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THE NEW 

American 

Encyclopedic Dictionary 

of the 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

ROBERT HUNTER, A. M., L.L.D., F. G. S. 

(University of Aberdeen) 

EDITOR IN CHIEF 

ASSISTED BY OVER 100 OF THE MOST EMINENT SCHOLARS OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 


COMPLETE AND UNABRIDGED 

Defining thousands of encyclopedic words not found in any other dictionary of the 

English Language. 


The Riverside Publishing Company 


Publishers and Importers 

CHICAGO 

1911 


X* 

'O 




Made by 

THE NEW WERNER COMPANY 
Akron, Ohio 





Copyright 1902 by J. A. Hill. 
Copyright 1906 by J. A. Hill. 
Copyright 1911 by The New WernerCompany 



©CI.A292952 




DICTIONARY DEPARTMENT 


The New American 
Encyclopedic Dictionary 




EXPLANATORY 


In this work each WORD in the vocabulary is first given in its current form of spelling and pronunciation, and then are given the 
various forms of orthography which the word has successively assumed from its first appearance in the language, those forms which 
have become obsolete being marked with an asterisk (*). 

The various grammatical parts of speech in which a word occurs are grouped under one heading, with definitions of 
each part, illustrated by quotations, and each word is considered and defined with reference to every part of speech in which it can 
be properly used, and also with reference to the various meanings it has assumed during the growth of the language. Then follows a 
complete list of idiomatic and other phrases which have acquired a special meaning foreign to the individual significance of the 
words which compose them, all duly arranged under their proper parts of speech. 

Compound Words in which complete adhesion has taken place between the two or more constituents have been arranged at* 
independent words; while those still so loosely united as to be usually connected by hyphens have been placed under the first word of 
the compound, and instead of being bunched under one heading, as in other dictionaries, are given in their regular alphabetical order in 
the vocabulary. This arrangement insures easy reference, prevents confusion of etymologies, and permits complete definitions. For 
example, after electro— seventy-nine compound words, beginning with electro-ballistic and ending with electro-voltaic, 
are given and defined before the word electrocute occurs in the vocabulary. If it were not for this plan of having the compound 
words immediately follow the first word of their compound, the word electrocute would appear just after electro-copper and 
just before electro-deposit. 

The Pronunciation is indicated by diacritical marks, a key to which will be found at the foot of the several pages. The division 
into syllables has been made solely with reference to pronunciation, and with no reference to the etymology of the word. In syllables 
wherein two or more vowels come together, not forming diphthongs, only that one of them which gives its sound to the syllable bears 
a diacritical mark, the others being treated as mute. Thus, in bread, sea, flfiat, the a is mute, the syllables being pronounced as if 
spelled bred, se, flot. Words of more than one syllable bear a mark upon the accented syllable, as al’-ter. 

The Etymology will be found enclosed within brackets immediately following each word. To understand the plan adopted, let 
it be noted (1) that retrogression is made from modern languages to ancient; and (2) that when after a word there appears such a 
derivation as this — “In Fr. . . Sp. . . Port. . . Ital. . . from Lat. . the meaning is, not that it passed through Italian, Portu¬ 
guese, Spanish and French before reaching English, but that there are or have been analogous words in French, Spanish, Portuguese 
and Italian, all derived, like the English, from a Latin original. 


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. 


A. N. Anglo-Norman. 

Arab. Arabic. 

Aram. Aramaic. 

rm. Armorican. 

A. 8. Anglo-Saxon. 

Assyr. Assyrian. 

®ohe. Bohemian, or Czech. 

Bret. Bas-Breton, or Celtic or Brit¬ 
tany. 

Celt. Celtic. 

Chal, Chaldee. 

Dan. Danish. 

Dut. Dutch. 

E. Eastern, or East. 

E. Aram. East Aramaean, generally 
called Chaldee. 

Eng. English, or England. 

Eth. Ethiopic. 

Flem. Flemish. 

Fr. French. 

Fries. Friesland. 

Fris. Frisian. 

Gael. Gaelic. 

Ger. German. 

Goth. Gothic. 

Gr. Greek. 

Gris. Language of the Grisons. 

Heb. Hebrew. 

Hind. Hindustani, 
leal. Icelandic. 

Ii?. Irish. 

Ital. Italian. 

Lat. Latin. 

Lett. Lettish, Lettonian. 

L. Ger. Low German, or Platt 
Deutsch. 

Lith. Lithuanian. 

Mediaev. Lat. Mediaeval Latin. 

Mag. Magyar. 

M. H. Ger. Middle High German. 
Mid. Lat. Latin of the Middle Ages. 

N. New. 

N. H. Ger. New High German. 
Norm. Norman. 

Norw. Norwegian, Norse. 

O. Old. 

O. H. Ger. Old High German. 

O. S. Saxon. 

Pers. Persian. 

Phoenic. Phoenician. 

Pol. Polish. 

Port. Portuguese. 

Prov. Provencal. 

Provinc. ProvinciaL 
Buss. Russian. 

Rabb Rabbinical. 

Sam. Samaritan- 
Sansc. Sanscrit. 

Serv. Servian. 


Slav. Slavonic. 

Sp. Spanish. 

Sw. Swedish. 

Syr. Syriac. 

Teut. Teutonic. 
Turk. Turkish. 
Walach. Walachian. 
Wei. Welsh. 


a., or adj. adjective. 
adv. adverb. 
art. article. 
conj. conjunction. 
interj. interjection. 
particip. participial. 
pa. par. past participle. 
pr. par. present participle. 
prep, preposition. 
pro. pronoun. 

s., subst ., or substan. substantive, or 
noun. 

v. i. verb intransitive. 
v. t. verb transitive. 


ablat. ablative, 
accus. accusative, 
agric. agriculture, 
alg. algebra, 
anat. anatomy, 
antiq. antiquities, 
aor. aorist. 

approx, approximate, -ly. 
arch, architecture, 
archied. archaeology, 
arith. arithmetic, 
astrol. astrology, 
astron. astronomy, 
auxil. auxiliary. 

Bib. Bible or Biblical, 
biol, biology, 
bot. botany, 
carp, carpentry. 

Cent. Centigrade, 
class, classical. 

Ch. hist. Church history, 
cf. compare. 

C. G. S. Centimetre-gramme-second 

chem. chemistry. 

chron. chronology. 

cogn. cognate. 

comm, commerce. 

comp, comparative. 

compos, composition. 

conchol. conchology. 

contr. contracted, or contraction. 

crystallog. crystallography. 

def. definition. 


der. derived, derivation, 
dimin. diminutive, 
dram, dramatically, 
dynam. dynamics. 

E. East. 

eccles. ecclesiastical, 
econ. economy. 

e. g. exempli gratia—tor example, 
elect, electricity. 

entom. entomology, 
etym. etymology, 
ex. example. 

f. , or fern, feminine. 

fig. figurative, figuratively, 
fort, fortification, 
freq. frequentative, 
fr. from, 
fut. future. 

gen. general, generally, 
gend. gender, 
genit. genitive, 
geog. geography. 

geol. geology. 

geom. geometry, 
ram. grammar, 
er. heraldry. 

hist, history, 
hor. horology, 
hortic. horticulture, 
hydraul. hydraulics, 
hydros, hydrostatics. 
i.e. id est— that is. 
ichthy. ichthyology. 

Ibid, ibidem— the same, 
imp. impersonal, 
imjser. imperative, 
indie, indicative, 
infin. infinitive, 
intens. intensitive. 
lang. language. 

Linn. Linnaeus, 
lit. literal, literally, 
mach. machinery. 

m. , or masc. masculine, 
math, mathematics, 
mech. mechanics, 
med. medicine, medical, 
met. metaphorically, 
metal, metallurgy, 
metaph. metaphysics, 
meteorol. meteorology, 
meton. metonymy, 
mil., mi'lit. military, 
min., miner, mineralogy, 
mod. modern. 

myth, mythology. 

N. North. 

n. , or neut. neuter. 

nat. phil. natural philosophy. 

v 


naut. nautical. 

nomin. nominative. 

numis. numismatology. 

obj. objective. 

obs. obsolete. 

ord. ordinary. 

omith. ornithology. 

palseont. palaeontology. 

pass, passive. 

path, pathology. 

perf. perfect. 

pers. person, personal. 

persp. perspective. 

phar. pharmacy. 

phil. philosophy. 

philol. philology. 

phot, photography. 

phren. phrenology. 

phys. physiology. 

pi., plur. plural. 

poet, poetry, or poetical. 

polit. econ. political economy. 

poss. possessive. 

pref. prefix. 

pres, present. 

pret. preterit, 
prim, primary, 
priv. privative. 

prob. probable, probably, 
pron. pronounced, pronunciation, 
pros, prosody, 
psychol. psychology 
pyrotech. pyrotechnics, 
q. v. quod vide=which see. 
rhet. rhetoric. 

Scrip. Scripture, 
sculp, sculpture, 
sing, singular. 

S. South. 

sp. gr. specific gravity, 
spec, special, specially, 
suff. suffix, 
sup. supine, 
surg. surgery, 
tech, technical, 
theol. theology, 
trig, trigonometry, 
typog. typography, 
var. variety, 
viz. namely. 

W. West, 
zool. zoology. 


♦ Obsolete words, 
t Words rarely used. 

=Equivalent to, or signifying. 
1[ Nota bene=take notice. 







PREFACE 


The material embodied in this Dictionary was prepared and arranged by an editorial staff of American 
the^Work scholars, assisted by a large number of specialists in their respective departments, eminent in the vari¬ 
ous branches of learning. The immense amount of labor involved in the undertaking was accom¬ 
plished only by the combined efforts of all who took part in the construction of the work. The successful result is 
in a great measure due to the indefatigable labors of its editors, Edward T. Roe, LL. B., Le Roy Hooker, D. D., 
and Thomas W. Handford. 

The publishers have spared neither labor nor expense in constructing a work which would fully meet the re- 
o^irements of the times. Thousands of important new topics of interest to American readers have been carefully 
considered and prepared for insertion in the work, and the entire text has been rigidly and thoroughly revised, and 
brought down to the present time. These volumes form a practical work of reference, adapted to the use of all 
classes of people. 

Additional help was given by thousands of persons, who furnished information on specific and technical 
subjects. Prominent representatives of the professions and trades, scientists, merchants, financiers, and members 
of various organizations, were unwearied in their efforts to assist in the preparation of the work. The editors 
were materially aided in their labors by a large force of proof-readers, who faithfully performed the duties which 
devolved upon them. 

The editors adopted the plan of combining under one alphabet the features of both a dictionary and an 
encyclopaedia. They selected as a basis the Encyclopedic Dictionary edited by Robert Hunter, A. M., LL. D., F. G. 
S., published in England in 1888. The task of collecting the necessary material for this work devolved mainly upon 
Dr. Hunter, and was only completed after seventeen years of labor and research. Valuable assistance, however, 
was rendered by his colleagues, John Williams, A. M., S. J. Herrtage, A. B., and a number of noted European 
specialists. The chemistry articles were contributed by John Francis Walker, A. M., F. C. S., late Examiner in 
Chemistry in Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and by William Harkness, F. I. C., F. R. M. S. T. Davies, F. G. 
S. of the Mineralogical Department, British Museum, furnished the bulk of the matter on Mineralogy and Petrology. 
Information regarding military matters was contributed by Lieut.-Col. Cooper King, R. M. A., late Professor at the 
Royal Military College, Sandhurst; while the Department of Music was ably conducted by Sir John Stainer. It is 
impossible to mention by name all who contributed directly or indirectly to lighten the labors of Dr. Hunter in 
securing accuracy and in bringing this work to completion. 

Presidents, secretaries and members of scientific societies, the chief officers of religious bodies, university 
professors, government officials and a host of private persons rendered willing help by affording information 
in many cases possessed by themselves alone. Chief among these voluntary helpers were Dr. Gunther., F. R. S., 
Keeper of the Zoological Collections; Mr. Carruthers, F. R. S., Keeper of the Botanical Collections; Mr. J. 
Davies, F. G. S., Palaeontological Department; and Mr. Britten, F. L. S., Botanical Department in the British 
Museum; Dr. Sclater, F. R. S., Secretary, Mr. Waterhouse, Librarian, and Mr. A. D. Bartlett, Superintendent, 
of the Zoological Society; Prof. Huxley, F. R. S., Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F. R. S., late Professor at the Royal 
Staff College, Sandhurst, Dr. Moir, L. R. C. S., and the late Prof. R. A. Proctor. 

This work occupies a distinct place in the front rank of lexicographical works. It has received the unstinted 
praise of critics and the endorsement of leading authorities. According to Webster's International Dictionary, “It is 
the most copious in its list of words, and is more nearly allied, than are the others in its system of pronunciation, to 

9 




PREFACE. 


Growth of 
Language. 


the long promised but still incomplete New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, which is edited by James A. 
H. Murray, LL. D., though it is far more simple than the latter in its notation of sounds.” 

The study of the English language, in its entirety, requires a dictionary peculiarly adapted to its 
many complexities. The manifold shades of meaning which words possess necessitate a work 
of a higher order than a mere vocabulary. The inevitable progress of art, science and litera¬ 
ture—the ever-widening circle of human knowledge—demands that a thorough and complete dictionary should 
be also an encyclopaedia, practical as a book of reference and adapted to the recent growth of the language. 

“Language is in a condition of constant growth and change,” says Professor Whitney, in his Life and 
Growth of Language. “An English speaker even of only a century ago would find not a little in our every-day 
speech which he would understand with difficulty, or not at all; if we were to hear Shakespeare read aloud a 
scene from one of his own works, it would be in no small part unintelligible (by reason, especially / of the great 
difference between his pronunciation and ours); Chaucer’s English (500 years ago) we master by dint, of good 
solid application, and with considerable help from a glossary; and King Alfred’s English (1,000 years ago) 
which we call Anglo-Saxon, is not easier to us than German. All this, in spite of the fact that no one.has gone 
about of set purpose to alter English speech, in any generation among the thirty or forty that have lived 
between us and Alfred, any more than in our own. Here, then, is another side of the life of language for us to 
deal with, and explain, if we can. Life, here, as elsewhere, appears to involve growth and change as an essen¬ 
tial element, and the remarkable analogies which exist between the birth and growth and decay and extinction 
of a language and those of an organized being, or of a species, have been often enough noticed and dwelt upon; 
some have even inferred from them that language is an organism and leads an organic life, governed by laws with 
which men cannot interfere.” 

Words acquire new meanings as new conditions arise. The kinetoscope of Perigal was a very different 
instrument from the kinetoscope of Edison. This is also true of more common words. Bodkin , for instance, is no 
longer applied to a dagger, but has a more peaceful significance. 

The great number of mechanical inventions and scientific improvements have necessitated the almost 
unlimited coinage of new words. According to a well-known authority there is not one of the prize machines 
of the World’s Fair of 1854 in use to-day, but all are to be found in the piles of scrap iron. The chief features of 
the Paris Exposition of 1900 were not dreamed of in 1883. The stories which the father of to-day tells his son, 
of his own boyhood, sound like tales from ancient history. 

In this era of rapid change and growth, the position of the dictionary becomes a critical one. 
Requisites A most important question in the consideration of such a work is: What are the requisites of a 
tionary. thorough and complete dictionary? 

It should contain all the authorized words of the language, with the forms of orthography which 
they have successively assumed. A dictionary is no longer an idol to be devoutly worshiped by the student of 
the language, neither is it a supreme court of reference whose decision is final. It should embody a complete but 
simple system of pronunciation, based upon the usages of the best-speaking English people. It should trace the 
etymological history of each word from its original domestic root or foreign analogue, to its latest form. It 
should give the original and present meanings of each word, with illustrative examples of its various uses. It 
should contain a complete list of idiomatic and other phrases, which have acquired a special meaning foreign to 
the individual significance of the words which compose them. Finally, such a work should contain compre¬ 
hensive, encyclopaedic matter relative to art, science and literature, and all recent discoveries and improvements. 

This Dictionary is not a mere list of words alphabetically arranged. Neither are its contents to be 
the Work. estimated by the large number of words included in its vocabulary, for each word is considered and 
defined with reference to every part of speech in which it can be properly used, and also with 
reference to the various meanings it has assumed during the growth of the language. The work defines over 
250,000 words, including an exhaustive list of obsolete words from the time of Chaucer to the present day, 
together with foreign words and phrases current in this country. Besides the necessary Encyclopaedic matter, 
found in the body of the dictionary, the work contains an Appendix devoted to biographical, historical, geograph¬ 
ical, statistical, classical and other information of great practical value. 

Technology. The editors have prepared a list of technical terms, which, after careful revision, form a most 
important feature of the work. These are of great value from a scientific and practical standpoint and the collection 
is virtually complete. The elaboration of the list has been accomplished in such a manner that it is of value to the 
average reader as well as to the savant. The rapid advancement made by the arts and sciences has multiplied 

10 


PREFACE. 


the number of technical terms in a corresponding degree. The list of technical words and phrases found in these 
volumes includes all terms bearing directly upon theology, law, philosophy, mathematics, chemistry, medicine, 
geology, fine arts, engineering, mechanics, handicrafts and other subjects. 

Cant and Slang. The compilation of a dictionary involves the consideration of many words which prop¬ 
erly belong to the category of cant and slang. The editors were obliged to use great caution, both in the 
acceptance and rejection of such words. Certainly, many that were found inconsistent with the needs of a 
dictionary were often more expressive than so-called legitimate words. Those inserted are words in common use 
among the English-speaking people. These, however, are given their proper character by a distinction between 
them and more authoritative words. The lexicographer cannot wholly ignore slang. It exerts a strong influence 
on the language and is developed according to its laws. Many words which originate as slang finally take their 
places in the language of literature and speech. The word slang itself, which has occupied a position in the 
language since the middle of last century, is comparatively a recent word in reputable dictionaries. 

Colloquialisms. Great discrimination must needs be exercised in the treatment of colloquialisms. Many 
of the so-called colloquial words and phrases are entitled to a recognition in the language. Many words and 
phrases peculiar to Americans and known as Americanisms are of classical origin, and often reflect the dis¬ 
tinctive characteristics of the people who use them. The word corn, for instance, was perverted from its former 
function, as a general name for cereal grains, to mean maize. Where there has been a distinct corruption of 
meaning, as is the case with many colloquialisms, they have been placed in a special department, at the end of 
the work. 

Special Coinages. During the past few years English words have been coined in large numbers. These 
words are often interesting, as well as expressive, and, when reputable authorities have sanctioned their use, 
should be admitted into the vocabulary. To place these words in a special list would only narrow the scope of 
this work. 

Semi-naturalized Words. The incorporation of foreign words into our language is a gradual and almost 
imperceptible process. Yet there can be no doubt of the propriety of admitting such words to a place in 
any dictionary, when, by constant use, their value has been made evident and custom has robbed them of their 
foreign significance. The lexicographer needs only to guard against the insertion of too recent importations, in 
the selection of such words. 

Hybrid Compounds. The prevalence of hybrid words emphasizes the resources and demands of the 
English language. Whenever a condition or object comes into existence which fails to find adequate form or 
expression in our own tongue, words from two different languages are often used in conjunction with each other. 
The word cosmolangue is a fitting example of such a union. The word is formed by the compounding of the 
Greek word cosmos , world, with the English word language. Hence, cosmolangue means a world-language. The 
word cablegram , which caused a lengthy discussion among English philologists, before it was finally accepted, 
was formed by uniting the English word cable with the Greek word gramma , a writing. 

In the compilation of this Dictionary the various styles of type adopted afford an easy means 
General 0 f distinguishing the different divisions and subdivisions of words. 

ment^ A system has been inaugurated which affords great convenience in reference. For instance, 
verbs are first divided into transitive and intransitive. These are again subdivided; firstly, into 
their ordinary meanings and secondly into their technical significations. A further subdivision is then made 
into literal and figurative meanings. The same system is adopted in the cases of adjectives, adverbs and nouns. 
The various grammatical parts of speech in which a word occurs are grouped under one heading, with definitions 
of each part, illustrated by quotations. Words of the same form, but from different roots, are placed under 
different headings. 

Complete and comprehensive information on any encyclopaedic subject can be readily obtained by means 
of a system of cross references to kindred topics. Turn to a single word of many that might be instanced— 
evolution. The spelling, pronunciation, definition and etymology are first given. Then follows the ordinary use 
of the word, literally and figuratively. Then the technical meanings are given, in astronomy and geology, biology, 
geometry, mathematics, and military. Definitions, quotations, and citations are given under all these subheads, 
so that the reader can obtain not only every shade of the meaning of the word, but a world of knowledge in 
those various departments. Under biology, reference is made to epigenesis. Turning to epigenesis, the reader 
will find the word spelled, pronounced and defined, and the scientific process described fully enough for any 

11 


PREFACE. 


one to learn its gist, with references to Wolff, its first annunciator, in 1759; Haller, its opponent, and Haeckel, 
one of its great advocates. Reverting to the word evolution , the development hypothesis or theory is men¬ 
tioned. Under the word development is given a full description of the doctrine, with references to Owen, Buffon, 
Lamarck, Saint-Hilaire, Hugh Miller, Spencer, Wallace, Darwin and Haeckel, and a reference to “Darwinism.” 
Darwinism gives us the biography of Darwin, a list of his books, a minute description of his hypothesis under 
seven distinct heads, with more than 1,500 words in explanation of them. Again, in the course of the account 
of Darwinism, reference is made to transmutation , under which word will be found a full definition of both trans¬ 
mutation and transmutation hypothesis, also a reference to transformation , which word, with its compounds, 
occupies a space of one and one-half columns. Under the word evolution the theory is fully explained with 
reference to Haeckel, Darwin, Huxley and their works. By means of these cognate descriptions the reader has 
learned the substance of the subject, and that, too, in a dictionary. 

The etymologies given are based upon the latest and best authorities. The cognate forms in other lan¬ 
guages of each word are shown distinct from the roots. 

Derivative signs similar to the following will often be found after words: “In Fr...Sp...Port... 
Ital...from Lat...” This implies that there have been analogous words in French, Spanish, Portuguese and 
Italian, all derived, like the English, from a Latin original. Where a word occurs that is taken from a language 
usually expressed, in other dictionaries, by foreign typography, the foreign characters are omitted and the near¬ 
est English equivalents are substituted. An abbreviation is placed before the word, showing from what language 
it is taken. Such transliteration is of value to the average reader who is unfamiliar with foreign typography. 

This work abounds in illustrative quotations from the literature of the language. Many of these quotations 
are taken from newspapers and periodicals, the editors being of the opinion that no other source affords so many 
instances of words in every-day use, which represent the peculiar elements of the English language. “ It is 
the growth of the newspaper press which has given importance to the English oral language,” says a noted writer. 
“ While the lexicographer is hesitating, weighing, suspending, harshly rejecting or tardily admitting, a language is 
being worked out, which will react again upon our literature. Apart from philological considerations, the mark of 
the spoken language, distinguishing it from the written language, is that it lives and breathes instinctive with the 
inspiration of the moment, receiving new ideas as they are newly born, fresh with the quick growth of an age of 
rapid progress and teeming invention.” 

The work is copiously illustrated, in a manner appropriate to the subjects treated. 

The pronunciation of words is shown by a complete system of diacritical marks, the key to which is 
printed at the bottom of each page. 

Obsolete words are distinguished by an asterisk (*), while words that are still in use though rarely found 
either in the spoken or written language, are marked with an obelisk (f). 

No attempt has been made to introduce any phonetic or other system of spelling. The successive forms 
of orthography which it has assumed are given under each word. 

The publishers take pleasure in presenting to the public a work high in aim, complete in detail, and 
thorough in conception. They are confident it will prove a valuable adjunct to the literature of the day. 


I 


12 


GUIDE TO THE PRONUNCIATION. 

In this dictionary the pronunciation is shown by diacritical marks, and the precise value of every vowel, 
whether accented or unaccented, is clearly and exactly indicated. 

Where two or more vowels occur together and do not form a diphthong, only that one of them which 
gives its sound to the syllable bears a diacritical mark, the others being treated as mute. 

The following table illustrates the use of the marks: 


a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

Sl 

a 

e 

e 

e 

e 

e 

e 

i 

I 

i 

I 

i 

5 
o 
o 

6 
9 
8 
6 
8 

a 

ft 

u 

U 

ft 


as in fate, fame, ale. 

as in fat, fan, fabulous. 

as in fare, bear, fair. 

as in amidst, culpable, extra. 

as in what, was, swan. 

as in fall, bawl, cause. 

as in father, far, calm, ask. 

as in we, meet, seal, 
as in met, help, wreck, 
as in here, pierce, queer, 
as in camel, proven, traveling, 
as in her, germ, filter, 
as in there, where, ere. 

as in pine, while, tight, 
as in pit, fill, beautiful, 
as in sire, retire, wire, 
as in sir, whirl, firm, 
as in marine, pique, machine. 

as in go, home, fold, 
as in pot, lodge, fond, 
as in or, forbear, cord, 
as in wore, chorus, foreman, 
as in wolf, book, good, 
as in work, world, word, 
as in who, tomb, fool, 
as in son, society, union. 

as in mute, repute, tube, 
as in cub, plum, nut. 
as in cure, lure, pure, 
as in unite, fortunate, deluge, 
as in cur, burlesque, murmur. 


a as in rule, rumor, cruel, 

u as in full, put, bushel. 

y as in try, reply, thyme. 

f as in Syrian, myth, system. 

f as in pyre, tyro, tyrant, 

se, ce=e as in aeon, Phoenix, 
ey = a as in prey, obey. 

61 as in boil, moist, voice, 

oy as in boy, oyster, royalty. 

6 u as in pout, thou, found. 

6 w as in jowl, tower, plow. 


c as in cat, locate, romantic. 

9 as in cell, mice, receipt, 

ch as in chorus, ache, monarch. 

as in chin, switch, riches. 

Ch as in machine, chaise, marchioness. 

g as in go, figure, log. 

g as in gem, urge, religion, 

n as in sing, rank, banquet. 

ph=f as in philosopher, photograph. 

qu=kw as in Quaker, quick, quiet, 
s as in sin, lesson, basis. 

§ as in has, revise, noise, 

th as in thin, worth, slothful, 

tk as in this, writhe, breathing, 

x as in expect, next, complex, 

x as in Xenophon, Xenia, xylography. 

? as in exist, exact, examine. 

-ble, -die, &c.=bel, del, &c., as in bub-ble, han-dle, &c. 
-cian, -tian=she,n, as in politi-cian, gen-tian. 

-clous, -tious=shus, as in gra-cious, propi-tious. 

-Sion,-tion=shun, as in omis-sion, ra-tion. 

-§ion=zhun, as in delu-sion. 



RULES FOR FORMING PLURAL NOUNS AND DERIVATIVES 


Formerly a great deal of space in dictionaries was taken up by the insertion of regularly formed plural noons and derivatives^ 
bat modern lexicographers are inclined to exclude such words on the ground that the simple rules governing their formation are <c 
generally understood as to make their insertion unnecessary. Following are the rules: 


i. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF PLURALS. 

(1) The plural of nouns is generally formed by adding s or es to the singular. 

(2) Words ending in a sound that will unite with the sound of s, form the plural by adding s only; as, bird, birds; bee, bees, 

(3) Words ending in a sound that will not unite with the sound of s, form the plural by adding es; as, box, boxes; chunk, 
churches; sash, sashes. 

Exception : When such words end in a silent e, the plural is formed by adding s only; as, race, races; rose, roses. 

(4) Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant form the plural by the addition of es; as, cargo, cargoes; hero, heroes. 

Exceptions: The following nouns are commonly written in the plural with s only : Albino, canto, grotto, motto, negrito, octavo . 

I Pueblo, quarto, solo, tyro, and zero. 

(5) Some nouns ending in f or fe, change their termination into ves in the plural; as, leaf, leaves; shelf, shelves. Others, as, 
chief dwarf grief gulf, handkerchief, hoof, proof, roof, reproof safe, scarf, strife, surf, turf, and most of those ending in Jf form the 
plural regularly; as, chief, chiefs ; muff, muffs . 

(6) Nouns ending in y after a consonant form the plural by changing y into ies; as, candy, candies. But nouns ending in y 
after a vowel, form the plural regularly; as, day, days; chimney, chimneys. 

(7) Compound words, whether hyphened or solid, usually form the plural regularly; as handful, handfuls; house-top, house-tops 
But words composed of a noun united to an adjective, or of two nouns connected by a preposition, so as really to constitute a phrase 
generally form the plural by adding s to the first word of the compound; as, court-martial, courts-martial; cousin-german, cousins- 
german; knight-errant, knights-errant; son-in-law, sons-in-law. 

Many nouns adopted from foreign languages retain their foreign plurals; as, alumnus, alumni; crisis, crises. The instances in 
which this occurs are indicated in their proper places in the dictionary. 


2. FORMATION OF DERIVATIVES. 

(1) Words ending in silent e, generally reject the e before an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as, move, moving 
movable. 

Exceptions: (a) Words ending in oe retain the final e; as, shoe, shoeing; hoe, hoeing; (b) when e is preceded by c or g it is 
retained before able or ous ; as, peaceable, courageous ; (c) the e is retained in a few words to prevent ambiguity, as in the word singeing 
to distinguish it from singing; in dyeing (coloring), to distinguish from dying (expiring). 

(2) Words ending in silent e, generally retain e on receiving an additional syllable beginning with a consonant; as, large, largely 

Exceptions: Due, duly ; true, truly; awe, awful; judge, judgment; abridge, abridgment; acknowledge, acknowledgment; argue, 

argument. 

(3) Words ending in y preceded by a consonant, change y into i on receiving an addition, unless this addition is 's or a syllable 
beginning with i; as, carry carrier, carries ; fancy, fancied, fanciful; lady , ladies ; lady, lady's ; carry, carrying. 

(4) But words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally retain the y on taking an increase; as boy, boyish, boys; delay, 

delayed, delays; say, says. \ 

Exceptions : Lay, laid; pay, paid; say, said; commonly, stay, staid; and most of their compounds; as, mislaid, unpaid, etc. 

(5) When a word ending in c (hard) takes a suffix which begins with e, i, or y, k is added before the suffix; as, traffic, trafficker 
trafficking; panic, panicky. 

(6) Derivatives formed from words which end in ie, change the ie to jy before ing; as, die, dying; tie, tying; belie, belying . 

(7) Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, generak* 
double the final consonant on taking an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as gun, gunner, gunning; compel, compelled, 
compelling; control, controlled, controlling. 

(8) But when a diphthong precedes the final letter, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled oc 
assuming an additional syllable; as toil, toiler, toiling; deposit, depositor, depositing. 

(9) Words ending in a double consonant generally retain both consonants on receiving an addition; as, call, caller, calling, calls; 
ebb, ebbed, ebbing, ebbs. 

Exceptions: Some words ending in ll, drop one / on receiving an increase beginning with a consonant; as, full, fulfill,fulfilling 
fullv. 



The New American 
Encyclopedic Dictionary. 



A, a. The first letter in the 
English alphabet, as in those 
of all the modern Indo-Euro¬ 
pean tongues. The Latin al¬ 
phabet also commences with 
a, and the Greek with a similar 
letter, alpha. In Sanscrit the 
vowels are classified by gram¬ 
marians separately from the 
consonants. The vowels are 
placed first, and two sounds of 
a, the first a very short one, intermediate between a 
and u, as in the word Veda, and the other long, as 
in the first syllable of Brahman, head the list. In 
the Semitic, also, more accurately called the Syro- 
Arabian, family of languages, a letter with the a 
sound stands first in order. Thus the Hebrew 
alphabet commences with A ( Aleph ), followed in 
succession by B (Beth),C ( Gimel),t) (Daleth ), desig¬ 
nations which at once suggest the names of the 
Greek letters Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta. The 
comparative originality of the Hebrew series is 
shown by the fact that the appellations of the let¬ 
ters have meanings which the original forms of the 
characters are supposed roughly to represent: thus, 
A (Aleph), signifies an ox, B (Beth) a house, 0 
(Gimel) a camel, and D (Daleth) a door. These 
terms are properly Aramaean. The old Hebrew, the 
Aramaean, and the Greek letters seem to have come 
from the Phoenician, a Syro-Arabian tongue. The 
Phoenician letters, again, as Gesenius suggests, may 
have been derived from the Egyptian hieroglyphics. 
[Alphabet.] The arrangement which makes A the 
first letter extends far beyond the Aryan and Syro- 
Arabian tongues, and is believed to be nearly uni¬ 
versal through the world. 

I. A os a vowel sound. 

A owes its position at the head of so many alpha¬ 
bets to the facility with which it may be pro¬ 
nounced: it is needful but to breathe strongly 
through the open mouth, and one of the a sounds 
comes forth. Thisletter has three leading sounds, 
two of which again are somewhat modified in many 
words, apparently by the succeeding consonants. 

1. The long sound of X i 

(i.) As in fate, marked in this work by a. 

(ii.) A modification of this sound, producedby 
the consonant r following it, as in/are, marked a. 

2. The open sound of A: 

(i.) As in father (marked a). This, or a sound 
much approaching it, is common in many lan¬ 
guages. . 

If A trifling modification of this sound is produced 
by its occurrence in a closed syllable, as in fast, but 
it is not sufficiently distinct from it to require a 
special diacritical mark. 

(ii.) A shorter form of the open sound in a closed 
syllable, as in fat. It is here marked a. 

(iii.) The shortest possible sound of A, scarcely 
distinguishable from one of the u sounds, as in 
amidst. It is here marked gu It is very common in 
Sanscrit words, as Veda. 

3. The broad sound of A: 

i. ) As in fall, here marked a. 

ii. ) A closer form of it, marked a, as in what . 

II. A as an initial is used: 

1, In Chronology, for Anno (Lat.)=in the year: 
as A. D., Anno Domini = in the year of our Lord; 
A. U. C., Anno urbis conditoe — in the year of the 
city founded— i. e., from the foundation of the city 
(Rome) = 753 B. C. (Varro). 


2. In Horology, tor the Lat. prep. ante= before: 
as a. m. (ante meridiem) = before noon. 

3. In designating University degrees, for Artium: 
as A. Mo (Lat.), or M. A. (Eng.), Artium Magister = 
Master of Arts; A. B. (Lat.), or B. A. (Eng.), 
Artium baccalaureus = Bachelor of Arts. 

If In England M. A. and B. A. are almost exclu¬ 
sively employed, while in the United States A. M. 
and A. B. are used. 

4. In Academies of Music, Painting .Science, <£c.: 
(a) for Academy, or Academician, as R. A. = Royal 
Academy; or (b) for Associate, as A. R. A. = Asso¬ 
ciate of the Royal Academy; or (c) for Antiquaries, 
as F. S. A.=Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. 

5. In the Army, for Artillery : as U. S. A. = The 
United States Artillery, or United States Army. 

6 . In Music, for alto ; as S. A. T. B.= Soprano, Alto, 
Tenor, Bass. 

7 In Nautical Language, for able. Thus, A. B. 
= able-bodied seaman. 

8. In Commerce , for accepted, and is used spe¬ 
cially of bills. 

III. A as a symbol stands for— 

1. In Logic : A universal affirmative. 

2. In Music : The 6 th note of the diatonic scale of 
C major, corresponding to the la of the Italians 
and the French. 

3. In Heraldry ; The chief in an escutcheon. 

4. In Pharmacy: a or aa is a contraction of the 
Greek preposition ana, and has two meanings: 
(i.) of each (ingredient) separately ; or (ii.) in quan¬ 
tities of the same weight or the same measure. 

5. In Botany : According to the method of nota¬ 
tion in botanical drawings proposed by Mr. Fer¬ 
dinand Bauer, and followed by Endlichor in his 
Iconographia Generum Plantarum, for a flower 
before expansion, while A 1 is a flower expanded. 

6. In Nautical Language : A 1 = a vessel of the 
first class, excellently built. Figuratively : Any¬ 
thing highly excellent, the best of its class. 

7. In Mathematics: A and the other letters of 
the alphabet are used, e. a., in Euclid, to repre¬ 
sent lines, angles, points, &c. In Algebra, a and 
the other first letters of the alphabet are used to 
express known quantities, and the last letters to 
express such as are unknown. 

8 . In Law or arguments, the first letters of the 
alphabet are used to indicate persons in cases 
supposed or stated for illustration: as A promises 
B to pay C. 

IV. A used in composition : 

1. As a prefix: 

(i.) To English words derived from the A. S., 
generally means an (=one), at, to, in, of, on. It 
may be severed from the rest of the word by a hy¬ 
phen, as a-day ; or the two may be completely 
united, as along. A was once used as a prefix in 
many instances, especially to participles, where now 
it is not used: e. g., “I am a-going, or a-coming," are 
now confined to the vulgar, and are not looked 
upon as correct. But Max Muller considers such 
phrases more accurate than those which have dis¬ 
placed them; and they are frequent in the Bible, 
as Heb. xi. 21. Cf. Shakespeare, Merry Wives, act 

iii., sc. 3, “We’ll a-birding together.’ “In some 
cases,” says Lye, “it was originally merely an ini¬ 
tial augment, altering nothing in the sense of the 
word.” Sometimes it=A. S. ge, as in aware—A. S. 
gewcer. . ..... . 

(ii.) To words derived from the Latin, is ( 1 ) the 
Latin prep, a, ab, abs (of which a is used before 


words beginning with a consonant) : as avert— to 
turn away from; abduct=U> lead away; abstract 
=to draw away. (2) The Latin prep. ad= to: as 
agnate, from agnatus, past participle of agnascor 
= (properly) to be born to, or in addition to. 

(iii.) To words of Greek derivation is sometime,* 
what is called alpha privative; that is, alpha 
which deprives the word to which it is prefixed of 
its positive meaning, and substitutes what is neg¬ 
ative instead. It signifies not: as theist= ono who 
believes in God; atheist=one who does not believe 
in God. In cases where the word so contradicted 
begins with a vowel an is used, as anelectric, the 
opposite of electric. 

(iv.) To words derived from the French, occa¬ 
sionally, but rarely, at : as amerce, from Fr. d merci 
— (put) at the mercy (of the court). 

(v.) A [apparently, from its accent, French, but 
probably really only the Latin prep. a=from; and 
the accent is a mark of its having come to us in 
this use through the French], in English, some- 
times=/rom. ( 1 .) Noting paternity, especially of 
an honorable kind, as Thomas A Becket=Thomas 
Becket: Anthony a Wood=Anthony Wood. (2.) 
Logical progression, as in a, priori and a poste - 
riori (q. v.). 

2. As an affix in burlesque poetry at once adds 
another syllable to a line, and produces a ludi¬ 
crous effect— 

“And chuck’d him under the chin-re.”— Rhymes quoted 
in Macaulay’s “Hist, of Engl.,’’ chap. xvii. 

V. A as a part of speech. 

A, A, an. [a before words commencing with a 
consonant or the aspirate; an before a vowel or 
silent A: as “a man,” “a heart,” “an art,” “an 
heir.” To this rule there are exceptions: 

( 1 ) When the accent on a word commencing 
with the aspirate falls on other than the first 
syllable, an is frequently used: as “ an histo'rian,” 
“cm hotel’.” 

(2) A is used before the vowel o in one where 
the vowel carries the sound of wu, as in the phrase 
“ such a one.” 

(3) A is used before the vowel u when it carries 
with it a y sound, as if written you, as “ a union,” 
“ a university;” and also before words commenc¬ 
ing with eu or ew which have a similar sound, as 
“ a eunuch,” “ a ewe.” 

TI Originally an, meaning one, was used before 
words beginning with a consonant, as well as 
those beginning with a vowel. In earlier English, 
as in the Bible, we find an generally used before 
words commencing with h, whether aspirated or 
not, as “ an house, “an heart.” “Such an one” 
occurs as frequently as “such a one.” An is 
found before u with the y sound, as “an unicorn,” 
“ an usurer.” These uses have been followed by 
many modern writers, but chiefly in poetry. Mac¬ 
aulay speaks of “ an university.” 

1. As the indefinite article, points out persons 
and things vaguely; more specifically, it signifies— 

(а) Each. 

“ Once a [t. e., each] year."— Lev. xvi. 34. 

( б ) Any. 

“If o [<.any] man love me.”—John xiv. 23. 

(c) One in particular. 

“He sent a man before them.”— Ps. cv. 17. 

(d) Every. 

“It is good that a [f. e., every] man should both hops 
and wait for the salvation of the Lord.”— Lam. iii. 26. 



fate fat, fare, gtmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, ^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, ’wore’, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 


b6il bdy; p6ut, jtfwl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = shun, -tion, -sion = shun; tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, del. 









aabam 


16 


abafi 


(e) When placed before the name of a person it 
converts the proper noun into a common noun, as— 

“ An Orpheus ! an Orpheus ! Yes, faith may grow 
bold.” — Wordsworth: Power of Music. 

2. As a substantive , as: 

(а) In the expressions “ Capital A, small a." 

(б) In the phrase “A per se” (i.e., A by itself, 
A standing alone), which means “one pre-eminent, 
a none-such.” 

“ O faer Oreseide, the flower and A per se 
Of Troy and Greece.” 

i Chaucer: Testament of Oreseide, v. 78. 

3. As an adjective , as “ the a sound.” 

VI. A as an abbreviation, stands for: 

1. The interjection ah! ( Old Eng.) 

“And seyd At doughter, stynt thyn hevynesse.” 

Chaucer: The Knightes Tale, i. 2,350. 

2. The personal pronoun he : 

“Bounce would ’a say; and away again would ’a go, 
and again would ’a come.”— Shakespeare: Henry IV, , Part 
II., iii. 2. 

3. The infinitive have. [Ha’.] 

“I had not thought my body could ’a’ yielded.” — 
Beaumont & Fletcher. 

4. The word all ( Scotch); 

“They have a’ th’ soldiers to assist them.” 

Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering, chap. v. 

5. In Chemistry : A = acetate ; as K A = Potassium 
acetate. Other letters, as O for oxalate, are used in 
the same manner. 

AAA is used for amalgama or amalgamation. 

A. I. L. registry mark denoting a ship of the highest 
class; hence, colloquially, first-rate; prime. 

*a'-g-bam. [Old Fr.] A term formerly used by 
French alchemists for lead. 

*a'-gm, a-ham, ohm, or ohme, s. [Dut. InGer. 
ahm.\ [Webster thinks it may be from Heb. and 
Aram, ammah = (1) the arm beneath the elbow: 
hence (2) a measure of length, the cubit, the dis¬ 
tance from the elbow to the extremity of the middle 
finger (Exod. xxv. 10, 17).] A Dutch measure of 
capacity used for liquids, now obsolete. It varied 
in different cities from 37 to 41 English wine gallons 
= 296 to 328 English pints. 

*a-an, adv. [On.] On. 

“Do, cosyn, anon thyn armys aan.”—Ashmole MS. 
{Halliwell: Diet, of Archaic and Provincial Words.) 

*5, -gnde, s. [Darn] Breath. [Aynde.] 

“. . . hys aande stynkes.”— Hampole MS. Bowes. 
{Wright: Diet. Obsol. and Provinc. Eng.) 

*a’-gne, s. [Awn.] The beard of barley or other 
grain; an awn. 

“And that we call the aane which groweth out of the 
eare like a long pricke or a dart, whereby the eare is 
defended from the danger of birds.” — Googe-. Husbandry 
(1677). ( Halliwell.) 

aar, s. [Arn.] The alder-tree (Scotch.) ( Jamie¬ 
son: Scotch Diet.) 

*a'-gr, prep. [A. S. cer.] Ere, before. (The Ro¬ 
mance of King Alisaunder.) (Halliwell.) 

a -grd-vark, s. [Dut. aard=earth; varken= 
pig.] The name given at the Cape of Good Hope 
to an ant-eater, the Orycteropus capensis of Geoff. 
St. Hilaire. [Orycteropus.J 
a'-grd-W0lf, s. [Dut. aard=earth, and wolf 
=wolf.] The Dutch name of a digitigrade car¬ 
nivorous animal, the Proteles Lalandii. from Caff- 
raria } akin at once to the dogs, the hyenas, and 
the civets. [Proteles.] 

*a'-arm, s. [A. S. earn.] The arm. ( Wycliffe: 
Bod. MS.) (Halliwell.) 

*a -armed, pa. par. & a. [Armed.] (Wycliffe.) 
Aar-Sn. [Greek Aaron of the Septuagint; Heb. 
Aharon. Derivation uncertain.] The first high- 
priest of the Jews. 

Aaron’s beard, s. (Ps. cxxxiii. 2.) The name 
sometimes given to a plant, Hypericum calycinum, 
or large-flowered St. John’s wort. 

Aaron’s rod, s. (Numb, xvii.) 

1. Arch. : A rod with a serpent twined around. 
It is similar to the caduceus, or wand, with two 
serpents about it, borne by Mercury. 

2. Bot. .’ (1) Of wild British plants: Solidago 
virgaurea , Verbascum thapsus. (2) Of garden 
plants: Solidago Canadensis. 

*aar’-6n, s. [A corruption of Arum, as sparrow- 
grass is of asparagus .] 

*Bot. : The plant called wake-robin (Arum mac- 
ulatum). [Arum.] (Cotgrave.) 

Aar-on'-ic, Aar-on'-Ic-gl, a. Pertaining or re¬ 
lating to Aaron. 

*aas, s. An ace. So of something very small 
and valueless- 

“Thyn sis fortune is turned into an aas." 

Chaucer: Monkes Tale. 


*a'-gt, s. [A. S.] Fine oatmeal used for thickening 
pottage. (Markham: Eng. Housewife.) 

a -g-vor -g, s. A name given to various palm- 
trees. [Avoira.] 

A. B. (See a as an initial, II. 3, 7.) 

ab. The syllable ab found at the commence¬ 
ment of the names of places, as Abingdon, is 
possibly a shortened form of abbey; though in 
Stevenson’s edition of the Chronicon Monasterii 
de Abingdon the word is derived from Abbenus, an 
Irish monk who is said to have founded the mon¬ 
astery and called it after himself, “Mount of Abbe¬ 
nus” =Abingdon. (See Stevenson’s Preface, p, xii.) 

Ab (ab) [Heb. ah.] The fifth month according 
to the ecclesiastical reckoning—the eleventh, by the 
civil computation—of the Jewish year. The name 
Ab does not occur in the Old Testament or in the 
Apocrypha. It was not introduced till the Captiv¬ 
ity, and was of Babylonian origin. The month Ab 
may begin in some years as early as the 10 th of 
July, and in others as late as the 7th of August. 

U Ab is also the twelfth month of the Syrian year, 
nearly coinciding with our August. 

*ab, s. [Etym. unknown.] The sap of a tree. 

“Yet diuerse have assayed to deale without okes to that 
end, but not with so good successe as they have hoped, 
bicause the ab or juice will not so soon be removed and 
clean drawn out, which some attribute to want of time in 
the salt water.”— Harrison: Descrip, of Eng. {Halliwell.) 

ab-g-cg, ab-a-kg, s. [Local name.] The name 
given in tne Philippine Islands to the Musa textilis, 
or troglodytarum, a species of the plantain genus, 
which yields manila hemp, 
ab-g-§Is'-cus, s. [Gr. abakiskos ], dimin. from 
abax= a colored stone for inlaying mosaic work. 

Ancient Arch.: Any flat member. A tile or square 
of a tessellated pavement. [Abacus.] 
ab a-<}Ist. [Lat. abacus.] One who calculates, 
one who casts accounts. [Abacus.] 

*g-back', s. [Fr. abaque.) A square tablet, a 
cartouche. [Abacus.] 

“ In the centre or midst of the pegm was an aback, in 
which the elegy was written.” —Ben Jonson: King James’ 
Entertainment, vi. 436. 

g-back', *a-backe, *a-bak, adv. [A. S. on bcec— 
at or on the back.] 

I. Ordinary senses: 

1. Backward. 

“ But when they came where thou thy skill didst show, 
They drew abacke, as half with shame confounded.” 

Spenser: Shepherd’s Calender> June. 

2. Behind=from behind. 

“ Endangered her being set upon both before and 
abacke."—Knolles .- Hist, of Turks, 879a. 

3. Away, aloof. (Scotch.) 

“ O wad they stay aback frae courts 
An please themselves wi countra sports.” 

Burns: The Twa Dogs. 

4. Behind-of place. (Scotch.) 

‘• The third that gaed a wee aback." — Burns. 

5. Back: of time past. (Scotch.) 

“Eight days aback.’’ — Ross: Helenore. 

II. Technical : 

Naut.: Backward, with the sails pressed back 
against the mast. 

“Brace the foremost yards aback." 

Falconer: Shipwreck. 

TT Taken aback means (a) that the sails have been 
driven in the opposite direction from that in which 
the ship is advancing, and laid against the mast. 
This may be produced by a sudden change of the 
wind; or by an alteration in the ship’s course. A 

S is laid aback when the sails are purposely put 
to destroy the forward motion of the vessel, or 
even make her temporarily move stem foremost, to 
avoid some danger ahead. Ships of war are also 
laid aback when they have advanced beyond their 
places in the line of battle. Hence (b) metaphoric¬ 
ally from the above=taken by surprise. 
fab'-g-CO, s. Arithmetic. [Abacus.] 
*a-back-ward, *a-bac-ward, adv. [Eng. aback; 
-ward.) Aback, backward, to the rear. 

“ Arthur thehte hlne abaeward.’’ 

Layamon, ii. 419. 

ab-ac’-tion, s. [Lat. abactio= a driving away.] 
Law: A stealing of cattle on a large scale. [Ab¬ 
actor.] 

ab-ac -tor, pi. abac-tor-e§. [Lat, abactor= a 
cattle-stealer on a large scale; one who drives away 
herds of cattle: abigo= to drive away: ah=from; 
ago=to lead or drive-] 

In Law, with the same meaning as the Latin word 
from which it comes. [Abigeat.] 

“The abactores, or abigeatores, who drove one horse or 
two mares or oxen, or five hogs, or ten goats, were subject 
to capital punishment.”— Gibbon: Decl. & Fall, ch. xliv. 


ab'-g-CuS, s. [Ger. abacus; Fr. abaque; ItaL 
abaco, fr. Lat. abacus : Gr. ahax, -akos. The word 
appears to have signified originally ana specially 
the Pythagorean multiplication table, and thus to 
have been derived either from the first two letters 
of the alphabet, or from the Heb. ahag=dust, or a 
corresponding term in some other Syro-Arabian 
language; the allusion being to the ancient prac¬ 
tice of spreading dust on tablets, with the view of 
tracing diagrams among it. Hence its various sig¬ 
nifications, which are the same in English as they 
are in Latin.] . 

1. A counting-frame; an instrument made of wires 
and beads designed to facilitate arithmetical calcu¬ 
lations. It was used 


in Greece as well as in 
Rome, and is still 
employed in China, 
where it is called 
Shwanpan. In Ameri¬ 
ca an abacus, of a 
humble kind is oc¬ 
casionally sold in toy 
shops. 

2. Arch.: A flat 
stone crowning the 
capital of a column. 


i Ill'll HtIMlI ill III ill u| ill uli ||| lilllililllillillllll|||ill|ltl||lll|il||lllllMOjjlll^ 



- 


C 




- 


- 

l vw&W&ir -■- 'wzmi 

roiiiinfliiiiiinfiiiiiuiiiiiiiiuiu)irikjlliilli!ilil!liiITii^i^'niiinlii i iiil 


Abacus, for Counting. 

It was square in the Tuscan, 
Doric, and all the ancient Ionic styles. In the 
Corinthian and Composite orders the sides were 
hollowed, and the angles in nearly all cases trun¬ 
cated. It is the same in some of the modern Ionic. 
In the Grecian Doric, the Roman Doric, and the 
Tuscan, the abacus was thick, while it was thin in 
the Doric and Corinthian. It was to these last 
forms that Vitruvius, the Roman writer, who intro¬ 
duced the word abacus into architectural nomen¬ 
clature, limited the term. The checker and tile, the 
abacus of the Doric, he denominated plinthus or 
plinthis = a plinth. 



//~V 

Abacus: Corinthian. 



Abacus: Grecian Doric. 

IT Special uses of the word are found in the fol¬ 
lowing expressions: 

(1.) Abacus harmonious: The arrangement of the 
keys of a musical instrument. 

(2.) Abacus major (Metal.): A trough in which ore 
is washed. 

(3.) Abacus Pythagoricus: The multiplication 
table. 

(4.) Abacus logisticus: A right-angled triangle 
whose sides forming the right angle contain the 
numbers from 1 to 60, and its area the products of 
each two of the numbers perpendicularly opposite. 

*g-bad', *g-ba'de, *g-bai d (Scotch), *g-bod', 
*g-bood' (Chaucer), s. [Abide.] Delay, abiding, 
tarrying 

“For soone aftir that he was made 
He fel withouten longer aba.de." 

MS. of nth Cent. 

g-bad'-d6n, s. [Gr. abaddon; Heb. abaddon= 
destruction. It occurs in the Heb. of Job xxxi. 12. 
From abad, Heb. Chald. (E. Aram.), Syr., or Sam.= 
to be destroyed, to perish.] A proper name. 

1. The angel of the bottomless pit (Rev. ix, 11). 

2. Poet.: HeU. 

“ In all her gates Abaddon rues 
Thy bold attempt.” Milton: P. R., iv. 624. 

*ab-ffl-Il -I-en, v. t. [A. S. abceliganP\ To irri 
tate. (Stratmann: Diet. O. Eng. Lang.) 

. *abffllien, V. t. [A. S. dbceligan.) To oppose, to 
irritate. 

“ Bruttes ofte hine abceileden.*’ — Layamon, ii. 8. 

*g-baf-glled, pa. par. [Baffle.] Baffled, 
treated scornfully. 

“What do you think chill be abafelled up and down the 
town.”— London Prodigal, p. 21. {Halliwell.) 

tg-baffe, adv. [Abaft.] Behind. 

“ Once heave the lead again, and sound ahaffe." 

Taylor: Works (1630). 

a-baft ',prep. [a = on ; beceftan, adv. & prep = 
after, behind; A. S. ceftan; Goth, aftan.) 

Naut.: Behind; in the hinder part of the ship 
close toward the stem. , (Opposed to afore.) 

“And the boteswaine of the galley walked abaft the 
maste.”— Hackluyt: Voyages, vol. ii. 

Abaft, the beam: In that arch of the horizon 
which is between a line drawn at right angles to 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd. pot 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite c^r, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 


























abastardize 


abaisance 

■the keel, and the point to which the stern is 
directed. 

If Sometimes contracted into aft, as in the expres¬ 
sion “ fore and aft." [Aft, After.] 

*h-bais -ange, s. [Fr. abaisser—to express.] 
|Obeisance.] 

“To make a low abaisance .” — Skinner: Etymologicon 
Lingua: Anglicance (1671). 

If Skinner considers that abaisance is more cor¬ 
rect than obeisance , which even in his time was 
taking its place and is now universal. 

*a-baisQh'-ite, *a-baisght', *a-baissed, *a- 
baisshed', *a-baist', *a-ba'-sit,*a-bast',p«. par. 
i Abase, Abash.] Abashed, ashamed, frightened, 
bereaved, disappointed. 

“ I was abaischite, be oure Lorde 
Of our beste bernes.” Morte Artliure. 
h-bai -ser, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] Burnt ivory, 
or ivory black. 

*3,-bai'sse, v. t. [Abase.] 

*a-baiten, v. t. To bait. ( Stratmann.) 
*a-bak-ward, adv. Backward. ( Halliwell.) 
ab-a-ll-en-ate, v. t. [Lat. abalienatus, pa. par. 
of abalieno = to alienate property from one to an¬ 
other, to transfer the ownership from one to an¬ 
other : ab = from, and alieno = (1] to alienate, to 
transfer by sale; (2) to set at variance, to render 
averse ; alienus = belonging to another, or foreign; 
alius = another.] 

fl. Civil Law: To transfer property, or some¬ 
thing else of value, from ourselves to others. 

2. Gen.: To withdraw the affection from, to 
estrange. [Alienate.] 

“So to bewitch, them, so abalienate their minds.” 

Archb. Sandys: Sermons, fo. 132 b. 
ab-a'-li-.en-a-t.ed, pa. par. [Abalienate.] 
ab-a-li-en-a-tihg, pr. par. [Abalienate.] 
ab-a-li-en-a'-tion, s. The transfer of property, 
such as land, goods, or chattels, from one to an¬ 
other. [Abalienate.] 

ab-a-16-ne, s. [Haliotis.] 
ab-a-miir'-us, s. [Lat. murus= a wall.] 

Arch.: A buttress, or second wall, erected to 
strengthen another one. 

*a-band', v.t. [Poet.. - Contracted from abandon.'] 
To forsake. [Abandon.] 

a-ban'-don, v. t. [Fr. abandonner, from hbandon 
— at liberty : h — Lat. ad = at; O. Fr. bandon— Low 
Lat. bandum = an order, a decree; Sp. & Port. 
abandonnar; Ital. abbandonare.~\ 

*1. Prim <& special: To cast out an object in con¬ 
sequence of its having been denounced or fallen 
into evil repute. 

“Blessed shall ye be when men shall hate you and 
abandon your name as evil.”— Luke vi. 22 (Rheims ver¬ 
sion). “ Cast out your name as evil ” (Auth. version). 

2. To cast away anything, without its being im¬ 
plied that it has been denounced. 

“Abandon fear.”— Milton: P. L., vi. 494. 

“In the Middle Ages the system derived from the 
Soman calendar . . . was to a great extent abandoned.” 
— Lewis: Astron. of the Ancients. 

3. To leave, to yield up. 

“ Meanwhile the British Channel seemed to be aban¬ 
doned to French rovers.”— Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., chap, 
xiv. 

4. To desert a person to whom one owes allegiance, 
or is under obligation. 

“A court swarming with sycophants, who were ready, 
on the first turn of fortune, to abandon him as they had 
.abandoned his uncle.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., chap. xi. 

5. Reflex.: To resign (one’s self), e. g., to indolence, 
-or to vice. 

“He abandoned himself without reserve to his favorite 
vice.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., chap, xiv 

6. Comm.: To give over to insurers a ship or 
. goods damaged as a preliminary to claiming the 
whole money insured thereupon. 

*7. To bring under absolute dominion. (Scotch.) 
“And swa the land abandonwynt he, 

That durst nane warne to do his will.”— Barbour. 

*8. To let loose, to give permission to act at 
pleasure. (Scotch.) 

“ The hardy Bruce ane ost abandonwynt 
xx thousand he rewyllt be force and wit.” 

Wallace, x. 317, MS. 

*9. To destroy, to cut off, in consequence of being 
.given over. (Scotch.) 

“ Yondyr the king this ost abandonand.” 

Wallace, x. 259, MS. 

*10. To deter, effectually to prevent. (Scotch.) 

“Todant their attemptatis and to abandon thaym in 
■fcymes cumyng.”— Bellen.: Cron., b. 10, c. 2. 


17 

Tf Wedgwood considers that signification No. 7 is 
the primary one. 

*U-ban'-d6n, s. [Abandon, v. f.] 

1. A relinquishment. 

“These heavy exactions occasioned an abandon of all 
wares but what are of the richer sort.”— Lord Kaimes. 

2. One who completely forsakes or deserts a per¬ 
son or thing. 

“A friar, an abandon of the world.”— Sir E. Sandys.- 
State of Religion. 

3. Unreserved devotion to a particular object, 
taste, emotion, &c. 

*n-ban'-don, adv. [A. N. d bandon= at discre¬ 
tion.] 

1. Lit. : At discretion, freely. 

“Aftir this swift gift ’tis but reason 
He give his gode too in abandon.” 

Rom. of the Rose, 2,342. 

2. In a completely exposed state. 

“ His ribbes and scholder fel adoun, 

Men might see the liver abandon.” 

Arthur and Merlin, p. 228. 

h-ban'-doned, pa. par. & adj. [Abandon.] Used 
in the same senses as the verb, and also 
As adjective: 

1. Deserted. 

“Your abandoned streams.”— Thomson: Liberty. 

2. Wholly given up to wickedness, hopelessly cor¬ 
rupt. 

“ . . . the evidence of abandoned persons who would 
not have been admissible as witnesses before the secular 
tribunals.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., chap. vi. 

IT Dryden (Span. Friar, iv. 2) has the redundant 
expression abandoned o'er , now obsolete, 
a-ban-don-ee, s. [Abandon.] 

Legal : A person to whom anything is abandoned, 
a-ban'-dbn er, s. [Abandon.] One who aban¬ 
dons. 

“Abandoner of revels, mute, contemplative.” 

Shakesp. & Flet.: Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 3. 
a-ban-don-ihg, pr.par., & s. [Abandon.] 
Assubst.: A forsaking; a total desertion. 

“ When thus the helm of justice is abandoned, a uni¬ 
versal abandoning of all other posts will succeed.”— Burke. 

a-ban -don-ment, s. [Abandon.] 

1. Ord. sense : The act of abandoning, giving up, 
or relinquishing. 

“ The Latins now make secret preparations for the open 
abandonment of their long-standing Roman alliance.”— 
Lewis: Cred. Early Rom. Hist., ch. xiii. 

2. The state of being abandoned, as “He was in a 
state of complete abandonment." 

3. Comm. : The relinquishment of an interest or 
claim. Thus, in certain circumstances, a person 
who has insured property on board a ship may re¬ 
linquish to the insurers a remnant of it saved from 
a wreck, as a preliminary to calling upon them to 
pay the full amount of the insurance effected. The 
term is also used of the surrender by a debtor of his 
property. 

4. The yielding to a passion, taste, object or emo¬ 
tion. 

* 9 ,-ban'--dum, s. [Ban.] 

Old Law: Anything forfeited or confiscated. 
(Ducange.) 

*a-ban -dune, v. t. [A. S.] To subject, to aban¬ 
don. 

“ Fortune to her lawys can not abandune me.” 

Skelton: Works , i. 273. ( Halliwell .) 

{i-ban-ga, s. [Local name.] A name given by 
the negroes in the island of St. Thomas to a kind of 
palm. [Ady.] 

*<t-banne, v. t. [Ban.] To curse. 

“So solemnly to abanne and accurse them all.”— Jewell: 
Works, ii. 697. 

a-ban-ni’-tion, s. [Law Lat. abannitio, an old 
legal term, now little used.] Banishment for one 
or two years for manslaughter. [Ban.] 
*a-bap-tis-ton, or a bap -tist'-I-on, s. [Gr. 
abdptiston = not to be dipped, baptizo = to dip; 
frequentative of bapto = to dip, to dye. In Galen 
is found the expression trupanon = a trepan not to 
he dipped, that is, with a guard to prevent its sink¬ 
ing too deeply.] 

OldSurg.: A guarded trepan. [Trepan.] 
*<t-bar'-gy, s. [Low Lat. abartia.J Insatiable¬ 
ness. [Abarstick.] (Ducange.) 

*<L-ba're, v. t. [A. S. q.barian.'] To make bare, 
to uncover. [Bare.] 

*a bar' -rand, pr. par. [Abebr.] Departing 
from, aberring. 

•"‘a ba'rre, v. t. [A. N. abarrer.) To prevent. 

“.the famouse princes of Israel, which did 

not only abarre ydolatrye and other ungodlyness, but 


utterly abolished all occasyone of the same.”— Wright-. 
Monastic Letters, p. 209. 

*gi-bar'-stiek, or Jt-bas'-tlck, a. [Etym. un¬ 
certain, possibly connected with abarcy (q. v.).] 
Insatiable. (Blount.) 

*g,-bar-stick, s. Insatiableness. (Cockeram.) 

*&-bar'-stir, a. [Abase?] More downcast. 

“Might no more be abarstir.” — Towneley Mysteries. 

ab-ar-tic -u-la-tion, s. [Lat. ab = from; artic- 
ulatio = a putting forth of new joints : articulo — 
to divide into joints; articulus = a little joint; 
artus — a joint.] 

Anat.: That kind of articulation, or jointing, 
which admits of obvious or extensive motion. 
Synonymous with diarthrosis and dearticulation 
(q. v-b 

a'-bas, s. [In Ger., &c., abas: der. apparently 
from Shah Aobas of Persia.] A weight used in 
Persia for weighing pearls. It is one-eighth less 
than the European carat, and is equal to 2 - 25 grains 
Troy. 

a'-bas, s. [Arab.] 

Med.: A cutaneous disease, the scald-head (Por- 
rigo favosa). [Porrigo.] 

a-ba se, v. t. [Fr. abaisser ; Low Lat. abasse = to 
lower; Ital. abbassare; Sp. abaxar: cogn. with 
Eng. base; Low Lat. bassus = low. [Abash.] 

1. Lit.: To depress, to lower. 

“ And will she yet abase her eyes on me? ” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 2. 

2. Fig.: To make low, to lower, to degrade, to 
humble, to disgrace. 

“ But the Hydes abased themselves in vain.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

H To abase the coinage ; same as to debase (q. v.). 
[Abasing, s., 3.] 

1. In the same senses as the verb. 

2. Her.: The term used 
(1) when the wings, e. g., 
in place of being expanded, 
with their apices pointing 
outward, either look down 
toward the point of the 
shield, or else are shut. (2) 

When a chevron, fesse, or 
another ordinary, is borne 
lower than its usual situa¬ 
tion. (Parker, Gloss, of 
Her.) [Abase.] 

ba'se-msnt, s. [Abase-] 

1. The act of bringing low or humbling. 

2. The state of being brought low. 

“There is an abasement because of glory.”— Eccles. xx. 

11 . 

“The austerities and abasement of a monk.”— Smith 
Wealth of Nations, book v., chap. i. 

a bash , v. t. [O. Fr. esbahir; Fr .fbahirf] To 
put to shame, to cause to hang down the head, by 
suddenly exciting in one the consciousness of guilt, 
mistake, or inferiority; to destroy the self-posses¬ 
sion of a pierson; to dispirit; to put to confusion. 

“ He was a man whom no check could abash.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

a-bash'ed, pa. par. & a. [Abash.] (1) As the 
verb=to put to shame; hence (2) Modest, unob¬ 
trusive, bashful. 

“ The boy of plainer garb, and more abashed 
In countenance—more distant and retired.” 

Wordsworth .- Excursion, bk. viii. 

a bash -ihg, pr. par. & s. [Abash.] 

As subst.: A putting to shame. 

“An abashing without end.”— Chaucer: Boecius. 

{t-bash-ment, s. [Abash.] Confusion produced 
by shame; fear, consternation; a being put to 
shame. 

“Which manner of abashment became her not yll.”— 
Skelton, p. 38. 

Jt-ba’-slng, pr. par. & s. [Abase.] 

As substantive: 

1. Lit. (as 1. of the verb): A depressing, a mak¬ 
ing lower. 

“Yet this should be done with a demure abasing of your 
eye.”— Bacon: Works, vol. i. 

2. Fig.: A making low, a humbling. The same 

as Abasement. | 

*3. Depreciation of the coinage. [Debasing.] 

“The abasing of the said copper money.”— Grafton: 
Chronicle, Edw. VI. 

a-bas -si, a-bas-sls, or g,-bas-sees, s. [Pers.] 
A Persian silver coin (from Shah Abbas II., under 
whom it was struck) bearing the value of about 21 
cents, but varying with the price of silver. 

U-bas-tard-Ize, v. t. [A. N. abastarder. ] To 
reduce to the condition of a bastard. [Bastard.] 



Wings Abased. 


*>611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cjan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, „ del. 







aHasure 


18 


abbe 


“Corrupted and abastardized thus.”— Danielt Queen’s 

Arc. 

*3,-ba'-sure, s. [A. N.] Abasement. ( Towneley 
Mysteries.) , 

U-ba'-tu~ble, a. Able to be abated; that may 
be abated.’ [Abate.] 

U-ba-ta-men'-tiim, s. [Law Lat.] [Abate.] 

Law : An entry by interposition; the term used 
when, on the death of a landowner, some one, not 
the heir or devisee, takes unlawful possession of the 
estate. 

*ab- 9 .-tayl'-ment, s. [A. N.] A battlement. (Sir 
Gawayne, p. 30.) 

3, -ba'te, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. abatre ; Fr. abattre=to 
beat down; battre=to beat or strike; Sp. batir, 
abatir ; Port, bater, abater ; Ital. battere, abbattere, 
Low Lat. abatto: o=down, and Lat. batuo, battuo 
—to hit, to strike.] [Beat, Bate.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. Lit. (of material things): 

*(a) To beat down, to overthrow. 

“The more sclxuln they ben abatid and defouled in 
helle.” — Chaucer: Persones Tale, p. 186. 

*(&) To lower. 

“Alle the baners that Crysten founde 
They were abatyder.” — Octavian, imp. 1743. 

2. Fig.: 

(a) To contract, to cut short, to lessen, diminish, 
moderate, mitigate. 

“Nought that he saw his sadness could abate." 

Byron: Childe Harold, i. 84. 
‘‘Abate thy rage, abate thy manly rage ! 

Abate thy rage, great duke!” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iii. 2. 

"Eel. O weary night, O long and tedious night, 

Abate thy hours: shine comforts from the east.” 

Shakesp.: Mids. Night’s Dream, iii. 2. 

(b) To subtract, to deduct: sometimes followed 
by from, 

“It shall be abated from thy estimation.”— Leviticus 

Xxvii. 18. 

(c) To remit: e.g., a tax. 

“ To replenish an exhausted treasury, it was proposed 
to resume the lavish and ill-placed gifts of his predeces¬ 
sor; his prudence abated one moiety of the restitution.”— 
Gibbon: Decl. and Fall, ch. xlviii. 

3. Law: (i.) To beat down, to pull down, to de¬ 
stroy, to put an end to, as “to abate a nuisance.” 
(ii.) To annul a suit or action, (iii.) To reduce 
proportionally a legacy or a debt when the testator 
or bankrupt has not left funds enough to pay it in 
full. 

4. Metall.: To reduce to a lower temper. 

11. Intransitive: 

1. To decrease, to become less; applied to mate¬ 
rial substances, to movements, to diseases, also to 
feelings or emotions, and indeed to anything capa¬ 
ble of diminution. 

“ The wind 

Was fall’n, the rain abated." 

Wordsworth: Excursion, ii. 

“The fury of Glengarry, not being inflamed by any 
fresh provocation, rapidly abated." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
eh. xiii. 

2. To lessen, to moderate. 

“ So toilsome was the road to trace. 

The guide, abating of his pace, 

Led slowly through the pass’s jaws.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 3. 

3. To cease altogether. 

“Ys continuance abated eny boast to make.” 

Political Songs, p. 216. 

4. Law: (i.)To come to nought, to fall through, 
to fail, (ii.) To abate into a freehold=enter into a 
freehold on the death of the former possessor, re¬ 
gardless of the rights belonging to the heir or dev¬ 
isee. 

*5. Horsemanship: A horse is said to abate, or 
take down his curvets, when he puts both his hind 
legs to the ground at once, and observes the same 
exactness at every successive step which he takes. 

3 ,-ba te, s. [Old Fr. abut.) Event, adventure. 

1. (Scotch.) Accident; something that surprises, 
as being unexpected. 

2. A casting down. [Abate, v. A] 

U-ba’-ted, pa. par. & adj. [Abate.] 

As adjective: 

1. Generally the same as the verb. 

12. Poet.: Humbled. 

‘Still your old foes deliver you, as most 
Abated captives, to some nation.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 3. 

abatelement (pron. ab-a-te'-le-mang), s. 
[From Fr. abattre= to beat down.] 

1. Comm.: A local term, formerly a sentence of 
the French consul in tli9 Levant against any mer¬ 
chants of his country who broke their bargains or 
defrauded their creditors. Till the abatelement wa 3 


taken off, the delinquent could not sue any person 
for debt. 

2. Her. : A mark of disgrace affixed to an escutch¬ 
eon. [Abatement, 5.] 

a-ba te-ment, s. [Abate.] 

I. Gen.: The act of abating, the state of being 
abated, or the amount abated. 

II. More specifically: 

1. A lessening, diminution, decrease. 

“Abatement in the public enthusiasm for the new mon¬ 
arch .”—Index to Macaulay’s "Hist. Eng." 


“The spirit of accumulation . . . requires abatement 
rather than increase.”— Mill: Pol. Econ., bk. i. 

2. Deduction, subtraction. 


“ Would the Council of Regency consent to an abatemen t 
of three hundred thousand pounds ?”— Macaulay : Hist. 
Eng, chap. xxii. 

3- Comm.: (a) Discount for ready money, (b) A 
deduction from the value of goods occasionally 
made at custom-houses on account of damage or 
loss sustained in the warehouse. This is called also 
rebate , or rebatement. [Rebate.] 

4. Law: (i.) A beating down, a putting down, as 
the abatement of a nuisance, (ii.) A quashing, a 
judicial defeat, the rendering abortive by law, as 
when a writ is overthrown by some fatal exception 
taken to it in court; a plea designed to effect this 
result is called a plea in abatement. All dilatory 
pleas are considered pleas in abatement, in contra¬ 
distinction to pleas in bar. (iii.) Forcible entry of 
a stranger into an inheritance when the person 
seized of it dies, and before the heir or devisee can 
take possession. [Oustek.] 

5. Her.: Abatements, sometimes called rebate- 
ments. are real or imaginary marks of disgrace 
affixed to an escutcheon on account of some fla¬ 
grantly dishonorable action on the part of the 
bearer. Scarcely any instance is on record of such 
marks of disgrace having been actually affixed to 
an escutcheon. 


^.-ba’-ter, s. [Abate.] The person who, or the 
thing which abates. [Abatob.] 

"Abaters of acrimony or sharpness are expressed oils 
of ripe vegetables.”— Arbuthnot. 



U-ba'-tlng, pr.par. [Abate.] 

abat-jour (u-ba'-j6r), s. [Fr.] A skylight or 
sloping aperture made in the wall of an apartment 
for the admission of light. 

a-ba'-tSr, s. [Abate, Abates.] 

1. Law: One who, on th9 death of a person seized 
of an inheritance, enters it before the rightful heir 
or devisee can take possession 

2. One who abates a nuisance. 

3. An agent or cause through or by which an 
abatement is effected. 

abattis or 
abatis (pron. 
a-bat’-te as a 
French word, but 
often, as English, 

U-b at'-tis), s. 

[Fr. abatis, from 
abattre=to beat 
down.] 

1. Rubbish. 

2. Fort.: A 
temporary defense 
formed by felling 
trees, and placing them in a row, with their boughs, 
which are pointed, directed against the enemy; 
they impede the advance of the foe, besides afford¬ 
ing cover for the defenders to fire over 


Abattis. 


“ Miltiades protected Ms flanks from the enemy’s cav¬ 
alry by an abattis.” — Thirhcall: Greece, chap. xiv. 

“ Pretty groups of trees, too, have been cut down in a 
slovenly manner to form abattis.” — Times, Dec., 1876. 
a-bat'-tised, a. Furnished with an abattis. 
abattoir (a-bat’-war), s, [Fr. abattre= to beat 
down, to fell.] A building m which cattle are 
slaughtered. One was commenced in Paris by de¬ 
cree of Napoleon I., in 1810, and it was finished in 
1818. An approach to the abattoir system was made 
in London in 1855; it has been introduced also into 
other English towns. In the U. S. there are large 
abattoirs in connection with stockyards. 

a battuta (pron. a bat-tfl'-tu). [Ital.: (lit.) to 
the beat.] 

Music: In strict or measured time. “ This term 
is usually employed when a break in the time of a 
movement has occurred, and it is desirable to 
resume the original pace by the beat.” (Stainer & 
Barrett.) 

*ab-a tilde', s. [Late Lat. abatudaf] Anything 
diminished. (Bailey.) (In old records, Moneta 
abatuda is clipped money.) [Abate.] 

ab'-sr-tiire. [Fr. abaf#re=tobeat.] Grass beaten 
down by the trampling of a stag passing through it. 
ab-at-vent (pron ab'-a-van), s. [Fr. ] 

Arch. : The sloping roof of a tower; a penthouse. 


ab-at-voix (pron. ab'-av-wa), s. [Fr.]' 

Arch. : A sounding-board over a pulpit, 
abavi (pron. ab'-a-ve) ? a-ba-vo', s. [Local 
names.] The name, in various African dialects, of 
the Baobab tree, Adansonia digitata. 

*ab-fi"we, *ab'-a ue, *a-b§, ve, *a-bay, v. t. 

1. To bow, to bend. (MS. Cantab. Halliwell.) 

2. To dazzle, astonish, or confound. 

“ I was abawed for merveille.” 

Bomaunt of the Bose, 3,644 

*ab-a wed, pa. par. [Abawe.] 

*g,-ba y, *a-ba ye, s. [A N.] [Bat.] The bark 
ing of a dog, 

“. .. and make a short abay for to reward® thehondes.’t 
—MS. Bodl. 646. ( Halliwell .) 

IT At abaye : At bay. 

“ Then the forest they fraye 
The hertes bade at abaye.” 

Degrevante MS. ( Halliwell .) 

*a-bay J , *ab-bay', *a-ba'ye, v. i. To obey. 
[Abawe.] 

“ . . . and every man have a small rodde yn his hond to 
holde of the houndes that thei shul the better abaye."— 
MS. Bodl. 546. 

*§L-ba'y, v. i. & v. t. [Abie (2).] (Skinner.) 
*a-ba'y, v. t. To astonish. [Abawe.] (Scotch.) 
*a-ba'ys, v.t. [Fr . abassirJ To abash, to con¬ 
found. (Scotch.) 

*a-bay'-s§b.Id, *a-bay ssh Ite, pa. par. 

Abashed, frightened. [Abash.] 

*a-ba'yst, pa. par. of Abase. [A. N.] Disap¬ 
pointed. 

“ And that when that they were travyst 
And of herborow were abayst.” 

Brit. Bibl. iv 83. ( HalliwellDiet.) 
*abb, s. [A. S. ab or o5=(l) a beam, (2) the woof 
in weaving yarns.] A term formerly used among 
weavers, and signifying yarn for the warp. 

*[[ Abbwool— wool for the yarn used in a weaver’s 
warp. 

ab -bci, s. [Heb. «6=father, with suffix ba to 
represent the definite article.] The E. Araup 
(Clial.) and Syr. name lor father. 

“ . .. the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba. 
Father.”— Bom. viii. 15. 

*ab-bae'-in-ate, v. t. [Ital. ad= to; bacino— a 
basin.] To destroy the eye-sight by placing a red- 
hot copper basin close to the eyes. It was chiefly on 
captive princes, or other persons of influence, that 
this detestable cruelty was practiced. Duncange 
cites instances of its perpetration among the 
Italians in mediaeval times, the Greeks of the lower 
empire, and others. .He also repeats the story that, 
early in the twelfth century, Henry I., King of Eng¬ 
land, thus treated his brother Robert, the deposed 
Duke of Normandy, but the charge is not supported 
by contemporary evidence. (Ducange, Lexicon, art, 
“Abbacinare ”) 

*afc-bac m-a‘-tion, s. The destruction of the 
eye-sight in the manner described under the verb 
Abbacinate. 

ab -ba-§y. [Low Lat. abbatia, from E. Aram, 
and Syr. a66a=father.] The dignity, rights, and 
privileges of an abbot. [Abbot, Abba.] 

“According to Telinus, an abbacy is the dignity itself.” 
— Ayliffe: Pavergoh Juris Canonici, 

ab-ban-don-u-men'-te. [Ital.] 

Music: With self-abandonment, despondingly. 
ab'-bas, s. Old spelling of Abbess (q. v.). 
*ab-bat, s. [Abbot.] [In reality a more correct 
form of the word than Abbot. It comes from ab - 
batem, accus. of Lat. abbas, from Syr. abba — 
father.] 

^“The abbats of exempt abbeys.”— Glossary of Heraldry, 

*ab'-l>a-tesse, s. Fern, form of Abbat (q. v.)- 
“And at length became abbatesse there."— Holinshed: 
Chron., 1647. 

ab-ba'-ti-al, a. Pertaining to an abbey. 

"Abbatial government was probably much more favor- 
able to national prosperity than baronial authority.”— Sir 
T. Eden: State of the Poor, p. 60. 

ab-bat -Lcal, a. The same as Abbatial. 

*ab'-bay, or *ab-baye, s. An old spelling of An . 
bet. 

“ They caried him unto the next abbay." 

Chaucer: Prioresses Tale, 15.035, 
“They would rend this abbayefs massy nave.” 

Scott: Lay of Lost Minstrel, canto ii., 14. 
abbe (pron. ab'-ba), s. [The French term for 
Abbot.] Literally, the same as an abbot, but more 
generally a mere title without any definite office or 
responsibilities. Before the first French Revolu- 
tion the title was so fashionable that many men 
who had pursued a course of theological study, 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; .mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 




abbess 


19 


abbuttals 


though not at all of ecclesiastical proclivities, as- 
bet. that practice almost terminated with 
1789, after which the word became once more lim¬ 
ited to its natural meaning. 

“ Ere long some bowing, smirking, smart abbe.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

IT Abb&s Commendataires. [Abbot.] 

ab -beS3, s. [O. Fr. abaese, abbesse; Low Lat. 
abbatissa.] The lady superior of a nunnery, exer¬ 
cising the same authority over the nuns that an 
abbot does over monks in a convent, the only excep¬ 
tion being that she cannot exercise strictly ecclesi¬ 
astical functions. 

“The Palmer caught the abbess’ eye.” 

Scott: Marmion, v. 19. 

ab'-bey, s. [O. Fr. abeie, abate; Fr. abbaye, 
from Low Lat. abbatia; Ital. abbadia or badia; 
Ger. abtei.) 

1. A monastic community. A society of celibates 
of either sex, who, having withdrawn from “the 
world” and bound themselves by religious vows, 
henceforth live in seclusion, the men, termed monks, 
in a convent, and the females, denominated nuns, 
in a nunnery, the former ruled over by an abbot 
[Abbot], and the latter by an abbess. Originally, 
the term abbey was applied to all such fraternities 
or sisterhoods, then it became more limited in 
meaning, as a distinction was drawn between an 
abbey proper and a priory. The more powerful 
abbeys in the Middle Ages tended to throw out off¬ 
shoots, as a vigorous church now is pretty sure to 
found one or more humbler churches in its vicinity. 
These were called priories, and were ruled by priors, 
which was a mvre_ modest dignity than that of 
abbot. For a oriod they were subject to the 
authority of the abbot by whose instrumentality 
they had been founded, then they gained strength 
and became independent of the parent monastery, 
and finally the distinction between an abbey and a 
priory almost vanished. [Monastery.] 

2. A building either now or formerly inhabited by 
a monastic community. An abbey in the Middle 
Ages had a church, a dormitory, a refectory for 
meals, a proper pantry for viands, and all other 
conveniences for the monks, who, though individu¬ 
ally poor, were collectively rich. It stood in the 
midst of grounds walled round for protection and 
privacy. Some abbeys have been converted into 
modern cathedrals or churches, others are in ruins. 
[Pkiory, Convent, Nunnery, Monastery.] 

“ It is impossible to conceive a more beautiful specimen 
of lightness and elegance of Gothic architecture than the 
eastern window of Melrose Abbey.” — Scott: Notes to ‘‘Lay 
of Last Minstrel,” ii. 8. 

IT In London “ the Abbey" signifies Westminster 
Abbey. 

“All the steeples from the Abbey to the Tower sent 
forth a joyous din.” — Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., chap. xi. 

IT In Scotland “ the Abbey" specially means Holy- 
rood House, Edinburg. [Abbey-laird.] 

3. The privileges of sanctuary possessed by those 
repairing to any such building. 

Scots Law : The right of sanctuary afforded to a 
debtor who lives within the precincts of Holyrood 
House. 

abbey-laird, s. A cant term for an insolvent 
debtor who takes up his residence within the pre¬ 
cincts of Holyrood as a protection against his cred¬ 
itors. ( Scotch .) 

abbey-land, s. Land now, or formerly, attached 
to an abbey. On the suppression of the monas¬ 
teries at the period of the English Reformation, the 
abbey-lands were transferred to the Crown, and 
were soon afterward given, at prices beneath their 
value, to private persons. By the statute 1st Phil. 
& Mary, c. 8, any one molesting the possessors of 
abbey-lands, granted by Parliament to Henry VIII. 
or Edward VI., incurred the penalty of a premunire. 
While yet the lands now referred to were attached 
to the respective abbeys, their possessors, in most 
cases, had succeeded in freeing them from all 
charge for tithes. W T hen their modern owners man¬ 
age to prove this they also are exempt from tithe 
rent-charge. (See Blackstone’s Commentaries, Book 
IV., ch. 8; Book II., ch. 3.) 

abbey-lubber, s. A term of contempt for a fat, 
lazy, idle monk. It is still used. 

“This is no Father Dominic, no huge overgrown abbey- 
lubber; this is but a diminutive, sucking friar.”— Dryden: 
Spanish Friar, iii. 2. 

If Besides abbey-land and abbey-lubber there are 
in English literature a number of other words com¬ 
pounded with abbey ; for instance, abbey-church 
and abbey-plate (Froude), abbey-gate and abbey - 
tvall (Shakespeare). 

*ab’-bey, s. [A. N. Probably a corruption of 
Abele (q. v.).] A name given in Yorkshire and 
Westmoreland to the great white poplar, a variety 
of Populus alba. 

*a,b-blg'-get, v. t. To expiate, to make amends 
for.' [Abie (2).] 


*ab -bis, s. pi. [An old form of Albs.] White 
surplices worn by priests. (Scotch.) 

*ab'-bod, s. Old form of Abbot (q. v.). ( Robert 
of Gloucester.) 

ab-bot, *ab~bat, or ab'-ot. [A. S. abbod, ab- 
bad; Ger. abt; Fr. abb6; Ital. abate; Low Lat. 
abbas, fr. E. and W. Aram, abba; Heb. ab= 
father, of which the plural sounds like abbot, 
aboth. [Abba.] 

A term originally applied to any monk, or to any 
ecclesiastic, specially if aged, and designed to ex¬ 
press veneration for his sanctity; then limited to 
the superior of a society of monks living in a mon¬ 
astery ; next restricted still further to the ruler of 
an abbey as contradistinguished from a priory; 
and, finally, acquiring again a somewhat more ex¬ 
tended meaning as the distinction between an abbey 
and a priory became less regarded. [Abbey, Pri¬ 
ory.] 

When in the fourth century, A. D., the scat¬ 
tered and solitary monks living in the Egyptian 
and other deserts began to be gathered into small 
communities, each society elected a spiritr 'll chief 
over it, to whom the name abbot was given by the 
Syrians and others, and archimandrite by the 
Greeks. The bishop soon gained the right of con¬ 
firming the nomination. As yet the abbots were 
deemed laymen, but about the sixth century most 
of them became priests. After the second Nicene 
Council, in A. D. 787, they were allowed to consecrate 
monks for the lower sacred orders. The abundant 
leisure which they possessed led a few of them to 
become learned men, and the bishops finding them 
useful in controversies with “ heretics,” gradually 
induced them to remove their monasteries to the 
vicinity of towns. By the eleventh century their 
influence had so increased that the more powerful 
of them succeeded in shaking off the authority of 
the bishops, owning no jurisdiction now but that of 
the Pope ; these were, in consequence, called insu¬ 
lated abbots. Though nominally the next grade be¬ 
low bishops, yet most of them adopted the episco- 
al crosier, which, however, they bore in their right 
and, while the bishops did so in their left. They 
also assumed mitres like their rivals, and even many 
ordinary abbots became crosiered; thus a distinc¬ 
tion arose between mitred and crosiered abbots. 
The houses presided over by insulated abbots had 
mostly sent forth priories ; the heads of those which 
had done so on a large scale were sometimes called 
cardinal abbots ; and the ambitious title of oecu¬ 
menical, meaning universal abbot, imitated from 
the patriarch of Constantinople, was not unknown. 
The privilege of making appointments to posts of 
such importance was claimed, and in many places' 
successfully, by the civil power, which then nomi¬ 
nated laymen for secular ends. Hence arose abbot- 
counts (in Lat. at>6a-or abbi-comites) and field-abbots 
(in Lat. abbates milites ) , who received appointments 
on condition of rendering military service for what 
was deemed their feof. In Germany there were 
prince abbots, and Kings Philip I. and Louis VI. of 
France were abbots of the monastery of St. Aignan. 

In England, before the Reformation, twenty-six 
or twenty-seven mitred abbots, with two priors, sat 
in the House of Lords; the former were called, in 
consequence, abbots-general, or abbots-sovereign. 
They ceased to be peers when the monasteries were 
suppressed by Henry VIII. 

Bishops whose cathedrals were at one time ab¬ 
beys have sometimes been called abbots. 

In modern Roman Catholic countries abbots are 
generally divided into regular and commendatory 
(i abb6s commendataires). The former are really 
monks; the latter are only laymen, but are obliged 
to take orders when they have reached the right 
age. 

IT Abbot of the People was a title formerly given 
in Genoa to one of the chief civil magistrates, a 
layman. A person who in medieeval times was the 
leader of Christmas revels was called by the Eng¬ 
lish the Abbot or Lord of Misrule , by the Scotch the 
Abbot of Unreason, and by the French Abb6 de 
Liesse — the Abbot of Joy. [Misrule.] 
ab-bot-ship, s. The state, position, or appoint¬ 
ment of an abbot. 

abbreuvoir (approximately ab-bruv -war), s. 
[Properly Fr. = a watering-place ; a drinking-pond 
for animals. Ital. abbeverare: from bevere; Lat. 
bibere — to drink.] 

1. A watering-place. 

2. Masonry: The junction between two stones; 
the interstices between two stones designed to be 
filled up with mortar. 

ab-bre- vi-ate, v. t. [Lat. abbreviate, pa. par. of 
abbrevio: ad= to, and brevis= short; Sp. abreviarj 
Ital. abbreviare; from Lat. abbrevio; Gr. brachuno, 
brachus=brevis =short. ] 

1. To shorten, to curtail, to reduce to a smaller 
compass, yet without loss of the main substance. 

“It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting another 
by cutting oil.”— Bacon: Essay xxvi. 

2. To shorten, to cut short with a lessening of the 
main substance. 



“The length of their days before the Flood were abbr# 
viated after.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

3. Arith. & Alg. : To reduce a fraction to its low* 
est terms. [Abbreviation, II.] 
ab-bre'-vi-ate, s. An abridgment. 

Scotch Law: Abbreviate of adjudication means 
an abstract of adjudication, and of the lands ad¬ 
judged, with the amount of the debt. 

ab-bre-vi-ate, a.& *pa.par. [Abbreviate, v. £.] 
[Used occasionally for the regular form Abbrevi¬ 
ated (q. v.).] 

ab-bre -vi-a-ted, pa. par. or a. [Abbreviate.] 

1. Shortened, abridged, contracted. 

“Irregular, abbreviated, and bastardized languages.”— 

Darwin: Descent of Man, 
vol. i., part i., ch. ii. 

2. Arith. dt Alg.: Re¬ 
duced to lower terms; 
shortened, simplified. 

3. Botany: A term 
used in comparative 
descriptions to indi¬ 
cate that one part is 
shorter than another. 

For instance, an abbre¬ 
viated calyx is one 
which is shorter than 
the tube of the corolla 
(a. in fig.). 

*?ib - bre -vi-ate-ly, 

adv. [Eng. abbreviate; 

-ly .] Shortly, concisely. 

“Abbreviated and Flower of Pulmonaria 
M-itim.., with Abbra- 
Lenten Stuffe. viated Calyx, 

ab-bre-vi-a-ting, pr. par. [Abbreviate.] 
ab-bre'-vi-a'-tion, s. [Abbreviate.] 

I. Gen. : The act or process of shortening, abridg¬ 
ing, or contracting. 

“. . . the process of abbreviation and softening.”— Don¬ 
aldson: N. Cratylus, bk. ii., c. ii., p. 291. 

1. Spec.: The curtailment of a document or the 
contraction of a word or words by omitting several 
of the letters, as A. M. = Master of Arts [see A as an 
abbreviation], adj. for adjective, &c. 

2. Ala. & Arith. : The reduction of a fraction to 
a simpler form: as 

(a + b) 3a 1 

- to - 

3a 2 (a+ 6) a 

3. Music: A conventional way of writing the 
notes so as to save space. Thus, a semi-breve with 
the symbol of a quaver underneath means as many 
demi-semi-quavers as there are in a crotchet—viz., 8. 

II. The result of such an act or process; thus 
A. M. is the abbreviation of Master of Arts. 

1 (a + b) 3 a 9 * r 

— is the abbreviation of -, &c. 

a 3a 2 (a + W 

“. . . in the circumstance of using abbreviations .”— 
Swift. 

III. The state of being shortened or abridged, 
ab-bre -vi-a tbr, s. [Abbreviate.] 

1. Gen. : One who abridges or curtails. 

“Neither the Archbishop nor his abbreviators .”— 

Hamilton: Logic, ii. 

2. Spec. : The term applied to a college of seventy- 
two persons in the Roman Chancery whose duty it 
is to abridge the petitions granted by the Pope into 
proper forms for being converted into bulls. 

Ab-bre'-vi-a'-tor-y, a. Abbreviating, shorten¬ 
ing. [Abbreviate.] 

*ab bre -vi a-tiire, s. [Ital. abbreviatura.] 

1. A mark used for the sake of shortening, 
“Written with characters and abbreviatures. "-Bp. 

Taylor: Rule of Conscience . 

2. An abridgment, a compendium, a short draft, 
[Abbreviate.1 

“This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole duty of 
a Christian.”— Taylor:: Guide to Devotion. 

*ab-broch, v. t. [Etym. doubtful.] To monopo¬ 
lize goods or forestall a market. 


[A. N.] To broach a barrel. 


*gib-bro'ghe, v. t. 

[Abroach.] 

“ Abbrochyn or attamyn a vessele of drynke.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 


ab-bro gh-ment, s. [A. N.] [Abbroch.] 

1. The act of forestalling. 

2. Spec.: The act of forestalling a market or fair. 
This was formerly regarded as a criminal offense; 
but by 7 & 8 Yict. the penalty for it was abolished, 

ab-biit'-tals, s. pi. [Law Lat. abutto, and butta, 
from butum, Fr. bout=e nd, termination; or Celt, 
bot or bod =foundation, lowest part.] The buttings 
or boundary of land toward any point. Anciently, 


bdll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; siu, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
*cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dgl. 






20 


abduct 


abbyt 


hounds •were distinguished by artificial hillocks 
called botemines, from which cam? Butting, Abut¬ 
tals, &c. 

*ab'-byt, s. [Habit.] A habit. 

“Under the abbyt of seynte Austynne.” 

Wright: St. Patricks Purgatory, p. 66. 

ABC. The first three letters of the English 
alphabet, designed as symbols of the alphabet gen¬ 
erally. 

"As alphabets in ivory employ, 

Hour after hour, the yet unletter’d boy, 

Sorting and puzzling with a deal of glee 
Those seeds of science call’d his A B C.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

*a-b-§e, or a-be-pe, s. [Abece.] The alphabet 
(sixteenth century). 

Abdal (Ib'-d^l), s. [Arab. aM=servant; Al= 
Allah- God.] 

Among Mussulmans: A person supposed to be 
transported by the love of God. Abdals are called 
in Persia Divaneh Khodas. People belonging to 
other faiths often find them dangerous fanatics. 
(See D’Herbelot’s Bibliothbque Orientale, A. It. 
1(5 1 7.) 

ab-del'-a-vi, s. [Arab, local name in Egypt.] 
The name given in Egypt to various species of the 
genus Cucumis (cucumbers and melons). 

Abderian (ab-der'-I-an), or Abderite (ab- 
der-ite), a. [From Abdera, a town of Thrace, the 
inhabitants of which were regarded as very stupid, 
yet from among them sprung the philosophers 
Democritus and Protagoras.] Pertaining (1) to 
Abdera; (2) to incessant laughter, from Democ¬ 
ritus, who was known as “ the laughing philos¬ 
opher.” 

ab'-dest, s. [Pers. ai>=water; des#=hand.l The 
Mohammedan ceremony of washing the hands as a 
■religious duty. 

♦Abdevenham (Ab-de-ven-ham). 

Astrol.: The head of the twelfth house in a 
scheme of the heavens. 

ab-dl-cant, a. & s. [Lat. abdicans, pr. par. of 
a bdico.] [Abdicate.] 

1. Asadj.: Abdicating, renouncing, relinquishing. 

"... monks ab di cant of their order.”— Whitlock: Man¬ 
ners of the English People, p. 93. 

2. As substantive: One who abdicates. 

ab -di-cate, v. t. & i. [Lat. abdico—{lit.) to say a 
thing does not belong to one, to detach one’s self 
from, to renounce, resign, abdicate; {legal) to re¬ 
nounce one (especially a son), to disinherit him: 
a6=from; dico= to bind, to dedicate, consecrate or 
devote.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. Gen.: To relinquish, abandon, give up. 

2. Spec.: To relinquish the throne without resign¬ 
ing it. 

The word abdicate is sometimes used for the 
desertion of ofiices inferior to the throne. 

3. Formally to resign an office before one’s time 
of service has expired, or an office which one might 
have been expected to retain till death. 

“It was in the twenty-first year of his reign that Dio¬ 
cletian executed his memorable design of abdicating the 
empire. . . . Diocletian acquired the glory of giving to 
the world the first example of a resignation which has 
not been very frequently imitated by succeeding mon- 
archs.”— Gibbon: Dec. and Fall, chap. xiii. 

4. To reject, to renounce, to relinquish as a right 
or privilege, or a valuable possession. 

“But Christ as soon would abdicate His own, 

As toop from heaven to sell the proud a throne.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

“The understanding abdicates its functions, and men 
are given over, as if by magic, to the enchantments of 
insanity.”— Froude: Hist, of Eng., chap. vii. 

5. Civil Law: To renounce a' son, to disinherit a 
son, during the lifetime of a father. 

"It may be further observed that parents were allowed 
to be reconciled to their children, but after that could 
never abdicate them again.”— Potter: Grecian Antiquities, 

iv. 16. 

Also figuratively: 

“ ... . draw them closer unto thee whom thou seemest 
for the time to abdicate.” — Bp. Hall. 

*6. To dethrone, to deprive of office, to degrade. 

“The Turks abdicated Comulus, the next heir to the 
•unpire.”— Burton: Anat. of Melancholy. 

II. Intransitive: To abandon or relinquish a 
' Itrone, or other office, dignity, or privilege. 

“. . . since he [a prince] cannot abdicate for his chil- 
Gen.”— Swift: On the Sentiments of a Church of England 

... (It. 


ab -di-ca-ted, pa. par. & adj. [Abdicate.] 

1. Active: Used of one who has abdicated a 
throne or other dignity. 

“The abdicated monarch retired.”— Gibbon: Decline and 
Fall, chap. xli. 

2. Passive: Abandoned, renounced, referring to 
the throne or office abdicated. 

“And hoped to seize his abdicated helm.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

ab-di-ca -ting, pr.par. [Abdicate.] 

ab-di-ca-tioii, s. [Lat. abdication The act of 
abdicating or relinquishing. 

1. Spec.: The relinquishment of an office, and 
particularly the throne, without a formal resigna¬ 
tion. It differs from resignation, which is applied 
to the giving back by a person into the hands of a 
superior an office to which that superior appointed 
him; while in abdication, one theoretically, with¬ 
out an earthly superior in the country, relinquishes 
what came to him at first by act of law. 

“ Somers vindicated the use of the word abdication by 
quotations from Grotius and Brissonius, Spigelius and 
Bartolus.”— Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., ch. x. 

2. The resignation of a throne or other office with 
or without due formalities. 


“ The ceremony of his [Diocletian’s] abdication was per¬ 
formed in a spacious place, about three miles from Nico- 
media.”— Gibbon: Decl. and Fall, vol. ii., chap. xiii. 


TT An involuntary abdication may take place, like 
that of Napoleon I. at Fontainebleau, April 11, 
1814, prior to his virtual banishment to the Isle of 
Elba. 


3. Gen.: A casting off, a rejection. 


“Wrongful abdication of parentality.”— Jeremy Bent- 
ham. 

4. The state of being abdicated or relinquished. 



left lumbar regions. The hypogastric region is 
similarly divided into three, the central called the 
pelvic region, and the two 
side ones the right and left 
iliac regions. 

Abdominal ring or inguinal 
ring: One of two oblong tendi¬ 
nous openings or “rings” exist¬ 
ing in either groin. Through 
these rings pass the spermatic 
cord in the one sex, and the 
circular ligament of the uterus 
in the other. The aponeurotic 
fibres which form the immedi¬ 
ate boundaries of the two open¬ 
ings are called the pillars of 
the ring. One of these, is 
superior, internal or anterior, 
and the other inferior, external 
and posterior. 



The Abdominal and Thoracic Regions. 


abdominal eegions. 


ab’-dl-ca-tlve, a. [Lat. abdicativus.'] That 
which causes or implies abdication. [Abdicate.] 

ab -dit-ive, a. [Lat. abditivus; abdo =to put 
away, to hide: a6=from; do= to put, place, give.] 
Having the quality or power of hiding, 

ab'-dl-tir-jf, ab-di-tor'-I-urn, s. [Lat. abdo .] 
A place for hiding articles of value, as money, plate, 
or important documents. 

Spec.: A chest in churches for relics. ( Dugdale .) 

ab’-dom, s. A contraction, in physicians’ pre¬ 
scriptions, for Abdomen. 

ab-do -men, or ab-do-men, s. [Lat. abdomen, 
-inis; from abdo =to put away, to conceal; or pos¬ 
sibly contr. from adipomen, from adeps = fat.] 
Properly a Latin word, but quite naturalized in 
English anatomical, medical and zoological works. 

1. That portion of the trunk which in man com¬ 
mences beneath, and in mammalia behind the dia¬ 
phragm, and terminates at the extremity of the 

E elvis. The abdominal cavity is the largest in the 
uman body. It is lined with a serous membrane 
called the peritoneum. It contains the liver, with 
the gall-bladder, under its right lobe, the stomach, 
the pancreas, the spleen, the two kidneys, the blad¬ 
der and the intestines. The more highly organized 
of the inferior animals have a similar structure. 

2. Entom.: The whole posterior division of the 
body united to the thorax by a small knot or attach¬ 
ment, well seen in the wasp. It includes the back 
as well as the parts below. Externally it is made 
up of a series of rings. 


4. Epigastric. 

6. Umbilical. 

6. Hypogastric. 

9. Hypochondriac. 


10. Iliac. 

11. Inguinal. 

15. Inferior dorsaL 

16. Lumbar. 


THORACIC REGIONS. 


1. Humeral. 

2. Subclavian. 

3. Mammary. 

7. Axillary. 

8. Sub-axillary or lateral. 


12. Scapular. 

13. Interscapular. 

14. Superior dorsal or sub¬ 

scapular. 


ab-dom'-In-al, ab-d6m'-In-ul§, s. [Lat. ab- 
dominates .] [Abdomen.] (The full term is Mala- 
copterygii abdominales=soft-tinnod abdominals.) 
An order of fishes having the ventral fins suspended 
to the under part of the abdomen behind the pecto¬ 
rals, without being attached to the humeral bone. 
It is the most nu¬ 
merous in species 
of the soft-finned 
orders, and con¬ 
tains the greater 
number of the 
fresh-water fishes. 

It is divided into m ^ , •, . , , 

five families: the The Carp, an Abdominal Fish. 

Oyprinicke, or Carps ; the Esocidee, or Pikes; the Si- 
lurid®, or Siluri; the Salmonidse, or Salmon ; and the 
Clupeidw, or Herrings. [Malacopterygii.] 



ab-dom-In-os-co-py, s. [Lat. abdomen; Gr. 
8hopeo =to look at or after, to look carefully.] 

Med.: An examination of the external surface of 
the abdomen with the view of detecting symptoms 
of internal disease. 


ab-dom'-In-al, a. [Abdomen.] Belonging to 
the abdomen. 

"... the size of the abdominal cavity.”— Todd and Bow¬ 
man: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 266. 

Abdominal regions: Certain regions on the ex¬ 
ternal surface of the abdomen formed by the trac¬ 
ing upon it of imaginary lines. A line is drawn 
horizontally from the extremity of the last rib on 
one side to the same point on the other. A second 
line is then drawn parallel to the first between the 
two anterior superior processes of the ilium. These 
two lines necessarily divide the abdomen into three 
horizontal bands or zones. The first or highest one 
is called the epigastrium [Epigastrium] ; the second 
or middle one, the umbilical region [Umbilical] ; 
and the third or lowest the hypogastrium [Hypo- 
gastrium]. Two vertical linos are then drawn on 
either side from the cartilage of the seventh rib 
downward to the anterior superior spine of the 
ilium. These necessarily intersect the three hori¬ 
zontal zones, dividing each of them into three parts 
so as to make nine in all. The central division of 
the epigastrium constitutes the epigastric region, 
properly so called, on either side of which lie the 
right and left hypochondria [Hypochondria]. The 
central portion of the umbilical region is the um¬ 
bilical region properly so called; whilst the com¬ 
partments on either side are named the right and 


ab-dom -in-ous, a. [Lat. abdomen; Eng. suff. 
-o«s=Lat. osus— full of.] 

1. Pertaining to the abdomen. 

2. With a large abdomen. 

“ Gorgonius sits, abdominous and wan, 

Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 
ab-du §e, v. t. [Lat. abduco —to lead away.] 
fl. Gen.: To lead away. 

“ From the whych opinion I colde not abduce them with 
al my endevor.”— State Papers, Hen. VIII., i. 667. 

2. Anal: To draw from one part to a different 
one, to withdraw one part from another. 

“If we abduce the eye into either corner, the object will 
duplicate.”— Sir T. Broione: Vulgar Errors, iii., chap. xx. 

ab du cent, a. [Abduce.] [Lat. abducens= 
drawing from.] Drawing from, drawing back. 

Anat.: The term applied to several muscles, the 
function of which is to fall back, withdraw, or open 
the parts to which they belong. The abducent or 
abductor muscles are opposed in their action to the 
adductor or adducent muscles. [Abductor.] 
ab-duct', v. t. [Lat. abduco, pa. par. abductus .} 
Law: To take away by guile, or forcibly to carry 
off; as, for instance, a man’s wife, or his children, 
or a ward or heiress; or to kidnap human beings 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
sr, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce - e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw! 
















abducted 


21 


aberration 


With the view of selling them into slavery. 
(Abduce.] 

“His Majesty had been abducted or spirited away, enleve 
by some person or persons unknown.”— Carlyle: French 
Revolution, pt. ii., book iv., chap. iv. 

ab-duet’-ed, pa. par. & adj. [Abduct.] 

ab-duct’-iiig, pr. par. [Abduct.] 

ab-due’-tion, s. [Abduct.] 

A. Active: 

I. Gen.: A leading or drawing away. 

“ Increased abduction of tlie stream by the water com- 
panics.” — Times, Sept. 9, 1873. 

II. Spec.: 

1. Law: The taking away of a child from its 
parents, a wife from her husband, or a ward from 
her guardian, by fraud, persuasion, or open force. 
We also speak of the forcible abduction of a voter 
in a similar sense. 

2. Phys.: The action or operation by which mus¬ 
cles part or separate certain portions of the body 
from others with which they are conjoined. [Ab¬ 
ducent, Abductor.] 

3. Surg. : A fracture in which the broken parts re¬ 
cede from each other. 


“It [the thigh-bone] may be separated from the middle 
line of the body, so as to form an angle with the lateral 
Burface of the trunk ( abduction ), or it may be restored 
and made to approximate the middle line (abduction).’’ — 
Todd and Bowman, vol. i., ch. vi., p. 135. 

4. Logic: An argument sometimes called, after 
the Greek, apogoge , in which the greater extreme is 
evidently contained in the medium, but the medium 
is not so evidently implied in the lesser extreme as 
not to require some further proof to make this ap¬ 
pear. 

B. Passive: The state of being abduced, led, or 
drawn away. 

ab-diic'-tor, s. [Abduct.] One who abducts, or 
that which abducts— i. e., leads or pulls away. 

Anat.: A muscle of the body, which pulls back any 
part of the frame— e. g., the eye. The word abduc¬ 
tor is opposed to adductor , a muscle which pulls to. 
[Abducent.] 

“The abductor muscle of the eye.”— Todd and Bowman. 

* 9 -be ,* 9 ~bee'. In the expression ' l let abe"= let 
be, let alone, far less, not to mention (a = at, the 
Northern sign of the infinitive). (Scotch.) 

“Let that abee.” — Robson: MMS., i. 176. 

“I hate fords at a’ times, let a,be when there’s thousands 
Of armed men on the other side.”— Scott: Bride of Bani- 
o lemioor. > 

H Sometimes=forbearance or connivance. 

“I am for let abe, for Let dbe, as the boys say.”— Scott: 
Pirate. 

3 ,-bearn’, adv. [a=on; beam.] 

Naut. Lang.: On the beam. In a line at right 
angles to a vessel’s keel. 

*9-bear’, v.t. [A. S. a&oercwx.] Now shortened to 
Bear. 

1. To hear, to endure, to put up with. 

2. To behave (one’s self). 


“ So did the faerie knight himself abeare, 

Andstouped oft his head from shame to shield.” 

Spenser: Faerie Queene, bk. v., xii. 19. 

* 9 ~bear'-ange, s. [a; -bear.] Behavior, conduct, 
demeanor. 

“Good abearance, or good behavior.”— Blaokstone, 
Comment., book iv., chap. 18. 

*a-bear'-ing, s. [Abearance.] Behavior, con¬ 
duct, demeanor. 

Law: Good abearing=the proper and peaceful 
carriage of a loyal subject. 


“He shulde be of good aberynge towarde the king.”— 
Fabyan: Chronycles, c. 154. 

*a-beat’-en, v.t. (pret. abette). To beat down. 
[Beat.] ( Stratmann .) 

*a-be-ge, s. A word used chiefly in the fourteenth 
and fifteenth centuries. 

1. The alphabet. 


1 “ He was more than ten yer old or he couthe ys ahece .”— 
iSobert of Glouc., p. 266. 

I Hence, 2: The elements of a science: as, for 
.instance, of arithmetic. 


“When that the wise man, accompteth 
Aftir the formal propirte 
Of algorismes abece.” 

Gower MSS., Soc. Antiq. 


a-be-ge-dar-i-an, s. [From a, b, c, d.] 

1. One who teaches the alphabet. 

“One that teaches the cross-row.”— Cockeram: Diet. 

2. One who is engaged in learning the alphabet. 
{ Minsheu .) 

a-be-ge'-d^r-y. or a-be-ge-dar-i-an, a. & s. 
[From a, b, c, d.] 


A. As adj.: A term applied to compositions ar¬ 
ranged alphabetically; pertaining to the alphabet; 
rudimentary. 

B. As subst. (PI.) : Rudiments; principles. 

“Two abecedary circles, or rings of letters.”— Browne: 

Vulgar Errors. 

Abecedarian Psalms: Psalms, the verses of which 
began with the successive letters of the alphabet. 

a-beche’, v.t. [Fr. a6ec/i.e?-=to feed, fill the beak.] 
[Beak.] To feed, to satisfy. 

a-beghed’, pa. par. [Abeche.] 

“ Yet should I somdele ben abeched, 

And for the time well refreshed.” 

Gower: C. A., bk. V. 

9,-bed.', adv. [Properly on bed; pref. a=ou, or to; 
bed.'} 

1. In bed. 

“ Not to be a-bed after midnight is to be up betimes.”— 
Shakesp..- Tweljth Night, ii. 3. 

2. To bed. 

“ Her mother dreamed, before she was delivered, 

That she was brought a-bed with a buzzard.” 

Beaum. & Flet.: False One, iv. 3. 

*9-be’de, v. t. To bid, to offer. [Bid.] (MSS. of 
the 14th Cent.) 

*a-bed'e, v. i. (pret. of Abide.) 

* 9 -bed ge, v. [Abie (2).] 

“ There durst no wight hand on him ledge 
But he no swore he shall dbedge."—Urry Chaucer. 

*abefoir, adv. [a intensive, or without meaning; 
befoir= before.] Before. (Scotch.) 

“. . . thelandis . . . quhilheswer abefoir unite.”— Acts 
James VI. (1609). 

*a-beg'-en, v. t. (pret. abuyde.) [A. S. abegan.) 
To curve, to bend. 

*a-beg'ge, a-bege', v. t. To suffer for, to atone 
for. [Abie (2).] 

“ He schal it abegge that broughte him thertoo.’’ 

Chaucer: Cokes Tale of Gamelyn, 810. 

“He would don his sacrilege 
That many a man it shulde abege.” 

MS. Gower, Soc. of Antiq. (Halliwell.) 

a-beigh, a-beech, adv. [Prob. corrupted from 
at bay.) Aloof, at a safe distance. (Scotch.) 

“ Toun’s bodies ran and stood abeigh.” 

Burns: Auld Farmer to His Mare. 

a-be'-Is, a-bl’e§, prep. [Corrupt, of Albeit.] 
In comparison with; as, “London is a big town 
abies Edinburgh.” (Supp. Jamieson’s “Scottish 
Dialect.") 

*a-beis'-aunge. [Obeisance.] Obedience. 

a-bel-a’-sie, s. [Arab, local Egyptian name.] 
The name given at Alexandria to certain little fleshy 
and oleaginous tubers, siighfly aromatic, which are 
employed as food-plants and analeptics. They ap¬ 
pear to possess the property of increasing the secre¬ 
tion of milk in nurses. They probably belong to 
the Cyprus esculentus. 

*a-belde', a-bel'-den, v. t. [A. S.] To become 
bold. [Bold.] 

“ The folk of Perce gan abelde.” 

Kxjng Alysaunder, 2,442. 

a-bele, a-beille, or a’-bel-tree, s. One of the 
English names applied to the great white poplar 
(Pcpulus alba , Linn.). 

“ Six abeles in the kirkyard grow.” 

Browning: Rhyme of the Duchess. 

*a-bel'-gen, v. i. & t. (pret. abalh, part, abolgen). 
[A. S. abelgan; O. H. Ger. arbelgan .] 

A. Intrans.: To grow angry. (Stratmann.) 

B. Trans.: To make angry. 

a-bel'-i-a, s. [Named by Robert Brown after Mr. 
Clarke Abell, author of A Journey in China, 1818.J 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Caprifoli- 
aceee, or Caprifoils. Abeliafloribunda from Mexico, 
and A. rupestris from China, are ornamental shrubs, 
the former with purple-red, and the latter with pale 
rose-colored flowers. 

Abelian, [Abelite.] 

A-bel-Ite, A-bel'-I-an, A-bel-o'-ni-an, s. [Ger. 

Abelonian; from Abel, the son of Adam-] A sect 
mentioned by St. Augustine, who imitated what 
they considered to be the example of Abel in dying 
without having consummated marriage. They arose 
in Africa, in the time of Arcadius, about the end of 
the fourth century, A. D., but exerted little perma¬ 
nent influence on the Church. 

a-bel-mos'-chus, s. [Lat. abelmoschus; Arab. 
lcalb-el-misk=a grain of musk; Gr. mo.sc/ios=musk.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Malvaceae, 
or Mallowworts. The A. esculentus is the Indian 
Bendy, Bandikai, or Ramtoorai. It furnished the 
Ochro or Gobbo pods used for thickening soup, 
while those of A. moschatus are used to perfume 
pomatum, and bruised or steeped in rum as an an¬ 
tidote to snake-bite. 


a'-bel-mosk, s. The Anglicized form of the word 
Abelmoschus. 

Abelonian. [Abelite.] 
a-bel-tree. [Abele.] 

*a’-bel-%vhack-ets, s. pi. [1, Abel: 2, from 
whack= a blow.] A game of cards played by sailors 
so called from the horse-play which succeeds it, 1 
the loser receiving a whack or blow with a knotted 
handkerchief for every game he loses. (Grose.) 
*abelyche, adv. Ably. 

“That ne the craft abelyche may conne. — Constitution 
of Masonry. ( Halliwell .) 

*a-be-5-den, v.t. [A. S. abeodan; O. H. Ger, 
aribiotan .] To offer. (Stratmann.) 

ab-e -qui-tate, v. t. [Lat. dbequito—to ride away, 
from ab— away, from, and equito= to ridc.]_ To rid® 
away. (Minsheu: Guide into Tongues, 1627.) 

*ab-er-and, or *ab-ar-rand, pr. par. [Abere.] 
(Scotch.) 

“ Aberand fra the Cristen faith.” 

Bellend.: Cron. viii. 19. 

a-ber -de-vine, s. [White, of Selborne, spelled 
it Aberdavine.] A small bird, called also the sis 
kin. It is green above, and has a yellow breast. It 
comes from the north of Europe about the time the 
swallows depart. It is the Carduelis spinus oi 
Cuvier. [Carduelis ] Known by the more famil¬ 
iar name of goldfinch. 

*a-bere', a. [From A. S. abarian=to lay bare.] 
Detected, convicted. u Abere theof is a detected oi 
convicted thief, and abere morth a detected homi¬ 
cide.” (See Ancient Laws and Institutes of Eng¬ 
land: Lex Canuti, c. 104.) 

9-bere', v. t. [A.S.] [Abeae.] To bear. 

“ Abere thilke truage.”— Rob. Glouc., p. 1%. 
a-bere-mord, a-bere’-murd-er, s. [A. S. abere 
=apparent, notorious; mord=murder.] Plain or 
downright murder, as distinguished from the less 
heinous crime of manslaughter or chance medley. 
It was declared a capital offense, without fine or 
commutation, by the laws of Canute, c. 93, and of 
Henry I., c. 13. (Spelrtu) (Walton: Law Lexicon.) 

*a-b§r'-en, v. t. (pret. abev), [A. S. aberan.) To 
bear. (Stratmann.) 

*9-ber’-ing, s. [Abearing.] 

*a’-berne, a. [Auburn.] (Halliwell.) 

“Long abeme beardes.” 

Cunningham: Revel’s Accounts, p. 68, 

ab-err', *aberre, v. i. [Lat,. aberro = to wander 
away: ab = away, from, and erro — to wander, to 
stray.] To wander: used chiefly in natural science. 

“We may aberre from the proper acceptation.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors, p. 189. 

ab-err'-ange, ab-err-gm-cy, s. [Abere.] 

1. A wandering from, in a literal sense, as from a 
path. 

2. A wandering from, in a figurative sense, such 
as from right reason, from morality, or from God. 

“ Bender it [his understanding] as obnoxious to abem 
ances as now.”— Glanvill: Scepsis Scientifica. 

“They commonly affect no man any further than he 
deserts his reason or complies with their aberrancies — • 
Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. i., chap. 3. 

3. Nat. Science: A divergence from the typical 
characters of some division, great or small, in the 
animal or vegetable kingdom, 
ab-err'-^nt, a. [Abere.] 
f 1. Gen.: In the same sense as the verb. 

2. Spec. (Nat. Science) : Deviating from the type 
of the group to which they belong. A term much 
used by the Macleay or quinary school of zoologists, 
who, arranging animals in five kingdoms, five 
classes, five orders, &c., called the third of thes® 
the first aberrant; the fourth, the second aberrant; 
and the fifth, the third aberrant. The term aberr¬ 
ant is still in common use among naturalists. 
[Quinary.] 

“ Our so-called osculant or aberrant groups.”—Darwin; 
Origin of Species, ch. xiii. 429. 

ab-err-a’-tion, s. [Lat. aberratio .] [Abere.] 
Lit.: A wandering from. 

I. Gen.: A wandering from. 

“. „ . the aberration [of a river] from the direct line ®f 
descent.”— Lyell: Princip. of Geology, chap. xiv. 

II. Nat. Phil.: 

1. Optics. Spherical aberration: That wander¬ 
ing of the rays of light from the normal path which 
takes place when they are made to pass through 
curved lenses, or are reflected from curved mirrors, 
constituting portions of a sphere, instead of parts 
of a parabola. It arises from the unequal refrac¬ 
tion by the lenses of the several rays of light, and 
its effect is to render the images formed in some de¬ 
gree undefined about the edges. Chromatic aberr¬ 
ation [Gr. c hrom a=color ] : That fringing of im¬ 
ages with the prismatic colors which takes place 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = bgl, del, 



aberring 


22 


abiding 


when light passes through curved lenses. It arises 
from the unequal refraction by the lenses of the 
Bevei al elementary colors. Both spherical and 
chromatic aberration may be corrected by the em¬ 
ployment of a proper combination of lenses instead 
of one. [Achromatic.] 

2. Astron. : The aberration of light is that alter¬ 
ation in the apparent position of a star which is 
produced by the motion of the earth in its orbit 
during the time that the light is coming from_ the 
star to the eye. The effect of this aberration is to 
make each star appear annually to describe a minute 
circle of about 40%'' diameter parallel to the earth’s 
diameter. 

3. Terrestrial physics: The aberration of light 
may be seen on the earth as well as in the heavens. 
If one walk rapidly forward in a shower, the rain¬ 
drops seem as if they come at an angle to meet him ; 
if he walk swiftly backward, they appear as if they 
come at an inclination from behind; if, finally, he 
stand still, their real motion becomes discernible; 
in other words, they appear to fall nearly or quite 
vertically. 

III. Biol. : Deviation from a type. 

IV. Med.: 

1. The passage of blood, or any other fluid of the 
body, from morbid causes, into vessels not designed 
to receive it. 

2. Mental aberration: That wandering from 
soundness of judgment which is so conspicuous in 
the insane. 

“. . . . every degree of such mental aberration.” — Sir 
B. Holland: Chapters on Mental Physiology, iv. 114. 

V. JSthics and Theol Moral or spiritual aberr¬ 
ation: A wandering from the path of rectitude, 
or from God. 

“ So then we draw near to God, when, repenting us of 
our former aberrations from Him, we renew our cov¬ 
enants with Him.”— Bishop Hall: Sermon on James iv. 8. 

a.b-er'-rlhg, pr.par. & a. [Abere.] 

*ab-e-run'-cate, v. t. [Lat.. averrunco— to avert 
as a calamity or evil omen. Perhaps from verro= to 
sweep; or verto=to turn ; or the English form may 
be from pref. ab, and Lat. erunco= to weed out.] 
To pull up by the root, utterly to extirpate, to erad¬ 
icate. ( Johnson : Diet.) 

*a-bes'se, v. t. [Fr. abaisser= to humble.] To 
humble, depress, abase. (Blount.) 

*a~bessed , pa. par. [Abesse.] 

*a-bes'-tor, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] A kind of 
stone. 

** Among stones dbestor , which, being hot will never be 
©old for our constancies.’ , — Lylij: Mother Bombie (1594). 

*a-bes-yans, s. [Obeisance.] 

“ With all manner of abesyans we recommend as ryght.” 
— MS., Tanner. ( Halliwell .) 

a-bet', r. t. [O. Fr. abeter=to deceive: from bett 
= a cry designed to set dogs on their prey. (Wedg- 

wood.Y] [Bait.] 

*1. To encourage or aid a person, or cause, by 
word or deed', not necessarily taken in a bad sense. 
“ Abet that virgin’s cause.”— Spenser: Faery Queen. 

2. Gen. and spec, in Law : To aid, countenance, 
encourage in, or to incite, stimulate, or instigate to 
a criminal act. 

"And you that, do abet him in this kind 
Cherish rebellion.”— Rich. III., ii. 3. 

*a-bet', s. The act of aiding or encouraging to a 
crime. 

"... through mine abet.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Cres., bk. ii., f. 357. 

a-bet'-ment, s. [Abet.] The act of abetting, 
countenancing, or encouraging one in a crime. 

"Advice and abetment, amount to principal treason.”— 
Black stone: Comm., iv. 3. 

a-bet’-ted, pa. par. & a. [Abet.] 
jjL-bet-tmg, pr. par. [Abet.] 

9,-bet-tor (formerly abetter), s. [Abet.] One 
who encourages another in anything, originally in 
a good as well as a bad sense. Pope employs it in 
the former. Now it has usually a had sense.' 

Law • One who encourages, instigates, or sets on 
another to the commission of some criminal act; an 
accessory to a crime. An abettor who is present at 
the time of committing a crime is considered as a 
principal in the second degree. One absent, but 
still cognizant of what is to take place, is called an 
accessory before the fact. (Blackstone: Comm., 
iv. 3.) [Abet, Accessory.] 

“But let the abetters of the Panther’s crime.” 

Dry den: Hind and Panther, 3. 

" But the Hesiodic demons are in no way authors or 
abettors of evil.”— Grote: Greece, vol. i., chap. ii. 

ab-e-vac-u-a'-tion, s. [Lat. a&=from; evacuatio 
^emptying out; vacuus=e mpty.] 

Med. : An expulsion of the morbid matter from 
the body. 


*9-bey', *a~beye’, *a-begge',v. To suffer from. 
[Abie (2).] 

"That they ne perische; for I dar wel seye, 

If that they doon, ye schul ful sore abeye.” 

Chaucer: Doctor’s Tale, 1314-15. 

a-bey’, s. A kind of mahogany found in St. Do¬ 
mingo. 

a-bey'-ange, *ab-bey’-ance. [0. Fr. cibeiance, 
from beant, pr. par. of beer; Fr. bayer= to gape, to 
look at with mouth open; Ital. badare—to amuse 
one’s self, to stand trifling, cognate with abide .] 

Lit. : Expectation. 

1. Laio: The expectancy of an estate. In abey¬ 
ance is the term applied to a freehold or inheritance 
which is not for the time being vested in any one, 
but which awaits the appointment or the compe¬ 
tence of the person who is entitled to the possession. 
Thus when a living is vacant, as it is between the 
death of one incumbent and the appointment of his 
successor, it is held as being in abeyance. 

2. Ord. Lang.: The state of being held back for a 
time, dormancy, quiescence. 

“The German league was left in abeyance till the imme¬ 
diate danger was past.”— Froude: Eng. Hist., ch. vii. 

“In this state of things, the Senate decided to place the 
consular functions in abeyance.” — Leivis: Rom. Hist., xii. 1. 

a-bey-ant, a. Being in abeyance, dormant, qui¬ 
escent. 

*a-bey'd, v . [Abide.] 

“ And to abeyd abstinens and forsake abundans.”— MS. 
Douce. {Halliwell.) 

*a-beye’, v. i. [A. S. abegan.~\ To bow to. [Abe- 
GEN.] 

*ab-ge-tor'-i-a : s. [Erse aibgitir; Gael, aibghitir 
=the alphabet.] The alphabet. (Matt. West.) 

*ab'-gre-gafce, v. t. [Lat. ctbgrego: a6=from ; grex 
=flock.J To separate from a nock or herd. (Min- 
sheu.) 

*ab-gre-ga-tion,s. [Abgregate.] Separation 
from a flock or herd. 

*ab-hom'-ln-a-ble, a. [Abominable.] A pe¬ 
dantic spelling of the word Abominable, formerly 
used by those who erroneously believed the etymol¬ 
ogy to be ab-homine instead of abominor. It is 
thus ridiculed by Shakespeare: 

“This is abhominable, which he [Armado] would call 
abominable.”— Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 1. 

ab-hor’, v. t. [Fr. abhorrer; Sp. aborecer; Ital. 
aborrire ; all from Lat. abhorreo = to shrink back 
from : ab = from, and horreo = (1) to stand erect, 
bristle up ; (2) tremble as with cold; (3) shudder at, 
as in fear.] 

1. So to hate as to shrink back in aversion from ; 
to loathe. 

“I hate and abhor lyiffg; but thy law do I love.”— Ps. 
cxix. 163. 

“I abhor death .’’—Byron: Heaven and Barth, i. 3. 

|2. To despise, neglect. 

“ He hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the 
afflicted.”— Ps. xxii. 24. 

]3. To cast off, to reject. 

“But thou hast cast off and abhorred . . . thy anointed.” 
— Ps. Ixxxix. 38. 

H Formerly the passive was sometimes followed 
by of, applied to the person entertaining the hatred. 
N ow by is used: 

“And all Israel shall hear that thou art abhorred of thy 
father.”—2 Sam. xvi. 21 

It is also found in a half transitive sense. (Poet.) 

“You would abhor to do me wrong.”—Cotope?'. 

*4. To protest against. 

“I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul 
Refuse you as my judge.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., ii. 4. 

*5. To fill with horror. (Scotch.) 

“It wald abhor thee till heir red 
The saikles bludethathe did schede.”— Lindsay. 

ab-hor'-red, pa. par. & a. [Abhor.] 

“The weedy, foul, abhorred ground.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 67. 

ab-hor’-renge, tab-hor-ren-gy, s. [Abhor.] 
Hatred, producing a shrinking back from, aversion 
to. 

“And what theologian would assert that, in such cases, 
we ought, from abhorrence of the evil, to reject the good?” 
— Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., chap. xiv. 

“A show of wonder and abhorrency in the parents.”— 
Locke on Education, § 110. 

ab-hor'-rent, a. [Abhor.] 

1. Feeling an extreme aversion to, drawing back 
from with loathing or fear. 

“He would abhorrent tarn.” — Thomson: Seasons. 

2. Contrary or foreign'to, thoroughly inconsist¬ 
ent with. 


Followed formerly by from, now generally by to, 
and sometimes used simply as a qualifying ad* 
jective: 

“And yet it is so abhorrent from the vulgar.” — Glanville: 
Scepsis Scient. 

“ Abhorrent to our ideas of fitness.”— Darwin: Species, 
xiv. 

“Their abhorrent gladiatorial exhibitions.”- -Darwin: 
Descent of Man, vol. i. 

ab lior -rent-ly, adv. [Abhor.] Witl abhor¬ 
rence. 

ab-hor-rer, s. [Abhor.] One who abhors. 

“... abhorrers of episcopacy.” — Swift. 

ab-hor’-ring, pr. par. & s. [Abhor.] 

As a substantive: 

1. Subjective: A feeling of aversion to anything. 

“ I feel no decay in my strength... no abhorring in 
my appetite.”— Donne: Devotion . 

2. Objective: An object of great aversion. Fol¬ 
lowed by to : 

“ . . . shalt be an abhorring to all flesh.— Isa. txvi. 24. 

a’-bib, or ab'-ib, s. [Heb. abib= a full green eai 
of grain, from the root abab=to put forth fruit, es¬ 
pecially ripe fruit; from Aram. e6=fruit (eb in 
Heb.=greenness).] The first month of the Jewish 
civil year (Exod. xii. 2). The feasts of unleavened 
bread and of the passover fell within it (Exod. xii., 
xiii., xxxiv. 18 ; Deut. xvi. 1). During the Captivity 
the name Nisan supplanted that of Abib. [NiSAN.] 
The month fell about the time of our April, and its 
name suggested that at that period of the year in 
Palestine barley was in green ear. 

ab -i-chlte, s. A mineral named after Dr. Abich, 
of Tiflis. [Clinoclasite.] 

a bl'-dange, s. [Abide.] Continuance. 

“ ... so long is his abidance [in purgatory].”— The Puri*, 
tan, ii. 1. 

a-bl de (1), v.i. & t. (pret. and pa. par. abode). 
[A. S. cibidan, from a=on, bidan= to remain; Sw. 
bida ; Dut. beiden; Dan. bie, for bide ; Ital. abitare; 
Euss. vitcuia=to dwell, rest, or continue: Arab. 
abada— to be, or continue.] 

I. Intransitive: 

1. To dwell or live in a place. 

“Lord, who shall abide in thy tabernacle?” — Ps. xv. L 

2. To stay or tarry for a short time, to wait. 

“And they said, Nay;but we will abide in the street all 
night.” — Gen. xix. 2. 

3. To continue, to remain, to rest. 

“And. I will pray the Father, and He shall give you an¬ 
other Comforter, that he may abide with you forever.” 
—John xiv. 16. 

4. To remain firm, to be incapable of bqing over¬ 
thrown. 

“ Thou hast established the earth, and it abideth.” — Ps. 
cxix. 90. 

][ Abide is followed by the prep, with of the per¬ 
son or persons, as in (3) ; and in, at, by, or on of the 
place, as in (1) and (2). At, as in Lev. viii. 35. 

“ Abide at the door of the tabernacle.” 

By, as in Job xxxix. 9: 

“Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide i>j 
thy crib?” {i. e., beside thy crib.) 

On, as in Hosea xi. 6: 

“And the sword shall abide on his cities.” 

In the sense of wait it is followed by/o;-, as— 

“ They shall abide for me many days. ”—Hosea iii. 3. 

TI To abide by a promise or resolution is to stand 
to it, to avoid departing from it. 

“ Abides by this resolve.” — Wordsworth: Happy Warrior. 

II. Transitive: 

1. To await, to wait for. 

“Bonds and affliction abide me.”—Acts xx. 23. 

(Or by supposing an ellipse of for, the verb may 
be considered intransitive.) 

2. To endure, to bear, to sustain. 

“ The nations shall not be able to abide his indigna¬ 
tion.” —Jeremiah x. 10. 

*3. To forbear. (Lydgate.) 

a-bl’de (2), v. t. [Abie.] 

ta-bl'-der, s. [Abide.] One who abides or con 
tinues. 

“ Speedy goers and strong abiclers.” — Sidney; Poesie. 

a-bl’-ding, *a- hi dynge, pr. par. & adj. 
[Abide.] 

As adjective: 

1. Continuing, permanent, durable. “ An abiding 
stain” = a permanent stain. 

*2. Patient. 

“And bold and dbidynge Bismares to suffre.” —Piers 
Plough., p. 413. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
©r, wore, wqlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




abiding 1 

IT Abiding-place = place of abode. Cf. resting- 
place = place of rest, <fcc. 

“This deep abiding-place .”— Wordsworth: Excur., iv. 

9,-bi'-ding, s. [Abide.] 

2. The state of abiding. 

1. Continuance, stay. 

“ Nothing in that place can consist or have abiding .”— 
Raleigh: Hist, of the World. 

2. Spec.: Sojourning. (Rider: Diet., 1640.) 

II. The place where one abides, an abode. (Ibid.) 

III. The act of abiding anything, or of continuing 
to do anything. 

1. Suffering, endurance, or toleration of anything. 
(Ibid.) 

2. Perseverance in a course of action. (Ibid.) 

a bi -ding-ly, *a-bl'-dynge-ly, adv. [Abide.] 
In a permanent manner, with continuance. 

“. . . with me familiar. 

And in myn housolde ben abidyngely.” 

MS. Soc. Antiq. (Halliwell.) 

*ft-ble' (1), *ft-by (1), *ft-bye’ (1), v. i. & t. [Fr. 
abayer , abater, baier, beer; O. Fr. baer=( 1) to gape, 
(2) to listen attentively: from obs. root ba, imitated 
from the sound most naturally uttered when one 
gapes. Corresponds to Abide, but comes from Fr., 
whereas Abide is from A. S.] ( Wedqivood.) f Abide, 
Abeyance.] 

1, Intransitive : To abide, to continue, to remain. 

“ But nought that wanteth rest can long aby." 

Spenser: F. Q., HI., vii. 3. 

2. Transitive: To stand to, to risk, to dare, to 
lendure, to abide by. 

“ But whence shall come that liarme which thou dost 
seeme 

To threat him that mindes his chance to abye? ” 

Spenser: F. Q., bk. ii., c. iv. 40. 

IT Sometimes confounded with the next. 

* 3 .-bIe - (2), *ft~bye’^(2), *a-by' (2), *a-bu 3 T', 
*&-b6 , *ft-beye', * 3 ,-bege' ( *ii-begge', *a-bedge, 
*a-big-gede, *a-big -gen, *ft-bidg e, *?,-buyge', 
*g,-bygge' (pret. abogt, aboght, aboghten), v. t. & i. 
[A. S. dbiegan, abyegan — to redeem, to pay the 
penalty of.] [Buy.] 

I. Trans.: To pay for. to expiate by suffering the 
appropriate penalty, to atone for; also to pay, to 

hay. 

** Disparage not the faith thou dost not know. 

Lest to thy peril thou aby, it dear.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 

" Here he had the destenee 
That the poors man schulde abe.” 

Reliq. Antiq., i. 63. 

“. . . . thy love abeye.”—Gower MS. ( Halliwell.) 

“ He wolde don his sacrilege, 

That many a man it schulde abege.” 

Bower MS.: Soc. Antiq., 134, f. 174. ( Halliwell .) 

“ Alle Grece it schulde abegge sone.” 

Ibid., f. 96. (Ibid.) 
“The wich schal it abiggede.” 

Legendce Catholicce, p. 206. 

“ This ryot thou shalt now abuyge." 

Mapes: Poems, p. 345. 
"The kynge schalle hyt soone abygge." 

MS. Cantab., If. 11, 38, p. 107. 

21. Intransitive: To suffer. 

“ But he that killed him shall abuy therefore.” 

Ariosto (Herring), xvi. 34. 

“ Thou shalt abeye for that is done.” 

Hartshone, Met. T. 225. (Wright.) 

" Ther durst no wyht hand upon him legge 
That he ne swor anon he schuld abegge." 

Chaucer: Peeves Tale, 3,935. 

" Alle they schalle abbigget dure 
That token him in that tide.” 

MS. Ashmole, 33, f. 14. (Tlalliicell.) 

"These bargeyn wyl be dere abogt." 

MS. Douce, 302, f. L (Halliwell.) 

"And that aboghten guiltles 

Bothe Dejanire and Hercules.” 

Gower MS., Soc. Antiq., 134, f. 75. (Ibid.) 

ab'-i-e§, s. [Lat. abies, genit. -efis=white fir- 
dree. Bullet says it is derived from one of the dia¬ 
lects of the Celtic abetoa; Ital. abete; Sp. abeto. ] 
A genus of trees belonging to the order Pinacece 
•/conifers). It contains four natural divisions—sh¬ 
iver firs, spruces, larches, cedars. Most of the best 
known fir-trees belong to it. [Cedar, Fir, Larch, 
Spruce, Silver.] 

ab'-I-e-tene, s. [Abies.] 

Chem.: A hydro-carbon obtained, by distilling 
the resinous exudation of the nut-pine of Califor¬ 
nia (Pinus sabiniana). (Watts' 2d Suppl.) 

ab'-i-et'-Ic, a. [Abies.] Pertaining to the vege¬ 
table genus Abies. 

abietic acid, s. (C44H34O5 .) [Abies.] 


23 


Chem.: A crystalline aromatic acia contained in 
colophony. It crystallizes in small colorless rhom¬ 
bic prisms, insoluble in water, soluble in hot alco¬ 
hol and ether. [Colophony.] 
ab-i-e tin, s. [Abies.] A neutral resin, ex¬ 
tracted from Canada balsam and Strasburg turpen¬ 
tine: the former the product of Abies balsarnea, the 
Balm of Gilead fir; and the latter of A. picea, the 
silver fir, [Abietic Acid.] 
ab -i-e-ti -nse, s. [Abies.] 

Bot.: The first sub-division of the coniferous 
order of Gymnosperms. It is characterized by in¬ 
verted ovules and oval-curved pollen. The most 
noteworthy genera ar e Pinus, Abies , and Araucaria, 
[Pinacea:.] 

ab-I-e- tite, s. (CsHsO;,,.) [Abies.] 

Chem.: A sugar contained in the needles of 
Abies pectinata. It much resembles mannite, but 
differs from it in chemical composition. ( Watts.) 

ab’-l-et-I'-te§, s. [Lat. abies, and Gr. lithos= a 
stone.] A genus of fossil cones found in the Wealden 
and Lower Greensand. 

ab'-I-gail,s. [Originally a Hob. proper name— 
father of joy ; or, whose father is joyful.] A waiting 
maid. 

“ Mantua-maker, soubrette, court beggar, fine lady abi- 
gail, and scion of royalty.”— Carlyle.- Diamond Necklace. 

ab-Ig'-e-at, s. [Lat. .^6ifireatws=cattle-stealing: 
from abigo— drive away; abigeator, abactor, or ab- 
igreMr=cattle-stealer.] [Abactor.] 

Law: (1.) The crime of driving away cattle in 
theft or robbery. (2.) A miscarriage criminally 
produced. 

*a big'-gede, *a-blg'-gen. [Aeie (2).] 
fa-bil'-I-ate, v. t. [Able.] To enable. 

“To have wrought miracles before an age so expert 
therein, and abiliated either to outvie, or at least to de¬ 
tect them.”— Bacon. 

fa-bll'-i-a-ted, pa. par. [Abiliate.] 

*a-bii' i-ment, s. [Able.] Ability. 

“ . .. abiliment to steer a kingdom.” — Ford: Broken 
Heart. 

'■ S a bil'-I ments, *a-byl’-y-ments, *a-bil- 
ments, *ab-bil'-i-ments (Scotch), * a byl-y- 
ments, ^a-beil'-y-ments, s. pi. [Habiliments, 

ABULYIE MENTS.] 

a-bil'T ty, s. [Fr. habilite; Ital. abilith; Sp. 
habilidad; Lat. habilitas, from habeo = have or 
hold.] [Able.] 

1. Power possessed by any one in virtue of his 
physical, mental or moral nature. 

“ The ability to spread the blessings wide 
Of true philanthropy.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, iv. 

2. Specially of intellect. 

“ The public men of England, with much of a peculiar 
kind of ability.” — Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., ch. xxii. 

“James G. Blaine was a man of great ability — N. T, 
Herald, Oct. 30, 1893. 

ff Similarly, abilities in the plural is often used 
specially for intellectual gifts: 

" That gentle firmness to which, more perhaps than even 
to his great abilities, he owed his success in life.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist, of Eng., ch. xvi. 

ff Ability and capacity are not quite synonymous. 
Capacity refers especially to one’s capability of re¬ 
ceiving, particularly to receptivity of knowledge; 
ability implies that the intellect and knowledge are 
used in action; capacity looks upon the Derson as 
passive; ability as active. 

3. The possession of wealth, means, or substance; 
wealth being power or “ability,” concentrated in 
small compass till required. 

“Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, 
determined to send relief.”— Acts xi. 29. 

4. Metaphys. and Theology: Moral or spiritual 
power. 

5. Law: Legal competence to do certain acts. 

As a snffix=fitness for, capability of. 

a-bill, a’-bll, a. & adv. [Able.] (Scotch.) 

1. Fit. 

2. Able. 

3. Perhaps. [Cf. Aiblins.] 

"a'-bill, v. t. [Able.] To enable, to assist. 

“And namely to thame that abills thame thereto.”— MS. 
Lincoln. (Halliwell.) 

*a-bi'me, *g,-by me, s. [A. N.] An abyss. [Abysm, 
Abyss.] 

“ . . iotill that they be fallen downe 
Unto the abyme.” 

Cursor Mundi MS., Trin. Coll., Cantab. (Halliwell.) 
ab'-in-tes'-tate, a. & s. [Fr. ab intestat; Lat. 
ab intestatus: «6=from ; m=not; testatus, pa. par. 
of testor= to attest; witness.] [Test, Tes¬ 

tify.] 

1. As adj. Law: Inheriting the estate of a per¬ 
son who has died without making a will. 


aoject 

' 2. As substantive: A person who inherits the 
estate of one who has died without making a will. 
a-bi-6-gen’-e-si.S, s. [Gr. a, priv.; bios=life; 

f e?iesis—generation.] A scientific word invented by 
’rof. Huxley to indicate the view that living matter 
can be produced from that, which is not in itself liv¬ 
ing matter. It is opposed to Biogenesis (q. v.). 

a-bl-og’-en-ist, s. [Abiogenesis (q.v.).] On© 
who holds the hypothesis of abiogenesis. [Abio- 
genesis.] 

“ . . . a common objection of abiogenists — Huxley: 
Presidential Address, Brit. Assoc., 1870. 

*ft-bish’-er-ing, si-bish -er-sing, s. (1.) Origin¬ 
ally, a forfeiture or amercement; hence in a more 
special sense (2) the state of being quit of amerce¬ 
ments, “a liberty of freedom.” “Wherever this 
word is applied to persons in a grant or charter 
they have the forfeitures and amercements of all 
others, and are themselves free from the control of 
.any within their fee.” (Rastall: Abr. Tennes de la 
Ley, 7.) 

If Spelman considers that the words should be 
written Mishering, Mishersing, or Miskeraig. 

*ab'-it, s. Old spelling of Habit (q. v.). (Rob, 
Glouc., pp. 105, 434.) 

*qib'-it, s. Old spelling of Obit (q.v.). 

"... an obit or other rites.”— Apology lor the Lollards, 
p. 103. 

If In old Scotch, the plural is abitis: 

“ . . . daylie dargeis 

With owklie abitis to augment their rentales.” 

Scott: Bannatyne Poems. 

*a-bit', 3pers. sin g.,v.t.& i. [Abie (1).] ( Chaucer , 
&c.) 

*ab'-it-a-cle, s. [Lat. habitaculum: habito=ta 
dwell.] A habitation, a dwelling. 

“ In whom also be ye bilded togedre into the abitacle of 
God in the Hooli Goost.”— Wycliffe: New Test.; Ephes, 
ii. 22. 

*a-bl'te, *a-by'te (pa. par. abiten). [A. S.] To 
bite. 

“ Broun lyouns and eke white 
That wolden fayn his folk abyte." 

Kyng Alisaunder, 7,09ft, 

*a.'-blte, s. [Lat. habito.~\ A habitation. 

“ To leave his dbite, and gon his waie.” 

Komaunt of the Rose, 4,914. 
ab-i tion, s. [Lat. abitio —going away.] 

1. Lit.: The act cf going away. 

2. Fig.: The act or state of dying. (Cockeram.) 
ab'-ject, a. [In Fr. abject; Ital. abietto, from 
Lat. abjectus.pa,. par. of abjicio— to throw away.] 
[Abject, v. f.] 

1. Lit. (of material things) ? Cast away. 

“ From the safe shore their floating carcasses 
And broken chariot-wheels : so thick bestrewn. 
Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. i. 

2. Fig. (a) (of persons) : Pertaining to a cast¬ 
away ; a social pariah, or one excessively poor and 
despised. 

“See yonder poor o’erlabor’d wight, 

So abject, mean, and vile.”— Burns. 

Hence (b) (of persons ): Cringing, servile, grovel¬ 
ing, morally debased to a contemptible extent, 
whether from being a castaway, or from other 
causes. 

“. . . the most abject of flatterers.”— Macaulay. Hist. 
Eng., ch. xi. 

3. Of things immaterial: 

(a) Servile, degraded, morally debased. 

“. . . or that abject peace of mind which springs 
from impudence and insensibility.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xv. 

(b) Mean, low, quite dissevered from the idea of 
debasement by loss of place or otherwise. 

“ But the most abject ideris must be entertained of their 
taste.”— Gibbon: Decl. and Fall, ch. xlv. 

ab'-jeet, s. [Abject, v. t. & a.] 

1. A person of the lowest social condition, a social 
pariah, a humble servant- 

“ We are the king’s abjects, and must obey.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 3. 

2. One who, whatever his rank, is morally vile to 
an extent which might have been expected to exist 
only in miserable outcasts. 

“Yea, the abjects gathered themselves together against 
me.’’—Ps. xxxv. 15. 

fab -jectf v. t. [From Lat. abjectus, pa. par. of 
abjicio = to throw away: ab = from; jacio ~ to 
throw.] 

1. To throw down, to throw or cast away. 

“ And downe againe himselfe disdainefully objecting .*° 
Spenser: F. Q., bk. iii., xi. 13. 

2. To cast off, to reject. 

“For that offence only Almighty God objected Saul that 
he should no more reign over Israel.”— Sir T. Elyot: The 
Governor, c. i. 


b6Il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = £. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. d@L 




abjected 

3. To cast down, to deject. 

“ It abjected. his spirit to that degree that he fell danger¬ 
ously sick.”— Strype: Memorials, b. i., c. 15. 

ab-ject'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Abject, v. t.] 

ab-ject-ed-ness, s. [Abject, v. <.] 

1. The state of an abject; existence in the condi¬ 
tion of a social outcast. 

“ Our Saviour . . . sunk Himself to the bottom of 
abjectedness to exalt our condition to the contrary ex¬ 
treme.”— Boyle. 

2. The servile spirit which such want of position 
and regard is apt to produce; baseness, vileness. 

*ab-ject’-Ing, pr. par. [Abject, v. #.] 

ab-jec-tion, s. [Abject, v. t.] [In Fr. abjec¬ 
tion, from Lat. abjectio.] 

I. The act of casting away. 

“The audacite and bolde speeche of Daniel signifyeth 
the abjection of the kynge and his realme.”— Joye: Expo¬ 
sition of Daniel, c. 5. 

II. The state of being cast away. 

1. The state of a social outcast. 

2. That meanness of spirit which such a state is 
apt to induce. 

“That this should be termed baseness, abjection of 
mind, or servility, is it credible? ” — Hooker. 

III. An objection. 

“For they must take in hande 
To preche and to withstande 
All manner of abjections." — Skelton, i. 345. 

ab'-ject-ljf, adv. [Abject.] In a mean, con¬ 
temptible, or servile way. 

“He . . . abjectly implored the intercession of Dart¬ 
mouth.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

ab-ject-ness, s. [Abject.] 

1. The state of a social outcast; a low, servile 
condition. 

2. The character which is likely to be produced in 
a social outcast, servility, meanness of spirit, de¬ 
basement. 

“Servility and abjectness of humor is implicitly in¬ 
volved in the charge of lying.”— Gov. of the Tongue. 

♦ab-jfi'-dl-cate, v.t. [Lat. abjudico= to take away 
by a judgment or sentence: ub—irom, judico— to 
judge.] To give, to take away, or to transfer, by a 
judicial sentence. 

ab-jfi'-di-ca-ted, pa. par. [Abjudicate.] 

ab-jft-di-cat-mg, pr. par. [Abjudicate.] 

ab-jh-di ca -tion, s, [Abjudicate.] The act of 
taking away by a judicial sentence ; rejection. 

Spec. : A legal decision by which the real estate of 
a debtor is adjudged to belong to his creditor. 

ab’-jfi-gate, v. t. [Lat. abjugo=to unyoke: ab= 
from; jugo=to bind to rails, or generally, to join; 
jugum= a yoke.] To unyoke. 

ab-jiir-a-tion, s. [In Fr. abjuration; Sp. abjur¬ 
ation; Lat. abjuro=to deny on oath, to abjure: ab 
=from; juro=to swear.] 

I. The act of forswearing, abjuring, or renouncing 
upon oath ; a denial upon oath, a renunciation upon 
oath. Chiefly a law term, and used in the following 
senses: 

1. An abjuration of the realm. During the Middle 
Ages the right of sanctuary was conceded to crim¬ 
inals. A person fleeing to a church or churchyard 
might permanently escape trial, if, after confessing 
himself guilty before the coroner, he took an oath 
abjuring the kingdom, i. e., promising forthwith to 
embark, at an assigned port, for a foreign land, and 
never to return unless by the king’s permission. By 
this abjuration the blood of the criminal was at¬ 
tainted, and he forfeited all his goods and chattels. 

2. Spec.: An abjuration or renunciation of all 
imagined allegiance to the Jacobite line of rulers, 
after the English nation had given its verdict in 
favor of William and Mary. 

“An Abjuration Bill of extreme severity was brought 
into the Houoo of Commons.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xv. 

The oath of abjuration was fixed by 13 W T m. III., 
c. 16. By the 21 & 22 Viet., c. 48, one form of oath 
was substituted for the oaths of allegiance, su¬ 
premacy, and abjuration. For this form another 
was substituted by the Act 30 A 31 Viet., c. 75, s. 5. 
This has in turn been superseded by the Promissory 
Oaths Act, 31 & 32 Viet., c. 72, by which a new form 
of the oath of allegiance is provided. 

3. An abjuration, renunciation, or retractation of 
real or imagined heresy or false doctrine. Thus the 
now abolished 25 Chas. II., c.2, enacted that certain 
tenets of the Church of Rome were to be solemnly 
renounced. This is sometimes called an Adjuration 
Act. but the term is more appropriately confined to 
that mentioned under No. 2. 

4. In a popular sense: A more or less formal 
giving up. 

II. The state of being abjured. 


24 

III. The document containing a solemnDenuncia¬ 
tion on oath of a person or doctrine. 

“As it was, he was committed to the Fleet on the charge 
of having used heretical language. An abjuration was 
drawn up by Wolsey, which lie signed.”— Froude: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vii. 

ab jiir'-a-to-ry, a. [In Fr. abjuratoire; fr. Lat. 
abjuro.] Intended to imitate abjuration. 

ab-jiire, v. t. & i. [Lat. abjuro= to deny on oath; 
Fr. abjurer; Sp. & Port, abjurar.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. To renounce, recant, retract, or abrogate any¬ 
thing upon oath. 

Law: Especially (1) to abjure the kingdom ; that 
is, to swear that one will leave the kingdom and 
never return. [Abjuration (1).] 

“. . . if required so to do by four justices, must 
abjure and renounce the realm.”— Blackstone: Comm., bk. 
iv., ch. 4. 

(2.) To renounce a pretender. Spec.: To re¬ 
nounce allegiance to James II. and his successors, 
after England had pronounced in favor of William 
and Mary. [Abjuration (2).] 

“Nay, is it not well known that some of these persons 
boastfully affirmed that, if they had not abjured him, 
they never could have restored him?”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xv. 

II. Solemnly to renounce, e. a., one’s faith or 
principles, or society; or to act like one who has 
done so. 

“. . . unless they speedily abjure this practical 
heresy.”— Gibbon: Decl. and Fall, chap. xlix. 

“To abjure forever the society of man.” 

Shakesp.: Mids. Night’s Dream, i. 1. 

“ The servile crowd might purchase their safety by ab¬ 
juring their character, religion and language.”— Gibbon: 
Decl. and Fall, chap. xli. 

B. Intransitive: To take an oath of abjuration. 
“An ancient man who had abjured in the year 1508.” — 

Bp. Burnet: Hist. Ref. 
ab-jiired, pa. par. [Abjure.] 
ab-jiire'-ment, s, [Abjure.] Solemn renuncia¬ 
tion. 

“Such sins as these are venial in youth, especially if 
expiated with timely abjurement.”—John Hall: Preface to 
his Poems. 

ab-jtir'-er, s. [Abjure.] One who abjures; one 
who solemnly renounces, 
ab-jiir - Ing, pr. par. [Abjure.] 
f ab—lac —tate, v. t. [Lat. ablacto= to wean: ab; 
lacto—to suckle: Zac=milk.] To wean, 
ab-lac-ta'-tion, s. [From Lat. ablacto=to wean.] 

1. Med.: The weaning of a child from the mother’s 
milk. 

2. Old Hortic.: Grafting by approach or inarch¬ 
ing. [Grafting.] 

*ab-la'-dl-um, s. [Med. Lat,.] 

1. In Old Records: Cut corn. 

2. A particular method of grafting where the scion 
is, as it were, weaned by degrees from the maternal 
stock, till it is firmly united to the stock on which 
it is grafted. ( Dictionarium Rusticum, 1726.) 

*a-bland’, pa. par. [A. S.] Blinded. [Ablende.] 
“The walmes han the abland.”—Sevyn Sages, 2,462. 
ab-la'-que-ate, v.t. [Lat. ablaqueo — to disen¬ 
tangle, or turn up the earth round) the roots of a 
tree to forma trench: a6=from; laqueus=a. noose 
or snare.] 

Hortic.: To lay bare the roots of trees; to expose 
them to air and water, 
ab-la-que-a’-tion, s. [Ablaqueate.] 

1. Hortic..: The act or process of laying bare the 
roots of a tree to expose them to the air and to 
moisture. 

“Uncover as yet roots of trees where ablaqueation is 
requisite .”—Evelyn : Cal. Hort. 

2. The state of being laid bare. 

*a-blaste, s. [A. N.] [Lat. balista= a cross¬ 
bow, or a more powerful engine for the propulsion 
of arrows.] A crossbow. [Arbalest.] 

-blast-en, d. £. To blast. [Blast.] 

“ Venim and fir to gedir he caste, 

That he Jason so sore ablaste." 

Gower MS. (Ilalliwetl.) 

ab-la'-tion, s. [Lat. ablatio—a. taking away; 
ablatus=t&]zen away: ab= away; latus, pa. par. of 
tollo= to raise, to remove.] 

I. The act or process of carrying away. 

1. In a general sense : 

“ And this prohibition extends to all injustice, whether 
done by force or fraud ; whether it be by ablation, or de¬ 
taining of rights.” —Jeremy Taylor: Works, vol. iii. 

“Wrongful ablation of servantship, if it be the offence 
of the master, but not otherwise, coincides with wrongful 
abdication of mastership ; if it be the offence of a stran¬ 


able-minded 

ger, it involves in it ablation of mastership, which, in a® 
far as the mastership is a beneficial thing, is wrongful.”— 
Jeremy Bentham. 

2. Med.: The carrying away from the body 
anything hurtful to health. 

3. Chem.: The act of removing whatever is n© 
longer necessary. 

II. The state of being carried away. 

ab’-la-tlve, a.&s. [Lat. ablativus; Ger. ablativ} 
Fr. ablatif; Ital. ablativo. [Ablation.] 

1. As adjective: 

fl. Gen. (from lit. sense of the word): Pertain¬ 
ing to ablation, i. e., the act of taking away. 

“Where the heart is forestalled with misopinions, abla¬ 
tive directions are found needful to unteach error.”— Bp. 
Hall: Serm. 

2. Spec.: 

(a) The sixth and last case in the Latin language. 
An extant fragment of Julius Ceesar’s De Analogies, 
informs us that he was the inventor of the term in 
Latin. He found time to introduce it during hia 
Gallic War. The ablative case expresses a variety 
of relations, such as separation, instrumentality, 
position in time and place, and those we express in. 
English by the prepositions from, by, with, in, at, 
&c. 

(b) Pertaining to the sixth case in the Latin lan¬ 
guage. 

j| The word is, no doubt, originally an adjective, 
as in Latin; but as in that language there is fre¬ 
quently an ellipse of the substantive casus, so in 
English we find ablative standing by itself, and it is 
thus used— 

II. As a substantive : 

“The ablative denotes the moving cause.”— Schmitss: 
Lat. Gram., § 291. 

IT The ablative absolute is a mode of expression in- 
Latin by which, in a subordinate clause detached, 
from the rest, the subject is put in the ablative, and 
the verb is changed into a participle, and made to 
agree with it: as, Reluctante naturd irritus labor 
est— exertion is useless, nature being against it, i.e., 
when nature is against it. 

IT There is an ablative in the Chinese as well a* 
the Latin language. (See Max Miiller.) 

fa-blaw’-en, *g,-blo'we, v. [A.S. abldwan=to 
blow up.] To blow up. 

“ ... he gan hire herte ablowe.” — Shoreham, 160. 

a-bla'ze, adv. & a. [Pref. a=on; blaze.] On fira., 
in a blaze, blazing. 

‘•All a-blaze with crimson and gold.” 

Longfellow. Golden Legend. 

-able, in compos., a suffix=at>Ze (q. v.), implying 
that which may do or be done: as perishable =which 
may perish ; eatable —which may be eaten. 

a'ble, a. [O. Fr. habile; Norm, ahlez, liable, 
habler—to enable: fr. Lat. habilis=tha.t may b» 
easily bandied; habeo=to have or hold.] 

I. Old Eng. & Scotch (in the etymological sense): 
Fit, proper. 

“ . . . James Erie of Mortoun his guidschir, and 
thereby maist able to succeed to him.”— Acts James VI.. 
1581. 

*11. Liable, in danger of. 

“ Finding yourself able to droone, ye wold preis agane 
to the boit.”— Bannatyne: Trans., p. 159. 

III. Having sufficient physical, mental, moral, or 
spiritual power, or acquired skill, or sufficient pecu¬ 
niary and other resources to do something indi¬ 
cated. 

“I have wounded them, that they were not able to rise.” 1 2 3 4 
— Ps. xviii, 38. 

“ And no man was able to answer him a word.”— Matt. 
xxiii. 46. 

“God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted 
above that ye are able ."—1 Cor, x. 13. 

“ . . . able to read.”— Statesman’s Year Book (1873). 

“ Every man shall give as he is able.”—Deut. xvi. 17. 

An able man: A man of intellect. 

“Pepys, the ablest man in the English Admiralty.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

IT Rarely of things: Sufficient, enough. 

“. . . their gold shall not be able to deliver them.”— 
Ezek, vii. 19. 

IV. Having legal permission, or possessed of legal 
competence, to do anything stated. 

able-bodied, a. 

1. Having a body sufficiently strong to permit of 
one’s doing an average amount of manual labor. 

“For the able-bodied vagrant, it is well known that the 
old English laws had no mercy.”— Froude: Hist. Eng,. 
ch. i. 

2.. Naut.: Applied to a sailor possessing some ex¬ 
perience of the work on shipboard. Often con¬ 
tracted into A. B. (q.v.). 

able-minded, a. Talented, clever, possessed of 
intellect. 


ate, lat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
s dr, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try 1 , Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




able 


25 


aboding 


ta -ble, v . t. [From the adjective.] 

1 - To enable, to make fit for, to adapt, to suit. 

2 . To warrant or answer for, to undertake for any 
one. 

“Hone does offend, none, I say, none, I’ll able ’em.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 6. 

a-file, a’-blin§, adv. [Aiblins.] Perhaps, pos¬ 
sibly. (Scotch.) 

“ Wlio would go search among such heroes’ sheep 
May able find many poor scabbed crock,” &c. 

Dream of Sir David Lindsay-. Works, 53. 
a-blec'-tick, or a-blec tive, a. [Lat. « 6 =from; 
lego— to lay in order.] Set out or adorned for sale. 
(Cocker am.) 

tab'-le-gate, v. t. [Lat. ablego= to send away: 
<ab ; lego = to send as an ambassador.] To send 
.abroad specially as an ambassador. 

ab'-le-gate, s . [Ablegate, v. f.] 

Church Polity: A somewhat recent name given 
to a messenger of the Pope, sent on a special mis¬ 
sion, such as carrying the official announcement of 
selection and the insignia of office to a new cardi¬ 
nal. 

tab-le-ga'-tion, s. [Ablegate.] A sending 
■abroad; as ( 1 ), spec., an ambassador; ( 2 ) gen., any 
person or thing from the place usually occupied. 

♦a'-ble-mentes, s. pi. [Habiliments.] (Hard- 
yng's Chronicle, f. 145.) 

ab'-len, or ab-let, s. [In Fr. ablen or ablette.) 
Names occasionally given to a small fresh-water 
fish more commonly termed the bleak. It is the 
Cyprinus alburnus of Linn sens, and the Leuciscus 
alburnus of Cuvier. [Bleak.] 

*a-blen de, *a-blend'-en, v. t. (pret. ablente). 
[A. S. ablendan= to blind.] To blind, to dazzle. 
Also (fig.) deceived. [Blind.] 

fa'-ble-ness, s. [Able.] Ability, physical or 
mental. (Now Ability.) 

3 -bleph'-a-rus, s. [Mod. Lat.—Gr. ablephapos , 
want of eyelids.] A genus of scaly lizards (Scin- 
cidce), having rudimentary eyelids and five-toed 
feet. They are not venomous. 

a.-blep'-sI-3, or a-blep’-sy, s. [Gr. ablepsia= 
blindness.] Blindness, want of sight. (Cockeram.) 

a-blep -tic-al-ly, adv. [From Gr. ablepteo= to 
overlook; a, priv.; blepo— to look.] Inadvertently, 
by oversight. 

*a-bles -syd. Old spelling of Blessed. 
ab-let. [Ablen.] 

ablewe (3-blff), pret. [Blow.] Blew. 

“ Aswon tho sche overthrewe 
Wawain sone hir ablewe." 

Arthour and Merlin, p. 315. 

*a bliebe, adv. Fitly, properly. 

“These mowe abliche be chosen to ehivalrye.” 

MS. Donee, 291, fo. 10. 

ab'-li-gate, v . t. [Lat. ab ; ligo—to tie, to bind.] 
To tie up firm. 

ab-li-ga-tion, s. [Lat. ab; ligatio=& binding: 
ligo= to bind,] 

1. The act of tying up. 

2. The state of being tied up. 

♦ab-ll-gu-rl'-tion, ab-li-gii-ry, s. [Lat. abli- 

f 'uritio—a consuming or feasting, ab ; ligurio= to 
ick off, to consume in feasting: ab; liguritio= 
daintiness; ligurio and ligurrio= to lick.] Excess 
in eating and drinking. (Minsheu.) 

ab II’-ken, v.i. [M. II. Ger. erblichen.) To be¬ 
come white. 

*a-blln’-den, *a-blyn'-den, v. t. [A. S. ablendan, 

v . t.] [Ablende.] 

1. Transitive : to blind, to dazzle, 

“ Why menestow thi mood for a mote 
• In thi brotheres eighe, 

Sithen a beem in thyn owene 

Ablyndeth thiselve.”— Piers Plowman, p. 189. 

2. Intransitive: To grow blind, 
fab-lo-eate, v. t. [Lat. abloco (lit.)=to place 
from, to place away from, to let out: ab; loco— to 
place, to lease.] To let out, to lease out. (Calvin : 
hexicon Juridicum.) 

ab- 16 -ca -tion, s. [From Lat. abloco.'] A letting 
out for hire. 

*a-blode', adv. Bloody, with blood, bleeding. 

“Olubrious sat and byheid 
How here lymes ronne ablode.” — W. de Shoreham. 

ta-bloy", interj. [A N. ablo!) An exclamation 
used in hunting=“ On I on! ” 

*ab-lil - 51 -Oun, s. [Sp. ablucion; Eng. ablution .] 
Old Chem. : The cleansing of medicines from im¬ 
purities. 

“Ovles. ablncioun, and metal fusible.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,324. 


tab-lfi de, v. i. [Lat. abludo=not to be in tune 
with; hence, to differ from: ab; ludo= to play.l To 
be unlike, to differ. 

“The wise advice of our Seneca, not much abluding 
from the counsel of that blessed apostle.”— Bp. Hall: 
Balm of Gilead, vii. 1. 

fab'-lu-ent, a. & s. [Lat. abluens, pr. par. of 
abluo=to wash away: ab; luo=to wash. Gr. lotto.] 
Washing away, washing, cleansing by means of 
water or other liquid. 

As substantive: A washing away. 

Phar.: Applied to medicines which were formerly 
supposed to purify or cleanse the blood. 

*ab-lfi'-gen, v. i. (pret. abluied). [M. H. Ger. 
erbliugen.] To frighten. 

“Tha iwarth that folc swithe abluied." — Morris: 0. Eng. 
Homilies of the 12th & 13th Cent. 

abTfi -tion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. ablution; Sp. ab¬ 
lucion; Ital. abluzione; from Lat. ablutio= wash¬ 
ing-] 

I. The act of washing, cleansing, or purifying by 
means of water. 

1. Spec.: One of those washings which figure so 
largely among the ceremonial observances of Ori¬ 
ental faiths, and are recognized also in Christian 
baptism. 

“ Ablutions before prayer.”— Herlclots: Mussulmans of 
India, xiii. 72. 

2. Fig.: 

“ A Jordan for the ablution of our woes.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

3. Med .: The washing of the body externally by 
baths, or internally by fluids effective for the pur¬ 
pose. 

4. Chem.: The purification of bodies by the pour¬ 
ing upon them of suitable liquids. 

II. The state of being washed. 

*111. The water which has been used for the pur¬ 
pose of washing. 

“Wash’d by the briny wave, the pious train 
Are cleans’d, and cast the ablutions in the main.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad. 

ab-lu’-vl- on, s. [Old Lat. abluvium — a deluge.] 
That which is washed off. (Dioight ) 

a'-bly, adv. [Able.] In an able manner; with 
ability. 

“And bare him ably in the fight.” 

Scott: Lay of Last Minstrel, iv. 23. 
ab’-ne-gate, v. t. [Lat. abnego = to refuse or 
deny: ab; nego=to refuse, to deny.] [Negation.] 
To deny, to repudiate. 

“The very possibility of heroism had been, as it were, 
formally abnegated in the minds of all.”— Carlyle: Heroes 
and Hero-Worship, Lect. Y. 

ab-ne-ga’-ted, p. par. & a. [Abnegate.] 
ab-ne-ga'-ting, pr. par. [Abnegate.] 
ab-ne-ga'-tion, s. [Lat. abnegatio; Fr. abnega¬ 
tion.] [Abnegate.] Denial, renunciation, dis¬ 
claimer. 

“Patience and abnegation of self, and devotion to 
others.”— Longjellow : Evangeline. 

tab'-ne-ga'-tive, a. [Abnegate.] Lat. abnega- 
tivus = negative: abnego.] Denying, negative. 

fab -ne-ga’-tor, s. [Lat. abnegator = one who 
denies.] One who denies, renounces, or repudiates. 
[Abnegate.] 

“Abnegators and dispensers against the laws of God.”— 
Sir E. Sandys: State of Religion. 

ab'-no-date, v. t. [Lat. abnodo = to clear trees 
of knots: ab = from; nodus = a knot.] To clear 
knots away from trees, 
ab-no-da'-tion, s. [Abnodate.] 

1 The act of cutting knots from trees. 

2. The state of having knots cut away from trees, 
ab-nor-mal, a. [Lat. abnormis = without rule: 
ab = from; norma —a carpenter’s square (fig., a 
rule).] Not according to rule; irregular; anom¬ 
alous, departing from the ordinary type. “ Quite 
recently introduced into English.”— Trench. 

It is now quite a common word, especially in 
scientific works. 

“. . . she was reduced into that abnormal and singu¬ 

lar condition.”-— Eroude: Hist, of Eng., ch. iv 

“If present in the normal human embryo, they be¬ 
come developed in an abnormal manner.”— Darwin 
Descent of Man, ch. iv. 

ab-nor- mal -i-ty, s. [Abnoemal.] The quality 
of being abnormal; departure from rule. 

“A single body presented the extraordinary number of 
twenty-five distinct abnormalities." — Darwin: Descent of 
Man, vol. i. (1871), part i., ch. iv., p. 109. 

*ab-nor me, v. [From Lat. abnormis.) To disfig¬ 
ure, to disguise. 

“ And all his chere and speche also he abnormeth." 

Chaucer: Troilus and Cresside, i. 328. 


ab-nor'-mi-ty. s. [Abnoemal.] Irregularity; 
departure from the ordinary type. 

ab-nor'-mous, a. [Abnoemal.] Not according to 
rule; departing from the ordinary type. 

“The former being often the more extravagant and ab- 
normous in their incidents, in proportion as the general 
type of the gods was more vast and awful than that of the 
heroes.”— Grote: History of Greece, vol. i., ch. i. 

Spec.: In being colossal, huge, gigantic, or mon¬ 
strous. 

K Enormous is generally used in this sense, 
ab -o, s. [Welsh.] The carcass of an animal killed 
by a wolf or other predatory animal, 

*a-bo'- 3 .de, pa. par. of Abide. Suffered, en¬ 
dured. 

“He would not have aboade it.”— Druyton: Poems, p. 173. 

a-boar d, adv. & prep. [Pref. a=on; and board.] 
[Boaed.] 

I. As adverb: 

1 . On board; into a ship. 

“And finding a ship sailing over unto Phenicia, we went 
aboard, and set forth.”— Acts xxi. 2. 

2. On board; in a ship. 

‘‘Pro.: Go, go, be gone to save your shipefrom wreck, 
Which cannot perish, having thee aboard." 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 2. 

Naut.: To fall aboard of is to come against 
another ship when one or both are in motion, or one 
at least is so. 

Aboard main-tack; The order to draw the main- 
tack, meaning the lower corner of the main-sail, 
down to the chess-tree. 

II. As preposition. [In Ital. a bordo ] 

1. On board; into a ship, 

“. . . convey thy deity 
Aboard our dancing boat.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, iii. I. 

2 . On board; in a ship. 

*a bdar d, s. Approach. (Sir K. Digby.) 

* 3 -boar d, v. t. [Fr. aborder .] 

1. To approach the shore. 

“Ev’n to the verge of gold, dboarding Spain.” 

Soliman and Persida (1599) 

2. In some games this phrase signifies that the 
person or side in the game which was previously 
either none or few, has now got as many as the 
other. (Dyche.) 

*a-bobb ed, a. [A. N. a&oZ> 2 /=astonished.] Aston¬ 
ished. 

“The messangers were abobbed tho 
Thai nisten what thai mighten do.” 

Arthour and Merlin, p. 75. 

*a-boQChe -ment, *3-b09ch-ynge, s. [A. N.] 
Increase. (Prompt. Parv.) 
abococked. [A spurious word.] 

*a-bo-danoe, s. [Abode,?;.#.] An omen, 
a bo de (pfiet. of Abide). 

a bo de, s. [Abide.] (Abode is connected with 
bode, the pa. par. of the A. S. verb bidan=to abide.) 
I. The state of abiding. 

I. The state of residing for a longer or shorter 
period in any place ; residence. 

“If a man love me, he will keep my words; and my 
Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and 
make our abode with him.”— John xiv 23. 

*2. Delay. 

“[He] having her from Trompart lightly reared, 

Upon his courser sett the lovely lode, 

And with her fled away without abode." 

Spenser: F. Q., III. viii. 19. 

II. The place where one resides; a habitation, a 
dwelling, a house, home, residence. 

“Come, let me lead you to our poor abode." 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 
3 -bo de, v. t. & i. [Bode.] 

I. Trans.: To foreshadow, to forebode, to bode, to 
omen. 

“That this tempest, 

Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded 

The sudden breach on’t.”— Shakesp.: Henry VIII., i. X. 

II . Intrans.: To be an omen. 

“This abodes sadly.”— Decay of Christian Piety. 
*a-bo'de-ment, s [a, - bode; and affix -ment.) A 
foreboding an evil omen, unfavorable prognosti¬ 
cation. 

“Tush, man ! abodements must not now affright ns 
By fair or foul means we must enter in, 

For hither will our friends repair to us.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iv. 7. 

3-bo-ding, pr. par. [Abode.] 
a-bo -ding, s. [Abode, Bode.] Prognostication, 
presentiment. 


b 6 Il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





abofe 


26 


aborting 


“What strange ominous abodings and fears do many 
times on a sudden seize upon men, of certain approach¬ 
ing evils, whereof at present there is no visible appear¬ 
ance.”— Bp. Bull: Works, ii. 489. 

* 9 -bof e, *a-b6ffe, adv. [Above.] 

“Wolde God, for his niodurs lief, 

Bryng me onys at meyne abofe 
I were out of theire eye.” 

Cambridge MS. 15th Cent., ff. v. 48, 55. ( Halliwell .) 

* 9 -bogh'te, * 9 -bogh't-en,pref. of v. [Abohte.] 
* 9 -bO'-gI-en. v. t. (pret. a6ogrede,pa. par. abogen.) 
[A. S. abugan. J To bow. {Bailey.) 

“Wei corteisli th.an.ne dbogede she.”— Halliwell: Diet . 10. 
* 9 -boll te, or *a-bogh'te (pret. sing, of Abie; pi. 
aboghten). Atoned for; paid for: expiated. 

“Murie he ther wrohte 
Ah Rymenild hit abohte.” 

Kyng Horn (1402). 

♦ab’-o-lete, a. [Lat. abolitus.'] Old, obsolete. 
{Skelton.) 

To practyse suche abolete sciens.”— Skelton: Work, ii. 48. 
s' a-bol'-ish, v.t. [ Fr. abolir; Sp. abolir; Ital. 
abolire: fr. Lat o,boleo=to grow out of use, to abol¬ 
ish : ab ; olesco=to grow.] 

1. To do away with, to abrogate, annul, disannul, 
cancel or revoke. Used especially of laws, customs, 
institutions, or offices. 

“ It was therefore impossible to abolish kingly govern¬ 
ment.”— Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., cli. i. 

|2. {Phys. sense) : To destroy. 

“ And the idols he shall utterly abolish.” — Isa. ii. 18. 

“ . . . our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished 
death, and hath brought life and immortality to light 
through the gospel.”—2 Tim. i. 10. 

a-bol-isb-a-ble, a. [In Fr. abolissable.] [Abol¬ 
ish.] Able to "be abolished; that may be abolished, 
abrogated, repealed, annulled, or destroyed. 

“Not abolished, not abolishable.” — Carlyle: French Revo¬ 
lution. 

a-bol'-ished, pa. par. & a. [Abolish.] 
9 -bor-Tsh-er, s. [Abolish.] One who abol¬ 
ishes. 

SL-bol’-ish-Ihg, pr. par. [Abolish.] 
t 9 .-bor-isb.-ing, s. [Abolish.] A repealing, an 
annulling, an abrogating, a destroying. (Nearly 
obsolete, its place being taken by Abolition.) 

“The abolishing of detestable heresies.”— Henry VIII. 
Quoted by Fronde: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

fa-bol'-ish-ment, s. [InFr. abolissement.\ The 
act of abolishing, the act of repealing, annulling, or 
abrogating. 

“ . . . a godly act was made [in 1589] for the abol¬ 
ishment of diversity of opinion concerning the Christian 
religion.”— Froude: Hist. Eng , vol. iii., ch. xvii., p. 601. 

ab-ol-i'-tion, s. [In Fr. abolition; Ital. abol- 
izione: fr. Lat. abolitio.) [Abolish.] 

I. The act of abolishing. 

The act of annulling, erasing, effacing, destroying, 
or sweeping out of existence. 

“ . . . he would willingly consent to the entire aboli¬ 
tion of the tax.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

II. The state of being abolished. 
ab-ol-i'-tion-i§m, s. _ [Abolition.] The views 

entertained by an abolitionist. 

ab-ol-i'-tion-ist, s. [Abolition.] [In Ger. aboli¬ 
tionist j Fr. abolitioniste.] One who entertains 
views in favor of ‘"abolition,” meaning the aboli¬ 
tion of slavery. 

9 -bol -la, s. [Lat., fr. Gr. ambola— a mantle.] 
Among the ancient Greeks and Romans: 

A thick woolen mantle or 
cloak, worn principally by 
military men, and thus was 
opposed to the toga, which 
was especially the habili¬ 
ment of peace. [Toga.] Its 
use was, however, not con¬ 
fined to military excursions, 
but it was also worn within 
the city. It was also used 
by the Stoic philosophers at 
Rome as a distinctive dress. 

Jl-bo'-ma, s. [Local (Gui¬ 
ana) name.] A large and 
formidable American snake, 
called also the ringed boa. 

It is the Epicratis Cenchrea. 

Anciently it was worshiped 
by the Mexicans. 

ab-Sm’- 9 -sus, ab-om’-a- 
SUH1, s. [Lat. ab ; omasum, a Latin or Gaelic word 
signifying the stomach of a bullock.] The fourth 
stomach in a _ ruminating animal. Its sides are 
wrinkled, and it is the true organ of digestion. An- 
alagous to the simple stomach of other mammals. 



a-bom-ln-a-bie, a. [In Fr. abominable; Ital. 
abbominevole: fr. Lat. a6ommahih's=worthy of 
imprecation, execrable; fr. abominor= to deprecate 
anything unpropitious,] [Abominate.] Very loath¬ 
some, hateful, or odious; whether (1) as being of¬ 
fensive to the physical senses— 

“Audi will cast abominable filth upon thee .”—Nahum 
iii. 6. 

or (2) (in Scripture) as being ceremonially un¬ 
clean— 

“ Any unclean beast or any abominable unclean thing.” 
—Leviticus vii. 21. 

or (3) as being offensive to the moral sense— 

“And the scant measure that is abominable.’’—Micah 

vi. 10. 

IT It may be used of persons as well as things: 

“Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any 
creeping thing that creepeth.”— Lev. xi. 43. 

“. . . iu works they deny him, being abominable ."— 
Titus i. 16. 

a-bom’-m- 9 -ble-ness, s. [Abominable.] The 
quality or state of being physically or morally loath¬ 
some. 

“. . . to urge atheists with the corruption and 

abominableness of their principles.”— Bentley: Serin. 

a-bom'-in-a-hly, adv. [Abominable.] In a 
very loathsome manner, whether physically or 
morally. 

1. Phys.: As in the sentence, “Decaying tangles 
smell abominably .” 

2. Morally: 

“And he did very abominably in following idols.”— 
1 Kings xxi. 26. 

a-bom -in-ate, v. 1. [In Sp. abominar ; Ital. 
abbominare; Lat. abominor = to depreciate as be¬ 
ing of evil omen ; hence, to detest: ab; omen, genit. 
ominis; as if it had been said, absit omen = may 
the omen depart, God forbid that the omen should 
come to pass.] To loathe, to detest, to ''>nta exceed¬ 
ingly. 

“He preferred both to abominate and despise all mys¬ 
tery, refinement, and intrigue.”— Swift. 

a-bom’-in-at-ed, pa.par. [Abominate.] 
a-bom’-iH-a-ting, pr. par. [Abominate.] 
a-bom-in-a'-tion, s. [Abominate.] 

I. The act of doing something hateful. 

“. . . every abomination to the Lord, which he 
hateth.”— Deut. xii. 31. 

“. . . because of the abominations which ye have 

committed.”— Jer. xliv. 22. 

II. The state of being greatly hated or loathed. 

“. . . Israel also was had in abomination with the 

Philistines.”—1 Sam. xiii. 4. 

“Tobacco in any other form than that of richly scented 
snuff was held in abomination.”—Macaulay : Hist, of Eng., 
ch. iii. 

III. Objectively: An object of extreme hatred, 
loathing, or aversion. An object loathed on ac¬ 
count— 

(1) Of its offensiveness to the senses. 

(2) Of its ceremonial impurity: 

“. . . eating swine’s flesh, and the abomination, and 
the mouse.”— Isa. Ixvi. 17. 

(3) Of its moral offensiveness: 

“. . . wickedness is an abomination to my lips.”— 
Prov. viii. 7. 

K In this sense the word is often used iu Scripture 
for au idol: 

“. . - Milcom, the abomination of the Ammonites.— 
1 Kings xi. 5. 

(4) Of some other cause than those now men¬ 
tioned : 

“. . . for every shepherd is an abomination unto the 

Egyptians.”— Gen. xlvi. 34. 

*a-bom'-Ine, v. t. The same as Abominate. 

Poet, <& Ludicrous: 

“By topics which though I abomine ’em, 

May serve as arguments ad hominem.” — Sioift. 
a-b5 ne (1 ),prep. & adv. [Above.] 

1. As prep.: Above. (Art hour and Merlin, p. 128.) 
2: As adverb : Above. 

* 9 -bone (2), adv. [Fr. A bon.') Well. 

“ Tho thei seeche a litel hem abone 
Seven knightes y-armed come.” 

Arthour and Merlin, p. 128. 

2. Adverb: Well. 

“ And a good swerde, that wolde byte abone.” 

Sir Gawayne, p. 217. 

a-bood', pret. [Abide.] Waited, expected, re¬ 
mained. 

“And Cornelie abood hem with hise cosyns and neces- 
sarie frehdis that weren clepid togidre.”— Wickliff'e: Nero 
Test., Acts x. 24. 

a-boon', prep. {Scotch and N. of Eng. dialect 
for Above.) [Abune.] 

“. . . aboon the pass of Bally-Brough .”—Sir W. 

Scott: Waverley. 


*9-bdord', adv. [Fr. 6oni=border,] From tha 
bank. {Spenser.) 

“ As men in summer fearles passe the foord, 

Which is in winter lord of all the plame, 

And with his tumbling streames doth beare dboord 
The ploughman’s hope and shepheard’s ^labour 
vaine.”— Spenser: Ruines of Rome (1591). 

a-boot’, pa. par. Beaten down. {Skinner.) 

a-boot', adv. [Abote.] To boot, the odds paid 
in a bargain. {Roxburgh.) 

*a-bbrcT, s. [Fr.] First appearance, manner of 
address, accosting. {Chesterfield.) 

*a-bbrd', v. t. [Fr. aborder— to approach.] To 
approach, to accost. {Spenser.) 

*9-bord', adv. [Fr. fcorder=shore.] Across; 
from shore to shore. {Spenser.) 

*a-bbrd-age (age=ig), s. [Fr. aborder=to 
board.] The act of boarding a ship. 

“The master further gettis of the ship taken bi him 
and his companie, the best cabell and anchor for hia 
abordage.”—Balfour: Pract., p. 640. 

9-bbr'e, pa. par. Born. [Bear.] 

“At Taunedeane lond I was above and abred.” 

MS. Ashmole, 36, f. 112. {Halliwell.) 

ab-o-rlg -m-al, a. &s. [Lat. a&=from ; origa, 
-inis = the beginning: fr. orior= to rise.] 

1. As adjective: 

1 Original. 

“And mantled o’er with aboriginal turf 
And everlasting flowers.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

“On a sudden, the aboriginal population rose on tho 
colonists.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

2. Primitive, simple, unsophisticated. 

“. . . these are doubtless many aboriginal minds, 
by which no other conclusion is conceivable.”— Herbert 

Spencer. 

II. As substantive: 

1. A man or woman belonging to the oldest known 
race inhabiting a country. 

“I have selected for comparison these extreme speci¬ 
mens of skulls characteristic of race, one of an aboriginal 
of Van Diemen’s Land.”— Owen: Mammalia. 

2. An animal or plant species brought into being 
within the area where it is now found. 

“. . . hence it may be well doubted whether this 
frog is an aboriginal of these islands.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World. 

ab-o-rig-In-al-ly, adv. [Aboriginal.] From 
its origin, beginning or commencement; at first, at 
tho outset. 

“We have evidence that the barren island of Ascension 
aboriginally possessed under half-a-dozen flowering 
plants.”— Dane in: Origin of Species, ch. xii. 

ab-o-rig-in-e§, s.pl. [Lat. Aborigines : (1) An 
old tribe inhabiting Latium ; (2) the earliest known 
inhabitants of any other land.] [Aboriginal.] 

1. The earliest known inhabitants of any conti¬ 
nent, country, or district. 

“ In South Africa the aborigines wander over the moss 
and plains.”-— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch- 
vii., p. 237. 

2. Spec.: The Latian tribe mentioned above. 

“When iEneas arrived in Italy, they were given by him 
to Latinus, king of the Aborigines, as hostages for the 
observance of the compacts entered into with the natives.’' 
— Lewis; Early Rom. Hist., ch. x. 

a-bor-ment, s. An abortion. {Topsell.) Proba¬ 
bly a misprint for abortment. 

*ab-Or’se-ment, s. Miscarriage, abortion. 

“ . . to give any such expelling and destructive 

medicine with a direct intention to work an aborsement 
• . . is utterly unlawful and highly sinful.”— Bp. Hall; 
Cases of Conscience. 

a-berf, v. t. & i. [Lat. aborto, old form of abortio 
=to miscarry.] 

1. Transitive : To render abortive. 

“ • • . the oil-gland is quite aborted.” — Darrein r 
Orig. of Species, ch. i., p. 22. 

“ Although the eyes of the cirripeds are more or less- 
aborted in their mature state.”— Owen: Comp. Anat. 

2. Intransitive : To miscarry. {Lord Herbert of 
Cherbury.) 

*a-bort , s. [Abortion.] An abortion. 

“ . . . dying of an abort in childbed.”— Reliquas 
Woottoniancc, p. 431. 

a-bort-ed, pa. par. [Abort, v. t.] Rendered 
abortive. 

a-bor-ti-ent, a. [Abort, v. i. ] [From Lat. abor- 
tiens, pr. par. of abortior .] 

Bot. : Barren, sterile. 

a-bort-Ihg, pr. par. [Abort, v. #.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




abortion 


27 


above 


3,-bOr'-tion, s. [Lat. a 6 oriio=premature de¬ 
livery, miscarriage: from abortus, pa. par. of aborior 
=to disappear.] 

1. The state of miscarriage, failure to reach inde¬ 
pendent existence. 

Phys.: (1) A miscarrying, miscarriage. If the 
foetus is brought forth before the end of the sixth 
month, the term used by medical men is abortion or 
miscarriage; but if after the sixth month, that 
employed is premature birth. The law does not 
recognize this distinction, but applies the term 
abortion to the throwing oil of the foetus at any 
period of the pregnancy. To take means to pro¬ 
cure abortion—the crime now generally termed 
foeticide —is felony. 

“ The symptoms which precede abortion will be gener- 
ally modified by their exciting cause.”— Dr. Ii. Lae-. C'ycl. 
ofPract. Med. 

2. The non-development of an organ or a portion 
of an organ required to constitute an ideal type. 

“ . . . the development and abortion of the oil-gland." 
— Darwin.- Origin of Species, ch. i., p. 22. 

3. Hortic.: The premature development of the 
fruit, or any defect in it. 

II. The fruit of the miscarriage. 

1. The foetus brought forth before it has been 
sufficiently developed to permit of its maintaining 
an independent existence. 

. the abortion proved only a female foetus.”— 
Slartinus Scriblerus. 

2. Fig.: Any fruit, produce, or project, which 
fails instead of coming to maturity; as in the sen¬ 
tence, “ His scheme proved a mere abortion." 

a-bort -ive, a. [In Fr. abortif; Sp. and Ital. 
abortivo; Lat. abortions = born prematurely.] 
[Abortion.] 

1. Brought forth in an immature state, fading 
before it reaches perfection. 

“If ever he have child, abortive be it, 

Prodigious and untimely brought to light.” 

Shalcesp..- Richard III., i. 2. 

2. Fruitless, ineffectual, failing in its effect; like 
a crude and unwise project. 

“To their wisdom Europe and America have owed 
scores of abortive constitutions.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
Ciu xi- 

3. Biol.: An abortive organ is one wanting some 
essential part, or which never comes to maturity. 
An abortive stamen generally wants the anther and 
pollen ; an abortive petal is generally a mere bristle 
or scale ; and an abortive ovule never develops into 
a seed, but shrinks away. 

4. Pertaining to abortion. Thus, “Abortive po¬ 
tions are potions designed to produce abortions.” 

t Abortive vellum is vellum made of the skin of an 
abortive calf. 

*5. Plundering abortive. 

“Plunged in that abortive gulf.” 

Milton: P. L., ii. 441. 

9 ,-bort -ive, s. [Abort, Abortion.] That which 
is brought forth prematurely. 

“Many are preserved, and do signal service to their 
country, who, without a provision, might have perished 
abortives — Addison: Guardian. 

a-bort -lve-ly, adv. [Abortion.] 

1. Immaturely; in an untimely manner. 

“If abortively poor man must, die, 

Nor reach what reach he might, why die in dread ?” 

Young: Night Thoughts, vii. 

2. So as to produce no proper effect; a failure. 
“The enterprise in Ireland, as elsewhere, terminated 

abortively.” — Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 94. 

a-bort' ive-ness, s. [Abort.] The quality or 
state of being abortive. 

*a-bort'-ment, s. [Abort.] An untimely birth. 
“... in whose womb those deserted mineral riches must 
ever be buried as lost a.bortments, unless those be made 
the active midwives to deliver them.” Lord Bacon. 

* 3 ,-bost/e, v. [A. N.] To assault. 

“ A Bretone, a braggere 

Abosted Piers als.” —Piers Plow., p. 126. 

*ab-ot. [Abbot.] 

*g,-bo te, pa. par. Beaten down. 

“She was abashid and abote.”—Chaucer: Dreame, 1,290. 

* ii-bo'te, prep. Old spelling of About. 

“They cum the towne abote.”—Reliq. Antiq., ii. 21. 
* 3 ,-both e, adv. [Pref. a=on, bothe=both.] On 
both. 

« Abothe half lay man! on.”—Arthour & Merlin, p. IS. 
*a-b6ugh'ed, pa.par. Bowed, obeyed. 
*abought, pret. of Abie. 

1. Atoned for. 

“And that hath Dido sore aboughte, 

Whose deth schall ever be betlioughte.” 

Gower MS., Soc. Antiq., 134, fo. 104, 


2. Bought. 

3. An incorrect form of About, 
^-boul'-zie-ments, s. pi, [Habiliments.] 

Dress. [Abulyiement.] 

“ Aboulziements I hae, aneu 
I’se gie mysel and a’ to you.” 

, Taylor: Scotch Poems, 67. 

* a-boun, prep. [Above.] Above. 

“To God aboun be joy and blysse.” 

Tundal: Visions, p. 158. 

jL-bound', v. i. [Fr. abonder; Sp. abundar; Ital. 
abbondare: Lat. abundo=to rise up, to swell, to 
overflow; from unda— a wave.] 

1. To possess in great quantity, to be well sup¬ 
plied. (Followed by with.) 

“ A faithful man shall abound with blessings.”— Prov. 
xxviii. 20. 

H Followed by in: 

“ That ye may abound in hope.”—Rom. xv. 13. 

2. To be in great plenty, greatly to prevail. 

“And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many 
shall wax cold.”— Matt. xxiv. 12. 

*§,-b6u nde, a, [Abound.] Abounding. 

“Kyght so this mayd of grace most abounde.” 

Lydgate MS., Soc. Antiq., 134, fo. 3. {Halliwell.) 

a-bound'-ing, pr. par. [Abound.] 

a-bound'-Ing, s. Existence in great quantity. 

“ Amongst those aboundings of sin and wickedness.”— 
South: Sermons, ii. 220. 

*a-boure, s. [A. N.] The same as AvoURE=a 
patron. 

“By God and Seynte Mary myn aboure.” 

MS. of 16 th Cent. 

a-bout’, prep. & adv. [A. S. dbutan, dbuton, on- 
butan, ymbe-utan, embutan= about or around; on, 
ym, or em being analogous to the Gr. amphi, and 
butan signifying ivithout: be = by, iltan — out [But] ; 
literally = around, on the outside.] 

1. Around (all round: of place), encircling a per¬ 
son, place, or thing in whole or in part. 

“Let not mercy and truth forsake thee; bind them about 
thy neck.”— Prov. iii. 3. 

2. Near in time. 

“He went out about the third hour.”— Matt. xx. 3. 

3. Upon or near one’s person; easily accessible 
where one is at the moment. 

“If you have this about you.”— Milton : Comus, 647. 

4. Near one, attendant on one. 

“That he should come about your royal person.” 

Shakesp.: K. Henry VI., Part II., iiL L 

5. Concerned with, engaged with, connected with. 

. » I must be about my father’s business.”— Luke 

ii. 49. 

“Thy servants’ trade hath been about cattle.”— Gen. 
xlvi. 34. 

6 . Respecting, regarding. 

“The eleven hundred shekels of silver that were taken 
from thee, about which thou cursedst.”— Judg. xvii. 2. 

II. As adverb: 

1 . Near to in quantity, quality, or degree. 

“. . . the number of the mea was about five thou¬ 
sand.”— Acts iv. 4. 

2. Here and there, hither and thither. 

“And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about 
from house to house.”—1 Tim. v. 13. 

3. Round, by a circuitous route. 

“But God led the people about, through the way of the 
wilderness of the Bed Sea,”— Exod. xiii. 18. 

II Bound about: In every direction around. 

“A fire goeth before him, and burneth np his enemies 
round about.” — Ps, xcvii. 3. 

4. Just prepared to do an act, 

“And as the shipmen were about to flee out of the 
ship.”— Acts xxvii. 30. 

IT To bring about, or, as it is in 2 Sam. xiv. 20, to 
fetch about, signifies to take effective measures for 
accomplishing a purpose; to accomplish a purpose 
or end. 

Naut.: To go about is when a ship is made to 
change her course, and go upon a particular tack 
different from that on which she has been previously 
proceeding. About ship, or ready about, is the con¬ 
cise method of giving orders for such a change of 
course. 

Tf Bring about: To bring to the pomi, or state de¬ 
sired. 

“. . . to bring about all Israel unto thee.”— 
2 Sam. iii. 12. 

“Whether she will be brought about by breaking her 
head, I very much question.”— Spectator. 

H Come aboxit: To arrive, to reach the proper 
moment for the occurrence of an event. 

14 The time was come about.” —1 Sam. i. 20. 


IT Go about: To wander hither and thither with 
the view of finding opportunity to do a deed. 

“ Why go ye about to kill me ?”—John vii. 19. 

III. As the imperative of a verb, or especially with 
go requiring to be supplied: 

“ About my brains” (i. e., brains go to work). _ 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 

about-hammer, about-sledge, s. The largest 

hammer used by smiths. It is generally employed 
by under-workmen called hammer-men. ( Note in 
Beaumont and Fletcher, ed. Dyce, iv. 289.) In 
America is called a sledge-hammer, and is wielded 
by both hands. 

*about-speich. [About; speech .] Circumlocu^ 
tion. {Scotch.) 

“ Kycht so my about-speech often tymes 

And semblabill wordis we compyl our rymes.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 10, 1. 12. 

*about-ward, adv. Inclining to, on the point oL 
“But than syr Marrok, hys steward 
Was fast aboutewarde 
To do hys lady gyle.” 

MS. Cantab, ff. ii. 38, 71. ( Halliwell .) 

*a-bout e, or *a-bout -en, prep. & adv. About, 

[About.] 

“And other ladyes in here degrees aboute.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,580. 

“For both me goon abouten oure purchas.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,112. 

“And in this wise these lordes all and some 

Ben on the Sonday to the citee come 

Abouten prime, and in the toun alight.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,191, 

*a-bouye, s. [A. S. abugan.'] To bow. 

“Alle londys ssole abouye to by weste and by este.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 215. 

a-bov'e, prep. & adv. [A. S. abiifan, bufan „ 
be ufan; Dut. boven.] 

A. As a preposition : 

1. Lit.: Higher iu place; also to a higher place 
beyond. 

“. . . the waters which were above the firmament.”— 
Gen. i. 7. 

“Above the brims they force their fiery way." 

Dryden: jEneid. 

2. Fig.: Higher or superior to, of greater rank or 
dignity than. 

“The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant 
above his Lord.”— Matt. x. 24. 

3. Higher in number or quantity; more in number 
or quantity, upward. 

“For the man was above forty years old .”—Acts iv. 22. 

4. Higher in measure or degree, more in measure 
or degree, more than, beyond. 

“. . . thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every 
beast of the field.”— Gen. iii. 14. 

5. Higher than it is possible to grasp intellect¬ 
ually, unattainable. 

“It is an old and true distinction that things may be 
above reason without being contrary to it.”— Swift. 

6 . Too high in point of conscience willingly to do a 
disreputable deed; also too high in one’s own self¬ 
esteem for; too proud for. 

“Kings and princes in the earlier ages of the world 
laboured in arts and occupations, and were above nothing 
that tended to promote the conveniences of life.”— Pope; 
Odyssey, Notes. 

IT Above all is an elliptic phrase for “above all 
things, above all circumstances, chiefly, princi¬ 
pally.’* 

Above-stairs: On the floor above. 

*7. Colloquial: (1) Above a bit = exceedingly, (2) 
Above your hooks = too knowing, too clever 

B. As an adverb: 

I. Lit..-{of place); 

1. Overhead. 

“When he established tho clouds above.”—Prov viiL28. 

2. Ou the higher crupper part, on the top. 

“. . . and in a cubit shalt thou finish it [the ark] 
above.” — Gen. vi. 16. 

3. Iu heaven. 

“I should have denied the God that is above.”—Job 
xxxi. 28. 

II. Fig.: 

1 . Beyond, in point of size or number. 

“. . . the fragments of the five barley-loaves, which re¬ 
mained over and above unto them that had eaten .”—John 
vi. 13. 

2. In a superior social position of power and 
dignity. 

“And the Lord shall make thee the head, and not the 
tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be 
beneath.”— Deut. xxviii. 13. 

III. Of time: Before, previously. In the phrase, 
“We have shown above” and in the adjectives 


3,611, bo^; p6ut, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, s bin - bench; go, £em, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ , 
-clan, -tian - sh?.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. t -hie, -die, &c. = bsl, d$L J 





abrash 


above-board 


28 


above ■ cited , above - described, above - mentionea, 
above-named, above-specified, above signifies in the 
immediately preceding portion of the book, but not 
necessarily on the upper part‘of the same page. 
The use of these terms carries us back to the time 
when books were written on long continuous scrolls, 
and a previous part of the composition was really 
above that to which the writer had come. 

“. . . the above-cited mammalian genera of the Old. 
World.”— Owen: Brit. Fossil Mammals. 

If Sometimes it is employed almost like a sub¬ 
stantive. It then signifies— 

(1) The higher part, the upper part. 

“. . . the waters of Jordan shall be cut off from the 
waters that come down from above.” — Josh. iii. 13. 

(2) Heaven, the place of bliss. 

“Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ 
down from above.)” — Rom. x. 6. 

above-board, adv. 

Lit.: Above the board or table, in open sight, so 
as to forbid the possibility, or at least the likeli¬ 
hood of fraud, trick, or deception. In a way op¬ 
posed to the procedure of the gamester who puts 
his hands under the table to shuffle the cards. 

1. In open sight, without trickery. 

“It is the part also of an honest man to deal above-board 
and without tricks.”— VEstrange. 

2. Openly,without the effort at concealment which 
a proper feeling of shame would induce. 

“Now-a-daysthey [villainies] are owned above-board. 
South: Sermons. 

If Used more frequently in colloquial language 
than by our best English classics. 

above-deck, a. 

1. Naut.: Upon the deck of a vessel, not in the 
cabin or other parts below. 

2. Fig.: (Like Above-board, q. v.) Without arti¬ 
fice. 

above-ground, a. Alive, unburied. 

“I’ll have ’em, an they be above-ground.” 

Beaumont <£• Fletcher: The Chances. 

*A~bo ven, prep. & adv. Old form of Above. 

“And especially aboven every thing.” 

Chaucer: Sompnoures Tale, 7,296. 

*a-bOW, v. [Avow.] To maintain, to avow. (Ar- 
thour c& Merlin, p. 193.) 

*9.-bo we, v. i. & t. [A. S. abugan."] 

I. Intrans.: To bow. 

“To Eoland then sche gan abowe 
Almost doun til his fete.” 

MS. Ashmole, 33, p. 37. ( Halliwell .) 

II. Trans.: To daunt, to put to shame. (Cock¬ 
er am.) 

*a-bow'e ( 0 . Eng.), *a bowjen ( 0 . Eng. & 
Scotch), *a-bow ne and *a-bow'yne (both 0. 
Scotch), prep. & adv. 

I. As prep.: Above. 

‘‘Abowe all othur.”— Cov. Myst., p. 83. 

II. As adv.: Above. 

“Kepe hyt therfore wyth temperat hete adowne, 

Pull forty dayes, tyll hyt wex black abowen.” 

Ashmole: Theat. Chem. Brit., p. 171. 

*9-b5 wed, pa. par. [Abowe, v .] 

*a-bow-e§, s. pi. [A. N.] Probably for aboures 
or avowis = patron saints. (Halliwell and Wright.) 
“ God and Seinte Marie and Sein Denis also 
And alle the abouies of this churche, in was ore ich 
ami-do.” Robert of Gloucester, p.475. 

♦abowght, *a-bow-tyne', prep. & adv. [About.] 
About. 

“Abowght the body.”— Torrent of Portugal, p. 9. 

“And made fyere abowtyne.” — MS. Ashmole, 61, f. 5. 
( Halliwell.) 

Abp. A contraction for Archbishop. 
Ab-ra-ca-dab-ra, or Ar-as-a-dab'-ra l the 
Ar’ -a-ca lan of the Jews. 

1. A Syrian deity. 

2. A magical collocation of letters placed as in 
the figure helow: 

ABRACADABRA 
ABRACADABR 
ABRACADAB 
ABRACADA 
ABRACA D 
A B R A C A 
ABRAC 
ABR A 
ABR 
AB 
A 

It will be observed that the name abracadabra can 
be read not only on the uppermost horizontal line, 
but on any of the lines below it, with a continuation, 
slantingly upward, on the right-hand side of the 
triangle. So can it also on that right-hand line, or 
any one parallel to it, the continuation in the 


latter case being on tho uppermost line toward the 
right hand. A paper inscribed in such a fashion, 
and hung around the neck, was supposed to be a 
tacit invocation of the Syrian deity mentioned 
above : and was recommended by the sapient Serenus 
Saronicus as an antidote against fever and various 
other diseases. Shortly before A. D. 1588, a quack 
doctor, who charged £15 for his prescription, made 
a patient suffering from ague much worse, by in¬ 
ducing him to eat the charm instead of wearing it 
round his neck. 

“ . . . A little afore his fit was at hand he called unto 
the wife of the patient to bring him an apple of the 
largest size, and then with a pinne write on the rinde of 
the apple Abracadabra, and perswade him to take it pres¬ 
ently in the beginning of his fit, for there was (saytli ne) 
a secret in those words. To be short, the patient, being 
hungry of his health, followed his counsell, and devoured 
all and every piece of the apple.”— Clowes, A. D. 1588. 

*9-brad’, pa.par. [A. S. ahrcolhan=to bruise, 
break, destroy, kill, frustrate.] Withered (Halli- 
well). Killed, destroyed (Wright). 

“Fair i-woxe and fair i-sprad, 

But the olde tre was abrad.” 

The Seveyn Sages, 610. 

ab-ra'de, v. t. [Lat. abrado= to scrape away, to 
rub off : ab=from, away, and r«do=to scrape oft, 
to touch in passing, to graze.] To rub down, to 
crumble or wear away by friction. 

1 . Geol.: To rub away rocks by water, frost, or 
similar agencies. 

“ Stones which lie underneath the glacier and are 
pushed along by it, sometimes adhere to the ice; and as 
thp mass glides slowly along at the rate of a few inches or 
at the utmost two or three feet per day, abrade, groove, 
and polish the rock.”— I/yell: Man. of Geol., ch. xii. 

2. Naut.: also Bot., &c.: To rub or wear away by 

friction. . 

3. Medl.: To produce a superficial excoriation, 
with loss of substance, under the form of small 
shreds, in the mucous membranes of the intestines; 
to tear off or fret the skin. 

“Instead of nourishing, it stimulates, abrades, and 
carries away part of the solids.”— Miscellanies (1762). 

4. Fig.: To wear away. 

“ Nor deem it strange that rolling years abrade 
The social bias.” Shenstone: Ficon., p. 1. 

*a-bra'de, adv. [Abroad.] 
ab-ra'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Abrade.] 

“The abraded summits of the grinding teeth.”— Owen- 
Fossil Mammals & Birds (1846). 
ab-ra-ding, pr. par. & s. [Abrade.] 

As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

/do Q'lihQ'ffto'yf'i'iiP * 

1. Geol.: The rubbing down of rocks by frost or 

similar causes. . 

2. Agric.: The abrading of earth is the causing 
it to crumble away through the action of frost. 

*a-brse'-dett, v. t. [M. H Ger. erbreiten.) To 
dilate. (Stratmann.) 

A-bra-ham, A'-br^m [Lat. Abrahamus. Sept 
Gr. Habraam; fr. Heb. Abraham=t&ther of a mul¬ 
titude : the second and original form (Abram) is 
from Gr. Habram; Heb. A 6ram= father of eleva¬ 
tion.] An ancient patriarch, father and founder of 
the Jewish nation. (See Gen. xi.—xxv.) 

][ In compounds: Derived from, connected, or 
pretending to be connected with the patriarch 
Abraham. 

Abraham-man. Tom of Bedlam, or Bedlam 
Beggar = a sturdy beggar. The Abraham-men for¬ 
merly roamed through England, begging and pil¬ 
fering: they were well known in Shakespeare’s 
time, and on to the period of the Civil Wars. 

“ An Abraham-man is he that walketh bare-armed and 
bare-legged, and fayneth hymself mad, and caryeth a 
packe of wool, or a stycke with baken on it, or such lyke 
toye, and nameth hymself poor Tom.— Fraternitye of 
Vacabondes (1575). 

“ And these what name or title e’er they bear 
Jarkman, or Patrico, Cranke, or Clapper-dudgeon, 
Frater, or Abram-man, I speak to all 
That stand in fair election for the title 
Of king of beggars.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Begg. Bush, ii. 1. 

H The phrase “ to sham Abraham,” still common 
among sailors, and meaning to feign sickness, is 
probably founded on the hypocritical pretenses of 
the Abraham-men. 

Abraham Newland. A name formerly given to 
Bank of England notes, owing to their bearing the 
signature of Abraham Newland, who was chief 
cashier for many years. Dibdin alludes to him in 
the lines— 

“ Sham Abraham you may, 

But you musn’t sham Abraham Newland.” 

’"Abraham’s balm, .s. According to Cockeram, 
“ a willow in Italy that brings forth agnus castus 
like pepper.” Bullokar (1641) says that it was used 
as a charm to preserve chastity. (See Halliwell: 
Diet, of Obs. Eng.) 


t Abraham’S eye, s. A magical charm, the ap¬ 
plication of which was supposed to deprive a thief, 
who refused to confess his crime, of eyesight. IMS. 
on Magic, 16th Cent.) 

*abraham, *abram, a. & s. Catachrestic fo* 

Auburn. 

“ Our heads are some brown, some black, some abrwm, 
some bald.”— Early Edit, of Shakespeare: Coriol., ii. 3. 

The folio of 1685 altered it to auburn. (Halli- 

^Abraham-colored, abram-colored - aubum-col- 
ored. 

“A goodly long, thick, abraham-colored beard.”— 
Blurt: Master Constable. 

A -bra-ham-ites, s.pl. [Abraham.] 

Church History : , 

1 . A sect of Paulicians who rose toward the end 
of the eighth century, and were suppressed by Cyr- 
iacus, Patriarch of Antioch. Their leader was Abra¬ 
ham, a native of Antioch. 

2. An order of monks who practiced idolatry, and 

were in consequence extirpated by Theophilns in 
the ninth century. . ,, „ . , 

3. A Bohemian sect, nominally followers of John 
Huss, who, in 1782, avowed themselves as holding 
what they alleged to have been Abraham s creed be- 
fore his circumcision. They believed in the unity 
of God, but at the same time they accepted none of 
the Bible except the Lord’s Prayer. In 1783. the 
Emperor Joseph II. expelled them from Bohemia. 

A-bra-ham-it'-ic, A'-bra-ham-it'-i-cal, a. 
Pertaining to or in some way related to the patriarch 
Abraham. 

*a-braid', *a-braid'e, *?.-bra'y, * 9 -brayd' t 
*a-bra 3 r de', *a-brayd-en, *a-brey'de, v. t.&i*. 

[A. S. abredan .] 

I. Transitive: 

1 . To arouse, to awaken another porson or one’s 
self. 

2. To excite, to stir up. 

“For theyr comodites to abrayden up pride.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems, p. 121. 

*[ Reflectively : To stir up one’s self to do anythin®. 
“I abrayde, I enforce me to do a thynge.”— Pal grave. 

3. To start. 

“Bochas present felly gan abrayde 
To Messaline, and even thus he sayde.” 

Bochas, bk. vii., ch. 4. (See also MSS. Egerta%. 
829, p. 72. Halliwell.) 

4. More fig.: To draw a sword from a scabbard. 

71. Intransitive : 

1. To become awake, or to return to conscious, 
ness after a reverie. 

“This man out of his slep for fer abrayde." 

Chaucer: Nonne Friestes Tale, 16,494. 
“But when as I did out of sleep abray 
I found her not where I her left whileare.” 

Spenser: F. Q., TV. vi. 36. 
“But from his study he at last abray’d. 

Call’d by the hermit old, who to him said.” 

Fairfax: Tasso xiii. 50L 

2. To start up, to become roused to exertion, to 
speech, or to passion. 

“Ipomydon with that stroke abrayde. 

And to the kynge thus he sayde.” 

Ipomydon, 1,14% 

3. To cry out, to shout, to speak with a loud voices 

“As a man all ravished with gladness 
Abrayded with a loud voice.” 

Elyot on Boucher. (Wedgwood.) 

4. To arise in the stomach with a sense of nausea, 
a-braid'-it, pa.par. & a. Scotch form of Abraded,. 

[Abrade.] 

ab -ra-mis, s. [Gr. abramis, genit. -idos= a fish 
found in the sea and in the Nile: possibly the 
bream.] A genus of fishes founded by Cuvier, and 
belonging to the family Cyprinidee. All the species 
are inhabitants of fresh water. [Bream.] 
a-bran-clii-a, s. [Gr. a, priv., and branchia— 
gills of fishes; pi. of branchion=a fin, a giU.J 
Cuvier’s third order of the class Annelida. As- 
their name Abranchia imports, they have no ait- 
parent gills. The order includes two families— the 
Lumbricidae, or Earthworms, and the Hirudinidaa, 
or Leeches. 

a-bran-chi-an, adj. (generally used as substan¬ 
tive). A species of the order Abranchia. [Abrak- 
chia.] 

a-bran'-chi-ate, a. [Abranchia.^ 

Zool.: Destitute of gills. 

a-brash', s. [Pers.] A distinguishing feature or 
mark. The abrashcs of a rug, for instance, are cer¬ 
tain stripes or bands running partially or entirely 
across the pile, often mistaken by the uninformed 
for defects, when in fact they are proofs that the 
rug is a genuine article of some valuable Persian 
make. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt, 
or wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ze, cs = e; ey = a. qu = kw„ 




abroad 


abrasion 


29 


S.b-ra -§ion, s. [In Fr. abrasion; fr. Lat. ab - 
*josus, pa. par. of abrado .] [Abbade.] 

I. The act or process of rubbing away. 

II. The state of being rubbed away. 

1. Spec, in Geol.: The attrition or nibbing away 
of rocks by ice, by contact with other blocks of 
stone, &c. 

“ ... if they are well protected by a covering of clay 
or turf, the marks of abrasion seem capable of enduring 
for ever.”— Lyell: Manual of Geol., ch. xii. 

2 . Numis.: The wear and tear of coins. 

III. That which is rubbed away from bodies. 

ab-ra'-um, s. A kind of red clay used to color 

mahogany. It is found in the Isle of Wight and in 
Germany. 

a-brax-as, s. [From the Greek letters having 
their equivalents m a, b, r, a, x, a, s, of which the 
numerical values are: a=l, b— 2 , r= 100 , a=l. x=60, 
a=l, s=200, in all 365.] 

1. A _ mystical or cabalistic word used by the 
Egyptians, and especially by Basilides, who lived 
in the second century. He intended by it to ex¬ 
press his view that between the earth and the em¬ 
pyrean there were 365 heavens, each with its order 
of angels or intelligences: these also were 365 in 
number, like the days of the year. Anything in¬ 
scribed with the word abraxas became a charm or 
amulet. Gems with it upon them are still often 
brought from Egypt. 

“. . . the well-known figure of the serpent-legged 
abraxas.” — Archceol. Journ., xix. (1862), 104. 

2. A genus of moths, which contains the well- 
known gooseberry or magpie moth {A. grossula- 
riata). [Magpie-moth.] 

*a-bra y, *g.-brayd', *3,-brayd'-en, v. t. & i. 

[Abb aid.] 

a'-bra-zite, s. [Gr. a, priv.; brazo= to boil.] A 
mineral composed of alumina, potash and lime, first 
noticed near Rome, and sometimes called Gismond- 
ite, after the name of its discoverer. 

a'-brSL-zit’-Ic, a. Pertaining to the mineral 
called abrazite. Not melting or effervescing before 
the blowpipe. 

9 ,-brea d, adv. Abroad. (Scotch.) 

“ O Jenny, dinna toss your head, 

An’ set your beauties a’ abread l ” 

Burns: To a Louse. 

gt-breasf, adv. [a=on; breast.'] 

1. Gen.: Standing or moving with the breasts in 
a line, exactly in line with each other. 

“. . . two men could hardly walk abreast.” — Ma- 
eaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

2. Naut.: Ships are abreast when their bows are 

in line. 

“The Bellona . . . grounded abreast of the outer 
ship of the enemy.”— Southey: Nelson, vol. ii. 

IT Naut.: A ship is abreast of an object when that 
object is on line with the vessel’s beam. 

A vessel is abreast a promontory when it lies or is 
sailing off the shore directly off that promontory. 

On board a ship, abreast means in a parallel line 
to the beam. 

*ab -re-C0Ck, s. An apricot. (Gerard.) 

ab-re de, v. t. & i. [A. S. abredian= to open.] 

* Transitive: To publish, to spread abroad. 
[Abraide.] (Scotch.) 

* Intransitive: To start, to fly to a side, to depart. 
(Eng. <& Scotch.) 

“ Troilus nere out of his witte abrede.” 

Test. Creseide Chron. S. P. i. 158. 

8 ,-breed, abreid, adv. [Abroad.] Abroad 
(Scotch.) 

“ The prophecy got abreed in the country.”— Antiquary, 
li- 245. 

" The story of Achilles stout 
With gold was browdered there abreid.” 

Burel: Entr. Queen, Watson’s Coll., ii. 3. 

“An’ spread abreed thy weel-fill’d brisket.” 

Burns: Auld Farmer’s New Year Morning. 

*a-bre'ge *?t-breg'ge, v. t. [Abridge.] 

“And for he wolde his longe tale abrege.” 

Chaucer: Cant. Tales, 9,531. 

“. . . they yit wel here days ahregge.” 

Chaucer: Knightes Tale, 3,001. 

*3,-breid'-en, v. t. (pret. abreid, past abroden). 
[A. S. abregdan, abredan .] To turn away, to draw 
out, or start up. (Stratmann.) 

*g,-brek'-en, v. i. (pa. par. abroken). [A. S. 
abrecan .] To break out. 

u And yf we may owhar abreke.** 

Arthour & Merlin , p. 292. 

*a-brenn'-e, v. t. [M. H. Ger. erbrennen.] To 
burn up. (Stratmann.) 

*ab'-re-n 6 un§e, v. t. To renounce utterly. 

“. . . either to abrenounce their wives or their liv¬ 

ings.”*— Fox : Acts and Deeds, fol. 159. 


f ab-re-nun- 51 -a-tion, s. [Eccles. Lat. abre- 
nuntio = to renounce: Class. Lat. ab; renuncio — 
to carry back word, to announce; nuncio — to an¬ 
nounce ; nuntius — one newly come, a messenger; 
nunc = now.] Absolute renunciation, absolute de¬ 
nial. 

“They caked the former part of this form the abre. 
nunciation, viz., of the devil and all those idols wherein 
the devil was worshiped among the heathen.”— Bp. 
Bull: Works, iii. 655. 

* 3 ,-bre 6 '~d§n, v. i. [A. S. abredtan.] To fall 
away. (Stratmann.) 

*ab-repf, v. [Lat. abripio = to snatch away 
from: ab = from; rapio = to snatch, to take away 
by violence.] To take away by violence. 

“. . . his nephew’s life he questions. 

And questioning abrepts.” 

Billingsly’s Brachy-Martyrologia (1657). 
ab-rep'-tion, s. [Lat. abreptio, fr abripio =to 
take away by force: ab; rapio —to carry or snatch 
away.] 

1. The act of seizing and carrying away. 

2. The state of being seized and carried away. 

“Cardan relates of himself that he could when he 
pleased fall into this aphairesis, disjunction or abreption 
of his soul from his body.”— Halliwell: Melamproncea, p. 73. 

abreuvoir (pron. a-breuv-war), s. [Fr .abreuv- 
oir— ( 1 ) a watering-place, ( 2 ) a horse-pond; abreuver 
=to water (animals); from O. Fr. abeuvrer, from 
Low Lat. abeverare, abebrare: ad —in the direction 
of, and Lat. bibere=to drink; Sp. abrevar; Gr. 
brechd =to wet on the surface.] [Abbbetjvoir.] 
Masonry: The interstice between contiguous 
stones left that it may be filled with mortar or 
cement. 

*a-brey’de. [Abraid.] 

*a'-bric, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] [Brimstone.] 
Sulphur. (Coles: Eng. Diet., 1677.) 

*ab'-ri-cock, *ab-rl-cot, s. [Apricot.] 

“ Nor there the damson wants nor abricock.” 

, Drayton: Boly-Olbions, s. xviii. 

abricock-apple, s An apricot-tree. (Ryder.) 
a-brid'ge, *a-bry'gge, v. t. [From Fr. abrevier, 
abbregier , abridgier, abrigier, and that from Lat. 
abbrevio: ad =in the direction of, and brevio=to 
shorten; 6 rewis=short; Fr. abr&ger; Prov. & Sp. 
abreviar; Ital . abbreviare. Wedgwood shows that 
the Provencal has breu for brevis, breugetat for 
brevitas, in analogy with which the verb correspond¬ 
ing to abbreviare would be abbreujar, leading im¬ 
mediately to the Fr. abrtger.) 

Gen.: 1. To curtail, to shorten in some way or 
other; or, less specifically, to diminish. 

“. . . as in no wise she could abridge his wo.”— Turber- 
ville: Tragical Tales (1587). 

“ Besides, thy staying will abridge thy life.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Verona, iii. 1. 

“Tyranny sends the chain that must abridge 
The noble sweep of all their privilege.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

2. To curtail the length of a book or other literary 
composition, either by re-writing it in shorter com¬ 
pass, or by omitting the less important passages. 

“Plutarch’s life of Coriolanus is principally abridged 
from the history of Dionysius, and the extant account in 
Appian’s Roman history is derived from the same source.” 
— Lewis: Credibility of the Early Homan History, chap, 
xii. 

3. To deprive, to strip; followed by the accusa¬ 
tive of the person, and of referring to the thing lost. 

“That man should thus encroach on fellow-man, 
Abridge him o/his just and native rights.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. v. 

IT The use of from, of the thing, is now obsolete. 

“Nor do I now make moan to be abridg’d 
From such a noble rate.” 

Shakesp.: Merch. of Venice, i. L 

4. Alg.: To reduce a compound quantity or equa¬ 
tion to a simpler form. Thus x — a + 2 a may be 
abridged to x + a; and 2x — 5 — 2# = +8 — 5 to 
x = 8 . 

9 ,-brld ged, pa. par. & a. [Abridge.] 

“ The following is an abridged scheme of his arrange¬ 
ments.”— Owen: Mammalia. 
a-bridg -er, s. [Abridge.] 

1. Gen.: One who shortens, a shortener. 

“. . . self-destroyers, at least abridgers of their lives.”— 
Whitlock: Manners of the English. 

2. Spec.: One who writes a compendium or abridg¬ 
ment of a book. 

“. . . to be a methodical compounder and abridger.” 
—Lord Bacon: Inter, of Nat., ch. vi. 

a-bridg-i£ig, pr.par. [Abridge.] 
a-bridg-ment (formerly abridgement), s. 
[Abridge.] 


1. The act or process of abridging. 

Law. 1. The act of shortening a count or doclara 
tion. 

2. Abridgment of Damages: Exercise of a right 
by a court of reducing damages when justice seems 
to require it. 

II, The state of being abridged. 

1. In a general sense. 

2. Diminution, lessening. 

“ To be master of the sea is an abridgment of a mon¬ 
archy.”— Bacon: Works, “ Essay Civ. & Mor.,” ch. xxix. 

3. Deprivation of, restraint from. 

“It is not barely a man’s abridgment in his external 
accommodation which makes him miserable.”— South. 

III. Most common sense: The thing abridged. 

1. An epitome of a book, a compend, an abstract, 
a summary of a volume or of an oral statement. 

*2. A short play, or the players. 

(a) The play: so called, it is thought, because in 
the historical drama the events of several years are 
abridged or presented in brief compass. 

“Say, what abridgment have you for this evening? 

What mask? what music?” 

Shakesp..- Mids. Night’s Dream, v. L 

(b) The players. 

“ Hamlet . . . For look, where my abridgment comes. 

(Enter four or five players.)”— Hamlet, ii. 2. 

In the same act and scene Hamlet is made to say— 

“Good, my lord, will you see the players well bestowed? 
Do you hear, let them be well used; for they are the 
abstract and brief chronicles of the time.” 

IT Abstract and brief chronicles are expressions 
quite analogous to abridgment. [Abstract.] 

*g,-bri gge, *a~brige, v. [Abridge, Abrygge.] 

1. To abridge. 

2. To shield off, to ward off. 

“Aile myscheffes from him to abrigge.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems. 

*<ib-rlp'-t$d, pa. par. & a. [From Lat abripio, 
•ipui, -eptum—to take away by force: ab=from; 
rapio= to snatch away.] Snatched or stolen away. 
(Cockeram.) [Abrept.J 

a-br5a §h, *a-br6'che, v. t. [Abroach, adv.] 
To set abroach, to broach. 

“Thilke tonne that I shall abroche.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,759. 

3. -br6a'§h, adv. [Pref. a=on, and broach—a. 
spit.] [Broach.] 

1. With egress afforded. (Used of vessels or pipes 
in a position, <fcc., to allow the included liquid to 
run freely out.) 

“Hogsheads of ale and claret were set abroach in the 
streets.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

2. Fig.: Tapped or opened. 

“Alack, what mischiefs he might set abroach 
In shadow of such greatness.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., v. 2. 

IT Used, it will be seen, specially in the phrase 
“ to set abroach (properly to setten on brocche) = 
(1) to tap, to pierce, to open; (2) (fig.) to diffuse 
abroad. 

*a- broa ch- merit, s. The act of forestalling the 

market. 

a-broad, adv. [Pref. a = on, and broad.] 
[Broad. ] 

Gen.: In an unconfined manner, widely, at large. 
Hence— 

1. Out of the house, though it may be in other 

houses. 

“In one house shall it be eaten; thou shalt not carry 
forth ought of the flesh abroad out of the house.”— 
Exod. xii. 46. 

2. Outside the house; in the open air; away from 
one’s abode. 

“Abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is as death.” 
— Lam. i. 20. 

“Ruffians are abroad.” — Cowper: Task, bk. v. 

“. . . go abroad out of the camp.”— Deut. xxiii. 10. 

3. In another country than one’s native land. 

“Another prince, deposed by the Revolution, was living 
abroad.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

4. Widely; not within definite limits; far and 
wide. 

“. . . if a leprosy break out abroad in the skin.”— 

Lev. xiii. 12. 

“And from the temple forth they throng, 

And quickly spread themselves abroad .” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, canto i. 

5. Throughout society, or the public generally. 

“. . . and all these sayings were noised abroad 

throughout all the hill-country of Judea .”—Luke i. 65. 

Spread abroad: Widely circulated. (First 
Sketches of Henry VI., p. 97.) 

*g,-broa'd, a. [Broad.] Broad. (Minsheu.) 


IxTil, b<5y; pout, j<5wl; cat, cell, chorus, c Mn . bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia’n, -tian = shan- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 




abrodietical 


abscissa 


30 


♦a-bro-di-et'-i-cal, a. [Gr. habrodiaitos : fr. ab-rot'-an-oid, a., used as s. [Gr. abrotonon, 
fcabros=graceful, delicate, luxurious ; diaita= mode and etdos=form.] 


of life.] [Diet.] Feeding daintily, delicate, lux¬ 
urious. (Minsheu: Guide into Tongues, A. D. 1627.) 
( Wright.) 

ab -rog-a-ble, a. [Abrogate.] Able to be ab¬ 
rogated ; that may be abrogated. 

“An institution abrogdble by no power less than di¬ 
vine.”— Dr. H. More: Letter viii. at the end of his Life by 
Ii. Ward, p. 326. 

ab -ro-gate, v. t. [In Fr. abroger; Sp. abrogar: 
from Lat. abrogatus, pa. par. of abrogo= to repeal 


Lit.: Abrotanum-shaped. A term applied to a 
species of perforated coral or madrepore. 

ab-rupt, a. [Lat. a6rwp#ws=brcken off; ab- 
rumpo= to break off: «6=from; rumpo—to burst 
asunder, to break.] 

1. Lit,: Broken off. 

“The rising waves obey the increasing blast, 
Abrupt and horrid as the tempest roars.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

(a law): ab, rogo—to ask ; {spec.) to propose a bill.] Broken, very steep, precipitous (applied to 
1. To annul; to repeal as a law, either by formally roc ks, banks, &c.). 
abolishing it, or by passing another act which su- “ Tumbling through rocks abrupt .”— Thomson: Winter. 
persedes tho first. 3. Bot.: Truncated, looking as if cut off below or 

“. . . statutes regularly passed, and not yet regularly above. An abrupt root is one which terminates 
abrogated.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

* 2. More general sense: To put an end to. 

“. . . so it shall please you to abrogate scurrility.”— 

Shakesp. : Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 2. 
ab'-ro-gate, a. [Abrogate, v. f.] Abrogated. 

“. . . whether any of those abrogate days have been 
kept as holidays.” —King Edw. VI. .- Injunctions. 

ab -ro-gat-ed, pa. par. & a. [Abrogate, v . <.] 
ab -rd-gat-ing, pr. par. [Abrogate, v. /.] 
ab-ro-ga'-tion, s. [Abrogate, v. ?.] [In Fr. 
abrogation; fr. Lat abrogation The act of abro¬ 
gating. Tho repeal by the legislature of a law pre¬ 
viously binding. 

H It is different from Rogation, Derogation, 

Subrogation, Dispensation, and Antiquation, 
all which see. 

“ The . . . principle of abrogation annuls all those sen¬ 
tences of the Koran which speak in a milder tone of un¬ 
believers.”— Milman: Hist. Lat. Christ., bk. iv., ch. i. 

*g,-bro ke, *a-bro -ken, pa par. [Abreken.] 

1. Gen.: Broken. 

2. Spec.: Having a rupture. ( Kennet: MS. Gloss¬ 
ary.) ( Halliwell .) 

3. Broken out; escaped. 

“But develis abroken oute of helle.” 

Sir Ferumbras MS. (.Halliwell.) 
a-bro-ma, s. [InGer. abrome; Fr. ambrome; Gr. 
a, priv., bro'ma = food—unfit for food.] A genus of . tt - 

plants belonging to the order Byttneriace®, or Bytt- selise •' Unconnected, with no close connecting 
neriads. They are small trees with hairy, lobed lmks- 

“The abrupt style, which hath many breaches, and 
does not seem to end but fall.”— Ben Jonson: Discovery. 



I. Literally: 

1. The quality of ending in a broken-looking or 
truncated manner. 

“. . . which abruptness is caused by its being 

broken off from the said stone.”— Woodward: Nat. Hist. 

2. Precipitousness. 

“In the Cordillera I have seen __untains on a far 

grander scale; but for abruptness nothing at all compar¬ 
able with this.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. 
xviii. 

II. Fig.: Applied to speech, style of writing, 
action, &c. 

“But yet let not my humble zeal offend 
By its abruptness.” — Byron: Manfred, iii. 4. 

“. . . in which we may evenly proceed, without be¬ 
ing put to short stops by sudden abruptness, or puzzled 
by frequent turnings and transpositions.”— Pope: Homer’s 
Odyssey, Postscript. 

a'-brus, s. [In Sp. abro de cuentas de rosario; 
fr. Gr. habros = graceful. So called from the deli¬ 
cate and graceful character of its leaves.] A genus 
of papilonaceous plants. A. precatorius, a native 
of India, but which has spread to Africa and the 
West Indies, is the Jamaica wild liquorice,, so called 
because its roots are used in the West Indies for the 
same purpose as the liquorice of the shops. The 
plant furnishes those pretty red and black bead¬ 
like seeds so frequently brought from India. Lin¬ 
naeus says that they are deleterious, but they are 
eaten in Egypt. Tho term precatorius (= pertain¬ 
ing to petitioning) refers to the fact that the beads 
are sometimes used for rosaries. 


Abrupt Leaves. Tulip-tree (Liriodendron 
Tulipiferum). 

suddenly beneath. The term abrupt is nearly the 
same as premorse. An abrupt or truncate leaf is one ( Halliwell .) 
in which the upper part looks as if it were not now 


*g,-bryg'ge, v. t. & i. [Abridge.] 

A. Trans.: To abridge or shorten. 

B. Intrans.: To bo abridged. 

“My dayes . . . schullen abrygge.” — Cambridge 


MS. 


, , , -i ,, v. - abs - cess, s. [In Fr. absces: Sp. abscesso; Ital. 

C< i? r n ^ as + there was a portion wanting absesso; Lat , pi. abscedentia (abscesses): fr. Lat. 


which had been cut away with a sharp instrument. 
4. Applied to speech, to writing, or in a more gen- 


leaves, clusters of yellow or purple flowers, and five- 
celled winged capsules. A. august a, or the smooth- 
stalked, and A. fastuosa, or tho prickly-stalked abro- 
ma, are cultivated in stoves in Britain: the latter is 
from New South Wales; the former—the Wollut 
comul or Wullut cumal of the Bengalees—is from 
the East Indies, where the fibres are made into 
cordage. It is a handsome tree, with drooping 
purple flowers. 

*a'-bron, a. Auburn. 

“With abron locks .’’—Hall: Satires, iii. 6. 
ab-ro'-ni-g., s. [Gr. fta&ros=delicate.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Nyctaginace®, or 
Nyctagos. The A. umbellata, or umbelled abronia, 
is a small plant, with flowers surrounded by an in¬ 
volucre of a fine rose color. 

*g,-brobd, adv. [Eng. a=on; brood (q. v.).] In 
the act or process of brooding. 

“ . . . seeing he sate abrood on addle eggs.”— Clo- 
bery: Divine Glimpses. 

*a-bro od, adv. Abroad. [Abroad.] 

“ To here bishopes aboute 
Abrood in visitynge.”— Piers Ploughman, p. 38. 
*g,-br6bd-Ing, a. [a=oa; brooding.) Sitting to 
brood. 

*a-brc>ok’, v. t. [Now Brook (q. v.).] To brook, 
to tolerate, to suffer. 

“ . . . ill can thy noble mind abrook 
The abject people gazing on thy face.” 

Shakesp.. 2 Henry VI., ii. 4. 
ab-rot-a-niim, s. [Lat. abrotonum: Gr. abro- 
forww»=southernwood.] [Artemisia.] Tournefort’s 


“The samo principles are followed by horticulturists; 
but the variations are here often more abrupt.” — Darwin: 
Species, ch. i. 

5. Separated. ( Middleton: Works, ii. 151.) 

6 Sudden, without warning given. 

. his abrupt change on his election to the see proves 


abscessus—(1) a going away, ( 2 ) an abscess: abscedo 
=to go away ; a&s=from, or away ; cedo= to go.] 
Med.: A gathering of pus in any tissue or organ of 
the body. It is so called because there is an absces¬ 
sus (=a going away or departure) of portions of the 
animal tissue from each other to make room for the 
suppurated matter lodged between them. It results 
from the softening of tlio natural tissues, and the 
exudations thus produced. Abscesses may occur in 
almost any portion of the body. They aro of three 
types: the acute abscess, or phlegmon, arising from 
an inflammatory tendency in the part; the chronic 
abscess, connected with scrofulous or other weak- 


th^inclinatioirof ^l^^ndividuaP’^-^wIde^/P's^^w^ ness in’the constitution ; and the diffused abscess, 
ch xii individual. Joouae. Hist. Eng., du0 to conta mination in the blood. 

II Used as a substantive: 


A precipitous bank mar¬ 
gining a gulf or abyss. 

“ Or spread his airy flight 
Upborne with indefatigable wings 
Over the vast abrupt.” 

Milton: P. Lost, bk. ii., 409. 

*g.b-rupt , v. t. To tear off, to wrench asunder, 
to disturb, to interrupt. 

“. . . the security of their enjoyment abrupteth our 
tranquilities .”—Sir T. Browne: Christian Morals. 

*ab-rupt'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Abrupt.] 

“The effects of this activity are not precipitously ab- 
rupted, but gradually proceed to their cessations .”—Sir 
T. Browne: Vulgar Errors, vi. 10. 

ab-rup -tion, s. [Lat. abruptio .] [Abrupt.] 


abs-Qes’-sion, s. [Lat. abscessus=a going away.] 
A departing, separating, or going away. 

ab-spind', v.t. [Lat. abscindo= to cutoff: ab= 
from ; scindo= to split.] f To cut off. 

“■When two syllables are Abscinded from the rest.”— 
Johnson: Rambler, No. 90. 

ab-s§ind'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Abscind.] 
ab-spind'-ing, pr. par. [Abscind.] 
ab-spis -sa, or absciss', s. [In Ger. dbscisse ; 
from Lat. abscissus=tom off; pa. par. of abscindo: 
fr. ab and scindo; Gr. schizo= to split; cogn. with 
the Eng. scissors.] 

Conic Sections: The abscissa of a parabola is the 
part of a diameter intercepted between its vertex 


, ™ , . , and the point in which it is intersected by one of its 

1 . The act of breaking off or wrenching asunder, own ordinates. The abscissa of the axis is the part 
,tBr " 1,v nr fWntwnlv. of the axis inter cepted between its vertex and the 



literally or figuratively 

“Who makes this pretty abruption?” — Shakesp..- Troil. 
and Cress., iii. 2. 

2. The state of being broken off or wrenched asun¬ 
der, literally or figuratively. 

“. . . have commonly some of that matter still 

adhering to them, or at least marks of its abruption from 
them.”— Woodward: Nat. Hist. 

ab-rupt-ly, adv. [Abrupt.] 

I. In space: 

1. As if broken off, as if a part were wanting; 
truncate. 

Botany. Abruptly pinnate: Having a compound 
leaf with neither a leaflet nor a tendril at its 


point in which it is intersected by one of its own 




Fig. 1. 


Fig. 2. 


ordinates. In the parabola CAD (Fig. 1), A B is aa 
extremity. It is called also equally pinnate or o^In Fig.°2,°l ffethe abSa° of co°rre- 


^riheer up, or sheer down, vertically, perpendic- axi^i perpend imdar' tPlis fcho 


Southernwood (Artemisia Abrotanum). 
Plant, Leaf, and Flower, 
name for a genus of composite plants now merged 
in Artemisia. [Artemisia.] 

fate, fat, fare, amidst, 
or, wore, wplf, work. 


“ This small point rises abruptly out of the depths of 
the ocean.”— Darwin.- Voyage round the World, ch. i. 

II. In time: Suddenly, without warning given. 
“ And thus abruptly spake—“We yield.’ ” 
Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, canto iii. 


ab-rupt'-ness, s. 
minating abruptly. 


[Abrupt.] The quality of ter- 


axis is perpendicular to its 
ordinate, as A b here is to the 
ordinate CD. . 

In an ellipse, the absciss® 
any diameter are the segments 
into which that diameter is 

divided by one of its own ordi- __ 

nates. In the ellipse A b c d Fig. 3. 

(Fig. 3 ) , b q and q d are the absciss® of the diameter 
B D, corresponding to the point A. 



what, fall, father; we, wet, here, 
who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite. 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, sa, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 

qu = kw. 













abscission 


31 


absolute 



Fig. 4. 


The abscissce. of the axis are the segments into 
which the major axis is divided by one of its own 
ordinates. 

In a hyperbola, the absciss® 
of any diameter are the seg¬ 
ments into which, when pro¬ 
duced, it is divided by one of 
its own ordinates and its verti¬ 
ces. In the opposite hyperbolas, 
abc and deg (Fig. 4), e h 
■ and H B are the absciss® of the 
diameter E B, corresponding to 
the point D 

ab-S5i§'-§ion, s. [Lat. ab- 
scissus (rhet.)=a breaking off in the middle of a 
discourse.] 

I. The act of cutting off. Specially : 

1. Surg.: The act of cutting off, cutting away, or 
simply cutting. 

“ . . . not to be cured without the abscission of a 
member, without the cutting off a hand or leg.”— Taylor: 
Sermons, vol. ii.. Serin. 13. 

2. Old Med.: The termination of a disease in 
death before it had run its natural course. ( Hooper : 
Med. Diet.) 

3. Rhet.: A breaking off abruptly in the middle of 
a discourse. 

4. The act of annulling or abrogating. 


“. . . this designation of His [of Jesus] in submit¬ 
ting Himself to the bloody covenant of circumcision, 
which was a just and express abscission of it, was an act 
of glorious humility.”— Jeremy Taylor: Great Exemplar, 

p. 60 . 

*11. The state of being cut off. 


“By cessation of oracles with Montacutius we may 
anderstand the intercission not abscission or consum¬ 
mate desolation.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*ab'-sconge, s. [Low Lat. absconsa.'] A dark 
lantern holding a wax light, used in the choir to 
read the absolutions and benedictions at matins, 
and the chapter and prayer at lauds. 

abs-cond, v. t. & i. [Lat. abscondo= to put away 
or hide from: abs= away, and condo=to hide; Sp. 
esconderse,v. t.=to hide; Ital. ascondere .] 


*A. Transitive: 


1. To put away with the view of hiding. 

2. To conceal, to obscure. 

“Do not abscond and conceal your sins.”— Heunjt: Ser¬ 
mons, p. 66. ( Leatham .) 

“Nothing discoverable on the lunar surface is ever 
covered and absconded from us by the interposition of 
any clouds or mists, but such as arise from our own 
globe.”— Bentley: Serm. viii. 

B. Intransitive: 


I. Used of men: 

1. Gen.: To vanish from public view and take 
refuge in some hiding-place, or in some foreign 
country, to avoid unpleasant consequences which 
might arise by remaining at one’s post. 

“But if he absconds, and it is thought proper to pursue 
him to an outlawry, then a greater exactness is necessary.” 
— Blackstone: Comm., bk. iv., c. 24. 

2. More special: To desert one’s post. 

", . . that very home-sickness which, in regular 

armies, drives so many recruits to abscond at the risk of 
stripes and of death.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

3. Law: To go out of the jurisdiction of a court, 
or to conceal one’s self, to avoid having a process 
served upon one. 

* II. Used of animals: To lie concealed, to hyber- 
nate. 

“The marmotte, or Mus alpinus, which absconds all 
winter, lives on its own fat.”— Ray: On the Creation. 

abs-cond-ed, pa. par. [Abscond.] 
fabs-cond-ed-ly, adv. [Abscond.] In conceal¬ 
ment, in hiding. 

“. . . an old Homan priest that tlien^ lived abscond- 

edly in Oxon.”— Wood: Athenoe Oxonienses, i. 631. 
abs-cond-enge, s. [Abscond.] Concealment, 
abs-cond-er, s. [Abscond.] One who absconds, 
one who vanishes from his post from consciousness 
of crime, fear, or other cause. 

“The notice of several such absconders may be entirely 
lost.”— Life of Kettlewell (1718), p. 338. 
abs-cond-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Abscond (B).] 
abs-cond'-ing, s. Concealment. [Abscond.] 
"... endeavor by flight or absconding to save them¬ 
selves.”— Hicks’ Sermon on the 30th of January. 
abs-con'-sl-b, s. [Abscond (B).] 

Anat.: A cavity in one bone which receives and 
conceals the head of another one. 

*abs-C0n -Sion. [Lat. absconsio.1 Concealment, 
ab’-senge, s. [In Fr. absence; Ital. assenza; 
Lat. absentia, fr. absens, pr. par. of absum=to be 
away, to be absent.] 


1. The State of being away from a place in which 
one has formerly resided, or from people with 
whom one has previously been. 

“ Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not 
as in my presence only, but now much more in my ab¬ 
sence.” — Phil. ii. 12. 

][ Used of things as well as persons. 

“We should hold day with the Antipodes, 

If you would walk in absence of the sun.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant'of Venice, v. 1. 

2. Want of, destitution of, not implying any pre¬ 
vious presence. 

“ . . . the absence of medullary canals in the long 
bones in the sloths.”— Owen: Classific. of Mammalia. 

3. Law: Failure to put in an appearance when 
cited to a court of law. 

4. Inattention to things present. Often a person 
charged with “ absence of mind ” lias his mind in¬ 
tensely present in some imagined scene or train of 
thought quite different from that with which the 
rest of the company are occupied. From their point 
of view, therefore, he manifests “ absence of mind.” 
In other cases the absent person is not particularly 
attending to anything, but. is simply in a lethargic 
mood. In the same way we speak of an “ absence 
of all thought.” 

ab'-sent, a. [Lat. absens , pr. par. of absum 
( abesse )’ = to be away.] 

1. Not present, away, implying previous presence. 
“To be absent from the body, and to be present with 

the Lord.”—2 Cor. v. 8. 

2 . Not present now, or ever having been so before. 
“The clavicle is rudimental or absent.” — Owen: Classi¬ 
fication of Mammalia. 

3. Inattention to what is passing around, gener¬ 
ally with the words “ in mind ” appended. [Ab¬ 
sence, 4.] 

“I distinguish a man that is absent, because he thinks 
of something Bud-yell: Spectator, No. 77. 

* As substantive: One who is not present. 

“Let us enjoy the right of Christian absents, to pray 
for one another.”— Bp. Morton: To Arclibp. Usher, Letters 
(1623). 

ab-sgnt', v. t. [In Fr. absenter, fr. Lat. absento, 
v. t.= to cause to be absent.] To make absent; to 
cause to leave, withdraw, or depart. 

][ At first not always with the reflective pronoun. 

“. . . or what change 
Absents thee, or what chance detains? ” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. x. 

TT Now always with the reflective pronouns. 
“Some of those whom he had summoned absented them¬ 
selves.”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

*ab-sen-ta'-ne-ous, a. [Absent, a.] Relating 
to absence; being ordinarily absent. 

ta'D-sen-ta'-tion, s. [From Absent, r.] The act 
or state of absenting one’s self. 

“Your absentation from the House is a measure which 
always had my entire concurrence.” — Wakefield: Letter to 
6. J. Fox (A. D. 1800). 
ab sent'-ed, pa. par. [Absent, v. f.] 
absentee', s. & a. [From absent, 7. t,] One 
who habitually lives in another district or country 
from that in which, if a landed proprietor, his 
estate lies, or from which he derives his revenues. 
It is especially used of those owners of Irish estates 
who spend the revenue^ derived from them in 
England, rarely visiting, and never for any length 
of time settling in the country from which their in¬ 
come is drawn. 

“ The personal estates of absentees above the age of sev¬ 
enteen years were transferred to the king.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

Used as adjective: Habitually residing away 
from the country or district whence one’s support 
is drawn. 

“ . . . pronounces confiscated the estates of all ab¬ 

sentee proprietors.”— Aat of Absentees, A. D. 1636. ( Froude: 
Hist. Eng., ch. viii., note.) 

ab-sen-tee'-i§m, s. [Absentee, Absent.] The 
practice of habitually absenting one’s self from the 
country or district whence one’s pecuniary support 
is derived. (See Macleod, Diet, of Pol. Econ., p. 2.) 

ab-sent’-er, s. [From absent, v. t.] One who 
absents himself. 

ab sent -ing, pr. par. [Absent, v. f.] 
fab-sent'-ment, s. [From absent, v. t.] The 
state of being absent. 

“ A peregrination or absentment from the body.”—Har¬ 
row: Works, ii. 383. 

*ab-sey’-book, s. [ABC.] A primer. 

“ And then comes to answer like an absey-book.”. 

Shakesp. • King John, i. 1. 

If In Mrs. Cowden Clarke’s Concordance the line 
reads, “an AB C book.” 

abs. feb. (absente febre). A contraction in physi¬ 
cians’ prescriptions, signifying “ in the absence of 
the fever.” 


ab-slnth, s. [Lat. absinthium; Gr. apsinthion, 
also apsinthos; Pers. & E. Aram. afsinthin.~\ 

1. Wormwood, a species of Artemisia. 

“. . . absinth and poyson be my sustenance.” 

The Passenger oj Benvenuto (1612). 

2. A strong spirituous liquor flavored with worm¬ 
wood and. other plants containing the bitter prin¬ 
ciple termed absinthin. Indigo and even sulphate 
of copper are believed to be occasionally used as 
coloring matters in it. It is prepared chiefly in 
Switzerland, and consumed in France and America. 

ab-sinth'-ate, s. [Absinth.] 

Chem.: A salt formed along with water, by the 
union of absinthic acid with a base, 
ab'-slnthe, s. [Fr.] 

1. Wormwood. 

2. Bitters. 

ab’-sm'-thl-an, a. [From absinth (q. v.).] Of 
the nature of absinthium (wormwood) ; relating 
to wormwood; wormwood-like. 

“ Best physic they, when gall with sugar melts, 
Temp’ring my absinthial: bitterness with sweets.” 

Randolph : Poems, p. 60. 

ab-sin'-thi-a'-ted, pa. par. [Lat. absinthiatus. 
From imaginary verb absinthiate.] [Absinth (q.v.).] 
Tinged or impregnated with absinthium. 

ab-sm'-tMc, a. [From absinthium (q.v.).] Per¬ 
taining to absinthium (wormwood). 

Absinthic acid: An acid derived from absinthium. 

ab-sin-thln, or ab-syn'-thl-in, s. [From ab¬ 
sinth (q. v.).] The bitter principle inherent in 
Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Its formula is 
C 16 H 22 O 5 . It has a scent of wormwood, and an ex¬ 
ceedingly bitter taste. 

ab -sin thi-te§, s. [Lat. absinthites, s.; Gr. 
apsinthites oinos.\ [Absinth.] Wine impregnated 
v. ith wormwood. 

*ab-sI-o-nar'-e, v. t. To shun or avoid. A term 
used by the Anglo-Saxons in the oath of fealty. 
(Somner.) 

fab'-sis, s. [.Apsis.] An arch or vault. 

ab-sist', v. i. [Lat. absisto=to stand off, to with¬ 
draw : ( 1 ) a 6 —from, and (2) sisto= to cause to stand; 
sfo=to stand; root sta; Sansc. stha=to stand.] To 
stand off, to withdraw, leave off, to desist. 
*ab'-sol-ent, a. Absolute. 

“And afterward syr, verament 
They called hym knyght absolent.” 

The Squyr of Lowe Degre, 630. 

ab'-so-lflte, a. [Lat. absolutus, pa. par. of ab- 
solvo= to loosen from, to disentangle : oh—from, and 
soZwfws=unbound, loose; solvo=to untie, to loosen. 
In Ger. absolut : Fr. absolu; Ital. assolutol) Essen¬ 
tial meaning: Unbound, unfettered, under no re¬ 
straint. Hence specially— 

I. Ordinary Language. Af>plied-~ 

1. To God: Self-existent and completely uncon¬ 
trolled by any other being. 

“In judging of God’s dispensation we must not look 
merely at His absolute sovereignty. . . .” Blunt: Diet. 

Hist. & Theol., art. “Decrees Eternal.” 

2. To a sovereign or sovereignty , or power in gen¬ 
eral : Uncontrolled, unchecked by any other human 
powers; arbitrary, despotic. 

“. . . either the king must become absolute, or the 
Parliament must control the whole executive administra¬ 
tion .”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

* 3. To a person: 

la) Absolved, freed. {Chaucer.) 

(b) Highly accomplished, perfect. 

“ . . . Still 

This Philoten contends in skill 
With absolute Marina.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, iv., Prologue. 

4. To a mental state, a quality, <&c.: Unlimited. 

“ Faith absolute in God.”— Wordsworth: Excur., bk. iv. 
*5. Positive, undoubting, fully convinced. 

“ I’m absolute 
’Twas very Cloten.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

6 . Unconditional. 

“. . . the words of his mouth are absolute, and lack 

nothing which they should have for performance of that 
thing whereunto they tend.”— Hooker: Eccles. Pol., ii. 6. 

“ The celebrated doctrine of an absolute decree of God 
respecting the salvation of mankind, which was unknown 
to Zwingli, was inculcated by Calvin.”— Mosheim: Ch. 
Hist., Cent. XYI. 

II. Logic. According to Whately: 

1. Absolute or Non-connotative is opposed to At¬ 
tributive or Connotative. The former does not take 
note of an attribute connected with the object, 
which the latter does. Thus Rome and sky are ab¬ 
solute terms; but Rome, the capital of Italy, and 
our sky are attributive or connotative. (See 
Whately, Logic, bk. ii., ch. v., §§ 1, 2 — 5.) 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. 


cell, chorus, ghin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bgl, del. 





absolutely 


32 


absorb 


2. According to J. S. Mill, it is incorrect to regard 
non-connotative and absolute as synonymous terms. 
He considers absolute to mean non-relative, and to 
be opposed to relative. It implies that the object 
is to bo considered as a whole, without reference to 
anything of which it is a part, or to any other 
object distinguished from it. Thus man is an ab¬ 
solute term, but father is not, tor father implies the 
existence of sons, and is therefore relative. (J. S. 
Mill, Logic , bk. i., ch. ii.) 

III. Metaph.: Existing independently of any other 
cause. 

“ . . . this asserts to man a knowledge of the uncondi¬ 
tioned, the absolute and infinite.”— Sir W. Hamilton: Dis¬ 
cussions, &c., Append, i. 

IV. Gram.: A case absolute is one consisting 
essentially of a substantive and a participle, which 
form a clause not agreeing with or governed by any 
word in the remainder of the sentence. In Greek, 
the absolute case is the genitive; in Latin, the ab¬ 
lative ; in English, it is considered to be the nomi¬ 
native. 

In Latin, the words sole stante in the expression, 
“ sole stante terra vertitur ” (the earth turns round, 
the sun standing still)—that is, whilst the sun is 
standing still—are in the ablative absolute. 

In English, thou leading, in the words— 

“I shall not lag behind, nor err 
The way, thou leading ” ( Milton ) 

are in the nominative absolute. So also are I rapt 
in the line— 

“ And, I all rapt in this, ‘ Come out,’ he said.” 

Tennyson: Princess, Frol. 50. 

V. Law: Personal rights are divided into abso¬ 
lute and relativi 


3. As if decreed by absolute power; indispensably. 

“ It was absolutely necessary that he should quit Lon¬ 
don.”'— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

4. Wholly, completely. 

“ . „ . the anomalous prerogative which had caused 
so many fierce disputes was absolutely and for ever taken 
away.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

“Assuredly the one [doctrine] is true, and the other 
absolutely false.”— J. S. Mill: Logic. 

II. Without restriction as to relation or condition. 

1. Without close relation to anything similar. 
Opposed to relatively. 

“ . . . the antlers were both absolutely and rela¬ 
tively larger in the great extinct species.”— Owen: Fossil 
Mammals and Birds (1846), p. 446. 

2 . Unconditionally, without condition or quali¬ 
fication. 

“Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot abso¬ 
lutely approve, either willingness to live or forwardness 
to die.”— Hooker, v. 

ab-sol-fite-ness, s. [Eng. (1) absolute (q. v.), 
and (2) suff. -ness — the quality or state of.] 

I. The quality or state of being unlimited. 

1. In a general sense : 

“The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission 
was much spoken of.”— Lord Clarendon, viii. 

2. Specially in power: Despotism. 

“They dress up power with all the splendor and 
temptation absoluteness can add to it.”— Locke. 

II. The quality or state of being unconditional. 

the absoluteness of God’s decrees and pur- 


' absolute, which pertain to men as poses.”— South: Sermons, viii, 241. 
individuals; and relative, which are incident to ab-sol-fi-tion, s. [Fr. absi 


them as members of society, standing in various re¬ 
lations to each other. The three chief rights of an 
absolute kind are the right of personal security, the 
right of personal liberty, and the right of private 

E roperty. (Blackstone, Comment., bk. i., ch. i.) 

imilarly there are absolute and relative duties. 
Public sobriety is a relative duty, whilst sobriety, 
even when no human eye is looking on, is an abso¬ 
lute duty. (Ibid.) Property in a man’s possession 
is described under two categories, absolute and 
qualified property. His .chairs, tables, spoons, 
horses, cows, &c., arc his absolute property; while 
the term qualified property is applied to the wild 
animals on his estate. 

An absolute decision is one which can at once be 
enforced. It is opposed to a rule nisi, which can¬ 
not be acted on until cause be shown, unless, in¬ 
deed, the opposite party fail to appear. 

Absolute laiv: The true and proper law of nature. 
Absolute warrandice (Scptch conveyancing ): A 
warranting or assuring against all mankind. 

VI. Nat. Philosophy: Absolute is generally op¬ 
posed to relative. As this relativity may bo of many 
kinds, various shades of meaning thus arise: thus— 
1. Absolute or real expansion of a liquid, as op¬ 
posed to its apparent expansion, the expansion 
which would arise when the liquid is heated, if the 
vessel containing it did not itself expand. (See 
Atkinson, Ganot's Physics, bk. vi., ch. iii.) 

2. Absolute gravity is the gravity of a body viewed 
apart from all modifying influences, as, for instance, 
of the atmosphere. To ascertain its amount, there¬ 
fore, the body must be weighed in vacuo. 

3. Absolute motion is the change of place on a 
body produced by the motion so designated, viewed 
apart from the modifying influence arising from 
disturbing elements of another kind. 

4. Absolute space is space considered apart from 
the material bodies in it. 

5. Absolute time is time viewed apart from events 
or any other subjects of mental conception with 
which it may be associated. 

6 . Absolute force of a center: Strength of a cen¬ 
ter (q. v.). 

VII. Astron.: The absolute equation is the aggre¬ 
gate of the optic and eccentric equations. [Equa¬ 
tions, Optic, Eccentric.] 

VIII. Algebra: Absolute numbers are those which 
stand in an equation without having any letters 
combined with them, 
tion— 

2x + 9=17, 

9 and 17 are absolute numbers, but 2 is not so. 

IX. Chem.: Absolute alcohol is alcohol free from 

water. 

X. Therm.: Absolute Zero. See Zero H. 
ab'-sol-fite-ly, adv. [Absolute, a.] 

I. With no restriction as to amount; completely. 

how persistently an absolutely useless facility 
~ ’ Descent of Man, voL i., pt. 


1. To loosen, to set free; to release from, in> 
whatever way. 

K Followed (1) by the accusative of the person, 
and from preceding the thing: 

“ What is the legal effect of the words which absolve the 
subject from his allegiance?”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch, xv 

or ( 2 ) by the accusative of the thing. 

“ . . . to absolve their promise.”— Gibbon-: Decl. amt 
Fall, ch. xlix. 

Tf It is used similarly in senses Nos. 2, 3, 4. 

2. Law: To acquit, to pronounce not guilty of a 
charge. 

“ The committee divided, and Halifax was absolved by a. 
majority of fourteen.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv, 

3. Theol.: To pardon a sinner or his sin. 

“ Thy merit 

Imputed, shall absolve them who renounce 
Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds. 

And live in Thee transplanted.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. iii. 

“ That doom shall half absolve thy sin.” 

Byron: Siege o/ Corinth, 2L 

4. Eccles. Lang.: To declare by Church authority 
that men’s sins are forgiven. To declare forgiveness 
to one who is penitent; to restore an excommuni¬ 
cated person to the communion of the Church. 
[Absolution, II., 1, 2, 3.] 

“ ‘ Son of the Church! by faith now justified, 

Complete thy sacrifice, even as thou wilt ; 

The Church absolves thy conscience from all guilt!’ ” 
Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn. 

*5. To complete, to finish, to bring to an encL 
(From one of the uses of the Latin verb solvo.) 

“. . . and the work begun, how soon 
Absolved.” — Milton: Far. Lost, bk. vii. 

IT Absoi is once used by Gibbon apparently but 
not really as an intransitive verb: 

“They prayed, they preached, they absolved, they in¬ 
flamed, they conspired.”— Gibbon: Decl. and Fall, ch. xlix. 

ab-§olv ed, pa. par. & a. [Absolve.] 
ab-§olv -er, s. [Eng. (1) absolve, and (2) -er= one 
who.] _ One who absolves; one who intimates the 
remission pf sin. 

“The public feeling was strongly against the three' 
absolvers.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

ab-§ 6 lv'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Absolve.] 

“For when one near display’d the absolving cross.” 

Byron: Lara, canto ii. 19. 

jlb-§ol -vit-or, *ab-§or vi tour, ab-gol'-vl- 
tur, s. [Lat. 2d or 3d pers. sing. rat. imper., or 
the 3d pers. sing. pres, indie, pass, of absolvo (Lat.) 
=be thou absolved, or let him be absolved, or he is 
absolved.] 

In Scots Laiv:. An acquittal, a verdict in favor 
of the defendant in any action. It is of two kinds. 
(1) An absolvitor from the instance is where there- 
is some defect or informality in the proceedings, 
“ for thereby that instance is ended until new cita¬ 
tion.” _(2) An absolvitor from the claim, when a 
person is freed by sentence of a judge from a claim 
made against him by a pursuer. (See Spottis- 
woode’s Law Diet.) 

“ . . . by whose means he had got an absolvitor." — 

Spalding, i. 304. 

fab-son-ant, a. [Lat. absonus=oub of tune. 
Or ah=from, and sonans =sounding, pr. par. of sono 
=to sound; sorms=& noise or sound.] 

1 . Untenable. (Cockerarn.) 

2. Discordant to or with. 

. . . more absonant to nature than reason.”— 

Quarles: Judgment and Mercy—The Mourner. 

ab'-son-ate, v. t. [Lat. absonus= out of tune; 
and suff, -ate =to make.] [Absonant.] To avoid,, 
to sbow aversion to. 

f ab'-son-ous, a. [Lat. absonus — out. of tune, 
discordant, incongruous: ab = from; sonus = a 
sound.] 

1 . Unmusical. 

“That noise, as Maerobius truly inferreth, must be of 
necessity either sweet and melodious, or ha^sh and oo- 
sonous.” — Fotherby: Atheomastix, p. 318. 

2. Not in harmony with; remote from being agree¬ 
able to, discordant with or to. 

“• • • is unwarranted by any of our faculties, yea, 
solutoire; Lat. absolutorius = pertaining to ac- absonous to our reason.”— Glanville: Scepsis Scien . 

quittal.] Pertaining to acquittal; absolving; that ch - iv - 

absolves. ab-sorb', v. t. [Lat. absorheo — to swallow up or 

“Though an absolutory sentence should be pro- devour: ab and sorbeo = to suck in, to drink down, 
nounced.”— Ayliffe-. Parergou Juris Canonici. to swallow; Ger. absorbiren; Er. absorber; Sp. 

ab-sol-vat-o-ry, a. [Eng. ( 1 ) absolve, (2) suff. t^ssorbire. Apparently cogn. are the 

i tt • , , , • . • -Arab, ana Eth. sharaba, tae Rabb, Heb. sharan, 

-atory = making.] Having power to absolve, inti- whence syrup, sherbet and shrub .1 
mating or involving absolution. [Absolve.] (Cot- l. Lit. : To suck up, to drink ii 
grave, ) liquid as a sponge does. 

ab-§ol ve, v. A [Lat. absolvo^ (1) to loosen from, _ “Little water flows from the mountains, and it soon 

Darwin: 


absolution; Ital. assolu- 
zione; fr. Lat. absolutio = acquittal, properly a 
loosing: absolvo = to loosen from : ab = from; 
solvo = to loosen, untie.] [Absolve.] 

I, In a civil sense: 

1. In ancient Borne: Acquittal in a court of law 

2. In civil law: “ Absolution in the civil law im¬ 
ports a full acquittal of a person by some final sen¬ 
tence of law.” 

II. In an ecclesiastical sense: 

1. In the Roman Catholic Church: Forgiveness of 
sins, alleged to be by the authority of God. This 
power has been claimed since the date of the 
Fourth Lateran Council, A. D. 1215 ; the formula 
previously in use, “ Deus absolvit te,” or “ Christus 
absolvit te,” having then been exchanged for “ Ego 
absolvo te.” 

“He knelt by the bed, listened to the confession, pro¬ 
nounced the absolution, and administered extreme unc¬ 
tion.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

2. In the Church of England: The remission of 
sins declared and pronounced by the officiating 
priest to the people of God being penitent. (Lit¬ 
urgy, Morning Prayer.) 

3. In some other churches: Removal of a sentence 
of excommunication. 

“After prayer the sentence of absolution is to be pro¬ 
nounced in these or like words. . . ‘ I pronounce and de¬ 
clare thee absolved from the sentence of excommunica¬ 
tion formerly denounced against thee, and do receive 
thee into the communion of the Church .”—Compendium 
of the Laws of the Church of Scotland (1830), bk. iv., p. 439. 

III. Ord.Lang.: * Finish. 

“Then the words are chRsen, their sound ample, the 
composition full, the absolution plenteous, and poured 
out all grave, sinewy, and strong.”— B. Jonson,: Dis¬ 
coveries. 

ab'-so-lut i§m, s. [Absolute.] 

1. Arbitrary government, despotism. 

“ . . . those political convulsions of 1848, which shook 
absolutism all over the Continent.”— Times, Oct. 21, 1876. 

2. Predestination. (Ash.) 

ab -so lut-ist, s. & a. [Absolute.] One who is 
in favor of arbitrary government; an advocate for 
despotism. 

As adjective: Pertaining to absolutism. 


____„ _ . . . the same absolutist footing.”— Times’ Corre• 

Thus, in the following equa- s pond, from Hungary, 1851. 

ab sol -fi-to-ry, a. [Eng. (1) absolute, and (2) 
suff. -ory = relating to: in Ger. absolutorisch; Fr. ab- 


may be transmitted.”— Darwin: .--i : ... — ...... \ “ -• " ■ . ' ’ ^- l w '- iL 111 111 water or oilier 

i., ch. i., p. 20. 

b Without restriction as to power; independently, to disengage, (2) to free from, (3, in Law) to acquitj becomes absorbed bythe"d^amd^oraas'sSEl?- 
“• After the manner of a person of independent (4) to pay off, (5) to complete or finish: ab — from, Voyage round the World, ch. xv. 
power; Positively Peremptorily,^without leaving and solvo = to loosen, to untie; Fr. absoudre ; Ital. “ The evils that come of exercise are, that it doth absorb 

dSSOtvere, J and attenuate the moisture of the body.”— Bacon . 


iiberty of refusal in the person commanded. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub. ciire, unite. 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, s'ire, sir, 
cur, r&le. full; try, Syrian, as, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, 

qu 


pot, 

: kW. 




absorbability 


33 


absterge 


2. To cause a material body to disappear in some 
more or less analogous way, as, for instance, by fire ; 
to swallow up. 

“The final flames of destiny absorb 
The world, consumed in one enormous pyre !” 

Cowper.- Transl. of Milton. 

3. To cause the spirit, one’s personal identity, or 
separate interest, to disappear in the being or in¬ 
terest of another. 

“ - . . or was absorbed, and as it were transformed 
into the essence of the Deity.”— Gibbon -. Decl. ancl Fall, 
ch. xlvii. 

“ I found the thing I sought—and that was thee ; 

And then I lost my being all to be 
Absorb’d in thine—the world was past away— 

Thou didst annihilate the earth to me.” 

Byron : Lament of Tasso, 6. 

4. Gen.: To cause anything immaterial or abs¬ 
tract in any way to disappear. 

“. . . dark oblivion soon absorbs them all.” 

Cowper. 

5. To engross one’s whole attention, to occupy 
one fully. 

“And here my books—my life— absorb me whole.” 

Cowper: Transl. of Milton. 

1J It may be used in this sense also of the inferior 
animals— 

“Wild animals sometimes become so absorbed when 
thus engaged, that they may be easily approached.”— 
Darwin : Descent of Man. 

ab-sorb-a bll'-I-ty, s. [Eng. (1) absorb; (2) 
ability.'] The state or quality of being able to be 
absorbed. 

“. . . the absorbability of different gases by water.” 

— Graham: Chemistry. 

ab-sorb'-a ble, a. [Absorb.] Able to be ab¬ 
sorbed ; that may be swallowed up. 

ab-sorb ed, ab-sorb t, or ab-sorp t, pa. par. 
& a. [Absorb.] 

1. Lit.: Sucked in, swallowed up. 

“. . . lie sinks ahsorpt. 

Eider and horse, amid the miry gulf.” 

Thomson : Autumn. 

2. Engrossed, pre-occupied. 

“Conceals the mood lethargic with a mask 
Of deep deliberation, as the man 
Were tasked to his full strength absorb’d and lost.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i v. 
“Absent I ponder and ahsorpt in care.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iv. 

ab-sorb-ent, a. & s. [In Fr. absorbant; Ital. 
absorbent: Eat. absorbens, pr. par. of absorbeo.] 
Imbibing, drinking in, swallowing; or in a state to 
imbibe, drink in, or swallow. 

“. . . the specimen is absorbent, from the loss of 

animal matter.”— Own: Brit. Fossil Mammals and Birds, 
p. 116. 

A. As adjective: 

1. Anat.: Producing absorption. The term is 
applied chiefly to a system of vessels described 
Tinder Absorbent, s. (q. v.) 

2. Painting: Absorbent ground is ground pre¬ 
pared for a picture by means of distemper or water- 
colors, which are designed to absorb the oil of the 
painting, thus best economizing time and increasing 
the brilliancy of the coloring. 

B. As substantive: 


ab-sorb-er, s. [Absorb.] That which absorbs. 
“. . . the power of different gases as absorbers of ra- 

diant heat.”— Tyndall: Heat. 

ab-sorb-lhg, pr.par. & a. [Absorb, v. <.] 

As adj.: (1, lit.) Imbibing- (2, met.) engrossing 
one’s whole care, occupying all one’s thoughts. 

“. . . a direct (absorbing power of the blood-vessels.”— 
Todd and Bowman: Phys. Anat., vol. i. 

“. . . the circulating, absorbing, and nervous systems.” 
— Dr. Fordyee, quoted by Dr. Tweedie, art. “ Fever,” Cyclop, 
ol Pract. Med. 

“. . . engaged in the absorbing task of constitution¬ 
making.”—Times, Nov. 10, 1875. 

“Such is the absorbing hate when warring nations 
meet.”— Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 63. 

*ab~sorb-I'-tion. Old form of Absorption. 
“Where to place that concurrence of water or place of 
its absorbition, there is no authentic decision.”— Sir 
Thos. Browne: Tracts, p. 165. 

ab-sorp-ti-om'-et-er, s. [Eng. absorption and 
Gr. metron=a. measure.] An instrument used by 
Bunsen for measuring the extent to which particu¬ 
lar gases may be absorbed by certain liquids. (See 
Graham’s Chemistry .) 

ab-sorp’-tion, s. [In Fr. absorption; late Lat. 
absorptions, drink or beverage; fr. absorbeo=to 
swallow up, to devour.] [Absorb.] 

I. The act, operation, or process of absorbing, 
sucking in, or swallowing anything, or otherwise 
causing it to disappear in another body. 

A. Lit.: 

1. Gen.: The sucking in of a liquid by a sponge 
or other porous substance. 

Biol.: Absorption by organized bodies is the tak¬ 
ing up or imbibing, by means of their tissues, of 
material suitable for their nourishment, that it 
may ultimately be transmitted by the vascular chan¬ 
nels to more distant parts. [Absorbent, s., I. & II.] 
“Death puts a stop to all further absorption of nutri¬ 
tive matter.” —Todd and Bowman: Phys. Anat. 

2. Chem.: The taking up of a gas by a liquid, or 
by a porous solid. [Absorbent, ».] 

“ The absorption by the lungs of atmospheric oxygen.” 
— Martineau: Comte’s Philosophy, bk. iv. 

3. Nat. Phil.: The taking up rays of light and 
heat by certain bodies through which they are 
passing. 

Absorption of light: The retention of some rays 
and the reflection of others when they pass into an 
imperfectly transparent body. If all were absorbed, 
the body would be black; if none, it would be 
white; but when some rays are absorbed, and 
others reflected, the body is then of one of the 
bright and lively colors. 

Absorption of heat: The retention and conse¬ 
quent disappearance of rays of heat in passing into 
or through a body colder than themselves. (See 
No. III.) 

4. Old Geol.: The swallowing up of a solid by an¬ 
other body. 

Absorption of the earth: A term used by Kircher 
and others for the subsidence of tracts of land pro¬ 
duced by earthquakes or other natural agencies. 

B. Fig.: The act or process of causing anything 
partly or wholly immaterial to disappear in a 
more or less analogous way. 

“. . . a constant process of absorption and appro¬ 

priation exercised on the dialects of Italy and Greece.” 
— Max Mxiller: Science of Lang., vol. ii., p. 309. 


I. Gen.: That which absorbs or sucks in. 

«. . . for the clouded sky seldom allows the sun to 

warm the ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat.”— Darwin: 
Journal of Voyage round the World, ch. xi. 

II. Spec.: 

1. Chem.: A substance which has the power of 
absorbing gases and vapors into its pores, as char¬ 
coal made from dense wood, which thus takes up 
90 times its volume of ammoniacal gas. 

2. Anat.: All organized tissues are properly ab¬ 

sorbents, but some are so to a much larger extent 
than others. Hence the name is specially given to 
the lacteals and lymphatics. [Lacteals, Lym¬ 
phatics.] It is now known, however, that the 
blood-vessels also have a share in the function of 
absorption. , , . 

3 . Vegetable Phys.: The portions of a plant which 
imbibe the moisture necessary for its growth; the 
chief of these are the spongioles of the root, although 
to a certain extent moisture is undoubtedly im¬ 
bibed by the leaves and bark. 

4 Phar.: (1) A medicine with no acrimony m 

itself, which destroys acidity in the stomach and 
bowels, such, as magnesia, prepared chalk, oyster- 
shells, crabs’ claws, &c. Similar substances are 
applied externally to ulcers or sores in neutralizing 
any acid which they may contain. They are called 
also antacids and antacrids (q. v.). ( 2 ) A medicine 

which acts eu the absorbent vessels, causing them 
to reduce enlarged and indurated parts. (Example, 
iodine.) \ ___ 

p6ut, jowl; cat, sell, chorus 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = shun; 


“. . . when the ordinary rule of the absorpticm of 

the weaker letter does not hold good.” — Beames: Comp. 
Gram., Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i. 

(See also example under No. II.) 

II. The state of being so absorbed, sucked in, 
swallowed up, or made to disappear. 

T[ Used in all the senses of No. I. (q. v.) 

“When one of two adjoining tribes becomes more nu¬ 
merous and powerful than the other, the contest is soon 
settled by war, slaughter, cannibalism, slavery, and ab¬ 
sorption.” — Darwin: Descent of Man, ch. vii. 

III. The thing so absorbed, or its amount. 

Neat: The power of absorption is equal to that 

of emission. 

Chem.: The co-efficient of absorption of a gas is 
the volume of the gas reduced to 0° Cent, and 760 
m. m. pressure, which is absorbed by the unit of 
volume of any liquid. (Graham : Chem., vol. ii.) 

absorption spectrum, s. An apparatus used by 
Professors Stokes, Gladstone, and others for ob¬ 
serving the relative quantities of the several colored 
rays absorbed by a colored medium of given thick¬ 
ness. The principle is to view a line of light through 
a prism and the colored medium. 

ab-sorp’-tive, a. [Lat. absorptus, pa. par. of 
absorbeo=to absorb, and suff. -ive = (1) that can or 
may, (2) that does.] Having power to imbibe, cap¬ 
able of imbibing or drinking in. 

“ This absorptive power of clay.” — Graham: Chem. 

ab-sorp-tlv"-ity, s. Capacity for absorption. 

$hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -ci 0 U 3 , 


*abs -ta-cle, s. [An old spelling of Obstacle 
( q. v.).] (0. Eng. <&Scotch.) 

“ Some of the Kingia servantis . . . maid obstacle 
and debaitt.”— Pittseotlie: Chron., p. 26. 

abs-ta in, v. t. & i. [O. Ft. abstener; Fr. s'abs- 
tiner; Sp. abstenerse; Ital. astenersi; Lat. abs- 
tineo =to hold away: abs=from, and teneo =to 
hold.] [Tenant.] 

I. Intransitive: 

1 . Gen.: To hold back, to refrain from anything 
in which there is a tendency to indulge. 

“But not a few abstained from voting.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

“ . . . as abstaining from all stretches of power, and 

as resigning his office before the six months had ex¬ 
pired.” — Lewis: Credibility of Early Roman Hist. (1855), 
ch. xii., pt. i., § 13, vol. ii., p. 49. 

2. Used, Spec., with reference to the indulgence of 
the appetites or passions, or to the partaking of 
particular kinds of food or liquor. 

“ . . . abstain from fleshly lasts which war against 

the soul.”—1 Peter ii. 11. 

II. Transitive: To keep (a person) back from, 
doing anything. 

“Whether he abstain men from marrying.”— Milton: 

Tetrachordon. 

abs-ta in-er, s. [Abstain.] 

Lit.: One who abstains. 

*i[ Used specially of a person who all but abstains- 
from the use of intoxicating liquors, as contradistin¬ 
guished from a total abstainer, i. e., one who totally 
abstains both in health and in sickness. But even the 
latter term has lost much of its primitive force, and 
is now usually employed of a pledged teetotaller, 
whose vow forbids him to use intoxicating liquors 
as a beverage, but permits their use in sickness, 
under medical advice. 
abs-tain-Ing, pr.par. [Abstain.] 
abs-te'-mi-I, s. pi. [Lat. pi. of abstemius.J 
[Abstemious.] 

Ch.Hist.: The name given to such Christians in 
the Reformed Churches as declined to partake of 
the wine in the communion. 

abs-te'-mi-ous, a. [Lat. a&stemiRs=abstaining- 
from intoxicating liquor, sober: abs=from, and 
ternurn strong drink, from the root tem, in Sansc. 
tim= to be wet; Ital. astemio.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. Sparing in the use of food and strong liquors, 
especially of the former. 

“The instances of longevity axe chiefly amongst the 
abstemious.”—Arbuthnot. 

2. Sparing in the indulgence of the appetites or 
passions; or careful to avoid temptation to such in¬ 
dulgence. 

“. . . be more abstemious. 

Or else good night your vow.” 

Shakes}}.: Tempest, iv. 1. 

II. Of things: 

*1. Inspiring abstinence. 

“ Such is the virtue of the abstemious well.”— Dryaen. 

Fables. 

2. Marked by abstinence. 

“Till yonder sun descend, ah! let me pay 
To grief and anguish one abstemious day.” 

Pope: Homeds Iliad, bk. xix., 327-8. 
abs-te-mi-ous-ly, adv. [Abstemious.] In aa 
abstemious manner, very temperately ; with no un¬ 
due indulgence in food or liquor, but going rather 
to the opposite extreme. 

“. . . he lived very abstemiously afterwards.”— Whiston: 
Memoirs, p. 273. 

abs-te-ml-ous-ness, s. [Abstemious.] The 
quality of being very sparing in the use of food and 
of liquor. 

abs-ten-tion, s. [Law Lat. abstentio; absten- 
tum, supine of abstineo=to hold back.] 

1. The act of abstaining; a holding back. 

“The Church superintended times and manners of 
abstention.”—Jeremy Taylor: Visitation of the Sick, iv. 5. 
TT Often followed by from : 

. . an abstention from, the sacrament.”— Burnet: 

Hist, of Reformation. 

2. Law: (1) The holding of the heir to an estate 
back from taking possession. (2) The tacit re¬ 
nunciation of succession by an heir. (Used espe¬ 
cially in French law.) 

*abs-ter', v.t. [From Lat. absterreo: a 6 s=from; 
terreo =to terrify.] To terrify, deter. 

“So this in like manner should abater and fear me and 
mine from doing evil.”— Bacon. 

abs-ter ge, v. t. [In Fr. absterger; Lat. abstergeo 
=towipe off or away: ahs=from; tergeo or tergo= 
to rub off.] 

Chiefly in Med.: To wipe clean; to .make clean by 
wiping; to purge by medicine. 

“. . . they [the public baths] are still frequented by 
the Turkes of all sorts, men and women ... to absterge 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -ale, &c. = b$l. del. 





abstract 


abstergent 


34 


belike that fulsomeness of sweat to which they are then 
■wubject.”— Burton: Anat. of Melancholy, p. 238. 

abs-ter -gent, a. &s. [InFr. absterqent; fr. Lat. 
abstergent ;, pr. par. of abstergeo.)) Wiping clean, 
making clean by wiping. 

Pot .; Having a cleansing quality, as the berries 
•of Sapindus. (Loudon.) 

As substantive: A medicine which cleanses away 
foulness, or removes obstructions, concretions, &c. 
Soap is an abstergent. (Cf. Detergent.) 

*abs-ter’-gl-fie, v. i. [Lat. abstergeo— to wipe 
off.] To cleanse. 

“Specially when wee would abstergifle.” — Passenger of 
Benvenuto (1612). 

*abs-ter'se, v. t. [Lat. abstersus= wiped away, 
pa. par. of abstergeo= to wipe away.] To wipe, to 
cleanse. 

“ ... an acid and vitriolous humidity in the stomach, 
•which muy absterse and shave the scorious parts thereof.” 
— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

abs-ter-sion, s. [In Fr. abstersion; Ital. aster- 
sione: Lat. abstersus, pa. par. of abstergeo .] 

1. The act of wiping clean, a cleansing or clearing 
away foulness in the body by medicine. 

“ Abstersion is plainly a scouring off or incision of the 
inore viscous humors, and making the humors more 
fluid, and cutting between them and the part; as is found 
in nitrous water, which scoureth linen cloth speedily 
from the foulness.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., § 12. 

2. The state of being so cleansed. 

abs-ters-ive, a. & s. [Eng. absterse: Fr. abs- 

tersif; Ital. astersivo; fr. Lat. abstersus.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Cleansing. 

“And let th’ abstersive sponge the board renew.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. n. 

2. Purging, having the power of removing obstruc¬ 
tions. 

“ . . . for certainly, though it would not be so 
abstersive, and opening, and solutive a drink as mead.”— 
Bacon: Nat. Hist. I 

B. As substantive: That which effects abstersion, 
wipes, cleanses, or purges away. 

“ Abstersives are fullers’-earth, soap, linseed-oil, and 
Ox-gall.”— Bp. Spratt: Royal Soc., p. 295. 

fabs-ters'-ive-ness, s. [Abstersive.] The qual¬ 
ity of being abstersive. 

“Indeed, simple wounds have been soundly and sud¬ 
denly cured therewith, which is imputed to the absters¬ 
iveness of the water [Epsom] keeping a wound clean, till 
the balance of nature doth recover it.”— Fuller: Worthies, 
Surrey. 

abs'-tin-qnge, s. [Lat. abstinentia= abstinence 
from anything.] [Abstain.] 

1. Lit.: A voluntary refraining from, a holding 
back from. 

“ . . . the Gauls refused to fulfill their engage¬ 
ment, and asserted that the money was the price of 
their abstinence from ravaging Etruria.”— Lewis: Credi¬ 
bility of Early Rom. Hist., ch. xiii. 

2. Spec, and more frequent uses: A refraining, 
generally voluntary, from some indulgence of the 
appetite, or the gratification of the ordinary pro¬ 
pensities of nature. 

(а) From food. 

“But after long abstinence, Paul stood forth in the 
midst of them.”—Acts xxvii. 21. 

(б) From intoxicating liquor, especially in the 
phrase “ total abstinence.” [See Abstainer.] 

(c) From undue indulgence of the appetites. 

“The precept that enjoins him abstinence.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error, 236. 

* (d) From fighting during a stipulated interval; 
a truce, a temporary cessation of arms. ( Old 
Scotch.) 

“It was the 27th of September, some days before the 
expiring of the abstinence, that the noblemen did meet 
(as was appointed) to consult upon the means of a per¬ 
fect peace.”— Spotiswood: Hist., p. 263. 

U This signification occurs also in French and 
Mediaeval Latin. 

3. Med.: Partial or total privation of food, in 
most cases involuntary, or nearly so. It may be the 
result of calamity, as of famine or shipwreck; it 
may be necessitated by disease of body, as inflam¬ 
mation of the oesophagus, or produced by mental 
frenzy or monomania; or it may be prescribed by a 
physician as a remedy in certain diseases. When 
one has suffered from severe abstinence food should 
be administered at first in very sparing quantities. 

t abs'-tin-en-gy, s. [Lat. abstinentia.) [Abs¬ 
tain.] Abstinence. 

“Were our rewards for the abstinencies or woes of the 
present life . . — Hammond on Fundamentals. 

If Now nearly superseded by Abstinence. 


abs -tin-ent, a. [In Fr. abstinent: Ital. astin- 
ente; Lat . abstinensT] [Abstain.] Refraining from 
undue indulgence, especially in food and liquor; 
abstemious. 

“Seldom have you seen one continent that is not abstin¬ 
ent.” — Hales: Golden Remains. 

abs-tm-ent-ly, adv. [Abstinent.] In an abs¬ 
tinent manner; with abstinence. 

“If thou hadst ever re-admitted Adam into Paradise, 
how abstinently would he have walked by that tree.”— 
Donne: Devotions, p. 623. 

abs-tin-ent§, s. pi. [Abstain.] 

Church Hist.: A sect which appeared in France 
and Spain about the end of the third century. 
They were against marriage and the use of animal 
food, and are said to have regarded the Holy Spirit 
as a created being. 

abs-tort -ed, a. [Latin abs = from; tortus — 
twisted, pa. par. of torqueo — to twist.] Twisted 
away, forced away by violence. 

abs-tract', v. t. & i. [In Ger. abstrahiren; Fr. abs- 
traire; Ital. astraere, from Lat. abstractus, pa. par. 
of abstraho = to drag or pull away: abs = from, and 
traho = to draw.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. To drag or pull away; specially to take away 
surreptitiously, as when a thief abstracts a purse 
from some one’s pocket. 

II. To separate .physically, without dragging 
away. 

1. Chem.: To separate by distillation. 

“Having dephlegmed spirit of salt, and gently abs¬ 
tracted the whole spirit, there remaineth in the retort a 
styptical substance.”— Boyle. 

2. Writing: To make an epitome of a book or 
document, 

“ . . . let ns abstract them into brief compends.”— 
Watts ; Improv. o/ the Mind. 

III. To separate the mind from thinking on a 
subject. 

“Minerva fixed her mind on views remote. 

And from the present bliss abstracts her thought.” 

Pope : Homer’s Odyssey, xJx. 558, 659. 

IV. To separate morally. 

“ That space the Evil One abstracted stood 
From his own evil, and for the time remained 
Stupidly good .” — Milton : P. L., ix. 463. 

B. Intrans.: To perform the operation of abs¬ 
traction ; to distinguish logically; to attend to 
some portion of an object separately. (Followed 
by from.) 

“Could we abstract from these pernicious effects, and 
suppose this were innocent, it would be too light to be 
matter of praise .”—More : Decay of Piety. 

abs'-tract, a. [In Ger. abstract, abstract; Fr. 
abstrait; Lat, abstractus=dragged away, pa. par. 
of abstraho=to drag or pull away.] [Abstract, 
v. f.] 

A. Used as an adjective: 

I. In Ordinary Language and Poetry: 

1. Gen.: Abstracted, separated,viewed apart Lom. 

(a) From other persons or things of a similar 

“. . . the considering things in themselves, abstract 
from our opinions and other men’s notions and dis¬ 
courses on them.”— Locke. 

(b) From reference to an individual. 

“Love’s not so pure and abstract as they use to say 

Which have no mistress but their muse.” 

Donne: Poems, 27. 

2. Poet.: For abstracted; absent in mind, like 
one in a trance. 

“ Abstract, as in a trance, methought I saw, 

Though sleeping, where I lay, and saw the shape.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. viii. 

3. Separate; existing in the mind only; hence 
with the sense of difficult, abstruse. 

II. Logic and Grammar: 

1. In a strict sense: Expressing a particular 
property of any person or thing viewed apart from 
the other properties which constitute him or it. 
Thus depth is an abstract term. Used of the sea, it 
means that the property of the sea expressed by the 
word depth is viewed apart from the other proper¬ 
ties of the ocean. So is blueness an abstract word. 
In this sense abstract is opposed to concrete. This 
use of the term was introduced by the Schoolmen, 
and was highly approved by Mr. John Stuart Mill, 
who employed the word in no other sense in his 
“ Logic.” 

Abstract nouns: The last of the five classes into 
which nouns may be divided, the others being ( 1 ) 
proper, singular, or meaningless nouns; ( 2 ) com¬ 
mon, general, or significant nouns; (3) collective 
nouns ; and (4) material nouns. Most abstract nouns 
are derived from adjectives, as whiteness from ivhite , 
height from high, roundness from round: these are 
called adjective abstract nouns, or adjective abs¬ 


tracts. Others come from verbs, as creation iron! 
create, and tendency from tend; these are denom¬ 
inated verbal abstract nouns, or verbal abstracts. 
Abstract nouns have properly no plural. When 
used in the plural this is an indication that they 
have lost their abstract character and gamed a 
concrete meaning, so that they are now common or 
general nouns, (ace Haiti's Higher Eng. Gram.) 

2. In a loose sense: Resulting from the mental 
faculty of abstraction, general as opposed to partic¬ 
ular. The term is used even when the idea con¬ 
ceived of as separate from all others with which it 
is associated is not a quality. In this sense reptile, 
star, and money are abstract or general words, 
though none of the three is a quality. Locke did 
much to bring this looser sense of the word into 
currency. It is censured by John S. Mill (Logic, Bk. 
I., ch. ii., § 4). 

“The mind makes the particular ideas received from 
particular objects to become general; which is done by 
considering them as they are in the mind, such ajipoar- 
ances, separate from all other existences and the circum¬ 
stances of real existence, as time, place, or any other con¬ 
comitant ideas. This is called abstraction, whereby ideas 
taken from particular beings become general representa¬ 
tives of all of the same kind, and their names general 
•names, applicable to whatever exists conformable to such 
abstract ideas.”— Locke : Human Understanding, bk. ii., 
ch. xi., § 9. 

f Abstract science: A term applied to mathe¬ 
matics. 

“Another discriminates mathematical properties, and 
he addicts himself to abstract science.”— Isaac Taylor: 
Elements of Thought (1846), p. 20. 

Abstract or pure mathematics: Mathematics, 
which treats of number or quantity viewed as stand¬ 
ing alone, as is done in geometry and arithmetic 
It is contradistinguished from mixed mathematics, 
iu which these are viewed as modified by the physi¬ 
cal properties of the bodies in which they inhere. 
This is done in mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, &c. 

Abstract numbers: Numbers considered in them¬ 
selves without reference to any persons or things 
with which they may be conjoined. Thus three is 
an abstract number, but if conjoined with men it 
becomes concrete. 

B. Used as a substantive: 

1. Logic: An abstract name, as opposed to one 
which is concrete. [See Concrete.] 

“Each of them [of the concrete terms] has or might 
have a corresponding abstract name to denote the attri¬ 
bute connoted by the concrete. Thus the concrete ‘like’ 
has its abstract ‘likeness;’ the concrete ‘father’ and 
‘son’have or might have the abstracts ‘paternity’ and 
filiety or filiation.”— Mill; Logic, p. 45. 

In the abstract, or (less frequently) in abstract, 
signifies in a state of separation, the looking at an 
idea apart from all other ideas with which ‘t may 
be more or less intimately connected. It is opposed 
to in the concrete, which, however, is rarely used. 

‘‘Honest. So the old gentleman blushed, and said. 
Not Honesty in the abstract, but Honest is my name.” 
— Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

“The hearts of great princes, if they be considered, as 
it were, in abstract, without the necessity of states and 
circumstances of time.”— Sir H. Wotton. 

2. A summary, an epitome, a compendium of a 
book or document. 

“Man, the abstract 

Of all perfection, which the workmanship 
Of Heaven hath modeled.”— Ford. 

“I have been urged to publish this abstract.” — Danvin: 
Orig. of Species (1859), Introduction. 

“Neither press, coffer, chest, trunk, well, vault, but he 
hath an abstract for the remembrance of such places, and 
goes to them by his note.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, iv. 2. 

IT In Shakespeare (Hamlet, ii. 2), play-actors are 
called the “ abstract [or in some copies the abstracts ] 
or brief chronicles of the time,” perhaps because 
they acted history on a much smaller stage than 
that of the world, and in briefer time than the 
events which they reproduced really occupied. 

Abstract of Title i (Law): An epitome of the evi¬ 
dences of ownership. An abstract should show the 
soundness of a person’s right to a given estate, 
together with any charges or circumstances in any 
wise affecting it. A perfect abstract discloses that 1 
the owner has both the legal and equitable estates 
at his own disposal perfectly unencumbered. The 
object of any abstract is to enable the purchaser or 
mortgagee, or his counsel, to judge of the evidence 
deducing and of the encumbrances affecting the 
title. (Wharton: Law Lexicon.) 

"Abstract of a Fine. [Fine.] 

* Abstract of Pleas: An epitome of the pleas used 
or to be used against the pleas of one’s opponent. 

*4. An extract or a smaller quantity containing 
the essence of a larger. 

“ If you are false, these epithets are small ; 

You’re then the things, and abstract of them all.” 

Dryden: Aurungzebe, iv. 1. 

“ A man, who is the abstract of all faults 
That all men follow.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 4. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw. 




abundance 


abstracted 


35 


abs-tract'-ed, pa , par. & a. [Abstract, v. #.] 
As adjective: 

1. Separated or disjoined from everything else, 
physically, mentally, or morally. 

“. . . from his intellect 

And from the stillness of abstracted thought 
He ask’d repose.”— Wordsworth: Excursion , bk. i. 
Hence, 2: Abstruse, difficult. 

3. Eefined, purified. 

“ Abstracted spiritual love, they like 
Their souls exhaled.”— Donne. 

4. Absent in mind. [Absent, s. (4 ).] 
abs-tract-ed-ly, adv. [Abstract.] 

1. In the abstract, viewed apart from everything 
else connected with it. 

“. . . deeming the exception to be rather a case 

abstractedly possible, than one which is frequently real¬ 
ized in fact. — J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ. (1848), vol. i , bk i., 
<Bh. ix., § 1, p. 163. 

2. In a state of mental absence. 

“ Or whether more abstractedly we look.” 

Dryden: Religio Laid. 

abs-tract'-ed ness, s. [Abstract.] The qual¬ 
ity or state of being abstracted; abstract character. 

“They complain of the subtilty and abstractedness of 
the arguments.”— Baxter: Enquiry into the Nature of the 
Soul, ii. 364. 

abs-tract'-er, s. [Abstract^.] One who makes 
an abstract. 

abs-trac -tl, s. (pi. of abstractus , pa. par. of abs- 
traho). [Abstract.] 

Church Hist.: A Lutheran sect in the sixteenth 
century. Their leader was Heshusius, a Prussian 
bishop who contended, against Beza, tnat. not only 
was Christ to be adored in the concrete as the Son 
of God, but that His flesh, in the abstract, was an 
object of adoration. 

abs-tract'-ing, pr. par. [Abstract, v. t.~\ 
abs-trac'-tion, s. [In Pr. abstract ion; Lat. abs- 
tractio = n separation; abstraho = to drag away: 
abs = from; traho = to draw or drag.] 

I. The act of dragging or drawing away or sepa¬ 
rating. 

A. Gen.: 

Physically: The act, operation, or process of draw¬ 
ing or dragging away, or otherwise withdrawing any 
material thing, especially by surreptitious moans, 
as “ the abstraction of the purse by the pickpocket 
was cleverly managed.” 

B. Technical. 

1. In distillation: The operation of separating the 
volatile parts in distillation from those which do 
not pass into vapor at the temperature to which 
the vessel has been raised. 

2. Mentally. In Mental Phil.: The act or process 
of separating from the numerous qualities inherent 
in any object the particular one which wa wish to 
make the subject of observation and reflection. Or 
the act of withdrawing the consciousness from a 
number of objects with a view to concentrate it on 
some particular one. The negative act of which 
attention is the positive. [See Metaphysics.] 

II. The state of being separated, physically or 
mentally. 

1. Physically: 

“ . . . a wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain 
members of the community, for the profit of the govern¬ 
ment, or of the tax-payers.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ. 

"... the abstraction of four equivalents of water.”— 
Graham: Chemistry. 

2. Mentally: 

(а) Absence or absorption of mind. 

“What answers Lara? to its centre shrunk 

His soul in deep abstraction sudden sunk.” 

Byron: Lara, i. 23. 

(б) The separation from the world of a recluse; 
disregard of worldly objects by an unworldly per¬ 
son. 

“A hermit wishes to be praised for his abstraction .”— 
Pope: Letters. 

III. That which is abstracted. A mental concep¬ 
tion formed by abstraction. 

“Give us, for our abstractions, solid facts.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

IV The power or faculty of the mind by which a 
person is able to single out from a complex mental 
conception the particular idea which he wishes to 
make the subject of reflection. [See I. (B. 2).] 

abs-trac-tl-tious, a. [Abstract, v. #.] The 
same meaning as Abstractive (2), the passive 
sense (q. v.). 

abs-tract-ive, a. [ (1) abstract , v. t.; (2) -ive= 
which may, or can, or does. In Fr. abstractif .] 
{Abstract, v. #.] 

1. Active: Possessing the power or quality of 
abstracting. 


2. Passive: Abstracted or drawn from other sub¬ 
stances, especially vegetables, without fermenta¬ 
tion. 

abs-tract'-Ive-ly, adv. [Abstractive.] In an 
abstractive manner, so as to De separated from any¬ 
thing else with which it is associated. 

“According to whatever capacity we distinctly or abs¬ 
tractively consider him, either as the Son of God, or as 
the Son of Man.”— Barrow. 

abs-tract-ly, adv. [Abstract.] In an abstract 
manner; in a state of separation from other ideas 
connected with it. 

“Matter abstractly and absolutely considered, cannot 
have subsisted eternally.”— Bentley: Sermons. 

abs-tract-ness, s. [Abstract.] The quality or 
state of being separated from other ideas. 

“ . . . which established prejudice or the abstract¬ 
ness of the ideas themselves might render difficult.”— 
Locke . 

abs-trict -ed, a. [Lat. abstrictus, pa. par. of abs- 
tringo .] Unbound. [Abstringe.] 
abs tringe', v. t. [Lat. ah=from; stringo =to 
draw, or tie tight, to bind together; Gr. strango— 
to draw tight; Ger. strangeln .] [Strangle.]’ To 
unbind. 

abs-tring-mg, pr. par. [Abstringe.] 

*abs-trfi de, v. t. [Lat. abstrudo =to thrust 
away.] [Abstruse.] To thrust away, to pull away. 

abs-trii se, a. [Lat. abstrusus, pa. par. of abs- 
trudo=to thrust away; Fr. abstrus; Ital. astruso. ] 
Lit.: Hidden away (never used of material ob¬ 
jects). _ 

1. Hidden from man’s observation or knowledge. 
(Used of an object, an idea, or any subject of in¬ 
quiry.) 

“ Th’ eternal eye, whose sight discerns 
Abstrusest thoughts, from forth his holy mount.” 

Milton: Par. Lost. 

2. Out of the beaten track of human thought. 
Not such a subject as the popular mind occupies 
itself with. Hence, difficult to be understood. 

“. . . and often touch’d 
Abstrusest matter, reasonings of the mind 
Turn’d inward.”— Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 
abs-trfi se-ly, adv. [Abstruse.] In an abstruse 
manner, as if thrust out of sight, so as not to be 
discovered easily. 

abs-trfl'se-ness, s. [Abstruse.] The quality of 
being remote from ordinary apprehension, difficulty 
of being understood, 
abs-trfis-l-ty, s. [Abstruse.] 

1. The quality or state of being abstruse. 

2. That which is abstruse. 

“. . . antipathies, sympathies, and the occult abs¬ 

trusities of things.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

ab-sfime, v. t. [Lat. absumo — to take away: 
ab = from; sumo = to take.] 

1. To take away from. 

“And from their eyes all light did quite absume.” 

Virgil, by Vicars (1632). 

2. To bring to an end by a continual waste; to 
consume. 

“. . . if it had burned part after part, the whole 
must needs be absumed in a portion of time.”— Sir M. 
Hale: Origination of Man. 
ab-sil med, pa. par. & a. [Absume.] 
ab-sfi mihg, pr. par. [Absume.] 
ab-sump -tion, s. [Lat. absumptio = a consum¬ 
ing : ab from ; sumptio = a taking; sumo = to 
take.] 

1. The act, operation, or process of consuming. 

2. The state of being consumed; extinction, non¬ 
existence. (Applied to things material and imma¬ 
terial.) 

“Christians abhorred this way of obsequies, and 
though they stick not to give their bodies to be burnt in 
their lives, detested that mode after death; affecting 
rather a depositure than absumption.” — Sir T. Browne: 
Urne Burial, ch. i. 

“ That total defect or absumption of religion which is 
naturally incident to the profaner sort of men.”— Dr. 

' Gauden : Eccl. Ang. Suspiria (1659). 

ab surd', a. [In Fr. absurde; Ital. assurdo; 
Lat. absurdus=:givmg a dull or disagreeable sound; 
swrdws=deaf.] 

I. Lit.: As much at variance with reason as if a 
deaf man were to sing at a concert, not knowing 
what notes the rest of the performers were giving 
forth. 

Applied (1) to persons: Without judgment, un¬ 
reasonable. 

“Why bend to the proud, or applaud the absurd ?” 

Byron. 

(2.) To things: Contrary to reason, inconsistent 
with reason. 

“‘Tis grave Philosophy’s absurdest dream, 

That Heaven’s intentions are not what they seem.” 

Cowper: Hope. 


II. Tech, (in Logic): A scholastic term employed 
when false conclusions are illogically deduced from 
the premises of the opponent. In this sense it is 
sometimes used in what are known as indirect dem¬ 
onstrations of propositions in geometry where the 
proposition is shown to be true, by proving that 
any supposition to the contrary would lead to an 
absurdity: as, “ Because in the triangle C B D the 
side B C is equal to the side B D, the angle BDO 
is equal to the angle BCD; but B D C has been 
proved to be greater than the same BCD; there¬ 
fore the angle B D C is at the same time equal to. 
and greater than the angle BCD, which is absurd.” 
The term is borrowed from the Latin absurdum in 
the phrase “reductio ad absurdum ” (q. v.). Im¬ 
possible, however, is more frequently used in this 
way than absurd. 

sfb-surd -I-ty, s. [In Fr. absurdiU; from Lat. 
absurditas— dissonance, incongruity.] 

1. ( Abstract ): The quality or state of being flatly 
opposed to sound reason. 

“The gross absurdity of this motion was exposed by 
several eminent members.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

2. (Concrete): Anything which is opposed to 
reason. 

“It is not, like the story of Numa and Pythagoras, a 
chronological absurdity.” — Lewis: Credibility of the Early 
Rom. Hist., ch. xi., § 23. 

1 In this sense it has a plural: 

“A bewildering, inextricable jungle of delusions, con¬ 
fusions, falsehoods, and absurdities, covering the whole 
field of life.” — Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, lect. i. 

ab-surd’-ly, adv. [Absurd.] In a manner wholly 
at variance with reason, in an extremely silly man¬ 
ner. 

“To gaze at his own splendor, and to exalt 
Absurdly, not his office, but himself.” 

Cowper: Task, ii. 648. 

fab-surd'-ness, s. [Absurd.] Absurdity. 

“The folly and absurdness whereof I shall not en¬ 
deavor to expose.”— Dr. Cave: Sermon (1675). 

*3,-bfie', v. i. [Obey.] To bow, to render obedi¬ 
ence. 

“ The noble stude that al the worlds abuetli to.”— Rob. 
Glouc., p. 193. 

*a-buf (O. Eng .); *a buf -in (0. Scotch), prep. 
& adv. Old spellings of Above (q. v.). 

“Alle angels abut.” — Towneley Mysteries, p. 22. 

“Ofthelandis abufln writin.”— Act Dom. And. (1478), 
p. 59. 

*g,-bfl-gen, v. t. [A. S. abugan=tobovt, to bend, 
to turn.] To bow. 

*?i-bug'-gen, v. t. (pret. aboughte, past abohf), 
A. S. abycgan— to buy, to redeem.] To pay for. 
Abie.] 

*abul-yeit, *a-bul'-yied, *a-buil-yied, 
*{i-bil'-yeit, a. [Fr. habiller= to clothe.] 

1. Dressed, appareled. (Scotch.) 

“ With the blessed torche of day, 

Abulyeit in his lemand fresche array 
Furth of his palace reall ischit Phoebus.” 

Douglas : Virgil, 399. 

2 . Equipped fcr the field. 

“ . . . are ordanit to have gude housholdis and well 
abiiyeit men as effeiris.”— Acts Ja. II. (1455), ch. 6L ed- 
1566. 

a-bul'-yle-ment, s. [Fr. habiliment .] [Abut¬ 
ments.] 

fl. Singular: Dress, habit, habiliment. (Scotch.) 

“ . . . and came in a vile abulyiement to the king.”— 
Pittscottie, p. 45. 

2. Plural: (a) Dress in general. 

“. . . nocht arraying theym wid gold, sylver, nor pre. 

cious abulyiementes.”—Bellenden : Cron., bk. xiii., ch. 1L 

(b) Accoutrements. (Scotch.) 

“ . . . to return his armor and abulyiements.” — Sii 
W. Scott: Old Mortality, ch. vii. 

a-bfi'-n^, s. [Coptic (lit.)— our father.] The 
title given to the archbishop or metropolitan of 
Abyssinia. He is subordinate to the patriarch of 
Alexandria. 

g,-bund'-(in§e, s. [In French abondance; Ital. 
abbondanza; Lat. abundant ia= plenty.] [Abound.] 

I. Of quantity: 

1. So great fullness as to cause overflowing, ex¬ 
uberance. 

“Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speak 
eth.” — Matt. xii. 34. 

2 . Great plenty, a very great quantity of. 

“Therefore the abundance they have gotten, and that 

which they have laid up, shall they carry away to the 
brook of the willows.” — Isa. xv. 7. 

“ There came no more such abundance of spices as those 
which the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon.” — 
1 Kings x. 10. 


boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon. e?ist. ph=£ 
-cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, <kc. = bgl, d?L 



abundant 

II. Of number: Great numbers. 

“Abundance of peasants are employed in hewing down 
the largest of these trees.”— Addison on Italy. 

fi-biind'-ant, a. [In Fr. abondant; Ital. abbond- 
ante: fr. Lat. abundant abounding.] [Abound.] 

1. Overflowing, exuberant. 

“The Lord God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering, 
and abundant in goodness and truth.”— Exod. xxxiv, 6. 

“. . . and was abundant with all things at first, and 
men not very numerous.”— Burnet. 

2. In groat supply, plentiful, fully sufficient. 

If Followed by in, or rarely by with. 

“ O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in 
treasures ”— Jer. li. 13. 

U In Arith. : An abundant number is one the sum 
of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. 
Thus 24 is an abundant number, for its aliquot parts 
(the numbers which divide it without a remainder) 
added together (viz., 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 12), 
amount to 36. On the contrary, 16 is not an abund¬ 
ant number, for its aliquot parts added together 
(viz., 1 + 2+4 + 8), amount to only 15. 
a-bund'-fint-ly, adv. [Abundant.] 

1. Amply, sufficiently, fully, completely; nay, 
more than enough, exuberantly. 

“. . . our God . . . will Abundantly pardon.”— 
Isa. lv. 7. 

2. Copiously, plentifully, in large quantity or 
measure. 

“And Moses lifted up hi3 hand, and with his rod he 
smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly 
and the congregation drank.”— Numb. xx. 11. 

“Thou hast shed blood abundantly.” —1 Chron. xxii. 8. 

“. . . that they may breed abundantly in the earth, 

and be fruitful.”— Gen. viii. 17. 
st-bdne, prep. Above. (Scotch.) 

“See, yonder’s the Rattan’s Skerry—he aye held his neb 
abune the water in my day; but he’s aneath it now.”— Sir 
W. Scott: Antiquary. 

*§Aburne, a. An old spelling of Auburn. 
[Aberne.] 

“. . . his beard an aburne browne.” 

Thos. Heywood: Great Britaine’s Troy (1609). 

a-bur-ton, a. 

Naut.: Stowed in the hold athwartships. (Ap¬ 
plied to the stowage of casks on board a vessel.) 

g,-bu§'-<),-ble, a. [Abuse.] That may be abused, 
that may be put to an improper use. 

“That abusable opinion of imputative righteousness.” 
— Dr. II. More: Mystery of Godliness (1660), Preface, p. xxvi. 

*a-bu§’-age, s. [Abuse, v. #.] Abuse. 

“By reason of the gross abusage to which the corrup¬ 
tion of men hath made them subject.”— Whateley: lie- 
dempt. of Time (1634), p. 1. 

{t-bu§'e, v. t. [Fr. abuser; Sp. abusar; Ital. 
abusarej Lat. abutor, pret. abusus=( 1 ) to use up, 
(2) to misuse: a6=removal by; utor=to use, viz., to 
remove by use, to use up; Irish idh : Wei. gweth= 
use; Gr. etho=to be accustomed.] [Use.] 

*1. To disuse, to give up the practice of any¬ 
thing. ( Old Scotch.) 

“At [that] the futbal and golf be abusit in tym cum- 
myng, and the buttis maid up; and schuting usit after 
the tenor of the act of parlyament.”— Pari. Ja. III. (1471), 
ed. 1814, p. 100. 

II. In a general sense: To put to an improper use, 
to misuse. 

“And they that use this world, as not abusing it.”— 
1 Cor. vii. 31. 

III. Spec.: 

1. To maltreat, to act cruelly to a man. 

“. . . lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me 
through, and abuse me.”—1 Sam. xxxi. 4. 

2. To use bad language to, to reproach coarsely, 
to disparage. 

“All the hearers and tellers of news abused the general 
who furnished them with so little news to hear and to 
tell.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

3. To violate a woman. 

“. . . and they knew her, and abused her.”— Judg. 
xix. 25. 

IT Law: To abuse a female child is to have carnal 
intercourse with her, which, if she be a minor, is 
felony, even if she consent. 

4. To disfigure ( applied to persons or things). 
“Poor soul, thy face is much abused with tears.” 

Shakesp.: Borneo and Juliet, iv. 1. 

5. To deceive, impose upon. 

“The world hath been much abused by the opinion of 
making old.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

6. Applied to Language: To use in an illegiti¬ 
mate sense, to wrest words from their proper mean¬ 
ing. 

“This principle (if one may so abuse the word) shoots 
rapidly into popularity.”— Froude: Hist. Eng. 


36 


a-bus e, s. [In Fr. alms; Ital. and Sp. abuso; 
Lat. abusus—a using up.] [Abusion.] 

1. Employment for a wrong purpose, misuse. 

“ . . . but permits best things 

To worst abuse, or to their meanest use.” 

Milton: Par Lost, iv. 201. 

2. A corrupt practice, especially in any public in¬ 
stitution 

“ ... if these be good people in a commonweal, that do 
nothing but use their abuses in common houses, I know 
no law.”— Shakesp..- Measure for Measure, ii. 1. 

“ . . . whether better regulations would effectually pre¬ 
vent the abuses which had excited so much discontent.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

H In Lav:: 

(а) Abuse of Distress: Using an animal or chat¬ 
tel distrained. 

(б) Abuse of Process: The gaining of an advan¬ 
tage over one’s opponent by some intentional irreg¬ 
ularity. 

3. Insulting language. 

“The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of abuse, 
came to blows.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

4. Violation. 

“After the abuse he forsook me.”— Sydney. 

5. (Applied to words or language.) Use in an 
illegitimate sense, perversion from the proper mean¬ 
ing. 

a-bu'§ed, pa. par. & a. [Abuse, v. f.] 

“O you kind gods, 

Cure this great breach in his abused nature; 

The untuned and jarring senses, O wind up, 

Of this child-changed father.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv 7. 

a-bQse-ful, a. [Abuse, v. #.] Full of abuse, 
abusive to a great extent. 

“He scurrilously reviles the King and Parliament by 
the abuseful names of hereticks and schismaticks.”— Bp. 
Barlow: Remains, p. 397. 

a-bu§-er, s. [In Fr. abuseurf] [Abuse, v. A] 

I. Gen.: One who puts any person or thing to an 
improper use. 

“And profligate abusers of a world. 

Created fair so much in vain for them.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iii. 

II. Spec.: 

1. One who reviles; one who uses foul, abusive 
language to another. 

“The honor of being distinguished by certain abusers. 

. . .”— Dr. Brown to South, p. 6. 

2. One who deceives. 

“Next thou, th’ abuser of thy prince’s ear.” “ 

Sir J. Denham: Sophy. 

3. A ravisher, a violater of women. 

“ Abuser of young maidens.” 

Fletcher: Faithful Shepherdess, v. 1. 

4. A sodomite (1 Cor. vi. 9). 

a-bu§'-Ing, pr. par., adj. & s. [Abuse, v. f.] 

As substantive: The act of putting in any way to 
an improper use. 

“. . the abusing of the tombs of my forefathers.”— 
Earl of Angus, quoted in Froude. Hist. Eng. (1858), vol. 
iv., p. 399. 

a-bu s-I-o, s. [Lat. (in rhetoric) = a false use of 
words: abutor =to misuse.] A misuse of words. The 
error in composition called by the Greeks katachre- 
sis, a term adopted by modern logicians to signify 
the substitution of a wrong for the right word in 
any sentence; as if one who killed his mother were 
called a parricide instead of a matricide. 

*g,-bu'-§ion, s. [Abusio.] 

1. An error in doctrine, an inconsistency in reason¬ 
ing; an incongruity. (O. Eng. db O. Scotch.) 

“And certes that were an abusion 

That God should have no perfite clere weting 

More than we men.”— Chaucer; Troilus, bk. iv. 

2. An error in practice, a sin, an abuse. 

“. . . the utter extirpation of false doctrine, the 
roote and chief cause of all abusions,” — XJdal: Pref. to St. 
Mark. 

3. A cheat, an illusion. 

“For by these ugly formes weren portray’d 
Foolish delights and fond abusions 
Which doe that sense besiege with light illusions.” 

Spenser: F. Q., ii. 11. 

a-bu's-ive, a. [In Fr. abusif; Lat. abusivus= 
misapplied.] 

I. Gen.: Put to a wrong use, pertaining to the 
wrong use of anything. 

“. . . both the things themselves and the abusive 

use of them may be branded with marks of God’s dis¬ 
like.”— Jeremy Taylor: Artificial Handsomeness, p. 26. 

II. Spec.: 

(1) Of persons: Prone to use violent and insult¬ 
ing language, or otherwise practice abuse. 

“ And most abusive calls himself my friend.” 

Pope: Prol. to Satires, 112. 


abutting 

(2) Of the language used by them: Containing: 

abuse, reproachful. , 

“ Scurrilous abusive terms.”—‘South: Sermons, viii. 20&- 

(3) Of words spoken or written: 

(a) Used wrongly, nsed in an improper sense,- 
misapplied. 

“Iam for distinction’ sake necessitated to nse the word 
Parliament improperly, according to the abusive accep- 
tion thereof for these latter years.”— Fuller-. Worthies of" 
England, vol. i., ch xviii. 

*(b) Deceitful, fraudulent. 

“. . . whatsoever is gained by an abusive treaty,, 

ought to be restored in integrum.” — Bacon: Consul, on- 
War with Spain. 

a-bu's-ive-ly, adv. [Abusive.] 

1. In an abusive manner; spec , with the use ofl 
bad language. 

*2. Applied to a word wrongly used. 

“. . . the oil abusively called spirit of rosea.”— 

Boyle. Sceptical Chemist. 

a bu s-ive-ness, s. [Abusive.] The quality of 
being abusive. 

Spec.: 

1. Foulness of language. 

“ . . . he falls now to rave in his barbarous abusive — 
ness’—Mil ton: Colas terion. 

*2. Logical impropriety. 

“ . . . the abusiveness of evacuating all His [our 
Lord’s] laborious and expensive designs in acqu ir i n g ns.”' 
—Barrow, ii. 328. 

abut', v. i. [Fr. bouter =to meet end to end; fr- 
bout=e nd: O. Fr. boter, boiter, bouter — to strike? 
with the head as a ram or goat does; to butt.J 
[Butt.] 

Lit.: To have its end contiguous to, to adjoin at 
the end; but the more general signification is, to 
border upon, to be contiguous to, without reference, 
to the side which constitutes the boundary line. 

“The leafy shelter, that abuts against 
The island’s side.”— Shakesp.: Pericles, v. 1. 

ab-ut-il-on, s. [From Gr. abutilon, said to be 
one of the names of the mulberry tree, which these- 
plants resemble in leaf.] A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Malvacete. or Mallow-worts. The- 
species are annual or shrubby plants, generally 
with handsome flowers, yellow or white, often veined 
with red. They have a five-carpelled fruit. A. 
esculentum is used in Brazil as a vegetable. Several 
species are wild in India. Two of them, A. Indicum 
and A polyandrum, have fibres which may be 
twisted into ropes. Other varieties, A. striatum, 
A venosum, A. insigne, &c., are ornamental garden 
or greenhouse plants. 

a-but-ment, s. [Abut.] [In Fr. buttee or butte = 
a knoll, a hill.] 

Arch.: The solid part of a pier, or wall, or 
mound, against which an arch rests. The abut¬ 
ments of a bridge are the strong erections at either 
end for the support of the two extremities of the- 
bridge. 

1. Literally: 

“ The abutments of the floodgates are still existing be¬ 
tween the hills through which it [the canal] passed.” — 
Bryant: Annals of Ane. Mythol. 

2. Figuratively: 

“. . . furnish us, so to speak, with chronological 

abutments."—Strauss : Life of Jesus, § 59, p. 415. 

Mach.: A fixed point from which resistance or 
reaction is obtained. In an ordinary steam-engine 
this is alternately the two ends of the cylinder;, 
and in a screw-press it is the nut in the fixed head. 

Carpentry: A joint in which two pieces of timber 
meet m such a manner that the fibres of one piece 
runs in a direction oblique or perpendicular to the 
joint, and those of the other parallel with it. 

a-birt'-tal, s. [Abut.] [In O. Eng. boteminnes, 
from the same root, are artificial hillocks designed 
to mark boundaries.] 

Gen. in the plural: The buttings or bonndings of 
land toward any point. (Properly, the sides of a 
field are said to be adjoining to and the ends abut¬ 
ting on the contiguous one, but the distinction is 
frequently disregarded.) 

“ Selborne and its abuttals—White : Nat. Hist, of Sel- 
borne. 

fg,-but'-tal-ing, s. [As if pr. par. from v. abut¬ 
tal .] The tracing on a title-deed the abuttals or 
boundaries of land. 

“The name and place of the thing granted were ordi¬ 
narily expressed, as well before as after the Conquest; but. 
the particular manner of abuttalling, with the term itself, 
arose from the Normans ”— Spelman: Ancient Deeds de 
Charters, ch. v. 

a-but'-ter, s. [Abut.] That which abuts. 

a-but’-ting, pr. par. & a. [Abut.] (1) Bound¬ 
ing, constituting the limit or boundary of land; 
(2) butting with the forehead, as a ram does In 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, cam?l, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, waif, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, as - e; ey = a. qu - kw. 




37 


academic 


abny 


the example which follows these two significations 
-■are blended together. 

“Are now confined two mighty monarchies. 

Whose high upreared and abutting fronts 
The perilous, narrow ocean parts asunder.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., Prologue. 
Arch.. Abuttingpou-er is the power of resistance 
"to the horizontal thrust. 

*g,-buy , *a-buyge. [Abie (2).] 
ab'-vol-ate, v. t- [Lat. abvolatum, supine of 
<abvolo= to fly from.] To fly from. 

ab-vol-a’-tion, s. [Abvolate.] The act of 
flying from. 

*§,-by' (1), *g,-bye' (1). [Abie (l).] 
s ' 3 ,-by' (2), *?t-bye' (2), *a-bygge . [Abie (2).] 
a-by§m’, s. [O. Fr. ctbysme, now ablme and 
< abyme ] An abyss. 

“ When my good stars, that were my former guides, 
Have empty left their orbs, and shot their fires 
Into the abysm of hell.” 

Shalcesp.: Ant. and Cleop., iii. 11. 

“ In so profound abysm I throw all care 

Of others’ voices.”— Shakesp .: Sonnets, ex: i. 

“ In the dark backward and abysm of time.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2. 

•t9.-by§m -?tl, a. [Abysm.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to an abyss. 

“Far, far beneath us the abysmal sea.” 

Tennyson: Kraken. 

2. Fig.: Deep, profound. 

“With abysmal terror.”— Merivale: Hist. Rom.,v. 
§,-by§m -ing, a. Overwhelming. 

“ . . . these dbysming depths.”— Sir K. Digby. 
@,-byss, s. [In Pr. ablme; Ital. abisso; Lat 
hyssus; Gr. abussos— bottomless.] 
f The English word abyss seems to have been but 
recently introduced into the language, for Jackson, 
in his Commentaries on the Creed , b. xi., c. 19, § 6 , 
says, “ This is a depth or abyssus which may not be 
-dived into.” (See Trench, On some Deficiencies in 
our English Dictionaries , p. 27.) 

Essential meaning: That which is so deep as to 
be really bottomless, or to be frequently conceived 
«of as if it were so. 

Specially: 

I. Lit.: A vast physical depth, chasm, or gulf: 
<e. g., depth of the sea, primeval chaos, infinite 
tspace, Hades, hell, &c. 

“Thou from the first 

Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread, 

Dove-like, sat’st brooding on the vast abyss.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. i. 

“ Deep to the dark abyss might he descend, 

Troy yet should flourish, and my sorrows end.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. vi. 354-5. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Infinite time, conceived of as if it were a bot¬ 
tomless depth. 

“For sepulchres themselves must crumbling fall 
In time’s abyss, the common grave of all.” 

Dryden: Juven. 

2. A vast intellectual depth. 

“Some of them labored to fathom the abysses of meta¬ 
physical theolog'y.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

3. A vast moral depth, e. g., sin; or emotional 
depth, e g., sorrow. 

“Acknowledging a grace in this, 

A comfort in the dark abyss.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, ii. 


III. Technically: 

Classic ArcliCBol. : The temple of Proserpine. The 
reason why it was called the abyss was that it con¬ 
tained within it an immense quantity of gold and 
■other precious material, some of it buried under- 

Her d -’ The center of an escutcheon. To bear afleur 
de Its in abyss = to have it placed in the middle of 

the shield free from any other bearing. . 

Alchemy : (1) The immediate receptacle ol seminal 
matter, or ( 2 ) the first matter itself. 

g,-b^ss-3l, a. [Abyss.] Pertaining to an abyss 
«of any kind. 

Ab-yss in'-i-an. a. [From Eng. Abyssinia.-] Per¬ 
taining (1) to the country of Abyssinia, or (2 1 to the 
Abyssinian church or religious tenets. 

Abyssinian gold, s. Also called Talmi gola. 

1 A yellow metal made of 20'74 parts of copper and 
S ‘33 of zinc, the whole plated with a small quantity 
of gold. . 

2. Aluminium bronze. 

Ab-yss-in -I-an§, S. [In Arab. Habashon = Ab¬ 
yssinians, fr. habasha = to collect or congregate.] 

1 . The people of Abyssinia. 

2 A sect of Christians consisting chiefly of the 
dominant race in the country from which the name 
is derived. The Monophysites, or those who be¬ 
lieved that Christ possessed but one nature, are 
divided into two leading communions—the Copts 


and the Abyssinians. The Abyssinians look up to 
the Alexandrian patriarch as their spiritual father, 
and allow him to nominate over them an ecclesi¬ 
astical ruler called Abuna. [Abuna.] The doctrines 
of the Abyssinians are the same as those of the 
Coptic church, but several peculiar rites are ob¬ 
served. The oldest churches are hewn out of the 
rock. Like the Greeks, the Abyssinians do not 
tolerate statues, but paintings are numerous. 

*3,-byss'-us. [Abyss.] 

*§,b-yt, s. [An old spelling of Habit.] Raiment, 
dress, apparel. 

“In abyt maad with chastite and schame 

Ye wommen 6chuld apparayl you.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,924. 

A. C., in Chronology, is ambiguous. It may stand 
(I) for Ante Christum=hetore Christ; or (2) for 
Anno Christi=ia the year of Christ, i. e , in the year 
of the Christian era; or (3), for After Christ, as 
B. C. stands for Before Christ. It should not be 
used without an explanation of the sense in which 
it is to be taken. 

* 3 . 0 , conj. [A. S. ac.] But, and, also. 

ac in composition. 

A. As a prefix: 

I. In Anglo-Saxon proper names. [A. S. ac, aac 
=an oak.] An oak, as Act.on=oak town. In this 
sense it is sometimes varied, as ak or ake [Ak.] 

II. In words from the Latin: 

1 . Most commonly as a euphonious change for 
ad: as accommodate, fr. accommodo=cidcommodo 
=to fit to. 

2 . Sometimes from an obsolete root=sharp : as in 
acid, acrid, &c. 

B. As a suffix (Gr.) : 

(1.) To adjectives: Pertaining to, having the 
property or the energy of. that can or may ; hence, 
that does: as .ammoniac=having the energy of 
ammonia. 

(2.) To substantives: One who or that which has 
or does: as maniac=one who has mania; polem- 
ac— one who makes war. 

g,-cac'-?i-lis, s. [Gr. akakalis= the white tama¬ 
risk.] 

Phar.: A name given 
by some authors to the 
wild carob. 

Aycac-a-lot, or ac'- 
a-lot, s. [Mexican.] An 
American bird, the Tan¬ 
talus Mexicanus of Gme- 
lin. 

a-ca'-gia, s. [In Ger. 
akazie; Fr., Lat., and 
Sp. acacia=(l) the aca¬ 
cia-tree, ( 2 ) the gum; 

Gr. akakia, fr. ake= a 
point or edge.] 

f 1. The Acacia vera, 
or true acacia of the 
ancients; probably the 
Acacia Nilotica, the Branch of Acacia Arabica. 
Egyptian thorn. 

2. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the Mi- 
mosae, one of the leading divisions of the great 
Leguminous order of plants. They abound in Aus¬ 
tralia, in India, in Africa, tropical America, and 
generally in the hotter regions of the world. Nearly 
300 species are known from Australia alone. They 
are easily cultivated in greenhouses, where they 
flower for the most part in winter or early spring, 
The type is perhaps the Acacia Arabica, or gum- 
arabic tree, common in India and Arabia. It looks 
very beautiful with its graceful doubly pinnate 
leaves, and its heads of flowers like little velvety 
pellets of bright gamboge hue. It is the species re¬ 
ferred to by Moore: 

(a) Literally: 

“ Our rocks are rough, but smiling there 
Th’ acacia waves her yellow hair, 

Douely and sweet, nor loved the less 
For flowering in a wilderness.” 

Moore : Lalla Rookli (Light of the Haram). 

(b) Figuratively: 

“ Then come—thy Arab maid will be 
The loved and lone acacia-tree.” — Ibid. 

Other species than the A. Arabica produce gum- 
arabic. That of the shops is mostly derived from 
the A. vera. a stunted species growing in the Atlas 
mountains and other parts of Africa. [Gum.J A. 
Verek and A. Adansonii yield gum Senegal. LGum.J 
A. Catechu furnishes catechu. [Catechu.] Other 
species contain tannin, and are used in tanning. 
Others yield excellent timber. The pods of A. con- 
cinna are used in India for washing the head, and 
its acid leaves are employed in cookery. The bark 
of A. Arabica is a powerful tonic; that of A.ferru- 
ginea and A. leucophcea, with jagghery water super- 
added, yields an intoxicating liquor. The fragrant 
flowers of A. Farnesiana, when distilled, produce a 
delicious perfume. 


3. The Robinia pseudo-Acacia: A papilionaceous 
tree, with unequally pinnate leaves, found in North 
America, where it is called the Locust-tree. 

4. Phar.: (1) The inspissated juice of the unripe 

fruit of the Mimosa Nilotica. It is brought from 
Egypt in roundish masses wrapped up in thin blad¬ 
ders. The people of that country use it in spitting 
of blood, in quinsy, and in weakness of the eyes. ( 2 ) 
Gum arabic. (3) German acacia: The juice of un¬ 
ripe sloes inspissated. (4) Acacias flores: The blos¬ 
soms of the sloe. 

acacia-gum, s. [Acacia.] 
acacia-tree, s. [Acacia.] 
acacia leaves, s. [Acacia.] 

“ To obtain the acacia leaves they crawl up the low. 
stunted trees.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. 
xvii. 

Bastard Acacia, or False Acacia: Robinia pseudo 
Acacia. [Acacia.] 

Rose Acacia: Robiniahispida. 
h-ca'-gi-se, s. pi. 

Bot.: The third tribe of the sub-order Mimosas. 
A-ca-§ian§, s.pl- [From Acacius.] 

Ch. Hist.: The name of several Christian sects. 

1. Two sects called after Acacius, Bishop of Cee. 
sarea, who flourished between A. D. 340 and A. D. 366, 
and wavering between orthodoxy and Arianism, 
was the head first of the one party and then of the 
other. 

2. A sect which derived its name from Acacius, 
Patriarch of Constantinople from A. D. 471 to A. D 
488. He acted in a conciliatory way to the Mon¬ 
ophysites, and was in consequence deemed a her. 
etic by the Roman Pontiff and the Western church, 
who ultimately succeeded in obtaining the erase- 
rnent of his name from the sacred registers. 

§,-ca'-9ln, s [Acacia.] Gum-arabic, 
a-ca'-gl o, s. Acacia proxima Mordi, a heavy 
wood of a red color, resembling mahogany, but 
darker. It is prized in ship-building [Savico.] 
*ac-a-$y, s. _ [Gr._ akakia= guilelessness; fr. 
afcaA:os=unknowing of ill, without malice: a, priv. j 
fcafcos=bad.] WTthout malice, 
fac-a-de'me, s. Poet, form of Academy. 

1. The Academy of Athens. 

“See there the olive grove of Academe, 

Plato’s retirement.”— Milton: Par. Regained. 

2. Any academy. 

“. the books, the academes 

From whence doth sjjring the true Promethean fire.’ 4 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 3. 

“ Our court shall be a little academe, 

Still and contemplative in living arts.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, i. 1. 

ac-SL-de-ml-al, a. [Academy.] Pertaining to 
an academy. ' 

ac-?i-de-ml-an, s. [Academy] A member of 
an academy, a student in a college or university. 

“That now discarded academian.” 

Marston.- Scourge of Villany, ii. 6. 

ac-a-dem'-ic, a. & s. [In Fr. acad&mique; Sp. 
and Ital. accademico; Lat. academicus.] [Acad¬ 
emy.] 

I. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to the Academical School of Phi¬ 
losophy. 

“. . . lost himself in the mazes of the old Academia 

philosophy.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

The Academic Philosophy was that taught by 
Plato in the “ Academy ” at Athens. [Academy.] 
It was idealist as opposed to realist, materialist, or 
sensationalist. Plato believed in an intelligent 
First Cause, the author of spiritual being and of 
the material world, to whom he ascribed every per¬ 
fection. He greatly commended virtue, and held 
the pre-existence and the immortality of the imma¬ 
terial part of our nature. No ancient philosophy 
so readily blended with Christianity as that of 
Plato. 

2. Pertaining to a high school, college, or uni¬ 
versity. 

“ Hither, in pride of manhood, he withdrew 
From academic bowers.” 

Wordsworth: Exc., bk. v. 

II. As substantive: 

1. A person belonging to the academy or school of 
Plato, or adhering to the Academic Philosophy. 
The academics were separated at length into old, 
middle, and new. The first followed the teaching 
of Plato and his immediate successors; the second 
that of Arcesilaus; and the third that of C-ar- 
neades. 

“ Of Academics, old and new.” 

Milton Par. Reg., bk. iv. 

2 . The member of an academy, college, or uni¬ 
versity. 

“A young academic shall dwell upon a journal that 
treats of trade.”— Watts - Impr. of the Mind. 



&6il, hoy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


§hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, dol. 







academical 


38 


acanthine 


ac- 9 -dem'-I-c 9 l, a. & s. [Academy.] 

A. Ms adj.: The same as Academic (q. v.). 

B. Am subst. (Pi.): An academical dress; a cap 
and gown. 

ac-a- dem'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Academic, a.] In an 
academic manner. 

“These doctrines I propose academically, and for exper¬ 
iment’s sake.”— Cabalistic Dial. (1682), p. 17. 

9-cad-e-mi-gian, s. [Fr . acad6micien.~] A per¬ 
son belonging to an academy, i. e., to an association 
designed for the promotion of science, literature, 
or art. 

“Within the last century academicians of St. Peters¬ 
burg and good naturalists have described . . .”— Owen on 
the ClassiJ. of the Mammalia, p. 57. 

Royal Academicians, of whom, excluding Hon¬ 
orary Retired and Honorary Foreign Members, 
there are forty-two, are members of the Royal 
Academy, and constitute the dite of British paint¬ 
ers. 

IT The word academician is frequently used also 
to designate a member of the celebrated French 
Academy or Institute, established by Cardinal 
Richelieu in 1635, for fixing and polishing the 
French language. [Academy.] 


!l-gae’-na, s. [Gr. akaina= a thorn, prick, or 
goad: afce=apoint, an edge.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Sanguisorbaceee, or San- 
guisorbs. The species are small herbs, often with 
woody stems, unequally pinnate leaves, and small 
white or purple flowers. They are found in South 
America, Australia, &c. A. ovina, an Australian or 
Tasmanian weed, has a bristly fruit, which sticks 
to sheep and to clothes. A decoction of . A. san- 
guisorba, the Piri Piri of New Zealand, is there 
used as tea and as a medicine, 
ac'-a-jofi., s. [In Fr. acajou .] 

1. A name given to the cashew nut-tree (Anacar- 
dium occidentale) , and to a gummy substance de¬ 
rived from it. 

2. A gum and resin obtained from the mahogany- 
tree. 

*g,-car-di-en, v. i. & v. t. (pa. par. accolded). 
[A. S. acealdian : 0. H. Ger. escalten. ] v. i. To 
grow cold. v. t. To make cold. ( Stratmann .) 
*a-ca'-len, v. i. To grow cold. ( Stratmann .) 
ac-a-leph, or ac'-a-lephe, s. A member of the 
class Acaleph®. [Acaleph.®.] 

“ . . . the vascular system of the Beroiform Acalephs 
— T. Rymer Jones: Gen. Outline, &c., ch. vi. 


academie (pron. ac-a-da'-mi), s. [Fr.] An 

academy. [Academy.] 

“. . . for that sound 

Hush’d ‘Academie’ sigh’d in silent awe.” 

Byron: Beppo, xxxii. 

a-cad-em-i§m, s. [Academy.] The tenets of 
the Academic Philosophy. 

“This is the great principle of academism and sceptic¬ 
ism, that truth cannot be preserved.”— Baxter: Enquiry 
into Nature of the Soul, ii. 275. 

ta cad'-em-lst, s. [Academy.] A member of an 
academy. 

“It is observed by the Parisian academists that some 
amphibious quadruped, particularly the sea-calf or seal, 
hath his epiglottis extraordinarily large.”— Ray on the 
Creation. 

ac-a-de-mus, s. [Not classical in Latin, except 
as a proper name. An academy, in Latin, is aca¬ 
demia, and in Greek akademeia.~\ [Academy.] 

1. The academy where Plato taught. 

2. Any academy of the modern type. 

“My man of morals, nurtured in the shades 
Of Academus —is this false or true ? ” 

Cowper: Task, book ii. 

a-cad’-e-my, s. [In Ger. akademie; Fr, aca- 
d&mie; Sp. academia; Ital. accademia; Lat. 
academia; Gr. akademeia = the gymnasium in the 
suburbs of Athens in which Plato taught, and so 
called after a hero, by name Academus, to whom it 
was said to have originally belonged.] 

I. The gymnasium just described, which was 
about three quarters of a mile from Athens, and at 
last was beautifully adorned with groves and walks, 
shaded by umbrageous trees. The spot is still called 
Academia. For the doctrines there taught, see 
Academic Philosophy, 

“But for the Stoa, the Academy, or the Peripaton, to 
own such a paradox, this, as the apostle says, was without 
excuse.”— South: Sermons, ii. 245. 

II. A high school designed for the technical or 
other instruction of those who have already 
acquired the rudiments of knowledge ; also a uni¬ 
versity. 

1. Ancient: There were two public academies: 
one at Rome, founded by Adrian, in which all the 
sciences were taught, but especially jurisprudence; 
the other at Berytus, in Phoenicia, in which jurists 
were principally educated. (Murdock: Mosheim’s 
Ch. Hist., Cent. II., pt. ii.) 

2. Modern: e. p., the Royal Military Academy at 
Woolwich. Sometimes used also for a private 
school. 

III. A society or an association of artists linked 
together for the promotion of art. or of scientific 
men similarly united for the advancement of 
-cience, or of persons united for any more or less 
analogous object. Thus the French possess the 
celebrated Academy or Institute, established by 
Cardinal Richelieu in 1635, for fixing and polishing 
the French language. The use of the word academy, 
different from the ancient one, is believed to have 
arisen first in Italy at the revival of letters in the 
fifteenth century. The_ nearest approach to these 
institutions in America is the Smithsonian Institute 
in Washington. 

IV. The building where the pupils of a high 
school meet, or where such an association for the 
promotion of science and art as those just men¬ 
tioned is held: e. g., “ the Academy, which was one 
of the ornaments of the town, caught fire, and was 
in danger of being burnt down.” 

a-ca'-di-al-Ite, s. [Named from Acadia, the 
Latin form of Acadie, the old French name for 
Nova Scotia.] A mineral, simply reddish chabazite. 
[Chabazite.J 



“ ... a. (probably larval) acalephe, one inch in di¬ 
ameter.”— Prof, Owen: Led. on Comparative Anatomy, 

p. 178. 

a-cal'-eph-a, generally written in the plur. 
acalephae (q. v.j. Sometimes also, the word 
acalepha is used as a plural. (See Griffith’s Our., 
vol. xii.) 

a-cal-eph-ae, or ac-a-le'-phae, s. pi. [Gr. aka- 
lephe- a nettle ; so called from the property some of 
them have of imparting, when touched, a sensation 
like the sting of a nettle.] The third class of the 
Radiata, Cuvier’s fourth sub-kingdom of animals. 
In English they are called Sea-nettles. They were 
defined as zoo¬ 
phytes which 
swim in the 
sea, and in the 
organ ization 
of which some 
vessels are per¬ 
ceived which 
are most fre¬ 
quently only 
productions of 
the intestines, 
hollowed in 
the parenchy¬ 
ma of thebody. 

They were di¬ 
vided into Ac- 
alephce sim- 
plices and A. 

h y drostaticce: : ™-—— ---- 

the first con- Acaleph (Rhizostoma Cuvieri). 
tained the gen¬ 
era Medusa, iEquorea, <fcc.; and the latter, Physalia, 
Diphyes, and others. They are now combined with 
the hydroid polypes to form the class Hydrozoa. 
They fall under Huxley’s Siphonophora, Disco- 
phora, and probably a third as yet unnamed order, 
to contain the animals called by Haeckel Trachy- 
medusce. Of Acaleph® may be mentioned the genus 
Medusa, of which the species on our coasts are 
called “jelly-fish,” from their jelly-like aspect; and 
the Physalia, or Portuguese man-of-war, which is 
common in more southern latitudes. 

a-cal’-eph-iin, s. [Acaleph.] Any species of 
the class Acalephae (q. v.). 

“. . . a new genus of acalephan.” — Owen: Led. on 
Invert. Anim., p. 111. 

a-cal-eph-oid, a. [Gr. akalephe = a nettle; 
eidos — form.] Resembling one of the Acalephae. 
(Gloss, to Owen's Led. on Invert. Animals.) 
ac-a-lot. [Acacalot.] 
a-cal-y-gine, a-cal'-y-cm-ous, 
priv.; calycine, fr. calyx (q. v.).] 

Bot.: Destitute of a calyx;, 
a-cal-yph-a, s. [Gr. akalephe — a nettle.] 
Three-sided Mercury: genus of plants belonging to 
the order Euphorbiaceae, or Spurge-worts. The 
species, which are found in the warmer parts of the 
world, especially in South America, are stinging 
nettle-like plants of no beauty. More than 100 are 
known. A. rubra is the extinct string-wood of St. 
Helena; A. Indica, or Cupameni an Indian plant, 
has leaves a decoction of which are laxative, and a 
root which, when bruised in hot water, has cathar¬ 
tic properties. 

IT The word was originally acalepha, but it ap¬ 
pears to have been altered to acalypha, % to distin¬ 
guish it from aca.lepha = a class of radiated ani¬ 
mals. [Acalepha:.] 
ac a-lyph -e 33. [Acalypha.] 

Bot.: A section, tribe, or family of the order Eu- 
phorbiaceas, or Spurge-worts. 


[Gr. a, 


a-cam.- 9 .-tos, a. [Gr. a, priv.; kamno— to work 
one’s self weary.] , . . . 

Anat.: That disposition of a limb which 13 
equally distant from flexion and distension. 
ac- 9 -na -ge-OUS, a. [Gr. akanos = a kind of 

thistle. [Acanthaceotjs.] 

Bot.: Armed with prickles. Applied to a class or 
plants that are prickly, and bear their flowers and 
seeds on a head. 

a-ca -nor, s. [Perhaps another spelling of Atha- 
nok.] A particular kind of chemical furnace. 
[Athanor.] 

a-can -tlia, s. [Gr. akantha= a spine or thornj/ 
dke= a point or edge.] 

I. In composition: 

1. Bot.: A thorn. „ , . , . 

2. Zoology: The spine of a fish, or a sea-urchin, 
&c. 

II. As a distinct word: 

Anat.: The spina dor si =the hard posterior pro¬ 
tuberances of the spine of the back. 

*a-can-thab-ol-us, a. [Gr. akantha= a spin© 
or thorn; ballo=to throw.] 

Old Surg.: An instrument called also volsella, for 
extracting fish-bones when they stick in the oesoph¬ 
agus, or fragments of weapons from wounds. 

a-can-tha-ge-ae (R. Brown, Lindley, &c.), 
a-can'-thi (Jussieu), s. [Lat. acanthus .] [Acan¬ 
thus.] Acanthads. An order of monopetalous 
exogens, with two stamina; or if there are four,, 
then they are didynamous. The ovary is two-celled, 
with hard, often hooked placentae, and has from one 



Acanthaceous Plant. 

or two to many seeds. There are often large leafs; 
bracts. The Acanthace® are mostly tropical plants, 
many of them being Indian. They have both a re¬ 
semblance and an affinity to the Scrophulariace® of 
this country, but are distinguishable at once by being 
prickly and spinous. In 1846 Lindley estimated the 
known species at 750, but it is believed that as many 
as 1,500 are now in herbariums. The acanthus, so 
well known in architectural sculpture, is the type 
of the order. [Acanthus.] 

The Acanthace® are divided into the following 
sections, tribes, or families: 1, Thunbergie®; 2, 
Nelsonie®; 3, Hygrophile®: 4, Ruellie®; 5, Bar- 
leriese; 6, Acanthese; 7, Aphelandreee; 8, Genda- 
russe®; 9, Erantheme® ; 10, Dicleptere®; and 11, 
Andrographide®. 

a-can-tha’-ge-ous, a. [Acanthus.] (1) Pertain¬ 
ing to one of the Acanthace®; (2) more_ or less 
closely resembling the acanthus ; (3) pertaining to 
prickly plants in general. 

a-can-the-ae. [Acanthus.] 

Bot.: A section of the order Acanthaceae (q. v.). 

a-can'-tM-a, s. [Gr. akantha=& spine or thorn.] 
A genus of hemipterous insects. The species con¬ 
sist of bugs with spinous thoraxes, whence the 
generic name. 

a-can-thi-as, s. [Gr. akanthias=( 1) a prickly 
thing; (2) a kind of shark.] A genus of fishes be¬ 
longing to the family Squalid®. It contains the 
picked dog-fish (A. vulgaris), so much detested by 
fishermen. 

* 9 -canth'-i-ge, s, [Lat. Acanthice mastiche; 
Gr. akanthike mastiche; akanthikos = thorny.] 
[Acanthus.] The name given by the ancient natur¬ 
alists to gum mastic. [Gum.] 

a-can-thi-i-dse, s. pi. [Acanthia.] Afamilyof 
hemipterous insects. The typical genus is Acan¬ 
thia (q. v.). 

a-canth’-Ine, a. [Lat. acanthinus; Gr. akanth- 
mos.] [Acanthus.] Pertaining to the acanthus 
plant. 

* Acanthine garments of the ancients. Probably 
garments made of the inner bark of the acanthus. 

* Acanthine gum: Gum-arabic. 

* Acanthine wood: Brazilian wood. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, worls, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, 02 — e; ey = a. qu = kw. 















acanthite 


39 


acauline 


a-cantll'-lte, s. [In Ger. akanthit. From Gr. 
akantha—& thorn • suff. -ite; fr. Gr. lithos= a stone.1 
A mineral classed by Dana under his Chalcocite 
^ ro , u P;.’ll 11 1*• > AgS. It has about 86'71 of silver 
1“ 70 ot sulphur. It is orthorhombic; the crys¬ 
tals are generally prisms with slender points. Hard¬ 
ness, 2 a or less. Sp.gr., 7’16 to7'33. Lustre, metallic. 
(. olor, iron-black. Sectile. Found at New Friburg, 
m Saxony. 


a canth-6-ceph a-la,, and 3,-canth-6-$eph'-a- 
lan§, s. [Gr. akantha—a. thorn; kephale- the head.] 
Having spinous heads. An order of intestinal worms, 
containing the most noxious of the whole Entozoa. 
t here is but one genus, Ecliinorhynchus. [Echin- 
ORHYNCHUS.] L 

3,-cantll 0 de§, s. [Gr. akanthodes = full of 
thorns ; akantha = a thorn, prickle.] The typical 
genus of the family of fossil fishes called Acanth- 
odidee. [Acanthodiba:.] 

a-canth-o-dl-dae, or a-canth o'-di-I, s. 

[Acanthodes.] A family of fossil iishes placed by 
Professor Muller in his first sub-order of Ganoid- 
lans, the Holostea, or those with a perfect bony 
skeleton, &c., ranked by Professor Owen as the 
second family of his Lepidoganoidei, a sub-order of 
(ranoidean fislies. They had heterocercal tails. 
They occur in the Old Red Sandstone, Carbonifer¬ 
ous, and Permian rocks. [Acanthodes.] 

g.-canth-6-n -mon, s. [Gr. akantha= a thorn; 
leimon= a meadow ; anything bright or flowery.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Plumbagi- 
naceae, or Lc;adworts. _ About forty species are 
known fi.om Persia, Asia Minor, and Greece. A. 
glumacevm is a pretty plant, with pink flowers and 
white calyx, occasionally cultivated in garden rock¬ 
eries. 


§,-can-tho-me-tiT-n 3 ,, s- -[Gr. akantha—a thorn, 
a prickle ; mefrios=within measure, moderate.] 
Zool. : A family of Radiolarian Rhizopods. 
Haeckel enumerates sixty-eight genera and 150 
species. They are found in the Mediterranean, the 
Adriatic, and the North Sea. They form beautiful 
microscopic objects. 

a-canth'-oph-ls, s. [Gr. akantha—a thorn; 
op his = a snake.] A genus of snakes belonging to 
the family Viperhhe. It contains the Australian 
Death-adder or Death-viper, A. antarctica. 

a-canth-op-od, s. [Gr. akantlia—a thorn, a 
spine ; pons, genit. podos=foot.] 

1. Zool. : Any animal with spiny feet. 

2. Spec. : A member of the coleopterous tribe 
Acanthopoda. [Acanthopoda.] 

a.-canth-op -od-a, s. [Gr. akantha= a thorn, a 
spine ; pous, genit. podos=foot.] A tribe of clavi- 
corn beetles, having, as their name imports, spiny 
feet. The Acanthopoda include only one genus, 
Heterocerus, the species of which frequent the 
borders of marshes, digging holes to conceal them¬ 
selves, but speedily issuing forth if the earth about 
them be disturbed. 

3. -canth-op-ter-a,, a-canth-op-ter-I, s. [Gr. 
akantha=a thorn, a prickle; ake= a point; pteron 
=a feather, a wing, or anything like a wing, e. </., a 
fin; ptesthai, infin. of pefomai=to fly.] 

Ichthy. : The fourth sub-order of Professor 
Muller’s order Teleostea. It contains those fishes of 
Cuvier’s Acanthopterygii, or spiny-finned fishes, 
which have the inferior pharyngeal bones distinctly 
separated. Professor Owen places under it two 
sub-orders, the Ctenoidei and Cycloidei. It is di¬ 
vided into the families Aulostomidae, Triglidse, Per- 
coidte, Tracliinidae, Mullidae, Sphyraenidae, Sciaenida?, 
Sparidse, Chaetodontidae, l'euthidfe ! Scomberidse, 
Xiphiidae, Coryphsenidae, Notacanthidae, Cepolidae, 
Mugilidae, Anabatidee, Gobeidae, Bleniidae, and 
Lophiidae. (See those words.) 
a-canth-op -ter-I. [Acanthoptera.] 
a-canth-6p-ter-yg'-i-a,n, a. & s. [Acanthop- 

TERYGU.] 

As adjective : Pertaining to fishes of Cuvier’s 
order Acanthopterygii. 

“. . . he [Cuvier] called those Acanthopterygian 

■which had the fin-rays or some of the anterior ones in the 
form of simple unjointed and unbranched bony spines.” 
— ProJ. Owen: Led. on Comp. Anat. of Verleb. 

As substantive j A fish belonging to Cuvier’s order 
Acanthopterygii (q. v.). 

“. . . and that the Acanthopterygians, constituting 
three-fourths of all the known species of fish, are also the 
type most perfected by Nature, and most homogeneous in 
all the variations it has received.”— Griffiths’ Cuvier, vol. 

x., p. 18. 

a-eanth-op-ter-yg'-I-T, s. [Gr. akantha = a 
spine ; pterux =(1) the wing of a bird, (2) the fin of 
a fish. Called also Acanthopteei and Acanthop¬ 
tera : pteron = a wing, a feather.] 

1. In Cuvier’s classification, a large order of fishes 
placed at the head of the class, as being in most 
respects its most highly organized representatives. 
They have the first portion of the dorsal fin, if there 


is but one, supported by spinal rays; if there are 
two, then the whole of the anterior one consists of 
spinous rays. The anal fin has also some spinous 
rays, and the ventrals one. The order contains 
about three-fourths of all the known species of 
fishes. Cuvier included under it fifteen families, 
and Dr. Gunther makes it consist of five great 
groups, the first containing forty-eight families or 
sub-families, and the second, third, fourth, and 
fifth, one each. It is the same as Acanthopteri. 
[Acanthopteei.] 

2. In the system of Muller, a group of fishes be¬ 
longing to the sub-order Pharyngognatha. It con¬ 
tains the families Chromidae, Pomacentridee, and 
Labrida?. 

a-canth-op-ter-yg'-i-ous, a. [Gr. akanxha= a 
thorn ; pterugion={\) a little wing, ( 2 ) a fin, dimin. 
of pterux—a wing or fin.] Pertaining to the Acanth¬ 
opterygii. 

St-can/th-ur-us, s. [Gr. akan(ha=a thorn; our a 
=tail.] A genus of fishes belonging to the tamily 
Teuthidse. The A. chirurgus of the West Indies is 
called the surgeon-fish, because it extracts blood 
from the hands of those who, in handling it, forget 
that it has a spine in its tail. 

a-canth’-us, s. [In Fr. acanthe; Sp. & Ital. 
acanto; Lat. acanthus; Gr. akanthos; fr. akantha= 
a thorn, because many of the species are spinous. 
Virgil confounds two plants under the name acanth¬ 
us. One is either the acanthus of modern botan¬ 
ists (see No. 1 ), or the holly , the ether is an acacia. 
The acanthus of Theophrastus was also an acacia, 
and probably the Arabica .] [See Acacia.] 

1. A genus of plants, the typical one of the order 
Acanthaceae, or Acanthads. In English it is inele¬ 
gantly termed Bear’s-breech, ormore euphoniously, 
brank ursine. There are several species. Most 
have a single herbaceous stalk of some height, 
thick, great pinnatifid leaves, and the flowers in 
terminal spikes. 

. on either side 

Acanthus, and each odorous bushy shrub, 

Fenced up the verdant wall.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. iv. 

2. Arch.: The imitation, in the capitals of the 
Corinthian and Composite orders, of the leaves of 


Acanthus in Architecture, and its Prob¬ 
able Origin. 

a species of Acanthus the A. spinosus, which is 
found in Greece. The acanthus first copied is sup¬ 
posed to have been growing around a flower pot; 
and the merit of adopting the suggestion thus 
afforded for the ornamentation of the capital of a 
pillar is attributed to Callimachus. Another 
species, the A. mollis , grows in Italy, Spain, and 



the South of France. Both are cultivated in 
Britain. 

*[ In composition, as: 

acanthus -leaf, s. 

“Acanthus-leaves the marble hide 
They ouce adorned in sculptured pride.” 

Hemans: Widow of Crescentius. 

acanthus-wreath, s. 

“ To watch the emerald-colored water falling 
Thro’ many a woven acanthus-wreath divine !” 

Tennyson: Lotus-eaters; Chorie Song. 

9,-can'-ti-c6ne, a-can'-tl-con-ite, s. [Gr. ( 1 ) 
ake = a point, an edge, (2) anti = opposite; konos = 
a cone.] 

Min.: Pistacite. [Pistacite.] 


ac -g,-nus, s. [Gr. akanos = a thorn, prickle.] A. 
genus of fossil fishes, belonging to the family Per- 
coideae. It was founded by Agassiz. The species 
are found in schists at Glaris in Switzerland. 

a ca-pel'-la, al-l?. ca-pel -la. [Ital. a, alia— 

. . . according to ; capella = chapel. As is done 
in the Sistine Chapel at Rome, viz., without instru¬ 
mental accompaniment to the vocal music.] 

1. In the church style; i.e., vocal music without 
instrumental accompaniment. 

2. Church music in a chapel time, i. e., two or four 
minims in each bar. ( Stainer and Barrett.) 

a car -dl ac, a. [Gr. a, priv.; and kardia=ths- 
heart,] Without a heart; destitute of a heart. 

a-car'-I-dse, s. pi. [Gr. akari= a mite or tick.} 
True mites. A family of spiders, the typical one of 
the order Acarina. It contains the genera Acarus, 
Sarcoptes, &c. 

a-car'-id an, s. An animal of the family Acar- 
idee, or at least of the order Acarina. 

a-car'-i-de§, ac-ar-i -na, s. [Gr. akari= a mite,, 
a tick. ) The second order of the Trachearian sub¬ 
class of Spiders. It is also called Monomerosomata. 
It contains the families Linguatulidee, Simoneidse, 
Macrobiotidae, Acaridee, Ixodidee, Hydrachnidae, 
Oribatidte, Bdellidae, and Trombidiidae. [See Aca¬ 
rus.] The young of most species have at first birth 
six legs, to which another pair is added on their 
first moulting. 
ac-ar-I-na. [Acarides.] 

9,-car -It-e§, s. pi. In Cuvier’s classification, a 
tribe of spiders, the second of the division or sub¬ 
order Hoietra. 

A-car-nar, s. An obsolete or erroneous spoiling 
of Achernar (q. v.). 

ac'-a-roid resin, or Resin of Botany Bay (CeH&. 
Oh). A resin derived from Xanthorrhaea hastilis, a 
liliaceous plant from Australia. 

a-car -pi-ous, s. [Gr. afcarpfa=unfruitfulness: 
fr. afcarjsos= without fruit: a, priv.; karpos= fruit.] 
Without fruit, barren. 

ac'-a-rus, s. [Latinized fr. Gr. akari= a mite or 
tick.] The typical genus of the family Acaridse. It 
contains the Acarus domesticus , or cheese mite, and 
various other species. 

*a~cast -en, v. t. To cast down. ( Stratmann .) 
a-cat-9,-lect'-ic, s. [In Sp. acatalectico ; Lat. 
aeatalecticus: fr. Gr. akatalektos= incessant: a, 
priv.; katalegd= to leave off, to stop.] 

Lit.: Not stopping or halting. The term applied; 
to lines in classic poetry which have all their feet 
and syllables complete. The ordinary iambic line 
of the Greek drama is correctly described as the 
iambic trimeter acatalectic. 

a-cat-9,-lep'-si-a, a-cat-9,-lep -s^, s. [Gr. akat- 
alepsia = incomprehensibleness ; a, priv.; kata- 
lepsis = a grasping, apprehension, or comprehen¬ 
sion : kat a= intensive ; lepsis= a taking hold: lam- 
band, lepsomai= to take.] Acatalepsy; incompre¬ 
hensibility ; the impossibility that some intellectual 
difficulty or other can be solved. 

1. Incomprehensibleness. 

f2. Med.: Difficulty or impossibility of correctly 
identifying a disease. 

a cat-a-lep tic, a. [Gr. alcataleptos=not held 
fast, incomprehensible.] [Acatalepsia.] Incom¬ 
prehensible. 

3 . -cat-9.-mg,-the'-sI-a, s. [Gr. a, priv.; andfca- 
tamathesis — understandi ng. ] A morbid lack of the 
faculty of perceptjon; an inability to understand 
conversation or written or printed language, due to 
mental disorder. [Word-blindness, Word-deaf¬ 
ness.] 

a-cat-a-pha' £.I-a, s. [Gr. a. priv.; kata—alter, 
and pAasis= utterance.] A morbid inability to 
utter words in syntactical order. It is a form of 
aphasia (q. v.). 

ac-a-tap'-o-sis, s. [Gr. a, priv.; 7cata=dowaj 
posis= a drink.] The same as dysphagia (q. v.). 
a-ca'-ter, s. [Acate.] A caterer, a purveyor. 

a-ea'-ter-jf, or ac-ca -try, s. A term formerly- 
applied in the royal household to a kind of check 
between the clerks of the kitchen and the purveyors. 

ac-a-thar'-sl-a, s. [Gr. akatharsia = want of 
cleansing, foulness of a wound or sore: a, priv.; 
katharsis =cleansing; katharos= clean; Icathairb— 
to cleanse.] 

Surg. : Foulness of a wound, or the impure matter 
which proceeds from a wound; impurity. 

a-caul-es'-tjent, a. [Gr. (1) a, priv.; (2) Lat. 
caulis, Gr. kaulos= a stem; (3) -escent, fr. Lat. suff. 
-escens (properly crescens ) =growing.] The same as 
Acauline (q. v.). 

a-caul'-Ine, a-caul’-ose, a-caul'-ous, a. [Gr. 
a, priv.; Lat. caulis; Gr. kaulos= a stem.] 




bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, egfist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = Khun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d?L 












Acaulous Plant. The Cowslip 
(Primula Veris). 


accable 

Boh: Growing nominally without a stem. Seem¬ 
ingly stemless, though in reality a short stem is in 
all cases present, 
as in the case ot 
■the cowslip. 

*ac'-c g,-ble, 
v. t. [Fr. ac- 
cabler—to over¬ 
burden, to op¬ 
press.] To weigh 
down, to de¬ 
press. 

. . thank¬ 

fulness which doth 
rather rackemen’s 
spirits than acca¬ 
ble them or press 
them down.”— Ba¬ 
con, vi. 272. 

Ac-ca-dl-an, 
a. [From Heb. 
akkad ; in the 
Septuagint arch- 
ad, a “city” in the land of Shmar grouped with 
Babel, Erech, and Calneh (Gen. x. 10).] A language 
preceding that of the proper Assyrian cuneiform in¬ 
scriptions. It is believed to have been of Turanian 
origin. Many Assyrian proper names and other 
words were derived from the Accadian. Its study 
is now throwing much light on the early history of 
Western Asia. 

“The principal dialect spoken by the latter [the primi¬ 
tive inhabitants of Babylonia, the inventors of the cunei¬ 
form system of writing] was the Accadian, in which the 
brick-legends of the earliest kings are inscribed, and of 
which we possess grammars, dictionaries, and reading 
books with Assyrian translations annexed.”— Rev. A. H. 
Sayce, M. A., Trans. Brit. Archceol. Soy., vol. iii., pt. ii. 
<1874), pp. 465-6. 

*ac-cap-l-tar -e, v. [Accapttum.] To pay 
money to the lord of a manor upon becoming his 
vassal. 

ac-cap'-i-tum, s. [Lat. ad = to; caput = head.] 
Money paid by a vassal to the lord of a manor on 
being admitted to a feud. 

ac-ge-das ad ciir -Lam. [Lat. {lit.) = you may 
•approach the court.] 

Law : A writ nominally emanating from the royal 
authority, and designed to remove, a trial which is 
not proceeding satisfactorily in an inferior court to 
a court of greater dignity. 

ac-ge'de, v. i. [In Fr. acc&der; Ital. accedere; 
Lat. accedo=to go to, to axiproach; also to assent 
to: from ad= to; cedo= to go; also, among other 
meanings, to yield.] . . 

1. To assent to a proposal or to an opinion. 

“To this request he acceded.” — Macaulay .- Hist . Eng., 
ch. x. 

“I entirely accede to Dr. Buckland’s explanation.”— 
•Owen: Brit. Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 259. 

2. To become a party to a treaty by appending a 
signature to it, even though it may have been nego¬ 
tiated by others. 

“ . . . the treaty of Hanover, in 1725, between France 
and England, to which the Dutch afterwards acceded.” — 
Lord Chesterfield. 

3. To succeed, as a king does to the throne. 

“King Edward TV., who acceded to the throne in the 

year 1461.”— T. Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, ii. 106. 
*ac'-ge-denge, s. Old spelling of Accidence. 

“Learning first the accedence, then the grammar.”— 
Milton : Accedence commenced Grammar. 

*ac'-ge-dens, s. [Lat. accedere, or Medkeval 
Lat. accidentia = escaeta = escheat ( Ducange ).] A 
term used of rent paid in money. {Scotch.) 

“Of the first accedens that cumis in the Den [Dean] of 
.•gildis handis.”— Aberdeen, Reg., xvi., p. 525, MS. ( SuppL 
to Jamieson’s Scottish Diet.) 

ac-ge d-ing, pr. par. [Accede.] 
ac-gel-er-an'-do. [Ital.] 

Music : An accelerating of the time in a tune. It 
is opposed to rallentando, the term for retarding it. 

ac-gel -er-ate, v. t. [In Fr. acc&lerer; Ital. 
accelerare = to hasten: ad — to; celero — to hasten ; 
celer = quick: Gr. keles = a riding-horse, a courser; 
kello = to drive on; from the root kel ; in Sansc 
kal, kalydmi = to drive or urge. Possibly remotely 
•connected with the Heb., Aram., and Eth. qalal = to 
be light in weight, to be swift.] [Celerity.] 

1. Lit. : To cause a moving body, a planet for 
example, to move more rapidly. 

**. . .a disturbing force oblique to the line joining 
the moon and earth, which in some situations acts to 
<iccelerate, in others to retard her elliptical annual 
motion.”— Herschel: Astron., 9th edit., § 415. . 

2. In the Natural World: To quicken develop¬ 
ment, e. g., the growth of a plant or animal. 

3. To hasten proceedings in a deliberative body, 
or to precipitate the coming of an event by remov¬ 
ing the causes which delay its approach. 

“. . could do little or nothing to accelerate the pro¬ 
ceedings of the Congress.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 


40 

ac-gel'-er-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Accelerate.] 

“. . . has proceeded, during the nineteenth, with 

accelerated velocity.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

Nat. Phil.: Accelerated motion is that of which 
the velocity is continually becoming greater and 
greater. If the increase of speed is equal in equal 
times, it is called uniformly accelerated motion; 
but if unequal, then it is denominated variably 
accelerated motion. The fall of a stone to the 
ground is an example of uniformly accelerated 
motion. 

ac-gel -er-a-ting, pr par & s. [Accelerate.] 

1. As a participle: 

“. . . the gravity of the accelerating force ceases to 
act.”— Gregory: Haiiy’s Nat. Phil., p. 51. 

Mech.: The accelerating force is the force which 
produces accelerated motion. In the fall of a stone 
to the ground it is the gravitating power, of the 
earth. It is the quotient produced by dividing the 
motion or absolute force by the weight of the body 
moved. 

2. As substantive: Hastening. 

“ . . . and, it may be, in the spring, the accelerating 

would have been the speedier.”— Lord Bacon: Works 
(1765), vol. i. 

ac-gel -er-a-tion, s. [In Fr. acceleration; fr. 
Lat. acceleration [Accelerate.] 

I. & II. The act of accelerating, quickening, or 
hastening motion, energy, or development; or the 
state of being so accelerated, quickened, or hast¬ 
ened. Applied — 

1. To a material body in motion. 

“The acceleration of motion produced by gravity.”— 
Gregory: Haiiy’s Nat. Phil. (1806), p. 49. 

. . moderate acceleration and retardation, account¬ 
able for by the ellipticity of their orbits, being all that 
is remarked.”— Herschel: Astron., 9th edit., § 459. 

2. Phys. & Path.: To the quickening of the move¬ 
ment of the circulating fluid and increase of action 
in other portions of the body. 

3. To increased rapidity of development in ani¬ 
mals or plants. 

“ Considering the languor ensuing that action in some, 
and the visible acceleration it maketh of age in most, we 
cannot but think venery much abridgeth our days.”— 
Brown. 

III. The amount of the quickening, hastening, or 
development. 

1. Natural Philosophy: 

The ra te of increase of velocity per unit of time. 
The C. G. S. unit of acceleration is the acceleration 
of a body whose velocity increases in every second 
by the C. G. S. unit of velocity—viz., by a centi¬ 
metre per second. (Everett. C. G. S. System of 
Units (1875), ch. iii., p. 211.) 

The unit of acceleration: That acceleration with 
which a unit of velocity would be gained in a unit 
of time. (Everett.) It varies directly as the unit 
of length, and inversely as the square of the unit of 
time. The numerical value of a given acceleration 
varies inversely as the unit of length, and directly as 
the square of the unit of time. {Ibid., ch i., pp.'2,3.) 
“If T stands for time, then angular acceleration 
{Ibid.) “If L stands for length, and T 
T2 L » 

for time, then acceleration is {Ibid.) 

2. Astronomy: 

The secular acceleration of the moon's mean mo¬ 
tion: An increase of about eleven seconds per cen¬ 
tury in the rapidity of the moon’s mean motion. It 
was discovered by Halley and explained by Laplace. 

Acceleration of the fixed stars: The measure of 
the time by which a fixed star daily gains on the 
sun on passing the meridian. A star passes the 
meridian 3 min. 55‘9 sec. earlier each day ; not that 
the star’s motion is really accelerated—it is that the 
sun’s progress is retarded, as in addition to his 
apparent diurnal motion thrcfcgh the heavens, he is 
also making way to the east at the rate of 59 min. 
8’2 sec. a day 

Acceleration of a planet: The increased velocity 
with which it advances from the perigee to the 
apogee of its orbit. 

3. Hydrology ' 

Acceleration of the tides: The amount by which 
from certain causes high or low water occurs before 
its calculated time. 

4. Phys. <& Path.: The extent to which in certain 
circumstances the circulating fluid and other parts 
of the system gain increased activity. 

ac-gel'-er-at-ive, a. [Accelerate.] Producing 
increased velocity, quickening motion. 

“If the force vary from instant to instant, its accelerat¬ 
ive effect will also vary.”— Atkinson: Ganofs Physics 
(1868), p. 13. 

Accelerative force. [Accelerating-.] 


accent 

ac-gel'-er-at-or, s. [Accelerate.] That which 
accelerates. 

1. A quickener of motion. 

2. A cannon with several powder chambers, whose 
charges are exploded consecutively, in order to gif® 
a constantly increasing rate of progression to the 
projectile as it passes along the bore. 

ac-gel -er-at or y, a. [Accelerate.] Acceler¬ 
ating, as adapted to accelerate motion. 

*ac-gend', v. t. [Lat. accendo— to set on fire.] 
[Candid, Candle, Kindle.] 

1. To burn up, to burn. 

“ Our devotion, if sufficiently accended, would, as theirs, 
burn up innumerable books of this sort.” Dr. H. More: 
Decay of Christian Piety. 

2. To light up. 

“While the dark world the sun’s bright beams accend. 

Harvey: Owen’s Epigrams (1677). 

*ac-gend-ed, pa. par. & a. [Accend.] 
ac-gend-ent'-eg, s. pi. [Lat. accendentes, pi. of 
accendens, pr. par of accendo—to set on Are.] 

Eceles. : An order of petty ecclesiastical function¬ 
aries in the Church of Rome, whose office is to light, 
snuif, and trim the tapers. They are not very dif¬ 
ferent from the acolytes. [Accbnsores.] 

ac-gend-l-bll-i-ty, s. [Accend.] Combusti¬ 
bility, capability of being set on fire or burnt. 

ae-gend'-i-ble, a. [Accend.] Capable of being 
set on fire or burnt, combustible. 

^ac-gend-ifig, pr. par. [Accend.] 
ac-gen -dl-te. [Lat. imper. of accendo=to kin¬ 
dle.] A liturgical term signifying, the ceremony 
observed in many Roman Catholic churches in 
lighting the candles on solemn festivals. 

*ac gen se, v. t. To kindle (literally or figura¬ 
tively) ; to incense- 

“Basilius being greatly accensed, and burning with de- 
syre of revenge, invaded the kingdom of CflBsar.”— Eden: 
Martyr., 301. 

tac-gen'-slon, s. [Lat. occensits=kindled, pa. 
par. of accendo .] The act of setting on fire, or the 
state of being set on fire. 

“ The fulminating damp will take fire at a candle or 
other flame, and upon its accension give a crack or report 
like the discharge of a gun .”—Woodward : Nat. Hist. 

ac-gen-sbr -e§, s. pi. [Lat. accensum, supine of 
accendo .] The same as Accendentes (q. v.) 

ac’-gent, s. [In Ger. & Fr. accent; Ital. accento, 
fr. Lat. accentus= (1) the accentuation of a word, a 
tone, (2) the tone of a flute, (3) growth- ad= to; 
cantus— tone, melody, or singing; cano= to sing:- 
root can; Sansc. kan= to shine ; Welsh c<m:= bright, 
a song; canu= to bleach; Cornish kana=to whiten; 
Irish canaim= to sing.] [Accend.] 

*1. Primarily , it signified, the same as the Greek 
proso-iia, viz., a musical intonation used by the 
Greeks in reading and speaking. 

II. Now {in general language): 

1. The laying of particular stress upon a certain 
syllable or certain syllables in a word; or an inflec¬ 
tion of the voice which gives to each syllable of a 
word its due pitch with respect to its height or low¬ 
ness. In a dissyHable there is but one accent, as 
a-bacl:', but in a polysyllable there are more than 
one. In transubstantiation there are properly three 
— tran'-sub-stan'-ti-a'-tion. One of these, however— 
that on the fifth syllable, the a just before -tion— is 
greater than the rest, and is called the prim ary . ac¬ 
cent; the others are called secondary. There is a 
certain analogy between accent and emphasis, em¬ 
phasis doing for whole words or clauses of sentences 
what accent does for single syllables. 

2. Peculiar intonation of speech; as, French ac¬ 
cent, foreign accent. 

3. Certain diacritical marks borrowed from the 
Greeks, and designed to regulate the force of the 
voice in pronunciation or for other uses. They are 
three in number: the acute accent ('), designed to 
note that the voice should be raised; the qrave ac¬ 
cent ('), that it should be depressed; and the cir¬ 
cumflex (~ or a ), which properly combines the char¬ 
acters of the two accents already named, that the 
voice should be first raised and then depressed. 
The acute and grave accents are much used in 
French, but to discriminate sounds, a.s 6lite, creme ; 
and the. circumflex of the form a is frequently em¬ 
ployed in Latin to discriminate the ablative of the 
first declension, as pennd, from the nominative 
penna. 

II Accents and other diacritical marks occur also 
in English. Sometimes the former are employed to 
regulate the stress of the voice; sometimes, again, 
they are employed for other purposes. 

Specially.’ 

(a) Geom. <& Alg. : Letters, whether capital or 
small, are at times accented, particularly when 
there is a certain relation between the magnitudes 
or quantities which they represent. Thus, for ex¬ 
ample, the line A b may be compared with the line 
A' b , and the quantity x y with x' y'. 


Pate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



accent 


41 


accerse 


(b) Trig. : Accents mark minutes and seconds of 
a degree: e. g., 30° 16' 37". 

i c ) Hor.: Accents are sometimes used to denote 
minutes and seconds of an hour: e. g., 6 h, T 14". 

(cl) Engineering: Feet and inches, and similar 
measures of length, are often noted by accents: 
thus, 3' 10"=3 feet 10 inches. 

3. Mode of speaking or pronunciation, with 
especial reference to dialectic peculiarities. 

“The broadest accent -of his province.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. iii. 

IT .Poetry: Sometimes used for the language of a 
nation or race. 

“ How many ages hence 
Shall this our lofty scene be acted o’er 
In states unborn and accents yet unknown.” 

Shakesp.: Jul. Caesar, iii. 1. 

1. Sometimes without reference to dialectic pe¬ 
culiarities. 

“Accent is a kind of chaunting ; all men have accent of 
their own, though they only notice that of others.”— Car¬ 
lyle.- Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. iii. 

5. In the plural: Words. Chiefly in poetry, but 
also in prose. 

‘‘But when he speaks, what elocution flows! 

Soft as the fleeces of descending snows. 

The copious accents fall with easy art; 

Melting they fall, and sink into the heart! ” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. iii. 283—286. 

“ . . . the last accents of the darling of the people.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

If In Poetry : Sometimes specially a vocal ac¬ 
companiment to instrumental music. 

‘‘Not by chords alone 

Well touch’d, but by resistless accents more.” 
Cowper: l'ransl. of Milton’s Lat. Poem to his Father. 

6. Mod. Music : The strain which recurs at regular 
intervals of time. Its position is indicated by up¬ 
right strokes called bars. The first note inside a 
bar is always accented. When the bars contain 
more than one group of notes, which happens in 
compound time, other accents of lesser force occur 
on the first note of each group: these are called 
secondary or subordinate accents, whilst that just 
inside the bar is termed the primary or principal 
accent. Other accents can be produced at any 
point by the use of the sign >- or sf. The throw¬ 
ing of the accent on a normally unaccented portion 
of the bar is called syncopation. A proper group¬ 
ing of accents will produce rhythm. It is con¬ 
sidered a fault if an accented musical note falls on 
a short syllable. (Stainer and Barrett : Dictionary 
of Musical Terms.) 

ac-gent', v. t. & i. [In Ger. accentuiren; Fr. 
VLecentuer.) 

I, Transitive: 

1. To place stress upon a particular syllable or 
syllables in a word or note in a piece of music. 

. . and accenting the words, let her daily read.”— 
Locke, on Education. 

2. To place a diacritical mark over a syllable 
meant to be accented. 

II. Intransitive: 

Poetic : To utter, to pronounce. 

“And now congeal’d with grief, ean scarce implore 
Strength to accent, Here my Albertus lies.”— Wotton. 

ac-gent’-ed, pa. par. [Accent, v. t.] 

Music : The term applied to those notes in a bar 
on which the stress of the voice falls. [Accent, 
s., II. 6.] 

ac-gent -iftg, pr. par. [Accent, v. t.] 

ac-gent'-or, s. [Lat. accentor = one who sings 
with another: ad = to; oantor = a musician, a 
singer; cano = to sing.] 

+1. Music: One who takes the chief part in 
singing. 

2. A genus of birds so called from its sweetness of 
note. It belongs to the family Sylviadae, and con¬ 
tains two British species, the A. alpinus, or Alpine 
accentor, and the A. moaularis, or hedge accentor, 
generally called the hedge sparrow. The hedge, 
or English, sparrow was recently introduced into 
this country in the hope that the chinch-bng would 
be destroyed. But the feathered foreigner proved 
such an intolerable nuisance to. the American 
farmer, that a price is now set on his head. 

ac-gent-u-al, a. [Accent.] Pertaining to ac¬ 
cent, connected with accent; rhythmical. 

“. . . that [music] which was simply rhythmical or 

accentual.” — Mason: Church Music, p. 28. 

ac-gent’-u-ate, v. t. [In Ger. accentuiren; Fr. 
accentuer; Sp. acentuar; Ital. accerduare.] [Ac¬ 
cent.] 

I. To pronounce with an accent. 

1. Lit. : To lay stress on a particular syllable of 
a word in speaking, or on a particular note of 

music. 


2. Fig. : To lay stress upon anything. 

‘‘In Bosnia the struggle between East and West was 
even more accentuated.” — Canon Liddon {in Times, Dec. 8, 
1876). 

II. To place a mark over a written or printed 
word to indicate the accent, 
ac-gent -u-at-ed, pa. par. &a. [Accentuate.] 
ac-gent-u at-mg, pr. par. [Accentuate.] 
ac-gent-y-a-tion, s. [In German and French, 
accentuation .] 

1. The placing of stress on particular syllables in 
speaking, or on particular notes of music in sing¬ 
ing, or playing an instrument. 

“This in a language like the Greek, with long words, 
measured syllables, and a great variety of accentuation 
between one syllable and another.”— Grote: Hist, of 
Greece, ch. lxvii. 

2, The placing an accent over a written or printed 
word, or over a note of music. 

“ The division, scansion, and accentuation of all the 
rest of the Psalms in the Bishop’s edition.”— Lowth: 
Confutation of Bp. Hare, p. 18. 

ac-gep'-gion, s. [Acception.] 

1. Reception. 

“. . . the emperor give thereto favorable accepcion." 
—Vegecius MS., Douce, 291, f. 4. (Halliwell.) 

2. Acceptation; meaning in which a word is 
taken. 

“There is a second accepcion of the word faith.”— 
Saunderson: Sermons (1689), p. 61. 

ac-gept', v. t. [In Ger. acceptiren; Fr. accepter; 
Sp. aceptar; Ital. accettare; Lat. accepto, fre- 
quentative=to take or accept often: from accep- 
tum, supine of accipio (lit.)— to take to one’s self, 
to accept: ad= to ; capio =to taked 

1. To consent to take what is offered to one ; this 
element of consent distinguishing it from the more 
general word receive. Thus, one may receive a 
blow, i. e., it is thrust upon him unwillingly; but 
he accepts a present, i. e., he consents to take it 
instead of sending it back. 

“ Accept the gift.”— Wordsworth : Laodamia. 

2. To view with partiality, to favor. 

“How long will ye judge unjustly, and accept the per¬ 
sons of the wicked?”— Ps. lxxxii, 2. 

3. Theol. : To receive into favor, granting at the 
same time forgiveness of sin ; to forgive. 

“If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted ?”— Gen. 
iv. 7. 

4. To agree to with disfavor, under some measure 
of constraint. 

“The Spanish Government . . . was ready to accept any 
conditions which the conqueror might dictate.”— Macau¬ 
lay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

5. To admit to be true in point of fact, or correct 
in point of reasoning. 

“To the mind that will not accept such conclusion .. . 
.. ” —Owen : Ctassific. of the Mammalia, p. 60. 

6. Comm.: To consent to renew a bill and promise 
to pay it. 

*ac-gept', s. [From the verb.] Acceptance, con¬ 
sent. 

ac-gept-h-bil'-l-ty, s. [From acceptable.'] The 
uality of possessing the attractions likely to pro- 
uce, or which actually have produced, a favorable 
reception; likelihood of being received. 

“. . . for the obtaining the grace and acceptability of 
repentance.”— Jeremy Taylor : Worthy Communicant. 

ac-gept’-a-ble, a. [In Fr. acceptable; fr. Lat. 
acceptabilis.] 

1. Able to be accepted, that may be received with 
pleasure, gratifying. 

“ With acceptable treat of fish or fowl, 

By nature yielded to his practiced hand.” 

Wordsworth : Exeur., bk. vii. 

IT In poetry, often with the accent on the first syl¬ 
lable. 

IT Often used in advertisements, e.g., in the phrase 
“ an acceptable offer ”=one which the seller of any¬ 
thing considers sufficient to allow the transaction 
to take place. 

2. Agreeable to. 

“Ben to the hihe God mor acceptable 

Than youres, with your festis at your table.” 

Chaucer: Sompnoures Tale, 7,495-6. 
“Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my 
heart, be acceptable in thy sight, O Lord.”— Ps xix. 14. 

3. Favorable. 

“Thus saith the Lord, In an acceptable time have I 
heard thee, and in a day of salvation have I helped thee.” 
— Isa. xlix. 8. 

ac-gept’-y-ble-ness, s. [From acceptable.] The 
possession of a quality or of qualities fitting a per¬ 
son or thing to be favorably received, 

“It will therefore take away the acceptableness of that 
conjunction.”— Greic: Cosmologia Sacra, ii 2. 


ac-gept -a-bly, adv. [Tvova.acceptable.] Insuclfi 
a manner as to please, gratify, or give satisfac¬ 
tion to. 

“ Let us have grace, whereby we may serve God accepta¬ 
bly.” — Heb. xii. 28. 
ac-gept-ange, s. [Accept.] 

I. & II. The state of receiving with satisfaction* 
or at least with acquiescence; or the act of taking- 
what is offered to one. 

The state of receiving anything— 

(1) With satisfaction: 

“. . . shall come up with acceptance on mine altar.”— 
Isa. lx. 7. » 

(2) With dissatisfaction: 

“. . . a sum which he thought unworthy of his accept¬ 
ance, and which he took with the savage snarl of disap¬ 
pointed greediness.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

III. That which has been received. 

Comm. & Law: A bill of exchange drawn on one 
who agrees absolutely or conditionally to pay it 
according to the tenor of the document itself. To 
render it so valid that if the drawee fail to liquidate 
it the drawer may be charged with costs ; the prom¬ 
ise of the drawer must be in writing under or upon 
the back of the bill. 

“ . . . every trader who had scraped together a hun¬ 
dred pounds to meet his acceptances, would find his hun¬ 
dred pounds reduced in a moment to fifty or sixty.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

tIV. The generally received meaning of a word, 
phrase, or assertion. 

“ . . . an assertion most certainly true, though' 

under the common acceptance of it, not only false, but 
odious.”— South. 

ac-gep-ta’-tion, s. [In Fr. acceptation; Sp. acep- 
tacion; Ital. accettazione .] [Accept.] 

1. Reception, coupled with approbation. 

“ This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all accepta¬ 
tion .”—1 Tim., L 15. 

12. Reception generally. 

“ . . . all are rewarded with like coldness of accepta¬ 
tion.”—Sir P. Sidney. 

3. Acceptableness. 

“. . . are notwithstanding of so great dignity and 
acceptation with God, that most ample reward in heavec 
is laid up for them.”— Hooker. 

4. Estimate, estimation. 

“ . . . king in the reputation or acceptation of God.” 

-—Report on the Nun of Kent’s Case. (See Froude: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vii.) 

IT Specially used of high estimation or esteem. 

“ . . . the state of esteem or acceptation they are im 

with their parents and governors.”— Loclce: Education, § 53* 

5. The sense or meaning put upon a word. 

“. . . proof that the words have been employed by 

others in the acceptation in which the speaker or writer- 
desires to use them.”— J. S. Mill: Logic. 

ae-gep-ted, pa. par. & a. [Accept, v. f.] 

“My new accepted guest I haste to find, 

Now to Peiraeus’ honour’d charge consign’d.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xvii., 66, 67. 

ac-gep'-ter, ac-gep'-tor, s. [Lat. acceptor.] 

1. Ord.Lana.: One who accepts. In this sense 1 
generally spelled Acceptee. 

“God is no accepter of persons.”— Chillingworth: Ser¬ 
mons, 3. 

2. Law & Comm.: One who having had a bill of 
exchange drawn upon him, accepts it. [Accept¬ 
ance.] Till he has done this he is called the- 
drawee. 

fac-gep-til-a'-tion, s. [Lat. acceptilatio, fr. 
acceptuvi (Comm.), that which is received; latus , 
pa. par. of fero =to bear.] Forgiveness of a debt, 
the extinction of a verbal contract attended with 
some hollow formalities. *‘A verbal acquittance, 
when the debtor demandeth of the creditour, Doe 
you acknowledge to have had and received this or 
that? And the creditour answereth, Yea, I do© 
acknowledge it.” (Minsheu.) 
ac-cep'-ting, pr. par. [Accept.] 

*ac-gep'-tion, s. [Lat. acceptio = an accepting.] 
1. Acceptance, the state of being received. 

“. . . the original cause of our acception before 

God.”— Homilies, II.: Alms Deeds. 

t2. The received meaning of a word. 

“That this hath been esteemed the due and proper ao. 
ception of the word.”— Hammond: Fundamentals. 

fac-gep-tive, a. Ready to accept. 

“The people generally are very acceptive, and apt to> 
applaud any meritable work.”— B. Jonson : The Case is Al¬ 
tered, ii. 7. 

ac-gep'-tor. [Acceptee.] 

*ac-ger se, v. t. [Lat. accersio.] To call together, 
to summon. 

“ - . . and thereupon accersed and call together hysr 

army.”— Hall: Edward IV., f. 26. 


bdll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, deL 



access 


42 


accident 


ac'-gess, *ac'-gesse (formerly pron. ac-gess' : 
Bee the examples from Milton, Shakespeare, Pope, 
&c.), s. [In Fr. acche; Ital. accesso, fr. Lat. cic- 
cessus = a going to, a coming to: also, a fit, the sud¬ 
den attack of a disease: accedo — to go to, to come 
to ] 

I. The act, process, or movement of going for¬ 
ward, in contradistinction to going back. 

“. . . were it not for the variations of the accesses 

and recesses of the sun, which call forth and put back.”— 
Racon : De Calore et Frigore. 

Hence. II. Increase, addition. 

1. Generally: 

“A stream which, from the fountain of the heart, 
Issuing, however feebly, nowhere flows 
Without access of unexpected strength.” 

Wordsworth.- Excursion, bk. iv. 

2. Medicine : 

(i a ) The return of a periodical disease, such as in¬ 
termittent fever, madness, &c. An access and par¬ 
oxysm are different. Access is the_ commencement 
<of the new invasion made by the disease, while the 
paroxysm is its height (See Blount.) 

“And from access of frenzy lock'd the brain.” 

Pope-. Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xii. 213. 
Hence, (* b) formerly used for a fever itself. 
(Chaucer.) 

“A water lily, which doth remedy 
In hot accesses as bokes specify.” 

Bochas, bk. i., c. 15. 

IT The word is still used in Lancashire for the 
ague. (Halliwell: Diet.) [Axes.] 

III. Liberty, means or opportunity of approach. 

1. Gen ,: Liberty of approach, as to God, to a 
great man, or to anything; approach. 

“I, in the day of my distress, 

Will call on Thee for aid : 

For Thou wilt grant m- free access, 

And answer what I pray’d.” 

Milton: Ps. lxxxvi. 

"When we are wrong’d and would unfold our griefs, 

We are denied access unto his person.” 

Shakesp..- K. Henry IV., Part II., iv. 1. 

“ Go, lest the haughty partner of my sway 
With jealous eyes thy close access survey.” 

Pope.- Homer’s Iliad, bk. i., 676-7. 

. they were neither contemporary witnesses, 
nor had personal access to the evidence of contemporary 
witnesses.”— Lewis: Credibility of Early Roman Hist. 

2. Spec. : Opportunity of sexual intercourse. 

. . if the husband be out of the kingdom of Eng¬ 
land, ... so that no access to his wife can be pre¬ 
sumed.”— Blaclcstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 16. 

3. Means of approach. 

(a) Generally: 

“The access of the town was only by a neck of land.”— 
Bacon. 

(b) Arch. : A passage, such as a corridor, between 
the several apartments in a building. 

ac-ges'-sar-l-ly, adv. [Accessorily.] 
ac-ges'-sar-I-ness, s. [Accessoriness.] 
ac-ges'^sar-y, s. & a. [Accessory.] 

*ac’-§esse, s. [Fr.] Old spelling of Access. 
ac-ges-si-bil'-I-ty, s. [Lat. accessibilitas.] Ap¬ 
proachableness. 

“. . . to place the Scriptures in a position of accessi¬ 
bility to the mass of the community.”— Gladstone: Slate 
in Relation to the Church, ch. vii. 

ac-ges-sl-ble, a. [InFr. accessible, fr. Lat. ac- 
cessibilis.) 

I. Able to be approached, approachable : 

1. As a place with a path or road leading to it. 

“ Conspicuous far, winding with one ascent, 

Accessible fiom earth, one entrance high.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. iv. 

2. As a person of courteous manners, affable. 

3. As God, in the capacity of Hearer of Prayer. 

“May she! and if offended Heaven be still 
Accessible, and prayer prevail, she will.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

4. More fig.: As a mind by reason. 

"... whose testimony would have satisfied all 
minds accessible to reason.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eny 

ch. viii. ’ 

II. Obtainable, procurable. 

“It appears from the best information which is at pres¬ 
ent accessible . . Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

“No authentic record of the migrations or acts of the 
iPelasgian people appears to have been accessible to the 
■historians of antiquity.”— Lewis: Credibility of Early 
Roman Hist. 

ac-ges'-sl-bly, adv. [Accessible.] In such a 
-situation or of such a character as to be approach¬ 
able. 


ac-ces'-sion,s. [InFr. accession: fr.Lat. accessio 
= a going or coming to; accedo —to go or come: 
ad— to; cedo =to go or come.] 

I. Lit.: The act of going to. 

Specially: 

1. The act of a king or queen in coming to or 
reaching the throne when it has become vacant by 
the death or removal of the former occupant. 

“The bill . . . received the royal assent on the 
tenth day after the accession of William and Mary.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

2. The act of acceding to, adhering to. engaging 
or joining in a project, enterprise, treaty, or any¬ 
thing similar. 

“Beside, what wise objections he prepares 
Against my late accession to the wars?” 

Dry den: Fables. 

*3. Accessoriness to, complicity with or in. 

“I am free from any accession, by knowledge, counsel, 
or any other way, to Ms late Majesty’s death.’ —Marquis 
of Argyle: Speech on the Scaffold. 

II That which goes or comes to another thing, 
that which is added to anything. 

1. Gen. : Increase, addition. 

“. . . so enormous an accession of gain would prob¬ 
ably induce the improver to save a part.”— J. S. Mill: 
Polit. Economy. 

"... a great accession of strength.”— Macaula/y: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxiv. 

“Nor could all the king’s bounties, nor his own large 
accessions, raise a fortune to his heir.”— Clarendon. 

2. Med : The coming on of the paroxysm of 
periodical disease : as, for instance, of intermittent 
fever. 

“ Quotidian, having an interval of twenty-four hours, 
the accession of the paroxysm being early in the morn¬ 
ing.”'— Cyclop. ofPrac. Med. 

3. Law: An addition to property produced by 
natural growth or by artistic labor upon the raw 
materials. The increase of a flock of sheep by the 
birth of lambs is, in law, an accession to the prop¬ 
erty. 

ae-ges-sion-al, a. [Accession.] Pertaining to 
accession, additional. 

“The accessional preponderancy is rather an appear¬ 
ance than reality .”—Sir T. Browne: Vulgar Errors. 
ac-ges'-sive, a. [Eng. access; -ice.] 

1. Contributory. 

“His own accessive and excessive wickedness.”— Adams-. 
Works, ii. 379. 

2. Additional. 

*ac-ges-sive-ly, adv. [Eng. accessive; - ly .] By 
liis own seeking ( Halliwell ) ; accessorily, as an ac¬ 
cessory (Wright). 

ac-ges-s'dr ' -1-9,1, a. [Accessory.] Pertaining 
to an accessory. [Accessory, a.] 

ae-fes'-sor-I-ly, ac-ges-sar-i-ly, adv. [Ac¬ 
cessory or Accessary.] After the manner of an 
accessory. 

ac-ges'-sor-Lness, ac'-ges-sar-I-ness, s. [Ac¬ 
cessory or Accessary.] The state of being acces¬ 
sory 

“ . . . a negative accessoriness to the mischiefs.”— 
Dr. H. More: Decay of Christian Piety. 

ac-ges'-sor-y, s. [In Fr. accessoire; Low Lat. 
accessorius, fr. classical Lat. accessus .] [Access.] 

A. Of persons: 

Law : One who is not the chief actor in an offense 
nor present at its commission, but still is connected 
with it in some other way. Accessories may be¬ 
come so before the fact or after the fact. Sir 
Matthew Hale defines an accessory before the fact 
as one who, being absent at the time of the crime 
committed, doth yet procure, counsel, or command 
another to commit a crime. If the procurer be 
present when the evil deed is being done, he is not 
an accessory, but a principal. An accessory after the 
fact is one who, knowing a felony to have been com¬ 
mitted, receives, relieves, comforts, and assists the 
felon. In high treason of a pronounced character 
there are no accessories, all are principals. In petit 
treason, murder, and Monies, there may be acces¬ 
sories; except only in those offenses which, by 
judgment of law, are sudden and unpremeditated, 
as manslaughter and the like, which, therefore, can- 
not have any accessories before the fact. So, too, in 
petit larceny, and in all crimes under the degree of 
felony, there are no accessories either before or 
after the fact; but all persons concerned therein, if 
guilty at all, are principals. (Blackstone: Com¬ 
mentaries, bk iv., chap, iii ) 

2. Ord. Lang. ( somewhat figuratively ): One who 
abets or countenances anything which is wrong, 
whether human law consider it a crime or no., 

“ An accessary by thine inclination 
To all sins past, and all that are to come, 

From the creation to the general doom.” 

Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece. 


B. Of things: 

1. Gen.: That which helps something else. 

“ . . . ” the consideration constitutes an accessary to 

the fundamental law of progress.” —Martineau Comte’s 
Philosophy, Introd., ch. i. 

2. Painting: Accessories_ are whatever repre¬ 
sentations are introduced into a painting apart 
from the leading figures. In literary_ composition 
&c., the word has an analogous meaning. 

“ . . . who seeks only to embody in language the sub¬ 
stance of the fact, and who discards all accessories, all 
ornament, and all conjecture.”— Lewis: Credibility of 
Early Roman Hist , 

3. Biol.: Something added to the usual number 
of organs or their parts. (Loudon.) 

“The swim-bladder has also been worked in as an 
accessory to the auditory organs of certain fish.”— Dar¬ 
win.- Origin of Species. 

ac-ges'-sor-y, ac-ges'-sar-y, a. [In Fr acces¬ 
soire.] 

I. Of persons: Acceding to, contributing or con¬ 
tributory to, partially responsible for 

“. . . he would rather suffer with them than be acces¬ 
sary to their sufferings.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

If In the earlier editions of Macaulay the spelling 
adopted is accessary , in the later ones accessory. 

II. Of things: Contributing, aiding in a secondary 
way. 

1. Generally: 

“. . . imply awhole train of accessory and explana¬ 
tory local legends.”—G-rote: Hist, of Greece. 

2. Anat. Accessory nerves (accessorius Willisii, or 
par accessorium): A pair of nerves which pursue a 
very devious course in the bodily frame. Arising 
by several filaments from the medulla spinalis of 
the neck, they advance to the first vertebra, and 
thence through the foramen of the os occipitis to 
the cranium. After communicating there with the 
ninth and tenth pairs they pass out close to the 
eighth, and terminate finally in the trapezius. 

“The eighth pair [of nerves, according to Willan’s 
arrangement] including the glosso-pharyngeal, the 
pneumo-gastric, and the spinal accessory.’’—Todd & Bow¬ 
man: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., ch. xi. 

3. Zool. Accessory cusps (in teeth): Those super- 
added to the more normal ones, and contributing to 
their efficiency. 

“The tooth of the fossil in question differs in the 
shape of the middle and in the size of the accessory 
cusps." — Owen: British Fossil Mammals (1846), p. 72. 

Accessory valves (in the shells of the molluscous 
genera Pholas, Pholididia, and Xylophaga) : Small 
valves additional to t,he two large ones naturally 
occurring in those “ bivalve ” shells. They protect 
their dorsal margins. They are well seen in the 
common Pholas dactylus. 

4. Painting: Pertaining to the unessential parts 
of a picture, introduced either for the purpose of 
illustrating the main subject, or for ornament’s 
sake, 

5. Scots Law: 

(a) Accessory actions are those which are sub¬ 
servient to others, or designed to prepare the way 
for them: as, for instance, an action for the recov¬ 
ery of lost deeds. 

(b) An accessory obligation is an obligation aris¬ 
ing from another one which is antecedent and 
primary to it.* Thus, when one borrows money at 
interest, the repayment of the principal is the 
primary, and the regular liquidation of the interest 
the accessory obligation. 

ac-ges -sus. [Lat accessus .] A term in canon 
law, signifying a method of voting at the election 
of a pope, generally known as an election by ac¬ 
clamation. 

ac-ci-a-ca-tu -ra (ci as ghl), s. [Ital., from 
acciaccare = to bruise, to crush, to jam down.] 

Music: The procedure of an organist when, in 
Pj ace °f touching a single note, he also momentarily 
allows his finger to come in contact with the semi¬ 
tone below. 

& c -gl-dsnge, s. [Lat. accidentia = a casual 
eveaiit.] -Au elementary book of grammar, especially 
of Latin grammar. 

“Mrs. Page. Sir Hugh, my husband, says, my son 
profits nothing in the world at his book ; I pray you, ask 
him some questions in his accidence—Shahesv : Merry 
Wives, iv. 1. 

.ac'- 91 -dens, s. [Lat., accidens , pr par. of ac- 
cido; also s.] The opposite of essence or substance 
[Accident, No. II.] 

‘‘Accidens, on the contrary, has no connexion whatever 
with the essence, but may come and go, and the species 
still remain what it was before.”— J. S. Mill: Logic. 

ac'-gi-dent, s. [InFr. accident;Ital accidente: 
Lat. accidens , pr., par. of accido = to fall to, to 
arrive suddenly, to happen: ad = to; cado = to 
taii.J [Case, Cadence.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, 
ot , wore, wqIL work, 


what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine; go ^5t 
who, son; mute, cub, cure, tmite. cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ge, ce = e; ey = a, a-’= kw" 





accidental 


43 


acclamation 


" 3 . Of occurrences: 

1. Gen.: An occurrence or event of whatever kind. 

'‘And ye choice spirits, that, admonish me. 

And give me signs of future accidents! (Thunder .)” 

Shakesp.: King Henry VI., Part I., v. 3. 

2. Specially: 

(a) Something unpurposed or unintentional, an 
occurrence not planned beforehand by man. 

“Ant. Do it at once; 

Or thy precedent services are all 
But accidents unpurposed.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and, Cleopatra, iv. 12. 

“And more by accident than choice, 

I listened to that single voice.” 

Longfellow: Golden Legend, iv. 

(fc) An unforeseen occurrence, particularly if it be 
of a calamitous character. This is the most com¬ 
mon use of the word. 

“An unhappy accident , he told them, had forced him to 
make to them in writing a communication which he 
would gladly have mude from the throne.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

“The old ones seem generally to die from accidents, as 
from f<>lling down precipices.”— Darwin: Voyage round 
the World. 

(c) The state of a betrayed girl. 

II. Of unessentials : 

1. Logic: 

T (a) Whatever does not really constitute an essen¬ 
tial part of a person or thing; as the clothes one 
wears, the saddle on a horse, &c. 

. ( b ) The qualities or attributes of a person or 
thing, as opposed to the substance. Thus bitterness, 
hardness, &c., are attributes, aud not part of the 
substance iu which they inhere. 

(c) That which may be absent from any thing, leav¬ 
ing its essence still unimpaired. Thus a rose might 
be white without its ceasing to be a rose, because 
color in the flowers of that genus is not essential to 
their character. 

If Accidents, in Logic, are of two kinds—separ¬ 
able and inseparable. If walking be the accident 
of a particular man, it is a separable one, for ho 
would not cease to be that man though he stood 
still; while on the contrary, if Spaniard is the acci¬ 
dent connected with him, it is an inseparable one, 
since he never can cease to be. ethnologically con¬ 
sidered, what he was born. (Whately: Logic, bk. 
ii., chap, v., § 4.) 

IF From logic these significations have found 
their way into ordinary English literature. 

“ An d torne substaunce into accident 

Chaucer: Pardoneres Tale, 13,954. 

“The accident of his birth . . . had placed him in a 
post for which he was altogether unfitted.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

2. Gram.: A property attached to a word which 
nevertheless does not enter into its essential defini¬ 
tion. Each species of word has its accidents : thus 
those of the noun substantive are gender, declen¬ 
sion, and number. Comparison in an adjective is 
also an accident. 

“Unto grammar also belongeth, as an appendix, the 
consideration of the accidents of words, which are meas¬ 
ure, sound, and elevation or accent, and the sweetness 
and harshness of them.”— Bacon : Advanc. of Learning, 

bk. ii. 

3. Her.: An additional note or mark on a coat of 
armor, which may be omitted or retained without 
altering its essential character. 

filled .: A symptom of a disease. [Rider.) 

ac- 91 -dent -al, a. [Fr. accidentel .] 

1. Occurring suddenly, unexpectedly, and from a 
■cause not immediately discoverable, or, as some of 
the unphilosophic and irreligious believe, “by 
chance.” 

"So shall you hear 

Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 2. 

*2. Adventitious; produced not from the natural 
qualities of the agent or agency left to itself, but 
By the influence of something foreign to it. 

“ By such a minister as wind to fire, 

That adds an accidental fierceness to 
jits natural fury.”— Denham : Sophy. 

3. Not essential to, which might be dispensed 
with, and yet leave the thing to which it pertains, 
01 in which it inheres, unimpaired. 

” He determined that all the species occurring in this 
marl, twelve in number, agreed in every respect, even in 
their accidental variations, with the same species now 
existing in Yorkshire.”— Owen: British Fossil Mam. di- 
Birds, p. 168. 

IT Specially: 

(a) In. Logic, an accidental definition is one which 
assigns the properties of a species or the “ acci¬ 


dents” of an individual. Besides accidental, there 
are also physical and logical definitions. (Whately: 
Logic.) 

(b) Persp.: An 
accidental point 
is the point in 
which a straight 
line drawn from 
the eye parallel 
to another given 
straight line in- 
tersects the 
plane of the 
picture. Thus, 
iu the accom¬ 
panying figure, 

A b is the line 
parallel toe d, 
the line given in 
perspective. A B cuts the plane bf in the point b. 
b is the accidental point. 

(c) Music: Accidental is the term used respecting 
such sharps, flats and naturals as do not occur at 
the clef, and which imply a change of key, or mod¬ 
ulation different from that in which the piece be¬ 
gan. For instance, in the key of C natural major, 
an accidental sharp prefixed to F implies the key of 
G major, and a flat placed before B implies the key 
of F major or D minor. 

(d) Optics: Accidental colors, called also ocular 
spectra, are those which are produced by a weak¬ 
ness in the eye, and which are not essential to the 
light itself. If a person look intensely with one eye 
at a colored wafer affixed to a sheet of white paper, 
and then turn that same eye on another part of the 
paper, a spot like the wafer will appear, but of a 
different color. If the wafer was red, the spot will 
be green; if the former was black, the latter will 
be white; and there will be corresponding transfor¬ 
mations whatever the color. 

(e) Painting. Accidental lights: Secondary 
lights; effects of light other than ordinary day¬ 
light. [Fairholt.) 

ac-gi-dent'-al, s. [From the adjective.] 

1. Logic and Ord. Lang.: A property which is 
not essential; that is, one which may be dispensed 
with without greatly altering the character of that 
of which it is a property. 

If Often in the plural. 

“ Conceive as much as you can of the essentials of any 
Subject before you consider its accidentals.” — Watts: 
Logic. 

“ This similitude consisteth partly in essentials, or the 
likeness of nature; partly iu accidentals, or the likeness 
in figure or affections.”— Pearson: The Creed,- Art. I. 

2. Painting (plural): Those fortuitous effects 
produced by light falling upon particular objects, 
so that portions of them stand forth in abnormal 
brightness, and other portions are cast into the 
shadow and greatly darkened. 

3. Music (sing.): A sharp or flat prefixed to cer¬ 
tain notes in a movement. [See the adjective.] 

tac-91-dent-ar-I-ty, s. [From accidental, adj.] 
The quality of being accidental. 

“. . .to take from history its acc-identality , and from 
science its fatalism.”— Coleridge: Table Talk. 

ac-$i-dent'-al-ly, adv. [From accidental, adj.] 

1. In an unforeseen way, without obvious cause, 
casually, fortuitously, or what is so called, though 
really regulated by law. 

"... it [the Great Seal] was accidentally caught by a 
fishing net and dragged up.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

2 . Not essentially. 

“Proprium and accidens, on the other hand, form no 
part of the essence, but are predicated of the species only 
accidentally.” — J. S. Mill: Logic. 

ac-gl-dent’-^l-ness, s. [Accidental, a.] The 
quality of being accidental, fortuitousness. 

*ac-9i-dent'-ar-y, *ac-§l-dent -a,rAe, a. [Lat. 
accidens, and suff. -ary= porta in mg to.] Accidental. 

“Some are supernatural, others natural!, and others 
accidentarie.” — Time’s Store-House, 760, 2. 

*ac-§I-den'-ti-a-ry ) a. [Accidence.] Pertain¬ 
ing to the accidence. 

“ . . . which every accidentiary boy [i. e., every boy in a 
grammar class] in school knoweth as well as you.”— 
Bishop Morton: Discharge, p. 186. 

*ac’-ci-die, *ac'-9ide, s. [Mediaeval Lat . acci- 
dia; Gr.afcedei«=carelessness, indifference: kedeia 
=care; fcedos=care; kedd, v. t.= to trouble, to dis¬ 
tress.] Negligence or carelessness arising from dis¬ 
content, melancholy, or other causes. Specially 
used when the carelessness is in the performance of 
one’s religious duties. 

“Ho hadde an accidie 
That he sleep Saterdry and Sonday.” ' 
Piers Ploughman, p. 99. 

“ Accide ys slowthe in Gode’s service.” — MS. Bodl. 48, 
f. 135. (Halliwell: Diet.) 




"Deaccidia . . . (i. e., accidie) maketh him hevy, 

thoughtful, and wrawe . . . 

. . . thanne is accidie the anguishe of a trouble 
liert.” Chaucer: Parsones Tale. 

ac- 9 Lpen'-ser, s. [Acipenser.] 
ac- 9 ip'-i-ent, s. [Lat. accipiens, pr. par. of a-c- 
cipio = to receive: ad= to; and capio=to take.] A 
receiver, one who receives. 

ac- 9 ip’-lt-er, s. [Lat. accipiter= a bird of prey, 
especially (1) the goshawk, and (2) the sparrow- 
hawk.] 

1. A genus of raptorial birds belonging to the fam¬ 
ily Falconidre. It is from this genus that the whole 
order is frequently 
called Accipitres. 

Formerly the ge¬ 
nus Accipiter con¬ 
tained, as among 
the ancient Ro¬ 
mans, both the 
sparrow-hawk and 
the goshawk, but 
now only the for¬ 
mer is retained in 
it, the goshawk 
receiving the name 
of Astur palum- 
b ar ius . [ Accip¬ 
itres.] 

2. A bandage 
applied over the Sparrow-hawk (Accipiter Nisus). 
nose; so called 

from its likeness to the claw of a hawk. ( Dungli - 

son.) 

ac-9ip'-I-tr9.1, a. [Lat. accipiter, and Eng. adj„ 
suff. - at .] Of or pertaining to a hawk. 

*ac’- 9 ip-i-tra-ry, s. [Lat. accipitrarius, fr. ao 
cipiter (q.v.).] One who catches birds of prey; a fal¬ 
coner. (Nash.) 

ac- 9 ip'-l-tre§, s. pi. [ Lat. pi. of accipiter.'] 
Zool.: The designation given by Linnaeus, Cuvier, 
and other writers to the first order of the class Aves, 
or Birds. The name Raptores is now more fre¬ 
quently employed. [ Raptores.] Though the Ac¬ 
cipitres are called from Accipiter, the hawk, the 
genus Falco is the real type of the order. 

accip-Ltrl'-nse, s. pi. [ Accipiter.] Sparrow 
hawks. A family of raptorial birds. Type, Accip 
iter (q.v.). 

ac-9lp -l-trlne, a. [From Lat. accipiter (q.v.).] 
Pertaining to the order Accipitres, or to the genus 
Accipiter; rapacious, raptorial, predatory. 

ac- 9 ls -mus, s. [Gr. akkismos= coyness, affecta¬ 
tion.] 

Rhet.: A feigned refusal of something which a 
person earnestly desires. 

*ac- 9 i te, v.t. [Lat. acciium, supine of accio= 
to summon: ad= to; cieo= to put in motion, to ix- 
cite.] [Cite.] 

1. To incite, to impel, to induce. 

“Every man would think me a hypocrite indeed. And 
what accites your most worshipful thought to think sot” 
— Shakesp.: King Henry IV., Part II., ii. 2. 

2. To cite, to summon. 

“Our coronation done, we will accite 
(As I before remember’d) all our state.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Part II., v. 2. 

ac-claim [Eng.), ac-clame [Scotch), v. t. [In 
Sp. aclamar; Ital. acclamare: fr. Lat. acclamo= to 
cry, or shout to: ad= to; clarno=to shout; Welsh 
llevain; Irish li.umham.] [Claim, Clamor.] 
f 1. To applaud, to proclaim applaudingly. [Eng.) 
“. . . while the shouting crowd 
Acclaims thee king of traitors.” 

Smollett: Begicide, v. 3. 

2. To claim. [Scotch.) 

“. . . contraire to the perpetual! custome, and never 
acclamed before.”— Acts Chas. I., ed. 1814, p. 282. 
ac-cla im, s. [From the substantive.] 

Poet, and Rhet.: Acclamation. 


“As echoing back, with shrill acclaim, 

And chorus wild, the chieftain’s name.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 21. 

ac-clai med, pa. par. & a. [Acclaim, v. t .] 
ac-clai m-ing, pr. par. & a. [Acclaim, v. t-] 
“Attended by a glad, acclaiming train.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 74. 

ac-cla’-mate, v. t. [Lat. acclamatum, supine of 
acclavio.] To applaud. 

“This made them acclamated to no mean degree.”— 
Waterhouse; Apology for Learning (1653), p. 120. 

ac-clam-a'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acclamate.'J 
ac-clam-a'-ting, pr. par. [Acclamate.] 
ac-clam-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. acclamation; I tax 
acclamazione, from Lat. acclamatio=a calling to, 
a shout: from acclamo; ad= to; clamo= to call out 
or shout. The Roman acclamatio (acclamation) 


Doll, bby; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = & 
-sian. -tiaa = sham -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhihi. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del 

















accommodation 


acclamatory 


44 


differed from plausus (applause) in this respect, 
that the former, as its etymology {clamo= to call 
out) suggests, meant applause uttered with the 
voice; whilst plausus, from plaiido=to strike, clap, 
or beat, meant clapping of hands.] 

I. Approbation of a person or thing expressed by 

clapping of hands. . . 

Used (1) when the applause is given simply to 
express reeling. 

“The inhabitants of the town crowded the main street, 
and greeted him with loud acclamations.” Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

Or (2) when it is designed formally to carry a 
motion. 

“When they [the Saxons] consented to anything, it was 
rattier in the way of. acclamation than by the exercise of a 
deliberative voice or a regular assent or negative.”— Bush: 
Abridgment of Eng. Hist., ii. 7. 

Among Antiquaries: Acclamation Medals are 
medals which represent the people as in the act of 
expressing acclamation. 

II. Rhet.: A figure of speech used by rhetoricians, 
and called by the Greeks, and after them by the 
Romans, epiphcmema. 

ac-clam’-g.-tor-y, a. Expressing approval by ac¬ 
clamation. 

+ac-cllm-g,-ta -tion, s. [Fr.] Acclimatization 
(<1- v.). 

“The Acclimatation (or, as we term it, acclimatization) 
Society of Paris was founded in 1854.”— Nature, vol. i. 
(1869). 

ac-cll'-mute, v. t. [Pref. ac=Lat. ad=to, and 
Eng. climate; Fr. acclimater .] Gradually to adapt 
the body to the peculiarities of a climate other 
than its own, so that it will be uninjured by the 
diseases incidental to that climate; to inure or hab¬ 
ituate to a climate; to acclimatize. [Climate.] 
ac-cli'-ma-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acclimate.] 
“The native inhabitants and acclimated Europeans 
enjoy a state of health the most perfect.”— Crawford: 
Commixture of Races. 

fac-clT-mate-ment, s. [Acclimate.] Accli¬ 
matization. 

ac-cll-mat-mg, pr. par. [Acclimate.] 
fac-cll-ma-tion, s. [Acclimate.] Acclimati¬ 
zation (q. v.). 

“. . . the means of acclimation and culture.”— Lon¬ 
don: Encycl. of Agriculture. 
ac-cll'-ma-tlsse, v. t. [Acclimatize.] 

UC-clI-ma-ti-za'-tion, ac-cli-ma-tI-§a’-tion, s. 
[Acclimatize.] 

1. The process of inuring a human being, one of 
the inferior animals, or a plant, to a foreign cli¬ 
mate. 

“The acclimatisation and agricultural societies [in 
New South Wales] have been directing their attention to 
the subject.”— Nature, vol. iii., p. 473. 

2. The state of being so inured. 

“The races differ also in constitution, in acclimatiza¬ 
tion, and in liability to certain diseases.”— Darwin: De¬ 
scent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. vii. 

ac-cll-msi-tize, ac-cll-ma-tl§e, v. t. [Fr. 

acclimater.] [Acclimate,] To produce such a 
change in the constitution of a human being, one of 
the inferior animals, or a plant, as to adapt it to 
endure the climate of a country not its own. 

“ ... in the case of some few plants, of their be¬ 
coming, to a certain extent, naturally habituated to differ¬ 
ent temperatures, or becoming acclimatised.” — Darwin: 
Origin of Species, ch. i., p. 140. 

If Sometimes to is placed before the climate to 
which the constitution is adapted: 

“These men are so thoroughly acclimatized to their 
cold and lofty abode.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i. r 
pt. i., ch. iv. 

ac-cll’-ma-tlzed, ac-clT-ma-tI§ed, pa.par. & a. 
[Acclimatize, Acclimatise.] 
ac-cll-ma-tl'-zing, ac -cll-ma-tr~§mg,pa. par. 
[Acclimatize, Acclimatise.] 
ac-cll’-ma-ture, s. [Acclimate.] Acclimatiza¬ 
tion (q. v.). 

fac-cll've, * ac-cll'-vous, a. [Lat. acclivis— 
sloping upward: ad— to; clivus=a slope; from the 
root Mi or Min, seen in Gr. klino= to cause to bend; 
Lat. declino= to decline, to bend down ; inclino= to 
bend in, to incline.] Sloping upward, rising, steep. 
[Cleave, Cliff.] 

“The way easily ascending, hardly so acclive as a desk.” 
—Aubrey: Letters; Account of Verulam, ii. 231. 

ac-cll’-vis, s. [Acclive.] 

Anat.: A muscle of the stomach, otherwise called 
the obliquus ascendens muscle. 

ac-cliv’-i-ty, s. [Lat. acclivitas, from ad = to, 
and clivus = a slope)] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A slope upward, as the ascent of 
a hill, or a sloping bank. The same hillside or 
bank side would be called a declivity by one de¬ 
scending it. 

“The men clamber up the acclivities, dragging their 
kine with them.”— Ray : Creation. 


2. Fort.: The talus of a rampart. [Talus.] 
*ac-cH'-vous, a. [Acclive.] 

* 3 .e-cldy' (1), *ao-cldy e, v . t. [Clot.] To cloy, 
to overload, to fill up, to choke. 

“At the well-head the purest streams arise ; 

But murky filth his braunching armes annoyes, 

And with uncomely weedes the gentle wave accloyes. 

Spenser : F. Q., II. vii. 15. 

*g,C-cloy' {2),v. t. [Fr. enclouer = (1) to prick 
(animals), (2) to spike guns.] To drive a nail into 
the hoof of a horse in shoeing it. ( Prompt . Parv., 
p. 6.) ( Halliwell .) 

*UC-cloyd’, s. [Accloy.] A wound inflicted on a 
horse by driving the nail into the quick of the hoof 
in shoeing it. {Topsell: Four-footed Beasts (A.D. 
1693), p. 14.) {Halliwell.) 

*ac-cldy'ed, pa. par. [Accloy.] {OpticJc Glasse 
of Humors, A. D. 1639.) {Halliwell.) 

*UC-coast, v. t. [Accost.] 

*g,c-c6i e, *a’-coi'e, v. t. [O. Fr. coi; Lat. 
quietus = quiet.] To calm down; to daunt. {Spen¬ 
ser.) 

*§.c-c6ied’, pa. par. [Accoie.] 

*g.C-coir, v. i. [Fr. accueillir — to receive, to 
welcome.] To crowd, to bustle. [Coil.] 

“About the cauldron many cooks accoil'd, 

With hooks and ladles, as need did require.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 30. 

*ac-COll’, v. t. [Fr. accoller, from Lat. ad = to 
and collum=tho neck.] To embrace round the neck. 

“ Thrise raught I with mine armes t’ accoll her neck.” 

Surrey : Virgil ; JSneid, ii. 

ac’-co-lade, s. [Fr.=an embrace; Lat. ad— to, 
and collum= the neck.] 

1. Her.: The ceremony by which in mediaeval 
times one was dubbed a knight. On the question 
what this was antiquaries are not agreed. _ It has 
been made an embrace round the neck, a kiss, or a 
slight blow upon the cheek or shoulder. 

“ The new attorney-general having stooped down with¬ 
out objection to the usual accolade.” — Townsend: Lives of 
Twelve Eminent Judges; Lord Eldon. 

2. Music: The couplet uniting several staves. It 
may frequently be seen in part music, or in piano¬ 
forte music. 

*ac-col’-ded, a. [A. S. ac6lian,ac6lan= to become 

cold.] Cold. 

“ Wb en this knight that was accolded —and hit was grete 
froste—and he saw the fyre, he descendide of his horse, 
and yede to the fyre, and warmide him.”— Gesta Romano- 
rum, p. 83. 

* ac'-col-ent, s. [Lat. accola=a dweller near a 
place, a neighbor: ad=to, or near; colo= to culti¬ 
vate, to inhabit.] One who dwells near a country, a 
borderer. {Ash.) 

ac-col'-le, a. & s. [From Fr. coZ=the neck.] 

I. Used adjectively: 

1. Her.: Gorged or collared, as lions, dogs, and 
other animals occasionally are in escutcheons. 

2. Her.: Wreathed, entwined or joined together, 
as two shields sometimes are by their sides. The 
arms of a husband and wife were often thus placed. 
{Gloss, of Her., A. D. 1847.) 

II. Used substantively: 

1. An animal with a crown on its head, or a collar 
round its neck. 

2. Two shields united to each other by their sides. 

3. A key, baton, mace, sword, or other implement 
or weapon placed saltierewise behind the shield. 
{Ibid.) 

*uc-c6m -her, *a-com -ber, *ac-com-bre, 
*a-cum-bre, v. t. [Pref. ac=Lat. ad, and Eng. 
cumber (q. v.).] To encumber, perplex, or destroy. 

“Me thynke ye are not gretly with wyt acomberyd.” 

Skelton: Magnificence, 2,242. 

*ac-com’-bered, pa. par. [Accombee, Acombee.] 

*ac-com-ber-ous, a. [Accombee.] Cumber¬ 
some, troublesome. 

“A litil tyme his yeft is agreeable, 

But ful accomberous is the usinge.” 

Complaint of Venus, 42. 

tac-com’-mod-a-ble, a. [Fr. accommodable .] 
That may be accommodated or adjusted. 

“Such general rules as are accommodable in their 
variety.”— Watts: Logic. 

fac-com'-niocl-a-ble-ness, s. [Accommodable.] 
Capability of being accommodated. 

ac-com -mod-ate, v. t. & i. [Lat. accommodatus, 
pa. par. of accommodo=to make one thing of the 
same size and shape as another, to fit, to adapt: ad 
— to, and commodo= to adapt; commochts=measured 
with a measure, from com — con = together, and 
modus= a measure.] [Mode.] 


I. Transitive: 

1. To fit, to adjust to. 

. . and their servile labors accommodated the oltft 
system to the spirit and views of despotism.”— GibboM 
Decl. and, Fall, ch. xliv. 

“ . . the art of accommodating his language and deport¬ 
ment to the society in which he found himself.’ Macau- 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Spec.: To make up or adjust differences. 

. . every attempt that was made to accommodate osm 
dispute ended by producing another.” Macaulays Hist. 
Eng., ch. xi. 

3 . To furnish with anything needful or convert 
ient. 

41 Heaven speed th.e canvas gallantly unfurl d 
To furnish and accommodate a world; 

To give the pole the produce of the sun, 

An d knit the unsocial climates into one.’ 

Cowper: Charity . 

4. Comm.: To lend with the view of suiting th@ 
convenience of the borrower. 

“In the former the borrower was obliged to restore the 
same individual thing with which he had been accommod¬ 
ated for the temporary supply of his wants.”— Gibbon t 
Decl. and Fall, ch. xliv. 

5. Theol.: To suit or fit the language of a proph¬ 
ecy to an event which it typifies or illustrates ratner 
than directly predicts ; to use the sensus accomod* 
ativus of the Roman Church. 

“In accommodating the passages of Scripture.”— Trans ., 
Tholuck on the Hebrews, ii. 202. 

*11. Intrans.: To be conformable to; to agree* 
with. 

“How little the consistence and duration of many of' 
them seem to accommodate and be explicable by the pro¬ 
posed notion.”— Boyle : Sceptical Chemist • 

T[ In Shakespeare’s and Ben Jonson’s days cic- 
commodate was a very fashionable word, or, as the 
latter expresses it, one of “ the perfumed words ot 
the time.”—(See Shakesp., 2 Hen. IV., m. 2.) 

*£tc-com -mod-ate, a. [See the verb.] Suitable 
to, fit for, adapted to. 

“He condescended to it, as most accommodate to their 
present state and inclination .”—Tillotson, 

ac-com-mod-at-ed, pa. par. & a. [Accommod¬ 
ate, v.] 

*ac-com-mod ate-ly, adv. [From accommod¬ 
ate, adj.] Suitably, agreeably. 

“Moses his wisdom, held fit to give an account accom- 
modately to the capacity of the people.”— Dr. H. More : 
Conjectura Cabalistica, p. 130. 

*ac-com‘-mod-ate-ness, s. [From accommod¬ 
ate', adj.] The quality of being accommodate; fit¬ 
ness, suitableness. 

“Its aptness and accommodateness to the great purpose 
of men’s salvation may be further demonstrated.” Hal¬ 
liwell : Saviour of Souls, p. 80. 

ac-com'-mod-a-ting, pr. par. & a. [AccommoD'- 

ATE, V . <•] 

I. Used adjectively : 

1. Obliging; as “an accommodating man.” 

2. Convenient; as “ an accommodating arrange¬ 
ment.” 

3. Easily adjusted to. 

II. Used substantively: Accommodation. 

“ Accommodating of the eye.”— Carpenter: Human Physi¬ 
ology. 

ac-com-mod a-ting-ly, adv. [From the pr.par. J 
In an accommodating manner. 

UC-com-mod-a’-tion, s. [From Lat. accommod¬ 
ation 

Essential signification: (1) The act of accommod¬ 
ating; (2) the state of being accommodated; and 
(3) that which constitutes the convenience re¬ 
ceived. 

More specifically: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Adaptation to. 

“ . . . the organization of the body, with accommod¬ 
ation to its functions, is fitted with the most curious 
mechanism.”— Sir M. Hale: Organization of Mankind. 

2. Adjustment of differences, the reconciliation of 
persons quarreling. 

“Accusations and recriminations passed backward and 
forward between the contending parties. All accommoda¬ 
tion had become impossible.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

3. Lodging, a place of residence, or a place to 
transact business in, convenience. 

“ There accommodation had been provided for the Par¬ 
liament.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

II. Comm.: A pecuniary loan. 

An accommodation, or note, is one drawn for tho 
accommodation of a person who promises the friend 
lending him his signature that he will either him¬ 
self pay the bill when it fails due, will furnish funds 
for the purpose, or will in some other way prevent 
the accommodating party from suffering for tho 
good-natured deed he has done. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qii = kw. 



accommodative 


45 


accord 


, Similarly an accommodation note is one not given 
<Sin payment of goods received, but drawn and dis- 
^counted tor the purpose of borrowing its amount in 
'•money. 

III. Theol. : Accommodation is used when the lan- 
guage or a prophecy is applied to an event which it 
typifies and illustrates without there being any in¬ 
tention of asserting that the event was designed as 
'the direct fulfillment of the prediction. 

“ • • • 01 rather, as the citation is only an accommod¬ 
ation of Jer. xxxi. 15, ‘Such another catastrophe took 
.place as that recorded by Jeremiah’ . . . — Bloom¬ 
field- Greek Test., note to Matt. ii. 17. 

IV. Naut. Lana.: An accommodation ladder is a 
light ladder fixed outside the vessel, and useful in 
aiding passengers to come on board from small 
“boats when the ship itself cannot approach the 
quay. 

accom-mod a-tlve, a. [Accommodate.] Sup¬ 
plying accommodation. 

ac-com-mod-a-tor, s. [Accommodate.] One 
who accommodates. (Webster, &c.) 

“ Mahomet wanted the refinement of our modern ac- 
commodators.”—Bishop Warburton: Doctrine of Grace, ii. 

* 81 . 

*ac-com-mod e, v. t. To accommodate. 

“ My Lord of Leicester hath done some good offices to 
stccommode matters.”— Howell, i. 85, 4. 

accompagnamento, accompagnatura (pron. 
q.k-kom-pa-nya-men -to, ak-kom panya-tfl- 
Sra), s. [Ital.] 

Music: Something subordinate added to give 
•completeness to music, as instruments to the voice 
or the voice to instruments. [Accompaniment, II.] 
fac-com'-pan-ji-ble, a. 

Lit.: Able to be accompanied; (fig.) sociable. 

“A show, as it were, of an accompanable solitariness, 
•and of a civil wildness.” —Sir P. Sidney: Arcadia, i. 6. 

Jj.c-c6m -priii.-ied, pa. par. & a. [Accompany.] 

1. In company with, attended by. 

2. Her.: Between; hence “accompanied by four 
crescents ”=between four crescents. (Gloss, of 
Heraldry .) 

ac-com -pan-I-er, s. [Accompany.] One who 
accompanies. 

ac-com'-pan-I-ment, s. [In Fr. accompagne- 
<aient; Ital. accompagnamento.] [Accompany.] 

I. Gen.: Something snperadded to or attendant 
■upon another thing, something which if present 
.gives greater completeness to that which occupies 
the principal place. 

“. . . recitation, with its kindred accompaniment of 

-action.”— Merivale: Hist, of the Romans under the Empire, 
<Bh. xli. 

“The outskirting houses rose out of the plain like iso¬ 
lated beings, without the accompaniment of gardens or 
court-yards.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. iii., 
jp. 42. 

“, . . the sure accompaniments of the still, glowing 

•noonday of the tropics.”— Ibid., ch. xxi., p. 496. 

II. Music: 

1. Something subordinate added to give com¬ 
pleteness to the music. If vocal performance is 
designed to occupy the chief place, then the addi¬ 
ction of instruments constitutes the accompani- 
vnent, and vice versa. 

“Modern composers judiciously affix a violin accom¬ 
paniment to the vocal part.”— Mason: Church Music, p. 74. 

2. Thorough base. The accompaniment of the 
scale is the harmony assigned to the series of notes 
ascending and descending, generally called the dia- 
Honic scale, that scale being taken as a base. 

III. Painting: Whatever objects are added to 
'the principal figures for the purpose of further 
"Illustrating them. 

IV. Her. : Whatever additions are made to the 
■shield by way of ornament, as belt moldings, sup¬ 
porters, &c. 

aic-com'-pjtn-ist, s. [Accompany.] 

Music : Tho performer who takes the subordinate 
part, or who plays the accompaniment. (Busby.) 

ac-com -pan-y, v. t. & i. [0. Fr. acompaignier; 
Fr. accompagner ; Sp. accompanar ; Port, accom- 
panhar ; Ital. accompagnare. [Company.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Of persons: 

I. To go along with a person in motion. 

“ . . . and to accompany him in his early walk through 
the Park.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

f2. To cohabit with. 

II. Of things: 

1. Lit. : To go along with anything in motion. 

2. To be in unison with, as a voice with a musical 
instrument. 

“. . . his voice 

Softly accompanied the tuneful harp.” 

Wordsworth; Excur., vi. 


3. Fig.: To attend upon, to be associated with. 
“But, beloved, we are persuaded better things of you, 
and things that accompany salvation, though we thus 
speak.”— Heb. vi. 9. 

B. Intransitive: * 

1. To associate, to keep company (followed by 
with). 

“No man, in effect, doth accompany with others, but he 
learneth, ere he is aware, some gesture, voiqe, or fashion.” 
— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

T 2. To cohabit with. 

“ . . . loved her and accompanied with her only, till he 
married Elfrida.”— Milton: Hist. Eng., bk. v. 

3. Music: To execute the accompaniment when 
a piece of music is sung or played, 
ac-com -p^i-ny-ing, pr.par. & a. [Accompany.] 

“ . . . site of his temple, with its rich accompanying 
solemnities.”— Grote: Hist, of Greece, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i. 

ac-c6m -pan-y-ist, s. [Eng. accompany; -ist .] 
The same as Accompanist (q. v.). 

ac-com-plige, s. [(1) Lat. ad= to; (2) Fr. & Ital. 
complice, adj.=privy, accessory; s.=an accomplice, 
from Lat. complico =to fold together: con=together, 
and plico =to fold.] 

1. Grig.: One associated with another in doing 
any action which might be good as well as bad. 

“Success unto our valiant general, 

And happiness to his accomplices /” 

Shakesp..- 1 Henry VI., v. 2. 

If It might be used also of things. 

2. Now: Never used in a good sense, but only for 
one who is associated with another in the perpetra¬ 
tion of a crime or other misdeed. 

“ He offered to be a witness against his accomplices on 
condition of having a good place.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xvi. 

IT * Formerly it was sometimes followed by to, of 
the crime. 

“Suspected for accomplice to the fire.” 

Dry den: Juvenal. 

IT Now followed by in, of the crime, and with of 
the person aided. 

“He judged himself accomplice with the thief.”— Dry- 
den: Fables. 

*ac-com-plige, *ac-com'-plise, v. t. [Accom¬ 
plish.] To accomplish. 

“And Tullius sayth that grete thinges be not accom¬ 
plished by strengthe, ne by delivernesse of body.”— Chau¬ 
cer: Tale of Meliboeus. 

ac-com-plige-ship, s. [Accomplice, s.] The 
state of being an accomplice. (F. Taylor.) 

ac-com-plic'-I-ty, s. [Complicity.] Complic¬ 
ity. 

ac-com-plish, v. t. [0. Fr. acomplir; Fr. ac- 
complir =to finish, from Lat. acf=to, and compleo= 
to fill up, to complete.] Essential meaning, to fill 
up ; hence, to complete, to finish. [Complete.] 

1. Of apertures in any material thing: To fill up 
holes or chinks in armor with the view of equip¬ 
ping its wearer, to equip. 

“The armorers, accomplishing the knights, 

With busy hammers closing rivets up, 

Give dreadful note of preparation.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry V., iv., chorus. 

2. Of time: To fill up, complete, or finish in a cer¬ 
tain space of time. 

“. . . that he would accomplish seventy years in the 
desolations of Jerusalem.”— Dan. ix. 2. 

“Turn from him, that he may rest, till he shall accom¬ 
plish, as an hireling, his day.”— Job xiv. 6. 

3. Of spoken words, as, for instance, of prophecy: 
To fulfill, carry out. 

“. . . that the word of the Lord spoken by the 
mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished.” —2 Chron. 
xxxvi. 22. 

4. Of passions, desires, purposes, or projects: To 
carry out, to effect, to satisfy. 

“. . thus will I accomplish my fury upon them.”— 

Ezek. vi. 12. 

“. . . thou shalt accomplish my desire, in giving food 
for my household.”—1 Kings v. 9. 

“Who appeared in glory, and spake of his decease 
which he should accomplish at Jerusalem.”— Luke ix. 81. 

“He had, in the first year of his reign, expressed his 
desire to see an union accomplished between England and 
Scotland.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

5. Of education in any branch: To complete, as 
far as education can ever be considered complete. 

“ She remained in Paris, to become accomplished in the 
graces and elegancies ... of that court.”— Froude: Hist. 
Eng., vol. i., ch. ii. 

ac-com'-plish-g,-ble, a. [Accomplish.] Able 
to be accomplished; that may be filled up, effected, 
or carried out. (Ogilvie.) 
ac-com'-plished, pa. par. & a. [Accomplish.] 

I. As pa. par.: (In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb.) 


II. ds adjective: 

1. Filled up, completed. 

“On scenes surpassing fable, and yet true; 

Scenes of accomplish’d bliss! which who can see? ” 
Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

2. Of persons : 

(a) Thoroughly equipped, thoroughly furnished, 
having received a thorough education of the kind 
common in one’s class, and profited by it. 

“. . . nor is there any purer or more graceful English 
than that which accomplished women now speak and 
write.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng ■ ch. iii. 

(b) Possessed of experience acquired in the 
school of active life. 

“William was admirably qualified to supply that in 
which the most accomplished statesmen of his kingdom 
were deficient.”— Macaulay: fl ! st. Eng. ch. iii. 

ac-com-plish-er, s. [Accomplish.] One who 
accomplishes. 

“ Mahumed did not make good his pretenses of being 
the last accomplisher of the Mosaical economy.”— L. Ad¬ 
dison: Life of Mahumed, p. 81. 
ac-com'-plish-ing, pr. par. [Accomplish.] 
ac-com’-pllsh-ment, s. [In Fr. accomplisse- 
ment .] 

I. The act of accomplishing. 

1. The act of filling up, or fulfilling anything: as, 
for instance, a prophecy. (For example, see No. II.) 

2. The act of completing or finishing anything. 

“ . . . to signify the accomplishment of the days of 

purification .”—Acts xxi. 26. 

3. The gratification of a desire, effecting of a pur¬ 
pose, the gaming of an end. 

“ . . . who, for the accomplishment of a great de¬ 

sign, wished to make use of both . . . .”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

II. The state of being accomplished. 

“ . . . prophecies and predictions of things that 

have their certain accomplishment.” — Bunyan: Pilgrim’s 
Progress, pt. i. 

III. The thing or things accomplished. Spec., 
acquisitions arising from study or practice, as 
contradistinguished from natural gifts ; also polish, 
refinement, grace of manners. 

“ O many are the poets that are sown 
By nature! men endow’d with highest gifts— 

The vision, and the faculty divine— 

Yet wanting the accomplishment of verse.” 

Wordsworth: Excur., bk. i. 

IT In this sense it is generally used in the pluraL 
“Accomplishments have taken virtue’s place, 

And wisdom falls before exterior grace.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

*jtC-Compt', s. [Lat. ad= to, and Low Lat. com- 
putus=a computation; Fr. comp7e=computation, 
compter —to calculate.] The old way of spelling 
Account (q. v.). 

“Smith. The clerk of Chatham: he can write and read* 
and caste accompt.”—Henry VI., Part II., iv. 2. 

*ac-comp -ta- ble, a. [In Fr. compilable.] [Ac¬ 
compt.] Accountable. 

“ . . . accomptable to reason.” 
Beaumont & Fletcher: Spanish Curate, v., last sc. 

*ac-comp'-tant, s. [Fr. co»ipfan£=ready money.] 
An accountant.' [Accountant.] 

“ . . . after the manner of slothful and faulty offi¬ 
cers and accomptants.” — Bacon: Interpr. of Nature, ch. x. 

*ac-compte', v. [Account.] 

*ac-compt'-ihg, pr.par.& a. [Accompt.] Ac¬ 
counting. 

*accompting-day, s. The day of accounting; 
the day on which accounts are inquired for and 
made up ; (fig.) the Day of Judgment. 

“To whom thou much dost owe, thou much must pay, 
Think on the debt against the accompting-day." 

Denham. Of Prudence, 144. 

*?iC-cor'-age, v. t. To encourage. [Coukage.] 
“But that same froward twaine would accorage, 

And of her plenty adde unto their need.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ii. 38. 

9-C-cord', v. t. & i. [0. Fr. acorder; Fr, accorder, 
from Low Lat. accordo =to be of one mind, from ac 
=ad =to ; cor (genit. cordis )=the heart.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To make an alienated heart return again to the 
heart from which it has become separated; to ad¬ 
just a difference between parties; to bring parties 
at variance to an harmonious agreement. 

“Which created much certainty, and accorded many 
suits .”—Sir M. Hale. 

2. To adjust one thing to another; to make one 
thing correspond with another. 

“ These mixed with art, and to due bounds confined, 
Make and maintain the balance of the mind, 

The lights and shades whose well accorded strife 
Grace all the strength and color of our life.” 

Pope; Essay on Man, ii. 121. 


D611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian - sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 




accord 


accoucheur 




46 


8. To grant, to bestow, to yield. 

“ Accoiid , good sir, the light 
Of your experience, to dispel this gloom.” 

Wordsworth: Excur., bk. v. 

IT This is now the most common use of the verb 
transitively. 

II. Intransitive: 

1. Of persons, or their thoughts, feelings, tvords , or 
actions : 

(a) To concur in opinion, followed by with, 

‘‘The wrangler, rather than accord with you, 

Will judge himself deceiv’d, and prove it, too.” 

Cowper: Conversation . 

( b ) To assent to a proposition or agree to a pro¬ 
posal : followed by to. [ 

“. . . whereunto the king accorded”—Paget to Pre- 

tre: State Papers , vol. xi., p. 164. 

2. Of things: 

(a) Gen .: To correspond, to agree ; now followed 
by with, formerly also by to. 

“Thy actions to thy words accord .” 

Milton: Paradise Regained , bk. iii. 

“The love of fame with this can ill accord 

Byron: Hours of Idleness. 

“The development of successive parts in the individual 
generally seem to represent and accord with the develop¬ 
ment of successive beings in the same line of descent.”— 
Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. vi., p. 209. 

( b ) Music: To chord with, to make melody or 
harmony with, especially the latter. 

Literally and figuratively: 

“The according music of a well-mixt state.” 

Pope. ( Ogilvie .) 

j-LC-cord', s. [Fr. accord; Ital. accordo .] [Ac¬ 
cord, t\] 

I. The state of being in agreement with. 

1. Reconciliation of hearts which or persons who 
before were alienated. 

“So Pallas spoke; the mandate from above 
The king obeyed. The virgin seed of Jove, 

In Mentor’s form confirmed the full accord , 

And willing nations knew their lawful lord.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey xxiv. 630. 

2. Agreement between independent minds, har¬ 
monious feeling or action, concurrence in senti¬ 
ment or in action prompted by one common 
impulse. # In this case it is not implied that there 
was previous alienation. 

“And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they 
were all with one accord in one place .”—Acts ii. 1. 

3. Of things: 

(а) # Gen .; Agreement, fitness, just correspondence 
of things one to the other. 

“Beauty is nothing more but a just accord and mutual 
harmony of the members, animated by a healthful con¬ 
stitution.”— Drydeyi: Preface, Trans . of Dul-resnoy, “Art 
of Painting .” 

(б) Poet.: Accordance. 

“. . . in accord 
With their belief.” 

Wordsworth: Excur., bk. iii. 

(c) Permission, leave. (Webster.) 

(d) Music : Concord, concert, harmony of musical 
sounds. 

“Now in music it is one of the ordinariest flowers to 
fall from a discord, or hard tune, upon a sweet accord .” — 
Lord Bacon: Interpr. of Nature, ch. viii. 

(e) Painting: The harmony prevailing among the 
lights and shades of a picture. 

*(/) Oratory: Action in speaking corresponding 
with the words. (Minslieu.) 

II. The act of agreeing; consent, assent. 

“. . . you must buy that peace 
With full accord to all our just demands.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., v. 2. 

III. That which produces, or is fitted to produce, 
an agreement, or itself agrees with anything. 

Spec . (Laic): Satisfaction tendered to an injured 
party for the wrong done. If he accept it, an ac¬ 
tion for the wrong is barred. The process is called 
accord and satisfaction. There are cases in which 
an action is barred if sufficient redress be offered, 
even though the tender made may have been re¬ 
jected. 

IT The phrase “ of his own accord,” or “ of her own 
accord,” means that he or she has acted spontane¬ 
ously, without a command or even a suggestion 
from others. 

“. . . but being more forward, of his own accord he 
went unto you.”—2 Cor. viii. 17. 

“Of its own accord” means spontaneously, by 
the operation of natural law r . 

“That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest 
thou shalt not reap . . . .”— Lev. xxv. 6. 

*^C-COrd'-&-ble, a. [From accord, v.] 

1. Lit.: Able to be accorded, “ easy to be agreed.’ 
(Minslieu.) 


2. Fig. : Consonant with, agreeable to, in accord¬ 
ance with. 

“It is not discordable 
Unto my words, but accordable .” 

Gower: Confessio Amantis , bk. v. 

ac-cord-an§e, fac-cord -an-gy, s . [From ac¬ 
cord, v.] Agreement, harmony, or conformity with. 

“And what had been done that was not in strict accord¬ 
ance with the law of Parliament?”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xv. 

“This mention of alms and offerings certainly brings 
the narrative in the Acts nearer to an accordancy with the 
epistle.”— Paley: Horae Paulince, ch. ii., No. 1. 

*ac-cord-and, pr. par . [Accord.] Agreeing. 

“For the resoun of his saule was ay nccordand with the 
Godhed for to dye.”— MS. Coll. Eton., 10, f. 30. 

ac-cord’-ant. a. [Accord, v.~\ Making melody 
or harmony with. 

Used (1) of musical instruments or the voice. 

. . the accordant strings of Michael’s melodious 

fiddle.” Longfellow: Evangeline. 

“And now his voice, accordant to the string, 
Prepares our monarch’s victories to sing.” 

Goldsmith: An Oratorio, ii. 

(2) Fig.: Of the feelings, of hearts, or generally 
of anything in consonance or agreement with some¬ 
thing else. Formerly followed by to, now by with. 

“Hir dyete was accordant to hir cote.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,322. 

“Subjects that excite 
Feelings with those accordant .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

“Strictly accordant with true morality.”— Darwin: 
Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. iii. 

“The doctrine which furnishes accordant solutions on 
the various leading questions of polity.”— Martineau: 
Comte’s Philosophy, bk. vi., ch. i., p. 6. 

ac-cord'-ant-ly, adv. [Accordant.] In accord¬ 
ance with, agreeably to or with. (Dwight.) 

ac-cord'-a-tu-ra. .9. [Ital.] A particular 
method of tuning a stringed instrument. 

*&c-cord-aunt, a. [Accordant.] In accord or 
agreement. 

“ Accordaunt to his wordes was his cheere.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,417. 

*ac-cor'de, s. [Accord.] 

“ Sche fel of his accorde 

To take him for hir liusbonde and hfr lorde.” 

Chaucer : C. T., 11,053. 

*ac-cor'de, v. t. & i. [Accord, v.~\ 

“Icounseile yow that ye accorde with youre adversa¬ 
ries.”— Chaucer: Tale of Melibceus. 

jic-cord'-ed, pa. par. [Accord, p.] 

fac-cord'-er, s. [Accord, v.~\ One who assents 
to or bestows anything. 

“An accorder with or an assenter unto another; an 
assistant, helper, favorer.”— Cotgrave. 

ac-cord'-Ing, pr. par., a. & adv. [Accord, v.] 

1. As pr. par.: In the senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

2. As adj. : Sounding in unison or in harmony. 

“ According chorus rose.”— Scott: Marmion, ii. 11. 

3. As adverb: 

(1) According as (followed by a nominative and a 
verb): Just, precisely, the same, agreeably. 

“I have done according as thou badest me.”— Gen. 
xxvii. 19. 

(2) According to: 

(a) Of persons : Agreeably to words or writings by 
[a person]. 

“ According to him, every person was to be bought.” — 
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

“The Gospel according to St. Matthew.”— New Test. 

(b) Of things: In harmony with, conformably 
with, in relation to, arranged under. 

“ According to this definition, we should regard all 
labor as productive which is employed in creating per¬ 
manent utilities.”— J. S. Mill : Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. i., 
ch. iii., § 3, p. 59. 

“God forbid that thy servants should do according to 
this thing.”— Gen. xliv. 7. 

“ . . . let him and his neighbor next unto his house 
take it according to the number of the souls ; every man 
according to his eating shall make your count for the 
lamb.”— Exod. xii. 4. 

“ . . . and he measured the south gate according to 
these measures.”— Ezek. xl. 28. 

“ . . . Christ died for our sins according to the 
Scriptures.”—1 Cor. xv. 3. 

“ Annales was first used as a general term for history 
written according to years, and lastly for any history.”— 
Lewis : Credibility of Early Roman Hist., ch. iii. 

IT There are other minute shades of meaning be¬ 
sides these. 


ac-cord-ing-ly, adv. [According.] Conform¬ 
ably with something which has before been stated s. 
in consequence. 

“Which trust accordingly, kind citizens.” 

Shakesp. : King John, ii. 1. 

“The ranks were accordingly composed of persons su¬ 
perior in station and education to the multitude.”— Ma¬ 
caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

ac-cord'-l-on, s. A well-known keyed instru¬ 
ment with metallic reeds. The sounds are produced 
by the vibration of the several metallic tongues, 
which are of different sizes, air being meanwhile 
supplied by the movement of the opposite sides of 
the instrument, so as to constitute a bellows. The, 
accordion was introduced into America from Ger¬ 
many about A. D. 1828. Improvements have been ^ 
made on it in the flutina, the organ-accordion, and' 
the concertina. [Flutina, Organ-accordion* 
Concertina.] 

“Wind instruments : organ, siren, piper, ophicleide, 
accordion , seraphina, &c .”— Roget : Thesaurus, § 417. 

accordion-stand. A stand for an accordion* 

One of an ingenious character has been invented 
Faulkner. 

*3,c-cord'-yng. [According.] 

“ Twyes on the day it passed thurgh his throte, 

From word to word accordyng with the note.” 

Chaucer: Prioresses Tale, 14,958-9. 

*ac-cor'-por-ate, v.t. [Lat. accorporo = to in 
corporate: ad — to corporo = to fashion into a 
body: corpus = a body.] To incorporate. [Incor 
porate.] (Milton.) 

*ac-cor'-por-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [ Accorpor^ 
ate.] 

*ac-cor'-por-a-tmg, pr. par. [Accorporate.] 

*ac-C0rt', a. [In Fr 0 accortis = civil, courteous.] 
Heedful, wary, prudent. (Minslieu.) 

ac-cost', *ac-cos’te, *ac-coa'st, v. t. & i. [Ft. 
accoster = to join side by side: ad — to, and cOtS 
(formerly costs = side; also cdte = rib, hill, coast) ; 
Sp. acostar; Ital. accostare , from Lat. costa = a rib, 
a side. [Coast.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Of countries or places: To reach, to be con¬ 
terminous with. 

“ Lapland hath since been often surrounded (so much 
as accosts the sea) by the English.”— Fuller: Worthies: 
Derbyshire. 

2. Of persons: To stand side by side, or to be sid^ 
by side. 

(a) Generally: 

“Wrestlers do accost one another by joining side by 
side.”— New Eng. Diet. (1691). 

(b) Heraldry. (See the past participle.) 

3. To approach, to draw near to. (Minsheu.) 

“ I would not accost yon infant 
With ruder greeting than a father’s kiss.” 

Byron: Cain, iii. 1. 

4. To try one, to attempt to take liberties with. 
(Kennet.) (See Halliwell, Diet.) 

5. To appropriate. (Cockeram.) 

6. To address before being addressed, to speak to 
first. This is now by far the most common meaning 
of the word. 

“. . . impatient to accost 
The stranger.”— Wordsworth: The Brothers . 

B. Intransitive: 


Falconry: To approach the ground, to fly low. 
“Whether high towering or accoasting low.” 

Spenser: F. Q., YI. ii. 32. 

ac-cost', s. [Accost, v.] Address, manner. 

ac-cost-a-ble, a. [Accost.] Able to be ac¬ 
costed ; affable ; easy of approach. 

“They were both of sweet and accostable nature.”— 
Wotto?i. . 


ac-cost'-ed, *ac-cdast'-§d, pa. par. [Accost.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: (See the verb.) 

2. Her.: A term applied (i.) to 
a charge supported on both sides 
by other charges, as a pale ac¬ 
costed by six mullets; (ii.) to tw T o 
animals proceeding side by side. 

( Gloss, of Heraldry. )[ Cottised.] 

ac-cbst'-ing, *ac-coast'-ing, 

pr. par. [Accost.] 

accouchement (pron. 
a-kdsh'-mang or a-kugh- 
ment), .9. [Fr., from accoucher= 
to deliver, to bring forth]. 

1. Confinement, lying-in, delivery. 

“. . . her approaching accouchement 
land: Queens of Eng.; Henrietta Maria. 



Accosted. 


-Agnes Striofo- 


accoucheur (pron. 3 ,-kfish-ur), s. [Fr.] 

1. A doctor who assists women at child-birth. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,, 
or, wore, wplf, worn, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, ynite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, as, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 











accoucheuse 


accoutre 


2. Fig. (satirical): One who assists in bringing a 
friend’s manuscript into the world of letters. 

“A kind of gratis accoucheur to those who wish to be de¬ 
livered of rhyme, but do not know how to bring forth.”— 
Byron: English Bards & Scotch Reviewers. (Note.) 

accoucheuse (pron. a-kfl-sho oe), s. [Fr. ; the 
fem. form of Accoucheur . ] A midwife. 

*ac-C0un-sayl, v. To counsel with. 

“And called him withoute fail, 

And said he wold him accounsayl.” 

Richard Cceur de Lion, 2,140. 

hc-cou ut, ^c-com pt, s. [O. Fr. acompter, 
aconter , from Lat. ac=ad , and computo —to count.] 
[Compute.] 

I. The act or operation of computing by means of 
numbers; of counting numbers themselves; or of 
making verbal, written, or printed statements in 
explanation of conduct, or for historic or other 
ends. 

1. Of numerical computations: 

“. . . the courts of equity have acquired a concurrent 
jurisdiction with every other court in all matters of ac- 
oount.” — Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. xxvii. 

2. Of explanation, defense, or apology for conduct: 

“Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin; 

No reckoning made, but sent to my account 
With all my imperfections on my head.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 5. 

3. Of narration, especially of an historic kind. 

(See No. III. 4.) 

II. The state of being counted, computed, or given 
forth orally, in writing, or printed. 

1. Lit.: The state of being counted or computed. 

“ ... an host of fighting men that went out to war 

by bands, according to the number of their account. ...” 
—2 Chron. xxvi. 11. 

“. . . the money of every one that passeth the account, 

the money that every man is set at.”—2 Kings xii. 4. 

2. Figuratively : 

(а) The state of being estimated; estimation, hon¬ 
orable estimate, regard, consideration, importance. 

“Lord, what is man, that Thou takest knowledge of him ! 
or the son of man, that Thou makest account of him !”— 
Ps. cxliv. 3. 

“The state had been of no account in Europe.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

(б) The state of being considered profitable, profit, 
advantage. Used specially in the phrases “ to turn 
to account”=to produce advantage; and “ to find 
one’s account in”=to make worth one’s while. 

“. . . such a solid and substantial virtue as will 

turn to account in the great day.”— Addison: Spectator, 
No. 309. 

“ I cannot yet comprehend how those persons find their 
account in any of the three.”— Swift. 

“. . . the molecular motion produced in the act of 

anion may be turned to mechanical account." — Tyndall: 
Frag, of Science, 3d ed., iv. 9. 

*[ To lay one's account with: To assure one’s self 
of, to make up one’s mind to. (Scotch.) 

“I counsel you to lay your account with suffering.”— 
,V'i Iker: Peden, p. 56. 

On one's own account: On one’s own behalf, for 
vne’s own profit or advantage, for one’s own sake. 

“. . • . those members trafficked, each on his own 

account.” —Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

3. The state of being accounted for. In the 
phrase “on account of ’’^accounted for by; by 
reason of, because of, in consequence of. 

“. . . on account of the sternness and harshness of 

his nature.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

III. The thing or things computed, given forth, 
or told ; the statement made, the record privately 
kept or more or less openly published. 

1. Banking, Commerce, Law, and Ordinary Lan¬ 
guage : A registry of pecuniary transactions; such 
a record as is kept by merchants, by housewives, 
ancl by all prudent people, with the view of day by 
day ascertaining their financial position. 

IT Spec.: A bill or paper sent in by tradespeople to 
those who do not pay for goods on delivery. In it 
is entered the name of the debtor, each item of his 
debt, and the sum of the whole. 

“ If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee ought, put 
that on mine account. I Paul have written it with mine 
own hand, I will repay it.”— Philemon 18, 19. 

To open an account is=to commence pecuniary 
transactions with, so that one’s name is entered for 
the first time in the books of the banker or mer¬ 
chant. . 

An open account, or an account current, is com¬ 
mercially one in which the balance has not been 
struck ; in banking it is one which may be added to 
or drawn upon at any time, as opposed to a deposit 
account where notice is required for withdrawals. 
To keep an open account is to keep an account of 
the kind now stated running on, instead of closing 
it. A stated account is one which all parties have, 
either expressly or by implication, admitted to be 
correct. A settled account is one which has actually 


47 


been discharged. Payment on account = in partial 
payment of a debt. 

2. Old Law: A writ or action brought against a 
man whose office or business places him under the 
obligation to render an account to another, and 
who has failed to furnish it; as a guardian neglect¬ 
ing to give one to his ward. The action, of course, 
was most frequently brought when there was rea¬ 
son to believe that the money unaccounted for had 
been embezzled. 

3. A verbal or written explanation, excuse, or de¬ 
fense given by a defendant arraigned before a tri¬ 
bunal, or an employe summoned before an employer 
to answer. 

“Give an account of thy stewardship .”—Luke xvi. 2. 

“ . . . they shall give account thereof in the day of 

judgment.”— Matt. xii. 36. 

“A member could no longer be called to account for his 
harangues or his votes .”—Macaulay Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

IT In the last example account may be a substan¬ 
tive or a verb. It is probably the former. 

4. A verbal, written, or printed recital of inci¬ 
dents, an historic narrative. 

IT In this sense it is often plural. 

“If, therefore, we require that a historical account 
should rest on the testimony of known and assignable 
witnesses, whose credibility can be scrutinized and judged 
. . . .”—Lewis : Early Roman Hist., ch. vii., § 7. 

“ The chroniclers have given us many accounts of the 
masks and plays which were acted in the court.”— 
Froude Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

ac-cou'nt, v. t. & i. [Fr. compter.'] 

1. Transitive: 

*1. To count, to number, to reckon. 

“Tong worke it were 
Here to account the endlesse progeny 
Of all the weeds that bud and blossome there.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. vi. 30. 

2. To place to one’s account, to count, to impute, 
to assign. 

“Even as Abraham believed God, and it was accounted 
[marg., imputed] to him for righteousness.”— Gal. iii. 6. 

3. To assign, to nominate, to appoint. 

“ . . . they which are accounted to rule over the 
Gentiles exercise lordship over them .”—Mark x. 42. 

“ . . . and it was, in truth, the only project that was 
accounted to his own service.”— Clarendon. 

4. To count, to regard as, to deem, consider, 
judge, adjudge. 

“You think him humble—God accounts him proud.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

“O Thou! whose captain I account myself, 

Look on my forces with a gracious eye.” 

Shakespeare: King Richard III., v. 3. 

II. Intransitive: 

*To count, to reckon. 

“ . . . by which months we to this day account .”— 
Hold: Time. 

IT To account for: (1) To render an account of. 
“At once accounting for his deep arrears.” 

Dryden: Juvenal’s Satires, xiii. 

(2) To afford an explanation of, to tell the cause 
of. 

“ . . . we find evidences of a small change, which 
theory accounts for.”— Herschel: Astronomy, 6th ed., §306. 

“. . . a feature in the vegetation of this island [the 

northern island of New Zealand] may perhaps be ac¬ 
counted for by the land having been aboriginally covered 
with forest-trees.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, 
ch. xviii., p. 424. 

* To account of (compound trans. verb): To value, 
to prize, to estimate highly. 

“ . . . none were of silver ; it was not anything ac¬ 

counted o/in the days of Solomon.”—2 Chron. ix. 20. 

account-book, s. A book in which accounts are 
kept. (Swift.) 

ac-count-a-bil'-I-ty, s. [Accountable.] Lia¬ 
bility to be called on to give an account of money, 
of the discharge of a special trust, or of conduct 
generally; responsibility. 

ac count -a ble, ci. [Eng. account, and suff. 
-able. In Fr. comptable .] Liable to be called on 
to render an account ot money, of goods, of the 
discharge of a special trust, or of conduct gener¬ 
ally ; responsible. 

1. Of money: . 

Law: An accountable receipt is a written acknowl¬ 
edgment that a certain amount of money or certain 
specified goods have actually been received by the 
particular person. The forgery of such a receipt is 
felony. 

2. Of other matters than money. 

“ The House of Commons is now supreme in the State, 
but is accountable to the nation.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xv. 

“ ... he would have known that he should be held 
accountable for all the misery which a national bankrujitcy 
ora French invasion might produce.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxiv. 


TT It is followed by to placed before the person, 
body, or Being to whom or which account is to be 
rendered, and/or placed before the trust for which 
one is responsible. (See the examples above.) 

ac-count- 51 -ble-ness, s. [Accountable.] The- 
state of being accountable ; liability to be called on, 
to render an account, whether of money, of the dis¬ 
charge of a trust, or of conduct generally. 

“The possession of this active power is essential to 
what is termed moral agency or accountableness.” — Isaac 
Taylor: Elements of Thought, 8th ed., p. 22. 

ac-count/-?i-bly, adv. [Accountable.] In an 
accountable manner. 

3 ,c-count-ant, s. [Account.] A person skilled 
in figures, whose occupation is the keeping of 
accounts. 

Figuratively : 

“A strict accountant of his beads.” 

Byron: Ode to Napoleon. 

*ac-count'-ant, a. Accountable, responsible for;, 
chargeable with. 

“ . . . though, peradventure, 

I stand accountant for as great a sin.” 

Shalcesp.: Othello, ii. L 

ac-cbunt -ant-ship, s. The office or work of an 

accountant. 

ac-count -ed, pa. par. [Account, v.] 
ac-count-ihg, pr.par. [Account, v.] 

1. Used as a participle: 

“ Accounting that God was able to raise him up, even 
from the dead.”— Heb. xi. 19. 

2. As a substantive: An adjusting of accounts. 

“Which without frequent accountings he will hardly b© 
able to prevent.”— Soutlf: Sermons. 

Accounting for (used substantively): Explana¬ 
tion of. 

“. . . and leave to maturer ago the accounting for 

the causes.”— Goldsmith: The Bee, No. VI., “Ora Educa¬ 
tion.” 

ae-cou -pie, v. t. [Fr. accoupler: Lat. ad=to; 
and Eng. couple. ] To couple to, to couple together. 
[Couple.] 

“. . . the application which he accoupleth it withal.’* 

— Bacon: Advanc. of Learning, bk. ii. 

*hc-COu'-pled, pa. par. & a. [Accouple.] 
ac-cou -ple-ment, s. [Accouple.] 

1 & 2. The act of coupling together, or the state 
of being coupled together. 

“ . . . the son born of such an accouplement.” — Trial 
of Men’s Wits, p. 318. 

3. The thing which couples or is coupled. 
Carpentry : (1) A tie or brace. (2) Work when 

framed. 

*ac-coup'-lihg, pr. par. [Accouple.] 

*ac-COur'-{ige, v. t. [Accorage.] To encour¬ 
age. 

*ac court', v. t. [Court.] To entertain cour¬ 
teously. 

“ [They] all this while were at their wanton rest, 
Accourting each her friend with lavish fest.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ii. 16. 

*ac-cburt-ihg, pr. par. [Accourt.] 
accoutre (ak-kfi'-ter), v. t. [Fr. accoutrer; O. 
Fr. accoustrer, fr. O. Fr. cousteur, coustre , coutre; 
Ger. kuster=& sacristan; fr. Low Latin custrix=a. 
female sacristan ; custos sacrarii, or custos ecclesim— 
church keeper.] (Wedgwood.) 

* I. To perform the office of a sacristan to a priest, 
to invest him with the garments in which ho is to 
conduct public worship. ( Wedgwood.) 

II. To invest one with the garments or habili¬ 
ments suitable to any other occupation. 

If It is followed by with or in of the habiliments. 

“Accoutred with liis burthen and his staff.” 

Wordsworth: Excur., bk. ii. 

1. (Spec.): To dress in military vestments, super¬ 
adding offensive and perhaps defensive arms. 

“But first, said they, let us go again into the armory. 
So they did; and when he came there, they harnessed him 
from head to foot with what was of proof . . . He 
being, therefore, thus accoutred . . . .” — Bunyan: Pil¬ 
grim’s Progress, Part I. 

*2. To rig out and otherwise equip a ship. 

“The same wind that carries a ship well-ballasted, if 
ill-rigged or accoutred, it drowns it.” — South: Sermons, 
viii. 123. 

3. To dub a knight. 

“ One was accoutred when the cry began, 

Knight of the Silver Moon, Sir Marmadan . . . 

His vow was (and well performed his vow), 

Armed at all points, with terror on his brow, 

To judge the land, to purge atrocious crimes.” 

Cowper: Anti-Thelyphthora. 


bdll bov vr uout jowl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph — f. 
-cian, ; -t’ian = shim, -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 





accoutred 


48 


accumulate 


4. ( Sarcastically ); To clothe in vestments the re¬ 
verse of splendid; to bedizen in burlesque or mum¬ 
ming attire. 

For this in rags accoutred are they seen.”— Dryden. 

If Occurs most frequently in the pa. par. 

accoutred (gk-kfi'-terd), pa. par. & adj. [Ac¬ 

coutre.] 

accoutrements, accouterments (gk-kfi-ter- 
ments), s.pl. [Fr. accoutrement.] Dress and equip¬ 
ments of any kind, but specially those of a soldier. 
tAccoutre I 

1. Gen.: The equipments of any one. 

“The pilgrim set forth with the simple accoutrements 
■which announced his design: the staff, the wallet, and the 
scallop-shell.”— Milman: Hist, of Lat. Christianity, bk. 
vii., ch. 6. 

2. Spec.: The military equipments of a soldier. 

“Hardly one of them troubled himself about the com¬ 
forts, the accoutrements, or the drilling of those over 
whom he was placed.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

accoutring (gk-kfi'-tring), pr. par. [Accou¬ 
tre.] 

*ac-cdw"-ard, v. t. [Coward.] To make one a 
toward. 


“I thought that al the wordes in the world shude nat 
have accoicarded the.”— Palsgrave, fo. 137. 


*ac-coy’, v. t. [O. Fr. accoiser— to appease.] To 
(render coy or shy. 

Specially: 

1. To appease, to soothe, to caress, to make love 

to. 


“ Of faire Pseana I received was 
And oft embrast, as if that I were hee, 

And with kind words accoyd, vowing great love to me.” 

Spenser .- E. Q., IV. ix. 59. 


2. To daunt. 


“Thou foolish swain, that thus art overjoy’d, 

How soon may here thy courage be accoy’d!” 

Peeler Eglogue Gratulatorie (1589). 
*g,c-coy d, pa.par. [Accor.] 

*ac-coy le, v. i. [Accoil. 1 To gather together, 
to assemble, to stand around. 

*ae-cdy'nt, v. t. To acquaint. 

“The people having so gracious a prince and souver- 
ayne lorde as the kinges highness is, with whom, by the 
continuance of his regne over them thies twenty-eight 
yeres, they ought to be so well accoynted.”—State Papers, 
i 475. _ 

*ac-coy nt-ed, pa. par. [Accoynt.] 

*ac-cra'se, v. t. [Fr. ecraser=to crush.] [Crush.] 
To crush, to destroy. 

“Fynding my youth myspent, my substance ympayred, 
my credyth accrased, my talent hydden, my follyes 
laughed att, my rewyne unpytted, and my trewth unem¬ 
ployed.”— Queen’s Progresses, i. 21. 

*gc-crease, v. t. [Lat. accresco= to continue 
growing, to increase: ad= to; cresco=to grow.] To 
increase. ( Llorio .) 

ac-cred- it, v. t. [Fr. accr6diter= to bring into 
credit, to give authority to ; Lat. accredo=to yield 
one’s belief to another: ad—to ; credo— to entrust, 
to believe.] [Credit.] 

1. To invest one with that authority which will 
render statements made by him credible and 
weighty. 

To accredit an ambassador is to give him such 
credentials as will constitute him the official repre¬ 
sentative of the country which sent him forth, and 
empower him to speak in its name. 


“David Beton, the nephew of the Archbishop of St. 
Andrew’s, was accredited to the Court of France.”— 
Prouder Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

2. To credit or believe a statement. 


“The particular hypothesis which is most accredited at 
the time.”— J. S. Mill: Logic, vol. ii., ch. xx., p. 107. 

“The version of early Roman history which was accred¬ 
ited in the fifth century.”— Lewis r Early Homan Hist., 
ch. iii. 

ac-cred-i-ta-tion,s [Accredit.] The giving 
one a title to credit. 


“Having received my instructions and letters of ac¬ 
creditation.”—Memoirs of Bishop Cumberland, i. 417. 
ac-cred'-Lted, pa. par. & a. [Accredit.] 
•“Views which may seem new, but which have long been 
maintained by accredited authors.”— Milman r Hist, of 
Jews (3d ed.), Pref. 

ac-cred'A-tlng, pr. par. [Accredit.] 
*g,c-cresge, v. i. [Lat. accresco = to grow on, to 
continue to increase.] To continue increasing. 

“Their power accresceth to these present.” — Laws, 
Church of Scotland (1830), p. 176. 

g,c-cres'-genge, s. [Lat. accrescens, pr. par. of 
accresco.] Continued growth. 

ac-cres'-tjent, a. [Lat. accrescens, pr. par. of 
accresco.] 

fl. Gen.: Continuing to increase. 

“Hew appearances of accrescent variety and alteration.” 
—Shuclcfordr Creation and Fall of Man, p. 90. 


2, Bot.: Continuing to grow after flowering, as 
the calyx of Melanorrhcea. 

gx-cres'-gLmen-to, s. [Ital., from accrescere = 
to increase ] 

Music: The addition to a note of half its length 
in time, which is indicated by placing after it a 
small dot, 

g,C'-Crete, a. [Lat. accretus, pa. par. of accresco,] 

Bot.: Fastened to another body and growing with 
it. {De Candolle.) 

ac-cre -tion, s. [Lat. accretio — an increment, 
from accretus, pa. par. of accresco: ad = to, and 
cresco = to grow ] 

I. The act or process of causing anything to in¬ 
crease by making an addition to its substance. 

1. By mechanical action. (For example, see No. 

II.) 

2. By the growth of a living body. 

Specially: 

(а) Med.: By the growth of an animal body. 

“ Inf ants support abstinence worse from the quantity 
of aliment consumed in accretion.” — Arbuthnot: Ali¬ 
ments. 

(б) Bot.: The growth of one portion of a plant to 
another. ( Loudon: Cyclop, of Plants, Gloss ) 

3. By the natural laws regulating the action of 
the human mind. Spec., of the growth of a myth 
by the addition of much fable around a grain of 
truth. 

“Upon this narrow basis a detailed narrative has been 
built which was doubtless formed by a series of successive 
accretions.” — Lewis: Early Homan Hist., ch. x. 


4. By the action of human law. 

English Law: The union or accession of a thing 
vague or vacant to another already occupied or dis¬ 
posed of. Thus, if a legacy be given to two persons 
conjointly, and one of the two dies, his share passes 
over to his colleague by accretion. The most com¬ 
mon use of the term is with respect to land imper¬ 
ceptibly deposited from a river or the ocean. . If 
this is inconsiderable, it may be taken possession 
of by the neighboring proprietor; but if it is great, 
it belongs to the Crown. (See Will, Wharton’s Law 
Lexicon.) 

II. The state of having additions made to it by 
the process now described. 


“Secondly, plants do nourish, inanimate bodies do not; 
they have an accretion, but no alimentation.”— Bacon. Nat. 
Hist., ch. vii., § 602. 


III. That which is added by the above-described 
process. 

“ Assuming, however, that we are to strip off all the 
subordinate parts of his narrative as a later accretion, 
and to retain only a nucleus of the leading facts . . .” 
—Lewisr Early Homan Hist., ch. xii. 

3-C-cre -tive, a. [Lat. accretus, pa. par. of ac¬ 
cresco .] [Accresce.J Increasing by means of me¬ 
chanical additions to the substance, as in certain 
circumstances is the case with minerals, or in some 
similar way. (See the significations under Accre¬ 
tion.) 

. ,. the accretive motions of plants and animals.”— 
Glanvillr Scepsis Scientifica. 

*RC-crim>i-nate, v. t [Lat. ad= to; criminor= 
to accuse; fr. crimen— an accusation] To accuse 
of a crime. {Wood.) 

“Bishop Williams, being accriminated in the Star- 
chamber for corrupting of witnesses, and being convicted 
on full proof . . . — Wood: Fasti Oxon.,i. 181. {Latham.) 

*q.c-crim-I-na -tion, s. [Accrimxnate.] An ac¬ 
cusation. 

“If this accrimination be leveled against me, let me 
know my fault while I am here to make my defense.”— 
Life of Henrietta Maria (A. D. 1685). 

SLC-crl pe, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] A herb (?). 

“Some be browne and some be white. 

And 60 ine be tender as aceripe.” 

Reliq. Antiq., i. 248. 


g,c-cro’agh, *ac-cr6-ghe, v.i. [Fr accrocher— 
to hook on, to hang up, from croche, croc—a hook.] 
[Crook, j 

*1. To hook, to draw with a hook. 


“ And fire whan it to towe approcheth. 

To hym anon the strength accrooheth 
Till with his hete it be devoured. 

The towe ne may not be succoured.” 

Gower: Confessio Amantis, T. 
“He never accroahed treasour 
Towarde hymselfe nere nor ferre.” 

Rochas, bk. v., c. 16. 

2. Old Law: To encroach. Used specially of sub¬ 
jects directly or indirectly assuming the royal pre¬ 
rogative. 

“Thus the accroaching, or attempting to exercise royal 

E ower (a very uncertain charge), was in the 21 Edw. III. 

eld to be treason in a knight of Hertfordshire, who 
forcibly assaulted and detained one of the king’s sub¬ 
jects till he paid him £90 [$450].”— Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. iv., ch. vi. 


ac-croagh -ing, pr. par , a. & s. [Accroach.] 
gx-croagh-ment, s. [Accroach.] 

Old Law: Encroachment op the royal authority t 
attempts, direct or indirect, to exercise the royal 
prerogative- 

*gx-cro ghe, v. i. [Accroach.] 
ax-croghe, a. [Fr.] 

Her.: Hooked into. 

gx-erfi e, v. i. [O. Fr. accreu, pa. par of at. 
croistre, from Lat. accresco— to continue growing: 
ad= to, and cresco— to increase.] 

Lit.: To grow to, to increase; hence, 

Comm. & Ord. Lang.: To arise, to come to, to fall 
to, to be added to. 

“To every labor its reward accrues.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii.- 
“The anatomical results accruing from this inquiry,** 
—Todd & Bowman: Physiol, Anat. 

*ac-crfl e, s, [From the verb.]' That which is 
added to the property of any one, 
ax-erfi'ed, a. [From the verb.] 

Her.: Having represented on it a full-grown tree, 
gx-crfi’-iiig, pr. par & a. [Accrue, v. j'.] 

Law: Accruing costs: Expenses incurred after a 
verdict has been pronounced. 

ac crfi ment, s. [From accrue, v. t.] Increase, 
addition, augmentation. 

“That joy is charitable which overflows our neighbor's 
fields when ourselves are unconcerned in the personal 
accruments.” — Taylor: Great Exemplar, 48. 

*ae'-cub, s. The footmark of an animal. ( Haiti- 
well.) 

ac-cu-ba'-tion, s. [Lat. accubitio— a lying or 
reclining at table; accubitum (sup. of accumbo) =to 
be near: ad= to, near; cubo.] The custom, bor¬ 
rowed by the Romans from the East, of reclining at 
meals. [Cube.] 

“It will appear that accubation, or lying down at meals* 
was a gesture used by very many nations.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

gx-cu-bi-tus, s. [Lat.=a reclining at table.] 
Arch.: A room attached to a large church, in 
which the clergyman occasionally reposed. 

*g,c-cumb', v. i. [Lat accumbo: ad, and cubo.] 
[Accubation.] To recline at table as the ancient 
Greeks, Romans, ,&c., used to do. 

ax-cum-ben-gy, s. [Accumb.] The state of be¬ 
ing accumbent; the state of reclining at the supper 
table, as some ancient nations did. 

“No gesture befitting familiar accumbency." — Robin¬ 
son: Eudoxa (1658), p. 142. 

ac-cum-bent, a. & s. [Lat. accumbens, pr. par. of 
accumbo ' fr. ad and cubo.] 

I. As adjective: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Reclining like the ancients at the 
supper-table. 

“The Roman recumbent, or, more properly, accumbent 
posture in eating was introduced after the first Punic 
war.”— Arbuthnot .- Tattles of Ancient Weights and Measures. 

2. Bot.: Prostrate, supine. When the edges of 
the cotyledons in a brassicaceous or other plant are 



Accumbent Cotyledon, Whole and in Section- 

presented to the radicle, they are said to be accum¬ 
bent : but when folded with their backs upon the 
radicle, they are termed incumbent. 

II.. As substantive • One who reclines in ancient 
fashion at a dinner-table, or, more loosely, who sits 
at the table in the ordinary way. 

“ What a penance must be done by every accumbent in 
sitting at the passing through all these dishes 1”— Bp- 
Hall: Occasional Meditations. 

*gx-cu-mie, s. [Accomte.] 

ac-cum'-ul- ate, v. t. & i. [In Fr. accumuler; 
Ital. accumulare; fr. Lat. accumulo, supine accum- 
ulaturn=to add to a heap, to heap up: ad=to; 
cumulo=to heap up; cumulus—a heap.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To heap up, as, for instance, stones upon 
a cairn; mechanically to pile one thing above an¬ 
other. 

“. . . considerable tracts of alluvium, which were- 
gradually accumulated by the overflow of former years.”— 
Lyell: Princip. of Geology, ch. xv. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, c&b, eiire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ge, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



accumulate 


49 


accused 


2. Fig.: To bring together, to amass without its 
l emg implied that each new addition is mechani¬ 
cally heaped upon the mass of its predecessors. 

“In the seventeenth, century, a statesman who was at 
the head of affairs, might easily, and without giving 
scandal, accumulate in no long time an estate amply suf¬ 
ficient to support a dukedom.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. iii. 

IT Sometimes, though really transitive, it has an 
intransitive appearance, the accusative being im¬ 
plied instead of expressed. 

“• • • the average strength of the desire to accumulate 
is short of that which, under circumstances of any toler¬ 
able security, reason and sober calculation would ap¬ 
prove.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. xi. 

II. Intransitive: To grow up into a great mass or 
number (literally or figuratively). 

“ • • .in such water it is obviously impossible that 

strata of any great thickness can accumulate.” — Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. xvi. 

“As their observations accumulate and as their experi¬ 
ence extends.”— Buckle: Hist. Civilization in Eng., i. 1. 

£C-Cum -ul-ate, a. [See the verb.] Collected 
into a mass or quantity; now generally written 
Accumulated. 

“ Greatness of relief accumulate in one place doth rather 
invite a surcharge of poor.”— Bacon: Sutton’s Estate. 

ac-cum'-ul-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Accumu¬ 
late, v.] 

“With accumulated usury.”— Macaulay: Hist . Eng., 
ch. xii. 

Jic-cum'-ul-a-ting, pr. par. & a. [Accumu¬ 
late, v.] 

“ There are many circumstances which, in England, 
give a peculiar force to the accumulating propensity.”— 
J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. xi., § 4. 

ac-cum-ul-a -tion, s. [Lat. accumulation [Ac¬ 
cumulate.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of accumulating, heaping up, or 
amassing. 

1. Lit.: The act of heaping up, as stones on a 
cairn, snow on a wreath, or sediment on a previ¬ 
ously formed geological stratum. 

. . the earliest exterior rugosities of the earth 

would ... be placed beyond the influence of sedimen¬ 
tary accumulation.” — Murchison: Siluria, ch. i. 

2. Fig .: The act or process of amassing anything, 
as, for instance, houses, land, ships, renown, &c. 
These are not literally piled one above another of 
the same kind in heaps, but may still be viewed as 
if they were a single aggregate, heap, or mass. 

“ One of my place in Syria, his lieutenant, 

For quick accumulation of renown.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 1. 

II. The state of being or having been accumu¬ 
lated, heaped up, or amassed. 

“ . . . very long after their accumulation as marine 
mud .”—Murchison : Siluria, ch. ii. 

III. That of which the accumulation is made or 
takes place. 

“ . . . partly an accumulation of snow, increased by 

lateral glaciers .”—Hooker .* Himalayan Journals, ch. xxii. 

B. Technically: 

1. Mech. Accumulation of power is the motion 
whict xists in some machines after intervals of 
timt auring which the velocity of the moving body 
has been continually increased. 

2. Med.: The concurrent effect of medicines of 
which the first dose seems powerless, but of which 
some dose or other in the series operates not 
simply with the intensity which might have been 
expected from its own magnitude, but also with 
that of all those which have preceded it. 

3. Polit. Econ.: The adding of one sum saved to 
another with the view of producing capital. 

ac-cum'-ul-a-tlve, a - [Accumulate, v.] Ac¬ 
cumulating, amassing, relating to accumulation, 
having a tendency to accumulate. 

“The activity of thought and vivacity of the accumula - 
five memory .... ”—Coleridge : Table Talk. 

“When a variation is of the slightest use to a being, 
we cannot tell how much of it to attribute to the accumuU 
ative action of natural selection .”—Damcin : Origin of 
Species, ch. v., p. 133. 

Law: . . . . _ J 

An accumulative judgment is one m which two 
punishments are prescribed to a criminal for two 
distinct breaches of the law, the second penalty to 
commence when the first expires. 

An accumulative legacy is the term used when 
more legacies than one are given by successive wills 
emanating from the same testator, or by successive 
codicils to the same "will. 

*ac-cum-ul-a-tive-ly, ady. [Accumulative.] 
In an accumulative manner; in literal heaps, or in 
what may be figuratively considered as heaps. 

“Heart is put here accumulatively , as that whose 
cleanness must be added to the purity of conversation to 
compleat it.”— AUestre: Sermons, ii. 20. 


ac-cum -ul-a-tor, s. [Fr. accumulateur.] One 
who or that which accumulates. 

“ . . . broils and quarrels, the great accumulators and 

multipliers of injuries.”— Dr. H. More: Decay of Christian 
Piety. 

ac-cum -ul-a-tor, s. A secondary or storage 
battery, where electricity has been converted into 
chemical energy, which in turn is reconverted into 
electricity, when the battery is used for power or 
lighting purposes. 

ac'-ciir-a-Qy, s . [In Ital. accuratezza , fr. Lat. 
accuratio; fr. accuro =to bestow care upon: ad— to; 
euro—to take care of; cwm=care.] 

1. Exactness, freedom from mistakes, this exemp¬ 
tion arising from the care with which every step in 
a process has been carried out; conformity to truth, 
even in minute particulars. 

“ . . . directing its beak with the greatest accuracy.” 

— Whewell: Hist, of Scientific Ideas, bk. ix., ch. v. 23. 

“ . . . two works of undoubted accuracy.” — Darwin: 
Descent of Man, ch. i. 

2. Precision of fit. 

“The efficiency of the instrument will also dejpend upon 
the accuracy with which the piston fits the bottom and 
sides of the barrel.”— Lardner: Pneumatics, ch. v. 

ac'-ciir-ate, a. [Lat. accuratus , pa. par. of 
accuro —to take pains with: ac=ad= to, and cura— 
care.] [Accuracy.] 

1 Exact, without error or defect, free from mis¬ 
takes. 

“For his knowledge, though not always accurate, was 
of immense extent.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

2. Determinate, exactly fixed. 

“ Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate 
influences upon these things below than indeed they have 
but in gross.”— Bacon. 

ac'-cur-ate-ly, adv. [Accurate.] 

1. In an accurate manner; exactly, precisely, 
without mistake. 

“ The stipulations of the treaty of Dover were accurately 
known to very few.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Closely; so as to fit exactly. 

ac'-ciir-^te-ness, s. [Accurate.] Accuracy, 
exactness, precision, nicety. 

“Suspecting that in making this observation I had not 
determined the diameter of the sphere with sufficient 
accurateness, I repeated the experiment.”— Newton. 

ac-curs e, *§,-curs'e, v. [Pref. ctc=ad= to. and 
curse.'] 

1. Old Test.: Properly the rendering of the Heb. 
verb chharam —to devote to God, without permis¬ 
sion that the person or thing thus devoted should 
afterward be redeemed with money; hence, to de¬ 
vote to utter destruction. 

“And the city shall be accursed, even it, and all that 
are therein, to the Lord : only Rahab the harlot shall 
live .... And they utterly destroyed all that was 
in the city, both man and woman, young and old, and ox, 
and sheep, and ass, with the edge of the sword.”— Josh. 
vi. 17, 21. 

2. New Test.: To separate from the church, or to 
exclude from eternal salvatipn. It is doubtful in 
some cases which of the two is meant. 

“If any man preach any other gospel unto you than 
that ye have received, let him be accursed.” — Gal. i. 9. 

“For I could wish that myself were accursed from 
Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the 
flesh.”— Pom. ix. 3. 

3. Eccles. Lang.: To excommunicate. 

“And Hildebrand accursed and cast down from his 
throne Henry TV.”—Sir W. Raleigh: Essays. 

4c. Ordinary Language: 

(a) To curse, to imprecate evil upon a person 
because of regarding him with excessive hatred. 

“ For aye accursed in minstrel line 
Is he who brawls ’mid song and wine.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, canto ii. 18. 

( b ) To separate from the society of men. 

“ No one is so accursed by fate, 

No one so utterly desolate, 

But some heart, though unknown, 

Responds unto his own.” 

Longfellow: Endymion. 

(c) (Used of things): To curse, to execrate, to re¬ 
gard with excessive hatred. 

“ Which is lif that oure Lord 
In alle lawes acursetli.” 

Piei's Plow., p. 375. 

“ Had Lara from that night, to him accurst.” 

Byron: Lara , canto ii. 9. 

ac-cursed, ac-curst', pa. par. & adj. [ Ac- 
curse.] 

“ . . . the accursed thing.”— Josh. xxii. 20. 

** . . . the Phenicean accursed rites .”—Jeremy Tay» 
lor: The Decalogue. 

“Where the veil’d demon held liis feast accurst.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh. 


ac-cur -sing, pr. par., a. & s. [Accurse.] 

As substantive: Used in senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

Spec.: Excommunication. 

“ Anathematization, excommunication, and accursing 
are synonymous.”— Compend. Laws, Church of Scotland 
(1830), p. xxxv. 

ac-curst', pa. par. & adj. [Accursed.] 
ac-cu'-§a-ble, a. [Lat. accusabilis.] [Accuse.] 
That may be accused, liable to be charged with a 
crime or fault. 

“ Nature’s improvision were justly accusable if . . . ”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

ac-cu'-§al, s. [Accuse.] 

“Adah. Cain ! clear thee from this horrible accusal.” 

Byron: Cain, iii. 1. 

ac-cu'-§ant, s. [Lat. accusans , pr. par. of accuso.] 
One who accuses. 

“ . . . the accusant must hold him to the proof of 
the charge.”— Bp. Hall: Remains, Life, p. 531. 

ac-Cu-§a'-tion, s. [In Fr. accusation; Ital. accu - 
sazione , fr. Lat. accusatio.] [Accuse, y. t .] 

1. The act of charging one with a crime, or with a 
lighter delinquency. 

“. . . if I have taken anything from any man by 
false accusation , I restore him fourfold .”—Luke xix. 8. 

2. The state of being accused. 

“What can secure him at last against false accusationf” 
— Adventurer, No. 62. 

3. That of which one is accused; the charge itself. 

“Pilate then went out unto them, and said, What accu~ 
sation bring ye against this man? ”^John xviii. 29. 

ac-cu -§a-tive, a. [InGer. accusativ; Fr. accu - 
satif; Ital. accusativo, fr. Lat. ctccusativus, s.=the 
accusative case.] 

I. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to accusation, prone to bring for¬ 
ward charges against persons or institutions. 

“ This hath been a very accusative age, yet have I not 
heard any superstition (much less idolatry) charged upon 
the several bishops of London, Winchester, Chester . . . 
&c .”—Sir E. Dering: Speeches, p. 112. 

2. The case defined under No. II., or pertaining 
to it. 

“Relation of the Nominative and Accusative Case.”— 
Schmitz: Lat. Gram., xlii. 

“The German languages have, so early as the Gothic 
even, lost the accusative mark in substantives entirely.”— 
Bopp: Compar. Gram., i. 165. 

II. As substantive: The name given by the Latins 
to the fourth of the six cases used in the declension 
of nouns. It in many respects agrees with the ob¬ 
jective case in English, which, in consequence, is 
often called the accusative. 

ac-cu'-§a-tlve-ly, adv. [Accusative.] 

1. In an accusative manner; so as to involve an 
accusation. 

2. With relation to the accusative case. 
ac-cu-§a-tor-l-al, a. [Accusatory.] Accusa¬ 
tory (q. v.). 

ac-cu-§£-tbr'-i-al-ly, adv. [Accusatorial.] 
By way of accusation. 

ac-cu-§a-tor-y, a. [In Fr. accusatoire.] [Ac¬ 
cuse.] Containing or involving an accusation. 

“. . . their accusatory strain.”— Townsend: Lives of 

Twelve Eminent Judges; Lord Eldon. 

ac-cu'§e, v. t. [In Fr. accuser; Ital. accusare, 
from Lat. accuso=( 1) to call to account, (2) to 
arraign: ad=to; causor =to conduct a lawsuit; 
causa =a cause, also a suit at law.] 

[Cause.] 

1. Law: To bring a civil or criminal charge 
against one with the view of obtaining redress from 
the criminal, his punishment, or both together, 
from a judicial tribunal. 

“And when he [Paul] was called forth, Tertullus began 
to accuse him, saying, . . . We have found this man 
a pestilent fellow .”—Acts xxvi. 2/5. 

2. Ordinary Life: 

(a) To complain against, to find fault with. 

“. . . having faithful children not accused of riot or 
unruly .”—Titus i. 6. 

“. . . their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else 
excusing one another.”— Rom. ii. 15. 

* (b) To discover or betray the existence or action 
of any person or thing. 

“ The entrees of the yerde accuseth 
To him that in the watir museth.” 

Rom. of the Rose, 1,591, 

*3LC-Cu'§e, s. [From the verb.] An accusation. 

“By false accuse doth level at my life.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Part II., iii. L 

&C-CU §ed, pa. par. & a. [Accuse, v.] 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 

‘Cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, d$L 






accusement 


50 


acerbity 


*a,c-cu§e'-ment, s. [Accuse.] Accusation. 

. . and sometimes at the only promotion and ac- 
eusement of their summoners and apparitors.”— Petition 
of the Commons to the King, Nov. 8, 1529. 

ac-cu’-§er, s. [Accuse, v. t.j One who accuses; 
one who brings a charge against another person, or, 
more loosely, against a class, an institution, &c. 

“. . before that he is accused, have the accusers 
face to face.”— Acts xxv. 16. 
ac-cu’-§ihg, pr. par. & a. [Accuse, v. t.j 
“ As school-boys, finding their mistake too late, 
Draw a wet sponge across the accusing 6 late.” 

Longfellow : Tales of a Wayside Inn. 

ac-cus-tom, v. t. & i. [0. Fr. acostomer, from 
Low Lat. accostumo , from Lat. ad, and consuetudi- 
nem, accus. of consuetudo=custom ; Ital. accostom - 
are.] [Custom.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To create a custom or habit by practicing the 
lame act a number of times; to habituate, to inure. 

“ Men were accustomed to redress their wrongs by the 
strong hand.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

*2. To frequent. 

“A well-accustomed house.”— Mad. Centlivre .- Bold 
Stroke, i. 1. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Gen.: To be habituated, to be used or wont to 
anything. 

“Which most living things accustom.” — Carew. 

*2. Spec. : To cohabit. 

“We with the best men accustom openly.’.’— Milton: 
Wist. Eng., iii. 

* 3 ,c-cus-tom, s. [Accustom, v.] Custom. 
“Individual accustom of life.”— Milton: Tetrachordon. 
ac-cus-tom-A-ble, a. [Accustom, u.] Of long 
custom; very habitual. 

“By accustomable residence in one climate.”— Sir M. 
Hale : Origination of Mankind. 

ac-cus'-tom a-bly, adv. [Accustomable.] Ac¬ 
cording to custom. 

“ Touching the king’s fines accustomably paid.”— Bacon : 
Alienations. 

*ac-cus'-t6m-$ui§e, s. [Accustom, v.] Custom, 
practice. 

“Through accustomance and negligence, and perhaps 
some other causes, we neither feel it in our own bodies, 
nor take notice of it in others.”— Boyle. 

*ac-cus'-tom-ar-i-ly, adv. [Accustomary.] Ac¬ 
cording to custom. 

“The peculiar eminency which you accustomarily mar¬ 
shal before logick.”— Cleaveland. 

*ac-cus’-t6m-a-ry, a. [Accustom.] Customary, 
usual. [Customary .j 

“ The ordinary and accustomary swearing then in use 
among the Jews.”— Fealty : Dipper Dipt, p. 160. 
ac-cus'-tomed, pa. par. & a. [Accustom, v. #.] 
1. As pa. par.: As in the verb. 

2 As adj.: Usual. 

“I roved o’er many a hill and many a dale 
With my accustomed load.” 

Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. i. 

3. Frequented. 

ac-cus'-tomed-ness, s. [Accustomed ] The 
state of being habituated to; familiarity. 

“Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart.”— Pierce: 
Sermons , p. 230. 

ac-cus'-tom-Ing, pr. par. [Accustom, u.] 
age, s. [Fr. as = an ace of cards, dice, &c.; Ital. 
asso, from Lat. as= (1) a unit, (2) a pound weight, 
&c.] 

1. A unit; a single point on cards or dice; a card 
with but one mark upon it. [Ambsace.] 

“An Ace of Hearts steps forth: The King unseen 
Lurk’d'in her hand, and mourn’d his captive Queen.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, canto iii. 95, 96. 

2. A very small amount, or a very small quantity; 
an atom. 

“He will not bate an ace of absolute certainty.” — Dr. H. 
More: Government of the Tongue. 

ace-point. The side of a die possessing but one 
point. 

ag-e-con-it'-Ic ag-Id, s. (C6H 6 C>6.) 

Chern.: A tribasic acid produced, along with 
citracetic acid, by heating ethylic bromacetate with 
sodium. It is isomeric with aconitic acid. ( Watts : 
Sup pi.) 

A-gel’-da-ma, s. [Syro-Chal. Chhaqual=fteld of; 
dema, in Heb. dam=blood.] 

1. As a proper name: A field purchased by the 
Jewish chief priests and elders with the thirty 
pieces of silver returned by Judas. It was used as a 
place of interment for strangers. The traditionary 
site is on a small plateau half way up the southern 
slope of the Valley of Hinnom, near the junction of 
the latter with the Valley of Jehoshaphat. (See 
Matt- xxvii. 3—10; Acts i. 18,19.) 


2. As a common noun: A field of blood. Spec., a 
field of battle just after a sanguinary contest has 
terminated. 

*3,-ge le, t>. t. [Old form of Seal.] To seal. 
( Robt. of Gloucester.) 

*3,-ge led, pa. par. [Acele.] 
ac-e-naph-thene, ag-et-y-lo-naph’-tha-lene, 
s. [Naphthalene.] 

*a-§ent’e, s. [Assent, s.] (Robt. of Glouc.,p.96.) 
*3,-§en'-ten, *a-cen’-tyn, v. i. [Assent, v.] 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

a-gen’-tric, a. [Gr. a, priv.; kentron = a sharp 
point, the center of a circle; kented= to prick, to 
goad.] Destitute of a center. 

*a~§en-tyn, v. i. [Acenten.] 

-ageous. An adjectival suffix. [Lat. -accus, as 
testaceus=of brick, shelly; fr. testa= a brick, a tile, 
a shell.] Having, characterized by; as testaceous— 
having a testa, or shell. 

U-geph'-a-la, a-geph'-al-^ng, s. pi. [ Gt. akepli- 
aZos=headless: a, priv.; kephale= the head.] The 
fourth class of Cuvier’s great division or sub-king¬ 
dom of the Animal Creation called Mollusca. He 
included under it two orders —the Testacea, or 
Acephalans, with shells, generally bivalve ; and the 
Nuda, or Naked Acephalans, without shells. The 
class was a natural one, but the name was objection¬ 
able, inasmuch as the mollusks of the class Brachi- 
opoda are also without apparent heads. Hence new 
names have been found for the Acephala, viz., Conch- 
ifera and Lamellibranchia (q. v.). 
a-geph’-gil-gin, s. [Acephala.] 

1. Gen.: An animal without a head. 

2. Spec.: A mollusk belonging to Cuvier’s class 
Acephala (q. v.). Often used in the pi., Acephalans. 

A-geph'-al-i, s. pi. [Lat. Acephali; Gr. akeph- 
aZoi=headless; a, priv.; kephale— the head.] 

I. Lit.: Without a head, or reported to be with¬ 
out one. 

1. Phys.: Infants born without heads. 

2. Ancient Geog.: Certain nations in Africa, India, 
&c., fabulously alleged to be without heads. 

II. Fig.: Headless in the sense of having no chief. 

1. Civil Hist.: Certain levelers in the reign of 
Henry I. of England, who acknowledged no head 
or emperor. 

2. Church History : 

(а) The name applied to those who, on occasion 
of a dispute which arose in the Council of Ephesus, 
A. D. 431, refused to follow either John of Antioch, 
or Cyril of Alexandria. 

(б) The name applied, in the fifth and sixth 
centuries, to a large section of the followers of the 
Monophysite, Peter Mongus, who cast him off as 
their leader because of his accepting a peaceful 
formula called the Henoticon. They soon after¬ 
ward split into three parties, the Anthropomor- 
phites, the Barsanuphites, and the Essianists, who 
again gave origin to other sects. 

(c) Bishops exempt from the jurisdiction and 
discipline of a patriarch. 

a-geph’-al-ist, s. [Acephala.] One who does 
not acknowledge a head or superior. 

“These acephalists, who will endure no head but that 
upon their own shoulders.”— Gauden: Ecclesioe Anglicance 
Suspiria. 

*a-geph’~al-Ite, s. [Acephala.] 

Law: One who held nothing in fee from king, 
bishop, baron, or other feudal lord. 

a-geph-al-o-gyst, s. [Gr. afcepftaZos=headless; 
Zmsfis=bladder.] A sub-globular or oval vesicle 
filled with fluid, which sometimes grows up within 
the human frame. It varies from the size of a pea 
to that of a child’s head. Acephalocysts have 
recently been found to consist of the cysts or larval 
forms of the cestoid Entozoa. Livois, Dr. Budd, 
and other observers, have discovered in them 
animalcules of the genus Echinococcus. [Echino¬ 
coccus, Hydatid.] 

^-geph'-gl-ous, a. [Acephala.] Without a 
head. 

1. Zool.: Pertaining to any headless animal. 
[Acephala.] 

“The acephalous mollusca are all aquatic.”— Owen: 
Invert. Animals, Lect. XX. 

2. Botany. Acephalous ovary: One with the style 
springing from its base instead of its apex. 

9 ,-geph -al-us, s. [Acephala.] 

_ 1. Among the Greeks and Romans: A hexameter 
Hne beginning with a short syllable. 

*2. An obsolete name for the tcenia, or tapeworm, 
founded on the wholly erroneous belief that it is 
destitute of a head. 

3. Med.: A foetus bom (if born it can be called) 
headless. 

a’-ger, s. [In Ital. and Port, acero, from Lat. 
acer=the-maple-tree, acer, adj =pointed, sharp, 


piercing; obs. root ac=sharp. This occurs in Lat. 
acuo, acies, &c.; in the Fr. aigre; and in Eng. acute, 
eager, &c.] [Maple.] The typical genus ot the 
Acerace®, or Maples (q. v.). One species is indig¬ 
enous in Britain—the A. campestre, or common 
maple; another, the A. pseudo-platanus, the greater 



Leaves, Blossom, and Seed-Vessel of Maple 
(Acer Pseudo-Platanus). 

maple, sycamore, or plane-tree, is thoroughly nat¬ 
uralized. [Sycamore.] It is wild in Germany, 
Switzerland, Austria, Italy, &c. A. saccharinum is 
the sugar-maple of North America. [Sugar- 
maple.] A. striatum, also from the New World, 
has a black-and-white striped bark, and furnishes 
a 1 white wood much used for inlaying in cabinet¬ 
work. The bark of A. rubrum, the red or swamp- 
maple of Pennsylvania, dyes dark blue, and is used 
for making a good black ink. 

There is a large variety of maples in America, 
as hard-maple, soft-maple, birds’-eye-maple, and 
curled maple. These are used largely for cabinet¬ 
work and building purposes. The leaves of the 
soft-maple constitute one of the chief elements of 
the splendor of our woods in the Indian summer 
season. 

“ The leaf is growing old, 

And wears in grace of duty done, 

The gold and scarlet of the sun.” 

Margaret E. Sangster: A Maple Leaf. 

a’-ger-a (1). [Aceracea:.] 

a'-ger-a (2), s. pi. [Gr. akerafos=without horns: 
a, priv.; keras=& horn.] 

Zoology: 

1. A genus of mollusks, of the family Bullid®. 
Seven species are known. 

2. Insects “ without antennas,” or, more accur¬ 
ately, the antenn® of which are minute. Some 
apterous insects, and the Hippoboscid® among the 
Diptera, have this character. 

a-ger-a’-ge-te (Lindley, &c.), a’-ger-in-e-ae 
(De Candolle), a'-ger-a (Jussieu). [Lat. acer— 
maple.] A natural order of polypetalous exogen¬ 
ous plants, consisting of trees with simple leavos; 
flowers with eight stamens; a samaroid, two-celled 
fruit; and the inflorescence in axillary corymbs or 
racemes. In 1845 Lindley estimated the known 
species at sixty. They are spread over the temper¬ 
ate parts of the northern hemisphere. 

a’-ger-an, s. [Acera (2).] An insect with minute 
antenn®. 

a -ger-as, s. [Gr. a, priv.; keras= a horn. So called 
from its being without a spur on the labellum.] 
Man-Orchis, a genus of plants belonging to the 
order Orchidace®, or Orchids. Aceras anthrophora, 
the green man-orchis, is wild in parts of England ; 
A. hircina, the lizard-orchis, is from Continental 
Europe. 

*ag-erb', s. [Lat. acerbus={l) unripe, (2) bitter, 
sour; Fr. acerbe ; Ital. acerbo.j Possessing sour¬ 
ness. (Applied to unripe fruits, &c.) {Quincy.) 

ag'-er-bate, u. f. [Lat. acerbatus, pa. par. o( 
acerbo.j To make sour or sharpen. [Acerb.] 

“ *’Tis this,’ said he, ‘that acerbates my woe.’ ” 
Billingsly: Brachy-Martyrologia (1657), p. 63. 

*ag-er-ba-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acerbate.] 

*ag-er-ba'-tlng, pr. par. [Acerbate.] 

*a-ger -bi-tude, s. [Lat. acerbitudo.) Sourness- 
acerbity 

a-ger -bl-tjf, s. [Lat. acerbitas— (1, lit.) sourness, 
as of unripe fruit; (2, fig.) moroseness; Ital. acer- 
bita.j 

I. Lit.: Sourness, with roughness, or astringency, 
as of unripe fruit. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Sourness of temper, moroseness. 

True it is that the talents for criticism—namely 
smartness, quick censure, vivacity of remark, indeed ali 
but acerbity— seem rather the gift of youth than of old 
age.”— Pope. 


ate. fat, fare, amidst, 

or. wore, wolf, work. 


what, ail, father; we, wet, here, 

who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 

car, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




acerdese 


51 


acetophenone 


. 2. Sharpness of pain, torture, bitterness of suffer¬ 
ing. 

We may easily imagine what acerbity of pain must be 
endured by our Lord, on His tender limbs being 
stretched forth, racked, and tortured, and continuing a 
good time in such a posture.”— Barrow on the Creed, Ser¬ 
mon 26. 

3,-§er'-de§e, s. A mineral called also Manga- 
Nite (q. v.). 

a-ger-ic, a. [Acer.] Pertaming to the maple- 
tree. 

a-ger -I-de§, s. [Gr. a, priv.; fceros=wax.] Plas¬ 
ters made without wax. 

a-ger-I Iia, s. A genus of fishes belonging w> the 
family Percida?, or Perches. A. vulgaris , the ruff 
or pope, is found in some English rivers, 
a-ger-in'-e-se, s. [Acerace*. 
a-g er-6 s' e, s. 

[Lat .acer— sharp.] 

B ot. (spec, of 
leaves): Needle- 
shaped, i. e., nar¬ 
row, linear, rigid, 
and tapering to a 
fine point. Exam¬ 
ples, those of the 
Pinus sylvestris, 

Juniperus commu¬ 
nis , &c. 

* a g'-erote, s. 

Brown bread. 

(Minsheu.) 

w a-cer-o-the -ri- 
um, s. LGr. (l) 

akeros = hornless 
(Acera) ; (2) the- Acerose Leaf (Pinus). 
r ion) = wi 1 d ani¬ 
mal.] A fossil mammal of the order Pachyder- 
mata. It was a connecting link between the Paloe- 
otherium and the Rhinoceros, 
a-ger-ous, a. [Gr. a, priv.; keras= a horn.] 

Zool.: Without horns or antennae. With reference 
to this form of structure, insects are divided into 
dicerous =sucli as have two antennae; and aserous, 
or such as have none. [Acera (2).] 

*a-ger se- com Ick, s. [Gr. akersekomes , fr. a, 
priv.=not; kerso AColic & Ep. lstfut. of keiro= to 
cut the hair short; fcome=hair.] A person whose 
hair has never been cut. (Cockeram.) 

*3.-ger'-tain, v. [Original form of Ascertain.] 
To make certain ; to give certain information about. 

“ For now I am acertained throughly 
Of everything I desired to know.” 

Todd : Gower <£■ Chaucer. 

*a~?er-talned, pa. par. [Acertain.] 

*a-9er -val, a. [Lat. acervus= a heap.] Pertain¬ 
ing to a heap. 

*a-ger-vate, v. t. [Lat. acervatum, sup. of 
acervo=to heap up.] To heap up, to amass. 
a-§er'-vate, a. [Acervate, v. t.] 

Nat. Science: Heaped up ; also growing in heaps 
or clusters. 

*ac-er-vS,'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acervate, v. f.] 
*ag-er-va'-tiiig, pr.par. [Acervate, v. f.] 
ag-er-va'-tion, v. [Lat .acervatio.] The act of 
heaping up. 

a-ger'-vose, a. [Lat. acervus=a heap.] Full 
of heaps. 

a-ger -vu-lus, s. [Dimin. of Lat. a,cervus= a 
heap ; (lit.) a little heap.] The name given by Som- 
mering to a mass of sabulous matter, composed of 
phosphate and carbonate of lime, situated in a cav¬ 
ity toward the base of the pineal body in the brain. 
It is found in the human species after seven years 
of age, but not in the inferior animals, 
a-ges'-ggnge, g,-ges -gen-gy, s. [Lat. acescens, 

§ r. par. of acesco = to turn sour; aceo = to be sour. 

'rom obsolete root ac=sharp, or sour, with the suff. 
-escence or -escency.] The state of turning or being 
sour. 

IT Substances which contain sugar tend to undergo, 
first, an alcoholic, and then an acetous fermenta¬ 
tion. While the latter process is being effected, the 
substance exhibits acescency, that is, it becomes in¬ 
creasingly sour. 

“ . . . the milk having an acescency very prejudicial 

to the constitution of the recipient.”— Jones: Life of Bishop 
Home, p. 350. 

a-ges’-ggnt, a.&s. [In Fr. acescent: Lat. aces- 
censJ The suff. -escens—Lat. crescens= Eng. increas¬ 
ing.] 

A. As adjective: 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Becoming increasingly sour. 
Sometimes used loosely for slightly sour. 

2 . Bot.: Sour, tart, acid. (Loudon: Cyclop, of 
Plants, Gloss.) 



*B. As subst.: That which tends to sourness or 
acidity. 

“ . . . qualified with a sufficient quantity of acescents, 
bread, sugar, and fermented liquors.”— Arbutlmot. 

* q,-qe'se, v.t. & i. [Cease.] 

1. Transitive: To cause to cease, to satisfy. 

“Al wo and werres he schal acese, 

And set al reams in rest and pese.” 

MS. Douce, 302, f. 29. (Halliwell.) 

2_. Intransitive: To cease. 

ag-et-ab -u-lar, a. [Acetabulum.] Pertaining 
to the acetabulum. 

“Of the borders, one is external or acetabular ; as it ends 
below, at the margin of the acetabulum.”— Flower: Oste¬ 
ology of the Ma mmalia, p. 283. 

a g-et-ab -u-li-form, a. [Lat. acetabulum (q.y.), 
and/orma=form.] Concave, depressed, round, with 
a border a little turned outward. Example, the 
fructification of some lichens. (Lindley.) 

ag-et-ab -y-lum, s. [Lat.= (l) a vessel for hold¬ 
ing vinegar; (2) the socket of the hip-bone; (3) the 
suckers of polypi; (4) the calyx of flowers. From 
acetum (q. v.).j 
I, Anatomy: 

1. A cavity in any bone designed to receive the 
protuberant head of another one, so as to constitute 
the kind of articulation called enarihrosis. Spec., 
the socket of the hip-joint in man. 

2. A glandular substance found in the placenta of 
Some animals. 

3. The fleshy suckers with which the Cephalopoda 
and some other Invertebrata are provided. 

II. Zoology: A genus of polypes. 

III. Botany: 

1. A species of lichen. 

2. A cotyledon. 

3. The receptacle of certain fungals. 
ag'-et-al> s. CoH^CHC^Hg^O. A compound of 

aldehyde with ethyl oxide; it is isomeric with 
diethylic ethenate. It is one of the products of the 
slow oxidation of alcohol. Acetal is a colorless 
liquid boiling at 140°. Oxidizing agents convert it 
into acetic acid. It was first formed by Dobereiner, 
who called it oxygenated ether. 

a-get -a-mide, s. N | [Amide.] 

Formed by heating ammonium acetate ; also by the 
action of ammonia on ethyl acetate. Acetamide is 
a white crystallic solid, melting at 78°, and boiling 
at 222°. Heated with.acids or alkalies, it is con¬ 
verted into acetic acid and ammonia. Distilled 
with phosphoric oxide, it is decomposed into water 
and acetonitrile or methyl-cyanide. 

ag-et-an'-i-lide, s. [Eng. acetyl, and anilide .] 
C 6 H 6 NH.C 2 HaO. A white powder with pungent 
taste, formed by the action of acetyl chloride or 
acetic anhydride on aniline, or by heating aniline 
and glacial acetic acid together for several hours. 
It is used in medicine as an antipyretic, an 
analgesic, and as a substitute for quinine. Also 
called antifebrine. 

ag-et-ar -l-ous, a. [Lat. acetaria, s. pi., or pi. 
of adj., with olera (=vegetabies) implied. Vege¬ 
tables prepared with vinegar; a salad.] Prepared 
with vinegar, or suitable for being so. 

Acetarious plants: Plants suitable for being made 
into salad with vinegar. 

*a-get -arre, s. [Acetarious.] A salad of small 
herbs. (Cockeram, 1659.) 

ag'-et-ar-y, s. [Acetarious.] The term applied 
by .Grew to the inner or pulpy part of certain fruits 
It is sometimes called also the inner parenchyma. 
In the pear it is globular, and surrounds the core. 
The name acetary is derived from the sourness of 
its taste. 

ag -et-ate, s. [In Ger. acetat; Fr. acetate; Lat. 
acetas .] [Acetic Acid.] 

ag'-et-ene, s. [Acetum.] The same as ethylene 
and olefiant gas. 

*ag'-eth, *ag -ethe, s. [Aseth.] 
a-get -Ic, or a-get'-Ic, a. [In Fr. acStique, fr. 
Lat. acetum inegar.] Pertaining to vinegar, akin 
to vinegar, sour. 

acetic acid, s. The acid which imparts sourness 
to vinegar, vinegar being simply acetic acid diluted, 
tinged with color, and slightly mingled with other 
impurities- The formula of acetic acid is 

LVH 3 0(0H).or H CK|of- or C 2 H 3 °f° 

= methyl-formic acid. It is formed by the acetous 
fermentation of alcohol. [Fermentation.] Acetic 
acid is a monatomic monoDasic acid. Its salts are 
called acetates. A molecule of acetic acid cau also 
unite with normal acetates like water of crystal¬ 
lization. Its principal salts are. those of potassium, 
sodium,and ammonium, a solution of which is called 
Spiritus Mindereri. Tne acetates of barium and 


calcium are very soluble. Aluminum acetate is used 
in dyeing. Lead acetate is called sugar of lead 
from its sweet taste. It dissolves in 1% parts of 
cold water; it also dissolves oxide of lead, forming 
a basic acetate of lead. Basic cupric acetate is 
called verdigris. Acetic acid below 15’5° forms color¬ 
less transparent crystals (glacial acetic acid) ,whioh 
melt into a thin, colorless pungent, strongly acid 
liquid, soluble in alcohol, ether, and water. It boils 
at 118°. Its vapor is inflammable. 

Pyroligneous acid is impure acetic acid, formed 
by the destructive distillation at red heat of dry 
hard wood, as oak and beech, 
acetic ethers [example, ethyl acetate, 

are formed by replacing the typical H in acetic acid 
by a radical of an alcohol, as ethyl, &c. Ethyl 
acetate is a fragrant liquid, sp. gr. 0’890, boils at 74°; 
methyl acetate boils at 56°. 

acetic oxide = acetic anhydride; also called an 
hydrous acetic acid. It is formed by the action o; 
acetyl chloride on sodium acetate. It is a heavy oil 
which is gradually converted by water into acetir 
acid. The formula of acetic oxide is 
C 2 H 3 O I Q 

c 2 h 3 o y 

a-get-i-fi-ca’-tion, s. [Lat. acetum = vinegar; 
facio = to make.] The process of making into 
vinegar, or of rendering sour. 

a-get'-i-fy, or a-cet’-i-fy, v. t. [ Lat. acetum; 
facio.] To convert into vinegar, to render sour. 

“ . . . the brandy is acetified without the addition of 

a ferment .”—Todd <£* Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ii. 427. 

a-get-im'-et-er, s. [Acetometer.] 
a-get-im'-et-ry, s. [In Ger. acetimetrie: Lat. 
aceft«n=vinegar ; Gr. metron= a measure.] The act 
or method of ascertaining the strength of vinegar. 

ag '-et-m, s. Acetic glycerine. Compound ethers 
are formed by replacing the 1, 2, or 3 H atoms in the 
hydroxyl, when glycerine is heated in a sealed tuba 
with monatomic organic acids. These glyceric 
ethers are called glycerides, and are oily liquids. 
By the action of acetic acid are obtained— 

( OH 

Mono-acetin, C 3 H 5 '" 4 OH 

( OC 2 H 3 O 
(OH 
1 OC 2 H 3 O 
. OC 2 H 3 O 
OC 2 H 3 O 

oc 2 h 3 o 

. OC 2 H 30 

a-get-om-et-gr, a-get-im-et-gr, s. [In Ger. 

acetimeter; Lat. acetwm=vinegar; Gr. metron—SL 
measure.] A hydrometer graduated for determin¬ 
ing the strength of commercial acetic acid accord¬ 
ing to its density. 
ag’-et-5ne, s. 

Chem.: A compound having the formula 

c ^ 3 °} or co i8& 

also called methyl-acetyl, or dimethyl-ketone. It is 
prepared by replacing the Cl in acetyl chloride by 
methyl CH 3 , also by the dry distillation of calcium 
acetate ; by the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol; by 
passing the vapor of acetic acid through a red-hot 
tube. It is a colorless, limpid liquid, with a peculiar 
odor. It is very inflammable, and burns with a 
bright flame ; sp. gr. 0‘792. 

a-get-on'-ic, a. [Acetone.] Pertaining to 
acetone. 

acetonic acid, s. 


Diacetin, C 3 H 5 


1 : 


Triacetin, C 3 H 5 '” ■ 


Chem.: A compound formed by treating acetous 
with hydrocyanic acid, water and hydrochloric 
acid. C 4 HSO 3 . Isomeric with oxybutyric acid. 

a-get-o-nlne, s. 

Chem.: N 2 (C 3 H 6 ) 3 " A basic compound obtained 
by heating acetone with ammonia to 100 ° C. 

a-get-on'-it-rile, s. 

Chem.: (C 9 H 3 N, or CH 3 CN=methyl cyanide or 
ethenyl-nitrile.) An oily liquid, which boils at 77 * 
C. Prepared by distilling a mixture of potassium 
cyanide and the potassium salt of methyl sulphuric 
acid, or by the dehydrating action of phosphoric 
oxide on ammonium acetate. Isomeric with methyl 
isocyanide. 

a-get-oph-e-none, s. 

Chem.: Methyl-phenyl ketone, 

CsH 8 0=CO”jCg 5 . 

Prepared by distilling a mixture of calcium achats 
and benzoate. It boils at 198°, and is converted by 
nitric acid into two isomeric nitracetophenones, 
C 8 H 7 (N0 2 )q, one crystalline, the other syrupy. Tha 
syrupy modification made into a paste with fifty 
parts of. a mixture of one pint soda-lime and nine 
parte zinc dust is converted into indigo blue, 
C 16 H 10 N 2 O 3 -j- 2H 2 0 -j- 0 2 . 


Ikul, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph=L 
-eian, -tian = sham -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble. -die, &c. = bgl, dgk 









acetosalicylol 


52 

A-chal'-an. [Ach^ian.] 

*a-cham-eck, s. The dross of silver. {Howell.) 
( Halliwell.) 

a-chan-I-a, s. [Gr. achanes—not opening.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Malvaceae, 
or Mallowworts. The species are shrubs from the 
hotter parts of the Western world. A. malaviscus, 
a scarlet flower, and others, are cultivated for their 
beauty. 

*a- 9 harm'ed, a. Delighted. 

'' Ther ben somme that eten chyldren and men, and 
eteth noon other flesh fro that tyme that thei be a-charmed 
withroannys flesh, for rather thei wolde be deed, and 
thei be cleped werewolfes, for men shulde be war of 
them.”— MS. Bodl., 546. ( Halliwell .) 

*a-< 5 harn'e, v. [Prom Fr, acharnir .] To set on 
( Halliwell ); to aggravate against {Wright). 

“That other reason is whanne thei a-charneth in a con- 
tre of werre there as batayles have y-be, there thei eteth 
of dede men, or of men that be honged.”— MS. Bodl., 546. 

A-char-ner. [Achebnae.] 

a-ehat', 9 ,-Chate, a-cate, s. [O. Fr. acat , 
achat=& purchase; Fr. acheter; Low Lat- accapto 
=to purchase.] 

I. Singular: 

1. Law French & Ord. Lang.: A contract or bar¬ 
gain, especially one produced by purchase. 

“ ‘Cursed be he,’ quod the kyng, ‘that he achat made.’” 
— MS. Cott. Vespas., E. xvi., f. 83; see also tirry’s Chaucer, 
p. 362. ( Halliwell .) 

2. Bargaining. 

“Coemption is to saie, comen achate or buying to¬ 
gether, that were established upon the peple by soche a 
maner imposicion, as who so bought a bushell of corne, he 
must yeven the kyng the fiveth parte.”— Chaucer: Boe¬ 
thius. 

11 Mr. H. T. Riley, editor of the Munimenta Gild- 
hallce Londinensis, says, in his preface, p. xviii., that 
in the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth 
. , , .. .... centuries the more educated classes use the French 

. acetylene lamp, s. A lamp designed for utiliz- word achat, probably pronounced by the English 
lug acetylene as an lllummant. Acetylene lamps acat, to designate buying or selling at a profit, 
have recently come into general use among cyclists. This “achat” was the source of Whittington’s 
The acetylene used in these lamps is generated by -wealth. When the term had gone into disuse, and 
water dropping upon calcium carbide (q. v.), the its meaning had become forgotten, some inventive 
gas given off going to the burner and slacking the genius, not understanding it, devised the story of 
lime remaining behind. In some of the lamps, “ Whittington and his Cat.” Max Muller declined 
cartridges, filled with calcium carbide are used, and pronouncing an opinion upon this hypothesis till 
the dropping of the water into the cartridge is reg- £ e had traced the story or myth now mentioned to 
mated by an adjustable valve. The acetylene flame jt s earliest form. (See Science of Lang., 6th ed., 
is very brilliant, and much more difficult to ex- ^871, p. 605.) 


a-$&t-o-sa-lI$'-y-lol, s. 

Chem.: C 8 H.t(C 2 H 30 ) 0 -C 0 H. Formed by the 
action of acetic oxide on sodium-salicylol; it has 
the same composition as coumaric acid, C 9 H 8 O 3 . 
It melts at 37° and boils at 253° It is an aldehyde. 

*a-<jet-0S-I-ty, s. [Acetum.] Sourness. 
a$’-et-ous, or a-cet'-oiis, a. [Acetum.] 

*1. Gen.: Containing vinegar, sour. 

2. Hot.: Producing acidity or sourness. {Loudon: 
Cyclop, of Plants, Gloss.) 

a§'-et-um, or a-cet'-um (genit. aceti), s. [Lat., 
properly pa. par. (^becoming sour) of aceo— to be 
sour.] Vinegar. 

aceti spiritus, s. Plain spirit of vinegar. It is 
distilled from a mixture of copper filings and 
vinegar Its uses are similar to those of distilled 
vinegar but its action is more potent. 

a-cjet’-yl, s. 

Chem.: A monatomic organic radical, having the 
formula C 2 H 3 O'. Acetyl chloride, or acetic chloride, 
C 2 H 3 OCI, is prepared by the action of phosphorus 
pentachloride on glacial acetic acid. It is a color¬ 
less liquid which boils at 55°. Acetyl cyanide, 

c 2 h 3 o-cn. 

a-$et’-y-lene, s. 

Chem.: A hydrocarbon having the formula O 2 H 2 , 
also called ethine. The carbon atoms are united to 
each other by three bonds It is produced by pass¬ 
ing an electric current between carbon poles in an 
atmosphere of hydrogen, and also by the incom¬ 
plete combustion of hydrocarbons. It is a colorless 
gas, sp. gr. 0 ‘92, has a peculiar odor, and burns with 
a bright flame; it forms a red precipitate with am- 
jmmiacal cuprous chloride, which, by the action of 
nascent hydrogen, is converted into ethylene, CgHp 
If Acetylene gas is now commercially produced for 
illuminating purposes by subjecting Calcium carbide 
(CaC 2 ) to the action of water. Some-manufacturers 
reduce the gas to a liquid, and in that form supply 
it to consumers. 


tinguish by force of wind, or shock, than an oil 
flame. These properties render it very valuable as 
a bicycle illuminant. 

A-chEA-an, A-chaI-9.11, a. [Lat. Achceus, 
Achaius; Gr. Achaios.] 

A. As adjective: Belonging to the district of 
Achaia, in the north of the Peloponnesus. 

Achcean or Achaian League: A confederacy 
among a large number of the long-separated Hel¬ 
lenic States which, during the third and second 
senturies B- C., maintained the independence of a 
great part of Greece against aggressions on its 
liberty, till at length the league was vanquished 
and dissolved by the Romans. It was from its 
prominence at the time of the Roman conquest that 
Greece received the name of Achaia. 

B. As substantive: An inhabitant of Achsea or 
Achaia. 

9,-chce-ni-um, a-che'-ni-um, a-ke'-ni-um, 
8,-che ne, s. [Gr. achane— a chest, a box; achanes, 
adj = not open¬ 
ing the mouth: 
fr a, priv.; 
chaino — to 
yawn, to gape, 
to open wide.] 

Bot any: A 
simple fruit of 
the apocarp¬ 
ous class, one- 
celled, one- 
seeded, i n de¬ 
hiscent, hard, 
and dry, with 
the in tegu¬ 
ments of the 
seed distinct 
from it. It has 
also been call- 
ad Spermid- 
lum, Xylodi- 
um, T h e c i d- 
ium, and by 
Linnaeus, Nux. 


II. Plural. Ord. Lang.: Provisions, viands. 

“The kit chin clerke, that hight Digestion, 

Did order all th’ achates in seemely wise.” 

Spenser: F Q., II. ix. 31. 

If It is so in the first and second quartos, but in 
the folios it is cates. 

a-cha-te§, s. [Gr. achates, Lat. achates= the 
agate; also in part the onyx. Pliny says that it 
was first found on the banks of the Achates, now 
the Drillo, a river in Sicily.] An agate. {Min- 
sheu, die.) 

“ These following bodies do not draw, smaragd, 
achates." — Bacon: Physiol. Rem. 

ach-a-tl'-na, s. [Gr. achates=to agate.] A genus 
of snails belonging to the family Helicidee. In 1851 
Woodward estimated the known species at 120 re¬ 
cent and 14 fossil. The Achatinee are the largest of 
all snails, some African species being eight inches 


achesoun 

ache (formerly pron. a§he), s. [A. S. dee.] 

1. Of the body: Pain, especially of a continued 
kind, 

“In coughs, aches, stitches, ulcerous throes and cramps.” 

Tennyson : St. Simeon Stylites. 

“ Sore aches she needs must have 1 but less 
Of mind, than body’s wretchedness, 

From damp, and rain, and cold.” 

Wordsworth: Ruth. 

][ Often used in this sense in composition, as a 
headache, an earache,_ toothache, &c. 

2. Of the mind: Distress, sorrow, grief. (See 
second example under No. 1.) 

ache (formerly pron. a§he), *ake, v. i. [A. S. 
acan, acian .] 

1. Of the body: To suffer pain, to be in pain, to be 
painful. 

“ For all my bones, that even with anguish ache, 

Are troubled.” Milton : Trans. Ps. vi. 

2. Of the mind: To suffer grief, to be grieved, dis¬ 
tressed, or afflicted. 

“With present ills his heart must ache.” 

Cowper : To Rev. Mr. Newton. 

If In this sense also it is used, though more rarely, 
in composition, as heart-ache, meaning not disease 
of the physical ergan, but mental distress. 

IT In Hudibras III. ii. 407, ach-es is a dissyllable 
* Pricking aches: Convulsions. {Rider.) 

*ache, s. [Ash.] An ash-tree. {Plumpton Cor- 
resp., fo. 188.) 

♦aghe, s. Age. 

“ But thus Godis low, and he wil welde 
Even of blod, of good, of ache.” 

MS. Douce, 302, fo. 30. ( Halliwell .) 

*a'9he-bone, s. [Aitch-bone.] The hip-bone, 

( Wright .) 

*Jt-9hek -id, a. Choked. 

“ And right anon whan that Theseus sethe 
The best achekid, he shal on him lepe 
To sleen him, or they comin mine to hope.” 

Ley of Ariadne, 123. 

*a9h'-el-or. Old spelling of Ashlab (q. v.). 
a-che ne, 9,-che -nI-um, s. [Ach-enium.] 
*a-9he-o -ki-en, a-9he-6'-ken, a-9ho -ken, v. 
[Choke.] To choke, to suffocate {Chaucer.) 
*a'9h-er, s. An usher. 

“. . . [Toys Stacy] acher to the Duke of Burgoine.”— 
Quotation in Archceologia, xxvi. 278. 

Anjher-nar, * AHjher -ner, * A-char -ner, *A- 
car'-nar, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A star of the 
first magnitude, called also a Eridani. 

Ach'-e-ron, s. [Lat. Acheron; Gr. Acheron: 
ac7ios=pain, distress; rlioos= a stream; rheo— to 
flow.] A fabled stream in the infernal regions. 
Some rivers belonging to this world bore the same 
name. 

“. . . behold black AcheronI 

Once consecrated to the sepulchre.” 

Byron. Childe Harold, ii. 51. 

“ Get you gone. 

And at the pit of Acheron 

Meet me i’ the morning ; thither he 

Will come to know his destiny.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 5. 

“ And enter there the kingdoms void of day ; 

Where Phlegethon’s loud torrents, rushing down, 

Hiss in the flaming gulf of Acheron.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, x. 607-609. 
Ach-e-ron'-tl-a, s. [Lat. Acherontis, genit. oi 
Acheron. So called because of the terror the sphinx 



in length, and depositing eggs an inch in their so designated causes in some superstitious minds.] 
larger diameter. A genus of sphinxes or hawk-moths, containing the 

*g,-cha’-tor, *a-cha-tour, s. [Achat.] The or ^ ea th’s-head Hawk-moth, 

person who had charge of the acatry, the purveyor, ' mTT ° ‘ " 


Borage (Borago Officinalis). 

1. Flower. 2. Seed-vessel. 3. AchEenium. 
4. Section of Achsenium. 

[See these words.] The most not- 


a caterer. 

If By 34 Edward III., it was enacted that all pur¬ 
veyors should thenceforth be called achators. 

“A gentil maunciple was ther of a temple, 

Of which achatours mighten take exemple.” 

Chaucer: Prologue to C. T., 569. 

*a- 9 hau fe, v. t. [A. N. In Fr. ^chauffer— to 
heat, to overheat; chauffer= to heat] [Chafe.] 
To warm, to heat, to make hot. 

“ That swollen sorrow fer to put away 
With softe salve achaufe it and defie.” 

Boetius MS. {Halliwell .) 

*a- 9 hau'nge, v. t [An old form of Change 
( q. v.).] To change. 

“ Whan the emperice that understod, 

A1 achaunged was hire blod.” 

Sevyn Sages, 466. 

*a-Shau'nged, pa. par. [Achaunge.] 

*a- 9 ha y-ere, s. . [Etym. doubtful.] Gear array, 


[Death’s-head Hawk-moth 
*a-cher-set, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Eng. Archceol.: A corn-measure, supposed to equal 
our quarter = eight bushels. 

■ach -er-spyre, s. [Acbospibe.] A sprout, a 
germination. {Scotch.) 

“As soon as the acherspyre appears.”— Jamieson: Diet. 
Scott. Lang. 


*ach'-er-spyre, 

to germinate 


[Acbospibe.] To sprout. 


. [Lat Aclierusius , fr Ache- 
Pertaining to Lake Acheru- 


able example of the Achsenium is the fruit of the or more probably chere, countenance 

r!AmnAOi Poo "W i 1 a P licar) 4-r\ Vwv r*ci 11 orl Pli a n ol-n/l * .. _ . . _ . 


Compositse. What used to be called the “naked’ 
seeds in the Labiatee and Boraginacese are properly 
four Achenes. 


' Scho was frely and fayre, 

Wele semyd hir achayere.” 

Sir Degrevante, MS. Lincoln. ( Halliwell .) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, 
or, wore, wolf, work, 


“ They let it acherspyre, and shute out all the thrift and 
substance at baith the ends, quhere it sould come at ane 
end only. —Chalmerlan Air , ch. xxvi. 

Ach-e-rfi -sl-an, < 

ronj Gr. Acheron.] 
sia, in Campania. 

“He passed bleak Pindus, Acherusia’s lake, 

And left the primal city of the land.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, canto ii. 47. 
*a-ch.es'-oim, s. [A. N. achaison.] Reason 
cause. Occasion- ( Hearne: Gloss to Langtoft.} 
“And all he it dede for traisour 
King to be was his achesoun.” 

Arthour & Merlin, p. 6. 


what, fall, father; we, wet, here, 
who, son; mate, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
c&r, rfile, full; tr?, Syrian, se, 03 = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu - kw. 





acneta 


53 


achromatic 


ach’-e-t&, s. [Lat. acheta— the cicada; Gr. ach- 
etas and acheta, fr. ac/ieies=clear-sounding:ec/ieo= 
to sound.] A genus of insects with no affinity to 
the Cicadas, though the etymology suggests the con¬ 
trary. They belong to the order Orthoptera, and 
the section of it called Saltatoria, that is, having 
legs adapted for leaping. It contains the well- 
known domestic hearth-cricket ( Acheta domestica ) 
and the field-cricket (A. campestris). [Cricket, 
Achetlde.] 

a-chet'-i-d8e, s. pi. [Acheta.] The family of 
Orthopterous insects, of which Acheta is the type. 
[Acheta.] 

ach-et-I’-na, ach-et-I -nse. a. pi. [Acheta.] 
Entom.: In some classifications, a sub-family of 
nsects placed under the family Gryllid®, which 
again is made to include all the Orthopterous in¬ 
jects having legs adapted for leaping. 

*h~ghe’-t^n, v. To escheat. {Prompt. Parv.) 
*<i-gh6’ve, v. [A. N.] To accomplish. 

“And through falshed ther lust acheved.” 

Rom. oj the Rose, 2,049. 

*T Urry reads achived. 

a'-ghl-ST, s. [Malay.] An Eastern condiment, 
consisting of the young shoots of the bamboo (Bam- 
busa arundinacea). 

3.-§Mev'-g,-ble, s. [Achieve.] Able to be 
achieved, within man’s power to accomplish. 

“Are enterprises like these achievablef” — Bowring: 
Pref. to Bentham’s Works. 

ta-ghiev-ange, s. [Achieve.] Achievement, 
accomplishment of a great and arduous enterprise. 

“. ._ . it may sufficiently appear to them that will 
read his noble acts and achievances.”—Sir T. Elyot: The 
Governour, 1956. 

3 ,-ghiev e, *at-ghie ve, v. t. [Fr. achever, Prov. 
acabar=to bring to a head, complete, to finish, to 
accomplish, achieve; O. Fr. chever= to come to the 
end: fr.. French chef= head, in Prov. cap. To gain 
by heroic effort, to effect an exploit by skill, cour¬ 
age, and endurance. 

Used (a) when the aim is a person. 

“Aaron, a thousand deaths would I propose, 

To achieve her whom I love.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, ii. 1. 
(6) When it is a victory gained by arms or other 
advantage on the field of action. 

“Some people, indeed, talked as if a militia could 
achieve nothing great.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 
(c) When it is a great intellectual acquisition. 

“For aught that human reasoning can achieve.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, iv. 
3 ,-ghie ved, pa.par. & a. [Achieve.] 

a-ghieve'-ment, s. [Fr. achbvement=& comple¬ 
tion, a finishing.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. An heroic deed, an exploit successfully carried 
out on the field of action. 

“The noble achievements of remote ancestors.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii, 

2. An intellectual feat. 

“The highest achievements of the human intellect.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

“I, as a man of science, feel a natural pride in scien¬ 
tific achievement.” — Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), 
iv. 93. 

II. Technically: 

Her.: A complete heraldic composition, exhibit¬ 
ing the shield with its quarterings and impale¬ 
ments, together with its external accessories of cor¬ 
onet, supporters, crests, motto, &c. Applied espe¬ 
cially to a funeral escutcheon, exhibiting the rank 
and family of a deceased nobleman or gentleman, 
and placed on his demise in front of his house, or 
in some other conspicuous place. [Hatchment.] 

g,-ghie'-ver, s. [Achieve.] One who is success¬ 
ful in doing an heroic deed, or in making an intel¬ 
lectual conquest. 

“These conquerors and achievers of mighty exploits." 
— Barrow. 

^.-ghie'-vlng, pr. par. [Achieve.] 

^.-chll-le -a, s. [From Achilles, a disciple of 
Chiron, said to have been the first physician who 
used the plant for healing wounds.] Milfoil. A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Asterace®, 
or Composites, the sub-order Tubuliflorete, and the 
tribe Anthemide®. 

fl-cMl-le'-in, s. (C 20 H 38 N 2 O 15 .) [Achillea.] 
Chem.: A nitrogenous substance which, along 
with moschatin, exists in the aqueous extract of 
the iva-plant. ( Achillea moschata). It appears to 
occur also in the common milfoil ( Achillea mil¬ 
lefolium) . It is brittle, glassy, of a brown-red color, 
and melts at 100° 


3 ,-chil-let’-in, s, (C 11 H 17 NO 4 .) [Achillea.] 
Chem.: A substance formed by boiling achillein 
for several days with dilute sulphuric acid. 

A-Chil-llS ten’-do ( tendo AchiUis= the tendon 
of’Achilles). [Lat. According to classic fable, the 
mother of Achilles dipped him in 
the waters of the river Styx, thus 
rendering every part of him invul¬ 
nerable, excepting only the heel by 
which she held him. He lost his 
life, notwithstanding this, by a 
wound in the heel produced by an 
arrow from the bow of Paris, son of 
the Trojan king.] 

Anat.: A strong tendinous cord 
affording insertion in the bone to 
the gastrocnemius and the soleus 
muscles. It is situated at the part 
of the heel where Achilles received Tendon of 
his death-wound. It is the largest Achilles, 
tendon in the body, 

“The tendo Achillis inserted into the os calcis.” — Todd 
& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. vii., p. 170. 

a-chim'-en-e§, s. [Etym. doubtful. Probably 
Gr. a, priv ; cheima = winter weather, cold, frost, 
winter.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Gesnerace®, or Gesnerworts. It consists of erect 
herbs,with axillary flowers of great beauty. They 
have underground tubers by which they are propa¬ 
gated. They are cultivated in hot-houses, the origi¬ 
nal country of most of them being Central America, 
a-ching, pa. par., a. & s. [Ache.] 

As adjective: 

“Each aching nerve refuse the lance to throw.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. ii., 464. 
“The aching heart, the aching head.” 

Longfellow: Golden Legend, ii. 

“What peaceful hours I once enjoy’d ! 

How sweet their memory still ! 

But they have left an aching void 
The world can never fill.” 

Cowper: Glney Hymns. 

As substantive: 

1. Continued pain of body. 

“When old age comes to wait upon a great and wor¬ 
shipful sinner, it comes attended with many painful 
girds and achings called the gout.”— South. 

2. Continued and very painful mental distress. 

“ That spasm of terror, mute, intense, 

That breathless, agonized suspense, 

From whose hot throb, whose deadly aching. 

The heart hath no relief but breaking.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh. 

ach'-Ir-Ite, ach'-Ir-it, s. [In Ger. achirit. 
Named after Achir Mahmed, a Bucharest merchant, 
who discovered it about 1785.] A mineral, called 
also Dioptase (q. v.). 

a-chl'-rus, s. [Gr. a, priv.; cheir = hand, but 
here used for jin,.] The name given by LacepMe to 
a genus of fishes of the order Malacopterygii sub- 
brachiati. The species resembles soles, but are 
totally destitute of pectoral fins. 

ach-lam-jfd-e-ous, a. [Gr. a, priv.; chlamus, 
genit. chlamudos=a cloak, a mantle.] (Lit.) With¬ 
out a cloak. 

Bot.: Applied to plants in which the essential 
parts of the flower, the stamens and pistils, are 
unprotected either by calyx or corolla. The Wil¬ 
lows, some species of Euphorbia, the Peppers, &c., 
afford examples of this structure. 

“No very striking affinity can be pointed out as yet be¬ 
tween it and the other parts of the Achlamydeous group.” 
—Lindley : Nat. Syst. Bot., 2d ed., p. 192. 

♦agh’-lere, s. [Ashlar.] 

ach'-ly-a, s. A genus of Alg® (Sea-weeds), or 
possibly a fungus allied to Mucor, but developed in 
water. A. prolifer a grows on diseased gold fishes 
and similar animals, and is fatal to their exist¬ 
ence. The Achlya possesses spontaneous motion. 

ach'-lys,s. [Gr. achlus=a mist, gloom, darkness. 
In Hesiod personified as the eternal night, more 
ancient than chaos.] 

Med.: A darkness or dimness of sight; also, a 
speck upon the cornea, rendering it more or less 
opaque. 

ach ma tlte, s. [In Ger. achmatit, from Achma- 
torsk, in the Ural mountains, where it occurs.] A 
mineral, called also Epldote (q. v.). 

ach’-mlte, ac -mlte, s. [In Ger. achmit; Gr. 
alcme—a point.] [Acmite.] 
ach-nan'-the-se, s. [Achnanthes.] 

Bot.: A cohort of Diatomace® (q. v.). 
ach-nan’-the§, s. [Gr. achne= anything shaved 
off, froth, chaff; anthos= a blossom, a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of Diatomace®. 

*@.-ghOk'ed, pa. par. & a. [Choke.] Choked. 

“ For he was a-choked anon, 

And toward the dethe he drough.” 

MS. Laud, 106, fo. 166. (Halliwell.) 



JP-Chol'-I-fl, s. [Gr. acholia=\vant of gall: a, 
priv.; chole=gall, bile.] 

Med.: Deficiency or absence of bile—often a fatal 
disease. It differs from jaundice, in which bile is 
made as usual by the liver, but is afterward ab¬ 
sorbed by the blood, while in acholia it is not 
formed at all. The latter may arise from acute 
atrophy, impermeability of the bile-ducts, cirrhosis, 
fatty degeneration of the liver, or other causes. 
(Tanner: Manual of Med.) 

*agh-on, a. Each one. 

“ The lady tok her maydens achon, 

And wente the way that sche hadde er gon.” 

Launfal, 1,018, 


ach-or, s. [Gr. achor, genit. achoros, later 
achoris= scurf, dandruff. Galen considered achores 
as ulcerations peculiar to the hairy scalp, and dis¬ 
charging from very small pores a viscid ichor, con¬ 
sequent to pustules.l 

Med.: The scald-head, a small pustule full of 
straw-colored matter, breaking out on the heads of 
infants or young children. 
ach-or'-I-on, s. [Gr. achor— scurf, dandruff.] 
Bot.: A genus of Fungals, of which one species, 
the A. Schaenleinii, is parasitic on the human skin, 
in the disease called Porrigo favosa. 

a-cho te, a-cM-6'te, s. A seed of the arnotto- 
tree (Bixa orellana). 

ach-ras, s. [Gr. achras, genit. achrados=the 
Pyrus pyraster, a kind of wild pear.] 

* 1. A wild choke-pear. [See etymology.] (Kersey.) 
2. Mod. Bot.. Sappodula or Nisberry tree. A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Sapotace® 
or Sapodillas, and containing the Sappodilla plum 
(Achras sapota), the marmalade (A. mamviosa), 
both tropical fruits used as articles of the dessert. 

ach-ro’-Ite, s. [Gr. ac7troos=colorless: a, priv.; 
chros, or chroia= ( 1 ) the surface of the skin ; ( 2 ) com¬ 
plexion, color.] A mineral, a colorless variety of 
ordinary tourmaline. It is found in Elba. 


ach-ro-mat -Ic, a. [In Fr. achromatique; from 
Gr. achromat o$=colorless: a, priv.; c hr oma=color.] 

Optics: Colorless. 

1. Achromatic Telescope : The name given by Dr. 
Bevis to an improved form of the refracting tele¬ 
scope constructed by Dollond in 1761. When a single 
lens is used for the object-glass of a telescope, the 
image of the object is fringed with color, and hence 
high magnifying powers cannot be used, unless the 
focal length of the lens is very considerable. Sir 
Isaac Newton, from experiments made on the re- 
frangibility of light, had erroneously concluded 
that the size of the object-glasses of refracting tele¬ 
scopes could not be enlarged beyond three or four 
inches [Aperture] : for this reason he turned his 
attention to reflected light, in which the image of 
the object is uncolored. Reflecting telescopes of the 
Gregorian form were from Newton’s time generally 
used. In the middle of the last century, Dollond, 
a Spitalfields weaver, undertook a course of experi¬ 
ments with the object of ascertaining the correct¬ 
ness of Newton’s statements. His researches were 
rewarded by the valuable discovery that by using 
two different kinds of glass, and giving to the sur¬ 
faces of each lens a different curvature—the focal 
lengths of the two lenses being in a certain ratio— 
an image of the object could be obtained free from 
color; while, by a skillful arrangement of the 
radii of the surfaces of each glass, the errors arising 
from spherical aberration [Aberration] could be 
entirely removed. In the early telescopes made by 
Dollond and his son Peter, the object-glass was 
usually a double concave lens of flint enclosed be¬ 
tween two convex glasses of crown 
(Fig. 1); but modern object-glasses 
have only a concave lens of flint 
combined with a convex of crown 
or plate (Fig. 2). A century ago 
flint-glass of a size suitable for 
large telescopes could not be ob¬ 
tained; but more recently the re¬ 
moval of the excise duty, and the 
success attained by Guinand and 
others in glass manufacture, has 
enabled English and foreign op- Fig. 1 . Fig. 2. 
ticians to construct achromatic 
telescopes of considerable magnitude, with object- 
glasses of twelve, fifteen, and even twenty-six inches 
diameter, the area of aperture having the property 
of increasing in a considerable ratio the power of 
the telescope to penetrate into space and render 
visible the minutest objects. Achromatic telescopes, 
from their convenient size and comparative cheap¬ 
ness, have been and still are generally used by 
astronomers in Great Britain, Europe, and America, 
and by their aid many modern discoveries have been 
made. So perfect is the image formed by a well- 
corrected achromatic object-glass, that almost any 
magnifying power can be applied; and thus a tele¬ 
scope of this form three or four feet in length is supe¬ 
rior in its definition and surpasses in magnifying 
power one of the old unwieldy telescopes 100 feet 
long. The eye-glasses of the telescope also require to 


ill 


b6il. b<5y; pout, jdwl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 








achromaticity 


54 


acinous 


be free L <)m color and aberration, and the correction 
of these defects is accomplished by an arrangement 
of the lenses forming the eye-piece. [See Eye-piece, 
Object-glass, Aplanatic.] 

2. Achromatic Microscope: In a compound micro¬ 
scope an image of the object is first formed by the 
objectivej and afterward enlarged by the lenses 
constituting the eye-piece. Till about the year 1830 
the object-glasses of microscopes were mostly 
formed of single or combined lenses, the apertures 
of which, in order to obtain a distinct image of the 
object, wore exceedingly small. The labors of mod¬ 
ern opticians to adapt the achromatic principle to 
compound microscopes were rewarded by the con¬ 
struction of lenses in which the images of objects 
were rendered distinct in their minute details even 
when high magnifying powers were applied. In a 
modern microscopic objective, not only is the color 
corrected and the image free from distortion, but 
by an increase in the angle of aperture [Angle of 
Aperture] the penetrating power of the objective 
is considerably increased, and less magnifying 
power is required from the eye-piece. With a good 
objective of one-eighth of an inch focus, magnifying 
powers ranging from 450 to 1,200 diameters can be 
obtained by using different eye-pieces. [Objective.] 

a-chro-mat-l 9 '-i-ty, s. [Achromatic.] The 
quality or state of being achromatic. 

a-chr6'-mat-I§m, s. [Gr. chromatismos = color¬ 
ing, dyeing.] The quality or state of being achro¬ 
matic. 

“ The achromatism of the eye may be in part due to the 
diversity of shape and density of the refractive media, 
which seem to bear some analogy to the system forming 
the achromatic object-glass of Herschel.”— Todd Bow¬ 
man: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 50. 

ach’-root (the ch is a strong guttural), s. [Local 
name.] The root of Morinda tinctoria, a Cinchonad. 
It is used in India as a dye. 

ach-tar-ag’-dlte, s. [Named from the Achtar- 
agda, a tributary of the Wilna, where it occurs.] 
A mineral ranged by Dana, in 1868, as a doubtful 
species, and placed under his “ Appendix to Clays.” 
It soils the fingers like chalk. 

* 3 ,-<jhu'yn, a§h-wyn, v. t. [Eschew.] To shun, 
to avoid. 

“Achuynge or beynge ware.”— Prompt. Parv. 

♦ach’-wre, s. [Wei. ac7i-grw<5=near-beet.] An en¬ 
closure of wattles or thorns surrounding a building 
at such a distance from it as to prevent cattle from 
gaining access to the thatch. ( Ancient Institut. 
Wales.) 

*g,$h'-wyn. [Achuyn.] 

ach-yr-an-the§, s. [Gr. achuron = chaff; an- 
thos = a blossom, a flower. The name refers to the 
chaffy nature of the floral envelopes.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Amaranthacese, or 
Amaranths. About thirty species are known,all from 
the hotter parts of the Old World, whence a few 
have spread to America. They are sometimes climb¬ 
ing trees or shrubs, but most are mere weeds. A. 
aspera and A. fruticosa are used in India in cases 
of dropsy; A. viridis as a poultice. 

a- 9 lc'-Ul-ci, s. [Lat. = a small pin for a head¬ 
dress. A feminine diminutive for acus = a needle; 
Gr. ake = a point; Lat. acies — a point.] 

1. Bot. & Zool.: A slender spine or bristle. 

IT In Bot. (spec.) : The bristle-like, abortive flower 
of a grass. In this sense used specially by Dumor- 
tier. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot.) 

2. Zool.: A genus of operculous pulmonated Mol- 
lusca. A. fusca occurs recent in Britain, besides 
being fossil in the Pliocene of Essex. 

a-glc’-Ul-^ir, a. [From Lat. acicula (q. v.).] 
Needle-shaped. 

1. Min.: A term applied to long, slender, and 
straight prismatic crystals. ( Phillips: Mineral., 
2 d ed., p. lxxxiii.) Example, the crystals of titan- 

ite. 

2. Bot.: A term applied specially to leaves. (Lou¬ 
don: Cyclopced. of Plants, Glossary.) 

acicular bismuth, s. A mineral called also 
Aikinite (q. v.). 

a-9lc'-ffl-9,r-ly, adv. [Acicular.] In an acic¬ 
ular manner or form, in the form of needles or 
bristles. 

a-9ic'-ffl-ate, a-^Ic'-pl-a-ted, a. [Lat. acic¬ 
ula (q. v.j.] 

Bot.: Marked with fine, irregular streaks, such as 
might be produced by the point of a needle. (Lind¬ 
ley.) 

a-9lc-ul -I-form, a. [Lat. (1) acicula (q. v.); 
(2) forma= form, shape.] Of an acicular form, 
needle-shaped. 

a-clc'-ul-lte, s. [Lat. acicula= a small pin for a 
headdress, dim. of acus= a needle; suff. -ite.) A 
mineral called also Aikinite (q. v.). See also Acic- 
ctlar Bismuth. 


a 9 '-Id, a. & s. [In Fr. acide; Ital. acido, fr. Lat. 
aciciws=sour, tart; aceo— to be sour, fr. root *ac— 
sharp, which appears also in Lat. ac/es=tho point 
of a weapon, and Gr. afce=point, afci's=point, akme 
=point, akros = at the point or end, &c.; Sansc. 
asi = the point of a sword; Wei. awc= an edge or 
point.] [Edge.] 

I. As adjective: Sour, tart, sharp to the taste. 
“The fruit of Averrhoa is intensely acid.” — Lindley: 

Nat. Syst. Bot., 2d ed., p. 140. 

II. As substantive: 

1. Chem.: A salt of hydrogen in which the hydro¬ 
gen can be replaced by a metal, or can, with a basic 
metallic oxide, form a salt of that metal and water. 
Acid oxides of the same element are distinguished 
by the termination of -ous and -ic —as sulphurous 
and sulphuric—the latter containing the most oxy¬ 
gen ; they are also called anhydrides. They unite 
with water and form acids having the same termi¬ 
nations. By replacement of the liydroge^by a 
metal they form salts distinguished by the termina¬ 
tions -ite and -ate respectively. These acids are 
called oxygen acids; formerly it was thought that 
all acids contained oxygen, this element being re¬ 
garded as the acidifying principle (generating acid). 
But many acids are formed by direct union of hydro¬ 
gen with an element, as hydrochloric acid (HC1), 
hydrosulphuric acid (H 2 S), or with an organic 
radical, as hydrocyanic acid, II(CN). Acids which 
are soluble in water redden blue litmus, and have a 
sour taste. Acids are said to be monobasic, dibasic, 
tribasic, &c., according as one, two, or three atoms 
of hydrogen can be replaced by a metal. Organic 
acids can be produced by the oxidation of an alcohol 
or aldehyde. They contain the monad radical 
(HO'OC)', once if they are monobasic, twice if di¬ 
basic, &c. They are also classed as monatomic, 
diatomic, &c., according as they are derived from a 
monatomic or diatomic alcohol, &c. Acids derived 
from a diatomic alcohol can be alcohol acids or 
aldehyde acids. [See Glycol. ] Many organic acids 
occur in the juices of vegetables, some in animals, 
as formic acid in ants. 

2. Min.: In W. Phillips’arrangement of minerals, 
acids constitute his third class. He arranges under 
it sulphuric acid and boracic acid, both of which 
occur native. 

a 9 -Id-If-er-ous, a. [Lat. acid (root of acidus= 
acid); -i connective, and/ero=to bear.] Bearing or 
containing an acid. 

V In W. Phillips’ distribution of minerals into 
eight classes, Acidiferous Earthy Minerals con¬ 
stituted the fourth, Acidiferous Alkaline minerals 
the fifth, and Acidiferous-Alkaline Earthy minerals 
the sixth. Under the fourth class above-named 
were ranked such minerals as calc spar, gypsum, 
boracite, witherite, heavy spar, strontianite, &c.; 
under his fifth class were ranked nitre, natron, 
borax, sal-ammoniac, &c.; and under his sixth, alum, 
cryolite and glauberite. Minerals are now arranged 
on another principle. [Mineralogy. ] 
a 9 -ld'-i-fl-g,-ble, a. [Acidify.] Capable of be¬ 
ing rendered acid. 

a 9 -Id“I-fI-ca'-tion, s. The act or process of 
acidifying or rendering acid; also the state of being 
so acidified. 

a. 9 ~Id-l-fled, pa. par. & a. [Acidify.] 
a^Md'-I-fy, v. t. [Lat. acid (root of acidus — 
acid); -i connective, and/acfo=to make.] To ren¬ 
der acid or sour. 

a 9 -id -I-fy-ing, pr. par. & a. [Acidify.] 
acidifying principle, s. That which gives an 
acid property to a substance. 

a 9 -id”im -et-er, s. [Eng. acid, and Gr. metron= 
a measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
strength of acids. 

a 9 -Id-im -et-ry, s. [In Ger. acidimetrie.'] [Acid- 
imeter.] The process of determining the quan¬ 
tity of real acid in a sample of hydrated acid. This 
may be done by volumetric or by weight analysis. 
The former method is carried out by ascertaining 
the measured quantity of a standard alkaline solu¬ 
tion required to saturate a given volume of the 
acid. That by weight analysis can be effected in 
more ways than one. A convenient one is to decom¬ 
pose a known weight of the acid with an excess of 
acid carbonate of sodium or potassium, and esti¬ 
mate by weight the quantity of carbonic anhy¬ 
dride evolved. When this is done the quantity of 
real acid can without difficulty be ascertained. 
(Watts: Chemistry.) 

*a. 9 '-Id-ist, s. [Acid.] One who maintains the 
doctrine of acids. 

“. . . agreeable to what the acidists would call an 
alkali.”— Dr. Slave: Hist. Boy. Soc., iv. 442. 

a, 9 -id -I-ty, s. [In Ger. aciditat; Fr. acidite; 
Ital. acidita, fr. Lat. aciditas .] The quality of be¬ 
ing sour or sharp to the taste; sourness, tartness, 
sharpness to the taste. 

“. . . and consequently acidity was but an accidental 
quality of some of these bodies.”— Max Muller: Science of 
Lang., 6th ed., ii. 54. 


a, 9 '-id-ness, s. [Acid.] Acidity, sourness, sharp 
ness to the taste. 

ac -Id-om -e-ter, s. An instrument used to de 
termine the specific gravity of an acid. 

a9’-id'-d-lse, s. pi. [Fr. eawa;aci<3tdes=acidulated 
waters.] Mineral waters containing carbonic an 
hydride. They effervesce and have an acid taste. 

“The acidulce, or medical springs, emit a greater 
quantity of their minerals than usual.”— Woodward: 
Nat. Hist. 

a 9 ~id'-ti-late, v. t. [In Fr. aciduler, fr. Lat. 
acid wJws=sour ish, a little sour, a dimin. lT.acidus= 
sour.] [Acid.] To render slightly sour, to make 
somewhat acid. 

“. . . by acidulating the solution with hydro, 

chloric acid.”— Graham: Chem., 2d ed., ii. 677. 

a,9-id -y-la-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acidulate.] 

“ Simple acidulated fluids produce little or no change 
on meat and albumen in the course of twelve or twenty- 
four hours.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ii. 202. 

a^-Id'-y-la-ting, pr. par. [Acidulate.] 

a9'-id-ule, s. [In Ger. acidul. ] The same as 
Acidulum (q. v.). 

a 9 -id-d-lent, a. [Acidulum.] 

Fig.; With an expression of acidity, sharp. 

“ But king’s confessor, Abbe Moudon, starts forward 1 
with anxious acidulent face, twitches him by the sleeve.” 
— Carlyle: French Bevol., pt. i., bk. i., ch. iv. 

aqld-u-lous, a. [Lat. acidulus.\ A little 
sour or acid, moderately sharp to the taste, sub¬ 
acid. 

“. . . dulcified from acidulous tincture.”— Burke. 


*a 9 -Id -u-lum, s. [In Fr. acidule .] 

Phar.: A salt of which the base is super-satu¬ 
rated with acid. Examples : the tartareous acidu¬ 
lum, or acidulous tartrate of potash, and the oxalio 
acidulum, or acidulous oxalate of potash. 

a,9 -l-er-age, s. [Fr. acierage, from acier=steel.] 
Process of coating metal plates with steel. 
a 9 '-i-er-ate, v. t. To convert into steel, 
a - 91 -form, a. [Lat. acus= a needle; format 
form.] Needle-shaped. 


a 9 -In-a'- 9 e-ous, a, [Acinus.] Full of kernels. 

a9-ln-a9’-i-form, a. [Lat. (1) acinaces; Gr. 
akinakes, properly a Persian word=the short sword 
or sabre in use among the Persians and Scythians; 
( 2 ) /orma=form.] 

Bot.: Scimitar-shaped, i. e., curved, fleshy, plane 
on the two sides, the concave border being thick 
and the convex one thin. 

Example, the leaves of 
Mesembryanthemum ac- 
■inaciforme. (Lindley: 

Introd. to Bot., 3d ea., 
p. 449.) 

_ a-9111-e -si-?,, 9,-9111'- 
e-sls, s. [Gr. akinesia , 
akinesis= q uiescence, 
rest-; a, priv., and kineo, 
eso~ to set in motion.] 

Med.: Paralysis of mo¬ 
tion. A kind of imper¬ 
fect paralysis. Imperfect 
paralysis is divided into 
two kinds: acinesia= 
paralysis of motion, and 
a ) 1 the s ia=p araly sis of 
sensibility. 

a-?I-ne-ta, s. [Gr. ‘ 

akinetos — motionless ; a, 
priv., kineb= to set in motion.] 

1. Bot.: A genus of Epiphytal Orchids from Cen¬ 
tral America. They have splendid racemes of yel¬ 
low flowers. Various species are cultivated in hot¬ 
houses. 

2. Zool.: A genus of Infusoria, allied to Vorti- 
cella. 



Acinaciform Leaf of Mes¬ 
embryanthemum. 


SHjm-et-I'-na,, s.pl. [Acineta.] 

Zool.: A family of Radiolarian Rhizopoda. 

29-In -I form, a. [Lat. acinus = berry; format 
form.] 

1. Bot.: Clustered like grapes. 

2. Anat.: The Tunica aciniformis is the same as 
the Tunica uvea of the eye. • 

29 -In-os, 29-yn-os, s. [Gr. akinos = basil 
thyme.] [Calamintha;] 

a9-in-os'e, a. [Lat. acinosus— ( 1) full of grapes, 
(2) resembling grapes.] [Acinus.] 

Min.: Resembling grapes. A term applied to 
iron ore found in masses and variously colored. 

2,9 -in-ous, a. [In Fr. acineux .] 

Min.: Consisting of minute granular concretions. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, WQlf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, vnite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. <m = kw. 



acnawen 


acinula 

a 9~ in s. [Lat. acinus—a berry, which it 

somewhat resembles.] A genus of fungi belonging 
to the order Pnysomycetes. ^ 4 . clavus is the ergot 
of corn. 

a9 -In-us (pi. ap -In-I), s. [Lat. acinus & acinum 
% W , a young berry with seeds, especially the grape; 
( 2 ) the kernel of a drupe.] 

I. Botany: 

1. A bunch of fleshy fruit, especially a bunch of 
grapes. In Gfertner s classification of fruits, Acinus 
is thenrst subdivision of the genus Bacca, or Berry, 
and is one-celled, with one or two hard seeds, as in 

o §jrap e , tlie raspberry, the gooseberry, &c. 

2 . (pi.) ihe small stones as in grapes, strawber¬ 
ries, &c. ( Loudon: Cyclop, of Plants, Glossary .) 

II. (plur.): Portions of glands suspended 

like small berries around a central stem. 

1 liese cells grow, and become the future acini. 11 —- 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ii. 454. 

-acious. Suffix. [Lat. acts, genit. of adj. termi¬ 
nation ax, and suff. -osus, -ows=full of, or charac¬ 
terized by : as pertinacious, fr. pertinaci, s., genit. 
of a&j. pertinax, and suff. -ows=full of determina¬ 
tion, characterized by determination ; veracious, fr. 
veraci , s., genit. of adj. verax, and -ous=full of, 
or cnaracterized by, truth. The suffix -acious is 
akin to, but not identical with -aceous (q. v.). 

a 9 -I-pen-ser, s. [Lat. acipenser & acipensis; 
Gr. akkipesios— a fish, probably the sturgeon.] A 
enus of fishes 
elonging to 
Cuvier’s sev¬ 
enth order, the 
Chondrop t e r y- 
gii (cartilagin¬ 
ous fishes), with 
fixed gills. The 
best known 
species is the „ , to . ... . 

common stur- Lead of Sturgeon (Acipenser). 

goon ( Acipenser sturio, Linn.), common in the At¬ 
lantic coast regions of North America and Europe. 

a- 91 s, s. A genus of endogenous plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Amaryllidacese, or Amaryllids. The 
species are pretty, bulbous tubers from Southern 
Europe and Northern Africa. 

e, s. Assize, assizes. 

“Ther he sette his own acise, 

And made bailifs and justices.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 1,423. 

*g,-9lte', v. t. [A. N.] To cite, to summon. 
[Accite.] 

9 ,- 9 !t'-II, s. A name given to a bird—the great 
crested grebe or diver (Podiceps cristatus). 

a- 91 -ur-g^, s. [Gr. akis = a point; ergon = a 
work, an operation.] A description of the several 
surgical instruments. 

ack-a-wa-i nutmeg, s. [Local name.] The 
fruit of the Acrodiclidium Camara, a plant of the 
order Lauraceee. 

*acke, adv. [Ac, conj. ] But. 

“ Acke that ne tel thou no man.”— MS. Laud. 108, fo. 1. 
*ac-ke le, v. [Acolen.] To cool. 

“But verray love is vertue as I fele, 

For verray love may freile desire ackele.” 

Courte of Love, 1,076. 

*ack'-er, *ak-er, *ak-yr, *ag'-ar (Eng.); 
ai-ker (Scotch), s. [A. S. egor—the flowing of the 
sea.] A ripp'e on the surface of the water, a tide; 
also the boro in a river. [Eager, Bore.] 

“Wei know they the reume yf it a-ryse, 

An aker is it clept, I understonde, 

Whos myght there may no shippe or wynd wytstonde.” 

MS. Cott. Titus, A. xxiii., f. 49. 

*ack'-er, v. i. [From the substantive.] To curl, 
as water does when the wind blows over it. (See 
Carlyle: Hero-Worship, Lect. 1.) 

ack -er-dale, s. [A. S. cecer= an acre; dcelan= 
to divide.] Divided into single acres or into small 
portions. (Scotch.) 

“. . . all of it is ackerdale land.”— Memorie of the 
Somervills, i. 168. 

♦ack’-e-ton, *ack-e-toun, s. [Hacqueton.] 
[A. N.] A quilted leathern jacket worn under the 
mail armor; sometimes used for the armor itself. 

“His foemen were well boun 
To perce hys acketoun.” 

Lybeaus Disconus, 1,175. 

* 9 ,C-know’, v. i. [A. S. oncn&wan —to perceive.] 
[Aknowe.] To acknowledge. 

“You will not be acknown, sir ; why, ’tis wise ; 

Thus do all gamesters at all games dissemble.” 

Ben Jonson: Volpone, 6. 

If Now used only in the North of England. 
(Suppl. to Hardyng's Chronicle, p. 75.) (Halliwell.) 

ac-knowl’-edge, *ak-nowl'-edge, *ak-nowl- 

ek, v. t. [Mid. Eng. a=on; knowlechen— acknowl¬ 
edge.] [Know.] 


55 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. To confess, to admit. 

1. Spec.: To admit a trifling amount of fault, 
error, or mistake, which the confession all but com¬ 
pensates. In this sense it is opposed to confess, but 
the distinction between them is not always ob¬ 
served. [Confess.] 

“. . . a gentleman acknowledges his mistake and is 
forgiven.”— Blair: Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres 
(1817), vol. i., p. 232. 

2. Less precisely: To confess a sin or crime. 

“. . . I acknowledged my sin unto thee, and mine 
iniquity have I not hid.”— Ps. xxxii. 5. 

“. . . and acknowledged his treason.”— Froude: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiv. 

II. To accept a statement of any kind, or a doc¬ 
trine as true; this not involving admission or per¬ 
sonal mistake or error, sin or crime. 

“For we write none other things unto you than what ye 
read or acknowledge, and I trust ye shall acknowledge even 
to the end.”—2 Cor. i. 13. 

III. To accept the just claims of a Being or 
person. Specially— 

1. Of God: To show veneration for, to admit the 
paramount claims of, to yield unbounded and lov¬ 
ing homage to. 

“ In all thy ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct 
thy paths.”— Prov. iii. 6. 

2. Of a son or daughter: To give parental recog¬ 
nition to; to admit relationship and consequent 
parental obligation to a son or daughter whom 
there may be a temptation more or less to disown. 

“He shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the 
first-born.”— Deut. xxi. 17. 

Tf Similarly: To admit the position and claims of 
other dependents. (Used of God as well as man.) 

“Thus saith the Lord, the God of Israel: Like these 
good figs, so will I acknowledge them that are carried 
away captive of Judah, whom I have sent out of this place 
into the land of the Chaldeans for their good.”— Jer. 
xxiv. 5. 

3. To recognize the authority of a public func¬ 
tionary, or any one else bringing proper credentials. 

“Dundee, meanwhile, had summoned all the clans 
which acknowledged his commission to assemble for an 
expedition into Athol.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

IV. To give a receipt for money, to feel or express 
gratitude for some benefit bestowed. 

“ . . . they his gifts acknowledged not.”— Milton. 

B. Law: To own; so to assent to a legal instru¬ 
ment as to give it validity. 

TT In all the foregoing senses the place of the 
accusative may be supplied by the clause of a 
sentence introduced by that. 

“. . . nothing would induce them to acknowledge 

that an assembly of lords and gentlemen who had come 
together without authority from the Great Seal was con¬ 
stitutionally a Parliament .”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., 
ch. xv. 

ac-knowl'-edged, pa. par. & a. [Acknowl¬ 
edge.] 

“ . . . calm subjection to acknowledged law.” 

Wordsworth : Excur., bk. iii. 

“ . . . namely, from what we know of the actual dis¬ 

tribution of closely allied or representative species, and 
likewise of acknowledged varieties .”—Darwin : Origin of 
Species (ed. 1859), ch. vi., p. 178. 

ac-knowl'-edg-er, s. [Acknowledge.] One who 
acknowledges. 

“She proved one of his most bountiful benefactors, and 
he as great an acknowledger of it.”— I. Walton: Life of 
Herbert. 

ac-knowl'-edg-Ing, pr. par. & s. 

As substantive: An admission, a confession, an 
acceptance, a recognition. 

“ . . . the acknowledging of the truth.”—2 Tim. ii. 

25 ; Titus i. 1. 

ac-knowl'-edg-ment, or *ac-knowl-edge- 
ment, s. [Acknowledge.] The act of acknowl¬ 
edging, the state of being acknowledged, or the 
thing acknowledged. 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. (Spec.): The act of acknowledging a trifling 
mistake, or a more serious fault, sin, or crime. 

“. . . an acknowledgment of fault by Henry.”— 

Froude : Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

2. The admission of the truth of a statement, a 
narrative, a doctrine, or tenet, especially if it be for 
one’s apparent self-interest to controvert it. 

“The advocates of the Government had been by uni¬ 
versal acknowledgment overmatched in the contest.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

“. . . to the acknowledgment of the mystery of God, 
and of the Father, and of Christ.”— Col. ii. 2. 

3. The admission of the position and claims of 
any Being or person; also such homage or other 
action as the admission thus made implies. 

“. . . he himself, the Pope said, could not make ad¬ 
vances without some kind of submission; but a single act 
of acknowledgment was all which he required.”— Froude: 
Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 


4. The admission of having received money, 
whether owing to one or bestowed as a gift; the ad¬ 
mission of having received from one a benefit of any 
kind; also (spec.), the receipt for such money, the 
expression of gratitude for such favor. " 

“. . . the seeming acknowledgment of Henry’s serv¬ 

ices.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

“. . . to use the benefits conferred on us by M. Comte 
without acknowledgments.” — Martineau: Comte’s Positive 
Philosophy, Preface, vi. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: The admission of an act to take the re¬ 
sponsibility of it, or the owning of a legal deed to 
give it validity. 

IT No verbal acknowledgment of a debt will bar 
the operation of the statute of limitation [Limita¬ 
tion] ; it requires the acknowledgment to be in 
writing. 

2. Feudal Custom. Acknowledgment money: Money 
paid as a recognition of the new lord who succeeds 
to an estate on the death of his predecessor. 

*ac-known', pa. par. [Acknow.] 

ack-rdot, ak-root, s. An Indian name for the 
walnut. 

*ack'-scn, s. [Ash.] Ashes. (Kennet: Gloss., 
MS. Landsd., 1,033.) 

*ack’-ward§, adv. 

IT Used (spec.) when an animal lies backward 
and cannot rise. (Praise of Yorkshire Ale, 1697, 
p. 89, Gloss.) 

*ac-le a, s. [A. S. ac=oak; leag= a place.] A 
field in which oaks grow. (Cunningham.) 

ac-ll de, s. [Lat. aclidem, acc. of aclis=a small 
javelin.] An ancient Roman missile weapon, furn¬ 
ished with spikes, which was cast from the hand 
and then drawn back again by a thong. Each 
Roman warrior seems to have been provided with 
two. 

a-clln'-lc, a. & s. [Gr. klino=^to cause to bend.] 
Lit.: Unbending. 

Magnetism: Not dipping. 

aclinic-line, s. Professor August’s name for the 
magnetic equator where the needle ceases to dip 
and becomes horizontal. 

*a-Clo -men, v.i. [Dut. verfc7ewmen=to benumb.] 
To become torpid. 

*<t-cloy e, v. To cloy, to overload, to overrun. 

“ How her contrey was grevously acloyed 
With a dragon venoms and orible of kend.” 

MS. Laud, 416, p. 35. ( Halliwell .) 

*a-clum'-§en, *a-clom-sen, v. i. To grow 

clumsy. 

*a-clum-sid, *a-clom-sid, a. [A. S.] Be¬ 
numbed with cold. (Wy cliffe.) 

ac'-me, s. tin Fr. acmi; fr. Gr. afcme=a point 01 
edge, the highest point: ake= a point or edge.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: The top or highest point (figuratively 
rather than literally). 

H Till lately the word acme was so imperfectly 
naturalized in our language that it was expressed 
in Greek letters. Jeremy Taylor, South, Culver- 
well, and Phillips write it so. (Trench: On some 
Deficiencies in our Eng. Diet., p. 30; Eng. Past and 
Present, p. 46.) 

“The Latin language was judged not to have come to 
its akme or flourishing height of elegance until the age 
in which Cicero lived.”— Phillips: Prej. New World of 
Words, 3d ed. (A. D. 1671). 

“ Its acme of human prosperity and greatness.”— Burke: 

A Regicide Peace. 

2. Spec.: Mature age. 

“He must be one that can instruct your youth, 

And keep your acme in the state of truth.” 

Ben Jonson: Staple of News, Prol. 

II. Technically: 

1. Med.: Used by the Greeks to designate the 
height of a disease, a meaning which it still re¬ 
tains. 

2 . Rhet.: The height of pathos to which a speaker 
has risen by means of a climax. 

ac'-mlte, s. [Sw. achmit; Ger. akmit, fr. Gr. 
akme=a point. So called from the pointed extremi¬ 
ties of the crystals.] A mineral placed by Dana 
under his Amphibole group, the Pyroxene sub¬ 
group, and the section of it with monoclinic crys¬ 
tallization. Composition, R 3 O + Si;j0 2 4- 2 Fe 203 + 
Si 30 2 . Or silica, 51 ’3; sesquioxide of iron, 30’4; 
protoxide of irem, 5 T. Hardness, 6 ; gravity, 3 ’2 to 
3 '53; lustre, vitreous; color, brownish or reddish 
brown, blackish green in the fracture. It is opaque, 
has an uneven fracture, and is brittle. It occurs in 
Norway in crystals nearly a foot long. 

*ac-na'-wen, v.t. [A. S. onendwan—to acknowl¬ 
edge.] [Acknow.] To acknowledge, to own, to 
confess. 



btfil, b< 5 y; pffut, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



acne 


acore 


56 


ac'-ne, s. [Gr. achne= anything shaved off, as 
froth from a liquid, chaff from wheat, &c.] A genus 
of skin-diseases containing those characterized by 
pustules, which, after suppurating imperfectly, 
become small, hard, red circumscribed tubercles on 
the skin, resolving themselves but slowly. Among 
the leading species of the genus are (1) the A. sim¬ 
plex, consisting of small vari, which break out on 
the face, the shoulders, and tne upper part of the 
back; (2) A. follicularis, or maggot-pimple; (3) the 
A, indurata, or stone-pock; and (4) the A. rosacece, 
or carbuncled face. 

U-cnes-tis, a. [Gr. a, priv.; knao= to scrape or 
scratch.] The part of an animal which it cannot 
scratch, being unable to reach it. It is the portion 
extending along the back from between the shoul¬ 
der-blades to the loins. 

ac’-nl-da, s. [Gr. a, priv.j knide, a nettle: knizo= 

(1) to scrape, (2) to make to itch.] Virginian hemp. 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Cheno- 
podiaceee. or Chenopods. A. cannabina is the com¬ 
mon Virginian hemp. 

a’-CO, s. A fish found in the Mediterranean. It 
has been called also the aquo, the sarachus, and the 
sarachinus. 

ac-6-can-ther-a, s. [Gr. ( 1 ) akdke= a point, 

(2) antheros = flowering, blooming.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Solanacese, or Night¬ 
shades. A. venenata is a large bush with fragrant 
flowers, which grows at the Cape of Good Hope, 
and is so poisonous that the Hottentots use a de¬ 
coction of its bark to envenom their arrows. 

U-cock-blll, adv. 

Naut.: A term used (1) of an anchor which hangs 



Anchor A-cockbill. 


down by its ring from the cathead, or (2) of the 
yards when they are temporarily fixed at an angle 
with the deck. 

Jji-cock'-horse, adv. Triumphantly. (Ellis: 
Literary Letters, p. 265.) A somewhat slang phrase 
now obsolescent. ( Nursery Rhymes.) 

U-goe-16 -ml, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv.; 7coj7os=hollow.] 
[Opposed to Cgelomati (q. v.).] Bloodless worms. 
Ernst Haeckel’s name for those worms which pos¬ 
sess neither blood nor blood cavity (Coelomi). He 
includes under the designation the Flat-worms 
(Platyhelminthes), the Gliding-worms, the Sucker- 
worms, and the Tape-worms. 

a-co-e-met'- ae, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv.; koimao— to 
put to sleep.] 

Ch. Hist.: A kind of monks who flourished in the 
fifth century A. D., and whose practice it was to 
have Divine worship carried on in their churches 
unceasingly, three relays of them taking duty by 
turns. Some Roman Catholic monks still follow 
the practice of the old Acoemetse. 

*a-C<5i e, v. t. [Accoie.] To make quiet. 

“ Sith that ye reft him thaquaintaunce 
Of Bialacoil, his most joie, 

Whiche all his painis might acoie." 

Romaunt of the Rose, 3,564. 

*a-c 6 il d, a. [Acolen.] Congealed. 

“Now thi blod it is acoild.”—Gy of Warwike, p. 20. 

♦a-cdile, s. A Christmas game, the same as Lev- 
ELCOIL (q. v.). ( Beaumont & Fletcher, iv. 215, 

Note.) 

*a--COl as -tic, a. [Gr. akolastikos. ] “Intemperate, 
riotous, prodigal, lascivious.” (Minsheu: Guide 
into Tongues, 1627.) 

*a-Col'-ate, a. [Gr. a, priv.; kolan, for kolasein, 
2 aor. inf. of kolazo= to curtail, to prune, to check, 
.to punish.] Froward, peevish. (Rider: Diet.) 

*U-cdld', a. [Acolen.] Cold. 

“ There lay this povere in gret distresse 
Acolde and hungrid at the gate.” 

Gower MS., Soc. Antiq. 134, fo. 183. ( Halliwell .) 

“Bless thy five wits! Tom’s a-cold.” — Shakesp.: Lear, 

iii. 4. 


*a-c61d-Ing, *u-c61d-yng, pr. par. [Acoed.] 
Getting cold. 

“The syknesse of the world thou schalt knowe by 
charyte, acoldyng, and elde of hys feblenesse.”— Wimble- 
ton: Sermon (1388). (MS. Hatton, 57, p. 24.) 

"a-efi led, a. [Acolen.] Cooled. (Robert of 
Gloucester: Herald's College MS.) 

If Another reading is akelde. (Hearne's ed. Robt. 
of Glouc., p. 442.) 

*a-col-en, v. t. [A. N.] To embrace. [Accoll.] 
“Then acoie s he the knyt, and kysses him thryes.” 

! Syr Gawayne, p. 71. 

*a-c61’-en (pret. acolede, pa. par. acOled), v. 
[A. S. acdlian, acelan.\ To become cool. 

ac -ol in, s. A bird allied to the partridge, com¬ 
mon in the Spanish West Indies, where it is used 
for food. 

a-col T 6-gy, a-kol-9-gy, s. [Gr. (1) akos— a 
cure, relief, remedy: fr. akeomai— to heal; ( 2 ) logos 
=a discourse.] The science which treats of the 
remedies for diseases ; the science of medicines; the 
materi medical therapeutics. 

ac'-ol-yte,_ac-or-6-tlnst, ac'-ol-yth, ac'-ol- 
ythe, ac-6l-y -thus (pi. ac-ol-y'-thl), s. [In Ger. 
akoluth; Fr. acolyte; Gr. akolouthos— a follower, 
akoloutheo= to follow; a, copulative; keleuthos—a. 
path.] 

Ch. Hist.: One belonging to an order of petty 
ecclesiastical functionaries instituted in the third 
century to attend upon the Latin clergy. Their 
chief duty was to light the lamps and prepare the 
elements for the communion. At their ordination 
they received a candlestick with a taper, to sym¬ 
bolize the first of these functions, and an empty 
pitcher to represent the second. Similar officers 
still exist in the Church of Rome. 

“. . . to ordain the acolothist to keep the sacred ves¬ 
sels.”— Ayliffe-. Parergon Juris Canonici. 

“At the end of every station an acolythe (an inferior 
kind of officer) dips the pitiful pitch into the oil of a 
burning lamp.”— Brevint: Saul and Samuel at Endor. 

“The words subdeacons, acolythi, ostiarii . . 
Mosheim: Church Hist., cent, iii., pt. ii., ch. ii. 

*?L-com -her, v. t. To encumber. (Chaucer.) 
*a-com'-berd, pa.par. [Acomber.] (Chaucer.) 
*U-com -bre, v. [A. N.] To encumber, to 
trouble. [Acumbre.] 

‘ ‘ Acombred was he for to here 
Aske of so many lettres sere.” 

Cursor Mundi, MS. Coll. Trin., Cantab., f. 76. 
*U-com -el-yd, *a-cl6m-myde, a. or pa. par. 
[Cognate with provincial Clamm’d, Clemmed.] 
Enervated with cold. (Prompt. Parv.) 

a-con-dyl-ous, a. [Gr. a, priv. • kondulos=the 
knob formed by a bent, the knuckle.] 

Chiefly Bot.: Having no joints. 

*ac'-on-Ick, a. [Aconite.] Poisonous. (Rider.) 
ac-on -lt-ate, s. [Aconitum.] A chemical com¬ 
pound formed with aconitic acid and a base, as 
calcium aconitate, magnesium aconitate. 
ac -6n-Ite, s. [Lat. aconitum (q. v.).] 

1. A name of the common Blue Monk’s-hood (Ac¬ 
onitum napellus). It occurs wild in Carinthia and 
Carniola, and, having long been cultivated in Brit¬ 
ish gardens, has escaped and become naturalized 
in England. It is a very poisonous plant, the root 
being especially dangerous. When the leaves and 
flowers have died away, the root, or root stock, has 
sometimes been mistaken for that of horse-radish, 
and has been eaten with fatal results. The root is 
of tapering form, and when old is dark brown out¬ 
side and white inside, whilst the young ones are 
much paler. Its taste is bitter at first, after which 
there is a numbness and tingling of the lips and 
tongue. The root-stock of the horse-radish (Coch- 
learia arnaracea) is much larger than that of the 
aconite, and does not taper. Externally it is of a 
dirty yellow color, and marked at the top by trans¬ 
verse scars, left behind by the leaves. Its taste is at 
first acrid or pungent, not bitter. [Aconitum.] 

2. Less properly (among some gardeners and popu¬ 
larly) : The Eranthis nivalis, a plant of the order 
Ranunculacese, the same one as that to which the 
proper aconite belongs. 

II Winter-aconite—Eranthis nivalis. [See Acon¬ 
ite, 2.] 

ac-on-It'-ic, a. [Aconite.] Pertaining to the 
aconite. 

aconitic acid, s. An acid existing naturally in 
Aconitum napellus, Delphinium consolida, and 
Equisetum fluviatile, and doubtless in some other 
plants, but obtained most easily by the application 
of heat to citric acid. Formula C 6 H 6 O 6 =( 06 H 3 O 3 )”' 
(OH) 3 . Its salts are called aconitates. 

ac-on-It-I-nu, ac-on -it-Ine, s. [In Ger. 
aconitin .] An alkaloid substance existing in 
Aconitum napellus and some of its congeners. 
Formula C 30 H 47 NO 7 . A white substance slightly 
soluble in cold, soluble in fifty parts boiling water, 
very soluble in either. It melts at 80°. It is in¬ 


tensely poisonous. It is given internally in very 
small doses in severe neuralgia and rheumatism, 
and also forms a valuable liniment. 

ac-on-I’-tum, s. [In Fr. aconit ; bp., Port., & 
Ital. aconito, fr. Lat. aconitum; Gr. akoniton= a 
poisonous plant growing on sharp steep rocks en 
akonais, or in a place called Akonai, in Bithynia, 
or from akon=& dart, from its having long ago 
been used to poison darts with.] 

1. Bot. : Wolf’s-bane, a genus of plants belonging 
to the order Ranunculaceae, or Crowfoots. The 
species are generally from three to six feet high, 
with digitate and palmate leaves, and terminal 
spikes of blue or yellow flowers. The best known 
is the Monk’s-hood (A. napellus). [Aconite.] The 
Indian A. ferox, supposed to be only a variety of 
the former, is a more virulent poison than it, being 
acrid in a high degree. A. napellus and cammarum 
are diuretic. 

2. Ord. Eng.: Before the word aconite was 
naturalized in the language, aconitum was the 
term employed. 

“ ... an aconitum or rash gunpowder.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Part II., iv. 4. 

a-con’-the-a, s. The name of a butterfly, the 
Adolias aconthea, one of the Nymphalid®. The 
caterpillar has many long spines projecting from 
its body. It is found in Java and India. 

a-con-tl-as, s. [Gr. akontias=& quick-darting 
serpent; akontion=a dart or javelin; akon— a 
javelin ; ake= a point, an edge.] 

1. Zool. : A genus of snake-like lizards, belonging 
to the family Anguidee. The species are akin to the 
Anguis fragilis , but can rear themselves up and 
dart forward. Contrary, however, to common be¬ 
lief in the regions which they inhabit, they are 
quite harmless. A. meleagris is the Cape pintado 
snake. A.jaculis, the dart-snake of the Greeks and 
Romans, and, according to Bochart, also the qippoz 
mentioned in Isaiah xxxiv. 15, which is improperly 
rendered “great owl” in the authorized English 
version of the Bible. [Dart-snake.] 

2. Bot. : A genus of Brazilian plants belonging to 
the order Araceee, or Arads. So named because the 
spots on the stem were supposed to resemble the 
serpents above described. 

*3. Astron. : A comet, or meteor, so called from 
its resemblance to a snake. 

a-con -tlte, s. A mineral, a variety of Mispickel 
( q. v.)^ 

*§,-COp', adv. [A. S. cop=top.] On end, conically. 

“Marry, she’s not in fashion yet; she wears a hood, bu* 
it stands acop.” — Ben Jonson: Alchemist, ii. 6. 

*ac-op-{l. s. pi. [Gr. fcopos=weariness.] 

Old Med.: Medicines which were supposed to be 
useful in removing lassitude. 

ac-op'-Ic, a. [Acopa.] Preventing or alleviat¬ 
ing fatigue or weariness. 

ac-op'-I-ca, ac'-op-Inn, s. [Gr. akopia= free¬ 
dom from fatigue.] A medicine administered to 
relieve fatigue or weariness. 

*&-CO -pled, a. Coupled. (Plumpton Corres¬ 
pond., p. 50.) 

*ac'-op-us, s. A herb, or stone (it is not known 
which), used as an ingredient for a charm. (Mid¬ 
dleton: Witch Works, iii. 327.) 

ac’-or, s. [Lat. acor=an acid taste, sourness: 
aceo= to be sour.] Acidity or sourness in the stom¬ 
ach. 

*ac-6r^a'-§e-S3 (Lindley), *ac-6r-I -nse (Link), 
*ac-or-6i -de-83 (Ag.). An old order of plants cut' 
off from A race®, chieny on account of the different 
arrangement of leaves in the bud, and the posses¬ 
sion of the rudiments of a perianth, these being 
wholly wanting in Araceee. 

*£-COrd', s. & v. An old form of Accord (q. v.). 

“Lene me youre hand, for this is oure acord.” 

Chaucer: Knightes Tale, 3,084. 

*a-cor-daunt, *a-cor -dend, a. [A. N.] [Old 

forms of Accordant.] Agreeing. 

“ Me thinketh it acordaunt to resoun.” 

Chaucer: Prologue, 37 . 

“■ . . whiche in this vyse is acordend.” 

Chaucer: Prologue (ed. 1532), f. 36. (Halliwell.) 

*a-cor -ded, *a-cor-dId, pa. par. [Acord.] 

“And thus they ben acorded and i-sworn 
To wayte a tyme, as I have told biforn.” 

Chaucer: Milleres Tale, 3,301, 3,302. 

“They ben acordid, as ye schal after heere.” 

Chaucer: Man of Lawes Tale, 4,658. 

*a-core’, *a-cor'-ye, *a-cor'-Ie [A. S. ceorian 
— to lament]. To sorrow, to grieve. 

“At Gloucestre he deide, ac eir nadde he non; 

That acorede al this lond, and ye men echon.” 

Rob. Glouc., p. 75. 

“ Bu a peyre of a marc other thou salt be acorye sore." 

Rob. Glouc., p. 390. 

“Thou it schalt acorie sore.’’ 

MS. Laud , 108, f. 12. ( Halliwell .) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce - e; ey = a. ' qu = kw! 












acorn 


57 


acoustics 


a -corn, s. [A. S. cecern, ceceren, accern, neut. pi. 

-= fruit of the field or country, from cecer= field 
( Skeat); Icel. akarn Dan. agern: Dut. aker; Ger. 
ecker, eichel; Goth. afcroti=fruit.j 

1. Lit.: The fruit of the oak. Formerly acorns 
were used for human food, and in times of scarcity 
are still eaten in different parts of the Continent. 

H Botanically viewed, it is an indehiscent dry 
fruit, surrounded by a cupulate involucre. It is 
the type of the genus glans, in Gartners classifi¬ 
cation of fruits. 

If Sweet acorn is the fruit of Quercus ballota. 

. 2. Naut.: A little ornamental piece of wood, con¬ 
ical in form, fixed on the mast-head above the vane, 
to keep it from being detached when the wind is 
violent, or the ship leans much to one side when 
tinder a press of sail. 

acorn-ball, s. An acorn fixed on its cupule, or 
cup, as a ball may be in a socket. 

“She, Dryad-like, shall wear, 

Alternate leaf and acorn-ball 
In wreath about her hair.” 

Tennyson: Talking Oak. 

acorn-barnacle, s. The Balanus crenatus, com¬ 
mon on British coasts. [Acoen-shell.] 
acorn-coffee, s. A preparation made from 
acornsj husked, dried, and roasted. In some re¬ 
spects it is better than common coffee, not having 
the drying properties of the latter. 

acorn-cup, s. The calyx or cup in which the 
acorn is fixed. 

“ Creep into acorn-cups, and hide them there.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. i. 
acorn-meal, s. A meal made on acorns. 

“And still the sad barbarian, roving, mixed 
With beast of prey, or for his acorn-meal 
Fought the fierce tusky boar.” 

Thomson: Autumn, 58. 

acorn-shell, s. 

1. The shell, gland or husk of the actual acorn. 

“ Who from hollow boughs above him 
Dropped their acorn-shells upon him.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, xvi. 

2. The English name given to the sessile barnacles 
(Balanidse), from the resemblance which they bear 
to acorns. The shell is usually composed of six 
segments, firmly united into a tube. The lower part 
of this tube is fixed to some solid body, such as a 
wooden stake or stone within high-water mark. 
The upper part is covered and protected by a mov¬ 
able roof, consisting of two to four valves, from 
between which the balanus can protrude its beauti¬ 
fully delicate cirri. 

a-corned, a. [Acoen.] 

1. Gen.: Bearing acorns; having fed on acorns: 
possessed of acorns. 

If Chiefly, if not even exclusively, in composition. 
“A full acorned boar.”— Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. 6. 

2. Her.: Having represented upon it an oak with 
acorns. (Used of escutcheons.) 

*g,-Cor'se, v. t. & i. [Accuese.] To curse. 

“Called hem catyves, 

Acorsed for evere.” 

Piers Ploughman, p. 375. 

♦a-cor'-sy, v. [Acchese.] To curse; to pronounce 
anathema against. 

“ Deus laudem it is y clepud 
This salme the queue radde 
For to acorsy here brother body, 

And allethat him ladde.” 

MS. Coll. Trin., Oxon., 57. (Ilalliwell.) 

ac-or-us, s. [In Fr. acore; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
acoro, fr. Lat. acorns, or acorum; Gr. afcoros=the 
sweet-flag: a, priv.; kore = the pupil of the eye, or 
the eye, for the diseases of which the plant was 
supposed to be beneficial.] Sweet-rush. 

1. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Orontiacese, or to Araceee. In the case of the interest¬ 
ing A. calamus, Linn., the sweet-sedge, or sweet-flag, 
the flowers are arranged upon a sessile spadix. The 
spathe, which resembles the leaves, is not convolute. 
The perianth is in six pieces, and inferior. The 
ovary is throe-celled t the fruit baccate. Its rhizome, 
which is aromatic, is used in the preparation of 
hair-powder and other perfumery; confectioners 
manufacture a candy from it; blenders use it for 
flavoring gin, and brewers in making beer. The 
whole plant, when bruised, gives forth a pleasant 
smell, on which account it was formerly mixed with 
rushes when the latter were strewed on the floors of 
rooms, and in churches and cathedrals on festival 

^ h 'ifot. & Phar.: A name sometimes given to the 
great galangule (Alpinia galanga), a Zingibera- 
ceous plant. 

3 . Zool.: Blue coral. 

a-cog'-mi-g., s. [Gr. a, priv.; fcosmos=order.] 
Med.: Irregularity in the crises of diseases j also 
ill health, especially when attended by lividity of 
aspect. 



Acotyledonous Plants. 

1. Agaricus campestris. 

2. Tuber melanosporum. 

3. Polytrichum commune. 


*il-c6st', adv. [A. N.] On side. 

“ Forth thai passeth this land acost 
To Clarence with alle her ost.” 

Arthour and Merlin, p. 281. 

a-cot-y-le-don, s. [Gr. a, priv.; kotuledon— 
any cup-shaped hollow or cavity, from kotule= 
anything hollow; also Lat. cotyledon—a. plant, the 
Cotyledon umbilicus of Linnaeus.] A plant with no 
cotyledon, that is, having no seed-leaf. [Cotyle¬ 
don.] A member of the class Acotyledons (q. v.). 

g.-cot-y-le'-don-e§ (Jussieu), jt-cot-y-le-don- 
e-ae (Agardh), 3 ,-cot-jf-le-dong (in Eng.), s. pi. 
[Acotyledon.] One of the leading divisions of 
the Vegetable Kingdom, the others being Dicoty¬ 
ledons and Monocotyledons. In the Dicotyledons 
there are two cotyledons, or seed lobes ; in the Mon- 
o c o t y 1 e.dons, 
one ; and in the 
Aco ty 1 edons, 
technically 
considered, 
none. How 
then, does 
germination 
take place? It 
does so not 
from two fixed 
points — the 
plumule and 
the radicle 
—but indiffer¬ 
ently from any 
portion of the 
surface, a char¬ 
acter which the 
Acotyled ons 
share with 
some Aroideae. 

[See Aceogens, 

Crypto gah- 
ia.] The old 
class of Acoty¬ 
ledons has been divided by Lindley into two—the 
Thallogens, containing the Algal, Fungal, and 
Lichenal alliances; and the Acrogens, including 
the Muscal, Lycopodal, and Filical alliances. [See 
these words.] 

3,-cot-y-le -don-ous, a. [Acotyledon.] Having 
no cotyledons, pertaining to a plant without seed- 
lobes. 

“Class III. Acotyledonous or Cellular Plants.”— 
Hooker and Arnott: Brit. Flora, 7th ed., p. 577. 
g,-cdu-§hi, s. A kind of balsam. 

Balsam of Acouchi, or Acouchi Resin: The in¬ 
spissated juice of a plant, Idea heterophylla, be¬ 
longing to the order Amyridacese, or Amyrids. 

a-c6u-Chy, s. [Local name.] A mammal like a 
rabbit; the Cavia acuchi of Gmelin. It is found 'n 
the hotter parts of America. 

g,-c6u'-me-ter, s. [Gr. (1) akoue= hearing, fr. 
akouo= to hear; and (2) metron= a measure.] An 
instrument for measuring the extent of the sense of 
hearing in any individual case. 

*a-coun’-tre, s. [Fr. contre, adv. = against.] 
[Encotjntee.] An encounter. 

“ The acountre of hem was so strong 
That mani dyed ther among.” 

Gy of Warwike, p. 291. 

*a-COUpe', v. [0. Fr. acoulper; Fr. acouper, 
from Lat. acculpare — to accuse, to find fault.] To 
blame, to accuse, to inculpate. 

“Alle ye pryde and vanyt6, 

Of al shalt thou acouped be.” 

MS. Harl. 1,701, f. 23. ( Halliwell .) 

*3.-c6upe'-ment, s. [A. N.] [Acoupe.] An ac¬ 
cusation. 

“ Withoutten answere to acoupement.” 

Hartshorne: Met. Tales, p. 109. 

*?i-cdup'-^ng, s. [Acoupe.] An onset. 

“At the acoupyng the knightes (speres) either brak on 
other, 

Swiftli with there swerdes swinge thei togeder.” 

William and the Werwolf, p. 124. 

3,-cous-mat-Ic, or a-cous-mat'-ic, s. [Gr. 
akousmatikos=\v tiling to hear ; akousma= a thing 
heard ; akouo=to hear.] A disciple of Pythagoras, 
who had not yet completed his five years’ proba¬ 
tion. 

a-cous’-tlc, or g,-cous'-tic, a. & s. [In Ger. 

akustik: Fr. acoustique; fr. Gr. akoustikos=belong- 
ing to the sense of hearing; afcowko.s=heard, audi¬ 
ble; akouo= to hear.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Anat.: Pertaining to the ear, constituting part 
of the physical apparatus for hearing. 

Acoustic duct: The meatus auditor ius, or external 
passage of the ear. 

Acoustic nerves: The same as auditory nerves 

(<1-Y.). 

“ . . . to transmit vibrations to the acoustic nerve. 
— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. i. 


_. Med.: Designed to act on the ear. 

Acoustic medicine: Qne designed to remove some 
disease of the ear, or to improve defective hearing., 
{Quincy.) 

3. Hist.: Obtaining knowledge by the ear. 

Acoustic Disciples, or Acousmatics. [Acous- 

matic.] 

4. Art: Designed to facilitate hearing or itself 
to be heard. Pertaining to sound. (See the ex. 
from Tyndall under Acoustical.) 

Acoustic instrument: Generally a synonym for a 
speaking trumpet. 

Acoustic vessels: Brazen tubes used in ancient 
theatres for the purpose of sending the voice of the 
speaker as far as possible. In general they suc¬ 
ceeded in doing so to the distance of 400 feet, 
[Acoustics.J 
B. As substantive: 

1. Med.: An acoustic medicine. (See adj., No. 2.) 

2. Hist.: (See adj.. No. 3.) 

a-cous-tic-al, or a-cous-tic-al, adj. [Acous¬ 
tic.] The same as Acoustic (q. v.). 

“ Acoustical experiments on the Seine during the siege 
of Paris.”— Nature, vi., 447. 

“ The sound of the village bell, which comes mellowed 
from the valley to the traveller upon the hill, has a value 
beyond its acoustical one.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 
3d ed.,'v. 104. 

a-cous-tl'-gian, or a-cous-tl -gian, s. [Acous¬ 
tic.] One who investigates the phenomena of 
sound. 

“. . . the earlier acousticians.” — Whewell: Hist. 

Induct. Sciences, bk. viii., ch. vi. 

a-cous -tics, or st-cous-tics, s. [In Fr. acous¬ 
tique, .] [Acoustic.] A term introduced bySaveur. The 
science which treats of sounds, or, more specifically, 
that branch of natural philosophy which treats of 
the nature of sound and the laws of its production 
and propagation, as far as these depend on physical 
principles. Sound is produced by the vibration 
of the particles in a sonorous body, evoked by a 
blow or in some other way. If a number of small, 
light wooden balls be suspended by silk threads 
over a bell-jar, just in contact with the widest part 
of the glass, the drawing of a violin-bow across the 
edge of the glass will impart to the particles of the 
latter a vibratory movement, which will make itself 
visible by flinging off the. balls oftener than once. 
Sound requires an elastic medium for its trans¬ 
mission to the tympanum of the ear. In vacuo it 
becomes inaudible, but brought in contact with air 
it is heard without difficulty. Its rate of progress 
through dry air, at a temperature of 32), is, accord¬ 
ing to Van der Kolk, 1,091 feet 8 inches in a second; 
and according to Mr. Stone, 1,090'6 feet; through 
metallic rods its motion is much more rapid. 

Two particles which are in the same state of vibra¬ 
tion— i. e., are equally displaced from the positions 
which they occupied in equilibrio, and are moving 
in the same direction, and with equal velocities—are 
said to be in the same phase; whilst those which are 
proceeding in a contrary direction are said to be in 
opposite phases. 

If the vibration of particles takes place in the 
same direction as that in which the disturbance is 
moving from particle to particle, it is called longi¬ 
tudinal; if at right angles to it, transverse. 

So analogous are the sound-producing vibrations 
of particles to those of waves in the ocean that 
the terms waves and undulations are used in Acous¬ 
tics as well as in Hydrology. The distance which 
separates two particles in the same phase is called 
the length of a wave. As in Optics, so in Acoustics, 
there are refraction and reflection, the laws in both 
cases being the same. 

Refraction of sound: The change of direction 
which is produced when a wave of sound, traveling 
through one medium, meets a second one not of the 
same kind, and excites in it a wave of a different 
velocity and direction from the first. 

Reflection of sound: The change of direction 
which is produced when a wave of sound, travel¬ 
ing through one medium, meets a second one 
diverse from the first, and in addition to transmit¬ 
ting to it a refracted wave, excites in it an undula- 
lation traveling in a different direction, but with 
the same velocity as the other. A sound may be 
frequently repeated, as from an echo-producing 
cliff, and in a whispering gallery or a tunnel. 

Two or more sonorous waves traveling through 
the same medium, and acting on the same particles, 
are said mutually to interfere with each other. If 
they move toward such an interference from exactly 
opposite directions, they produce between them a 
stationary wave. This expression does not imply 
that every particle of the wave thus produced is 
motionless. Some particles are so, whilst others 
vibrate longitudinally or transversely. The points 
at which the particles are stationary are called 
nodes, and the vibratory portions ventral segments. 
A vibrating musical string, a tuning-fork, or other 
stiff rod vibrating longitudinally, make stationary 
waves. These are generated also inside wind- 


b<fil 

-cian : 


b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 

,’n, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 










acover 


58 


acquisitiveness 


instruments when the latter are blown. The vibra¬ 
tions of a solid are best communicated to another 
solid: hence a tuning-fork being struck is applied 
to a table, and violin-strings are placed in contact 
with a hollow wooden box, which imparts to their 
sound a greater intensity than if its transmission 
to the ear were entrusted to the air alone. 

Noise is a single blow given to the ear, whilst 
Jusic is caused by a series of feeble blows follow¬ 
ing one another at regular intervals. [Music, Har¬ 
mony, Sound.] 

If Some writers have divided Acoustics into Dia¬ 
coustics , which treats of those sounds which pass 
directly from the sonorous body to the ear; and 
Catacoustics, which investigates the phenomena of 
reflected sounds. Another division is into Acoustics 
proper, or the science of hearing, and Phonetics , or 
the science of sound; the latter word being from 
Gr. phdne= sound. 

*g,-c6v'-er, v. t. [O. Fr. covrir, couvrer, from 
Lat. cooper io=to cover.] To uncover. 

“ Belisent, withouten lesing, 

Acoverd and undede her eyin.” 

Arthour and Merlin, p. 315. 

*U-cov-erd, pa. par. [Acover.] 
*U-cov-er-unge, s. [Acover.] Recovery. 
*U _ cdy"nte, v. t. [0. Fr. accointer— to make 
known.] To make acquaintance. 

“ Heo a-coynted hym anon; and bicomen frendes gode 
Bothe for here prowes and for heo were of on blode.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 15. 

*U-cdy-§ing, s. [Accusing.] Accusing, an ac¬ 
cusation. 

“ He is forth brought, and the kyng 
Giveth him acoysyng.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 3,973. 

UC-qua’int, v. t. & i. [Fr. acointer= to become 
intimate; Prov. accoinder— to make known ; O. Fr. 
coinf=informed of a thing, from Low Lat. adcognito 
=to make known, from Lat. ad= to, and cognitus, 
pa. par. of cognOsco=to know.] [Know.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Not reflexively: To inform, to communicate an 
item of intelligence. 

IT The person informed is in the accusative, and 
the intelligence is introduced by of, ivith, or the 
clause of a sentence commencing with that. 

“ Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed, 

Acquaint her here of my son Paris’ love.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo & Juliet, iii. 4. 
“Brutus acquainted the people with the doer and man¬ 
ner of the vile deed.”— Shakesp.: Tarquin & Lucrece, 
Argument. 

“ I must acquaint you that I have received 
New-dated letters from Northumberland.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iv. 1. 

2. Reflexively: To make (one’s self) familiar with 
a being or person, his character, or his procedure. 

“Acquaint now thyself with Him [God], and be at peace.” 
— Job xxii. 21. 

B. Intrans.: To be cognizant of anything, to be 
observant of what passes, or is taking place at the 
time; to be or become familiar with. 

“Though the Choiseuls will not acquaint with you.”— 
Walpole: Letters, iii. 604. 

*ac-qua int (in Scotch pron. *ac-que'nt, *§,c- 
quant), pa.par. & a. [Acquaint.] 

IT Now altogether superseded by Acquainted 

(q. v.). 

“Thou also most entirely art 
Acquaint with all my ways.” 

Rouse’s metrical version of Ps. cxxxix. 3. 
“He is weel acquent wi’ a’ the smugglers, thieves, and 
banditti about Edinburgh.”— Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian. 

t ac-qua int-u-ble, a. [Acquaint.] Easy to 
gain the acquaintance of, easy of access. 

“Wherefore be wise and acquaintable.” 

Rom. of the Rose, 2,213. 

<?,C-qua int-an$e , s.&*a. [Acquaint.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. The act of gaining a greater or less amount of 
knowledge of any person or thing. 

II. The state of becoming known to a person. 

“As I’ll myself disgrace : knowing thy will, 

I will acquaintance strangle, and look strange.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, 89. 

“For goodness’ sake, consider what you do ; 

How you may hurt yourself, ay, utterly 

Grow from the king’s acquaintance by this carriage.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry VIII., iii. 1. 

“. . . from a familiar acquaintance with the mechan¬ 
ical processes of certain arts, trades, and manufactures.” 
— Sir G. C. Lewis: Influence of Authority, ch. ii. 

III. A person with whom one is acquainted. 

*1. A friend. 1 

“But it was thou, a man mine equal, my guide and 
mine acquaintance. We took sweet counsel together, and 
walked into the house of God in company.”— Ps. lv. 13,14. 


2. (a) Really singular: A person whom one knows 
but slightly, or who, if he has been long known, 
has still, for some reason or other, been kept out¬ 
side the circle of one’s chosen and trusted friends. 

“Montgomery was an old acquaintance of Ferguson.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

(b) Collectively: People whom one knows. 

“. . . they sought him among their kinsfolk and ac¬ 
quaintance.”—Luke ii. 44. 

IT Sometimes applied figuratively to the inferior 
animals or to things. 

B. As adjective (highly vulgar ): Acquainted. 

“Evans. . . . Give her this letter; for it is a ’oman 
that altogether’s acquaintance with Mistress Anne Page.” 
—Shakesp.: Merry Wives, i. 2. 

*Tf It should never be used in this sense. 
ac-qua'int-an§e-ship, s. [Acquaint.] The state 
of being acquainted. (Chalmers.) 

*ac-qua int-ant, s. An acquaintance. 

* ... an acquaintant and a friend of Edmund 
Spenser.”— I. Walton. 

UC-quaint-ed, pa. par. [Acquaint.] 

U Used in the same sense as the verb, with rarely 
the special sense of well-known. 

“ . . .as things acquainted and familiar to us.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Part II., v. 2. 

tac-qua'int-ed ness, s. [Acquaint.] The state 
of being acquainted. 

UC-quaint-Ing, pr.par. [Acquaint.] 
“uc-queint-uunge. [Acquaintance.] 

“ For here acqueintaunce was not come of newe; 
Thay were his approwours prively.” 

Chaucer: Freres Tale, 6,924-5. 

ac’-quest, s. [In Fr. acquise, pa.par. of acquSrir; 
fr. Lat. acquisitus, pa. par. of acquiro; or ad & 
qucesitus, pa. par. of quceri .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of acquiring. 

II. The state of being acquired. 

III. The thing acquired, e.g., a conquest. 

“ New acquests are more burden than strength.”— Bacon. 
“Mud reposed near the ostea of rivers makes continual 
additions to the land, thereby excluding the sea, and pre¬ 
serving these shells as trophies and signs of its new ac¬ 
quests and encroachments.”— Woodward. 

B. Law: Goods or effects acquired either by pur¬ 
chase or donation. 

*ac-que ynt, pa. par. [A form of Aqhlynt.] 

Quenched. 

ac-qul-esge, v. i. [Lat. acquiesco = to become 
quiet, to rest.: ad; quiesco = to rest; quies = rest; 
Fr. acquiescer.) 

* 1. To rest. 

“Which atoms never rest till they meet with some pores, 
when they acquiesce.” — Howell: Letters , iv. 50. 

3. To submit to, or remain passive under, instead 
of rebelling against. 

“ The nation generally acquiesced in the new ecclesias¬ 
tical constitution.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

3. To assent to, to accept tacitly or formally, 
ac-qul-es'-genge, fac-qul-es-gen-gy, s. [Ac¬ 
quiesce.] Submission to, express or tacit consent 
to endure without protest or rebellion that which 
is not really liked. 

“. . . if not with approbation, yet with the show of 
acquiescence.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Contentment, rest, satisfaction with. 

“. . . but seldom from a full satisfaction and acqui¬ 
escence in their present enjoyments of it [i. e., fame].”— 
Addison. 

ac-qui-es'-cent, a. [Lat. acquiescens, pr. par. of 
acquiesco.') [Acquiesce.] Submissive to, disposed 
tacitly or formally to submit to what cannot really 
be liked. 

“. . . acquiescent in his condition.”— Froude: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

ac-qul-es'-§ing, pr. par. & a. [Acquiesce.] 
*UC-qui'-et, v. t. [Low Lat. acquietare.) 

1. To quiet, to compose. (Eng. <& Scotch .) 

“ Acquiet his mind from stirring you against your own 
peace.”—Sir A. Shirley: Travels. 

“. . . the pepill ar almaist gane wilde, it is therefor 
statut, f or the acquietting of the pepill, that . . ”— 

Acts Jas. IV., 1503 (ed. 1814), p. 249. 

2. To secure. (Scotch.) 

“. . . to werrand, acquiet, and defend . . . the 
landis .”—Act Dom. Cone. (A. D. 1489), p. 133. 

*ac-qul’ght (gh silent), v. t„ An old spelling of 
Acquit (q. v.). 

“ . . . for yonder way 

We needes must pass (God doe us well acquight).” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. xii. 3. 


*ac-qulll', v. t. [A. N.] [In O. Fr. enquiTler , 

aquiller, a form of accueillir.) 

Hunting: A term applied to the buck and doe, 
the male and female fox, and all “vermin.” 

IT Nearly synonymous with the more modern word 
Imprime, afterward applied to unharboring the 
hart. (Halliwell.) 

“Syr huntere, how many bestis acquill? Syr, the buk 
and the doo, the male fox and the female, and alle othir 
vermyn, as many as be put in the book. And how many 
braches? Sire alle that be acquilez.”— Reliq. Antiq., i. 151. 

ac-quir-a-bil-i-ty, s. [Acquirable.] Capa¬ 
bility of being acquired. 

ac-quir’-a-ble, a. [Acquire.] That may be 
acquired. 

“ . . . though they are truths acquirable.”—Sir M. 
Hale: Origination of Mankind. 

ac-qui re, v. t. [Lat. acquiro, -isivi, -isit,um=to 
acquire: ad= to; qucero =to look or search for; O. 
Fr. acquerre, aquerre; Prov. acquinr; Fr. acqufrir; 
Ital. acquisitare.] 

1. Of man: To gain material possessions by gift, 
by purchase, by conquest, or in any other way; also 
to make intellectual attainments by study, to gain 
skill in manual employment, &c. 

“ . . . kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, lordships, ac¬ 
quired in different ways.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xxiii. 

“ . . . had indeed acquired more learning than his 
slender faculties were able to bear.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiv. 

2. Of the inferior animals, animals or plants, 
organs, or inanimate things. 

“ . . . these organs acquire individual characters.”— 
Owen: Mammalia (1859), p. 17. 
g,c-quire'-ment, s. [Acquire.] 

1. The act of acquiring or obtaining any desirable 
object, such as wealth or other property, skill in 
manual work, intellectual attainments. 

“ . . . had grown, in the course of centuries, on con¬ 
cession, on acquirement, and usurpation to be what we see 
it.”— Carlyle: French Revolution, pt. i., bk. iii., ch. v. 

2. The object gained. 

TT Used almost exclusively of those intellectual 
conquests whicb one makes by the use of his talents, 
as opposed to the talents themselves. 

“That party was not large; but the abilities, acquire¬ 
ments, and virtues of those who belonged to it made it 
respectable.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 
gte-qu'ir'-er, s. [Acquire.] One who acquires. 
UC-quir'-Ing, pa. par., a. & s. [Acquire.] 

As substantive: Acquisition, that which is gained. 
“ . . . with the acquirings of his father’s profes¬ 
sion.”— Naunton: Fragmenta Regalia, Leicester. 

*ac-qui -ry, s. [Acquire.] An acquiring, an 
obtaining; acquisition. 

“No art requireth more hard study and pain toward the 
acquiry of it than contentment.”— Barrow: Sermons, iii. 62. 
*ac-qul§e, v.t. [A. N.] To acquire. [Acqueis.] 
*ac’-qul-§lte, a. [Lat. acquisitum, or pa. par. 
acquisitus.) [Acquire.] Gained with more or less 
of permanence. 

“Three [notions] being innate and five acquisite . * 

- .”— Burton: Anat. of Melancholy, p. 29. 

ac-quI-§i'-tion, s. [In Fr. acquisition, fr. Lat. 
acquisition (1) the act of acquiring, (2) the thing 
acquired: fr. acquisitum, conventionally called the 
supine of acquiro: ad and queero.) 

I. The act of acquiring. 

II. The state of being acquired. 

“ ... by his own industrious acquisition of them.” 

— South. 

III. Anything acquired, whether land, money, 
material, skill, or intellectual gains. 

“The English still held their acquisition.” — Froude: 
Hist. Eng., iv. 368. 

ac-qui§ -l-tive, a. [Lat. acquisitus, pa. par. of 
acquiro=to acquire (q. v.).] 

1. Acquired. 

“He [William I.] died not in his acquisitive, but in his 
native soil .”—Sir H. Wotton: Reliquiae Wottoniance, p. 106. 

2. Prone to attempt acquisition, even though this 
should be made only by laying hands on that which 
is not one’s own. 

“. . . the knavish, smooth-tongued, keen, and acquis- 
itive Hermes.”— Grote: Hist. Greece, vol. i.. u. 80. 

IT It is sometimes followed by of. 
ac-qui § -lt-lve-ly, adv. [Eng. acquisitive; -ly.) 
In virtue of having acquired anything; as having 
acquired anything. 

UC-quI§'-It-ive-ness, s. [Acquisitive.] 

Among % hrenologists: One of those human pro¬ 
pensities which are supposed to be represented 
externally by bumps or protuberances on the brain. 
The spot which they point out for acquisitiveness 
is at the inferior angle of the parietal bone, with 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p 8 t, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. qu = kwl 




acridiidse 


acquisitor 


59 


-deality in front and secretiveness in the rear. It 
is described as a propensity that prompts one to 
seek for property. The individual so unhappily 
constituted is considered to be a man who, if in the 
higher walks of life, will be prone to “klepto¬ 
mania,” and if in the humbler ranks of society 
will too probably figure in the police-courts as an 
inveterate thief. 

*ac-qui§-It-or, s. [Lat. acquisitus,p a. par. of 
acquiro.) One who acquires. 

*ac'-quist, v. t. [Lat. acquisitus, pa. par. of ac¬ 
quiro .] To acquire. {Skinner.) 

*ac-quist, s. [From the verb.] An acquisition, 
something gained. 

“ His servants lie, with new acquist 
Of true experience from this great event, 

With peace and consolation hath dismissed.-’ 

Milton: Samson Agonistes, 1,755. 
g,c-qult, *ac-qul ght (gh silent), *&c-qui te, 
* 3 ,-qui te, *<j,-quy te (mod. pret. & pa. par. ac- 

f uitted, formerly also acquit ), v. t. [O. Fr. aquifer; 

’r. acquitter, from Low Lat. acquieto , from ad = 
to, quieto = to settle.] [Quit, Quite.] 
tf In Old Scotch it has sometimes the pret. 
acquate, as in the example— 

“. . . worthily acquate himself of the great place 
and trust.” —Acts Chas. I. (ed. 1814), v. 517. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To pronounce one innocent of a crime, sin, or 
fault. [See II. 2.] 

“ God wife in a dai wan it aquited be.” 

Rob. Glouc., p. 565. 

“The Lord is slow to anger, and great in power, and 
will not at all acquit the wicked.”— Nahum i. 3. 

If Formerly followed by from prefixed to the 
charge; now of is employed. 

“. . . thou wilt not acquit me from mine iniquity.”— 
Job x. 14. 

*2. To requite, to pay for, or to avenge. 

*{a ) To requite. 

“0 how ill dost thou acquite the love I beare thee.” 

Shepherdess Felixmena. ( Collier: Shakesp., 28.) 

(6) To pay for. 

“ Or if his winning be so lite 
That his labour will not acquite 
Sufficiauntly at his living. 

Yet may he go his brede begging.” 

Rom. of the Rose, 6,742. 

(c) To avenge. {Scotch.) 

“ He exhortit his men to have curage ; set asyd al dred- 
our (gif they had ony), remembring the gret spreit and 
manheid of thair eldaris, that thay may acquite thair 
deith.”— Bellend.: Cron., bk. vi., ch. xiii. 

3. To set free from obligation. 

“ For, as I hear, he was much bound for you. 

Ant. No more than I am well acquitted of.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, v. 1. 

“ Let each a token of esteem bestow. 

This gift acquits the dear respect X owe.” 

Pope : Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xx., 361, 362. 

4. Reflectively {with self superadded): To quit 
(one’s self), to behave, to discharge the trust re¬ 
posed in one. 

“Marlborough, on this as on every similar occasion, 
acquitted himself like a valiant and skillful captain.”— 
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

II. Law: To set at rest with respect to a claim or 
an accusation. 

1. With respect to a claim: 

If According to the feudal system, if a tenant held 
lands of a lord mesne, and the mesne of the lord 
paramount, then the mesne was expected to acquit 
the tenant of all services except those which he him¬ 
self claimed for the lands. 

2. With respect to an accusation: To pronounce 
one void of guilt with respect to any charge which 
has been brought against one; to justify. 

ac-quit , pet. par. [The same as Acquitted 
( qi v.) ] Acquitted, quit. 

“To be acquit from my continual smart.”—Spenser, 
ac-qulte, v. t. [Acquit.] 

3 ,c-quit'-ment, s. [Acquit.] 

1 & 2. The act of acquitting the state of being 
acquitted; acquittal. 

“ The word imports properly an acquitment or dis¬ 
charge of a man upon some precedent accusation, and a 
full trial and cognizance of his cause had thereupon.”— 
South. 

9 ,c-quit'-tg,l, s. [Acquit.] 

Law c& Ordinary Language: 

1. A judicial direction that one is innocent of a 
charge brought against him, or at least that proof 
of the accusation has failed. 

If An acquittal may be in deed , that is, by a ver¬ 
dict ; or in law, that is, the boon may come to the 


accused person more indirectly. Thus, if he be 
tried as accessory to a felony, the acquittal of the 
principal will carry with it also his acquittal. 

“ The acquittal of the bishops was not the only event 
which makes the 30th of June, 1688, a great epoch in his¬ 
tory.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

“. . . the audience, with great glee, expected a speedy 
acquittal.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

2. Discharge or release from a promise or obliga¬ 
tion. 

“ And fair acquittal of his oath.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, iv. 27. 

Acquittal contracts: A discharge from an obliga¬ 
tion. This may be by deed, prescription, or tenure. 
(Co. Lit. 100 a.) 

3 , c-quit -t^nge, s. [A. N.] [Acquit.] 

I. An acquittal. 

1 . The act of acquitting or releasing from a charge 
or debt. 

2. Forgiveness, acquittal. 

“. . . but soon shall find 
Forbearance no acquittance.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. x. 

3. That which acquits. Spec., the receipt which 
furnishes documentary evidence of the discharge or 
release from a debt or obligation. 

If Now more frequent in the North of England 
than elsewhere. 

“ Boyet, you can produce acquittances, 

For such a sum, from special officers 
Of Charles his father.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, ii. 1. 

*11. Requital. 

*111. Acquaintance. {Skinner.) 

* 3 .c-quit'-t 3 .n$e, v. t. [Acquittance, s.] To 
acquit. 

“Your mere enforcement shall acquittance me 
From all the impure blots and stains thereof.” 

Shakesp..- Richard III., iii. 7. 

3 ,C-quit -ted, pa. par. & a. [Acquit, v. f.] 
ac-quit -ting, pr. par. [Acquit, v. #.] 

*ac-quy §e, v.t. [Acquire.] To acquire. 

“ Honour and goodes dayly to acquyse.” 

Maitland: Lambeth Books, p. 281. 

a-cra'-ni-a, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv.; kranion = the 
skull.] Haeckel’s name for the skulless animals. 
Vertebrata without skull and brain. Only repre¬ 
sentative, the Amphroxus lanceolatus, or Tube- 
hearted Leptocardia. 

*a-cra §ed, a. [Acraze.] Crazed. {Grafton.) 
tac-ra -si-a, ac'-ra-sf, ac'-ra-sie, s. [Gr. ak- 
rosia=want of power, especially over one’s pas¬ 
sions; a, priv.; either, from krasis= the mixing of 
two things, giving the idea of mixture of two sub¬ 
stances, but not in due proportion; or from kratos= 
strength; meaning want of power or control.] 
Excess, want of power over one’s passions. 

“ Doth overthrow the Bowre of Blis, 

And acrasy defeat.” 

Spenser: F. Q., c. xii., motto. 

“. . . the acrasie and discomposedness of the outer 
man.”— Faringdon: Sermons (A. D. 1657), p. 120. 

“ . . .a little prone to anger, but never excessive in it, 
either as to measure or time, which acrasies, whether you 
say of the body or mind, occasion great uneasiness.”— 
Cornish: Life of Firmin, p. 184. 

a-cra -tl-a, s. [Gr. a, priv., fcraios=strength.] 
Want of strength, weakness. 

*a-craz e, *a-cra§'e, v. t. [Craze.] 

1. To make crazy. 

“And I acrazed was.” 

Mirror tor Magistrates, p. 138. 

2. To impair, to destroy. 

“. . . my credit acrazed.” — Gascoigne: Letters in the 
Hermit’s Tale, p. 21. 

a’-ere, * a -ker, s. [A. S. cecer, ceccer, cecyr= a 
field, land, anything sown, sown corn, corn, an acre; 
Ger. acker= (1) a field, (2) soil, (3) acre; O. H. Ger. 
achar; Goth, akrs; Dut. akker; Sw. &ker; Dan. 
ager; Icel. ctkr; Fr. acre; Irish acra; Wei. eg; Lat. 
ager= a field: Gr. agros; Pers. akkar .] 

*1. Originally, any field whatever its superficial 
area. 

“ Pople with alle the rechesse, and akers, als thei wonnen 
Thorgh t.her douhtinesse, the land thorgh thei ron- 
nen.” Peter Langtojt, p. 115. 

2. From about the time of Edward I. the word 
became more definite, and its limits were prescribed 
by the statutes 31 and 35 Edward I., and 24 Henry 
VIII. By the Act 5 George IV., the varying meas¬ 
ures of the acre current in the kingdom were re¬ 
duced to one uniform standard. The Imperial acre 
contains 4,840 square yards, the Scottish one 
6,104’12789 square yards, and the Irish one 7,840 
square yards. The imperial acre is current in the 
United States. The old Roman jugerum, generally 
translated “acre,” was about five-eighths of the im¬ 
perial acre. 


NUMBER OE PLANTS FOR AN ACRE OF GROUND. 


Dist. apart. 

Number of 

Dist. apart. 

Number of 

Inches. 

plants. 

Feet. 

plants. 

3 by 3 .... 

.696,960 

6 

by 6 ... 

. 1,210 

4 by 4 .... 

.392,040 

6)4 

by 6 ’A-.- 

. 1,031 


174,240 

7 

by 7 ... 

. 881 

9 hy 9 

... 77,440 

8 

by 8 ... 

. 680 

Feet. 


9 

by 9 ... 

. 637 

1 by 1 .... 

. 43,560 

10 

by 10 ... 

. 435 

1)4 by 1%.... 

. 19,360 

11 

by 11 ... 

. 360 

2 by 1 .... 

.21,780 

12 

by 12 ... 

. 302 

2 by 2 .... 

. 10,890 

13 

by 13 ... 

. 257 

by 2 }£.... 

. 6,960 

14 

by 14 ... 


3 byl .... 

. 14,520 

15 

by 15 ... 

. 193 

3 by 2 .... 

. 7,260 

16 

by 16 ... 

. 170 

3 by 3 .... 

. 4,840 

16 K 

by 16^... 

. 160 

3)4 by 3)4.... 

. 3,555 

17 

by 17 ... 


4 by 1 .... 

.10,890 

18 

by 18 ... 

. 134 

4 by 2 .... 

. 5,445 

19 

by 19 ... 

. 120 

4 by 3 .... 

. 3,630 

20 

by 20 ... 

. 108 

4 by 4 .... 

. 2,722 

25 

by 25 ... 

. 69 

1)4 by i) 4 - ... 

. 2,151 

30 

by 30 ... 

. 48 

6 byl .... 

. 8,712 

33 

by 33 ... 


6 by 2 .... 

. 4,356 

40 

by 40 ... 

. 27 

5 by 3 .... 

. 2,904 

50 

by 50 ... 


5 by 4 .... 

. 2,178 

60 

by 60 ... 

. 12 

5 by 5 .... 
5K by 5 ) 4 .... 

. 1,742 

. 1,417 

66 

by 66 ... 



*acre-fight, s. A combat in the olden time with 
lances between single combatants, consisting of 
English and Scotch borderers. It was also called 
camp-flqht, and the combatants were named cham¬ 
pions, from their fighting in the open field (in Fr. 
champ). {Cowell.) Or more probably from A. S. 
camp, comp=& battle. 

*acre-man, s. A husbandman. 

“ . . . and. acre-men yede to the plough.” 

Lay le Freine, 176. 

*acre-shot, *acre-tax, s. A local tax upon 
land, fixed at a certain sum for each acre. 

“ The said iu-dikes should be carefully maintained and 
repaired by those dyke-reeves out of the common acre- 
shot assessed within every of the said towns.”— Dugdale: 
Imbanking, p. 275. 

acre-staff, *aker-staff, s. An instrument for 
clearing the plow-coulter. {Kersey.) 

a'-cre-age (age=Ig), s. [Acre.] The area of 
any piece of arable or other land, measured in 
acres. 

“. . . 5,000 farmers who made no return respecting 
either the acreage of their farms or the number of men 
employed.”— Census Report of 1861 (Appendix), vol. iii., 
p. 139. 

acred (pron. a’-kerd), a. [From the substan¬ 
tive.] Pertaining to the owner of “acres,” i. e., 
landed property. 

*ac-reme, s. [Acre.] 

Old Laic: Ten acres of land. 

*a-cres', v. t. [Accresce.] To accresce, to in¬ 
crease. {Scotch.) 

“Ay the tempest did acres, 

And na was lykin to grow les, 

Bot rather to be mair.” 

Burel: Pilgrim. {Watson: Coll., ii. 31.) 
ac-rl-bel -a, s. [Gr. akribeia=litera.l accuracy, 
exactness, precision.] A purely Greek word oc¬ 
casionally used in English, there not being in our 
tongue a short term bearing exactly the same shade 
of meaning. 

ac-rid, or ac-rid, a. [In Fr. dcre; Sp., Port, 
and Ital. acre ; fr. Lat. acer, fern, acris, neut. acre, 
genit. acris.) 

1. Lit.: Sharp, pungent, piercing, hot, biting to 
the taste. Used of chemical substances, of plants, 
&c. 

“ . . . the mariner, his blood inflamed 
With acrid salts.”— Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

“Bitter and acrid differ only by the sharp particles of 
the first being involved in a greater quantity of oil than 
those of the last.”— Arbuthnot: On Aliments. 

2. Fig.: Sharp, pungent, sarcastic. {Used of a 
person's mind, of speech, writing, &c.) 

“ of a man whose body was worn by the constant 
workings of a restless and acrid mind.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xi. 

ac -rl-da, s. [Gr. akris, genit. akridos= a locust.] 
Entom.: Mr. Kirby’s name for the genus Locusta 
of Geoffroy, containing, however, not locusts, but 
grasshoppers. Others use, instead of Acrida, the 
term Gryllus. [Grilles.] Example, the great 
green grasshopper, Acrida viridissima, or Gryllus 
viridissimus. Acrida must not be confounded with 
Acridium (q. v.). 

ac-rid’-i-id-Ee, 9,-crId-i-dse, s. plurah [Ac¬ 

ridium.] 

Entom.: A family of Saltatorial Orthoptera,of 
which the genus Acridium is the type. There is 
much confusion in the naming of two out of three 
families of the Saltatorial tribe. This one contains, 
among other insects, the migratory locust, and 
some of the small “ grasshoppers ” so often heard 
and seen among grass, which are properly locusts. 


bfill, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion - shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = hel, del 





















































acrolein 


acridity 


60 


Tht family is, by various authors, called Locustidae, 
a term, however, which some apply to the grass¬ 
hoppers proper. [Locustida:.] 

“. . . and the Acridiidce, or grasshoppers.”— Danvin: 
Descent of Man, pt. x., ch. ix. 

. . and the male migratory locust of Russia, one 
of the Acridiidce.” — Ibid., pt. ii., ch. x. 

ac-rid'-I-tf, ac’-rid-ness, s. [Acrid.] 

1. Lit.: Sharpness, pungency; used of chemical 
substances, plants, &c. 

“ Acridity, causticity and poison are the general char¬ 
acteristics of this suspicious order [the Ranunculacesej.” 
—Lindley: Nat. Syst. of Botany, 2d ed. (1836), p. 6 . 

2. Fig.: Sharpness, pungency; used of the mind, 
or of speech or writing. 

ac-rld'-I-um, ac-ryd -i-um, s. [Gr .akris,-idos 
=a locust.] A genus of insects, the typical one of 
the family Acridiidee (q. v.). There are four artic¬ 
ulations to the tarsi. The antenme are short, fil¬ 
iform, or swelled at the extremity, and have ten to 
twelve perceptible articulations. It contains the 
Locusts. [Locust.] 

ac-ri-mo-m-ous. a. [In Fr. acrimonieux, fr. 
Lat. acrimonia = sharpness, pungency.] Sharp, 
pungent, biting. [Acrimony.] 

1. Lit.: Of material substances. 

“If gall cannot be rendered acrimonious and bitter of 
itself, then whatever acrimony or amaritude redounds in 
it must be from the admixture of melancholy.”— Harvey: 
On Consump tion. 

2. Fig.: Of a person; of the mind, temper, or of 
language. 

“Even his most acrimonious enemies feared him at 
least as much as they hated him.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xv. 

“. . . a prince of high spirit and acrimonious tem¬ 
per.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

“They had long been in the habit of recounting in 
acrimonious language all that they had suffered at the 
hand of the Puritan in the day of his power.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

ac-rl mo -ni-ous ly, adv. [Acrimonious.] In 
an acrimonious manner, sharply, pungently. 

ac-rl-mo'-ni-ous-ness, s. [Acrimonious.] The 
quality or state of being sharp or pungent; acri¬ 
mony. 

ac -rl-mon-y, s. [In Fr. acrimonie; Ital. acri¬ 
monia, fr. Lat. acrimonia. Webster thinks the Lat. 
suff. -monia= Eng. -mony, may come from the same 
source as Lat. maneo, Gr. meno=- to remain. The 
suffix -mon?/ signifies the quality or condition, like 
hood in knighthood.\ 

H Acrimony is explained in the Glossary to Phile¬ 
mon Holland’s Trans, of Pliny’s Nat. Hist. (A. D. 
1601) as being then of recent introduction into the 
English. (Trench.) 

1. Lit.: Sharpness, pungency, corrosiveness ( ap¬ 
plied to material substances). 

“. . . for those milke have all an acrimony, though 
one would think they should be lenitive.”— Bacon: Nat. 
Hist. 

2. Fig.: Sharpness, pungency ( applied to the 
mind or language). Bitterness of speech. 

“In his official letters he expressed with great acrimony 
his contempt for the king’s character and understand¬ 
ing.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

IT Sometimes used in the plural. 

“. . . to soothe the acrimonies which the debate had 
kindled.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

fac'-rl-sy, s. [Gr. akrisia=w&nt of distinctness 
in judgment; afcr»tos=unarranged, undistinguish- 
able; a, priv.; krino = to separate, to pick out, to 
decide.] 

1 . Inability to judge, want of judgment. (Bailey.) 

2. Med.: A case on which it is very difficult to 
pronounce, or on which one does not like to pro¬ 
nounce, the symptoms being unfavorable. 

ac'-rl-ta, s. pi. [Gr. akritos, n.pl. akrita=unar- 
ranged, undetermined, confused: a, priv.; kritos= 
separated, picked out; verbal adj. from krino— to 
separate.] 

1. Zoology: 

1. A term introduced by Mr. Macleay, the founder 
of the now extinct circular or quinary school of 
ecologists, and used by him to designate those ani¬ 
mals in which, as he believed, the nervous ■system 
was confusedly blended with the other tissues, or, 
in other words, that in which nervous molecules 
dispersed over, or, as it were, confounded with the 
substance of those gelatinous animals, impregnated 
their whole structure with sensibility. He included 
under the Acrita the following five classes: (1) 
Polypi vaginati; (2) Polypi natantes; (3) Intes- 
tina; (4) Agastria, or Infusoria; and (5) Polypi 
rudes. These five classes he believed to constitute 
a circle. 

2. In 1835, Professor Owen, English anatomist, 
proposed to use the word in a more restricted sense 
for animals whose nervous system is obscure. His 
Acrita do not figure as a sub-kingdom of animals, 


but constitute a series of the Radia ted sub-kingdom 
running parallel to another series, thus : 

Nematoneura. Acrita. 

Class Radiaria (Lamarck). 
Echinodermata (Cuvier). Acalepha (Cuvier) 
Class Polypi (Cuvier). 

Ciiiobrachiata (Farre). Anthozoa (Ehrenb.). 

Nudibranchiata (Farre). 

Class Entozoa (Rudolph!). 
Coelelmintha (Owen). Sterelmintha (Owen). 

Class Infusoria (Cuvier). 

Rotifera (Ehrenb.). Polygastria (Ehrenb.). 
(Owen): Comp. Anatomy of the Invertebrate 
Animals.) 

II. Med. (lit.): The defect of crisis. Failure to 
expel morbid matter from the physical frame, 
ac-rlt-an, s. [Acrita.] 

Zool.: An animal belonging to the Acrita, either 
of Macleay or of Owen. [Acrita.] 
ac-rlte, a. [Acrita.] 

Zool.: Pertaining to an Acritan. 

“The character of the lowest or acritt classes are least 
defined and fixed.”— Owen: Comp. Anat. Invert. Anim. 
(1843), p. 65. 

a-crlt'-I-cal, a. [Gr. a, priv.; Lat. criticus 
(Med.) — critical; fr. crisis, Gr. krisis = the point 
when a disease has reached its height.] 

Med.: Having no crisis. 

ac-rl-to-chro'-ma-?^, s. [Gr. akritos— undis- 
tinguishable, confused; and cAroma=color.] 

Med.: Inability to distinguish colors; color¬ 
blindness. [See Color-blindness.] (Dixon.) 

ac-ri-tude, s. [Lat. acritudo, fr. acer, genit. 
acris= sharp.] Acidity, sharpness, pungency, the 
quality of being hot and biting in taste. 

“ In green vitriol, with its astringent and sweetish 
tastes, is joined some acritude.”—Orew : Musoeum. 

ac-rl-ty, s. [In Fr. acreU; fr. Lat. acritas.'] 
Sharpness, pungency. 

ac-rd-a-mat'-lc 7 a-cro-a-mat'-ic-al, «• [Gr. 

akroamatikos= designed for hearing simply, not 
committed to writing: akroama=( 1 ) anything 
heard, especially if it gave pleasure ; such as music, 
a play, &c.; (plur.) lecturers, or players, especially 
during meals; akroaomai=to hear.] . 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to the esoteric doctrine of 
Aristotle and the other ancient philosophers ; that 
communicated orally, in contradistinction to that 
committed to writing. [Acroatic.] 

2. Fig.: Pertaining to any sublime, profound, or 
abstruse doctrine. 



ac-rd-a-mat-ics, s. [Acroamatic.] One of the 
two divisions of Aristotle’s lectures. [Acroatic.] 
ac-ro-at-ic, a. [Gr. afcroaitfcos=connected with 
hearing.] [Acroamatic.] Properly that which 
was heard by the select few who attended the more 
recondite lectures of the great philosopher Aris¬ 
totle. What may be called his professional teach¬ 
ing was of two kinds—that which was akroamatikon, 
or akroatikon, that is, was heard by his genuine 
disciples; and that which was exoterikon= exter¬ 
nal, from exd= without, out of—namely,for outsiders, 
or the public generally. The former was, of course, 
the more abstruse, and more rigorously established 
than the merely popular exoteric teaching. [Acro¬ 
amatic.] 

ac -ro-bat, s. [Gr. akrobates, from akrobated= 
to walk on tiptoe; akron= a point; bateb= to tread; 
from baind— to walk.] A dancer on a tight rope. 

ac-roh’-a-ta, ac-rob-a-te§, s. [Gr. akrobatos 
=walking on tiptoe.] [Acrobat.] a 
Mammalia of the 
Marsupial sub¬ 
class. A small- 
species, A. pyg- 
mceus, now called 
Petaurista pyg- 
mcea, inhabits 
Australia. 

f ac-ro-bat-I- 
ca, ac-ro-bat -I- 
cum, s. [Acro¬ 
bat.] An ancient 
engine designed 
to lift people to a 
high position that 
they might have a 
better view. 


A genus of 


ac-ro-car-pid- 

I-um, s. [Gr. ak- Acrobata (Petaurista 
rocarpos = f r u i t- Pygmaea). 

ing at the top: 

akron—top ; fca?-pos=fruit.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Piperaceee, or Pepperworts, 
one species of which, A. hispidulum, is used in the 
West Indies as a bitter and stomachic. 


ac-ro-ger-I-dae, s. pi. [Gr. akros= at the top; 
keras—hoTQ.'] A family of two-winged flies belong¬ 
ing to the order Diptera, and the sub-order Brachy- 
cera (shorthorned, or having short antennae). The 
organs of the mouth are sometimes entirely wanting. 


ac-ro-chord -on, s. [Gr. akrochordon— a wart 
with a thin neck: akron— the top; chorde=( 1 ) 
a string made of gut, as in the lyre. ( 2 ) a sausage.] 

Med.: A wart or excrescence connected to the 
body by a slender base. 

ac-rd-chord-us (Latinized Greek), ac'-ro- 
chord (Eng.), s. [Acrochordon.] Agenusofnon- 
venomous serpents belonging to the family Hydro- 
phidae, or Water-snakes. The type is the A. Javen- 
sis, the oularcuron of Java. The genus is named 
from the small keeled, wart-like scales with which 
the heads and bodies of the several species are 
covered. 

ac-ro-51 -nus, s. [Gr. akron—the top; kined= 
to set in motion, to move.] The appellation given 
by Illiger to a genus of beetles belonging to the 
tribe of Longicorns. The name refers to the fact 
that these insects have, on each side of the thorax, 
a movable tubercle terminated in a point. Exam¬ 
ple : A. longimanus, the Harlequin Beetle; locality 
South America. 

ac-ro-clin -I-um, s. [Gr. afcrow=the top; Mine 
= a couch, a bed, probably from the snowy down bj 
which the fruit is surmounted.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Asteracese, or Composites. 


ac-ro-co’-mi-a, s. [Gr. afcros=at the top; home 
=hair. Named from the appearance of the elegant 
tuft of leaves at the top of the stem.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Palmaceee, or Palms. 
A. sclerocarpa is found through a great part ol 
South America. 


ac-rd-dac-tyl-um, s. [Gr. akron= the top; dale- 
tylos=a finger.] 

Anat.: The upper surface of eacn digit. 

ac-ro-dl-clid’-i-um, s. [Gr. akron = the top; 
diklis, genit. -idos = double folding: or di in com- 
position=twice, two; kleidion= a little key.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Lauracese, 
or Laurels. It contains the Ackawai nutmeg (q.v.). 

ac-r5'-dus, s. [Gr. akros — at the top; odous = a 
tooth.] A genus of placoid fishes established by 
Agassiz. The teeth of A. nobilis (Agass.) are abun¬ 
dant in the lias of England and Germany, and are 
called by collectors fossil leeches. 

ac-rog'-en-ous, a. [Acrogen.] 

Gen.: Grqwing at the top. 

Spec.: Pertaining to the flowerless plants called 
Acrogens. When applied to fungi it signifies = at¬ 
tached to the tips of threads. 


ac-rog-en§ (Eng.), ac-rog'-en-se (Latinized 
Greek), s. pi. [Gr. akron= a point or top, and gennad 
=to engender, to bring forth; (lit.) top-growers or 
point-growers.] Plants of which the growth takes 
place at the extremity of the axis. The word was 
formerly used in a wider sense than now. 

1. Formerly it included all flowerless plants—Lin¬ 
naeus’ Cryptogamia. The term, however, referred 
not to the absence of flowers, or to the obscure 
character of the fructification, but to the growth of 
the stem. All plants were divided into Exogens, or 
those growing around the circumference of the 
trunk, just within the bark; Endogens, or those 
growing inside, that is, along the central axis; and 
Acrogens, or those increasing at the extremity of 
the stem. In Lindley’s Natural System of Botany, 
2d edit. (1836), the Acrogens, used in this extensive 
sense, constitute the fifth class of the Vegetable 
Kingdom, the other four being Exogens, Gymno- 
sperms, Endogens and Rhizanths. They are made to 
contain five alliances: 1, Filicales (Ferns) ; 2, Lyco- 
podales (Club-mosses); 3, Muscales (Mosses); 4, 
Charales (Charas); and, 5, Fungales (Mushrooms, 
Lichens, and Algae). 

2. The meaning is now more restricted. In Lind¬ 
ley’s Vegetable Kingdom (1846) the flowerless plants 
compose not one, but two classes: ( 1 ) Thallogens 
and. (2) Acrogens. The former are the lower in or¬ 
ganization. The latter compose three alliances — 
Muscales, Lycopodales and Filicales. The arrange¬ 
ment, it will be observed, is now an ascending one, 
whereas before it was descending. 

ac-ro-gna -thus, s. [Gr. akron — a point, the 
tip; gnathos = the jaw.J A genus of fossil fishes 
established by Agassiz. The A. boons, an abdominal 
cycloid fish, was discovered by Dr. Mantell in a 
block of chalk from Southerham. (See his Fossils 
of the British Museum, p. 446.) 


ac-rog -ra-phy, s. [Gr. akros = at the top; 
cp-aphe = a drawing; grapho = to grave, to write.] 
The art of making blocks in relief, with the view or 
printing illustrations from them, in place of having 
recourse to wood-engraving. M. Schonherg was its 


inventor. 

*a-cr6i'-sa, a-crfi'-gl-a, s 


Blindness, 


*g,-cro ke, adv. [A. S. a = on; croke — a hook.] 
Crookedly. 


“Who so byldeth after every man his house, hit schalle 
stonde acroke.” — MS. Douce, 52. ( Halliwell .) 

ac-ro -le-In, s. [Gr. akros = on the top.] [See 
Acrylic Aldehyde.] 


fite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
OX. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rifle, fall; trf. Syrian, ae. ce = e: ey - a. qu - kw. 



acrolepis 


61 


act 


Sc'-ro-lep-is, s. [Gr. akron = the tip, and lepis 
= a scale.] A genus of ganoid fossil fishes founded 
by Agassiz. The species occur in the magnesian 
limestones and marlstones of Durham, which are of 
Permian age. 

ac'-ro-lith, s. [Gr. akron = the tip; lithos=a 
stone.] 

Sculpture: A statue, the extremities of which 
are made of stone, while the trunk is generally of 
wood, 

ac-ro-lith-an, a. [Acrolith.] Pertaining to 
an acrolith, framed like an acrolith. 

ac-ro-meg'-gQ-y, s. [Gr. akros, extremity, and 
pref. megal, large.] A disease which enlarges and 
slightly prolongs the ends of the bones of the arms 
and legs. _ Usually it attacks persons between the 
ages of eighteen and thirty-five. If it attacks a 
child at or soon after its birth, gigantism is the 
result. The bones grow unnaturally long and the 
result is a giant. 

ac-ro-mi-al, a. [Acromion.] 

Anat.: Belonging to the acromion. 

“ . . .to the acromial extremity of the clavicle.”— 

Cycl. Pract. Med. 

acromio-clavicular, a. Pertaining to that por¬ 
tion of the clavicle which adjoins the acromion. 

“ Acromio-clavicular and sterno-clavicular joints.”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 136. 

ac-ro'-mi-on. s. [Gr. akron=top ; omos=shoul¬ 
der.] 

Anat.: The upper portion of the shoulder-blade 
(scapula). 

“. . . the third has a free end, usually more or less 
prolonged into a curved, flattened process called the ac¬ 
romion.” — Flower: Osteology of the Mammalia, p. 221. 

ac-ro-mon-6-gram-mat-i-cum, s. [Gr. akros 
=top or end; mowos=alone; and grammatikon= 

alphabet.] 

Poet.: A kind of poem in which each verse subse¬ 
quent to the first begins with the letter on which 
its predecessor terminated. 

3,-cron-ic, a-cron'-ic-al, * a-cron -yc-al, a. 
[Gr. akros= at the extremity ; n?/.r=night.] 

_ Astron.: Pertaining to the rising of a star at the 
time when the sun is setting, or the setting of a star 
when the sun is rising. It is opposed to Cosmical 
(q. v.). 

?L-cron'-ic-al-l^, *a-cron'-yc-al-ly, *ji-cr8n'- 

fch-al-ly, adv. [Acronical.] At the acronical 
time. 

“He is tempestuous in summer when he rises heliac- 
ally, and rainy in the winter when he rises acronycally .” 
— Dryden. 


because it has a somewhat spiral appearance 
“ That part which shoots out toward the smaller 
end of the seed.” {Kersey.) 

“Many corns will smilt or have their pulp turned into 
a substance like thick cream, and will send forth their 
substance in an acrospire.” — Mortimer. 

*ac'-ro-spire, v. [From the substantive.] 

Malt-making, etc. : To send forth a germinating 
plumule, or to sprout at both ends, emitting both a 
radicle and a plumule, as grain kept for malting 
will do in wet weather. 

“For want oi turning, when the malt is spread on the 
floor, it comes and sprouts at both ends, which is called 
acrospired, and is fit only for swine.”— Mortimer. 

*ac'-ro-spire&. pa. par. & a. 

*ac'-ro-spi-rmg, pr. par. [Acrospire.] 

across (pron. a-crass), adv. [Eng. a=on; cross.] 

A. Literally: 

*1. On cross. 

“ When other lovers in arms across 
Hejoice their chief delight.” 

Surrey: Complaint of Absence. 

II. Transversely. 

*1. The opposite of along , in a direction at right 
angles to, so that the two lines, the longitudinal 
and the transverse ones, constitute a cross of the 
ordinary form. 

“. . . the shoulders very wide across.” — Owen: Classif. 
of the Mammalia, p. 70. 

2. Intersecting at any angle, passing over in some 
direction or other ; athwart; placed or moving over 
something, so as to cross it. 

“ Of deep that calls to deep across the hills.” 

Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches. 

“. . . and pushing ivory balls 

Across a velvet level.”— Cowper: Task, vi. 

B. Figuratively: 

1] An exclamation when a sally of wit miscarried. 
The allusion is to the procedure in jousting. 

9 ,-cros -tlc, s. & a. [Gr. akrostichion, from akros 
= at the point or end, and stichos = (1) a row, (2) a 
line of poetry ; steicho = to ascend; Fr. acrostiche; 
Ital. acrostico .] 

1. As substantive: A series of lines so disposed 
that their initial letters taken in order constitute a 
name or a short sentence. 

Acrostic verses are now regarded as somewhat 
puerile, and are consequently less cultivated than 
once they were. The best known are by Sir John 
Davies. The following Hymn to the Spring is from 
his pen, and the words spelled out by the initial 
letters of the several lines are Elisabetha Regina. 


ac-ro-no-tine, a. [Acronotus.] Pertaining 
to the mammalian genus Acronotus. {Griffith's 
Cuvier , iv. 346.) 

ac-ro-nc -tus, s. [Gr. akros= on the top, high¬ 
est ; notos, or noton= the back.] 

Zool.: A sub-genus of Damalis, a genus of rumin¬ 
ating animals. The species are confined-to Africa. 
Example: Damalis {acronotus) bubalis=the\mba- 
lis. 

a-cron-yc'-al-ly, 9,-cron-ych-al-ly, adv. 
[Acronically.] 

ac-ro-phyl’-lum, s. [Gr. akros—at the top; phyl - 
lon= a leaf.] 

A genus of plants belonging to the order Cunom- 
aceae, or Cunoniads. A. venosum is a handsome 
greenhouse shrub brought from Tasmania. 

ac-ro-po -di-um, s. [Gr. akrorv= the top, pous, 
genit. podos=foot.] 

Anat.: The upper surface of the foot. 

a-crop’-ol-is, 
s. ’ [Gr. akrop- 
oKs=the upper 
or higher city: 
akroiv= a point 
or top, height; 
polis=a. city.] 

1. Lit.: The cit¬ 
adel crowning 
the hill at Ath¬ 
ens, which is 
said to have 
been occupied 
before there 
were any build¬ 
ings on the 
plain. 

2. Fig.: Any 
citadel similar¬ 
ly situated. 

ac'-ro-splre, 

(Eng.), ac -ker-spyre {Scotch), s. [Gr. akros= at 
the top; and speira, Lat. spira=anythmg wound, 
coiled, or twisted: a spire.] A name sometimes 
given to the plumule of a germinating seed of corn, 



Acropolis at Athens, 
ac-ro-spyre, ac'-ker-sprit 


Earth now is greene, and heauen is blew, 
iiuely Spring which makes all new, 

1 oily Spring doth enter, 

Sweet young sun-beames doe subdue 
A ngry, aged Winter. 

B lasts are mild, and seas are calme, 

Enery medow flowes with balme, 

The earth weares all her riches, 

H armonious birds sing such a psalm 
A s eare and heart bewitches. 

Eeserue (sweet Spring) this nymph of ours, 
Eternall garlands of thy flowers, 

Greene garlands neuer wasting; 

7n her shall last our state’s faire spring, 

JVow and for euer flourishing, 

A s long as heauen is lasting. 

2. As adjective: Pertaining to an acrostic, con¬ 
taining an acrostic. 

“Some peaceful province in acrostic land.” — Dryden. 

a-cros’-tic, a. [Across.] Crossed on the breast. 

“Agreed; but what melancholy sir, with acrostic arms, 
now comes from the family?” — Middleton: Works, ii. 179. 

a-cros'-tic-al, a. [Acrostic, s.] Pertaining to 
an acrostic. 

a-cros -tlc-al-ly, adv. [Acrostic, s.] In an 
acrostical manner, in a way. to present the phe¬ 
nomena of an acrostic composition. 

a-cros -tlch-e-£e, s. pi. [Acrostichum.] . A 
family of Polypodiaceous ferns, with naked sori. 

a-cros'-tich-um, s. [In Fr. acrostique; Ital., 
Sp., & Port, acrostico; Gr. akros— at the top, and 
stichos= { 1 ) a row, order, or line, ( 2 ) a line of writ¬ 
ing. Said to be so called because on the back of the 
frond are markings like the commencement of lines 
of poetry.] Rusty-back, Wall-rue, or Fork-fern. A 
genus of ferns belonging to the order Polypodiaceae. 
The sori cover the whole back of the frond. It is 
widely diffused. A. aureum, the golden acrostichum, 
occasionally seen in hot-houses, is sometimes five 
or six feet high. It grows in the West Indies and 
South America, and also in Africa and India. A. 
huascaro is said to have solvent,_ deobstruent, 
sudorific, and anthelmintic properties. The New 
Zealanders formerly used A. furcatum as food. 


ac-ros-to-ma,, s. [Gr. akros= at the top, and 

stoma= a mouth.] 

Zool.: A genus of Entozoa, parasitic in the amnios 
of cows. 

ac-rd-tar-Si-inn, s. [Gr. akros=the top; tarsoi 
= (1) a fiat basket, (2) anything flat, (3) the flat 
portion of the foot.] 

Anat.: The upper side of the tarsi. 

*a-cro't 9 h, v.t. [O. Fr . acrocher.] To take up, 
to seize. {Huloet.) 

*ac-ro-te-leu'-tiC, a. [Gr. akros= at the tip 
point, or end ; teZeR<e=finishing the end.] Pertain¬ 
ing to anything appended to a psalm, as, for in¬ 
stance, a doxology. 

ac-ro-tern.'-nils.,[Gr. akros= at the top; temno 
=to cut.] A genus of fossil ganoid fishes, founded 
by Agassiz. 

ac-ro’-ter, s. [Gr. akroterion = the topmost or 
most prominent part of anything, as, for instance, 
a mountain-peak: from afc?'ow=the top.] 

Arch.: The angle of a gable or pediment in which 
a statue stands. [Acroteria.] 

ac-ro -ter-al, a. [Acroter.] Pertaining to an 
acroter. 


ac-ro-ter'-ia, s. pi. [In Fr. acrot.bres; Ital. acro- 
tirio; Lat. acroteria, fr. Gr. akroteria, pi. of akro¬ 
terion.'] [Acroter.] 

Arch.: Pedestals for statues placed on the apex 
or at the basal angles 
of a pediment, or in 
other external parts 
of an edifice. 

If It was used in this 
sense by Yitruvius. 

ac-ro-ter-i-al, a. ’ 

[Acroteria.] Pertain¬ 
ing to acroteria. 
ac-rd-ter'-i-um, s. 

[Lat.] The singular of Acroteria t,q. v.). 



Acroteria. 


ac-ro-thy'-mi-on, s. [Gr. akros = at the top; 
thymos, in Lat. thymum=thym.eA 
Old Med.: A kind of wart with a narrow base, a 
broad top, and a color like thyme. 


ac-rot-I§ -mus, s. [Gr. a. priv.; krotos—sound 
produced by striking.] 

Med.: Deficiency in the beating of the pulse. 

ac-rot-om-ous, a. [Gr. akros = at the top; 
temno= to cut-.] 

Min.: Having its cleavage parallel to the top. 

{Dana.) 

3 ,-crfi'-$I-g,, s. [Acroisa.] 
a-cryl-ic, a. [Acrolein.] 


acrylic acid, s. (C 3 H i 0 3 =C 2 H 3 -C 0 - 0 H.) 

Chem.: A monatomic organic acid obtained by 
oxidation of acrolein. It is a colorless liquid; its 
salts are soluble. It is converted by nascent hydro¬ 
gen into propionic acid. It is isomeric with iso¬ 
acrylic acid. When acrylic acid is fused with 
caustic potash it eliminates hydrogen, and forms 
acetate and formate of potassium. 


acrylic alcohol, s. [Allylic Alcohol.] 

acrylic aldehyde, s. 

Chem.: (C 3 H 4 O) =Acrolein=H: obtained 

by the oxidation of allylic alcohol, by the dehydra¬ 
tion of glycerine. It is formed in the destructive 
distillation of fats which contain glycerine, and is 
the cause of the unpleasant smell produced by 
blowing out a candle. Acrolein is a thin, colorless, 
volatile liquid, boiling at 52°. Its vapor is very 
irritating, attacking the mucous membrane of the 
nose and eyes. It oxidizes to acrylic acid. It 
changes into a white flocculent body, disacryl. 

*acse, v. [A. S. acsian, achsian= to ask.] To ask. 
[Ask.] 

“ The kyng Alesandre acsede 
Hwan sal that be.” — Reliq. Antiq., i. 30. 

act, *ack {Eng.), and *akk (O. Scotch), v. t. & i. 
[Act, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To actuate, to drive, to incite, to influence, to 
urge. 

“Most people in the world are acted by levity and 
humor, by strange and irrational changes.”— South. 

2. To do, to achieve, to perform. (Used in a good 
sense.) 

“With emulation what I act survey.” 

Pope : Homer’s Iliad, xix. 152. 

3. To perpetrate, to commit, to be guilty of, as a 
fault, a crime, or an offense. (Used in a bad sense.) 

“Uplifted hands, that at convenient times 
Could act extortion and the worst of crimes.” 

Cowper : Expostulation, 147. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph *= f. 

-cian, -tian = sh$n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





















62 


actinoceras 


act 


4 . To obey, to do according to; to carry out, to 
execute. 

‘ Th’ unwilling heralds act their lord’s commands, 
Pensive they walk along the barren sands.” 

Pope : Homer’s Iliad, i. 426. 

5. To play the part of, to behave as: as, To act the 

ool. 


II. Technically: 

Dram.: To play the part of, to impersonate, to 
represent dramatically upon the stage or elsewhere. 


"... the masks and plays which were acted in the 
court.”— Froude; Hist. Eng., ch. i. 


IT In this sense it is sometimes followed by the 
preposition over. 

“How many ages hence, 

Shall this our lofty scene be acted over 
In states unborn, and accents yet unknown?” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iii. 1. 


IT To act upon: To exert power over or upon, to 
produce an effect upon. 


1 “ The stomach, the intestines, the muscles of the lower 
belly, all act upon the aliment.”— Arbuthnot on Aliment. 

“All the waves of the spectrum, from the extreme red 
to the extreme violet, are thus acted upon.”— Tyndall: 
Frag, of Science, Sd ed., vii. 142. 


To act up to: To act in a manner not inferior to 
what one’s promises, professions, reputation, or ad¬ 
vantages would lead people to expect. 


“ . . . vigorously to exert those powers and act up to 
those advantages.”— Rogers: Sermons. 

B. Intransitive: 


I. Of persons: 

1. To move, as opposed to remaining at rest; or 
to proceed to carry out a resolution, as opposed to 
meditating or talking about it. 

“You have seen, 

Have acted, suffer’d.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

“ And I may now cry ‘act! ’ but the potency of action 
must be yours.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., v. 103. 

2. To conduct one’s self in a particular manner, 
to behave. 


“ ’Tis plain that she, who for a kingdom now 
Would sacrifice her love, and break her vow, 

Not out of love, but interest, acts alone, 

And would, ev’n in my arms, lie thinking of a throne.” 

Dryden: 1 Conquest of Granada, ii. 1. 

“ Or wrap himself in Hamlet’s inky cloak, 

And strut and storm, and straddle, stamp and stare, 
To show the world how Garrick did not act.” 

Coicper: Task, bk. vi. 

II. Of things: To exert power, to produce an 

effect. 

IT In general to or upon is prefixed to the object 
®perated upon; sometimes, however, hy is used in¬ 
stead of to. [Act upon (A. III.).] 

“And such, I exclaimed, is the pitiless part 
Some act by the delieate mind, 

Regardless of wringing and breaking a heart 
Already to sorrow resigned.”— Cowper: The Rose. 

act, s. [Lat. actum—& thing done; neut. sing, of 
ago= to do, to drive, to put into motion: Gr. ago; 
Icel. aka; Ger. akte; Fr. acte; Ital. atto. J 

A. Subjectively: 

I. Gen.: The exertion of power, whether physical, 
mental, or moral; doing, acting, action. 

“It argues an act: and an act hath three branches; it is, 
to act, to do, and to perform.”— Shakesp.; Hamlet, v. 1. 

“ ... to demand from real life 
The test of act and suffering.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

“ ... of alienated feeling, if not of alienated act.” 
—Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

“By act of naked reason.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

7 ' In act: 

a) Just commencing action, on the eve of doing 
anything. 

“The rattlesnake’s in act to strike.” 

Byron; Mazeppa, xiii. 

“ Gloomy as night he stands in act to throw.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xi., 749. 

(6) In a state of real existence as opposed to 
mere possibility. 

“The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possi¬ 
bility what they afterward grow to be.”— Hooker. 

“ . . . the Cyprus wars 
(Which even now stand in act).” 

Shakesp.: Othello, i. 1. 

In the act signifies that action has commenced, 
Out has not been completed. 

“In the leaves of plants the sunbeams also wrench these 
atoms asunder, and sacrifice themselves in the act.”— 
Tyndall: Frag of Science, 3d ed., i. 21. 

“ Taken . . in the very act.”—John viii. 4. 


II. Technically: 

1. Mental Phil. & Logic: An operation of the 
mind supposed to require the putting forth of en¬ 
ergy as distinguished from a state of mind in which 
the faculties remain passive. 

“ . . . the distinction which the German metaphy¬ 

sicians and their French and English followers so elab¬ 
orately draw between the acts of the mind and ail merely 
passive states; between what it receives from and what it 
gives to the crude materials of its experience.”— J. S. Mill: 
Logic, 2d ed., ch. iii., § 4 

*[[ In this sense such expressions as the following 
are used: the act of thinking, the act of judging, 
the act of resolving, the act of reasoning or of rea¬ 
son ; each of these being viewed as a single opera¬ 
tion of the human mind. (See second example 
under Act, v., B. 1. 1 .) 

“The act of volition.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. i., chap, vii., 200. 

2. Theol.: The carrying out of an operation in a 
moment, as contradistinguished from the perform¬ 
ance of a work requiring a considerable time for its 
accomplishment. 

“Justification is an act of God’s free grace. . . . 

Adoption is an act of God’s free grace. . . . Sanctifi¬ 

cation is the work of God’s free grace.”— Shorter Cate • 
chism, Questions 33, 34, 35. 

B. Objectively: Anything done 

(a) Generally: 

“ But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the Lord 
which he did.”— Deut. xi. 7. 

“And the rest of the acts of Abijah, and his ways, and 
his sayings, are written in the story of the prophet Iddo.” 
—2 Chron. xiii. 22. 

(b) Technically: 

1. Dramatic Language: A portion of a play per¬ 
formed continuously, after which the representation 
is suspended for a little, and the actors have the 
opportunity of taking a brief rest. As early as the 
time of Horace there were five acts in a drama, and 
this number still remains without modification. 
Acts are divided into smaller portions called scenes. 
(See Shakespeare throughout.) 

2. Parliamentary Lang.: An ellipsis for an act 
of Congress, Legislature, &c. A statute, law, or 
edict, consisting of a bill which has been success¬ 
fully carried through both houses of Congress or 
Legislature and received the approval of the Exec¬ 
utive. 

3. Law: 

(1) Gen.: Anything officially done by the Court, 
as the phrases Acts of Court, Acts of Sederunt, &c. 

(2) Spec.: An instrument in writing for declaring 
or proving the truth of anything. Such is a report, 
a certificate, a decree, a sentence, &c. 

Act of Bankruptcy: An act, the commission of 
which by a debtor renders him liable to be adjudged 
a bankrupt. 

Acts done: Distinguished into acts of God, of the 
law and of men. 

Acts of the Apostles. The fifth book of the New 

Testament. It contains a narrative of the achieve¬ 
ments of the leading apostles, and especially of St. 
Paul, the greatest and most successful of them all. 
Its author was St. Luke (compare Luke i. 1—4 with 
Acts i. 1), who was Paul’s companion from the time 
of his visit tc Troas (Acts xvi. 8 —11) to the advanced 
period of his life when he penned the 2 d Epistle to 
Timothy (2 Tim. iv. 11). Internal evidence would 
seem to show that it was written in all probability 
about A. D. 61, though external testimony from the 
Fathers to its existence is not obtainable till a con¬ 
siderably later date. The undesigned coincidences 
between the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles of 
Paul are numerous and important. 

ac'-ta-ble, a. [Eng. act; - able .] Capable of 
being done or acted; practically possible. 

“ Is naked truth actable in true life? ” 

Tennyson: Harold, iii. 1. 

ac-tae it, s. [In Fr acUe; Sp., Port. & Ital. 
actea; Lat actosa; from Gr akte a, akte, and akte= 
the elder-tree, which these plants were supposed to 
resemble in foliage and fructification.] Herb-Chris- 
topher. A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Ranunculaceae. or Crowfoots. One species, the A. 
spicata= the bane-berry, or Herb-Christopher, is 
indigenous to many lands. It bears black ber¬ 
ries, which are poisonous. With alum they yield a 
black dye. The roots are antispasmodic. expector¬ 
ant, and astringent. A. racemosa, the Snakeroot, 
receives its English name from being used in 
America as an antidote against the bite of the 
rattlesnake. 

*ac-te, s. [Gr. akte= a headland; Lat. acta— 
the sea-snoro.] The sea-shore. 

*ac'-te, s. [Gr. aktea, and akte=the eldor-tree ] 
The elder-tree, Sambucus nigra, {Phillips.) 

t Act-er-ai'-mine, s. [Corrupted Arabic {?)] A 
star of the 3d magnitude, in the left shoulder of 
Cepheus. [Aldeeamin.] 


Ac'-tlfs, s. pi. [Fr. actif= active.] 

Ch. Hist.: An order of monks who are said to? 
have fed on nothing but roots and herbs, 
ac'-til-ly, adv. [Actually.] 
ac-tln-eii-chy -ma, s. [Gr. aktis , genit. aktinos 
=a ray of light: (ew)=in; chyma , ov_cheuma= that 
which is poured out, a liquid, fr. cheo= to pour.] 
Bot.: Stellate cellular tissue, the tissue of medul 
lary rays. {Cooke: Manual of Botanical Terms.) 
act -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Act, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: With meanings corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Gen. {of persons or things ): Operating in any 
way. 

“A continual direction of the acting force toward the 
center to which this character belongs.”— Sir J. F. W. 
Herschel: Astronomy, 5th ed. (1858), § 490. 

2. Spec, {of persons only): Doing duty for an 
other during his absence; officiating, as in the 
phrase “ the acting governor.” 

C. As substantive: 

1. Gen. [of persons or things ): Action, operation 
doing of any kind. 

“ Or that the resolute acting of your blood 
Could have attain’d the effect of your own purpose.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 1. 

2. Spec.: Performance of a part in a dramatic 
representation on the stage or elsewhere. 

“. . . the natural turn for acting and rhetoric, which 

are indigenous on the shores of the Mediterranean 
Sea.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

ac-tln'-I-g,, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos= a ray of 
light.] 

Zool.: A genus of polypes, with many arms radi¬ 
ating from around their month, in a manner some¬ 
what resembling the rays of the sun surrounding 
his disc, or a double flower. From this arrange¬ 
ment of the tentacles, coupled with the bright 
colors of these animals, they are called also Animal- 
flowers (q. v.). Though simple and not aggregated, 
they still have a somewhat, close affinity to thfc. 
coral-building polypes. They are the type of tb' 
class Actinozoa (q. v.). Cuvier placed them with his 
Polypi Carnosi They feed on Crustacea, mollusca, 
small fishes, &c. In 1847 Dr. Johnston enumerated 
twenty species as British. 

ac-tln’-i-fL-dES, s. pi. [Actinia.] The family 
of polypes, of whicii Actinia is the type. 

a C-tln -I c, a. [Gr. aktis, genit. alctinos=a ray of 
light.] Pertaining to a ray of light, or to rays of 
light. 

actinic rays, s. Invisible rays, which occur 
most abundantly beyond the violet part of the spec¬ 
trum: they effect the chemical changes produced 
by light. [Photogeaphy.] 
ac-tin -l-form, a. [Eng. & Lat. actinia, and 
Eng. form, or Lat. formal] Of the form of an Ac¬ 
tinia. shaped like an Actinia. 

ac-tln-I -na, s. [Actinia.] 

Zoology: Dr. Johnston s fourth section of Helian- 
thoida. an order of polypes belonging to the class 
Anthozoa. He divides it into two families — the 
Actiniadse and the Lncernariadee. 

ac -tln-Ifm, s, [Gr aktinos, genit. of aktis=a 
ray.J The chemical action of sunlight. [Photog¬ 
raph? j 

ae-tin-I-op -ter-is, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos 
=ray, pteris= a fern.] A genus of ferns belonging 
to the order Polypodiacese. The species resemble 
minute palms, with fan-shaped fronds. A. radiata 
is from India and Africa, and A. australis is from 
Africa. 

ac-tln'-I-um, s. [Gr. aktinos, genit. of aktis = a 
ray.] A substance found in the ore of oxide of 
uranium, having radioactive properties. It is spon¬ 
taneously luminous and electrical without under¬ 
going any transformation to a perceptible degree. 

ac-tin-6-ba -tis, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos= a 
ray, and batis= a skate?] A genus of placoid fossil 
fishes, established by Agassiz on fossil remains of 
tertiary age. 

ac-tin-d -car -pus, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos - 
a ray, and karpos=trydt. Lit.: Payed fruit.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Aiismacew, 
or ALism'ads One species, the A. Damasonium, «.r 
common Star-fruit, occurs in Great Britain. It has 
floating leaves and delicate petals, the latter col¬ 
ored white with a yellow spot. 

ac-tin-09 -er-as (cf Brown), s. [Gr. aktis, genit 
aktinos = a. ray, and keras = a horn. Lit.: Pay- 
horned, i. e having the “horns” or feelers radiated ] 
Zool : The second sub-genus of the molluscous 
genus Orthoceras (q v.). In 1851 Woodward es¬ 
timated the known species at six. They are all 
fossil, and extend from the Silurian to the Carbon¬ 
iferous rocks. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir. marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw* 




actinocrinite 

ac-tln-oc'-rln-ite, s. [Actinoceinites.] An 
animal of the genus Actinocrinites (q. y.). 

ac-tin-6c-rin-I-te§, s. [Gr. aktis. genit. ak- 
hnos =a ray; knnon=a lily; and Gr. suff. -ites .] 
Paleont.: A genus of Encrinites. Their bodies 
are formed of several rays of angular lamina. All 
are fossil. 

. ac-tin-6-$y -Clus, s. [Gr. afcfis=ray; kyklos— a 
ring, a circle.] 

Bot. : A genus of diatomaceous plants, resembling 
minute round shells. They are found in the ocean, 
and also occasionally in Peruvian guano. 
ac-tin-6-gast -ra, s. pi. [Gr. aktis, genit. ak- 

17108= a rav : ClCl.stpr. .crAnif nnaieme nnnfr o 


63 


Astenda, or Sea-stars. It consists of “ Sea-stars 
with a radiated stomach,” ( Haeckel: Hist, of 
Creation, ii. 166.) 

ac-tin -0 graph, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos= a 
ray; graphe=to delineate, to write down.] An in¬ 
strument invented by Mr. Hunt for regulating the 
variations of chemical influence on the solar rays. 
It is described in Brit. Assoc. Reports for 1845 and 
1846. 

. ac-tin’- 6 -lite, tac-tyn - 5 -Hte (incorrect spell¬ 
ing), s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos= a ray, and lithos 
—a stone. The translation of the German strahl- 
stein= radiated stone.] 

Min.: A variety of Ampliibole (q. y.). It is the 
Actinote of Hatty. Its affinity and composition are 
indicated by Dana’s compound name for it—Mag¬ 
nesia-Lime-Iron Amphibole. It is bright green, or 
greyish-green, the green color being imparted by 
the iron it contains. It occurs crystallized, colum¬ 
nar, fibrous, or massive. Sp. gr., 3 to 32. There 
are three sub-varieties of it—Glassy Actinolite, 
which occurs in long, bright green crystals; Asbes- 
tiform Actinolite, and Radiated Actinolite. 

actinolite-schist, s. A slaty foliated rock, of 
metamorphic origin. It is composed chiefly of 
actinolite, with a small admixture of feldspar, 
quartz, or mica. ( Lyell: Elements of Geol.) 

ac-tin-o-lit-ic, a. [Actinolite.] Pertaining 
to actinolite, composed in whole or in part of, or 
resembling actinolite. 

ac-tin-o- 15 -ba, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos= a 
ray.] [Anemone.] 

ac-tin om'-et-er, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos— 
a ray, and metron=a measure. Lit.: Measurer of 
solar rays.] An instrument devised by Sir John 
Herschel for measuring the intensity of the solar 
rays. It consists of a thermometer with a large 
buLb filled with a dark-blue fluid, and enclosed in a 
box, the sides of which are blackened, and which is 
covered with glass. It is placed for a minute in the 
shade, then a minute in the sun, and then one 
more again in the shade. The mean of the two varia¬ 
tions in the shade is then subtracted from that in 
the sun, and the result measures the influence due 
to the solar rays. 

“By direct measurement with the actinometer . . . 

I find that out of 1,000 calorific solar rays, 816 penetrate a 
sheet of plate glass 0'12 inch thick; and that of 1,000 rays 
which hare passed through one such plate, 859 are capable 
of passing through another.”— Note in Herschel’s “As¬ 
tronomy,” 6th ed. (1858), § 896. 

ac-tin-om-et-ric, a. [Actinometee.] Pertain¬ 
ing or belonging to an actinometer. 
ac-tin-oph-ry-I'-ng,, s. pi. [Actinopheys.] 
Zool.: A family of Radiolarian Rhizopods. Some 
have a shell, while others have not. 

ac-tin-oph-rys, s. [Gr. aktis, aktinos= a ray, 
and ophrys= the eyebrow.] 

Zool.: A. genus of Rhizopods, the type of the fam¬ 
ily Actinophryina. They are found both in fresh 
and salt water. 

ac-tin-S-phyl-lum, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos 
=a ray, and phyllon=& leaf.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Araliaceee, or Ivyworts. The 
A. digitatum, an East Indian species, has incon¬ 
spicuous flowers, but beautiful foliage. 

ac'-tin-ote, s. ["Name altered without reason by 
Hatty from Actinolite (q.v.).] Amineral. [Actin¬ 
olite.] 

ac-tin- 6 -tus, s. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos= a 
ray.] A genus of Umbelliferous plants. A. helian- 
thus is the sunflower Actinotus, from Australia. 

ac-tin- 6 -zo -a, s. pi. [Gr. aktis, genit. aktinos, 
and zdora=a living creature, an animal.] A class of 
animals which Cuvier would have placed under his 
Radiata, but which unite with Hydrozoa to consti¬ 
tute the Coelenterata of Frey, Leuckart, and Hux¬ 
ley. It contains the sea-anemones and coral 
polypes. It is to animals of this class that the 
erection of the vast coral reefs is owing. Most 
Actinozoa have a central mouth with tentacles 
around it. Their alimentary canal freely passes, 
by means of a wide aperture, into the general cav¬ 
ity of the body. That cavity is then prolonged into 


the stomacn, which is internal, a character in 
which the Actinozoa differ from the Hydrozoa, to 
which they are closely allied. 

ac’-tion (Eng.), ac'-tioun (O. Scotch), s. [In 
Ger. aktion (rhet.); Fr. action; Ital. azione; IT. 
Lat. actio= a doing, an action; fr. ago (lit.)=to set 
in motion, to drive, as cattle.] 

I. The doing of a deed, the effecting of an opera¬ 
tion. 

(a) Of persons or other living beings capable of 
carrying out a purpose: 

1. „ Ord. Lang.: The doing of a deed, as distin¬ 
guished from thinking, feeling, speaking or even 
writing. 

“ The men seem formed for action, the women for love.” 
— Gibbon : Decl. and Fall, ch. xlii. 

“One wise in council, one in action brave.” 

Pope ; Homer’s Iliad, 6k. xviii., 298. 

2. Spec.: Fighting, which, demanding the utmost 
energy, is deemed in the last degree worthy of being 
called action. 

“The King gave orders . . . that the Guards should 
be held ready for action.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

3. Manage.: The movement of parts of the body: 
as, A horse has a fine action. 

4. Technically: 

(a) Mental Phil.: A volition carried into effect. 

“Now, what is an action? Not one, but a series of two 
things: the state of mind called a volition, followed by an 
effect. The volition or intention to produce the effect is 
one thing; the effect produced in consequence of the 
intention is another thing; the two together constitute 
the action.” — J. S. Mill: Logic, vol. i., ch. iii., § 5, pp. 71, 72. 

(b) Ethics: The doing of a deed viewed as an ex¬ 
pression of the moral sentiments or state of a 
responsible being. 

(c) Oratory: The accommodation of a speaker’s 
voice, attitude, and especially his gesture, to the 
subject on which at the moment he is addressing 
his audience. 

“ For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, 

Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech. 

To stir men’s blood: I only speak right on.” 

Shakesp..- Julius Caesar, iii. 2. 

“As ’twere encouraging the Greeks to fight; 

Making such sober action with his hand, 

That it beguiled attention, charm’d the sight:” 

Shakesp.: Tar quin and Lucrece. 

(b) Of things: 

I. Gen.: The exertion of force or influence upon; 
operation, setting in motion, an acting upon. 

“Some little effect may, perhaps, be attributed to the 
direct action of the external conditions of life.”— Darwin: 
Origin of Species, ch. i. 

(2) Technically: 

(a) Nat. Phil.: The exertion of a force by one 
material body upon another. It may be by contact 
or by percussion. In either case it is met by resist¬ 
ance precisely equal to that produced by itself, or, 
in philosophical language, action and re-action are 
equal and contrary ; that is, they are equal in force 
and contrary in direction. If an elastic ball be 
struck against the ground, action compresses it, 
and reaction brings it back again to its natural 
shape. When birds fly, the action produced by the 
strokes of their wings produces a contrary reaction 
on the part of the air, and it is this reaction which 
carries them forward. 

. . the frost ruptures their cohesion, and hands 
them over to the action of gravity.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., i. 24. 

“ Action and reaction being equal, and in contrary 
directions.”— Herschel: Astronomy, 5th ed., § 723. 

(b) Chem.: The production of a chemical reaction 
by tne action of acid. 

_ (c) Geol. (spec, of volcanoes): In action— in erup¬ 
tion. 

“ I was surprised at hearing afterward that Aconcagua, 
in Chile, 480 miles northward, was in action on the same 
night.” — Darwin: Journal of Voyage round the World, ch. 
xiv., p. 291. 

(d) Art (of machines), dtc.: Operation, movement, 
t>r anything similar produced by external agency of 
whatever kind (lit. &fig.). 

“ At length the new machinery was put in action, and 
soon from every corner of the realm arrived the news of 
complete and hopeless failure.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. viii. 

(e) Law: In action. [See No. II., 4, d.] 

(/) Mach., &c.: The mechanism of a piano, organ, 
&c.; the movement or works of a watch or clock. 

II. A deed done, an operation effected. 

1. Gen.: A deed, something done. 

IT There is a shade of difference in meaning be¬ 
tween an action in this sense and an act. Strictly 
speaking, action is the general word used of deeds, 
whether important or the reverse; while act. is 
more appropriately applied to a deed of some im- 


a 


active 

portance. The examples which follow illustrate 
the difference, which, however, is not universally 
observed. 

“ The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him actions 
are weighed.”—1 Sam. ii. 3. 

“He made known His ways unto Moses, His acts unt& 
the children of Israel.”— Ps. ciii. 7. 

“ And she said to the king, It was a true report which 1 
heard in mine own land of thine acts, and of thy wisdom.” 
—2 Chron. ix. 51 

“Here perhaps 

Some advantageous act may be achieved 
By sudden onset.” Milton: P. L., ii. 363. 

3. Spec.: A battle. 

“All this William perfectly understood, and determined 
to avoid an action as long as possible.”— Macaulay ■ Hist. 
Eng., ch. ix. 

3. Old Scotch: Affair, business, interest. 

“ Yit sa far as pertenis to our actioun, consider that our 
ennymes are to fecht aganis us, quhome we nevir offenden 
with inuris.”*— Bellend.: Cron., bk. iv., ch. 17. 

4. Technically: 

(a) Phys.: The functions of the body, divided 
into vital actions, natural actions, and animal 
actions. [Functions.] 

(b) Painting <& Sculpture: Passion or movement 
more or less correctly imitated. The more life-like 
and spirited the figures represented appear to be, 
the more action are they said to possess. 

(c) Epic Poetry, the Drama, or History: The 
leading subject of an epic poem, drama, or history. 
In the former two it is divided into two portions— 
the principal fable treated in a lofty style, and the 
episodes which are introduced to give fullness of de¬ 
tail, the whole being carried on by a mixture 
of narrative, dialogue, and soliloquy. So also there 
are a leading theme and episodes in history. 

“The voyage of /Eneas from Troy to Italy, and his es¬ 
tablishment in Latium (constituting, as they do, the main 
action of the /Eneid).”— Lewis: Credibility of Early 
Roman Hist., ch. ix. 

“ But these resting-places, as it were, must be rare, ex¬ 
ceptional, brief, and altogether subordinate to what may 
be called the action, the unfolding the drama of events.” 
— Milman: Hist, oi Jews. (Pref.) 

Law: 

ho form prescribed by law for the recoveryof 
one’s due, or the lawful demand of one’s right. 

II In action. A plea in action is an answering 
the merits of a complaint; that is, by confirming, 
confessing and avoiding or denying it. Property in 
action is property which a man has not at present 
in his possession, but which another has covenanted 
to give him. He may sue for the performance of 
the contract, and the property thus recoverable is 
called, from the French word chose— a thing, a chose 
in action. 

Chose in action is thus a thing of which a man 
has not the possession or actual enjoyment, hut 
which ho has a right to demand by action or other 
proceeding, as a debt, a bond, &c. 

(e) Comm, (in France and some other foreign 
countries): A certain share of a public company’s 
capital stock. Persons may subscribe for actions 
in the latter as they do here for shares. 

action-taking, a. Prone to have recourse to 
law, litigious. 

“ A knave, a rascal, a filthy worsted-stocking knave; a 
iily-liver’d action-taking knave.”— Shakesp.: King Lear, 
ii. 2. 

ac'-tion-a-ble, a. [Eng. action; -able .] Of a 
character to provoke and justify an action at law. 

“His process was formed; whereby he was found guilty 
of nought else, that I could learn, which was actionable, 
but of ambition.”— Howell: Vocal Forest. 

ac'-tion-a-bly, adv. [Actionable.] In a man¬ 
ner to provoke and justify an action at law. 
ac'-tion-^-ry, ac'-tion-ist, s. [Ital. azionario.] 
In France ana other Continental countries: A 
proprietor of an action or share of a public com¬ 
pany’s stock. 

*ac’-tious, a. [Act.] Active. 

“ Martial men . . . very actions for valor, such as 
scorn to shrink for a wetting.”— Webster: Works, ii. 296. 

*ac-ti-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. actitatum, supine of 
actito— to act frequently.] 

1. Gen.: Quick and frequent action. 

2. Spec.: A debating of lawsuits. 

*ac -tlv-ate, v.t. [Active.] To render active. 

“. . . snow and ice especially being holpen, and 
their cold activated, by nitre or salt, will turn water into 
ice.”— Bacon. 

*ac'-tiv a-ted, pa. par. [Activate.] 
*ac'-tiv-a-ting, pr. par. [Activate.] 
ac'-tlve, a. & s. [In Ger. aktivum; Fr. actif; 
Ital. attivo; fr. Lat. activus, fr. actum, supine or 
ago.'] [Act.] 

A. As adjective: 

Essential signification: Possessed of the power of 
acting; communicating action or motion to any* 
thing else, instead of being itself acted on. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh 9 .n. -tion, -sion = shim; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del 



active-valiairt 


64 


actuality 


1J Used properly of the mind or spirit of a living 
being. “It is usual to speak of physical causes as 
active; but when any series of natural changes is 
scrutinized, it appears that what at first we called 
a cause, is itself the effect of some preceding event, 
which was, in its turn, an effect. ,. .. . Strictly 
speaking, mind is the only active principle.’'— Isaac 
Taylor: Elements of Thought. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

(a) Of animated beings: 

1 . Acting, as opposed to being acted upon. [See 
example from Donne (B. 1 ).] 

2. Quick in movement, nimble, agile. ( Opposed 
to languid or inert.) 

“As a decripit father takes delight 
To see his active child do deeds of youth.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, xxxvii. 

“Active and nervous was his gait.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

3. Continually employed, not idle or*capable of 
idleness. Used of the body, the mind, or their op¬ 
erations. ( Opposed to idle or indolent.) 

“Speed, Malise, speed! such cause of haste 
Thine active sinews never braced. 

Bend ’gainst the steep hill thy breast, 

Burst down like torrent from its crest.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, canto ii., 13. 

“His zeal, still active for the common-weal.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv, 

4. Given to action rather than to contemplation, 
solitary meditation, study, or the making of plans 
which are found in practice to be unworkable. 
(Opposedto contemplative or speculative.) 

“What the engineer is to the mathematician, the 
active statesman is to the contemplative statesman.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

“ In active zeal, let youth and years engage 
Prayer is the proper duty of old age.”— Hesiod. 

(b) Of things inanimate: 

1 . In continued, rapid, or powerful operation. 
{Opposedto quiescent or dormant.) [See II. ( 6 ).] 

“ Let active laws apply the needful curb, 

To guard the peace that riot would disturb.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

2. Requiring activity. 

(a) Opposed to tranquil: 

“ The richest earthly boon his hands afford, 
Deserves to be beloved, but not adored. 

Post away swiftly to more active scenes, 

Collect the scatter’d truth that study gleans, 

Mix with the world, but with its wiser part, 

Ho longer give an image all thine heart.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

(b) Opposed to sedentary: 

“ . . . shorten his life, or render it unfit for active 
smployment.”— Goldsmith: On Polite Learning, ch. x. 

II. Technically: 

(a) Of things animate: 

1. Physiology: 

(a) Active life in an organized body is a state in 
which the several functions of life are in activity, as 
in an ordinary vegetable or plant. It is opposed to 
dormant life, in which these are quiescent. ( Todd 
<& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., Introd.) 

(b) Active organs of locomotion: The textures 
which form the skeleton, and by which its segments 
are united. They are contradistinguished from the 
passive organs of locomotion, which are the muscles 
to which the nerves convey the mandates of the 
will. (Ibid., i. 67.) 

(c) Active disease: An acute disease. 

“ ‘Active congestion,’ ‘active dropsies,’ ‘active haemor¬ 
rhage.’ ”— Index to Tanner: Manual of hied. 

2. Mental Phil.: A division of the powers of the 
mind. Reid and his followers classified the mental 
powers in two categories—( 1 ) Intellectual powers, 
and (2) Active powers. 

3. Mech.: Active or living force. [Vis Viva.] 

(b) Of things inanimate: 

1. Gram.: Acting upon something else instead of 
itself being acted on. 

An active verb or a verb active: One which ex¬ 
presses an action, and necessarily implies an agent 
and an object acted upon. In this classification 
there are two other descriptions of verbs— passive 
and neuter verbs, the former expressing passion, or 
suffering, or the receiving of an action; and the 
latter denoting neither action nor passion, but 
being, or a state of being. ( Lindley Murray: 
Grammar.) A verb active is now generally called a 
transitive verb, in this Dictionary marked v. t. 

A compound active verb (Dr. Campbell) ; an active 
transitive verb (Crombie): One which, when stand¬ 
ing alone, is neuter and intransitive, but which, 
being followed by a preposition inseparably con¬ 
nected with it, forms with it a compound verb, 
which is active or transitive. Example: To laugh 
at. Omit at, and the verb is neuter, or intransitive, 
as “ He laughed.” Insert at, however, and a com¬ 


pound active verb is formed, as “He laughed at 
them,” “ they were laughed at.” ( Crombie: Etym 
dt Synt. Eng. Lang., 1802, p. 88.) 

2. Political Economy and Commerce: 

Active capital: Wealth in the readily-available 
form of money, or which may without delay be con¬ 
verted into money, and used for any purpose requir¬ 
ing capital. 

Active Commerce: The commerce of a nation 
which carries goods to and from its own and other 
lands in its own ships, and by means of its own 
sailors, in place of allowing the profit of these 
lucrative transactions to be reaped by foreigners. 
The commerce of the United States and of Euro¬ 
pean countries is highly active, that of the Asiatic 
nations is mostly passive. 

3. Law: 

An active debt: A debt due to a person. 

An active trust: A confidence connected with a 
duty. 

Active use: A present legal estate. 

4. Geology. An active volcano: One which at not 
very remote intervals bursts forth in eruption. It 
is opposed to a dormant volcano, or to an extinct 
volcano. [Dormant, Extinct.] 

B. As substantive: 

That which acts on something else instead of 
being itself acted on. ( Opposed to passive.) 

“ When an even flame two hearts did touch, 

His office was, indulgently to fit 

Actives to passives: correspondency 

Only his subject was.” Donne. 

[Actifs.] 

^active-valiant, a. Possessed both of activity 
and valor. 

“ I do not think a braver gentleman, 

More active-valiant, or more valiant-young, 

More daring, or more bold, is now alive.” 

Shakesp.: I Henry IV., v. i. 

*ac-tive-a-ble, a. [Eng. active; -able.] Capa¬ 
ble of activity. 

2. Gram.: In an active signification. 

fac’-tive-ness, s. [Active.] Activity. Nearly 
obsolete, activity having taken its place. 

“ What strange agility and activeness do our common 
tumblers and dancers on the rope attain to by continual 
exercise!”— Wilkins: Math. Magic. 

ac-tiv i-ty, s. [In Fr. activity; Ital. attivita .j 

I. Subjective: The quality or state of being active 

1. Of persons or other animated beings: 

(a) Chiefly of the body: 

“. . . and if thou knowest any men of activity 

among them, make them rulers over my cattle.”— Gen. 
xlvii. 6. 

(b) Chiefly of the mind: 

“ . . . if we compare the brain and the mental ac¬ 

tivity belonging to it, in wild animals and those domestic 
animals which are descended from them.”— Haeckel: 
Hist, of Creation, i. 239. 

2. Figuratively (of things): 

“ Salt put to ice, as in the producing of the artificial 
ice, increaseth the activity of cold.”— Bacon. 

II. Objective: An occupation or sphere of action 
in which sustained and energetic action is required. 

If In this sense it has a plural. 

“A comparative survey of the history of nations, or 
what is called ‘universal history,’ will yield to us, as the 
first and most general result, evidence of a continually 
increasing variety of human activities, both in the life of 
individuals and in that of families and states.”— Haeckel: 
Hist, of Creation, i. 281. 

act -less, a. [Eng. act; -less.] Without action. 

ac'-tSn, *ac'-ke-toun, s. [Fr. haqueton; O. Fr. 
auqueton, haucton; Ger. hockete, from Low Lat. 
aketon, acton. Matthew Paris calls it alcalto. 
(Jamieson, etc.) From Fr. haqueton comes the Eng¬ 
lish word jacket (q. v.).] 

1. A kind of quilted leathern jacket or vest, worn 
in the Middle Ages under a coat of mail. 

“But Cranstoun’s lance, of more avail, 

Pierced through, like silk, the Borderer’s mail j 
Through shield, and jack, and acton past, 

Deep in his bosom broke at last.” 

Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 6. 

2. The coat of mail itself. 

“Hys fomen were well bouu 
To perce hys acketoun.” 

Lybearus Disconus, 1 , 1 , 175 . 

ac'-tor, s. [In Fr. acteur; Ital. attore, from Lat. 
actor = one who drives or sets in motion; one who 
does or accomplishes anything ; one who acts upon 
the stage. Law Lat. = a plaintiff or defendant.] 
[Act.] 

1. One who acts or performs any part upon the 
stage. 

“When a good actor doth his part present 
In every act he our attention draws ; 

That at the last he may find just applause.” 

Denham. 

2. Ono who takes a part in any drama of actual life, 
especially if that drama be of an important char¬ 
acter. 


“The mayor was a simple man who had passed his 
whole life in obscurity, and was bewildered by finding 
himself an important actor in a mighty revolution.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

3. Among civilians • An advocate or proctor in 
civil courts or causes. 

UC'-tor'-u, s. 

Entom.: A genus of Diptera. 

*ac -toure, s. [A. N.] A governor, a keeper. 
( Wycliffe.) 

ac -tress, s. [The fem. form of actor. In Fr. 

actrice.] 

*1. A female doer. 

“Actress. A female doer.”— C'ockeram. 

2. A female who acts upon the stage. 

“They were almost always recited by favorite actresses .” 
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

If There w ere few, if any, actresses till after the 
restoration of Charles II. Prior to this epoch, 
female parts in plays were performed by boys, as 
was the case in Shakespeare’s time. 

3. A real or imaginary female who performs her 
part in ordinary life. 

“Virgil has indeed admitted Fame, as an actress, in 
the ASneid ; but the part she acts is very short, and none 
of the most admired circumstances of that divine work.” 
— Addison. 

ac -tu-al (O. Scotch, ac'-tu-all), a. [In Fr. ac- 
tuel: Ital. attuale, fr. Lat. actual is=active, prac¬ 
tical.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Involving action as opposed to rest. 

“Besides her walking and other actual performances. H 
— Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 1. 

II. Real, in point of fact existing. 

1. Existing in act or really, as opposed to existing 
no more than potentially; in action, in operation at 
the moment. 

“ Sin, there in pow’r, before 
Once actual; now in body, and to dwell 
Habitual habitant.” Milton : Par. Lost, bk. x. 

If See also example under B. 1. 

2. Existing in fact or in reality, instead of being 
simply imagined. 

(a) Opposed to theoretical, speculative, imagined 
or hypothetically assumed. 

The mimic passion of his eye 
Was turned to actual agony.” 

Scott: Rokeby, vi. 10. 

. . viewed by the light of actual knowledge.”— 
Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 101. 

“ Actual may be opposed to theoretical.”— Martineau 
Comte’s Positive Philosophy, ch. i., p. 3. 

(b) Opposed to figurative or allegorical. Speak¬ 
ing of divine and angelic communications to man in 
Paradise, Wordsworth says: 

“Whether of actual vision, sensible 
To sight and feeling, or that in this sort 
Have condescendingly been shadow’d forth 
Communications spiritually maintain’d. 

And intentions moral and divine.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion. 

3. Existing as a case to be settled at present, in 
contradistinction to one disposed of at some bygone 
period. 

“. . . it is necessary to understand the circumstances 
of the cases adduced as precedents, in order to be able to 
apply them with propriety to the actual case under dis¬ 
cussion.”— Lewis : Credibility of Early Roman Hist., ch. 
iv., § 5, vol. i. 

B. Technically: 

1. Nat. Phil. Actual or dynamic energy: Energy 
possessed by a body or bodies already in motion. 

“ Energy is possessed by bodies already in motion ; it is 
then actual, and we agree to call it active or dynamic 
energy."—Tyndall: Frag, of Science, i. 23. 

2. Law. Actual as opposed to apparent right of 
possession of property is one which will stand the 
test against all comers. The actual possession by 
a person of any property creates the presumption 
that he is its rightful owner. This presumption 
may be overthrown by proof adduced by a claimant 
that the property really is his; but unless he urge 
his suit, his right will ultimately lapse, and the 
wrongful possessor become the legal owner. 

3. O. Scotch Law and Ch. Hist. An actual 
minister: One ordained to the ministry, and not 
simply a probationer licensed to preach. 

, always being an actuall minister of the 

kirk, and sail elect none other than ane actuall minister 
to be so nominat and recommendit be his maiestye.”— 
Acts Ja. VI. (1617), p. 529. 

• j'- he°l- Actual sins: Those committed by the 
individual himself, as contradistinguished from 
original sin, that of Adam, the father of the race. 

ac-tu-al -I-ty, s. [Actual.] The state of being 
actual; reality. 

The actuality of these spiritual qualities is thus im¬ 
prisoned, though their potentiality be not quite de¬ 
stroyed.”— Cheyne. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine- go pot 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub. cUre, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = kwi 





actualize 


65 


acute 


* 


fac-tu-al-I ze, v. t. [Eng. actual; -ize .] To 
make actual. ( Coleridge.) 
fac'-tti-^l-I zed, pa. par. [Actualize.] 
fac-tii-al-l'-zlng, pr. par. [Actualize.] 
ac-tu-gQ-ly, adv. [Actual,] In fact, in truth 
really. 

“. . . and candidates for the regal office were actu¬ 

ally named.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

ac-tu-al-ness, s. [Actual.] The quality of 
being actual; actuality, reality. 

ac'-t\i-g,-ry, s. [In Ger. aktuar; Fr. actuaire • 
Ital. attuario, fr. Lat. actuarius and actarius— (1) a 
shorthand-writer, (2) a clerk, bookkeeper, or regis¬ 
trar : fr. adj. actuarius=thnt which is easily moved, 
swift, agile; actus = a moving or driving; ago = to 
drive, to lead.] 

1. Civil Law: A registrar or clerk of a court. 

2. An officer of a mercantile or insurance company, 
skilled in financial calculations, specially on such 
subjects as the expectancy of life. Ho is generally 
manager of the company, under the nominal or real 
superintendence of a board of directors. 

ac'-tu-ate, v. t. [From Ital. attuare; Low Lat. 
actuo— to drive, to impel, fr. Lat. actus, pa. par. of 
ago= to drive, to move, urge, or impel.] 

1. To excite to action, to put in action, to furnish 
the motive of. (Used of persons, but formerly some¬ 
times of things.) 

“For, on this occasion, the chief motive which actuated 
them was not greediness, but the fear of degradation and 
ruin.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

*2. To put in action, to produce, to invigorate, t' 
.evelop. 

*ac-tfl-ate, a. Actuated. 

“ The active informations of the intellect, filling the 
passive reception of the will, like form closing with mat¬ 
ter, grew actuate into a third and distinct perfection of 
practice.”— South. 

ac-tu-a-tion, s. [Actuate.] The state of being 
put in action ; effectual operation. 

jac-tu-os -I ty, s. [ Lat. ac<uosus=full of activ¬ 
ity ; fr. actus = a moving, a driving; actus, pa. pa . 
of a< 70 =to drive.] 

1. Power of action. 

2. State of action. 

fac -tiire, s. [Lat.. <xcftts=done.] Action. 

“Love made them not; with acture they may be, 
Where neither party is not true nor kind.” 

Shakesp.: A Lover’s Complaint. 
ac'-tus, s. [Lat. actus=( 1) A lineal measure=:12G 
Roman feet; (2) the length of one furrow.] 

Civil Law: A right of way through land; a servi¬ 
tude of footway and horseway. [Servitude.] 
A-Cu'-a-nIte§, s. [From Acua, alleged to have 
been a disciple of the apostle Thomas.] 

Ch. Hist.: A name sometimes given to the 
Manichseans. [Manicileans.] 
fac-u-ate, v. t. [Lat. acuo= to sharpen.] 
[Acute.] To sharpen, to make corrosive. 

“Immoderate feeding upon powdered beef, pickled 
meats, and debauching with strong wines, do inflame and 
acuate the blood; whereby it is capacitated to corrode the 
lungs.”— Harvey on Consumption. 

*ac -u-ate, a. [From the verb.] Sharpened. 
“And also with a quantyte of spyces acuate.” 

Ashmole: Theat. Chem. Brit., p. 191. 
Ac-u-be -ne, s. A star of the fourth magnitude, 
in the southern claw of Cancer. 

*a -Cii-I, pi. a'-cy-is, s. [Old or misspelt form 
of Ague (q. v.).] An ague. (MS. of 14 Cent.) 
(Wright.) 

ac-u-P-tion, s. [Lat. acuo= to sharpen ; acus— a 
needle or pin.] The sharpening of medicines, i. e., 
the rendering them more pungent, to increase their 
effect. 

a-cu'-i-ty, s. [Lat, acuo= to sharpen.] Sharp¬ 
ness. 

a-CU-le-a'-tA, s- [Lat. n. pi. of adj. aculeatus— 
furnished with'stings or prickles, from aculeus- a 
sting, spine, or prickle; Gr. «fce=a point.] [Acute.] 
Entom.: One of the two leading divisions or sub¬ 
orders of the order Hymenoptera. It consists of 
those families in which the females and neuters of 
the sseial species, and the females of those which 
are solitary, are generally provided with a sting. 
It is divided into four tribes: (1) the Heierogyna, 
or Ants and Mutillas; (2) the Fossores, or Sand- 
wasps ; (3) the DipVoptera , or True-wasps ; and (4) 
the Anthophila, or Bees. The other tribe of 
Hymenoptera , the Terebrantia, consists of insects 
whose females are furnished with an auger instead 
of a sting. 

3 . -CU-le-ate, v. t. [Aculeata.] To furnish with 
a point, to sharpen. 

a-cu’-le-ate, a. & s. [Aculeata.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

Sharpened, pointed (lit. &flg.). 

“The one of extreme bitterness of words, especially if 
they be aculeate and proper. . . .” Bacon: Essays. 


II. Technically: 

1 , Bot'.: Furnished with prickles, prickly. Exam¬ 
ple, a rose-stem. 

2. Zool.: Furnished with a sting. 

B. As substantive: A hymenopterous insect of 
the division Aculeata (q. v.). 
a-cu-le-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Aculeate, v.] 
gt-cu-le-a'-ting, pr. par. [Aculeate, v.] 
h~cu -le-i, s. pi. [Aculeus.] 
a-cu'-ler, v. t. [Fr acculer.] 

Manage: A fault committed by most horses when 
learning to make demivolts. It consists in failing 
to go far enough forward at each motion, so that 
the shoulder of the animal takes in too little 
ground, and his croup comes too near the center of 
the volt. 

<4-cu -le-iis, s. [Lat. ( 1 ) the sting of an animal ; 
(2) the spine or prickle of a plant. Probably a 
dimin. from acus = a needle or pin; but acus is 
fem., and aculeus masc.] 

Bot.: A prickle; a sharp, hard process of the epi¬ 
dermis falling off when old. while a spine or thorn 
does not fall off. (Loudon.) 

H Aculeus enters into the composition of acu¬ 
leata, aculeate, &c. (q. v.) 

ac'-ii-los, s. [Gr. akulos =an esculent acorn, the 
fruit of the prickly oak, and of another more hardy 
species.] 

Bot.: The fruit or acorn of the Ilex, or Scarlet- 
oak. 

*a-cum-blen, v. i. [Acomelyd.] To become 
cramped. (Stratmann.) 

*&-cum-bnd, pa. [Acttwblen.] 

*a-cum -en, v. t. & i. [A. S. acuman =to come to, 
to pursue, to bear, to sustain, to suffer, to perform, 
to overcome.] To attain. (Halliwell.) 

a-cu-men, s. [Lat.=a sharpened point, a sting: 
sharpness: fr. acus=a needle or pin.] Acuteness of 
mind, shrewdness; ability nicely to distinguish be¬ 
tween things which closely resemble 
each other. 

“ The author of the Reliquiae TUIuvinner 
observes, with his usual acumen, . . . .” 

— Oioen: Brit. Fossil Mammals and Birds. 

fa-cu'-min-ate, v. t. [Fr. Lat. acu- 
minatus, pa. par. of acumino=to 
sharpen.] [Acumen.] To sharpen. 

(Rider: Diet., 1640.) 
a-cu -mln-ate, a. [See the verb.] 

Nat. Science: Taper-pointed, taper¬ 
ing gradually to the tip. 

“. . . scarcely reconcilable with the 

idea of its applying its slender acuminate 
teeth to the act of gnawing bones.”— Owen : 

Brit. Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 118. 

Bot.: Applied chiefly to the mode of 
termination of certain leaves. When 
the tapering is at the other extremity 
of the leaf, the term employed is acu- Acuminate 
minate at the base. Leaf of 

“. . . leaves often opposite, broader Parietana. 
upward, acuminate, serrulate.”— Descrip¬ 
tion of Saltx purpurea. (Hooker & Arnott: Brit. Flora.) 

ta-cu -mln-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acuminate.] 
Nat. Science: The same as Acuminate, but not so 
frequently employed. 

“This is not acuminated and pointed, as in the rest, but 
seemeth, as it were, cut off.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 
tSL-cu-mm-a'-ting, pr. par. [Acuminate.] 
a-cu-mm a'-tion, s. [Lat. acuminatum, supine 
of acumino =to sharpen.! 

1. The act or process of making sharp. 

2. Termination in a sharp point, 
a-cu'-mm-ose, s. [Acumen.] Terminating grad¬ 
ually in a flat narrow end. (Bindley: Int. to Bot., 
3d ed., p. 459.) 

*a-cun'-tre, v. t. [A. N.] To encounter. 

“So kenli the'i acuntred at the coupyng to-gadere 
That the knight spere in speldes al to-shivered.” 

William and the WerwolJ, p. 130. 

a -cu-pal'-pus, s. [Lat. ac.us =a needle or pin; 
palpus or palpum = a stroking. Now by entomol¬ 
ogists used for a feeler.) [Palpus.] 

Entom.: A genus of predatory beetles of the fam¬ 
ily Harpalidee. 

a-cn-press'-ure (ss as sh), s. [Lat. acus=& 
needle, and premo =to press.] 

Sura.: The arresting of hemorrhage by compres¬ 
sing the severed artery above the orifice, that is, on 
the side nearest tlie heart, with the middle of a 
needle introduced through the 6 ides or flaps of the 
wound. 

a -cu-punc-tiir-a -tion, s. [Acupuncture.] The 
making of a puncture or punctures by means of a 
needle. A less proper word than Acupuncture 
( q- v.). 



bdll boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia'n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


“ From forgetting that the word puncture has two sig. 
nifications—that it is used to signify both the wound and 
the act of making it—some have termed the operation 
acupuncturation. But to subjoin the syllables -ation to 
the word puncture or acupuncture is as improper as to 
subjoin them to the words preparation or fabrication, 
each of which already ends in -ation and has a similar 
twofold meaning. An exactly parallel error would be to 
say manufacturation.” — Dr. John Elliotson: Cyclo. Pract. 
Med., art. “Acupuncture.” 

a'-cu-punc-tiire, s. [In Ger. acupunctur; Fr. 
acupuncture; Ital. acopuntura; Sp. acupuntura: 
fr. Lat. acu, ablative ofacw,s=a needle or pin, and 
pu'nchira— puncturc, pricking; pungo=to prick.] 
Med.: The puncturing of portions of the body by 
moans of a needle made for the purpose. The prac¬ 
tice has existed from a remote period of antiquity 
among the Chinese. It has been tried with good 
effect in cases of rheumatism not involving much 
inflammation, in rheumatic neuralgia, and some 
other diseases. 

a -cu punc -ture, v. t. [From the substantive.] 
To practice acupuncture upon a patient. [Acu¬ 
puncture, s.] 

“. . . those who care nothing about being acupunc¬ 
tured.” — Dr. Elliotson: Cyclo. Pract. Med. 
a -cu-punc -tiired, pa. par. & a. [Acupuncture.] 
a -cu-piinc -tiir-Ing, pr. par. [Acupuncture.] 
*a-cii're, a. [Derivation uncertain.] 

Old Pharmacy. Of a drug: Having its power in¬ 
creased by the addition to it of another one. 

“ Acure (chemical term) is when a liquor is heightened 
or made more piercing by a stronger.”— Kersey: Eng. 
Diet. (1721), art. “Acure.” 

*a-cu rse, *a-cur -s$n, v. t. [Accurse.] To 

aecurse. 

“Which is lif that oure Lord 
In alle lawes acurseth.” 

Piers Ploughman, p. 375. 

a-ciir -u, s. [Acuyari.] 

?.-Cut-an -gul-ar, a. [Lat. acutus = acute; an- 

gulus = an angle.] 

Bot.: Having acute angles. Example, the cap¬ 
sule of Corchorus acutangulus. (Loudon: Cycl. of 
Plants, Gloss.) 

<l-cu'te, a. [In Ital. acuto, fr. Lat. acutus = 
sharp, pa. par. of acuo = to sharpen, acus = a 
needle or pin, fr. old root ac = sharp = the pri¬ 
meval Aryan root as = to be sharp or swift, as in 
Sansc. asva =» the runner, i. e., the horse.] (Max 
Muller: Science of Lang.) 


A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of material things: Terminating in a sharp 
point. 


II. Of immaterial things: 

1 . Of the senses of man or of the inferior animals: 
Sharp, keen. 

“ Were our senses altered, and made much quicker and 
acuter, the appearance and outward scheme of things 
would have quite another face to us.”— Locke. 


2. Of the intellect: Having the power of perceiving 
minute differences, penetrating; the reverse of ob¬ 
tuse, dull, or stupid. 

“ Some more acute and more industrious still 
Contrive creation, travel nature up.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. 3. 


2. Of the feelings or emotions: Keen, easily and 
deeply affected for the time or more permanently. 

B. Technically: 

1. Geometry: 

An acute angle is one which is less than a right 

An acute-angled triangle is one of which all the 
three angles are acute, that is, each of them is less 
than a right angle. 

An acute-angled cone is one having the solid 
angle at its vertex acute. 

An acute octohedron. [Octohedron.] 

An acute rhomboid. [Rhomboid.] 

2. Music. An 
acute sound: One 
which is high or 
shrill, as opposed 
to one which is 
grave. 

3. Grammar. An 
acute accent: One 
which marks where 
the voice should 
rise instead of fall¬ 
ing. [Accent, s., 

II. 2.] 

4. Pathology. An 
acute disease: One 
in which the symp¬ 
toms are severe, 
and which speedily 
reaches a crisis. It 

chroiuc disease? & Acute Leaves of the Oleander. 

5. Bot. : Sharp-pointed, terminating at once in a 
point, neither abruptly nor tapering. 



sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 


% 








Adam’s needle 


acute-angled 


66 


acute-angled, a. 

1. Geom.: Having an acute angle. [See Acute, 

a., B. I.] 

2. Bot.: With sharp instead of rounded margins. 
[Angular.] 

ta-cu'te, v. t. [From the substantive.] To make 
the accent on a word acute or sharp. 

a-C&'te-ly, adv. [Acute.] In an acute manner, 
sharply, keenly. 

1. Of material substances: 

“ . . . the upper base acutely auricled.”— Descrip, 

of Aspidium Leonchitis. (Hooker & Arnott: Brit. Flora.) 

2. Of things immaterial: 

(a & b) Of the senses or of the intellect: Keenly, 
discriminatingly. 

"He that will look into many parts of Asia and Amer¬ 
ica, will find men reason there, perhaps as acutely as him¬ 
self, who yet never heard of a syllogism.”— Locke. 

(c) Of the feelings or emotions: Keenly, deeply, 
a-cu'te-ness, s. [Acute, a.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of material bodies: Sharpness, keenness of 
edge or of point. 

II. Of things immaterial: 

1. Of the senses: Sharpness, keenness of percep¬ 
tion. 

“If eyes so framed could not view at once the hand and 
the hour-plate, their owner could not be benefited by 
that acuteness ; which, whilst it discovered the secret 
contrivance of the machine, made him lose its use.” 
— Locke. 

2. Of the intellect: Subtlety of intellect, the power 
of perceiving minute differences and discriminating 
them in language. 

“ . . . a much higher notion of his sincerity than of 
his judgment of acuteness.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
oh. xiv. 

3. Of the feelings or emotions: Keenness, the 
power of being easily or deeply affected; suscepti¬ 
bility of impression. 

B. Technically: 

1. Music: The sharpness or shrillness of a note. 
“This acuteness of sound will show that, whilst to the 

eye the bell seems to be at rest, yet the minute parts of it 
continue in a very brisk motion, without which they 
could not strike the air.”— Boyle. 

2. Med.: The violence of a disease which, how¬ 
ever, makes it more speedily reach a crisis. 

“We apply present remedies, according to indications; 
respecting rather the acuteness of the disease, and pre¬ 
cipitancy of the occasion, than the rising and setting of 
stars.”— Brown. 

*a-CU-tl-a’-tor, s. [Low Lat. acutiator .] One 
who, in mediaeval times, attended armies to sharpen 
the weapons of the soldiers. 

a-cu-ya-ri, a-Cur-m s. [Local name.] The 
name given in India to the fragrant wood of Idea 
altissima, a plant of the old order Amyridaceae, or 
Amyrids. [Cedar-wood of Guiana.] 

*ac-wa’-ki-en, v. i. [Cwacian.] To quake, to 
tremble. 

*ac-wec'-chen, v. t. [A. S. acweccan= to shake, 
to brandish.] To shake, to brandish. 

*ac-we-den, v.i. [A. S. acwethan =-to answer, 
connected with acwoethan=to say.] To answer. 

-a$y. [Lat. suffix -acia, -atio =the stqte or qual¬ 
ity of. Examples: fallacy ( Lat. fallacia ), advocacy 
(Lat. advocatio ).] 

*a-§y §e, s. Old form of Assize (q. v.). ( Ritson .) 
*a-$y-den-an'-dys, *a-cyd-nande, *a-cy- 
deu-am, adv. [Apparently a corrupt spelling of 
Asidenands. (Wright.)] Aside, obliquely. 
(Prompt. Parv.) (Halliwell.) 

* 3 '- 9 y , -uen, v. t. Old form of Assign. (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

aQ'-yn-os, s. [Acinos.] 

*a,-Qyr- 6 -l 6 g-1-call, a. [Gr. akyrologia— an im¬ 
proper phrase; akyros =without authority ; a, priv.; 
kyros= authority; Zoqos=word.] Containing an im¬ 
propriety of expression. (Rider: Diet., 1640.) 

* 3 ,-ey se, s. [Assize, II. 3.] Manner, custom. 

“An halyday fyl, as ys the acyse 
Men to go to Goddys servyse.” 

MS. Harl. 1,701, f. 81. ( Halliwell .) 

3 . -§yt-tar-I-a, s. [Gr. a. priv.; kyttaros=( 1) a 
hollow, ( 2 ) the cell of a honeycomb or of a plant.] 

Zool.: Chamber-shells. Haeckel’s name for the 
first “legion” of the Ray-streamers, or Rhizopoda 
(Root-feet). Though the lowest in organization of 
the class, the whole of their body consisting merely 
of slimy cell-matter, yet most of them secrete a 
shell of calcareous earth, and generally of exquisite 
form. The larger number of the species live at the 
bottom of the sea. 


*ad, 3d person sing., pres, indicat. of verb to 
have. Obsolete spelling of hath. [Have.] 

“ Lo, hou he ad me to rent 
Mi bodi and mi face i-schent.” 

The Seven Sages, 469. 

did., Lat. prep. [InLat.=to. Cognate with Eng. 
at, and many words in other Aryan tongues. (At.) 
Perhaps more remotely akin to various Syro-Ara- 
bian verbs, as Heb., E. Aram., and Sam. athah— to 
come, to go: Arab, athe (a-ihe) =to come near, to 
approach. (See Ad, II., in compos .) Ad was for¬ 
merly written ar, a form which still remains in 
some words, such as arbiter. ] 

I. As an independent tvord: A purely Latin prep¬ 
osition, used in many phrases from that tongue 
more or less frequently quoted in English composi¬ 
tion. 

ad admittendum clericum (lit.)-to admit a 
clergyman. 

ad arbitrium=at will, at pleasure, 
ad captandum=to captivate. 

H Captandum is the accusative of the gerund or 
the gerundive participle of capto= to catch at fre¬ 
quently or eagerly, freq. of capio— to take. 

Oratory: With the view of captivating. Used 
specially of public speakers who utter sentiments 
which they do not themselves believe, but which 
they think will render them acceptable to their 
hearers. 

ad finern=to the end. 

ad hoc=with respect to this, specially of this. 

“ . . . appoint their various ambassadors and con¬ 
suls as reporters ad hoc.”—Daily Telegraph, March 14, 1877. 

ad hominem (lit.) =to a or the man. 

Logic. [Argumentum, under which also similar 
logical phrases will be found.] 
ad indefinitum. [Li#.=to the indefinite.] To 
an indefinite extent. 

ad infinitum. [Lit.= to the infinite.] To in¬ 
finity, without any limit. 

“Nay, then, thought I, if that you breed so fast, 

I’ll put you by yourselves, lest you at last 
Should prove ad infinitum, and eat out 
The book that 1 already am about.” 

Bunyan: Pilgr. Prog., Apology. 

ad inquirendum =to be inquired into. 

Law: Used when a writ is issued ordering an in¬ 
quiry to be made, 
ad interim=in the meantime, 
ad largum (Laiv) =at large, 
ad leones (lit.)= to the lions. 

Ch. Hist.: A popular cry or a magisterial sentence 
among the old Romans, dooming a real or supposed 
criminal to be given to_ the lions. The ory “Ad 
leones!” was raised against the apostolic father 
Polycarp, though death was ultimately inflicted in 
another way. 
ad libitum= at pleasure. 

1. Gen.: As much as one likes. 

2. Music: At the performer’s pleasure; generally 
applied to a portion of the piece which may be 
played or passed over as the performer likes. 

ad manes fratrum=to the manes of [some one s] 
brothers. [Manes.] 

“ Give us the proudest prisoner of the Goths, 

That we may hew his limbs, and on a pile, 

Ad manes fratrum sacrifice his flesh.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, i. 2. 

ad referendum = to be referred to a higher 
authority, or held over for the present that it may 
receive further consideration. 

ad valorem. [Lit.= to or according to value. 
Valor, however, it should be added, is not classical 
Latin.] 

Comm.: A term applied (1) to the amount of the 
duties or customs paid on certain goods taxed ac¬ 
cording to their value, and not simply by their 
number, weight; or measure; ( 2 ) to stamp-duties, 
payable according to the value of the subject- 
matter of the particular instruments or writings. 

ad vitam aut culpam. [Lat. (lit.)= to (one’s) 
lifetime or fault.] 

Law: Used of the tenure of an office which the 
incumbent holds for life, provided that he conduct 
himself with propriety. 

II. In composition, ad=to : as Lat. adheereo, Eng. 
adhere—to stick to. In the Latin words into which 
it enters, the final letter d generally remains un¬ 
changed when it is followed by a vowel, or by some 
one of the consonants b, d, h, m, and v, as adbello, 
addo, adheereo, admiror, and adveho; while, for 
euphony’s sake, it is assimilated to the succeeding 
letter when that letter is one of the consonants c, /, 
g, l, n, p, r, s, or t, as accelero, affero, aggredior, 
alligo, annuncio, appareo, arripio, assigno, attendo. 
The Latin.preposition ad enters directly or indi- 
direetly into the composition of many English 
words derived from the Latin; and the laws of 
assimilation are essentially the same in both 
tongues. Examples—(1) unassimilated: addition, 


adhere, admire, advocate; (2) assimilated: accelei 
ate, affluence, aggressive, allegiance, announce, ap¬ 
parent, assignation, attention. 

A. D. Initials for Anno Domini (lit.)= in the year 
of the Lord, i. e., our Lord Jesus Christ. 

*ad- act', v. t. [Lat. adigo, -egi, -actum=to drive 
to: ad—to, and ago=to drive.] To drive, to com¬ 
pel, to drive in by force. (Minsheu.) 

*ad-act’-ed, pa. par. [Adact.] 

*ad-act'-mg, pr.par. [Adact.] 
a -dac -tyle, s. [Gr. a, priv.; dactylos= a finger.] 
Anat.: Used of a foot without toes, or a hand 
without fingers. 

* 9 ,-dad', adv. [A. S. a=in; dced=deed, or itmay 
be a corruption of egad= bygad, bygod.] Indeed 
truly. 

“They are all deep, they are very deep and sharp, sharp 
as needles, adad , the wittiest men in England.”— Shad • 
well: Squire of Alsatia (1688). 

*ad'-3e-quate, a. [Adequate.] 

*a-da’ff, v. t. To daunt. [Junius refers to adaffed 
as occurring in Chaucer, but Urry reads adussed— 
dazzled.] (Halliwell.) 

*a-da ffed, pa. par. [Adaff.] 
ad'-age, *ad'-9~gy, s. [In Fr. adage; from Lat. 
adagium— a proverb, an adage.] A proverb or short 
sentence, embodying a wise saying, generally dis¬ 
covered by popular observation or experience; a 
pithy saying, hoary with antiquity, but whose eas¬ 
ily-apprehended truth keeps it in pojiular currency 
still. 

“That is because I have done it myself, and not left it 
to others. 

Serve yourself, would you be well served, is an excel¬ 
lent adage.” 

Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standisli, i. 37. 
ad-ag'-i-al, a. [Adage.] Pertaining to an ad¬ 
age, proverbial. 

ad-a'-gl-o, adv. &s. [Ital. adagio: fr. ad=with; 
agio=ease, leisure.] 

Music: 

1. As adverb: Slowly, in a leisurely manner, with 
ease and grace. 

2. As substantive: A slow movement. 

“He teaches those to read, whom schools dismiss’d, 
And colleges, untaught; sells accent, tone, 

And emphasis in score, and gives to prayer 
The adagio and andante it demands.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. il. 

*ad'-a-gjr, s. [Adage.] 

Ad -am, s. [In Lat. Adamus; Gr. Adam, fr. Heb. 
Adam=( l) man in general; (2) Spec., Adam, the 
first man, fr. adam— to be red. Cognate with these 
are adamah=tho ground, edom and odem= the ruby 
or sardine stone. In Gen. ii. 7, it is stated that God 
formed man (etli-ha-adam=the man) of dust (min- 
ha-adamah= from the ground), as if to suggest that 
man was made of red earth, or perhaps that his 
blood (in Heb. dam) remotely resembles the color of 
some reddish or brownish-red soils.] 

1 . Gen.: The name given in the Hebrew Script¬ 
ures (1) to the human race or man in general; and 
(2) to Adam, as being the first man and the progeni¬ 
tor of the human race. 

*2 Technically. Mirthfully: A serjeant, a bailiff, 
a jailor. 

“Not that Adam that kept the Paradise, but that Adam, 
that keeps the prison.”— Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iv. 3. 

Adam and Eve, s. [Adam, see etym.; Eve=the 
first mother of the human race.] 

*1. Bot.: The two tubers of Orchis maculata, 
which, by the fanciful, were held, singly, to resem¬ 
ble the human figure, and, together, to suggest the 
first parents of our race. _ (Craven.) 

2. In America: The similar tubers of another 
orchid the Aplectrum hyemale. It is called also the 
Putty-plant. It grows in the United States. 

Adam’s ale, s. Water. (Eng. colloquial.) 
Adam’s apple, s. [In Lat. Adami pomwm.] 

*1. Bot.: (1) The name given by Gerarde and 
other old authors to the plantain-tree (Musa para- 
disiaca), from the notion that its fruit was that 
sinfully eaten by Adam in Eden. (2) The name given 
for the same reason to a species of Citrus. 

2. Anat.: A protuberance on the fore part of the 
throat formed by the os hyoides. The name is sup¬ 
posed to have arisen from the absurd popular no¬ 
tion that a portion of the forbidden fruit, assumed 
to have been an apple, stuck in Adam’s throat when 
he attempted to swallow it down. 

“Adam’s flannel, s. [Named possibly from the 
soft white hairs which densely clothe both sides of 
the leaves of the plant.] (Carr.) 

Bot.: The white mullein (Verbascum lychnitis). 

(Craven.) 

Adam’s needle, s. 

Bot.: The popular name of the genus Yucca, mag¬ 
nificent plants of the Liliaceous order. The term 
needle refers to the sharp-pointed leaves. [Yucca.] 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e: ey = a. qu = kw! 




67 


adarcon 


Adam’s wine 


Adam’s wine, s. Water. ( Colloquial.) {Scotch.) 

“ Some take a mutchkin of porter to their dinner, but I 
sloken my drouth wi’ Adam’s wine.” — Sir .4. Wylie, i. 107. 

*Ad'-Am tl-ler, s. [Apparently from a certain 
Adam Tiler.] A pickpocket’s associate, who receives 
stolen goods and runs off with them. ( Wright.) 

ad -a-mant, s. & a. [O. Fr. fr. Lat. adamanta, 
acc. of adamas; from Gr. adamcts. As substantive 
= ( 1 ) the hardest metal, probably steel; ( 2 ) a com¬ 
pound of gold and steel; (3) the diamond. As adject¬ 
ive = unconquerable ; a, priv.; damazo=to over¬ 
power, to subdue; Ger. demant or diamant; Sw. 
damant; Fr. diamant; Ital. diamante .] [Dia¬ 
mond.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A stone of such impenetrable hardness 
that it cannot be crushed or pierced. 

“ So great a fear my name amongst them spread 
That they supposed I could rend bars of steel, 

And spurn in pieces posts of adamant.” 

Sliakesp.: 1 Henry VI., i. 4. 

“ As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy fore¬ 
head.”— Ezek. iii. 9. 

Specially: 

* 1 . The loadstone. 

“ As iron, toucht by the adamant’s effect. 

To the North Pole doth ever point direct.” 

Sylvester: Du Hart as, p. 64. 

“ Hel. You draw me, you hard-hearted adamant; 
But yet you draw not iron, for my heart 
Is true as steel.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. 2. 

IT See also the ballad Bomaunt of the Bose, 1,182. 

2. The diamond, the hardest of minerals. 

“ Laws inscribed on adamant.” 

Cowper : Transl. of Milton. 

Still used in this sense, but chiefly in poetry. 

3. The scoriae of gold. 

II. Fig.; Hard, incapable of feeling, destitute of 
pity. 

“ An unblushing forehead, a smooth lying tongue, and 
a heart of adamant.” — Macaulay Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

B. As adj.: Made of adamant, pertaining to 
adamant. {Literally and figuratively.) [See the 
substantive.] 

“ Ah ! strike off this adamant chain, 

And make me eternally free.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns, lxvii. 
ad-A~nian'-te-An, a. [Lat. adamanteus— made 
of steel, adamantine.] As hard as adamant. 

“ Of brazen shield and spear the hammered cuirass, 
Ohalybean-tempered steel, and frock of mail 
Adamantean proof !”— Milton : Samson Agonistes, 134. 
ad-a-m a IT-tine, a. [Lat. adamantinus; Gr. 
adamantinos= hard as steel, adamantine.] Very 
hard. {Bider: Diet., 1640.) 

1. Lit.: Made of adamant. 

“ Wide is the fronting gate, and raised on high 
With adamantine columns threats the sky.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid, vi. 745. 

2. Fig.: Which cannot be broken. 

“ With hideous ruin and combustion, down 
To bottomless perdition ; there to dwell 
In adamantine chains and penal fire.” 

Milton: P. L., i. 48. 

IT In poetry it is not always easy. to decide 
whether the word adamantine is used in a literal 
or figurative sense. 

adamantine spar. s. 

Min. [So called from its lustre.] The name 

f iven by Black and others to corundu m from India. 

t is of a dark-greyish smoke-brown tint, but is 
greenish or bluish by transmitted light, that is, in 
specimens sufficiently translucent to admit of the 
experiment being made. When ground it is used as 
a polishing material. Dana classifies it with his 
anhydrous oxides. 

ad-A-mas, s. [Lat.] [Adamant.] {Pliny, 
xxxvii. 15.) The diamond. [See Adamant and 
Diamond.] 

Adamas siderites. [Gr. sideros= iron.] Pliny’s 
name for corundum. {Pliny, xxxvn. 15.) [Corun¬ 
dum.] {Dana.) 

*ad'-a-mate, v. t. [Lat. amo, -avi, -aturn— to 
love.] To love dearly. {Minsheu.) 

Ad-A-ml, genit. of Lat. s. Adamus=A.d&m. 
[Adam.] Of Adam. 

Adami pomum, s. [Adam’s Apple. ] 

Ad-am'-Ic, Ad-am'-I-cal, a. [Lat. Adamicus.] 
Pertaining to Adam (q. v.j. 

Adamic earth, s. A term for red clay, 
ad - 3 ,-mIne, s. [Adamite, 2.] 

Ad -a-mlte (1), S. [From Adam, our first father.] 

1. A descendant of Adam. 

“ ... to an Adamite 

Forgive, my Seraph! that such thoughts appear, 

For sorrow is our element.” 

Byron: Heaven and Earth, i. 1. 


2. Plural. Ch. Hist.: A sect of Gnostics which 
arose in the second century. Professing to imitate 
the state of our first father in Paradise, they re¬ 
jected marriage and the use of raiment. It was not 
long before the sect became extinct. 31 was, how¬ 
ever, revived again in the twelfth, and subsequently 
in the early part of the fifteenth century. John 
Zisca, the famous general of the Hussites, attacked 
the Adamites, who were bringing discredit upon his 
army, slew some of them, and committed others to 
the flames. [See Merry Beggars, ii. 1.] 

ad' a-mite (2) {Dana, &c.), ad'-a-mlne {Frie- 
del),s. [In Ger. adamits. Named after Mr. Adam, 
of Paris.] A mineral classed by Dana with his 
Hydrous Phosphates and Arseniates. Its composi¬ 
tion is arsenic 39 - 95, zinc 54‘32, with a trace of iron 
and manganese. Hardness, 3'5; specific gravity, 
4 - 338; lustre, strongly vitreous. It is of a honey 
color, with violet externally. It is transparent. The 
crystals are orthorhombic. Found in Chili. 

Ad-a-mit-ic, Ad-a-mit-i-cal, a. [Adamite(I).] 
Pertaining to the Adamites, resembling the Adam¬ 
ites. 

ad -am§-Ite, s. [Named by Shepard after a Mr. 
Adams.] A mineral, a variety, or perhaps a mere 
synonym of Muscovite (q. v .). It is a greenish-black 
mica, found in the United States. 

ad-an-s 5 -ni-a, s. [In Fr. Adansonie. Named 
after Adanson, a celebrated French traveler, who 
lived from 1749 to 1754 in Senegal, investigating its 
natural history.] A genus of plants belonging to 
the order Stercuiiaceae, or Sterculiads. The A. dig- 
itata is the Baobab, Monkey-bread, African cala¬ 
bash, or Ethiopian sour-gourd tree. It has a fan¬ 
tastic look, its stem being of little height, but of 
great thickness; one specimen was found thirty 
feet in diameter. The fruit is about ten inches 
long. Externally it is downy; within this down is 
a hard woody rind, which requires a saw to cut it 
across; and inside the rind is an eatable pulp, of 
slightly acid taste. The juice mixed with sugar is 
serviceable in putrid and pestilential fevers. The 
Africans mix the dried and powdered leaves with 
their food to promote perspiration, and they have 
been found useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. The 
Adansonia is properly a native of Africa, but it has 
been introduced, probably by the Mussulmans, into 
India, where its.large white flowers appear in May 
and June, to be in due time followed by fruit. 

*$L-dant', v. t. [Ad aunt. J 

ad -a-pis, s. [From adapis, a synonym for the 
common rabbit, given by Gesner, and adopted for 
this genus from its resemblance in size, structure, 
and, it is believed, in habits, to the rabbit.] 
Palceont.: A fossil mammal of which some re¬ 
mains were met with in the gypsum of Montmartre, 
near Paris. It appears to have resembled a hedge¬ 
hog, but to have been one-third larger. It was of 
eocene age. 

ad-apt', v. t. [In Fr. adapter; Sp. adaptar; 
Ital. adattare: Lat. ad=to; apto—to fit; Gr. hapto 
—to fasten, or bind to.] To fit to, to adjust to, to 
make suitable for. ( Used either of things material 
or immaterial.) 

“ Ships adapted both for war and for trade were re¬ 
quired.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

“ Can portion out his pleasure and adapt 
His round of pastoral duties.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

*ad-apt’, a. [Adapt, v.] Fitted. 

“ Adapt to prudent husbandry.”— D’ TJrfey: Collin’s 
Walk, ch. 1. 

ad-apt-a-bil'-I-ty, s. [Adaptable.] 

I. Gen.: The quality of being able to be adapted. 
“ One of the most wonderful circumstances in the con¬ 
struction of the hand is its adaptability to an infinite 
number of offices.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat. i. 149. 

II. . Technically: 

Danvinism. Variability: The capability pos¬ 
sessed by organized beings to acquire new qualities 
through the operation of the external conditions of 
life under which they are placed. 

“ On the other hand we call adaptability (adaptabilitas), 
or variability ( variabilitas ), the capability inherent in 
all organisms to acquire such new qualities under the 
influence of the outer world.”— Haeckel: Hist, of Crea¬ 
tion, i. 220. 

Ad-apt-?t-ble, a. [Adapt.] That may be 
adapted. 

fad-apt-a-ble-ness, s. [Adaptable.] The 
quality of being able to be adapted or adjusted. 

]f Nearly obsolete, its place being supplied by 
Adaptability. 

ad-apt-a-tion, *Ad-ap’-tioh, s. [In Fr. adapt¬ 
ation.] 

A. Generally: 

1, 2, 3. The act of adapting, adjusting, or fitting 
to; the state of being adapted, adjusted, or fitted 
to; the thing adjusted. 


’* Its (the eye’s) capacity of adaptation, under the in¬ 
fluence of the will, to distinct vision at every distance 
beyond that of a few inches .”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol, 
Anat., ii. 47. 

B. Technically: 

Danvinism: The capability of acquiring new 
characteristics; also the new characteristics ac- 
quired by a living being through the operation of th( 
external conditions of life under which it is placed 

“ They can hardly be due to adaptations within a latl 
period.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. vi. 

“ . . . more perfect adaptation to the external con¬ 

ditions of life.”— Ibid., pt. ii , ch. viii. 

Ad-apt-ed, pa. par. & a. [Adapt.] 

“ But in the case of an island, or of a country partly 
surrounded by barriers, into which new and better 
adapted forms could not freely enter . . . .”— Dar« 

rein : Orig. of Species, ch. iv. 

Ad apt -ed-ness, s. [Adapt.] The state of being 

adapted, suitableness 
Ad-apt'-er, s. [Adapt.] 

Gen.: One who or that which adapts. 

‘l The term adapter is also used to denote ths| 
piece of tubing by which the smaller tube of a tele 
scope or microscope containing the eye-piece, &c., if 
"connected with the larger or main tube.. It als 
signifies, in chemical apparatus, a connecting piecy~ 
of tube to unite a retort to a bottle, &c. 

Ad-apt'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Adapt.] 

Ad-ap -tion, s. [Adaptation.] 

Ad-apt -ive, a. [Adapt.] 

1 . In an active sense: Having the power of adapt 
ing one thing to-another, or in fact so adapting it. 

“ . . . the adaptive understanding .”—Coleridge 

Aids to Reflection, p. 81. 

][ The adaptive power — the understanding whicl 
has the faculty of adapting means to ends. 

", . . what I have elsewhere called the adaptive 

power, that is, the faculty of adapting means to proxi¬ 
mate ends .”—Coleridge : Aids to Reflection, p. 178. 

2. In a passive sense. Spec, in Biology: Capa 
bility of being adapted, or being actually adapted 
to something else. 

“In the greater number of mammals the bones assume 
a very modified and adaptive position.”— Flower: Oste¬ 
ology of the Mammalia, p. 242. 

“. . . adaptive changes of structure .”—Darwin 

Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. iv. 

1 Biol. An adaptive character: An analogical 
character; one founded not on affinity, but on anal 
ogy. [Analogy.] 

“These resemblances, though so intimately connected 
with the whole life of the being, are ranked as merely 
adaptive or analogical characters.”— Darwin: Origin oj 
Species, ch. xiii. 

Ad-apt -ive-ly, adv. [Adaptive.] In an adapt 
ive manner, so as to be adapted to something else 
“. . . such later and less typical mammalia do more 
effective work by virtue of their adaptively modified 
structures.”— Owen: Classif. of Mammalia. 

*Ad-apt'-ness, s. [Adaptness.] The state of 
being fitted to. 

Adaptation and aptness have now taken its 
place. 

“Some notes are to display the adaptness of the sound 
to the sense.”— Dr. Newton. 

Ad apt or-I- a1, a. With the tendency to adapt ; 
fitting, suitable. 

A-dar , s. [Heb. Adar. Perhaps from the Syri¬ 
ans; or from the Heb. adar= to be ample, to be 
magnificent.] The sixth month of the Jewish civil, 
and the twelfth of the ecclesiastical year. The 
name was not introduced till after the Captivity 
(Esther iii. 7, 13; viii. 12; ix. 1,15,17,21). It cor¬ 
responded to the latter part of February and the be¬ 
ginning of March. If derived from the Heb. {adar= 
to be ample or magnificent), the name may refer to 
the splendid character of the spring vegetation as 
seen during Adar. The Jewish months being lunar, 
the year of twelve months thus constituted falls 
short of the solar one by about eleven days. To rem¬ 
edy this inequality, a second Adar was intercalated 
once in three years, which was called Veadar. 
A-dar-A, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).]. 

Astron.: A fixed star of the 2'5 magnitude, called 
also Canis Majoris. 
ad ar-bit-ri-um. [Lat.] [Ad ] 

A-dar -§e, s. [Gr. adarke, adarkes, adarkos, or 
adarkion =a saline efflorescence on the herbage of 
marshes.] A saline efflorescence on marsh-herbage, 
first seen in Galatia. It was used in leprosy, tet¬ 
ters, and some other skin diseases. 

A-dar'-con, s. [Heb. adarkon = a daric (1 Chron 
xxix. 7; Ezra viii. 27),in which our English trans 
lators rendered it “ a drachm.” In Ezra ii. 69; Neh 
vii. 70, 71, 72, the word is darkemon also rendered 11 a 
drachm.” Talmud, darkon; Gr. dareikos.] A daric 


b 6 il b 6 y; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, gbin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph - f. 
-cia’n, -tian = shun, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -$ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bel, del. 






adarme 


68 


adder’s-wort 


ft Persian gold coin current in Palestine after the 
Captivity. Who first struck them is still a matter 
of dispute. [Daric.] 

^dar'-me, s. A small weight used in the Span¬ 
ish peninsula and in Spanish America. It is the 
sixteenth part of a Spanish ounce. 

*a-dar-nech, s. A golden color. {Howell.) 
*U-da rned, a. Ashamed. {Coles.) 

*U~dar -rls, s. The flower of sea-water. {Howell.) 
*a-da'§e (pa. par. adased, adassid), v. [Icel. 
dasa; cf. A. S. dwces = stupid.] [Dase.] 

1. Lit.: To dazzle. 

“My clere and shynynge eyen were all adased and 
derked.”— Caxton: Divers Fruytful Ghostly Maters. 

2. Fig. : To put out of countenance. 

“ Betli not aclasecl for your innocence.” 

Chaucer (ed. Urry), p. 106. 

a-da -ta-is, u-da-tls, or a-da'-tys, s. A kind 
of cloth made of muslin. It is manufactured in 
Bengal and other parts of India. 

*a-da'unt, *a-dant, v. t. [A. N. Old form of 
Daunt (q. v.).] 

1. To daunt. {Daniel.) 

2. To tame, to subdue, to extinguish. 

“His fleslie wolde have charged him with fatnesse, but 
that the wantonnesse of his wombe with travaile and 
fastyng he adaunteth." — Robert of Gloucester. 

3. To mitigate; to restrain. 

“ Ageyns heom thy wrathe adant, 

Gef heom mercy.”— Kyng Alisaunder, 2,853. 

*a-da unt-rel-ey, s. [Avauntlay.] 

*U-daw', *a-daw e, v. t. & i. 

A. Transitive: 

1 . To daunt. 

“As one aclaw’d and half confused stood.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. v. 45. 

2. To awake. 

“ But, sire, a man that waketh of his slepe 
He may not sodenly wel taken kepe 
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly 
Till that he be adawed veraily.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,274. 

3. To abate. 

B. Technically : 

1 . To be daunted. {Spenser.) 

2. To awake. 

* a-dawe, adv. [Adaw, v.] Of (from) day. i. e., 

Life. 

“ Some wolde have hym adawe, 

And some sayde it was not lawe.” 

Richard Cceur de Lion, 973. 

a-daw-let, a-daw-lut, s. [Hindustani: (1) 
Justice, equity; (2) a court of justice.] 

In India: A court of justice. In those portions of 
British Oriental possessions where Mohammedan 
jaw terms are in use, the courts of justice are di- 
ridedinto Dexvanee and Foujdarry, the former being 
livil and the latter criminal courts, 
a-da'y, a-da'y, adv. [Eng. a; day.] 

*1. In the daytime, by day. 

“ For what thing William won aday with his bowe, 

Were it fathered foul, or foure-feted beste.” 

William and the Werewolf, p. 8. 

2. Each day. 

“ Cym. Nay, let her languish 
A drop of blood a-day: and, being aged, 

Die of this folly!”— Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 2. 

3. -da y§, adv. [Eng. a; days.] On days or in 
days. Used in the expression “ now-a-days.” 

“There be many servants now-a-days that break away 
every man from his master.”—1 Sam. xxv. 10. 

ad-az, s. [Addice.] {Rennet's MS. Gloss.) {Hal- 
liwell.) 

ad-cor'-por-ate, v. t. [Lat. ad = to; corpus = 
body.] To unite one body to another, to incorpor¬ 
ate. {Minsheu: Guide into Tongues, 1627.) 

add, v. t. & i. [In Ger. addiren; Fr. additionner; 
fr. Lat. addo={ 1 ) to give in addition to, (2) to add: 
ad=to, and do= to give.] 

A. Transitive: 

11. To give in addition to. 

“And she called his name Joseph, and said, The Lord 
jhall add to mo another son.”— Gen. xxx. 24. 

2. To put a number or anything to another. 

(a) To put one number to another with the view 
of ascertaining their sum As a rule, the number 
added to is larger than that which is added to it, 
but it may be otherwise. 

“Whatsoever positive idea a man has in his mind of any 
quantity, he can repeat it, and add it to the former, as 
basily as he can add together the idea of two days or two 
years.”— Locke. 

(b) To put one thing to another. 

“ Can Nature add a charm, or Art confer 
A new-found luxury not seen in her ? ” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 


IT In this sense it is often followed by up, with 
reference to the fact that one desirous of finding the 
sum of a series of figures placed line beneath line, 
generally commences with the lowest, and moves up 
till he reaches the topmost one. {Lit. &fig.) 

“. . . as man can certainly produce groat results by 

adding up in any given direction mere individual differ¬ 
ences.”— Darwin: Origin ot Species, ch. iv. 

“. . . rejecting that which is bad, preserving and 
adding up all that is good.”— Ibid. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To augment, to produce an increase. 

“His influence at Edinburgh added to the terror which 
he inspired among the mountains.”— Macaulay : Hist, of 
England, ch. xiii. 

2. To append one statement to another. 

“He added that he would willingly consent to the en¬ 
tire abolition of the tax if it should appear that the tax 
and the abuses were inseparable.”— Macaulay : Hist, of 
Eng., ch. xi. 

IT In the example under B. 1, there may be an 
ellipsis of an accusative after added; and in that 
under B. 2, the whole statement commencing that he 
would may be regarded as a substitute for an ac¬ 
cusative. 

ad -da, s. [Arabic.] A small lizard, the Scincus 

f einalis, which occurs in Syria, Arabia, India, 
_ypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and elsewhere. It is cel¬ 
ebrated by Eastern physicians on account of its 
imagined efficacy in curing elephantiasis, leprosy, 
and other cutaneous diseases common in those re¬ 
gions. 

tad -da-ble, a. [Addible.] 
ad -dax, s- [An African word; Lat. addax, genit. 
addacis. (Pliny, ii. 37.) Col. Hamilton Smith 
considers Pliny’s strepsiceros to be the genuine ad¬ 
dax. {Griffith's Cuvier, iv. 193.)] A species of an¬ 
telope, formerly called Oryx addax , now Oryx 
nasomaculata. It is about three feet seven inches 
high at the shoulder, and three feet eight inches at 
the loins. It has a lengthened mane upon the neck, 
and a tuft of hair beneath the throat, points by 
which it is distinguished from the typical Oryces. 
The horns are equally robust in both sexes, and 
have two and a-half spiral turns. The greater part 
of the animal is of a white color. It is found in 
Arabia, in the Sahara, and as far west as Senegal. 
*adde, pret. ofv. [Had.] 

ad-deg-im-ate, v. t. [Lat. ad= to; decimo— to 
decimate; decimus= the_ tenth; decern— ten.] To 
take tithes, or to ascertain the amount of tithes, 
ad'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Add.] 

A. As past participle: 

“. . . I wish to get the added force of all ten.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Frag, of Science, iv. 77. 

B. As adjective: Additional. 

“ The baby seems to smile with added charms.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error, 521. 
*ad-deem , ad-dem e, v. t [A. S. ad<Zman= to 
judge, adjudge, doom, deem, or try.] To deem, to 
adjudge, to account, to regard. 

“And for revengement. of those wrongful smarts, 
W T hich I to others did inflict afore, 

Addeem’d me to endure this penance sore.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI., viii. 22. 

*ad-deem'-ed, *ad-dem ed, pa. par. [Addeem.] 
ad-den-diim, pi. ad-den -da, gerundive par. 
[Latin.] 

Sing.: A thing {plur. things) to be added, 
ad-de-phag -1-a, s. [Adephagia.] 
ad'-der, s. A person who, or a machine which 
adds numbers. 

ad'-der, s. [A. S. ncedre= an adder, the form ad¬ 
der having arisen from the wrong division of the 
article and the noun, a nceddre. an ceddre ; Dut. 
adder= a viper; Icel. nadhr, nadhra; Goth, nadrs, 
Wel . neider; Lat. natrix—a. water-snake.] [Nat- 
rix.] 

I. Specifically: 

1 . The most common English name of the viper, 
Pelias berus. Its color is yellowish-brown or olive, 
with a double series of black spots along the back, 
and the sides paler and spotted with black. 
It has a broad 
triangular 
bead and a 
short tail. It 
rarely exceeds 
two feet in 
length. It is 
the only pois¬ 
onous re p t i le 
found in Brit¬ 
ain. The com¬ 
mon snake 
{Coluber na- 
trix), which is 
sometimes con¬ 
founded with The Adder (Pelias Berus). 
it, may be dis¬ 
tinguished by having a longer tail, and what looks 


like a yellowish-white collar around its neck. The 
minute wounds made by an adder-bite should be 
promptly sucked and the poison spat out, after 
which they should be bathed with olive-oil. and 
ammonia administered internally. 

“It is the bright day that brings forth the adder : 

And that craves wary walking.” 

Shakesp.; Julius Ccesar, ii. L 

In America the term is applied to several varie¬ 
ties of non-venomous reptiles, such as the puffing 
adder, milk adder, <fec. 

2. In Scripture: An appellation given to four 
probably venomous snakes: 

(a) Hob. achshub, Gr. aspis=the viper (Bochart, 
&c.) or the puif adder (Col. Hamilton Smith), Ps. 
cxl. 3, quoted in Rom. iii. 13, where the reptile is 
called the asp. 

{b) Heb. pethen , Ps. lviii. 5 ; xci. 13=the “ asp ” of 
Deut. xxxii. 33: Job xx. 14, 16; Isa. xi. 8 . It may be 
the Naia haje (Dr. Lindsay Alexander, &c.) ; 

(c) Heb. tsiphoni and tsepha, Prov. xxiii. 32. In 
this passage it is rendered in Septuagint Greek 
kerastes. It is the “cockatrice” of Isa. xi. 8 ; xiv. 
29: lix. 5. [Cockatbice.] 

(d) Heb. shephiphon, Gen. xlix. 17. Probably the 
Vipera cerastes 

“Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the 
path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall 
fall backward.”— Gen. xlix. 17. 

II. Genetically: 

1. Any serpent of the extended Linnsean genus 
Coluber. {Griffith's Cuvier, ix. 256, 331.) 

2. Plural. Adders. The name given by Haeckel’s 
translator to the Aglypbodouta, a sub-order of Ser¬ 
pents. 

3. An animal, plant, or anything more or less 
closely resembling the adder described under No. 1. 
(See the compounds below.) 

adder-bead, s. [Adder-stone.] {Scotch.) 

adder-bolt, adder-fly, s. A name sometimes 
given to various species of dragon-flies. 

adder-gem, s. A kind of charm. 

adder-like, a. Like an adder. 

Spec.: Venomous, revengeful. 

“Worm-like ’twas trampled— adder-like avenged.” 

Byron: Corsair, canto i. 14. 

adder-pike, s. The lesser-weaver, or sting-fish 
{Trachinus vipera). 

adder’s-grass, s. 

*1. A plant; the Cynosorchis. {Gerard: Herball.) 

2. A name sometimes given to the adder’s tongue 
(q. v.). 

adder's mouth, s. A name for the plants of the 
genus Microstylis. {American.) 

adder-stone, adder-bead {Scotch), s. [So called 
because it was formerly supposed to be formed by 
adders. (See Jamieson: Scott. Diet.)] A stone or 
bead used by the Druids as an amulet. 

adder’s tongue, s. 

I. Singular: 

1 . The English name of the fern-genus Ophioglos- 
sum. The scientific appellation [fr. Gr. ophis=& 
serpent; gZos.sa=tongue] has nearly the same mean- 



Adder’s Tongue (Ophioglossum Vulgatum). 

1. Complete plant. 2. Fructification. 

3. Portion of No. 2 magnified. 4. Spores. 

ing. The reference is to the fact that the fructifica¬ 
tion is not, as is usual with ferns, on the back of the 
frond, but is in a lengthened spike, remotely re¬ 
sembling a serpent’s tongue. 

2. Yellow adder's tongue: A name for the Ery- 
thronium Amerlcanum,, a genus of liliaceous plants. 

II. Plural: Lindley’s name for the Ophioglos- 
saceee, an order of the Felicales or Fern-alliance. 
[Ophioglossaceas.] 
adder’s-wort, s. 

* 1. The common bistort, or snakeweed {Polygonum, 
bistorta). 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 







addettit 


69 


address 


J2. The adder’s tongue ( Ophioglossum ) (q. v.). 

IT The sea-adder is a pipe-fish—the Syngnathus 
acus . [Sea-adder.] 

*£d-det'-tit, pa. par. [Debt.] Indebted. {Scotch.) 

“And was addettit for my misdoing, 

Unto our cuntre to have sufferit pane.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 351. 

ad -di-bil'-i-ty, *ad-da-bil'-i-ty, s. [Lat. addo 
=to put to, to add.] Capability of being added. 

“ This endless addition or addibility (if any one like the 
word better) of numbers, so apparent to the mind, is that 
which gives us the clearest and most distinct idea of 
infinity.”— Locke. 

ad -di-ble, ad -da-ble, a. [Lat. addo= to put 
to, to add.] That may be added, capable of being 
added. 

“ The first number in every addition is called the ad- 
dable number ; the other the number or numbers added ; 
and the numbers invented by the addition, the aggregate 
or sum.”— Cocker. 

“The clearest idea it can get of infinity is the confused 
incomprehensible remainder of endless addible numbers, 
Which aifords no prospect of stop or boundary.”— Locke. 

*ad -dige (1), s . [Adze.] 

“ The addice hath its blade made thin and somewhat 
arching. As the axe hath its edge parallel to its handle, 
bo the addice hath its edge athwart the handle, and is 
ground to a basil on its inside to its outer edge.”— Moxon: 
Mechanical Exercises. 

*ad'-dige (2), s. An addled egg. {Huloet.) {Halli- 
joell .) 

ad-dlct', v. t. [Lat. addictus , pa. par- of addico 
=to adjudge or assign, to devote to: ad= to; dico , 
dicavi— to dedicate, to consecrate.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Completely to give one’s self over to a practice 
or pursuit. This may be good, indifferent, or bad. 

(a) Good: 

“ They have addicted themselves to the ministry of the 
saints.”— 1 Cor. xvi. 15. 

( b) Indifferent: 

“. . . as little addicted to staying at home as their kins¬ 
folk of New England.” — J. S. Mill: Pol. Econ. 

“A poet’s cat, sedate and grave 
As poet well could wish to have, 

Was much addicted to inquire 

For nooks to which she might retire.” 

Cowper: The Retired Cat. 

. . the Hebrew, which stands second in point of 
antiquity, is less addicted to this practice.”— Beames: 
Compar. Gram., Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i., ch. iv. 

(c) Bad: 

“A man gross indeed, sottish, and addicted to low com¬ 
pany and low merriment.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

If It is not creditable to human nature that the 
bad sense of the word now is the most common one, 
as if one more frequently gave himself over to an 
evil pursuit or practice than to a good one, and the 
devotion in the former case was, as a rule, greater 
than in the latter. 

B. Technically. Old Roman Law: Various mean¬ 
ings, among others, to assign a debtor to the service 
of his creditor as a means of liquidating his debt. 


ad-dit-a-ment, s. [Lat. additamentum ) q. v.] 
Something added, as property to property pre¬ 
viously acquired, furniture to a house, or a commer¬ 
cial venture to one which has gone before. [Addit- 
AMENTUM.] 

“But then it must be considered whether the charge of 
the additament will not destroy the profit.”— Bacon: 
Physiol. Rem. 

ad-dit-a-men-tum, s. [Lat. = an addition, an 
increase.] 

Old Anat. : That method of joining bone to bone 
which is called epiphysis- [Epiphysis.] 

ad-dl -tion, s. [In Ger. and Fr. addition; Ital. 
addizione: fr. Lat. additio; addo= to put to.] [Add.] 

I. The act of adding— 

(a) An arithmetical number, an algebraic term, 
or, more generally, anything to another of the same 
kind. 

“The infinite distance between the Creator and the 
noblest of all creatures can never be measured, nor ex¬ 
hausted by endless addition of finite degrees.”— Bent. 

{b) Anything to one of a different kind, as “this 
addition of insult to injury,” 

II. The state of being added to. 

“Their common object was to collect the memorials 
preserved in the different nations and cities, whether in 
sacred or civil depositories, and to publish them for gen¬ 
eral information, in the form in which they were ob¬ 
tained, without addition or subtraction.”— Lewis: Early 
Rom. Hist., ch. xiv. 

III. The thing added. 

(a) Ordinary Language: An arithmetical num¬ 
ber, an algebraic term, or anything added to an¬ 
other of the same kind or to something else of a 
different character. 

“ Such a kingdom, had it been contiguous to Provence, 
would indeed have been a most formidable addition to 
the French monarchy.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

“ They are not mentioned by Livy, and probably formed 
no part of the Licinian law, but were additions of a sub¬ 
sequent date.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xiii. 

(b) Technically: 

1. Arith.: The branch of arithmetic which teaches 
how one can find a number equal to the sum of two 
or more given numbers. It is divided into simple 
and compound addition. Simple addition deals 
with numbers of the same denomination, as 

$2.00 

6 $3.00 

5 $4.00 


11 


$9.00 

while compound addition has to do with those of 
different denominations, as 

£ s. d. 

1 6 11 

2 4 8 


£3 11 7 

“ Addition is the reduction of two or more numbers of 
like kind together into one sum or total.” — Cocker: Arith¬ 
metic. 


2. Her.: Something added to a coat of arms as a 

-- . . . _ mark of honor, as, for instance, a bordure, a quar- 

The principal of the debt, as contradistinguished ter, a canton, a gyron, or a pile. It is opposed to 
from the interest accruing on it, was called addict - Abatement. [Abatement.] {Lit. and fig.) 


us. With tacit reference to this Roman custom, 
Ben Jonson says, “ I am neither author nor fauter 
of any sect, but if I have anything, defend it as 
truths.” 

“ . . . the technical difference between the nexus 
and the addictus, or between the debt arising from the 
principal loan and that arising from unpaid interest.”— 
Lewis: Early Roman Hist., ch. xii. 

ad-dict', a. [Lat. addictus , pa. par. of addico.'] 

Addicted. . ,, 

“If he be addict to vice.” 

Shakesp.: Passionate Pilgrim, 17. 

ad-dlCt'-ed, pa. par. [Addict.] Wholly given 
over to. This may be done formally; or it may 
arise, without the deliberate intention of the indi¬ 
vidual, by his allowing himself to be overmastered 
by a habit. 

tad-dict'-ed-ness, s. [Addicted.] The quality 
or the state of being addicted. 

“Those know how little I have remitted of my former 
addictedness to make chemical experiments.”— Boyle. 

ad-dict-ihg, pr.par. [Addict.] 


“ Ajax. I thank thee, Hector: 

Thou art too gentle, and too free a man: 

I came to kill thee, cousin, and bear hence 
A great addition earned in thy death.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida , iv. 5 . 

“They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase 
Soil our addition; and indeed it takes 
From our achievements.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 4 . 

3. Music: A dot placed at the right side of a note, 
to indicate that it is to be lengthened one half. 
Thus is a crotchet and a half, not simply a 
crotchet. 

4. Distillation: Anything added to a wash or 
liquor when it is in a state of fermentation. 

ad-di'-tion-al, a. & s. [In Fr. additionel.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to that which is 
added. 

“. . . whether any, or if any, how much, of these 
additional debts would be claimed.”— Froude: Hist, of 
Engl., vol. iv. 

“. . . every increase of capital gives, or is capable of 
giving, additional employment to industry, ~~ J * l "’~ 


^ ^ to industry, and this 

|[ It is generally followed by a reflective pronoun, without assignable limit.”—/. S. Mill: Political Economy. 
Its meaning is=devoting [one’s self] to, giving one’s B. As substantive: That which is added, 

self wholly over to ; allowing one’s self to become a “Maybe, some little additional may further the incor- 

slave to a habit. poration.” — Bacon. 

g,d-dlC -tion, s. [Lat. ciddictio= the sentence of ad-dl 
a praetor adjudging property to any one, or a debtor addition. 

to the service of his creditor.] 

1. The act of addicting or devoting. 

2. The state of being addicted or devoted; pro¬ 
pensity, proclivity. 


ad-di'-tion-^Ll-ly, adv. [Addition.] By way of 
[Addition.] The same as 


“Since his addiction was to courses vain; 

His companies unletter’d, rude, and shallow.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry V., i. 1 . 

ad -ding, pr. par. [Add.] 


ad-di'-tion-a-ry, a. 

Additional. 

ad'-dit-ive, a. [Lat. additivus.] That may be or 
is to be added; opposed to subtraction. (Used of 
numbers, of algebraic quantities, or figuratively.) 

“ . . . all of it is additive , none of it is subtractive.” 

— Carlyle: Heroes and Hej'o-Worship, Lect. IV. 


ad'-dit-or-y, a. [Addition.] That which adds 
or may add. 

“The additory fiction gives to a great man a larger 
share of reputation than belongs to him, to enable him to 
serve some good end or purpose.”— Arbuthnot. 

ad -dix, s. [Gr. addix = a measure of four clibin - 
ikes.] A Greek measure of capacity, containing 
about half an English gallon. 

*ad -die (1), v. t. & i. [O. Norse odlask = to get, 
to grow; Sw. odla = to till, to cultivate the soil, the 
sciences, the memory.] 

A. Transitive: To earn, to get by cultivation or 
labor. 

“With goodmen’s hogs, or corn, or hay 
I addle my ninepence every day.” 

Richard of Dalton Dale. 

B. Intransitive : To grow, to thrive. 

“ Where ivye embraseth the tree very sore, 

Kill ivye, ar tree else will addle no more.” 

Tusser: Five Hundred Points (1573), p. 47. 

ad'-dle (2), v. t. [In A. S. adl , adel, adol is = a 
disease; as adj. = diseased, corrupted, putrid; 
adela = filth, adelilit = filthy; Wei. hadlu = to de¬ 
cay, to rot; Sw. adla or ala = to pass urine. (Used 
of cows.)] To cause to rot by depriving of vitality* 
(Used chiefly of eggs.) [See the adjective.] 

IT Rarely, if ever, employed, except in the pa. par. 
Addled (q. v.). 

ad'-dle, *ad-ill {0.Scotch), a. &s. [See the verb.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Putrid through having been deprived of 
vitality, as an egg. 

“There’s one with truncheon, like a ladle, 

That carries eggs too fresh or addle; 

And still at random, as he goes, 

Among the rabble rout bestows.”— Hudibras. 

2. Deprived of intellectual vitality. 

“ . . . yet thy head has been beaten as addle as an egg." 
— Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 1. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Foul and putrid water. 

“ . . . sche gan behold 
In black adill the hallowit watter cold 
Changit in the altare.”— Doug.: Virg., 115. 

2. The dry lees of wine. 

addle-headed, a. [Eng. addle; head.] A term 
of contempt applied to one whose brain seems 
destitute of all intellectual vitality. 

addle-pated, a. [Eng. addle ; pate.] The same 
as Addle-headed. 

“Poor slaves in metre, dull and addle-pated; 

Who rhyme, below even David’s psalms translated.” 

Dryden. 

ad -died, pa. par. & a. [Addle (2).] Putrescent, 
rotten. (Used chiefly of eggs when in a state or 
decay through being deprived of vitality.) 

“Now, if the cuckoo was obliged to sit on her own eggs, 
she would either have to sit on altogether, and therefore 
leave those first laid so long that they probably would 
become addled .”— Darwin: Journal of Voyage round the 
World, ch. iii. 

ad-dol -or-ate, v. i. [Lat. ad= to, for; dolors 
grief.] To grieve. {Florio: Eng. & Ital. Dict. t 
“ Dolorare”) 

ad-doo m, v. t. [A. S. deman= to deem, judge, 
think.] To adjudge, to doom. [Deem, Doom.] 
ad-dor se, v. t. [Lat. ad= to; dorsum— back.] 
Her.: To place back to back. (Used of animals 
on coats of arms.) 

$d-dor sed, pa. par. & a. [Ad* 

DORSE.] 

As adjective. Her.: Back to 
back (used of animals on coats 
of arms, or, less frequently, of 
any other figures capable of 
being placed back to back.) In 
place of addorsed , the^ French 
term adoss£ , or the English word 
endorsed , is occasionally em¬ 
ployed. {Glossary of Heraldry.) 

*ad-doub ed, a. [A. N.] 

Armed, accoutred. 

“. . . was hotter than ever to provide himself ol 

horse and armor, saying that he would go to the island 
bravely addoubed, and show himself to his charge.”-' 
Sidney: Arcadia, p. 277. 

3 . d-doul se, v. t. [Adulce.] 

ad-dress', v. t. & i. [Fr. adresser ; O. Fr. adrescer s 
adrecier , from Late Lat. drictio , directio , from Lat 
directus .] [Dress.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To make straight. 

2. To dispose, to make military or naval disposi* 
tions, or generally to prepare for any .enterprise ol 
work. 

“ They fell directly on the English battle ; whereupoa 
the Earl of Warwick addressed his men, to take th# 
flank.”— Hayward. 



Addorsed. 


1 ) 611 , boy*, pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan- -tion, 


§ell, cborus, chin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; 
= zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?L 











address 


70 


adenanthera 


JS, 


It is sometimes used in this sense with the re¬ 
flexive pronoun self or selves. 

“ It lifted up its head, and did address 
Itself to motion, like as it would speak.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i.l. 

*3. To put on : as, To address one’s arms. 

4. To direct prayers, vows, or, indeed, oral com¬ 
munications of any kind to a person or Being. Fol¬ 
lowed by the accusative of the vow, petition, or 
other communication, and to applied to the person 
or being addressed. 

“ Away ! address thy prayers to Heaven.” 

Byron: Parisina, 12. 

Specially: 

(a) To make a speech to, followed by the accusa¬ 
tive of the public body or other audience ad¬ 
dressed. 

“He now addressed the House of Peers, for the first 
time, with characteristic eloquence, sprightliness, and 
audacity.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

To present to a superior, and especially to the 
ling sovereign, a congratulatory, supplicative, or 
other formal document in which he figures in the 
second person. Also to pray or return thanks to 
God. 

“The representatives of the nation in Parliament, and 
the privy-council, addressed the king to have it recalled.” 
— Swift. 

“Strains follow’d of acknowledgment address’d 
To an Authority enthroned above 
The reach of sight.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

IT In this second sense also it is sometimes used 
with the reflexive pronoun self or selves. 

“In vain did she address herself to numerous places in 
Greece, the Asiatic coast, and the intermediate islands.” 
— Grote-. Hist, of Greece, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i. 

5. To write a direction on the back of a letter. 
[Address, s., III. 3.] 

II. Technically: 

1. Comm.: To consign goods to the care of an 
agent, or, generally, of another. 

2. Golf.: To aim: as, To address the ball. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To prepare. 

2. To make a communication to, to speak to. 

“Young Turnus too the beauteous maid addressed.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid, viii. 83. 

IT By supposing ellipses of accusatives in the two 
last senses, the intransitive use of the verb will 
disappear. 

gid-dress', s. [In Ger. & Fr. adresse.} 

*1. The preparing of one’s self for action or a 
course of conduct. 

“His [Christ’s] address to judgment shall sufficiently 
declare his person, and his office, and his proper 
glories.”— J. Taylor: Sermon. 

II. The act of making a verbal or written commu¬ 
nication. 

Specially: 

1. Manner of speaking, delivery. 

“. . . Affectionate in look, 

And tender in address, as well becomes 
A messenger of grace to guilty men.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. ii. 

2. Tact, skillful management. 

“Prior, with much address, and perhaps with the help 
of a little hypocrisy, completely removed this unfavor¬ 
able impression.”— Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., ch. xxiii. 

III. The verbal or written communication made. 

“While Westminster was in this state of excitement, 
the Common Council was preparing at Guildhall an ad¬ 
dress of thanks and congratulation.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. x. 

“Venus had heard the virgin’s soft address, 

That, as the wound, the passion might increase.” 

Prior. 

Specially: 

1. A soft speech, or soft speeches, made to a fe- 


ad-dress'-er, s. [Address.] One who addresses. 
“The addressers offer their own persons.” —Burke to 
the Sheriff of Bristol. 

Ad-dress -ful, a. [Address, s.] Full of address, 
fuii of tact, skillful. [Address, a., II. 2.] 
ad-dress'-Ing, pr. par. [Address, v.] 
*ad-dress-mgnt, s. [Eng. address; -ment .] Ad¬ 
dressing. 


a-del-ar-thros -ma-ta, s. [Gr. adelos =not seen, 

inconspicuous, secret; art/(,ron=articulation, joint; 
and som«=body.] Animals having bodies with in¬ 
conspicuous joints. , 

Zool.: The third order of Tracheanan spiders. It 
consists of animals which have the cephalo-thorax 
and the abdomen closely united; but in the latter, 
when closely examined, inconspicuous annulations 
will appear. They have jaws, connected with which 


, , , . T are palpi and nipping claws like thoseof the scorpion. 

The most solemn piece of all the Jewish service— 1 Th ar0 fliv jq e q j llto three families—the Phalangi- 


■A. XX V DpCCV/ilj V71 A V OpODVIICa* llldUU LU Ct iU* iMVUiwco (ill 

male with the view of gaining her affections; court- Henry VII. 


mean that great atonement — was performed toward the 
east, quite contrary to all other manner of addressment 
in their devotion.”— Ord MS. ( Latham : Lict.) 
tsid-drest, pa. par. [Addressed.] 
ad-du'ge, v.t. [Lat. adduco- to lead to, to con¬ 
duct: ad— to; duco=to lead.] 

11. To lead or draw to. 

2. To bring forward or cite a passage, an example, 
an argument, or decision in favor of a statement or 
opinion. 

“ In such cases it would seem to be the simple duty, 
and the only course for the historian, to relate the facts 
as recorded, to adduce his authorities, and to abstain from 
all explanation for which he has no ground.”— Milman: 
Hist, of Jews, 3d edit., Preface. 

“Numerous examples of this power maybe adduced.” — 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 11. 

“ Reasons of no great weight were adduced on both sides; 
for neither party ventured to speak out.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xii. 

3 , d-du'ged, pa. par. [Adduce.] 
ad-du-gent, a. [Lat. adducens, pr. par. of ad¬ 
duco.} [Adduce.] Leading or drawing to. 

Anat. : A term applied to muscles which draw one 
portion of the bodily structure toward another. 

Adducent muscles — adductor muscles. [ Ad¬ 
ductor.] 

ad-du-ger, s. [Adduce.] One who adduces or 
brings forward, or cites for the purpose of argument. 

ad-du-gl-ble, a. [Eng. adduce; -ible = able.] 
Which may be adduced or brought forward. 

“ The adducible testimonies in favor of . . . .”— Glad¬ 
stone: State ire Relation to Church. 

9 ,d-du'-ging, pr. par. [Adduce.] 
fad-duct 1 , v. t. To draw or lead to, to lure. 

“. . . either impelled by lewd disposition, or ad¬ 
ducted by hope of rewards.”— Time’s Storehouse. Ord MS. 

ad-duc -tion, s. [Lat. adductum, supine of ad¬ 
duco.} [Adduce.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1 & 2. The act of leading or drawing to, bringing 
forward or citing; the state of being led or drawn 
to, brought forward or cited. 

B. Technically: 

Anat.: The drawing together of one part of the 
frame to another by the action of muscles. 

ad-duct'-ive, a. [InFr . adduct if.} Leading or 
drawing to; bringing forward; or fitted to do so. 

“. . . their adductive motion.”— Brevint : Saul and 
Samuel at Endor, p. 411. 

ad-duct-or, s. or a. [Lat.] (s.) That which leads 
or draws to ; (a.) leading or drawing to. 

Anat.: A term applied to a muscle whose function 
it is to bring one part of the physical frame towards 
or in contact with another one, which, as a rule, is 
larger or more important than the first. 

“The muscular impressions [in bivalve shells] are those 
of the adductors, the foot and byssus, the siphons and the 
mantle.”— Woodward : Mollusca, p. 401. 

“ The adductor impressions are usually simple, although 
the muscles themselves may be composed of two ele¬ 
ments.”— Ibid, pp. 400-1. 

*&d-du lge, *§.-du lge, *g,d-dou lse, v.t. [Lat. 

d«Zcis=sweet.] 

Lit. &fig. : To sweeten. (Minsheu : Diet. Howell: 
Diet.) 

“ Thus did the French ambassadors, with great show of 
their king’s affection, and many sugared words, seek to 
addulce all matters between the two kings.”— Bacon : 


ship. Formerly sing, and plur., now plur. only. 
Chiefly in the phrases “ to pay one’s addresses to,” 
or, more rarely, “ to make one’s addresses to.” 

“They often have reveal’d their passion to me: 

But tell me whose address thou favor’st most; 

I long to know, and yet I dread to hear it.” 

Addison. 

“A gentleman, whom I am sure you yourself would 
have approved, made his addresses to me.”— Addison. 

2. The direction on the back of a letter; the in¬ 
timation on a visiting card, or anything similar, as 
to what one’s full name is and where one resides. 

sid-dress'ed, *gi.d-drest', pa. par. [Address, u.] 
Prepared, ready. 

ad-dress-ee', s. One to whom something is ad¬ 
dressed ; especially,[one to whom a letter or package 


-ade. A suffix occurring in words originally 
French, as cannonade, rodomontade. It corresponds 
to the Spanish ada, the Italian ata, and the Latin 
pa. par. atus. It implies an action in progress. 

a’-deb, s. [Arab.] An Egyptian weight, gener¬ 
ally of 210 okes. In Rosetta, however, it is only 150 
okes. The oke is about 22C English pounds avoirdu¬ 
pois. 

a-de -lg., s. [Gr. adelos= not seen, inconspicuous: 
a, priv.; and delos= visible.] A genus of moths, be¬ 
longing to the family of Yponomeutidae. It contains 
the A. De Geerella, or Long-horn Moth, which spins 
thin gossamer threads like those of spiders. It is 
found in woods. 

ad-el-an-ta'-do, s. [Span.] A governor of a 
province; a lieutenant-governor. {Minsheu.) 

Open no door; if the adelantado of Spain were here, 


. • i 1 A rnl ” j ■ -i • i l • t , F IJull HU UUUI , AX tliu U A tj UdlH Wole HcAP. 

Is mailed. The word is used m this sense by the } ie should not enter.” — B. Jons on: Every Man Out of His 
P. O. department of the U. S. Humor. 


fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
wglf, work, 


They i_ 

daj, the Cheliforidee, and the Solpugidte (q. v.). 

a-del-as -ter, s. [Gr. adelos= not seen, and aster 
—a star. Lit. • An unseen star.] 

Bot.: A nominal genus proposed for the purpose 
of placing under it those garden plants which, not 
having been seen in flower, or at least not yet having 
had the flowers botanically examined, cannot for 
the present be classified. With the progress of 
botany, one adelaster after another will find another 
resting-place, and the artificial genus will dis¬ 
appear. 

ad'-el-Iiig, ath-el-Tng, s. [A. S. cetheling, 
adelyng= the son of a king, a prince, one of the 
royal blood, the heir apparent to the crown, a noble¬ 
man next in rank to the king. ( Bosworth .) From 
cethel, cethele— noble, and ling=state or condition of 
a person, in Sw. adelig; Dut. edel; Ger. edel and 
adelig=noble. In Sp. hidalgo= an inferior grade of 
nobleman. In Arab, athala is=to be well rooted, or 
to be of noble stock or birth.] A title of honor in 
common use among the Saxons. It occurs in the 
name Edgar Atheling. [Ethel, Athel.] 
ad -el-Ite, s. [Sp.] A person belonging to the 
class of Spanish conjurers who pretended to read 
fortunes by the flight or singing of birds and other 
so-called omens. They were called also Almoga- 
neans. 

g.-del - 6 -p 5 de, s. [Gr. adelos= not seen, obscure; 
a, priv.; deZos=visible; pous, genit._£odos=foot.] 
Zool.: One of a species not having visible feet, not 
having the feet apparent. 
g.-del -phl-a, s. pi. [Gr. adelphos=a brother.] 
Bot.: Brotherhoods. The fanciful but still not 
inappropriate name given by Linnaeus to the aggre¬ 
gations or bundles of stamina found in some genera 
of plants. When all the stamina in a flower were 
aggregated into one bundle, as in the mallows and 
geraniums, he placed the plant under his cl ass Mon- 
adelphia (one brotherhood) ; when into two bun¬ 
dles, as in most of the papilionaceous sub-order, he 
ranked it under his Diadelphia (two brotherhoods) ; 
and when into more than two, as in the Hypericum, 
then it was assigned its place in his Polyadelphia 
(many brotherhoods). 

A-del-phi-a-nl, A-del-phl-an§, s. pi. [Named 
after their leader, Adelphius.] 

Ch. Hist.: A Christian sect in the fourth century, 
the members of which always fasted on Sunday 
[Euchites.] 

a-del-pho-llte, s. [In Ger. adelpholit, fr. Gr. 
adelphos— a brother, and lithos=stone.} 

Min.: A columbate of iron and manganese. It is 
subtranslucent, has tetragonal crystals, a greasy 
lustre, a brownish-yellow, brown, or black color, 
and a white or yellowish-white streak. It is from 
Finland, where it occurs with columbite. {Dana.) 
*ad-em-3ind, s. [Adamant.] 
ad-emp-tion, s. [Lat. ademptions, taking 
away: ad — to ; emptio = a buying ; adimo, ademi, 
ademptum= to take to one’s self, to take away: ad— 
to; emo= to take, to receive, to buy.] 

Law: The revocation of a grant. 

*a-den' (pa. par. adenyd), v. (Old form of Din 
( q. v.).] To din, to stun. 

“I was adenyd of that dynt, 

Hit stoned me and made me stont, 

Styl out of my steven.” 

MS. Douce. {Halliwell.) 
A’-dgn, s. [Arabic for Heb. Eden.] 

Poet.: Eden. 

“ For thee in those bright isles is built a bower, 
Blooming as Aden in its earliest hour.” 

Byron: Bride of Abydos, canto ii. 20. 
a-den-and'-ra, s. [(1) Gr. aden= (i.) an acorn, 
(n.) a gland; aner, genit. andros= a male. Bot.: 
A stamen.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Rutace®, Rueworts, and the section Diosmese. 
Several species are cultivated in greenhouses. 

a-den-an-ther-a, s. [In Sp., Port, and Ital, 
adenantera, fr. Gr. aden={ 1 ) an acorn, (2) a gland: 
antheros=f}owery, blooming: cintheo= to bloom; 
anthos= a blossom, a flower.] Bastard flower fence. 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Legumi- 
nosse, and the sub-order Mimoseee. The best known 
species is the A. pavonina, an unarmed tree, with 
small white flowers, in axillary and terminal 
racemes. It is wild in some parts of India, besides 
growing there in gardens. The bright scarlet seeds 
are worn by women in the East as beads, and the 


What, 

who, 


fall, 

son; 


father; we, wet, here, 
mute, cub, ciire, \mite, 


camel, her, th6re; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, te = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu = kw. 





adeniform 


71 


adhere 


chips yield a yellow dye, called in the Mahratta 
country Rukta-chundum, or red sandal-wood, which 
is used by the Brahmans for marking their foreheads. 

a-den-I-form, a. [Gr. aden=( 1) an acorn, (2) a 
gland; Bat. forma=loTm, shape.] Shaped like a 
gland. 

a-deil-I-tls, s. [Gr. aden= . . a gland; suff. 
-itis= inflammation. ] 

Med.: Inflammation of the lymphatic glands. It 
almost always exists with angeioleucitis== inflam- 
matron of the lymphatic vessels. It is produced 
when an open wound of any kind comes in contact 
with irritating or poisonous matter, generally from 
without, though sometimes also generated within 
itself. When one with a sore on his hand has to 
touch a noxious fluid, he should smear the wound 
with oil or grease to prevent the poisoning of the 
absorbents. 

A-den-o. 

In composition: Connected with a gland, affect- 
ing a gland. 

adeno-meningeal fever, s. A particular kind 
of fever, believed by Pinel to arise from the diseases 
of the mucous follicles of the intestines, and from 
that alone. (Dr. Tweedie: Cycl. of Pract. Med., 
art. “ Fever.") 

a-den-6-car-piis, s. [Gr. aden= . . . a gland; 
karpos= fruit.] 

Botany: A genus of papilionaceous plants allied 
to Genista. They have fine yellow flowers, and are 
found on the mountains of Southern Europe and 
the regions adjacent. 

ad-en- 6 -§e'le, s. [Gr. aden — a gland; kcle= a 

tumor. ] 

Surgery: A growth or tumor in the female breast, 
resembling the tissue of the breast itself. It takes 
a variety of forms, and has been called Chronic 
Mammary Tumor, Pancreatic Sarcoma , Mammary 
Glandular Tumor, Hydatid Disease of the Breast, 
and Serocystic Sarcoma. It requires excision. 

a-den -Og-ra-phy, s. [Gr. aden= a gland, and 
graphe=& delineation, a description; grapho= to 
write.] The department of anatomy which treats 
of the glands. 

a-den-did, a. [Gr. aden=a gland; eidos = that 
which is seen, form; from eido— to see.] Having 
the form of a gland, glandiform. 

a-den-ol-og-I-cal, a. [Adenology.] Pertain¬ 
ing to the science of adenology; pertaining to in¬ 
vestigations regarding the glands. 

a-den-ol'-o-gy, a. [Gr. aden= a gland; logos= a 
discourse.] 

Abat.: That part of anatomical science which 
treats of the glands, their structure, function, and 
the alteration which they undergo in disease. 

a-den-oph-y'-ma, s. [Gr. aden-a gland; 
phyma (also Lat. phyma)—a growth, a tumor, fr. 
phyo= to bring forth.] 

Med.: The swelling of a gland. When the liver is 
thus affected, the term used is hepatophyma ; when 
the groin, then it is bubo. 

ad-en-OS, s. “Marine cotton,” a species of cot¬ 
ton brought from Aleppo. 

ad-en'-ose, a. [Gr. aden= a gland.] Resembling 
a gland; pertaining to a gland; adenous. 

ad-en-ost-y -le-se, s. pi. [Gr. aden— ... a 
gland ; Gr. and Lat. stylus^ a pillar, a style for writ¬ 
ing with, the style of a plant.] 

Bot.: A sub-tribe or sub-division of Composite 
plants of the tribe or division Eupatoriace®. It 
consists of genera in which the style is covered with 
long glandular hairs. Examples: Adenostylis, 
Eupatorium, Linatris. [Adenostylis.] 
ad-en-ost-y -lis, s. [Adenostylea:.] 

Bot.: The typical genus of the tribe Adenostyle® 
(q. v.). The species are found on the mountains pf 
Southern Europe. A. glabra has been used in 
coughs. 

ad-en-ot -om s. [Gr. aden= a gland, and tome 
=a cutting, from temno= to cut.] 

Anat.: The cutting of a gland. 
ad’-en-OUS, a. [Gr. adcn= a gland.] The same 
as Adenose (q. v.). 

*A~dent , v. t. To fasten. {Minsheu.) 

*g,-den'-f d, pa. par. [Aden, v.] 

Ad-e-0 -na, s. [A Roman goddess.] 

1. Astron.: An asteroid—the 145th found. It was 
discovered by Mr. C. H. T. Peters on the 3d of June, 
1875; another asteroid, Vibilia, having previously 
been met with by the same gentleman that night. 

2. Zool.: A genus of Zoophytes allied to Eschara. 

*a-dep’-9ioun, s. [Adeption.] 
a-deph - 3 ,-gA, s. [Gr. adephagos=e ating one’s 
fill and more: (1) aden- to one’s fill, enough; adeo= 
to satiate; (2) phagein=to eat, 2 aor. of phagomai 

TJntom.: A sub-tribe of Coleoptera (Beetles). If 
the Coleopterous order be divided according to the 


number of joints in the tarsi, the Pentamera, or 
beetles with five joints, will head the list. At the 
commence¬ 
ment of the 
tribe Pentame¬ 
ra is the sub¬ 
tribe Adepha- 
ga, consisting 
of beetles 
which have 

each jaw,'or six Boetle of the Sub-tribe Adephaga. 
in all. All are predatory. They are divided into 
the Geodephaga, or Land Adephaga, and the Hy- 
dradephaga, or Water Adephaga. The Geodephaga 
contain the Cicindelid®, C-arabid®, &c., and the 
Hydradephaga the Dytiscid®. 



ad-e-phag-i-a, ad-de phag'-I-a, s. [Gr. ade- 
phagia= gluttony .] [Adephaga.] 

Med.: A morbidly voracious appetite for food. 
[Bulimia.] 


ad -eps, s. [Lat. adeps, genit. adipis, the soft fat 
of animals.] Animal fat. 

ad -ept, or 9 ,-dept', s. & a. [In Ger. adept; Fr. 
adepte; fr. Lat. adept us, pa. par.—obtained; ad- 
eptus, s.=an obtaining; adipiscor =to come up to, 
to attain: ad—to , and apiscor= to obtain.] 

A. As substantive : 


1. Alchemy: One who was supposed to have ob¬ 
tained the elixir and philosopher’s stone which en¬ 
abled him to transmute everything into gold. 

2. One completely versed in any science or art. 

IF Followed by in of that in which the person is 
skilled. 


“An adept next in penmanship she grows.” 

Byron: A Sketch. 

“ . . . adepts in the arts of factious agitation.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

B. As adjective: Thoroughly versed, well skilled. 

“If there be really such adept philosophers as we are 
told of, I am apt to think that, among their arcana, they 
are masters of extremely potent menstruums.”— Boyle. 

IF It may be followed by in, or be without it. 

a-dep -tion, *ad-ep-<)ioun, s. [Lat. adeptio =an 
obtaining.] An obtaining, acquisition; an acquire¬ 
ment. 


“In the adepcioun and obteynyng of the garland.”— 
Hall: Richard III., 30. 

*a-dept'-ist, s. [Adept.] An adept. 

ad -e-qua-$y, s. [Lat. adcequatio=a making 
equal; adcequo=to make equal: ad=to, and cequo 
=to make level or equal; cegi«is=level, equal.] The 
state or quality of being equal to, on a level with, 
proportionate, commensurate, or suitable to; suf¬ 
ficiency, commensurateness. 

ad-e-quate, *ad'-ae-quate, a. [Lat. adeequatus, 
pa. par. of adcequo= to make equal; Ger. adaquat; 
Fr. adAquat; Sp. adecuado; Ital. adequate.] 

1. Equal to. 

“Why did the Lord from Adam Eve create? 

Because with him she should not b’ adequate. 

Had she been made of earth, she would have deem’d 
Herself his sister, and his equal seem’d.” 

Owen: Epigrams (1677). 

2. Sufficient, proportionate, commensurate, suit¬ 
able. 

“ . . . an ambassador of adequate rank.”— Fronde: 
Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

“ Thus by the incessant dissolution of limits we arrive at 
a more or less adequate idea of the infinity of space.”— 
Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., i. 3. 

T[ It is often followed by to. 

“Small skill in Latin, and still less in Greek, 

Is more than adequate to all I seek.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

ad-e-quate, ad-e’-quate, v. t. [Seetheadj.] 
To make even or equal; to equal; to resemble ex¬ 
actly. (Minsheu.) 

“Though it be an impossibility for any creature to 
adequate God in his eternity . . . .”— Shelford: Dis¬ 

courses, p. 277. 

ad'-e-quate-ly, adv. [Adequate, a.] In an ade¬ 
quate manner, commensurately, suitably to, in pro¬ 
portion to, in correspondence with, on the level of. 

“. . . a gulf of mystery which the prose of the his¬ 

torian will never adequately bridge.”— Froude : Hist. 
Eng., ch. i. 


*ad -er-cop, s. [Attercop.'] 

*a'-de§, s. [Addice.] 

*A'-de§, s. [Hades.] 

a-des'-ml-a, s. [Gr. adesmios, adesmos = unfet¬ 
tered.] 

Bot.: A large genus of papilionaceous plants 
found in South America. The balsam, A. balsami- 
fera, a Chilian species, is highly beneficial as an 
application to wounds. 

A-des-sen-ar’-i-an§, s. [Lat. adesse = to be 
present, infin. of adsum.] 

Church Hist.: A sect of Christians in the sixteenth 
century who held that the body of Christ was really 
in the Eucharist, but rejected the hypothesis of 
transubstantiation. They had no universally-ac¬ 
cepted view of their own. They were at variance 
with each other as to whether the Saviour’s body 
was in, about, or under the bread. 

Ad-es'-te FI-de'-le§. [Lat. (lit.)=“ Be present 
ye faithful.”] The first words of a Christmas carol, 
translated “Come, all ye faithful.” It is sung to 
Catholic churches at the Mass on Christmas morn¬ 
ing. 

*a-dew’ (1), pa. par. [Do.] 

O. Scotch: Done. 

“ Derffly to dede that chyftans was adew.” 

Wallace, vii., 1,199, MS. (Jamieson.) 
*A-dew' (2), pa. par. or a. [Adieu.] (O.Scotch.) 
Gone, departed, fled. 

“ Anone is he to the hie monte adew." 

Douglas: Virgil, 394. 

*a-dew'-en, v. t. To bedew. 

“ Thy gracious shourys lat rayne in abundaunce 
Upon myn herte t’ adewen every veyne.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems, p. 26L 
Ad-fect -$d, a. [Lat. adfectus or affectus=en¬ 
dowed, furnished, constituted; afficio= to do to, to 
affect: ad =to ;,facio= to make or do.] 

Alg.: Containing different powers of an unknown 
quantity. The term is used in describing quadratic 
or higher equations. Quadratic equations are di¬ 
vided into two classes: Pure Quadratics, involving- 
only the square of the unknown quantity; and Ad- 
fected Quadratics, involving both the square and 
the simple power of the unknown quantity. Thus, 
*2+6=10 is a pure quadratic; *2+5=11—* is an ad- 
fected one. 

♦ad-fil-I-ate, v. t. [Affiliate.] 

Ad-fil-l-a -tion, s. [Lat. ad=to, and filius=& 
son.] A Gothic custom, still perpetuated in some 
parts of Germany, by which the children of a first 
marriage are put on the same footing with those of 
a second one. 

Ad -ha, s. [Arab.] A festival celebrated by the 
Mohammedans on the tenth day of their twelfth 
month, by the sacrifice of a sheep and other cere¬ 
monies. It is the feast called by the Turks the 
great Bairam. 

*Ad-han'-tare, v. [Haunt.] One who haunts a 

place. (O. Scotch.) 

“ Yaigaris adhantaris of ailehoussis.”— Ah. Reg. 
ad-ha-to -da, s. [Malayalim or Cingalese name 
Latinized.] A genus of Acanthacean plants. The 
fruit and other parts of A. varica are used in 
asthma, fever, and ague. 

ad-here', v. t. [Lat. adhcereo= to stick to: ad= 
to, and hcereo= to stick; Ital. aderire; Fr. adherer.] 
I. Literally: 

1. To stick to, as a viscous substance more or less 
does to anything with which it is brought in con¬ 
tact. 

2. To stick to anything, not through the pos¬ 
session of glutinous qualities, but by some other 
physical process. 

“Each tooth has its peculiar socket, to which it firmly 
adheres by the close co-adaptation of their opposed sur¬ 
faces.” — Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 15. 

II. Figuratively : 

fl. To cleave to, as a bribe does to the guilty 
hand which accepts it, or commission or other pay¬ 
ment for work done is left unobjectionably in the 
hand of the person who executed it. 

“In this wealth, without reckoning the large portion 
which adheres to the hands employed in collecting it.”— 
J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., p. 15. 

2. To remain firmly attached to one’s church, 
political party, or expressed opinions. 


“ . . .an adequately modified form of the mechan¬ 

ism of sound.”— Tyndall: Frag, oj Science, 3d ed., vii. 
133. 

ad-e-quate-ness, s. [Adequate.] The state or 
quality of being adequate or in just proportion to. 

*ad-e-qua'-tion, s. [Lat. adoequatio = a making 
equal, an adapting; fr. adeequo = to make equal.] 
Adequateness. (Barlow.) 

t Ad-er-ai-min, or Al-der-a-min, s. [Cor¬ 
rupted Arabic (?).] A star of the third magnitude 
in the left shoulder of Cepheus. 


“ Rochester had till that day adhered firmly to the royal 
cause.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

“ These people, probably somewhat under a million in 
number, had, with few exceptions, adhered to the Church 
of Rome.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

“A hundred and eighty-eight were for adhering to the 
vote of the eleventh of December.”— Macaulay: Hist, 
Eng., ch. xxiii. 

*3. To cohere, to hang together, to be consistent, 
or agree with. 

“Nor time, nor place, 

Did them adhere.” — Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 7. 


boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$L 



adherence 


72 


adieu 


Ud-her'-en$e, fad-her'-en-s^, s. [In Fr. ad¬ 
herence; Ital. aderenza.] 

Ordinary Language: 

tl. Lit. : The act or the state of sticking to by the 
operation of something glutinous, or in any other 
way, to a material thing. 

T[ In this sense the much more common word is 
Adhesion (q. v.). 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of immaterial things: Power of sticking to, 
pertinacity in clinging to. 

“ Yices have a native adherency of vexation.”— Decay of 
Piety. 

2. Of persons : Firm attachment to one’s church, 
political party, or opinion. 

“The firm adherence of the Jews to their religion is no 
less remarkable than their dispersion; considering it as 
persecuted or contemned over the whole earth.”— Addi¬ 
son. 

Ud-her'-ent, a. & s. [In Fr. adherent ; Ital. ad- 
erente , fr. Lat. adhcerens, pr. par. of adhcereo— to 
stick to.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. : Sticking to, as a glutinous substance 
does to anything with which it is brought in con¬ 
tact, or as various non-glutinous bodies do in other 
ways. [See B. 1.1 

2. Fig. : Tenaciously attached to a person, party, 
or opinion. 

“If a man be adherent to the king’s enemies in his 
realm, giving to them aid and comfort in the realm, or 
elsewhere, he is also declared guilty of high treason.”— 
Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 6. 

II. Technically: 

1. Botany: [Adhering.] 

2. Logic. Of modes: Improper. 

“Modes are said to be inherent or adherent; that is, 
proper or improper. Adherent or improper modes arise 
from the joining of some accidental substance to the 
chief subject, which yet may be separated from it: so, 
when a bowl is wet, or a boy is clothed, these are adherent 
modes; for the water and the clothes are distinct sub¬ 
stances, which adhere to the bowl or to the boy.”— Watts: 
Logic. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Of things : Anything adhering to one in what¬ 
ever way. 

“When they cannot shake the main fort, they must try 
if they can possess themselves of the outworks; raise some 
prejudice against his discretion, his humor, his car¬ 
riage, and his extrinsic adherents.”—Dr. H. More: Govern¬ 
ment of the Tongue. 

2. Of persons: One attached to another by venera¬ 
tion, affection, or other close bond, so as to be dis¬ 
posed to follow him as a leader; one attached to a 
church, a political party, or an opinion, so as to be 
prepared to make sacrifices on its behalf. 

“He had consequently a great body of personal ad¬ 
herents.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

ad-her-ent-ly, adv. [Adherent.] In an ad¬ 
herent manner; after the fashion of a thing or of a 
person adherent to another. 

Ud-her-er, s. [Adhere.] An adherent; one who 
adheres to. 

“He ought to be indulgent to tender consciences; but, 
at the same time, a firm adherer to the Established 
Church.”— Swift. 

ad-her -liig, pr. par. & a. [Adhere.] 

“. . . the adhering impurities are got rid of.”— Todd if 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i., ch. i., p. 37. 

Botany. An adhering or adherent organ is one 
united externally by its whole surface to another 
one. 

ad-he'-§ion, s. [In Fr. adhesion; Lat. adhcesus, 
pa. par. of adhcereo=to adhere.] [Adhere.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. : The act or state of sticking to. 

“. . . and by the firm adhesion of the alveolar perios¬ 
teum to the organized cement which invests the fang or 
fangs of the tooth.”— Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 15. 

“So also by tapping the end of the poker we loosen the 
adhesion of the fluids to the atoms, and enable the earth 
to pull them apart.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science. 

2. Fig. : A sticking to; but when the sense is fig¬ 
urative, adherence is the word more commonly used. 

“. . . and choose justice with adhesion of the mind.”— 
Jeremy Taylor: Works (1839), vol. iii., p. 4. 

B. Technically: 

1. Min. Adhesion to the tongue, or failure to do 
this, is one of the points to be tested when one seeks 
to identify a mineral. ( Phillips : Mineralogy, 2d 
ed., p. xxxvi.) 

2. Nat. Phil. : The molecular attraction exerted 
between bodies in contact. Its effect is to make 
them adhere firmly together. It takes place between 
two solids, between a solid and a liquid, or between 


a solid and a gas. It acts only at insensible dis¬ 
tances. It differs from chemical affinity in this re¬ 
spect, that it acts between surfaces of any size, and 
without altering the character of the adhering 
bodies; whereas chemical affinity takes place be¬ 
tween the ultimate particles of substances, and gen¬ 
erally alters the aspect of the latter in a remark¬ 
able way. 

2. Med.: The sticking together orunitingof parts 
of the bodily frame which, in a perfectly healthy 
subject, remain apart; the reuniting of parts tem¬ 
porarily severed by wounds or bruises. 

“The healing of wounds, the adhesion of divided parts, 
are familiar to every one.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., i. 11. 

4. Bot.: The growing together of two portions of 
a plant normally distinct, as of two opposite loaves ; 
the petals in a nominally polypetalous plant, &c. 

ad-he'-sive, a. [In Fr. adhesif, fr. Lat. adhcesum, 
supine of adhcereo.'] [Adhere.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1 . Sticking to by means of something glutinous; 
sticky, viscous. [See B.] 

2. Sticking or adherent to in some other way. 
[Adhere, I.] 

“If slow, yet sure, adhesive to the tract, 

Hot steaming up.” — Thomson. 

“. . . adhesive cushions.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, 
vol. i., pt. ii., ch. xi. 

B. Technically: 

1. Pharmacy. Adhesive plaster: Sticking-plaster, 
t 2. Min.: A mineral or rock of a slate-grey color, 
which adheres to the tongue. It is found in the 
gypsum formation of Paris, and is the embedding 
substance of the menilite. It was recognized by 
Phillips as a mineral, but does not figure in more 
modern books. 

3. Med. Adhesive inflammation: Inflammation 
which terminates in adhesion of portions of the 
bodily frame previously separated. 

ad-he'-slve-ly, adv. [Adhesive.] In an adhe¬ 
sive manner ; in a way to stick to. 

ad-he-slve-ness, s. [Adhesive.] The power 
of sticking to, the quality of sticking to ; stickiness, 
tenacity of union. 

“We might also name it [the associating principle] the 
law of adhesion, mental adhesiveness or acquisition.”— 
Bain: The Senses and the Intellect, bk. ii., ch. i. 

a’-dhi, a'-di, s. [Sansc. and Pali^over, su¬ 
preme.] 

adhi Buddha, adi Buddha, s. 

Among the Buddhists: The first Buddha, identi¬ 
fied with the Supreme Being. 

adhi raja. \Lit.= over king.] Supreme king 
or ruler. The Sanscrit term suggested by Prof. 
Max Muller as the best rendering of the term em¬ 
peror in the expression “Emperor of India.” con¬ 
ferred by Parliament in 1876 on future English 
kings. 

adhi rajni. [Lit.=over queen.] A term simi¬ 
larly suggested as the best to apply to Queen Victo¬ 
ria and any queens regnant who may succeed her as 
“Empress of India.” 

If These terms, derived from Sanscrit, were not 
ultimately adopted; but terms derived from the 
European title of Caesar were used instead. 
[Kaiser, Kaiserin.] 

*ad'-hib, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] A plant; the 
eye-bright ( Euphrasia officinalis.) (Dr. Thos. 
More's MS. additions to Ray.) (Halliwell.) 

ad-hib'-It, v. t. [Lat. adliibitus, pa. par. of ad- 
hibeo=to hold to, to apply one thing to another: 
ad= to; habeo= to have or hold.] 

*1. To use, to employ. 

“ Salt, a necessary ingredient in all sacrifices, was ad¬ 
hibited and required in this view only, as an emblem of 
purification.”— Pres. Forbes’ Letter to a Bishop. 

|2. To apply, add, append: as, To adhibit one’s 
name to a petition. 

ad-hib-i-tion, s. [From Lat. adhibitio=a.n em¬ 
ploying ; fr. adhibeo.] Application, use. 

“The adhibition of dilute wine . . . .”— Whitaker: 
Blood of the Grape. 

Ad'-hll, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A star of the 
sixth magnitude, in the constellation Andromeda. 
It is situated upon her garment, and under the last 
star in her foot. 

*Sld-hort', v. t. [Lat. adhortor=to exhort: ad 
=to ; hortor= to exhort..] 

“Julius Agricola was the first that by adhorting the 
Britaines publikely, and helping them privately, wun 
them to builde houses for themselves.”— Stow: Survey of 
London (ed. 1593), p. 4. 

adhort-a-tion, s. [Lat. adhortatio, fr. adhort- 
or=to exhort: ad= to; hortor— to exhort.] The same 
as exhortation to; an exhortation addressed to 
(one). 

“ . . . the swete adhortations, the hyghe and assured 
promises that God maketh unto us.”— Remedy for Sedition. 


ad-hort -?t-tor-y, a. [From Lat. adhortator= an 
exhorter.] Pertaining to an exhortation; addressed 
to one; hortatory, 
a'-di, s. [Adhi.] 

a di-a-bat -ic, s. [Gr. adiabatos= not to be 
crossed or passed: a, pnv.; diabatos— to be crossed 
or passed; adiabaino . . .= to step across, to pass 
over: dia.=through; baino= to walk, to go.] Not 
able to be crossed or passed. 

Nat. Phil.: A diabatic compression of a fluid: 
Compression under such circumstances that no heat 
enters or leaves the fluid. ( Everett: The C. G. S. 
System of Units, ch. ix., p. 55.) 

a-dl-a-bat -Ic-al-ly, adv. [Adiabatic.] In 
such a way that there is no passage through. 

“ Increase of pressure adiabatieally.” — Ibid., p. 55. 
a-di ant-uia, s. [In Fr .adiante; Sp., Port., and 
Ital. adianto; Lat. adiantum, fr. Gr. adianion= 
maiden-hair ; adiantos— not wetted : a=not; diaino= I 
to wet, to moisten, because, says Pliny, you in vain, 
plunge it in water, it always remains dry.] [Maiden¬ 
hair.] . 

A genus of ferns of the order Polypodiace®. The 
involucres are membranaceous, and are formed 
from the margins of the frond turned inward. 
Taken in small quantity, it is pectoral and slightly 
astringent, while in larger quantities it is emetic 
In India the leaves of A. melanocaulon are believed 
to be tonic. 

a-di -aph -or-a-fjy, s. [Gr. adiaplioria= indiffer¬ 
ence, from adiaphor os=not different.] [Adiaphor¬ 
istic.] Indifference. 

a-di-aph-or-I§in, s. [Eng. adiaphor(y); -ism.] 
The belief or tenets of an adiaphorist. 

“ The Protestant Lecture Halls, says Scherr, rung for 
years with the most perverse contests about adiaphor- 
ism.” —S. Baring-Gould: Germany, i. 310. 

a-di-aph-or-is-tic, a. [Gr. adiaphor os =not 
different, indifferent: a, priv.; dt'ap/ioros=differ¬ 
ent] [Differ.] 

Ch. Hist.: Pertaining to things indifferent, or 
looked upon as not worth disputing about. The 
term was introduced to designate au ecclesiastical 
controversy which broke out in the year 1548. The 
Emperor Charles V. having issued a paper, popu¬ 
larly called the Interim, in which he prescribed 
what faith and practice the Protestants were to 
adopt till the Council of Trent should dictate a 
permanent form of belief and worship, Maurice, 
Elector of Saxony, urged Melanchthon and his 
friends to decide what portions of the document 
they would accept and follow. Melanchthon, 
whose temperament was timid, and whose spirit 
was eminently conciliatory, proposed to go very far 
in the direction prescribed. Regarding many doc¬ 
trines and practices in dispute between the antago¬ 
nistic churches of Rome and Wittenberg as adiaph- 
oristic —that is, as pertaining to matters indiffer¬ 
ent—he considered that, for the sake of peace and 
harmony, the Emperor might be permitted to have 
his own way with regard to them, and that, to a 
very large extent, the Interim might be accepted 
and obeyed. Luther had died two years previously, 
but his followers, being specially irritated to find 
the doctrine of justification by faith figuring among 
the things adiaphoristic, refused to join in the 
great concessions proposed. A controversy in con¬ 
sequence arose between the followers of Luther and 
those of Melanchthon. It was called the adiaphor- 
istic controversy, and embraced two questions: ( 1 ) 
What things were indifferent; and ( 2 ) whether, 
with regard to things indifferent, the Emperor 
could or could not, in conscience, be obeyed. 

( Mosheim: Ch. Hist.) 

A-di-aph -or-Ists, A-di-aph'-or-Ites, s. pi. [In 

Ger. Adiaphoristen.] 

Ch. Hist.: Those who sided with Melanchthon in 
the Adiaphoristic controversy already described. 

a-di-aph -or-ous, a. [Gr. adiaphoros=not dif¬ 
ferent.] Indifferent. [Adiaphoristic.] 

*0. Ghent.: Neutral. The name given by Boyle to 
a spirit distilled from tartar and some other sub¬ 
stances. He called it adiaphorous, i. e., neutral or 
indifferent, because it was neither acid nor alka¬ 
line. 

“ Our adiaphorous spirit may be obtained by distilling 
the liquor that is afforded by woods and divers other 
bodies.”— Boyle. 

Med.: Producing no marked effect, either good or 
bad. 

a-dl-aph'-or-y, s. [Gr. adiaphoria — indiffer¬ 
ence. ] Indifference. 

. {i-dieu , nominally an adverb, but more resemb¬ 
ling the imperative of a verb; also a substantive. 
[In Ger. and Fr. adieu, fr. Fr. a, Dieu=to God.] 

1. As adverb or imperative of a verb: 

* 1. Originally: A pious commendation of a friend, 
on parting with him, to God. [See etym. ] 

2. Now: Farewell; good wishes at parting, ex¬ 
pressed after the French fashion. [Adio.] 

“Adieu, adieu! my native shore 
Fades o’er the waters blue.” 

Byron: Ch. Harold. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu' = kw! 



adight 


73 


adjoining 


IT It may be spoken 
as to a person. 


to inanimate nature as well 


“ My home henceforth is in the skies ; 

Earth, seas, and sun, adieu!” 

Cowper: Stanza, “ Bill of Mortality ” (1789). 
II. As substantive ; Farewell. 

IT in this sense it has a plural. 


“ Where thou art gone 
Adieus and farewells are a sound unknown.” 

Cowper: Mother's Picture, 

3,-dIght (ah silent), a. [A. S. adihtan= to dress, 
to equip.] Made up, fitted up, done up, dressed, 
equipped. [Bedight, Dight.] 

Yonder ben tuo yonge men, wonder well adight, 

And paraventure there ben mo, who so Joked aright.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 635, 636. 

hte, v. t. [Adight.] To fit, to suit. 
( Wright: Political Songs.) ( Halliwell.) 

ad -l-main, s. The long-legged sheep, a breed of 
sheep in South Africa remarkable for their long 
legs and their robust make. 


^<1 -In-Ole, s. [Perhaps fr. Gr . admos= close, 
thick.] A mineral classed doubtfully by Dana 
under his Compact Albite=Albitic felsite. He says 
of it—“ Adinole is probably albitic ; it is reddish, 
from Sala, Sweden.” It cannot, therefore, be as 
yet considered an established species or variety. 

fad’-I-o, s. [Sp.] The Spanish form of Adieu, 
and with a similar derivation. 


” fn the evening I gave my adios, with a hearty good¬ 
will, to my companion Mariano Gonzales, with whom I 
had ridden so many leagues in Chile.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. xvi. 

*ad-i-or-nale, *ad-journ'-al, s. [Adiornis.] 

0. Scotch Law: The record of a sentence passed 
in a criminal cause. 


“The saidis personis to bring with thame, and produce 
before my said Lord Governor and thre estatis of Parlia¬ 
ment, the pretendit acts of adiornale, sentence and pro- 
ces of fon fallour.”— Acts Mary (1542), p. 420. 

*ad-I-or -Hl§e, v.t. [Fr. adjourner— to cite one 
to appear on a certain day; jour— a day.] To cite, 
to summon. (Scotch.) 

“Tha had adiornist him tharfor as insufficient stuf.”— 
Aberd. Reg., A. D. 1545. 

9,-dIp -Ic, a. [Lat. adeps, genit. adipis= the soft 
fat of animals.] Pertaining to fat. 

adipic acid, s. 

(Them.: CeHjoCh (ChHs)” (CO - OH) 2 . An organic 
diatomic dibasic acid produced by the oxidation 
of fats by nitric acid. 

ad-Ip-O'-ger-ate, v. t. [Lat. adeps, genit. adipis 
=fat; cera, Gr. fceros= wax; sufF. -ate= to make.] 
To make into adipocere, to convert into adipocere. 

ad-ip-o-ger-a -tion, s. [Adipocerate.] A mak¬ 
ing or conversion into adipocere. 

ad'-ip-o-gere, ad -Ip-o-gire, s. [In Fr. adipo- 
cire; Lat. adeps=iat, and cera, Gr. fceros=wax.] A 
chemical substance in its character somewhat re¬ 
sembling wax or spermaceti. It arises through the 
chemistry of nature, when the bodies of men and 
animals buried in soil of a certain kind are sub¬ 
jected to the action of running water, or otherwise 
brought in contact with moisture. In such circum¬ 
stances the soft parts of the corpses, instead of 
decaying, may become transformed into adipocere. 
A notable case of the kind occurred in a Parisian 
burial-ground in the year 1787. 

H Mineral adipocere is a name given to a certain 
fatty matter found in the argillaceous iron ore of 
Merthyr, Wales. 

ad-ip-6-ger -ous, a. [Adipocere.] Full of ad¬ 
ipocere. 

ad-ip-o-gire, s. [Adipocere.] 

ad’-lp-ose, a. [Lat. adipis, genit. of adeps=iat, 
and suff. -ose=full of. Webster inquires whether 
adeps may be connected with Chaldee and Heb. 
taphash = to grow fat. and Arab, tafashan = fat, 
bulky. J 

Phys.: Fat, loaded with fat, with fat abundantly 
secreted. 

adipose cells, s. The cells described under Ad¬ 
ipose Tissue (q. v.). 

adipose cellular tissue, s. A term formerly ap¬ 
plied to two distinct kinds of structure which the 
perfection of modern microscopes has now enabled 
physiologists to separate, as being different both in 
structure and function— Adipose tissue, properly so 
called, and Areolar tissue. [Areolar.] 

adipose ducts, s. The ducts containing animal 
fat. 

adipose membrane, s. The membrane whence 
the cells of the adipose tissue are formed. It does 
not exceed the ^u^Tnjth of an inch in thickness, and 
is quite transparent. 

adipose sacs, s. The sacs or vesicles containing 
animal fat. 


adipose substance, s. Animal fat. 
adipose tissue, s. A membrane in a state of 
great tenuity, fashioned into minute cells in which 
fat is deposited. It occurs in man, and in the in¬ 
ferior animals, both when mature and when of im¬ 
perfect development. 

adipose vesicles, s. [Adipose Sacs.] (Todddb 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat.) 

ad-lp-ous, a. [Lat. adipis, genit. of adeps= 
fat.] Full of fat, fatty, fat. The same as Adipose 
( q. v.). 

a-dip-si-a, a-dip-sy, s. [Gr. adipseb — to be 
free from thirst; adipsos=tree from thirst.] 

Med.: Absence of thirst. 

*a-dir, a. Old form of Either (q. v.). 

“ And that adir of them shall have . , .”— Davies: 

York Records, p. 155. ( Halliwell .) 

ad-Ist', prep. [Ger. dies=this.] On this side. 
(Scotch.) 

“ I wish you was neither adist her nor ayont her.”— 
Scotch Proverb. 

*ad-it, s. [In Ital. adito, fr. Lat. aditus= a going 
to, entrance, avenue: adeo= to go to; ad= to; eo— 
to go.] 

1. A passage for the conveyance of water under¬ 
ground ; a subterranean passage in general. 

“ For conveying away the water, they stand in aid of 
sundry devices; as aclits, pumps, and wheels driven by a 
stream, and interchangeably filling and emptying two 
buckets.”— Carew. 

2. The entrance to a mine, or sometimes to an 
ordinary building; also the approaches to these. 

“ Care has then to be taken for the drainage of the 
mine, which is partly effected by the excavation of an 
adit or tunnel.”— Black: Guide to Cornwall, p. 228. 

*3. Entrance, approach. 

“ Taunt me no more; 

Yourself and yours shall have free adit.” 

Tennyson: Princess, vi. 283. 

*ad-i-tion, s. [Lat. aditio= a going to, an ap¬ 
proach ; aditum, supine of adeo = to go to, to 
approach; aci=to; itio—going: ad, and eo=togo.] 
The act of going to, or approaching, 
a-dlt-ya, s. [Sansc.] 

Hindu Myth.: The sun, worshipped as a god. 
ad'-ive, s. _ [Local name.] A fox, the Vulpes 
corsac, found in Siberia. 

^.d-ja'-ggnge, ad-ja-gen-gy, s. [Lat. adjacens, 
pr. par. of adjaceo= to lie near to: ad=to ; jaceo— to 
lie.] The state of lying adjacent or near to. 

“ Because the Cape hath sea on both sides near it, and 
other lands (remote as it were) equi-distant from it; 
therefore, at that point, the needle is not distracted by 
the vicinity of adjacencies.’’ — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

ad-ja’-gent, a. & s. [In Fr. adjacent; Ital. adi- 
acente; Lat. adjacens, pr. par. of adjaceo— to lie 
near to, to adjoin: fr. ad— to; jaceo—to lie.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lying near to; situated contiguous to, in place. 

“. . . the tribes inhabiting adjacen t districts are al¬ 

most always at war.” — Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., 
ch. iii. 

2. Lying near to, in other respects than in place. 
“. . . when the case to which we reason is an adja¬ 
cent case ; adjacent, not as before, in place or time, but in 
circumstances.”— J. S. Mil Logic. 

B. As substantive: Anything lying near to, any¬ 
thing contiguous to another. (Literally or figura¬ 
tively.) 

“The sense of the author goes visibly in its own train ; 
and the words, receiving a determined sense from their 
companions and adjacents, will not consent to give count¬ 
enance and color to what must be supported at any rate.” 
— Locke. 

Geom. Adjacent angle: One contiguous to an¬ 
other, so that one side and the vertex are common 
to them both. The term is most frequently em¬ 
ployed when the other sides enclosing the angles 
are in the same straight line. 

In Fig. 1, e is the vertex, c e the side common to 
the two adj acent angles c 
E A, b E C ; A E and E b the 
other sides which, it will 
be observed, are in the 
same straight line A E B. 

In such a case the two ad¬ 
jacent angles together 
constitute two right ang¬ 
les, and each is the supplement of the other. Ad¬ 
jacent, when used of an angle, is opposed to oppo¬ 
site; c E A and BED are opposite angles; so also 
are CEB and a e d ; whilst c e A and aed,ae d 
and d e B, D e b and b e C, with b e C and c E A al¬ 
ready mentioned, are adjacent angles. 

In a triangle with one side produced, the angle 
contiguous to the exterior one is called the interior 
adjacent, whilst the others are denominated the in¬ 
terior and opposite angles. 



In the triangle A b c (Fig. 2), one side (b c) of 


which is produced to d, 
a c d is the exterior angle 
and A c B the interior ad¬ 
jacent, whilst c b a and 
b A C are the interior and 
opposite angles. (See 
Euclid I. 15,16, 32.) 

ad-ja'-ggnt-lf, adv. 

[.Adjacent.] 



Fig. 2. 

So as to be contiguous to. 


ad-ject', v. t. [Lat. adjectum, supine of adjicio 
=to throw to, to add to: from ad=to ; jacio=to 
throw.] To put or add one thing to another. 


*ad-ject-ed, pa.par. & a. [Adject.] 
*ad-ject-Ing, pr. par. [Adject.] 


ad-jec'-tion, s. [Lat. adjectio=& throwing to 
an addition.] The act of adding; the state of being 
added; anything added. 

“ That unto every pound of sulphur, an adjection of on* 
ounce of quicksilver; or unto every pound of petre, ont 
ounce of sal-ammoniac, will much intend the force, anti 
consequently the report, I find no verity.”— Browne: Vul¬ 
gar Errors, bk. ii., ch. v. 


ad-ject-ti’-tious, a. [Adject.] Added. 

ad-ject-I’-vgl, a. [Adjective.] Pertaining to 

an adjective. 

“ . . . and so an adjectival offspring . . .”— Key: 
Philological Essays, p. 267. 


ad'-ject-ive, a. & s. [In Ger. adjektiv: Ft 
adjectif; Ital. addiettivo, fr. Lat. adjectivus=added.', 
adjicio— to throw to: ad= to ; jacio= to throw.] 

A. As adjective: Added to (as opposed to substan- 
(tr'e=previously existing). 

“The whole English law, substantive and adjective, 
was, in the judgment of all the greatest lawyers, of Holt 
and Treby, of Maynard and Somers, exactly the same 
after the Revolution as before it.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. x. 


Adjective colors: Colors which require to be fixed 
by some base or mordant in order to be used as per¬ 
manent dye stuffs. 


B. As substantive: 

Grammar: One of the parts of speech, consisting 
of words joined to nouns to define and limit their 
signification, as bright silver, which is less exten¬ 
sive in signification than silver in general; and a 
good man which is a narrower term thaw man in 
the abstract. 

Adjectives are divided into three classes: 

(1) Pronominal Adjectives, as my, his, this; (2) Ad¬ 
jectives of quantity, as much, little,six, eighth; and 
(3) Adjectives of Quality, as good, white, Indian, 
[Pronominal, Quantity, Quality.] 

Adjectives have degrees of comparison, as wise, 
wiser, wisest; good, better, best; excellent, more 
excellent, most excellent. [Comparison.] 

IT Adjectives in this Dictionary are marked a. or 
adj. Most participles are at times used as ad¬ 
jectives; these are generally called participle ad¬ 
jectives, as “ a tinkling cymbal,” “ a condemned 
criminal.” [Participle.] 

fad-ject-ived, a. [Adjective.] Made into an 

adjective. 

ad ject-ive-ly, adv. [Adjective.] After the 
manner of an adjective. 

“In place of brazen in this sense we now substitute the 
substantive brass, used objectively.”—Trench : English, 
Past and Present. 


ad -join, V. t. & i. [In Fr. adjoindre, from Lat. 
adjungo: ad=to, and jungo—to join.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To join to. 

“ To whose huge spoke ten thousand lesser things 
Are mortised and adjoined.” 

Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 3. 

2. To be situated next to: as, His house adjoins 
mine. 

B. Intrans.: To be immediately adjacent to; to 
join: as, Our houses adjoin. 

♦ad-jdin-ant, *ad-j6yn-aunte, a. & s. [Ad¬ 
join.] 

1. As adjective: Adjoining, lying immediately 
contiguous to. (Halliwell.) 

2. As substantive: A person or thing contiguous 
to another. 


“. . . “to greve and hurte his neighbors and ad- 
joynauntes of the realm of England.”— Hall: Henry VI., 
f. 53. 


ad-join ed, pa. par. & a. [Adjoin.] [Adjoynt, 
Adjoynate.] 

ad-jdin -ing, pr. par. & a. [Adjoin.] 

1. Transitive: Joining to. 

2. Intransitive: Adjacent to, contiguous. (Either 
with or without the prefix to.) 

“The adjoining hospital was sacked.”— Macaulay. Hist. 
Eng., ch. xi. 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d$L 







adjoint 


74 


adjustment 


*ad-joint, s. [Adjunct.] An associate. 

“This lady is your adjoint.” — Gentleman Instructed, 

p. 108. 

ad-joiirn', v. t. & i. [0. Fr. ajoiner, ajurner: 
a=to, and jour—day.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To put off (anything) for a single day. 

“ Or how the sun shall in mid heaven stand still 
A day entire, a night’s due course adjourn.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 

Spec.: To postpone till next day the remaining 
business of a parliamentary body, of a law court, or 
other meeting, releasing the members from attend¬ 
ance meanwhile. The term adjourn may bo used 
indifferently of the business or of the meeting. [See 
No. 2.] 

2. To postpone such business or meeting to a 
specified time, which need not be limited to the 
next day. 

“The debate on this motion was repeatedly adjourned.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

“Halifax, wishing probably to obtain time for com¬ 
munication with the prince, would have adjourned the 
meeting: but Mulgrave begged the lords to keep their 
seats, and introduced the messenger.”— Ibid., ch. x. 

B. Intransitive: To defer business or cease to 
meet till the next day, or till some other date gen¬ 
erally fixed beforehand. 

“It was moved that Parliament should adjourn for six 
weeks.”— Select Speeches, vol. v., p. 403. 

To adjourn sine die. [Adjournment.] 
ad-journed, pa. par. & a. [Adjourn.] 
ad-journ-lng, pr. par. [Adjourn.] 
ad-journ’-ment, s. [Fr. ajournement: d—to, and 
four= day; suffix-men# (q. v.).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The putting of anything off till next day, or, 
more loosely, till a future period. 

*1. (Spec ): The putting off duty which should 
be done to-day till to-morrow, and when that ar¬ 
rives then again till to-morrow; procrastination. 

“We will, and we will not; and then we will not again, 
and we will. At this rate we run our lives out in adjourn¬ 
ments from time to time, out of a fantastical levity that 
holds us off and on, betwixt hawk and buzzard.”— 
V Estrange. 

2. Properly the putting off the remainder of a 
meeting of a legislative or other body, for one day; 
but it may be used in a wider signification for post¬ 
ponement till a specified day. When no day is 
indicated, then, if the word adjournment is used at 
all, it is said to be sine die—i. e., without a day. 

“Common decency required at least an adjournment.” — 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

II. The time during which or to which business 
or a meeting is postponed. Used, for example, of 
the time during which Congress or any other public 
body which has been adjourned remains without 
re-assembling; as “the hon. member saw his friend 
for a few hours during the adjournment.” 

B. Technically: 

Law: A further day appointed by the judges at the 
Nisi Prius sittings for the trial of issues in fact, 
which were not before ready for disposal. 
*ad-joyn'-ate, pa. par. [Adjoin.] 

“Two semely princes, together adjoynate.” — Hardyng: 
Chronicle, p. 154. 

*ad-joynt', s. [A form of Adjoined.] One joined 
with another, an associate, a companion, an at¬ 
tendant. 

“Here with these grave adjoynts 
(These learned maisters) they were taught to see 
Themselves, to read the world and keep their points.” 

Daniel: Civ. Wars, iv. 69. 

ad-judge, *$Htig'ge, v.t.& i. [O. Fr. ajuger; 
Fr. adjuger=bo adjudge, from juger, Lat. judico=to 
Judge- J [Judge.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To judge or try a person ; to come to a judicial 
decision regarding a case; to announce such a de¬ 
cision when arrived at. 

“ Adjudged to death, 

For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

If Followed by the person whose case is pronounced 
upon in the objective, and to before the verdict 
given. (Lit. & fig.) 

Sometimes, instead of to, the verdict constitutes 
the clause of a sentence introduced by that: 

“The popular tribunal was more lenient; it was ad¬ 
judged that his offense should be expiated at the public 
expense.”— Lewis: Early Roman Hist., ch. xi. 

2. To award by a judicial decision. (Followed by 
the thing awarded as the object, and to of the per¬ 
son.) (Lit. & fig.) 

“ The great competitors for Rome, 

Caesar and Pompey, on Pharsalian plains ; 

Where stern Bellona with one final stroke 
Adjudg’d the empire of this globe to one.”— Phillips. 


3. In a more general sense: To judge, to consider, 
to deem, to regard as, to decide to be. 

“He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship, pur¬ 
posing sharply to revenge the wrong he had received.”— 
Knolles. 

B. Intransitive: In the same sense as A. 

Spec.: To decide, to settle. 

“ . . . there let Him still victor sway. 

As battle hath adjudged." — Milton: Par. Lost, bk. x. 

ad-jiidg ed, pa. par. [Adjudge.] 

Rd-judg -Ing, pr. par. [Adjudge.] 

Rd-judg -ment, s. [Adjudge.] The act of judg¬ 
ing or deciding by a judicial decision; also the 
judgment or verdict given. 

ad-jff'-dlc-ate, v. t. & i. [Lat. adjudicatum. su¬ 
pine of adjudico: ad= to; judico = to judge; judex 
—a judge; jus = a judicial decision; dico = to pro¬ 
nounce.] 

1. Transitive: To judge, to determine. 

2. Intransitive: To come to a judicial decision. 

If To adjudicate upon: Judicially to decide upon. 

Rd-jfi-dic-a-ted, pa. par. [Adjudicate.] 
ad-jfi 'ffic-a-ting, pr. par. [Adjudicate.] 

ad-jfi-dlc-a -tion, s. [In Ital. aggiudicazione, 
fr. Lat. adjudicatio=an adjudication.] A law term. 

I. The act of adjudging or judging. 

II. The state of being adjudged. 

III. The decision, judgment, sentence or decree 
given forth after the act or process of judging is 
complete. 

ad-jtl -dlc-a-tor, s. [Adjudicate.] One who 
adjudicates. 

ad jfi’-gate, V. t. [Lat. adjugo=to yoke to: ad= 
to; jugum=a yoke.] To yoke to. 

*ad-jfi-ment, s. [Lat. adjumentum= a means of 
aid; help : contracted from adjuvamentum; adjuvo 
=to help: ad= to; juvo— to help.] Aid, assistance, 
help. (Miege.) 

ad’-jimct, s. & a. [Lat. adjunctus= joined to, pa. 
par. of adjungo=to join to: ad=to, and jungo—to 
yoke, to join; Ger. adjunkt; Fr. adjoint.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Of things: 

1. In a general sense: Anything joined to another 
without being an essential part of it. 

“But they were comparatively an idle adjunct of the 
matter.”— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. I. 

“. . . but to avoid the risk of asking amiss, we ought 
to purify the question of all adjuncts which do not neces¬ 
sarily belong to it.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., 
viii. 4, p. 180. 

2. Technically: 

(a) Metaphysics: Any quality of a physical sub¬ 
stance or or the mind. Thus weight is an adjunct 
of a body, and consciousness of the mind. 

(b) Grammar: Words used to qualify other lead¬ 
ing words. For instance, in the sentence, “The 
stars visible in our latitude,” the word stars, which, 
standing alone, would include all visible from any 
part of the globe, is limited in meaning by the 
adjunct or adjuncts, “visible in our latitude.” 

3. Music: The relation between the principal 
mode and the modes of its two fifths. 

II. Of persons: 

1. Gen.: A person associated with another for the 
promotion of some pursuit, or for any other pur¬ 
pose. 

“He made him the associate of his heir-apparent, 
together with the Lord Cottington, as an adjunct of 
singular experience and trust, in foreign travels, and in 
a business of love.”— Wotton. 

2. Law: An additional judge. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Gen.: Added to, or conjoined with any person 
or thing of greater importance. 

“ And every humor hath his adjunct pleasure, 
Wherein it finds a joy above the rest.” 

Shakesp ..- Sonnets, 91. 

“ And when great treasure is the meed proposed, 

Though death be adjunct, there’s no death supposed.” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 

2. Roman Archaeology. Adjunct deities were in¬ 
ferior gods or goddesses attendant upon those of 
higher rank. Thus Mars, the god of war, was at 
times attended by his wife or sister Bellona, the 
goddess of war. He was a principal, she an ad¬ 
junct deity. 

ad-junc -tlon, s. [In Fr. adjonction; fr. Lat. ad- 
junctio — a joining to, a union; fr. adjungo = to 
join to: or from ad = to; junctio — a joining.] A 
joining to; the act of joining to, the state of being 
joined to, a thing joined to. 

“. . . upon the adjunction of any kingdom unto the 
King of England,”— Bacon. 


ad-junc -tlve, a. & s [Lat. adjunctivus.] 

I. As adjective: 

1. Gen. :i Having the quality of joining or being 
added to. 

2. Latin Grammar: The adjunctive pronouns are 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum = self. (Schmitz: Latin Grammar, 
Chambers, 1860.) 

II. As.substantive: Anything joined to (another), 
ad-junc’-tive-ly, adv. [Adjunctive.] In an 
adjunctive manner, as is the case with anything 
joined to. 

ad-juncf-ly, adv. [Adjunct.] As is the case 
with anything joined to; in connection with; con¬ 
sequently. 

ad-jiir-a’-tion, s. [In Fr. adjuration; fr. Lat. 
adjuratio = a swearing by; adjuration.] 

1. The act of adjuring, or charging one on oath or 
solemnly; also the act of swearing by. 

“A Persian, humble servant of the sun, 

Who, though devout, yet bigotry had none. 

Hearing- a lawyer, grave in his address, 

With adjurutions every word impress, 

Suppos’d the man a bishop, or at least, 

God’s name so much upon his lips, a priest: 

Bow’d at the close with all his graceful airs, 

And begg’d an interest in his frequent prayers.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

2. The thing sworn; the form of oath tendered iD 
adjuring one; also the particular oath used by a 
solemn or by a profane swearer. 

3. A solemn charge or adjuring conjuration. 
“These learned men saw the daemons and evil spirits 

forced to confess themselves no gods by persons who only 
made use of prayer and adjurations in the name of their 
crucified Saviour.”— Addison : On the Christian Religion. 

ad-jiire, v. t. [in Fr. adjurer; fr. Lat. adjuro = 
to swear, to confirm by oath : ad = to, and juro = to 
swear; jus — equity or law.] 

1. To charge upon oath, to charge upon pain of a 
curse or of the divine displeasure. 

“And Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, 
Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth up and 
buildeth this city Jericho.”—Jos h. vi. 26. 

“I adjure thee by God, that thou torment me not.”— 
Mark v. 7. 

2. To charge solemnly. 

“But he adjured them as gentlemen and soldier? not to 
imitate the shameful example of Cornbury.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

|3. To attempt to procure by adjuration or earnesl 
entreaty. (Poetic.) 

“My friends embrac’d my knees, adjur’d my stay; 

But stronger love impell’d, and I obey.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxii. 307, 308. 

ad-jiir ed, pa. par. & a. [Adjure. ] 
ad-jiir -er, s. [Adjure.] One who adjures, 
ad-jiir-Ing, pr.par. [Adjure.] 
ad-just’, v. t. [Sp. ajustar; Fr. ajuster; Ital. 
aggiustare— to adjust: Lat. ad~ to; justus=just.) 
[Just.] 

1. To fit, to adapt to, mechanically or otherwise. 

(a) Mechanically: 

“A striding level is furnished with the [transit] in- 
strument, to be used when required for adjusting the 
axis.”— Chambers: Astron., bk. vii., p. 652. 

(b) Othenvise: 

“ . . . the representative system was adjusted to the 

altered state of the country.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xiv. 

“And unremitting energy pervades, 

Adjusts, sustains, and agitates the whole.” 

Thomson: The Seasons, Spring. 

2. To arrange, as the terms of a treaty, by mutual 
negotiation. 

“. . . the terms of the treaty known as the Second 
Treaty of Partition were very nearly adjusted.” — Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

ad-just-a-ble, a. [Adjust.] That may or can 
be adjusted. 

ta,d-just’-age (age=Ig), s. [Adjust.] The same 
as Adjustment. 

ad-just-ed, pa. par. & a. [Adjust.] Fitted; 
regulated; arranged. 

“... • taking advantage of nicely adjusted combinations 

of circumstance.”— Herschel Astronomy, 5th ed., § 481. 

ad-just’-er, s. [Adjust.] One who or that which 
adjusts. 

. . collectors of various readings and adjusters of 

texts.”— Dr. Warton: Essay on Pope, ii. 298. 

ad-just'-xng, pr. par. [Adjust.] 

“• • • the precision of this adjusting power.”— Todd 
<£■ Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ch. vii. 

“. . . the adjusting screen.”— Tyndall on Heat, 3d 
ed., p. 303. 

tad-just’-ive, a. [Adjust.] Tending to adjust, 
ad-just'-ment, s. [In Fr. ajustement.] [Adjust.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, .son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr^, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw. 





administrate 


adjutage 


75 


A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of adjusting, fitting to, rendering con¬ 
formable to a certain standard; or reducing to 
order. 

1. The act of fitting to {lit. or fig.). 

_. . the time which was absolutely required for the 
erection and adjustment of the instruments, with or with¬ 
out observatories over them.”—Traits it of Venus; Times, 
April 20, 1875. 

“. . . let us see what, by checking and balancing, 
and good adjustment of tooth and pinion, can be made of 
it.”— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. V. 

2. The act of arranging or coming to an agree¬ 
ment about. 

“The farther and clearer adjustment of this affair I am 
constrained to adjourn to the larger treatise.”— Wood¬ 
ward. 

II. The state of being adjusted, fitted or adapted 
to. 

“ As the prismatic camera was the instrument requir¬ 
ing least time for adjustment, so it was the one which 
could be employed for the longest period during the 
eclipse.”— Transit of Feints; Times, April 20, 1875. 

III. Things adjusted, fitted or adapted to each 
other; the nature of the fitting itself. 

“. . the various parts of the body are weights, and 

in the muscular adjustments are treated as such.”— Todd 
& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ch. vii. 

“. . . the eye may be perfect in all its optical adjust¬ 
ments.” — Ibid., ch. viii. 

“. . . the mechanical adjustments of his frame are 
less favorable to preserve the standing posture than in 
the four-footed animal.”— Ibid., ch. iii. 

B. Technically. Marine Insurance: The ascer¬ 
tainment of the exact loss at sea on goods which 
have been insured, and the fixing the proportion 
which each underwriter is liable to pay. 

ad -jfit-age, or 3 ,-jfit-age (age=ig), s. [Fr. 
ajutage; fr. ajouter —to adjoin.] 

Hydraulics: The effect of a tube fitted to an 
aperture in a vessel from which water is flowing, 
as, for instance, in a jet or fountain, 
adjutancy (ad'-jlt-an-gy), s. [Adjutant.] 

1. The office of an adjutant. 

2. Skillful arrangement. 

“It was, no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy of 
definition and division.”— Burke: Appeal to Old Whigs. 

adjutant (ad'-jit-^int)I, s. [In Ger. and Fr. adjut¬ 
ant; Ital. ajutante; fr. Lat. adjutans, pr. par. of 
adjuto= to help often or much; freq. from adjuvo, 
.avi , -utum—to help: ad; j'wuo=tohelp.] 

I. Of persons: An officer of the staff whose duty 
it is to assist the colonel, or commanding officer of 
a regiment, battalion or garrison. Each regiment 
of horse and each battalion of foot has one. 

Adjutant-General: 

1. Military : A high functionary who stands to the 
whole army in the same relation that an ordinary 
adjutant does to a battalion or regiment. The de¬ 
partment of the Adjutant-general is charged with 
the execution of all orders relating to the recruiting 
and equipment of troops, their instruction, and 
their preservation in proper efficiency. There are 
also assistant and deputy-assistant adjutants-gen- 
eral of divisions and districts. 

2. Ecclesiastical: A certain number of fathers who 
resided with the general of the Jesuits, and made 
known to him the important events passing through¬ 
out the world. Each limited his attention to a sin¬ 
gle country, in which he had emissaries, visitors, 
regents, provincials, &c., to furnish him with infor¬ 
mation and forward his views. 

3. Any assistant. 

II. Of a genus of birds : 

Spec.: The gigantic crane. The name adjutant 
was given by the Anglo-Indians of Bengal to this 
bird from the fancy that it resembled the dress and 
the dignified walk of the 
military functionary 
called an adjutant. It is 
the Leptoptilus Arqala, 
and belongs to the Cicon- 
inee, or Storks, a sub¬ 
family of the Ardeidee, or 
Herons, which again are 
ranged under the order 
Grallatores, or Wading 
birds. The adjutant of 
Bengal and of Southern 
Africa is about five feet 
high, and is an extremely 
voracious bird. The ex¬ 
panse of its throat is so 
wide that it can swallow 
a large cat entire. It is 
deemed sacred iu the 
East, and, apart from Adjutant (Leptoptilus 
superstition, earns the Argala). 

title to be left without 

molestation by being so useful a scavenger, it is 
specially valuable as a great destroyer of serpents. 



A somewhat smaller species, the L. Marabou , which 
furnishes the marabou feathers, occurs in tropical 
Africa. 

III. Of things in general: An assistant. 

“A fine violin must and ever will be the best adjutant 
to a fine voice.”— Mason: Ch. M., p. 74. 

tad-jfi-ta-tor, s. [Agitator (2).] 

*g.d-jfi te, v. t. [Lat. adjuto=to help.] To add. 

“Six bachelors as bold as he, 

Adjuting to his company.” 

Ben Jonson: Underwoods. 

fiid-jCLt'-or, s. [Lat. adjutor.] One who aids or 
assists. [Coadjutor.] 

“All the rest, as his adjutors and assistants, you must 
awake out of this error.”— Spalato: Bocks of Christian 
Shipwreck (1618), p. 12. 

ad-ju tor'-I'Um, s. [Lat.=assistance, support.] 
Anat.: A name applied to the humerus from the 
assistance which it renders at times when it is 
needful to raise thw arm. 

ad'-jut-or-y, a [Lat. adjutorius.] Aiding, as¬ 
sisting ; which aids or assists. 

ad'-jfi-trlx, s. [Lat. The feminine correspond¬ 
ing to the masc. Adjutor.] A female assistant. 

ad -jfiv-ant, a. & s. [Lat ad/itwms=helping; 
pr. par. of adjuvo=to give help to: ad, and juvo— 
to help.] 

As adjective: Which aids or assists; aiding, as¬ 
sisting. 

“ They [minerals] meeting with apt matter and adjuv¬ 
ant causes.”— Howell: Letters, I., 635. 

As substantive: An assistant; he who or that 
which assists. 

“ I have only been a careful adjuvant, and was sorry I 
could not be the efficient.”— Yelverton (1609): Archceol., 
xv. 51. 

Specially. Med..: A substance added to the prin¬ 
cipal one prescribed in order to increase its effi¬ 
ciency. 

fad'-jilv-ate, v. t. [In Ital. ajutare, fr. Lat. 
adjuvo. ] To give aid to, to assist, to help. 

ad lar-gum. [Ad.] 

ad-leg-a-tion, s. [In Ger. adlegation; Lat. ad= 
to; legation the office of an ambassador: lego, -avi= 
to send as an ambassador. ] A term formerly used 
in the public law of the German empire to desig¬ 
nate the right claimed by the several states of send¬ 
ing plenipotentiaries to be associated with those of 
the emperor in negotiating treaties and transacting 
other public business which affected their welfare. 
When a dignitary sent a negotiator not on state 
business, but on his own affairs, this was called le¬ 
gation , and not adlegation. 
ad-lib'-i-tiim. At one’s pleasure, 
ad-loc-u'-tion, s. [Allocution.] 
t ad-mar’-gln-ate, v. t. . [Lat. ad—to; mar- 
ginern, acc. of ma>t/ 0 =margin.] To write on the 
margin of a book, or anything else capable of being 
so treated. 

2 j,d-mea -§ure, v. t. [Lat. ad; Eng. measure.] 

1. Gen.: To measure with tjie view of ascertain¬ 
ing the dimensions or capacity of anything. 
[Measure.] 

2. Law: To apportion, as in the case of dower, 
pasture, <fcc. [Admeasurement.] 

“It recited a complaint that the defendant hath sur¬ 
charged, superoneravit, the common; and therefore com¬ 
mands the sheriff to admeasure and apportion it.”— Black- 
stone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 16. 

If In this word and its derivatives §=zh. 
ad-mea-§ure-ment, s. [Admeasure.] 

Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of measuring. 

“In some counties they are not much acquainted with 
admeasurement by acre; and thereby the writs contain 
twice or thrice so many acres more than the land hath.” 
— Bacon. 

2. The state of being measured. 

3. The dimensions ascertained. 
g,d-mea-§ur-er, s. [Admeasure.] One who ad¬ 
measures. 

«j.d-mea'-§ur-Ing, pr. par. & s. [Admeasure.] 
fad-men-sur-a -tion, s. [Lat. ad, and Eng. 
mensuration. ] The act or process of measuring; the 
state of being measured; the amount, capacity, &c., 
ascertained by measurement. 

*ad'-mer-§JI, o. [Admiral.] 
tad-me-tl-ate, v. t. [Lat. admetiatus, pa. par.of 
adniefior=tomeasureout.] To measure. {Bailey.) 

fad-min -I-cle, fad-min -a-cle, s. [In Fr. ad- 
minicule—help, aid. support; fr. Lat. adminiculum 
= (1) the prop by which a vine twines; (2) aid, as¬ 
sistance • adminicular—to prop, or support.] A law 
term. 

1. Old Law Books: Aid, help, assistance, support. 

2. Civil Laiv: Imperfect proof. 


btfil, b<5y; pout. Jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cia'n. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


3. Scotch Laiv: A collateral deed produced to 
prove, or at least throw light upon, the contents of 
another deed or document which has been lost. 

“ When it is to be proved by the testimony of witnesses, 
the pursuer ought, in the general sense, to produce some 
adminicle in writing, i. e., some collateral deed referring 
to that which was lost, in order to found the action.”— 
Erskine: Inst., bk. iv. 

ad-mln-Ic-n-lar, std-mln-Ic'-u-lar-y, a. 
[Adminicle.] Pertaining to aid, helpful, auxiliary. 

“ He should never help, aid, supply succor, or grant 
them any subventitious furtherance, auxiliary suffrage, or 
adminiculary assistance.”— Translation of Rabelais, iii. 34. 

*ad-mln-lc'-u-late, v. i. [Lat. adminiculatus , 
pa. par. of adminiculor— to prop up.] 
*ad-mln-lc-u-late, a. [See the verb.] Sup¬ 
ported, set forth. {Scotch.) 

“It is so notoriously adminiculate by an act of secret 
council, and yet denied upon oath by the principal officers 
of state.”— Crookshank: Hist., i. 381. 

*ad-ml n-I c-u-la '-tion, s. [Lat. adminiculatus, 
pa. par. of adminiculor.] A prop or support. 

“Some plants are helpt by adminiculation to be 
straight.”— Hacket: Life of Williams, ii. 217. 

ad-min Ic-ii-lum, s. A term applied to the ab¬ 
dominal semicircular row of teeth, which enable 
certain subterranean insects to force their way to 
the surface. 

ad-min -Ist-er, v. t. & i. [In Ger. administriren; 
Fr. administrer; Ital. amministrare; fr. Lat. ad- 
ministro={l) to attend upon, to assist, to serve, (2) 
to execute, to perform: ad=to, and ministro= to 
attend, to wait upon; fr. minister—a. servant.] 
[Minister.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To act as minister, i. e., as servant to. (Used of 
the political ministers of a constitutional country, 
who constitute the executive government for carry¬ 
ing out the enactments of the legislative body.) 

“ Beyond that mark is treason. He is ours, 

To administer, to guard, to adorn the state.” 

Cowper: Task , bk. v. 

2. To dispense, as, e. p., justice, the sacraments, 
grace, <fcc. 

. . the settlements of those squatters who, far to 
the west of the Mississippi, administer a rude justice 
with the rifle and the dagger.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. iii. 

“Have not they the old popish custom of administering 
the blessed sacrament of the holy eucharist with wafei 
cakes? ”— Hooker . 

. . this grace, which is administered by us to thf 
glory of the same Lord.”—2 Cor. viii. 19. 

3. To tender an oath. Authoritatively to require 
one to take an oath. 

“Swear by the duty that you owe to heav’n 
To keep the oath that we administer.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 3. 

4. To give to one as medicine is given. 

“He asserted that his malady was not natural, that a 
noxious drug had been administered to him in a dish of 
porridge.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

5. To grant, to bestow, to afford. 

“When he was come up to the gate, he looked up to the 
writing that was above, and then began to knock, suppos¬ 
ing that entrance should have been quickly administered 
to him.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress. 

II. Technically. Law: To take legal charge of 
the affairs of a person dying intestate; to act as 
administrator. [Administration, B. 1.] 

“. . . that in case of intestacy, the ordinary shall 
depute the nearest and most lawful friends of the deceased 
to administer his goods.”— Blackstone: Comm., bk. ii., 
ch. 32. 

B. Intransitive. 

1. Ord. Lana.: To conduce, to tend. 

If The simple form minister is generally used in 
this sense. 

“I must not omit, that there is a fountain rising in the 
upper part of my garden, which forms a little wandering 
rill, and administers to the pleasure as well as the plenty 
of the place.”— Spectator. 

2. Law: To arrange financial matters connected 
with the real or personal estate of one dying with¬ 
out a will. [Administration, B. 1.] 

fad-min-Ist-er, s. [From the verb.] An ad¬ 
ministrator. 

“. . a good administer of the revenue.”— Bacon: To 

Sir John Denham. 

ad-min-is-ter'-I-al, a. [Administer.] Ad¬ 
ministering, having the power of performing min¬ 
isterial functions; conducive to an end. 

ad-min -is-tra-ble, a. [Administer.] Able to 
be administered. 

fad-min -Is-trate, V. t. [From Lat. administra- 
turn, supine of administro= to attend upon.] [Ad¬ 
minister.] To administer. 

“ They have the same effects in medicine, when inwardly 
administrated to animal bodies.”— Woodward. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph - f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = b?l, del. 





administrated 


76 


admire 


tud-min'-is-tra-ted, pa. par. [Administrate.] 

ad-min-is-tra -tion, s. [In Fr. administration; 
Ital. amministrazione, fr. Lat. administration [Ad¬ 
minister.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of administering. 

1. The act of managing anything on certain prin¬ 
ciples or by certain methods. Spec., the carrying 
out by a constitutional minister of the laws and 
regulations established by the legislature for the 
management of the several departments of govern¬ 
ment. [See No. III.] 

“. . . those effects which make up what we term good 
or bad administration.” — J. S. Mill: Logic, 2d ed., vol. ii., 
ch. xx. 

“. . . the conducting of delicate negotiations, and 
for the administration of war.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., 
ch. ii. 

“His financial administration was of a piece with his 
military administration.” — Ibid., ch. v. 

2. The act of dispensing anything, as justice, the 
sacraments, or medicine. 

“. . . the very’Scheme and model of the administra¬ 
tion of common justice between party and party was 
entirely settled by this king (Edward I.).”— Blackstone : 
Comment., bk. iv., ch. 33. 

“By the universal administration of grace (begun by 
our blessed Saviour, enlarged by His apostles, carried on 
by their immediate successors, and to be completed by the 
rest to the world’s end), all types that darkened this faith, 
are enlightened.”— Sprat: Sermons. 

II. The state of being administered. 

“There is, in sacraments, to be observed their force, 
and their form of administration.” — Hooker. 

III. That which is administered, or those who ad¬ 
minister. 

1. The thing administered; the duties or responsi¬ 
bilities of government, or of some department of it, 
as the civil, the military, the naval, or the financial 
departments. 

“Sunderland had good reason for recommending that 
the administration should be entrusted to the Whigs.”— 
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

“. . . to take on himself the civil and military ad¬ 
ministration.” — Macaulay .- Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

“ The naval administration and the financial adminis¬ 
tration were confided to Boards.”— Ibid., ch. xi. 

“ And there are differences of administrations, but the 
same Lord.”—1 Cor. xii. 5. 

2. The administrators; the members of govern¬ 
ment taken collectively. 

“ Did the administration in that reign [in Queen Anne’s] 
avail themselves of any one of those opportunities?”— 
Burke: Tracts on the Popery Laws. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: The management, by means of an ad¬ 
ministrator, of the estate of any one dying intestate. 
The administrator can do nothing till letters of ad¬ 
ministration are first issued. He then buries the 
dead person in a manner suitable to his rank, col¬ 
lects debts due to him, pays what he owes, and 
finally distributes the property among the heirs. 

2. The office or power of an administrator. 

“. . . that the ordinary is compellable to grant admin¬ 
istration of the goods and chattels of the wife to the 
husband, or her representatives.”— Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. ii., ch. 32. 

3. The document, or documents, called letters of 
administration, conferring on one the right to act 
as administrator. 

“ First, as to the original of testaments and administra¬ 
tions.” — Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., p. 489. 

“. . . then general letters of administration must be 
granted by the ordinary.”— Ibid., bk. ii., ch. 32. 

ad-min’-is-tra-tive, a. [In Fr. administrate, 
from Lat. administrativus=&t for administration.] 

1. Fit for administration, or which actually ad¬ 
ministers. 

“It was too large and too divided to be a good adminis¬ 
trative body.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Pertaining to administration, designed for ad¬ 
ministration. 

ad-min'-Is-tra-tor, s. [In Ger. administrator; 
Fr. administrates; Ital amministratore, fr. Lat. 
administrator =a manager, an agent. There is also 
in Lat. administer =a servant.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

One who administers affairs in general; one who 
conducts the administration of the country, or of 
any institution or business within its limits. 

“It is indeed most important that legislators and ad¬ 
ministrators should be versed in the philosophy of gov¬ 
ernment.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: One who administers to the estate of a 
person who has died without making a will. [Ad¬ 
ministration, B. l.J 

“But if the deceased died wholly intestate, without 
making either will or executors, then general letters of 


administration must be granted by the ordinary to such 
administrator as the statutes of Edward III. and Henry 
VIII. before mentioned direct.”— Blackstone : Comment., 
bk. ii., ch. 32. 

2. Ecclesiastical: One who dispenses the sacra¬ 
ments. 

“I feel my conscience bound to remember the death of 
Christ, with some society of Christians or other, since it 
is a most plain command ; whether the person who dis¬ 
tributes these elements be only an occasional or a settled 
administrator.” — Watts. 

ad-min'-is-tra-tor-ship, s. [Administrator.] 
The office of an administrator. 

ad-min-Is-tra'-trix (fem. form of Administra¬ 
tor], s. [Lat., but not classical. In Fr. adminis¬ 
tratrices A female who administers either in gov¬ 
ernment or to the estate of one dying without a 
will. 

“ . . . and any feme-covert may make her will of 
goods which are in her possession in auter droit, as exec¬ 
utrix or administratrix."—Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii., 
ch. 32. 

*ad-mir-ab'-Il-is sal. [Lat.= admirable salt.] 
Glauber’s salt. 

ad-mlr-a-bil-i-ty, s. [Lat. admirabilis = (1) 
the quality of exciting wonder; (2) admirableness.] 
Admirableness; worthiness of being admired. 

ad'-mlr-g,-ble, a. & s. [In Fr .admirable; Ital. 
ammirabile, fr. Lat. admirabilis— w or thy of admir¬ 
ation.] 

A. As adjective: 

*1. Exciting wonder, without its being stated 
whether or not this is combined with moral ap¬ 
proval. 

“ In man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance 
and weakness.”— Jeremy Taylor: Dissuasive from Popery, 
pt. ii., bk. i., § 7. 

2. Exciting wonder, mingled with approval. 

“ Cowper defended himself and those who were said to 
be his accomplices with admirable ability and self-posses¬ 
sion.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

“His fortitude was the more admirable because he was 
not willing to die.”— Ibid., ch. xxv. 

“I have attempted to show how much light the princi¬ 
ple of gradation throws on the admirable architectural 
powers of the hive-bee.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. 
xiv. 

*B. As substantive: That which is to be admired. 

1. A liquor made of peaches, plums, sugar, water, 
and spirit. ( Ogilvie: Diet., Supp.) 

2. The White Admirable: The name given in Har¬ 
ris’ Aurelian to the butterfly more commonly 
called the White Admirable ( Limenitis Camilla). 
[Admiral, C. ; Limenitis.] 

ad -mir-Ji-ble-ness, s. [Admirable.] Admira- 
bility; worthiness of exciting admiration. 

“Eternal wisdom appears in the admirableness of the 
contrivance of the gospel.”— Hallywell: Saving of Souls, 
p. 115. 

ad mir-a bly, adv. [Admirable.] In an ad¬ 
mirable manner. 

“ . . . the whole hand is admirably adapted for re¬ 
taining a firm grasp of the boughs of trees.”— Owen: 
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 66. 

ad-mlr-al, *ad-mer-g.11, *am-er al, *ad- 
myr-old, *am-or-ayle, *am'-rell, *am'-rayl, 
*am'-y-ral, s. [In Ger. admiral; Fr. amiral; Sp. 
almirante; O. Sp. a.lamir; Ital. ammir aglio, as if 
from Lat. admirabilis; Low Lat. admiraldus, ami- 
ralius: Byzantine Gr. ameras , ameraios. The first 
part of the word is pretty certainly Arab, amir, often 
spelled in Eng. emir= a prince, a leader; perhaps 
with the Arab, article al merged in it. The second 
half is more doubtful. “Hammer’s derivation 
from amir-al-bdhr= commander of the sea, is unten¬ 
able.” (Max Muller: Science of Lang., 6th ed., ii. 
264.) Others make the word Emir-alma— emir of 
the water.] 

A. Of persons: 

*1. A Saracen commander or king. 

“Tho spec on admyrold, 

Of wordes he wes swythe bold.” 

King Horn, 95. 

II. A naval officer of high rank. 

Specially: 

*1. Originally: The Lord High Admiral of Eng¬ 
land. His office commenced in A. I). 1286, if not 
earlier. Among its duties were the trial and pun¬ 
ishment of offences committed at sea. U nder George 
II. the functions were divided among seven com¬ 
missioners, and the arrangement having been con¬ 
tinued till the present time l England has not now a 
Lord High Admiral, but in lieu of him possesses 
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. 

2. Now: A naval officer of high rank—the com¬ 
mander-in-chief of a fleet or fleets. 

II There are various gradations in rank among ad¬ 
mirals. The chief distinction is into admirals, 
vice-admirals, and rear-admirals. 


B. Of ships: A ship which carries an admiral; a 
flagship; the most considerable ship of any fleet, 
whether of merchantmen or fishing-vessels, hence, 
any large and fine ship. 

“The mast of some great ammirall.” 

Milton: P. L. i., 294. 

C. Of butterflies: A name given to more than one 
butterfly. 



1. The Red Admiral Butterfly is the Vanessa ata- 
lanta. It has the wings black above, crossed by 
a bright red 
band, the up¬ 
per pair with 
white spots, 
and the under 
part of all the 
four marked 
with various 
colors. The cat¬ 
erpillar, which 
i s spiny, i n 
color black, 

range Tif^safi The Red Admiral (Vanessa 
ron lines on Atalanta). 

each side, feeds on the nettle, the leaves of which 
it forms into a sheath fastened with silk. It is 
found in Great Britain. [Vanessa.] 

2. The White Admiral: A butterfly—the Limenitis 
sybilla. It is dull black above, variegated with ob¬ 
scure dark spots. Both pairs of wings are trav¬ 
ersed by a broad oblique white band, which on the 
upper pair is much interrupted. Each of these has 
also four white spots on it, whilst the lower pair of 
wings has numerous dark ones. The prevailing 
color beneath is brownish yellow, with the base of 
the hinder wings and the under side of the body 
pale blue. The expansion of the wings is nearly 
two inches. The caterpillar, which is green, with 
the head, dorsal appendages, and sides of the belly 
reddish, feeds on the honeysuckle. 


D. Of shells: 

Admiral Shell: A shell—the Conus ammiralis. It 
has three pale yellow transverse bands alternating 
with two broad mottled ones of a darker color, and 
occurs in the Philippine Isles and the adjacent re¬ 
gions of the ocean. 

ad'-mir-al-ship, s. [Admiral.] The office of an 
admiral. 


ad-mir-al-ty, *am -er al-te, s. [Admiral.} 

[In Ger. admiralitat; Fr. amirautS; Ital. ammir- 
agliato.] 

*The sovereignty of the sea. ( Halliwell .) 

“ Cherish merchandise and kepe the ameralte, 

That we be maesters of the narow see.” 

MS., Soc. Antiq., 101, f. 50. ( Halliwell.) 
*ad-mir -gin9e, s. [Admire.] Admiration. 

“With great admirance inwardly was moved.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. x. 39. 

ad-mir-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. admiration; Ital. am - 
mirazione, fr. Lat. admiratio= a wondering at.} 
[Admire.] The act of wondering or admiring; the 
state of being wondered at or admired; the object 
of wonder, the object admired, 
f Specially: 

1. Wonder, not yet limited to cases in which this 
is mingled with approbation. It is excited by an 
astonishing object. 


“And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the 
saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus; and 
when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration .”— 
Rev. xvii. 6. 


[See also example under Admire, 1.] 

2. Wonder coupled with approbation. It is ex¬ 
cited by a person or thing in any respect possessed 
of unexpectedly high excellence. 

“ . . . even at Versailles the hatred which he in¬ 

spired was largely mingled with admiration.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

“I could not look on the surrounding plants without 
admiration.” — Darwin: Journal of Voyage round the 
World, ch. xviii. 

fad'-mir-a-tive, a. [Admire.] Expressing ad 
miration in either of the two senses of that word. 

Punctuation. The admirative point: The point 
of exclamation, the point of admiration (1). ( Min- 
sheu.) 

ad-mi re, v. t. & i. [Fr. admirer; Sp. & PciA 
admirar; Ital. ammir are; Lat. admir or=to wonaer 
at, to regard with admiration, to admire; ad=to, 
and miror— to wonder, to marvel at.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To wonder at anything novel, unusual, ex¬ 
traordinary, or great, without its being implied 
that the wonder is coupled with approbation. 

V Followed by the objective case of the thing 
wondered at; or, impersonally, by part of a sentence 
introduced by that. 

“ It taketh away vain admiration of any thing, which is 
the root of all weakness: for all things are admired, either 


faje, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




admixtion 


admire 


77 


because they are new or because they are great.”— Bacon: 
Ad/vanc. of Learning. 

“Neither is it to be admired that Henry [IV.] . . 
should be pleased to have the greatest wit of these times 
in his interest.”— Dry den: Preface to the Fables. 

II. To wonder at, the wonder being coupled with 
approval. 

1. To feel more or less respect, but not actual love 
for a person or being. This may be evoked by 
beauty or other gifts, unaccompanied by sensibility 
of heart. 

“Yet rather framed 
To be admired than coveted and loved.” 

Wordsworth. Excursion, bk. vi. 

2. To feel ardent affection or deep and loving 
veneration for a person or being. This may be 
evoked by beauty, with sensibility of heart; by 
heroism, by high moral character or conduct. 

if . . . to him made known 

A blooming lady—a conspicuous flower, 

Admired for beauty, for her sweetness. 

Whom he had sensibility to love, 

Ambition to attempt, and skill to win.” 

Wordsworth-. Excursion , bk. ii. 
“Admir’d as heroes, and as gods obey’d.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad , bk. xii. 378. 

“ Cleo. Celerity is never more admired 
Than by the negligent.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra , iii. 7. 

“ ’Tis virtue that doth make them most admired; 

The contrary doth make thee wonder’d at;” 

Ibid.: King Henry VI., Part III., i. 4. 

“When he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and 
<bdmired in all them that believe.”—2 Thess. i. 10. 

3. To regard with somewhat analogous emotions 
things inanimate. [See example under Admirer.] 

B. Intransitive: To wonder; to wonder with ap¬ 
proval. 

“ They see their lord, they gaze, and they admire.’’ 

Pope: Homer’s Odysseij, bk. xxiv. 451. 

“So spake the eternal Father, and all heaven 
Admiring stood a pace: then into hymns 
Burst forth, and in celestial measures moved.” 

Milton: P. R., bk. i. 

*9,d-mi re, s. [From the verb.] Admiration. 

“ He thus concludes his censure with admire.” — Row¬ 
land. 

$.d-mir ed, pa. par. & a. [Admire.] 

As adjective: 

1. Wondered at; wonderful, astonishing. 

“With most admired disorder.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4. 

2. Regarded with respect, love, or high veneration 
of persons, beings, or things. 

“Or vainly comes the admired princess hither.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, i. 1. 

“Of this once-admired poem.”— Scott: Thomas the 
Rhymer, pt. iii. 

ad-m'ir -er, s. One who admires a person or 

thing. 

“ See Nature gay, as when she first began 
With smiles alluring her admirer, man.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

^Ld-mir -ing, pr. par. & a. [Admire.] 

“In vain the nations, that had seen them rise 
With fierce and envious yet admiring eyes.” 
y _ Cowper: Expostulation. 

“ Now round the lists th’ admiring army stand.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. iii. 423. 

ad-mir -ihg-lf, adv. [Admiring.] In an admir¬ 
ing manner. 

“Per. Admiringly, my liege: at first 
I stuck my choice upon her.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, v. 3. 

$d^mi3-Si-bir-i-ty, s. [In Fr. admissibility. ] 
The quality of being admissible; capability of be¬ 
ing admitted. [Admit.] 

ad-mis-Si-ble, a. [In Fr. admissible .] Capable 
of being admitted. [Admit.] 

“Even if this explanation were admissible in other in¬ 
stances.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. xi. 

ad-mis-sl-bly, adv . [Admissible.] In an ad¬ 
missible manner. 

admission (ad-mlsh -un), s. [In Fr. admission , 
from Lat. admissio = a letting in, admission: ad = 
to; missio = a letting in, a sending; from missus , 
pa. par. of mitto = to let go, to send. [Admit.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of admitting. 

1, Permission to enter, in a literal sense. 

“By means of our solitary situation, and our rare ad¬ 
mission of strangers, we know most part of the habitable 
world, and are ourselves unknown.”— Bacon: New Ata- 
lantis. 

2. Permission to enter, in a figurative sense. 

“ Dionysius agrees with Livy as to the proposal for the 
admission of plebeians to the consulate.”— Lewis: Early 
Roman Hist., ch. xii., pt. iv., § 56. 


3. The confession that an argument, a statement, 
or a charge which one would gladly deny or repudi¬ 
ate, if he had the power, is true. [See example 
under No. III.] 

II. The state of being admitted or permitted to 
enter. {Lit. or fig.) 

“All springs have some degree of heat, none ever freez¬ 
ing, no not in the longest and severest frosts; especially 
those, where there is such a site and disposition of the 
strata, as gives free and easy admission to this heat.”— 
Woodward: Nat. Hist. 

III. A thing admitted. 

“. . . the truth of this admission will often be dis¬ 
puted by other naturalists.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, 
ch. ii. 

B. Technically: 

Law: 

(а) Eng. & Civil Law: 

1. Permission accorded to one to enter on the pos¬ 
session of land, office, or privilege. 

“. . . in my will I must declare my intentions and 

name a devisee, who will then be entitled to admission.” 
— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 22. 

2. In a suit: Facts acknowledged by one party to 
be true, and which, therefore, the other one is not 
under the necessity of proving. [Admittance.] 

(б) Ecclesiastical Law: A term used when a 
bishop declares a clerk presented to a vacant 
church by a patron to be duly qualified for the 
office, and admits him to it, using the words, Ad- 
mitto te habilem. ( Ayliffe: Parergon .) 

ad-mis -sive, a. Implying an admission. 

ad-mlt’, v. t. & i. [In Ital. ammettere; fr. Lat. 
admitto = to let in, to admit: ad = to; mitto = to 
let go, to send, whence is Fr. mettre = to put.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit .: To let in, to permit to enter, as the door 
of a house. 

“They must not be admitted into his house.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

II. More or less figuratively: 

3. Ordinary Language and Law: To declare one 
qualified and entitled to enter on an office, civil or 
ecclesiastical, or to enjoy a privilege, or to give him 
actual possession of it. 

(а) To declare the office or privilege legally open 
to him. 

“They should with pleasure see Protestant Dissenters 
admitted in a proper manner to civil office .”—Macaulay : 
Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

“ If the bishop hath no objections, but admits the pa¬ 
tron’s presentation, the clerk so admitted is next to be 
instituted by him .”—Blackstone : Comment bk. i., ch. xi. 

(б) Actually to put one in possession of the office 
or privilege. 

“They had not had their share of the benefits promised 
by the Declaration of Indulgence : none of them had 
been admitted to any high and honorable post.”— Macau¬ 
lay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

IT Used in this sense in the phrase, To admit to a 
copyhold [Admittance], to admit to bail , &c. Or 
actually to give one legal possession of some prop¬ 
erty or privilege. 

“ . . . he thereupon admits him tenant to the copy- 

hold .”—Blackstone .- Comment., bk. ii., ch. 22. 

“ . . . had, after a long confinement, been admitted 

to bail by the Court of King’s Bench .”—Macaulay : Hist. 
Eng., ch. iv. 

2. To allow approach in a mental or moral sense, 
as an inferior to one’s intimate friendship, a 
thought into the mind or an emotion into the heart. 

“ . . . the recollection of the familiarity to which 

he had admitted them, inflamed his malignity.”— Macau¬ 
lay : Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

“ Pleasure admitted in undue degree 
Enslaves the will, nor leaves the judgment free.” 

Cowper : Progress of Error. 

3. To accept as valid in point of argument, or as 
sustainable at the bar of justice, or simply to toler¬ 
ate. 

(a) As valid in point of argument. 

“ That we have been far too slow to improve our laws 
must be admitted.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

“ He, with sighs of pensive grief, 

Amid his calm abstractions, would admit 
That not the slender privilege is theirs 
To save themselves from blank forgetfulness ! ” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

( b ) As sustainable at the bar of justice. 

“ This only spares no lust, admits no plea, 

But makes him, if at all, completely free.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

(c) To tolerate, to suffer, to endure, to stand. 

“. . . the dreadful day 

No pause of words admits.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. v., 631-2. 

“ Her power admits no bounds.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, xvi. 229. 

B. Intransitive: To be susceptible (of); to per¬ 
mit (of). 


IT This sense occurs in the compound transitive 
verb admit of, and by the use of that to introduce 
the subjunctive sentence. 

“ The liberality of the House admits, however, of an 
easy explanation.”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

yad-mit-ta-ble, a . [Admit.] Able to be ad¬ 
mitted ; that may or can be admitted. 

“ The clerk who is presented ought to prove to the 
bishop that he is a deacon, and that he has orders; other¬ 
wise the bishop is not bound to admit him; for, as the 
law then stood, a deacon was admittable.” — Ayliffe: 

Parergon. 

ad-mit-tange, s. [Admit.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of admitting anything, physically, men¬ 
tally, or morally. 

1. Physically : The act of admitting a body in 
whole or in part material to a place. [For example 
see No. II. 1.] 

2. Mentally : The concession of a position in argu¬ 
ment. 


“ Nor could the Pythagorean give easy admittance 
thereto; for, holding that separate souls successively sup¬ 
plied other bodies, they could hardly allow the raising of 
souls from other worlds.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

3. Morally: The permission tacitly given to an 
emotion to enter the mind. 

“ Upon mine honor, all too confident 
To give admittance to a thought of fear. 

Shakesp.: King Henry IV., Part II., iv. 1. 

II. The state of being admitted in any of the 

above three senses. 


Physically: Permission or facilities to enter a 
place. 

(a) Of persons. 

“They had requested admittance to his presence for the 
purpose of tendering their counsel in this emergency.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 


IT In this sense it is used speciaUy of ambassa¬ 
dors desiring audience of the sovereign to whom 
they are accredited. 


“Mess. Ambassadors from King Henry of England 
Do crave admittance to your majesty.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry V., ii. 4. 

(b) Of things. 


“As to the admittance of the weighty elastic parts of 
the air into the blood, through the coats of the vessels; 
it seems contrary to experiments upon dead bodies.” 
—Arbuthnot on Aliments. 


III. That which procures admission. *Spec., rank 
or culture, carrying with it by custom or by law the 
privilege of being permitted to enter a particular 
place, as, for instance, the court of the sovereign or 
“ society,” in the limited sense of the word. 

“Now, Sir John, here is the heart of my purpose: You 
are a gentleman of excellent breeding, admirable dis¬ 
course, of great admittance, authentic in your place and 
person.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, ii. 1. 

B. Technically : 

Eng. Law: Permission with due formalities to 
enter on the possession of land or other property, or 
of office or privilege. 

In copyhold assurances, admittance is the last 
stage of the process, and is of three kinds: Admit¬ 
tance (1) upon a voluntary grant from the lord, (2) 
on surrender by the former tenant, and (3) upon de" 
scent from an ancestor. 

&d-mlt'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Admit.] 

“Around that lucid lake, 

Upon whose banks admitted souls 
Their first sweet draught of glory take!” 

Moore-. Lalla Rookli; Paradise and, the Peri. 

“ . . . from the admitted fact that other associations 
. . J. S. Mill: Logic, ii. 97. 

fad-nut'-ter, s. [Eng. admit; -er.~\ One who 
admits. 

“Here is neither a direct exhibition of the body to this 
purpose in the offerer, nor a direct consecration to this 
end in the admitter.” — Bp. Hall: Honor of Married Clergy, 

p. 10. 

fad-mit-ti-ble, a. [Admit.] The same as Ad¬ 
missible (q. v.). [Admittable.] 

“Many disputable opinions may be had of warre with¬ 
out the praysing of it as only admittible by enforced 
necessitie, and to be used only for peace sake.”— Harrison: 
Descript, of Britain. 

&d-mit'-tihg, pr.par [Admit.] 

3,d-mix', v. t. [Lat. admisceo , admiscui , admix - 
turn— to admix: ad=to, and misceo=to mix.] To 
mix with. 

ad-mix'-tl-on, s. [Lat. admixtio= an admix¬ 
ture, fr. admisceo= to admix.] Admixture, mixture. 
[Admixture.] 

“All metals may be calcined by strong waters, or by 
admixtion of salt, sulphur and mercury.” —Lord Bacon: 
Physiol. Rem. 


bdil, b<Sy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, cborus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian - shan. -tion, -sion - shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




admixture 


78 


Adonia 


ad-mix -tiire, s. [Admix.] 

1. The act of mixing. ( Lit. or fig.) 

2. The state of being mixed. (Lit. or fig.) 

“ The condition of the Hebrews, since the dispersion, 
has not been such as to admit of much admixture by the 
proselytism of household slayes.”— Owen: Classif. of the 
Mammalia, p. 97. 

3. That which is mixed. (Lit. or fig.) 

“. . . the above admixture varies at different parts of 
the body.”— Ibid., p. 74. 

ad-mon'-Ish, *ad-mon-Ist, *ad-mon-est, 
*a-mon-est, v. t. [In Fr. admonester =to admonish; 
Ital. ammonire, from Lat. admoneo =to putin mind, 
to admonish, to warn: ad= to, and vioneo —to re¬ 
mind, to warn, from the root men—to cause to 
remember.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To put in mind, to recall to remembrance. 

“. . . as Moses was admonished of God when he was 
about to make the tabernacle; for, See, saith He, that 
thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to 
thee in the mount.”— Heb. viii. 5. 

II. To reprove, to warn, to caution. 

1. Gently to reprove for a fault committed. In 
this sense it was formerly followed by of, referring 
to the fault; now some such word as regarding or 
respecting is used. 

“. . . he of their wicked ways 
Shall them admonish . . .” 

Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

2. To warn or caution against a future offense or 
a more or less imminent danger. Followed by 
against, referring to the offense or peril, or by the 
infinitive. 

“. . . able also to admonish one another.”— Rom. xv. 14. 
“One of his cardinals, who better knew the intrigues of 
affairs, admonished him against that unskillful piece of 
ingenuity .”—Decay of Piety. 

“. . . they were therefore admonished to compose all 

internal dissensions.”— Lewis: Early Roman Hist., ch. xii. 
“Me fruitful scenes and prospects waste 
Alike admonish not to roam.” 

Cowper: The Shrubbery. 

B. Technical. Ecclesiastical discipline: Kindly, 
but seriously, to reprove an erring church-member 
for some fault of a grave character which he has 
committed. [Admonition.] 

ad-mon'-ished, pa. par. [Admonish.] 

ad-mon -Ish-er, s. [Admonish.] One who ad¬ 
monishes. 

“Horace was a mild admonisher; a court satirist, fit for 
the gentle times of Augustus .”—Dry den. 

ad-mon -Ish-ing, pr. par. [Admonish.] 
ad-mon -Ish-ment, s. [Admonish.] An admon¬ 
ishing; an admonition. 

“But yet be wary in thy studious care. 

Plan. Thy grave admonishments prevail with me.” 
Shakesp.: King Henry VI., Part I., i. 5. 

“ . . . she who then received 

The same admonishment, have call’d the place.” 

Wordsworth: Naming of Places, iv. 
ad-mon-I -tion, s. [In Fr. admonition; Ital. 
ammonizione, fr. Lat. adrnonitio. “Admonitio est 
quasi lenior objurgatio” (Cicero) — " An admonition 
is, as it were, a somewhat mild reproof.” Admoneo 
=to put in mind, to admonish: ad; moneo —to 
cause to remember.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gentle reproof on account of bygone faults. 
“Escal.: Double and treble admonition, and still for¬ 
feit in the same kind?”— Shakesp.: Meas. for Meas., iii. 2. 

2. Friendly caution against future dangers, 
especially of a moral nature. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: A simple lesson given by a judge, 
cautioning a suspected person, showing that he is 
observed, and recalling him to his duty by a re¬ 
spectable authority. ( Bentham: Principles of 
Penal Law, ch. ii.) 

2. Ecclesiastical discipline: Gentle reproof given 
to an erring church-member, publicly if his offense 
was public, and privately if it was private. It was 
the first step of the process which, if it went on to 
the end, terminated in excommunication. 

. . after the first and second admonition reject.” 

—Titus iii. 10. 

Ad-mon-I-tion-er, s. [Admonition.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which admon¬ 
ishes. 

. . those whose better gifts and inward endow¬ 

ments are admonitioners to them of the great good they 
can do.”— Hales: Remains, p. 24. 

2. Ch. Hist.: The name given to certain Puritans 
who, in 1571, sent an “ admonition ” to the Parlia¬ 
ment, condemning the retention of ceremonies in 
the Church of England not “ commanded in the 


Word,” and desiring that the Church should be 
placed in agreement with the doctrine and practice 
of Geneva. (Hook: Church Diet.) 

“ Albeit the admonitioners did seem at first to like no 
prescript form of prayer at all, but thought it the best 
that their minister should always be left at liberty to 
ray as his own discretion did serve ; their defender, and 
is associates, have sithence proposed to the world a form 
as themselves did like.”— Hooker. 

Ad-mon-I-tion-Ist, s, [Admonition.] 

Ch. Hist.: The same as Admonitioner, 2 
ad-mon'-It-ive, a. [Lat. admonitum, supine of 
admoneo .] [Admonish.] Containing admonition. 

“ This kind of suffering did seem to the fathers full of 
instructive and o dmonitive emblems.”— Barrow: Sermons, 
ii. 370. 

ad-mon-it-ive-ly, adv. [Admonitive.] In an 
admonitive manner; by way of admonition. 

ad-mon-It-or, s. [Lat.] One who admonishes. 
(The same as Monitor.) 

“ Conscience is at most times a very faithful and very 
prudent admonitor.” — Shenstone. 

ad-mon-I-tor-I-al, a. [Eng . admonitory;-al.] 
Admonishing. 

“ Miss Tox has acquired an admonitorial tone.”— Dick¬ 
ens: Dombey & Son, ch. Ii. 

ad-mon'-It-or- y, a. [ Lat. admonitorias.] Per¬ 
taining to admonition. 

“Admonitory texts inscribed the walls.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. 

ad-mor-tlz-a -tion, s. The settling of lands or 
tenements in mortmain. 

*ad-mov e, v.t. [Lat. admoveo: ad = to, and 
moveo— to move.] To move to. 

ad-mur-mur-a-tion, s. [Lat. admurmuratio, 
from admurmuro = to murmur at.] A murmuring 
to another. 

ad-nas'-Qent, a. [Lat. ctdnascens, pr. par. of ad- 
nascor= to be born in addition to: ad— to; nascor= 
to be born.] Nascent to, growing tp or from. [Ad¬ 
nata.] 

“ Moss, which is an adnascent plant, is to be rubbed and 
scraped off with some instrument of wood which may not 
excorticate the tree.”— Evelyn: Sylva, ii. 7, § 8. 

ad-na'-ta, s. [Lat. adnata, fem. sing, and neut. 
pi. of adnatus— born in addition to: fr. adnascor .] 

I. Fem. singular: 

Anat.: One of the coats of the eye, the same that 
is called also Albuginea. It lies between the scle¬ 
rotica and the conjunctiva. 

II. Neut. plural: 

1. Biol.: Hair, wool, or any similar covering at¬ 
tached to plants or animals. Also excrescences on 
them, such as fungi, lichens, &c. 

2. Gardening: Offsets proceeding from the roots 
of the lily, the hyacinth; and various plants of simi¬ 
lar organization, and which after a time become true 
roots. Fuchsius called them also Adnascentia, or 
appendices. 

ad-nate, a. [From Lat. adnatus.) [Adnata.] 
Biol.: Adhering to the face of anything. 

Bot.: Adnate applied to the anther of a flower 
implies that it is attached to the filament by its 
back. Had it been attached by its side it would 
have been called innate; and by a single point, ver¬ 
satile. Applied to the lamellae or gills of an Agari- 
cus, it signifies that the ends nearest the stipes, or 
stalk, cohere with it. 

ad-na'-tum, s. [Lat. sing, of adnatus.'] [Ad¬ 
nata.] Richard’s name for one of the small bulbs, 
called by gardeners cloves, developing in the axil of 
a parent bulb, and at last destroying it. 

*adnichil (ad-nlh-hll), *ad-nl'-chell, *ad- 
nl-hll, v. t. [Lat. ad— to ; m7wl=nothing.] 

Law: To annul, to cancel, to make void. (28 
Henry VIII.) 

*adnichiled (ad-nlh'-hllld), pa. par. [Ad- 

nichil.] 

*ad-nl-hll, v. t. [Adnichil.] 
ad-nom -In-3,1, a. [Lat. adnominis, genit. of 
adnomen .] [Adnoun.] Relating to an adnoun. 
(Prof. Gibbs.) 

*ad-note, v. t. [Lat. adnoto, annoto—to write 
down.] To note, to observe. 

“In this mateir to be adnoted 
What evyl oounsell withe pryncys maye induce.” 

Brit. Bibl., iv. 204. 

ad -noun, s. [Lat. ad, and Eng. noun. In Lat. 
adnomen, agnomen.] [Noun.] (Joined) to a noun; 
an adjective. 

tad-nu-bll-a-ted, a. [Lat. art=to; nubilo— to 
be cloudy; fr. nubes— a cloud,] Clouded. 

*ad-nul' (Eng.), ad-null' (Scotch), v. t. [An¬ 
nul.] 

*a~d6’,v. t. [Mid.Eng. ai=to, andrtoii=do.] Todo 

“. . . and done al that thei have ado.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 5,080. 


*a-do, *a-don, pa. par. [Ado, v.] To do away. 

“ Now his venime is a don.” — Leg. of Hyperm, 32. 
a-do’, s. [In Eng. with no pi.; in Scotch with 
pis. adoes, adois, addois .] 

*1. Trouble, difficulty, not implying that any un¬ 
necessary fuss is made. 

“He took Clitophon prisoner; whom, with much ado, he 
keepeth alive; the Helots being villainously cruel.”— 

Sidney. 

2. Fuss, bustle. 

“Why make ye this ado and weep? The damsel is not 
dead, but sleepeth.”— Mark v. 39. 

“Will you be ready? do you like this haste? 

We’ll keep no great ado; —a friend or two.” __ 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 4. 

“ Then should not we be tired with this ado.”_ _ 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, ii. 1. 

3. Plural (Scotch): 

(a) Business, affairs. 

“ Thai wer directit be his Maiestie to returne within 
this realme ffor certane his Maiesties speciall adois within 
the same.”— Acts Ja. VI. (1592). 

(b) Difficulties. (See No. 1.) 

U-do be, s. [Sp.] A sun-dried brick. 

In parts of Texas, and more largely in New 
Mexico, houses are built of these sun-burnt bricks 
and are commonly known as adobe houses. 

a-do'-Ing, pr.par. [Pr. par. of do, with a=on, 
or in, prefixed.] Being done. 

“Let us seem humbler after it is done, 

Than when it was a-doing.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 2. 

ad-ol-es'-gen§e, ad-ol-es -§en- 9 y, s. [In Fr. 

adolescence; Ital. adolescenza, fr. Lat. adolescentia 
=the age of a young person of either sex growing 
up—twelve to twenty-five in boys, twelve to twenty- 
one in girls—or less precisely, fifteen to thirty, or 
even to thirty-four, forty, or forty-four. From ado- 
lesco= to be growing up.] 

1. Ordinary Language and Physiology: The state 
of growing youth ; the period of life after the cessa¬ 
tion of infancy when one is growing up to his or 
her proper height, breadth, and firmness of fibre. 
In the United States the term of adolescence is 
generally reckoned to be, in the male sex, from 
fourteen to twenty-five; in females, from twelve to 
twenty-one. 

“ The sons must have a tedious time of childhood and 
adolescence, before they can either themselves assist their 
parents, or encourage them with new hopes of posterity.” 

— Bentley. 

“ He was so far from a boy, that he was a man born, and 
at his full stature; if we believe Josephus, who places him 
in the last adolescency, and makes him twenty-five years 
old.”— Brown. 

2. Eng. Law: The period of life between fourteen 
and twenty-one in males, and twelve and twenty- 
one in females. (Wharton: Law Lexicon, by Will.) 

ad-ol-es'-gent, a. & s. [Fr. adolescent, fr. Lat. 
adolescens, pr. par. of adolesco= to grow up.] 

A. As adjective: Growing from a boy into a 
young man, or from a girl into a young woman. 

“Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong. 
Detain their adolescent charge too long.” 

Cowper : Tirocinium. 

B. As substantive: One growing from a boy into 
a young man, or from a girl into a young woman. 

“ There are two sorts of adolescents .- the first dureth 
until eighteen years.”— Wodrolphe : Fr. <k Eng. Oram 
p. 365. ’ 

ad -ol-ode, s. [Gr. a, priv., and dolos= a bait for 
fish, a stratagem.] An instrument occasionally em¬ 
ployed for detecting fraud in distillation, 
a-don', pa. par. [Ado, «.] 
id -on, s. [Adonis.] 

id -on-al, s. [Heb. Ad6nai=\ords ; pi. of excel¬ 
lence of adon= Lord; fr. dim=to subject to one’s 
self, to rule over; E. Aram, and Syr. Adonai; the 
same meaning asm Hebrew.] A Hebrew name for 
God, less sacred than Jehovah. The general opin¬ 
ion now is that throughout the Hebrew Bible the 
vowel-points of Jehovah are really those of Adonai, 
the Jews fearing to pronounce the latter awfully 
holy word. The Jews, when they meet with Jeho¬ 
vah in the sacred text, pronounce Adonai in its 
stead; and as they have done so from time immemo¬ 
rial, the proper vowel-points of Jehovah are now a 
matter of dispute. [Jehovah.] 

Ad-o-na -Is, s. A name given to the poet Keats 
by Shelley, who wrote a monody on his death bear¬ 
ing this name for its title. 

A-d5-ne-an, a. [Adonis.] Pertaining to Adonis. 
A-do -ni-a, s.plur. [Adonis. ] Festivals form¬ 
erly held by the Phenicians, the Syrians, the Egyp- 
tians, the Lycians, and the Greeks, in honor of 
Adonis. They lasted two days; the first of which 
was spent by the women in mourning and cries, and 
the second in feasting and jollity. The prophet 
Ezekiel is supposed to allude to the procedure of 
the first day in ch. viii. 14. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thdre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, je, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kist 



Adonic 


79 


adoration 


A-don'-ic, a. & s. [Adonis.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Adonis, or to the 
verse called by the same name. [See the substan¬ 
tive.] 

B. As substantive: A kind of verse consisting of 
a dactyl and a spondee or trochee. It is fitted for 
gay and sprightly poetry. It is common in Horace 
and other Latin lyric poets, being generally com¬ 
bined with three Sapphic lines preceding it, this 
combination making up what is known as the Sap¬ 
phic metre. “ TSrruit hrbem ” and “iEquQre dam® ” 
are Adonics. Anglo-Saxon Adonics consist of one 
long, two short, and two long syllables, as“WOp 
up-a-M-fen.” 

A-do'-nis, s. [Gr. Adonis: Lat. Adonis= the 
mythological personage described under A. 1. In 
Fr. Adonide; Sp. & Port. Adonis; Ital. fiore 
d’Adono= a plant (the Pheasant’s Eye, B. 1): fr. 
Adonis, the person.] 

A. Of persons: 

I. Classic Mythology: 

1. Lit.: An exceedingly beautiful youth, killed 
by a wild boar. The goddess Venus, by whom he 
was greatly beloved, soothed her grief for his loss 
by converting him into a flower, supposed to be the 
anemone. The death and re-appearance in a beau¬ 
tiful form of Adonis were supposed by some to sym¬ 
bolize the death of vegetation in winter and its re¬ 
vival in spring. 

IT In this sense the word is sometimes shortened 
in poetry to Adon. 

“‘Nay, then,’ quoth Adon. ‘you will fall again 
Into your idle, over-handled theme.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis. 

2. Fig.': A young man greatly beloved, or re¬ 
markable, like Adonis, for great beauty. 

“Rich, thou hadst many lovers—poor, hast none, 

So surely want extinguishes the flame, 

And she who call’d thee once her pretty one, 

And her Adonis, now inquires thy name.” 

Cowper: On Female Inconstancy. 

3. A foppish young man; a dandy; a dude. 

B. Of things: 

Bot.: Pheasant’s eye. A genus of plants so called 
because the red color of the species made them 
look as if they had been stained by the blood of 
Adonis. It be¬ 
longs to the 
order Ranun-, 
culace®, or 
Crowfoots. It 
has five s e- 
pals and five 
to ten petals 
without a 
nectary; sta¬ 
in e n s and 
styles many; 
fruit consist¬ 
ing of numer¬ 
ous awnless 
a c h e n e s 
grouped in a 
short spike or 
head. A spe¬ 
cies — the A. 
autumn alis, 
or Corn 
Phe a s a n t’s 
Eye—is found 
occasion ally 
in corn-fields in Britain, but it has escaped from 
gardens, and is not properly wild. It is a beautiful 
plant, with bright scarlet flowers, and having very 
markedly composite leaves with linear segments. 
Plants of this genus are easily cultivated. 

A-do -nlsts, s. pi. [In Ger. Adonisten, fr. Heb. 
Adonai .] [Adonai.] The name applied to those 
scholars who believe that the vowel-points of the 
Hebrew word Jehovah are really those of Adonai. 
[Adonai.] Those who hold the contrary view are 
called Jehovists. The controversy is now all but 
settled in favor of the Adonists. 

3 ,-do or§, g,-do're§, adv. [Eng. a=of; doors.'] 
Out of doors. 

“ But when he saw her goe forth adores , he hasted after 
into the streate.”— Riche: Farewell (1581). 

. . when we came out a-doors.” 

Woman Pleased , iv. 1. 

Std-opt’, v. t. [Lat. adopto=to choose, to select: 
ad= to, and opto=to choose, to select; Ger. adopt- 
iren; Fr. adopter; Ital. adottare.] 

A. Of persons: 

1 . To take a stranger, generally a child, into one’s 
family, and give him or her all the privileges of a 
legally-begotten son or daughter. Similarly, to 
take a foreigner into a country, and give him the 
same rights as if he had been one of the native 
population. 

“We will adopt us sons ; 

Then virtue shall inherit, and not blood.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Maid’s Tragedy, in 1. 


IT One is now said to be adopted by the person or 
country welcoming him; formerly to was occasion¬ 
ally used. 

“Sold to Laertes, by divine command, 

And now adopted to a foreign land.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xv. 521. 

2. To take one into more or less intimate rela¬ 
tions with. 

“Friends, not adopted with a schoolboy’s haste, 

But chosen with a nice discerning taste.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

B. Of things: To make one’s own what previously 
belonged to some one else, according, at the same 
time, proper respect to the rights of the original 
possessor. 

“ Fortunately for himself, he was induced, at this crisis, 
to adopt a policy singularly judicious.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

“This view is adopted by Dr. Arnold.”— Lewis: Early 
Roman Hist., ch. xiii. 

<id-6p'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Adopt.] 

“To be adopted heir to Frederick.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, i. 2. 

“ Mix’d with her genuine sons, adopted names 
In various tongues avow their various claims.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xix., 198, 199. 

iid-opt’-ed-ly, adv. [Adopted.] After the man¬ 
ner of a person or thing adopted. 

“ Lucio. Is she your cousin? 

Isab. Adoptedly; as school maids change their names, 
By vain, though apt affection.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, i. 4. 

3 , d-opt'-er, s. [Adopt.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which adopts. 
“ Adopter: He that makes the adoption.” {Huloet.) 

2. Chem. : A conical tube placed between a retort 
and a receiver with the view of lengthening the 
neck of the former. [Adapter.] 

Ad-op-ti-a-nl, Adop'-ti-an§, Ad-op'Zion¬ 
ists, s. plur. [Adoption.] 

Ch. Hist.: A Christian sect which arose in Spain 
toward the end of the eighth century. Its leaders 
were Felix, Bishop of Urgel, and Elipand, Arch¬ 
bishop of Toledo, who believed that Christ was the 
Son of God not by nature, but by adoption. 

ad-opt'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Adopt.] 

ad-op'-tion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. adoption , fr, Lat. 
adoptio, possibly contracted from adoptatio={ 1 ) 
adoption, (2) ( gardening) ingrafting; adopto— to 
choose, to select: ad= to; opto=to choose.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of taking a stranger into one’s family 
as a son or daughter. (See B. 1 .) 

1 . The taking a person, a society, &c., into more 
intimate relations than formerly existed with an¬ 
other person or society. 

2. The taking as one’s own, with or without ac¬ 
knowledgment, an opinion, plan, &c., originating 
with another; also the selecting one from several 
courses open to a person’s choice. 

II. The state of being adopted in any of these 
senses, (See example under B. 3.) 

B. Technically: 

1. Foreign Law , Ancient and Modern: The act of 
taking a stranger into one’s family, as a son or 
daughter, and constituting the person so adopted 
one’s heir. The practice was common among the 
Greeks and Romans, and is still practiced in some 
modern nations. There is a law of adoption in 
this country. Elsewhere 

Adoption by matrimony is the placing the chil¬ 
dren of a former marriage on the same footing, with 
regard to inheritance, &c., as those of the present 
one. 

Adoption by testament is the appointing a person 
one’s heir on condition of his assuming the name, 
arms, &c., of his benefactor. (See below, Her., 
“Arms of Adoption.”) . 

Adoption by hair was performed by cutting off 
the hair of the person adopted, and giving it to the 
adoptive father. 

Adoption by arms: The presentation of arms by 
a prince to a brave man. These the recipient was 
expected to use for the protection of his benefactor. 

2 .Her. Arms of Adoption: The heraldic arms 
received when the last representative of an expiring 
aristocratic family adopts a stranger to assume his 
armorial bearings and inherit his estates. The re¬ 
cipient may obtain permission from Parliament to 
take the name of his benefactor, either appended to 
or substituted for his own. {Gloss, of Her.) _ 

3. Scripture and Theology: The act of admitting 
one into the family of God, or the state of being so 
admitted. The previous position of the person 
adopted in this manner was that of a “ servant, 
now he is a “ son,” an “ heir of God,” and a joint 
heir with Christ.” 

“ To redeem them that were under the law, that we 
might receive the adoption of sons. . . Wherefore thou 
art no more a servant, but a son.”— Gal. iv. 5, 7. 

“And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint 
heirs with Christ.”— Rom. viii. 17. 


No one of the Thirty-nine Articles formally defines 
adoption; but the doctrine of the English Church 
ana most others is identical with that of the Shorter 
Catechism. 

“ What is adoption? Adoption is an act of God’s free 
grace, whereby we are received into the number, and have 
a right to all the privileges of the sons of God.”— Shorter 
Catechism, Q. 34. 

4. Ecclesiastical Language, f Adoption by Bap¬ 
tism : The act of becoming godfather or godmother 
to a child about to be baptized. Unlike real adop¬ 
tion, however, this does not constitute the child 
heir to its spiritual father or mother. 

Ad-op-tion-Ists, s. pi. [AdoptiIni.] 

g,d-op'-tious, a. [Adopt.] Adopted. 

“. . . with a world 

Of pretty fond adoptious Christendoms, 

That blinking Cupid gossips.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, i. 1. 

ad-op-tive, a. & s. [In Ger. adoptiv; Fr. adoptif; 
Ital. adottivo, fr. Lat. adoptions.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. One who is adopted. 

(a) Of persons: Taken into a family; not native 
to a country. 

“There succeeded him the first divi fratres, the two 
adoptive brethren.”— Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. i. 

“There cannot be an admission of the adoptive without 
a diminution of the fortunes and conditions of those that 
are not native subjects of this realm.”— Bacon: Speech in 
Parliament (5 Jas. I.). 

{b) Of things: Not native. 

“Intellectual weakness, whether it be indigenous or 
adoptive, is prejudice.”— Bowring: Bentham, i. 218. 

2 . One who adopts another. 

“An adopted son cannot cite his adoptive father into 
court without his leave.”— Ayliffe-. Parergon. 

II. Technically: 

Her. Adoptive arms are those which a person en¬ 
joys not in virtue of himself having a right to them, 
but solely by the gift or concession of another. 

B. As substantive: A person or thing adopted. 

ad-br-$i-bll’-I-ty, s. [Adorable.] Adorable¬ 
ness ; capability of being adored, worthiness of being 
adored. 

ad-or-a-ble, a. [In Fr. adorable; Ital. ador- 
abile, from Lat. ador«, 6 i/is=worthy of adoration.] 

1. Specially: Worthy of divine honors. 

“ ‘ On these two, the love of God and our neighbor, hang 
both the law and the prophets,’ says the adorable Author 
of Christianity; and the Apostle says, ‘The end of the law 
is charity.’ "—Cheyne. 

2. Generally: Worthy of the utmost love and re¬ 
spect. 

ador'-a-ble-ness, s. [Adorable.] Worthiness 
of being adored. 

ad-or- 9 ,-bly, adu. [Adorable.] In an adorable 
manner. 

*ad-or-At, s. A weight of four pounds, formerly 
used for weighing chemical substances. {Phillips.) 

*ad or-ate, v. t. [Lat. adoratum , supine of adoro.] 
To adore. 

“A king that kings adorate.” — Davies: Wittes Pilgrim¬ 
age, p. 27. 

ad-or-a-tion, s. [In Fr. adoration; Ital. ador- 
azione, from Lat. adoratio=praying to: ad= to; 
orafio=speaking, an oration: or o—to speak, to pray; 
os, genit. oris=the mouth.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of adoring. 

1. Worship: The expression, by means of some 
visible symbol, of intense veneration for the true or 
for a false God. Kneeling, bowing, uncovering the 
head, maintaining silence during divine service, 
prayer, and praise, are all acts of adoration. 

“The holy time is quiet as a Nun 
Breathless with adoration.” 

Wordsworth: Sonnets. 

“. . . a hero of worth immeasurable ; admiration for 
whom [Odin], transcending the known bounds, became 
adoration.” — Carlyle: Heroes & Hero-Worship, Lect. I. 

2. The expression of intense veneration for some 
earthly being or other creature, without, however, 
mistaking such a being for a divinity. 

“How much more, 

Poured forth by beauty splendid and polite. 

In language soft as adoration breathes.” 

Cowper: Task, ii. 495. 

II. The state of being adored. 

“ And when the One, ineffable of name, 

In nature indivisible, withdrew 
From mortal adoration or regard.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

B. Technically: The election of a Pope by adora¬ 
tion means that the cardinals, as if suddenly pos¬ 
sessed in common by a divine impulse, rush hastily 
to some one, and declare him pope. 



The Adonis (Pheasant’s Eye). 

1. The plant. 2. The flower. 3. The 
fruit: a head of achenes. 4. A sin¬ 
gle achene. 


bbil bdy; pout, Jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph - f. 

-cian. -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bcl, del. 



adore 


80 


adrogation 


Sld-ore (1), v. t. [Fr. adorer; Ital. adorare, from 
Lat. adoro = to speak to, to entreat, to pay to, to 
pray to, to adore: ad = to, and oro = to speak to, 
to pray; os, genit. oris — the mouth, possibly hint¬ 
ing at kissing the hand to.] 

1, To express intense veneration for, as man for 
the Supreme Being. To pay divine honors to. 

“Here you stand, 

Adore and worship, when you know it not: 

Pious beyond the intention of your thought, 
Devout above the meaning of your will.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

“ Therefore thou shalt vow 
By that same god, what god soe’er it be, 

That thou adorest and hast in reverence— 

To save my boy, to nourish, and bring him up.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, v. 1. 

2. To express intense veneration for a created be¬ 
ing, as a real or imagined hero, or a person of the 
opposite sex from one’s own. 

“The great mass of the population abhorred Popery 
and adored Monmouth.”— Macaulay • Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

*3. To invoke. 

“Doe yet adore the Boman forces.”— P. Holland: Cam- 
ten, p. 46. 

* 9 d-ore (2), v. t. [Adorn.] 

“ Like to the hore 

Congealed drops which do the morn adore.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. xi. 46. 

“. . . downright adorement of cats, lizards, and 
beetles.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

9 d-or'-er, s. [En g. adore; -er.] One who adores. 

1. Spec. One who worships the Supreme Being or 
any false god. 

“Not longer than since I, in one night, freed 
From servitude inglorious, well nigh half 
The angelic name, and thinner left the throng 
Of his adorers.” Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

2. One who greatly venerates or entertains deep 
affection for a woman or other created being, as, 
-for instance, a lover for his mistress. 

“I would abate her nothing; though I profess myself 
iher adorer, not her friend.”— Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 6. 

g,d-br-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Adore.] 

A. & B. Aspr. par. & adj.: (See the verb.) 

“Hark how the adoring hosts above 
With songs surround the throne.”— Watts. 

C. As subst.: The act of adoration. 

9 d-br-ing-ly, adv. [Adore.] In an adoring 
manner. 

ad-orn', * 9 d-orn e, *an-orne, v.t. [Lat. adorno 
=to prepare, to furnish, to decorate: ad= to, and 
orno —to fit out, to adorn; Fr. omer=ornament; 
Sp. & Port, ornar; Ital. ornare; Arm. aourna.~\ 

1. Spec. To decorate, to ornament ; to deck out 
with something glittering, or otherwise beautiful. 

“. . . as a bridegroom decketh himself with orna¬ 
ments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her jewels.”— 
Isa. lxi. 10. 

2. To add attractiveness to, by supplying some¬ 
thing whose chief grace is derived from its useful¬ 
ness rather than from its glitter or beauty. 

“ For him sod seats the cottage-door adorn.” 

Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches. 

3. To furnish the intellect with the knowledge 
requisite to set it off to the best advantage. 

“His books well trimm’d and in the gayest style, 

Like regimented coxcombs, rank and file, 

Adorn his intellects as well as shelves, 

And teach him notions splendid as themselves.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

4. To render anything attractive by illustrating 
or publicly displaying its inherent glories. 

“ . . . that they may adorn the doctrine of God our 
Saviour in all things.”— Titus ii. 10. 

*ad-orn', *&d-orn e, a. & s. [Adorn, u.] 

1. As adjective: Adorned. 

“Made so adorn for thy delight the more; 

So awful, that with honor thou may’st love 
Thy mate.” Milton: P. L., viii. 676. 

2. As substantive: Ornament. 

“Without adorne of gold and silver bright, 
Wherewith the craftsman would it beautify.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xii. 20. 

tstd-orn'-ate, v. t. [Lat. adornatum, supine of 
adorno.\ [Adorn.] To adorn. 

“ . . . to adomate gardens with the fairness thereof 
[of the tobacco flower].”— Frampton, 33. ( Latham .) 

fad-orn-a-tion, s. [Adorn.] Ornament. 
“Memory is the soul’s treasury, and thence she hath 
her garments of adornation.” — Wit’- s Commonwealth. 
(Latham.) 

*ad-orne (O. Eng. & Scotch), v. t., pa. par. ad- 
ornit (Scotch). Old spelling of Adore. 

“The sonne, the moone, Jubiter and Saturne, 

And Mars, the god of armes, they dyd adorne.” 

Hardyng: Chronicle, f. 65. 

“ . . . that thou suld be adornit and worshippit as 
godde.”— Archbp. Hamilton’s Catechism. 


ad-orn ed, pa. par. & a. [Adorn.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those of 
the verb. 

2. Her.: Ornamented or furnished with a charge. 
“An article of dress which is charged is said to be ad¬ 
orned with the charge.”— Gloss, of Heraldry. 

ad-orn -er, s. [Adorn.] 
ad-orn-ing, pr. par., a. & s. 

As substantive: Adornment. 

“Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of 
plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or putting on 
of apparel.”—1 Pet. iii. 3. 

“ Eno. Her gentlewomen, like the Nereides, 

So many mermaids, tended her i’ the eyes, 

And made their bends adornings.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 2. 

9d-orn-ing-ly, adv. [Adorning.] In a man¬ 
ner calculated to adorn. , 

ad-orn ment, s. [Adorn.] An adorning, orna¬ 
mentation, decoration. 

“This attribute was not given to the earth while it was 
confused; nor to the heavens before they had motion and 
adornment.” — Raleigh: Hist, of the World. 

ad-ors ed, ad-6ss ed, a. [Addorsed.] 
ad-os-cul-a'-tion, s. [Lat. adosculoi— to kiss: 
ad=to, osculor=to kiss ; osculum=a small mouth, a 
kiss, or the mouth.] 

Biol.: A term introduced by Dr. Grew to desig¬ 
nate a kind of impregnation such as that of plants, 
by the falling of the pollen upon them, 
ad-oss ed, a. [Addorsed.] 

*a-do te, v. i. [Old form of Dote.] To dote. 

“ It falleth that the moste wise 
Ben otherwhile of love adoted, 

And so by-whaped and assoted.” 

Gower. ( Halliwell .) 

a-doubt -$d (6 silent), a. Dreaded, redoubted. 
[Doubt.] 

“And Michel adoubted in eyerich fight.” 

Gy of Warwike, p. 120. 

9 -down , *a-doun.', * 9 -doun e, prep. & adv. [Eng. 
a; down; from A. S. adun, adune= down; of-dune, 
lit.=off the hill.] Poetical form of Down, prep. 

I. As preposition: 

1. Down, from a higher to a lower place. 

“ Adown the path which from the glen had led 
The funeral train, the shepherd and his mate 
Were seen descending.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

2. Throughout. 

“Full well ’tis known adown the dale, 

Though passing strange indeed the tale.” 

Percy Reliques, I. iii. 15. 

II. As adverb: Down, from a higher to a lower 
place ; already at the lowest place ; below. 

“ The drops of death each other chase 
Adown in agonizing dew.” 

Byron: Oscar of Alva. 

9 -dox -a, s. [Gr. a, priv., and doxa= glory liter¬ 
ally, inglorious, meaning that the plant is an in¬ 
conspicuous one.] Moschatel, or Musk Crowfoot. A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Araliaceae, 
or Ivy worts. There is a British species, the A. Mos- 
chatellina, or tuberous Moschatel, which, though 
small and not striking in its inflorescence, is yet an 
interesting plant. It is found in moist shady places, 
ad-poynt e, v. t. Old form of Appoint (q. v.). 
ad-press ed, a. [Lat. adpressus, appressus, pa. 
par. of adprimo or apprimo = to press to: ad — to, 
andpremo = to press.] 

Bot.: In close contact with, but not adherent. 
*ad-qui-e'-to, s. [Lat. adquietum, supine of 
adquieso or acquiesco = to become physically quiet.] 
Payment. (Blount.) 

* 9 d-rad , a. [Adred.] 
ad -ra-giint, s. Gum tragacanth. 

* 9 -dram'-ihg, a. Churlish. (Kersey.) 
a-drast'-us, s. [A Greek hero, a king of Argo, 
who obtained great glory in that mythic war 
against Thebes called the War of the Seven 
Worthies.] A genus of Coleoptera, of the family 
Elateridee (Club-beetles). The A. acuminatus is 
one of the insects, the larvae of which constitute the 
wire-worms, so called from their long slender, cylin¬ 
drical, somewhat rigid forms, occasionally so de¬ 
structive to the crops of the farmer and gardener, 
from their habit of root-gnawing. It is the smallest 
of the species inhabiting cultivated land. Known 
in the United States as the Wire-grub. 
a-draw'e, v. i. [A. S. dragan = to draw.] 

1. To draw away; to withdraw. 

“Away fro hem he wold adrawe 

Yf that he myght.” Octavian, 357. 

2. To draw. 

“. . . bygan ys mace adratce.” 

Rob. Glouc., 207. ( Halliwell .) 


* 9 -dr§ 9 d', *a-drad' (Eng. & £co#c/i),*g,-dradd e 
(Scotch), a. & adv. [Eng. a = in; and dread; A. S. 
adrcedan = to dread, to fear; dred= feared.] In 
dread; afraid. [Adreid.] 

“And thinking to make all men adread to such a one, 
an enemy who would not spare nor fear to kill so great 
a prince.”— Sidney. 

“. . „ and wa3 adrad of gyle.” 

Chaucer: C. T., The Cokes Tale, 568. 

* 9 -dream, v. t. & i. [Old form of Dream.] To 
dream. 

t 9 -dream’d, a-dre amt, pa. par. [Adream.] 

“ I was even now adream’d that you could see with 
either of your eyes, in so much as I waked for joy, and I 
hope to find it true.”— Wits, Fittes and Fancies (1595), 94. 

“ Wilt thou believe me, sweeting? by this light 
I was adream on thee, too.”—O. PL, vi. 351. 

*a-dred’, adv. [Fr. adroit or droit.] [Adroit.] 
Downright. (Scotch.) (Jamieson: Scott. Diet.) 

*a-dred'e, v. t. & i. [A. S. adrcedan= to dread.] 
[Adread.] To dread, fear. 

“ Gauhardin seighe that sight, 

And sore him gan adrede.” 

Sir Tristrem, p. 288. 

*a -drel-wurt, s. [In A. S. adremint= the fever 
few, the mugwort, from adre, cedre, ceddre=a vein.] 
A plant, the feverfew (Matricaria parthenium?) 
(Old, IvxS. list of plants.) (Halliwell.) 

ad-re'-nal, s. [Lat. ad. and Eng. renal.] A 
suprarenal capsule or gland. [Suprarenal-Cap¬ 
sules. 

ad-re'-nal-In, s. [Eng. adrenal; in.] The active 
principle of the adrenals, or suprarenal glands. It 
was discovered in ..901 by Dr. Jokiche Takemine, a 
Japanese chemist, and its isolation lias made sur¬ 
gery to a greatextent bloodless. Adrenalin drives 
away the blood from any living tissue to which it 
is applied. This makes it especially useful in 
delicate surgery, especially of the nose and throat. 
Moreover, it is the most powerful heart stimulant 
known. 

a-dres-see', s. [Address.] One to whom any¬ 
thing is addressed. 

* 9 -dres'-sid, pa. par. [Adresse.] (Gower MS.) 
(Halliwell.) 

A'-dri-a, s. [Eng. Adria=the Gulf of Venice (or 
the sea adjacent, Acts xxvii. 27) ; fr. Lat. Hadria, a 
town of the Veneti.] _ 

Astron.: An asteroid, the 143d found. It was dio- 
covered at Pola by Palisa, in February, 1875. 

A-dr 1 - 9 .il, a. [In Lat, Had'd anus.] [Adria.] 

1. Pertaining to the Gulf of Venice, or the sea ad¬ 
jacent to it. 

“ When Paul and all his hopes seemed lost, 

By Adrian billows wildly tossed.”— McCheyne. 

2. Spec. Venetian. 

“ Was Alp, the Adrian renegade!” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 3. 

A -drI- 911 -iStS, s. pi. [From Adrian, a man’s 
name.] 

1. Ch.Hist.: The followers of a real or mythic 
Adrian, a disciple of Simon Magus. 

2. The followers of Adrian Hamstead, an Ana¬ 
baptist. 

A-dri-at'-ic, a. & s. [Lat. Adriaticus, Hadriat- 
Icus; from Adria or Hadria, the Gulf of Venice.] 
[Adria.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to the Gulf of Venice. 

2. As substantive: The Gulf of Venice. 

a-drift', a. Sc adv. [From a=on, and drift (q. v.).] 

[Drift.] 

1. Lit.: Driven, impelled; floating about hither 
and thither on the sea, a lake, or other sheet »f 
water, as the winds may impel it. 

“. . . then shall this mount 
Of Paradise by night of waves be moved 
Out of his place, push’d by the horned flood, 

With all his verdure spoiled, and trees adrift.” 

t Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

2 . Fig.: Detached from a fixed position and cast 
loose upon the world. (Used of persons or things.) 

“ As I have said, it was 
A time of trouble: shoals of artisans 
Were from their daily labor turn’d adrift 
To seek their bread from public charity.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

* 9 -dri he, *a-dry ghe, 9 -dreI'ch, 9 -drI gh (ch 
and gh guttural), adv. [Adreich.] Aside, behind. 
“ The kyngis doughter which this syghe 
For pure abaschement drow hyre adrihe.” 

Gower MS. ( Halliwell.) 

ad-ro-ga-tion, s. [Lat. ad=to; rogo=to ask, 
taken from the questions put in adrogation.] 

Old Rom. Law: A kind of adoption in which the 
person selected was old enough to have an opinion 
with regard to the advantage or otherwise of the 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ' qu = kw.' 




adroit 


81 


adulteration 


step contemplated. His or her consent had, there¬ 
fore, to be obtained to render the proceedings 
valid. Adrogation was the form of adoption had 
recourse to in the case of boys above fourteen and 
girls above twelve years of age. 

3~dr6it', a. [Fr. adroit— handsome, apt, or fit 
for anything, prosperous; a=to, and droit=right, 
as opposed to left. The word dexterous is from 
Latin dexter=T\ght, as opposed to left; it is, there¬ 
fore, etymologically of the same meaning as adroit.] 
[Direct, Right, Dexterous.] 

A. Of persons: 

1. Dexterous in the use of the hands ; handy. 

“An adroit stout fellow would sometimes destroy a 

whole family, with justice apparently against, him the 
whole time.”— Jervas’ Don Quixote. 

2. Dexterous in the use of the mind, cunning. 
“They could not without uneasiness see so adroit and 

eloquent an enemy of pure religion constantly attending 
the royal steps, and constantly breathing counsel in the 
royal ear.” --Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

B. Of things: Resulting from dexterity of hand 
or of mind. 

“ . . . still had a superiority of force; and that superi- 
irity he increased by an adroit stratagem.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

“Before going on board, Mr. Wilson interpreted for 
me to the Tahitian who had paid me so adroit an atten¬ 
tion.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xviii. 

a-droit-ljf, adv. [Adroit.] In an adroit man¬ 
ner ; dexterously, skillfully. 

If Used primarily of the hands, but more fre¬ 
quently of the mind. 

“Use yourself to carve adroitly and genteelly.”— 
Chesterfield. 

3 -droit -ness, s. [Adroit.] Dexterity, skillful¬ 
ness. (Used of the hands, or, more frequently, of 
tite mind.) 

“ He had neither adroitness to parry, nor fortitude to 
endure, the gibes and reproaches to which, in his new 
character of courtier and placeman, he was exposed.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

*3 uroiic . pt. t. [Adrench.] 

* 3 -drop', s. A mixed metal, a kind of aurical- 
cium, in Eng. auricalc. 

3-dry', a. [A. S. adrigan. adrygan, adrygean, &c. 
—to dry, to dry up, to rub dry, to wither.] Thirsty. 
If It is placed after the noun. 

“He never told any of them that he was his humble 
servant, but his well-wisher ; and would rather be thought 
a malcontent, than drink the king’s health when he was 
not adry.” — Spectator. 

*3-drv e, V. t. [ A. S. adriogan, adriohan = to 
bear.J To bear, to suffer. 

“ In alle thys londe ther ys not soche a knyght. 

Were he never so welle y-dyght, 

That his stroke myght adrye, 

But he schulde hyt sore abye.” 

MS. Cantab. ( Halliwell .) 

ad-s§i-tl-tious, a. [Lat. ascitus = approved, 
adopted; ascisco = to approve, to adopt, to join.] 
Joined; additional, supplemental. ( Bentham.) 

“He found no term characterizing the use in one liti¬ 
gation of evidence which had been elicited for service in 
mother, so as to distinguish it from evidence collected 
eolely for the litigation in which it is applied—and he 
called the former adscititious evidence.” — Bowring: 
Jeremy Bentham’s Works, § 1. 

ad-s$I-tr-tious-ly, adv. [Adscititious.] In an 
adscititious manner. 

ad'-scrlpt, s. [Lat. adscriptus, ascriptus. As 
jubstantive=a naturalized citizen; as adjective — 
prescribed, fixed; fr. ascribo, -ipsi, -iptum=ix> add 
to or insert in a writing; to enroll.] One enrolled as 
jnder the obligation, or at least under the necessity, 
of giving service to a master. A slave is an adscript 
' jo a certain place or person. {Bancroft.) 

ad-strlc'-tion, s. [Lat. adstrictio, astrictio=a 
power of binding close, astringency: adstringo, as- 
tringo—tc draw close, to bind: ad, and stringo= to 
draw tight, to be tight.] [Strict.] A binding fast. 

Med.: The rigidity of any portion of the body, as 
of the bowels, producing constipation. 

ad-strlct'-or-y, a. [Adstriction.] Binding, 
astringent.] 

ad-string'-ent, a. [Astringent.] 
*ad-tem'pte, v. [Attempt.] {Scotch.) 
tad'-Ul- 3 -ble, a. [See Adulate.] Susceptible 
of flattery. (Minsheu.) 

ad-pl-ar'-I-a, s. [In Ger. adular; Fr. & Ital. 
adulaire, from Mount Adula, in the Grisons in 
Switzerland, whence it is believed that the first 
specimens were brought.] One of the minerals 
called Moonstone. It is a sub-variety of Orthoclase. 
Dana divides Orthoclase into two varieties: (1) 
Ordinary Orthoclase; (2) Compact Orthoclase, or 
orthoclase-felsite. Under the former of these he 
ranks thirteen s^b-varieties, of which adulana is 
the first. It is transparent, is cleavable, and in 


most cases has opalescent reflections. Specific 
gravity, 2'539 to 2*578. It occurs on Snowdon, in the 
Isle of Arran, and at various places abroad. 

ad'-yl-ate, v. t. [Lat. adulatus, pa. par. of 
adulor, rarely adulo— to fawn like a dog; Fr. ad- 
uler .] To fawn upon. 

“ It is not that I adulate the people; 

Without me there are demagogues enough.” 

Byron: Don Juan, ix. 25. 

ad-yl-a’-tion, s. [Fr. adulation; Ital. adula- 
zione, from Lat. adulatio={l) fawning like a dog, 
(2) cringing, flattering.] [Adulate.] 

1 . The act of fawning upon or flattering. 

2. The state of being so fawned upon, flattered or 
addressed with exaggerated compliment. 

“. . . had already returned to enjoy the adulation of 
poets.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

ad-yl a'-tor, s. [In Fr. adulateur; Ital. adul- 
dtore; fr. Lat. adulator .] One who fawns upon; 
one who flatters. 

ad'-yl-a-tor-jf, a. [In Fr. adulateur; Ital. ad- 
ulatore, fr. Lat. adulatorius.] Flattering; contain¬ 
ing extravagant compliments. 

“The language of Jeffreys is most offensive, sometimes 
scurrilous, sometimes basely adulatory.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

ad'-yl-a-tress, s. [The feminine form of Adul¬ 
ator.] A female who fawns upon or flatters in a 
servile manner. 

* 3 -du l$e, v. t. [Addulce.] 

A-dull'-a-mite, a. & s. [Adullam (Heb.)=the 
cave mentioned in 1 Sam. xxii. 1,2; -ite—a native of, 
one connected with.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to the village or cave of Adullam, or 
the natives of the latter place. 

2. Pertaining to the political party described 
under B. 2. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Scripture: A native of the village of Adullam. 

“ . . . and his friend Hirah, the Adullamite.” — Gen. 

xxxviii. 12. 

2. Eng. Hist. Plural: The name or nickname of 
a political party which arose in 1866, and continued 
for a short time subsequently. In the year now 
mentioned, Earl Russell and Mr. Gladstone having 
introduced a Reform Bill embodying proposals for 
a considerable enlargement of the franchise, some 
of the more moderate Liberals declined to support 
it, and took counsel together how to prevent its 
passing into law. On this Mr Bright, who was 
warmly in its favor, compared the new party to the 
discontented persons who repaired to King David 
when he was in the Cave of Adullam (1 Sam. xxii. 1 , 
2). The name took effect, and those to whom it 
was applied became, for the time, universally 
known as the Adullamites. A more sweeping 
Reform Bill than that proposed in 1866 having been 
carried under a Conservative Government a year 
later, the Adullamite party, which contained men 
widely differing on many points, ceased to act 
together, and gravitated some to the one and others 
to the other side of the House. 

3 -dull- 3 m-y, s. [From Adullam.'] [Adull¬ 
amite.] 

A newspaper word: What is deemed the political 
offense of taking refuge in a cave, like that of 
Adullam. with the view of thwarting the measures 
of one’s Parliamentary chief. [Adullamite.] 

ad'-ult, or 3 -dult', a.&s. [In Fr. adulte; Ital. 
adulto, from Lat. adwhws=full grown, pa. par. of 
adolesco= to grow up.] 

A. As adjective: Grown to maturity. (Used of 
man, of the inferior animals, of plants, and of the 
several organs which they possess.) 

“They would appear less able to approve themselves, not 
only to the confessor, but even to the catechist, in their 
adult age, than they were in their minority.”— Decay of 
Piety. 

“The difference in the facial angle between the young 
and adult apes .’’—Owen : Classif. of Mammalia, p. 68. 

“ . . . in the horns of our sheep and cattle when 
nearly adult.”—Darwin : Origin of Species, ch. iv. 

“ Examination of adult cuticle.”— Beale : Bioplasm, 
§116. 

“. . . adult texture.”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 

Anat., i. 10, 

B. As substantive: 

1 . Gen.: A man or boast grown to maturity. It 
may bo used even of plants. 

“ . . . children, whose bones are more pliable and 
soft than those of adults.” — Sharpe : Surgery. 

In Law: A man or woman of the age of twenty- 
one or more years. 

2. Among Civilians: A youth between fourteen 
and twenty-five years of age. 

adult school, s. A school attended by adults in¬ 
stead of by children. 


*3-dul -ted, a. [Adult.] Having completely 

reached maturity. 

*3-dul -ter, v. t. [Lat. adullero.] 

1. To commit adultery against; to violate con¬ 
jugal obligations to. 

“ His chaste wife 
He adulters still.”— Ben Jonson. 

2. To stain, to pollute. 

“. . . his adultering spots.”— Marston: Scourge of 
Villainy. 

a-dul'-ter-3nt, s. A person or thing that adul¬ 
terates. 

3-dul -ter-ate, v. i. & t. [Adulterate, a.] 

*A. Intransitive: To commit adultery. {Lit. & 

fio-) 

“. . . we must not kill, steal, nor adulterate.” — Eight- 
foot : Miscell., p. 201. 

“ But Fortune, oh! 

She is corrupted, changed, and won from thee ; 

She adulterates hourly with thine uncle John.” 

Shakesp. : King John, iii. L 

B. Transitive: 

1. Lit. {Of a metal or other article of commerce) : 
To corrupt or debase anything by intermixing it 
with a substance of less money value than itself. 

“Common pot-ashes, bought of them that sell it in 
shops, who are not so foolishly knavish as to adulterate 
them with salt-petre, which is much dearer than pot¬ 
ashes.”— Boyle. 

2. Fig. {Of the mind): To corrupt, to contami¬ 
nate. 

“ Could a man be composed to such an advantage of 
constitution, that it should not at all adulterate the 
images of his mind, yet this second nature would alter 
the crasis of his understanding.”— Glanv.: Seep. Spient. 

a-dul -ter-ate, a. [From Lat. adulteratus, pa. 
par. of adultero = (1) to commit adultery, (2) to 
falsify, to debase.] 

1. Tainted with the guilt of adultery. 

“I am possess’d with an adulterate blot, 

My blood is mingled with the crime of lust.” 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, ii. 2. 

“That incestuous, that adulterate beast.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 6. 

2. Corrupted or debased by the admixture of a 
less valuable substance. 

“They will have all their gold and silver, and may keep 
their adulterate copper at home.”— Swift: Miscell. 

3 -dul-ter-a -ted, pa. par. & a. [Adulterate.] 

3-dul-ter-ate-ly, adv. [Adulterate.] In an 
adulterate manner. 

3 -dul'-ter-ate-ness, s. [Adulterate.] The 
quality or state of being adulterated. 

3 -dul'-ter-a-ting, pr. par. [Adulterate.] 

3 -dul-ter-a -tion, s. [In Ital. adulterazione, fr. 
Lat. adulteratio; adultero = (1) to defile, (2) to 
falsify, to adulterate.] 

I. The act of adulterating. 

II. The state of being adulterated. 

III. The thing which mixed with another debases 
its value. 

Specially: 

1. Of different kinds of food, or any other articles 
possessed of marketable value: “ The act of debas¬ 
ing a pure or genuine article for pecuniary profit, 
by adding to it an inferior or spurious article, or 
taking one of its constituents away.” Another 
definition which has been given is, “ The act of add¬ 
ing intentionally to an article, for purposes of 
gain, any substance or substances the presence of 
which is not acknowledged in the name under 
which the article is sold.” 

The practice of adulteration must, more or less, 
have prevailed in every country, and in all but the 
most primitive ages. In England, as early as the thir¬ 
teenth century, the legislature attempted, though 
with but partial success, to strike a blow against it, 
in the Act 51 Henry III., stat. 6, often quoted as the 
“ Pillory and Tumbril Act.” The methods of debas¬ 
ing salable articles which were adopted in those 
early times were few and simple; it was not till a 
comparatively recent period that the more ingenious 
forms of adulteration began to prevail. Once hav¬ 
ing taken root, however, they soon flourished 
greatly. Between 1851 and 1854, and even on to 1857, 
a sanitary commission on the adulteration of food, 
instituted in connection with the Lancet newspaper, 
and most ably conducted by Dr. Arthur Hill Has- 
sall, made revelations of so startling a character 
that parliamentary action took place on the sub¬ 
ject. The first legislative measure which followed 
—that of 1860—was a complete failure, the act being 
inefficient and useless. A stronger enactment was 
consequently passed in 1872. It was entitled “An 
Act to Amend the Law for the Adulteration of Food, 
Drink, and Drugs.” Under this Act many prosecu¬ 
tions and convictions took place ; but owing to the 
seller being entirely in the hands of the analyst, 


b<Jil, boy; pout, jdwl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, beneh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan -tian = sh3n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$l. 

’ 6 




adulterator 


advance 


82 


there being no appeal from his certificate, a feeling 
of dissatisfaction and distrust arose in the minds of 
manufacturers and traders, and another act was 
demanded. This, which came into force in 1875, 
gave the right of appeal to the Laboratory, Somer¬ 
set House, in cases in which the correctness of the 
local analyst’s certificate was disputed. In 1869 an 
Act had been passed to restrain the adulteration of 
SGods. 

The various States of the Union have their own 
laws concerning adulteration. There is a national 
law regulating the sale of oleomargarine, an adul¬ 
terated form of butter. 

The most notable kinds of adulteration are the 
following: 1st. The addition of a substance of in¬ 
ferior value for the sake of adding to the bulk and 
weight of one more precious, us the mixing of water 
with milk, fat with butter, or of chicory with coffee. 
2d. The addition of a substance with the view of 
heightening the color and improving the appearance 
of an article, as well as to conceal other forms of 
adulteration. Example: The coloring of pickles 
or preserves with salts of copper. 3d. The addition 
of a substance designed to aid or increase the flavor 
or pungency of another. Example: The addition 
to vinegar of sulphuric acid. 4th. The addition of 
a substance designed to insure that a larger quan¬ 
tity of another one shall be consumed. Example: 
Beer, one of the chief adulterants of which at present 
is salt, put into the liquor to insure that when one 
employs it to slake his thirst, the more he drinks 
the more thirsty will he become. Some of the sub¬ 
stances used for adulterating articles of food—the 
salts of copper and sulphuric acid for instance—-are 
poisonous. At present adulteration does not prevail 
as extensively as the public believe. The purchaser 
of a debased article is more likely to suffer in purse 
than in health. 

2. Of anything else, material, mental, or moral, 
capable of being debased: 

. . they manifest but little evidence of Egyptian, 
Asiatic, or Thracian adulterations.” — Qrote-. Hist, of 
Greece, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i. 

a-dul-ter-a-tor, s. [Lat.] One who adulterates. 

“. . . the great depravers and adulterators of the 
pagan theology.”— Cudworth, 355. 

U-dul'-ter er, s. [In Fr. adult&re; Ital. adultero; 
Lat. adulter.] [Adultery.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

Law: A married man who has sexual commerce 
with a woman, married or unmarried, who is not 
his wife. Or an unmarried man who has such inter¬ 
course with a married woman. 

“ There foul adulterers to thy bride resort.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, xi. 148. 

II. Scripture & Theology : 

1. In the same sense as No. I. 

“The eye also of the adulterer waiteth for the twilight. 
Baying, No eye shall see me: and disguiseth his face.” 
—Job xxiv. 15. 

2. A violator of the seventh commandment, in 
deed, word, or thought. [Adulterv No. II. 1.] 

“But I say unto you, that whosoever looketh on a 
woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with 
her already in his heart.”— Matt. v. 28. 

3. One who gives the supreme place in his affec¬ 
tions, not to God, but to idols, or to the world; 
idolatrous. 

“But draw near hither, ye sons of the sorceress, the 
seed of the adulterer ana the whore. . . Enflaming 
yourselves with idols under every green tree.”— Isa. lvii. 

3, 5. 

“Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the 
friendship of the world is enmity against God ?”—James 

iv. 4. 

R-dul'-ter-ess, s. The fern, form of Eng. Adul¬ 
terer. 

1. A married woman who holds sexual commerce 
with any other man than her husband. 

“. . . and the adulteress will hunt for the precious 
life.”— Prov. vi. 26. 

2. In Scripture: A woman who gives the supreme 
place in her affections, not to God, but to some in¬ 
ferior object of desire. (James iv. 4, already 
quoted.) 

a-diH'-ter-ine, a &s. [In Fr. adultdrin; fr. Lat. 
adulterinus=[l) adulterous, spurious, (2) counter¬ 
feit.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Proceeding from adulterous commerce. 

M . . . asserted that Chariot was an adulterine bas¬ 
tard.”— Palgr.: Hist . Eng. and Norm., i. 271. 

Adulterine Marriages: According to St. Augus¬ 
tine and others, marriages contracted after a di¬ 
vorce. 

2. Fig.: Spurious; counterfeit. 

Adulterine Guilds: Traders acting as a corpora¬ 
tion without possessing a charter, and annually 
paying a fine for permission to exercise their 
usurped privileges. ( Smith: Wealth of Nations, bk. 
h, ch. x.) 


B. As substantive: A child proceeding from adul¬ 
terous commerce. 

a-dul -ter-Ize, v. t. [Adultery.] To commit 
adultery. 

“ Such things as give open suspicion of adulterizing 

. . .”— Milton: Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce. 

U-dul-ter-ous, a. [Adultery.] 

1. Pertaining to adultery. When applied to a 
person, it means guilty of adultery. 

“Such is the way of an adulterous woman.”— Prov. 
xxx. 20. 

“ Mec. Welcome, dear madam, 

Each heart in Rome does love and pity you : 

Only the adulterous Antony, most large 
In his abominations, turns you off.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 6. 

IT Also in the same sense as Adulterer, II. 3: 
idolatrous. 

“An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a 
sign.”— Matt. xii. 39. 

f2. Spurious. 

“. . . yet did that forged and adulterous stuff, trans¬ 
lated into most languages of Europe, . , . pass cur¬ 

rently.”— Casaubon: Of Credulity, p.297. 

a-dul-ter-ous-ly, adv. [Adulterous.] In an 
adulterous manner. 

“Because some husbands and wives have adulterously 
profaned that holy covenant.”— Bp. Taylor: Artificial 
Handsomeness, p. 22. 

a dul -ter y, s. [Fr. adulthre ; Ital. adulterio; 
from Lat. adulterium=( 1) adultery, (2) (Bot.j, the 
ingrafting of plants. Hence Pliny speaks of the 
arborum adulterea—the “adulteries” of trees.] 
[Adult, Adulterate.] 

A. Of persons: 

I. Law & Ord. Lang. : An unlawful commerce 
among two married persons not standing to each 
other in the relation of husband and wife, or be¬ 
tween a married person and another unmarried. In 
the former case it has been called double, and in 
the latter single adultery. Varied punishments, 
mostly of a very severe character, have in nearly all 
countries and ages been inflicted on those who 
have committed this great offense. In some cases 
it has been deemed lawful for a husband or the 
woman’s father to kill the guilty person if taken in 
the act. By the law of England, the slaughter of 
the offending parties in such cases is deemed man¬ 
slaughter of a not very aggravated sort. The com¬ 
mon law governs this matter generally in the 
United States with some variations in different 
states. 

“So neither was anything but adultery esteemed a 
violation of the seventh [commandment].”— Jeremy Tay¬ 
lor: The Decalogue. 

II. Scripture & Theology: 

1. Any violation of the law of chastity, in thought, 
word, or deed, specially the sin described under 

No. I. 

“Thou shalt not commit adultery." — Exod. xx. 14. 

2. The worship of idols, or of any created things; 
a transference to them of the affection which should 
have been supremely given to God. 

“ . . . she [the nation of Judah] defiled the land, 
and committed adultery with stones and with stocks.”— 
Jer. iii. 9. 

III. * Among old ecclesiastical writers: The in 
trusion of one prelate into the bishopric of another, 
without waiting till it was made vacant by his 
death. 

B. Of things: Adulteration, corruption. 

“Such sweet neglect more taketh me 

Than all the adulteries of art; 

They strike mine eyes, but not my heart.” 

B. Jonson: Epicene, i. L 

a-rtult’-ness, s. [Adult.] The state of an adult; 
the adult state. 

*ad-um -ber, v. t. [Lat. adumbro.] [Adum¬ 
brate.] To shadow or cloud. 

ad um -brant, a,. [Lat. adwm6rans=shadowing 
forth; pr. par. of adumbro.] [Adumbrate.] Shadow¬ 
ing forth. 

ad-um'-brate, v. t. [Ital. adombrare, from Lat. 
adumbratum, supine of adumbro=(T)to cast a 
shadow, (2) to image forth by means of a shadow. 
From ad=to, and umbra, in Fr. ombre , Ital. ombra, 
Sp. smnbra=a shadow.] Faintly to image forth, as 
a shadow does the object from which it proceeds. 

“ Heaven is designed for our reward, as well as rescue; 
and therefore is adumbrated by all those positive ex¬ 
cellences which can endear or recommend.”— Decay of 
Piety. 

ad-um-bra -tion, s. [Lat. adumbratio—a draw¬ 
ing, a sketch, from adumbro.] 


1. Ord. Lang.: The act of faintly shadowing forth ; 
the state of being faintly shadowed forth ; the thing 
which in such a case casts the shadow and forma 
the image. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“ To make some adumbration of that we mean.”— Bacon. 
Nat. Hist., Cent. II., § 187. 

2. Her.: An adumbration or transparency is a 
figure on a coat of arms traced in outline only, or 

ainted in a darker shade of the same color as the 
eld or background on which it is represented. 
Families who had lost their possessions, but did not 
like to surrender their armorial bearings, are said to 
have occasionally adopted this method of indicating 
their peculiar position. (Gloss, of Heraldry.) 

*a-dfin , prep. & adv. [A. S. adun, adune—ot dun 
=down, _ adown, downward.] [Adown.] (Reliq 
Antiq., ii. 175.) 

fad y-na -tion, s. [Lat. adunatio=a uniting, a 
union; aduna= to make one: ad— to, and uno=tc 
unite; wrms=one.] 

1. The act or process of making one. 

2. The state of being made one. 

T[ There is an analogy between this word and 
atonement, both in etymology and signification, ex¬ 
cept that adunation is from Latin and atonement 
from English’ ad —at; un — one; ation=ment 
[Atonement.] 

“ When, by glaciation, wood, straw, dust, and water are 
supposed to be united into one lump, the cold does not 
cause any real union or adunation; but only hardening 
the aqueous parts of the liquor into ice, the other bodies 
being accidentally present in that liquor, are frozen up 
in it, but not really united.”— Boyle. 

tad-un'-§I-ty, s. [Lat. aduncitas= hookedness, 
curvature inward; aduncus= bent inward : ad= to. 
and wwctts=hooked; uncus, s.=a hook, a barb.] The 
state of being curved inward, or hooked; curvature 
inward. 

“ There can be no question but the aduncity of the 
pounces and beaks of the hawks is the cause of the great 
and habitual immorality of those animals.”— Arbuthnot 
& Pope: Martinus Scriblerus. 

ad-unc -ous, *yd-unq ue (ue mute), a. [Lat 
aduncus .] Curved inward, hooked. 

“ Of which parrots have an adunque bill, but the rest 
not.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent. III., § 238. 

*a-dun-ward, adv. [A. S.] Downward. (Lay¬ 
amon, i. SI.) [Adun.] 

*ad-ii re, v. t. [Lat. aduro= to set fire to, to bum 
to scorch : ad=to, and uro— to burn.] To burn. 

“. . . doth mellow and not adure.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist., 
Cent. IV., § 319. 

ad-ur’-ent, adj [Lat. adurens, pr. par. of 
aduro .] [Adure.] Burning, hot to the taste. 

. . nitre; the spirit of which is less adurent than 
salt.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent. V., § 340. 

*ad-urn e, *ad-orn e, v. t. To adore. [Seo 
Adorn, Adore.] (Scotch.) 

“ Gif ye deny Christis humanitie, bi resoun of the in. 
separable conjunctioun thairof with his divinitie to b« 
adurnit.” — Keith: Hist. App., p. 238. 

y-dust’, a-dust -ed, a. [In Ital. adusto. fr. Lat 
adustus, pa. par. of aduro— to burn.] 

1. Lit.: Burnt, scorched, dried with fire, intensel) 
hot, 

*• And vapor as the Lybian air adust. 

Began to parch that temperate clime." 

Milton: P. L., bk. 

“ Sulphurous and nitrous foam 
They found, they mingled ; and with subtla art 
Concocted and a dusted, they reduced 
To blackest grain, and into store convey’d.” 

Ibid., bb. vi. 

2. Fig.: Hot, fiery choleric in temper or ternpex 
ament. 

“ They are but the fruits of adusted choler, and the 
evaporations of a vindictive spirit.”— Howell. 

ta-dhst -I-ble, a. LIdust.] Capable of being 
burnt or scorched. 

. fa-dust-Ion, *ad-ust-on, s. [In Ital. adust- 
tone, fr. Lat. adustio= the act of burning.] The act 
of burning or scorching; the state of being burnt or 
scorched. [Adure.] 

“Against all asperity and torrefaction of inward parts, 
and all adustion of the blood, and generally against the 
dryness of age.”—Bacon.- Med. Hem. 

TT The form aduston is in Greene, Planetomachia 
(1585), fo. 11. 

*ad'-y-tante, a. Fine (?) (Halliwell.) 

“ With ther coppentante 
They loke adutante.” 

Skelton: Works, ii. 429 
ad va-lor'-em, phr. [Lat,] [Ad.] 
yd-va'n<je, V. t. & i. [In Fr. avancer —to advance 
to move forward; avant, prep.=before: adv.=for 
forward. In Sp. avanzar —to advance; Ital. avan- 
zare =to get, to increase; Armorican avans—to ad 
vance, from Lat. a&=from; ante—before.] [Van, 
Advantage.] 


fate, fat, fare, umidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot" 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e;' ey = a,. ' qu = kw! 




advance 


83 


advantage 


A. Transitive: 

I. Of place: 

(a) To cause to move forward horizontally; to 
bring to the front. 

1. Lit .; To move a material thing thus forward in 
place. 

“Some one glides in like midnight ghost— 

Nay, strike not! 9 tis our noble Host. 

Advancing then his taper’s flame.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, iii. 8. 

2. Fig,: To cause any thing, and especially any 
immaterial thing, to move forward, to bring it to 
the front, to move it from the background into the 
foreground, or from obscurity into public notice. 

Specially: To express an opinion, to adduce an 
argument. 

“What we admire we praise; and, when we praise. 
Advance it into notice, that, its worth 
Acknowledged, others may admire it, too.” 

Cowper: Task , bk. iii. 

“The views I shall advance in these lectures . . . ”— 
Beale: Bioplasm , § 2. 

. has often been advanced as a proof.”— Darwin: 
Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. i. 

(b) To move upward, to render more elevated. 

1. Lit,: To move a material thing upward. 

“Who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurl’d 

The imperial ensign; which, full high advanced, 
Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) To promote a person to a higher rank. 

“ . . . the greatness of Mordecai, whereunto the 
king advanced him .”—Esther x. 2. 

“The weak were praised, rewarded, and advanced 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

(b) To heighten, to grace, to shed lustre upon 
anything. 

“As the calling dignifies the man, so the man much 
more advances his calling. As a garment, though it 
warms the body, has a return with an advantage, being 
much more warmed by it.”— South: Sermons . 

(c) To cause to mount up in an unpleasant way, 
as a parasite climbs up a tree to the injury of the 
stem supporting it; to increase, to augment. 

“ . . . like favorites. 

Made proud by princes, that advance their pride 

Against that power that bred it.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, iii. 1. 

II. Of time or development (lit. & fig.): 

1. Lit.: To move forward in time or in develop¬ 
ment: as to accelerate the growth of plants, to 
move the season of the year forward. 

“ These three last were slower than the ordinary Indian 
wheat of itself ; and this culture did rather retard than 
advance .”— Bacon. 

“ The summer was now far advanced .”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) To cause anything, as a science, one’s knowl¬ 
edge, &c., to move forward. 

“. . . there is little doubt that the photographs his 

party has secured will do more to advance solar physics 
than any permanent records obtained by any former 
expedition.”— Times, April 20, 1875, “Transit of Venus.” 

(b) Ordinary Language and Commerce. To ad¬ 
vance money is to give money before an equivalent 
for it is rendered; or to lend, with or without inter¬ 
est ; to pay money before it is legally due. 

“. . . the farmer, who advances the subsistence of 

the laborers, supplies the implements of production.”— 
J. S. Mill: Pol. Econ. 

“. . . advanced to the government at an hour’s 

notice, five or ten thousand pounds.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxi. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Lit.: To move forward. 

1. In place: 

“. . our friend 
Advanced to greet him.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

IT When applied to a promontory or peninsula, it 
signifies to jut or project into the ocean. 

“ And thus the rangers of the western world, 

Where it advances far into the deep.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

2. In time: 

“ . . . Smoothly did our life 

Advance .” Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

II. Fig.. To make progress, as in knowledge, 
rank, &c. 

“ It will be observed, therefore, that the scale of com¬ 
position goes on steadily increasing in copiousness as the 
work advances.” — Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. ii., §9. 

To advance in price: To rise in value. 

ad-va nge, s. [Advance, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act or process of moving forward. 


1. Gen . (Used of movement in time , in place, or 
in both.) (Lit. & fig.) 

“A letter announcing the advance was written on the 
31st of August.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

2. Spec, (plural) : Approaches made by a lover to 
gain the favor of the person courted; or approaches 
made by a government to another one with which it 
is at variance. 

“ Falsely accused by the arts of his master’s wife, whose 
criminal advances he had repelled, he was thrown into 
prison.”— Milman: Hist. Jews, i. 50. 

“Finally, that he might lose no time in reaping the 
benefit of his advances .”— Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

II. The state of being moved forward. 

1. Lit .: (Used of material things.) 

“ Gazing, with a timid glance, 

On the brooklet’s swift advance .” 

Longfellow: Maidenhood . 

2. Figuratively : 

(a) Promotion in rank or office. 

(b) Improvement, as in knowledge or virtue; 
progress toward perfection. 

“ The principal end and object of the greatest impor¬ 
tance in the world to the good of mankind, and for the 
advance and perfecting of human nature.”— Hale. 

III. The amount by which a person or thing 
moves another forward, or is moved forward by an¬ 
other. (See B. 1.) 

B. Technically: 

1. Comm. : Increased price. 

2. Money given beforehand for goods afterward 
to be delivered; money paid on account or before it 
is legally due. 

3. A loan to be repaid. 

IT In advance : Beforehand; before it is actually 
due: specif., the payment of a portion of a man’s 
wages before the whole is due. (Lit. & fig.) 

“In order that the whole remuneration of the laborers 
should be advanced to them in daily or weekly payments, 
there must exist in advance, and be appropriated to pro¬ 
ductive use, a greater stock or capital.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. 
Econ., bk. i., ch. iv., § 2. 

“. . . and paid you in advance the dearest tribute 

of their affection .”—Junius to the King, 1769. 

IT u A is in advance to B $50,” means, A is in the 
state of having advanced to B the sum of $50. 

ad-va nged, pa. par. & a. [Advance.] 

As adjective: 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of place: 

1. Moved forward, 

“When thou hast hung thy advanced sword i’ the air.” 
— Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, iv. 5. 

2. Occupying a more forward position than that 
with which it is compared. 

“The more advanced position of the astragalus.” — 
Owen. Classif. of Mammalia, 94. 

II. Of time or development: 

1. Advanced age=very considerable age. 

“ . . .to re-appear in the offspring at the same ad¬ 
vanced age.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. viii. 

2. An advanced thinker , country , or community : 
A man before his age in ideas; a country or com¬ 
munity before most others in civilization. 

“This demand is often supplied almost exclusively by 
the merchants of more advanced communities.”— J. S. 
Mill: Polit. Econ., Prelimin. Rem., p. 16. 

“ . . . however much accelerated by the salutary in¬ 
fluence of the ideas of more advanced countries.”— Ibid., 
bk. ii., ch. v., § 3. 

B. Technically: 

1. Fortification. Advanced ditch: The ditch 
which surrounds the glacis and esplanade of a 
fortress. 

2. Milit. Advanced guard, ^advance-guard : 

t (a) The first line or division of an army march¬ 
ing in front of the rest, and therefore likely to come 
first into collision with the enemy. 

(b) A small detachment of cavalry stationed in 
front of the main-guard’of an army. 

“It was, however, impossible to prevent all skirmish¬ 
ing between the advanced guards of the armies.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

ad-va nge-ment, * a-van ge-ment, s. [Eng. 
advance; -ment. In Fr. avancement; Ital. avanza- 
mento.'i [Advance.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of advancing any person or thing. 

II. The state of being so advanced. 

Specially: . 

1. The moving forward or promotion of any one 
to a higher office or rank in society; preferment. 

“The dungeon opens a way to still farther advance¬ 
ment.” — Milman: Hist, of Jews , 3d ed., i. 50. 

“ He had hitherto looked for professional advancement 
to the corporation of London.”— Macaulay r Hist. Eng., 
ch. iv. 

“ K. Rich. The advancement of your children, gentle 
lady.”— Shakesp.: K. Rich. III., iv. 4. 


2. The moving of any one forward to a higher 
intellectual or moral platform; intellectual or 
moral improvement. 

“. . . the advancement of the intellectual faculties. 91 
— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iv. 

“ And as thou wouldst the advancement of thine heir 
In all good faculties.”— Cowper: Tirocinium. 

3. A similar movement forward of society, wealth f 
or civilization. 

“ From this time the economical advancement of society 
has not been further interrupted.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., 
Prelim. Rem., p. 22. 

“ Many of the faculties which have been of inestimable 
service to man for his progressive advancement .”— Dar¬ 
win: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. ii. 

4. The promotion of science or anything similar. 

“ . . . i. e., the combination of individual efforts 

toward the advancement of science.”— Owen: British Fos¬ 
sil Mammals and Birds, p. vii. 

III. The thing advanced; the amount by which 
anything advances or is advanced. 

1. The thing advanced. [See B. Comm. & Law .]. 

2. The amount by which anything advances or is 
advanced; a stride forward. 

“This refinement makes daily advancements; and I 
hope in time will raise our language to the utmost per¬ 
fection. ’ ’ — Swift. 

B. Technically: 

I. Comm.: The payment of money in advance; 
also the amount of money paid in advance. 

II. *OldLaw: 

1. The settlement of a jointure on a wife, or the 
jointure settled. 

“ The jointure or advancement of the lady was the third 
part of the principality of Wales.”— Bacon. 

*2. Property given to his child by a father in his 
lifetime instead of by will at his death. 

ad-va ng-er, ad-va ung-er, s. [Advance.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who advances any person or 
thing; a promoter. 

“ . . . and the succession is between master and dis¬ 

ciple, and not between inventor and continuer, or ad¬ 
vancer.” — Bacon: Filum Laby., § 4. 

2. Among sportsmen: A start or branch of a buck’s 
attire between the back antler and the palm; the 
second branches of a buck’s horn. 

“ In a buck they say bur, beame, braunch, advauncers, 
palme, and spellers.”— Manwood: Forest Lawes. (Nares.) 

ad-va ng-ing, pr . par. & a. [Advance.] 

“ And Asteris th’ advancing pilot knew.” 

Pope: Homer 1 s Odyssey, i. 1,104. 

“ He was now no longer young: but advancing age had 
made no essential change in his character and manners.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

“ . . _ the advancing winter.”— Darwin: Origin of 

Species, ch. iii. 

“ . . . an advancing physiology .”—Todd & Bowman: 

Physiol. Anat., i. 28. 

*ad-va ng-ive, a. [Advance.] Tending to ad¬ 
vance or promote. 

ad-va nt-age (age=ig), s. [In Fr. avantage , 
from avant— before; Ital. vantaggio.'] [Advance.] 

I. Essential meaning: That which is fitted to 
move one forward; any natural gift, any acquisi¬ 
tion made, any state, circumstance, or combination 
of circumstances calculated to give one superiority 
in any respect over an antagonist, or over people in 
general. 

Specially: 

1. Profit or gain of any kind. 

(а) In a general sense: < 

“ What advantage then hath the Jew? or what profit is 
there of circumcision? ”— Rom. iii. 1. 

“ It was not impossible, indeed, that a persecutor 
might be convinced by argument and by experience of 
the advantages of toleration.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. vii. 

(б) In a more limited sense: (Lit.) The interest of 
money; (fig.) overplus, increase. 

“ Methought you said, you neither lend, nor borrow, 
Upon advantage .”— Shakesp.: Merch. Venice, i. 3. 

“ We owe thee much; within this wall of flesh 
There is a soul counts thee her creditor. 

And, with advantage, means to pay thy love.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 8. 

2. A favorable time or opportunity. 

“ Give me advantage of some brief discourse 
With Desdemona alone.” 

Shakesp.: Othello , iii. 1. 

“ . . . and somewhere, nigh at hand 
Watches, no doubt, with greedy hope to find 
His wish and best advantage, us asunder.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

3. Personal qualities, natural gifts, acquired 
knowledge or experience, good habits, &c. 

“If it be an advantage to man to have his hands and 
arms free, of which there can be no doubt .”—Darwin i 
Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iv. 


b6U, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
•clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




adventure 


advantage 84 


“ In the practical prudence of managing such gifts, the 
laity may nave some advantage over the clergy: whose 
experience is, and ought to be, less of this world than the 
other.”— Sprat. 

1[ In this sense it is similarly used of the inferior 

animals. 

“ When these birds are fishing, the advantage of the 
long primary feathers of their wings, in keeping them 
dry, is very evident.”— Darwin : Voyage round the World, 

ch. vii. 

4. A consideration superadded to one going before, 
and giving it increased force in argument. 

“Much more should the consideration of this pattern 
arm us with -patience against ordinary calamities; espe¬ 
cially if we consider his example with this advantage , that 
though his sufferings were wholly undeserved and not 
*or himself, but for us, yet he bore them patiently.”— 
Tillotson. 

II. The victory or success of whatever kind 
actually resulting from such aids. 

“. . . and because in other struggles between the 

dictatorial and tribunician authority, the dictator had 
always the advantage.” — Lewis: Early Roman Hist., 
ch. xiii. 

“Lest Satan should get an advantage of us.”—2 Cor. 

a. ii. 

IT In this and in some other senses it may be used 
of the inferior animals or of things inanimate. 

“When I have seen the hungry ocean gain 
Advantage on the kingdom of the shore, 

And the firm soil win of the watery main.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, 64. 

H Formerly used occasionally with on,; now of, 
over, or a clause of a sentence introduced by that is 
used instead. (See various examples given above.) 

“Upon these two arches the superincumbent weight of 
man is solidly and sufficiently maintained, as upon a low 
dome, with the further advantage that the different 
joints, cartilages, coverings, and synovial membranes give 
a certain elasticity to the dome, so that in leaping, run¬ 
ning, or dropping from a height, the jar is diffused and 
broken before it can be transmitted to affect the enor¬ 
mous brain-expanded cranium.”— Owen: Classif. of Mam¬ 
malia, p. 94. 

r To set out to advantage, to set to advantage : To 
arrange or place in such a manner that its value 
may be seen; to place in the most favorable light. 

“Like jewels to advantage set, 

Her beauty by the shade does get.”— Waller. 

To take advantage of; Ho take advantage on: To 
avail one’s self of an opportunity of gaining the 
superiority over one in some matter. Usually in a 
bad sense , to outwit, to overreach. 

. . but the Roman consuls, who had led out an 
army to meet them, take no advantage of their weakness.” 
*—Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii. 

“To take advantage on presented joy; 

Though I were dumb, yet his proceedings teach thee.” 

Shakesp: Venus and Adonis. 

Advantage-ground. [V ant age-ground.] 

“This excellent man, who stood not upon the ad- 
vantage-ground before from the time of his promotion 
to the archbishopric . . .”— Clarendon. 

f $id-va nt-age (age=ig), v. t. & i. 

A. Transitive: 

1. To benefit one, to profit one. 

(а) Personally. 

“ For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole 
world, and lose himself, or be cast away?”— Luke ix. 26. 

“ The liquid drops of tears that you have shed, 

Shall come again, transform’d to orient pearl; 
Advantaging their loan, with interest 
Of ten times double gain of happiness.” 

Shakesp.: King Richard III., iv. 4. 

(б) Half impersonally. 

“ If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts 
at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? 
let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die.”—1 Cor. xv. 32. 

2- To promote the interests of. 

“To ennoble it with the spirit that inspires the Royal 
Society, were to advantage it in one of the best capacities 
in which it is improvable.”— Glanville: Scepsis Scien- 
tifica. 

B. Intransitive: To be advantageous, to be fitted 
to confer superiority. 

“Not flying, but forecasting in what place 
To set upon them, what advantaged best.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

$d-van'-tage-a-ble (age=ig), a. [Advantage.] 
Able to be turned to advantage; advantageous, 
profitable. 

“ Shall see advantageable for our dignity, 
Anything in, or out of, our demands.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry V., v. 2. 

Ad-van'-taged, pa. par. & a. [Advantage.] 

As pa. par. : In the same sense as the verb. 

*As adjective : Excellent. 

“ In the most advantaged tempers this disposition is 
but comparative.”— Glanville. 


ad-vg,n-ta-geous, a. [Advantage.] Promising 
or actually conferring advantage; profitable, bene¬ 
ficial ; opportune, convenient. 

“The large system can only be advantageous when a 
large amount of business is to be done.” — J. S. Mill: Polit. 
Econ ., bk. i., ch. ix. 

“. . . the amount of advantageous modification in 
relation to certain special ends.”— Darwin: Descent of 
Man, pt. ii., ch. viii. 

“Just in that advantageous glade, 

The halting troop a line had made.” 

Scott: Marmion, iv. 6. 

“. . . to capitulate on honorable and advantageous 

terms.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

IT Always with to before the person or thing 
benefited. 

“Since every painter paints himself in his own works, 
’tis advantageous to him to know himself.”— Dryden. 

ad-van-ta'-geous-ly, adv. [Advantageous.] 
In an advantageous manner; profitably, bene¬ 
ficially. 

“ It has, in consequence, appeared to the author of the 
following work that an attempt might advantageously be 
made to treat the history of ancient astronomy.”— Lewis: 
Astronomy of the Ancients, ch. i., § i., p. 2. 

“. . . a business of real public importance can only 

be carried on advantageously upon so large a scale.”— 
J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. ix. 

ad-van-ta'-geous-ness, s. [Advantageous.] 
The quality of being advantageous; profitableness, 
profit, benefit. 

“ The last property which qualifies God for the fittest 
object of our love, is the advantageousness of His to us, 
both in the present and the future life.”— Boyle: Seraphic 
Love. 

gid-van-t<ig-ing, pr.par. [Advantage.] 
*$d-vaun 9e, v. t. [Advance.] 

1. To recommend. (Spenser.) 

2. To incite, to inflame, to stimulate. [Ad¬ 
vance.] (Spenser.) 

*ad-vaun'9ed, ad-vaun st, pa. par. [Ad- 

vaunce.] 

*ad-vaunt K s. [Avaunt.] A boast, a vaunting, 
a bragging. 

“And if ye wyn, make none advaunt .” 

Playe called the Foure P. P. 

*Ad-vaunt -ofir, s. [Advaunt.] A boaster. 
*ad-va'yle, s. [Avail.] Profit, advantage, gain. 

“For lucre or advayle, 

Ageynst thyr kyng to rayle.” 

Skelton: Works, ii. 432. 

*ad-veC-tI-tious, a. [Lat. advecticius, advecti - 
tins, from advectus, pa. par. of adveho=to carry to.] 
Brought from another place ; imported, foreign. 

fad-ve ne, v. i. [Lat. advenio— to come to, to 
arrive at: ad= to, and venio—to come.] To come 
to, to accede to, to be added to, though derived 
from a foreign source. 

“A cause, considered in judicature, is stiled an acci¬ 
dental cause, and the accidental of any act is said to be 
whatever advenes to the act itself already substantiated.” 
— Ayliffe: Par ergon. 

*ad-ve -ni-ent, a. [Lat. adveniens , pr. par. of 
advenio.] [Advene.] Approaching, coming, being 
superadded from foreign sources. 

“Being thus divided from truth in themselves, they are 
yet farther removed by advenient deception, for they are 
daily mocked into error by subtler devisers.”— Broicne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

ad-vent, s. [In Ger. advent ; Fr. avent; Ital. 
awento; all from Lat. adventum, supine of ad¬ 
venio.'] [Advene.] 

I. The act of coming. 

1. (Spec.) Theol.: The first, or the expected second 
coming of Christ. 

“ Gives courage to their foes, who, could they see 
The dawn of thy last advent, long desired, 

Would creep into the bowels of the hills, 

And flee for safety to the falling rocks.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

2. Ordinary Language (in a respectful or in a 
mock-heroic sense) : The coming or any merely hu¬ 
man personage, or of people, to a place. 

“ . . . changed habits of life which always follow 
from the advent of Europeans.”— Damvin: Descent of Man, 
pt. i., ch. vii. 

“When it was known that no succor was to be expected 
from the hero whose advent had been foretold by so many 
seers, the Irish who were shut up in Galway lost all heart.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

II. The time when a coming takes place. 

Spec, (in the Ecclesiastical Calendar) : The 
season of the year when the Roman Catholic, the 
English, and various other churches commemorate 
the first and anticipate the second coming of 
Christ. It comprises four Sundays, and commences 
on the one which precedes, or that which follows, 
St. Andrew’s Day (November 30), or on St. Andrew’s 
Day itself. 


*ad-ven -tayle, s. [Aventaile.] 

Ad-vent-lst, s. One who looks for the proximate 
second coming of Christ; also called Second Ad¬ 
ventist. 

ad-ven-ti -tious, a. [In Fr. adventice; fr. Lat. 
adventicius or adventitius— coming from abroad, 
foreign.] [Advent.] 

1. Not properly pertaining to; extraneous to; for¬ 
eign to. 

“ . . . the adventitious moisture which hangeth loose 

in the body.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent. TV., § 365. 

“The adventitious matter of this communication.” 
— Froude: Hist. Eng., iv. 455. 

“These again are either connate or adventitious .”— 
Bentham : Works (ed. 1843), i. 32. 

2. Comjng unexpectedly or incidentally. 

3. Hot. : Abnormal, as a genuine root with leaf- 



Mangrove-tree, showing Adventitious Roots, 
buds on it, or a slender aerial root sent down from 
the branches, as in the banyan and mangrove trees, 

ad-ven-ti -tious-ly, adv. [Adventitious.] In 
an adventitious manner; casually; accidentally. 

ad-ven-ti-tious-ness, s. [Adventitious.] The 
quality or state of being adventitious. 

t&d-vent -ive, a.&s. [Low Lat. adventivus, from 
adventum, supine of advenio.] [Advene.] 

As adjective: Foreign to, not native; adventi¬ 
tious. 

“. . . the considerations of the original of the soul, 
whether it be native or adventive, and how far it is ex¬ 
empted from laws of matter and of the immortality 
thereof, and many other points . . .”— Bacon: Adv. of 
Learn., bk. ii. 

*As substantive : A person or thing coming from 
abroad. 

“That .the natives be not so many, but that there may 
be elbow-room enough for them and for the adventives 
also.”— Bacon. 

*Ad-vent -ry, s. [Adventure.] An adventure, 
an enterprise. 

“Act a brave work; call it thy last adventry.” 

B. Jonson: Epig. 

ad-vent -fl-al, a. [Advent.] Pertaining to the 
season of Advent. 

“I do also daily use one other collect, as, namely, the 
collects adventual , quadragesimal, paschal, or pente- 
costal, for their proper seasons.” —Bishop Saunderson. 

ad-vent-lire, *$,-vent -lire, s. [Fr. aventure; 
Ital. avventura , from Lat. adveniurus, fut. part, of 
advenio.] [Aunter.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of venturing or hazarding, hazard (fol¬ 
lowed by of or standing alone). 

“The adventure of her person.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, v. 1. 

“He loved excitement and adventure .”— Macaulay : 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

At all adventures: At all hazards, at all risks. 

“Where the mind does not perceive probable connec¬ 
tion, there men’s opinions are the effects of chance and 
hazard: of a mind floating at all adventures, without 
choice and without direction.” — Locke. 

II. That which constitutes the venture or hazard. 

*1. Chance, fortune. [Aventure.] 

“ Aventure so hath turned his pas 
Ageynes the kyng his mas.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 7,837. 

*2. An occurrence, especiaHy if it is of an im¬ 
portant character. 

“The adventures of one’s life.” — Bacon. 

3. An enterprise of uncertain issue; an exploit 
not to be achieved without risk. 

“This hard adventure claims thy utmost care.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad , bk. xxiv., 436. 

“To taste the fruit of yon celestial tree, 

Or die in the adventure.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, i. 1. 

“He , had been accustomed to eccentric adventures. n 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rale, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 




adventure 


85 


adverser 


B. Technically: 

Comm. (especially by sea): That which is put to 
hazard; a ship or goods sent to sea at the risk of the 
sender. 

“• . . reserving to himself only one-tenth part of the 
gains of the adventure.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

IT More usually Venture (q. v.). 

A bill of adventure: A writing signed by one who 
receives goods on board his vessel at their owner’s 
risk. Or a writing signed by a merchant, stating 
that the goods shipped in his name belong to an¬ 
other, to the adventure or chance of which the per¬ 
son so named is to stand. 

ad-vent -ure, v.t.&i. [In Fr. aventurer; Ital. 
avventurare.] [Adventure, s.] 

1. Trans.: To risk, to hazard, to put in danger. 

“So bold Leander would adventure it.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, iii. 1. 

“Yet they adventured to go back.”— Bunyan: The Pil¬ 
grim’s Progress, pt. i. 

If It is sometimes used reflectively. 

“. . . desiring him that he would not adventure him¬ 
self into the theatre.”— Acts xix. 31. 

2. Intrans.: To venture. 

“Page, I am almost afraid to stand alone 
Here in the churchyard; yet I will adventure.” 

Sliakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. 

1[ There is properly an ellipsis in the above ex¬ 
ample, the meaning being, “yet I will adventure to 
do it;” it thus resembles the example from Bunyan. 

ad-vent -iired, pa. par. & a. [Adventure, v.] 

ad-vent-ure-ful, a. [Adventure.] Full of 
adventure ; delighting in enterprise. 

*ad-vent'-ure-ment, s. [Eng. adventure; -ment.~\ 
Danger, hazard, risk. 

“Laughs at such dangers and adventurements.” 

Hall: Satires, IV. iii. 34. 

jid-ven -tiir-er, s. [In Ger. abenteurer; Fr. aven- 
turier; Ital. avventuriere.) 

1. Originally: All who belonged to a company of 
merchants united for the discovery and coloniza¬ 
tion of new lands, or for trade with remote parts of 
the world. The Society of Adventurers arose in 
Burgundy- it was established by John, Duke of 
Brabant, in 1248, and, being translated into Eng¬ 
land, had its constitution and privileges confirmed 
by various kings, beginning with Edward III., and 
terminating with Henry VII. The official name 
which it ultimately bore in England was the Mer¬ 
chant Adventurers. 

Adventurers upon return; called also Putters out. 
Adventurers who lent money before departing on a 
hazardous journey, stipulating that if they returned 
alive they should receive their capital back, with 
heavy interest upon it; while if they died abroad it 
would become the property of the borrower. [Put¬ 
ter out.] 

2. One who, being conscious that he possesses 
courage and ability, seeks his fortune in new and 
perilous enterprises, military, political, or of any 
other kind, it not being implied that he is a mem¬ 
ber of any chartered company like that above de¬ 
scribed. 

“ Adventurers they, from far who roved, 

To live by battle which they loved.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 3. 

“These contests, however, did not take place till the 
younger adventurer had attained riches and dignities 
such that he no longer stood in need of the patronage 
which had raised him.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

advent-uresome, a. [Adventure.] Bold, 
daring, adventurous. 

TJ Now shortened into Venturesome (q. v.). 

ad-vent -iire-some-ness, s. [Adventuresome.] 
The act or quality of being venturesome. (This 
word is now shortened to Venturesomeness.) 

ad-vent’-Ur-ing, pr. par. [Adventure, u.] 

ad-vent-iir-ous, a. [In Fr. aventureux.~] [Ad¬ 
venture.] Full of adventure. 

1. Of persons: Fond of adventure, prone to em¬ 
bark in hazardous enterprises, enterprising. 

“What time I sailed with Morgan’s crew, 

Who oft, ’mid our carousals, spake 
Of Raleigh, Frobisher, and Drake ; 

Adventurous hearts! who bartered, bold, 

Their English steel for Spanish gold.” 

Scott: Rokeby, ii. 18. 

2. Of things: Involving danger, perilous; not to 
be done or achieved without danger, not to be en¬ 
countered without risk. The hazard may be to life, 
to liberty, to reputation, or to anything else which 
is prized. 

“. . . that breathed 

Heroic ardor to adventurous deeds 
Under their godlike leaders, in the cause 
Of God and His Messiah.”— Milton: P. L., bk. vi. 

[See also the examples under Adventurously.] 


ad-vent-iir-ous-ly, adv. [Adventurous.] In 
an adventurous manner; courageously, boldly, 
daringly. 

“They are both hanged; and so would this be, if he 
durst steal any thing adventurously.” — Shakesp.: K. 
Henry V., iv. 4. 

“ He has drawn heavily upon time in his development 
of species, and he has drawn adventurously upon matter 
in his theory of pangenesis.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 
3d ed., vii. 158. 

ad-vent-iir-ous-ness, s. [Adventurous.] The 
quality of being adventurous ; enterprise, courage, 
boldness, valor. 

*ad -ven-ue, s. Old spelling of Avenue. 

ad'-verb, s. [In Ger. adverbium; Fr. adverbe; 
Ital. avverbio, from Eat. adverbium =an adverb: 
ad— to, and verbum=a word, a verb. The etymol¬ 
ogy does not suggest the full meaning of the term 
adverb. An adverb may be placed before, or in 
immediate connection with, other parts of speech 
than a verb (see below).] One of the “parts of 
speech.” A word placed in more or less immedi¬ 
ate conjunction with a verb, a participle, an adjec¬ 
tive, or another adverb, and designed to qualify its 
meaning. In the sentences, “ he rides well,” “splen¬ 
didly done,” “remarkably good,” and “very pros¬ 
perously,” well, splendidly, remarkably, very and 
prosperously are adverbs. 

ad-verb-1-9.I, a. [In Ger. adverbialisch; Fr. 
adverbial; Ital. avverbiale, from Lat. adverbialis, 
from adverbium —an adverb.] [Adverb.] 

1. Pertaining to an adverb, containing an adverb. 

“ I next proceed to the adverbial forms.”— Key: Philo¬ 
logical Essays (1868), p. 179. 

2. Liberal in the use of adverbs. 

“ He is wonderfully adverbial in his professions.”— 
Tatler, No. 191. 

ad-verb -I- 9 l-ly, adv. [Adverbial.] After the 
manner of an adverb. 

“. . . and which are used adverbially by the 
moderns.”— Beames: Compar. Gram. Aryan Lang, of India, 
i. 183. 

*ad-ve re, v. t. [Advert.] 

fad-vers-a-ble, a. [Adverse.] Contrary to, 
opposite to. {Johnson: Diet.) 

*9.d’-vers-a'-§y-6n, s. [Adverse.] Contention. 

“ Desyringe so a castell in to dwell, 

Hym and his men to kepe from all adversacyon.” 

Hardyng: Chron., f. 55. 

*ad-ver-sant, a. [Adverse.] Adverse. {Min- 
sheu: Guide into Tongues.) 

ad-ver-sar -i-a, s. pi. [Lat., a note-book, a com¬ 
mon-place book, a journal, memoranda, especially a 
book in which debtor and creditor entries were 
placed adverse, that is, opposite to each other.] 

1. A common-place book. 

“ These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul’s 
adversaria.” — Bull: Sermons. 

2. A printed miscellany. 

*ad’-ver-sa-rie, s. [Adversary.] 

ad ver-sar-i-ous, a. [Adversary.] Full of 
opposition to, exceedingly adverse to. {Poetic.) 
{Southey.) 

ad -ver-sar-y, s. & a. [In Fr. adversaire; Ital. 
awersario, fr. Lat. adversarius =turned toward, 
opposed to: adversus, part., adj., & prep.=turned 
toward, opposite: ad— to; versus= turned, pa. par. 
of verto =to turn.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. One temporarily or permanently brought into 
antagonism with another, as in a battle, a lawsuit, 
a competition, or even a friendly game; an oppo 
nent. 

“ And eek by witnessyng of many a wight, 

That al was fals that sayde his adversarie.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,609-10. 

“And do as adversaries do in law— 

Strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, i. 2. 

“. . . let him not go down with us to battle, lest in 

the battle he be an adversary to us.”—1 Sam. xxix. 4. 

2. One who from having been brought in some way 
into antagonism with another, has become his secret 
or avowed foe. In a more general sense, an enemy, 
whether public or private. ( Used also of the ene¬ 
mies of God.) 

“ And he was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solo¬ 
mon.”—1 Kings xi. 25. 

“ Let mine adversaries be clothed with shame.”— Ps. 
cix. 29, 

“The adversaries of the Lord shall be broken to 
pieces . . . ”—1 Sam. ii. 10. 

IT Applied in Scripture by way of eminence to 
Satan. 

“ . . . your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, 
walketh about, seeking whom he may devour.”—1 Pet. 
v. 8. 


B. As adjective: Opposed to, adverse to. 

“ An unvanquishable fort against the impressions and 
assaults of all adversary forces.”— Bp. King: Vitis Pa.lat. 
(1614), p. 30. 

Law: Not unopposed. An adversary suit is a suit 
to which opposition has been intimated. 

ad-vers - $L-tive, a.&s. [In Ger. adversativum; 
Fr. adversatif; Ital. avversativo, from Lat. adversa- 
tivus .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Gen.: Expressing some opposition to, or at least 
some difference from or with. 

2. Spec.: Pertaining to, resembling, or containing 
an adversative. 

“ Two members of one and the same sentence connected 
with the adversative particle ‘but.’”— Worthington: Mis- 
cell., p. 4. 

*[ Prof. Bain considers the Adversative terms as 
the second class of Co-ordinating Conjunctions, the 
others being called Cumulative and Illative. The 
adversatives place the second sentence or clause in 
some kind of opposition to the preceding one. There 
are three species or divisions in the class: Exclusive 
Adversatives (viz., not, but, else, otherwise), Alterna¬ 
tive Adversatives (viz., eithei — or; vihethet — or; 
neither — nor), and Arrestive Adversatives { as but, 
but then, still, only, nevertheless, and others). {Bain: 
Higher Eng. Gram.) 

B. As substantive: 

Grammar: A word putting in more or less distinct 
opposition to each other the two portions of a sen¬ 
tence between which itisplaced. [See the adjective.] 
ad’-verse, a. [In Fr. adverse; Ital. avverso, fr. 
Lat. adversus= turned to: ad=to ; versus, pa. par. 
of verto= to turn.] 

H Shakespeare generally accents on the first syl¬ 
lable as is now done; but in the following passage 
he does so on the second: 

“Though time seems so adverse, and means unfit.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, v. i. 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of purely physical opposition: So turned to¬ 
ward a person as literally to stand in the way of 
his progress. 

Used (1) of anything in action against a person 
or thing. 

“One by storms annoyed and adverse winds.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

(2) Of what is simply opposite to a person or 
thing. 

“And Afric’s coast and Calpe’s adverse height.” 

Byron: English Bards and Scotch Revieivers. 

II. Of opposition not purely physical. 

1. Of persons or beings: Hostile, antagonistic, in¬ 
imical, unpropitious. 

“Besides, the king’s name is a tower of strength, 
Which they upon the adverse faction want.” 

Shakesp. ■ King Richard III., v. 3. 

“ The adherents of the ministers were victorious, put 
the adverse mob to the rout . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. 

Eng., ch. xxiv. 

“E’er since our adverse fates decreed 
That we must part, and I must mourn.” 

Cowper: To Delia. 

2. Of things:' 

(а) In opposition to the real or supposed welfare 
of; calamitous, afflictive. 

“What if he hath decreed that I shall first 
Be try’d in humble state, and things adverse; 

By tribulations, injuries, insults, 

Contempts, and scorns, and snares, and violence 1 ” 
Milton: P. R., bk. iii. 

(б) In its nature opposed to, incongruous or in¬ 
consistent with. 

“The benevolent spirit of the Christian morality is 
undoubtedly adverse to distinctions of caste.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

B. Technically: 

Law. Adverse possession: Occupancy against 
the person rightfully entitled, but which, however, 
will become unimpeachable if the latter remain 
quiet on the subject for twenty years. 

*ad'-verse, v. t. [From the adjective. In Lat. 
adversor— to oppose.] To oppose, to manifest hos¬ 
tility to. 

“ Of that fortune him schulde adverse.” 

Gower: Confessio Amantis, bk. ii. 
ad -verse-ly, adv. [Adverse.] In an adverse 
manner, oppositely. 

“ If the drink you give me touch my palate adversely, I 
make a crooked face at it.”— Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 1. 

ad-verse-ness, s. [Adverse.] The state or 
quality of being adverse; opposition. 

“. . . a seeming adverseness of events to his en¬ 
deavors.”— Barrow: Sermons. 

*ad-vers-er, s. [Adverse.] An adversary. 

“Myn adversers and false wytnes berars agaynste me.” 
— Archceologia, xxiii. 46. 


bfill, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph=£ 
•clan, -tian = shan- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -Me, -die, &c. = b$l, dal. 




adversifoliate 


86 


advise 


ad-vers'-i-f5-li-ate, ad yers-i-fo -li-ous, a. 

[ Lat. adversus = turned to, opposite; folium = a 
eaf.] 

Bot.: Haying opposite leaves. 

*ad-ver-sion, s. [Advert.] A turning to, 
attention. 

“ The soul bestoweth her adversion 
On something else.”— More: Phil. Poems , p. 294. 

ad-ver -si ty, *ad-ver -si-te, $. [In Fr. adver¬ 
sity; Ital. avversitd , fr. Lat. adversitas—( 1) con¬ 
trariety, antipathy; (2) misfortune, calamity.] 

1. Adverse circumstances, misfortune, calamity, 
trouble, either one affliction or a series of them. (In 
this sense it has a plural.) 

“He hath said in his heart, I shall not be moved: for I 
shall never be in adversity .”— Ps. x. 6. 

“ And though the Lord give you the bread of adversity, 
and the water of affliction . . .”— Isa. xxx. 20. 

“And ye have this day rejected your God, who Himself 
saved you out of all your adversities and your tribula¬ 
tions . . .”— 1 Sam. x. 19. 

2. The state of mental depression produced by 
such adverse circumstances or calamities. 

“Haveth som reuthe on hir adversite.” 

Chaucer: C. T ., 5,074. 

ad-vert', v. t. & i. [In Ital. avvertire , fr. Lat. 
adverto , v. t.=to turn toward: ad= to; verto= to 

turn.] 

*1. Transitive: To regard, to advise. 

“ So though the soul, the time she doth advert 
The body’s passions, takes herself to die.” 

Dr. H. More: Song of the Soul, iv. 39. 

2. Intransitive: To turn the mind or attention to, 
to remark, to notice. 

(a) With to: 

“I may again advert to the distinction.”— Owen: 
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 97. 

“A child of earth, I rested, in that stage 
Of my past course to which these thoughts advert, 
Upon earth’s native energies.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

*(b) With upon: 

“While they pretend to advert upon one.libel, they set 
up another.”— Vindic. of the Duke of Guise (1683). 

*ad-vert’, v. t . [Lat. averto: a=from; verto—t o 
turn. The d is improperly inserted.] To avert, to 
turn away from. (Scotch.) 

“ Frae my sinnes advert thy face.”— Poems, 16th cent, 
ad-vert'-ed, pa. par . [Advert.] 

*ad-vert-ange, s. [Advertence.] (Old Scotch.) 

*ad-ver-ta -tion, *ad-ver-ta-cy-oun, s. [Ad¬ 
vert.] Information. (Digby Myst., p. 106.) 

advert-enge, *ad-vert'-ange (0. Scotch ), s. 
[In Ital. avvertenza.] [Advert.] 

I. The act of turning the mind to; attention, 
notice, heedfulness. 

*1. Without to: 

“Although the body sat among them there, 

Her advertence is always ellis where; 

For Troilus full fast her soule sought. 

Withouten worde, on him alwaie she thought.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Cress., iv. 698. 

2. With to: 

“Christianity may make Archimedes his challenge: 
give it but where it may set its foot, allow but a sober 
advertence to its proposals, and it will move the whole 
world .”—Decay of Piety. 

II. A person or persons attending upon. (0.Scotch.) 
1. Retinue. 

“And all his advertance that in his court dwellis.”— 
Rauf Coily ear. 

2. Adherents, abettors, advisers. 

“Schir William of Crechtoun and Schir George of 
Crechtoun, and thar advertence.”—Short Chron. of Jas. II., 
p. 36. 

tad-vert'-en-gy, s. [Advertence.] The same 
as Advertence, in sense No. 1. 

“ Too much advertency is not your talent; or else you 
had fled from that text, as from a rock.”— Swift. 

ad vert-ent, a. [Lat. advertens , pr. par of 
adverto.] [Advert.] Turning toward, attentive, 
heedful. 

“ This requires choice parts, great attention of mind, 
sequestration from the importunity of secular employ¬ 
ments, and a long, advertent, and deliberate connexing 
of consequents.”— Hale: Origin oj Mankind. 

ad-vert -ent-ly, adv. [Advertent.] In an ad¬ 
vertent matter; not unintentionaUy, but with delib¬ 
eration, or, at least, willfully, 
ad-vert -ing, pr. par. [Advert.] 

ad -ver-tl§e, ad -ver-tlze, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. 
advertissant , pr. par. of advertir; Fr. avertir; Ital. 
awisare; Lat. adverto.] [Advert.] 


A. Transitive: 

*1. Gen.: To notify, to inform, to give intelli¬ 
gence to. 

“ I have oAvertiz'd him by secret means.”— Shakesp.: 
Henry VI , Part III., iv. 5. 

“ And I thought to advertise thee, saying, Buy it before 
the inhabitants . . .”— Ruth iv. 4. 

“ I was advertised their general slept.” 

Shakesp.: Tr'oilus and Cressida, ii. 2. 

2. Spec.: To publish in a newspaper, or in some 
similar way, a paragraph generally designed to pro¬ 
mote the financial or other interests of the person 
who seeks its insertion. [Advertisement, III. 2.] 

B. Intransitive: To publish an advertisement in 
a newspaper, or in any other way. give it currency. 

IT Formerly used sometimes with upon , so as to 
make a compound transitive verb. 

“. . . do advertise upon that learned knight, my 

very worthy friend.”— Sir Wm. Read: Tatler, No. 224. 

ad-ver-tl §ed, ad-ver-tlzed, pa. par. [Adver¬ 
tise, Advertize.] 

ad-ver'-ti§e-ment, *ad-ver-tl §e-ment, s. [In 
Ger. & Fr. avertissement .J 
I. The act of advertising. 

1. Gen.: The act of advertising, intimating, or 
giving notice of anything. 

*2. Spec.: Admonition. 

“My griefs cry louder than advertisement .” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, v. i. 

II. The state of being advertised, ability to be 
advertised. 

III. That which advertises. 

fl. Gen.: Intimation in any way of something 
which has occurred. 

“K. Hen. The Earl of Westmoreland set forth to-day; 
With him my son, Lord John of Lancaster; 

For this advertisement is five days old.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Part I., iii. 2. 

2. Spec.: A short paragraph in a newspaper not 
of sufficiently general interest to warrant the editor 
to insert it as a piece of news, but which is of so 
much importance to the financial or other interests 
of some one individual that he is willing to pay for 
its insertion. It is the profit derived from adver¬ 
tisements which keeps many newspapers in exist¬ 
ence. 

ad-ver-tl -§er, s. [Advertise.] 

1. Of persons: One who advertises. 

“The great skill in an advertiser is chiefly seen in the 
style he makes use of.”— Tatler, No. 224. 

2. Of things: That which advertises. (Used as 
the name of various newspapers , as the “ Morning 
Advertiser .” ) 

“They have drawled through columns of gazetteers and 
advertisers for a century together.”— Burke: Works, ii. 13. 

ad-ver-tl§ -ing, pr. par. & a. [Advertise.] 

I. As present participle : In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

II. As adjective: 

1. Furnishing advertisements, as “an advertising 
firm.” 

2. Constituting a receptacle for advertisements, 
as an “advertising van.” Vehicles designed for 
such a purpose cannot legally be sent forth to 
traverse public thoroughfares. 

*3. Attentive. 

T[ Advertising and lioly=attentive and faithful. 
(Johnson.) 

“ As I was then 

Advertising and holy to your business, 

Not changing heart with habit, I am still 
Attornied at your service.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, v. 1. 

ad-ver-tlze, &c. [Advertise.] 
ad-vesp -er-ate, v. i. [In Lat. avesperascit , 
impers. verb=evening approaches: ad= to; vesper- 
ctsco =to become evening; vespera or vesper —the 
evening.] To draw toward evening. 

*ad-vest', v. t. [Norm. Fr. advestir, fr. Lat. ad 
=to, and vesfis^a garment.] To put in possession, 
to invest. (Cotgrave.) 

*ad-vew e, v. [View.] To consider. (Spenser.) 
*ad-vew ed, pa. par. [Advewe.] 
ad-vl ge, *a-vis , *a-vlse, *av-i-is’, *a-vy s, s. 
[Fr. avis; Ital. avviso.] [Advise.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Opinion, view, sentiment. 

“ And seth then sayd hir aviis 
Of God, that Loverd was and ever isse.” 

Saynt Katerine, p. 179. 

*2. Deliberate consideration, prudence. 

“ What he hath won, that he hath fortified ; 

So hot a speed, with such advice dispos’d ; 

Such temperate order, in so fierce a course, 

Doth want example.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 4. 
[See also example under No. 3.] 


3. Information. [See also Commerce (B. l) u ] 

“ How shall I doat on her with more advice , 

That thus without advice begin to love her !” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent., ii. 4. 

4. Counsel; an opinion offered as to what one 
ought to do either habitually, or in the circum¬ 
stances which have at the time arrived. 

“. . . give here your advice and counsel.”— Judg. t 

xx. 7. 

“ His friends were summon’d on a point so nice, 

To pass their judgment, and to give advice; 

But fix’d before, and well resolved was he 
(As men that ask advice are wont to be).” 

Pope: January and May , 81-84. 

To take advice is to accept it when tendered, and 
act upon it. 

“This advice was taken, and with excellent effect.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

To take advice with , is to take counsel with; to 
consult, to hold a conference with, and ask the 
opinion of, as, for instance, an adept in any art. 

“Great princes, taking advice with workmen, with no 
less cost set their things together.”— Bacon: Essays. 

B. Technically: 

1. Comm.: Information on some business matter 
communicated by one engaged in mercantile life to 
another person similarly engaged. 

Often in the plural; in which case it means 
telegrams, letters, or other documents, or even verbal 
communications, interesting to commercial men, 
regarding occurrences happening elsewhere. 

A letter of advice: A letter sent by one merchant 
to another, informing him when bills or cheques are 
drawn on him, with particulars as to when payment 
is to be made. 

2. Nautical. Advice-boat: A small vessel to carry 
despatches, or, in some cases, verbal information 
between places accessible by water. 

*ad-Vlg -il-ate, v.t. [Lat. advigilo =to watch by, 
to keep guard over: ad— near, and vigilo —to be 
wakeful, to watch; u^i7=awake, watchful.] To 
watch over, to watch. 

ad-vl§-a-bil'-i-ty , s. [En %. advisable; -ity.'] The 
quality or state of being advisable; advisableness. 

ad-vl§-£-ble, a. [Advise.] 

*1. Able to be advised; not indisposed to accept 
advice, and therefore encouraging others to offer it. 

“He was so strangely advisable that he would advert 
unto the judgment of the meanest person.”— Fell: Life of 

Hammond. 

2. Such as one acting on good advice would adopt; 
right, proper, befitting, fitting, expedient. 

“ He called a council of war to consider what course it 
would be advisable to take.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xiii. 

ad-vl§’-a-ble-ness, s. [Advisable.] The quality 
of being proper, befitting, or expedient. (Johnson: 
Diet.) 

ad-vl§ -a-bly, adv. [Advisable.] In an advis¬ 
able manner. (Webster.) 

ad-vl §e, *ad-vy §e, "'ad vi ze, *gt-vl §e, 
*a-vy §e, *a-vlze, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. adviser; Ital. 
awisare = to view, to perceive, to take note.] [Ad¬ 
vice.] 

I. Transitive: < , 

(a) Ordinary Language: 

*1. To observe, to look at. 

“Heo heom avysed among ther play, 

For he was nought of that contray.” 

Kyng Alisaunder , 221. 

“He looked back, and her avizing well 
Weened, as he said, that by her outward grace, 

That fairest Florimel was present there in place.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. ii. 22. 

*2. To consider, to deliberate upon. 

a) Not with self added (un 'efiectively). 

b) With self added (reflectively): To take coun¬ 
sel with one’s self; to reflect. 

“Now therefore advise thyself what word I shall bring 
again to him that sent me.”—1 Chron. xxi. 12. 

3. To inform, to acquaint, to apprise; to teach, 
[See Commerce .] 

( ‘Quick. Are you advised o’ that ? You shall find it a 
great charge: and to be up early and down late.”— 
Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 4. 

4. To counsel; to offer counsel to, in the hope, or 
at least with the desire that it may be foUowed. 

“Brother, I advise you to the best.”— Shakesp.: King 
Lear, i. 2. 

“ I would advise all gentlemen to learn merchants’ 
accounts.”— Locke. 

(b) Technically: 

Comm.: To communicate intelligence regarding 
the state of the markets, the consignment of goods, 
bills drawn on one, &c. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rtile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



advouterer 


advised 

II. Intransitive: To consult, to deliberate, to re¬ 
elect. 

“ Now advise, and see what answer I shall return to him 
that sent me.”—2 Sam. xxiv. 13. 

ad-vl§ ed, pa. par. & a. [Advise.] 

As adjective: 

1. Of a person: Counselled; acting with delibera¬ 
tion ; prudent, wise. 

“ Let him rather be advised in his answers than forward 
to tell stories.”— Bacon: Essays. 

(a) Well advised: Humble, prudent. 

“Only by pride cometh contention; but with the well 
advised is wisdom.”— Prov. xiii. 10. 

(b) III advised: Foolish. 

2. (a) Of a resolution: Well considered, (b) Of 
an act: Deliberate. 

“. • • after a great and long and advised disputa¬ 

tion.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

“ When they had sworn to this advised doom.” 

Shakesp.: Tar quin and Lucrece. 

“In other words, he may either have been aware of the 
circumstance or not aware; it may either have been pres¬ 
ent to his mind or not present. In the first case, the act 
may be said to have been an advised act, with respect to 
the circumstances; in the other case, an unadvised one.” 
— Bowring: Bentham’s Works, i. 42. 

Ad-vl'-sjed-ly, adv. [Advised.] W T ith mature 
deliberation. 

*1. Attentively. 

“ This picture she advisedly perused, 

And chid the painter for his wond’rous skill.” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 

2. With mature deliberation ; with deliberate pur¬ 
pose. 

“I dare be bound again, 

My soul upon the forfeit, that your lord 
Will never more break faith advisedly.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, v. 1. 

ad-vl'-§ed-ness, s. [Advised.] The quality 
of having been adopted after mature deliberation; 
advisableness. 

“While things are in agitation, private men may mod¬ 
estly tender their thoughts to the consideration of those 
that are in authority; to whose care it belongeth, in pre¬ 
scribing concerning indifferent things, to proceed with 
all just advisedness and moderation.”— Saunderson: Judg¬ 
ment in One View. 

iid-vl§e -ment, *a-vi§e-ment, s. [Advise.] 

1. Consideration, deliberation. 

“. . . which [lake or portion of the sea] is not with¬ 
out peril to such as with small advisement enter the 
same .”—Harrison : Descriptive of Britaine, p. 33. 

“. . . in good advisement and remembrance .”—-A 
MS. from the Bolls’ House, quoted in Froude’s “Hist. 
Eng.,” ch. iv. 

2. Consultation. 

“ . . . David, when he came with the Philistines 
against Saul to battle : but they helped them not; for the 
lords of the Philistines upon advisement sent him away, 
saying, He will fall to his master Saul to the jeopardy of 
our heads.”—1 Chron. xii. 19. 

3. Advice, counsel. 

“ Ten schippes were dryven, through ille avisement, 

Thorgh a tempest ryven, the schipmen held them 
schent.”— Langtoft: Chron. p. 148. 

3 ,d,-vl'-§er, s. [Advise.] One who advises. 

“ . . . nor had he near him any adviser on whose 

judgment reliance could be placed .”—Macaulay : Hist. 
Eng., ch. vii. 

“Halifax was generally regarded as the chief adviser 
of the Crown.”— Hid., ch. xiv. 

ad-vl'-§er-ship, s. [Advisee.] The office or posi¬ 
tion of an adviser. 

9 ,d-vl -§ihg, pr. par. & s. [Advise.] 

As substantive: Advice, counsel. 

“. . . fasten your ear on my advisings.” — Shakesp.: 

Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 

*ad-vl -§ion, s. [Avision.] A vision, a dream. 
(Wright.) 

*ad~vl'-s6, s. [Low Lat. adviso; Ital. aviso.] 
Advice. 

“ . their counsels and advisos.”—Wagstaffe Hist. 

Reft., p. 4. 

gid-vl'-sor-y, a. [Advise.] 

1. Having power to advise. 

“ The general association has a general advisory super¬ 
intendence over all the ministers and churches.”— Turn- 
bull: Hist. Conn. 

2. Containing advice. 

{id vl'-tam aut cul'-pam. [Lat.] [Ad.] 

*ad Vi te, a. [Lat. avitus=(l) pertaining to a 
grandfather; ancestral; (2) very old: avus~( 1) a 
grandfather; (2) an old man.] Adult. 

“Fyrste such persones, beyng nowe advite, that is to 
eaye, pnssBd. thGir chyld-Ghoode, as wgI in maners as in 
yeres.”— Sii * Thos. Elyot: Governor, p. 85. 


87 

ad'-v6-C{l-<J^, s. [Lat. advocatio, fr. advoco= to 
call or summon to.] [Advoke.] 

*1. A lawsuit. 

“Be ye not ware how that false Poliphete 
Is now about eftsonis for to plete, 

And bring in on you advocacies new?” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Creseide, ii. 1,469. 

2. The act of pleading for a person or a cause. 

“If any there are, who are of opinion that there are no 
antipodes, or that the stars do fall; they shall not want 
herein the applause and advocacy of man.” — Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

ad'-vo cate, *ad -vo-c{it, *ad -vok-ete, s. [Lat. 

advocatus=(l) originally one whose aid was called 
in or invoked; one who helped in any business mat¬ 
ter; (2) Law , at first, one who gave his legal aid in 
a case, without, however, pleading, this being the 
function of the patronus; (3) the advocatus fisci, 
who attended to the interests of the fiscus , or the 
emperor’s privy purse. From advoco= to call or 
summon to one: ad= to, and voco— to call, to sum¬ 
mon; Ger. advohat; Fr. avocat, Ital. avvocato. ] 
[Advowson, Advoke, Voice.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: One who pleads a cause in a civil or crim¬ 
inal court belonging to any country. 

“ O thou, that art so fair and ful of grace. 

Be myn advocat in that hihe place.” 

Chaucer: C. /., 11,995-9. 

“The advocates contended on both sides with far more 
than professional keenness and vehemence.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) One who defends against opposer3, and seeks 
to recommend to the acceptance of the public any 
opinion or cause. 

“And thither will I bear thy suit, 

Nor will thine advocate be mute.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, iv. 15. 

IT It is used with of or for after it. 

“ The advocates of ‘ transmutation ’ have failed to ex¬ 
plain them.”— Owen: Classification of Mammalia, p. 49. 

“And advocates for folly dead and gone.” 

Pope: Epistles. 

( b ) Christ, as pleading before the Eternal Father 
for sinners. 

“And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the 
Father, Jesus Christ the righteous.”—1 John ii. L 

B. Technically: 

I. In the old German Empire: A person ap¬ 
pointed by the emperor to do justice. In Germany 
and elsewhere juridical advocates were made 
judges in consequence of their attending when 
causes were pleaded in the count’s court. 

II. In the Mediaeval Church: One appointed to 
defend the rights and revenues of a church or mon¬ 
astery. The word advocate, _ in the sense of a de¬ 
fender of the church, was ultimately superseded by 
that of patron, but :i still lingers in the term ad¬ 
vowson. [Advowson.] 

Constitutional advocates, in Rome, pleaded be¬ 
fore the consistory in cases relating to the disposal 
of benefices which they opposed. 

Elective advocates were chosen by a bishop, an 
abbot, or a chapter. 

Feudal advocates were persons assigned lands on 
condition of their fighting for the Church, leading 
out their vassals for the purpose. 

Matricular advocates defended the cathedrcl 
churches. 

Military advocates were appointed to tight for 
the Church. [See also Advocatus.] 

Devil’s Advocate. [/Advocatus, Fka.] 

III. In English Law: 

1. Originally: One who pleaded a cause in a 
civil, but not in a criminal court. Formerly, cer¬ 
tain persons called advocates, learned in the civil 
and canon law, were alone entitled to plead as coun¬ 
sel in the English ecclesiastical and admiralty 
courts, but these are now thrown open to the or¬ 
dinary bar. (Will: Wharton's Law Lexicon.) 

2. Now: In English and American law, one who 
pleads a cause in any court, civil or criminal. It is 
not, properly speaking, a technical word, but is 
used only in a popular sense, as synonymous with 
barrister or counsel. [Counsel ; Advocate, A. 1.] 

The Queen's Advocate was a member of the Col¬ 
lege of Advocates, whose office it was to advise and 
act as counsel for the Crown in questions of civil, 
canon, and international law. He ranked next to 
the Solicitor-General. (Will: Wharton's Law Lex¬ 
icon.) . 

At stations of the army the judge-advocate is 
the officer through whom prosecutions before 
courts-martial are conducted. There is also a 
Judge-Advocate-General for the army at large. 

IV. In Scotland: 

1. Law: A member of “the faculty of advocates,” 
or Scottish bar. These have not derived their priv¬ 
ileges from any Act of Parliament incorporatmg 


them into a society, but have possessed them from a 
period of unascertained antiquity. The associa¬ 
tion is formed on the model of that of the French 
avocats, and, like it, is presided over by a dean, or 
doyen. 

“The College of Justice, a great forensic society com- 

I iosed of judges, advocates, writers to the signet, and so- 
icitors . . ”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

2. A solicitor practicing in Aberdeen. 

If The Lord Advocate is the principal Crown law¬ 
yer in Scotland. It is his duty to act aspublic pros¬ 
ecutor, which he does in great cases in which the 
Crown is interested, leaving the inferior ones to the 
procurators fiscal, who act under his instructions. 
He is virtually Secretary of State for Scotland, and, 
as a rule, it is through him that the Government 
proposes, explains, and defends the special legisla¬ 
tion for that country. 

ad'-vo-cate, v.t.&i. [Lat. advoco=to call or sum¬ 
mon to. In Law: To call an advocate to one’s as¬ 
sistance : ad— to; voco=to call.] This is an old Eng¬ 
lish word which fell into disuse and again revived. 
“ It would be difficult,” says Trench, “ to find an ex¬ 
ample of the verb ‘to advocate’ between Milton and 
Burke.” ( Trench: Eng., Past and Present, p. 55.) 

I. Transitive: 

*1. To call upon or to, to summon, to ask to hear. 
“ . . . we may, in those cases, express our oath in the 
form of advocating and calling the creature.”— Jeremy 
Taylor: Of the Decalogue. 

2. To speak or write, if not even to agitate, in 
favor of a person, an opinion, or a measure. 

“ The most eminent orators were engaged to advocate 
her cause.”— Mitford. 

“. . . persons who advocate this sentiment.”— Mac¬ 
kenzie: Life of Calvin. 

II. Intransitive: 

* O. Scotch: To strive, as an advocate does, to win 
a cause. 

“For men seldom advocate against Satan’s work and 
sin in themselves, but against God’s work in them¬ 
selves.”— Rutherford: Letters. 

ad -vo-cate-shlp, s. [Advocate.] 

1. The office of an advocate. 

“Leave your advocateship, 

Except that we shall call you orator Fry.” 

Ben Jonson : New Inn, ii. 6. 

2. Advocacy. 

“The redemption of the world was made a great part 
of the advocateship of the Holy Spirit by our Lord.”— 
Hallywell: Salv. of Souls, p. 71. 

ad'-v5-ca-tess, s. The feminine form of Advo¬ 
cate. 

“He [the Archbishop of Florence] answers . 

God hath provided us of an advocatess who is gentle and 
sweet, Ac., and many other such dangerous proposi¬ 
tions.”— Bp. Taylor: Dissuasives from Popery. 
ad’-vo-ca-ting, pr.par. [Advocate.] 
ad vo-ca -tion, s. [Lat. advocatio = a summon 
ing of legal assistance.] [Advocate.] 

1. The act or office of pleading; advocacy. 

“ Des. Alas; thrice gentle Cassio, 

My advocation is not now in tune ; 

My lord is not my lord.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 4. 

*2. Scots Law: A mode of appeal from certain in¬ 
ferior courts to the supreme one. 

Note of advocation: A writ employed for this ap 
peal. 

ad-vo'-ca-triQe, s. [Advocate.] A female ad¬ 
vocate. (Elyot.) 

ad-vo-ca -tus, s. [Lat.] [Advocate.] 

In the Papal Court: A. diaboli = the devil’s advo¬ 
cate ; the same as the Fra di diabolo. A person ap¬ 
pointed to raise doubts against the genuineness of 
the miracles of a candidate for canonization. [Pea ] 
*ad-void , v. t. [Avoid.] 

*{id-v6 ke, v. t. [Lat. advoco = to call or sum¬ 
mon to one: ad = to ; voco = to call.] To call or 
summon to; to transfer a cause (to one’s self) for 
trial 

“ His holiness . . . promising not to revoke the said 
commission . . . should not, at the point of sentence, 
have advoked the cause, retaining it at Home.”— Bonner. 
(Froude’s “Hist. Eng.,” ch. vii.) 

*ad-vo-kete [Advocate.] 

*3,d-v61-a'-tion, s. [From Lat. advolatio — a 
flying to, from advolo =to fly toward; aci=to, and 
volo=to fly.] The act of flying to or toward any¬ 
thing. (Johnson: Diet.) 

ad-vol-fl'-tion, s. [Lat. advolutio=a. rolling up, 
from advolutus, pa. par. of advolvo =to roll to or 
toward: ad=to, volvo—to roll.] The act or process 
of rolling toward. 

*Ad-vou§h, v. i. [Avouch.] 

*ad-vou'-ter-er, s. [Advoutry.] An adulterer. 
“ God will condemn advouterers . . .’’—Bayle: Tet 

a Course at the Romysche Fox, f. 70. 


btfil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, <jhin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph — f. 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = b$X. d@L 




advoutress 


*ad-vou-tress, *ad-vow -tress, s. The fem. 
form of Advoutb.ee, or Advowteer. 

“ This kind of danger is then to be feared, chiefly, 
when the wives have plots for the raising of their own 
children, or else that they be advowtresses.” — Bacon: 
Essays, ch. xvi. 

*ad-vou-trie, *ad-vou‘-trjf, *ad-vow-try, 
*$,-VOW'-trf, *a-VOU -ter-Ie, s. [O. Fr. avoutrie.] 
Adultery. [Adultery.] 

“ . . . calling this match advoutrie, as it was.”— 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 342. 

“ . . . that he had lived in frequent avoutry .”— 

Anderson: Coll, iv., pt. i., p. 101. 

*ad-VOU -trous, a. [Advoutey.] Adulterous. 

“ . . . the fall of the advoutrous, cursed, and malig¬ 
nant church of hypocrites.”— Bale: Revelations, ii. 

*g.d-vow , *ud-vow e, v. t. [Avow.] 

Ud-vow -ee, u-vow -ee, s. [Advow, Avow.] 

1. An “advocate” of a church or monastic body. 
[Advocate.] 

2. A person possessed of an advowson; the patron 
of a church. 

The paramount advowee : The sovereign. 
g,d-vdw -§on, s. [Norm. Fr. avoeson, avoerie; 
Fr. avouerie, fr. avouer =to grant, to allow; avou4 
— an attorney. Low Lat. advoatio ; Class. Lat. 
advocatio= a summoning legal assistance, the bar, 
&c.; Low Lat. advoo; Class. Lat. advoco= to call or 
summon ] [Advocate.] 

English Ecclesiastical Law : The right of presen¬ 
tation to a vacant benefice, what is called in Scot¬ 
land patronage. [Patronage.] This is of three 
kinds: (1) Presentation, when the patron has a 
right to present a clergyman to the bishop for in¬ 
stitution ; (2) collation, when the bishop is himself 
the patron of the living; and (3) donation, when 
the king or a subject, acting under the royal li¬ 
cense, founds a church or chapel on the footing 
that it shall be subject to his visitation only, and 
not be placed under the bishop, and that he (the 
patron) shall have the power of _ putting a clergy¬ 
man in it without presentation, institution, or in¬ 
duction. Hence advowsons are classified as pre¬ 
sent ative, collative, and donative. The reason why 
they were generally vested in lords of the several 
manors was that it was in most cases their ances¬ 
tors, or at least predecessors more or less remote, 
who originally built the church, or were “advo¬ 
cates” of ecclesiastical privileges. [Advocate.] 
An advowson still attached to a manor is called an 
appendant. If, however, it be once sold to a pur¬ 
chaser it ceases in all future time to be appendant, 
and is said to be in gross, or at large. Advowsons, 
originally trusts, are now considered heritable 
property. 

“The advowson and right of next and perpetual pre¬ 
sentation to the rectory of-, subject to the life of 

the present incumbent, now in his seventy-first year.” 
—Advertisement in Times, 1875. 

This law is not applicable in America from the 
fact that there is no established church. 

*g,d-vow"-tress, s. [Advoutress.] 

*ad-vow -try, s. [Advoutey.] 
advoyer, or avoyer(pron. ud-voy-a, a-voy -a), 
s. [O. Fr. advoes. ] The chief magistrate of a Swiss 
town or canton. 

*ad-vjf§-yon, s. [Avision.] A vision, a dream. 
“. . . the old lady that thow sawest in thyn advys- 
yon.”—Morte d’ Arthur, ii. 245. 

*ad -ward, v. t. [Award, v. <.] 

*ad -ward, s. [Award, s.] 

*ad-wa'ythe, v. [Await.] To wait for. ( Wright : 
Monastic Letters, p. 202.) 

a'-dy, s. A palm-tree, called also abanga, a na¬ 
tive of the West Indies. The large leaf-shoot at the 
summit of the stem, when cut into, furnishes a 
liquor used as wine. The kernels of the fruit are 
regarded as a cordial, and an oil prepared from the 
fruit may be used as butter. 

*a-dyght' (gh mute), a. [Adight.] 
3,-d^n-a'-mI-a, a-dyn'-am-y, s. [Gr. adynamia 
=want of strength: a, priv.; d 2 /wamis=strength ; 
dynamai= to be able.] 

Med. : Debility resulting from sickness. 
a-dyn-am-Ic, a. [Adynamia.] Pertaining to 
adynamy ; without strength, weak. 

Medicine. Adynamic fever: “A kind of fever 
characterized by great prostration or depression of 
the vital powers, with a tendency to putridity.” 
{Dr. Tweedie: Cycl. of Pract. Med., Art “ Fever,” 
ii. 162.) 

a-dyn'-am-y, s. [Adynamia.] 

*ad'-?t, ad -yt-um, s. [Lat. adytum; Gr. ady- 
ton and adt/tos, fr. the adj. adytos= not to be en¬ 
tered : a, priv.; dyo= to get into, to enter.] A shrine; 
the innermost and most sacred part of a temple; 
the holy of holies. 

“Behold amidst the adyts of our gods.” 

Greene: Wo7'ks , i. 114. 

fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, 


88 

*a-dy te, v. t. [In Old Fr. endicter, fr. Lat. in- 
dico —to indite; in and dico. ] To indite, to write. 

“ Kyng Bychard dede a lettre wryte, 

A noble clerk it gan adyte.” 

Richard Cceur de Lion, 1,174. 

adze, adz, *ad'-dl§e, s. [A. S. adese; Sp. azuela .] 

1. An instrument consisting of an arched cut¬ 
ting blade of iron and a 
handle, the latter being 
placed transverse to the 
edge of the blade, where¬ 
as in the axe the two are 
parallel. It may be con¬ 
sidered as a kind of 
crooked axe. It is used 
by shipwrights, carpen¬ 
ters, coopers, and 
other artisans, and is 
specially designed for 
chopping a horizontal 
surface of timber. ( Min- 
sheu, dbc.) 

2. Her.; A common 
axe. 

adze, v. t. To shape by 
means of an adze. Adze, 

adzed, pa. par. [Adze, v.] 
adz -Ing, pr. par. [Adze, v.] 

83 (pron. generally e, and occasionally e ; when^it 
has the latter sound, it is marked in this work se). 

I. As an initial: A Latin diphthong correspond¬ 
ing to the Greek ai, and used chiefly in words origi¬ 
nally derived from the Greek language. W T hen 
fully naturalized in English the Greek ai and Lat. 
ce become simply e. Thus the Gr. aither is in Lat. 
cether. In Eng. some writers ; Tyndall for one, look¬ 
ing on the word as but partially naturalized, still 
write it with the diphthong aether; while the gen¬ 
erality, regarding it as fully naturalized, make it 
ether. [Ether.] 

•| Quite a multitude of Anglo-Saxon words com¬ 
mence with ce, but the ce becomes changed in vari¬ 
ous ways when these are naturalized in English. It 
is often transformed into a or e, less frequently into 
ee, or ea, or o, or aw, or oi, or oa; or it is wholly 
omitted. 

Examples: 

1. As a. A. S. cecse, cex=Eng. axe; cecern= acorn; 
cefter—aitoT :; cende= and ; cengel= angel; cepl, ceppel, 
&c.=apple: cef=at. 

2. Ase. A. S. cebung= Eng. ebbing; cefen, cefyn, 
cefenn=eYen; celf =elt; cemetta, cemete—e mmet, 
ant; ASnglisc= English. 

3. As ee. A. S. ceZ=Eng. eel. 

4. As ea. A. S. cettan= to eat; aernian—to earn. 

5. As o. A. S. cene= Eng. one. 

6. As aw. A. S. ceZ=Eng. awl. 

7. As oi. A. S. ceZ=Eng. oil. 

8. As oa. A. S. cec=Eng. oak. 

9. With the ce wholly omitted. A. S. cebare= bare; 
cee?id=and. 

II. As a termination. [Lat. genitive singular 
(usually) and nomn. pi. of the first declension, as 
pennce, genitive singular and nomin. pi. of penna— 
a pen.] 

Science {chiefly Biology): The termination of 
most orders of plants, and also of most families 
and sub-families of animals. Some of these terms 
are classical Latin, but the majority are only 
modern imitations of it. Examples: (a) Class. 
Lat.: Algce (pi. of alga), Sea-weeds, the sea-weed 
order of plants; Rosacece (with pZantce=plants, 
understood), the Rosaceous order of plants, called 
by Lindley Roseworts. (6) Imitated from class. 
Lat.: Psittacidce= the Parrot family of birds, &c. 

sech-mo -dus, s. [Gr. aichme—a point, and odous 
= a tooth.] 

Palceont.: The name given by Sir Philip Egerton 
to a genus of fossil fishes formerly called Tetrago- 
nolepis. 

8e-§Id'-i-um, s. [Dimin. fr. aikion—{l) an in¬ 
jury, a loss; (2) a wheal.] A little wheal. A genus 
of plants belonging to the alliance Fungales and the 
sub-order CeBomacei. The various species consti¬ 
tute what is called rust. The species are widespread 
and numerous. They are found on the dandelion, the 
violets, the pines, the epilobiums, and various other 
plants. On grain crops they may often be seen 
under the glumes of the calyx. When ripe they 
burst and discharge a powder of a bright orange 
color. One species is, in consequence, known to 
agriculturists as red gum. They do not appear to 
injure the crops. -It is incorrect that the AScidium 
berberidis, a parasite, as its name implies, upon the 
Berberis, or Barberry, tends to produce mildew on 
wheat growing in its vicinity. 

8ed , in compos. [A. S.] [Ead.] 
ae-del-for§'-Ite, s. [From AS delfors, in Sweden.] 
Min.: The name of two minerals. 

1. An impure Wollastonite, which, to distinguish 
if from No. 2, is better spelt, as by Dana and others, 
Edelfoesite (q. v.). 


aeginetia 

2. The name given by Retzius to a red zeolite from 
jEdelfors. It is considered by J. N. Berlin and by 
Dana to be an impure Laumonite. [Laumonite.] 

aid'-el-Ite, ed -el-Ite, s. [ ASdel, a shorter 
form of iEdelfors, in Sweden; -ite, Gr. suff.— be¬ 
longing to, derived from.] 

Min.: Prehnite from Adelfors. [Prehnite.] 

8e-dlle, s. [Lat. cedilis, originally from cedes = 
(1) a sanctuary, a temple, (2) a dwelling for men.} 

1. {Plural.) In ancient Rome: Magistrates who 
had charge of public and private buildings, of 
aqueducts, roads, sewers, weights, measures, the 
national worship, and, specially when there were no 
censors, public morality. There were two leading 
divisions of sediles—plebeian and curule. Two of the 
former class were created A. U. 260, to assist the 
tribunes in their judicial functions. The same 
number of curule aediles were elected from the patri¬ 
cians A. U. 387, to perform certain public games. 
For a time these officers were chosen alternately 
from the patricians and the plebeians, then they 
were taken indiscriminately from either of these 
castes. Their insignia of office were like those of 
the old kings—the toga prcetexta (a purple robe) 
and the sella curulis, or curule chair, ornamented 
with ivory. To the ordinary two plebeian aediles 
Julius Caesar added another pair, called cereal 
aediles, to look after the corn supplies and the food 
of the capital generally. 

se-dlle-shlp, s. [Eng. oedile; -ship.'] The office 

of an oedile. 

“But he had filled no higher office than the cedileship.” 
— Arnold: Hist. Rome, ch. xlvii. 

* 2 e-fer, *£b-fre, *ae-vere, *a-vere, adv. 
[Ever.] 

se'-ga, s. A genus of Crustaceans belonging to the 
order Isopoda. 

se-gag -re, or se-gag'-rus, s. [Gr. aigagros— a 
wild goat: from aix, genit. aigos= a goat; agrios= 
wild. ] A name for the wild goat, the Capra cegagrus 
of Gmelin. It appears to be the stock whence all the 
varieties of the domestic goat sprung. The male 
has large horns, whilst those of the female are short 
or wanting. It inhabits the Caucasus and the 
mountains of Persia, and is still more abundant in 
Asia Minor. It may possibly be wild even in the 
Alps and the Pyrenees, though the identity of species 
from these various localities has been doubted. It 
is gregarious. Its name in the Persian mountains is 
Paseng. 

se-ga-grop'-I-lsi, s. [Lat. cegagrus (q. v.); pilus 
=hair.l A ball composed of hair, found in the 
stomach of the chamois. 

ae-ger -i-a, s. [ ASgeria, or Egeria, a nymph or 
goddess from whom Numa Pompilius pretended that 
he received his laws.] A genus of Sphinxes (Hawk- 
moths), the typical one of the family iEgerid®. 
Example, the Currant Clear-wing, AS. tipuliformis, 
so called from its resemblance to the two-winged 
tipula, while the English appellation points to the 
fact that the larva feeds on currant bushes. 

ge-ger'-Id-ae, s. pi. [.Egeria.] A family of 
Sphinxes (Hawk-moths). The wings are so trans¬ 
parently clear that the insects are popularly called 
Clear-wings. This character, however, obtains also 
in the neighboring family of Sesiadee. 

se'-gi-as, s. [Gr. aigias—a white spot in the eye 
{Hippocrates).'] (For signification see etym.) 

83 -gll-ops, s. [In Fr., Sp., & Ital. egilope; Port. 
egilopee, cegilops; Gr. aigilops={ 1) a wild oat, (2) a 
kind of oak, (3) an ulcer in the eye. From (1) 
aigilos, an herb of which goats are fond: aix, genit. 
aigos=a goat; and (2) ops=the eye, the face.] 

I. Botany: 

1. Hard-grass. A genus of grasses of the family 
Triticeee. The heads of AS. ovata, the oval-spiked 
hard-grass, are roasted and eaten by the Sicilian 
peasantry. 

IT Kersey, in his Dictionary, 3d ed., A. D. 1724, 
uses cegilops in an analogous sense for “a weed that 
grows among corn, darnel, wild oats.” 

2. The specific name of a gall-bearing oak, Quercus 
cegilops. 

II. Med.: A tumor in the corner of the eye ad¬ 
jacent to the nose. It is so called because goats are 
supposed to be specially liable to it. 

“ JEgilops is a tubercle in the inner canthus of the eye.” 
— Wiseman: Surgery. 

■SJ-gT-na, s. [Lat. fr. Gr. Aigina, a daughter of 
Asopus and Metope, carried off by Jupiter. The 
island of iEgina was named from her.] 

1. Class. Myth. (See the etym.) 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the ninety-first found. It 
was discovered by Stephan, on November 4,1866. 

se-gin-et-I-a, s. [Named after Paul .Eginette, a 
physician of the seventh century.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Orobanchaceee, or Broom- 
rapes. The AS. Indica is a small rush-like plant, 
with a purple flower. When prepared with sugar 
and nutmeg it is considered an antiscorbutic. 


fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rlile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e: ey = a. qu = kw. 













aeon 


aegiphila 


89 


se-giph'-ll-e,, s. [ In Fr. cegiphile; Ital. egifila; 

; V-ejifila; Port .egiphila; Gr. aix, prenit. aigos = a 
ioat; p/uio.s=beloved, dear.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Vorbenaceee, or Verbenas. The 
species are found in the West Indies, and are favor¬ 
ably regarded by goats, 
se'-glr-me, s. [Egirite.] 

*se-gir-in-on, s. [Deriv. uncertain. Possibly it 
is Gr. aix, genit. aigos = a goat; rhinon= shield; or 
rhinos = skin, hide. Why so called is not obvious.] 
“A sort of ointment made of the berries of the 
black poplar-tree.” {Kersey.) 

se-glr-ite, se - gyr-ite, se-gir-ine, s. [InGer., 
Sw., &c., cegirin, fr. JEgir , the Scandinavian god of 
the sea.] 

Min.: This mineral, all the spellings of which 

g iven above are used by Dana either in the body of 
is work or in the index, is classified by him under 
his “ Oxygen Compounds—Bisticates.” It contains 
more than 50 per cent, of silica, 22 of sesqui-oxide 
of iron, 9 of soda, and 6 of lime. It is mono¬ 
clinic, and isomorplious with pyroxene. It generally 
occurs in striated or channeled prisms of a greenish- 
black color and vitreous lustre. It is found in Nor¬ 
way, in Arkansas, &c. 

se-gir'-us, s. [Possibly from Gr. aigos, genit. of 
aix=(i . goat. ( Woodward.)) A genus of mollusks 
belonging to the family of Doridee, or Sea-lemons. 
The species are widely diffused. 

se'-gis, s. [In Ger. cegide; Fr. egide; Lat. cegis: 
Gr. aigis, genit. aigidos .] 

I. Classic Mythology: 

1. The shield of Jupiter. 

‘‘The dreadful Algis, Jove’s immortal 
shield, 

Blaz’d on her arm, and lighten'd all 
the field. 

Round the vast orb a hundred serpents 
roll’d, 

Form’d the bright fringe, and seem’d 
to burn in gold.” 

Pope: Iliad, ii., 526-29. 

t2. The shield of any other classic 
god, as, for instance, Apollo. 

“ Thrice at the battlements Patroclus 
struck. 

His blazing cegis thrice Apollo shook.” 

Ibid., xvi., 859-60. 

3. A short cloak (not, as most 
modern poets represent it, a shield) 
worn by Minerva. It was set with 
the Gorgon’s head, and fringed with 
snakes. ( Liddell db Scott: Greek 
Lex.) 

“ Gone were the terrors of her awful brow, 

Her idle cegis bore no Gorgon now.” 

Byrun: Curse of Minerva. 

II. Fig.: Protection. 

“. . . withdrew the national cegis that so long had 

sheltered fraud.”— Daily Telegraph, Oct. 8, 1877. 

segis-orb, s. An orb—that of the sun, shaped 
like the round “ shield ” worn by Minerva. 

“ Hung o’er a cloud above the steep that rears 
Its edge all flame, the broadening sun appears : 

A long blue bar its cegis-orb divides, 

And breaks the spreading of its golden tides.” 

Wordsworth: Evening Walk. 

.Eg-le, seg'-le, s. [Class. Myth., Lat. JEgle; Gr. 
Aigle—avery beautiful naiad; fr. angle= splendor.] 
1. Class. Myth.: The naiad mentioned in the 
etymology. 

“ And make him with fair JEgle break his faith.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. 5. 

2. Zool.: A genus of decapodous short-tailed 
crabs. The JE. rufopunctata, or red-spotted Egle, 
is found in the Mauritius and the Philippine 
Islands. 

3. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Aurantiacese (Citron-worts). The JEgle Marmelos, 
the 
tree 

with _ _ . _ . 

in India. Dr. Royle says that the astringent rind 
is used in dyeing yellow. In Ceylon a perfume- is 
prepared from it, and the seed is employed as a 
cement. In India the legumes are used in asthma, 
the fruit, a little unripe, in diarrhoea and dysentery, 
and a decoction of the root and bark in hypochon¬ 
driacal complaints and palpitation of the heart. 

4. Astron.: An asteroid, the ninety-sixth found. 
It was discovered by Coggia, on February 17,1868. 

*£eg -logue, s. [Eclogue.] An eclogue (q. v.). 
“A pastoral son g. {Kersey.) A word introduced by 
Petrarch, who derived it from Gr. aix, genit. aigos= 
a goat, and logos= speech, and attributed to it the 
meaning “the talk of goatherds,” in place of the 
“talk of goats.” Spenser and some other writers 
adopt it. It is simply eclogue spelled in a different 
way, owing to the fact that its proper etymology 
has been misunderstood. [Eclogue.] 

“Which moved him rather in ceglogues otherwise to 
write.”— Spenser: Pastorals. 


tsliel, .bale, biiwa, or bengai quince, a tnorny 
with ternate leaves and a delicious pulpy fruit, 
a smooth, yellow, very hard rind, grows wild 



Minerva, 
W earing 
Her iEgis. 


se-gd-broii-choph'-on-y, s. [Gr. aix, genit. 
aigos= a goat; bronchos = the windpipe; phone=a 
sound.] A mixture of two sounds called respec¬ 
tively cegoohony and bronchophony , heard in cases 
of pleuro-pneumonia, when part of the lungs having 
undergone hepatization with bronchophony, we hear 
the sound modified. by the effusion of matter. 
Laennec compared it to the squeaking voice of 
Punchinello, but superadded to this there is a 
tremulous or vibratory character in the sound, 
which, moreover, seems alternately to approach to 
and recede from the ear in sudden jerks. {Dr. 
Williams: Cyclop. Pract. Med., “ Pneumonia.") 
se-go-phon'-Ic, a. [Egophony.] 

Med.: Pertaining to 8egophony. 

“ . . . through the whole of the cegophonic region.” 

— Dr. Williams: Cyclop. Pract. Med., “ Pneumonia.” 

ae-goph'-on-y, s. [Gr. aix, genit. aigos—a goat-, 
phone =a sound.] 

Med.: A sound like that of the bleating of a goat, 
heard in cases of pleuro-pneumonia. {Dr. Williams: 
Cycl. of Pract. Med.) 

se go-pod'-I-um, s. [In Sp. and Port, egopodio; 
Gr. aix, genit. aigos=a goat; ports, genit. podos= a 
foot, so called because the leaves are cleft like the 
foot of a goat.] Gout-weed. A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Apiaceee, or Umbellifers. The 
AS. podagraria, Common Gout-weed or Bishop’s- 
weed, is a common weed, said to have been widely 
distributed by missionaries The loaves smell like 
those of angelica, and may be eaten as salad. 

se -gro-tan§, se-gro-tat, s. [Lat. pr. par. or 3d 
sing. pres. ind. of cegroto= to be sick.] 

English Universities: Sick. 

“ The Mathematical Tripos list contains ninety-six 
names, of which thirty-six are wranglers, . . . and one 
ranks as an cegrotans.” — Daily Telegraph, Jan. 27, 1877. 

se-gypt -l-a-cum, s. _ [Properly n. of adj. cegypt- 
iacus, with unguentum implied. From Gr. Aigypt- 
tos=belonging to the Egyptians; Aigyptos—{\) the 
river Nile; (2)Egypt.] A kind of ointment. 

“ Abgyptiacum, an ointment made of honey, verdigris, 
dyers’ galls, &c.” — Kersey. 

fE-gyp'-tian, s. [Egyptian.] 

33 -gyr-Ite, S . [EGIRITE.] 

*a'-eir-y, s. [Eyrie.] 

*aeit-lond, *eit-lond, *eyt-lond, s. [A. S. 

igoth, from Icel. ey= an island, and dimin. -et.\ An 
island. [Ait.] {Layamon, iii. 159.) 

sel, e -al, e-all', al, in compos. [A. S.] All. as 
JElfred [ALFRED] = all peaceful; JElwin [Elwin]= 
all conqueror: Albert—ail illustrious; -4 Zdred=alto¬ 
gether reverend. 

self, in compos. [A. S.] An elf, a genius ( Bos - 
worth), as JElfwin [ELFWiN]=victorious elf, .or 
genius. Camden, Todd, and others consider celf, 
ulf, welf, hulph, hilv, helfe, and helpe in proper 
names all to mean help, and make JElfwin= victor¬ 
ious help; JEIfwold=an auxiliary governor; JElf- 
giva=a lender of assistance. {Gibson, Camden, 
Todd's Johnson.) 

a-el -lo, s. [Lat. aello; Gr. aello=a storm-swift, 
the name of a harpy, also one of Actaeon’s dogs : fr. 
aella= a stormy wind, specially a whirlwind.] _ A 
genus of bats founded by Leach on a single species 
of unknown habitat, the A. Cuvieri. 

*8e-liir'-us, s. [Lat.] The cat. {Kersey.) [Ail- 

URUS.] 

TE-mil'-i-a, s. [Name of several Roman ladies.] 
Astron.: An asteroid, the 159th found. It was 
discovered by Paul Henry on the 26th of January. 
1876. 

*£em'-p-lous, a. [Emulous.] 

*aem -ul-us, s. [Lat. cemulus= striving after.] 
A rival, a competitor. 

“The rival of his fame, his only cemulus.” 

Drayton: Poly-Olbion, s. 18. 

{Trench: On some Deficiencies in our Eng. Diet., 

p. 12.) 

-ne-id, s. [Lat. JEncis, fr. JEneas.\ One of 
the great epic poems of the world. It was written 
in Latin by Virgil, and published after his death, 
which took place about 16 B. C. Its hero is -Eneas, 
one of the Trojan chiefs, whose adventures during 
and after the siege of Troy it recounts, till.the time 
when he succeeded in fully establishing himself in 
Italy. The poet, like the majority of his country¬ 
men, believed that the imperial family of the Cae¬ 
sars had -Eneas for their remote ancestor, and that 
many other illustrious Romans were descended 
from his companions in arms. 

*sen-ga-grants, s. pi. [Fr. engageant-engag¬ 
ing, pr. par. of engager=to engage.] A kind of 
ruff. 

“ AZngageants are double ruffles that fall over the 
wrists.”— Lady’s Diet. (1694). 

*se-nlg -ma, s. [Enigma.] 

*se-nig-mat'-ick, a. [Enigmatic.] 


*3e-nig-m?i-tl ze, v. i. [Enigmatize.] 
ae-ol-anth -us, s. [Lat. ASolus; Gr. anthos=& 
blossom, a flower.] A genus of plants belonging on 
the order Lamiaceee, Labiates, and the sectiot 
Ocimoideee. The JE. suavis is used in Brazil in 
spasmodic strangury. {Bindley.) 

TEo-li-an (1), ae-O’-li-an (2), a. [From Eolus, 
the god of the winds and king of the volcanic islands 
off the coast of Italy, now called the “Lipari” 
Islands, in the caverns of which the winds were 
supposed to be confined. This is probably an old 
way of attempting to explain the occurrence of 
noises as of struggling air in the caverns, the result, 
perhaps, of volcanic commotion.] 

1. Pertaining to Eolus, or the cavern in which he 
was fabled to keep the winds confined. 

“Less loud the winds that from th’ JEolian hall 
Roar through the woods, and make whole forests fall.” 

Pope : Homer’s Iliad, xiv., 459, 460. 

2. Pertaining to the wind. 

“ A wind that through the corridor 
Just stirs the curtain, and no more. 

And, touching the ceolian strings, 

Faints with the burden that it brings 1” 

Longfellow : Golden Legend. 

Eolian harp, s. A harp played by Eolus—in 
other words, by the wind. It is made by stretching 
strings of catgut over a wooden sound-box. If ex¬ 
posed to the action of the wind, a succession of 
pleasing sounds proceed from it, plaintive when the 
breeze is slight, but bolder as it increases in force. 

“ As an JEolian haip through gusty doors 
Of some old ruin its wild music pours.” 

Longfellow : The Student’s Tale. 

“ Like an Molian harp that wakes 
No certain air, but overtakes 
Far thought with music that it makes.” 

Tennyson : Two Voices. 

E-6-li-e.n (2), E-ol-ic, a. [Lat. JEolius, JEo- 
licus; Gr. Aiolios, A iolikos =pertaining to Eolia, 
or Eolis.] 

JEolic dialect: One of the throe great dialects of 
the Greek language, the others being the Doric and 
the Ionic. The expression Attic dialect often occurs, 
but this should be regarded as the normal type of 
Greek rather than as a divergent dialect of that 
tongue. 

JEolic digamma: A letter similar in character 
and sound to the letter F. It is so called because 
the Eoliaus used to prefix it to certain words be¬ 
ginning with i vowel, and insert it between vowels 
in the middle of words. It does not appear as a 
letter of the ordinary classical Greek alphabet. 

JEolic rocks (Geol.): Rocks formed by the action 
of the wind. Example, sand dunes. They are some¬ 
times called also aSrial rocks. 

JEolic verse, called also Eulogie, Archilochian and 
Pindaric verse: Averse consisting of one iambus 
or spondee, then of two anapests separated by a 
long syllable, and then another syllable concluding 
aff. 

E-6-li-an, s. [The adjective used substantively.] 
A native of Eolia. 
se-ol'-i-dse, s. pi. [Eolis.] 

Zool.: A family of gasteropodous marine mollusks, 
belonging to the section Tectibranchia. The gills 
are papillose, and arranged around the sides of the 
back; the tentacles are non-retractile, and there is 
no distinct mantle. There are several genera. 

*3e ol-I -na, s. [Lat. JEolus, the god of the winds.] 
[Eolian.] A small musical instrument, consisting 
of a frame set with a number of metallic laminae, 
or springs, and played by the human breath. It is 
now rarely used. 
ae-oF-i-pIle, s. [Eolipile.] 
se'-ol-is, s. [Deriv. uncertain. From JEolis= 
ancient Mysia, in Asia Minor (?).] A genus of mol¬ 
lusks, the typical one of the family Eolidas. The 
species move about in an active manner among the 
rocks at low water, moving their tentacles and ex¬ 
tending and contracting their papillae. 

ae -ol-ist', s. [From Lat. JEolus.'] [Eolian.] A 
pretender to inspiration. [Inspiration.] {Swift.) 
m-ol’-o-phon, s. [Eolophon.] 
se -on, s. [Lat. ceon= eternity, fr. Gr. aion={ 1) a 
period of time, {spec.) a lifetime, a generation; (2) 
a long space of time, eternity; (3) a space of time 
clearly marked out, a period, an age, a dispensation. 
{Liddell dt Scott.) r The_ Lat. c eon, given above, 
which is simply the Gr. aion, with the substitution 
of the Lat. diphthong ce for the Gr. one, ai, is rare. 
The common Lat. word is cevum, which is used in 
poetry in most of the senses of aion, and is simply 
that Gr. term Latinized, the inserted v being the 
remains of the Eolic digamma (q. v.). Cognate 
words are Goth, aws, crude form awa. Bopp, Graff 
and Kuhn derive all these terms from Sansc. i=to 
go.] 

I. Ancient Philosophy and Theology: 

Among the Gnostics: A virtue, attribute, or per¬ 
fection of God, personified and regarded as an in¬ 
ferior sort of god or goddess. Thus Valentinian, in 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 










Ionian 


90 


aerography 


the second century, taught that in the pleroma (the 
Gnostic name for the habitation of God) there were 
thirty ceons, fifteen male and fifteen female; besides 
these there were four unmarried—Horus, Christ, the 
Holy Spirit, and Jesus. ( Mosheim: Ch. Hist., 2d 
Cent., pt. ii., ch. v.) 

II. Modern Science and, Literature: A period of 
immense duration, specially one of those which 
geology makes known. 

. . the Silurian and Devonian ceons.’" — Owen: 
Classif. of Mammalia, p. 58. 

“Having waited through those Atons until the proper 
conditions had set in, did it send the fiat forth, 1 Let life 
be !’ ’’—Tyndall: Frag, of Science, vii. 163. 

vE on'-’-an, a. [Latinized from Gr. aidnios= 
lasting, eternal’ Lat. aeon; Gr. aidn.~\ [Hon.] Of 
all but eternal duration. 

“The sound of streams that swift or slow 
Draw down JEonian hills, and sow 
The dust of continents to be.” 

Tennyson: In Memoriam, 35. 

se-o'-ni-um, or se-on'-l-um, s. [Latinized form 
of Gr. aionion, n. of adj. aiomos=lasting, eternal.] 
Named from their tenacity of life. A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Crassulacese, or House- 
leeks. JE. arboreum. the tree house-leek, a garden 
plant, is thickly laden with yellow flowers. 

se-py-or'-nis, s. [Gr. aipus=high and steep; 
omts=bird.] 

Palceont.: A genus of gigantic birds founded by 
Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire on some fossil bones 
and eggs brought from Madagascar. It belongs to 
the order Cursores, and has a certain affinity to the 
ostrich, but it is believed to have been twice as high 
as that tall bird. The eggs were 12% inches in 
length, and had a capacity equal to six ostrich eggs, 
or to 148 of the domestic fowl. The remains were 
found in alluvial soil, and were, geologically viewed, 
so recent that it is open to question whether living 
specimens may not yet be found in the unexplored 
parts of Madagascar. 

*se-qui-llb -rl-um, s. [Equilibrium;.] 
*se-quI-noc-tia, s. pi. [Lat. plural of cequinoo 
tium= the equinox; cequus= equal; ?ioa;=night.] 
The equinoxes. 

“. . . as natural tempests are greatest about the 
vequinoctia.”—Bacon: Essays, ch. xv. 

*ae-qui -pa-rate, v. [Lat. cequiparo= to put on 
a level: oequus— level, flat; paro= to make equal; 
par—equal.] To level (to the ground), to raze. 

“Th* ernperiall citie, cause of all this woe, 

King Latino’s throne, this day i’le ruinate, 

And houses tops to th’ ground cequiparate." 

Vicars: Virgil (1632). 

se-quor -e-a, s. [Lat. cequor=the sea.] A genus 
of Medusse, the typical one of the family iEquori- 
dae. Example: JE cyanea, 
ffi-quor'-e-al, a. [Lat ceg , «orews=belonging to 
the sea.] Pertaining to the sea. A term applied to 
a fish—the tequoreal pipe-fish, Syngnathus cequo- 
reus, Linn. 

83 quor i-dse, s. pi. [.Equorea.] A family of 
Medusae belonging to the class Discophora, and the 
order Gymnophthalmia. It contains some of the 
largest species of naked Medusae, 
a'-er, s. [A. S. ar=an oar.] An oar. (Scotch.) 

“. . . before the ship ly on dry land, and put forth 
an aer/ — Stat. Gild., ch. xxii. 

*a’-er, s. [Lat. aer; Gr. aer .] The air. 
aer perflabilis. [Lat. (lit.)— air able to be blown 
through ; hence airy, windy.] Open air. 

“. . . open air, which they call aer perflabilis .”— 
Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent. IV., § 33L 
aer'-R, s. [Era.] 

a-er-an -thus, s. [Gr. «er—air; anthos=a blos¬ 
som, a flower.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
family Orchidaceae, or Orchids. The species are 
aerial, and have large beautiful flowers. They 
occur in Madagascar. 

33 rar'-l-an, s. [Lat. cerarius , fr. cera,rm.s= per¬ 
taining to the cerarium , or treasury: cera, plural of 
ai.s=copper ore—money.] 

In ancient Rome: A citizen who had either been 
deprived of or was not allowed to possess a vote, 
and who was moreover subjected to a heavier rate 
of taxation than others possessing the same pecun¬ 
iary resources. 

“The cerarians. consisting of those freedmen, natural¬ 
ized strangers, and others, who, being enrolled in no 
tribe, possessed no vote in the comitia, but still enjoyed 
all the private rights of Roman citizens.”— Arnold: Hist, 
of Rome, ch. xvii. 

“. . . or if he were an ordinary citizen he was expelled 
from his tribe, and reduced to the class of the cerarians." 
-Ibid. 

a’-er-ate, v. t. [Lat. aSr= air; suffix -ate (fr. Lat. 
■atum)= to make.] 

I. Gen.: To subject to the action of atmospheric 
air, or any of its constituents. 


II. Specially: 

1. Agric. (of land) : To cause air to permeate the 
soil of cultivated land for the purpose of facilitating 
the growth of the plants upon it. [Aeration.] 

2. Physiol, (spec, of blood ,): To subject to the 
action of the oxygen existing in atmospheric air; 
to oxygenate. (Used specially of the arterialization 
of the venous blood by the air inhaled into the 
lungs.) 

“ As in most groups of animals, important organs, such 
as those for propelling the blood, or for derating in.”— 
Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. xiii. 

“ The air passes to aerate the blood.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., ii. 603. 

“The function by which the fluids are thus aerated is 
called respiration.”— Ibid., i. 24. 

3. Of Chew . & Art (of bread) : To subject, at one 
stage of the process of manufacture, to the action 
of carbonic dioxide. [Aerated.] 

a er-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Aerate.] 
aerated bread, a. Bread formed by forcing 
carbonic dioxide, generally called carbonic acid, 
into the dough in lieu of that developed by fer¬ 
mentation. 

a'-er-a-tlng, pr. par. & a. [Aerate.] 

“. . . the inaction of the lungs as derating organs.”— 
Todd (b Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ii. 348. 
a-er-a’-tion, s. [Aerate.] 

I. Gen.: The act of subjecting to the action of 
atmospheric air or to any of its constituents, 

II. Specially: 

1. The act or process of causing land to be per. 
meated to a certain extent by air, which is neces¬ 
sary for the proper growth of plants. The thor¬ 
ough breaking up of tenacious land by steam gives 
access to air and to moisture, the latter carrying 
with it much atmospheric air. 

2. Physiol, (of blood): Oxygenation. [See Aer¬ 
ate.] 

“. . . any mechanical impediment to the aeration of 

the blood.”— Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ii. 403. 

3. Chem. <& Art (of bread) : The act or art of 
aerating it. [Aerated.] 

fa-er'-e-al, a. [Aerial ] 

*a'-er-e-man-$e, a -er-e-man- 93 ?, s. [Aero- 

MANCY.] 

a-er’-I-Rl, fa-er'-e-al, a. [Formed, in imitation 
of ethereal (q. v.), from Lat. aerius, more rarely 
aereus= ( 1 ) pertaining to air, ( 2 ) rising high in air, 
(3) vain, fleeting; Fr. aArien; Ital. aereo.] 

If The spelling aereal is rare, and used chiefly in 
poetry. 

I. Gen.: In any way pertaining to, or connected 
with, the air 

II. Spec-tally: 

1. Consisting of air, or of a gaseous substance 
like it. Filled with air or anything similar. 

“Soft o’er the shrouds de-rial whispers breathe, 

That seemed but zephyrs to the train beneath.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, canto ii., 57, 68. 

“ . . . from the earth 
Dp hither, like derial vapors flew.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iiL 

“Twelve days, while Boreas vex’d th’ aerial space, 

My hospitable dome he deign’d to grace.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xix., 230-L 

2. Resembling air. 

“Before ns, mountains stern and desolate; 

But in the majesty of distance now 
Bet off, and to our ken appearing fair 
Of aspect, with aerial softness clad. 

And beautified with morning’s purple beams.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii, 

3. Produced by the air. 

“The gifts of heav’n my following song pursues; 

Aerial honey and ambrosial dues ’ 

Dryden: Virg., Oeor. 

4. Inhabiting or traversing the air. 

“Where those immortal shapes 
Of bright aerial spirits live inspher’d. 

In regions mild of calm and serene air.” 

Milton: Comics 

“ Aerial animals may be subdivided into birds and 
flieB.’ —Locke. 

“Or fetch the aerial eagle to the ground. 

Till drooping, sick’ning, dying, they began.” 

Pope- Essay on Man, ep. Lii., 222. 223. 

“ . although, as we have seen, the young of other 

spiders do possess the power of performing aerial voy¬ 
ages.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. viii. 

IF ASrial music: Music in the air. (Milton.) 

5. Rising high in the air. 

“. . . upon rock 
Aerial, or in green secluded vale.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iiL 

6. Feeding on air. Aerial plants are those which 
absorb most of their food from the atmosphere. 


HI. Fig.: Ethereal, refined. 

“ Some music is above me; most music is beneath me. I 
like Beethoven or Mozart, or else some of the aerial com¬ 
positions of the older Italians .”—Coleridge ■ Table Talk. 

* Aerial acid: What was subsequently called 
carbonic acid, and now is termed carbonic dioxide. 
(Ure.) 

Aerial images: Images caused by the convergence 
of refracted and reflected rays of light wben these 
appear to be suspended in the air. Examples, the 
mirage and the images formed by a concave mirror. 

Aerial perspective: That higher artistic manage¬ 
ment of the perspective of a lanascape which not 
merely presents the various objects of the relative 
size which, by the laws of perspective, thev must 
assume wben viewed from the observer’s stand¬ 
point but also succeeds in imparting effects ls if 
they were seen with their outline softened by the 
action of air. Claude Lorraine was specially dis 
tingnished for this high artistic attainment. 


Aerial torpedo: A sheii projectile charged with 
dynamite, guncotton, or other high explosive. It ie 
projected through the air by means of a pneumatic 

g nn (q. v.), and is exploded by impact. [Dynamite 
SUISBB.j 

Aerial wire: An upright wire used in Marconi’s 
system of wireless telegraphy. The lower extrem¬ 
ity of the wire is connected, to the earth, while the 
other extremity is at some distance up in the air 
and is well insulated. A current projected into 
this wire affects the latent electricity in the sur¬ 
rounding atmosphere, agitating it and sending it 
radiating outward in all directions. [Electric 
Telegraph.] 

a-er'-i-Rl-l^, adv. [Aerial.] In an aSrial man¬ 
ner. 

A-er'-i-ans, s. 

Church Hist. : The followers of Aerius, a presbyter 
who lived in the fourth century, and held semi-Arian 
tenets respecting the Trinity. 

a er’-l-des, s. [Lat. aer: Gr. aer = the air.] 
[Air-plants.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Orchidaceae, or Orchids. It derives its name 
from the fact that the species appear to derive their 
principal nourishment from the air, as they can 
exist for weeks in their native clime, and send forth 
blossom after blossom while hung up in a room quite 
away from the vegetable soil. Their flowers are 
beautiful and finely fragrant. The A. odoratum 
is sometimes kept in greenhouses, hut rarely 
flowers. 

a'-er-Ie, s. [Eyrie.] 

a-er-if-er-oiis, a. [Lat. aer = air; fero — to 
bear.J Air-bearing, bringing air, conveying air. 
(Used chiefly in biology.) 

“ The aeriferous tubes in insects are called tracheee.”— 
Owen: Invertebr. Animals, Lect. xvii. 

a-er-if-lC-a'-tion, s. [Lat. aer = air; facio = to 
make.] 

1. The act of combining air with another sub¬ 
stance, or the state of being so combined. 

2. The act or process of rendering any substance 
gaseous, or the state of being so transformed, 
a’-er-l-fled, pa. par. & a. [Aerify.] 

a'-er-I-form, a. [In Fr. a6riforme ; Lat. aer— 
air, and/orma=form.] Of the form of air; that is, 
gaseous, as opposed to liquid or solid. 

a -er-I-fy, v. t. [Lat. aer= air, and facio= to 
make.] 

1. To combine (a substance) with air; to infuse 
air into. 

2. To convert from the liquid or solid into the 
gaseous state. 

a'-e-robe (PI. a-e-ro'-bi-R), s. [Gr. a<5r= air, 
and 6zos=life.] An individual of the Aerobia (q. v.). 

a-e-ro'-bi-R, s. pi. [Aerobe.] Bacteria that re¬ 
quire air or free oxygen in order to live; opposed te 
Anaerobia. [Facultative Aerobia.] 
a-e-ro’-blc, a. [Eng. aerob(e) ;-ic.] Requiring 
air or free oxygen in order to live; opposed t® 
anaerobic. 


a -er-5-cyst, s. (Gr. aer= air; kystis =a blad¬ 
der.] 

Bot.: One of the air-cells of an algal. 

a-er-o-dy-nam'-Ics, s. [Lat. aer ; Gr. air, and dy- 
namis=torce, power.] [Dynamics.] The scienc® 
which treats of the force exerted by air when in 
motion. 

a'-er-O-gram, s. [Gr. aer, the air, and gramma, 
a writing.] A communication sent by wireless te¬ 
legraphy. [Electric Telegraph, Aerial Wire, 
Wireless Telegraphy.] 
a-er-og’-raph-y , s. [In Fr. aSrographie, fr. Gr. 
aer=the air; graphe =a description, fr. grapho =to 
write.] A description of the air as it is, without 
special inquiry into the causes which make it as we 
find it. These fall under Aerology (q. v.). 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, wor’j, who son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try] Sfrian. se, ce = e* 05 = kw. 



aerolite 91 

Gcr. aerolit; Specially: An instrument invented by Dr. Marcus a'-er-OS-tat, s. 

'n/ith.n tr i-ir nna- Uuni- c —_ 1 i i • , , v . . 


aeschynite 


F* a&rolithe ®’ ptfrt 7? ,w( '> opeciauu: an instrument invented by JJr. Marcus a'-er-OS-tat, s. L in Fr. aerostat; fr. Rat. 

—the air • lithos=a stnnp 1 aer a p ( i used (1) for ascertaining the density or the air, and status ^a standing; sto=to stand: 

theairorskv Then-imoi'««om^Sh^f^ 1C ° fa ^ s ^ rc ! m rar jty of air, and (2) for making the necessary cor- Gr. aer=air, and «fafos=standing: histemi=to 

now that ‘It s known fV, a i il inappropriate, rections m ascertaining the mean bulk of gases. It -^ *-«-~-- u- 

k P°wn that the connection of these is now little employed, 
stones with the air is but slight, they simply travers- +s s_ x ™ . r » -it-. . . 

ing it as, under the operation of gravity, they fall f fa-er-o-met -ric a. [Aerometer.] Pertaining 
from the regions beyond to the earth. They have * « the measurement of the air; to aSrometry or the 
also received the name of meteorites , from the fact a ff*™ 6 

tnat the fall of one or more aerolites is generally T& er-om -et ry, s. [In Fr. alrometrie , fr. Gr. 

preceded by the appearance of a meteoric fire-ball, oe»*=the air; metron= a measure.] The science 

which, after gleaming forth fora brief period, then which -‘measures the air,” that is, ascertains the 

explodes, irresistibly suggesting the inference that mean bulk of the several gases of which it consists, 


explodes, irresistibly suggesting the inference that m ?an bulk 
the aerolites which fall constitute its fragments, with their 


Hence aerolites 
and largo mete¬ 
ors are classed 
under one cate¬ 
gory. Sometimes 
aerolite and me¬ 
teorite are made 
quite synony¬ 
mous terms; but 
it is better to 
draw a distinc¬ 
tion between the 
two, makin- 
meteorite the 
general word 
and limitin 
aerolite to tho 
stony varieties 
of the genu: 


pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and con- ing to aerostatics. 


[In Fr. aerostat; fr. Lat. alr = 
or fr. 
cause 

to stand.] A name sometimes given to a balloon, 
from the fact that it not unfrequently “ stands ” or 
is poised almost without motion in the air. 

“Hence the machines which are employed for this pur¬ 
pose [aerial navigation] are called aerostats or aerostatic 
machines, and from their globular shape air-balloons.”— 
Encycl. Londin., “Pneumatics.” 

a-er-os-tat'-Ic, or a-er-os-tat'-i-Chl, a. [In 
Fr. alrostatique .] “ Standing ” in the air. Pertain- 



densation. Pneumatics is the term more commonly 
employed. 

“Wolfius, in lieu of pneumatic , uses the word aerom- 
etnj, q. d., the art of measuring the air.”— Ency. Lond., 
art. “Pneumatics.” 

er-on-aut, s. [In Fr. a&ronaute , fr. Lat. aer= 


Aerolite. 


aerostatic-railroad, s. An inclined railroad 
whose motive power is a balloon. 

a-er-os-tat -Ics, s. [In Ger. aerostatik.] The 
science which treats of air at rest, that is, with its 
particles in equilibrium. Opposed to pneumatics, 
the science which treats of air in motion, 
a-er-os-ta -tion, s. [InFr. aerostation.'] 

T T ; , . , ,_ , . . 1. The science or art of suspending, and if possible 

r? nm S? or one of the inferior am- controlling balloons in the air; aeronautics. 

2. Tho science of weighing air; the static portion 
of pneumatics. 

“ The general principles of aerostation are so little di f- 
ferent from those of hydrostatics, that it may seem 
superfluous to write more upon them.”— Adams. 

93 -rfl-gIn-e-ous, se-rfi-gi-nous, a. [Lat. ceru- 
(6) Of a spider which sails aloft by means of a SnmLnonit by COpper mSt; wiA the ^ 
thread which itself has spun. NaFscience: Verdigris-green ; having a color like 

The little aeronaut , as soon as it arrived on board, that of aerugo, or verdigris, without its being im- 
was very^active, running about, sometimes letting itself plied, however, that any oxide of copper is actually 


the air, and nauta=a sailor: or fr. Gr. aer=the air; 
nautes= sailor; naus= a ship.] 


mals navigating the air. 

Used: (a) Of a human being who ascends in a 
balloon. 

“ When the aeronaut wishes to descend he opens the 
valve at the top of the balloon by means of the cord, 
which allows gas to escape, and the balloon sinks.”— At¬ 
kinson: Ganot’s Physics, § 170. 


fall, and then re-ascending the same thread.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. viii. 

II. Fig.: One who commits himself to a political 
or other scheme, beautiful for a spectator to con- 


The aerolites in this limited sense, as a rule, fall to 
the ground in an incandescent state. They are gen¬ 
erally sub-angular, but with the angular points 
rounded off, and are coated, to the depth of about a 
quarter of a line, with a black crust like varnish. 

When fractured they commonly display a series of 

small gray spherical bodies in a gritty substance, template, but very perilous to the operator, 
occasionally with yellow spots interspersed. Wnen _ 1 „ 1 

thus consisting of stony spherules they are some- a-er-on-au -tic, a. [(1) Lat. aer =the air, or 

times termed chondritic aerolites, from Gr. chon- Gr. aer —the air; (2) Lat. nauticus, Gr . nautikos= 

drites =of the shape or size of groats; chondros= a nautical, pertaining to ships.] Pertaining to the 

corn, grain, groat. Iron is found in large quantity navigation of the air by means of balloons, or in mildew, or the blasting of corn.”— Kersey. 

in nearly every aerolite, sometimes malleable, and some similar way. a'-er-y, a. [Lat. aereus, a rarer way of spelling 

sometimes in a state of oxide. It is always in con- a-er on au'-tics, s. [In. Fr. alronautique. 1 aerius.] [Airy.] A poetic way of spelling Airy 
Other substances found in The science or art which treats of aerial naviga- (q- v.). 


present. 

tae-rfi'-go, s. [Lat. from ces=copper ore, copper.] 

1. Rust of copper, whether natural or artificial. 

“ Copper is turned into green, named aerugo, ass viride.” 

— Bacon: Physiol. Rem. 

2. Mildew. 

“ Mrugo. The rust or canker of metal, verdigris; also 


nection with nickel. 


more limited quantity in aerolites are silica, mag- tion. With the example before him of birds created 
nesia, sulphur, alumina, lime, manganese, chrome, anatomically on a type in some essential particu- 
cobalt, carbon, soda, and water. No new element lars similar to his own, man was certain to covet 
has been found, but the combination of the old ones and seek to attain the art of hying. Two fatal 
is different from any occurring in this planet. difficulties, however, appear forever to forbid his 

Though the fact that stones could fall from the success in this endeavor unless he be assisted by 
sky to the earth was doubted by the scientific machinery to supplement his physical defects, 
almost till the close of the eighteenth century, the Compared with a bird he is proportionately 
occurrence of such a phenomenon had been again heavier, and that to no slight extent; whilst, in 
and again popularly reported in various countries, addition to this, the conformation of his breast 
and from a high period of antiquity. There is rea- does not afford a proper point of attachment for 
son to believe, that the object of worship in many a the powerful muscles required to use his arms after 
pagan shrine in ancient times was an aerolite ; that the manner of wings. Any one carving the breast 
this was the case with the idol worshiped in the of a fowl can at once perceive the superiority in this 
great temple of Diana at Ephesus is all but im- respect, even of that type of bird, to the strongest 
plied in the town-clerk’s words, “ The image which man. 
fell down from Jupiter” (Acts xix. 35). [Aeko-sld- 
ertte. Meteorite, Siderite.] 


a er-ollt'-ic, a. [Aerolite.] Pertaining to an 
aSrolite ; of the character of an aerolite. 

“May22d.— Aerolitic meteor observed at L’ Orient and 
Vannes.”— Brit. Assoc. Report (1869). 


a-er-ol-og-l-cal, a. [Gr. (1) aer= air; (2) logos 
= a discourse.] Pertaining to aerology. 


ta-er-on-au'-tI§m, s. [Eng. aeronaut; -ism.] 
The same as Aeronautics ( q. v.). 

a-er-o-pho -bi a, s. [Gr. aer= air, and phobos= 
fear; fr. pliebomai —to fear.] 

Med.: Dread of the wind or fresh air, a morbid 
symptom in hydrophobia and some other diseases. 


“ Throws his steep flight in many an aery wheel, 

Nor stay’d till on Niphates’ top he lights.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iii. 

“Whence that aery bloom of thine.” 

Tennyson: Adeline. 

Aery-light: The same as airy-light, that is, light 
as air. 

“. . . his sleep 

Was aery-light, from pure digestion bred, 

And temperate vapors bland.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. v. 

a'-er-y, s. [Eyrie.] 

83S, s. [Lat.] 1, Copper ore, copper; 2, bronze; 
3, 4, &c. 

ges cyprium. Copper. {Pliny.) (Dana.) 

fes grave. [Lat. ass=copper; grave, n. of gravis 
= heavy.] 

Numimn.: (1) The old heavy coins as distinguished 
from uses reduced in value. (2) Any quantity of 
copper coins reckoned not by tale, but by the old 
standard of 1 lb. weight to the as. (3) Uncoined 
metal. {Smith: Diet, of Greek and Rom. Antiq.) 

“ Next, in this ancient division, come the Roman coins, 
beginning with the copper—the ces grave —at first a pound 
in weight, which came into use about the third century 


a -er o-phyte, s. [ Gr. aer— air, and pliyton = a 
plant, a tree ; phyo=to bring forth.] A plant which 

a-er-ol'-o-gist, s. [Gr. aer=air, and logistes= lives exclusively in the air, a parasitical plant._ 

a calculator, a reasoner; or fr. Eng. aerology, and Many Orchids are aSrophytes, and a fungus akin to B. C.”— Nichols. Handbook of Brit. Mus. (1870), pp. 387-8) 

affix -ist.] One who is a proficient in, or at least Mucor is called ASrophyton. ges ustum. Calcined copper. {Kersey.) 

studies, aerology. _ a'-er-8-plane, s. [Gr, air, the air, and Eng. ses viride {lit .=green copper). The rust of 

a-er-ol-o-gy, s. [In Fr. alrologie, fr. Gr. aer- plane.] copper. [J2rugo (2 ).] 

the air; logos=a. discourse.] The science which 1. A light framework covered with balloon cloth, 

treats of the air. When little could be done in this used as a supporting surface in aviatory aero- .. 

department of knowledge except to record facts, nautics. iEs-cu-lap -lan, a. 

alrography (a writing about or a description of the 2. A flying machine having power to lift itself medicinal, 
air) was an appropriate enough name; but now from the ground by its own internal force, or with- iEs-cii-la-pi-us, s. 
thut the causes of many aerial phenomena are be- out the aid of a balloon, especially one utilizing physician, 
coming known, aerology (a discourse or reasoning aeroplanes. Its motive power may be steam, com- pg- cliv-nan'- thus 

about the air) is the more suitable term. pressed air, electricity, etc. Also called aviator. ■- .. * 

a -er-o-man-cjy, *a -er-5-man-tie, or *a -er- a -er-o-scep-sy, s. [ Gr. aer=air, and skepsis = 
e-man-ce, s. [In Fr. alromancie; Ital. aerimanza; perception by the senses; skeptomai=to fly.T The 
Lat. aeromantia, from Gr. aeromanteia: aer= air, faculty of perception by means of the air, supposed 

by some entomologists to exist in the antennae of 
insects. {Kirby.) 

a-er-os-cop -y, s. [Gr. aer=air, and skopco = to 
behold.] The observation of the air. 

a er-o-si-der -ite, s. [ Gr. aer = air, sideros= 
iron.] 

Min.: Meteoric iron, an alloy of iron and nickel, 
with small amounts of other metals. [Meteorite, 

Aerolite, Oiderite.] {Prof. Maskelyne: Guide to 
Brit. Mus. Minerals.) 

ger’-os-Ite, s. [In Gor. cterosit; fr. Lat. cerosus= 
abounding in copper or bronze; oes=copper; Eng. 
suff. -ite—oi the nature of.] A mineral, an ore of 
silver; the same as Pyrargyrite (q. v.). 


and manfeia=divination.] Divination by means of 
the air and its movements. 

« He tempteth ofte, and eek also 
Aeremance in juggement.” 

Gower MS., Soc. Antiq., 134 , f. (Halliwell.) 

If Alromantie is the spelling by Cotgrave, aero- 
mancy that by Kersey and in modern books of 
reference. 

*a-er-om'-el-l, s. [Lat. aer=air; meZ=honey.] 
Honey dew. {Kersey.) 

ta-er-om -et er, s. [In Fr. alromltre. fr. Gr. 
cter =the air; metron—a measure.] 

In a general sense: Any instrument for “ measur¬ 
ing tho air.” 


Pertaining to iEsculapius; 

The god of medicine; a 

s, [Gr. aischune= shame; 
anthos— blossom, flower.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Gesneraceee, or Gesner-worts. 
They are very beautiful, having for the most part 
pendent stems, opposite fleshy leaves, and scarlet 
or orange-scarlet flowers. They grow in Java, Bor¬ 
neo, and other parts of tropical Asia, whence 
several have been introduced into hot-houses in 
other countries. 

ass -chy-nite, s. [In Ger. cechynit; Gr. aischunC 
= shame, dishonor. So named by Berzelius, who 
felt put to the blush because chemical science was 
not sufficiently far advanced at the time of the dis¬ 
covery of the mineral to separate two of its dissim¬ 
ilar constituents, titanic acid and zirconia.] A 
mineral classed by Dana with his “ Oxygen Com¬ 
pounds—Tantalates Columbates.” Its crystals are 
orthorhombic, generally long serrated prisms, H 5-6, 
C 4'9—5'23. Lustre, resinous; color, nearly black 
when opaque, brownish yellow when translucent. 


btfil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9hin, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 


hen<?h; go, gem; thin, this; 
-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sm, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 








aeschynomene 

Composition : columbic and titanic acids, together 
a'bout 51’45, protoxide of cerium 18'49, thorir 15’75, 
with other ingredients in smaller quantity jl ,om 
Minsk and Orenburg, in Russia. 

ses-chjfn om en-e, s. [InPr.eschynomene; Lat. 
ceschynomene; Gr. aischynomene =ashamed, pa. par. 
of aischynomai=to be ashamed; aiscliyrw=to dis¬ 
figure, to dishonor. A plant with sensitive leaves 
mentioned by Pliny. Apparently it was a Mimosa.] 
Bastard Sensitive Plant, a genus of papilionaceous 
plants of the sub-section Hedysare®. They have 
jointed pods, and generally yellow racemes of 
flowers. Upward of thirty species are known. HE. 
sensitivus, from the West Indies, has sensitive 
leaves; so also is JE. viscidula from Florida. The 
stem of JE. aspera, which resembles pith for light¬ 
ness, and is called in India solah , is cut into thin 
strips for the manufacture of solah hats, most use¬ 
ful articles for the protection of the head against the 
fierce tropical sun-heat. It is also made into swim¬ 
ming jackets, floats for nets, bottles, models of 
temples, and other objects of sale. 

aes-chjLnom-en-ous, a. [ceschynomene.] 

Bot.: Pertaining to the genus -Escliynomene, or 
to any plant which, when one comes near it with 
his hand, shrinks in its leaves. ( Bailey: Dict.,& c.) 
ses-cn-la'-ge-ae, s. pi. [Lat. cesculus (q. v.).] 

An old order of exogenous plants, now merged in 
the order Sapindace®. They have a five-lobed calyx, 
five or four petals, seven or eight stamina, a three¬ 
angled three-celled ovary, and a coriaceous fruit, 
with one, two, or three valves, and as many cells and 
seeds. The leaves are opposite, without stipules, 
and are quinate or septenate. The flowers are in 
terminal racemes. The order or sub-order contains 
the Horse-chestnuts. [Esculus.] 
aes-cu-le'-tln, s. [Lat. cesculus (q. v.).] 
Chemistry: A bitter crystalline substance 
(C 9 H 6 0 4 ). 

aes-cu-lln, s. [Lat. cesculus (q.v.).] 

Chem.: C 21 H 24 OJ 3 . A crystalline fluorescent bit¬ 
ter substance obtained from the bark of the genera 
Esculus and Pavia. Its aqueous solution is very 
fluorescent. The reflected light is of a sky-blue 
color. By boiling with hydrochloric acid it is re¬ 
solved into glucose and eesculetin. 

ses'-cq-lus, s. [In Sp. & Port, cesculo, fr. Lat. 
cesculus, used by Virgil and Horace for a kind of 
oak, believed by Lindley and others to be a variety 
of Quercus sessifora. (Lindley: Veg. Kingd., 1847, 
p. 291.) In classical Latin it appears never to mean 
the horse-chestnut tree.] 

Bot.: Horse-chestnuts. A genus of plants of the 
order Sapindace®, Soap-worts, and the section Hip- 
pocastane®. There are several native species in 
North America, where they are commonly called 
buckeyes (q. v.). 

assh-ng,, *£es'-Qlina, s. A genus of insects be¬ 
longing to the order Neuroptera and the family 
Libellulid®, or Dragon-flies. They have the abdo¬ 
men narrow and elongated, in place of ensiform, as 
in the Libellul® proper. The middle lobe of the 
labium is large, and the two hinder simple eyes are 
on a transverse keel-formed elevation. The larv® 
are proportionately larger than those of Libellul® ; 
their eyes are larger, their mask is flat and pro¬ 
vided with two strong talons. 

“ JEschna. —The ash-colored water-fly.—Kersey. 

ses'-ne§-y, s. [Esnecy.] 

2E -sop, s. [Lat. JEsopusJ] A Greek writer, the 
reputed author of the most celebrated collection of 
ancient fables. It is said that he lived in the latter 
part of the sixth century B. C.; that he was a slave 
at Samos, but was afterward set free. In reality, 
however, his date, the events of his life, nay, even 
the fact of his having existed at all, are all some¬ 
what uncertain. 

AEsop prawns, s. [From the above-mentioned 
JEsop, whom some writers in the Middle Ages rep¬ 
resented as ugly and deformed, which the ancients 
had not done. The Esop prawns are supposed to 
resemble the fabulist in having their abdomen 
raised toward the center and then bent downward.] 
Prawns belonging to the genus Hippolyte, or its im¬ 
mediate allies. 

ses the-sl-a, s. [From Gr. aisthesis= perception 
by the senses, feeling; aisthanomai =fut. aisthesomai 
=to perceive.] Perception, feeling, sensibility. The 
opposite of Anaesthesia (q. v.). 

ses-thete', s. One who affects a peculiar liking 
for esthetics. 

aes-the’-tlc, £es-the -tlc-al (sometimes -thet’- 
Ic), a. [In Fr. esth&tique; Gr. aisthetikos= of or 
from perception, perceptive, aisthesis= percept! on.] 
[Aisthesia.] Pertaining to the science of esthetics. 

“Many years ago I met with a quotation from a German 
author to the effect that the aesthetic sentiments originate 
from the play-impulse.”— Herbert Spencer: Principles of 
Physiology, vol. ii., § 633. 


92 


ses-the-tlcs, es-the'-tlcs (sometimes -thet- 
ics), s. [In Fr. estMtiqiie, from Gr. aisthetikos— 
perceptive.] [EsthesiaT] The science which treats 
of the beautiful and the pleasing. The term was 
first used in its present sense by Wolf about the 
middle of the last century. According to Herbert 
Spencer, one characteristic of ®sthetic feelings is 
that they are separated from the functions requisite 
to sustain life, and it is not till the latter have had 
proper scope accorded them that the former gain 
power enough to act. The delight in painting, 
music, sculpture, poetry, and the drama, nay, even 
in fine mathematical demonstrations, is ®sthetic; 
and the science investigates the origin of such sen¬ 
sations, the laws which characterize them, and the 
excellent effects which, when they are not abused, 
result from their operation to humanity. ( Herbert 
Spencer: Principles of Physiology, 2d ed., vol. ii., 
§§533-40.) 

aestho-physiology, s. [Gr. (1) aisthesis= per¬ 
ception by the senses, especially by feeling, from 
aisthanomai— to perceive; and (2) physiology (q.v.). 
For brevity preferred to cesthesi-physiology. ] A 
word introduced by Mr. Herbert Spencer to desig¬ 
nate that section of psychology which treats of 
sensation and emotion in their relations to nervous 
action. ( Herbert Spencer: Psychology, vol. i., 
ch. vi.) 

ses’-tlm-g,-t6r-y, a. [Estimatory.] 
faes-ti'-val, es-tl'-val, *£es-tl -vail, ass -tive, 
a. [Lat. cestivus, from cestas=the hot season, sum¬ 
mer] Pertaining to summer; continuing through 
the summer. 

IT The spelling cestivall is in Holland (1609), and 
in Rider’s Diet. (1640); that of cestival is in Kersey’s 
Diet. (1721); estival in Johnson’:: U' >773). 

“ Auriga mounted in a chariot oright 
(Else styl’d Heniochus) receives his light 
In th’ cestive circle.”— Sylvester: Du Bartas. 

The cestival solstice: The summer solstice. 

“In which at the time of the cestivall solstice, when the 
sunne stretcheth to the uttermost of his summer race.” 
— Holland: Ammianus Marcellinus (1609). 

ses -tiv-ate (also se), es-tlv-ate, v. i. [Lat. 
cestivo=to spend the summer.] 

1. Gen.: To remain in a place during the sum¬ 
mer. 

2. Spec.: To fall into a summer sleep. 

“ The mollusca of temperate and cold climates are sub¬ 
ject to hibernation; during which state the heart ceases 
to beat, respiration is nearly suspended, and injuries are 
not healed. They also aestivate, or fall into a summer 
sleep, when the heat is great, but in this the animal 
functions are much less interrupted.”— Muller : Quoted 
in Woodward’s “ Mollusca,” p. 49. 

ses-tiv-a’-tion (also se), es-tlv-a-tion, s. [Lat. 
cestivatum, supine of aistivo=to spend the summer.] 
[.Estivate.] The state of spending the summer at 
any place or in any particular way. 

IT In the same book ( Introd. to Bot., 3d ed.), 
Lindley has the spelling aestivation at p. 152, and 
estivation at p. 483. 

Used: fl. Of man. 

“A grotto is a place of shade or estivation.” — Bacon. 

|2. Zool.: Of mollusks. The state of being in a 
summer sleep. ( Woodward: Mollusca, p. 475.) 
[See .Estivate (2).] 

3. Bot.: A term used of the manner in which the 
parts of a blossom are arranged within a flower- 
bud before the opening of the latter. It is more 
rarely called prejloration. The word aestivation is 
separately applied to the calyx, the corolla, the 
stamens, and the pistil, but not to the flower in 
general. There are many kinds of ®stivation. It 
may be imbricated, or valvate, or convolute, or cir- 
cinate, or twisted, or of various other types. 

ses'-tu-ar-^, s. [Estuary.] 

*aes'-tUre, s. [Lat. cestwo=toboil, to rage; oestus 
=heat, fire; the ebb and flow of the sea ; a surge, a 
wave.] Rage. ( Chapman: Homer.) 

*se-ta-te pro-ban-da, s. & par. [Lat.=with 
the age to be proved; for the proving of the age.] 

Old Law: A writ which lay for the heir of the 
tenant holding of the king in chief to prove himself 
to be of full age. (Kersey.) 

se-thal-i-urn, s. [Gr. aithaloeis= sooty: from 
ait halos— soot.] A genus of Fungals, one species of 
which, JE. flavum, does much damage to stoves 
and garden frames ; the high temperature enabling 
it greatly to flourish and increase. When it ap¬ 
pears on a stove plant, the latter should be dusted 
with quicklime or salt. (Treasury of Bot., &c.) 

Eth-gl, Eth-el, Ath’-el, s. [A. S.l Incompos. 
=noble. Used in proper names, as Ethelbert, Eth- 
elred, Ethelwulf, Ethelbald, Athelstane. 

Eth-el-ing, Eth'-el-ing, Ath-el-lng,s. [A. S.] 
Properly a nobleman, but generally confined to 
princesof the blood; it is less frequently used of a 
ruler or governor. It occurs as a proper name, as 
Edgar Atheling. [Adeling.] 


aetites 

aith-e-og-am-ous, a [Gr. aetftes=unwonted, 
unusual; a, priv., and ethos= . . . usage, custom.] 

Bot.: A term designed to describe the method of 
fructification in the lower forms of plants more 
accurately than the Linnwan word Cryptogamic. 
The latter term implied that these are “of con¬ 
cealed nuptials;” the former word expresses the 
idea that these nuptials are not secret, but only of 
an unusual character. 

se -tiler, s. [Ether.] 

se-ther -e-g.1, a- [Ethereal.] 

se-thi-ops mineral, s. [Ethiops Mineral, 

Sepia.] 

seth -ra, s. [From Lat. aethra; Gr. aithre, later 
aithra=c\ea.T sky, fair weather.] 

1. In Class. Myth.: A female attending on Helen 
at Troy. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the 132d found. It was 
discovered by Watson, on the 13th of June, 1873. 

seth'-rl-os-cope, s. [Lat. aethra; Gr. aithria= 
fine weather, the open sky; and skopeo= to behold.] 
An instrument devised by Sir John Leslie, and de¬ 
signed to determine the radiation against the sky. 
It consisted of two glass bidbs united by a vertical 
glass tube so narrow that a little column of liquid 
was supported in the tube by its own adhesion. The 
lower bulb was protected by a metallic envelope, 
and gave the temperature of the air, whilst the up¬ 
per one was blackened, and was surrounded by a 
metallic cap, designed to protect the bulb from 
terrestrial radiation. “The sensibility of the in¬ 
strument,” says its inventor, “is very striking, for 
the liquor incessantly falls and rises in the stem 
with every passing cloud.” 

Ee-thu-§a, s. [In Fr. cethuse; Gr. aitho= to light 
up, to kindle, to burn. The name is given from its 
acridness.] Lesser Hemlock, or Fool’s Parsley. A 
genus of plants 
belonging to the 
order Apiace®, 
or Umbellifers. 

The JE. cynapi- 
um, or Fool’s 
Parsley, occurs in 
Europe, and is 
very common in 
North America, 
taking the form 
of an evergreen 
shrub. In aspect 
it partly resem¬ 
bles garden pars¬ 
ley, but is dark¬ 
er in color, and is 
not curled. Its 
odor is unpleas¬ 
ant. It is so acrid 
as to be poison¬ 
ous. As an anti¬ 
dote, Dr. Christison recommends that milk be swaL 
lowed, that mustard-poultices be applied to the 
legs, and that the body be sponged with vinegar. 

“The murmuring pines and the hemlocks.” 

Longfellow. 

It is probable that from this class of plants the 
hemlock that filled the fatal cup of Socrates was 
gathered. 

E -ti-ans, s. [From Lat. JEtius.] 

Church Hist.: The followers of Etius, an Arian 
who flourished about A. D. 336, and held that both 
Christ and the Holy Spirit are completely different 
from the Father. 

set-I-ol-o-gy, et-l-ol-o-gjf, ai-ti-el'-o-gy, s. 
[Gr. aitologia=a giving a cause of anything; aitol- 
ogeo— to inquire into and“account for: aitia— a 
cause, from aiteo= to ask; logos= a discourse.] 

1. An account of the causes of anything. 

“The whole of this is a mere conjectural (Etiology of 
the ancient appellation of the senators.”— Lewis: Early 
Roman Hist., ch. xii. 

2. Spec.: The science which investigates the 
causes of the several diseases to which man or the 
inferior animals are liable. 

a-e-tl'-tes, s. [Lat. aetites; Gr. aetites: from 
aetos= an eagle.] The eagle-stone: a nodule or peb¬ 
ble which received its name from the belief that the 
eagle transported it to its nest, knowing that it 
would not be possible without it to hatch its eggs. 
Nor were these its only reputed virtues. Thieves 
could be discovered by its aid; and, according to 
Lupton, it was a charm to be used by women in 
childbirth, and produced love between man and 
wife. Kersey’s definition of it is, “ The eagle-stone, 
a certain stone which, when shaken, rattles as if 
there were another within it.” Any pebble or nodule 
answering to this description would have been 
called aetites, or eagle-stone; but, apparently, the 
term was most frequently used of these nodules 
found abundantly in the carboniferous strata, 



Ethusa Cynapium (Fool’s 
Parsley). 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 




aetobates 


93 


affcast 


which are hollow in place of solid, or have what 
Was once a cavity filled up with clay ironstone in a 
pulverulent state. 

And so doth the aetites, or eagle-stone, which hath a 
fcttlejstone within it.”— Bacon.- Nat. Hist., Cent. II., g 154. 

a-et-6-ba-tes, s. [Gr. aetos; aietos=( 1) an 
a fish, the white ray ; batis=a. fish, prob¬ 
ably the skate.] A genus of fossil fishes from the 
London clay of the Isle of Sheppey. It was founded 
by Agassiz, and is allied to the Kays. 

*aey (pron. a), adv. [Aye.] 

*9,f, prep. [A. S. a/=of.] Of, from. [Of.] 

“With a teor a/thyn ye.” 

MS. Douce . ( Halliwell .) 

*a-fai -t$n, *a-fai'-ty, v. t. [Apfaiten.] 
*a-fald, ae-fauld, a-fauld, aw-fall, ef- 
fauld, a. [Scotch ae = one; fald, fauld = fold.] 
{Scotch.) 

1. Honest, upright, without duplicity. 

“. . . to gif his hienes a trewe and ajald counsell in 
all maters concerning his Maiestie and "his Eealme.”— 
Acts Ja. IV. (1489), ch. 8, ed. 1566. 

“That the said Williame sail tak (nrJail, trew, and 
plane part with him and his foirsaidis in all and sindre 
his and thair actionis, quarrellis, &c.”— Acts Jas. VI. 
(1592), ed. 1814, p. 624. 

“. . . Ball tak afauld, plane and upricht pairt with 
him . . ."—Bond, to Bothwell (1567). {Keith: Hist., 

p. 381.) 

2. Possessed of real unity. 

“ The afauld God in TrenytA” 

Barbour, xx. 618. MS. ( Jameson .) 

*a -fald-ljf, adv. [Afald, Aefauld, &c.] Hon¬ 
estly, uprightly. (Scotch.) 

“. . . to mak thame stand the mair afaldly at thair 
opinioun.”— Bellend., t. liv., p. 137. 

*3,-fa’lle, pa, par. [Fall.] Fallen. 

“At foot he come to one walle, 

And some therof wes afalle." 

Of the Vox and of the Wolf. Relig. Antiq., ii. 272. 

a-far', *a-farne, adv. &s. [ A — on, of, and/ar. 
Cf. abed, asleep. Cognate words are afaran, 
afearrian, afeorsian = to depart; afor = departed; 
afecrrrian, aferran = to remove; and various 
others. [Far.] 

A. As adverb: 

I. Lit.: At a distance, remote in space. 

(a) Generally followed by off, and sometimes pre¬ 
ceded by from,. 

“ But Peter followed him afar off." — Matt. xxvi. 58. 

“ The ballads of a people. 

That like voices from afar off , 

Call to us to pause and listen.” 

Longfellow: Hiawatha. (Introd.) 

(b) Sometimes used absolutely, as in the follow¬ 
ing example: 

“ Afar, the royal standard flies. 

And round it toils, and bleeds and die9 
Our Caledonia’s pride.” 

Scott: Harmion, vi. 33. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Alienated in affection, estranged from; pur¬ 
posely keeping a ceremonious distance from one. 

“Though the Lord be high, yet hath He respect, unto 
the lowly: but the proud He knoweth afar of.” — Ps. 
cxxxviii. 6. 

2. At a distance, in the sense of declining to 
render aid. 

“Why standest thou afar off, O Lord? why hidest 
thou thyself in times of trouble?”— Ps. x. L 

3. Outside the pale; not with privileges like those 
of a favored religious or civil organization. 

“And came and preached peace to you which were afar 
off [meaning to the Ephesian Gentiles], and to them that 
were nigh [the Jews].”— Ephes. ii. 17. 

“ For the promise is unto you, and to your children, 
and to all that are afar off.”— Acts ii. 39. 

IT Afar is now little used, except in poetry. 

B. In a hind of substantival use : A distance, pre¬ 
ceded by from. 

“ I will fetch my knowledge from afar.” — Job xxxvi. 3. 

* 3 ,-fa re, s. [Affair.] 

*a fame, v. i. [A. S. afaran= to go, to depart.] 
l o go. 

“ A1 thay wold wiht hym afarne. 

Guy of Warwicke. Middlehill MS. ( Halliwell .) 

*a-f&te-ment, s. [Affaiten, v.] Behavior, 
good conduct, good manners. 

“ Theo thridde him taughte to playe at bal; 

Theo feorthe afatement in halle.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 661. 

* 3 ,-fau'n 9 e, s. [Affiance.] 

*a fayl'e, v. i. [A. S. a intensive, and feallan= 
to fall down (?).] To fall. 

“ Two hundred knyghts take 
The Lerons boldely to assayle, 

Loke youre hertys not afayle.” 

M. S. Cantab. (Halliwell.) 


*A-fear, *a-fere', *a-ferr'e, af-fear', v. t. 

[A. S. afderan=to frighten, to astonish, pa. par. 
afered .] [Affright.] To make afraid, to frighten, 
to terrify. 

“Ye have with you good engynes, 

Swilke knowe but few Sarezynes ; 

A mangenel thou doo arere, 

And soo thou schalt heve wel afere.” 

Richard Cceur de Lion, 4,104. 

*A-feared’, *a-fer'-Id, "a-feard', *A-fered', 
*a-f erd , *A~fert', *y-fere', *a-ferr e, *yf- 
feared', *yf-feard', *af-fer-dede, pa. par. 
[Afear.J 

“ Clo. Art thou afeared ? 

Gui. Those that I reverence, those I fear.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

“ A flake of fire that flashing on his beard, 

Him all amazed, and almost made him afeard." 

Spenser: F. Q., I. xi. 26. 

*a-fede', v. t. [A. S. affdan—to bring up, to feed.] 
To feed. (Chaucer.) 

*a-fefe’, v. t. [Eng. a; fief.] To give a fief to. 

“ Thei lets make a guode abbey, 

And well yt afefed tho.” 

Amis and Amiloun, 2,486. 

*a-feld', adv. [Afield.] 

*a-feld', pa. par. [Afelle.] 

*y-felTe, v. t. [A. S. afyllan= to fell, to strike 
down, to overturn, condemn, destroy.] To fell, to 
cut down, to destroy. 

“ The kyng dude onon affelle 
Many thousande okes ich telle.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 5,240. 

*a-fen <je, s. [Offence.] 

*y-fend', v. t. [Offend.] 

*a-fen ge, v. t. [A. S. afeng—received.'] To re¬ 
ceive. 

“ Seint Martha quod was, 

As ye hereth of telle, 

Hy afenge oure Lord in here hous. 

As it seith in the Gospelle.” 

MS., Trin. Col., Oxf, 57. (Halliwell.) 

*a-fe-or'me, v. t. [A. N.] [In Fr. a,ffermir—to 
establish ; to confirm.] To confirm. 

“ Have who so the maistry may 
Afeormed faste is ther deray.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 7,356. 

*A-fe-or'med, pa. par. [Afeorme.] 

A'-fer , s. [Lat.] The southwest wind. (Milton.) 
*y-ferd', pa. par. [Afeared.] 

*y-fere (1), v. t. [Afear, Afeared.] 

*y-fere’ (2), v. t. [A. N.] To be busied, engaged. 
“And hoteth him sende, fer and nere. 

To his justices lettres hard, 

That the contrais beo aferd 
To frusche the gadelyng, and to bete. 

And none of heom on lyve lete.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 7,813. 

*a fer’-Id, *a-ferr'e, *a-fert', pa. participle. 
[Afeared.] 

*g,-fet'-id, a. [A. N.] Shaped. 

. . and wel afetid is whanne the hed [of a deer] is 
wel woxen by ordynaunce after the height and the schap, 
whan the lyndes be wel growe yn the beem by good mes- 
ure.”— MS. Bodl. (Halliwell.) 

a ft, adv. & prep. [Off.] Off. (Scotch.) 

“O, an’ he could hae haudeji aff the smugglers a bit !” 
— Sir Walter Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xi. 

af-fgt, s. [A West African word.] A weight in 
use on the Gold Coast, and consisting of two egge- 
bas. It is about equal to an ounce. 

aff-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [InFr. affability; Ital. affabil- 
itate, fr. L&t.affabilitas, affabilita; Sp.affabilitade.] 
The quality of being affable ; courtesy of manners, 
encouraging strangers or inferiors to approach and 
converse with one. 

. . envy was disarmed by the blandness of Albe¬ 
marle’s temper and by the affability of his deportment.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

aft-able, a. [In Fr. affable; Ital. affabile: from 
Lat. off a b i l is =a ff able ; aff ari—to speak to.] 

1. Of a person's manners, or of himself: Cour¬ 
teous, so as to invite strangers or inferiors to ap¬ 
proach and converse with one. 

“. . . his manners polite and affable.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

“An affable and courteous gentleman.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, i. 2. 

Milton applies it to condescension. 

“ Sent from whose sovereign goodness I adore, 
Gentle to me and affable hath been 
Thy condescension, and shall be honor’d ever.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. viii. 

2. Of a countenance : With a soft and gentle expres¬ 
sion, so as to encourage approach and conversa¬ 
tion, as opposed to Forbidding (q. v.). 


aff-y-ble-ness, s. [En g. aff able ;-ness.] Affa¬ 
bility. 

aff-y-bly, adv. [Affable.] In an affable 
manner. 

af-fa'-brous, a. [Lat. offabre= ingeniously, skill¬ 
fully: ad=to, and f xbre= in a workmanlike man¬ 
ner; faber=a workman.] Made in a workmanlike 
manner; skillfully or ingeniously manufactured. 

*aff-ab-u-la’-tion, s. [Lat. ad—to, or for, and 
fabulatio= discourse; fabula— a story.] The moral 
of a fable. 

*ai'-fy-dil, *af -fy-dill. [Daffodil.] 

*§.f-fal e (pi. affaies), s. A burden. (Langtoft.) 
*af-faled', pa. par. [Afeared.] Afraid; af¬ 
frighted, affected. (Langtoft.) 

*yf-fain', v. t. [Old form of Feign (q. v.).] To 
feign. (Hall.) 

*3,f-fained', pa. par. [Affain.] 
af-fair', s. [Fr. affaire, s. ; O. Fr. afaire, from a 
=to, and/atVe=to make or do; Ital. ajfare=affair, 
from/are=to do, to make or do; Lat. facere, infia. 
of facio=to make.] 

A. Singular: 

I. Gen.:' Any sort of business. 

“2. Mur. We have lost best half of our affair.” 

Shakespeare: Macbeth, iii. 3. 
“They knew that church government was with him 
merely an affair of State, and that, looking at it as an 
affair of State . . . ”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

“The courtship of butterflies is a prolonged affair.”— 
Darwin: Descent of Man, ch. xi. 

II. Specially: 

1. A dispute of a serious character with a gentle¬ 
man, as an affair of honor, that is, a dispute which 
a mistaken sense of honor makes one think can be 
settled only by the illogical and criminal expedient 
of a duel. 

2. A partial engagement; a battle on a limited 
scale. 

3. Colloquially (with a certain measure of con¬ 
tempt) : A thing not striking or remarkable. 

“ The Plata looks like a noble estuary on the map, but 
is in truth a poor affair.” — Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. viii. 

B. Plural: Concerns, circumstances, public or 

private business. 

“ But that ye also may know my affairs, and how I do 
. . .”— Ephes. vi. 21. 

“ . . . he set Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego over 
the affairs of the province of Babylon.”— Dan. ii. 49. ‘ 

*g.f-fai-ten, *a-fai'-tbn, *a-fa‘-ty, v. t. [A. N. 
In Fr. affaiter (a term in falconry)=to tame, to 
domesticate a bird of prey; O. Fr. afaiter. afaitier 
=to prepare, to dispose: akin to affecter (Littr6 ).] 

1. To prepare, to make ready. 

“ His cookes ben for hym affaited.” — Gower, ed. 1532 
f. 130. 

2 . To instruct. 

“ He hadde a clergon yonge of age 
Whom he hath in his chamber affaited .” 

Gower, ed. 1532, f. 43. 

3. To tame, to subdue, to bring under control, to 
conquer. 

“ It afaiteth the flesh 
From folles ful manye.” 

Piers Ploughman, p. 291. 

“ As soon as somer come to Yrland he gan wende 
Vor to afaty that lond, and to Wynne ech ende.” 

Rob. Glouc., p. 179. 

*af-fam -Ish, v. t. [Fr. affarner; Ital. affamare, 
from Lat. fames= hunger, famine.] To famish, to 
starve, to deprive of food. 

“ With light thereof I doe myself sustain, 

And thereon feed my low affamisht hart.” 

Spenser: Sonn. 85. 

*af-fam -ished, *af-fam'-isht, pa. par. & a. 
[Affamish.] (See example under the verb.) 
*Af-fam -Ish-lng, pr. par. & s. [Affamish.] 

As substantive: The act of starving one, the state 
of being starved. 

“ What can be more unjust than for a man to endeavor 
to raise himself by the affamishing of others? Neither 
can it serve his turn to say, by way of excuse, that the 
multitude of buyers may be the cause of a dearth.”— 
Bp. Hall: Cases of Conscience, Dec. 1, c. 5. 

Af-fam'-ish-ment, s. [Affamish.] 

“ [Christ was] carried into the wilderness . . . for 
the affamishment of his body.”— Bp. Hall: Contemplations, 
bk. iv. 

*af-fat’-y-ate, a. [Infatuate.] Infatuated. 
(Milton.) To be busied, engaged. 

*aff-cast, s. [Scotch aff = off; Eng. & Scotch 
cast.] One cast off or out, a castaway. 

“ • • • that he will thinke him to be a reprobate, to 
be an ajf-cast, and neuer able to recouer mercie.”— Brncet 
Set*m. on the Sacr . (1590). 


btfil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = L 

-cia'n, -tian = shyn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bpl, dijL 




affcome 94 affection 


♦aff-come, s. [Scotch aff=of£; Eng. & Scotch 
come.'] (Scotch.) 

Lit.: A come off . an escape, the issue of a busi¬ 
ness. 

“I hope we’ll kae a gude aff-come.” — Tennant: Cardinal 
Beaton, p. 156. 

♦affe, v . [Have.] 

“That mester affe to wynne theem mede.” 

Ritson: Ancient Songs , i. 47. 

♦^f-fear’ (1), v. t. (pa. par. *affeared, &c.) 
[A. S. afceran= to frighten.] [Afear.J 
*af-fear’ (2), v. t. [Affeer, (1).] 

*af feared', *af-feard', pa. par . [Affear.] 
*af-fec -cioun, s. [Affection.] 
af-fect', v. t. [Lat. affecto, -avi— to strive after, 
to pursue, to aim at, to feign (lit.— to pretend to) ; 
Ger. ciffektiren ; Fr. affecter; Sp. afectar ; Port. 
affectar ; Ital. affettare.] 

I. To exert an influence upon, or produce an effect 
upon. 

1, In a general sense (of persons or things): 

“ But, though the majority was diminished, the result 
was not affected.” — Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

. . and the balance of maritime power would not 

be affected by an union between Sixain and Austria.”— Ibid., 
ch. xxiii. 

“The tides were very curiously affected.” — Domain: 
Voyage round the World, ch. xiv. 

“ Hem. Chiron, thy ears want wit, thy wit wants edge 
And manners to intrude where I am graced; 

And may, for aught thou know’st, affected be.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Androyiicus, ii. 1. 

2. Specially (of persons) : 

(a) To bring under the influence of a disease or 
morbid influences. 

“ The climate affected their health and spirits.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi, 

“ On the other hand, the laborious part of mankind are 
much more rarely affected by this prolonged form of 
phthisis.” — Cycl. Pract. Med., iv. 279. 

(b) To cause to feel emotion. 

“Mine eye affecteth mine heart because of all the 
daughters of my city.”— Lam. iii. 51. 

“. . . this old gentleman [Mr. Sagacity], as he told 
me the story, did himself seem to be greatly affected there¬ 
with.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim 1 s Progr., pt. 2. 

(c) To render well or ill disposed to. 

“ Buck. Well, then, no more but this: Go, gentle 
Catesby, 

And, as it were far off, sound thou Lord Hastings. 

How he doth stand affected to our purpose.” 

Shakesp.: King Richard III., iii. 1. 

“ But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles, and 
made their minds evil affected against the brethren.”— 
Acts xiv. 2. 

IT In these senses the part of the verb which gen- 
eraUy occurs is the past participle. 

II. To inspire with love; to desire, to foHow after. 
* 1. To inspire with love, to love. 

(a) To inspire with love. 

“ Is thine own heart to thine own face affected? 

Can thy right hand seize love upon thy left?” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis. 

(b) To love, to like, to be fond of, to be partial to. 

“ Go, let him have a table by himself; 

For he does neither affect company, 

Nor is he tit for it, indeed.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, i. 2. 

2. To desire, to pursue, to strive after, to aim at, 
to endeavor after. 

(a) With a person for the agent (used in the fore¬ 
going senses): 

“ And He, that wears the crown immortally 
Long guard it yours ! If I affect it more 
Than as your honor, and as your renown, 

Let me no more from this obedience rise.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry IV., Part II., iv. 4. 

“ For shame, be friends ; and join for that you jar. 

’Tis policy and stratagem must do 

That you affect ; and so must you resolve.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, ii. 1. 

“ Thy soldier, servant; making peace or war, 

As thou affecfst.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 3. 

(b) With a thing for the agent: To tend to, to 
assume. 

“The drops of every fluid affect a round figure, by the 
mutual attraction of their parts; as the globe of the earth 
and sea affects a round figure, by th6 mutual attraction of 
its parts by gravity.”— Newton: Optics. 

III. To feign, to pretend. 

Specially.: 

1. To pretend to feel as one does not reaUy feel; 
to be what one is not; or to be acting in one way 
whilst reaUy doing so in another. 

“The old hypocrite had, it was said, while affecting 
reverence and love for his master, given the fatal signal 
to his master’s enemies.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 


“The interlopers, therefore, determined to affect the 
character of loyai men, who were determined to stand by 
the throne against the insolent tribunes of the City.”— 
Ibid., ch. xviii. 

“. . . those who affected to observe it made ficti¬ 
tious conveyances to their kinsmen, who held the land 
merely as trustees, while the great majority set the law at 
open defiance.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xiii. 

2. To prefer or choose for the sake of artifice. 

“Great masters of our language, in their most dignified 
compositions, affected to use French words, when English 
words, quite as expressive and melodious, were at hand.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., cn. iii. 

*af-fect', *af-fect'e, s. [In Ger. affekt, fr. Lat.. 
affectus= (1) state or disposition of body or mind; 
(2) love, desire, sympathy.] 

fl. A property of the mind; an affection or other 
emotion of the heart. 

“It seemeth that as the feet have a sympathy with the 
head, so the wrists have a sympathy with the heart; we 
see the affects and passions of the heart and spirits are 
notably disclosed by the pulse.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., No. 97. 

2. Quality or circumstance of anything. 

“. . . of the influences of heaven, of heat, cold, 

moisture, drought, qualities active, passive, and the like, 
have swallowed up the true passages, and processes, and 
affects, and consistencies of matter, and natural bodies.” 
Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent. IX., § 835. 

*af-fec'-tate, *af-fec-ta'-ted, a. [Lat. affectatus, 
pa. par. of affecto .] [See Affect.] Marked by 
affectation, far-fetched. 

“ Accersitum dictum. An oration to much affectate, or 
as we saie, to farre fet.”— Elyot: Diet. 

“A style or oration too much affected with strange 
words; a little curious or affectated; with too much affec¬ 
tation or curiosity.”— Barret. 

af-fec-ta -tion, s. [In Fr. affectation; Ital. affet- 
tazione , fr. Lat. affectatio— an eager desire for; 
conceit.] 

1. Love of or to, fondness for, affection. 

(a) With no culpability implied, but the reverse: 

“ There are even bonds of affectation , bonds of mutual 

respect, and reciprocal duties between man and wife.”— 
Bp. Hall: Cases of Conscience. 

(b) With some slight culpability implied: 

“ In things of their own nature indifferent, if either 
councils or particular men have at any time, with sound 
judgment, misliked conformity between the church of 
God and infidels ; the cause thereof hath been somewhat 
else than only affectation of dissimilitude.”— Hooker: 
Eccl. Pol., bk. iv., § 7. 

2. An aiming at, a striving after. 

“ It was not any opposition to the law of Moses, nor 
any danger threatened to the temple, but pretended sedi¬ 
tion and affectation of the crown objected, which moved 
Pilate to condemn him.”— Pearson: On the Creed , Art. 4. 

3. An attempt to appear to possess what one 
really does not possess, or to be what one is not; 
pretense, show. 

“ In my soul I loathe 

All affectation; ’tis my perfect scorn; 

Object of my implacable disgust.” 

Cowper: Task. 

It is sometimes followed by of, as “an affecta¬ 
tion of wit,” “ an affectation of virtue.” 

“ Affectation. A curious desire of a thing which nature 
has not given.”— Rider. 

“ Romance ! disgusted with deceit, 

Far from thy motley court I fly, 

Vhere Affectation holds her seat, 

And sickly Sensibility.” 

Byron: Hours of Idleness: To Romance. 

af-fect'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Affect.] 

1. As past participle: With meanings correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

II. As adjective: 

*1. Beloved. 

“ . . .in all the desperate hours 

Of his affected Hercules.” 

Chapman: Iliad, viii. 318, 

2. Given to false show; pretending to what is not 
natural or real; unnatural (applied to persons). 

“ He is too picked, too spruce, too affected, too odd, as it 
were.”— Shakesp: Love's Labor's Lost, v. 1. 

“. . . a most affected and pedantic writer.”— Macau¬ 

lay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

af-fect'-ed-ly, adv. [Affected.] In an affected 
manner. 

Specially: 

1. Studiously, with labored intention. 

“. . . as if they were designed and affectedly chosen 

for that purpose.”— H. More: Decay of Piety. 

“ Nothing in beauty, in habit, in action, in motion, can 
please, that is affectedly labored and over-adorned.”— 
Sprat: Sermon before the King. 

2. In an affected manner; stiffly, unnaturally. 

“Perhaps they are affectedly ignorant; they are so will¬ 
ing it should be true that they have not attempted to ex¬ 
amine it.”— Governmeyit of the Tongue, § 5. 

“ Some have indeed been so affectedly vain as to coun¬ 
terfeit immortality.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors, vii. 10. 


af-fect-ed ness, s. [Affected.] Affectation, 

(Johnson: Diet.) 

af-fect'-er, af-fect or, s. [Affect.] 

1. One who affects or produces an effect on anj 
person or thing. 

“I beheld your danger like a lover, 

A just affecter of thy faith.” 

Beaumont <P Fletcher: Bonduca, iii. 2. 

2. One who pretends to anything, or who prac¬ 
tices affectation. 

*af-fee-te-oiis-ly, adv. [Affectuously.] 

af-fec-ti-bil-i-ty, s. [Affectible.] Capability 
of being affected. 

af-fec -ti-ble, a. [Affect.] Able to be affected; 
that may be affected. 

af-fect ing, pr. par. & a. [Affect, v.] 

1. As present participle: With meanings corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

2. As adjective: Touching, moving; fitted to ex¬ 
cite emotion. 

“ . . . the most affecting eloquence.” 

Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv. 

IT In the same sense as affected. 

“These antick, lisping, affecting phantasies, these new 
tuners of accents.”— Shakesp.: Rom. dtJul., ii. 4. 

af-fect-ing-ly, adv. [Affecting.] In an affect¬ 
ing manner; in a way fitted to excite the emotions, 
(Todd's Johnson.) 

af-fec -tion, -af-fec tioun, *af-fec -cioun (O. 

Eng. dt Scotch ), s. [In Fr. affection; Ital. affezione; 
Lat. affect to, iv. affectum, supine of afficio = to do 
something to affect the mind or body: ad = to, and 
facio = to make or do.] 

A. Or din ary Language: 

I. The state of being affected. 

1. Sympathy of one part of the bodily frame with 
another. (Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.) 

2. State of the mind in general. 

“ . . . there grows 
Ip my most ill-composed affection , such 
A stanchless avarice that, were I king, 

I should cut off the nobles for their lands.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3. 

3. An omotion of whatever character. 

“ Affections, as joy, grief, fear, and anger, with such 
like, being, as it were, the sundry fashions and forms of 
appetite, can neither rise at the sight of a thing indiffer¬ 
ent, nor yet choose but rise at the sight of some things.”— 
Hooker: Eccl. Polity, bk. i. 

4. Spec. : A drawing of the mind toward any per¬ 
son or thing, and which does not depart even when 
that person or thing is absent. It is intermediate 
between disposition , in which there is only a more 
or less latent tendency, and passion, in which there 
is excitement aroused, especiaUy by the presence of 
its object. It is chiefly used of parental, filial, or 
conjugal love, as that mutuaHy existing between a 
lover and his mistress; but it may be also employed 
of love for one’s country, for a party or principle, or 
anything capable of exciting regard. 

II It is followed by to, toward, for, upon, or on. 

“ My king is tangled in affection to 
A creature of the queen’s, Lady Anne Bullen.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

“For . . . a grateful affection such as the restored 

Jews had felt for the heathen Cyrus.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvi. 

“I have reason to distrust mine own judgment; as that 
which may be overborne by my zea^ and affection to this 
cause. ’ ’— Bacon. 

“Nor while on Ellen’s faltering tongue 
Her filial welcomes crowded hung, 

Marked she, that fear (affection’s proof), 

Still held a graceful youth aloof.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake , ii. 22. 

“ Thyn is affeccioun of holynesse, 

And myn is love, as of a creature.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1160-61. 

IT It is sometimes used in the plural. In a good 
sense — 

“All his affections are set on his own country.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

Or in a bad sense. 

“ And they that are Christ’s have crucified the flesh with 
the affections [margin, passions] and lusts.”— Galatians. 
v. 24. 

II. A person or thing affected, or constituting an 
object of love or other passion. 

Specially: 

*(0. Scotch): Relationship, affinity, consanguin¬ 
ity. 

“ That na persone offerit to pass vponn assyssis salb^ 
repel 1 it quhun thai attene to the partie aduersar in the 
lyke, or nerrar greis of that same sort of affectioune.” — 
Acts James VI. (1567), (ed. 1814), p. 44. 

B. Abnormally: 

1. Affection. 

“There was nothing in it that could indict the author 
of affection.” — Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, r*He, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw." 




affection 


95 


affiche 


2. A motion or utterance. 

“Every affection of theirs was an oracle.”— Andrews: 
Sermons, v 57. 

C. Technically: 

. !• Med. : A disease or a morbid symptom affect¬ 
ing the body. 

“ Local palsy seated in either extremity is mostly, as all 
the other forms of local palsy, found as the first step or 
stage to a more extended affection." — Cycl. Pract. Med., 
iii. 251. 

2. Mental Phil, and Ethics: The same as A., I. 4 
(q. v.). 

3. Painting: Passion represented on the canvas 
in a lively manner. 

“ Affection is the lively representment of any passion 
whatsoever; as if the figures stood not upon a cloth or 
board, but as if they were acting upon a stage.”— Wotton: 
Architecture. 

4. Math, and Nat. Phil.: An essential attribute, 
quality, or property of a number, quantity, magni¬ 
tude, body, or anything. 

“The certainty and accurateness which is attributed to 
what mathematicians deliver, must be restrained to what 
they teach concerning those purely mathematical dis¬ 
ciplines, arithmetic and geometry, where the affections 
of quantity are abstractedly considered.”— Boyle. 

“The mouth being necessary to' conduct the voice to 
the shape of its cavity, necessarily gives the voice some 
particular affection of sound in its passage before it comes 
to the lips.”— Bolder: Elements of Speech. 

faf-fec-tion, v. t. [From the substantive.] 

Vulgar: To show affection to, to love. 

“Eva. But can you affection the ’oman?” 

Shakesp.: Merry Wives, i. 1. 

g,f-fec -tion-ate, a. [In Ital. affezzionato .] 

A. Of persons: 

1. Of a loving disposition, tending to love, amor¬ 
ous. 

“Frugal, affectionate, sober, and withal 
Keenly industrious.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

“ From his epistles it appears that St. Paul was a man 
of warm feelings and of affectionate disposition.”— Duke 
of Somerset: Christian Theology. 

2. Inspired with intense and loving veneration 
for. 

“ Man, in his love to God and desire to please Him, can 
never be too affectionate." — Sprat. 

f3. Strongly in favor of. (Followed by to.) 

“As for the Parliament, it presently took fire; being 
affectionate of old to the war of France.”— Bacon: Henry 
VII. 

*4. Affected. 

“ Wise rather than affectionate and singular.”— Brooks: 
Works, i. 226. 

*5. Angry, impetuous. 

B. Of things: Indicating or expressing love. 

“ ... in his speech, assured them in gracious and 
affectionate language . . . ”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xxxv. 

*af fec -tion-ate, v. t. [From the adjective.] To 
inspire with love to ; to dispose or incline to. (Gen¬ 
erally in passive voice, and specially in past parti¬ 
ciple.) 

“ Be kindly affectionated one to another.”— New Testae 
nent, Cambridge (1683). 

*af-fec -tion-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Affection¬ 
ate, u.] 

af-fec'-tion-ate-ly, adv. [Affectionate.] In 
an affectionate manner. 

“So, being affectionately desirous of you . . .”— 

1 Thess. ii. 8. 

af-fec -tion-ate-nqss, s. [Affectionate.] The 
quality of being affectionate ; fondness, affection. 

“ They (the letters of Cowper) unite the playfulness of 
a child, the affectionateness of a woman, and the strong 
sense of a man.”— Quarterly Review, No. 59, p. 185. 

af-fec -tioned, a. 

1. Disposed. (Generally in composition.) 

“ Be kindly affectioned one to another.”— Rom. xii. 10. 

*2. Imbued with affectation. 

“ An affectioned ass, that cons state without book, and 
otters it by great swaths.”— Shakesp: Twelfth Night, ii. 3. 

faf-fec -tious, a. [Affect.] Affectionate. 

“Kisseof true kindness and affections love.”— I. New 
(1607). 

af-fec -tious-ljf, adv. [Affectious.] In an af¬ 
fecting manner; so as to produce an effect. ( John¬ 
son: Diet.) 

■faf-fec'-tlve, a. [In Fr. affectiffj Fitted to af 
feet, moving. 

(a) Of persons: 

“He was bd instructive and grave preacher; more in¬ 
structive than affective."—Burnet: Hist, of his Ovm Times 
(1686). 


(b) Of things: 

“Pain is so uneasy a sentiment, that very little of it is 
enough to corrupt every enjoyment; and the effect God 
intends this variety of ungrateful and affective senti¬ 
ments should have on us, is to reclaim our affections 
from this valley of tears.”— Rogers. 

af fec -tive-ly, adv. [Affective.] In such a 
way as to affect. {Todd: Johnson’s Diet.) 
af-fect-or, s. [Affecter.] 

*af fec -tu-al, a. [Effectual.] 
af-fec -td-al-ly, adv. [Affect.] Passionately. 
“. . . concerning yor favor, which I most affectually 

coveyte.”— Cott. MSS. 

af-fec-ty-os -i-ty, s. [Low Lat. affectuositas, 
fr. Class. Lat. «ffectwosus=full of inclination or 
love.] The quality of being full of love or other 
passion; passionateness. {Johnson: Diet.) 

*^,f-fec -tu-Ous, a. [In Ital. affettuoso; Lat. af- 
fectuosus^ivM of love; from affectus—{\) state or 
disposition of body or mind, (2) sympathy, love.] 
Affectionate. {Scotch.) 

“Weauchtto lufe our self and sa our nichtbour with 
ane affectuous and trew lufe unfeynitly.”— Archbp. Ham¬ 
ilton: Catech. (1551). 

*aLfec-ty-ous-ly, * 9 .f-fec'-t?-ous-ly, adv. [Af¬ 
fectuous.] 

1. Affectionately. 

“I have sought hym desirously, 

I have sought hym affectuously.” 

Reliq. Antiq., ii. 157. 

“After hys death his life again was daily wished and 
affecteously emong his subjectes desyred.”— Hall: Edward 
IV., f. 61. 

2. Passionately. 

“Tolocke up the gates of true knowledge from them 
that affectuously seketh it to the glory of God, is a prop¬ 
erty belongynge onlye to the hypocritish Pharisees and 
false lawyers.”— Leland: New Year's Gift. 

*af fee -ble, V. t. [Fr. affaiblir, affoiblir .] To 
enfeeble. 

“. . . the affeebled members.”— Harrison: Descrip, off 

Eng., p. 214. 

t<if-feer’ (1), *af-fear', v. t. [O. Fr. afeurer—to 
fix a price officially; Low Lat. ctfforo: ad= to, and 
forum, for us =price ( Skeat ).] 

Old Law: To confirm. 

“ Goodness dares not check thee! wear thou thy wrongs, 

The title is affeered! —Fare thee well, lord : 

I would not be the villain that thou think’st.” 

Shakesp..- Macbeth, iv. 3. 
t^f-feer' (2), v. t. [Afferor.] 

Law: To reduce a vague and excessive penalty to 
one that is fixed and moderate. {Huloet.) 
t&f-feered' (1 & 2), pr. par. [Affeer (1 & 2).] 
af-feer-er, s. [Affeer (2).] One who affeers; 
that is, reduces a vague and excessive penalty to 
one moderate and certain. 

{lf-feer -iiig (1 & 2), pr. par. [Affeer (1 & 2).] 
Stf-feer -ment, s. [Affeer (2).] The act or proc¬ 
ess of affeering, or reducing a vague and excessive 
penalty to one that is fixed and moderate, 
af-fe'er -or, s. [Afferor.] 

* 3 ,f-fend e, v. t. [Offend.] 

af'-fer-aunt, pr.par. [Affere (2), v.] Belonging 
to, attaching to; forming a distinguishing mark or 
characteristic of. 

af-fer-dede, pa. par. [Afeared.] 

* 3 ,f-fere' (1), v. t. [Afear.] 

*3,f-fere' (2), v. i. [A. N. afferer= to belong.] To 
belong to, to pertain to, to be a distinguishing mark 
or characteristic of. 

“He was then buryed at Winchester in royall wise, 

As to suche a prince of reason should affere.” 

Hardyng: Chron., p. 106. 

*af-fere {Ena.), af-fer', a-feir', ef-feir , ef- 
fere' {all Scotch). [Affair.] 

1. Business affairs. {Scotch.) 

“Quhen the king had left the spering, 

Hys charge to the gud king tauld he 
And he said he wad blythly se 
Hys brothyr, and se the offer 
Off that cuntre, and of thar wer.” 

Barbour, xvi. 27, MS. {Jamieson.) 

2. Warlike preparation, equipment for war. 
{Scotch.) 

“Erll Patrik, with xx. thousand, but lett 
Befor Dunbar a stalwart sage he sett 
The told Wallace off Patrikis gret offer." 

Wallace, viii. 166, MS. {Jamieson.) 

3. Appearance, show. {Scotch.) 

“But off thair noble gret offer 
Thair service, na thair realty 
Ye sail her na thing now for me.” 

Barbour, ii. 182, MS. {Jamieson.) 

4. Countenance, demeanor, deportment. {Eng. 
and Scotch.) 

“That fre answered with fayr afeir 
And said, ‘Schir mercie for your mycht. 

Thus man I bow and nrrowis bear.” 

Murning Maiden. {Maitland Poems, j>. 207.) 


af-fer-ent, a. [Lat. afferens, pr. par. of affero= 
to bear or carry : ad— to, and/ero=to bear.] 

Phys.: Bringing to, conducting to, as opposed to 
efferent^ bearing or conducting away from. [Ef¬ 
ferent.] 

“. . . these vessels being styled afferent as they enter the 
gland, and efferent as they leave it.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., ii. 274. 

“The terms efferent, and afferent are only so far appli¬ 
cable to certain nerves, as they refer to the direction in 
which such nerves appear to propagate the change pro¬ 
duced in them, or to the position at which the effects of 
the stimulation become manifest, that direction having 
reference to the point at which the stimulus is designed 
to act.”— Ibid., p. 231. 

“ Of these fibres, some are afferent, or incident, others 
efferent, or reflex; and these two kinds have an immediate 
but unknown relation to each other, so that each afferent 
nerve has its proper efferent one, the former being exoitor 
and the latter motor.”— Ibid., pp. 322-3. 

*af ferm', v. t. [Affirm.] 

*af ferm id, pa. par. [Affirmed.] 

*af-fe §e, v. t. [Deriv. uncertain. Halliwell be¬ 
lieves that it has no affinity to A. S. phesian= to 
drive away, or to pheeze, with which Richardson 
connects it. He thinks it is from Old Eng./eswwe= 
to make afraid. Used in Prompt. Parv., p. 158.] To 
frighten. 

“She for a while was well sore affesed." 

Browne: Shepherd's Pipe, eel. i. 

*?if-fe§ed', pa. par. [Affese.] 
af fe-tu -6 -sb, adv. [In Ital. an adj., not an 
adv.= affectionate, obliging, kind: fr. affetto=love, 
affection.] 

Music: In a smooth, tender, affecting manner, 
and hence to be performed slowly rather than 
quick. It is much the same as con affetto. 

af-fT-amje, *af-fy -aunge, s. [Norm.-Fr. afff- 
aunce= confidence; Ital., fidanza, fidenza— confi¬ 
dence; Sp.^?anza=bail, surety; Low Lat. fidantia, 
fr. Lat. ,/ides=faith.] [See the verb.] 

1. A contract of marriage, betrothal; the solemn 
pledging of faith to marry a certain person, or give 
a certain person in marriage. 

“At last such grace I found, and means I wrought, 
That I that lady to my spouse had won ; 

Accord of friends, consent of parents sought, 
Affyaunce made, my happiness begun.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II., iv. 21. 

“In many countries it is necessary to tarry long in the 
vestibule of the temple before advancing to the altar 
under the title of affiances." — Bowring: Bentham’s Works, 
i. 357. 

2. Affinity, connection. 

“. . . religion and superstition have more affiance, 

though the one be light and the other darkness, than 
superstition and profaneness, which are both vicious 
extremities.”— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., v., § 65. 

3. Implicit, or at least strong, trust in man or in 
God. 

“Ah ! what’s more dangerous than this fond affianceJ 

Seems he a dove? his feathers are but borrowed.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Part II., iii. 1. 

“ There can be no surer way to success, than by dis¬ 
claiming all confidence in ourselves, and referring the 
events of things to God with an implicit affiance."—' 
Atterbury: Sermons. 

af-fT-ange, v. t. [From the substantive (q. v.). 
Fr. fiancer = to betroth ; Sp. afianzar = to bail, to 
fix with ropes; Ital. fidanzare = to caution, to 
guarantee, to betroth: from Lat. fides = faith, 
trust.] [Affy, Affidavit.] 

1. To betroth one in marriage; solemnly and cere¬ 
moniously to promise one in marriage. 

“Halifax’s only son had been affianced to the Lady 
Mary Finch, Nottingham’s daughter.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxi. 

2. To inspire with confidence. 

“Doubt you the gods? Lo ! Pallas’ self descends, 

Inspires thy counsels, and thy toils attends. 

In me affianc'd, fortify thy breast.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xx., 57-59. 

“Pay due devotions to the martial maid, 

And rest, affianc’d in her guardian aid.” 

Ibid., iv. 991-2. 

“Stranger (replied the prince), securely rest, 

Affianc'd in our faith; henceforth our guest.” 

Ibid., xv. 304-5. 

af-fl -anged, pa. par. & a. [Affiance, v.] 

As adjective. 

“ It is Baptiste, and his affianced maiden.” 

Longfellow: Blind Girl of Castel-Cuile. 
af-fl -an-<jer, s. [Affiance.] One who affiances; 
one who makes a contract of marriage between two 
people. 

af fT-an-ging, pr. par. [Affiance, v.] 

*af L fi§h e, v. t. [O. Fr. aficher, from Lat. figo= 
to fix.] [Affix.] To fix, to settle. 

“ Of that they sen a womman riche 
Ther wol they alle here love affiche.” 

Gower MS. {Halliwf’l.) 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §3ll, chorus, ghln, bench; go, ffem; thin, this; sin, ag; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. pit = { 
-clan, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — sh'is. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 







affidation 


96 


affirmation 


taf-f I-da -tion, s. [Law Lat. affido—to pledge 
one’s faith.] [Affidavit.] A contract of mutual 
fidelity. 

af-fi- da, vit, s. [Law Lat., third pers. sing. pret. 
indie, of affldo, pret. affidavi—to plight one’s faith; 
Class. Lat. ad= to, and fido— to trust; fides—trust, 
faith.] 

Law : Properly a voluntary affirmation or solemn 
declaration sworn to before a person at liberty to 
administer an oath. The affidavit must give the 
name and address of the person stating the facts 
within his own cognizance, and the exact sources 
from which other facts are drawn. If lawyers pre¬ 
sent affidavits loosely drawn up, their expenses are 
disallowed when costs are taxed. [Motion.] 

“. . . an affidavit (the perfect tense of the verb 
affldo) being a voluntary oath before some judge or officer 
of the court, to evince the truth of certain facts, upon 
which the motion is grounded; though no such affidavit 
is necessary for payment of money into court.”— Black- 
stone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. xx. 

‘‘Count Kechteren should have made affidavit that his 
servants had been affronted ; and then Monsieur Mesna- 
ger would have done him justice.”— Spectator, No. 481. 

*g,f-fie', v. t. [Affx.] 

*3.f-fled', pa. par. & a. [Affy.] 

le, *<i-fTle, v. t. [Fr. affiler; Ital. affilare 
s=to sharpen; Sp. cifilar : fr. Fr. fil= an edge; Lat. 
filum= a thread.] To rub, to polish. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ For when he hath his tonge affiled 
With soft speche and with lesynge.” 

Gower : Conf. Amant., bk. i. 
Uf-fll'-I-U-ble, n. [Affiliate.] 

“ . . .it follows that the distribution of sediment 

and other geological processes which these marine cur¬ 
rents effect are affiliable upon the force which the sun ra¬ 
diates.”— Herbert Spencer: First Principles, ch. xvii. 

af-fll'-I-ate, v. t. [Fr. affilier, fr. Lat. ad= to, 
uud filius^a son.] 

1. To adopt into one’s family as a son or daughter. 

2. To attempt legally to fix the paternity of an 
illegitimate child on one. 

“ . . . hence there would be no medical ground for 

affiliating the child to one man rather than the other.”— 
Taylor: Med. Juris., ch. lxix. 

3. To adopt as a member of a political or other so¬ 
ciety ; or to adopt a society as a branch of a larger 
and more extensive one with the same aim. 

“Affiliated in every garrison with the Jacobin club.”— 
Ryde: Lamartine’s Girondists, bk. i., § 19. 

4. To attribute to. 

“Upon him, in general, all rites and ceremonies of un¬ 
known antiquity were affiliated." — Lewis: Cred. Early 
Rom. Hist., ch. xi., pt. i., § 13. 

3 ,f-fIl-I-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Affiliate.] 

3 ,f-f 11—1-a-ting, pr. par. & a. [Affiliate.] 
8j,f-fll i a'-tion, s. [Fr. affiliation , from Low Lat. 
affiliatio, from Lat. ad= to; filius= a son.] 

1. Adoption of a child into a family. 

2. Law : Legal assignment of an illegitimate 
child to the real or reputed father. 

“ Questions of paternity are involved in those relating 
to affiliation.” — Taylor: Med. Juris., ch. lxix. 

Affiliation order: An order from a court of law 
designed for this purpose. 

3. The initiation of one into a political or other 
society; also the adoption of a smaller society by a 
larger and more powerful one having the same aim. 

*af fin -age, s. [Fr. affinage.'] The refining of 
metals. (Skinner: Diet.) 

* 9 ,f-fl'ne, s. [Lat. affinis, s.=a relative; adj.= 

(1) at the border (ad finem) ; hence, bordering, (2) 
connected with.] A relative. 

“. . . as affines and alyes to the holy orders.” 

Hall: Henry VII., f. 60. 

gtf-fl'ne (1), v. t. [From Affine, s. (q. v.).] To 
join in affinity. 

“. . . Now, sir, be judge yourself, 
Whether I in any just term am affin’d 
To Iovq the Moor.”— Shakesp.: Othello, i. 1. 

“If partially affin’d, or leagued in office, 

Thou dost deliver more or less than truth. 

Thou art no soldier.”— Ibid., ii. 3. 

*af-fl ne (2), v. t. [Fr . affiner.) To refine. ( Skin¬ 
ner: Diet.) 

* 9 ,f-flned' (1 & 2), pa. par. [Affine (1 & 2).] 
♦(tf-fln'-ing (1 & 2), pr. par. [Affine, v. (1 & 2).] 
af-f in-I-ta-tfve-ly, adv. [Affinity.] By means 
of affinity. 

O-f-fln’-I-ty, s. [In Ger. affinitat; Fr. affiniU ; 
Ital. affinita, fr. Lat. affinitas=( 1) neighborhood. 

(2) relationship by marriage, (3) union, connection.] 

I. Ordinary Language <& Law: 

1. Lit. : The relationship contracted by marriage 
between a husband and his wife’s kindred, or be¬ 
tween a wife and her husband’s kindred. It is 
opposed to consanguinity, or natural relationship 


by blood. It is of three kinds: ( 1 ) direct, v iz., that 
subsisting between a husband and his wife’s blood re¬ 
lations, and vice versa ; (2) secondary, or that which 
subsists between a husband and his wife’s relations 
by marriage; and ( 3 ) collateral, or that which sub¬ 
sists between a husband and the relations of his 
wife’s relations. 

The word affinity in this, as other meanings, 
may be followed by with, to, or between. 

“And Solomon made affinity with. Pharaoh, king of 
Egypt, and took Pharaoh’s daughter, and brought her 
into the city of David.”—1 Kings iii. 1. 

“. . . The Moor replies, 

That he you hurt is of great fame in Cyprus, 

And great affinity.” — Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 1. 

“He would doubtless gladly have avoided the scandal 
which must be the effect of a mortal quarrel between per¬ 
sons bound together by the closest ties of consanguinity 
and affi.nity.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

2 . Connections (not necessarily by 1 .); associates. 

3 . Fig. : The resemblance produced, more or less 
remotely, by a common origin between languages 
now in many respects distinct. Or generally, the 
similarity between things which essentially resem¬ 
ble each other. 

“ There is a close affinity between imposture and cre¬ 
dulity.”— Lewis: Influence of Authority, ch. iii. 

II. Biol. Sing . <& plur .: A resemblance, or resem¬ 
blances, on essential points of structure between 
species, genera, orders, classes, &c., really akin to 
each other, and which should be placed side by side 
in any natural system of classification. Affinity 
differs from analogy, the latter term being applied 
to resemblances betweeii animals or plants not 
really akin, but which ought to be more or less 
widely separated in classifications. Thus the fal¬ 
cons, the liawks, the eagles, &c., are related to each 
other by genuine a ffin ity ; but the similarity on cer¬ 
tain points, such as the possession of retractile 
claws, between the raptori al birds and the feline race 
of mammals, is one only of analogy. 

“We can understand, on these views, the very import¬ 
ant distinction between real affinities and analogical or 
adaptive resemblances.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. 
xiii. 

“. . . the nature of the affinities which connect to¬ 
gether whole groups of organisms.”— Ibid., pt. i., ch. i. 

III. Chemistry: 

1 . Chemical affinity, or chemical attraction, is the 
force by which union takes place between two or 
more elements to form a chemical compound. Ac¬ 
cording to another definition, it is a force exerted 
between two or more bodies at an infinitely minute 
distance apart, by which they give rise to a new sub¬ 
stance having different properties to those of its 
component parts. Elements have the greatest affin¬ 
ity for other elements which differ most in their 
chemical properties. Thus H has great affinity for 
Cl and O, but the affinity between O and Cl is much 
weaker. Acids unite readily with alkalies; most 
metals with sulphur. When two salts are mixed to¬ 
gether they are decomposed if an insoluble sub¬ 
stance can be formed: thus AgNOs+NaCl yields 
NaNOg and insoluble AgCh and BaCL+MgSCh yields 
MgCl2 and insoluble BaS04. A strong acid gener¬ 
ally expels a weaker one, as H2SO4 expels HC 1 or 
CO2, and CO2 precipitates SiC>2; but when two salts 
aretused, if a more volatile compound is formed, 
it is driven off. as when NH4CI is heated with dry 
CaCC>3 then (NBq^COs volatizes. SiC>2 fused with 
salts expels the strongest acids and forms silicates. 
Iron filings heated to redness in a tube decomposes 
the vapor of water, but H2 passed over red-hot ox¬ 
ide of iron reduces it to a metallic state. These re¬ 
actions are due to the diffusion of gases, the result¬ 
ing gas being diffused through the mass of vapor 
passing through the tube. The _ relative affinities 
between different substances varies with their tem¬ 
perature, insolubility, and power of vaporization. 
The nascent state is favorable to chemical combina¬ 
tion: thus H and N unite readily when organic 
matter containing N is decomposed by heat or pu¬ 
trefaction, also H with S. This is due to the bonds 
of the atoms being liberated at the moment of de¬ 
composition. Disposing affinity is the action of a 
third body, which brings about the union of two 
other bodies, as Ag+SiOo and alkali form a silicate 
of silver; Pt is attacked by fused KHO. Organic 
decompositions in the presence of caustic alkali or 
lime are also examples. Catalysis is the action of 
a body to bring about a chemical reaction whilst 
the body itself undergoes no perceptible change, as 
Mn02 in the preparation of O from KCIO3. Certain 
chemical compounds at high temperatures are dis¬ 
sociated from each other, as NH4CI at high temper¬ 
atures forms NH3+HCI. Chemical union is pro¬ 
moted by finely dividing the substances; thus finely- 
divided metals, as iron or lead, take fire in the air, 
uniting with O. Alternation of temperature alters 
the affinity; thus mercury heated to its boiling-point 
absorbs oxygen, which it liberates at a higher tem¬ 
perature; also BaO absorbs O at a low heat, form¬ 
ing BaC>2, and gives it off at higher temperatures. 


Strong bases generally replace weaker bases; thus 
alkalies precipitate oxides of iron, &c. (See Watts' 
Diet, of Chemistry.) 

“The affinity which held together the elements of the 
organic substances is destroyed by the cause which oc¬ 
casioned their death, and they are set free to obey new 
affinities and form new compounds.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., i. 12. 

2. Affinity of solution is such an affinity as exists 
between a soluble salt and the fluid in which it is 
dissolved. Till the liquid is saturated with the 
salt the two can combine in an indefinite ratio, 
instead of being limited to the fixed proportions in 
which alone chemical affinity operates. 

IV. Nat. Phil. Current affinity: The force of 
voltaic electricity. 

“The comparison may be best instituted between 
nervous power and tho force of voltaic electricity, or 
current affinity, as it has lately been called, which is 
developed in the galvanic battery.”— Todd dk Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., i. 237. 

*af-fire’, adv. [Afire.] 

Off-firm', *aTferme‘, v. t. & i. [In Fr. affirmer; 
Sp. afirmar; Port, affirmar; Ital. affermare, affir- 
mare, all fr. Lat. afflrmo=(l) to make steady, to 
corroborate, ( 2 ) to assert positively: ad used in¬ 
tensively ; firmo= to strengthen; firmus—drmf] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To strengthen, to confirm. 

“ The Pape set that terme, for his hopyng was 

The pes thei suld afferme, for dred of harder cas.” 

R. Brunne, p. 316. 

1[ See also B. 

2. To assert positively, to allege confidently, to 
aver. (Followed by the adjective case or by that , 
introducing the statement asserted.) 

(а) In a general sense: 

“ . . . a mere speculative proposition which many 
members might be willing to affirm without scrutinizing 
it severely.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

“And they said unto her, Thou art mad. But she con¬ 
stantly affirmed that it was even so.”— Acts xii. 15. 

( б ) Spec. (Scripture): To teach dogmatically, to 
preach. 

“ . . . these things I will that thou affirm constantly.” 
— Titus, iii. 8. 

II. Technically: 

Law & Ord. Lang.: To confirm the judgment of 
a legal decision; to ratify a law. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Ord. Lang-: To declare strongly or positively. 

2. Law: To make a declaration solemnly before a 
court of law, or before a magistrate, with the object 
of confirming a fact: or to having an affirmation 
administered to (one) by way of confirmation, or as 
a substitute for an oath; as, The witness affirmed 
to the fact; or. He was affirmed to the fact. 

faf-firm'-a-ble, a. [Affirm.] That may be 
affirmed. 

“Those attributes and conceptions that were applicable 
and affirmable of him when present, are now affirmable 
and applicable to him though past.”— Hale: Origin of 
Mankind. 

af-firm-a-bly, adv. [Affirmable.] In a way 
capable of affirmation; with certainty. 

“I cannot wryte of such affirmably.” — Hardyng: Chron., 
f. 58. 

af-firm'-ange, *uf-flrm-aun§e, s. [Lat. affirm- 
ans, pr. par. of affirmo .] [Affirm.] 

1. Confirmation, ratification of a voidable act. 

“This statute did but restore an ancient statute, which 
was itself also made but in affirmance of the common law.” 
— Bacon. 

t2. Affirmation, declaration. 

“And e’en when sober truth prevails throughout, 
They swear it, till affirmance breeds a doubt.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

9 -f-f Irm'-ant, s. [Lat. affirmans.\ [Affirmance.] 

1. Gen.: One who makes an affirmation. 

2. Specially. Law.: One who makes a solemn 
declaration in lieu of an oath. 

af-firm-a'-tion, *af-fyrm-a'-gy- 6 n, s. [In Fr. 
affirmation; Sp. afirmacion; Ital. affermazione . 
all fr. Lat. affirmatio.2 [Affirm.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of affirming anything. 

1. The act of confirming anything. 

“The learned in the laws of our land observe, that our 
statutes sometimes are only the affirmation or ratification 
of that which by common law was held before.”— Hooker. 

2 . The act of asserting anything confidently. 

“ This gentleman vouches, upon warrant of bloody 
affirmation, his to be more virtuous and less attemptable 
than any of our ladies.”— Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 4. 

til. The state of being affirmed, confirmed, or 
confidently asserted. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




affirmative 

AJ- The thing confirmed, the assertion confidently 
made. 

. . allowed the affirmation of a Quaker to be re¬ 
ceived in criminal cases.”— Macaulay: Hist. Ena., ch. 
txiii. 

B. Technically: 

1 . Logic: The combination of the two terms of a 
proposition so as to produce a statement or judg¬ 
ment. 

2. Law: The act of affirming in the sense of 
solemnly declaring in a court of law that certain 
testimony about to be given is true. Also the state¬ 
ment made. First, the Quakers and Moravians, who 
objected on conscientious grounds to take oaths, 
were allowed to make solemn affirmations instead; 
now, every one objecting to take an oath has the 
same privilege ; but, as is just, false affirmations, no 
less than false oaths, are liable to the penalties of 
perjury. 

S-Uf irm'-at-ive, a.&s. [In Fr. afflrmatif; Sp. 
affirmativo; Ital. affermativo, all from Lat. afflrma- 
tivus. ] 

A. Ms adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . Confirmatory, imparting confirmation to. 

2. Positive; dogmatical in assertion. 

“Be not confident and affirmative in an uncertain mat¬ 
ter; but report things modestly and temperately, accord¬ 
ing to the degree of that persuasion which is, or ought to 
be, begotten by the efficacy of the authority or the reason 
inducing these.”— Taylor. 

3. Pertaining to that which asserts, as opposed to 
denying, a statement or proposition. 

“ • • . rather answers to objections than the adequate 
materials of affirmative conviction.”— Gladstone: Studies 
of Homer, i. 70. 

II. Technically: 

1. Logic <& Gram.: In the same sense as A., I. 3. 

*2. Algebra: Positive, as opposed to negative; 
having the sign plus + denoting addition, as opposed 
to minus —denoting subtraction. 

“ As In algebra, where affirmative quantities vanish or 
cease, there negative ones begin; so in mechanics, where 
attraction ceases, there a repulsive virtue ought to suc¬ 
ceed.”— Newton: Optics. 

B. As substantive: That which affirms, as opposed 
to that which denies. 

IT Used with the definite article before it. 

1. In a general sense: 

“ For the affirmative we are now to answer such proofs 
of theirs, as have been before alleged.”— Hooker. 

“ Whether there are sucn beings or not, ’tis sufficient 
for my purpose, that many have believed the affirmative.” 
— Dryden. 

“ The question is, of course, wholly distinct from that 
higher one, whether there exists a Creator and Kuler of 
the universe; and this has been answered in the affirma¬ 
tive by the highest intellects that have ever lived.”— Dar¬ 
win: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. ii. 

2. Specially. Parliamentary or other voting: 
That side of a question voted on which affirms, in 
opposition to that which denies. 

“ The Whigs, who had a decided majority in the Lower 
House, were all for the affirmative.” — Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xi. 

3. Logic: An affirmative pregnant is an affirma¬ 
tive implying a negation. 

{tf-firm’-at-Ive-ly, adv. [Affirmative.] 

1. In an affirmative manner, positively. 

“. . . to the end that though I cannot positively or 

affirmatively advise your majesty, or propound unto you 
foamed particulars.”— Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. i. 

2. “Yes” in place of “no.” In a way to render 
6 upport to a motion submitted to one. 

“ The people answered affirmatively.” — Carlyle: Heroes 
and Hero-Worship, Lect. IV. 

afifirm'-at-O ry, a. Affirmative; assertive; giv¬ 
ing affirmation. 

*{j,f-fTrmed', pa. par. & a. [Affirm.] 

af-firm -er, s. [Affirm.] One who affirms. 

“ If by the word virtue, the affirmer intends our whole 
duty to God and man, and the denier, by the word virtue, 
means only courage, or at most our duty toward our 
neighbor, without including in the idea of it the duty 
which we owe to God.”— Watts: Logic. 

af-firm'-Ing, pr. par. [Affirm.] 

af fix', v. t. (pa. par. affixed, affixt). [Lat. affixus, 
pa. par. of affigo= to fasten to, to fix on: ad= to, 
and figo—to fix ; supine fixum.] [See Affiche.] 

I. Lit.: To fix to the end of, to append to, to an¬ 
nex, to subjoin; also to fix to any part of. 

“ . . . the Great Seal was affixed.” — Macaulay: Hist, 

Eng., ch. xxiv. 

“ . . . whereas should they [white cabbage butter¬ 

flies] affix them [their eggs] to the leaves of a plant im- 
proper for their food.”—Bay: On the Creation. 


97 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To fix. (Followed by on or upon.) 

“ Her modest eyes, abashed to behold 
So many gazers as on her do stare, 

Upon the lowly ground affixed are.”— Spenser. 

2. To connect with, to unite with. 

“ He that has settled in his mind determined ideas, 
with names affixed to them, will be able to discern their 
differences one from another.” — Locke. 

af-fix, s. (pi. af-fix-es, *af-flx-a). [In Ger. 

affixum; Fr. affixe, fr. Lat. affixus, pi. n. affixa— 
joined to, pa. par. of affigo .] [Affix, v.) A word 
or a portion of a word united to the latter portion 
of another one, and iu general modifying its signifi¬ 
cation ; a suffix. 

H The plural of this word came into the English 
language first as affixa. 

“ In the Hebrew language the noun has its affixa to 
denote the pronouns possessive or relative.”— Clarke: 
Latin Grammar. 

. . fashioning that new-learned language to 

their own innovation of points, affixes , and conjugations.” 
— Howell: Lett., ii. 60. 

^.f-flxed', * 3 ,f-fixt', pa. par. & a. [Affix.] 

hf-flx'-mg.-pr. par. [Affix.] 

faf-flX -I-on, s. [Lat. afflxio = an addition, or 
supplement.] The act of affixing; the state of be¬ 
ing affixed, or fixed to anything. 

“ Six several times do we find that Christ shed his 
blood: iu his circumcision, in his agonies, in his crown¬ 
ing, in his scourging, in his afflxion, in his transfixion.” 
— Bp. Hall: Works, ii. 329. 

*3,f-f ixt’, pa. par. [.Affix.] 
af-flx-ture, s. [Affix, v.] That which is 
affixed. (Drake.) 

If Now superseded by Fixture (q. v.). 

af-fla'-tion, s. [Afflatus.] The act of blow¬ 
ing or breathing upon ; the. state of being blown or 
breathed upon. 

flf-fla'-tus, s. [Lat. = a blowing or breathing 
on, a blast, a breath: affiatum, supine of afflo 
=to blow on: or ad— to, and flatus=& blowing, a 
breathing ; fio= to blow.] 

I. Lit.: A breath or blast of wind. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Theol.: The inspiration by the spirit of God of 
a prophet, imparting to him power to see such 
future events as God may be pleased to reveal to 
him. 

“ The poet writing against his genius, will be like a 
prophet without his afflatus."—Spence : 0?i the Odyssey. 

2. Ord. Lang.: The divine impartation to poets 
and others of genius. 

af-flict', v. t. [From Lat. afflictus, pa. par. of 
affligo — ( 1 ) to fling, strike, or dash against or 
down; ( 2 ) to damage, to ruin, to weaken, to cast 
down: ad = to, and fligo = to strike, to strike 
down.] 

1. To inflict on one for some considerable timej or 
even for a briefer period, bodily pain or anything 
else fitted to produce mental distress. 

“Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict 
them with their burdens.” — Exod. i. 11. 

2. To cast down in mind, to make the mind dis¬ 
tressed ; to trouble. 

(a) In a general sense: 

“ The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, 
who was her only son, that she died for grief of it.”— Ad¬ 
dison : Spectator. 

f( 6 ) Spec, (reciprocally): To practice self-humil¬ 
iation as a religious duty. 

“ And this shall be a statute for ever unto you : that in 
the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall 
afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one 
of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among 
you.”— Lev. xvi. 29. 

s. [Afflict, v .] A conflict. 

“Continual afflict with his enemies.” — Bacon: Works, 
ii. 542. 

af-flict'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Afflict.] 

“Say, spirit! whither hath she fled 
To hide her poor afflicted head ?” 

Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, c. vii. 

af-fllct’-ed-ness, s. [Afflicted.] The quality 
or state of being afflicted; affliction. 

“ Thou art deceived if thou thinkest God^ delights in 
the misery and afflictedness of his creatures.”— Bp. Hall : 
Balm of Gilead, c. 2, § 6. 

af-flict -er, s. [Afflict.] One who afflicts. 

af-fllct'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Afflict.] 

1. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

2. As adjective: Fitted to produce distress or 
trouble; calamitous, afflictive. 

“ What, when we fled amain, pursued and struck 
With heaven’s afflicting thunder, and besought 
The deep to shelter us? ” — Milton: P. L., bk. ii.. 


affluent 

af-flict-Ing-ly, adv. [Afflicting.] In an 
afflicting manner. 

af-fiic -tion, s. [In Fr. affliction; Sp. afliccion 
Ital. afflizione, all fr. Lat. afflictio.j [Afflict.] 

fl. The act of afflicting. 

II. The state of being afflicted; the state of being 
subjected to pain or over-fatigue of body, or to 
mental distress. 

“ Look upon mine affliction and my pain; and forgive all 
my sins.”— Ps. xxv. 18. 

III. That which tends to produce continued bod¬ 
ily pain or mental distress; a calamity, a trouble, a 
trial. 

“God hath seen mine affliction, and the labor of my 
hands.”— Gen. xxxi. 42. 

“The calamity of Moab is near to come, and his afflic¬ 
tion hasteth fast.”— Jer. xlviii. 16. 

U Iu this sense it is frequently used in the plural. 

“Oh, tell me—life is in thy voice— 

How much afflictions were thy choice, 

And sloth and ease thy scorn.” 

Cowper: Trans, fr. Guion , “Joy of the Cross. 

*T[ Bread of affliction: ... , , 

(a) Bread given to prisoners in jail; bread doubt¬ 
less inferior in quality, and designed to be distaste¬ 
ful to the eater. 

“And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the 
prison, and feed him with bread of affliction and with 
water of affliction, until I return in peace.”—2 Chron. 
xviii. 26. 

(b) Unleavened bread consumed by Divine com¬ 
mand at certain religious fasts and feasts. 

“Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days 
shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread 
of affliction.”—Deut. xvi. 3. 

IV. Abstract for concrete: An afflicted person, a 
person in poverty or distress. 

“ Then grant what here all sons of woe obtain; 

For here affliction never pleads in vain.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. viii., 31, 32. 

af-flict-ive, a. [In Fr. afflictif; Sp. aflictivo; 
Ital. afflittivo .] [Afflict.] Giving pain, distress¬ 
ing. 

“All this from Jove’s afflictive hand we bear.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xiv., 75. 

a.f-fllct-ive-ly, adv. [Afflictive.] In an af¬ 
flictive manner; in a way to cause distress. 

“The fallen angels, having acted their first part in 
heaven, are made sharply miserable by transition, and 
more afflictively feel the contrary state of hell.”— Browne: 
Christ. Mor., x. 2. 

*3.f-fllght' (gh mute), s. [In A. S. aflygan=to 
drive away, to put to flight.] Flight, hasty depart¬ 
ure. 

“ Of the gripe he had a sight 
How she flew in afflight.” 

Torrent of Portugal, p. 82 

*9,f-fl5g -It, pa. par., as if from a verb afflige . 
[Lat. affligo=to afflict.] [Afflict.] (Maunde 
ville.) (Halliwell.) 

faff-loof, *aff-lfif'e, adv. [Aloof.] 

1. Off-hand, unpremeditated, extempore; on the 
spur of the moment. 

“ But X shall scribble down some blether 
Just clean aff-loof.” 

Bums: Epistle to J. Lapraik. 

2. Forthwith, immediately. 

“Sae I was ca’d into the preceence, and sent awa affloof 
tae sper ye out an’ bring ye tae speak tae the muckle 
fo’k.”— St. Patrick, i. 76. 

af-flfi-en$e, s. [In Fr. affluence; 

Sp. afluenzia; Port, affluencia; Ital. affluenza; 
Lat. dffluentia, fr. affluens— flowing to.] 

I. The state of flowing to. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“. . . a perpetual affluency of animal spirits.”— Ad 
dison: Spectator, No. 247. 

II. The act or series of acts of thronging to. 

“I shall not relate the affluence of young nobles from 
hence into Spain, after the voice of our prince being 
there had been noised.”— Wotton: Reliq.; Life of Bucking¬ 
ham. 

III. That which flows to (one). 

Specially: 

1. Wealth of money, or other material property. 

“. . . a youth of misery was concluded with an old 

age of elegance, affluence, and ease.”— Goldsmith: Essays, . 
iii. 

2. Wealth of emotion, intellect, or any other im¬ 
material thing. 

“ O precious hours ! O golden prime, 

And affluence of love and time! ” 

Longfellow: The Old Clock on the Stairs. 

af-flfi-ent, a. & s, [In Fr. affluent; Sp. afluente; 
Port, and Ital. affluente, fr. Lat. affluens, pr. par. of 
affluo = to flow toward or to: ad — to, and fluo = 
to flow.] 


Will, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, §ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d@L 

7 



affluently 


affret 


es 


I. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Flowing to. 

“. . . which are afterward to be increased and 

raised to a greater bulk by the affluent blood that is trans¬ 
mitted out of the mother’s body.”— Harvey: On Con¬ 
sumption. 

2. Fig.: Abounding in wealth. 

(a) Abounding in material wealth. 

“ Lifted at length, by dignity of thought 
And dint of genius, to an affluent lot, 

He laid his head in luxury’s soft lap.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

(b ) Abounding in intellectual, emotional, or other 
immaterial wealth. 

‘‘And fish of every fin thy seas afford, 

Their affluent joys the grateful realms confess, 

And bless the Power that still delights to bless.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xix., 134-6. 

II. As substantive: The tributary of a river. 

“ Mississippi [f. «., the great water], the most important 
river of North America, and, with the Missouri, its prin¬ 
cipal affluent, the longest in the world .”—Keith John¬ 
stone: Gazetteer. 

af-flu-ent ly, adv. [Affluent.] In an affluent 
manner; abundantly. 

af-flfi ent-ness, s. [Affluent.] Affluency. 
abundance of wealth. 

af-flux, affluxion (af-fluk-shun), s. [From 
Lat. affluxus, pa. par. of affluo = to flow to.] 

1. A flowing to. 

“An animal that must lie still receives the afflux of 
colder or warmer, clean or foul water, as it happens to 
come to it.”— Locke. 

2. That which flows to. 

“ An inflammation, either simple, consisting of an hot 
and sanguineous affluxion, or else denominable from 
other humors, according unto the predominancy of mel¬ 
ancholy, phlegm, or choler.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*3tf-fond', pret., as if from a verb affindan. 
[A. S. afindan = to find.] 

“A moneth after a man myghtte hom affond 
Lyand still on the grownd.” 

Huntyng of the Hare, 253. 
*3,f-foiig', v. t. [Afonge.] 

*3,f-for-fige, s. [Fr. afforer= to value.] [Af- 
feer.] A duty formerly paid in France to the lord 
of a district for permission to sell wine or other 
liquor within his seigniory. 

*g,f-f'dr §e, *3,-fbr’$e, v. t. [A. N. afforcer; Fr. 
forcer; Low Lat. aj fordo.'] 

1. To force, to compel. (MS. Lincoln.) (Haiti - 
well.) 

“ Me to aforce is in his thought.” 

Arthour and Merlin , p. 88. 

To afforce one's self: To labor to do a thing; to 
exert one’s self. 

“And hav aforcede hom the more the hethene away 
to drive.” Robert of Gloucester. 

*2. To add to, to increase, to strengthen. ( Blount , 
&c.) 

*3,f-for $e, *3.f-fSr'se, *u-for se, adv. [Fr. 
farcer .] As if commanded by force; of necessity. 
“Than ffelle it afforse to ffille hem ageyne.” 

Deposition of Richard II., p. 28. 

*3,f-for$e -ment, *af-f br-91-a-ment, s. [Af¬ 

force.] 

Law: 

1. The act of strengthening. 

2. The state of being strengthened, as “ an afforce- 
ment of the assize.” ( Will: Wharton's Law Lex¬ 
icon.) 

3. That which affords strength; specially a fort¬ 
ress, a stronghold, a fortification. (Blount.) 

Uf-f'drd', *g,-fSr the, v. t. & i. [Properly aford, 
from A. S. ge-forthian, iforthian=to further, pro¬ 
mote, from forth.) [Forth, Further, Aforthe.] 
A. Transitive: 

I. To put forth, to bring forward, to produce. 
(Used of fruits, of money, or other property of any 
kind, or, indeed, of anything.) 

“That our garners may be full, affording all manner of 
store.”— Ps. cxliv. 13. 

“A large proportion of those divines who had no bene¬ 
fices, or whose benefices were too small to afford a com¬ 
fortable revenue, lived in the houses of laymen.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

“ . . . fuses easily, and affords a black pearl a little 
blebby.”— Dana: Min., 5th ed., p. 612. 

II. To bestow, to confer upon, to grant to. (Fol¬ 
lowed by two objectives, one of the person receiv¬ 
ing the boon, and the other of the boon itself; or 
with one objective, that of the boon, with to pre¬ 
fixed to the person to whom it is given.) 

“The party whose principles afforded him no guarantee 
would be attached to him by interest.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vii. 

IT Sometimes, though rarely, afford is applied to 
the opposite of a boon. 


III. To be able to incur a certain expense; or 
bear the loss of certain pecuniary or other material 
advantages. 

1. To be able to spend or give away, without per¬ 
manent diminution of one’s resources. 

“. . . luxuries which few could afford to purchase.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. To be able to sell at a profit, or at least with¬ 
out loss. (See v. i.) 

3. To be able to incur an expenditure of feeling, 
or anything else not of a pecuniary or material 
kind. 

“The same errors run through all families where there 
is wealth enough to afford that their sons may be good for 
nothing.”— Swift: Mod. Educ. 

“. . . He could afford to suffer 

With those whom he saw suffer.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

B. Intransitive: To be able to sell. 

“They fill their magazines in times of the greatest 
plenty, that so they may afford cheaper, and increase the 
public revenue at a small expense of its members.”— Ad¬ 
dison on Italy. 

Uf-ford ed, pa. par & a. [Afford.] 

*af-for-dell, a. [ Scotch/ordei=ready for future 
use.] Alive. (Scotch.) 

“Of his brother sum ar dead, utheris yet affordell.” — 
MS. Heal Arbuthnot Family. ( Jamieson, Suppl.) 

af ford -ing, pr. par. [Afford.] 

*af-ford -ment, s. [Afford.] Grant, donation. 
H Todd says of affordment , “ A word much 
wanted.” 

“ . . . your forward helps and affordments to Mr. 

Purchas in the production of his voluminous work.”— 
Lord: Disc, of the Sect of the Banians (1630). Dedic. 

♦sif-f or e, v. t. [A. S. /ore=before.] To promote, 
to strengthen, to render effective. 

“Heete and moisture directyth ther passages 
With green fervence t’ affore yong corages.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems, p. 244. 

T[ Possibly a mistake for afforce (q. v.). 
Uf-for-est, v. t. [Low Lat. afforesto: Lat. ad= 
to, and/ores<a=forest.] To convert into forest. 

“ It appeareth by Charta de Foresta that he afforested 
many woods.”— Sir John Davies: On Ireland. 

Uf-for-est-a’-tion, s. [Afforest.] The act or 
process of converting cultivated land into forest; 
the state of being so transmuted, 
af-for-est-ed, pa. par. & a. [Afforest.] 
af-for'-est-lng, pr. par. [Afforest.] 
*Uf-form’e, v.t. [Lat. ad=to; formo =to shape, 
to fashion; forma=iorm, figure, shape.] To con¬ 
form. 

“ To hym that is most honourable 
Afforme your maners and entent.” 

Doct. of Good Servauntes, p. 8. 
*af-forn', prep. [Aforne.] Before. (MS. Ash- 
mole.) (Halliwell.) 

♦3,-forst', *u-furst', *g,-ferst', a. [Athirst.] 
Thirsty. 

“ Not halffe ynowh thereof be hadde, 

Oft he was afforst.” 

The Frere & the Boy, iv. 

“ A-ferst hy were for werynesse, 

So sore that nas ende.” 

MS. Coll. Trin. ( Halliwell .) 

♦aff-put, faff-put'-ting, s. [Scotch aff=oS ; 
Eng. put.) Delay, or some pretense for it. (Scotch.) 

*af-fra ie, s. [Fr. affrayer —to frighten.] [Af¬ 
fray.] Fear. 

“But yet I am in grete affraie, 

Lest thou slioldest not doe as I saie.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 4,397. 
*3,f-fra'-mynge, s. [A. S. framian —to frame.] 
“Framynge or afframynge, or wynnynge. Lucrum, 
emol .. ..tentum." — Prompt. Parv., p. 176. 

*Uf-fran'-ehi§e, v. t. [In Fr. affranchir—to make 
free; Ital. affrancare.) To make free. 

*af-fran -Qhl§ed, pa. par. [Affranchise.] 
♦Uf-fran-chi§e-ment, s. [In Fr. affranchisee- 
ment.) The act of making free ; the act of emanci¬ 
pating from more or less galling servitude. 

<tf fran'-9ln§-Ing, pr. par. [Affranchise.] 
*Uf-frap , v.t.&i. [Fr./ropper=tostrike.] [Rap.] 

1. Trans.: To encounter, to strike down. 

“I have been trained up in warlike stoure, 

To tossen speare and shield, and affrap 
The warlike ryder.”— Spenser: F. Q., II. ii. 6. 

2. Intrans.: Same sense as No. 1 (an objective 
case being implied). 

“They beene ymett, both ready to affrap 

Spenser: F. Q., II. i. 26. 

t?if-fray', v. t. (pa. par. affrayed , afraied). [Fr. 
affraycr =to frighten, especially with sudden noise 
as of something crashing; Low Lat. exfrido =to dis¬ 
turb the peace, from Teut. /rtd7i=peace.] [Af¬ 
frayed, Afraid.] 


1. To rouse out of a sleep or swoon. 

“ . . . that had afraied me out of my sleepe.” 

Chaucer: Dreame. 

“I was out of my swowne affraide .” 

Gower: Conf. Aman., bk. viii. 

2. To frighten. 

“Pray let us first, sayd Salyrane, entreat 
The man by gentle meanes to let us in, 

And afterwards affray with cruel threat.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. ix. 9. 
“Oh, now I would they had changed voices too: 

Since arm from arm that voice doth us affray. ” 

Shakesp.: Romeo ana Juliet, iii. 6. 

3. To put in doubt. 

“To affraye one or put one in doubt.”— Huloet: Diet. 

af-fray', s. [In Fr. effroi— noise, outcry; Arm. 
effreyza and effrey. See v. t.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Objectively: 

*1. Commotion, tumult. 

“Who lived ever in swiche delite o’ day, 

That him ne meved other conscience, 

Or ire, or talent, or som kin affray.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,537. 

2. A fight between two or more persons, whether 
it take place in public or private. 

^[ More generally written Fray. 

II. Subjectively: Fear, fright, terror; the result of 
such commotion or fray. (Scotch.) 

“Stonayit sa gretly than thai war, 

Throw the force of that fyrst assay, 

That thai war in till gret affray.” 

Barbour, ix. 605, MS. (Jamieson.) 

B. Technically: 

Law: A fight between two or more persons which 
takes place in public. When in private it is called 
an assault. 

“ Affrays (from affraier, to terrify) are the fighting of 
two or more persons in some public place, to the terror of 
his Majesty’s subjects: for, if the fighting be in private, 
it is no affray, but an assault.” — Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. iv., ch. xi. 

“Little affrays, such as, at every great pageant, almost 
inevitably take place between those who are eager to see 
the show and those whose business it is to keep the com¬ 
munications clear, were exaggerated with all the artifices 
of rhetoric.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

* 3 ,f-frayed', *af-frayd', *uf-fraid e, pa. par. 

[Affray, Afraid.] 

“Thei remeived from the sege and were affrayed .”— 
Warkworth: Chron., p. 2. 

“With that the darts which his right liande did straine, 
Full dreadfully he shook that all did quake, 

And clapt on hye his coulourd wing6s twain, 

That all his many it affraide did make.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xii. 23. 

af-fray -er, ?tf-fray -6r, s. [Affray.] One who 
takes part as a principal in an affray. 

“Every private man being present before or in and 
during the time of an affray ought to stay the affrayors, 
and to part them, and to put them in sunder, but may not 
hurt them if they resist him; neither may he imprison 
them, for that he is but a private man.”— Dalton: Country 
Justice (1629). 

*af-fray - ment, s. [Fr. effrayer— to frighten.] 

Laiv: 

1. The offense of terrifying a person by brandish¬ 
ing a weapon against him. 

2. An affray. 

♦uffrayn'e, *af-freyn e, *u-freyn'e, v. t. [A. S. 
freegn, pret. of frignan=to know by asking, to in¬ 
quire, to interrogate, to hear, to learn.] To ask, tc 
question. 

“ I affrayned hym first 

From whennes he come.”— Piers Ploughman. 

Stf-fray’-or, s. [Affrayer.] 

t affreight (af-frat), y. t. [Ger. befrachten; Fr. 
affrHer.) To hire a ship for the conveyance of 
goods. 

1[ Now generally written Freight. 

♦affreighted (uf-fra-ted), pa. par. [Af¬ 
freight. J 

♦affreighter (af-frat'-er), s. [Eng. affreight; 
-er. In Fr. affrSteur. ] One who hires or charters a 
ship for the conveyance of goods; one who freights 
a ship. 

♦affreighting (uf-frat'-lng), pr. par. [Af- 

FREIGHT.J 

♦affreightment (af-frat-m§nt), s. [Eng. af¬ 
freight; -ment .] The act of hiring or chartering a 
ship for the conveyance of goods. [Charter 
Party.] 

*?t-frend', v. t. [Affriend.] 

♦af-fret , s. [Ital. affrettamento= haste, hurry; 
affretare—to hasten.] A rencounter, a collision, an 
attack, an assault. 

“Their steel-hed speares they strongly coucht, and met 
Together with impetuous rage and forse, 

That with the terrour of their fierce affret 

They rudely drove to ground both man and horse.” 

Spenser: F. Q., iii. ix. 16. 


fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
wolf, work, 


what, 

who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce’= e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu - kw. 




affri 


99 


afile 


pi- [A. N.] Bullocks, horses, 
or other animals fitted for ploughing. [Aver, B. j 

*9;f-frlc -tion, s. [Lat. affrictus= a rubbing 
against; affrico=to rub against.] The act or process 
of rubbing one thing against another; the state of 
being so rubbed; friction. 


*‘I have divers times observed in wearing silver-hilted 
swords, that if they rubbed upon my cloaths, if they were 
of a light-colored cloth, the affriction would quickly 
blacken them.”— Boyle. 


IT Now written Friction. 

*9;f-friend , *<j,f-frend', v. t. [A. S. freond, freend 
=friend.] To make friends, to reconcile. 

“ Where when she saw that cruell war so ended, 

And deadly foes so faithfully affr ended.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV., iii. 50. 

*&f-friend -ed, af-frend-ed, pa. par. [Af- 

FBIEND.] 


taf-fright' (gh mute), v. t. [A. S afyrhtan =to 
frighten.] To inspire with sudden and lively fear, 
to frighten, to terrify. It was followed by at or 
■with placed before the object of dread. 

IF Now almost superseded by Fright (q. v.). 

“To keep thy sharp woes waking, wretched I, 

To imitate thee well, against my heart 
Will fix a sharp knife, to affright mine eye.” 

Sliakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 
“Thou shalt not be affrighted at them.”—Deaf. vii. 21. 


af-fright' (gh mute), s. [Fr. the verb. In Fr. 
effroi. J 

1. Fright, the emotion of fear suddenly inspired 
and rising to a considerable height. 

IF Used chiefly in poetry. 


“They lay like fawns reposing. 

But now, upstarting with affright, 

At noise of man and steed, 

Away they fly to left, to right.” 

Wordsworth: The Seven Sisters. 


2. That which inspires fright, an object of dread, 
a terrible object. 

“I see the gods 

Upbraid our suif’rings, and would humble them, 

By sending these affrights, while we are here ; 

That we might laugh at their ridiculous fear.” 

Ben Jonson: Catiline. 

t^f-frlght-ed, t&f-frlght' (gh mut e), pa. par. & 
<i. [Affright.] 

As adjective: 

“ From Bruno’s forest screams the affrighted jay.” 

Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches. 

IF The form affright is rare, and found only in 
poetry. 

“ As one affright 

With hellish fiends, or furies made uprore, 

He then arose.” Spenser: F. Q., II., v. 37. 

t&f-fiight -ed-ly (gh mute), adv. [Affrighted.] 
In an affrighted manner; in a way to indicate 

fright. 

“The thunder of their rage and boistrous struggling make 
The neighboring forests round affrightedly to quake.” 

Drayton: Poly-Olbion, s. 12. 

*?if-frlght -$n (gh mute),v. t. [In A. S. afyrhte 
= affrighted; from dfyrhtan— to frighten.] To 
frighten. 

af-frl gh-ter (gh mute), s. [Affright.] One 
who frightens. 

“The famous Don Quixote of the Mancha, the Tighter 
of wrongs, the redresser of injuries, the protector of 
damsels, the affrighter of giants.”— Shelton: Trans, of 
Don Quixote, I. iv. 25. 

*af-fright -ful (gh mute), a. [Affright.] Fitted 
to inspire great dread; frightful. 

“There is an absence of all that is destructive or 
affrightful to human nature.”— Decay of Piety. 

IF Now superseded by Frightful (q. v.). 
♦af-frlght -ful-ly (gh mute), adv. [Affright¬ 
ful .] In a frightful manner ; frightfully. 

IF Now superseded by Frightfully (q. v.). 
af-fright -ing (gh mute), pr. par. [Affright.] 
♦^f-frlght -ment (gh mute), s. [Affright.] The 
state of being frightened; fright, dread. 

“Passionate words, or blows from the tutor, fill the 
child’s mind with terror and affrightment; which im¬ 
mediately takes it wholly up, and leaves no room for 
other impressions.”— Locke: On Education. 

af-froit lie, adv. [Fr. effroyer= to frighten. 
(Scotch.) Affrightedly. (Rudd.) 

Af front , *a-frount', v. t. & i. [O. Fr. affronter; 
Fr. affr outer =(\) to face, (2) to affront; Sp. 
afrontar- to confront; Port, affrontar, afrontar- 
Ital. affront are =to engage in front, to attack: all 
from Lat. ad- to, and frons, genit. front is-the 
forehead, the front.] [Front.] 

A. Transitive: 

Essential meaning: To meet face to face, to con- 

|f Trench considers affront to have originally 
meant to strike on the face. Wedgwood and many 
■others think it was to meet face to face. 


1. To do so without its being implied that such 
an encounter is a hostile one. 

“ For we have closely sent for Hamlet hither; 

That he, as ’twere by accident, may here 
Affront Ophelia.”— Shakesp..- Hamlet, iii. 1. 

2. To do so with the implied meaning that the 
encounter is hostile. 

(a) Of individuals: 

“He highly leapt out of his place of rest, 

And rushing forth into the empty field, 

Against Cambello fiercely him addrest, 

Who him affronting soone to fight was ready prest.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV., iii. 22. 

(b) Of armies: To confront in a hostile manner, 
to engage in a battle with. 

“Skilfull captaines, inarraunging their battailes, place 
first in the vantguard thicke and strong squadrons to 
affront the eneinie.”— Holland: Ammianus Marcellinus, 
b. xiv. 

(c) Fig. Of anything wholly immaterial: To 
confront, to defy 

“I have affronted death.”— Byron: Manfred, ii. 2. 

“. . . Yea, often placed 
Within his sanctuary itself their shrines, 
Abominations ; and with cursed things 
His holy rites and solemn feasts profan’d, 

And with their darkness durst affront his light.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

3. To insult one to the f:\ce by language or de¬ 
meanor. 

“. . . that a man who was knewn not to have signed 

ran considerable risk of being publicly affronted .”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

IF In this sense the omnipresent God may be the 
object of affront 

“ The air of insolence affronts your God, 

You need his pardon and provoke his rod.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

4. Colloquially. In a looser sense: To slight one, 
either in his presence or in his absence. 

“. . . that his Majesty would never have been so 
grossly affronted abroad if he had not first been affronted 
at home.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

B. Intransitive: To offer an insult to. 

IF In the example there is probably an ellipsis to 
be supplied, in which case the verb would become 
transitive. 

“Your preparation can affront no less 
Than what you hear of; come more, for more you’re 
ready.”— Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 3. 

af-front', s. [From the verb. In Fr. affront; Sp. 
afrenta; Port, affronta; Ital. affronto. ] 

*1. An encounter face to face. 

(a) Not hostile. 

“Only, sir, this I must caution you of, in your affront 
or salute, never to move your hat.”— Green: T. Q., O. PL, 
vii. 25. 

(b) Hostile: An attack. 

“But he met with no other affront from Apollyon quite 
through this valley.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim's Progress, pt. i. 

IF On affront: Face to face. (MS. Ashmole.) 
(Halliwell.) 

f2. Chiefly Scotch: The disgrace or shame result¬ 
ing from defeat. 

“Antonius attacked the pirates of Crete, and by his too 
great presumption was defeated; upon the sense of which 
affront he died with grief.”— Arbuthnot: Coins. 

3. Disrespect offered to the face; contumacious 
treatment by word or demeanor; an insult, or 
something which, falling short of insult, is still 
fitted to stir up resentment. 

“He had been apprehensive that the common people, 
who during his absence had given so many proofs of their 
aversion to Popery, would offer him some affront ."— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

IF In this sense the word may be used of God or 
His worship. 

“. . . oft have they violated 

The temple, oft the law, with foul affronts, 
Abominations rather, as did once. 

Antiochus.”— Milton: P. /■’.. bk. iii. 

4. Colloquially: Slight disrespect offered to one, 
either in his presence or in his absence. 

af-fron-tee. [Fr.] 

As a substantive: One who re¬ 
ceives an affront. 

Heraldry: 

1. With the forehead or face 
toward one. 

2. Face to face, as contradis¬ 
tinguished from back to back. 

[See Addorsed.] 

IF In this latter sense confron- 
tfe, or the phrase “ confronting 
one another,” is more frequently 
employed. 

3. Standing at gaze. 

af-front'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Affront, v.] 

“. . . who shows favor to the few men of letters who 

deserve it inflicts on the many the miseries of dis¬ 
appointed hope, of affronted pride, of jealousy cruel as 
the grave.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 



Affront6e. 


*af-front'-ed-ljf, adv. [Affronted.] Insult¬ 
ingly. 

“His majesty hath observed that ever since his coming 
to the crown the popular sort of lawyers have been the 
men that most affrontedly in all Parliaments have t rodder 
upon his prerogative.”— Bacon. 

*af-front'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. affronted.'] “Grea 
impudence.” (Skinner.) 
af-front-er, s. [Affront.] One who affronts, 
af-front'-ing, pr. par. [Affront.] 
af frSnt Ing ly, adv. [Affronting.] In 
manner calculated to affront. 

af-front -ive, a. [Eng. affront.] Involving af¬ 
front, calculated to affront, offensive. 

“How much more affrontive is it to despise mercy 
ruling by the golden sceptre of pardon than by the iron 
rod of a penal law.”— South: Serm. on Restoration. 

af-front'-ive-ness, s. [Affrontive.] The qual¬ 
ity of being fitted to affront. (Ash.) 
aff -set, s. [Scotch aff = off ; Eng. set.] 

1. The act of putting away, dismission. 

2. An excuse, a pretense. 

“ But words, I winna langer using be, 

Nor will sic offsets do the turn with me.” 

Ross.- Ilelenore, p. 85. 

faff -side, s. [Scotch aff = off, and Eng. side.] 
The farther side of any object. 

faff-ta'-kln, s. [Scotch aff — off; takin = tak¬ 
ing.] The habit of taking off, or exposing others to 
ridicule. ( Jamieson: Suppl.) 

*af-fund , v. t. [Lat. affundo — to pour on; ad 
= to, and fundo = to pour.] To pour on. 

taf-fu §e, v. t. [From Lat. affusus, pa. par. of 
affundo = to pour on: ad =to, and fundo = to 
pour.] To pour upon. 

“ I first aff used water on the compressed beans till the 
tube seemed wholly full.”— Boyle: Works, iv. 568. 

*af-fu §ed, pa. par. & a. [Affuse.] 

As adjective: 

“I poured acid liquors to try if they contained any 
volatile salt or spirit, which would probably have discov¬ 
ered itself by making an ebullition with the affused 
liquor.”— Boyle. 

af-fu-§Ing, pr. par. [Affuse.] 
af-fu-§ion, s. [Affuse.] 

1. Gen.: The act of pouring upon, the state of 
being poured upon. 

“Upon the affusion of a tincture of galls it imme¬ 
diately became as black as ink.”— Grew: Musceum. 

2. Med.: The pouring of water upon the body as a 
remedial agent in disease. 

*af-fy’, *af-fle', *A-fye’, *a-fy glie (gh mute), 
v. t. & i. [Fr. affier.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To affiance, to betroth. 

“ And wedded be thou to the hags of hell 
For daring to affy a mighty lord 
Unto the daughter of a worthless king, 

Having neither subject, wealth, nor diadem.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry VI., pt. ii., iv. 1. 

2. To bind, to unite, to join, to ally. 

“ . . . so that personal respects rather seem to affle 
me unto that synod [Dort].’— Montagu: Appeal to Caesar. 

II. Intransitive: To trust, to confide in. 

“ Marcus Andronicus, so I do affy 
In thy uprightness and integrity, . . . 

That I will here dismiss my ioving friends.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, i. 1. 

*af-fy -aunce, s. [Affiance.] 

Af -ghan (h mute), adj. & s. 

As adjective: Belonging to the country Afghan¬ 
istan. 

As substantive ; A native of Afghanistan, 
af'-ghan (h mute), s. A kind of bright colored 
carriage robe. 

9 ,-field', adv. [Eng. a; field.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To the field. 

“We drove a-field.” — Milton: Lycidas. 

2. In the field. 

“And little lads with pipes of corn, 

Sat keeping beasts a-field.” 

Old Ballads, i. 332. ( Todd .) 

II. Fig.: Extensively abroad. 

“. . . but the words of a First Minister of the English 
Crown fly too easily afield.”—Times, March 25, 1876. 

*9-fIl e (1) v. [ A. S. afylan = to foul, to defile.] 
To defile. 

“Alas ! heo saide, y nere y-spilled ! 

For men me clepeith quene afiled.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 1,064. 

*9-fIl e (2), v.t. [Fr. affiler— to sharpen.] To file. 
1. Lit.: To file. 


b<JIl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, tbis; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, ~-tian = shan- -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zbun. -tious, -cious. -sious = shiis. -ble : -die, &o. = b$l, d#L 










afiled 


100 


afoue 


2. Fig.: To polish. 

“ He must preche and well afile liis tongue.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 714. 

* 9 .-fIled' (1 ),pa. par. [Afile (1).] 

* 9 .-fIled (2), *a-fr-lld, pa. par. [Afile (2).] 
*a-find', *a-f Ind e (pa. par. afounde ), v.t. [A.S. 
afindan— to find.] To find. 

“ And tho the Sarsenes afounde 
Her lord was slayn.”— Octavian , 1659. 

* 9 ,-fIn'e ( 1 ), * 9 -fyn', adv. or a. [Fr.^n^fine.] 
In perfection. 

“ Till grapes be ripe and well a-fine.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 3,690. 

“ Mete and drynk they had afyn: 

pyement, clare, and Keynysche wyn.” 

Launjal, 343. 

*g,-flne (2), *g,-fyn', adv. [A. S. a=on; Fr .fin— 
the end, from Lat.ymis^end.J In fine. 

* 9 ,-fIng-ret, *g,-fyng -red, a. [Old form of 
a-lmngered, from A. S. ofhungren=to hunger; 
hungrig— hungry.] Hungry, a-hungered. 

“ A vox gon out of the wode go 
Afingret so, that him wes wo 
He nes nevere in none wise 
Afingret evour half so swithe.” 

Of the Vox and of the Wolf (reign of 
Edw. I.). ( Reliq. Antiq., ii. 272.) 

9 ,-fire, adv. [Eng, a; fire.] 

1. Lit.: Burning. 

“ Yet give us our despatch: 

X am hush’d until our city be afire, 

And then I’ll speak a little.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, v. 3. 

2. Fig.: Inflamed by passion. 

“ This Jason young, the more she gan desere 
To look on him, so was she set a-fire 
With his beauty and his semelyness.” 

Lydgate: Tale of Princes, ch. 6. 

* 3 ,-fTve, adv . [Eng. <x=at or on; five.'] Into five 
pieces. 

“ Sir Gii to him gan to drive 
That his spere brast a-five.” 

Gy of Warwike, p. 395. 

* 3 ,-fla’me, v. i. [Eng. a=on; flame (q. v.).] To 
flame. 

* 9 --fla-ming, pr. par. & a. [Aflame.] 

“. . . the aflaming fire.”— Appendix to W. Mapes, 

d 291. 

9 ,-flat', adv. [Eng. a—on\flat.] Flat, level with 
the ground. 

“. . . take a low tree and bow it, and lay all his 

branches aflat upon the ground.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., 
Cent. V., § 426. 

9 ,-flaunt', adv. [Eng. a=on-, flaunt.] Dressed 
or equipped in a showy manner. 

“ He sayled all a flaunt.” 

Herring: Tale, 1598. ( Halliwell .) 

“ A merie gentleman, seeing a gallant that was bound 
for the Indies walk the streets, his hat all aflaunt, and 
befeathered with all kinds of colored plumes, said . . .” 
— Copley: Wits, Fits, and Fancies (1614), p. 29. 

* 9 ,-flee' (pret. afled ), v. i. [A. S. fleon, flion— to 
tlee.] To flee, to escape. 

“ He shoke his eares 
And from grete feares 
He thought hym well aflee.” 

Sir Thos. More: Workes (1567). 

* 9 ,-£Ight', *af-flyght’e (gh mute), v. [A. N.] To 
he afraid, to be troubled. [Afflict.] 

“ Tho was the boy afflyght 
And dorst not speke.”— Octavian, 19L 
9 ,-flo'at, adv. [Eng. a= on; float.'] 

I. Literally: 

Ord. Lang. <£ Naut.: Floating, not aground or 
anchored. 

“ There are generally several hundred loads of timber 
afloat.” — Addison: Italy. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. On the surface, not sinking in grief or adversity. 
“Your shallowest help will hold me up afloat, 

Whilst he upon your soundless deep doth ride.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, 80. 

“ My heart, I thank God, is still afloat; my spirits shall 
not sink with the ship, nor go an inch lower.”— Howell: 
Letters, iv. 39. 

2. Moving, in place of being at rest. (Used of per¬ 
sons who have embarked upon an enterprise, or of 
things driven in some direction or other by causes 
external to themselves.) 

“ On such a full sea are we now afloat, 

And we must take the current when it serves, 

Or lose our ventures.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, iv. 2. 
f3. Uncontrolled, unguarded. 

“ Take any passion of the soul of man while it is pre¬ 
dominant and afloat . . .”— South: Sermons, iii. 333. 


9,-flocht', 9,-flought’ ( ch and gh soft guttural), 
pa. par. [Scotch form of afflict (q. v.).] [Flocht.] 
Agitated, in a flutter. (Scotch.) 

“A1 this day and nicht bygone my mynd and body is 
aflocht, specially sen I hard ther innocent men sa cruelly 
tormentit.”— Bellenden: Cron., bk. ix., ch. 29. 

*9,-fldg -en, pa. par. [A. S. flogen, pa. par. of 
fleogan— (l) to fly, as a bird; (2) to flee.] Flown. 

“ And were aflogen grete and smalle, 

And eke the amerel.” 

MS. Ashmole. ( Halliwell .) 

*9,-flb're, adv. [A. S. a=on ; flor,flore=&oor.] On 
the floor. (MS. Cantab.) (Halliwell.) 

*9,-flyght'e (gh mute), v. i. [Aflight.] 

*a-f6’, v. t. [Afonge.] 

*9,-foild', pa. par. [Afoile.] 

*9,-foil e (pa. par. afoild),v.t. [A. N.] To foil, 
to cast down. 

“A1 to michel thou art afoild, 

Now the blod it is acoild.” 

Gy of Warwike, p. 20. 

*9,-fond e, v. t. [A. S. afandian , afandigean=to 
prove, to try.] To prove, to try. 

“And nys non ned wyth foule handlynge. 

Other other afondeth.” — W. de Shoreliam. 

* 9 ^-fonge', *af-fong', *g,-fenge, *a-fo', v. t. 

[A. S. afon—to receive ; afcmgen and afeng =received, 
and cifehth = receives.] To take, to receive, to 
undertake. 

“And such myght wan yt so ys, then myght ther thorn 
afonge, 

That thou myght perauntre Rome Wynne ar come 
o’ght longe.”— Robt. Glouc. ( Hearne, ed. 1724, i. 9i.) 
“For nought that y might afo. 

Y nil betray therl, Tirri.” 

Gy of Warioike, p. 199. 

t 9 ,-foot’, *a,-fpot e, *a,-fo te, * 9 .-fote, *a-vo te, 
*9,-U0te, adv. [Eng. a=on; foot; A. S. fot, fet.] 

I. Lit.: On foot ; not on horseback, or in a vehicle. 
“ And many knew him, and ran afoot thither .”—Mark 

vi. 33. 

“It felle they foughten both afote.” 

Gower MS. ( Halliwell .) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of persons: In motion, having commenced to 
execute, or at least to plan an enterprise. 

“Kent. Of Albany and Cornwall’s powers you heard not? 
Gent. ’Tis so, they are afoot.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 3. 

2. Of things: In action. 

“ The matter being afoot.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iv. 5. 
t9--fore’ (Eng. & Scotch), * 9 ,-f or-en,. *a,-for’- 
yene, *a-fbrn e, *aforn' (Eng.), prep. & adv. 
[A. S. cet=at; fore.] The same as Before, which 
has now almost entirely supplanted it in ordinary 
use. 

A. Ms a preposition: 

I. Of place: Before, in front of, as opposed to be¬ 
hind, or in the rear. 

1. Generally: 

“ The yonder house that stant aforyene vs.” 

Chaucer: Troil., bk. ii. 

2. Nautical. Afore the mast: Before the mast. 

II. Of time: Before, earlier than. 

“For afore the harvest, when the bud is perfect ...” 
— Isa. xviii. 5. 

III. Figuratively: 

1. In presence of. 

“ Afore God I speak simply.” 

B. Jonson: Every Man out of his Humor, ii. 3. 

2. Under the notice of. 

“Notwithstanding all the dangers I laid afore you.” 

It. Jonson: Silent Woman, iii. 5. 

3. Prior to in time; superior to in nature or in 
dignity. 

“And in this Trinity none is afore or after other.”— 

Athanasian Creed. 

B. As an adverb: 

I. Of place: 

1. In front, in the fore part. 

“Her lockes that loathlie were and hoarie gray 
Grew all afore, and loosely hong unrold.” 

Spenser: F. Q., H., iv. 4. 

2. Before, in front, preceding the rest. 

“ iEmilia, run you to the citadel, 

And tell my lord and lady what hath hap’d: 

Will you go on afore?” — Shakesp.: Othello, v. 1. 

II. Of time: Before, anteriorly to, sooner than, in 
time past. 

“But it will be past sunset afore I get back frae the 
Captain’s . . .’’—Scott: Waverley, ch. lxvii. 

III. Fig.: Rather than. 

“. . . Afore I’ll 
Endure the tyranny of such a tongue 
And such a pride.”— B. Jonson: Magn. Lady. 


C. In composition: 

If In some cases afore is separated from the word 
in conjunction with it by a hyphen; in others the 
hyphen has disappeared. 

t 9 .-fore’-g 6 -ing, particip. adj. [Eng. afore; go¬ 
ing.] Going before. 

“All other nouns ending in -less do follow the general 
rule aforegoing.” — Lilly: Grammar. 

*3,-fbre'-hand, adv. & a. [Eng. afore; suff. 
hand.] 

1. As adverb: Beforehand, by a previous pro¬ 
vision. 

“. . . she is come aforehand to anoint my body to 
the burying.”— Mark xiv. 8. 

2. As adjective: Provided, prepared, previously 
fitted, ready. 

“For it will be said that in the former times whereof 
we have spoken, Spain was not so mighty as now it is; 
and England, on the other side, was more aforehand in 
all matters of power.”— Bacon: Consid. on War with 
Spain. 

t9--fore -men-tioned, particip. adj. [Eng. afore’, 1 
mentioned.] Before-mentioned. 

“ Now they were come to the place where the afore¬ 
mentioned battle was fought.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Prog¬ 
ress, pt. ii. 

*9,-f or -en, prep. & adv. [Afoee.] 
a-fore'-named, particip. adj. [Eng. afore; 
named.] Before-named. 

“ Imitate something of circular form, in which, as in 
all other aforenamed proportions, you shall help yourself 
by the diameter.”— Peacham on Drawing. 

aforesaid (a-for-sed), particip. adj. [Eng. 

afore; said.] Said before. 

“ It need not go for repetition, if we resume again 
that which we said in the aforesaid experiment.”— 
Bacon: Natural History, § 771. 

aforethought (9,-for-that), particip. adj. 
[Eng. afore; thought.] Thought before, entertained 
in the mind before, premeditated. Used especially 
in the legal phrase, “malice aforethought,” the 
existence or absence of which is inquired into when 
one persou takes another’s life. If the one kills the 
other from malice aforethought, then the crime is 
murder. If malice aforethought is absent, it is but 
homicide or manslaughter. 

a-fore-time, *a-fore'-tyme, adv.& s. [O. Eng. 
afore; Eng. time.] 

1. As adverb: Beforetime, at a former time, pre¬ 
viously. 

“Thus saith the Lord God, My people went down afore¬ 
time in to Egypt to sojourn there.”— Isa. liii. 4. 

2. As substantive: The previous period. 

“ . . . fills up the blank of the aforetime in a manner 
at once plausible and impressive.”— Grote: Hist, of Greece, 
pt. i., ch. i. 

*9-f orn', *9,-fbrn'e, prep. & adv. [Afoee.] Be¬ 
fore. 

*aforne-caste, a. [O. Eng. aforne= before; and 
caste= a cast or throw, as in the word forecaste.] 
Premeditated. 

“ By high imaginacion aforne-caste 
On a night thorghe the hoggis sky hee brast.” 

XJrry’s Chaucer, p. 171. 

*a-for'-nande, adv. Beforehand. (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*a- forse', *af-forse', adv. [Affoece.] 
*9.-forthe', v. t. [Affokd.] 

“And yaf him mete as he myghte aforthe.” 

Piers Plowman, p. 129. 

*9.-forthe', v. i. [Afford.] 

“And here and there, as that my litille wit 
Aforthe may eek thinke I translate hit.” 

Occleve MS. 

a fortiori (a for-she-or -I), prep, governing adj • 
[Lat. = from the stronger, i. e., by so much stronger 
reason.] 

. Logic & Math.: An argument derived from what 
is stronger; an argument more potent than that 
which has just before been employed. When in 
Euolid it is reasoned, e. g., that much more then is 
the angle b d c greater than the angle BCD, the 
use of the words much more implies that the a 
fortiori argument is used. 

. 9 --for'-ward, adv. [Eng .a;forward.] In front, 
madvance. 

“ Mid thre hondred knyghtes, a duk, that het Siward, 
Assailede Corineus hymself a-forward.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p 17. 

*a-fbr -yene, prep. & adv. [Afoee.] 

*9.-fo'te, adv. [Afoot.] 

*9'-fou e, s. [Avow.] Avowal. 

“Jake seyde, Y make afoue, 

Y am as reddy as thow.” 

The Frere t£ the Boy, 66. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce - e;* ey = a. qu^kw' 




afoul 

9,-foUl', a. & adv. [A. S. aful=a fault; afulad , 
afulod— putrefied; pa. par. of afulian= to putrefy, 
to become foul or corrupt ;/ui=foul, dirty, guilty, 
convicted.] Foul; fouled, as when the oars in a 
boat-race become entangled. 

*9-found', pa.par. [Afind.] 

*9-found’-rit, pa. par., as if from the verb 
afoundre or afounder. [Founder.] 

“He was ner afoundrit, and coud none othir help.” 

Urry’s Chaucer, p. 599. 

*J1- four', prep. & adv. Old form of Over (q. v.). 

a-fraid', *af-frayed', *a-fray-et, pa.par.&adj. 
[Properly the pa. par. of the verb to affray and has 
no close connection with afeared. From Fr. ef- 
frayer, formerly affraier=to terrify.] (See Trench, 
English Past and Present , pp. 87, 180.) Impressed 
with fear, terrified. (Followed by of, or rarely by 
at, prefixed to the object of dread.) 

“The freson was afrayet and ferd of that fere.” 

Robson: Romances, p. 15. 

“And Saul was yet the more afraid, of David.”—1 Sam. 
xviii. 29. 

“. . . and Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of 
David.”—1 Sam. xxi. 1. 

*9-fraye', s. [Affray.] Affright, fear. ( Prompt. 
Parv., p. 175.) 

*a-fray’-$t, pa.par, [Afraid.] 
af’-reet, s. [Afrit.] 

a-fresh', adv. [Eng. a; fresh.] Again, anew, 
freshly. 

“For it came now afresh again into their minds how 
but a while ago he had slain old Grim Bloody-man, the 
giant, and had delivered them from the lions.”— Bunyan: 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

9 ,-fret', pa. par. & a. [A. N.] Fretted, placed 
crosswise. [Fret.] 

As past participle: 

“For round environ her crounet 
Was full of riche stonis afret.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 3,204. 

*9-fret'-ie, v. t. To devour. 

“The fend ou afretie 
With fleis ant with felle.” 

Wright: Pol. Songs, p. 240. 
*a-freyn'e, v. t. [Affrayne.] 

Af-rlfj-an, Af-ric, a. & s. TLat. Africanus, fr. 
Africa, generally reckoned by the Romans the third 
division of the ancient world, and now universally 
regarded as one of the great “ quarters ” or con¬ 
tinents of the globe.] 

I. As adjective: Pertaining to Africa. 

1. Eng. Hist. The African Company: A company 
which, under a charter of Ohas. II., obtained the 
exclusive right of trading with Africa from the 
Port of Sallee to the Cape of Good Hope. Its priv¬ 
ileges were abolished by 1 & 2 Geo. IV., c. 28, its 
forts and castles were made over to the Crown, and 
trade to Western Africa thrown open. 

2. Botany: 

The African Almond: The English name of the 
genus Brabejum. It belongs to the Proteaceae. 

The African Flea-bane: The English name of the 
genus Tarchonanthus. It belongs to the Com¬ 
posites. 

African Hemp: A fibre prepared from the leaves 
of Sanseviera Zeylanica, a member of the Lily or¬ 
der, extensively distributed through tropical Africa 
and India. 

The African Lily: The English name of the lili¬ 
aceous genus Agapanthus. 

The African Lote: Zizyphus lotus, a fruit-bear¬ 
ing plant of the order Rhamnaceas. 

The African Marigold: Tagetes erecta, one of the 
Composites, which, though called African, really 
comes from Mexico. 

African Teak: A valuable wood for ship-building, 
the produce of Oldfieldia Africana, Bth., a tree be¬ 
longing to the order Euphorbiaceae, or Spurge- 
worts. 

3. Zoology: The African elephant ( Elephas Afric¬ 
anus). [Elephant.] 

II. As substantive: A native of Africa, or a per¬ 
son, wherever bom, who belongs ethnologically to 
one of the African races. 

Af -rlc-an-l§m, s. A word or idiom or custom 
used exclusively by natives of Africa or by members 
of some African race. 

Af-ric-an ize, v. t. To place under negro or Af- 
i lean domination. 

af-rlt, af-reet, ef-reet, s. [Arabic.] 
Mahommedan Myth.: A particular kind of demon. 

“ Go—and with Goals and Afrits rave, 

Till these in horror shrink away.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

Af-r6. In compos.: Pertaining to Africa, from 
Africa. 


101 

Afro-American, a. &s. 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to persons of th* 
African race in America, or to Americans of African 
descent. 

“Austin, Ten, Feb. 25.—Today Governor Culberson 
wrote President Cleveland a letter asking him to recom¬ 
mend federal aid by congress to the Afro-American expo¬ 
sition, which is to be held in Houston, Tex., in 1898. 

This exposition will be an international affair, and is 
the first general assemblage of negroes in thiB country.” 
— Chicago Evening Journal, Feb. 25, 1897. 

2. As substantive : A person of the African race, 
or ot African descent, residing in America. The 
name has only recently come into use, but is popu¬ 
lar among those to whom it applies. 

Afro-Phenician, a Of mingled African and 

Phenician descent. 

“ A numerous half-casto population sprung from inter¬ 
marriages between the Carthaginians and the native Af¬ 
ricans. This mixed race was known by the name of 
Liby- or Afro-Phenicians.”—Arnold: Hist, ot Rome, ch. 
xxii. 

*a-frount', v. t. [Affront.] 

*A-fryghte, 9 -frIghte {gh mut e), pa. par. or a. 
Frightened. 

As a past participle: 

“ He behilde gif the hinde euel hurt were 
And fonde sche nas but afright for fere of that dint.” 

William of Palerne, 2,784. 

aft (1), *afte, adv. & a., and in compos. [A. S. 
aft, eft= after, again, behind, afterward,] 

I. As adverb <& adjective: 

Naut. : Toward or at the hinder part of a ship; 
toward or at the stern of a vessel; abaft. 

“ Seeking King 01 af then, 

He rushes aft with his men.” 

Longfellow: Saga of King Olaf xxi. 

IT In several parts of England the word aft is used 
not in a nautical sense, but as an ordinary term, 
signifying behind. (Halliwell .) 

Fore and aft : 

1. Naut. : Adv. & adj. : At the former and hinder 
parts of a vessel; toward the bow and toward the 
stern of a ship. 

“Though the flying sea-spray drenches 
Fore and aft the rowers’ benches.” 

Longfellow: Saga of King Olaf, xi. 

2. Ord. Lana. Adj. : Pertaining to the parts of 
anything which lie at or near its two extremities. 

“ . . . the fore and aft extent of the premolars.”— 
Owen: Classif. of Mammalia, p. 86. 

*11. As adjective: Foolish (?) ( Halliwell.) 

“Hit nis bot trewth, I wend, an afte, 

For te sette nego in eni crafte.” 

Wright: Polit. Songs, p. 210. 

III. In composition: 

1. After; behind in place. 

2. After; late in time. 

*aft-meal, *aft-meale, s. A late meal. 

“ Indeede, quoth he, I keepe an ordinary, 

Eightpence a meal who there doth sup or dyne, 
And dyse and cardes are but an accessarye: 

At aft-meales who shall paye for the wine?” 

Thynne: Debate, p. 49. 

*aft-ward, a. & adv. [Eng. aft ; ward. In A. S. 
cefterwcerd= after, back, late, latter, full. ( Lit.— 
toward the aft.)] Aft, to the hinder part. 

aft (2), adv. [Different spelling of Oft (q. v.).] 
Oft, often. {Percy.) 

af -ten, adv. [Different spelling of Often (q. v.).] 
Often. {Scotch.) 

“ Aften I have young sportive gilpies seen.” 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 322. 

af'-ter, *af'-tir, *af-tyr, prep., adv.,adj., s., v., 
& in conipos. [Properly the comparative of aft. 
From A. S. cefter= after, next, second, new, last. In 
Sw. efter; O. Sw. after; Dan. efter & agter; Dut. 
agters; Goth, aftra.] 

A. As preposition: 

I. Of place : Behind, as opposed to before. 

1. Placed behind. 

“Sometimes I placed a third prism after a second, and 
sometimes also a fourth after a third; by all which the 
image might be often refracted sideways.” — Newton: 
Op tics. 

2. Following in place. (Used of persons or things 
in motion.) 

(a) In a general sense: 

“So Samuel turned again after Saul.”—1 Sam. xv. 31. 

(b) Spec.: In pursuit of. 

“ After whom is the king of Israel come out? after whom 
dost thou pursue? after a dead dog, after a flea.”—1 Sam. 
xxiv. 14. 

II. Of time : Subsequent to, posterior to in time 
or in date. 

“And it came to pass on the second Sabbath after the 
first . . .”— Luke vi. 1. 


after-application 


he f 


“Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and 
) shall sit upon my throne in my stead/’—1 Kings i. 30. 


III. Figuratively: 

1. According to. 

(a) As far as relates to, in relation to. 

“Of the sons of Issachar after their families . . .•*— 
Numb. xxvi. 23. 

( b) In conformity with a model; in imitation of; 
as influenced by. 

“. . . all the silver vessels weighed two thousand and 
four hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary.” 
— Numb. vii. 85. 

“This allusion is after the Oriental manner: thus in 
the Psalms, how frequently are persons compared to 
cedars.”— Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, Notes. 

2. Later than in time; inferior to in nature or in 
dignity. 

“And in this Trinity none is afore or after other.”— 

Athanasian,Creed. 

3. Colloquially: Respecting, regarding, as “He 
asked after you.” 

1[ After all, adv.: When everything has been 
taken into account; when everything has been re¬ 
vealed ; when everything has been done, when there 
remains nothing more to be added; at last; in fine, 
in conclusion, upon the whole, at most. 

“ But, after oil, if they have any merit, it is to be attri¬ 
buted to some good old authors, whose works T study.”— 
Pope on Pastoral Poetry. 

After ane, adv. {Scotch.) {Lit.=alter one.) 

Alike. {Jamieson.) 

“ A’ my time that’s yet bygane 
She’s fixt my lot maist after ane.” 

Cocks: Simple Strains, p. 69. 

B. As adverb: 

fl. Behind in place; following another. 

“ Let go thy hold when a great wheel runs down a hill, 
lest it break thy neck with following it; but the great one 
that goes upward, let him draw thee after.” — Shakesp.: 
King Lear, ii. 4. 

2. Later in time, afterward. 

“And Moses verily was faithful in all his house, as a 
servant, for a testimony of those things which were to be 
spoken after.” — Heb. iii. 5. 

C. As adjective: 

1. Behind in place. 

(a) Generally: As in the expression, “the after- 
part of anything.” 

( b) Naut.: Pertaining to what is more aft, i. 3, 
further toward the stern of the vessel. 

2. Subsequent in point of time. 

][ In these two senses often connected by a 
hyphen with the substantive which follows it, so as 
to form a compound word. (See P.) 

D. As substantive: 

“Religion, Providence, an after’s tale.-’ 

Young: Night Tho >■ Us, A 

E. fAs verb: 

Colloquially: To follow, as “ after them,” i. e. 
“ follow them.” In all such cases there is, no 
doubt, originally an ellipse of some such verb as 
go, after still remaining really a preposition. [Cf. 
On.] 

“ril after him, and see the event of this.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. 

F. In composition. When constituting the first 
part of a compound word it is often an adjective, 
meaning subsequent, and the word of which it con¬ 
stitutes a part may be a substantive, a verb, a 
participle, or an adjective. 

after-acceptation, s. [Eng. after: acceptation .] 
An acceptation or signification (of a word) ad¬ 
mitted not at the outset, but subsequently. 

“’Tis true, some doctors in a scantier space, 

I mean in each apart, contract the place; 

Some, who to greater length extend the line, 

The church’s after-acceptation join.” 

Dry den: Hind and Panther. 

after-account, s. [Eng. after; account.] X 
reckoning made subsequently. 

“The slavish fears which the dread of an after-aceount 
raised in the minds of these they [the atheists] call cred¬ 
ulous and believing men.”— Killingbeck: Serm., p. 165. 

after-act, s. [Eng. after; act.] 

“After-acts of sobriety.”— Ld. Berkeley: Hist. App 
cations, p. 76. 

after-age, s. [Eng. after; age.] An age not yet 
come, a subsequent age. (Generally in the plural.) 

“. . . what after-age could exceed the lust of the 

Sodomites, the idolatry and tyranny of the Egyptians, 
the feeble levity of the Greeks?”— South: Sermons, vii. 299. 

“What an opinion will after-ages entertain of their re¬ 
ligion, who bid fair for a gibbet, to bring in a superstition 
which their forefathers perished in flames to keep out?” 
— Addison. 

after-application, s. [Eng. after; application.] 
Subsequent application. 

“ From the after-application we meet with both of the 
symbol and character of Pan in the mythological agee 
. . .”— Coventry: Phil. Conv., 4. 


bfiil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?L 




after-attack 102 aftermath 


after-attack, s. [Eng. after; attack.'] A sub¬ 
sequent attack. 

“ Locke afforded no ground for the after-attacks of envy 
and folly by any fanciful hypothesis .”—Warburton to 
Hurd , p. 283. 

after-band, s. [Eng. after; bard.] A band 
formed subsequently. 

“But, if death 

Binds us with afterbands , what profits, then, 

Our inward freedom?”— Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

after-bearing, s. [Eng. after; bearing.] Usual 
or ordinary product or a plant. (Lit. & fig.) 

‘The fig-tree denoteth the synagogue and rulers of the 
Jews, whom God having peculiarly cultivated, singularly- 
blessed and cherished, he expected from them no ordi¬ 
nary show or customary fructification, but an earliness 
in good works, a precocious or continued fructification, 
and was not content with after-bearing .”— Sir T. Browne: 
Tracts, p. 75. 

after-birth, ^after-burthen, s. [Eng. after, 
and birth. ] 

Phys.: The membrane in which the foetus is en¬ 
veloped, which is after birth brought away; the 
secundine. 

“ The exorbitances or degenerations, whether from a 
hurt in labor, or from part of the afterbirth left behind, 
produce such virulent distempers of the blood, as make it 
east out a tumor.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

after-call, s. [Eng. after; call.] A call coming 
subsequently. Spec., a call for retribution arising 
subsequently to the commission of a sin or crime. 

“. . . Hence an aftercall 
For chastisement, and custody, and bonds, 

And ofttimes death, avenger of the past, 

And the sole guardian in whose hands we dare.” 

Wo7'dsworth: Excursion , bk. ix. 

after-carnage, s. [Eng. after; carnage.] Car¬ 
nage too often perpetuated by victors in a battle or 
siege after the enemy has been overpowered. 

“ But the rampart is won, and the spoil begun, 

And all but the after-carnage done.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 25. 

after-caste, *aftir-caste, s. [Eng. after; O. 
Eng. aftir; O. Eng. caste— cast.] 

1. Lit.: A throw at dice after the game is finished, 
and too late, of course, to produce any result. 

2. Fig.: Anything done too late to be of use. 

“Thus ever he playeth an aftercaste 
Of alle that he schalle say or do.” 

Gower MS. (Halliwell.) 

after-clap, s. [Eng. after; clap.] An unpleas¬ 
ant occurrence which makes a noise after a disa¬ 
greeable affair was supposed to have come to a ter¬ 
mination. (Usually in a bad sense. (Eng. & 
Scotch.) Referring sometimes to the claps that 
come at the end of a thunderstorm. Used also as a 
slang term by contractors when speaking of the ex- 
tras that have to be paid for above and beyond the 
original contract price. 

“For the next morrow’s meed they closely went 
For fear of afterclaps to prevent.” 

Spencer: Hub. Tale. 

“ Let that man who can, be so far taken and transported 
with the present pleasing offers of a temptation as to over¬ 
look those dreadful after claps which usually bring up the 
zear of it. . . . ”— South: Serm., vi. 227. 

after-come, aftereome, s. [Eng. & Scotch 
after; come.] Consequence. 

“ And how are ye to stand the aftereome ? There wil4 be 
a black reckoning with you some day.”— Brownie of Bods - 
beck, ii. 9. 

after-comer (Eng.), after-cummer, after- 

cummer (Scotch), s. [Eng. & Scotch after; Eng. 
comer; Scotch cummer. ] A successor. 

“ As neither predecessors nor ourselves can keepe, ywis, 
nor after-comers shall observe the same.”— Turbervile: 
Mantuan. 

“That he and all his aftercummers may break the 
Bamen, as a pledge and taiken of our goodwill and kind¬ 
ness for his trew worthiness.”— Lett. Jas., V. (1542). 
(Nisbet’s Heraldry, i. 97.) 

after-comfort, s. [Eng. after; comfort .] 

“Which may their after-comforts breed.” 

B. Jonson: Masques at Court. 

after-conduct, s. [Eng. after; conduct.] Sub¬ 
sequent conduct. 

“It will appear from the after-conduct of the chief 
priests themselves that they were conscious that the story 
was false.”— Sherlock: Trial of the Witnesses of the Resur¬ 
rection, p. 49. 

after-conviction, s. [Eng. after; conviction.] A 
conviction or belief arising subsequently. 

“These first and early aversions to the government 
which these shall infuse into the minds of children, will 
be too strong for the clearest after-convictions which can 
pass upon them when they are men.”— South: Sermons, 
v. 46. 

after-COSt, s. [Eng. after* cost.] Cost arising 
after all the charges connected with a more or less 
expensive operation had been supposed to be met. 

“You must take care to carry off the land-floods and 
Streams, before you attempt draining; lest your aftercost 
and labor prove unsuccessful.”— Mortimer: Husb. 


after-course, s. [Eng. after; course .] Subse¬ 
quent course; future course. 

“ Who would imagine that Diogenes, who in his younger 
days was a falsifier of money, should, in the aftercourse 
of his life, be so great a contemner of metal?”— Brown: 
Christ. Mor., vi. 2. 

after-crop, s. [En g. after; crop.] A second crop 
in the same year as the first. 

“ Aftercrops I think neither good for the land, nor yet 
the hay good for the cattle.”— Mortimer: Husb. 

after-damp, s. [En g. after; damp.] 

Among coal miners: A term used to designate the 
gas which abounds in coal mines just after the 
“fire-damp,” or carbureted hydrogen, has ex¬ 
ploded. It consists chiefly of carbonic dioxide or 
carbon dioxide, formerly called carbonic acid gas 
(C0 2 ). 

“ The fatal ‘ afterdamp * of the coal mines contains a 
large proportion of carbon dioxide.”— Fownes: Manual of 
Chem ., 10th ed., p. 175. 

after-days, s. pi. [Eng. after; days.] 

“ But after days my friend must do thee right, 

And set thy virtues in unenvyed light.” 

Congreve to Sir Godfrey Kneller. 

“ It grows to guerdon after days.” 

Tennyson : Works (1872), vol. i., p. 267. 

after-dinner, s. & adj. [Eng. after; dinner.] 

1. As substantive: The time just after dinner. 

“ Thou hast nor youth nor age, 

But, as it were, an after-dinner 9 s sleep, 
Dreaming on both.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 

2. As adjective: Occurring after dinner, and per¬ 
haps modified by the fact that dinner has taken 
place; post-prandial. 

“ It seems in after-dinner talk, 

Across the walnuts and the wine.” 

Tennyson: The Miller 9 s Daughter. 

after-divulger, s. TEng. after; divulger.] One 
who subsequently divulges anything. 

after-eatage, s. [Eng. after; eatage.] Part of 
the increase of the same year; aftermath. 

“The aftermowth or after-eatage are undoubtedly part 
of the increase of that same year.”— Burn : Eccl. Law. 

after-endeavor, s. [Eng. after; endeavor.] An 
endeavor made after a previous one. 

“There is no reason why the sound of a pipe should 
leave tr&c^ in their brains ; which not first, but by their 
after-enaeavors, should produce the like sounds.”— Locke. 

after-enquiry, s. [Eng. after; enquiry.] En¬ 
quiry made after an act or occurrence.. 

“You must either be directed by some that take upon 
them to know, or to take upon yourself that which, I am 
sure, you do not know, or jump the after-enquiry on your 
own peril.”— Shakesp. : Cymbeline, v. 4. 

after-eye, v. t. [Eng. after; eye.] To eye one 
afterward. 

“ As little as a crow, or less, ere left 
Te aftereye him.” 

Shakesp. : Cymbeline , i. 4. 
after-game, s. [Eng. after; game.] 

1. Gen.: A game played subsequently to another 
one. 

“Our first design, my friend, has prov’d abortive; 

Still there remains an aftergame to play.” 

Addison: Cato. 

2. Spec.. Aftergam.e at Irish: A particular game 
formerly in vogue with gamblers. [See Devil’s Law 
Case (1623) ; Compleat Gamester (1707).] 

“What cursed accident was this? what mischievous 
stars have the managing of my fortune? Here’s a turn 
with all my heart like an aftergame at Irish.” — Etherege: 
Comical Revenge (1669). 

af-ter-gang, v. t. [Eng. after , and gang=go.] 
To follow. (Scotch.) 

“With great hamstram they thrimled thro’ the thrang, 
And gae a nod to her to aftergang.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 86. 

after-gathering, s. [Eng. after; gathering .] 
Crop gathered after the rest; a gleaning. 

“I have not reaped so great a harvest, nor gathered so 
plentiful a vintage out of their works and writings, but 
that many gleanings and after-gatherings remain behind 
for such as have more idle hours than myself.”— World 
of Wonders, i. 9. 

after-grass, s. [Eng. after; grass.] The grass 
which springs up after a first crop has been mowed 
that year in the same field. 

after-growth, s. [Eng. after; groivth.] A growth 
taking place after another one. (Lit. Sc fig.) 

“ . . . the greater become the obstacles to repairing 
them, arising from the aftergrowth which would have to 
be torn up or broken through.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ ., 
bk. ii., ch. ii., § 2. 

after-guard, s. [Eng. after; guard.] 

Naut.: The seamen stationed on the pot p of a 
ship to attend to the after sails. 


*after-hand, s. A future laborer; one of a com* 
ing generation. 

“Whence afterhands may move the world.” 

Tennyson: Princess , iii. 246. 

af-ter-hend, *af-tlr-hend, adv. [A. S. after— 
after, and Ae<ma=hence. (Jamieson.).] Afterward. 
(Scotch.) 

after-help, s. [Eng. after; help.] Help given 
subsequently. 

“ For other afterhelps, the want of intention in the 
priest may frustrate the mass of the prerogative of 
virtue.”— Sir E. Sandys: State of Religion. 

after-hope, s. [Eng. after; hope.] Subsequent 
hope. 

“ A splendent sun shall never set, 

But here shine fixed, to affright 
All afterhopes of following night.” 

Ben Jonson: Entertainments . 

after-hours, s. pi. [Eng. after; hours.] Hours 
subsequent to those in which any specified deed is 
done or occurrence takes place. 

“ Men shall deal unadvisedly sometimes, 

Which afterhours give leisure to repent.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. 4. 

after-ignorance, s. [Eng. after; ignorance .} 
Subsequent ignorance. 

“ Many rude souls there were whose after-ignorance 
makes them almost unworthie of their first infusion.” 
— Stafford: Niobe, ii. 3. 

a,f‘-ter-ihgs(Eng.andScotch), af'-t’rins (Scotch), 
s. pi. [Eng. after.] The last milk taken from a 
cow’s milkings; strokings. (English.) (Grose j 

IT In Scotch this form occurs: 

“ Stane still stands hawkie, he her neck does claw, 

Till she’ll frae her the massy affrins draw.” 

Morison: Poems , p. 186. 

after-inquiry, s. [After-enquiry.] 

*after-kindred, *after-kinrede, s. [En g. after; 

kindred. *kinrede.] Distant kindred. 

“ Yet, nathelesse, your kindrede is but after-kinrede , 
for they ben but litell sibbe to you, and the kinne of your 
enemies ben nie sibbe to hem.”— Urry’s Chaucer , p. 153. 

after-king, s. [Eng. after; king.] A subse¬ 
quent king. 

“ The glory of Nineveh and the increase of the empire 
was the work of afterkings .”— Shuckford: Sacred and 
Profane Hist., i. 199. 

after-law, s. [Eng. after; law.] A subsequent 
law, whether or not it is designed to have a retro¬ 
spective influence. 

after-life, s. [Eng. after; life.] 

1. The subsequent portion of one’s earthly life. 

“. . . brought up from childhood in habits of lux* 

ury which they will not have the means of indulging in 
afterlife.” — J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. ii., ch. ii., § 3. 

2. The life after this one; the future state of 
existence. 

“ Like the Tartars give their wives 
With settlements for after-lives.” 

Butler: Remains. 

after-liver, s. [Eng. after; liver.] One who 
lives in subsequent times. 

“ By thee my promise sent 
Unto myself, let after-livers know.” 

Sidney: Bk. ii. 

after-living, s. [Eng. after; living.] The state 
of living subsequently to any specific time or event. 

“ I have some speech with you 

That may concern your after Jiving well.* 

Beaumont dr Fletcher: Maid f s Tragedy, iii. L 

after-long, *after-longe, adv. [Eng. after; 
long.) Long after. 

“ And afterlonge he lyved withouten stryfe. 

Till he went from his mortal 1 lyfe.” 

Reliq. Antiq., i. 47. 

after-loss, s. [Eng. after; Zoss.] A loss sustained 
after, and possibly in consequence of, a previous 
one. 

“ And do not drop in for an afterloss .” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets , xe. 

after-love, s. [Eng. after; love.] Love arising 
subsequently; the second or later love. 

“ Boling. To win thy afterlove I pardon thee.” 

Shakesp.: King Richard III., v. 3. 

after-malice, s. [Eng. after; malice .] Malice 
arising subsequently. (Dryden.) 

after-math, after-mowth, s. [Eng. after; math 
or mowth=a mowing.] [Math.] A second crop of 
grass mown in the same year as the first. [Rowen.] 

“ After one crop of corn is taken off the ground in har¬ 
vest before seed-time is come, for winter-grain, the grass 
will be so high grown that a man may cut it down and 
have a plentiful aftermath for hay.”— Holland: Trans, of 
Pliny, i. 506. 


‘ Of meadow smooth from aftermath we reach’d 
The griffin-guarded gates.” 

Tennyson: Audley Court. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, \inite, cur, rule, full: trv Syrian, se, ce - e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





after-meeting 


103 


again 


after-meeting, s. [Eng. after; meeting. \ A 
meeting held subsequently. 

“ ... it remains 

As the main point of this our after-meeting .” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 2. 

«tf - ter-most, a - [Eng. after; and the superlative 
most. (Lit.=the most after.) In A. S ceftermest, 
ceftermyst.] 

Naut.: Nearest to the stern. The opposite of 
Foremost. 


“ I ordered the two foremost and the two aftermost guns 
to be thrown overboard.”— Hawksworth: Voyages. 


after-mowth. [Aetekmath.] 
after-night, s., adi. & adv. [Eng. after; night.] 
After nightfall. (Colloquial in America.) 


af -ter-noon, s. [Eng .after; noon.] The period 
of the day between twelve o’clock (noon) and the 
evening. 


“ And they tarried until afternoon , and they did eat, 
both of them.”— Judg. xix. 8. 


“ He arrived there on the afternoon of Sunday, the 16th 
of December.”— Macaulay: Mist. Eng., ch. x. 

after-pains, s. pi. [Eng. after; pains.] The 
pains which follow childbirth, and are caused by 
the efforts of the womb to expel all foreign contents. 

“The afterpains mark the final efforts of active con¬ 
traction.’ —Todd & Bowman: Phypiol. Anat., i. 193. 

after-part, s. [Eng. after; part.] 

1. Generally: 

“The flexibleness of the former part of a man’s age, 
not yet grown up to be headstrong, makes it more govern¬ 
able and safe ; and, in the afterpart, reason and foresight 
begin a little to take place, and mind a man of his safety 
and improvement.”— Locke. 


2. Naut. : The part of a ship toward the stern. 

« after-piece, s. [Eng. after;piece.] A piece acted 
after a play. It is generally of lighter character 
than that which preceded it. 


“Eight and twenty nights it [the West Indian ] went 
without the buttress of an afterpiece.” — Mem. of R. Cum¬ 
berland, i. 296. 

after-proof, s. [ Eng. after ; proof.] 

1. Evidence obtained after an assertion has been 
made. 

_ 2. Evidence of one’s character obtained after ac¬ 
tion has been taken in one’s case. 


“All know that he likewise at first was much under the 
expectation of his afterproof, such a solar influence there 
is in the solar aspect.”— Wotton. 

after-reckoning, s. [Eng. after; reckoning.] 
Subsequent reckoning. 

“ In Parliament the power of obtaining their object is 
absolute, and the safety of the proceeding perfect — no 
rules to confine, no after-reckonings to terrify.”— Buckley: 
Works, ii. 291. 

after-repentance, s. [Eng .after; repentance.] 
Subsequent repentance. 

“Presuming upon impunity, through the interposals of 
an after-repentance.” — South: Sermons, ix. 163 

after-report, s. [Eng. after; report.] Report or 
rumor arising subsequently, or at least not heard 
of by the parties concerned till afterward; subse¬ 
quent report, information obtained afterward. 

“Isitof any moment whether the soul of man comes 
into the world with carnal notions, or whether it comes 
bare and receives all from the after-reports of sense?”— 
South: Serm., ix. 26. 

after-rottenness, s. [Eng. after; rottenness.] 
Future rottenness. 

“ Palliated remedies, such as by skinning over her [the 
Ohurch of England’s] wounds for the present (though 
probably not so much as that neither), will be sure to 
cnre them into an after-rottenness anti suppuration.”— 
South: Serm., vi. 39. 

after-sails, s. pi. [Eng. after ; sads.] 

Naut. : All sails on or abaft the main-mast. 


after-sermon, s. [Eng. after; sermon.] A ser¬ 
mon delivered subsequently. 

“But because our great Lawgiver repeated also other 
parts of the decalogue in his after-sermons.”—Jeremy Tay¬ 
lor on the Decalogue: Works, ed. 1839, vol. iii., p. 6. 

after-silence, s. [Eng. after; silence.] Silence 
succeeding to noise and tumult. 

“It is not in the storm nor in the strife 

We feel benumb’d, and wish to be no more, 

But in the after-silence on the shore 
When all is lost, except a little life.” 

Byron: Lines on Hearing that Lady Byron was III. 
after-stage, s. [Eng. after; stage.] A subse¬ 
quent stage. 

after-state, s. [Eng. after; state.] Subsequent 
state. (Used especially of the state of man after 
death.) 

“To give an account of the afterstate of the more de¬ 
generate and yet descending souls, some fancy a very odd 
hypothesis.”— Glanville: Pre-existence of Souls, ch. 14. 


after-sting, s. [Eng .after; sting.] 

“Mixed are our joys, and transient are their date, 

Nor can reflection bring them back again, 

Yet brings an aftersting to every pain.” 

Ld. Hervey: Epistles. 

after-storm, s. [Eng. after; storm.] 

“Your calmness does not afterstorms provide, 

Nor seeming patience mortal anger hide.” 

Dryden: Cor. of K. Ch., 91. 

after-supper, s. [Eng. after; supper.] The 
period between supper and bedtime. 

“. . . What masques, what dances shall we have 
To wear away this long age of three hours. 

Between our a,fter-supper and bedtime ?” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night?s Dream, v. 1. 

after-swarm, s. [Eng. after; swarm.] A swarm 
of bees leaving the hive after the first swarm. 

after-taste, s. [Eng. after ; taste.] The taste 
which lingers in tlie mouth after the substance 
which caused it has been withdrawn or swallowed. 
According to the observations of Horn, this is some¬ 
times of a complementary character, for while the 
aftertaste of most substances is bitter, that of tan¬ 
nin, itself an exceedingly bitter substance, is sweet. 
(See Todd <£ Bowman's Physiol. Anat., vol. i., 1845, 
p. 448.) 

*after-think, v. i. [Eng. after; think.] To re¬ 
pent. ( Wycliffe.) 

after-thought (af-ter-that), s. [Eng. after; 
thought.] A thought which did not occur to one at 
the time when the matter to which it referred was 
under consideration. 

“. . . this afterthought was made the subject of a 

separate negotiation.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii., 
pt. i., § 17. 

after-thrift, s. [Eng. after ; thrift.] Thrift 
coming too late. 

“ Sad waste ! for which no afterthrift atones, 

The grave admits no cure for guilt or sin.” 
Cowper: Stanzas subjoined to Bill of Mortality (1788). 

af-ter-tlme, *af-tir-tlme, s. [Eng. after ; 
time.] Futurity. 

“Direct against which open’d from beneath, 

Just o’er the blissful seat of Paradise, 

A passage down to the earth, a passage wide, 
Wider by far than that of after-times, 

Over Mount Sion, and, though that were large, 
Over the Promised Land, to God so dear.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iii. 

“What record, or what relic of my lord 
Should be to aftertime, but empty breath.” 

Tennyson: Morte d’ Arthur. 

after-tossing, s. [Eng. after ; tossing.] The 
swell which continues for some time after a storm 
at sea. 

“ Confusions and tumults are only the impotent remains 
of an unnatural rebellion; and are no more than the 
after-tossing of a sea, when the storm is laid.”— Addison: 
Freeholder. 

after-undertaker, s. [Eng. after; undertaker.] 

“According to their model, all after-undertakers are to 
build.”— Dryden. 

af-ter ward, af-ter-wards, *af-tir-ward, 
*af-tyr-ward, adv. [A. S. cefterweard, after- 
weardes, ceftewearde, cefteiverd.] Subsequently; 
some time after a specified event. 

IT Of the twenty-four passages in which, accord¬ 
ing to Cruden’s Concordance , this word is found in 
the English translation of the Bible, the form after¬ 
ward occurs in fifteen, and afterwards in nine; 
afterward is almost exclusively employed. The 
form aftyrward is in Prompt. Parv. 

“ And sone aftirward he lay stoon stille.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,768. 

“ Assemblid ben, his answer for to hiere; 

And afterward this knight was bode appiere, 

To every wight comaundid was silence.” 

Ibid., 6,611-13. 

“ . . . afterward shalt thou be gathered unto thy 

people.”— Numb. xxxi. 2. 

“ ... afterwards he will let you go hence.”— 

Exod. xi. 1. 

after-wise, a. [Eng. after ; wise.] Wise after 
the event, but too late to be of use for the occasion 
in connection with which the wisdom was required. 

“ These are such as we may call the ajterwise, who when 
any project fails, foresaw all the inconveniences that 
would arise from it, though they kept their thoughts to 
themselves.”— Addison. 

after-wit, s. [Eng. after; wit.] Wit in the 
sense of wisdom, which comes after the event which 
it is designed to affect. 

“ There is no recalling of what is gone and past, so that 
afterwit comes too late when the mischief is done.”— 
L’ Estrange. 

*after-witness, s. [Eng. after; witness.] A wit¬ 
ness arising after a trial; a record of an event 
after the latter has long gone by. 

“Oft have I writ, and often to the flame 
Condemned this after-witness of my shame.” 

Lord Hervey: Epistles. 


*after-witted, a. [Eng. after; witted.] 

1. Wise after the event had taken place, and not 
till then. 

2. Uncircumspect, inconsiderate, heady, rash. 
“Our fashions of eating make us slothful and unlikely 

to labor and study, . . . after-witted (as we call it), 

uncircumspect, inconsiderate, heady, rash.”— Tyndal: Ex- 
posit. of Matt. vi. ( Trench.) 

after-wrath, s. [Eng. after; wrath.] Wrath 
arising not at the time, but after reflection on an 
insult or injury, which seemed at the time light, 
has shown its enormity. 

“I hear him mock 

The luck of Caesar: which the gods give men, 

T’ excuse their afterwrath.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 
after-writer, s. [Eng. after; writer.] A suc¬ 
ceeding writer. ( Shuckford.) 

after-years, s. pi. [Eng. after; years.] A ears 
succeeding those previously referred to; future 
years. 

“The impetuosity of his [Faraday’s] character was 
then unchastened by the discipline to which it was sub¬ 
jected in afteryears.” — Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., 
xii. 355. 

*after-yerne, v. t. [Eng. after; *yer?w?=yeam.] 
To yearn after, to 16ng after. 

“ God grauntes us noghte ay that we for pray, for he 
wille gyfe us better thenne we afteryerne — MS. Lincoln- 
( Halliwell .) 

If The compounds of .After are indefinite in num¬ 
ber. In addition to those given above, there are 
After-beauty ( Tennyson: Princess, iv.), After¬ 
fame {Gladstone: Studies on Homer, i. 68), After¬ 
history {Ibid., iii. 2), *After-send {Spenser: F. Q., 
I. v. 10) , and others. 

*af-tin, adv. [Often.] 

*af -tir, prep. & adv. [After.] 
af-ton-Ite, s. [Corrupted form of Aphthonttb 
( q. v.).] A mineral, called also Aphthonite. 

*af-tyr, prep. & adv. [After.] 

*aftyr-part, s. The croup of an animal; the 
hinder part of a ship. {Prompt. Parv.) 

*a-ful-len, v. t. [Fell.] To cast down, to fell 
*a-fiire , adv. [Afire.] 

*g,-fiirst', a. [Afforst.] Athirst. 

‘‘ Afurst score and afyngred.”— P. Plowman, 9,243. 
*afved, pret. [Have.] Had. 

*a-fy e,*g,-fy ghe {gh mute), v. t. [Affy.] 
*a-fyght e {gh mute), v. t. [A. S. afeohtan= to 
win by assault or force; to vanquish by fighting.] 
To tame, to subdue; to reduce by subjection. 

"Delfyns they nymeth, and cokedrill, 

And afyghteth to heore wille.” 

Kyng Alisaunder, 6,583. 
* 3 ,-fyn’ (1), adv. or adj. [Afine (1).] 

*9,-fyn’ (2), adv. [Afine (2).] 
a-ga, s. [In Ger. & Fr. aga , from Pers. ak, aka 
=lord, a title of respect for a person of rank ; Tar¬ 
tar. aha. In A. S. aga is=an owner, and if the Per¬ 
sian ak or aka is Aryan, they are probably con¬ 
nected ; but if the Persian ak or aka is Turanian, 
then the resemblance between the Anglo-Saxon and 
Persian forms is, in all likelihood, only accidental.] 
Among the Turks: A civil or military officer of 
high rank. The title is sometimes given by courtesy 
to persons of distinction, to large landowners, and 
to those officers who occupy a confidential position 
in the Sultan’s seraglio. 

ag-a^el'-l^,, s. [Possibly a is a prep., and gar 
cella may be only a different spelling of Mod. Lat. 
< 7 azetta=gazelle.] 

Her.: Believed to be the gazelle. {Gloss, of Her.) 
*a~gad de, v. i. [Old form of Gad (q. v.).] To 
gad about. 

“ They roune agaddynge, . . . after ther false proph- 
etes.”— Lamentation of a Christian agaynste the Citye of 
London (1545), p. 4. 

*g,-gad'-dynge, pr. par. [Aggade.] 

*a-gad-re, v. t. [Gather.] 

*a-ga -dred, pa. par., as if from a verb aga- 
dre. [Gather.] Gathered. 

a-gain’ (often as if spelled a-g§n'), *a-gayn', 
*a-gayn e, fa-gen', *a-geyn , a-gein' {all Eng.), 
a-gayn', a-gan'e {Scotch), prep. & adv. [A. S. 
agen , agean, ongean , onqen, adv.=again; agen, 
ongean, ongen, prep.=against; fr. gean= opposite, 
against; O. Sw. gen, igen— opposite, again; Dan. 
igien; Ger. dagegen; gegen; Bret, gm^opposite.] 
[Against.] 

H Agen was once common, but is now used only 
in poetry and in various dialects. 

A. As preposition: 

1. Toward. 

“ Till it were ageyn evyn, 

The childerne wold gon horn.” 

Songs and Carols, x. 


bfill, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -ti**" = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, dal. 



againask 


104 


agalma 


2. Against. 

“ Somtyme with the lord of Palatye, 

Ageyn another hethene in Turkye.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Prologue, 65, 66. 

“For what saith Seint Paul? the fleisch coveitith 
xgayn the spirit, and the spirit agayn the fleisch.”— 
Chaucer: The Persones Tale. 

“ Agen that folc of Westsex hii nome and batayle.”— 
R obt. Glouc., p. 240. 

“ With thir agane grete Hercules stude he.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 141, 25. 

B. As adverb: 

I. Of time. 

1. A second time, and no more, noting the repeti¬ 
tion of the same act or occurrence. 

“ To Home agayn repaireth Julius.” 

Chaucer ■ C. T., 16, 181. 

“ But now to purpos let us turne agein.'' 

Ibid., 4,590. 

' If a man die, shall he live again?”—Job xiv. 14. 

“ As if some angel spoke agen, 

All peace on earth, good will to men.” 

Scott: Marmion, Introduction to canto i. 

IT Agen, agen: An exclamation noting impa¬ 
tience. 

“Agen, agen! Yil no wan give me credit?” 

Chapman: Revenge tor Honor (1654). 

Again and again: Repeatedly, frequently, often. 

“ This is not to be obtained by one or two hasty read¬ 
ings; it must be repeated again and again, with a close 
attention to the tenor of the discourse.”— Locke. 

2. Besides, in any other time, or in various other 
times, the number not being limited, as in the 
former signification, to two. 

II. Of place: In any other place or places. 

“. . . there is not in the world again such a spring 

and seminary of brave military people as in England, 
Scotland, and Ireland.”— Bacon. 

III. Of quantity or magnitude: Twice as much, 
twice as great. 

“I should not be sorry to see a chorus on a theatre more 
than as large and as deep again as ours, built and adorned 
at a king’s charges.”— Dryden : Dufresnoy. 

IV. Of reaction folloiving on previous action: 
Back. 

Specially: 

1. Noting reaction, or reciprocal action. 

“ To grynde oure corn, and carie it ham ageyn.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,030. 

2. In restitution. 

“When your head did but ake, 

I knit my handkerchief about your brows, 

The best I had : a princess wrought it me j 
And I did never ask it you again.” 

Shakesp. : King John, iv. i. 

3. In return, in recompense. 

’He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the 
Lord, and that which he hath given will he pay him 
again.”—Prov. xix. 17. 

4. In answer to a question with or without antago¬ 
nism to the person or Being who puts it. 

“ Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own mas¬ 
ters, and to please them well in all things; not answer¬ 
ing again.” — Titus ii. 9. 

5. In the sense of bringing back the answer to a 
message. 

“So David’s young men turned their way, and went 
again, and came and told him all those sayings.”—1 Sam , 

xxv. 12. 

“Bring us word again by what way we must go up.”— 
Deut. i. 22. 

V. Of addition to, transition from, or succession 
to: 

T[ The word again may be repeated oftener than 
once to introduce a new quotation or argument, or 
something additional to what has been said or done 
before. 

1. Of addition to or transition from : 

(а) With no opposition or contrariety implied. 

“Again, it is of great consequence to avoid in this 
operation every source of uncertainty.”— Herschel: 
Astron., 5th ed., § 214. 

“ . . . And again, I will be to him a Father, and he 

shall be to me a Son ? And again, when he bringeth in 
the first-begotten into the world, he saith, And let all the 
angels of God worship him.”— Heb. i. 5, 6. 

(б) With such opposition or contrariety implied. 

“Those things that we know not what t do withal if 

we had them, and those things again whic. another can¬ 
not part with but to his own loss and shame.”— L’Estrange; 
Fables. 

2. Of succession: The next in rank, importance, 
or dignity. 

“Question was asked of Demosthenes, What was the 
chief part of an orator ? He answered, Action. What 
next? Action. What next, againt Action.”— Bacon: 
Essays. 


C. In composition. Again, in composition, may 
be a preposition=against, as againsay = to say or 
speak against. Or it may be, as it generally is, an 
adverb—again, as againbuy=to buy again, to re¬ 
deem. If its numerous obsolete compounds were 
arranged according to the precise spelling of again 
in the individual example given to illustrate them, 
some would require to figure under again, others 
under aaen , or agane. or agayn. It has been 
thought better to bring them together, and to effect 
this the form again has been assumed to exist in all 
cases, that actually found being placed after it. 

*again-ask, *ayen-aske, v. t. To ask again or 
back. 

*again-beget, *ayen-biget, v. t. To bear or 
bring forth again. 

*again-bite, *ayenbyte, s. Remorse. 

“This boc that het Ayenbyte of inwyt.”— Ayenbyte, p. 1. 

*again-buy, *agen-buy, v. t. [Eng., again; 
buy.) To buy again, to redeem. 

“We hopeden that he should have agen-bought Israel.” 
— Wickliffe: Luke xxiv. 21. 

*again-buyer, *agayn-byer, s. [Eng. again; 
buyer.] One who buys again; the Redeemer. 
( Prompt. Parv. i. 7.) 

*again-buying, *ageyn-byinge, s. [Eng. again; 
buying .] Redemption. (Prompt. Parv. i. 7.) 

♦again-coming, *agayne-commynge, s. [Eng. 
again; coming.] Coming again, return. (MS. Lin¬ 
coln.) (Halliwell.) 

*again-rising, *agen-rising, s. [Eng. again; 
rising .] Resurrection. 

“ And he was before ordained the Sone of God in vertu, 
by the spirit of halowing of the agen-rising of deede men.’ 
— Wycliffe: Rom. i. 4. 

*again-say, *agen-saye, *agen-seye, v. t. 
[Eng. again= against; say.] To gainsay. 

*again-say, *agayn-say, *agen-say, *agen- 
saye, *agen-seye ( all O. Eng.), *agane-say (O. 
Scotch), v. t. [Eng. again: say.] 

1. To gainsay, to contradict. 

If Now shortened into Gainsay (q. v.). 

“ . . . all you cannot justly agaynsay, nor yet truly 
deny.”— Hall: Henry VI., f. 96. 

“ For I shall give to you mouth and wisdom, to which 
all your adversaries schulen not mowe agenstande and 
agenseye.” — Wycliffe: Luke xxi. 15. 

2. To recall. (Scotch.) 

“. . . . revoke and agane say.” — Aberd. Reg. (1538), 

v. 16. 

*again-say, *agayn-say, *again-saying, 
♦agayn-sayyng, s. [From the verb.] Gainsaying, 
contradiction. 

“ They grauntyd hym hys askyng 
Withouten more agaynsayyng.” 

Richard Cceur de Lion, 600. 

*again-stand, *agayne-stand, *agen-stand, 
v.t. [Eng. again; stand.) To stand against, to 
withstand. (See example from Wycliffe, under 
Againsay.) 

♦again-standans, pr. par. [Againstand.] (MS. 
Bod!.) (Halliwell.) 

*again-ward, *agayn-warde, *agein-ward, 
♦agen ward, adv. [Eng. again; ward=toward.J 

1. Lit.: In an opposite direction. 

“And pray’d, as he was turned fro 
He would him turn againward thro’.” 

Gower: Confessio Amantis, bk. i. 

2. Fig.: On the other hand, on the contrary, com 
trariwise. 

“Not yeldinge yuel for yuel, neither cursyng for curs- 
yng, but agenward blessynge.”— Wicliffe: 1 Pet. iii. 9. 

a-gainst' (usually pronounced a-genst), *a- 
gaynst’e, *a-gains', *a-gayns', *a-geins , *a- 
gens', *a gein', prep. [A. S. togeanes, togenes— 
toward, to, against, in the way. Dut. tegenes= 
against; jegens= toward. Ger. entegen= toward, to¬ 
wards; dagegen= against; greaen.=toward, towards. 
Closely akin to Again (q. v.).] 

A. Of place: 

*1. Toward, not implying that the motion is being 
or will be continued till an actual collision takes 
place. 

To ride against the king or queen: To meet the 
king or queen. 

“And preveth hir for to ride agein the queene. 

The honour of his regne to susteene.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,811-12. 

2. With contrary motion to, continued sufficiently 
long to produce an actual collision, or tend to do so. 
(Used of two bodies or persons, one or both of them 
in motion. In the case of persons, hostility is often 
in fact implied, but this is not necessarily the case.) 

“Such a force is called into play when one body strikes 
against another.”— Atkinson: Ganot’s Physics, § 54. 

3. Upon, so as to obtain support from, as, “He was 
leaning against a tree.” 


4. Simply opposite to. (Used of bodies or places, 
both of which may be at rest, and neither of which 
may in any way be supported by the other.) 

“And the children of Israel rose up in the morning 
and encamped against Gibeah.”— Judy. xx. 19. 

In this sense it is very generally preceded by 
over. 

“And they arrived at the country of the Gadarenea, 
which is over against Galilee.”— Luke viii. 26. 

B, Of time : Until, so as to be waiting or ready. 

“. . . and am persuaded that he is able to keep that 
which I have committed unto him against that day.”— 
2 Tim. i. 12. 

C. More or less figuratively: 

I. With a person or persons as the object: 

1. In opposition to, in conscious or unconscious 
hostility to. 

“He that is not with me is against me.”— Matt. xii. 30. 

2. Adverse to, detrimental to, injurious to. 

“Me have ye bereaved of my children; Joseph is not, 
and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin away; all 
these things are against me.”— Gen. xlii. 36. 

II. With a thing for the object: 

1. With pronounced and conscious opposition, in 
contradiction to. 

“But they might with equal justice point to exploded 
boilers as an argument against the use of steam.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed.., vii. 130. 

2 In contrariety to, contrarily to, inconsistently 
with, not implying an overt act to give that antag¬ 
onism effect or place it on record. 

“Which is agens your lawes reverence?” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,975. 

“. . . he scrupled not to eat 
Against his better knowledge.” 

Milton, P. L., bk. ix. 

3. As a set-off against. (Used of a negative quan¬ 
tity as balanced by a positive one, or vice versd.) 

“Against the fall of Mons might well be set off the 
taking of Athlone, the victory of Aghrim, the surrender 
of Limerick, and the pacification of Ireland.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

If Formerly, again was frequently used for 
against. [Again.] 

*<j,-gait', adv. [A.S. gat, geat— agate; Icel. grata 
=a way, road.] 

1. On the way, or road. 

“A strength thar was on the watir off Cre 
W’ith in a roch, rycht stalwart wrocht off tre; 

Agait befor mycht no man to it wyn.” 

Wallace, vi. 802. MSS. (Jamieson.) 

2. Astir. (Jamieson: Suppl.) 

♦a-gait'-ward, a-gait'-wg,ird, adv. [In Scotch 

agate; ward.) 

1. Literally. Of the body : On the road. 

“The haill tounsmen of Edinr. past on fote agaitward 
that day.”— Belhaven MS., Moysey Mem. James VI., fol. 41. 
(Jamieson, Suppl.) 

2. Figuratively. Of the mind: In a direction 
toward. 

“Efter he had be thir meanis and many utheres brocht 
me agaitward to his intent.”— Instruction. (Keith: Hist.. 
p. 391.) 

a'-gal, s. A shortened form of Agallochum 
( q. v.). 

agal-wood, agila-wood, eagle-wood, s. The 

wood of A.loexylon agallochum, Aquilaria ovata, 
and A. agallocha or agallochum. [Agalloch. 
Agila, Eagle-avood.] 

ag-a-lac -tl-a, s. [Gr. agalaktia, fr. aaalaktos 
^without milk: a, priv., and grata-milk.] 

Med. : The absence of milk after childbirth. 

ag-al -ax-y, s. [Gr. agalaxia.] The same as 
Agalactia (q. v.). 

Med. : The absence of milk after childbirth. 

a-gal-loch, si-gar-loch-um, a-gll-loch-um, 
s. (ch guttural). [Gr. agallochon—the bitter aloe: 
agallomai=to glory; agalli)=to make glorious. Or 
perhaps it came from aghil, karaghil, kalagara, 
the names of the agallochs in the East Indies, 
their native country. In Hebrew the terms are 
ahalim, aheloth, which also look like the native 
Indian term a little changed.] [Aloes-wood, Lign 
Aloes.] A dark, fragrant, resinous, inflammable 
substance, once supposed to be produced by the 
Exccecaria agallocha, a Euphorbiaceous plant, but 
which is now known to come from two species of 
the Aquilariads—the Aquilaria ovata and the A. 
agallochum. It is the inside of the trunk of those 
trees. Some Asiatic nations consider it as cordial, 
and it has been used in Europe as a remedy incases 
of gout and rheumatism. (Lindley : Vegetable 
Kingd.) 

^“gal'-mqi, s. [Gr. agalma— (1) a delight, (2) r 
pleasing gift, (3) a statue in honor of a god, (4, 
any statue or picture, (5) ail image: agallomai=to 
take delight.] 

Law : The impression or image of anything upon 
a seal. (Cowel.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 





agalmatolite 

ag-al-mat'-ol-Ite, s. [In Ger. agalmatolith; fr. 
Gr. agalma (q y.); lithos -a stone.] 

Mineralogy: 

1. A variety of Pinite, but with much more silica 
in its composition. Its hardness is 2 to 2"25; its sp. 


105 

tion, or affection at least instinctive rather than 
founded on reason, see Trench's Synonymes of the 
New Testament, pp. 43-49.)] 

Church History: “ A love-feast * a kind of feast 
held by the primitive Christians u connection with 


gr. about 2'8. It is usually greenish-gray, brownish, the administration of the sacred communion, 
or yellowish. It is found in China, the specimens Either before or after the Lord’s Supper—it is not 
from which have been called Pagodite (q. v.). It is completely decided which—the Christians sat down 
found also in Transylvania, Saxony. Oncosin, Oosite, to a feast provided by the richer members, but to 
and gongylite are sub-varieties. which all, however poor, who belonged to the 

*2. A name formerly given to some Chinese speci- Church, were invited. As piety declined, the 
mens of Pyrophyllite. Agapce began to cause scandal, and finally they 

3. A name formerly given to some Chinese speci- were condemned by the Council of Laodicea and 
mens of talc. the 3d of Carthage, in the fourth century, and by 

*4. A synonym of Biharite (q. v.). that of Orleans in A. D. 541. It was, however, 

ae-'-n-mfl « rTtw ™ found hard to eradicate them, and finally theCoun- 

Guiana to^one of the snlcms ReM.s) cil in Trull ° - A - D - 692 > launched the penalty of 

Thence it has spread to Jamaica fnd elsewhere.] A excommunication against those who, in defiance of 
eenns of Saurians. thet.vnie.nl nneof the nnh-fnirdlv previous prohibitions, persisted in carrying them on. 


genus of Saurians, the typical one of the sub-family 
Agaminse. The A. colonorum, or spinose agama, is 
common in Egypt. 


Ag- 3 -pem'-on-e, s. [Gr. agape —brotherly love, 
and mone, s. = (l) a staying, abiding, (2) a stopping 
station, from meno =to remain. The abode of love.] 
The name given by the Rev. Henry James Prince, a 
clergyman who seceded from the English Church, to 


tag - 3 -mse, s.pl. [PL fern, of Lat. agamus; fr. 

Gr. agamos —unmarried : a, priv., and gamos— mar- 

rl J?oL: A name given by some authors to cryptogamic a religious society founded on the - principle of a 
ilants. The term denotes that, the union of the community of goods, which he established at Char 

linch, near Taunton, England, in 1845. It once 
.; now 


plants. The term denotes that the union of the 
sexes in them is not merely concealed, as implied in llncn ’. near launton, urngiana, in 1043 . it 
the word Cryptogamia (which see" 1 hnt is non- occupied a good deal of public attention, but 
existent. 

* 3 -gam -bo, a. or adv, [Akimbo.] 


*a-ga me, 3 ,-ga me, adv. [Eng. a=in; game .] 
“ In game,” gamesomely, in jest. 

“I am right glad with you to dwellen here. 

I said but agame I would go, 

I wis graunt mercy nece (qd. he) tho 

Were it agame or no, soth to tell 

Now am I glad, sens that you list to dwell.” 

Chaucer: Troilus, bk. lii. 

ag -a-mi, s. [A South American native name.] 
A bird, called also the Trumpeter from the sound 
which it emits. It is the Psophia crepitans. It be¬ 
longs to the family Gruidee, or Cranes, and the sub¬ 
family Psophinse, or Trumpeters. It is about the 
size of a large fowl, is kept in Guiana, of which it is 
a native, with poultry, which it is said to,defend, 
and shows a strong attachment to the person by 
whom it is fed. 

a-gam'-Ic, a. Produced without sexual union. 

3 -gam - 1 -dse, s. pi. [Agama.] A sub-family of 
Saurians, better called Agaminte (q. v.). 

ag- 3 -m.I-nae, s. pi. [Agama.] A sub-family ; of 
Saurians, one of the two ranked under the family 
Iguankke. It contains the Iguanas of the Old 
World, which differ in the insertion of their teeth 
from the Iguaninae or Iguanas of the New World. 

*ag - 3 m-ist, s. [Gr. auamos=unmarried: a, priv., 
and < 7 a.mos=marriage.J One who is unmarried. 
Spec., one who is theoretically opposed to marriage. 

“And, furthermore, to exhort in like manner those ag- 
amists and willful rejectors of matrimony to take to 


H. J. 
[Aga- 


sexual union. 

ag- 3 -m 6 id, a. [Agama, and Gr. eidos=torm, 
appearance.] Of the form of the Agama; resem¬ 
bling the Agama. 

ag - 3 -mouS, a. [Gr. a^amos^unmarried.] 

*1. Gen.: Unmarried. 

II. Technically: 

fl. Zool.: Of concealed nuptials. 



Ag- 3 -pem-o'-nI- 3 ns, s. 

Church History: Followers of the Rev. 

Prince, and inmates of the Agapemone. 
pemone.] 

ag'- 3 ph-Ite, s. [Named after a naturalist, Ag- 
aphi; suff. -ite.] 

Min.: Conchoidal Turquois (Dana). A variety of 
Calaite (Brit. Mus. Catal.); but Calaite is again 
classed by Dana under Turquois. [Calaiie, Tur¬ 
quois.] 

a -g3r, s. [Eagre, Higre.] 
a -g3r-a'-g3r, a'-g 3 l-a -g 3 l, s. [Ceyloneselocal 
name.] The name of a sea-weed—the Gracilaria 
lichenoides, or Ceylon moss. It is largely used in 
the East for soups and jellies. 

ag'- 3 r-ic, *ag -3r-Ick, s. [In Fr. agaric; Ital., 
Sp., & Port, agaricc; Lat. agaricon, fr. Gr. agaricon 
= a tree-fungus used for tinder, the Boletus igniarius, 
Linn. Said to be from Agaria, a region of Sar- 
matia.] 

I. Botany: 

*1. Gen.: The English name of the fungi belonging 
to the genus Agaricus (q. v.). 

“ She thereat, as one 
That smells a foul-flesh’d agaric in the holt, 

And deems it carrion of some woodland thing.” 

Tennyson: Gareth and Lynette. 

*2. Specially: 

(a) A fungus on the larch. (Gerard.) 

(b) An Assyrian herb. 

. . - II. Pharmacy. What was called the Surgeon's 

themselves lawful wives, and not to resist God s holy ordi- Agaric, or Agaricus chirurgorum, was the Boletus 
nation.”— Fox: Book of Martyrs. (Rich.) irm.in.rimjt. The Anoxic of the oak. or Aaaricus 

ag- 3 -mo-gen'-e-sis, s. Reproduction without 


igniarius. The Agaric of the oak, or Agaricus 
quercus, was also the Boletus igniarius. 


“ There are two excrescences which grow upon trees, 
both of them in the nature of mushrooms: the one the 
Romans call boletus, which groweth upon the roots of 
oaks, and was one of the dainties of their table; the other 
is medicinal, and is called agaric, which groweth upon 
the tops of oaks, though it be affirmed by some that it 
groweth also at the roots.”— Bacon. 

Ill .Min. Agaric mineral: So called from its re¬ 
semblance in color and texture to the Agaricus 
genus of Fungi. A sub-variety of calcite, an ex- 


The molluscan race are divided into two branches, the tensive mineral species, or rather genus, of which 
- the 23d variety of series of sub-varieties described 

by Dana includes those “deposited from calcareous 
springs, streams, or in caverns.” Under this head¬ 
ing five sub-varieties are enumerated, of which the 
Agaric Mineral, called also Rock-milk, is the fourth, 
the others being Stalactites, Stalagmite, Calcsinter, 
and Rock-meal. Agaric mineral is either yellowish 


phanerogamous and the agamous 
Johnston: Introd. to Conchology. 

|2. Bot.: Pertaining to the 
sometimes called Agama; (q. v.) 
* 3 -gan’, pret. [Go.] Gone, 
ag - 3 -pte, s. pi. [Agape, s.] 


or cryptogamic.”— 
flowerless plants 


-7. „ ^Sn’tb-rie c rflr nnnnc= love an d nntbns or greyish-white. It is soft in texture, dull in lustre, 
w dower meaning lively dmcerS and so that it floats for a short time on water. 

cTn r 11V Arenas oTnlants b Sn/to the It is almost entirely composed of carbonate of lime. 
SriStauSk lEC dfhi In Switzerland it it used to whiten houses, 
callide*. The species are of a blue color. Cul- agar-I-ca-ge-se, s. pi. [Agaricus.] An order 
tivated in America. of plants belonging to the Alliance Fungales. It 

a-ga ue adv. or adj. [Eng. a=on, and gape.] contains the most highly organized species belong- 
Gaping- having the mouth wide open with wonder, ing to the Alliance. It is called also Hymenomy- 
attention, or eager expectation. [Gape.] cetes (q. v.). • 

“ Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape." agar-ig'ff-3, s. [Named from its resemblance to 

Milton: P L ., v. 357. the Agaricus genus of mushrooms.] LAgaricus.J 

,l,k 9 HhorlT.'r ^i°’ of^ZoOphytes contenling wiiat’are called the Mveh- 

WhSfeSiheloyeot aJ, lot &ec. 

tion, but affection founded on reason, implying anci Parkinson seven. „ _ 

respect and reverence. (For an excellent account ag-aric-us, s.; pi. 3g-ar -1-Qi. [Gr . agarikon.) 
of the distinction between agapao= to love, and [Agaric.] A genus of plants, the typical one or tne 
philed, which more generally implies sexual affec- Fungus or Mushro om family, consisting or the spe- 

bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, 

-cian, -tian = sh 3 n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 


agate 

cies which possess a fleshy pil 5 US i or cap, with a 
number of nearly parallel or radiating plates or 
gills on its lower side, bearing spores, the whole be¬ 
ing supported 
upon a more or 
less lengthened 
stalk. More than 
one thousand 
species are 
known. They 
may be sepa¬ 
rated into five 
natural divis¬ 
ions, according 
as the color of 
the spores is 
white, pink, fer¬ 
ruginous, pur- 

& 1 e-brown, or 
ack. There are 
many sub-gen¬ 
era. Some spe- , ,, ... 

cies are poison- Mushrooms (Aganci). 

ous. It is difficult to identify these with the accuracy 
which the importance of the subject demands; but 
the following marks have been given : An agaric is 
poisonous, or at least suspicious, if it has a very 
thin cap compared with the thickness of the gills, 
if the stalk grows from one side of the cap, if the 
gills are of equal length, if the juice is milky, if it 
speedily decays into a dark watery fluid, if the col¬ 
lar round it is like a spider’s web. All these char¬ 
acteristics do not meet in the same individual, but 
the presence of one or more of them is enough to in« 
spire caution. The eatable agarics are the A. cam- 
pestris, or Common Mushroom—that often culti¬ 
vated in gardens; the A. Georgii; the A. pratensis. 
or Fairy-ring Mushroom; the A. personatus, &c. 
The A. canthurellus, piperatus,&c., contain sugary 
matter, considered by Liebig to be mannite. The 
agaric of the olive is poisonous, but pickling and 
subsequent washing render it harmless, as has been 
ascertained by experience in the C6vennes. Simi¬ 
larly, the application of vinegar and salt deprives 
the poisonous A. bulbosus of its noxious qualities; 
but too much caution cannot be used in experiment¬ 
ing upon such dangerous articles of food. A curi¬ 
ous circumstance about some agarics, such as the 
A. Gardneri of Brazil and the A. olearius of the 
south of Europe, is that they are luminous. 

*3-gased, *3-gast', *3-gast’e, *3-gast-ed, 

pa. par. & a. [Aghast.] 

*3-gasp e, v. t. [Old form of Gasp (q. v.).] To 

gasp. 

“ Galba, whom his galantys gard ) for agaspe.” — Skelton: 
Forks, i. 274. 

*3-gast', v. t. [For etym. see Aghast.] To ter¬ 
rify, to appall. 

“ In every place the ugsyme sights I saw ; 

The silence selfe of night agast my sprite.” 

Surrey: Virgile, bk. ii. 

*a-ga'te, adv. [Etym. doubtful; prob. connected 
with A. S. gan= to go, and Eng. gait (q. v.). In 
Scotch and in North of Eng. dialect gaed is=went, 
and gate is=way. Probably a=on ; gate=g oing. Icel. 
aata= a way, road; A. S. geat, gat=a gate, way. 
On-going.] On the way, a-going. [Gait.] 

“ Is it his ‘ motus trepidationis’ that makes him stam¬ 
mer ? I pray you, Memory, set him agate again.”— 
Brewer : Lingua, iii. 6. 

ag- 3 te, *ag'-ath, s. [In Ger. achat, agat: Fr. 
agate; Ital. agata; Lat. achates j Gr. achates.) 

1. Min. : A mineral classed by Dana as one of the 
cryptocrystalline varieties of quartz, some of the 
other minerals falling under the same category be¬ 
ing chalcedony, carnelian, onyx, hornstone, and 
jasper. Phillips, and the earlier school of mineral¬ 
ogists, had made quartz and chalcedony different 
minerals, and placed agate under the latter species. 
The classifications differ but little; for Dana de¬ 
fines agate as a variegated chalcedony. He subdi¬ 
vides agates by their colors into those which are 
banded, those in clouds, and those whose hues are 
due to visible impurities. Under the first category 
is reckoned the eye-agate, and under the third the 
moss-agate, or mocha-stone, and the dendritic 
agate. Other terms sometimes used are ribbon- 
agate, brecciated agate, fortification agate, &c. 
Of these the most familiar is the fortification agate, 
or Scotch pebble, found in amygdaloid, and with 
layers and markings not unlike a fortification. 
Moss-agate does not, as the name would lead one 
to infer, contain moss, the appearance of that form 
of vegetation being produced, in most cases at 
least, by an infiltration of mineral matter. 

“ The agate (or agath) was in old time of great estima¬ 
tion, but now it is in more request. Found it was first in 
Sioilie, neare unto a river called also Achates, but after¬ 
ward in many other places.”— Holland: Plinie, bk. xxxvii., 
c. 10. 

“ And the third row a figure, an agate, and an ame¬ 
thyst.”— Exod. xxviii. 19. 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-Sion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d?l.. 






106 


agate-jasper 


age 


«. Art: An instrument used by those who draw 
gold wire. It is so called because there is .n agate 
m the middle of it. 

3. A name for ruby type. 

agate-jasper, s. [Eng. agate; jasper.1 An agate 
consisting of jasper with veinings and cloudings of 
chalcedony. 

agate-ring, s. A ring with an agate set in it. 
agate-shell, s. The English name of a genus of 
shells—the Achatina of Lamarck (q. v.). 
agate-stone, s. A stone consisting of agate. 

“She is the fairies’ midwife, and she comes 
In shape no bigger than an agate-stone 
On the fore-finger of an alderman.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 4. 

*3,-ga tes, adv. [Scotch a — all; grates = ways. 
All ways.] Everywhere. [Algate.] {Scotch.) 

“ Ye maun ken I was at the shirra’s the day; for I gang 
about agates like the troubled spirit.”— Scott: Antiquary. 

*@,-gath'-er, *a-ga-dre, v. 1. [Old form of 
Gather (q. v.).] To gather. {Skinner, & c.) 

*ag'-$,th-Ts, s. [Gr. agathis = a clue or ball of 
thread, a cluster, so called because the flowers are 
collected in clusters.] 

Bot.: An old genus of plants, now called Dammar A 
(q. v.). 

ag-ath-is'-te-ga, s. [Gr. agathos = good; stege, 
stegos= a roof, a cover.] D’Orbigny’s name for a 
primary group or order of Rliizopoda. Characters: 
Body consisting of segments wound round about, an 
axis ; chambers similarly arranged, each investing 
half the entire circumference. {Owen: Palceont., 
2d ed., p. 12.) 

ag-ath-6-phyl-lum, s. [Gr. agathos = good; 
and phyllum, Latinized form of Gr. phyllon = a 
leaf.] Madagascar Nutmeg. A genus of aromatic 
trees of the order Laurace*, or laurels. One 
species, the A. aromaticum, furnishes the clove- 
nutmegs of Madagascar. 

ag-hthdi-pcu-eut'-ic, a. [Gr. agathopoied: 
agathos = good; poied — to make or do.] Intended 
to do good; benevolent. 

“ All these trusts might be comprised under some such 
general name as that of agathopoieutic trust.”— Bowring: 
Bentham’s Morals and Legist., ch. xviii., § 54, note. 

ig-ath-6§'-ma, s. [Gr. agathos = good; osme = 
smell.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Rutacese, or Rue-worts. Some species have white 
or purplish flowers. A. pulchella is said to be used 
by the Hottentots to anoint their bodies. 

a-gath'-0t-e§, s. [Gr. agathotes= goodness; fr. 
igathos = good.] A genus of plants of the order 
Gentianaceee, or Gentians. A species, the A. Chi- 
rayta, an annual which grows in the Himalayas, 
has febrifugal qualities, and is sometimes used in 
India when quinine is unprocurable. {Lindley: 
Veg. Kingd., 1847, p. 614.) 

A-gath-rld, pa. par. [Agather.] 

?,-ga -tl, s. [The native name used in India.] A 
genus of papilionaceous plants, of which one spe¬ 
cies, the A. grandiflora, a tree with large white, 
variegated, or red flowers, grows in India. Both 
the flowers and legumes are eaten by the natives. 
The bark is bitter and tonic, and is used in small¬ 
pox, while the juice expressed from the flowers is 
given in defective eyesight. 

ag'-at-Ine, a. [Agate.] Pertaining to agate. 
( Webster.) 

*a-ga'-tls, adv. [Scotch a = all; gatis, i. e., 
gates = ways.] [Agates, Algate.] In every way, 
uniformly. {Scotch.) 

“ That wyrkys nocht ay quhar agatis, 

But gum quhar less, and sum quhar mor.” 

Barbour, iv. 702, MS. {Jamieson.) 
ag'-atize, v. t. [Eng. agat; suff. -ize=to make.] 
To convert into agate, an operation which has not 
unfrequently been carried out in the chemistry of 
nature. 

ag -at-Ized, pa. par. & a. [Agatize.] 
agatized-wood, s. Wood converted into agate, 
but still showing vegetable structure, as, for in¬ 
stance, medullary rays, 
ag -g/t-I-zing, pr.par. [Agatize.] 
ag'-at-jt, a. [Agate.] Of the nature of agate. 

* 1 An agaty flint was above two inches in diameter, the 
whole covered over with a friable cretaceous crust.”— 
Woodward. 

ag'-a-ve, ag-a -ve, s [In Lat. agave; from Gr. 
a( 7 auos=illustrious.] 

I. Classical Mythology: 

1. One of the Nereids. 

2. A daughter of Cadmus, afterward deified. 

“. . . the mythe of Pentheus . . . torn in pieces 
:ry his own mother Agave, at the head of her companions 
m the ceremony, as an intruder upon the feminine rites 
as well as a scoffer at the god.”— Grote: Hist. Greece, 
pt. i., ch. i. 


II. Bot. [In Fr. agave; Sp. & Port, agave A: A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Amaryllida- 
ceee, or Amaryllids. The species have large fleshy 
leaves, with teeth ending in spinous points. From 
the center of a circle of these leaves there rises, as 
the plant approaches maturity, a tall scape of 
flowers. The idea that the agave flowers but once 
in a hundred years is a gardener’s fable; what 
really happens is, 
that the plant 
taking many years 
[ten to seventy it 
is thou g h t) to 
come to maturity, 
flowers but once, 
and then dies. The 
best known spe¬ 
cies is the Agave 
Americana, or 
American Aloe. 

The hard and 
spiny leav e s of 
this fine endogen 
form impene¬ 
trable hedges. The 
fiber is tough 
enough to make 
excellent cordage. Agave. (American Aloe.) 

The expressed juice may be employed as a substi¬ 
tute for soap. It may also be manufactured into a 
liquor like cider. The root is diuretic and anti¬ 
syphilitic. The plant is now cultivated in the south 
of Europe. The A. Mexicana has similar proper¬ 
ties to those of the A. Americana. The A. sapona- 
ria is a powerful detergent, and its roots are used 
as a substitute for soap. 

*3>-gayn', *a-gayne, prep. & adv. [Again.] 

*g,-gayns ',prep. [Against.] 

*a-ga'ze, v. t. [Eng. gaze.] To strike with amaze¬ 
ment. 

tA-ga zed, pa. par. [Agaze.] [See Aghast.] 
“All tlie whole army stood agazed on him.” , 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., pt. i., i. 1. 

-age, in compos. (Lat. -agium) —something added. 
Spec.: An added state; also persons or things in 
that state taken collectively: as baronetage= the 
added state of being a baron; also the baronets 
taken collectively. 

age, s. [Fr. age; Arm. oage; O. Fr. aage, eage, 
edage, eded; Prov. edat, etat; Sp>. edad; Port, idad; 
Ital. eta; Lat. oetatem, accus. of cetas={ 1) time of 
life, age; (2) life in general; (3) a period of time, 
an age; (4) time or duration in general; (5) the 
people who live through any such period. (See 
Wedgwood, &c.) The Lat. ait as was formerly cevitas, 
from cevum, Gr. /Eon ; Sansc. yboga or ytiga=an 
age: whence are Wei. haug= fullness, completeness, 
an age, a space of time; Goth, aiw; Dut. eew.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of organized beings, taken singly: 

1. The whole duration of an organized being who 
or which has a term of existence and then passes 
away. 

“. , . so the whole ape of Jacob was an hundred forty 
and seven years.”— Gen. xlvii. 28. 

2. That portion of the existence of an organized 
being which has already gone by. 

“And straightway the damsel arose, and walked; for 
she was of the age of twelve years.” —Mark v. 42. 

3. The latter part of life ; oldness. 

“And there was one Anna, a prophetess, . . . she 

was of a great age . . .”— Luke ii. 36. 

“Whatever poet, orator, or sage 
May say of it, old age is still old age.” 

Longfellow: Morituri Salutainus. 

4. One of the stages of human life, as the ages of 
infancy, of youth, of manhood, or of womanhood, 
and of decline. [B. 1. Physiol .] 

“And one man in his time plays many parts, 

His acts being seven ages. At first, the infant, 
Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms ; 

And then, the whining school-boy, with his satchel, 
And shining morning face, creeping like snail 
Unwillingly to school: And then, the lover, 

Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad 
Made to his mistress’ eyebrow: Then, a soldier, 

Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, 
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel, 
Seeking the bubble reputation 

Even in the cannon’s mouth: And then, the justice, 
In fair round belly, with good capon lined, 

With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut, 

Full of wise saws and modern instances. 

And so he plays his part: The sixth age shifts 
Into the lean and slipper’d pantaloon ; 

With spectacles on nose, and pouch on side; 

His youthful hose well saved, a world too wide 
For his'shrunk shank: and his big manly voice. 
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes 
And whistles in his sound: Last scene of all. 

That ends this strange eventful history, 

Is second childishness and mere oblivion ; 

Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every thing.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 7. 



5. The time at which man or any other organized 
being reaches maturity. (B., Law.) 

“But strong meat belongeth to them that are of full 
age, . . .”—Heb. v. 14. 

6. The time at which women cease to bear chil¬ 
dren. 

“ Through faith also Sara herseir received strength to 
conceive seed, and was delivered of a child when she was 
past age.” — Heb. xi. 11. 

II. Of organized beings, viewed collectively : 

1. The time required for a generation of mankind 
to pass away. [Generation.] 

2. Those who are contemporaries on the earth at 
a certain time. 

“ Which in other ages was not made known unto the 
sons of men.”— Eph. iii. 5. 

“ Yet I doubt not thro’ the ages one increasing purpose 
runs, 

And the thoughts of men are widen’d with the process 
of the suns.” Tennyson: Locksley Hall. 

III. Of unorganized beings: The time during 
which an unorganized being has existed in the same 
state as the age of the moon, i. e., the time since it 
was new moon. 

“As the moon gains age, . . .”— Herschel: Astron., 

6th ed. (1858 j, §417. 

IV. Of time or duration in general: 

1. A particular period of time marked by certain 
characteristics which distinguish it from others. 
Thus the Greeks and Romans imagined an age of 
gold, an age of silver, an age of brass, and an age of 
iron, Hesiod intercalating also before the fourth of 
these one of heroes. 

“ I venture one remark, however, upon Hesiod’s very 
beautiful account of the Ages. . . . Beginning with 

the Golden, he comes next to the Silver Age, and then to 
Brass. But instead of descending forthwith the fourth 
and last step to the Iron Age, he very singularly retraces 
his steps, and breaks the downward chain by an Age of 
Heroes. . . . After this the scale drops at once to the 

lowest point, the Iron Age . . . the age of sheer 
wickedness and corruption.” — Gladstone: Studies on 
Homer, i. 86. 

[See also B., Archeol.] 

“ Those who compare the age on which their lot has 
fallen with a golden age which exists only in their imag- 
ination may talk of degeneracy and decay.”— Macaulay 
Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

“. . . in the literary age of Rome.”—Lew/is. Early 
Bom. Hist., ch. v., § 13. 

2. A century, one hundred years. 

3. Colloquially: A long time, as “I have not seen 
you for an age.” 

“ . . . and suffering thus, he made 
Minutes au age.”---Tennyson: Geraint and Enid. 

B. Technically: 

1. Physiol. If the word age be used iu the now 
all but obsolete sense given under A., I. 4. i. e., as 
one of the stages of human life, then physiology 
clearly distinguishes six of these: viz., the periods 
of infancy, of childhood, of boyhood or girlhood, of 
adolescence, of manhood or womanhood, and of old 
age. The period of infancy terminates at two, 
when the tirst dentition is completed; that of child¬ 
hood at seven or eight, when the second dentition 
is finished; that of boyhood or girlhood at the com¬ 
mencement of puberty, in temperate climates from 
the fourteenth to the sixteenth year in the male, and 
from the twelfth to the fourteenth in the female; that 
of adolescence extends to the twenty-fourth year in 
the male and the twentieth in the female ; that of 
manhood or womanhood stretches on till the ad¬ 
vent of old age, which comes sooner or later, ac¬ 
cording to the original strength of the constitution 
in each individual case, and the habits which have 
been acquired during life. The precise time of 
human existence similarly varies. 

2. Common Law: The time of competence to do 
certain acts. In the male sex, fourteen is the age 
when partial discretion is supposed to be reached, 
whilst twenty-one is the period of full age. Under 
seven no boy can be capitally punished; from seven 
to fourteen it is doubtful if he can ; at fourteen he 
may. At twelve a girl can contract a binding mar¬ 
riage ; at twenty-one she is of full age. In mediaeval 
times, when a girl reached seven, by feudal custom 
or law, a lord might distrain his tenants for aid 
[Aid, B., 1] to marry, or rather betroth her; at nine 
she was dowable; at twelve she could confirm any 
consent to marriage which she bad previously 
given ; at fourteen she could take the management 
of her lands into her own hands; at sixteen she 
ceased, as is still the law. to be under the control 
of her guardian; and at twenty-one she mighf 
alienate lands and tenements belonging to her ir 
her own right. 

In [he United States both males and females are 
of full age at, twenty-one. The age at which minors 
may be punished or may marry varies in the sev¬ 
eral states. 

*Age-prier, *age-prayer {lit.= a praying of age): 
A plea put forth by a minor who has to defend an 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw! 






age 

action designed to deprive him of his hereditary 
lauds, to defer proceedings till he is twenty-one 
years old. It is generally granted. {Eng. Law.) 

3. Archceol.: In the same sense as A., II. 2. The 
Danish and Swedish antiquaries and naturalists, 
MM. Nilson, Steenstrup, Forchammer, Thomsen, 
Worsaae, and others, have divided the period during 
which man has existed on the earth into three—the 
age of stone, the age of bronze, and the age of iron. 
During the first-mentioned of these he is supposed 
to have had only stone for weapons, &c. Sir John 
Lubbock divides this into two—the Palaeolithic or 
Older , and the Neolithic or Newer stone period. 
[Paleolithic, Neolithic.] At the commence¬ 
ment of the age of bronze that composite metal be¬ 
came known, and began to be manufactured into 
weapons and other instruments; while when the 
age of iron came in, bronze began gradually to be 
superseded by the last-mentioned metal. ( Lyell: 
The Antiquity of Man. Lubbock: Pre-historic 
Times.) 

age, s. [In Fr. ache.'] A name sometimes given 
to celery. [Ach, Smallage.] 
age, v. i. [From the substantive.] To assume 
the marks of old age ; as, “ he is aging rapidly.” 
a'-ged, a. & s. [Age, s.J 

A. As adjective: 

I. Of beings: 

I. Having nearly fulfilled the term of existence 
allotted to one’s species. (Used of animated beings 
or any individual part of them.) 

“And aged chargers in the stalls.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 9. 

“ With feeble pace, 

And settled sorrow on his aged face.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxi., 617, 618. 

2,. Having lived, having reached the number of 
years specified : spoken of the time which has elapsed 
since birth. Often in obituary notices, as “ aged 
thirty-three,” “ aged fourteen years,” “ aged eighty- 
six,” &c. 

II. Of things: Old, or very old. 

“ . . . aged custom, 

But by your voices, will not so permit me.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 3. 

B. As substantive: Old people. 

“. . . and taketh away the understanding of the 
aged.” — Job xii. 20. 

f The Aged of the Mountain: A title for the 
Prince of Assassins, more commonly called the Old 
Man of the Mountain. [Assassin.] 
a’-ged ly, adv. [Aged.] After the manner of an 
aged person. ( Huloet: Diet.) 

a -ged-ness, s. [Eng. aged; -ness.] The quality 
of being aged; age. 

“ Nor as his knowledge grew did’s form decay, 

He still was strong and fresh, his brain was gay. 
Such agedness might our young ladies move 
To somewhat more than a Platonic love.” 

Cartwright: Poems (1561). 

3 ,-gee', adv. [Ajee.] 

* 3 ~gein , prep. & adv. [Again.] 

* 3 -geins , prep. [Against.] 
ag-e-lai’-us, s. [Gr. agelaios — belonging to a 
herd, feeding at large: agele=a herd.] A genus of 
conirostral birds belonging to the family Stumidse, 
and the sub-family Icterinse. A. phceniceus, the 
Red-winged Starling, is destructive to grain-crops 
in the United States. 

ag-el-ast, s. [Gr. agelastos; from a, priv., and 
aelao; fut. gelasomai=to laugh.] One who does not 
laugh; a non-laugher. 

“. . . men whom Rabelais would have called agelasts, 
or non-laughers.”— Meredith: Idea of Comedy, a Lecture 
at the London Institution. {Times, Feb. 5, 1877.) 

ag-el-e -n.3, s. [ Perhaps from Gr. agele=ei herd.] 
A genus of sedentary spiders belonging to the family 
Araneidae, and the sub-family Tapitelse of Walcnaer. 
The pretty A. labyrinthica makes its nest on com¬ 
mons, spreading its web almost horizontally over 
heath, furze, &c. 

* 3 -gelt' (1 ), pret. & pa. par. [A.S. agyltan = to 
repay.] Forfeited. 

“Yet had he nowt agelt his lif.”— Sevyn Sages, 686. 
*a-gelt' (2), pret. [A.S. agyltan = to offend.] 
Offended. {MS. Arundel.) {Halliwell.) 

3 -gen', adv. [O. Eng. & poetic for Again (q.v.).] 
a'-gen-?^, s. [In Fr. agence; Sp. & Port, agenda; 
Ital. azione, azienda; from Lat. agens = doing, pr. 
par. of ago = (1) to set in motion physically, men¬ 
tally, or morally, (2) to do.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The exertion of power, action, operation, or 
instrumentality, by man or the inferior animated 
creation, or by natural law. 

(a) By man. 

"... employing the agency of desperate men.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 


107 


( 6 ) By the inferior animated creation, or by 
natural law. 

“ . . . absolutely requiring the agency of certain in¬ 
sects to bring pollen from one flower to the other.”— Dar¬ 
win: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), Iutrod., p. 3. 

“ . . . so obscurely colored that it would be rash to 
assume the agency of sexual selection.”— Ibid., ch. xvi. 

2. The office or place of business of an agent or 
factor for another; the business of an agent. 

“ Some of the purchasers themselves may be content to 
live cheap in a worse country rather than be at the charge 
of exchange and agencies.” — Swi^t. 

B. Technically: 

Law: A deed of agency is a revocable and volun¬ 
tary trust for payment of debts. 

*a-gend', 3 -gen -dum; pi. * 3 -gends', 3 -gen -d 3 , 
s. [Lat. agendum, neut. sing.; agenda, neut. pi. of 
the gerundive participle of ago= to do.] 

A. In its Latin form; sing, agendum^ something 
to be done; agenda— things to be done. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Generally: Things to be done or performed, or 
engagements to be kept, in consequence of a man’s 
duty. 

2. Specially: 

(а) A memorandum-book in which such things 
are entered to prevent their being forgotten. 

( б ) A list or programme of several items of busi¬ 
ness to be transacted at a public meeting. 

II. Technically: 

1. Christian duty: Things to be done or practiced 
in contradistinction to credenda= things to be 
believed. 

“ . . . the moral and religious credenda and agenda 
of any good man.”— Coleridge: Table Talk. 

2. Ecclesiastically: 

(a) Anything ordered by the Church to be done. 
(See B., 1.) 

b) The service or office of the Church. 

c) A book containing directions regarding the 
manner or order in which this is to be performed; 
a ritual, liturgy, formulary, missal, or directory of 
public worship. 

“For their agenda, matters of fact and discipline, their 
sacred and civil rites and ceremonies, we may have them 
authentically set down in such books as these.”— Bishop 
Barlow: Remains. 

B. In its English form, at present all but extinct. 

1. Anything ordered by the Church to be done. 
[A., II. 2 (a).] 

“It is the agend of the Church, he should have held 
him too.”— Bishop Andrewes: Answer to Card. Perron 
(1629), p. 1. 

2. Anything to be done, as distinguished from a 
crede>if=anything to be believed. [A., II. 1.] 

“For the matter of our worship, our credents, our 
agends are all according to the rule.”— Wilcocks: Protest. 
Apol. (1642), p. 34. 

a-gen-el-o -§us, s. [Gr. apenetos=beardless; a, 
priv.; and qeneion=the chin, the part covered by 
the beard.] A genus of fishes belonging to the 
order Malacopterygii Abdominales and the family 
Siluridfe. They have no barbels or cirrhi. 

a-gen-es-i -a, s. [Gr. a, priv.; and genesis={ 1) 
origin, (2) birth.] 

Medicine: 

1. Impotence. 

2. Sterility. 

* 3 -gen-fri -d3, *a-gen-frP-ga, *a-gen-frl'e, s. 

[A. S. agen-frigea, agend-frea, agend-frigea, agend- 
fres, agend-frio=an owner, a possessor, a master or 
mistress of anything: agen=own; /rea=lord.] The 
true lord or possessor of anything. {Cowel. Skinner.) 

*a'-gen-hlne, *ho-gen-hlne, *hd'-gen-hyne, 

s. [A. S. agen=own; hina, Time—domestic, one’s 
own domestic.] 

Old Law: By an enactment of Edward the Con¬ 
fessor, a guest who having lodged three consecu¬ 
tive nights at an inn, was looked upon as if that 
was his residence. His host was therefore made re¬ 
sponsible for his good conduct. On the first night 
he was called uncuth—a stranger; on the second, 
gust=a guest. 

a-gens , prep. [Against.] 

a'-gent, adj. & s. [In Ger. and Fr. agent, s.; Sp. 
agent, agente, s.; Port, agente, a. & s.; all fr. Lat. 
agens= doing, pr. par. of ago=to do.] 

A. As adjective: Acting; opposed to patient in 
the sense of being the object of action. 

“This success is oft truly ascribed unto the force of 
imagination upon the body agent.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons or other animated beings: 


ageyn 

(а) Generally: One who acts or exerts power; an 
actor. 

“Heaven made us agents fre good or ill, 

And forc'd it not, though he foresaw the will; 

Freedom was first bestow'd on human race, 

And prescience only held the second place.” 

Dryden. 

“ A miracle is a work exceeding the power of any cre¬ 
ated agent.” — South: Serm. 

IT A free agent or a voluntary agent is a person 
who is under no external compulsion to act as he 
does, and who is therefore responsible for his ac¬ 
tions. 

(б) Specially: One who acts for another, a factor, 
substitute, deputy, or attorney. Agents are of four 
classes: (1) Commercial Agents, as auctioneers, 
brokers, masters of ships, &c.; (2) Law Agents, as 
attorneys at law, solicitors, &c.; (3) Social Agents, 
as attorneys in fact, and servants; (4) Political 
Agents: Diplomatic functionaries appointed by a 
powerful government to arrange matters with one 
of inferior dignity. 

“All hearts in love use their own tongues ; 

Let every eye negotiate for itself, 

And trust no agent.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, ii. 1. 

“ The agent of France in that kingdom must be equal 
to much more than the ordinary functions of an envoy.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. Of things inanimate, and of natural law: Any¬ 
thing which exerts action upon another. 

“. . . that natural selection had been the chief agent 
of change.”— Darwin: The Descent of Man, vol. i., ch. iv. 

[See also II. 1, 2, 3, 4.] 

II. Technically: 

1. Law. Agent and Patient: The terms applied 
to a person wno at once does a deed, or has it done 
to him or her; as when a widow endows herself with 
the best part of her deceased husband’s property; 
or when a creditor, being made a deceased person’s 
executor, pays himself out of the effects which he 
has to collect and distribute. 

2. Nat. Phil.: A physical agent is one of the nat¬ 
ural forces acting upon matter; viz., gravitation, 
heat, light, magnetism, or electricity. 

3. Chem.: A chemical agent is a substance of 
which the action is chemical. In various phenom¬ 
ena light acts as a chemical agent. 

4. Med.: A medical or medicinal agent is a sub¬ 
stance the action of which on the human or animal 
body is medical. 

“. . . such articles of electrical apparatus as are in- 
dispensable with a view to its application as a medicinal 
agent.” — Cyclop. Pract. Med., i. 703. 

a'-gent, v. t. [From the adj.] To carry out, to 
perform. {Scotch.) 

“The duke was carefully solicited to agent this weighty 
business, and has promised to do his endeavor.” — 
Baillie, i. 9. 

*a-gent-ship, s. [Eng. agent; suff. -ship.] The 
office or work of an agent. Now superseded by 
Agency (q. v.). 

“So, goody agent, and you think there is 
No punishment due for your agentship.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Lover’s Progress. 

ag-er-a'-sl-a, ag-er-a-sy, s. [Gr. agerasia— 
eternal youth.] 

Med.: A green old age; actual old age reckoned 
by years, but with many of its characteristics yet 
absent. 

ag-er-a'-tum, s. [In Ger. & Dan. ageratum; Fr. 
agSrale; Sp., Port., & Ital. agerato: fr. Lat. agera- 
ton, Gr. ageraton=some plant or other which does 
not grow old; a, priv.; and geras=old age. So 
called because it does not soon decay.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Asteracese, or Compos¬ 
ites, the sub-order Tubulifloree, and the tribe or 
section Vernoniaceas. A. Mexicanum, a plant with 
bluish or occasionally with white heads, is culti¬ 
vated in tills country as a border plant, and other 
species are less frequently seen. 

*a'-ger-dows, a. Keen, biting, severe. 

“ He wrote an epitaph for his gravestone 
With wordes devoute and sentence agerdows." 

Skelton: Works, i. 411. 

*a-gethe, v., 3d pers. sing. pret. [O.Eng. agoeth; 
fr. ago=g o (q. v.)] Goeth. {Ritson.) 

a-geus'-tl-a, s. [Gr. ageustia = fasting: a, priv., 
and geuomai=to taste.] 

Med.: Loss of the sense of taste. It may be pro¬ 
duced by local palsy of the tongue or the face: by 
the existence of a mechanical deposit on the sur¬ 
face of the tongue in fever, &c.; or by the long use 
of tobacco in any form. 

*ageyn (a-gen ), prep. & adv. [Again.] (For 
its compounds, Ageyn-byinge and Ageyn-warde, 
see Again.) 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh 3 n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, -&c. = bel, del. 



aggelation 


108 


aggravation 


*3-&-&el-a'-tion, s. [In Ital. aggelazione; fr. 
Lat. ad= to, and gelatio={vec7ATVf: gelo= to con¬ 
geal; gelu=frost, cold.] Congelation, or solidifica¬ 
tion of a fluid. 

“ It is round in hail, and figured in its guttulous 
descent from the air, growing greater or lesser according 
to the accretion or pluvious aggelation about the funda¬ 
mental atoms thereof.”— Sir T. Browne • Vulgar Errors. 

^g-gen-er-a^tion, s. [From Lat. aggenero= 
to beget in addition ; or from ad= to, and generatio.] 
[Generation.] The state of growing to anything 
else. 

“ To make a perfect nutrition, there is required a 
transmutation of nutriment: now where this conversion 
or aggeneration is made, there is also required in the ali¬ 
ment a familiarity of matter.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors, 
bk. iii., ch. xxi. 

t&g “ger, S. [Lat.: (1) materials heaped up ; (2) 
a mound, a fortress.] 

Fort.: An earthwork. 

“Before the west gate there is at a considerable dis¬ 
tance an agger, or raised work, that was made for the de¬ 
fense of the city when it was besieged on that side.”— 
Hearne: Journey to Reading. 

*ag'-ger-ate, v. t. [From Lat. aggeratum, sup. 
of aggero— to form an agger (Agger), to heap up: 
ad=to, and gero=to carry.] To heap, to heap up. 
{Rider.) [Exaggerate.] 

ag-ger-a'-tion, s. [Lat. aggeratio.] A heaping; 
an accumulation. 

“Seeing, then, by these various aggerations of sand and 
silt the sea is closely cut short and driven back.”— Ray: 
Dissolution oj the World. ( Ord MS., in Latham’s Diet.) 

ag'-ger-ose, a. [From Lat. agger — a heap.] 
Heaped up; in heaps. 

*ag gest -e, v. t. [Lat. aggestum — a dyke or 
mound; ac/gestus, s.=a carrying to, an accumula¬ 
tion ; pa. par. of aggero, -essi, -estum = to carry 
toward: ad=to, and gero=. . . to bear, to carry.] 
To heap up. {Coles.) 

*ag-gest -ed, pa. par. [Aggeste.] 

*ag-glate, v. t. [Aglet, v.] 

*ag -gla ted, pa. par. [Aglet, u.] 
ag-glom-er-ate, v. t. & i. [From the adj.] 

1. Trans.: To heap or collect together by natural 
or by human agency into a ball or mass. 

2. Intrans.: To be so heaped or collected to¬ 
gether. 

ag-glom-er-ate, a. & s. [Lat. agglomero=to 
wind as a ball or clue, to heap up: ad= to, and 
glomero= to form into a ball; glomus=a ball or 
clue; Fr. agglom6rer; Ital. aggomitolare.] 

I. As adjective: 

Nat. Science: Heaped up. 

II. As substantive: 

Geol.: An accumulation of angular fragments of 
rocks thrown up by volcanic eruptions. It is dis¬ 
tinguished from conglomerate, in which the agency 
massing together the generally rounded constitu¬ 
ents of the rock is water. 

ag-glom-er-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Agglom¬ 

erate.] 

As adjective: 

Botany: Collected in a heap or head, as the indi¬ 
viduals of the minute fungi called JEcidium 
Jacobcea ultimately become. 

“In one agglomerated cluster hung, 

Great Vine, on thee.” 

Young : Night Thoughts, ix. 

ag-glom'-er-a-ting, pr. par. & a. [Agglom¬ 
erate.] 

“Besides the hard agglomerating salts, 

The spoil of ages would impervious choke 
Their secret channels.” Thomson : Autumn. 
ag-glom-er-a-tion, s. [In Fr. agglomeration ,• 
Port. agglomeragao.] The actof heaping into a ball 
or mass’; or the state of being so heaped. 

“An excessive agglomeration of turrets, with their fans, 
is one of the characteristic marks of the florid mode of 
architecture which was now almost at its height.”— 
Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, ii. 223. 

*ag -glot, s. [Aglet.] 

ag-glfi -tin-hut, a. & s. [In Fr. agglutinant; 
Port, ag glut inant e; fr. Lat. agglutinans, pr. par. 
of agglutino.) [Agglutinate.] 

1. As adjective: Gluing together; causing adhe¬ 
sion. 

“I shall beg you to prescribe to me something strength¬ 
ening and agglutinant.”—Gray : Letters. 

2. As substantive: A viscous substance capable of 
gluing others together. 

Pharm. Agglut.inants were medicines of a glutin¬ 
ous nature which were supposed to adhere to the 
solids and help to repair what they had lost. 

hg-glfi -tin-ate, v. t. [In Fr. agglutiner; Port. 
aqglutinar; fr. Lat. agglutino: ad = to; and 
glutino — to glue ; gluten = glue.] 


1. Lit.: To glue together, to cause to adhere by in¬ 
terposing a viscous substance, keeping the two 
bodies to be united in contact and excluding the air. 

“The body has got room enough to grow into its full 
dimensions, which is performed by the daily ingestion of 
food that is digested into blood, which being diffused 
through the body, is agglutinated to those parts that were 
immediately agglutinated to the foundation parts of the 
womb.”— Harvey on Consumption. 

2. Fig.: To cause anything not of a material 
character to unite with another. [Agglutinative.] 

If Used in a tropical sense in Philology. [See 
Agglutinative (2).] 

agglfi -tin-ate, a. [From the verb.] Glued 
together {lit. or fig.). Chiefly in Philology. [Ag¬ 
glutinative (2).] 

ag-glu -tin-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Agglutinate.] 

“. . . the agglutinated sand.”.— Darwin: Voyage 

round the World, ch. xiv. 

ag-glfi-tin-a-ting, pr. par. & a. [Agglu¬ 
tinate.] 

ag gld-tin-a -tion, s. [In Fr. agglutination; 
fr. Latin agglutino= to glue together.] The act of 
gluing or uniting by means of a viscous substance; 
also the state of being so united or made to adhere. 

1. In a general sense: 

“ To the nutrition of the body there are two essentials 
required, assumption and retention ; then there follow two 
more, concoction and agglutination or cohesion.”— 
Howell: Letters, i. 5. 

2. Philol.: The adhesion of a pronoun to a verb 
to make a conjugation, or a preposition to a sub¬ 
stantive to form a declension; the root and the ad¬ 
hering word not in any way being properly incor¬ 
porated together. [Agglutinative.] 

ag-glfi -tin a-tive, a. [In Fr. agglutinatif; 
Port. agglutinativo.] 

1. Gen.: Possessing the power to cause bodies to 
adhere together; causing to adhere, adhesive. 

“ Rowl up the member with the agglutinative rowler.”— 
Wiseman. 

2. Philol. The agglutinative family of languages 
consists of those tongues in which no proper in¬ 
flections exist, but in which pronouns are made to 
adhere to the root of the verb to form the con¬ 
jugation, and prepositions to substantives to form 
the declension. There must be no proper incor¬ 
poration between the root and the adhering word: 
the two must simply lie side by side and “glued’ 
together, but one must not modify the form of the 
other in any way. 

If The term agglutinative is specially opposed to 
inflectional. The Turanian languages are agglu¬ 
tinative. while the Aryan and Semitic families of 
languages are inflectional. 

“The Turanian languages allow of no grammatical 
petrifactions like those on which the relationship of the 
Aryan and Semitic families is chiefly founded. If they 
did they would cease to be what they are ; they would be 
inflectional, not agglutinative.” — Max Muller: Science of 
Lang., 6th ed., vol. ii. (1871), p. 25. 

*ag-gra ce, *3,-gra'se (pa. par. agraste), v. t. 
[Ital. aggraziare= to restore to favor, to pardon; 
Low Lat. aggratiare— to spare, to pardon: from 
Lat. grat,ia=i&voT.] To show grace or favor to. 

“ She graunted, and that knight so much agraste, 
That she him taught celestial discipline.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 18. 

*ijig-gra §e, s. [See the verb.] Grace, favor. 

“ So goodly purpose they together fond 
Of kindness and of courteous aggrase.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. viii. 56. 

*ag-grand-iz-a-tion, s. [Aggrandize.] The 
act of aggrandizing; the state of being aggrandized. 

1[ Now Aggrandizement (q. v.). 

“There will be a pleasing and orderly circulation, no 
part of the body will consume by the aggrandizution of 
the other, but all motions will be orderly, and a just dis¬ 
tribution be to all parts.”— Waterhouse on Fortescue, 
p. 197. 

ag-grand-Iz -a-ble, a. [Eng. aggrandize; -able.'] 
Capable of being aggrandized. ( Webster.) 

ag'-grand-Ize, v. t. & i. [In Fr. agrandir; Ital. 
aggrandire: Lat. ad =to, addition to, and grandio 
—to make great; grandis =great.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To make great, to enlarge. {Lit. & fig.) (In 
this sense it was applied to things.) 

“These furnish us with glorious springs and mediums, 
to raise and aggrandize our conceptions, to warm our 
souls, to awaken the better passions, and to elevate them 
even to a divine pitch, and that for devotional purposes.” 
— Watts: Improv. of the Mind. 

2. To make great in power, wealth, rank, or repu¬ 
tation. (Applied only to persons.) 

“If the king should use it no better than the pope did, 
only to aggrandize covetous churchmen, it cannot be 
called a jewel in his crown.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 


B. Intransitive: To become great. 

“ Such sins as these are venial in youth, especially if ex¬ 
piated with timely abjurement; for follies continued till 
old age do aggrandize and become horrid.”— John Hall: 
Pref. to his Poems. 

ag -grand-Ized, pa. par. & a. [Aggrandize.] 

“Austria may dislike the establishment on her frontier 
of an aggrandized or new Court, whether likely to receive 
inspiration from St. Petersburg or from Berlin.”— Times, 
Nov. 16, 1877. 

ag-grand -ize-ment, s. [In Fr. aggrandise¬ 
ment.] The act of aggrandizing; an exalting of 
one in power, wealth, rank, or reputation ; also the 
state of being aggrandized. 

“ Instead of harboring any schemes of selfish aggrand¬ 
izement, he [Solon] bent all his thoughts and energies to 
the execution of the great task which he had under¬ 
taken.”— Thirlwall: Hist, of Greece, ch. xi. 

ag -gran-dl'-zer, s. [Aggrandize.] One who 
aggrandizes. 

ag-gran-di'-zing, pr.par. [Aggrandize.] 

“ Aggrandizing, money-getting Britain gave twenty 
millions for the emancipation of slaves.”— Bowring: Bent- 
ham’s Works, vol. i., p. 28. 

fag-grap pes, s. pi. [Ital. aggrappare= to grap¬ 
ple or gripej whence aggrapp anient o— a taking, a 
catching.] Hooks and eyes used on armor or on 
ordinary costume. 

*ag gra te, V. t. [In Ital. aggradare, aggradire, 
aggratiare=to accept, to receive kindly.] To 
gratify, to please, to inspire with satisfaction, to 
delight, to propitiate. 

“And in the midst thereof, upon the floor, 

A lovely bevy of fair ladies sate, 

Courted of many a jolly paramour, 

The which them did in modest wise amate, 

And each one sought his lady to aggrate.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 34. 

ag -gra-vate, v. t. [From the adj. In Fr. ag- 
graver; Ital. ctggravare; Lat. aggravo: ad— to, 
and gravo=to load or burden; gravis— heavy. 
(Used only in a fig. sense.)] 

1. To render loss tolerable, to make more unen¬ 
durable, to make worse. 

“Heaven such illusion only can impose, 

By the false joy to aggravate my woes.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xvi., 216, 217. 

“Still less could it be doubted that their failure would 
aggravate every evil of which they complained.”— Ma¬ 
caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. To render a sin or a fault worse by the addition 
of some circumstance involving a new element of 
blame. 

“This offense, in itself so heinous, was yet in him 
aggravated by the motive thereof, which was not malice 
or discontent, but an inspiring mind to the papacy.”— 
Bacon : Henry VII. 

3. To make a sin, a crime, or a fault look worse 
by skillful coloring introduced by the person who 
narrates it; to exaggerate a charge. 

“Small matters aggravated with heinous names.”— 
Hall: Edward V. 

4. Colloquial: To provoke, toirritate, to cause to 
lose the temper. 

ag -gra-vate, a. [Lat. aggravatus, pa. par. of 
*aggravor: ad=to, and grauis=heavy.] Burdened, 
weighed down. {Barclay: Mirror of Good Man¬ 
ners. ) 

ag'-grav-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Aggravate.] 

ag'-grjiv-a-tlng, pr.par. & a. [Aggravate.] 

ag -grav-a-ting-ly, ado. [Aggravating.] In 
an aggravating manner. 

ag-grav-a'-tion, s [In Fr. aggravation; Lat. 
ad— bo, and gravatio= heaviness.] 

I. The act of making heavier. 

1. The act of making worse or more intolerable. 

“Corellius Rufus is dead! and dead, too, by his own act! 

a circumstance of great aggravation to my affliction.”— 
Melmoth : Pliny, bk. i., lett. 12. 

2. The act of making more blameworthy. [ See 
No. III.] 

f3. The act of coloring or exaggerating. 

“ A painter added a pair of whiskers to the face, and by 
a little aggravation of the features, changed it into the 
Saracen’s head.”— Addison. 

4. Colloquially: The act of irritating or pro¬ 
voking. 

5. Eccles.: The threat to fulminate excommunica¬ 
tion after three monitions of the church; also the 
stoppage of all intercourse between the excommu¬ 
nicated party and the body of the faithful. 

II. The state of being rendered heavier, worse, 
or more difficult to bo borne; the state of being 
colored or exaggerated. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




aggroup 


aggrede 


109 


III. That which constitutes the heavier element 
m anything aggravated. 

“ He to the sins which he commits, hath the aggrava¬ 
tion superadded of committing them against knowledge, 
against conscience, against sight of the contrary law.”— 
Hammond. 

“ Not that I endeavor 
To lessen or extenuate my offense; 

But that, on the other side, if it be weigh’d 
By itself, with aggravations not surcharged, 

Or else with just allowance counterpoised, 

I may, if possible, thy pardon find.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

9-g-gre de, v. t. [Lat. aggredior=to go to; to 
attack or assault.] To aggravate. (Coles.) 

Bg-greg-a’-ta, s. pi. [Properly the n. pi. of Lat. 
aggregatus, pa. par. of aggrego.) [Aggregate, u.] 
Aggregated animals. Cuvier’s name for his second 
family of Naked Acephalous Mollusca. They are 
analogous to the Ascidiee, but are united in a com¬ 
mon mass. Genera: Botryllus, Pyrosoma, Poly- 
clinum, and perhaps Eschara. Botryllus and Poly- 
clinum are now included by Woodward in his 
Botryllidse; Pyrosoma is the type of his Pyroso- 
midae, both families of Tunicata; and Eschara is 
not included among the Mollusca. 

ag'-greg-ate, v. t. & i. [From the adj. In Ger. 
aggregiren; Ital. aggregate .] 

1. Trans.: To collect together, to bring together 
into a mass or heap ; to add together into one sum. 

“ So that it is many times hard to discern, to which of 
the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be 
aggregated .”— Wollaston: Relig. of Nature, § 5. 

2. Intrans.: To unite. 

u By the attraction of cohesion, gases and vapors aggre¬ 
gate to liquids and solids, without any change of their 
chemical nature.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science. 

ag'-greg-ate, a. & s. [In Ger. aggregat, s.; Fr. 
agr£gat, s.; Sp. agregado, a.; Ital. aggregato, all 
from Lat. aggregatus, pa. par. of aggrego= to bring 
into a flock: ad= to, and grego=to gather into a 
flock; grex (genit. gregis) — a flock.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Collected together; made up by 
the massing together of its details in one sum. 

“ . . . any part of the aggregate fund.”— Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. i., ch. viii. 

“. . . the aggregate debts of the English residents 
in the Low Countries.”— Froude: Hist. Eng. (ed. 1858), 
iv. 409. 

“. . . the compounds or aggregate characters are 

broadly distinguished.”— Gladstone: Studies on Homer, 

i. 295. 

II. Technically: 

fl. Physics: Collected together. [See B., II.: also 
Aggregated.] 

2. Zool. Aggregate animals: Compound animals, 
that is, groups of individuals united together by a 
common organized external integument. Exam¬ 
ples, the aggregated Polypes and the Compound 
Ascidians. [Aggregata.1 

3. Bot.: Gathered together. 

If This term is usually applied to any dense sort of 
inflorescence. 

f An aggregate flower: One composed of a num¬ 
ber of small florets inclosed within a common 
involucre or inserted in a common receptacle, but 
with the anthers not united. Hence it differs from 
a composite floiver. Examples : Dipsacus, Scabiosa. 
These annuals grow abundantly in the gardens of 
America, 



Aggregate Flowers. 

1. Scabiosa. 2. Dipsacus. 


An aggregate fruit, in Dr. Lindley’s classification, 
is properly one formed by the union of the ovaries 
of a single flower. [Aggregati.] It is not the 
same as a collective fruit (q. v.). (Bindley: Introd. 
to Bot., 3d ed., pp. 233, 234.) 

4. Law. An aggregate corporation: One con¬ 
sisting of two or more persons united, and which is 
kept in existence by the admittance of a succession 
of new members. 

“Corporations aggregate consist of many persons united 
together into one society, and are kept up by a perpetual 
succession of members, so as to continue forever; of 
which kind are the mayor and commonalty of a city, the 
head and fellows of a college, the dean and chapter of a 
cathedral church.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. xviii. 


B. As substantive : 

I. Ord. Lang.: An assemblage, mass, or collection 
of quantities of the same thing, or of different 
things brought together; the sum of various 
numbers, the generalization of various particulars. 

“When we look to our planet we find it to be an aggre¬ 
gate of solids, liquids, and gases.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., i. 8. 

“ . . . an aggregate of cells.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., i. 50. 

“ . . . and the aggregate and system of all such 
things is nature.”— Coleridge: Aids to Reflect, (ed. 1839), 

p. 46. 

If In the aggregate, adv.: Not separately, but 
collectively; together. For instance, the infantry, 
the cavalry, the artillery, the engineers, &c., taken 
in the aggregate, constitute the army. 

“ . . . will differ at least as much in the aggregate 
of their derivative properties.”— J. S. Mill: Logic, 2d ed., 
bk. iii., ch. xx. 

“ ... it would be difficult to predicate anything of 
them in the aggregate.” —Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. iii., 

gu¬ 


ll. Tech. Physics: A collection together into one 
mass of things which have no natural connection 
with each other. 

ag'-greg-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Aggregate, v.] 
Massed together without any very intimate con¬ 
junction of the separate parts. 

Min. & Geol. An aggregated mineral or rock is 
one in which the constituents are not chemically 
combined, but only adherent to each other, so that 
they may be separated by mechanical means. 
Examples: Granite, the feldspar, quartz, and mica 
of which are thus loosely conjoined. 

ag'-greg-ate-ly, adv. [Aggregate.] In an 
aggregate manner; taken in mass; viewed collect¬ 
ively. 

“Many little things, though separately they seem too 
insignificant to mention, yet aggregately are too mate¬ 
rial for me to omit.”— Chesterfield: Letters. 

ag-greg-a-tl, s. pi. [Lat. m. pi. of aggregatus, 
pa. par. of aggrego, -avi— to bring into a flock, to 
add or join to.] 

Bot.: Lindley’s name for his second class of 
fruits, those which are aggregated. [Aggregate 
Fruit.] He includes under it the Etserio, the Syn- 
carpium, and the Cynarrhodum. (Lindley: Introd. 
to Bot., 3d ed., pp. 234, 237.) 

ag greg-a-ting, pa. par. [Aggregate.] 

ag-greg-a-tion, s. [In Fr. agregation; Sp. ag- 
regacion; Ital. agar egaz tone. ] 

1. The act of collecting together, as substances of 
any kind into one mass, or numbers into one sum. 

“. . . by ‘material aggregation’ being meant the 

way in which, by nature or by art, the molecules of mat¬ 
ter are arranged together.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d 
ed., x. 247, 248. 

2. The state of being so collected or added to¬ 
gether. 

“. . . the relations of radiant heat to ordinary mat¬ 
ter in its several states of aggregation.” — Tyndall on Heat, 
3d ed. (1868), p. xiii. 

“Their individual imperfections being great, they are 
moreover enlarged by their aggregation, and, being erro¬ 
neous in their single numbers, once huddled together 
they will be error itself.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

3. The whole composed of separate portions put 
together; an aggregate. 


“The water resident in the abyss is, in all parts of it, 
stored with a considerable quantity of heat, and more 
especially in those where these extraordinary aggregations 
of this fire happen.”— Woodward: Nat. Hist. 

ag'-greg-at-Ive, a. & s. [In Fr. agregatif.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Disposing toward aggregation. [See example 
from Spelman given under B.] 

2. Gregarious, social. 

“Seldom had man such a talent for borrowing. The 
idea, the faculty of another man he [Mirabeau] can make 
his; the man himself he can make his. ‘All reflex and 
echo!’ snarls old Mirabeau, who can see but will not. 
Crabbed old friend of men! it is his sociality, his aggreg¬ 
ative nature, and will now be the quality of qualities for 
him.”— Carlyle: French Revol., pt. i., bk. iv., ch. iv. 

B. As substantive: An aggregating, an aggregate, 
a mass. 

“ To save the credit of the author [the word now ] must be 
favorably understood to be meant of such customs as were 
in use either before the Conquest or at the Conquest, or 
at any time since, in the disjunctive, not in the aggreg¬ 
ative.” — Spelman: Feuds, c. 14. 

ag'-greg-a-tor, s. [Aggregate, v.] One who 
aggregates or collects together. 


“ Jacobus deDondis, the aggregator, repeats ambergrise, 
nutmegs, and all-spice among the rest.”— Burton: Anat¬ 
omy of Melanch., p. 365. 


*ag-gre ge, *ag-greg'-gyn, v. t. [Agreg.] 
*kg-gress', v. t. & i. [Lat. aggressus=an attack, 
also pa. par. of aggredior=to go to: ad= to, and 
gradior= to walk or go.] [Grade.] 


1. Trans.: To make an aggression against, to at* 
tack ; to take the initiative in a quarrel or fight with 
any one. 

2. Intrans.: To make an aggression; to take the 
first step in a quarrel-or in a war ; to be the first to 
fight. [See example under the pr. par. ] 

,*ag-gress’, s. [See the verb.] An act of aggres¬ 
sion. 

“Leagues offensive and defensive, which oblige the 
princes not only to mutual defense, but also to be assist¬ 
ing to each other in their military aggresses upon others.” 
— Hale: Pleas of the Crown, ch. 15. 

*9-g-gres -sIng, pr.par. & a. [Aggress.] 

“ The glorious pair advance, 

With mingled anger and collected might, 

To turn the war, and tell aggressing France, 

How Britain’s sons and Britain’s friends can fight.” 

Prior. 

ag-gres'-sion, s. [Fr. agression; from Lat. ag- 
gressio.l The first act or step leading to a quarrel 
or a fight; attack before the other party to a quar¬ 
rel has made any assault. 

“. . . to make a public protest against the French 
aggression.” — Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

ag-gres'-sive, a. [In Fr. agressif.'] Involving 
an act of aggression ; implying the commencement 
of a quarrel or a fight. 

“. . . contributed greatly to reconcile its military 
and aggressive character with the maintenance of its free 
institutions.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii.,pt. i., §14. 

“ N o aggressive movement was made.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxii. 

ag-gres'-sive-ness, s. [Aggressive.] The qual¬ 
ity or state of being aggressive; quarrelsomeness ; 
the disposition to make encroachments on, or com¬ 
mence hostilities against, another power. 

“If any apprehensions of the future military aggres¬ 
siveness of an enlarged and multiplied Montenegro have 
ever been entertained . . .”— Times, Dec. 5, 1877. 

ag-gres'-sor, s. [In Fr. agresseur; fr. Lat. ag¬ 
gressor. J The person who takes the first step in a 
quarrel; one who commences hostilities; an as¬ 
sailant. 

“ Fatal to all, but to th’ aggressor first.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxi., 324. 

“. . . they had recourse to the more solid arguments 
of sticks and stones ; the aggressors were punished by the 
emperor.”— Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ch. xlvi. 

*ag-griev'-an§e, *ag-greev'-an 9 e, *ag-grev- 
auns, *a-griev -ange, s. [Old form of Griev¬ 
ance (q. v.), which has now superseded it.] 

1. The act of grieving. 

2. The state of being grieved. 

“To the aggrievance of good subjects and to the en¬ 
couragement of the wicked.”— Stanihurst: Hist. Ireland. 
p. 172. 

3. Anything which causes grief, annoyance, or 
hardship; a grievance. 

“ Now briefly without circumstance 
Deliver those agrievances, which lately 
Your importunity possesst our counsel 
Were fit for audience.” 

Beaum. & Piet.: Fair Maid of the Inn, iii. 1. 

1[ Now superseded by Grievance. 

ag-griev'e, *a-grev'e, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. agrever, 
from Lat. ad— to, and gravari, from (/raw's—heavy.] 
[Aggravate, Grieve.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Gen.: To cause one grief, annoyance, or pain. 

“ Those pains that afflict the body are afflictive just so 

long as they actually possess the part which they aggrieve 
but their influence lasts no longer than their presence.” 
— South: Sermons, vol. viii., ser. 1. 

2. To perpetrate injustice against one, or do any¬ 
thing fitted to make him grieve or complain. 

“ Sir, moreouere be not gredy, gyftes to grype, 

Bather thou shalt yeue hem, that fele hem agreved.” 

Crowned King (ed. Skeat), 125, 126. 

“It was then resolved, in opposition to the plainest 
principles of justice, that no petition from any person 
who might think himself aggrieved by this bill should 
ever be received.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

B. Intrans.: To be hostile. 

“ The dredful figures gan appere to me, 

And great gods eke agreved with our town.” 

Surrey: Virgil, ii. 

ag-griev'ed, *ag-grev-yd, *a-greved, pa. par. 

[Aggrieve.] 

ag-griev -lflg, *g,-grev'-ynge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Aggrieve.] 

Assubst.: An aggravation. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*ag-grl §e, v. t. & i. [Agrise.] 

*g,-grog -gyd, pa. par. Aggravated. (Prompt. 
Parv.) [Agreg.] 

tag-groflp', v. t. & i. [In Fr. agrouper; Sp. 
agrupar; Ital. agarupare, aggropare— to knot or 
bring together.] To group together; to combine 


bdil, tody; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, §liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion — zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bel, del. 



aggrouped 

into a group persons or things originally separate. 
So painters group together figures on their canvas. 
[Gkoup.] 

“Bodies of divers natures, which are aggrouped or com¬ 
bined together, are agreeable and pleasant to the sight.” 

— Dryden: Dufresnoy, § 60. 

*ag-grofip'ed, pa. par. [Aggeoup.] 

*ag-grofip -Ing, pr. par. [Aggeoup.] 
*g,g-grfig'-gyiige, pr.par. [Ageeg.] 

Jtg-gulze, s. [Aguise.] 

*agh, *aghe, *aght (gh guttural or mute), *agt, 
*agte ( all Eng.), aw, awe (Scotch), v. t. (pret. &pa. 
par. aght). [A. S. agan, cegan=( 1) to own, to possess, 
to have, to obtain ; (2) to give; pret. & pa. par. aht, 
ahte, cehte.'] 

1. To owe anything; to be under an obligation in 
duty to do anything; ought. [Aw.] 

“ Idumus the derfe kyng, and his dere cosyn 
’ Offorenses the fire that hym faith aght, 

To Macanas the men meuit all somyn.” 

Colonne: “Gest Hystoriale” of the Destruction of Troy, 
13,092-13,094. 

If Often used in the phrase “As hom wele aght" 
*=as they were in duty bound. 

“To a counsell to come for a cause hegh, 

And his wille for to wete as hom wele aght.” 

Colonne: Gest Hystoriale, 1,703, 1,704. 

2. To possess. 

“He wan all the world and at his wille aght.” 

Colonne: Gest Hystoriale, 315. 

“He had wille for to wyn, and away lede 
By leue of the lord that the lond aght.” 

Ibid., 377, 378. 

3. To acknowledge. ( Colonne: Gest Hystoriale, 
Glossarial Index.) 

a ghast' (h mute), *a-gast), *a-gast'e, *a gast', 
*a-gast'-ed, *a~ga zed, *a gaze,pa.pa?\of Agast, 
also a. & adv. [According to Hoare, from A. S. gast 
= (1) the breath, (2) a spirit, a ghost. Aghast would 
then signify frightened, as if one had seen a spirit 
or ghost. Wedgwood considers it connected with 
the Fris. guwysje; Dan .gyse; Sw. dialects, gysasig 
=to shudder at; gdse, r/usf=horror, fear, revulsion; 
Scotch gousty, goustrous= waste, desolate, awful, 
full of the preternatural, frightful. The h crept 
into it from its being confounded with “ghostly.” 
On the other hand, the form agazed arose at a time 
when it was erroneously thought that it meant set 
a-ga.zing on an object of astonishment and horror. 
Richardson adopts the last-mentioned etymology.] 
[Agast, v. t.\ Terrified, frightened, appalled, 
struck with terror. 

*1. With the idea of gazing, in a literal or figur¬ 
ative sense more or less implied. 

“ The French, exclaimed, the devil was in arms ; 

All the whole army stood agazed on him.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Part I., i. 1. 

“In the first week of the reign of King Edward VI., 
whilst most men’s minds stood agaze, Master Harley, in 
the parish church of Oxford, in a solemn Lent sermon, 
publiquely preached antipapal doctrine, and powerfully 
pressed justification by faith alone.”— Fuller: Worthies; 
Bucks. 

2. With no such idea implied. 

“ My limbs do quake, my thought agasted is.” 

Mirror for Magistr., p. 454. 
“The porter of his lord was full sore agast.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 285. 

“. . . a shivering wretch 
Aghast and comfortless.” 

Thomson: The Seasons, Autumn. 

IT Often combined with the verb “to stand,” im¬ 
plying that one is so struck with terror that he 
remains motionless and incapable of action. 

“The commissioners read and stood aghast.” — Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

See also examples under No. 1. 

*aghe, s. [Awe.] 

*a-ghen (\ silent), a. [A. S. agen, agan— own, 
proper, peculiar.] Own. (Halliwell.) 

*a-ghen' (h silent), prep. & adv. [Again.] 
agh'-ful (A silent), a. [A. S. ege= horror; - ful— 
full.] Fearful. 

*a-gMH' (h silent), a. [A. S. cethel = noble.] 
Noble. [IEthel.] 

“ Knew the kynd and the curses of the clere sternys 
Of Articus the aghill, Treaires, and othere 
Of the folde and of the firmament.” 

Romance of Alexander (Stevenson ed.), 29. 

♦^.gll'-llcil (gh guttural or mute), a. [A. S. ceglcec, 
aglcec — misery, torment, wickedness, mischief; 
ceglcec u, cegleca, ceglcecea, eglceca, aqlaecea = a 
wretch, a miscreant, from ag = wickedness.] Fear¬ 
ful, dreadful, terrible. 

“ Ther hales in at the halle-dor an aghlich mayster.” 

Syr Gawayne, p. 8. 


110 

*aght, v. t. [Agh.] 

*aght, *aghte, *aht, *ahte, *sehte, *aught (gh 

and h guttural or mute), s. [A. S. ce/i#=property, 
substance, cattle, possessions, lands, goods, riches, 
value, estimation.] Possessions, property. 

“ For they are al the deal bet.aught 
That okeryn falsly the worldes aght.” 

MS. Harl., 1,701. (Boucher.) 

*aght, *aht, *auht (gh and h guttural or mute), 
pro. [A. S. aht, auht= aught, anything, something.] 
[Aught, Ought.] 

*aght (1), audit, *agh'-tene (gAand ch guttural 
or mute), a. [A. S. ceht, eahta, ehta.J Eight. 

*1. Old English: 

“ Cairet on the cold ythes cogges and other, 

Aght dayes be-dene and the derke nightes.” 

Colonne: Gest Hystoriale, 3,242. 

2. Scotch: 

“ Wyth aucht hundyre speres and ma.” 

Wynton, ix. 4, 57. 

♦aght (2), a. [A. S. cethel (?).] Noble. 

*aght (3), *aght-and, *ach’-tuthe (gh and ch 
guttural or mute), a. [A. S. ceht, eahta, e7iia=eight.] 
Eighth. 

“ The aght. es a maister of lare 
May bete a clerk.” 

MS. Cott., Galba. (Boucher.) 

“ The seuent day toke he rest; 

On the achtand come our woo.” 

MS. Cott., Vespas. (Boucher.) 

“ The achtuthe dale is al of the vtter rule.” 

MS. Cott., Cleop. {Boucher.) 

*agh'-tele (gh guttural or mute), v. t. [A. S. eah- 
tian= to devise.] To intend. 

“The knight said, May I waish in the 
For to tel my prevete 
That I have aghteld for to do.” 

Sevyn Sages, 3,053. 

*agh’-teled, *agh'-teld (gh guttural or mute), 
pa. par. [Aghtele.] 

ag-Il-a wood, s. [Native names in India : aghil, 
karaghil, kalagaru .] The fragrant wood of Aquil- 
aria ovata and A. agallochum, two trees belonging 
to the family Aquilariacese, or Aquilariads. [Agal- 
loch, Aquilaeia, Aloes-wood, Eagle-wood, Lign- 
aloes.] 

*a-glld', a. [A. S. agilde= without compensa¬ 
tion; gild, geld, gyld=a. payment of money, an ex¬ 
change, a compensation, a tribute.] 

0. Law: Free from penalties, not subject to cus¬ 
tomary fines or impositions. (Blount.) 

ag'-ile, a. [In Fr. agile; Sp. & Port, agil; Ital. 
agile; all from Lat. agilis=(l) easily moved* (2) 
moving easily; (3) quick, active, busy; ago—to set 
in motion.] Easily made to move; nimble, active. 

Used (1) chiefly of the limbs of man or of the 
lower animals. 

. . then leisurely impose, 

And lightly, shaking it with agile hand 
From the full fork, the saturated straw.’’ 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iii. 

f(2) Of the mind. 

“ Once more, I said, once more I will inquire 
What is this little agile, previous fire, 

This fluttering motion, which we call the mind ?” 

Prior: Solomon, bk. iii. 

ag -lle-ly, adv. [Agile.] In an agile manner, 
nimbly, actively. 

fag-Ile-ness, s. [Agile.] The quality or state 
of being agile; nimbleness, activity; ability to 
move quickly. 

*ag'-ll-er, s. [A. S. a=without. and sri7t= fault.] 
An observer or informer. 

a-gil'-i-ty, s. [InFr. agiliti; Ital. agilita; from 
Lat. agilitas .] The quality or state of being agile ; 
nimbleness; activity in the use of the limbs, or 
more rarely of the mind. 

“ A limb over-strained_ by lifting a weight above its 
power may never recover its former agility and vigor.”— 
Watts. 

a-gll-loch-iim, s. [Agallochum, Agela-wood.] 
’■a-gilt', v. t. & i. [Agult.] 

a-ging, s. The process of maturing, or growing 
old. 

a -gi o, s. [In Ger., Fr., Sp. & Port, agio, from 
Ital. agio, aggio=cha.nge ; also ease, convenience.] 
A word used chiefly in Holland and Venice. 

In Commerce: (1) The difference in value between 
metallic and paper money, or between one kind of 
metallic money and another. Thus if paper money 
be at a discount, or gold or silver coins worn so 
much as only to pass at a reduction, at least in for¬ 
eign countries, the difference between its nominal 
and its real value is the agio. (2) Premium ; a sum 
given beyond the nominal value of an article. 

A'-gi-on-Ites, s. pi. An obscure sectof abstinents 
who pretended to special sanctity. They appeared 
in the seventh century, and ware condemned in the 
Council of Gangra. 


agitate 

a'-gi-ot-stge, s. [Fr., Ger. & Port.] Stock-job- 
bing; maneuvers on the part of stock-jobbers to 
raise or depress the value of government or other 
stocks. 

*g,-gl'pe, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] A coat full oi 
plaits. (Coles.) 

a-gist’, v. t. [Norm, or O. Fr. geste= a lodging, a 
place to lie down; cigiser= to be levant and couch- 
ant ; giser, Mod. Fr. g^sir— to lie down ; fr. Fat. 
jaceo— to lie down.] Lit. =-to give lodging to. 

a-gis-ta'-tor, s. [Agist.] The same as Agistok 
(q! v.). It is sometimes corrupted into gist-taker and 
guest-taker, the uneducated not being aware that 
tator as a suffix in a word modeled on the Lat. ana 
the Eng. taker are not identical or even akin, 

a-glst-ed, pa. par. & a. [Agist.] 

“ Hogs, when fed on the pannage, were said to be agisted .” 
— Boucher: Gloss. Archaic Words, “Agist.” \ 

a-gist'-er, s. [Agistoe.] 
a-gist'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Agist.] 

“ The agisting farmer.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii.. 
ch. 30. 

a-gist-ment, fa-gist-age, tg,-gIst-a-tion, 

[O. Eng. agist; O. Fr. gisement = a bed or resting- 
place.] [Agist.] 

A. Law: 

I. Civil Law: 

1. The act of taking in cattle to one’s fields to 
graze, on receiving payment for them at so much 
per week. 

“If a man takes in a horse, or other cattle, to graze and 
depasture in his grounds, which the law calls agistment, 
he takes them upon an implied contract to return the) ( 
on demand to the owner.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., 
ch. 30. 

2. The profits arising from the pasturage of cattle 
or in some analogous way. 

(a) From the pasturage of cattle. 

(b) In some analogous way: Any tax, burden, o> 
charge : as when lands are charged with money spent 
in erecting a barrier against the influx of the sea. 

II. Canon Lav:: A composition or mean rate a! 
which some right or due may be reckoned: as if th< 
word was derived from Fr. ajustement; Eng. adjust 
ment. 

B. Ch'd. Lang.: In the above legal senses; also anj 

mound, embankment, wall, or barrier against the 
influx of the sea or the overflow of a river, provided 
that such erection has been made in discharge ol 
the legal obligation described under A., I. 1 (b). 
Boucher states that this last sense is in use chiefly 
in the marshy counties. ( 

a-gist'-or, a-gist'-er, a-gis-ta'-tor, s. [Agist.] 
An officer who has the charge of cattle pastured for 
a certain stipulated sum, and who collects the 
money paid for them. [Agistatoe.] 

“A forest hath laws of her own, to take cognizance of 
all trespasses; she hath also her peculiar officers, as for¬ 
esters, verderers, regarders, agisters, &c.; whereas a chase 
or park hath only keepers and woodwards.”— Howell: 
Lett., 4. 

fag’-I-ta-ble, a. [Lat. agitabilis.'] Easily ag, 
itated or moved. (Lit. & jig.) 

“Such is the mutacyon of the common people, lyke &. 
rede wyth every wind is agitable and flexible.”— Hall: 
Edward IV., f. 23. 

ag-i-tate, v. t. [In Fr. agiter; Sp. & Port, ag , 
itar; Lat. agitate; from cigito, -avi, -atum— to put 
in frequent or constant motion; freq. from ago=to 
put in motion.] 

A. Of things simply material; 

1. To move or shake backward and forward, oi 
up and down, as water in a vessel may be shaken by 
the hand, or the ocean or a lake be put in pertur¬ 
bation by the wind. 

“Winds from all quarters agitate the air, 

And fit the limpid element for use.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. 1. 

2. To cause motion in, as God causes the planets 
to move in their orbits. 

“By whom each atom stirs, the planets roll: 

Who fills, surrounds, informs, and agitates the whole.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, cant, ii., 47. 

B. Of things not simply material: 

I. Of persons, parties, or communities: To trouble 
the mind or heart of an individual or of a commu¬ 
nity ; to create perturbation or excitement in a person 
or persons. The exciting cause may be an event, an 
inflammatory speech by a politician, or anything 
capable of moving the mind or heart. 

“While the city was thus agitated, came a day appointed 
by royal proclamation for a general fast.”— Macaulay- 
Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

“Each consul forms a party, and agitates the people 
in favor of his views.”— Lewis: Credibility of the Early 
Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. ii., § 25. 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, fatter; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tiy, Syrian, ae ce - e: ey = a. qu = kw. 



agitated 


111 


agnize 


II. Of questions or projects: 

1. To debate or discuss a question, generally with 
publicity, and often with some excitement. 

“ Though, this controversy be revived and hotly agitated 
among the moderns, yet I doubt whether it be not in a 
great part a nominal dispute.”— Boyle on Colors. 

2. To revolve in one's own mind practical ques¬ 
tions or enterprises of moment. 

“ Formalities of extraordinary zeal and piety are never 
more studied and elaborate, than when politicians most 
agitate desperate designs.”— King Charles. 

ag'-I-ta-ted, pa. par. & adj. [Agitate.] 

“ Then peace and joy again possess’d 
Our queen’s long agitated breast.” 

Cowper.- Annus Mirabilis (1789). 
ag-I-ta-ting, pr.par. [Agitate.] 
ag-i-ta -tion, s. [In Fr. agitation; Sp. agita- 
cion; Port, agitaQao; Ital. agitazione; all from 
Lat. agitatio=( 1). frequent or continued motion; 
(2) emotion, activity of mind.] 

I. The act of agitating. 

1. Lit.: The act of agitating, shaking or moving 
hither and thither any material thing or things, as 
water or the leaves of trees. 

Putrefaction asketh rest, for the subtle motion which 
putrefaction requireth is disturbed by any agitation.” 
— Bacon. 

2. Fig.: The act of directly or indirectly exciting 
the mind or heart of any one. [See II. (a).] 

II. The state of being agitated. 

Fig. Of what is not simply material: 

(a) Of a person or persons other than one's self 
agitated: The state of being alarmed, rendered 
anxious, or otherwise put into perturbation or ex¬ 
citement. 

“ In both places the tidings produced great agitation.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

“. . . kept the city in constant agitation.” — Ibid., 

ch. xviii. 

“ The merchants of the Koyal Exchange . . . were 

in great agitation.” — Ibid., ch. xxiv. 

(b) Of a question or project agitated: The state of 
being kept before the public mind by being dis¬ 
cussed at meetings, in the press, or in any other 
way. 

“The project now in agitation for repealing of the Test 
Act, and yet leaving the name of an establishment to the 
present national church, is inconsistent.”— Swift: Miscel¬ 
lanies. 

(c) Of one'sown mind agitated: The state of be¬ 
ing revolved in one’s own mind, so as to be thoroughly 
comprehended. It can in a looser sense be used of 
the inferior animals. 

“ A kind of a school question is started in this fable 
upon reason and instinct: this deliberative proceeding of 
the crow was rather a logical agitation of the matter.”— 
VEstrange: Fables. 

fill. The thing or the person agitated. In the 
questions, “Where is the agitation in the stream?” 
“ Where is the agitation in the city you bid me look 
at? ’ the meaning is not “ where is the state of agi¬ 
tation?” but “where is the agitated water?" 
“ where are the excited people? ” 
ag-i-ta-tive, a. [Agitate.] Tending to agi¬ 
tate. 

ag-I-ta'-to, adv. [Ital. agitare=. . . to agitate.] 
Music: In a broken style of performance, fitted to 
excite surprise or agitation. 

ag'-i-ta-tor, s. [Eng. agitate; -or. In Fr. aaita- 
teur; Port, agitador; Ital. agitatore; all from Lat. 
agitator .] „ , , . , 

1. One who agitates; one who finds his happiness, 
and attempts to make a livelihood, by stirring up 
excitement or commotion. 

“. . . an indefatigable agitator and conspirator.”— 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

2. Eng. Hist. As a corruption of adjutators: 
Officers appointed by the English army in 1647 to 
attend to its interests during the revolutionary 
period then in progress. 

*[[ Clarendon calls them agitators; Whitlock, 
agents or agitators; Ludlow, at first agitators, then 
by their proper appellation, adjutators. 

“The common soldiers made choice of three or four of 
each regiment, most corporals or sergeants, few or none 
above the degree of an ensign, who were called agitators, 
and were to be as a House of Commons to the council of 
officers.”— Clarendon: Hist, of the Rebellion, bk. x. 

“The adjutators began to change their discourse and to 
complain openly in council, both of the king and the 
malign ants about him.”— Ludlow: Memoirs, i. 84. 

Ag-la’-I-a, s. proper name. [Gr. proper name, 
Aglaia; from aglaia = (1) splendor, beauty, adorn¬ 
ment: (2) festive joy, triumph, glory; aglaos = 
splendid, brilliant, bright.] 

1. Class. Myth.: The youngest of the Three Graces. 


1[ Tennyson introduces the name for a child men¬ 
tioned in his poem of “ The Princess.” 

“ At her left, a child, 

In shining draperies, headed like a star, 

Her maiden babe, a double April old, 

Aglaia slept.” The Princess, ii. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the forty-seventh found. 
It was discovered by the astronomer Luther, on the 
15th of September, 1857. 

* 9,-glee', v. t. To start up. 

“ When the body ded ryse, a grymly gost a-gleed.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems, p. 166. 

ag'-let, aig'-let, *ag'-glet, *ag'-glette, *ag- 
lette, *ay-gul-et, s. [Fr. aiguillette = (1) an 
aiglet, (2) a slice (of flesh): fr. aiguille = a needle; 
aigu — sharp.] [Aiguille.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The tag of a lace, or of the points formerly 
used in dress. These were often cut into the repre¬ 
sentation of a man or of one of the inferior animals. 
“A little plate” ( Huloet ). 

“ So faire, and thousand thousand times more faire, 
She seemd, when she presented was to sight: 

And was yclad, for heat of scorching aire, 

All in a silken Camus lily whiglit, 

Purfled upon with many a folded plight, 

Which all above besprinckled was throughout 
With golden aygulets, that glistred bright 
Like twinckling starres; and all the skirt about 
Was hemd with golden fringe.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iii. 26. 

2. The lace to which the tag was attached. (Al¬ 
bert Way: Note in Prompt. Parv., ii. 8 .) 

3. “ A spangle, the gold or silver tinsel ornament¬ 
ing the dress of a showman or rope-dancer.” 
(Hartshorne: Salop Antiq., p. 303.) “Aglette Brac- 
teolum.” i. e., bracteola = a thin leaf of gold.” 
(Levins: Manipulus Vocabulorum .) 

“ And all those stars that gaze upon her face 

Are aglets on her sleeve, pins in her train.” 

O. PL, iii. 194. 

“ The little stars and all that look like aglets.” 

Beaum. & Flet.: Two Noble Kinsm., iii. 4. 

B. Technically: 

1. OldBot..: An anther. (Kersey.) 

2. An ament or catkin of the hazel-tree (Corylus 
avellana, Linn.). (Gerard.) 

aglet-baby, s. [Eng. aglet; baby.) A being no 
larger than an aglet or tag, or possibly a tag made 
in the shape of a small figure. [Aglet, A. 1.] 

“Why, give him gold enough, and marry him to a 
puppet, or an aglet-baby.” — Shakesp.: Taming of the 
Shrew, i. 2. 

aglet-headed, a. [Eng. aglet; headed.) Having 
an aglet for its head. 

*ag'-let, *ag-glet, *ag-glat v. t. [From the 
substantive.] To set an aglet upon a point or lace; 
to adorn with aglets. 

“ To agglet a poynt, or set on an agglet upon a poynt 
or lace Femer.”— Palsgr. 

9-gley', a-gly’. adv. [A. S. a=away from ; gley .] 
Off the right line ; wrong. [Ajee.] (Scotch.) 

“ The best laid schemes o’ mice an’ men, 

Gang aft agley.” Bums. 

*ag-lo'-pen, v. t. To surprise. 

“ Then airis him one Alexander, to his own moder, 
Bees not aglopened, madame . . . .” 

Romance of Alexander, Stevenson’s ed., 874. 

a-glos'-sa, s. [Gr. ag lassos =with out tongue: a, 
priv., and <7 fossa=the tongue.] 

Entom.: A genus of moths belonging to the fam¬ 
ily Pyralidse. A. pinguinalis and capreolalus are 
household pests. The larva of the former feeds 
upon butter, grease, and other fatty substances. 

*9g-lot'-ye, v. t. [Old form of Glut. In Fr. 
englowtir—tjO glut.] To glut; to satisfy. 

“ To maken with papelotes 
To aglotye with here gurles 
That greden aftur fode.” 

Piers Ploughman, p. 629. 

9 -glO"W, a. [Eng. a=on, or at; glow.) Glow¬ 
ing. 

“ And we saw the windows all aglow 
With lights that were passing to and fro.” 

Longfellow .- The Golden Legend, iv. 

“ The shoulder of the Alphubel was similarly colored, 
while the great mass of the Fletschorn was all aglow, and 
so was the snowy spine of the Monte Leone.”— Tyndall: 
Frag, of Science, 3d ed., x. 282. 

*A-glutt'e, v.t. [Probably cognate with Aglotye 
( q. v.)=to glut.] To choke. 

“ And when she is waking, she assayeth to put over at 
thentring, and it is agluttyd and kelyd wyth the glette 
that she hath engendered.”— Book of St. Albans, sig. c. ii. 

••’A-glut-tjfd, pa. par. [Aglutte.] 

*A-glyfte, pa. par., as if from a verb aglyfte. 
[Deriv. uncertain.] Frightened. (MS. Earl., 1701, 
f. 24.) (Halliwell.) 


ag-mln-al, a. [Lat. pertaining to 

a march or train ; from agmen= anything driven or 
set in motion, ... an army on the march, or simply 
an army; ago— to lead.] Pertaining to an army 
marching, or to an army or body of soldiers, how¬ 
ever engaged. 

^ag'-nail, *ag'-nayl, *ag'-nayle, *ag’-nele, 
*ang-neyles, s. [A. S. anoncegref=an agnail, a 
whitlow, a sore under the nail: ang, in compos., for 
ange= trouble; nasgel=a. nail.] 

“. . . with the shell of a pomegarned, they purge 
away angnayles and such hard swellings.”— Turner: Herbal. 
(Wright: Diet. ofObs. & Prov. Eng.) 

1. A hang-nail, either on the finger or on the toe. 
(Minsheu , Palsgrave, &c.) 

2. A whitlow. (Bailey, & c.) 

ag-nat, ag-nate, s. & a. [In Ger. & Fr. agnat; 
Sp. & Port, agnado; Ital. agngto; all from Lat. 
agnatus, pi. agnati; from agnatus, pa. par. of ag- 
nascor= to be born in addition to: ad=to; nascor= 
to be born.] 

A. As substantive : 

Old Roman Law: A person related to another 
through males only. He was contradistinguished 
from a cognate, in the connecting line of whose kin¬ 
ship to a second person one or more females had 
been interposed. Thus a brother’s son is his uncle’s 
agnate, because the short line of connection between 
them can be constituted by males only; while a 
sister’s son is his cognate, because there is a female 
in the chain of descent. By the law of the twelve 
tables only agnates possessed the rights of family 
and succession, the cognates of every rank being 
disinherited as strangers and aliens. Justinian 
wholly abolished the distinction between agnates 
and cognates. (Mackenzie: Rom. Law, 1870, ch. ix.) 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to male relatives by the 
father’s side. 

2. Fig.: Akin, similar. (Used of languages.) 

“ By an attentive examination of the peculiarities in 
enunciation which each people have in the one way or the 
other, by a fair reciprocal analysis of the agnate words 
they reciprocally use . . .”— Pownall: Study of An¬ 
tiquities. 

ag-na'-tl, s. [Lat. pi. of agnatus .] [Agnate.] 

Agnates. 

ag-nat’-ic, a. [In Fr. agnatique; Lat. agna- 
ticius .] Pertaining to descent by the male line of 
ancestors. 


“This I take to be the true reason of the constant pref¬ 
erence of the agnatic succession, or issue derived from 
the male ancestors, through all the stages of collateral < 
inheritance.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 14. 

ag-na'-tion, s, [In Fr. agnation; Sp. agnacion' 
Port, agnacao; Ital. agnazione; fr. Lat. agnatio.] 

I. Roman Law: Consanguinity by aline of males 
only. 

“All who were connected by the tie of the paternal 
power, or who would have been so if the common author 
had been alive, had between them the relationship called 
agnation, which alone, by the ancient civil law, gave the 
rights of family and of succession.”— Mackenzie: Roman 
Law, 3d ed., p. 138. 


II. Fig.: Affinity of languages. 


“I think a much greater agnation may be found 
among all the languages in the northern hemisphere 
of our globe.”— Pownall: Study of Antiquities. 



ag'-nel, s. [Fr.,from Lat. agnus= a lamb.] An 
ancient French gold coin, called also mouton d’or 
and agnel d'or. The name 
agnel was given to this coin 
from the circumstance that 
it always bore the figure of 
au Agnus Dei (Lamb of 
God) ou one side. [Agnus 
Dei (1).] It was worth 
about 12 sols 6 deni ers (12)4 
cts.banditwas first struck 
in the reign of St. Louis. 

ag-ni'-tion, s. [In Sp. 
agnicion; from Lat. ag- 
nitio=& recognizing; ag- 
nosco =to recognize.] Rec- Agnel. 

ognition. (Obverse Side.) 


“Jesus of Nazareth was borne in Bethlem, a city of 
luda, where incontinent by the glorification of the angels, 
the agnition of the shepherds, ... he was held in 
honor.”— Grafton: The Seventh Age, vol. i. 

ag-nize, v. t. [Lat. agnosco— to recognize.] 

1. To acknowledge; to recognize. 

“ I do agnize 
A natural and prompt alacrity, 

I find in hardness, and do undertake 
These present wars against the Ottomites,” 

Shakesp.: Othello, i. 3. 

“. . . to agnize the king as the source of episcopal 
authority.”— Fronde: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 


2. To know, to learn. 


“The tenor of your princely will, from you for to 
agnize.” — Cambyses. 


b 6 Il, b 6 y; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = sbiis. -hie, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 



agnized 


112 


agonizing 


ag-nlz'ed, pa. par. [Agnize.] 
ag-nl'-zlng, *ag-nl'-sjfng, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Agnize.] 

As substantive: Recognition. 

“. . . ye agnisyng and knowlageyng of theyr own 

sinfulnesse.”— XJcLal: Luke, ch. i., p. 7. 

ag-no-e'-tse, s. pi. [Gr. agnoia— want of percep¬ 
tion ; agnoeo =not to perceive or know: a, priv., and 
gignosko =to know.] 

Ch. Hist.: A sect called also AgnoitSs and The- 
mistiani, which flourished in the sixth century. They 
maintained that the human nature of Christ did 
not become omniscient by being taken into con¬ 
junction with the Divine nature. They were deemed 
heretics, and their tenets misrepresented. They 
soon died away. ( Mosheim: Church History, Cent. 
VI., pt. ii., ch. 5, § 9, Note.) 

ag-no'-men, s. [Lat. agnomen; from ad and 
«oitifn=name.] 

1. A surname appended to the cognomen or family 
name. Thus in the designation Caius Marcius Co- 
riolanus, Coriolanus is the agnomen; Caius being 
what is termed the prcenomen, and Marcius the 
nomen, or name proper. 

2. In a more general sense: Any epithet or desig¬ 
nation appended to a name, as, Aristides the Just. 

“. . . with light sandy-colored hair and small pale 
features, from which he derived his agnomen of Bean, or 
white.” — Scott: Waverley, ch. xvii. 

fag-nom-In-ate, v. t. [From Lat. agnomen 
(q. v.).] To append an “ agnomen ” to one’s name ; 
to surname one from some striking incident or ex¬ 
ploit in his history. (Used chiefly of persons, but 
also of places or things to which memorial names 
are given.) 

“. . . the silver stream 
Which in memorial of victory 
Shall be agnominated by our name.” 

Locrine, iii. 2. 

ag-nom-In-a'-tion, s. [Lat. agnominatio.] 

1. The act of appending an epithet, title, or addi¬ 
tional surname to the ordinary name of a person; 
the state of being so appended; the surname itself. 

“Agnomination, a surname that one obtaineth for any 
act; also the name of an house that a man cometh of.”— 
Minsheu. 

2. Rhetoric, &c.: 

(a) The placing together of two words different in 
meaning, but resembling each other in sound. 

‘‘The British continueth yet in Wales, and some vil¬ 
lages of Cornwall, intermingled with provincial Latin, 
being very significative, copious, and pleasantly running 
upon agnominations, although harsh in aspirations.” — 
Camden: Remains; Of Language. 

( b ) An allusion founded on some fancied resem¬ 
blance. ( Richardson.) 

ag-nos'-tlc, a. [Gr. agndstos—(V) unknown; (2) 
ignorant of.] Professing n<pt to know, or have the 
means of knowing, any principle connected with 
metaphysics or theology. [Agnosticism.] 

ag-nos-tI-gI§m, s. [Agnostic.] 

Mental Philosophy & Theol.: A school of thought 
which believes that, beyond what man can know by 
his senses or feel by his higher affections, nothing 
nan be known. Facts, or supposed facts, both of 
the lower and the higher life, are accepted, but all 
inferences deduced from these facts as to the exist¬ 
ence of an unseen world, or of beings higher than 
man, are considered unsatisfactory, and are ignored. 
Agnostics, Positivists and Secularists have much 
in common, and many people exist to whom any one 
of the three names might be indifferently applied. 

ag-nos'-tus, s. [Gr. a<ptos<os=unknown.] 
Palceont.: A genus of trilobites characteristic of 
the Lower Silurian rocks. 

ag-no-ther'-i-um, s. [Gr. a</nds=unknown, and 
tfte) - ion=animal.] 

Palceont.: The name given by Kaup to a fossil 
mammal. 

ag-nus, s. [Lat.] A lamb, 
agnus castus, s. with adj., used as s. [(1) Lat. 
agnus=a lamb; also Gr. agnos=the plant described 
below ; and (2) casfits=chaste.] The name of a tree, 
the Vitex agnus castus. From its resemblance in 
sound to the Greek adjective hagnos=( 1) holy, 
(2) chaste, it was supposed to preserve chastity, in 
consequence of which the Athenian ladies were wont 
to recline upon it during the festival of Ceres. 

“ Of laurel some, of woodbine many more. 

And wreaths of agnus castus others bore,” 

Dryden. 

AgllUS Dei, s. [Lat.=the Lamb of God (John i. 
29); adopted also m Ger., Fr., Sp., Port. & Ital.] 

1. A figure of a lamb bearing a flag or supporting 
a cross. 

2. A cake of wax stamped with the figure of a 
lamb supporting a cross. Such agnuses, being con¬ 
secrated by the Pope and given away to the people, 


are supposed by the believing recipients to be pro¬ 
tective against diseases, accidents or other calami¬ 
ties. [Agnel.] 

3. The part of the mass in which the priest re¬ 
hearses the prayer beginning with the words, 
“Agnus Dei.” 

agnus Scythicus, s. [Lat.=Scythian lamb.] A 
name given to the rhizome of a fern, Dicksonia 
Barometz, which grows in Eastern Central Asia. 



Agnus Scythicus. 

1. The plant. 2. Rhizome, with stalks cut. 3. Back of 

frond, showing seed-vessels, 4. A seed-vessel opened. 

The stem, which is covered with brown woolly 
scales, resembles the body of a lamb, and the leaf¬ 
stalks its legs. 

*a-go , *g,-gon ne, v. i. [A. S. agangan=to go 
from, to go or pass by or over.] To go, to move, to 
pass, to proceed, to depart. [Ago, par.) (MS. 
Bodl., 415.) (Halliwell.) 

“ Syr Key arose uppon the morrowne, 

And toke his hors, and wolde a-gonne." 

Syr Gaioayne, p. 20L 

a-go', *a-goo , *a-gon e, *e-gon', i-go , pa.par., 
a. & adv. [A. S. agan=gone, past.] [Ago, v. t.] 

A. As pa. par., adj., &c.: Gone, departed, passed 
away. 

“ For in swich caas wommen can have such sorwe, 
When that here housbond’s ben from hem ago.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,824. 

“ And yet moreover in his armes twoo 
The vital strength is lost, and al agoo.” 

Ibid., 2,803, 2,804. 

“ A clerk ther was of Oxenford also, 

That unto logik hadde longe i-go.” 

Ibid., 288. 

“ That othir fyr was queynt and all agon." — Ibid., 2,338. 

B. As adverb: Gone by, bygone, passed, passed 
away. 

“ And for thine asses that were lost three days ago . . .” 
—1 Sam. ix. 20. 

“ . . . three days agone I fell sick.”— Ibid., xxx. 13. 

*a-god'-Qheeld, interj. [A. S. C?od=God; scyld, 
scild, gescild, sceld, sceoZd=shield.] God shield you. 
(■ Pegge.) 

U-gOg, adj. & adv. [From Eng. a— on, and the 
syllable gog=jog, or shog. ( Wedgwood.) Johnson 
has doubtfully suggested a connection with the Low 
French a gogo =to (one’s) wish, as ils vivent a gogo 
=they live to their wish. Richardson takes it from 
Goth, gaggan; A. S. gangan —to go. In Ital. agog- 
nare is=ardently to desire. (Goggle, Jog.) Lit.: 
On the jog, on the start.] Eagerly expectant; 
ardently desirous of starting after an object greatly 
wished for. 

A. As adjective: 

“ So three doors off the chaise was stay’d, 

Where they did all get in, 

Six precious souls, and all agog 
To dash through thick and thin.” 

Courper: John Gilpin. 

IT The object of desire has on or for before it. 

“ On which the saints are all agog. 

And all this for a bear and dog.”— Hudibras. 

“ Gypsies generally straggle into these parts, and set 
the heads of our servant-maids so agog for husbands, that 
we do not expect to have any business done as it should be 
whilst they are in the country.”— Addison. 

B. As adverb: 

“ The gawdy gossip, when she’s set agog, 

In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob.” 

gt-go’-ge, a-go'-gy, s. [Gr. agoge -a leading; 
agd=to lead.] 

Rhet.: The leading toward a point; the course, 
tenor, or tendency of any discourse. 

a-go'-ing, pr. par. [Ago, v. ; or from a=on, and 
participle going. J 

1. Going, walking or riding to a place. 

“ Cham. Sir Thomas 
Whither were you a-going f” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., i. 3. 


2. Into motion, in motion. 

“Their first movement and impressed motions de¬ 
manded the impulse of an almighty hand to set them first 

agoing.” — Tatler. 

a-gom -phl-as-Is, s. [Gr. asromp7nos=without 
grinders: a, priv., and gomphios, odous—a grinding 
tooth, a molar; gomphos=a bolt, band, or fasten¬ 
ing.] 

Med.: Looseness of the teeth. 

a-gon', a-gon e, pa. par., a. & adv. [Ago.] 

fag'-on, fag -one (pi. ag’-o-ne§), s. [In Lat. ag¬ 
on; fromGr. agon—( 1) an assembly ; (2) an arena, the 
stadium; (3) the Olympic or other games, or a con¬ 
test for a prize there; (4) any arduous struggle, 
trial, or danger: from ago—to lead or carry.] A 
contest for a prize, properly speaking, in the' 
Grecian public games, but also in a more general; 
sense, anywhere. , 

“They must do their exercises too, be anointed to the! 
agon and to the combat, as the champions of old.”—' 
Saner oft: Serm., p. 106. 

“ . . . other agones were subsequently added.” — 
Grote.- Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i. 

U-gone, adv. [Ago.] 

a-gon'-Ic, a. [Gr. agonos— without an angle: 
having no dip: a, priv., and gonia= an angle.] 
Having no dip. 

Agonic line: An imaginary line on the earth’s 
surface, along which the magnetic coincides with 
the geographical meridian. It curves in a very 
irregular manner. It passes from the North Pole 
to the east of the White Sea, thence it proceeds to 
the Caspian, and next through the eastern portion 
of Arabia to Australia, and on to the South Pole; 
thence it runs to the east of South America 
and the east of the West Indies, and; entering 
Continental America, passes Philadelphia, and, 
traversing Hudson’s Bay, finally reaches the North 
Pole whence it emerged. 

“. . . a line of no variation, or agonic line.”— Atkin¬ 
son: Ganot’s Physics, 3d ed., p. 566. 

*ag o -ni-ous, a. [Eng. agony; -ows=full of.] 
Full of agony ; agonizing. (Fabian.) 

“ When Lewys had long lyen in this agonious syckenes.” 

Fabian: Chron., pt. vi. 

ag-on-I§e, v.; ag-on-I§ed, pa. par. & a.; 
ag-6n-I-§Ing, pr. par.; ag-6n-i§ -ing-ly, adv. 
[See Agonize, Agonized, Agonizing, Agoniz 
inglv.] 

ag-on-i§m, s. [Gr. agonisma.) The act of con¬ 
tending for a prize; a contest, a combat. [Agon.] 
(Johnson.) 

ag on-Ist, *ag-on-Ist'-er, *ag-on-Ist’-e§, s. 
[Gr. agonistes; whence Lat. agonista .] 

1. Lit.: One who contends for a prize at any pub¬ 
lic games, or on a less conspicuous arena ; a cham¬ 
pion ; a prize-fighter. (Rider.) 

2. Fig.: A person struggling in an agony of 
exertion, as a combatant at the Olympic or other 
games. Milton’s classic mind led him to the use of 
this term “agonistSs” as the most suitable to 
describe the character of Samson, Israel’s greatest 
athlete. 

ag-on-Is’-tlc, *ag-6n-Is-tick, ag-on-is-tl- 
cal, a. [Gr. agonistikos. ] Pertaining to contests 
in public games. 

“The prophetic writings were not (saith St. Peter), I 
conceive, in an agonistic sense, of their own starting or 
incitation.”— Hammond: Works, iv. 589. 

. . so is this agonistical, and alludes to the prize 
set before, propounded, and offered to them that run in a 
race . . .”— Bp. Bull: Works, vol. i., Ser. 14. 

ag on-Is -tic-al-ly, adv. [Agonistical.] In an 
agonistic manner ; with desperate exertion, like that 
put forth by a combatant at the Olympic or other 
games. (Webster.) 

ag-on-I'ze, ag-on-I §e, v. i. & t. [Gr. agonizomai 
=to contend for a prize ; from agon.) [Agon, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1 .Lit.: To fight in the ring. (Minsheu.) 

2. Fig.: To endure intense pain of body or of 
mind; to writhe in agony. 

“The cross, once seen, is death to every vice: 

Else He that hung there suffer’d all his pain, 

Bled, groan’d, and agonized, and died, in vain.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

B. Transitive: To subject to extreme pain; to 
torture. [Agonized.] (Pope.) 

ag-on-I zed, ag-on-I §ed, pa. par. & a. [Ago¬ 
nize, v. t .] 

“Of agonized affections.”— Wordsworth’s Thanksgiving 
Ode. Composed in January, 1816. 

“. . . first an agonized sufferer, and then finally glo¬ 
rified.”— Grote: Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i. 

ag-on-I -zing, ag-on-I'-§mg, pa. par. & a. 

[Agonize.] 

1. Active: Inflicting agony. 

“The lifted axe, the agonizing wheel.” 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, s 6 n; mute- cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, as- ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw., 



agonizingly 


113 


agree 


_ , “I tell thee, youth, 

Our souls are parch’d with agonizing thirst, 

Which must be quench’d, though death were in the 
draught.”— Hemans: The Vespers of Palermo. 

"To the right shoulder-joint the spear applied; 

His farther flank with streaming purple dyed, 

On earth he rush’d with agonizing pain.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xix., 529-531. 

'2u Passive: Suffering agony of body or mind. 

“ Convulsive, twist in agonizing folds.” 

Thomson: Spring, 386. 

“And bade his agonizing heart be low.” 

w ± ^ Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

ag-on-i'-zmg-ly, adv. [Agonizing.] In an 
agonizing manner; with extreme anguish. (Web¬ 
ster.) 

*{t-gon'ne, v. i. [Ago,?;.] 

ag-6n-o-thete,s. [Lat .agonotheta, agonothetes; 
fr. Gr. agonothetes , agon , and tithemi= to set or 
place.] An officer who presided over the public 
games of ancient Greece. 

ag-on-o-thet -Ic, *ag-6n-o-thet -ick, a. [Gr. 

' agonothetikos .] Pertaining to the agonothete, or 
president at the Grecian games. (Johnson.) 

a~gO -nus, s. [Gr. agbEOs=without angle: a, 
priv., and gonia= an angle.] A genus of fishes 
belonging to the family Triglidje, or Gurnards. The 
A. cataphractus is the Lyrie of the British seas. It 
Is called also the Armed Bull-head, the Pogge, the 
Sea-poacher, and the Noble. 

ag-on-y, *ag-6n-ie, *ag'-on-ye, s. [In Fr. 
agonie; Sp., Port., & Ital. agonia; fr. Gr. agonia= 
(1) a contest for victory in the public games; (2) 
■gymnastic exercise, as wrestling; (3) anguish.] 

1. A struggle on the part of an individual or of a 
nation for victory; violent exertion, ardent and 
convulsive effort. 

“All around us the world is convulsed by the agonies of 
great nations.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., cli. x. 

2. Bodily contortion, or contortions as of a 
■wrestler, produced by pain, by a paroxysm of joy, 
or any other keen emotion. 

“ So round me press’d, exulting at my sight, 

With cries and agonies of wild delight.” 

Pope: Homey-’s Odyssey, bk. x., 191-2. 

3. Extreme anguish of body, of mind, or of both. 

“ Who but hath proved, or yet shall prove, 

That mortal agony of love? ” 

Hemans: Tale of the Secret Tribunal. 

“ To hear her streets resound the cries 
Pour’d from a thousand agonies!” 

Ibid.: Alaric in Italy. 

“. . . exult in Home’s despair ! 

Be thine ear closed against her suppliant cries, 

Bid thy soul triumph in her agonies.” 

Ibid.: Marius amongst the Ruins of Carthage. 

If In this sense it is often used of the mental 
anguish endured bv the Redeemer in Gethsemane. 

“ And being in g,z: - -- more earnestly: and 

His sweat was as it were great drops of olood falling down 
to the ground.”— Luke xxii. 44. 


“Bythine agony and bloody sweat; by thy Cross and 
Passion.”— Litany. 

a-gon-y-cll'-tse, s. pi. [Gr. a , priv.; gonu— the 
knee ; and klinb— to cause to bend.] 

Ch. Hist.: A sect which arose in the seventh cen¬ 
tury. They prayed standing, thinking it unlawful 
to kneel. 

*a-sbo , a. & adv. [Ago.] 

*a-good’, adv. [Eng. a; good.) Well; in right 
earnest. 

ag -o-ra, s. [Gr.] The public square and mar¬ 
ket-place of a Greek town, answering to the Roman 
Forum. 

“ Another temple of Diana was in the agora.”—Lewin : 
.St. Paul, i. 321. 

a-gofi-a -ra, s. [So. Am. native name.] The crab¬ 
eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus.) 

a-gofi'-ta, s. [Haytian native name.] Solenodon 
paradoxus. JSolenodon.] 
a-goff -tl, a-gofi'-ty, s. [South American native 
name.] One of the accepted English appellations 
of the South American and West Indian rodents 
belonging to the genus Dasyprocta of Illiger; an¬ 
other designa¬ 
tion applied to 
some of them 
being Cavy. The 
scientific name 
Dasyprocta is 
from the Gr. 
das|/s=sh aggy 
with hair, and 
rolctos =the 
inder parts. 

There are vari¬ 
ous species, the 
best known be¬ 
ing the common 
Agouti (Dasy¬ 
procta Agouti), 
called also the Long-nosed or Yellow-rumped Cavy. 
The hair is brown, sprinkled with yellow or reddish, 



The Black Agouti (Dasyprocta 
Cristata). 


except the crupper, which is orange. The ears are 
short, and the tail rudimentary. The animal is 
nearly two feet long. It is found in Guiana, Brazil, 
Paraguay, and some of the Antilles. It feeds 
voraciously on vegetable food, especially preferring 
various kinds of nuts. One of the other species of 
Agouti is the Acouchy (q. v.). 

“ On these same plains of La Plata we see the agouti and 
bizcacha, animals having nearly the same habits as our 
hares and rabbits, and belonging to the same order.”— Dar¬ 
win : Origin of Sp ecies, ch. xi. 

“ The agouti is a true friend of the desert; it is a com¬ 
mon feature in the landscape to see two or three hopping 
quickly one after the other in a straight line across these 
wild plains.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. iv. 

*jL-gra'§e, v. t. [Aggeace.] 

*a-gra de, v.t. [In Sp. agradar=to please; Ital. 
gradire= to accept, approve, mount up ; Lat. gradior 
=to take steps; gradus=& step.] To be pleased 

with. [Ageayde.] (Florio: Ital. Diet.,”Gradire.") 

*3.-gra me, 3,-gre me, 9,-gro me, v. t. [A. 8. 
gramian— to anger; grama= anger; gram=furious 
anger.] To make angry ; to anger. 

a-gram'-ma-tism, s. [Gr. a, priv., and grammar 
a word.] A morbid inability to combine words 
grammatically; it is a phenomenon of aphasia (q. v.). 

*a-gram -mat-lst, s. [In Lat. agrammatos; 
from Gr. agrammatos: a , priv., and grammata x pi. 
of gramma= written character; grapho= to write.] 
An illiterate person. (Johnson.) 

a-graph-i-a, s. [Gr. a , priv., and graphein= to 
write.! A morbid inability to express ideas by 
writing; it is a phenomenon of aphasia (q. v.). 

ag-ra-phis, s. [Gr. a, priv.; grapho— to write. 
In Virg., Eel. iii. 106, mention is made of a plant in¬ 
scribed with the names of kings. It is supposed 
that this mythic flower was of this genus, which, 
however, has no writing on it now, and hence is 
called agrap/i?'s=unwritten upon.]' A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Liliacese, or Lily- 
worts. 

<L-grar'-i-«in., a. & s. [In Fr. agraire; Port. 
agrario; all fr. Lat. agrarius— pertaining to land; 
ager=a. field.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Gen.: Pertaining to fields or lands. 

2. Spec.: Pertaining to laws or customs, or polit¬ 
ical agitation in connection with the ownership or 
tenure of land. 

“ The question which now supersedes the agrarian 
movement in importance, is the proposal for a code of 
written laws made by the tribune Terentillus.”— Lewis: 
Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. iii., § 36. 

The Agrarian Laivs, in the ancient Roman repub¬ 
lic, were laws of which the most important were 
those carried by C. Licinius Stolo, when tribune of 
the people, in B. C.367. The second rogation, among 
other enactments, provided (1) that no one should 
occupy more than 500 jugera (by one calculation 
about 280, and by another 333., English acres) of the 
public lands, or have more than 10(3 large and 500 
small cattle grazingupon them ; (2) that such portion 
of the public lands above 500 jugera as was in pos¬ 
session of individuals should be divided amongst 
all the plebeians, in lots of 7 jugera, as property; 
(3) that the occupiers of public land were bound to 
employ free laborers, in a certain fixed proportion 
to the extent of their occupation. When at a later 
period efforts were made to revive the Licinian 
rogations, such opposition was excited that the two 
Gracchi lost their lives in consequence, and this, 
with their other projects, proved abortive. It is 
important to note that the land with which the 
Licinian or “ agrarian ” laws dealt was public land 
belonging to the state, and not, as is popularly sup¬ 
posed, private property. 

“ The real opposition to an agrarian law arose from 
those who, by occupying the unappropriated land of the 
state, and employing their capital and slaves in its culti¬ 
vation, had acquired a possessory right to it.”— Lewis: 
Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. ii., § 26. 

“ Maenius, a tribune, the proposer of an agrarian law, 
had hindered the levies of soldiers.”— Ibid., ch. xii., 
pt. iv , § 26. 

B. As substantive: One in favor of agrarian law. 
a-grar -i-an-i§m, s. [Ageaeian.] The princi¬ 
ples of those who favor agrarian laws. 

a-grar-l-an-I ze, v. t. [Ageaeian.] To divide 
or distribute (land) among the poorer classes by the 
operation of an agrarian law. 

*3,-gra’ste, pa. par. of Aggeace (q. v.). 
*a-gra'yde, v. t. [Icel. greidr .] To dress, to 
ornament, to decorate. 1 

“ Thyn halle agrayde, and hele the walles, 

With clodes, and wyth ryche palles.” 

Launfal, 904. 

a-gra'ze, v. i. [Eng. a=on, and grazing .] To 
graze. “To send a-grazing”= to dismiss a servant. 
(Cotgrave’sDiet., “Envoyer also Halliwell.) 


*si-gre, v. t. [Ageee.] 

*?t-gre', a. [A. N. agr6.] Kind. 

“ Be mercyfulle, agre, take parte and sumwhat par 
doone.”— MS. Harl. (Halliwell .) 

3,-gre', *a-grec, adv. [A. N. agr6.) In a kindly 
manner; kindly, in good part. 

“ Whom I ne founde froward, ne fell, 

Bot toke agre all whole my plaie.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 4,349. 

*g,-gre-£L-bir-i-te, s. [Ageeeability.] 
*a-gre'-age, v. t. [From Eng. agree (?).] To 
allege. 

“ Neither dyd I euer put in question yf I shoulde do you 
right, as you appeare to agreage.” — Egerton Papers, p. 226. 

*a-great', adv. [A. S. a=on (?); greaf=great.] 
Altogether. (Baret: Alvearie.) 

*a-gre a -tion, s. [Fr.] Agreement. 

‘‘A popular agreation of all the vndertakers.”— Acts 
Chas. I. (ed. 1814), vol. v., 229. 

agree', *a~gre’, v. t. & i. [Fr. agr6er= to accept 
with favor, to consent to, to agree: gre= will, pleas¬ 
ure, favor; Prov. agreiar— to agree; Sp. agradar— 
to please; Port, agradar =( 1) to be pleased; (2) to 
please ; Ital. aggrctdire= to accept, to receive kindly; 
Lat. gratus= acceptable, pleasing. In Lat. gratia 
=grace, favor.] [Gkace, Geateful.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To please. 

“ If harme agre me, whereto plain© I thenno.” 

Chaucer: Troilus, bk. i., 410. 

2. To put an end to a controversy or quarrel; to 
carry by unanimous concurrence a point which has 
been debated; to assent to. 

“He saw from far, or seemed for to see, 

Some troublous uprore or contentious fray, 
Whereto he drew in hast it to agree.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II., iv. 3. 

3. To make friends, to reconcile, without imply¬ 
ing that there has been marked variance previously; 
also to make up one’s mind. 

“ The mighty rivals, whose destructive rage 
Did the whole world in civil arms engage, 

Are now agreed.” Roscommon. 

“Can two walk together, except they be agreed ?”— 
Amos iii. 3. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Of persons or other beings possessed of feelings 
and a will: 

1. To be pleased with, and to be prepared to grant, 
admit, accept with favor, assent, or consent to, a 
proposition, opinion, measure, or project, submitted 
to one, joining, if called upon, in carrying it out in 
action. 

IT Followed by to of the thing to which assent or 
consent is given. 

“And persuaded them to agree to all reasonable condi¬ 
tions.”—2 Maccabees, xi. 14. 

2. To concur in an opinion or measure, to enter 
into a stipulation or join in a course of action; to 
come to an accommodation with an adversary, it 
not being implied whether the sentiments or pro¬ 
posals were made to or by one. 

’| Followed by with of the person or persons, and 
in, on, upon, as touching, an infinitive, or a clause 
of a sentence introducing or expressing the thing 
concurred in. 

(a) Of concurrence in an opinion or measure. 

“ The two historians differ in their accounts as to the 
number agreed on for the consular tribunes.”— Lewis: 
Early Roman Hist., ch. xii., § 56. 

“ In the cases which have been mentioned, all parties 
seem to have agreed in thinking that some public repara¬ 
tion was due.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

IT To agree to differ is to consent to a friend or 
acquaintance differing in opinion from one on cer¬ 
tain points, and tacitl 5 r stipulate that no breach of 
friendly intercourse shall thence arise. 

“They could, therefore, preserve harmony only by 
agreeing to differ.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

(b) Of entering into stipulation. 

“And when he had agreed with the laborers forapenny 
a day.”— Matt. xx. 2. 

(c) Of coming to a common resolve with regard to 
a course of action. 

“ Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree 
on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall 
be done for them of my Father which is in heaven.”— 
Matt, xviii. 19. 

“. . . for the Jews had agreed already, that if any 

man did confess that he was Christ, he should be put out 
of the synagogue.”— John ix. 22. 

“ For God hath put in their hearts to fulfill his will, 
and to agree, and give their kingdom unto the beast.”— 
Rev. xvii. 17. 

(d) Of accommodation with an adversary. 

“ Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in 
the way with Mm . . .’’—-Matt. v. 25. 


Mil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 

s 






agree 


114 


agriculture 


3. To live in harmony or free from contention 
with one, it not being implied that there has been 
previous variance. 

“Gob. How dost thou and thy master agreef I have 
brought him a present. How'gree you now?”— Shalcesp.: 
Merchant of Venice, ii. 2. 

“ The more you agree together the less hurt can your 
enemies do you.”— Browne: View of Epic Poetry. 

“ Still may our souls, O generous youth! agree.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiii., 685. 

4. To resemble one another. 

“ He exceedingly provoked or underwent the envy, and 
reproach, and malice of men of all qualities and condi* 
tions, who agreed in nothing else.”— Clarendon. 

II. Of things: 

1. To harmonize with, to correspond with, to be 
consistent with. 

. . thou art a Galilaean, and thy speech agreeth 

thereto.”— Mark xiv. 70. 

“A body of tradition, of which the members, drawn 
from scattered, quarters, agree with one another, and 
agree also with the general probability that arises.”— 
Gladstone: Studies on Homer, i. 49. 

“ But neither so did their witness agree together.”— 
Mark xiv. 59. 

2. To resemble, to be similar to. [For an analo¬ 
gous example, see I. 4.] 

3. To be suitable to, to be adapted for, to befit. 

“Luc. Thoughts black, hands apt, drugs fit, and time 
agreeing; 

Confederate season, else no creature seeing.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

“ Many a matter hath he told to thee, 

Meet, and agreeing with thine infancy,” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., v. 3. 

4. To be nutritious to, to be in no danger of excit¬ 
ing disease in. 

“ I have often thought that our prescribing asses’ milk 
in such small quantities is injudicious, for, undoubtedly, 
with such as it agrees with, it would perform much greater 
and quicker effects in greater quantities.”— Arbuthnot on 
Coins. 

*?i-gree', adv. [Agee, adv.] 

a -greea-bil'-i-ty, *a-gre-a-bil'-I-te, s. [Agree¬ 
able.] Agreeableness of manner or deportment. 

“All fortune is blisful to a man, by the agreabilite or by 
the egality of hym that suffereth it.”— Chaucer: Boecixis, 

bk. ii. 

a-gree -a-ble, a. [Eng. agree , and -able; Fr. 
agrtiable.] 

1. Colloquially: Disposed to consent with pleas¬ 
ure to an arrangement or proposal. 

2. Consistent with, in harmony with, conform¬ 
able to. 

T[ Followed by to, or more rarely by with. 

“ . . . is agreeable to optical principles.”— Herschel: 
Astronomy, § 417. 

“What you do is not at all agreeable, either with so good 
a Christian or so reasonable and great a person.”— Temple. 

3. Pleasing to the senses, to the mind, or both. 

“Once he was roused from a state of abject despond¬ 
ency by an agreeable sensation, speedily followed by a 
mortifying disappointment.”— Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., 
ch. xiv. 

IT Often in advertisements of houses one of the 
recommendations held out is “ agreeable society.” 

4. Abnormally for the adverb agreeably: In pur¬ 
suance of. 

“ Agreeable hereunto, perhaps it might not be amiss.”— 
Locke on Education. 

Sl-gree'-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. agreeable; -ness.] 

1. The quality or state of being agreeable. 

“Pleasant tastes depend, not on the things themselves, 
but their agreeableness to this or that particular palate; 
wherein there is great variety.”— Locke. 

2. Fitness to inspire a moderate amount of pleas¬ 
ure. 

“It is very much an image of that author’s writing, who 
has an agreecibleness that charms us, without correctness; 
like a mistress whose faults we see, but love her with them 
all.”— Pope. 

g.-gree'-a-bly, adv. [Eng. agreeable; -ly.] 

1. In conformity with, in harmony with. 

“ They may look unto the affairs of Judea and Jerusa¬ 
lem; agreeably to that which is in the law of the Lord.”— 
1 Esdras viii. 12. 

*2. Alike, in the same manner. 

“At last he met two knights to him unknowne. 

The which were armed both agreeably.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI., vii. 3. 

3. Pleasingly, in e. manner to give a moderate 
amount of pleasure. 

“I did never imagine that so many excellent rules 
could be produced so advantageously and agreeably.” — 
Surift. 


a-gree-<tn§e, s. [Agree.] Accommodation, ac¬ 
cordance, reconciliation, agreement, (Boucher.) 
(Scotch.) 

“ The committee of estates of Parliament travail e- 
tween them for agreeance, but no settling.”— Spalding: 
Hist., i. 338. 

“God, who is a Father to both, send them good agree¬ 
ance.” — Baillie: Letters, i. 91. 
a-greed', pa. par. & a. [Agree, v.] 

1. As past participle: 

Law: The word agreed in a deed creates a cove¬ 
nant. 

2. As adjective: 

“When they had got known and agreed names to 
signify those internal operations of their own minds, 
they were sufficiently furnished to make known by words 
all their ideas.”— Locke. 

*a-greef',_ *a-grefe, *a-gref, *a-grev e, adv. 
[O. Eng. a=in; Eng. grief (q. v.).] Iu grief, as a 
grief, after the manner of one grieved; sorrowfully, 
unkindly. 

u Madame, 

I pray you that ye take it nought agree/.” 

Chaucer: C. T 16,379. 

a-gree -ing, pr. par. & a. [Agree.] 
ta-gree'-ing-ly, adv. [Agreeing.] In agree¬ 
ment with. 

“ Agreeingly to which, St. Austin, disputing against the 
Donatists, contendeth most earnestly.”— Sheldon: Miracles 
of A n tichris t. 

U-gree'-ment, *a-gre'-ment, s. [Fr. agrSment .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of agreeing. 

II. The state of being agreed to. 

1. Of persons: 

(а) Identity of sentiments among different minds. 
" Close investigation, in most cases, will bring natural¬ 
ists to an agreement how to rank doubtful forms.”— Dar¬ 
win: Origin of Species, ch. ii. 

(б) Mutual stipulation with regard to any matter; 
a bargain, a compact, a contract. 

“ Three times they breathed, and three times did they 
drink. 

Upon agreement, of swift Severn’s flood.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., i. 3. 

. . We have made a covenant with death, and with 
hell are we at agreement. . . .” — Isa. xxviii. 15. 

“ . . . thus saith the king of Assyria, Make an agree¬ 
ment with me by a present, and come out to me.”—2 Kings 
xviii. 31. 

(c) Concord, harmony. 

“. . . what fellowship hath righteousness with un¬ 
righteousness? and what communion hath light with 
darkness? and what concord hath Christ with Belial? or 
what part hath he which believeth with an infidel? and 
what agreement hath the temple of God with idols?”— 
2 Cor. vi. 16. 

2. Of things: Resemblance, likeness, similitude; 
consistency, harmony. 

“ There will, therefore, be a competition between the 
known points of agreement and the known points of differ¬ 
ence in A and B.”— J. S. Mill: Logic, vol. ii., ch. xx., p. 102. 

“. . . either there will be no agreement between 
them, or the agreement will be the effect of design.”— 
Paley: Horce Paulinoe, ch. i. 

III. The thing or things agreed to ; specially the 
document in which the stipulations are committed 
to writing, as, “ Have you forgotten to bring the 
agreement with you? ” 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: A contract, legally binding on the parties 
making it. [The same as A., II. 1 (?>).] 

“ Agreement, or contract; that is to say, the making a 
promise between two or more persons, upon the under¬ 
standing that it is regarded as legally binding.”— Bow¬ 
ring: Bentham’s Works, i. 340. 

An agreement executory: One to be performed at 
a future time. 

2. Gram.: Concord. [Concord.] 

*a-gref, *a-gref e, adv. [Agreef.] 

* 9 .-greg’, *a-greg’e, *g,-gred'ge, *ag-greg'e, 

* 3 .g-greg’-gyn, v. t. [A. N. In Fr. agreger is=to 
admit into a society.] To increase, to aggravate. 

“ By wilful malice to aggrege their grevance.” 

Bochas, bk. iii. 

“ And therefore a vengeaunce is not warished by an¬ 
other vengeannce, ne a wrong by another wrong, but 
everich of hem encreaseth and aggregete other.— Chaucer: 

C. T., Tale of Melibeus. 

“The things that gretly aggreggith her synne, is the 
brekyng of here avow of chastitA”— Ibid.: The Persones 
Tale. 

*a-gres'se, v. t. [Lat. aggressus, pret. of aggre- 
dior = to go to; ad— to; gradior = to take steps; 
gradus— a step.] To go to, to draw near to, to ap¬ 
proach. 

“ Beholde I see him now agresse. 

And enter into place.”— Hawkins: O. Plays, i. 258. 


tgi-gres'-tic, ta-gres -tl cal, a. [Lat. agrestic 
fr. dger=a held.] Pertaining to the fields, pertain¬ 
ing to the country, as opposed to the town; rural: 
hence, rustic, unpolished. (Johnson.) 

*g,-gret', a. or adv. [A. S. grcetan=to weep, to 
cry out; greotan = to lament; Scotch, to greet = to 
weep, to cry.] Sorrowful, in sorrow. 

“ And gif ye hold no agret 
Shall I never it meet?”— Sir Degrevant, 1,769. 

*3,-gre thed, *3,-grei'thed, pa. par. & a. [O, 
Icel. greidha; Mid. Eng. qreithun, graithen=to pre¬ 
pare or make ready.] Dressed, prepared, made 
ready, trimmed, or ornamented. 

“ Clothed ful komly, for ani kud kinges sone. 

In gode clothes of gold, agrethed ful riche 

With perrey and peilure, pertelyche to the righttes,” 

William of Paleme (Skeat’s ed.), 51-3, 
“ A1 that real aray reken schold men neuer, 

Ne purueaunce that prest was to pepul agreithed.” 

Ibid., 1,597-8. 

*U-grev'e, v.t. [Aggrieve.] 

*a-grev e, adv. [Agreef.] 
ag-ri-col-a-tion, s. [Lat. agricolatio.] Culti¬ 
vation of fields or the soil generally. (Johnson.) 

ta-gric'-ol-Ist, s. [Lat. agricola .] A person 
engaged in agriculture. 

“First let the young agricolist be taught.” 

Dodsley: Agriculture , ii. 

fag-ri-ciil'-tor, s. [Sp., Port., & Lat.] One 
engaged in agriculture. 

ag-ri-cul'-tUr-al, a. [Eng. agriculture; -at.} 
Pertaining to the culture of the soil. 

Agricultural Chemistry is the department of 
chemistry which treats of the composition of soils, 
manures, plants, &c., with the view of improving 
practical agriculture. 

The Agricultural Class constitutes a class in the 
Census Report comprising persons engaged in agri¬ 
culture, arboriculture, and about animals. 

Agricultural Societies: Societies established for 
the promotion of agriculture. 

Agricultural College: A college founded for the 
education in agricultural pursuits of those who 
desire to follow that vocation in life. 

fag-rl-cul'-tiir-al-ist, s. [Agricultural.] The 
same as Agriculturist. 

ag'-rl-cul-tiire, s. [In Fr. agriculture; Ital. agri- 
coltura; Sp., Port., & Lat. agricultura=the culture 
of a field. Ager in Gr. is aaros, and in Sans, agros. 
It is also cognate with the Goth, akrs, the Ger. 
acker, and the Eng. acre.] Essential meanings 
earth tilt, earth tillage. ( Beames: Early England.) 

1. In a general sense: The art of cultivating the 
ground, whether by pasturage, by tillage, or by 
gardening. In many countries the process of human 
economical and social development has been from 
the savage state to hnp&lug 3'rtd fishing, from these 
to the pastoraj. state, from it again to agriculture 
properly so called, and thence, finally, to commerce 
and manufactures; though even in the most ad¬ 
vanced countries every one of the stages now men¬ 
tioned, excepting only the first, and in part the 
second, still exist and flourish. The tillage of the 
soil has existed from a remote period of antiquity, 
and experience has from time to time improved the 
processes adopted and the instruments in use; but it 
is not till a very recent period that the necessity of 
basing the occupation of the farmer on physical and 
other science lias been even partially recognized. 
Now a division is made into theoretical and practi¬ 
cal agriculture, the former investigating the scien¬ 
tific principles on which the cultivation of the soil 
should be conducted, and the best methods of carry¬ 
ing them out; and the latter actually doing so in 
practice. 

The soil used for agricultural purposes is mainly 
derived from subjacent rocks, which cannot be 
properly understood without some knowledge of 
geology, while a study of the dip and strike of the 
rocks will also be of use in determining the most 
suitable directions for drains and places for wells. 
The composition of the soil, manures, &c., requires 
for its determination agricultural chemistry. The 
weather cannot be properly understood without 
meteorology. The plants cultivated, the weeds re¬ 
quiring extirpation, the fungous growths which 
often do extensive and mysterious damage, fall 
under the province of botany; the domestic animals, 
and the wild mammals, birds, and insects which 
prey on the produce of the field, under that of zool¬ 
ogy. The complex machines and even the simplest 
implements are constructed upon principles re¬ 
vealed by natural philosophy; farm-buildings can¬ 
not be properly planned or constructed without a 
knowledge of architecture. Rents can be under¬ 
stood only by the student of political economy. 
Finally, farm-laborers cannot be governed or ren¬ 
dered loyal and trustworthy unless their superior 
knows the human heart, and acts on the Christian 
principle of doing to those under him as he would 
wish them, if his or their relative positions were re¬ 
versed, to do to him. Information on the multi¬ 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, ‘what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




agriculturism 


115 


ague-cake 


farious subjects bearing on agriculture will be 
found scattered throughout the work; it is not ac¬ 
cording to the plan pursued that they should be 
brought together in one place. 

“And the art of agriculture, by a regular connection 
and consequence, introduced and established the idea of 
a more permanent property in the soil than had hitherto 
been received and adopted.”— Blackstone: Comment. 
(1830), bk. ii., ch. i. 

2. Spec.: Tillage, i. e., preparing the ground for 
the reception of crops, sowing or planting the lat¬ 
ter, and in due time reaping them. In this sense it 
is contradistinguished from pasturage and even 
from ornamental gardening. 

“ That there was tillage bestowed upon the antedilu¬ 
vian ground, Moses does indeed intimate in general; 
what sort of tillage that was, is not expressed. I hope to 
show that their agriculture was nothing near so laborious 
and troublesome, nor did it take so much time, as ours 
doth.”— Woodward : Nat. Hist. 

tag-ri-Cul'-tUr~I§m, s. [Eng. agriculture; -ism.] 
Agriculture. 

ag-ri-cul'-tiir-Ist, s. [For etymology see Agri¬ 
culture.] One engaged in agriculture ; one skilled 
in it. 

ag-ri-mo-ni-a (Lat.), ag-ri-moh-y, *eg-rl- 

mon-y {Eng.), s. [In l)ut. agrimonie; Fr. aigri- 
monie; Sp., Port., Ital., & 

Eat. agrimonia, a corruption 
of Gr. araemone=a kind of 
poppy believed to be a cure 
for cataract in the eye; 
argemos, argemon=a small 
white speck or ulcer which 
occurs partly on the cornea, 
and partly on the sclerotic 
coat of the eye.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the 
order Rosace®, or Rose- 
worts. The calyx is 5-cleft, 
with hooked bristles; the pet¬ 
als 5, the stamens 7-20, the 
achenes 2. In spring the root 
is sweet-scented, and the 
flowers when freshly gath¬ 
ered smell like apricots. A 
decoction of the flower is 
useful as a gargle, and has 
some celebrity as a vermi¬ 
fuge. It contains tannin, and 
dyes wool a nankeen color. 

[See Hemp-Agrimony.] 

a-grin’, a. [A. S. a=on; grin.] Grinning with 
laughter, or for some other cause. 

“ But that large-moulded man, 

His visage all a-grin, as at a wake.” 

Tennyson: The Princess, v. 

ag -ri-o-pe§, or ag-rI-o-pus,s. [Gr. agrios=. . . 
wild, savage; (ope) = sight, view.] A genus of fishes 
of the order Acanthopterygii, and the family with 
mailed cheeks, the Triglidfe. The typical species is 
the A. torvus, a large fish found at the Cape of Good 
Hope, where it is called by the Dutch Seepard (or 
sea-horse). It is used for food. 

*ag -rl-ot, ag-ri-ot tree, s. [Fr. griottier=the 
agriot-tree, from griotte, its fruit.] A tart cherry. 
{Howell: Lex. Tetraglott.) 

ag'-rI- 6 -te§, s. [Gr. agriote. s=(l) wildness, (2) 
fierceness, cruelty.] A genus of Elateridee (Click- 
Beetles). The larvae of three species—the A. lin- 
eatus, A. obscurus, and A. spectator —are too well 
known as wireworms destructive to crops. The per¬ 
fect insects deposit their eggs on or near the roots 
of the plants on which they are designed to feed. 
The larvae, when hatched, rapidly increase in size. 
They lie in the earth as pup® during the winter 
months. The perfect insects usually emerge—the 
A. lineatus in March, and the other two in April. 
They are found abundantly till July. 

Ag-rlp-pln -i-an§, s. pi. [Named after Agrip- 
pinus, Bishop of Carthage.] 

Church Hist.: The followers of the above-named 
Agrippinus, in the third century, who taught a kind 
of Anabaptist doctrine. 

*a-gri §e (O. Eng.), ?ig-grl'§e {Scotch), v. t. & 
i.; *a-gros' (O. Eng.), v. i. [A. S. agrisan, agryscm 
=to dread, to fear greatly.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To cause to shudder, to frighten, to terrify, to 
intimidate. 

(а) English: 

“ Such peynes that our herte might agrise.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,231, 7,232. 

(б) Scotch: 

“My goist sail be present the to aggrise. 

Thou sal, vnwourthy wicht, apoun thys wise 
Be punyst wele.” Douglas: Virgil, 113. 

2. To make frightful or horrible. (See Spenser , 
Clarendon ed., bk. ii.) 

“The waves thereof so slow and sluggish were, 
Engrost with mud, which did them fowle agrise.” 

Spenser; F. Q., II., vi. 16. 



Common Agrimony. 
(Flower and Fruits.) 


B. Intrans. : To shudder; to be greatly afraid. 
“Thenne hit thester bi-gon, and thonderde swithe, 
That the graue quakede, and thei agrisen alle.” 

Joseph of Arimathie, 235, 236. 

“That fire under the feet aros, 

Nas ther non that him agros.” 

Gy of Warwike, p. 49. 
a-grl §e, pa. par. [A. S.] [Agrise.] 

a'-gr6m, s. A disease of the tongue, frequent in 
Bengal and other parts of the East Indies. 

a-gron'-om-jf, s. [In Fr. agronomie ; Gr. agron- 
omos, s. = a magistrate at Athens, overseer of the 
public lands: as adj.=haunting the country, rural; 
agros= a field, and womos=pasture-ground, pasture; 
nemo— to deal out, to distribute, to dispense.] 
Agriculture. 

*a-gro pe, v. t. [A. S. grdpian— to grope.] 
[Grope.] To grope, to examine. 

“ For who so will it well agrope.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. v. 

a-gros'-te-se, s. pi. [Agrostis.] The first sub¬ 
tribe of Agrostide® (q. v.). 

ag-ros-tem -ma, s. [In Port, agrostema, fr. Gr. 
agrou, genit. of agros= a field, and stemma= ma¬ 
terials for crowning; a wreath, garland, chaplet. 
Crown or garland of the field.] 

Botany : A Linn®an genus of plants, now looked 
upon by many as a sub-genus or section of the genus 
Lychnis. It belongs to the order Caryophyllace®, 
or Clove-worts, and the section Silene®. Lychnis 
{Agrostemma) githago, a tall plant with large pur¬ 
ple flowers, is the well-known corn cockle so common 
in grain-fields. It is said by agriculturists that 
when the seeds of the plant are ground along with 
those of corn they are found to render the latter un¬ 
wholesome. 

ag-ros-tid-e-ae, s. pi. [Agrostis.] A tribe or 
section of Grasses, divided into two sub-tribes, 
Agroste® and Calamagroste®. 

a-gros -tis, s. [In. Fr., Port., & Lat. agrostis; 
Gr. agrostis — a grass {Triticum repens) ; agros — 
a field.] A genus of Grasses, the type of the tribe 
or section Agrostide® and the sub-tribe Agroste®. 
A. vulgaris, the common redtop, is a valuable past¬ 
ure grass. 

ag-ros-tog'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. agrostis , and graphe 
= a description.] [Agrostis.] A description of 
the several kinds, of Grasses. 

ag-ros-tol’-6-gy, s. [Gr. agrostis, and logos = 
a discourse.] The department of botanical science 
which treats of the order of Grasses. 

*a-gro'te, v. t. [Deriv. uncertain.] To cloy, to 
surfeit (Tynvhitt). To ingurgitate, to saturate 
{Skinner) . [Agrotone. ] 

“ But I am agroted here beforne 
To write of hem that in loue been forsworne.” 

Chaucer: Legend of Phillis. 

*a-gro-ted, *a-gr6-tid, *g,-gro'-teI-ed, pa. 
par. [Agrote.] 

9,-gro -tis, s. [Apparently from Gr. agrotes or 
agrotes = belonging to the field; agros = a field.] 
A genus of moths of the family Noctaid®. Two 
species, the A. exclamationis, Heart and Dart 
Moth; and A. segetum. Common Dart Moth, have 
caterpillars called by agriculturists surface grubs, 
which are destructive to various field-crops, as also 
to garden flowers. 

*a-gr6-t6ne, v. t. [Agrote.] To surfeit. The 
same as Agrote (q. v.). {Prompt. Parv.) 

*%.-gTb'-\,bn~f(i,pa. par. [Agrotone.] {Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*a-gr6'-ton-ynge, s. [Agrotone.] Surfeiting. 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

a ground', adv. [Eng. a=on, and ground.] 

A. Literally: 

1. On the ground; resting on the ground; ashore 
(q. v.). 

“ By the middle of the next day the yawl was aground, 
and from the shoaliness of the water could not proceed 
any higher.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. viii. 

2. On the ground; implying motion toward, end¬ 
ing in rest upon. 

“ And falling into a place where two seas met, they ran 
the ship aground; and the forepart stuck fast.”— Acts 
xxvii. 41. 

B. Fig. : In difficulties; in the same all but hope¬ 
less predicament as a ship is when she is aground. 

^-grud ge, v. t. [Old form of Eng. Grudge.] To 
grudge. {Palsgrave.) 

*(t-grym', s. [Algorism, Awgrim.] 

a-gryp'-ni-a, s. [In Lat. agrypnia, from Gr. 
agrypnia = sleeplessness • agrypnos = sleepless: a, 
priv., and hypnos=sleep.] 

Med. : Wakefulness; called also Insomnia and 
Pervigilium (q. v.). [See also Wakefulness.] 


3,-grjf p-no-cd’-ma, s. [Gr. agrypnia, and kpma 
=deep sleep; koimao=Ui lull to sleep; keimai— to 
Re.] , , 

Med.: Lethargy, without actual sleep, 
a-gryp nils, s. [Gr. agrypnos = sleepless.] A 
genus of Coleoptera, of the family Elateridw. Tho 
A. murinus, or mouse-colored click beetle, has a 
larva with a flat and indented tail, and is one of 
those destructive animals called by farmers Wire- 
worms. 

*agt, *agte, *hagt, s. [A. S. ea/if=estimation; 
eahtian=to meditate, to devise: in Ger. ac/<i=care, 
attention; achten = to attend to, to regard.] 
Thought, anxiety, sorrow, grief, care, fear, 

“ Amalechkes folo fledde for agte of dead.’ 

Stoi-y of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 3,384. 

“ With the prisunes to liuen in hagt.” 

Ibid., 2,044. 

*agt, *agte, s. [A. S. ceht.] Possession; prop¬ 
erty. 

*agte, v. t. [A. S. agan; pret. ahte= to own.] To 
possess, to own. [Aght, v. t.] 

*agte, pa. par. [Agte, v. t .] 

*agte, v. [Ought.] (Mpftfes=oughtest.) 

*agte, s. [Agt.] 

*agtes, s. pi. Moneys. [Aght.] 
a’-gu-a toad, s. [Local name.] The Bufo Aqua 
of Pr. Max. A large toad found in Jamaica. 

ag-u-a'-ra, s. [Local name.] The name given 
to certain wolves, dogs, and foxes found in the 
southern part of America. {Jar dine: Natur. Lib., 
vol. iv., 1843, pp. 243, 269.) 

a’-gue, *a'-gew, *ag-we, *ha'-ge, s. [Skinner 
and Johnson, whom Wedgwood follows, take this 
from Fr. aigu= sharp, acute ; in Sp. & Port, agudo. 
The primary meaning would then be an “acute’ 
fever. Serenius and Tooke derive it from Goth. 
agis= trembling. Webster is of the same opinion, 
and cites as cognate words A. S. cege, ege, oga, hoga 
=fear, dread, horror; Arm. hegen=to shake; Irish 
agle — ieax. “The radical idea,” he says, “is a 
shaking or shivering similar to that occasioned by 
terror.”] 

*1. Originally, in a general sense: Any sharp 
fever. 

“ But Ihesu thorgh his myght, blissed mot he be, 
Keised him vpright, and passed that hage.” 

B. Brunne, p. 333. 

II. Hence in a limited sense: 

1. An intermittent fever, in whatever stage of its 
progress or whatever its type. A person about to 
be seized by it generally feels somewhat indisposed 
for about a fortnight previously. Then he is seized 
with a shivering fit, which ushers in the cold stage 
of the disease. This passes at length into a hot 
stage, and it again into one characterized by great 
perspiration, which carries off the disorder for a 
time. The three leading types of ague are the quo¬ 
tidian, with an interval of twenty-four hours; the 
tertian, with one of forty-eight hours; and the 
quartan, with one of seventy-two hours. The 
remote or the proximate cause of ague is generally 
the exposure of the body to the malaria generated 
in marshes. The remedy is quinine or some other 
anti-periodic. [Anti-periodic.] [Malaria.] , 

“And he will look as hollow as a ghost, 

As dim and meagre as an ague’s fit.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 4. 

2. Specially: 

{a) Lit.: The cold fit, often accompanied by 
trembling or shaking, which constitutes the first of 
the three stages of intermittent fever. In the 
phrase “fever and ague,” ague means the cold 
stage, and fever the hot one which succeeds it. 

“ Cold, shivering ague.” 

Dryden: Palamon and Arcele. 
(6) Fig.: Any shaking produced by cold, however 
removed it may be from the first stage of intermit¬ 
tent fever. 

m. As the rendering of a word of doubtful mean¬ 
ing : 

The ague of Scripture. The Hebrew word qad- 
daclihath, Lev. xxvi. 16, which is translated “ fever ” 
in Deut. xxviii. 22, from the root qaddachh= to set 
on fire, is rendered in the Septuagmt in Leviticus 
ikteros=the jaundice, and in Deut. puretos=ie.vev, 
especially of a tertian or quartan type. Probably 
a more formidable disease is meant than simple 
ague, or the word may be used in the extended 
sense of No. I. 

“I also will do this unto you; I will even, appoint over 
you terror, consumption, and the burning ague, that shall 
consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart; . . .” 
— Lev. xxvi. 16. 

ague-cake, s. 

1. Lit.: An affection of the spleen which some¬ 
times accompanies ague. There arises in the left 
hypochondrium a hard swelling, indolent at first, 
generally little influencing the health in this 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. ■ bel, d?l. 




ague-draught 


116 


ahungered 


country, but in warmer latitudes sometimes becom¬ 
ing large and very painful, and on its suppuration 
causing death. (Dr. Joseph Brown: Art. “ Inter¬ 
mittent Fever," Cycl. of Pract. Med., ii. 223.) 

2. Fig.: A morbid mental excrescence, produced 
by heated feeling. 

“. . . this worthy motto, ‘No bishop, no king,’ is of 
the same batch, and infanted out of the same fears, a 
mere ague-cake. . . .’’—Milton: Of Reform in England. 

ague-draught, s. A draught designed to ward 
off or cure an attack of ague. 

“The soldiers in the Peninsular hospitals regularly 
applied for an ague-dr aught (60 drops of laudanum and a 
drachm of ether) when they saw their nails turning blue, 
which is generally the first sign of the commencement of 
a paroxysm.”— Dr. Brown: Cyclo. of Pract. Med., vol. ii. 

ague-drop, s. A kind of drop designed to cure 
ague. 

ague-fit, s. 

1. Lit.: A fit of the ague. 

“ Cromwell, who had an ague-fit from anxiety, . . . ”— 
Fronde: Hist. Eng., pt. i., ch. xv. 

2. Met.: A fit of trembling produced by fear. 

“This ague-fit of fear is over-blown.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., iii. 2. 
Cgue-ointment, s. An ointment for the ague. 
The leaves of the elder are used for this purpose 
very successfully. 

ague-powder, s. A powder designed to cure 
ague. 

ague-proof, a. Proof against ague. 

“I am not ague-proof.” — Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 6. 
ague-spell, s. A spell or charm believed by the 
superstitious to prevent or cure ague. {Gay.) 
ague-struck, Cl. Struck with ague, 
ague-tree, s. The Laurus sassafr: .. [Sassa¬ 
fras.] ( Gerard, &c.) 

a -gue, v. t. [From the substantive.] To cause 
to tremble or shake like one in the first stage of 
intermittent fever, 
a'-gued, pa. par. & a. [Ague, v.] 

“ . . . faces pale 

With flight and agued fear.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 4. 

* 9 -guer -ry, v.t. [Fr. aguerrir; from guerre— 
war. ] To instruct in the art of war ; to inure to the 
hardships of war, {Lyttleton.) 

*aguiler (ag'-wll-er), s. [Fr. aiguille=a needle.] 
A needle-case. 

“ A silver nedil forth I drowe 
Out of aguiler queint i-knowe. 

Romaunt of the Rose, 98. 

taguillaueuf, auguillaneuf (ag-wll'-lan-fif), s. 
•[Fr. a.=to; gui= mistletoe; Van neuf=new year.] 
An ancient Frankish ceremony, by which the druids 
•gathered mistletoe in a dignified manner in the 
month of December, and on New Year’s Day distrib¬ 
uted it among the people as a symbol of rejoicing. 

ta-gur-§<ird, v. t. [Aguise.] To dress in a fancy 
dross, with the view of acting as a Christmas 
‘ wait,” or paying visits for amusement’s sake to 
■bouses at that festival. 

“. . . or else they hae taen Yule before it tomes, and 
gaun aguisarding.” — Scott: Guy Mannering, xxxvi. 

*a-gul’§e, *a-gul ze, v. t. [Fr. guise =(1) manner; 
(2) fancy, humor.] To guise, to adorn, to dress out. 
“ Sometimes her head she fondly would aguize 
With gaudy garlands.”— Spenser: F. Q., II. vi. 7. 

*[ It is opposed to disguised= aguisod, guised, or 
dressed out in a way to mislead. 

“ So had false Archimago her disguysd, 

To cloke her guile with sorrow and sad teene ; 

And she himselfe had craftily devisd 

To be her Squire, and do her service well aguisd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. i. 21. 

*a-guF§e, *^-guI’ze, fag-gul ze, s. [From the 
verb.] Guise, dress. 

“ The glory of the court, their fashions 
And brave agguize, . . .” 

More: Song of the Soul, bk. i. 23. 
a-gu-Ish, a. [Eng. ague; -ish.) 

1. Lit.: In any way pertaining to ague; causing 
or tending to cause ague ; noted for the occurrence 
in it or them of ague. 

“And aguish east.”— Cowper: Task, bk. iii. 

“ The aguish districts of England continue to be inhab¬ 
ited.”— Arnold: Hist. Rome, ch. xxiii. 

2. Fig: Alternately chilly, cold, like a patient in 
the first stage of ague; or burning hot, like one in 
. Is second stage. 

“Her aguish love now glows and burns.” 

Lansdoume: To Myra. 

§.-gu-Ish~ness, s. [Eng. aguish; -ness.) The 
rate of being affected by ague. 

Spec.: Chilliness. {Johnson.) 

^U -gult', *a-gllt', *a-gllt e (pa. par. agelt), v. i. 
A. S. agyltan.) 

1. To offend. 

“He agilte her nere in other case, 

So nere ail wholly his trespasse.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 5,832-3. 


2. To be guilty, to offend, to sin against. 

“ Thanne was he scorned that nothing had agilt.” 

Chaucer: The Persones Tale. 

“And neuer agult the wil i liue in game ne on ernest.” 
—William Palerme (Skeat’s ed.), 4,401. 

*a-gus-a-diir'-a, *a-gus-age, s. [A. N.] 

Feudal Custom,: A fee paid by vassals to their 
lord for the sharpening of their agricultural imple¬ 
ments, which no person was permitted to under¬ 
take except the individual appointed for the pur¬ 
pose by the feudal superior. 

a-gus'-tlte, *a-gus’-tine, s. [Ger. agustin .] A 
mineral, the same as Apatite (q. v.). 

*ag-we, s. [Ague.] 

a-gy e, gye, gle, v. t. [Fr. guider .] To guide, 
to direct. 

“Launfal toke leave of Teranour 
For to wende to kyng Artour, 

Hys feste for to agye.” 

Eng. Trans, of Grands Fabliaux, 323. 

A-gy-nen’-se§, A-gy-nl-a'-nl, A-gy -ni-i, s. 
[Gr. a, priv.; gyne=t& woman.] 

Ch. Hist.: A sect who opposed marriage and the 
use of flesh-meat, saying that these practices were 
opposed to spirituality of life, and emanated not 
from God, but from the devil. They arose about 
A. D. 694, but not long afterward died away. 

*a-gynn e, *a-gin', V. t. & i. [A. S. aginnan, 
onginnan=to begin; agynth—hosirmetli.) To begin. 

“ The maister his tale he gan agin.” 

The Sevyn Sages, 1,410. 

ah, interj. [Ger. ah, ha, ach; Fr. ah; Port, ah, 
ai; Ital. ah, ahi; Lat. ah, a .] An exclamation 
uttered— 

1. In surprise. 

“Then said I, Ah Eord God! they say of me. Doth he 
not speak parables?”— Ezek. xx. 49. 

2. In exultation. 

“Let them not say in their Ihearts, Ah, so would we have 
it . . .”— Ps. xxxv. 25. 

3. In mourning. 

“ . . . they will lament thee, saying, Ah lord !”— 
Jer. xxxiv. 5. 

4. In contempt (mingled with surprise). 

“And they that passed by railed on Mm, wagging their 
heads, and saying, Ah, thou that destroyest the temple.”— 
Mark xv. 29. 

5. In simple pity. 

“ . . . ah! it [the sword] is made bright, it is wrapped 

up for the slaughter.”— Ezek. xxi. 15. 

6. In mingled pity and contempt. 

“Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, a seed 
of evil-doers, children that are corrupters.”— Isa. i. 4. 

7. In self-abasement. 

“Then said I, Ah, Lord God ! behold, I cannot speak: 
for I am a child.”— Jer. i. 6. 

8. In adoration. 

“Ah Lord God ! behold, thou hast made the heaven and 
the earth by thy great power and stretched-out arm ...” 
— Jer. xxxii. 17. 

T[ In such a case, however, it is more frequently 
written 0. 

a ha’, interj. [In Ger. ha ha, aha; Fr. aha: Lat. 
aha.) An exclamation uttered with different 
modifications, however, of the voice and features. 

1. In mingled exultation and derision. 

“Thus saith the Lord God: Because thou saidst, Aha, 
against my sanctuary, when it was profaned . . .”— 
Ezek. xxv. 3. 

2. In surprise. 

“ . . . yea, he warmeth himself, and saith, Aha, I am 
warm, I have seen the fire.”— Isa. xliv. 16. 

*[[ Sometimes it is doubled. 

“ Let them be turned back for a reward of their shame 
that say, Aha, aha.” —Ps. Ixx. 3. 
a-ha 1 , s. [Hah-hah.] 

a-hset a-hcet'-ul a, s. A genus of snakes 

belonging to the family Dendrophidse, or Tree-ser¬ 
pents. The A. liocercus, the Borga, is a pretty 
snake which occurs in Borneo, and is so harmless 
that the children use it as a plaything and pet. 

*a-hang', a. [A. S. ahangen, ahangan=hxtTig.) 
Hanged, been hanged. 

a-han’-i-ger, s. A name of the gar-fish {Esox 
belone, Linn.). [Gak-eish.] 
a-head', adv. [O. Eng. a=on; head.) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. “ On head,” on the head, head-foremost, head¬ 
long. 

Lit. <& Fig.: Used generally of animals or per¬ 
sons not under proper restraint. 

“ They suffer them at first to run ahead, and when per¬ 
verse inclinations are advanced into habits there is no 
dealing with them.”— L’Estrange: Fables. 


2. Onward, forward, in front, in advance. 

“ One of the young men, however, cried out, ‘ Let ue all 
be brave,’ and ran on ahead.” — Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. xviii. 

To go ahead: 

{a) Lit.: To proceed in advance. 

“. . . it was necessary that a man should go ahead 
with a sword to cut away the creepers.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. ii. 

(6) Colloquially: To proceed rapidly, to make 
satisfactory headway in what one is doing. (Used 
of literal movement forward in the case of railway 
employes directing trains or seamen navigating 
ships. Used figuratively of anything in which prog¬ 
ress of any kind is possible, even though there be 
no physical movement.) 

B. Naut.: In front, before, further forward than 
a vessel, as “ There is a rock ahead.” 

-a height' {gh silent), adv. [Eng. a=on; height.) 
On high. 

“Edg. From the dread summit of this chalky bourn 
Look up aheight —the shrill-gerged lark so far 
Cannot be seen or heard. Do but look up.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 6. 

a-hem', interj. [Hem.] 

*a-h8T'e, v. t. [A. S. aheran— to hear.] To hear. 
[Hear.] 

*Et-hIgh, *a-hy'ghe {ah silent), adv. [O. Eng. a- 
=on; high.) On high. [Ahi.] 

*a-hlght' {gh silent), pret.pass, of verb. [Hight.] 
Was called. 

“And that amiabul maide Alisaundrine alright ” 

William of Palerne (Skeat ed.), 586. 
a-hlnt/, a-hlnd, prep. & adv. [Ger. hinien, 
dehiten.) Behind. {Scotch.) 

“. . . the long green ahint the clachan.”— Sir W. 

Scott: Waverley, ch. xliv. 

*a-hoight' (ah silent), a. [A. S. a=on; heahdhu 
=height.] [Height.] Elevated, in good spirits. 
( Florio: Diet., In-tresca.) 
a-hold , adv. [Eng. a= on; hold.) 

Naut.: Near the wind. 

To lay a ship ahold: To lay or place her in such 
a position that she may hold or keep to the wind. 

“ Boats.: Lay her ahold; set her two courses: oif to sea 
again, lay her off.”— Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 1. 


a-horse', adv. [Eng. a=on; horse.) On horse¬ 
back. (Hearne: Gloss.) 

a-hou -al, s. The Brazilian name for a shrub 
(Cerbera ahouai), the kernels of the nuts of which 
are a deadly poison. It belongs to the order 
Apocynacese, or Dogbanes. [Cerbera.] 
a-hby’, interj. [In Fr. ho.) 


Naut.: A word used in hailing vessels or people, 
as “ Ship ahoy! ” 

Ah-rlm-an ( h guttural), s. [Zend Ahriman; 
from Zend agro or ang hro = wick e d, murderous, and 
maineyus= invisible, from (1) adj. mainyu, (2) sub- 
stantive.marao, corresponding with the Sansc. rnanas 
— the mind; in Lat. mens, whence English mental, 
&c.] 

In the Zoroastrian Creed (that held by the ancient 
Persians and their descendants, the modern Par- 
sees) : The Evil Principle or Being, supposed to 
have created darkness, to be the patron of all evil, 
and to live in perpetual conflict with Hormuzd, the 
Good Principle, or Being. Ahriman, like Hormuzd, 
has under him a hierarchy of angels. He differs 
from the Satan of Scripture in being on an equality 
both in years and in power with the good God. 
[Zoroastrianism. ] 


w 1 1 I A 1 , J AIT ~ I CL II , CX IT KX JJIDFAIJ.CXI Id 11. ilUl 

the ahu of Kaempfen.] The Tartarian roe (Cervus 
Dygargas, or Capreolus), which is identical with the 
Antilope subgutturosa. It is larger than the 
European roebuck, and inhabits the mountains in 
Siberia, Tart-ary, &c. 

a-hull', adv. 

[O.Eng. a=oa; 
hull.) 

Naut.: With 
the sails furled 
and the helm 
lashed on the 
leeside, caus¬ 
ing the vessel to 
lie nearly with 
her side to the 
wind and sea, 
and her head 
inclined some¬ 
what in the di¬ 
rection of the 
wind. This sit¬ 
uation affords 
a great pro¬ 
tection against 
the fury of a 
storm. 

a-hun'-gered, a. 

Hungered. 



A Vessel Ahull. 

[Eng. a=on, and hungered. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
ir, wore, wplf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw' 











ahungry 

a-hfin'-gry, a. [0. Eng. a = on, and hungry A 
Hungry. ( Shalcesp.: Merry Wives, i. 1.) 

* 9 .-hy , *an-hy , -a-hygii (gh silent), adv. TO. 
Eng. o=on ; hy= high, j On high. 

“ By that, Kaymoumi was doubted of ech wight 
Into gret honour risen is ahy , 

And worshipped is in ech company.” 

La Coudrette: The Ro*”" '•> e ■'? - / 

ed.), 1209-11. 


Romans of Partenay (1500?) (Skeat 

a,I, aie, s. [Dut. & Ger. ei = an egg.j An ogg. 

„ ^ ~h *• [Ger. & Fr. ai. A word framed by the 
o'ii -American Indians to imitate the plaintive cry 
, J he A nlI S al v ‘ h)ch they called Ai.] A species of 
siotn the Bradypus tridactylus of Linnaeus. As its 
name imports, it has but three toes, or rather nails, 
on each foot, in this respect differing from the 
Unau (Bradypus didactylus, Linn.), which has but 
two. It is of the order Edentata, or tootliless mam¬ 
mals. It is the only known species of its class which 
has as many as nine cervical vertebrae, seven being 
the normal number. It is about the size of a cat. 
a he tail is very short. The limbs also are short, but 
exceedingly muscular. It clings with extraordi- 
anry tenacity to the branches of trees. It is pre¬ 
eminent even among sloths for sluggishness. Its 
apathy is on a par with its inertness. Its practice 
is to strip a tree completely bare before it can pre¬ 
vail upon itself to put forth the exertion requisite 
to enable it to roll itself into a ball, fall to the 
ground, and climb another tree. It inhabits Amer¬ 
ica from Brazil to Mexico. 

aLal-ai, s. The name given in Paraguay to a 
wading bird, the American Jabiru ( Mycteria Amer¬ 
icana) . 

aid, *ayde, v. t. & i. [Fr. aider = to help; Sp. 
ayudar; Port, ajudar; Prov. adjudar, ajudar, 
aidar; Ital. aiutore; Lat. adjuto = to help; f-req. 
from adjutum, supine of adjuvo = to help: ad; 
juvo = to help. In Arab, aid is = to assist or 
strengthen, and ayada and adawa = to help (We6- 
ster) , but these resemblances seem accidental.] To 
assist, to help. 

1. Transitive: 

“ . . . which- aided him in the killing of his breth. 

len.”— Judg. ix. 24. 

“. . . to aid each other in many ways.”— Darwin: 

Descent of Man, ch. iii. 

“ Neither shall they give anything unto them that 
make war upon them, or aid them with victuals, weapons, 
money, or ships.”—1 Maccabees viii. 26. 

2. Intransitive: 

“ Or good, or grateful, now to mind recall, 

And, aiding this one hour, repay it all.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxii., 229, 230. 
aid, *ayde, s. [From the verb. In Fr. aide: 
Sp. ayuda; Port, ajuda; Ital. aiuto; Lat. adjutus.) 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. The act of helping or assisting. 

II. The state of being helped. 

U In aid: To render assistance. 

“ Your private right should impious power invade. 

The peers of Ithaca would arm in aid.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. i., 513, 514. 

III. The thing which, or more rarely the person 
who renders assistance. (In this sense it is often 
Used in the plural.) 

1. The thing which does it. 

“ . . .he might hope for pecuniary aid from France.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

“And he has furnished us with some aids toward the 
consideration of this question.”— Gladstone: Studies on 
Homer, i. 23. 

2. A person or persons rendering assistance. 

(a) Generally: 

“ Let us make unto him an aid like unto himself.”— 
Tobit viii. 6. 

(b) Specially : Auxiliary troops or commanders. 

“ No sooner Hector saw the king retir’d, 

But thus his Trojans and his aids he fir’d.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xi. 366. 

^[ The word is used in this sense in the term aid- 
de-camp, sometimes contracted into aide or aid. 

B. Technically: 

I. Feudal System: A tax paid by a vassal or 
tenant to his lord, chiefly on three occasions, when 
the superior just named was put to unusual ex¬ 
pense. These were, 1st, to ransom him when he was 
a prisoner; 2d, to defray the charges when his 
eldest son was made a knight; 3d, to help the 
eldest daughter to obtain a husband by furnishing 
her with a suitable dowry to be given her at the 
time of her marriage. At first the aids on these 
occasions were voluntary, but the feudal lord suc¬ 
ceeded in converting them into a compulsory tax. 
This, however, was abolished by the statute 12 
Charles II. 

“Aids were orginally mere benevolences granted by 
fclie tenant to his lord in times of difficulty and distress: 
but in process of time they grew to b considered as a 
matter of right and not of discretion.”— Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment., bk. ii., ch. v. 


117 

taid'-an 9 e, *ayd'-an§e, .s. [Eng. aid; -ance.] 
Aid, assistance, help. 

“ For lovers say,the heart hath treble wrong, 

When it is barr’d the aidance of the tongue.” 

Shalcesp.: Venus and Adonis. 

aid'-stnt, *ayd'-ant, a. [Fr. aidant, from pr. 
par. ol aider= to help.] 

“. . . be aidant and remediate 
In the good man’s distress.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 4. 

aid-de : camp, aide-de-camp, or sometimes 
simply aid or aide (approx, ad -de-kong), s. [Pr. 
aide du camp; Sp. ayudante de campo; Port. 
adju&ante de campo; Ital. ajutante di campo.] 
Military: An officer who receives the orders of a 
general and communicates them. His functions are 
exercised while battles are in progress, as well as 
in more tranquil times. 

ai'-d$d, pa. par. & a. [Aid, v.] 

*|[ Used as adjective in_ the phrase “ aided emi¬ 
gration.” [Emigration.] 
a-i'-de'-i-a, s. The same as aideism (q. v.). 
a-I-de'-ic, a. [Gr. a, priv.; idea—thought.] Of 
or pertaining to aideism. 

a-i-de-ism, s. [Gr. a, priv.; idea=thought, 
idea.] Profound hypnosis; absolute hypnotic 
sleep; that state or degree of hypnotism in which 
the subject is without capacity to receive or enter¬ 
tain thoughts or ideas. 

aid'-er, s. [Eng. aid; -er .] One who aids, an 
assistant, a helper. 

“ All along as he went, were punished the adherents and 
aiders of the late rebels.”— Bacon: Henry VI. 
aid -ing, pr. par. [Aid, y.] 

*ai'-dle (1 ),v.t. The same as Addle= to render 
putrid (q. v.). 

*ai-die (2), v. t. The same as Addle= to earn 
(q. v.). 

aid -less, a. [Eng. aid; -Zess.] Without aid, 
destitute of assistance. 

“The aidless innocent lady.”— Milton: Comus. 
*ai'-er-y, ;. [Eyrie.] 

*aie§e, s. [Ease.] 

*aight'-ed-en (gh mute), a. [A. S. cehta, eahta = 
eight.] The same as AGHTAND=the eighth, 
aig'-let. [Aglet.] 

ai-gog-er-Ine, a. [Aigocerus.] Belonging to 
the Aigocerus genus or sub-genus (q. v.). 

ai-gog -er-us, s. [Gr. aix, genit. aigos=a goat, 
and keras= a horn ; aigokeras in classical Greek is a 
plant, the fenugreek i,q. v.).] A genus or sub-genus 
of Antelopes, type A. leucophlcea, the Blau-block, 
South Africa. 

fai -gre, s. [Eager, Aker, Higre.] 
tai -gre, a. [Fr.] Sour, sharp. 

"... like aigre droppings into milk.” 

Shalcesp.: Hamlet , i. 5. 

*aigre doulce, a. [Fr. aigre doux, fern, douce.] 
Sour-sweet. (Holland.) 

*al'-green, s. [Aygreen.] 
ai-gre-more, s. [Fr.] 

Art: Charcoal in a state of preparation to be 
mixed with other ingredients for the manufacture 
of gunpowder. 

ai-gret, ai’-grette, s. [Fr. aigrette .] 

A. Ordinary Language: A tuft, as of feathers, or 
a small bunch, as of diamonds. 

“ Still at that Wizard’s feet their spoils he hurled— 
Ingots of ore from rich Potosi borne. 

Crowns by Caciques, aigrettes by Omrahs.” 

Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, 31. 

B. Technically: 

I. Botany . [Egret.] 

II. Zoology: 

1. [Egret.] 

2. In the form. Aigrette: Buff on’s name for the 
Hair-lipped Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus ). 

fai-gue-ma-ri ne, s. [Fr .=aquamarine.) 

Min.: De Lisle’s name for the aquamarine, or 
beryl. [Aquamarine, Beryl.] 

aiguilette (ag'-wil-et), s. [Aglet.] 
faiguille (ag'-will), s. [Fr.=a needle.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A needle-shaped peak of rock. 

“ . . . and where the aiguilles above present no kind 
of way for crowning the heights and outflanking the de¬ 
fenders.”— Times, Oct. 29, 1877. 

2. Mining: An instrument for boring cylindrical 
holes in the rock to receive charges of gunpowder 
for blasting purposes. 

aiguille-like, a. [Eng. aguille; like.] 

“ The aiguille-like peaks on either side.”— Times, Oct. 
29, 1877, Montenegrin Corresp. 
aiguillons (ag-wil-long), s.pl. [Fr.] 

Bot.: Stalked glands, once called setee by Woods 
and Lindley. In the genus Rosa they resemble 


ailment 

aculei, but are distinct from them in natura 
(Lindley: Introd. to Bot., 3d ed., 1839, p. 65.) 

♦aiguisce, *aiguisse, *eguisce, *aiguise, 
*eguisse (ag-wls-se'), a. [Fr., from aiguiser-to 
sharpen.] 

Her.: Sharply pointed; applied especially to a 
cross on an escutcheon which has its four angles 
sharpened, but still terminating in obtuse angles. 
It differs from the cross fitchee in this respect, that 
whereas the latter tapers by degrees to a point, the 
former does so only at the ends, 
talk, s. [Oak.] (Scotch.) 

1. An oak-tree. (Lit. &fig.) 

“ . . . sic a sprout frae the auld aik.” — Scott: Gun 

Mannering, ch. xiii. 

2. Oak-wood. 

faik-snag, faik-snaggy, s. A knotty stump of 
an oak, or an oak-tree having the branches roughly 
cut off. 

“He’ll glowr at an auld-warld barkit ailc-snag as if it 
were a queez-maddam in full bearing.”— Scott: Rob Roy, 
ch. xxi. 

*ai'-ken, ai'-kin, adj. [Oaken.] Oaken, of oak. 

(Scotch.) 

“ . . . for bringing hame of aikin tymmer.” 

Acts, Mary (1563), ed. 1814, p. 545. 
ai -kin-Ite, s. [Named after Arthur Aikin, M. D., 
F. C. S.] A mineral classed by Dana with his sul- 
pliarsenites. Compos.: Sulphur 16'7, bismuth 36'2, 
lead 36’1, copper 11’0=10C. It is orthorhombic, with 
long embedded acicular crystals, as also massive. 
The luster is metallic, the color lead-gray, with a 
pale copper-red tarnish. It occurs in the Ural 
mountains, in Hungary, and in the United States. 
[Patrinite, Belonite, Aciculite, Retzbanyite.] 
ail, *eyle, v. t. & i. [A. S. eglian=to feel pain, 
to ail, trouble, or torment; eglan=to inflict pain, to 
prick, torment, trouble, or grieve. Generally imper¬ 
sonal, as “me egleth”=to grieve me; egle= trouble¬ 
some, difficult, hateful. Goth, agio = affliction, 
tribulation.] 

A. Trans.: To cause uneasiness of body or mind; 
to pain, to trouble. 

If It is generally used in interrogatories in which 
inquiry is made as to the unknown cause of some 
restlessness or trouble. The nominative to the verb 
is generally something indefinite, as what or noth¬ 
ing, though in Piers Ploughman the definite word 
syknesse (sickness) is used. 

1. Lit. Of persons: 

“My mother thought, What ails the boy?” 

Tennyson: The Miller’s Daughter. 

2. Fig. Of things: 

“What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddast?”— 
Ps. cxiv. 5. 

B. Intrans.: To be affected by uneasiness or pain. 

“And much he ails, and yet he is not sick.” 

Daniel: Civil Wars, bk. iii. 

ail(l),s. [From the verb.] Indisposition ; source 
of weakness ; affliction. (Pope: Moral Essays, iii. 89.) 

ail (2), aile, *eile, s. [Fr. aile—o. wing, from 
Lat. ala. ] The beards of barley. 

ail, imperat. of verb, used as interj. [Hail.] 
ail-antiV-us, s. [From ailanto, the Molucca 
name of one of the species.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Xanthoxylaceae, or Xanthoxyls. 
The A. glandulosa has very large, unequally pinnate 
leaves and unpleasantly-smelling flowers. In 
France and Italy it is used for shading walks, and 
it has been introduced from China to afford nourish¬ 
ment to a fine silkworm (Attacus Cynthia). The 
Ailanthus excelsa, from India, is also cultivated 
here. 

Ailanthus Silkworm, or Ailanthus Moth: Attacus 
Cynthia. [Attacus.] 

"aile, s. [Fr. mewl=grandfather.] 

*aile, s. [Aisle.] 

*ai'-lettes, *ail'-lettes, s. pi. [Fr. ailette=& 
winglet.] 

Heraldry: Small escutcheons fixed to the shoul* 
ders of armed knights. They were called also 
emer asses. They 
were of steel, and 
were introduced in 
the reign of Ed¬ 
ward I., and were 
the origin of the 
modern epaulet. 

ail -ing, pr. par. 

& a. [Ail,d.] 

“Touch but his 
nature in its ailing 
part.”— Cowper: Ti¬ 
rocinium. 

ail’-ment, s. 

[Eng. ail; -ment .] 

Sicknessj disease, 
indisposition, e s - Auette. 

pecially of a chronic character. 

“I am never HI, but I think of your ailments.”—Swifts 
Letters. 



b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = fe 
-qian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?!, d& 





ailurus 


118 


air 


ai-lur -us, s. [Gr. aiollo= to shift rapidly to and 
fro; and ©wra=tail.] A genus of mammals belong¬ 
ing either to the family Ursidse, or Bears, or to that 
of Viverridse, Civets, being a connecting link be¬ 
tween the two. The Wall (A. fulgens) is found in 
India. 

aim, *aime, *ayme, v. t. & i. [0. Fr. esmer— to 
aim or level at, to make an offer to strike, &c,.; also 
to purpose, determine, intend ( Cotgruve). Prov. 
esmar— to calculate, to reckon, aesmar, azesmar, 
adesrnar, adestimar= to calculate, to prepare; 
estimar= to reckon; Lat. cestimo.] 

A. Transitive: To direct by means of the eye to a 
particular spot against which one desires to hurl 
or propel a missile. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ A knotty stake then aiming at his head, 

Down dropp’d he groaning, and the spirit fled.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiv. 

“ Another vote still more obviously aimed at the House 
of Stair speedily followed.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xiii. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Lit.: So to direct a missile or other weapon as, 
if possible, to make it strike a particular spot, 

“ Who gave him strength to sling, 

And skill to aim aright.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns, Jehovah Nissi. 

II F guratively : 

1. To seek to obtain a particular object of desire. 

“ . . did our soldiers, aiming at their safety, 

Fly from the field.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., i. 1. 

*2. To guess, to conjecture. 

“ But, good my lord, do it so cunningly, 

That my discovery be not aimed at.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Verona, iii. 1. 

IT Aim is now uniformly followed by at of the 
object; but formerly to was employed. 

“ Lo, here the world is bliss ; so here the end, 

To which all men do aim, rich to be made.” 

Spenser: F. Q. 

aim, *aime, *ayme, s. [From the verb.] 

I. The act of aiming. 

1. Lit.: The act of so directing, or taking means 
to direct, the course of a missile or projectile as, if 
possible, to make it strike a definite spot. 

“ Each at the head 

Levell’d his deadly aim.” — Milton: P. I., bk. ii. 

2. Figuratively: 

(а) The act of directing the efforts to obtain an 
object of desire; purpose, intention, design. 

“ . . . with ambitious aim, 

Against the throne and monarchy of God, 

Rais’d impious war.”— Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

(б) Conjecture, guess. 

“ It is impossible by aim to tell it.”— Spenser on Ireland. 

II. The thing aimed at, 

1. Lit.: The point to which a missile or other 
weapon is directed. 

“Arrows fled not swifter toward their aim.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., i. 1. 

2. Fig.: An object sought to be attained. 

“ O Happiness ! our being's end and aim! 

Good, Pleasure, Ease, Content, whate'er thy name.” 

Pope: Essay on Man, Ep. IV., 12. 

If In this sense it is often used in the plural. 

“ Disgusted, therefore, or appall’d by aims 
Of fiercer zealots.” 

Wordsworth. Excursion, bk. iii. 

“ On the Historic Aims of Homer.”— Gladstone. Studies 
on Homer, § i. 21. 

*To cry aim (Archery): To encourage the archers 
by crying out “Aim” when they were about to 
shoot. Hence it came to be used for to applaud or 
encourage, in a general sense. ( Nares: Glossary.) 
“ It ill beseems this presence to cry aim 
To these ill-tuned repetitions.” 

Shakesp.: K. John, ii. 1. 

“ To it, and we'll cry aim.” 

Beaumont <£• Fletcher: False One. 

*To give aim (Archery ): To stand within a con¬ 
venient distance from the butts, to inform the 
archers how near their arrows fell to the mark; 
whether on one side or the other, beyond, or short 
of it. ( Nares: Glossary.) 

“ . . . but I myself give aim thus: wide, four bows; 
short, three and a half.”— Middleton: Spanish Gypsey, ii. 

aim-crier, s. 

1. Lit.: A stander-by, who encouraged the archers 
by exclamations. 

2. Fig.: An abettor or encourager. (Nares.) 

“ Thou smiling aim-crier at princes' fall.” 

English Arcadia. 

aimed, pa. par & a. [Aim, v.] 

As adjective, used in composition with adverbs: 

“The kings troops received three well-oimcd volleys 
. . . ’’—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., chap. ix. 


aim'-er, s. [Aim.] One who aims. 

“ Leaving the character of one always troubled with a 
beating and contriving brain, of an aimer of great and 
high spirits . . .”—.4. Wood: Athen. Oxen. 
aim-Ing, pr. par. [Aim.] 
aim -less, a. [Eng. aim; 1 -less.] Without aim. 
“In his blind aimless hand a pile he shook, 

And threw it not in vain .”—May : Lucan, bk. 3. 

“ The Turks, half asleep, ran about in aimless confu¬ 
sion.”— Dryden: Don Sebastian. 

aim'-less-ly, adv. [Eng. aimless; -ly.~\ In an 
aimless manner. (Webster.) 

ain, *aw'-in, *aw -yn, *awne, a. [Own.] Own. 
(Scotch.) 

“. . . just out o’ his ain head.”— Scott: Waverley, 
chap. lxiv. 

aln-Jp-llte, s. [Derivation uncertain.] A min¬ 
eral, a variety of cassiterite. It is black or grayish 
black, contains nearly nine per cent, of tan talic 
acid, and occurs in Finland, with tantalite and 
beryl, in albite. 

*ain<)e, *ains, *a-nls, *a -nys, *aines,‘ adv. 
[Once. ] Once. (Scotch.) 
aind, v. & s. LAynd.] 
tai-nent, a. 

Heraldry: Running. (Used of animals on es¬ 
cutcheons.) 

ain'-sell, a. [Scotch am=own; sell=self.] Own 
self. (Scotch.) 

“. . . and I’ll be your wife my ainsell.” — Scott: Guy 
Mannering, chap. xxvi. 

AI-6 -li-an, a. & s. [Gr . Aiolios.) The same as 
TEolian, except that it is taken directly from the 
Greek, while JLolian comes through the Latin 
Molius. [iEoniAN.] 

“. . . the easy conquests of Croises and of Curos over 
the Ioniaus and Aiolians of the Continent.”— Gladstone: 
Homeric Synchronisms, pt. i., ch. iv., p. 16. 

*air, v. i. (3 pers. sing, air is.) [0. Fr. eroer= to 
travel or journey, from Lat. iter=et journey.] 
[Eyre.] To turn, to go. 

“ ... of nakyd knyghtes 
Bot airis even furth him ane.” 

Alexander, Stevenson ed., 5,523-4. 
*air, *aire, *ayr, s. A journey. [Eyre.] 

*air, prep. & conj. [A. S. cer=before.] Before. 
[Are, Ere.J 

’■air, *ear, a. or adv. [A. S. cer=before; tkrlice= 
early.] [Early.] Early. (0. Eng. & Scotch.) 

“ . . . air day or late day, the fox’s hide finds aye the 
flaying knife.”— Scott: Bob Roy, ch. xxvii. 

*air, *aire, *ayre, s. [Norm, liier, here—an 
heir.] An heir. [Heir.] 

air, *ayre, *aire, *aier, *eyr, *eir, s. [In Wei. 
awyr; Irish aer; Gael, aethar, athcir; Arm. aiar; 
Fr. air; Sp. (lire; Port, ares; Ital. aria; Lat. aitr. 
From Gr. aer=the lower atmosphere, the air as 
opposed to the purer upper one, aither, or ether; 
*ao=to blow; cognate with Sansc, v& vami=to 
breathe, to blow; whence Lat. ventus=t\ie wind.] 
A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: The gaseous 'substance which surrounds 
the globe and is taken into our lungs when we 
breathe. (For its composition and properties, see 
B., 1.2.) 

“One [scale] is so near to another that no air can come 
between them .”—Job xli. 16. 

To take the air is to take a walk or ride with the 
view of respiring purer air than is obtainable in¬ 
side the house. 

“The garden was inclosed within the square, 

Where young Emilia took the morning air.” 

Dryden: Fab. 

2. The atmosphere, the hollow sphere of air in¬ 
closing our planet. 

“ . . . the birds of the air have nests.”— Matt. viii. 20. 

3 Air in motion, especially in gentle motion. 

“ Fresh gales and gentle airs 
Whisper’d it to the woods, and from their wings 
Flung rose, flung odors from the spicy shrub, 
Disporting.”— Milton: P. L ., bk. viii. 

*4. The odoriferous particles which convey the 
sense of smell to the nostrils. 

“ Stinks which the nostrils straight abhor are not the 
most pernicious, but such airs as have some similitude 
with man’s body.”— Bacon. 

II. Figuratively: 

In allusion to (a) its lightness: 

*1. Anything light or uncertain. Hope sure to 
disappoint. 

“ Who builds his hope in air of your fair looks, 

Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 4. 


(b) Its mobility: Volatility, mobility of tempera¬ 
ment or of conduct. 

“ He was still all air and fire.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng. t 
chap. xxii. 

(c) Its capability for conveying sound: 

1. (See B., II.) 

2. Poet.: A song. 

“ The repeated air 
Of sad Electra’s poet had the pow’r 
To save th’ Athenian walls from ruin bare.” 

Milton: Sonnet viii. 

3. Intelligence, information. 

“ It grew from the airs which the princes and states 
abroad received from their ambassadors and agents here.” 
— Bacon: Henry VII. 

4. Vent, publication, publicity. 

“ I would have ask’d you, if I durst for shame, 

If still you lov’d: you gave it air before me.” 

Dryden. 

V To take air is to be divulged, to obtain pub¬ 
licity. 

“ I am sorry to find it has taken air that I have some 
hand in these papers.”— Pope: Letters. 

(d) Its healthful influence when in motion: Ad¬ 
verse, but bracing influence. 

“ The keen, the wholesome air of poverty.” 

Wordsworth: The Excursion, bk. i. 

(e) Its capability of presenting objects in different 
aspects at different times: 

1. (See B., III.) 

2. Appearance. 

“ . . . and again they have too business-like and 

simple an air for legendary stories handed down by popu¬ 
lar tradition.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., chap, xii., 
pt. i., §15. 

“As it was communicated with the air of a secret, it 
soon found its way into the world.”— Pope: Dedication to 
Rape of the Lock. 

3. The aspect, look, mien, or manners of any par¬ 
ticular person, from which his character may be 
inferred. 

“ So thinks that dame of haughty air, 

Who hath a page her book to hold.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, i. 

4. Often in the plural: Affectation, an assump¬ 
tion of dignity to which one is not entitled, and 
which it would be inexpedient to parade even if he 
were. 

“Their whole lives were employed in intrigues of state; 
and they naturally give themselves airs of kings and 
princes, of which the ministers of other nations are only 
the representatives.”— Addison: Rem. on Italy. 

B. Technically: 

1. Natural Philosophy and Chemistry: 

*1. Formerly: Any gas, whatever its composition. 

“The division of bodies into airs, liquids, and solids.” 

— Herschel: Study Nat. Philos. (1831), Lardner’s Cyclop., 

p. 228. 

*Dephlogisticated air=oxygen gas. 

*j Fixed air=carbonic acid gas. 

* Inflammable air= hydrogen gas. 

*Phlogisticated air= nitrogen gas. 

2. Now: The gaseous substance which fills the 
atmosphere surrounding our planet. It is elastic, 
and is destitute of taste, color, and smell. It con¬ 
tains by weight, oxygen 23T0 parts, and of nitrogen 
76'90; and by volume, of oxygen 20'80. and of nitro¬ 
gen 79'10; or of 10.00(1 parts there are in perfectly 
dry air, of nitrogen 7,912, oxygen 2,080, carbonic 
acid 4, carbureted hydrogen 4, with a trace of am¬ 
monia. But air never is dry; it has always in it a 
varying amount of watery vapor. When exhaled 
from the lungs it is saturated with moisture, and 
contains about 4'35 parts of carbonic acid. Besides 
the above named gases, recent investigations con- * 
ducted by Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay, of 
England, prove that air contains at least four here¬ 
tofore undetected elements, named, respectively, 
argon, crypton, metargon, and neon. See these 
names. 

The density of air being fixed at the round num¬ 
ber 1,000, it is made the standard with which the 
specific gravity of other substances is compared. If 
water be made unity, then the specific gravity of 
dry air is '0012759. At 62° Fahr. it is 810 times 
lighter than water, and 11,00(1 times lighter than 
mercury. At the surface of the sea the mean pres¬ 
sure is sufficient to balance a column of mercury 30 
inches, or one of water 34 feet in height. [Atmos¬ 
phere, Acoustics, Barometer, Pneumatics, Res¬ 
piration.] Bee Liquid Air. 

II. Music: A tune or melody. A melodic succes¬ 
sion of notes as opposed to a harmonic combination. 
[Tune, Melody.] 

“ There is in souls a sympathy with sounds, 

And asthe mind is pitch’d the ear is pleased 
With melting airs or martial, brisk or grave.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, worh, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rille, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




air-atmosphere 


119 


air-pump 


IT Formerly, harmonized melodies were said to be 
airs in several parts, but the term is at present 


they penetrate the quills, and in birds of powerful 
flight, even the bones. They communicate with the 


generally restricted to an unaccompanied tune, or lungs, afford a great extension to the surface with the requisite 
the most prominent melody of a composition, as which the air inhaled comes in contact, and in con- point of in- 
found usually in the highest part, whether in vocal sequence increase the heat and muscular energy of tensity, the 


densing syringe is screwed. When, by means of this 
apparatus, the condensation has been brought to 


or instrumental music. 

HI. Painting & Sculpture: Gesture, attitude; 
that which expresses the character of the action 
represented. 

“ Or great, extracted from the fine antique; 

In attitude, expression, airs divine.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

IV. Horsemanship ( plur .); The artificial motion 
of a horse under direction. 

air-atmosphere, s. The atmosphere consisting 
of or filled with air. 


the bird, while at the same time diminishing its 
specific gravity. In insects some branches of the 
tracheae dilate into air-receptacles, the number and 
size of which, like the air-cells in birds, are in 
direct relation with the powers of flight. (See 
Owen’s Invertebrata, Lect. xvii.) 

“ On the exterior of a lobule [of the lungs] we observe 
bubbles of air of various sizes in its tissue; and if the 
bronchial tubes be injected the lobule is distended, and 
its exterior presents a number of bulgings known as the 
air-cells, about which much controversy has existed.”— 
Todd <Sb Bowman: Physiol, Anat., ii. 388, 389. 


“ . . . the lofty air-atmosphere .”— Prof. 
Sound (1868), p. 8. 


Airy on 


*Veg. Physiol .; 
still popularly 
given to certain 
intercellular 


and 


erroneous name 


air-balloon, s. (1) Properly a balloon rendered 
lighter than the surrounding atmosphere by the spaces which 
rarefaction of the air within it; but (2) the word contain air and 
“air” may be used in the old sense for any gas, are not re’cep- 
and the term air-balloon thus becomes simply a 
synonym for Balloon (q. v.). 


“Air-balloons are hollow’ spheres made of some light 
■Impermeable material, which, when filled with heated air. 
■with hydrogen gas, or with coal gas, rise in the air in 
virtue of their relative lightness.”— Atkinson: Oanofs 
Physics (3d ed., 1868), § 169. 


One who makes or uses air- 


air-balloonist, s. 

balloons. 

air-bath, s. A method of drying bodies by ex¬ 
posing them to air of any required temperature. 

air-bed, s. A “bed” or mattress made of air¬ 
tight cloth or vulcanized india-rubber, divided into 
compartments and inflated with air. Its disad¬ 
vantage is that the air within it becomes heated by 
the warmth of the body. In this respect it is in¬ 
ferior to the water-bed, which is now generally 
used instead of it as an easy couch for the sick. 

air-bladder, s. [Eng. air; bladder.'] 

I. Ord. Lang.: Any bladder filled with air. 

II. Physiology: 

1. Gen.: Any bladder or sac occurring in an ani¬ 
mal or plant. 

“The pulmonary artery and vein pass along the sur¬ 
faces of these air-bladders in an infinite number of rami¬ 
fications.”— Arbuthnot on Aliments. 

2. Spec.: Another name for the swimming blad¬ 
der in a fish. [Swimming Bladder.] 

“ . . . a bladder usually double, known by the name 

of air-bladder, and which is generally placed above the 
abdominal viscera.”— Gregory Haiiy: Nat. Phil. (London, 
1807), § 68. 

air-born, a. Born of the air. 

“And see ! the air-born racers start, 

Impatient of the rein.” 

Congreve to Lord Godolphin. 

(1) Borne by the air, or (2) borne 


tacles of secre¬ 
tion. They are 
called by Link 
lacunce.. They 3 
vary in size, fig¬ 
ure,and arrange¬ 
ment. In water- 
plants they are 
designed to en¬ 
able the. plant 
to float in the 
stems of Grasses, 
Umbel li ferae, 
&c. They are 
caused by one 
part growing ' 
more quickly 
than another. 

air-chamber, «. 




air-borne, a. 
in the air. 
air-brake, s. 

densed air. 

air-braving, 

the tempest. 


A railway brake operated by con- 
Braving the air, the wind, or 


globe is de¬ 
tached from 
the syringe 
and screwed 
at the breech 
of a gun, so 
constru c t e d 
that the 
valve may be 
opened by 
means of a 
trigger. A 
ball is then 
inserted in 
the barrel 

near the ,. 

breech, so Air-gun. 

fitting it as to render it air-tight, and the trigger 
being pulled, the elasticity of the condensed air 
impels it with considerable force. A piece of simple 
mechanism may supply the barrel with ball after 
ball, and thus make re-loading after a discharge 
easy and rapid. 

air-holder, s. An instrument for holding air for 
the purpose of counteracting the pressure of a 
decreasing column of mercury. 

air-hole, s. An opening to admit the ingress or 
egress of air. 

air-jacket, s. A jacket having air-tight bladders 
or bags. designed to be inflated, with the view of 
supporting the person wearing it in the water, 
air-line, s. A direct railroad route, 
air-line wire, s. In telegraphy the portion of 
the line wire which is strung on poles and carried 
through the air. 

air-lock, s. An air-tight apartment in a sub¬ 
merged caisson, used for the purpose of allowing the 
entrance and exit of men and materials. After 
Mech. : One of the chambers in a suction and entrance into the apartment from the main shaft- 
force-pump. [Pump.] ( Atkinson : Ganot's Physics, the door is closed, and the air of the apartment is 
3d ed., § 185.) compressed before opening the door leading to the 

In the plural. Veg. Physiol.: The same as Air- condensed-air chambers where the men work. 
cells (q. v.). air-pipe, s. A pipe connecting the hold of a ves- 

air-condenser, s. Any machine for rendering air se I with the.furnace of a ship, and designed to con- 
more dense by subjecting it to pressure. The prin- ve y the foul air of the hold to the turn ace that it 
■ - ' - - ■ ■ ■ • - may be burned. That this purpose may be effected, 

no air is allowed to reach the furnace for combus¬ 
tion excepting that of the hold supplied by the air* 
pipe. 

air-plant, aerial plant, s. A plant which is 
capable of deriving its nutriment for a certain lim¬ 
ited period from the air. The chief genera to which 
the name has been applied are Aerides, Yanila, and 
Sareanthus, all Orchids. [Aerides.] 
air-poise, s. [Eng. air; poise.] An instrument 
for measuring the weight of the air. 

air-pressure engine, s. An engine in which the 
moving power is produced by the pressure of air of 
different densities. 

air-pump, s. An instrument invented by Otto 
von Guericke of Magdeburg, in 1650. It was de¬ 
signed to ex- 


Air-cells. 

2, 4. Sections of leaves. 8. Section 
of pith of a rush. 


“ . . . your stately and air-braving towers.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., iv. 2. 

air-breathers, s. pi. Animals breathing air. 

“Dr. Dawson’s Memoir on Air-breathers of the Coal- 
period.”— Q. Journ. of Science (1864), p. 676. 

air-breathing, a. Breathing air: applied to 
terrestrial members of the animal kingdom, in con¬ 
tradistinction to fishes, which breathe by gills. 

“. . . the earliest trace of warm-blooded, air-breath¬ 

ing viviparous quadrupeds.”— Owen: British Fossil Mam¬ 
mals and Birds, p. xiii. 

air-hugs, s.pl. [Eng. air; bups.] 

Enlom.: The English equivalent of Aurocorisse, 
the name given to the Geocores, or Land-bugs, a 
tribe or section of the sub-order Heteroptera. [Au- 
eocoeisa, Geocores, Land-bugs.] 

air-built, a. Built in the air or of air; con- 


ciple is that of a syringe driving air into a close 
vessel till the required degree of condensation is 
produced. 

air-current, s. A current of air. 

air-cushion, s. A cushion consisting of an air¬ 
tight bag inflated. 

air-drain, s. A cavity formed round the ex¬ 
ternal wails of a building to prevent the earth from 
lying against them and causing dampness. 

air-drawn, a. Drawn by the imagination in air. 

air-drill, s. A drill operated by compressed air. 

air-drum. s. An inflated cyst on the neck of some 
birds 

air-duct, s. The duct by which the swim-bladder 
of some fishes is connected with their intestinal 
canal. 

air-elasticity, s. The elasticity of the air. 

air-engine, caloric engine, s. Any engine 
which has for its moving power heated air, that is, 
which employs air, like steam in a steam-engine, as 
a medium for transforming heat into mechanical 
energy. The best known air-engines have been 
those of the Bev. Dr. Stirling in 1816, Capt. Ericsson 
in 1833, and Mr. Philander Shaw in 1867. As yet they 
have been very partially successful. Were they 
so they would have this advantage among others 
over steam-engines, that air can with safety be 
raised to a higher temperature than steam, and 
therefore can generate a higher amount of mechani¬ 
cal energy. 

air-escape, s. A contrivance for permitting the 
escape of the air which tends to accumulate till it 
obstructs the progress of the water in pipes led over a 
rising ground. It consists of a hollow vessel, having 
in its top a ball-cock, so adjusted that when air 
collects in the pipes it ascends into the vessel, and, 
displacing the water, causes the ball to descend till 


structed of baseless hopes by a wayward fancy; opens the cock and allows the air to escape. 


chimerical. 

“Hence the fool’s -paradise, the statesman’s scheme, 

The air-built castle, and the golden dream.” 

Pope: Dunciad. 

air-cells, air-sacs, s. 

Animal Physiol.: Certain cells existing in masses 
in the longs, where they surround and terminate 
each lobular passage. In man they are but jjoth of 
an inch in diameter; in the other mammals they 
are also very small. In birds they are not merely 
distributed over the chest and the abdomen, but 


liaust the air 
from a r e- 
ceiver, but in 
reality it can 
do no more 
than reduce 
it to a high 
degree of 
rarefaction. 

The air- 
pump now 
generally in 
use is a con¬ 
siderable im 
provemesit 
on that o f 
Guericke. A 
b e 11-f ormed 
“ receiver’’ 
o f glas^ is 

made to rest „ . . 

on a horizon- Tlie Common Air-pump, 

tal plate of thick glass ground perfectly smooth. 
In the center of that plate, under the receiver, is an 
opening into a tube which, passing for some dis¬ 
tance horizontally, ultimately branches at right 
angles into two portions, entering two upright 
air-fountain, s. A fountain in which the moving cylinders of glass. The cylinders are firmly ce- 
power designed to raise the water in a jet is air mented to the glass plate, and within them are two 
condensed within a vessel. pistons, fitting them so closely as to be air-tight. 

r i i Each piston is worked by a rack and pinion, turned 

air-gossamer, s. [Air-threads.] by a handle; while each cylinder is fitted with a 

air-gun, s. An instrument designed to propel valve, so.contrived that when the piston is raised, 
balls by the elastic force of condensed air. A strong communication is opened between the cylinder and 
metal globe is formed, furnished with a small hole the receiver, which communication is again closed 
and a valve opening inward. Into this hole a con- as the piston falls. It is evident that when any one 



air-flue, s. A flue for conveying air to various 
parts of a building. 


todil. boy- pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = sham -tion, -sion => shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = hel, d§L 
































air-sac 


120 


airt 


commences to work the machine, the air in the 
cylinders will be immediately expelled the first up¬ 
ward motion that they are made to take. The valve 
will then fly open, and the air from the receiver 
will fill both the cylinders as well as itself, though, 
of course, now in a somewhat rarefied state. As the 
same process is again and again repeated, the air 
will become increasingly tarefied, though, as stated 
above, an actual vacuum never can result from the 
action now described. 

Bianchi's air-pump is an improvement on the 
common one. It is made of iron, and has but one 
cylinder. It can be made larger than the common 
machine, and produces a so-called vacuum more 
quickly. It is described in Ganot's Physics, Atkin¬ 
son’s translation. 

Sprenael's air-pump is a form of air-pump of a 
totally different kind from the ordinary one. It de¬ 
pends on the principle of converting the space to be 
exhausted into a Torricellian vacuum. {Ibid., 
pp. 144,145.) [Vacuum.] 

Condensing air-pump, or condensing pump. [Con¬ 
densing.] 

Air-pump gauge: A gauge for testing the extent 
to which the air has been exhausted in the receiver 
of an air-pump. It consists of a glass tube bent like 
a syphon. One leg is closed, as in a barometer, the 
other open. It is placed under a small bell-jar 
communicating by a stop-cock with the receiver, 
and the more nearly the mercury stands at the same 
level, the more nearly has a vacuum been produced. 

Air-pump of a condensing steam-engine: The 
pump which draws the condensed steam, with the 
air commingled with it, and the condensed water 
from the condenser, and casts them into the hot 
well. 

air-sac, air-sack, s. [Eng. air; sac, sack.] 
[Air-cells.] 

“The bronchial tubes [in birds] open upon the surface 
of the lungs into air-sacs, which differ in number and in 
development in different birds.”— Huxley: Class if. of Ani¬ 
mals, xxvii., “Aves.” 

“ The air-sacks on each side of the mouth of certain 
male frogs.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. ii., chap. xiii. 

air-shaft, s. A hole bored from the surface of 
the earth to some portion of the galleries of a mine 
for the purpose of ventilation. There should al¬ 
ways be two—one, with a furnace under it, for viti¬ 
ated air to ascend; the other, with no furnace, for 
pure air to descend. If there be but one, it requires 
to be divided longitudinally into two passages—the 
one for the ascending, and the other for the descend¬ 
ing air. 

“ By the sinking of an air-shaft the air hath liberty to 
circulate and carry out the steams both of the miners’ 
breath and the damps, which would otherwise stagnate 
there.” — Ray. 

air-ship, s. A dirigible balloon, as distinguished 
from an aeroplane or other mechanical flying ma¬ 
chine. It is usually propelled by either an electric 
or oil motor. [Aeroplane, Aviator, Balloon.] 

air-slacked, s. Slacked or pulverized by expos¬ 
ure to the action of the air, as, “ air-slacked lime.” 

air-stirring, a. Stirring or agitating the air. 

“ . . . This plague was stayed at last 
By blasts of strong air-stirring Northern wind.” 

May’s Lucan, bk. vi. 

air-stove, s. A stove, the heat of which is em¬ 
ployed to warm a stream of air directed against the 
surface, which air is then admitted to the apart¬ 
ment of which the temperature is to be raised. The 
stove is enclosed in a casing somewhat larger than 
itself, so as to leave a space of a few inches be¬ 
tween the two. At the lower part of the casing is 
an aperture fitted with a register to regulate the 
admission of the air, and at the upper part is a sim¬ 
ilar opening to allow of its exit into the apartment. 

air-thermometer, s. An instrument which is 
designed to measure the degrees of heat by means 
of the expansion of air. When used to measure 
small differences of temperature, it is a capillary 
tube with a bulb at the upper end, and with its 
lower end plunged into a colored liquid in a bottle. 
The air in the bulb at the top is heated, so as to 
cause a portion of it to be expelled, leaving the 
colored liquid free to rise a certain distance in the 
tube. An alteration of temperature will then make 
the remainder of the air in the tube to expand or 
contract with the effect of making the liquid cor¬ 
respondingly fall or rise in the tube. Within cer¬ 
tain limits, it is a delicate thermometer, and was 
the first form of that instrument, as invented in 
1590, by Santorio, a physician of Padua. It can 
measure only the lower temperatures. When em¬ 
ployed to note higher degrees of heat, a bent capil¬ 
lary tube is substituted for the straight one. It 
agrees with the mercurial thermometer up to 260°, 
but above that point mercury expands relatively 
more than air. The differential thermometer is a 
modification of the air-thormometer. [Differen¬ 
tial Thermometer.] 

Kinnersley’s electric air-tliermometer: An instru¬ 
ment consisting of a glass tube, closed at both ends 


by air-tight brass caps, through which two wires 
slide in the direction of the axis of the tube. These 
wires are terminated by brass balls, which are 
made to approach within the striking distance. To 
an aperture in the bottom of the lower cap is fitted 
a bent tube of glass, which turns upward, and is 
open at both ends : the bend is filled with mercury, 
or with a colored fluid, which may indicate by its 
rising or falling within the tube any dilatation or 
contraction that may take place in the air within 
the vessel. Every time a spark passes between the 
brass balls the fluid suddenly rises, but descends 
again to its old level immediately after the explo¬ 
sion. 

air-threads, or air-gossamers, s. The name 
given to the long slender filaments often seen in 
autumn floating in the air. They have been darted 
out by spiders, especially the Aranea obtextrix, 
which, mounting to the summit of a bush or tree, 
darts such threads out till it succeeds in launching 
one strong enough to support it, and float it up 
into the air, which it desires to ascend in quest of 
prey. 

air-threatening, a. Threatening the air; lofty. 

“As from air-threat’ ning tops of cedars tall.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 563. 

air-tight, a. So tight as to prevent the passage 
of the air. (Used of a bottle or tube hermetically 
sealed.) 

“ . . . which close the cylinder air-tight.” — Tyndall: 
Heat, 3d ed., p. 303. 

air-trap, s. A trap or contrivance to prevent 
the escape of foul air from a sewer, or to allow the 
ure air liberated from water to escape from the 
nee of a water-main, 

air-trunk, s. A pipe or shaft for conducting 
foul or heated air from a room. 

air-tube, s. 

1. Mech.: A tube constructed for the reception or 
passage of air. 

“ . . . the powerful air-pumps (driven by large steam- 

engines), which were used to exhaust the air-tubes upon 
the Atmospheric Railway.”— Airy: Sound (1868), p. 18. 

2. Physiol.: A tube or pipe in an organized being, 
designed for the reception or passage of air. The 
term is often used for the tracheae of insects—tubes 
which pervade the bodies of these animals, as arte¬ 
ries and veins do our own, but with this essential 
difference, that they carry air instead of a circu¬ 
lating fluid; the arrangement in insects being that 
“ the air is distributed by a vascular system over 
the reservoirs of blood, instead of the blood being 
distributed by a capillary network over a reservoir 
of air.” {Owen: Invertebrata, § xvii.) 

“ . . . that series of air-cells associated by depend¬ 
ence on a single terminal air-tube.” — Todd cb Bowman: 
Phys. Anat., vol. ii., p. 388. 

“ By this structure the most delicate and invisible rami¬ 
fications of the air-tubes may be easily recognized under 
the microscope.”— Owen: Invertebrata, § xvii. 

air-valve, s. A valve commonly applied to a 
boiler to guard against the creation of a vacuum 
within it when the steam inside is condensed. 

air-vesicle, s. A vesicle or small blister-looking 
cavity filled with air. 

“ The Physophora float by many smaller air-vesicles .”— 
Owen: Invertebrata, Lect. ix. 

air-vessel, s. 

1. Hydraul.: A vessel in which air is condensed 
by pressure, in order that when released its elas¬ 
ticity may be employed as a moving or regulating 
power. Such a vessel is used in a forcing pump to 
render the discharge of water continuous instead 
of intermittent. 

2. Animal Physiol.: Any vessel containing air; 
specially one of the tubes, or tracheae, through 
which air for the purpose of respiration is con¬ 
veyed into the bodies of insects. [Air-tube.] 

3. Veg. Physiol.: The spiral vessels, one main 
function of which is believed to be to convey air, 
charged .with an unwonted proportion of oxygen 
gas, to the interior of plants. 

air-wave, s. A wave of air. 

“ . . . whose length of air-wave was therefore 
known,”— Airy: Sound (1868), p. 251. 

air-way, s. A way or passage for the admission 
of air to a mine. 

fair (1), v. i. [Norm. Pr. aery— a nest of hawks.] 
To breed as birds do in a nest. 

“ You may add their busy, dangerous, discourteous, yea, 
and sometimes despiteful, stealing, one from another, of 
the eggs and young ones; who, if they were allowed to air 
naturally and quietly, there would be store sufficient to 
kill not only the partridges, but even all the good house¬ 
wives’ chickens in the country.”— Carew: Survey of Corn¬ 
wall. 

air (2), v. t. [From the substantive air, the gas¬ 
eous substance which we breathe. In Fr. airer.] 

I. Of exposure to atmospheric air: 


1. Of things: 

(a) To expose to the free action of the air; to- 
ventilate. 

“ We have had in our time experience twice or thrice,., 
when both the judges that sat upon the jail, and numbers, 
of those that attended the business, or were present, sick¬ 
ened upon it and died. Therefore, it were good wisdom, 
that (in such cases) the jail were aired before they were 
brought forth.”— Bacon: Natural History. 

{b) Colloquial: To expose to public discussion 
and criticism, as, “ to air an opinion.” 

2. Of persons: To expose one’s self to the fresh air 
by walking or riding out. 

“ Cam. It is fifteen years since I saw my country: 
though I have, for the most part, been aired abroad, I de¬ 
sire to lay my bones there.”— Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, 
iv. 1. 

][ In this sense sometimes used reflectively. 

“ Were you bnt riding forth to air yourself, 

Such parting were too petty. Look here, love.” 

Shakesp.. Cymbeline, i. 2. 

II. Of exposure to heat ( colloquial): To expose to- 
the action of more or less heat, as, “ to air liquors,”' 
that is, to warm them before the fire; “ to air 
linen,” i. e., to dry it before the fire. 

al-ra, s. [Gr. aira={ 1) a hammer; (2) darnel 
grass.] Hair-grass. A genus of Grasses. The most, 
common are the A. ccespitosa, or Tufted; the A. 
flexuosa., or Waved; the A. caryophyllia, or Silvery; 
and the A. prcecox, or Early Hair-grass. Among 
the Airas may be mentioned A. Deschampsia caispi- 
tosa, called by farmers the Tufted or Turfy Hair- 
grass or Hassock-grass. 

Ai-ra -nl, Ai-ran-lsts, s. [Named after Airos.J 
Church Hist.: An obscure sect, founded in the. 
fourth century by Airos, who denied the consub- 
stantiality of the Holy Ghost with the Father andt 
the Son. 

aired, pa. par. & a. [Air, v. t.] 
air -gr, s. [Air, v. tf] 

1. Of persons: One who airs anything. 

2. Of things: A frame on which clothes are placed 
that they may be aired. 

air -I, s. [A Brazilian Indian word.] The name- 
given in Brazil to a kind of cocoanut, from the stem 
of which the Indians of that region manufacture 
their best bows. 

air-I-Iy, adv. [Eng. airy; -ly.] In an airy man¬ 
ner. Chiefly in a figurative sense=gaily; with light¬ 
ness, with levity. 

air- 1 -ness, s. [Eng. airy; -ness.] 

1. Lit.: The state of being exposed to the free 
action of the air; openness. 

2. Fig.: Lightness or levity of disposition, tend¬ 
ing to indulge in extravagant gaiety, even at times 
unsuitable for mirth of any kind. 

“The French have indeed taken worthy pains to make 
classic learning speak their language: if they have not 
succeeded, it must be imputed to a certain talkativeness 
and airiness represented in their tongue, which will never 
agree with the sedateness of the Romans or the solemnity 
of the Greeks.”— Felton. 

“Pleasures. . . 10. Gaiety; 11. Airiness; 12. Com¬ 

fort.”— Bowring: Bentham’s Table of the Springs of Action- 
( Works, i. 205.) 

air'-Ing, pr. par. [Air, v. i. & t.] 
air -Ing, s. [Air, p.] 

I. Of atmospheric air: 

1. Gen.: Exposure to the free action of the air. 

2. Spec.: A walk or ride in the open air for 
health’s sake. 

“Mary had remarked, while taking her airing, that 
Hyde Park was swarming with them.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xv. 

1[ It may be used also for the exercise of horses in 
the open air. 

II. Of heat {colloquial): Exposure to heat, 
air-less, a. [Eng. mV,’-less.] Destitute of free- 
communication with the open air. 

“Therein, ye gods, you tyrants do defeat: 

Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass, 

Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, i. 3. 

air'-lmg, s. [Eng. air; -ling.] A young, light¬ 
hearted, thoughtless person. 

“ Some more there be, slight airlings, will be won 
With dogs and horses, . . .”— B. Jonson. 

airn, s. & a. [A. S. iren.] Iron. [Iron.] (Ch 
Eng. and Scotch.) 

“ ‘ Ye ’ll find the stane breeks and the aim garters—ay, 
and the hemp cravat, for a’ that, neighbor,’ replied the- 
Bailie.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxiii. 

airn, v. t. [Iron, p.] {Scotch.) 
airt, art, v. t. [Airt, s.] To direct, to instruct,, 
to advise. {Scotch.) 

“Jeanie, I perceive that our vile affections . . . cling 
too heavily to me in this hour of trying sorrow to permit, 
me to keep sight of my ain duty, or to airt you to yours.” 
— Scott: Heart of Midlothian, ch. xix. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5 pot* 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 



airt 


121 


ajust 


airt, s. [Gael. aircl =a quarter of the compass: 

Direction; point of the compass. 
<This word is generally used in the plural, airts.) 

“ Of a’ the ciirts the wind can blaw, 

I dearly like the west.” 

Burns i I Love my Jean. 

a’ir'-y, s. [Eyrie.] 
air -y, a „ [Eng. air; -y.) 

A. Oi'dinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

, 1. Composed of air, or of something analogous to 
it; light, bright. 

“The first is the transmission or emission of the thin¬ 
ner and more airy parts of the bodies, as in odors and in¬ 
fections ; and this is, of all the rest, the most corporeal.” 
— Bacon. 

“And sauntered home beneath a moon, that, just 
In crescent, dimly rain'd about the leaf 
Twilights of airy silver.” 

Tennyson: Audley Court . 

2. Pertaining to the air; filled with air. 

“ There are fishes that have wings, that are no strangers 
to the airy region.”— Boyle. 

3. Open or exposed to the free action of the air. 
If used of a room, then it means well ventilated; if 
of a dress, it signifies not close fitting, but hanging 
loosely to the person, so as to be easily moved by 
the air, and afford it free ingress and egress. 

“ The winged Iris heard the hero’s call. 

And instant hasten’d to their airy hall.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad , bk. xxiii., 244-5. 
“The painters draw their nymphs in thin and airy 
habits, but the weight of gold and of embroideries is re¬ 
served for queens and goddesses.”— Dryden. 

4. High in air. 

“ Approach, and lean the ladder on the shaft; 

And, climbing up into my airy home, 

Deliver me the blessed sacrament ” 

Tennyson: St. Simeon Stylites. 

“ . . . round the crest 

Of a tall rock their airy citadel.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion , bk. iii. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Unsubstantial. 

{a) Of spirits: Not material, intangible. 

“ Ghost throng’d on ghost, a dire assembly, stood. 
Dauntless, my sword I seize: the airy crew, 

Swift as it flash’d along the gloom, withdrew.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey , bk. xi., 276-273. 

( b ) Of words, specially of promises, threats , dtc.: 
Not meaning anything; empty, insincere, or likely 
soon to be departed from. 

“ Nor think thou with wind 
Of airy threats to awe whom yet with deeds 
Thou canst not.” Milton: P. L., bk. vi. 

(c) Of opinions; of feelings, such as hopes, fears, 
also of projects: Yain, empty, likely to disappoint 
•expectation. 

“I have found a complaint concerning the scarcity of 
money, which occasioned many airy propositions for the 
Temedy of it.”— Temple: Miscellanies. 

2. Of persons or speeches: Characterized by levity; 
gay, sprightly, vivacious, thoughtless. 

“He that is merry and airy at shore when he sees a sad 
tempest on the sea, or dances when God thunders from 
heaven, regards not when God speaks to all the world.”— 
Bp. Taylor. 

“ Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 1. 

B. Technically: 

Astrology. Airy triplicity: The three signs, 
Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius. 

airy-flying, a. Flying like air, as fingers deli¬ 
cately applied to the strings of a musical instru¬ 
ment. 

“ With airy-flying fingers light.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 40. 

*ais-il, *ais-ill, *ais-yll, s. [Aysylle.] 

*ais -lair, s. [Ashlar.] 

aisle (II), *alle, *ele, *hele, *el-yng, *hy-ling, 
*yle, -isle (ll), S. [Fr. aile =a wing, an aisle, &c., 
uisselle —the armpit; Ital. ala— wing, ascella -the 
armpit; Lat. ala —the wing of a bird or insect, &c. 
In Architecture (pi .), the wings, the side apart¬ 
ments, or the colonnades of a building; axilla 
{dimin. of aZa) = tlie armpit. When spelled isle or 
yle, it seems to be erroneously taken from isle (Lat. 
knsula) = an island.] . __ 

1. (pi.) The wings of a building; specially the 
•wings of a church as contradistinguished from the 
nave or body of the building. 

“The Latin Church called them ailce, wings; thence the 
French les ailes; and we, more corruptly, iles; from their 
resemblance of the church to a dove .”—Sir O. Wheler's 
Descrip, of Anc. Churches , p. 82. 

“The floor 

Of nave and aisle, in unpretending guise, 

Was occupied by oaken benches ranged 
In seemly rows.”— Wordsworth: Excur., bk. v. 


IT * Transverse aisles: The transepts of a church 
or cathedral. 

2. The lateral divisions of a Gothic building 
divided by two longitudinal rows of piers, pillars, 
or columns. 

3. A passage up the area of a church or chapel, to 
enable the worshipers to reach their respective 

ews. This meaning arises, perhaps, from aisles 
aving been confounded with alley. [Alley.] 

H. Abnormally : The central portion of a church. 
King, in his Vale Royal, as quoted in the Gloss, of 
Arch., speaks of the body of a church being divided 
into a broad middle “lie,’’and two lesser “ iles,” 
evidently deriving the word erroneously from isle 
(Lat. insula) = an island. 

IT Aisles is often used figuratively for a natural 
avenue, from the fancied resemblance of the trees 
to rows of piers, pillars, or columns. 

“Ambrosial aisles of lofty lime.” 

Tennyson: Princess, Prol. 87. 

aisle (I-la), a. [Old Fr.] 

Her.: Winged. 

aisled (lid), a . [Aisle.] Converted into aisles. 
“ Power, Glory, Strength, and Beauty all are aisled 
In this eternal ark of worship undefiled.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 154. 

*ai§-let, s. [For ait; -let.] [Ait (I)-.] A little 
ait or island. 

ai§'-ment, s. [Easement.] (Scotch.) 
aisne (a'-na), a. [Norm. Fr.=elder, as msn&filz 
(Modern Fr. aisn6 fils) =elder son; aisn6 fille— 
elder daughter. 1 Older, senior in years or in rank. 
(Applied specially to the senior or higher judge in 
a court where there are two judges.) 

*aiss 9 h, *aissh; plur ^ *aiss'~$hes, *ais-shes, 
*aiss - 9 hen, or *ais'-shen, s. Ashes. 

“ Unslekked lym, salt, and glayre of an ey, 

Poudres dyvers, aissches.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,273-4. 

“ And leet anoon his deere doughter calle; 

And with a face deed as aisshen colde.” 

Ibid., 13,623-4. 

ait (1), ey'-ot (1), s. [A. S. ig= an island; Dan. 
oie= the eye ; <5=island; Sw. <5=island.] [Island.] 
An islet in a river or lake. [iEiTLOND.] 
fait (2), s . [A. S. ata.] [Oat.] The oat. (Un¬ 
less in composition, used generally in the plural.) 
(Scotch.) 

“ Let husky wheat the haughs adorn, 

And aits set up their awnie horn.” 

Burns: Scotch Drink. 

fait-farle, s. [Scotch ait; farle— one of the divis¬ 
ions of a circular oat-cake; generally the fourth of 
the whole.] [Farle.] (For signification, see ety¬ 
mology.) 

“ Two pints of well-boilt solid sowing, 

Wi whauks o’ gude ait-farle cowins, 

Wad scarce hae ser’t the wretch.” 

A. Wilson: Poems (1790), p. 91. 

tait-jannocks, s. A bannock made of oats. 
(Scotch.) 

“. . . but Mattie gie us baith a drap scimmed milk, 
and ane o’ her thick ait-jannocks, that was as wat and raw 
as a divot.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xiv. 

fait-meal, s. [Scotch a£f=oat; meal.] Meal 
made from oats. [Ait.] (Scotch.) 

“ ‘Four bows o’ aitmeal, two bows o’ bear, and two 
bows o’ pease.’ ”— Scott: Old Mortality , ch. xx. 

fait-seed, faitseed, s. [Scotch ait; seed.] 

I. The act of sowing oats. 

. . and that the haill month of March sail be 
vacant for the aitseed."—Acts Ja. VI. (1587). 

/ Jo The season at which oat-sowing takes place. 

“ Quhan did that happen? During the aitseed." — Jamie - 

oC-K. 

faith, s. [A. S. ath; Goth, aits.] [Oath.] Oath. 
(Scotch.) 

“. . . these difficulties anent aiths and patronages 
. . — Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xxxix. 

*aith, s. [Heath,] Heath (7). (O. Scotch.) 
*aith-henne, s. A heath hen (?). 

“ Nae man sail sell or buy any Murefowles, Blackcocks, 
Aith-hennes , Termiganes, [or] any ore kinde of fowles 
commonlie vsed to be chased with Hawks, vnder the paine 
of ane hunder pounds to be incurred .”—Acts Jas. VI., 
Pari. 16, ch. xxiii. 

ai'-ther, adj. & conj. [Either.] 
al-ti-ol'-o-gy, s. [.Etiology.] 
ai-to'-ni-a, s. A genus of plants doubtfully re¬ 
ferred to the order Meliacea?, or Meliads. A. 
Capensis, from the Cape of Good Hope, is cultivated 
in greenhouses. 

fai -ver, fa-ver, s. An old horse, a work-horse. 
(Scotch.) 

“I hae been short-breathed over since, and canna gang 
twenty yards without peghing like a miller’s aiver .”— 
Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxiv. 


aix'-tree, 5. [Axle-tree.] (Scotch.) 

*al -zle, *el'-zel, *T-§il, *I-§ille, *r-s$l, s. 
[A. ysle =a fire-spark, a spark, an ember, a hot 
cinder.] 

1 .Lit.: A hot cinder; a bit of wood reduced to 
charcoal. (Scotch.) 

“ She notic’t na, an aizle brunt 
Her braw new worset apron 
Out thro’ that night.” 

Burms: Halloween. 

2. Fig.: The ruins of a country ravaged by war. 

“ Amang the assis eald, 

And latter isillis of thare kind cuntrA” 

Douglas: Virgil , 314, 41. 

al-zo -on, s. [Port, aizoa; Lat. aizoon, from Gr. 
ac 2 =ever, and 2 oom= living, neut. of zoos; zao =to 
live, to be in full life and strength.] 

1. A genus of plants belonging to the family 
Tetragoniaceae. The ashes of two species, the A. 
Canariense and the A. Hispanicum , abound in 
soda. (Lindley: Veg. King., p. 527.) 

2. The English name given by Lindley to the 
order Tetragoniaceae, of which the typical genus is 
Aizoon. They bear a close resemblance to the 
Ficoideae (Mesembryaceee), except that they are 
apetalous. (Ibid., pp. 526, 527.) 

a-jar’, adv, [Eng. on; char =on turn: A. S. 
acyrran =to turn from, to avert; cyoran, cerran , 
cirran —to turn. In Swiss Fr. achar; Dut. akerre .J 
[Char.] On (the) turn, having commenced to turn 
or be turned, but with the process not complete; 
partly open. 

“ . . . he had once stood behind a door which was 
ajar .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

a-je'e, a-ge'e, a-jy e, adv. [Eng. a=on; jee =to 
move, to turn or wind.] ( Scotch , and some English 
dialects.) 

1. To one side, awry, off the right line. 

“ Whilk pensylie he wears a thought ajee .” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 75. 

“TodLowrie slec wi head agee .”— R. Galloway: Poems . 
p. 208. 

2. Ajar, a little open. 

“ But warily tent, when ye come to court me, 

And come nae, unless the back yett be ajee. 

Syne up the back style, and let na body see, 

And come as ye were na comin to me.” 

Burns: Whistle, and I'll Come to You. 

3. To one side. Sometimes of the mind. Slightly 
deranged. 

“His brain was a wee ajee , but he was a braw preacher 
for a’ that.”— Scott: Old Mortality , xxxvii. 

*a-join e, *<i-j6yn'e, v. t. [Adjoin, Join.] 

1. To join. 

2. To add. 

“Jason full iustly aioynet to my seluon, 

With a soume of soudiours assignet vs with, 

Draw furthe in the derke er the day springe.” 

Colonne: Gest Hystoriale, 1,135-37. 

*a-j6med', *a-joyned', *a-joynet', pa. par. 
[Ajoine.] [O. Norm. Fr. ajoyni= joined.] 

1. Joined. 

2. Added. 

*[ For 1 and 2 see the verb. 

3. Adjoining, near. 

“ But natheles as bliue sche brought hem on weil 

Priuely be the posterne of that perles erber, 

That was to meliors chaumbre choisli aioyned .” 

William of Paler me, Skeat’s ed., 1,751-53. 

aj'-o-wains, s.pl. [Ajwains.] 

*a-joy ne, *a-jdi'ne, v. i. & t. [Apparently from 
A. S. agangan=to go from, to go or pass by or over; 
gan =to go.] 

A. Intrans.: To go to. 

“Jason [ a]ioynid and his iust fferis, 

Steppit vp to a Streite streght on his gate.” 

Colonne: Gest Hystoriale, 350-61. 

B. Transitive: 

I. Essential meaning: To cause to go to (?). 

II. Specially: 

1. To appoint, to aUot. 

“ I aioyne thee this iorney with ioy for to take, 

And the charge of the chaunse, chef as thou may.” 

Colonne: Gest Hystoriale, 2,197-98. 

2. To call. 

“And Jason, that gentill aioynet was to name: 

A faire man of feturs, and fellist in armys, 

As meke as a may den, and mery of his words.” 

Colonne: Gest. Historiale , 128-130. 

aj’-ug-a, s. [Gr. azygos, azygos or azyx=un- 
yoked, unwedded: a, priv.; zeugnymi=to join, to 
yoke. Or corrupted from abigo =to drive away, to 
hinder from taking: a6=from, and ago=to drive.] 
Bugle. A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Lamiaceee, or Labiates. 

*a-jiig’ge, v. t. An old form of Adjudge. 

*3L-just', v. t. An old form of Adjust. 


fofiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, 


gell, chorus, 9hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f a 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 







122 


Alabama 


ajutage 

ft-Jftt’-age, ad-jUt'-age, s. [Fr. ojufane: from 
ajouter=to add.] An efflux tube. An additional 
tube fixed to the mouth of a pipe through which 
water is to be passed, and determining the form the 
water is to take, as a gas-burner does that of the 
gas-flame. 

“If a cylindrical or conical efflux tube or adjutage is 
fitted to the aperture, the amount of the efflux is consid¬ 
erably increased." — Atkinson: Ganot’s Physics, 3d ed., 
p. 157. 

aj -wains, aj'-o-wains, s. pi. A name given to 
some species of the Umbelliferous genus Ptychotis, 
used in India for their aromatic and carminative 
fruits. 

*ak, *ac, *ek, conj. [A. S. ae=but.] But. 

“ Softili he awaked, 

Ak so liked him as layk with the ladi to pleie.” 

William of Palerne (Skeat ed.), 677, 678. 

“ Ek witterli am i wod, to wene swiche a thing.” 

Ibid., 715. 

A-kal-ees, A-kal-is, A-kha'-lies,s.»h [Angli¬ 
cized form of their name in the Punjabee language.] 
A race of fanatical Sikh warriors of fatalistic creed 
and turbulent character. 

*?L-kan'-tI-c6ne, s. [Perhaps from Gr. akantha 
=a thorn, and eifccm—image, likeness.] 

Min.: A name formerly given to dark green speci¬ 
mens of epidote brought from Arendal, in Norway. 
[Abendalite, Epidote.] 

*ake, s. [A. S. ac, cec.] An oak. [Oak.] 

*ake, v. i. The same as Ache (q. v.). 

“Myn eeres aken for thy drasty speche.” 

Chaucer; C. T., 15,33d 
*ake, s. An old form of Ache. 

3,k-eb'-I-{l, s. A genus of plants belonging to the 
natural order Lardizabalacese (Lardizabalads). 
The fruits of one species (A. quinata) are used by 
the Japanese as an emollient medicine, 
ak'-e-doiin, s. The same as Acton (q. v.). 
a -kee, s. [A Guinea (?) word.] The fruit of the 
tree mentioned below. 

Akee-tree: The English name of a tree, the 
Blighia sapida, Or Cupania sapida. It belongs to 
the natural order of the Sapindacese (Soap-worts). 
Its succulent aril is eaten, and is esteemed in the 
West Indies very wholesome and nourishing. 

*ake-horne, s. pi. [Old form of plural of Acokn.] 
Acorns. {Chaucer.) 

* 3 ,-keld e, pa. par. [Akele.] 

*a-ke le, v. t. [A. S. acelan=to cool.] To cool. 
(Chaucer.) [Ackele.] 

a-ke -na (Necker ), a-ke -ni -um (Richard), s. 

[AC HA3NIUM, CYPSELA.] 

a-kenne, v. t. [A. S. acennan .] To beget, to 
bring forth, to bear. (Boucher.) 

*a-ker (1), s. [Acre.] 

*a'-ker (2), *a-kyr, s. [A. S. egor—the tide.] 
[Acker.] 

1. A turbulent current or commotion in the sea. 
(Way.) 

If An old poet, in commending the skill of mari¬ 
ners in judging of the signs of weather, says— 

“ Wei knowe they the reume yf it a-ryse, 

An aker is it clept, I understonde, 

Whos myght there may no shippe or wynd wytstonde. 
This reume in th’ occian of propre kynde 
Wyt oute wynde hathe his commotioun; 

The maryneer therof may not be blynde, 

But when and where in euery regioun 
It regnethe, he moste haue inspectioun, 

For in viage it may bothe haste and tary, 

And vnavised therof, al myscary.” 

Kniglithode Batayle, Cott. MS. Titus, A. xxiii., f. 49. 
“Aykr of the see flowynge (aker P.). Impetus mar is.” — 
Prompt. Parv. 

2. The bore at the mouth of a tidal river. 
[Eager, Higre.] 

ak'-e-toun, s. [Acketon.] The same as Acke- 
ton and Acton (q. v.). 

“And next his schert an aketoun, 

And over that an haberjoun.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,268-69. 

a'-ki, s. [Maori.] The New Zealand name of a 
5hrub, the Metrosideros buxifolia, belonging to the 
natural order of Myrtaceee (Myrtle-blooms). It is 
sometimes called the Lignum Vitce of New Zealand. 
It adheres by its lateral roots to the trunks of 
trees, and thus supported climbs to their summits.] 
&-kim -bo, *a-kem -boll,*a-gam'-bd, adv. [Ital. 
a; sghembo , adv.=awry: ass.=crookedness; as adj. 
=crooked, awry. The Eng. form agambo is of 
much use in pointing to the correct etymology, and 
Latham considers it more correct than akimbo.'] 
[Kimbo.] Arched, crooked, bent. 

With arms akimbo: With the arms resting on the 
hips, and the elbows constituting an angle pointing 
outward. 

“He observed them edging toward one another to 
whisper, so that John was forced to sit with his arms 
akimbo to keep them asunder.”— Arbuthnot. 


“ Thereat her rage was so increased, that, setting her 
arms akemboll, and darting fire from her eyes . . 
Comical Hist, of Francion. 

“ To rest the arms agambo, and aprank, and to rest the 
turned-in backe of the hande upon the side, is an action 
of pride and ostentation.”— Bulwer: Chironomia (1644), 
p. 104. (Latham.) 

9,-kin’, a. [Eng. a=of; kin.] [Kin.] 

1. Of persons or other organized beings: Allied to 
each other by descent, with an affinity to each 
other: consequently, resembling each other more 
or less closely in structure. 

“I do not envy thee, Pamela; only I wish that, being 
thy sister in nature, I were not so far off akin in fort¬ 
une.”— Sidney. 

“ Though in voice and shape they be 
Form’d as if akin to thee, 

Thou surpassest, happier far, 

Happiest grasshoppers that are.” 

Cowper: The Cricket. 

2. Of things: Like each other. 

‘ Some limbs again in bulk or stature 
Unlike, and not akin by nature, 

In concert act, like modern friends, 

Because one serves the other’s ends.”— Prior. 
“He separates it from questions with which it may 
have been complicated, and distinguishes it from ques¬ 
tions which may be akin to it.”— Watts: Imp. of the Mind. 

ak-mit, s. [Ger.] 

Min.: The same as Acmite (q. v.). 

*A-kna we, v. t. [Aknowe.] 

*a-kne', *a-kne e, *a-kna we, *a-knon, 
*g,-kne wes, a-kno we, adv. On knees; kneeling. 

*a-kno we, *a _ kna'we, v. t. [A. S. oncnawan= 
to know, to recognize, to acknowledge, to treat.] 
To acknowledge, to confess. 

IF It is always joined with the verb ben=to be: as 
“ we be aknowe ”=we confess ; “ to be acknowe ”= 
to be aware, to acknowledge, to confess. 

“ I haue the gretli agelt to God ich am aknowe." 

William of Palerne, 4,391. 

“ That we are worthi to the deth wel we be aknowe." 

Ibid., 4,788. 

*a-kno we, adv. On knee. 

a-kon'-tit, s. [Gr. akon, genit. akontos—a jave¬ 
lin.] 

Min.: A name given to Swedish specimens of 
arsenopyrite or mispickle (q. v.). 

*a-kov -er-en, v.i. (pret. acovered). [A. S. acof- 
rian; O. H. Ger. irkoboron .] To recover, 
ak-root, s. [Ackroot.] 

a -kund, s. [Native name.] A name given in 
parts of India to the Mudar ( Calotropis gigantea), 
a medicinal plant. [Calotropis, Mudar. ] 

*a -kyn, v. i. An old form of Ache (q. v.). 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*a'-kyr (1), s. The same as Acre (q. v.). 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*a -kyr (2), s. The same as Acorn (q. v.). 
al may be a complete word or part of a word in 
composition. 

A. As a complete word, adj. [A. S. al, eal, aall, 
cel = whole, every.] All. Properly speaking, al was 
used for the nomin. sing., and alle for the pi., but 
the rule was not at all strictly observed. [All, 
Alle.] 

“ Hit bitidde that time thei travailed al a night.” 

William of Palerne, 2,215, 

“ Convertyng al unto his propre wille.” 

Chaucer: CL T., 3,039. 

*al bothe, a. Both of them. 

“And gon than to that gome a god pas al bothe." 

William of Palerne, 851. 

*al bole, adv. All whole, entirely, wholly. 

“ A derwurth gyfte he wnlde with the lete 
Hym self al hole vn to thy mete.” 

Bonaventure (E. E. Text Soc. ed.), 181, 182. 

B. As a part of a word in composition: 

I. As a prefix: 

1. To words derived from the Anglo-Saxon: 

(a) All, as almost (A. S. ealmcest) ; also (A. S. 
eallswa, alsiva). 

(b) Old (A. S. aid, alda): as Albourne, Al- 
brighton, Alburgh, Albury, all parishes in Eng¬ 
land. 

(c) Noble (A. S. cethele contracted), as Alfred. 

2. To words of Latin origin. [Lat. ad, changed 
when it stands before the letter l, for euphony’s 
sake, into al. Signification in composition to, more 
rarely at, up, upon, with, against, &c.: as, alligo 
(ad, ligo)= to bind to; allatro (ad, latro)= to bark 
at; allevo (ad, levo)= to lift up ; alluceo (ad, luceo) 
= to shine upon ; cilludo (ad, ludo)= to play with; 
allido (ad, lido)=to strike against.] To; as, allo¬ 
cution — a speaking to. More rarely in the other 
senses in which al is employed in the Latin words 
cited above. 


3, To words derived from the Arabic. [Arab, al = 
adj., art., of inseparable prefix = the.T The: as 
Alkoran — the Koran; Alborak = the Borak, th© 
mythical animal on which Mohammed performed 
his equally mythical night journey to Paradise. 

II. As a suffix. [Lat. -alis=oi or belonging to, per¬ 
taining to; as septentrionalis—vertaming to septen - 
trio, or the north.] Of, belonging or pertaining to i 
as scriptural, pertaining to Scripture; autumnal v 
pertaining to autumn. 

C. As an abbreviation, a symbol, or both: 

Chem.: An abbreviation and symbol for Alumin¬ 
ium. 

a -la, s. [Lat. =a wing; pi. alee. An abbreviated 
form of axilla = the armpit. (Cicero: Orat., 45, 
§ 153.) Or rather, as is now by many believed, axilla- 
is a diminutive of ala , as vexillum is of vellum. (Se© 
Smith’s Lat. Diet.).] 

I. Animal Physiol.: A wing, or anything resem¬ 
bling it. , . , ,, 

In the plural. Aloe auris (lit. = the wings of th©; 
ear): The upper part of the external ear. 

Alee nasi (lit.= the wings of the nose):_ The carti¬ 
lages which are joined to the extremities of th© 
bones of the nose, and constitute its lower mov¬ 
able portion. 

Alee of the thyroid cartilage (in the larynx): Two 
square plates of cartilage united in front at an acute 
angle. (Todd dt Bowman: Physiol, Anat., ii. 433.J 

II. Botany: 

1. Plur.: The two side petals in a papilionaceous 
corolla. Link formerly called them talarce. _ Of the 
remaining three petals, the large upper one is called 
the vexillum, or standard, and the two lower, viewed 
in conjunction, the carina, or keel. 

2. Singular: 

( a) The dilated and compressed back in th© 
corona of some flowers. ( Bindley: Introd. to Bot.) 
[Corona.] 

*(b) Formerly the point whence two branches 
diverge. This is now called the axil. (Bindley: 
Introd. to Bot., p. 73.) 

Al-a-ba'-ma, s. [ Am. Indian = here we rest.] 
One of the States of the U. S. A.; bounded W. by 
Mississippi, N. by Tennessee, E. by Georgia, S. by 
Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Area, 52,250 
Bquare miles. The state is rich iu minerals and 
agricultural products. Principal cities, Mobile, 
Birmingham ; and Montgomery, the capital. 

“Alabama,” a steam vessel of 900 tons, with, 
engines of 300 horse-power, constructed by Messrs. 
Laird, at Birkenhead, England, for the Confederate 
service; launched May 15,1862. During the judicial 
inquiries regarding her character, she sailed from, 
the Mersey July 28, the day before the British gov¬ 
ernment telegraphed to detain her. Under th© 
command of Captain Semmes, she did great damage 
to American mercantile shipping, until her destruc¬ 
tion by the Federal warship “ Kearsage,” Captain 
Winslow, off Cherbourg, June 19,1864. 

Discussion between the two governments, respect¬ 
ing claims for damage by the “Alabama,” 1865. 

A fruitless convention for their settlement, by a 
commission signed at London November 10, 1868. 

Another convention, signed by the earl of Claren¬ 
don and Mr. Beverdy Johnson, January 14; rejected, 
by the United States senate April 13,1869. 

Joint commission ( British , Earl de Grey, Sir Staf¬ 
ford Northcote and others; American, Secretary 
Pish, General Schenck, and others) to settle fishery 
disputes, Alabama claims, &c., announced Febru¬ 
ary 9; met at Washington February 27; signed a 
treaty at Washington May 8, 1871. 

Commission for Anglo-American claims, met at 
Washington September 25,1871. 

Formal meeting of the arbitration commission at 
Geneva (adjourns to June 15) December 18, 1871. 

The British and American cases, presented De¬ 
cember 20. Great excitement in England at the 
introduction of enormous claims for indirect lossea 
into the American case, loss by transfer of trade 
from American to British ships, increased rates of 
marine insurance, and losses incident to the pro¬ 
longation of the war, January, 1872. 

Correspondence between the governments: British, 
dispatch, February 3; reply. March 1; continued; 
counter cases presented at Geneva, April 15,1872. 

Continued correspondence, draftfora supplement¬ 
ary treaty, by which both nations agree in future 
to abstain from claims for indirect losses ; presented 
to American senate; approved May 25,1872. 

The British government object to certain modifi¬ 
cations; further correspondence; great excitement, 
m parliament; proposed adjournment of the meet- 
lr >” °f the arbitration commission; .differences; 
about the mode of procedure; congress adjourns, 
leaving the affair unsettled, June 10,1872. 

The Arbitration tribunal, consisting of Count 
£ rederic Sclopis for Italy ; President Baron Staempll 
r? I J? w ? t 1 zerland > Uicomte d’ltajuba for Brazil; Mr. 
T?’ Adams for United States, and Sir Alexander 
K. Cockburn for Great Britain, meet at Geneva- 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go p5t 
or, wore, W 9 lf, work, who, son; mute, ctb, cure, unite, cur. mile, full; try, Syrian, ’as, te = ■ ey = a. ’ au = kwl 





alabandite 


123 


alanine 


government presents a note of the exist- 
differences; the conference adjourns June 15, 

10l6. 

Further adjournment, June 17; the arbitrators 
voluntarily declare that the indirect claims are in¬ 
valid and contrary to international law, June 19; 
President Grant consents to their withdrawal 
June 25,1872. 

The British government withdraw their applica¬ 
tion for adjournment of the conference June 27, 
1872. ’ 

The Arbitration commission records its decision 
against the indirect claims, and the proposed long 
adjournment, and adjourns to July 15, June 28, 
1872. 

Final meeting; all the arbitrators agree to award 
damages for the injuries done by the “Alabama;” 
four, for those done by the “ Florida:” and three 
for those done by the “ Shenandoah.” The judg¬ 
ment not signed by Sir A. Cockburn, whose reasons 
were published; the damages awarded (including 
interest), about 3,229JL66?. 13s. id.; those claimed 
9,476,166?. 13s. id. (Decision based on the admission 
of a new ex-post facto international law. by Great 
Britain by the treaty of Washington, September 
14,1872.) 

The judgment of Sir A. Cockburn (a powerful 
and indignant reply to unjust aspersions, admitting 
the award for the “Alabama;” opposing the other 
awards ; yet counseling submission to the judg¬ 
ment), signed September 14 and published in Lon¬ 
don Gazette with other documents September 20, 

1872. 

It is stated, that about 1,250,000?. too much were 
awarded, February, 1873. 

3,200,000?. were voted; the receipt of 3,196,874?. 
acknowledged by Mr. Secretary Fish September 9, 

1873. 

All awards made ; about$8,000,000 surplus. Decem¬ 
ber 21, 1876. 

The surplus increasing by interest, 1881. 

About $9,500,000, March 31,1885. 

Grand historical picture of the International 
Alabama Commissioners, painted by Mr. F. B. Car- 

S enter, of New York, presented to the queen by 
[rs. W. Carson, of Newburgh, on the Hudson, 
arrived at Windsor, February 20,1892. 

al-a-band -Ite, fal-a-band'-m, s. [Lat. ala- 
bandina=a precious stone, named from Alabanda, a 
town in Caria, near which it was found.] A min¬ 
eral classed by Dana among the sulphides of the 
Galena division. It is isometric, occurs in cubes and 
octahedrons, or more usually granularly massive. 
Its hardness is 3’5 to 4, its sp. grav. 3 - 95 to 4 - 04. The 
luster is sub-metallic, the color iron-black with a 
green streak. Its composition is MnS=;sulphur 36’7, 
manganese 63’3. It occurs in Mexico. It has been 
called also Manganblende, Blumenbachit, &c. 

al-a-barch, s. [Lat. alabarches= a receiver of 
taxes; Gr. alabarches, possibly a corruption of 
arabarches (Liddell & Scott). } 

Jewish Archceol.: A representative and ruler of 
the Jews in Alexandria, elected with the sanction 
of the Roman emperor, very much as the leading 
religious communities in the Turkish empire have 
heads over them, recognized by the Porte. 

“But Philo, the principal of the Jewish embassage, a 
man eminent on all accounts, brother to Alexander the 
alabarch.” — Whiston: Josephus’ Antiq., bk. xviii., 8, § 1. 

al-9-bast-er, s.; al-a-bas'-tre, *al-9-blas- 
ter, s. & a. [In Ger. alabaster; Fr. alb&tre; Sp., 
Port., and Ital. alabastro; Lat. alabaster (m. pi. 
alabastra) = (1) a tapering box made for holding 
ointment; (2) a rosebud; (3) a measure of capacity, 
holding 10 oz. of wine or 9 of oil. From Gr. alabas- 
tros, or the earlier form alabastos—( 1) the mineral 
now called granular gypsum ; (2) any vessel made of 
it. Alabaster was named from Alabastron (near 
modern AntinoS), an Egyptian town in which there 
was a manufactory of small vessels or pots, made 
formerly, at least, from a stone occurring in hills 
near the town, though ultimately other substances 
were often used, not excluding even gold.] 

If The common form of the word in O. Eng. was 
alablaster. 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: Any material from which small 
boxes for holding ointment, or for similar purposes, 
wero made. Judging from the descriptions of The¬ 
ophrastus and Pliny, the stone most frequently 
employed was stalagmite , often called in conse¬ 
quence Oriental Alabaster; in other cases it was a 
variety of gypsum. Theformeriscarbonateoflime, 
and hard ; the latter sulphate of lime, and soft. 

“. . . Yet I’ll not shed her blood; 

Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, 

And smooth as monumental alabaster." 

Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. 

II. Technically: 

Min.: Massive gypsum, either white or delicately 
shaded. A granular variety is found in England 
in Cheshire, and a more compact one at Ferry¬ 
bridge in Yorkshire, in Nottinghamshire, and in 


Derbyshire; the latter has been made into columns 
for mansion-houses, and is extensively manufactured 
at Derby into cups, basins, or other vessels. Some 
of the alabaster occurring near the town just men¬ 
tioned is white, while some has veins of a reddish- 
brown color. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Made of alabaster. 

“ And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, 
when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee’s 
house, brought an alabaster box of ointment.”— Luke 
vii. 37. 

2. Fig.: White and transparent like alabaster. 

“ With more than admiration he admired 
Her azure veins, her alabaster skin.” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece, 418-9. 
al-9-bas-trl-an, a. [Alabaster.] Made of 
alabaster; resembling alabaster. 

al-9-bas-trIte, s. [Lat. alabastrites; Gr. ala- 
bastites, or alabastitis, properly an adj., alabas- 
trian .] A box, vase, or othef vessel of alabaster 
used by the Greeks and Romans for holding per¬ 
fumes. 

al-9-bas -trum, s. [Lat.] [Alabaster.] 
alabastrum dendroid, s. [U?.=tree-like alabas¬ 
ter.] A kind of laminated alabaster, variegated 
with dendritic markings. [Dendritic.] Locality, 
the province of Hohenstein. 

al-it-bas’-trus, s. [Lat. alabaster= in the sense 
of a rose-bud.] [Alabaster.] The flower of a plant 
when in the state of a bud. 

TT Sometimes written alabastrum, but improperly. 
In fact, it should not even be alabastrus, but 
alabaster. 

a'-la-be§, s. [Gr. alabes, or allabes; Lat. alabeta 
=a fish, the Silurus anquillaris , Linn., found in the 
Nile.] A genus of fishes of the order Malacop- 
terygii Apodes and the Eel family. Locality, the 
Indian Ocean. 

a-lack, interj. [In Ger. ach; Fr. Mias; Pers. 
kalaka = perdition, destruction; alaksadan— to 
perish.] An exclamation of sorrow evoked by 
personal distress or pity for others. 

“But then transform’d him to a purple flower: 

Alack, that so to change thee Winter had no power!” 

Milton. Death of a Fair Infant. 

t$,-lack -a-day, interj. [ Alack and a-day .] 
Alack-the-day. The same meaning as the simpler 
word Alack. 

9,-lac -rl-ous, a. [Lat. a?acer=cheerful, brisk, 
gay; and Eng. -ous=full of.] Cheerful, brisk, gay. 

fa-lac-rl-ous-ly, adv. [Alacrious.] With 
alacrity ; with cheerful gaiety. 

‘ ‘ Epaminondas alacriously expired, in confidence that he 
left behind him a perpetual memory of the victories he 
had achieved for his country.”— Dr. H. More: Govern¬ 
ment of the Tongue. 

fa-lac'-ri-ous-ness, s. [Alacrious.] The qual¬ 
ity of being full of alacrity. Sprightliness, brisk¬ 
ness, cheerfulness, or even gaiety in undertaking or 
performing duty. 

“To infuse some life, some alacriousness into you, for 
that purpose I shall descend to the more sensitive, quick¬ 
ening, enlivening part of the text.”— Hammond: Ser., 
p. 553. 

a-lac -rl-ty, s. [In Fr. allegresse: Sp. and Port. 
alegria; Ital. allegressa, allegria, from Lat. alac- 
ritas = cheerfulness, ardor, eagerness; alacer = 
cheerful, brisk.] Sprightliness, vivacity, brisk¬ 
ness, eagerness; used especially of the cheerful 
ardor with which certain persons, exceptionally 
constituted, undertake and execute duty. 

“ K. Rich. Give me a bowl of wine: 

I have not that alacrity of spirit. 

Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have.” 

Shakesp..- King Richard III., v. 3. 

“ The young nobles of his court had tried to attract his 
notice by exposing themselves to the hottest fire with the 
same gay alacrity with which they were wont to exhibit 
their graceful figures at his balls.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xvii. 

a-lac -ta-ga, s. [In the Mongol Tartar language 
alactaga is said to mean=variegated colt.] The 
name of a small rodent, the Dipus jaculus, or Syr¬ 
ian Jerboa. It is found from Syria, along by the 
north of India, eastward to the Pacific. It has 
often been confounded with the common Jerboa 
(Dipus sagitta). 

a-lad-In-Ists, s. pi. A sect of freethinkers 
among the Mohammedans, with Ala Eddin, a 
learned divine, as their leader. 

a la fran9aise (approx, a la fran -sa§), adv. 
[Fr.] According to the French practice; as the 
French do. 

a la grecque, a la grec (a la grek), used as 
adv. & s. [Fr.] After the Greek method. 

Arch.: One of the varieties of fret ornament. 


a-la'-ll-jj,, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; ?a?ia=talk.] Patho¬ 
logical loss of the power to articulate, usually aris¬ 
ing from paralysis of the muscles of speech, though 
it sometimes is due to a psychic disorder. 
[Aphasia.] 

al-a-llte, s. [From Ala, a town a little south of 
Trent, in the Tyrol; and lithos=stone.] _ _ 

Min.: A variety of Malacolite or Diopside, which 
again stands in a similar relation to Pyroxene. It 
occurs in broad right-angled prisms, and is some¬ 
times colorless, at others more _ or less green. 
Bouvoisin found it crystallized in twelve-sided 
prisms. A mineral almost the same, but having 
quadrangular prisms, he denominated Mussite, 
from the Mussa Alp where it occurs. [Malaco¬ 
lite, Diopside.] 

a -la mi-re, s. [ 0 . Ital.] The lowest note but 
one in three septenaries of the gamut or scale of 
music. 

“ She run through all the keys from cola-mi-re to 
double gamut.”— Gayton: Notes on D. Quix., p. 83. 

a-la mod-al -It-y, s. [Fr. d la mode (q. v.).] 
The quality of being according to the “mode "or 
fashion prevailing at the time. 

a la mode, or a'-la-mdde, adv. & s. [Fr. d la 

mode.] 

A. As adverb: According to the fashion; agree¬ 
ably to the custom prevalent. 

If One of Hogarth’s series of pictures is called 
“Marriage d la mode." 

“So away we went, slipping and sliding, 

Hop, hop, a la mode de deux frogs.” 

Coroper: The Distressed Travelers. 

B. As substantive: A thin, glossy, black silk used 
for hoods, scarfs, &c. 

“. . . the regular exchange of the fleeces of Cote- 

wold for the alarm ides of Lyons.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiii. 

fa la mort (a la mor), a. [Fr. d la mort= to the 
death, or to death.] Mournfully, melancholy, de¬ 
pressed in spirits. 

“To heal the sick, to cheer the alamort." 

Ft ins halveLusiad, V. 85. 

a-land', adv. [Eng. a; land.] At land, or on 
land, implying (1) motion to, terminating upon, at 
the land. 

“ If e’er this coffin drive aland." 

Shakesp.: Pericles, iii. 2. 

Or (2) rest upon, or at the land. {Sidney.) 

“Three more fierce Urus, in his angry mood. 

Dash’d on the shallows of the moving sand ; 

And, in mid ocean, left them moor’d aland.” 

Dryden. 

“1 Fish. Why, as men do aland; the great ones eat up 
the little ones.”— Shakesp.: Pericles, ii. 1. 

*a-land', *a-lant', *a-launt', *a-lau‘nz'. 

[Alant.] ... 

fa-la ne, a. [Alone.] Alone. (Scotch.) 

“Couldna ye let the leddy alane wi your whiggery?”— 
Scott: Old Mortality, ch. vii. 

fa-lahge', adv. [Along.] Along. (Scotch.) 

“He went on board the vessel alang wi’ him.”— Scott r 
Guy Mannering, ch. xi. 

*9-lang'e, *a-lyand 8, a. [A. S. elelcende, eleletv 
disc=strange, foreign, a foreign country.] Strange, 
exotic (?). (Prompt. Parv.) Fitted to make one 
“ think long ” or feel lonely. 

*9-lang'e-ly, *a-lyaund'-ljf, adv. [Alange.] 
Strangely (?). (Prompt. Parv.) Tediously. 

*a-lang’e-nesse, *9-lyaund-nesse, s. [Al¬ 
ange.] Strangeness (V). (Prompt. Parv.) Tedium; 
loneliness. 

a-lan-gLa -§e-se, or 9 -lan'-gi-e-£e (Lat.), 
a-lan -gi-ads (Eng.), s. pi. [Alangium.] A nat¬ 
ural order of plants akin to the Myrtacese, Com- 
bretacese, &c. It consists of large trees with alter¬ 
nate, exstipulate leaves, corollas with sometimes as 
many as ten narrow linear reflexed petals, and in¬ 
ferior drupaceous fruit. Locality, Southern Asia, 
especially India. In 1847, Dr. Lindley estimated the 
known genera at three, and the species at eight. 

a-lan-gi-um, s. [The Malabar name Latinized.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Alangi- 
aceoa, or Alangiads. “The Alangium decapetalum 
and hexapetalum are said by the Malays to have a 
purgative liydragogic property. Their roots aro 
aromatic. They are said to afford good wood and 
edible fruit.” 

al'anglaise (a lan-gla §e), used as adv. [Fr. 
cl V Anglaise.] In the English method, as the Eng¬ 
lish do. 
al-9-nl ne, s. 

Chem.: Amidopro.'ionic acid, CgHsfNHojOoa 
CvHqlNB^lBO.OH. nonatomic acid, which can 
also form definite salv 1 with acids. It is obtained 
by the action of bromine on propionic acid, and by 
acting on the resulting bromopropionic acid by 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shixs. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




alant 


124 


alaudinee 


alcoholic ammonia. Alanine is homologous with 
glycocine and isomeric with sarcosine. It can also 
be formed by boiling a mixture of aldehyde ammo¬ 
nia, hydrocyanic and dilute hydrochloric acids. It 
forms nearly rhombic prisms. Nitrous acid con¬ 
verts alanine into oxypropionic acid. 


II. Subjectively: Fear, especially mingled with 
surprise; sudden and deep apprehension of ap¬ 
proaching peril. 

“ The city is now filled with alarm at the near approach 
of the redoubtable enemy.”— Lewis: Early Eom. Hist., 
ch. xii., pt. ii., § 22. 


*g,-lant', *e.-land, f launt', s . 

Norm. Fr. alan, alant; in Sp. & Ital. alano .] A 
arge hunting dog. 

“ Aboute his chare wente white alaunz, 

Twenty and mo, as grete as eny stere.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,150-51. 

3 ,-lan -tin, s. [From Dut. and Ger. alant = the 
elecampane plant ( Inula helenium ).] The same as 
Inulin. A starchy substance extracted from the 
root of an umbelliferous plant, the Angelica Arch- 
angelica. 

al’-<ir, a. [Lat. alarius, rarely «?art,s=pertain¬ 
ing to a wing: ala= a wing.] Pertaining to a wing, 
whether that word be used in a strictly literal, or in 
a more or less figurative sense. 

Anat.: The alar cartilage is the “wing” of the 
nose. (Todd <& Bowman: Phys. Anat., ii. 2.) 

*g,-Iarg'e, v. %. & t. [Large.] 

A. Intrans.: To grow largely. 

“ Swiche part, in their nativite, 

Was them alarged ofbeute.”— Chaucer: Dreme. 

B. Trans.: To enlarge, to make great. 

“ Thou shuldist alarge. my seed as the grauel of the see.” 
— Wycliffe: Genesis xxxii. 12. 

a-lar-I-a, s. [Lat. alarius= 
winged; from ala= a wing]. A 
genus of sea-weeds belonging to 
the order Fucacere, or Sea- 
wracks, and the tribe Laminari- 
dse. In the classification of Mr. 

Harvey, it is of the sub-class 
Melanospermefe, or Dark-sporecl 
Algee. One species, A. esculenta, 
called by the Scotch Balderlocks, 
is used for food, after bemg 
stripped of its thin part, by the 
poorer classes in Ireland, Scot¬ 
land, Iceland, Denmark, and the 
FarOe Isles. The Alaria shoot 
out into the water from their 
slender yet stiff stems, which are 
surrounded at their top by a 
beautiful collar of short and sin¬ 
uous ribbons, from the center of 
which rises a thong-like leaf fif¬ 
teen or twenty yards long, which, 
at its commencement, is narrow, 
then continues an equal size, and 
at last gradually narrows into a 
point. 

a-larm', *a-lar’-um, ^al’arm e, *a-larm e, s. 
[Sw.&Dut .alarm; Dan. allarm, alarm; Gor. Idrm, 
Idrmen—noise, bustle, uproar, alarm; Wei. alarm; 
Fr . alarme; Sp. alarma: ltal . allarme, alVarme, 
from alle= to the ; arme, arma= arms. When the O. 
Eng. form al’anne is compared with the Ital. all’ 
arme , as has been done by Richardson, Wedgwood, 
and others, it is seen that the English word is 
from the Italian, and means “To arms.” (Seethe 
ex. from Holland’s Livy.) The spelling alarum 
evidently arises from a vocalization of the r 
sound.] 


B. Technically: 

1. Mil.: The sound of a trumpet or other signal 
used in time of war, summoning soldiers to their 
posts to meet a threatened danger which has sud¬ 
denly arisen. 

IT A false alarm is an alarm given by order of a 
military commander, either to prevent the enemy 
from obtaining needed repose, or to try the vigil¬ 
ance of his own sentinels. 

“One historian even describes the stratagem ol the 
false alarm at the games as intended, not to furnish a 
pretext for the war, but to overcome the reluctance and 
inertness of the Volscians.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist. 
(1855), ch. xii., pt. ii., § 23. 

2. Mech.: A contrivance designed to enable one 
to awake at a particular hour, or to be used for 
some similar purpose. It is to this signification 
that the spelling alarum has become especially at¬ 
tached. [Alarm-clock, Alarm-watch.] 

3. Fencing: An appeal or challenge, 
alarm-bell, alarum-bell, s. A bell rung on any 

sudden emergency, and designed to give prompt 
and extensive warning of the danger which has 
arisen. 

“ Ne’er readier at alarum-bell’s call 
Thy burghers rose to man thy wall, 

Than now', in danger, shall be thine.” 

Scott: Marmion, c. v., Introd. 

“ Bing the alarum-bell l let folly quake.” 

Byron: Eng. Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 
alarm-clock, s. A clock so contrived as to strike 
loudly at a particular hour, say that at which one 
ought to awake in the morning, 
alarm-gun, s. 

Milit.: A gun fired to give notice that sudden 
cause for alarm, or at least for vigilance, has 
arisen. 

alarm-post, s. 

Milit.: A post or station to which soldiers are di¬ 
rected to repair if danger suddenly arise. 

alarm-watch, s. A watch capable, like a clock, 
of striking the hours. (Spec.) A watch so con¬ 
structed that it can strike frequently at a certain 
hour, say that at which one desires to awake from 
sleep. 

“You shall have a gold alarm-watch, which, as there 
may be cause, shall awake you.”— Sir T. Herbert. 

alarm-gauge, s. A piece of mechanism at¬ 
tached to a steam-engine, and designed to give 
warning when there is a dangerous pressure of 
steam, or when the water has sunk so low in the 
boiler as to threaten an explosion. 

a-larm', a-lar'-iim, *a-larm e, v. t. [From the 
s. In Dan. larme= to alarm, to make a noise, to 
bawl, to bustle; Ger. larmen= to make a noise, to 
bluster; Fr .alarmer; Sp. alarrnar; Port, alarmer; 
Ital. allarmare.' ] [Alarm, s.] 

* 1 . To summon to arms. 

2. To give notice of approaching danger. 

“ Withered murder 
(Alarum’A by his sentinel the wolf, 

Whose howl’s his watch) thus with his stealthy pace 
Moves like a ghost.”— Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. 1. 



Alaria 

Esculenta. 


A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Objectively: 

*1. “To arms!” an exclamation designed to act 
as a summons to arms, with the view of meeting 
and resisting an enemy. 

“This sayd, he runs downe with as great a noyse and 
ehowting as he could, crying, Al’arme, help citizens, the 
castle is taken by the enemie: come away to defense!”— 
Holland: Livy, p. 331, quoted by Richardson. 

2. Such a summons given in some other way than 
literally by the use of the words “ To arms.” [B. 1.] 
(Spec.) Warning of danger given by the trumpet. 

“ . . . because thou hast heard, O my soul, the sound 

of the trumpet, the alarm of war.”— Jer. v. 19. 

IT Hence arise such expressions as “to blow an 
alarm,” or “ to sound an alarm.” the former rare, 
the latter common. 


“ The wasp the hive alarms 
With louder hums, and with unequal arms.” 

Addison. 

3. To inspire with apprehension of coming evil; 
to terrify. 

“. . . his ghastly look surprised and alarmed them.” 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

4. To disturb in any way. 

“. . . and, threat’ning still to throw, 

With lifted hands, alarm’d the seas below.” 

Dryden. 

a-lar med, pa. par. & a. [Alarm, «.] 

“The white pavilions rose and fell 
On the alarmed air.” 

Longfelloiv: The Beleaguered City. 
a-larm-mg, pr.par. & a. [Alarm, v.] 

“It may be doubted whether our country has ever 
passed through a more alarming crisis than that of the 
first week of July, 1690.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 


“Blow ye the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in 
my holy mountain.”— Joel ii. 1. 

IT A false alarm. [B. 1.] 

3. A warning of dangers, not connected with wars. 

“No powdered pest, proficient in the art 
Of sounding an alarm, assaults these doors 
Till the street rings; no stationary steeds.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iv. 

4 . Any tumult or disturbance. 

“ Crowds of rivals for thy mother’s charms 
Thy palace fill with insults and alarms.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey. 


a-larm-ihg-ly, adv . [Alarming.] In a man¬ 
ner to alarm, to an extent to cause alarm. 

“ . . . alarmingly raj>id.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. iii. 

a-larm- 1 st, s. [Eng .alarm; -ist. In Fr . alarm - 
iste.\ A person of a temperament the reverse of 
sanguine, who in all contingent matters forebodes 
the worst, and at times of excitement perpetually 
raises needless alarms. 

If Tod says, “The word is quite modern.” 
“English alarmists regard India as already wrested 
from us.”— Times, Nov. 16, 1877. 


9 ,-lar -um, s. [Alarm.] 

a-lar -um, v . t. [Alarm.] 

al -ar-y, a. [Lat. aZarius=pertaining to a wing; 
from ala= a wing.] 

Nat. Science: Of the form of a wing. 

a-las', interj. [Dut. helaas; Fr. Mlas; Ital. 
lasso.] 

1. Applied to one’s own case: An exclamation ex¬ 
pressive of sorrow or grief. 

‘‘Alas, how little from the grave we claim! 

Thou but preserv’st a form, and I a name.”— Pope. 

2. Applied to the case of another, or others, or to 
things: An exclamation expressive of pity and con¬ 
cern. (Often followed by for.) 

“. . . Alas for all the evil abominations of the house 
of Israel!”— Ezek. vi. 11. 

Alas a day, or Alas the day: Ah ! unhappy day ! 

‘‘Alas a day! you have ruined my jioor mistress . . . .” 
— Congreve. 

“Alas the day! I never gave him cause.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 4 

Alas the while: Ah ! unhappy time ! 

“For pale and wan he was, alas the while1” 

Spenser. 

A-las-gx-a -nl, s. pi. [From Alasco, an altera¬ 
tion for euphony’s sake of Laschi, the name of a 
Polish Protestant nobleman.] 

Church Hist.: A sect of Protestants in the six¬ 
teenth century, who, in opposing Luther’s doctrine 
of consubstantiation, maintained that the words, 
“ This is my body,” pronounced by Christ in insti¬ 
tuting the Eucharist, referred not to the bread 
simply, but to the whole sacramental action in the 
supper. 

A-las'-kJJ,, s. [Am. Indian=great country.] A 
Territory of the U. S. A., formerly known as Russian 
America. It consists of the extreme N. W. region of 
North America, and includes the Aleutian Islands 
and a tract of coast land extending 8 . to Dixon En¬ 
trance. Area, 572,500 square miles. Purchased by 
the U. S. in May, 1867, and organized as a Terri¬ 
tory, July 27, I 860 . In the summer of 1897 rich gold 
fields were discovered in the Klondike region, 
which caused a great rush to the Yukon Valley. 
[Behring Sea, Gold, Klondike, Sealing, United 
States.] 

ji-las'-mod-on, s. [Gr. a, priv.; elasma—metal 
beaten out, a metal plate; odous, genit. odontos— a 
tooth.] Say’s name for a genus of Mollusks now- 
reduced under Unio (q. v.). 

t§,-la"te, adv. [Eng. a = on; late.] Lately. 

“ Where chilling frost alate did nip, 

There fiasheth now a fire.” 

Greene: Ditty of Doralicia. 

a-la te, a-la'-ted, a. [Lat. alatus = winged, 
from ala = a wing.] 

|A. Ord.Lang.: Having wings (lit. or fig.). 

“ Bower, like all 
things alated, seldom 
rests long in any con¬ 
tinued line.”— Water- 
house: Apology for 
Learning, &c. (1653), 
p. 56. 

B. Technically: 

I. Nat. Science: 

1. Zool.: Having 
wings in the literal 

sense. 

2. Bot.: Having a 
thin expanded 
margin, as the fruit 
of the sycamore 
(Acer pseudoplat- 
anus ), various 
stems, &c. 

II. Architecture: Winged Stem. 

Of a building: Having wings. 

“Nainby, Lincolnshire—from an alate temple there; as 
the name testifies: Heb. ganaph, alatus.” — Stukeley: 
Palceogr. Sacra. (1763), p. 73. 

a lat'-er-e, Lat. prep, and substantive used as 
adj. [Lat. (lit.) = from the side.] A legate a 
latere is a legate who counsels or assists the pope. 
[Legate.] 

al'—&-terii, *ar-a-teriT-us, «s. [Lat. al at emus.] 
The name given to a species of Rhamnus, the broad- 
leaved alatern (Ii. alaternuiQ, an ornamental ever¬ 
green, with flowers much frequented by bees. 

“The alaternus, which we have lately received from the 
hottest parts of Languedoc, thrives with us in England,, 
as if it were an indigene.”— Evelyn. 

a-lau -da, s. [Lat. a?awda=lark.] The lark. A 
genus of birds constituting the type of the sub¬ 
family Alaudinse (q. v.). The species occur in 
many parts of the world. [Lark.] 

a-lau-di-nse, s. pi. [Lat. «Z rni d o:=1 a rk. ] Larks. 
A sub-family of Fringiliidee, or Pinches. It is allied 
to the Emberizinse, or Buntings, and yet has in the 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





alauna 


125 


album 


elongated hind claw and the great development of 
the tertiary quills a close affinity to the genus 
Anthus, or Pippits, in quite another tribe of birds. 
[Alauda.J 

a-lau'-na, s. [Alauna, the ancient name of the 
Frith of Forth, Scotland.] 

Zool.: A genus of Crustacea belonging to the 
family Cumadee. A. rost„ata has been found in the 
Frith of Forth, but is 
rare. 

aunt', *gi-launz', 

e . [Alant.] 

:f a la'ye, s. [Alloy.] 
alb, *albe, s. [Eccles. 

Lat. alba , from Lat. 
aZfews=white.] 

Eccles.: A long linen 
robe hanging down to 
the feet, worn by offici¬ 
ating priests. Anciently 
it was used also by 
those newly baptized, 
whence the first Sunday 
after Easter, on which 
they appeared in it, 
was called Dominica in 
albis (literally, the 
Lord’s day in albs; 
meaning, when albs 
were worn). 



Alb. 


“Each, priest adorn’d was in a surplice white; 

The bishops donn’d their albs and copes of state.” 

Fairfax: Tasso, ii. 4. 

“ They [the bishops] shall have upon them in time of 
their ministration, besides their rochet, a surplice or alb, 
and a cope or vestment .”—Rubric of K. Bdw. VI. 


*alb, s. An old Turkish coin, called also Asper. 
al'-b3, a. [Lat., the fern. sing, of albus, -a, -um 
=white.] Used in composition=white. 

alba terra, s. [Lat.=white earth.] A name for 
the so-called philosopher’s stone. (2) A kind of 
white earth largely used in adulterating sugar 
candies. 

al -ba, s. (1) [Ec. Lat.] An alb. (2) A pearl. 
*alba firma, s. [Lat. firmus, -a, -um = firm, 
strong, steadfast; alba — of pearly luster.] Rent 
paid in silver, and not in corn; the latter method 
being sometimes denominated black mail. Alba 
firma was sometimes called also album , from neut. 
of aZ6«s=white. 

al-ba-core, al-bi-core, s. [PoTt. albacora, 
albecora; from bacora— a little pig.] Sevoral fishes 
of the Scomberidee, or Mackerel family. 

1. The Albacore, or Albicore, of the Atlantic near 
the West Indies, is the Tliynnus albacorus. It is 
esteemed for the table. Sometimes the name is used 
more loosely for other species of Thynnus, not even 
excluding the well-known Tunny ( Thynnus vulgaris ). 

“ The albicore that followeth night and day 
The flying-fish, and takes them for his prey.” 

Davors: Secrets of Angling, ii. 


2. The Pacific Albacore: The Thynnuspacificus. 
They may be seen attending in myriads on ships 
slowly cruising in the Pacific, but deserting those 
which are becalmed, or which are sailing rapidly. 
They seek the proximity of a ship to protect them 
against the sword-fish. 

al'-ban, s. [Lat. albus = white.] A white, resin¬ 
ous substance, extracted from gutta percha by 
either alcohol or ether. 

Al-ban-en'-se§, Al-ban-en'-si-an§ (si as shi), 
s pi [From Alby, in Montferrat, where their eccle¬ 
siastical head lived.] A sub-division of the sect 
called Cathari, who rejected the Manichsean doc¬ 
trine of the two principles, and were closely akin to 
the Albigenses. [Albigenses.] ( Mosheim: Church 
Hist.) 

al-ba'-ni, Jtl-ba-m stone, s. [ From the Alban 
hills near Rome.] A dark volcanic tuff, the peperino 
of Italian geologists; used as a building stone in 
Rome before marble came into extensive use. 

al-bas -trus > s. [Alabastrus.] 

I al-ba-ta, s. [Lat. aZ&afus=clothed in white.] 
What is more familiarly known as German silver. 
[Silver.] w w 

al-ba-tross, *al-ba-tros, s. [Ger. albatross; 
Fr albatros; all from Port, alcatros or alcatras; 
introduced into Eng. by Dampier, altered by Grew 
to albitros, and by Edwards to albatros (Griffith s 
Cuvier, vol. viii., 1829, p. 571).] A large sea-bird, 
belonging to the Procellaridee, or Petrel famdy. It 
is the Diomedea exulans of Linnaeus. When young 
it is of a sooty or brown color, but when mature it 
is white with black wings. It nestles on elevated 
land, and lays numerous eggs, which are edible. It 
has a voice as loud as that of the ass. From its 
color, its large size, amounting to as much as fifteen 
feet in the expanse of its wings, and its abundance 
in the ocean near and especially south of the Gape 
of Good Hope, sailors caff it the Cape Sheep; some¬ 


times, also, it is named the Man-of-war Bird. There 
is a northern species near Behring Straits. [Diome¬ 
dea.] 

“ . . . whales and seals, petrels and albatross.”—Dar¬ 
win: Voyage round the World, eh. viii. 

(See also Coleridge’s Ancient Mariner.) 
al-be -do, s. [ Lat.= the color white, whiteness.] 
Astron.: A term used in describing planets and 
meaning “ the proportion diffusedly reflected by an 
element of surface of the solar light incident on 
such element.” 

fal -be-It, *al’-be, *al'-bee, conj. [Eng. all; be; 
it — be it all.] Be it so, admit, although, notwith¬ 
standing. ( Obsolescent .) 

“ I Paul have written it with mine own hand, I will re¬ 
pay it: albeit I do not say to thee how thou owest unto me 
even thine own self besides.”— Philem. 19. 

“ Departed thence: albee his woundes wyde, 

Not thoroughly heald, unready were to ryde.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I., v. 45. 

al-ber- 1 - 3 , s. [From Lat. albus=white, or, 
according to Meyrick, from a people called the 
Albenses .] 

Her.: A shield without ornament or armorial 
bearing. 

al -bert-Ite, s. [From Albert county, New Bruns¬ 
wick, where it was first found.] 

Min.: A variety of asphaltum, from the typical 
specimens of which it differs in being only partially 
soluble in oil of turpentine, and in fusing imper¬ 
fectly when heated. It is looked on as an inspis¬ 
sated and oxygenated petroleum. It is found fill¬ 
ing an irregular fissure in rocks of Lower Carbonif¬ 
erous age in Nova Scotia. 

al -her-type, s. A rapid process of photography, 
in which a plate is prepared by photographic ap¬ 
pliances. and then treated with printing ink. Ex¬ 
cellent pictures are obtained in this way. The proc¬ 
ess is essentially the same as that of lithography. 

al-bes'-gent, a. [Lat. albescens, pr. par. of al- 
besco= to become white.] 

Hot.: Becoming white; whitish, 
al'-bi-cdre, s. [Albacore.] 

*al-bIf-i-ca’-tion, *al-blf T-ca'-cioun, s. [Lat. 
albus=white;facio=to make.] 

0. Chem.: The act or process of making white. 

“ Oure fourueys eek of calcinacioun, 

And of watres albificacioun.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,732-3. 

AI'-bi-gen-se§, s. pi. [In Ger. Albigenser; Fr. 
Albigeois; from the town of Albi (Albigeaj, in 
Aquitaine, at which a council which condemned 
them was held in A. D. 1176; or from Albigesium, a 
mediaeval name of Languedoc, where they 
abounded.] 

1. Specifically: A sect which is believed to have 

sprung from the old Paulicians [Paulicians] of 
Bulgaria, and which received the further names of 
Bulgarians, or Bougres; Publicani, or Popolicani 
(Paulicianicorrupted); Cathari, meaning pure; and 
Los Bos Homos, signifying good men. They are sup¬ 
posed to have arrived in Italy from the East in the 
eleventh century, and in the twelfth they spread to 
the south of France. In most respects they held 
primitive Scripture doctrine, though, in the opinion 
of many, with a tinge of Manicheeism. They had 
the courage to carry out their religious convictions 
when the Church of Rome was in the plenitude of 
its power. ,, ,, 

2. In a more general sense: All the so-called here¬ 
tics in Languedoc, whatever their origin, who imi¬ 
tated the Albigenses in casting off the authority of 
the Church of Rome. Against these of every name 
a crusade was let loose by Innocent III. in A. D. 
1209, and when it had done its work the further 
suppression of the sect was handed over to the In¬ 
quisition, ( Mosheim: Church History.) 

Al-bl-gen -si-311 (si as shi), a. Pertaining to 
the Albigenses. 

“The energy of Innocent the Third, the zeal of the 
voung orders of Francis and Dominic, and the ferocity of 
the Crusaders whom the priesthood let loose on an unwar¬ 
like population, crushed the Albigensian churches.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

al'-bln, al'-blne, s. [In Ger. cdbin, from Lat. 
a!6us=white.] A mineral, a variety of apophyilite. 
It occurs in opaque white cubical crystals in 
Bohemia. 

al-bln'-l§m, al-bi'-no-i§m, s. [Eng. albino; 
-ism. ] The state of an albino. 

“Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, 
prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several mem¬ 
bers of the same family.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. 1 . 

al-bl’-nd, al-bi'-nd, s. [In Ger. albino; Dut. 
and Fr. albinos; Port, albino; Lat. albineus = 
whitish; fr. Lat. a7ims=white. The name came 
originally from the Portuguese, who applied it to 
white negroes seen in Africa.] A man or animal 
abnormally white, and with pinkish eyes. _ lhe 
phenomenon must have struck most people in the 


case of white mice and white rabbits; it occurs, 
however, occasionally, though not very frequently, 
in the human race, especially among tno darxer 
colored varieties or sub-varieties of mankind. Tne 
Isthmus of Darien and Africa have been mentioned 
as special localities for it. A human albino has the 
skin preternaturally fair. The hairs on his head 
and body are white. The pigmentum nigrum 13 
deficient in the eyes, and these organs have a pink¬ 
ish appearance, produced by the visibility of the 
blood in the choroid and iris; moreover, they are 
painful when exposed to light of even the ordinary 
intensity. 

Al -bi-Sn, s. [In Ger. and Fr. Albion; Lat. albus 
=wliite. From the white cliffs of Dover, &c.] An 
old name of England still retained in poetry. 

Al-bi-re'-O, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A fixed 
star of the third magnitude, called also (Beta) Cygni. 
It is in the head of the Swan. It is a beautiful double 
star—the primary one orange, and the smaller one 
blue. 

al'-blte, s. [In Ger. albit, from Lat. albus — 
white, and suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.). So named from 
its color by Gahn and Berzelius in 1814.] A mineral 
classed by Dana in his Feldspar group of Umsil- 
icates. Its crystals are triclinic ; its hardness 6-—7; 
its sp. gr. 2‘59—2'65 ; its luster on a face produced by 
cleavage pearly, elsewhere vitreous. Its color is 
typically white, though sometimes it is more highly 
colored. Its comp, is silica, 68 - 6 ; alumina, 19’6; soda, 
11-8=100. Dana divides it into—Var. 1: Ordinary. 
(a) In crystals or cleavable masses; (6) Aventurine; 
(c) Moonstone, including Peristerite; (d) Pericline; 
(e) Hyposclerite; (/) (Lamellar) Cleavelandite. 
Var. 2.: Compact albitic felsite. Albite enters into 
various rocks; with hornblende, it constitutes 
diorite or green-stone. It occurs also in some gran¬ 
ites ; in the state of felsite it is the base of albite 
porphyry and granulite. It is closely akin to Olig- 
oglase (q. v.). (Dana.) 
albite felsite, albitic felsite, s. [See above.] 
albite porphyry, s. A porphyry of which the 
base is albite. 

al-bit'-ic, a. [Albite.] Pertaining to albite. 
Composed in greater or smaller proportion of albite. 

“ Adinolo is probably albitic.” — Dana ■ Min., p. 351. 
al -bol-ite, al-bQl-Ith, s. [Lat. aHms=white; 
Gr. lithos—stoma.) A cement prepared by calcining 
magnesite (carbonate of magnesia), and mixing 
the magnesia thus obtained with silica. 

al-bor’-a s. [From Lat. aVoor—tho white of an 
egg; «?7ms=white.] 

Old Med.: The name formerly given to a disease, 
said to be a sort of itch or rather leprosy. It was 
seated in the face, at the root of the tongue, &c. 

Al-bbr -alJ, s. [Arab aZ=the; and booraq.) The 
animal on which Mohammed is said by his fol¬ 
lowers to have performed his night journey to 
Paradise. [Boeak.] 

al'-bronse, s. A shorter name for aluminum- 
bronze (q. v.). 

al-bu gm -e-a, s. [From Lat. albugo (q. v.),] 
The outer coat of the eye lying between the sclerot¬ 
ica and the conjunctiva. It makes the white of tho 
eye. It is very sensitive; and abounds in blood¬ 
vessels, which become visible when inflamed. 

al-bu-gm -e-ous, al-bu’-gln-ous, a. [In Sp. at 
bugineo; from Lat. albuginis, genit. of albugo 
(q. v.).] Resembling the whiteof an egg. [Albugo.] 
“Eggs will freeze in the albuginous jjart thereof.”—■ 
Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. ii., ch. i. 

albugineous humor, s. The aqueous humor 
of the eye. 

albugineous tunic, s. The same as Albuginea 

(q. v.). 

al-bu'-go, s. [Lat. albugo=(l) a disease of the 
eye: albugo=Ghn ; (2) pi., scurf on the head.] 

Med.: A white speck on the eyes, called by Dr. 
Wallis the albuginous, or pearly corneal speck. 
Other names given to it have been speck, applied 
when it is seated superficially ; dragon, when it is 
deeper; and pearl, when it somewhat projects. It 
arises from a chronic inflammation of the eye. 

al -bul- 3 , a. [Lat. albula, fem. of albulus, -a— 
whitish.] A genus of fishes belonging to the 
order Malacopterygii Abdominales, and the family 
Clupsidee (Herrings). Several species exist. 

al’-bum, s. [In Fr. album; Lat. album= the 
color white, anything white. Among the Romans, 
specially (1) the tablets on which the Pontifex 
Maximus registered the chief events of the year; 
(2) those on which the edicts of the Praetor were in¬ 
scribed; (3) any register.] 

A, Formerly: 

1. In ancient times: In the senses mentioned in 
the etymology. 

2. In the Middle Ages: 

(a) A register of saints; a muster-roll of soldiers. 

(b) An ordinary letter. 

(c) Rent paid in silver. [Alba Firma.] 


pout, join; cat, 9ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, 
-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - zhun. -tious, 


this; 

-eious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 










album Graecum 


126 


alcedinidae 


B. Now: A book tastefully bound, and kept 
chiefly by ladies to be filled, as opportunity pre¬ 
sents itself, with scraps of poetry, or autographs, 
photographs, or anything similar. 

album Grsecum.s. [Lat. (lit.) =Greek white.] A 
name given to the excrement of dogs, which be¬ 
comes white as chalk by exposure to the air. It is 
used also of the dung of hyenas, which is almost of 
the same composition as bone, and nearly as dura¬ 
ble; among other places it has been found abun¬ 
dantly in a fossil state in the celebrated Kirkdale 
Cavern, twenty-five miles N. N. E. of York, described 
by Dr. Buckland in his Reliquiae, Diluviance. 

♦al'-bu-me -an, a. [Album.] Pertaining to an 
album. 

al-bu'-men, al-bu-mln, s. [Lat.. whence Fr. 
albumine, Port, albumina, Ital. albume .1 

1. Chem.: The name of a class of Albuminoids 
(q. v.) that are soluble in water, as serum (q. v.) 
and egg albumen. Egg albumen differs from serum 
by giving a precipitate when agitated with ether; 
it is scarcely soluble in strong nitric acid; its 
specific rotation is 35'50 for yellow light. The white 
of eggs is composed of this substance; it dries 
up into a light yellow gum-like substance, which 
will not putrefy. It is converted into coagulated 
albumen by heating the fluid albumen to 72° C. It 
contains sulphur, and blackens a silver spoon. It 
is precipitated by strong acids. It is an antidote in 
cases of poisoning by corrosive sublimate or copper 
salts. 

Coagulated albumin is obtained by heating neu¬ 
tral solutions of albumin, fibrin, &c., to boiling, or 
by the action of alcohol, also by heating precipita¬ 
ted albuminates or casein. It is insoluble in water, 
alcohol, and scarcely in dilute potash, but dissolves 
in acetic acid; by the action of caustic potash it is 
converted into albuminate. Pepsin and IIC1 (hy¬ 
drochloric acid), at blood-heat, converts it into 
syntonin, and then into peptone. 

Derived albumins are insoluble in water, and in 
solutions pf NaCl (sodium chloride), but soluble in 
dilute acids and alkalies. There are acid albu¬ 
mins and alkali albumins. 

Acid albumin is formed by adding a small quan¬ 
tity of dilute HC1 (hydrochloric acid) to serum or 
egg albumen, and gradually raising the tempera¬ 
ture to 70° j it does not coagulate, and the rotation 
to the left is increased to 72°. By neutralizing the 
liquid, a white flocculent precipitate is obtained 
insoluble in water, but soluble in alkali and in 
dilute solutions of alkaline carbonates. 

Alkali albumin , or albuminate , is obtained by 
adding very dilute caustic alkali, heating the 
liquid, and precipitating with acids. It closely re¬ 
sembles the casein of miik. Potassium albuminate 
is also called protein. 

2. Bot.: A substance interposed between the 
embryo and the testa of many plants. It is some¬ 
times soft and jleshy, and at other times hard. It 
varies greatly in amount in those plants in which it 
is present, being particularly large in some endo- 
gens, such as the cocoanut, in which it constitutes 
the eatable part of the fruit. 

3. Phot. Albumen Process: A process by which 
albumen is used instead of collodion to coat glass 
or paper. A method of doing this in the case of 
glass was published by M. Nibpce de Saint Victor 
in the Technologist for 1848. It was subsequently 
improved by M. le Gray. The foreign transparent 
stereoscopic views were at one time obtained by 
the use of albumen in the way now described. 

al-bu -mln-ate, s. [Albumen.] 
al-bu-mln-lp-ar-ous, a. [Lat. albumen, and 
parare— to bear.] Bearing albumen. (Applied to a 
part, gland, or surface secreting albumen.,) 

al-bu-mln-I ze, v. t. [En g. albumen; - ize .] 

Phot.: To treat with albumen. 

al-bu-mln-l'zed, pa. par. & a. [Albuminize.] 
Albuminized Collodion: The mixture or com¬ 
pound formed when albumen is poured over a col- 
lodionized plate. 

Albuminized Paper: Paper coated with albumen 
in lieu of collodion. 

al-bu-min-Iz -I ng, pa. par. [Albuminize.] 
al-bu'-mln-6id§, s. pi. [Lat. albumen, genit. al- 
buminis; Gr. eidos—(,\) form, (2) species, kind.] 
Proteids. (Ger. eiweisskdrper.) 

Chem.: A name given to certain chemical sub¬ 
stances which occur in the animal and vegetable 
tissues. They are amorphous, and their chemical 
constitution has not yet been discovered. They 
contain about 54 parts of carbon, 7 of hydrogen. 16 
of nitrogen, 21 of oxygen, and 1 to 114 of sulphur. 
They are dissolved by acetic acid and strong min¬ 
eral acids; nitric acid converts them into xantho¬ 
proteic acid; caustic alkalies decompose them, 
forming leucine, tyrosine, oxalic acid, and ammonia. 
They are divided into the following classes: (1) 
Albumins, soluble in water; as serum and egg al¬ 
bumen. (2) Globulins, insoluble in water, soluble 


in very dilute acids and alkalies, soluble in a solu¬ 
tion—one percent.—of NaCl (sodium chloride), as 
myosin, globulin, fibrinogen, vitellin. (3) Derived 
Albumins, insoluble in "water and in solutions of 
NaCl (sodium chloride), soluble in dilute acids and 
alkalies; as acid albumin, alkali albumins, or 
albuminates, as casein. (4) Fibrin, insoluble_ in 
water, sparingly soluble in dilute acids and alkalies, 
and in neutral saline solutions ; as fibrin and gluten. 
(5) Coagulated Proteids, soluble in gastric juice; 
as coagulated albumin. (6) Amyloids, or Larda- 
cein, insoluble in gastric juice. (See papers by 
Kekul6, Wanklyn, &c.; also Watts’ Chem. Diet.) 

al-bu-mln-ous, al-bu'-min-ose, a. [In Fr. 

albumineux; Port, and Ital. ulbuminoso; from 
Lat. albumen (q. v.).] 

1. Consisting of albumen, or, at least, containing 
albumen in their composition. Fibrin, gelatin, 
casein, and vegetable gluten, with, of course, albu¬ 
men itself, fall under this category. 

“This looks like the white, or albumen, of the bird’s 
egg, but it is not albuminous.” — Beale: Bioplasm (1872), 

§ 44, note. 

2. Resembling albumen. 

al-bu-mln-iir - 1 -a, s. [Lat. albumen; urina = 

urine.] 

Med.: A disease characterized by the presence of 
albumen in the urine. It may be acute or chronic. 
Acute albuminuriais a form of inflammation of the 
kidneys. Chronic albuminuria, the commoner and 
more formidable malady, arises from grave consti¬ 
tutional disorders. It is often attended by or pro¬ 
duces dropsy. Whether acute or chronic, but 
specially when the latter, it is generally called 
Bright's disease, after Dr. Bright, who first de¬ 
scribed it with accuracy. [Bright’s Disease.] 

“. . . in cases of albuminuria connected with kidney 

disease.”—Todd dt Bowman: Pays. Anat., i. 502. 

al bun'-e-a, s. [From Albunea, a prophetic 
nymph or sibyl worshiped at Tibur (Tivoli) in a 
temple still remaining.] A genus of decapod short¬ 
tailed Crustaceans belonging to the family Hip- 
pidse. Example, the Symnista (A. symnista). 

al-burn (l),s. [Alburnum.] 



Alburn (Cyprinus Alburnus). 

al'-burn (2), s. or adj. [Lat. alburnus.'] A sil¬ 
very-white fish, the Bleak ( Cyprinus alburnus). 
[Bleak.] 

♦al -burn, a. [From Lat. albus = white.] Au¬ 
burn. 

al-burn -ous, s. [Eng. alburnum; -ous.] 

1. Pertaining or relating to alburnum. 

2. Consisting in whole or in part of alburnum. 

al-burn'-um, or al'-burn, s. [In Fr. aubier; 
Lat. alburnum .] 

Bot.: The sapwood in exogenous stems ; the wood 
last formed, and which has not yet had time to ac¬ 
quire its proper color or hardness. It is interposed 
between the liber, or inner bark, and the duramen, 
or heart-wood. 

al'-ca, s. [In Sw. alka.] A genus of birds, the 
typical one of the family Alcadee (q. v.). The wings 
are so short as to be useless for flight. 

al'-cad-se, or al -eld- 93 , s. pi. A family of birds 
belonging to the order Natatores, or Swimmers. 
They have the feet placed very far back, the toes 
united by a membrane, the hinder one rudimentary 
or wanting. 

al-ca de, al-ca id, al-ca'yde, or al-ca yd, s. 

In Ger. alkade; Fr. alcaide and alcade; Sp. alcade, 
rom Arab. kayid= the head; kada= to head.] 

In Spain, Portugal, and Barbary: The governor 
of a castle; also, the keeper of a jail. 

If Often confounded with an alcalde, who is a civil 
officer, while the alcade is a military one. 

“ Th’ alcaid 

Shuns me, and, with a grim civility, 

Bows, and declines my walks.”— Dryden. 

al-ca-hest. [Alkahest.] 

al-ca’-Ic, a. & s. [In Fr. alcaique. Named after 
Alcceus, or, to give the Greek instead of the Roman 
form of the name, Alkaios, a lyric poet, born in 
Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, and who flourished 
about B. C. 606.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to the above-mentioned Alcaeus or 
Alkaios. 


2. Pertaining or relating to the descriptions of 
verse called after him, and of which ho is supposed 
to have been the inventor. 

Alcaic Ode: An ode written in the alcaic meter, 
composed of several strophes, each consisting of 
four lines. Thirty-seven of the Odes of Horace are 
in this meter. 

Alcaic Strophe. The usual form of this consists 
of four alcaic lines, viz., two alcaic hendocasylla- 
bles (eleven syllables), one alcaic enneasyllable 
(nine syllables), and one alcaic decasyllable (ten. 
syllables), as— 

Vides | ut al | ta | stet nive | candidum j 
Sorac | te, nec | jam | sustine | ant onus | 

Sylvee | labo | ran | tes, | ge | luque 
Flumina | constite | rint a | cuto | 

Usually scanned as follows: 



B. As substantive: Used by an ellipse both in 
singular and plural for the strophe or the lines, 
but more generally for the strophe and in the plural 

fal'-cal-a-mide, s. [Alkalamide.] 
al-cald e, s. [Sp.; from Arabic.] 

In Spain: The mayor of a town; also a judge, 
magistrate, or justice of the peace. Used in the 
latter sense also in Portugal. It is not the same 
as Alcade (q. v.). 

‘‘Padre C. Ah! said you so? 

Why, that was Pedro Crespo, the alcalde /” 

Longfellow: Spanish Student, iii. 2. 

fal -cal-I, al-cal-y, s. [Alkali.] 
fal-cal-im'-et-er, s. [Aliialimeter.] 
♦al'-cam-ist-er, s. [Alchemist.] 

al-camph'-or-a, s. [Arab. ai=the; camphora, 
contracted from Port, camp/loros ?na=camphor-tree.] 
A name given in portions of Brazil to the Croton 
perdicipes, a Euphorbiaceous plant, used as a diu¬ 
retic and in other ways. 

*al’-ca-myne, s. [Alchemy.] The mixed metal 
described under Alchemy, 2 (q. v.). ( Prompt. 
Parv.) 

al-can'-na, s. [In Ger. alkanna; Fr. Vhennf. 
from Arab, alhenna: a,l=the, and henna. } [Henna.] 
There are at least two plants bearing this name— 
(1) Lawsonia inermis, (2) Anchusa tinctoria. [Al¬ 
kanna.] 

“The root of alcanna, though green, will give a red 
stain.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

al-car'-gen, s. [Cacodylic Acid.] 

al-car-ra'-zas, s. [Sp. alcarraza —a pitcher.] 
Porous earthen vessels used in hot countries for cool¬ 
ing water by means of evaporation. As the water 
percolates through the pores of the vessel and be¬ 
comes exposed outside to the action of the air, it 
evaporates, with the effect of cooling the portion 
inside which remains liquid. 

al-car -sm, al-kar-sin, s. [Cacodyl.] 
*al-ca'-traz, *al-ca'-tras, s. [Sp.] A name 
given by the Spaniards and by Fernandez Hernan¬ 
dez and Nieremberg to an American bird, the peli¬ 
can of Mexico, probably the Onocrotalus Phoenix 
of Lesson, the Pelecanus Vieillotii „ Clusius and 
others erroneously applied the name to an Indian 
horn-bill, the Buceros hydrocorax of Linnaeus. 

“Most like to that short-sighted alcatras, 

That beats the air above that liquid glass: 

The New World’s bird, the proud imperious fowl 
Whose dreadful presence frights the harmless owl.” 

Drayton: Owl, p. 1,304. 

al-ca/yd, s. [Alcade.] 

al-ca-zar, s. [Sp.=a fortress, a palace; the 
main deck between the main-mast and quarter¬ 
deck.] A fortress, a palace. (Lit, or fig.) 

“ But the Cid was passing to his sleep, 

In the silent alcazar.” 

Hemans: The Cid’s Deathbed. 

*aF-$e, adv. [Also.] 
fal'-ge, s. [Alces.] 

alHje-dln'-Id-se, s. pi. [Alcedo.] A family of 
birds, belonging to the order Passeres and the sub¬ 
order Fissirostres,or Cleft-beaks. They have an elon¬ 
gated bill, usually broad at the base and tapering to¬ 
ward the point; their wings are long and rounded, 
and the tail generally short. The toes are sometimes 
scansorial (two before and behind), sometimes but 
three, two in front and one behind; but more 
frequently they are, as in most birds, three before 
and one behind. _ There are three families, Alce- 
dininse, or True Kingfishers, Daceloninee, and Gallul- 
mse, or Jacamars. [Alcedo.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, were, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. Ee, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




alcedininse 


127 


alcohol 



al-^e-d’n-I -use, s. pi. [The typical sub-family 
of the family Alcedinid®, or King-fishers (q. v.).] 

alnje'-do, s. [Lat. 
alcedo; later, alc.y- 
on; Or. alkuon, and 
...alkuon ;fromioh= 
the sea ; and huon= 
holding, pregnant, 
from its being be¬ 
lieved that the 
Kingfisher made its 
nest on the surface 
of the deep.] [Hal¬ 
cyon.] The typical 
genus of the family 
Alcedinid®, or King¬ 
fishers. Two species 
occur in this coun¬ 
try, the A. ispida, 
and the A. alcyon. 

[Kingfisher.] Kingfisher (Alcedo). 

al'-$e§, fal'-ge, s. [Lat, alces; Gr. alfe 5 =elk.] 
A genus of mammals belonging to the family Cer- 
vidse. A. palmatus is the elk, or moose deer. 
[Elk.] 

Al-§est'-is, s. [Lat. Alcestis, fr. Gr. Alkestis, a 
queen who sacrificed her life for her husband Ad- 
metus, king of Pher®, and in consequence became 
the heroine of a tragedy by Euripides.] 

Astron.: An asteroid, the 124th found. It was 
discovered by Peters on the 23d of August, 1872. 

al-chem’-ic, al-chem-i-cal, al-chym'-ic, al- 
chym -I-cal, a. [From Eng. alchemy. In Fr. a l- 
chimique; Port, and Ital. alchimico .] Pertaining 
to alchemy ; produced by alchemy. 

“The rose-noble, then current for six shillings and 
■sight-pence [$1.61], the alchymists do affirm as an un¬ 
written verity, was made by projection or multiplication 
alchymical of Raymond Lully in the Tower of London.”— 
■Camden. 

al-chem'-i-cal-ly, al-chym'-I-cal-ly, *al- 
chim-I-cal-ly, adv. [Alchemical, Alchymical.] 
After the manner of an alchemist; by means of 
alchemy. 

“Raymond Lully would prove it alehymically .”— Cam¬ 
den. 

al-chem-il'-la, s. [In Fr. alchimille; Port, al - 
•chimille; Sp. alchemila; from Arab, alkmelyeh, 
meaning alchemy , the fancy being entertained that 
it possessed alchemical virtues.] In English, Lady’s 
Mantle, that is, mantle of “ Our Lady” the Virgin 
Mary. A genus of plants belonging to the natural 
order Rosace®, or Rose-worts. This order includes 
the species, A. vulgaris , or Common Lady’s 
Mantle; the A. Alpina, or Alpine Lady’s Mantle; 
and the A. arvensis, the field Lady’s Mantle, or 
Parsley Piert. The last-named member of the 
genus is small and inconspicuous, but the other 
two are remarkably graceful. A decoction of the A. 
vulgaris is slightly tonic. According to Frederick 
Hoffmann, and others, it has also the effect of re¬ 
storing the faded beauty of ladies to its earliest 
freshness. 

al'-chem-ist, al-chym-ist, *al-cam-Ist -er, 
*al-kym-ist-er, s. [Eng. alchemy; -ist. In Sw. 
alkemist; Ger. alchymist; Fr. alchimiste; Sp. al- 
quirnista; Port, & Ital. alchimista. 1 One who 
studies or practices alchemy. Hermes Trismegistus 
is mentioned as one of the earliest alchemists, but 
the work on the subject attributed to him is spu¬ 
rious. Geber, an Arabian physician, who lived in 
the seventh century, is another early alchemist, but 
the genuineness of his works has been doubted. A 
■German, Albert Groot, or Albertus Magnus, born in 
1205 ;the celebrated Thomas Aquinas, born in 1227 ; 
Raymond Lully, born m 1235 ; the illustrious Friar 
Bacon, born in 1314; Arnoldus de Villa Nova, born 
in 1240, were all known as alchemists. A number of 
similar inquirers arose in the fourteenth century, 
and Basil Valentine, an excellent chemist, for his 
age, in the fifteenth, after which there were fewer, 
and now it would be difficult to find even one. 
[Alchemy.] 

•‘. . . and if it be true likewise that the alchemists 
do bo much inculcate . . .”— Bacon. 

“ To solemnize this day, the glorious sun 

Stays in his course, and plays the alchymist.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 1. 

“ And when this alcamister saugh his tyme.” 

Chaucer : C. T., 13,132. 

al-chem-ist'-Ic, al-chem-ist'-i-cal, al-chym- 
Ist -ic, al -chym-ist-l-cal. a. [Eng. alchemist; 
-ic.] Practicing alchemy. (Lit. &fig.) 

“ The alchymistical cabalists, orcabalistical alchymists, 
have extracted the name, or number, whether you will, out 
of the word Jehovah, after a strange manner.”— Lightfoto; 
Miscell., p. h 


" As the first sort of legislators attended to the different 
kinds of citizens, and combined them into one common¬ 
wealth, the others, the metaphysical and alchemistical leg¬ 
islators, have taken the direct contrary course.”— Burke. 

al-chem-y, al-chym-y, "aT-cMm-y, s. [In 

Sw. alkemi; JDan. alchymi; Ger. aelchymie; Fr. 
alchimie; Sp. alquimia; Port. & Ital. alchimia. 
Arab. ai=the, and Gr. chemeia -chemistry ; or from 
Arab. komia= secret, hidden, the occult art; kaniai 
= to hide.] 

A. Literally: 

1. A study of nature with three special objects: 
( 1 ) that of obtaining an alkahest, or universal sol¬ 
vent; ( 2 ) that of acquiring the ability to transmute 
all metals into gold or silver, especially the former; 
(3) that of obtaining an elixir vitce, or universal 
medicine which might cure all diseases and indefi¬ 
nitely prolong human life. These objects were all 
desirable, and it could not be known a priori 
whether or not they were attainable. To take the 
transmutation of metals, the substances at present 
classed as simple elements may not always remain 
in that category; at any moment one may be found 
to be a compound of other substances, and require 
to be taken out of the list. The possibility of this 
becomes greater when it is remembered that not 
merely do allied metals generally occur in nature 
together, but there is also a definite relation be¬ 
tween their atomic weights. The means adopted in 
the pre-scientific age, when alchemy most flour¬ 
ished [Alchemist], were more open to ridicule 
than the objects aimed at. To achieve success in 
the study it was thought needful for one to obtain 
first the “ philosopher’s stone,” described as a red 
powder with a peculiar smell. A skilled alchemist 
was called an “ adept.” In aH ages scientific intel¬ 
lects are brought into being, and many “adepts” 
were the physical philosophers of the age. Though 
they failed in their immediate objects, they dis¬ 
covered the sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids, 
and laid the foundations of the noble science of 
modern chemistry. Others were pseudo-scientists 
and impostors who pretended that they really had 
made gold: by means of men o, this latter type 
alchemy gradually sank in reputation, and ulti¬ 
mately became an object of ridicule to real scien¬ 
tific inquirers and to the civilized world at large. 

“Astrology and alchemy became jests.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2. A mixed metal from which spoons, kitchen 
utensils, and trumpets were formed. The name was 
given because it was supposed to have been made 
by some of the processes of alchemy. 

IT It is called in Scotch alcomye, and in Old Eng¬ 
lish sometimes alcamayne. 

“Bell-metal, Ac., and the counterfeit plate, which they 
call alchemy.” — Bacon: Physiol. Rem. 

“Then, of their session ended, they bid cry 
With trumpets’ regal sound the great result: 
Toward the four winds four speedy cherubim 
Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

IT Properly speaking, there were two kinds of 
“alchemy ” in this sense—the white and the red. 

“White alchemy is made of pan-brass one pound, and 
arsenicum three ounces.”— Bacon: Phys. Rem., § 6. 

“ Red alchemy is made of copper and auri pigment."— 
Ibid., § 7. 

B. Fig.: The process of transforming anything 
common into something more glorious and precious, 
whether this is done by nature or art. 

“ Kissing with golden face the meadows green, 
Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchymy.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, ver. 33. 

tal'-chem-ize, tal'-chym-ize, v. t. [Eng. al¬ 
chemy; - ize .] To transmute. 

“Not that you feared the discoloring cold 
Might alchymize their silver into gold.” 

Lovelace: Luc P., p. 7. 

Al -chi-ba, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star 
of the 4!4 magnitude, called also {Alpha) Corvi. 

al-chym -ic, al-chym'-I-cal, a. [Alchemic, 
Alchemical.] 

al-chym'-I-cal-ly, adv. [Alchemically.] 
al-chym - 1 st, s. [Alchemist.] 
al'-chym-Ist -Ic, al-chym-ist-i-cal, a. [Al- 
chemistic, Alchemistical.] 
al'-chym-y, s. [Alchemy.] 
al'-ijld-ae, s. pi. [Alcada:.] 
alpine, a. [Lat. alces; Gr. alke= an elk.] Per¬ 
taining to the elh. There is an alcine group in the 
extensive genus Cervus. Type, the Elk ( Cervus 
alces, Linn.). [Elk.] 

AlC-man'-I-an, a. [Eng. Aleman, a proper 
name, and -ian, suff.] 

1. Pertaining to the Greek lyric poet Aleman, who 
flourished about 650 B. C. 

2. Pertaining to the verse called after him. It 
consisted of two dactyls and two trochees, as 
“’Yirgml | bus pile | risque | canto.” Horace also 
has an Alcmanian meter consisting of a dactylic 
hexameter and a catalectic dactylic tetrameter. 


Alc-me -ne, s. [Lat. & Gr. Alcmena (Class 
Myth.), the mother of Hercules.] 

Astron.: An asteroid, the 82d found. It was 
discovered by Luther, on November 27,1864. 

al'-co, s. [A native American generic name 
{Buffon). ] The Canis familiar is, var. Americanus. 
A variety of the dog, inhabiting Peru and Mexico. 
It has a small head, an arched back, a short and 
pendent tail. The fur is long. That of the back is 
yellow, while the tail is whitish. It is akin to the 
shepherd dog. 

al -co-hol, s. [In Sw. & Ger. alkoliol; Fr. alcool; 
Port, alcohol: from Arab. aZ=the; kohl= stibium= 
sulphuret of antimony; Heb., E. Aram., and Eth. 
kachliol— to paint the eyebrows black with stibium, 
as was done anciently, and still is, by women in 
parts of the East.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. As a solid: 

fl. Originally: The mineral mentioned above, 
stibium, or sulphuret of antimony, especially when 
reduced to an impalpable powder. 

“The Turks have a black powder made of a mineral 
called alcohol, which, with a fine long pencil, they lay 
under their eyelids, which doth color them black.”— 
Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent. VUI., §739. 

2. Any impalpable powder, whatever its composi¬ 
tion. 

“If the same salt shall be reduced into alcohol, as the 
chymists speak, or an impalpable powder, the particles 
and intercepted spaces will be extremely lessened.”— 
Boyle. 

II. As a liquid; Pure spirit, rectified spirit, 
spirits of wine, or. more loosely, a liquid contain¬ 
ing it in considerable quantity. [See B.] 

“The Elixir of Perpetual Truth, 

Called Alcohol, in the Arab speech.” 

Longfellow: Bolden Legend, i. 

“ Sal volatile oleosum will coagulate the serum on ac¬ 
count of the alcohol, or rectified spirit, which it contains.” 

-— Arbuthnot. 

B. Organic Chem.: Alcohol is the name given to 
a class of compounds differing from hydrocarbons 
in the substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms 
by the monatomic radical hydroxyl (OH) '. Alco¬ 
hols are divided into monatomic, diatomic, tri- 
atomic, &c., according as they contain 1 , 2 , or 3 
atoms of H (hydrogen), each replaced by (OH)'. 
Alcohols may also be regarded as water in which 
one atom of H is replaced by a hydrocarbon radi¬ 
cal. Alcohol can unite with certain salts, as alco¬ 
hol of crystallization. The O in ^ O (water) can 

be replaced by S (sulphur), as ^ S (hydrogen 
sulphide) ; so in alcohol, C 2 H 5 > 

O, forming mer- 

P TT- ) ' 

captan, H ( S ‘ Alcohol may also be compared 
with acids, as jj | O (hypochlorous acid) ,^ 2 jj 5 | O 
(alcohol); the H can be replaced by K or Na, as 
jja ( O (sodium hypochlorite), and j- O (so¬ 

dium ethylate), therefore it can be considered as a 
weak acid. Also it can be compared with bases, as 

( O (potassium hydrate) with acids forms salts 

and water. As KHO+HC1 = KC1 (potassium eldo- 
ride) and H 2 0 (water), so alcohol and acids form 

acid ethers and water: j- O+^yj (hydrochloric 

acid)=H 2 0 and C 2 H 5 .CI (ethyl chloride). An alco¬ 
hol is said to be primary, secondary, or tertiary, ac¬ 
cording as the carbon atom which is in combina¬ 
tion with hydroxyl (OH) is likewise directly com¬ 
bined with one, two, or three carbon atoms. The 
hydrocarbon radicals can also have their carbon 
atoms linked together in different ways, forming 
isomeric alcohols. [Amyl Alcohol.] Primary alco¬ 
hols, by the action of oxidizing agents, yield alde¬ 
hydes, then acids; secondary alcohols, by oxidation, 
yield ketones; tertiary alcohols, by oxidation, yield 
a mixture of acids. Alcohols derived from benzol, 
or its substitution compounds, are called aromatic 
alcohols; they contain one or more benzol rings. 
[See Benzene.] 

ethyl alcohol (commonly called alcohol), 
ethylic alcohol, methyl carbinol, spirits of 
wine, ethyl hydrate, s., 

C 2 H 6 0=C 2 H 5 (OH)'=|CH3 (oh;> 

Chem.: Pure ethyl alcohol, also called absolute 
alcohol, is obtained by distilling the strongest recti¬ 
fied spirit of wine with half its weight of quick¬ 
lime. Pure alcohol is a colorless, limpid liquid, 
having a pungent, agreeable odor and a burning 
taste. Its specific gravity at 0 ° is 0'8095, and at 
15'5° is 0’7938, its vapor referred to air 1'613. It is 
very inflammable, burning with a pale blue, smoke¬ 
less flame. It boils at 78'4° when anhydrous. It 
becomes viscid at—100°. It mixes with water in all 


Mil, toy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, 9hin, benqh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £. 
-cian, -tran = shgtn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





alcohol bases 

proportions, with evolution of heat and contraction 
of volume; and it readily absorbs moisture from the 
air. and from substances immersed in it. Chlorine 
converts alcohol into chloral, C 2 HCI 3 O, but in the 
presence of alkalies into chloroform, CHCL. By 
oxidation alcohol is converted into aldehyde, C 2 H 4 O, 
then into acetic acid, C 2 H 4 O 2 . The alkaline metals 
replace one atom of H, forming C 2 H 5 .NaO (sodium 
ethylate). Strong H 0 SO 4 (sulphuric acid) forms 
with alcohol (Cdhijll-SCh, sulphovinic acid. HC1 
(hydrochloric acid) with alcohol yields ethyl chlo¬ 
ride, C 2 H 5 .CI, and water. Alcohol can be formed by 
synthesis from the elements, C, H, O : thus acetylene, 
C 2 H 2 , can be formed by passing an electric current 
in ah atmosphere of H between carbon points; this 
is converted by nascent H into olefiant gas, C 2 H 4 , 
which is absorbed by H 0 SO 4 (sulphuric acid); by 
diluting with water, and distilling, alcohol is ob¬ 
tained. Alcohol is used as a solvent for alkaloids, 
resins, essential oils, several salts, &c. Alcohol is 
obtained by the fermentation of sugars, when a 
solution of them is mixed with yeast, Mycoderma 
cervisicB, and kept at a temperature between 25° 
and 30°, till it ceases to give off CO 2 (carbonic acid 
gas). It is then distilled. Proof spirit contains 49’5 
per cent, of alcohol, and has a specific gravity of 
O'9198 at 60° F. Methylated spirit contains 10 per 
cent, of wood spirit in alcohol of sp. gr. 0'830; it is 
duty free, and can be used instead of spirits of wine 
for making chloroform, olefiant gas, varnishes, ex¬ 
tracting alkaloids, and for preserving anatomical 
preparations, <fec. Wines contain alcohol: port and 
sherry, 19 to 25 per cent.; claret and hock and 
strong ale, about 10 per cent.: brandy, whisky, gin, 
&c., about 40 to 50 per cent. These liquids owe their 
intoxicating effects to the alcohol they contain, 
alcohol bases, s. [Amines.] 
alcohol metals, s. 

Chem.: Compounds formed by union of a metal 
with an alcohol radical, as zinc methyl Z 11 ” 

(CH 8 ) 2 . 

alcohol oxides, s. [Ethers.] 

alcohol radicals, hydrocarbon radicals, s. 

Chem.: Organic radicals, as methyl (CH 3 )'. Al¬ 
cohols may be considered as hydrates of these radi¬ 
cals (CH 3 )OH, and hydrocarbons as hydrides, 
CH 3 .H. Diatomic alcohol radicals, as (C 0 H 4 )", or 
glycol radicals, and triatomlc alcohol radicals, as 
(C 3 H 5 )&c., can also be said to exist. A radical 
is part of a molecule. 

alcohol thermometer, s. A thermometer in 
which colored alcohol is used instead of mercury. 
Its chief use is for registering very low tempera¬ 
tures, for which it is well adapted, as alcohol does 
not become solid at the greatest known cold, 

, al’-co-hol-ate, s. 

Chem.: A name given to definite crystalline com- 
.ounds, in which alcohol acts like water of crystal- 
.ization: thus, ZnCl 2 crystallizes with two mole¬ 
cules of ethyl alcohol, forming ZnC1.2(C 2 H[jO). 
The following are also known: CaCl 2 .4(C 2 HeO) and 
Mg(NO 3 )2 i .6 (C 2 H 6 0) . (See Watts’ Diet. Chem.) Crys¬ 
talline substances containing methyl alcohol, <fcc., 
are also known. 

al-co-hol'-ic, a. & s. [Eng. alcohol; -ic. In Fr. 
alcoolique.) 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to alcohol; contain¬ 
ing alcohol in greater or lesser amount; resembling 
alcohol. 

. . and which, emitted a strong alcoholic odor.” 

— Cycl. Pract, Med., i. 452. 

2. As substantive: One who immoderately par¬ 
takes of alcoholic liquors. 

“ In the chronic alcoholic we have a greater or less 
transformation of the individual . . ”— Brit, and 

For. Medico-Chirurgical Review, vol. lx. (1877), p. 388. 

al-co-hol-igm, s. [Eng. alcohol; -ism.) A dis¬ 
eased condition of the system caused by the excess¬ 
ive use of alcoholic liquors. 

“The most frequent mode (writes Magnan) of termina¬ 
tion of chronic alcoholism is dementia . . .”— Brit, and 

For. Medico-Chirurg. Review, vol. lx. (1877), p. 369. 
al-co-hol-Iz-a-tion, s, [In Fr. alcoholization .] 
* 1 . The act or process of reducing a body to an 
impalpable powder. 

2. The act or process of rectifying any spirit. 
al'-co-hol-lze, v.t. [Engl alcohol; -ize. In Fr. 
alcoholiser.) 

* 1 . To reduce a body to an impalpable powder. 

2. To rectify spirits till they are completely 
deprived of any water commingled with them. 

al-co-hol-om-et-er, al-co-hol'-met-er, al-co- 
hom'-et-er, al-com'-et-er, s. [Eng. alcohol; meter 
=measurer, from Dr. metron= a measure. In Fr. 
alcoholometre, alcooinetre.} An instrument devised 
by Gay Lussac for measuring the proportion of pure 
alcohol which spirituous liquors contain. It is 
placed in the liquid to be tested, and the depth to 
which it sinks indicates by marks on a graduated 
scale what proportion of alcohol there is in the 
mixture. 


E 


128 

The Centesimal Alcoholometer: The instrument 
just described. It is called centesimal because it 
indicates th e percentage of alcohol in the liquid. 

al-co-hol-o-met'-rl-cal, al-co-ho-met-ri-cal, 
al-co-met-rl cal, a. [Alcoholometer.] Per¬ 
taining to the alcoholometer. 

al-co-ho-lom-et-ry, s. [See Alcoholometer.] 
The act, art, or process of testing the proportion ot 
pure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain. 

al-co-hom-et-er, s. [Alcoholometer.] 
al-co-ho-met'-rl-cal, a. [Alcoholometrical.] 
*al’-c6m-ye, s. [Alchemy.] The Scotch name 
of the mixed metal described under Alchemy (2). 

Al-COr, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A ffixed star of 
the fifth magnitude, called also 80 Urs® Majoris. 
It is situated near the large bright star Mizar, m 
the middle of the tail of the imaginary “ Bear. 

tAl-cor'-«in, s. [Alkoran, Koran.] 
fal-cbr-an’-ic, a. [Alkoranic.] 
al-cor’-no-co bark, al-cor-noque ( qu=k) 
bark, s. 

1 . A kind of bark found in Tropical America. It 
is said to be the product of Byrsonima laurifolia, 
rhipalcefolia, and coccolobcefolia, plants of the nat¬ 
ural order Malpigliiaceae, or Malpighiads. 

2. The alcornoque of Spain is the bark of the 
cork-tree (Quercus suber). 

al'-cove, s. [In Sw. alkov; Dan. alkove; Dut. 
alkove, alkoof; Ger . alkoven; Fr. alcove; Ital. al- 
cova; Port, alcova, from Sp. alcoba; Arab, alcobba, 
cobba= a closet. It is not thoroughly settled 
whether the Arabs adopted the word from the 
Spaniards, or the Spaniards from the Arabs.] 

1. Of recesses in sleeping apartments, vaults, or 
ordinary rooms: 

*1. A portion of a Spanish or other chamber, sepa¬ 
rated from the rest, with the view of its being used 
for the reception of a bed. The idea was borrowed 
from the ancients. In state bedchambers in Spain, 
the alcove was a flat form or estrade, raised a few 
inches above the floor, and, as a rule, cut off from 
the rest of the chamber by a balustrade provided 
with doors. 

“ Deep in a rich alcove the prince was laid, 

And slept beneath the pompous colonnade.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iii., 510, 511. 

2. In smaller chambers in Spain and elsewhere, a 
recess or closet in which a bed is placed by day, so 
as to leave the greater portion of the sleeping 
apartment unencumbered by the presence of the 
bed during the hours when it is not in use. 

3. A similar recess in a vault, designed to accom¬ 
modate the coffins of the dead. 

“ The patriarch or parent of the tribe has the place of 
honor in the common cemetery, which is usually hewn 
out of the roek, some¬ 
times into spacious 
chambers, supported by 
pillars, and with alcoves 
in the sides, where the 
coffins are deposited.”— 

Milman: Hist, of Jews, 

3d ed., bk. i., vol. i., 
p. 25. 

4. A recess in a 
library o r ordinary 
room. 

“ This china that decks 
the alcove, 

Which here people 
call a buffet.” 

0 owper: Gratitude. 

II. Of a complete 

building: A small 
ornamental building 
with seats, erected 
in a garden for Alcove, 

shelter from rain, 

for shade in bright sunlight, or other purpose. 

III. Of a recess in a grove, a garden, or pleasure 
ground: 

“ Look where he comes—in this embower’d alcove 
Stands close conceal’d, and see a statue move.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 



“ Clifden’s proud alcove, 

The bower of wanton Shrewsbury and love.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, iii. 307. 

Al-cy '-o-ne, s. [Lat. Alcyone, or Halcyone; Gr. 
Allcyone, from alkyon = the kingfisher, or hal¬ 
cyon.] [Halcyon.] 

1. Class. Myth.: A daughter of lEolus and wife of 
Ceyx, king of Trachis, in Thessaly. Her husband 
was drowned, and both were transformed into 
kingfishers. 

“ From Cleopatra chang’d his daughter's name, 

And call’d Alcyone, a name to show 

The father’s grief, the mourning mother’s woe.” 

Pope. Homer’s Iliad, bk. ix., 676-8. 


aldehydes 

2. Astron.: A fixed star of the third magnitude, 
called also Eta Tauri. It is in the Pleiades, and is? 
sometimes termed Pleiadis. This star was considered' 
by Madler to be the central sun of the stellar uni¬ 
verse, but his opinion has not been accepted by tba¬ 
rest of the astronomical world. 
al-§y-6n-eT-lA, «• [Diinin.of Alcyonium (q. v.).J 
Zool.: A genus of animals belonging to the Fresh¬ 
water Polyzoa, or Ascidian Zoophytes, the order 
Hippocrepia, and the family PI 11 m a tell i da;. A. 
stagnorum of Lamouroux is found in stagnant 
waters, especially those containing iron. It is com¬ 
posed of tubes connected by a gelatinous substance. 
It is of a blackish-green color. 

al-gy-on'-ic, a. [Alcyonium.] Pertaining to 
the Alcyonidse. 

al-ojf-on'-Id-se, s. pi. [Alcyonium.] A family- 
of Polypi, or Polypes, ranked under the order 
Asteroida. The polypary, or polypidom, is attached 
and fleshy, with numerous chalky spicules. [Alcy¬ 
onium.] 

al-cy-on-i-di -a-dse, s. pi. A family of marine 
Polyzoa (Bryozoa)’, of the order Infundibulata, and 
the sub-order Cyclostomata. 

al-qiy -on-id T-um, s. [So named from its super¬ 
ficial resemblance to Alcyonium (q. v.).] A genua 
of animals belonging to the Infundibulate section 
of the Polyzoa, or Ascidian Zoophytes. The A. 
gelatinosum is the species called by fishermen and 
others the Sea Ragged Staff, the Mermaid’s Glove, 
or, more commonly, Dead Men’s Fingers. 

al-gy'-on-ite, s. [In Ger. alcyonit, alcyonium ; 
and -ite, from Gr. K#Aos=stone.] A fossil akin to, 
the Alcyonium. 

alHjy-on'-i-um, s. ( Lat. Alcyoneum, medicamen, 
or simply alcyoneum, or alcyonium. Gr. alkyoneion 
and aifcj/onio?i=bastard sponge, a zoophyte; from 
alkyon=the kingfisher, the nest of which it was 
supposed to resemble.] 

Zool.: A genus of Polypes, the typical one of the' 
family Alcyonidse. It contains many well-known 
species, such as A. digitatum, or Sea-fanger, known 
to fishermen as Dead Men’s Fingers, Dead Men’s 
Toes, and Cow’s Paps; and ^4. glomeratum. 

* 3,1 day, ctdv. [Eng. all; day.) All day; con¬ 
tinually. 

“For which he hadde alday gret repair.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,432. 

Al’-deb-ar-an, Al-deb-or-an, s. [Corrupted 
Arabic.] A fixed star of the first magnitude, called 
also Alpha Tauri. It constitutes the eye of Taurus, 
It is one of the group of five stars anciently called 
Hyades, and is the brightest of the assemblage. 
Its color is red. It is found by drawing a line to 
the right through the belt of Orion. 

IT Mr. R. A. Proctor uses the spelling Aldeboran I 
so does Spenser. 

“ Now when Aldeboran was mounted hye, 

Above the shinie Cassiopeia’s chaire, 

And all in deadly 6leepe did drowned lye.” 

Spenser, F. Q., I., iii. 16. 

al-de-hy des, s. [Contraction from Med. Lat. 
alcohol dehydrogenatus= alcohol dehydrogenated, 
i. e., deprived of hydrogen.] 

Chem.: Aldehydes are formed by the oxidation of 
alcohols, and are re-converted into alcohols by the- 
action of nascent hydrogen; by further oxidation 
they are converted into acids. They differ from al¬ 
cohols in having two atoms less of hydrogen, which, 
are removed from the carbon atom containing the 
radical HO' (hydroxyl) connected to it in the alco¬ 
hol ; thus the aldehyde monatomic radical is ( 0=0 
—H)'. The carbon atom having two bonds united 
to an atom of oxygen, and another to an atom of 
hydrogen, the fourth is united to a monatomic hy¬ 
drocarbon radical, or hydrogen. From monatomic 
alcohols only one aldehyde can be formed; from a 
diatomic alcohol there may be formed a diatomic 
aldehyde containing the radical (OCH)' twice, or an 
alcohol aldehyde, or acid aldehyde: thus, glycol 
alcohol could yield 

Glycol alooliol. Glyoxal. Glyoxylic acid? 

CH 2 (OH) CH 2 (OH) hco hco 

(WoH) HCO HCO (HO)<30 

Many aldehydes of monatomic alcohols have been 
prepared by oxidation of the alcohols, or by distill¬ 
ing a mixture of the potassium salt of the corres 
ponding acid with potassium formate, which yields 
potassium carbonate and the aldehyde. Aldehydes 
form crystalline compounds with acid sulphites; 
they also unite with aniline. Ketones are aldehydes- 
in which the atom of hydrogen united to the radical 
(CO)” is replaced by a hydrocarbon radical. 

acetic aldehyde, commonly called aldehyde 
acetyl hydride, s. 

CH 3 

Chemistry: CAIRO= or C 2 H 3 O.H. 

Aldehyde is a colorless, limpid, suffocating-smelling- 

liouid. boiline- at 22° : U is snlnhlc in 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. » m — *• ^ - s „„ _ i.™.‘ 


ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





alden 


129 


ale-bench 


and ether; its sp. gr. is 0’8 at O’. It is readily 
oxidized into acetic acid ; when heated with caustic 

g )tash it forms a resin called aldehyde resin . 

eated with AgN0 3 (nitrate of silver), the silver is 
deposited as a bright mirror, and the liquid con¬ 
tains silver acetate. Nascent hydrogen converts it 
mto alcohol. Chlorine converts it into C 9 H 3 O.CI 
(acetyl chloride). When treated with H'(CN) 
(hydrocyanic acid), it yields alanine, C 3 H 7 N0 2 
(amido-propionic acid). Aldehyde forms a crystallic 
compound with ammonia, called aldehyde am¬ 
monia, C 2 H 4 O.NH 3 , which forms transparent color¬ 
less crystals; these melt at 76° and distill at 100°. 
Aldehyde forms a crystallic compound with NaHS0 3 
(acid sodium sulphite). It forms polymeric mn difi - 
cations , paraldehyde and metaldehyde. It is pre¬ 
pared by the action of chlorine and weak alcohol, 
or by a mixture of MnOj (binoxide of manganese) 
and H 9 SO 4 (sulphuric acid), or again by distilling a 
mixture of potassium acetate and formate. It 
unites with aniline to form diethidene-dianiline and 
water. 

♦al-den, pa. par. Holden. [See Halde.] 
al-der, s. [A. S. aler, air; Sw. al; Dan. ell, 
elletrce; Dut. elzenboom; Ger. erle; Fr. aune, 
fan l tie; Sp. 
aliso; 11 a 1 . 

alno; Lat al- 
nus; Celt. a?= 
near, and lar 
= the edge of a 
river.] A well- 
known English 
tree, the Alnus 
lutinosa of 
otanists. It 
grows in wet 
places. Its 
wood has the 
property of re¬ 
maining under 
water unde¬ 
cayed for a 
long time; 
hence it is 
often employ- Branch of Alder (Alnus Glutinosa). 
ed for the piles 

of bridges, mill-work, pumps, and sluices. The 
shoots of the alder, cut off in spring, dye a crimson 
color, and the fertile flowers a green one; they are 
also employed by tanners. The bark is bitter and 
astringent. It has been used for gargles as well as 
in ague. [Alnus.] 

“And under the alders that skirt its edges.” 

Longfellow Paul Revere’s Ride. 
alder-branch, s. A branch of alder. 

“Trailing o’er the alder-branches.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, v. 
alder-buckthorn, s. The English name of the 
Rhamnus frangula, a small shrub with obovate en¬ 
tire leaves, axillary stalked, minute whitish-green 
flowers, two or three of them together, and dark 
purple berries with two seeds. It Is found in woods 
and thickets, and flowers in May and June. Its ber¬ 
ries are a hydragogue purgative, but are not now 
officinal. It was formerly called the Berry-bearing 
Alder. It is still sometimes termed the Black Alder. 

1[ The Black Alder of America is the Prinos ver- 
ticillatus; the Red Alder of the Cape of Good Hope 
is Cunonia capensis; and the White Alder of South 
Africa is Platylophus trifoliatus; while that of 
North America is Clethra alnifolia. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

ald'-er, a. & s. [A. S. aldor, ealdor; compar. of 
add, eodd=old.] 

1. As adjective: Elder. 

2. As substantive: An elder; an ancestor. 

“Of alderes of armes and other adventures.” 

Syr Gawayne, 95. 

“ Two seemlich sonnes soone they hadden, 

The alder hight Alisaunder, as I right tell, 

And Sir Philip forsoothe his frobroder hight.” 

Alexander (ed. Skeat), 21-23. 

♦al'-der, *al-dyr, *al'-ther, *al-thlr, *al- 
thur, *al-ler, *alre, *al-dre, genit.pl. ofadj. 
[A. S. ealra, genit. pi. of ea(, al, ce(=all, whole, 
every. Used only in composition. Sometimes it is 
joined with a noun, but more frequently with an 
adjective, which, m almost every case, is in the 
superlative degree. (See the words which follow.)] 
*alder-best, ♦aldyr-beste, *alther-best, a. 
Best of all. 

“For him, alas! she loved alderbest.” 

Chaucer: Booke of the Dutchesse. 
*alder-COCk, s. The cock of all— i. e., the leader 
of all. (See Hoare's English Roots.) 

♦aider-cost, *alther-cost, adv. At the cost of 
all, or at one’s chief cost, probably the former. 

“And which of yow that bereth him best of alle, 

That is to seye, that telleth in this caas 
Tales of best sentence and of solas, 

Schal han a soper at your althercost 
Here in this place sittynge by this post, 

Whan that we comen ageyn from Canturbery.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 801. 


♦alaer-earst, a. [A. S. ceresf=first.] The same 
as Aldeefirst= first of all. {Chaucer.) 
♦alder-eldest, a. Eldest of all. 

♦alder-fairest, *alther-fairest, a. Fairest of 
all. 

“ The alther-fairest folk to see < 

That in this world may founde be.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

♦alder-first, *alther-first, a. First of all. 

“And alderfirst he bad them all a bone.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 9,492. 

“ And ye that wilne to Wynne worchipe in armes, 
Folweth me, for in feith the ferst wil i bene, 

That smertli schal smite the alderfirst dint.” 

William, of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 3,345. 
♦alder-formest, a. Foremost, or first of all. 
“William and themperour went alder-formest, and 
Alphonus next after.” —William of Palerne, Skeat’s ed., 
4,884-5. 

♦alder-highest, *althir-liegeste, a. Highest 
of all. 

“This is the name that is abowne all names, name 
althir-liegeste.”—Richard Rolle de Ilampole. 

♦alder-last, *alder-last, a. Last of all. 

“ And alderlast of everychon 
Was peynted Povert al aloon.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

♦alder-least, *aldyr-leste, a. Least of all. 

“Love, agens the which ho so offendith 
Hymself moost altherlest availleth.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Creseide, bk. i. 
♦alder-lievest, a. [From A. S. luf, lufe— love. 
In Ger. aller-liebit.] Loved most of all. 

“ The mutual conference that my mind hath had, 

In courtly company, or at my beads, 

With you, mine alder-lievest sovereign; 

Makes me the bolder.”— Shakesp.: 1 Hen. VI., i. 1. 
♦alder-lowest, a. Lowest of all. {Reliq. Antiq., 
i. 7.) 

♦alder-most, *alther-moost, a. Most of all. 

“But althermoost in honour, out of doute, 

They had a relik hight Palladion, 

That was her trust abovyn everychon.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Creseide, bk. i. 

♦alder-next, *alther-nexte, a. Next of all. 

“The Saterday althernexte sewyng.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems. (Wright.) 
♦alder-sconist, a. [A. S. sccme=beautiful. Same 
as Alder-fairest (q. v.).] ( Chaucer ) 

♦alder-wisest, *alther-wysest, a. 

“ And trewly hit syt wele to be so ; 

For altherwysest han therwith be plesyd.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Creseide, bk. i. 

H There are many other similar compounds. 
Al-der-a'-min, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed 
star of the third magnitude, called also Alpha 
Cephei. 

al'-der-man, s. [From A. S. ealdor= an elder; 
man= man; Ger. aldermann; Fris. alderman; gen¬ 
erally supposed to be from alder (older), and man, 
alder being the comparative of the Anglo-Saxon 
aid or eald. If so, then an alderman is so called 
from being, as a rule, well-up in years. But Dean 
Hoare thinks the term means not alderman, but of 
all the men chief, the alderman being the first in 
the council after the mayor.] [Aldek, in compo¬ 
sition.] 

*1. In Saxon times: A person possessed of an 
office of rank or dignity. The title Alderman of all 
England was applied to the first subject of the 
realm, and corresponded to the present English 
Grand Justiciary. Other aldermen, or ealdermen. 
were governors of counties ; hence the English word 
earl. (See Hoare, pp. 94, 95.) Even kings were so 
called, as. for instance, Oerdic, founder of the king¬ 
dom of Wessex, and his son Cymric. The office 
reached its highest dignity about the times of Ethel- 
red and his son Edward. 

“ But, if the trumpet’s clangor you abhor, 

And dare not be an alderman of war, 

Take to a shop, behind a counter lie.” 

Dryden: Juv. Sat. 

2 . An apocalyptic “ elder.” (Rev. iv. 4, 10 .) * 

“ For aungells and arcangells all thei whit vseth, 

And alle aldermen that bene ante tronum.” 

Piers Ploughman, 690-1. 

3. One of the body of municipal officers ranking 
in dignity next to the mayor, and having a legisla¬ 
tive function. 

al'-der-man-gy, s. [Aldebman.] The function 
or office of an alderman. 

al-der-man’-Ic, a. [Aldebman.] Pertaining or 
relating to an alderman, or to the office which he 
fills. 

al-der-man -i-ty, s. [Aldebman.] 

1. The behavior and manners of an alderman. 

“I would fain see an alderman in chimia! that is, a 
treatise of aldermanity, truly written.”— Ben Jonson: 
Staple of News, iii. 


2. The society or fraternity of aldermen. 

“ Thou (London) canst draw forth thy forces, and fight 

The battles of thy aldermanity; 

Without the hazard of a drop of blood, 

More than the surfeits in thee that day stood.” 

Ben Jonson: Underwood’s; Speech acc. to Horace. 

al-der-man-like, a. [Eng. alderman; -like. J 
Like an alderman. 

al-der-man-ly, a. [Eng. alderman;-ly= like.} 
Like an alderman; pertaining to an alderman; as 
might be expected from an alderman. 

“ Wanting an aldermanly discretion.”— Swift: Miscell. 

al -der-man-ry, s. [Aldebman.] The dignity 

or office of an alderman. 

al'-der-man-shlp, s. [Eng. alderman; -ship.} 
The same as Aldermanry. 

al-dern, a. Made of alder. 

“ Then aldem boats first plowed the ocean.” 

May: Virgil. 

Al -der-ney§, s.pl. [From Alderney, one of the- 
Channel Islands.] A designation given to a breed 
of cattle, better termed Jerseys (q. v.). 

♦ald-fa'-der, s. A father-in-law. [Eldfather.J 

“ Sir Alexander the atliill thine aldfader bane 

The thare but graunt me to geve.” 

Alexander, ed. Stevenson, 5,376-7. 

Al -dlne, a. [From Aldus Manutius, a celebrated 
printer, who lived in Venice in the 
sixteenth century. ] 

1. Aldine Editions: Editions, 
chiefly of the classics, which em¬ 
anated from the printing-press of 
Aldus Manutius, mentioned above. 

2 . More recently the word has 
been used for an edition of the 
English poets, designed to be of 
special excellence. 

al’-dol, s. [Eng. ald(ehyde) Imprimatur 
(alcoh)ol’] of Aldus. 

Chem.: C 4 H S 02 =CH 3 .CH( 0 H).CH 2 .CH 0 . A sub¬ 
stance intermediate in its chemical characters 
between aldehyde and alcohol. It is a colorless, 
syrupy liquid; at 135° it is converted into water 
and crotonic aldehyde. It is obtained by the action 
of hydrochloric acid at a low temperature on a 
mixture of aldehyde and water. 

♦Al’-dri-an, *Al'-dry-an,s. [Corrupted Arabic.] 
A star in the neck of the Lion (the constellation 
Leo). 

“Phebus hath left the angel merydyonal, 

And yit ascendyng was a best roial, 

The gentil Lyoun, with his Aldryan." 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,577-9. 

Al-dro-van'-dlne, a. [Named after Aldro- 
vandi .] Pertaining to Ulysses Aldrovandi, a cele¬ 
brated Italian naturalist (1527—1605). 

Aldrovandine Owl: A name given by Macgillivray 
to the Scops-eared Owl (Scops Aldrovandi). 
[Scops.] 

♦al -dur-fa-dur, s. [A. S. aldefceder= a grand¬ 
father.] An ancestor. 

“. . . that wolde bone haue, 

Thin aldurfadur Alexandre.” 

Stevenson: Alexander, Appendix, 1,049-50. 

ale, s. [A. S. aloth, alath, ealoth, ealath, eoloth, 
ealo, ealu, eala, eal; Dan. ale; Sw. 61; Dut. eel; 
Ger. ael; Fr. ale, adopted from the Eng.; Gael, 
leann, lionn, ol, dll, v.=to drink, s.=drink, po¬ 
tations, drunkenness.] 

1. An intoxicating liquor, made by infusing malt 
in hot water, then fermenting the liquid so formed, 
and adding a bitter, usually hops. It differs from 
porter in having a less proportion of roasted malt. 
It was the favorite drink of the old Germans, the- 
Anglo-Saxons, the Danes, &c. The old Welsh and 
Scots had two kinds of it, spiced and common ale, 
the former being legally fixed at twice the value of 
the latter. 

“His breed, his ale, was alway after oon.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 343. 

Medicated Ale is that in which medicinal herbs 
have been infused or added during the fermen¬ 
tation. 

*2. A merry meeting in a rural district. So called 
because the consumption of ale was a prominent 
feature in such gatherings. 

“ That ale is festival, appears from its sense in com¬ 
position; as, among others, in the words Leet-ale, Lamb- 
ale, Whitson-afe, Clerk-ale, and Church-ale.”— War ton. 
Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 128, note. 

“ On ember-eves, and holy ales.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, i., Introd. 

ale-bench, s. [Eng. ale, and bench; A. S. ealo- 
benc.] A bench either inside or outside of a public 
house. 

“. . . as he talketh now with you, so will he talk 
when he is on the ale-bench.” — Bunyan .- P. P., pt. i. 




bfiil, boy; pout, Jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shttn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

9 



130 


alert 


ale-berry 


ale-berry, s. A beverage made by boiling ale 
■with spice, sugar, and sops of bread; caudle, warm 
'■broth. 

“ Their ale-berries ,* cawdles, possets, each one, 
Syllibubs made at the milking pale, 

But what are composed of a pot of good ale.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher. 
ale-brewer, s. A brewer of ale. 

“ The summer-made malt brews ill, and is disliked by 
most of our ale-brewers." — Mortimer: Husbandry. 

ale-conner, *ale-kenner, *ale-founder, ♦ale- 
taster, s. [Ale-conner or kenner. means one who 
knows what good ale is.] An inspector of the 
measures in which ale was sold and of the quality 
of the ale. 

" Headboroughs, tithing-men, ale-conners, and sides¬ 
men are appointed, in the oaths incident to their offices, 
tc be likewise charged to present the offenses [of drunk¬ 
enness!.”— Act of Pari. 21 Jac. I., ch. 7. 

ale-cost, s. [Ale, and cost occurring in the Eng. 
word costmary; Lat. costum; Gr. kostos = an Ori¬ 
ental aromatic plant, Costus speciosus.) An old 
English name of the common costmary, Pyrethi um 
tanacetum, formerly called Balsamita vulgaris , a 
composite plant. The appellation was given be¬ 
cause the plant was put into ale. 

♦ale-draper, s. A common designation for an 
ale-house keeper in the sixteenth century. 

“ Well, I get me a wife; with her a little money; when 
we are married, seek a house we must; no other occupa¬ 
tion have I but to be an ale-draper." — H. Chettle. Kind - 
hart’s Dreames (ed. Rimbault). p. 37. 

♦ale-drapery, s. The selling of ale. 

" Two milch maydens that had set up a shoppe of ale- 
drapery." — H. Chettle . Kind-hart’s Dreames (ed, Rim- 
toault), p. 20. 

ale-fed, a. Fed with ale. 

“The growth of his ale-fed corps.”— Stafford: Niobe, ii. 62. 
ale-gallon, s. A gallon measure of ale. In the 
United States and Canada, an ale-gallon is to an 
imperial one as 1'01695 to 1. 

ale-gill, s. [Eng. ale; grt7Z=ground-ivy.] A 
liquor prepared by infusing the dried leaves of 
ground-ivy in malt-liquor. It was reputed abster¬ 
sive and vulnerary, and was used in disorders of 
the breast and in obstructions of the viscera. 

ale-house, s. [Eng. ale: and house; A. S . ealo, 
and hus.) A house in which malt liquor (ale, beer, 
or porter) is sold, but no spirituous liquors; a 
beerhouse. 

“They filled all the ale-houses of Westminster and the 
Strand.”— Macaulay-. Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

♦ale-knight, s. A “knight” of the ale-house; 
one who frequents an ale-house, and is its champion 
and defender. 

“The old ale-knights of England were well depainted, 
by Hanville, in the ale-house colors of that time.”— 
Camden. 

ale-shot, s. A shot or reckoning to be settled 
for ale purchased or consumed. 

♦ale-stake, s. A stake set as a sign before an ale¬ 
house. 

“As gret as it were for an ale-stake.” 

Chaucer: The Prologue, 669. 

ale-vat, s. [Eng. ale, and vat; A. S. ealo , and 
feet.) A vat in which ale is fermented, 
♦ale-washed, a. Steeped or soaked in ale. 

**. . . ale-washed wits.”— Shakesp.: 1 Henry V ., iii. 6. 
ale-wife, s. A woman who keeps an ale-house. 
“Ask Marian Racket, the fat ale-wife of Wincot, if she 
know me not.”— Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew; Induc¬ 
tion, ii. 

a-leak’, a. [Eng. a=on; leak.'] Leaking, 
a-lean'-lhg, pr. par. or adj. [Eng. a=on; lean- 

‘ poet .: Leaning. 

“Weak Truth aleaning on her crutch *" 

Tennyson ■ To ———, 3. 

al-e-a-tor-y, a. [Lat. aleatorm.s=pertaining 
to a gamester; aleator— a gamester; ale a—a die or 
cube.] Pertaining to what is uncertain, and as if 
dependent on the throw of a die. 

Aleatory contract: A contract or an agreement of 
which the effects, whether they involve gain or loss, 
depend upon an uncertain event. ( Civil Law.) 
a-lec'-to, s. [From Alecto, one of the Furies.] 

1. The Alecto of Leach, a genus of Star-fishes, 
now more generally called by Lamarck’s name of 
Coma tula (q. v.). 

2. A genus of Polyzoa. Example, A. dichotoma. 
*<l-lec’-tor, s. [Gr. alektor= a cock: a, priv., and 

>efcfron=bed; or elektor=the beaming sun.] Mer- 
rem’s name for some large gallinaceous birds like 
the large wild turkeys, found in America. In Grif¬ 
fith’s Cuvier they are divided into Hoccos (Crax), 
the Pauxi (Ourax), the Guans Yacous (Penelope,) 
the Parraquas (Ortalida), and the Hoazin (Opis- 
thocomus). 


a-lec-tbr -i a (1), s. [Lat. alectorius— pertain¬ 
ing to a cock.] [Alector.] A stone called also 
Alectorius lapis , Alectorolithos, and Cock-stone, said 
by the ancients to be found in the gizzards of old 
cocks. They attributed to it many fabulous virtues. 

a-lec-tor-l-a (2), s. [Gr. alektor and alektros— 
unwedded; a, priv., and lektron= bed ; meaning that 
nothing has been made out regarding the male 
organs of fructification.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the alliance Liclienales, and the order 
Parmeliacese. The A. Arabum is reported to be 
sedative; the A. usneoides may be used for the 
same purpose as the Iceland Moss; and the A. 
jubata species, found on fir-trees, employed like 
archil for dyeing. 

U-lec'-tor-o mach-y, a-lec'-try, s. [Gr. alektdr 
= a cock, and mache— a fight.] A cock-fight. 

a-lec-trfi-rl-nae, s. pi. A sub-family of Musci- 
capidse, or Fly-catchers. They are found in South 
America. 

a-lec'-trfi-rus (Mod. Latin), 9 ,-lec-trfire 
(Eng.), s. [Gr. alektdr= cock, and oura= tail.] 
Cock-tails. The typical genus of the sub-family or 
birds called Alectrurinse (q. v.). The tail is long, 
compressed, and able to be erected in so remarka¬ 
ble a way that the circumstance has suggested the 
generic and the popular names. Type, A. tricolor. 

a-lec'-tTjM>-man-§y, s. [Gr. alektryon= a cock, 
and memfeia—divination.] Imagined divination 
by means of a cock. A circle being described upon 
the ground, and divided into twenty-four equal por¬ 
tions, each with a letter of the alphabet inscribed 
in it, and a grain of wheat laid upon the top of 
a letter, a cock was then turned loose into the area, 
careful note being taken as to what grains of wheat 
he ate. The letters under, the eaten grains were 
then made into a word or words, and were supposed 
to be of value for purpose s of prophecy or divina¬ 
tion. The practice was said to have existed during 
the declining period of the Roman empire. 

A-lec'-try-on, s. [Gr. alektryon—a cock.] A 
name given by Longfellow to a cock in a farmyard. 

“ And from out a neighboring farmyard. 

Loud the cock Alectryon crowed.” 

Longfellow: Pegasus in Pound. 
<l-lede, s. [A. S. Zeod=people, law.] Rule. 
(Scotch.) 

“ He taught him ich alede." — Sir Tristram, p. 22. 
*a-ledg e-ment, s. [From Eng. alegge (q. v.).] 
Ease; relief. ( Skinner: Diet.) 

U-le e, adv. [Eng. a=to, at, or on; lee.) 

Naut.: To or at that side of the vessel toward 
which the wind is blowing. The helm of a ship is 
alee when it is pressed closely to the lee side of the 
vessel. When this is the case the fact is intimated 
in the words, “ Helm’s alee;" on hearing which the 
sailors cause the head-sails to shake in the wind, 
with the view of bringing the vessel about. The 
order to put the helm alee is generally given in 
the words “ Hard alee," or “ Luff alee." (Falconer: 
Marine Diet., &c.) 

al'-e-g<ir, s. [Eng. ale and eager, in the sense of 
sour; Fr. af</re=sour.] [Eager.] 

1. Properly: Sour ale; the acid produced when 
ale has undergone a fermentation similar to that 
which converts alcohol into vinegar. It is used by 
the makers of white lead, by dyers, &c., instead of 
vinegar. ( Dyche: Diet.) 

2. Vinegar, from whatever source produced. 
♦ 3 ,-leg'e, v. t. [Alegge.] 

♦a-leg'-e-aunge, s. [Aleggeaun-ce.] 

*a-leg'-er, a. [Fr. aBgre and allhgre; Lat. 

alacer.J Sprightly, gay, filled with alacrity. 

“. . . do all condense the spirits, and make them 

strong and aleger.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, viii., g 738. 

*a-leg'ge, *a-leg e, v. t. [Fr. alliger= to lighten, 
to disburden, to relieve. In A. S. alecgan, alecgean, 
is=to lay down.] [Allay.] ( 

1. To alleviate, to lighten. 

“ The joyous time now nigheth fast. 

That shall alegge this bitter blast, 

And slake the winter sorowe.” 

Spenser: Shepheard’s Calender; March. 

2. To absolve from allegiance. (Scotch.) 

“ All his liegis of alkyn greis 
Conditiounys, statis, and qualiteis, 

Levit and lawit alegit he 
Of alkyn aith of fewte.” Wyntoun, lx. 20. 
*a-leg'ge, v. t. [Allege.] 

* 3 ,-leg-ge'- 3 ,un 5 e, *a-leg-e-uun 9 e.s. [Alegge.] 
Alleviation. 

“What bootes it him from death to be unbownd, 

To be captived in endlesse duraunce 
Of sorrow and despeyre without aleggeaunce.” 

Spenser, F. Q., III., v. 42. 

a-leg-get, pa. par. [Alegge.] Alleviated, al¬ 
layed. 

“Alle the surgyens of Salerne, so sone ne couthen, 
Haue your langoures alegget, i leue for sothe.” 

William of Palerne (Skeat ed.), 1,033-4. 


ale'-hoof, s. [A. S. ealo= ale; heafod= head. In 
Dut. ez 7 oo/is=ivy.] A plant, the ground-ivy ( Nepeta 
glechoma). It was called alehoof , as being, among 
the old English, the chief ingredient in ale. [Alb- 

GILL.] 

“ Alehoof, or ground-ivy, is, in my opinion, of the moat 
excellent and most general use and virtue of any plants 
we have among us.”— Temple. 

a-le ide, pa. par. [A. S. alegd= deposed, fright¬ 
ened.] Abolished, put down. 

“ Pes among the puple he put to the reaume, 

Aleide alle luther lawes that long had been vsed.” 

William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 6,24(1 
*al -el§, s. Old speHing of Aloes. 

*a-leive, v. t. Old form of Alleviate. 
a-lem-blc, ♦(L-lem’-bike, s. [Fr. alambique; 
Sp. & Port, alambique; Ital. limbicco; Arab, aian- 
bik: «J=the; anbtk = 
a chemical vessel.] A ves¬ 
sel made of glass or cop¬ 
per, which was formerly 
used for distillation. The 
lower part of it. shaped 
like a gourd (in Lat. 
cucurbita), was called, in 
consequence cucurbit; 
whilst the upper part, 
which received the steam 
and condensed it, was 
named the head, and had 
a beak, which was fitted 
into the neck of a receiver. 

The alembic has now, in a large measure, given 
place to the retort and the worm-still. 

“Viols, croslets, and sublimatories, 

Concurbites, and alembikes eeke.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,721-2. 

“ This art the Arabian Geber taught, 

And in alembics, finely wrought, 

Distilling herbs and flowers . . .” 

Longfellow: Golden Legend, i» 

al-em-broth, s. [Arabic.] 

Alchemy: Alembroth, or salt of alembroth, was 

( 1 ) an alkaline salt believed, like the celebrated 
alkahest [Alkahest], to have the power of dissolv¬ 
ing bodies and promoting the separation of metals 
from their ores. It contained HCl 2 . 2 NH 4 Cl.OH 2 . 

(2) A double salt of corrosive sublimate and sal- 
ammoniac, HgCl 2 (NH 4 Cl)- 2 .H 20 . 

a-length' (Eng.), 3,-lenth' (Scotch), adv. [Eng. 
a=at or on; length .] At length; unfolded to full 
length ; stretched out at full length. 

al-e-och-a-ra (ch guttural), s. [From Gr. aleos 
=warm; aZea=warmth, heat: and chairo=to re¬ 
joice ; chara= joy.] A genus of beetles belonging to 
the section Brachelytra and the family Tachyporidee. 
Some species deposit their eggs in rotten turnips, 
and the larvae, when hatched, feed afterward in 
large numbers on the decaying bulbs. 

*al -eois, s. Old form of Alleys (?). 

Milit. Arch.: Loopholes in the walls of a fortified 
building through which arrows might be dis¬ 
charged. 

a-lep -I-dote, s. [Gr. a, priv., and lepis. genit, 
lepidos= a scale; lepd= to strip off a rind or husk.] 
Any fish without scales. 

a-lep-0-9eph-a-lus, s. [Gr. a, priv., lepis = 
scale, and kephale= head. Having the head bare 
of scales.] A genus of fishes belonging to the or¬ 
der Malacopterygii Abdominales, and the familv 
Esocidae (Pikes). Type, A. rostratus, from the Med¬ 
iterranean. 

al'-er9e, s. [Sp. a?erce=the larch-tree; from Lat. 
larix; also Gr. larix= the larch (Larix europcea ).] 
The Spanish name for the European larch and the 
American species of the Pine family akin to it. 

“ On the higher parts, brushwood takes the place of 
larger trees, with here and there a red cedar or an alerce 
pine.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xiii. 

alerce-plank, s. A plank cut from an alerce- 
treo. 

“. . . a troop of fine mules bringing alerce-planlcs 
and corn from the southern plains.”— Darwin• Voyage 
round the World, ch. xiv. 

9,1-ert', adj. & s. [Fr .alerte; Sp. alerto; Ital. 
all’ erta= on the watch; erfa=hill, declivity; stare 
all’ erta= to stand on one’s guard (lit. on the hill); 
erto=steep, upright; Lat. erecfws=upright, erect, 
lofty; pa. par. of erigo= to put up straight, to 
erect.] 

A. As adjective : 

1. Watchful, vigilant; not to be thrown off one’s 
guard. 

“ The malecontents who were leagued with France were 
alert and full of hope.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. Brisk, sprightly, quick in movement, and flip¬ 
pant in speech and conduct. 

“. . . and the alert 
And nimble motion of these restless joints 
That never tire.”— Cowper. 



Alembic. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

OX, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce - e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





alertness 


131 


algaroba, 


I saw an alert young fellow that cooked Ms hat upon 
a friend of his, and accosted him: ‘Well, Jack, the old 
png is dead at last.’ ”— Addison: Spectator. 

B. As substantive: Watch. 

On the alert: On the watch, on one’s guard; 
ready in a moment to start up and act. (Used 
specially of a military or civil watch, but also of a 
political party, or of an individual, &c.) 

“ Nestor gives thft watch an exhortation to be on the 
■ alert, and then re-enters within the trench.”— Gladstone: 
Studies on Homer, vol. iii., 35, 36. 

“ In the counties more remote from Somersetshire the 
supporters of the throne were on the alert.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

al-ert-ness, s. [Alert.] Alacrity; sprightli- 
ness. 

,**•• • i n energy, alertness, and discipline, they were 
•decidedly superior to their opponents.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xx. 

al-e -tris, s. [From Gr. a Ze tar = wheaten flour, 
the plants being powdered over with a kind of 
mealy-looking dust; aZeo=to grind.] A genus of 
North American plants belonging to the order 
Hffimodorace® (Blood-roots). The A. farinosa is 
the most intense bitter known. In small doses it is 
a tonic and stomachic, and has been found useful 
m chronic rheumatism. In large doses it produces 
nausea and vomiting. 

tal-ett e, s. [Fr., dimin. of aile—a wing.] 

Arch.: A small wing; a jamb or door-post; the 
face of the pier of an arch; the border of a panel 
which overshoots a pilaster. 

al-eiir I -te§,'s. [In Fr. aleurit; Gr. aleurites= 
made of wheaten flour; aleuron =whoa ten flour; 
<ileo— to grind. So called because the plant seems 
■dusted over with a farinaceous powder.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Euphorbiace® 
(Spurge-worts). The best known species is the A. 
triloba, which grows in the Moluccas, in India, and 
elsewhere. The nuts are believed to be aphrodisiac. 
The Tahitians chew the gummy substance which 
■exudes from the seeds. In Ceylon gum-lac is made 
from the A. lace if era. (Lindley: Veg. Kingd., 1847, 
pp. 278, 280.) 

al-eiir -o-man-zjy, s . [Gr. a.leurom anteion—divi- 
nation from flour; aleuron, generally in the pi. 
cileura— flour, and manteia= divination.] Divina¬ 
tion by moans of the flour with which a victim was 
besprinkled. 

If It is called also krithomanteia and alphitoman - 
cy. (Potter: Grecian Antiq., 1837, p. 302.) 

*a-lev -on, a. Old form of Eleven. 

al-eiir-onT-e-ter, s. [Gr. aleuron— wheaten 
•flour, and mctron=measure.] An instrument for 
measuring the bread-making qualities of wheaten 
flour. 

ale-wife, a loof (pi. alewives or aloof s), s. [In a 
North American Indian dialect, aloof.] Clupea ser- 
rata, an American fish of the Herring genus. 

Al-ex-and -er, s. [Lat. Alexander; Gr. Alex¬ 
andras. (1) The original name of Paris, who fig¬ 
ured in the siege of Troy. It was given because of 
his success in defending the shepherds of Mount 
Ida, among whom he was brought up, against rob¬ 
bers and wild beasts. From alexo =to ward or keep 
■off; aner, genit. andros= a man: “ defending men.” 
( Liddell & Scott.) (2) The world-renowned Alex¬ 
ander of Macedon, born B. C. 356, died B. C. 323. 
(3) A multitude of other men in ancient and modern 
times called after the Macedonian king.] 
Alexander’s foot, s. [Named after No. 2.] The 
name of a plant; thePellitory. (Skinner.) [Pell- 

ITORY.] 


I. As adjective: 

1. Gen.: Pertaining to Alexandria. 

Bot.: The Alexandrian laurel. A popular name 
for the Buscus racemosus, which is not a laurel at 
all, but an aberrant member of the Liliace®, or Lily 
family. [Ruscus.] 

2. Hist.: Pertaining to the celebrated school of 
Alexandria, or some one of the philosophies which 
emanated thence. 

Alexandrian School of Philosop/iy. In a general 
sense: The teaching of the series of philosophers 
who lived in Alexandria nearly from the commence¬ 
ment of the dynasty of the Ptolemies on to the 
early centuries of the Christian era. Specially, the 
teaching of the Neo-Platonists, who attempted to 
spiritualize, harmonize, and modify for the better 
the several pagan faiths and philosophies, with the 
view, among other results, of raising a barrier 
against the advance of Christianity. [Neo-Platon¬ 
ists.] 

II. As substantive: 

1. A native, or, more loosely, an inhabitant, of 
Alexandria. 

2. A person attached to one of the Alexandrian 
philosophies. 

3. The same as B., I. (q. v.). 

B. [From a kind of verse used in a French poem 
on the life of Alexander the Great, published in the 
twelfth century. (In Fr. alexandrin; Sp. A Port. 
alexandrino .).] 

I. As substantive : 

Prosody: A kind of verse consisting of twelve 
syllables, or of twelve and thirteen syllables alter¬ 
nately. It is much used in French tragedies. Eng¬ 
lish alexandrines have twelve syllables. The last 
line from Pope quoted below is an example of one. 

“ Our numbers should, for the most part, be lyrical. 
For variety, or rather where the majesty of thought 
requires it, they may be stretched to the English heroic of 
five feet, and to the French Alexandrine of six.”— Dry den. 

“ Then, at the last and only couplet, fraught 
With some unmeaning thing they call a though’ 

A needless Alexandrine ends the song; 

That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length 
along.”— Pope: Essay on Criticism. 

II. As adjective: Pertaining to an Alexandrine; 
having twelve syllables. 

Alexandrian-judaic, a. Pertaining to or ema¬ 
nating from the powerful Jewish colony long resi¬ 
dent in ancient Alexandria. 

“. . . the Alexandrian-judaic theology.”— Strauss: 
Life of Christ, Trans. 1846, vol. i., § 46. 

al-ex -an -drlte, s. [Named after Alexander!., 
Czar of Russia.] 

Min.: A variety of chrysoberyl, of a green color 
by daylight or magnesium light, bdt an amethyst 
color by gas or candle light. It is an aluminate of 
glucina. It is orthorhombic. Hardness, 8‘5; sp. 
gr., 3‘64. Lustre vitreous, transparent. Found in 
the Ural mountains. 

g-lex'-i-a, s. [Gr. a, priv., and Zego=to speak.] A 
special type of word-blindness, in which the patient 
is unable to recognize ordinary written or printed 
characters. 

al-ex-I-pharm -ic, al ex-i-pharm T-cal, *al- 
ex-l-pharm-g-cgl, a.&s. [In Fr. alexipharinaque, 
adj. & s.; Sp. and Port, alexipharmaco, adj.; Lat. 
alexipharmacon; Gr. alexipharmakos , fr. alexb= 
toward off; pharmakon=medicine, drug, remedy.] 

A. As adjective: Constituting an antidote 
against poison. 

“ Some antidotal quality it may have, since not only the 
bone in the hart, but the horn of a deer, is alexi- 
pharmacal.” — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

B. As substantive: An antidote against poison. 


al-ex-and -er§, s. [A corruption of Lat. olus- 
eitrum, the specific name of the plant; from Lat. 
©Zus=kitchen kerb, and aZrxtm=black.] The English 
name of the Smyrnium olusatrum, a plant of the 
order Apiace® (Umbellifers). It is from three to 
four feet high, with bright yellow-green, slightly 
aromatic leaves, and. flowers of the same color in 
dense round umbels. It is most frequently found 
near the sea. It was formerly cultivated instead of 
celery. 

Al-ex-an-dr?i, s. [The feminine form of Alex- 

i CL‘YV(I/67' 

1. Rom. Hist.: One of the nurses or attendants of 

the Emperor Nero. TTTT . _ 

2. Eng. History: Wife of Edward Y1I. of Eng¬ 
land, and eldest daughter of Christian IX. of 

TT1 

3. Astron.: An asteroid, the 54th found. It was 

discovered by Goldschmidt, on the 11th of April, 
1858. , 

Al-ex-an-drl-gn, Al-ex-an-drlne a . & s. 
[From the name of Alexander the Great.] 

A. [From Lat. Alexandrinus—p&ctaming to Alex¬ 
andria, the maritime capital of Egypt, named after 
Alexander the Great, its founder.] 


al-ex-I-ter'-I-al, al-ex-i-ter-ic, al-ex-i-ter- 
I-cal, a. & s. [In Fr. alexitere, adj. & s. ; Port. 
alexiterio: from Gr. alexeterios= able to keep or 
ward off, from alexo= to ward off.] 

A. As adjective: Acting, or at least given as an 
antidote against poison. 

B. As substantive: An antidote against poison. 
al ey-ro-de§, s. [Gr. aleurodes— like flour: 

aleuron— wheaten flour; e/dos=form, appearance.] 
A genus of insects of the family Aphid®, of which 
one species, the A. proletellce, is often found in large 
numbers on cabbage, brocoli, Ac. 

al-fal'-fg, s. [Sp. lucerne .] In the U. S. a com¬ 
mon name of lucerne (Medicago sativa), a valuable 
forage grass, of which there are several varieties. 
In California and Texas it is successfully cultivated, 
being cut several times in a season. 

*al -fer-e§, *al -far-ez, s. [Sp. alferes= an en¬ 
sign. Skinner thinks it a contraction of Lat. 
aquilifer= an eagle or standard bearer, the chief 
centurion of a legion: aquila=e agle, and fero—to 
bear.] 

1. Lit. Of persons: An ensign or standard b^-^v 


“Commended to me from some noble friends 
For my alferes.” 

Beaumont <£' Fletcher: Rule a Wife, i. 1. 

“Jug here, his alfarez: 

An able officer, gi’ me thy beard, round jug.’’__ 

Ben Jonson: New Inn, iii. 1. 

2 . Fig. Of things: Becoming the standard of, 
sustaining the reputation of. 

“ The heliotropium, or sunflower, it is said, ‘is the true 
alferes, bearing up the standard of Flora.’ ”— Emblems to 
the Parthenian Sodalitie, p. 49. 

al'-fet, s. [Low Lat. alfetum.] An ancient or¬ 
deal, in which the person accused plunged his arm 
up to the elbow in a caldron of boiling water. 

*al-fin, *al-fyn, s. [Alphyn.] 

Al-fon -si-g, s. [ Named after Alphonso Esterse, 
Duke of Ferrara.] An old genus of palms belong¬ 
ing to the section Cocoin®. It is now merged in 
Elasis (q. v.). One species, the A. amygdalina, has 
been computed to have as many as 207,000 male 
flowers in a spathe. 

*al frl dar -l-a, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] 

Astrol.: “A temporary power which the planets 
have over the life of a person.” 

u I’ll finde the cuspe, and alfridaria 

Albuinazar, in Dodsley, vii. 171. 

al-gg (plur. al'-gse),s. [ Lat.=sea-weed.] 

Alga marina, literally marine sea-weed, which 
would be a tautology were it not that certain species 
of alg® occur not in the ocean, but in fresh water. 
[ALG.E.] 

“ It is reported that algo marina, sea-weed, put under 
the roots of coleworts, and, perhaps, of other plants, will 
further their growth.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

al-ga-§e-ae, al-g®, s. pi. [Alga.] An order of 
flowerless plants, belonging to the class Thallogens, 
and containing what are commonly denominated 



Group of Alg®. 


Sea-weeds, with other allied species. Lindley 
elevates the Alg® into an alliance called Algales, 
which he divides into five orders. [Algales.] 

al -gal, a. [Lat. alga =a sea-weed.] Pertaining 
to sea-weeds, or to the botanical order of Alg®. 

al-ga’-le§, s. pi. [Lat. alga =a sea-weed.] 
[Alga. 1 An alliance of plants, belonging to the 
class Tnallogens, and consisting of Sea-weeds and 
their allies. The species are flowerless, without 
proper leaves, but the higher species have lobed 
fronds formed of uniform cellular tissue, and the 
sporules contained in thee®. The alliance contains 
five orders: Diatomace®, Confervace®, Fucace® 
(the typical one), Ceramiace®, and Charace® 
(q. v.). Another division given of them is into 
Melanosperme®, or olive-spored; Rhodosperme®, 
or rose-spored; and Chlorospermero, or green- 
spored. In 1827 Lindley estimated the known 
species at 1,994. The most highly-organized and 
typical of the Algales inhabit the ocean, their 
geographical distribution in it being marked, like 
that of plants on land; others occur in fresh water, 
and some on damp soil, rocks, walls, or glass. 

al-ga-ro -ba, s. [From Algarrobo, r town in An¬ 
dalusia: or from Arab. aZ=the; khar: cm6=carob- 
tree.] 

1. The carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, which is one 
of the C®salpinie». [Carob.] 

2. Certain South American species of Prosopis, 
belonging to the sub-order Mimose®. In the Levant 
the species is also found. The carob-tree bears a 
sort of pod-shaped fruit, called “husks,” which 
proves good food for animals, and has sometimes in 
times of scarcity been used to appease the hunger 
of men. 

“. . . where there is a tiny rill of water, with a little 
vegetation and even a few algaroba trees, a kind of mi¬ 
mosa.” — Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xvi. 


bdil boy; pout, jowl; cat, ?ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-Cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, Ac. = bgl, del. 













132 


alicant 


algaroba bean 


algaroba bean, s. The name given to the pods 
of the Ceratonia siliqua , which are imported from 
Spain. 

al -gar ot, al’-gar-oth, s. [Either Arabic or 
named after its inventor, Algarotti, a physician of 
Verona.] 

Chem.: The name of an emetic powder. It is a 
pale, fawn-colored crystalline precipitate, consist¬ 
ing of a compound of trichloride and trioxide of 
antimony, obtained by pouring antimonious chlo¬ 
ride, SbCls, dissolved in IIC1, into water. Alkaline 
solutions dissolve out the chloride and leave the 
oxide. 

*al'-gat, *al-gate, *al'-gates {Eng.), *al- 
gait, *al'-ga~tis {Scotch), adv. [A. S. al-geats= al¬ 
ways, altogether; a7=all, whole, and geat, gat=a 
gate, door, opening, or gap.] [Gait, Gate ; Agate, 
Agates, Agatis.] 

1. Always, continually, at all times, under all cir¬ 
cumstances. 

“He bad hem algates wake and pray.” 

Bonaventura, 357. 

“ That he was deed er it was by the morwe; 

And thus algates housbondes had aorwe.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,337-8. 

2. Altogether, wholly. 

“And how and whan it schnlde harded be, 

Which is unknowe algat unto me.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,559-60. 

“ Cristes curs mot thou have, brother art thou myn; 

And if I schal algate be beten anon, 

Cristes curs mot thou have, but thou be that oon.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 114-116. 

3. In any way, by any or by all means, on any 
terms. 

“Alisandrine algate than after (that) throwe 
Bi-thought hire feel busily howe best were to werclie 
To do William to wite the wille of hire lady.” 

William of Palerne, Skeat’s ed., 649-651. 

4. Certainly, of a truth, verily, indeed. 

“And seyd, ‘Myfadyr euer lastyng, 

Shall my dere sone dye algate'! ’ ” 

Bonaventura, 698, 699. 

5. Nevertheless. 

“But if thou algate lust light virelayes, 

And looser songs of love to underfong, 

Who but thy selfe deserves sike Poetes prayse? ” 
Spenser: Shep. Cal., xi. 

al-gaz-el, s. [Arab. al=the; </a 2 i=gazelle.] 
The name given to a species of antelope, the Anti¬ 
lope Bezoastica, inhabiting Western Africa, in the 
vicinity of the Niger and in Gambia. It is about 
5 feet 2 inches long, and 3 feet 5 inches high. The 
horns are separate from each other. They are 
about 3 feet long, and have their lower half annu- 
lated with thirty-six rings. 

Al'-ge-bar, s. [Arab. al= the; gebar; Heb. gibbor 
=brave, strong, energetic. Used in Gen. x of a 
hunter: Heb. gabhar. gabher = to be strong or brave.] 
A poetic name for the constellation Orion, viewed 
as resembling a strong man or a hunter. 

“ Begirt with many a blazing star, 

Stood the great giant Algebar, 

Orion, hunter of the beast !” 

Longfellow: Occultation of Orion. . 

U In using the expression “Occultation of Orion,” 
Longfellow explains that he speaks not astronomic¬ 
ally, but poetically. He is well aware that Orion 
cannot be occulted, but only the individual stars of 
which it is composed. 

al'-ge-bra, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., Ger., Sp., Port., 
and Ital. algebra; Fr. algdbre. Evidently all from 
Arabic. Many etymologies from this language have 
been given. It has been taken from the Arabic 
phrase, aljebr e al mokabalah=Testoiation and re¬ 
duction {Penny Cyclo.). This view is essentially 
adopted by Wedgwood, who spells the phrase eljabr 
wa el mogabala, and renders it=the putting together 
of parts and equation .] What Sir Isaac Newton 
termed universal arithmetic. The department of 
mathematics which enables one, by the aid of cer¬ 
tain symbols, to generalize, and therefore to abbre¬ 
viate, the methods of solving questions relating to 
numbers. It was not till a late period that the 
Greeks became acquainted with algebra, the cele¬ 
brated treatise of Diophantus not having appeared 
till the fourth century, A. D. The science came 
into Western Europe through the Arabs, who prob¬ 
ably derived it from the Hindus. It conducts its 
operations by means of alphabetical letters stand¬ 
ing for symbols of numbers, and connecting signs 
(4-—, &c.) representative of arithmetical processes. 
Of the letters, those near the commencement of the 
alphabet— a, b, c, d, &c.—generally stand for known 
quantities; and those toward its end—a, y, and z — 
for unknown ones. One of the most important 
operations in algebra is the solution of what are 
called equations—a beautiful and interesting pro¬ 
cess which, without tentative guesses of any kind, 
fairly reasons out the number or numbers for which 
one or more unknown quantities stand. 

“ Tlie Greek Algebra was as nothing in comparison with 
the Greek Geometry; the Hindu Geometry was as little 
worthy of comparison with the Hindu Algebra.” — Cal¬ 
cutta Beview, ii. (1846), p. 640. 


Double Algebra: A term introduced by Prof. De 
Morgan for'a kind of algebra, which he thus de¬ 
fines : 

'‘‘'Signification of Symbols in Double Algebra. 
This particular mode of giving significance to sym¬ 
bolic algebra is named from its meanings requiring 
us to consider space of two dimensions, (or area), 
whereas all that ordinary algebra requires can be 
represented in space of one dimension (or length). 
If the name be adopted, ordinary algebra must be 
called single .” 

al-ge-bra'-Ic, al-ge-bra-i-eal, a. [Eng. alge¬ 
bra; -ic. In Port, algebraico .] 

1. Gen.: Relating to algebra; containing opera¬ 
tions of algebra. 

“ In the case of algebraic reasoning. . . ”— Herbert 
Spencer, 2d ed., vol. ii., p. 19, § 281. 

“ Its algebraical conditions will be the following.”— 
Airy on Sound (1868), p. 44. 

2. Spec.: Having but a finite number of terms, 
each term containing only addition, subtraction, 
multiplication, division, and extraction of roots, 
the exponents of which are given. (In this sense 
it is opposed to transcendental.) 

Algebraic curve: A curve, the equation of which 
contains no transcendental quantities; a figure, 
the intercepted diameters of which bear always the 
same proportion to their respective ordinates. 

Algebraic signs: Symbols such as + (plus) the 
sign of addition ; — (minus) that of subtraction ; X 
or . that of multiplication ; -+- that of division ; and 
( ) implying that the quantities within paren¬ 

theses are to be treated as if they were but a single 
one. 

al-ge-bra -I-cal-ly, adv. [Algebraic.] By the 
process or processes used in algebra. 

“. . . this, however, has not been proved algebrai¬ 

cally.” — Airy on Sound (1868), p. 122. 

al-ge-bra-ist, s. [Eng. algebra; -ist. In Ger. 
and Dut. algebraist^] One who is proficient in 
algebra. 

“. . . the synthetic and analytic methods of geo¬ 
metricians and algebraists . . . — Watts: Logic. 

al-ge-bra -ize, v. t. -[Eng. algebra; -ize.] To re¬ 
duce to an algebraic form, and to solve by means of 
algebra. 

Al-ger-i ne, a. & s. [From Algiers, in the north 
of Africa, now the capital of Algeria.] 

I. As adjective: Pertaining to Algiers. 

II. As substantive: A native of Algiers. 

al-ger-ite, s. [From Mr. Francis Alger, an Amer¬ 
ican mineralogist.] A mineral, a variety of Scapo- 
lite, which is reduced by Dana under Wemerite, 
though he has a Scapolite group of Unisilicates. 
He considers algerite as an altered scapolite, allied 
to pinite. It occurs in New Jersey. 

Al-gl-^.-'bar'-l-I, s. [From the Arabic.] A Mo¬ 
hammedan sect who attribute all the actions of 
men, whether they be good or evil, to the agency of 
God. They are opposed to the Alkadarii (q. v.). 

tal'-gid, a. [In Fr. ah fide; from Lat. algidus.] 
Cold. {Coles.) 

al-gid -l-ty, al'-gld-ness, s. [From Lat. algi- 
dws=cold.] Coldness. 

“ Algidity, algor.”— Coles: Eng. and Lat. Diet. 

al-glf-ic, a. [Lat. algificus; from algus= cold, 
and/aci'o=to make.] Producing cold. {.Johnson.) 

al-god-on-ite, s. [Named after the silver mine 
of Algodenes, near Coquimho, in Chili, where it is 
found.] A lustrous mineral, consisting of 83‘50 
parts of copper, and 16‘50 of arsenic; found both 
in North and South America. 

Al'-gol, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star in 
Medusa’s head, in the constellation Perseus. It is 
called also (Beta) Persei. It is technically of 2% 
magnitude; but really varies in brilliancy from the 
second to the fourth magnitude in 3)4 hours, re¬ 
maining thus for about 20 minutes. In 8)4 hours 
more it is again of the second magnitude, at which 
it continues for 2 days 13 hours, after which the 
same series of changes takes place again. 

Investigations have provided an explanation for 
these phenomena. Astronomers have recently dis¬ 
covered that Algol, which is a sunlike star, has a 
dark star revolving around it. It so happens that the 
plane in which this dark star moves comes close to 
the observer’s eye, and hence, in the course of each 
revolution, the dark object comes between the eye 
and Algol and intercepts a portion of its light, thus 
causing the variations of magnitude. 

al-gol'-d-gy, s. [Lat. alga, sea-weed, and suff. 
- ology .] Branch of botany which treats of algae. 


“ Let this poor figure of algorism trouble no divine n© 
wise man.”— Martin: The Marriage of Priests, sign.- 
G., ii. b. 

“ I send now to my good daughter Clement her algor— 
is me stone.”— Sir T. More: Letter to his Daughter Mar¬ 
garet. 

“ Methought nothing my state could more disgrace. 
Than to beare name, and in effect to be 
A cypher in algrim, as all men might see.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 338. 

*ar-gOS9, a. [Not from Lat. olfifoSMS=abounding- 
in sea-weed, but from algor or algus= coldness . 
alqeo= to be cold, to feel cold.] Full of cold ; very 
cold. {Johnson.) 

al'-gous, a. [Lat. algros«s=full of, abounding in 
sea-weed; afi/a=soa-weed.] Pertaining to sea-weed r 
abounding in sea-weed; resembling sea-weed. 

al'-gua-z'-ll, s. [Sp. alguacil; Arab. aZ=the, and 
wazir= an officer, a lieutenant, a vizier.] 

In Spain: An inferior officer of justice,_ whose 
duty it is to see the decision of a judge carried into? 
execution; a constable. 

“ The corregidor, in consequence of my information, 
has sent this alguazil to apprehend you.”— Smollett: Oil 
Bias. 

al-gum, al -mug, s. [Heb., pi. algummim, Z 
Chron. ii. 7,10, 11, and with the letters transposed,, 
almuggini, 1 Kings x. 11, 12. According to Max 
Muller, from the Sanscrit word noth 7 wka= sandal¬ 
wood ; ka is a termination, and valgu has almost 
the sound of algum.] The wood, apparently sandal¬ 
wood, which Solomon and Hiram’s mariners; 
brought from Ophir, probably at the mouth of the- 
Indus, along with gold, ivory, apes, and peacocks- 
The terms for apes and peacocks, like that of algum, 
and the corrupted form almug, are primarily or 
Sanscrit origin; and there can be no doubt that 
they were brought directly or circuitously from 
India, and seemingly from Malabar. (See Max' 
Muller's Science of Language.) [Sandal-wood... 
Ape, Peacock.] 

al-hag'-I, s. [Arabic.] A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Fabaceae (Leguminous Plants), and 
the sub-order Papilionaceae. It contains the Camel- 
thorns, A. camelorum ! A. maurorum, &c. They 
are, as the name implies, thorny plants, which are? 
found in the desert, and afford food to the camel 
as he traverses those wastes. Several species of 
Camel’s-thorn, allied to A. maurorum, produce a. 
kind of manna in Persia and Bokhara, but not, it is 
said, in India, Arabia, or Egypt. [Manna.] 

Al-ham-bra, s. [Arab.=a redhouse.] The palace* 
and fortress of the Moorish sovereigns of Grenada- 
in Spain. It was built in the year of the Hegira 675" 
=A. D. 1273. Extensive and splendid ruins of it 
still exist. 

“He pass’d the Alhambra’s calm and lovely bowers. 
Where slept the glistening leaves and folded flowers.” 

lie.mans: The Abcncerrage, c. 1. 

al-hen -na, s. [Arab. al = the, and henna, f 
[Henna.] 

al-i-as, adv.. s. & adj. [Lat. a-du.=otherwise. 

A. As an adverb: 

Law: A term used to indicate the various names? 
under which a person who attempts to conceal his 
true name and pass under a fictitious one is ascer¬ 
tained to have passed during the successive stages-’ 
of his career. 

IT Used in a similar sense in ordinary language. 

“Nor Verstegan, alias Kowly [had ‘undertook’=under~ 
taken] the confidence to render well-nigh all the consider¬ 
able gentry of this land, from, the etymology of their 
names, Teutonics.”— Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 396. 

B. As a substantive : 

1. A second name, or more probably one of a> 
string of names, assumed by a member of the crim 
inal classes to render his identification difficult. 

“• • ■ forced to assume every week new aliases an* 
new disguises.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

*2. L,aw: A second writer execution issued against; 
a person when the first had failed of its effect. 

C. As adjective: In a similar sense to B. 2, as “ an 
alias writ.” 

al'-i-M, s. [In Lat. not a substantive, but au ad— 
verb=elsewhere, in another place.] 

Law : A plea that the person accused of having 
committed a crime, perpetrated, of course, at a cer¬ 
tain place, could not possibly have done what wa.? 
laid to his charge, inasmuch as he was “ elsewhere ” 
at the time when the breach of the law occurred.. 
If he substantiate this, he is said to prove an alibi , 


*ar-gor-ithm, *ar-gor-i§m, *ar-g 5 r-i§me, 
*al’-grim, s. [Arab.] Arithmetic; numerical com¬ 
putation. [Awgrim.J 

“ He [Gerbert] certainly was the first who brought the 
algorithm from the Saracens, and who illustrated it with 
such rules as the most studious in that science cannot 
explain.”— Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 46. 


“ • • • characteristically negligent in taking step 3 to • 
verify the alibi which he had set up .”—Daily Telegraph „ 
Oct. 8, 1877. 

• Jal ~i~ble, a. [Lat. alibilis, from alo= to nour¬ 
ish.] That may be nourished. {Johnson.) 

„al-I-cant, *ar-i-cant, *al'-i-gaiint, *al -11- 
gant, s. [Named from Alicante, a province anefe 


fate, fat, fare, g-midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = kw 





alidada 


133 


aliment 


fortified city in Spain.] A kind of wine said to be 
imade near Alicant from mulberries. ( Nares .) [Al- 

JLEGANT.] 

“You’ll blood three pottles of alicant, by this light, if 
.;you follow them.”—0. PL, iii. 252. 

. . as the emperor had commanded, the wine (as 
^farre as my judgement gave leave) being alligant .”— Sir 
'Thomas Smith: Voyage to Russia (1605). 

al-i-da -da, al-i-dade, s. [In Sp. alidada, from 
Arab.] “The label or ruler that moves on the 
-center of an astrolabe, quadrant, or other math-, 
^matical instrument, and carries the sight.” 
{Blount: Glossog ., 1719.) 

a'-li-en, a. & s. [In Ital. alieno, from Lat. ali- 
*enus=(l) belonging to another person or thing not 
one's own ; (2) not related, foreign^ strange; (3) un- 
-suitable ; (4) hostile; (5) diseased in body or mind; 
ir. alius= another.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Of foreign extraction; having been born or had 
Its origin in another country; or simply foreign. 
<Used specially of man, the inferior animals, plants, 
or countries.) 

“. . . no honorable service which could not be as 

"well performed by the natives of the realm as by alien 
.mercenaries.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

“The mother plant admires the leaves unknown 
Of alien trees, and apples not her own.”— Dry den. 
“Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave 
On alien shores.”— Tennyson: The Lotos-eaters. 

2. Foreign, with the added sense of being es¬ 
tranged from in nature or affection. 

3. Estranged from ; averse to; hostile to, whereso¬ 
ever born. (Used of persons.) 

“ Oft with its fiery force 

His arm had quelled the foe, 

And laid, resistless, in its course, 

The alien armies low.”— J. Montgomery. 

If In this sense used with from or to . 

“ The sentiment that arises is a conviction of the deplor- 
/able state of nature to which sin reduced us; a weak, 
Ignorant creature, alien from God and goodness, and a 
•^prey to the great destroyer.”— Rogers: Sermon. 

4. Incongruous with; inconsistent with; not fitted 
'io harmonize or amalgamate with; in contrariety to 
•the genius of; adverse to. (Used of things.) 

“To declare my mind to the disciples of the fire, by a 
^similitude not alien from their profession.”— Boyle. 

B. As substantive: 

Ord. Lang.: One born in another country than 
that in which he now resides ; a foreigner. 

. . for he said, I have been an alien in a strange 

Sand.”— Exod. xviii. 3. 

“ Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses to 
<aliens .”— Lam. v. 2. 

It is sometimes followed by from or to. 

. . being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel.” 

— Ephes. ii. 12. 

“The lawgiver condemned the persons, who sat idle in 
■divisions dangerous to the government, as aliens to the 
•community, and therefore to be cut off from it.’— Addi¬ 
son: Freeholder. 

alien ami, or amy, s. [Fr. ami=friend.] [See 
Alien -frien d . ] 

alien-duty, s. The duty or tax formerly paid by 
aliens on mercantile transactions in larger measure 
than by natural-born subjects. 

alien-enemy, s. An alien belonging to a country 
with which ours is at the time at war. 

alien-friend, ami or amy, s.. An alien belong¬ 
ing to a country with which ours is at peace. 

alien-nee, s. [Fr. ne = born.] A man born an 
alien. 

a'-ll-en, *al'-I-ene, V. t. [Fr. aliener; fr. Lat. 
alieno .] The same as Alienate (q. v.). 

Used (1) Of property: 

“ If the son alien lands and then repurchase them again 
In fee, the rules of descents are to be observed, as if he 
'were the original purchaser.”— Hale: Hist, of Common 
Law. 

11 . . . our whole estate aliened, and canceled.”— 
Jeremy Taylor: On Forgiving Injuries. 

(2) Of the affections or desires: 

“The king was disquieted when he found that the 
prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of, or inclin¬ 
ation to, the marriage.” — Clarendon. 

a-li-en-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. alien; ability. In 
Fr. alienability.] Capability of being alienated. 
.(Used of property.) 

a'-li-en-a-ble, a. [Eng. alien; -able. In Fr. 
alienable .] That may be alienated. (Used of 
property.) 

“ Land is alienable and treasure is transitory, and both 
must pass from him by his own voluntary act, or by the 
violence of others, or at least by fate.” Dennis: Letters. 

a'-li-$n-age, s. [Eng. alien; -age.'] The state of 
being an alien. 

“ Why restore estates ‘forfeitable on ac ?ount of alien¬ 
age?” — Story. 


a -li-en-ate, a. & s. [Lat. alienatus , pa. par. of 
alieno = to make another’s, to estrange; alienus = 
belonging to another, foreign, alien.] 

Law and Ord. La7ig.: To transfer one’s title to 
property to another ; to dispose of property by sale 
or otherwise. [Alienation.] 

To estrange the affections from one who before 
was loved, or from a government, dynasty, or ruling 
house, to which loyalty was felt. 

“. . . then my mind was alienated from her, like as 
my mind was alienated from her sister.”— Ezek. xxiii. 18. 

“ I shall recount the errors which, in a few months, 
alienated a loyal gentry and priesthood from the House of 
Stuart.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

a'-Ii-en-ate, a. & s. [Lat. alienatus , pa. par. of 
alieno— to make another’s, to estrange.] 

A. As adjective: Estranged; withdrawn in affec¬ 
tion from. 

“ O alienate from God, O spirit accursed, 

Forsaken of all good.”— Milton: P. L., bk. v. 

B. As substantive: An alien; a stranger. 

“ Whosoever eateth the lamb without this house, he is 
an alienate.” — Stapleton: Fortresse of the Faith, fol. 148. 

a -li-en-at-ed, pa. par. & a. [Alienate.] 

“His eye survey’d the dark idolatries 
Of alienated Judah.”— Milton: P. L., bk. L 

a'-li-en-at-lng, pr. par. [Alienate, v.] 
a-H-en-a -tion, s. [In Fr. alienations from Lat. 
alienatio.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of alienating. 

II. The state of being alienated. 

Used (1) Of the transference of property by gift, 
sale, or otherwise, from odo to another. (See B.) 

“ God put it into the heart of one of our princes to give 
a check to sacrilege ; her successor passed a law which 
prevented all future alienations of the church revenues.” 
— Atterbury. 

(2) Of the estrangement of the affections from 
one previously loved, or from a government to 
which loyalty was felt; the transference of the de¬ 
sires from one object of pursuit to another. 

“It is left but in dark memory, what was the ground 
of his defection, and the alienation of his heart from the 
king.”— Bacon. 

(3) Of the aberration of reason in an insane per¬ 
son ; delirium. 

“Some things are done by man, though not through 
outward force and impulsion, though not against, yet 
without their wills; as in alienation of mind, or any like 
inevitable utter absence of wit and judgment.”— Hooker. 

B. Technically: 

Law: The transference of land or other property 
from one person to another. Alienation may take 
place by deed, by matter of records , by special cus¬ 
tom , and by devise. 

Alienation in mortmain: An alienation of lands 
or tenements to any corporation, sole or aggregate, 
ecclesiastical or temporal. Spec., alienation to a 
religious house or other ecclesiastical body. 

Alienation office: A place to^ which all writs of 
covenants and entries were carried for the recovery 
of the fines levied upon them. It is now abolished. 

a'-li-en-a-tor, s. [Lat. alienator; Fr. ali6na- 
teur.] One who alienates {spec., of property). 

a -li-ene, V. Old spelling of Alien. ( Blackstone .) 
a'-li-en-ee, s. [Eng. alien; -ee.] One to whom 
property is transferred. 

“ . . . in the two former of which cases the forfeiture 

arises from the incapacity of the alienee to take; in the 
latter from the incapacity of the alienor to grant.”— 
Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. xviii. 

a'-li-$n-i§m, s. [Eng. alien; -ism.] The state 
of being an alien. 2. The study of mental diseases. 

a'-li-^n-ist, s. One skilled in the treatment of 
mental diseases. 

a-li-en-or, s. [Eng. alien; -or.] One who 
alienates or transfers property to another. 

“. . . for the alienor himself to recover lands aliened 
by him during his insanity.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. 
ii., ch. xix. 

fa-Ii'fe, adv. [Eng. a=on ; life.] On my life. (A 
mild oath.) 

“I love a ballad in print a*-life.” — Shakesp.: Winter 1 s 
Tale, iv. 4. 

a-lif'-er-ous, a. [Lat. ala—a wing; and fero— 
to bear.] Bearing wings; possessing wings. {John¬ 
son.) 

a'-ll-form, a. [Lat. ala— wing; forma— form, 
shape.] Wing-formed; shaped like a wing. 

a-llg'-er-OUS, a. [Lat. aliger, from aZa=awing; 
and gero— to bear, to carry, to have.] Bearing 
wings, i. e., possessing wings. {Johnson.) 

a-llght’ {gh silent) (1), y. i. (pret. alighted , or, in 
poetry, alit). [A. S. (a) lihtan , gelihtan= to alight, 
to descend from ; from liht, ZeM=light, not heavy. 
The meaning is thus' to lighten anything by remov¬ 
ing a weight from it.] 


1. To descend, as a bird from the wing; to ceaso 
flying and rest upon the ground. 

“That there should be geese and frigate-birds with 
webbed feet, either living on the dry land or most rarely 
alighting on the water.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. vi. 

“ I saw his wing through twilight flit, 

And once so near me he alit, 

I could have smote, but lacked the strength.” 

Byron: Mazeppa, 8 . 

2. To descend, as a person from a carriage, or 
from horseback. 

“ My lord, alighting at his usual place, 

The Crown, took notice of an ostler’s face.” 

Cowper: Retirement , 585. 

3. To reach the ground, as falling snow, or any¬ 
thing else descending from the sky, or from above 
one. 

“ But storms of stones from the proud temple’s height 

Pour down, and on our battered helms alight.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid, ii. 554. 

4. To stop, to pause as a man on foot running. 

“ Came running in . . . 

But he for nought would stay his passage right, 

Till fast before the king he did alight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. xii. 24, 25. 

5. To light on, happen on, meet with. 

“By good fortune I alighted on a collection of MSS. in 
the State-paper office.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., iv. 549. 

a-llght' {gh silent) (2), v. t. [A. S. alihtan.] To 
make light, to remove a weight from, to lighten. 

a-llght {gh silent) (3), v. t. [A. S. aleohtan , 
alyhtan =to illumine j ZeoM=light.] 

1. To illumine, to give light to. 

“For to wissen hem by night 
A fiery piller hem alight.” 

Gower: C. F., ii. 183. 

2. To set alight, to set light to. 

“Anon fer sche alight.”—Layle Freine, 199. 

a-llght' {gh silent), a. [Alight, v.] Alighted, 
as from a horse or vehicle. 

“ How that we bare us in that ilke night, 

Whan we were in that ostelrie alight.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 723, 724. 

a-llght' {gh silent), adv. [Alight (3), v.] 
Lighted. 

a-llght’-iii g {gh silent), pr. par. [Alight.] 

fa-llgn' {g silent), v. t. & i. [Fr. aliqner={ 1 ) to 
lay out in a straight line, ( 2 ) to square.] 

A. Trans.: To measure by means of a Hne; to 
regulate or adjust by means of a line. 

B. Intrans.: To form a line, as soldiers do. 

a-lign'-ment {g silent), s. [Eng. align; -ment.] 

In Fr. alignement.] 

1. The act of adjusting by means of a line. 

2. The state of being so adjusted. 

3. The line of adjustment. 

4. Engin.: The ground-plan of a road or earth¬ 
work. 

a-ll'ke, *a-ly lie, a. & adv. [A. S. onlic , anlic, 
o?i=on; Zic=like.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. The same ; without any difference. 

“. . . the darkness and the light are both alike to 
thee.”— Ps. cxxxix. 12. 

2. On the same model. 

“He fashioneth their hearts alike.” — Ps. xxxiii. 15. 

If This adjective never precedes the noun which 
it qualifies. 

B. As adverb: Equally. 

. . thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either 
this or that, or whether they both shall be alike good.”— 
Eccles. xi. 6 . 

talilie-minded, s. Like-minded; similar in 
mind or disposition. 

“ I would to God, not you only that hear me this day, 
but all our brethren of this land, were alike-minded .”— 
Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 82. 

al'-Im-a, s. [Gr. haZi?)ios=belonging to the sea: 
hals=the sea.] A genus of Crustaceans belonging 
to the order Stomapoda, and the family Phyllosom- 
idfe. Example, the transparent Alima of the warmer 
seas. 

al'-i-ment, s. [In Fr. aliment; Sp., Port. & Ital. 
alimento; Lat. alimentum, from aZo=to nourish, to 
feed.] 

1 . Lit.: Nutriment supplied to an organized body, 
whether animal or vegetable; food. 

“ Though the aliments of insects are for the most part 
in a liquid form . . . ’’—Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. xiv., p. 70. 

2. Fig.: That which tends to nourish, and conse¬ 
quently to perpetuate anything. 

“ . . . he saith they were but aliments of their sloth 
and weakness, which, if they were taken away, necessity 
would teach them stronger resolutions.”— Bacon: Colors 
of Good and Evil , ch. x. 


3)611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-clan, -tian = sh^n. -tion. 


§ell, chorus, tjhin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 





aliment 


134 


alkali-metal 


Scotch Law: The maintenance which parents and 
children are reciprocally bound to accord to each 
other when a necessity for it exists. (It is used 
also for similar obligations.) 

al-I-ment, v. t. [From the substantive. In Fr. 
alimenter; Sp. and Port, alimentar; Ital. alimen- 
tare .] To furnish with food and other necessaries 
of life. 

al-I-ment -gil, a. [Eng. aliment; -al.] Pertain¬ 
ing to aliment; fitted to supply aliment; nutritive. 

"... and the making of things inalimental to be¬ 
come alimental may be an experiment of great profit for 
making new victual.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, vii., § 649. 

al-I-ment'-{il-ly, adv. [Eng. alimental; -ly.] So 
as to furnish aliment. 

“ The substance of gold is invincible by the powerf ullest 
action of natural heat, and that not only alimentally in a 
substantial mutation, but also medicamentally in any 
corporeal conversion.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

al-i-ment-ar I-ness, s. [Eng. alimentary; 
-itess.] The quality of being alimentary; that is, 
furnishing nourishment. {Johnson.) 

al-I-ment-a-ry, a. [Eng. aliment; -ary. In 
Fr. alimentaire; Port. & Ital. alimentario; from 
Lat. alimentarius .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Pertaining to aliment, as the “ alimentary 
-canal.” (See B., I.) 

2. Furnishing aliment. 

‘‘Of alimentary roots, some are pulpy and very nu¬ 
tritious; as turnips and carrots. These have a fattening 
quality.”— Arbuthnot: Aliments. 

B. Technically: 

I. Physiology : 

1. Alimentary canal: The great tube or duct by 
which the food is conveyed through the body. 

“. . . including the alimentary canal.” — Owen: Mam¬ 
malia (1859), p. 57. 

2. Alimentary compartment: The lower part of 
the pharynx, which is dilatable and contractile. 
It affords a passage for the food from the mouth to 
the oesophagus. ( Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. ii., 185.) 

3. Alimentary mucous membrane: The membrane 
which lines the interior of the long and tortuous 
passage by which food taken into the mouth makes 
its way through the body. The ducts of the mu¬ 
cous, as well as some other glands, open into it. 
{Todd c& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., 162.) 

4. Alimentary tube: The passage by which the 
food makes way through the body from the mouth 
downward. {Ibid., p. 185.) 

II. Law. Alimentary law: The law by which 
parents are held responsible for the alimentation 
of their children. 

al-I-ment-a-tion, s. [Eng. aliment; -ation. In 
Ger. & Fr. alimentation; Sp. alimentacion.] 

1 . The act or quality of affording nourishment. 

“. . . they [the teeth] are subservient in man not 
only to alimentation, but to beauty and speech.”— Owen: 
Olassif. of tl e Mammalia (1859), p. 50. 

2. The state of being nourished by assimilation 
of matter received into the body or frame. 

“Plants do nourish, inanimate bodies do not: they have 
an accretion, but no alimentation.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist. 
al-I-ment'-Ive-neSS,s. [Eng. aliment, -ive, -ness.] 
Phren.: A protuberance on the brain or skull, 
alleged to constitute the organ which imparts the 
pleasure which is felt in eating or drinking. 

fal-I-mo'-nl-ous, a. [Eng. alimony; -ous.] Per¬ 
taining to nourishment. 

“The plethora renders us lean, by suppressing our 
spirits, whereby they are incapacitated of digesting the 
alimonious humors into flesh.”— Harvey: Consumption. 

al-I-mon-y, s. [Lat. alimonia and alimonium 
=nourishment, sustenance; from alo= to nourish.] 
Laic: (a) The proportional part of a husband’s 
income allowed a wife for her support during a 
matrimonial suit; also ( 6 ) that granted her at its 
termination. 

Al-l-oth, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star 
of the third magnitude, called also Epsilon Ursee 
Ma.joris. It is situated in the tail of the imaginary 
“ Bear.” > This star is often used in observations for 
finding the latitude at sea. 

al-I-ped, a. & s. [In Sp. & Port, alipede. From 
Lat. alipes: ala—a wing, and pes, genit. pedis= a 
foot.] 

A. As adjective: Wing-footed; with toes con¬ 
nected together by a membrane which serves the 
purposes of a wing. 

B. As , substantive: An animal whose toes are 
connected together by a membrane which serves 
the purpose of a wing. The Bats, or Cheiroptera, 
have this structure. 

al -ip-Ite, s. [Gr. aZipes=without fat: a, priv., 
and lipos—i&t, without fat; and -ite=lithos= a 
stone. So named because it is not unctuous.] A 


mineral of an apple-green color, containing about 
thirty-two per cent, of oxide of nickel. It occurs in 
Silesia. Dana makes it distinct from, though 
closely akin to, pimelite. Alipite is sometimes 
written Alizite. [Pimelite.] 
al -i-qu^nt, a. [In Ger. aliquant; Fr. aliquante; 
Sp. & Port, aliquanta; Lat. aliquantus= somewhat 
(great), or somewhat (small); hence, in considera¬ 
ble quantity or number. From the root ali-= any, 
and quantus= great.] Pertaining to a number which 
does not exactly measure another number, but if 
used as its divisor will leave a remainder. Thus 4 
is an aliquant part of 7, for 7-e4=l, with a remain¬ 
der of 3. 

If Aliquant is the opposite of aliquot. 
al'-I-quot, a. [In Ger. aliquot 7 Fr. aliquote; Sp. 
& Port, aliquota; Ital. aliquoto. From Lat. aliquot 
=somewhat, some, a few.] Pertaining to a number 
which will measure another given one exactly, that 
is, without leaving a remainder. Thus 4 is an ali¬ 
quot part of 8 , for 8-*-4=2 exactly. 

“In place, then, of measuring this precise aliquot part, 

. , .” -nerschel: Astron., 5th ed. (1858), § 213. 

a/-ish, a. [Eng. ale: -ish.] Resembling ale; 
having some, at least, of the qualities of ale. 

“Stirring it, and beating down the yeast, gives it the 
sweet, alish taste.”— Mortimer: Husbandry, 

al-I§’-ma, s. [Lat. alisma; Gr. alisma= the water- 
plantain ; Celt. alis=water.] A genus of plants of 
the natural order Alismace®, or Alismads. The A. 
plantago, or Greater Water-plantain, is the best 
known. It is frequent in lakes, rivers, and ditches, 
and has pale, rose-colored flowers, with six stamens. 
The Calmucks eat its rhizoma, having first dried it 
to take away its acidity. 

al-I§-ma'-§e-ae, or al-I§’-mad§, s.pl. [Alisma.] 
An order of endogenous plants, with a perianth of 
six pieces, the three outer being herbaceous, and 
the three inner petaloid. The ovaries are numer¬ 
ous. The best known genera are the Actinocarpus, 
Alisma, and Sagittaria (q. v.). 

al'-Is-on-Ite, s. [Named after Mr. R. E. Alison, 
of Chili.] A mineral; a variety of covellite. Color, 
deep indigo blue, tarnishing on exposure. Compos.: 
sulphur, copper, and lead. It is found in Chili. 

al-I-sphe'-noid, s & a. [Awkwardly compounded 
of a mixture of Latin and Greek. Lat. ala= awing; 
Gr. sphen= a wedge, and eidos= form, shape.] 

A. As substantive: The greater wings of the sphe¬ 
noid bone at the base of the skull. 

“. . . the foramen oval pressing the alisphenoid .”— 
Flower: Osteology of the Mammalia (1870), p. 118. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to, or connected with, 
the greater wings of the sphenoid bone. 

“ Through this the external carotid artery runs for part 
of its course, and it has been called the alisphenoid cemaX.” 
— Flower: Osteology of the Mammalia (1870), p. 118. 

*a-llte, adv. [Eng. a; and little contracted.] 
h little. 

“ And though thy lady would alite her greve, 

Thou shalt thy peace hereafter make. 

Chaucer: Troilus, bk. iv. 

fal'-I-trunk, s. [Lat. ala—a wing; and Eng. 
trunk, from Lat. truncus.] 

Entom.: The thorax of an insect; that portion of 
the body or trunk to which the wings are affixed. 

*al'-I-tiire, s. [Lat. alitura.] Nourishment. 
{Blount: Glossographia, 2d ed., 1719.) 

a-llve, *g.-ly ve, *a-l! fe, *o-lI fe, *on-lIve, a. 

[A. S. on life— in life, alive; on— on, in ; Zi/=life.] 

I. Literally: In a state of life: living, as opposed 
to dead. 

“. . . and Noah only remained alive, and they that 
were with him in the ark.”— Gen. vii. 23. 

IT It is sometimes used simply to give emphasis 
to the noun with which it agrees. At first this was 
done in formal and serious composition: now it is 
colloquial, and even begins to carry with it a slight 
tinge of the ridiculous. 

“ John was quick, and understood business; but no man 
alive was more careless in looking into his accounts.”— 
Arbuthnot. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Existent, as opposed to extinct; remaining; 
continuing. 

“. . . I had not left a purse alive in the whole army.” 
— Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 4. 

To keep alive, v. t.: To maintain in such a state 
of continued existence. 

“ Hence Liberty, sweet Liberty, inspires 
And keeps alive his fierce but noble fires.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

“ This fame, if due to her beauty, would probably have 
kept her name alive.” — Gladstone: Studies on Homer 
i. 167. ’ 

2. Of quick, susceptible temperament; or, for 
the time being, highly active in mind or body, espe¬ 
cially in the phrase all alive. 

“ She’s happy here, she’s happy there, 

She is uneasy everywhere ; 

Her limbs are all alive with joy.” 

Wordsivorth: Idiot Boy. 


3. Swarming with living beings in active move, 
ment. 

“ In a few minutes the Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, 
was alive with muskets and green boughs.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., chap. xvi. 

4. In a spiritual sense: Temporarily or perma¬ 
nently free from the power of sin; having sin dead 
within one, or being one’s self dead to it. (In this- 
sense it may be followed by to, or the old form 
into.) 

“ For I was alive without the law once: but when the, 
commandment came, sin revived, and I died.”— Rom. 
vii. 9. 

“ Likewise reckon ye also yourselves to be dead indeed’ 
unto sin, but alive unto God through Jesus Christ our 
Lord.”— Rom. vi. 11. 

TT This adjective never precedes the noun it 
qualifies. 

al-Iz-ar -ic ag -Id, s. [Phthalic Acid.] 
al-iz -ar ln, s. [From alizari , the name given 
to madder in the Levant.] 

Chem.: Ci 4 Hs 04 =Ci 2 H 6 (CO.OH) 2 . The chief color¬ 
ing matter of madder (Rubia tinctoria). It crys¬ 
tallizes in red prisms, slightly soluble in water or 
alcohol, but dissolving in concentrated sulphuric 
acid, also in alkaline liquids. It is a feeble dibasic 
acid. Heated with zinc dust, it is converted into 
anthracene. Nitric acid oxidizes it into oxalic and 
phthalic acids. Alizarin has been produced artifi¬ 
cially by oxidizing anthracene to anthraquinone, 
converting the latter into dibromanthraquinone, 
and heating this with caustic potash, the two 
atoms of Br are replaced by (OH) 2 . 
al -Iz-Ite, s. [Alipite.] 
al-ka-dar'-It, s. [Arab. alkadan= a decree.] 
Among the Mohammedans: A sect who maintain, 
free-will as opposed to the doctrine of eternal, ab¬ 
solute decrees. They are a branch of the Mota- 
zalites, and have for their theological opponents 
the Algiabarii (q. v.). 

al-ka best, s. [In Ger. alkahest; Sp. alkaest; 
Arab. a7=the; Ger. geist— ghost, spirit; =all spirit: 
or Low Lat. alk{alc) est= it is an alkali; =all spirit 
spirit of salt.] A -word first used by Paracelsus, and 
adopted by his followers to signify ( 1 ) what was 
fancied to be a universal menstruum, a liquid capa¬ 
ble of resolving all bodies into their constituent 
elements; ( 2 ) fixed salts volatilized. 

al-ka-hes -tic, a. [Eng. alkahest; -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to the alkahest. 

Al-ka id, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star 
of the 2 V 2 magnitude; called also Benetnasch, and 
Eta Ursse Majoris. [Benetnasch.] 

al-kal-a-mlde, al'-cal-a-mide, a. [From alkali 
and amide (q. v.).] 

al-kal-es'-ggnge, al-k^l-es'-ggn-gy, s. [Eng. 

alkal{i); -escence. In Ger. alkalesenz; Fr. alcal- 
escence.] The state of becoming alkaline in proper¬ 
ties, or the tendency to do so. 

al-kal-es -gent, a. [Eng. alkal{i); -esceni, from 
Lat. crescens= increasing. In Fr. alcalescent: Port. 
alcalescente .] 

1. In process of acquiring the properties of an. 
alkali, or possessing a tendency to become alkaline. 

“ All animal diet is alkalescent or antiacid.”— Arbuth¬ 
not. 

2. Bot.: Having the properties or effects of an 
alkali. Example, Rumex acetosa. {Loudon: Cvclov. 
of Plants, 1829; p. 1,094.) 

al -kal-i, *al’-c$il-y, s. [In Sw., Ger. & Sp. al¬ 
kali; Fr., Port., and Ital. alcali. From Arab, al— 
the, and fcaZi=plants of the genus Salicornia (Glass- 
wort), which, being burnt, left behind a white re¬ 
siduum now called alkali. The word was then first 
a botanical, and afterward a chemical, one.] A salt 
of any kind which effervesces with acids; but now 
tbe term is used to denote a strong base, which is- 
capable of neutralizing acids, so that the salts 
formed are either completely neutral, or, if the acid 
is weak, give alkaline reactions. Alkalies turn red¬ 
dened litmus blue, turmeric paper brown, and most 
vegetable purples green; they have a soapy taste, 
act on the skin, and form soaps with fats. The fixed 
alkalies are the. hydrated oxides of the alkaline 
metals and metals of the alkaline earths. The vol¬ 
atile alkalies are ammonia and the amines of Or¬ 
ganic Chemistry; their salts are volatilized at a 
moderate heat. The term alJcali in commerce • 
usually means caustic soda or potash, impure 
N aHO or KHO; both are used in the arts for the 
manufacture of glass, soap, and many other pur¬ 
poses. Caustic potash is used, in surgery as a 
cautery. 

“Salt tartre, alcaly, and salt preparat.” 

Chaucer: C T., 12,738. 

alkali-metal, s. A metal whose hydrate is an 
alkali, I he alkali metals are all monatomic, oxi¬ 
dize m the air, and decompose water at ordinary- 
temperatures. They are potassium, sodium, lith¬ 
ium, ceesium, and rubidium. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; wl,wSt,here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir~ marine- g5 iffit 
or, wore, wplf, work, whfi, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = kw 





alkali-works 


135 


all 


alkali-works, s.pl. Manufactories where alkalies 
are prepared. Also applied to those in which car¬ 
bonate of sodium is manufactured from common 
salt, by converting it into sulphate of sodium 
through the action of sulphuric acid, and roasting 
the sulphate of sodium with a mixture of chalk and 
coal-dust. 

al-kal-i-fi -a-ble, a. [Eng. alkalify; -able.] 
Capable of being converted into an alkali. 
al'-kal-I-fied, pa. par. & a. [Alkalify.] 
al -kal-I-fy, v . t. & i. [(l) Alkali; (2) the v.t. 
from hat. facio— to make; the v. i. from fio=to be¬ 
come, the passive of facio .] 

1. Trans.: To convert into an alkali. 

“• Intrans.: To pass into the state of an alkali; 
to be converted into or become an alkali. 

al-ka,l-lg'-en-ous, a. [Arab., &c., alkali and Gr. 
gennao=to beget; from genna— birth ; the causal of 
gignomai— to be born.] Generating or producing 
an alkali. 

al-kAl-lm'-et-er, -s. [In Ger. alkalimeter , from 
Arab.,&c alkali; and Gr. metron— a measure.] An 
instrument invented by M. Descroizilles for ascer¬ 
taining the amount of alkali in commercial potassa 
and soda by neutralizing it with a standard acid 
solution. It is called also burette. One of another 
kind has been contrived by Dr. Mohr, of Coblentz. 
It consists of a graduated tube with a shorter glass 
tube attached to it, and a clamp by which the flow 
of the liquid can be regulated. 

aDkali-met'-ri-cal, a. [Alkalimeter.] Per¬ 
taining to the measurement of the proportion of 
alkali in certain impure salts. 

“ The object of an alkalimetrical process may also be 
obtained . . .”— Graham: Chem., vol. i., p. 552. 

al kal-Im -et-ry, s. [Alkalimeter.] The meas¬ 
urement of the amount of alkali contained in caus¬ 
tic soda or potash, and of carbonates of the alka¬ 
lies in a commercial sample, by means of a standard 
acid solution. 

al'-kal-Ine, a. [Eng. alkali; -ine. In Fr. alca- 
lin; Sp. alkaline; Port. & Ital. alcalino .] Having 
the properties of an alkali. 

“. . . an alkaline state.”— Arbuthnot. , 

IT An alkaline substance has a soapy taste, turns 
reddened litmus paper blue, gives a brown color to 
turmeric paper, neutralizes acids, dissolves organic 
matter, and forms soaps with fats. The alkaline 
metals are potassium, sodium,lithium, caesium, and 
rubidium; the metals of the alkaline earths are 
calcium, strontium, and barium. 

al-kgA-in'-i-ty, s. [In Ger. alkalinitdt; Fr. alcal- 
inite .] The quality which constitutes any sub¬ 
stance an alkali. 


“ It is an alkaline fluid, and its alkalinity is chiefly due 
to the presence of free soda.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., ii. 296. 

al'-kal-i-ous, a. [Eng., &c., alkali; -cms.] Pos¬ 
sessing the properties of an alkali. 

“Each of them may partake of an acid and alkalious 
nature.”— Dr. Kinneir: Essay on the Nerves (1739), p. 134. 

al-klil’-Iz-ate, v. t. To render bodies alkaline. 
(Johnson.) 

al-k<il'-Iz-<ite, a. & s. [Alkalize.] Possessed 
of alkaline properties. 

A. As adjective: Impregnated with an alkali. 

“The color of violets in their syrup, by acid liquors 

turns red; and by urinous and alkalizate turns green.”— 
Newton. 

B. As substantive: “ That which has the qualities 
of an alkali.” 

al-kal-I-za-tion, taHkgd-i-§a'-tion, s. [Al¬ 
kalize.] The act of alkalizing bodies, or impreg¬ 
nating them with an alkali. (Blount.) 

aT-kg.l-1'ze, v. t. [Eng. alkali; -ize. In Ger. 
alkali siren; Fr. alcaliser; Port, alcalisar; Ital. 
alcalizzare .] To render alkaline either by working 
a chemical change in them, or by impregnating 
them with alkali. 


al'-k^l-did, a. & s. [(1) Eng., Ac., alkali; and 
( 2 ) Gr. eidos= form, appearance.] Resembling an 
alkali in properties. Alkaloids are natural organic 
bases containing nitrogen, and having high molec¬ 
ular weights. They occur in many plants, and 
some in animal tissues; they have not, except co- 
lune, been formed by synthesis. They are substitu¬ 
tion compounds of ammonia, most are tertiary 
amines. They form salts with acids, and double 
salts with platinic chloride. They are generally 
crystalline bodies, soluble in hot alcohol, sparingly 
soluble in water. They have mostly a bitter taste, 
act powerfully on the animal system, and are used 
iu medicine as quinine, morphine, and strychnine; 
they are often violent poisons. The names of most 
of the alkaloids end in ine, as, theine, which occurs 
in tea and coffee. 


*arfftg,-mye, s. The metal “alchemy” (q. v.). 
(Prompt. Parv.) 


al -k&n-et, *al -ken-et, s. [Arab, alkanna .] 
[Henna.] The English name of several plants, 
fl. Properly Lawsonia inermis. [Henna.] 

2. (a) The Alkanna tinctoria. [Alkanna.] Lind- 
ley mentions that it was once supposed to exhilarate, 
and was in consequence regarded as one of the four 



Alkanet (Alkanna Tinctoria). 


cordial flowers; the other three being the borage, 
the “rose,” and the “violet.” (b) Its root, which 
is much used to give a fine red color to oil and other 
fatty matters, and was formerly employed to stain 
the face. 

3. The English name of the genus Anchusa, be¬ 
longing to the order Boraginace®, or Borage-worts. 
Two are doubtful natives of Europe, A. officinalis, 
or Common, and A. sempervirens, or Evergreen 
Alkanet. The former has purple, the latter beauti¬ 
ful blue flowers. The evergreen species is less rare 
than the other. The American name “Puccoon,” 
of North American Indian origin, covers this species 
of plants yielding a red pigment; sometimes the 
term “blooa-root” is used. 

al-kan'-na, s. [Arab.] A genus of Boraginace®, 
or Borage-worts, akin to Anchusa (q. v.). A. tinc¬ 
toria, generally called Anchusa tinctoria, is the 
plant to which the name alkanet is most frequently 
applied. [Alkanet.] 
al-kar-gen, s. [See Cacodylic Acid.] 

‘il'-kar oun, s. [Alkoran.] 
al -kar-sin, s. [Apparently Arabic.] [See Caco¬ 
dyl.] 

al-ke-ken-gi, s. [In Fr. alkekenge; Sp. alka- 
kengi, alkanquegi; alkanquegi; Port, alkeken- 
gio .] The specific name of the Common Winter 
Cherry, Physalis allcekengi. Though called cherry, 
it is really of the Nightshade order. The berries 
are acidulous and slightly bitter. The ancients 
considered them as detergent and aperient. The 
plant is a native of Southern Europe; the fruit is 
eaten in Germany, Switzerland, and Spain. 

Al-ke na, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star of 
magnitude 2i, called also Gamma Geminorum. 
al-ken -n<i, al-hen -ng,. [Henna.] 
al-kerm'-es, s. [In Fr. alkermes; Sp. alkermes, 
alquermes; Arab. oi=the, and kermes .] [Kermes.] 
0. Med.: An imagined remedy made mainly of 
kermes “ berries,” really the swelled bodies of in¬ 
sects belonging to the family Coccid®, that to 
which the cochineal insect belongs. With this were 
combined into a confection, pippin-cyder, rose¬ 
water, sugar, ambergris, musk, cinnamon, ,aloes- 
wood, pearls, and leaf-gold. Sometimes, however, 
the sweets were omitted _ from this strange confec¬ 
tion. Much medicinal virtue was attached to it; 
but it is almost needless to add that it has disap¬ 
peared from the modern pharmacopoeia. 

“The other is of beads, made of the scarlet powder, 
which they call kermes, which is the principal ingredient 
in their cordial confection alkermes." — Bacon: Nat. Hist., 
Cent, x., § 965. 

Al -ke§, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A fixed star 
of the fourth magnitude, called also Alpha Crateris. 

alkoran, alcoran, *alcheron, *alkaroun (al- 
kor-an or al-kor -an), s. [In Ger. alkoren; Fr. 
alcoran; Ital . alcorano. From Arab. ai=the ; koran 
=book.] 

1. The Mohammedan Scriptures. [Koran.] 

“The holy lawes of our Alkaroun, 

Geven by Goddes messangere Makamete.” 

Chaucer: The Man of Lawes Tale, 4,752-3. 

“With soule-profaning Turkish Alcheron.” 

Time's Whistle , Satire I. 188. 
“I had rather believe all the fables in the Legend, and 
the Talmud, and the Alcoran, than that this universal 
frame is without a mind.”— Bacon: Essays, Civ. and Nor., 
chap. xvi. 

2. Arch.: The name given to a high slender tower 
in Persian mosques in which the priests, at stated 
times, recite aloud prayers from the Koran. (Gwilt.) 

al-kor-an'-ic, al-cor-an-Ic, a. [Eng., &c., 
alkoran;-ic.] Pertaining to the Koran. 


al -kor-an-lst, s. [Eng., See., alkoran; -is#.] On® 
who adheres to the letter of the Koran, rejecting 
all traditions. The Sheeah sect is alkoranist, while- 
the Soonnees adhere to the opposite practice. 

all, *al, *ale, *alle, *awl, *awle (Eng .); a’ 
(Scotch), adj., s., adv., conj., and in compos. [A. S. 
eal. cel, al, pi. ealle. In Sw. all, hel; Dan. al, alle ; 
Dut. al, alle, geheal; Ger. alter, in compos, all; 
Goth, alls; Irish & Gael, uile; Arm. ole; Wei. oil, 
hole; Icel. allr, pi. allir; Goth .alls, allai; O. H. 
Ger. al : alter. Gesenius recognizes a connection, 
also, with Heb. fcoi=every, all. Wedgwood looks 
in another direction, believing all to be from the 
same root as aye (q. v.).] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Of number: The whole number of; every one 

of. 

“And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy chil¬ 
dren?”—1 Sam. xvi. 1L 

II. Of quantity: 

1. Of an article, of work, <&c.: The entire amount; 
the whole of. 

“ Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work.”— Exo.l, 
xx. 9. 

2. Of time: The entire, or whole duration of. 

“. . . Master, we have toiled all the night, and hava 

taken nothing. . .”— Luke v. 5. 

3. Of space _ or extension: The whole extent ; 
whether this is to be reckoned by length only, by 
length and breadth, or by length, breadth and 
depth. 

“Ther was also a Doctor of Phisik, 

In al this world ne was ther non him lyk.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 413, 414. 

IT Sometimes all is loosely used, especially in 
colloquial language, for a large number, quantity, 
amount, or extent of anything; though this may 
fall far short of the whole. 


“I am a linen-draper bold, 

As all the world doth know.” 

Cowper: John Gilpin. 

B. As substantive : 

1. Plural: All people; all persons of the kind 
indicated. 

“ And all that believed were together.”—-4cfs ii. 44. 

2. Singular: 

(a) The whole, as opposed to a part. 

“ And win, what haply fate may yet accord, 

A soldier’s death—the all now left an empire’s lord.* 9 
Hemans: The Last Constantine, 90. 

(b) Every person; everything. 

“. . . tomorrow I will let thee go, and will tell the* 
all that is in thine heart.”—1 Sam. ix. 19. 

C. As adverb: 


*1. Originally: A particle intended to give in¬ 
creased emphasis to a sentence or clause of a 
sentence. It is still so used in the languages of the 
Germanic family. 

“ He thought them sixpence all too dear.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 3. (Song.) 

2. Just; exactly; at the exact time when, or the 
place where. 

“ All as the dwarfe the way to her assyn’d.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I., vii. 18. 

3. Wholly, completely, entirely. 

“ Woe to the bloody city ! it is all full of lies and rob¬ 
bery.”— Nah. iii. 1. 

“ Unwounded from the dreadful close, 

But breathless all, Fitz-James arose.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 16. 

4. In all respects. 

“ None are all evil.”— Byron: The Corsair, I. xii. 

5. Only; to the exclusion of all other persons ov 
things. 

“ Sure I shall never marry, like my sister. 

To love my father all.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 1. 

*D. As conjunction: Although. 

“ And those two froward sisters, their faire loves, 

Came with them eke, all they were wondrous loth.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II., ii. 34. 

H In this sense it is often written albe, or albee 
(q. vj. 

If There are many phrases in which all is found 
in composition with other words. The most im¬ 
portant of these are— 

After all: After everything has become known or 
been taken into account. 

All along: (1) The whole way along (in space); 
(2) during the whole bygone period to which refer¬ 
ence is being made (in time); (3) a term used in 
bookbinding, denoting that the thread passes from 
end to end of the fold, or directly between the dis¬ 
tant points of puncturation. 

All and some: One and all; every one; every¬ 
thing. 

“In armour eke the souldiers all and some, 

With all the force that might so soon be had.” 

Mirr. for Mag., p. 9L 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f 
-cian. -tian - shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion, = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



all-abandoned 


136 


all-discovering' 


All a-row, all-a-row: All in a row. 

“ My friends above, my folks below, 

Chatting- and laughing all-a-row 

Pope: Imitations of Horace, Sat. vi., 135-6. 

t All four. In tlie same sense as All Fours, 

No. 1 (q. v.). 

“. . . whatsoever goeth upon all four.” — Lev. xi. 42. 

All fours: (1) The whole of the four extremities 
•(used of a human being creeping on arms and legs, 
or arms and knees; or of the ordinary movements 
of a quadruped). 

“He [the gorilla] . . . betakes himself to all fours.” 

— Owen: Ctassif of the Mammalia (1859), p. 89. 

(2) A low game at cards played by two; so named 

from the four particulars by which it is reckoned, _ 

and which, joined in the hand of either of the par- ducing everything; omniparous. 
ties, are said to make all fours. {Johnson.) (3) 


kll-arraigning, a. Arraigning all people, or 
every part of one’s conduct or reputation. 

“We dread the all-arraigning voice of Fame.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxi., 348. 

all-assistless, a. Wholly unable to render one’s 
self or others assistance. 

“ Stupid he stares, and all-assistless stands.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi., 970. 

all-atoning, a. Atoning for all, or for every¬ 
thing; making complete atonement. 

“A patriot’s all-atoning name.” 

Dry den: Absalom and Achitophel. 

all-be, conj. [Albe.] 

all-bearing, a. Bearing, in the sense of pro- 


Lctw: One case is sometimes said to be on all fours 
with another one when the two agree in all partic¬ 
ulars with each other. {Will: Wharton's Law 
Lexicon.) 

. . it must stand on all-fours with that stipula¬ 
tion.”— Daily Telegraph, March 15, 1877. 

All in all: (1) Supreme and undisputed ruler 
<adj ., used of God). 

“ And when all things shall be subdued under him, then 
•shall the Son also himself be subject unto him that put 
jail things under him, that God may be all in all .”—1 Cor. 
xv. 28. 

(2) The aggregate of the qualities required to 
tform an estimate {substantive). 

“ Ham. He was a man, take him for all in all, 

I shall not look upon his like again.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 2. 

(3) In all respects {adv.). 

“ Lod- Is this the noble Moor whom our full senate 
Call all-in-all sufficient ?” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iv. 1. 
All one: In all respects the same thing. 

“The Saxons could call a comet a fixed star, which is 
■all one with Stel la crinita, or comet a.” — Camden: Remains. 

All over: (1) Spread over every part; wholly, 
-completely. {Colloquial.) 

2. All included. 

All right: Satisfactory; quite correct; in a satis¬ 
factory manner. 

All the better: In all respects the better. Used 
loosely for “ So much the better.” 
jAll to: [All-to.] 

And all: Included, not excepted. 

“A torch, snuff and all, goes out in a moment, when 
dipped in the vapor.”— Addison: Remarks on Italy. 

At all: In any respect; to the extent; in any de¬ 
cree ; of any kind ; whatever. 

“ I find in him no fault at all.” — John xviii. 38. 

E. In composition: In composition all may be an 
adjective, joined with a present or a past parti¬ 
ciple, or an imperative, as all-absorbing, all- 
abandoned, albeit; an adverb, joined with an 
adjective or present or past participle, as all- 
merciful, all-pervading, all-accomplished; a sub¬ 
stantive, as all-shunned; or an interjection, as all- 
hail. 

all-abandoned, a. Abandoned by all. 

“. . . this all-abandoned desert.”— Shelton: Tr. of 
D. Quix., i. 4, 1. 

all-abhorred, a. Abhorred by all. 

“. . . all-abhorred war.” 

Shakesp..- Henry IV., Part I., v. 1. 
all-aboard. A direction given by the conductor 
of a passenger train for all passengers to get on 
board the train. 

all-absorbing, a. Absorbing all. Engrossing 
•the attention ; wholly occupying the mind so as to 
•leave no room for thought about anything else. 

all-accomplished, a. In all respects accom¬ 
plished ; of thoroughly finished education, 
all-admiring, a. Wholly admiring. ' 

“ Cant. Hear him but reason in divinity, 

And, all-admiring, with an inward wish, 

You would desire the king were made a prelate.” 

Shakesp..- King Kenry V., i. 1. 
all-advised, a. Advised by all. 

"He was all-advised to give such a one.”— Bishop 
Warburton: Letters, p. 13. 

all-aged, a. Of all ages without distinction. 
“Lowlander made the all-aged Stakes.”— Times, Oct. 
JO, 1875, Sporting Intelligence. 

all-amazed, a. Thoroughly amazed. 

“And all-amazed brake off his late intent.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis. 

all-approved, a. Approved by all. 

"... all-approved Spenser.”— More: Song of the Soul, 

preface. 

all-approving, a. Approving of everything. 

“The courteous host, and all-approving guest.” 

Byron: Lara, I. xxix. 


Whatever earth, all-bearing mother, yields.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. v. 

‘Where on th’ all-bearing earth unmark’d it grew.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. x., 362. 


all-beauteous, a. 

spects, full of beauty. 


Everywhere, and in all re- 


. All-beauteous world!” 

Byron: Heaven and Earth, i. 3. 

all-beautiful, a. In all respects very beautiful. 

“ All-beautiful in grief, her humid eyes, 

Shining with tears, she lifts, and thus she cries.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 301-302. 

all-beholding, a. Beholding everything. 

“ Jove to deceive, what methods shall she try, 

What arts, to blind his all-beholding eye?” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xiv., 185, 186. 

“Of all-beholding man, earth’s thoughtful lord.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 


all-comprehensive, a . [The same as All-com¬ 
prehending.] Comprehending everything. 

“ The divine goodness is manifested in making all creat- 
ures suitably to those ideas of their natures, which he 
hath in his all-comprehensive wisdom.”.— Glanvill: Pre¬ 
existence of Souls, ch. 8. 

all-concealing, a . Concealing everything. 

“. . . all-concealing night.” 

Spenser: M. Hubb. Tale, ver. 340. 

all-confounding, a. Confounding all. 

“ Ever higher and dizzier are the heights he leads us to; 
more piercing, all-comprehending, all-confounding are his 
views and glances.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. xi. 

all-conquering, a. Universally conquering; 
everywhere victorious. 

"... all-conquering Rome.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

“And sunk the victim of all-conquering death.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xviii., 150. 

all-conscious, a. In every respect conscious. 

“ He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold, 

Th’ eternal Thunderer, sat thron’d in gold.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. viii., 550-1. 
all-considering, a. Considering all things. 

“ On earth he turn’d his all-considering eyes.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xi., 111. 
“To few, and wondrous few, has Jove assign’d 
A wise, extensive, all-considering mind.” 

Ibid., bk. xiii., 917-18. 

all-constraining, a. Constraining all. 

“. . . Nature, by her all-constraining law, 

Each bird to her own kind this season doth invite.” 

Drayton: Polyolb., Song 13. 


all-consuming, a. Consuming everything ex- 
or be- posed to its action. 

"... an all-consuming fire.” 

Byron: Hours of Idleness. 

“ To God their praise bestow, 

And own His all-consuming power, 

Before they feel the blow.” 

Goldsmith: An Oratorio, act iii. 
all-controlling, a. Controlling all. {Everett.) 
all-covering, a. Covering all persons or things. 

“ No: sooner far their riot and their lust 
All-covering earth shall bury deep in dust.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xv., 37-8. 

all-creating, a. Capable of creating everything; 
[The same as All-bounte- which actually creates, or has created everything. 


all-bestowing, a. Bestowing everythin: 
stowing whatever is bestowed. 

“Had not his Maker’s all-bestowing hand 
Given him a soul, and bade him understand.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

all-blasting, a. Blasting every creature under 
its influence. 

“This boundless upas, this all-blasting tree.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 126. 
all-bounteous, a. Infinitely bounteous — an 
attribute of God. 

"... the all-bounteous King, who shower’d 
With copious hand.” Milton: P. L., bk. v. 

all-bountiful, 


Completely bright; bright 


otrs.] Infinitely bountiful; whose bounty has no 
limits. 

all-bright 

every part. 

‘‘All-bright in heavenly arms, above his squire, 
Achilles mounts, and sets the field on fire.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 434-5. 

all-but, all but, a. Only slightly falling short of 
universality; nearly, almost. 

“ . . . I too acknowledge the all-but omnipotence of 
early culture and nurture.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, 
bk. ii., ch. ii. 

all-changing, a. Perpetually changing. 

“. . . this all-changing word.” 

Shakesp.: K. John, ii. 2. 

all-cheering, a. Cheering all; inspiring all 
with cheerfulness. 

“. . the all-cheering sun.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 1. 

all-collected, a. Thoroughly collected. 

“Fierce, at the word, his weighty sword he drew, 

And, all-collected, on Achilles flew.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxii., 389-90. 
all-comfortless, a. Wholly without comfort. 
“All-comfortless he sits, and wails his friend.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 367. 
all-commanding, a. Commanding all; that is, 
issuing commands to all; possessed of unlimited 
sovereignty. 

“Who, by his all-commanding might, 

Did fill the new-made world with light.” 

Milton: Transl. of Ps. cxxxvi. 
all-compelling, a. Compelling all beings, and 
in all matters. 

. . and all-compelling Fate.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 88. 
all-complying, a. Complying always, and in 
every particular. 

“All bodies be of air compos’d, 

Great Nature’s all-complying Mercury ” 

More: Song of the Soul, App., 28. 
all-composing, adj. Composing all; making all 
tranquil. 

“. . . all-composing sleep.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiv., 8. 
all-comprehending, a. Comprehending every¬ 
thing. 


fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
wolf, work, 


what, 

who, 


“ His other works, the visible display 
Of all-creating energy and might.” 

Cowper: Task , bk. v. 

all-curing, a . Curing all or everything. 

“ W hen Death’s all-curing hand shall close their eyes.” 

Sandys: Job , ch. xxi. 

all-daring, a. Daring everything; shrinking 
from no effort, however arduous. 

"... the all-daring power of poetry.” — B. Jonson: 
Masques at -Court .. 

all-dazzling, a. Dazzling all. 

“ . . . bind 

To his young brows his own all-dazzling wreath.” 

Cowper: Transl. of Latin Poenrs of Montil. 
all-defying, a. Defying all. 

“ Love, all-defying Love, who sees 
No charm in trophies won with ease.” 

Moore: The Fire-Worshipers. 
all-depending, a. Depending more or less upon 
every creature. 

“. . . bereft 

By needy man, that all-depending lord.” 

Thomson: Summer. 

all-designing, a. Designing all things, 
all-destroying, a. Destroying everything. 

“ But ah ! withdraw this all-destroying hand.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxi. 437. 
all-devasting, a. Devastating everything. 

“ From wounds her eaglets suck the reeking blood. 
And all-devasting war provides her food.” 

Sandys: Job, p. 58. 

all-devouring, a. Devouring or consuming 
everything. {Lit. &fig.) 

“ • • • all-devouring flame.” 

Cowper: Burning of Lord Mansfield’s Libramj. 
all-dimming, a. Rendering everything dim. 

“ Then close his eyes with thy all-dimming hand.” 
Marston: Address to Oblivion at the end of Satires. 
all-directing, a. Directing everything. 

“ . . . all-directing day.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 47. 
all-discerning, a. Discerning everything. 

all—discovering, a. Discovering in the sense oi 
disclosing everything. 

“ T iff all-discovering Time shall further truth declare * 
_ M ore: Song of the Soul, Inf. of Worlds, st. 93.' 


fall, 

son; 


father; we, wet, here, 
mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, as, os = e;’ 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, 
qu : 


pot, 
: kw 






137 


all-disgraced 


all-heal 


all-disgraced, a. Ill every respect disgraced: 
thoroughly disgraced. 

, “ The queen 

Of audience, nor desire, shall fail: so she 
From Egypt drive her all-disgraced friend, 

Or take his life there.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 10. 

all-dispensing, a. 

1. Dispensing all things. 

“ As frankly bestowed on them by the all-dispensing 
bounty as rain and sunshine.”— Milton: Of Reform, bk. ii. 

2. Affording a dispensation from the enforcement 
ot a law or penalty; indirectly granting permission 
to do an otherwise illegal act. 

“ That little space you safely may allow; 

Your all-dispensing power protects you now.” 

Dry den: Hind and Panther 
all-disposing, a. Disposing all things. 

“ Of all-disposing Providence.” 

Wordsworth: The White Doe of Rylstone, c. vi. 

all-divine, a. In all respects divine; infinitely 
divine. 

“ Then would I write the all-divine 
Perfections of my valentine.” 

Howell: Letter, i. 5, 21. 

all-divining, a. Divining everything; saga¬ 
ciously unraveling every present mystery and fore¬ 
casting every future event. 

“ But is there aught in hidden fate can shun 
Thy all-divining spirit?” 

Sir R. Fanshawe: Pastor Fido, p. 181. 
all-dreaded, a. Dreaded by all. 

“. . . the all-dreaded thunder-stone.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

all-dreadful, a. In all respects dreadful; very 
dreadful. 

“ When Juno’s self and Pallas shall appear. 
All-dreadful in the crimson walks of war.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. viii., 459-60. 
all-drowsy, a. Very drowsy. 

“All-drowsy night.”— Browne: Brit. Past., ii. 1. 
all-eating, a. Eating everything. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ Were an all-eating shame and thriftless praise.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, ii. 

all-efficacious, a. In all respects efficacious. 
(Everett.) 

all-efficient, a. Of unlimited efficiency. In all 
respects, and to an unlimited extent, efficient. 

all-eloquent, a. In the highest degree eloquent; 
of unbounded eloquence. 

“ O Death all-eloquent! you only prove 
What dust we doat on, when ’tis man we love.” 

Pope: Eloise to Abelard, 335-6. 
all-embracing, a. Embracing everything. (More 
or less figurative.) 

“. . . an all-embracing ocean tide.”— Carlyle: Heroes 
and Hero-Worship, Lect. I. 

“ Soon as, absorb’d in all-embracing flame, 

Sunk what was mortal of thy mighty name.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. x\lv., 91-2. 

“ A comprehensive, all-embracing, truly Catholic Chris¬ 
tianity.”— Milman: Hist, of Jews, 3d ed., Pref. vol. i., 
p. xxxiv. 

all-ending, a. Putting an end to all things. 

“ Methinks, the truth shall live from age to age, 

As ’twere retail’d to all posterity. 

Even to the general all-ending day.” 

Shakesp.: King Richard III., iii. 1. 

all-enduring, a. Enduring everything. 

“ With a sedate and all-enduring eye.” 

Byron: Childe Harold , iii. 39. 

all-enfolder, s. He who unfolds everything. 

“ Who dares to name His name, 

Or belief in Him proclaim, 

Veiled in mystery as He is, the All-enfolder ?” 
Goethe. (Quoted in Tyndall’sFrag.of Science, xiv. 442.) 

all-engrossing, a. Engrossing all. 

“. . . the all-engrossing torment ox their industrial¬ 
ism.”— J. S. Mill: Pol. Boon., bk. i., ch. vii., § 3. 

all-enlightened, a. In all respects or on all 
matters enlightened. 

“O all-enlightened mind!” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiii., 484. 

all-enlightening, a. Enlightening all or every¬ 
thing. 

“Forth burst the sun with all-enlightening ray.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvii., 735. 

all-enraged, a. Enraged in the highest degree. 
“How shall I stand, when that thou shalt be hurl’d 
On clouds, in robes of fire, to judge the world. 
Usher’d with golden legions, in thine eye 
Carrying an all-enraged majesty?” 

John Hall: Poems, p. 77.' 

all-envied, a. Envied by all. 

“. . . th’ all-envied gift of Heav’n.” 

Pope: Miscellanies; Horace, Epist.,- bk. i., 4. 


all-essential, a. Quite essential; that cannot 
on any account be dispensed with. (Everett.) 

all-evil, a. In all respects evil; evil in the high¬ 
est degree. 

“ . . . his own all-evil son.” 

Byron: Parisina, bk. vi. 

all-excellent, a. Infinitely excellent; of un¬ 
bounded excellence. 

“O Love all-excellent.” 

Cowper: Transl. from Guion. 
all-flaming, a. In a thorough blaze; flaming in 
every direction. 

“ She could not curb her fear, but ’gan to start 

At that all-flaming dread the monster spit.” 

Beaumont: Psyche, viii. 85. 

All Fools’ Day, s. The 1st of April; the day 
when, according to the ethics handed down, prob¬ 
ably from pre-Christian times, it is considered right, 
if not even laudable, to make fools of all people, if 
one can, or at least of as many as possible. The 
approved method of doing this is to send them on 
silly or bootless errands. The victim thus entrapped 
is called in England an April fool, in Scotland an 
April gowk, and in France Poisson d'Avril, an April 
fish. A similar practice obtains in India at a some¬ 
what licentious festival called the Huli, ov Holee, 
which is designed to celebrate the vernal equinox. 
The habit of making the 1st of April a day of prac¬ 
tical joking was once common in the United States, 
but is now falling into disuse. 

“ The first of April, some do say, 

Is set apart for All Fool’s Day.” 

Poor Robin’s Almanac (1760). 

“ The French, too, have their All Fools’ Day, and call the 
person imposed upon ‘an April fish, poisson d’ Avril,’ 
whom we term an April fool.”— Brand: Popular Antiqui¬ 
ties. 

all-forgetful, a. Wholly forgetful. 

“. . . all-forgetful of self.” 

Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. i., 4. 

all-forgetting, a. Forgetting all people. 

“ How blest the solitary’s lot, 

Who all-forgetting, all-forgot. 

Within his humble cell.” 

Burns: Despotidency, 3. 
all-forgiving, a. Forgiving all. 

“ That all-forgiving king, 

The type of Him above.” 

Dryden: Thren. Aug., ver. 257. 

all-forgot, all-forgotten, a. Wholly forgotten, 
or forgotten by all. 

“ For hours on Lara be would fix his glance, 

As all-forgotten in that watchful trance.” 

Byron: Lara, L, xxvi. 

(For ex. of All-forgot, see All-forgetting.) 
all-giver, s. The giver of everything. 

“The All-giver would be unthank’d.”— Milton: Comus. 
all-glorious, a. Infinitely glorious. 

“ AU-glorious King of kings.” 

Cowper: Transl. from Guion ’s Joy in Martyrdom. 
all-good, s. & a. 

A. As subst.: A name sometimes given to a plant, 
the Chenopodium Bonus Henricus, called also the 
Mercury Goose-foot or Good King Henry. It is 
common in various portions of Europe. [Cheno¬ 
podium.] 

B. As adj.: Infinitely good, 
all-governing, a. Governing all. 

“But Jove, all-governing, whose only will 
Determines fate, and mingles good with ill.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xvii., 507-8. 
all-gracious, a. Infinitely gracious. 

“. . . all-gracious Heaven.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 33. 
all-grasping, a. Grasping everything. 

“. . . all~grasping Home.” 

Scott: The Bard’s Incantation. 

all-great, a. In every respect great; infinitely 
great. 

“. . . that France was not all-great.” — Carlyle: Heroes 
and Hero-Worship, Lect. VI. 

all-guiding, a. Guiding all persons and things. 

“ Now give me leave to answer thee, and those, 

Who God’s all-guiding providence oppose.” 

Sandys: Job, ch. xxxv. 

all-hail, imper. of v., or interj., s. & v. [Eng. all, 
and health.] 

A. As an imperative of a verb, or as an interjec¬ 
tion : A salutation to God, to a human being, or to 
an inanimate thing. 

1. Applied to God, it indicates reverential joy or 
adoration in approaching His presence. 

“Jehovah, with returning light, all-hail.” 

Byron: Cain, i. 1. 

2. Addressed to a person, it properly wishes him 
perfect health, but is used more vaguely as a saluta¬ 
tion to express the pleasure which is felt in meeting 

him. 

“And as they went to tell His disciples, behold, Jesus 
met them, saying, All-hail.” — Matt, xxviii. 9. 


3. Addressed to a thing, it implies that it is to th© 
utterer a source of great delight. 

“All-hail, ye fields, where constant peace attends! 
All-hail, ye sacred solitary groves! 

All-hail, ye books, my true, my real friends.” 

Walsh. 

B. As substantive : Welcome. 

“ Greater than both, by the all-hail hereafter!”. 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 5. 

“Give the all-hail to thee, and cry, ‘Be bless’d 
For making up this peace!’ ” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, v. 8. 


C. As a verb: To salute. 

“ Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, 

Came missives from the king, who all-hailed me, 
Thane of Cawdor.” Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 6. 

*All-hallond, s. [All-hallows.] 

*All-hallond-eve, s. The eve of All-hallows” 
Day. [All-hallows’ Eve.] 

All-hallow, s. [All-hallows.] 

all-hallowed, adj. Hallowed in the highest 
degree. 

“ . . our all-liallow’d ark.” 

Byron: Heaven and Earth, i. 3. 

All-halloween, s. [All-hallows’ Eve.] 

All-hallowmas, s. The same as All-hallows- 

(q. v.). 

All-hallown, a. Pertaining to the time about 

All-hallows. 

If An All-hallown summer is a late summer. 

“Farewell, thou latter spring! farewell, 
All-hallown summer.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Part I., i. 2* 

All-hallows, All-hallow, All-hallowmas,, 
Hallowmas, *All-hallond, s. [Eng. all; hallows . 
or hallow: A. S. halge >■ (genit. halgan)= saints.l 
[Hallow.] 

1 . The old English designation of All Saints’ Day, 
the 1 st of November, formerly ushered in through¬ 
out Britain by the ceremonies and merry-making of 
All-halloween. [All-halloween, All Saints’ 
Day.] 

“Book of Riddles! why, did you not lend it to Alice- 
Shortcake upon All-hallowmas last, a fortnight afore 
Michaelmas?”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, i. 1. 

2. During the darkness of mediaeval times, if the 
example which follows may be trusted, there were 
people who believed All-hallows to be a saint in¬ 
stead of a saint’s day, and had no misgivings with 
regard to the genuineness of “his” relics when ex¬ 
hibited. 

“Friends, here shall ye se evyn anone 
Of All-hallowes the blessed jaw-bone, 

Kiss it hardely with good devotion.” 

Heywood: Four P’s. 

All-hallows’-eve, *All-hallond-eve, All- 
halloween, *All-halloween-tide, Halloween, s - 

[Eng. all; hallows' -eve; hallond=hallows; eve, een. 
=eventide. In A. S. tid, tiid =tide time.] The 31sfe 
of October, the evening before All-hallows (q. v.). 
Till recently it was kept up (especially in Scotland) 
with ceremonies which have apparently come down 
from Druidical times. [Halloween.] Though 
connected with All Saints’Day (1st of November), 
yet it seems to have been formerly a merry-making* 
to celebrate the end of autumn, and help to fortify* 
the mind against the advent of winter. 


“Froth, All-hallond-eve.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 1. 

“ Betwixt Michaelmas and All-halloween-tide. . . .” 
—The Petition of John Field, in Froude’s Hist, of Eng., 
ch. vi. 

All-hallow-tide, s. At or about the “tide" or 
time of All-hallows (q. v.). 

“Cut off the bough about All-hallow-tide.” — Bacon: Nat. 
Hist., Cent, v., § 427. 

all-happy, a. Completely happy. Happy in the 
highest degree. 

all-hating, a. Hating all. 

“ . . . this all-hating world.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., v. 5. 

all-heal, s. [Eng. all; heal: doubtless from the- 
erroneous notion that the plant so designated was* 
a remedy for all diseases.] 

* 1 . The mistletoe. 

“This was the most 
respectable festival of 
our Druids, called yule- 
tide; when mistletoe, 
which they called all¬ 
heal, was carried in 
their hands and laid on 
their altars, as an em¬ 
blem of the salutifer- 
ous advent of Messiah.” 

-Stukeley:Medallic Hist, 
of Carausius, b. 2. 

2. A name for a 
plant, the Valeriana 
officinalis, or Great Wild Valerian. 

3. Clown’s All-heal; a plant—the Stachyspaluslrim 
—belonging to the Labiatse, or Labiates. 



All-heal (Valeriana 
Officinalis). 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, egist. ph = f» 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bel, del.. 



all-healing 

all-healing, a. Healing all (diseases). 

“ The Druids’ invocation was to one all-healing or all¬ 
caving power.”— Selden: Drayton’s Polyolb,, Song 9. 

“ Thy all-healing grace and spirit 
Revive again what law and letter kill.” 

Donne: Div. Poems , xvi. 

all-helping, a. Helping all. 

“That all-healing deity, or all-helping medicine, among 
the Druids .”—Selden on Drayton's Polyolb Song 9. 

all-hiding, a. Hiding all things; concealing all 
things. 

“ O Night, thou furnace of foul reeking smoke, 

Let not the jealous day behold that face 
Which, underneath thy black all-hiding cloak, 
Immodestly lies, martyr’d with disgrace!” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 

all-hollow, a. Completely; as, “ to beat one all- 
hollow,” that is, completely to surpass one. (Vul¬ 
gar.) 

all-holy, a. Infinitely holy; holy to a boundless 
extent. 

“. . . the yearning for rescue from sin, for reconcili¬ 
ation with an All-holy God.”— Milman: Hist, of the Jews, 
I’ref., vol. i., p. xxii. 

all-honored, a. Honored by all. 

”... the all-honor’d honest Roman, Brutus.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 6. 

all-hoping, a. Hoping everything. 

. . all-hoping favor and kindness.” — Carlyle: 
Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. VI. 
all-hurting, a. Hurting all things. 

** That not a heart which in his level came, 

Could ’scape the hail of his all-hurting aim.’- 

Shakesp.: A Lover’s Complaint. 

all-idolizing, a. Idolizing everything. 

“ All-idolizing worms, that thus could crowd 
And urge their sun into thy cloud.” 

Crashaw: Poems, p. 156. 

all-illuminating, a. Illuminating everything, 
all-imitating, a. Imitating everything. 

“ All-imitating ape.” 

More: Song of the Soul, I. ii. 136. 

all-important, a. Important above all things; 
in the highest degree important; exceedingly im¬ 
portant. 

‘‘The all-important emotion of sympathy is distinct 
from that of love.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, Part I., 
ch. iii. 

all-impressive, a. Exceedingly impressive; im¬ 
pressive in the highest degree, 
all-including, a. Including all. 

“. . . when he spreads out his cutting-board for the 
last time, and cuts cowhides by unwonted patterns, and 
etitches them together into one continuous all-including 
case . . .”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. i. 

all-infolding, a. Which covers over or infolds 
all things. 

‘‘The foodful earth, and all-infolding skies, 

By thy black waves, tremendous Styx ! that flow.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xv., 42, 43. 

all-informing, a. Informing all. 

“’Twas He that made the all-informing light, 

And with dark shadows clothes the aged night.” 

Sandys: Ps. civ. 

all-interesting, a. In the highest degree inter¬ 
esting. 

all-interpreting, a. Interpreting all things. 

‘‘The all-interpreting voice of Charity.” 

Milton: Doct. and Disc, of Divorce, ii. 9. 
all-invading, a. Invading everything. 

“ What art thou, Frost? and whence are thy keen 6tores 
Deriv’d, thou secret all-invading power ?” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Winter. 

all-jarred, a. Completely, or in all respects 
jarred; completely shaken. 

‘‘All was confused and undefined 
To her all-jarr’d and wandering mind.” 

Byron: Purisina, xiv. 

aU-judging, a. Judging all. 

“. . . of all-judging Jove.”— Milton: Lycidas. 
all-just, a. Wholly just, 
all-kind, a. Infinitely kind, 
all-knowing, a. Knowing everything; possessed 
of all knowledge. 

‘‘Since the all-knowing cherubim love least.” 

Byron: Cain, i. 1. 

all-knavish, a. Wholly knavish. 

“After the same manner it may be proved to be all- 
weak, all-foolish, and all-knavish.” — Bowring: Bentham’s 
Works, vol. i., p. 282. 


138 

all-loving, a. Infinitely loving; of unbounded 
love. 

“ By hearty prayer to beg the sweet delice 
Of God’s all-loving spright.” 

More: Song of the Soul, I., iii. 32. 

all-making, a. Making all; all-creating, om- 
nific. 

“ By that all-seeing and all-making mind.” 

Dryden. 

all-maturing, a. Maturing everything; bring¬ 
ing all things forward to ripeness. 

“ Which all-maturing Time must bring to light.” 

Dryden: Ann. Mir., ver. 564. 

all-merciful, a. Infinitely merciful; of un¬ 
bounded mercy. 

“ The all-merciful God.”— Coleridge: Aids to Reflection, 

4th ed., p. 201. 

all-murdering, a. Murdering every creature 
within his or its power to kill. 

“. . . one all-murdering stroke.” 

Sir R. Fanshawe: 4th Book of Virgil. 

all-nameless, a. Not on any account to be 
named. 

“ Since that all-nameless hour.” 

Byron: Manfred, i. L 

all-noble, a. In all respects noble. 

“ Spirit and matter have ever been presented to us in 
the rudest contrast, the one as all-noble, the other as all- 
vile.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, vii. 164. 

all-nourishing, a. Nourishing all; nourishing 
all men, animals, and plants. 

“ Friend, hast thou considered the ‘ rugged all-nourish¬ 
ing Earth,’ as Sophocles well names her?”— Carlyle: Sar¬ 
tor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. vi. 

all-obedient, a. Thoroughly obedient to every 
command. 

“ Then bows his all-obedient head, and dies.” 

Crashaw: Poems, p. 169. 

all-obeying, a. Receiving obedience from all. 

“ Tell him from his all-obeying breath I hear 
The doom of Egypt.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 1. 

all-ObliviOUS, a. Causing complete forgetful¬ 
ness. 

“ ’Gainst death and all-oblivious enmity 
Shall you pace forth.”— Shakesp.: Sonnets, lv. 
all-obscuring, a. Obscuring everything. 

“Till all-obscuring earth hath laid 
The body in perpetual shade.” 

Bp. Henry King’s Poems: The Dirge. 
all-overish, a. [All over, and the suffix -ish.J 
Possessed of a feeling of being out of health from 
head to foot, without being able to specify any dis¬ 
ease existing in one’s frame. (Vulgar.) 
all-overpowering, a. Overpowering all. 

“Yes! such a strain, with all-o’ erp owering measure, 
Might melodize with each tumultuous sound.” 

Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, Introd., ver. 2. 

all-overtopping, a. Overtopping all the rest. 

“. . . the grand all-overtopping Hypocrisy Branch.” 

— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iii. 

all-panting, a. Thoroughly panting. 

“ Stung with the smart, all-panting with the pain.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xi., 351. * 
all-patient, a. Thoroughly patient. (Mitford.) 
all-penetrating, a. Penetrating everything. 

“ Since I cannot escape from thy [Christ’s] all-penetrat¬ 
ing presence . . .”— Stafford: Niobe, ii. 31. 

all-peopled, a. Peopled by all. 

“. . . the all-peopled earth.”— Byron: Cain, i. L 
all-perfect, a. Infinitely perfect. 

“ . . . such th’ all-perfect Hand ! 

That pois’d, impels, and rules the steady whole.” 

Thomson: Summer. 

all-perfection, s. Complete perfection. [All- 

PERFECTNESS.] 

“ All-perfection of the British Constitution.”— Bowring: 
Bentham’s Works, vol. i., p. 225. 

all-perfectness, s. Complete perfection; per¬ 
fection unmarred even by the smallest flaw or im¬ 
perfection. 

“. . . the world, heaven, and all-perfectness.” — More: 
Conj. Cabb., p. 153. 

all-pervading, a. Pervading all space. 

“An all-pervading Spirit . . 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 
all-piercing, a. Piercing everything. 

“Lest Phoebus should, with his all-piercing eye, 

Descry some Vulcan.”— Marston: Satires, Sat. 5. 
all-pitiless, a: In the highest degree pitiless; 
totally destitute of pity. 


all-seeing 

all-potent, a. Having all power; all-powerful, 
omnipotent. 

all-powerful, a. Having all power; omnipotent. 
(In its proper sense it can be used only of God, but 
it is sometimes loosely employed of men.) 

“ O all-powerful Being! the least motion of whose will 
can create or destroy a world . . .”— Swift. 

“. . . the all-powerful Campbells.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xix. 

all-praised, a. Praised by all. 

“ This gallant Hotspur, this all-praised knight.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Part I., iii. 2. 

fall-prayer, s. Unceasing prayer. 

. . he [Christian] was forced to put up his sword, 

and betake himself to another weapon called all-prayer 
(Eph. vi. 18).”— Bunyan: Pilgrims’ Progress, pt. i. 

all-present, a. Present everywhere; omni¬ 
present. 

all-preventing, a. Preventing everything. 
(Spec.) Preventing a person or persons from being 
taken unawares by an enemy or by danger. 

“ The cautious king, with all-preventing care, 

To guard that outlet, plac’d Eumaeus there.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxii., 146, 147. 

all-protecting, a. Perfectly protecting in every 
respect. 

all-quickening, a. Quickening all; imparting 
life to aU. 

“. . . all-quickening grace.”— Cowper: Charity. 

all-redeeming, a. Redeeming all; ransoming 
every one. 

“ Not the long-promised light, the brow whose beaming 
Was to come forth, all-conquering, all-redeeming.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh. 

all-rending, a. Rending everything. 

“ The all-rending hammer flung from the hand of 
Thor.”— Carlyle: Heroes, Lect. I. 

all-right, imper. of v. or interj. A term in com¬ 
mon use signifying readiness for action. 

all-righteous, a. Of unbounded righteousness. 

“ Such future scenes th’ all-righteous powers display 
By their dread seer, and such my future day.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxiii., 303-4. 

all-ruling, a. Ruling over all; possessed of uni¬ 
versal sovereignty. 

“. . . heaven’s all-ruling Sire.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, bk. ii. 

all-sagacious, a. Possessed of perfect sagacity. 

All-Saints’ Day, s. A festival instituted by 
Pope Boniface IV., early in the seventh century, on 
the occasion of his transforming the Roman heathen 
Pantheon into a Christian temple or church, and 
consecrating it to the Virgin Mary and all the 
martyrs. It did not take root for two centuries 
later, but once having done so, it soon spread 
through the Western Church. It is kept by the 
Churches of England, Rome, &c.. on the 1st of 
November. It is designed, as its name implies, to 
honor all saints, or at least those no longer living 
on earth. It was formerly called All-hallows. In 
many American churches a custom has grown up of 
making the Sunday nearest the 1st of November the 
occasion of a service in memory of those who have 
died during the year. 

all-sanctifying, a. Sanctifying all. 

“ The venerable and all-sanctifying names of the Apos¬ 
tles.”— West: On the Resurrection, p. 328. 

all-saving, a. Saving all. 

“ The Druid’s invocation was to one all-healing or all¬ 
saving power.”—Selden: Drayton’s Polyolb., Song 9. 

all-searching, a. Searching everything. 

“ Consider next God’s infinite, all-searching knowledge, 
which looks through and through the most secret of our 
thoughts, ransacks every corner of t he heart, ponders the 
most inward designs and ends of the soul in all a man’s 
actions.”— South: Serm., ii. 99. 

all-seed, s. The name given to the Polycarpon, 
a genus of plants belonging to the order Caryophyl- 
lacete, or Clove-worts. The A. tetraphyllum, or 
four-leaved all-seed, occurs wild on the coasts of 
Western Europe. It has three stamina and a three- 
valved, many-seeded fruit. [Polycarpon.] 

all-seeing, a. & s. 

As adjective: Seeing every person and thing. 
(Lit. (& fig.) 

“. . . for what can’scape the eye 
Of God all-seeing ?”— Milton: P. L., bk. x. 

“ Q. Eliz. All-seeing Heaven, what a world is this!” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., ii. 1. 

“. . . the all-seeing sun.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 2. 

As substantive: The Being who sees all persons 
and everything—God. 

“. . . he has cast himself before the All-seeing . . .” 

—Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iii. 


all-licensed, a. Licensed by all, or having re¬ 
ceived boundless license. 

“. . . your all-licensed fool.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, i. 4. 


“An all-pitiless demon . . .”— Byron: Manfred, ii . 2 . 
all-pondering, a. Pondering on everything. 

“ To whose all-pondering mind ...” 

Wordsworth: Sonnets to Liberty. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. te, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




All-seer 


139 


allantois 


All-seer, s. He who sees all. 

“That high All-seer, which I dallied with, 

Hath turned my feigned prayer on my head.” 

Shakes#.: Richard III., v. i. 
all-shaking, a . Shaking everything. 

“ Thou all-shaking thunder.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, iii. 2. 

all-shamed, a . Shamed, or put to shame before 
all; completely put to shame. 

“Tho’ thence I rode all-shamed, hating the life 
He gave me.” Tennyson.- Enid. 

all-shrouding, a . Shrouding everything, 
all-shunned, a . Shunned by all. 

“ His poor self, 

A dedicated beggar to the air, 

\N ith his disease of all-shunn’d poverty, 

Walks, like contempt, alone.” 

Shakesp.: Tim. of Ath., iv. 1. 
all-sided, a . On every side. 

“. . . a culture which should not be one-sided, but 
all-s ided.” — Tyndall: Frag, of Science. 

all-silent, a . In complete silence. 

“ Sighfully or all-silent gaze upon him, 

With such a fixt devotion, that the old man, 

Tho’ doubtful, felt the flattery.” 

Tennyson: Merlin and Vivien. 
All-Souls’ Day, s. The day on which the Church 
of Rome commemorates all the faithful deceased. It 
was first enjoined in the eleventh century by Oidlon, 
4bbot. of Cluny, on the monastic order of which he 
was the head, and soon afterward came to be 
adopted by the Church generally. It is held on the 
2d of November. 

‘‘Rich. This is All-Souls' Ray, fellows, is it not ? 

Sher. It is, my; lord. 

Rich. Why, then, All-Souls’ Day is my body’s dooms¬ 
day.”— Shakes#.: Richard III., v. 1. 


all-the-world, s. 

Fig.: An epithet applied by a person in love to 
the object of affection. 

“ You are my all-the-world, and I must strive 
To know my shames and praises from your tongue.” 

Sluikesp.: Sonnets, cxii. 

fall to, fadl-to, fall-too, adv. [Eng. all; to.] 

1. Originally , the all and to were distinct from 
each other, the to being connected with the verb 
immediately following, to which it imparted force. 
At first that verb was always one meaning to break 
or to destroy, and the prefix to implied that this 
breaking or destruction was complete or thorough. 

“ The bagges and the bigirdles 
He hath to-broke hem all.” 

Piers Ploughman, Vis. i., 5,073. 

“ Al is to-broken thilke regioun.”— Chaucer: C. T., 2,759. 

2. Subsequently, in the opinion of some, the all 
and to became connected, acquiring the significa¬ 
tion of altogether, quite, wholly, completely. Others 
would reduce all these cases under No. 1, and sweep 
No. 2 away. 

“ It was not she that call’d him all-to naught; 

Now she adds honors to his hateful name.” 

Shakes#.: Venus and Adonis. 

“ She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings, 
That, in the various bustle of resort, 

Were all-to ruffled, and sometimes impaired.” 

Milton: Comus. 

“ And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone 
upon Abimelech’s head, and all to brake his skull.”— 
Judg. ix. 53. 

“. . . your Bonaparte represents his Sorrows of Na¬ 

poleon Opera in an all-too stupendous style; with music 
of cannon-volleys, and murder-shrieks of a world . . .” 
— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. vi. 

all-too-full, a. Altogether too full. 


All-Souls’ Eve, s . The evening before All-Souls’ 
Day. The evening of November 1st. 

■“’Twas All-Souls’ Eve, and Surrey’s heart beat high: 

He heard the midnight bell with anxious start.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 16. 
all-spreading, a. Spreading in every direction. 
“. . . all-spreading happiness.” 

Byron: Cain, i. 1. 

all-strangling, a . Strangling all. 

. . the surges of the all-strangling deep . . 

Byron: Heaven and Bfrrth, pt. i., s. iii. 

all-subduing, a . Subduing all persons, or all 
'things. 

“ Hove, all-subduing and divine.” 

Cowper.- Translation from Guion. 

all-submissive, a. Completely submissive; in 
all respects submissive, 
all-sufficiency, s. Sufficiency for everything. 

“ O God, the more we are sensible of our own indigence, 
the more let us wonder at thine all-sufficiency.” — Bp. Hall: 
Occasional Meditations, lxx. 

all-sufficient, a . & s . 

A. As adjective : 

1. Sufficient for everything. 

“Books and schooling are absolutely necessary to ed¬ 
ucation, but not all-sufficient. — J. S. Mill: Political Econ- 
omy (1848), vol. i., bk. ii., ch. vii., § 2, p. 330. 

2. In all respects sufficient. 

“Here, then, is an all-sufficient warrant for the assertion 
of objective existence.”— Herbert Spencer: Psychol., 2d ed. 
(1872), vol. ii., p. 452, § 448. 

B. As substantive : The All-sufficient Being—God. 
“Through this [faith] Abraham saw a phoenix-like 

Tesurrection of his son, as possible with God; therefore 
obeyeth that command of offering his son, believing a met- 
•amorphosis possible with the All-sufficient. Whitlock: 
Manners of the English, p. 544. 

“Thou All-sufficient love divine.”—Charles Wesley. 

all-surrounding, a . Surrounding everything. 
Spec., encompassing our globe. 

. . all-surrounding heav’n.” 

Thomson: Spring. 


all-surveying, a. Surveying everything. 

“ Then I observed the bold oppressions done. 

In presence of the all-surveying sun.” 

Sandys: Eccles., p. 6. 


all-sustaining, a. Sustaining all things. 

“ Doth God withdraw His all-sustaining might 

Sir J. Beaumont: Poems, p. 69. 


all-telling, a. Telling, that is, divulging every¬ 
thing. 


“ All-telling fame 

Doth noise abroad, Navarre hath made a vow.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, 11 . 1. 


all-terrible, a. In all respects terrible; terrible 
•to all. 

“ High o’er the host all-terrible he stands, 

And thunders to his steeds these dread commands. 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 438-9. 


“Strait-laced, but all-too-full in bud 
For Puritanic stays.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

all-too-timeless, a. Altogether too timeless. 

“ But some untimely thought did instigate 
His all-too-timeless speed, if none of those.” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 

all-triumphing, a. Triumphing everywhere, or 
over every one. 

“ As you were ignorant of what were done. 

By Cupid’s hand, your all-triumphing son.” 

B. Jonson. 

all-unwilling, a. Highly unwilling. 

“His presence haunted still: and from the breast 

He forced an all-unwilling interest.” 

Byron: Lara, I., xix. 

All-upholder, s. Upholding all. (An attribute 
of the Deity.) 

“ Gleams across the mind His light, 

Feels the lifted soul His might, 

Dare it then deny His reign, the All-upholder?” 
Goethe. (Quoted in Tyndall's Frag, of Science.) 

all-watched, a. Watched throughout. 

“ Nor doth he dedicate one jot of color 
Unto the weary and all-watched night.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. V., iv., Chor. 

all-weak, a. Thoroughly weak. 

“ After the same manner it may be proved to be all-weak, 
all-foolish, and all-knavish.”— Bowring: Bentham’s Frag¬ 
ment of Government, vol. i., p. 282. 

All-wise, a. In all respects wise. Wise, with no 
admixture of folly. (A term applied to the Supreme 
Being, or to His action in the universe.) 

“Adam: God, the Eternal! Infinite! All-wise /” 

Byron: Cain, i. 1. 

all-witted, a. Having all descriptions of wit. 

“Come on, signior, now prepare to court this all-witted 
lady, most naturally, and like yourself.”— B. Jonson: 
Every Man out of his Humor, v. 1. 

all-worshiped, a. Worshiped by all. 

“. . . in her own loins 

She hutch’d the all-worship’d ore and precious gems.” 

Milton: Comus. 

all-worthy, a. In the highest degree worthy. 

‘‘Pis. Oh, my all-worthy lord! 

Clo. All-worthy villain]” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 5. 

al-la, prep. [In Ital. the dative case fem. of the 
definite article la, the one which is used before fem¬ 
inine nouns beginning with a consonant. Or it may 
be considered the prep, alio, alii, agli, alia, alle, 
which is =to, at, and is identified with the article. 
It corresponds with the French au, aux, a la.) 

1 . To the; according to. 

2. After the manner of the . . ; as Alla Fran- 

cese=after the French fashion. 

alla-breve, a., s..&adv. [iff.=according to the 
breve.] In quick time ; in such time that the notes 
take only half their usual time to execute. It is the 
same as alla-capella. It is very rarely used m mod¬ 
ern music. 


alla-capella, a., s. & adv. [Disaccording to 
the capella, or rather cappella, meaning chapel.] 
As is done in church music, which contains one 
breve, or two semi-breves, or notes equivalent to 
them in time. 

alla-prima, s. [Lit.— to the first; meaning, at 
the first; at the very first.] 

Painting: A process by which the proper colors 
are applied at once to the canvas without its being 
previously impasted for their reception. 

Al -la, s. [Arab.] [Allah.] 
al -lag-Ite, s. [InGer. allagit. Apparently from 
Gr. ullage — change ; allassb=to change; -ite.} A 
mineral, a variety of rhodonite, arranged by Dana 
in his Carbonated section. It is of a dull green or 
reddish-brown color, and is found in the Hartz 
mountains. 

Al -lah, s. [Arab. Allah, contr. from Al-Ilah— 
the Adorable ; the (Being) worthy to be adored. Al 
=the, Hah, from alah=to adore. Heb. Eloah; E. 
Aram. Elah— God.] The name of God in use among 
the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally. 

“ He called on Alla, but the word 
Arose unheeded or unheard.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

Allah akbar, interj.= God (is) great. A Mo¬ 
hammedan war-cry. < 

Alla hu, Alla ho, interj. (=God is.) A Moham¬ 
medan war-cry, consisting of words taken from the 
muezzin’s call to prayer. The full form is Allah-hu 
akbar= God is great. (See Herklots, Saffur Shur- 
neefs Moosulmans of India, 1832, p. xcviii.) 

“God and the prophet —Alla Hu t 

Up to the skies with that wild halloo !” 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth, v. 22. 

Allah il Allah, interj. God is the God. 

“ Alla il Alla ! Vengeance swells the cry— 

Shame mounts to rage that must atone or die ! ” 

Byron: The Corsair, ii. 6 . 

al-la-man'-da, s. [Called after Dr. Frederick 
Allemand, a professor of Natural History in Ley¬ 
den University, and a correspondent of Linneeus.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Apocy- 
naceee, or Dogbanes. The A. cathartica is, as its 
name implies, cathartic. In moderate doses it is 
useful in such diseases as painters’ colic, but given 
in excess it is violently emetic and purgative, 
all'-a-mort, a. [Fr. a, la morf.] [Amort.] 
al-lan-e,r-ly, adv. [Allenarly.] 
al-lan-Ite, s. [From T. Allan, the Edinburgh 
mineralogist, who first recognized it as a distinct 
species.] 

Min.: According to the British Museum Cata¬ 
logue, a variety of Orthite; but Dana considers it 
a distinct species. He places it in his Epidote 
group of Unisilicates. It is monoclinic and isomor- 
phous with epidote. Its crystals are sometimes 
tabular and flat, at others long and slender, or even 
acicular. The hardness is 5'5-6, the sp. grav. 3'0 to 
4’2. It is generally of a pitch brown or black color, 
with a sub-metallic pitchy or resinous lustre. It 
is akin to epidote, and is a cerium epidote. It con¬ 
tains the other rare metals—lanthanum, didymium, 
yttrium, and sometimes glucinium. Dana divides 
it into seven varieties: (1) Allanite proper, includ¬ 

ing Cerine, Bucklandite, and Tantalite; (2) Ural- 
orthite, (3) Bagrationite, (4) Orthite, (5) Xanthor- 
tbite, ( 6 ) Pyrorthite, and (7) Erdmannite. It is 
found in Greenland, Norway, and other places. 

al-lan to'-lc, a. [Eng. allantois: -ic.l Belong¬ 
ing to the allantois; pertaining to the allantois. 

allantoic acid, s. An acid found in the liquor 
of the foetal calf. It was formerly called amniotic 
acid. [Allantois.] 

allantoic fluid, s. A fluid found in the embryo 
of man and animals. The most notable element 
found in it is allantoin (q. v.). 
al-lan-to-id. [Allantois.] 
al-lan-toVin, s. [From allantois (q. v.).] 

Chem.: C 4 N 4 HRO 3 . A neutral organic substance 
which contains the elements of 2 molecules of am¬ 
monium oxalate, minus 5 molecules of water. It is 
found in the allantoic liquid of the foetal calf. It is 
obtained artificially, together with oxalic acid and 
urea, by boiling uric acid with lead dioxide and 
water. Allantoin forms colorless, tasteless pris¬ 
matic crystals. 1 

al-lan-to'-is, t9-l-lan-to -Id, s. [In Fr. and* 
Port, allantolde; from Gr. allantoeides= shaped 
like an alias, gemt. allantos— a kind of meat inter¬ 
mediate between our sausage and black pudding.] 
A thin membrane existing in the embryos of amni¬ 
otic vertebrata. It is situated under the chorion, 
and outside the amnion of the embryo. It is well 
developed in the Ruminantia, but less so in the 
Roden ti a. In the chick of birds it becomes applied 
to the membrane of the egg-shell, and constitutes 
the breathing apparatus of the young animal till 
the lungs are formed. The embryo of man possesses 


. 1 ) 611 , boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§lon = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c- = bcl, del. 





ailanturic 


140 


allegory 


an allantois, which, however, is bnt transient, 
shriveling before the end of the second month of 
development, and soon afterward entirely dis¬ 
appearing. 

al-lan-tiir'-ic, a. [Eng. allantois; uric.] 

ailanturic acid, s. 

Chem.: An organic acid having the formula 
C 3 N 2 H 3 O 3 .H, obtained from uric acid. 

*al-las, interj. [Alas.] 

*al-la'-trate, v. [Lat. allatro— to bark at: ad— 
to ; latro= to bark.] To bark as a dog. 

“Let Cerberus, the dog of hell, allatrate what he list, to 
the contrary.”— Stubbes: Anat. of Abuses. 

3l-la y, *3-lay, *3-la’ye, *3l-legg e, 3-legg e, 
v. t. & i. [It is probable that the A. S. alecgan and 
the Fr. alUger have both had to do with the origin 
of this word, which in its old form is best spelled 
with a single l ( alegge) when from alecgan , and a 
double one ( gllegge ) when from alleger. The A. S. 
alecgan , imp. alege, is— ( 1 ) to place, to lay down, to 
lay along, ( 2 ) to lay aside, coniine, diminish, take 
away, put down or depress. Cognate with Dut. 
legqen— to lay, put, or place. The Fr. alliger is=to 
lighten, unload, ease, relieve, mitigate; Uge— 
empty, light. In Sp. aliviar; Ital. alleviare; Lat. 
allevo— (1) to lift up, (2) to lighten, to alleviate, (3) 
to diminish the force of, to weaken; from levis— 
light, not heavy. At first, allay and alloy were the 
same words.] [Alegge, Allege. Alloy, Alle¬ 
viate.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. Formerly: To mingle the precious metals 
with baser ingredients. 

2. To diminish the acrid character of a substance; 
to mix wine with water. 

“ Being brought into the open air, 

It would allay the burning quality 
Of that fell poison which assaileth him.” 

Shakesp.: King John, v. 7. 

“If he drinketh wine let him alaye it, or let it be 
soure.”— Hollybush: Homish Apothecary, p. 41. 

3. To appease, to quiet, to diminish, to soften, to 
mitigate. (Applied to the appetites, the emotions, 
the passions, &c.) 

“But God, who caused a fountain, at thy prayer, 

From the dry ground to spring, thy thirst to allay 
After the brunt of battle. . .” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

“ But his exhortations irritated the passions which he 
wished to allay.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

B. Intransitive: To abate. 

t£L-la y, s. [From the verb.] [Alloy, s.] The 
act of adding one thing to another, with the effect 
of diminishing, mitigating, or subduing the pre¬ 
dominant characteristics of the one to which the 
addition is made; the state of being so mixed ; the 
thing added to, mingled, or combined with the 
other; the mixture or combination thus made. 

Used (1.) Of metals: An alloy of one metal with 
another; alay, alaye , allay being the old way of 
writing alloy. [Alloy.] 

“For if that thay were put to such assayes, 

The gold of hem hath now so badde alayes 
With bras, that though the coyn be fair at ye. 

It wolde rather brest in tuo than plye.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 9,042-5. 

“ The Scriptures mention the rust of gold, but that is in 
regard of the allay.”—Lord Bacon: Works. 

(2.) Of other things: Used in the general sense 
already given. 

“Dark colors easily suffer a sensible allay by little 
scattering light.”— Newton: Optics. 

“True it is that the greatest beauties in this world are 
receptive of an allay of sorrow.” —Jeremy Taylor: Life of 
Jesus, g xv. 

3l-layed', pa. par. & a. [Allay, v. f.] 

al-lay'-er, s. [Allay.] A person or thing that 
has the power of allaying. 

“ Phlegm and pure blood are reputed allayers of acri¬ 
mony.”— Harvey. 

al-lay’-ing, pr. par. & a. [Allay.] 

“Men. . . one that loves a cup of hot wine with not a 
drop of allaying Tyber in ’t.”— Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 1. 

al-lay -ment, s. [Eng. allay; -ment. In Fr. al- 
*eaement .] The act of allaying; the state of being 
allayed; that which allays, alleviates, diminishes, 
mitigates, or subdues. 

“. . . and apply 
Allayments to their act.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 6. 

* 411 e, a. & adv. [All.] 

*alle, s. [A corruption of Sw. allca= puffin (?).] 
The little auk, or black and white diver, Mergulus 
alle, or M. melanoleucos. It is called also the Com¬ 
mon Rotche. It inhabits the northern seas. 
[Alca.] 

fal -Te-cret, s. [Ger. alter = all; kraft= strength.] 
A kind of light armor worn by the Swiss and some 
other nations in the sixteenth century. 


fal -le-crim bra'-bo, s. [Brazilian name.] The 
name given in Brazil to a plant, the Hypericum 
laxiusculum, there reputed to be a specific against 
the bites of serpents. 

L *al-lecf, v. t. [In Fr. all&cher; Ital. allettare; 
Lat. allecto, freq. of alUcio= to draw gently to, to 
entice; *lacio— to draw gently.] To entice, to 
allure. 

“ Allected and allured to them.” 

Hall: Henry VI., an. 30. 

*al-lec-ta/-tion, s. [Lat. allectatio, fr. allecto 
=to allure.] Enticement, allurement. 

3l-lec'~tlve, a. & s. [Eng. ailed; -we.] 

A. As adjective: Enticing, alluring. 

“ Woman yfarced with fraude and disceipt, 

To thy confusion most allective bait.” 

Chaucer: Rem. of Love, ver. 14. 

B. As substantive: An enticement, an allurement. 

“An allective to synne .”—Sir Thomas More: Works. 

3.1-ledge, v. [Allege.] 

*alle-feynt e, a. [Apparently from Eng. alle— 
all, and Fr. fain6ant= lazy, idle, sluggish.] Lazy, 
sluggish. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*alle-feynte-lye, adv. [Allefeynte.] Lazily, 
sluggishly. ( Prompt. Parv .) 

*£tH’e-ful-ly, adv. Totally, completely. ( Prompt . 
Parv.) 

♦al-le'-gange (1), *al-leg'-e-3n?e, s. [Allege.] 
An allegation. 

“ How foolishly doth he second his allegeances.”—True 
Nonconformist. (Pref.) 

*al-le-gan§e (2), *al'-le-gaun?e, *al-le-ge- 
ange, s. [6. Fr. allegeance.] A lightening, reliev¬ 
ing, relief. 

“ I hadde noon hope of allegaunce.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, p. 73. 

*Al-le-gant, *Al -i-gaunt, s. [Alicant.] Wine 
from Alicant. 

al-le-ga -tion, s. [In Fr. allegation; Sp. alle- 
gacion; Ital. allegazione; Lat. allegatio={ 1) a 
dispatching, a mission, (2) an assertion by way of 
proof or excuse; from allego.] [Allege.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

fl. The act of affirming; the act of positively 
asserting or declaring. 

2. The assertion which is made by one alleging 
anything; especially used for an excuse, justifica¬ 
tory plea, &c. 

“My lord of Suffolk, Buckingham and York, 

Reprove my allegation, if you can ; 

Or else conclude my words effectual.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Part II., iii. 1. 

B. Technically: 

Law: A statement by a party of any matter he 
undertakes to prove. 

al-lege, tal-led ge, *a-legg e, * 3 -ley de, v. t. & 

i. [In Fr. alUguer—to allege, to cite; Sp. alegar; 
Port, allegar; Ital. allegctre. From Lat. allego, 
-avi= (1) to dispatch on private business ; (2) {later) 
to adduce, to allege: ad=to, and lego, -avi —to send 
as an ambassador, to appoint by will, &c.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To adduce as an authority, or plead as an 
excuse. 

“ . . . no law of God or reason of man hath hitherto 
been alleged of force sufficient to jmove they do ill . . .” 
— Hooker. 

“ If we forsake the ways of grace or goodness, we cannot 
allege any color of ignorance or want of instruction; we 
cannot say we have not learned them, or we could not.”— 
Bishop Sprat. 

2. To affirm positively, to declare, to aver. 
[See v. i.] 

B. Intransitive: To assert, to affirm positively, 
to aver. 

“Mere negative evidence, thay allege, can never satis¬ 
factorily establish the proposition.”— Owen: Classif. of 
Mammalia, p. 58. 

al-leg'e-a-ble, a, [Eng. allege; -able.] That 
may be alleged. 

“ Passing over of time is not allegeable in prescription 
for the loss of any right.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., pt. 1, vol. 
iv., p. 184. 

3 l-leged', pa. par. & a. [Allege.] 

“ It was not sufficient to prove that the Bishops had 
written the alleged libel .”—Macaulay Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

al-leged-humor, s. A satirical phrase applied to 
the feeble efforts of many aspirants to humorous 
composition. 

* 3 l-leg'e-ment, s. [Eng. allege; -ment.] Alle¬ 
gation. 

“ To Ramah they come to Saul, with many complaints 
and allegements in their mouths .”—Bishop Sanderson: 
Sermons. 


al-leg'-er, s. [Eng. allege; -er .] One whet- 
alleges. 

“The narrative, if we believe it as confidently as th«» 
famous alleger of it, Pamphilio, appears to do . . — 

Boyle. 

3 l-le'-gl-an 9 e, *al-le'-ge-an 9 e, *al-leg’~ 
aun 9 e, s. [Norm. Fr. ligeance; Low. Lat. lit- 
gancia, ligiantia , ligeitas = allegiance. Generally 
taken from Lat. alligo = to bind to: ad — to; Ugo 
to bind. But Ducange, whom Wedgwood follows,, 
derives the above words from Low. Lat. litus, lidus r 
ledus = a person intermediate between a freemans 
and a serf, and who owes certain services to his- 
lord.] [Liege, Lad.] 

1. The tie or obligation a subject owes to as. 
sovereign, or a citizen to the government or state. 
Loyalty to the ruling power. 

2. The infinite obligation due by every intelligent; 
creature to the Creator. 

“Your military obedieuce, to dissolve 
Allegiance to the acknowledged Power Supreme.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

tal-le -gi-ant, a. [Allegiance.] Loyal. 

“. . . poor undeserver, I 
Can nothing render but allegiant thanks, 

My pray’rs to heaven for you.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

al-leg’-ing, pr. par. [Allege.] 

al-le-gor -ic, al-le-gor-i-ckl, a. [In Fr. allS- 

gorique; Sp. alegorico; Port, and Ital. allegorico; 
Lat. allegoricus; Gr. allegorikos.] Pertaining to act 
allegory; containing an allegory; resembling an 
allegory. 

“ A kingdom they portend Thee, but what kingdom. 

Real or allegoric, I discern not. . . .” 

Milton: P. R., bk. iv. 

al-le-gor-1-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. allegoric; -ally.\ 
After the manner of an allegory. 

“Anaxagoras and his school are said to have explained; 
the whole of the Homeric mythology allegorically.” — Maw 
Muller: Science of Lang., vol. ii., p. 431. 

“ Even when he spe aks allegorically he seems to repre¬ 
sent the first form of allegory, in which it is traceably 
molded upon history, and serves for its key.”— Gladstone; 
Studies on Homer, i. 196. 

al-le-gor'-i-cal-ness, s. [Eng. allegorical ; 
-ness.] The quality of being allegorical. {Johnson.} 

*a,r-le-g 6 r-i§m, s. [Eng. allegoriy); -ism.] Ad, 
allegory. {Bp. Jewell.) 

al-le-gor-ist, s. [Eng. allegory; -ist. In Ger. alle- 

g orist; Fr. allAgoriste; Port, and Ital. allegorista.J- 
hie who allegorizes; one who uses figurative lan¬ 
guage, or writes a work of a figurative character. 

“ Bunyan is indeed as decidedly the first of allegorists 
as Demosthenes is the first of orators, or Shakespeare th«v 
first of dramatists.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

al-le-gor-i'ze, al-le-g 6 r-i'§e, v. t. & i. [In Ger,. 

allegorisiren; Fr. alUgoriser; Sp. alegorizar; Port, 
allegorisar; from Later Lat. allegorizo.) 

A. Transitive: To convert into an allegory; to 
interpret allegorically; to explain in a figurative- 
sense. 

“An alchymist shall reduce divinity to the maxims oD 
his laboratory, explain morality by sal. sulphur, and mer¬ 
cury, and allegorize the Scripture itself, and the sacredH 
mysteries thereof, into the philosopher’s stone.”— Locke. 

“ He hath very wittily allegorized this tree, allowing hiss- 
supposition of the tree itself to be true.”— Raleigh. 

“As some would allegorize these signs, so others would 
confine them to the destruction of Jerusalem.”— Burnet; 
Theory. 

B. Intransitive: To use allegory, to speak in a 
figurative manner. ( Sometimes followed by upon » 
of, regarding, &c.) 

“After his manner, he allegorizeth upon the sacrifices off 
the law.”— Fullce against Allen, p. 223. 

“ Origen knew not the Pope’s purgatory, though he alle¬ 
gorize of a. certain purgatory.”— Ibid., p. 447. 

al'-le-gor-Ized, pa. par. & a. [Allegorize.] 
al-le-gor-I -zer, s. [Eng. allegorize; -er.] One 
who allegorizes. 

“The Stoic philosophers, as we learn from Ciceto, were- 
great allegorizers in their theology.”— Coventry: Phil. 
Conv., V. 

al-le-gor-I'-zing, pr. par., a. & s. [Allegor¬ 
ize.] 

al -le-gor-y, *al'-le-g 6 r-ie, *al -le-gor-ye, s. 
[In Sw. allegori; Dan. and Ger. allegorie; Fr. all6- 
gorie; Sp. alegcria; Ital. and Lat.' allegorici; Gr, 
allegoria; fr. allos= another, and agoreud— to speak, 
in the assembly, to harangue; agora— an assembly, 
the forum ; ageiro= to bring together.] 

1 . A discourse designed to convey a different mean¬ 
ing from that which it directly expresses. A figure 
of speech or a literary composition in which a 
speaker or writer gives forth not the actual narra¬ 
tive, description, or whatever else he seeks to pre¬ 
sent, but one so much resembling it as on reflection,. 
to suggest it, and bring it home to the mind with; 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, cam?l, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot*, 
wore, wolf, work, who, s&n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kvs? 



allice 


allegretto 


141 


^greater force and effect than if it had been told 
directly. In many cases the description given ap¬ 
peals to the eye, while the truth designed to be 
•/conveyed is one of a moral or spiritual kind. As a 
/quotation already made [Allegorist] shows, Mac¬ 
aulay considered John Bunyan as unquestionably 
the first of allegorists ; and every reader of the “ Pil¬ 
grim's Progress ” will at once understand both what 
an allegory is, and how effectual a vehicle it can be 
•made for the communication qf religious knowledge. 
Spenser’s “ Faerie Queene” is a moral allegory. A 
brief allegory may be considered as a single meta¬ 
phor; a long one as a series of metaphors. The distinc¬ 
tion between an allegory and a parable is very slight. 
Crabbe says that a parable is mostly employed for 
moral purposes, and an allegon/ in describing his¬ 
torical events. The latter differs from a riddle or 
enigma in not being intended to perplex. For the 
•distinction between an allegory and a myth , see the 
subjoined example from Max Muller. 

“ The difference between a myth and an allegory has 
Sbeen simply but most happily explained by Professor 
Blackie in his article on Mythology in Chambers' Cyclopce- 
dia. ‘ A myth is not to be confounded with an allegory: 
•the one being an unconscious act of the popular mind at 
-an early stage of society; the other, a conscious act of the 
individual mind at any stage of social progress.’ "—Max 
Muller: Science of Language (6th ed., 1871), vol. ii., p. 430. 

“And thus it was: I writing of the way 
And race of saints, in this our gospel day, 

Fell suddenly into an allegory 

About their journey, and the way to glory. . . .” 

Bunyan: Apology for Pil. Prog. 

“ But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the 
•silesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise. Which 
•ihings are an allegory .”— Galatians iv. 23, 24. 

IT In the passage from Galatians—the only place 
in the Authorized Version of the Bible in which the 
word allegory occurs—it is a mistranslation, and 
-should disappear. The rendering should be: 
*“ Which things are allegorized.” 

2. Painting and Sculpture: A figurative repre¬ 
sentation of something else than that which is 
.actually painted or sculptured. 

al-le-gret -td, a. or adv. & s. [Ital. dimin. of 
■allegro=] oyful; somewhat joyful.] 

Music: As adv. & add.: With pace and character 
livelier than that indicated by the word andante, 
but less rapid and brilliant than that denoted by 
•allegro (q. v.). 

As substantive: A movement in the time now de- 
tscribed. 

al-le -gro, a., adv., or s. [Ital. = joyful.] 

A. As adjective or adverb: 

I. Ordinary Language: Gay, merry, cheerful. 
<{Milton: Allegro and Penseroso.) 

II. Music: Gay, joyful, mirthful, sprightly, and, 
'.by implication, quick in time. It is the fourth of 
the five grades of musical pace and character, 
.Largo, Adagio, Andante, Allegro, Presto. 

B. As substantive: 

Music: A movement in the time now described, 
allegro agitato, a. or adv. Allegro in an agi¬ 
tated manner. 

allegro assai, a. or adv. Very allegro. 
allegro brillante, o. or adv. Allegro in a brill- 
aant manner. 

allegro giusto, a. & adv. A just and precise 
■■allegro. The term is generally employed to guard 
.a performer against commencing at a too rapid 
ipace. 

allegro moderato, a. & adv. Moderately alle- 
*gro. 

allegro di molto, a. & adv. Exceedingly allegro. 
allegro vivace, a. & adv. Allegro in a spirited 
ananner. 

(| Piu allegro, adj. & adv.: Quicker, more quick. 

Poco allegro, adj. & adv.: A little quick, rather 
-quick. 

*alle-h61e, *alle-heyle, a. [Mid. Eng. ulle; 
whole or hale.] Whole, sound. ( Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*alle-hoo-ly, adv. [Mid. Eng. alle— all; hooly 
=wholly.] Wholly, entirely. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

al-le-lu-ia (Rev. xix. 6 ), al-le-lu -iah (iah or 
la as ya),s. [Hallelujah.] 

*alle-lyk'e-ly, adv. [O. Eng. alle= all; lyhely— 
likely.] Equally, evenly. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

al-le-mand, al-le-mande, al'-main, s. [In 
Ger. allemande, from Fr. Allemagne — Germany. 
From Alemanni, the Germanic tribe, whose name 
-(probably meaning All-men) seems to imply that 
They were a very miscellaneous assemblage of peo¬ 
ple. The name appeared about the middle of the 
•third century, if not earlier. The Alemanni were 
then on the Upper Rhine. In 490 they were defeated 
t>y Clovis, at the battle of Tolbiac, four leagues 
from Cologne.] 

1. Music: A slow air in common time; or a grave, 
solemn air, with a slow movement. 

2. Dancing: (a) A brisk dance, (b) A figure in 
dancing. 


al-le-mont -Ite, s. [From Allemcnc, where it 
occurs.] A tin-white or reddish-gray mineral. Com¬ 
position : SbAs 2 , or arsenic 62T5 to 65’22 per cent., 
and antimony 34" 78 to 37'85. 

ar-len- 3 r-lf, t al-lan-ar-ly, adv. [Etym. 
doubtful, perhaps Eng.=alone; -er=more; -ly.) 
Solely, entirely, only, singly, alone, solitarily. 
{Scotch.) 

al-ler - 1 -on, al-er -l-on, s. 

Her.: An eagle with the wings expanded, their 
points turned downward, and no beak or feet. It 
denotes imperialists vanquished and disarmed. 

*al'-lev-eiire, s. [O. Sw. (?), or fr. French leveur— 
lifter, raiser, gatherer (?).] A coin formerly in use 
in Sweden: its value was about five cents. 

*3l-lev-l-ate, a. [Low Lat. alleviatus, pa. par. 
of allevio; Lat. allevo= to lighten: ad, expressing 
addition, ievo=to lighten.] Alleviated. 

al-lev-i-ate, v. t. [From the adj.; Sp .aliviar; 
Ital. alleviare.) [Levity, Lift.] 

1. To make light in a figurative sense; to lessen, 
diminish, mitigate, allay. (Opposed to aggravate 
=to make heavy.) 

“ . . . those gentle offices by which female tender¬ 
ness can alleviate even the misery of hopeless decay . . .” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

2. To extenuate or excuse an offense. [Aggra¬ 
vate.] 

al-lev-I-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Alleviate.] 
al-lev-i-a-ting, pr. par. [Alleviate.] 
al-lev-I-a -tion, s. [From Lat. alteration a lift¬ 
ing up.] 

1. The act of lightening, lessening, or mitigating 
an emotion, or extenuating a fault. 

“All apologies for and alleviations of faults, though 
they are the heights of humanity, yet they are not the 
favors, but the duties of friendship.”— South. 

2. That which lessens or mitigates sorrow or other 
emotion, or extenuates a fault; an alleviating cir¬ 
cumstance. 

“ Pleasures. ... 32. Relaxation; 33. Alleviation; 
34. Mitigation.”— Bowring: Bentham's Table of the Springs 
of Action. {Works, i. 205.) 

al-lev-I-a-tive, a. & s. [Eng. alleviate; -ive .] 

1. As adjective: Which alleviates. 

2. As substantive: That which alleviates. 

“ Some cheering alleviative to lads kept to sixteen or 
seventeen years of age in pure slavery to a few Greek and 
Latin words.”— Corah's Doom (1672), p. 126. 

al’-ley, *al'-ey, *al-laye, *al-l^e, al'-iire, 
s. & a. [Sw. alle; Dan. & Ger. allee; Port, allea; 
O. Fr. alier; Fr. all6e= a passage, from aller= to go : 
(lit.= a passing or going).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A walk in a garden, or a path in a wood or 
plantation. 

“ Where alleys are close graveled, the earth putteth 
forth the first year knotgrass, and after spiregrass.”— 
Bacon: Natural History. 

“. . . I know each lane, and every alley green, 

Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood, 

And every bosky bourn from side to side.” 

Milton: Comus. 

“ And rode till midnight, when the college lights 
Began to glitter firefly-like in copse 
And linden alley: then we past an arch.” 

Tennyson: The Princess, i. 

2. A narrow passage in a city, as distinguished 
from a public street. As a rule, it is not a thorough¬ 
fare for wheeled carriages. 

(a) Designed for bowling. 

“ Two sortes of allayes in London I finde— 

The one agaynste the lawe, and the other againste 
kinde. 

The first is where bowlings forbidden, men use, 

And wastynge theyr goodes, do their labor refuse.” 

Croioley: Epigrams ; Of Allayes (1550). 

( b ) Designed for the habitation of the poorer 
classes. 

“ The other sorte of allayes that be agaynst kynde 

Do mak my harte wepe when they com to my mind; 

For there are por people welmost. innumerable 

That are dryven to begge, and yet to worcke they are 
able. 

If they might have al things provided aright.” 

Crowley: Epigrams ; Of Allayes (1550). 

“ That in an aley had a privo place.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,980. 

“ That town is a small knot of steep and narrow 
alleys . . .”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

The Alley, or Change Alley, was a place in 
London where stocks were formerly bought and 
sold. (Ms7t; Diet., 1775.) 

3. Fig.: One of the narrower passages, for the 
conveyance of blood through the human frame. 

“ That, swift as quicksilver, it courses through 
The natural gates and alleys of the body.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 5. 


a>611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
~cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


II. Technically: 

*1. Arch.: Formerly an aisle in a church. 
[Aisle.] 

“ The cross allye of the Lanthorne before the Quire 
dore, goinge north and south.”— Gloss, of Arch. 

2. Printing: The compositor’s standing place 
between two opposite frames. 

3. Drill Husbandry: The vacant space between 
the outermost row of grain on one bed and the 
nearest row to it on the next parallel bed. 

4. Perspective: Anypassage represented as greater 
at its entrance than at its exit in the background, 
so as to give it the appearance of length. 

5. Art: A fine marble or taw, originally of ala¬ 
baster, used by boys in playing the game of marbles. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or derived from an 
alley, as above described. 

“ Alas ! it’s not wys, a greate ouer syght, 

Ye Aldermen and other that take allaye rente.” 

Crowley: Epigrams; Of Allayes. 

al-leyed, a. [Eng. alley; -ed.) Formed into an 
alley; of the form of an alley. 

“ By pointed aisle, and shafted stalk, 

The arcades of an alley’d walk 
To emulate in stone.” 

Scott: Narmion, ii. 10. 

al-li-a -ceous, a. [In Fr. alliac6; Lat. allium.) 
[Allium.] Pertaining to the plant-genus Allium, 
which contains the onion, garlic, &c. 

1. Dot.: Alliaceous plants are plants more or less 
closely resembling the genus Allium. 

2 . Min.: Pertaining to the odor, like that of gar¬ 
lic, given out by arsenical minerals when exposed to 
the blow-pipe or struck by the hammer. 

al -11 -anqe, i 3 .l-ir-au. 119 e, * 3 l-I- 3 n 9 e, *al-y’- 

a.unce, s. [Eng. ally; -ance. In Dan. alliance; 
Ger. allianz; Fr. alliance, from allier, lier= to tie, 
to unite; Sp. alianza; Port, alianga; Ital. alle- 
anza.) [Ally.] 

A. Ordinary Language: The act of uniting to- 

§ ether by a bond; the state of being so united; the 
ocument in which the nature of the union is 
particularized. 

Specially: 

1. A treaty, compact, or league formed between 
two or more independent nations. It may be 
offensive or defensive. [Offensive, Defensive.] 
Also the parties so'uniting. 

“Thus was formed that coalition known as the Triple 
Alliance—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Marriage, viewed specially as bringing into 
intimate relations two families previously uncon¬ 
nected ; also kinship of a less intimate kind; also 
the person so uniting. 

“. . . and read 
The ordinary chronicle of birth, 

Office, alliance, and promotion—all 
Ending in dust.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 
“For my father’s sake, 

And for alliance’ sake, declare the cause 
My father lost his head.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Part I., ii. 5. 

“ I would not boast the greatness of my father, 

But point out new alliances to Cato.”— Addison. 

3. Fig.: Any sort of union more or less closely 
resembling either marriage or a league of nations. 

B. Technically. Her.: Arms of Alliance are 
arms which come into a 
man’s possession by matri¬ 
monial alliances, as the arms 
of his wife,which are impaled 
with hjs own, and those of 
heiresses, which he, in like 
manner, quarters. The arms 
here shown are those of the 
Prince and Princess of 
W ales. 

* 3 l-ll -an 9 e, v. t. [From 
the substantive.] 

“It [sin] is allianced to none but wretched, forlorn, 
and apostate spirits ”— Cudworth: Serm., p. 62. 
* 3 l-ll’-ant, s. [Eng. ally; -ant.) An ally. 

“We do promise and vow for ourselves of each party 
alliants, electors, princes, and states.”— The Accord of Vim. 
{Wotton’s Rem., p. 632.) 

al-ll-ar’-i-a, s. [From Lat. a7lmm=garlic; also 
the leek, which the alliaria resembles in smell.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Brassicacese, 
or Crucifers. The A. officinalis is the common 
garlic mustard, Jack-by-the-hedge, or Sauce alone. 
It was formerly called Erysimum alliaria. 

al'-liqe, *al -lis, s. [From Lat. alosa or alausa= 
the shad.] Pennant’s name for the Allice-shad 
(q. v.). 

Allice-shad ( Alosa communis): The name of a 
fish of the family Clupeidae (Herrings). It is about 
two feet in length. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b<?l, del. 



Arms of Alliance. 






alloclasite 


ailiciency 


142 


, s. [Latin allicio — to draw 
gently, to entice; ad— to, and lacio— to draw gently, 
tier, locken; Dut. lokken; Sw. locka; Dan. lokkei] 
The power of attracting anything; attraction; 
magnetism. 

“The feigned central ailiciency is but a word; and the 
manner of it still occult.”— Glanville. 

tSil-lI? -Lent, s. [Lat. a/;ieie/is= attracting, pr. 
par. of allicio .] That which attracts. 

“ The awakened needle leapeth toward its allicient .”— 
Robinson: Eudoxa, p. 121. 

*$t,l-ll'e, v. t. [Ally.] 

* 3 ,l-lle, s. [Ally.] 
gl-li’ed, pa. par. & a. [Ally.] 

Frequently as adjective: 

1. Bound together in a league, or united in mar¬ 
riage. 

“. . . the other chiefs of the allied forces.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

2. Related to by affinity; akin to. (Used often in 
describing animals or plants.) 

“But that the same laws should largely prevail with 
allied animals is not surprising.” — Darwin: Descent of 
Man, pt. ii., ch. xv. 

al-ll-gant, a. [Lat. alligans, pr. par. of alligo 
=tobindto.J Binding (?), or a mispronunciation 
by an uneducated woman of elegant (?). 

“ Yet there has been knights, and lords, and gentlemen, 
with their coaches; I warrant you, coach after coach, letter 
after letter, gift after gift; smelling so sweetly (all musk), 
and so rushling, I warrant you, in silk and gold; and in such 
alligant terms.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. 2. 

fal'-li gate, v. t. [In Sp. aligar. From Lat. 
alligo—to bind to: ad= to, and ligo=to bind.] To 
bind or tie together (lit. or fig.). 

“. . . certain connatural instincts alii gated to their 
nature.” — Hale: Origin of Mankind. 
fal'-ll-ga-ted, pa. par. & a. [Alligate.] 
fal -ll-ga-tlng, pr. par. [Alligate.] 
al-li-ga-tion, s. [In Ger. alligation; Sp. ali- 
gacion; Lat. alligation a tying to; ad = to, and 
ligatio=a. tying, a binding.] 

1. The act of tying together; the state of being 
tied together. 

2. Technically. Arith.: A division of arithmetic 
which treats of the process for finding the value of 
compounds consisting of ingredients differing from 
each other in price. It is divided into medial and 
alternate. Medial alligation is when the quantities 
and prices of the several ingredients are calculated 
to determine the value of the mixture, and alter¬ 
nate when from the value of the separate ingre¬ 
dients and the value of their mixture is deduced the 
quantity of each which enters into the compound. 
Alternate alligation has three varieties: (1) Alliga¬ 
tion simple, when the question is unlimited with 
respect to the quantities both of the simples and of 
the mixture; ( 2 ) alligation partial, when the ques¬ 
tion is limited to a certain quantity of one or more 
of the simples; and (3) alligation total, when the 
question is limited to a certain quantity of the 
mixture. 

al-ll-ga-tor, *al-ll-gar-ta, *la-gar'-tos, s. 
[In Dan., Ger. & Fr. alligator; from Sp. el legarto 
=the lizard, pre-eminent above other lacertine ani¬ 
mals in size. Herrera calls the caiman lagarto o 
crocodilo; Cowel derives it from Port, allagarto— a 
crocodile; Sir T. Herbert from allegartos, which he 
calls Sp. and Almain ( Todd's Johnson ). Sir Walter 
Raleigh terms the alligator Lagartos (q. v.). Al 
would then be the Spanish definite article ei=the; 
and when the English sailors heard it pronounced 
immediately before lagartos, they, as Trench be¬ 
lieves, supposed it part of that word. ( Trench: 
Study of Words, p. 118.) Some older writers looked 
for the origin of the word alligator in another direc¬ 
tion, deriving it__from legateer, or allegater, the 
alleged Indian name for the animal.] 

“And who can tell, if before the gathering and making- 
up thereof, the aWf^rarfa . . . ?”— B. Jonson: Bart. F., 
ii. 6 . 

“I do remember an apothecary— 

And hereabouts he dwells—which late I noted 
In tatter’d weeds, with overwhelming brows, 
Culling of simples; meagre were his looks, 

Sharp misery had worn him to the bones: 

And in his needy shop a tortoise hung, 

An alligator stuff’d, and other skins 
Of ill-shaped fishes.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, v. 1. 

1. Zool.: A genus of reptiles belonging to the 
order Loricata, or Crocodilia, and the family Croco- 
dilidse. It is 
known from its 
nearest allies, 
the Crocodiles 
and Gavials, by 
having the head 
depressed and 
the canine teeth Alligator (Alligator Missis- 
ot the lower re- sipensis). 

ceived m a pit 

in the upper jaw. The hind feet are never com¬ 
pletely webbed, and sometimes there is scarcely any 



membrane at all. The genus is confined to the 
United States. The best known species is the A. 
Mississipensis, the Alligator of the Mississippi. It 
attains the length of fifteen or eighteen feet, or 
even more. At the approach of winter it buries 
itself in a hole on a river’s bank, and becomes for a 
time torpid. 

2. Popularly: Any crocodilian animal inhabiting 
the United States. These are not all of the genus 
above described; thus the “alligators ” of the West 
Indies are true crocodiles. 

alligator apple, s. A kind of Anona, A. palus- 
tris, which bears a fine, sweet-scented fruit, but too 
narcotic to be eaten. It grows wild in soft, marshy 
places in Jamaica. Its wood is so soft that it is 
called cork-wood, and is made into corks. 

alligator pear, s. A tree, the Laurus persea, 
which is about the size of an apple-tree, and pro¬ 
duces a fruit about the dimensions of a large pear. 
It is highly valued in the West Indies, the pulp 
being rich and mild, but requiring some addition, 
such as pepper and salt, to give it pungency. It is 
called also the Avocado pear. 

alligator tortoise, s. The Chelydra serpentina, 
a tortoise found in North America. Its head and 
limbs are too large to be retracted within the shell. 
It belongs to the family Emydidie. 

*kLlIg-a-tiire, s. [Lat. alligatura: ad—to, and 
ligatura =a band, a ligature, from ligo—to bind.] 
A bandage. The old form of Ligature (q. v.). 

al-llgn -ment, a-lign-ment, (g silent), or al- 
lln e-ment, s. [Alignment.] 

al’-li-kee, s. The Teloogoo name for a sedge, the 
Scirpus dubius of Roxburgh, tho tuberous roots of 
which are eaten by the natives of Southern India, 
who consider them as good as yams. 

al-lln e-ment, s. [Alignment.] 

*AT-lI- 6 th, s. An old form of Alioth. 

al-Ti're, *al-lir§', a. [Alder, a.] Of them all. 
The same as Alder (q. v.). 

“ Sir Meleager, in gret mynd a man out to sende 
To Sir Alexander belyve thaire allire maister 
To come and help.”'— Stevenson: Alexander, 1,254-6. 

“Alexandire the athill, he allirs acoide.”— Ibid., 620. 
al -lis, s. [Lat. alosa.l The same as Allice 
(cp v.). 

al-li'-§ion, s. [Lat. allisio, from allido=to strike 
or dash against: ad=to, and Icedo .] 

1. Ordinary Lang.: A striking or dashing against 
with violence. 

“ There have not been any islands of note or consider¬ 
able extent torn aud cast off from the continent by earth¬ 
quakes, or severed from it by the boisterous allision of 
the sea.”— Woodward. 

2. Marine Law: The running of one vessel against 
another. The same as Collision (q. v.). 

al-lit -er-al, a. [Lat. ad=to, and literalism 
pertaining to a letter; litera= a letter.] 

1. Ordinary Lang.: Pertaining to the practice of 
commencing two or more words in immediate suc¬ 
cession with the same letter. 

2. Ethnol. and Philol.: A term applied by Apple- 
yard to the Caff re family of languages. 

al-llt-er-a'-tion, s. [In Ger. and Fr. allitera¬ 
tion; Port, alliteracao: Lat. ad,=to, and literatiom 
instruction in reading and writing; litera =a let¬ 
ter.] 

1 . The commencement with the same letter of two 
or more words in immediate succession. Milton’s 
expression, “ Behemoth biggest born ” (P. L., bk. 
vii.), is an alliteration; so is the example which 
follows: 

“ Apt alliteration's artful aid.” 

Churchill: Prophecy of Famine. 

2. Less properly: The repetition of a particular 
letter in the accented parts of words, even though 
these may not all be at their beginning; as— 

“That, hush’d in grave repose, expects his evening 
prey.”— Gray. 

al-llt-er-a-tlve, a. [In Ger. alliterativ.] Per¬ 
taining to alliteration. 

“. . . alliterative care and happy negligence!”— 

Goldsmith: Traveler, Introd. 

“. . . alliterative poetry.”— Darwin: Descent of 

Man, pt. i., ch. ii. 

al-lit -er-a- tive-ness, s. [Eng. alliterativeness .] 
The quality of being alliterative. ( Coleridge.) 

al-lit'-er-a-tor, s. [Lat. ad= to, and literator= 
( 1 ) a teacher of reading and writing, ( 2 ) a gram¬ 
marian. Or simply from ad=to, and litera=a let¬ 
ter.] One who habitually practices alliteration. 

al-ll-tur -Ic, a. [Eng. uric, from Lat. urina= 
urine.] 

allituric acid, s. 

Chem.: C 6 N 4 H 5 O 4 .H. An organic acid obtained 
from uric acid. 


al'-lLum, s. [In Fr. ail; Sp. ajo; Port, alho; 
Ital. aglio; from Lat. allium, alium= the garlic, 
leek, &c. Th6is derives it from the Celtic allm acrid 
or burning.] A genus 
of plants belonging to 
the order Liliacese or 
Lily-worts, and the sec- 
tion Scilleee. It con¬ 
tains over one hundred 
and fifty species. Of 
these the A. ursinum, 
the Broad-leaved Gar¬ 
lic, or Ramsons, is pret¬ 
ty frequent, and an¬ 
other, the A. vineare 
(Crow-garlic), i s not 
rare. The most familiar 
species of the genus are, 
however, those which 
occur in our gardens. 

The onion is A. cepa; the leek, A. porrum; the- 
garlic, A. sativum; the chive, A. schce.noprasum; 
and the shallot, A. ascalonicum. The chief species 
cultivated in Eastern Europe are the A. ascalonicum 
and the A. tuberosum. The hill-people in India 
eat the bulbs of A. leptophyllum, and dry and pre¬ 
serve the leaves as a condiment. 

“He allium calls his onions and his leeks.”— Crabbe. 



Allium. 

1. Bulb. 2. Plant. 3. Flower. 
4. Single Floweret. 


al-lo-ca-mel-us, s. [From 
Gr. allos= another, hence 
strange, unreal, mythic; and 
kamelos, Lat. camelus= a 
camel.] An unreal or mythic 
camel. 

In Heraldry: The ass- 
camel, a mythical animal, 
compounded of the camel and 
the ass; borne as a crest by 
the Eastland Company, now 
merged in the Russia Com¬ 
pany. ( Glossary of Her- Arms of the 
aldry.) Eastland Company. 

al'-lo-cate, v. t. [Lat. ad=to, and loco=to place; 
locus=a place.] 

1. Ordinary Lang.: To locate or place one thing 
to another; to assign, to set aside; to place to one’s 
account. 

“Upon which discovery the court is empowered to seize 
upon and allocate for tho immediate maintenance of such 
children a sum not exceeding a third of the whole fort¬ 
une.”— Burke: Popery Laws. ( Richardson .) 

2. In the Exchequer: To make an allowance on an 
exchequer account. 

3. To fix the proportion due by each landholder 
in an augmentation of a minister’s stipend. (Scotch.) 
(Erskine's Institutes, II., ii. 10.) 

al-lo-ca'-ted, pa. par. [Allocate.] 

al-lo-ca'-ting, pr. par. [Allocate.] 

al-lo-ca'-tion, s. [In Fr. allocation; Ital. allo- 
gagione; Lat. ad= to, and location a placing, an 
arrangement; loco=to place.] 

1. In a general sense: The act of putting one thing 
to another; the state of being so allocated; the 
thing allocated. Frequently used in connection 
with the assignment to an applicant of shares in a 
company or land in a colony, after the purchase- 
money for one or other of these has been paid. 

2. Spec.: The admission of an item in an account, 
and its consequent addition to the other items. 
The term is used chiefly in the Exchequer, and a 
writ “ de allocatione facienda ” is a writ directed to 
the Lord Treasurer or Barons of the Exchequer, 
commanding them to allow an accountant such 
sums as he has lawfully expended in the execution 
of his office. 

al-lo-ca'-tur, s. [Law Lat. (lit.=it is allowed).] 

Law: A certificate given by the proper officers, 
at the termination of an action, that costs are 
allowed. 

al-lo-chro'-Ite, s. [In Ger. allochroit; Gr. ( 1 ) 
allos= another ; ( 2 ) c7m>a=surface .... color; 
and (3) suff. -ite.~\ A mineral, a variety of Andra- 
dite, or Lime Iron-garnet, which again is classed by- 
Dana under Iron-garnet, one of the three promi¬ 
nent groups into which he divides the great mineral 
species or genus Garnet (q. v.). Allochroite is of a 
grayish, dingy yellow, or reddish color. It is 
opaque, and has a shining vitreo-resinous lustre. 
It_ strikes fire with steel. It is found in the iron 
mine of Virums, near Drammen, in Norway. 

al-lo-clas’-Ite, s. [Gr. affos=another; klasism 
breaking, fracture; from klao= to break, break off. 
So called because its cleavage differs from that of 
arsenopyrite and marcasite, which it is like.] An 
orthorhombic mineral classed by Dana with his 
Sulphides. It contains 32’69 of arsenic, 30T5 of bis¬ 
muth, 16’22 of sulphur, 10T7 of cobalt, with smaller 
quantities of iron, zinc, nickel, and gold. It occurs 
m Hungary. 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine- go pot, 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw. 





allocution 


143 


allow 


al lo cu -tion,s. [Lat. allocutio—{ 1) a speaking 
to; ( 2 ) a consolatory address; ( 3 ) an oration ad- 
dressed, by a Roman general to his soldiers: a< 2 =to, 
ana locutions, speaking, from loquor—to speak.] 

1 . The act of speaking. 

2 . That which is “spoken,” whether by the lips 
or by the pen. 

^ Used specially of utterances by the Pope on 
matters regarding which he desires to address his 
followers and the world. 

al-lo'-di-gl, a. [In Sw. odal; Ger., Fr., & Port. 
allodial; Sp. alodial .] Pertaining to land, or the 
tenure of land held without any acknowledgment 
of a feudal superior; held not by feudal tenure, 
but independently. 

“ . . . allodial, that is, wholly independent, and held 
of no superior at all.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 4. 

al-lo’-di-aList, s. [Eng. allodial; -ist.] One 
who holds allodial land. 

“ Moreover, instead of paying a fine like the free alio- 
dialist ... ”—Penny Cycl., i. 355. 

al-lo-di-al-I-ty, s. [Eng. allodial; -ity. InFr. 
allodialita; Ital. allodialita .] The state of being 
in possession of allodial land. 

“Allodialita, s. /., allodiality.” — Graglia: Ital. Diet. 
(1848). 

al-16 -dUal ly, adv. [Eng. allodial; -ly.] By 
the tenure called allodial. 

“ And in Germany, according to Du Cange ( Gloss., lit. 
Barones), a class of men called Semper Barones held their 
lands allodially.” — Penny Cycl., i. 356. 

fal-15 -di-an, a. [From allodium (q. v.).] The 
same as Allodial (q. v.). ( Cowel.) 

al-16 -dUum, s. [In Sw. odalgodo; Ger. allo¬ 
dium ; Fr. alleu, or franc-alleu; Low Lat. allodium. 
A word of uncertain etymology. According to Pon- 
toppidan.it comes from all and odh= all property, 
whole estate, or property in the highest sense of 
the word. Odh is connected with odal; Dan. odel; 
Orcadian udal; all having the same signification 
as the word allodial. Less probably derived from 
the Celtic «ZZocZ=ancient.] 

Law: Landed property belonging to a person in 
his own right, and for which he consequently owes 
no rent or service to a superior. It is contradis¬ 
tinguished from fend {feud ), which, under the 
feudal system, was landed property held from a 
superior, on condition of the tenants rendering him 
certain service. 

al-log'-on-ite, s. [In Ger. allogonit. From Gr. 
alios=other; gonia= angle; -ite.\ 

Min.: A mineral, called also Herderite (q. v.). 
al-lo-graph, s. [Gr. aZZos=another, and graplie 
= a writing.] A document written by other parties 
than those to whom it refers. It is opposed to 
Autograph. 

al-lo-mor’-phlte, s. [In Ger. allomorphit; Gr. 
allomorphos=ot strange shape: alios— another, 
strange, and morphe=tovra, shape; -He I 
Min.: A mineral, a variety of barite, or barytes. 
It has the form and cleavage of anhydrite. It is 
found near Rudolstadt, in Germany. 

*al-lo ne, a. Old spelling of Alone. 
al'-longe, s. [Fr. allongi=lengthened; pa. par. 
of allonger= to lengthen, to extend, as the arm; 
hence to thrust.] 

1. In Fencing: A pass or thrust with a rapier, so 
called from the lengthening or extending of the 
fencer’s arm in delivering the blow. 

2. Horsemanship: A long rein used when a horse 
is trotted in the hand. 

3. Comm.: An additional slip of paper annexed 
to a bill to afford room for endorsements when the 
original bill is too small for the purpose; a rider. 

fjjLl-loo’, v. t. Rare form of Halloo (q. v.). 

“ Alloo thy furious mastiff; bid him vex 
The noxious herd and print upon their ears 
A sad memorial of their past offense.”— Philips. 
*al-loon', a. Old spelling of Alone. 
al-lo-pal-a -di-um s. [Gr. aZ7os=another; Eng., 
&c., palladium .] A mineral which crystallizes in 
hexagonal small tablets, while palladium, to which 
it is akin, does so in minute octahedrons. It occurs 
in the Harz mountains. 

al-lo-path-et’-ic, a. [Gr. allos= another, and 
pathetikos= subject to feeling.] [Allopathy.] Per¬ 
taining to allopathy. 

al-lo-path-et -ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. allopathet- 
ical; •ly.'] After the manner prescribed by allo¬ 
pathy. 

al-lo-path-ic, a. [In Fr. allopathique; Gr. alios 
^another, and pathos=sta.te, condition.] [Allo¬ 
pathy.] Pertaining to allopathy. 

al-lo-path -ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. aliopat hie al; 
-ly.] After the manner prescribed by allopathy. 

al-lopath-ist, or al-lop'-a-thist (the form 
al'-lo-path, occasionally used, is of doubtful pro¬ 
priety) , s. [In Ger. allopath.] One who practices 
or believes in allopathy. 


al-lo-path-y, or al-lop -g.-thy, s r [In Fr. and 

Ger. allopathie; from Gr. allos= another, and pathos 
=anything which befalls one; hence, a passive state 
or condition \ pathein, 2 aor. inf. of pascho=pas- 
sively to receive an impression, to suffer.] A sys¬ 
tem of medicine—that ordinarily practiced—the 
object of which is to produce in the bodily frame 
another condition of things than that in or from 
which the disease has originated. If this can be 
done the disease, it is inferred, will cease. Allo¬ 
pathy is opposed to homoeopathy, which aims at 
curing diseases by producing in antagonism to them 
symptoms similar to those which they produce; the 
homoeopathic doctrine being that “like is cured by 
like.” ^ 

al-lophane, s. [In Ger. allophan; Gr. alios = 
another, and phain6=t.o make to appear. The refer¬ 
ence is to its change of appearance under the blow¬ 
pipe.] A mineral classed by Dana as the first of his 
Sub-silicates. It occurs amorphous, in incrusta¬ 
tions, stalactitic, or nearly pulverulent. It is pale 
sky-blue, green, brown, yellow, or colorless. Its 
hardness is 3; sp. gr. 1'85-1'89. It is very brittle. It 
consists of silica, 19.8 to 24’11 parts; alumina, 32’20 
to 41 parts ; water, 35'74 to 44'20, with a little lime. 

al-lo-phan-ic, a. [Gr. alios — another, and 
phaino — to cause to appear.] Pertaining to any¬ 
thing which changes its appearance, or of which 
the aspect is altered, 
allophanic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 2 N 9 H 4 O 3 . A monureide of carbonic acid 
obtained by passing the vapor of cyanic acid into 
absolute alcohol. 

*al'-l0-phlte, s. A pale grayish-green mineral, a 
variety of Ponninite. It contains silica, 36'23; 
alumina, 21'92; magnesia, 35'53, with smaller 
amounts of water, sesquioxide of iron, and oxide of 
chromium. It resembles pseudophite. It is found 
in Siberia. {Dana, 2d Appendix.) 

fal-lo-phyl'-i-an, s. [Lat. allophylus; Gr. 
allophylos = of another tribe: alios — another, and 
phyle= union of individuals in a community; a 
tribe.] 

Plural. Ethnology A term introduced by 
Prichard to characterize the nations or races of 
Europe and Asia not belonging to the Indo-Euro¬ 
pean, the Syro-Arabian, or the Egyptian races. 
(See Prichard’s Nat. Hist, of Man , 2d ed.. 1865, 
pp. 185,186.) The term has all but fallen into disuse, 
having been superseded by Turanian (q. v.). 

al-lo-quy, s. [Lat. alloquium; from alloquor 
= tt> speak to: ad — to, and loquor = to speak.] 
The act of speaking to any one ; an address deliv¬ 
ered to one in conversation, or more formally. 

al-lo-sor'-iis, s. [Gr. allos=Y arious, and the 
botanical word sorus=the organs of fructification 
upon a fern. So named 
on account of the differ¬ 
ent aspects of the sori at 
diverse periods.] A genus 
of ferns now much more 
commonly known by the 
name of Cryptogamia. 

A. crispus is now C. 
crispa, and is commonly 
called the Parsley Fern 
from its similarity in ap¬ 
pearance to that plant. 

In the annexed illustra¬ 
tion is shown a specimen 
with one fertile and two 
barren fronds. 

al-lot', *a-lott'e, 

*a-lot', v. t. [A. S. hleotan 
=to cast lots, to appoint 
or ordain by lot; Mot—a 
lot.] 

fl. To distribute by lot. 

2. To distribute in any way, to give a share to 
each. 

“Since fame was the only end of all their studies, a 
man cannot be too scrupulous in allotting them their due 
portion of it.”— Tatler. 

3. To grant, to bestow, to assign. 

“Five days we do allot thee for provision, 

To shield thee from disasters of the world; 

And, on the sixth, to turn thy hated back 
Upon our kingdom.”— Shakesp.: Lear, i. 1. 
al-lot'-ment, s. [Eng allot; -ment.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. The act of assigning by lot, or of assigning in 
any way to one as hxs lot or share, or of bestowing 
anything on any one. 

2. The state of being so allotted, or having one s 
lot assigned. 

“ I see it not in their allotment here.” 

Byron: Cain, ii. 1. 

3. Anything allotted. 

(a) Anything allotted to a person; one’s share or 
portion. 

“ . . . and they were not even permitted to buy the 
allotments, when the grantee was willing to sell.”— Lewis: 
Early Rom. Hist., ch. xiii., pt. i., § 9. 



(6) Anything appropriated to a particular pur¬ 
pose, or set apart for a special use. 

“ It is laid out into a grove for fruits and shade, a vine, 
yard, and an allotment for olives and herbs.”— Broome. 

B. Technically: 

1. Comm.: The dividing of a ship’s cargo into 
portions, the right of purchasing which is assigned!: 
to several persons by lot. 

2. Polit. Econ.: Allotment of Land, or the Allot¬ 
ment System in England: An assignment of small 

E ortions of land to agricultural laborers or the 
umbler class of artisans gratuitously, or for a 
small rent, to enable them to eke out their scanty 
incomes, and develop home feelings in their minds. 
Or an assignment of portions of land for the pro¬ 
duction of particular crops. {Mill: Pol. Econ., 
pp. 440, &c.) 

allotment-holder, s. One who holds an allot¬ 
ment. 

“ It does not answer to any one to pay others for exert¬ 
ing all the labor which the peasant, or even the allot¬ 
ment-holder, gladly undergoes when the fruits are to be 
wholly reaped by himself.”— Mill: Polit. Econ. 

al-lo-trop -Ic, a. [En g. allotropy;-ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to allotropy; existing in diverse states, as the 
diamond in the form of the hardest of minerals, and 
also of charcoal. 

“ Well, what is lamp-black? Chemists will tell you that 
it is an allotropia form of the diamond; here, in fact, is a 
diamond reduced to charcoal by intense heat. Now the 
allotropic condition has long been defined as due to a dif¬ 
ference in the arrangement of a body’s particles.”— Tyn¬ 
dall on Heat, 3d ed., p. 323. 

al-lot'-rop-I§m, s. [Eng. allotropy; -ism.] The 
same as Allotropy (q. v.). 

al-lot-rop-y, al'-la- trop-y, s. [Gr. aXlotropos- 
of or in another manner; allos= another, and trope 
=a turn, turning, change; trepo=to turn.] The 
name given by Berzelius to the variation of proper¬ 
ties which is observed in many substances. For in¬ 
stance, there are some minerals which crystallize in 
two distinct and unallied form of crystals. This 
dimorphism is a case of allotropy. (Graham’s 
Chemistry, vol. i., pp. 176-81.) For the diamond and 
carbon see example under Allotkopic. So also 
there is a variety of sulphur which is soluble, and 
another which is insoluble; and a common, and 
again an amorphous phosphorus differing in their 
qualities. 

al-lot-ted, pa. par. & a. [Allot.] 

“ What will the suitors ? Must my servant-train 
Th’ allotted labors of the day refrain. 

For them to form some exquisite repast ?” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iv., 906-908. 

“ In the house of God every Christian has his allotted 
function.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 361. 

al-lot -ter-y, s. [Eng. allot; -ery.] That which 
is assigned to one by lot or otherwise. 

“ Allow me such exercises as may become a gentleman j 
or give me the poor allottery my father left me by testa¬ 
ment.”— Shakesp.: As You Like It, i. 1. 

al-lot'-ting, pr. par. [Allot.] 

*al-low’ (1), *a-low (1), a-loue (1), v. t. [O. Fr, 
alouer, from Lat. allaudare, adlaudare= to praise, 
from ad= to, and laus (acc. laudem)= praise.] 

*1. To praise. 

“ Saint Mary Magdaleyn was more alowed of Christ for 
bestowing that costly oyntemente vpon hys heade.”— Sir 
T. More: Works, fo. 672. 

*2. To approve, to sanction, &c. 

“ Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of your- 
fathers: for they indeed killed them, and ye build their 
sepulchres.”— Luke xi. 48. 

*3. To take into account, to reckon. 

“ Abram levede to God, and it was alowid to hym for 
ryghtwisnes.”— Wycliffe: Genesis xv. 6. 

Sll-lOW' (2), *a-l0W (2), v. t. & i. [O. Fr. utouer 
=toletout to hire, from Low Lat. alloco, from 
Lat. ac(=to, and loco= to let, to lease, to farm out.} 
A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To accord, grant, give, or bestow, either in sat¬ 
isfaction of a claim of right or from generosity. 

“But in the Netherlands England and Holland were 
determined to allow him nothing.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiv. 

2. To permit, as a course of conduct; to grant 
license to. 

“ Let’s follow the old carl, and get the bedlam 
To lead him where he would; his roguish madness 
Allows itself to anything.”— Shakesp.: Lear, iii. 7. 

3. To admit of, to tolerate, as being consistent 
with the genius of. 

“ All that the nature of his poem demanded or allowed.” 
— Pope: Homer’s Odyssey. (Postscript.) 

4. To admit, or concede, as that a statement is 
true, or that a right has been established. (Fol¬ 
lowed by an objective case, or by the infinitive 
mood.) 

“ And have hope toward God, which they themselves 
also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead.” 
— Acts xxiv. 15. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tlafi - shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




allowable 


144 


alloy 


“ That some of the Presbyterians declared openly 
against the king’s murder, I allow to be true.”— Swift. 

II. Technically: 

Comm,.: To deduct from rent or other money for a 
specified cause. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. To permit, to suffer. 

*2. To grant, to concede, to admit. 

3. To make an abatement or deduction for. 

“ Great actions and successes in war, allowing still for 
4he different ways of making it, and the circumstances 
■that attended it.”— Addison. 

«j,l-ldw'-g,-ble, a. [Eng. allow; -able. In Fr. 
■allowable.'] 

A. [See Allow (1).] 

* Approyable, worthy of approbation. 

B. [Allow (2).] Permissible, that may be allowed, 
eithet as legitimate in argument, or unobjectiona¬ 
ble in conduct. 

“. . . a plea allowable or just . . .” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

“ In some cases it is imperative, in many laudable, and 
•in all allowable, to do much more.” — J. S. Mill: Polit. 
Scon., bk. ii., ch. ii., § 3. 

al-ldwa ble-ness, s. [Eng. alloiv; -able; -ness.] 
The quality of being allowable; lawfulness, ex¬ 
emption from prohibition. 

“ Lots, as to their nature, use, and allowableness in mat¬ 
ters of recreation, are indeed impugned by some, though 
better defended by others.”— South: Sermons. 

g,l-ldw"-&-bly, adv. [Eng. allow; -able; -ly.] In 
•a manner that may be allowed. 

“ These are much more frequently, and more allowably, 
msed in poetry than in prose.”— Lowth. 

* 3 . 1 - 16 w'-jtn§e, (1), * 9 ,l-low -aun$e, *g.l- 6 w- 
^ncje, * 9 ,l-ow'-ans, s. [Eng. allow (1); -ance.] 

*1. Praise, approbation. 

“ His pilot 

Of very expert and approved allowance .” 

Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 1. 

2. Sanction, consent. 

‘‘The talcing from another what is his, without his 
•knowledge or allowance, is properly called stealing.”— 
Locke: Human Understanding, bk. ii., ch. xxviii., p. 196. 

3. Taking into account, reckoning. 

“ The lord loketh to haue alowance for hus hestes.” 

P. Plowman, p. 161. ( Richardson .) 

al low ^n^e, (2), *§,l-low-aun§e, s. [Allow 
« 2 ).] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. An allotment, an appointed portion of food, 
liquor, &c. 

“ Short allowance of victual.” 

Longfellow: Miles Standish, v. 

“ In such a scant allowance of star-light.” 

Milton: Comus, 308. 

2. An abatement, deduction. 

“ Allowaunce in rekonynge. Subductio.” — Huloet: Abe- 
■eedarium. 

(a) Figuratively: 

(1) An excuse. 

“ The whole poem, though written in heroic verse, is of 
-the Pindaric nature, as well in the thought as the ex¬ 
pression; and as such, requires the same grains of allow¬ 
ance for it.”— Dryden. 

(2) An abatement. 

“After making the greatest allowance for fraud.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

*3. Permission, license, indulgence. 

“They should therefore be accustomed betimes to con¬ 
sult and make use of their reason before they give allow¬ 
ance to their inclinations.”— Locke. 

4. Assent, acknowledgment; assent to the truth of 
an opinion; admission that there is justice in a 
•claim. 

“Modesty in general which is a tacit allowance of im¬ 
perfection.”— Burke: Sublime and Beautiful, i. 332. 

5. Sufferance, permission. 

“There were many causes of difference; the chief being 
the allowance of slavery in the South.”— Freeman: Gen. 
Sketch of Hist., p. 364. 

6 . A stated sum of money given in lieu of rations, 
of food. &c., or designed to enable a person occupy¬ 
ing a high official station to dispense hospitality on 
a large scale. 

“. . . that, though lie drew a large allowance under 
pretense of keeping a public table, he never asked an 
officer to dinner.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

II. Technically: 

(a )Law: 

I. The state of being admitted: as, the allowance 
of a franchise=the admission that a franchise which 
one has been exercising, or claims legitimately, 
(belongs to him. {Blaclcstone: Comment., bk. iii., 
ch. 17.) 


2. The state of being granted: as, the allowance 
of a pardon=the granting of a pardon ; the allow¬ 
ance of a writ of error=the permission to obtain a 
writ of error. ( Blaclcstone: Comment., bk. iv., 
chaps. 30, 31.) 

3. Money or property allotted, as, for instance, 
that which is allotted to a bankrupt for subsist¬ 
ence. ( Blaclcstone: Comment., ii. 31.) 

(b) Comm.: Deductions from the weight of goods 
sold on account of the weight of the packages in 
which they are enclosed; or, more specifically, for 
draft, tare, tret, and cloff (q. v.). 

tg.l-low -an$e, v. t. [From the substantive.] 

1. To put upon allowance; to assign a certain 
weighed or measured quantity of food or liquor. 

“ You’ve had as much as you can eat . . . Then don’t 
you ever go and say you were allowanced, mind that.”— 
Dickens: Old Curiosity Shop, ch. xxxvi. 

2. A sum of money allowed to a son, or daughter, 
or ward, for expenses, which is generally paid 
quarterly. 

al lowed', pa. par. & a. [Allow.] 

As adjective: 

1. [Allow (1).] Approved of, tolerated, sanc¬ 
tioned, licensed, chartered. 

“ There is no slander in an allow’d fool.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, i. 5. 

2. [Allow (2).] Admitted, not denied;.yielded 
to; or in the other senses of the verb. 

“These, my lord, 

Are such allowed infirmities, that honesty 
Is never free of.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 

al low -er, s. [Eng. allow; -er.] One who al¬ 
lows. 

“ This unruly handful of ministers that made the fash¬ 
ion of keeping this pretended assembly, together with 
their associates and allowers, do much brag of the equity 
of their cause.”— The King’s Declaration, in a Declaration 
of His Majesty’s Proceedings against those attainted of 
High Treason (1606), p. 13. 


per cent.; a pound of silver contains 11 oz. 2 dwt. of 
silver, and 18 dwt. of alloy. For jewelry there are 
the following legal standards: 18,15,12, and 9 carats. 

“The gold of hem hath now so badde'aiayes 
With bras, that though the coyn be fair at ye, 

It wolde rather brest in tuo than piye.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 9,043-5. 

2. The baser metal so mixed with the one more 
precious. 

II. Fig.: The act of mixing anything of lesser 
value, or of no value at all, with something 
precious. 

“It would be interesting to see how the pure gold of 
scientific truth found by the two philosophers was mingled 
by the two statesmen with just that quantity of alloy 
which was necessary for the working.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxi. 

B. Technically: 

1. Chem.: The mixture of any metal with any 
other, precious or less precious, it matters not. 
mercury only being excepted. A mixture of 
mercury with another metal is called an amalgam, 
and not an alloy. [Amalgam.] 

“ The combinations of metallic elements among them¬ 
selves are distinguished by the general term alloys, and 
those of mercury as amalgams.”— Graham: Chem., 2d ed-, 
vol. i., p. 115. 

2. Min.: A natural alloy is the occurrence of two 
or more metals united in a state of nature. Osmium 
and iridium, when met with, are always in this 
condition. [Ieidosmine.J On the contrary, the 
alloys of metals for manufacturing purposes are, 
as a rule, artificially made. Thus brass, an alloy 
of copper, contains 28 to 34 per cent, of zinc ; gun- 
metal, 90 parts of copper to 10 of tin; bronze, 91 
parts of copper, 2 parts of tin, 6 parts of zinc, and 
1 part of lead. 

al-loy’, *al-la'y, *a-laye, v . t. [Apparently 
from the verb, rather than the verb from it. In Fr. 
allier— ( 1 ) to ally, to unite, to alloy; Port, ligar; 
Lat. ligo =to bind.] [Allav.] 


al-low -ing, *$.l-low -yn, pr.par., a., s. & conj. 

[Allow.] 

conjunction: Supposing, admitting for the 
sake of argument. 

al-lox-an, s. 

Chem.: A substance obtained by the action of 
strong nitric acid on uric acid in the cold. Alloxan 
crystallizes in large efflorescent rectangular prisms, 
C 4 N 2 H 2 O 4 . 4 H 2 O, which lose their water of crystalli¬ 
zation at 160°. Alloxan dissolves in water; the so¬ 
lution is acid and astringent, and stains the skin 
red; it gives a blue color with a ferrous salt and an 
alkali, and white percipitate of oxaluramide with 
hydrocyanic acid and ammonia. 

al-lox-an -ic, a. [Eng. alloxan; -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to alloxan. 

alloxanic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 4 H 4 N 2 O 5 . A bibasic acid obtained by 
adding baryta-water to a solution of alloxan heated 
to 60°, and decomposing the barium salt by dilute 
sulphuric acid. Alloxanic. acid crystallizes in small 
radiated needles. Its silver salt is insoluble and 
anhydrous, and when its salts are boiled with water 
they are decomposed into urea and mesoxalates. 

al-lox-an'-tin, s. 

Chem.: CsN.jII 1 O 7 .oH 2 O. A substance obtained 
by passing H 2 S through a strong cold solution of 
alloxan, when the alloxantin is precipitated along 
with sulphur; it dissolves in boiling water, and 
separates on cooling in the form of small four¬ 
sided, oblique, rhombic, colorless prisms. Its so¬ 
lution reddens litmus paper, gives a violet-colored 
precipitate with baryta-water, which disappears 
on heating; it reduces silver salts. By chlorine or 
nitric acid it is oxidized to alloxan. It is converted 
into dialuric acid by passing H 2 S through a boiling 
solution of it. A hot saturated solution of al¬ 
loxantin, mixed, with a neutral salt of ammonia, 
turns purple, which disappears, uramile being de¬ 
posited. When boiled with water and lead dioxide, 
alloxantin forms urea and lead carbonate. Its 
crystals, when heated to 150°, give off their water 
of crystallization. 

al loy’, * 3 , 1 -la y, *a-Ta’ye, s. [In Dut. allooi; 
Fr. aloi (from ioi=iaw), alliage; Sp. liga; Port. 
liga,; Ital. lega, leganza= league, alloy. (See the 
verb.) Connected with Lat. ligo =to bind, and with 
?ea;=law; the proportion of any metals combined 
for the purpose of the coinage being regulated by 
law. (See Wedgwood, &c.).l 

IT Alloy was formerly spelled Allay (q. v.). 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of mixing a baser with a more precious 
metal for a legitimate purpose or for fraud. Used 
specially, though not exclusively, of the coinage. 
The general alloy of gold is from twenty-two to two 


I. Literally: 

1. To mingle a precious metal with one of a baser 
character. 

“ Silver may be readily alloyed with most metals.”— 
Graham: Chem., 2d ed., voi. ii., p. 343. 

2. To mingle two metals together without refer¬ 
ence to the question whether one is more and the 
other less precious. 

Composition of Alloys: A statement of the aver¬ 
age proportions in which the metals enter the best 
known alloys, the composition of which is gener¬ 
ally very variable, is given in the following table: 

Coinage of gold.| Co°npepl0. 

Gold jewelry and plate.. . j g ™26 to 8. 

Silver coinage. j Copper,’ M. 

Silver vessels. j Copper, 9 !: 

Silver jewelry... -j lopper^O. 

Aluminium bronze.j Mumintom^lOto 5 

Bronze coins, medals. j jg^Vtofc 

Bronze cannon.I Copper, 90. 

> .tin, 10. 

Bronze bells.-j ^8- 

Bronze cymbals.-j xin*2()’ ^ 

Specula of telescopes.-j Tiu^Is’ ^ 

.tea”' 

»***.teasg 71 

( Copper, 60. 

German silver.Zinc, 25. 

( Nickel, 25. 

T ^ emetal .) Antimony 20. 

(Tin, 100. 

English metal.J Antimony 8. 

& Bismuth, 1. 

L Copper, 4. 

Pewter .-j Tin, 92 

) Lead, 8. 

Liquid measures.j 18 

Plumbers’ solder.i oo 

(I.ead, 33. 

II. Fig.: To diminish the purity or value of any¬ 
thing by mingling with it that which is inferior to 
it in. these respects. (Sometimes it has after it 
with, or more rarely by.) 

“His history appears to be better ascertained than that 
of his father, Cypselus; but the accounts of him are 
largely alloyed with table.”—Lewis: Early Rom. Hist 
ch. xiv., § 14. 

“. . . learned with delight, alloyed by shame . . 

— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, 
or, wore, wqlf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw, 























alloyage 


145 


ally 


t*l-loy -age, s. [Eng. alloy; -age. In Fr. alli- 
age, from allier= to alloy.] The art of alloying 
metals; also, the combination thus formed. (La¬ 
voisier.) 

Al-loyed', pa. par. & a. [Allot, u.] 
al-loy-Ing, pr. par. [Alloy, v.] 
all -splge, s. [Eng. all; spice. So named be¬ 
cause its flavor somewhat resembles that of a mixt¬ 
ure of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg.] 

. Akind of pepper, consisting of the dried ber¬ 
ries of Pimenta officinalis (Myrtus Pimenta, Linn., 
Eugenia Pimenta. De C.), a tree belonging to the 
order Myrtacese (Myrtle-blooms). It is imported 
almost entirely from Jamaica, and is hence called 
Jamaica pepper. It is termed also Pimento, from 
Sp. pimienta= pepper; its berries in shape and flavor 
resembling peppercorns. The trees are cultivated 
in Jamaica in plantations called pimento walks. 
Their unripe fruits, and to a lesser extent all parts 
of them, abound in an essential oil, which has the 
same composition as oil of cloves ; of this the ber¬ 
ries yield from three to five per cent. It is a pow¬ 
erful irritant, and is often used to allay toothache. 



Allspice (Pimenta Officinalis). 

(Leaves, Flower, and Fruit.) 

The bruised berries are carminative; they stimu¬ 
late the stomach, promote digestion,, and relieve 
flatulency. The allspice imported into this country 
is derived from Pimenta officinalis , and not from 
Pimenta acris. The latter affords a product some¬ 
what similar, which is occasionally used as a sub¬ 
stitute for the other. Hence the allspice-tree , prop¬ 
erly so called, is the Pimenta officinalis. 

2. The English name of the genus Calycanthus, 
and specially of C. floridus, which has a scent like 
the pimento-tree, grows in Carolina, and is often 
called the Carolina allspice. Lindley, in his Nat. 
Syst. of Bot., termed the order Calycanthaceae, the 
Carolina Allspice tribe; but in his Veg. Kingd. he 
altered the designation to Calycanths. 

1[ Japan allspice is the English name of the genus 
Chimonanthus, which belongs to the Calycanth- 
aceee; Wild allspice is Benzoin odoriferum, a spe¬ 
cies of the Laurel order. 

al-lu-aud'-Tte, s. [Named after M. Allaud.] The 
name given by Damour to a mineral supposed to be 
altered triplite, found near Limoges. It is not the 
same as the Alluaudite of Bernhardi. Dana classes 
it as a variety of Triphylite (q. v.). 

Jil-M’<de, v. i. [In Sp.aludir; Port, alludir; Ital. 
■alludere; Lat. alludo= to play with; ad=with re¬ 
spect to; ludo= to play.] To make indirect refer¬ 
ence to, to hint at, without directly mentioning. 

“These speeches of Jerome and Chrysostom do seem to 
allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in 
use.”— Hoolcer. 

al-lfi -ding, pr. par. [Allude.] 

al-lfi -mee, a. [Fr. allum£, pa. par. of allumer= 
to light.] [Alluminate.] 

Her.: A term applied to describe the eyes of ani¬ 
mals when they are depicted sparkling or red. 

*al-lu'-min-ate, v -1- [Fr. allumer=to light, to 
illuminate; from lumibre = light.] To color, to 
paint upon paper or parchment, to illuminate a 
manuscript. 

K Now superseded by Illuminate (q. v.). 

*al-lu'-min-6r, s. [Fr. allumer— to light.] One 
who colors or paints upon paper or parchment. He 
was called an alluminsr, that is, an illuminator, 
because of the light, grace, and ornament which he 
imparted to the figures oij which he operated. 

If Now contracted into Limner (q. v.). 

*al-lun-ge, *al-lin-ge, *al-lun-ges, al-lins, 
adv. [A. S. eallunga, eallinga .] Entirely, com¬ 
pletely, fully. 

“ It semethe as it were of whete, but it is not allynges of 
■suche sauour.”— Maundeville: Travels , p. 189. 

“Turn me allunge to the.” 

O. E. Homilies (ed. Morris), i. 186. 

al-liir'- 3 .nce, s. [Allure.] Enticement, flat¬ 
tery. 

“To draw by alluranoe. Blandior.” — Baret. 


$,l-lur’e, s. [From Fr. leurre— a lure.] A lure 
or decoy for birds; or, figuratively, a source of 
temptation to people. 

IT It is now contracted into Lure (q. v.). 

“ The rather to train them to his allure, he told them 
both often, and with a vehement voice, how often they 
were over-topped and trodden down by gentlemen.”— 
Hayward. 

al-liir'e, v. t. [From Fr. leurrer= to decoy, to 
lure; from leurre=a lure.] To draw or tempt one 
forward by presenting an object of attraction likely 
to act upon him or her, as bait does upon fishes, or 
the crumbs in a snare upon birds. 

“ They allure through the lusts of the flesh, through 
much wantonness, those that were clean escaped from 
them who live in error.”—2 Peter iii. 18. 

3,1-liired', pa. par. & a. [Allure, v.] 

al-liir e-ment, s. [Eng. allure; -merit.) 

1. The act of alluring. 

“Adam by his wife’s allurement fell.” 

Milton: P. B., bk. ii. 

2. That which allures; that which attracts or 
tempts. 

“ With feminine allurement soft and fair.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

3 l-liir'-er, s. [Eng. allure; -er.J One who al¬ 
lures, attracts, or entices. 

“ Our wealth decreases, and our changes rise ; 

Money, the sweet allurer of our hopes. 

Ebbs out in oceans, and comes in by drops.” 

Bryden: Prologue to the Prophetess. 

gl-lUr'-Ing, pr. par, a. & s. [Allure.] 

A. As present participle or adjective: Luring, 
enticing, attractive. 

B. As substantive: Enticement, lure. 

“I stand, 

Thus heavy, thus regardless, thus despising 

Thee, and thy best allurings.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher : Woman’s Prize, i. 3. 

gl-lUr'-Ing-ljf, adv. [Eng. alluring; -ly .] In 
an alluring manner, attractively, enticingly. 

thl-lur'-mg-ness, s. {Rug. alluring;-ness.) The 
quality of alluring or attracting by the presenta¬ 
tion of some object of desire. 

al-lu -§ion, s. [In Fr. allusion; Sp. alusion; 
Ital. allusione: from Lat. allusio— a playing or 
sporting with.] [Allude.] 

1. Ordinary Language: A reference to anything 
not directly mentioned, a hint. 

“. . . considerations to which no allusion can be 

found in the writings of Adam Smith Jeremy or Bent- 
ham .”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

2. Rhet.: A figure by which something is applied 
to or understood of another, on account of a certain 
resemblance between them. 

al-lu-sive, a. [In Sp. alusivo; Port, and Ital. 
allusivo.) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Containing an allusion. [See B.] 

*2. Parabolical. 

“Allusive, or parabolical, is a narration applied only 
to express some special purpose or conceit, which latter 
kind of parabolical wisdom was much more in use in the 
ancient times, as by the fables of yEsop, and the brief 
sentences of the Seven, and the use of hieroglyphics, may 
appear .”—Bacon : Advancement of Learning, bk. ii. 

B. Technically: 

Her.: Allusive arms , called 

also canting or punning arms, 
and, by the French, armes par - 
lantes, are those in which the 
charges suggest the bearer’s 
name. Thus the arms of Castile 
and Leon are two castles and 
two lions. The arms of Arundel 
are swallows (Hirondelles). 

Till the time of James I., allu¬ 
sive arms were treated respect¬ 
fully, but afterward they fell 
into disrepute. (Gloss, of Her- Arms of 
aldry.) 

al-lu'-sive-ly, adv. [Eng. allusive; -ly.) By 
means of an allusion; by way of allusion. 

“. . .by those eagles (Matt. xxiv. 28), by which, 

allusively, are noted the Roman armies, whose ensign was 
the eagle.”— Hammond. 

al-lu-sive-ness, s. [En g. allusive; -ness.) The 
quality of being allusive. 

“ There may, according to the multifarious allusive¬ 
ness of the prophetical style, another notable meaning be 
also intimated.”— More: Seven Churches, ch. 9. 

al-lu-sor-y, a. [From Eng. allusion.) Contain¬ 
ing an allusion. 

“ This was an unhappy allusory omen of his after- 
actions.”— Heath’s Flagellum, or Life of Cromwell (1679), 

p. 12 . 


al-lu’-Vl-al, a. [Eng. alluvium; -al. In Ger. 
and Fr. alluvial; Lat. alluvius.) Pertaining to 
alluvium; washed away from one place and de¬ 
posited in another. (Used specially in geology.) 

“ Portions of plains loaded with alluvial accumulations 
by transient floods.” — Lyell: Princip. of Geol., 8 th ed. 
(1850), ch. xlvii. 

Alluvial deposits: Deposits consisting of alluvium 
(q. v.). 

fal-lu'-vi-ous, a. [Lat. alluvius.) Alluvial. 

al-lu-vl-um, tg,l-lu -vl-on (Eng.), al-lu'-vl-d 

(Scotch), s. [In Fr. alluvion; Sp. aluvion; Port. 
alluviao: Ital. alluvione. From Lat. alluvio — (1) 
an inundation, (2) alluvial land ; alluo — to wash 
against: ad= to, against; lwo=towash.] 

A. Ordinary Language: The act or process of 
washing away soil, gravel, rocks, &c., and deposit¬ 
ing the debris in other places; also the materials 
thus deposited. 

"... either by alluvion, by the washing up of sand 
and earth, so as in time to make terra flrma.” — Black- 
stone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 17. 

B. Technically: 

1. Geol. and Physical Geog. In these sciences the 
form of the words is alluvium, or rarely alluvion. 

*1. Formerly: The gravel, mud, sand, &c., depos¬ 
ited by water subsequently to the Noachian deluge. 
It was opposed to diluvium, supposed to be laid 
down by the deluge itself, or, in the opinion of 
others, by some great wave or series of waves 
originated by the sudden upheaval of large tracts 
of land or some other potent cause, different from 
the comparatively tranquil action of water which 
goes on day by day. [Diluvium.] 

2. Now: 

(a) “Earth or mud, gravels, stones, and other 
transported matter which have been washed away 
and thrown down by rivers, floods, or other causes 
upon land not permanently submerged beneath the 
waters of lakes or seas.” As generally used, the 
word is specially employed to designate the trans¬ 
ported matter laid down by fresh water during the 
Pleistocene and recent periods. Thus it indicates 
partly a process of mechanical operation, and 
partly a date or period. It should not be forgotten 
that the former has gone on through all bygone 
geological ages, and has not been confined to any 
one time. Many of the hardest and most compact 
rocks were once loosely-cohering debris laid down 
by water. The most typical example of alluvium 
may be seen in the deltas of the Nile, Ganges, 
Mississippi, and many other rivers. Some rivers 
have alluviums of diff erent ages on the slopes down 
into their valleys. The more modern of these be¬ 
long to the recent period, as do the organic or other 
remains which they contain, while the older (as 
those of the Somme, Thames, Ouse, &c.), which are 
of Pleistocene age, enclose more or less rudely 
chipped flint implements, with the remains of 
mammals either locally or everywhere extinct. 
[Neolithic, Paleolithic, Pleistocene, &c.] 
Though in many cases it is possible clearly to 
separate alluviums of different ages, yet the ten¬ 
dency of each new one is to tear up, re-distribute, 
and confound all its predecessors. 

“ Moreover, the last operations of water have a tendency 
to disturb and confound together all pre-existing allu ¬ 
viums.” — Lyell: Elem. of Geol., ch. vii. 

“As a general rule, the fluviatile alluvia of different 
ages . . .”— Ibid., ch. x. 

(b) Volcanic alluvium: Sand, ashes, &c., which, 
after being emitted from a volcano, come under the 
action of water, and are by it re-deposited, as was 
the case with the materials which entered au<j 
filled the interior of houses at Pompeii. 

(c) Marine alluvium: Alluvium produced by in 
undations of the sea, such as those which have fror 
time to time overflown the eastern coast of India. 

II. Law. The form of the word generally used ii 
English law is alluvion, and in Scotch law alluvio. 
In both of these the enactment is, that if an “eyott,” 
or little island, arise in a river midway between the 
two banks, it belongs in common to the proprietors 
on the opposite banks; but if it arise nearer one 
side, then it belongs to the proprietor whose lands 
it there adjoins. If a sudden inundation cut off 
part of a proprietor’s land, or transfer the materials 
to that of another, he shall be recompensed by ob¬ 
taining what the river has deposited in another 
place ; but if the process be a gradual one, there is 
no redress. (Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 
xvii.) 

*all’-way, *all -waye§, *all waye§, *al-wey, 

adv. [Always.] ( Prompt. Parv., Spenser, dtc.) 

al-ly 1 , *al-ly e, *3,1-11 e, *aly’, v. t. [Fr. allier 
=to ally, to combine; Sp. aliar; Port, alliar: from 
Lat. allego= to bind to; ligo= to bind.] 

1. To unite or form a relationship by means of 
marriage. 

“Eliashib . . . was allied unto Tobiah.”— Neh. xiii. 4. 




bdil, boy; pout, Jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 

’ 10 


















146 


almner 


ally 


2. To unite in a confederacy; also, to unite by the 
bond of love. 

“ These three did love each other dearely well, 

And with so fiime affection were alleyde.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV., ii. 43. 

“0 chief 1 in blood, and now in arms allied !” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. vi., 667. 

3. To establish between two things a relation 
founded on their resemblance to each other. 

“ Two lines are indeed remotely allied to Virgil’s sense; 
but they are too like the tenderness of Ovid.”— Dryden. 

IT Ally is used more frequently in the passive 
than in the active voice. 

9.1- iy, *9-l-lye, *§,1-11 e, *&-ly , s. [From the 
verb. In Fr. alli£.~\ 

' 1. A person united to another by the marriage 
bond, or by the tie of near relationship. 

“ ‘ This day I take the for myne allye,’ 

Sayde this blisful faire mayde deere.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,220-21. 
“Thy brother sone, that was thy double allie.” 

Ibid., 16,889. 

“ This gentleman, the prince’s near ally." 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 1. 

2. A state or prince bound to one by a treaty or 
league; a confederate. 

“Lewis had spared no effort to gain so valuable an 
ally." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

“ Then turning to the martial hosts, he cries: 

Ye Trojans, Dardans, Lycians, and allies I 
Be men, my friends, in action as in name.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvii., 205-207. 
*al'-ly-ch6l-y, a. [Apparently the word melan¬ 
choly half remembered by an uneducated person.] 
Melancholy. 

“Host. Now, my young guest, methinks you’re ally- 
cholly; I pray you, why is it? 

Jul. Marry, mine host, because I cannot be merry.” 

Shakesp. : Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 2. 

*<tl -lyfe, conj. [Eng. all; if.) Although. 

“ That allyfe your Lordshippes letters came . . . ”— 
W. Blithemane, Letters (1623), Monast., iv. 477. 

9.1- ly -ing, pr. par. [Ally, v.] 
al -lyl, s. [From allium (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A monad organic radical having the 
formula (C 3 H 5 )', isomeric with the triad radical 
propenyl (C 3 H 5 )”', two of the carbon atoms being 
united to each other by two bonds, 
allyl alcohol, s. 

Chem.: C 3 Hr, 0 =C 3 H 5 . 0 H=allylic alcohol=acrylic 
alcohol, a primary monatomic alcohol obtained by 
decomposing ally! iodide with silver oxalate. The 
allyl oxalate is decomposed by ammonia, yielding 
oxamide and allyl alcohol. Allyl alcohol is a color¬ 
less, pungent liquid, boiling at 103°. It is oxidized 
into acrylic aldehyde and acid. 

Allyl iodide, C 3 H 5 I, is obtained by distilling glyc¬ 
erine with phosphorus tetriodide. A liquid boiling 
at 100°. By the action of zinc and hydrochloric 
acid it is converted into propene. 

Allyl sulphide (CsHsDS, exists in volatile oil of 
garlic, obtained also by distilling allyl iodide with 
potassium monosulphide. 

Allyl sulpho-cyanate, C 3 H 5 .CNS, occurs in vola¬ 
tile oil of mustard. 

al'-lyl-ene, s. [Eng. allyl; -ene.] 

Chem.: C 3 H 4 =propine, a hydrocarbon, obtained 
by the action of a sodium ethylate on bromopro- 
pene. It is a colorless, stinking gas, which burns 
with a smoky flame. It gives a yellow precipitate 
with cuprous chloride. 

•fil'-lynge, adv. [A. S. eallunga, eallinga, 
Allunga= entirely, absolutely, altogether.] Com¬ 
pletely ; absolutely. [Allunge.] 

* Hit is not allynge to carpe, sire kyng, wher-of we 
-.-men.”— Joseph of Arimathie, 440. 

“ Allynge to carpe=altogether (the right thing) to 
speak: quite (the thing) to speak.”— Glossarial Index to 
Joseph of Arimathie. 

al'-m 9 , s. [Alme.] 

al-ma, a. [Fern, of Lat. adj. aZmws=nourish- 
ing; from alo=to nourish.] 

Alma Mater {lit.— the nourishing mother, or the 
fostering or bountiful mother): A term often ap¬ 
plied to the university at which one studied, and 
which, like a bountiful mother, fostered the higher 
powers of one’s intellect and heart. ' 

“ The studious sons of Alma Mater." 

Byron: Granta. 

al-ma-can -tar, s. [Arab.] [Almucantar.] 
Al-mach, *Al -ma-ac, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] 
A fixed star of the third magnitude, called also 
Gamma Andromedee. 
al-ma -die, s. [Local name.] 

1. In Africa: A sort of canoe, or small vessel, 
about twenty-four feet long, made generally of 
bark, and in use among the negroes. 


2 . Inlnaia: A swift boat, eighty feet long, and six 
or seven broad, used at Calicut, on the coast of 
India. Small vessels of this description are called 
also catlmri. 

Al’-ma-gest, s. [In Ger. almaqest; Fr. almageste; 
Sp., Port., & ltal. almagesto. From Arab, article 
aZ=the; Gr. megistos= greatest, superlative of megas 
=great.] 

1. Spec.: A name of honor conferred on a book 
treating of geometry and astronomy, published by 
the celebrated Alexandrian geographer and astron¬ 
omer Ptolemy. 

“ That saith this proverbe in his Almagest: 

Of alle men his wisedom is highest.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,907-8. 

“On cross, and character, and talisman, 

And almagest, and altar, nothing bright.” 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 17. 

2. Gen.: Any similar production. 

al-ma-gra, al-ma-gre, s. [Sp. Called by the 

Latin writers Sil. Atticum, that is, Attic or Athenian 
yellow ochre.] A fine deep-red ochre, of high 
specific gravity, dense yet friable, and with a rough, 
dusty surface. It is found in Spain, and is used at 
Seville to color snuff. 

al-mai, s. [Alme.] 

Al'-main, *Al-mayne, Al-maun, s. [From 
Fr. Allemagne—(ie rmany.] 

1. A German. 

“ Iago. Why, he drinks you, with facility, your Dane 
dead drunk: he sweats not to overthrow your Almain; he 
gives your Hollander a vomit, ere the next pottle can be 
filled.”— Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 3. 

2. A kind of solemn music. (Skinner, Nares, &c.) 

almain-leap, s. A dancing leap. 

“And take his almain-leap into a custard.” 

B. Jonson: Devil an Ass, i. 1. 

almain-rivet, s. [Eng. almain; rivet. ] A kind 
of light armor introduced into this country from 
Germany. It has plates of iron for the defense of 
the arms. 

“. . . and by the statute of the 4th and 5th of Philip 

and Mary, we learn that the military force of the king¬ 
dom was composed of . . . black billmen, or halber¬ 

diers, who wore the armor called almain-rivets, and 
morions or sallets, and haquebutiers similarly appointed.” 
— Planche: Hist. Brit. Costume (1847), p. 318. 

(See also Blount’s Glossographia.) 

al’-maist, adv. [Almost.] (Scotch.) 

al-man-ac, al-man-ack, s. [In Sw., Ger., & 

Fr. almanach; Dan. & Dut. almanak; Sp. alman- 
ak, almanaque; Port, almanach; ltal. almanacco. 
Apparently Arab. Probably from a?=the; manach 
= a calendar or diary: from. mana, or manah= to 
compute; Heb. mauo7i=to distribute, to compute. 
Wedgwood points out that in the Arab, of Syria 
almanakh is=climate or temperature. Others con¬ 
sider the word to be of Teutonic derivation. Thus 
Dean Hoare believes it Anglo-Saxon. He says that 
a square stick on which the Anglo-Saxons carved 
the course of the moon during the year, to fix the 
times of new and full moon and the festival days, 
was called by them almonaght — all-moon-heed. 
(Hoare: Eng. Roots, 1855.) Other derivations, both 
Arabic and Teutonic, have been given.] 

*1. A kind of instrument, usually made of wood, 
inscribed with various figures and Runic char¬ 
acters, and representing the order of the feasts, the 
dominical letters, the days of the week, the golden 
number, and other matters. It was used by the old 
Scandinavian nations for the computation of time, 
civil and ecclesiastical. It might be made of 
leaves, connected like those of books, or of brass, 
or horn, or the skins of eels; or the information 
might be cut on daggers, or on tools of various 
kinds. Such productions were sometimes called 
rimstocks, or primstaries, or runstocks, or run- 
staffs, or clogs. Remnants of them are still found in 
some English counties. 

2. A small book primarily designed to furnish a 
calendar or table of the days belonging to the sev¬ 
eral months of the year for which it is constructed. 
It is known that an almanac was published by the 
Greeks of Alexandria about the second century 
A. D. Almanacs were produced by Solomon Jar- 
chus, about 1150 A. D.; by Purbach 1450-1461; and 
by Regiomontanus between 1475 and 1506. 

U The English Nautical Almanac is a work origi¬ 
nated in the year 1767, by Dr. Maskelyne, the astron¬ 
omer royal, and many years edited by him. It 
contains a summary of the lunar observations made 
at Greenwich Observatory, and by its aid the mari¬ 
ner observes the moon and adjacent stars with his 
sextant, and from comparison of his observations 
with the positions given in the Nautical Almanac 
computes his longitude, and ascertains the place of 
his vessel on the trackless ocean. This work con¬ 
tains about 600 pages of elaborate astronomical 
tables, constructed specially for the use of seamen 
in any part of the globe, but containing valuable 
information for the astronomer on land. Each 
month has twenty pages, containing full details of 


the phenomena of the sun and moon; then follow 
the ephemerides of the seven principal planets. 
After this come a catalogue of the leading fixed 
stars, with their annual variations, followed by a 
list of the principal stars near which the moon 
asses in her monthly revolution through the 
eavens. The eclipses of the year are elaborately 
described. Then follow a list of stars to be occulted 
by the moon during each month. The eclipses of 
Jupiter’s satellites, so useful in determining the 
longitude at sea, together with the configuration of 
the satellites on those occasions when the planet is 
visible, are successively detailed; besides other 
matters equally valuable to the mariner. This 
almanac has always been published three or four 
years in advance, in order that it may be sent to all 
parts of the world in time for the observation of 
the phenomena described in its pages. A similar 
work is published in this country. The American 
Almanac, first published at Boston in 1830, em¬ 
braces a great mass of statistical knowledge, 
besides that usually given in almanacs, 
almanac-maker, s. A maker of almanacs. 
“Mathematicians and almanac-makers are forced to eat 
their own prognostics.” — Gayton’s Notes on Don Qaix., 

p. 268. 

w al-mand -ite, al-mand -ine, al-mand'-in, 
al -mond-me, s. [From Lat. Alabandicus (Pliny) 
=pertaining to Alabanda, a city of Garia, where 
the mineral was cut and polished. Alabanda is 
said to have been called from Alabandus, its found¬ 
er.] A mineral, a variety of garnet classed by 
Dana under the heading Iron-alumina garnet. 
Composition : Silica 36T, alumina 20’6, protoxide of 
iron 43’3=100. Thus it is mainly a silicate of alumina 
and protoxide of iron. When it is of a deep red 
color and transparent, it is called precious garnet; 
when brownish-red, or translucent, common garnet, 
when black, melanite. It is found in Ireland, Nor¬ 
way, Greenland, Hungary, Brazil, and other places. 

“ But I would throw to them back in mine 
Turkis and agate and almondine.” 

Tennyson: The Merman, 8. 

*al-man-dre, s. [Almond.] 
al -man-fur -naije, s. [Almond-furnace.] 
*ar~miir-y, s. [Ambry.] 

*Al’-maun, s. [Almain.] 

*al’-maund, s. [Almond.] 

*al -mayne-riv -ets. [Almain-rivets.] 

al-me, al -ma, al’-mal, s. [Mod. Arab, of 

Egypt, alme, almai= the learned; corrupted from 
Arab, alimah, fern. adj. = knowing, wise.] An 
Egyptian dancing-girl. 

tal-nie'-na, s. A weight used in various parts of 
Asia to weigh saffron. It is about two pounds. 
*al-mer-y, *ar-mer-ie, s. [Ambry.] 

*al-might'-i-ful (gh silent), a. [Eng. almighty; 
-ful .] In the fullest sense possessed of almighty 
power. 

“. . . almightiful voice of Jesus.”— XJdal: Luke iv. 
al-might'-i-ly (gh silent), adv. [Eng. almighty; 
-ly .] With almighty power. 

al-might -l-ne s s (gh silent), s. [Eng. almighty ; 
-ness.] The quality of being almighty; omnipo¬ 
tence. 

“ Noah. Ask Him who made thee greater than myself 
And mine, but not less subject to His own 
Almightiness.” — Byron: Heaven and Earth, i. 3. 

.Al'-might-y, Al'-might-y, *Al-myght-ye, 
*Al'-myght-i, *al-mygt-y (gh. and g silent), a. & 
s. [Eng. all; mighty. A. S. celmiht, celmihti, cel- 
mihtig, ealmiht , ealmihti, ealmihtig, a.; TElmihtiga, 
Ealmihtiga, s.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. In a strict seme: Omnipotent; able to do every¬ 
thing not inconsistent with the divine attributes, 
and not involving a contradiction in terms. 

“. . . I am the Almighty God . . ."—Gen. xvii. 1. 
“Insensible of Truth’s almighty charms, 

Starts at her first approach, and sounds to arms!” 

Cowper: Hope. 

2. In a loose sense: Possessed of great ability, 
strength, or power. 

“O noble almighty Sampson, leef and deere, 

Haddest thou nought to wommen told thy secrd.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,538-9. 

B. As substantive: God, viewed specially in con¬ 
nection with His omnipotence. 

“ I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end¬ 
ing, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is 
to come, the Almighty.” — Rev. i. 8 . 

“The trembling queen (th’ almighty order given) 
Swift from th’ Idaean summit shot to heaven.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad., bk. xv., 84, 85. 

*al mi§, *al'-messe (l silent), s. [Alms.] 

*alm -ner (l silent), s. [Almoner.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there;_ pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, ctir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




almond 


147 


alnager 


al'-mond, *al-maund (l silent), s. [In Sw., 
Uan.. & tj-or. mandel; Dut. amandel; Fr. amande 
i rui j ’ an \ an dier (the tree); Sp. almendra (the 
truit), almendro (the tree); Ital. mandola , man- 
aorta: Fat. amygdala and amygdalum (the fruit 
and the tree both); amygdalus (the tree only), 
f.rom Or. amygdale, amygdalon , and amygdalos- 
the almond fruit and the almond-tree.] 



A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The fruit of the almond-tree. It is a slight 
ovate drupe, externally downy. There are two 
varieties of it, the one sweet and the other bitter. 
Sweet almonds are eaten. Taken in moderate 
amount they are nutritive and demulcent, but con¬ 
sumed in large quantities they are purgative. Bitter 
almonds contain prussic acid, and eaten in large 
quantities are poisonous. The distilled water con¬ 
taining their concentrated essence, if drank, is 
almost instantly fatal. Brandy and ammonia may 
be given as an antidote. 

“. . . spices and myrrh, nuts and almonds’’—Gen. 

xliii. 11. 

“Pound an almond, and the clear white color will be 
altered into a dirty one, and the sweet taste into an oily 
one.’’— Locke. 

2. The tree on which the fruit now described 
grows, the Amygdalus communis, of which there are 
two varieties, the A. communis, simply so termed, 
and the A. communa, var. amara, or bitter almond. 
The former has pink and the latter white flowers. 
They bloom very early in the season. The leaves are 
oblong-lanceolate, with serrated margins. Both 
varieties are found in the south of Europe, the 
sweet one being the more common. They seem 
to have come originally from Persia, Asia Minor, 
Syria, and the north of Africa. [Amygdalus.] 

1[ Almond in Scripture seems correctly translated. 

“ Many varieties of the almond are cultivated, differing 
in the nature of their fruits.”— Treas. of Botany. 

B. Technically: 

I. Among lapidaries: Pieces of rock crystal used 
in adorning branch candlesticks. 

II. Anatomy: 

1. Almonds of the throat, or tonsils: Two round 

glands placed at the basis of the tongue on either 
side. Each has a large oval sinus opening into the 
fauces. This, with a number of smaller sinuses 
inside it. discharge a mucous substance designed 
to moisten and lubricate the fauces, larynx and 
oesophagus. • 

2. Almonds of the ears: An inaccurate name some¬ 
times given to the almonds of the throat, or tonsils. 

“The tonsils, or almonds of the ears, are also frequently 
swelled in the king’s evil; which tumor may be very well 
reckoned a species of it.”— Wiseman-. Surg. 

C. In composition: Among the compounds are the 
following: 

almond-blossom, s. The blossom of the almond- 
tree. 

“Where all about your palace-walls 
The sun-lit almond-blossom shakes.” 

Tennyson: To the Queen. 

almond-flower, s. The flower of the almond-tree. 

“ Springs out of the silvery almond-flower. 

That blooms on a leafless bough.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; Light of the Haram. 

almond-furnace, alman-furnace, or sweep, s. 

Mech.: A kind of furnace used by refiners to sep¬ 
arate metals from cinders and other dross. By 
means of it also the slags of litharge left in refining 
silver are reduced by the aid of charcoal again to 
lead. 

almond-leaved willow, s. Salix amygdalina, 
now ranked, not as a distinct species, but simply as 
a variety of 8. triandra, the blunt-stipuled trian- 
drous willow. 

“Trees more and more fady, till they end in an almond- 
willow — Shenstone. 

almond-oil, bitter almond-oil, or benzoic 
aldehyde, s. 

Chem.: An oil obtained by pressing almonds. The 
oil of bitter almonds, at least when impure, is very 


poisonous. It has, however, been used as a cure in 
intermittent fever. It produces urticaria. It also 
relieves intoxication. 

almond-peach, s. A hybrid between the almond 
and the peach, cultivated in France, 
almond-shaped, a. Of the form of an almond. 
“. . . round or almond-shaped nodules of some min¬ 
eral.”— Lyell: Manual ofGeol., 4th ed., ch. xxviii. 

almond-tree, s. [Almond.] 

“And X said, I see a rod of an almond-tree.” — Jer. i. 11. 
“Not a vine, not an almond-tree, -was to be seen on the 
slopes of the sunny hills round what had once been 
Heidelberg.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

al’-mond-Ine, s. [Almandite.] 
al -mond-worts (l silent), s. pi. [En g. almond; 
worts.'] Lindley’s name for the order Drupaceae 
(q.v.). 

al -mon-er, *alm'-ner ( l silent), s. [Fr. au- 
monier.] A person whose office it is to distribute 
alms. It was first given to such a functionary in a 
religious house, there being an ancient canon 
which specially enjoined each monastery to spend 
a tenth part of its income in alms to the poor. By 
an ancient canon also, all bishops were required to 
keep almoners. Kings, queens, princes, and other 
people of rank had similar functionaries. 

“. . . the chaplain and almoner of the queen dow¬ 
ager.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

al-mon-ry, *alm'-ry, *alm-er-y (l silent), 
*awme-bry, *awm'-er-j,s. [Fr. aumonerie; Ital. 
elemosinieria.] 

1 . The place where an almoner resides, or where 
alms are distributed or stored for distribution. 

“ The queen’s royal alms were distributed on Saturday 
by Mr. Hanby, at the almonry office.”— Times, April 16, 
1838. 

2 . Sometimes confounded with Ambry (q.v.). 

al -most, *al'-moste, *al-mest, *all most, adv. 
& adj. [Eng. all; most.] 

1. As adverb: Nearly, well nigh; very nearly 
approaching the whole. 

“And Paul said, I would to God, that not only thou, but 
also all that hear me this day, were both almost, and alto¬ 
gether such as I am, except these bonds.”— Acts xxvi. 29. 
f2. As adjective: Well nigh; all but. 

“ . . . between the first rudiments of an art, and its 
almost perfection.”— Goldsmith: Polite Learning. 

alm§^ *aline§ (l silent), *al ,j mess, *al-messe, 
*al -mos, *el -messe, s. [A. S. celmesse, celmasse, 
ce-lmysse, alrnes. In Sw. almosor; Dan. almisser; 
Dut. aalmoes; Ger. almosen; Fr. aumOne; Norm. 
Fr. almoynes; Sp. limosna; Port, esmola; Ital. 
Umosina; Low Lat. eleemosyna; Gr. eleemosyne= 
( 1 ) pity, mercy, ( 2 ) charity, alms; eleeo = to have 
pity; eleos = pity. Thus alms in English, when 
traced to its origin, is really the Greek word elee- 
mosyne corrupted; and the fact that so long a 
Greek word should have been worn away into so 
short an English one, is fitted to suggest that in 
these islands during the Middle Ages it can scarcely 
ever have been out of people’s lips. The Continental 
nations, it will be observed, have not yet succeeded 
in reducing the six Greek syllables into less than 
three or two; we have cut it away into a mono¬ 
syllable, not susceptible of much further reduction. 
There must have been among our ancestors much 
charity or much mendicancy, or much of both one 
and the other.] 

A. Ordinary Language: Money, food, clothing, 
or anything else given as a gratuity to relieve the 
poor. [Oblation.] 

1[ The s of the word alms is not the sign of the 
lural; it is the s of the Greek word. Alms is now, 
owever, often used as a plural. 

“. . . whan, a freeman by kyn or burthe is con- 

streigned by povert to eten the almes of his enemyes.”— 
Chaucer: Tale of Melibeus. 

“Hir hond myuistre of fredom and almesse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,588. 

“. . . who seeing Peter and John about to go into 

the temple, asked an alms.” —Acts iii. 3. 

B. Technically: 

In Law: 

(а) Reasonable alms: A certain portion of the 
estates of intestate persons allotted to the poor. 

( б ) Tenure by free alms, or frank almoyne: Ten¬ 
ure of prdperty which is liable to no rent or service. 
The term is especially applied to lands or other 
property left to churches or religious houses on 
condition of praying for the soul of the donor. 
Many of the old monasteries and religious houses 
in Britain obtained lands in this way, which were 
free from all rent or service. In the United States 
churches, schools and charitable institutions are 
free from taxation. 

alms-basket, s. The basket in which money or 
provisions are put in order that they may be given 
at the fitting time in alms. 

"Cost. Oh, they have lived long in the alms-basket of 
words !”— Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 1. 


alms-box, s. A box for the reception of money or 
provisions to be given in alms. Anciently alms were 
collected in such boxes both in churches and in pri¬ 
vate houses. 

alms-chest, s. A chest for the reception of 
money or provisions to be given as alms. 

alms-deed, s. A deed, of which the essence was 
giving of alms, an act of charity. 

“ . . . this woman [Dorcas] was full of good works, 
and alms-deeds which she did.”— Acts ix. 36. 

“ And so wear out, in alms-deed and in prayer, 

The sombre close of that voluptuous day, 

Which wrought the ruin of my lord the king.” 

Tennyson: Guinevere. 

*alms-drink, s. Wine contributed by others in 
excess of one’s own share. 

“ 1 Serv. They have made him drink alms-drink.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 7. 

alms-folk, s. Persons supported by alms. 

“ This knight and his lady had the character of very 
good alms-folks, in respect of their great liberality to 
the poor.” — Strype: Ann. of the Ref., i. 233. 

alms-giver, s. A person who gives liberal alms 
to the poor. 

“The fugitives of Palestine were entertained at Alex¬ 
andria by the charity of John, the Archbishop, who is 
distinguished among a crowd of saints by the epithet of 
alms.giver.” — Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ch. xlvi. 

alms-giving, s. The giving of alms. 
“Mercifulness, and alms-giving, purgeth from all sins, 
and delivereth from death.” — Homilies. Bk. 2, “ Of Alms- 

deeds.” 

alms-house, *almess-house, s. 

1. A house designed for the support of the poor 
on a private charitable foundation. 

“ And, to relief of lazars, and weak age 
Of indigent faint souls past corporal toil, 

A hundred almshouses right well supplied.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., i. 1. 

2. A poorhouse, what is now called a workhouse. 
A house designed for the support of the poor upon 
public rates. 

“ Only, alas ! the poor, who had neither friends nor 
attendants, 

Crept away to die in the almshouse, home for the 
homeless.”— Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. ii., v. 6. 

alms-man, *almes-mann, s. A man who lives 

by alms. [Bedesman.] 

“ My gay apparel for an almsman’s gown.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., iii. 3. 
*alms-people, s. People supported by alms. 
“They be bound to pay four shillings the week to the 
six almspeople.” — Weever: Funeral Monuments. 

fal-mu-can’-tar,^ fal-mu-can-ter, fal-ma- 
can'-tar, tal-mo-can-tar, s. [Arab., whence Fr. 

almicantarat; Ital. almucantaro.] A circle drawn 
parallel to the horizon. Generally used in the 
plural for a series of parallel circles drawn through 
the several degrees of the meridian. They are the 
same as what are now called parallels of altitude. 

almucantar’s staff, s. An instrument commonly 
made of pear-tree or box, with an arch of fifteen 
degrees, used to take observations of the sun about 
the time of its rising and setting, in order to find 
the amplitude, and consequently the variation of 
the compass. 

al'-mu§e, a’U-mu.Qe, s. [Low Lat. almucium.] 
A cover for the head, worn chiefly by monks and 
ecclesiastics. It was square, and seems to have 
been the original of the square caps worn by 
students in some universities, schools and cathe¬ 
drals. 

al’-mud, s. [Sp.] 

In Spain and Barbary: A measure for com. It 
contains about half a bushel. 

al'-mud, s. [Turkish, fr. Sp. almud (?).] [Al- 
mude.] A measure used in Turkey and Egypt. It 
is=l’151 imperial gallons. 

al -mfide, s. [Port.] A wine measure used im 
Portugal. The almude of Lisbon is=3’7 imperial 
gallons, that of Oporto=5'6. 
al -mug, s. [Algum.] 
al-mfi-£e-a, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] 

Astrol.: A certain configuration of the five plac¬ 
ets, in respect to the sun and moon, correspondent 
to that which is between the hours of those planets 
and the sun’s and moon’s hours. (Rees: Cyclsp.) 
al-my gh-tf, a. & s. [Almighty.] 
tal -nage, taul-nage, s. [Fr. aunage; O. Fr, 
aulnage; from aime=an ell.] [Ell.] Measure¬ 
ment by an ell as a standard ; ell-measure. ( Cowel .) 

tal'-nag-er, f aul-nag-er, s. [Eng. alnage, or aul¬ 
nage; -er.] An officer whose original function it was 
to examine woolen cloth, ascertain that it was ofthe 
proper length, affix to it a seal testifying to the fact, 
and then collect alnage-duty. Next, a searcher and 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shau- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion == zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = byl, dal. 




Alnath 


148 


along 


a measurer relieved him of part of his work, leav¬ 
ing him only the alnage to collect; and finally this, 
and with it his office, was swept away by the Act 11 
and 12 William III., c. 20. 

tAl -nath, +All-nath, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] 
The first star in the horns of Aries, whence the first 
mansion of the moon derives its name. 

“ And by his thre speeres in his worching, 

He knew ful wel how fer Allnatli was schove 
Fro the heed of thilk fixe Aides above, 

That in the fourthe speere considred is.” 

Chaucer .- C. T., 11,592-5. 

*aln'e-way, adv. [Alwat.] 

*al'-night {gh mute), s. [Eng. all; night.'] “A 
service which they call alnight is a great cake of 
wax, with the wick in the midst; whereby it cometli 
to pass that the wick fetcheth the nourishment 
farther off.” {Bacon.) 

Al-nil-am, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star 
of magnitude 2 l A , called also (Epsilon) Orionis. 

al’-nus, s. [Possibly from the Heb. elon= a strong 
tree, an oak; fromfi.i=(l) to revolve, (2) to be strong. 
According to Th6is, alnus is from the Celtic al= 
near, and lan= a river (or rather=the tide).] [Al¬ 
der.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Betulacese (Birch-worts). The flowers are monoe- 
ceous and amentaceous. In the barren ones the 
scale of the catkin is three-lobed, with three flow¬ 
ers ; the perianth is four partite ; the stamina, four. 
In those which are fertile the scale of the catkin is 
subtrifid with three flowers, and there is no perianth. 
The ovary is two-celled, two-ovuled, but only one 
ovule reaches perfection. 

tA~lo _ dy, s. [Allodial.] Inheritable land. 

( Wharton's Law Lexicon.) 

al -oe, s. [In Sw. aloebrt; Dan., Dut., Ger., Sp., 
and Ital. aloe; Port, aloe, aloes; Fr. aloes; Lat. 
aloe; Gr. aloe. Not the same as the aghil of some 
Hindoo languages.] [See Agalloch, Agila.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Any species of the genus described under B, or 
even of one, such as Agave, with a close analogy 
to it. 

The American aloe is the Agave Americana, an 
Amaryllid. 

2. The aloe of Scripture, which is probably the 
agallochum. Royle believes that the reason why 
the aloe proper and the agallochum became con¬ 
founded was that alloeh, alloet, or allieh, the 
Arabic name of the latter, closely resembled elwa, 
the appellation given to the former in various 
Hindoo tongues. [See Agalloch.] 

B. Technically: 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Liliaceee, or Lily-worts, and constituting the typ¬ 
ical genus of the section called Aloinse. The species 
are succulent herbs, shrubs, or even trees, with 
erect spikes or clusters of flowers. They are used 
in the West Indies for hedges; the juice is purg¬ 
ative, and the fibres are made into cordage or coarse 
cloth. 

al -oe§, *al'-ei§, s. [Aloe.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The drug described under B. 

2. The aloes of Scripture. [Heb. alialim, Prov. vii. 
17; ah&loth, Ps. xlv. 8; Song iv. 14. Gr. aloe, John 
xix. 39.] The fragrant resin of the agalloch. [Aloe 
(A. 2), Aloes-wood, Lign-aloes.] 

II. Fig.: Anything bitter to the feelings. 

“And sweetens in the suffering pangs it bears, 

The aloes of all forces, shocks, and fears.” 

Shakesp.: A Lover’s Complaint. 

B. Technically: 

Pharm.: The inspissated juice of the aloe. The 
cut-leaves of the plant are put into a tub, the juice 
collected from them, and either boiled to a proper 
consistence or exposed to the sun till the fluid part 
evaporates. There are four principal kinds, two 
officinal. (1) Barbadoes Aloes {Aloe Barbadensis), 
formed from the juice of the cut-leaf of Aloe vul¬ 
garis. It is imported in gourds, and has a dull 
yellowish-brown opaque color, breaks with a dull 
conchoidal fracture, shows crystals under the mi¬ 
croscope, has a nauseous odor, and is soluble in 
proof spirit. (2) Socotrine Aloes {Aloe Socotrina), 
the produce of several species of aloes; it occurs in 
reddish-brown masses, and breaks with a vitreous 
fracture. Its powder is a bright orange color. It has 
a fruity smell. It comes from Bombay. (3) Hepatic 
Aloes, or East India Aloes non-officinal, is liver- 
colored; its powder is yellow. (4) Cape Aloes, the 
produce of Aloe spicata and other non-officinal 
species, is a greenish-brown color; this is given to 
horses. An inferior variety is called Caballine 
Aloes. Aloes acts as a purgative, affecting chiefly 
the lower part of the intestinal canal. It increases 
the flow of the bile; it often produces griping when 
given alone, and sometimes causes haemorrhoids. 


The watery extract of aloes is free from these 
objectionable properties. Cape Aloes is less purg¬ 
ative. The use of aloes is not followed by consti¬ 
pation. Aloes has a very bitter taste. 

aloes-resin, s. 

Chem.: A substance differing from resin in being 
soluble in boiling water. It is produced by the oxi¬ 
dation of aloine. 

aloes-wood, s. 

Comm.: The name for a highly fragrant gum taken 
from the inside of two trees—the Aquilaria ovata, 
or Malaccensis, a native of Malacca, and A. agal¬ 
lochum, which grows in the district of Silhet, in 
Bengal. It is an inflammable resinous substance. 
Some Asiatic nations consider it as a cordial; and 
in this country it has been prescribed in cases of 
gout and rheumatism. [Agalloch, Aquilaria, 
Aloes (A. 2), Lign-aloes.] 

al-6-et’-Ic, a. & s. [In Fr. aloHique; Port, and 
Ital. aloetico.] 

1. As adj.: Pertaining to’the Aloe genus of plants, 
or to the substance called aloes; consisting chiefly 
of aloes. 

“. . .a perceptible smell of aloetic drugs.”— Car¬ 

lyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., chap. iv. 

“ It may be excited by aloetical scammoniate, or acri¬ 
monious medicines.”— Wiseman’s Surgery. 

2. As substantive: A medicine of which the prin¬ 
cipal ingredient is aloes. {Quincy.) 

aloetic acid, s. 

Chem.: An acid occurring in aloes. 

al-o-et-i-cal, a. [Eng. aloetic; -al.] The same 
as Aloetic, adj. (q. v.). 

al-o-ex -yl-on, s. [Gr. aloe, and xulon=-wood.] 
A genus of papilionaceous plants. The A. agallo¬ 
chum produces one of the two kinds of Calambac 
Eagle-wood, or Lign-aloes. [Lign-aloes.] 

a~loft adv. & prep. [Eng. a^on; loft.] [Loft.] 

A. As adverb: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. From a lower to a higher situation. (Applied 
to an animate or inanimate being ascending.) 
{Lit. & fig.) 

“ Simon also built a monument upon the sepulchre of 
his father and his brethren, and raised it aloft to the 
sight, with hewn stonq behind and before.”—1 Maccab. 
xiii. 27. 

“Is temper’d and allay’d by sympathies 
Aloft ascending.” 

Wordsworth: White Roe of Rylstone. 

2. High, far from the ground. (Applied to an 
animate or inanimate being at rest.) 

“ The peacock in the broad ash-tree 
Aloft is roosted for the night.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, iv. 

II. Technically: 

Naut.: High above the deck, in the rigging, or 
even at the mast-head ; also on the deck, as opposed 
to below. 

“ Come, aloft, boys, aloft!’’ 

Beaum. & Flet.: Knight of the Burning Pestle. 

T[ All hands aloft: An order designed to call the 
seamen on deck from below. 

B. As preposition: Above. 

“ Now I breathe again 
Aloft the flood, and can give audience 
To any tongue, speak it of what it will.” • 

Shakesp.: King John, iv. 2. 

Al-o-gi, s. pi. [Gr. alogos=(l) without speech, 
(2) without reason.] Unreasonable or senseless 
people. 

“. . . the greater number of our A logi, who feed on 
the husks of Christianity.”— Coleridge: Aids to Reflection 
(ed. 1839), p. 187. 

A-lo -gl-an§, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv., and the Logos, 
translated “ Word ” in John i. 1,14;] [Logos.] 

Church Hist.: A sect which arose toward the end 
of the second century ; they denied that Christ was 
the Logos, rejected John’s Gospel and the Apoc¬ 
alypse, and considered that the miraculous gifts 
mentioned in the New Testament had ceased to 
exist in the Church. 

al-o-got'-roph-y, s. [In Ger. alogotrophie. From 
Gr. a 7 o< 7 os=wiihout reason, unreasonable: a, priv., 
and logos = reason ; trophe =nourishment; trepho= 
to nourish.] Disproportionate nourishment of por¬ 
tions of the body ; over-nourishment to some parts 
of the body as compared with others, as in the dis¬ 
ease called the rickets. 

al -6-gy, s. [InFr. alogie; Gr. alogia= (1) want 
of esteem, disrespect, (2) senselessness; a, priv., and 
logos= word, reason.] Unreasonableness and ab¬ 
surdity. {Coles.) 

al -o-Ine, s. [Eng. aloe; -ine .] 

Chem.: CnHuOn, the active principle in all aloes. 
It crystallizes in needles. 


al-o-in -e-ss, s. [Aloe.] 

Bot.: The third of the eleven sections into which 
Lindley divides the order Liliaceae. [Liliacea;.] 

*al -om, s. [Alum.] 

al-O-man-sy, s. [Gr. ft<Hs=salt, and manteia= 
divination.] Imagined divination by means of salt. 

<1-16 -na, s. [Derivation uncertain.] A genus of 
Entomostraca belonging to the family Lynceidse. 
Three species, A. reticulata, A. quadrangularis, and 
A. ovata, are common. 

a-lone, *?il-16on' {Eng.), a-la ne {Scotch), a. & 
adv. [Eng. all; one. In Sw. allena; Dan. alene; 
Dut. alleen; Ger. allein .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Not in the company of others; by one’s self, in 
solitude. (Used of one single person when tem¬ 
porarily or permanently apart from all others.) 

“I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house¬ 
top.”— Ps. cii. 7. 

Sometimes the word all is prefixed to alone to 
render the idea of solitude more emphatic. 

“ Alone, alone, all, all alone, 

Alone on the wide, wild sea.” 

Coleridge: Ancient Mariner. 

1[ It may be used of two or more persons separated 
from all other company. 

“. . . and they two were alone in the field.”— 
1 Kings xi. 29. 

2. Possessed with the feeling of solitude. 

“ Then stirs the feeling infinite, so felt 
In solitude, when we are least alone.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, III. xc. 

3. Not to be matched; peerless. 

“To her, whose worth makes other worthies nothing: 

She is alone." — Shakesp.: Two Gent., ii. 4. 

To let alone signifies=to leave undisturbed, to 
allow to remain quiet. It is used sometimes to dis¬ 
suade one from officiously aiding a man quite com¬ 
petent to manage his own affairs; at others, to 
caution a person against compromising himself by 
speech or action, when it would be wiser to abstain 
from either. (Followed by an objective case of a 
person or thing.) 

“Is not this the word that we did tell thee in Egypt, 
saying, Let us alone, that we may serve the Egyptians? ”— 
Exod. xiv. 12. 

f4. Own, peculiar. 

“ Gpd, by whose alone power and conversation we all 
live, move, and have our being.”— Bentley. 

B. As adverb: Merely, simply, only. 

“To God alloon in herte thus sang sche.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,083. 
“With wise reluctance, you would I extol, 

Not for gross good alone which ye produce.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

H Blair objected to this adverbial use of the 
word. He thus discriminates between only and 
alone: “ Only imports that there is no other of the 
same kind; alone imports being accompanied by no 
other. An only child is one which has neither 
brother nor sister; a child alone is one which is left 
by itself. There is a difference, therefore, in precise 
language betwixt these two phrases, ‘Virtue only 
makes us happy,’ and ‘Virtue alone makes us 
happy.’ Virtue only makes us happy, imports that 
nothing else can do it; virtue alone makes us happy, 
imports that virtue, by itself, or unaccompanied 
with other advantages, is sufficient to do it.” 
{Blair: Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres, 
1817, vol. i.,p. 230.) 

*a-lo ne-ly, *all 6 ne-ly, a. & adv. [Eng, 

alone; -ly.] 

1. As adjective: One only. 

“ By the same grace of God, by alonely God.” 

Mountagu: Appeal to Ccesar, p. 202. 

2. As adverb: Only, merely, singly. 

“The sorowe, daughter, which I make, 

Is not all onely for your sake.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., b. 1. 

a-lo ne-ness, s. [Eng. alone; -ness.] The state 
of existing alone. (Applied to God.) 

“God being . . . alone Himself, and beside Himself 

nothing, the first thing He did or possibly and conceivably 
could do, was to determine to communicate Himself, and 
did so accordingly, primo primum, communicate Himself 
out of His Alonenesse everlasting unto somewhat else.”— 
Mountagu’s Appeal to Coesar, p. 61. 

U-loiig , adv. &prep. [A. S. andlang= on length, 
by the side of.] [Long.] 

A. As adverb: 

1. In the direction of anything lengthwise. 

“Some rowl a mighty stone; some laid along. 

And, bound with burning wires, on spokes of wheels are 
hung.” Dryden. 

2. Through any space measured lengthwise. 

“. . . we will go along by the king’s highway.”— 
Numb., xxi. 22. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, ^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, * wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; 1 try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




alonge 


149 


alphabet 


3. Onward, in motion forward, in progressive 
motion. 

“ Come then, my friend, my genius, come along, 

Thou master of the poet and the song!”— Pope. 

All along: The whole length, full length; all 
throughout, in space or in time. 

“ They were all along a cross, untoward sort of people.” 
— South. 

* Along by: [Along with.'] ( Shakesp.: Julius 
Caesar , li. 1.) 

Along with: In company with, in union with, in 
conjunction with. 

“I your commission will forthwith dispatch; 

And he to England shall along with you.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 3. 

Along shore (Naut .) : Along the shore, as of a ship 
moored lengthwise along the shore. 

Along shoreman: [Long Shoreman.] 

Lying along: Pressed down on one side, as by the 
weight of soil. 

E. As preposition: 

(1) In consequence of, owing to. (Chaucer.) 

(2) By the side of. 

*A-long e, *al-long', v. t. [Oldformof Long, ».] 
To cause to long for. 

“And he was sore alongecl after a good meel.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 630. 

A-lohg -side, adv. [Eng. along; side.] 

Naut.: By the side of. 

A-longst’, adv. [Along.] The same as Along. 

“ The Turks did keep strait watch and ward in all their 
ports alongst the sea coast.”— Knolles: Hist, of Turks. 

9 ,-loof, *a-16ofe, *a-ldufe, adv. [From all; off. 
(Skinner, Johnson, &c.) Cognate with aloft 
(Junius). Probably from leave (Webster). From 
the nautical term loof, or luff-" to turn the vessel 
up into the wind.” ( Wedgwood.) The old spelling 
aloufe is against Skinner’s etymology, and in favor 
of that advocated by Wedgwood.] 

1. To the windward of: hence, at a safe distance 
from. (Lit., or more or less fig.) 

t 3 L-loof -ness, s. [Eng. aloof; -ness.] The state 
of keeping at a safe distance from. (Lit. or fig.) 
An Old English word used in Rogers’ “ Naaman the 
Syrian,” and revived by Coleridge, who apparently 
did not know that it had been in use long before. 
(Trench: On Some Defic. in our Eng. Diet., p. 15.) 

al-o-pe'-gi-A, al-h-pe'-gSf, s. [Gr. alopex=a 
fox..] A disease in which the hair falls off; bald¬ 
ness ; loss of hair. The disease is said to be caused 
by a vegetable parasite. 

Al-O-pe-ciir-us, s. [In Sp., Port. & Ital. alope- 
curo; Lat. alopecurus; Gr. alopekouros, from alopex 
=a fox, and aura—the tail.] Foxtail. A genus of 
grasses (Graminacese) of the tribe Phalarere. Six 
species are widely diffused, the A. pratensis, 
alpinus, agrestis, bulbosus, geniculatus, and. fulvus. 
The A. pratensis, or Meadow Foxtail Grass, is use¬ 
ful for forming lawns, and is valuable for both hay 
and pasture, as are also A. geniculatus and most 
other species of the genus. 

al -6 -pe-gy, s. [Lat. alopecia; Gr. alopekia, from 
alopex= a fox.] 

1. Old Med.: A disease like the mange in foxes, in 
which the hair falls off; the fox sickness; the fox 
mange. 

2. Mod. Med.: (1) The falling of the hair from 
certain parts of the body. ( 2 ) Baldness. 

al-6 -pi-as, s. [Lat. alopecias; Gr. alopekias.] 
A genus of fishes belonging to the family Squal- 



The Thresher (Alopias Yulpes). 
id as, or Sharks. A. wipes is the Thresher, or Fox- 
shark 

al-o-po-no -tus, s. [From Gr. alopos= fox-like, 
and ndtos =the back.] A genus of Saurians belong¬ 
ing to the family Iguanidee. [Aplonote.] 
a-lor -Ing, *a-lor -y-Ing, s. [Alure.] 

§,1-6 '-Sit, s. [In Ger. & Fr. alose; Lat. alosa or 
alausa.] 'A genus of fishes, of the family Clupeidae. 
It contains two British species, the A. finta, or 
Twaite Shad, and the A. communis, or Allice Shad. 
The shads resemble herrings in their form and 
structure, but are so much larger than the well- 
known species that they have been popularly called 
the mother of herrings. The Twaite Shad enters 
the Thames and other rivers in May, and spawns 


there in July. The Allice Shad is rare in the 
Thames. The American species, culpea sapidissima, 
is abundant on the Atlantic coast, and ascends the 
larger rivers in the spring to spawn. 

*a-lo §e, v. t. [Norm, aloser; Fr. louer= to 
praise.] To praise. 

*A-lo §ed, pa. par. [Alose.] 

“ Too bryng at his bauer, for bold thei were, 

And alosed in lond for leeflich knightes.” 

Alisaunder (Skeat’s ed.), 138-9. 

al-ofi-at -ta, al-ofi-at-e, s. A name of the Mono 
Colorado, or Red Howling Monkey (Mycetes sen- 
iculus , Illiger) of South America. [Mycetes.] 

a-loud', *5t-16wd’, adv. [Eng. a; loud.] Loudly; 
with a loud voice. 

“. . . break forth into singing, and cry aloud . . .” 

— Isa. )iv. 1. 

“ Then gan the cursed wretch alowd to cry, 
Accusing highest Jove and gods ingrate.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II., vii. 60. 

* 5 L-lou e, v. t. [Allow.] 

*a-lou -ten, v. [A. S. hlxdan—to bow.] To bow to. 

“As the lioun is lorde of living beastes, 

So the ludes in the lond alouten him shall.” 

Alisaunder (Skeat’s ed.), 861-2. 

a-16 -w, a-lo we, adv. [Eng. a; low.] Low; in 
a low place; not high. (Generally, but not always, 
Opposed to aloft.) 

“And now alow and now aloft they fly.”— Drgden. 


“Not the thousandth part so much for your learning, 
and what other gifts els you have, as that you will creep 
alowe by the ground.”— Fox: Life of Tindal, 

ta-low', a. [Eng. a=on; Scotch low= a blaze.] 
In a blaze, on fire. 

“ Sit doon and roam, ye sure the sticks are alow.’’ — Scott: 
‘The Pirate, ch. v. 

To gang alow (v. i.)= to take fire. 

*al-6w-er, a. or adv. The same as Alloveb. 
C Old Scotch.) 

* 5 L-loy'se, interj. [Alas(?).] 

“ Aloyse, aloyse, how pretie it is! is not here a good 
face?”— O. PL, i. 226. 

a-loy -§I-a, s. [Named by a Madrid botanical 
professor after Maria Louisa, Queen of Charles IV. 
of Spain.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Verbenacese, or Verbenas. A. citriodora is 
the Lemon-scented Aloysia. 

alp, s. sing., but more often in the pi., Alps, 
*Alpes. [In Ger. Alpen; Lat. pi. Alpes, more 
rarely sing. Alpis; Gr. plur. Alpeis: from alphos, 
Lat. albus= white; or from Irish and Gael. ailp=a 
huge mass or lump.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Plur.: A magnificent chain of mountains con¬ 
necting France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and 
Austria. They are of crescent form, extend about 
six hundred miles, and contain Mont Blanc, the 
loftiest mountain in Europe, which rises 15,744 feet 
above the level of the sea 

2. Sing.: Any high mountain, wherever situated. 

“ O’er many a frozen, many a fiery alp.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

“ Alps frown on Alps, or rushing hideous down, 

As if old Chaos were again return’d, 

Wide rend the deep, and shake the solid pole.” 

Thomson: Winter. 

II. Fig.: Anything towering, and opposing for¬ 
midable obstacles to the person who wishes to sur¬ 
mount it, or to ignore its existence. 

][ This may be (a) physical— 

“ Those that, to the poles approaching, rise 
In billows rolling into alps of ice.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

Or ( b ) mental or moral. 

“ If the body bring but in a complaint of frigidity, by 
that cold application only, this adamantine alp of wed¬ 
lock has leave to dissolve.”— Milton: Tetrachordon. 



[Sp. American.] The name given 
llama, which has for a long time 


al-pac'-a, s. 

to a species of 
back domesticated 
in Peru. It was 
first found by Pi- 
zarro, and was 
afterward scien¬ 
tifically described 
in 1590 by Acosta. 

Its modem zoolog¬ 
ical name is Auch- 
enia Paco. It has 
a long fine fleece, 
valuable in the 
woolen manufacb 
ure. There, is a w - 
second species of 

itf flecce^s' short! The Alpaca (Auchenia Paco) 
and therefore much less valuable. [Llama.] 




*alpe, s. [Boucher thinks it is from alp = a 
mountain, to which the tufted head of the bird is 
hyperbolically compared.] A bullfinch. 

“ For there was many a bridde syngyng, 
Throughout the yerde al thringyng, 

In many places were nyghtyngales, 

Alpes, fynches, and wodewales.” 

Chaucer: Romaunt of the Rose, 655-8. 

*alpe, s. [A. S. elp.] An elephant. (Old Scotch.) 
Alpes-bon (alpes—alpe's — elephant’s; bon — bone): 
Ivory. 

“ Thei made her bodi bio and blac 
Thater was white so alpesbon.” 

Leg. Cathol., p. 185. ( Halliwell .) 

al-pen-glow, s. (Ger. Alpen — the Alps; 
glilhe = glowing, ignition.] The glow from the 
Alps. 

“ On August 23, 1869, the evening Alpen-glow was very 
fine.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, x. 282. 

al -pen-stock, s. [Ger. Alpen — the Alps: stock 
— stick.] A staff used by an explorer to aid him in 
ascending the Alps or other mountains, 
al-pha, s • [Grr. alpha.) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The first letter of the Greek alphabet. 
As a Greek numeral it stands for 1; or when under¬ 
written by a point or dot it expresses 1 , 000 . 

2. Figuratively : 

(a) The Being of all others first existent. (Ap¬ 
plied to Christ.) 

“I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last. . .”— 
Rev. i. 11. 

(b) Combined with omega, and applied to things, 
it means=the first and the last, the supreme aim, 
or the sum total; as “ Ambition was the very alpha 
and omega of his existence.” 

B. Technically: 

1. Astron.: Alpha (a) and the other Greek letters 
are used to catalogue the stars in the several con¬ 
stellations, even though some of them may have 
Arabic or other distinctive names. Alpha (a) 
stands for the brightest star. This method of indi¬ 
cating the stars in each constellation in the order 
of their brilliancy was first introduced by Bayer, a( 
German astronomer, in the 17th century. It is still 
retained in modern star-maps and catalogues. 

2. Chem.: Alpha, or a, is used to distinguish one 
of the modifications of the same compound, as— 

Alpha-cymic acid: A monatomic aromatic acid, 
CiiHuOo, formed by the action of caustic alkalies 
on cymyl cyanide. 

Alpha-orsellic acid: C 16 H 14 O 7 , obtained from the 
Soutn American variety of Roccella tinctoria. 

Alpha-toluic acid: C 6 H 5 .CHj.CO.OH, a mona¬ 
tomic, crystalline, aromatic acid, melting at 76'5°. 
It is prepared by boiling benzyl cyanide with strong 
potash solution as long as ammonia is liberated. 

Alpha-xylic acid: CeH 4 (OH 3 ).CHj.CO.OH, a crys¬ 
talline, aromatic, monatomic acid, obtained by 
boiling xylyl chloride with K(CN), and boiling the 
resulting xylyl cyanide with potash. 

al'-pha-bet.s. [InDut.,Ger. and Fr. alphabet; 
Sw. and Dan. alfabet; Sp. and Ital. cilfabeto; Port. 
alphabeto; Later Lat. of Tertullian (about 195 A. D.) 
and of Jerome (about the end of the fourth cent¬ 
ury) alphabetum; Gr. of Epiphanius (about 320 A. 
D.) alphabetos, from Gr. alpha—the first, and beta, 
the second letter of the Greek alphabet.] A table 
or list of characters which stand as the signs of 
particular sounds. Koppe in 1819, and Gesenius in 
1837, with much probability, traced back most of 
the chief Syro-Arabian alphabets, and nearly all 
those current in Europe, to the ancient Phoenician 
one. The latter investigator constructed an elab¬ 
orate table of their complex affinities. Tbe square 
Hebrew now used in printing figures in this table 
as a descendant of the old Aramaean, modified by 
the influence of the Palmyrene letters. The old 
Greek characters are a primary offshoot from the 
earliest Phoenician, and the Roman letters are 
modifications of the Greek alphabet. Perhaps the 
old Phoenician alphabet itself may have been al¬ 
tered from the Egyptian hieroglyphics, and they 
again from picture writing like that by means of 
which the ancient Mexicans on the coast sent to 
their government an intimation that white men 
(Spaniards) had landed in their country. [Hiero¬ 
glyphics.] Other families or groups of alphabets 
exist besides those now indicated. The cuneiform 
letters of Babylon, Assyria, Persia, &c., are not 
closely akin to these now described, and appear in¬ 
dependent. [Arrow-headed, Cuneiform.] The 
alphabets of all the modern languages of India 
have apparently been derived from one common 
character—the Devanagari. Inscriptions in caves, 
on seals, &c., show an older form of this than that 
to which one is accustomed in ordinary Sanscrit 
books. It does not seem to have sprung from the 
Phoenician. [Devanagari.] Similarly independent 
of the latter tongue and of each other are the 
Chinese characters, the Mexican or Aztec alphabet, 
and that of Yucatan. Other groups may yet be dis- 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, 


gell, chorus, ghin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zh’un. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = fi. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d?l. 











alphabet 


150 


altar 


covered, and some of those already known may be 
affiliated together. It will be observed that any 
division of mankind formed on similarity or dis¬ 
similarity of their alphabets would be of an arti¬ 
ficial kind: it is mainly on philology, physiology, 
and history that a proper ethnological arrangement 
must rest. [See A (page 1).] 

al'-phg-bet. v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
arrange in alphabetical order, to indicate by means 
of the alphabet. 

al-ph 9 .-bet-ar -I-g.il, s. One engaged in learning 
the alphabet. 

“Every alphabetarian knows well that the Latin [for a 
city] is urbs or civitas.”—Archbishop Sancroft: Sermons. 

al-phg-bet -lc, *al-phg,-bet -Ick, al-phg,- 
bet -i-cgl, a. [In Fr. alphabetique; Sp. & Ital. 
alfabetico; Port. alphabetico.\ Pertaining to the 
alphabet, arranged in the same order as the letters 
of the alphabet. 

“ I have digested in an alphabetical order all the coun¬ 
ties, corporations, and boroughs in Great Britain, with 
their respective tempers.”— Swift. 

al-pha-bet-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. alphabetical; 
-ly.] In an alphabetical manner, in the order in 
which the letters of the alphabet stand. 

“I had once in my thoughts to contrive a grammar, 
more than I can now comprise in short hints; and a dic¬ 
tionary, alphabetically containing the words of the lan¬ 
guage which the deaf person is to learn.”— Holder: Ele¬ 
ments of Speech. 

a,r-pba-bet-I§m, s. [Eng. alphabet; -ism.] No¬ 
tation by means of alphabets instead of by symbols 
for ideas. 

“ . . . then from this to alphabetism, in which the 
syllable is no longer denoted by an invisible symbol, but 
is resolved into vowel and consonant, each with its own 
accepted sign.”— Encyclop. Brit. (9th ed.), “Alphabet.” 

Al-phard, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star 
of the second magnitude, called also Alpha Hydrse, 
or Cor Hydree=the heart of the Hydra. 

Al-phec'-ca, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A fixed 
star of magnitude 2(4, called also Alpha Coronas 
Borealis. 


2. Growing on the Alps, or growing on any high 
mountain. Applied especially to plants which are 
at home in elevated regions, or. if natives of the 
plain, have their structure modified to adapt them 
to the high and ungenial localities which they now 
inhabit. 

B. As substantive: The Alpine Strawberry, which 
is a variety of the Wood Strawberry, Frag aria 
vesca. 

Alpine-brook, s. A species of Saxifrage; the 
Saxifraga rivularis. 

Alpine-stock, s. [Alpenstock.] 

al-pln'-l-g, s. [Named after Prosper Alpinus, an 
Italian botanist who lived in the sixteenth century.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Zingibera- 
cese, or Ginger- 
worts. Some of 
the species, as, for 
instance, the A. 
nutans , are very 
beautiful. Their 
rhizomes possess 
aromatic and 
stimulating prop¬ 
erties. The Ga- 
langa major of 
druggists, and the 
Cardamoms of 
commerce, are 
produced by spe¬ 
cies of Alpinia. 

[Galanga, Car¬ 
damom.] The 
fresh roots of the 
A. galanga are 
used to season fish 
and for other eco¬ 
nomical purposes. They and the rhizomes of A. 
racemosa are used by Indian doctors in cases of 
dyspepsia. In infusion, they are deemed useful 
also in coughs. The root of the A. aromatica, 
which, as its name implies, is finely aromatic, is 
employed in Bengal as a carminative and stom¬ 
achic. 



Alpinia Nutans. 


al-phe'-i-dse, s. pi. A family of decapod, long¬ 
tailed Crustaceans. [Alpiieus.] 
al-phe'-nlx, s. [Arab. a(=the; Lat. phoenix, the 
fabulous bird so called.] [Phcenix.] White barley 
sugar. [Barley Sugar.] 

Al'-pher-atz, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed 
star of the first magnitude, called also Alpha An- 
dromed®. 

al-phe -us, s. [ Alpheus , a river in the Pelo¬ 
ponnesus, or a fabled god presiding over it.] A 
genus of Crustaceans, the typical one of the family 
Alpheidee. 

Al'-phlrk, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star 
of the third magnitude, called also Beta Cephei. 

al-phi'-to-man §y, s. [Gr. alphiton= peeled or 
pearl-barley, or barley-meal; mowifeia=prophecy 
or divination.] Divination by means of barley-meal. 

Al-phon-sln, Al-phon-slne, a. [From Al¬ 
phonso X., King of Castile and Leon.] Pertaining 
to the above-mentioned Alphonso. 

Alphonsin tables, s. pi. Astronomical tables, 
published in A. D. 1252, which had been prepared 
under the patronage of the sovereign just named, 
by certain Jews of Toledo. 

al-pbon -sin, s. [From Alphonso Ferri, a Neapol¬ 
itan physician, who lived in the 16th century.] An 
instrument invented by the above-mentioned Al¬ 
phonso Ferri for extracting bullets from gunshot 
wounds. It consists of three branches, closed by a 
ring. When inserted into a wound, the ring is 
drawn back, so as to allow the branches to separate 
and take hold of the ball. Then the ring is pushed 
from the haft, by which means the branches grasp 
the ball firmly, and permit of its being extracted. 

al-phus, s. [From Gr. alphos= a dull white 
leprosy, or tetter, found especially on the face; the 
same wnich is called in Latin vitiligo.] 

Med.: With the same meaning as the correspond¬ 
ing Greek word. (See etymology.) 

*al-phyn, *al-phyne, *al-fyn, *al-fin, *au-fyn, 
s. [Probably a Persian or Arabic word.] A name 
for the bishop in chess. 

“He byheld the kyng sette yn the pley . . . among 
aufi^ns and pownys.”— Gesta Kqmanorum (ed. Herrtage), 

al'-pl-gene, a. [Lat. Alpes; or Gr. Alpeis, and 
gennao= to engender.] Produced in Alpine districts 
or countries; growing in Alpine regions. 

Al'-plne, a. & s. [In Fr. Alpin; Sp. & Ital. 
Alpino, from Lat. Alpinus.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty 
mountain. 

“ He was a creature of the Alpine sky.” 

Ilemans : League of the Alps, 21. 


alp -1st, alp -i-g,, s. [Fr., Sp. and Port, alpiste.] 
A small seed used for feeding birds. It is derived 
from a species of canary-grass (Phalaris). 

al-quiere, al'-queire.s. [Port.] A measure used 
in Portugal and Brazil. The alquiere of Portugal is= 
0‘36 of an imperial bushel; the alquiere of Bio, in 
Brazil=one imperial bushel. 

al-read-y, *al-read-Ie, all read-y, adv. 
[Eng. all; ready. In Dan. allerede.] Properly all 
ready, completely prepared; but generally used to 
mean at a bygone time, or commencing at a bygone 
time, and ending now, or previously to some event 
which has occurred. 

“Is there anything whereof it may be said, See, this is 
new ? it hath been already of old time, which was before 
us.”— Eccles. i. 10. 

It may be used in the future perfect tense; as, 
“Long before the formal decision of the judge, the 
verdict of public opinion will already have been 
given.” 

*als, adv. & conj. [Also.] 

Al-sa-tian, Al-sa'-cian, s. [From Alsatian 
Alsace.] 

1. A native of Alsatia, or Alsace, a German terri¬ 
tory between the Rhine and the Vosges mountains, 
long in French possession, but re-taken by Germany 
during the war of 1870-1. 

2. One of the names adopted by those debtors 
and others who fled to a sanctuary to avoid im¬ 
prisonment. 

IT The term was applied in the 17th century to 
the outlaws who lived in Whitefriars, which went 
by the name Alsatia. (See Sir Walter Scott’s 
Fortunes of Nigel.) 

al-seg-no, adv. [Ital. segno—a sign, mark, 
index.] [Sign.] 

Music: “To the sign.” A direction given to a 
singer or player to go back to the sign 0, and re¬ 
peat the music from that place. It is an expedient 
to save the space and trouble of printing the same 
notes twice over. 

Al-shain, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star 
of magnitude 3(4, called also Beta Aquilse. 

al-sln a -eeous, a. [Eng. and Lat. alsine; Eng. 
suff. -aceous.] Pertaining to the genus Alsine, or 
to chickweed; resembling chickweed in some par¬ 
ticular. An alsinaceous corolla , in Link’s classifi¬ 
cation, is one with short, distant claws. 

al-sl-ne, s. [Sp. & Lat. alsine; Gr. alsine. A 
plant, probably chickweed; from alsos= a grove.] 
Chickweed, an old genus of plants belonging to 
the order Caryophyllacese (Clove-worts). It is now 
broken up, the species being distributed among the 
genera Arenaria, Stellaria, and Spergularia. Alsine 
media is the Linnsean name for the Common Chick- 
weed, now called Stellaria media. 


al-sl'-ne-se, s. pi. [From alsine (q. v.).] 

Bot.: One of the three sub-orders into which the 
Caryophyllaceee (Clove-worts) are divided. The 
sepals are distinct, and when equal in number to 
the stamens, are opposite to them. They have a 
close affinity to the Silonese, though having far less 
conspicuous flowers. 

al-so, *alse, *als, *als-wg,, adv. & conj. [A. S. 

ealswa, eallswa , celswa, alswa. Also is etymologic¬ 
ally the same as as (q. v.).] 

1. Also, likewise, in like manner, even as. 

“. . . thereof was William, a-wondred and meliorB 
alse.” — William of Palerne (Skeat’s ed.), 2,503. 

“. . . and for the peril ais.”— Ibid., 996. 

*2. As. [See etymology. See also AS.] 

“ Also fresch as the hauk.”— Joseph of Arim., 595. 

Also wel ; As well. 

“He seigh the peple t.horw peine, passen in-to helle. 
Also wel the holyeste heolde thider euene 
As the moste fooles.” Joseph of Arim., 112, 113. 

al-soph-I-la, a. [Gr. alsos= a grove; philos— a 
friend.] A genus of ferns, most of them arborescent. 
They occur in tropical America, the South Sea 
Islands, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia. 
About sixty-five species are known. 

als-to -m-9, s. [Named after Alston, once Pro* 
fessor of Botany in Edinburgh.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Apocynacese, or Dog-banes. 
The A. scholaris has wood as bitter as gentian. 

als-ton-Ite, s. [Named from Alston in Cumbeiv 
land, near which it is found.] 

Min.: The same as Bromlite (q. v.). 
als-trce-mer-I-a, s. [Named after Baron 
Claudius Alstroemer, of Sweden, who, when travel¬ 
ing in Europe, sent many plants to Linnaeus.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Amarylli- 
daceae. They are beautiful, and A. ligtu is highly 
fragrant. The A. salsella is a diaphoretic and 
diuretic ; the A. ornata is astringent, and a kind of 
arrowroot is made in Chili from the roots of the 
A. pallida. 

*als-wll-l, *alss'-wllc, adv. [A. S. alsivile or 
eallsivflc: als= as, striic—such.] Even as, likewise. 

“And good let oc thu hem bi-se 
Alswilc als hem bihu[f]lik bee.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 4,107-8. 

alt, s. & a. [Ger.] [Alto.] 

Al-ta -Ic, a. [Altaite.] [Turanian.] 

Al-tair', s. . [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star of 
magnitude 114, called also Alpha Aquilae. 

al-ta'-ite, s, [Named from the Altai or Altaian 
range of mountains in Central Asia; Altai insome 
Tartar tongues is=a gold mountain.] A mineral 
placed by Dana in his Galena division. It is a com¬ 
pound analogous to Hessite. It is tin white, with 
a yellowish tinge. A specimen consisted of tellu¬ 
rium 37, lead 47‘84, silver 1P30, and gold 3‘86=:100. 

al-tgr, *al-ter, *al-tere, *aul-ter, *a u- 
ter, *a w-ter, s. [A. S. alter. In Sw. altare; Dan. 
alter; Dut. altaar; Ger,, Sp. & Port, altar; Fr. 
autel; Ital. altare. From Lat. altar or altare=an 
altar, especially one higher and more splendidly 
adorned than an ara. From aZhts=kigh.] 

A. Literally: An erection made for the offering 
of sacrifices for memorial purposes, or for some 
other object. 

1. In Patriarchial times. An altar designed for 
sacrifice is mentioned in Scripture as early as the 
time of Noah (Gen. viii. 20). Abraham, Isaac and 
Jacob built several altars in places where for a 
brief or more lengthened period they sojourned. 
Most of these appear to have been for sacrificial 
purposes, and one or two seem to have been for 
memorial ends: but the most unequivocal case of 
the memorial altar was subsequently. (Josh, xxii, 
10-34; Gen. xii. 7, 8; xiii. 4, 18; xxii. 9; xxvi. 25;. 
xxxiii. 20; xxxv. 1, 7.) 

2. In Jewish times: At Sinai directions were given 
that altars should be of earth or of stone unhewn, 
and that the ascent to them should not be by steps 
(Exod. xx. 24-26). When the tabernacle worship 
was established, there was an altar of wood covered 
with brass, designed for sacrifice, and one overlaid 
with gold, on which incense was burnt (Exod. xxviL 
l-8;xxxi. 1-10). Both had projections at the four 
corners of the upper surface. To those of the bra¬ 
zen altar victims were bound, and a fugitive from 
death seizing hold of one of these could not legally 
be dragged away to meet his doom. Strictly speak¬ 
ing, all sacrifices were to be confined to the one sac¬ 
rificial altar, but the injunction was observed only 
to a partial extent. (1 Sam. vii. 17; 2 Sam. xxiv. 25 : 
1 Kings xviii. 32.) 

3. In Christian times: 

(a) In the early Christian centuries altars were 
generally of wood. During the sixth century stone 
was employed in the construction, and this con¬ 
tinued to the time of the Reformation. 


fiite, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 



altar-bread 


alternate 


151 


(b) In the Church of Rome an altar is essential, it 
being' believed that in the mass an actual though 
bloodless sacrifice is offered for sin. Formerly, 
also, there was an upper altar (superaltare), which 
was a small portable one for the consecration of the 
communion elements, when the priest had not the 
opportunity of using the altar in a church or 
chapel. 

(c) In the . Church of England. The stone altars 
which were in the churches when the Reformation 
began [see (a)] were removed about the year 1550, 
and tables substituted for them. Queen Mary re¬ 
stored the altars, which were, however, again 
removed on the accession of Queen Elizabeth. 
What is sometimes called “the altar” is every¬ 
where in the Prayer Book called “ the holy table.” 

4. Among the old ethnic and modern non-Christian 
nations. Many of the old ethnic nations built 
altars for idolatrous worship on the tops of hills or 
in groves. The Greeks and Romans built high 
altars to the heavenly gods, and some of lower ele¬ 
vation to the demigods and heroes, whilst they 
worshiped the infernal gods in trenches scooped 
out of the ground. Many nations have had, and 
yet possess, altars of turf, stone, wood, or, in rare 
cases, even of horn; but they are wholly absent 
among the Mohammedans. 

B. More or less figuratively: 

1 . Used of Christ, by the figure of speech called 
metonymy, by which the altar is substituted for the 
piacular victim offered upon it in sacrifice. ( Heb. 
xiii. 10.) 

2 . The most sacred spot or most sacred service of 
religion, truth, or aught else to which complete 
consecration of the powers is due. (Pope: Homer's 
Iliad, v. 592.) 

3. The hymeneal altar, or simply the altar: The 
altar in a church before which a marriage is solem¬ 
nized. [Hymeneal.] 

4. Used also as the synonj’m of religious liberty 
and privilege. 

“ Strike, till the last armed foe expires, 

Strike, for your altars and your fires, 

God and your native land.” 

Fitzgreene Halleck. 

altar-bread, s. Bread used in the celebration 
of the Eucharist. In the Roman church it is thin, 
round and unleavened, and usually stamped with a 
crucifix. [Host.] 

altar-card, s. A portion of the Mass, printed 
and placed on the altar to assist the memory of the 
celebrant. There are three; one is placed at each 
side and one against the tabernacle. They are 
occasionally used in Ritualistic churches. 

altar-carpet, s. The carpet covering the sanct¬ 
uary. 

altar-cloth, s. The cloth which covers an altar 
in a church. 

altar-fire, s. The fire on an altar, or connected 
with religion. 

altar-frontal, s. [Antependium.] 
altar-hearse, s. [Herse.] 
altar-horn, s. [Horn.] 

altar-piece, s. A picture or ornamental sculpt¬ 
ure behind the altar in a church. 

altar-place, s. A place which has served for an 
altar, or on wnich an altar has been at one time 
reared. (Byron: Darkness.) 

altar-plate, s. The plate which is designed for 
the service of the altar. 

altar-screen, s. The partition behind an altar 
in a church ; the reredos wall or screen at the back 
of an altar. 

altar-stairs, s. pi. The stairs of an altar. (Used 
in a figurative sense.) 

“The great world’s altar-stairs 
That slope through darkness up to God.” 

Tennyson: In Memoriam, liv. 
altar-stone, s. The stone constituting the altar; 
also, loosely, the chancel or sanctuary, 
altar-thane, s. The same as Altarist. 



Altar-tomb. 

altar-tomb, s. A raised monument resembling 
an altar. It is a term of modern introduction. 
(Gloss, of Arch.) 


altar-vase, s. A vase to hold flowers for the 
decoration of an altar. 

altar-vessel, s. A vessel used in the Anglican 
Communion Service or in the Roman Mass, 
altar-wise, adv. After the manner of an altar. 
al -t 3 ,r-age, s. [Low Lat. altaragium. ] 

1 . Revenue derived by a priest or clergyman 
from offerings made in connection with an altar. 

2. An altar or altars erected within a church in 
mediaeval times, with money left to purchase 
masses for some person deceased. 

al -tar-ist, al'-t^r-thane, s. [Eng. altar.'] 

Old Eng. Law: One who ministered at the altar, 
and was the recipient of the offerings there pre¬ 
sented. [Thane.] 

alt-az'-i-muth, s. [Eng. cilt(itude), and azi¬ 
muth (q. v.).] The same as Azimuth and Alti¬ 
tude Instrument (q. v.). 

al-ter, v. t. & i. [Fr. altSrer= to alter; Sp. & 
Port, alterar: Ital. alterare; Low Lat. altero. 
From Class. Lat. alter= one of two.] [Alterca¬ 
tion.] 

1. Trans.: In some respect or other to change 
anything more or less completely from what he or 
it was before. 

“ And the God that hath caused his name to dwell there 
destroy all kings and people, that shall put to their hand 
to alter and to destroy this house of God which is at Jeru¬ 
salem.”— Ezra vi. 12. 

“ My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that 
is gone out of my lips.”— Ps. lxxxix. 34. 

2. Intrans.: To change; to become different in 
some respect or other. 

“. . . according to the law of the Medes and Per¬ 
sians, which altereth not.”— Dan. vi. 8. 

al-ter-a-bil-I-ty, s. [Eng. alter; ability.] The 
capacity of being alterable; capable of being al¬ 
tered; alterableness. 

al -ter-gt-ble, a. [En g. alter; -able.] Able to be 
altered; capable of being altered. 

“ . . . the manner of it is very alterable; the matter 

and fact of it is not alterable by any power under the 
sky.”— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. v. 

al'-ter-^-ble-ness, s. [Eng. alterable;-nes-s.] Al- 
terability ; capable of being altered. 

al’-ter-a-bly, adv. [Eng. alterable; -ly.] In an 
alterable manner; in a manner capable of change. 

al'-ter-age, s. [From Lat. aZo=to rear, nourish.] 
The breeding, nourishing, or fostering of a child. 
(Sir J. Davies on Ireland.) 

al’-ter-ant, a. & s. [Eng. alter; -ant. In Fr. 
alterant.] 

1. As adjective: Altering, changing. 

“And whether the body be alterant or altered.”— Bacon: 
Nat. Hist., Cent, ix., § 800. 

2. As substantive: An alternative. (Used in medi¬ 
cine.) 

al-ter-a-tion, s. [Fr. alteration; Sp. altera- 
cion; Port, alteragao; Ital. alterazione; Low Lat. 
altero= to change.] 

1. The act of altering, or change. 

“Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in 
it inconveniences, and those weighty.”— Hooker. 

2. The state of being altered. 

“ Methinks it should be now a huge eclipse 
Of sun and moon ; and that the affrighted globe 
Should yawn at alteration.” — Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. 

3. The change made. 

“ When man fell, 

Strange alteration! Sin and Death amain 
Following his track (such was the will of Heaven) 
Paved after him a broad and beaten way 
Over the dark abyss.” Milton: P. L., ii. 1,024. 

al -ter-a-tive, a. & s. [Fr. alUratif, m., alter¬ 
ative, f.] 

A. As adjective: Producing alteration. 

“. . . such an internal cellular or cellulo-vascular 
structure as can receive fluid matter from without, alter 
its nature, and add it to the alterative structure.”— Owen: 
Palceontol. (1860), p. 4. 

Chiefly Med.: Producing alteration in the system, 
from a morbid state to, or toward, one of health. 

“ By an alterative course of treatment is commpnly 
meant the continued exhibition of certain medicinal 
agents supposed to have the power of altering certain dis¬ 
ordered actions, chiefly of a chronic character.”— Cycl. 
Pract. Med., i. 53. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Lit. Med.: A kind of medicine which, when 
given, appears for a time to have little or no effect, 
but which ultimately changes, or tends to change, a 
morbid state into one of health. Garrod divides 
alteratives into seven groups: (1) Mercurial Altera¬ 
tives, (2) Iodine Alteratives, (3) Chlorine Alteratives, 
(4) Arsenical Alteratives, (5) Antimonial Alteratives, 
( 6 ) Sulphur Alteratives, and (7) Alteratives of unde¬ 
termined action. 

2. Fig.: Anything fitted to produce an alteration 
for the better on a morbid mind. 

“Like an apothecary’s shop, wherein are remedies for 
all infirmities of mind, purgatives, cordials, alteratives.” 
— Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 279. 


al -ter-cate, v.i. [In Sp. altercar; Ital. alter- 
care. From Lat. altercor, sometimes alterco— to 
wrangle, to quarrel; from alter — another.] To 
carry on an angry contention in words; to engage 
in noisy wrangling. 

al-ter-ca-tion, s. [In Fr. altercation; Sp. alter- 
cacion; Port, altercagao; Ital. altercazione; Lat. 
altercatio, from alterco .] [Altercate.] A wra^ 
gling, dispute, or debate. Angry contention of wof 
between two persons. 

“. . . a stormy altercation follewetd." 1 — Macani 

Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

“Livy regrets that he cannot ascertain the truth wi^- 
respect to this unseemly altercation.” — Lewis: Early Rom. 
Hist., ch. xiii., pt. ii., § 33. 
al -tered, pa. par. & a. [Alter.] 

“But he found the comrade of his youth an altered 
man.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 
al-ter-ing, pr. par. & a. [Alter.] 

“With age, and altering rheums? Can he speak? hear? ” 
Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 
al-ter-I-tjf, s. The state of being another; the 
state of being different. (Coleridge.) 

al'-tern, a. [In Fr. alterne; Port, alterno. From 
Lat. alternus=every other, alternate; from alter= 
one of two.] 

A. Ord. Lang.; Alternate. 

“And God made two great lights, great for their use 
To man, the greater to have rule by day, 

The less by night, altern; and made the stars.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 

B. Technically: 

1. Geom. Altern base: A term used for a base 
which is not the true one. Thus, if in an oblique 
triangle the true base is=the sum of the sides, then 
the altern base is=their difference ; or, if the true 
base is=the difference of the sides, then the altern 
is=their sum. 

2. Crystallography: Exhibiting on its upper and 
lower part faces which alternate among themselves, 
but which; when the two parts are compared, cor¬ 
respond with each other. 

*al-tern, v. t. [From Eng. altern. In Fr. al- 
terner; Sp. & Port, alternar; Ital. alternate.] To 
alternate. 

“Alternar, ac., to altern.” — Fernandez: Spanish Diet. 

( 1811 ). 

fal-tern-a-§y, s. [Eng. altern; -acy.] The state 
of being alternate. 

tal-tern - 3 . 1 , a. [Eng. altern; -al.] Pertaining 
to what is alternate. Alternative. (Sherwood.) 
Done by turns or courses one after another. 

fal-tern-^l-ly, adv. [Eng. alternal; -ly.] The 
same as Alternately (q. v.). 

“Affranius and Petreius did command 
Those camps with equal power, but concord made 
Their government more firm: their men obey’d 
Alternally both generals’ commands.” 

May: Lucan, bk. iv. 

•fal-ter'-nsint, a. [In Fr. alternant: Lat. alter- 
nans, pr. par. of alterno= to do first one thing and 
then another; altemusmone after another, inter¬ 
changeably; alter=one of two, the other.] Alter¬ 
nating. 

al-ter-nate, or al'-ter-nate, v. t. & i. [Alter¬ 
nate, a.] [Altern, a. & v.] 

A. Transitive: To perform by turns with another 
person or persons, or to change one thing for an¬ 
other reciprocally, i. e., to do first the one, then the 
other, and afterward the first again, uniformly 
observing the same order of succession as long as 
the operation goes on. 

“The most high God, in all things appertaining unto 
this life, for sundry wise ends, alternates the disposition 
of good and evil.”— Grew. 

“ Those who in their course, 
Melodious hymns about the soVreign throne 
Alternate all night long.” — Milton: P. L., bk. v. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. In time: To happen by turns with another 
occurrence. 

“ . . . tempests quickly alternated with sunshine.”— 
Froude: Hist, of Eng., pt. i., vol. iv., 94. 

2. In place: In turns to precede and then to fol¬ 
low anything else. Often used in geology for a bed, 
or a series of beds again and again recurring in a 
section; but in most cases what now are succes¬ 
sive re-appearances in place were produced in a 
remote age by the return of the same combination 
of circumstances in time. 

“ . . . but as we proceed northward to Yorkshire, it 
[the mountain limestone] begins to alternate with true 
coal measures.”— Lyell: Manual ofGeol., ch. xxi v. 

al-ter -nate, a., s. & adv. [From Lat. alter- 
natus, pa. par. of alterno.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of time: Done or happening in a series, first 
one and then the other, by turns; reciprocal. In 
colloquial language, “ turn about.” 

“ In either cause one rage alone possess’d 
The empire of the alternate victor’s breast.” 

Byron: Lara, ii. 10. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, <jell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = shun, -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = hql, del. 






















altimeter 


alternately 


152 


“ . . . Castor and Pollux, who enjoyed a peculiar 
privilege of life after death, and revisited the earth in 
some mysterious manner on alternate days.”— Gladstone: 
Studies on Homer, i. 134. 

2. Of relative place or position. (See II., 1.) 



II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: Alternate leaves are those which are not 
inserted opposite to each other,but of which each 
is higher or lower 
on the stem than 
the corresponding 
one on the other 
side. The word 
alternate is the 
reverse of opposite 
also when used of 
other portions of a 
plant, as sepals, 
petals, stamens, &c. 

2. Zool.: In a cor¬ 
responding sense to 
that described un¬ 
der No. 1. 

IT Alternate gen¬ 
erations. [See Al¬ 
ternation, B. 1.] 

3. Other Physical 
Sciences: With a 
similar meaning. 

Math. Alternate angles: Two angles are said to 
be alternate with each other when they are made 
by two straight lines, intersected by a third, and 
are on opposite sides of that 
third. One alternate angle is vA 
beneath the first of the two p \ G , 

lines so intersected, and the --- 

other is above the second one. \ 

If the two straight lines be 
parallel, then the alternate 
angles are equal to each other. 

(See Euclid, I. 29.) If the 
straight line A B intersect the two parallel straight 
lines C D and e e, then con and G h f constitute 
one, and D G H and G h e a second pair of alternate 
angles. 

Her. Alternate quarters: A term applied to the 
first and fourth quarters on an escutcheon, which 
are generally of the same kind; and also to the sec¬ 
ond and third, which also similarly resemble each 
other. 


Alternate Leaves. 
Common Elm (Ulmus Cam- 
pestris). 


E 


'B 


B. As substantive: That which alternates with 
anything else; an alternative; a vicissitude. 

“’Tis not in Fate th’ alternate now to give.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xviii., 117. 
“And rais’d in pleasure, or repos’d in ease, 

Grateful alternates of substantial peace.” 

Prior. 

C. As adverb: Alternately. 

IT Common in poetry, owing to the difficulty of 
introducing alternately into a line. 

“And live alternate, and alternate die, 

In bell beneath, on earth, in heaven above.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xi., 372-3. 
“Oft, placed the evening fire beside, 

The minstrel art alternate tried.” 

Scott: Rotceby, iv. 13. 

al-tern'-p/te-ly, adv. [Eng. alternate; -ly.~\ 


A. Ordinary Language: 

1. In time: Happening by turns. 


“’Tis thus, reciprocating each with each, 
Alternately the nations learn and teach.” 

Cowper: Charity. 

2. In space: In reciprocal succession; first on 
one side, and then on the other. (See B. 1 .) 

B. Technically: 


1. Bot. Alternately 
pinnate: A term used 
of a pinnate leaf 
which has the leaflets 
alternate on a com¬ 
mon petiole. Exam¬ 
ple : Potentilla rupes- 
tris, Toluifera balsa- 
mum. 

2. Geom. or Alg.: 
If there be four mag¬ 
nitudes or quantities 
in proportion, of 
which the first is to 
the second as the 
third to the fourth, 
then either of the 
expressions permu- 
tando (by permuta¬ 
tion) or alternando 



Alternately Pinnate Leaves. 
(Toluifera Balsamum.) 


{alternately) is employed, when it is inferred that 
the first proportional has the same ratio to the 
third that the second has to the fourth, or that the 
first is to the third as the second is to the fourth. 


Thus if a b : c d : : m n : r Q, 
then these proportionals are placed alternately; if 
they stand thus— 

CD : ab : : pq : mn, 
or ab : mn : : cd : pq. 

tal-tern -p/te-ness, s. [Eng. alternate; -ness.] 
The same as Alternation (q. v.). 

al-tern-at-mg, pr. par. & a. [Alternate, r.] 

alternating-current s. An electric current 
which flows alternately in opposite directions, or 
whose direction is rapidly reversed. [Current, B. 
II. 4.] 

al-tern-a'-tion, s. [In Sp. alternacion; Port. 
alternagao; Ital. alternazione, from Lat. alter¬ 
nation 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Gen.: The succession of things to one another 
in a reciprocal order; interchange of things oftener 
than once with others, in time or in space. 

(a) In time: 

“. . . the alternation of day and night . . .”— 
Lewis: Astron. of the Ancients, ch. 1, § 3. 

“During two or three days there were many alterna¬ 
tions of hope and fear.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

(5) In space: 

“ Each successive tide brings its charge of mixed 
powder, deposits its duplex layer day after day, and 
finally masses of immense thickness are piled up, which, 
by preserving the alternations of sand and mica, tell the 
tale of their formation.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d 
ed., p. 408. 

II. Specially: 

1. Responses by the congregation in liturgical 
worship. 

“For such alternations as are there used must be by 
several persons; but the minister and the people cannot 
so sever their interests as to sustain several persons, he 
being the only mouth of the whole body which he pre¬ 
sents.”— Milton: Apology for Smectymnuus. 

2. Alternate performances between the two divis¬ 
ions of a choir. 

B. Technically: 

1. Biol, or Zool. Alternation of Generations: 
The rendering of a scientific term used by Prof. 
Steenstrup to express an abnormal kind of genera¬ 
tion, called by Prof. Owen Metagenesis. It implies 
that one kind of birth takes place in one genera¬ 
tion, and another in the next; the third is again 
like the first, and the fourth resembles the second. 
In the first generation there is the ordinary prop¬ 
agation of the race by impregnation; in the 
second, immature animals, which appear as if they 
had not passed beyond the larval state, give birth 
to young. This feature in the case Prof. Owen calls 
Partheno-genesis (q. v.). By the curious arrange¬ 
ment now mentioned, the young do not resemble 
their immediate parents, but their grandparents; 
as in due time what may be termed their grand¬ 
children will resemble them. The best known 
instance of alternation of generations is in the 
Aphides. [Aphis.] ( Steenstrup: Alternation of 
Generations, Ray Society. Owen: Invert. Anim., 
2d ed., pp. 667, 668 .) 

2. Alg.: Alternations are the same as what are 
more generally called permutations. 

3. Elect.: A reversal or change in the direction 
of an electro-motive force or current. 

al-tern'-a-tive, a.&s. [In Ger. alternativ; Fr. 
alternatif, adj., alternative, s .: Sp. & Port, attern- 
ativo, adj., alternativa, s.; Ital. alternativo, adv.= 
by turns; alternativa , s.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Offering a choice of two things, as an "‘altern¬ 
ative proposal.” 

2. Alternate. 

“The manners, the wits, the health, the age, the 
strength, and stature of men daily vary, but so as by a 
vicissitude and revolution they return again to the former 
points from which they declined, and again decline, and 
again return, by alternative and interchangeable course.” 
— Hakewill’s Apology, p. 41. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: A term used when the pieces of an organ 
being in two rows, the inner is covered by the outer 
in such a way that each of the exterior rows over¬ 
laps half of two of the interior ones. 

2. Grammar: The alternative conjunctions are 
Either—or, Whether—or, Neither—nor. {Bain: 
English Grammar, London, 1863, p. 65.) 

B. As substantive: 

1. Strictly: Permission to choose either of two 
things, but not both; also the two things viewed as 
standing together that choice may be made between 
them. In this sense it has no plural. 


2. More loosely: One of two things offered for 
choice. In this sense the two things offered are 
called, not as they should be, an alternative, but 
two alternatives. 

“ . . . and announce that if this demand is refused, 
the alternative is war. The Romans refuse all redress, 
and accept the alternative.” — Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., 
ch. xii., pt. i., § 9. 

3. Still more loosely: One of several things 
offered to choose among, 

“My decided preference is for the fourth and last of 
these alternatives.” — Gladstone: Homer, i. 43. 

H There is no alternative, means, no choice is 
offered; only one thing is presented for acceptance. 

“With no alternative but death.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv. 

al-tern'-a-tlveTy, adv. [Eng. alternative; -Jy.] 
By turns; reciprocally. 

al-tern -3,-tive-ness, s. [Eng. alternative; 
-ness.~\ The quality or state of being alternative. 
{Bailey.) 

al -tern-a tor, s. An alternating current dynamo- 
electric machine. [Alternating-current; Eleo- 
teio-maohine.] 

fal-tern -l-tjf, s. [Eng. altern; -ity.~\ The same 
as Alternation (q. v.). 

“ They imagine that an animal of the vastest dimen¬ 
sions, and longest duration, should live in a continual 
motion, without the alternity and vicissitude of rest, 
whereby all other animals continue.”— Sir T. Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

al-thae -?i, al-the-a, s. [In Sp. & Port, althea; 
Ital. altea; Fr. & Lat. althcea; Gr. althaia=marsh- 
mallow: altho=to cure; so called from its healing 
virtues.] 

1. A genus of plants belonging to the order Mal¬ 
vaceae, or Mallow-worts. It contains one well-known 
species, the A. officinalis, or Common Marsh¬ 
mallow, and one only apparently wild, the A. hir- 
suta, or Hispid Marsh-mallow. The A. rosea of 
our gardens is the Hollyhock. Its flowers are 
used in Greece in poultices, lozenges, &c. Its leaves 
are said to furnish a coloring matter not inferior to 
indigo. Marsh-mallow contains much mucilage and 
altheine, which is the same as asparagin. It is 
used as a demulcent to allay cough. 

“ Althcea with the purple eye; the broom, 

Yellow and bright, as bullion unalloy’d.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

Marsh-mallow is used very freely in the composi¬ 
tion of a candy or confection greatly in favor with 
the young people of the United States. 

2 . An asteroid, the 119th found. It was discovered 
by Watson on the 3d of April, 1872. 

al-the-Ine, s. [Eng. althea; -ine.] A vegetable 
principle found in the roots of the marsh-mallow 
now shown to be identical with Asparagin (q. v.). 

*£,r-ther, a. [Alder, Elder.] Elder. {Piers 

Plowman.) 

*al'-ther, *al-thlr, *al -thire, a. [Alder.] Of 
ill. (For their numerous compounds, see Alder.) 

“ Certes, ne never other man 
Sith Lameth was, that alther-first bygan 
To loven two, as writen folk biforn.” 

Chaucer . C. T., 10,864. 

“ In althire maiste joy.” 

Alexander (ed. Stevenson), 486. 

“ Althirfirst ye schul considre . . .”— Chaucer : The 

Tale of Melibeus. 

al'-though, *all though, *al thogh {ugh or gh 
silent), coni. [Eng. all; though. In Dut. al, or 
alhoewel= although. Though= A. S. theah, theh .] 
[Though.] Notwithstanding that; however it may 
be that; even if; even supposing that. 

“ Al thogh he were of age.”— Bonaventura. 

*al'-ti-ca, s. [Haltica.] 

“al -tl-grade, a. [Lat. aZfMs=high; gradus—& 
step, a pace; gradior= to take steps, to walk.] 
Rising on high; mounting, ascending. 

al-tIl'-o-quen§e, s. [In Port, altiloquencia; 
Lat. altus— high, and loquentia=f[ uency of speech: 
loquor— to speak.) Lofty speech; pomposity of 
language. 

al-til -o-quent, a. [Lat. altus = high, and 
loquens = speaking; pr. par. of loquor = to speak.] 
Lofty or pompous in speech. {Bailey.) Found 
often in forensic addresses and sermons. Many 
examples may be found in the works of Thomas 
Carlyle. 

al-tim-et-er, s. [Lat. altus = high, and Gr. 
metron — that by which anything is measured; a 
measure, a rule.] An instrument employed for 
measuring altitudes trigonometrically. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try^, Syrian, se, ce = e; 


marine; go, pSt, 
ey = a. qu = kw. 








altimetry- 


153 


alum-slate 


al-tim'-et-ry, s. [For etym. see Altimeter. 
In Sp. & Port, altimetria .] The art of measuring 
altitudes trigonometrically, as by a quadrant, the¬ 
odolite, &c. 

al -tln, s. [Russian.] A Russian coin worth be¬ 
tween two ana three cents. It is equal in value to 
three copecks, one hundred of which again make a 
ruble (q. v.). 

tal-tln’-Cflir, s. [Tincal.] 
al-tin-gi-a-ge-se, s. pi. [From the old botani¬ 
cal genus Altingia, now called Liquidambar.] 
Liquidambars. An order of exogenous plants, 
placed by Lindley in his first sub-class Diclinous 
Exogens, and in his eighteenth Alliance, the Amen- 
tales. It consists of tall, balsam-bearing trees, 
which are placed under the Linnsean genus Liquid¬ 
ambar. [Liquidambar.] They are found in the 
hotter parts of Asia and America. 

al -tl-sdope, s. [Lat. aMws=high, and skoped= 
to see.] 

A device consisting of a telescopic tube having a 
right angle at the top and a reverse right angle at 
the bottom, with mirrors arranged at these points 
so as to enable one to see over a parapet, wall, etc. 

al-tis -on-9.nt, al-tls'-on-ous, a. [In Sp.,Port., 

& Ital. altisonante: Sp. & Port, altisono; Lat. altis- 
onus — high sounding: altus - high; sonans, pr. 
par. of sono= to sound: or from sonus — a sound.] 
High sounding; of lofty or pompous sound. 

al-tiss'-i-mo, s. [Lat. altissimus, superl. degree 
of altus.] [tALTO, Alt.] A term used in music to 
designate the sounds that lie in the octave above 
the pitch of sounds in alt—viz., from g" to/"". 

al'-tl-tude, s. [In Fr. altitude; Ital. altitudine. 
From Lat. altitudo — altitude: altus = high.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: The elevation of an object above its base, 
or of an object in the air above the surface of the 

“. . . Oft did he take delight 
To measure th’ altitude of some tall crag 
That is the eagle’s birthplace, or some peak. 
Familiar with forgotten years.” 

Wordsworth: The Excursion, bk. L 

II. Figuratively: 

1. The highest point in degree of anything. 

“He did it to please his mother, and to be partly proud, 
which he is, even to the altitude of his virtue.”— Shakesp.: 
Ooriol., i. 1. 

2. High rank, superiority in wealth or other re¬ 
sources ; mental or moral elevation. 

“ Your altitude offends the eyes 
Of those who want the power to rise.”— Swift. 

3. ( Plural .) Haughty airs. 

B. Technically: 

1. Georn.: The altitude of a triangle, parallelo¬ 
gram, or other figure, is the straight line drawn 
from its vertex perpendicular to its base, or the 
base produced. (Euclid, bk. vi., def. 4.) 

2. Perspective: The altitude of the eye is a right 
line let fall from the eye perpendicular to the geo¬ 
metrical plane. 

3. Trigonom.: The same as A., I. 

An accessible altitude is one the lower part of 
which may be approached, so that a base may be 
measured from it for the purpose of trigonometrical 
calculation. An inaccessible altitude is one of 
which the lower part is unapproachable; as, for 
instance, a castle beyond a river which one has not 
the means of crossing. 

4. Astron.: The elevation of a heavenly body above 
the horizon, i. e., the arc of a vertical circle inter¬ 
cepted between the center of the body and the true 
horizon. It is generally expressed in °, ’, and ”. 
The apparent altitude of a heavenly body is the ap¬ 
parent neight above the sensible horizon. Its true 
altitude is its height above the real horizon, after 
corrections have been made on account of refrac¬ 
tions and parallax. Meridian altitude is the alti¬ 
tude of a heavenly body when passing the meridian. 
The body is then at the highest point it can on that 
day reach. 

Observed altitude is the altitude as shown by the 
instrument with which the observation was taken. 

Refraction of altitude is the increased elevation 
given to a heavenly body by refraction. 

Altitude and Azimuth Instrument. [See Azimuth 
and Altitude Instrument.] 

fal-tl-thd-ln ar-I-<m, s. [Lat. altitudinis, genit. 
of a7£itwdo=height; suffix -arian=a person who.] A 
term occasionally used to indicate a person of lofty 
im or pretension, an ambitious person. 

tal'-td, alt, s. [In Ger .alt, alto; Fr.haut; 0. Fr. 
hault; Sp., Port., & Ital. alto; Lat. altus. It may 
have a remote connection with E. Aram, illay or 
ghillay= highest; Heb. dlQ.h= to ascend, and various 
cognate words.] A term designating pitch of sound, 
derived from the old gamut of the organ-builders. 
The sounds lying between G, the highest note on the 


treble stave, and F, seven notes above (or, as it 
would now be written, from g” to/"'), are said to 
be in alt. 

al'-to, a. & s. [|Alto, Alt.] 

A. As adjective: 

Music: 

1. The term applied to the highest male voice, 
most usually falsetto, having a compass of about 
an octave and a half, from/to c", called also the 
counter-tenor voice. The term contralto is usually 
applied to the lowest sort of female voice, which 
frequently takes the same part in vocal music as the 
alto male voice. 

2. When applied to musical instruments the term 
is usually employed to designate those next in pitch 
above the tenor of the same species, as alto trom¬ 
bone. 

B. As substantive: The part of the music sung 
by persons possessing the alto or contralto voice. 
[A., 1, Music.] 

alto-clef, s. A name for the C clef when it is 
placed on the third line of the stave; called also 
the Counter-tenor clef. The usual form of the clef 
is shown in the accompanying figure. [Clef.] 

alto-fagotto, s. A musical wind instrument, 
known also by its French name of the basson quinte. 
It is similar in character to the bassoon or fagotto, 
and has a compass of the same extent, but five 
notes higher in pitch. [Bassoon.] 

alto-rilievo, or alto-relievo, s. [Ital. alto ri- 
lievo; alto—high, and riliew=relief.] Sculptured 



Sculpture in Alto-rilievo. 


work of which the figures project more than half 
their true proportions, as shown in the illustration. 
When they project just one-half, the term used is 
Mezzo-relievo; and when less than half, Basso-re¬ 
lievo , or in English, Bas-relief. [Bas-Relief.] 

alto-ripieno, s. [Ital.] An alto part, either 
v@cal or instrumental, used for filling up and add¬ 
ing to the force of a Tutti. [See Ripieno, Tutti.] 

alto-viola, s. [Ital.l A stringed instrument of 
the violin species, usually called the viola or tenor, 
somewhat larger than the violin, and with a system 
of tuning five notes lower in pitch. [Viola, Tenor.] 

al-tQ-geth’-er, adv. [Eng. all; together.] Wholly, 
completely, entirely. 

“ Thou wast altogether born in sins.”— John ix. 34. 

“ Except thou make thyself altogether a prince over us.” 
— Numb. xvi. 13. 

al-trl'-ces, s. [Lat. pi. of altrix.] Nursers, a 
term applied to birds whose young are hatched in a 
very immature condition. 

aT-tru-i§m, s. [ In Ital. aIfrm'=others; altrui= 
other people’s goods. Lat. alteruter = one of two, 
the one or the other, either; alter= one of two ; uter 
=which of the two, or whether. A word framed by 
M. Comte, and adopted with warmly expressed ap¬ 
proval by Herbert Spencer, to express an antithesis 
to Egoism.] Benevolence, beneficence. ( Herbert 
Spencer: Psychol. (1881), vol. ii., § 524.) 

al -trfi-Ist, s. [Fr . altruiste.] One who practices 
altruism. 

al-trfi-Is -tic, a. [From Eng. altruism (q. v.). A 
word framedlike altruism by M. Comte, and adopted 
with high approval by Herbert Spencer, to express 
an antithesis to Egoistic.] Benevolent, beneficent. 
[Ego-altruistic.] ( Herbert Spencer: Psychol. 
(1881), vol. ii., §524.) 

al trfi-Ist' -ic-al-l^, adv. ['Eng. altruistic; -al, 
•ly.] In a benevolent manner; with care for the 
interests of others. (H. Spencer: Data of Ethics, 
§ 73.) 

al-u-gl-tg,, s. [Lat. alucita—a gnat.] A genus 
of moths, the typical one of the family Alucitidee. 

al-u-git'-I-dae, s. pi. [From the typical genus 
Alucita (q. v.).] A family of moths, distinguished 
by having the wings split into a series of feather¬ 


like lobes. A few species exist in this country. One, 
the A. hexadactyla, called erroneously the Twenty- 
plume Moth, for it has, in reality, as many as twenty* 
four plumes, may often be seen running up window- 
panes in autumn. 

al -u-del, s. [In Fr. aludel; Gr. a, and Lat. 
lutum=mu<A, clay, potter’s earth. Without clay;; 
without luting.] A subliming pot used for chemi¬ 
cal purposes, without a bottom, but which was 
fitted into a second, and that into a third, and so 
on, without luting being required. _ The comp] ex ves¬ 
sel thus made was used in sublimations. At the 
bottom of the furnace a pot was placed to hold the 
substance which had to be sublimed, and at the 
top a head was added for the purpose of retaining 
the vapor which might arise from the process. 

al-ii-lit, s. [Dimin. of Lat. ala=a wing.] A little 
wing. 

Entom.: (1) One of the two minute membraneous 
scales situated above the halteres in some dipterous 
insects. (2) One of the similar scales placed under 
the elytra of certain water-beetles. 

al'-um (1), *al'-ym, s. [In Sw. alun; Dan. 
allun; Dut. aluin; Ger. alaun; Fr. alum; Sp. 
alumbre ; Port, alumen; Ital. allume. From Lat. 
alumen= alum.] 

1. Chem.: The name given to double salts of sul¬ 
phate of aluminium with sulphates of potassium, 
sodium, ammonium, or of other monatomic metals, 
as silver, thallium, caesium, rubidium. They crys¬ 
tallize in octohedra. Potash alum, Al 2 Ko(SOi) 4 + 
24 H 2 O, is prepared by the decomposition of a shale 
containing iron pyrites, FeSa, which is gently burnt 
and exposed to the air in a moist state; it oxidizes 
and forms sulphates, and, on the addition of a 
potash salt to the solution obtained by water, 
alum crystallizes out. Alum has a sweet astringent 
taste, reddens litmus paper, and dissolves in its 
own weight of boiling water. Sodium alum is very 
soluble. Ammonium alum is often prepared by 
adding.the ammonia liquor of gas-works instead of 
potash. Alum is used in dyeing and in preparing 
skins, &c. Alums can be also formed in which 
ferric or chromic sulphates replace aluminium sul¬ 
phate, as potassio-ferric sulphate, Fe 2 K 2 (SOi)i+ 
24 H 2 O, and ammonio-chromic sulphate, 
(S04)4+24 HoO. These crystallize in the same form, 
and cannot be separated from each other by crys¬ 
tallization. Alum is used in medicine as an 
astringent in doses of ten to twenty grains. Burnt 
alum is alum deprived of its water of crystallize- 
tion by heat; it is used externally as a slight 
escharotic. 

“. . . and oyle 

Of tartre, alym, glas, berm, wort, and argoyle.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,740, 12,741. 

2. Mineralogy. Dana makes Alum the type of a 
group of minerals, classed under his “Oxygen Com¬ 
pounds—Hydrous Sulphates,” and places under it 
Tschermigite and Kalinite. 

Ammonia Alum: A mineral, called also Tscher¬ 
migite (q. v.). 

Feather Alum: A mineral, called also Halotrichite 
(q. v.). 

Iron Alum: A mineral, called also Halotrichite 
(q. v.). 

Magnesia Alum: A mineral, called also Picker- 
ingite (q. v.). 

Manganese Alum: A mineral,called also Apjohn- 
ite (q. v.). 

Native Alum: A mineral, called also Kalinite 
(q. v.). 

Soda Alum: A mineral, called also Mendozite 
(q. v.). 

3. Art: Saccharine Alum is a composition made 
of common alum, with rose-water and the white of 
eggs boiled together to the consistence of a paste, 
and thus capable of being molded at pleasure. As 
it cools it grows as hard as an ordinary stone. 

♦alum-earth, or poleura, s. Names formerly 
given to a fibrous mineral of a silky luster, brought 
by Dr. Gillies from the Chilian Andes. It was said 
to be used by the inhabitants as a mordant in dye¬ 
ing red. Ure describes alum-earth as an impure 
earthy variety of lignite. Both alum-earth and pol¬ 
eura seem to have disappeared from the most mod¬ 
ern works on mineralogy. 

alum-root, s. 

1. The English name of the Geranium maculatum. 
Its root contains a great deal of tannin, and is pow¬ 
erfully astringent. It is recommended in diseases 
which on their removal leave debility behind. The 
tincture may be locally applied with much advan¬ 
tage in sore throats and ulcerations of the mouth. 

2. Heuchera Americana and Heuchera cortusa, 
plants of the Saxifrage order, both of which figure 
in the American pharmacopoeia. 

alum-schist, s. [Alum-slate.] 

alum-slate, alum-schist, s. A kind of slat® 
occurring in carboniferous rocks. It is a siliceous 
clay, with coaly matter and bisulphide of iron in 
minute portions. Alum is often manufactured from 
it. [Schist.] 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




alum-stone 


154 


alveolar arch 


alum-stone, s. [Alunite.] 

al-um, v. t. [From the substantive alum (1); in 
Dan. attune; Ger. alaunen; Fr. aluner.) 

Dyeing: To steep in a solution of alum, or other¬ 
wise to impregnate with the salt. The fiber of 
cotton which has been impregnated with an alumin¬ 
ium salt has the property of retaining vegetable 
coloring matters so firmly that they cannot be 
washed out; such colors are called fast. 

al'-um (2), s. [Lat.] A plant described by Pliny 
as resembling thyme or sage. Some have made it 
the comfrey (the Symphytum Brochum of Bory). 
al-umed, pa. par. & a. [Alum, v.) 
il-u-men, s. [Lat.] 

Chem.: The technical word for common alum. 
[Alum (1).] 

al-u -mi-?in, s. [Lat. alumin(is); suff. -an.] A 
mineral classed by Dana with his Grocoite group of 
Anhydrous “Sulphates, Chromates, Tellurates.” It 
is white and sub-translucent. It consists of sul¬ 
phuric acid, 60’9; alumina, 39'1. It is found in 
Spain. 

al-u'-min-k, tal-u-mine, s. [In Fr. alumine; 
from Lat. alumina, pi. of alurnen= alum.] 

1. Chem.: The only oxide of aluminium known. 
Its sp. gr. is 3 - 9. It is isomorphic with ferric and 
chromic oxides. It occurs native in crystals, as 
corundum, ruby, sapphire, and less pure as emery. 
It is the hardest substance known except the 
diamond. It can be obtained by precipitating a 
salt of aluminium by ammonia and igniting the pre¬ 
cipitate. It is nearly insoluble in most acids. It is 
a white, insoluble, tasteless, amorphous powder. 
Three hydrates are known, ALO 3 .H 2 O, AI 2 O 3 . 2 H 0 O, 
and AI 2 O 3 . 3 H 9 O ; the trihydrate is the ordinary gelat¬ 
inous precipitate. It is soluble in acids and fixed 
alkalies. It is a weak base, many of its salts hav¬ 
ing an acid reaction. It is largely used in dyeing as 
a mordant. It forms insoluble compounds with 
vegetable colors called lakes. It occurs native as 
Gibbsite. The monohydrate is Diaspore. The dihy¬ 
drate cannot act as a mordant; it is soluble in 
acetic acid. (See Watts' Diet. Chem.) Silicate of 
aluminium forms the basis of clays. 

2. Mineralogy. Aluminium, sometimes called ar¬ 
gil, or the argillaceous earth, is the basis of all clays, 
and imparts to them the plastic character for which 
they are distinguished. For the aspects which it 
presents when it occurs native, see No. 1. It enters 
into the composition of many minerals, the propor¬ 
tion in which it occurs being generally stated just 
after that of the silica; thus, garnet taken from 
the Ural mountains has silica 36'86, and alumina 
24 T 9 . 

Cupreous Phosphate of Alumina: A mineral, 
called also Amphithalite (q. v.). 

Fluate of Alumine: A mineral, called also Fluel- 
lite (q. v.). 

Fluosilicate of Alumina: A mineral, called also 
Topaz (q. v.). 

Hydrate of Alumina: A mineral, called also 
Diaspore (q. v.). 

Hydrosulphate of Alumina: A mineral, called also 
Aluminite (q. v.). 

Hydrous Phosphate of Alumina and Lime: A 
mineral, a variety of Amphithalite (q. v.). 

Mellite of Alumina: A mineral, now called sim¬ 
ply Mellite (q. v.). 

Native Carbonate of Alumina and Lime: A min¬ 
eral, called also Hovite (q. v.). 

Subphosphate of Alumina: A mineral, called also 
Wavellite (q. v.). 

Sulphate of Alumina: A mineral, called also (1) 
Alumian, (2) Alunogen, and (3) Felsobanyite (q. v.). 
al-um in-ate, s. [Eng. alumin; -ate.] 

Chem.: The hydrogen in aluminium trihydrate 
can be replaced by an equivalent quantity of vari¬ 
ous metals; such compounds are called aluminates, 
as_potassium aluminate, AIJO 3 K 2 O. Some occur 
native, as Spinell, an aluminate of magnesium; 
Gahnite, an aluminate of zinc. 

al-um-in-if -er-ous, a. [Lat. alwnen, genit. 
-inis=alum ; fero= to bear.] Bearing alum; con¬ 
taining alum. 

al-um-m'-l-form, a. [Lat. alumen, genit. alum - 
inis , and forma= form, shape.] Having the form of 
alumina. 

*al-um-in -i-llte, s. [Lat. alumen—nhrm, and 
suff. -ite.\ The name of a mineral, called also 
Alunite (q. v.). 

al-um-In-Ite, s. [Lat. alumen=alnm, and suff. 
-ite.) A mineral called also Websterite. It is a 
hydrosulphate of alumina. Its composition is 
alumina 29’8, sulphuric acid 23 - 2, and water 47 - 0= 
100. It is opaque, has a dull earthy luster, a white 
color, and an earthy fracture. It adheres to the 
tongue. Found in the Harz mountains, in Germany, 
and in Sussex, in England, &c. 

al-um-In'-I-um, al-um-In-um, s. [In Ger. & 
Dut. aluminium. From Lat. afwinen=alum]. 

Chem.: A tetratomic metal; symbol A1; atomic 
weight 27-4; sp. gr. 2’6; melts at red heat. It is a 


white, sonorous, ductile, malleable metal, not ox¬ 
idized in the air, nearly insoluble in dilute sul¬ 
phuric or nitric acid, readily soluble in HC1, and in 
solutions of potash or soda with evolution of H. 
It is used for instruments and ornaments ; it forms 
a valuable alloy with copper, resembling gold, and 
not easily tarnished, called aluminium bronze. It 
is prepared by decomposing the double chloride of 
aluminium and sodium by metallic sodium. It 
forms one oxide, alumina, AI 2 O 3 (q. v.). Its most 
important salts are alums (q. v.) and aluminium 
chloride, AloClf,. which is formed when aluminium 
hydrate is dissolved iu HC1, but upon evaporation 
HG1 escapes and leaves AI 2 O 3 . It can be obtained 
by pouring Cl over a mixture of AI 2 O 3 and carbon 
heated to redness. It is a transparent waxy sub¬ 
stance, boiling at 180°. It forms double salts with 
alkaline chlorides, as Al 2 Cl6.2NaCl. Aluminium 
fluoride ^Fe, also forms double salts, aluminium 
and sodium. Fluoride, AUFg.ONaF, occurs as the 
mineral cryolite in Greenland. Numerous silicates 
of aluminium occur as minerals [see Clays, Feld¬ 
spar, &c.]. The salts of aluminium are recognized 
by giving a blue color when moistened with nitrate 
of cobalt, and heated before the blow-pipe. Alumina 
is precipitated from its solutions by caustic alkalies 
as a white precipitate, soluble in excess; ammonia 
gives a similar precipitate, insoluble in excess; al¬ 
kaline carbonates precipitate the hydrate, and CO 2 
escapes; ammonia sulphide gives a white precipi¬ 
tate of aluminium hydrate. The salts of aluminium 
belong to the same class as the ferric and chromic 
salts; oxides of aluminium, chromium, and ses- 
quioxide of iron are precipitated with ammonia. 
[Analysis.] The alumina and phosphate of alumin¬ 
ium are dissolved by boiling with caustic potash; 
phosphate of aluminium is distinguished by being 
insoluble in acetic acid. 

al-um -in-ous, a. [Lat. alum inis, genit. of al- 
«men=alum, and suffix -orts=full of.] Composed, at 
least, in part of alumina, or in some other way per¬ 
taining to alumina. 

aluminum-bronze, s. A composition of alumin¬ 
um and copper, much stronger than brass. It is 
used for telescope bearings, etc. 

al'-um-ish, a. [Eng. alum; ash.) Somewhat 
resembling alum. 

“. . . tasting something alumish, and being found 

near some places which afford alum.”— Hist. Royal Soc., 
iv. 196. 

a-lum -nus, s .; pi. a-lum -nl. [Lat. alumnus , 
adj.=nourished, brought up; alo = to rear, to 
nourish.] One brought up at a school, a univer¬ 
sity, or other place of learning. Thus, an alumnus 
of Yale or Harvard means one whose higher educa¬ 
tion has been obtained there. 

al-um-o-cal -glte, s. [Lat. alumen, and calx, 
genit. cafcis=lime.l A mineral, a variety of tripo- 
lite, which is itself again a variety of opal. It 
seems to be tripolite with a little lime and alumina. 

al-un-ite, al -um-stone, *al-um-m -i-llte, s. 

[ Alunite is from Fr. ahtm=alum, and suff. -ite. 
Alum-stone is from Eng. alum, and stone. [Alum- 
inilite.] A mineral classed by Dana under his 
“ Oxygen Compounds—Hydrous Silicates.” It con¬ 
sists of about 35 -50 of sulphuric acid, 39’65 of alu¬ 
mina, about 10 of potash, and 15 of water. It crys¬ 
tallizes in obtuse rhomboids, variously modified. 
It is white, grayish, or reddish. It varies from 
transparent to sub-translucent, Dana makes five 
varieties: (a) Crystallized; ( 6 ) Fibrous concre¬ 
tionary; (c) Massive and moderately tender; (d) 
Hard, mainly from disseminated silica; (e) Cav¬ 
ernous. It forms seams in trachytic and allied 
rocks, being produced by the action on them of 
sulphurous vapors. It occurs in Italy, Hungary, 
and France. Roman alum is prepared from this 
mineral. It is almost free from iron. 

“ Alum-stone appears to be continually produced at the 
Solfatara, near Naples, and other volcanic districts, by 
the joint action of sulphurous acid and oxygen upon 
trachyte ; a volcanic rock composed almost entirely of 
feldspar.”— Graham: Chem., vol. i., p. 607. 

al-un o-gen, s. [Fr. ahm=alum, and gennao— 
to engender!] The name of a mineral; the same as 
Keramohalite; but of the two names Dana prefers 
alunogen. He classes it with “ Oxygen Compounds 
—Hydrous Sulphates,” and makes it the type of a 
group containing itself with Coquimbit.e. It gen¬ 
erally occurs either in delicate fibrous crusts or 
massive. It is white, tinged with yellow or red. has 
a vitreous luster, is sub-translucent or transparent, 
and tastes like alum. It is a sulphate of alumina, 
containing about 36 - 40 of sulphuric acid. 16 of 
alumina, and 46 of water. It is found near Bogota, 
and also in the vicinity of KOnigsberg. 

ta-lunt', adv. In a blaze. 

To set alunt, v. t.: To cause to blaze {lit. 
(Scotch.) 

“ For if they raise the taxes higher, 

They’ll set alunt that smoostin’ fire.” 

Hogg.: Scot. Pastorals, p. 16. 


al-iire, *al-oure, *al-iir, *al-Ur-h,^ *al’- 
liir-a, *3.-lSr -mg, *g,-lor-yng, al-iir-yng, s. 

[In Fr. alleure, or all6e; Low Lat. allorium, ala- 
toria. Cognate with Alley (q. v.).] 

A. Generally of the form alure, or one of the four 
which immediately succeed it. 

1. The passage behind the battlements in a castle, 
cathedral, church, or similar building, which 
served as a channel to collect the water which fell 
upon the roof, and was carried off by the gurgoyles; 
the galleries behind the battlements of a castle. 

‘ Up the alure of the castles the ladies then stood, 

And beheld this noble game, and which knight were 
good.”— Rob. Gloucester. 

“ The towrs to take and the torellis, 

Yautes, alouris and corneris.” 

Kyng Alisauncler. ( Notes to Prompt. Parv., <kc.) 

2. A passage, a gangway, a gallery. 

“For timber for the new alur between the king’s 
chamber and the said chapel.”— Brayley: Houses of Par¬ 
liament, p. 127. (Gloss, of Arch.) 

3. A covered walk, sometimes called a deambula¬ 
tory, in a street. 

“ Devysed were longe, large, and wyde 
Of every streate on the fronter side; 

Fresh alures with lusty hye pynacles, 

And in mounstrying outward costly tabernacles, 
Vaulted above lyke to reclynatoryes, 

That were called deambulatoryes. 

Men to walke togethirs twaine and twaine, 

To keep them dr.ve when it happed to rayne.” 

Lydgate: Boke of Troye. (Gloss, of Arch.) 

4. The clerestory galleries of a nave or transept 
in a cathedral. 

“In superioribus alluris ecclesise.” 

Ely Sacris Roll, 21 E. (Gloss, of Arch.) 

5. The middle aisle or passage in a church. 

“ In allura inter frontem et rubroctum chori.” 

Testam. Ebor., p. 197. (Gloss, of Arch.) 

6. A walk in a garden. 

B. (Chiefly of the form aloring, or the two imme¬ 
diately succeeding it.) The parapet wall surround¬ 
ing the alure, or gutter, described under A. 1. 

“ A botras rising unto the tabill that sail bere the alor- 
yng.” — The Catterick Contract. (See Gloss, of Arch.) 

al-urg'-Ite, s. [Gr. a?ottrpos=wrought in by the 
sea, sea-purple; 7ia(s=the sea ; *ergo= to do work, 
and suff. -ite. So named from its color.] A mineral, 
said to be a variety of Biotite. It occurs massive 
and in scales. It varies in color from purple to 
cochineal red ; there is much manganese in its com¬ 
position. It is found at St. Marcel, in Piedmont. 

a-lu -§l-a, s. [Gr. ahtsis=distress, anguish.] 

Path.: Hallucination (q. v.). 

alusia elatio, s. Sentimentalism; mental ex¬ 
travagance. 

alusia hypochondriasis, s. Hypochondriacism; 

low spirits. ( May tie: Lexic. Med. Terms.) 

al-u-ta, s. [Lat.=a kind of soft leather dressed 
with alum.] In English it has the same meaning. 

al-u-ta -§e- 0 us, a. [Lat. alutacius— pertaining 
to aluta, or soft leather.] 

Chiefly as a botanical term: 

1. Leathery, having the consistence of leather, 
as the leaves of Prunus laurocerasus. 

2. Leather-yellow, whitish-yellow. 

al-u-ta -tion, s. [Lat. aluta (q. v.).] The tan¬ 
ning of leather. 

al-u-ter-e§, s. A genus of fishes of the order 
Plectognathi, and the family Balistidee. 

al-ve-ar-y, *al-ve-ar-ie, s. [In Ital. alveario; 
Lat. alvearium and alveare—a bellying vessel, a 
bee-hive; from alveus=a cavity, a hollow vessel; 
ahms=the belly.] 

1. A bee-hive (lit. &fig.). (Barret.) 

2. Anat.: The hollow of the external ear, or the 
bottom of the concha, in which the cerumen, or 
wax, is deposited. 

al-ve-a-ted, a. [Lat. aipea(ws=hollowed out 
like a trough.] Formed like a bee-hive; of the 
same shape as a bee-hive. 

al-ve-d-lar, tal-ve-o-lar-jf, a. [From Lat. 
alveolus .] [Alveolus.] Pertaining to the alveoli , 
or sockets of the teeth. 

alveolar arch, s. . A semi-parabolic arch in the 
upper jaw, separating the palatine from the zygo- 
mato-facial region, and perforated in the adult by 
alveoli, or honeycomb-like pits for the insertion of 
teeth. There is a corresponding arch in the lower 
jaw, also with alveoli. 

“ . . . which bounds the alveolar arch in front.”— 

Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 173. 


fate fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, ’ wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





alveolar processes 

alveolar processes, s. Cavities in which the 
teeth are fixed; they are called also alveoli. 

“The alveolar processes in both jaws appear with the 
teeth, and disappear when no longer needed to support 
and enclose them.”— Todd <£• Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
voi. ii., p. 181. 

3-1 -ve- 6 -late, a. [Lat. ait>eolafus=hollowedout 
like a little trough, channeled; from alveolus 
(q. v.).] Excavated like the section of a honeycomb; 
honeycombed, deeply filled, as the receptacle of 
many Composite flowers and the seeds of Papaver 
(Poppy). 

fal'-ve-ole, s. pi. An Anglicized form of Alve¬ 
olus. 

al'-ve-o-lite, s. [Lat. alveolus , and Gr. lithos— 
stone.] 

Zool.: A genus of fossil Polypiaria, founded 
by Lamarck. It belongs to the Cretaceous and 
Tertiary strata. 

al'-ve-o-liis, s.; plur. al-ve-6-11. [Lat. alveo- 
lus —a little trough ; dimin. of alvus= the belly.] 

1. One of the sockets in which the teeth are set, 
or other similar cavity. 

‘‘The alveoli, or sockets in which the teeth are set.”— 
Todd i£- Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 173. 

2. One of the cells of a honeycomb. 

al -vine, a. [From Lat. alvus=the belly.] Per¬ 
taining to the belly, or to the intestines. 

alvine concretions, s. pi. Concretions or cal¬ 
culi arising in the stomach or intestines. 

al-vlte, s. [From Lat. ahnts=the belly, and suff. 
-ite {Min.).'] A mineral placed by Dana in his 
Hydrous Silicates. It contains silica, 20'33; 
alumina and glucium, It'll; thoria, (?) 15*13; 
sesquioxide of iron, 9'66; yttria, 22'01; zirconia, 
3'92, with other ingredients. It is a reddish-brown, 
greasy mineral, with crystals like those of zircon, 
and occurs in Norway. 

Al -waid, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed star, 
of magnitude 2%, called also Beta Draconis. 

al-war -grim, s. An English name for a plover, 
the Charadrius apricarius, which some consider to 
be the young of the Golden Plover, C. pluvialis. 

al-way§, fal'-way, *all-wey, *al-waie§, 
*al -waye§, *all -waye§, *all' waye§, adv. [A. S. 
ealneweg, alias weis; eaZ=all; weg= way.] (1) At 
all ways, at all goings; ( 2 ) at all times. 

I. Throughout. 

1. All the while, without intermission; uninter¬ 
ruptedly. 

“The child weped alway wonderliche fast.”— William 
of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 345. 

“But loke alwey that thy counseilours have thilke thre 
coudiciouns that I have sayd bifore.”— Chaucer. 

“I have set the Lord always before me.”— Ps. xvi. 8. 

2. Whenever opportunity presents itself; at stated 
and other convenient times; on all occasions. 

“. . . and prayed to God alway.” — Acts x. 2. 

II. For a very lengthened period. 

1. Forever. 

“ I loathe it; I would not live alway.” — Job vii. 16. 

2. During life; while one lives. 

• “ . . . Mephibosheth, thy master’s son, shall eat 

bread alway at my table.”—2 Sam. ix. 10. 

♦III. Although. (Scotch.) 

“The kind and maner of the disease is concealed; 
alwaies it may be gathered of the penult verse of the 
chapter.”— Bruce: Serm. (1591). 

The forms alwaies, alwayes, allwayes, and all 
wayes are in Spenser, F. Q. 

*Al'-we§, s. An old form of All-hallows. 

♦al’-jfan, s. [Alum.] 

al -yp-um, s. [Gr. alypon, a certain plantf from 
adj. abypos=witliout pain. So called from its ano¬ 
dyne qualities.] A plant mentioned by Dioscorides. 
It was once conjectured to be the Globularia Alyp- 
nm, one of the Selagads, but is now believed to be a 
Euphorbiaceous species. 

g,l-ys'-I-a, s. [Gr. halysis=a chain, a bond.] A 
genus of insects belonging to the family Ichneumon- 
idse. The A. manducator is believed by Mr. Curtis 
to be parasitic in the maggots of Anthomyza and 
other two-winged flies which feed on the roots of 
turnips. A. ruficeps, a smaller species, has similar 
habits. 

al-ys-sin -e-se, s.pl. [From alyssum (q. v.).] A 
tribe of plants belonging to the order Brassicacese 
(Crucifers). 

gl-f s -sdid, s. [Lat. alysson; Gr. eidos=form, 
aspect.] Resembling the alyssum. 


155 

g,l-ys -sum, s. [In Fr. alysse; Port, and Ital. 
alisso; Sp. aliso; Lat. and Gr. alysson , a plant 
used as an anti¬ 
dote to the bite of 
a mad dog: a, priv., 
and lyssa= rage, 
madness. Or a plant 
used to cure h i c- 
cough ; a, priv., and 
lyzb — to have the 
hiccough.] Alysson 
Madwort. A genus 
of plants belonging 
to the order Brassi- 
cacete, or Crucifers. 

A. saxatile, popu¬ 
larly called Gold- 
dust, is a showy 
plant with bright 
yellow flowers. It 
flowers early in the 
season. It, with 
other species, is sometimes used to decorate rock¬ 
eries on the margin of walks in gardens. Sweet 
Alyssum is Glyce or Koniga maritima. [Koniga.] 

al'-y-te§, s. A genus of Amphibia belonging to 
the family Ranidee. The A. obstetricans is the 
Nurse-frog (q. v.). 

*a-lythe, V. t. [Alight (2).] To lighten, to mit¬ 
igate. 

“ Ful feyne she wulde hys pene alythed.” 

R. de Brunne’s Trans, of Bonaventura, 589. 

a-lyx-l-g, s. [Apparently from Gr. alyxis= a 
shunning, an avoiding.] A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Apocynaceae, or Dog-banes. The 
species, of which sixteen are known from Australia, 
Madagascar, and tropical Asia, are evergreen trees 
or shrubs with fragrant flowers. The bark of A. 
stellata is aromatic. 

am, *ame, v. [O. North, am; A. S. eom; Goth. 
im; Pers. am; Gr. eimi; iEol. Dor. emmi; Lith. 
es-mi; Sansc. asmi, from os=to be.] The first per¬ 
son sing. pres, indicative of the verb to be. [Be.] 

“And God said unto Moses, I am that I AM; and he 
said. Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I 
am hath sent me unto you.”— Exod. iii. 14. 

“ Come then, my soul; I call thee by that name, 

Thou busy thing, from whence I know I am: 

For knowing that I am, I know thou art; 

Since that must needs exist, which can impart.” 

• Prior. 

“ What hard misfortune brought me to this same; 

Yet am I glad that here I now in safety ame.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III., viii. 23. 

am as a prefix: The same as am6t=around, but 
much rarer. Example, am-plexi-caul= embracing 
the stem (around). 

A. M. as an abbreviation: (1) For Lat. artium 
mag ister= master of arts; (2) for Lat. anno mundi 
=in the year of the world. 

a'-mg,, s. Any wine measure, as a pipe, a cask. 

a -ma, a -mul-g, ha'-mg, ha-mul-a, s. [Dut. 

aam (q. v.).] 

Eccles.: A. vessel in which wine, water, or any¬ 
thing similar, was kept for the eucharist. 

am-g-bll -I-ty, s. [Amiability.] 

am-a-crat-Ic, a. [Gr. hama=together; kratos 
= strengt.h. mind.] 

Optics: Uniting the chemical rays of light into 
one focus. (Used of photographic lenses.) 



Amadavat (Estrelda Amandava). 


am-ad -a-vat, s. [Occurs in this form in several 
of the Hindoo languages.] An Indian bird, the 
Estrelda amandava. Male: Bill, carmine-colored; 
upper parts, brownish-gray before, red behind; 
lower, whitish, with dashes of red and black; wings 
dark, covered, as are the sides and posterior parts 
of the back; with white spots. The female is less 
highly colored. A small bird, about five inches 


amalgamate 

long, occurring in the Indian Archipelago. [Amad- 
ina, Estrelda.] 

“ The Bengali baboos make the pretty little males of 
the amadavat {Estrelda amandava) fight together.”— Dar¬ 
win: Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. xiii. 

am-a-det -to, s. [Named by Evelyn, after tie 
person who first introduced it.] A kind of pear. 

am -a-dl'-na, s. [From Indian nam & amadavat 
(q. v.).l A genus of birds arranged by Swainson 
under his family Fringillinse, or Finches, and his 
sub-family Coccosthraustinee, or Hardbills. One of 
its sub-genera he makes Estrelda. [Amadavat.] 

am a-dot, s. [In Ger. amadottenbirn.] A kind 
of pear. 

am a-dofi, s. [In Fr. amadou.] A kind of 
brown match, tinder, or touchwood, brought chiefly 
from Germany. It is called also spunk, German 
tinder, and pyrotechnic sponge. It is made by 
steeping a large fungus—the Boletus igniarius —in 
a strong lye prepared with saltpetre, and after¬ 
ward drying it thoroughly. In addition to being 
employed as a match, it is used to stop haemorrhage. 
The Hernandia Guianensis, a species of Daphnad, 
readily taking fire with flint and steel, is used as 
amadou. In India, a fungus, the Polyporus fomen- 
tarius, or an allied species, is employed for the 
same purpose. 

*A-maI -mon, *A-may'-mon, s. The name of a 
fiend, inferior in rank to Sidonay or Osmoday. 
According to B. Holmes, “ he is the chief whose 
dominion is on the north part of the infernal gulf.” 

( Nares .) 

“ Amaimon sounds well! Lucifer, well, &c. . .” 

Shakesp.: Merry Wives, ii. 2. 

“He of Wales, that gave Amaimon the bastinado,” &c. 

Ibid.: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

a-ma'in, adv. [A. S. a=on; moegen, mczgun— 
main, strength, power, force, energy, valor.] [Main, 
May, Might.] 

1. With might, power, force, or strength; ener¬ 
getically. 

“ Silent he stood; then laugh’d amain — 

And shouted, . . .” 

Wordsworth: The Mother’s Return. 

2. Quickly, at once. 

“ Now, when he was got up to the top of the hill, there 
came two men running amain. . . .”— Bunyan: Pil¬ 
grim’s Progress, pt. i. 

Naut.: To strike amain= to lower or let fall the 
topsails. To leave amain= to wave a drawn sword, 
or make a signal of a similar kind to the enemy, as 
a demand that they lower their topsails. 

a-mal -gam, *a-mal -gam-a, s. [In Fr. amal- 

gavie; Sp.. Port, and Ital. amalgama. By some 
derived from Gr. together, and gaineo=to 

marry. By others taken from malagma=( 1) an 
emollient, ( 2 ) soft materials, from malasso— to 
soften. The latter is the more probable derivation.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Chem.: The union or alloy of any metal with 
quicksilver (mercury). 

“ Alloys of mercury or amalgams. Mercury combines 
with a great number of metals, forming compounds called 
amalgams, which are liquid or solid according as the mer¬ 
cury or the other metal prevails.”— Graham: Chemistry, 
vol. ii., p. 324. 

2. Mineralogy: 

(a) A mineral classed by Dana under his “Native 
Elements.” It occurs crystallized, massive, or 
semi-fluid. Its color and streak are silver-white. 
It is brittle, and when cut gives a grating noise. It 
consists of silver 34'8, and mercury 65'2. It occurs 
in Hungary, the Palatinate, Sweden, Spain, Chili, 
and elsewhere. 

(b) Gold amalgam: A mineral occurring in white 
crumbling grains about the size of a pea, or in yel¬ 
lowish-white four-sided prisms. It consists of gold 
39'02j and mercury 60'98. It is found in Columbia 
and in California. 

II. Fig.: A mixture of two things, which in their 
nature are different from each other. 

(a) Of two physical substances. 

“. . . either that the body of the wood will be turned 
into a kind of amalgama, as the chemists call it . . .” 
— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, i., § 99. 

( b ) Of what is not physical. 

“They have attempted to confound all sorts of citizens, 
ns well as they could, into one homogeneous mass; and 
then they have divided this their amalgama into a num¬ 
ber of incoherent republics.”— Burke. 

a-mal-giim-ate, v. t. & i. [Eng. amalgam • - ate. 
In Ger. amalgamiren; Fr. amalqamer; Sp. & Port., 
amalgamar; Ital. amalgamare.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To unite or alloy a metal with quicksilver. 

“When the zinc is pure, or its surface amalgamated with 
mercury . . .”— Graham: Chem., 2d ed., vol. i., p. 245. 



b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 




amalgamated 


2. Fig.: To compound two things together. 

“ Ingratitude Is .Indeed their four cardinal virtues com¬ 
pacted and amalgamated into one.”— Burke. 

. . an inclination to amalgamate Eastern beliefs 
with Greek philosophy.”— Duke of Somerset: Christian 
Theol., xii. 66. 

B. Intransitive: To mix together intimately, to 
blend, to merge into one, to become united. (Lit. 
or fig.) 

“The feudal system had, some centuries before, been in¬ 
troduced into the hill-country, but had neither destroyed 
the patriarchal system nor amalgamated completely with 
it.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

a-mal’-ggm-a-ted, pa. par. & adj. [Amalgam¬ 
ate.] 

“In the amalgamated plate it is not zinc itself, but a 
chemical combination of mercury and zinc, which is pre¬ 
sented to the acid.”— Graham: Chem., 2d ed., vol. i.*p. 247. 
a-mal’-ggm-a-ting, pr. par. [Amalgamate.] 
g-mal-ggm-a'-tion, s. [Eng. amalgam; -ation. 
In Ger. & Fr. amalgamation; Sp. amalgamacion; 
Port, amalaamagao.] 

1. Lit.: The act or process of uniting or alloying 
a metal with mercury; or the state of being so 
united. (It is by amalgamation that native gold 
and native silver are extracted from the rocks in 
which they occur.) 

“ Amalgamation is the joining or mixing of mercury 
with any other of the metals.”— Bacon: Physiol. Rem., § 6. 

2. Fig.: The act or process of uniting two things 
together, or the state of being so united. 

“Early in the fourteenth century the amalgamation of 
the races was all but complete.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. i. 

tg-mar-ggm-a-tize, v. i. [Eng. amalgamate; 
-ize .] To amalgamate, to blend, to unite. 

“ . . . amalgamatizing, or turning into a soft body.” 
— Bacon: Physiol. Rem. 

*U-mar-game, v. t. [Fr. amalgamer. ] The same 
as Amalgamate (q. v.). 

“What is some three ounces of fresh materials? Is’t no 
more? No more, sir, of gold, to amalgame with some six 
of mercury.”— Ben Jonson. Alch., i. 3. 

*a-mal’-gam-Ing, *a-mal-gam-fnge, pr. par. 
&s. 

As substantive: Amalgamation. 

“That we hadde in oure matiers sublymynge, 

And in amalgamynge, and calcenynge 
Of quyksilver, y-clept mercury crude.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,698-12,700. 

g-mal-gam-I ze, v. t. [Eng. amalgam; -ize.] 
To amalgamate. (Gregory.) 

a-mal'-ic a§'-ld, s. [Gr. amalos—( 1) soft, slight, 
(2) weak, feeble.] 

Chem.: CgCCHglj.NiO^+aq. A weak acid obtained 
by the action of chlorine on caffeine. It is a hy¬ 
drated tetramethyl-alloxantin. By the action of 
ammonia it is converted into a murexide of caffeine, 
forming green crystals and a crimson solution. 

4-mar-phI-tan, a. [From Amalfi, a seaport 
of Southern Italy, situated on the Gulf of Salerno.] 
Belonging to or connected with Amalfi. 

AmalpMtan Code, s. A collection of laws bear¬ 
ing on navigation, collected by the inhabitants of 
Amalfi about the eleventh century, and received as 
authority for a long period subsequently. 
Am-al-the’-a, am-al-the -a, s. [Lat.] 

I. As a proper name: 

1. Roman Archaeology: 

(a) One of the ten Sibyls. It was she who, ac¬ 
cording to the old Roman legend, offered Tarquin- 
ius Priscus the nine Sibylline books at a price so 
high that, instead of giving her what she asked, he 
laughed at her, believing her to be mad. On this 
she burnt three of the nine volumes in his presence, 
and asked the orginal price for the remaining six. 
Meeting with a second refusal, she proceeded to 
burn three more, and asked the full price for the 
remaining three Awed by her extraordinary con¬ 
duct, theking at last purchased the three for the 
sum originally asked for the nine. [Sibyl.] 

(b) The nurse of Jupiter. 

2. An asteroid, the 113th found. It was discovered 
by Luther, on the 12th of March, 1871. 

II. As a botanical term: 

Bot.: Desvaux’s name for the species of fruit 
called Etcerio, when it has no elevated receptacle. 
[Etzerio.] 

A-man'-ca, s. [Sp.] A species of yellow lily 
growing in Peru. 

“On the hills near Lima, at a height but little greater, 
the ground is carpeted with moss and beds of beautiful 
yellow lilies, called Amanoaes.” — Darwin: Voyage round 
the World, ch. xvi. 

♦gi-mand’, v. t. [Lat. amando— to send away.] 
To send one away. 

*a-man-da-tion, s. [Lat. amandatio =a send¬ 
ing away; amando= to send away, to remove.] The 
act of sending on a message or embassy. 


156 

a-mgn’-dine, s. [Fr. amande= an almond.] A 
cold cream, prepared from almonds, for chapped 
hands. 

*a-man-do-lg, s. [Ital. mandorla—an almond.] 
A marble with ’ a honeycombed appearance; in 
color, green, with white spots. 

am an-i -ta, s. [Gr. amanitai , plur.= a sort of 
fungi. From Amanos, a mountain in Cilicia, where 
many fungi grew.] A sub-genus of Agaricus, the 
typical genus of the alliance Fungales, and the or¬ 
der Agaricace®. The A. muscaria is ordinarily 
poisonous, so much so that the name muscaria 
(from mj«c«=a fly) is designed to imply that the 
Amanita steeped in milk kills the flies which par¬ 
take of the liquid thus poisoned. Yet, so much 
does the quality of a fungus depend on climate and 
place of growth, that, if Langsdorf is accurate, the 
A. muscaria in Kamschatka and other portions of 
Northeastern Asia, is not poisonous, but only in¬ 
toxicating. 

am-an-I’-tine, s. [From amanita.] 

Chem.: The poisonous principle in the Amanita. 
[Amanita.] 

*a-man se, v.t. [A. S. amansumian=to disjoin, 
to excommunicate; opposed to mcensumian or ge- 
mcensuman = to join, to marry.] To interdict, to 
excommunicate, to accurse. 

“ He amansede alle thulke, that suche vnright adde ido 

To the church of Kanterbury, and the king i-crowned so.” 

Rob. Glouc., vol. ii., p. 474. 

A-man-u-en-SiS, s. [In Dan. & Ger. amanuen¬ 
sis; Sp., Port., & Ital. amanuense; all from Lat. 
amanuensis; a = from; manus = hand.] A person 
employed to write what another dictates. 

a-mar’-g,-cus, s. [In Ft. amaracus; Lat . amara- 
cus; Gr. amarakos, amarakon=(l) a bulbous plant, 
( 2 ) marjoram.] 

1. Poet : Marjoram. Spec., the dittany of Crete 
(Origanum dictamus). 

“Violet amaracus and asphodel.”— Tennyson: (Enone. 

2. A genus of Labiate plants of the sub-section or 
family Origanidae. 

tam'-ar-ant, s. Rare form of Amaranth ; found 
principally in poetry. 

a-mar-an-ta-$e-se, a-mar-anth-a’-pe-se, s. pi. 
[Amaranthus.] Amaranths. 4 natural order of 
plants, consisting of “ Chenopodal exogens, with 
separate sepals opposite the stamens, usually one- 
celled anthers, a single ovary often containing 
several seeds, and scarious 
flowers buried in imbricated 
bracts.” The order is divided 
into three sub-orders—Gom- 

S hrenese, Achyranthese and 
elosese. The species are gen¬ 
erally unattractive wee ds, 
but sometimes they are of 
more showy appearance. In 
1846 Lindley estimated the 
known species at 282; now, 
it is believed, about 500 are 
known. They occur chiefly 
in the tropics of America and 
Asia ; a number also are Aus¬ 
tralian. None are truly wild 
in Britain; but the Cocks¬ 
comb, the Globe Amaranth, 
the Prince’s Feather, and 
Love-lies-bleeding, are found 
in gardens. ManyAmar- 
anthace® are used as pot¬ 
herbs. Amaranthus obtusifo- 
lius is said to be diuretic; Gomphrena officinalis 
and macrocephala have a high reputation in Brazil 
as remedies in intermittent fever, diarrhcea, colic, 
and snake-bite. 

am'-ar-anth, tam'-ar-ant, s. [In Ger. amar¬ 
anth; Fr. amarante, amaranthe; Sp., Port., &Ital. 
amaranto; Lat. amarantus; Gr. amarantos: as 
adj.=: unfading, undecaying; as subst.=: the never- 
fading flower, amarant; a, priv., and maraino = to 
put out, to quench; in the passive — to die away, 
to waste away, to fade.] 

1. Poet.: An imaginary flower supposed never to 
fade. 

“ Immortal amarant, a flower which once 
In Paradise fast by the tree of life, 

Began to bloom: but soon for man’s offense 
To heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows, 
And flowers aloft, shading the fount of life, 

And where the river of bliss through midst of heaven 
Bolls o’er Elysian flowers her amber stream.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iii. 

2. The English name of the several species be¬ 
longing to the botanical genus Amaranthus (q. v.). 
3. Plur.: Amaranths. 

am-ar-anth'-Ine, am-ar-ant -ine, adj. [Eng. 
amaranth, amarant; -ine. In Ger. amaranthin. 
From Gr. amarantinos — of amaranth.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to amaranth. 

“ By those happy souls that dwell 
In yellow meads of asphodel, 

Or amaranthine bow’rs.”— Pope. 



Amaranth. 
(Amaranthus Hypo- 
chon driacus.) 


amass 

2. Fig.: Unfading, as the poetic amaranth. 

“ ’Tis hers to pluck the amaranthine flower of faith.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone (Introd.). 

“ Of amarantine shade, fountain, or spring, 

By the waters of life ...” 

Milton: P. L., bk. XL 

“ Shall deck thy grave with amaranthine flowers, 

And yield thee fruits divine in heaven’s immortal 
bowers.” Carlos Wilcox. 

am-ar-anth -us, tam-g,r-ant’-us, s. [Lat.] 

[Amaranth.] A genus of plants, the typical one 
of the order Amarantace®. It is placed under the 
sub-order Achyranthe®. It lias green, purplish, or 
crimson flowers in large spiked clusters, which 
are very ornamental. A. melancholicus and tri¬ 
color are tender annuals, and A. sanguineus and 
caudatus common border flowers. The leaves of A. 
viridis are employed externally as an emollient 
poultice. A. obtusifolius is said to be diuretic. _ A. 
debilis is used in Madagascar as a cure for syphilis. 
The seeds of A. frumentaceus and A. Anardhanct 
are used as corn in India. 

fam-gr-ant'-Ine, a. A rare form of the word 
Amaranthine. 

g-mar'-Ine, s. [From Lat. amarus=bitter, re¬ 
ferring to the bitter-almond oil (benzoic aldehyde) 
which, with ammonia, constituteshydrobenzamide, 
one of its ingredients.] A chemical substance 
formed by boiling hydrobenzamide with aqueous 
potash. Its formula is CuHisNo. It is insoluble in 
water, but dissolves readily in alcohol. It is called 
also Benzoline (q. v.). 

tg-mar'-I-tude, s. [Lat. amaritudo.] Bitter¬ 
ness. 

“ What amaritude or acrimony is deprehended in 
choler, it acquires from a commixture of melancholy, or 
external malign bodies.”— Harvey on Consumption. 

*a-mar'-u-l?n§e, s. [From Lat. amarulentus= 
full of bitterness.] Bitterness. 

*g,-mar'-u-lgnt, a. [From Lat. amarulentus= 
full of bitterness.] Full of bitterness. 

am-gr-yl-li-da'-pe-Ee, s. [Amaryllis.] Amar- 
yllids. An order of plants placed by Lindley in the 
N arcissal alliance of the class Endogens. In their 
six-partite or six-cleft colored perianth, and their 
three-celled fruit, they resemble Lily-worts, from 
which, however, they are at once distinguished by 
their inferior ovary. In 1846 Lindley estimated the 
known species at four hundred. The representa¬ 
tives of the order in the English flora are Narcissus, 
Galanthus, and Leucojum. Beautiful as they are, 
most of them have poisonous bulbs. The Hotten¬ 
tots are said to dip the heads of their arrows in the 
viscid juice of the bulbs of Hcemanthus toxicarius 
and some allied spices. Several are emetic, having 
a principle in their composition like that of the 
squill. Oporanthus luteus is purgative, AlstrOmeria 
salsilla diaphoretic and diuretic, and Amaryllis 
ornata astringent. A kind of arrowroot is prepared 
in Chili from AlstrOmeria pallida and other species. 
A wine called pulque is made from the wild Agave 
of Mexico. 

4 

am-gr-yl'-lis, s. [In Sw., Dan.,&Fr. amaryllis; 
Sp. & Port, amarylis. From Lat. Amaryllis, the 
name of a certain 
beautiful girl be¬ 
loved by the shep¬ 
herd Tityrus, also 
the servant-girl 
of a sorceress. 

(Virgil.) A simi¬ 
lar meaning in 
Theocritus. From 
Gr .amarusso= (1) 
to sparkle, ( 2 ) to 
dazzle.] A genus 
of plants, the typ¬ 
ical one of the 
order Amarylli- 
dace®. The spe¬ 
cies aje numer¬ 
ous, and splendid 
in appearance; 
many are culti¬ 
vated in green¬ 
houses, flower¬ 
pots, &c. The A. 

DONNA.] 

a mar'-yth-rine, s. [Lat. amarus— bitter, and 
Eng. erythrine.] The bitter principle of erythrine. 

*g-mass', *g-masse, s . [i n Fr. amas; Ital. 
ammasso; Lat. massa=that which adheres like 
dough, a lump, a mass; Gr. maza=barley-bread, 
masso—to knead.] A mass, a heap; an accumula¬ 
tion. 

“This pillar is but a medley or amass of all the pre¬ 
cedent ornaments, making a new kind by stealth.”— Wot- 
ton. 

a-mass , v. t. [From the substantive. In Fr. 
amasser; Ital . ammassare.] [See Amass, s.] 



Amaryllis. 

ornata is astringent. [Bella- 


f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



amassed 


157 


amazonite 


Lit.: To make into a heap, as to knead dough 
into a lump; to collect together, to accumulate, in 
a more figurative sense. 

“The rich man is not blamed, as having made use of 
any unlawful means to amass riches, as having thriven by 
fraud and injustice.”— Bp. Atterbury: Serm. 

“For her amasses an unbounded store, 

The wisdom of great nations, now no more.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

a-massed, pa. par. [Amass, v.] 
a-mas-set'te, s. [Fr.] 

Painting: A scraper, spatula, spattle, or painter’s 
knife; a hlade used for collecting the colors to¬ 
gether while they are being ground, 
a-mas -sing, pr. par. [Amass, -u.] 
a-mass -ment, *&-mas-ment, s. [Eng. amass; 

-ment .] A mass heaped up, a collection, a heap, an 
accumulation. 

“ What is now, is but an r nasment of imaginary con¬ 
ceptions, prejudices, ungrounded oydnions, and infinite 
impostures.”— Granville: Scepsis Scientifica. 

am-as-then'Hc, adj [Gr. hama = together; 
sthe nos=strength.] 

Optics: Uniting the chemical rays of light into 
one focus; amacratie. (Used of photographic 
lenses.) 

*a-ma te (1) ,v.t.& i. [From O. Fr. amater , mater 
—to mortify ; fr. mat =dull, faint, sad; Ger. matt.) 

1. Trans.: To stupefy, to paralyze. 

“ Thou, wretched man, of death has greatest need, 

If in true balance thou wilt weigh thy state; 

For never knight that dared warlike deed 
More luckless disadventure did amate.” 

Spenser• F. Q., I., ix. 45. 

2. Intrans.: To be stupefied, to be stupid. 

*a-ma te (2), V. t. [Eng. a; mate.] To act as 

mate to, to entertain as a companion, to keep com¬ 
pany with, to associate with. 

“And in the midst thereof upcn the floure, 

A lovely bevy of faire ladies sate, 

Courted of many a jolly paramoure, 

The which them did in modest wise amate, 

And each one sought his lady to aggrate.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II., ix. 128. 

am - 3 ,-teur, s. [Fr., from Lat. amator=a lover; 
amo —to love.] One who follows science, art, or 
occupation, not from pecuniary motives, but from 
a love for it, and who, as a rule, is not so proficient 
in it as if he had to depend upon it for a livelihood. 

“. . . it is precisely that in which amateurs of the 

science—and especially voyagers at sea—provided with 
good eyes or moderate instruments, might employ their 
time to excellent advantage.”— Herschel: Astron., 5th ed. 
(1858), § 832. 

amateur-search, s. Search like that of an am¬ 
ateur, i. e., without thorough devotion to the 
inquiry. 

“Dilettantism, hypotheses, speculations, a kind of am¬ 
ateur-search for Truth, toying and coquetting with Truth; 
this is the sorest sin.”— Carlyle- Heroes, Lect. II. 

am -a-teur -ship, s. [Eng. amateur; ship.] The 
procedure or characteristics of an amateur. 

am - 3 ,-tive, a. [From Lat. amo=to love.] Am¬ 
orous. 

am'-?i-tive-ness, s. [Ting, amative; -ness.] 
Phrenology: A protuberance on the skull, sup¬ 
posed to mark the portion of the brain which stim¬ 
ulates to sexual intercourse. It covers the portion 
of the brain known as the cerebellum, which is sit¬ 
uated at the back of the head between the two 
mastoid processes. The researches of Dr. Carpenter 
have thrown great doubt on the correctness of this 
view. [Cerebellum.] 

*am-a-tor-cul-ist, s. [Lat. amatorculus.] A 
pitiful little lover. {Johnson.) 

am-a-tor-i-al, a. [Lat. amatorius. from amo— 
to love.] (Applied especially to sexual affection.) 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Pertaining to love. 

“ amatorial verses. ' Barton: Hist. Eng. 

Poetry. 

“They seem to have been tales of love and chivalry, 
tmatorial sonnets, tragedies, comedies, and pastorals.’ — 
Ibid., iv. 7. 

2. Causing love, or designed to cause love. 

II Anat.: A term applied to the oblique muscles 
of the eye, from their being used in ogling. 

am-a-tbr-I-al-ly, adv. [Eng. amatorial; -ly.] 
In an amatory manner; as a lover does. {Darwin.) 

am-a-tor -I-an, «• [Lat. amatori{us ); suff. -an.] 
Amatory. 

am-a-tbr -I-I, s. pi. [Lat. pi. masc. of amator- 
iws=loving, amorous.] .... . . 

Spec. Anat.: The higher oblique muscles of the 
eye. 

am-a-tbr i-ous, a. [Lat. amatorius.] Ama¬ 
tory. . . 

“This is no mere amatorious novel; but this is a deep 
and serious verity.”— Milton. 


am-?i-t 6 r-y, a. [Lat. amatorius .] Pertaining 
to love; causing or designed to cause love. 

“. . . by amatory potions, not only allure her, but 

necessitate her to satisfy his lust, and incline her effect¬ 
ually, and draw her inevitably to follow him spontane¬ 
ously.”— Bp. Bramhall against Hobbes. 

am-a-tsja. [Japanese=Tea of Heaven.] A 
kind of tea made in Japan from the dried leaves of 
Hydrangea Thunbergis. Its name, “tea of heaven,” 
shows the opinion which is entertained of its excel¬ 
lence. 

am au- ro -sis, s. [In Fr. amaurose; Gr. amau¬ 
rosis— a darkening, from amauroo =to make dark; 
amauros=dim, faint.] A disease of the eye arising 
from impaired sensibility of the retina. It is held 
to exist when a patient without opaque cornea, 
closed pupil, or cataract, complains of lost or de¬ 
fective vision. It commences with confused vision; 
then there is the appearance of a black spot in the 
center of an object looked at; next, floating bodies 
called musccs volitantes appear before the eye, or 
objects appear brighter than natural. In the com¬ 
mencement of the disease the pupil dilates and 
contracts sluggishly ; after a time it becomes more 
dilated and fixed; and at last there is established a 
state of complete blindness, constituting the true 
gutta serena. Amaurosis arises from inflammation 
or turgescence of the retina, from derangement of 
the digestive organs, from exercise of the eye on 
minute objects, and from injury or disease of the 
fifth nerve or its branches, or from injury of the eye 
itself. 

amaurosis suffusion, s. A suffusion of the eyes 
produced by amaurosis. {Fig.) 

“. . . but never perhaps did these amaurosis suffu¬ 
sions so cloud and distort his otherwise most piercing 
vision, as in this of the Dandiacal Bodyl" — Carlyle: 
Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., chap. x. 

am-au-ro'-tlc, a. Pertaining to amaurosis; 
affected with amaurosis. 

“The symptoms complained of by an amaurotic 
patient . . . ”— Dr. Arthur Jacob, Art. “Amaurosis” in 
Cyclo. Pract. Med. 

a-mau§ -Ite, s. The name given by Gerhard to a 
granulite brought from Moravia. Dana classes it 
under Albite (q. v.). 
a max'-im-is ad min'-Im-a. [Lat.] 

Logic: From the greatest things to the smallest. 

a-rnaz e,v.t. [En g. a; maze.] Properly, to be¬ 
wilder, as if one were in a maze or labyrinth. 

More specifically: 

1. To perplex or bewilder, by presenting to one 
something beyond his capacity to understand. 

“When his disciples heard it, they were exceedingly 
amazed, saying, Who then can be saved?”— Matt. xix. 25. 

2. To bewilder one with alarm. 

“ And when the men of Israel turned again, the men of 
Benjamin were amazed: for they saw that evil was come 
upon them.”— Judg. xx. 41. 

3. To perplex and stun with sorrow. 

“And he taketh with him Peter and James and John, 
and began to be sore amazed, and to be very heavy.”— 
Mark xiv. 33. 

4. To astonish. 

“And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this 
the son of David?”— Matt. xii. 23. 

“. . . from amazing Europe with her wit, to amusing 
them with the greatness of her catholic credulity.”— Gold¬ 
smith: Polite Learning, ch. vi. 

K Blair thus distinguished the four words sur¬ 
prised, astonished, amazed, and confounded: “I 
am surprised at what is new or unexpected; I am 
astonished at what is vast or great; I am amazed 
with what is incomprehensible; I am confounded 
by what is shocking or terrible;” (Blair: Rhet. & 
Belles-Lettres, 1817, vol. i., p. 228.) 

f{l-ma ze, s. Bewilderment, on encountering any¬ 
thing incomprehensible; terrifying, or occasioning 
deep sorrow. (Rarely used except in poetry.) 

“. . . soon our joy is turn’d 
Into perplexity and new amaze.” 

Milton: P. R., bk. ii. 

“ The stars with deep amaze.” 

Ibid.: Morning of Christ’s Nativity. 

“Now was Christian somewhat in amaze.” — Bunyan: 
Pilg. Prog., pt. i. 

3 ,-mazed, tama'-zed, pa. participle & adj. 
[Amaze, v.] 

“Who, with his miracles, doth make 
Amazed heaven and earth to shake.” 

Milton: Psalm cxxxvi. 

g,-ma z-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. amazed; -ly.] In 
amazement. 

“ Which, when her sad-beholding husband saw, 
Amazedly in her sad face he stares.” 

Shakesp.: Tar quin and Lucrece. 

“ Stands Macbeth thus amazedly f" 

Ibid.: Macbeth, iv. 1. 


a ma z-ed-ness, s. [Eng. amazed; -wess.] The 
state of being amazed. 

“ . . . whereupon, after a little amazedness, we were 

all commanded out of the chamber.”— Shakesp.: Winter’s 
Tale, v. 2. 

3 ,-ma'ze-ment, s. [Eng . amaze; -ment.] Bewil¬ 
derment of mind caused by the presentation of 
anything incomprehensible, wonderful, terrifying, 
or fitted to inspire deep sorrow. 

“ . . . they were filled with wonder and amazement at 
that which had happened unto him.”— Acts iii. 10. 

“ But, look! Amazement on thy mother sits: 

0 step between her and her fighting soul.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet. 

SL-ma z-ing, pr. par. [Amaze, v.] 

“ Amazing scene! behold! the glooms disclose.” 

Thomson: The Seasons ; Autumn. 

a-maz-mg-ljf, adv. [Eng. amazing; -ly.] In 
an amazing manner. In a manner fitted to be¬ 
wilder. To an amazing extent. 

“ Lys. My lord, I shall reply amazingly, 

Half ’sleep, half waking.” 

Shakesp.: Midsum. Night’s Dream, iv. L 

Am -g,-zon, Am'-gt-zone, s. [In Sw. & Dan. Am¬ 
azon; Dut., Ger., & Fr. Amazone; Sp. and Port. 
Amazona; Ital. Amazzone; Lat. Amazon; Gr. 
Amazon: from a=without, and mazos= the breast, 
from the story that the Amazons cut off their right 
breast to prevent its interfering with the use of the 
bow. 

1. A nation on the river Thermodon, the modem 
Termeh in Pontus, in Asia Minor, said to consist 
entirely of women renowned for their love of manly 
sports, and as warriors. Men were excluded from 
their territory, and commerce was held only with 
strangers, while all male children born among 
them were killed. They are mentioned by Homer. 
Diodorus also speaks of a race of Amazons in 
Africa. They are said to have founded a kingdom 
within Asia Minor, with Themiscyra for its capital. 
The legends of this strange race of warriors are 
simply legends. 

“ Glanced at the legendary Amazon 
As emblematic of a nobler age. ” 

Tennyson: The Princess, ii, 

2. A bold, masculine woman; a virago. 

“When I see the avenues of the Strand beset every 
night with troops of fierce Amazons, who, with dreadful 
imprecations, stop, and beat and plunder passengers, I 
cannot help wishing that such martial talents were con¬ 
verted to the benefit of the public.”— Goldsmith: Essays, 
Female Warriors. 

“ Yet are Spain’s maids no race of Amazons, 

But form’d for all the witching arts of love.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, i. 57. 

3. Plural: 

{a) The females of an Indian tribe on the banks 
of the great river Maranon, in South America, who 
assisted their husbands when fighting against the 
Spaniards, and caused the Maranon to receive the 
new name of the Amazon. 

{b) Any female soldiers, such as the band of 
female warriors kept by the King of Dahomey in 
Africa. 

4. Entom.: Huber’s name for the neuters of a red 
ant {Polyergus), which are accustomed to sally 
forth in large numbers from their nests, in military 
array, and proceeding to some neighboring anthill 
belonging to another species, plunder it of the 
larv® of its neuters. These, when hatched, become 
a kind of pariah caste in the habitation of the 
Amazons. 

amazon ant, s. The same as Amazon, No. 4 . 

“ Huber is erroneous in supposing that the amazon ants 
have a sting.”— Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. xv., p. 501. 

amazon-like, a. Like an ^mazon, 

“His hair, French-like, stares on his frighted head. 
One lock, amazon-like, disheveled.” 

Bp. Hall: Satires, iii. 7. 

amazon-stone, s. A mineral, bright verdigris 
green, and cleavable; a variety of orthoclase. 

am-a-zo -ni-J 4 n, a. [Eng. amazon; -ian.] 

1. Pertaining to the female Amazons in Asia 
Minor or Africa. 

. . those leaves 

They gather’d broad as Amazonian targe, 

And with what skill they had, together sew’d.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix 

2. Pertaining to masculine women. 

“ I do not less willingly own my own weakness than my 
sex, being far from any such amazonian boldness as 
affects to contend with so many learned and godly men.” 
—Bp. Taylor: Artificial Handsomeness, p. 179. 

“ How ill beseeming is it in thy sex 
To triumph like an amazonian trull!” 

Shakesp.: 3 Hen. VI., i. 4. 

3. Pertaining to the river Amazon, or to the terri¬ 
tory of Amazonia on its banks. 

am-iiz-on-Ite, s. [Prom Amazon, the great South 
American river, and -i<e=Gr. lithos=a stone.] The 
name of a mineral, called also Amazon-stone; it is 
a variety of Orthoclase. [Amazon-stone.] 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, s ell > chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 
-cia’n, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?L 






amt> 


158 


ambergris 


amb, fam, prefix. [In compos, only. Lat. amb 
=on both sides: around, as ambio —to surround; 
arnbo— both; am, with the same meaning, as am- 
plector=to encircle. Gr. amphi =on both sides. In 

A. S. emb, ymb; 0. H. Ger. umpi; Irish un, um; 
Welsh am; Sansc. abni, abhitas7\ 
amb, am'-ba> s. In some of the languages of 
India, a mango-tree, Mangifera Indica. 

Ran amb , s. [From Mahratta ra«.=the jungle.] 
The hog-plum, Spondias mangifera. 

*am'-bage, tam-ba -ge§, s. [Lat. am&a£ies=(l) 
a going round, a going by a roundabout way; ( 2 ) a 
circumlocution, a quibble; (3) obscurity, ambiguity. 
In Ital. ambage. 1 
*1. Turning; change. 

“. . . shall, by ambages of diets, bathings, anoint¬ 
ings, medicines, motions, and the like, prolong life.” 
— Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. ii., p. 62. 

2. Circumlocution; also quibbling, the use of 
ambiguous language intended to modify or deceive. 

Epigramma, in which every mery conceited man 
might, without any long studie or tedious ambage, make 
his frend sport, and anger his foe, and give a prettie nip, 
or shew a sharpe conceit in a few verses.”— Puttenham: 
Art of Poesie, L. i., ch. 27. 

“ And, but if Galkas lede us with ambages, 

That is to seyn, with dowble wordes slye, 

Swich as men clepe ‘ a word with two visages.’ ” 

ChaucerTroilus and Creseide, bk. v. 

“ They gave those complex ideas names, that they might 
the more easily record and discourse of things they were 
daily conversant in, without long ambages and circumlo¬ 
cutions.”— Locke. 

tam-bag-in-ous, a. [From ambaginis , obs. 
genit. of Ambages (q. v.).] Circumlocutory. 

fam-ba-gi-ous, a. [Lat. ambagiosus.’] Cir¬ 
cumlocutory. 

tam-bag-it-or-y, a. [Eng. ambag(es); -itory.’] 
Circumlocutory. 

am-ba-ree, am'-ba-dee, s. [Mahratta am- 
badee .] The native name of an Indian malvaceous 
plant, the Hibiscus cannabinus , or Hemp-leaved 
Hibiscus. The natives use the leaves for greens, 
and hemp is made from the fibres of the bark, 
tam-bar-le, am-bar - ee, s. [Mahratta am- 
baree. 1 The covered seat on the back of an elephant, 
better Known as a howdah. 
am'-bas-sade, s. [Fr.] [Embassy.] 

“When you disgraced me in my ambassade, 

Then I degraded you from being king.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iv. 3. 

am-bas'-sa-dor, *am-bas -sa-dour, *em-bas- 
sa-dor,s. [In Sw. ambassador; Dan. ambassador; 
Fr. ambassadeur; Sp. embaxador; Port, embaixa- 
dor; Ital. ambasciadore, ambasciatore =an ambas¬ 
sador; ambassiadorazzo= a deputy; ambascioso= 
full of grief and sorrow; ambasciare=to pant; ani- 
bascia —shortness of breath, suffocation ; Low Lat. 
ambasciari= to carry a message; Lat. ambactus^a 
vassal, a dependent upon a lord. Cognate with A. S. 
ambiht, ambeht, ambyht, embeht, a servant, 

messenger, legate ; Dut. ambacht, trade, handicraft, 
profession, business; Ger. amten, amtiren =to per¬ 
form the duties of an office; ami=charge, place, 
office, magistracy; O. H. Ger. ampahtan=to minis¬ 
ter, ambaht=a minister, also service; Goth, and- 
bahts=a minister, a servant, and bahti= service, 
ministry; according to Grimm, from and (Ger. amt) 
=office, and 6 afc=back.] [Embassy.] 

I. Gen.: A messenger, by whomsoever sent. 

“A wicked messenger falleth into mischief, but a faith¬ 
ful ambassador is health.”— Prov. xiii. 17. 

II. Specially: 

1. Lit.: A minister of high rank sent on an em¬ 
bassy to represent nominally his sovereign, but 
really his country, at the court of another monarch, 
or at the capital of a republic. Sir Henry Wotton’s 
definition of an ambassador as “ an honest man sent 
to lie abroad for the commonwealth, however cor¬ 
rectly it may have described the older school of di¬ 
plomatists, is now, it is fondly trusted, quite out of 
date. (Wotton: Letter to Velserus, A. D. 1612.) 
Ambassadors are of two kinds: extraordinary , em¬ 
ployed on special missions; and ordinary, who re- 
iside permanently at the seat of government to which 
they are accredited. All the ancient ambassadors 
were of the former class. In every civilized nation 
the person of an ambassador is sacred, his mansion 
also is inviolate, and his retinue subject to no local 
jurisdiction but his own. An envoy is an inferior 
kind of ambassador dispatched on a special mission. 
A resident, or charge d'affaires, is also of less dig¬ 
nity than a proper ambassador. Consuls are again 
of inferior rank to residents, and are specially 
charged to protect and promote the commercial 
enterprise of their country in the place whore they 
are stationed. 

“Howbeit in the business of the ambassadors of the 
princes of Babylon who sent unto him to inquire of the 
wonder that was done in the land . . .”—2 Chron. 

xxxii. 31. 

“. . . the killing of an embassador.” — Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. iv., ch. 6. 


• An extraordinary ambassador of high rank was in¬ 
stantly dispatched by Lewis to Borne.” —Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiv. 

2. Fig.: An apostle, regarded as a representative 
of Christ, sent on a special mission to men. 

“Now then we are ambassadors for Christ,_as_ though 
God did beseech you by us: we pray you in Christ’s stead, 
be ye reconciled to God.”—2 Cor. v. 20. 

am-bas'-sa-dor, v. t. [From the substantive.] 
To oppress a sovereign with the incubus of too 
many and too importunate ambassadors. 

_ If The use of the word as a verb is of recent inven¬ 
tion, and can hardly be called correct. 

“These are no longer the times in which a young, 
gentle, and nervous Sultan Medjid used to be ‘literally 
ambassadored to death.’”— Times, Jan. 19, 1876, Pera 
Corresp. 

am-bas-sa-dbr’-i-al, a. [Eng. ambassador; 
-ial .] Pertaining-to an ambassador; as “ ambassa¬ 
dorial privileges.” 

am-bas’-sa-dress, s. [Eng., the fem. form of 
ambassador. In Sw. ambassadris; Fr. ambassa- 
drice; Ital. ambasciadrice; Port, embaixitriz .] 

1. The wife of an ambassador. 

2. A woman sent on a message of any kind. 
(Used generally in a mock-heroic sense.) 

“ ‘ Again !’ she cried, ‘are you ambassadresses 

From him to me?’ ”— Tennyson: The Princess, iii. 

fam'-bas-sage, *am-bas-s 3 f, *am-bas'-sat-e, 
*am-bas-sat-ry-e ( Old Eng.), !: 'am-bas -si-at, 
*am'-bax-<tt ( Old Scotch), s. [In Sw. ambassad; 
Fr. ambassede; Port., embaixada; Ital. ambas- 
ciato.~\ An embassy. 

“ Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he send- 
eth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace.”— 
Luke xiv. 32. 

“ What needeth gretter dilatacioun 
I say by tretys and ambassatrye, 

And by the pope’s mediacioun.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,653. 

“ The kynge then gaue unto that hye ambassate, 

Full riche giftes and gold enoughe to spende.” 

Hardynge: Chron., fol. 74, b. 

“ Than the ambassiat that was returnit agane 
From Diomedes . . .”— Douglas: Virgil, 369. 

“ Our soverane lordis legacioun and ambaxat.” 

Act. Dom. Cone. (1491), p. 200. 

am-bas'-sls, s. [In Fr. ambasse .] A genus of 
fishes, of the order Acanthopterygii and the family 
Percidse. The species, which are small and 
nearly transparent, occur in the rivers and ponds of 
India. 

am’-b?.s-sy, s. [Ambassage, Embassy.] An 
embassy. 

ambe, am’-bi, s. [Ionic Gr. ambe, Gr. ambon — 
a projecting lip or edge; from amb = about.] 

1. Old Surgery: An instrument formerly used for 
reducing dislocated shoulders. It was so called 
because its extremity jutted out. 

2. Anat.: The superficial jutting out of a bone. 

*am -bel, s. [Amble.] 

am'-ber, s. & a. [In Dan. ambra; Dut. & Ger. 
amber; Fr. ambre (all these forms meaning amber¬ 
grease or the mineral amber). In Sp. ambar; Port. 
ambar, alambra; Ital. ambra (all these forms 
meaning the mineral amber only) ; Pers. anbar, 
anabar; Arab, anbar, anbarun=(l) ambergris, (2) 
amber.] [Ambergris.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. The genuine amber. 

1. As a mineral. It is called also Succinite, from 
Lat. sitccm«m=amber. [Succinite.] Its color is 
generally yellow, but sometimes reddish, brownish, 
or whitish and clouded. It is resinous in lustre, 
always translucent, and sometimes transparent. It 
is brittle, and yields easily to the knife. It fuses at 
287° C. It is combustible, burning readily with a 
yellow flame, and emitting an agreeable odor. It 
is also highly electrical, so much so that electricity 
is derived from the Greek word elektron, or elektros 
=amber. Composition: Carbon, 78’94; hydrogen, 
10’53; oxygen, 10’53=100. Found occasionally in 
masses as large as a man’s head; but at other 
times in smaller pieces, some no larger than a grain 
of coarse sand. It is found in Europe, Asia and 
America. It is valued as a gem. 

“ . . . whose sisters, metamorphosed, into poplar- 

trees, shed tears at his death, which were hardened into 
amber.”—Lewis : Astron. of the Ancients, ch. i., § 2. 

“ Pomeranian amber was set in Lydian gold to adorn 
the necks of queens.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

2. As a geological product. Pliny was correct 
when ho considered it to be an exudation from 
trees of the Pine family, like gum from the cherry, 
and resin from the ordinary pine. Prof. Gbppert, 
of Breslau, in 1845, deemed it a resinous exudation 
from an extinct pine, Pinus succinifer, most nearly 
allied to P. abies (Abies excelsa, the Norway 
Spruce), or P. picea (Abiespicea, the Silver Fir). 
He believed that forests of this tree once grew in 


the southeastern part of what is now the bed of 
the Baltic, in about 55° north latitude and 37-38° 
east longitude; but that during the time of the 
drift they were swept away, and the amber carried 
south and southwest to Pomerania and the adja¬ 
cent regions, where now it is found. Subsequently 
he discovered that amber had been formed not by 
the P. succinifer only, but by eight other allied 
species, if, indeed, all the Abietinee and Cupressi- 
meee of the time and place did not share in its pro¬ 
duction. In 1845 he thought it of the age of the 
Molasse (Miocene?); in 1854 he deemed it Pliocene, 
and perhaps of the drift formation (Upper Pleio- 
cene=;pleistocene); but its exact age is as yet un¬ 
determined. Of 163 species of plants found in it, 
thirty still exist. Eight hundred species of insects 
have also been met with in it, with remains of ani¬ 
mals of other classes. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 
ii. (1846), i. 102; vol. x. (1854), ii. 1.) 

II. The amber of Scripture. 

IT In Scripture the word “ amber,” Hsb. chashmal 
(Ezek. i. 4, 27; viii. 2), is not what is now called by 
the name, but a mixed metal. It may be polished 
brass, or brass and gold, or silver and gold; it is 
difficult to say which. 

“And I saw as the color of amber, as the appearance of 
fire round about within it . . .”— Ezek. i. 27. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Made of amber. 

“Sir Plume, of amber snuff-box justly vain, 

And the nice conduct of a clouded cane.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, iv., 123, 124. 

2. Colored like amber, reflecting light as it does, 
or in some other way resembling it. 

“ There Susa by Choaspes’ amber stream.” 

Milton: P. R., bk. iii. 

“To dream and dream, like yonder amber light.” 

Tennyson: The Lotos-eaters. 

C. In composition it is a substantive or adjective 
amber-colored, a. Colored like amber. 

“ Biron. An amber-color’d raven was well noted.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 3. 
amber-drink, s. Drink of the color and trans- 
lucency of amber. 

“All your clear amber-drink is flat.”— Bacon. 
amber-dropping, a. Dropping amber. 

. . amber-dropping hair.”— Milton: Comus. 
amber-flora, s. The flora educed from a study 
of the vegetable fragments found in amber. 

“The stomach of the fossil Mastodon found in New 
Jersey contained twigs of Thuia occidentalis (found in the 
amber-flora).”—-T. R. Jones: Q. J. Geol. Soc., vol. x., ii. 4. 

amber-forest, s. A forest of amber-producing 

trees. 

“. . . we are led to infer a similar extension in for¬ 
mer times of the amber-forests.” — T. R. Jones: Q. J. Geol. 
Soc., vol. x., ii. 3. 

amber-locked, a. Having locks of hair colored 
like amber. 

“ . . . nay, thy own amber-locked, snow-and-rose- 

bloom Maiden . . .’’—Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., 
ch. v. 

amber-seed, s. A seed resembling millet. It has 
a somewhat bitter taste. It is brought in a dry 
state from Martinico and Egypt. It is called also 
Music-seed. 

amber-tree, s. The English name of the Cin- 
chonaceous genus Anthospermum. It is an ever¬ 
green, with leaves like those of heath, which are 
fragrant when bruised. 

amber-weeping, a. Letting fall drops of 
“ amber.” 

“ Not the soft gold, which 
Steals from the amber-weeping tree 
Makes sorrow half so rich, 

As the drops distill’d from thee.” 

Crashaw: Poems, p. 2. 

am’-ber, v. t. [From the substantive. In Fr, 
ambrer .] To scent with amber. 

“ Be sure 

The wines be lusty, high, and full of spirit 

And amber’d all.” 

Beaum. <£• Flet.: Cust. of the Country, iii. l 
am -bered, pa. par. & a. [Amber, v.] 
am -ber-gris, am-ber-grease, *am’-ber- 
greese, *am'-bra-gre§-i-a, s. [Eng. amber, and 
Fr. gris. In Fr. ambre-gris; Sp. & Port, ambar-gris; 
Ital. ambragrigia. Lit.=g ray amber.] [Amber.] A 
light, fatty,_ inflammable substance, opaque in 
lustre, ashy in color, with variegations like marble, 
and giving forth a pleasant odor when heated. It i 3 
found in masses swimming on the sea in certain 
latitudes, or cast on the adjacent coasts, or buried 
m the sand. It is a morbid secretion found in the 
stomach, or more probably in the gall-ducts, of the 
great-headed Cachalot, or Spermaceti Whale (Phy- 
seter macrocephalus). In this country it is now 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cflr, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. ' au'^kw! 




ambesas 


159 


amble 


used solely in perfumery, haring the property of 
adding to the strength of other perfumes. 

“Bermudas wall’d with rocks, who does not know 
That happy island where huge lemons grow; 

Where shining pearl, coral, and many a pound, 

On the rich shore, of ambergris is found?” — Waller. 
“Something had been put into his favorite dish of eggs 
and ambergrease." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

*amb'-es-as, s. [Ahbsace.] 

am-bi-dex-ter, *am'-b6-dex-ter, a. &s. [In 

Fr. ambidextre; Sp. and Port, ambidextro; Ital. 
ambidestro=nsing both hands equally. From Lat. 
am 6 o=both; dexter. adj.= to, or on the right side.] 

. tl- Asadj.: Using either hand with equal facil¬ 
ity. 

“How does Melpy like this? I think I have vext her: 
Little did she know, I was ambidexter.” 

Sheridan to Swift. 

II. As substantive; 

1. One who can use either of his hands with equal 
facility. 

“Bodiginus, undertaking to give a reason of ambidex¬ 
ters and left-handed men, delivereth a third opinion.”— 
Browne. 

2. Ludicrously: A person who, when political or 
other parties are in conflict, is almost equally ready 
to take either side. 

“The rest are hypocrites, ambodexters, outsides.”— Bur¬ 
ton: Anat. of Melancholy; To the Reader, p. 36. 

3. Law: A juror who accepts money from both 
sides for giving his voice in their favor. 

“. . . Thy poore client’s gold 
Makes thee to be an ambodexter bold.” 

Gamage: Epigrams, Ep. to a Lawyer, E. 71. 

am-bl-dex-ter-I-ty, s. [Formed on the analogy 
of dexterity, from Lat. dexteritas.] 

1. The quality of being able to use either hand 
with almost equal facility. 

2. The pretense of agreement with each of two 
antagonistic parties ; double dealing. 

am-bl-dex'-trous, a. [Eng. ambidexter; -ous.] 

1. Using either hand with equal facility. 

“Others, not considering ambidextrous and left-handed 

men, do totally submit unto the efficacy of the liver.” 
— Browne. 

2. Pretending agreement with each of two antag¬ 
onistic parties; dealing in a double manner. 

“ 2Esop condemns the double practices of trimmers, and 
all false shuffling and ambidextrous dealings.”— L’Es- 
trange. 

am-bl-dex-trous-ness, s. [Eng. ambidextrous; 

•?16SS« I 

1 . The quality of being ambidextrous. 

2. Double dealing. 

am -bl-bnt, a. [In Fr. ambiant; Port, ambiente, 
adj.; Sp. & Ital. ambiente, ass.=the ambient air. 
From Lat. ambiens, pr. par. of ambio-to go around 
or about.] Surrounding, encompassing on all sides, 
circumfused, investing. (Used especially of the air, 
but also of other things.) 

. . and this which yields or fills 

All space, the ambient air wide interfused.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 


“With darkness circled and an ambient cloud.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. vii., 187. 

“ Blue ambient mists th’ immortal steeds embraced.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. viii., 63. 


"... deep in ambient skies.” 

Ibid., bk. v., 936. 


“ In vain their clamor shake the ambient fields.” 

Ibid., bk. xii., 165. 


am-big -en-al, a. [In Ger. ambigene. From Lat. 
m6o=both, and genu=the knee. Lff.=pertaining 
5 both knees.] ,, 

Geometry: A word used in the following mathe- 
lathical term: 0 . T , T i. , 

An ambigenal hyperbola. Sir Isaac Newton s 
ame for one of the triple hyperbolas of the second 
rder, having one of its infinite legs falling within 
n angle formed by the asymptotes, and the other 
illing without. 


am -big-u s. [Fr. & Sp. am&ifim=ambiguous.] 
An entertainment, consisting not of regular courses, 
but of a medley of dishes set on together. 

“When straiten’d in your time, and servants few, 
You’d richly then compose an ambigu; 

Where first and second course, and your dessert, 

All in one single table have their part.” 

King: Art of Cookery. 


am-bi-gu -l-ty, s. [In Fr. ambiguiU; Ital. am- 
biquita; Lat. ambiguitas, from ambiguus.] 

1. The state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or 
uncertainty of signification. 

«. the point was at last left in dangerous am¬ 

biguity .”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Anything which is ambiguous. 


t(a) An event, or series of events, not easily 
understood. 


“Prince. Seal up the mouth of outrage for a while, 

Till we can clear these ambiguities, 

And know their spring, their head, their true descent.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. 

(b) A word, or a series of words, in a speech or 
written composition susceptible of more than one 
meaning, and which therefore introduces uncer¬ 
tainty into the whole sentence in which it occurs. 

“ The words are of single signification, without any am¬ 
biguity; and therefore I shall not trouble you, by straining 
for an interpretation, where there is no difficulty; or dis¬ 
tinction, where there is no difference.”— South. 

am-bigu-Qus, a. [In Fr. ambigu; Sp. & Ital. 
ambiguo. From Lat. ambiguus=(l) shifting from 
one side to another, changeable; (2) uncertain; (3) 
(of speech) perplexed, dark, ambiguous; (4) (of 
conduct) vacillating: arnbigo— to wander about, to 
go round; am 6 =around; ago= to set in motion, to 
drive; with reflective pron.=to go.] 

1 . Susceptible of two or more meanings. (Used 
of spoken or written words or other utterances, or 
of deeds or events.) 

Blair thus discriminates between the two words 
equivocal and ambiguous: “An equivocal ex¬ 
pression is one which has one sense open, and 
designed to be understood ; another sense concealed, 
and understood only by the person who uses it. An 
ambiguous expression is one which has apparently 
two senses, and leaves us at a loss which of them to 
give it. An equivocal expression is used with an 
intention to deceive; an ambiguous ofie, when it is 
used with design, is with an intention not to give 
full information. An honest man will never employ 
an equivocal expression; a confused man may often 
utter ambiguous ones without any design.” 

“ No man understood better how to instigate others to 
desperate enterprises by words which, when repeated to a 
jury, might seem innocent, or, at worst, ambiguous.” — 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

“ . . . Oh, couldst thou speak, 

As in Dodona once thy kindred trees 
Oracular, I would not curious ask 
The future, best unknown, but at thy mouth 
Inquisitive, the less ambiguous past.” 

C'owper: Yardley Oak. 

2. Accustomed to use words susceptible of two or 
more meanings. (Used of persons.) 

“Th’ ambiguous god who rul’d her lab’ring breast, 

In these mysterious words his mind exprest, 

Some truths reveal’d, in terms involv’d the rest.” 

Dryden. 

3. Occupying the boundary line between. At home 
in more elements than one. 

“ . . . ambiguous between sea and land, 

The river-horse and scaly crocodile.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 

am-big-u-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. ambiguous; -ly .] 
In an ambiguous manner, in words susceptible of 
more interpretations than one. 

“Wilfrid ambiguously replied.”— Scott: Rokeby, ii. 23. 

am-big-u-ous-ness, s. [Eng. ambiguous; -ness.] 
The quality of being ambiguous. Susceptibility of 
more interpretations than one. 

am-blT-ev-ous, a. [Lat. ambo= both, and Icevus 
=left.] “ Left-handed on both sides.” 

am-bir-og-y, s. [Lat. ambo=both; Gr. logos= a 
word, language: legb=to say, to speak.] Talk or 
language of ambiguous meaning. 

am-biT-6-quous, a. [Lat, ambo = both, and 
loquor— to speak.] Using ambiguous expressions; 
involving ambiguity of speech. 

am bil-o-quy, s. [Lat. am 6 o=both; loquor=to 
speak.] The use of ambiguous expressions. 

am -bit, s. [In Sp. & Ital. ambito; from Lat. 
ambitus.] The circumference, compass, or circuit 
of anything. 

“The tusk of a wild boar winds about almost into a per¬ 
fect ring or hoop, only it is a little writlien; in measuring 
by the ambit, it is long or round about a foot and two 
inches.”— Grew: Museum. 

am-bl -tion, *am-bl -cion (Fug.),*am-bfi'-tion 

(Old Scotch ), s. [In Fr. ambition; Sp. ambicion; 
Port, ambigao; Ital. ambizione: from Lat. ambitio 
=ambition ; ambio= to go around, or go about; and 
itio= a going, from ire=to go. A going round, or 
going about of candidates for office in ancient 
Borne. Ambitio was considered a lawful kind of 
canvassing; while ambitus implied unlawful efforts 
to obtain an office; as, for instance, by bribery.] 

*1. A going about to solicit or obtain anything 
desirable, or to sound the praise of one’s own deeds. 

“ I on the other side 

Us’d no ambition to commend my deeds; 

The deeds, themselves, though mute, spoke loud the 
doer.” Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

2. A desire for power, which one may seek to 
gratify in a thoroughly unobjectionable manner, 
but which, when strongly developed, tempts one to 


adopt tortuous or tyrannical courses with the view 
of removing obstacles to the attainment of his 
wishes. 

“ . . . with a far fiercer and more earnest ambition 
. . .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

“. . . ascendancy on the sea the great object of their 
ambition.” — Ibid., ch. xxiii. 

3. A desire for superiority or excellence in any 
object of pursuit. 

“ The quick’ning power would be, and so would rest; 

The sense would not be only, but be well; 

But wit’s ambition longeth to the best, 

For it desires iu endless bliss to dwell.”— Davies. 

IT Ambition is often used with the infinitive, and 
sometimes with of before a noun; occasionally it is 
used in the plural. 

“Like kings we lose the conquests gain’d before, 

By vain ambition still to make them more.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 64, 65. 

“There was an ambition of wit, and an affectation of 
gaiety.”— Pope: Preface to his Letters. 

“What aims and ambitions are crowded into this little 
instant of our life . . . ”— Pope: Letter to Addison 
(1713). 

tam-bi'-tion, v. t. [From the verb. In Fr. am- 
bitionner; Sp. & Port, ambicionar.] To seek after 
with an eager desire to obtain. 

“Pausanias, ambitioning the sovereignty of Greece, 
bargains with Xerxes for his daughter in marriage.”— 
Trumbull. 

am-bl'-tion-less, a. [Eng. ambition; -less.] 
Without ambition. 

am-bl-tious, a. [In Fr. ambitieux, from Lab 

ambitiosus.] 

I. Literally. Of persons: 

1. Desirous of acquiring power, rank, or office. 

“4 Cit. Mark’d ye his words? he would not take the 

crown : 

Therefore, ’tis certain, he was not ambitious.” 

Shakesp: Julius Ccesar, iii. 2. 

2 . Desirous of gaining mental or other superior¬ 
ity, or of achieving some great intellectual feat 
from a higher motive than that of excelling others. 

“. . . Ambitious souls— 

Whom earth, at this late season, has produced 
To regulate the moving spheres, and weigh 
The planets in the hollow of their hand.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

IT It is sometimes followed by of placed before 
the object of ardent desire. 

“. . . ambitious of the favor which men of distin¬ 

guished bravery have always found in the eyes of women.” 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

II. Fig. Of things: 

1 . Swelling or mounting up, like the desires of an 
ambitious person. 

“ I have seen 

Th’ ambitious ocean swell and rage, and foam, 

To be exalted with the threatening clouds.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, i. 3. 

2. Designed for display; showy, pretentious. 

am-bi -tious-ly, adv. [Eng. ambitious; -ly.] Id 
a:i ambitious manner, with eagerness of desire 
after power, greatness, or any other object believed 
to render one eminent among his fellows; also with 
the intention of display; pretentiously. 

“With such glad hearts did our despairing men 
Salute th’ appearance of the prince’s fleet; 

And each ambitiously would claim the ken, 

That with first eyes did distant safety meet.” 

Dryden. 

fam-bl -tious-ness, s. [Eng. ambitious; -ness.] 
Ambition. 

“ . . . reigning here as gods vpon earth in ambU 

tiousness.”—Bale : Image of Both Churches, pt. i. 

am-ble, *am'-bill, *am’-bule, v. i. [In Fr. 

ambler; Sp. amblar; Ital. ambiare. From Lat. 
ambulo=to go about, to walk.] 

1 . To adopt the pace called an amble. [See the 
substantive.] Properly applied to a horse, but 
sometimes also to its rider. 

“Frequent in park with lady at his side, 

Ambling and prattling scandal as he goes.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. ii. 

2. To move easily, without hard shocks or shak¬ 
ing. 

“ Orl. Who ambles time withal? 

“Bos. With a priest that lacks Latin, and a rich man 
that hath not the gout, for the one sleeps easily because 
he cannot study, and the other lives merrily because he 
feels no pain ; the one lacking the burden of lean and 
wasteful learning, the other knowing no burden of heavy 
tedious penury ; him time ambles withal.”— Shakesp.: As 
You Like It, iil. 2. 

3. Ludicrously: To move with submission and by 
direction, as a horse which ambles uses an unnat¬ 
ural pace. 

“A laughing, toying, wheedling, whimpering she, 
Shall make him amble on a gossip’s message. 

And take the distaff with a hand as patient 
As e’er did Hercules.” Rowe : Jane Shore. 


b611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = *hun. -tlou3, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 




amble 


160 


ambrosin 


am'-ble, *am-bfl, *aum'-bel, s. [From the verb. 
In Fr. amble; Sp. ambla; Ital. ambiot] The first 
pace adopted by young colts, but which they quit 
on becoming able to trot. In an amble, a horse 
simultaneously moves the fore and hind leg on one 
side (say the right), while those on the other stand 
still. Then when the legs first moved are again fast 
on the ground, the other two are simultaneously 
moved forward. Riding-masters discourage the 
pace, and limit the horses which they train to the 
walk,/the trot, and the gallop. 

“ His steede was al dappul gray, 

It goth, an ambel in the way.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,292-3. 

“ Such as have translated begging out of the old hack- 
ney-pace to a fine easy amble.” — Ben Jonson: Every Man in 
his Humor. 

am’-bler, *am'-blere, s. [Eng. amble; -er .] A 
horse which has been taught to amble, a pacer. 

“ A trotting horse is fit for a coach, but not for a lady’s 
saddle; and an ambler is proper for a lady’s saddle, but 
not for a coach.”— Howell: Lett., i., v. 37. 

‘‘Uppon an amblere esely sche sat.”— Chaucer: C. T., 471. 
am-bli-§eph -al-us, s. [Gr. amblys=blnnt; heph- 
«Ze=head.] A sub-genus of Coluber, or snake; or 
it may be elevated into a distinct genus. The name 
cannot be distinguished by the ear, but only by the 
eye, from Amblycephalus, a genus of insects, to 
which, of course, it has no affinity. [Colttbeb, Am- 

BLYCEPHALtTS.] 

*am-bllg- 6 n, s. [Amblygon.] 
*am-bli-go'-nI-al, a. [Amblygonal.] 
am -bling, am'-bljfng, pr. par., adj.&s. [Am¬ 
ble, v.] 

1. As participle or ( participial) adjective: 

“. . . an hors snow-whyt, and wel amblyng.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,264. 

“ An abbot on an ambling pad.” 

Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott. 
“I am rudely stampt, and want love’s majesty, 

To strut before a wanton ambling nymph.” 

Shakesp.: Etch. III., i. 1. 

2. As substantive: 

“ . . . and this is true, whether they move per latera, 
that is, two legs of one side together, which is tollutation 
or ambling.” — Sir T. Browne: Vulgar Errors, iv. 6. 

am -bling-ljf, adv. . [Eng. ambling; -ly.] With 
an ambling pace or gait. ( Johnson .) 

*am-bl 6 -sis, s. [Gr. amblosis .] Abortion or 
miscarriage. 

am-blo’-tic, a. & s. [Gr. amblosis—an abortion.] 

1. As adjective: Tending to cause abortion. 

2. As substantive: A medicine designed to cause 
abortion. 

am-bly-aph- 1 - 9 ,, s. [Gr. amblys={\) blunt, (2) 
dull haphe = (1) a lifting, (2) union, (3) touch; 
hapto=to fasten, ... to touch.] Dullness or 
insensibility of touch ; physical apathy. 

am-bly- 9 eph'-<i,l-us, s. [Gr. am 6 ij/s=blunt, and 
kephale=head.~\ A genus of insects of the order 
Homoptera, and the family Cercopid®. The A. in¬ 
terrupts, the Hop-frog, or Froth-fly, breeds in May, 
and in July and August is found in numbers in hop 
plantations, where it does damage by sucking the 
sap from the plants. [Amblicephalus.] 
tarn-blyg-on, *am -blig-on, s. [Gr. amblys— 
blunt, obtuse; gonia = a corner, an angle.] An 
obtuse-angled triangle. 

The form ambligon is in Dyche’s Diet. (1758). 
fam-blyg-on-al, *am-blI-go -nl-al, a. [From 
Eng. amblygon; -alt] Pertaining to an obtuse 
angle; containing an obtuse angle. 

H The form ambliqonial is in Glossographia Nova, 
2d ed. (1719); Dyche's Diet. (1758). 

am-blyg-on-Ite, s. & a. [In Ger. ambligonit. 
From Gr. amblygonios= having obtuse angles; am- 
6 h/s=blunt, obtuse, and gonia=& corner, an angle; 
suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: A green, white, grayish, or 
brownish-white mineral, consisting of phosphoric 
acid, 47*58 to 56’69; alumina, 35’69 to 36*88; lithia, 
6*68 to 9*11; soda, 3*29; potassa, 0*43; and iron, 8 ’H. 
It is usually massive, but sometimes columnar. 
When crystallized it is triclinic. It varies from 
sub-transparent to translucent. It occurs in Sax¬ 
ony, Norway and the United States. 

B. As adjective: Dana has an Amblygonite group 
of minerals, the seventh of the nine which he 
classes under Anhydrous Phosphates and Ar¬ 
senates. 

am-bly-op-I- 5 L, s. [Amblyopy.] 
am-bljf-ops-I-dae, s. pi. [From amblyopsis 
(q.v.).] A family of fishes belonging to the sub-order 
Physostomata and its Abdominal section. It con¬ 
tains only a small blind fish ( Amblyopsis spelceus), 
found in the caves of North America. 

am-bly-op'-sls, s. [Gr. amblys={ 1) blunt, (2) 
dull of sight; and onsis=look, appearance.] The 
typical genus of the Amblyopsidro (q. v.). 


am-blf-op-y, *am-bly-5-pi-a, *am-blI-o- 
pi-U, s. [Gr. amblops or amblopos= dim, bedimmed, 
dark; amblys=. . . dim, and ops=the eye, face 
or countenance.] Weakness of sight not proceed¬ 
ing from opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of 
the eye. It is of two kinds—absolute and relative. 
Absolute, produced by old age or disease; relative, 
as in near and far-sightedness, strabismus, &c. 

IT The form ambliopia occurs in Glossographia 
Nova, 2d ed. (1719). 

am-blyp’-ter-us, s. [Gr. amblys=hhmt ; and 
pteron= a feather, a wing; anything like a wing, a 
fin, for example.] A genus of fishes, found in the 
Carboniferous formation. 

am-bly-rhyn -chus, s. [Gr. amblys=bhmt ; and 
rhunghos=a. snout or muzzle, a beak, a bill; rhuzeo 
or rhuzo=to growl or snarl.] A genus of lizards, 
of the family Iguanidee. The A. cristatus, discov¬ 
ered by Mr. Darwin, found in Galapagos, is an ugly 
animal, three, or sometimes four feet long, which 
lives on the beach, and occasionally swims out to 
sea. 

“ The Amblyrhynchus, a remarkable genus of lizards, is 
confined to this archipelago” [the Galapagos one].— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xvii. 

am-bly-iir-us, s. [Gr. amblys= blunt; oura= 
tail.] A genus of lepidoid fishes. / 
am-bo, am-bon (plur. form am-bbne§), s. 
[Fr. & Ital. ambone; Gr. ambon, genit. ambdnos= 
any rising, as of a hill; in later Greek, a raised 
stage, a pulpit, or reading-desk. From anabaino= 
to go up; ana=mj, and baino=to go. Ambo is 
cognate with the Latin umbo, genit. umbonis=& 
convex elevation ; a boss, as of a shield.] 

Arch.: A pulpit or reading-desk in the early and 
mediaeval churches. Sometimes there were two 



Ambon. 


ambones, one for reading the Gospel, and the other 
for reading the epistle; but in most cases one 
sufficed. {Gloss, of Arch.) 

“ The principal use of this ambo was to read the Script¬ 
ures to the people, especially the epistles and gospels. 
They read the gospel there yet, and not at the altar.”— Sir 
G. Wheler: Des. of Anc. Churches, p. 78. 

“The admirers of antiquity have been beating their 
brains about their ambones.” — Milton: Eef. in Eng., bk. i. 

Am-boy ’-na, s. & a. [One of the Molucca Islands; 
also its capital.] 

As adjective. Amboynawood: The wood of Ple- 
rospermum Indicum, one of the Byttneriads. 

am-bread’-a, s. [In Fr. am&re=amber.] A kind 
of fictitious amber sold by Europeans to the natives 
of Africa. 

am-brl -na, s. [Apparently from Fr. ambre, re¬ 
ferring to the aromatic odor of the several species.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Chenopo- 
diace®, or Chenopods. The A. anthelmintica, 
called Worm-seed Oil, is powerfully anthelmintic. 
The A. ambroscoides, or Mexican tea, and A. botrys, 
possess an essential oil, which renders them tonic 
and anti-spasmodic. 

am-brlte, s. [Fr. am6re=amber (T), and suff. 
-it a.] 

Min.: A mineral, classed by Dana under his Oxy¬ 
genated Hydrocarbons. Compos.; Carbon 76*38; 
hydrogen 10’88; oxygen 12’70, and ash T9. It is 
yellowish-gray, sulk-transparent, occurring in the 
province of Auckletid, New Zealand, in masses as 
large as the human heads. It is often exported 
with the resin (kauri-gum) of Dammara Australis, 
which it much resembles. [Kaubi.] 
am-bro-§I-a,*am -bro-§ie, *am'-bro§e, s. [In 
Dan., Ger., Sp., Port. & Ital. ambrosia; Fr. am- 
broisie, t ambrosie ,* Dut. ambrosyn; Lat. ambrosia, 
all from Greek ambrosia, from a, negative, and 
brotos — mortal=(l) the food or the drink of the 
gods; literally, immortal food; supposed to give 
immortality to all who partook of it; (2) a mixture 
of water, oil, and various fruits used in religious 
rites; (3) Med., a perfumed draught or salve; (4) 
a plant {Ambrosia maritima). In Sansc. amriti is= 
the elixir of immortality.] 


A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: The fabled food of the gods, as nectar 
was the imagined drink. 

“ And pour’d divine ambrosia in his breast, 

With nectar sweet (refection of the gods!).” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 875-6. 

“ . . . gorgeous frescoes which represented the gods 
at their banquet of ambrosia.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiv. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Whatever is very pleasant to the taste or the 
smell. 

“ The coco, another excellent fruit, wherein we find bet¬ 
ter than the outside promised; yielding a quart of ambro¬ 
sie, colored like new white wine, but far more aromatic 
tasted.”— Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 29. 

“Her golden lockes that late in tresses bright 
Embreaded were for hindring of her haste, 

Now loose about her shoulders hong undight, 

And were with sweet ambrosia all besprinckled light.” 

Spenser: F. Q., HI., vi. 18. 

2. Certain alexipharmic compositions. 

3. A fragrant plant; a wild sage. 

“At first ambrose it selfe was not sweeter, 

At last black hellebore was not so bitter.” 

Burton: Anat. of Melan., iii. 2. 

B. Technically: 

Botany: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Asterace®, or Composites. They are mostly annual 
weeds, of no beauty, which derive their name from 
the fact that when bruised they emit an agreeable 
smell. Their habitat is Southern Europe, Africa, 
India, and North and South America. 

fam-br6'-§i -ac, a. [Lat. ambrosiacus. ] Ambro¬ 
sial. 

”Anibrosiac odor for the smell.” 

Ben Jonson: Poetaster, iv. 3. 

am-bro -§ 1 - 9 . 1 , a. [Derived either from Eng. am¬ 
brosia, or from Gr. ambrosios= immortal, divine, 
and so=divinely beautiful or excellent.] 

1. Consisting of, or containing, the fabled am¬ 
brosia. 

‘‘There stopp’d the car, and there the coursers stood, 
Fed by fair Iris with ambrosial food.” 

Pope: Homer 9 s Iliad , bk. v., 459-60. 

2. Having, really or presumably, the taste or fra¬ 
grance of ambrosia. 

“And all amid them stood the tree of life, 

High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

“. . . Of their ambrosial food 
Can you not borrow? . . .” 

Thomson: Autumn. 

“ Thus while God spake, ambrosial fragrance fill’d 
All heaven . . .”— Milton: P. L., bk. iii. 

“The bath renew’d, she ends the pleasing toil 
With plenteous unction of ambrosial oil.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xix., 589-90. 

3. With the sense of divinely or lastingly beautiful 
or excellent (der. 2 ). 

“ Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. i., 684. 

IT The modern use of the word seems to vary be¬ 
tween, and to a certain extent blend, meanings 
2 and 3, so that it is difficult always to say which 
of the two senses predominates. 

“ But the solemn oak-tree sigheth, 
Thick-leaved, ambrosial.” 

Tennyson: Claribel, i. 7. 

“ The broad ambrosial aisles of lofty lime 
Made noise with bees and breeze from end to end.” 

Tennyson: Princess. (Prol.) 

am-bro -§I-al-ly, adv. [Eng. ambrosial .] After 
the manner of ambrosia; with a sweet taste or a 
delicious perfume. 

“ He smiled, and opening out his milk-white palm, 
Disclosed a fruit of pure Hesperian gold 
That smelt ambrosially.” — Tennyson: CEnone. 

tam-bro'-§I-§.n, a. [Eng. ambrosia .] The same 
as Ambbosial (q. v.). 

“ And swim unto Elysium’s lily fields; 

There in ambrosian trees I’ll write a theme 

Of all the woeful sighs my sorrow yields.” 

Song in the Seven Champ, of Christendom. 

Am-bro-§I-an, a. [Named after Ambrose, who 
was born about A. D. 340, became Bishop of Milan 
in 374, and died in 397.] Pertaining to Ambrose. 

Ambrosian chant: A mode of singing or chanting 
introduced by Ambrose of Milan. It was more 
monotonous than the Gregorian chant. 

Ambrosian office, rite, or use : A form of worship 
introduced by Ambrose of Milan, and which was 
afterward successfully maintained against the 
papal effort to exchange it for another. 

am-bro-§In, s. [From Ambrose, Bishop of 
Milan.] [Ambkosian.] 

Numis.: A coin struck in medimval times by the 
dukes of Milan, on which Ambrose was represented 
on horseback holding in his right hand a whip. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th@re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu' = kw’. 



















ambush 


ambrotype 


161 


am'-bro-type, s. [From Gr. ambrotos — immor¬ 
tal, and typos = type.] A kind of photographic 
picture on glass, in which the lights are repre¬ 
sented in silver, and the shades are produced by a 
dark background visible through the unsilvered 
glass. 

JLm-br^, *am'-brle, *aunT-bry, *aum-ber, 
*am-ber,^ *aum'-er-y, *aum'-ry, *al'-m^r-y, 
♦al'-mer-y, s. . [In Fr. armoire = a cupboard ; Sp. 
& Port, armario, almario; Ital. armario, armadio 
= a press, chest; Ger. almer= a cupboard; Medisev. 
Lat. almariolum (Class. Lat. armariolum) = a little 
chest or closet, a small book-case; Mediaev. Lat. 
almarium (Class. Lat. armarium) = a place for 
tools; hence a chest for clothing, money, &c.; arma 
=tools, implements. In the Middle Ages, according 
to Ducange, book-cases and libraries were called 
armaria .] 

1, Gen.: A cupboard or a chest, specially one de¬ 
signed to contain the tools, implements, vessels, or 
books needed for one’s profession or calling. 



Ambry. 

(a) The niche or cupboard near the altar in a 
church, designed to hold the utensils requisite for 
conducting worship, or otherwise be convenient to 
the officiating priests. Sometimes the ambry is a 
hollow space within the wall itself, at others it is 
a wooden box affixed to the surface of the wall. 
Ambries were also placed in monasteries for the 
convenience of the monks. (See examples in Gloss, 
of Arch.) 

( b) A cupboard, cabinet, or case for keeping the 
most needful books of a student, or anything similar. 

“ Almariolum , a lytell almary or a cobborde. Scrinium, 
Anglice, almery.” — Prompt. Paw. 

“All my lytell bokes I putt in almeries (scriniis charto- 
philaciis, forulis, vel armariis), all my greatter bokis I 
put in my lyberary.”— Prompt. Parv. 

(c) A close press or cupboard for keeping cold 

victuals, bread, &c. (0. Eng. & Scotch.) 

“The only furniture, excepting a washing-tub and a 
wooden press, called in Scotland an ambry." — Scott: 
Waverley, ch. xxxvii. 

( d ) A safe for keeping meat. 

“ Almery of mete kepynge, or a saue for mete. Cibutum.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

“ Almery, aumbry to put meate in, lines almoires.” — 
Palsg. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

2. Less properly: The place where an almoner 
lives, and where alms are distributed; an almonry; 
the similarity of sound between this and an almery 
causing the two words to be confounded. Nor is 
the error much to be lamented, since alms previous 
to distribution were often kept in an almery, or 
cupboard. [Almonry.1 

3. A chronicle, an archive. [Armary.] 

“These same thingis weren born in discripciouris and 
the almeries [commentariis ulg.] of Neemye.”— Wycliffe; 
2 Mace. ii. 13. 

amb§'-a§e, ame§-a?e, s. [Lat. am&o-both, 
and Eng. ace.] A double ace, the term applied 
when two dice turn up the ace. 

“I had rather be in this choice, than throw ambsace for 
my life.’ ’— Shakesp.. All’s Well that Ends Well, ii. 3. 

am-bu-la-crar'-l-ii, s. [From ambulacrum 
(q. v.).] ' A name given to the groups or series of the 
coronal pieces in an echinus, which are perforated. 

am-bu-la-crum. (pi. am-bu-la'-cra), s. [Lat. 
ambulacrum=a walk planted with trees; from am- 
bulo=to walk.] , , 

Zool. Plur.: Ambulacra are the perforated spaces 
arranged in regular lines from the apex to the base 
of an Echinus, or Sea-urchin. Through these, when 
the animal is living, the tubular feet or tentacles 
are protruded. 

am-bp-lance, s. [Fr. In Port, ambulancia .] 
An invention made in France by Baron Percy for 
removing wounded men from the battle-field. It 
consists of covered wagons on springs, in which the 
wounded and sick may be conveyed, without much 
jolting, to the rear of an army, to obtain the sur¬ 
gical and other aid which they require. 

The use of the ambulance has grown quite com¬ 
mon. The sick are conveyed to hospitals near by, 


and there is an ambulance department in connec¬ 
tion with police stations to deal with street acci¬ 
dents and the like. 

am-bR-l^nt, a. [InFr. & Ital. ambulant; Port. 
ambulante; Lat. ambulans, pr. par. of ambulo=to 
go about, to walk.] Walking. 

Ambulant brokers at Amsterdam are those brok¬ 
ers or exchange agents who, though transacting 
brokerage business, yet cannot give valid testimony 
in a law court, not having been sworn before the 
magistrate. 

Her.: Ambulant signifies walking, and co-ambu- 
lant, walking together. 

jam -by-late, v. i. [Lat. ambulatum , supine of 
ambulo= to walk backward and forward.] To 
walk, especially to walk backward and forward. 

“ I haif ambulate on Parnasso the mountain.”— Ever- 
Green, vol. ii., p. 65. 

am-bu-la-tion, s. [Lat. ambulatio .] The act 
of walking. 

“ From the occult and invisible motion of the muscles 
in station, proceed more offensive lassitudes than from 
ambulation.”- — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

am'-bu-la-tive, a. [Eng. ambulate; -ive. In 
Sp. ambulativo.) Walking. {Sherwood.) 

am'-bu-la-tor, s. [Lat. m.= (l) one who walks 
about.] 

Road surveying: An instrument for measuring 
distances. The same as Perambulator, (q. v.). 

am-bu la-tor-y, a. & s. [In Fr. ambulatoire; 
Port. & Ital . ambulatorio. From Lat. ambulatorius 
= ( 1 ) movable, ( 2 ) suitable for walking.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Possessing the power of walking. 

“The gradient, or ambulatory, are such as require some 
basis or bottom to uphold them in their motions; such 
were those self-moving statues which, unless violently de¬ 
tained, would of themselves run away.”— Bp. Wilkins: 
Math. Magic. 

2. Pertaining to a walk: met with upon a walk; 
obtained while walking. 

“He was sent to conduct hither the princess, of whom 
his majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels.”— 
Wotton. 

3. Moving from place to place; movable. 

“His council of state went ambulatory always with 
him.”— Howell: Letters, i., 2, 24. 

“Religion was established, and the changing ambula¬ 
tory tabernacle fixed into a standing temple.”'— South: 
Sermons, vii. 288. 

II. Technically: 

1. Ornith.: Fitted for walking. (Used of birds 
with three toes before and one behind—the normal 
arrangement. Opposed to scawsorfal=fitted for 
climbing, having two toes before and two behind.) 

2. Law: 

*{a) An ambulatory court is one which is moved 
from place to place for the trial of causes. 

*{b) An ambulatory ivill is one which may be 
revoked at any time during the lifetime of the 
testator. 

B. As substantive: 

Arch.: A place to walk in, such as a corridor or a 
cloister. It is called also deambulatory or ambu- 



Ambulatory. 


lacru-"\. Barret defines it as “ the overmost part of 
a wall, within the battlements whereof men may 
walk.’’ 

“ Parvis is mentioned as a court or portico before the 
church of Notre Dame at Paris, in John de Meun’s part 
of the Roman de la Rose. The word is supposed to be 
contracted from Paradise. This perhaps signified an 
ambulatory. Many of our old religious houses had a 
place called Paradise.”— Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, i. 453. 


btfil, b<5y; poht, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cian -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 

’ll 


am-biir'-I-a, s. [Lat. amburo= to burn around, 
to scorch.] A genus of plants belonging' to the 
order Chenopodiacese, or Chenopods. A. anthel- 
mintica, a native of North America, furnishes the 
anthelmintic called Wormseed Oil. _ Other species 
also furnish volatile oils used in medicine. 

am'-bur-y, an'-bur-jf, s. [Possibly connected 
with A. S. ampre, ampore=a crooked swelling vein. 
It may come from Lat. umbo=the navel, or from 
Gr. ambon=a rising, a hill, the rim of a dish, &c.l 

Farriery: A wart on a horse’s body, full of blood, 
and soft to the touch. 

am-bus-ca'de, *am-bus-ca'-do, s. [Fr. em- 

buscade; Sp. & Port, emboscada; Ital. emboscata. 
From Fr. embusquer (t.); Sp. emboscar (t.), em- 
boscarse (i.) ; Port, emboscar (t.) ; Ital. imboscare 
(i.), the transitive verbs=to place in ambush ; the 
intransitive = to lie concealed in bushes; em, im = 
Eng. in; and Fr. buisson, bosquet = a clump of 
thorny shrubs or bushes; Sp. & Port, bosque = 
a wood, a grove; Ital. boscata— a grove bosco= a 
wood, a forest.] 

1. The military device of lying concealed among 
bushes, trees, or in some similar place, with the 
view of waiting for a foe, and then suddenly attack¬ 
ing him when he does not suspect danger to be 
near; an ambush. 

(а) Lit. In military life: 

“Sometimes she driveth o’er a soldier’s neck, 

And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats, 

Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 4. 

"Ambuscades and surprises were among the ordinary 
incidents of war.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

( б ) Fig. In civil life: 

“ In civil as in military affairs, he loved ambuscades, 
surprises, night attacks.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

2. The place where the soldiers and others lie in 
wait. 

“Then waving high her torch, the signal made, 

Which rous’d the Grecians from their ambuscade.” 

Dryden. 

|3. The soldiers or others lying in wait. Fig., 
lurking peril. 

“What deem ye of my path waylaid, 

My life given o’er to ambuscade?” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 8. 

If To lay an ambuscade ( v. t.)= to lay an ambush. 
[Ambush.] 

To lie in ambuscade ( v. i.)—to lie in ambnsh. 
[Ambush.] 

“When I behold a fashionable table set out, I fancy 
that gouts, fevers, and lethargies, with innumerable dis¬ 
tempers, lie in ambuscade among the dishes.”— Addison. 

am-bus-ca de, *am-bus-ca'-do, v. t. [From 
the substantive.] To place in ambush; to attack 
from a covert or lurking-place. 

*am-bus-ca -ded, *am-bus-ca-d5ed, pci. par. 

[Ambuscade, v. ; Ambuscado, «.] 

“By the way, at Radgee Mahal, he was with such fury 
assaulted by Ebrahimcan (by this time re-encouraged and 
here ambuscado’cl with six thousand horse), that little 
wanted of putting him to the route .”—Sir T. Herbert: 
Travels, p. 85. 

am-bus-ca '-ding, pr. par. [Ambuscade, v.] 

“ An ironic man, with his sly stillness, and ambuscading 
ways . . — Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iv. 

am'-bush, *em'-bush, s. [From Fr. embUche= 
ambush, embusquer=to lie in ambush ; properly, to 
lie in a wood.] [Ambuscade.] _ 

1. The state of lying or remaining concealed in a 
wood, in a clump of trees, or in any similar lurking- 
place, with the view of surprising a foe. {Lit. & 

fig-) 

“ Charge! charge! their ground the faint Taxallans yield, 
Bold in close ambush, base in open field.” 

Dryden: Indian Emperor. 

2. The act of attacking a foe from such a place of 
concealment. 

“Nor shall we need, 

With dangerous expedition, to invade 

Heav’n, whose high walls fear no assault or siege, 

Or ambush from the deep.”— Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

3. The place where the party in concealment lies 
hid. (See No. 1.) 

“ Then the earl maintained the fight; but the enemy in¬ 
tending to draw the English further into their ambush, 
turned away at an easy pace.”— Hayward. 

4. The soldiers or others lying in wait. 

(а) Lit.: With the above meaning. 

“And the ambush arose quickly out of their place, and 
they ran as soon as he had stretched out his hand.”— Josh. 
viii. 19. 

(б) Fig.: Unseen peril. 

“ Me Mars inspired to turn the foe to flight, 

And tempt the secret ambush of the night.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiv., 253-4. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 



























ambush 


1S2 


amend 


If To lay an ambush: To place soldiers or other 
combatants in a suitable spot whence they may 
surprise an enemy. 

“ Lay th.ee an ambush for tlie city behind it.” Joshua 

viii. 2. 

“’Twas their own command, 

A dreadful ambush for the foe to lay. 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey , xiv. 529-30. 

To lie in ambush: To lie concealed in such a place 
till the time for action arrives. 

“ And he took about five thousand men, and set them to 
lie in ambush between Beth-el and Ai, on the west side of 
the city.” — Josh. viii. 12. 

am'-bush, *em -hush, v. t. & i. [From the sub¬ 
stantive.] 

1. Trans.: To place in ambush; to cause to lie 

in wait. . , ,, 

“ When Ilion in the horse receiv d her doom, 

And unseen armies ambush’d in its womb.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk, xi., 63940. 

IT Reciprocally: To conceal one’s self. 

“What council, nobles, have we now? 

To ambush us in greenwood bough.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 16. 

2. Intrans.: To lie in wait, as soldiers for their 
enemy, or as an assassin for his victim. 

IT The use of the word as a verb is almost entirely 
confined to poetry. 

am -bushed, pa. par. [Ambush, v. i.) 

“The soft and smother’d step of those that fear 
Surprise from ambush’d foes.” 

Hemans: The Last Constantine, 80. 

“Haste, to our ambush’d friends the news convey.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xvi, 365. 

am'-bush-ing, pr. par. [Ambush, u.] 
fam'-bush-ment, *em -bush-ment, *ejm'- 
busse-ment, *em-bQysse-ment, *bussh-ment, 

«. [Eng. ambush; - ment .] 

“ But Jeroboam caused an ambuskment to come about 
behind them: so they were before Judah, and the am- 
bushment was behind them.” — 2 Chron. xiii. 13. 

“ Saw not nor heard the ambuskment.” 

Scott: Rolceby, iv. 27. 

*am-bust, i. [Lat. ambusius, pa. par. of am- 
buro — to burn around, to scorch ; from pref. amb= 
about, and nro=to burn.] Burnt, scalded. 

am-bus-ti- 6 n, s. [Lat. ambustio—a burn; from 
amburo.) A burn or scald. 

am-by-stome, s. [Agassiz doubtfully con¬ 
siders it= amblystoma : Gr. amblys—blunt ; stoma 
=mouth.] A genus of Amphibians belonging to the 
family Plethodontidse. It contains the A. Carolina, 
the Ambystome, or Spotted Eft, and the A. talpoi- 
deum, or Mole-like Ambystome, both from the 
United States. 

*ame, s. [Fr. ame=soul, mind, from Lat. anima; 

Dut. adem .J The spirit. 

“That alle this werde it is fulfilde 
Of the ame, and of the smelle.” 

MS., Col. Med. Edinb. {Boucher.) 

*ame, v. (1 pers. sing. pres, indie.) [Am.] 

*ame, v. t. [Ger. ahmen; Bavarian amen, hamen 
— to gauge a cask, fathom, measure.] [See ex.] To 
place. ( Ea,rly Eng. Text Soc.) 

•“I compast hem a kynde crafte and kende hit hem derne, 

And amed hit in myn ordenaunce oddely dere.” 

Alliterative Poems: Cleanness (ed. Morris), 697-8. 
a-me-ba. The same as Amceba (q. v.). 
a-me -bse. Plural of Ameba. 
am-e-be'-an. The same as Amcebcean (q. v.). 
a-me -bold. The same as Amoeboid (q. v.). 
a'-meer, a-mir, meer, mir, s. [Hindustani.] 

.An Indian title of nobility. 

“. . . separate treaties were entered into with the 

Khyrpore and Hyderabad Ameers.” — Calcutta Review, 
vol. i., p. 227. 

ameer ool omrah, or amir ul omra, s. Noble 
of nobles, lord of lords. 

*a-me ise, gt-me'se, a-me ys, a-me is, v. t. [Ger. 
mdssigen=to moderate.] To mitigate, to appease. 

(Scotch.) 

“ But othyr lordis that war him by 
Ameissyt the king . . .”— Barbour, xvi. 134. 
fam-eit', s. [Amice.] (Scotch.) 

a-mel -va, s. [An American Indian word.] A -. — - - y — 7 — ,, . - '.ur- y; — ’ • 

genus of lizards, the typical one of the family A genus of plants, the type of the Amellese (q. v.) 
Ameividee. The species are elegant and inoffensive The species are very numerous and many of then 
lizards which abound in the West Indies. 


mortar, basis, ground, pavement, enamel.] [Enamel, 
Smelt, Melt.] To enamel. 

“And her straight legs most bravely were embayld 
In gilden buskins of costly cordwayne, 

All bard with golden bendes, which were entayld 
With curious antickes, and full foyne aumayld.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II., iii. 27. 

*am'-el, *am-mel, *am-moll, *am-all, 
au-mail (Eng.), a'-maille, *a'-mal (Scotch), s. 
[Amel, v.\ Enameling, enamel. 

“ The materials of glass melted with calcined tin com¬ 
pose an undiaphanous body. This white amel is the basis 
of all those fine concretes that goldsmiths and artificers 
employ in the curious art of enameling.”— Boyle on Colors, 

“ Heav’u’s richest diamonds, set in amel white.” 

Fletcher: Purple Isl., x. 33. 

“Marke how the payle is curiously inchased, 

In these our daies such workes are seldome found. 
The handle with such anticks is imbraced, 

As one would thinck they leapt above the ground; 
The ammell is so faire and fresh of hew, 

And to this day it seemeth to be new.” 

An Ould-facioned Love, by J. T. (1594). 

am-ol-an-chi-er, s. [From amelancier, the old 
Savos r name of the medlar.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Pomacese, or Apple-worts. It 
resembles Pyrus, but has ten cells in the ovary. 
The species are small trees indigenous in Europe 
and North America. None are wild in Britain, but 
the A. vulgaris, or Common Amelanchier, has. long 
been cultivated in England, sometimes attaining 
the height of twenty feet. A. botryapium is the 
grape-pear of North America. 

am-el-corn, s. [Probably from Lat. amylum, 
amulum; Gr. amylon= starch. Or, according to 
some, from O. Eng. amell= between, and corn, be¬ 
cause it is of a middle size between wheat or barley. 

“ Olyra, -se, f., rice, or amelcorn.” (Coles: Lat. Diet., 
1772.) “ Amelcorn Triticum amylium, olyra, amy- 

lium.” (Ibid.) Fr. scourgeon= amel-corn, or starch- 
corn.] A wild or degenerate wheat, which is sown 
in the spring, and, being ground, yields a very white, 
but ver 5 T light and little-nourishing meal. (Cot- 
grave.) 

a me li-or-a-ble, s. [Eng. ameliorate); suff. 
-able.) Capable of being ameliorated. 

a-me'-li-or-ate, v. t. & i. [Fr. amSliorer: from 
Lat. melioro= to make better; weZior=better.] 

1. Trans.: To make better; to better, to improve. 

“In every human being tnere is a wish to ameliorate 

his own condition.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2. Intrans.: To grow better; to improve. 

IT Ameliorate, though now thoroughly in use, is 
not in Dyche’s Diet. (1758), nor in Johnson’s last 
edition (1773), nor in Sheridan (4th ed., 1797). It 
appears as a new word in Todd’s Johnson (2d ed., 
1827). 

a-me-li-or-ated, pa. par. [Ameliorate.] 

a-me'-ll-or-a-ting, pr. par., a. & s. [Ameliok¬ 
ate.] 

a-me-ll-or-a'-tion, s. [Fr. amelioration; Lat. 
melioratio .] The act or process of making better, 
or the state of being made better; improvement. 

“There is scarcely any possible amelioration of human 
affairs which would not, among its other benefits, have 
a favorable operation.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ. (1848), 
bk. i., ch. xii., § 3. 

a-me-11-or-a-tor, s. [Eng. ameliorate; -or.] 
One who ameliorates. 

“ . . . but dishonest ‘ ameliorators ’ are far more 
anxious to break up the Ottoman Empire by their‘im¬ 
provements ’ than to benefit its inhabitants.”--Da«7y Tele¬ 
graph, Dec.13, 1877. 

*a-mel', *a-mell ',prep. [In Sw. emellan; Dan. 
imellem .] Between. (Boucher.) 

*am -ell, s. [Amel.] 

a-mel'-le-se, s. pi. [From amellus (q. v.).] A 
sub-tribe of Asteroidese, which again is a tribe of 
Tubulifiorous Composites. 

*am-elled, pa. par. & a. [Amel, v.) Enam¬ 
eled. 

“ . . . thine amell’d shore.”— Phillips: Past., 2. 

“So doth his [the jeweler’s] hand inchase in ammell’d 
gold.”— G. Chapman on B. Jonson’s “ Sejanus.” 

a-mel'-lus, s. [A plant mentioned by Virgil. It is 
the purple Italian Star-wort, Aster amellus, Linn.] 

q.v.). 
them 


are cultivated for their beauty, 
a-men, or a-men, adj., s. & adv. or interj. 


A. As adjective: Firm, certain, trustworthy; de¬ 
serving of all confidence. 

“ For all the promises of God in him are yea, and in 
him Amen . . .”—2 Cor. i. 20. 

B. As substantive: The faithful one; the true one. 
“ These things saith the Amen, the faithful and 
true Witness,” Eev. iii. 14. Though in the passage 
in English, Amen . is clearly a substantive, yet, 
properly speaking, it is the Hebrew adj. amen , and 
is designed to be synonymous with the words 
“faithful” and “true,” which succeed it in the 
verse. 

C. Ms adverb or interj.: So be it. May it be as 
has been asked, said, or promised. 

“ And therefore I say, Amen, So be it.”— Ch. Catechism. < 

“ Even the prophet Jeremiah said, Amen: the Lord do 
so: the Lord perform thy words which thou hast prophe¬ 
sied . . .”— Jer. xxviii. 6. 

Used (a) at the end of prayers. 

“ For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the 
glory, forever. Amen.” — Matt. vi. 13. 

IT To render it more emphatic it is sometimes re¬ 
duplicated. 

“ Blessed be the Lord God of Israel from everlasting, 
and to everlasting. Amen, and Amen.” — Ps. xli. 13. 

(b) At the end of imprecations. 

“ Cursed be he that setteth light by Ms father or Ms 
mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.” — Dent. 
xxvii. 16. 

(c) After thanksgivings. 

“ Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how shall 
he that oceupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at 
thy giving of thanks, seeing he understandeth not what 
thou sayest?”—1 Cor. xiv. 16. 

(d) After prophecies, the fulfillment of which is 
eagerly sought. 

“He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come 
quickly. Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus.”— Rev. 
xxii. 20. 

(e) In assent to commands given forth by legiti¬ 
mate authority. When David issued orders that 
Solomon should be proclaimed sovereign, “ Benaiah 
the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said. 
Amen: the Lord God of my lord the king say so 
too.” (1 Kings i. 36.) 

a-men-a-bir-i-ty, s. [Eng. amenable, and suff. 
-ity.) The state of being amenable to jurisdiction ; 
liability to answer any charges, if any may be 
brought. (Coleridge.) 

{i-men'-a-ble, a. [Fr. amener= to bring, con¬ 
duct; introduce, cause; induce, bring to ; (naut.) = 
to haul down: amen6, s., summons, call of author¬ 
ity, citation, order to appear; mener= to lead, 
conduct, drive, command, . . . : from- Lat. ad = 
to; mamts=hand.] [Demean.] 

1. Late & Ord. Lang.: Liable to certain leg 1 
jurisdiction; liable to be called upon to answer 
charges, if any be brought against one. 

“Again, because the inferior sort were loose and poc:\ 
and not amenable to the law, he provided, by another act, 
that five of the best and eldest persons of every sept 
should bring in all the idle persons of their surname to 
be justified by the law.”— Sir John Davies on Ireland. 

“ Else, on the fatalist’s unrighteous plan, 

Say to what bar amenable were man? ” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

2. Inclined to submit to; subject * o. 

“ It was vain to hope that mere words would qmet a 
nation which had not, in any ag8, been very amenable to 
control.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

a-men -a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. amenable; -ness.] 
The same as Amenability (q. v.). (J.Pye Smith.) 

a-men-g,-bly, adv. [Eng. amenable; -ly.) In an 
amenable manner. 

*a-men'-age, v.t. [Fr. am<biaqer= to regulate the 
management (of woods).] To manage. 

“ With her [Occasion], whoso will raging Furor tame, 
Must first begin, and well her amenage.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II., iv. 11. 

a-men -age, *. [Fr. amener .] [Amenable.] 
Mien, carriage, behavior, conduct. (Nares.) 

• a-men -anfe, *a-men'-aunce, s. [Fr. amener, 

(See Amenable).] Mien, carriage, behavior. 

“How many strange knight hope ever to aspire, 

By faithful service and meet amenaunce, 

Unto such blisse?” Spenser: F. Q., II., ix. 5. 


[In a mend , *a-mend e, *a-mend'-en, v. t. & i. [Fr. 

n TVI Dll rl oy • Tfol . T „ a. 7 p *- 


faS el of V Uza^s S - ZbiJhln Sw., Dan’., Dut., Ger., Fr.’, Sp & Port ^ ikl. “T’ ^ "^-‘Lat. emendo, 

the Lacertidee of* the Eastern hemisphere, rwfh^ ammen, ammene ; Later Lat .amen; Gr. amen; all menda or mendum=:i blemish or fault.] 

Teuis teguexin, is about sip feet in length. 


One, the f rom Heb. amen, a verbal adj.=firm, trustworthy; 


*am -el, *am-il, *au -mail, *au -mayl (Eng.), 
a-mal’-yB (Scotch), v. t. [In Sw. amelera; Dan. 
emailcre; Dut. emailleeren; Ger. emailliren; Fr. 
Imailler; Sp. & Port, esmaltar; Ital. smaltare—td 
enamel, to cover over with mortar; smalto= cement, 


also a noun=trust, faith; and an adv.=certainly, 
truly: from aman =to be energetic, firm, or strong. 
In the passive, to be firm, trustworthy, or certain. 
In Isa. Ixv. 10, the words rendered “ God of truth ” 
are, literally, “ God of amen.” In the N. T. “ verily” 
is the rendering of Gr. Amen.) 


fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
wolf, work, 


what. 

who, 


fall, 


[Mend.] 

A. Transitive: To remove defects in anything. 
“ Of your disease, if it lay in my might, 

I wold amenden it, or that it wer night.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,781-2. 

“And pray yow that ye wol my werk amende.” 
_ Ibid., 12,012. 


father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
son; mute, cub, ciire, pnite, cur, rfile, fail; try, Syrian. ’ se, ce = e;’ 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot. 
qu = kw. 













































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amendable 


America 


163 


Specially: 

(a) To correct a fault or error of any kind in a 
written or printed composition, as in a bill before 
the legislature, a literary work, &c, 

“But would their lordships amend a money bill?”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

( b ) To correct what is vicious or defective in one’s 
conduct or moral character. 

“ Therefore now amend your ways and your doings, and 
obey the voice of the Lord your God . .”— Jer. xxvi. lit 

B. Intransitive: To become better by the removal 
of whatever is amiss. 

“ Then enquired he of them the hour when he began to 
amend.” — John iv. 52. 

?-mend-a-ble, a. [Eng. amend; -able. In Fr. 
amendable; Ital. ammendabile.] That may be 
amended; capable of being amended. (Sherwood.) 

3 -rnend-at-or-y, a. [Eng. amend; -atory .] 
Amending, corrective. (Hale.) 

3 -mend’e, 3 -mend', s. [Fr. amende=penalty, 
fine.] A penalty; a recompense. 

IT Often in the plural. [Amends.] 
amende honorable. 

In Old French Law: A humiliating punish¬ 
ment inflicted upon traitors, parricides, or persons 
convicted of sacrilege. The offender was delivered 
into the hands of the executioner, his shirt was 
stripped off, a rope put round his neck, and a taper 
placed in his hand. In this state he was led into 
the court, where he imploied pardon of God, the 
king, the court, and his country. 

3 -mend-ed, * 3 -mend-id, pa. par. & a. [Amend, 
»•] 

“ This makth the feend, this moste ben amendid." 

Chaucer : C. T., 7,415. 

* 3 -mend -en, v . t. [Amend.] 

3 -mend -er, s. [Eng. amend; -er.] One who 
amends. 

3 -mend-ful, a. [Eng. amend; -full] Liable to 
amend, correct, or punish. 

“ Far fly such rigor your amendful hand!” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Bloody Brother, iii. 1. 

“ When your ears are freer to take in 
Your most amendful and unmatched fortunes.” 

Ibid. 

* 3 -mend-id. [Amended.] 

3 -mend -ing, pr. par. & s. [Amend, v.] 

As substantive: Correction. 

“ All ingenious concealings or amendings of what is 
originally or qasually amiss.”— Bp. Taylor • Artificial 
Handsomeness, p. 163. 

Si-mend -ment, s. [ Eng. amend; -ment. In Ger. 
& Fr. amende ment. ] 

A. Ord. Lang.: A change from something amiss 
to what is better. 

“We steadfastly and unanimously believe both his [Ho¬ 
mer’s] poem and our constitution to be the best that ever 
human wit invented: that the one is not more incapable 
of amendment than the other . . .”— Pope: Homer’s 

Odyssey, P. S. 

Specially: 

I. Of persons: 

1 . Change from a state of sickness to, or in the 
direction of, health. 

“ Serf. Your honor’s players, hearing your amendment, 
Are come to play a pleasant comedy, 

For so your doctors hold it very meet.” 

Sliakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, Induction, ii. 

2. The removal of intellectual faults or deficiences. 

“ There are many natural defects in the understanding 

capable of amendment, which are overlooked and wholly 
neglected.”— Locke. 

3. Improvement or reformation of moral conduct. 

“Behold! famine and plague, tribulation and anguish, 

are sent as scourges for amendment.” —2 Esdras xvi. 19. 

II. Of things: The removal of defects. 

“ Before it was presented on the stage, some things in it 
have passed your approbation and amendment.” — Dryden. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: The correction of any mistake discov¬ 
ered in a writ or process. 

2. Legislative Proceedings: A clause, sentence, or 
paragraph proposed to be substituted for another, 
or to be inserted in a bill before Congress, and which j 
if carried, actually becomes part of the bill itself. 
(As a rule, amendments do not overthrow the prin¬ 
ciple of a bill.) 

3. Public Meetings: A proposed alteration on the 
terms of a motion laid before a meeting for accept¬ 
ance. This “ amendment ” may be so much at vari¬ 
ance with the essential character of the motion, 
that a counter motion would be its more appropri¬ 
ate namo. 

a-mend§', s. pi. [Fr. amende. In Ital. am- 
menda.] 

1. Lit.: Satisfaction, compensation; atonement 
for a wrong committed. 

“And he shall make amends for the harm he hath done 
in the holy thing . . .”— Lev. v. 16. 


2. Fig.: Compensation for sorrow, suffering, or 
inconvenience. 

“ . . . and finding rich amends 

For a lost world in solitude and verse.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iv. 

*(i-me ne, a. [In Sp., Port, and Ital. ameno, 
from Lat. amcenus.] Pleasant. 

“Dame Nature bade the goddes of the sky, 

That sche the heven suld keepe amene and dry.” 

Lord Hailes : Bannatyne. 

a-men l-ty, s. [Fr. aminitd; Ital. amenita: 
Lat. amcerwfas=pleasantness; awicenns^pleasant.] 
Pleasantness of situation or of prospect; agreeable¬ 
ness to the eye. 

“Acknowledge that to Nature’s humbler power 
Your cherish’d sullenness is forced to bend 
Even here, where her amenities are sown 
With sparing hand.”— Wordsworth ■ Exc., bk. iv, 

3-men-or-rhce'-3, s. [In Fr. amenorhie; Port. 
amenorrhea. From Gr. a, priv.; men= a month; 
rheo=to flow.] 

Med.: An obstruction of the menses. It may be 
divided into retention and suppression of the 
menses. [Menses.] 

a-men-or-rhce -31, a. [Eng. amenorrhoea; -al.] 
Pertaining to amenorrhoea. 

“ It appears t o depend principally upon a torpid or amen, 
orrhceal condition of the uterus.”— Dr. Locock: Cycl. 
Pract. Med., “ Amenorrhoea.” 

a men-sa et thor-5. [Lat.=from table (i. e., 
board) and bed.] A legal term used when a wife is 
divorced from her husband (so far as bed and board 
are concerned), liability, however, remaining on 
him for her separate maintenance. 

am'-ent, 3-ment-um, s. [Lat. amentum=( 1) 
a strap or thong tied about the middle of a javelin 
or dart to give it rotation, increase the force with 
which it was thrown, and recover it afterward; (2) 
a latchet with which to bind sandals.] 

Bot.: A kind of inflorescence, the same that is 
now called a catkin, and to which the old authors 
also applied the designations of catulus, iulus, and 
nucamentum. An amentum is a spike, which has 



its flowers destitute of calyx and corolla, their place 
being supplied by bracts, and which falls off in a 
single piece, either after the flowers have withered, 
or when the fruit has ripened. Examples: the 
hazel, the alder, the willows, the poplars, &c. 

am en-ta-ge-33, s. pi. [Amentum.] Jussieu’s 
name for an order of apetalous exogens, character¬ 
ized by the possession of amentaceous inflorescence. 
It is now broken up into the orders Corylaceae, 
Betulacese, Salicacese, &c. 

am en ta-ceous, a. [Amentum.] Pertaining to 
or possessing the inflorescence denominated the 
ament or catkin. 

“Ord. lx xxvi. Cupuliferae, Kich. Monoeceous. Barren, 
fl. amentaceous, or on a lax spike.”— Hooker dt Arnot: 
British Flora (7th ed., 1855), p. 412. 

a-ment- 1 - 3 , a-ment-y, s. [Lat. amentia=want 
of reason, madness, stupidity; amens= mad. frantic; 
more rarely foolish: a for a 6 =from; and mens— 
mind.] 

Med.: That kind of madness which is character¬ 
ized by utter fatuity, the total failure of all mental 
action to such an extent, that many in this state 
would not eat unless food were actually put into 
their mouths; or lie down, or rise again, unless put 
to bed and brought out of it again by their attend¬ 
ants. It is the saddest to behold of all kinds of 
madness. 

a 7 ment -um, s. [Ament.] 

* 3 -ment-jf, s. [Amentia.] Madness. 
*am-en-u§e, v. t. [Fr. amenuiser= to plane, to 
diminish, to render thin; Lat. imminuo _ or minuo = 
to lessen, to diminish.] To lessen, to diminish 
“ The thridde is to amenuse the bounte of his n*ighe- 
bor.”— Chaucer: The Persones Tale. 

* 3 -mer', v. t. [Ameebe.] 


*am-er-al, s. [Admieal.] 

3 -merge', v. t. [Fr. a=to, at; merci—( 1) mercy, 
( 2 ) thanks; dmerci= at the mercy (of), at the dis¬ 
cretion of.] 

I. Law: To inflict a pecuniary penalty, the 
amount of which is fixed at the discretion of a 
court; to place one at the king’s mercy, with re¬ 
gard to the fine to be imposed. [Ameecement.] 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 23.) 

“But I’ll amerce you with so strong a fine, 

That you shall all repent the loss of mine.” 

Sliakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. L 

II. Ordinary Language: 

1. To fine even when the amount of the penalty is 
legally fixed-and nothing respecting it is left to the 
discretion or the court. 

“And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of 
silver.”— Deut. xxii. 19. 

2. To punish in any other way than by a fine. 

“ Millions of spirits for his fault amerced 
Of heaven, and from eternal splendors flung.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

“. . . Must the time 

Come thou shalt be amerced for sins unknown?” 

Byron: Cain, iii. 1. 

*[ Amerce is followed by in, of, for. or with, placed 
before the fine or other penalty inflicted. (See the 
examples given above.) 

3 -merge- 3 -ble, adj. [Eng. amerce; -able.] Lia¬ 
ble to be amerced. 

“If the killing be out of any vill, the hundred is amerce- 
able for the escape.”— Hale. H. P. C., xi. 10. 

3 -merged, pa. par. & a. [Ameece.] 
emerge'-ment, f 3 -mer'-gi- 3 -ment, * 3 -mer- 
gl-ment, *mer-gy-ment, s. [Low Lat. amercia- 
mentumi] 

1. Old Law: A fine inflicted on an offender, the 
amount of which was left to the discretion of the 
court, and was determined by affeerors; whereas 
the amount of a fine, properly so called, was settled 
by statute, and could not be altered by the judges 
who executed the law. Now that (within certain 
limits) the amount of fines is generally left to the 
discretion of the law courts, the distinction be¬ 
tween fines and amercements has disappeared. 

“. . . amercimentes, whiche mighte more resonably 
ben callid extorciouns than mercymentis.”— Chaucer: 
The Persones Tale. 

“. . . that all amereementes and fines that shall be 
imposed upon them shall come unto themselves.”— Spen¬ 
ser: Present State of Ireland. 

“ The amercement is disused, but the form still con¬ 
tinues.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 23. 

amercement royal, s. 

1. A penalty imposed on an officer for a misde¬ 
meanor in his office. 

2. Fig.: Punishment of any kind; loss. (Milton: 
Civil Power in Fed. Causes.) 

a-mer-ger, s. [Eng. amerce; -er.] One who 
amerces. One who inflicts a fine, at his discretion, 
on an offender. One who inflicts a fine or punish¬ 
ment of any kind. (Coles, 1112.) 

fa-mer'-gl-a-ment, * 3 ~mer-gi-ment, subst. 
[Ameecement.] 

A-mer -1-C3, s. The second in size of the five 
great divisions of the globe, extending from latitude 
71° 24' N. to the Straits of Magellan, latitude 
53°53' 7" S. and covering an area of about 15,000,000 
square miles ; its native and immigrant populations 
include every race, and a majority of the nations 
and tribes of earth. America is often called the 
New World, from its recent discovery by Europeans. 
It is about equally divided into two sections, North 
and South America, joined by the narrow isthmus of 
Darien and Central America. North America prop¬ 
erly begins at the upper side of the Gulf of Mexico, 
or 30° N. latitude, and extends to the Arctic 
ocean, its greatest length being 4,000 miles, and its 
greatest breadth from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
3,500 miles; the eastern coast is indented with 
numerous bays, gulfs and inlets, and terminates 
in the long peninsula of Florida ; the western coast 
has comparatively few good roadsteads, but is 
broken by the peninsula of Southern California, and 
the Aleutian islands. There are two main mountain 
ranges, one parallel to the east coast, but a con¬ 
siderable distance inland, called the Appalachian ; 
the other along the western coast, known as the 
Sierra Nevada, the latter being much the higher. 
These grand ranges are each divided into three 
distinct chains, those on the east being the Alle- 
ghanies, the Green and White mountains; and in 
the west the Sierras, a loftier inner chain, of which 
Mt. St. Elias, 17,900 feet above sea level, is the chief 
peak, and the great Rocky mountain system. 
Between these mountain ranges lie the immense 
prairies, the valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio and 
Tennessee; to the north are the five great connected 
lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and On¬ 
tario, covering more than 120,000 square miles, and 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian -tian = sh 3 . 11 . -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 













American 


amia 


164 


making an open waterway from the Atlantic nearly 
half way across to the Pacific; still north of these 
are the great plains stretching to the Arctic ocean, 
and surrounding the vast inland sea known as Hud¬ 
son’s bay. The chief rivers are the Connecticut, 
Hudson, James, Ohio, Tennessee, Missouri, Missis¬ 
sippi, Red, Rio Grande, Columbia, Colorado, St. 
Lawrence, Mackenzie, Fraser and Yukon. Central 
America may be said to include the tableland of 
Mexico and extend south to Guatemala, the vol¬ 
canic mountains of which are connected through 
the isthmus range with the Sierras of North 
.America ; the Rio Del Norte is the most important 
river. South America is 4,700 miles iu extreme 
length, and about 3,200 in width; the Andes mount¬ 
ains extend along the western coast, the less lofty 
ranges of Venezuela in the north, thosfe of Brazil in 
the northeast; its surface consists of vast plains, 
at various elevations, the principal divisions of 
which are known as the Pampas, the Silvas and 
the Llanos; the largest rivers are the Amazon, the 
Orinoco and the Rio de la Plata; the inhabitants 
consist of the native tribes in the interior and 
southern portions, Spaniards, Portuguese and 
mixed races along the seacoast and throughout 
the north. The divisions, sub-divisions and popu¬ 
lations of the Continent are as follows: North 
America—Mexico, United States, Dominion of 
Canada, Newfoundland, Prince Edwards Island, 
British Columbia, Greenland, Bermuda, St. Pierre 
and Miquelon. Central America—Costa Rica, 
Nicaragua, Honduras, San Salvador, Guatemala 
and British Honduras; Spanish and British 
West Indies, Dutch, French and Danish posses¬ 
sions, Hayti and San Domingo. South Amer¬ 
ica—Patagonia and Terra del Fuego, Uruguay, 
Paraguay, Gran Chaco and Pampas Argentino, 
Argentine Republic, Chili, Bolivia, Peru, Galapagos 
(uninhabited), Ecuador, New Granada, Venezuela, 
British, Dutch and French Guiana, Brazil and 
Falkland islands. The discovery of America by 
Christopher Columbus in 1492-98 opened it to 
European exploration and settlement, although 
Greenland was unquestionably visited byScanc” 
navian rovers in the sixth century, and it is bk 
lieved Iceland voyagers reached the coast of New 
England in the tenth century. The most noted 
American explorers besides Columbus were Hend¬ 
rick Hudson, Cortez, De Soto, Pizarro, Cabot and 
Magellan. 

A-mer’-i-can, a. & s. [Eng. America; -an. In 
Ger. Americanisch, adj., Americaner, s.; Fr. Ameri- 
cain , adj. & s.; Sp., Port. & Ital. Americano. 
From America, the name applied to two great con¬ 
tinents of the globe, called—with little regard to 
justice—after a Florentine, Amerigo Vespucci; 
though the great pioneer who had opened the way 
for him and other explorers had been the immortal 
Christopher Columbus. Columbus is popularly 
called the discoverer of America; but it appears 
established on good evidence, that about four cent¬ 
uries before he, on the memorable 12th of October, 
1492, landed on Guanahani, or “ San Salvador,” one 
of the Bahama islands, the Norwegians had fallen 
in with Greenland, and had settled in it; nay .more, 
that they had even a feeble colony near Rhode 
Island, on the western continent itself. But no 
important results followed to mankind, or even to 
themselves, from these explorations. Alexander 
von Humboldt considers that the general adoption 
of the word America arose from its having been 
introduced into a popular work on geography 
published in 1507.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to America. 

“And that chill Nova Scotia’s unpromising strand 

Is the last I shall tread of American land.” 

Moore: To the Boston Frigate. 

K A number of American animals and plants, 
though identical in genus, are yet different in spe¬ 
cies from their analogues in the Old World. A yet 
greater number are named as if they were of the 
same genus, though not so in reality. All such 
terms, and others similar to them, if they find a 
place in the Dictionary, will be arranged under one 
or both of the substantives with which the adjec¬ 
tive American agrees. Thus, in Zoology, American 
blight (Lachnus lanigerus ) will be found under 
Blight ; and in Botany, American Aloe ( Agave 
Americana ), under Aloe and Ac aye ; American 
Cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus ), under Cran¬ 
berry and Oxycoccus ; and American Marmalade 
{Achras mammosa ), under Marmalade and 
Achras. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. At first: An aboriginal of the New World; a 
so-called “ Indian ” belonging to the New World. 

“ Such of late 

C«lumbus found the American, so girt 
With feather’d cincture ; naked else, and wild 
Among the trees, on isles and woody shores.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

2. Now: Any human inhabitant of America, 
aboriginal or non-aboriginal, white, red, or black. 
Specially, a native of the United States of North 


America. The name began while yet the future 
Republicans were British colonists. 

“It has been said in the debate, that when the first 
American revenue act (the act in 1764 imposing the post 
duties) passed, the Americans did not object to the prin¬ 
ciple.”— Burke on Concil. with America. 

II. Technically: 

1. Ethnoh: The American race is one of the 
primary or leading divisions of mankind, the 
Aryan or Indo-Germanic, the Semitic or Syro- 
Arabian, the Turanian or Mongolian races being 
some of the others. The American variety of man¬ 
kind has long, lank, black hair, not curly; a 



Types of American Indians. 


swarthy-brown, copper, or cinnamon-colored skin ; 
a heavy brow ; dull and sleepy eyes, with the corners 
directed upward—in this respect resembling those 
of the Malay and Mongolian races; iirominent 
cheek-bones; a salient but dilated nose; full and 
compressed lips, and an expression of gentleness 
combined with a gloomy and severe look. It in¬ 
cludes all the American Indians, with the exception 
of the Esquimaux (Eskimo), who appear to be 
Turanians from the north of Asia. 

2. Philol. : All the American languages are class¬ 
ified as polysynthetic, by which is meant that the 
greatest number of ideas is compressed into the 
smallest number of words. [Polysynthetic.] 

A mer-i-can i§m, s. [Eng. American; -ism.] 
A word or phrase believed to be of American origin, 
or, at least, to be now used nowhere except in 
America. The genuine Americanisms are far fewer 
than some suppose. . Many words and expressions 
supposed to have originated in the United States 
have really been carried thither by settlers, and still 
linger in some county or other of England. 

A-mer'-i-can-ist, s. [Eng. American; -is#.] 
“.' . . one who investigates what is distinctive of 
America, so far as that it belongs, or is supposed to 
belong, to the domain of scientific research.” 

A-mer-I-can-I ze, v. t. [En g. American; -ize.] 
To’render American, especially— . 

1. To naturalize one as an American. 

2. To assimilate political institutions to those of 
America. 

am-er-im'-num, s. [Lat. amerimnon; Gr. cimer- 
ivmon=the house-leek; a, priv., and merimna= 
care, because it requires no care in cultivation.] A 
genus of papilionaceous plants, tribe Dalbergieee, 
with no affinity whatever to the house-leek. A. 
ebenus is “American ebony.” 

*am’-er-ous, a. [Amorous.] 

*a-mer re, *a-mer, v. t. [A. S. amyrran= to dis¬ 
sipate, waste, consume, spend, distract, defile, mar, 
lose, spoil, destroy.] To destroy. 

“He ran with a drawe swerde 
To bys momentrye, 

And all bis goddys ther he amerrede 
With greet enuye.” 

Octavian, I., 1.307. {Boucher .) 
*g,-mer'-vayl, v. i. [Marvel.] 
a me§-age, s. [Ambs-ace.] 

a-mes -yng, s. [A. S. megung= measuring (?).] 
Moderation. [Amese.] 

“ I wot his myght is so much, that zhe be mysse-payed, 
That in his mild amesyng he mercy may fynde.” 

Alliterative Poems; Patience (ed. Morris), 399, 400. 
*am-et, s. [Ant.] 

am-et-ab-ol-a ( Lat .), am-et-a-bol'-i-an§, s. 
[From Gr. ametabolos; a, priv., and metabolos = 
changeable.] [Metabola.] A sub-class of insects, 
consisting of those which do not undergo meta¬ 
morphosis. It includes three orders: theAnoplura, 
or Lice; the Mallophaga, or Bird-lice; and the 
Thysanura, or Spring-tails. All are wingless insects. 

*a-meth-od-i-cal, a. [Eng. a, from Gr. a, priv. 
=not; methodical.’] Not methodical. 

If Unmethodical has now taken its place. 
*a~meth'- 6 d-ist, s. [Eng. a, fr. Gr. a, priv.=not; 
methodist.] A physician who does not proceed on 


methodical (in the sense of fixed or philosophic) 
principles, but acts empirically; a quack. 

“But what talk I of the wrong and crosse courses of such 
physicians’ practice, since it cannot be lookt for, that 
these empiricall amethodists should understand the order 
of art, or the art of order V’—Whitlock: Manners of the 
English, p. 89. 

am-eth-yst, *am-a,t-yst, s. & a. [In Sw. & Dut. 
ametist; Dan. amethist; (Lev. amethyst; hr. am¬ 
ethyst; Sp. & Ital. ametista; Port, amethysta, 
amethysto; Lat. amethystus. From Gr. amethystos : 
as adj.= not drunken ; as s. = a remedy for drunken¬ 
ness; a, priv., methyo=to be drunk; me#/m=wine. 
So named either (1) from the foolish notion that it 
was a remedy for drunkenness; or (2)., as Pliny 
thinks, because it did not reach, though it approxi¬ 
mated to, the color of wine.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A mineral, a variety of Quartz, named by Dana 
Amethystine Quartz. Its color, which is either 
diffused through the entire crystals or affects only 
their summits, is clear purple or bluish violet; 
hence it is sometimes called violet-quartz. The 
coloring matter is generally believed to be man¬ 
ganese, but Heintz considers it to arise from a mix¬ 
ture of iron and soda. The beauty and hardness of 
the amethyst cause it to be regarded as a precious 
stone. It occurs in veins or geodes in trappean and 
other rocks. The best specimens are brought from 
India, Armenia, and Arabia. 

2. The Oriental amethyst: A rare purple variety 
of Sapphire (q. v.). [See also Corundum.] 

The word amethyst in the English Bible [Sept, 
and N. T. Gr. amethystos (Exod. xxviii. 19; Rev. 
xxi. 20)] is the rendering of the Heb. word achhela- 
mah. It is from the root chhalam= to sleep; ap¬ 
parently from the delusion that the fortunate pos¬ 
sessor of an amethyst is likely to sleep soundly. 
The last stone in the third row of the Jewish high- 
priest’s breastplate was an “amethyst” (Exod. 
xxviii. 19) ; and the twelfth foundation of the new 
Jerusalem, mentioned in Rev. xxi. 20, was to be an 
“ amethyst.” 

3. A color, that of the mineral described above. 
(See B.) 

“ A hundred and a hundred savage peaks, in the last 
light of day; all glowing, of gold and amethyst . . .”— 

Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., chap. vi. 

B. As adjective: 

Her.: The term applied, in describing the armo¬ 
rial bearings of peers, to the color called purpure. 
“ The twelfthe the gentyleste in vch a plyt, 

The amatyst purpre with ynde bl«nte.” 
Alliterative Poems; Pearl (ed. Morris), 1,014-15. 
am-eth-yst- e-a, s. [Ger. amethyste pflanze; 
Dut. amethystkruid; Fr. amethystSe .]. A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Lamiacese (Labi¬ 
ates). A. ccerulea is a pretty garden annual, with 
blue flowers. 

am-eth- yst'-Ine, a. [In Fr. amethystin; Lat. 
amethystinus; Gr. amethystinos.] 

1. Made of or containing amethyst. 

“A kind of amethystine flint not composed of crystals 
or grains, but one entire massy stone.”— Grew. 

2. Resembling amethyst in color or in other 
respects. 

“. . . to assume a red amethystine tint.”— Graham: 
Chem., 2d ed., vol. i., p. 618. 

3. Otherwise pertaining to amethyst, 
am-e-tro -pi-a, s. A medical term denoting an 

abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the 
eye. 

*a'-meye, s. [Amy.] 

Am har-ic, a. [From Amhara, an Abyssinian 
kingdom, having Gondar for its capital.] The lan¬ 
guage of Amhara. It is classed by Max Muller 
under the Ethiopic, which again he places under 
the Arabic, or southern division of the Semitic 
languages. 

Am herst -i-a, s. [Called after Lady Amherst, 
wife of Lord Amherst, Governor-general of India 
from 1823 to 1828.] A genus of plants belonging to 
the order Fabacese, and the sub-order Ceesalpiniese. 
The only known species is the A. nobilis, one of the 
most splendid trees existing. The flowers are large, 
scentless, and of a bright vermilion color, diver¬ 
sified with three yellow spots, and disposed in 
gigantic ovate pendulous branches. The leaves are 
equally pinnate, large, and, when young, of a pale 
purple color. It grows near Martaban, in the East¬ 
ern peninsula. The Burmese call it thoca, and offer 
handfuls of the flowers before the images of Bud¬ 
dha. 

a -mi-a, s. [Lat. amia; Gr. amia=a fish, the 
Scomber sarda of Bloch, which is allied to the 
tunny.] A genus of fishes formerly placed in the 
Esocidse, or Pike family, but now constituting the 
type, of. the Ganoid family Amiidee (q. v.). The 
species inhabit rivers in the warmer parts of Amer¬ 
ica. .The amia of the ancients, it will be perceived, 
is quite different from any of these fishes. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




amiability 


165 


amis 


a-mi-a-bil -i-ty, *am-a-bir-i-ty, s. [Fr. ama- 
bilite; Ital. amabilita, from Lat. amabilitas .] The 
quality of meriting loye; amiableness, loveliness. 
It is applied not so much to attractiveness of phys¬ 
ical aspect, as to humility, good temper, and other 
moral qualities fitted to excite love. 

“So many arguments of amiability and endearment.”— 
Jeremy Taylor: Of Not Judging, p. 3. 

a -mI- 9 -ble, a. [In Fr. aimable; Sp. amigable, 
amable; Ital. amabile. From Lat. a?)i«6iZi's=lovely; 
amo= to love.] 

1. Possessed of qualities fitted to evoke love, or a 
feeling nearly akin to it. 

(a) Of persons: 

“. . ._ a man, not indeed faultless, but distinguished 
both b ; his abilities and by his amiable qualities.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 


am'-Ic, a. [Eng. am=amide; -ic.] Pertaining to 
an amide. 

amic acids, s. 

Chem.: Acids consisting of a bivalent or trivalent 
acid radical combined with hydroxyl (OH)' and 
amidogen (NHoV, as succinamic acid (C4H4O9)”- 
OH.NH 2 . 

am-I-cft-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. amicable; -ity.] The 
quality or state of being amicable; exceeding 
friendliness. 

am'-I-ca-ble, a. [In Ital. amicabile; Lat. ami- 
cabilis, from amicus = a friend.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Friendly, imbued with the spirit of friendship. 
Enter each mild, each amicable guest, 

Receive and wrap me in eternal rest.”— Pope. 


(6) Of things: 

“ How amiable are thy tabernacles, 0 Lord of hosts !” — 
Ps. lxxxiv. 1. 

2. Expressing love. 

“ Lay amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford’s wife : 
Use your art of wooing.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, ii. 2. 

am'-I-g.-ble-ness, s. [Eng. amiable’, -ness.] 
The same as Amiability. The possession of -the 
qualities fitted to call forth love. 

“ As soon as the natural gayety and amiableness of the 
young man wears off, they have nothing left to commend 
them.”— Addison. 


am'-l-gi-bly, adv. [Eng. amiable; -ly.] 

1. In an amiable manner; in a manner fitted to 
call forth love. 


“. . .in all the other parallel discourses and par¬ 

ables, they are amiably perspicuous, vigorous, and 
bright.”— Blackwell: Sac. Class., i. 380. 

*2. Pleasingly. 

“ The palaces rise so amiably, and the mosques and 
hummums with their cerulean tiles and gilded vanes.”— 
Sir T. Herbert’s Travels, p. 129. 

am-i-anth'-i-form, a. [In Ger. amianthifbrmig.] 
Of the form of amianthus, with long flexible 
fibers. 


am-I-anth'-i-um, s. [Same 
ANTHUS (?).] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Melan- 
thacese (Melanths). The A. 
musccetoxicum, as its name im¬ 
ports, is used to poison flies. 
Americans call this plant Fall 
Poison, and say that cattle are 
poisoned if they feed in the fall 
upon its foliage. The illustra¬ 
tion shows the complete plant 
and one of the single flowerets. 

w am - L-anth'-oid, *am-i- 
anth-oide, a. & s. [Eng.,&c., 
amianthius); -oid, from Gr. 
efdos=form.] 

1. As adjective: Of the form 
of amianthus; resembling ami¬ 
anthus. 


etymol. as Ami- 



Amianthium. 


2. As substantive: A mineral akin to Amianthus 
No. 1, that arranged under Amphibole. It is called 
also Byssolite and Asbestoid(q. v.). 

Amianthoid Magnesite, or Amianthoide Magne¬ 
site. A mineral, called also Brucite (q. v.). 


am-I-anth-iis, s. [In Ger. amianth; Fr. ami- 
ante; Sp. amianta, amianto; Port. & Ital. ami- 
anto; Lat. amiantus. From Gr. amiantos-nnde- 
filed, pure: from a, priv., and miaino=( 1 ) to stain 
or dye ; (2) to defile, to sully. So called because, it 
being incombustible, the ancients were wont from 
time to time to throw into the fire napery and 
towels made of it to cleanse them from impurity. 
They also sometimes enclosed the bodies of their 
deceased friends in cloth of the same material, that 
when cremation took place the ashes might re¬ 
main free from intermixture with those of other 

; A mineral, a variety of Asbestos, which 
again is classed by Dana as a variety of Amphibole. 
Tremolite, Actinolite, and other varieties of Am¬ 
phibole, unless they contain much alumina, have a 
tendency to pass into varieties with long flexible 
fibers of flaxen aspect, to which the name of omi- 
anthus is applied. 

2. A name for the fibrous kinds of chrysolite, 

which Dana classes as a variety of Serpentine. As 
in th .0 former case, there are long flexible fibers, 
looking like those of flax. The color is greenish- 
white, green, olive-green, yellow, and brownish. It 
constitutes seams in serpentine rocks, occurring in 
Cornwall; Portsoy; Unst, and Fetlar.m Shetland; 
in Savoy, Corsica, the Pyrenees,_ and other local¬ 
ities. Most 01 the so-called amianthus is of this 
second variety. „ ^ 

3. Any fibrous variety of Pyroxene._ 


2. Expressing friendship, manifesting friendli¬ 
ness to. 

“ An amicable smile retain’d the life.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion , bk. ii. 

3. Designed to be friendly ; resulting from friend¬ 
liness, and intended to promote it. (Used of 
arrangements, conferences, colloquies, agreements, 
treaties, &c.) 

“Halifax saw that an amicable arrangement was no 
longer possible.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

If Treating on the difference between amicable 
and friendly, Crabb says that amicable implies a 
negative sentiment, a freedom from discordance: 
friendly, a positive feeling of regard, the absence of 
indifference. We make an amicable accommoda¬ 
tion, and a. friendly visit. Amicable is always said 
of persons who have been in connection with each 
other; friendly may be applied to those who are 
perfect strangers. Neighbors must always endeavor 
to live amicably with each other. Travelers should 
always endeavor to keep up a friendly intercourse 
with the inhabitants wherever they come. “To 
live amicably or in amity with all men, is a point of 
Christian duty; but we cannot live in friendship 
with all men, since friendship must be confined 
to a few.” 


B. Technically: 

1. Law. An amicable suit is a lawsuit com¬ 
menced by persons who are not really at variance, 
but who both wish to obtain, for their future guid¬ 
ance, an authoritative decision on a doubtful 
point of law. 

2. Arithm. Amicable numbers are pairs of num¬ 
bers, of which each is equal to the sum of all the 
aliquot parts of the other. The lowest pair of ami¬ 
cable numbers are 220 and 284. The aliquot parts 
of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, 110, and their 
sum is 284. The aliquot parts of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71, 
142, and their sum is 220. The second pair of ami¬ 
cable numbers are 17,296 and 18,416; and. the third 
pair 9,363,584, and 9,437,056. 

am'-I ca-ble-ness, s. [Eng. amicable; -ness.] 
The quality of being amicable. 

am’- 1 -ca-bly, adv. [Eng. amicable; -ly.] In an 
amicable manner; in a friendly way. 


“ Two lovely youths that amicably walkt 
O’er verdant meads . . .” Philips. 

*am’-I-C9l, a. [In Fr. amical; fr. Lat. amicus = 
a friend, and suffix -al.] Friendly, amicable. 

“An amical call to repentance and the practical belief 
of the Gospel. By W. Watson, M. A. 1691.”— A. Wood: 
Ath. Ox., 2d ed., vol. ii., col. 1,133. 

am'-I§e, *am'-Is, *am'-Isse, s. [In Fr. amid; 
Sp. amito; Port, amicto; Ital. 
ammitto. From Lat. amictus 
=an upper garment; amicio 
=to throw around, to wrap 
about.] 

1. Properly: The upper- 
most of the six garments 
anciently worn by Roman 
Catholic priests; the others 
being the alba, or alb, the 
cingulum, the stola or stole, 
the manipulus, and the pla- 
neta. It was of linen, was 
square in figure, covered the 
head, neck, and shoulders, 
and was buckled or clasped 
before the breast. _ It is still 
worn abroad. It is not the 
same as the aumuce, or al- 
muce, which is from Lat. 
almutium. [Almttce.] 

2. Any vest or flowing gar¬ 
ment. ( Nares .) 

“ Came forth with pilgrim steps, in amice gray.” 

Milton: P. B., iv. 430. 



Ecclesiastic wear* 
ing an Amice. 


9 -mI-Cus ciir -I-se, s. [Lat.=friend of the sen¬ 
ate or court.] . . . 

Law: A bystander who, in an amicable spirit, 
gives information to the court regarding any doubt¬ 
ful or mistaken point of law. 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, ?ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian - sh 9 . 11 . -tion, -sion — shun; 


<jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


9-mid', *a mld'de, 9-midst', *<i-mldde§', prep. 

[Eng. a=in; mid: a=in; midst. A. S . on-middan— 
in the midst; middes=in midst; fr. midde— middle, 
superl. midmest. ] 

1. In the midst or middle. 

“ But of the fruit of this fair tree amidst 
The garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat. 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

2. Among. 

“ . . . amid the gloom 
Spread by a brotherhood of lofty elms.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

3. Surrounded by, attended by. 

“ The second expedition sailed as the first had sailed, 
amidst the acclamations and blessings of all Scotland.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

T[ Amid is now more common in poetry than in 
prose. 

am'-Ide, s. [Eng. am—ammonium or ammonia; 
suffix-ide.i 

Chem. : Generally in the plural. Amides are com¬ 
pound ammonias, having the hydrogen atoms re¬ 
placed by acid radicals: as acetamide, N (C2H3O) 'H2; 
diacetamide, N^HqODH; and triacetamide, 
N (02H 3 0) ' 3 . Acid radicals can also replace H in 
amines, as ethyl-diacetamide (C2H5)'(C2H 3 0)’2N. 

am-Id-In, am-Id-Ine, s. [From Lat. amylum; 
Greek amylon=starch (?).] [Starch.] 
am-Id-o, a mid 1 , in compos. [From Eng. amide 
(q. v.).] 

amido compounds, s. 

Chem. : Compounds in which one atom of hydro¬ 
gen has been replaced by the monatomic radical 
(NlLb; as amido-propionic acid = C2H4(NH<2), 

amido-caproic acid, s. 

Chemistry: C5Hjo(NHo)CO.OH = Leucine. Pro¬ 
duced by digesting together valeral ammonia, 
hydrocyanic acid and hydrochloric acid. It is also 
formed by the putrefaction of cheese, and by the 
treatment of horn, glue, wool, &c., with acids or 
alkalies. Leucine crystallizes in white shining 
scales, which melt at 100°. It is slightly soluble in 
water. When it is heated with caustic baryta, it 
yields amylamine and CO2. 
amido-propionic acid. [Alanine.] 
am'-Id-o-ben-zene, s. [Eng. amido; benzene.'] 
[Aniline.] 

am-Id -o-gen, s. [Eng. amide, and Gr. gennafi— 
to engender, to produce ] A name given to the 
monatomic radical (NH2)’. 

9-mId -ships, adv. [Eng. amid; -ships.] In the 
middle part of a ship. A stateroom or cabin so 
situated is not so affected by the pitching and roll¬ 
ing of the vessel as if it were farther forward or aft. 
2. As adj. : Situated in the middle part of a vessel. 
9-mId-ward, adv. [Midward.] 

*a-mig'-del-e, s. [Amygdalus.] An almond. 

“It was grena and leaved bi-cumen, 

And nutes amigdeles thor oune numen.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod., ed. Morris, 3,839-40. 

t9-mi'-g0, s. [Sp.] A friend. 

“ Chispa {drinking). Ancient Baltasar, amigo!” 

Longfellow: The Spanish Student, L iv. 

am'-I-Id-se, s. pi. [ From amia (q. v.).] A family 
of fishes belonging to the order Ganoidea, and the 
sub-order Holostea. They have small horny scale's, 
usually covered with a layer of animal matter. The 
tail is homocercal, hut with a certain approach to 
the heterocercal type. The family consists of small 
fishes, inhabiting rivers in the warmer parts of 
America. 

♦am-11. [Amel, «.] 

am'-Ine§, s. pi. [Eng. am=ammonia, or ammo¬ 
nium ; suffix -ine.] 

Chem. : Compound ammonias, having the hydro¬ 
gen replaced, atom for atom, by alcohol radicals. 
When one atom of H is replaced, they are called 
monamines; when two H atoms, diamines; when 
three atoms of H, triamines. They are obtained by 
heating the iodides of the alcohol radicals with am¬ 
monia. Thus iodide of ethyl and ammonia yields 
ethylamine, N(C2Hs)H2; by heating the mmo and 
the diamines with more iodide of ethyl, diethyl- 
amine, N (C9H5V2.H, and triethylamine, N (O2H5D, 
are obtained. Triethylamine unites directly with 
iodide of ethyl, forming N(02^)3.02^1, triethyl¬ 
amine ethyl iodide. This compound, heated with 
silver oxide and water, forms N (C2H5)3.C2H5.0H, 
a strong base, which is solid, like caustic pot¬ 
ash. The H atoms can be replaced by differ¬ 
ent alcohol radicals, as methyl-ethyl-amylamine, 
N(CH 3 )' (C 2 H 5 )' (C 5 H„) '. The H can be also re- 
placed by metals, as monopotassamine, NH2K, and 
tripotassamine, NK 3 . The amines have a strong 
alkaline reaction like ammonia, and unite with 
acids to form salts. 

*am'-Is. [Amice.] 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious - shus. -Me, -die, &c. = bel, del. 







amission 


166 


Ammonian 


gi-mlss', *9,-mIs se, *a~mls , *a-mys ,*9-mys se, 
s., a. & adv. [Eng. a-miss—miss (q. v.). In A. S. 
mis in comp. is=a defect, an error, evil, unlikeness ; 
and missian is=to miss, err, mistake.] 

A. As substantive: A fault, a mistake; culpa¬ 
bility. 

“Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss.’’ 

Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 5. 

“Then gentle cheater, urge not my amiss, 

Lest guilty of my faults thy sweet self prove.” 

Ibid. ■ Sonnets. 

B. As adjective, but following the substantive with 
which it agrees: Faulty, wrong; improper, unfit; 

criminal. 

“ But most is Mars amisse of all the rest, 

And next to him old Saturne, that was wont be 
best.” Spenser : F. Q., V., Intro., 8. 

“ For that which thou hast sworn to do amiss, 

Is yet amiss when it is truly done.” 

Shakesp. : King John, iii. 1. 

C. As adverb: In a faulty manner; wrongly, im¬ 
properly, criminally. 

“I ne hadde not moche mystake in me, ne seyd amys.” 

Chaucer : The Tale of Melibeus. 
“For in this world certein no wight ther is, 

That he ne doth or seyth some time amis.” 

Chaucer : C. T., 11,091-2. 
“And king in England, too, he may be weak, 

And vain enough to be ambitious still ; 

May exercise amiss his proper powers.” 

Cowper : The Task, bk. v. 

*9-miS'-§ion. [Lat. amissio.'] Loss. 

tsi-mit', v. t. [Lat. amitto.~\ 

1. To lose. (English.) 

“Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air, 
whereby it acquireth no new form, but rather a consist¬ 
ence or determination of its diffluency, and amitteth not 
its essence, but condition of fluidity.”— Browne : Vulgar 
Errors. 

2. To alienate; make over. (Scotch.) 

“ In quhilk case the vassal tines and amittis all the 
lands quhilk he holdis off the superiour, and thepropertie 
thereof returnes to the superiour.”— Skene: De Verborum 
Significations, p. 43. (Boucher.) 

g,-mlt/-ter-e le-gem ter’-rse, a-mit -ter-e 
llb-er-am le'-gem. [Lat. (lit.) = to lose the law 
of the land; to lose free law.] To lose the privi¬ 
lege of swearing in a court of law, and consequently 
forfeit the protection of the law, as do outlaws, 
who can be sued, but cannot sue. By 6 & 7 Viet., c. 
85, certain criminals and interested persons, whose 
evidence was formerly rejected, may now give it, 
the jury being afterward left to decide what it is 
worth. 

♦am-i-tiire, s. [Eng. amity; -ure.] Friendship. 
“ Thow, he saide, traytoure, 

Yursturday thow come in amiture.” 

Alisaunder, 3,975. (Boucher.) 
am - 1 -ty, *am -I-tie, *a-my -te, s. [Fr. amitiS; 
Norm, amistie; Sp. amistad; Port, amizade; Ital. 
amista, amistade, amistate. From Lat. amicitia= 
friendship ; amo= to love.] 

1. Qrd. Lang.: Friendship, harmony, mutual good 
feeling. It may be used— 

(a) Of nations, and is then opposed to ivar. 

“ The monarchy of Great Britain was in league and 
amity with all the world.”— Sir J. Davies on Ireland. 

(b) Of political parties, or, generally, of the 
people of a single country among themselves; in 
which case it is opposed to discord. 

“ The amity of the Whigs and Tories had not survived 
the peril which had produced it.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. x. 

(c) Of private persons ; when it is opposed to quar¬ 
reling. • 

“The pleasures of amity, or self-recommendation, are 
the pleasures that may accompany the persuasion of a 
man’s being in the acquisition or the possession of the 
good will of such or such assignable person or persons in 
particular; or, as the phrase is, of being upon good terms 
with him or them; and as a fruit of it, of his being in a 
way to have the benefit of their spontaneous and gratui¬ 
tous services.”— Bowring: Bentham’s Brine, of Morals and 
Legislation, ch. v., § vi., 4. 

(d) Of impersonal existences. 

“ To live on terms of amity with vice.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. v. 

2. Astrol.: A most favorable omen. 

“ . . . and therfore the astronomers say, that where¬ 
as in all other planets conjunction is the perfectest amity; 
the sun contrariwise is good by aspect, but evil by con¬ 
junction.”— Lord Bacon’s Works (ed. 1765), vol. i.: Colors 
of Good and Evil, ch. vii., p. 441. 

amm, in composition. 

Chem.: A contraction for Ammonia ; as ammirid- 
ammonium. 

am'-m?, s. [Heb. Sm= a mother.] An abbess. 

am'-mil, s. [Gr. hamma= anything tied or made 
to tie; a cord, a band: hapto= to fasten or bind.] 

1. Surgery: A girdle or truss used in ruptures. 

2. Mensuration: An ancient Greek measure, about 
sixty feet in length. 


am-ma n-i-a, s. [Named after John Ammann, a 
native of Siberia, and Professor of Botany at St. 
Petersburg.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Lythraceie, or Loose-strifes. The leaves of 
A. vesicatoria have a strong smell of muriatic acid. 
They are very acrid, and are used by the Hindoo 
practitioners in cases of rheumatism to raise 
blisters. (Lindley: Veg. Kingd., 1847, p. 575.) 

am-mel-Ide, s. [Eng. am — ammonia; mel= 
melan (q. v.); suffix -hie.] 

Chemistry: C 6 H 9 N 9 O 3 . A white insoluble powder, 
formed by 'the action of concentrated acids or 
alkalies on ammeline or melamine. 

am'-mel-Ine, s. [Eng. am = ammonia; mel= 
melan ; suffix -ine J 

Chem.: C3H5N5O. An organic base, formed by 
boiling melan for several hours with a solution of 
caustic potash. It crystallizes in white microscopic 
needles, and is insoluble in alcohol and water. 

am'-me-ter, s. An instrument designed to show 
by direct reading the number of amperes of current 
which are passing through an electric circuit. 

am'-mi, s. [Lat. ammi and ammium; Gr. ammi, 
and arnmion— an umbelliferous plant, Ptychotis 
coptica (?), fr. ammos or hammos=sa.nd. A genus 
of umbelliferous plants, of delicate habit, with 
finely-divided leaves and white flowers. They grow 
in sandy places. They occur on the Continent of 
Europe ; but none are truly British. 

am -mi-Ol-Ite, s. [Gr. ammion= cinnabar in its 
sandy state; ammos=sand.] A scarlet mineral, 
classed by Dana under his Monimolite group of 
Anhydrous Phosphates, Arsenates, and Antimo- 
nates. It is an earthy powder, considered as a 
mixture of antimonate of copper and cinnabar with 
some other ingredients. It is found in the Chilian 
mines. 

*am -mir-9.1, s. Old spelling of Admiral. 

*am -mite, *ham -mite, s. [Gr. ammos or ham- 
mos=sand.] An obsolete name for the rock now 
called, from its resemblance to the roe of a fish, 
OOlite— roe-stone. [Oolite.] 
am -mo, in compos. [Gr. ammos, hammos= 
sand.] 

1 . Sand. 

2. Chem.: A contraction for ammonium; as, 
ammo-chloriridammonium. 

am-mo-933'-te§, s. [Gr. ammos= sand, and kai- 
taeis, or fcefoets—sunk in, deep in (lit.)= sunk in the 
sand.] A ge¬ 
nus of fishes, 
of the order 
Chon dropter- 
ygii, and fam¬ 
ily Petrom- 
yzidse. A spe¬ 
cies, the A. 
branchi alis, 
occurs in Bri¬ 
tain. It is called the Pride, Sandpride, Sandprey, 
or Mud-Lamprey. It resembles the true lampreys 
in structure and habits, except that its upper lip is 
not so framed as to admit of its clinging to stones 
and other substances. It lurks in mud or sand, in 
rivers and brooks. It is six or seven inches long, 
and about as thick as a large quill, 
am-mo-pete, s. [Ammocj:tes.] 

1 . The English equivalent of the word Ammo¬ 
nites (q. V.). 

*2. A sand-eel. [Ammodytes.] 

*am-mo chry'se, s. [Lat. ammochrysus; Gr. 
ammochrysos; ammos= sand, and chrysos=g old: 
golden sand.] A mineral, described by Pliny, which 
has not yet been identified. It was a gem-like sand, 
veined with gold. Some have thought it may have 
been golden mica, 
am’-mo-dyte, s. [Ammodytes.] 

1 . The English equivalent of the word Ammo¬ 
dytes (q. v.). 

2. A venomous snake, the Vipera ammodytes, 
called also the Sand-Natter. It is found in Southern 
Europe. 

am-mo-dy'-te§, s. [Gr. ammodytes = sand-bur- 
rower; ammos=sand; dytes= diver; duo =to enter, 
... to plunge or dive.] A genus of fishes be¬ 
longing to the order Malacopterygii Apodes, and 
the family Anguilliche (Eels). It contains the Sand- 
eel (A. tobianus) and the Sand-lance (A. lancea). 
These two species, long confounded by naturalists, 
have now been distinguished. The A. tobianus, at 
Edinburgh called the Hornel [horn-eel ?], is the 
longer, being sometimes a foot in measurement; the 
A. lancea, which is common, is from five to seven 
inches. 

am-md -ni-a, s. [In Ger. ammoniak; Fr. am- 
moniaque; Port, ammonia; Ital. armoniaco = 
hydrochlorate of ammonia. From sal ammoniac, 
the salt from which it is generally manufactured. 
That name again came from Ammonia, the district 
in Libya where it was first prepared, or from its 



Ammocsetes (A. Branchialis). 


being first manufactured from camels’ dung col- 
lected by the Arabs at the temple of Jupiter 
Ammon, in the locality just named.] 

Chem.: A substance consisting of NH 3 , Molecular 
weight, 17. Sp. gr. 8‘5, compared with H; com¬ 
pared with air (1), its sp. gr. is 0'59. It is a color¬ 
less, pungent gas, with a strong alkaline reaction. 
It can be liquefied at the pressure of seven atmos¬ 
pheres at 15". Water at 0° dissolves 1,150 times its 
volume of NH 3 , at ordinary temperatures about 
700 times its volume. A fluid drachm of ammonias 
liquor fort ior contains 15’83 grains of NH 3 , and has 
a sp. gr. of 0'S91. The liquor ammonice of the Phar¬ 
macopoeia has a sp. gr. of 0'959, and a fluid drachm 
contains 5'2 grains of NH 3 . (Water being unity, 
the specific gravity of ammonia is '0007594.) Am¬ 
monia is obtained by the dry distillation of animal 
or vegetable matter containing nitrogen; horns, 
hoofs, &c., produce large quantities, hence its name 
of spirits of hartshorn. Guano consists chiefly of 
urate of ammonia. But ammonia is now ob¬ 
tained from the liquor of gas-works; coal contain¬ 
ing about two per cent, of nitrogen. Ammonia is 
formed by the action of nascent hydrogen on dilute 
nitric acid. Ammonia gas is prepared in the labor¬ 
atory by heating together one part of NH 4 FI with 
two parts by weight of quicklime, and is collected 
over mercury. NH 3 is decomposed into N and H 3 
by passing it through a red-hot tube, or by sending 
electric sparks through it; the resulting gases oc¬ 
cupy twice the volume of the ammonia gas. It is 
used in medicine as an antacid and stimulant; it 
also increases the secretions. Externally it is em¬ 
ployed as a rubefacient and vesicant. Ammonia 
liniment consists of one part of solution of am¬ 
monia to three parts of olive oil. Ammonia is used 
as an antidote in cases of poisoning by prussic acid, 
tobacco, and other sedative drugs. Substitution 
ammonias are formed by the replacement of H by 
an alcohol radical forming Amines (q. v.), and by 
acid radicals forming Amides (q. v.). There are 
also ammonia substitution compounds of cobalt, 
copper, mercury, and platinum. (See Watts' Diet. 
Chem.) 

ammonia alum, s. [Ammonium Alum.] 

ammonia and soda phosphate, s. A mineral, 

called also Stercorite (q. v.). 

Bicarbonate of Ammonia: A mineral, called also 
Teschemacherite (q. v.). 

Muriate of Ammonia: A mineral, called also Sal- 
ammoniac (q. v.). 

Phosphate of Ammonia: A mineral, called also 
Stercorite (q. v.). 

am-mo'-ni-ac, a. & s. [In Sp., Port. & Ital. am- 
moniaco; Fr. ammoniacum.~\ 

1. As adjective. _ Chem.: In part composed of 
ammonia ; pertaining to ammonia ; ammoniacal. 

2. As substantive: Gum-ammoniac. [Ammoni- 
ACUM (q. V.).] 

am-mo-ni'-a-cal, a. [In Ger. ammoniakalisch; 
Fr. & Port, ammoniacal. ] In part composed of 
ammonia; pertaining to ammonia. The same as 
ammoniac No. 1. 

“ This ammoniacal compound . . .”— Graham: Chem.., 
2d ed., vol. ii., p. 299. 

am-mo-ni'-a-cum, s. [In Fr. ammoniacum; 
Ital. armoniacof] A gum resin, called also gum- 
ammoniac, which is imported into this country 
from Turkey and the East Indies in little lumps, or 
tears, of a strong and not very pleasing smell and a 
nauseous taste, followed by bitterness in the mouth. 
It is a stimulant, a deobstruent, an expectorant, 
an antispasmodic, a discutient, and a resolvent. 
Hence it is internally employed in asthma and 
chronic catarrh, visceral obstructions, and obsti¬ 
nate colic, while it is used externally in scirrhous 
tumors and white swellings of the joints. The 
plant from which it comes has not yet been thor¬ 
oughly settled. That of Persia has been said to 
come from the Dorema Ammoniacum, but is more 
probably derived from the Ferula orientalis. 
(Lindley: Veg. Kingd.) Garrod believes it to be 
from the first-named of these two plants, which 
grows in Persia and the Punjaub. Both are Um- 
belliferm. 

Ara-mo-ni-an (1), iAm-6 -ni-an, adj. [From 
Gr. Ammon and Amon. Plutarch says that Amon 
was the earlier and more correct form. Heb. Amon, 
Jer. xlvi. 25. On the Egyptian monuments Amn. 1 
Pertaining to Jupiter Ammon, or to his celebrated 
temple in the oasis of Siwah in Libya. [Ammonite.] 

“ Joyful to that palm-planted, fountain-fed 
Ammonian Oasis in the waste.” 

_ Tennyson: Early Sonnets, iv. 

. Am-mo -ni-an (2). a. [From the philosopher men¬ 
tioned in the def.] Relating to Ammonius Saccas, 
who set up a school at -Alexandria in the latter part 
of the second century, andfounded the Neo-Platonic 
philosophy. He maintained that all religions 
taught essentially the same truths, and required 
only to be rightly interpreted completely to har¬ 
monize. To produce the wished-for agreement he 
allegorized away whatever was distinctive in the 
several systems. Origen adopted his views. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go pot 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 





ammonio 


167 


amnion 


am-mo -ni-o-. In compos. =ammonium; as am- 
monio-magnesian, ammonio-palladous= ammonium 
in combination with magnesium, ammonia in com¬ 
bination with palladium. 

Am -m 6 n-Ite, s. [Eng. Ammon: -ite. In Ger. 
ammonit: Greek Ammon, either an Egyptian word, 
or from the Gr. awimos=sand, and suffix -ite. “Am¬ 
mon-stone.” Jupiter Ammon had a celebrated 
temple m an oasis of the Libyan desert, and was 
worshiped there under the form of a ram, the 
horns of which the fossil Ammonites were thought 
to resemble. Hence the genus was called by the 
older naturalists Cornu Ammonis, a designation 
altered by Bruguibre into Ammonite.] A large 
genus of fossil chambered shells, belonging to the 
class Cephalopoda, the order Tetrabranchiata, and 
the family Ammonitidee. The shell is discoidal, the 
inner whorls more or less concealed, the septa un¬ 
dulated, the sutures lobed and foliated, and the 
siphuncle dorsal. Before geology became a science, 
even scientific men, and much more the unscientific, 
were puzzled what to call these fossils. They were 
looked on as real ram’s horns, or as the curled tails 
of some animals, or as petrified snakes, or as con¬ 
voluted marine worms or insects, or as vertebras. 
The petrified snake hypothesis being a popular one, 
some dealers fraudulently appended heads to make 
the resemblance more complete. It is to ammonites 
that Sir W. Scott refers when he says that— 

“ ... of thousand snakes, each one 
Was changed into a coil of stone 
When holy Hilda prayed.” 

Marmion, ii. 13. 

The ancients venerated them, as the Hindoos still 
do. About 700 so-called species have been de¬ 
scribed. ranging 
from the Trias to 
the Chalk. Several 
attempts have been 
made to divide the 
genus into sub-gen¬ 
era or sections; or 
i f Ammonites b e 
looked upon as a 
sub-family, .then 
they will be elevated 
into genera. The 
following is the 
scheme adopted in 
Tate & Blake’s 
Yorkshire Lias, 
pp. 267, &c.: 

A. Aptychus ab¬ 
sent. (By aptychus 
is meant the oper¬ 
culum, cover, or lid, 
guarding the aperture of the shell.) 

Chamber short, appendage ventral. Phylloceras 
(Suess). Distribution: Trias to Cretaceous. Ex.: 
A. heterophyllum. 

Chamber short, appendage dorsal. Lytoceras 
(Suess). Trias to Cretaceous. ~Ex.: A.fimbriatum. 

Chamber 1)4—2 whorls. Arcestes (Suess). Trias. 

Chamber short, appendage ventral, apertural 
margin falciform, ornaments argonautiform. Tra- 
chyceras (Laute). Trias. 

B. Aptychus present: 

I. Aptychus undivided: 

1. Horny anaptychus: 

Chamber 1—1£ whorls, pointed ventral appendage. 
Arietites (Waagen). Trias and Lias. Ex.: A. 
Bucklandi. 

Chamber §—1 whorl, rounded ventral appendage. 
JEgoceras (Waagen). Trias and Lias. Ex. :A. cap- 
ricornus. 

Chamber h —i whorl, long ventral appendages. 
Amaltheus (Monf.). Trias to Cretaceous. Ex.: 
A. margaritatus. 

2. Calcareous (sidetes ) : Shell unknown. Creta¬ 
ceous. 

II. Aptychus divided, calcareous: 

1. Aptychus externally furrowed: 

Aptychus thin, chamber short, apertural margin 
falciform, with acute ventral appendage. Harpo- 
ceras (Waagen). Jurassic. Ex.: A. radians. 

Aptychus thick, chamber short, apertural margin 
falciform, rounded ventral appendage. Oppelia 
(Waagen). Jurassic and Cretaceous. 

Chamber short, with a groove or swelling near 
the aperture, margin with auricles and rounded 
ventral appendages. Hciploceras (Zitt). Jurassic 
and Cretaceous. 

2. Aptychus thin, granulated externally: 

Chamber long, apertural margin simple, or fur¬ 
nished with auricles. Stephanoceras (Waagen). 
Jurassic and.Cretaceous. Ex.: A. communis. 

Chamber long, aperture narrowed by a furrow, 
simple, or furnished with auricles. Perisphinctes 
(Waagen). Jurassic and Cretaceous. 

Chamber •,short, aperture simple, or furnished 
with auricles. Cosmoceras (Waagen). Jurassic 
and Cretaceous. 



Ammonite. 


3. Aptychus thick, smooth, punctated externally: 

Chamber long, umbilicus large, shell with fur¬ 
rows, ventral appendage nasiform. Simoceras. 
Tithonic. 

Chamber short, apertural margin generally 
simple. Aspidoceras (Zitt). M. and Upper Jurassic 
and L. Cretaceous. 

Dr. Oi>pei of Stuttgart (about A. D. 1856). Dr. 
Wright of Cheltenham (1860), and others, have 
divided the Lias into different zones, distinguished 
from each other by the occurrence in them of typical 
ammonites. The zones at present recognized are 
here presented in an ascending series, commencing 
with the oldest. Geologists quote them in such a 
form as this: The zone of Ammonitis planorbis at 
the base of the Lower Lias, the zone of A. capri- 
cornus in the Middle Lias, &c. [Zone.] 

Lower Lias: A. planorbis, A. angulatus, A. Buck¬ 
landi, A. oxynotus. 

Middle Lias: A. Jamesoni, A. capricornus, 
A. margaritatus, A. spinatus, A. annulatus. 

Upper Lias: A. serpentinus, A. communis, 
A. Jurensis. 

The following ammonites characterize the— 

Midford Sands: A. opalinus. 

Inferior Oolite: A. Humphriesianus, A. Sowerbii, 
A. Murchisoni, A. Parkinsoni. 

Fuller's Earth: A. gracilis. 

Corn brash: A. macrocephalus. 

Kelloway rock: A. Kcenigi, A. Callovicensis, 
A. sublcevis. 

Oxford clay: A. Duncani, A. Jasoni, A. perarma- 
tus, A. Goliathus, A. Cordatus, A. Lamberti, 
A. Eugenii, A. Hecticus, A. dentatus. 

Coral rag: A. varicostatus. 

Supra coralline: A. decipiens. 

Kimmeridge clay: A. biplex, A. serratus, A. mu- 
tabilis. 

Portland Oolite: A. giganteus. 

In 1868 Judd divided the Lower Neocomian 
(Wealden) rocks into the zones of Ammonites 
Astierianus, A. Noricus, and A. Speetonensis. 

Lower Greensand: A. \Deshayesii. 

F.G. Price gives the following ammonites arranged 
in zones from the Upper Neocomian to the Green¬ 
sand of the Gault at Folkestone: A. mammillatus, 
A. interruptus, A. auritus var., A. Delaruei, A. lau- 
tus, A. denarius, A. auritus, A Beudanti, A. vari- 
cosus, A. rostratus. 

Gray chalk: A. Coupei, A. Mantelli, A. Bhotoma- 
gensis, A. varians. 

If Ammonites in the Himalayas occur 16,200 feet 
above the sea. 

am-mo-nit -I-dse, s. pi. [From Eng., &c., am¬ 
monites (q. v.).] The family of Tetrabranchiate 
Cephalopods, of which the genus Ammonites is the 
type. It contains also the genera Ancyloceras, 
8caphit.es, Turrilites, Hamites, Baculites, and sev¬ 
eral others. All are extinct. 

am-mo-nit-if-er-ous, a. [Eng., &c., ammonite, 
and Lat. fero— to bear or carry.] Containing the 
remains of ammonites. 

“The ammonit iferous beds of the Lias.”— Quar. Jour. 
Geol. Soc., vol. xvi. (1860), pt. i., p. 375. 

am-mo -m-um, s. [In Ger., &c., ammonium.'] 

Chem.: The name given by Berzelius to a sup¬ 
posed monatomic radical (NH 4 )'. It is doubtful 
whether the ammonia salts—as chloride of ammo¬ 
nium, NH 4 CI—contain this radical, that is, whether 
N is sometimes a pentatomic element, or the mole¬ 
cule of NH 3 is united with the acid, as HC1, by 
molecular attraction—thus, NH 3 .HCI—in the same 
manner as water of crystallization is united in cer¬ 
tain crystalline salts. At high temperatures this 
salt,, is decomposed into NH 3 and HC1. The so- 
called amalgam of mercury and ammonium decom¬ 
poses rapidly into hydrogen ammonia and mercury. 
It is formed by placing sodium amalgam in a satu¬ 
rated solution, of NH 3 HCI. It forms a light, bulky, 
metallic_mass. A,dark-blue liquid, said to be 
(NHi )2 (ammonium), has been formed at low tem¬ 
perature and high pressure. But many of the salts 
of ammonium are isomorphous with those of po¬ 
tassium and sodium. The salts of ammonium give 
off NHswhen heated with caustic lime or caustic 
alkali. With platinic chloride they give a yellow 
precipitate of double platinic ammonium chloride; 
also, with tartaric acid a pearly insoluble white 
crystalline precipitate of acid tartrate of ammonia. 
The salts of ammonium leave no residue when 
heated to redness. 

ammonium alum, also called ammonia 
alum, s. 

Min.: The name of a mineral; the same as 
Tschermigite (q. v.). 

ammonium carbonate, s. 

Chem.: Several ammonium carbonates are known. 
(See Chem. Soc. Journal, 1870, pp. 171, 279.) 

ammonium chloride, s. 

1. Chem.: NH 4 CI or NH 3 .HCI, obtained chiefly by 
neutralizing the liquor of gas-works by HC1. It is 
then evaporated to dryness and sublimed, and 


forms a fibrous mass. It is soluble in 2)4 parts of 
cold water. It forms double salts with chlorides of 
Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, and Cu. It is used as a remedy 
for neuralgia. . , „ , . ~ . 

2 . Min. : The name of a mineral, called also Sal- 
ammoniac. Formerly it was termed also Chloride 
of Ammonium. 

ammonium nitrate, NH4.NO3, or NH3.HNO3, 
crystallizes in transparent needles, very soluble in 
water; by heat is decomposed into nitrous oxide, 
N2O, and 2H2O. 

ammonium nitrite, NH4.NO2, or NH3.HNO2, is 
decomposed by heat into N and 2H2O. 

ammonium phosphate (NH^E-PCh or (NH 4 )2 ; - 
HPO4. Microcosmic salt, used in blow-pipe experi¬ 
ments, is an ammonium, hydrogen, and sodium 
phosphate, Na(NH4).HP04. 
ammonium sulphate, s. 

1 . Chem.: (NH4)2.S0 4 or (NH3)2.H2S0 4 . A white 
salt, soluble m two parts of cold water; crystallizes 
in long six-sided prisms. 

2 . Min. : The name of a mineral, called also Mas- 
cagnite (q. v.). Formerly it was termed also Sul¬ 
phate of Ammonia. 

ammonium sulphide, s. A salt of ammonium, 
used as an analytical re-agent: it is prepared by 
passing H2S into a strong solution of NH3 in water 
to saturation. 

am-mo-n 8 l, s. The commercial name for ammo- 

niated-phenylacetamide. It is a product of the 
amido-benzene series (C6 H 5 NH 2 ), and is a power¬ 
ful antipyretic and analgesic. It occurs in amor¬ 
phous micro crystals, having a pale yellowish color, 
is strongly alkaline in reaction, and has a pungent 
ammoniacal taste and color. 

am-moph il-?t, s. [Gr. arnmos or hammos= 
sand, and philos, adj.=beloved; subst.=a friend, a 
lover. A lover of sand.] 

1 . Zool. : A genus of Hymenopterous insects; family 
Gphecidse. They are popularly called Sand-wasps. 
[Sand-wasp, Fossokia.] 

2 . Bot. : Sea-reed. A genus of grasses which con¬ 
tains the A. arundinacea, formerly called Arundo 
arenaria, or Psamma arenaria, the Common Sea- 
reed—Marum or Mat-weed. It is woven in Sussex 

am-mo-schlst-a, s. [Gr. ammos= sand; and Lat. 
schistos, Gr. schistos= split, cleft; from schizo= to 
split or cleave.] Sand-schist. 

am-mo-trag-el -a-phus, s. [Gr. ammos— sand, 
and tragelaphos—a mythic animal, the goat-stag; 
tragos= a he-goat; elaphos= a deer.] The aoudad, 
a wild sheep ; to a certain extent a connecting link 
between the sheep and the goat. It is met with on 
the mountains of Northern and Eastern Africa. 

am-mif-ni'-tion, s. t [Lat. ad=to, and munitio— 
a fortifying, fortification; munio=to raise a wall; 
to fortify.] 

Formerly : Military stores in general. 

Now: Powder shot, shells, &c., for guns of all 
sorts. 

ammunition-bread, s. A term applied in Eng¬ 
land to bread for the supply of an army in the field 
or a garrison. 

ammunition-wagon, s. A wagon used to convey 
ammunition. 

*am -ner-y, s. [From a(mner=almoner.] The 
same as Almonbt. An almshouse. 

am-ne-§i-a, s. [Gr. amnesia= forgetfulness; cs, 
priv., and mimnesko; fut. mneso—to put in mind.] 
Eorgetfulness; loss of memory for words. 

am'-nes-ty, s. [In Fr. amnistie; Sp. amnestia 
and amnistia ; Port. & Ital. amnistia; Lat. amnes¬ 
tia. From Gr. amwestia=forgetfulness of wrong: 
a, priv., and mnesfis^ remembering.] An act of 
oblivion passed after an exciting political period. 
Its object is to encourage those who have compro¬ 
mised themselves by rebellion,or otherwise.to re¬ 
sume their ordinary occupations, and this it does 
by giving them a guarantee that they shall never 
be called upon to answer for their past offenses. 

“But the Prince had,,determined that, as far as his 
power extended, all the past should be covered with a gen¬ 
eral amnesty.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

am-nlc'-ol-ist, s. [Lat. amnicola, from amnis= 
a river, and colo— (I) _ to cultivate, (2) to inhabit.] 
One dwelling near a river. 

am-nlg-en-ous, a. [Lat. amnigenus =born in a 
river; amnigena= born of a river; amnis=;\ river, 
and gen, the root of gigno= to beget, to bear.] Born 
of or in a river. 

am -ni-on, am -ni-os, s. [Gr. amnion = (1) a 
bowl in which the blood of victims was caught; 
(2) the membrane round the foetus; the caul. 
Dimin. of amnos= a lamb.] 

Animal Physiol.: The innermost membrane with 
which the foetus in the womb is surrounded. In the 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, eell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-cian, -tian = shgin. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sions = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





amniotic 


168 


amort 


development of the higher animals, the germinal 
membrane, at a very early period, separates into 
two layers: the external one serous, and the inter¬ 
nal one mucous. The portion of the serous lamina 
immediately surrounding the embryo develops two 
prominent folds, one on each side, which, approach¬ 
ing, form two considerable reduplications, and 
ultimately unite into a closed sac. It is these unit¬ 
ing folds that are termed the amnion. 

Liquor amnii: An albuminous fluid filling the 
amniotic cavity. [Amniotic Cavity.] 

Bot.: A clear and transparent fluid arising after 
fecundation in the center of the ovulum, where it 
appears first in the form of a small drop or globule. 
In some cases it has no particular cuticle, but in 
others it is invested with a fine and filmy mem¬ 
brane, called by Mirbel, quintin; and by Brown, 
embryonic sac. 

am-m-ot'-ic, a. [Eng. amnio(n), t , and -ic.] 
Pertaining to the amnion ; formed by the amnion; 
contained in the amnion. 

amniotic cavity, s. A particular cavity in the 
partially-developed foetus of an animal. It is filled 
with the liquor amnii , and has within it the 
embryo. 

am-6-be -an. [Amcebean.] 
am-6-be-um. [Amcebeum.] 
a-mce'-ba, s. [Gr. amoibe=( 1) a recompense, (2) 
a change: from ameibb— to change.] 

Zool. : A term applied to a ProtozOon which 
perpetually changes its form. It is classed under 
the Rhizopoda. It is among the simplest living 
beings known, and might be described almost as an 
animated mass of perfectly transparent moving 
matter. Amoebae may be obtained for examination 
by placing a small fragment of animal or vegetable 
matter in a little water in a wine-glass, and leaving 
it in the light part of a warm room for a few days. 
{Prof. Lionel S. Beale: Bioplasm , 1872, § 75, pp. 49, 
50.) The Amoeba diffluens is sometimes called, from 
its incessant changes of form, the Proleus. 

am-oe-bae-an, am-6-be'-an, am'-e-be-^n, a. 
Answering alternately. [Amcebeum.] 
am-ce-be um, am-6-be -um, s. [Gr. amoibaios= 
interchanging, alternate; amoibe= requital, recom¬ 
pense ; ameibo=to change.] A poem containing al¬ 
ternating verses, designed to be sung by two people, 
one in answer to the other; a responsive song. 

$,-mce'-b6icl l a. [Eng. amceb{a) ;-oid.] Like an 
amoeba, as in its extension and retraction of parts. 

amoeboid movements, s. pi. The constant ex¬ 
tension and retraction of parts of a simple proto¬ 
plasmic body. 

am-dib -lte, s. [Gr. amoi7>e=change; suff. -ite 
(Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min .: A variety of Gersdorffite or Nickel Glance 
(g. v.). It contains arsenic. 47*4; sulphur, 15*2; 
nickel, 37*4. It occurs at Lichtenberg, in the Fich- 
telbirge. 

am-o-ll'-tion, s. [Lat. amolitio=o. removing; a 
putting away from; amolior= to remove; molior= to 
put one’s self in motion, to construct or build.] 
Removal. 

“We ought here to consider—a removal or amolition of 
that supposal—the grounds and reasons of this amoli¬ 
tion.” — Bp. Seth Ward: Apology for the Mysteries of the 
Gospel (1673), pp. 4, 5. 

3L-mo -me-se, s. Jussieu’s name for an order of 
endogenous plants, called Scitamineae by Brown, 
and Zingiberaceae by Richard, Lindley, and others. 
[ZlNGIBERACE^.] 

<I-m6 -mum, s. [In Ger. amome and kardomomen ; 
Dut. kardamom; Fr. amome; Sp. and Ital. card- 
amomo; Port, cardomono; Lat. amomum; Gr. 
amomon— an aromatic shrub from which the 
Romans prepared a fragrant balsam. Arab, ham- 
amma, from hamma— to warm or heat; the heating 
plant.] 

1. A genus of plants belonging to the order Zin- 
giberaceae, or Ginger-worts. They are natives of 
hot countries. The seeds of A. granum paradisi, 
A. maximum , and on the frontiers of Bengal of 
A. aromaticum, are the chief of the aromatic seeds 
called Cardamoms (q. v.). A pungent flavor is 
imparted to spirituous liquor by the hot acrid seeds 
of A. august ifolium, macrospermum , maximum, and 
Clusii. 

2. The specific name of the Sison amomum, the 
Hedge-bastard Stone-parsley, believed by some to 
be the Amomum of Pliny and Dioscorides. 

3. Among the French: The Solcmum pseudocap¬ 
sicum. 

g.-mong , a-mong st, *^mong e§, *g,-mong'- 
ul§, *g.-m6ng-est, *a-mong e, *e-m6ng e {all 
Eng.), a-mang' {Scotch), prep. [A. S. on-mang, 
ongemang= among; gemang (prep. = among), s. = a 
mixture, a collection, an assembly, an encumbrance, 
a burden.] 

1. Noting environment by: Mingled with, in the 
midst of: with persons or things on every side. 


u . . . they have heard that thou Lord art among this 

people.”— Numb. xiv. 14. 

“Unmindful that the thorn is near, 

Amang the leaves.” 

Burns: To James Smith. 

2. Noting discrimination or selection from any 
number or quantity: Taken from the number of. 

“ . . . an interpreter, one among a thousand .”—Job 

xxxiii. 23. 

“ • . . there is none upright among men .”—Micah 

vii. 2. 

“There were also women looking on afar off ; among 
whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary . . .”—Mark 

xv. 40. 

“ Senek amonges other wordes wyse 
Saith, that a man aught him wel avyse.” 

Chaucer: C. T ., 9,397-8. 

3. Noting distribution to various persons, or in 
various directions. 

“There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and 
two small fishes : but what are they among so many ?— 
John vi. 9. 

IT Here there is properly an ellipsis. “What are 
they [when they will have to be parted] among so 
many ? ” 

A-mo -nl-an, a. [Ammonian.] 

fam-or-a -do, s. [Lat. amor— love; from amo= 
to love.] A lover. [Inamorato.] 

am-or-e'-an§, s.pl. [Corrupted Aramaean (?).] 
A sect of Gemaric. doctors, or commentators on the 
Jerusalem Talmud. [Talmud.] They were pre¬ 
ceded by the Mishnic doctors, and followed by the 
Sebureans. 

am'-or-et, am'-or-ette, am-ofir-ette, *am- 
or-et'-to, s. [Fr. amourette—( 1) love, (2) a love 
affair.] 

1. An amorous woman; a wanton girl. 

“When amorets no more can shine, 

And Stella owns she’s not divine.” 

Dr. J. Warton : Poems ; Sappho's Advice. 

“And eke as well by amorettes 
In mourning black, as bright brunettes.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

2. A love-knot (?). 

“ For not iclad in silke was he, 

But all in flouris and flourettes, 

I-painted all with amorettes.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

3. A petty amour; a trifling flirtation. 

“Three amours I have had in my lifetime; as for 
amourettes , they are not worth mentioning.”— Walsh's 
Letters. 

T[ Spenser uses Amoret , Amorett , or Amoretta , as 
a proper name. 

“With whom she went to seeke faire Amoret.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. vi. 46. 

“Faire Amorett must dwell in wicked chaines, 

And Scudamore here die with sorrowing.” 

Ibid., III. xi. 24. 

“She bore Belphcebe; she bore in like cace 

Fayre Amoretta in the second place.” 

Ibid., III. vi. 4. 

am-or-et -to, s. [Fr. amourette .] [Amoret.] An 
amorous man. 

“The amoretto was wont to take his stand at one place 
—where sate his mistress.”— Gayton: Notes on D. Quix., 

p. 47. 

*am-or-ev -ol-ous, a. [Ital. amorevole.] Sweet, 
obliging, affable, generous, amorous. 

“He would leave it to the princessa to shew her cordial 
and amorevolous affections.”— Hacket: Life of Archb. 
Williams, pt. i., p. 161. (Trench.) 

*am'-or-i-l^, adv. [Old form of Merrily.] 
Merrily. 

“The second lesson Robin Redbreast sang, 

Haile to the god and goddess of our lay, 

And to the lectorn amorily he sprong, 

Haile (qd. eke), O fresh season of May.” 

Chaucer: The Court of Love. 

am -or-ist, s. [Lat. amor —love ; Eng. suff. -zstf.] 
A man professing love ; an inamorato, a gallant. 

“Female beauties are as fickle in their faces as their 
minds; though casualties should spare them, age brings 
in a necessity of decay; leaving doters upon red and 
white perplexed by incertainty both of the continuance of 
their mistress’ kindness and her beauty, both which are 
necessary to the amorist's joys and quiet.”— Boyle. 

Jl-morn'-ing§, adv. - [Eng. a=on; mornings.'] On 
or in the mornings. 

“ Thou and I 

Will live so finely in the country, Jaques, 

And have such pleasant walks into the woods 

Amomings.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Noble Gent., ii. 1. 

am-or-o -sa, s. [Ital. adj. f.] A wanton female. 

“I took them from amorosas, and violators of the 
bounds of modesty .”—Sir T. Herbert's Travels, p. 191. 

am-or- 0 -SO, s. [Ital.] A man enamored. 

am -or-ous, *am -er-ous, a. [Lat. amor . and 
Eng. suff. -cms=full of. In Fr. amoreux; Sp., Port., 
& Ital. amoroso. From Lat. amor=\ovQ.] 


fl. In love with, entertaining love for; desirous 
of obtaining. This love or desire may be attributed 
to a person or other being, or to a thing personified; 
and it may go out toward a person or thing. 
(Formerly followed by on, now by of.) 

(a) Literally: 

“ This squyer, which that hight Aurilius, 

On Dorigen that was so amerous.” 

Chaucer • C. T., 11,803-4. 

“ Sure my brother is amorous on Hero.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, ii. L 
“ Even the gods who walk the sky 
Are amorous of thy scented sigh.” 

Moore: Anacreon, Ode 43. 

(b) Figuratively: 

“ Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made 
The water, which they beat, to follow faster, 

As amorous of their strokes.” 

Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra , ii. 2. 

2. Naturally inclined to love; having a strong 
propensity to be inspired with sexual passion. 

(a) Lit. Of persons: 

T[ Crabb says that amorous , loving, and fond “ are 
all used to mark the excess or distortion of a tender 
sentiment. Amorous is taken in a criminal sense, 
loving and fond in a contemptuous sense: an indis¬ 
criminate and dishonorable attachment to the fair 
sex characterizes the amorous man; an overween¬ 
ing and childish attachment to any object marks 
the loving and fond person. . . An amorous 
temper should be suppressed, a loving temper 
should be regulated; a fond temper should be 
checked. (Crabb: Eng. Synonyms.) 

“ . . . where I was taught 

Of your chaste daughter the wide difference 
’Twixt amorous and villainous.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 5. 

(b) Fig. Of things personified: * 

“ Nor Chloris, with whom amorous zephyrs play.” 

Cowper: Milton's Latin Poems , Elegy iii. 

“ While the amorous, odorous wind, 

Breathes low between the sunset and the moon.” 

Tennyson: Eleanore, 8. 

3. Relating to or belonging to love; indicating 
love; produced by love;. fitted to inspire love, or 
excite to sexual indulgence. 

“Where the gay blooming nymph constrain’d his stay 
With sweet, reluctant, amorous delay.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xxiii., 361-2. 

“ . . . to the harp they sung 
Soft amoy'ous ditties, and in dance came on.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

am'-or-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. amorous; -ly .] In 
an amorous manner; fondly, lovingly. 

“ If my lips should dare to kiss 
Thy taper fingers amorously .” 

Tennyson: Madeline, 3. 

am'-or-ous-ness, s. [Eng. amorous; -ness.] The 
quality of being amorous; disposition to love. 

“ Lindamor has wit and amorousness enough to make 
him find it more easy to defend fair ladies, than to defend 
himself against them.” —Buyle on Colors. 

9 ,-morph -a, s. [In Dut. and Fr. amorpha; Gr. 
amorphos, adj. = unshapely; a, priv., and morphe— 
form; aUuding to the fact that the corolla has 
neither aloe nor carina.] Bastard Indigo. A genus 
of papilionaceous plants. A. fruticosa was for¬ 
merly cultivated in Carolina as an indigo plant. 

a-morph-o-phal-liis, s. [Gr. amorphos=( 1) mis¬ 
shapen; (2) shapeless; and 2 ?hallos=a. phaUus.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Aracese, or 
Arads. The A. orixensis has very acid roots, and, 
when fresh, is # applied in India, in cases of cata¬ 
plasm, to excite or bring forward tumors. It is 
powerfully stimulating. A. montanum is similarly 
employed. 

a-morph-ous, a. [In Fr. amorphe; Port. 
amorpho; Gr. amorphos—_(\) misshapen, (2) shape¬ 
less: a. priv., and morphe— form, shape.] Without 
form, shapeless.. (UsedspeciaUy in mineralogy, in 
which it is applied to minerals of indefinable, inde¬ 
terminate, or indefinite forms.) (Phillips: Miner¬ 
alogy, 2d ed., 1819, p. Ixxxiii.) Example: Native 
minium. 

a-morph'-y, s. [Gr. amorphia.] Shapelessness, 
irregularity of form. 

“ As mankind is now disposed, he receives much greater 
advantage by being diverted than instructed; his epidem¬ 
ical diseases being fastidiosity, amorphy, and oscitation.” 
—Tale of a Tub. 

a-mor -rha, s. [Possibly from Sp. amorrar= to 
bow the head.] An American plant with jmrple 
flowers. 

“ Bright with luxuriant clusters of roses and purple 
amorrhas, 

Over them wander the buffalo herds, the elk, and the 
roebuck.” Longfellow: Evangeline , pt. ii., 4. 

a-mort , adv. [From Fr. d la mart— after the 
manner of the dead. In Sp. amortiguado; Ital. 
ammortilo.] As if dead, dejected, spiritless, de¬ 
pressed. 

“How fares my Kate? what, sweeting, all amortf" 
Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, tinite s cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



amortise 


169 


amphibole 


$-mort'-i§e, v. t. [Amoetize.] *a-mouse, s. [Possibly from Gr. amousos — Zoology: Animals which can live indiscriminately 

a-mort-I-za-tion s I Tn Ger amortisation • Sr> • • • unpolished, rude, gross.] A counterfeit on land or water, or which at one part of their 

amortization; Port. ’ a'mortisacao.] The act or the gem or Precious stone. existence live in water and at another on land. It 

right of alienating lands in mortmain. ^-mo v-al, s. [Eng. amove; -ah] Complete ^By Linmeus for the third of his six classes of 

removal. animals. He includes under it reptiles in the wide 

“ The amoral of these insufferable nuisances would g e nse of the word, with such fishes as are most 

infiniteiv nianfv the air.” Eveivn. closely akin to them. He divides the class into 


“ Every one of the religious orders was confirmed by one 
pope or other; and they made an especial provision for 
them after the laws of amortization were devised and put 
in use by princes.”— Ayliffe’s Parergon Juris Canonici. 

a-mort -ize-ment, s. [Fr. amortissement=\ (of 
debts), liquidation ; 2 (finance), sinking; 3, redemp¬ 
tion.] The same as Amortization (q. v.). (John¬ 
son, &c.) 

a-mort'-ize, a-mort'-i§e, v. t. [Norm, amor- 
t-izer or amortir; Fr. arnortir; Sp. amortizar; Port. 
amortisar =to sell in mortmain; Ital. ammortire= 


infinitely clarify the air.”— Evelyn. 

*?t-m6've, v. t. [Fr. imouvoir, from Lat. amoveo 
= to remove away: a — from; moveo — to move.] 
1. To remove. 

“ She no lesse glad thanhe desirous was 
Of his departure thence . . 

That she well pleased was thence to amove him farre.” 

Spenser: F. Q., H. vi. 37. 


three orders, Reptiles, Serpentes, and Nantes. 

2. By Cuvier, in his R&gne Animal, for his third 
tribe of Carnivorous Mammalia, the first and sec* 
ond being the Plantigrades and Digitigrades. He 
included under it the Seals and their allies. In his 
Tableau EMmentaire, the arrangement is different, 
the Amphibia being an order ranked with the 


munrnam, iW u. u.,,.,™, o— u. To move, to inspire with emotion. (This sense Cetacea (Whales), under his third grand division, 
mors, genit. mortis =death.] is not from Lat. amoveo = to move away, to re- Mammalia, which have extremities adapted for 


To make dead, to render 


to extinguish; Lat. 

[Mortmain.] 

1. In a general sense 
useless. 

“ But for as moche as the good werkes that men don 
while they ben in good lif, been all amortized by sinne 
following.”— Chaucer: The Personnes Tale. 

2. Law: To transfer the ownership of land or tene¬ 
ments in permanence to a corporation, guild, or 
fraternity. [Mortmain.] 

“. . . if his Majesty gave way thus to amortize his 
tenures, his courts of wards will decay .”—Bacon to the 
Marq. of Buckingham, Let. 205. 

*3,-mor-we, *a-*nor'-wen, *a-mor'-ewe, adv. 
[A. S. a=on ; morgen, morgyn, morhgen—morrow.] 
On the morrow. 

“This messanger amorwe whan he awook.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,226. 

A’-mos, s. [Heb. Amos or Ghamos.] 


move, but from the simple verb moveo — to move.) 
“ And him amoves with speeches seeming fit, 

‘ Ah, deare Sansloy ’ . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., L iv. 45 

*A-ni6 v-Ing, pr. par. [Amove, v.] 

*a-moy'nt, s. Company. 

“ As newe fryt to God ful due, 

And to the gentyl lombe hit arn amoynt.” 
Alliterative Poems: Pearl (ed. Morris), 893-4. 

amp-ar-thros'-Is, s. [Amphiarthrosis.] 

am-pel’-I-d33, s. pi. [From Ampelis (q. v.).] 
Chatterers. A family of birds belonging to the 
order Passeres, and the sub-order Dentirostres 


swimming, the first being “ Mammalia which have 
claws or nails,” and the second “ those which have 
hoofs.” 

3. By Macleay, Swainson, Huxley, and other mod¬ 
ern zoologists, the fourth great class of animals 
corresponding to Cuvier’s reptilian order Batrachia. 
It is intermediate between Reptilia and Pisces. 
They have no amnion. Their visceral arches dur¬ 
ing a longer or shorter period develop filaments ex¬ 
ercising a respiratory function, or branchiae. The 
skull articulates with the spinal column by two 
condyles, and the base occipital remains unossified. 
But Huxley divides them into four orders, the 
Urodela, the Batrachia, the Gymnophiona, and the 
Labyrinthodonta. The frog, the toad, and the 


They stand between the Laniid®, or Shrikes, and newt are familiar examples of the Amphibia 
the Muscicapidae, or Fly-catchers. They chiefly in¬ 
habit the warmer regions. They are often very 
beautiful in their plumage. They feed on fruits 
and insects. The Ampelidae may be divided into six 


1. A Hebrew prophet; not to be confounded, as sub-families: (1) Dicrurinae, or Drongo Shrikes; (2) 
some of the early Christian writers did, with Amoz, Campephaginae, or Caterpillar-eaters; (3) Gym- 
the father of Isaiah. He was a native of Tekoa, noderinae, or Fruit. Crows; (4) Ampelinee, or True 
about six miles south of Bethlehem, where he was a Chatterers; (5) Piprinae, or Manikins; and (6) 
herd man and gatherer of sycamore fruit. Though Pachycephalia®, or Thick-heads, 
a native of Juclah, he jtrophesiod^in Israel, some am-pel ld -e-80, s. pi. [From Gr. ampelos 


time between 798 and 784 B. 0. He was a contem¬ 
porary of Isaiah and Hosea. 

2. The book of the Bible called by the name of the 
foregoing prophet. Its Hebrew is excellent, though 
there are in it peculiarities of spelling. It has 
always been accepted as canonical. It is twice 


am-phlb'-i-Al, a- & «• [Eng., &c., amphibia; 
-ah] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to any amphibious 
animal. 

2. As substantive: An amphibious animal. 

K Now superseded by Amphibian (q. v.). 
am-phib’-I-an, a. & s. [Eng., &c., amphibia; 

-an.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to any amphibious 
animal, or specially to the Amphibia (q. v.). 

2. As substantive: An animal belonging to the 


vine.] Vine-worts'. An order of plants placed by 
Lindley under the Berberal Alliance. They are Am'nhihia fa v 1 

called also Vitace®. The calyx is small; the petals Ampmoia fq. v.) _ .. 

4-5; the stamens as many, and inserted opposite to .: • • the close affinity of the fish and the amphib- 
the petals; the ovary two-celled; the berry often by 
abortion one-celled, with few seeds. . There is not a 


Huxley: Classif. of Animals, xxv. 

“ It is founded on some reptiles and amphibians.'” —Par- 


quoted in the New Testament (ch. v. 25, 26, in Acts mo q orn genus Ampelos. In 1846 Lindley estimated win.- Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i. 

vti’ 4 40 . n-nrl lTr "(1 in A of O VTT 1 A 1 t • P J I _ J 1 I 1 . “1. ' S' ^ . _ m -.- 


the known species of the order at 260. 
am-pel-I-nse, s.pl. [Ampelis.] 

Zool.: The typical sub-family of the family Am- 
pelid® (q. v.). 

am'-pel-Is, s. [Gr. ampelis, dimin. from ampelos 
— (1) a young vine, (2) a kind of bird.] The typical 

g enus of the family of birds called Ampelid®, or 
hatterers. The beautiful Bohemian Chatterer is 
the A. garrula. [Chatterer.] 


tam-pMb -l-o-llte, s. [ Gr. amphibios, and lithos 
= stone.] A fossil amphibian. 

am-phib-I-ol-og’-I-CAl, «• [Eng. amphibiology; 
-ical.] Relating to amphihiology. 

am-phib-i-ol'-o-gjr, s. [Eng. amphibia; -logy. 
In Ger. amphibioloqie. From Gr. amphibios, and 
logos = a discourse.] The department of science 
which treats of the Amphibia. 

am-phib'-l-ous, a. [In Fr. amphibie; Sp. & ItaL 


am-pel -Ite, s. [Gr. ampeZifis=pertaining to the anfibio; Port, amphibia; Gr. amphibios — amphibi- 

. - .... t f • , i n t j 7 •, ■ nn o I i tti nr q rl An h m 1 1 to i £> An ann and vtt o tai* • 


vii. 42 ; and ix. 11 in Acts xv. 16). 

a-mo -tion, s. [Lat. amotio—a removing or re¬ 
moval ; from amoveo= to move away.] Removal. 

“ The cause of his amotion is twice mentioned by the 
Oxford antiquary.”— T. Warton’s Life of SirT. Pope, p. 251. 

a-mount’, v. i. [Fr. monter= to ascend, from 
mont=a. mountain; Norm. & Fr. amont= up. (a 
stream); Sp. amontar, amontarse— to get up into 
the mountains (montar— to mount, monte= a mount; 
montana=& mountain, monta— an amount); Port. 

amontoar— to heap or hoard up (monte, montanha aru-pei -iuc, e. iui. a/apDotna—uamiug mci —■. -, . - . A , 

—a mountain) ; Ital. ammontare= to heap up (won- vine, ere ampelitis— 1 vine-earth;” Lat. ampelitis—sc ous > living a double me, i. e., on land and water; 
tare— to amount; montagna= a mountain). In all kind of bituminous earth with which the vine was amphi— on both sides, double, and bios— life.] 
these languages amount and mountain are connect- sprinkled as a preservative against worms; from 1- C apable ot living Dotn on land and m water, 

ed, suggesting the fact that if new items of debts, ampelos= a vine.] Perhaps a preparation of cannel “As soon asthe young [crocodiles) are born, they hasten 

of assets, or of anything be constantly added to coal, with which husbandmen in France smear to cast themselves into the water, but the greater number 

,i i-_- mil ji.-i._--j._ i--n i-m.iT„T-mr a,, „ I of them become the prey of tortoises, of voracious fish, of 

amphibious animals, and even, as is said, of the old croco¬ 
diles.”— Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. ix., p. 186. 

2. Of a mixed nature. 

“ Tranlns of amphibious breed, 

Motley fruit of mungrel seed.”— Swift. 

am-phlb’-l-ous-ness, s. [Eng. amphibious; 
-ness.] The quality of being able to live both on 
land and water, or of partaking of two natures, 
tam-phib'-i-um, s. [In Ger. amphibium; Latin- 


others which have gone before, the sum total will their vines to kill insects. [Cannel Coal.] 


ultimately be (at least, hyperbolically speaking) 
mountain-high.] - 

I. Lit.: To go up, to mount. 

“ So up he rose, and thence amounted streight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. ix. 54. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To run into an aggregate by the accumulation 
of particulars ; to mount up to, to add up to. 

“ Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, 

Cannot amount unto a hundred marks.” 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, i. 1. 
he had a taste for maritime pursuits, which 


am-pel-op'-sls, s. [Gr. ampelos=rme, and opsis 
=look, appearance.] A genus of plants belonging 
to the order Ampelid®, or Vine-worts. Being rapid 
in growth, the species are sometimes used for cov¬ 
ering old walls. 

am-per'-jige, s. [ Ampti-e , French electrician.] 
The strength of an electric current in amperes. 

am-pere', s. The practical unit of electric cur- 


amounted to a passion, indeed almost to a monomania.” ^ it is the rate of one coulomb per second. [Con 
—Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., ch. xxin. LOMB.] 

2. To count for, to deserve to be estimated at, 


dUl _ J|JCI v , o • -LUD piaGiicai uuiu uj. oiootnu | am jy aa a a uau } [_aia oiajiiv . aj cl uiai" 

rent strength. It is the measure of the current ized from amphibion, neut. of amphibios = living a 
produced by an electro-motive force of one volt double life.] Living either on land or water. Its 
through a resistance of one ohm. In electric auan- plural is Amphibia (q.v.). # While the sing, am- 

. -j phibium is rare, amphibia is a common scientific 

word. 


when everything bearing on the case is allowed for, 
“ Thus much amounteth all that ever he ment.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,422. 

Si-mount', s. [From the verb.] 

1. The total, when two or more sums are added 

together. _ • 

“The amount was fixed, by an unanimous vote.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

2. The result when the effect of several causes is 
estimated. 

“ And now ye lying vanities of life, 

Where are you now, and what is your amount t 
Vexation, disappointment, and remorse.” 


3,-m6unt'-ing, pr. par. 


am’-ofir, -am -oure^ two"ossapubisrand that between the ilium and the 


[Amount, v.] j^aaao. ^ -----— - , , ,, 

[Fr., from Lat. amor = tween the several vertebra, m tnat^ between the 

love.] A love affair; an affair of 
almost exclusively of illicit love.) 

** But lovely peace, and gentle amity 
And in Amours the passing howres to spend. ’ 

Spenser: F. Q., H. vi. 35. 


am-phi, in composition. [Gr. amphi=on both 
sides ; Sansc. abhi, abhitas; Lat. amb and am; O. 

H. Ger. umpi (urn). (Amb.) A Greek preposition 
governing the genitive, dative, and accusative.] On 
both sides. (See the words which follow.) 

am pin-ar-thr5'-sis, s. [Gr. amphi =on both 
sides; arthrosis, or, more classically, arthrodia= 
articulation; arthroo =to fasten by a joint; arthron 

= Anal !; ’A form^MticIlation^which two plane Hatty was thefirst rightly to appreciate thespecies; 
or mutually adapted surfaces are held together by bringing together under it hornblende, actmolibv 
a cartilaginous or fibro-cartilaginous lamina of and tremolite. It vanes much in composition, and 
eonrideraBe tbjckaa^, as wall as to erteraal l«a- <StE 

V It'is considered a variety of the_ synarthrodal lows: 
joi 11 T. In man it occurs in the articulations be- I. Containing little or no alumina: 


“Sixty years is usually the age of this detested am. 
phibium [the crocodile], whether it be beast, fish, or ser- 
pent .”—Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 364. 

am-phlb'-o-le, s. [In Lat. amphibolus; from Gr, 
arnphibolos — doubtful, ambiguous; amphiballo=to 
throw around as a garment ;y. i., to turn out uncer¬ 
tainly: amp/u=around: ballo=to throw.] The name 
of a mineral, or great mineral genus, embracing 
many species varying in color and composition. 


sacrum 
am-phib'-i-a, s.pl 
living a double life, i. 


[Neut. pi. of amphibios = 
s., both on land and water • 


living a ciouDie me, i. e., noiu on wud ann noic, t,?',, 

Gr. amp hi = double, and 6zos=life.] [Amphibium.] Richtente. 


1. Magnesia—Lime—Amphibole=Tremolite. 

2. Magnesia—Lime—Iron—Amphibole = Actino- 
lite. 

3. Magnesia—Iron—Amphibole=Antholite. 

4. Magnesia—Lime — Manganese—Amphibole =» 


bdil, 

-cian. 


boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-tian = shan. -tion, 


gell, 

-sion 


chorus, 
= shun; 


9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-$ion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, dfL 




amphibolia 


170 


amphisbaena 


5. Iron—Magnesia—Amphibole-Cummingtonite. 

6. Iron—Manganese—Amphibole-Dannemorite. 

7 . Iron—Amphibole-Griinerite. 

8. Asbestus. 

II. Aluminous: 

9. Aluminous Magnesia—Lime—Amphibole=(o) 
Edenite, (b) Smaragdite. 

10. Aluminous Magnesia—Lime—Iron Amphibole 
= (a) Pargasite, (6) Hornblende. 

11. Aluminous Iron—Lime—Amphibole=Noralite. 

12. Aluminous Iron — Manganese—Amphibole= 
Camsigradite. (See these words.) 

IT Dana makes Amphibole the type of a group, 
and also a sub-group, of minerals, which he classes 
at the head of his Bisilicates. 

am-phl-bol'-I-a, am-phlb-ol-y, s. [Lat. am¬ 
phibolia, fr. Gr. amphibolia— (1) the state of being 
attacked on both sides; (2) ambiguity. From Greek 
amphibolos= (1) put round as a garment; (2) at¬ 
tacked from both sides; (3) ambiguous: amphi- 
ballO= to put round, to surround, to double; amphi, 
and ballo= to throw. ] 

A. Chiefly in the form Amphibolia: 

Logic: What logicians have described as th efal- 
lacia amphibolies. It occurs when a sentence, 
though consisting of words each of which, taken 
singly, is unambiguous in its meaning, is yet itself 
susceptible of a double signification, on account of 
the order in which thewords are arranged, or for 
some similar reason. The Latin language was par¬ 
ticularly liable to afford examples of amphibology 
—a fact well known to those who gave forth the 
“prophetic” utterances of the ancient oracles, as in 
the famous answer returned to Pyrrhus when he 
asked counsel as to whether he would be successful 
if he invaded the Roman empire, “Aio te, iEacida, 
Romanos vincere posse ” (“ I say that you, O son of 
JSacus, can conquer the Romans; ” or “ I say that 
the Romans can conquer you, O son of iEacus”). 
Similarly, the witch “prophecy” in English, “The 
Duke yet lives that Henry shall depose,” may mean 
“The Duke yet lives who shall depose Henry,” or 
“whom Henry shall deposebut it may be said 
that the word that is ambiguous, and that conse¬ 
quently the sentence is an example not of amphib¬ 
oly, but of equivocation. (See Whately’s Logic, 9th 
ed., 1848, bk. iii., § 204.) 

B. In the form Amphiboly: 

Ordinary Language: In the same sense as that 
given under A., Logic. 

“ Come, leave your schemes, 

And fine amphibolies.” 

Ben. Jonson: Magn. Lady, ii. 5. 

“ If it oracle contrary to our interest or humor, we will 
create an amphiboly, a double meaning where there is 
none.”— Whitlock: Manners of the Eng., p. 254. 

“Making difference of the quality of the offense may 
(say they) give just ground to the accused party either to 
conceal the truth, or to answer with such amphibolies and 
equivocations as may serve to his own preservation.”— 
Bp. Hall: Cases of Conscience. 

am-phl-bol'-ic, a. [Eng., &c., amphibole; -ic.~\ 
Pertaining to amphibole, containing amphibole; 
consisting to a greater or less extent of amphibole. 

am-phlh'-o-llte, am-phlb-o-lyte, s. [Eng. 

amphibo(le) (q. v.); lite= Gr. lithos= a stone.] 

1. Another name for Hornblende-rock (q. v.). 
(Dana.) 

2. A name for a rock, called also Diabase, which 
consists of hornblende and Labradorite compacted 
together into a fine-grained compound. 

am -phib-o-log'-I-cal, a. [Eng. amphibology; 
•ical .] Pertaining to amphibology; of ambiguous 
meaning. 

“A fourth insinuates, ingratiates himself with an am- 
phibological speech.”— Burton: Anat. Mel., p. 611. 

am-phlb-o-log-I-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. amphibo¬ 
logical; -ly.) In such manner as to involve an am¬ 
phibolia ; with ambiguity of meaning. 

am-phlb-ol'-o-gy, *am-ph:[b-or-o-gie, s. [In 

Fr. amphibologie; Sp. and Ital. anfibologia: Port, 
and Lat. amphibologia; Gr. amphibolos=( 1) put 
round as a garment, (2) attacked from both sides, 
(3) ambiguous; logos—word, discourse.] The same 
as Amphibolia (q. v.). 

“ For goddis speke in amphibologies, 

And for one sothe they tellin twenty lies.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Cresseide, iv. 1,406-7. 
“Now the fallacies whereby men deceive others, and 
are deceived themselves, the ancients have divided into 
verbal and real: of the verbal, and such as conclude 
from mistakes of the word, there are but two worthy our 
notation; the fallacy of equivocation and amphibology.” 
— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

am-phlb -ol-oid, a. [Eng. amphibole, and Gr. 
eidos= appearance.] Having the appearance of am¬ 
phibole. 

am-phlb'-ol-ous, a. [Eng. amphibol(y); -mis. 
In Lat. amphibolus; Gr. amphibolos .] [Amphi¬ 
bolia.] 


1. Of actions: Doubtful, ambiguous. 

“Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel; both 
parties declaring themselves for the king, and making 
use of his name in all their remonstrances to justify their 
actions.”— Howell. 

2. Of words: Susceptible of a double construc¬ 
tion, though the meaning of each word, taken 
singly, is apparent. 

“An amphibolous sentence is one that is capable of two 
meanings, not from the double sense of any of the words, 
but from its admitting of a double construction.”— 
Whately: Logic, 9th ed. (1848), bk. iii., § 10. 
am-phlb-ol-y, s [Amphibolia.] 
am -phl-brach, am-phlb -ra-chys, s. [In Ger. 
amphibrachys; Fr. amphibraque; Lat. amphibra¬ 
chys; Gr. aniphibrachus=short at both ends ; amphi 
=on both sides; 6rac/ms=short. 1 
Pros.: A foot of three syllables, the middle one 
long, and the first and third short: w v , as in the 
Greek - eldl-dn , the Latin a \ Us \ ma, or the English 
in | hii | man. 

am-phl-branch'-i-a, s. pi. [Gr. amphi=on both 
sides; branchiae (1) fins, (2) gills, (3) for bronchia- 
the bronchial tubes.] The tonsils and the parts 
surrounding them. 

am-phI-§C3 - 11 -$., s. [Gr. amphikoilos=ho]lowcd 
all round, quite hollow: amphi, and fco«7os= hollow.] 
In Prof. Owen’s classification, the first sub-order of 
Crocodilia (Crocodiles), which again is the ninth 
order of the class Reptilia, or Reptiles. 

am-phic-om-e, s. [Lat. (Pliny), from Gr. amphi- 
komos=(as adj.) withnair all round; (as subst.) an 
unidentified precious stone, used for divination and 
to inspire love.] 

Bot A genus of Bignoniacere (Bignoniads). A. 
Emodi and A. argula, both from India, are fine 
flowers. 

am-phl-cosf'-ml-a, s. [Gr. amphi— on both sides; 
and fcosmios=well-ordered; fcosmo.s—order.] A genus 
of ferns, of which the typical species, A. capensis, 
is a fine tree-fern, twelve to fourteen feet high, 
growing at the Cape of Good Hope and in Java, 

Am-pblc-ty-on'-lc, a. [Eng., &c., Amphictyon; 
-ic.] Relating to the Amphictyonic League or its 
members. 

“ The affairs of the whole Amphictyonic body were 
transacted by a congress.”— Thirlwall: Hist. Greece, vol. i., 
ch. x. 

am-phic -ty-on§, s. pi. [According to the Greeks, 
from an ancient hero, Amphictyon, said to have 
founded the most celebrated of the Amhpictyonic 
associations: but he seems to have been a myth 
invented and named in order to explain the exist¬ 
ence of the association. Doubtless from Gr. am- 
phiktiones= they that dwell near, next neighbors; 
amphi=round about; and kfizo—to people a 
country.] Delegates from twelve of the states of 
ancient Greece which entered into a league to 
protect the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and 
to promote peace among the confederate states. 
The conception was a noble one, but, like the Holy 
Alliance in modern times, the performance was 
of a different character. The Amphictyonic League 
were chiefly responsible for two cruelly-conducted 
wars, and on the whole exerted an evil rather than 
a beneficial influence. Besides the association 
which attained such celebrity, and which met in 
the spring at Delphi, and in the autumn at a temple 
of Demeter, within the pass of Thermopylae, there 
were other ancient Amphictyonies of lesser celebrity. 

“ . . . a war which will be hereafter mentioned be¬ 
tween the Amphictyons and the town of Crissa.”— Thirl¬ 
wall: Hist. Greece, vol. i., ch. x. 

Am-phlc'-ty-on-y, s. [Gr. Amphictuonia—( 1 ) 
the Amphictyonic league or council; (2) a league 
in general.] The Amphictyonic League or its 
council,-as also any association of a similar char¬ 
acter. 

“The term amphictyony, which has probably been 
adapted to the legend, and would be more properly 
written amphictiony. denotes a body referred to a local 
center of union.”— Thirlwall: Hist. Greece, vol. i. (1835), 
ch. x., p. 374. 

am-phld, s. [Gr. amphi=around.] 

Chem.: A name applied by Berzelius and others 
to any compound consisting of an acid and a base. 
It is opposed to Haloid (q. v.). 

am-ph!-de§-m3, s. [Gr. amphi=on both sides; 
desma— a bond.] 

Zool.: A genus of orbicular, bivalve mollusks, 
with long siphons, and a large tongue-shaped foot. 
(Van der Hoeven.) 

am-phig'-a-mous, a. [Gr. amphi= on both sides, 
or doubtful; and gfamos=marriage.] 

Bot.: Having no trace of sexual organs, 
am-phl-gas -trI-3, s. pi. [Gr. amphi=on both 
sides; and plur. of gastrion=& sausage; dimin. 
from gaster=the belly.' 

Bot.: Stipule-like appendages at the base of the 
leaves of various Jungermannias. 


am'-phl-gene, s. [Gr. amphi= on both 
and gennao=to engender, to produce; so 
from the erroneous belief that it had cleavage on 
both sides.] A mineral, the same as Leucite (q.v.). 

am-phlg'-en-ous, a. [Gr. amphi= on both sides; 
gennao=to engender.] 

Bot.: Growing all around an object, 
tam-phig'-en-yte, s. [From amphigene (q. v.).] 
The name given in the parts around Vesuvius to 
a lava occurring there which has thickly dissem¬ 
inated through it grains of amphigene. (Dana.) 

*am-phi-hex-3-he’-dral, a. [In Fr. amphihex- 
abdre: from Gr. amphi= on both sides, on two sides • 
and hexahedral, from hexahedron= a cube, not a 
hexagonal figure.] 

Crystallog.: Hexahedral in two directions; ter= 
minating in each of two directions with a hexahe 
dron or cubical figure. (Cleaveland, quoted by Web 
ster.) 

am-phil-6-gite, s. [Gr. amphilogos= disputed, 
disputable: amphi— on both sides; logos= . dis¬ 
course.] A doubtful mineral, if mineral it be, 
called also didymite, and provisionally placed by 
Dana under Muscovite. It was formerly called tal- 
cose schist, and Dana believes it probably only a mica 
schist. 

am-phil'-o-gy, s. [Gr. amphilogia=dispute, de¬ 
bate, doubt: amphi= on both sides, and logion^au 
announcement; logos=a word, a discourse.] Equivo¬ 
cation ; indefiniteness of speech. 

am-phim-a-per, s. [Lat. amphimacrus; Gr* 
arnphimakros, as substantive=an amphimacer; as 
adj.=long at both ends: amphi— on both sides; 
makros=laTge, long.] 

Prosody: A foot consisting of three syllables, the 
first long, the second short, and the third long: as 
Gr. eumenes, Lat. dehuunt and Eng. slumbering. 

am-phi-ox'-I-dae, s.pl. [From amphioxus (q.v.)] 
A family of fishes, which Owen makes the only one 
under his first sub-order Pliaryngobranchii, or Cir- 
rhostomi, of his Order I., Dermopteri.. Huxley 
regards it as the only family under his sixth and 
last order of fishes, the Pliaryngobranchii. [Am¬ 
phioxus.] 

am phi-ox'-us, s. [Gr. amphi = on both sides; 
oa:MS=sharp. So designated because it tapers at 
both ends.] A genus of fishes of an organization so 
humble, that the first specimen discovered was be¬ 
lieved by Pallas to be a slug, and was described by 
him as the Limax lanceolatus. It is now called 
Amphioxus lanceolatus. It is found in the Archi¬ 
pelago, and is a member also of the British fauna. 
[AmPHIOXIDzE.] 

. . so lowly organized as the lancelet, or amphi¬ 
oxus.” — Darwin: Descent of -Man, vol. i., pt. 1, ch. vi. 

am-phi-pneust -a, am -phi-pneusts, s. [Gr. 
amphi=on both sides, and pneo, fut. pneusomai—to 
breathe. Double-breathers.] An order of amphibi¬ 
ous vertebrata recognized by some naturalists. 
They have branchial organs projecting from the 
sides of their necks during their whole existence. 
The lungs are comparatively rudimentary. The 
skin is naked. The order is divided into two fami¬ 
lies—the Proteid® and Sirenid®. 

am-phl-pod, am'-phl-pode (sing.), am-phip 
od-a, am-phl-pods, am -phl-podes (pi.), s. 
[From Gr. amphi= on both sides; pous, genit. podos 
=foot; poda=ieet. Having feet on both sides.] 

A. Sing.: An animal belonging to the crustaceous 
order Amphipoda. [See plural.] 

B. Plur.: An order of Crustaceans, consisting of 
species provided with feet both for w T alking and 
swimming. They live in the water, or burrow in 
the sand, or are parasitic upon fish. When they 
swim they lie on their side. Some, when on shore, 
leap with agility. The order consists of two fami¬ 
lies, the Hyperid® and the Gammarid®. 

am-phip od ous, a. [Eng. amphipod; -ous .] 
Pertaining to the Amphipoda (q. v.). 

am-phip -r l-on, s. [Gr. amphi= on both sides, 
and prion= a saw.] A genus of fishes belonging to 
the order Acanthopterygii, and the family Scimnid®. 

am-phip -ro-style, s. [In Fr. amphiprostyle; 
Port .amphyprostylo; lt&l.anfiprostilo; Lat. amphip- 
rostylos; all from Gr. amphiprostylos= having a 
double prostyle : amphi= on both sides, and prostylos 
=having pillars in front; pro=before, and stylos —a 
pillar.] 

Arch.: A temple having a portico at either end ; a 
temple with pillars before and behind, but none on 
the sides. (Glossogr. Nova.) 

am-phI-sar-C3, «• [Gr. amphi= on all sides; 
and sarx, genit. sa?-fco.s=flesh.] A name applied to 
fruits which are syncarpous, superior, dry exter¬ 
nally, indehiscent, many-celled, and pulpy inter¬ 
nally. 

am-phis-hse -na, s. [Lat., from Gr. amphis- 
baina= a serpent found in Libya, fabled to have 
two heads, and in consequence to be able to move 
equally well in either direction. Gi. amphis= at or 
on both sides; baino= to walk, to step.] 


sides, 

called 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e, ey = a. qu = kw. 




amphisbsenidse 


171 


ample 


1. Myth.: The fabled snake of the Greeks and 
Romans just described. 

“ With complicated monsters head and tail, 

Scorpion and asp and amphisboena dire.” 

Milton : P. L., bk. x., 623-4. 

2 . Zool. : A serpent-like genus of lizards, formerly 
classed with the Ophidia. The species are Ameri¬ 
can. _ They feed on insects, and are often seen in 
the vicinity of ant-hills. 

am-phis-bse'-ni-dse, s. pi. [From the typical 
genus Amphisboena (q. v.).] The family of Saurians, 
of which the genus Amphisbsena is the type. 
Though really lizards, they pass through the 
Typhlopidee into the neighboring order of Ophidia, 
or Snakes. They are cylindrical, vermiform animals, 
with their heads no thicker than their necks, and 
their tails exceedingly short. Their eyes are small, 
and sometimes concealed. Only in the genus 
Chirotes are there visible limbs. Most of the spe¬ 
cies are common in America. 

am-pMs-<jI'-?in§, am-phl-scl -I, s. pi. [Lat. 
amphiscii, from Gr. amphiskios , as adj.=throwing 
a shadow both ways; amphi= on both sides, and 
skia= a shadow.] Those who live in that part of 
the world where, at one season of the year, their 
shadows fall northward, and at another southward. 
In other words, the people residing within the 
tropics. 

am-phis -i-en cock -a-trlge, s. [Fr. amphiscien 
=tropical (see Amphiscians), and Eng. cockatrice.'] 
Her.: A name for the mythic animal called the 
Basilisk, which resembles a cockatrice, but is two- 
headed ; the second head being affixed to its tail. 
{Gloss, of Her.) 

am-phis-cl-i, s. pi. [From two Greek words sig¬ 
nifying to throw a snadow both ways.] The inhab¬ 
itants of the torrid zone, whose shadows are cast to 
the north during a portion of the year, and to the 
south the remainder. 

am-phl-sl -le, am-phl-sy -le, s. [Gr. amphi= 
on both sides.] A genus of lishes of the order Acan- 
thopterygii and the family Fistularidse. They have 
the back covered with large scaly plates. Locality, 
the Indian Ocean. 

am-phi-sper-ml-urn, s. [Gr. amphi=on both 
sides, on all sides ; and sperma= a seed.] 

Bot.: Professor Link's name for a pericarp, which 
is of the same figure as the seed it contains. 

am-phi-stom-a, s. [Gr. amphi=on both sides; 
s<oma=mouth.] A genus of parasitic worms, which 
have two minute apertures like mouths, one at each 
end of their body, 
am-phl-sy-le. [Amphisile.] 
am-phlth'-e.-llt8, s. [In Sw. amfithalit. From 
Gr. amphithales={l) blooming on both sides ; (2) 
flourishing, abounding, rich: amphi= on both sides; 
thalein=2 aor. inf. of thallo=to abound, to be lux¬ 
uriant. Dana says that it is so called because it is 
usually surrounded by other beautiful minerals, 
though unattractive itself.] A sub-translucent min¬ 
eral, of a milk-white color. Composition: Phos¬ 
phoric acid, 30 - 06; alumina, 48'50; magnesia, 1-55; 
lime, 5'76; and water, 12-47. It occurs in Sweden. 

am-phi-the-a-tral, a. [Eng. amphitheater; -at. 
In Ger. amphitheatrisch; Fr. amphithfatral; from 
Lat. amphitheatralis .] Pertaining to an amphi¬ 
theater ; resembling an amphitheater. ( Tooke.) 

am-phi-the'-a-ter, am-phi-the-a-tre, s. [In 
Dan., Dut., & Ger. amphitheater; Fr. amphitheatre; 
Sp. & Ital. anfiteatro; Port, amphitheatro; Lat. 
amphitheatrum. From Gr. amphitheatron: amphi 
=on both sides, and theatron—a theater, from the- 
aomai- to see.] . ,,,,,, 

1. As the name implies, a double theater. Ihe 
ancient theaters were nearly semi-circular in shape ; 
or, more accurately, they were half ovals, so that 
an amphitheater, theoretically consisting of two 
theaters, placed with their concavities meeting each 
other, was, loosely speaking, a nearly circular, or, 
more precisely, an oval building. Amphitheaters 
were first constructed of wood, but in the time of 



The Coliseum at Rome. 

Augustus stone began to be employed. The place 
where the exhibitions took place was called the 
arena (Lat.=sand), because it was covered with 


sand or sawdust. The part next the arena was 
called podium , and was assigned to the emperor, 
the senators, and the ambassadors of foreign na¬ 
tions. It was separated from the arena by an iron 
railing and by a canal. Behind it rose tiers of seats, 
the first fourteen, which were cushioned, being oc¬ 
cupied by the equites, and the rest, which were of 
bare stone, being given over to the common people. 
Except when it rained, or was exceedingly hot, the 
amphitheater was uncovered. Among the sights 
were combats of wild beasts and gladiator fights. 
The Romans built amphitheaters wherever they 
went. Remains of them are still to be found in 



Plan of the Coliseum. 


1. Section of ground plan. 2. Section of first floor. 

8. Section of second floor. 4. Section of highest gallery, 
various parts of Europe; but the most splendid 
ruins existing are those of the Coliseum at Rome, 
which was said to have held 87,000 people. 

2. Fig.: A valley surrounded with hills so as to 
resemble an amphitheater. 

“ The amphitheater which surrounds the spacious basin 
now exhibits everywhere the signs of prosperity and civil¬ 
ization.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

3. Gardening: 

(а) The disposition of trees or shrubs in an am- 
phitheatric form; their arrangement for this pur¬ 
pose on a slope, or with the smaller ones in front, 
so as to make it appear as if they were growing on 
a slope. 

(б) The arrangement of turf in an amphitheatric 
form. 

am-phi-the-at'-rlc, am-phi-the-at’-ri-cal, a. 
[Lat. amphitheatricus = pertaining to an amphi¬ 
theater.] 

1. Pertaining to an amphitheater; exhibited in 
an amphitheater. 

“In their amphitheatrical gladiatures, the lives of cap¬ 
tives lay at the mercy of the vulgar.”— Gayton: Notes on 
I). Quix., iv. 21. 

2. In form resembling an amphitheater. 

“ . . . the name of bay is justified, as applied to this 

grand amphitheatrical depression .’’ — Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. xix. 

am phi-the-at'-ri-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. amphi¬ 
theatrical; - ly .] In the form of an amphitheater. 

am'-phi-there, s. The English term correspond¬ 
ing to the word Amphitheeium (q. v.). 

“ . . . we must travel to the antipodes for myrme- 
cobians, the nearest living analogue to the amphitheres 
and spalacotheres of our oolitic strata.”— Owen: Classiflc. 
of Mammalia, p. 65. 

am-phl-ther'-I-i-dse, s.pl. [Amphitheeium.] A 
family of mammals classed by Owen with the In- 
sectivora, a Placental order, but possessing some 
marsupial affinities. 

am-phi-ther'-l-um, s. [Gr. amphi= on b 9 th 
sides; therion— a beast, especially one of the kind 
hunted; climin. of ther= a wild beast. So called by 
Blainville from the difficulty of placing it in the 
series, there having been discussions whether it was 
a mammal, a reptile, or even a fish.] A genus of 
fossil mammalia, founded by Blainville from a fos¬ 
sil jaw found in Oxfordshire, England, in the 
Stonesfield slate, a sub-division of the Lower Oolite. 
The A. Prevostii was examined by Cuvier in 1818, 
noticed by Buckland in 1823, and figured by Prevost 
in 1825. There is a second species, the A. Brocler- 
ipii of Owen. (See Owen’s British Fossil Mammals 
and Birds.) 

Am-phi-tri'-te, &m-phi-trite, s. [In Ger., &c., 
Amphitrite; Lat. Amphitrite; Gr. Ampliitrite={ 1) 
the wife of Poseidon (Neptune), (2) the sea.] 

1. Classic Myth. (See the etym.) 

“ Or some enormous whale the god may send 
(For many such on Amphitrite attend).” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. v., 538-9. 

2. Zool.: A genus of animals belonging to the 
class Annelida, and the order Tubicola. They have 
golden-colored bristles, arranged like combs, or a 
crown, in one or more rows, on the anterior part ot 
the head. There are very numerous tentacula 
round their mouths. Some form light tubes, which 
they carry along with them. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


3. Astron.: An asteroid, the twenty-ninth found. 
It was discovered by Marth and Pogson March 1, 
1854, the date on which Bellona was first seen by 
Luther. 

am-phit-rop-al, a. [Gr. amphi= on both sides, 
and frope=a turning round or about, or tropos=a 
turn; trend— to turn.] 

Bot.: Curved round the body to which it belongs. 

amphitropal embryo, s. An embryo so curved 
as to have both apex and radicle presented to the 
hilum, as in Reseda. 

am-phit’-rop-ous, a. [Amphitkopal.] 

Bot.: A term used in describing the ovules of 
plants. 

An amphitropous ovule: One whose foraminal 
and chalazal ends are transverse with respect to the 
hilum, which is connected with the latter by a short 
raphe. 

Am phlt'-ry-on, s. [Gr. Amphitruon—a king of 
Thebes, the son of Alcaeus and HippomenS.] 

1. Lit.: [See Etym.]. 

2. Fig.: A host, the giver of a banquet. 

am-phi-type, s. [Gr. amphi=on both sides; 
typos=type.j An application of the calotype pro¬ 
cess, negative and positive pictures being produced 
at once. 

am-phl-tlm'-a, s. [Gr. amplii— on both sides.] 
A genus of amphibious vertebrated animals belong¬ 
ing to the order Urodela and the family Amphium- 
idee. They have exceedingly elongated bodies, with 
the legs and feet but slightly developed. One spe¬ 
cies (the A. tridactylum) has three toes, another 

the A. means ) has put two. The former is three 

eet long; the latter is smaller. A species, the 
A. means, commonly called the Congo snake, is 
found in the southern portions of the United States. 

am-phi-ftm-i-dse, s. pi. [Amphiuma.] The fam¬ 
ily of Urodelian Amphibia, of which Amphiuma is 
the type. [Amphiuma.] 

am-phod-el-Ite, s. [In Sw. amphodelit.] A 
mineral, a variety of Anorthite. Its color is red¬ 
dish-gray or dingy peach-blossom red. It is found 
in Sweden and Finland. It is called also Lepolite. 

am-phor-a {Lat.), fam’-phor {Eng.), s. [Ger., 

Port., &c., amphora; Fr. amphore , from Lat. am¬ 
phora ; Gr. amphoreus; cf. A. S. amber.] 

I. Among the 
Romans: 

1. A two-han¬ 
dled vessel, 
generallymade 
of clay, and 
used for hold¬ 
ing wine, oil, 
honey, or even 
the skeletons 
or ashes of the 
dead. 

2. A liquid 

measure, con¬ 
taining 48 sec- 
tari, or nearly 
six gallons. Amphorae. 

The Greek am- 

horeus held nearly nine. The capacity of the 
axon ambra is unknown. 



“. . . which forbade all senators and sons of senators 
from being the owners of a ship of the burden of more 
than 300 amphorae.” — Arnold: Rome, ch. xlii. 

II. Bot.: A genus of diatomaceous plants, 
am'-phor-sil, a. [Eng., &c., amphora; -af.] 
Pertaining to or resembling an amphora. 

am' phor-lc, a. [Eng., &c., amphora; -ic.] Re¬ 
sembling an amphora, 
amphoric resonance, s. 

Med.: A sound as of one blowing into an am¬ 
phora, bottle, or smaller vessel, heard in certain 
circumstances in auscultation of the lungs. 

am-plth'-o-e, s. [From Amphithofi, one of the 
Nereids.] 

Zool.: A genus of Amphipodous Crustaceans, 
am -ple, a. [In Fr. ample; Sp. amplio; Port* 
amplo; Ital. ampio. From Lat. amplus .] 

I Large, wide, great. Used specially — 

1. Of material things or of space: 

(a) Spacious, roomy; widely extended. 

“ . . . and all the people in that ample hous.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xi. 49. 

“And Mycalessia’s ample piny plain.” 

Pope; Homer’s Iliad, bk. ii., 593. 

“ Their cliffs above and ample bay below.” 

Ibid., 681. 

“An ample forest or a fair domain.” 

Ibid., bk. xx., 223, 224. 

{b) Large in material bulk. 

“ O’er the smooth surface of an ample crag.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 
















ampleness 


172 


ampul 


2. Of the mind or spirit: Great intellectually, 
morally, or both; of vast courage. 

“ Thy soul as ample as thy bounds are small, 

Endur’st the brunt, and dar’st defy them all.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

3. Of wealth or its distribution: 

(а) Large in amount. 

“The other fifteen were to be unplaced noblemen and 
gentlemen of ample fortune and high character.”— Mae- 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

(б) Liberal; munificent. 

“Extended Phrygia own’d thy ample reign, 

And all fair Lesbos’ blissful seats contain.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiv., 685-6. 

“ When men lived in a grander way, 

With ampler hospitality.” 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; Prelude. 

4. Of style in speaking or writing: Copious, dif¬ 
fuse; not concise. 

“His confessions during his imprisonment were free 
and ample.” — Froude: Hist. Eng., pt. ii., vol. iii., ch. xiv. 

II. Fully sufficient, if not even more than enough. 

“ . . . ample and conclusive evidence.”— Darwin: De¬ 
scent of Man, pt. i., ch. i. 

“Foreign nations did ample justice to his great quali¬ 
ties.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

II Crabb says of the difference between ample, 
spacious, and capacious: “ Ample is figuratively 
employed for whatever is extended in quantity; 
spacious is literally used for whatever is extended 
in space; capacious is literally and figuratively em¬ 
ployed to express extension in both quantity and 
space. Stores are ample, room is ample, an allow¬ 
ance is ample’ a room, a house, or a garden, is 
spacious; a vessel or hollow of any kind is capa¬ 
cious; the soul, the mind and the heart are capa¬ 
cious. What is ample suffices and satisfies; it 
imposes no constraint. What is spacious is free 
and open; it does not confine. What is capacious 
readily receives and contains ; it is liberal and gen¬ 
erous.” (.Crabb: Eng.Synon.) 

am'-ple-ness, s. [En g. ample; -ness.'] The qual¬ 
ity of being ample. 

“Impossible it is for a person of my condition to pro¬ 
duce anything in proportion either to the ampleness of 
the body you represent, or of the places you bear.”— 
South. 

am-plex-a’-tion, s. [Lat. amplexus=nn embrac¬ 
ing ; amplector— to embrace.] An embrace. 

“. . . the amplexation of those sacred feet. . .”— 

Bp. Hall. Contempt, on the Resurrection. 

am-plex'-i-caul, tam-plex-i-caul'-ent, adj. 
[Lat. amplector— to embrace, and cawZt's=the stem 
of a plant.] 

Bot.: Embracing the stem, clasping the stem; as 
the base of the ledves in some cases does. Exam¬ 
ple : Hyoscyamus niger. 

am'-pll-ate, v. t. [In Sp. <fc Port. ampliar; Ital. 
ampliare; from Lat. amplio.] To make wider, to 
extend, to enlarge. 

“He shall look upon it, not to traduce or extenuate, but 
to explain and dilucidate, to add and ampliate.” — 
Browne. 

fam-pli-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. ampliation; Sp. 
ampliation; Port, ampliagao ; Ital. ampliazione; 
from Lat. ampliation 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Enlargement, extension. 

“Odious matters admit not of an ampliation, but ought 
to be restrained and interpreted in the mildest sense.”— 
Ayliffe’s Par erg on. 

2. Diffuseness; amplification of style. 

“ The obscurity of the subject, and the prejudice and 
prepossession of most readers, may plead excuse for any 
ampliations or repetitions that may be found, whilst I 
labor to express myself plain and full.”— Holder. 

"B.Law: Deferring of judgment till a case has 
been more fully examined. 

H Amplification is now generally used in its 
stead. 

am'-pll-fl-cate, v. t. [In Sp. & Port, amplificar; 
Ital. amplificare; from Lat. amplifico .] To am¬ 
plify, to enlarge, to extend. 

am-pll-fl-ca'-tion, s. [In Fr. amplification; Sp. 
amplificacion; Port. amplificaQuo; Ital. amplified- 
zione; from Lat. amplification 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: Enlargement or extension of space, or of 
a material object. Specially, an enlargement of 
the ordinary size of an object by the aid of the 
microscope. 

“The degree of the amplification of the one-fiftieth ob¬ 
ject-glass made for me. . .”— Beale: Bioplasm (1872), § 3. 

2. Specially : In the same sense as No. II. ( Rhet .) 

“. . . elaborate amplifications, in which epithet rises 
above epithet in wearisome climax.”— Macaulay: Hist. 

Eng., ch. vi. 


II. Rhet.: A descent to minute particulars in a 
narrative, so as to lengthen it unduly; the presenta¬ 
tion of a subject in many lights, when a smaller 
number would better answer the purpose; the em¬ 
ployment of a multitude of words where a few 
would be more effective; copiousness of language, 
am'-pll-fied, pa. par. [Amplify.] 
am-pll-fl-er, *am -ply-fy-er, s. [Eng. am¬ 
plify: -er. ] 

1. One who enlarges any space or any material 
object. 

“ . . . the wonderfull tyranny which should folowe 
in ye great cytie Rome wherof they were the fyrst amply- 
fyers.” — Bale: English Votaries, pt. ii., Pref. 

2. One who uses amplification in rhetoric. [Am¬ 
plification.] 

“ Dorill aus could need no amp lifter’s mouth for the 
highest point of praise.”— Sidney. 

am'-pll- fy, v. t. & i. [In Fr. amplifier. From 
Lat. amplus — ample; facio = to make.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To enlarge or extend a space, any material 
substance, or an object of sense. Spec., to enlarge 
the size of an object by the aid of the microscope; 
or to increase sound by reflection from a concave 
mirror. 

“All concaves that proceed from more narrow to more 
broad, do amplify the sound at the coming out.”— Bacon. 

2. To enlarge or extend anything not material in 
its composition. 

(a) Generally: 

“ . . . is’t not meet 
That I did amplify my judgment in 
Other conclusions?” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 6. 

“ I tell thee, fellow, 

Thy general is my lover; I have been 

The book of his good acts; whence men have read 

His fame unparallel’d, haply amplified.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., v. 2. 

(b) Specially: In the same sense as No. II. 

“ He further supposes that these brief notices were am¬ 
plified by the historians, upon their own conjectures.”— 
Lewis: Credibility of the Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. xii., 
pt. ii., § 19, vol. ii., p. 95. 

II. Technically: 

Rhet.: To enlarge on any subject; to descend to 
minute particulars in a narrative; to use a super¬ 
fluity of arguments in a debate; to employ a dif¬ 
fuseness of style in writing ; to exaggerate. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To speak or write diffusely. 

“I have (as I think I formerly told you) a very good 
opinion of Mr. Rowe’s sixth book of Lucan; indeed, he 
amplifies too much, as well as Breboeuf, the famous 
French imitator .”—Pope • Letter to H. Cromwell (1710). 

IT It is sometimes followed by on. 

“ When you affect to amplify on the former branches of 
a discourse, you will often lay a necessity upon yourself of 
contracting the latter, and prevent yourself in the most 
important part of your design.”— Watts: Logic. 

2. To exaggerate; to speak or write hyperbolic- 
ally. 

“ Homer amplifies, not invents; and as there was really a 
people called Cyclopeans, so they might be men of great 
stature, or giants.”— Pope’s Odyssey. 
am-pli-fy-ihg, pr. par. [Amplify.] 
am-pll-tude, s. [In Fr. & Port, amplitude; Sp. 
amplitud; Ital. amplitudine. From Lat. amplitudo 
= (i.) width, breadth, size, bulk, (ii.) Of moral 
qaulities, &c.; (1) greatness; (2) dignity, grandeur; 
(3) Rhetoric, copiousness. From a»iphis=ample.J 
A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of space or of material things: 

1. Width, breadth, extent. 

“ Whatever I look upon, within the amplitude of heaven 
and earth, is evidence of human ignorance.”— Glanville. 

2. Size, bulk, largeness, greatness. 

“ Men should learn how severe a thing the true inquisi¬ 
tion of nature is, and accustom themselves, by the light 
of particulars, to enlarge their minds to the amplitude 
of the world, and not reduce the world to the narrowness 
of their minds.”— Bacon. 

“. . . the amplitude of the largest is probably a 
hundred times that of the smallest.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., vii, 137. 

II. Of the mind: Breadth, comprehensiveness, 
capacity, greatness, largeness. 

“But in truth that amplitude and acuteness of intel¬ 
lect, . . .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

“. . . amplitude of comprehension . . .”— Ibid., 
ch. xiv. 

III. Of the position or resources of an individual 
or a community: 

(a) Power, splendor, dignity. 

“ . . . but in the great frame of kingdoms and com¬ 
monwealths, it is the power of princes or estates to add 
amplitude and greatness to their kingdoms.”— Bacon: 
Essays, Civ. and Mor., ch. xxix. 

(b) Sufficiency, abundance, or overabundance. 


IV. Copiousness, superabundance of words. 

“You should say everything which has a proper and 
direct tendency to this end; always proportioning the 
amplitude of your matter, and the fullness of your dis¬ 
course, to your great design; the length of your time, to 
the convenience of your hearers.”— Watts: Logic. 

B. Technically: 

I. Nat. Phil.: Breadth, width, extent. (Used 
specially of anything which oscillates or vibrates.) 

“Technically speaking, the amplitudes of the oscil¬ 
lations are increased.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., 
viii., 2, p. 176. 

“. . . to determine by measure the amplitudes of the 
vibrations of particles of air in a wave of sound.”— Prof. 
Airy: Sound (1868), p. 148. 

“ But the ultimate amplitude of the recoil is soon 
attained.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., i., 24. 

II. Gunnery: The amplitude of the range of a 
projectile is the distance it traverses measured 
along the horizontal line subtending the parabolic 
curve along which it moved in its flight. It is now 
in genoral more simply termed the range of a gun. 

III. Astron.: The angular distance from the east 
point of a heavenly body at the moment of its ris¬ 
ing, or from the west point at the instant when it 
sets. Depending, as it does, on the declination of 
the heavenly body and the latitude of the place, the 
sine of the amplitude is equal to the sine of the 
declination, divided by the cosine of the latitude. 
The amplitude of the fixed stars remains unaltered 
during the year; that of the sun, on the contrary, 
greatly varies: standing at nothing at the vernal 
and autumnal equinoxes, and 39° 44’ in the latitude 
of London at the summer and winter solstices. 
Amplitude, measured when the sun or a star rises, 
is called ortive, or eastern; and that when it sets, 
occiduous, or western. If a star rise north of the 
east point, its ortive amplitude is northern, and its 
occiduous amplitude southern, and vice versd. The 
azimuth of a heavenly body is the complement 
of its amplitude. 

Magnetic amplitude is an amplitude measured 
not from the true, but from the magnetic east or 
west. 

amplitude compass, s. A compass designed to 
aid in measuring the amplitude of the sun or other 
celestial body at its rising or setting. 

am-ply, adv. [Eng .ample; -ly .] 

1. Largely, liberally. 

“ For whose well-being, 

So amply, and with hands so liberal. 

Thou hast provided all things.” 

Milton: P. L.. bk. viii. 

2. Quite, completely. 

“ But shallow cisterns yield 
A scanty 6hort supply: 

The morning sees them amply fill’d. 

At evening they are dry.” 

Cowper: Guion’s Living Water. 

“The pledge which he had given had therefore been 
amply redeemed.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

3. Copiously; in detail. 

“ Some parts of a poem require to be amply written, and 
with all the force and elegance of words; others must be 
cast into shadows, that is, passed over in silence, or but 
faintly touched.”— Dry den: Dufresnoy. 

♦ampt'-man, s. [Sw. amtman: Dan. antmand= 
bailiff.] The custodian of a castle. (Scotch.) 

“ Before my departing, I took an attestation from the 
amptman of the castle, of the good order and discipline 
that was kept by us there.”— Monro’s Exped., pt. ii., 9,10. 

am'-pul, *am'-pol-y (Eng.), am'-pul-la (Lat.), 

s. (Ampulla has the pi. ampullae.) J_A. S. ampulle, 
ampolle, ampelle— a vial, bottle, or flagon; Fr. am¬ 
poule; Sp. & Ital. ampolla; Port, empola: all from 
Lat. ampulla = a nearly globular vessel; a glass 
or earthenware flask bellying out like a jug, used 
especially to hold unguents, 
perfumes, &c. Perhaps from 
amp—amb,ambi, Gr.amphi 
= around, and Lat. olla = 
a pot or jar.] [Amphora.] 

A. In the forms ampul, 
ampoly, and ampulla; 

Eccles.: One of the sacred 
vessels used at the altar. 

Such vials were employed 
for holding the oil for 
chrismation, as also that 
for consecration, corona¬ 
tion, enclosing the relics of 
saints, and similar purposes. [See Ampulla.] 

“ And als he in his celle sate, 

He saw a fend ga bi the gate, 

And boystes on him sell he bare, 

And ampolies also leche ware.” 

MS. Coll. Med., Edinb. (Boucher.) 

B. In the form ampulla only: 

I. Biol.: Any membranous bag shaped like a 
leathern bottle. 



Ampullae. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or s wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



amp ullaceous 


173 


amyelous 


II. Specially: 

1. Anat.: A dilatation occurring in each of the 
semi-circular canals of the ear. 

“ Each is dilated at one end into an ampulla of more 
ihan twice the diameter of the tube.”— Todd & Bowman : 
Physiol. Anat., ii., p. 74. 

III. Botany: 

1. One of the little flasks composed of metamor¬ 
phosed leaves found on certain water-plants, such 
as Utricularia. It is called also Ascidium (q. v.). 

2. A spongiole of a root. 

am-pul-la'-ceous, a. [Lat. ampullaceus; from 
ampulla (q. v.).] Pertaining to an ampulla (q.v.); 
resembling a little flask or bladder. 

am-pul lar-i-a, s. [From Lat. ampulla.'] A 
genus of Mollusks, of the family Paludinidse. Its 
English name is Apple-shell or Idol-shell. The 
shell is globular, with a small spire, and a large 
ventricose body. The known species have been esti¬ 
mated at 136. They occur in South America, the 
West Indies, Africa and India, in lakes and estu- 
aries._ They are fine large shells, occurring, as a 
rule, in fresh water, though species are found in 
Egypt, in Lake Mareotis, which is a salt-water 
lagoon, and in India, among marine shells, at the 
mouth of the Indus. 

am -pu-tate, v. t. [In Dan. amputere; Fr. am¬ 
putee; Port, amputar; Lat. amputo, -avi, -atum; 
puto= to prune, to cleanse. From the root pu, in 
Latin purus; Sansc. pfi=to purify.] 

1. Surgery: To cut off. (Used especially of a 
limb, or the portion of a limb.) 

“ Amongst the cruisers it was complained that their sur¬ 
geons were too active in amputating fractured members.” 
— -Wiseman: Surgery. 

2. Gardening: To prune trees. 

am -pu-ta-ted, pa. par. & a. [Amputate.] 
am'-pu-ta-ting, pr. par., a. & s. [Amputate.] 
am-pu-ta-tion, s. [Eng. amputate; -ion. In 
Ger. & Fr. amputation; Port, amputagao; Ital. am- 
putazione; all from Lat. amputatio— a cutting or 
lopping off ; amputo=to cut away or off.] 

“ Amputation is not unfrequently advisable in order to 
prevent the occurrence of gangrene.”— Miller: Surgery 
(1864), p. 149. 

_ 1. Surgery: The act of cutting off a limb, or a por¬ 
tion of a limb. 

2. Gardening: The pruning or dressing of vines, 
&c. ( Dyche , 1758.) 

*am -pute, v. t. [Lat. amputo.] [Amputate.] To 
cut off. ( Cockeram .) 

am -pyx, s. [Gr. ampyx= a band or fillet.] 

1. A band or fillet used by 
the ancient Greek and Roman 
women for binding their front 
hair: a head-band. 

2. A similar head-band for 
elephants and horses. Homer 
describes the steeds of the 
god of war as thus adorned. 

am-ri’-ta, s. & a. [Sansc. 
amrut = the water of immor¬ 
tality, nectar; amar=immor- 
tal: a, like the Gr. d, priv., 
and mruta = dying; cognate 
with Lat. morior = to die; 
mors=death.l 

1. Hindoo Myth.: A fabled celestial tree, bearing 
ambrosial fruit. 

“ The divine Amrita tree 
That blesses heaven’s inhabitants 
With fruits of immortality.” 

Moore: Light of the Harem. 

2. The largest and finest kind of Rose-Apple, or 
Jamb (Jambosa vulgaris), a fruit-bearing tree of 
the Myrtle order. 

Ams-dor'-fI-au§, s. [From Nicholas Amsdorf, 
their leader.] 

Church Hist.: A German Protestant sect in the 
sixteenth century who, with their chief, are said to 
have maintained that good works are not only un¬ 
profitable, but are obstacles to salvation. Amsdorf 
made this assertion in the heat of controversy, and 
does not seem to have meant much more by it than 
to enforce the teaching of the Apostle Paul, “ that 
a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the 
law” (Rom. iii. 28). 

am-s5 -ni-a, s. A genus of plants belonging to 
the order Apdcynacese, or Dogbanes. The species 
are pretty, and are easily propagated. They are in¬ 
digenous in North America. 

*amt, s. [Ant.] 

a-muck', g.-mok’, s. [It has no connection with 
the English word muck; but is from the Malay 
amuk= engaging furiously in battle, attacking with 
desperate resolution, rushing in a state of frenzy to 
the commission of indiscriminate murder. (See the 
def.) Applied to an animal or a man in a state of 
violent rage. {Marsden: Malayan Diet., 1812.)] In 
such a state as that described above. Used only in 


the expression To run a muck or amuck , which 
means to rush, under the influence of opium or 
“bhang” (an intoxicating drug made from hemp), 
out of one’s house into the street, armed with a 
sword, a dagger, or other lethal weapon, and kill 
every one—man, woman, or child—who cannot with 
sufficient promptitude escape. This maniacal and 
inhuman method of venting rage is mostly confined 
to the Malays; or if practiced by other races, it 
scarcely ever passes beyond the limits of the Mo¬ 
hammedan world. 

If To run amuck: To fall foul of. {Lit. &fig.) 

am -Tj-let, s. [In Dan., Dut., & Ger. amulet; Fr. 
amulette: Sp., Port., & Ital. amuleto; Lat. amu- 
letum. From Arab, hamalet—an amulet; hamala 
=to carry.] 

1. Lit.: Anything hung around the neck, placed 
like a bracelet on the wrist, or otherwise attached 
to the person, as an 
imagined preservative 
against sickness, 

“witchcraft,” or other 
evils. Amulets were 
common in the ancient 
world, and they are so 
yet in nations where 
ignorance prevails. 

Thus an observant vis¬ 
itor to a school in 
India may see many a 
pupil with a piece of 
ordinary string tied 
bracelet-fashion 
round one or both of 
his wrists. This is an 
amulet, or talisman, 
which having been blessed by a Brahman, has then 
been sold for half a rupee (about twenty-four cents), 
or even for a rupee itself, as a sure preservative 
against fever. [See Talisman, Charm.] 

“ . . . the little images of the tutelar deities, even the 
earrings, probably considered as amulets or talismans, 
were taken away and buried.”— Milman: Hist, of Jews, 
3d ed., vol. i., p. 36. 

“ How could she thus that gem forget? 

Her mothePs sainted amulet.” 

Byron: Bride of Abydos, ii. 5. 

2. Fig.: A preservative against sin. 

“ . . . thou hadst an amulet 
In the loved image, graven on thy heart, 

Which would have saved thee from the tempter’s art.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; Veiled Prophet. 

am-if-let-lc, a. [Eng. amulet; -ic.] Pertaining 
to an amulet. 

fa-mur-ca, s. [In Ital. amurca _ and morchia; 
Lat. amurca; Gr. amorge, amorges— the watery 
part which flows out when olives are pressed; oil- 
lees: amergo= to pluck or pull. (Never used of 
liquids.)] Oil-lees ; a lye made of oil. 

“ Though grain, that toucheth oil or fat, receiveth hurt, 
yet the steeping of it in the dregs of oil, when it beginneth 
to putrefy, which they call amurca, is thought to assure it 
against worms.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, vii., § 670. 

*3.-mur-eos'-I-ty, s. [From Lat. amurca (q. v.).] 
The quality or qualities inherent in the lees of any 
substance. 

a-mur'-COus, a. [Eng. amurca; -ous.] 

1. Pertaining to the lees of oil. (Ash.) 

2. Foul with the dregs of anything. 

(i-mu §-?i-ble, a. [Eng. amuse) -able. In Fr. 
amusable.] Capable of being amused. 

a-mu§ e, v. i. & t. [Eng. muse, v. i.; Fr. amuser 
—to divert; from muser= to loiter, to trifle; Ital. 
musare=to lounge; Ger. milssig—idle.] 

tA. Intransitive: 

To muse, to think, to reflect; to be absent in 
mind, owing to the concentration of the_ attention 
on the thoughts with which one is occupied at the 
time. 

“ Or in some pathless wilderness amusing, 

Plucking the mossy bark of some old tree.” 

Lee: Jun. Brut. 

B. Transitive: 

*1. To cause to muse; to occupy or engage the 
attention, and consequently to divert it from other 
objects. 

“ Being amused with grief, fear, and fright, he could not 
find a house.”— Fuller: Ch. Hist, of Britain, bk. ix., § 14 

“ Such a religion as should afford both sad and solemn 
objects to amuse and affect the pensive part of the soul.” 
— South: Sermons. 

*2. To keep a person from departing, or from act¬ 
ing, by telling him some frivolous story which 
causes him to lose his time and his opportunity ; to 
delude by vain promises, or expectations, or pre¬ 
tenses ; to cheat, to deceive. 

“ Bishop Henry, on the other side, amused her with 
dubious answers, and kept her in suspense for some days.” 
—Swift: Character of K. Stephen. 


“ And then for the Pharisees, whom our Saviour repr®. 
sents as the very vilest of men, and the greatest of cheats; 
we have them amusing the world with pretenses of a more 
refined devotion, while their heart was at that time in 
their neighboPs coffers.”— South: Sermons, ii. 163. 

IT In this, as in other senses, it is sometimes used 
reciprocally, when it means to deceive or delude 
one’s self with some vain imagination. 

“ They think they see visions, and are arrived to some 
extraordinary revelations: when, indeed, they do but 
dream dreams, and amuse themselves with the fantastio 
ideas of a busy imagination.”— More: Decay of Piety. 

3. To entertain or divert the mind; to inspire it 
with agreeable emotions; in general, though not 
always, attended with mirth. 

“Amus’d at ease, the godlike man they found. 

Pleas’d with the solemn harp’s harmonious sound.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. ix., 245, 246. 

“With these went all who live by amusing the leisure 
of others, from the painter and the comic poet, down to 
the rope-dancer and the merry andrew.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. i. 

a-mu§ed, pa. par. [Amuse.] 

“ Amused spectators of this bustling stage.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. v. 

fa-mu §-ee, s. [Eng. amuse; -ee.] The person 
amused, as contradistinguished from the amuser. 

“ . . . given the amuser, the amusee must also be 
given.” —Carlyle: Heroes, Lect. III. 

a-mu'§e-ment, s. [Eng . amuse;-ment. In Fr. 

amusement.] 

*1. Subjectively: An occupation of the attention; 
the state of being in a reverie. 

“Here I put my pen into the ink-horn, and fell into a 
strong and deep amusement, devolving in my mind with 
great perplexity the amazing changes of our affairs.”— 
Fleetwood: Pref. to Lay Baptism. 

2. Objectively: Whatever is fitted to engage the 
attention ; to divert it from other objects of contem¬ 
plation ; to inspire it with pleasing and even mirth¬ 
ful emotions, or to delude it with vain expectations. 

“In a just way it is lawful to deceive the august enemy, 
but not to lie ; that is, by stratagems and semblances of 
motions, by amusements and intrigues of actions, by am¬ 
bushes and wit, by simulation and dissimulation.” — 
Jeremy Taylor: Doctor Dubitantum, bk. iii., c. 2. 

“ . . . his favorite amusements were architecture and 
gardening.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

amusement-monger, s. One who deals in 
amusement as in an article of merchandise. One 
who caters for the amusement of the public. 

“ Next, busy actor on a meaner stage, 
Amusement-monger of a trifling age, 
Illustrious histrionic patentee.” 

Cowper: Valediction. 

a-mu§'-er, s. [Eng. amuse; -er. In Fr. amuseur.] 
One who amuses. {Cotgrave.) 

am-\i-§ett e, s. [Fr.=child’s play.] A small 
one-pounder cannon, designed; on account of its 
lightness, to be used in mountain warfare, 
a musj -ihg, pr. par. & a. [Amuse.] 

“ I have the greatest proof in nature at present of the 
amusing power of poetry, for it takes me up so entirely, 
that I scarce see what passes under my nose, and hear 
nothing that is said about me.”— Pope: Letter to Jervas 
(1714). 

“ . . . and with a strange, 

Amusing, yet uneasy novelty . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 
a-mu §-ing-ly, adv. [En g. amusing;-ly.] In an 
amusing manner. {Todd’s Johnson.) 

fa-musj-ive, a. [Eng. amuse; -ive.] Which 
amuses the mind. 

“ Whose lofty elms and venerable oaks 
Invite the rook, who, high amid the boughs, 

In early spring his airy city builds. 

And ceaseless caws amusive.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring. 

fa-mu'§-ive-ljf, adv. {Eng. amusive; -ly.] In a 
manner to give amusement. 

“A south-easterly wind succeeded, blowing fresh, and 
murmuring amusively among the pines.”— Chandler: 
Trav. into Greece, p. 12. 

*a'-my, *a -mejle, s. [Fr. ami—a friend.] A 
friend, a lover, a sweetheart. 

“ Scheo saide heo was ameye 
To Ammon, the god of pleye.” 

Alisaunder, i. 50. 

“ For he saide, in that nyght Am mon 
Scholde come to theo lady 
And beon hire leof amy.” 

Ibid., i. 376. {Boucher.) 
* 3 ,-mjfd'-W(ird, adv. [Amidward.] 
a-my'-el-ous, a. [Gr. amuelos =without marrow; 
a, priv., and niuelos =marrow.] 

Med.: A term applied to or descriptive of a foetus 
in which the spinal cord is absent. 



Ampyx. 



bdii, b< 5 y; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




amygdalae 


174 


an 


a-mf g'-dal-se, s.pl. [Lat. amygdala, pi . amyg- 
datce= an almond. In Fr. amy dales (pi.) ; Port. 
amygdalas (pi.).] Tlie tonsils, or what are popu¬ 
larly called the “almonds” of the throat. 


U-myg'-daLate, a. & s. [Mediaeval Lat. amyg- 
dalatum, s.; from Lat. amygdala , amygdalum, or 
amygdalus=the almond.] [See Almond.] 

A. As adj.: Composed of almonds. 

B. As substantive: 

1. An artificial milk, or emulsion made of blanched 
almonds. 

2. Chem.: A salt whose acid is the amygdalic. 
a-myg-dal'-e-8e, s. pi. [From Lat. amygdalus 

(q. v.).] An old sub-order of Rosace®, elevated by 
Lindley into his order Drupaceae, or Almond-worts. 
[Drupaceai.] 

a-myg-dal'-lc, a. [Lat. amygdalus; Eng. -ic.] 
Pertaining to plants of the genus Amygdalus. 

amygdalic acid, s. C 20 H 28 O 13 . An acid obtained 
from the bitter almond. 

a-myg -dal-in, s. [Lat. amygdalinus=pertain- 
ing to an almond.] 

Chem.: Amygdalin, C 20 H 27 NO 11 . 3 H 0 O,is extracted 
by alcohol from bitter almonds and the leaves of 
the Cherry Laurel ( Cerasus Laurocerasus). It 
crystallizes in very small white crystals, and is de¬ 
composed by the action of a fermentable substance, 
Synaptase , in the presence of water, into hydro¬ 
cyanic acid (CN)H, benzoic aldehyde, C 6 H 5 .CO.H, 
and glucose, C 0 H 12 O 6 . 

a-myg-dal-me, adj. [Lat. amygdalinus.] 
(1) Pertaining to almonds; (2) almond-like. 

fa-myg -daFIte, s. [Lat. amygdalites.'] A plant 
mentioned by Pliny, which is so called from re¬ 
sembling the almond-tree. Probably a Euphorbia. 

a-m^g -dal-old, a. & s. [1. Lat. amygdala; Gr. 
amygdale, contracted from amy g dale a=the kernel 
of an almond. 2. Gr, eidos=that which is seen, 
form, shape: eido= to see. The form of an almond.] 
fl. As adj.: Almond-shaped. The more common 
term is Amygdaloidal (q. v.). 

2. As substan. Geol.: Any rock in which round 
or almond-shaped nodules of some mineral, such as 
agate, chalcedony, calc spar, or zeolite, are scat¬ 
tered through a base of wacke, basalt, greenstone, 
or other kind of trap. Amygdaloid is of volcanic 
origin. When bubbles of steam and gas are con¬ 
fined in the molten matter they form small cells. 
When the lava before cooling runs for some dis¬ 
tance, the cells, originally globular, become almond- 
shaped. The mineral which they contain is intro¬ 
duced, after or during consolidation, by matter 
separating from the mass or infiltered by water 
permeating the rock. 

3 , -myg-daLdid-(tl, a. [Eng. amygdaloid; -al.] 
Almond-shaped. _ Spec., pertaining to the rock 
called amygdaloid. 

“ In some of the amygdaloidal traps of Scotland, where 
the nodules have decomposed, the empty cells are seen to 
have a. glazed or vitreous coating, and in this respect 
exactly Tesemble scoriaceous lava or the slags of fur¬ 
naces.”— Lyell: Man. of Gcol., ch. xxviii. 

9 ,-myg-dg.Lus, s. [Lat .amygdalus; Gr. amyg- 
dalos = the almond-tree.] [Almond.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Drupacese, or Almond- 
worts. It contains, among other species, the 
common peach, A. Persica, with the nectarine (var. 
nectarina ), the almond, A. communis, with the var/ 
amara, or bitter almond. They are valued both for 
their flowers and their fruit. The flowers of the 
common peach are gently laxative. They are there¬ 
fore suitable to be employed in the ailments of 
children. 

am'-Jl, s. [Lat. amylum, amulum; Gr. amy Ion 
— fine meal . . . starch; amylos = not ground 
at the mill: a, priv., and mylos = a mill.] 

Chem.: A monatomic alcohol radical (CsHn)’, 
also called Quintyl from its containing five carbon 
atoms. 


amyl acetate, s. [See Amyl Ethers.] 
amyl alcohols, quintyl alcohols, s.pl. C 5 H 12 O. 
Eight alcohols may have this formula. 

Four primary: 


( CH2.CH2.CH2.CH3 

I 

( OH 

Butyl carbinol; 

boiling pt. 135°, 

(CHINCH 


c 


g, 


H 

Three secondary : 
CH2.CH2.CH3 (CH.(CH 3 ) 2 

CH3 C ] g 03 C 

.OH (OH 

Methyl-propyl oar- Methyl-isopropyl 
binol; bg.pt. 120°. carbinol; pg. pc. 108'. 


CH 2 .CH.(CH 3 ) 2 

H 
H 
l OH 

Isobutyl carbinol; 
boiling pt. 132°. 

C(CH 3 ) 3 

H 


ch 2 .ch ? 

ch 2 .ch 3 

H 
OH 
Diethyl 
iaroinol; 
bg. pt. 117°. 



One tertiary: 


CH,CH; 
CH 3 

ch 3 

OH 


3 / Dimethyl-ethyl 
l carbinol; bg. 

\ pt. 100°. 


The boiling-points are given of the six alcohols 
which have yet been obtained. 

The important alcohol is isobutyl carbinol, com¬ 
monly called amyl alcohol; it forms the greater 
part of fusel oil, which is obtained in purifying 
spirits distilled from com or potatoes. It is a color¬ 
less, oily liquid, with a penetrating, peculiar smell 
and burning acrid taste; sp. gr. 0*81. There are two 
modifications which act differently on polarized 
light; by oxidation it yields isovaleric acid, 
C 5 H 9 O j. Q 


amyl ethers, s. pi. Several are known; the most 

o TT 1 

important is amyl acetate, ( O, obtained by 

distilling sodium acetate with amyl alcohol (iso- 
butyl carbinol) and sulphuric acid. It boils at 140°, 
is a colorless liquid, and has theflavor of jargonelle 
pears. It is used in perfumery. 

am-yl-a-ceous, a. [In Fr. amylacS; from Lat. 
amylum =starch (q. v.).J 

1. Generally-. Pertaining to starch, containing 
starch ; resembling starch; having the properties of 
starch. 


“ Amylaceous substances are not digested by the stomach, 
but are acted upon whilst they are in the small intes¬ 
tines.”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 242. 


2. Botany. Amylaceous granules: Certain gran¬ 
ules of starch found in all plants, and particularly 
abundant in some, as in the rhizoma of equisetum. 
Turpin called them Globuline. (Bindley: Introd. 
to Bot., 3d ed., 1839, bk. i., ch. i.) 
am-yl-am-Ine, s. [Eng., &c., amyl; amine.] 

(C5H11) 

Chem.: An amine - II > N. 

H 


am-yl-ene, quin-tene, pen-tene, s. [Eng., 
&c., amyl; -ene.] 

Chem.: CsHp;. Three isomeric olefines are known 
having this formula. 

Pentene, or Ethyl-allyl, 

CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 —CH=CHo, 
obtained by the action of zinc ethyl on allyl iodide. 
A limpid liquid, boiling at 39°. 

Amylene, or Isopentene, obtained by distilling 
amyl alcohol with ZnCL. A colorless liquid, boiling 

at 35°. Its formula is |j 3 q>CH—CH=CH 2 . 

Methyl Ethylethene j ][)q < C = CH — CH 3 , pre¬ 
pared by action of strong alcoholic potash on 
tertiary pentyl iodide. It boils at 35°. 


amylene glycol, s. (C 5 Hio)"(OH) 2 . A diatomic 
alcohol. It is a thick, sweet, colorless liquid, boil¬ 
ing at 177°. 


am -yl-ic, a. [Eng. amyl; -ic.] Pertaining to 
amyl. 

am -yl-oid, s. A substance produced by the 
action of sulphuric acid on cellulose, used in the 
manufacture of incandescent lamp filaments. 


am’-yl-did, a. [Amyl, and Gr. eidos=form, 
appearance.] Resembling or containing amyl. 


amyloid substance, or lardacein, s. 

Chem.: An albuminoid (q.v.) which in certain dis¬ 
eases is deposited in the liver. It is colored red by 
iodine, and violet by H 2 SO 4 and iodine; concen¬ 
trated HC1 dissolves it, forming acid-albumin. 
Dissolved in KHO, it forms potassium albuminate. 
It can also be obtained by the action of very dilute 
HC1 and fibrin, and evaporating the solution to 
dryness in a water-bath. It is insoluble in gas¬ 
tric juice. 

Am -yr-ald-I§m, s. [From Moses Amyraldus or 
Amyraut, a French theological professor at Sau- 
mur, who was born in 1596, and died in 1664.] 

Church Hist. c& Theol.: The tenets of Amyrald and 
his followers. They were that God desires the hap¬ 
piness of all men, and that none are excluded from 
it by an eternal decree. That those who would be 
saved must believe in Christ. That the power of 
believing is refused to none, but divine assistance 
effective for the purpose is not bestowed on all. 
These views were called Uni vers alist, but they were 
so in words rather than in reality. 

*am-y-rale, s. An old form of Admiral. 
(Scotch.) 

am^r-l-da-ge-ae, s. pi. [From the typical 
genus Amyris (q. v.).] An order of exogenous 
plants placed by Lindley under his Rutales, or 
Rutal alliance. The Amyridaceee have a panicled 
inflorescence, hypogynous stamina, double the 
petals in number, a one-celled ovary, with two to 
six pendulous ovules; the fruit sub-drupaceous, 
samaroid, or leguminous, with from one to two 


seeds, the leaves compound with pellucid dots, and 
abounding in resin. They occur in the tropics of 
India and America, in the latter region extending 
as far north as Florida. In 1846, Lindley estimated 
the known species at forty-five. 

am -yr-is, s. [Lat. myrrha and myrrhis; Gr. 
myrrhis=& plant. Myrrhis odorata.] The typical 
genus of the Amyridaceee, or Amyrid order of 
plants. It has a finely smelling resinous gum. A. 
Gilecidensis produces the celebrated Balm of 
Gilead. [Balm.] The A. toxifera is said to be 
poisonous. The A. Plumieri and the A. hexandra 
furnish part of the Gum Elemi of commerce. The 
wood of A. balsamifera in Jamaica yields one kind 
of Lignum Rhodium. The layers of the liber of a 
species belonging to the same genus are employed 
by the Nubian Mohammedans for paper. 

*a-mys', adv. Old spelling of Amiss. 

U-myz-tli, s. The Mexican name of a species of 
Sea-lion ( Otaria ), found on the sea-coasts and 
estuaries of the American Pacific coast. Its skin 
is valued on account of the length and softness of 
its hair. 

an, article. [A. S. an, cen—( 1) one; (2) single, 
sole, another; (3) a certain one, some one ; (4) any, 
every one, all. In Sw. en; Dan. en,een; Dut. een, 
eene; Ger. ein: Gael, aon; Irish, ein earn, cion; 
Welsh un, yn; Cornish uynyn; Arm. yunau; Lith. 
wena; Fr. un, on: Sp. uno, un; Port, hum; Ital. 
uno; Lat. unus; Gr. he is. masc., hen, neut.=one.] 
[One.] 

I. Its form: The indefinite article, and at first 
its only form, being placed before words beginning 
with a consonant, no less than those commencing 
with a vowel, as is still the case with a similar 
word one. [One.] (See the subjoined examples in 
which an is used before a consonant.) 

“He it setten on an mirie stede.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (1250), ed. Morris, 680. 

“In a weie an time he cam.”— Ibid., 1,435. 

“ On an busk rane and wel tidi.”— Ibid., 2,015. 

“An kire.”— Ibid., 2,451. 

“An wis man.”— Ibid., 2,649. 

“An sel.”— Ibid., 2,769. 

Now the form a occurs as well as an. For rules as 
to when the one and when the other is employed, 
see A as apart of speech (A., V., page 1). 

IF In some words now beginning with n, that 
letter has become detached from a, and has adhered 
to the commencement of the subsequent word, 
which formerly began with a vowel. Thus, in East 
Anglia, according to Forby, an ass is called a nasil 
or nazzle, i. e., an asil, or an azzle. Similarly, a 
newt, originally called an eft, evet, or ewt. In adder , 
again, the contrary appears to have happened: it 
was at first a nadder, and became an adder. So 
also with apron, originally napron. [Adder, 
Natrix.] 

II. Its signification: The primary signification 
of an is ( 1 ) one, in a very indefinite sense, any one; 
(2) each; (3) any; (4) one in particular; (5) every. 
[See A as a part of speech (A., V., p. 1 ). Sometimes 
an, like a , is placed before a participle or an adjec¬ 
tive without in any way altering the meaning. 

“And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, 
he was afterward an hungred.”— Matt. iv. 2. 

an, conj. [A contracted form of And (q. v.). 
Wedgwood thinks this may have come from e'en, a 
contraction of even; O. Sw. cean= and yet, still, 
continuously. Horne Tooke derives it from A. S. 
unnan= to give. In Lat. an is=or, or whether; Gr. 
an, contraction from ean= if, haply, perchance; 
Arab. & Sam. an=ii ; E. Aram, an, and ayin= if, or 
whether.] 

IF An is obsolete in English, but still exists in 
Scotch. 

1. If. 

*(a) Old English: 

“He can’t flatter, he! 

An honest mind and plain, he must speak truth. 

An they will take it, so; if not, he’s plain.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 2. 

(6) Scotch: 

“ Troth, I kenna,— an they come so many as they speak o' 

. . .”— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xliv. 

2. As if. 

“My next pretty correspondent, like Shakespeare’s lion 
in Pyramus and Thisbe, roars an’ it were any nightin¬ 
gale.”— Addison. 

*3. And. 

“ Thurch mani a cuntre vp an doun.” 

Amis and Amiloun, 1,798. 

an, or a, as a prefix, derived from the Greek. [Gr. 
an, or a, generally called alpha, privative, but an, 
and not a, is the original form. In English, Anglo- 
Saxon, Old Saxon, German of all ages, and Goth. 
un; Dut. on; Old Norse & Sw. o; Dan. u: Wel. an; 
Gael, ana, an, am; Lat. in; Sansc. an.J From a 
study of its use in Gaelic, Prof. Key infers that it 
originally signified badly, from which there came 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try. Syrian, se. ce = e; ey = a. qu’=kw( 





an 


175 


anacardiaceae 


the senses (2) of negation, and (3) of intensity. 
Badness is a negation of good, and the more intehse 
that it is, the more is it worthy of the name of bad - 
ness. [See Prof. Key’s Philological Essays (1868), 
pp. 127-148.] Now an priv. is used before a vowel, 
and a before a consonant, as anomalous, atheist. 

*an, *uune, v. t. [A. S. unnan, geunnan—to give.] 

1. To give. {Boucher.) To appropriate, to allot 
as one’s own. {Jamieson.) 

“Y take that me gode an.” 

Sir Tristrem, iii. 7. {Boucher.) 

2. To consent. {Boucher.) 

“ Ich an wel ! cwath the nightingale, 

Ah wranne, naut for thire tale.” 

Hale and Nightingale, 1,728. 

*an, v. t. [0. Sw. an, pres, tense of una, or unna 
=to wish well. {S. in Boucher .)] To wish well to. 
{Boucher.) To owe, to be indebted to. {Jamieson.) 
“Tristrem speke bigan 
In King, God loke the 
As y the love and an 

And thou hast served to me.” 

Sir Tristrem, i. 77. 

an, adv. or conj. [Icelandic en, enn=tlian.] 
[Than.] Than. 

“And als was he mar an prophet.” 
w MS. Coll. Med,., Edinb. {Boucher.) 

an, prep. [On.] 

*an, s. [Inn.] 

an ’-3,, prefix & s. [From Greek. Gr. ana=up; 
with numerous significations derived from this 
primary one. According to Prof. Key, cognate with 
Lat .an, a, ad, & in; Wel. ad; Gael, ath or as: 
Breton ad or as: Irish ath, adh, an, or arnh; Old 
Sax. ant; Mid. Ger. ent or en; Mod. Ger. ent; Dut. 
ont; Old Frisian and, ont, on, and, ant, und; Dan. 
& Sw. und; A. S. on, od, ait, and ed. {Key: Philolog. 
Essays , pp. 1 to 56.)] 

1. Ms a prefix: Up to ; increase, or strengthening; 
repetition, or improvement; back, backward. (.See 
the various words which follow.) 

2. Ms a substantive. [Gr. ana, in the distributive 
sense=each, throughout.] 

Med. Prescriptions: The like quantity. It is often 
contracted to etci, or a: as ana 3 oz.; aa 3 oz.; a 3 oz. 
“In the same weight prudence and innocence take, 
Ana of each does the just mixture make.” 

Cowley. 

“He’ll bring an apothecary with a chargeable long bill 
of anas.” — Dryden. 

a'-na, a'-na, suffix & s. [From Latin. In Fr. 
ana. Properly, the termination of the neut. pi. in 
Latin adjectives ending in anus, as in sing. Tro- 
janus=a Trojan man; neut. pi. Trojana= Trojan 
things.] 

1. Ms a suffix: Added to proper names, as an ap¬ 
pellation of books consisting of clever or witty say¬ 
ings of deceased men of eminence, and anecdotes 
regarding them; some doubtless authentic, others 
as obviously mythic. This use of the term ana 
seems to have begun in France about the middle of 
the seventeenth century, whence it spread to other 
parts of Europe. The Scaligerana, or Scaligeriana, 
appeared in two parts: the first ultimately called, 
however, Scaligeriana Secunda, first appeared in 
the year 1666; the former in 1699. Among other Con¬ 
tinental ana the Menegeana came forth in 1692, and 
the Poggiana in 1720. England had its Walpoliana, 
its Addisoniana, its Johnsoniana, its Swiftiana, its 
Mooriana, &c.; and some works like Boswell’s cele¬ 
brated Life of Johnson, though not called ana, 
might with much propriety receive the name. 

2. Ms an independent word, when it becomes a sub¬ 
stantive pi. (See example under No. 1.) 

an-a-bai-na, s. [Gr. anabaino— to go up: ana 
=up, and baino= to go.] A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the alliance Algales (Sea-weeds) and the 
order Confervaceee (Confervas). It is to the A. or 
Sphcerozyga spiralis that the green color of the 
water in BaLLydrain lake is attributable. {Lind- 
ley: Veg.Kingd., p. 16.) 

an-a-bap'-tl§m, s. [In Ger. anabaptism; Fr. 
anabaptisme; Sp. & Port, anabaptismo; Lat. ana- 
baptismus; Gr. anabaptisma= re-baptism, from 
anabaptizd= (1) to dip repeatedly; (2) to re-bap- 
tize: ana= in the sense of again, and baptizo={ 1) 
to dip in or underwater, (2) to draw water, (3) (New 
Test.) to baptize.] {Liddell & Scott.) 

1. The doctrine of the German Anabaptists of the 
sixteenth century. 

t2. The doctrine of the modern Baptists, looked 
at from the point of view of those who hold that 
baptism administered in infancy is valid, and con¬ 
sequently that if it be repeated in adult life there 
is a second baptism. 

“ Anabaptism is an heresy long since condemned both 
by the Greek and Latin Church.”— Featley: Dippers Dipt, 

p. 1. 

“That would be Brownism and Anabaptism indeed.”— 
Milton: Reason of Ch. Gov., bk. 1. 


an-a-bap'-tist, s. [In. Ger. Anabaptist; Fr. 
anabaptiste; Sp. anabaptista, anabatista; Port. 
anabaptista; Ital. anabatista.) [Anabaptism.] 

A. As substantive. Church History: 

1. A member of a well-known fanatical sect which 
largely figured in the ecclesiastical and civil history 
of the sixteenth century. It began to attract no¬ 
tice within four years of the ever memorable 31st of 
October, 1517, on which Luther affixed his “ theses ” 
to the gate of the castle church of Wittenberg. The 
most eminent of its early leaders were Thomas 
Munzer, Mark Stubner, and Nicholas Storck. They 
had been disciples of Luther; but becoming dissat¬ 
isfied with the moderate character of his reforma¬ 
tion, they cast off his authority, and attempted 
more sweeping changes than he was prepared to 
sanction. During liis absence, they, in 1521, began 
to preach their doctrines at Wittenberg. Laying 
claim to supernatural powers, they saw visions, 
uttered “prophecies.” and made an immense num¬ 
ber of proselytes. The ferment which the exciting 
religious events taking place in Central Europe had 
produced in men’s minds, had made them impa¬ 
tient of social or political as well as of spiritual 
despotism; and in 1525 the peasants of Suabia, 
Thuringia, and Franconia, who had been much 
oppressed by their feudal superiors, rose in arms, 
and commenced a sanguinary struggle, partly, no 
doubt, for religious reformation, but chiefly for 
political emancipation. The Anabaptists cast in 
their lot with the insurgent peasantry, and became 
their leaders in battle. After a time the allied 
princes of the Empire, led by Philip, Landgrave of 
Hesse, put down the rebellion, ana Munzer was 
defeated, captured, put to the torture, and ulti¬ 
mately beheaded. In 1532, some extreme Anabap¬ 
tists from Holland, led by a baker called John 
Matthias, and a tailor, John Boccoldt, called also, 
from the place whence he came, John of Leyden, 
seized on the city of Munster, in Westphalia, 
with the view of setting up in it a spiritual king¬ 
dom, in which, at least nominally, Christ might 
reign. The name of Munster was changed to 
that of Mount Zion, and Matthias became its 
actual king. Having soon after lost his life in 
a mad warlike exploit, the sovereignty devolved 
on Boccoldt, who, among other fanatical freaks, 
once promenaded the _ streets of his capital in a 
state of absolute nudity. On the 24th of June, 
1535, the Bishop of Munster retook the city by force 
of arms, and Boccoldt was put to death in the 
most cruel manner that, could be devised. The ex¬ 
cesses of the Anabaptists. were eagerly laid hold of 
by the Popish party to discredit the Reformation. 
It was in the year 1534, when Boccoldt was in the 
height of his glory in Munster, that Ignatius Loy¬ 
ola took the first step toward founding the order of 
the Jesuits, and the extension and rajiid success of 
that celebrated fraternity are to be attributed in a 
very large measure to the reaction against Protest¬ 
antism produced by the share which the Anabap¬ 
tists took in the peasants’ war, and the character 
of the spiritual sovereignty which they set up while 
Munster was in their hands. 

f 2 . One belonging to the modern Baptist church. 
The term is used only by those who believe in infant 
baptism, and is properly becoming obsolete, there 
being an unfairness in using an expression which 
suggests a onnection between the turbulent fanat¬ 
ics of Munster and the quiet, law-abiding English 
Baptists. [Anabaptism.] 

“. . . rebels, schismatics, Presbyterians, Inde¬ 
pendents, Anabaptists, Quakers, the blessed offspring of 
the late reforming times.”— South: Sermons, vi. 83. 

B. As adjective: Relating to the Anabaptist 
doctrine or sect. 

“. . . the anabaptist anarchy.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., 
pt. i., ch. ix. 

an-a-bap-tis'-tlc, *an-a-bap-tis’-tick, an-a- 
bap-tis -ti-eal, a. [Eng. anabaptist; -ic or -ical.\ 
Pertaining to Anabaptism, or to the sect holding 
the doctrine so characterized by its opponents. 

“The_llent Bucer takes occasion severely to reprove 

those sour hypocrites of the anabaptistic sect in his time, 
who would not allow of any freer use of the good creatures 
of God, and would frown at any mirth in company, 
though never so innocent.”— Bp. Bull’s Works, ii. 657. 

“. . . anabaptistieal, antinomian, heretical, atheis¬ 
tical epithets . . — Milton: Colasterion. 

ta.n- 9 .-bap -tis-try, a. [Eng. anabaptist{ -ry.~\ 
The Anabaptist doctrine, worship, or dominion. 

“ Thus died this imaginary king; and anabaptistry was 
suppressed in Munster.”— Pagitt: Heresiography. 

an a-bap-ti ze, v. t. [Gr. anabaptizo -to bap¬ 
tize a second time.] 

“ Though some call their profound ignorances new 
lights, they were better anabaptized into the appellation 
of extinguishers.”— Whitlock: Manners of the English, 

p. 160. 

an- 9 -bap-tP-zmg, pr. par. & a. [Anabaptize.] 
As substantive: Re-baptizing. 

. . the anabaptizing of infants, &c.”— Fell: Life 
of Hammond, § 1. 


an -a-bas, s. [Gr. anabaind= to go up: ana—up, 
and baino=to go.] A genus of fishes of the order 
Acanthoptera, and the family Anabatid®. The 
species, the M. testudineus, of Southern India and 
Java, ordinarily live in rivers and fresh-water 
ponds, emerging, however, at times, and worming 
their way, by means of their serrated opercula and 
the spines in their fins, along the ground, and, 
according to some observers, even up trees. In 
Tarnul, the name given to them is Paneiri=TTee- 
climbers. 

an-ab -a-sis, s. [Gr. anabasis = ( 1 ) a going up, 
as on horseback; ( 2 ) a journey, an expedition: 
anabaino = to go up; ana = up; baino = to go.] 

1. Spec.: The name given by Xenophon to his cele¬ 
brated work describing the expedition of Cyrus the 
younger against his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, 
king of Persia. Arrian also calls the expedition of 
Alexander the Great to Asia an anabasis. 

2. Gen.: Any similar expedition, as that of 
Napoleon I. to Moscow. 

an-a-ba th-rum, s. [Lat., from Gr. anabcithron= 
a seat upon steps, a professor’s chair.] A pulpit, 
desk, or high seat. 

an-a bat -i-dae, s. pi. [From anabas, the typical 
genus (q. v.).] A family of fishes belonging to the 
order Acanthoptera. Cuvier formerly placed them 
under his family with labyrinthiform pharyngeals. 

an -a-bleps, s. [Gr. ana — up, and blepo, fut. 
blepso= to look.] A genus of abdominal fishes, 
of the order Malacopterygii Abdominales, belong¬ 
ing to the family Cyprinid® (Carps). Their eyes 
greatly project, and moreover seem, but only seem, 
as if divided into two; hence the species is called 
A. tetrophthalmus. It is found in the rivers of 
Guiana. 

an-ab'-o-li§m, s. [Gr. anabole = a throwing up, 
and suff. Hsm. ] Constructive metabolism, as op¬ 
posed to catabolism, or destructive metabolism. 
Its processes tend to build up the energy and sub¬ 
stance of a living organism, as in the conversion of 
a nutritive element of food into animal or vegetable 
tissue. 

an-a-bro-cM§-mus, s. [Gr. anabrochismos; 
anabrochizo — to draw out by a loop: ana=u\>, and 
brochos = a noose or slip-knot.] 

Old Med.: “A way of drawing out the inverted 
pricking hairs of the eyelid.” {Glossog. Nova.) 

an-a-bro-sis, s. [Gr. anabrosis, from brosis=an 
eating up: (1) meat: ( 2 ) an eating: bibrosko = to 
eat, fut. brosomai.’] A wasting away of the body. 

an-a-camp-ter'-i-a, s. pi. [Gr. anakampterion= 
a place to walk backward and forward in.] Lodg¬ 
ings of those who fled to religious houses for sanct¬ 
uary. 

an-a-camp'-tic, *an-a-camp'-tick, a. [From 
Gr. anakampto= to bend back; cma=back, and 
kampto— to bend.] Pertaining to anacamptics 
(q. v.). 

“ Anacamptick (Gr.) signifies reflecting.”— Gloss. Nova. 
anacamptic sounds, s. Reflected sounds, such 
as those of echoes; sounds falling from acute to 
grave. 

ana-camp -tic-al-ly , adv. [Eng. anacamp- 
tical; -ly.~\ By reflection, 
an-a-camp-tics, s. pi. [Anacamptic.] 

1. Anciently: The science of reflected light, now 
called catoptrics. 

2. The science of reflected sounds, 
an-a-camp'-tls, s. [Gr. anakampto=to bend 

back: ana— back, and kampto= to bend. So caRed 
apparently, from the reflexed edges of the pollen 
masses.] Richard’s name for a genus of Orchidace® 
containing the pyramidal orchis, A. pyramidalis, 
the O. pyramidalis of Linn®us, and many modern 
writers. 

an-a-canth-I n-I, s. pi. [Gr. an, priv., and akanth- 
inos= thorny; from akantha = a thorn; ake — a 
point.] 

Zool.: In Muller’s classification of Fishes, the 
second sub-order of the order Teleostia. It is 
equivalent to the Malacopterygii of Cuvier and 
other writers. It is distinguished from the Acanth¬ 
optera (the same as the old Acanthopterygii) by 
the absence of spines iu the rays of the fins. There 
are four families: the Ammodytid® (Sand-eels), 
the Ophideid®, the Gadid® (Cods), and the Pleu- 
ronectid® (Flat-fishes). The last-mentioned family 
has fossil representatives. 

an-a-canth'-iis, s. [Gr. a, priv. and euph.; 
akantha=a. thorn.] A genus of fishes of the Ray 
family. 

an a car-dl-a -9e-gs, s. pi. [From anacardium, 
the typical genus.] 

Anacards or Terebinths: An order of exogenous 
plants, placed by Lindley under his Rutales, or 
Rutal alliance. They have usually unisexual flow¬ 
ers. The stamina are equal in number to the petals, 
or twice as many, or even more; the ovary is gener¬ 
ally single; the fruit most commonly drupaceous; 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 



anacardium 


176 


anagallis 


the seed, solitary. The leaves are without dots. 
The order consists of trees or shrubs, with a resinous 
gummy caustic, or even milky juice. They occur in 
the tropics of both worlds. In 1846, Lindley esti¬ 
mated the known species at ninety-five. Among 
these may be noted the Cashew-nut, the Pistacia- 
nut, and the Mango-fruit. Plants of the order 
furnish various varnishes, lacs, lacquer, and mastic. 
Rhus toxicodendron and R. radicans are exceedingly 
poisonous. 

an-e-car'-di-um, s. [In Sp. anacardio; Port. 
anacardo; Gr. ana = resemblance, and kardia — 
heart. So called from the form of the nut.] A 
genus of plants, the type of the order Anacardiace® 
(Anacards). It contains the Cashew-nut of com¬ 
merce ( A. occidentale), the clammy juice of which 
is used in India for varnishing. The varnish is first 
white, but afterward becomes black. It is all but 
oisonous; so is the fruit, which acts upon the 
rain. The tree itself is an elegant one, with pan- 
icled corymbs of sweet-smelling flowers. 

an-?i-c?L-thar-sis, s. [Gr.=a clearing away: 
ana— up, and katharsis = cleansing: kathairo = to 
make pure. Cleansing by an upward action; ex¬ 
pectoration or vomiting. 

tan-e-cgi-thar'-tic, a. & s. [Gr. anakathar - 
tilcos .] 

1. As adj.: Promoting (a) expectoration, or (b) 
vomiting. 

2. As substan.: A medicine fitted to excite ex¬ 
pectoration or vomiting. 

an-9,-§eph-SLl-3e-6’-sis, s. [Gr. anakephalaidsis 
=a summary; ana, and kephaliosis—( 1) a compre¬ 
hension of several notions in a general term; (2) 
summary treatment; kephale= the head.] 

Rhet.: The recapitulation of the heads of a dis¬ 
course. / 

5 j,-nach'-ar-is, s. [Gr. ana, in the sense of a repe¬ 
tition of, and charisma contraction for Hydrocharis. 
A. repetition of the Hydrocharis, or Frog-bit.] A 



1. Portion of a plant of Anacharis alsinastrum. 

2. End of a branch, showing female flower. 

8. Female flower enlarged. 

4. Main stem, showing branching and rootlets. 

5. A leaf enlarged. 

genus of plants belonging to the order Hydro- 
charidace®, or Hydrocharis. The A. alsinastrum, 
or Long-flowered Anacharis, an American plant, is 
now naturalized in ponds, canals, &c., in Britain. 

*e-naeh-or-et, *a-nach-or-ite, s. [See Anch¬ 
orite.] 

*a-na-chor-et'-T-cal, a, [0. Eng. anachoret— 
anchorite; suffix -ical. In Fr. anachoretique; Sp. 
anacoretico; Port, anachoretico .] Pertaining to 
an anchoret or anchirite. 

tan-a-chron’-lc, a. [Gr. ana=backward; chron- 
ikos=oi time; chronos=time.} Involving an an¬ 
achronism. ( Coleridge .) 

hn-ach'-ron-i§m, *an-ac-ron'-i§m, s. [In Ger. 
anachronism; Fr. anachronisme; Sp. and Ital. 
anacronismo; Port, anachronismo; all from Gr. 
anachronismos: ana, and chronismos={ 1) a long 
duration, (2) a coming late; chroniz6= to touch; 
chronos= time.] The placing of an historic event, 
or manners and customs, &c., at a wrong chrono¬ 
logical date. The term is especially used when 
anything is dated too early. Thus, it would be a 
very great anachronism were a modern poet to 
introduce cannon at the siege of Troy. 

“This leads me to the defense of the famous anachron¬ 
ism, in making iEneas and Dido contemporaries ; for it 
is certain that the hero lived almost two hundred years 
before the building of Carthage.”— Dryden. 

“The statement, therefore, which represented the 
Roman envoys in the year after the first secession as ob¬ 
taining corn from Dionysius the elder, resembles the 
anachronism which makes Numa the disciple of Pythago¬ 
ras, or that which describes the colloquy between Solon 
and Croesus.”— Lewis: Early Roman History, ch. xii., 
pt. ii., § 19. 


an-at-ehron-is'-tic, a. [From Eng. anachron- 
is(m); -tic. Or from Gr. ana= back; chronistos— 
tarrying, delaying.] [Anachronism:.] Pertaining 
to or involving an anachronism; wrongly dated. 

“Among the anachronistic improprieties which thi9 
poem contains, the most conspicuous is the fiction of 
Hector’s sepulchre.”— Warton. Hist. E. P., ii., § 5. 

an-ach-ro-nize, v. t. To place at a wrong time, 
fan-a-cla-sis, s. [Gr. anaklasis= a bending 
back and breaking; anaklao={\) to fracture, to 
bend back, (2) to break short off; ana— back, and 
klao— to break.] 

Surgery: The bending back of any part, 
an-a-clas'-tic, a. [Gr. anaklastos—bent back.] 
Bent back; refracted. 

anaclastic glasses, s. [Called in Ger. vexier 
glaser, i. e., vexing glasses, from the disturbance 
produced by their resilience.] A kind of sonorous 
flat-bellied vials, shaped like inverted funnels, with 
bottoms extremely thin, and slightly convex. When 
alternately filled with air, and exhausted by the 
mouth, they emit a considerable sound, produced 
by their thin bottoms assuming first a convex and 
then a concave form. They are made chiefly in 
Germany. 

an-e-clas'-tics, s.pl. [Anaclastic.] The science 
of dioptrics; the science which treats of refracted 
light. 

fan-e-cli'-sis, s. [Gr. anaklisis=a lying or lean¬ 
ing back: cma=back, and klisis= a bending, incli¬ 
nation ; klino— to make, to bend.] 

Med.: A term used by Hippocrates to describe 
the reclining posture of the sick; also a couch or 
sick-bed. 

an-e,-§oe-n6 -sis, s. [Gr. anakoinosis= an arrange¬ 
ment, a communication: anakoinoo=to communi¬ 
cate or impart; or ana, intensive, and koinosis—a 
making common ; koinod= to make common; koinos 
— common.] 

Rhet.: A figure by which a speaker applies to his 
opponents for their opinion on some point in dis¬ 
pute between him and them. 

an-a-col fi -thon, s. [In Fr. anacolouthe. From 
Gr. anakolout,hos=v/antoi sequence; an, priv., and 
akolouthos= following; akoloutheo— to follow.] 

Rhet. & Gram.: Want of sequence in a sentence. 
Such a change in the structure of a sentence as to 
render it ungrammatical. 

an-si-con-da, s. [Ceylonese name.] A large 
snake, the Python tigris, which occurs in the island 
of Ceylon. The name is also given to the Eunectus 
murinus , a large South American snake of the Boa 
family. 

an a-cos -ta, s. [Dut.] A woolen diaper made 
in Holland for the Spanish market. 

an-ac-re-on'-tlc, a.&s.; an-ac-re-on-tique, s. 
[In Fr. AnacrSontique; Sp., Fort., and Ital. Anac- 
reontico. From Anacreon. a celebrated Greek lyric 
poet, who flourished about 540 B. C. His writings 
were elegant in diction, and melodious in cadence, 
but liable to censure from a moral point of view, 
his unvarying themes being wanton love and wine.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Anacreon, or to 
erotic poetry. 

Prosody. Anacreontic verse: A kind of verse much 
used by Anacreon. It consists of three feet and a 
half, usually spondees and iambuses, though some¬ 
times anap®sts occur in it. 

“It is, indeed, a memorable fact to be recorded of a 
boy, that, before completing his fifteenth year, he had 
translated the Greek Hymn of Synesius into English An¬ 
acreontic verse.”— De Quincey’s Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., 
pp. 71, 72. 

B. As substantive : 

1. A verse composed in the meter called Anacre¬ 
ontic. [Anackeontic Verse.] 

2. An erotic poem : a poem treating on Anacreon’s 
favorite subjects, love and wine. 

“ To the miscellanies [of Cowley] succeed the anacreon- 
tiques, or paraphrastical translations of some little poems, 
which pass, however justly, under the name of Anacreon.” 
— Johnson: Life of Cowley. 

ANACREONTIC. 

“ Friend of my soul ! this goblet sip, 

’Twill chase that pensive tear ; 

’Tis not so sweet as woman’s lip. 

But, oh ! ’tis more sincere. 

Like her delusive beam, 

’Twill steal away thy mind: 

But like affection’s dream, 

It leaves no sting behind ! ”— Moore. 
*an-a-crl'-sls, s. [Gr. anakrisis— an examina¬ 
tion, an inquiry: a?ta=again, and krisis=a separat¬ 
ing ; krino= to separate.] 

Among old Civilians: Interrogation of witnesses, 
especially by torture. 

an-3.-93fc'-lus, s. [In Fr. anacycle; Sp., Port., & 
Ital. anaciclo; Gr. anaky kief/— to turn round again; 
ana= again, and kykled=to move round; kyklos= a 
ring or circle. So called because there are rows of 


ovaries without flowers, placed in a circle round 
the disk.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Asterace®, or Composites. The Pellitory of Spain 
(A. pyrethrum) has a fleshy root, which, when fresh, 
produces on the hands of those who gather it first 
a sensation of great cold, and then one of burning 
heat. In rheumatic affections of the mouth it is 
employed as a masticatory. In other diseases it 
is used as a powerful rubefacient and stimulant. 
C Lindley: Veg. Kingd., p. 707.) 

an-a-dem, an-a-de'me, s. [Lat. anadema; Gr. 
anadema, for anadesma= a band for women’s hair.] 
A garland or fillet. A chaplet or crown of flowers. 

Jtn-a-di-g,, s. A genus of snakes containing the 
A. ocellata, or Eyed Anadia, believed to be from 
India. 

an-a -di-a-dae, s. pi. [From the typical genus 
Anadia (q. v.).] A family of Ophidians. 

an-a-di-plo -sis, s. [Lat. anadiplosis, from Gr. 
anadiplosis — a doubling back. In rhet.=a repeti¬ 
tion ; in gram. = a reduplication: awa= again, and 
diplosis = a compounding of words: diploo — to 
double; d ip loos =do u ble. ] 

Rhet.: The reduplication of a word by the repeti¬ 
tion at the commencement of a new clause of the 
w'.-rd by which the former one was terminated. 

( Glossogr. Nova.) 

“. . . as, he retained his virtues amidst all his mis¬ 
fortunes, misfortunes which only his virtues brought upon 
him. ’ ’ —Jo lin son. 

an -a-drom, s. [For etym. see Anadromous.] 
Any fish which ascends rivers; the eel, for instance. 

an-ad -rom-ous, a. [Gr. anadromos = running 
up, as a fish “running up” a river: ana=np, and 
dromos= a course, or running; dramein, pr. infin., 
and dedroma, 2 perf. of trecho— to run.] Pertaining 
to such fishes as at certain seasons ascend rivers. 

a-nse-ml-a, s. [Gr. anaimia— want of blood: 
an, priv., and haima = blood.] Bloodlessness: a 
morbid state of the system produced by loss of 
blood, by deprivation of light and air in coal mines, 
or causes more obscure. The patient is character¬ 
ized by great paleness, and blood-vessels, easily 
traceable at other times, become unseen after great 
hffimorrhage, or in cases of an®mia. (Todd & 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 295.) 

an-33 -mic, a. [Gr. anaimos = bloodless; Eng. 
suffix -ic.] Relating to the disease called An®mia 
(q. v.). 

“ If the brain be anaemic, the quantity of surrounding 
fluid will be large .”—Todd & Bowman; Physiol. Anat., 
vol. i., p. 298. 

an-Ee-mot'-roph-y, s. [Gr. anaimos =bloodless, 
and trophe— nourishment, from trepho= to nourish.] 
Want of nourishment; its cause being deficiency of 
blood. 

an-a -e-robe (PI. an-a-e-ro -bi-e), *. [Gr. an, 
priv.; aSr= air; 6ios=life.] An individual of the 

Anaerobia. 

an-a-e-ro -bl-Jj,, s. pi. [Anaerobe.] Bacteria 
that do not require air or free oxygen in order to 
live. [Facultative Anaerobia.] 
an-a-e-rob -ic, a. [Eng. anaerob(e) ;-fc.] Cap¬ 
able of living in the absence of air or free oxygen. 

an-a-e-ro-bl-o'-sis, s. [Gr. an, priv.; a&r— air; 
biosis=way of living.] Life maintained in the ab¬ 
sence of air or free oxygen. 

an-aes-thesi—g,, s. [Gr. anaisthesia = want of 
perception, or of feeling; stupidity: an, priv., and 
aisthesis =perception by the senses; aisthanomai, 
fut. aisthesomai = to perceive.] Loss of the sense 
of touch; incapacity of feeling. 

an-ses-thet-ic, an-ses-the-tic, a.&s. [Gr. an, 
priv., and «i,sV/iefdtos=perceptive.] 

1. As adj.: Pertaining to an an»sthetic; deaden¬ 
ing or destroying consciousness. (See the substan¬ 
tive.) 

2. el.s substantive (plur.): A class of medicines 
which, when inhaled in the form of vapor, destroy 
consciousness for a time, and with it the sense of 

ain. Garrod makes an®sthetics the third order of 
is sub-class, defined as medicines acting especially 
upon the brain proper, but probably also upon 
other portions of the central nervous system. 
Among the uses to which they are put are the al¬ 
leviation of pain and spasm, the production of un¬ 
consciousness during surgical operations or par¬ 
turition, and the procuring of sleep in delirium. 
The best known are chloroform, ether, and protox¬ 
ide of nitrogen (nitrous oxide). 

“Since the introduction of ether and chloroform as 
ancesthetics in the practice of surgery . . .”—Todd c£ 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 406. 

an-a-gal-lis, s. [In Sp. anagalide; Ital. ana- 
gallide; Lat. anagallis; Gr. anagallis; ana— 
again, and agalio=to make glorious, to adorn; 
because, regularly as the proper season arrives, it 
readoms the ground.] A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Primulace® (Primworts). The 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute tub. ciire ; pnite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




anaglyph 177 analgesic 


,f. arvensis, the Scarlet Pimpernel, is a well-known 
plant, easily recognized by its pretty rotate flowers, 
generally crimson, though more rarely blue, flesli- 
white, colored or white, with a purple eye. Open¬ 
ing in sunlight, and closing when the beams of the 
luminary are withheld, it is sometimes called the 
Poor Man’s Weather-glass. It flowers from May to 
November. A very poisonous extract can be formed 
from it; nevertheless, the plant has been used in 
cases of madness, epilepsy, and dropsy. 

an-a-gen-ne'-sis, s. [Gr. = regeneration.] Sep¬ 
aration or regeneration of tissue. 

an'-a-glyph, s. [Or. anaglyphs— a work in low 
relief: cma=up, and glyphe— carving; glypho— to 
hollow out, to engrave.] 

Sculpture : A figure cut in low relief on a plane, or 
smooth surface, as in the case of a cameo. 

an-a-glyph -Ic, a. [Gr. anaglyphos.’] The 
same as Anaglvptic (q. v.). 

Anaglyphic Art: “The art of carving and en¬ 
graving. ( Glossogr. Nova.) 

an a-glyp'-tic, a. &s. [Lat. anaglyptus; Gr. 
anaglyptos .] 

1. As adj.: Wrought in low relief, embossed, 
engraved, or enchased in low relief. When the 
design is produced by the engraving or indentation, 
as in the case of seals, it is then termed diaglyphic, 
or intaglio . 

_ 2. As substantive: Anything wrought in low re¬ 
lief, in a manner described under the adjective, 
“They rather concern the statuary art; though we 
might yet safely, I think, admit some of the Greek ana. 
glyptics.” — Evelyn: Sculptura, p. 16. 

an-a-glyp'-to-graph, s. [Gr. anaglyphe = a 
work in low relief; graphe—a drawing; graphd= to 
scratch, to scrape, to grave.] 

Nat. Phil.: A machine for producing drawings or 
etchings in relief, from models, coins, medals, &c. 

an-a-glyp-to-graph'Ac, a. [Eng. anaglyp- 
tograph; -ic.] Pertaining to the art of producing 
drawings or etchings in relief, or to the anaglypto- 
graph (q. v.). 

an-?L-glyp-tog-raph-y, s. [Lat. anaglyptus; 
Gr. anaglyptos=v/TO\ight in low relief, embossed; 
graphe= delineation ; graphs—to grave, scrape, or 
scratch.] The art of copying works in relief. 

an-jig-nor-i-sis, s. [Gr. anagnorisis =recogni¬ 
tion ; ana= again, and gnorisis—acquaintance 
(with each other); gnorizo=to make known.] 
Recognition; the denouement in a drama. 

an-ag-no-sis, s. [Gr. anagnosis=a knowing 
again: ana= again, and groosis= an inquiry, judg¬ 
ment; gnonai, infin. of gignosko—to know.] Recog¬ 
nition. The same as Anagnokisis (q. v.). 

an -a-go-ge, an'-a-go-gy, s. [In Fr. anagogie; 
Sp. anagoge , anagogia; Port. & Ital. anagogia; 
Gr. anagoge= a leading up; ana— up, and agoge=a 
leading; ago=to lead.] 

Theol.: Elevation of the mind to spiritual objects. 
IT The form anagogy is in Dyche’s Diet. (1758). 
Exegetics: The pointing out of a spiritual sense 
under the literal words of portions of Scripture; the 
indication of a reference to New Testament doctrine 
in the prophecies, types, and symbols of the Old. 
[Anagogical.] 

Med.: The return of humors or the rejection of 
matters upward by means of the mouth. 

an-a-go-ge t -I-cgl, a. [ Formed as if from Gr. 
anagogetikos, from anagoge (q. v.).] Pertaining 
to anagoge. The same as Anagogical (q.y.). 
(Bailey.) 

an-a-gOgA-cal, a. [In Fr. anagogique; Gr. 
anagogikos= raising the mind to heavenly things, 
mystical.] Pertaining to anagoge; mysterious, 
elevated, spiritual. (Applied specially to one of the 
four chief methods of interpreting Scripture, the 
other three being the literal , the allegorical, and the 
tropological methods.) 

“ Which is an anagogical trope or hygh speakynge of 
my lorde above hys compasse.”— Bale: Yet a Course at the 
Romyshe Foxe, fol. 36. 

“ From the former of these two have been drawn certain 
senses and expositions of Scriptures, which had need be 
contained within the bounds of sobriety; the one anaglog¬ 
ical, and the other philosophical.”— Bacon: Advancement 
of Learn., bk. ii. 

“ We cannot apply them [ prophecies ] to him, but by a 
mystical anagogical explication.”— South: Serm., viii. 161. 

an-3,-gog'-I-cg,l-ljf, adv. [Eng. anagogical; -ly.\ 
Mysteriously, with spiritual exaltation; in a spirit- 
Tial sense. 

an-st-gog'-Ics, *an-?i-gog-icks, s. pi. [Gr. ana- 
yoqifcos=mystical.] The study of mystical subjects. 

“The notes upon that constitution say that the Misna 
Torah was composed out of the cabalistics and anagogics 
of the Jews, or some allegorical interpretations pretended 
to be derived from Moses.”— L. Addison: State of the Jews, 
p. 248. 

an -a-gr&m, s. fin Sw. anagram; Ger. ana- 
gramm; Fr. anagramme; Sp. anagrama; Port. 
Ital. anagramma. From Gr. ana=backward, and 

wai, 

-oian, 


gramma— that which is drawn or written, a letter: 
graphd=to grave, to write.] 

fl. The letters of any word read backward. Thus 
in a satire on the English government under Lord 
Melbourne, which appeared in a provincial Tory 
paper, the political leader was described as Enruo- 
blem, which was simply Melbourne spelled back¬ 
ward. 

2. The letters of any word or words transposed in 
their order so as to make another word, or more 
generally a short sentence. Thus the letters in the 
name of William Noy, Attorney-General to Charles 
L, who toiled hard in his vocation, become, when 
transposed, I moyl in law. Similarly Galen becomes 
by transposition angel, and Mary, army. The prac¬ 
tice was not much in vogue among the Greeks and 
Romans, but it was common among the Jewish 
cabalists. Among European nations it first began 
to be extensively employed in the sixteenth century. 
Sometimes writers put not their own name but its 
anagram on their works; thus, Calvin put not Cal- 
vrnus, but its anagram, Alcuinus, on the edition of 
his Institutes published at Strasburg in 1539. In 
certain cases mathematicians, who had made dis¬ 
coveries for which they wished to claim priority 
without communicating their secret, gave forth its 
anagram instead of itself. This was done by Galileo, 
Huyghens, and Sir Isaac Newton. Sometimes these 
anagrams were intentionally so obscurely worded, 
and of such a length, as to render their solution 
almost impossible. Thus Galileo announced his 
observations on Saturn; Smaismrmilme poeta 
leumi bone nugttaviras—aiiissiwmm planetam ter- 
geminum observavi (I have observed that the most 
distant planet is triple-formed). Huyghens also 
announced his discovery of Saturn’s ring in the fol¬ 
lowing anagram: aaaaaaa coccc d eeeee iiiiiii 1111 
mm nnnnnnnnn oooo pp q rr s ttttt uuuuu= annulo 
cingitur, tenui, piano nusquam cohcerente, ad eclip- 
ticam inclinato .(it is surrounded by a slender ring, 
nowhere coherent, inclined to the ecliptic). 

“Though all her parts be not in th’ usual place, 

She hath yet the anagrams of a good face ; 

If we might put the letters but one way, 

In that lean dearth of words, what could we say?” 

Donne’s Poems, p. 70. 

“Thy genius calls thee not to purchase fame 
In keen iambics, but mild anagram.” 

Dry den: Mac Flecknoe, v. 204. 

fan'-a-gram, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
construct an anagram by transposing the letters of 
any particular word. 

an-a-gram-mat-ic, an-a-gram-mat’-I-cal, a. 
[From Gr. ana, and grammatikos; anagramma — 
an anagram.] Containing an anagram. 

“ For whom was devised Pallas’ defensive shield, with 
Gorgon’s head thereon, with this anagrammatical word.” 
— Camden. 

“Some [places] have continued anagrammatical appel¬ 
lations, from half their own and their wives’ names joined 
together.”— Swift: On Barb. Denom. in Ireland. 

an-a-gram-mat'-I cal-ly, adv. [Eng. anagram¬ 
matical ; -ly .] After the manner of an anagram. 

“Please to cast your eye anagrammatically upon the 
name of the balsamum; you will find, ‘Conveniunt rebus 
nomina seep suis.’ ”— Gayton • Notes on Don Quix., iii. 3. 

an-a gram -mat-i§m, s. [Gr. anagrammatis- 
mos.] The art or practice of making anagrams. 

“The only quintessence that hitherto the alchymy of 
wit could draw out of names is anagrammatism, or meta- 
grammatism, which is a dissolution of a name truly 
written into its letters as its elements, and a new con¬ 
nection of it by artificial transposition, without addition, 
subtraction, or change of any letter into different words, 
making some perfect sense appliable to the person 
named.”— Camden. 

an-qL-gram’-mgit-Ist, s. [From Gr. ana, and 
grammatistes.'] One who makes anagrams. 

“ To his lo. fr. Mr. W. Aubrey, an ingenious anagram- 
matist, late turned minister.”— damage: Epigrams, Ep. 18. 

an-a-gram-mat'-Ize, v. t. [In Fr. anagram- 
matiser; Port, anagrammatisar: Ital. anagram- 
matizzare; Gr. anagrammatizo .] To make ana¬ 
grams. 

“ Others suppose that by the word Sophyra, which is 
Ophyr anagrammatized, mentioned in the seventy-two in¬ 
terpreters, is intended or meant Soffala or Sophura.”— 
Sir T. Herbert • Trav., p. 350. 

“Others, in Latin, anagrammatize it [the name of Eve] 
from Eva into Vce; because, they say, she was the cause 
of woe 1”— Austin : litre Homo, p. 182. 

an -a-graph, s. [Gr. anagraphe — a writing up, 
a record; anaprapho— to write up: ana=up, and 
grapho—to wnte.J 

1. An inventory; a register. 

2. A commentary. 

a-na-gros, s. [Sp.] A Spanish measure for 
grain used chiefly in Seville, and containing about 
two bushels. 

an-a-gy -ris, s. [In Port, anagyro; Ital. anigi- 
ride; Lat. anagyros; Gr. anapyris and anagyros; 
ana=backward; gyros=a circle.] A genus of 


papilionaceous plants, one of the Cistropical Eupo- 
dalyriese. The A. feetida, a bush with trifoliolate 
leaves and yellow racemose flowers, has purgative 
properties, and its seeds are narcotic. 

an-ai'-ma, a. [Gr. a=without, and haima= 
blood; anaimia— want of blood.] A zoological term 
used by Aristotle, and signifying without blood. It 
need scarcely be added that Aristotle’s idea of the 
bloodless character belonging to certain animals 
was wholly erroneous. [Anajmia.] 
a’-nal, a. [From Lat. anus= the anus.] Per¬ 
taining to the anus. 

Ichthyol.: The anal finis the fin placed on the 
lower part of a fish’s body, and so far behind as to 
be near the anus. 

“ . . . the first rays of the dorsal and anal fins.”— 

Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. x., p. 7. 

an-al'-^Ite, an-al'-glme, s. [In Ger. analzim; 
Gr. analkis — weak: a, priv., and allce = strength. 
So called because by rubbing it becomes weakly 
electric.] A mineral classed by Dana as the type of 
his Analcite group. It occurs isometric, in trape- 
zohedrons, and massive granular. Its hardness is 
5 to 5'5, its sp. gr. 2'22 to 2‘29 or 2’278, the luster vit¬ 
reous, the color white, tinged with other hues. It 
varies from transparent to opaque. It is brittle. It 
consists of silica 51 to 55T2, alumina 22 - 23 to 24T3, 
lime 0‘27 to 5’82, soda 6‘45 to 14’65, potassium 0’55 to 
4’46, and water 7’68 to 9'75. It is found in Scotland 
in the Kilpatrick and Campsie Hills, at Bowling, in 
Glen Farg, on the Calton Hill near Edinburgh, and 
at Kilmalcolm ; in Ireland in Antrim ; in the Faroe 
Isles; in various other parts of Europe, as well as 
in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the United States. 

If Dana considers Picranalcime probably to be 
analcite altered by the magnesian process, and 
Cluthalite also to be changed analcite. 

analcime carnea, s. [Lat. carnea = fleshy; 
from caro, genit. carnis = flesh.] The old name for 
Saecolite (q. v.). 

analcite group, s. A group of minerals placed 
by Dana as the third in order under the Zeolite sec¬ 
tion of his Hydrous Silicates, 
an-a-lec'-ta, s.pl. [Analects.] 
an-a-lec'-tic, a. [From Gr. analektikos .] Per¬ 
taining to analects: as, an analectic magazine— 
i. e., one containing essays or selections. 

an -a-lects, an-a-lec-ta, s. pi. [In Ger. ana- 
lekten; Fr. analectes; Sp. analectos. From Gr. 
analekta, neut. pi. of analektos = choice, select.] 

*1. Crumbs which fall from the table; “the re¬ 
mains or fragments taken off the table.” 

2. A collection of short literary productions, as 
essays or jottings; “certain parts or portions se¬ 
lected out of different authors.” ( Dyche .) 

an-fr-lem'-mQ,, s. [In Ger. & Lat. analemma. 
From Gr. analemma = that which is used for 
repairing or supporting anything; analambano = 
to take up: ana = up_, and lambano = to take.] 

1 . Oeom.: A projection of the sphere on the plane 
of the meridian orthographically made by a 
straight line and ellipses, the eye being supposed 
at an infinite distance, and in the east or west 
point of the horizon. 

2. Mech.: An instrument made of brass or wood 
on which the projection now mentioned is drawn, 
with an horizon or cursor fitted to it, in which the 
solstitial eoluro and all circles parallel to it will be 
represented as concentric, all circles oblique to the 
eye as ellipses, and all_ the planes of which pass 
through the eye as straight lines. The analemma 
now described is used for illustrating, at least with 
an approach to accuracy, the various astronomical 
problems. 

an-a lep -sis, an -a-lep-sy, an-a-lep'-si- 3 ,, s. 
[Gr. analepsis= a taking up, restoration; analam¬ 
bano, fut. analepsomai= to take up, to restore to 
health: ana, and lambano, fut. lepsomai= to take.] 

1. The augmentation or nutrition of an emaciated 
body; recovery of strength after disease. ( Quincey 
dtc.) 

2. The name given by Johannes Anglicus and 
Riverius to a kind of epilepsy which is said to pro¬ 
ceed from disorder of the stomach. It is sometimes 
used in a more extended sense for epilepsy in gen¬ 
eral. (Parr.) 

an-!i-lep'-tic, *an-a-lep'-tick, a. & s. [In Fr. 

analeptique ; from Gr. analeptikos.] 

1. As adjective: Restorative. 

Analeptic tonics: In Garrod’s classification of 
medicines, the same as blood tonics or blood restor¬ 
atives (q. v.). 

2. As subst.: A medicine designed to impart tone 
to the system, restoring flesh, strength, and cheer¬ 
fulness after sickness or weakness from whatever 
cause; a restorative. 

an-al-fee'-Bf-a, s. [Gr an=without, and algos— 
pain.] Absence of pain whether in health or disease, 
an-al-ge -sic, s. & a. [Analgesia.] 

A. As subst.: A medicine that allays pain. 

B. As adj.. Having the quality of allaying or 
destroying pain. 


boy; pout, jowl; cat, Qell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?L 

12 







analogal 


*A-nal-o-gal, a. [Eng. analog{y); -ah] The 
same as Analogous. 

“ When I see many analogal motions in animals, though 
I cannot call them voluntary, yet I see them spontaneous, 

X have reason to conclude that these in their principle are 
not simply mechanical.”— Hale. 

an-a-log- i-CAL a. [In Fr. analogique ; Sp., 
Port.,’& Ital., analogico; Lat. analogicus; Gr. ana- 
logikos =proportional, analogous.] 

*1. Analogous. 

“There is placed the minerals between the inanimate 
and vegetable province, participating something analog, 
ical to either.”— Hale: Origin of Mankind. 

IT Dr. Johnson draws the following distinction 
between the words analogous and analogical: 

“Analogous signifies having relation, and analog¬ 
ical having the quality of representing relation.” 

2. Logic and Ordinary Lang.: Pertaining, to an¬ 
alogy ; pertaining to resemblances of any kind, on 
which may be founded reasoning falling short of 
the conclusiveness possessed by induction. [Anal¬ 
ogy, Induction.] 

“The cases in which analogical evidence affords in 
itself any very high degree of probability are, as we have 
just observed, only those in which the resemblance is very 
close and extensive.”— John Stuart Mill: Logic , 2d ed. 
(1816), vol. ii., ch. xx., p. 105. 

3. Biol.: Pertaining to two animals, two plants, 
or even an animal and a plant, which in certain 
respects resemble each other; the similarity, how¬ 
ever, being one of analogy only, and not of affinity. 
[Analogy, Affinity.] 

“All analogical resemblances, as of a whale to a fish . . 

. . ’’—Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. vii., 
p. 230. 

an-a-log -l cal-ly, adv. [Eng. analogical; -ly .] 
in an analogical manner. 

“ . . . we are often obliged to use these words ana¬ 
logically to express other powers of the mind which are 
of a very different nature.”— Reid: Inquiry into the Hu - 
man Mind, c. 7. 

an-A-log -l-cgffiness, s. [Eng. analogical; -ness.] 
The quality of being analogical; fitness to be ap¬ 
plied for the illustration of some analogy. 
*AR-ar-6g-ie, s. [Analogy.] 

An-al -og-i§m, s. [In Ger. analogism; Fr. anal- 
ogisme; Port, analogismo. From Gr. analogismos— 
fresh calculation, reconsideration, a course or line 
of reasoning, proportionate calculation; from an- 
alogizomai =to count up again: ana= again, and 
logizomai =to count.] 

1. An argument from the cause to the effect. 

2. Investigation of things by the analogy which 
they bear to each other. 

an-al'-og-ist, s. [Eng. analog(y); -ist.] One 
who reasons from analogy. 

tan-al-og'-Ize, v. t. [Eng. analog(y); -ize. Gr. 
analogizomai.] [Analogism.] To reason from 
analogy; to explain by means of analogy. 

“We have systems of material bodies diversely figured 
and situated, if separately considered; they represent the 
object of the desire which is analogized by attraction or 
gravitation.”— Cheyne: On Regimen; Natural Analogy, § 8. 

t(tn-al-og-i'zed, pa. par. [Analogize.] 

ta-nal'-o-gon, s. [Neut. of Gr. adj. analogos= 
proportionate, analogous to.] That which is anal¬ 
ogous to something else. 

an-al -6g-Ous, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. analogo; 
Lat. analogus; Gr. ana. Zo</o.s=propo rtion a te to.] 

1. Logic & Ord. Lang.: Presenting some analogy 
or resemblance to; parallel to in some respect; 
similar, like. 

“ The language is analogous, wherever a thing, power, 
or principle in a higher dignity is expressed by the same 
thing, power, or principle in a lower but more known 
form.”— Coleridge: Aids to Reflection (1839), p. 149. 

. , . the artificial instruments which we ourselves 
plan with foresight and calculation for analogous uses.”— 
~hnen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 62. 

1] It is followed by to of the thing to which the 
resemblance is perceived. 

“. . . that the particular parts principally objected 
against in this whole dispensation are analogous to what 
is experienced in the constitution and course of Nature or 
Providence.”— Butler: Analogy, Introd. 

2. Grammar: Nouns are sometimes divided into 
univocal, equivocal and analogous. ( Whately: 
Logic, bk. ii., ch. v., § 1.) 

3. Pyro-electricity. Analogous pole is the name 
given to the end of a crystal which shows positive 
electricity when the temperature is rising. It is 
opposed to antilogous pole (q. v.). ( Atkinson: 
Ganofs Physics, § 637.) 

4. Biology: 

(a) Having a relation of analogy, but not one of 
affinity. 

“The pigeons in one order [the Rasores], and the Eden¬ 
tates in the other [Ungulata], follow next; let us therefore 
see how far these groups are analogous.” — Swainson: 
Birds, vol. iii. (1837), p. 160. 


178 

( b) Having a relation of analogy combined with 
one of affinity. 

“ The two owls, the two tyrant fly-catchers (Pyrocepha- 
lus), and the dove, are also smaller than the analogous but 
distinct species.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, 
ch. xvii. 

Analogous variation: Variations of a similar 
character in different species, genera, &c. 

“ Many of these resemblances are more probably due to 
analogous variation, which follows, as I have elsewhere 
attempted to show, from co-descended organisms having a 
similar constitution, and having been acted on by similar 
causes inducing variability.”— Darwin: Descent of Man , 
vol. i., pt. i., ch. vi., p. 194. 

an-al'-og-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. analogous; -ly.] In 
an analogous manner. 

“ Can you, then, demonstrate from his unity, or omni¬ 
presence, which you conceive but analogously and imper¬ 
fectly . . .”— Skelton: Deism Rev., Dial. 6. 

. . the same word may be employed either univo- 

cally, equivocally, or analogously .”— Whately: Logic, bk. ii., 
ch. v., § 1. 

an'-a-logue, s. [Fr. analogue=analogous : Gr. 
anaZogros=proportionate to: ana=up to; logos= rea¬ 
son. According to reason; analogous to.] That 
which resembles something - else in one or more 
respects. 

Specially: 

1. Philol.: A word in one language corresponding 
to a word in another. 

“ S. (Sanscrit) ap, water, the analogue of the"iLati n 
aqua.” — Key: Philological Essays (1868), p. 258. 

2. Biol.: A part of an animal or plant which has 
the same function as another part in a second ani¬ 
mal or plant differently organized. [Homologue.] 

3. Geol.: Any body which corresponds with, or 
bears great resemblance^ to, another body. (Espe¬ 
cially used by geologists in comparing fossil remains 
with living specimens.) 

“ . . . the great abundance in the oolitic ocean of 

fishes, whose nearest living analogue is the Port Jackson 
shark (Cestracion).”— Owen: British Fossil Mammals and 
Birds (1846), p. xiv. 

an-al-og-y, *an-al -6g-ie, s. [In Sw. & Dan. 
a.nalogia; Ger. & Fr. analogie; Sp., Port., Ital. & 
Lat. analogia; all from Gr. analogia—iX) equality 
of ratios, proportion ; (2) analogy ; ana, and logos 
. . . =a ratio, &c.; lego= to count.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: Similitude of relations between 
one thing and other (see B., Logic, No. 1), or such 
resemblances as are described under Logic, No. 2. 
(The thing to which the other is compared is pre¬ 
ceded by to or with.) 

“ The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Reve'aled, to 
the Constitution and Course of Nature. By Joseph Butler, 
LL.D., late Lord Bishop of Durham.” 

U When both are mentioned together they are 
connected by the word between. 

“ . . . if a real analogy between the vegetable world 
and the intellectual and moral system were presumed to 
exist . . .”— Isaac Taylor: Elements of Thought, 8th ed. 

(1846), p. 31. 

B. Technically: 

I. Logic: 

1. Resemblance of relations, a meaning given to 
the word first by the mathematicians, and adopted 
by Ferguson, Whately, and, as one of various 
senses, by John Stuart Mill. To call a country 
which has sent out various colonies, the mother 
country, implies that there is an analogy between 
the relation in which it stands to its colonies and 
that which a mother holds to her children. (See B., 

II., Math.) 

2. More usually: Resemblance of any kind on 
which an argument falling short of induction may 
be founded. Under this meaning the element of 
relation is not specially distinguished from others. 
“ Analogical reasoning, in this second sense, may 
be reduced to the following formula: Two things 
resemble each other in one or more respects; a cer¬ 
tain proposition is true of the one, therefore it is 
true of the other.” If an invariable conjunction is 
made out between a property in the one case and a 
property in the other, the argument rises above 
analogy, and becomes an induction on a limited 
basis; but if no such conjunction has been made 
out, then the argument is one of analogy merely. 
According to the number of qualities in one body 
which agree with those in another, may it be rea¬ 
soned with confidence that the as yet unexamined 
qualities of the two bodies will also be found to 
correspond. , (Mill’s Logic, pp. 98-107.) Metaphor 
and allegory' address the imagination, while anal¬ 
ogy appeals to the reason. The former are founded 
on similarity of appearances, of effects, or of inci¬ 
dental circumstances; the latter is built up on 
more essential resemblances, which afford a proper 
basis for reasoning. 

II. Math.: Proportion; the similitude of ratios. 
(Euclid, Bk. V., Def. 8.) 

III. Grammar: Conformity with the structure or 
the genus of a language. 


analysis 

IV. Biol.: The relation between parts which agree 
in function, as the wing of a bird and that of a but¬ 
terfly, the tail of a whale and that of a fish. (Hux¬ 
ley’s Classif. of Animals, 1869, Gloss.) Relations of 
analogy were made very prominent in the system of 
the now extinct Quinary school of zoologists. 
They are to be carefully distinguished from those of 
affinity. [Affinity.] 

“. . . the analogy of the hawk to the shrike, or eagle 
to the lion.”— Swainson: Classif. of Birds, i. 345. 

“ The analogy between the swan and the ostrich is one 
degree, that between the ostrich and the giraffe is an¬ 
other, while the analogy between the bee and the weaving 
birds (Ploceanse) is another.”— Ibid. 

fan-A-ly §-g,-ble, a. [Analyzable.] 

fan-a-ly §e, v. t. [Analyze.] 

an-a-ly§'-er, s. [Analyzer.] 

An-al -ys-Is, s. [In Sw .analys; Dan. analysis;• 
Ger. analyse (Logic), analysis (Math.); Fr. & Port. 
analyse; Sp. analisis; Ital .analisi. From Gr. anal¬ 
ys is = fl) a loosing, releasing; (2) a dissolving, the 
resolution of a whole into its parts, analysis op¬ 
posed to genesis or synthesis; in Logic, the reduc¬ 
tion of the imperfect figures into the perfect one; 
(3) the solution of a problem, &c.: analyo— to un¬ 
loose : ana=backward, and lyo= to loose.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: The act of analyzing; the state of being 
analyzed; the result of such investigation. The 
separation of anything physical, mental, or a mere 
conception into its constituent elements. (A scien¬ 
tific word which has partially established itself in 
ordinary speech.) [Analyze, s. ] 

“We cannot know any thing of nature, but by an 
analysis of its true initial causes; till we know the first- 
springs of natural motions, we are still but ignorants.”— 
Glanville. 

Used specially — 

(1) In some of the senses given under B. (q. v.). 

“ . . . but the subsequent translation of the shock of 
the sethereal waves into consciousness eludes the analysis 
of science.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), viii., 
p.177. 

(2) A syllabus, conspectus, or exhibition of the 
heads of a discourse; a synopsis, a brief abstract of 
a subject to enable a reader more readily to com¬ 
prehend it when it is treated at length. 

B. Technically: 

I. Math.: The term analysis, signifying an un¬ 
loosing, as contradistinguished from synthesis = a 
putting together, was first employed by the old 
Greek geometricians to characterize one of the two 
processes of investigation which they pursued. The 
Analytical Method of inquiry has been defined as 
the art or method of finding out the truth of a 
proposition by first supposing the thing done, and 
then reasoning back step by step till one arrives at 
some admitted truth. It is called also the Method 
of Invention or Resolution. Analysis in Mathematics 
may be exercised on finite or infinite magnitudes or 
numbers. The analysis of finite quantities is the 
same as Specious arithmetic or algebra. That of 
infinites, called also the new analysis , is particu¬ 
larly used in fluxions or the differential calculus. 
But analysis could be employed also in geometry, 
though Euclid preferred to make his immortal work 
synthetic; it is therefore a departure from correct 
language to use the word analysis, as many do, as 
the antithesis of geometry; it is opposed, as already 
mentioned, to synthesis, and to that alone. 

“ Calculations of this nature require a very high analysis 
for their successful performance, such as is far beyond 
the scope and object of this work to attempt.”— Herschel; 
Astron., 5th ed. (1858), § 604. 

II. Chem.: The examination of bodies with the 
view of ascertaining of what substances they are 
composed, and in what proportion these substances 
are contained in them. The former is called quali¬ 
tative and the latter quantitative analysis. 

“ The following method may be adopted for this kind 
of quantitative analysis.” — Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. ii., p. 308. 

Chemical analysis is classified into Blowpipe, 
Qualitative, Gravimetrical, and Volumetric anal¬ 
ysis ; and the Proximate and the Ultimate analysis 
of organic bodies. 

1. Blowpipe analysis: The substances examined 
by the blowpipe are (1) heated alone on charcoal; 

(2) heated on a platinum wire with borax (q. v.); 

(3) with microcosmic salt, NaH.(NHj.)P 04 -(- 4 H 20 ; 

(4) with sodium carbonate; (5) on a piece of char¬ 
coal which has been moistened with a few drops of 
nitrate of cobalt; (6) fused with potassium nitrate. 
The reactions are given under the respective metals 
(q. v.). 

2. Qualitative analysis is employed to find out the 
composition and properties of any unknown sub¬ 
stance, and to separate different substances from 
each other. It is performed in the following man¬ 
ner : The substance is dissolved in distilled water ; 
if not soluble in water, then in hydrochloric acid or 


fate, fat, fare, Amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey =* a. qu = kw 



analyst 


179 


in aquaregia; if insoluble in these, it is fused with in an organic compound, each of these being re- 
soaium carbonate. 1 he commoner bases and acids moved and separated by different solvents, &c. 

b. By ultimate analysis ot an organic substance 
we determine the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, 

__ . . , , . . . . oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus con- 

Uoridej, or BbOl 2 (plumbic chloride). tained in it. Thus the amount of carbon and hy- 

(sulphuretted hydrogen gas) drogen is determined by burning a weighed quantity 

of the substance in a combustion tube along with 
oxide of copper, and collecting the water produced 
in a weighed U tube filled with chloride of calcium, 
v ~i and the carbonic acid gas in weighed bulbs filled 

(cadmium sulphide), As 2 S 3 orAs 2 S 5 (sulphides of with caustic potash. 

< 2 J±T 1C S i t> rown P re ~ III. Other sciences, Logic, Metaphysics, Philology , 

Citato i* sulphide). An orangepre- &c . : The separation of anything which becomes 

filter; booths filtrate to^xpel 6 ^ 0 - «— the object of scientific inquiry into its constituent 


Add hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate is 
either AgC l (argentic chloride), HgoC^ (mercurous 
chloride), or PbCl> (plumbic chloride). 

cuter; pass HiS (sulphuretted hydrogen gas) 
through the filtrate. A black precipitate is either 
PbS (plumbic, sulphide), CuS (cupric sulphide), 
Hgb (mercuric sulphide), or Bi 2 S 3 (sulphide of 
bismuth). A yellow precipitate is either CdS 


, -— expel HoS, add a few 

drops of nitric acid, and boil to oxidize the iron; 
then add chloride of ammonium and ammonia. A 
red precipitate is Fe 2 0 3 (ferric oxide). X bluish- 
green precipitate is Cr 2 0 3 (chromic oxide). A white 
precipitate is AI 2 O 3 (aluminic oxide), or phos¬ 
phates, borates, and oxalates. 

Filter; to the filtrate add sulphide of ammonium. 

A black precipitate is either CoS (sulphide of co¬ 
balt), or NiS (sulphide of nickel). X pink precipi¬ 
tate turning brown is MnS (sulphide of manganese). 

A white precipitate is ZnS (sulphide of zinc). 

Filter; to the filtrate add ammonium carbonate. 
l white precipitate is either BaC0 3 , SrC 03 , or 
CaCOa (carbonates of barium, strontium, or cal- centration. 
cium). P-1°®- 


anandrous 

effects obtainable between the polarizer and analyzer ot a 
polariscope.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., x. 274. 

an-q-ly z-ing, an a ly sing, pr. par. [Ana¬ 
lyze, Analyse, v.] 

*an-am’-ayl, v. t. [Enamel.] 

An'-a-mese, s. A native of Anam, a kingdom in 
Southeastern Asia. 

an-a-mlrt'-a, s. X genus of plants belonging to 
the order Menispermaceee, or Menispermads. The 
A. cocculus produces the seed called Cocculus Indi- 
cus, which is poisonous, but yields a fatty oil oa 
being crushed. (Lindley: Veg. Kingd., p. 309.) 

an-am-ne -sis, s. [Gr. anamnesis—recollection, 
from anamimnesko=to remind one of anything; ana 
=again, and mimneskb =to remind.] 

Rhet.: X figure calling to mind anything which 


elements; also the result thus obtained. 

. “ Analysis consists in making experiments and observa- . - — — « — 

tions, and in drawing general conclusions from them by has been forgotten, 
induction, and admitting of no objections but such as an-am-nest'-lc, a. & S. [Gr. anamnestikos= able 
are taken from experiments, or other certain truths.”— recall to mind.] 

Waw™, ' °P tlcs - 1 . As adj.: Pertaining to anamnesis; acting as a 


Newton 

“By anatomico-physiological analysis we separate the 
solids and fluids of the body into their various kinds, and 
classify and arrange them according to their characters 
and properties.”— Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., 
Introd., p. 34. 

“By prismatic analysis Sir William Herschel separated 
the luminous from the non-luminous rays of the sun, and 
to render the obscure rays visible by con- 
Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., viii. 6, 


remembrancer. 

2. As substantive: A medicine believed to restore 
the memory. 

an-am-ni-d'-ta, s. The group of vertebrates in 
which the fetus is without an amnion. 
an-?i-morph'-I§ni, s. [From Gr. anamorphosis = 


A white precipitate is either BaC0 3 , SrC 03 , or he also sought to render the obscure rays visible by con- forming anew.] In zoology: progression from 
r ’aC0 3 (carbonates of barium, strontium, or cal- centration.” Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., viii. 6 , lower type to a nigher one. 

Filter • divide the filtrate into two marts To one P “ • • • h will be seen that synthesis, or putting to- r 2' n- ^' m 0I‘ph-6 -sis, an-a-morph -0-sy, s. [In 

irt add Na,H.PCh (sodium phosphate).' A white gether, is the keynote of the ancient languages, as anal- to^in^anow^^a-aJakf 1 andXjr»ft£ 

recivitate is M s (X H <) P O ,4-fi H„n inHiontino- tbo v sts > or dissolving, is of the moderns.”— Beames: Compar. pnosis— a rorming anew. ana— again, an amorpno- 


Oram., Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i., p. 113. 

“ . . . this first step in the analysis of the object of 

belief.”— J. S. Mill: Logic, 2d ed. (1846), p. 24. 


part _ 

precipitate is Mg^EijPOi+flHjO", indicating the 
presence of magnesia. The other part is evapor¬ 
ated to dryness, heated strongly to drive off the 
ammoniacal salts, and if there is a residue it is 
tested for potash and soda. 

Ammoniacal salts are tested for in the original 
solution by adding caustic potash, which liberates 
ammonia, NH 3 , which is recognized by its smell, 
and by its turning red litmus paper blue. 

The sulphides _ of arsenic, antimony and tin are 
soluble in sulphide of ammonium, aud are re-pre¬ 
cipitated by HC 1 . 

The tests for the other rarer metals and acids, - - ~ - . 

and the confirmatory tests for the above, are given solving anything, ot whatever character, into its 
under their respective names (q. v.). constituent parts. (It is opposed to synthetical.) 

Acids may be tested for as follows: Carbonic, [Analytics.] 
hydrosulphuric, hydrocyanic acids are liberated by “If, however, Logic be divided into the Analytic 
Stronger acids with effervescence. Carbonic, ar- branch and the Synthetic, he [Bentham ] has left behind 
senious. arsenic, chromic, boracic. nhosDhoric. ox- bum traces of his labors m both departments. — 


senious, arsenic, chromic, boracic, phosphoric, ox¬ 
alic, hydrofluoric, and silicic acids give from a 
neutral solution a white precipitate, with BaCl 2 
(barium chloride), which dissolves in hydrochloric 
acid; but sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate 
insoluble in acids. 

Tartaric and citric acids are recognized by the 
precipitate charring when heated, and emitting 
fumes of peculiar odor. _ _ _^ 

Chloride of calcium, with phosphoric and boracic analysis. 


sis=(l) shaping, molding; (2) from morphoo— to 
Vve form to; morphe= form.] 

_ _____ r ._ Perspective: X projection of any object in such a 

an-a-ljfst, s. [In Fr. analyst e; Port, analyst a.] way, that if looked at from one point of view it will 
One who analyzes: one who practices or under- a PP 0ar deformed; while from another it is pro^- 
stands analysis erly proportioned. Sometimes the object is so pro- 

“I beg leave to repeat and insist that I consider the iected that to the naked eye it appears deformed, 
geometrical analyst as a logician, i. e., so far forth as he ^hile a mirror of a particular shape will at once 
reasons and argues.”— Berkeley : The Analyst , § 20. present it in its proper aspect. 

an-a-lyt -Ic, an-g,-l$ft'-i-cal, a. [In Fr. ana- an-amp'-sls, s. [Altered from Gr. anakampsis= 
lytique; Sp. & Ital. analitico; Port, analytico. a turning round or back .-return.] A genus of fishes 
From Gr. analytikos .] Pertaining to analysis; re- of the family Labndee (Wrasses). They are from 
■ • ■ • • • the Indian Ocean. 

H Cuvier, &c., spell this word anampses. 
an-a-na, an-a'-nas, an-a-nas'-sa, s. [In Dan., 
Ger., Fr., Sp., & Ital. ananas; Port, ananas or ana- 
naz. From manas, the Guiana name.] 

I. Ord. Lang. (Of the forms anana, ananas, and 
ananassa ). The pine-apple. 

1. The pine-apple. 

“ Witness, thou best andna, thou, the pride 
Of vegetable life, beyond whate’er 
The poets imag’d in the golden age.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 

2. A fruit of the same family—the Bromelia Pin- 
guin, called in the West Indies Penguin; but, of 
course, not to be confounded with the well-known 
bird of the same name. 

II. Technically. (Of the form ananassa only.) 
Botany: X genus of Bromeliaceee (Bromel-worts), 


Bowring; 

Bentham’s Works, vol. i., p. 8L 
an-a-lyt'-l-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. analytical; -ly.) 
In an analytical manner. 

“ If this were analytically and carefully done ...” 
— Boyle: Works, vol. ii., p. 186. 

an-a-lyt-Ics, *an-a-l^t'Ack, s. [From Eng. 
analytic (q. v.). In Ger. analytik; Fr. analytique .] 
■ 3 : The department of logic which treats of 


Logic: 


acids, gives a white precipitate, which is soluble in The form analytick is in Glossogr. Nova. 
acetic acid; also with oxalic and hydrofluoric “Toward the composition and structure of which form 

acids, a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid, it is incident to handle the parts thereof which are propo- _ _ „ ..... 

Nitrate of silver (AgN0 3 ) gives a black precipitate sitions, and the parts of propositions which are simple to whiefi the pine-apple',^ ^A. saiiva, belongs? [PlNE- 
with hydrosulphuric acid; a yellow precipitate with words, and this or that part of logic which is compre- apple.] 

—and sllimo nc.id : n red nre- hended in th e, analytics.”—Bacon. an-an-Chf '-te§, S. [From Gr. a, priv. ; angcho- 

to press tight, to strangle. “ Notpressed.” (Owen.)) 
X genus of Echinoderms occurring in Cretaceous 
strata. 

an-an -dri-a, s. [See Anandrous.] A genus ot 


arsenious, phosphoric, and silicic acid; a red pre- hended in the analytics .” Bacon, 
cipitate with chromic and arsenic acid, and a white an-a-lyz -?.-ble, a. [Eng. analyze; -able.) Capa- 
precipitate with boracic and_oxalic acids. All these ble of being analyzed. 

precipitates are soluble in nitric acid. .... . "... the mental processes into which they enter are 

Nitrate of silver (AgNOs) gives a precipitate in- more readily analyzable.”—Herbert Spencer: Psychol., 
soluble in nitric acid with hydrochloric, hydro- 2d ed., vol. ii., p. 85, § 287. 


with 


cyanic, hydrobromic, and hydriodic acids. 

Ferric chloride (FegCls) gives a red color 
acetic acid and sulphocyanic acid; a black precipi¬ 
tate with gallic and tannic acids; a blue precipitate 
with ferrocyanides. . , 

Nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and chloric acid (IICIO 3 ) are 


an-9,-lyz'-g,-ble-ness, s. [Eng. analyze; -able; 
-ness.) The condition of being analyzable. 

an-a-lyz-a-tion, s. [Eng. analyze; -ation.) 
The act of analyzing. 

~. 5/ _ , - an-g,-ly'ze, an-g,-ly §e, v. t. [In S w.analysera; 

not precipitated by any reagent. Their salts defla- Dan. analysere; Ger. analysiren; Fr. analyser; 
grate on ignited charcoal. . Port, andlysar.) [Analysis.] To resolve any- 

For confirmatory tests for acids, see under their thing, of wnatever character, into its constituent 
respective names. _ ... elements. 

3. Gravimetrical analysis, or quantitative anal- “ , . . if we analyze language, that is to say, if we 
ysis by weight, is the method of separating out of a trace words back to their most primitive elements, we 
weighed quantity of a compound its constituents, arrive not at letters, but at roots.” — Max Muller: Sci. of 
either in a pure state or in the form of some new Lang., 6th ed., vol. ii. (1871), p. 80. 

substance of known composition, and accurately *an-a-ly ze, s. [Gr. analysis.) Analysis. [An- 
weighing the products; from the results of these alysis.] 

operations the percentage of the constituents con- “The analyze of it [a little tractate] may be spared, 
tained in the substance can be determined. since it is in many hands.”— Hacket: Life of Archbp. 

4 Volumetrical analysis, or quantitative analysis Williams, vol. ii., p. 104. (Trench: On Some Def. in our 
by measure, determines the amount of the constitu- Eng. Dict.,y. 14.) ^ _ 

ents contained in a given solution by— analy zed, an-&-ly §ed, pa. par. [Analyze, 

(a) Neutralization of a measured quantity ot the Analyse, v.) 
liquid by a certain volume of a standard solution of an-a-lyz -er, an-g,-ly'§-er, s. [Eng. analyze or 


plants belonging to the order Asterace® (Com¬ 
posites). The A. discoidea has mucilaginous and 
other leaves. 

an-an -drous, a. [Gr. anandros= without a hus¬ 
band ; aner, genit. andros = a man, . ^ . a 
husband.] 

Bot.; Pertaining to a flower which is destitute of 


acid or alkali. „ * 

(b) By the quantity of a standard solution of an 
oxidizing or reducing agent required to oxidize or 
reduce a measured quantity of the liquid to be 

tostfid* • • • 

(c) By observing whan no further precipitation 
takes place on adding the standard solution ot the 
reagent to a known volume of the liquid to be 

6 . By proximate analysis we _ determine _ the 
amount of sugar, fat, resin, alkaloid, &c., contained 

boil, boy; pout, j< 5 wl; cat, 

-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, 


analyse f ~er* J 

1. Gen.: One who or that which analyzes. 

“ Particular reasons incline me to doubt whether the 
fire be the true and universal analyzer of mixt bodies.”— 
Boyle. 

2. Optics: The name given to a crystal mirror or 
other instrument used to exhibit the fact of light 
having undergone polarization. 

“ Our Incipient blue cloud is a virtual Nicol’s prism, 
end between it and the real prism we can produce all the 



Anandrous Flowers. 

L Mulberry. 2. Common Birch. 3. Bulrush. 

4. Hop. 5. Bottle Sedge. 

stamens; as are the females of all monoecious and 
dioecious plants; for example, the willows. 


9ell, chorus, 
-sion = shun; 


§hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = L 
-sions = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b®I, del. 







anastomose 


ananger 


180 


*^in-ang er, v. t [Anger.] To anger, to in¬ 
cense. 

“ . . . and when the emperoure herde this, he was 
greatly amoued and sore anangered.’’—Virgilius (ed. 
Thom). 

an-aiig -R-lar, a. [Gr. an, priv., and Eng. angu¬ 
lar (q. v.).] Not angular. 

*An-an -tre§, conj. [Enauntee.] 
an'-a-psest, an'&pest, s. [In Ger. anapast; Fr. 
anapeste; Sp. & Port, anapesto; Lat. anapcestus. 
From Gr. anapaistos, as substantive=anap»st; as 
adj.=struck back; anapaio = to strike again or 
back; ana= again; paio=to strike.] 

Prosody: A foot consisting of three syllables: the 
first two short, and the third long. It may, from 
one point of view, be considered the reverse of a 
dactyl, which has the first syllable long, and the 
second and third short. In Latin, Helence is an 
anapaest. In English it is difficult to find single 
words, each constituting an anapaest; the tendency 
in our language being to pronounce trisyllables as 
dactyls. Overflow and various other words begin¬ 
ning with over may be made anapaests; thus 
o I ver | flow, 6 | ver | reach, though they might also 
be made amphimacers, o \ ver J flow, 6 | ver | reach. 
The following is an anapaestic line: 

To your homes \ cried the lea \ der of Is | ra-el's 
host. 

“ An anapest is all their music’s song, 

Whose first two feet are short, and third is long.” 

Sir J. Davies: Orchestra, st. 70. 
an-a-pies -tic, 1an-a-pes'-tie, *an-a-pes-tick, 
a. & s. [In Fr. anapestique; Lat. anapaestic us; Gr. 
a/nap aist ikos. ] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to an anapaest. 
Anapaestic verse: A verse consisting mainly of 

anapaests. [Anapajst.] 

“ . . . our common burlesque Alexandrine or ana- 
pestic verse .”—Percy on the Met. of P. Plowman’s Visions. 

2. As substantive: An anapaestic line or verse. 

“. . . several seeming examples, where an anapes- 

tio is terminated with a trochee, or a tribrachys, or a 
cretic.”— Bentley: Phal. III. 

an-a-passt'-i-cal, fan-a-pes'-tic-al, a. [Eng. 
anapaestic, anape&tic, -ai.\ The same as Anapes- 
tic, adj. 

an-g,-paest'-i-cg,l-ly, fan-a-pest -1-cg.l-ly, adv. 
[Eng. anapcestical, anapestical; -ly.] After the 
manner of an anapaest, or an anaptestic verse. 
(Christian Observer.) 

an-aph or-a, s. [In Ger. anapher; Fr. anaphore; 
Port. & Lat. anaphora. From_ Gr. anaphora-a 
bringing up, a raising; _anaphero=to bring or carry 
up; ana=up, and phero—to carry.] 

Rhetoric: The commencement of successive sen¬ 
tences or of successive verses with the same word 
or words, as— 

Where is the ivise? Where is the scribe? 

Where is the disputer of this world? 
an-apll-rod -I§-i-a, s. [Gr . anaphrodisia: an, 
priv., and aphrodisia, neut. pi. of aphrodisios= 
belonging to venery; Aphrodite=No nus.] Sexual 
impotence. 

an-aph ro-di§ -i-ac, s. [Eng. anaphrodisi(a); 
-dc.] 

Pharm.: A medicine intended to diminish sexual 
feeling. Garrod divides remedies of this kind into 
direct and indirect: the former acting as sedatives 
on the spinal cord; the latter lowering the tone of 
the general system. 

an'-a-plas-ty, s. [Gr. anaplastos = that may be 
formed again. ] 

Sura.: Tissue-grafting, or reparation of super¬ 
ficial lesions by t ransplanting healthy living tissue 
to the ruptured parts, as a portion of skin to a de¬ 
nuded surface. Also called skin-grafting. [GRAFT¬ 
ING, 4 Surg.] 

an-a pler ot -ic, *an-a-pler-6t-ick, a. & s. 
[Lat. anapleroticus; Gr. anaplerosis=a tilling up ; 
anaplcrob— to fill up: a»a=up, and pteroo=to fill; 
pferes=full.] 

1. As adjective: Which fills up; especially used 
of “ filling up ” flesh in an emaciated body. 

“ Anaplerotic medicines are such as fill up ulcers with 
flesh .”—Glossographia Nova. 

2. As substantive: A medicine fitted to “ fill up ” 
flesh in an emaciated body. 

an-ap-o-phys’-Is, s. [Gr. an, priv.=not, and 
npophysis= (1) an offshoot; (2) Anat.. the process of 
a bone; the prominence to which a tendon is 
attached.] 

Anat.: A process connected with the neural arch, 
which projects more or less backward, and is gen¬ 
erally rather slender or styliform. 

an'-arch, s. [Gr. anarchos , adj.=without head or 
•hief.] One who is the author of anarchy. One 
who plots or effects the overthrow of legitimate 
government. 

*u-arch -ic, *an-arch'-ic]£, an-arch -i-cal, a. 

' hug. anarch, -ic; anarchic, -al. In Fr. anarchique; 


Sp. anarquico; Port, anarchico, anarquico; Ital. 
anarchico .] Pertaining to anarchy, tending to sub¬ 
vert legitimate government, 
an'-arch i§m, s. [Eng. anarch; -ism.'] Anarchy. 

an -arch-lst, s. [As if from Gr. anarchistes.] One 
who aims at or succeeds in producing anarchy. 

The principal tenet of modern anarchists is that 
“everything is everybody's.” They hold that the 
entire wealth of the community exists for each in¬ 
dividual. to take from it what he requires. With this 
doctrine of the right of free appropriation, is com¬ 
bined a hatred of the propertied classes. They 
hope to accomplish a social revolution by means of 
dynamite bombs, which they dignify by the name of 
“scientific warfare.” The number and frequency of 
outrages by anarchists upon life and property have 
led several of the European governments to adopt 
severe repressive measures. [Socialism (2).] 
Selections made by Judge Joseph E. Gary, the 
trial judge in the famous anarchist case in Chicago, 
from the record of the appeal of the anarchist, 
Spies vs. the People, 122d Illinois Reports, I. 


“Before you lies this blissful Eden. The road to it 
leads over the smoking ruins of the old world. Your pass¬ 
port to it is that banner which calls to you in flaming let¬ 
ters the word ‘Anarchy.’ ”—From the Arbeiter-Zeitung, a 
paper edited by Spies and Schwab, May 7, 1885. 


“One man armed with a dynamite bomb is equal to one 
regiment of militia, when it is used at the right time and 
place. Anarchists are of the opinion that the bayonet and 
gatling gun will cut but a sorry figure in the social revolu¬ 
tion. The whole method of warfare has been revolutionized 
by latter-day discoveries of science, and the American peo¬ 
ple will avail themselves of its advantages in the conflict of 
upstarts and contemptible braggarts who expect to con¬ 
tinue their rascality under the plea of preserving law an l 
order .”—From the Alarm, a paper edited by Albert R. 
Parsons, October 18, 1884. 


an-g,r-cMs -tIc, a. [Eng. anarchist; -ic.] Per¬ 
taining to, or having the characteristics of, anarchy. 

an'-ar-chize, v. t. [Eng. o narch(y); - ize .] To re¬ 
duce to a state of anarchy. 

an-arch-y, e. [Eng. anarch, -y; Sw. & Dan. 
anarki; Ger. & Fr. anarchie; Sp. anarquia,; Port. 
anarchia, anarquia; Ital. anarchia. From Gr. 
anarchia, «7(«rc/w>,s=without a_head or chief: an, 
priv., and archos= leader; arche =a sovereignty.] 
Lit.: Absence of government, and consequent dis¬ 
order, as when “ there was no king in Israel, but 
every man did that which was right in his own 
eyes ” (Judges xvii. 6). 

2. Poet.: Disorder in nature. 


a nar'-cS-tln, an-ar -co-tine, s. Gr. a, priv., 
and narcotikos— narcotic.] Narcotine, so named 
from its lack of narcotic power. 


an-ar-e-ta, s. [Gr. anairetes= destroyer.] 
Astrol.: the planet that determines the time of 
death in a nativity. 

an-a-rhyh-chus, s. [Gr. ana— np, and ryngchos 
—a beak, a bill.] A genus of plovers found in New 
Zealand. There is but one species, A frontalis. It 
differs from the ordinary plover only in its bill, 
which is bent sidewise and upwards. 


an-ar-na~$I -nse, s. [Eng .anarnacus; -ince.] A 
sub-family of the Ziphiinoe , containing the species 
included in the genus Hyperoddon (q. v.). 

an-ar -na-cus, s. [Eskimo anarnak —the bottle- 
nose whale.] A genns of ziphioid cetaceans; the 
same as HyperoOdon (q. v.). 


an-ar-rhe'-a, s. [Gr. ana—up, and rheo=to 
flow.] Pathol.: Afflux to an upper part, as blood 
to the head. 


an-ar-rhex'-ls, s. [Gr. anarrhexis=a breaking 
np.] Surg.: 

1. The refractnre of a bone. 

2. The breaking out again of a checked hemor¬ 
rhage. 

an-ar-rich-as, s. [Gr. anarrhichaomai = to 
scramble up.] A genus of fishes of the order 
Acanthopterygii, and family Gobiodse. It contains 
the A. lupus, found in Europe and in North America, 
distinguished by the possession of large teeth and 
very powerful jaws, called in America, Cat-fish, Sea- 
wolf, Stone-biter, and Swine-fish; in England, the 
Wolf-fish; in Scotland, the Sea-wolf or Sea-cat; and 
in the Orkneys, the Swine-fish. 


an-ar -thri-a, s. [Gr. an, priv., and arthron =a 
joint.] 

1 . Without joints; anarthrous. 

2. Partial loss of the power of articulation. 
[Alalia.] 

an-arth. -rous, a. [Gr. anarthros = without 
joints: an, priv., arihron—a joint, . . . the ar¬ 
ticle; ararisko =to join.] It is the reduplicated 
form of aro, which occurs only as a root. 

1. Entom.: Without joints. 

2. Grammar: Without the article. 

a'-nas, s. [Lat. anas, genit. andtis =a duck.] 
The typical genus of the Anatidae, a family of wad¬ 
ing birdsj and of theAnatin8e,one of its sub-families. 
It contains the most characteristic of the ducks. 


an-St-sar’-Ca, s. [In Fr. anasarque; Tort, ana¬ 
sarca; Gr. ana= up, and sarx, genit. sarkos=flesh.I 

Med.: A disease characterized by a dropsical 
effusion of serum into the cellular tissue. It may 
be acute or chronic, local or general. The dropsical 
effusion which often appears in children after 
scarlatina, and that which after heart disease in 
old age creeps up from the lower limbs till it 
terminates life, with other dropsical effusions, are 
all ranked under anasarca. Anasarca may either 
generally or locally attend upon organic disease of 
any part of the body. 

“. . . that dropsical effusion which is commonly 
called Anasarca."—-Todd <& Bowman: Phys. Anat., i. 63. 

an-a-sar'-cous, a. [£n g. anasarca; -ous.] Per¬ 
taining to anasarca. 

an-a-sei§ -mic, a. [Gr. ana= up, and seismos = 
an earthquake.] Moving upward: said of an. 
earthquake. 

fan-a-stal -tlc, a. [Gr. anastaliikos=H tted for 
checking; anastell/>= (1) to send or raise up; (2) to 
drawback, to restrain; ana— again, and stellb—ta 
set in order, to send.] 

Old Med.: Astringent. 

an-as -ta-sis, s. [Gr. anastasis=(l) a making to 
stand up, (2) a removal, (3) a or the resurrection; 
anistemi=to make to stand up, to raise from sleep 
or from death ; ana= up or again ; and histemi=to 
cause to stand, to raise.] 

*1. Old Med.: Hippocrates used the word in vari¬ 
ous senses, as for (a) a migration of humors, and 
(6) a rising up or recovery from sickness. 

2. Theol.: The resurrection. In the Greek of 
Matt. xxii. 28 and many other parts of the New 
Testament. Anastasis was the title chosen for 
works on the Resurrection of Christ from the dead, 
by many writers of the seventeenth century. 

an-a-stat'-lc, a. [Gr. anastatos.] Pertaining to 
the raising up of any person or thing. 

anastatic printing, s. A method of zincography 
invented by Wood in 1841, designed to reproduce 
drawings, engravings, printed matter, &c., whether 
recent or old. If, for instance, it be sought to ob¬ 
tain the facsimile of an old newspaper, the paper 
is first wetted with dilute phosphoric acid, and 
then placed between sheets of blotting paper to 
remove the superfluous moisture. It is then found 
that the acid has corroded the blanks, but has not 
affected the printed letters. The sneet is next 
placed in contact with a plate, and pressure 
applied, which makes a facsimile of the letters in 
reverse order on the plate. Gum is next applied, 
and more ink, then a little acid, and finally again 
ink, when the printing stands out as clear and dis¬ 
tinct as in the original. 

an-a-stat-i-ca, s. [Gr. anastatos= made to 
stand up; from anastasis (q. v.).] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Brassicaceee, or Crucifers. 
The A.hierochientina is the celebrated “Rose of 
Jericho.” It is au annual, inhabiting the Egyptian 
desert. It is so highly hygrometric that when fully 
developed it contracts its rigid branches so as to 
constitute a ball. Exposed then to the action of 
the wind, it is driven hither and thither. If, how¬ 
ever, it be brought in contact with water, the ball- 
form vanishes, and the branches again acquire 
their natural expansion. Superstitious tales about 
this so-called rose are afloat in the East. It is said 
to have first bloomed on Christmas Eve, and con¬ 
tinued in flower until Easter; at its birth heralding 
the advent of the Redeemer, and immediately 
before its departure honoring His resurrection. 
Plants of this kind are sold in the florists’ stores in 
America about Easter time. They appear to be 
dead, but placed in water they revive. They are 
sold as “ Resurrection plants.” 

an-a-stom-at'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. ana=through, 

and sfoma=the mouth.] 

1. As adjective: Having the quality of opening 
vessels, or of removing obstructions. 

2. As substantive: A medicine having the quality 
of opening the mouths of the vessels of the body 
and removing obstructions. Examples: deobstra- 
ents, cathartics, and sudorifics. 

an-a-stom-6 §e, fan-gL-stom-I ze, v. i. [In 
French anastomoser; Port, anastomosarse. From 
Gr. anastomoo= to furnish with a mouth: ana— 
throughout, and stomob=to stop the mouth of; 
stoma=mouth. ] 

Nat. Science: To blend together mouth to mouth. 
(Used of vessels or cells which, retaining their dis¬ 
tinction throughout a great part of their extent, 
still either really or apparently blend together at 
their mouths; to inosculate.) 

“Anastomosing (anastomozans): the ramifications of 
anything which are united at the points where they come 
in contact are said to anastomose. The term is confined 
to veins.”— Lindley: Introd. to Bot., p. 466. 

“ The capillaries are very fine, their moshcs large, and 
they anastomose throughout.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. ii. (1856), p. 274. 


tate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, wdrk, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ' qu = kw. 




anastomosing 


181 


anatomy 


an-g,-stom-6§'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Anasto¬ 
mose.] 

“• • • the branching or anastomosing character of 
its fibrillas.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 74. 

“. . . the length of the transverse anastomosing 
capillaries.”— Ibid., vol. i., p. 166. 

an-g,-stom-o -sis, tan-g,-stom-6'-§y, s. [In Fr 
& Port, anastomose; Gr. anastomosis= an opening, 
an outlet, a discharge.] [Anastomose.] 

1. A uniting by the mouths of vessels distinct 
during the greater part of their course. (Used 
especially of the veins and arteries in the human 
or animal body, and of the veins in plants.) 

” One of the most simple of these anastomoses is found 
in the union of two arteries, originating from different 
tranks to form one.”— Todd dt Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. ii., p. 323. 

2. More loosely: To appear to unite without 
actually doing so. 

“ The anastomosis of nerves thus formed differs from the 
more correctly named anastomisis of blood-vessels; for in 
the latter case the canals of the anastomosing vessels 
communicate, and their contents are mingled; but in the 
former the nerve-tubes simply lie in juxtaposition, with¬ 
out any coalescence of their walls, or any admixture of 
the material contained within them.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., voL ii., p. 218. 

an-a-stom-ot -ic, a. & s. [Gr. anastomot ikos— 
fit for opening.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to anastomosis. 

“An anastomotic branch.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 

Anat., vol. ii., p. 116. 

2. As substantive. Old Med.: A medicine designed 
to open the mouths of the extreme blood-vessels. 

an-as'-troph-e, an as'-troph-y, s. [In Ger., 
Fr., & Sp. anastrophe. From Gr. anastrophe=a 
turning back or wheeling round; anastrepho=to 
turn upside down, to turn back: awa=back, and 
strepho=to twist, to turn.] 

Bhet. & Oram..: A figure by which the natural 
order of the words in a sentence or in a clause is 
reversed. 

an-g,-ta§e, s. [Gr. anatasis— extension; anateinO 
=to stretch up: ana=up, and te mb=to stretch. 
Named tmafas£s=extension, from the length of its 
crystals as compared with their breadth; they are, 
however, minute in size.] A mineral, called also 
Octahedrite (q. v.). 

g,n-ath'-em-a, fan -g,-theme, *an'-ath-em, s. 

fin Ger. anathem; Sp. & Ital. anatema; Port. & 
Lat. anathema. In Greek there were two similar 
words, one anathema , and the other anathema. 
Both in Latin became anathema. In Greek the 
first signified a votive offering set up in a temple 
to be preserved; the second, ultimately at least, a 
similar offering devoted to destruction. It is from 
the latter that the English word anathema comes. 
Both are from anatithemi— to lay upon, to set up as 
a votive gift; ana— up, and tithemi— to put, to 
place.] 

I. In the New Testament: 

1. The act of pronouncing “ accursed,” the solemn 
giving over of a person to God for utter destruction, 
corresponding to what is called in Hebrew chherem, 
or chherem, 1 Kings xx. 42. (See Trench’s Synonyms 
of the New Testament, pp. 17-22.) 

2. The object of such a curse. 

“If any man ]ove not the Lard. Jesus Christ, let him be 
Anathema.”- 1 Cor. xvi. 22. 

II. Church History: 

1. Excommunication and denunciation by a pope, 
a council, or a bishop, of a real or reputed offender. 
This was called th e judiciary anathema. 

“Her bare anathemas fall but like so many bruta ful- 
mina upon the schismatical.”— South: Sermons. 

“ . , . the Apostle, who hath denounced an anatheme 

to him, . . . ”— Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist (1616), 
p. 5. 

“Your holy father of Rome hath smitten with his 
thunderbolt of excommunications and anathemes, at one 
time or other, most of the orthodox churches of the 
world.”— Ibid., p. 129. 

2. The abjuratory anathema pronounced by a con¬ 
vert in renouncing his “ errors or heresies. 

an-ath em-at -l-cal, a. [Gr. anathematikos.] 
Relating to an anathema ; containing an anathema. 

an-ath-em-at'-I-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. anathemat- 
ical;-ly.~\ In an anathematical manner. {Johnson.) 

9 ,n-ath -em- 9 .t-i§m, s. [In Port, anathemat- 
ismo; Gr. anathematismos.) An excommunication, 
a cursing. 

“ Sundry civil effects—excommunication and anathemat- 
ism by law do work.”—Dr. looker: Of the Fabrique of the 
Church (1604). 

9 ,n ath em-at-I-za -tion, s. [In Fr. anathemati- 
sation; Port, anathematizagao.') The act of anathe¬ 
matizing, an excommunication, an accursing. 

* Anathematization, excommunication, and accursing 
are synonymous.”— Oompend. of the Laws oj the Church of 
Scotland (1830), xxxv. _ 


g,n-ath-gm-g.t-Ize, v.t. [In Fr. anathematiser; 
Sp. anatematizar; Port, anathematisar; Italawaf- 
emizzare; Lat. anathematizo; Gr. anathematizo .] 

1. Lit.: To excommunicate, to accurse, to put 
under a ban. 

“ The pope once every year (on Maunday Thursday) 
excommunicates and anathematizes all heretics.”— Bp. 
Barlow: Remains, p. 220. 

2. Fig.: Publicly to denounce. 

“ That venality was denounced on the hustings, anath¬ 
ematized from the pulpit, and burlesqued ou the stage.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

an-ath'-fun-^t-Ized, pa. par. & a. [Anathe¬ 
matize.] 

an ath-em at-I'z-er, s. [Eng. anathematize; 
-er.] One who excommunicates, curses, or de¬ 
nounces. 

“How many famous churches have been most unjustly 
thunderstruck with direful censures of excommunica¬ 
tions, upon pretense of this crime, which have been less 
guilty than their anathematizersl ”— Bp. Hail: Cases of 
Conscience. 

an-ath-em-at-rz-mg, pr. par. [Anathemat¬ 
ize.] 

tan'-a-theme, s. [Anathema.] 

an-ath -er-um, s. [Gr. an=without, and. ather 
=the beard or spike of an ear of com ; awn. Awn¬ 
less.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Graminace®, or Grasses. The A. muricatum is said 



Anatherum Nardus: Root, Stem, and Flower. 

(One-sixth natural size.) 

to be acrid, aromatic, stimulating, and diaphoretic; 
while the A. nardus possesses similar qualities to 
such an extent that it is called the Gingergrass. 

g,n-at'-i-d8e, s. [From Lat. anas=the Luck 
genus.] A family of birds, the last of the Natato¬ 
rial, or Swimming order. They have a flattened bill 
covered with a soft skin, and furnished at the edges 
with a series of lamellae, with which they sift the 
mud in which they seek their food. The family con¬ 
tains geese and swans as well as ducks, and has 
been divided into the following sub-families: Ana- 
tin® (True Ducks); Fulegulin® (Pochards); Mer- 
gin® (Mergansers); Cygnin® (Swans) ; Anseriure 
(Geese); and Phenicopterin® (Flamingoes), the 
last-named sub-family connecting the family Anat- 
id® and the order Natatores, or Swimming, with 
the Grallatores, or Wading Birds. 

an-at-If'-er-OUS, a.. [In Fr. anatif, anatif ire; 
Port, anatifero; Lat. anas=a duck, and fero= to 
bear.] Producing ducks. 

“If there be anatiferous trees whose corruption breaks 
forth into branches, yet if they corrupt they degenerate 
into maggots, which produce not them again.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

an-g,-ti -nse, s. [Lat. anatinus= pertaining to a 
duck.] The typical sub-family of the Anatid®. 
[Anas, Anatid a:.] 

tg.n-at -6-$i§m, s. [In Fr. anatocisme; Sp. anat- 
ocismo ; Lat. anatocismus; Gr. anatokismos—-com¬ 
pound interest: ana= again, and tokos= (1) a bring¬ 
ing forth, (2) offspring, (3) interest of money; tikto 
= to bring forth.] Compound interest. (Glossogr. 
Nov.) 

fan-a-tom'-ic, an-atom-I-cal, a. [Fr. ana- 
tomique; Sp., Port., & Ital. anatomico= anatomical; 
Lat. anatomicos= an anatomist; Gr. anatomikos— 
skilled in anatomy.] Relating or pertaining to an¬ 
atomy. [Anatomy.] 

1. Spec.: Used for the purpose of anatomy. 

“ An anatomical knife.”— Watts: Logic. 

2. Proceeding on the principles of anatomy; as 
exhibited by anatomy. 

. . the various tissues, the anatomical character of 

which will be discussed in subsequent pages .’’—Todd & 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 46. 

“. , . the anatomical evidence by which they may be 

supported.”— Ibid., vol. ii., p. 47. 


bdil boy- pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


3. Separated into minute portions, as if by the 
knife of an anatomist. 

“ The continuation of solidity is apt to be confounded 
with, and, if we look into the minute anatomical parts of 
matter, is little different from, hardness.”— Locke. 

an-a-tom -i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. anatomical; -ly.~\ 
In an anatomical manner; on the recognized prin¬ 
ciples of anatomy ; in the way required by anatomy; 
by anatomical research. 

“ The presence of nerves, and their mode of sub-division, 
have not as yet been satisfactorily demonstrated anatomi¬ 
cally ."— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 70. 

. . it ceases to be anatomically recognizable.”— 
Ibid., vol. i., p. 168. 

an-at'-om-lst, s. [In Sw. anatomist; Fr. anat- 
omiste; Sp., Port.,& Ital. anatomista .] 

1. Lit.: One who dissects the bodies of men or 
animals to ascertain their internal organization. 
One who dissects plants with a similar object in 
view is never simply called an anatomist; he is de¬ 
nominated a vegetable anatomist. Adjectives are 
prefixed to the noun to indicate the departments of 
animal anatomy which the cultivator of the science 
specially studies; as— 

Comparative anatomist: One versed in com¬ 
parative anatomy. 

“ Pursuing the comparison through the complexities of 
the bony framework, the comparative anatomist would 
first glance at the more obvious characters.”— Owen: 
Classific. of the Mammalia, pp. 77, 78. 

Morbid anatomist: One whose special department 
of the science is morbid anatomy. [Anatomy.] 

“. . . the researches of the morbid anatomist — 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 316. 

IT The chief names in antiquity which have come 
down to our time as anatomists are those of the 
second Hippocrates, who was born B. C. 460, and 
died about 377 ; Aristotle, who made his chief ana¬ 
tomical investigations between B. C. 334 and 327; 
Herophilus and Erasistratus of Alexandria, in the 
third century B. C. (?); Celsus, A. D. 3 to 5 (?) and 
the most illustrious, in this respect, of all, Galen of 
Pergamus, who was born in A. D. 131, and died about 
the beginning of the third century. In modern 
times the revival of anatomical study began in 
Italy, and quite a crowd of illustrious inquirers 
flourished in that country before much was done in 
this department of science in the other parts of 
Europe. The first was Mondini of Bologna, who 
flourished about A. D. 1315. Of the rest may be 
mentioned Eustachi, about 1495 or 1500, after whom 
a tube in the ear is called, and a valvular membrane 
in the heart. [Eustachian.]; Fallopio, or Fal¬ 
lopius, who was born about 1523, and died in 1562, 
and who gave a name to the Fallopian tubes of the 
uterus; Cwsalpini, after whom the C®salpinia 
genus of plants is called; and finally, Malpighi, 
born in 1628, and died 1694, after whom the Malpighia 
genus of plants and a gland are named. Of the 
early English anatomists, the most illustrious was 
Harvey, who was bom in 1578, published his im¬ 
mortal work, in which the circulation of the blood 
is intimated, in 1628, and died in 1657. The later 
anatomists who have rendered good service to the 
science are too numerous.to be mentioned here. 

2. Fig.: One who examines the internal structure 
of anything; one who keenly dissects anything sub¬ 
mitted to his scrutiny. 

an-a-tom-I-za’-tion, s. [Eng. anatomize; 
-ation .] Anatomy. 

an at om i ze, v. t. [In Sw. anatomisera; Fr. 
anatomiser; Sp. & Port, anatomisar; Ital. anat- 

omizzare .] 

1. Lit.: To dissect an animal with the view of 
ascertaining its internal structure. Similarly, to 
dissect a plant. 

“ Our industry must even anatomize every particle of 
that body which we are to uphold.”— Hooker. 

2. Mentally to dissect or separate into minute 
portions, with the view of thoroughly understand¬ 
ing it, any object presented to the senses, or any 
idea suggested to the mind. 

“. . . his psychological dissection went no farther 
than the extremities of the subject he had laid out for an¬ 
atomizing." — Bowring: Bentham’s Works (1843), vol. i., 

p. 11. 

“I think it will be most useful to begin, as it were, by 
dissecting the dead body of language, by anatomizing itB 
phonetic structure . . .”— Max Muller : Science of Lang. 
(6th ed.), vol. ii. (1877), p. 80. 
g.n-at-6m-i'zed, pa.par. [Anatomize.] 
an-at-om-I'z-ing, pr. par. [Anatomize.] 
an-at'-om-y, *an-at -6m-Ie, s. [In Sw. & Dam 
anatomi; Ger. & Fr. anatomic; Sp. & Ital. anat- 
omia; Latin anatomia, _ anatomica, anatomice. 
From Gr. anatome— a cutting up, a dissection; an- 
atemno =to cut up: a?ia=up, and temno— to cut.] 
A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act or process of dissecting the body of a 
man or an animal, with the view of ascertaining 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d§L 









anchor 


anatreptic 


182 


its internal organization, its development, and the 
changes which its structures undergo in disease. 
The act or process of similarly treating a plant. 
(In this first sense anatomy is an art.) 

2. The knowledge of the internal structure of hu¬ 
man or animal bodies, or of plants, acquired by 
such dissections. (In tins second sense anatomy is 
a science.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A skeleton. 

“ Oh that my tongue were in the thunder’s mouth. 
Then with a passion I would shake the world, 

And rouse from sleep that fell anatomy 
Which cannot hear a feeble lady’s voice.” 

Shakesp.: K. John, iii. 4. 

2. The body. 

“ . . . Oh, tell me, friar, tell me, 

In what vile part of this anatomy 

Doth my name lodge ? tell me, that I may sack 

The hateful mansion.” 

Shakesp. : Borneo and Juliet, iii. 3. 

3. In ridicule: A thin, meager-looking person. 
“They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-faced villain, 

A mere anatomy, a mountebank, 

A threadbare juggler, and a fortune-teller, 

A needy, hollow ey’d sharp-looking wretch, 

A living dead man.”— Shakesp.: Com. of Errors, v. 1. 

4. Such elaborate division and subdivision of 
anything as remind one of dissections by an an¬ 
atomist. 

“It iB therefore in the anatomy of the mind as in that 
of the body; more good will accrue to mankind by at¬ 
tending to the large, open, and perceptible parts, than by 
studying too much such finer nerves and vessels as will 
forever escape our observation.”— Pope, 

B. Technically: 

I. Science: The knowledge of the structure of or¬ 
ganized bodies obtained by their dissection. (See 
A., 1.1, 2.) It is naturally divided into (1) Animal 
Anatomy, generally called by way of eminence sim¬ 
ply Anatomy, and (2) Vegetable Anatomy. 

1. Animal Anatomy: To this the name of Zoot¬ 
omy is sometimes applied. It is naturally subdi¬ 
vided into (a) Human and ( b ) Comparative Anat¬ 
omy. 

(a) Human Anatomy, or the anatomy of the hu¬ 
man subject. It is sometimes called Anthropotomy 
(q. v.). The prejudice against allowing the body 
of a relative, or even a corpse of any kind, to be 
dissected, long retarded the progress of this highly 
important and useful department of human knowl¬ 
edge, the ancients, and many moderns, too, being 

i obliged to limit their dissections to the dead bodies 
\ of the lower animals, drawing analogies thence to 
the human frame instead of directly studying the 
corpses of mankind. Happily this difficulty has 
now been in a large measure overcome in all civil¬ 
ized countries. Human anatomy is generally di¬ 
vided into three subdivisions, Descriptive, General, 
and Pathological or Morbid Anatomy. The first 
investigates the various organs of the human body 
as they are in health, and the third as they are in 
' disease; while the second inquires into the tissues, 
structures, or characteristics which are common to 
several organs. Sometimes Descriptive Anatomy, 
as distinguished from that which is General, is 
called Particular or Special. Sometimes, again, a 
new category is added. Surgical Anatomy, which 
treats of the position of the several organs with the 
view to possible surgical operations. 

(b) Comparative Anatomy: The science which 
compares the structure of man with that of the in¬ 
ferior animals, and also that of the several classes, 
orders, &c., of the animal kingdom among each 
other, to ascertain the resemblances and dissimi¬ 
larities in their analogous structures and organs. 
The knowledge thus acquired is then used for the 
purposes of classification and for the study of 
development. This is the science of Cuvier, Owen, 
and Huxley. 

“ There is no just ground to fear that the time required 
to gain the requisite elementary knowledge of Compara¬ 
tive Anatomy will detract from that which ought to have 
been exclusively occupied in the study of human anatomy 
and surgery.”— Owen: Lectures on the Comparative. Anat- 
my and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals (1843), p. 6 . 
V Akin to Comparative Anatomy are Physiologi¬ 
cal Anatomy, defined by Todd & Bowman ( Anat ., 
vol i.. p. 28) as “ that kind of anatomy which in¬ 
vestigates structure, with a special view to func¬ 
tion, ’ &c.; Transcendental Anatomy, which in¬ 
quires into the plan or model on which the animal 
Structure and its several parts have been framed. 

2. Vegetable Anatomy: The similar dissection of 
la plant, or any part of it, to ascertain its structure. 
Tt is sometimes called also Phytotomy (q. v.). 

“. . . little was known of vegetable physiology, 
nothing of vegetable anatomy.” — Lindley; Introd. to Bot. 
(3d e*L, 1839), Pref. 

II. Art: 

1 . The art described under A., 1.1 (v. q.). 

2. Artificial anatomy: The art of making models 
in wax, or some similar material, of the several 
parts of the frame in health and disease. 


an-a-trep-tlc, a. [Gr. anatreptikos- turning 
over, overthrowing; anatrepo=to turn up or over, 
to overthrow; ana= up, and trepd= to turn.] Over¬ 
turning, overthrowing. (Enfield.) 

an-iji-trip -sis, s. [Gr. ana=again, and tribo— 
rub.l 

1 . Treatment of disease by friction or rubbing; 
massage. 

2. Crushing of stone in the bladder. 

*g,-na -tron, *g,-na'-trum, s. [Gr. mfro?t=natron, 
not saltpeter, but potassa, soda, or both. Lat. 
nitrum; Ital. natrumf] Old names for Natron 
(q. v.B 

an-at -rop-ous, a. [Gr. anatrepo= to turn up or 
over.] 

Bot: The term applied to the position of an ovule 
of which the whole inside has been so reversed that 
the apex of the nucleus, and consequently the fora¬ 
men, corresponds with the base of the ovule, with 
which, however, it maintains a connection by 
means of a vascular cord called the raphe. Exam¬ 
ples : the almond, the apple, the ranunculus, <fcc. 

an-aux'-Ite, s. [Gr. anauxes= not increasing: an, 
priv., and auxo=auxand—to cause to increase.] A 
mineral, a variety of clay, but placed by Dana 
under the same number as Comolite. It is translu¬ 
cent, is of greenish-white color and pearly luster, 
and contains about 55'7 parts of silica, a large per¬ 
centage of alumina, 1T5 of water, a little magnesia, 
and protoxide of iron. It occurs at Bilin, in Bo¬ 
hemia. 

an-bur-y, an-ber-r^, am-bur-y, s. [A. S. 
ampre, ompre=a crooked swelling vein.] 

1. A soft wart on a horse’s neck. 

*2. The disease called “fingers and toes” in tur¬ 
nips. The roots of turnips grown in too wet soil or 
otherwise unfavorable conditions, rot, and send 
forth an offensive smell. Insects are then attracted 
to the decaying structure, and deposit their eggs, 
which in due time generate larvse, whose office it is 
to consume the putrid bulb. One of the species 
most commonly found is the Trichocera hiemalis, 
or Winter Gnat. 

-an§e, or -an'-gy. An English suffix, correspond¬ 
ing to and derived from the Lat. -antia; as Eng. 
abundance, Lat. abundantia. It is=t,he state of: 
as abundance=the state of abounding; temperance 
=the state of being temperate. 

*an-gelTe, s. [From Lat. ancilla.] A hand¬ 
maid. 

“ Glorius virgin, mayden, moder off God, 

Doughter and ancelle, which milkest with-all 
The Sone of God with thy brestes brod.” 

The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 6,455-7. 

an'-gest-or, *aun'-gest-or, *an-ges-tre, *an- 
ges-soiire, s. [Ft. anc&tre ; O. Fr. ancessour; Sp. 
& Port, (pi.) antecessores; Ital. a ntecessore. From 
Lat. antecessor=he who goes before; antecedo=to 
go before.] One from whom a person is descended, 
whether on the father or mother’s side. It is dis¬ 
tinguished from predecessor, one who previously 
held the office to which one has now succeeded. 

“ But I will for their sakes remember the covenant of 
their ancestors, whom I brought forth out of the land of 
Egypt. . . . ”— Lev. xxvi. 45. 

an-ges'-tor -I-al, a. [Eng. ancestor; -ial. ] An¬ 
cestral. 

“ . . . they wish to adhere to their ancestorial form 
of a regal government.”— Lewis: Early Roman Hist., 
ch. xi., § 1. 

an-ges-trel, an -ges-trgl, a. [Formed as from 
Lat. antecessoralis.\ Pertaining to ancestors ; de¬ 
rived from or possessed by ancestors. 

“He generally vegetated as quietly as the elms of the 
avenue which led to his ancestral grange.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

an-ges-tress, s. [0. Eng. ancestre; -ess.] A 
female ancestor. (More usually ancestor is used in 
a feminine sense.) 

an'-ges-trjr, *an-'ges-trle, *aun-ges-trle, 
*aun-ges-trye, s. [O. Eng. ancestre; -y .] 

1. The whole series or succession of persons, the 
last pair of whom were one’s father and mother; 
the men and women who lived in one’s country 
before he was bom, and came of the same race as 
he now is. 

“. . . Many precious rites 
.A nd customs of our rural ancestry 
Are gone or stealing from us.” 

Wordsworth: The Excursion, bk. ii. 

2. High birth, aristocratic or otherwise honorable 
lineage. 

“ Heirs to their labors, like all high-born heirs, 

Vain of our ancestry as they of theirs.” 

Byron: Opening of Drury Lane Theater, 1812. 

*angh -ent-rjf, s. [Ancientry.] 

*an’-che-§oun, s. [Encheson.] 


afich-i-e-tu, s. [Named after P. Anchietea, 
a Brazilian writer on plants.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Violace®, or Violet-worts. 
A. salutaris, a creeping bush, smelling like cabbage, 



Anchieta Salutaris: Branch. Flower, and Seed. 

(One-fourth natural size.) 

is a native of Brazil, and is considered by the in¬ 
habitants of that country as useful in skin diseases. 
It is also a purgative. 

anch’-I-lops, s. [Gr. angchilops—a. sore at the 
inner corner of the eye: angchi— near; l euphonic; 
and ops= the eye.] Same meaning as the Greek word. 

anchA-ther'-I-um, s. [Gr. angchi=near; therion 
= a beast, specially a wild beast hunted.] A fossil 
mammal belonging to the family Palseotheridte. It 
has been called also Hipparitherium, suggesting an 
affinity to the horse in the neighboring family of 
Equidse. The A. Aurelianense occurs in Miocene 
rocks in Spain, France, Germany, and in Nebraska. 

“ The second and fourth toes may be subsequently de¬ 
veloped as in the rhinoceros; or they may be represented 
only by mere splint-like rudiments of their metacarpals, 
as in the horse. All intermediate conditions are met 
with in various extinct forms, as Paljeotherium, Anchi- 
therium, and Hipparion.”— Flower: Osteal, of the Mammalia 
(1870), p. 265. 

an-cho-Ic, ag -Id, s. 

Chemistry: Lepargylic acid, C 9 H 16 C> 4 = (C 7 H 14 )” 
(CO .OH) 2 . A diatomic, dibasic, fatty acid, ob¬ 
tained by the action of nitric acid on Chinese wax, 
and on the fatty acids of cocoanut oil. 

ancli'-or (1), *an'-cre, *an -kre, *an'-ker, s. 

t A. S. ancer, ancor, oncer. In Sw. ankar, ankare; 
)an., Dut., & Ger. anker; Irish ankaire, ancoir, 
ingin; Gael, acair; Cornish ankar; Arm. ancor; 
Fr. ancre; Sp . ancla, ancora; Port, and Ital. an¬ 
cor a ; Lat. ancora, less properly anchor a; Gr. ang- 
kura; Russ, iacor; Pers. anghar. All from a root 
anc or ang—a bend. In Sansc. ak, ankami, ake— to 
bend; ankas= a bend or curve.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The well-known instrument for mooring a 
ship. (Described at length under B. 1 .) 

IT Of the several nautical phrases arranged under 
B. 1, some have made their way into ordinary Eng¬ 
lish. Specially— 

To cast anchor: 

(a) Lit: To drop the anchor into the sea with the 
design of mooring the vessel. 

“Regularly at that season several English 6hips cast 
anchor in the bay.”— Macaulay ; Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

( 6 ) Fig.: To infix itself firmly in a rock, as a tree 
does on a mountain side. 

“Aloft the ash and warrior oak, 

Cast anchor in the rifted rock.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, I. xii. 

To drop the anchor, or to drop anchor: To let it 
run down into the sea. The same as cast anchor. 

“ Entering with the tide, 

He dropp’d his anchors and his oars he ply'd, 

Furl’d every sail, and drawing down the mast, 

His vessel moor’d, and made with haulsers fast.” 

Dry den. 

To lie at anchor: To remain steady in the water 
without drifting; being held to a nearly fixed 
spot by the anchor. f 

To ride at anchor: The same as to lie at anchor , 
but employing more motion. 

“ Far from your capital my ship resides 
At Reithrus, and secure at anchor rides.” 

Pope. 

To weigh anchor: To heave or raise the anchor 
from the ground to which it is fastened. 

2. Fig. Scripture , <f:c.: That which gives stability 
and security to hope or faith or the affections. 

“Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both 
sure and steadfast, and which entereth into that within 
the vail.”— Heb. vi. 19. 

B. Technically: 

1. Mech. dbNaut.: A well-known instrument for 
preventing a ship from drifting, by mooring her to 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 

or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, fill; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




anchor-ground 

the bottom of the sea, provided that the water is 
shallow enough to permit of this being done. Its 
invention was at a very early period. Those of the 
early Greeks were simply large stones, sacks filled 
with sand, or logs of wood loaded with lead. Then 
the Tuscans, or Midas, king of Phrygia, introduced 
a tooth, or fluke , which was ultimately exchanged 
for two. The modern anchor consists of a long bar 
or shank of iron 
(c),branching out 
at the lower ex¬ 
tremity into two 
arms (b) ending in d 
flukes (a), barbed 
at their extrem¬ 
ity, and with a 
stock of oak or 
wood ( d ) at the 
upper one, while 
it terminates in a 
ring, to which a 
rope or chain is 
affixed. The arms 
or flukes are de¬ 
signed to pene¬ 
trate and fix 
themselves in the 
sea-bottom. They 
consist of a blade, 
a palm,, and a bill. 

The one end of 
the shank is made 
square to receive and hold the stock steadily in its 
place without turning. To keep the stock also from 
shifting along the shank there are raised on it 
from the solid iron, or welded on it, two square 
tenon-like projections, called nuts. The end of the 
shank next the stock is called the small round. The 
other extremity, where the arms and the shank 
unite, is called the crown: and the points of the 
angle between the arms and the shank, the throat. 
A distance equal to that between the throat of one 
arm and its bill [Bill] is marked on the shank 
from the place where it joins the arms, and is called 
the trend. The use of the shank is to present an 
attachment for the cable. [Cable, Shackle, 
Ganger.] That of the stock is to make the anchor 
fall in such a way as to enable one of the flukes 
easily to infix itself in the ground. Large vessels 
have more anchors than one, which are stowed in 
different parts of the ship. The best bower to the 
starboard, the small bower [Bower] to the port- 


183 


anchorite 



anchor-ground, s. Ground suitable for anchor¬ 
ing. It should not be too deep, or too shallow, or 
rocky. [Anchorage.] 

anchor-hold, s. 

1. Lit.: The hold or fastness of the anchor. 

2. Fig.: Security. 

anchor-lining, s. [Bill-boards.] 
anchor-smith, s. A smith who forges anchors. 

“ Smithing comprehends all trades which use either tremities of which resemble 
forge or file, from the anchor-smith to the watch-maker. flukes of an anchor, as 

— Maxon. . shown in the illustration. It 

anchor-stock, s. The transverse beam of wood is called also anchry or ancr& 


anch'-ored, pa. par. & a. [Anchor, d.] 

As adjective: 

1 . Held by an anchor. , 

“In the anchor’d bark.”— Byron: Corsair, l. 7. 

2. Shaped like an anchor; forked. (Used of a 
serpent’s tongue.) 

“ Shooting her anchor’d tongue, 

Threat’ning her venom’d teeth.” 

More: Song of the Soul, 11. lx. 

3. Her.: An anchored cross is one the four ex- 


Anchor. 


or bar of iron near the ring of an anchor, 
anchor-watch, s. [Watch, II. 1.] 

£hch -or, *ah -ere, *ah -kre, v.t. &i. [From the 
substantive. In Sw. ankra; Dan. ankre; Dut. 
ankeren; Ger. ankern; Fr. ancrer; Sp. anclar, 
ancorar; Port, ancorar; Ital. ancorarsi .] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Naut.: To moor by means of an anchor. 

2. Fig.: To fix firmly, to cause to rest. 

“ . . . and great Pompey 
Would stand, and make his eyes grow in my brow; 
There would he anchor his aspect, and die 
With looking on his life.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 6. 

“ Stars countless, each in his appointed place, 

Fast anchored in the deep abyss of space.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Naut.: To come to an anchor. 

“Hoarse o’er her side the rustling cable rings; 

The sails are furl’d; and anchoring round she swings.” 

Byron: Corsair, i. 4. 

2. Fig.: To fix (the eye) upon. 

“Post.humus anchors upon Imogen: 

And she, like harmless lightning, throws her eye 
On him.” Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 6. 

*anch -Sr (2), s. [Anchorite.] 

*anch -or (3), s. [Anker.] 

ahch -or-gi-ble, a. [Eng. anchor; -able.) Able 
to be used as a place of anchorage. 

“ . . . and the sea everywhere twenty leagues from 

land anchorable.” — Sir T. Herbert’s Travels, p. 40. 


It is designed to be emblem¬ 
atic of hope through the cross 
of Christ. Cf. Heb. vi. 19, 

“ Which hope we have as an 
anchor of the soul, both sure 
and steadfast.” 

ahch-or-er-lg., s. [Dimin. 
of Lat. anchora or ancora— 
little anchor.] A genus _ of 
Entomostracans, the typical 
one of the family Anchorelladse 



Anchored Cross 


........ _ The A.uncinata 

is parasitic on the cod. and the haddock. The 
A. rigosa was taken upon a cod. 

anch-or-el-la-dse, s. pi. [From anchprella 
(q. v.).] A family of Entomostracans, belonging to 
the order Lerneadse and the tribe Anchoracarpacese. 

ah-chor-ess, *an -cres, s. [Eng. anchor = 
anchorite; -ess, to mark the feminine gender.J A 
female anchorite. - 

“ Anch’resses that, dw 11 
Mewed up in walls.” —Fairfax: Tasso. 

“ To this secluded spot, now f amous more 
Than any grove, mount, plain had been before, 

By relique, vision, burial, or birth, 

Of anchoress or hermit.” 

Browne: Brit. Pastorals, li. 4. 


ahch-or-et’-lc, ahclior-et’-I-cal, a. [Eng. 

anchoret, -ic, -teal. In Fr. anachorttique; Sp. an- 
acoretico; Port, anachoretico; Gr. anachoretikos .} 
Pertaining to an anchorite; after the manner of a 
hermit. 

anch -or-Ice, s. Ice formed at the bottom of a 
river, lake, &e. 

*ahch-or-idge, s. [Probably a corruption of 
Eng. anchorage (q. v.).] The porch of a church, 
anch-or-a-car-pa'-cje-a, s. [From Gr. angkura particularly that of Durham, the church being corn- 
cathead, with the flukes on the bill-board, the sheet — (j) an anchor, (2) a hook; and karpos =the wrist, pared to a ship. [Kennet’s MSS. Gloss.) [Boucher.) 
anchor on the afterpart of the fore-channels on the the carpus.] anch’-or mg', pr. par. [Anchor, v.) 

starboard side, and the spare anchor on the port Zool.: The name given by Milne-Edwards to a anch -or-Ite anch-or-et, tan-ach-or-et, 
side. [For other anchors see Stream, Kedge, Grap- tribe of Entomostracans, belonging to the order 5 ..-*a hch -nr ^an-ker' s LA S 

nel, Mushroom, Floating, Mooring.] Lerneadse. They attach themselves to their prey Franachorkte Sp. &’ltal. anaco’reia; Fort. 

2. Naut. Some technical phrases which have bv means of long, arm-shaped appendages springing %\ ce a P n f;, m inchdretes from andchored 
found their way into English literature have al- from the thorax,’ united to each other at the tip, 

ready been given. [A. 1.] Others are the follow- and terminating in a horny button in the center. -£> g ° a \\ ck r ^ 0 ° m re ^V 5 anther to retire ; 
m fn anchor is said to come home when it is anch-or-a-§er-a-?e-a, s. [From Gr ,. angkura space, room.] 

wrenched out of the ground and dragged forward = ( 1 ) an anchor. (2) a hook; and fceras-a horn.] I. Literally : 

bv the violence of the wind or the sea. or by the Zool.: The name given by Milne-Edwards to a 1 . Church, History: Any person who, from religious 

citrenn-th of a current. It is foul if it become en- tribe of Entomostracans, belonging to the order motives, has renounced the world, and retired from 

tan tried with the cable: a-wash, tv hen the stock is Lerneadse. They attach themselves to their prey it inti0 seclusion. (For the distinctions between 
hove ud to the surface of the water; a-peak, when by means of the head itself, which is furnished with t h e various kinds of Ascetics, see that word. See 
the cable is so drawn as to bring the ship directly one or more pairs of horn-shaped appendages, a i so Eremites.) The peculiarity of the anchorites, 
over it • a-cockbill [A-cockbill], when hanging ver- projecting laterally. It contains the families, properly so called, was, that though they had re- 
ticallv • a-tiv when drawn out of the ground in a Penelladse and Lernaeoceradse. tired for solitude to the wilderness, yet they lived 

perpendicular direction; and a-weigh. when it has anch-or-age (age=Ig), s. [Eng. anchor; -age. there in fixed abtpdes (generally caves or hovels) in 
been drawn just out of the ground and hangs verti- j n Fr . ancrage; Sp. ancorage.) place of wandering about. When they did travel 

C ally. *1. The hold of the sea-bottom by the anchor. they slept wherever night overtook^thern, so that 

At anchor is the same'as anchored. “ Let me resolve whether there be indeed such efficacy 

To back an anchor is to lay down a small anenor in nurture and f jrst production, for if that supposal 
ahead of the one by which the ship rides, with the should f ad us> a n Q ur anchorage were loose, and we should 
cable fastened to the crown of the principal one to but wail cler in a wild sea.”— Wotton. 

aid in preventing its coming home. o The set of anchors belonging to a vessel. 

To cat the anchor: To draw the anchor to the cat- .. me ienu .uiuiui rauugi 6 

head by means of a machine called the “ cat.” “ The bark that hath discharg d her freight 

1 • TV, omnlnv a machine called a Returns with precious lading to the bay 

„ To /i Sh the anchor . To e p y , . .. 1 From whence at first she weigh’d her anchorage. 

“fish to hoist the flukes Of an anenor to rue top Shakesp.: Titus Andron., 1 . 2. 

of the bow. mi 11 n- 

To steer the ship to her anchor: To steer the ship 
to the spot where the anchor lies while the cable is 
being heaved on board the ship. 

To shoe the anchor: To cover the flukes of it. with a 

friantmlar olank of wood to enable it to fix itself careie. buney J . -. ,-- --- 

v in a soft bottom. 4. A place suitable for anchoring in—that is, a to man ifest itself to a greater or less extent in all re- 

To sum en the anchor- To dredge at the bottom of place in which the water is of convenient depth, ligionsandinallages. Anchorites of various Hindoo 
fiiiarmWit-' ground'for a lost anchor. and the bottom such as wdl permit the anchor to asce tic sects are at present to be found among the 

Tn thrnu: the anchor: The same as Cast the hold. (This meaning, which is not m Johnson, as jungles and hills of India, and they were much 
li if it were unknown in his time, is now the almost more numerous when the dominant faith m that 

aneno \ . L of a buckl6) the latter being exclusive signification of the word anchorage.) land was Buddhism, 

non 11 v described as having a tongue and an “. . . the water was bo deep that no anchorage could 
anchor be found.”—Darwin.- Voyage round the World, ch. xi. 

4 Arch • A kind of carving somewhat resembling 5 . A support that holds on like an anchor, as, the 

an anchor. It is generally used as part of the enrich- anchorages of a suspension bridge, 
ment of the bottoms of capitals in the Tuscan, anch or-a stom a ce-a, s. pi. [From Gr. 

Doric, and Ionic orders, or as that ot the boultms ara ^ ura= t\) an an chor. (2) a hook: and stoma= 
of bed-moldings in Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian moutb -1 j, b ' e name given by Milne-Edwards to a 
cornices, anchors and eggs being carved alternately tribe of Entomostracans belonging to the order 

throughout the whole building. Lerueadte. They attach themselves to their prey 

5. Her.: An anchor is an emblem ot hope. b y means c f their stout foot-jaws, which are armed 

C. In composition, ancho r is a substantive. _ with strong hooks. ___ 

to6H bSy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


visitors might not know where to find them. They 
were most numerous in the Egyptian desert, where 
they lived on roots and plants, believing that to 
afflict the body was the best method of spiritually 
benefiting the soul. Most of them were laymen; 
there were also female anchorites. They first arose, 
it is said, about the middle of the third century, 
and in the seventh the Church extended its control 
over them, and ultimately threw difficulties in the 
„ ... 1 way of any one who wished to adopt such a mode of 

3. Duty paid at a port for permission to anenor. [Ascetic, Eremite, Monasticism, Monk, &c.] 

“This corporation, otherwise a poor one, holds also the 2 . In a general sense: Anyperson of similar habits 
anchorage in the harbor, and bushelage of measurable ^ tboge () f (- be () ] d anc horites now described. The 
commodities, as coals, salt, &c., in the town of I owey. mistaken desire to retreat from the “world ” to the 
Carew: Survey of Cornwall. wilderness is not distinctively Christian ; it tends 


‘ To desperation turn my trust and hope ! 

An anchor’s cheer in prison be my scope.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

1 Yet lies not love dead here, but here doth sit, 

Vow’d to this trench, like an anachorite." — Donne. 

“ Stooped ever to that anchoret’s behest.” 

Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, ver. 30. 

“ . . . I know that with mankind, 

Thy fellows in creation, thou dost rarely 
Exchange thy thoughts, and that thy solitude 
Is as an anchorite’s, were it but holy.” 

Byron: Manfred, iii. 1. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d<?l. 

















ancille 


anchovy 

SI. Figuratively. The anchorite of the forest is 
the bear. 

an-ghov-y, an-gho’-vy, s. [In Sw. anjovis; Dan. 
anschovis; Dut. ansjovis; Ger. anscliove; Fr. an- 
chois; Sp. anchoa, anchova; Port, anchova; Ital. 
acciuga; Lat. aphya, apua; Gi. aphue, usually 
translated an anchovy or sardine, but according to 
Yarrell and Adams, the mackerel-midge ( Motella 
glauca ).] (Liddell <& Scott.) A fish, the Engraulis 
encrasicolus of Fleming; the E. vulgaris of Cuvier. 
It belongs to the Clupeidee, or Herring family. In 
general, its length is from four to five inches; but 
specimens have been found seven and a half inches 



Anchovy (Engraulis Encrasicolus). 


long. It is common in the Mediterranean and parts 
of the ocean. Shoals of anchovies annually enter 
the Mediterranean, and various fisheries exist along 
its northern shores, the most celebrated being at 
Gorgona, a small island west of Leghorn. Some¬ 
times another species, the E. meletta, is either mixed 
with, or substituted for, the genuine fish. 

anchovy-pear, s. The English name of the genus 
Grias, which is placed by Lindley doubtfully under 
the order Barringtoniaceee (Barringtoniads). Grias 
cauliflora, the stem-flowering anchovy-pear, is an 
elegant tree, with large leaves, which grows in the 
West Indies. Th' fruit, which is eaten, tastes like 
that of the mang ), and is pickled in the same way. 

anchovy-sauce, s. A sauce made of the fish 
called anchovy. 

an-chu'-sa, s. [In Ital. ancusa; Sp. & Lat. 
anchusa. From Gr, angchousa=cAk&\\et\ angcho= 
to press tight, to strangle t so called from a ridicu¬ 
lous notion entertained by Dioscorides that one 
might kill a viper if he irritated its throat by spit¬ 
ting into its mouth after having chewed th e leaves of 
alkanet.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Boraginaceae (Borage-worts). It contains two well- 
known and widely distributed species, the A. offici¬ 
nalis, the Common, and the A. sempervirens, the 
Evergreen Alkanet. Lycopsis arvensis is sometimes 
called Anchusa arvensis. The real alkanet, once 
termed Anchusa tinctoria, now figures as Alkanna 
tinctoria. [Alkanna, Alkanet.] A beautiful 
species, sometimes cultivated in flower-borders, is 
Anchusa paniculata or Italica. 

anch-u’-§IUe, s. [Eng. anchusa; -ine.~\ A red 
coloring matter obtained from the plant formerly 
called Anchusa tinctoria, but now Alkanna tinc¬ 
toria. 

anch-y-loQ' er-as, s. [Gr. angkylos= crooked, 
and keras=horn.] A shell belonging to the class 
Cephalopoda. The A Calloviensis occurs in the 
Kell oway rock. 

anch-jf-lo §ed, ank-y-lo'§ed, aflc-y-lo §ed, a. 

(or pa. par. of a verb anchylose, not used). [Gr. 
angkylob, 1 fut. angkylosd= to crook,hook, or bend; 
angkyle= the bend of the arm; angkos=s. bend or 
hollow.] 

Anat.: Having an anchylosis. (Used of two bones, 
&c., so firmly united as to prevent motion between 
them.) 

“ . . . they [the teeth] are always lodged in sockets; 
and never anchylosed with the substance of the jaw.”— 
Owe n: Classif. of Mammalia, pp. 11, 12. 

anch-jf-lo'-sis, ank-y-lo -sis, anc-jf-lo -sis, s. 
[Gr. angkylosis= a stiffening of the joints or of the 
eyelids.] [Anchylosed.] 

Anat.: The coalescence of two bones, so as to 
prevent motion between them. If anything keep a 
joint motionless for a long time, the bones which 
constitute it have a tendency to become anchylosed, 
in which case all flexibility is lost. In other cases, 
when anchylosis is the lesser of two evils, the bones 
which nature is about to weld together should be 
kept in the positions in which they will be of the 
greatest use when the union between them takes 
place, 

“Had immobility been the object to be attained, that 
might have been more effectually accomplished by the 
fusion of the extremities of the segments together, as in 
anchylosis.” — Todd& Bowman:Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 133. 

anch-y-lot'-ic, ank-y-lot'-ic, anc-y-lot -ic, a. 
[From Eng. anchylosis .] Pertaining to anchylosis. 

*an -cien-gy, s. [Eng. ancien(t); -cy. In Fr. 
anciennet&f] Antiquity. [Anoienty.] 

“. . . And the rest of the bishops follow him, in 
their due precedency, according to the dignity and an- 
oiencies of their respective sees.” —Jura Cleri, p. 42. 

an'-Cient, a. & s. [Fr. ancien; Sp. anciano; 
Ital. anziano, from anzi=heiovo. Cognate with 
Lat. antiquus= old, ancient; abticu s=in front, fore¬ 
most; and on<e=before.] 


184 


A. As adjective: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

fl. Old, estimated tacitly or explicitly by the 
standard of human life. 

(a) Pertaining to persons advanced m years. 
(Opposed to young.) 

“. . . Then they began at the ancient men which 
were before the house.”— Ezek. ix. 6. 

(b) Pertaining to things which, have existed for 
some considerable time in one’s history. (Opposed 
to recent.) 

“ But they, upon their ancient malice, will 
Forget, with the least cause, these his new honors. 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. I. 

2. Old, estimated by the average duration of that 
to which the term ancient is applied. 

“ . . . some far- spreading wood 

Of ancient growth.” Cowper: Task, bk. 1. 

“. . . an ancient castle overgrown with weeds and 
ivy. . . Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

3. Old, estimated by the historic standard of time. 

(a) Opposed to modern, and especially referring, 
at the present day, to the centuries anterior to the 
fall of the Roman Empire (In this sense, which is 
the most common use of the word, it is opposed to 
modern.) 

“ The whole history of ancient and of modern times 
records no other such triumph of statesmanship.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

( b) In the mouth of one who lived at an early 
period of the world’s history, it meant an age prior 
to his own. 

“ Is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient 
days? ”—Iso. xxiii. 7. 

4. Old, estimated by the geological standard of 
duration. 

“Processes'now going on in nature on a small scale, or 
imitated artificially by man, may enable us to comprehend 
imperfectly in what manner some of these infinitely 
grander ancient metamorphoses were effected.”-— Murchi¬ 
son: Siluria, ch. i. 

5. From eternity. 

“ Thales affirms that God comprehended all things, and 
that God was of all things the most ancient, because He 
never had any beginning.”— Raleigh. 

IT The words ancient and old are akin in meaning, 
and it is not easy to draw an absolutely precise line 
between their respective significations. Old, being 
opposed to new, is especially used of anything which 
is fresh when new, but has a tendency to wear out 
when old, or has nearly reached its proper term of 
existence, as an old hat; but it is also used when the 
lapse of time has increased instead of diminished 
the value of an article, as old wine. So also we 
speak of the old masters, meaning those who lived 
long ago, not those who are advanced in years. 
Finally, old generally indicates a lesser amount of 
duration than ancient. [Old.] 

II. Technically: 

In Law: 

Ancient writings: Legal documents more than 
thirty years old. 

B. As substantive: 

Ordinary Language: 

fl. An old man, especially when invested with 
important office in the community. 

“ The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients 
of His people, and the princes thereof.”— Isa. iii. 14. 

“ The ancient and honorable, he is the head; and the 
prophet that teaclieth lies, he is the tail.”— Ibid., ix. 15. 

*2. A predecessor in anything. 

“Hetoueheth it as a special pre-eminence of Junias 
and Andronicus, that in Christianity they were his 
ancients.” — Hooker. 

H The reference is to Paul’s statement, “Andron¬ 
icus and Junia, my kinsmen and my fellow-prison¬ 
ers, . . . who also were in Christ before me.” 
(Rom. xvi. 7.) 

3 . ( Plur.) Those who lived long ago. To us in 
general this means before the fall of the Roman 
Empire, the relapse into semi-barbarism which fol¬ 
lowed its overthrow, making a great gap in time 
between the civilization of what may be caRed the 
old world and that now existing. In this sense, 
ancients is opposed to moderns. This is the com¬ 
mon use of the word. 

“ Some by old words to fame have made pretense. 
Ancients in phrase, mere moderns in their sense.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 324, 325. 

To those who lived in the early ages of the 
world, of course the term signified men of a consid¬ 
erably prior date. 

“ As saith the proverb of the ancients. . . .”—1 Sam. 
xxiv. 13 

4. The Being existent from eternity. 

“I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the 
Ancient of days did sit.”— Dan. vii. 9 (see also verses 
13, 22). 


*an'-Cient, *an-shent, s. [A corruption of Fr. 
enseigne, from Low Lat. insignia, Lat. insigne=st 
standard.] [Ensign.] 

I. Of things: 

1. A flag, ensign, or streamer of a ship, and form* 
erly the flag or ensign also of a regiment. 

“ . . . ten times more dishonorable ragged than an. 
old-faced ancient.” — Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 

“It was a spectacle extremely delightful to behold the- 
jacks, the pendants, and the ancients sporting in the. 
wind.”— Don Quixote (ed. 1687), p. 569. (Boucher.) 

2. Heraldry: (a) In the form anshent= the guidon 
used at funerals, (b) A small flag ending in a point, 

II. Of persons: The bearer of a flag, a flag-bearer* 
an ensign-bearer, an ensign in a regiment. 

“This is Othello’s ancient, as I take it— 

The same indeed, a very valiant fellow.” 

Shakesp. : Othello, v. i 

“’Tis one Iago, ancient to the general.”— Ibid, ii. 4. 

“. . . ancient Pistol.”— Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 

“ . , . and now my whole charge consists of ancients * 

corporals, lieutenants, gentlemen of companies . . .”— 
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 

an'-cient-ly, adv. [Eng. ancient; -ly.~\ In 
ancient times ; in times long gone by ; the antiquity 
being estimated in any of the ways mentioned under 
Ancient (q. v.). 

“The colewort is not an enemy, though that were 
anciently received, to the vine only, but to any other- 
plant, because it draweth strongly the fattest juice of the- 
earth.”— Bacon. 

“. . . for new varieties are still occasionally pro¬ 

duced by our most anciently domesticated productions.’' 
— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. xiv. 

an'-cient-ness, s. [Eng. ancient; -ness.] The> 
state of having existed from ancient or old times; 
antiquity. 

“The Fescenine and Saturnian were the same; they 
were called Saturnian from their ancientness, when 
Saturn reigned in Italy.”— Dryden. 

fan-cient-ry, *anghent-ry, s. [Eng. ancient; 
-ry In Fr . anciennetS; Ital. ancianita.) 

1 . The honor or dignity of having ancestry capa¬ 
ble of being traced a long way back. 

“Wherefore, most foolishly do the Irish think to en¬ 
noble themselves by wresting their ancientry from the 
Spaniard, who is unable to derive himself from any in 
certain.”— Spenser: On Ireland. 

2. The people of ancient lineage taken collect¬ 
ively. 

“. . . wronging th e ancientry.” — Shakesp.: Winter 1 & 
Tale, iii. 1. 

3. Antiquity, or imitation of it. 

“ Heralds may here take notice of the antiquity of their 
art; and, for their greater credit, blazon abroad this, 
precious piece of ancientry ; for before the time of Semir- 
amis we hear no news of coats or crests !”— Gregory’s 
Posthuma, p. 236. 

“ You think the ten or twelve first lines the best; now I 
am for the fourteen last; add, that they contain not one. 
word of ancientry.” — West to Gray, Lett. 5, § 3. 

*an -cient-y, s. [Eng. aivcient; -y.\ Age, an¬ 
tiquity. [Ancientry.] 

“Is not the forenamed council of ancienty above a 
thousand years ago?”— Martin: Marriage of Priests, sign. 
I., ii. b. 

an-gi-le, s [Lat.] A shield said to have fallen 
from heaven during the reign of Numa Pompilius. 
It was believed to be the shield of Mars ; and as the- 
prosperity of Rome was supposed to depend upon 
its preservation, eleven others were made like it, 
that any one wishing to steal it might not know 
which to take. (Could it have been originally a 
lump of meteoric iron T) 

“Recorded to have been sent from heaven in a more 
celestial manner than the am.cile of ancient Rome.”— 
Potter: On the Number 666, p. 176. 

“The Trojans secured their palladium, the Romans 
their ancile; and now the Roman Catholics have so great 
care of their images.”— Brevint: Saul and Samuel at Endor 
p. 385. 

an-gil-lar -l-a, s. [Lat. ancilla=a maid-serv¬ 
ant.] A genus of shells belonging to the family 
Buccinidfe Both the shell and the animal resemble 
those of Oliva. Recent—twenty-three species from 
the Red Sea, India, Madagascar, Australia, and 
the Pacific Ocean. Fossil, twenty-one. Eocene— 
Britain, France, &c. (Woodward, 1851.) 

an-gil'-lar-^, an-gll'-lar-jf, a. [Lat. ancillaris 
=pertaining to female servants.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to female servants or their 
occupation subservient. 

2 . Auxiliary, aiding. 

“It is beneath the dignity of the king’s courts to be> 
merely ancillary to other inferior jurisdictions.”— Black- 
stone. 

an-gil'-le, s. [Lat. ancilla. ] A maid-servant. 

(Chaucer.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* 
or, wflre, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qn = kw. 



andradite 


ancipital 


185 


ati §Ip I-tal, ail-Qip -i tous, a. [Lat. anceps, 
.genit. ancipitis— ( 1 ) two-headed; ( 2 ) having two 
sides, double.] 

Bot.: (The translation of the Latin anceps.) Two- 
edged, compressed, with two sharp edges, as the 
stem of an ms. 

an-§is-tro-Cla'-de- 8 e, s. pi. [From Ancistrocla- 
dus (q. v.).] A new order of plants proposed by 
, anchon for the reception of a solitary and anom¬ 
alous genus Ancistrocladus. The inflorescence is 
in panicles, with ten stamens in one row, five shorter 
than the others. The ovary is one-celled, with a 
single ovule. The fruit is a nut, crowned by the 
persistent calyx. Its nearest a ffin ity is with the 
inpterocarpaceae. 

an-§is-tro-cla -dus, s. [Gr. angkistron=a fish- 
nook; angkos= a bend or hollow; klados= a slip or 
shoot of a tree; klao— to break, to break off.] A 
genus of East Indian climbing plants, the type of 
Flanchon s order Ancistrocladeee (q. v.). 
anc'-le, s. [Ankle.] 

♦ahc'-ome, *ohc -6me, *uhc-ome, s. [A. S.] 
A kind of boil, sore, or foul swelling in the fleshy 
parts. 

V bigger and bigger till it has come to an (income.” 
— Marston: Eastward Hoe, iii. 1. 

anc-on (1), s. [Lat. ancon, genit.. anconis; Gr. 
angkon— the bend or hollow of the arm, the elbow.] 

1 . Anatomy: The apex of the elbow. 

2- Architecture (plural ancones ) : ( 1 ) Ornaments 
on the keystones of arches, or on the side of door¬ 
cases ; ( 2 ) the corners of walls or beams. 
anc'-6n (2),s. & a. A kind of sheep. 

As adjective: 

“ ■ • ■ thi9 is known to have been the case with the 
ancon sheep.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., 

p. 30. 

an-cd'-ne-al, a. [Eng. ancon: -eal.] Pertaining 
to the ancon. 

“ The ulna is always characterized by a conspicuous, 
more or less compressed prolongation extending upward 
beyond the excavated humeral articular surface (sigmoid 
notch), and serving as the point of attachment to the ex¬ 
tensor muscles of the fore-arm, called the olecranon or 
anconeal process.”— Flower: Osteology of the Mammalia 
<1870), p. 243. 

an-co-ne-us, *an-co-nce -us, s. [Lat. ancon; 
Gr. angkon— the elbow.] 

Anat.: A muscle used in distending the fore-arm 
or cubit. 

an-con'-did, a. [Gr. angkon=elbow, and eidos= 
form, appearance.] Elbow-shaped, angular, 
an -cBn-y, s. [Gr. angkdn=the elbow (?).] 

Iron manufacture: A bloom wrought into the fig¬ 
ure of a flat iron bar, about three feet long, with 
two square round knobs, one at each end. ( Cham¬ 
bers .) [Bloom.] 

*afi'-cre, s. [Anchor.] 

*afi -cred, pa. par. & a. [Anchored.] 

*an'-cres, s. [Anchoress.] 

an-syl-od-on, s. [Gr. angkylos= bent, crooked, 
and odous= a tooth.] A genus of fishes of the fam¬ 
ily Scisenidse. 

anc-y-lo §ed, pa. par. & a. FAnchylosed.] 
anc-y-lo -sis, s. [Anchylosis.] 
anc-y-lot -om-us, s. [Gr. angkyle— (1) a bend in 
the arm; (2) a joint bent or stiffened by disease; (3) 
a loop, a thong: temnd= to cut.] 

Surgery: (1) A crooked knife or bistoury. (2) A 
knife for dividing the frcenuni lingua in tongue-tied 
persons. 

an ~$yl-us, s. [Gr. angkylos , adj.=crooked, 
curved, rounded.] A genus of fluviatile shells 
belonging to the family Limnseidse. They have 
limpet-like shells, and are called river-limpets. In 
1875 Tait estimated the recent species at forty-nine, 
and the fossil at eleven ; the latter from the Eocene. 

and, *ande, conj. & s. [A. S. and; Dut. en; Ger. 
und. The English and and an—it, are essentially 
the same word, and were of old used almost inter¬ 
changeably ] [An.] 

A. As conjunction: 

* 1 . As expressing contingency. 

“ And thou wilt gyuen vs any good.” 

Pierce the Plowman’s Crede (1394, ed. Skeat), 893. 

(а) As standing for if, though, or although. 

“It is the nature of extreme self-lovers, as they will set 
an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.”— 
Bacon. 

( б ) As joined to if, and therefore redundant. 

“ I pray thee, Launce, an’ if thou seest my boy, 

Bid him make haste.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Verona, iii. 1. 

2 . As a simple connecting particle, conjoining 
words with words, clauses with clauses, or sentences 
with sentences. This is now the normal use of the 
word and. 

“Shem, and Ham, and Japheth.”— Gen. vii. 13. 


"Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the 
seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.”— Gen. i. 22. 

“ And he put them altogether into ward three days. 
And Joseph said unto them the third day, This do, and 
live: for 1 fear God.”— Gen. xlii. 17, 18. 

B. As substantive : 

“ Thou servest me, I ween, wt iffes and with andes .”— 
Sir T. More: Works, p. 54. 

II In Gon. iii. 16. “Thy sorrow and thy concep¬ 
tion ”=the sorrow of thy conception. In this 
respect the English simply copies the Hebrew. 
A similar idiom exists in Latin. Virgil speaks of 
hurling “molem et montes ” (a mass and mountains) 
— a. mass of mountains. 

*-and as a suffix. 

Old English dialects: The present participle ter¬ 
mination in northern dialects now superseded by 
the southern -ing. 

“His glitterdnd armor shined far away.” 

Spenser: E. Q., I. vii. 29. 

and'-a, s. A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Euphorbiacese (Spurge-worts). Habitat, Bra¬ 
zil. The Anda is remarkable for the purgative 
properties of its seeds, in this respect resembling 
the not remotely allied plant, the well-known 
castor-oil. The Brazilians use them in indigestion, 
liver-complaints, jaundice, and dropsy. They are 
called Purga da Paulistas. Their rind roasted on 
the fire is used in diarrhoea brought on by cold. If 
steeped when fresh in water, they render the liquid 
so narcotic that it is sufficient to stupefy fish. The 
oil is well adapted for the purposes of the painter. 
The fruit is eatable. 

tand-ab -g.-ti§m, s. [From Lat. andabata — a 
gladiator whose helmet was without any opening 
for the eyes.] Uncertainty. 

“To state the question, that we might not fail to andab- 
atism, we are to understand, that as there be two kinds of 
perfection, one of our way, the other of our country to 
which we are traveling; so there are two kinds also of ful¬ 
filling God’s law, one of this life, the other of the next.” 
— Shelford: Learned Discourses (1635), p. 121. 

and-a-lfis -ite, s. & a. [From Andalusia, in 
Spain, where it was first found; and -ite=lithos— 
stone.] 

A. As substantive: A mineral classed by Dana 
with his Subsilicates. It is orthorhombic. The 
hardness in typical specimens is 7’5, but in some 
opaque kinds only 3-6. Its sp. gr. 3T to 3’2, 3’05 to 
3'35 ; its luster vitreous; its color whitish-red, flesh- 
red, violet, pearl-gray, reddish-brown, or olive- 
green. There is strong double refraction. The 
composition is silica, 33 to 40'17; alumina, 50'96 to 
61‘9; sesquioxide of iron, 0'30 to 5'71; sesquioxide of 
manganese, 0‘53 to 0’83; magnesia, 0’17 to 1’14; lime, 
0'21 to4’12; soda, 0’10; potassa, 0*30 to l - 50; water, 
0'25 to 2’60. Dana divides andalusite into “ Var. 1, 
Ordinary; 2, Ohiastolite (made).” Andalusite is 
found in argillaceous schist, in gneiss, in mica- 
schist, and rarely in serpentine. It is sometimes 
allied to kaolin, to mica, or to cyanite. It occurs at 
Andalusia in Spain, in Germany, Austria, France, 
and Russia; at KillinCy Bay, near Dublin, in Ire¬ 
land ; near Ballachulish, in Scotland; and at Cum¬ 
berland in England. Myelin has the composition of 
cyanite and andalusite. 

B. As adjective: Dana has an Andalusite group 
of minerals defined as anisometric, containing only 
sesquioxides. It includes andalusite, fibrolite, kya- 
nite, and topaz. 

an-dan'-te, s. & adv. [Ital. andante—g oing, the 
pr. par. of andare= to go.] [Wend.] 

1. As substantive: A moderately slow movement 
between largo and allegro. It is the third in order 
of the five kinds of musical movement. 

“ . . . and gives to prayer 
The adagio and andante it demands.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. ii. 

2. As adverb: In the time described above. 

an-dan-ti'-no, adv., a. & s. [Ital.] A move¬ 
ment quicker than andante, of which the word 
arulantino is a diminutive. It is intermediate 
between andante and allegretto. 

an -d(tr-ac, s. Red orpiment. 

an-da -te§, s. [Celtic.] A goddess or female 
power worshiped in Britain in pagan times. 

“And to Andates, female power ! who gave 
(For so they fancied) glorious victory.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ix. 

*an-de-na, s. 

1. The swath made in the mowing of hay. 

2. As much ground as a man could stride over at 
once. 

And'-er-son-ville pris-on, s. A prison estab¬ 
lished by the confederate states at Andersonville, 
Georgia, during the American civil war. The total 
number of deaths in Andersonville prison was 
12,462, about one-third of which took place in the 
stockade and two-thirds in the hospital. The 
greatest number imprisoned at any one time was 
33,006. Number of escapes, 328. 


and -e§-ite, s. [In Ger. andesin. From the 
Andes mountains, in which it occurs.] A triclinic 
mineral classed by Dana in his thirteenth, or Feld¬ 
spar group of Unisilicates. The hardness is 5-6; 
the sp. gr. 2’61 to 2’74; the color white, gray, green¬ 
ish, yellowish, or flesh red ; the luster sub-vitreous, 
inclining to pearly. It consists of silica, 57*15 to 
60*29; alumina, 17’62 to 26’78; sesquioxide of iron, 
0*30 to 8*35; magnesia, 0*03 to 1*85; lime, 2 - 24 to 9’23; 
soda,3’91 to 7’99; potassa, 0’05 to 3’99; and water, 
0’34 to 3*84. It is often, if not always, altered oligo- 
clase. and itself it sometimes changes to kaolin. It 
occurs in the Andes, in Canada, in France, and 
Austria, Saccharite, a variety of it, is found in 
Silesia. [Andesyte.] 

an -de-syte, s. [From andesite, but with yte in 
place of ite, to show that it is a rock, and not a 
mineral.] A syenite-like rock occurring in the 
Andes. One of its ingredients is the mineral Ande¬ 
site (q. v.). 

and ir ’-a, s. [The Brazilian name.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the papilionaceous sub-order. 
About twelve species are known, all tropical Amer¬ 
ican trees of moderate height, with alternate 
equally pinnate leaves about a foot long, and ax¬ 
illary or terminal panicles of generally snowy flow¬ 
ers. The fruit is one-seeded, drupaceous, and in 
aspect like a plum. A. inermis is the cabbage-tree 
of the West Indies. [Cabbage-tree.] Its bark 
and that of A. retusa are anthelmintic. In small 
quantities it is drastic, emetic, purgative, and nar¬ 
cotic, while in larger doses it is actually poisonous. 

an-dir-g,-gua-c?i, s. [A South American name 
of the Vampire Bat, Phyllostoma spectrum.'] 
[Phyllostomida: Vampyre.] There are two spe¬ 
cies of the blood-sucking vampire bats in South 
America belonging to the genera Desmodus and 
Diphylla. These bats have sharp teeth, with which 
they make punctured wounds from which they 
suck the blood of their victims. 

and-ir-on, hand-ir-on, *fiwnd'- ir-6n, 
*awynd -yrne, *awynd'-er, s. [In A. S. brand- 
isen is=a branding-iron or rod, a tripod ( Bosworth ), 
but this does not seem the origin of the English 
word. Sw. brand-jern; Fr. & Arm. lanclier; Mediaev. 
Lat. andena— an andiron. Skinner derives it (a) 
from hand and irons, or ( 6 ) from and and irons, or 
(c) from brand and irons. In Yorkshire the term 
end-irons (see 
b) is applied 
to two coarse 
iron p 1 a t es 
used to con¬ 
tract the fire¬ 
place. These 
being mov¬ 
able may be 
placed at a 
distance 
from each 
other when a 
large fire is 
wanted, and 
nearer when 
what is need¬ 
ed is only a 
sm all one. 

Boucher 
thinks that 
and in and- Andirons. 

irons is the 

A. S. separable prep, and, Gr. anti, implying opposi¬ 
tion, and that andirons are pieces of iron opposed 
to each other. Wedgwood believes the true etymol¬ 
ogy is the Flemish wend-ijser , from wenden= to 
turn; andiron would then be tne rack in front of 
the kitchen dogs in which the spit turns.] 

Generally in the plural: A pair of andirons=fire- 
dogs. A utensil consisting of two upright and gen¬ 
erally ornamented pillars at some distance from 
each other, with a horizontal bar connecting them 
together. It was originally designed, as it still is 
in America, to prop up the extremities of logs of 
wood while they were being burned. Then it was 
used to support the ends of a spit. 

“ . . . Her andirons 

(I had forgot them) were two winking Cupids.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. 4. 

andiron brass, s. Lustrous brass, suitable to be 
used in the construction of andirons. 

“And besides, I take it, andiron brass, which they call 
white brass, hath some mixture of tin to help the luster.” 
— Bacon: Physiol, Rem. 

an -drad-ite, s. [Named after the Portuguese 
mineralogist, D’Andrada, who first described it.] 
A mineral arranged by Dana as a sub-variety of 
garnet, and the variety chrome-garnet. He desig¬ 
nates it “ E. Lime Iron-garnet.” it is the same as 
Allochroite. Its colors are various shades of yellow, 
green, brownish red, brown, and black. It is sub¬ 
divided by Dana into— 1 . Simple Lime Iron-garnet: 
(a) Topazolite; (b) Colophonite; (c) Melanite, in¬ 
cluding Pyreneite; (d) Dark-green Garnet, includ¬ 
ing Jelletite. 2 . Manganesian Lime Iron-garnet: 



Will, boy; pout, j<5wl; cat, sell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?;ist. ph-f. 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bel, deL 






anclraea 


186 


(a) Rothoffite, including Polyauelphite; ( 6 ) Ap- 
lome. 3. Yttriferous Lime Iron-garnet, or Ytter- 
garnet. Sub-division 1 seems to include Calderite, 
the place of which is not yet thoroughly determined. 

an -drae-g,, s. [Called after J. C. R. AndrA a 
German botanist.] The typical genus of the 
Andraeacese (q. v.). 

an-drse-a’-§e-se, s. pi. [From Andrcea (q. v.).] 
Split-mosses. An order of acrogenous plants, 
placed by Lindley under his Muscales, or Muscal 
alliance. It contains only the single genus Andrsea, 
which agrees with mosses in having a calyptra and 
operculum, and with Jungermanniace® in having 
a valvular theca. 

an-dran-at'-om-sf, s. [Gr. aner , gen. andros= a 
man as opposed to a woman ; and anatome= dissec¬ 
tion.] [Anatomy.] The dissection of a human 
being, especially of the male sex. 

an-dre-gs-berg'-o-lite, s. [( 1 ) Andreasberg, a 
bailiwick and town of the province of Hanover, in 
the Harz mountains, with mines of iron, cobalt, 
copper, and silver in the vicinity; (2) - lite .] A 
mineral, the same as Harmotome (q. v.). 

an-dre’n-g,, s. [From Gr. anthrene= a wasp.] A 
genus of bees—the typical one of the family Andren- 

ld®. 

an-dre'n-I-dae, s .pi. [From Andrena (q.v.).] A 
family of bees, one of two constituting the sub-tribe 
Anthophila. They differ from the Apidee, the other 
family, in having a short and blunt trunk, and in 
other respects. The species are all solitary in their 
habits. 

an -dre-6-lite, s. [In Ger. andreolich.] [An- 
dreasbergolite.] A mineral, the same as Har¬ 
motome (q. v.). 

an-drce'-<je-um, s. [Gr. aner , genit. andros= a 
man, as distinguished from a woman; and oikos—a 
house.] 

Bot.: Rbper’s name for the male system or appa¬ 
ratus of a plant; in other words, for the stamina. 

an-drog’-rg-phis, s. [Gr. aner , genit. andros— 
a man; graphis= a style for writing.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Acanthace®. A. 
paniculata, called in India Kariyat, is a bitter 
tonic and stomachic, very similar to quassia. It is 
used in general debility, in convalescence after 
fever, and in an advanced stage of dysentery. 

an-drog'-Jfn-al, a. [Formed as if from Lat. an¬ 
drogynous.] [Androgyne.] The same as Androg¬ 
ynous (q. v.). 

an-drog'-^n-gl-ly, adv. [Eng. a,ndrogynal; -ly.] 
With the characteristics of hermaphrodites ; at once 
male and female. 

“The examples hereof have undergone no real or new 
transexion, but were androgynally born, and under some 
kind of hermaphrodites.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

an-drog'-yn-e, s. [In Lat. s. fem.= a masculine, 
heroic woman; in Gr. feminine of androgynos = a 
hermaphrodite: from aner, genit. andros= a man, a 
male; and gyne—a woman.] A hermaphrodite. 

“Plato, underthe person of Aristophanes, tells a story, 
how that at first there were three kinds of men, that is, 
male, female, and a third mixt Bpecies of the other two, 
called for that reason androgynes." -x-Ferrand: Love Melan- 
Hhoiy, p. 72. 

an-dro£'-^n-Ous, a. [ Lat. androgynus=a her¬ 
maphrodite.] Presenting the characteristics of both 
sexes in the same individual; at once male and 
female; pertaining to a hermaphrodite. 

“Early androgynous condition of the vertebrata.”— Dar¬ 
win: Descent of Man, vol. i., p. vii. 

“. . . hermaphrodite or androgynous." — Ibid., vol. ii., 
part i., ch. vi. 

Bot.: Producing both male and female organs on 
the same root, or in the same flower. ( Loudon: 
Cyclo. of Plants, 1829, Gloss.) 

an-dro-ma'-ni-a, s, [Gr. aner, genit. andros=a 
man, and Eng. mam'ei.] 

1. Nymphomania (q. v.). 

2. An abnormal disposition exhibited by some 
women to assume masculine qualities. 

an-dro-rna’-ni-ac, s. [Gr. andros= a man, and 
Eng. maniac .] A woman afflicted with andro- 
mania. 

Xn-drom'-ed-g, s, [Lat. and Gr.] 

1. Class. Myth.: A daughter of Cepheus, king of 
Ethiopia, and Cassiope. It was fabled that she 
was chained to a rock by order of Jupiter Ammon, 
and then exposed to the attacks of a monster. 
Perseus released, and afterward married her. On 
her death she was changed into the constellation 
which bears her name. ( Ovid: Metam., iv. 670, &c.) 

2. Astron.: A constellation, fancifully supposed 
to resemble a woman chained. It is in the northern 
hemisphere, and is surrounded by Cassiopeia, La- 
certa, Pogasus, Pisces, Triangulum, and Perseus. 
It contains the bright stars Almach and Mirach, 
anc] Alpherat is on the boundary-line between it 


and Pegasus. There is in the girdle of Andromeda 
a fine elliptic nebula, visible to the naked eye, and 
continually mistaken by the uninitiated for a comet. 
{Herschel: Astron., % 874.) 

On Sept. 21, 1898, the astronomers of the Pulbowa 
Observatory in Russia announced that they had dis¬ 
covered a stellated condensation in the center of 
this nebula, indicating that its nucleus is composed 
of stars instead of gas, like the matter surrounding 
it. 

3. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Ericace®, or Heath-worts. A species (the A. poli- 
folia, or Marsh Andromeda) occurs in the bogs of 



Marsh Andromeda. (One-third natural size.) 

Britain, the desolate character of the localities 
which it inhabits recalling to classical minds of 
fanciful tendency the barren rock to which Androm¬ 
eda was chained (see No. 1). The Marsh Andromeda 
is an evergreen shrub, with beautiful rose-colored 
drooping flowers. Its shoots poison sheep, as do 
those of the A. Mariana, which grows in America ; 
and the A. ovalifolia, of Nepaul, acts with similar 
effect upon goats. 

In -dro-medesj, s. pi. [Gr. and Lat. Androm- 
ed{a) ; suff.-es. ] Astron : Meteors which appear to 
radiate from the t onstellation Andromeda, first ob¬ 
served on Nov. 27, 1872, and again on the same night 
of the month, in 1886. Also called Bielids. 

“The other great shower occurs on the night of Nov. 27, 
and will be caused by the meeting of the earth with the 
meteors known as the Andromedes, or Bielids, which are 
closely related to the famous missing comet of Biel a, if 
they are not in fact scattered debris of that comet itself.” 
—Garrit P. Servics, in Hew York Journal, Oct. 23. 1898. 

an-dro-pet'-gl-ous, s. [Gr. aner= a man, and 
petalon. Properly a leaf, but used by botanists for 
a petal.] 

Botany: Having stamens transformed into petals, 
as sometimes takes place when a single flower is 
converted into a double one. 

Xn-droph'-g-gi, s. pi. [Gr. Androphagoi , the 
people described below; androphagos= eating 
human flesh; anei~ a man, and 2 aor. inf. phaqein 
=to eat.] A race of cannibals, adjacent to Scythia, 
mentioned by Herodotus; hence cannibals gener¬ 
ally. 

an-dro-pho-no-ma’-ni-g, s. [Gr. androphonos 
= man-killing, and mama=madness.] A mania for 
killing persons; homicidal insanity. 

Xn-droph'-or-um, s. [Gr. aner—a man, a male; 
andpherb=to bear.] 

Bot.: Mirbel’s name for the tribe formed by the 
union of the filaments in monadelphous plants. 
( Lindley: Introd. to Bot.) 

an-drop'-o-gon, s. [In Sp., Port._& Ital. androp- 
ogon; from Gr. o»er=a man, and pogon=a beard; 
there being on the flowers a beard-like tuft of 
hairs.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Graminace®, or Grasses. A. sorghum .better known 
as Holcus sorghum, is extensively cultivated in In¬ 
dia as a cereal. It is the Jowaree or .Jondia of that 
country, and is called in English Great Millet. An¬ 
other species, also grown in the Deccan as a cereal, 
is A. saccharatus, or Shaloo. 

an-dro-ssm-um, s. [Lat. androscemon; Gr. 
androsaimon, lit.= man’s blood; aner , genit. andros 
=a man, and /i,aima=blood.] 

*1. Ancient classic writers: A species of St. John’s 
Wort, with blood-red juice: Hypericum andro- 
scemum, montanum or ciliatum. 

2. Modern Botany: A genus of plants belonging 
to the order Hypericace®, or Tutsans. The A. 
officinale is tonic and astringent. 

an -dro sphinx s. [Gr. androsphinx, from aner 
=a man, and sphinx. ] A man-sphinx, that is, a 
sphinx with the bust of a man, and not, as is 
usually the case, with that of a woman. 

an-drot'-om-^, s. [Gr. androtomeo, lit.= to cut a 
man ; aner—a man, and temno= to cut.] Dissection 


anely 

of the human body, in contradistinction from zoot¬ 
omy, or dissection of the bodies belonging to th© 
inferior animals. 

an'-drous, in compros. [Gr. aner —a man, a male.} 
Bot.: Pertaining to the stamina. It is used only 
in composition, as monandrous plants, those with, 
one stamen: diandrous, those with two, &c. 

*and -swere, v. & s. [Answer.] 

*and'-vile, s. [Anvil.] 

*a-ue'al. [Anele.] 
a-ne'ar, adv. [Eng. a ; •near.'] Near, 
an-ec-do'-tgl, a. [En g. anecdote; -al.] Pertain¬ 
ing to anecdotes. 

an'-ec-dote, s. [In Sw. anekdot; Dan. & Ger.. 
anekdote; Dut. & Fr. anecdote; Port, anekdota; 
Ital. aneddoto; Gr. anekdotos=something not pub¬ 
lished, but kept secret: an, priv., and ekodotos— 
given out; ek=out, and dofos=granted; didomi —to 
give.] 

1. Originally something kept unpublished, secret, 
history, or an ancient work not in fact published, 
though there was no intention of keeping its con¬ 
tents undivulged. The best collection of anecdotes, 
in this first sense of the word, is generally said to 
have been that of Muratori, in A. D. 1709: but th© 
thing, if not the name, must have been much older. 

“ Some modern anecdotes aver, 

He nodded in his elbow chair.”— Prior. 

2. A short but generally striking narrative of som© 
single event in a person’s history, related generally 
with a view of exhibiting his characteristic pecul¬ 
iarities. Among the best collections of anecdotes, 
in the modern sense, are the “Percy Anecdotes,’' 
sent forth by George Byerley and Joseph Clinton 
Robinson. 

an-ec-dot-ic, an-ec-dot'-i-cal, a. [Eng,- 
anecdote, -ic, -ical. In Fr. anecdotique; Port, anec- 
dotico .] 

1. Pertaining to anecdotes. 

“Particular anecdotical traditions, whose authority is 
unknown or suspicious.”— Bolingbroke to Pope. 

2. In the habit of relating anecdotes. 

an'-ec-dot-ist, s. [Eng. anecdote; -ist. In Port.. 
anecdotista .] One who relates anecdotes by word of 
mouth or by the pen. 

an-ec-ta -si-g, an-ec-ta -sis, s. Gr. an, priv., 
and efctasts=extension.] Deficient size of an organ 
or part. 

*ane-hede, s. [A. S. an, cen= one; suffix had— 
Eng. hood or head; as in A. S. wuduwanhad— Eng,, 
widowhood; mcsdenhad=F,ng. maidenhead or 
maidenhood.] Oneness, union. 

" The anehede of Godd with mannis soule.”— Richard 
Rolle de Hampole, viii. (ed. Perry), p. 14. 

;; an-ei -mi-a, an-e’-mi-a, s. [Gr. aneimon—with¬ 
out clothing; a, priv., and eima=dress, a garment; 
hennumi=to dress. So called from the naked ap¬ 
pearance of the spikes of inflorescence.] A genua 
of plants belonging to the order Polypodiace®, or 
Ferns. A. tomentosa smells like myrrh. 

an'-el-age, an-el-a-^-o, s. [Anlace.] 

*an-ele (1), g-ne al, *gn-ndy'le, v. t. [A. S „ 
oeZ=oil.] To administer extreme unction. 

“ Hyt ys not gode to be helut, 

How a wyght schal be an-elet." 

Instructions for Parish Priests (ed. Peacock), 1811-12. 

*g-nele (2), v. t. [Derivation uncertain, prob¬ 
ably from Lat. anhelo=to pant.] To attack, to 
worry. (K. Morris.) To approach. (Sir F. Mad¬ 
den.) 

“ Bothe wyth bullez and berez and borez other quyt© 
And etaynez that hym anelede, of the heghe felle.” 

Sir Gawayne (ed. R. Morris), 722, 723 

an-e-lec’-tric, a. & s. [Gr. an, priv., and Eng» 
electrics (q. v.).] 

1. As adjective: Non-electric. 

2 . As substantive ( plur.): A term formerly used' 
to designate those bodies which were commonly be¬ 
lieved to be incapable of becoming electrical by 
friction. 

“. . . bodies were formerly divided into ideoelec- 
trics, or those which become electrical by friction, and 
anelectrics, or those which do not possess this property.” 
— Atkinson: Ganofs Physics, 3d ed. (1868), p. 585. 

an-e-lec'-trode, s. [Gr. ana=up; and Eng. elec¬ 
trode (q. v.).] 

Elec.: The positive electrode or pole of a galvanic, 
battery. {Faraday.) [Anode.] 
an-e-lec-tro-to'-nus, s. [Pref. an-, and Eng., 
&c., electrotonus (q. v.).] The condition of the nerv© 
close to the positive pole. [Go,not: Physics (ed. At¬ 
kinson), p. 924.) 

*a'ne-ly, adv. [A. S. ait=one; Eng. suff. -ly— 
like.] Only; alone, 

“ I fande Ihesu in deserte, fastande in the monte, anely; 
prayande.”— Richard Rolle de Hampole. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; v/e, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,, 
or, T7ore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey - a, qu = kwl 





anfraetuousness 


anelynes 


187 


*a ne-ly-nes, s. [O. Eng. anely (q. v.); -nes= 
■ness.] Loneliness. 

A-ne'-ml-A, s. Same as anemia. 

a-ne'-mic, a. Same as Anaemic. 

an-em-og-raph-f, s. [Gr. anemos—the wind, 
and gray he = ... a description.] A description 
of the winds. 

an-em-ol-og-y, s. [Gr. anemos= the wind, and 
logos—& discourse.] The science which treats of the 

winds. 

an-em-om-et-er, s. [In Ger. anemometer; Fr. 
avAmotnbtre; Port .anemometro; Gr. anemos —the 
wind, and metron —a measure.] An instrument de¬ 
signed to measure the velocity of the wind, on 
^which its strength depends. It was invented by 



WoLfins in 1709. Anemometers have been made of 
three kinds : 1st, those in which a windmill twists 
string round an axle against pressure; 2d, those in 
which a defined surface, say of a foot square, is 
pressed against a spring (Fig. 1); 3d, those in which 
water or some other liquid is made to stand at a 
higher level in one leg of an inverted syphon than 
in the other (Fig. 2). The anemometer now most 
commonly in use is more akin to the first, which 
also was the earliest type of the instrument, than it 
is to the second or the third. Four light metallic 
hemispheres, called from Dr. Robinson, who first 
employed them, Robinson’s cups (Fig. 3), are made 
to revolve like a vane or weather-cock, and are 
found to do so at the rate of exactly one-third the 
velocity of the wind. The result is then recorded in 
pencil marks by a self-registering apparatus. 

an-em-om -et-ry, s. [In Fr. anSmometrie; Port. 
anemometria. (For etym. see Anemometky.)] A 
measurement of the velocity and strength of the 
wind. [Anemometek.] 

an-em -on-e, an-em-on-f , s. [In Dan., Ger., 
Dut., Fr., Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. anemone; in Port, 
also anemola. Gr. anemone , Zt'f.=wind-flower, from 
anemos=the wind; because the flowers are easily 
moved by the wind.] 

A. Ord. Lang. (Of the forms anemone and an- 
emony.) Any wild or cultivated plant of the botan¬ 
ical genus Anemone. (See B., 1.) 

“ From the soft wing of vernal breezes shed, 

Anemonies, auriculas, enrich’d 

With shining meal o'er all their velvet leaves.” 

Thomson; Spring, 536. 

B. Technically. <Of the form anemone only.) 

1. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Ranunculacese, or Crowfoots. What to the un- 



Anemone. (One-third natural size.) 
initiated seems a corolla is in reality a petaloid 
calyx highly developed. A. coronaria and hortensis 

are common garden flowers. . 

2. Zool.: A popular name given to various radi¬ 
ated animals which present a superficial resem¬ 
blance to the anemone, but really look more like 
the Chrysanthemum or some others ot the Com- 
positae. The “anemone” meaning the Sea-anem¬ 
one is A. mesembryanthemum, caned also the 


Bendlet; the Snake-locked Anemone is the Sagartia 
viduata, and the Plumose Anemone is the Actino- 
loba dianthus. 

an-em-o -ni-a, s. [Anemonine.] 
tan-em-on'-ic, a. [Eng . anemone;-ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to the anemone. 

an-em -on-ine, an-em'-on-In, an-em-o -ni-gt, 
s. A chemical substance obtained from various 
species of anemone. It burns like camphor. 


an-em'-on y, s. [Anemone.] 
an-em -o-sc5pe, s. [In Fr. anemoscope; Sp. an- 
emoscopio; from Gr. anemos =the wind, and shaped 
=to look at.] An instrument for rendering visible 
the direction of the wind. In that commonly used 
there is a vane exposed to the wind acting upon an 
index moving round a dial-plate on which the 
thirty-two points of the compass are engraved. 

an-en-fje-phal -I-A, s. [For etymology see An- 
Encephalus.] Absence of the brain, or a portion 
of it. 

an-en- 9 eph.-A.l-ic, a. [Eng., &c., anencephalus 
(q. v.) ; Eng. -ic.] Brainless; without a brain. 

an-en- 9 eph'-Al-ous, a. [Eng., &c., anencephalus 
(q. v.), and Eng. suff. -on*’.] Brainless; anenceph- 
alic. 

an-en- 9 eph'-Al-us, s. [Gr. an, priv., and eng- 
Jcephalos =the brain ; adj.=without brain.] 

Animal Physiol.: A foetus born without the 
brain. 

*an-end (1), *an-ende (1), *an-end-es, *an-ont, 
*an-ente, *an-ent-is, *an-ent-es, *an-ens, *an- 
empt-es, *o-nence, *an-ent, *an-enst, prep. [A 
contraction for anefent or onefent, representing the 
true form anefen or onefen= A. S. on-efen=e\e n 
with, near, on an equality with.] 

1 . Opposite. 

2. Respecting, regarding, concerning. (Eng., in 
the forms an ende and anente; Scotch, in the form 
anent.) 

“ An-ende ryghtwys men, yet saytz a gome 
Dauid in sauter, if euer ye sey hit.” 

Alliterative Poems; Pearl (ed. Morris), 696-7. 


an-end (2), *an-ende, on-end (an or on=on, in, 
and end), adv. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. On end, perpendicularly. 

2. Lastly. 

“ I drede onende quat schulde byfalle, 

Lest ho me es-chaped that I ther chos.” 

Alliterative Poems; Pearl (ed. Morris), 186-7. 

II. Naut.: A term applied to the situation of any 
mast or boom when standing perpendicularly to the 
plane of the deck, to that of the tops, &c. Top¬ 
masts are also said to be anend when they are 
hoisted up to their usual station at the head of the 
lower masts. 

an-e-pal-lac'-ta, «• pi- [Gr. anepallaktos =not 
interchanging; an, priv., epallasso —to change over, 
to interchange; epi=upon, or over, and allasso =to 
change.] The term applied by Aristotle to those 
animals in which the upper and lower teeth do not 
interlock; namely, the herbivorous quadrupeds. 
( Oiven: Classif. of the Mammalia , p. 2.) 


an'-er-ly, a. Single, solitary. (Scotch.) 
an'-er- 6 id, a._& s. [Gr. a, priv., and neros= wet, 
lamp ; from nao=to flow.] 

A. As adjective: Not containing any liquid. 
(Used chiefly in the expression, “Aneroid barome¬ 
ter.) . . 

Aneroid barometer: A barometer not containing 
i liquid, but constructed on a totally different prin¬ 
ciple from a mercurial barometer. Various forms 
yf the instrument 
exist. One of these 
consists of a cylin- 
Irical metal^ box 
exhausted of air, 
ind having its lid 
i>f thin corrugated 
metal. As the 
pressure in¬ 
creases, the lid, 
which is highly 
elastic, and. has a 
spring inside, is 
Eorced inward; 
while, again, as it 
iiminishes, it is 
forced outward. 

Delicate multiply¬ 
ing levers then 
transmit these 
motions to an in¬ 
dex which moves 

graduated empir-. Aneroid Barometer, 

ically by a mercurial barometer. It is wonderfully 
delicate, but is apt to get out of order, particularly 
when it has been exposed to great variations ot 
pressure. From its portability it is much used tor 
determining the heights of mountains. _ 



btfil boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, - Han = shgm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


B. As substantive: A barometer of the kind 
described under A. 

ane§ (often pronounced en§), adv. [A. S . anes, 
genit. m. and n. of an, cen=( 1) one, (2) single, sole, 
another ; cene, ceene= once, at once.] 

1. At one time, at once; once. (Scotch.) 

“I downa take muckle siller at anes . . .” — Scott; 
Antiquary, ch. xii. 

2. Only, solely. 

an'-es-is, s. [Gr. anesis=(l) a loosening, relax¬ 
ing, (2) remission, abatement; aniemi =to send up 
or forth, ... to slacken, to relax: ajic=up, and 
hiemi =to set a-going.] 

Med.: The abatement of morbid symptoms. 

A-ne§-o-rhiz'-A, s. [Gr. aneson, or anesson, the 
same as anef/io«=dill anisej and rhiza= root.] A 
genus of plants of the Umbelliferous order, of which 
one species, the A. capensis, is used in Southern 
Africa as an esculent. 

an-es-the'-si-A, s. Same’as Ancesthesia (q. v.). 

a-neth-ol, s. [Lat. anethum= anise; oleum— 
oil.] [Oil of Anise.] 

a-neth'-um, s. [In Fr. aneth; Ital. aneto; Sp. 
eiieldo; Port, endro. From Lat. anethum; Gr. 
anethon= anise or dill.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Apiaceae, or Umbellifers. A. graveolens is the dill. 
Its fruit is aromatic and carminative. 

a-neu'ch (h guttural), adv. [Enough.] Enough. 

(Scotch.) 

an -eiir-ifm, tan'-eiir-y§m, s. [InFr. avAvrisme, 
anivrysme; Sp. & Port, aneurisma; Gr. aneurysma, 
and aneurysmos, from aneuryno=to widen, toopen; 
eruynb — to make wide or broad; eurys — wide, 
broad.] 

Med.: A morbid dilatation of the aorta, or one of 
the other great arteries of the body. Four varieties 
of this malady have been described. In the first the 
whole circumference of the artery is dilated ; in the 
second, or true aneurism, the dilatation is confined 
to one side of the artery, which then takes the form 
of a sac ; in the third, or false aneurism, the inter¬ 
nal and middle coats of the artery are ulcerated or 
ruptured, while those which are external or cellular 
expand into a sac ; in the fourth, or mixed variety, 
the false supervenes upon the true aneurism, or 
upon dilatation. 

an-eiir-I§m ~a1, a. [En g. aneurism;-al. InFr. 
anivrismal, aneurysmal; Port, aneurismal .] Per¬ 
taining to an aneurism; affected by an aneurism. 

“. . . a rational treatment of aneurismal and 

wounded arteries .”—Todd dt Bowman: Physiol. Anat^ 
vol. i., p. 29. 

A-new , adv. [Eng. a=on; new. In Sw. a two.] 

1. Another time ; over again ; afresh, again. 

“ . . . when, Jo ! the North anew, 

With stormy nations black, on England pour’d 
Woes the severest e’er a people felt.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

2. Newly, in a new manner, freshly. 

“ He who begins late is obliged to form anew the whole 
disposition of his soul . . . ”— Rogers. 

an-frac'-tu-ose, a. [From Lat. anfractuosus— 
winding, crooked.] [Anfeactuosity.J Anfractu¬ 
ous. 

“ Behind the drum are several vaults and anfractuose 
cavities in the ear-bone, so to intend the least sound im¬ 
aginable, that the sense might be affected with it; as we 
see in subterraneous caves and vaults how the sound is re¬ 
doubled.”— Ray. 

an-frac-tu-os'-I-ty, s. [Eng. anfractuose; -ity. 
In Fr. anfractuositS; Lat. anfractus=( 1) a curving 
or bending, an orbit; (2) a tortuous route.] [An- 
FRACTUOtrs.] The quality or state of being anfrac¬ 
tuous ; tortuousness. 

“. . . their surf ace is generally smooth: the avfrac- 

tuosities, when present, are few and simple.”— Owen; 
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 24. 

an-frac'-tu-ous, a. [In Fr. anfractueux; Port- 
anfiractuoso. From Lat. anf cactus, adj. = broken, 
bent, round, winding, crooked; amb, and fractus= 
broken, pa. par. of frango=to break.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Winding, crooked, mazy; full of winding 
passages; spiral. 

“ . . . with anfractuous spires and cocleary turnings, 
about it.”— Fuller: Worthies; London. 

2. Fig.: Tortuous. 

“ . . . anfractuous and involved consequences.”— Bp. 
Taylor.- Rule of Conscience, bk. ii., c. 3. 

B. Technically: 

Botany: Spiral, resembling in direction the spires 
of a corkscrew, or full of turnings and winding pa? 
sages. (Lindley.) 

an-frac-tu oiis-ness, s. [Eng. anfractuous; 
-ness.] The quality of Being anfractuous; anfrac- 
tuosity, tortuousness. (Bailey.) 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -Me, -die, &c. - bel, deL 


































angardly 


188 


angelic 


*an-gard-ly, *an-gare ly, *an-gar-ly, *an- 

gurd-ly, adv. Angrily. [Angry.] 

♦an gar-i-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. angarier— to fol¬ 
low after, to persecute; Ital. angariare=to force, 
to overcharge; angariatore=an oppressor; angher- 
iure=to compel, to oppress; angheria=force, com¬ 
pulsion; Lat. angario; Gr. angareuo [see Matt, 
v. 41, in Gr.]=to press one to serve, as an angaros 
(in Lat. angarius ) a slight modification of a Per¬ 
sian word, angaria—a. mounted courier; Gr. an- 
aareia—( 1) Spec., such service, (2) Gen., service to a 
lord, villenage.] Compulsion, service forcibly ex¬ 
acted. 

“But if in these earthly angariations one mile, accord¬ 
ing to our Saviour’s counsel, may bring on another: yet, 
in spiritual evil ways, no compulsion can prevail upon a 
resolved spirit.”— Bp. Hall: Temptations Repelled. 

“ This leading of God's Spirit must neither be a forced 
angariation (as if God would feoffe grace and salvation 
upon us against our wills), nor some sudden protrusion 
to good,”— Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 153. 

“The earth yields us fruit, but it is only perhaps once 
a year, and that not without much cost and angariation, 
requiring both our labor and patience.”— Ibid., p. 43. 

an-gel-ol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. angeion — a vessel: 
logos=a discourse.] The doctrine of the vessels of 
the body. 

an-gel-o-ten’-Ic, «. [Gr. angeion=(l) a vessel, 
( 2 ) a blood-vessel; teino, fut. teno= to stretch, 
strain, extend.] Lit. =straining the blood-vessels. 
(See below.) 

angeiotenic fever, s. A name of inflammatory 
fever. Pinel believed its seat to be in the organs of 
circulation. 

an-gel-ot'-om-y, s. [Angiotomt.] 

an-gel, *an -gle (1), s. & a. [In A S. engel, 
angel; Sw., l)an., Dut. & Ger. engel; Russ, angel; 
Irish amgeal, amgiol; Fr. ange; Sp. angel; Fort. 
anjo; Ital. angelo; Lat. angelus. From Gr. an- 
aelos=( 1) a messenger, (2) an angel, (3) the message 
brought; angello= to bear a message, to announce.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: *A messenger, one employed to carry a 
message, a locum tenens, a man of business. (In 
this sense it is masc. or fem.) 

“ Resigns his crown to angel Carwell’s trust.” 

Marvell: Britannia and Raleigh, 122. 

Grosart, the editor of Marvell’s works, considers 
that this is the true explanation of the very common 
“Angel Inn.” ( Andrew Marvell: Poems , ed. Gro¬ 
sart, vol. i., p. 335.) 

2. Spec. Lit.: One of an order of spiritual beings 
superior to man in power and intelligence, vast in 
number, holy in character, and thoroughly devoted 
to the worship and service of God, who employs 
them as his heavenly messengers. Their existence 
is made known to us by Scripture, and is recognized 
also in the Parsee sacred books. 

“. . . noe man, noe angle, noe god.”— Orthographie 
and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue (ed. Wheatley). 

“And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, 
that stand in the presence of God.”— Luke i. 19. 

“We find, as far as credit is to be given to the celestial 
hierarchy of that supposed Dionysius, the senator of 
Athens, the first place or degree is given to the angels of 
love, which are termed Seraphim; the second to the 
angels of light, which are called Cherubim; and the third, 
and so following places, to thrones, principalities, and 
the rest, which are all angels of power and ministry, so as 
the angels of knowledge and illumination are placed be¬ 
fore the angels of office and domination.”— Lord Bacon: 
Adv. of Learn., bk. i. 

Tf We learn from Scripture that many angels, 
originally holy like the rest, fell from their pristine 
purity, becoming so transformed in character that 
all their powers are now used for the purpose of do¬ 
ing evil instead of good. These are to be identified 
with the devils so frequently mentioned in holy 
writ. 

“And the angels which kept not their first estate but 
left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting 
chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great 
day.”— Jude 6. 

“He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, 
and indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels 
among them.”— Ps. lxxviii. 49. 

3. Figuratively: 

(а) Christ in angelic form or otherwise. (Com¬ 
pare Gen. xxxi. 11-13, with John i. 18.) 

( б ) A spirit which has assumed the aspect of some 
human being. The reference probably is to the 
Jewish belief that each person has his or her 
guardian-angel. 

“But she constantly affirmed that it was even so. Then 
said they, It is his angel.” — Acts xii. 15. 

(c) The representative of each of the seven Asiatic 
churches. “ Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus 
write ” (Rev. ii. 1 ); and “ unto the angel of the 
church of Smyrna write,” ver. 8 . (See also ii. 12,18 ; 
iii. 1, 7,14.) 


(d) An appellation given by an intimate friend, 
or especially by a lover, to the object of his or her 
affection. 

“For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel: 

Judge, 0 you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him!” 

Shakesp.: Julius Cccsar, iii. 2. 

(e) A person of seeming innocence, purity, and 
benevolence. 

“ Oh, what may man within him hide, 

Though angel on the outward side!” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iii. 2. 

4. The name of a beautiful fish, which has its 
body covered with large green scales, and the 
laminae above the gills armed with cerulean spines. 
It is one of the Chaetodons, and occurs on the coast 
of Carolina. It is quite different from the angel¬ 
fish (q. v.). 

II. Technically: 

Numis.: A gold coin, named from the fact that on 
one side of it was a representation of the Archangel 



Michael in conflict with the Dragon (Rev. xii. 7). 
The reverse had a ship with a large cross for the 
mast, the letter E on the right side, and a rose on the 
left; while against the ship was a shield with the 
usual arms. It was first struck in France in 1340, 
and was introduced into England by Edward IV. in 
1465. Between his reign and that of Charles I. it 
varied in value from 6 s. 8 d. to 10s. It is not now 
current either in France or England. The last 
struck in England were in the reign of Charles I. 
(H. Noel Humphreys: Coins of England, 5th ed., 
1848; and other authorities.) 

“. . . shake the bags 
Of hoarding abbots ; their imprisoned angels 
Set them at liberty.”— Shakesp.: K. John, iii. 3. 

“ . . . and a counterfeit angel is made more like a 
true angel than if it were an angel coined of China gold.” 
— Bacon: Inter, of Nat., ch. xi. 

B. As adjective: Angelical. 

“All angel now—yet little less than all. 

While still a pilgrim in our world below.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles (Conclusion). 

C. In composition, Angel is generally a substantive, 
but sometimes it is an adjective. 

angel-age, s. [Eng. angel; and aoe=time of 
life.] An age or period of life at which a certain 
character is possessed, or certain actions done. It 
is not the same as Angelage (q. v.). 

“Why should you two. 

That, happily, have been as chaste as I am. 

Fairer, I think, by much (for yet your faces. 

Like ancient well-built piles, show worthy ruins), 
After that angel-age turn mortal devils?” 

Beaumont and Fletcher: Valentinian, i. 2. 
angel-bed, s. A bed without posts, 
angel-choir, s. A choir of angels, especially that 
which sang when Christ’s birth was announced to 
the shepherds at Bethlehem (Luke ii. 13,14). 

“ God set the diadem upon his head, 

And angel-choirs attended.” 

, Cou-per.- The Task, bk. vi. 

angel-fish, s. A fish of the Squalid®, or Shark 
family, the reverse of angelic in its look, but which 
derived its name from the fact that its extended 
pectoral fins present the appearance of wings. It 
is called also Monk-fish, Fiddle-fish, Shark-ray, 
and Kingston. It is the Squatina angelus of 



Dum6ril, the Squalus squatina of Linnreus. It 
has an affinity to the Rays, as well as to the Sharks. 
It lies close to the bottom of the sea, and feeds rav¬ 
enously on flat-fishes. It sometimes attains the 
length of seven or eight feet. It is found on the 
coasts of Europe and North America. 


angel-food, s. A delicate white cake, composed 
chiefly of beaten whites of eggs, powdered white 
sugar and sifted wheat flour. 

angel-form, s. A form deemed to be or resemble 
that of an angel. 

“ To weeping grottos and prophetic glooms, 

Where angel-forms athwart the solemn dusk.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Autumn. 

angel-guest, s. An angel who has been received 
as a guest. 

“ To entertain our angel-guest.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. V. 

angel-hand, s. The hand of an angel, he being 
assumed to have a body. 

“ Fleeter than the starry brands 

Flung at night from angel-hands.” 

Moore: Paradise and the Peri. 

angel-head, s. The head of an angel cut in stooe 
or other material. ,, 

“ What, always dreaming over heavenly things, 

Like angel-heads in stone with pigeon-wings?” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

angel-like, a. & adv. Like an angel; in an. 
angelic manner. 

“ How angel-like he sings ! ” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

angel-peopled, a. Peopled with angels. ( Jews- 
bury.) 

angel-quire, s. pi. A quire (choir) of angels. 

" And join thy voice unto the angel-quire.” 

Milton: The Morning of Christ’s Nativity. 
angel-seeming, a. Appearing as if they were 
angels. 

“ Than these same guileful angel-seeming sprights, 

Who thus in dreams, voluptuous, soft, and bland. 
Pour’d all th’ Arabian heaven upon our nights.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 45. 

angel-trumpet, s. A trumpet used by angels. 

“ Where the bright seraphim, in burning row. 

Their loud uplifted angel-trumpets blow.” 

Milton: At a Solemn Music. 

angel-water, s. A scented water prepared in 
Portugal. It consists of rose, orange blossom, and 
myrtle water commingled together, and addition¬ 
ally perfumed with musk and ambergris. 

angel-welcome, s. A welcome by angels. ( Bow¬ 
ring .) 

angel-wing, s. The wing of an angel. 

“Subjected to his service, angel-wings 
And flaming ministers, to watch and tend 
Their earthly charge.”— Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

angel-winged, a. Possessed of wings resembling 
those of angels. 

Fig.: Rising to a high and serene atmosphere. 

“She [philosophy] all angel-winged 
The heights of science and of virtue gains, 

Where all is calm and clear.” 

Thomson: Spring. 

angel-worship, s. The worshiping of angels. 

“ Angel-worship is plainly forbidden in the text of St. 
Paul, which I am now considering [Coll. ii. 19, 20], as also 
in Rev. six. 10, xxii. 9.”— Trapp: Popery truly stated, pt. ii. 

angell-hede, s. The hooked or barbed head of 
an arrow. 

“ Ane angell-hede to the hukis he drew.” 

Wallace, iv. 554. {Jameson.) 
an-gel (3), s. [Apparently a corruption of Eng. 
angle (q. v.). In Fr. cm£re=chain-shot.] 
angel-shot, s. Chain-shot; cannon-shot cut in 
halves, which are then connected together by means 
of a chain. 

an-gel-age, s. [Eng. angel; suffix -age.'} The 
existence or the state of angels. 

an -gel-et, s. [Dimin. of angel.} An old English 
coin, in value equal to half an “ angel.” [Angel, s.] 
an'-gel-hopd, s. [Eng. angel; suff. -hood.} An¬ 
gelic nature or character; the state of being an 
angel. ( E. B. Browning: Song for Ragged Schools.) 

an-gel'-ic (1), *an-gel'-ick, *an-gel'-ique, an- 
gel -ic-al, a. [In Dan. engleliig; Ger. angelika; 
Fr. angelique; Sp., Port., & Ital. angelico; Lat. 
angelicus, from Gr. angelikos.} 

1. Gen.: Pertaining to a messenger of any kind. 

“ Angelic Cromwell, who out-wings the wind.” 

Marvell: First Anniversary, 126. 

2. Spec.: Pertaining to an angel, or the hierarchy 
of angels; resembling an angel; like what an angel 
might have done; of a nature like that of the 
angels ; superhuman; the opposite of demoniac. 

“ The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patienoe 
in her who had been dearest to the brave sufferer.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng. , ch. xiv. 

H Angelic doctor: A title given to St. Thomas 
Aquinas, on account of the clearness of his inter¬ 
pretation of Scripture. The common idea that he 
discussed how many angels could dance on the 
point of a needle, is erroneous. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ffill, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g 5 , pSt, 
or, wore wolf, work, who, sen; mute, cub, cure, pnite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




angelic 

Sn-gel'-ic ( 2 ), [From Eng., &c., angelica 
|q. v.).J Pertaining to the Angelica plant, 
angelic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 5 HsO 2 =CpH 7 .C 0 . 0 H. A monatomic acid 
belonging to the acrylic series, obtained by boiling 
the root of Angelica archangelica with lime and 
water, and distilling, the concentrated liquid with 
dilute sulphuric acid. Angelic acid forms long 
needle crystals, which melt at 45°, and boil at 190°. 

an-gel'-i-ca, s. [In Ger. angelika; Dut. engel - 
wortel; Fr. angclique; Sp. angelica; Dan., Port. & 
Ital. angelica. From Lat.. angelus; Gr. anqelos— 
an angel. So called from its medicinal qualities.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Apiacese, 
or Umbellifers. It contains one species, the A. 
tylvestris, or Wild Angelica, and one, the A. arch - 



Angelica Sylvestris: Branch, Flower, and Seed. 
(One-fifth, natural size.) 

angelica, or Garden Angelica. It is sometimes cul¬ 
tivated for its leaf-stalks, which are blanched and 
eaten as celery, or candied with sugar. It is re¬ 
garded as stimulant and anti-pestilential. 

“In his hand he carried, 

Angelicas uprooted, 

With delicious fragrance 
Pilling all the place.” 

Longfellow: The Saga of King Olaf, ch. xvi. 

angelica-root, s. The root of the Arch-angelica 
officinalis. It is fragrant, bitter, and pungent. 
When first tasted it is sweet, but leaves behind a 
glowing heat in the mouth. The Laplanders eat 
the stalks, roasted in hot ashes, for coughs, hoarse¬ 
ness, &c., and boil the tender flowers in milk to 
promote perspiration in catarrh attended with 
fever. In a candied state it is eaten as a sweet¬ 
meat. 

angelica-stalk, s. The stalk of an angelica 

plant. 

“ Now will I confess it. 

Better things are jewels 
Than angelica-stalks are 
For a Queen to wear.” 

Longfellow: The Saga of King Olaf, ch. xvi. 

angelica-tree, s. Aralia spinosa. Its leaves are 
like those of the Angelica, whence its name. It is a 
small tree ornamental for lawns. The berries of 
the tree are used for relieving rheumatism and 
colic. 

an-gel'A-cal, a. [Angelic.] 

an-gel'-i-cal ly, adv. [Eng. angelical; -by.'] In 
an angelic manner; like an angel. 

an-gel'-I-cal-ness, s. [Eng. angelical; -ness.] 
Having the qualities of an angel. 

An-gel'-i-ci, s. pi. [Plural of Lat. angelicus = 
angelic.] 

Church History: The name given to an old Chris¬ 
tian sect who greatly venerated angels, if indeed 
they did not attribute to them even the creation of 
the world. They flourished about A. D. 180. 

an-gel’-i-fy, v.t. [Lat. angelus—an angel \ facto 
=to make.] To render angelic. 

■i “The soul at this first resurrection must be spiritual¬ 
ized, refined, and angelified.”—Farindon: Sermons (1647), 
p. 65. 

An-gel-P-na, s. [A female name, from Lat. an¬ 
gelus- an angel.] An asteroid, the sixty-fourth 
found. It was discovered by Tempel, on the 6 th of 
March, 1861. 

An'-gel-ite§, s. pi. [In Ger . Angeliten. Named 
from Agelius, or Angelius, a part of Alexandria in 
which they used to meet.] An old Christian sect, a 
branch of the Sabellians, who flourished toward the 
termination of the fifth century. They believed 
that the persons of the Trinity were not the same 
or self-existent, but distinct gods, existing by par¬ 
ticipation in a deity common to them all. They 
were called also Severites and Theodosians, from 
Severus and Theodosius, who were successively 
their leaders. 


189 

an-gal-ol'- 6 g-y, s. [Gr. angelos= an angel, and 
logos= a discourse.] The department of theology 
which treats of angelic beings. 

an-gel-o -nl-A, s. [Sp. angelon; from Lat. an - 
gelus=Gr. angelos= an angeh] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Scrophulariacese (Fig- 
worts.) A. salicariaifolia, or Violet Angelonia, is a 
herbaceous stove-plant, with fine, large, light-blue 
flowers. 

an-gel-oph’-an-y, s. [Gr. angelos= an angel; 
phaind=to bring to light; to make to appear.] The 
appearance or manifestations of angels. 

“. . . the Theophany and Angelojjhany of the Old 
and New Testament.”— Strauss: Life of Jesus (Marti- 
neau’s transl.), vol. i., § 14, p. 67. 

an’-gel-ot, s. [Fr.] 

1. Numis.: An ancient French coin struck at 
Paris while that capital was temporarily in Eng¬ 
lish occupation. It was so called from having on it 
the figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of 
England and France. 

2. A small cheese made in Normandy. 

3. Music: A musical instrument somewhat re¬ 
sembling a lute. 

an'-gel-iis, s. A prayer to the Virgin, instituted 
by Pope Urban II., offered in Roman Catholic coun¬ 
tries in the morning, at noon, and in the evening, at 
the sound of a bell called the Angelus. It is so 
called because it begins with the words “ Angelus 
Domini nuntiavit Marise ” (the angel of the Lord 
announced to Mary). [Hail-Mary.] 

“ Sweetly over the village the bell of the Angelus 
sounded.” Longfellow: Evangeline, i. 4. 

ang-er, s. [A. S. ange=straitened, sorrowful, 
troubled, from Icel. an(/r=grief, sorrow. Ang in 
compos.=trouble. It implies narrowness, con¬ 
straint, or difficulty; as angsum, angesum= diffi¬ 
cult, narrow; angbreost=an asthma, a difficulty of 
breathing (Anguish) . Cognate with enge=narrow, 
confined. Medieev. Lat. angaria— vexation, trouble, 
distress, anxiety; Lat. ango; Greek angcho= to 
press tight.] 

*1. Originally: Any vexation, distress, or uneasi¬ 
ness of mind having its origin— 

(а) In bodily pain. 

“I made the experiment, setting the moxa where the 
first violence of my pain began, and where the greatest 
anger and soreness still continued, notwithstanding the 
swelling of my foot.”— Temple. 

IT Though the substantive has now lost this sense, 
the adjective still retains it; for we speak of “ an 
angry wound.” 

( б ) In any other cause. Spec., grief. 

“ She held hire hard in thralles wune, 

And dede hire forge and anger mune.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 971-72. 

2. Now: An emotion or passion of the human 
heart excited by the spectacle of wrongdoing, espe¬ 
cially to one’s self. When it arises, the heart beats 
more frequently, the blood circulates more rapidly, 
the voice becomes loud and menacing, all thought 
of personal danger passes away, and a desire is felt, 
if indeed it be not carried out, of punishing the 
offender. Essentially anger is a virtuous emotion, 
planted in the breast to intimidate and restrain 
wrongdoers; but, through human infirmity, it is 
almost sure to be abused in one of four ways. A 
person under its influence may be hasty, passionate, 
fretful, or revengeful. 

“. . . anger is like 

A full-hot horse, who being allow’d his way, 
Self-mettle tires him.”— Shalcesp.: Henry VIII., i. 1. 

“ A slight flush 

Of moral anger previously had tinged 

The old man’s cheek.”— Wordsworth: Exc., bk. v. 

IT In Scripture it is frequently attributed to God. 

“And the Lord’s anger was kindled.the same time, and 
He sware, saying . . .”— Numb, xxxii. 10. 

“. . . let not thine anger burn against thy servant.” 

— Gen. xliv. 18. 

T[ In poetry anger has sometimes, though rarely, a 
plural. In this case it ceases to be an abstract 
word, because a concrete one=successive acts or 
states of indulgence of anger. 

“ Delicious spites and darling angers.” 

Tennyson: Madeline. 

ang'-er, v. t. & i. [From the substantive.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To render painful (used of the body); to 
trouble, to vex (used of the mind). 

“He turneth the humors back, and maketh the wound 
bleed inward, and angereth malign ulcers and pernicious 
imposthumations. ”— Bacon. 

2. To inspire with anger, to provoke. Used — 

(а) Of man: 

“ By them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I 
will anger you.”— Romans x. 19. 

( б ) Of God: 

“They angered him also at the waters of strife.”— 
Ps. cvi. 32. 


angiology 


B. Intransitive: To become angry. (Scotch.) 

“ When neebors anger at a plea.” 

Burns.- Scotch Drink 

afig'-ered, pa. par. & a. [Anger, v.] 

“The flush of anger’d shame 
O’erflow3 thy calmer glances.”- 

Tennyson: Madeline, 3. 
ang'-er-ful, a. [Eng. anger; -ful(l).] Angry. 
ang’-er-Ing, pr. par,, a. & s. [Anger, v.] 
ang-er-less, a. [Eng. anger; -less.] Calm: with¬ 
out anger. 

fang'-er-ly, ’' ang -er-llch, adv. [Eng. anger , 
-ly; A. S. lie— like.] Angrily; like an angry person. 
“ And angerlich y wandrede the Austyns to proue.” 

Pierce the Plowman’s Crede (ed. Skeat), 268. 

“Why, how now, Hecate ? you look angerly.” 

Shakesp. : Macbeth, iii. 6. 

*ang-er-ness, s. [Eng. anger; -ness.] The state 
of being angry. 

“Hail, innocent of angemess!” 

MS. cited by Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, i. 315. 
ang-I-en-chy'-ma, s. [Gr. angeion =a vessel, 
and engchyma=an infusion; engcheo =to pour in; 
en,=in, and cheo =to pour.] 

Bot.: Professor Morren’s name for vascular 
tissue. It is his fourth division of tissue, and com¬ 
prehends (1) Pleurenchyma, or woody tissue; (2) 
Trachenchyma, or spiral vessels; (3) Modified 
trachenchyma or ducts; (4) Cinenchyma, or lati- 
ciferous vessels. 

an gi' na, s. [In Fr. angine; Port. & Lat. angina 
= tho quinsy. From ango, Gr. anghij =to press tight, 
especially the throat; to strangle.] 

Medicine: 

*1. A quinsy or other inflammatory disease of the 
throat. 

‘‘Angina. . . . It is an inflammation on the parts 

of the throat subservient to respiration, speech, and 
deglutition; it is called a strangulation of the fauces, 
more properly an inflammation of the internal fauces.”— 
Parr: Med. Diet. (1809), i. 113. 

2. The angina pectoris (q. v.). 
angina pectoris, s. [Lat. = angina of the breast.] 
The name first given by Dr. Heberden in 1768, and 
since then universally adopted as the designation 
of a very painful disease, called by him also a dis¬ 
order of the breast; by some others “ spasm of the 
chest,” or “heart-stroke,” and popularly “breast- 
pang.” It is characterized by intense pain in the 
prsecordial region, attended by a feeling of suffoca¬ 
tion and a fearful sense of impending death. These 
symptoms may continue for a few minutes, half an 
hour, or even an hour or more. During the parox¬ 
ysm the pulse is low, with the body cold, and often 
covered with clammy perspiration. Death does not 
often result from the first seizure, but the malady 
tends to return at more or less remote intervals, 
generally proving fatal at last. There are several 
varieties of it: an organic and functional form; 
and again a pure or idiopathic and a complex or 
sympathetic one have been recognized. Angina 
is produced by disease of the heart. It specially 
attacks elderly persons of plethoric habits, men 
oftener than women, generally coming on when 
they are walking, and yet more if they are running 
up-stairs or exerting great effort on ascending a 
hill. Stimulants should be administered during 
the continuance of a paroxysm; but it requires a 
radical improvement of the general health to pro¬ 
duce a permanent effect on the disorder. 

an-gl'-n6§e, a. [Lat. anginosus, fern, anginosa.] 
Pertaining to angina (q. v.). 

anginose scarlatina, s. [Lat. scarlatina angi- 
nosaT] A variety of scarlatina, more severe than 
Scarlatina simplex, and less dangerous than Scar¬ 
latina maligna. [Scarlatina.] 

an-gl-nous, a. [Lat. angenosus; Fr. angineux.] 
Pertaining to the angina pectoris. 

“. . . the anginous symptoms being either feebly 
manifested . . . ”— Cyclo. Bract. Med., vol. i., p. 87. 

an-gi-o-carp'-i-an§, s. pi. [Angiocarpous.] 

Bot.: Mirbel’s second class of fruits. The fruit is 
seated in envelopes not forming part of the calyx. 
It is opposed to Gymnocarpians (q. v.). 

an-gl-o-carp'-ous, a. [Gr. angeion=a vessel, a 
pail, a receptacle ; from angos =a vessel, a jar, and 
fcarpos=fruit.] 

Bot.: With fruit seated in an envelope not consti¬ 
tuting part of the calyx. 

an-gi og'-raph y, s. [In Fr. angiographie. 
From Gr. angeion— . . a vessel (of the human 
body), and graphe =a drawing, a writing, a descrip¬ 
tion.] 

Anat.: A description of the vessels of the human 
body, arteries, veins, lymphatics, &c. 

an-gi-ol’-6-gy, s. [In Fr. angiologie; Sp. & Port, 
angiologia. From Gr. angeion=a vessel, and logos 
—a discourse.] 

Anat.: The science which treats of the arteries, 
veins, and other vessels in the human body. 


bdxl, b< 5 y; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, ?hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
----- -tian = shg-n- -tion, -sion = shun: -tion, -§ion = shun, -tious -cious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, d@L 


■cian, 






angiomonospermous 


190 


anglesite 


an-gl-o-mon o-sperm -ous, a. [Gr. angeion= a 
vessel; monos=a lone ; and sperma=seed.] 

Bot.: Producing one seed only, and that not naked, 
but in a seed-vessel. 

an-gi-5p -ter-Is, s. [Gr. angeion=a vessel; pteris 
— a kind of fern.] A genus of plants belonging to 
the alliance Filicales (Ferns), and the order Danee- 
acese (Danseworts). The A. erecta is used with a 
fern of another genus in the South Sea Islands in 
preparing cocoanut oil. 

an -gi-6-scope, s. [Gr. angeion— a vessel, and 
skopeo= to look at, to contemplate.] An instrument 
designed to be employed in the study of the capillary 
vessels of an organized body. 

an -gl-o-sperm, s. [Gr. angeion—a vessel, and 
tperma= seed. ] 

Bot.: A plant presenting the characters of Lin¬ 
naeus’ order Angiospermia (q. v.). 

an-gl-O-sperm -I-?., s. pi. [Gr. angeiospermos= 
having the seed in a capsule; also enangeiosperm- 
atos, from en = in, angeion — vessel, and sperma = a 
seed.] 

Bot.: In the artificial classification of Linnaeus 
the second order of the class Didynamia. It in¬ 
cludes those didynamous plants which have their 
seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel, as contradistin¬ 
guished from those in which they are apparently 
"naked.'’ [Gymnospermia.] Most of the Scrophu- 
lariaceee and their immediate allies fall under this 
Linnaean order. 

an-gl-o-sperm-ous, a. [Angiospermia.] 

Bot.: Having the seeds inclosed in a pericarp. It 
is opposed to Gymnospermous (q. v.j. [Angio- 

BPERMIA.] 

an-gl-OS -por-ous, a. [Gr. cmpeion= a vessel, and 
sporos— a seed, a spore; speiro= to sow.] 

Bot.: Having the spores inclosed in a hollow shell 
or bag: e.g., Lycoperdon. 

an-gl-ot-om-y, s. [ In Fr. angiotomie; Sp, & 
Port, angiotomia. From Gr. angeion—a vessel of 
the body, and tomos= a cut, from temno= to cut.] 

Med.: The cutting open of a vein, an artery, or 
some other vessel of the body. 

ang -lur-Ite, s. [From Anglar, one of the places 
where it is found.] A mineral, a massive variety of 
Vivianite (q. v.). 

an-gle (1), s. [A. S. angel, angil, angl = a hook, 
a fishing-hook; Dan. angel; Dut. hengel. ] A fishing- 
rod, with its attached line and hook. 

“They take up all of them with the angle, they catch 
them in their net, and gather them in their drag. . — 

Bab. i. 15. 

“ The patient fisher takes his silent stand, 

Intent, his angle trembling in his hand: 

With looks unmov’d he hopes the scaly breed, 

And eyes the dancing cork and bending reed.” 

Pope: Windsor Forest, 137-140. 

angle-rod, s. A fishing-rod. 

“The second bigness is used for angle-rods . . — 

Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, vii., § 656. 

an -gle, v.i. & t. [From the substantive. In Dan. 
angle; Dut. hengelen; Ger. angelnj 

\ Intransitive: 

1 , Lit.: To fish with a rod, line, and hook. 

"The ladies angling in the crystal lake, 

Feast on the waters with the prey they take.” 

Waller. 

“But angled in the higher pool.” 

Tennyson: The Miller’s Daughter. 

2. Fig.: To attempt to gain human hearts by the 
use of tempting bait of one kind or other. 

“ She knew her distance, and did angle for me, 
Madding my eagerness with her restraint.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, v. 3. 

tB. Trans.: To attempt to gain, or allure. 

“ If he spake courteously, he angled the people’s hearts: 
if he were silent, he mused upon some dangerous plot.” 
*— Sidney. 

“I have angled me on with much pleasure to the 
thatch’d-house; and now I find your words true, That 
good company makes the way seem short.”— Walton: 
Compl. Angler, ch. 1. 

an-gle (2), s. [In Fr. angle; Sp. & Port, an- 
t/ulo; Ital. angolo; from Lat. angulus=an angle, a 
corner- Gr. angkylos= crooked, in Wei. angle is = 
an angle. Cognate with A. S. angel, angil—a hook 
(see Angle, No. 1 ); Teut. ang or eng—a narrow 
strip.] 

A. Ordinary Language: The opening between 
two lines which meet one another; a corner, as of a 

room. 

“ For, where the rock and wall 
Met in an angle, hung a tiny roof.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion , bk. ii. 


B. Technically: The inclination of two lines to 
one another. 

1. Geometry : Angles may be ranked under two 
leading divisions, plane and solid angles. A plane 
angle is the inclination of two lines to one another 
in a plane, which two lines meet together, but are 
notin the same straight line. [Plane.] A solid 
angle is that which is made by the meeting in one 
point of more than two plane angles, which, how¬ 
ever, are not in the same plane. [Solid.] Each of 
the leading divisions, plane and solid angles, may 
again be subdivided into rectilineal, curvilinear , 
and mixed angles. A plane recti¬ 
lineal angle is the inclination to 
each other of two straight lines, 
which meet together, but are not 
in the same straight line (Fig. 1). 

A curvilinear angle is the inclina¬ 
tion to each other of two curved 
lines, which meet in a point (Fig. 



Fig. 1. 



llUCOi 1I1UU UlUCb All d puiil b \1 

2 ). A mixed angle is one formed by the meeting of 
a curve and a straight line (Fig. 3). 

Angles are measured by arcs (Fig. 4, M, N, P, Q), 
and it is immaterial with what ra- A * 

dius the latter are described. The 
result is generally stated in de¬ 
grees, minutes, and seconds, " ’ ”; 
thus—36° 14' 23" =36degrees, 14min¬ 
utes, and 23 seconds. When an 
angle is isolated from other angles, p- o Fitr 3 
it may be named by a single letter, r *• * ' 

as A (Figs. 1 to 4); but when two or more angles 
meet at one point they are named by three letters, 
never by one or two. In such 
cases the letter at that point 
is always named in the mid¬ 
dle. Thus, in Fig. 5 there are 
two angles, the first of which 
may be named indifferently 
b c A or A c b, but not bac; 
and the second D c A or A c D, 
but not CAD. The point at 
which the lines forming the 
angle meet is called the ang¬ 
ular point or the vertex of the angle, and the lines 
themselves the sides or legs of the angle. In Figs. 
1, 2 and 3, A is the angular point of the respective 
angles, the legs or sides being unlet- A 

tered. In Fig. 5, C is the angular 
point, and bc,ac, and c D, or c B, 
c A, and D c are the sides or legs. 

Plane rectilineal angles are gener¬ 
ally divided into right and oblique, 
or into right, obtuse, and acute. 

When a straight line standing upon 



Fig. 4. 


Fig. 5. 

An oblique 
An obtuse 


another straight line makes the two B 
adjacent angles (those on the right 
and left of it) equal to one another, 
each of them is called a right angle. 
angle is one which is not a right angle, 
angle is that which is greater than one right angle, 
but less than two. An acute angle is that which is 
less than a right angle: both are oblique. The 
angles marked A in Figs. 1 and 4 are acute angles. 
In Fig. 5, if A c make the adjacent angles acb and 
A c D equal to each other, A 
then each of them is a 
right angle. In Fig. 6 , 

A c d is an obtuse angle, 
and A c B an acute angle. 

Analogous terms exist in 
the case of curvilinear 
andmixedangles. Thus, 


Fig. 6 . 


in Figs. 2 and 3, A is an acute angle. A spherical 
angle is one formed by the intersection or the 
meeting of two great circles of a sphere. Many 
other designations are applied to angles; thus, in 
Geometry there are opposite, exterior, interior, 
alternate, vertical, and other angles, also angles of 
contact, &c. (See the italicized words.) 

2. Mech.: In this science there are angles of direc¬ 
tion, oi friction, of repose, &c. 

3. Optics has angles of incidence, of reflection, of 
refraction, of deviation, of polarization, &c. 

4. Astronomy has angles of position, of situation, 
of elevation, inclination, depression, &c. (For these 
see the italicized words with which angle is com¬ 
bined.) 

5. Fortification. Dead angle: An angle so formed 
that a small plot of ground in front of it can neither 
be seen nor defended from the parapet. 

6 . Anatomy: The angle of the jaw is the point at 
which the vertical hinder edge of the ramus, 
descending from the condyle, meets the horizontal 
inferior border. 

1[ Facial angle. [Facial.] 

angle-bar, s. 

Joinery: A vertical bar at one of the angles of a 
polygonally-shaped window. 

angle-bead, s. A bead of wood or other material 
affixed vertically to the exterior angle of a room or 
similar erection ; and placed in the same plane with 
the plaster. It is called also staff-bead. 


angle-brace, angle-tie, s. 

Carpentry: A piece of timber affixed to twu adja¬ 
cent sides of a quadrangular frame, so as to make, 



Angle-brace. 

with the angle to which it is opposite, a right-anglen 
triangle. If the wood join the two opposite angles 
of the rectangle, then it is called the diagonal brace 
or tie. 

angle-bracket, s. A bracket placed at the point 
where two straight lines containing an angle meet, 
but not at right angles to either of those sides. 

angle-capital, s. 

Architecture: A term used in describing Ionic 
capitals. It signifies such a capital on the Hank 
column of a portico, having the volutes placed at 
an angle of 45° with the plane of the front and re¬ 
turning friezes, 
angle-float, s. 

Plastering: Afloat made to any internal angle 
of a room. [Float.] 

angle-iron, s. Plates of iron, angular in form, 
used for the edges of any structure. 

angle-meter, s. An instrument for measuring 
angles. 

angle-modillion, s. [Modillion.] 

angle-rafter, s. 

Architecture: A rafter placed along the angle of 
a hipped roof. 

angle-shades, s. A fine British moth, Phlogo- 
phora meticulosa, the generic name, which means 
bearing flame, alluding to the shape of the mark¬ 
ings on the anterior wings. The insect has long, 
slender ciliated antennae, the abdomen tufted, and 
the wings dentate. The upper wings are pale rosy 
white, clouded with olive brown, each with a large 
triangular purplish mark in the center, and beyond 
it a white band. The hinder wings are whitish, 
with a dusky central crescent, and two or three 
faint transverse-waved dusky lines. The expansion 
of the wings is nearly two inches. The caterpillar 
is green, with a row of oblong white spots on the 
back, and a continuous white line on each side. It 
feeds on culinary vegetables and various field 
plants. 

angle-staff, s. A vertical head of wood or other 
material affixed to the exterior angle of a building, 
in line with the plaster. 

angle-tie, s. [Angle-brace.] 

an'-gled, a. [Eng. angle (2); -ed.~\ Furnished 
with angles. 

“. . . fifty-angled custards.” 

B. Jonson: Masques, Nept. Triumph. 

“ The thrice three-angled beech-nut shell.” 

Bp. Hall: Sat. iii. 1. 

afi-gle-me -ter, s. [Lat. angulus, and Gr. 
metron= a measure.] An instrument used by geolo¬ 
gists to measure the dip of strata, the angle of 
joint-planes, &c. 

ang'-ler, s. [Eng. angle; -er. In Ger. angler; 
Dut. hengelaar.'] 

1. Gen.: One who angles; one who fishes with a 
rod. 

2 . Spec.: A fish called also sea-devil, Frog, or Frog- 
fish; and in Scotland, Wide-gab, signifying wide 
mouth. It is the Lophius piscatorius of Linnaeus, 
and is placed under the order Acanthopterygii, and 
the family which has the pectoral fins feet-like. It 
has an enormous head, on which are placed two 
elongated appendages or filaments, the first of 
them broad and flattened at the end. These, being 
movable, are maneuvered as if they were bait; and 
when small fishes approach to examine them, the 
angler, hidden amid mud and sand, which it has 
stirred up by means of its pectoral and ventral fins, 
seizes them at once; hence its name. It occurs 
along the British coasts, and is three, or, occasion¬ 
ally, five feet long. 

ang'-les-Ite, s. [Named from the isle of An 
glesea, in which it was first found.] A mineral 
classed by Dana under the C-elestite group of 
Anhydrous Sulphates, Chromates, and Tellurates 
Anglesite has been called also “Lead mineralized 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, 
or, wore, wolf, work, 


what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, 'there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw' 


































Anglic 


191 


Angostura 


vitriolic acid and iron,” “Lead Vitriol,” and 
, sulphate of Lead.” It is orthorhombic. The 
jhardness is .2*75-3; the sp. gr. 6T2 to 6*39. The 
muster is resinous, vitreous, or adamantine; the 
color white tinged with yellow, gray, green, or 
•blue. Anglesite varies from transparent to opaque. 
-It is very brittle. The composition is sulphuric 
acid, 26*4; oxide of lead, 73*6=100. In addition to 
Anglesea, it is found in Cornwall, Derbyshire. Cum¬ 
berland, in Scotland at Leadhiils, in Australia, in 
America, and elsewhere. A variety of it is called 
Sardinian (q. v.). , 

Cupreous anglesite: A mineral, the same as Lin- 
akite (q. v.). 

tAng'-lic, Ang -11-can, a. & s. [In Dut. Angli- 
eaansch; Gen Anglicaner («.); Fr. Anglican: Sp., 
Port. & Ital. \Anglicano; Lat. Analicanus. From 
Anglia , a Latin name of Britain, which at a yet un¬ 
ascertained date superseded that of Britannia, 
which had been formerly employed. The Lat. 
Anglia is from A. S. or O. S. Anglen, now Angeln, a 
district in the southeast of Schleswig, extending 
from the river Schlei, in the south, to the Fleus- 
burg Hills on the north, with an area of about 330 
square miles, and a population at present amount¬ 
ing to about 50,000. Angeln comes from A. S. ange, 
•ew( 7 e=narrow.] 

A. As adjective: 

1 . Pertaining to England; English. 

“ . . . the sober principles and old establishment of 
the Anglican church.”— Fell: Life of Hammond, § 1. 

'2. Pertaining to one holding the religious views 
described under B .,1 or 2. Spec., pertaining to one 
holding high church views or to high churchism. 

B. As substantive: , 

1. In the sixteenth century: One who held Eoman 
Catholic doctrine, but preferred the rule of the 
English king or parliament to that of the Papacy. 

“Secondly” [the reference is to A. D. 1539], “there 
were the Anglicans, strictly orthodox in the speculative 
system of the faith, content to separate from Rome, but 
only that they might bear Italian fruit more profusely 
and luxuriantly when rooted in their own soil.”— Froude: 
Hist. Eng., pt. i., vol. iii., ch. xvi. 

2. Now: 

(a) A member of the Church of England belong¬ 
ing to the High Church party. 

(b) An English churchman, whether high, low, or 

broad. 

“The old persecutors, whether Pagan or Christian, 
whether Arian or Orthodox, whether Catholics, Angli¬ 
cans, or Calvanists, actually were, or at least they had the 
decorum to pretend to be, strong Dogmatists.”— Burke: 
Letter to R. Burke. 

Ang -li-can-f§m, s. [Eng. Anglican; -ism. In 
Fr. Anglicanisme.'] 

1. The Anglican system of doctrine or adherence 
to it. 

2. Admiration of England leading to efforts to 
copy its institutions. 

Ang'-ll-ge, adv. [Lat.] 

1 . In English. (Used of language or idiom.) 

2. After the manner of the English. (Used of 
manners or customs.) 

1[ This word is frequently written thus.* AnglicZ. 

Ang-ll-§i-fy, v. t. [ Anglici, genit. sing, of 
nomin. pi. of Lat. Anglicus; suff. -fy, from facio= 
to make.] To make English ; to Anglicize. 

Ang’-H-Qissm, s. [In Ger. Anglicism; Fr . angli- 
cisme; Port. & Ital. Anglicismo.'] The English 
idiom, such as our countrymen are almost sure to 
introduce when they attempt to speak or write an 
ancient classic or a modern Continental tongue. 

“They corrupt their style with untutored Anglicisms.” 
— Milton . 

Ang'-li-§Ize, v. t. [Eng. Anglic; -ize. In Ger. 
Englicisiren.'] To make English; to assimilate to 
the English language in idiom, or to the English 
people in pronunciation, manners, customs, or sym¬ 
pathy. 

“He [the letter TJ] pleaded, that the same place and 
powers, which Y had in the Greek language, he stood 
fully entitled to in the English; and that therefore of 
right he ought to be possessed of the place of Y even in 
all Greek words Anglicized, as system, hypocrite, &c.”— 
Edwards: Can. Crit., p. 275. 

“The glaring affectation of Anglicizing Latin words.” 
—Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, ii. 282. 

Ang-H -91 zed, pa. par. & a. [Anglicize.] 

Ang-lI^T-zlng, pr. par. [Anglicize.] 

Ang -li-cus su -dor, , s. . [Lat.=the English 
sweat; the English perspiration.] 

Med. * A term applied to the sweating sickness of 
the Middle Ages. [Sweating Sickness.] 

Ang-li-fic-a-tion, s. [Lat. Anglus= English; 
facio= to make.] The act or process of rendering 
English 

Ang -ll-fled, pa. par. & a. [Anglify.] 


Ang -li-fy, v.t. [Lat, Angi«.s=English; -fy, from 
Lat. facio—to make.] To make English. It is used 
( 1 ) of people who, born in another country than 
England, yet settle here, or copy English manners, 
or approximate more or less to a correct English 
pronunciation. It may be also employed of a place 
thronged by English, or modified in the direction of 
English manners by an influx of tourists or settlers 
from this country. 

“. . . indeed, I should think that Calais or Boulogne 
was much more Anglifled.” — Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. xxi. 

(2) Of an English idiom occurring in speech or 
composition in another language. 

Ang -li-fy-Ing, pr. par. [Anglify.] 

ang -ling, pr. par., a. & s. [Angle, -y.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Fishing with an angle, 

2. Designed to be used in fishing. 

C. As substantive: Fishing with a rod and tackle. 
This may be done at the bottom of the water, mid¬ 
way between the bottom and the surface, or with 
the fly on the surface itself. 

“ Then did Deucalion first the art invent 
Of angling.” — Davors: Secrets of Angling, b. i. 

angling-rod, s. A fishing-rod. 

Ang -llze, v. t. [Anglicize.] 

An-glo. In compos. =English, but properly im¬ 
plying that the word combined with it is the more 
emphatic one, though this rule is not always ob¬ 
served. Among the numerous compounds which it 
forms are the following: 

Anglo-American, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to an American, whose 
more or less remote ancestors were English. 

B. Assubst.: An American more or less remotely 
of English descent. 

Anglo-Catholic, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Regarded as being at once English 
and Catholic. 

B. As substantive: 

1. In the sixteenth century: An Englishman who, 
though a Roman Catholic, leaned more to his coun¬ 
try than to the Papacy. 

“. . . and the Anglo-Catholics did not intend to re¬ 

peat the blunder of showing a leaning toward the Ro¬ 
manists.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii., vol. iii., p. 517. 

2. Now: A member of the English Church who 
contends for its Catholic character. 

Anglo-Catholic Church: Any church modeled on 
the English Reformation. (Hook.) 

Anglo-Danish, a. Pertaining at once to the 
Danes and the English. 

“ His excellent and large collection of Anglo-Saxon and 
Anglo-Danish coins.”— Wotton: View of Hickes’ Thesau¬ 
rus. p. 82. 

Anglo-German, a. Pertaining at once to the 
Germans and the English. 

“. . . if the Anglo-German league assumed an organ¬ 

ized form.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., pt. i., vol. iii., ch. xvii. 

Anglo-Imperial, a. Pertaining at once to an 
empire (not the British one), and to England or 
the English. 

“. . . would put a final end to Anglo-Imperial tri- 

fling .”—Froude ■ Hist. Eng., pt. i., vol. iii., ch. xvii. 

Anglo-Indian, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Pertaining at once to India and to 
England. 

“Every Anglo-Indian official . . .”—Times of India, 

July 19, 1878. 

B. As subst.: A native of England or of the Brit¬ 
ish isles resident in India. 

“ There is no doubt of its permanent popularity among 
Anglo-Indians.”—Times of India, July 19, 1878. 

Anglo-Irish, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Pertaining at once to the Irish and 
the English, or to one who has relations with both. 

B. As subst.: A settler in Ireland, who was of 
English origin, and, unlike the native Irish, was 
regarded as within the “ Pale.” 

* The Anglo-Irish of the Pale and the Celts of the prov¬ 
inces.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., pt. i., ch. xviii., vol. iv. 

An-glo-ma’-ni-^,, s. [In Fr. anglomanie; Port. 
anqlomania.~\ A passion on the part of a person 
belonging to another country to imitate whatever 
is English. 

Anglo-mania. [Anglo-mania.] 

Anglo-Norman, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to the Anglo-Normans. 

“ . . . unable to encounter the shock of the Anglo- 

Norman cavalry.”— Scott: The Norman Horse-Shoe. 


B. As substantive: A Norman, and yet an Eng¬ 
lishman. (Used specially of the Normans who 
came to England with William the Conqueror, and, 
not returning to the Continent, became, and still 
are, an important element in the composite Eng¬ 
lish nation.) 

Anglo-Saxon, a. & s. 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons. 

"... Anglo-Saxon monasteries.”— Macaulay-. Hist. 
Eng., ch. i. 

2. Pertaining to the Anglo-Saxon tongue. 

“It is estimated that in English there are about 38,000 
words. Of these, 23,000, or more than five-eighths, are of 
Anglo-Saxon origin.”— Bosworth: Anglo-Saxon and Eng. 
Diet. (pref.). 

B. As substantive : 

1. One of the Anglo-Saxon race—that is, of the 
mingled Anglo-Saxons and other Teutonic tribes 
from whom the English, the Lowland Scotch, a 
great proportion of the present inhabitants of 
Ulster, and the mass of the population in the 
United States and various British colonies sprung. 

“Thus it appears that one Jute, three Saxon, and four 
Angle, altogether eight kingdoms, were established in 
Britain by the year 586, and that the Angles and Saxons 
bore the leading and chief part in the expeditions; they, 
therefore, when settled in this country, were collectively 
called Anglo-Saxons.” — Bosworth: Anglo-Saxon and Eng. 
Diet. (pref.). 

2. The language originally spoken by the race or 
races mentioned under No. 1. 

“ Anglo-Saxon, that is Angle, Engle, or English Saxon, 
is the language of the Platt, Low, Flat, or North part of 
Germany, brought into this country by the Jutes, the 
Angles, and Saxons, and modified and written in Eng¬ 
land. Those who remained in their old locality on tfii 
Continent had the name of Old Saxons, and their lan¬ 
guage Old Saxon; but those settled in Britain were prop¬ 
erly designed Anglo-Saxons, and their language, perfected 
and written in England, was called Anglo-Saxon.” — Bos¬ 
worth: Anglo-Saxon and Eng. Diet. (pref.). 

H The Anglo-Saxon tongue did not pass directly 
into the English. The Norman conquest, as was in¬ 
evitable, introduced a new element into the lan¬ 
guage, and produced temporary confusion. When 
this began to pass away, and it became evident that 
the tongue of the conquered r ather than that of the 
conquerors was destined ultimately to prevail, it 
was not the old Anglo-Saxon pure and simple which 
remained. There came in place of it various dia¬ 
lects, specially a Midland, a Northern, and a South¬ 
ern one. It was a mixed dialect, mainly Midland, 
but also slightly Southern, which with Chaucer, in 
the fourteenth century, became . the standard lan¬ 
guage ; and at last, by a series of insensible changes, 
developed into the modern English tongue. [Eng¬ 
lish.] 

Anglo-Saxonism, s. [A word or idiom belong¬ 
ing to or borrowed from the Anglo-Saxon tongue. 

Anglo-Turkish, a. Pertaining to or formed be¬ 
tween England and Turkey ; as, “the Anglo-Turkish 
Convention.” 

ang'- 6 -ber, s. A kind of pear. 

An -go'-la, s. [The native name of a country on 
the west coast of Africa, between lat. 8 ° 20' and 
9' 20' S.] 

Angola-Cloth, s. A light fabric made from the 
wool of the Angora-goat. 

Angola-pea, s. A papilionaceous plant, belong¬ 
ing to the genus Cajanus (q. v.). It is called also 
Pigeon Pea. 

Angola-seeds, s. pi. Small red seeds of the wild 
liquorice, used for beads, &c. 

an -gon, s. [In Fr. angon.] A barbed spear used 
by the Anglo-Saxons, the Franks, and many other 
Teutonic nations. 

ang'-or, s. [Lat.= (l) a compression of the neck, 
suffocation, the quinsy; ( 2 ) anguish, torment, vex¬ 
ation ; from ango= to suffocate, to strangle.] 

1 . Pain. 

“ If tbe patient be surprised with a lipothymous angor, 
and great oppress about the stomach, expect no relief 
from cordials.”— Harvey. 

2. Anxiety and constriction in the precordial 
region. (Mayne.) 

* Angor pectoris. [Lat. = intense pain in tha 
breast.] The name used by Franche, in 1813, for the 
disease called Angina pectoris. [Angina.] 

An-gor'-a, s. [The name of a vilayet in Asiatic 
Turkey.] A stuff made from the wool of the Angora- 
goat. 

Angora-goat, s. A goat reared in the vilayet of 
Angora, famed for its wool. 

An-gos-tiir-a, An-gus-tur-a, s. [Theoldname 
of a city in Venezuela, in South America, now called 
Ciudad-Bolivard.] 

Angostura bark: A bark, very valuable as a feb¬ 
rifuge, in possession of the Capuchin friars belong- 


t>6il, boy; pout, jowl; eat, 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, 


9€ll, chorus, 9hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





angosturin 192 angulate 


ing to the missions on the river Garony, in South 
America. It is a rutaceous plant of the genus Gal- 
ipea, but whether it is the G. cusparia ( Bonplandia 
trifoliata), or the G. officinalis, has not yet been 
completely determined. ( Lindley: Veg. Kingd., 
p. 471.) In Loudon’s Encyclopaedia of Plants it is 
said to be the Cusparia febrifugo.i. 

an-gos-tiir'-In, s. A principle extracted from 
the Angostura bark. 

ang'-red (red as erd), pa.par. [Angered.] 

ahg'-rl-ly, adv. [Eng. angry ; -ly.~\ In an angry 
manner; under the influence of anger. 

“Let me not angrily declare 
No pain was ever sharp like mine.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns, xliii., Prayer for Patience. 

ang'-ry, *an'-gre, a. [From Eng. anger; -y.~\ 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Of things inanimate: Bitter. 

“The clay that clenges ther-by arn corsyes strong, 

As alum and alkaran, that angre arn bothe.” 

Alliterative Poems: Cleanness (ed. Morris), 1,034-5. 

II. Of the body: Inflamed, painful. (Used of a 
wound or sore.) 

III. Of the mind or heart. 

1. Temporarily under the emotion of anger. 

(a) Followed generally by with of the person 
regarded with anger. 

“ . . . Now therefore be not grieved nor angry with 
yourselves that ye sold me hither.”— Gen. xlv. 6. 

(b) *Formerly it was occasionally followed by at 
of the person. 

“ . . . are ye angry at me because I have made a man 
every whit whole on the Sabbath day?”— John vii. 23. 

(c) Followed by at or for of the thing exciting 
anger. 

"... wherefore should God be angry at thy voice 
o . ?”— Ecoles. v. 6. 

“. . . wherefore then be ye angry for this matter? ”— 

2 Sam. xix. 42. 

1[ It may be used of the inferior animals; and 
(with the inappropriateness of all human language 
employed of the Divine Being) of God. 

“ An angry Waspe th’ one in a viall had.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xii. 18. 

“And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because his 
heart was turned from the Lord God of Israel, which had 
appeared unto him twice.”—1 Kings xi. 9. 

2. Habitually under the dominion of anger. 

“It is better to dwell in the wilderness than with a con¬ 
tentious and an angry woman.”— Prov. xxi. 19. 

3. Exhibiting the marks of anger, proceeding from 
anger, sounding angrily. 

“ The north wind driveth away rain ; so doth an angry 
countenance a backbiting tongue.”— Prov. xxv. 28. 

1[ Sometimes the term angry is applied to a whole 
group of passions, in place of a single emotion or its 
manifestations. 

“He had always been more than sufficiently prone to 
the angry passions.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

4. Fig.: Of such a character, that if it proceeded 
from a being capable of emotion, it woulc 1 be re¬ 
garded as a manifestation of anger. 

“ So that wildest of waves in their angriest mood, 

Scarce break on the bounds of the land for a rood.” 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth, ver. 16. 

B. Technically: 

Hist.: Angry boys was the designation assumed by 
angs of uproarious youths, who rendered the Lon- 
on streets unsafe during the Elizabethan age, like 
the Mohawks of a subsequent time. (See Naves' 
Gloss.: Boys.) 

“Get thee another nose, that will be pull’d 
Off, by the angry boys, for thy conversion.” 

Beaumont <& Fletcher: Scomf. Lady, iv. 1. 

ang-sag -ng., ang-sa -va, s. [Name given in 
some Indian languages.] A red gum resembling 
that called dragon’s blood. It is brought from the 
East Indies. 

ang'-U, s. [West Indian Dame.] Bread made 
from the Cassada ( Jatroj)ha manihot), a Euphor- 
biaceous plant growing in the West Indies. 

An -gul-fer, s. [Lat. anguifer; from anguis=a 
snake, and fero= to bear.] 

Astron.: Another name for the northern constel¬ 
lation Ophiuchus, which has been called also Ser- 
pentarius. 

an-gull'-la, s. [Lat.=an eel. In Fr. anguille; 
Sp. anguila; Ital. anguilla.] A genus of fishes of 
the order Apodal Malacopterygii, and the family 
HureenidEe (Eels). 

an-guil-li-form, a. [Lat. anguilla = an eel; 
and forma = form, shape.] Eel-shaped. ( Todd’s 
Johnson.) 

an-guil-li-form-e§, s. pi. [From Lat. anguis— 
a snake, and /o?-ma.=form.] According to Cuvier, 
the only family of fishes included under the order 


an-gull -ltl-la, s. [Dimin. of Lat. anguilla=an 
eel.] The typical genus of the family Anguillulidee 
(q. v.). The “eels” in vinegar are A. aceti; the 
similar animals in blighted wheat, A. tritici; and 
those in sour paste, A. glutinosus. 

an-guH-lu'-li-dss, s. pi. [From the typical 
genus Anguillula.] 

Zool.: A family of annulose animals belonging to 
the class Nematelmia, and the order Nematoidea. 
It consists of non-parasitic nematoid worms, and 
nearly corresponds to Dujardin’s family of En- 
oplidse. Typical genus, Anguillula (q. v.). 

an-guln-ar'-i-g., s. pi. [From Lat. anguineus— 
pertaining to a sifhke.] A genus of Zoophytes 
belonging to the family Eucratidae. 

an 1 gulne, a. [Lat. anguinus , from a,nguis= a 
snake.] Pertaining to the genus Anguis, or to 
snakes in general. 

Anguine Lizard (Chamcesaura anguina): A lizard 
with four rudimentary feet. It is very snake-like. 
It inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 

an-guI'-ne-Al, a. [Lat. anguineus.'] Pertaining 
to a snake, snaky; resembling a snake. 

an guin -l-dse, s. pi. A family of serpentdike 
lizards. Typical genus, Anguis. It is sometimes 
reduced to a sub-family, Anguininse, or made alto¬ 
gether to disappear in the family Scincidae. 
an-guin-i'-nse, s. pi. [Anguinidje.] 
an-guls, s. [Lat. anguis=& snake.] A genus of 
lizards of the family Scincidae. It contains the An¬ 
guis fragilis, or Slow-worm, which is so snake-like, 
from its being entirely destitute of limbs, that until 
lately it was ranked with the Ophidians. Though 
called the Blind-worm, it is not blind, but has per¬ 
fectly visible; though small eyes, The popular 
belief that it is venomous is quite erroneous. 

an'-guish, *an'-guy 9 li, s. [A. S. angfe=vexation, 
trouble, sorrow, affliction, anguish; ange=Yexe d, 
troubled, sorrowful, troublesome, vexatious; ang- 
sitm=difficult, narrow. In Sw. dngsldn, angest; 
Dan. angest, cengste; Dut. & Ger. angst, angoisse; 
Sp. ansia, angustia; Port, angustia; Ital. angoscia, 
angosciamento= anguish, vexation; angustid=dis- 
tress, scarcity. From Lat. angustia=a strait, a 
defile, generally in the plur., angustice=straits ; 
angustus=narrovr; ango=to press tight. (Anger.) 
Properly, such present fear and anxiety for the 
immediate future as arise when one has got 
squeezed into too narrow a place and cannot extri¬ 
cate himself.] 

1. Excessive pain or distress. 

(а) Excessive pain of body. 

“ . . . the anguish as of her that bringeth forth her 

first ohild . . . ”— Jer. iv. 81. 

( б ) Excessive distress of mind. 

“For when thacces of anguycli watzh hid in my sawle.” 

Alliterative Poems; Patience (ed. Morris), 325. 

“ . . . we saw the anguish of his soul when he be¬ 

sought us, and we would not hear.”— Gen. xlii. 21. 

2. The expression in the countenance of intense 
bodily pain or mental distress. 

“ She spoke: and, furious, with distracted pace, 

Fears in her heart and anguish in her face, 

Flies through the dome (the maids her steps pursue), 
And mounts the walls.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxii., 592-595. 

3. Anything fitted to excite intense bodily pain or 
mental distress. 

“ Seeing myself engaged, yea, and engulfed in so many 
anguislj.es and perplexities.”— Trans, of Boccalini (1626), 
p. 37. 

an -guish, v. t. [From the substantive.] To in¬ 
flict anguish; to inflict excessive bodily pain or 
mental distress. 

“Socrates was seen and observed to be much anguished, 
grieved, and perplexed; still seeming to feel some grief 
of mind.”— Trans, of Boccalini (1626), p. 108. 

an-gulshed, pa. par. & a. [Anguish, v. ] 

“ A strong emotion shakes my anguish'd breast.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xix., 442. 
ang'-U-lar, a. [In Fr. angulaire; SpT& Port. 
angular; Ital. angolare. From Lat. angularis= 
having angles or corners; angulus—a corner, an 
angle.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Having angles or corners, cornered; so 
shaped as that the sides are united to each other by 
angles ; containing an angle ;_ aiding to constitute 
an angle; situated at the point where an angle is 
formed. 

“As for the figure of crystal, it is for the most part hex¬ 
agonal or six-cornered, being built upon a confused mat¬ 
ter, from whence, as it were from a root, angular figures 
arise, even as in the amethyst and basaltes.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

2. Fig. Of persons: Too little disposed to make 
concessions to others, and therefore exciting or 
tending to excite opposition to itself which a more 
conciliatory course of conduct would have pre¬ 
vented from arising. 


B. Technically. 

I. Mathematics: 

1. The angular point in an angle is that at which 
the two lines inclined to each other meet. Used 
also in natural philosophy and other sciences. 

“The distance of the edges of the knives from one an 
other, at the distance of four inches from the angular 
point where the edges of the knives meet, was the eighth, 
part of an inch.”— Newton: Optics. 

2. Angular section is the section or division of an. 
angle into any number of equal parts. 

Angular sections: The branch of mathematical 
analysis which investigates the properties of circu¬ 
lar functions. 

II. Mechanics: 

1. Angular motion is the motion of any body 
around a fixed point, whether it revolves like a 
planet or vibrates backward or forward like a 
pendulum. 

Angle of angular motion or Angle of rotation: 
The angle macie by the two directions before and 
after the turning of a line perpendicular to an axis. 
(See III. 1.) 

2. Angular velocity is the absolute velocity of a 
body moving round a fixed axis at a certain unit 
of distance. (See III. 2 .) 

III. Astronomy: 

1. Angular intervals: Arcs of the equator inter¬ 
cepted between circles of declination passing' 
through the heavenly bodies observed. 

2. Angular motion: 

(а) Angular motion of the sun is a calculated 
movement of the luminary through space, which in 
1783 made Sir William Herschel propound th© 
hypothesis that the luminary was in progress 
toward the star Lambda Herculis. 

( б ) The angular motion of the stars is a minute 
deviation from their relative places of several 
“fixed” stars, as the two stars of 61 Cygni, Epsi¬ 
lon Indi, Mu Cassiopeia:, and many others. ( Her¬ 
schel : Astron., §§ 852-4.) 

3. Angular velocity. The angular velocity of the 
sun's apparent motion is in the inverse proportion 
of the square of the distance : thus, to compare 
the daily motion of the sun in longitude at one 
point, A, of its path, and at another B, the formula 
used is: The square of the line connecting the earth 
and sun, when the latter is at B, is to the square of 
that connecting them when he is at A, as the daily 
motion at A is to the daily motion at B. {Herschel: 
Astron., § 350.) 

1[ The expression is used in a similar sense of the 
planets. 

IV. Perspective: A kind of perspective in which 
the two sides of the leading object represented are 
not parallel to the plane of the picture, and in 
which, therefore, the horizontal lines are so drawn 
as to meet each other at a vanishing point. It is 
called also oblique perspective. 

V. Anatomy: 

1. Angular Artery: The terminal part of the 
facial artery, which inosculates at the inner side 
of the orbit with a terminal branch of the ophthal¬ 
mic artery. 

2. Angular vein: The vein formed by the junction 
of the supra-orbital and frontal veins. It is per¬ 
ceptible beneath the _ skin, as it runs obliquely 
downward, near the inner margin of the orbit,, 
resting against the side of the nose at its root. 

VI. Botany: 

1. Of the general form: Having projecting lon¬ 
gitudinal angles. (Sometimes the terms “acute 
angled” and “obtuse angled” are used.) 

2. Spec. Of the margin of a leaf or other organ : 
Having several salient angles on the margin, as the. 
leaf of Datura stramonium. {Lindley.) 

ang-p-lar-ity, s. [From Lat. angularis— hav¬ 
ing angles.] The quality of being angular, i. e., 
having comers. “Squareness; also an abounding: 
in nooks and corners.” 

“ What body ever yet could figure show 
Perfectly perfect, as rotundity 
Exactly round, or blameless angularityt” 

More: Song of the Soul, III. ii. 38. 

ang'-u-lar-ly, adv. [Eng. angular; -(?/.] In an 
angular manner; with angles, with corners. 

“. . . a labyrinthean face, now angularly, now cir¬ 

cularly, every way aspected.”— B. Jonson: Cynthia’s Revels. 

“ Another part of the same solution afforded us an ice 
angularly figured.”— Boyle. 

fang -U-lar-ness, s. [Eng. angular; -ness.] The 
quality of being angular; angularity. 

ang'-u-late, ang u-la-ted, a. [Lat. angulatus, 
from angulo—to make angular, angulus= an angle.] 
Angular; having angles. 

“ Topazes, amethysts, or emeralds, which grow in the 
fissures, are ordinarily crystallized, or shot into angulated 
figures; whereas in the strata, they are found in rude 
lumps-like yellow, purple, and green pebbles.”— Wood¬ 
ward. 


Malacopterygii Apodes. It is now more commonly 
called Murssnidffi. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, ciih, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu=~kw’. 




animable 


angulo 


193 


aug -U-lo, in compos. Having an angle. 

angulo-dentate, a, 

Bot.: Angular and toothed, angularly toothed. 

“lom -et-er, s. [Lat. angulus=&n angle, 
and Gr. metron = measure.] An instrument for 
measuring angles. _ The more common term is 
Anglemeter, and in the case of crystals, in miner¬ 
alogy, Goniometer is employed. 

ang-R-los'-i-ty, s, [From Lat. angulosus=full 
ot corners.] Nearly the same as angularity; but 
perhaps, as its etymology suggests, a stronger word. 

*ang -p-lous, a. [In Fr. anguleux.] Angular, 
hooked. 

“Nor can it be a difference, that the parts of solid 
bodies are lield together by hooks and cinguloiis involu- 
tions, since the coherence of the parts of these will be of 
as difficult a conception.”— Glanville. 

*ah-gust', a. [In Ital. angusto; Lat. angustus, 
from ango— to press tightly.] Narrow, straight, 
contracted. 

an-gus'-tate, a. [Lat. angustatus, pa. par. of 
angusto^ to make narrow.] 

Botany, &c.: Narrow at the base, but dilated 
above. 

an-gus-ta-tion, s. [From Lat. a ngustus =n a r- 
row.] The act of making narrow, the state of being 
made narrow; straitening. 

“ The cause may be referred either to the grumousness 
of the blood, or to obstruction of the vein somewhere in 
its passage, by some angustation upon it by part of the 
tumor.”— Wiseman. 

an-gus -tl-clave, a. [In Fr. angusticlave; Lat. 
angusticlavius, from angustus —narrow, and clavus 
= a nail, . . . a purple stripe on the tunic.] 

In old Rome: Wearing a narrow purple stripe 
on the tunic. This was done by the Equites, and 
by the plebeian tribunes, while the senators had a 
broad purple stripe. 

an-gus-tl-fo-ll-ate, an-gust-i-fo-ll-ous, a. 
[From Lat. angus to=n arrow, and folium=o. leaf.] 
Bot.: Having the leaves narrow. 

An-gus-tiir'-a, s. [Angostura.] 

*an'-hang, v. t. [A. S. hangian—to hang.] To 
hang up; to hang. 

“ The remenaunt were unhanged, more and lesse. 

That were consented to this cursednesse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,690, 13,691. 
*an'-hahged, pa. par. [Anhang.] 
an-har-mon-ic, a. [In Fr. anharmonique; Gr. 
an, priv., and harmonios =producLng harmony.] 
Not harmonic. [Harmonic.] 
anharmonic ratio or proportion, s. 

Geom.: The term used by Prof. Chasles, when four 
points, a, b, c, d, being in a straight line, the ratio 

or proportion is Or when a, b, c, d, 

ad bd 

. , sin. (a:c) sin. (b:c) 

meeting m the same point, . ,-; : —— 7 -- 

sin. (a:p) sin. (b:d) 

[Harmonic.] ( Chasles: G£om£trie Superieure, 1852, 
p. xix.) 

an-he ale, v. i. [Lat. anhelo.] To pant, 
an-he-la'-tion, s. [Lat. anhelatio= difficulty of 
breathing, panting, from anhelo=to pant: halo= 
(1) to breathe, (2) to exhale.] The act of panting; 
the state of being short of breath, difficult respira¬ 
tion. 

“ Those unknown tendencies and anhelations of divine 
souls after the adorable object of their love.”— Glanville: 
Sermons (1681), p. 313. 

an-he-16 §e, a. [In Sw. aandelos. From Lat. 
anhelus—{\) panting; ( 2 ) causing shortness of 
breath.] Out of breath, panting. 

an-hlm-a, s. [Brazilian name.] The name of a 
bird, the Horned Screamer ( Palamedea cornuta, 
Linn.). It is a wading bird, and the type of the 



The Anhima (Palamedea Cornuta). 


family Palamedeidse of Mr. G. R. Gray. It is black¬ 
ish, with a red spot on the shoulder. The top of the 
head bears a long, horny, slender, and mobile stem, 


and the wing is armed with two triangular spurs. 
It lives in the marshy parts of South America, and 
has a powerful voice, heard at a great distance. 
The sexes manifest much fidelity to each other. It 
is sometimes, called “the horned screamer,” or 
“ the kamachi.” 


■fan-hun'-gry, adj. [ Aiitjngry. ] Hungry. 
( Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 1.) 


*an-hy, adv. [Old Eng. an=on ; by = high.] On 
high. 


. . . besechith God an-high.” 

Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 2,704. 


an-hy-drxde, s. [From Gr. anydria= want of 
water; a»i/dros=wanting water; an, priv., and 
hy ddr=vr ater.] An anhydride or an anhydrous acid 
is a chemical substance formed by the substitution 
of an acid radical for the whole of the hydrogen in 
one or two molecules of water. ( Graham: Chem., 
2d ed., vol. ii., 542.) By the action of water they are 
converted into acids. Anhydrides do not act on lit¬ 
mus or other vegetable colors. 


an-hy -drite, s. [In Ger. anhydrit; Gr. any dr os 
=without water; referring to the fact that it con¬ 
tains no water of crystallization.] 

Min.: A mineral classed by Dana under his Celes- 
tite group. Its crystals are orthorhombic. The 
hardness is 3-3'5 ; the sp. gr. 2'899-2'985 ; the luster 
vitreous, or somewhat pearly; the color white, or 
brick-red. Composition: Sulphuric acid, 55’80 to 
59"78; lime, 40'21 to 43'06, with smaller portions of 
silica, sesquioxide of iron, and water. It is altered, 
by the absorption of moisture, into gypsum. It is 
divided by Dana into Var. 1 . Ordinary, (a) Crys¬ 
tallized; ( 6 ) Fibrous; (c) Fine granular; (d) Scaly 
granular, under which is ranked Yulpinite (q. v.). 
Yar. 2. Pseudomorphous. It occurs in various 
parts of Europe and in North America. 


an-hy-drous, a. [In Ger. anhyder. From Gr. 
any dr os =w i tho u t water; a, priv., and hyddr= 
water.] 

1. Chem.: Having no water in its composition 
as anhydrous gypsum, gypsum with no water in its 
composition. 

“ . . . thus the anhydrous sulphuric acid does not 
redden litmus.”— Graham: Chemistry, vol. ii., p. 188. 


2. Min.: Dana divides the minerals classed 
as compounds of Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine 
into (1) Anhydrous Chlorids, (2) Hydrous Chlorids, 
and (3) Oxychlorids. {Dana: Min., 5th ed., p. 110.) 
He separates Fluorine Compounds into Anhydrous 
and Hydrous {Ibid., p. 123), and adopts the same 
classification of the Oxyds: 1st {Ibid., 131) ; the Sil¬ 
icates {Ibid., 203) ; tho Phosphates, Arsenates, Anti- 
monates {Ibid., 527); the Sulphates, Chromates, Tel- 
lurates {Ibid., 613), and the Carbonates {Ibid., 669). 

*an-i, a. [Ant.] 


a'-nl, s. [South American name (?).] The name 
given to the birds belonging to the genus Cro- 
tophaga, and indeed to those ranked under the sub¬ 
family Crotophaginse. a division of the Cuculidee, 
or Cuckoos. The typical anis—those of the genus 
Crotophaga—are found in South America, the West 
Indies and Florida. They are about the size of our 
blackbird. 


*an -ie, a. [Ant.] 

*an-I-ent e, a. [Fr. an4antir=to annihilate; 
from d,=to, and n6ant=nothing, nought.] To bring 
to nought; to frustrate. The same as Anientisse 
(q. v.). 

*an-i-en-tisse, v. t. [Fr. a,rK5awfisse?ae?it=anni¬ 
hilation ; an6antir= to annihilate.] To reduce to 
nothing; to annihilate. 

“ . . . the which three things ye ne han not anien- 
tissed or destroyed.”— Chaucer: Melibeus. 

*an-I-en'-txssed, pa. par. [Anientisse.] 

t<L-nIght {gh silent), adv. [Eng. a=on, at, and 
night.'] At night, during the night. 

“ I broke my sword upon a stone, and bid him take that 
for coming anight to Jane Smile.”— Shakesp.: As You 
Like It, ii. 4. 


fa-nights {gh silent), adv. [Eng. a— on, at; 
nights, pi. of night.] Night after night. 

“Sir Toby, you must come in earlier anights: my lady 
takes great exceptions at your ill hours.”— Shakesp.: 
Twelfth Night, i. 3. 

“The turnkey now his flock returning sees. 

Duly let out anights to steal for fees !” 

Swift: Description of Morning. 

an-ig-o-zanth-os, s. [Gr. anischo, the same as 
anecho=to hold up, to lift up ; and anthos— flower.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Haemodo- 
raceso (Blood-roots). They are curious Australian 
plants, with yellow or green flowers. The roots of 
the A. floridus, though acrid when raw, become 
mild and nutrious when cooked, and are used for 
food by the natives of the Swan river. {Lindley: 
Veg. Kingd., 1847, p. 152.) 


au'-il, s. [In Ger., Fr., Port. & Sp. aw7=indigo j 
Arab, nilon; Mahratta and some other Indian 
languages nila= dark blue, as Nilgherry Hills=th& 
Blue Hdls.] The Indigo plant, 
an-ile, a. [Lat. anilis.] Old-womanish. 
fan-Ile-ness, s. [Eng. anile; suffix -ness.] 
Anility. 

an-il-ic, a. [Eng. am7; suff.-ic.] Pertaining 
to anil (q. v.). 
anilic acid, s. 

Chem.: Indigotic acid = nitrosalicylic acid, 

C 7 H 5 N 05 =C 7 H 5 (N 02 ) 0 . 3 . Obtained by the action 
of boiling nitric acid and water on indigo, or on 
salicylic acid. It crystallizes in light yellow 
needles, soluble in hot water and alcohol. 


an-il-Ine, s. [from anil (q. v.)] =amidoant~ 
benzene=amido-benzol=phenyl-amine= 


C 6 H 7 N= 


: c f 


) 


|n=CoH 5 (NH 2 )'. 


Chem.: Aniline was first obtained by distilling in¬ 
digo with caustic potash. It occurs in the heavy 
oils from coal-tar. It is prepared from benzene, 
CbHb, which is converted into nitro-benzene, CrH.-j- 
(NO 2 )', by the action of strong nitric acid. The 
nitrobenzene is reduced to aniline by the_ action of 
acetic acid and iron filings, or by sulphide of am¬ 
monium. Aniline is the basis of most of the coal- 
tar colors. It is an oily, colorless, refractive, vola¬ 
tile liquid, boiling at 182°. Itssp.gr. at 0° is 1’036. It 
solidifies at- 8 ° to a crystalline mass; when exposed 
to the air and light it becomes brown. It is nearly 
insoluble in water, but dissolves in ether, alcohol, 
and benzene. It forms crystalline salts with acids. 
It does not turn red litmus paper blue. A slight 
trace of aniline gives a deep purple color with a 
solution of bleaching powder. Aniline combines 
with the iodides of alcohol radicals like amines. 
The atoms of H united to N in aniline can be re¬ 
placed by alcohol radicals, as ethyl aniline— 

n^ 


( c 2 h 5 . 


The H in the benzol ring (Cf,H s ) can also be re¬ 
placed by radicals forming substitution compounds- 
of aniline, of which, when one atom of H is re¬ 
placed by an atom of Cl or a radical, there can be 
always three modifications: thus, three modifica¬ 
tions of nitro-aniline (C 6 H 4 KNO 2 HNH 2 ) are known; 
also chloraniline, CkH,iC 1 (NH 2 )', and bromaniliue, 
CoHiBriNHo). [See KekulAs Organic Chem.] M. 
Langorroishas found that the putrefaction and de¬ 
composition of animal matter can be prevented, 
even when it is exposed to the air, and in an ele¬ 
vated temperature, by the use of small quantities 
of aniline. 


aniline black, s. A dye produced by a mixture 
of aniline, potassium chlorate, and cupric sulphate 
or a vanadium salt. It is used in calico printing. 

aniline blue, s. Obtained by heating rosaniline 
with exoess of aniline at 150°-160°. A hydrochloride 
of triphenyl-rosaniline, C 20 H 11 , (CyH-J 
aniline greens, s. The aldehyde green is ob¬ 
tained from aldehyde, magenta, and sulphuric acid 
heated together, and then poured into a boiling 
solution of sodium thiosulphate. The dye is pre¬ 
cipitated by sodium acetate. The iodine green is 
obtained by heating aniline violet with iodide of 
methyl. 

aniline orange, s. A salt of dinitroparacresol, 
aniline purple, or mauve, is prepared by- 
adding to aniline sulphate a dilute solution of 
potassium bichromate. It contains a base called 
mauveine, C 27 H 24 N 4 . 

aniline red [see Rosaniline], called also Ma¬ 
genta. Obtained by heating crude aniline with 
arsenic acid to 140°. The presence of toluidine is- 
necessary for its formation. 

aniline violet, s. Obtained by heating rosan¬ 
iline with ethyl iodide, a hydroiodide of triethyl- 
rosaniline, C 2 oHi 6 (C 2 H 5 ) 3 N 3 . 
aniline yellow. [See Chrysaniline.] 
an-Il -i-ty, s. [Lat. anilitas, from anilis= per¬ 
taining to an old woman, old-womanish ; anus= an 
old woman; Celtic 7xe«.=old.] The state of being 
an old woman. The state of entertaining such 
views and feelings as are natural to women well 
advanced in life. 


“Since the day in which the Reformation was begun, 
by how many strange and critical turns has it been per¬ 
fected and handed down, if not entirely without spot or 
wrinkle, at least without blotches or marks of anility.’''— 
Sterne: Sermon on the Inauguration of K. George III. 

IT Todd says: “ Anility is not confined to the- 
feminine character, as Dr. Johnson would imply. 
It means dotage in general. 

an -im-a-ble, a. [From Lat. animo=to fill with 
breath or air, to animate.] Capable of being ani¬ 
mated. 


b 5 il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 

-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, <tc. = bel, d@L 

’ 13 






animadversal 


194 


animate 


an-Im-ad-ver'-sal, a. & s. [From Lat. animad- 
versum, supine of animadverto .] [Animadvert.] 

1. As adjective: Having the facility of perception, 
or the power of perceiving. 

2. As substantive : That which has the faculty of 
perception; the soul. 

“That lively inward animadversal: it is the soul itself; 
for I cannot conceive the body doth animadvert; when as 
objects, plainly exposed to the sight, are not discovered 
till the soul takes notice of them.”— More: Song of the 
Soul, Notes, p. 22. 

an-im-ad-ver -Sion, s. [In Fr. animadversion. 
From Lat. animadversion (1) the perception of an 
object, attention; (2) censure, punishment.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of perceiving an object; attention. 

“ The soul is the sole percipient which hath animad¬ 
version and sense, properly so called.”— Glanville. 

2. As close attention to any one’s conduct is pretty 
sure to detect serious imperfections in it, the word 
acquired the secondary signification of severe 
censure, reproof, serious blame. This is now almost 
its sole meaning. 

“ He dismissed their commissioners with severe and 
sharp animadversions.” — Clarendon. 

3. Punishment. [See II.] 

“ When a bill is debating in Parliament, it is usual to 
have the controversy handled by pamphlets on both sides, 
without the least animadversion upon the authors.”— 
Swift. 

II. Technically : 

Medicev. Eccles. Law : The infliction by the civil 
power, at the instigation of the church, of punish¬ 
ment on offenders against ecclesiastical law. 

“An ecclesiastical censure and an ecclesiastical anim¬ 
adversion are different things: for a censure has a 
relation to a spiritual punishment, but an animadversion 
has only a respect to a temporal one, as degradation, and 
the delivering the person over to the secular court.”— 
Ayliffe: Parergon. 

an-lm-ad-ver'-slve, a. [From Lat. animad- 
versum , supine of animadverto .] [Animadvert.] 
Having the power of perception. 

“The representation of objects to the soul, the only 
animadversive principle, is conveyed by motions made on 
the immediate organs of sense.”— Glanville. 

an-im- 5 Ld-ver-sive-ness, s. [Eng. animad¬ 
versive , - -ness.] The quality or state of perceiving; 
perception. 

an-Im-Sid-vert', v. i. [Lat. animadvertO= (1) to 
turn the mind to, (2) to notice, (3) to censure or 
punish; animus = the mind; adverto= to turn to; 
ad= to, and verto= to turn.] 

1. To turn the mind to any person or thing; to 
notice. 

2. To blame, to censure, to make objurgatory 
remarks upon. 

“ Certain questionable people . . . were animad¬ 

verted upon [in an Act of Parliament].”— Froude: Hist, of 
Eng., vol. ii., p. 434. 

3. To punish. 

“If the Author of the universe animadverts upon men 
here below, how much more will it become Him to do it 
upon their entrance into ahigherstate of being?”— Grew. 

Animadvert is followed by upon or on. (See the 
foregoing examples. Very rarely against is also 
used.) 

“ Your Grace very justly animadverts against the too 
great disposition of finding faults . . .”— Pope.- Letter 

to the Duke of Buckingham (1718). 

an-im ad-ver -ter, s. [Eng. animadvert; - er .] 
One who censures or punishes. 

“ God is a strict observer of, and a severe animadverter 
upon, such as presume to partake of those mysteries with¬ 
out such a preparation.”— South. 

an-Im-ad-ver'-tlng, pr. par. [Animadvert.] 

an-Im-?td ver -tl§e, v. t. [Animadvert.] To 
inform. 

an -Im-al, & «• [Lat. animal = an animal; 
animate—neat. of adj. animalis — possessing life. 
[Animate.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A beast, as contradistinguished from a man. 

“ Combativeness is the natural disposition which men 
and animals feel in various degrees to quarrel and fight.” 
— Penny Cycl., xviii. 16. 

2. In contempt: A man of no intellect, or of 
bestial propensities. 

3. In the same sense as No. II. ( Zool .) This sig¬ 
nification of the word includes man. 

“. . . though defenseless, Man can arm himself with 
every variety of weapon, and become the most terribly 
destructive of animals.” — Owen: Classif.ofthe Mammalia, 

p. 60 . 

II. Technically: 

Zool. : An organic being, rising above a vegetable 
in various respects, especially in possessing sensi¬ 
bility, wiH. and the power of voluntary motion. 
Professor Owen defines an animal as an organism 


which can move, which receives nutritive matter 
by a mouth, which inhales oxygen and exhales car¬ 
bonic acid, and, flnaHy, which develops tissues, 
the proximate principles of which are quaternary 
compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitro¬ 
gen. (Owen: Palceont., 1860, p. 4.) Though, prac¬ 
tically speaking, there is in general no difficulty in 
distinguishing an animal from a vegetable, yet the 
animals and plants of humble organization closely 
approach each other in structure, and it is not 
always easy to say whether a particular organism 
belongs to the one kingdom or the other. By his 
bodily organization man is an animal, though his 
mental and moral qualities give him an immeasur¬ 
able superiority over all the other members of the 
animal kingdom. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to an animal as opposed to a vege¬ 
table, or to an animal as distinguished from the 
more general term, an organized being, as, animal 
functions (q. v.). 

“ The animal membranes exercise the property. . . ” 

Todd <St Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 54. 

2. Pertaining to the inferior sentient beings as 
opposed to man ; brutal. 

“ The immortal Aristotle, in his system of the animal 
world, excludes man from his scheme.”— Swainson: Clas- 
siflc. of Quadrupeds, § 16. 

3. Pertaining to those parts of our complex nature 
which we have in common with the inferior sen¬ 
tient beings, as contradistinguished from those 
mental, moral, and spiritual capabilities in which 
man on the earth stands alone. 

“There are things in the world of spirits wherein our 
ideas are very dark and confused: such as their union 
with animal nature, the way of their acting on material 
beings, and their converse with each other.”— Watts: 
Logic. 

animal charcoal, s. [Charcoal.] 
animal economy, s. The natural laws on which 
the welfare of the animal world depends, and to 
which, within certain limits, instinct teaches the 
several species to conform, 
animal electricity, s. [Galvanism.] 
animal flower, s. A name often given to those 
radiated animals which have their tentacles in rows 
around their mouths, not unlike the petals of a 
double flower. The term has been applied speciaHy 
to various species of the genus Actinia, which have 
been called, from their fancied resemblance to par¬ 
ticular flowers, Sea Anemones, or fixed Sea-nettles. 
The other radiated animals which have been called 
animal flowers belong to the genera Holothuria, 
Tubularia, Sertularia, Hydra, and Alegonia. [Ac¬ 
tinia.] 

animal food, s. 

1. Food consisting of the flesh or other portions of 
animals. 

|2. Food designed for animals, 
animal functions, s. pi. Functions exercised by 
animals. They are divided into two classes: (1) 
Those peculiar to and characteristic of animals, as 
distinguished from organic functions, which are 
common to them and vegetables. The animal func¬ 
tions of this first category are sensibility, or inner¬ 
vation, and voluntary motion, or locomotion. (2) 
The merely vital or vegetative functions, which are 
common to animals and vegetables. These are 
nutrition and generation. [Organic Functions.] 
animal heat, s. The heat possessed by the 
higher animals, and which, so long as they retain 
life, they maintain, whatever the surrounding tem¬ 
perature may be. It is highest in birds, and lowest 
in reptiles and fishes. 

animal kingdom, s. One of the three great 
kingdoms of visible Nature, the other two being the 
Vegetable and the Mineral Kingdoms. Cuvier 
divided the Animal Kingdom into four great sub¬ 
kingdoms : 1, Vertebrata ; 2, Mollusca ; 3, Articulata; 

4. Radiata. Professor Owen, in his Palaeontology, 
adopts the following classification: Kingdom I. 
Protozoa. Kingdom II. Animalia. Sub-kingdom I. 
Invertebrata: Province 1, Radiata; 2, Articulata; 
3, Mollusca. Sub-kingdom II. Vertebrata. Pro¬ 
fessor Huxley, writing in 1869, said that in the then 
existing state of knowledge, the Animal Kingdom 
required to be divided into no fewer than eight dis¬ 
tinct groups, which he arranged thus: 

Vertebrata. 

Mollusca. Annulosa. 

Molluscoida. Annuloida. 

CCELENTERATA. INFUSORIA. 

Protozoa. 

He could not, however, assert that all the eight 
groups were of equal value, or that the Infusoria, 
the Molluscoida, and the Annuloida would ulti¬ 
mately stand. 

animal magnetism, s. A science, or art, so 
called because it was believed that it taught the 
method of producing on persons of susceptible or¬ 
ganization effects somewhat similar to those which a 
magnet exerts upon iron. It is now generally denomi¬ 
nated Mesmerism (q. v.). 


animal mechanics, s. [Mechanics.] 
animal oat, s. An oat (Avena sterilis), which 
has a beard so hygrometric that, when the seeds 
fall off, it twists itself and moves spontaneously, 
when certain alterations in the weather occur. At 
such times it resembles a strangely-shaped insect 
crawling on the ground, whence its English name 
of Animal Oat. It is sometimes grown as an object 
of curiosity. 

animal painter, s. A painter whose special 
taste and skill lie in the representation of animals. 

animal painting, s. The department of paint¬ 
ing which treats of the representation of animals. 

animal spirits, s. pi. Nervous or vital energy, 
the gaiety and capability for action which arise from 
the possession of a sanguine temperament and a 
healthy physical organization, 
animal strength, s. [Strength.] 
an-Im-al'-cn-la, s. pi. [The neut. pi. of Lat. 
animalculum , but not classic; compounded of an¬ 
imal, and the termination culum, signifying little.'] 
Minute animals. 

If Sometimes the word animalcula is mistaken by 
incorrect writers for a Latin noun of the first de¬ 
clension, and receives at their hands a plural ani¬ 
malcules. Such an error should be carefully avoided. 
[Animalcule.] 

an-Im-al-cu-l^r, a. [Eng., Ac., animalcula; 
•ar.] Pertaining or relating to animalcula. 

“It rendered at once evident to the senses why air 
filtered through cotton-wool is incompetent to generate 
animalcular life.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., 
xi. 324. 

an-Im-al -cule, s. [Fr., from Lat. animalcula 
(q. v.). In Port . animalculo.] An animal so minute 
as to be visible only by means of the microscope. 
The term is applied specially to members of the 
classes Infusoria and Rotifera; the former called 
Infusorial, and the latter Wheel-animalcules. [In¬ 
fusoria, Rotifera. ] 

“ . . . Infusorial Animalctiles.” — Owen: Comparat. 

Anat. of the Invertebrata (1843), p. 17. 

“. . . the Rotifera, or Wheel-nn/mriZcuZes.”— Huxley: 

Introd. to the Classif. of Animals (1869), p. 47. 

tan-lm-al -cu-llne, a. [Eng., Ac., animalcule; 
-ine. 1 Pertaining or relating to animalcula. 

If Not so common a term as Animalcular (q. v.). 
“ Animalculine putrefaction is the immediate cause 
of those diseases.”— Dr. Dwight: Trav. in New Eng., &o., 
vol. i., p. 436. 

an-Im-al-cu-llst, s. [Eng., Ac., animalcule; 
-isf.] One who makes animalcules a special study. 

an'-Im-£,l-Ish, a. [Eng. animal; -ish.] Like an 
animal. 

an'-im-al-I§m, s. [Eng. animal; -ism.] The 
series of qualities which characterize a mere 
animal in contradistinction to a man. 

an-Im-al'A-ty, s. [In Ger. animalitdt; Fr. an¬ 
imality ; Ital. animalitd,.] Conformity to the animal 
type of structure. 

“ It is evident that such characters must be derived 
from the animal functions of sensation and motion, for 
these not only constitute and create an animal, but also, 
by their greater or less capacity, may be said in some 
measure to establish the degree of its animality.” — 
Griffith's Cuvier, vol. i., p. 59. 

an lm-al-Lza'-tion, s. [Eng. animalize; -ation. 
In Fr. animalisation; Port, animalisagao.] The 
act of making into an animal, or into animal 
matter; the state of being made into an animal, or 
into animal matter. 

an-Im-?Q-I ze, v. t. [Eng. animal; -ize. In Fr. 
animaliser; Port, animalisar.] 

1. To make into an animal; to impart animal 
life to. 

2. To convert into animal matter. 
an-Im-3,l-I'zed, pa. par. A o. [Animalize.] 

As adjective: 

“But they eat, I observe, a very large proportion of fat, 
which is of a less animalized nature.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. vi., p. 117. 

an-Im-gd-I z-ing, pr. par. A a. [Animalize.] 

As adjective: 

“ . . . the unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet 
on the animalizing tendency of his own pliilosophy.”— 
Coleridge: Aids to Reflection (1839), p. 97. 

tan'-Im-al-ness, s. [Eng. animal; -ness.] The 
quality or state of being an animal; animal exist¬ 
ence. 

an-Im-ate, v. t. A i. [In Fr. animer; Sp. A Port. 
animar; Ital. animare. From Lat. animo= to fill 
with breath or air, to make alive. To endow with 
anima= air, a soul.] [Animal.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: To endow with natural life; to im¬ 
part life at first, or preserve it when imparted. 

“ Where searching sunbeams scarce can find a way 
Earth animated heaves.”— Thomson: Summer, 296. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



animate 


195 


anisol 


Ii: Figuratively: 

1. Of inanimate things: To impart the semblance 
©f life to; to give power to; to heighten the effect of. 

“Heroes in animated marble frown.” 

Pope: Temple of Fame, 73. 

2. Of versons: 

(a) To inspire with courage or ardor, to enliven, 
to stimulate. 


“Thus arm’d, he animates his drooping bands.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, v. 606. 

(6) To imbue or inspire with; to cause to be 
actuated by. 

“They would come up to Westminster animated by the 
spirit of 1640.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

B. Tntrans.: To become lively, to revive. ( Mad. 
JD'Arblay : Cecilia , bk. i., ch. iv.) 

an'-im-ate, a. The same as the participial adj. 
Animated (q. v.). 

“. . . the admirable structure of animate bodies.”— 
Bentley. 

an -im-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Animate, a.] 

As adjective: 

“ Can storied urn, or animated bust. 

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? ” 

Gray: Elegy. 

“. . . the same animated descriptions, . . .”— 

Lewis: Earlg Rom. Hist., ch. xiii., pt. i., §1. 


“ . . . on the report there was an animated debate.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

Animated Nature: That portion of Nature in 
which there is life, in contradistinction to that 
from which life is absent. 


“Nature inanimate employs sweet sounds, 

But animated Nature sweeter still, 

To soothe and satisfy the human ear.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

■fan-im'-ate-ness, s. [Eng. animate; -ness.] The 
state of being animated. (Johnson.) 

an’-im-a-tlng, pr. par. & a. [Animate, v .] 

As adjective: 

“. . . to the sun allied. 

From him they draw their animating fire.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 


“ As from a lethargy at once they rise, 

And urge their chief with animating cries.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. x., 558, 559. 

Animating Principle: An English term corres¬ 
ponding to the Greek psuche , which means (1) 
breath, life ; (2) soul; (3) reason, (4) a living spirit, 
supposed to go through all the earth and the ocean. 
It was called by the Romans amirna mundi. In 
the plural, animating principles correspond to the 
Greek psuchai. The hypothesis of Aristotle on the 
subject was that there were an infinite number 
of distinct animating principles, no two precisely 
identical with each other in qualities. Each of 
these necessarily had its corresponding body, which 
accounted for the great diversities among the 
species of animated beings existing in the world. 
All, however, acted under the direction of the su¬ 
preme animating principle or phusis= ( 1 ) growth, 
(2) outward form, (3) nature. The immortal Har¬ 
vey held a somewhat similar belief, and the 
“ materia vitae" (material of life) of John Hunter, 
the “organic force” of Muller, and the “organic 
agens” of Dr. Prout are all akin to the psuche, 
or animating principle of Aristotle. (See Todd & 
Bowman’s Physiol. Anat., vol. i., pp. 16,17.) 

an -im-a-ting-ly, adv. _ [Eng. animating; -ly.] 
In a manner to produce animation. 

an-im-a’-tion, s. [In Fr. animation; Sp. anim- 
acion; Port, animagao; Ital. animazione; Lat. an- 
imatio , from animo= to fill with breath or life; 
anima= air, life.] The act of animating; the state 
of being animated. 

l^Lih] *The act or process of making to breathe 
or live for the first time, or after vital action has 
been suspended; also the state of having life thus 
imparted or revived. 

“The body is one . . . much more by the animation 

of the same soul quickening the whole frame. ’— Bishop 
Taylor: Of Repentance, c. vi., § 2. 

‘‘Animation (Lat.) is the informing an animal body 
with a soul.”— Glossog. Nov. 

Suspended animation is a term used in the case of 
persons all but drowned, in whom the vital actions 
have temporarily ceased, and will probably do so 
permanently unless means be adopted for their im¬ 
mediate restoration. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Of men or other conscious beings, singly or in 
combination: The act or process of inspiring life¬ 
like energy or ardor; also the state of having such 
energy or ardor imparted. 

“. . . the faction which had been prostrated and 

stunned began to give signs of returning animation.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 


( b) Of things inanimate: The act or process of 
making painted or sculptured figures so life-like 
that they appear to the imagination as if actually 
alive. 

an’-Im-a-tive, a. [Eng. animate; -ive.] Having 
the power to impart life or spirit. 

an -xm-a-tor, s. [Lat.] One who or that which 
animates or imparts life or spirit. 

“. . . those bodies . . . conform themselves to 
situations wherein they best unite unto their animator.” 
—Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. ii., ch. 2. 
an-i-me 1 , a. [Fr. animi.— animated.] 

Her.: A term used when wild animals are repre¬ 
sented with fire proceeding from their mouth and 
ears. It is called also incensed. (Gloss, of Her¬ 
aldry.) 

an-i me, s. [In Ger., Sp., &c., anime.] A resin 
procured from the Hymenaa Courbaril, a plant of 
the Papilionaceous sub-order. It is of a transpar¬ 
ent amber color, an agreeable smell, and little taste. 
The Brazilians use it in fumigations for pains and 
aches arising from cold. 

an-im-et-ta, s. [Ital.=the part of a cuirass 
which covers the body in front.] 

Eccles. Ritualism: The cloth with which the cup 
in the eucharist is covered, 
an -Im-Ine, s. [Lat. anim(a); Eng. suff. -ine.] 
Chem.: An organic base obtained from bone oil. 
It has not been prepared pure. 

an -nn-I§m, s. [From Lat. a?M'rwa=the principle 
of animal life.] [Animus.] The doctrine that the 
life of an animal arises from a spiritual cause and 
not from materiality. 

an -im-ist, s. One who holds the doctrines of 
Animism (q. v.). 

an-i-mo 1 fiir-an-dl (used in Eng. as adv.). 
[Lat.] With the mind or intention to steal. 

*an-im-6 se, a. [In Sp. animoso; Lat. animosus.] 
Full of life and spirit; spirited. 

*an-im-6se-ness, s. [Eng. animose; -ness.] The 
quality of being spirited. (Johnson.) 


an-lm-os -I-t^, s. [In Fr. animosity; Port. 
animosidade; Ital. animosita, animositade, ani- 
mositate; Lat. animositas=(l) boldness, (2) impetu¬ 
osity, (3) hatred; animosus—fall of courage, 
spirited; anima=( 1) wind, (2) the air, (3) breath, 
life. Gr. anemos= wind ; Sansc. animi , arcas=wind, 
air: an= to breathe.] 

*1. Spirit, courage, boldness, without implying 
the presence of the malignant element. (See ex. 
from Plutarch’s Morals in Trench’s Select Gloss., 

p. 6 .) 

2 . Irrepressible anger or hatred against one, 
prompting the individual who entertains it to open 
endeavors to injure the person against whom his 
spirit is so violently excited. 

“Animosity (Lat.), stoutness, stomachfulness: Animos¬ 
ities, quarrels, contentions.”— Glossog. Nov. 

“To the evils arising from the mutual animosity of fac¬ 
tions were added other evils arising from the mutual ani¬ 
mosity of sects.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

an’-im-us, s. [Lat.=the spiritual and rational 
soul in man ; opposed to anima=( 1 ) the principle 
of animal life, (2) the will, purpose, (3) the affec¬ 
tions, the inclinations, the passions.] Intention; 
purpose, especially of a hostile character founded 
on the presence of animosity in the heart. 

“The lightest of these charges were symptoms of an 
animus which the Crown prosecutors would regard as 
treasonable.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iii., ch. xiv. 

“During the last eighteen months there had been a 
curious animus in certain quarters against the subject 
races of the Porte.”— Mr. Trevelyan, M. P.: Times, Feb. 
2, 1878. 

an-in-ga, s. [W. Indian name.] The designa¬ 
tion given' in the West Indies to several plants, 
most of them Aroids. One species, if not even more 
than one, was formerly used in sugar refining. 


an'-i-on, *an-I -bn-e, *an’-I-on-e, s. [Gt. anion, 
pr. par. of aneimi= to go up ; ana— up, and ion, pr. 
par. of eimi—to go.] _ . 

Electrolysis: The electro-negative ion or radi¬ 
cal of a molecule, appearing at the anode or positive 
electrode in electric decomposition. It is opposed 
to Cathion (q. v.). 

*an-l-0us, a. [O. Fr. anieux; Lat. > anxius— 
anxious.] Wearisome, sorrowful; fatiguing. 

“ Then thenkkezh Gowan ful sone 


Of his anious uyage.” , , ... » 

Sir Gawayne (ed. Morris), 534-5. 


an -is-al, s. [From Eng., &c., anise.] A chemi¬ 
cal substance called also anisic aldehyde and hy¬ 
dride of anisyl. 

an -Is-ates, s. pi. [From Eng., &c., anise.] 

Chem.: Salts of anisic acid. 


an'-ise, s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., Fr., Sp., & Port., 
mis; Dut. anys; Lat. anisum; Gr. anison and 


anethon, also Ionic anneson , aneson; poetic, anne - 
ton, aneton; later Attic, Doric, and .Folic anison , 
annison = dill or anise. Arab, ainison .] [Ane- 
THUM.] 

1. The anise proper: An umbelliferous plant, the 
Pimpinella ani¬ 
sum. It is culti¬ 
vated in Malta 
and Spain for 
the sake of the 
seeds, which are 
imported into 
this and other 
countries. They 
are aromatic and 
carminative. Its 
scent tends to 
neutralize other 
smells. It is 
sometimes sown 
here for its 
leaves, which are 
used like fennel 
as a seasoning or 
garnish. 

2. The anise of Anise (Pimpinella Anisum). 

Scripture: In Gr. One-sixth natural size; plant, flower, 
to i the] ane- and ripe fruit enlarged. 

thon , should, it 

is believed, have been translated “ dill/’ Anethum 
graveolens. [Dill.] It also is of the Umbellifer¬ 
ous order. 



“. . . for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cum¬ 
min, . . .”— Matt, xxiii. 23. 

Oil of anise: A solution of anise camphor, or ane- 
thol, (J 10 H 13 O, in an oil like turpentine ; it solidifies 
at 10°. It is the essential oil of Pimpinella anisum. 
The camphor is obtained pure from alcohol by 
pressure and crystallization. In pharmacy it is 
used as a stimulant, aromatic, and carminative; it 
relieves flatulency, and diminishes the griping of 
purgative medicines, 
anise-camphor, s. [Anethol.] 

Chem.: A white crystalline substance; sp. gr. 
POLL It melts at 18°, and boils at 222°. 

an-i-seed, s. [Eng . ani(se); seed.] The seed of 
the anise (q. v.). 

aniseed-tree, ?. [Anise-seed tree, so called be¬ 
cause the leaves and capsules have a strong smell 
of anise-seed.] The English name of Hlicium, a 
genus of Magnoliace®, or Magnoliads. The best 
known species are I. floridanum and I.parviflo- 
rum, from Florida. 

an-I-sett e de Bourdeaux Bor-do ), s. [Fr.] A 
liquor consisting of anise macerated in eau-de-vie. 

an-Is'-Ic, a. [Eng. anise, and suff. -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to anise or anise-seed. 

Anisic acid = Methyl-paraoxybenzoic acid = hy¬ 
drate of anisyl=draconic acid, OsHsOg. A monobasic 
aromatic acid, obtained by the oxidation of anisic 
aldehyde. It crystallizes in colorless prisms which 
melt at 175°. It is soluble in hot water, alcohol, and 
ether. By distillation with lime it yields CO 2 and 
anisol. 

Anisic alcohol: CsHiq 02 . An aromatic alcohol 
obtained by treating anisic aldehyde with alcoholic 
potash. It boils at 250°. It crystallizes in hard 
white needles, which melt at 23°. 

Anisic aldehyde — Anisal = Hydride of Anisyl: 
CgHgO^. An aromatic yellow liquid obtained by 
oxidizing anisic alcohol. It is oxidized into anisic 
acid, and by nascent H converted into anisic alco¬ 
hol ; it forms crystalline compounds with alkaline 
acid sulphites. Also obtained by the action of 
dilute HNO 3 and anise-camphor. It boils at 255°. 
an-is-i-dl’ne, s. [From Eng., &c., anise.] 

Chem.: N.C7H7O.H2 = methylphenidine, an or¬ 
ganic base formed by the action of sulphide of 
ammonium on nitranisol, it combines with acids 
forming salts. 

an-I-so-dac'-tfl-es, s.pl. [Gr. amsos=unequal: 
an, priv., and isos=equal; ( 2 ) daktulos=a finger or 
a toe.] 

Zool.: Temminck’s name for those insessorial 
birds which have toes of unequal length. 

an-I-s6-dyn'-?L-mous, a. [Gr. (1) am'sos=uq- 
equal: an, priv., and isos=equal; ( 2 ) dunamis= 
power, strength ; dunamai=to be able.] 

Bot.: Of unequal strength. (Used of monocoty- 
ledonous plants which, when they germinate, grow 
with greater force on one side of their axis than on 
the other.) 

an-Lso'-Ic a§'-id, s. [From anise (q. v.).] 

Chem.: CioHisOg. A product of the oxidation of 
oil of star anise. 

an-is-ol, s. [Lat. anisum= anise, and oleum— 
oil.] 

Chemistry: O-HgO^AHiiCHgi.OH. An aromatic 
alcohol (also called methyl phenol, methyl carbolic 
acid, or dracol) obtained by heating potassium 
phenate, C 6 H 5 .OK, with methyl iodide, CH 3 .I; also 


bdil, boy: pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, 


Cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this, 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = shun, -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 










anisometric 


196 


annelida 


by the dry distillation of methyl salicylate, or by 
distilling anisic acid with excess of caustic baryta 
Anisol is a colorless liquid, boiling at 152% It dis¬ 
solves in H 2 SO 4 , forming sulphanisolic acid, C 7 H. 3 - 
SO 4 . By fuming HNO 3 there are one, two, or three 
atoms of H replaced by (NO 2 )', forming mono-, di-, 
or tri -nitranisol, which by reducing agents give 
corresponding basic amido-compounds; as C 7 H 7 - 
(N 02 ) 0 , nitranisol, gives C 7 H 7 (NH 2 ) 0 , rJtranisi- 
dine. (See Watt’s Diet. Chem .) 

an-I-so-met'-rlc, a. [Gr. anisometros=ot un¬ 
equal measure with: an, priv., isos=equal to; 
metron=a measure.] 

Min.: Of unequal measurement. 

“II. Titanite Group. ’ Anisometric.” — Dana: Min.; 5th 
ed., p. 362. 

“ Mesotype Group. Anisometric.” — Ibid., p. 421. 
an-I-so-ne -ma, s. [Gr. aaisos=unequal; and (?) 
nema= a web.] 

Zool.: A genus of Infusoria belonging to the fam¬ 
ily Thecamonadina. 

an-l-sop'-ll-a, s. [Gr. anisos — unequal, and 
hoplon= a tool, an implement, a weapon.] A genus 
of lamellicorn beetles. One species, A. horticola 
(Garden Chafer or May-bug), which may be recog¬ 
nized by its green body and tawny elytra. It is 
much given to destroying thorn hedges, roses in 
gardens, corn in fields, in the months of May and 
June. Another, A. agricola (Field Chafer), green 
in color, is similarly hurtful in France and Ger¬ 
many. 

an-I-SO-s§el'-I-d£e, s. pi. [Gr. anisos=unequal; 
shelos=the leg, including the foot.] A family of 
bugs. The Diactor bilineatus has enormous expan¬ 
sions on the hindmost pair of legs. 

an-I-sd-sper'-ma> s. [Gr. amsos=unequal, and 
sperma= seed.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Cucurbitacese (Cucurbits). The seeds of A. 
passiflora contain a bitter oil mixed with a bland 
sebaceous matter and resin. Taken in small doses 
they are stomachic, but swallowed in larger quanti¬ 
ties they act as purgatives. 

an-l-so stem'-on-ous, a. [Gr. amsos=unequal, 
and Lat. stamen= ... a thread.] 

Dot.: Having the stamina in number unequal to 
the petals. 

fan-I-sos'-tom-cus, a. [Gr. anisos = unequal, 
and stoma— mouth.] 

Bot.: “Having unequal mouths.” (Used of a 
calyx or corolla divided unequally.) 

an’-I-sfl, s. [From Eng., &c., anise.] 

Chem.: C 8 H 7 O 2 . An organic radical contained in 
anisic acid, anisyl hydride, &c. 

an'-ker (1), s. [In Dut., Ger., & Dan., anker; Sw 
ankare.) 

1. A Dutch liquid measure containing about 10)4 
imperial gallons. 

2 . An English liquid measure for spirits, wine, 
&c., containing about 8)4 imperial gallons. 

“. . . ankers of brandy.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xii. 

an-ker (2), s. [Anchorite.] 

*ank-er'-as, s. Old spelling of Anchobess. 
*ank'-ere, s. Old spelling of Anchor (q. v.). 

an'-ker-Ite, s. [In Ger. ankerit. Named after 
Prof. Anker, of Styria.] A mineral classed by Dana 
Under his Calcite group of Anhydrous Carbonates. 
Its crystals are rliombohedral; it occurs also mas¬ 
sive, granular, or compact. The hardness is 3*5 to 
4; the sp. grav. 2*95 to 3T; the luster vitreous to 
pearly; the color white, gray, or reddish. It is 
translucent, or nearly so. Its composition is car¬ 
bonate of lime, 46'40 to 56*45 ; carbonate of magne¬ 
sia, 11*85 to 36*35 ; protoxide of iron carbonate, 13*26 
to 35'31; protoxide of manganese carbonate, 0'34 to 
10*09. It is found in Styria, in Nova Scotia, &c. 

an-kis-tro-de§'-mus, s. [Gr. angkistron= a fish¬ 
hook; desmos=a bond.] 

Bot.: A genus of Desmidiaceae. Character: Cells 
elongated, attenuated, entire, aggregated into fag¬ 
got-like bundles. 

an'-kle, an'-cle, s. [A. S .ancle, ancleo; Sw. & 
Dan. ankel; Ger. cenkel; Dut. enkel.] The joint 
by which the foot is united to the leg. 

“. . . and lie brought me through the waters; tbe 

waters were to the ancles.” — Ezek. xlvii. 3. 

“ For still, the more he works the more 
Do his weak ankles swell.” 

Wordsworth: Simon Lee. 

ankle-bone, ancle-bone, s. The bone of the 
ankle. 

“. . . immediately his feet and ancle-bones re¬ 

ceived strength .”—Acts iii. 7. 

ankle-deep, a. Sunk in some semi-liquid or 
liquid substance as deep as the ankles. 

“Hence, ankle-deep in moss and flowery thyme, 

We mount again . . . ”— Cowper: Task, bk. i. 


ankle-joint, s. The joint of the ankle. 

“ . . . the backward position of the ankle-joint sur¬ 
face presented by the astragalus to the tibia.”— Owen: 
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 67. 

an'-kled, a. [Eng. ankle; suffix-ed.] Pertain¬ 
ing to the ankles. (Chiefly in composition.) 

“Well ankled, two good confident calves.”— Beaumont d> 
Fletcher: Wit at Several Weapons. 

ank'-let, s. [Dimin. of Eng. ankle.] 
fl. A little ankle. 

2. An ornament placed on the ankle as a bracelet 
is on the wrist. 

*an'-kre, s. [Anchor.] 

*ank'-ress, s. Old spelling of Anchoress. 
ank-y-lo §ed, a. [Anchylosed.] 
ank-y-lo-§Is, s. [Anchylosis.] 
ank-y-lot-Ic, a. [Anchylotic.] 
an'-la§e, an-las, s. [In Medisev. Lat. anela- 
cium. From Wei. anglas—a sword.] A falchion, a 
wood-knife, a dagger. 

“An anlas and a gipser al of silk 
Heng at his gerdul, whit as rnorne mylk.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 359, 360. 

“Bot Arthur with ane anlace egerly smyttez, 

And hittez ever in the hulke up to the hiltez.” 

Morte Arthure (ed. Perry), 1,148-49. 
“And by his side an anlace hung.” 

Scott: Rokeby, v. 15. 

an-na> s. [Mahratta anna; Bengali and Sansc. 
ana.] An imaginary coin used in calculations in 
India. It is the sixteenth part of a rupee, is in 
value about three cents, and is estimated to con¬ 
tain four pice. 

an-na-ber'-glte, s. [From Annaberg, in Saxony, 
where it occurs.] A mineral placed by Dana in his 
Vivianite group. It is monoclinic, has capillary 
crystals, and is besides massive and disseminated. 
The colon is a fine apple-green; the streak greenish- 
white. Composition: Arsenic acid, 36*8 to 38*90; 
protoxide of nickel, 35 to 37*35; oxide of cobalt, 
from a mere trace to 2*5; water, 23*91 to 25*5. Besides 
Annaberg, it is found in Dauphiuy, in Connecticut, 
and other places. 

an'-naL s. [In Fr. annal is=annual (used spe¬ 
cially of plants). From Lat. annafi's=beIonging to 
a year; annus=a year.] 

A. Singular (Annal). 

fl. Generally: The singular of the, word Annals 
( q. v.), [Annal-writing.] 

2. Technically. In the Roman Catholic Church: 
A mass said for an individual every day in the year, 
or annually on a particular day of each year. (Du 
Cange.) 

B. Plural (Annals). [In Sw. & Dan. annaler; Ger. 
annalen; Fr. annales ,* Sp. anales; Ital. annali. 
From Lat. annales (pi.); rarely annalis (sing.) = 
year-books, yearly records, from annus= a year.] 

1. Properly: The record of historical events ar¬ 
ranged chronologically, and divided into yearly 
portions. In this sense the record of the important 
events in the Roman State, said to have been made 
annually for the first six centuries of its existence 
by those who successively filled the high office of 
Pontifex Maximus, were annals. 

“ Their model was the official annals of the year kept by 
the Pontifex Maximus.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. ii , 
§ 8 . 

2. More loosely: Records of historical events, or 
even of less important incidents, although they may 
not be formally divided into yearly portions. There 
has been considerable dispute regarding the precise 
difference between annals and history. Broadly 
speaking, annals are simple records or chronicles 
of events, in yearly portions or otherwise, without 
any effort to trace occurrences to their causes, to 
investigate the characters and motives of the chief 
actors, or to intercalate philosophical generaliza¬ 
tions. When these elements are superadded to the 
bare chronicle of incidents then annals become his¬ 
tory. 

“Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile 
The short and simple annals of the poor.” 

Gray: Elegy. 

annal-book, s. A history. {Tennyson: Coming 
of Arthur, 116.) 

annal-writing, s. Writing of annals. 

“. . . the distinction we have stated between history¬ 
writing and annal-writing.”—Penny Cyclo., vol. ii., p. 41. 

an -nal-Ist, s. [Eng. annal; suffix -ist. In Ger. 
annalist; Fr. annaliste; Sp . analista ; Port. & Ital. 
annalista .] One who writes annals. 

“The native historians of Home, who were prior to Sal¬ 
lust, Dionysius, and Livy, have been sometimes grouped 
together under the common designation of annalists .”— 
Leivis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. iii., § 11. 

“The records of an annalist may be jejune.”— Ibid., ch. 
xiii., pt. i., g 1. 


an-nal-ist'-ic, a. [Eng. annalist; suffix -ic.J 
Pertaining to annalists. 

“Now the annalistic style is marked by brevity and dry¬ 
ness.”— Lewis; Early Rom. Hist., ch. xiii., pt. i. § 1. 

“. . . the dry annalistic style of the early Roman* 
historians.”— Ibid., ch. ii., § 2. 

an'-nal-Ize, v. t. [Eng. annal; suffix -ize.] To- 
note down as annals. 


“Observe the miracle, deserving a Baronius to annalize-- 
it.”— Sheldon: Mir. of Antich. j)1616), p. 332. 

an'~ng*l§, s.pl. [Annal.] 

an'-n;it {Eng z & Scotch) > *ann {Scotch), s. Often* 
in the plural, an’-nats, an -nates. [In Ger. an~ 
naten; Fr. & Ital. annate; Sp. anata; Port, an* 
nata. From Lat. annus=a year.] 

I. “ Primitice ” {First-fruits): 

1. When the Papal power was dominant: The fir* 
year’s revenues of a benefice which each now in-- 
cumbent was required to remit to the papal treas¬ 
ury. Cowel says that first-fruits were called annates:- 
because paid after one year’s profit of a living haft 
been obtained. The original imposition of annates- 
is generally attributed to John XXII. in the four¬ 
teenth century, but they existed before his time- 
Valuations of them were made in England in A. D„ 
1254 and in 1292. (See Mosheim’s Church Hist., Cent- 

xiv. , pt. ii., ch. ii., §6, Murdoch’s note; also Cent- 

xv. , pt. ii., ch. ii., § 532.) 

“Though the Council of Basil damned the payment of' 
annats, yet they were paid here till Henry VIII. annexed, 
them for ever to the crown.”— Bp. Barlow: Remains, p. 172. 

2. Since the Reformation: 

(а) In England: The first-fruits exacted by Henry 
VIII. in England, at the Reformation, were the an¬ 
nates of the bishoprics, which the king had dissev¬ 
ered from the Pope. 

(б) In Ireland: Before the passing of the first: 
Reform Bill the annates were applied primarily to 
the repair of ecclesiastical buildings, and then to* 
the augmentation of poor livings. 

II. In the modern Church of Rome: Masses said: 
for a year either for the soul of a person deceased, 
or for that of a person living. (See Ayliffe’s Parer - 
gon.) 

an-neal, v. t. [A. S. ancelan={ 1) to kindle, to- 
inflame, to light; (2) to anneal. From oelan= to- 
kindle, light, set on fire, also to bake; cet= fire.] 

I. Literally: 

I . To heat a metal with the view of regulating its* 
elasticity, or glass to render it less brittle, or to fix 
colors in it. When a metal is to be annealed it is> 
raised to a temperature lower than the one neces¬ 
sary to temper it, and then allowed to cool slowly. 
The elasticity of the metal is thus diminished. 
Springs have thus imparted to them the precise- 
measure of elasticity which is deemed the most- 
suitable. Glass is similarly annealed. It is first* 
heated, and then allowed to cool slowly. (See- 
Ganot’s Physics, 3d ed., 1868, p. 63.) 

“ But when thou dost anneal in glass thy story, 

.then the light and glory 

More rev’rend grows, and more doth win, 

Which else shows waterish, bleak, and thin.” 

Herbert. 

“Beneath those chambers of the Sun, 

Some amulet of gems anneal’d 
In upper fires . . . ” 

Moore: Paradise and the Peri. 

f2. To temper by cold. ( Shenstone .) 

3. To bake. (Used of tiles.) 

II. Figuratively : To temper the character by the* 
heat of suffering or trial, so as to enable it to en¬ 
dure more without being shattered. 

“ The mind to strengthen and anneal, 

While on the stithy glows the steel !” 

Scott: Rokeby, i. 31. 

hn-nealed, pa. par. & a. [Anneal.] 

“Both the poles, you find, attract both ends of th& 
needle. Replace the needle by a bit of annealed iron 
wire, the same eifects ensue.”— Tyndall: Frag. 0 } Science, 
3d ed., xiii. 381. 

an-neal-ing, *a-ne'al-mg, pr. par., a., & s- 
[Sometimes corrupted into Nealing.] 

As substantive: The process of first heating and 
then cooling a metal, with the view of regulating its* 
elasticity or tempering it. The process of similarly 
treating glass to render it less brittle or fix colors- 
in it. 


“Enameling and anealing—Sprat: Hist, of the Royal 
Soc., p. 286. 


an nec'-tant, a. [From Lat. annectens, genit. 
annectentis, pr. par. of annecto= to tie to, to annex: 
ad=to, and necto —to bind, to tie.] Affixing, join¬ 
ing, annexing. 


-UCA-IU. CllL 


— - —, uci-iuc, a.11 -ei-iutJ, cm-iiei-* 

dan, s. [Annelida.] An animal belonging to the 
class Annelida. {Huxley, &c.) 

,. ®;p~ n . e l _ i'~da, s. pi. [Lat. annellus or anellus=st 
little ring, dimin. of annulus, or anulus—a ring.] A 
class of animals belonging to the sub-kingdom 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine* go pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 33 , ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kwl 






annelidan 


197 


Anno Domini 


Articulata, the Annulosa of some naturalists. They 
■are sometimes called Red-blooded Worms, being the 
■only invertebrated animals possessing this charac¬ 
ter. They are soft-bodied animals, mostly living in 
the water, sometimes in moist earth, but never par- 
■asitically within the bodies of other animals ; the 
higher ones possessing limbs, though of a rudiment¬ 
ary character, which makes them resemble centi¬ 
pedes ; while the lower ones, like the leeches, are 
wholly destitute of these appendages. The respira¬ 
tion is effected by external branchiae, by internal 
vesicles, or by the skin itself. Contractile vessels 
supply the place of a heart. The nervous system 
consists of a single or double ventral cord, furnished 
With ganglia at intervals, and surrounding the 
cesophagus above. Cuvier divided them into three 
■orders—Tubicola, Dorsibranchia, and Abranchia ; 
Milne-Edwards into Suctoria, Terricola, Tubicola, 
and Errantes; Professor Huxley into Chsetophora 
and Discophora ; and Griffith and Henfrey into Tur- 
bellaria, Suctoria (Apoda), and Chsetopoda (Seti- 
■gera). [Annellata.] 

an-nel-I'-dan, s. [Annelid.] 
j an-nel-la -tg,, an-el-la’-tg,, s. pi, [Lat. anellus, 
annellus=a little ring.] A name sometimes given to 
"the class of animals called by Cuvier Annelida. It 
is thus used in the first edition of Owen’s Comparat. 
Anat. of the Invertebrate Animals (1843), but in the 
-second edition (1855) Annulata is the term used. 

an -nett, s. A name sometimes given to the Kit- 
■tiwake gull, Larus tridactylus. 

an nex', v. t. [In Fr. annexer; Sp. anexar; Port. 
annexar. From Lat. annexum, supine of annecto 
=to tie on or to: ad=to, and necto —to bind to, to 
add to the end of anything.] 

1. Properly: To tie to the end of; to append. 

2. To add something of lesser size or importance 
to anything else of greater size or importance exist¬ 
ing previously. (It is often used for the addition of 
another kingdom or province to an empire.) 

“He wished to humble the United Provinces, and to 
•annex Belgium, Franche Compte, and Loraine to his 
dominions.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

“The great fiefs which, three hundred years before, 
had been, in all but name, independent principalities, 
had been annexed to the Crown.”— Ibid. 

3. To connect something with another by the 
relation of sequence to it, as a penalty to a crime. 

“ . . . some fatal curse annex’d, 
Deprives them of their outward liberty; 

Their inward lost.”— Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 

an-nex , s. [From the verb. In Ft. annexe; 
Port, annexa .] Anything annexed, appended, or 
added. 

1. Of writings: 

“Moses did in other annexes of the law .”—Jeremy Tay- 
ior: Of the Decalogue. Works (ed. 1839), vol. iii., p. 43. 

If An additional stipulation to the Anglo-Turkish 
convention of 1878 was called an annex. 

2. Of buildings: A subsidiary building added on 
to a main building. 

an-nex’-ar-y, s. [Eng. annex; suff. -ary.'] Some¬ 
thing appended; an addition. 

“. . . of these societies, . . . unto which sun¬ 
dry of them are no other than annexaries and appurte¬ 
nances.”— Sir E. Sandys: State oj Religion. 

annex -a '-tion, s. [Eng. annex; suff. -ation.] 
The act of annexing; the state of being annexed; 
anything annexed. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . The addition of any document or writing to the 
end of one which is already in existence. The join¬ 
ing of something smaller to something greater, or 
-something less to something more important. 
(Used especially of the addition of a smaller 
country to a greater, as the proposed annexation 
fcf Canada to the United States.) 
i 2. The addition of one thing to another, the thing 
fadded being joined to its predecessor by the bond 
of logical or other sequence. 

' “ If we can return to that charity and peaceable mind- 

t dness which Christ so vehemently recommends to us, we 
ave His own promise that the whole body will be full of 
light. Matt, vi., that all other Christian virtues will, by 
way of concomitance or annexation, attend them.”— 
Hammond. 

II. Technically: 

Eng. Law: The appropriation of church lands to 
the Crown; also the vesting of a privilege, patron¬ 
age for example, in one holding a certain office. 

“ How annexations of benefices first came into the 
Church, whether by the prince’s authority, or the pope's 
license, is a very great dispute.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

“ The Dean of Windsor, by an ancient annexation, is 
.patron thereof.”—Bp. Hall: Specialities of his Life, p. 27. 

annexationist, s. One who is in favor of an¬ 
nexation. 

an-nexed , pa. par. & a. [Annex, r.] 
an-nex-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Annex, «.] 


tan-nex -ion (xion=kshun), s. [In Fr. annex¬ 
ion; Sp. anexion.] Annexation; addition. 

“ It is necessary to engage the fears of men, by the 
annexion of such penalties as will overbalance temporal 
pleasure.”— Rogers. , 

“ With the annexions of fair gems enrich’d 
And deep-brain’d sonnets, that did amplify 
Each stone’s dear nature, worth and quality.” 

Shakesp.: A Lover’s Complaint. 
an-nex ion-Ist, a. [Eng. annexion; -isf.] 
Tending to annexation. 

“. . . with the mysterious neutrality of Germany 
on one, and the annexionist inclinations of Italy on the 
other side . . .”— Times, Nov. 13, 1876. 

tan nex-ment, s. [Eng. annex; suff. -ment.] 
The act of annexing, the state of being annexed; 
the thing annexed. 

“When it falls, 

Each small annexment, petty consequence, 

Attends the boist’rous ruin.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 3. 

an'-ill-cut., an'-I-cut, s. [Native term. Canar- 
ese annekattie, anekatte.] 

“One of the principal anicuts has given way, and the 
waters have swept down into the plain, doing enormous 
damage to the crops.”— Times, Sept. 10, 1878. 

In India: Adam or mole built across a river to 
raise the level of the water for the purposes of irri¬ 
gation, and, to a certain extent, also with the view 
of facilitating navigation. Such an annicut was 
some years ago constructed near the mouth of the 
Godavery River. 

an-ni-hil-a-ble (h silent), a. [Eng annihil¬ 
ate); -able.] Capable of being annihilated. 

an-nl-hll-ate (h silent), v. t. [In Fr. annihiler; 
Sp. aniquilar; Port, anniquilar; Ital. annichilare. 
From Lat. annihilo: ad— to, and nihil—nothing.] 

1 . To reduce to non-existence in the literal sense 
of the word. 

“There is nothing more certain in nature than that it 
is impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated; but 
that as it was the work of the omnipotency of God to 
make somewhat of nothing, so it requireth the like om¬ 
nipotency to turn somewhat into nothing.”— Lord Bacon: 
Nat. Hist., Cent. 1., § 100. 

2. To reduce anything to non-existence by dissolv¬ 
ing it into its constituent elements, and thus de¬ 
stroying its distinctive character. Thus an army is 
annihilated if some soldiers belonging to it are 
slain, some taken prisoners, and the remainder so 
demoralized that they have scattered in all direc¬ 
tions with no intention of again repairing to their 
standards. 

“ He proposed, he said, first to annihilate the army of 
Vaudemont.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

3. To annul, to abolish, to destroy the force of. 
“There is no reason that any one commonwealth should 

annihilate that whereupon the whole world has agreed.” 
— Hooker. 

4. Fig.: To make one feel as if blotted out of ex¬ 
istence, as by severe rebuke, the refusal of an im¬ 
portant request, &c. (For ex. see Annihilating as 
adj .) 

an-nl -hil-ate (7» silent), a. [Annihilate, v.] 
Reduced to nothing; null and void. 

“. . . then you do repute the same as vain, and an¬ 
nihilate.” — Oath to the Statute of Succession, A. D. 1534. 

an-nl'-hil-a-ted (h silent), pa. par. & a. [An¬ 
nihilate, v.] 

“ Annihilated senates—Roman, too, 

With all thy vices, for thou didst lay down 

With an atoning smile a more than earthly crown.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 83. 

an-nl -hil-a-ting, pr. par., a., & s. [Annihil¬ 
ate, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle <£ adjective: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

.“If they must mourn, or may rejoice 
In that annihilating voice.' 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth , 24. 

C. As substantive : The act of blotting out of ex¬ 
istence, either by reducing to nothingness, or by 
resolving into its constituent parts; the state of 
being thus blotted out. 

“. . . for spirits that live throughout 

Vital in every part, not as frail man 
In entrails, heart or head, liver or reins, 

Cannot but by annihilating die.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vi. 

an-nl-hll-a'-tion (h silent), s. [Lat. annihilatio. 
In Fr. annihilation; Sp. aniquilacion; Port, anni- 
quilagao; Ital. annichilazione.] 

I. The act of blotting out of existence— 

(1) By reducing to nothingness— 

“The tempest cometh: Heaven and Earth unite 

For the annihilation of all life. 

Unequal is the strife 

Between our strength and the Eternal Might!” 

Byron: Heaven and Earth, i. 3. 
Or (2) by resolving into its constituent elements, 
and rendering useless for the purpose to effect 
which these were combined. 


II. The state of being thus blotted out of exist¬ 
ence. 

“ God hath his influence into the very essence of things, 
without which their utter annihilation could not choose 
but follow.”— Hooker. 

IT Blank annihilation=complete annihilation. 

“. . . which presents not the too fugitive glimpses 
of past power, but its blank annihilation.”—De Quincey: 
Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 118. 

an-ni-hil-a -tion-ist, s. One who believes in 
the doctrine of man’s annihilation at death. 

an-nl'-hil-a-tor {h silent), s. [Eng. annihilate; 
suffix -or.] One who or that which annihilates. 
(In the latter sense chiefly in composition, as 
smoke-annihilator .) 

an' 7 nlte, s. [Named from Cape Ann, in North 
America.] A mineral classed by Dana in his Mica 
group. Its hardness is 3; sp. gr.,3’169; color, black; 
streak, dark-green. Composition: Silica, 37’39 to 
39 - 55; alumina, 16’66 to lfi’73; sesquioxide of iron, 
12’07 to 13'74; protoxide of iron, 17’48 to 19’03; potas- 
sa, 10’20 to 10'66, with smaller proportions of see- 
quioxide of manganese, magnesia, &c. At Cape 
Ann it occurs in granite. 

*an-nlv-el-ai§, s. pi. [Lat. annus= a year.] 
Chantry priests, whose duty it was to say private 
masses at particular altars, as in Exeter Cathedral. 
They were^called also annualais and chaplains. 

an ni-ver -sar-i-ly, adv. [Eng. anniversary; 
suffix -ly.] At the return of the same period of the 
year; annually. 

“A day was appointed by public authority to be kept 
anniversarily sacred unto the memory of that deliverance 
and victory.”— Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 312. 

an-nl-ver-sar-f, a.&s. [In Fr. anniversaire; 
Sp. aniversario; Port. & Ital. anniversario. From 
Lat. anniversarius =yearly, annual; anni=oi the 
year, genit. of annus=the "ear, and versum, supine 
of verto=to turn.] 

A. As adjective: 

*1. Performed in a year. 

“The heaven whirled about with admirable celerity, 
most constantly finishing its anniversary vicissitudes.” — 
Ray. 

2. Recurring once a year at a stated time; annual, 
yearly. 

Anniversary services: Services held on annually 
recurring days to commemorate certain occurrences 
which happened on those days, or are associated 
with them. Most congregations of recent origin 
have an anniversary service to commemorate the 
day on which their church was opened. The name 
is less frequently applied to Good Friday Christmas 
Day, and similar Christian festivals. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. An annually recurring day on which some nota¬ 
ble event in ecclesiastical, in national, in local, or 
in personal history took place, or is wont to be cele¬ 
brated. 

“. . . the memory of the rout at Allia, kept alive by 
a solemn anniversary, was fresh in the minds of the peo¬ 
ple.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xiii., pt. i., g 13. 

“ That day was the anniversary both of William’s birth 
and of his marriage.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch., ix. 

“ It was near nine in the evening before the House 
rose. The following day was the 30th of January, the 
anniversary of the death of Charles I.”— Ibid., ch. x. 

2. The celebration which takes place at such an¬ 
nually recurring periods. 

“ Donne had never seen Mrs. Drury, whom he has made 
immortal in his admirable anniversaries.” — Dryden. 

II. Technically. In the Church of Rome: An office 
for the souls of certain deceased persons, which is 
celebrated once a year, but which, it is held, ought 
to be so daily. ( Ayliffe: Parergon.) 

*an-nl-verse, s. [Lat. anni , genit. of annus—a 
yearj and versus =turning; verto=to turn. The 
turning of a year.] An anniversary. 

“. . . shall an anniverse 
Be kept with ostentation to rehearse 
A mortal prince’s birthday, or repeat 
An eighty-eight, or powder plot’s defeat.” 

Hale on Christmas Day. 

an-nlv-Ite, s. [Named from the Anniver valley 
in the Valais.] A mineral, a variety of Tetrahe- 
drite. 

an-no, s. [Lat. Ablative of annus= a year.] 

Anno Domini. In the year of the Lord.». e., our 
Lord Jesus Christ. The time is fixed by the calcu¬ 
lations of Dionysius Exiguus, which are erroneous, 
it is thought, by about four years. [Dionysian 
Era.] (Usually written A. D.) 

“ Stadlin’s within: 

She raises all your sudden ruinous storms 
That shipwreck barks, and tears up growing oaks. 
Flies over houses; and takes Anno Domini 
Out of a rich man’s chimney.” 

Middleton: Witch, i. 2. 


4 ) 611 , boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh 3 . 11 . -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shhs. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 


1 





annuitant 


Anno Mundi 


198 


Anno Mundi. In the year of the world. (Usually 
written A. M.) 

1[ Since Geology has proved the earth to have 
existed infinitely longer than was once believed, 
the expression Anno Mundi , in the old sense, has 
become obsolete. The dates which it furnishes are 
now known not to have even approximated to the 
truth. 

an -no-da-ted, a. 

Heraldry: Bowed, embowed, or bent like the let¬ 
ter S. 

an’-no-don, s. [Anodon.] 

*an'-ndis-ange, 5 . [Nuisance.] 
an-nouL'-i-nate, v. t. [As if from a Lat. annomi- 
nor.] To name. 

an-nom-in-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. annomination. 
From Lat. annominatio, agnominatio; ad= to, and 
nomination a naming; nomino —to name; nomen—a 

name.] 

1. Alliteration. The use of several words begin- 
ni ig with the same letter. 

‘ Giraldus Cambrensis speaks of annomination , which, 
he describes to be what we call alliteration.”— Tyrwhitts 
Ess. on the Lang. of Chaucer, § 1, n. 

2. Rhet.: A paronomasia, a pun. The using of two 
words alike or nearly alike in sound, but widely 
different in meaning. A very feeble kind of wit. 

“He who would make a pun would pick a pocket.”— Rev* 
Sydney Smith. 

an-no -na, s. [Lat.] 

1. The year’s produce; hence the necessaries of 
life, grain. 

“L. Minucius was appointed prefect of the annona , with 
the special duty of providing supplies of corn.”— Lewis; 
Early Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. iv., § 59. 

2* Bot . [Anona.] 

an'-nd-tate, v.i. [In Fr. annoter; Port, annotar; 
Ital. annotare. From Lat. annoto =to write down, 
to comment upon.] To make notes or comments 
upon a book or manuscript or other composition. 

“Give me leave to annotate on the words thus.”— Ilivet 
Oration , p. 26. 

an-no-ta’-tion, s. [In Fr. annotation; Sp. ano- 
tacion; Port. annotaQao; Ital. annotazione. From 
Lat. annotation a noting down, annotation: ad=to, 
and notation a marking, a noting; noto = to distin¬ 
guish by a mark; nota =a mark.] 

1. The act of noting anything down. 

2. The thing noted down. Generally in the plural, 
signifying notes, comments, or scholia on a pub¬ 
lished work or a manuscript writing, of which the 
annotator is not the author. 

“ It might appear very improper to publish annotations 
without the text itself whereunto they relate.”— Boyle. 

Med.: The first symptoms of a fever, or attack of 
a paroxysm. 

fan-no-ta-tion-ist, s. [En g. annotation; -isf.] 
One who annotates; an annotator. 

“ . . . Mr. Mede hath with far more clearness shewn, 
than the annotationists of the new way have discovered.” 
— Worthington: Miscell., p. 58. 

an’-no-ta-tor, s. [Lat. annotator= an observer, 
remarker, overseer. In Fr. annotateur; Sp. anota- 
dor; Port, annotador; Ital. annotatore.] One who 
makes annotations; a scholiast, a commentator. 

“ I have not that respect for the annotators which they 
generally meet with in the world.”— Felton: On the Clas¬ 
sics. 

an-no-ta'-tor-^f, a. [Eng. annotator , and suff. 
-y.] Containing annotations. 

an-not'-I-nous, a. [Lat. annotinus=ot a year 
old; from annus=a. year.] 

Bot.: Yearly, annual, naving the growth of a 
year. 

an-not'-to, an’-not-tg,. [Arnotto.] 
g,n-nou’nge, v. t. [Fr. annoncer =to proclaim; 
nonceno, nuntio; Sp. anunciar; Port, annunciar; 
Ital. annunciare. From Lao. emnuncio or annuntio 
=to announce, to proclaim . c;d=to, and nuntion to 
proclaim; nuntius =a messenger.] [Nuntius.] 

1. To proclaim, to publish news, to make pub¬ 
licly known. (Followed by the objective case of the 
intelligence made known, or by a clause of a sen¬ 
tence introduced by that.) 

“ Of the Messiah I have heard foretold 
By all the prophets; of thy birth at length 
Announc’d by Gabriel with the first I knew.” 

Milton: P. R., bk. iv. 

“The peal of a musket from a particular half moon was 
the signal which announced to the friends of the House of 
Stuart that another of their emissaries had got safe up 
the rock.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 
f2. To give forth a judicial decision. 

“ Those, mighty Jove, meantime, thy glorious care, 
Who model nations, publish laws, announce 
Or life or death.”— Prior. 
an-noun'ged, pa.par. & a. [Announce.] 
an-noun' g e-ment, s. [Eng. announce; - ment .] 
The act of announcing; the state of being an¬ 
nounced; the news proclaimed, published, made 
known, or declared. 


IT Of modern introduction into the language, 
announcing having been the term formerly em¬ 
ployed. 

“ As soon as Lewis was again at Marli, he repeated to 
the Court assembled there the announcement which he 
had made at Saint Germains.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxv. 

an-nou n-ger, s. [Eng. announce; -er. In Fr. 
annonceur.] One who announces. ( Cotgrave .) 


g,n-nou n-glng, pr.par. [Announce.] 
an-noy', *g,-noy'e, *3L-n6i'e, v. t. [Norm, an - 
noyer , fr. neure or nuire —to hurt; Fr. ennuyer —to 
weary; nuire —to damage, to hurt; Ital. annoiare— 
to weary, to tire; nuocere=t o hurt. From Lat. 
noceo —to harm or hurt.] [Nuisance, Noxious.] 

1. Lit. Of persons or other conscious beings: To 
tease, to molest, to put to inconvenience, to trouble, 
to inflict vexation upon. 

“ None awenture, for wich the knyghtis weire 
Anoit all at the abiding thare.” 

Lancelot of the Laik (ed. Skeat), bk. i., 350, 351, 


“ His falous-chip abasit of that thing, 

And als therof anoyt was the king.” 

Ibid. , bk. ii., 2,243, 2,244. 

“. . . he determined not yet to dismiss them, but 
merely to humble and annoy them.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. iv. 

2. Fig. Of unconscious existence: 

(a) To drive or toss hither and thither. 


“ His limbs would toss about him with delight, 

Like branches when strong winds the trees annoy. 99 

Wordsworth. 


(b ) To harm, to injure. 

“Salamon 6aith, that right as motthes in schepes flees 
annoyeth the clothes, and the smale wormes to the tre, 
right so annoyeth sorwe to the herte.”— Chaucer. 

an-noy', *an-noy e, s. [From the substantive.] 
Annoyance. (Obsolete, except in poetry.) 


“Councel or help; and therfor telleth me 
A1 your annoy , for it schal be secr6.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,540, 14,541. 
“And, in the shape of that young boy, 

He wrought the castle much annoy.’ 9 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 21. 

an-noy-ange, s. [En g. annoy; - ance .] 

1 . The act of annoying, molesting, or teasing. 


“For the further annoyance and terror of any besieged 
place, they would throw into it dead bodies.”— Wilkins. 

2. The state of being annoyed, molested, or 
teased. 


“. . . a government which has generally caused 
more annoyance to its allies than to its enemies.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 


3. That which annoys, molests, or teases. 

€i Prud. Can you remember by what means you find your 
annoyances , at times, as if they were vanquished?”— Bun- 
yan: P. P., pt. i. 

*an-noy e, s. [Annoy.] 

an-noy ed, pa. par. & a. [Annoy, v.] 

an-noy'-er, s. [Eng. annoy; -er.] One who an¬ 


noys. 

*an-nby-ful, *a-noi-ful, a. [Eng. annoy; 
full.'] Eminently capable of inflicting annoyance. 

“For al be it so, that al tarying be anoiful, algates it is 
not to repreve in geving of jugement, ne in vengeance 
taking, when it is suffisant and reasonable.”— Chaucer: 
Melibeus. 

an-noy'-mg, pr. par. & a. [Annoy, v .] 
*an-noy'nte, v. t. [Anoint.] 

*an-noy'-ous, *a-noy'-ous, a. [Eng. annoy; 
-ous .] Troublesome, fitted to produce annoyance. 

“Ye han cleped to your conseil a gret multitude of 
people, ful chargeant and ful omoyous for to here.”— 
Chaucer: Melibeus. 


an'-nu-al, a.& s. [In Fr. annuel; Sp. anual; 
Port .annual; Ital. annuale. From Lat. annualis 
=a year old; annus= a year. “ Annus was synony¬ 
mous with annulus , and originally meant a ring or 
circle, like circus and circulus .” {Lewis: Astron. 
of the Ancients, ch. i., § 3.) The old form of annus 
was amnus, as in solemnis. {Key: Philol. Essays , 

1868, p. 260).] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Requiring just a yea*’ to finish; performed 
exactly in a year 0 

“That waits thy throne, as through thy vast domain. 
Annual , along the bright ecliptic road.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer . 

2. Occurring or returning every year. 

“ To Castile came the annual galleons laden with the 
treasures of America.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

3. Fulfilling its function and running its course; 
or being born, living and dying within a period often 
faHing short of, but in no case exceeding, a year. 
(See II. 3, and B. 1.) 

“ Every tree may, in some sense, be said to be an annual 
plant, both leaf, flower, and fruit proceeding from the 
coat that was superinduced over the wood the last year.” 
— Ray. 


IT The Old English word which annual partly 
displaced when it came into the language was 
yearly • {Barnes: Early English , p. 104.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Astronomy: 

Annual Equation. [Equation.] 

Annual Parallax • [Parallax.] 

Annual Variation. [Variation.] 

2. Botany and Gardening: 

(а) Annual leaves , called also deciduous leaves, 
are those which fall in the autumn, as those of 
most of our common trees. {Lindley.) 

(б) Annual rings: Concentric rings or circles 
seen when exogenous stems are cut across trans¬ 
versely. Though generally indicating annual ad¬ 
ditions to the woody growth, yet there are rare and 
abnormal cases in which a tree may produce two of 
them in a year. 

(c) Annual plants. [B. 1.] 

B. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang . Botany and Gardening: A. plant 
which is sown, grows up, flowers, sheds its seeds, 
and dies, all within the compass of one year, or, 
more probably, of the portion of the year extending 
from spring to autumn. 

“ Now is the time to procure and sow (under glass) th» 
seeds of all the choicest annuals. . . . Asters of 
varieties, balsams, zinnias, and stocks are quite indis¬ 
pensable.”— Hortic . Record , March 1, 1877. 

2. A book published only once a year, and prob¬ 
ably about Christmas. 

1[ See also Annuel. 

*an'-nu-gl-ai§, s.pl. [Eng. annual.] The same 
as Anniyelais (q. v.). 

an'-nu-gl-ist, s. [Eng. annual; - ist .] One who 
edits or writes in an annual. 

an'-nu-gl-ly, adv. [Eng. annual; - ly .] Year 
by year, every year. 

“ . . . an army for which Parliament would annu¬ 
ally frame a military code, . . • ”— Macaulay: Hist . 
Eng., ch. xxiii. 

*an’-nu- 3 tr-y, a. [In Fr. annuaire; Port, an* 
nuario—a book published once a year.] Annual. 

“Supply anew 

With annuary cloaks the wandering Jew.” 

John Hall: Poems , p. 10. 

*an'-nu-el, *an'-u-ell, s. [Fr. annuel= annual.] 
A mass to be said annually, or the money to pay for 
it. [Annal, A. 2.] 

“To hauen hir to our hous and henten gif y mighte 
An Anuell for myn owen [vse] to helpen to clothe.” 

Pierce the Plowman’s Crede (ed. Skeat), 413,414. 

an'-nu-el-ler, s. [From Fr. annuel= annual.] 
A priest who sings anniversary masses for persona 
deceased. 

“In London was a prest annueller 
That therein dwelled hade many a year.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,940. 

an-nu’-i-tant, s . [Eng. annuity; -ant.] One 
who receives or is entitled to receive an annuity. 

“As th8 annuitants dropped off, their annuities were 
to be divided among the survivors, tiff the number of 
survivors was reduced to seven.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xix. 

The term Annuity properly signifies a sum of 
money payable annually, for a certain length of 
time, or forever; and implies pensions , salaries , 
rents , and so on. 

A Certain Annuity is one payable for a specified 
length of time. 

A Perpetual Annuity is one that is to continue 
forever. 

A Contingent Annuity is one whose beginning or 
termination depends on some contingent event—aa 
the birth or death of a person. 

An Annuity in Arrears is one whose payments- 
have not been made when due, but allowed to ac¬ 
cumulate with interest. 

The Amount of an annuity in arrears, is the sum 
of all the payments due, and the interest thereon. 

The Present Worth of an annuity is such a sum 
as would amount to its final value, at the given 
rate, for the given time. # t 

To find the Amount of an annuity in arrears at 
Simple Interest: # , 

Multiply the annuity by the number of payments 1 
due, and to the product add the Annual interest 
on the several payments. • 

Find the amount of an annual salary of $1,000, in 
arrears for 5 years, at 6 per cent, simple interest? 1 

Ans., $5,600. 

Sum of 5 payments,$l,000=$5,000 
Int. on $1,000 for ten years = 600 


Amount, $5,600 

^ The first payment becomes due at the end of the 
first year, consequently draws interest for 4 years; 
the second payment for 3 years; the third for 2: 
years, and the fourth for 1 year. Now 4+3+2+1 
years’ interest equals 10 years’ interest. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst! what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, sq, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw* 




annuity 


199 


Annunciation-day 


an nu i ty, s. [Fr. annuity; Ger. annuitat, 
from Lat. annus=a. year, j 

A. Ordinary Language: A fixed sum of money 
paid yearly. 

Specially: A yearly allowance. 

“He was generally known to be the son of one earl, and 
brother to another, who supplied his expense beyond 
what his annuity from his father would bear.”— Claren¬ 
don. 

Law: Under the Roman law annuities were some¬ 
times granted by will, the obligation of paying 
™9® l ^gr imposed upon the heir. Borrowers in 
the Middle Ages were frequently obliged to grant 
annuities in lieu of interest, the exaction of which 
by creditors was forbidden as usury ; and the prac¬ 
tice received the Papal sanction in the fifteenth 
century. 

9 ,Tl ' - £ul ',v. t. [In Fr . annuler; Sp. anular; Port. 
anvullar; Ital. annullare; Eccles. Lat. annullo; 
from ad=to, and nullum, accus. neut. of nullus= 
none.] 

*1. To reduce to nothing. (Used of persons as 
well as things.) 

“ Truly the like yt han might to do good, and done it 
not, ye crown of worship shall be take from hem, with 
shame shall they be annulled."—Chaucer : Test ol Love 
bk. iii. 

“ Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct, 

And all her various objects of delight 

Annull'd, which might in part my grief have eased.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

2. To abrogate, to make void, repeal, nullify, or 
abolish a law, a legal decision, an obligation, ar¬ 
rangement, or a custom deriving its validity from 
constituted authority; also to nullify a gift, grant, 
or promise by whomsoever made. 

“ . . . that he should assume the power of annulling 
some judgments and some statutes.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiii. 

“ How in an hour the power which gave annuls 
Its gifts, transferring fame as fleeting too.” 

Byron: Ch. Har., iii. 18. 

”• • ._ all subsisting debts shall be forthwith annulled, 
and all insolvent debtors, reduced to slavery by their 
creditors, shall be liberated.”— Lewis : Early Bom. Hist., 
ch. xii., pt. i., § 16. 

an-nu-lar, a. [Fr. annulaire; from Lat. annu¬ 
laris or amdar i.s=pertaining to a signet ring; annu¬ 
lus or anulus= a ring.] In the form of a ring; ringed ; 
wearing a ring, as annular finger. {Beaumont: 
Psyche, 50.) 

1. Min, An annular crystal is a hexagonal prism 
with six, or an octagonal prism with eight, mar¬ 
ginal faces disposed in a ring about its base; or one 
or other of these prisms truncated on all its ter¬ 
minal edges. 

2. Astron. An annular eclipse of the sun is an 
eclipse in which the whole of the moon is seen 
upon the sun’s disc. The 
moon, however, in certain 
positions being too small to 
cover the disc, the sun ap¬ 
pears in a form more or less 
resembling a ring. At. other 
times the moon is so situ¬ 
ated as to be able to pro¬ 
duce a total eclipse of the 

f Tester luminary. 

Herschel: Astron., 5th ed., 

1858, § 425.) An annular neb¬ 
ula is a nebula of a form 
suggestive of a ring. Such 
nebula exist, but are among . . _ 

the rarest objects in the Annular Eclipse, 
heavens. A nebula of this 

character has been resolved by Lord Rosse’s power¬ 
ful telescope into a multitude of minute stars, with 
filaments of stars adhering to the edges. {Ibid., 
10th ed., § 875.) 

3. Anat.: Any portion of the human frame which 
approaches the form of a ring. 

“ That they might not in bending the arm or leg rise 
np, he has tied them to the bones by annular ligaments." 
— Cheyne. 

Annular protuberance: The same as the Pons 
Varolii. It is called also the Isthmus encephali, 
and the Nodus encephali. 

4. Arch. Annular vault: A vaulted roof sup¬ 
ported on circular walls. 

an'-liu-lg.r-l$f, adv. [Eng. annular; -ly.) In the 
form of a ring. 

an -nu-lar-y, a. [Lat. annularis, annularius.) 
In the form of a ring or rings. 

“ Because continual respiration is necessary, the wind¬ 
pipe is made with annulary cartilages, that the sides of it 
may not flag and fall together.”— Ray. 

an-nu-la-ta, s. pi. [From Lat. annulatus, or 
anidaitts=furnished with a ring; annulus or anulus 
= a ring.] A class of annulose animals—the same 
which was called by Cuvier the Annelida. [Anne¬ 
lida.] 



an -nu-late, an -nu-la-ted, a. [See Anntjlata.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: Furnished with rings, or made 
of a series of rings ; marked with ring-like furrows 
or depressions. 

“ This group [of antelopes] is distinguished by having 
heavy, thick, annulated horns.”— Penny Cycl., ii. 89. 

II. Technically: 

1. Zool.: Pertaining to the class Annulata, 
Cuvier’s Annelida, or, like them, having the body 
formed of a series of rings. 

2. Bot.: Ringed, surrounded by elevated or de¬ 
pressed bands; as the roots of some plants or the 
cupulse of several oaks. 

3. Her.: Having a ring or annulet. (Used spe¬ 
cially of a cross with its extremities thus fretted.) 

an-nu-la -tion, s. [From Lat. annulatus = 
ringed.] 

Bot., <&c.: A ring or circle. 

an'-nu-let, s. [In Fr, annelet; Ital. aneletto; 
from Lat. annulus or anulus= a ring.] 

I. Architecture: 


subject ultimately prevailed; and the Emperor 
Henry V., with the other European sovereigns, 
agreed to confer investitures not per annulum etr 
baculum, but per sceptrum, by the scepter, the un¬ 
doubted symbol of temporal authority. 

an-nu-liis (plur. an'-nu-li), s. [Lat.=a ring.} 

I. Bot.: (1) The thickened longitudinal ring 
which partially surrounds the sporangia of ferns. 
{Lindley.) (2) The elastic external ring with which, 
the brim of the sporangium in mosses is furnished. 
{Ibid.) (3) That part of the veil in fungi which, 
remaining next to the stipes, surrounds it like a 
loose collar. {Ibid.) 

II. Anatomy: 

1. Gen.: Anything resembling a ring. 

“ They [the horns of the Nyl-ghau ( Antilope picta)) are. 
perfectly smooth and without annuli.”—Penny Cycl., ii. 76. 

2. Technically. Annulus ovalis: A thick fleshy 
ring nearly surrounding the fossa ovalis, a depres¬ 
sion on the middle of the septum in the right auri¬ 
cle of the heart. 


& 



Annulet. 


1. A small fillet, one of several 
encircling the capital of a Doric 
column, just under the ovolo or 
echinus, as shown in the illustra¬ 
tion. They are also called fillets 
and listels. Their number varied, 
being three, four, or five, according 
to the taste of the architect. 

2. A narrow flat molding com¬ 
mon to other parts of the column 
which it encircles. 

II. Her.: A ring borne on an es¬ 
cutcheon. (In heraldic descriptions 
the color of the annulet must al¬ 
ways be expressed.) 

*{a) Formerly it stood as the 
symbol of nobility and jurisdiction, 
being the gage of the royal favor 
and protection. (See Annulum et 
Baculum.) 

{b)Now it is the mark of dis¬ 
tinction which the fifth son in a 
family bears on his coat of arms. 

an-nu-let'-t^, a. [Eng. annulet; -y.) Pertain¬ 
ing to an annulet; annulated, or ringed. {Gloss, of 
Arch.) 

an-nul'-la-ble, a. [Eng. annul; -able.) Capa¬ 
ble of being annulled, repealed, or abrogated. 

an-nul'-ment, s. [Eng. annul; -ment.) The act 
of annulling. 

an-nu-ldi'-d9, s. pi. [Lat. annulus or anulus= a 
ring; and eidos=form, appearance.] In Professor 
Huxley’s classification, one of the eight primary 
groups into which he divides the Animal Kingdom. 
He places it between the Annulosa and the In¬ 
fusoria. He includes under it ( 1 ) the Trematoda, 
or Flukes; (2) the Toeniada, or Tape-worms and 
Bladder-worms ; (3) the Turbellaria ; (4) the Acan- 
thocephala; (5) the Nematoidea, or Thread-worms; 
and ( 6 ) the Rotifera, or Wheel Animalcules. But 
he thinks it not improbable that the Annuloida 
will require ultimately to be merged in the Mol- 
lusca. 

an-nu-16-sa, s. pi. [Lat. annulus or anulus= 
a ring. A sub-kingdom of the Animal Kingdom, cor¬ 
responding with Cuvier’s Articulata. The word Ar- 
ticulata, signifying jointed, is not a sufficiently dis¬ 
tinctive term, for the Vortebrated animals are also 
jointed. Annulosa, signifying ringed, is decidedly 
better, for the animals ranked under this sub-king¬ 
dom have their skeleton, which is external, com¬ 
posed of a series of rings. They are divided into 
Cheetognatha, Annelida, Crustacea, Arachnida, My- 
riapoda, and Insecta, these classes being ranged in 
an ascending order. The last four are further 
grouped together under the designation Arthropoda 
(q. v.). 

fan-nu-lo-san§, s. pi. [Annulosa.] An Eng¬ 
lish term corresponding to the Latin Annulosa 
(q. v.). 

an-nu-15 se, a. [Annulosa.] 

1. Gen,: Ringed. 

2. Spec.: Pertaining to animals of the sub-king¬ 
dom Annulosa. 


III. Astron.: The “ring” of light left during a 
solar eclipse, when the sun’s disc is almost covered' 
by the dark body of the moon. [Annulab, 2.] 

“. . . an annular eclipse, a phenomenon to which 
much interest is attached by reason of some curious opti¬ 
cal phenomena first observed by Mr. Baily at the momenta 
of the forming and breaking of the annulus, like beads of 
light alternating with black thready elongations of th» 
moon’s limb, known by the name of ‘Baily’s beads.”’— 
Herschel: Astron., 10th ed. (1869), § 425. 

an-nu'-mer-ate, v. t. [Lat. annumero = to count 
out to, topay; ad =to, and numero= to number.] To 
add a number to a former one. 

an-nu-mer-a'-tion, s. [Lat. annumeratio or 
adnumeratio, from annumero .] Addition to a 
former number. 

An-nun- 91 - 3 .de, s. [Fr.] 

Church Hist.: A religious order of women founded 
by Queen Jane of France, wife of Lewis XII., and 
confirmed by the Pope in 1501 and 1517. It was 
called also the order of the ten virtues or delights 
of the Virgin Mary, and was designed to honor these- 
with beads and rosaries. 

t 9 U-nun'- 9 i-ate, fan-nun-ti-ate (tl as shl), 

v. t. [In Sp. anunciar. From Lat. annuntio, an- 
nuncio: ad= to, and nuntio—to announce; nuntius= 
a messenger.] 

1. Gen.: To announce; to proclaim tidings of an 
important character. 

“ Let my death be thus annunciated and shewn forth 
till I come to judgement.”— Bp. Bull: Corrupt, of the 
Church of Rome. 

2. Spec.: To announce, as the angel did to the- 
Virgin Mary, that she was about to become the- 
mother of the long-promised Messiah. 

“ There should he see his blessed Saviour's conception. 
annuntiated by the angel, March 25.”— Bp. Hall: Rem.. 
p. 33. 

“. . . they who did annunciate unto the blessed Vir¬ 
gin the conception of the Saviour of the world . . .”— 
Pearson on the Creed, Art. 9. 

tan-nun’- 91 -a-ted, fan-nun'-tl-a-ted, *a,n- 
nun'- 9 l-ate (tl as shl), pa. par. & a. [Annun- 
tiate.] 

“Lo Sampson, whiche that was annunciate, 

By thangel, long er his nativite.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,501-2. 

an-nun- 91 -a -tion, s. [In Fr. annonciation; Sp. 
anunciacion; Ital. annunziazione. From Lat. ary- 
nuntiatio, annunciatio .] 

I. Gen.: Announcement; promulgation of import¬ 
ant tidings. 

“The annunciation of the Gospel.”— Hammond's Ser¬ 
mons, p. 573. 

II. Specially: 

1. The announcement by the angel to the Virgin, 
that she was about to become the mother of the 
Divine Saviour. 

“ And the angel came unto her and said, Hail thou that 
art highly favored, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thous. 
among women. . . . Fear not, Mary; for thou hast 

found favor with God, and behold thou shalt conceive in 
thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name 
Jesus.”— Luke ii. 27-31. 


“ The body is always divided into rings or transverse 
joints; from which circumstance naturalists have agreed 
to call them annulose or ringed animals.”— Swainson tS: 
Shuckard: Hist, and Classif. of Insects (1840), p. L 

an’-nii-lum et bac'-u-lum, ac. sing, of two Lat. 
substantives with copulative et. They are in the ac¬ 
cusative because the preposition per is understood. 
[Lat. = (by means of) a ring and a staff or crosier.] 
[Annulus.] A ring and pastoral staff or crosier 
formerly delivered by kings to bishops on their 
election. These were designed, it was said, to con¬ 
fer the temporalities annexed to the spiritual office; 
but Pope Gregory VII. and his successors contended 
that the symbols adopted were not those of sec¬ 
ular, but of sacred office. The papal views on the 


“Upon the day of th e Annunciation, or Lady-day, medi¬ 
tate on the incarnation of our blessed Saviour; and so 
upon all the festivals of the year.”— Bp. Taylor. 

“ The most prevalent of these was the year commencing 
on the festival of the Annunciation of the Virgin, or 
Lady-day, March 25, which was generally used in England 
from the 15th century till the abolition of the old style in 
1752.”— Lewis: Astron. of the Ancients, chap, i., § 6. 

2 . An appellation given by the Jews to a portion 
of the Passover ceremonies. 

Annunciation-day, s. The 25th of March, ths 
day on which the Episcopal and Romish churches 
celebrate the angel’s annunciation of the Saviour’s 
approaching birth to the Virgin Mary. It is caUecS 1 
also Lady-day. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bel, del. 

















annunciator 


200 


anomalistic 


3 n-nu. 1 r-gi-a.-t 6 r, s. [In Ital. cmnunziatore; 
from Lat. annuntiator .] 

1. Gen.: One who announces. 

*2. Eccles.: An officer in the church at Constan¬ 
tinople whose duty it was to inform the people of 
the festivals about to be celebrated. 

3. Electrical: An apparatus for announcing a call 
from one room to another. Used very largely in 
hotels. 

3 ,n-nun '-gi-3-t6r-^, a. [Eng. annunciator; -yf] 
Containing an announcement; giving intelligence. 

an -nils, s. [Lat.] A year. The ablative anno 
occurs in such expressions as Anno Mundi, con¬ 
tracted A. M. = in the year of the world; Anno 
Domini, contracted A. D.= in the year of our Lord. 

Scotch Law. Annus deliberandi (a year for delib¬ 
erating) : A year allowed an heir to deliberate 
whether or not he will enter on possession. 

a nd -a, s. [A name found in the MSS. of Gov¬ 
ernor Loten.] A sub-genus of ruminating animals 
provisionally placed by Col. Hamilton Smith under 
Antilope. The typical species is the A. depressi- 
cornis, a quadruped resembling a small buffalo, 
found gregariously in the mountains of the Island 
of Celebes. 

a -no -bi-um, s. [Gr. cmo=up, upward, . . . 
aloft; bioo= to live.] A genus of beetles belonging 
to the family Ptinid®. It contains the well-known 
Death-watch insects, A. striatum, A. tesselatuni, &c. 

an-6-ca-thar-tic, a. [Gr. «.no=up, upward, and 
kathartikos= (1) fit for cleansing, (2) purgative; 
kathairo= to purify, to cleanse; kalharos— clean, 
pure.] Purging upward; emetic. 

*an-o-gys -tl, s. pi. [Gr. ano= up, upward, and 
kustis— bladder.] An old division of Echinid®, com¬ 
prising those species which have the vent on the 
dorsal surface. The others were Pleurocysti, with 
the vent marginal; and Calocysti, with the vent on 
the under surface. Fleming divided the.Anocysti 
into two sections: (1) Vent ventral, in the axis of 
the body; genera, Cidara , Echinus, Clypeus. (2) 
Vent lateral, above the margin; genera, Cassidula 
and Nucleolites. 

an-6-d$I, a. [Eng. anod(e);-al. j Pertaining 
to an anode ; electrically positive. 

an-6de, s. [Gr. anodos=a way up; ana— up, and 
hodos= a way, a road.] 

Electrolysis: The name given by Faraday to what 
is called by Daniell the zincode, and by various 
other writers the positive pole of an electric bat¬ 
tery; or,, more precisely, the “ way ” or path by 
which the electric current passes out and enters 
the electrolyte on its way to the other pole. It is a 
platinum plate occupying the same place in the 
decomposing cell that, a zinc plate does in an 
ordinary cell of a battery. The other plate corre¬ 
sponding to the second platinum one in an ordinary 
cell is called by Faraday the cathode or kathode, by 
Daniell the platinode, and by many other writers 
the negative pole. The term is also used for the 
terminal at which the current enters a vacuum tube, 
as distinguished from the cathode, at which the 
current leaves. [Cathode-Rays.] 
an-od-ie, a. [Eng. anod(e)\ -te.] 

1. Pertaining to an anode; anodal. 

2. Proceeding upward ; applied to the upper edges 
of leaves arranged in ascending spirals. 

an-o-don, tan-o-don -ta, s. [Gr. anodoun, ncut. 
sing., and anodonta, neut. plur. of anodous=tooth- 
less: an, priv., and odous, genit. odontos=a tooth.] 

1. A genus of fresh-water molluscs belonging to 
the family Unionid®, or Nai'des. The ordinary 
English name of them is Swan-mussel. Woodward, 
in 1851, estimated the known recent species at fifty, 
and those found in a fossil state at five, the latter 
from the Eocene formation. Tate raises the former 
number to 100, and the latter to eight. A. cygneus 
is the river-mussel. 

2. A genus of serpents destitute of teeth. They 
belong to the family Dasypeltid®. One species, the 
Dasypeltis scabra, or Rough Anodon, feeds on eggs, 
which it sucks. It is found in Southern Africa. 
( Wood: Nat. Hist., p. 135.) 

an-o-dyne, s. & a. [In Fr. anodin; Sp., Port., 
& Ital. anoclino. From Gr. anodunos—tvee from 
pain ; an, priv., and odune=griet, pain.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Med.: A medicine which alleviates pain, 
though, if given in too large doses, it induces 
stupor. 

IF Garrod arranges anodynes with narcotics and 
soporifics together, thus: Class II. Medicines 
whose principal effects are upon the nervous sys¬ 
tem. Sub-class I. Medicines acting especially upon 
the brain proper; but probably also upon other 
portions of the central nervous system. Order 1. 
Exhilarants. Order 2. Narcotics, Anodynes, and 
Soporifics. Order 3. An®sthetics. Opium is sopor¬ 
ific and anodyne; while belladonna is anodyne and 
anti-spasmodic. 

2. Fig.: Anything designed to mitigate the pain 
produced by the consciousness of guilt; an opiate 
Tor the conscience. 


B. As adjective: Mitigating or assuaging pain. 

“. . . whilst anodyne, emollient, or gently laxative 

enemata should be administered.”— Dr. Joseph Browne: 
Cyclop. Pract. Med., vol. ii., p. 228. 

an’- 6 -dy-nous, a. [Gr. anodunos=( 1) free from 
pain; (2) mitigating pain.] Having the qualities 
of an anodyne; mitigating pain of body, or stilling 
inquietude of mind. (Coles.) 

*a-nog', a. [A. S. genog, < 7 enoft=sufficiently, 
abundantly, enough.] [Enough.] 

“It adde listed longe anog.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Skeat), 600. 

* 3 -n 6 i e, v. t. [Annoy, u.] 

* 3-1161 e, s. [Annoy, s.] 

* 3 -n 6 i’-ful, a. [Annoyful.] 
a-no -Ine, a. [Anoa.] Pertaining to the Anoa 
(q. v.). In Griffith’s Cuvier the last subdivision of 
Antilope is called the Anoine group. (Griffith's 
Cuvier, vol. iv., p. 292.) 

an -01 nt, *an-oynte, *an-noy'nte, v. t. [Fr. 

oindre, pa. par. oint. In Sp. & Port, ungir, untar; 
Ital. ugnere. From Lat. lingo or unguo.} 

I. Literally: 

1 . To pour oil upon. This may be— 

(1.) For purposes not specially sacred. 

“ But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and 
wash thy face.”— Matt. vi. 17. 

(2.) For sacred purposes, and specially for conse¬ 
cration of a person,place, or thing. L T nder the Old 
Testament economy this was done in the case— 

(a) Of Jewish priests. 

“Then slialt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it 
upon his [Aaron’s] head, and anoint him.”— Exod. xxix. 7. 

(b) Of Jewish and other kings. 

“ Samuel also said unto Saul, The Lord sent me to 
anoint thee to be king over his people, over Israel.”— 
1 Sam. xv. 1. 

“ . . . and when thou comest, anoint Hazael to be 
king over Syria.”—1 Kings xix. 15. 

(c) Of Jewish prophets. 

“ . . . and Elisha the son of Shaphatof Abelmeholah 
shalt thou anoint to be prophet in thy room.”—1 Kings 
xix. 16. 

(d) Of the tabernacle and its utensils. (For the 
anointing of the tabernacle, see Exod. xl. 9; for 
that of the altar of burnt-offering, see ver. 10 ; and 
for that of the laver and its foot, see ver. 11 .) 

2. To smear with some more or less viscous sub¬ 
stance. which need not be oil. 

(1.) For purposes not specially sacred. 

“ . . . lie anointed the eyes of the blind man with the 

clay .”—John ix. 6. 

“Anointed let me be with deadly venom, 

And die, ere men can say—God save the Queen !” 

Sliakesp.: Richard III., iv. 1. 
*(2.) For sacred purposes. 

“That hade ben blessed bifore wyth bischopes hondes, 
and wyth besten blod busily anoynted.”—Alliterative 
Poems: Cleanness (ed. Morris), 1,445-6. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Very seriously: 

( 1 .) To set solemnly apart to sacred office, even 
when oil was not actually poured upon the head. 

“. . . thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast 

anointed .”—Acts iv. 27. 

(2.) To adopt the means of obtaining spiritual 
discernment. 

“. . and anoint thine eyes with eye-salve, that 
thou mayest see.”— Rev. iii. 18. 

*2. Jocosely: To give a good beating to. 

“ Then thay put hym bout, the kyng away fly, 

Which so well was anoynted indede. 

That no sleue ne pane had he hole of brede.” 

The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 5,652-4. 

an oi nt ed, *an-oy nt-ed, *an-noynt-ed, pa. 

par*., a., & s. [Anoint.] 

A. & B. As past participle and adjective: In sen¬ 
ses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“Thou [Tyre] art the anointed cherub . . . ”— Ezek. 
xxviii. 14. 

C. As substantive: 

I. An anointed king. Used— 

1. Literally: 

(a) Of any Jewish king [Anoint, I. 1 , (2), ( 6 )]; 
the customary phrase being “ the anointed of the 
Lord,’ r or, “the Lord’s anointed.” 

" The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of the Lord, 
was taken in their pits.”— Lam. iv. 20. 

“And David said unto him, How wast thou not afraid 
to stretch forth thine hand to destroy the Lord’s an- 
ointedV’—l Sam. i. 14. 

( b ) Of an English or other sovereign. In this 
sense the term is applied with latent sarcasm to 
those despotic rulers who have largely exercised 
what has been termed “ the right divine of kings to 
govern wrong.” 

“Still harder was the lot of those Protestant clergymen 
who continued to cling, with desperate fidelity, to the 
cause of the Lord’s anointed.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
chap. xii. 


2. Figuratively: 

(а) Cyrus, as executing the Divine commissions 
of conquering Babylon and releasing the Jews from 
captivity. 

“ Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose 
right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him.” 
— Isa. xlv. 1. 

( б ) Christ, the Messiah, the former appellation 
being from Greek, and the latter from Hebrew; 
both signifying Anointed. (John i. 41.) 

“But let us wait; thus far He hath perform’d, 

Sent His anointed.” — Milton: P. R., bk. ii. 

til. An anointed prophet. (Lit. & fig.) [Anoint, 
I. 1 , ( 2 ),(c).] 

“ Saying, Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets 
no harm.”—1 Chron. xvi. 22; Fs. cv. 15. 

g,n- 6 int'-er, s. [Eng. anoint; -er.] One who at 
the moment is engaged in anointing, or whose office 
is to anoint. 

1. In a general sense. 

"... and the sinner also an anointer.” — Strauss: 
Life of Jesus (Transl. 1846), § 90. 

2. Church Hist. (See the example.) 

“At Watlington, in Oxfordshire, there was a sect Galled 
Anointers, from their anointing people before they ad¬ 
mitted them into their communion.”— Dr. Plot’s Oxford¬ 
shire, ch. xxxviii. (Grey; Notes on Hudibras, iii. 2.) 

3 n-oint -ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Anoint.] 

A. As present participle: I 11 senses correspond¬ 

ing to those of the verb. 

B. As adjective. Used— 

1. Of theperson applying the oil. 

“. . . the anointing woman. . . — Strauss: Life 

of Jesus (Transl. 1846.), § 90. 

2. Of the oil applied. 

“. . . spices for anointing oil, . . .”— Exod. 

xxv. 6. 

“. . . This shall be an holy anointing oil unto me 
throughout your generations.”— Ibid., xxx. 31. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of anointing; the state of being 
anointed for ordinary or for sacred purposes. 

“ Their bathings and anointings before their feasts, 
their perfumes and sweet odors in diverse kinds at their 
feasts.”— Hakewill: Apology, p. 390. 

“ . . . for their anointing shall surely be an everlast¬ 

ing priesthood throughout their generations.”— Exod. 
xl. 15. 

2. Fig.: The reception of spiritual benefit, even 
when no actual application of oil has taken place. 

“But the anointing which ye have received of him 
abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you: 
but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and 
is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye 
shall abide in him.”—1 John ii. 27. 

an- 6 int -ment, s. [Eng. anoint; -ment.'] The act 
of anointing; the state of being anointed. (Lit. 
& fig-) 

“. . . of his holy anointment from God the Father, 
which made him supreme bishop of our souls, . . . ”— 

Milton: Animadv. Rem. Def. 

an-ol-is, s. [From AnoN, or Anoalli, the name 
given to the Anolis in the Antilles.] The same as 
the Anolius of Cuvier. A genus of Saurians belong¬ 
ing to the family Iguanid®. Various species exist, 
some of which have been removed to other genera. 
All are American. Two of the best known are the 
Green Carolina .Anolis (A. principalis), and the 
Red-throated Anolis, a native of the American con¬ 
tinent and the West India islands. 

tan-om al, s. [Fr. anomaly anomalous. ] An 
anomalous verb or other word. (Ogilvie.) 

3 H-om - 3 -lI-ped, an-om'-SL-li-pode, a. & s. [In 
Ger. anomalepedisch. From Gr. anbmalia — anom¬ 
aly, and Lat. pes, genit. pedis, or Gr. pous, genit. 
podos= foot.] 

A. -4s adjective: Having an anomalous foot; hav¬ 
ing the middle toe united to the exterior one hj’ 
three phalanges, and to the interior one by a single 
phalanx only. 

B. As substantive: A bird with toes thus consti¬ 
tuted. 

an-om -al-Igm, s. [Formed by analogy, as if 
from a Greek andmalisma.\ [Anomalous.] An ir¬ 
regularity, an anomaly. 

3 n- 6 m- 3 l-is -tic, an-om-al-is'-ti-cal, a. [In 

Ger. anomalistisch; Fr. anomalistique; Port, an- 
omalistico.] Pertaining to what is anomalous or 
irregular. 

Astronomy: 

Anomalistic Period: _ The time of revolution of a 
planet in reference to its line of apsides. In the 
case of the Earth, the period is called the anomal¬ 
istic year. (G.F. Chambers: Astron., Gloss.) 

Anomalistic year: A year consisting of 365 days, 
6 hrs., 13 min., 49’3 secs. It exceeds the sidereal 
year by 4 min., 39'7 secs., because, owing to a slow 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, sbn; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = Kw. 



anomalistically 


201 


anoplothere 


motion which the longer axis of the earth’s ellipse 
makes of 11'8 seconds yearly in advance, our planet 
is the number of minutes and seconds mentioned 
above in traveling from perihelion to perihelion. 
(Herschel: Astron., 10th ed., § 384.) 

g,n-om-al-is'-tIc-al-ly, adv. [ Eng. onomalis- 
tical; -ly.) In an anomalous way; in an abnormal 
way; irregularly. 

an-om’-al-ous, a. [In Fr. anomal; Sp., Port., & 
Ital. anomalo; Lat. anomalos. From Gr. anomalos 
— uneven, irregular; deviating from a general rule: 
an, priv., and homalos=eve n, level, smooth; homos 
=one and the same, in common; Wei. hama; Irish 
amhail= similar.] Deviating from rule; irregular, 
abnormal. 


“ And how long was the anomalous government planned 
by the genius of Sancroft to last.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. x. 


an-om -al-ous-ly, adv. I Eng. anomalous; -ly .] 
In an anomalous manner. 

“ Eve was not solemnly begotten, but suddenly framed 
and anomalously proceeded from Adam.”— Browrie: Vul¬ 
gar Errors, bk. v., ch. v. 

an-om' a-lf, s. [ In G-er. & Fr. anomalie; Sp. 
anomalia, anomalidad. From Gr. anomalia—' un¬ 
evenness, irregularity, deviation from rule; anom- 
a!os=uneven, irregular; a, an, priv., and homalos= 
even, smooth ; homos=one and the same. ] [Anomal¬ 
ous.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

Gen.: Deviation from rule ; irregularity. 

“As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater 
anomaly in nature than a bird that cannot fly.”— Darwin: 
Origin of Species, ch. v. 

“The truth is that the dispensing power was a great 
anomaly in politics.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 


B. Technically: 

1. Aston.: The deviation in a planet’s course from 
the aphelion or apogee. It is of two kinds, the true 
and the mean anomally. The true is that which 
actually takes place. The mean is the angular 
motion which would have been performed had the 
niotion in angle been uniform instead of the motion 
in area. ( Herschel: Astron., 5th ed., § 499.) 

Astron. Eccentric Anomaly: “ An auxiliary angle 
employed to abridge the calculations connected 
with the motion of a planet or comet in an elliptic 
orbit. If a circle be drawn, having its center coin¬ 
cident with that of the ellipse, and a diameter equal 
to the transverse (major) axis of the latter; and if 
from this axis a perpendicular be drawn through 
the true place of the body in the ellipse to meet the 
circumference of the circle, then the eccentric anom¬ 
aly will be the angle formed by a line drawn from 
the point where the perpendicular meets the circle 
to the center, with the longer diameter of the 
ellipse.” {Hind.) 

Describe the circle A b c d, so that its center L 
'shall coincide with that of the ellipse, A E c r, in 
which the planet p moves, and its diameter A c be= 
the longer axis of the ellipse. Let s be the position 
of the sun in one 
of the foci of the 
ellipse, then A is 
that of the planet 
when in perihel- 
ion ; and c that 
which it occupies 
when in aphelion. 

Join P S, then the 
angle p s l is the 
true anomaly. 

Proximity to the 
sun made the 
planet travel more 
quickly at A than 
at c. If the rate 
had been uniform, 
it would not have 
reached p. Let it be supposed that it would have 
been only at e, then A s E is its mean anomaly. Let 
fall P R a perpendicular to A c from p ; produce it 
in the other direction to b in the circumference of the 
circle; join B l, then A L B is the eccentric anomaly. 
In calculating the motion of the moon, the earth is 
supposed to be at s, as it is also held to be when 
inquiry is made into the apparent course of the 
sun through the ecliptic. 

2. Music: A small deviation from a perfect inter¬ 
val, in tuning instruments with fixed notes; a tem¬ 
perament. 

an- 6 -me-an§, an- 6 -mce-an§, s.pl. [Gr. ano- 
fwoi 'os=unlike: an, priv., and homoios-Uke.] 

Church Hist.: A sect who are reported to have 
held that Christ was a created being, and possessed 
of a nature unlike that of God. Their leader was 
Eunomius, secretary to Altius. He was made Bishop 
of Cyzicum in A. D. 360, and died about 394. The 
Inomeans were considered .extreme Arians. They 
were condemned by the Semi-Arians at the Council 



of Seleucia in A. D. 359, but they soon afterward 
retaliated at the Council or Synod of Constanti¬ 
nople. 

an- 6 -mi-a, s. [Gr. anomoios= unlike (Wood- 
ivard); ctno?hia=lawlessness (Owen).) A genus of 
molluscs belonging to the Ostreidee, or Oyster fam¬ 
ily. They are found attached to oyster and other 
shells, and frequently acquire the form of the sur¬ 
face with which they are in contact. They are not 
eatable. In 1875 Tate estimated the known recent 
species at twenty, and the fossil thirty-six, the lat¬ 
ter from the Oolite upward. The A. Ephippium is 
the saddle-shell. It is a beautifully thin and ele¬ 
gantly waved shell. It inhabits the British seas. 

an-S'-mi-gpdaa, s.pl. [From the typical genus 
Anomia (q. v.).] A family of Conchiferous Mol¬ 
luscs, recently separated from Ostreidee. Tate in¬ 
cludes under it the genera.Anomia, Placunomia, 
Placuna, Carolia, Placunopsis, and Placenta. 

an'-o-mlte, s. [From Eng. anomia (q. v.), and 
-ite.) A fossil anomia. 

an-om-o-don'-tia, s. pi. [Gr. anomos=lawless: 
a, priv., nomos= . . . law, and odous, genit. odontos 
=a tooth. “ Having lawless teeth.” In Professor 
Owen’s classification, the fifth order of the class 
Reptilia, or Reptiles. He includes under it two 
families, Dicnyodontia and Cryptodontia. 

an- 6 -mce'-an§. [Anomeans.] 

an-om-Ur-st, e. pi. [Gr. ano?nos=without law; 
owa—tail.] 

Zool.: A sub-order of Decapod Crustaceans, inter¬ 
mediate between Macrura and Brachyura, differing 
from the former in the absence of an abdominal 
fan-shaped fin, as also of natatory feet; and from 
the latter in generally possessing appendages at¬ 
tached to the penultimate segment of their abdo¬ 
men. The sub-order is divided into the families 
Paguridse, Hippidae, Raninidee, Homolidse, and 
Dromiidfe (q. v.l. Its best known representatives 
are the Hermit Crabs (Pagurides). 

an’-om-y, s. [Gr. cTOomfa=lawlessness; a, priv., 
and nomos=law.] Breach or violation of law; law¬ 
lessness. 

"If Bin be good, and just, and lawful, it is no more evil, 
it is no sin, no anomy.” — Bramhall against Hobbes. 

a-non', *a-n 6 'on, adv. & v. i. [A. S. on=in; an= 
one. Junius, Horne Tooke, &c., supply minute, and 
make anon mean primarily “ in one minute.” Web¬ 
ster believes it should be in continuation, in exten¬ 
sion, applied first to extension in measure, and 
then by analogy to time. He quotes the Saxon 
Chronicle, A. D. 1022 , where it is stated that a fire 
“ weax on lengthe up an on to tham wolcne,” which 
he freely renders, “ increased in continuation to the 
clouds.” See also, he adds, A. D. 1127. Morris 
brings anon from A. S. anane, onane = in one 
moment. {Alliterative Poems, Gloss.) In Bosworth’s 
A. S. Diet, anon is=singly, and on-an— in one, once 
for all, continually.] 

A. As adverb: 

1. Quickly, speedily, at once, in a short time. 

“ And hastily fox the provost they sent. 

He came anoon, withoute tarying.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,027-28. 

“Fyrst of myhyre my lorde con mynne, 

I watzh payed anon of al and sum.” 

Alliterative Poems: Pearl (ed. Morris), 582-3. 

“ But Simon’s wife’s mother lay sick of a fever, and anon 
they tell him of her.”— Mark i. 30. 

][ Anon, sir — Immediately, _ presently, sir; or as 
the phrase now is, “ Coming^sir,” was the customary 
answer of waiters in the Elizabethan age, when 
called to attend on a guest. {Nares.) 

“ Like a call without Anon, sir, 

Or a question without an answer.” 

Witts Recreations, sign. T. 7. 

“Th’ Anon, sir, doth obey the call. 

Speak in the Dolphin, speak in the Swan, 
Drawer: Anon, sir, Anon." Ibid. 

2. At other times. (Opposed to sometimes.) 

“ Full forty days he pass'd, whether on hill 
Sometimes, anon in shady vale, each night, 

Or harbor’d in one cave, is not reveal’d.” 

Milton: P. R. t bk. i. 

Ever and anon: Every now and then. 

B. As verb intransitive: To hasten. 

“ I most anoon, sethens it is your wille.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,702. 

a-no-na, s. [In Dut. & Sp. annona, anona. 
From Lat. annona— the year’s produce, grain; 
annus= a year. Probably named “ grain on ac¬ 
count of the nourishing qualities found in the 
fruit. Corrupted from the Malay manoa, pro¬ 
nounced, in the Banda islands, menona .] The typ¬ 
ical genus of the order of plants called Anonacese, 
or Anonads. It contains the Custard Apple {A. 


squamosa), the Sour-sop (A. muricata ), the Bui 
lock’s Heart ( A. reticulata) , and the Cherimoira 
{A. cherimolia), &c. The seat of the genus is prop¬ 
erly the warm¬ 
er parts of 
America, but 
the species now 
named are cul¬ 
tivated in In¬ 
dia, where the 
Custard Apple 
is called Secta- 
phul (that is, 

Sectas fruit), 
and the Bul¬ 
lock’s Heart, 

Ramphul, that 
is, Ramas fruit. 

A. palustris is 
the corkwood 
of Jamaica. A 
species of An- 

ona grew in Anona Squamosa (Custard Apple.) 
Britain dnnng 

the Eocene period, its seeds being found fossil in 
the London clay of Sheppey. The seeds of A. 
squamosa are highly acrid and poisonous. Pow¬ 
dered and mixed with flour made from grain (Cicer 
arietinum ), they are_ used by the natives of India 
for washing their hair. In Brazil corks are mad© 
from the root of A. palustris, and the light whit© 
wood of A. sylvatica is employed by turners; while 
the fruit of the last-named species is eaten at des¬ 
serts. 

an-o-na'Hje-ae {Mod. Lat.), a-no-nads {Eng.), 
s. pi. [From the typical genus Anona (q. v.).] An 
order of exogenous plants classed by Lindley under 
his Ranales, or Ranal Alliance. They have six 
petals, hypogynous stamina generally indefinite in 
number, numerous ovaries, and a many-carpeled, 
succulent, or dry fruit, and alternate simple leaves 
without stipules. They are trees or shrubs occnr- 
ing in the tropics of both hemispheres. In 1846 
Lindley estimated the known species at 300. Most 
have a powerful aromatic taste and smell, and the 
flowers of some are highly fragrant. Some have a 
succulent and eatable fruit. [Anona.] 

*an-on'-der {Eng. & Scotch) *an-on-er, ‘■an- 
und-er (Scotch),prep. [A. S. an= in; onder= Eng. 
under.) tinder. 

“Th.er ilia non beter9 anonder sunne.” 

King Horn (E. E. T.), 567. 

“Then the Bible anunder his arm took he.” 

Hogg: Mountain Bard, p. 19. 

an -6-nym, s. [Greek anonumos. See Anony¬ 
mous.] 

1. Au anonymous person. 

2. An assumed or false name. 

an-on -ym- 3 . 1 , a. [Anonymous.] 
an-on-ym -i-ty, s. fin Dan. anonymitet .] [An¬ 
onymous.] The state of being anonymous ; anony¬ 
mousness, anonymity. 

tan-on-y-mos'-I-ty, s. [From Gr. anonumos; 
Eng. suffix -ity, from Lat. -ifas.] The state of being 
anonymous; anonymousness, anonymity. 

an on’-y-mous, a. [In Sw. anonym; Fr. an¬ 
onyms ; Sp. & Ital. anonimo; Port, anonymo. 
From Gr. anonumos: an, priv., and onoma= 
name.] 

*1. Which has not received a name, implying, 
however, that one will yet be attached to it. 

“These animalcules 6erve also for food to another 
anonymous insect of the waters.”— Ray. 

2. Intentionally nameless. Used — 

(a) Of the authorship of verbal statements, writ¬ 
ings, publications, &c. 

“. . . anonymous letters.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xii. 

(b) Of writers not appending their names to 
their literary productions; of benevolent men with¬ 
holding their names when they give charity. 

“ The combatants on both sides were generally anony¬ 
mous." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

“ Nearly a hundred years have passed since an anony¬ 
mous benefactor founded in France a prize for virtue.”— 
Daily News, August 3, 1878. 

an-on’-y-mous-ly, adv. [Eng. anonymous; -ly.] 
With no name attached to it. 

“. . . the edition published anonymously . . 

Scott: William and Helen. 

anon y-mous-ness, s. [Eng. anonymous; 
-ness.] The state of being anonymous; anonymity, 
anonymosity. 

*a-no’on, adv. & v. i. [Anon.] 
an-op-lo-there, s. [Anoplotherium.] The 
English name— 

(1.) Spec.: Of the Anoplotherium commune. 
"... the aquatic cloven-hoofed animal which Cuvier 
has called Anoplothere .”— Owen: Brit. Foss. Mammals and 
Birds (1846), p. xviii. 



bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, 


Qell, chorus, §hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 

: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
shus. -ule, -die, &c. = bcl, del- 






anoplotheridse 


202 


(2) Gen.: Of any fossil mammal belonging to 
the same family. 

Cervine Anoplotliere: Dichobune Cervinum. 
[Dichobune, Anoplotheee.] 
an-op-lo-ther'-i-dse, s. pi . [Anoplotheeium.] 
A family of mammals belonging to the order Pachy- 
dermata. All are extinct. [Anoplotheeium.] 
an-op- 16 -ther-i-um, s. [From Gr. an, priv 
hoplon— a weapon, and therion— beast 


are altered Anorthite. Dana numbers Cyclopite, 
Barsowite, and Bytownite as if they, too, were not 
properly distinct from Anorthite. 

an-orth -o-scope, s. [Gr. an, priv.; orthos= 
straight; skopeo—to look at.] 

Optics: An instrument for producing a particular 
kind of optical illusion by means of two opposite 
m jj llv disks rotating rapidly. The hinder disk, which is 
nop ion—a weapon, anu uocoon-ue as,. Unarmed transparent, has certain distorted figures painted 
beast.” The name refers to the absence of such upon it. The other one, which is in front of that 
natural weapons as tusks, long and sharp canine now described, is opaque, but is pierced with a 
teeth, horns or claws.] The appellation given by number of narrow slits, through which the figures 
Cuvier to a jjenus of hoofed quadrupeds found in on^the disk behind it may be viewed. 

an-o§'-mI-A, s. [From Gr. a, priv., and osme= 
smell.] 

Med.: Absence of the sense of smell. When it 
exists, which is but rarely, it is a congenital defect, 
or arises from disease or from the subjection of the 
olfactories to strong stimuli, 
fan-os-tom-o -sis, s. [Anastomosis.] 
an-os-tom-us, s. [From Gr. ano = above, and 
stoma= the mouth.] A genus of fishes belonging to 
the Salmon family. 

an-oth'-er (Eng.), an-ith-er (Scotch), a. [Eng. 
an, other; A. S. ak=one, and other.) [Othee.] 

1. Not the same; different. 

“ But my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit 
with him . . .”— Numb. xiv. 24. 

“ When the soul is beaten from its station, and the 
mounds of virtue are broken down, it becomes quite 
another thing from what it was before.”— South. 

* 2 . Otherwise. 

“‘Bi Mary,’ quoth the menskful, 'me thynk hit 
another.’ ”—Sir Gawayne (ed. Morris), 1,268. 

3. One in addition; one more. 

“. . . have ye another brother ?’— Gen. xliii. 7. 

4. Any other. 

“. . . discover not a secret to another." — Prov. xxv. 9. 

5. Not one’s self. 

“ Let another man praise thee, and not thine own 
mouth.”— Prov. xxvii. 2. 


answer 

an'-sse, s. pi. [The pi. of Lat. ansa—a handle, a 
haft.] . . 

Astron. Ansce of Saturn s ring: The projections 
or arms of the ring on each side of the globe of the 
planet. (Hind.) They were so called by Galileo 



Skeleton of Anoplotherium. 


the middle Eocene gypsum of the Paris basin. It 
is the type of 
the family An- 
■o p 1 o t h e r i d re 
(q. v.). A curi¬ 
ous peculiarity 
of the Anoplo¬ 
therium genus, 
shared only by 
man, is that the 
incisors and 
canine teeth 
were so equally 
developed that 
they formed 
one unbroken 
-series with the premolars and true molars. The A. 
commune was about four and a-half feet long, or 
with the tail, eight feet. It is found not merely in 
the vicinity of Paris, but also in the contemporary 
Eocene strata of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. 
[Anoplotheee.] (Owen: Brit. Foss. Mamm. and 
Birds, pp. 4-32-439.) 

an op-lo-ther’-oid, a. & s. [From Eng., &c., 
anoplotherium (q. v.), and Gr. e£do.s=form.] 

1. As adjective (Palceont.): Resembling the 
Anoplotherium. 

2. As substantive (Palceont.) : An animal resem¬ 
bling the Anoplotherium. 

an-op-lfir'-<t, s. pi. [Gr. an, priv.; hoplon= a 
■tool, . . . a weapon, arms; owm=tail. Having 
unarmed tails.] 

Zool.: An aberrant order of insects, sometimes 
termed from their parasitic habits Parasitica or 
Epizoa. They have six legs, no wings, and either 
two simple eyes or none. They undergo no proper 
metamorphosis, though there is a certain semi- 
transformation when they shed their skins. They 
are parasitic upon mammals and birds, and are 
generally termed lice. There are two sub-orders: 
(1) Haustellata, or Rhyncota, having a mouth with 
a tubular, very short fleshy haustellum, and ( 2 ) 
Mandibulata, or Mallophaga, in which the mouth 
is provided with two horny mandibles. 

an-op'-sjf, s. [Gr. a?i. priv., and ops=the eye.] 

Med.: Absence of sight, want of vision; blind¬ 
ness. 

an'-o-rex-jf, s. [In Fr. anorexie; Port, ano¬ 
rexia; Gr. anorexia: an, priv., and orexis= a long¬ 
ing or yearning after anything; orego— to reach, to 
stretch out. ] 

Med.: Want of appetite. 

tA-nor'-mal, a. [In Fr. anormal. [Abnoemal.] 

an-orth'-Ic, a. [Gr. an, priv., and orthos= 
straight . . . right, as a right angle.] Irregu¬ 
lar ; abnormal. 

Crystallog.: A term applied to all crystals which 
do not belong to the more regular systems, i. e., 
which do not fall under the cubical, the pyramidal, 
the rhombohedral, the prismatic, or the oblique 
systems. (Phillips: Min., ed. 1852, p. 9.) The An- 
ortfiic is called also the Triclinic, the Doubly 
Oblique, and the Tetarto-prismatic system. [Tei- 
clinic. J (See Dana’s Min., 5th ed, 1875, p. xxvi.) 

an-orth'-Ite, s. [In Ger. anorthit. From Gr. an, 
•priv., and orthos= direct, straight ; suff. -ite. So 
named in 1823 by Rose from its anorthic,” or what 



The Ansae of Saturn’s Ring. 

and other early astronomers from their resembling 
to the eye of one looking at them through the im. 
perfectly-constructed telescopes of that period, the 
handles of a pot or other utensil. 

An'-sar, s. [O. Fr. anseor=& judge, an arbitrator.] 
Scotch Mythol. (For def. see example.) 

“David Deans believed this and many other such ghostly 
encounters, and victories on the faith of the Ansars, or 
auxiliaries of the banished prophets.”— Scott: Heart of 
Mid-Lothian, ch. xv. 

An-sar’-I-?utt§, s. pi. [Assassin.] 
an-sa-ted, a. [Lat. ansatus= having a handle; 
from ansa= a handle.] Fur¬ 
nished with a handle or handles 
of some kind or other. 

ansated cross (crux ansata), 
s. The handled Tau cross, uni¬ 
formly found in the hands of 
the old Egyptian deities, being 
regarded as the symbol of life. 

It was called in Coptic ankh= 
life. 


In rwl 


6 . It is sometimes used when the two entities 
compared belong to different categories, whereas 
in its more normal senses another implies that they 
are of the same kind. 

“ I am the Lord : that is My name ; and My glory will I 
not give to another, neither My praise to graven images.” 
Isa. xlii. 8. 

U (1) One to another, or one another (Eng.) =ane 
anither (Scotch), is used reciprocally. 


L A 

Ansated Cross. 


*anse, s. [Lat. ansa= a han¬ 
dle.] One of the handles of a 
cannon. 

anse de pa'-nl-er, s. [Fr.] [Suebased.] 
an'-ser, s. [Lat . anser; Ger . gans; O. H. Ger. 
leans; Eng. gander, goose; Gr. chen: Sansc. hansa.] 
1. Zool.: A genus of natatorial or swimming 
birds, the typical one of the sub-family Anserinse. 
It contains the geese. Several species are found in 
this country. [Goose.] 

... . . .. T j , ,, . f2. Astron.: A portion of the constellation called 

Di 16 SP ° ne b y Hevelius Vulpecula et Anser (the Fox and 

Goose). It belongs to the northern hemisphere, is 
placed over the Eagle, immediately under the star 
Albireo, or Beta Cygni, with a little one called the 
Arrow between. It is rarely met with in modern 
star-maps. 

an-ser-a-ted, a. [Lat. anser = goose; Eng. 

- ated .] 

Heraldry: An anser ated cross is one with its 
extremities shaped like the heads of lions, eagles, 
or similar animals. 


another.” — Mai. iii. 16. 

“ This is my commandment, That ye love one another.” 
—John xv. 12. 

“ There has been mony a blythe birling—for death and 
drink-draining are near neighbors to ane anither ."— 
Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxiii. 

2 . You’re another: The tu quoque of the unedu¬ 
cated classes. Davies gives an example from Udal: 
Roister Doister, iii. 5. 

*another-gaines, a. Of another kind. 

“ If my father had not plaid the hasty fool, I might 
have had another-gaines husband than Dametas.”— 
Sidney. 

*another-gates, s. Of another kind. [Othee- 
gates.] 

“And his bringing up anorher-gates marriage than 
such a minion.”— Lyly : Mother Bombie, i. 

“ A good report maketh the bones fat, saith Solomon ; 
and that, I ween, is another-gates manner, than to make 
the face shine.”— Bp. Sande?-son : Sermons. 

“ Hudibras about to enter 
Upon another-gates adventure.” 

Butler: Hudib., iii. 428. 

*another-guess, a. (Corrupted from another- 
guise.) [Eng. another, and Fr. guise- manner, way, 


an'-ser-e§, s. pi. [The pi. of Lat. anser= a goose.] 
The third of Linnaeus’ six orders of Birds. The 
species are characterized by smooth beaks, broad¬ 
est at the point, covered with smooth skin, and 
denticulated. The toes are web-footed. The tibiae 
are short and compressed. It includes the birds 
now called Natatores, or Swimmers. [Natatoees.] 
an'-ser-m-fe, s. pi. [Ansee.] A sub-family of 
Anatidee (Ducks), containing the Geese. 

an'-ser-Ine, a. [Lat. anserinus.) Pertaining to 
the Anseres, or Geese; resembling a goose; framed 
on the model of a goose; after the manner of a 
goose. 

a flattened beak like that of a duck, which is 


namea m wmbj «ose irom its anorinic, or wnat corresponding in meaning to the Eng. & A. S. vnse used in tlie anserine manner to extract insects and worms 
orthic.]°A „ b fn„SK.eX DanfSS;], ■ " '*«•»« J OtLo.hefkS «-<*• V <* *—*• 0«* 

ennr frrnnn nf TTnisi1iP.nf.AS. Annrf.Tlif.A OP.Pnrs prvs- ' if •/ 


spar group of Unisilicates. Anorthite occurs crys¬ 
tallized or massive. Its hardness is 6-7; sp. gr 
2*66-2*78: luster of ordinary faces vitreous, of 
cleavage planes inclining to pearly color, white, 
grayish, or reddish. It is transparent or translu¬ 
cent, has a conchoidal fracture, and is brittle. 
Composition: Silica, 41'78 to 47*63; alumina, 28'63 
to 37*5; lime, 8;28 to 19*11; magnesia, 0*29 to 5*87; 
sesquioxide of iron, *07 to 4*0; potassa. 0*25 to 6*58; 
soda, 0*27 to 3*35; and water, 0*31 to 5*03. The va¬ 
rieties recognized by Dana are ( 1 ) Anorthite proper, 
which occurs in Italy among the old lavas of Monte 
Somma, at Mount Vesuvius, and on the Isle of Pro- 
cida. It has been called also Christianite and Bio¬ 
tine. Thiorsite is the same species from the plain 
of Thiorsa, near Hecla, in Iceland. (2) Indianite, 
from India. . (3) Amphodelite, from Finland and 
Sweden, called also Lepolite. It includes Latro- 
foite, from Labrador, and apparently Tankite from 
Norway. Besides these, Linseite and Sundvikite 


“Oh Hocus! where art thou? It used to go in another- 
guess manner in thy time.”— Arbuthnot. 

another-guise, a. [Anothee-guess.] 

A-not -tA, s . [Aenotto.] 

*A-HOfi'-en, adv. Above. 

“And sette hit on his swerde, 

Anoune at than orde.” 

King Horn (E. E. T.), 623-4. 
*A-nofi me-ment, s. [Anoene.] Ornament. 
“The hous and the anournementes he hyghtled togeder.” 
Alliterative Poems; Cleanness (ed. Morris), 1,290. 

*A-noy e, v. t. [Old form of Annoy (q. v.).] To 
hurt. 

“Who badde foure spirits of tempest 
That power han to noyen land and see, 

Bothe north and south, and also west and est, 
Anoyen neyther londe, see, ne tree?” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,913-14. 


*an'-seyne, s. [Enseinyie.] 

*an-sla ight (gh silent), s. [Onslaught.] An 
onslaught, an attack, an affray. 

“I do remember yet that anslaight, thou wast beaten, 
And fled’st before the butler.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Mons. Thomas, ii. 2. 

an'-swer, *an'-swere, *an'-swer-en, *and- 
swere (Eng.), *an'-swlr (Scotch), (w silent), v. t. & 
i. [A. S. answarian, andswarian, andsiverian =to 
answer: and, inseparate prep, like Gr. anti, denot¬ 
ing opposition in reply, in return; and swaran= to 
answer, cognate with swerian=to swear. [Sweae.] 
In Sw. svara, and in Dan. svare and ansvare— to 
answer.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To reply to a question formally put to one. (In 
this and some of the following senses answer may 


Tate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
wqlf, work, 


what, fall, 
who, son; 


father; we, wet, here, 
mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce 


sir, 
= e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu = kw^. 











answer 


203 


ant 


foe followed by an objective of the person replied to, 
by an objective of the communication made, or by 
both together.) 

“And lie him answerede modi and bold.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,728. 

“ The baptism of John, was it from heaven or of men? 
answer me.”— Mark xi. 30. 

“But he answered her not a word.”— Matt. xv. 23. 

(See also the example under No. 3.) 

IT In the authorized version of Scripture the 
^expression occurs, “ answered him and said.” 

“And Peter answered him and said, . . ”— Matt. xiv. 28. 

2. To reply to a statement of facts, or an argument, 
whether given forth verbally, in writing, or by means 
of the press. Spec,, to attempt in whole or in part 
to refute it. 

“ This reasoning was not and could not be answered .”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

3. To reply to an accusation ; to endeavor to rebut 
it. 

“And the high priest arose and said unto him, Answer - 
•est thou nothing ? What is it which these witness against 
thee ?”— Matt. xxvi. 62. 

4. To sing in alternate parts, or in any other way 
to alternate with another person in what lie or she 
is saying or doing. 

“And the women answered one another as they played, 
-and said, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his 
ten thousands.”—1 Sam. xviii. 7. 

(Apparently one choir sung, “ Saul hath slain his 
thousandsand a second one finished the sentence 
'by adding, “And David his ten thousands.”) 

“ With piercing shrieks his bitter fate she moans, 

While the sad father answers groans with groans.” 

Pope: Hornet' 1 s Iliad , bk. xxii., 514, 515. 

“So spake the mournful dame: her matrons hear, 
Sigh back her sighs, and answer tear with tear.” 

Ibid., 662, 663. 

5. To solve an arithmetical, mathematical, or 
other question or problem proposed to one. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To make a suitable return for anything said or 
done. Thus, to answer a prayer or petition is, if it 
be deemed right, to grant what it solicits: to an¬ 
swer the door-bell is to go and ascertain who has 
rung it, and what his object is in visiting the house; 
to answer a legitimate claim on one’s purse is to 
pay it; to answer an evil doer or evil deeds is to 
punish him or them; to answer an enemy’s fire in 
battle is to fire back at him. 

“Thou calledst in trouble, and I delivered thee; 1 an¬ 
swered thee in the secret place of thunder.”— Ps. lxxxi. 7. 

“I the Lord will answer him by myself. And I will set 
my face against that man, and will make him a sign and a 
proverb, and will cut him off from the midst of my 
people.”— Ezek. xiv. 7, 8. 

2 . To stand accountable for; to incur the penalty 

• of. 

“Shall he that ccntendeth with the Almighty instruct 
Him? he that reproveth God, let him answer it.”— Job 

xl. 2. 

“ In thine own person answer thy abuse.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., ii. L 

. . who studies day and night 

To answer all the debt he owes unto you, 

Even with the bloody payments of your deaths.’ 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., i. 3. 

“Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law 
In the world.”— Ibid., Henry V. 

3. To be suitable for; to be capable of being em¬ 
ployed for; to serve for. 

“ . . . money answereth all things.”— Eccl. x. 19. 

L To correspond to or with. 

“Weapons must needs be dangerous things if they 
' answered the bulk of so prodigious a person.”— Swift: 
Gulliver’s Travels. 

“Still follow Sense, of ev’ry art the soul, 

Parts answ’ring parts shall slide into a whole.” 

Pope.- Moral Essays, Epistle IV., 65, 66. 

5. To be opposed to, to face. 

“Fire answers fire ; and, by their paly beams, 

Each battle sees the other’s umber’d face.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V.; Chorus. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: To reply verbally, or in writing, to 
,a question, a call, a summons, a judicial charge^ a 
petition, or a prayer. 

“And he said unto him, Thou hast answered right 
. . . ”—Luke x. 28. 

“The Lord called Samuel, and he answered, Here am I.” 
~-l Sam. iii. 4. 

“ Then Paul stretched forth the hand, and answered for 
himself.”— Acts xxvi. 1. 

“But there was no voice, nor any that answered.” — 
1 Kings xviii. 26. 

In the English Bible the expression “ answered 
.and said ” is common. 

“But he answered and said unto him that told him, 
Who is my mother? and who are my brethren?”— Matt. 
xii. 48. 


Once it is used anomalously, in the sense of made 
a statement , no question having preceded it: “The 
king ansivered and said unto Daniel” (Dan. ii. 26). 
Daniel had not previously to this addressed the 
king. ( See also Acts v. 8.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To reply to any of these by deeds rather than 
words. 

“ . . . and the God that answereth by fire, let Him be 
God.”—1 Kings xviii. 24. 

2. To speak for, to vindicate, to witness for. 

“So shall my righteousness answer for me in time to 
come.”— Gen . xxx. 33. 

“I have ever been of opinion, that, if a book can’t 
answer for itself to the public, ’tis to no sort of purpose 
for its author to do it.”— Pope: Letter to the Hon. J. C. 
(1711). 

3. To be held responsible for, to be liable for, to be 
accountable for; to satisfy any demands which 
justice may make concerning (one’s actions). 

“Those many had not dared to do evil, 

If the first man that did th’ edict infringe, 

Had answer’d for his deed.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 2. 

4. To be suitable for, to serve for, to succeed. 

“. . . the trial in great quantities doth not answer 
the trial in small; and so deceiveth many.”— Bacon. 

“Jason followed her counsel, whereto, when the event 
had answered, he again demanded the fleece.”— Raleigh . 

5. To correspond to or with. 

“ Dol. Hear me, good madam: 

Your loss is as yourself, great; and you bear it 

As answering to the weight.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 

“ As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man 
to man.”— Prov. xxvii. 19. 

6. To sound in return, as in the case of the re¬ 
sponse from an echo. 

. “The woods shall answer, and their echo ring.” 

Pope: Pastorals; Summer, 16. 

7. To vibrate to the touch, or otherwise act re- 
ciprocaHy to. 

“Say, do’st thou yet the Roman harp command? 

Do the strings answer to thy noble hand?” 

Dryden. 

an-swer, *an-swere, *an-swar, *and -swere 

( w silent), s. [A. S. andswaru. In Sw. & Dan. svar .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen: A reply to a question, command, caU, 
entreaty, address, or argument. 

“Ef[t] this andswere, ben ut gon, 

Moyses forth and Aaron.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 3,081, 3,082. 

“ So watzh al samen her answar soght.” 

Alliterative Poems ; Pearl (ed. Morris), 517. 

“Now advise, and see what answar I shall return to him 
that sent me.”—2 Sam. xxiv. 13. 

2. Specially: 

(a) A reply to a legal accusation against one. 
(B., Laiv.) 

“At my first answer no man stood with me, but all men 
forsook me.”—2 Tim. iv. 16. 

( b ) A reply in an oral debate to the allegations of 
an opponent, or a publication in reply to another 
publication. 

(c) The solution of an arithmetical question or a 
geometrical problem, the former at least being gen¬ 
erally proposed in the form of a question. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A return for anything said or done. 

“. . . the answer was given by a volley of musketry.” 

— Darwin.- Voyage round the World, ch. iv. 

2. One thing produced by another; an effect 
viewed as proceeding from a certain specified cause. 

“Contraction is an answer to stimulus .”—Todd & Bow¬ 
man: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 174. 

3. Account to be rendered to justice. 

“He’ll call you to so hot an answer for it, 

That you shall chide your trespass.” 

Shakesp. : Henry V., ii. 4. 

4. The reverberated sound of an echo. 

B. Technically (Law): The formal defense made 
by an accused person against the charge brought 
against him, or the formal reply of one side in a 
lawsuit to the allegations of the other. Also the 
appearance for such defense. 

fanswer-jobber, s . One who makes a business 
of writing answers. 

“ What disgusts me from having anything to do with 
answer-jobbers is, that they have no conscience.” Swift. 

an -swer-a-ble (w silent), a. [Eng. answer; 
-able J . 

1. That to which a more or less satisfactory 
answer can be given. 


2. Responsible, liable to be called to account for, 
liable for. 

“For the treaty of Dover the king himself is chiefly 
answerable.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

3. Correspondent, similar, like. 

“ It was but such a likeness as an imperfect glass doth 
give; ansioerable enough in some features and colors, 
but erring in others.”— Sidney. 

4. Proportionate to, commensurate to or with. 

“ . . . and twenty cubits was the length, and the 

height in the breadth was five cubits, answerable to the 
hangings of the court.”— Exod. xxxviii. 18. 

5. Suitable. 

“. . . it was a violent commencement, and thou 

shalt see an answerable sequestration.”— Shakesp.: Othello , 
i. 3. 

“ If answerable style I can obtain 
Of my celestial patroness.”— Milton. 

6. Equal, sufficient to meet. 

“There be no kings whose means are answerable unto 
other men’6 desires.”— Raleigh. 

an-swer-a-ble-ness (w silent), s. [Eng. an¬ 
swerable ; -ness.] The quality of being answerable. 

“ To shew therefore the correspondency and answer¬ 
ableness which is between this bridegroom and his 
spouse,” &c.— Harmar: Transl. of Beza, p. 196. 

an -swer-a-bly (w silent), adv. [Eng. answer- 
able; -Zt/.] ProportionaHy, correspondingly. 

“ It bears light 6orts into the atmosphere to a greater or 
lesser height, answerably to the greater or lesser intense¬ 
ness of the heat.”— Woodward. 

an -swered (w silent), pa. par. & a. [See An¬ 
swer, v.'] 

an-swer-er (w silent), s. [Eng. answer; -er.] 
One who answers to a question, or who replies in a 
controversial manner to a writing or publication. 

“I know your mind, and will satisfy it: neither will 
I do it like a niggardly answerer , going no further than 
the bounds of the question.”— Sidney. 

“ It is very unfair in any writer to employ ignorance 
and malice together, because it givgs his ansiverer double 
work.”— Swift. 

an’-swer-ing, *an-swer-yhg (w silent), pr, 

par., a. & s. [Answer, v.] 

“Discret sche was in answeryng alway.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,463. 

“ . . . while all the Greeks around 

With answering sighs return’d the plaintive sound.” 

Pope: HomePs Iliad, bk. iv., 184, 185. 

“ . . . for an answering sign, 

That the good Cross doth hold its lofty place 
Within Valencia still.” 

Hemans: Siege of Valencia . 

an’-swer-less (ic silent), a. [Eng. answer: suffix 
- less .] Without an answer, either as not yet having 
been replied to, or as not capable of being answered. 
(Byron.) 

ant, *aunt, *amt, *am-et, *em’-et, em -met, 
s. [According to Junius, the Eng. word ant is de¬ 
rived from Eng. emmet, A. S. cemette; Trench con¬ 
sidering the successive steps of the process to have 
been emmet, emet, amet, amt, and ant. (Trench: 
Eng. Past and Present, pp. 198 to 200.) A. S. cemete, 
cemette, cemetta, cemytta, emete, emette; Oer.ameise.\ 

1. Ord. Lang, cfr Entom.: The name given to cer¬ 
tain small, but singularly intelligent and industri¬ 
ous insects well known in this and other lands. 
They are classed by naturalists under Heterogyna, 
the first tribe of aculeated Hymenoptera. Ants live 
in society like the more common species of wasps 
and bees. Like them, also, their polity consists of 
three kinds of individuals, males, females, and 
neuters, the last-named being probably abortively- 
formed females. The males are winged during the 
whole course of their existence, the females only 
during the pairing season, and the neuters not at 
all. The males and females meet not on the ground, 
but in the air. Soon afterward the males, which 
cannot do much for themselves, having neither 
stings nor even mandibles, perish of cold or other 
hardships. The females, on the contrary, immedi¬ 
ately after meeting with the other sex in the air, 
lose or actually puH off their wings, are found by 
neuters, and become the object of their tender 
care. The neuters are the most numerous class of 
ants, and do nearly the whole work of the com¬ 
munity. Specially, they carry the eggs, the larvae 
and the cocoons from place to place in the nest, as 
the temperature and moisture vary; they feed the 
larvee with liquid disgorged from the stomach, 
and besides open the cocoons for them when they 
are ready to emerge as perfect insects. Hence the 
neuters are sometimes called workers or nurse-ants . 
Sir John Lubbock says that ants can distinguish 
colors, being particularly sensitive to violet. They 
have very delicate smell, but apparently no hearing* 
The different species present curious analogies to 
the earlier stages of human progress—the hunting 
and pastoral, and even the agricultural. # There are 
various genera and species of ants, differing in 
habits and methods of operation. Some, like For- 


fodil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph - f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§Ln = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del. 




ant-bear 


204 


antanaclasis 


mica sanguinaria and F. ccespitumum, have been 
called Mining-ants; others, as F.fiava, produce a 
kind of masonry; while F. rufa, the Wood-ant, 
similarly addresses itself to carpentry. Finally, 
some ants keep aphides as graziers do milch cows, 
on account of a secretion which they yield; and 
others hold slaves, the eggs, larva', and pupae of 
which they have captured in war. Of these the 
most notable is the Amazon-ant. [Amazon, No. 4. 
See also Heterogyna, Formica, Mtrmica Atta, 
&c. ] 

IT The ant of Scripture, Heb. nemalah, Sept. 
murmex, Vulg. formica, seems correctly translated. 

“ Go to the ant, thou sluggard ; consider her ways, and 
be wise.”— Prov. vi. 6. 

"The ants are a people not strong, . . .”— Prov, 

Xxx. 25. 

2. Popularly: The White Ant [Termites], which 
is not a genuine ant at all, but a neuxopterous 
insect. [Ant-hill.] 

ant-bear, s. The name generally given in Deroe- 
rara to the Great Ant-eater, Myrmecophaga jubata. 
[Ant-eater, Myrmecophaga.] 

ant-eater, s. 

1 . The English name of the animals belonging to 
the genus Myrmecophaga of Linnaeus. [Gr. murmex 
=an ant, and phagos=a glutton ; phagein=to eat.] 
They have a lengthened muzzle terminated by a 
small, toothless mouth, from which they protrude a 



The Ant-eater. 


long, thread-like tongue,covered with viscous saliva. 
This they thrust into the nests of termites, or those 
of ants proper, sucking the animals which adhere 
to it up into their mouths. Their claws are strong, 
and are used for tearing to pieces the structures 
erected by the Termites. Among the species may 
be enumerated the M. jubata , the Great or Maned 
Ant-eater, which has four toes before and five be¬ 
hind, and the M. didactyla, the Little or Two-toed 
Ant-eater. Both are South American. 

The Scaly Ant-eaters areof an allied genus, Manis. 
They derive their English name from the fact that 
they are covered with thick scales, which give them 
the superficial appearance of reptiles. The Short¬ 
tailed Manis, M. pentadactyla, Linn., is found in 
Bengal and the Indian Archipelago, and M. tetra- 
dactyla in Africa. The proper and Scaly Ant-eaters 
belong to the mammalian order of Edentata, or 
toothless animals. To the same order belong the 
Cape Ant-eaters ( Orycter&pus Capensis). [Aard- 
VARK.] Prof. Owen considers it remarkable that 
“ not a trace of a Scaly Ant-eater, recent or extinct, 
has been discovered in South America, where the 
Edentate order is so richly represented by other 
generic and specific forms.” {Owen: British Fossil 
Mammals and Birds, 1846, p. xxxix.) 

The Porcupine Ant-eater, or Acxdeated Ant-eater 
(Echidna Hystrix ), is not closely allied to the 
species new mentioned, but is one of the Monotre- 
mata. [Echidna.] 

2. The King of the Ant-eaters: A bird, the Turdus 
rex of Gmeli’n, and Corvus grattarius of Shaw, now 
i Grallaria rex. [Ant-catcher, Ant-thrushes.] 

ant-eggs, ants’ eggs, s.pl. 

1. Accurately: The eggs of ants. They are of 
different sizes and in small parcels, so that they 
can bo moved from place to place. 

2. Popularly , but erroneously: The elongated egg¬ 
looking bodies which ants when disturbed seem so 
anxious to carry off. They are not eggs, but co¬ 
coons. They have been recommended as food for 
the nightingale and other birds, and have been ex¬ 
tensively used for feeding pheasants and partridges. 

ant-hill, s. & a. [In A. S. cemete-hyll, cemette- 
hyll.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The mounds or hillocks raised by some species 
of ants proper. 

“Put blue flowers into an ant-hill, they will be stained 
with red; because the ants drop tyon them their sting¬ 
ing liquor, which hath the effect ox oil of vitriol.”— Hay. 

2. The much more remarkable erections made by 
different species of termites (white ants). In most 
cases the descriptions of unscientific travelers refer 
to these rather than to the constructions of the 
ants proper. The nest of the African Termes belli- 
-cosus is described by Sparrmann as rising ten or 
twelve feet above the surface of the earth. Its 
shape is that of a sugar-loaf. Externally it is 
covered with a broad cap, while in side it is divided 


into a multitude of chambers. The T. atrox and 
the T. mordax build nests two feet high with coni¬ 
cal roofs, called turreted nests. [White Ant and 
Termes.] 

B. As adjective: In various respects presenting 
the characteristics of an ant-hill like those just 
described; small, petty. 

“. . . all things that do pass, 

Upon this ant-hill earth ! ” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 49. 

ant-hillock, s. Nearly the same as Ant-hill 
(q. v.), but smaller. 

“ Those who have seen ant-hillocks . . .”— Addison. 

ant-like, a. Like an ant. 

ant-lion, s. The English name of a genus of in¬ 
sects. [Myrmeleon.] It belongs to the order Neu- 
roptera, and has gauzy wings like a dragon-fly, 
from which, however, it may be at once distin¬ 
guished by having longer antenn®. The species are 



The Ant-lion. 


called Ant-lions from the extraordinary habits of 
their larvae, which construct a funnel-shaped pitfall 
in the sandy or dusty ground, at the bottom of which 
they bury themselves all but their antennae. When 
ants or other insects are hurrying along they are apt 
to miss their balance and tumble into the pitfalls, 
where they are at once devoured. It is said that 
when they do not quite lose their equilibrium on 
the brink of the abyss, they are helped into the 
jaws of death by a shower of sand or dust flung up 
from below. Ant-lions occur in the south of 
Europe, in India, &c. 

ant-thrushes, tant-catchers, ant-eaters. s.pl. 

Names given to the several.species of birds placed 
by Illiger under his genus Myiothera, and some of 
its immediate allies. They belong to the family 
Turdid®, and the sub-family Formicatin®, called 
Myotherin® by Swainson. They live on insects, 
especially on ants. They are found in both conti¬ 
nents, but those of the Old World have the more 
brilliant plumage. The names Ant-thrnshes or 
Ant-catchers are preferable to that of Ant-eaters, 
used in Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. vi., 399, as the latter 
designation has long been pre-occnpied for various 
mammalian animals. 

*ant, conj. [And.] And. 

“Twiii-wifing ant twi n-mansiaght 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ad. Morris), 485. 

an’t, conj. A contraction for and it, or and if it: 
as “ an't please you”=if it please you. (Johnson.) 

an'-ta, s. [Lat.] (1) The sing, of Ante (q.v.). 

(2) The Brazilian name of the American Tapir 
(Tapirus Americanus). 

ant-a<j-ld, *ant-l-a§-ld, a. & s. [Gr. anti= in 
opposition to, and Eng. acid (q.v.).] 

1. As adjective: Diminishing acidity; alkaline. 

Pharm. Ant acid or Alkaline Medicines: Agents 

designed to diminish acidity in the frame by in¬ 
creasing its alkalinity. For instance, they relieve 
heartburn, which is produced by an over-acid state 
of the alimentary canal, increase the alkalinity of 
the blood, alter the urine and other secretions. In 
Garrod’s classification alkaline or <antacid medi¬ 
cines are the second order of his first class (medi¬ 
cines which act upon the blood); these again 
ranking under his first division (internal rem¬ 
edies). He divides Alkaline or Antacid Medicines 
into ( 1 ) Direct Alkaline Remedies; ( 2 ) Direct but 
not remote Antacids, at least upon the urine; and 

(3) Remote Alkaline Remedies. 

“All animal diet is alkalescent or amtUacidL.” — Arbuth- 
n&t. 

2. As substantive: An antacid or alkaline remedy. 
(See the adjective.) 

“ Oils are anti-acids, so far as they blunt acrimony; buit 
as they are hard of digestion, they produce acrimony.”— 
Arbutlmot. 

“It will be seen that a subdivision of these medicines 
is made into direct and remote antacids.” — Garrod: Ma¬ 
teria Medica, 8d ed., p. 386. 

an tac'-rld, a. [Gr. anti — opposed to; acrid 
(q. v.).] Fitted to correct acrimony. 

an'-tse, s. pi. [Lat. In Ger. anten; Fr. antes; 
Sp. antas; Ital. ante.'] 

Roman architecture: Pillars on either side of a 
door, or pilasters terminating the side walls of tem¬ 


ples when they are prolonged beynnd the faces oS 
the end walls. [Antes.] 

an-tag'- 6 nA§m, s. [In Fr. antagonisms; Port, 
antagonismo. From Gr. antagonisma—e. struggle? 
with another.] [Antagonize.] Contest with; op¬ 
position to. (Often preceded by in, and followed'' 
by to.) 

“Trustees have aoandoned their old attitude of ex¬ 
clusiveness and antagonism.” — Times, Sept. 17, 1878. 

“ . . . new wars, fresh antagonisms.” — Echo, Sept. 1S> 
1878. 

an-tag-on-ist, s. & a. [In Fr. antagoniste: Sp., 
Port. & Ital. antagonista. From Gr. antagonists9 
=an adversary, opponent, rival.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A person who combats against one in a public? 
contest or in battle. 

"The earldom of Shrewsbury had been bestowed, iip. 
the fifteenth century, on John Talbot, the antagonist of 
the Maid of Orleans.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

2. A controversial opponent; a person encounter¬ 
ing one on the field of public disputation. 

“Mr. Locke was a philosopher; his antagonist, Stilling- 
fleet, Bishop of Worcester, was a mam of learning.'”— 
Goldsmith: The Bee, No. viii. 

IL Technically: 

A natomy: That which counteracts. (Used spe¬ 
cially of muscles which, like the flexor and extensor 
muscles of the arm, operate in counteraction of 
each other, and. between them, produce the need¬ 
ful motions of the limb.) 

“Muscles opposed in action are called antagonists .”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 169. 

B. As adjective: In conflict with; opposed to irs 
nature or in action. 

. . the nature of the two antagonist forces by 
which the productiveness of agricultural industry is de¬ 
termined.”— J. S. Mill: Political Economy (1848), vol. i, 
bk. i., ch. xii.,^ 3, p. 224. 

“. . . the antagonist schools of philosophy.”— Her¬ 
bert Spencer: PeychoL, 2d ed., vol. ii., '§ 417, p. 389. 

an-tag-on-is'-tie, *an-tag- 6 n-is'-tick, aa- 
tag-ou-is'-tic-ill, a. [Eng. antagonist; -ic,-ical.} 

1. In personal conflict or contention with. 

“It may be too, i’ the ordinance of nature ; 

Their valors are not yet so combatant, 

Gr truly antagonistic, as to fight, 

But may admit to hear of some divisions 
Of fortitude, may put ’em off their quarrel.” 

B. Jonson: Magn. LaAp. 

2. Opposed in action to. 

“. . . the action of the external and internal imter- 
costals must be antagonistic.”—Todd & Boivman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. ii., p. 399. 

an-tag-on-lze, v. t. [Gr. antagonizomai — to 
struggle against: against, and agdnizomai— 

to contend for a prize.] [Agonize.] To contend! 
against in combat or in controversy; to oppose in 
action. 

“. . . the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 
fluid, the pressure of which, probably, antagonizes that 
which must be exerted through the blood-vessels .”—Todd 
& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 297. 

an-tag-on-I'zed, an-tag-dn-i §ed, 2 >a. par. [An¬ 
tagonize.] 

an-tag on-Fz-Ing, an-tag- 6 n-i §-ing, pr. par. 

[Antagonize.] 

“ . . . there is some antagonizing principle at work 
capable for a time of making head against the law."— 
J. S. Mill: Pol. Econ., bk. i., ch. xii., § 3. 

“. . . but the antagonizing agency, . . .”— IbiA. 

an-tag'-on-y, s. [Gr. antagonia.] A struggling 
against in combat; contest or controversy with; 
opposition to. 

“ . . . the incommunicable antagony that is between 
Christ and Belial, . . .”— Milton: Doct. and Discipl. off 
Divorce, i. 8 . 

an-tal'-glc, a. & s. [Gr. <mfi=opposed to; algos 
=pain.] 

A. As adjective: Fitted to alleviate pain; ano¬ 
dyne. 

B. As substantive: A medium fitted to alleviate* 
pain ; an anodyne. (Johnson.) 

an-tal'-kal-I 

&c ., alkali.] Ac _ _^_ 

erty of neutralizing an alkali. Nearly all the acids 
can do so. 

an-tal-kal-Ine, s. [Gr. cmffcoppased to; Eng., 
&c., alkali; -ine.] 

Med.: A Ternedy designed to neutralize an alkali, 
or counteract an alkalescent tendency in the sys¬ 
tem. The same as Ant alkali (q. y.), 

*an-tan-a-cla’-sis, s. [In Ger. antanaclasis. 
From Gr. antanaklasis=( 1) a reflection of light, of 
heat, or of sound; ( 2 ) the use of a word in a differ * 


s. [Gr. anfi=opposed to; Eng. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 







antanagoge 


205 


antecursor 


eeastsense: anti— against; ana — . . . again,and 
Sdasis—SL breaking; klao= to break off.] 

Rhetoric: 

1. A figure by which a word is repeated in a sen¬ 
tence, but in a different, if not even in a contrary, 
■sense from that in which it was used on the first 
-occasion. As, In thy ymith learn some craft, that in 
■old age thou mayest get thy Hiring without craft. In 
■the first clause it may be observed that craft means 
handicraft or business, and in the second, trickery. 

2. The returning, after a parenthesis, to the same 
■words which were previously employed. By doing 
so the structure of the sentence is made more clear. 

*an-tan-g.-go'-ge, s. [In Ger. antanagoge. From 
Gr. antanago=to lead up against ; or anti=against, 
and anagoge— a leading up. ] [An agoge.] 

Rhet.: A figure by which, when the accusation of 
one’s adversary is felt to be unanswerable, he is de¬ 
clared to have done the same thing which he charges 
against one, or at least to have acted quite as baddy. 

an-taph-ro-di§ -I ac, a.&s. [Gr. against, 
and aphrodisiakos — belonging to venery ; aphro- 
■ disios =belonging to love or venery.} [Aphroditic.] 

A. As adjective: Fitted to lessen or extinguish 
'venereal desire. The same as An aphrodisiac (q.v.). 

B. As substantive: A medicine fitted to lessen or 
extinguish venereal desire. 

an-taph-ro-dI§ -l-g-cal, a. [Eng. antaphro- 
disiac; -al.] The same as Antaphrodisiac, adj. 
<q. v.). 

an-taph-ro-dlt-ic, *an-taph-r6dlt-lck, a. 
& s. [Gr. anti= against, and Aphrodite='Ve nus; 

• aphros=foam, whence she was fabled to have 
sprung.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Fitted to lessen or extinguish venereal desire. 
JAn aphrodisiac.] ( Johnson .) 

2. Suitable to be employed against the venereal 
•disease. 

B. As substantive: 

1. A medicine fitted to lessen or extinguish vene- 
seal desire. 

2. A medicine suitable to be employed against the 
venereal disease. 

an-tap-o-plec-tic, o. [Gr. anti= against, and 
< a . poplexia = apoplexy.] Suitable to be employed in 
apoplexy. 

an-ta'rch-i§m, s. [Gr. anti, and arche — . . . 
sovereignty.] Opposition to government in gen¬ 
eral. 

an-ta'rch-Ist, s. • [Antarchism.] One who 
■opposes all government and fancies he may possibly 
sbetter his condition if anarchy arise. 

an-tarch-is'-tic, an-tarch-is'-tlc-gl, a. 
iJEng. antarchist, -ic, -ical.\ Opposed to government 
an general. 

an-ta rc-tic, a. [In Fr. antarctique; Sp. & Ital. 
santartico; Port, antarctico. From Gr . antarktikos; 
<mfi=over against, opposite to, and arktikos=near 
■the Bear, northern; arktos={ 1) a bear, (2) the con¬ 
stellation of the Great Bear.] [Arctic.] 

A. As adjective: Opposed to arctic; the opposite 
of arctic. 

Antarctic circle: A small circle of the earth de¬ 
scribed around the Southern pole at a distance 
from it of 23° 28’. Sometimes, however, the term 
was more loosely applied to the South polar regions 
in general. 

t Antarctic pole: The Southern pole, whether of 
-Ahe earth or of the heavens. 

* Antarctic tropic: The tropic of Capricorn. 

“ Query, whether in the coast of Florida, or at Brazil, 
4the east wind be not the warmest, and the west the cold- 
«est, and so beyond the antarctic tropic, the southern wind 
■£he coldest.”— Bacon: De Calore et Frigore. 

B. As substantive: The antarctic circle, or the 
zone which it encloses. 

“ It advances far into the deep, 

Tow’rd the antarctic .”— Cowper: Task, i. 620. 

An-tar'-e§, s. [Gr. anti = opposed to, in the 
sense of rivaling; Ares, Ares, the Greek name of 
Mars. “ Rivaling Mars ” in its red color.] A fixed 
star of the first magnitude, called also Alpha Scor¬ 
pion is, and Cor Scorpionis=heart of the Scorpion. 

an-tar-thrit'-Ic, *an-ar-thrit'-ick, a. & s. 
IGr. anti= against, and arthritis= gout.] 

A. As adjective : Suitable to be employed in gout. 

B. As substantive: A medicine believed to be of 
®se in the gout. 

an-tasth-mat -ic, a. & s. [Gr. anti= against, 
and asthma.] , , , . 

1. As adjective: Suitable to be employed m 

2. As substantive: A medicine suitable to be 
^employed in asthma. 


tan-tg.-tr oph -ic , a. & s. [Gr. «nf*= against; 
atrop hia =a trop h y. ] 

1. As adjective: Tending to check atrophy. 

2. As substantive: A medicine given to check 
atrophy. 

an'-te, s. (1) [Anta;.] (2) In the game of poker, 
the player next to the dealer deposits a “ chip ” of 
an agreed value in the pool before the cards are 
dealt. This is his “ ante,” and the remaining 
players must also “ante-up” if they conclude to 
play. 

ante-up, v. Slang phrase, commonly meaning, 
to pay. Used in that sense in the game of poker, 
an'-te, en-te, a. [Fr. ante, or ente= engrafted.] 
Her.: “ Engrafted,” or joined into each other in 
any way, as by dovetails, swallow-tails, or rounds. 

an'-te, in compos. [Lat. ante, prep., adv., or 
more rarely adj.=before. In Fr. ante, in compos.; 
Sp. ante , prep, and in compos.; Port, ante, in 
compos.; Ital. «nzi=before, ante, anze, in compos.; 
Ger. ant, in compos.; A. S. & Goth, and, in compos. 
Cognate with Gr. anti (Anti), anta= over against; 
anten= against, over against; Sansc. afi=above or 
beyond.} Before, in place or in time, as ante¬ 
chamber =a chamber before or in front of another; 
antedate— to date before the true time. (Very few 
compounds of ante retain the hyphen.) 

ante-historical, a. Prior to the time when so- 
called “ history ” becomes worthy of the name. 

“The second and third books seem likewise to have 
turned upon the legendary and ante-historical period of 
the Italian cities.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. iii. §8. 

an’-te-act, s. [Lat. ante, and Eng. act.'] A pre¬ 
vious act. 

an'-te-al, a. [Lat. ante, and Eng. suffix -ah] 
Pertaining to what is before or in front. {Fleming.) 

an-te-am-bu-la'-tion, s. [Lat. ante , and ambu- 
lah'o=walking about; ambulo— to walk about.] 
The act of going before one to clear the way, as a 
forerunner does. 

an-te-cam'-er-g.. [Anti-camera.] 
an-te-ge-da'-ne-oiis, a. [Lat, antecedo —to go 
before.] Antecedent in point of time; preceding 
another event. 

“ Admit that, which as capable of antecedaneous proof 
may be presupposed.”— Barrow: Sermons, ii. 407. 

an-te-ge de, v. t. [In Sp. anteceder. From Lat. 
antecedo=to go before; ante— before, and cedo= to 
go.] To precede in point of time. 

“It seems consonant to reason that the fabrio of the 
world did not long antecede its motion.”— Hale. 

an-te-ge-dgnge, an-te-ge-den-gjf, s. [From 
Lat. antecedentia— a going before; antecedens, 
pr. par. of antecedo= to go before.] A going before 
in point of time. 

“. . . those relations of antecedence and sequence.” 
— Herbert Spencer Psychol. (2d ed., 1872), vol. ii., p. 63. 

“Let the collections of the last antecedency be observed.” 
— Hacket: Life of Archbp. Williams (1693), p. 168. 

Astron. *In antecedence [Lat. in antecedentia] : 
A term formerly used in describing what is now 
called the retrograde motion of a planet, that is, its 
motion from east to west. 

an-te-ge'-dgnt, a. & s. [In Fr. antecedent; Sp., 
Port. & Ital. antecedente. From Lat. antecedens= 
going before, pr. par. of antecedo —to go before.] 

A. As adjective: Preceding in point of time; 
prior to. 

“. . . derived their doctrines from antecedent 

writers.”— Duke of Somerset: Christian Theology and Mod¬ 
ern Scepticism, xxx. 131. 

“ Prud. I ask, then, if there was ever anything that had 
a being antecedent to or before God?”— Bunyan: Pil¬ 
grim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. {Sing.) Gen.: That which goes before in point 
of time. 

“A duty of so mighty an influence that it is indeed the 
necessary antecedent, if not also the direct cause, of a sin¬ 
ner’s return to God.”— South. 

2. {Plur.) Spec.: The events of a person’s bygone 
history sought out to test his present character or 
pretensions, and afford assistance in forecasting 
his future action. (Used sometimes also of public 
events instead of persons.) 

“ . . . and it was trebly necessary to act in the mat¬ 
ter with entire openness, owing to so many questionable 
antecedents." — Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 133. 

II. Technically: 

1. Grammar: An antecedent is a word going be¬ 
fore a relative pronoun, and to which that relative 
points back. In the connected clauses, “ Then Saul, 
who also is called Paul,” Saul is the antecedent to 
the relative who. 

“Which is likewise used for restrictive purposes, or to 
limit or explain its antecedent .”— Bain: Eng. Gram. (1863), 
p. 23. 


2. Logic : That part of a conditional proposition 
on which the other depends. ( Whately.) The other 
partis called the consequent. In the sentence, “If 
thou faint in the day of adversity thy strength is 
small,” the words “If thou faint in the day of ad¬ 
versity ” are the antecedent, while those which 
remain, viz., “ thy strength is small,” are the conse¬ 
quent. 

3. Mathematics: 

(a) Gen.: “ That term or quantity which the mind 
considers first in comparing it with another.” 
{Glossographia Nova.) 

(i>) Specially {Plur.): The first and third terms in 
a series of four proportionals. The second and 
fourth are consequents. Thus, if A : b : ; c ; p, then 
a and c are antecedents, and b and d consequents. 
(See Euclid, Bk. V., Def. 12.) 

4. Med. Antecedent signs: The signs or symptoms 
which precede the attack of any particular disease. 

an-te-ge-dent-g.1, a. [Eng. antecedent; -al.] 
Pertaining to what is antecedent, or goes before. 

Math. Antecedental method: A method of inves¬ 
tigating universal comparison and general geomet¬ 
rical proportion, published by Mr. James Glenie in 
1793. It is derived from an examination of the an¬ 
tecedents of ratios having given consequents, and a 
given standard of comparison in the various degrees 
of augmentation and diminution which they un¬ 
dergo by composition and decomposition. 

*an-te-ge-dSn -tia (tia as shi-g.), s. [Lat., but 

not classic.] Antecedence. 

*In antecedentia. In antecedence. [Antece¬ 
dence.] 

an-te-ge-dent-ly, adv. [Eng. antecedent; -ly.] 
Previously; before, in point of time. 

“. . . an agrarian law, which, antecedently to a 
division, dispossessed patrician squatters.”— Lewis: Early 
Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. iv., § 68, p. 295. 

an-te-ges -sor, *an-te-ges -sour {Eng.)j *an- 
tjMjes-sor, *an-te-ges-sour, *an-te-ges-tre 

{Scotch), s. [In Sp. antecesor; Ital. antecessor. 
From Lat. antecessor— one who goes before: ante— 
before; cedo— to go.] One who goes before another. 
Specially — 

1 - An ancestor. 

“For in Charlemain time anteeessour had she, 

When Charlemain had conquered truly 

The hole erldome and contre by werre myghty.” 

The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 6,359-61. 

2. A predecessor in an office or estate. 

“And his cruell antecessoures also, 

By whom to greuous torment put we be.” 

The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 4,786-7. 

“The successor seldom prosecuting hia antecessor’s 
devices.” —Sir E. Sandys: State of Religion. 

an -te-oham-ber, *an-ti-ghani-ber, s. [In Fr. 

antichambre; Ital. anticamera.] 

1 . Lit.: An outer chamber or room in which 
people wait before being admitted to the inner or 
chief apartment. 

“ When the host was elevated there was a strange confu¬ 
sion in the antechamber." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., chap. iv. 

2. Fig.: The mouth, viewed as the entrance to 
some of the interior parts of the physical frame. 

“ . . . the mouth, the antechamber to the digestive 
canal .”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. An at., vol. i., p. 434. 

“ The empress has the antechambers past, 

And this way moves with a disorder’d haste.” 

Dryden: Aui-ungzebe, ii. 1. 

an-te-ghap-$l, s, [Eng. ante (from Lat.), in 
compos.=before; and Eng. chapel.] The part of a 
chapel which lies between the western wall and the 
choir-screen. {Gloss, of Arch.) 

“ . . . the antechapel of Trinity College chapel.”— 
Warton: Life of Bathurst, p. 190. 

an-te-clans, s. pi. [In Fr. anteciens; Sp. an- 
tecos; Lat. pi. antceci. From Gr. antoikos— living 
in an opposite latitude: anti — opposite to, and 
oike o=to dwell; oikos= a house.] 

Geog. & Astron.: A term applied to two persons 
or two communities living the one north, the other 
south, of the equator, on the same meridian of lon¬ 
gitude and the same parallel of latitude. Taking 
the whole course of the year, both parties have the 
same length of day; only it is winter with the one 
while it is summer with the other. [Antiscian.] 

an-te-Col-um-bi-an, a. [Eng, ante (from 
Lat.), in compos.=before; Eng. Columbian, from 
Christopher Columbus, the navigator.] Previous 
to the time of Columbus; before the discovery of 
America. 

an-te-cur -sor, s. [Lat. anie=before, and cursor 
= a runner; from cursum, supine of curro= to run. 
(1) A forerunner; a precursor; one whose arrival 
presages the coming of some other person or per¬ 
sons. (2) One of the advanced gu’Ard or pioneers 
in front of an army.] A forerunner. 


®>6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, ^em; thin, this; 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dgl. 




antedate 


206 


antepenultimate 


Sn’-te-date, s. [Eng. ante (from Lat.), in com- 
pos.=before; and date, s. In Fr. antidate; Sp. an- 
tedata.) A date preceding another date; a prior 
date. 

“Why hath not my soul these apprehensions, these 
presages, these changes, those antedates, those jealousies, 
those suspicions of a sin, as well as my body of a sickness?” 
— Donne: Devotions, p. 10. 

an’-te-date, v. t. [Eng. ante (from Lat.), in 
compos.=before; and date, v. In Ger. antidatiren; 
Fr. antidater; Sp. antedatar; Ital. antidatare.\ 

1. To date a document earlier than the time at 
which it was actually written for fraudulent or 
other purposes. 

“As the error antedates the event by twenty years, . 

— Lewis: Early Bom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. iv., § 62. 

2 . To cause an event to come at an earlier date 
than it otherwise would have done, by removing the 
hindrances which postpone its arrival. 

“ But for the long contest with France, the most benefi¬ 
cent domestic legislation of our time might have been 
antedated by perhaps half a century.”— Times, Novem¬ 
ber 21, 1876. 

3. To anticipate the arrival of an event before its 
actual coming, and feel and act as if it were already 
passing. 

“ Controls, decides, insults thee every hour, 

And antedates the hatred due to Pow’r.” 

Pope• Satire, 1,710. 

Sn'-te-da-ted, pa. par. & a. [Antedate, v.) 

an-te-da-tihg, pr.par. [Antedate, v.] 

an-te-dl-lfl’-vl-al, a. [Antediluvian.] The 
same as Antediluvian, a. (q. v.) 

an-te-dl-lfi ’-vl-sm, a. & s. [In Ger. antediluvi- 
anisch; Fr. ant&diluvien; Port, antediluviano; Ital. 
antidiluviano. From Lat. ante— before, and dilu- 
vium= a or the deluge.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Before the deluge; relating to the per¬ 
sons, the events, or the period before the Noachian 
deluge. 

“The text intends only the line of Seth, conducible 
unto the genealogy of our Saviour and the antediluvian 
chronology.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

“These huge reptiles, surrounded by the black lava, the 
leafless shrubs, and large cacti, seemed to my fancy like 
some antediluvian animals.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. xvii. 

2. Fig.: Rude and primitive, such as may be 
supposed to have existed before the deluge, in the 
in fancy of manufactures and other departments of 
civilization. 

“. . . above all, the whole system of traveling ac¬ 
commodations was barbarous and antediluvian for the 
requisitions of the pampered south.”— De Quincey’s Works 
(ed. 1863), vol. ii., pp. 162, 163. 

B. As substantive: One who lived before the 
deluge. 

“We are so far from repining at God, that He hath not 
extended the period of our lives to the longevity of the 
antediluvians, that we give him thanks for contracting 
the days of our trial.”— Bentley. 

*an'-te-fact, s. [Lat. ante = before; factum — 
something done.] Something done before another. 
(Opposed to postfact.) 

“ Some have published that there is a proper sacrifice 
in the Lord’s Supper to exhibit Christ’s death in the post¬ 
fact, as there was a sacrifice to prefigure in the old law 
the antefact.” —Copie of the Proceedings of some Divines 

(1641), p. 2 . 

an-te-flx'-se, an-te-f Ix’-es, s. pi. [In Fr. ante- 
fixes; Ital .antefisse; Lat. antefixce .] 

Arch.: Ornamental tiles; placed on the cornices 
and eaves of ancient buildings, where each ridge of 
tiling terminated. They were designed to conceal 
the ends of the ordinary tiles. ( Gloss, of Arch.) 

an-te-Goth’-Ic, a. [Lat. [anfe=before; Eng. 
Gothic .] Previous to the rise of the Gothic archi¬ 
tecture. 

“. . . the style which belongs to the Homan or 
Ante-Gothic architecture, . . .”— Longfellow: Introd., 
Skeleton in Armor. 

an’-te-lope, s. [In Dut. & Port, antelope; Dan., 
Ger. & Fr. antilope. From Gr. antholops= a species 
of antelope (a word used by Eustathius, who wrote 
about A. D. 1160) ; anthos=a flower, . . . bright¬ 
ness: l, euphonic (?): ops=the eye. “Brightness 
of eye.”] [Antelope.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: The English equivalent of the large zoolog¬ 
ical genus Antilope, or sub-family Antilopina. For 
its scientific characters see the former of these two 
words. Most antelopes are deer-like animals of 
great elegance. They have large lustrous eyes; are 
swift of foot, and take enormous leaps, when flying 
from a foe, when wishing to clear a bush or other 
obstacle in their path, or in the exuberance of their 
activity, apparently for very wantonness. The spe¬ 
cies referred to by Moore in the examples quoted 


is the common Indian antelope (Antilope cervi- 
capra, Pallas), common in the Deccan and other 
parts of Europe. [Sasin.] 

“ Our sands are bare, but down their slope 
The silver-footed antelope 
As gracefully and gaily springs 
As o'er the marble courts of kings.” 

Moore: Lallu, Rookh; Light of the Haram. 

2. Fig.: Comparisons of a person beloved to an 
antelope are common in the erotic poetry connected 
with Eastern Europe. 

B. Technically: 

Her. The heraldic antelope: An antelope drawn 
in a conventional way to gratify heraldic taste. It 
is distinguished from the natural antelope, which 
is one in which the artist has aimed at a genuine 
imitation of nature. 

an-te-lo -pine, a. [Eng. antelope: -ine.] Per¬ 
taining to an antelope, or to the antelope genus or 
family. In Griffith’s Cuvier “ the antelopine 
group ” is a sub-genus of the great genus Antilope. 

an'-te-lu-can, a. [Lat. antelucanus= beforeclay- 
break: anie=before, and lux, genit. Zwcis=light.] 
Held before daylight. A term specially applied to 
the religious services held in the early ages of Chris¬ 
tianity before daylight, to shield the worshipers 
from persecution, or to afford convenience to those 
who were not their own masters, and could not at¬ 
tend a congregation during working hours. There 
was a fascination to some minds about such meet¬ 
ings, which were continued after the necessity 
which had first brought them into existence had 
passed away. 

“There the Jupiter of exemplary honor and magnifi¬ 
cence, there the Phosphorus of piety and antelucan devo¬ 
tion.”— Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 44. 

“ All manner of antelucan laborers, who make provision 
for the flesh, make the flesh their provision.”— Gayton: 
Rotes on Don Quixote, iii. 6. 

tant-em-blet'-lc, a. [Gr. antemballo=to make 
an inroad in turn, to attack in turn; anti=corrc- 
sponding to ; emballd=to throw in; en=in; ballo= 
to throw.] Bestowed in reparation of a loss. 

“Offenses against antembletic trust.”— Bowring: Bent- 
ham’s Principle of Morals and Legist., ch. xviii.. Note 4, 
§liv. 

an-te-mer-Id-I-an, a. [Lat. ante, and Eng. 
meridian. ] Before the time at which the sun comes 
to the meridian, that is, before noon. 

H* It is usually contracted into a. m. or A. m. 

an-tem-et'-Ic, a. & s. [Gr. aiifi=against, and 
Eng. emetic (q. v.).] 

1. As adjective: Fitted to act in a manner opposite 
to that in which an emetic does; in other words, 
fitted to check, instead of produce, vomiting. 

(Quincey.) The same as Anti-emetic, adj. (q. v.). 

2. As substantive: A medicine fitted to check 
vomiting. The same as Anti-emetic, s. (q. v.) 

an-te-mo-sa'-Ic, a. [Lat. onfe=before, and 
Eng. Mosaic .] Before the time of Moses. 

an-te-mun’-dane, a. [Lat. ante, and Eng. 
mundane .] Before the creation of the world. 

an-te-mii'r-al, s. [In. Sp. antemural, antemu- 
ralla, antemuro; Ital. antemurale. From Lat. 
ante—he,fore, and mums—a wall.] A barbican con¬ 
sisting of a high and strong wall with turrets built 
in front of the gateway in old castles, and designed 
for its defense. 

an’-te-nat-ed, a. [Lat. emfe=before; and natus, 
pa. par. of nascor— to be born.] Before the proper 
time. 

an-te-NI-§e'ne, a. [Lat. ante, and Eng. Nicene.) 
Before the meeting of the first Christian council 
which took place at Nice in A. D. 325. (The term is 
applied to the. first three Christian centuries, but 
not to any period of greater antiquity.) 

an-ten'-nse, s. pi. [Lat. pi. of antenna= a sail- 
yard; Fr. sing, antenne; Port. pi. antennas; Ital. 
sing, antenna .] 

Entom.: The organs of insects, placed nearly in 
the same position as horns in ruminating quadru¬ 
peds. The antenna) are two in number, and are 
perhaps always present, though in some few genera 
they are so inconspicuous that these have been 
considered acerous [Aceeous ], or “ without horns,” 
while to the great mass of insects the term dicer- 
ous [Dicekous], “ two-horned,” has been applied. 
The antennae vary greatly in length, in form, in text¬ 
ure, and in the number of joints which they pos¬ 
sess. They are organs of touch and probably of 
hearing. 

an-ten'-nal, a. [Lat. antenna; Eng. -al.) Per¬ 
taining to the antennee of an insect, or an animal 
of similar organization. 

“. . . the antennal nerve . . .”— Owen: Inverts, 

brata (1843), Lect. xvi., p. 211. 

an-ten-na r-I-a, s. [Lat. antenna—{ 1) a sail- 
yard ; ( 2 ) one of the two hom-like appendages to the 
head of an insect. The Antennaria genus of plants 


is so called from 2 he resemblance which the hairs 
of the pappus in the sterile florets bear to the 
antenna of an insect.] 

Botany: 

1. Everlasting, a genus of plants belonging to tho 
order Asterace®, or Composites. The A. dioica. 
Mountain Everlasting, or Cat’s Foot, is indigenous 
to, and the A. margaritacea, or Pearly Everlasting 
of North America, naturalized in, Britain. The 
former, which is abundant on mountain-heaths, has 
cottony stems and white or rose-colored flowers. 
The latter, called in France and elsewhere immor¬ 
telles, are often made into wreaths to be laid on the 
graves of deceased relatives. They may be often 
seen either in their natural hue, or dyed of bright 
colors, as ornaments in rooms. 

2. A fungus of the tribe Physomycetes. The spe¬ 
cies may he seen hanging from the roof of wine 
vaults and enveloping the casks and bottles below. 

an-ten-na r-I-iis, s. [Lat. antenna= a sail-yard.] 
Zool.: A genus of spiny-finned fishes akin to 
the Fishing Frogs ( Lophius). The Walking-fish 
(A. hispidus) is an exceedingly grotesque-looking 
animal. It is a native of the Indian seas. 

an-ten-nif-er-ous, a. [Lat. antenna—a sail- 
yard ; fero= to bear.] Bearing antennae. 

an-ten'-nl-form, a. [Lat. antenna=a sail-yard: 
forma— form, shape.] Shaped like the antenna of 
an insect. 

an-ten-nu-lar-l-p,, s. [Lat. antenna, the dimin. 
-ul, and the suit', -aria.) A genus of ZoOphytes 
belonging to the family Sertulariadee. It includes 
the two species, A. antennina and A. ramosa. 

an'-te-num-ber, s. [Lat. ante, and Eng. number. 
In Sp. antenombre .] A number preceding another 
one. 

“Whatsoever virtue is in numbers for conducing to 
consent of notes, is rather to be ascribed to the ante- 
number than to the entire number, as that the sound 
returneth after six or after twelve, so that the seventh or 
thirteenth is not the matter, but the sixth or the twelfth.’* 
— Bacon. 

an-te-nup'-tial, adj. [Lat. antenuptialis.'] 
Before marriage. 

an-te-pag-ment {Eng.), an-te-pag-men'-tum 
{Lat.), 8. [Lat. antepagmentum = the jamb of a 
door: ante = be¬ 
fore, in front of, 
and pagmentum— 
a joining together; 
pag, root of pango 
=to fasten or fix.] 

Architecture: 

1. One of the 
jambs of a door. 

2. The ornament¬ 
ed architrave of a 
doorway. 

IT The plural may 
be antepagments or antepagmenta. The latter is 
the more common. 

an-te-pas'-chal, a. [Lat. ante = before, and 
pasc/taZ(S=pertaining to the passover or to Easter; 
from pascha, in Gr. i p«scha=the passover; Heb. 
pesach = indulgence, immunity from punishment, 
but more frequently ( 1 ) the paschal lamb, ( 2 ) the 
festival of the passover; pasach — to pass over 
(Exod. xii. 27).] 

1 . Before the passover. 

2 . Before Easter, which nearly coincided in time 
with the passover. 

“ The dispute was very early in the Church concerning 
the observation of Easter; one point whereof was, con. 
cerning the ending of the antepaschal fast, which both 
sides determined upon the day they kept the festival.”— 
Nelson: Fasts and Festivals. 

an’-te-past, s. [ In Ital. antipasto. Lat .ante— 
before, and past us, pa. par. of pasco, pavi, pastum 
=to feed.] A foretaste. 

an-te-pen'-dl-um {Lat.), an’-te-pend, an'-tl- 
pend {Scotch), s. [Medisev. Lat. antependium. ] 
The frontal of an altar [Frontal] ; a rest or screen 
for covering the front of an altar. It is used in 
some Roman Catholic churches, especially on festi¬ 
val days. 

“Item, ane antepend of black velvet.”— Coll. Inventories 
(1542). {Jamieson.) 

an-te-pen-ult' {pi. an-te-pen-ul'-tl-ma), s. [In 

Fr. antipSnultibme; Sp., Port. & Ital. antepenulti- 
mo; Lat. ante—before, and penultimus Dr pcenulti- 
mus (s.) the penult, (a.) the last but one; pcene or 
nene^almost, and ultimus= the last.] The syllable 
before the penultimate one. As the penultimate 
one is next to the last, the antepenultimate is two 
from the last, as cin in vaccination. The word is 
really only a shortened form of the following. 

an-te-pen-ul’-tlm-ate, a. & s. [In Fr. antip&n- 
ultibme.J 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to the last syllable but 
two. {Crabb.) 

B. As subst.: The last syllable but two. 



Antepagment. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot; 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 
















antherea 


antepileptic 


207 


an-tep-Il-ep -tic. an-tep-l-lep'-tI-C9l, a. & s. 

tin Ger. antiepileptisch. From Gr. cm£i=against, 
and epilepsis= (1) a taking hold of; (2) epilepsy, 
falling sickness; epilambano=to take besides, to 
lay hold of: epi— on, upon, and lambano=to take.] 
!■ ■■As adjective: Deemed of use against epilepsy 
(falling sickness). 

“That bezoar is antidotal, lapis judaicus diuretical, 
coral antepileptical, we will not deny.”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

2. .4s substantive: A medicine deemed of use 
against epilepsy. 

an-te-pone, v. t. [In Sp. anteponer; Ital. ante- 
porre= to prefer. From Lat. antepono: ante— be¬ 
fore, andpono=to put or place.] To place one thing 
before another; to prefer one thing before another. 

an’-te-port, s. [Lat. ante= before, and portam, 
accus. of porta=& city gate, a gate.] A gate in 
advance of a gate; namely, an outer gate. 

an-te-pos-P-tion, s. [In Ital. anteposizione. 
From Lat. ante , and Eng. position= a placing. J 
Grammar: The placing a word before another, 
the natural position of which would he after it. 

an-te -pran-dl- 9 l, a. [Lat. ante- before; Eng. 
prandial (q. v.).] Before breakfast. 

tan-te-pre dic - 9 -ment, s. [Lat. ante, and Eng. 
predicament.'] [Predicament.] 

Logic: Anything in logic proper to be studied 
before the subject of the predicament. 

*an -ter, s. [Aunter.] 

an-ter'-l-de§, s. pi. [Lat. anterides= buttresses; 
Gr. anterides, plur. of anteris, genit. anteridos=n 
prop. Anterides, in Greek, are beams to stay the 
outer timbers of a ship’s bow in case of their receiv¬ 
ing a shock: anteres= set against, opposite; anten 
s=against, over against; anti= against.] 
Architecture: Buttresses for the support or 
strengthening of a wall. 

an-te r-I-or, *an-te r-I-our, a. [Lat .anterioi— 
before, preceding. In Fr. antdrieur; Sp. & Port. 
anterior; Ital. anteriore.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Situated before anything in place. (In this and 
the second signification it is opposed to posterior.) 
(For example, see No. II.) 

2. Preceding in time. 

II. Technically: Used chiefly in sense No. I., in 
Anatomy, Zoology, Botany, and Science generally. 

“Hence, if after the anterior face has received the heat 
from one radiating source, a second source, which we may 
call the compensating source, be permitted to radiate 
against the posterior face . . . ”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science (3d ed.), viii. 4, p. 181. 

In Anatomy: 

Anterior chamber of the eye. [Chamber, Eve.] 
Anterior or frontal “ horn ” of the brain. [Horn.1 
Anterior pillars of the fornix. [Pillars, Fornix.] 
Anterior pyramids of the brain. [Pyramid.] 
an-ter-I-or'-I-t jr , s. [Eng. anterior; -ity. In 
Fr. anteriority; Sp. anterioridad; Port, anteriori- 
dade; Ital. anteriorita.] The state of being before 
in place or in time. 

“Our poet could not have seen the prophecy of Isaiah, 
because he lived 100 or 150 years before that prophet: and 
this anteriority of time makes this passage the more 
observable.”— Pope: Iliad, xix., note, v. 93. 

an-te r-i-or-ljf, adv. [Eng. anterior; -ly.] In 
an anterior situation. 

“Anteriorly the presphenoid narrows to a sharp verti¬ 
cal edge.”— Flower: Osteol. of the Mammalia (1870), p. 128. 

an-ter-o, in compos. [From Lat. anterior— which 
is before; ante =before.] 

antero-lateral, a. That which is anterior, and 
also lateral; that is, to the side. 

“ All that is anterior to the posterior horn [of the gray 
crescent belonging to the spinal cord) is called the antero¬ 
lateral column.”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., 
p. 256. 

antero-posterior, a. Commencing in the ante¬ 
rior part of an organic structure and continued 
through it, so as to appear also on the posterior part, 
or in a direction from behind forward. 

“When the medulla oblongata is divided vertically 
along the median plane, a series of fibers is seen to form 
a septum between its right and left half. These fibers 
take a direction from before backward; and appear to 
connect themselves with the posterior olivary fibers. 
They are limited inferiorly by the decussating fibers. 
Cruveilhier proposes for them the name antero-posterior 
fibers. They appear to belong to the same system as the 
arciform fibers.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., 
p. 269. 

an -te-room, s. [Eng. ante (fromLat.), in com¬ 
pos.=before, and Eng. room.] A room before or in 
front of another one. 

“ An anteroomin the Duke’s palace.” 

Shakesp. : Two Gent. 0 } Ver., Stage Dir. 
an-ter-6 §, s. [Gr. anteros or 4?i(e7’ds=return- 
love, love for love. ( Personified .) (1) A “god” who 
avenged slighted love; (2) a “god” who struggled 


against Eros, the personification of love. In Latin 
anteros signified a kind of amethyst (Pliny).] A 
being poetically imagined to struggle against love. 
“He who from out their fountain dwellings raised 
Eros and Anteros, at Gadara.” 

Byron: Manfred, ii. 1. 
*an -ter-oiis, a. [Aunterous.] 
an -te§, s. pi. [Lat., plur.=rows or ranks of any¬ 
thing. In Port, antes; Sp. antas.] 

Arch.: Pillars 
of large dimen¬ 
sions supporting 
the front of a 
building. 

an-te - stat'- 
iire, s. [Fr.] 

Fort.: An en¬ 
trenchment form¬ 
ed of gabions. 

an-te-stom¬ 
ach, s. [Eng. 
ante (fr. Lat.), in 
compos. = before, 
and stomach.] An, 
anterior cavity 
leading into the 
stomach. It oc¬ 
curs in birds which feed on fishes. 



“ In birds there is no mastication or comminution of 
the meat in the mouth, but it is immediately swallowed 
into a kind of antestomach, which I have observed in 
piscivorous birds.”— Bay. 

an -te-tem-ple, s. [Eng. ante (from Lat.), in 
compos.=before, and temple.] (For def. see exam¬ 
ple.) 

“Of the ancient churches there was a twofold division. 
If we take it in the stricter sense, it includes only the 
buildings within the walls, which were the “narthex” or 
antetemple, where the penitents and catechumens stood ; 
the “naos” or temple, &c.”— Christian Antiquities, i. 229. 

*an-te-teume, s. [Anthem (?).] (Scotch.) 

*an'-te-vert, v. t. [Lat. anteverto=to take one’s 
turn before another; ante=beiore, and verto=to 
turn.] To prevent. 


“To antevert some great danger to the public, to our¬ 
selves, to our friend, we may and must disclose our 
knowledge of a close wickedness.”— Bp. Hall: Cases of 
Conscience, Add C. 3. 

an'-te-vert-ing, pr . par . & s. [Antevert.] 

As substantive: Preventing, prevention. 

“It is high time to mourn for the anteverting of a 
threatened vengeance.”— Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 157. 

an-te-vTr-gir-l- 9 , 11 , a . [Gr. awf/=against; Eng. 
Virgilian = peTta.ining to the poet Virgil.] 

an-thse-mor-rhag'-ic, a. [Gr. an£i=against, and 
haimorrhagikos = pertaining to haemorrhage; hai - 
morrhagia=hsemoTThage : haima = h \ ood , and rheg - 
numi = to break or break through ; 2 aor. errhagen .] 

Pharm.: Deemed of use against haemorrhage, 
meaning a flux of blood. 


an-the-11-Qn, s. [Gr. anthelios= a later form of 
o«ie£ios=opposite to the sun ; but it is now used for 
instead of the sun: a?iti=instead of, and helios=the 
sun.] A mock sun ; the representation, by an opti¬ 
cal deception, of one or more pseudo-suns in the 
sky besides the actual one. 

an-the-llx, s. [Gr. <rof£=opposite to, and helix 
^anything spiral; he£ia:=twisted, curved ; helissb= 
to turn round or about; eileo, eilo= to roll up.] 
Anat.: The curved elevation within the helix or 
rim of the external portion of the ear. It surrounds 
the concha or central cup. Above it bifurcates so 
as to include a fossa. (Todd dt Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. ii., p. 66 .) 


an-thel-min -tic, a. & s. [In Fr. anthelmintique; 
Port, anthelmintico; Gr. cm£i=against, and helmins, 
genit. helminthos=& worm, especially a tapeworm.] 

1. 4s adjective: Capable, or believed to be capable, 
of killing and expelling intestinal worms from the 
human frame. 

2. As substantive: A medicine given against intes¬ 
tinal worms. The chief intestinal worms found in 
the human body are the Long Thread Worm (Tricho- 
cephalus dispar) in the upper part of the large in¬ 
testines ; the Common Tape-worm (Tcenia soleum), 
the Broad Tape-worm (Bothriocephalus latus), and 
the Large Bound Worm (Ascaris lumbricoides), in 
the small intestines; and the Maw or Thread Worm 
(Oxyuris or Ascaris vermicularis) , in the rectum. 
Of these the most frequent are the common tape¬ 
worm, the large round worm, and the maw or thread 
worm. Garrod makes anthelmintics, defined as 
substances which have the power of destroying the 
life of entozoa in the alimentary canal, the fourth 
order of his Class IV., Sub-class I., and subdivides 
it into Direct Anthelmintics, or Vermicides; Indi¬ 
rect Anthelmintics, or Vermifuges; and Worm Pre¬ 
ventives. Among direct anthelmintics may be 
enumerated oil of male fern, oil of turpentine, 


kousso, kamela, and bark of pomegranate root; of 
vermifuges, calomel, scammony, jalap, gamboge, 
and castor-oil; and of worm preventives, sulphate: 
of iron or other ferruginous salts, quassia, and nur 
vomica. (Garrod: Mat. Med.) 

an-them, *an'-theme, *an'-te-theme, *an -te- 
teme, *an-tem (Eng.), *an-te 7 teume (Scotch), s. 
[In A. S. antefen=Si hymn sung in alternate parts, 
an anthem ; O. Fr. anthame, antene, antienne, ante- 
vene; Prov. antifena, antifona; Sp. & Ital. anti- 
fona; Low Lat. antiphona; from Gr. antiphonon 
=an antiphon, an anthem; antiphonos—sounding 
contrary, . . responsive to: anti — opposite to, 
contrary to; phdne= a sound, a tone.] 

*1. Originally: A hymn sung “against” another 
hymn; in other words, a hymn in alternate parts, 
the one sung by one side of the choir, the other by 
the other. 

“Anthem, a divine song sung alternately by two oppo¬ 
site choirs and choruses.”— Glossog. Nov., 2d ed. (1719). 

[See also example under Anthem-wise.] 

2. Now: A portion of Scripture or of the Liturgy, 
set to music, and sung or chanted. There are three, 
kinds of anthems: (1) A verse anthem, which in 
general has only one voice to a part: ( 2 ) a full 
anthem with verse, the latter performed by single 
voice, the former by all the choir; (3) a full anthem, 
performed by all the choir. Antbems were intro¬ 
duced into the English Church service in the time 
of Queen Elizabeth, and among those who have dis¬ 
tinguished themselves in this kind of composition, 
may be mentioned Tallis, Farrant, Orlando Gib¬ 
bons, Blow, Purcell, Michael Wise, Jeremiah Clark,, 
Croft, Greene, Boyce, Nares, as well as many mod¬ 
ern writers. 

“ . . . the thanksgiving sermons and thanksgiving 
anthems.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

anthem-wise, adv. After the manner of an 

anthem. 

“Several quires placed one over against another, and 
taking the voice by catches, anthem-wise, give great 
pleasure.”— Bacon: Essays, Civ. and Mor., ch. xxxvii. 

an-them-ls, s. [In Fr. anthemis; Lat. anthemis; 
and Gr. ««,Wie mis=c h a m o m il e; antheo =to blossom ; 
anthos=a blossom, a flower. The anthemis is so 
called apparently from the copiousness of its 
bloom.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Asteraceae, or Composites. It contains the Common 
Chamomile (4. nobilis). The flower-buds constitute 
the chamomile of the shops. Cattle eat it with 
avidity. _ As a medicine it is tonic and stimulating. 
A warm infusion of it excites vomiting. The true- 
chamomile plant has a fine smell, in this differing 
from another common species of anthemis, the 
4. cotula, or “ Stinking Chamomile.” The latter 
plant, moreover, is erect, whereas the former is pros¬ 
trate. 

an'-ther, s. [In Fr. anthbre; Lat. anther a= 
a medicine composed of flowers; Gr. antheros= 
flowery, blooming; antheo= to blossom, to bloom; 
antlios=& blossom, a flower.] 

Bot.: An organized body constituting part of a 
stamen, and generally attached to the apex of the 
filament. As a rule, it is composed of two parallel 
lobes or cells; 
sometimes, how¬ 
ever, there are 
four, and some¬ 
times only one. 

The cells are 
united by the 
connective, and 
contain pol 1 e n. 

When the tim e 
for shedding i t 
arrives, the an¬ 
thers burst gen¬ 
erally by a longi¬ 
tudinal fissure 
from the base to 
the apex, but in 
some plants in 
other ways. The 
anther i s t h e 
theca of Grew, the capsula of Malpighi, the apex of 
Ray, the testiculus or testis of Vaillant, the capitu- 
lum of Jungius, and the spermatocystidium of 
Hedwig. 

Anther-dust: The pollen from an anther. It con¬ 
stitutes a yellow dust, which, when it falls from the 
atmosphere, has often been mistaken for a shower 
of sulphur. It is very copious in the Coniferae. 

an'-ther-al, a. [Eng. anther; -al.] Pertaining 
to a single anther of a plant, or to the anthers 
collectively. 

anther-e'-a, s. [From Lat. anther a.] [An¬ 
ther.] A genus of moths of the family Bombyci- 
dee. The 4. Paphia is the Tusser or Tusseh of the 
Bengalese, which furnishes a kind of (silk used by 
the natives of India in the manufacture of cloth for 
dresses. 



boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 















anthericmn 


208 


anthracene 


an-th§r-l-ciim, s. [In Dut. anthericum; Ft. 
■emtMric; Sp., Port., & ltal. anterico, anthericos; 
Gr. antherikos.'] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Liliace®, or Lilyworts. The A. ramosum is 
considered to be diuretic. 

an-ther-Id Turn (plur. an-ther-id-I-a), s. 
[Lat. anthera, and dimin. - idium .] 

Bat.: A term used by some cryptogamic botanists 
in describing certain obscure organs in the Mosses, 
Jungermanniace®, and Hepatic®. In mosses the 
antheridia are cylindrical, articulated, clavate mem¬ 
braneous bodies opening by an irregular perforation 
at the apex, and discharging a mucus granular 
fluid. Some eontain spermatic animalcules appa¬ 
rently vibrios. Organs somewhat similar are found 
in Jungermanniace® and Hepatic® in the axill® 
of the perieh®tial leaves. Lindley objects to the 
word antheridia, as suggesting an analogy with 
■anthers, properly so called, which has not been 
made out. 

an-ther-If'-er-ous, a. [Lat. anthera; and fero 
=to bear.] Bearing anthers. 

an-ther-og -eu-ous, a. [Eng. anther, and Gr. 
geinomai=to be engendered.] Engendered from 
anthers. Applied to such double flowers as have 
anthers transformed on the principles of morphol¬ 
ogy into petals. 

an'-ther-old, a. [Eng. anther, and Gr. eidos= 
appearance.] Presenting the appearance of an 
anther. 

an-th§r-0-zo -6id, s. [Gr. antheros= flowery, 
blooming; zodn= a living being, an animal; eidos— 
appearance.] A spermatozooid ; one of the minute 
bodies in the antheridia of cryptogamic plants, 
analogous to spermatozoa in animals. [Sperma- 
tozooid.] 

“. . . and with the Algae, &c., by the locomotive 
power of the antherozooids.” — Darwin: Descent of Man, 
; pt. ii., chap. viii. 

an -thes-Is, s. [Gr. anthesis, the same as anthe 

= a blossom.] 

Botany; The time when a flower opens. 
An-thester-I-on, s. [Gr. Anthesterion.\ The 
sixth month of the Athenian year. It was so called 
because within it there occurred the three days’ 
festival of Dionysos (Bacchus), which was called 
Anthesteria. The month consisted of twenty-nine 
days, and corresponded to the latter part of Novem¬ 
ber and the first part of Deoember. 

an -thl-a, s. [From Lat. anthias.] [Anthias.] 
A genus of large predatory beetles belonging to the 
family Brachinid®. The A. sulcata is a native of 
Senegal. 

an'-thl-as, s. [Lat. anthias; Gr. anthias—a fish 
(Labrus or Berranus anthias ).] A genus of spiny- 
flnned fishes belonging to the Percid®, or Perch 
family. 

an-thid-se, s. pi. [Anthus.] In the arrange¬ 
ments of Yarrell and 'others, a family of Dentiroj- 
tral Birds. [Anthus.] 

an thl-stlr'-I-a, s. [Gr. anthistemi = to stand 
against. Named from its very stiff stubble.] A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Graminace®, 
or Grasses. The A. australis is the Kangaroo-grass 
of Australia. _ It is used for fodder, as is the 4. 
ciliata in India. 

an-tho -bi-an, s. [Gr. anthos = a blossom, a 
flower, and i>ios=course of life.] An animal pass¬ 
ing its existence on flowers. 

an-tho-car'-pi, s. pi. [Gr. anthos—a blossom, a 
flower, and fcarpos=fruit,] Lindley’s fourth class 
of fruits. He calls them also Collective Fruits, and 
defines them as those of which the principal char¬ 
acters are derived from the thickened floral envel¬ 
opes. They are divided into single and aggregated: 
the former including the fruits called Diclesium 
and Sphalerocarpium, and the latter those termed 
Syconus, Strobilus, and Sorosis. 

an-tho-carp -ous, a. [Anthocarpi.] Pertain¬ 
ing to the order of fruits called Anthocarpi. 

an-tho§ -er-OS, s, [Gr, anthos— a flower; keras, 
genit. keratos— horn.] 

Botany; The typical genus of the family Antho- 
cerote® (q. v.). A • Icevis is found in wet places in 
this country, 

an-tho-cSr-ot-e-se, s. pi. [Anthoceeos.] 
Botany: A tribe of Hepatic®, 
an-tho chee r a, s. [Gr. anthos, and chairo^to 
rejoice ; rejoicing in flowers.] The name given by 
"Vigors to a genus of insessorial birds belonging to 
the family Meliphagid®, or Honey-eaters. The 4. 
carunculata of Australia, called by the natives 
Goo-gwar-ruck, in imitation of its harsh note, and 
by the settlers Wattled Honey-eater or Brush Wat¬ 
tle-bird, frequents the Banksias when they are in 
flower. 

an-tflo-§y'-ajne, an-tho-^'-an-Ine, &n-tho- 
ky-an, an-tho-cjF'-an-In, s. [Gr. anthos, and 
kuaneos. adj.=dark-biue; kuanos, s. = a dark-blue 
substance.] 


Bot.: A blue matter, which Macquart considers to 
be produced from chlorophyll by the abstraction of 
water. It is an extractive matter, soluble in water, 
but not in alcohol. It is stained red by acids, and 
green by alkalies. It forms the bases of all blue, 
violet, red, brown, and many orange flowers. 

an-tho'-dl-um, s. [Gr. anthodes=like flowers, 
flowery, from anthos= a blossom, a flower, and eidos 
^appearance.] 

Bot.: The inflorescence seen in the Composit®. 
It is the cephalanthiuvi of Richard, the calathis of 
Mirbel, and the calathiumoi Nees von Esenbeck. 

&n tho-leu'-§In, s. [Gr. anthos- a flower, and 
leukos= bright . . . white.] The white coloring 
matter in plants, 

an-tho-llte, s. [Gr. anthos=a blossom, a flower, 
and lithos— a stone.] A mineral—a variety of Am- 
phibole (q. v.). Dana sums up its constituent ele¬ 
ments in calling it Magnesia-Iron Amphibole. It 
graduates into kupferrite, under which Dana plaees 
part of the German antholith, assigning another 
portion of it to anthophyllite. 

an-tho-log-I-cal, a. [Eng. anthology; -t'ceth] 
Pertaining to anthology. * 

an-thol’-6-gy (I), s. [In Sw. anthologi; Dan., 
Ger., & Fr. anthologie; Sp. antologia; Port, anthol- 
ogia; Gr. anthologia=(X) a flower-gathering, (2) a 
collection of poems: anthos = a flower, and lego 
3= ... to gather.] 

1. Gen.: A gathering of flowers in a metaphorical 
sense; a collection or gathering together of passages 
of flower-like beauty from Greek, Roman, or indeed 
from any classio authors. Though some of these 
might be in prose, yet the great majority were, as 
was natural, in poetry, which might be grave or 
gay, it mattered not; what, above all, was needful 
was, that whatever the subject treated of, some one 
prominent thought should be expressed in terse and 
felicitous language. [Epigram.] 

“They are very different from the simple sepulchral 
inscriptions of the ancients, of which that of Meleager on 
his wife, in the Greek anthology , is a model and master¬ 
piece.”— Dr. War ton: Essay on Pope, ii. 472, 

2. Spec. In the Greek Church: A collection of 
devotional pieces. 

an- thol'-fcg-y (2), s. [From Gr. anthos—a flower; 
logos=a discourse.] A discourse about flowers; a 
dissertation on flowers. 

“Anthology (Gr.), a discourse or treatise of flowers.”— 
Glossog. Nova, 2d ed. 

an-thol'-yz-fi, $. [In Dut. antholyza; Fr. an- 
tholise. From Gr. anthos= a blossom, a flower, and 
lussa=rage, madness. The flower remotely resem¬ 
bles the mouth of an animal which may be sup¬ 
posed full of rage and about to bite.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Iridace®, or Irids. 

an tho-ma'-nl-a, s. [Gr. anthos=a flower, and 
mania-mania ; mainomai=to rage.] A mania for 
flowers. 

an-tho-my-I-a, s. [Gr. anthos = a blossom, a 
flower, and muia= a fly.J A genus of flies, of which 
one of the best known is the Anthomyia Brassiere 
(Cabbage-Fly). Its larv® feed on the roots of cab¬ 
bages, turnips, <fcc. In the adult state the male and 
female are so unlike that they might be mistaken 
for different insects. Another speeies, the 4. trim- 
aculata, the Three-spotted Anthomyia, when in the 
larva state, also feeds on the roots of turnips; so 
likewise does the A. radicum, or Root Turnip-Fly; 
while the 4. tuberosa attacks the tubers of pota¬ 
toes. (Curtis.) Many species of the genus oecur in 
this country. [Anthomyza.] 

an-tho-mf z -a, s. [Gr. anthos—a flower, and 
muzo—( 1) to murmur with closed lips, (2) to suck.] 
The name given by some entomologists to the dip¬ 
terous genus more commonly called Anthomyia 
(Q : v.). 

an-tho-my -zl-dsa, s.pl. [Anthomyza.] A fam¬ 
ily of dipterous insects, of which Anthomyia is the 
typical genus. 

An-tho-nl-an§ (h silent), s. pi. [From the 
monk Anthony.] 

Church Hist.: An order of monks said to have 
been founded by St. Anthony about A. D. 324. 

An-thon-y’§ fire (h silent), s. [Saint An¬ 
thony’s Fire, Erysipelas.] 
an-thoph -Il-a, s.pl. [Gr. anthos? sa blossom, a 
flower, and philos a. — (1) beloved ; (2) poet., loving, 
fond ; s., a friend.] “ Flower lovers.” A division of 
Hymenopterous insects established by Latreille, 
and still recognized. It contains the Bees. [Bee.] 
It is divided into two families, Apid® and Andren- 
id®. 

an-th8ph s. [Gr. anthos=?a flower, and 

phoreo= to bear or earry.] A genus of Bees, family 
Apid®. 4. retusa is the Mason-boe (q. v.). 

an'-tho-phore (Eng.), an-thoph'-or um (Mod 
Lat.) s. [From Gr. anthopharos— bearing flowers; 
anthos= a flower, and phoreo= to bear.] 


Botany: The name given by De Candolle to the 
lengthened internode below the receptacle in Cary- 
ophylle® which bears the petals and stamina at its 
summit. (Lindley: Introd. to Botany.) 

an thoph -f l-llte, s. [In Dan. & Sw. anthophyl- 
lit. Schumacher, as quoted by Dana, says that it 
was derived from Lat. anthophyllum = the clove, 
and so named from its olove-brown color.] A min¬ 
eral placed by Dana under his Amphibole group 
and sub-group of Bisilicates. It is orthorhombic, 
and usually lamellar or fibrous massive ; the hard¬ 
ness is 5'5; thesp.gr., 3*1—3*22; the luster, pearly; 
color, brownish-gray, yellowish-brown, or brownish- 
green. It is translucent, or nearly so, brittle, and 
possesses double refraction. Composition: Silica, 
56to56’74; alumina, 2'65 to 3; protoxide of iron, 13 
to I4'13; protoxide of manganese, 0'91 to TO; mag¬ 
nesia, 23 to 24’35; lime, 1*51 to 2; and water, T67 to 
2'38. Occurs in mica schist in Norway. 

Hydrous anthophyllite: According to Dana, an 
altered asbestiform tremolite. 

an-thSph-jfl-lit'-ic, a. [Eng. anthophyllite; -ic. ] 
Pertaining to anthophyllite; containing more or 
less of it in composition with some other substance. 

§.n-thor-I§m, (Eng.), an-thor-I§-mus, s. [Gr. 
anthorismos — a counter-definition; anti — against, 
and horismos— (1) a marking out by boundaries ; (2) 
the definition of a word: from horizb= to divide or 
separate.] 

Logic <& Rhetoric: A counter definition ; a defini¬ 
tion different from, and counter to, that made by 
one’s adversary. 

an-tho-sld-er-Ice, s. [From Gr. anthos=a blos¬ 
som, a flower; shiero.s=irorn] A mineral placed by 
Dana in the Appendix to his Bisilicates. It occux-s 
in fibrous tufts, or feathery-looking flowers. The 
hardness is 6’5; the sp. gr., 3; the luster, silky; the 
color, yellow, yellowish-brown, or white. Composi¬ 
tion in one specimen: Silica, 60*3; sesquioxide of 
iron, 35‘7 ; and water, 4. Found in the province of 
Minas Gereas, in Brazil. . 

an-tho-so -ma, s. [Gr. anthos—. . . a flower, 
soma= a body.] A genus of Entomostracans. [An- 

THOSOMAXUE.] 

an-tho-sS -ma-dse, s.pl. [Anthosoma,] Afamily 
of Entomostracans, of the order Siphonostomata, 
and the tribe Pachycephala. 

aii-tlio-sper'-nie-ffl, s. pi. [Gr. anthos = . . . 
flower, and spertna— seed.] A section of the Cincho- 
naceous order of plants. 

an-tho-sper '-mum, s. [In Fr . anthosperme; Sp., 
Port., and ltal. aatosperrno; Gr. anthos—a flower, 
and sperma= seed.] A genus of plants belonging to 
the order Cinchonace®, or Cinchonads. 4, cethiapi- 
cum is the Ethiopian amber-tree, [Amber-tree.] 

an-tho-tax -iB, s. [Gr. anthos = a flower, and 
taxis— an arranging ; tasso=ta arrange.] 

Botany: The arrangement of flowers in the several 
kinds of inflorescence. 

an'-tho-type, s. [Gr. anthos= a blossom, a flower, 
and tupos—a blow, the mark of a blow, ... a type, 
&c.] [Type.] A generic term for papers impreg¬ 
nated with the colored juices of flowers, used for 
photographic purposes. 

an-tho-xaii-thine, s. [Gr, anthos=a flower, and 
*«rd/(os=y'ellow. ] The yellow coloring matter in 
plants. It is an extractive resinous substance, 
soluble partly in water and partly in alcohol or 
ether. Treated with sulphuric acid it becomes 
blue. [Anthocyane.] (Lindley: Introd. to Bot.) 

§,n-tho-xS,n -thffm, s. [In Sp, & ltal, antox - 
anto; Gi.'anthos=a flower, and xanthos=yallow, 
because the flower-spikos are yellowish, especially 
when old.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Graminace®, or Grasses. It has but two 
stamina, whereas three is all but the universal num¬ 
ber among grasses. The 4. odoratum, or Sweet- 
scented Vernal Grass, flowers in May and June. 
The sweet scent is more conspicuous when the plant 
is dying than when it is fresh. It has been attrib¬ 
uted to benzoic acid. 

tan tho-zo -a, s. pi. [Gr. anthos= a flower, and 
soon— a living being, an animal.] A class of Zoo¬ 
phytes now more commonly called Aotinozoa (q. v,). 
Johnston divides his Zoophytes into Anthozoa and 
Polyzoa, the former again subdivided into Hy- 
droida, Asteroida, and Helianthoida. (Johnston; 
Brit. Zoophytes, 1867.) Another classification plaees 
under the Anthozoa the eie;ht following families: 
Actiniad®, Zoanthid®, Xeniid®, Alcyonid®, Penna- 
tulid®,Tubiporid®,Caryophyllid®, and Gorgoniadw. 

an'-thra^ene, s. [Gr. anthrax, genit. anthrakos 
=coal.] 

CH 

Chemistry: Ci 4 Hjo=C 6 H 4 < I >CoH 4 . Obtained 
CH 

by the fractional distillation of the coal tar boiling 
above 360°. It crystallizes in monoclinic plates; it 
is slightly soluble in alcohol, but dissolves readily 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, fill; trf, Syrian. 83, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 




anthracidse 


209 


anthropopathy 


DP benzene; it melts at 213°, and boils at 362°. It 
i *° rme d along with benzyl-toluene by heating 
in sealed tubes to 180° a mixture of benzyl chloride 
and water. 

an-thra<;'-I-dae, s. pi. [Anthrax.] A family of 
dipterous insects belonging to the section Tanysto- 
mata, but having shorter probosces than its imme¬ 
diate allies. 

an -thr?i- 9 ite, s. [Prom Gr. anthrakites=Tesem- 
bling, or of the nature of, coal; anthrax, genit. 
em£ftrakos=coal. I In Dana the first variety of Min¬ 
eral coal. Called also Glance coal. Hardness 2 to 
2‘5 ; sp. gr. P32 to l - 7 ; luster submetallic, iron-black, 
often iridescent. It contains from 80 to 94 per cent, 
of carbon, and bums with a pale, feeble flame. 

, Free-burning anthracite: A variety of anthracite 
intermediate between the typical kind and bitumin¬ 
ous coal. 

an-thrg,- 9 it'-Ic, a. [Eng. anthracite; suff. -ic.] 
Pertaining to anthracite; composed in whole or in 
part of anthracite. 

an-thra 9 '-it-ous, a. [Eng. anthracite; -ous.] 
The same as Anthracitic (q. v.). ( Edin. Rev.) 

an-thrac'-on-ite, s. [From Gr. anthrax— coal.] 
A mineral, a variety of Calcite. The name has been 
specially applied to— 

1 , Black marble; marble colored by the carbon¬ 
aceous matter arising from the remains of the 
animal and vegetable organisms inhabiting the old 
sea from which the carbonate of lime forming the 
calcite was derived. Marbles of this type are called 
also Lucullan and Lucullite (q. v.). 

2. Black bituminous fetid limestone. From their 
odor they have been named also Swinestones and 
Stinkstones. 

an-thr<Ji-co-ther'-i-um, s. [Gr. anthrax, genit. 
anthrakos —coal or charcoal; and therion= a beast, 
especially one of the kinds hunted ; properly dimin. 
from ther= a wild beast, a beast of prey.] A fossil 
mammal of the Pachydermatous order, named from 
the fact that it was first found in tertiary lignite or 
brown coal. 

“ The Dinotherium and Narrow-toothed Mastodon, for 
example, diminish the distance between the Lophiodon 
and Elephant; the Anthracotherium and Hippophysis that 
between Chaeropotamus and Hippopotamus.”— Owen: 
British Fossil Mammals and Birds (1846), pp. xxi., xxii. 

an-thrac- 6 -xen -ite, an-thrac-o-xe'ne, s. [In 

Ger. anthracoxen; Gr. anthrax= coal"; a;eno.s= for¬ 
eign, a foreigner; suff. -ite—Gv. ites=oi the nature 
of.] A mineral classed by Dana in his sixth, a yet 
unnamed group of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons. It 
is obtained as a black powder from a resin-like min¬ 
eral between layers of coal in Bohemia. Its compo¬ 
sition is, carbon 75’274, hydrogen 6'187, and oxygen 
18'539. It is insoluble in ether. 


an-tliran-il’-Ic, a. [Gr. anthrax=coal; Eng., 
<%c., anil= a plant.] [Anil.] 
anthranilic acid. [Carbanilic Acid.] 
an-thr 3 ,-qum -one=oxyantracene, s. 

CO 

Chemistry: CuH^O-^Ce^< s-CgHp 

Obtained by boiling anthracene with dilute H 0 SO 4 
and potassium dichromate. It crystallizes from 
hot nitric acid in pale yellow needles, melting at 
273°. 


an thrax, s. [In Fr. anthrax; Port, anthraz; 
Gr. anthrax=coal or charcoal, . . . a carbuncle.] 
*1, Old Med.: A carbuncle. 

2. Entom.: A genus of dipterous insects, the type 
of the family Anthracidse (q. v.). 

an-thris-cus, s. [Lat. anthriscus (Pliny); Gr. 
anthriskos = the southern chervil {Scandix aus¬ 
tralis ).] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Apiaceae (Umbellifers). 

an-thro 9 '-er-a, s. [Gr. anthrax=coa\\ keras=a 
horn.] A genus of hawk moths, Sphingides, the 
typical one of the family Anthroceridse. 

§,n-thro- 9 er -I-dse, s. pi. [Anthroceea.] A 
family of Sphingides. The species fly by day, and 
are brightly and beautifully colored. The Burnet 
Moths and the Green Forester belong to the family. 
It is called also Zygaenidee. 


an-throp'-lc, a. [Gr. anthropikos .] Man-like, 
resembling man; human. 

an-thron-I-dse, s. pi. , [Gr. anthropos = a 
man.] In Prof. Huxley s classification the first 
family of the order Primates, which stand at the 
head of the class Mammalia. There is but one 
species, the Homo sapiens ^ or Man. ^ The dentition 

is as follows: Incisors, —; canines, —; premolars, 
2—2 3—3 2—2 1—1 

_ . molars, — =32. In the Simiadse there is some¬ 
times the same dentition, though in other cases the 
3 3 2—2 

premolars are — in place of - -. The hallux is 

nearly as long as the second toe. and is susceptible of 
being moved both backward and forward only to a 


very limited extent, whereas in the Simiadse it is 
much more mobile. In Man the arms are shorter than 
the legs, while in the Simiadse they may be either 
longer or shorter After birth in Man the legs grow 
faster than the rest of the body, while in the Simia¬ 
dse they do not. Man’s stature is erect, while the 
natural attitude of the apes and monkeys is on all 
fours. (Prof. Huxley’s Classification of Animals, 
p. 99.) Man has a higher facial angle and a brain 
of greater volume than the monkeys, and his mental 
and moral powers are infinitely greater. 

an-thr 6 -po-gen'-I-sIs, s. [Gr. anthropos = 
man, and genesis = generation. ] The genesis or 
evolution of man, racially or individually. 

an-thro -po-glot, {Eng.), an-thro-po-glot -tus 

{Mod. Lett.), s. [Gr. anthropoglossos, in Attic an- 
thropoglottos =speaking mams language; anthropos 
=man, and glossa, in Attic glotta =the tongue.] An 
animal possessing a tongue, i. e., speech remotely 
resembling man’s. Example, the imitative species 
of the Parrot family of Birds. 

an-thro-pog -raph-y, s. [Gr. anthrdpos= man, 
and graphe = . . . a description; grapho=to 
grave, . . . to write. A writing about man. A 
description of man.] A science which investigates 
the geographical distribution of mankind, noting 
the physical character, the languages, the customs, 
and the religious tenets and observances of the 
several races distributed over the globe. When 
the historic element receives prominence, anthro¬ 
pography becomes ethnography or ethnology. It 
is a branch of the great science of Anthropology 
(q. v.). 

an-thro-pdid, a. [Gr. anthropoeides = in the 
shape of a man; anthropos = a man, and eidos= 

. . . form ; from eido=to see.] Resembling man; 
a term applied especially to the apes, which ap¬ 
proach the human species in the following order: 
1st (most remote), the gibbons; 2d, the orangs ; 3d, 
the chimpanzee; and 4th (nearest), the gorilla. 
{Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, 1859, p. 84.) 

“ . . . only in the very highest and most anthropoid, 

viz., the gorilla and the chimpanzee.”— Owen: Classif. of 
the Mammalia, p. 78. 

an-thro-pdi -de§, s. [Anthropoid.] A genus 
of wading birds, belonging to the sub-family 
Gruinee. A. virgo is the Numidian Crane. 

an-throp -o-lite, s. [Gr. anthrdpos= man; and 
-lite= Gr. lithos= a stone.] Man petrified, as in the 
Guadaloupe specimen now in the British Museum. 

an-thro-po-log-I-cal, a. [In Ger. anthropolog- 
isch; from Gr. ant hr tip o logos =s pea king or treating 
of man.] (For an extended investigation of the 
etymology, see Prof. Turner in Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 
1871, pt. ii., pp. 144-146.) Pertaining to the science 
of anthropology. 

an-thro-pol-og-Ist, s. [In Ger. anthropolog.] 
One who cultivates the science of anthropology. 


“ . . . the comparative study of the arts of different 
races, in different conditions of culture, must continue to 
hold a prominent place amongst the researches of anthro. 
pologists." — Col. Lane Fox: British Assoc. Rep. for 1872, 
pt. ii., p. 171. 

an-thro-pol'-b-gy, s. [In Ger. '& Fr. anthro- 
pologie; Port, anthropologio. From Gr. anthropos 
=man; and logos=. . . discourse.] 


I. Natural science : 

1. Gen.: The science of man in the widest sense of 
the term. The word anthropology has been vari¬ 
ously defined as: “ The doctrine of anatomy; the 
doctrine of the form and structure of the body of 
man.” “A discourse or description of a man or of 
a man’s body.” Kant gave a much wider range than 
this to the subject in his Anthropologie, published 
about the year 1798, as he had previously done 
orally in his university lectures. Finally, its aim is 
“to study man in all his leading aspects, physical, 
mental, and historical; to investigate the laws of 
his origin and progress; to ascertain his place in 
nature, and his relation to the inferior forms of 
life.” In this sense ethnology is a department of 
anthropology. 


2. Spec.: The science which investigates the re¬ 
lation in which man stands to the inferior animals. 
In this sense ethnology is a cognate science to an¬ 
thropology. 

an -thro-pb-man-cy, s. [Gr. anthropos— a man, 
and manteia— power, or mode of divination ; man- 
teuomai—to divine; mantis— one who divines, a 
seer.] Fancied divination by examining the inward 
parts of a human being. 

an-thrq-po-met’-rlc, a. [Anthropometry.] Of, 
or pertaining to, anthropometry. 

an-thro-pom-e-trf . s. [Gr. anthropos = man, 
and metron =a measure.] The measuring or meas¬ 
urement of man, that is, of man’s bodily frame. 
However, not the hody, but “ the mind’s the standard 
of the man.” 

an-thro-po-morph -ic, a. [Gr. anthropomorphos 
=of human form; anthropos=man, and morphe= 
form.l Pertaining to anthropomorphism.] 


an-thro-po-morph'-i§m, s. [In Ger. anthropo¬ 
morphism; Fr. anthropomorphism? % Port, anthro- 
pomorphismo; Gr. anthropomorphia=\mva&VL form ; 
anthrdpos=man, and morphe=torm, shape.] 

Properly: The attributing of a lajman form to 
God. When this is really done it is a gross degra¬ 
dation of the divinity, and is condemned in Script¬ 
ure. But when the only anthropomorphism is the 
use of metaphorical phrases, such as the arm of the 
Lord (Ps. lxxvii. 15), or His eyes (Ps. xi. 4), or His 
ears (Ps. xxxiv. 15), to make abstract ideas more 
readily conceivable, the practice has the counte¬ 
nance of Scripture itself. There are thus in this 
sense a legitimate and an illegitimate anthropo¬ 
morphism. 

“ Anthropomorphism is always connected with anthro- 
popathism.”— Smith &■ Wace: Diet. Christ. Biog., vol. i., 
p. 119. 

an-thro-po-morph -1st, s. In Ger. anthropo- 
morphist .] One who really or apparently attributes 
to God the human form, or thoughts, emotions, or 
passions like our own. 

an-thrb-po-morph-Ite, s. & a. [In Fr. anthro- 

pomorphite; Port, anthropomorphita; Gr. anttTA- 
pomorphos=oi human form.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: One who attributes to 
God the human form, or thoughts, emotions, and 
passions like our own. 

“. . . though few profess themselves anthropo¬ 

morphites, yet we may find many amongst the ignorant of 
that opinion.”— Locke. 

II. Technically: 

1. Church Hist, {pi.) : A sect which arose in Egypt 
in A. D. 395, and became prominent in the fifth cent¬ 
ury. They were a subdivision of the Acephali, 
who again sprung from the Monophysites or Euty- 
chians. They held anthropomorphism in a gross 
form. Many individuals also in the Church catholic, 
and in the sects which had sprung from it, enter¬ 
tained a similar belief. {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent. 
V., pt. ii., ch. v., § 20.) 

“The Anthropomorphites who swarmed among the 
monks of Egypt and the Catholics of Africa . . .”— 
Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ch. xlvii. 

2. {Plur.) A party (they had scarcely the coher¬ 
ence of a sect) which existed in Italy and elsewhere 
in the tenth century. They supposed that God pos¬ 
sesses a human form, and sits upon a golden throne. 

B. As adjective: Attributing to God human form, 
thoughts, or emotions. 

“Multitudes could swallow the dull and coarse anthro- 
pomorphite doctrines.”— Glanville: Preexist of Souls, ch.iv. 

an-thro po-morph-it ic, an-thro-po-morph- 

It -i-cal, a. [Eng. anthropomorphite; -ic, -ical .] 
Pertaining to anthropomorphism, or to the An¬ 
thropomorphites. 

an-thro-po-morph -it-i§m, s. [Eng. anthropo¬ 
morphite ; -ism.'] The system of doctrines charac¬ 
teristic of the Anthropomorphites; an anthropo¬ 
morphism. [Anthropomorphism.] 

an-thr 6 -po-morph’- 6 §e, v. t. [Gr. anthropos= 
a man, and morphoo —to form, to give shape to.] 
One would expect this verb to mean to change into 
the form of a man; but Davies gives an example 
from Howell {Parley of Beasts, p. 3), in which it 
evidently=to change from the form of a man into 
that of a beast. 

an-thro-po-morph’-ous, a. [In Fr. anthropo- 
morphe. From Gr. anthropomorphos .] Possessed 
of a form resembling that of man. 


“Mr. Lyell, however, in 1830, had remarked that the 
evidence of the total absence of the Anthropomorphous 
tribe [the Quadrumana] was inconclusive.”— Owen: Brit. 
Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 2. 

an-thro-po-path’-Ic, an-thro-po-path'-I-cal, 

a. [Gr. anthropopathes =with human feelings.] 
Pertaining to human feelings; having human feel¬ 
ings. 

an-thro-po-path'-l-cal-ljf, adv. [Eng. anthro- 
popathical; -ly.] In a manner to show the posses¬ 
sion of human feelings. 

an-thro-pop'-a-thi§m, s. [Eng. anthropopathy; 
-ism.] The same as Anthropopathy (q. v.). (See 
example under Anthropomorphism.) 

an-thro-pop-a-thy, *an-thr 6 -pop , -?L-tliIe, s. 
[In Ger. anthropopathie. From Gr. anthropop- 
a£Aeia=humanity ; anthropos=a man, and pathe= 
a passive state, or pathos= anything that befalls 
one, . . suffering, emotion; aor. inf. of pascho 

=to receive an impression.] 

1. Human feeling, humanity. 

“Two ways then may the Spirit of God be said to be 
grieved, in Himself, in His saints; in Himself, by an an¬ 
thropopathie, as we call it; in his saints, by a ^ Jipathie; 
the former is by way of allusion to human passion and 
carriage.” — Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 106. 


2. Theol.: The attributing of human thoughts, 
emotions, or passions to God. As in the case of 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = sl 13 . 11 . -tion, 
14 


9011 , chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, ffem; thin, this; 

-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - *hun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a.§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = h?l, d^L 





anthropophagi 


210 


antiar 


anthropomorphism, this may be legitimate or ille¬ 
gitimate. It is the former if done only figuratively ; 
it is the latter if done really. 

(a) Figuratively: “And it repented the Lord 
that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved 
him at his heart ” (Gen. vi. 6). 

( b) Really: “Thou thoughtest that I was alto¬ 
gether such an one as thyself ” (Ps. 1. 21). 

an-thro-poph -a-gl, s. pi. [Plural of Lat. an- 
thropophagus; Gr. anthropophagos = a man-eater; 
anthropos = man, and phagein, from *phago, now 
made 2 aor. inf. of esthio =to eat. In Fr. anthro- 
pophage.) Man-eaters. Cannibals, people feeding 
on human flesh. 

an-thro-po-phag'-I-cgJ, a. [Eng. anthropoph¬ 
agy ; -ical. In Fr. anthropophage; Port, anthro- 
ophago.) Pertaining to anthropophagy; eating 
uman flesh. 

an-thro-poph-u-gin-l-un, s. [From Lat. an¬ 
thropophagies (Anthropophagi), and the dignified 
suff. -inian; Shakespeare’s design being to frame in 
ridicule a word “ of learned length and thundering 
sound.”] A cannibal. 

“ Go knock and call, he’ll speak like an anthropopha - 
ginian unto thee ; knock, I say.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, 

iv. 5. 

an-thro poph -a-gous, a. [In Fr. anthropoph¬ 
age. From Gr. anthropophagos .] Man-eating, can¬ 
nibal. 

an-thro-poph-ji-gy, s. [In Fr. anthropophagie. 
From Gr. anthropophagia .] Man-eating, canni¬ 
balism. 

an-thro-pos'-cop-y, s. [Gr. ant hr 6pos=man, 
and skopia=. . . a looking out; skopeo= to look 
at or after.] An attempt to discover the mental 
and moral tendencies of any one by studying his 
bodily characteristics. 

an-thro-pos -o-phy, s. [Gr. anthropos=man, 
and sophia= skill, higher knowledge, wisdom.] The 
knowledge of man; the acquisition of wisdom (if 
such a thing is possible) by the study of mankind. 

an-thro-pot-om-Ist, s. [Gr. anthropos= man, 
and tomis, or tomeus =one who cuts.] One who 
cuts up or dissects a man; an anatomist. 

“. . . the large mass of transverse white fibers called 
‘corpus callosum’ by the anthrop otomist." — Owen: Clas- 
8 if. of the Mammalia, p. 22. 

an-thro-pot'-om-y, s. [Gr.anthrdpos=man, and 
tome ... a cutting; temno =to cut.] The anat¬ 
omy of man; i. e., the dissection of the human 
body. 

an-thropiir'-gic, a. [Gr. anthr6pourgos=m.ak- 
ing man; but intended by Bentham to signify oper¬ 
ated on by man; anthrdpos= man; * ergo—to do 
work.] (For def. see example.) 

“ Thus Natural History and Natural Philosophy are 
respectively represented by Physiurgic Somatology and 
Anthropurgic Somatology ; the one signifying the science 
of bodies, in so far as operated upon in the course of 
nature, without the intervention of man ; the other, the 
science of bodies so far as man, by his knowledge of the 
convertible powers of nature, is able to operate upon 
them.”— Bowring: Bentham’s Works, Introd., § 6, vol. i., 
p. JL6. 

an'-thus, s. [Lat. anthus: Gr. anthos, masc.=a 
small bird like a bunting (not anthos=a flower, 
which is neut.).] 

Zool.: A genus of birds, the typical one of the 
family Anthidee, in the Dentirostral tribe, but with 
affinity, shown by their lengthened hind toe, to the 
genus Alauda (Lark) in the Conirostral one. Some 
place the genus Anthus under the Motacillinse, a 
sub-family of Sylvidee, or Warblers. The species 
are called in English Titlarks or Pipits. The A. 
arboreus, or Tree Pipit; the A. pralensis, or Mead¬ 
ow Pipit; the A. petrosus, or Rock Pipit; and the 
A. Ricardi, or Richard’s Pipit belong to the order. 

an -thjfl-lis, s. [In Fr. anthyllide; Sp. & Ital. 
antillide; Gr. anthos=a flower, and ioulos= (1) first 
growth of the beard, (2) down on plants. So called 
from its downy 
calyces.] A gen¬ 
us belonging to 
the Papilionace¬ 
ous sub-order of 
the Fabacese, or 
Leguminous 
plants. It con- 
tains one spe¬ 
cies, the A. vul- 
neraria.or Com- 
m o n Kidney 
Vetch, called 
also Lad y’s 
Fingers. It 
grows chiefly in 
the vicinity of 
the sea. It has 
from five to Anthyllis Vuineraria. 

nine leaflets anL 

crowded heads of generally red flowers. The roots 
of &. foreign species, the A. Hermannice, are diu¬ 
retic. 



an-thyp-not’-Ic, a. & s. [Anti-hypnotic.] 

ant-hyp-o-chon-drl-ac, a. & s. [Antihypo¬ 
chondriac.] 

ant-hy-poph -or-a, s. [Anti-hypophora.] 
ant-hjfs-ter-Ic, a. & s. [Anti-hysteric.] 

an'-tl, prefix (1). For antic (?) in the word Anti¬ 
mask (q. v.). 

an'-tl, prefix (2). 

A. [From Gr. anti,prep., original meaning=over 
against . . . ; hence=opposed to. In Greek com¬ 
pose (1) over against, opposite to, (2) against, 
in opposition to ; (3) one against another, mutually; 
(4) in return; (5) instead; (6) equal to, like; (7) cor¬ 
responding to, counter. ( Liddell <& Scott's Greek 
Lexicon.) The Greek anti= over against, against, 
is essentially the same word as the Latin ante= be¬ 
fore; hence there are in Lat. anticipo (B.); in Ital. 
anticomere = a forerunner, antidata = antedate, 
anti-camera= antechamber; in Sp. Antechristo: in 
Fr. Antechrist, antidate, antichambre; and in Eng. 
anticipate (B.; see also Ante). The root is ant; 
Sansc. awii=opposite, facing.] 

1. The opposite of, as anticlimax. 

2. Opposed to: as Antichrist, antidote. 

IT (a) Compound words having as one of their 
elements the Gr. prefix anti are infinite in number. 
We do not profess or indeed desire to give a com¬ 
plete list. Those which are still loosely compacted 
together, being generally spelled with a hyphen, fol¬ 
low' as compounds under anti ; while those in 
which the union has been more complete, the 
hyphen being generally dropped, are arranged as 
primary words. In the case of the former, the 
usage of authors or printers (it is uncertain which) 
with regard to the employment of capital letters 
varies in three ways:— 

(1) There may be one capital commencing the 
word Anti, as Anti-arminian. ( Bishop Barlow.) 

(2) There may be one, but beginning the second of 
the two words in the compound, as anti-Realism, 
anti-Realistic (Herbert Spencer); anti-Gallican 
(De Quincey); anti-English (Fronde); anti-Repub- 
lican ( Times newspaper). 

Or (3) each of the words united may begin with a 
capital, as Anti-Judaic ( Milman ); Anti-Laudism 
(Carlyle.) 

( b ) With in the word withstand, and gain in gain¬ 
say, are equivalents in signification, though not in 
etymology, to the Greek anti. 

|B. [From Lat. ante =before, as anticipate, in 
Lat. anticipo= to take beforehand; anfe=before, 
and capio— to take.] Before, beforehand, as antici¬ 
pate. (See etymology of B.) 

anti-abolitionist, s. One opposed to a party in 
the United States which, when slavery existed 
there, sought its abolition ; or, more generally, one 
opposed to the abolition of slavery in any country 
where it still lingers. 

anti-American, a. Opposed to the American 
people or their aims. 

anti-apostle, s. One opposed to the apostles. 

“ The cardinals of Rome are those persons which may 
be fitly styled anti-apostles in the Romish hierarchy.”— 
Potter: On the Numb. 666, p. 96. 

anti-Arminian, s. One opposed to the Arminian 
tenets. 

“. . . and many bad characters cast on good men, 
especially on the anti-Arminians , . .”— Bp. Barlow: 
Remains, p. 181. 

anti-attrition, s. Any thing which opposes 
attrition, as, a mixture for lubricating machinery. 

anti-centenarianism, s. [Gr. anti, ana Eng. 
centenarianism, from Lat. centum=a hundred, and 
annus= a year.] Opposition to the assertion that 
the persons from time to time reported to have died 
aged a century or more had really attained to that 
age. 

“ Anti-centena-rianism.”—Heading of a paragraph in the 
Times , Thursday, January 8, 1874. 

anti-chamber. [Antechamber.] 
anti-corn-law, s. [Gr. anii=against, and Eng. 
Corn Law.) Opposition to the Corn Law or laws. 
The Anti-Corn-Law League was formed in Man¬ 
chester, England, on *fie 18th of September, 1838, 
and ultimately became a most powerful organiza¬ 
tion, carrying agitation everywhere. The Corn 
Laws having been abolished on June 26, 1846, the 
reason for the continued existence of the League 
ceased, and it dissolved itself on the 2d of July of 
the same year. 

anti-docetse, a. Opposed to the Docetee, a 
Gnostic sect [ Docetje], or to their religious tenets. 
(See example under anti-Gnostic.) 

anti-dynastic, a. Opposed to the reigning 
dynasty in any particular country. 

“ . . . but the leaders of the popular movement be¬ 
long to the anti-dynastic faction of the Opposition.”— 
Daily Telegraph, October 8 , 1877: Vienna Corresp. 


anti-English, a. Opposed to the English or 
their aims. 

“The anti-English party were in the ascendant.”— 
Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xix., vol. iv., p. 168. 

anti-Gallican, s. Opposed to the “Gallican,” 
i. e., the French aims or aspirations. 

“One of the cardinals, he [Coleridge] tells us, warned 
him, by the Pope’s wish, of some plot, set on foot by 
Bonaparte, for seizing him as an anti-Gallican writer.”— 
De Quincey’s Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 95. 

anti-Gnostic, a. Opposed to Gnosticism or to 
the Gnostics. 

anti-imperialist, s. One opposed to imperial¬ 
ism ; specifically, one who opposes the retention of 
the Philippines and other islands acquired from 
Spain as dependencies of the United States. 

anti-Jacobin, s. One opposed to the principles 
and procedure of the Jacobins. in the first French 
Revolution. 

“ Then grew a hearty anti-Jacobin.” 

Byron: Vision of Judgment, 97. 

1[ The word is best known as the title of a famous 
satirical Tory periodical (1798-1821), the principal 
contributors to which were Gifford, Hookham 
Frere, and Canning. 

anti-Judaic, a. Opposed to what is Jewish. 

“ . . . the anti-Judaic party in Alexandria, of which 
Apion was no doubt a worthy representative.”— Milman: 
Hist, of Jews, 3d ed., vol. i., note to p. 70. 

anti-Laudism, s. Opposition on the part of the 
Puritans to the doctrine and discipline of Arch¬ 
bishop Laud. 

“. . . Anti-Laudisms, Westminster Confessions.”— 
Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. VX 
anti-national, a. Opposed to the aims, the pro¬ 
cedure, or what are believed to be the interests 
of one’s nation. 

“. . . could have attended the most ultra professions 
of anti-national politics.”— De Quincey’s Works (ed. 1863), 
vol. ii., p. 178. 

anti-principle, s. A principle opposed to an¬ 
other principle which has been previously speci¬ 
fied. 

anti-prophet, s. An opponent of prophets or of 
prophetic revelation. 

“Well therefore might St. John, when he saw so many 
anti-prophets spring up, say, ‘ Hereby we know that this 
is the last time.’ ”— Mede: Apostasy of the Later Times, 

p. 88. 

anti-Realism, s. 

Metaphys.: The system of speculative belief 
opposed to that of realism; nominalism. 

“And thus is Realism negatively justified: any hypo¬ 
thetical uncertainty it may have is incomparably less 
than that of Anti-Realism.” — Herbert Spencer: Psychol., 
2d ed., vol. ii., § 491. 
anti-Realistic, a. 

Metaphys.: Opposed to what is realistic; nom¬ 
inalistic, nominalist. 

“. . . that contradiction which the Anti-Realistic 
conception everywhere presents.”— Herbert Spencer: 
Psychol., 2d ed., vol. ii., § 469, p. 486. 

A “ . . . we proceeded to value by it the Realistic and 
Anti-Realistic conclusions.”— Ibid., p. 491. 

anti-Republican, a. Opposed to Republican 
institutions and their advocates or defenders. 

“ For the simple reason that he and the Due de Broglie 
and the anti-Republican party are determined not to 
resign the power which they accidentally hold.”— Times, 
November 16, 1877. 

anti-Roman, a. Opposed to Roman aims. 

“ But at this crisis the anti-Roman policy was arrested 
in its course by another movement.”— J. A. Froude: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vi., vol. ii., p. 12. 

anti-Socialist, a. Opposed to the Socialists. 
“The debate on the anti-Socialist Bill commenced in 
to-day’s sitting of the German Parliament.”— Times, Sept. 
17, 1878. 

anti-Tribonian, s. A person oppos«._ ,o the 
great jurist Tribonian. 

Plural: A sect, the distinctive peculiarity of 
which was this opposition. 
an-tl-a§'-ld, a. & s. [Antacd .] 
an-tl'-<i-de§, s. pi. [Theplui of Gr. antias, genit. 
antiados= one of the glands of the throat when 
swollen ; antio.s=opposite to ; from anti.) 

Anatomy: The tonsils. 

an-tl-A dl'-tls, s. [Gr. antias; and suff. itis= 
inflammation.] [Antiades.] 

Med.: Inflammation of the tonsils. 

an-tI-aph-ro-dI§'-I-ac, an-tI-aph-ro-dI§’-I-a- 
cal, a. [Antaphrodisiac.] 
an'-tl-ar, or ant’-jar, s. [Antiaris.] A poison 
made from the upas-tree of Java. Antiaris toxi- 
caria. 


fate, fat, fare, gimidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, our, rffie. full: try Syrian. ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



antiarine 


211 


antichristianism 


an-ti-ar -Ine, s. [Antiaeis.] The active prin¬ 
ciple in the poison of the upas-tree. [Antiaeis.] 
It is obtained from the inspissated juice of the 
plant in shining whitish crystals, soluble in water. 

an-tl- ar - 

Is, s. A genus 
of plants be¬ 
longing to the 
order Arto- 
carpacese, or 
Artocarpads. 

The A. toxi- 
caria is the 
famous upas- 
tree of Java. 

[Upas.] The 
antjar poison 
is made from 
it. Its exceed¬ 
ingly deleteri¬ 
ous proper¬ 
ties arise 
from its con- Antiaris Toxicaria. 

taining strych¬ 
nine. A shirt made from it, if insufficiently pre¬ 
pared, excites much itching. 

an-tl-ar-thrlt -ic, a. & s. [Antaetheitic.] 

an-tl-asth-mat’-Ic, s. [Gr. anti= against; Eng. 
asthmatic .] A medicine used against asthma. 
[Antasthmatic.] 

“Anti-asthmatics (Gr.) are medicines against the short¬ 
ness of breath.”— Glossog. Nova. 

an-tl-bac-chl'-us, s. [In Fr. antibachique; Sp. 
antibaquio; Port, antibacchio; Ger. & Lat. anti- 
bacchius. From Gr. antibakcheios .] 

Prosody: A reversed Bacchius, that is, a foot like 
the Bacchius of three syllables, but differing from 
it in this respect, that whereas the Bacchius has 
the first_ syllable short and the last two long, as in 
be I d | te, the Antibacchius has the first and second 
syllables long and the third short, as in au\ di \ re. 

an-ti-bar -bar-ous, a. [Gr. <znti= against, and 
Eng. barbarous.] Against what is barbarous. Used — 

(a) Of books like those of Erasmus, Nizolus, and 
Cellarius, directed against the use of barbarisms in 
the Latin or in other tongues. 

(b) Of the use of an unknown tongue in divine 
service. Peter de Moulin employed it in this sense. 

an-ti-ba§-IT-i-can, a. [(1) Gr. anti= against, 
opposed to; and Lat. basilica—a building in the 
forum with double colonnades, used as a court of 
justice and as an exchange. (2) A cathedral: Gr. 
bosilike , same meaning; basilikos, adj. = kingly, 
royal ; basileus= king.] Opposed to royal or eccles¬ 
iastical pomp or splendor. 

an-tl-blb-llol-a-try, s. [Gr. anti, and Eng. 
bibliolatry .] Opposition to bibliolatry (q. v.). 

“At a period in which Drs. Marsh and Wordsworth 
have by the zealous of one side been charged with Popish 
principles on account of their anti-bibliolatry . . .”— 
Coleridge: Aids to Reflection, p. 115, note. 

an-tl-blb'-los, s. [Gr. anti= in return, and bib- 
los— (1) the inner bark of the papyrus, (2) paper, a 

book.] 

Civil Law: An instrument by which a defendant 
admits that he has received a “ libel,” or a copy of 
it, and notes the date when it was served upon him. 

an-tl-bil'-i-ous, a. [Gr. anti, and Eng. bilious.'] 

Pharm.: Opposed to biliousness ; counteracting 
biliousness. 

an-ti-brach'-I-al (ch guttural), a. [Lat. anti- 
brachialis.] [Antibkachium.] Pertaining to the 
forearm. 

“. . . the peculiar length of arm in those ‘long- 
armed apes ’ is chiefly due to the excessive length of the 
antibrachial bones.”— Owen: Classif. of Mammalia, p. 18. 

an-ti-brach’-I-um {ch guttural), s. [From Lat. 
‘ ante— before ; and brachium, Gr. brachidn= the 
arm, especially the forearm, from the hand to the 
elbow.] The forearm. 

“. . . the forearm, or antibrachium.” — Flower: Os- 
teol. of the Mammalia (1870), p. 214. 

An-tl-bur'-ghers {h silent), s. pi. [Gr. anti— 
against, and Eng. burghers. 

Church History: A Scottish sect which arose in 
1747. A certain oath having been instituted in 
Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, to be taken as a 
criterion of burghership, many members of the As¬ 
sociate Synod, or Secession Church, considered its 
terms to be such that they could not conscientiously 
take it. Others declared that they could. The 
Secession in consequence split into distinct bodies— 
the “ Burghers,” who took the oath, and the “ Anti- 
burghers,” who refused it. Another schism ulti¬ 
mately followed, owing to the conflict between pro¬ 
gressive and conservative ideas; and thus there 
were produced four distinct denominations—viz., 



the Old Light Burghers, the New Light Burghers, 
the Old Light Antiburghers, and the New Light 
Antiburghers. Most of these are now merged in 
the United Presbyterian Church, and their old 
denominations are becoming obsolete. {Burton: 
Hist. Scotland.) 

an'-tic, ’’-an'-tlcke, *an'-tlke, a. & s. [In Sw. 
antik, adj.= (l) antique, ancient, (2) antic; subst.= 
(1) an antique, (2) an antic; Dan. antik, adj. = (l) 
antique, (2) antic; Fr. antique —{1) ancient, (2) an¬ 
tiquated; Sp. antiquo={ 1) antique, ancient, (2) 
antic; Port, antigo, adj. = antique, ancient; subst. 
= an antique; .Ital. antico— antique, ancient; Lat. 
antiguus=antique, ancient. The English antic was 
originally the same word as Antique (q. v.).] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Antique, ancient; old. 

“At the nether ende were two broade arches upon thre 
antike pillers all of gold . . .”— Hall: Hen. VIII., an. 
18. (Trench.) 

2. Old-fashioned, antiquated; out of date, and 
therefore grotesque. 

“A foule deform’d, a brutish cursed crew, 

In body like to antike work devised 
Of monstrous shape, and of an ugly hew.” 

Harrington: Ariost., vi. 61. ( Nares .) 

3. Grotesque, odd, ludicrous, without any refer¬ 
ence to antiquity. 

“With frolic quaint their antic jests expose, 

And tease the grumbling rustic as he goes.” 
Byron: Hours of Idleness; Childish Recollections. 

“ The prize was to be conferred upon the whistler that 
could go through his tune without laughing, though pro¬ 
voked by the antic postures of a merry-andrew, who was 
to play tricks.”— Addison. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Of persons. 

1. A person or being of hoar antiquity, out of 
harmony with modem manners, and left by people 
in society as much as possible to himself. 

“ . . . within the hollow crown 

That rounds the mortal temples of a king 

Keeps Death his court; and there the antic sits.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., iii. 2. 

2. A merry-andrew, a buffoon; one who dresses up 
fancifully, adopts odd postures, and says what he 
deems smart things, with the object of eliciting half¬ 
pence from those who behold his tricks. 

“ Fear not, my lord, we can contain ourselves, 

Were he the veriest antic in the world.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, Ind. 

II. Of things. Generally in the plural: 

1. Works of art, specially architecture, sculpture, 
or painting produced by the ancients; antiques. 
[Antique.] 

2. Grotesque representations, odd imagery or 
devices. [Anti-mask.] 

“A work of rich entail and curious mold, 

Woven with antickes and wyld ymagery.” 

Spenser, F. Q., FT. vii. 4. 

“ For e’en at first reflection, she espies 
Such toys, such anticks, and such vanities.” 

Davies . 

3. Odd tricks. 

“ And fraught with antics as the Indian bird 
That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

an'-tic, an'-tlck, v. t. [From the substantive.] 
To cause to assume the appearance of an antic. 

“ Mine own tongue 

Splits what it speaks ; the wild disguise hath almost 
antick’d us all.”— Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., ii. 7. 

an-ti-ca-chec-tlc, *an-ti-cha-chec-tlcks {h 

silent), a. & s. [Gr. anti = against, and kachektes= 
having a bad habit of body; fcafcos=bad, and hexis 
= a having possession ; hexo, fut. of echd= to have.] 

1. As adjective: Deemed of use against a cachec¬ 
tic state of the constitution. 

2. As substantive: A medicine designed to coun¬ 
teract a cachectic state of the constitution. 

“Anti-chachecticks (Gr.). Remedies that correct the ill 
disposition of the blood.”— Glossog. Nova. 

an-tl-Cal'-vln-lst, s. [Gr. anti; Eng. Calvin¬ 
ist.] 

Church Hist.: One opposed to the Calvinists or 
their religious tenets. 

an-tl-Cal-vln-Is'-tic, a. [Gr. anti; Eng. Cal- 
vinistic .] 

Church Hist. & Theol.: Opposed to the Calvinistic 
tenets. 

an-ti-cam-er-g,, *an-te-cam'-er-g, «• [Sp. 

antecamara: Ital. anticamera= antechamber; from 
earnera= a chamber.] An antechamber. 

“. . . whereof you must foresee, that one of them be 
for an infirmary, if the prince or any special person 
should be sick, with chambers, bedchambers, antecamera 
and recamera, joining to it .”—Bacon : Essays, Civ. and 
Mor., ch. xlv. 


an-tl-car-dl-um, s. [Gr. antikardion .] 

Anat.: The pit of the stomach, the ocrobiculus 

cordis. 

an-tl-car-niv-or-ous, a. [Gr. anti, and Eng. 
carnivorous.] Opposed to the use of flesh as an 
article of food; vegetarian. 

an-tl-ca-tar-rhgl (A silent), a.&s. [Gr. anti= 
against, and katarroos— a flowing down. A catarrh.] 
[Catakeh.] 

1. As adjective: Deemed of use against catarrh, 
i. e., a cola. 

2. As substantive: A medicine given as a remedy 
against catarrh. 

an-tl -cau sot -ic, a. & s. [Gr. anti—against, and 
kausos={ 1) burning heat; (2) bilious, remittent 
fever; kauso, later fut. of kaio={ 1) to light, (2) to 
burn.] 

1. As adjective: Used against a burning fever of 
whatever kind. 

2. As substantive: A medicine used against burn¬ 
ing fevers. 

an -tl cliam-ber. [Antechamber.] 
an-tl-cheir, s. [Gr. anticheir= the thumb; from 
o»ifi=opposed to, and cheir= the hand.] 

Anat.: The thumb; so called from being opposed 
to the rest of the hand. 

*an-tl-chre'-§ls, s. [Gr. anti-chresis— reciprocal 
usage: anti=in return, and chresis— a using, an 
employment; chraomai= to consult or use an oracle, 
to use; chrao= to furnish what is needful.] 

Old Law: A mortgage. 

an-tl-chr'ist, An'-ti-Christ, s. [In A. S. Ante- 

crist, Anticrist; Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger. Antichrist; 
Fr. Antechrist; Sp. & Port. Antechristo; Ital. Anti- 
cristo; Lat. Antichristus. From Gr. Antichristos: 
awii=instead of, or = against (see Trench's Synonyms 
of the New Testament, pp. 115-120, ; Chrislos=( ’hri st.] 

1. Gen.: Any one who denies the Father and the 
Son; or who will not confess that Jesus Christ is 
come in the flesh; or who, leaving the Church, 
pretends to be the Christ (or Messiah), and thus 
becomes a rival and enemy of Jesus, the true Christ, 
as in the following examples. 

“He is antichrist, that denieth the Father and the 
Son.”—1 John ii. 22. 

“ For many deceivers are entered into the world, who 
confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh. This 
is a deceiver and an antichrist.” —2 John 7. 

“Little children, it is the last time: and as ye have 
heard that antichrist shall come, even now are there 
many antichrists; whereby we know that it is the last 
time. They went out from us, but they were not of us 
. . .”—1 John ii. 18. 19; compare with Matt. xxiv. 3-5, 
Mark xiii. 1-5, Luke xxi. 5-8. 

2. Spec.: One who should preeminently stand 
forth as the antagonist of Christ, and should be a 
sufficiently prominent personage to become the 
theme of prophecy; or if anti be held to mean 
instead of [see etymology], then the characteristic 
of Antichrist will be a supercession of Christ, not 
an avowed antagonism to him. If, when St. John 
says, “ Ye have heard that antichrist shall come,” 
he refers to the rival and opponent of God described 
by St. Paul in 2 Thess. ii., then Antichrist is to be 
identified as the “ man of sin,” “the son of perdi¬ 
tion, and that Wicked,” of verses 3, 8. Many Prot¬ 
estant controversial writers, from Luther down¬ 
ward, have applied the name Antichrist in this 
specific sense to the Papacy. (See the example from 
Bishop Hall, as a specimen of a multitude more 
scattered over the whole extent of English and 
Scotch theological literature.) 

“Anti-christ, which (was conceived in the primitive 
times, saw the light in Boniface the Third, and was 
grown to his stature and akme in Gregory the Seventh.” 
— Bp. Hall: Hon. of the Marr. Clergy, 3, § 6. 

an-tl-chrlst'-i-an, a. & s. [Gr. anti= against; 
Eng. Christian. In Fr. antichr6tien; Port, anti- 
christao; Ital. anticristiano.] 

1. As adjective: Opposed to Christianity, or 
pertaining to the Antichrist of New Testament 
prophecy. 

“ That despised, abject, oppressed sort of men, the min¬ 
isters, whom the world would make antichristian, and so 
deprive them of heaven.”— South. 

2. As substantive: One opposed to Christianity, 
or a follower of the prophetic Antichrist. 

“ A new heresy, as the antichristians and priests of the 
breaden God would persuade and make their credulous 
company to believe.”— Rogers: On the Creed, Pref. 

“ To call them Christian Deists is a great abuse of lan¬ 
guage; unless Christians were to be distributed into two 
sorts, Christians and No-christians, or Christians and 
Anti-christians.” — Waterland: Ch., p. 63. 

an-ti-chrlst -i-an-i§m, s. [Eng. antichristian; 
-ism. InFr . antichristianisme.] Opposition to Chris¬ 
tianity in an individual, a party, or a speculative 
tenet. 

“ Have we not seen many whose opinions have fastened 
upon one another the brands of antichristianism f” — More: 
Decay of Piety. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d@L 



antichristianity 


212 


anti-cyclone 


an-ti-chrlst-I-an -I-tf, s. [Gr. emfi=agamst; 
Eng. Christianity .] Opposition or contrariety to 
Christianity in an individual, a party, or a specu¬ 
lative tenet. (In use identical with the previous 
word.) 

“ They breed grief of mind in a number that are godly- 
minded, and have Antichristianity in such detestation 
that their minds are martyred with the very sight of them 
in the Church.”— Hooker: Ecel. Pol., bk. iv., § 3. 

an-tl-Chrlst-l-an-Ize, v. t. [Eng. antichristian; 
•dze.] To turn from Christianity those who previ¬ 
ously accepted its doctrines. 

an-tl-chron'-I-c^l, o. [Gr. anti= against, and 
chronikos = pertaining to time; chronos = time.] 
Opposed to or out of the proper chronological date. 

an-ti-chron-I-cal-lf, adv. [Eng. anti-chroni¬ 
cal; -ly.] In a manner that is opposed to proper 
chronology. * 

-fan-tl-chron'-igm, s. [In Ger. antichronism.] 
Deviation from proper chronology; the placing 
events in wrong order of time. 

“Our chronologies are by transcribing, interpolation, 
misprinting, and creeping in of antichronisms, now and 
then strangely disordered.”— Selden: On Drayton’s Poly- 
olb., Song 4. 

an-tlch'-thon, s. [Gr. anti= on the opposite side 
of, and chthon= country.] One of the Antipodes. 
(Bp. Hall: Works, v. 478.) 

an-tig'-l-pant, a. [Lat. anticipans, pr. par. of 
anticipo= to take beforehand, to anticipate.] [An¬ 
ticipate.] Anticipating, in anticipation of. 

Med.: A term used of periodic fevers or other dis¬ 
eases in which the paroxysms arrive earlier than 
their normal period, the successive intervals of 
respite diminishing from day to day. 

an-tig -l-pate, v.t.&i. [In Ger. f antizipiren; 
Fr. anticiper; Sp .anticipar; Port, antecipar; Ital. 
anticipare. From Lat. anticipo= to take before¬ 
hand; anie=before, and capio— to take, from the 
root cap.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To take before another person has had time to 
do so, and thus preclude his gaining possession at 
all. Or to perform a work before he has had time 
to execute it, and thus render his services in the 
matter needless; to be beforehand with one. 

“ ... he would probably have died by the hand of 
the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not been 
anticipated by the populace.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xx. 

“ Anticipated rents, and bills unpaid, 

Force many a shining youth into the shade.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

2. To say or do anything before the appropriate, 
or at least the normal, time for it has come. 

(а) In a speech or literary composition, to say or 
write anything before the time or place at which it 
should appropriately be introduced. 

(б) To carry out an expected command before it 
is given, or conjectured wishes before they are 
uttered in speech. 

“ The dinner served, Charles takes his usual stand. 
Watches your eye, anticipates command.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

“ . . . would have done wisely as well as rightly by 
anticipating the wishes of the country.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxi. 

3. To realize a future event, and feel as one would 
if it had already arrived; or simply to expect a 
future event to happen. 

“Timid men were anticipating another civil war.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

B. Intransitive: To say or write anything before 
the time or place at which it should appropriately 
be introduced into a speech or literary composition. 

“I find I have anticipated, already, and taken up from 
Boccace before I come to him; but I am of the temper of 
kings, who are for present money, no matter how they pay 
It.— Dryden. 

an-tig-i-pa-ted, pa. par. & a. [Anticipate.] 
*an-tig'-l-pate-ljf, adv. [Eng. anticipate; -ly.] 
By anticipation. 

“ It may well be deemed a singular mark of favor that 
our Lord did intend to bestow upon all pastors, that he 
did anticipately promise to Peter.”— Barrow: On the Pope’s 
Supremacy. 

an-tig-l-pa-ting, pr. par. & a. 

“. . . an active and anticipating intelligence.”— 
Owen: Classif. of Mammalia, p. 62. 

an-tlg-l-pa'-tion, s. [In Fr. anticipation; Sp. 
anticipacion; Port, anticipagao, antecipagao; Ital. 
anticipazione. _ From. Lat. anticipatio=( 1) a pre¬ 
conception, an innate idea; (2) the first movements 
of the body in infancy; (3) Rhet., occupation, pro- 
lepsis: from anticipo=to anticipate. ] 

A. Ord. Lang.: The act of anticipating; the 
thing anticipated. 

Specially: 

1. The act of forming a preconceived notion of 
any being, person, or thing; the formation of an 


opinion before the grounds on which it can be safely 
based are known; the thing thus preconceived, a 
prejudice. 

“ What nation is there, that, without any teaching, 
have not a kind of anticipation, or preconceived notion 
of a Deity f ”— Denham. 

“Of the great error of inquiring knowledge in antici¬ 
pations. That I call anticipations, the voluntary col¬ 
lections that the mind maketh of knowledge, which is 
every man’s reason.”— Bacon: Interpr. of Nature, ch. xv. 

2. The act of saying, writing, or doing something 
before the natural time for giving attention to it 
has arrived. 

“The golden number gives the new moon four days too 
late by reason of the aforesaid anticipation, and our 
neglect of it.”— Holder. 

3. The act of realizing a future event, and feeling 
or acting as one would do if it had actually arrived. 
The act of foreseeing, or at least of expecting a 
future event, or providing for a future necessity. 

“ But whose achievements, marvelous as they be, 

Are faint anticipations of a glory 
About to be revealed.” 

Robert Browning: Paracelsus. 

B. Technically: 

1. Med.: The attack of a fever before its usual 
time. 

2. Painting: The expression of an expected action. 

3. Logic: A presumption, prejudice, or precon¬ 
ceived opinion. It is called also preconception, 
presentation, or instinct. 

4. Epicurean Philosophy: The first idea or defini¬ 
tion of anything. 

5. Rhetoric: A figure, called also Prolepsis (q.v.). 

6. Music: The obtrusion of a chord upon a 
syncopated note to which it forms a discord. 

an-tig'-I-pa-tive, a. [Eng. anticipate; -ive.] 
Anticipating, containing an anticipation. 

an-tig’-1-pa-tor, s. [Lat. anticipator; Ital. an- 
ticipatore.] One who foresees, or at least expects, a 
future event. 

an-tig'-l-pa-tor-jf, a. [Eng. anticipator; -y.] 
Anticipating, foreseeing, forecasting; containing 
or implying an anticipation of some future event. 

“ . . . and this distinguished geologist concluded by 
the remarkable anticipatory observation that . . .”— 
Owen: British Fossil Mammals and Birds (1846), p. 2. 

*an'-tlck, s. [Antic.] 

an-tl-cli-max, s. [Gr. anti=opposite to, or the 
opposite of; and klimax —a ladder or staircase 
. . , ; Rhet., a climax.] 

Rhet.: The opposite of a climax. As in a climax 
the ideas increase in grandeur as the sentence ad¬ 
vances, so in the anti-climax they sink lower and 
lower as the sentence proceeds. The effect in the 
former case is sublime; in the latter, ridiculous. 
The example of an anti-climax most frequently 
given (and there could scarcely be a better one) is 
the following:— 

“ Next comes Dalhoussie, the great god of war, 
Lieutenant-col’nel to the Earl of Mar.” 

“. . . more tolerant of avowed indifference toward 
his own writings, and, finally (if the reader will pardon 
so violent an anti-climax ), much more ready to volunteer 
his assistance in carrying a lady’s reticule or parasol.”— 
De Quincey’s Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 232. 

an-ti-cli'-nal, a. & s. [Gr. anti-klino =to lean 
on again; anti— against, and fcJind=tomake to bend 
or slant.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Geol.: So situated that the strata dip from it 
in opposite directions. 

“. . . one of the anticlinal ridges of the Jura.”— 
Lyell: Manual of Geol., ch. v. 

Anticlinal axis or anticlinal line: An imaginary 
line on the two sides of which the strata dip in op¬ 
posite directions. The two sloping sides of the roof 
of a house resemble strata in an anticlinal position, 
and the ridge running lengthwise along the roof 
is like an anticlinal axis or line. Anticlinal is con- 



Section of Anticlinal Strata. 

trasted with synclinal (q. v.). In the majority of 
cases an anticlinal axis forms a ridge, and a syn¬ 
clinal one a valley; but there are exceptions to this 
rule. 


2. Anat.: Presenting a certain remote resem¬ 
blance to a geological anticlinal axis. 

Anticlinal vertebra: A vertebra which has an 
upright spine toward which the others are directed. 

B. As substantive: The same as an anticlinal 
axis or line (q. v.). 

“ The Silurian and Devonian rocks are thrown up into 
a number of narrow anticlinals.” — Duke of Argyle: Q. J. 
Geol. Soc., vol. xxiv., p. lxv. 

fan-tl-cll -nic, an-tl-cll -nic-stl, a. [Anticli¬ 
nal.] The same as Anticlinal. 

an -tic-ljf, *an-tick-ly, adv. [Eng. antic; -ly.] 
Like an antic, after the manner of an antick. 
“Scrambling, out-facing, fashion-mongring boys, 

That lye, and cog, and flout, deprave and slander, 

Go antickly, and shew an outward hideousness, 

And speak off half-a-dozen dangerous words.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado About Nothing, v. 1. 

an -tic-mask. Another spelling of Anti-mask. 
an-tic-ne-mi-on, s. [Gr. ant iknemion=the shin, 
the leg: anti— against, and kneme=the part of the 
leg between the knee and ankle ; the leg.] 

Anatomy: The bone of the shin, 
an-tlc-ness, *an'-tick-nes3, s. [Eng. antic; 
-ness.] The state or quality of being “ antic.” [An¬ 
tic, a.] 

"Rom. And ’tis believ’d how practice quickly fashioned, 
A port of humorous antickness in carriage, 

Discourse, demeanor, gestures,” 

Ford: Fancies, iv. 2. (Richardson.) 
an-tl-eoT-ic, a. [Gr. arifi=against, kdlikos=sut- 
fering in the kolon, having the colic.] Deemed of 
use against colic. 

an-ti-con-sti-tu-tion-al, a. [Gr. anti= against; 
Eng. constitution; -al. In Fr. anticonstitutionnel .] 
Opposed to the constitution of the country, or to 
sound constitutional principles. 

“ Nothing can be more easy than the creation of an 
anti-constitutional dependency of the two Houses of Par¬ 
liament on the Crown will be in that case.”— Bolingbroke: 
On Parties, Lett. 19. 

an-ti con sti-tu-tion-al-ist, s. [Gr. anti= 

against; Eng. constitutional, -ist.l 

1. One who is anticonstitutional. 

2. One opposed to the political party calling them¬ 
selves the constitutionalists. 

anti-coil ta'-gi on-ist, s. [Gr. anti =against; 
Eng. contagion, -is!.] One who opposes the view 
that any particular disease is contagious. 

an-tl-con-ta'-gl-ous, a. [Gr. anti= against; and 
Eng. contagious.] Believed to have the property of 
neutralizing contagion. 

an-tl-Con-vuT-sive, a. [Gr. cmfi=against; and 
Eng. convulsive (in Fr. convulsif ).] Deemed of use 
against convulsions. 

“ Whatsoever produces an inflammatory disposition in 
the blood, produces the asthma, as anti-convulsive medi¬ 
cines.”— Floyer. 

an ti cor, s. [Gr. «wii=opposite to; and Fr. 
cceur, Lat. cor— the heart.] (For def. see ex¬ 
ample.) 

“ A preternatural swelling of a round figure occasioned 
by a sanguine and bilious humor, and appearing in a 
horse’s breast, opposite to his heart. An anticor may kill 
a horse, unless it be brought to a suppuration by good 
remedies.”— Farrier’s Diet. 

an-ti-cog-met'-ic, *an-tl-co§-met -Ick, a. & s. 

Gt. anti= against, and kosmetikos=skiiled in deco¬ 
rating; kosmeo= to adorn; kosrnos—order 
decoration.] 

1. As adjective: Destructive of or detrimental to 
beauty. 

“I would have him apply his anti-cosmetic wash to the 
painted face of female beauty.”— Lyttleton. 

2. As substantive: A preparation which destroys 
beauty. 

*an -ti-court, a. [Gr. anti— against; and Eng. 
court.] Opposed to the court. 

“ The anti-court, party courted him at such a rate that he 
feared it might create a jealousy elsewhere.”— Reresby • 
Mem., p. 163. 

an -ti-court-i-er, s. [Gr. an(i=against; and 
Eng. courtier.] One opposed to the courtiers, or to 
the political party then in favor at court 

tan -tl-cous, a. [Lat. anticus = in front, fore¬ 
most; cmte=before.] 

Botany: Turned toward the axis to which it 
appertains. Brown applies to those anthers which 
have their line of dehiscence toward the pistil the 
term anticce; other botanists call them introrsce, 
meaning=tumed toward. 

an-ti-cre-a -tor, s. [Gr. anti = against; and 
Eng. creator.] 

One who nas the impiety and folly to oppose 
the Creator. 

an-ti-gy -clone, s. [Gr. <mtf=opposed to, and 
Eng. cyclone.] A meteorological phenomenon pre¬ 
senting features opposed to those of a cyclone. 


ftte, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, ter, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, fail; try, Syrian, is, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 









anti-Darwinism 


213 


antiiiypnotic 


SH-tl-^ar'-win-igm, s. [Gr. anti=against, and 
Eng. Darwinism, (q. v.).] Against Darwinism; 
against the doctrine of evolution. [Darwinism.] 

an-tl-dem-o-craf-ic, an-tl-dem-o-crat’-I- 

cg.1, a. [Gr. an£i= against; Eng. democratic , -icali] 

£ ) j >ose< ^ . 6 Democratic party, or to any form 

of democratic government. 

an-ti-de§-ma, s. [In Fr. antidesme; Gr .anti— 
instead of, and desmos=a bond, a fetter. So named 
because its bark is used in making ropes.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Stilaginacese, or 
Antidesmads. It consists of trees or shrubs with 
the inflorescence in spikes, and the leaves, which 
are alternate, simple and entire. About thirty 
species have been described; they are found in 
India, Africa, Australia, and the parts adjacent. 
Ihe current-like drupes of A. pubescens, as men¬ 
tioned by Roxburgh, are eaten by the natives of 
India. It is a middle-sized evergreen tree, with 
leaves like those of the lemon, and the fruit, which 
is red and acid like the barberry, in racemes. 

an-ti-de§-mad§, s. [Antidesma.] The English 
name given to the order of plants called in Latin 
Stilaginacese. It contains the genera Stilago and 
Antidesma. [Stilaginace^:.] 

An-tl-dl-ko-mar-I-an-I-tse (Lat.), An-ti-di- 
ko-mar -l-an-it e § {Eng.), s. pi. [Gr . Antidikomari- 
anitai= adversaries of Mary.] 

Church History: The name given to those Arabi¬ 
ans who, in the fourth century, held with Bonosus 
and Helvidius that the brethren of Jesus were real 
brothers of His, born to Joseph and Mary after His 
miraculous nativity. 


“Is not this the Carpenter’s Son? Is not His mother 
called Mary? and His brethren James and Joses and 
Simeon and Judas? and HiB sisters, are they not all with 
US?” — Matt. xiii. 55, 56. 

an-tl-d6-§e'-tic, a. [Gr. ant£=against, aadEng. 
Docetic .] Against the Docetic doctrines; against 
the doctrines of the Docetse (q. v.). 

“. . . the anti-Gnostic, or, more strictly, the anti- 
Docetic tendency which has been ascribed to the gospel 
[of John].”— Strauss: Life of Jesus (Translation 1846), § 

tan-tl-dl'-nick, s. [Gr. anti= against, and dinos 
= (1) a whirl eddy ; (2) vertigo, dizziness.] A medi¬ 
cine given to counteract dizziness. 


an-ti-do -tal, a. [En g. antidote;-al.) Pertain¬ 
ing to an antidote; considered as fitted to neutral¬ 
ize the effects of poison. 

“ That bezoar is antidotal, we shall not deny.”— Browne. 

“Animals that can innoxious!y digest these poisons, 
become antidotal to the poison digested.”— Browne: Vul¬ 
gar Errors. 

Sn-ti-do'-tgl-ly, adv. [Eng. antidotal; -ly.) In 
the manner of an antidote; by way of antidote. 


“ The Africans, men best experienced in poisons, af- 
firme whosoever hath eaten basil, although he be stung 
with a scorpion, shall feel no pain thereby; which is a 
very different effect, and rather antidotally destroying 
than generally promoting its production.”— Burton: Anat. 
of Melancholy, vol. ii., ch. 7. 

an-ti-do’-tar-y, a.&s. [Low Lat. antidotarius 
=pertaining to an antidote, from antidotum; Gr. 
antidoton.) 

A. As adjective: Antidotal. 

B. As substantive. [In Sp. antidotario= a dispen¬ 
sary ; Mediaev. Lat. antidotarium .] 

1. A book giving directions as to the preparation 
©f the several medicines. 

“Ant. Guianerius in his antidotary hath many such.” — 
Burton: Anat. of Melancholy, p. 36. 

2. A dispensary, a place where medicines are dis¬ 
pensed. 

an’-tl-dote {Eng.), *an-ti-do-tum, {Lat.). [In 
Ft. antidote; Sp., Port., & Ital. antidoto; Lat. anti¬ 
dotum. From Gr. antidoton= a remedy, an antidote; 
properly the neut. of adj. antidotos= given as a 
remedy: anti— against a^d do£os=given; didomi, 
to give.j 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the same sense as LI. {Med.) 

"... to find the antidotum for this disease is impos¬ 
sible.”— Report on the State of Ireland, 1515. ( State Papers, 
vol. ii., p. 18.) 

“And the antidotes for poisons.” 

Longfellow: Ihe Song of Hiawatha, xv. 

2. Fig.: Whatever acts or is designed for the 
counteraction of any evil. 


“Mac. . . . Canst thou 
With some sweet oblivious antidote 
Cleanse the stuff’d bosom of that perilous stuff 
That weighs upon the heart?” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 3. 


“ In guid time comes an antidote 
Against sic poison’d nostrum.” 

Bums: The Holy Fair. 


II. Technically: 

Med.: A medicine designed to counteract the in¬ 
fluence of poison introduced by any means into the 
system. In Garrod’s classification, Antidotes figure 
as Order 1 of his Division III. He discriminates 
them into direct and indirect antidotes; the former 
neutralizing or destroying the poison against which 
they are prescribed on meeting it in the system, the 
latter counteracting its injurious physiological ef¬ 
fects. He gives a classified list of the more common 
poisons, with their respective antidotes. It com¬ 
mences with 11 (a) Acids counteracted by magnesia, 
chalk, and dilute solutions of alkaline carbonates; 

S Alkalies and Alkaline earths, to which the anti- 
tes are, first, vinegar and water, or, second, oil; 
(c) alkaloids, against which should be administered 
finely divided animal charcoal.” 

fan-tl-dote, v. t. [From the substantive'.] To 
give as a remedy against poison {lit. d£ fig.). It 
may be followed— 

(a) By an objective of the person to whom the 
remedy is administered: 

“ . . . antidote thyself against the idolatrous infec¬ 
tion of that strange woman’s breath, whose lips yet drop 
as an honeycomb.,’— More: Against Idolatry, ch. x. 


Or (6) by an objective of the poison administered, 
or the thing containing the poison. 

“Either they were first unhappily planted in some 

E l ace of ill and vicious education, where the devil and 
is agents infused such diabolical filth and poison into 
their hearts, that no discipline or advice, no sermons or 
sacraments, could ever after antidote or work it out.”— 
South; Serm., vi. 367. 


“Fill us with great ideas, full of heaven, 

And antidote the pestilential earth.” 

Young: Night Thoughts, 9. 

an-ti-do'-tlc-al, «• [Eng. antidote; -ical.) Per¬ 
taining to an antidote, suitable for an antidote, 
used as an antidote. 


an-ti-do’-tlc-al-ljf, adv. [Eng. antidotical; -ly.) 
After the manner of an antidote. Acting in the 
way of antidote, 
an-tl-dfl'-tum, s. [Antidote.] 
an-tld-rom-al, a. [Gr. antidromeo= to run 
against; or, anti= against, and dromos—a course, 
running ; dramein, 2 aor.=to run.] Pertaining to 
that which runs against another. 

Bot.: A term used of the cyme in monocotyle- 
donous plants when the direction of the spire is the 
reverse of that on the central stem. 

an-ti-dys-en-ter'-ic, *an-ti-dys-en-ter'-ick, 
s. [Gr. ant£=against, and Eng. dysenteric .] A 
medicine given against dysentery. 

an-tl-dys-ur -Ic, a. [Gr. anti = against, and 
dusouria=dysury, retention of urine.] Deemed of 
use against dysury. 

an-ti-ed'-rlte, s. [In Ger. antiedrit; Gr .anti- 
over against; hedra= a seat ... a base, and 
suff. -ite.) A mineral, called also Edingtonite 
(q. v.). 

an-ti-em-et-Ic, *an-tl-em-et’-lcks, a.&s. [Gr. 
emf£=against, and emetikos—provoking sickness, 
emetic.] 

1. As adjective: Opposed to the action produced 
by an emetic—namely, vomiting; given to allay 
vomiting. 

2. As substantive: A remedy employed to check 
vomiting. 

an-ti-en-ne-a-he’-dr9l, a. [Gr. anf£= against ; 
ennea= nine, and hedra = a sitting place, a seat 
... a base.] 

_ Crystallography: Having nine faces on two oppo¬ 
site parts of the crystal. 


*an'-tient. [Ancient.] 

an-tl-en-thu-§l-as-tlc, *an-tl-en-thh-§i-as'- 
tick, a. [Gr. anti— against, and Eng. enthusiastic .] 
Opposed to anything enthusiastic; resisting enthu¬ 
siasm. 


“ According to the anti-enthusiastick poet’s method.”— 
Shaftesbury. 

*an.’-tient-ry, s. The same as Ancientey (q. v.). 

tan-tl-eph-I-al'-tlc, a. [Gr. <m«=against, and 
ephialtes=one who leaps upon, . . , the night¬ 

mare.] Used against the nightmare. 

an-tl-ep-il-ep'-tlc, *an-tl-ep-ll-ep-tick, a & 
s. [Gr. aiiti= against, and epileptikos—epileptic.) 
[Antepeleptic.] 

1. As adjective: Deemed of use against epilepsy. 

2. As substantive: A remedy administered in cases 
of epilepsy. 

an-tl-ep-Is'-cbp-al, a. [Gr. anti = against, and 
Eng. episcopal. In Fr. antiepiscopal .] Opposed to 
episcopacy. 

“ Had I gratified their anti-episcopal faction at first, in 
this point, with my consent, and sacrificed the ecclesias¬ 
tical government and revenues to the fury of their covet¬ 
ousness, ambition, and revenge . . .”—A. Charles 1.1 

Eik. Bas ., ch. ix. 


an-tl-e-van-gel'-lc-9l, a. [Gr. anti = against, 
and Eng. evangelical. In Fr. antiAvangehque.) 
Opposed to evangelical doctrine. 

an-ti-ex-pan'-sion-ist, s. [Gr. cmW=again 8 t 4 
and Eng. expansion ; -ist .] One who is opposed to 
the policy of national expansion (q. v.). 

“The country is warned by the antiexpansionists that 
all precedent and experience are against our annexing 
Spanish territory.”— Chicago Inter-Ocean , Aug. 23, 1898. 

an'-tl-f a§e, s. [Gr. cm££=opposed to, and Eng. 
face.) The face with characteristics exactly the 
opposite of those possessed by another one. 

“The third is your soldier’s face, a menacing and 
astounding face, that looks broad and big: the grace of 
this face consisteth much in a beard. The antiface to 
this is your lawyer’s face, a contracted, subtle, and intri¬ 
cate face, &c.”— B. Jonson: Cynth. Rev. 

an-tl-fan-at’-Ic, *an-ti-fan-af-ick, «. [Gr. 

anti= against, and Eng. fanatic.) One opposed to 
fanatics or fanaticism. 

“What fanatic, against whom he so often inveighs, 
could more presumptuously affirm whom the comforter 
hath empowered, than this anti-fanatick , as he would be 
thought?”— Milton: Notes on Griffith’s Sermon. 

an-tl-fe’-brlle, a. &s. [From Gr. anti= against, 
and Lug. febrile. Or from Fr. antifebrile; Lat. 
fe&ri7is=producing fever ; febris= a fever.] 

A. As adjective: Deemed of use against fever. 

B. As substantive : A medicine deemed of use 
against fever; a febrifuge. 

; an-tl-feb'-rine, s. Acetanilide (q. v.). 

an-tl-fed'-er-al, a. [Gr. anfi=against, and 
Eng. federal; -ism.) Opposed to Federation. 

1. Opposed to the union of the American States on 
a federal basis. 

2. In the American ar of 1861-5: Opposed to the 
Federalists. 


an-ti-fed'-er-al-i§m, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. federation.) Opposed to the party and princi¬ 
ples of Federalism. 

an-ti-fed'-er-al-ist, s. [Gr. anK= against, and 
Eng. Federalist.) 

One opposed to Federalism or its advocates. 

an-ti-flat’-ter-ing, a. [Gr. against, and 

"Eng. flattering.) Opposed to the practice of flatter¬ 
ing people; also who or which in fact does not 
flatter, but the reverse. 

an-tx-flat’-u-lent, a. [Gr. arafi=against, and 
Eng. flatulent.) Deemed of use against flatulence. 

an-ti-gal-ac’-tlc, s. [Gr. an.££= against, and gal- 
aktikos =milky; from gala, genit. galaktos—mnk..) 
A medicinal substance fitted to reduce the secre¬ 
tion of milk. 

An-tig'-on-e, s. [Gr. Antigone, a feminine proper 
name.] 

1. Classical Mythology : 

(a) The daughter of CEdipus, king of Thebes, 
who was most dutiful to her blind father. 

{b) A daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy. Pre¬ 
suming to set herself up as a rival in beauty to 
Juno, she was changed into a stork. 

(c) A play on this subject by Sophocles. 

(d) A musical setting of a version of the play by 
Mendelssohn. 

2. Astronomy: An asteroid, No. 129. It was dis¬ 
covered by Peters, February 5,1873. 

an-tig -or-Ite, s. [From Antigorio Valley, in 
Piedmont, where it is found.] A mineral, a variety 
of lamellar Serpentine, of a brownish-green color 
by reflected, and a leek-green by transmitted light. 

an'-tl-graph, s. [Gr. antiaraphe— (1) a reply in 
writing; (2) an answer in law; (3) a copy.] A 
transcript; a copy. 

an-tl-gug'-gler, s. [Gr. anfi=against, and Eng. 
guqgler, from guggle, the same as gurgle.) A bent 
tube, one end of which is inserted into a bottle to 
enable the liquor to be drawn off without the gurg¬ 
ling sound usually heard on such occasions. 

an-tl-hec-tlc, *an-ti-hec’-tlck, a. & s. [Gr. 
«n£i= against, and hektikos= . . . hectic, con¬ 
sumptive.] 

A. As adjective: Deemed of use against hectic 
fever.] 

B. As substantive: A medicine used against heetio 
fever. {Glossog. Nov., 2d ed.) 

an-ti-he'-lix, s. Another form of Anthelix. 

an-ti-hy-dro-phob '-ic, a. & s. [Gr. a.nti = 
against, and hydrophobikos = pertaining to or seized 
with hydrophobia: hydrophobia.) A medicine given 
against hydrophobia. 

an-tl-hy-drop'-Ic, a. & s. [Gr. anti = against, 
and Eng. hydropic; from Gr. hydrops = dropsy.] A 
medicine given to counteract dropsy. 

an-tl-hyp-not'-Ic, an-thyp-not-Ic, * an-tl- 
liyp-not -ick, a. & s. [Gr. a?if£=against, and Eng. 
hypnotic; from Gr. 7iypnos=sleep.] 


b6il, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
•clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sions = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 




antimonarchicalness 


antihypochondriac 

A. As adjective: Having a tendency to prevent 

sleep. 

B. As substantive: Any medicine or agent that 
tends to prevent sleep. 

an-tl-hf p-o-chon -dri-ac, an-thyp-o-chon- 
drl-ac, *an-ti-hyp-o-chon'-drI-ack, a. & s. [Gr. 

anfi= against, and Eng. hypochondriac; from Gr. 
hupochondriakos = affected in the hypochondrion 

(q. v.h] 

[In Port, antihypochondriacos.] A medicine given 
as a remedy for hypochondria. 

an-tl-hy-poph-or-g, an-thy-poph-or-g, s. 

[Gr. anthupophora= an objection; anthupophero= 
to urge by way of objection against.] 

Rhet.: A figure by which an objection is refuted 
by a contrary inference occurring in some sentence 
or other. 

an-tl-hys-ter'-Ic, an-thys-ter'-ic, * an-ti- 
hys-ter-lCk, a. & s. [Eng. hysteric, from Gr. 
anti= against, and husterikos= hysterical.] [Hys¬ 
terics.] 

A. As adjective: Useful against hysteria. 

B. As substantive: A remedy for hysteria. 

an-tl-le-gom-en-g, s. pi, [Gr. antilegomena= 
disputed, contradicted, pr. par. pass, of antilego— 
to speak against: anti— against, and lego— . . . 
to speak.] 

Biblical Criticism: A term borrowed from Euse¬ 
bius, and still in use for those books of Scripture 
which were not at first universally received through¬ 
out the Churches. The Antilegomena were the 
Epistle to the Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 
John, Jude, and Revelation. The term is opposed 
to Homologoumena (q. v.). 

an-tl-lith'-Ic, a, & s. [Gr. anfi=against, and 
lit/iifco.s=pertaining to stones ; lithos=& stone.] 

A. As adjective: Tending to check the deposition 
of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when formed. 

B. As substantive: A medicine designed to check 
the deposition of urinary calculi, or to destroy them 
when formed. 

Plural. Antilithics: The medicines just described. 

an-tl-lo-bi-iim, s. [Medieev. Lat. antilobium, 
from Gr. anfi=opposite to, and Zo6os=the lobe or 
lower part of the ear.] 

Anat.: The part opposed to the lobe of the ear; 
the tragus. 

an-ti-lo-ca'-pra, s. [Mod. Lat. antilope, ante¬ 
lope, and Lat. capra, a goat.] The caprit, prong¬ 
horn, or so-called American antelope. It is peculiar 
to North America, and constitutes a distinct genus 
of ruminants, though it has considerable affinity 
to the chamois. 

an-ti-log'-ar-ithm, s. [Gr. an.fo'=against, and 
Eng. logarithm.] 

*1. The complement of the logarithm of a sine, 
tangent, or secant, i. e., the difference of that loga¬ 
rithm from the logarithm of 90°. 

2. The number to a logarithm: thus, on Briggs’s 
system, since 3 is the logarithm of 1,000,1,000 is the 
antilogarithm of 3. 

an-tl-log'-lc-gl, a. [Gr. cwfi=against, and Eng. 
logical .] Contrary to logic, Illogical. 

an-tll'-og-ous, a. [Gr. antilogos= contradictory: 
CMiii=against, and logos =prop or tion. 1 Reverse. 

Pyro-electricity. Antilogous pole: The end of a 
crystal which shows negative electricity when 
heated, and positive when cooled. It is opposed to 
the analogous pole (q. v.). 

an-tll -O-gy, s. [In Fr. antilogie; Sp, & Port. 
antilogia. From Gr. antilogia=controveTsy, dispu¬ 
tation: anfi=against, and logos=a word, a thought, 
reason.] Contradiction between different passages 
in the same author. 

an-ti-ldi -mlc, *an-ti-loi -mick, s. [Gr. anti= 
against, and loimifcos=pestilential, from Zcimos—the 
plague.] A medicine given against the plague. 

Antiloimics (plur.): Medicines of the kind now 
described, such as chlorine, nitric acid, muriatic 
acid, &c. 

an-til -o-pe, s. [For etym. see Antelope.] A 
genus of ruminating animals belonging to the family 
Bovidae. They have more or less cylindrical horns, 
often annulated, and, in some cases, sub-orbital 
sinuses and inguinal pores. Linnaeus placed the 
few species known to him partly under his genus 
Capra (Goats), and partly under Cervus (Stags), and 
they have a certain affinity with both those genera 
of animals. They make an approach also to oxen 
and sheep. The size of the genus has caused it to 
be broken up into numerous sections or sub-genera. 
Col. Hamilton Smith has Dicranocerine, Aigocerine, 
Orygine, Gazelline, Antelopine, Reduncine, Oreo- 
tragine, Traguline, Raphicerine, Tetracerine, Ce- 
phalophine, Neotragine, Tragelaphine, N senior hse- 
dine, Rupicaprine, Alpocerine, and Anoine groups of 
Antelopes—seventeen in all. {Griffith's Cuvier, iv., 
162 to 294. In vol. v., 322 to 355, the Oreotragine 


214 


group being suppressed, the remaining sixteen 
Become sub-genera Dicranocerus, Aigocerus, Oryx, 
Gazella, &c.) Some, again, have made Antilope not 
a genus, but a sub-family Antilopinse, or even a 
family Antilopidae or Antelopidse, and have elevated 
the sections or sub-genera into genera quite distinct 
from each other. The great metropolis of the ex¬ 
tended genus Antilope is Southern Africa. Of sixty- 
nine species recorded by Professor Wagner, twenty- 
five occur in that locality, and twenty-nine in other 
parts of Africa, making fifty-four from the whole of 
that continent. Among the species found in South¬ 
ern Africa are the Ourebi or Oribi (A. scoparia, 
Schreber) ; the Steenbok (A. tragulus, Lichten¬ 
stein) ; the Klippspringer (A. oreotragus, Forster; 
Oreotragus saltatrix, Smith); the Koodoo {A.strep- 
siceros, Pallas; Strepsiceros koodoo, Smith); the 
Boshbok (A. sylvatica, Sparrmann); the Rheebok 
(A. capreolus, Licht.) ; the Duikerbolc (A. merqens, 
Blainville); the Kleenbok {A. perpusilla, Smith); 
the Springbok (A. euchore, Forster); the Blessbok 
{A. pygarga, Pallas) ; the Gemsbok (A. oryx, Pal¬ 
las); the Blaubok (A. leucophcea, Pallas); the 
Canna, the so-called Eland=Elk of the Cape Dutch 
{A. oreas, Pallas); the Caama or HarteBeest (A. 
caama, Cuv.) ; the Gnu or Gnoo {A. gnu, Gmelin; 
Catoblepas omt. Smith); the Brindled Gnu (A. gor- 
gon, Smith). Pringle alludes to several of these 
species, but “the gazelle” of which he speaks is not 
that of Northeastern Africa. 

“By valleys remote where the oribi plays, 

Where the gnu, the gazelle, and the hartebeest graze, 
And the gemsbok and eland unhunted recline 
By the skirts of grey forests o’erhung with wild vine.” 

Pringle: Ajar in the Desert. 

Among the antelopes from other parts of Africa 
may be mentioned the Modoqua ( A.Saltiana , Blain¬ 
ville), a dwarf species from Abyssinia ; the Gazelle 
(A. dorcas, Pallas), ( Gazella dorcas), from Egypt 
and Barbary; the Addax (A. addax, Lichtenstein; 
Oryx addax, Smith), widely spread; the Abu-harte 
{A. leucoryx, - Pallas) [Unicorn], in Senaar and 
Kordofan; the Bekr-el-Wash (A. bubalus, Pallas), 
from Barbary ; and the Bush Antelope (A. silvicul- 
trix, Afzelius; Cephalophus sylvicultrix, Smith) ,from 
Sierra Leone. Next to Africa, Asia, including the 
Eastern Archipelago, is the most important habitat 
of the genus. The Sasin or Common Antelope of 
India is A. cervicapra, Pallas; and in the same 
country the Nylghau ( A.picta, Pallas \Portaxpicta, 
Smith) ; the Chickara (A. quadricornis, Blainville; 
Tetracerus chickara, Leach), &c. Other species are 
in Western Asia, Thibet, Sumatra, but none appear 
to exist in Australia or Madagascar. In Europe 
there is a typical one—the Saiga (A. colus, Smith), 
found in Roumania, Poland, and Russia, and one of 
a more aberrant character, with affinities to the 
goats—the Chamois ( A.rupicapra, Pallas; Rupi- 
capra vulgaris, Smith), in the Alps, Pyrenees, Car- 

E athians, and the mountains of Greece. America 
as only two undisputed species—the Rocky Mount¬ 
ain goat ( Haplocerus montanus ); and the cabrit 
or pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana), and is 
found in the western part of North America. It is 
very difficult to procure. 

IT Some of the above species of antqiope have 
other designations than those now given. The 
Springbok is now frequently called Gazella euchore; 
the Blessbok, Gazella albifrons; the Blaubok (blue 
antelope) Gazella leucophcea; the Eland, Bosela- 
phus oreas or Oreas canna; the Brindled Gnu (Bas¬ 
tard wild beast), Catoblepas gorgon; the Addax, 
Addax nasomaculata; the Chickara, Tetracerus 
quadricornis; the Saiga, Coins saiga or Antilocapra 
saiga; and the Chamois, Rupicapra tragus. 

an-til-op'-I-dse, an-tel-op’-i-dse, s.pl. [From 
Antilope (q. v.), and Antelope (q. v.).] 

Zool.: In some classifications a family of rumi¬ 
nants, with its type Ahtilope (q. v.). 

an-tll-o-pl-nae, s.pl. [Antilope.] A sub-family 
of Bovidae. If the various sub-genera of the old 
genus Antilope be raised to the rank of independ¬ 
ent genera, then it becomes needful to point out 
their affinity for each other by grouping them into 
a sub-family, naturally designated Antilopinse. 
[Antilope, Gazelle, &c.] 

an-tH'-O-pIne, a. [From antilope (q. v.).] Per¬ 
taining to an antelope. 

“We have here another instance of wool on the skin of 
an antilopine species.”— Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. iv., p. 197. 

*an-til'-o-quist, s. [Gr. against, and 

Lat. loquor— to speak.] A person who speaks 
against or contradicts any person or statement. 
{Bailey.) 

♦an-tlF-o-qujf, s. [Gr. anti={ 1) against, (2) 
over against; and Lat. loquor= to speak.] 

1. Contradiction. Spec., contradiction between 
two passages in the same author; an antilogy 
(q. v.). {Cockeram.) 

*2. A preface or introduction. 

*an-tl-lys -se§, s. [Gr. an.ti= against, and lussa 
=rage, fury, as of warriors; of rabid dogs, &c.] 
Any medicine alleged to be of use in cases of mad¬ 
ness in dogs or hydrophobia in men. 


an-ti-ma-cas-sar, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. macassar^oil (q. v.)/| An ornamental cover¬ 
ing thrown over chairs, sofas, &c., to prevent their 
being soiled by the hair. 

an-tl-mag'-ic, a. [Gr. <mti=against, and Eng. 
magic.] Opposed to magic, fitted to remove the 
delusive effects of so-called magic. 

*an-tl-mag-lst'-r!-cal, a. [Gr. anti, and Eng. 
magistrical .] Opposed to magistracy. 

an-ti-ma-ni-ac, an-tl-ma-ni-g-cal, a. [Gr. 

anti— against, and Eng. maniac, maniacal.] Suit¬ 
able to be employed in cases of mania. 

an-ti-mask, *an-ti-masque, s. [Eng. antic 
(q. v.), and mask. In Fr. masque.] A secondary 
mask, or masque, designed as a contrast to the 
principal one ; a ridiculous interlude dividing the 
parts of the more serious one. 

“ Let anti-masks not be long; they have been commonly 
of fools, satyrs, baboons, wild men, antics, beasts, spirits, 
witches, ethiopes, pigmies, turquets, nymphs, rustics, 
cupids, statues, moving and the like, ... As for an¬ 
gels, it is not comical enough to put them in anti-masks 
. . .”— Bacon: Essays, Civ. and Mor., ch. xxxvii. 

“On the scene he thrusts out first an anti-masque of bug¬ 
bears.”— Milton: Ans. to Eik. Bas., xx. 

an'-ti-ma-son, s. [Eng. anti; mason.] One 
actively opposed to Freemasonry. 

an-tl-ma-son-Ic, *an-ti-ma-son -ic-gl, a. 

[From Gr. anft=against, and Eng. masonic •] Op¬ 
posed to Freemasonry. 

an-tl-ma-son-ry, s. [Gr. anti = against, and 
Eng. masonry .] In active opposition to Freema¬ 
sonry. In New York State, in 1826, a man called 
Morgan was carried off and not again seen. As he 
was believed to be writing a book disclosing the 
secrets of Freemasons, they were suspected of his 
abduction, and anti-masonry, for some years after¬ 
ward, was the badge of a party polling many votes 
at elections. 

*an'-tl-masque, s. [Anti-mask.] 

an-ti-mat-rl-mo-nl-al, a. [ Gr. cmfi=against, 
and Eng. matrimonial.] Against matrimony. 

an-tl-mat-rl-mo'-ni-gLIst, s. [Eng. antimat- 
rimonial; -ist.] A person opposed to matrimony. 

an-ti-mel-an-chol'-ic, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
melancholia = (1) a depraved state of the bile, in 
which it grows very dark ; (2) melancholy madness.] 
A potion given in cases of melancholy madness. 

an-ti-me-tab'-6-le, s. [ Lat., from Gr. antime¬ 
tabole—an interchange, a transformation, a revo¬ 
lution; from Gr. anti — against, and metabole = a 
change ; metaballo- to throw in a different position, 
to turn quickly ; meta, in comp., implying change, 
and ba1lo= to throw.] 

Rhet.: The shifting or transferring of two things 
over against each other. It occurs twice in the fol¬ 
lowing sentence: “ Allowing the performance of an 
honorable action to be attended with labor, the 
labor is soon over, but the honor is immortal; 
whereas should even pleasure wait on the commis¬ 
sion of what is dishonorable, the pleasure is soon 
over, but the dishonor is eternal.” {Rees.) 

an-ti-me-tath'-es-ls, s. [In Ger. antimetathese, 
IromGr. antimetathesis= a counter charge: anti— 
against, and metathesis = transposition, change; 
metatithemi={ 1) to place among, (2) to place dif¬ 
ferently, to alter; meta, implying change, and 
tithemi=to put, to place.] 

Rhet.: The inversion of the parts or members of 
an antithesis, as “Compare this peace with that 
war. 

an-tlm -et-er, s. [In Ger. antimeter; Gr. anti- 
metreo= to measure out in turn, to recompense ; or 
anti = opposite to, and metroru= a measure.] An 
optical instrument for measuring angles with 
greater accuracy than can be done by the quadrant 
or sextant. {Rees.) 

an-tl-met-rl-cgl, a. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. metrical.] Opposed to or in contrariety to 
what is metrical. 

an-ti-min-is-ter -I-gl, a. [Gr. anti= against, 
and Eng. ministerial. In Ger. antiministerielle. 1 
Opposed to the ministry, for the time being, in 
political power. 

“If I say anything anti-ministerial, you will tell me 
you know the reason.”— Gray’s Letters. 

an-tl-min-Is-ter -i-al-Ist, s. [Gr. cmff=against, 
and Eng. ministerial.] One opposed to the min¬ 
istry. 

w an-tl-mon-ar-chic, *an-tI-mon-ar'ch-ick, 
an-ti-mon-ar ch-lc-al, *an-tI-mon-ar ch-I-al 

a. [Gr. anti= against, and Eng. monarchic, mon¬ 
archical ; monarchy; suff. -al. In Fr. antimon- 
archique.] Opposed to monarchical government. 

an-ti-mon-ar'ch-Ic-al-ness, s. [Eng. anti¬ 
monarch.] The quality of being opposed to mon¬ 
archy. {Johnson.) 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; w^ wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, plt^ sire, sir, marine- go p5t 

or, wore, wplf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se. ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 



antimonarchist 

an-tl-mon -arch-Ist, s. [Gr. anti— against, and 
Eng. monarchist .] One opposed to monarchy. 

“ Dennis Bond, a great Oliverian and anti-monarchist, 
died on that day; . . .’’—Life of A. Wood, p. 115. 

an-tlm Sn-ate, s. [Eng. antimon{y); -ate.] A 
salt of antimonic acid. [Antimoniate.] 

: Dana has as the third division of his 

Ternary Oxygen Compounds,” “ Phosphates. 
Arsenates, Antimonates, Nitrates,” the first sub¬ 
division of which is headed “ Phosphates, Arse¬ 
nates, Antimonates, . . For its sections see 
Phosphates. 


215 


antinephritic 


ing the metal or the ^sulphide in strong HC1, and burns with a bluish tinge. A deposit of antimony 
distilling the liquid, SbCl 3 volatilizes and forms a takes place on a cold porcelain plate held in the 
white crystalline mass. flame. This metallic film may be destroyed from 

Antimonious oxide, or antimony trioxide, SboOg. arsenic by dissolving it in aqua regia, and the solu- 
Obtained by decomposing SbCU with an alkaline tion treated with H 2 S, which gives the characteris- 
carbonate. It is a colorless powder, crystallizing tic orange sulphide. Or moisten the metallic film 
in octohedra ; it becomes yellow when heated, with nitric acid, evaporate the acid without boiling, 
melts at red heat, and volatizes in a close vessel, a white deposit of trioxide of antimony remains, 
but absorbs oxygen from the air, and becomes which gives a black spot with ammonio-nitrate of 
Sb 2 04 . Antimonious oxide dissolves in cream of silver. A film of arsenic treated in the same way 


antimonate of lead, s. 

Bindheimite (q. v.). 


A mineral, called also 


an-tlm -on-et-ted, a. [Antimoniuretted.] 
an-ti-mo -nl-al, a. & s. [In Fr., Sp., & Port. 
antimonial; Ital. antimoniate .] 


/ - j ddjuj. isuipn-annmo 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to antimony; made with basic sulphides. 


tartar, forming tartar emetic, or potassium anti¬ 
mony tartarate, 2 (C 4 H 4 K(SbO)C> 6 )-|-H 2 0 . 

Antimonious sulphide, Sb 2 S 3 , occurs native as a 
lead-gray, shining, crystalline, brittle mineral; sp. 
gr. 4’6: easily fusible, and a good conductor of elec¬ 
tricity. It is used in horse medicine and in Bengal 
lights. 

red powder, which is soluble in ammonium sul- brittle Tt occurs in Sweden Germanv Austria 
g^ide. ¥ e ]" n j es ^tneral is a mixture of Sb 2 Ss and p rauC e, Borneo, Chili, Mexico, Canadaf’and New 
Sb 2 C> 3 . Sulph-antimonites are compounds of ob 2 S 3 Rmnswiek 


gives either a yellow precipitate of arsenite or a 
red-brown precipitate of arseniate of silver. 

II. Mineralogy: Antimony occurs native, occa¬ 
sionally alloyed with a minute portion of silver, 
iron, or arsenic. Its crystals are rhombohedral; 

TO i „ , tt a „_hardness, 3-3’5; sp. gr., 6’62 to 6'72; its luster is me- 

Whenjprecipitated by H^S it^s an orange- tallic; its color and streaks tin white. It is very 


of antimony, consisting of antimony; containing 
more or less of antimony. 

‘‘Though antimonial cups prepar’d with art, 

Their force to wine through ages should impart; 
This dissipation, this profuse expense, 

Nor shrinks their size, nor wastes their stores 
immense.” Blackmore. 

“They were got out of the reach of antimonial 
fumes.”— Grew. 

B. As substantive: A medicine in which antimony 
is a leading ingredient. 

antimonial arsenic, s. A mineral containing 
above ninety per cent, of arsenic ; the other element 
in its composition being antimony. It is found in 
radiated reniform masses in California. 


antimonial copper, s. 

Chalcostilbite (q. v.). 


A mineral, called also 


antimonial copper glance, s. A mineral, called 
also Bournonite (q. v.). 

antimonial nickel, s. A mineral, called also 
Breithauptite (q. v.). 

*antimonial ochre, s. An obsolete name for two 
minerals, Cervantite and Stibiconite (q. v.). 

antimonial powder, s. 

Pharm.: A medicine consisting of oxide of anti¬ 
mony one ounce, and phosphate of lime two ounces. 
It is used as a substitute for James’ powder. 

antimonial silver, s. A mineral, called also 
Dyscrasite (q. v.). 

antimonial silver blende, s. A mineral, called 
also Pyrargyrite (q. v.). 

antimonial wine, s. 

Pharm.: A wine consisting of forty grains of 
tartarated antimony (tartar emetic) dissolved in 
twenty ounces of sherry wine. Cups used to be 
made of antimony, and the liquid became medici¬ 
nal. 

an-ti-mo-nl-ate, s. [Eng. antimony; -ate.] 
Chem.: A salt of antimonic acid. [Antimonate.] 

an-tl-mo-m-a-ted, a. [Eng. antimony; suff. 
•ated.] Tinctured naturally orprepared artificially 
with antimony. 

Antimoniated galena: A variety of galena oc¬ 
curring in the Dufton mines in the north of Eng¬ 
land. 

an-tl-mon'-Ic, a. [Eng. antimony; -ic.] Per¬ 
taining to antimony or containing antimony. 

Antimonic chloride, or antimony pentachloride, 
SbCh,, is obtained as a colorless volatile fuming 


Antimony pentasulphide, or antimonic sulphide, 

Sb 2 S; 5 , is a yellow-red powder obtained by decom¬ 
posing sodium sulphantimoniate, N a 3 SbS 4 , a crys¬ 
talline substance. 

an -ti-mon-ite, s. [Eng. antimony, and suff. -ite 
(q. v.). In Ger. antimonit.] A mineral, the same as 
Stibnite (q. v.). 

an-ti-mo-ni-um, s. [Latin, but not classical.] 

Antimony. 

an-ti-mS ni-ur-et'-ted, an-ti-mon-et -ted, a. 

[Eng. antimony; suff. -uretted, -etted (q. v.).] Min¬ 
gled with antimony fumes. (Applied to gaseous 
antimony in combination with another gas.) 

Antimoniuretted hydrogen, or antimonious hy¬ 
dride, or stibine, SbH 3 . Obtained by the action of 
HC1 on zinc, in the presence of an antimony salt. It 
is a colorless gas, burning with a white flame, lib¬ 
erating Sb 2 03 . At red heat it deposits metallic 
antimony; passed through a solution of AgNOs, it 
deposits a black precipitate of SbAg 3 . 

an-ti-mon-o-phyl-llte, s. [Ger. antimon; Gr. 
phyllon=leaf, and suff. -ite.] A mineral occurring 
in thin angular six-sided prisms. Its precise locality 
is unknown. It was originally named by Breit- 
haupt. Dana considers that it is probably the same 
as Valentinite (q. v.). 

an'-ti-mon-y, s. [In Ger. antimon, antimonium; 

Sw. & Medisev. Lat. antimonium; Fr. antimoine, 
from anti= against, and mome=monk; Sp., Port. & 

Ital. antimonio. The name is said to have arisen 
from the fact or allegation that the celebrated 
alchemist Basil Valentine, who was a German monk, 
having observed that hogs fattened on antimony, 
administered some of it to render a similar service 
to his fellow-monks, but found the well-meant pre¬ 
scription attended by fatal results. The narrative 
has a somewhat mythic air. Hence Morin derives 
it from Gr. anH=against, and monos= alone, be¬ 
cause it is not found alone; an improbable etymol¬ 
ogy. In Class Lat. stibium or stimmi, Gr. stimmi, is 
—antimony, or rather sesquisulphuret of antimony.] 

I. Chemistry: Antimony is a triad metallic ele¬ 
ment, but in some less stable compounds it appears . 

to be pentad. Symbol, Sb.; atomic weight, 122; sp. internally, 
gr., 6 * 8 ; melting-point, 450°. It can be distilled, but Sulphurated 
takes fire when strongly heated in the air, forming - 1 
Sb 2 03 . Antimony is a bright bluish-white, brittle, 
easily pulverized metal, which occurs as SboS;,, and 
as cervanite, Sb 2 04 ; also as valentinite and senar- 
monite, Sb> 03 . The metal is obtained by heating 
the sulphide with half its weight of metallic iron, 
or with potassium carbonate. It is oxidized by 


A mineral, called also Alle- 


Brunswick. 

Arsenical antimony: 
montite (q. v.). 

* Butter of antimony: A name formerly given to 
the trichloride ? or antimonious chloride , the for¬ 
mula of which is SbCU- It is a white highly crystal¬ 
line mass, very deliquescent. It is used as a caus¬ 
tic for foot-rot in sheep. 

*Femdle antimony. [Male Antimony.] 

*Glass of antimony: An impure oxide of anti¬ 
mony fused. 

Gray antimony: A mineral, called also Stibnite 
(q. v.). 

*Male antimony: A trivial name sometimes given 
to a specimen of antimony ore in which veins of a 
red or golden color occur, while one in which they 
are wanting is denominated Female Antimony. 

Native antimony: A mineral more usually called 
simply Antimony (q. v.). 

Oxide of antimony, oxyd of antimony. [Anti¬ 
mony Oxide.] 

Plumose ore of antimony, plumose antimonial 
ore: (1) A mineral, called also Jamesonite, 

[Feather Ore.] (2) Stibnite (q. v.). 

Red antimony: A mineral, called also Kermesite 
(q. v.). 

Saffron of antimony: A compound of oxide and 
sulphide of antimony. Its formula is SbOa.2SbS3. 
It occurs also as a mineral, and is then called red 
antimony ore. 

Sulphid of antimony , sulphuret of antimony: A 
mineral, called also Stibnite (q. v.). 

White antimony: A mineral, called also Valen¬ 
tinite (q. v.). 

III. Pharmacy: 

Black antimony consists of native sulphide of 
antimony fused and afterward powdered. It is 
not itself used as a drug, but is employed in prepar¬ 
ing tartar emetic, sulphurated antimony, and ter- 
chloride of antimony. It is given to horses as an 
alterative powder: two parts of sulphur, one of salt¬ 
peter, and one of black antimony. It is used in the 
preparation of Bengal signal lights: six parts of 
saltpeter, two of sulphur, and one of black anti¬ 
mony. 

Chloride of antimony: SbCl 3 . A solution of it is 
used as a caustic and escharotic; it is never given 


out 15. IS UUW1UCU a.© a LUIUIICOD v uia mo luiuins or WILLI pOLciabiUIIl bdlUUIldtt!. JL U 1 © CfAiiAikiCU. uj 

liquid by passing excess of chlorine over the metal nitric acid, forming Sb 2 0 5 . Type metal is an alloy of 
or the trichloride. On distillation it decomposes lead with twenty per cent, of antimony. Finely 
into SbCl 3 and Cl 2 . powdered antimony takes fire when thrown into 

Antimonic tetroxide, or antimonoso-antimonic chlorine gas. It forms three oxides: (1) Antimony 
oxide, Sb 2 04 or Sb 2 03 .Sb 2 0 5 , obtained by heating Trioxide, or Antimonious Oxide; (2) Antimonic 
the metal or trioxide. It is a yellow infusible non- Tetroxide, or Antimonoso-antimonic Oxide; and (3) 
volatile powder, insoluble in acids, but dissolves in Antimonic Oxide. (See these words.) Antimony 
alkalies, also forms bases with alcohol radicals, as Trim- 

Antimonic oxide, Sb 2 0 5 . Obtained by the action ethylstibine, SWCII-Os- Salts of antimony are used 
of HNO 3 on the metal. It is a yellow insoluble in medicine; in large doses they are poisonous. An- 
powder, which by heat is converted into the tetrox- timony is detected by the properties of its sulphide, 
ide. Its hydrate forms salts called antimoniates; chloride, and of SbH 3 . It is precipitated by 
those formed from the hydrates of the trioxide are metallic zinc and iron from its solutions as a 
called antimonites. By adding water to antimonic black powder. Copper is covered by a metallic 
chloride, Sb 2 Cls, a hydrate is precipitated called film. Antimony salts, when fused on charcoal with 
metantimonic acid, H 4 Sb 2 0 7 . The _ acid sodium Na 2 C0 3 , give a white incrustation and a brittle 
metantimoniate, Na 2 H 2 Sb 2 07 + 6 H 2 0 , is insoluble 


[Eng. antimony; suff.-ide.] 


metallic bead, converted by nitric acid into a 
white oxide soluble in a boiling solution of cream 
of tartar. Antimony is precipitated by hydnc sul- 


antimony consists of a sulphide of 
antimony with a small admixture of oxide of anti¬ 
mony. It enters into the composition of compound 
calomel pills. 

Tartarated antimony. [Tartar Emetic.] 

antimony blende, antimony bloom, s. A min¬ 
eral. The same as Valentinite (q. v.). 

antimony glance, s. A mineral, called also 

Stibnite (q. v.). 

antimony ochre, s. A mineral, in part Cervan¬ 
tite and in part Volgerite. [See these words.] 

antimony oxide, oxide of antimony, oxyd of 
antimony, s. A mineral, made by Dana the same 
as Valentinite, and by others synonymous with 
White Antimony, Senarmontite, Valentinite, Cer¬ 
vantite, and Kermesite (q. v.). 

antimony sulphide, s„ A mineral, also called 
Stibnite (q. v.). 

an-ti-mor-al-i§m, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. moralism.] Opposition to morals. 

an-ti-mor'-al-ist, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. moralist.] An opposer of moralists or of 
morality, or one alleged to be so. 
an-ti-mu-gic-al, a. [Gr. anfi=against, and 


VZJ. uu.1. uni • 1’ - — ~ -x- - 1 | T ciili U«L AAA Oib Oiij 

phide,H 2 S (see Analysis), as an orange-re pc^c er, g n g. musical.’] Opposed to music, through inabil- 
sulphide of antimony, ^^ 3 * which ity to appreciate it, from want of ear, of early train- 

sulphide of ammonium, again precpi^a^ ~ y j n g j or both. {American Review.) 


Water. 

an'-ti-mon-ide, s. 

£Antimoniuretted.] 

an-tTmQn-if-er ous, a. [Medisev. Lat. antimo- _ J 

ilium, and Class. Lat. fero = to bear.] Bearing hydrochloric acid.' With potash the solution of w . 

antimony. trichloride of antimony gives a white precipitate of an-ti-na tion al, a. [Gr. awn—against, and 

Antimoniferous galena. [Antimoniated Ga- the trioxide, soluble in large excess. Ammonia Eng. national.] Unpatriotic. 

Lena.] gives the same precipitate, which is insoluble in an-ti-neph-rit'-ic, a. & s. r Gr. anti =against, 

an-ti-mo-ni-ous, a. Containing as one of its large excess; but if tartaric acid is present tnese and nep hros=a kidney.] 
ingredients antimony. precipitates dissolve easily. A liquid containing .... a e . , ,. 

Antimonious chloride, or antimony trichloride, antimony salts, treated by zinc and dilute sulphuric A. As adjective : Deemed of use against diseases 
SbCl 3 , called also butter of antimony. By dissolv- acid, yields antimoniuretted hydrogen, bbHs, which or tne Kidneys. 


b<m, boy; 

-cian, -tian = shan- 


pout, j<5wl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph — t, 
-tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgL 




antinomacy 


216 


antiperiodic 


B. As substantive: A medicine given in diseases 
of the kidneys. 

*an-tin - 601 - 9 ,- 9 ^, s. [Gr. anti=instead of, and 
o»oma=name.] 

Gram.: A figure in which an appellative is used 
for a proper name. 

An-ti-no'-mi-an, a. & s. [In Ger. Antinomier; 
Gr. anti= against, and nomos— . . . law, from 
nemo— to deal out, to distribute.] 

A. As adjective: Opposed to the law. Pertaining 
to the Antinomian sect or to their doctrine. (See 
the substantive.) 

“ It is a mad conceit of our Antinomian heretics, that 
God sees no sin in His elect; whereas He notes and takes, 
more tenderly, their offenses than any other.”— Bp. Hall: 
Rem., p. 233. 

B. As substantive. [In Ger. Antinomier; a term 
first introduced by Luther.] 

1. Gen.: One who holds tenets opposed to the 
authority of the moral law or ten commandments 
revealed in Scripture. From the apostolic times 
downward individuals misunderstanding the doc¬ 
trine of justification by faith “without the deeds of 
the law ” (Rom. iii. 21, 28), have tended to Antino- 
mianism (Rom. vi. 15). 

“ That doctrine that holds that the covenant of grace is 
not established upon conditions, and that nothing of 
performance is required on man’s part to give him an 
interest in it, but only to believe that he is justified; this 
certainly subverts all the motives of a good life. But this 
is the doctrine of the Antinomians.” — South: Sermons, 
vii. 195. 

2. Spec, (pi.): A sect which originated with John 
Agricola, a companion of Luther, about the year 
1538. He is said to have held that as the church is 
not now under the law, but under the gospel, the ten 
commandments should not be taught to the people. 
Enemies said that he or his followers considered 
that a believer might sin at his pleasure, but this is 
believed to have been a calumny. ( Mosheim.) 

An-ti-no -mi-an-I§m, s. [Eng. antinomian, and 
suff. -ism.) The system of doctrine held by the 
Antinomians. 

“ Antinomianism began in one minister of this diocese 
[Norwich], and how much it is spread, I had rather 
lament than speak.”— Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 189. 

An-tin’-om-ist, s. [Eng. antinom(y); -ist .] An 
Antinomian. 

“ Great offenders this way are the libertines and Antin- 
omists, who quite cancel the whole law of God, under 
the pretense of Christian liberty.”— Bp. Sanderson: 
Sermons, p. 310. 

an-tm'-fim-^, s. [In Fr. antinomie; Sp. & Port. 
antinomia; Gr. antinomia= an ambiguity in the 
law: anti— against, and nomos— law.] 

I. Law: 

1 . Gen.: A contradiction between two laws of 
any kind, or two portions of the same law. 

“Antinomies are almost unavoidable in such variety of 
Opinions and answers.”— Baker. 

2. Spec.: A contradiction between the Code and 
Pandects of Justinian. 

“. . . and the antinomies or contradictions of the 
Code and Pandects, still exercise the patience and sub¬ 
tlety of modern civilians.”— Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 

eh. xliv. 

“The antinomies or opposite laws of the Code and 
Pandects are sometimes the cause, and often the excuse, 
®f the glorious uncertainty of the civil law.”— Ibid., Note. 

II. Phil.: In the Critical Philosophy of Kant, 
the self-contradiction into which, as he believes, 
reason falls when it attempts to conceive the com¬ 
plex external phenomena of nature as a cosmos or 
world. 

An-tin - 6 -vis, s. [Lat. Antinous; Gr. Antinoos. 
(See Def. I.)] 

I. Classical Mythology <& History: 

1 . One of the suitors of Penelope, Ulysses’ queen. 

2. A beautiful Bithynian youth, a favorite of the 
Emperor Adrian. He was drowned in the Nile. 

II. Astronomy: An old constellation called after 
the second of these notabilities. It was one of the 
jforty-eight recognized by the ancients, and is the 
!©nly one of all that number which has been degraded 
from its pristine rank. It is now included under 
the Northern constellation Aquila. 

An-tl o-chian ( 1 ), a. [From Antiochia, now 
Antakia, a celebrated city on the Orontes, in Syria, 
built by Antiochus or Seleucus.] Pertaining to 
Antioch, in Syria, or any other city of the same 
name. (Anciently there were several.) 

Chronol.: The Antiochian epoch was the date of 
the bestowal of liberty on the city of Antioch, just 
after the battle of Pharsalia. The Syrians dated it 
from 1 st of October, B. C. 48; the Greeks from Sep¬ 
tember, B. C. 49. 

An-ti -6 -cM ctn (2), a. [From the philosopher 
Antiochus. See def.] Pertaining to Antiochus. 
The Antiochian Sect or Academy, sometimes called 


the fifth Academy, was a sect or academy founded 
by Antiochus, a philosopher, who was contempo¬ 
rary with Cicero. Though nominally an Academic, 
Antiochus was really a Stoic in his views. 

an-tLo-dont-al-AIc, a. [Gr. anti = against; 
odontalgia=the toothache; odous, genit. odontos= a 
tooth, and algos— pain.) Deemed of use against the 
toothache. (Castle : Lexic. Pharm.) 

An-tI’-6-pe, s. [Lat. and Gr.] 

1. Class. Mythology: The wife of Lycus, king of 
Thebes. Her history was wild and romantic. 

2. Astronomy: An asteroid, the ninetieth found. 
It was discovered by Luther on the 1st of October, 
1866. 

an-ti-pae-do-bap -tist, s. [(1) Gr. anti= against, 
and (2) Eng. PcedobaptisU from Gr. pais, genit. 
paidos= a child, and baptizo— to baptize?] Opposed 
to peedobaptists or their procedure in baptism. 

an-tLpa-pal, a. [Gr. an,£i=against, and Eng. 
papal, from Lat. papa—( 1) a father; (2) (in ecclesi¬ 
astical writers), a bishop, or speciaUy, the pope.] 
Opposed to the Pope or the doctrines of the Romish 
church. 

“. . . to turn the current, and conciliate the anti- 
papal party . . .”— Froude: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi., vol. iv., 
p. 331. 

tan-ti-pa-pi§m, s. [In Ger. antipapismus. From 
Gr. omfi=against, and Lat. papa= a father, . . . 
the pope.] Opposition to the Pope. 

an-ti-pa-pls-tic, an-tLpa-pis -tic-al, a. [Gr. 
anti= against, and Eng. papistic, papistical. In 
Ger. antipapistich.) Opposed to the Papists or to 
papistical doctrine or procedure. 

“It is pleasant to see how the most antipapistical poets 
are inclined to canonize their friends.”— Jortin: On Milt. 
Lycidas. 

an-tl-par -gd-lel, s. & a. [Gr. anti— against, and 
Eng. parallel. In Ger. antiparallel .] 

A. As substantive: 

In Geometry (plural) : 

(a) Lines making equal angles with two other 
lines, but in the reverse order. If a b and A c be 
two lines, and f c and 
F E two others intersect¬ 
ing them in such a man¬ 
ner that the angle bbi 
is=D E A, and the angle 
C=A d E or B r> F, then 
B c and d E are antipar¬ 
allels to A b and a c, 
and vice versa. In this 
case a b : A c : : A e : A 
d : : d b : e c, and fe:fc::fb:bf::de:bc. 

(b) Leibnitz called any two lines antiparallel 
which cut two parallels so that the external angle 
and the internalone are together=a right angle. 

B. As adjective: Acting not in the same manner, 
but quite in the opposite direction; running in a 
contrary direction. 

“ Tho only way for us, the successors of these ignorant 
Gentiles, to repair those ruins, to renew the image of God 
in ourselves, which their idolatrous ignorance defaced, 
must be to take the opposite course, and to provide our 
remedy antiparallel to their disease.”— Hammond: Serm., 
p. 646. 

an-ti-par-a-lyt'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. om£i=against, 
and En %. paralytic; Gr. »arah/£ifcos=affected with 
paralysis (the palsy).] [Paralysis.] 

A. As adjective: Deemed of use against the palsy. 

B. As substantive: A medicine given against the 
palsy. 

an-tl-par-a-lyt -ic-al, a. [Gr. anti= against, 
and Eng. paralytical .] The same as Antipara¬ 
lytic, adj. (q. v.) 

tan-tl-par-as-til-sis, s. [Gr. anfi^opposite, 
and parastasis= a putting aside or away; paristemi 
=to place by or beside.] 

Rhet.: Theadmissiqn of one part of an opponent’s 
argument coupled with a denial of the rest. 

an ti-pa-thet-ic, *an-tl-pa-thet-ick, an-ti- 
pa-thet -ic-al, a. [Gr. an££=against, and Eng. 
pathetical .] Having an antipathy or contrariety 
to. (It is opposed to sympathetic.) 

“ [Being] ty’d upon the sledge, a papist and a protestant 
in front, two and two together, being two very desperate 
and antipathetic companions, was a very ridiculous scene 
of cruelty .”—Icon Libell., p. 110. 

“The circumstances of moral, religious, sympathetic, 
and antipathetic sensibility, when closely considered, will 
appear to be included in some sort under that of bent of 
inclination.”— Bowring: Bentham’s Works, vol. i.,p. 24. 

“ The soil is.fat.and luxurious, and antipathetical to all 
venomous creatures.”— Howell: Vocal Forest. 

an-ti-pa-thet’-ic-gJ-ness, s. [Eng. antipathet¬ 
ical; -ness.) The quality or state of having a con¬ 
trariety or antipathy to. (Johnson.) 

an-ti-path-ic, a. [In Fr. antipathique ; Sp. & 
Ital. antipatico; Port, antipathico; Gr. antipathes 
= (1) in return for suffering, (2) of opposite feelings 
or properties.] 


1. Gen.: Having opposite feelings. 

2. Med.: The same as Allopathic (q. v.). 

an-tip'-3,-thi§e, v. i. [Eng. antipath(y); -ise.J 

To be opposed to. (Usually followed by against.) 
(Adams: Works, iii. 157.) 

an-tip-3.-thite, s. [Eng. antipathy; -ite.) One 
who has an aversion to anything. 

“An antipathite to vertue.”— Feltham: Resolve, 56. 
(Richardson.) 

an-tip-a-thous, a. [Eng. antipath(y); -ous.) 
Having an aversion to; in contrariety to. 

“ As if sho saw something antipathous 
Unto her virtuous life.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Queen of Corinth, iii. 2. 

an-tlp- 9 ,-thjf, s. [In Dan. antipathi; Dut., Ger. 
& Fr. antipathie; Sp. & Ital. antipatia; Port. & 
Lat. antipathia, from Gr. antipatheia =an opposite 
feeling, aversion; antipatheo=to have an aversion; 
anfi=against, and pathein, 2 aor. inf. of pascho= to 
suffer; also pa£/ios=suffering, feeling.] 

A. Ordinary I, nguage: 

1. Of beings susceptible of emotion: The state of 
feeling exactly the contrary to what another feels; 
the opposite of sympathy. Antipathy may be 
strong or weak; it may be founded on contrariety 
of nature, and therefore be permanent; or it may 
arise from something local, conventional, or tem¬ 
porary, in which case it may pass away. The nat¬ 
ural result of this pronounced contrariety of feeling 
is a drawing back from, an aversion to, a hatred of. 
Though really a distinct meaning from the former, 
the two are so closely connected that they are 
scarcely ever dissevered. Antipathy is used— 

(a) Of man to man. 

“ Antipathy; ill will, viz., toward this or that particular 
individual.”— Bowring: Bentham’s Works, vol. i., p. 218. 

“ Antipathy or resentment requires always to be regu¬ 
lated, to prevent its doing mischief.”— Ibid., vol. i., p. 1L 

“ The personal and perpetual antipathy he had for that 
family . . .”— Goldsmith: The Bee, No. viii. 

(b) Of man to any of the inferior animals, or of 
them to him, or to each other. 

“ Antipathies are none. No foe to man 
Lurks in the serpent now: the mother sees, 

And smiles to see, her infant’s playful hand 
Stretch’d forth to dally with the crested worm, 

To stroke his azure neck, or to receive 
The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

V’c) Of man to an inanimate thing, or to what is 
abstract in place of concrete. 

“A man may cry out against sin, of policy; but he can¬ 
not abhor it but by virtue of a godly antipathy against 
it.”— Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. i. 

IF Hatred is entertained against persons; antip¬ 
athy is felt to persons or things; and repugnancy 
to actions which one is called on to perform. 

2. Of inanimate things, or of abstractions: Mutual 
repulsion, as that of oil and water, or certain other 
chemical substances to each other, or, figuratively, 
of good and evil. 

“All concords and discords of music are, no doubt, 
sympathies and antipathies of sounds.”— Bacon: Nat. 
Hist., Cent, iii., § 278. 

“Another ill accident is, if the seed happen to have 
touched oil, or anything that is fat, for those substances 
have an antipathy with nourishment of water.”— Ibid., 
Cent, vii., § 669. 

“Ask you what provocation I have had? 

The strong antipathy of good to bad. 

When truth or virtue an affront endures, 

Th’ affront is mine, my friend, and should be yours.” 

Pope: Epilogue to Satires. 

IT Formerly antipathy might be followed by with; 
now to, against, or for is used. (See the examples 
already given.) 

B. Technically: 

1. Med.: Internal horror and distress on the 
perception of particular objects, with great rest¬ 
lessness or with fainting. (Copland: Diet. Pract. 
Med., 1858.) 

2. Painting: Contrast degradation of colors. The 
mixing of incongruous colors, such as purple with 
yellow, or green with red, the result being that the 
brilliancy of the respective colors is destroyed. 

an-tl-pa-tri-ot’-Ic, a. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. patriotic.) Opposed to patriotic conduct. 

an-ti-pa-tri-6-ti§m, s. [Gr. anti=against, and 
Eng. patriotism.) Unpatriotic conduct. (Carlyle.) 

an ti pe-do-bap'-tlst, s. [Antipa:dobaptist.] 

an-ti-per-I-od'-ic, a. [Gr. awi£i=against, and 
Eng periodic.) 

A. As adjective: Designed to counteract periodic 
fevers. 

“ . . . the antiperiodic remedies, such as quinine or 
arsenical solution.”— Dr. Joseph Browne: Cycl. Pract. 
Med., vol. ii., p. 224. 

B. As substantive: A medicine designed to cure 
diseases, like intermittent fever, which return at 
periodic times. They consist (a) of various remedies 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cut. cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





antiperistalsis 

derived from the cinchona tree, viz., “bark,” the 
salts of quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cin- 
chonidine; (6) of arsenical solution ; (c) of the sul¬ 
phate of zinc; and (d) of various bitters and combi¬ 
nations of them, with aromatics. Garrod combines 
“ antiperiodics” with “ nervine tonic 2 ” and places 
them as the second order of his Class II., Sub¬ 
class 3. 

11 - and if the antiperiodic be employed in this 

cure.”—Dr. Joseph Browne: Cycl. Bract. Med., vol. ii., 
p. 227. 

an-tl-per-l-stal'-sls, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
peristaltikos=c\aspiug and compressing ; peristello 
—to dress, to clothe: peri— around, and stelh 5=to 
set, to send.] Resistance to the peristaltic motion 
of the bowels. [Peristaltic.] 

“ But Dr. Brunton has very ably shown that there is no 
antiperistalsis of the bowels under these circumstances.” 
—Todd, & Boioman; Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 237. 

an-tl-per-I-stal -tic, a. [Gr. aJiii=against, and 
Eng. peristaltic. In Fr. peristaltique; Port, anti- 
neristaltico .] Opposed to peristaltic (q. v.), or per¬ 
taining to antiperistalsis. [Peristaltic.] 

“. . . an inverted direction of the action of the 
muscular tissue of the intestines (anti-peristaltic action j.” 
— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat.,\o\. ii., p. 237. 

an-tl-per-ls-t 3 -sls, s. [In Ger. antiperistase; 
Sp. antiperistasis; Gr. antiperistasis: anti = 
against, and peristasis = a standing round, . . . 
circumstance; periistemi = to stand round: peri = 
round about, and histemi= to make to stand.] A 
term used by Aristotle and others to signify the 
heightening of any quality by the reaction pro¬ 
duced in it by the action of its opposite. Thus in 
warm countries the influence of even hot air blow¬ 
ing on water in porous vessels is to cool the water. 
So also an unjust attack on one’s character will 
often raise instead of impairing it. 

If Bacon uses the Greek accusative. 

“. . . which is that they term cold or hot per anti- 
peristasin, that is, environing by contraries.”— Bacon : 
Works (ed. 1765), vol. i.; Colors of Good and Evil, ch. vii., 
p. 441. 

an-tl-per-I-stat-Ic, a. [Gr. a?ifi=against, and 
Eng. peristatic. Pertaining to antiperistasis. 
(Ash.) 

an-tl-pes-tl-len-tial, a. [Gr. anfi=against, 
and Eng. pestilential. In Fr. antipestilentiel; Sp. 
antipestilencial .] Counteracting pestilential influ¬ 
ences ; checking contagion and infection. 

“Perfumes correct the air before it is attracted by the 
lungs ; or, rather, antipestilential unguents, to anoint the 
nostrils with.”— Harvey on the Plague. 

an-tl-phar-I-sa-Ic, a. [Gr. cm#i=against, and 
Eng. pharisaic .] Against the Pharisees, their 
tenets or procedure. 

“. . . the antipharisaic discourse, Matt, xxiii.”— 
Strauss • Life of Jesus (transl. 1846), § 117. 

an-tl-phar'-mlc, a. Counteractive of poison; 
antidotal. 

an-tl-phll-o-soph -I-cal, a. [Gr. anfi=against, 
and Eng. philosophical. In Fr. antiphilosophique .] 
Opposed to philosophy. 

an-ti-phlo-gls-tl-an, s. [Gr. anii=against, 
and phlogizo=to set on fire, to burn; phlox= a 
flame.] One opposed to the old doctrine of Phlo¬ 
giston (q.v.). 

an-tl-phlo-gls-tlc, *an-tI-phlo-g!s -tick, a. & 
s. [Gr. anti= against, and Eng. phlogistic.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Med.: Tending to counteract burning heat; 
antifebrile. 

“I soon discovered . . . under what circumstances 
recourse was to be had to the lancet, and the antiphlogis¬ 
tic regimen.”— Sir W. Fordyce, on the Muriatic Acid, 

p. 8. 

“. . . and the antiphlogistic remedies alone perse¬ 
vered in.”— Dr. Joseph Browne: Cycl. ofPract. Med., vol. ii., 
p. 227. 

2. Chem.: Opposed to the old doctrine of phlogis¬ 
ton. [Phlogiston.] 

B. As substantive: A medicine designed to coun¬ 
teract phlogistic tendencies. 

“ It is both unctuous and penetrating, a powerful anti¬ 
phlogistic, and preservative against corruption and 
infection.”— Bp. Berkeley: Siris, 59. 

an-tl-phon, s. [Antiphony.] 
a-n-tlph’-on-al, a. & s. [Eng. antiphon; -al .] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to antiphony. [An¬ 
tiphony (2).] 

“ Antiphonal singing was first brought into the Church 
of Milan in imitation of the custom of the Eastern 
churches.”— Bingham: Christian Antiquities (ed. 1855), 
vol. v., p. 13. 

“He [Calvin] thought that novelty was sure to succeed, 
that the practice of antiphonal chanting was supersti¬ 
tious,” &c.— Warton: Hist. Eng. Poet., iii. 164. 


217 


B. As substantive: The same as Antiphon ary 
( q.v.). 

“ . . . to bring and deliver unto you all antiphonals, 
missals, grayles, processionals,” &c. — Burnet: Hist. Re¬ 
formed Records, pt. ii., bk. i., 47. 

an-tlph'-on-ar-y, *an-tlph'-on-ere, *an- 
typh -on-er, an-tlph'-on-ar (Eng.), an-ti-ph6n- 
ar-i-um (Medicev. Lat.), s. [In Fr. antiphonaire, 
antiphonier; from Gr. antiphonos=(\) an accord in 
the octave; (2) an antiphon, an anthem.] A service- 
book compiled by Pope Gregory the Great. It com¬ 
prised all the invitatories, responsories, collects, 
and whatever else was sung or said in the choir ex¬ 
cept the lessons. From the responses contained in 
it, it was sometimes called responsorium. Similar 
compilations, or books of anthems, also received 
the name of antiphonaries. [Anthem.] 

“He 0 alma redemptoris herds synge, 

As children lerned her antiphonere.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,930. 

an-tl-pho-net'-Ic, a. [Gr. cmfi=opposite, and 
Eng. phonetic (q. v.).] Answering to, rhyming. 
(Barham: Ingoldsby Legends; Cynotaph.) 

an-tl-phon -Ic, an-tl-phon-Ic-al, a. [Eng. 

antiphon; -ic; -ical. In Gr. antiphonos.] Per¬ 
taining to antiphony. 

“. . . they sung in an antiphonical way.”— Wheatley 
on the Common Prayer, p. 161. 

an-tlph-6n-y, an -tl-phon, *an-ti-pho-na, s. 
[In Ger. antiphonie; Ital. antifona; Gr. antiphoneo 
=to sound in answer: anti=against, and phoneo= 
to sound; phone=& sound.] 

1. Opposition or contrariety of sound. 

“True it is that the harmony of music, whether it be in 
song or instrument, hath symphony by antiphony (that is 
to say), the accord ariseth from discord and of contrary 
notes is composed a sweet tune.”— Holland: Plutarch, 
p. 186. (Richardson.) 

2. The alternate chanting or singing in a cathe¬ 
dral, or similar service by the choir, divided into 
two parts for the purpose, and usually sitting upon 
opposite sides. It is sometimes used also when the 
parts are repeated instead of sung. Antiphony dif¬ 
fers from symphony, for in the latter case the whole 
choir sing the same part. It also differs from re¬ 
sponsorium, in which the verse is spoken or sung by 
only one person instead of many. 

“ In antiphons thus tune we female plaints.” 

Old Play, vii. 497. (Nares. j 

“ These are the pretty responsories, these are the dear 
antiphonies, that so bewitched of late our prelates and 
their chaplains with the goodly echo they made.”— Mil- 
ton: Areop. 

“Then came the epistle, prayers, antiphonies, and a 
benediction.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

“. . . when the antiphonies are chanted, one party 

singing, with fury and gnashing of teeth.”— 1 e Quincey: 
Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., Note, pp. 180-1. 

3. The words given out to be sung by alternate 
choirs. 

“. . . this [alternate psalmody] for its division into 
two parts, and alternate answers, was commonly called 
antiphony.” — Bingham: Christian Antiquities (ed. 1855), 
vol. v., p. 13. 

4. A composition made of several verses taken 
from different psalms, the expressions of sentiment 
in which are appropriate to the occasion for which 
the antiphony is prepared. 

an-tlph -ra-sis, s. [In Ger. & Fr. antiphrase; 
Sp. antifrasis; Port, antifrase, antiphrasis; Gr. 
antiphrasis, from antiphrazd=to express by antith¬ 
esis or negation: «nti=against, and phrazo =to 
intimate.] 

Rhet. db Gram.: The use of words in a sense con¬ 
trary to their ordinary one. In Greek the change 
was of words with an evil sense into those with a 
good meaning, but in English it may also be an 
exchange of good for bad. 

“You now find no cause to repent that you never dipt 
your hands in the bloody high courts of justice, so called 
only by antiphrasis.” — South. 

an-tl-phras'-tlc, an-tl-phras -tlc-al, a. [Gr. 
antiphrastikos .] Pertaining to antiphrasis. 

an-tl-phras-tlc -al-ly, adv. [Eng. antiphrasti- 
cal; -ly .] In an antiphrastic manner; in the form 
of speech called antiphrasis. 

“The unruliness of whose pen, and the virulency 
thereof, none hath more felt than myself, as well in his 
book of Mitigation as in his ( antiphrastically so called) 
Sober Beckoning.”— Bp. Morton’s Discharge, p. 206. 

an-ti-phthisj'-ic, an-ti-phthi§-ic-al (ph 
silent), a. [Gr. cmfi=against, and phthisikos— 
consumptive: pAffiisis=consumptiqn; phthio =to 
decay.] Given against consumption. (Glossog. 
Nov., 2d ed.) 

an-tl-phy§-Ic-3l, a. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. physical; from Gr. physikos=natwral; physis 
=nature.] Against physics; contrary to natural 
law. 


antipsoric 

an-tl-pleur-It -Ic, *an-tl-pleflr-lt-lck, s. [Gr. 

auG=against, and Eng. pleuritic .] A medicine 
given against pleurisy. 

an-tl-pod-ag-rlc, a. & s. [Gr. anti=against, 
and podagrikos=gouty; podagra=( 1) a trap for the 
feet, (2) gout (Lat. podagra= gout): paus, genit. 
podos= a foot, and «gra.=hunting.] 

A. As adjective: Deemed of use against the gout. 

B. As substantive: A medicine given against the 
gout; an antarthritic. 

an-tlp -od-al, a. & s. [Eng. antipod(e); -al. In 
Port, antipodal .] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the antipodes, or 
the part of the world which they inhabit. 

B. As substantive: One inhabiting the other side 
of the world from that in which the speaker or 
writer is. [Antipodes.] 

“The Americans are antipodals unto the Indians.”— 

Browne . 

fan-tl-pode, fAn'-tl-pode (sing.) ; an-tlp-6- 
de§, An-tIp-o-de§ (plur.), s. [In Sw. & Dan. an- 
tipoder (pi.); Ger. antipoden (pi.); Fr. antipode 
(sin g.), antipodes (pi.); Sp. & Port, antipoda (sing.) ; 
Ital. antipodi (pi.); Lat. antipodes (pi.); Gr. antipo¬ 
des, pi. of antipous (a word first introduced by 
Plato) = with the feet opposite. From antz=oppo- 
site to. and pous=a foot; podes=feet.] 

1[ Rare in the singular, common in the plural. 

I. Lit. (plur.): People who, from their situation 
on the globe, have their feet opposite to those of 
the speaker or writer who applies to them the term 
antipodes. For example, if Greenwich Observatory 
is in lat. 51° 28' N., and long. 0° E. or W., then the 
antipodes, if any exist, of the astronomers at Green¬ 
wich must be sought in lat. 51° 28' S. and long. 180° 
E. or W. That point falls in the ocean S. E. of New 
Zealand, near Antipodes Island. Those who are 
our antipodes have seasons exactly like those of 
ours, but reversed in time, their shortest day being 
our longest, their winter our summer, and vice 
versa. 

II. Met.: Something exactly and completely 
opposed or opposite to another. 

an-tIp- 6 -de - 3 .il, a. & s. [Eng. antipode(s); suff. 
-an.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to the antipodes. 

B. As subst.: One who lives at the antipodes. 

an-tIp- 6 -de§, s. pi. [Antipode.] 

an-tl-p6i'-§6n, s. [Gr. an.ti=against, and Eng. 

poison.] An antidote to poison of some kind or 
other. 

“ In venomous natures, something may be amiable: 
poisons afford antipoisons: nothing is totally or altogether 
uselessly bad.”— Browne: Christ. Mor., xxviii. 1. 

an -tl-p6pe, s. [Gr. anti= against, and Eng. 
pope. In Fr. antipape; Sp.. & Ital. antipapa.] One 
wno usurps the popedom, in opposition to the indi¬ 
vidual elected in the normal way. 

“ This house is famous in history for the retreat of an 
antipope, who called himself Felix Y.”— Addison. 

an-tl-pop -p-lar, a. [Gr. anfi=against, and Eng. 
popular.] Against the interests or opinions of the 
people. 

“ The last two tables are the work of the second decem¬ 
virs, whose government was antipopular.” — Lewis: Cred. 
Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. iii., § 54. 

an -tl-port, s. [In Ital. antiporta, antiporto, from 
Gr. anti —opposite to, and Lat. porta= a city gate, 
agate.] An outer gate; an outer door. 

“If a Christian or Jew should but lift up the antiport, 
and set one step into it, he profaned it.”— Smith: Mann, 
of the Turks, p. 75. 

an-tl-prac'-tlce, v. i. [Gr. anfi=against, and 
En g. practice.] To oppose. 

an-tl pre-lat'-Ic, *an-tl-pre-lat-Ick, an-ti- 
pre-lat -Ic-al,- a. [Gr. anti= against, and Eng. 
prelatic; -ical.] Opposed to prelatists or to prelacy. 

“ The rooters, the antiprelatic party, declaim against 
me.”— Sir E. Dering: Speeches, p. 161. 

an-tl-priest, s. [Gr. a«ii=against, and Eng. 
priest .] One opposed to priests. 

“ While they are afraid of being guided by priests, they 
consent to be governed by antipriests.” — Waterland: Ch., 

p. 28. 

an-tl-pri6st-craft, s. [Gr. cmft=against, and 
Eng. priestcraft.] Opposition to priestcraft. 

“ I hope she [the Church of England] is secure from 
lay bigotry and antipriestcraft.” — Burke: Speech on the 
Claims of the Church. 

an-tl-psor'-ic (p silent), a. [From Gr. anti— 
against, and Eng. psoric. From Lat. psora, Gr. 

? sora=the itch or the mange: psad, or psbd—to rub. 
n Fr. antipsorique.] Thought to be useful in cases 
of the itch. 


b<5li, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -t’ian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




antisacerdotal 


antiptosis 


218 


an-ti-pto'-sis (p silent), s. [In Fr. & Port, an- 
tiptose; Ur. antiptosis= ( 1) a falling against (2) (In 
Gram, see below); antipipto— to fall against: anti 
=against, and pipto— to fall.] 

Grammar: An interchange of one case for an¬ 
other. (Glossog. Nov., 2d ed.) 

ail tl-pii r-I-tan, s. & a. [Gr. anfi=against, and 
Eng. puritan.] 

A. As substantive: One opposed to the Puritans 
or to Puritanism. 

. . Dr. Samuel Parker, famous for his tergiversa¬ 
tion with the times, now an antipuritan in the extreme.” 
— War ton: Notes to Milton’s Smaller Poems, p. 501. 

B. As adjective: Opposed to Puritanism. 

“ . . . the purification of our lighter literature from 
that foul taint which had been contracted during the 
antipuritan reaction.”— Macaulay-. Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

an-tl-pyr-et'-Ic, a. &s. [Gr. anfi= against, and 
Eng. pyretic. From Gr. pyretos= (1); fiery heat, (2) 
fever; pyr=&re. In Port, antipyretico .] 

A. As adj.: Deemed of use against fever. 

B. As substantive: A medicine given against fever, 
an-ti-p^r -1C, a. Opposed to suppuration - 
an-tl-pyr -in. s. An antipyretic (q. v.). 

an-tl-quar-i an, a. & s. [In Sw. antiquarie, s.; 
Dan. antiquarist, a., antiquarius , s.; Ger. antiquar, 
s. From Lat. antiquarius, a. & s.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to antiquarians or to 
antiquity; antique, old. 

B. As substantive: 

1. An antiquary. 

“‘Thus Oincius is described by Livy as being a dili¬ 
gent antiquarian, in relation to events prior to his own 
age.”Lewis: Early Bom. Hist., ch. ii., § 8. 

2. A large kind of drawing paper. 

an-ti-quar -I-an-I§m, s. [Eng. antiquarian; 
suff. -ism.J Love of antiquities or of antiquarian 
research. 

“ I used to despise him for his antiquarianism.” — War- 
burton. Letter 221. 

*an-tl-quar-I§m, s. [Eng. antiquar(y); -ism.] 
The same as Antiquarianism (q. v.). 

“ . . . a question above antiquarism.” — Browne: Hy- 
driotaphia. 

an’-tl-quar-y, s. & a. [In Ger. antiquar; Fr. 
antiquaire; Sp., Port. & Ital. antiquario; from 
Lat. antiquarius, s. & a.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Originally : A keeper of the antiquarium or 
cabinet of antiquities. 

2. A student of antiquity, or rather of the relics, 
such as inscriptions, old buildings, manuscripts, 
&c., which antiquity has left behind. 

“With sharpen’d sight pale antiquaries pore, 

Th’ inscription value, but the rust adore.”— Pope. 

B. As adjective: Antique, old. 

“Here’s Nestor, 

Instructed by the antiquary times; 

He must, he is, he cannot but be wise.” 

Shakesp..- Troilus and Cressida, ii. 3. 

fan-tl-quate, v. t. [In Port, antiquar. From 
Lat. antiquatus, pa. par. of antique = to restore a 
thing to its former condition.] To render anything 
out of date, and therefore presumably less valuable 
than once it was. To render obsolete. When a law 
becomes antiquated it is rarely put in force, if 
indeed it is not swept from the statute-book. 

“The growth of Christianity in this kingdom might 
reasonably introduce new laws, and antiquate or abrogate 
some old ones, that seemed less consistent with the 
Christian doctrines.”— Hale. 

T[ The verb is rarely used except in its past par¬ 
ticiple. 

an -tl-qua-ted, pa. par. & a. [Antiquate.] 

As adjective: 

1. Out of date, obsolete, of less value than for¬ 
merly ; superseded, abrogated. » 

“Almighty Latium, with her cities crown’d, 

Shall like an antiquated fable sound.”— Addison. 

2. Made to imitate antiquity. 

“In reading a style judiciously antiquated, one finds a 
pleasure not unlike that of traveling on an old Roman 
way.”— Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, Postscript. 

f3. Old, but in nowise out of date. 

“The antiquated earth, as one might say.” 

Wordsworth: Sonnet to a Friend (1807). 

an-ti-qua-ted-ness, fan-tl-quate-ness, s. 
[Eng. antiquated, -ness; antiquate, -ness. 1 The 
quality or state of being out of date, obsolete, or 
superseded. 

. . . that no one may pretend antiquateness of the 
Old Testament.”— Appendix to Life of Mede, xli. 

an-tl-qua-tion, s. [Lat. antiquatio= an abro¬ 
gating, an annulling; from antiquo, v. t.] The act 
or process of rendering obsolete; the state of being 


rendered obsolete. Spec., used of the antiquation 
of a law, which is properly its repeal or abrogation, 
but is sometimes more loosely used for the refusal 
to pass it when it appears as a bill for discussion. 

“ You bring forth now, great queen, as you foresaw, 

An antiquation of the salique law.” 

Cartwright: Poem to the Queen. 

“ Reason is a law 

High and divine, engrav’d in every breast, 

Which must no change nor antiquation know.” 

Beaumont: Psyche, xv. 164. 

“. . . antiquation, which is the refusing to pass a 
law.”— Ency. Lond. 

an-tl que, *an’-tlque, a. & s. [In Ger. antik, a., 
antike, s.; Fr. antique, a. & s.; Ital. antico, s. From 
Lat. antiquus= former, old, ancient; ante — before.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ancient, old, that has long existed. It may be 
used (a) in the geological sense=of an age measured 
by millions of years; or ( b ) historically=prior_ to 
the birth of Christ; or (c) mediaeval; or (d) having 
been long in existence compared with others of its 
kind. [Ancient, Antiquity.] 

“ . . . a rock very different in age from the antique 
and crystalline gneiss of Scotland and Scandinavia.”— 
Murchison: Siluria, ch. xiv. 

“The seals which we have remaining of Julius Caesar, 
which we know to be antique, have the star of Venus over 
them.”— Dry den. 

“ Huge convent domes with pinnacles and towers 
And antique castles seen through drizzling showers.” 

Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches. 

“Ye distant spires, ye antique towers.” 

Gray: View of Eton. 

2. Old-fashioned, antiquated. 

“ The first, if I remember, is a sort of a buff waistcoat, 
made antique fashion, . . . ”— Goldsmith: The Bee, No. ii. 

3. Odd, antic. (See Antic, which was originally 
the same word as antique.) 

“And sooner may a gulling weather-spy, 

By drawing forth heav’n’s scheme, tell certainly, 
What fashion’d hats, or ruffs, or suits, next year 
Our giddy-headed antique youth will wear.” 

Donne. 

B. As substantive, it is frequently used in the 
lural ANTiQUES=such busts, statues, vases, &c., as 
ave come down from classic antiquity, and are 

prized for their value as works of genius and art no 
less than for the light they throw on the life of the 
Old World. 

“Misshapen monuments and maim’d antiques.” 

Byron: Eng. Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

fan-ti'que-ly, adv. [Eng. antique ; -h/.] In an 
antique way ; after the fashion of antiquity. 

an-tl que-ness, s. [Eng. antique; -ness.] The 
quality of being antique. 

“ We may discover something venerable in the antique¬ 
ness of the work.”— Addison. 

an-tl ques, s.pl. [Antique.] 
an-tlq-ui-tar-I-an (ui=wl), s. [Eng. antiq¬ 
uity ); -arian.] One who praises bygone days; a 
medifevalist. ( Milton: Of Ref. in Eng., bk. i.) 

an-tlq-ui-tle§ (ui=wl), s. pi. [Antiquity.] 

an-tlq-ui-ty, *an-tlq-ui-tle (ui=wl),s. [Fr. 

antiquite, from Lat. antiquitas, antiquus= ancient.] 
A. Singular: 

I. The state of having existed long ago; the state 
of being ancient. 

1. By the geological standard: Vast and uncer¬ 
tain age. 

“. . . inferiority in position is connected with the 
superior antiquity of granite.”— Lyell: Manual of Geol., 
4th ed., ch. xxxiv. 

Antiquity of man : The specific term applied to the 
hypothesis now generally accepted by geologists 
and other scientific investigators as correct, that 
man came into being not later than the glacial 
period, if indeed he did not exist in pre-glacial 
times. From the historic point of view this makes 
him very “antique,” though by the geological 
standard the date of his birth is exceedingly 
modern. (Lyell: Antiquity of Man.) 

2. By the historic standard : 

(a) Ancient times, especially those from the ear¬ 
liest known period to the fall of the Roman empire. 

“I mention Aristotle, Polybins, and Cicero, the great¬ 
est philosopher, the most impartial historian, and the 
most consummate statesman of all antiquity.” — Addison. 

(b) Sometimes the word in this sense is used 
much more vaguely. 

“ From a period of immemorial antiquity it had been 
the practice of every English government to contract 
debts.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

3. By the standard of human or other life or exist¬ 
ence. Ludicrously : Old age. 

“ Par. Hadst thou not the privilege of antiquity upon 
thee-.”— Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, ii. 3. 


II. The ancients, the people who lived during tho- 
times mentioned under No. 2. 

“ Wherefore doth vaine antiquitie so vaunt, 

Her ancient monuments of mightie peeres ?” 

Spenser: Sonnet on Scanderbeg. 

B. Plural: Antiquities signify such coins, in¬ 
scriptions, statues, weapons, sepulchral urns, ruined 
edifices, nay, even manuscripts, as have come down 
to us from the classical and other nations of antiq¬ 
uity, or from the early period of our own country s 
history. They are valued as confirming, checking, 
or enlarging the information given by historians, or 
in some cases as laying the basis for reconstructing 
the most outstanding events connected with nations 
or periods regarding which ordinary histories are 
silent. 


“ So of histories we may find three kinds: Memorials, 
Perfect Histories, and Antiquities; for memorials are his¬ 
tory unfinished, or the first or rough draughts of history; 
and antiquities are history defaced, or some remnants of 
history which have casually escaped the shipwreck of 
time.”— Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. ii. 

an-tl-rhce-g,, s. [Gr. anti — against; rheo — to 
flow. Named from being used against haemor¬ 
rhage.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Cinchonace® (Cinchonads). The species are found 
in Mauritius and Bourbon. The root and bark of 
the A. verticellata are believed to be very astrin¬ 
gent. 

an-tl-rhefi-mat'-Ic (h silent), a. & s. [Gr. anti 
=against, and Eng. rheumatic.] 

1. As adjective: Deemed of use against rheuma¬ 
tism. 

2. As substantive: A medicine given against rheu¬ 
matism. 

an-ti-rev-o-lfi’-tion-ar-y , a. [Gr. anti— against, 
and Eng. revolutionary. In Fr. antir6volutionnaire .] 
Opposed to political, and especially to sanguinary, 
revolution. 

“. . . to disgorge their antirevolutionary pelf.”— 
Burke: Regicide Peace. 

an-tI-rev-5-lfi’-tion-Ist, a. [Gr. anff=against, 
and Eng. revolutionary . ] One opposed to revolution 
or to revolutionary parties. 

“. . . the apartment called by the antirevolutionists, 
‘the plotting parlor.’ ”— Guthrie: Eng. 

an-tir-rhl-num (h silent), s. [In Sp., Port. & 
Ital. antirrino. From Lat. antirrhinon, a plant, 
Lychnis githago (?) ;_Gr. antirrhinon=snap-dragon : 
anti = compared with; rhis, genit. rhinos = the 
nose. Nose-like.] Snapdragon. A genus of plants 



Antirrhinum Majus. 

1. Upper portion of a plant of Antirrhinum majus (Snap¬ 
dragon). 2. Corolla cut open, showing stamens. 

3. Ripe fruit. 


belonging to the order Scrophulariace®, or Fig- 
worts. The A. Orontium, or Lesser Snapdragon, 
and the A. majus, or Great Snapdragon, are included 
in this genus. 

an-tl-ru'-mor, v. t. [Gr. anti, and Eng. rumor.} 
To spread a report contrary to one generally cur¬ 
rent. (Fuller: Ch. Hist., III. viii., § 14.) 

an-tl-sab-ba-ta r-I-un, s. [Gr. anfa'=against, 
and Eng. Sabbatarian.] One who holds that the 
Jewish Sabbath was part of the ceremonial rather 
than of the moral law, and that, in its essential 
character, it is different from the “ Lord’s Day ” of 
the New Testament. 

“The antisabbatarians hold the Sabbath day, or that, 
which we call the Lord's day, to be no more a Sabbath: 
in which they go about to violate all religion; for take 
away the Sabbath, and farewell religion.”— Pagit: Heresi- 
ography, p. 119. 

an-ti-sa'-bi-an, a. [Gr. anti=against, and Eng. 
Sabian (q. v.).] Opposed to Sabianism, that is, to- 
the worship of the heavenly bodies. (Faber.) 

an-tl-sa$-er-dd'-t<il, a. [Gr. anfi=against, and 
Eng. sacerdotal.] Opposed to the priestly office or 
procedure. 

“The charge of such sacerdotal craft hath often been 
unjustly laid by antisacerdotal pride or resentment.” 
Waterland: Ch., p. 58. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 


















BM 


'106 

'•s?-$Sn A ■. K^^cr/ ■ 

■' <; ’•''. 




EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. i-io. Insignia of royalty: 1-3, Head-dresses; 4 , head-dress <A royal youth; 5, cap c 

' 13-22. Articles used in public religious worship: 13, Processional-boat of the gods; 14 

28, 29. Flutes. 30. Drum. 31. Collar. 32. Necklace. 33. Necklace with pendants. 34-39. Articles of Jewelry. 40-44. Amulets. 45. Mstr 
vessels. 82. Large vase. 84-90. Cooking utensils, &c. 91. Hanging lamp. 92-97. Toilet accessories. 98. Couch. 99. Table. 100. Seat, 










































































wer Egypt; 6, diadem, ornamented with the •• ur®us;’* 7, whip; 8, shepherd’s crook; 9, to, sceptres. 11, 12. Insignia of courtiers. 
17, 18, various utensils; 16, censer; 19, offering; 20-22, standards. 23. Mummy=bier. 24* Harp. 25. Lute. 26. Castanets. 27. Lyre. 
46, 47. Seals. 48, 49. Sandals. 50. Head=rest. 5 i- 66 . Tools. 67. Scales. 68, 69- Scale=weights. 70. Palette. 71-81,83. Various forms of 
. Ornamented chair. 102. Footstool. 103. Chariot. 104. Whip. 105. Harness. 106. Sedan chair. 107. Plan of an ancient Egyptian house. 



















































































































































antischolastic 


219 


antithetic 


an-tl-scho-las'-tlc, a. [Gr. onK=:against, and 
Eng. scholastic .] Opposed to what is scholastic. 
(S. T. Coleridge.) 

an-ti-scl -e,n§ (Eng.), an-tl-scl-i (Lat.), s. pi. 
[In Fr. antisciens; Lat. antiscii; Gr. antiskioi; 
a?ifi=opposite, and skia= a shadow.], [Antceci.] 
Geog. & Astron.: Two sets of people, whose 
shadows at the same moment fall in opposite direc¬ 
tions. The parties south of the tropic of Capricorn 
are always antiscians to those north of the tropic 
of Cancer, and vice versd. 

an-tl-scor-bu-tlc, *an-tI-scor-bu -tick, a.&s. 
[Gr. anti= against, and Eng. scorbutic; Ger. anti- 
scorbutisch; Fr. antiscorbutique; Sp., Port. & Ital. 
antiscorbutico .] 

A. As adjective: Deemed of use against scurvy. 
(Glossog. Nov., 2d ed.) 

B. As substantive: A medicine deemed of use 
'against scurvy. 

* an ti scor bu-tlc-al, a. [Eng. antiscorbutic; 

-al .] [Antiscorbutic.] 

an-ti-scrip'-tu-ral, a. [Gr. «nfi=against, and 
Eng. scriptural .] Opposed to Scripture. 

an-tl-scrlp -tu-rl§m, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. scripture; -ism.] Opposition to Scripture. 

an-tl-serip -tu-rlst, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. scripturist (q. v.).j One opposed to Scripture. 

An-ti-Sem'-Ite, s. One who is opposed to the 
social or political influence of Jews, or who favors 
the suppression of Judaism or the persecution of 
Hebrews by political methods. 

An-tl -sem-it'-ic, a. Pertaining to, or having 
the characteristics of, Anti-Semitism. 

An-ti-sem'-It-i§m, s. Political or social an¬ 
tagonism to the Jews, as manifested in Germany, 
Russia, and Austria, beginning about 1878. 

an-tl-sep'-sls, s. [Gr. an.fi=against, and sepsis 
=putrefaction, from sepo=to make rotten.] The 
exclusion of microbes or bacteria from wounds, &c.. 
by the use of antiseptics or other means in order to 
prevent putrefaction, infection, or blood-poisoning; 
The antiseptic treatment usually is as follows : The 
wound is first cleaned with soap and water and an 
antiseptic mixture consisting of bichloride of mer¬ 
cury solution 1-4000, mixed with carbolic acid solu¬ 
tion 1-200, is applied. Iodoform gauze is then put 
on, then plain gauze, cotton and the bandage. 

an-tl-sep-tic, *an-tl-sep -tick, a. & s. [In. 
Ger. antiseptisch; Fr. antiseptique; Port, antisep- 
tico; Gr. anti— against, and septos= putrid, decayed; 
sepo=to make rotten or putrid.] 

A. As adjective: Counteracting the tendency to 
putrefaction. 

B. As substantive: A substance which has the 
effect of counteracting the tendency to putrefaction. 
Garrod makes “ Disinfectants and Antiseptics ” the 
second order of his “Division III. Chemical agents 
used for other than their medicinal properties.” 
Antiseptics prevent chemical change by destroying 
the putrefactive microbes or bacteria, the chemical 
composition of the body still in many cases remain¬ 
ing the same; while disinfectants decompose and 
remove the infectious matter itself. Antiseptics are 
called also Colytics (q. v.). Among them may 
be named carbolic acid, alcohol, sulphurous acid, 
chloride of sodium (common salt), corrosive sub¬ 
limate, arsenic, &c. 

antiseptic surgery, s. Surgery in which the 
damrer of putrefaction or blood-poisoning is guarded 
against by means of antisepsis (q. v.). 

an-tl-sen-tlc-al, a. [Eng. antiseptic; -al.] 
Pertaining to an antiseptic; counteracting the 
tendency to putrefaction. 

an-ti-sla -ver-y, a. & s. [Gr. ajifi=against, and 
Eng. slavery.] 

1. As adjective: Opposed to slavery. 

2. As substantive: Antagonism to slavery. 

an-tl-s8 -qial (cial = shal), a. [Gr. anti— 
against, and Eng. social. In Fr. antisocial.] 

1. Opposed to mingling in society; disposed to 
solitude. 

2. Opposed to the principles on which society is 
founded. 

an-tl-spas-Is, s. Tin Port, antispase; Gr. anti- 
spas^ a drawing back of the humors of the body : 
antispao= to draw the contrary way: anft=against, 
and spao=to draw.] 

Med.: The revulsion of any fluid in the body from 
one part to another. 

an-tI-spa§-mod'-Ic, *an-tI-spa§-mod-Ick, a. 
&s. [From Gr. anfi=against, and Eng. spasmodic. 
In Fr. antispasmodique; Port, antispasmodico. 
From Gr. antispasmos= an antispasmodic: anti— 
back, and spasmos=( 1) a drawing, (2) a convul¬ 
sion; 8pao=to draw.] 

A. As adjective: Deemed of use against spasms 
or convulsions. 


B. As substantive: A medicine designed to counter¬ 
act or allay spasms. Garrod makes antispasmodics 
the first order of his Sub-class 3. They are of two 
kinds: (1) Direct Antispasmodics, or Spinal Tonics, 
of which the chief are assafeetida, valerian, musk, 
castor, various oils, camphor, &c.; (2) Indirect Anti¬ 
spasmodics, as conium, bromide of potassium, salts 
of silver, hydrocyanic acid, belladonna, stramo¬ 
nium, henbane, opium, chloroform, &c. ( Garrod: 
Materia Medica.) 

an'-tl-spast, an-tl-spas-tus, s. [Lat. anti- 
spastus; Gr. antispastos=sin antispast; from anti- 

2 ->ao— to draw the contrary way: anti and spao=to 
raw.] 

Prosody: A foot consisting of four syllables, the 
first and fourth short, and the second and third 
long: as me \ dul \ Id \ sits. 

an-tl-spas'-tlc, *an-tl-spas'-tlck, a. & s. [From 
Gr. anti= against, and Eng. spastic (a. v.); or from 
Gr. antispastos= drawn in contrary directions.] 

A. As adjective: 

*1. Medicine: 

1. Pertaining to antispasis; believed to cause a 
revulsion of fluids from one part of the body to the 
other. 

2. Antispasmodic. 

II. Prosody: Pertaining to an antispast. 

B. As substantive: 

1. A medicine believed to cause a revulsion of 
fluids from one part of the body to the other. (Glos¬ 
sog. Nova.) 

2. Antispasmodic. 

an-tl-sple-net'-Ic, *an-tl-sple-net’-lck, a. & s. 

[Gr. anti=against, and Eng. splenetic.] 

A. As adjective: Deemed of use against diseases 
of the spleen. 

B. As substantive: A medicine given against dis¬ 
eases of the spleen. 

“ Antisplenetics open the obstructions of the spleen.” 
— Flouer. 

an-tis’-ta-sls, s. [In Ger. antistase; Gr. anti- 
stasis= standing against, opposition : anfi=against, 
and sfasis=(l) a placing, (2) a standing; histemi= 
to make to stand.] 

Rhetoric: A defense of any action on the ground 
that what was done was the lesser of two evils. 

an-tls-te§ (plural an-tls'-tl-te§), s. [Lat.] 
(1) A president of any kind ; (2) a high-priest. 

“He tells what the Christians had wont to do in their 
several congregations, to read and expound, to pray and 
administer, all which he says the preestos, or antistes, 
did.”— Milton: Of Prel. Episcopacy. 

“Unless they had as many antistites as presbyters.”— 
Ibid. 

an-tls ~tr6-phe, an-tls -tro-phy, s. [In Ger. & 
Fr. antistrophe; Port, antistrophe, antistrope. From 
Gr. antistrophe — a turning about; antistrepho = to 
turn to the opposite side: anti = opposite to, and 
strepho= to twist, to turn.] 

I. Ancient Choruses and Dances: 

1. The returning of the chorus, exactly answering 
to a previous strophe, except that now they moved 
from left to right, instead of from right to left. 

2. The lines of the poem or choral song sung dur¬ 
ing this movement. 

“It was customary, on some occasions, to dance round 
the altars, whilst they sung the sacred hymns, which con¬ 
sisted of three stanzas or parts ; the first of which, called 
strophe, was sung in turning from east to west; the 
other, named antistrophe, in returning from west to 
east; then they stood before the altar and sung the epode, 
which was the last part of the song.”— Potter: Antiq. of 
Greece, bk. ii., ch. 4. 

II. Rhetoric: The figure of retortion. 

III. Logic: Aristotle’s designation for the conver¬ 
sion or transposition of the terms of a proposition. 

IV. Grammar: An inverted construction. 

V. Relation of one thing to another. 

“ The latter branch touching impression, hath not been 
collected into art, but hath been handled dispersedly; and 
it hath the same relation or antistrophe that the former 
hath.”— Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. ii. 

an-tl-stroph'-Ic, a. [En g. antistrophe;-ic.] Per¬ 
taining to an antistrophe. 

an-tls’-tro-phon, s. [ Gr. antistrophos = turned 
opposite ways, set over against, and hence correla¬ 
tive.] 

“ That he may know what it is to be a child, and yet to 
meddle with edged tools, I turned his antistrophon upon 
his own head.”— Milton: Apol. for Smectymnuus. 

an-tl-strfi-mat -Ic, a. & s. [Gr. anti— against, 
and Lat. struma=a scrofulous tumor; struma.] 

A. As adjective: Counteracting or mitigating the 
strumous, that is, th» scrofulous constitution. 


B. As substantive: A medicine believed to have 
some effect in counteracting or mitigating the 
strumous constitution. 

“I prescribed him a distilled milk, with antistrumat- 
ics, and purged him.”— Wiseman. 

an-tl-strff -mous, a. [Antistrumatic.] The 
same as Antistrumatic (q. v.). 

an-tl-syph-l-llt-lc, a. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. syphilitic. In Fr. antisyphilitique .] Believed 
to be of use against syphilis. (Castle: Lexicon 
Pharm.) 

An-tl-tac'-tae, An-tl-tac’-te§, s. pi. [Latinized 

from Gr. antitasso=( 1) to range in battle, (2) to 
counteract, to resist: anft=against, and tctsso=to 
arrange.] 

Church Hist.: A Gnostic sect who maintained 
that not God but a creature had created evil. 

an-tl-tar-tar-Ic, a. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Eng. tartaric.] Opposed to Tartaric (q. v.). 

antitartaric acid. An acid differing from tar¬ 
taric acid in this remarkable respect, that whereas 
the latter turns the plane of polarization to the 
right, this does it to the left. If the two be mixed 
together they lose all influence on polarized light. 

an-tl-the-l§m, s. [Gr. anti= against, and Eng. 
theism. Or from antitheos, a., in the sense cf op¬ 
posed to God; for in Homer it means god-like, equal 
to the gods.] Opposition to God or to belief in His 
existence. 

an-tl-the'-Ist, s. [Gr. anfi=against, and Eng. 
theist.] One who opposes the belief in a God. The 
antitheist is a more decided opponent of theism 
than the atheist. 

an-tl-the-Ist’-Ic-Al, a. [Or. anti= against, and 
Eng. theistical. Or Eng. antitheist; -ical.] Op¬ 
posed to theism ; antagonistic to the belief in God. 

an-tl-the-Ist’-Ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. antithet¬ 
ical; -ly. J After the manner of an antitheist; with 
vigorous opposition to faith in God. 

an-tlth'-en-gr, s. [Gr. an<i=against, and thenar 
=the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot.] 

Anat.: One of the muscles which extend the 
thumb. 

an-tlth-e-sis (pi. an-tlth'-e-se§), s. [In Sw. 
antithes; Dan. & Ger. antithese; Fr. antithbse; 
Sp. antitesis, antiteto; Port, antithese, antithesis; 
lt&l.antitesi; Gr. antithesis= opposition, from anti¬ 
tit hemi—to set against, oppose: anti= against, and 
tithemi—to set or place.] 

Rhet.: Sharp opposition or contrast between 
word and word, clause and clause, sentence and 
sentence, or sentiment and sentiment, specially 
designed to impress the listener or reader. 

U Macaulay’s writings are full of antitheses, of 
which the following may serve as examples: as, “He 
had covertly shot at Cromwell, he now openly aimed 
at the Queen." (Hist. Eng., ch. v.) “ But blood 
alone did not satisfy Jeffreys; he filled his coffers 
by the sale of pardons." (Ibid., ch. xvii.) 

“Antithesis or opposition.”— Coleridge: Aids to Reflection 
(1839), p. 129. 

“ . . . the habitual antithesis of prose and poetry, 
fact and fiction.” — Herbert Spencer, 2d ed., vol. ii., 
p. 532, § 491. 

“ Athene, the man-goddess, born from the head of Zeus, 
without a mother, and without feminine sympathies, is 
the antithesis partly of Aphrodite.”— Grote: Hist, of 
Greece (1846), vol. i., pt. i., ch. i., p. 74. 

H The plural is still in the Greek form antitheses. 

“I see a chief who leads my chosen sons, 

All arm’d with points, antitheses, and puns.” 

Pope. 

an-tl-thet', s. [Antitheton.] An opposite 
statement or position. 

an-tlth -e-ta, s. pi. The plural of Antitheton 

(q. v.). 

an-tl-thet'-Ic, an-tl-thet'-Ic-al, a. [In Fr. an- 

tith&tique; Sp. antitetico. From Gr. antithetikos .] 

A. Ordinary Language: Pertaining to or marked 
by the presence of an antithesis. 

“The antithetical group of cases.”— Herbert Spencer. 
Psychology, 2d ed., vol. ii., p. 55, § 293. 

B. Technically: 

*Old Chem. Antithetic or polar formulae are 
formulae written on two lines instead of one. In 
the upper line are placed all the negative constitu¬ 
ents, and in the lower the positive. This method 
of notation was proposed by Dr. Graham. In this 

O 

system potash has the formula — instead of K. 0 : 

K ’ 

03 

sulphuric acid — instead of S0 3 . There is no anai- 
S 

ogy to an algebraic fraction. It does not mean 
that O, formerly multiplied by K, is now divided; 
and the algebraist unacquainted with chemistry 
must be on his guard against giving the apparent 
fractions this meaning. The formulae now given 
are altered in the new notation. 


IXTil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia’n, -t’ian = sh$m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





antithetically 


220 


anvil 


Sn-tl-thet'-ic-^l-ly, adv. [Eng. antithetical; 
-fy. J In an antithetical manner; with sharp con¬ 
trasts. 

an-tlth -e-ton, s. [Lat. & Gr. antitheton .] An 
antithesis. 

In the plural: Antitheta; in the Instructions for 
Oratory , (1661) erroneously made antithetas. 

an-tl-tOX -Ic, a. [Pref. anti-, and Eng. toxic.] 
Protecting against poison ; antidotal. “ The serum 
of animals vaccinated against a very virulent ven¬ 
om, such as that of a cobra, is perfectly antitoxic to 
the poisons of all kinds of serpents, and even scor¬ 
pions.”— Brit. Med. Jour., Aug. 1896. 

an-ti-tox-In, s Virus used as a preventive of 
or remedy for poisoning by toxin. 

y The name is especially applied to anti-diphther¬ 
itic serum, which is used hypodermically as a pre¬ 
ventive of, or cure for, diphtheria. It is obtained by 
repeated injections of diphtheritic bacterial toxin 
into a horse or other animal, until immunized 
against the disease. The serum of the animal thus 
immunized is antitoxin. In a report of the Ameri¬ 
can Pediatric Society (1897) on 1704 cases in private 
practice, it is pointed out that “before the use of 
antitoxin it was estimated that 90 per cent, of 
laryngeal cases required operation, whereas now 
with the use of antitoxin only 39 per cent, require 
it”; and that “'before the use of antitoxin, 27 per 
cent, recovered; now 73 per cent, recover, and this 
in the severest type of diphtheria.” See SERUM- 

THERAPY. 

an-tit -ra-gus, s. [Gr. anfi=opposito to, and 
Lat. tragus, Gr. tragos.] [Tragus.] A portion of 
the external ear opposite the tragus and beneath 
the cocha. 

an -ti-trin-I-ta r-I-an-i§m, s. [Gr. anti = 

against, and Eng. trinit arianism.] The creed of 
which the chief feature is a denial of the doctrine 
of the Trinity. 

an-tit-ro-pal, an-tlt-ro pous, a. [Gr. anti — 
opposite to, and tropos— a turn, direction; trepo— 
to turn.] 

Bot.: A term applied to an embryo which is in¬ 
verted so as to have the radicle at the extremity of 
the seed most remote from the hilum. The sacs of 
the ovule are in no degree inverted, but have their 
common point of origin at the hilum, the raphe and 
chalaza being necessarily invisible. 

an tl-typ -al, a. [Eng. antityp{e); - al .] Of the 
nature of an antitype (q. v.). 

an -ti-type, s. [In Sp. antitipo; Gr. antitypos= 
( 1 ) repelled by a hard body; echoed, echoing; (2) 
corresponding as the stamp to the die: anti=ov>x>o- 
site to, and typos={ 1 ) a blow, (2) that which is 
produced by a blow ; typoo= to impress, to stamp ; 
typio= to strike.] 

1. Gen.: That which corresponds to something 
also, as a stamp does to the die by which it was 
struck off. 

2. Theol.: He or that which in the New Testa¬ 
ment corresponded exactly to the types of the Old— 
namely, Christ or His atoning death. 

3. Among the ancient Greek fathers, and in the 
Greek liturgy: A term applied to the symbols of 
bread and wine in the sacrament. 

anti-typ-Ic-al, a. [Gr. anti= against, and 
typical; or Eng. antitype, and -ical.~\ Pertaining 
to an antitype. 

an-tl-typ -ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. antitypical; -ly.] 
In an antitypical way; by antitype. 

an-ti-ty-poiis, a. [Eng. antitype; -eras.] The 
same as Antitypical (q. v.). 

an-ti-vac-§m-a -tion, s. [Gr. anf7=against, and 
Eng. vaccination .] Opposition to vaccination. 

an-tl-vac-Qln-a -tion-ist, s. [Eng. antivacci¬ 
nation; -ish] 

1. One opposed to vaccination, as believing it to 
be injurious to the human frame. 

“. . . to describe antivaccinationists as a ‘school’ is 

to pusli satire to the verge of cruelty.”— Times, Nov. 13, 1876. 

2. One who, though deeming vaccination bene¬ 
ficial, is yet opposed to the law which renders it 
compulsory, as believing that such an enactment is 
inconsistent with proper civil liberty. 

an-tx-v?i-rl'- 6 l- 0 us, a. [Gr. against, and 
Eng. variolous, from Medieev. Lat. iwrio(a=small- 
pox.] Thought to be protective against smallpox. 

an-tl-ven-e r-e-al, a. [Gr. aw,ti=against, and 
Eng. venereal. In Ger. antivenerisch; Fr. anti- 
v6n6rien; Port. & Ital. antivenereo .] Believed to 
counteract or resist venereal poison. 

“. . . you will scarce cure your patient without 
exhibiting antivenereal remedies.”— Wiseman. 

ant'-jar, s. [From antiar or antschar, its Javan- 
ite name.] A poison made from the upas tree of 
Java, Antiaris toxicaria. [Antiaris.] 
ant'-ler, s. [Fr. andouiller—i\ brow-antler.] 

1. Properly the first branch, but now used for any 
ramification of the horns on the head of a stag or 


similar animal. The lowest furcation, that nearest 
the head, is called the brow-antler; and the branch 
next above it, the bes-antler. 

“. . . huge stags with sixteen antlers." — Macaulay: 

Hist. Eny., ch. vii. 

“Richardson figures a pair of antlers of the wild rein¬ 
deer with twenty-nine points.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, 
pt. ii., ch. xvii. 

“ Grown old they grow less branched, and first lose 
their brow-antlers, or lowest furcations next to the 
head.”— Browne. 


2. A moth, the Charceas or Cerapteryx graminis. It 
is of the family Noctuidee . 1 It is of a brown color 


with a white 
line on the up¬ 
per wings, and 
a row of black 
marks at the 
apex of each. 
The caterpil¬ 
lar, which is 
brown with 
yellow streaks, 
feeds on grass. 



Antler Moth. 


ant-lered, a. [Eng. antler; -ed.] Furnished 
with antlers. 


“The antler’d monarch of the waste, 

Sprung from his heathery couch in haste.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 2. 

ant'-li-a, s. [Lat. antlia= a machine for draw¬ 
ing water; a pump; Gr. antlia—{ 1) the hold of a 
ship, ( 2 ) bilge-water.] 

Entom.: The spiral proboscis of the Lepidopter- 
ous order of insects. It “ is formed by the elongated 
slender maxillae, still characterized by the minute 
palpi at their base. The inner margins of the 
maxillae are concave, and the edges of the channels 
are in close contact, or are confluent so as to form 
a canal along which the juices of the flowers can 
be pumped up into the mouth. The large labial 
palpi defend the antlia when it is retracted and 
coiled up.” {Owen: Comp. Anat. Invert. Animals.) 

Antlia, s. [See preceding.] 

Astron.: An abbreviation for Antlia Pneumatica 
(the Air-pump), one of the Southern constellations 
introduced by Lacaille. 

ant-11 a'-ta, s. pi. [Mod. Lat.=furnished with a 
sucker, like a pump.l The name given by Fabricius 
to the Dipterous order of insects; but as antlia is 
now confined to the spiral sucker of the Lepidoptera, 
Antliata, as a synonym for Diptera, would be mis¬ 
leading. 

ant'-ling, s. [Eng. ant; dimin. suff. -ling.] A 
young ant. {McCook: Agric. Ant of Texas, p. 20.) 

ant ce -9I {Lat.), ant-ce -<jl-an§, ant-e -91-an:) 
{Eng.),s. pi. [Gr. plur. of anfoifcos=living in an 
opposite latitude; cmfi=opposite to, and oikeb =to 
inhabit, from oikos= a house.] Persons living in 
the same latitude north and south of the equator, 
as well as in the same longitude. The identity of 
longitude makes them have exactly the same hours, 
but the difference of N. and S. in the latitude causes 
the seasons of the one to be opposite to those of the 
other, and the length of any day in the one to be 
exactly equal to the same night of the other, [An- 

TISCIANS.] 

ant-on-o-ma -§1-3, {Lat.), ant-on-o-ma-§y 

{Eng.), s. [Ger. antonomasie; Fr. antonomase; 
Lat. antonomasia; Gr. antonomasia—{ 1 ) a differ¬ 
ent name; ( 2 ) see def.; antonomazb =to name in¬ 
stead; aw#i=instead of, and onomazo— to name; 
onowa=name.] The designating of a person not 
by his actual surname, but by his office, rank, dig¬ 
nity, or even by his trade, his country, &c.; as, Ills 
Honor, the Honorable so and so, Member of Con¬ 
gress, the learned counsel, the great commander, 
the shameless mendicant, “ a Daniel come to judg¬ 
ment.” 

ant-on-o-mas -tic-gd-ly, adv. [From Lat., Gr., 
& Eng. antonomasia (q. v.).J In a way to involve 
the rhetorical figure antonomasia. 

an-to-nym, s. [Gr. anfi=against, opposite; 
onoma=a name, a word.] A word expressing the 
reverse of any other word; the opposite to a syno¬ 
nym : thus bad is an antonym of good. 

“ Antonyms and synonyms.” -Title of book by C. J Smith. 
(1870.) 

Ant-O-si-an-dri-un, s. [Gr. anti= against, and 
Osiander.] One of a religious party opposed to 
Andrew Osiander, a theological professor at KOnigs- 
berg from 1548, who called that redemption which 
Luther regarded as justification, and that justifica¬ 
tion which the great German reformer demominated 
sanctification. The Antosiandrians were strongly 
Lutheran. 

ant o zone, s. & a. [Gr. anti— against; and Eng., 
Szc., ozone (q. v.).] 

1 . As substantive: In the opinion of SchOnbein, a 
permanently positive variety of oxygen, opposed to 


ozone, which he holds to be a permanently negative 
one. Inactive oxygen he considers to be a produce 
of the union of the two. Meissner agrees with him, 
and states that ordinary oxygen is resolved by elep- 
trication into ozone and antozone; the former is ab¬ 
sorbed by iodide of potassium, pyrogallic acid, &c., 
while the latterremains unabsorbed. Antozrae has 
been found by Engler and Nasse to be nothing but 
hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 . {Watts: Chem., buppi. 
II.) 

“The dark violet-blue fluor of Wolsendorf, Bavaria, af¬ 
forded Schrdtter 0 02 per cent, of ozone, which Schonbein 
. . showed to be antozone.” — Dana: Min., 6th ed., 
p. 124. 

2. As adjective: Pertaining to antozone, s. (q. v.) 

“ Its strong antozone odor [that of Antozonite] is said 
often to produce headache and vomiting in the miners.” 
— Dana: Min., 6th ed., p. 124. 

ant-o-zo'n-Ite, s. [Eng. &c., antozone (q.v.), and 
suff. -ite.] A mineral, a variety of Fluorite or 
Fluor. Dana divides Fluor into (1) Ordinary; (2) 
Antozonite of Schonbein. The latter is a dark 
violet-blue mineral, found at Wolsendorf, in Bava¬ 
ria. [Antozone.] 

*an-tre, s. [Fr. antre; Lat. antrum—a cave.] A 
cave, a cavern, a den. 

“ With all my travel’s history, 

Wherein of antres vast, and deserts idle, 

It was my bent to speak.”— Shakesp.: Othello, i. 3 . 

an -trlm-o-llte, s. [Named from Antrim, in Ire¬ 
land, where it is found ; suffix -ite— Gr. lithos— a 
stone.] A variety of Mesolite. Its hardness is 
3’5-4; its sp. gr., 2'096. 

an -trum, s. [Lat.=a cave.] 

1. Anat.: A term used for several parts of the 
body which have a cave-like appearance. Thus 
antrum pylori is the great concavity of the stomach 
approaching the pylorus; antrum buccinosum is 
the cochlea of the ear, and antrum gence is the 
maxillary sinus. 

2. Bot.: A name given by Msench to the kind of 
fruit called by Lindley Pomum, an apple or pome. 

A'-nfi, s. [Assyrian.] 

Assyrian Myth.: The first great deity of the upper 
Triad: Amt=Heaven ; Elu or ,BeZ=Earth ; and Hea 
=Hades. The Accadians regarded him as the spirit 
or fetish of heaven ; while the Assyrians elevated 
him to the high position of the Greek Zeus or the 
Latin Jupiter. ( Boscawen: quoted in Mr. W. E. 
Cooper’s Archaic Diet., 1876.) 

A-nu -bis, s. [Old Coptic (?).] 

1. An Egyptian god represented with the head of 
a dog, or rather of a jackal. Mr. Cooper describes 
him as the chief deity presiding over the mummied 
or other dead. 

“ The brutish gods of Nile as fast, 

Isis, and Orus, and the dog Anubis haste.” 

Milton : Odes, i. 

2. Zool. Anubis zerda, the Sabora of the Arabs, 
and the Megalotis famelicus of naturalists, is a 
fennec found in Kordofan, and believed by Profes¬ 
sor Kroetschmer to be the animal taken for a jackal 
on Egyptian temples and on the catacombs of 
Thebes. {Jardine: Naturalist's Library, vol. iv. 
(Dogs), p. 235.) 

a -nus, s. [Fr. amts; Lat., m.] The fundament. 

a-nfi s-wa-ra, a-nfi s -war, s. [Sanscrit.] 

Philol.: A nasal sound given to certain letters in 
the Indian languages. 

“Secondly, this anuswdra is in most languages pro¬ 
nounced as a distinct . . . nose intonation.”— Beames: 
Compar. Gram, of the Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i. (1872), 
p. 296. 

an -vll, *and -vile, *an -vlld, *an -vilt, s. [A. S. 

anfilt, cenfilt. In Dan. ambolt; Dut. aanbeeld, from 
aan— to, at, in, upon; and i>ee(d=image, statue, 
figure. On this etymology an anvil is that on which 
things are built or fashioned. So in Latin, incus is 



Anvil. 

from incudo =to forge with a hammer, to fabricate; 
in = upon, and cudo = to strike, beat, pound, or 
knock. An anvil, then, is that on which anything i 3 
fabricated by being struck.] 

1. A mass of iron or other material, smooth above, 
on which a smith hammers into the required form 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = Ew! 





anvil 


221 


ap alike 


the metal which he has previously softened by heat¬ 
ing it in a furnace. 

“So dreadfully he did the andvile beat, 

That seem’d to dust he shortly would it drive.’’ 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 37. 

2. Anything on which blows are laid. 

“ Here I clip 

The anvil of my sword, and do contest 
Hotly and nobly.”— Shakesp.: Coriol., iv. 5. 

To be on the anvil, means to be contemplated, to 
be in process of preparation, to be in process of 
being hammered into presentable shape by public 
discussion or private conference. (It is used 
especially of measures sought to be carried into 
law.) 

“ Several members of our house, knowing what was 
upon the anvil, went to the clergy and desired their 
judgment.”— Swift. 

an'-vll, v. t. [From the substantive.] To fashion 
on an anvil. 

IT Used chiefly in the pa. par. (q. v.). 

an -Villed, pa. par. Fashioned on an anvil. 

“ . . . with all care put on 
The surest armor anvil’d in the shop 
Of passive fortitude.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Lover’s Progress, iv. 1. 

an^-l'-g-ty, s. [In Fr. anxi6t6; Port, anxiedade; 
Ital. ansietd; Lat. anxietas, from anxius.) 
[Anxious.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Trouble, solicitude, or mental 
distress, on discerning the seeming approach of a 
future event which it is believed will, on its arrival, 
inflict on one loss, injury, or sorrow, and which one 
fails clearly to see any practicable means of avert¬ 
ing. 

“ Another week of anxiety and agitation passed away.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

2. Med.: Lowness of spirits, restlessness, with 
uneasiness of the stomach. 

“In anxieties which attend fevers, when the cold fit is 
over, a warmer regimen may be allowed; and because 
anxieties often happen by spasms from wind, spices are 
useful.”— Arbuthnot. 

anxious (ahk-shus), *ang-us-sus, adj. [In 
Fr. anxieux; Sp. & Ital. ansioso; Port, anxioso; 
Lat. anxius, from ango = to press tightly, to 
strangle.] [Anger.] 

_ 1 . Very much troubled or solicitous about some 
future event of a nature likely to be painful to one, 
and which one knows no means of averting. 

“ Whaune thu lest him the cupe iseo 
Wei angussus he wile beo.” 

Floriz and Blauncheflur (ed. Lumby), 365-6. 
“Our days are number’d, let us spare 
Our anxious hearts a needless care.” 

Cowper: Guion’s Love of Ood. 

2. Inspiring anxiety; such as cannot be contem¬ 
plated without some measure of doubt and fear. 

“ An anxious duty ! which the lofty site. 

Far from all public road or beaten way . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

“ And, reading here his sentence, how replete 
With anxious meaning, heavenward turn his eye!” 

Cowper: Bill of Mortality (1788). 

3. Eagerly desirous (to do something). 

“He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve, 
and at those who are eager for reform.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

T[ Anxious is followed by a verb in the infinitive, 
or by about, concerning, or for, of th e noun designat¬ 
ing the object of solicitude. 

“No writings we need to be solicitous about the mean¬ 
ing of, but those that contain truths we are to believe, or 
laws we are to obey; we may be less anxious about the 
sense of other authors.”— Locke. 

IT The phrase anxious of is rare or obsolete. 

“Anxious of neglect, suspecting change.”— Granville. 

anxiously (ank'-shus-ly),ad'y. [Eng. anxious; 
-ly.) In an anxious manner, solicitously. 

“. . . and the members asked each other anxiously 
whether it was likely that the Abjuration and money bills 
would be passed before he died.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxv. 

, anxiousness (ank'-shus-ness), s. [Eng. 
anxious; -ness.] The state or quality of being 
anxious. 

“ . . . her cards, to which she returns with no little 
anxiousness till two or three in the morning.”— Addison: 
apectator, No. 79. 

any, *anie, *ani (en'-jf), a. [A. S. cenig.ceneg, 
ceng= any. any one: from an=one, and suff. -ig— 
Eng.-ic=naving. In Dut. eenig; Ger. einige.\ At 
least one, if ,not even a few. Used — 

1. As a singular: 

(a) Of persons or living existences, not excluding 
the Supreme Being himself. (It is used in opposition 
to no or none.) 

“ And David said, Is there yet any that is left of the 
house of Saul, that I may show him kindness for Jona¬ 
than’s sake?”—2 Sam. ix. 1. 

“Is there a God beside me? yea, there is no God;I know 
not any.” — Isa. xliv. 8. 


[b) Of things, in the most extensive sense; an 
amount small, but not precisely defined of any¬ 
thing; some. 

“ The was of hin fer ear bi-foun, 

Or ani werldes time boren.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), *7, 48. 

“ They loved armes, and knighthood did ensew, 
Seeking adventures where they ante knew.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. ii. 46. 

“ There be many that say, Who will shew us any good ?” 
—Ps. iv. 6. 

2. As a plural: Any living beings, any persons, 
any things. 

“ . . . if he found any of this way, whether they were 
men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusa¬ 
lem .”—Acts ix. 2. 

anybody (en-jMiod-f), s. [Eng. any; body.'] 
Any person. 

“His Majesty could not keep any secret from anybody.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

IT While the expression “ anybody,” spelled as 
one word, is applied to persons, as in the foregoing 
example, “any body” standing as two distinct 
words, is used only of material things, as the human 
body, a planet, &c. 

anyhow (en’-jMidw), adv. [Eng. any; how.] 
At any rate, any way, some way or other, in any 
case. ( Colloquial.) 

anything, any-thing, anything (en-^-thing), 

s. [Eng. any; thing.] 

1. Anything; something or other. 

“ . . . or in any thing of skin.”— Lev. xiii. 67. 

2. ( Personified .) 

“. . . also Mr. Smoothman, Mr. Facing-both-ways, 
Mr. Anything.” — Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. i. 

anything-ar-I-an (anything as en-y-thlng), 

s. [Eng. anything; -arian .] A person indifferent 
to all creeds. 

anything-ar'-I-an-I§m (anything as en-jf- 
thing), s. [Eng. any thing arian; -ism..] Indiffer¬ 
ence to religious matters. 

anywhere (en-y-where), adv. [Eng. any; 
where.) In any place. 

fanywhile, fany while (en'-^-whlle), adv. 
[Eng. any and while.] Any time ; for any length of 
time. 

“ . . . and calling unto him the centurion, he asked 
him whether he had been any while dead .”—Mark xv. 44. 

tanywhither, fany-whither (en'-jf-whith-er), 

adv. [Eng. any and whither.] To any place. 

“ This [profit] is the bait, by which you may inveigle 
most men any-whither.” — Barrows: Works, i. 9. 

fanywise, tany-wise, fany wise (en'-jf-wl§e), 
adv. [Eng. any; wise.] In any way, in any man¬ 
ner, in any respect; to any extent. 

“ How can he be any-wise rich, who doth want all the 
best things, . . ? ”— Barrow: Works, i. 16. 

V When any ivise are made separate words the 
preposition in may be put before them. 

‘And if he that sanctified the field will in any wise 
redeem it . . . ”— Lev. xxvii. 19. 

A-O’-nl-an, a. [From Aonia: see definition.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to the region of Aonia, in 
Boeotia, said to be inhabited by the Aones, descend¬ 
ants of a son of Neptune. It contained the mount¬ 
ains Helicon and Cithaeron, sacred to the Muses, 
who from their supposed residence in the district 
were called Aonides. 

2. Fig.: Pertaining to the Muses. 

“ And they are sure of bread who swink and moil; 

But a fell tribe th’ Aonian hive despoil.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 2. 

a’-or-ist, s. & a. [In Ger. aoristus; Fr .aoriste; 
Sp., Port., & Ital. aoristo; Gr. aoristos =an aorist: 
from adj. aoristos = without boundaries, from a, 
priv., and horizo = to separate by a boundary; 
horos = a boundary.] 

A. As substantive [Greek Grammar): A tense ex¬ 
pressing time of an indefinite date or character. In 
English the phrase “He went ” is properly an aor¬ 
ist, as no information is given as to when the action 
spoken of was performed. Greek verbs have two 
aorists, a first and a second; but, as a rule, only one 
of them is generally used. 

B. As adjective: Like an aorist; indefinite in 
time. 

a-or-Is'-tlc, a-or-Is'-tlc-al, a. '[In Ger. aoris- 
tisch; from Gr. «oristifcos=pertaining to an aorist; 
indeterminate, like an aorist.] 

1. Pertaining to an aorist. _ t 

2. Like an aorist, indefinite in point of time. 

k-or -ta, s. [In Fr. aorte; Sp. <fe Port, aorta,’ Gr. 

aorte= (1) In pi., the lower extremities of the wind¬ 
pipe; (2) later <& sing., the aorta (see def.). From 
aeiro=to lift.] The largest artery in the human 
body, and the main trunk of the arterial system 
itself. It takes its departure from the upper part 


of the left ventricle of the heart, whence it runs up¬ 
ward and to the right, at that part of its progress 
being called the ascending aorta; then it turns to 
the left, passes the spinal column, and bending 
downward forms the arch of the aorta. Continuing 
its course along to the left of the spine, it is called 
the descending aorta. Passing through the aper¬ 
ture in the diaphragm into the abdomen, it becomes 
the abdominal aorta. Finally, it bifurcates about 
the fourth pair of lumbar vertebrae, and forms the 
two primitive iliac arteries. Upward from the 
heart the ramifications are numerous and exceed¬ 
ingly important. The aorta has three valves called 
the sigmoid or semi-lunar valves, to prevent the 
reflux of the blood into the heart. 

a or -tal, a. [Eng. aorta; suil. -al.] Relating 
to the aorta ; aortic. 

a-or’-tic, a. [Eng. aorta; suff. -ic.) Pertaining 
to the aorta. 

Aortic arch, or Arch of the aorta: The name 
applied to that downward bend of the aorta which 
takes place just after that great artery has turned 
to the left, passing in front of the spinal column. 

Aortic bulb: The first portion of the ventricle 
whence an artery springs. It is dilated and sur¬ 
rounded by muscular fibers. 

a-or-tl’-tls, s. [Gr. aorte— the aorta; itis= 
inflammation.] 

Med.: A disease; inflammation of the aorta. 
a-o'-te§, *a-d'-tus [Humboldt), s. [Gr. a, priv., 
and ous, genit. otos= the ear.] A genus of very 
short-eared monkeys belonging to the family 
Cebidee, or American monkeys with prehensile tails. 
The A. invirgatus of Humboldt inhabits the thick 
forests adjacent to the Cassiquiare and the Upper 
Orinoco. 

a'-ofi-dad, s. [Native name.] _ The Ammotrogus 
tragelaphus, a remarkable species of sheep, with 
certain affinities to the goats. It is of a reddish- 
brown color, with much long hair hanging down 
from the front of the neck and the base of the fore 
legs. It has long powerful horns, and is fierce in 
character. It inhabits mountainous regions in 
Abyssinia and Barbary. 

a-pa ge, adv. [Eng. a=on, at, and pace.) With 
a pace, at a pace; that is, at a quick pace ; speedily. 
(Applied to things in motion, actions done quickly, 
or events in a state of rapid progression.) 

“ Apace he shot, and yet he fled apace.” 

Spenser: F. Q., U. xi. 27. 

“Kings of armies did flee apace.”—Ps. lxviii. 12. 
ap'- 3 ,-go-ge, ap'- 3 ,-go-gy, s. [In Ger., &c., apa¬ 
goge. From dr. apagoge= (1) a leading away; (2) a 
taking back or home; (3) payment; (4) bringing a 
delinquent taken in the act before the magistrate, 
also the process against him; (5) In Logic, see 
below.] 

1. Logic: The Greek term for what is now called, 
from Latin, abduction, a kind of argument in which' 
the greater extreme is unquestionably contained in 
the medium one, but the medium not so obviously 
contained in the lesser extreme as to render it un¬ 
necessary to establish this by proof. Thus. What¬ 
ever God has revealed is true. But God has 
revealed the doctrine of the incarnation : therefore 
it is a true doctrine. 

2. Math.: A progress or passage from one propo¬ 
sition to another, by employing one previously 
demonstrated to establish the truth of others. 

ap-a-gog-I-cal, a. [Eng. apagoge; -ical.] Per¬ 
taining to apagoge. 

Math.: An apagogical demonstration is a demon¬ 
stration, of the truth of a proposition by proving 
the absurdity in which one is landed who proceeds 
on the supposition of its being incorrect. Its more 
usual name is a reductio ad absurdum. [Dyche.) 
ap -a-go-gy, s. [Apagoge.]" 
ap-ag -y-nous, a. [Gr. hapax=once, and gynS 
=a woman.] 

Hot.: Fructifying but once; monocarpic. 

*a-pa id, *ap-pa'yed, *a-pa yed, *a-pa'yde, 
9 ,-pa'yd, pa. par. [Apay.] Satisfied, pleased, 
paid. 

“ . . . thy toils, but ill apaid.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 66 . 

“ . . . he was so well apayd.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 11,852. 

“ Whan that oure pot is broke, as I have sayd. 

Every man chyt, and halt him evel apayde.” 

Ibid., C. T., 12,848-49. 

“. . . thay holde hem nought apayed, as saith the 
book, of soden fleissch that was to hem offred, but thay 
tooke by force the fleissch that is raw.”— Ibid.: The Per- 
sones Tale. 

“ . . . and thou art well appay’d .” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 
ap -gi-llke, s. [American name.] A large fish of 
the Herring family, the Megalops Cyprinoides. It 
is called also Savalle. It is occasionally twelve 
feet long. The A. filaxnenteux, an Asiatic species,is 
also sometimes termed Apalike. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. j>h = fc 

-cian, -tian = shjn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, dpL 




apalled 


222 


ape 


*g,-pa lied, pa. par. [Appalled.] 
ap-g,n-g,ge. [Appanage.] 
ap-an-throp-y, s. [Gr . apanthropia (see def.): 
apo—from ; anthrbpos —m an.] An aversion to man ; 
distaste for the society of man ; love of retirement. 

a'-par, a -par-a. s. [A South American name.] 
A name occasionally given to the three-banded 
Armadillo, Dasypus Apar. It is one of the digging 
Edentata, and lives in Brazil and Paraguay. 

“The apar, commonly called mataco, is remarkable by 
having only three movable bands, the rest of its tesselated 
covering being nearly inflexible.”— Darwin: Voyage round 
the World (ed. 1870), ch. v. 

*a-par-giled, * 3 ,-par'-gL.l-it, pa. par. & a. [Ap¬ 
parelled.] 

*g,-p^r-a s-tur, *g,-pgr-a s-teur, adj. [From 
O. Fr. apparoutre — to appear; apart ssent = appar¬ 
ent (?).] Applicable, congruous to. (Scotch.) 

”... and indeed it is aparasteur to this purpose we 
have in hand.”— Acts Jas. VI. (1609), p. 121. (Jamieson.) 

ap-ar'-gi-g,, s. [Gr. apargia, probably a kind of 
succory : apo=from, and argia — idleness; meaning 
jthat the weed, whatever it was, sprung up in conse¬ 
quence of the idleness of the husbandman. Had he 
been industrious, he would have cut short its exist¬ 
ence at the outset.] A genus of plants belonging to 
the order Asteracese (Composites), and the sub¬ 
order Cichoraceie. In some respects they have a 
'remote resemblance to the Dandelion. 

| ap-g—rlth-me -sis, s. [Gr. aparithmesis — a 
{counting over: apo = from, and artthmesis =count¬ 
ing ; or from aparithmeo— to count over; apo=from, 
and arithmeo= to count; arithmos= a number.] 
Rhet. : Enumeration. 

g-part, adv. [From Fr. d part = to one side; 
apart6 (in dramas) = aside; Sp. aparte ; Port, d 
parte ; Ital. da parte.) 

1. In a state of physical separation from, at a 
greater or less distance in place removed from. 

“And when He had sent the multitudes away, He went 
up into a mountain apart to pray.”— Matt. xiv. 23. 

“This seems to have actually taken place at about the 
same period in Southern Patagonia and Chili, though 
these places are a thousand miles apart.” — Darwin: Voy¬ 
age round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xvi. 

2. In a state of separation, mentally viewed; as 
two distinct ideas are separated in thought. Dis¬ 
tinctly, separately. 

“Wisdom and Goodness are twin-born, one heart 
Must hold both sisters, never seen apart.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

“Yet we Europeans all know how difficult it is to dis¬ 
tinguish apart the sounds in a foreign language.”— Dar¬ 
win: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. x., p. 206. 

3. To the exclusion of, putting aside, omitting all 
ceference to, not taking into account. 

K Used with from: as, apart f rom all this. 

4. In a state of moral separation. 

“But know that the Lord hath set apart him that is 
-godly for himself.”— Ps. iv. 3. 

*a-part', v. t. [Apart, adv.) To put an end to, 
to stop. ( Sackville: Induction , st. 14.) 

ap-ar-thro-sls, s. [From Gr. aparthroomai— to 
he jointed: apd= from, and arthrob=tp fasten by a 
joint; arthron= a joint.] 

Anat.: An articulation which admits of free 
motion. It is called also abarticulation. 

g-part-ment, s. [Ger. apartement, from Fr. 
appartement, from dpart= aside, apart, separately; 
Sp. apartiamento ; Port, apartamento = separation, 
•division; apartar— to part, to separate; Ital. ap- 
partemento.) [Part.] 

*1. Originally : As its etymology, a-partment, im¬ 
ports, a partitioning out; a separation of a part of 
a house required for the accommodation of a fam¬ 
ily or an individual. (Though this sense is obso¬ 
lete in English, it is still retained in many foreign 
languages.) 

II. Now: 

1. A suite of rooms separated from the rest for the 
same special purpose. 

“The word apartment meaning, in effect, a compart¬ 
ment of a house, already includes, in its proper sense, a 
suite of rooms ; and it is a mere vulgar error, arising out 
of the ambitious usage of lodging-house keepers, to talk 
of one family or one establishment occupying apart¬ 
ments, in the plural. The queen’s apartment at St. 
dames, or at Versailles, not the queen’s apartments , is 
iihe correct expression.”— De Quincey’s Works (ed. 1863), 
Vol. ii., Note, p. 238. 

2. A single room. 

“The walls of the principal apartments were finely 
sculptured with fruit, foliage, and armorial bearings, 
and were hung with embroidered satin.”— Macaulay: 
Mist. Eng., ch. iii. 

g-part-ment house, s. A house separated into 
several distinct apartments for the accommodation 
of different families. 

*g-passed, *g-past, pret. Old forms of Passed, 
Past (q. v.). 


<l-J)at-el-Ite, s. A yellow mineral resembling 
Copiapite, found in small friable nodules or balls 
at Meudon and Auteuil. Composition: Sulphuric 
acid, 42’90; sesquioxide of iron, 55’30; water, 3’96= 
100'16, (Meillet; quoted by Dana.) 

ap -a-thet'-Ic, *ap-a-thet-Ick, ap-g-thet'-Ic- 
*1, a. [From Gr. a, priv., and pathetikos=subject 
to feeling.] Destitute of feeling; not susceptible 
of deep emotion. 

“ I am not to be apathetic, like a statue.”— Harris: 
Treatise of Happiness. 

ap'-a-thist, s. [Eng. apath(y); -ist. In Ital. 
apatista.) A person destitute of feeling. 

ap-g-this -tlc-gl, a. [Eng. apathist; -ical.) 
Pertaining to one destitute of feeling; apathetic. 

“ Fontenelle was of a good-humored and apathistical 
disposition.”— Seward: Anecdotes, v. 252. 

ap -a-thy, s. [In Dan. apathi; Ger. & Fr . apa- 
thie; Port. & Lat .apathia; Ital. apatia, from Gr. 
apatheia=want of passion or feeling; apaihes— 
without suffering; a, priv., and pathos=anything 
that befalls one; also suffering, feeling, passion; 
pathein, 2 aor. infin. of pascho—to suffer.] Want 
of feeling, deadness of the emotions, a calm and 
unruffled temper, produced, not by the dominancy 
of conscience or an iron will over violent emotions, 
but by the natural feebleness of the latter. Unruf¬ 
fled tranquility of mind produced in such a way is 
not a virtue, but a defect. 

“ Of good and evil much they argued then 
Of happiness and final misery, 

Passion and apathy, and glory and shame.” 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 564. 

“ The helpless apathy of Asiatics.”— Macaulay : Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiv. 

IT Apathy may be produced in any mind tempo¬ 
rarily by despair. 

“ Monmouth had passed from pusillanimous fear to the 
apathy of despair.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

ap-g-tlte, s. [From Gr. apatao= to deceive, and 
suff. -ite. So called because it has often been mis¬ 
taken for other minerals.] An important mineral 
classed by Dana as the type of the “Apatite” 
group of his Anhydrous “ Phosphates, Arsenates, 
Antimonates.” The crystals are hexagonal and 
often hemihedral. The hardness is 5, or less fre¬ 
quently 4’5; the sp. gT. 2'92 to 3 - 25; the luster vit¬ 
reous ; the streak white; the color sea-green, violet, 
blue, white, gray, various reds, or brown. Apatite 
may be transparent, translucent, or opaque. Com¬ 
position : Phosphate of lime, 91‘13 to 92'31; chloride 
of calcium, ‘15 or less to 4’28; and fluoride of cal¬ 
cium, 4’59i to 7'69. It occurs chiefly in metamorphic 
crystalline rocks. It is found in Cornwall, in Dev¬ 
onshire, and in Cumberland; in Ireland, and in 
many places abroad. Dana divides it into—Var. 1. 
Ordinary: (a) Asparagus Stone, with which is asso¬ 
ciated Moroxite, (b) Lasurapatite, (c) Francolite; 
2. Fibrous Concretionary, Stalactitic, specially 
Phosphorite; 3. Earthy Apatite, specially Osteo- 
lite; 4. Fluor-apatite ; _ 5. Chlor-apatite. In addi¬ 
tion to these there is Pseudo-apatite. Akin to 
Apatite are (A.) Phosphatic Nodules, generally 
called from their origin Coprolites ; (B.) Staffelite 
of Stein; (C.) Guano; (D.) Epiphosphorite; (E.) 
Talc-apatite; (F.) Hydro-apatite. (See these 
words.) (Dana: Min., 5th ed., 530-5.) 

ap-g-tur-g, s. [Gr. apafe=craft, deceit, and 
OM»-a=tail.] A genus of butterflies belonging to the 
family Nymphalidee. There is one British species, 
A. iris, called, from its color and gorgeousness, the 



Apatura Iris. 


Purple Emperor. The male has dark-brown wings, 
changing in certain lights into very rich purple blue, 
whence the name iris=rainbow. Wilkes called it 
the “Purple Highflyer,” from its mounting to a 
great elevation in the sky. [Emperor.] 
apaume, apaumee, appaumee (pron. g-pa'u- 
m§), a. [Fr.l 

Her.: Appalmed. (Used of a hand open so as to 
exhibit the palm.) 

3-pa y, v. t. [Lat. pacare =to satisfy, to quiet.] 
To please, to satisfy. (Used chiefly in the past par¬ 
ticiple.) [Apaid.] 

“ For that faire Ladies love: past perils well apay.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. ix. 40. 


*g-pa yd, *g-pa yde, *g-pa yed, pa. par. 

[Apaid.] 

A. P. C. N. [Lat. =annopost Christum natum— 
in the year after the birth of Christ.] 

ape, s. [A. S. & Sw. apa; Icel. ape; O. Icel. api; 
Dan. abe, abekat; Dut. aap, naaper; Ger. affe; O. 
H. Ger. affo; Gael, apa, apag; Wei. ab, epa; Mala¬ 
bar & Sansc. kepi or kefi, (s.) a monkey, (adj.) swift, 
active.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Originally: Any member of the Quadrumanous 
or Monkey order. 

“We shall lose our time, 

And all be turned to barnacles or to apes, 

With foreheads villainous low.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. L 

IT This extended sense is not yet extinct: thus the 
monkey (Pithecus inuus) brought to the rock of 
Gibraltar from Africa is called the Barbary “ape,” 
though, scientifically viewed, it is not an ape at all. 

II. Later -• 

1. Literally: 

(a) Any monkey remarkable for its imitativeness 
or for antic manners. 

(b) The Ape of Scripture (1 Kings x. 22; 2 Chron. 
ix. 21), Heb. qoph, pronounced koph. Sept, pithekos, 
Vulg. simia, is a species of tailed Indian monkey. 
The Heb. qoph, plur. qophim, which occurs in the 
above passages, is simply the Malabar and Sanscrit 
word kepi naturalized. (See the etymology.) 

(c) A tailless monkey. (This sense of the word 
has come into use since the time of Ray.) (B. Zool.) 

2. Pig.: A human being prone, like the monkey 
tribe, to imitation or mimicry. 

“ The apes of him who humbled once the proud.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 95. 

TT (a) To lead apes in hell is an expression applied 
occasionally in old writers to a woman who dies 
unmarried. 

“ But ’tis an old proverb, and you know it well. 

That women dying maids lead apes in hell.” 

(Land. Prodigal, i. 2. Wright: Diet. Obs. & Pro. Eng.) 

(See also Shakesp., Taming of the Shrew, ii. 1.) 

(b) To put an ape into one's hood or cap: To make 
a fool of one. 


“The monk put in the mannes hood an ape, 

And in his wyves eek, by seint Austyn.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,851-2. 


B. Technically: 



Zoology (Plur.) : The highest, or anthropoid sec¬ 
tion of tne order Quadrumana, or Monkeys—that 
which forms the connecting link between the lower 
animals and man. Anthropoid, Anthropida;.] 
They have the teeth of the same number, and for a 
time of the same form as those of man, but when 
fuH maturity is reached the canines become almost 
as prominent as in the feline race. There is no 
tail; nor are there cheek-pouches. There may or 
there may not be callosities on the hinder parts. 
They are four-handed rather than four-footed. 
They hobble on the ground, but are splendid climb¬ 
ers of trees. The 
facial angle is 
about 65°, al¬ 
most equal to 
that of some 
negroes ; but the 
least intellect¬ 
ual of mankind 
are inconceiva¬ 
bly before the 
highest of the 
monkey race. 

Theapes are the 
only Simiadse in 
which the hyoid 
bone, the liver, 
and the coecum 
exactly resem¬ 
ble those of 
man. They con¬ 
stitute the first 
section of the 
Simiadse. The 
species are the 

goriRa and the Ape. 

chimpanzee 

from tropical Africa, and the orang-outang and the 
gibbons from the great Asiatic islands Sumatra, 
Borneo, and Java. [Gorilla, Chimpanzee, &c.] 

Sea Ape: A species of Shark, the Alopias vuh 
pes. It is called in English by several names, 
the Thresher, the Fox-shark, and the Sea-fox. 
[Thresher.] 

ape-like, a. Like an ape. 


“Some unusually wise ape-like animal.”— Darwin: 
Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), pt. i., ch. i. 

ape, v. t. [From the substantive.] To imitate in 
a servile manner, as an ape mimics the outward 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 








ape-man 


223 


aphengescope 


actions of man without having mind enough to 
comprehend the thoughts which give those actions 
significance. Or to imitate in a more rational way. 
“ Profusion apes the noble part 
Of liberality of heart, 

And dullness of discretion.” 

Cowper: Friendship. 

“ Thus, while I ape the measure wild 
Of tales that charmed me yet a child.” 

Scott: Marmion, Introd. to Canto iii. 

ape-man, s. Pithecanthropus erectus. A sup- 

f »osed form of animal constituting the ‘‘missing 
ink ” between man and the apes. [Pithecan¬ 
thropi.] 

1( Much discussion has arisen among anthropolo- 
ists respecting the discovery (in 1896) in a volcanio 
eposit in Java, among relics of extinct mammals of 
the Pliocene age, of the fossilized bones of an ape¬ 
like being, whose calvaria resembles that of a gib¬ 
bon, but whose skull capacity is estimated to have 
been much larger than that of any known anthropoid 
ape, and equal to that of some negrito skulls. Manou- 
vrier, of Paris, and Marsh, of Yale, believe that the 
bones possibly represent an intermediate link. 

a-pe ak, *a~pe ek, adv. [Eng. a; peak. InFr. 
pic=the peak of a mountain; a pic=vertically.] 
[Peak.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In a position to pierce. 

2 . Formed with a point; pointed. 

II. Naut.: Perpendicular. Thus the anchor is 
said to be apeak when the stem of the ship is 
brought directly over it by drawing in the cable. 

*a-pe'- 9 e, s. [Eng. A £ C.] The same as Abece. 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*a-pe’ghe, v. t. [Appeach.] 
aped, pa. par. [Ape, v.] 

ape-dom, s. [Eng. ape; -dom.] Apes collect¬ 
ively; the condition of being an ape. 

*g,-pe ek, adv. [Apeak.] 

a-pei-ba> s. [Brazilian name.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Tiliacese (Linden blooms). 
There are twelve species found in the warmer parts 
of America. Apeiba Petoumo, in Panama called 
cortega, is used for making cordage, and A. Tibour- 
bou is employed in the construction of the raft- 
boats called in Brazil jangadas. 

*?,-pe ire, v. t. & i. [Appaire.] 

*§,-pe le, s. A peal. [Peak, s.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
A-pel'-lIte§, A-pel-le -an§, s. pi. [From Ape lies 
(Gr. Apelles ), a follower of the Gnostic Marcion.] 
Church History: A sect in the second century who 
affirmed that Christ received from the four elements 
a body which He rendered back before His ascen¬ 
sion. 

9 ,-pel -lous, a. [Gr. a, priv., and Lat. pellis= 
skin.] Destitute of skin. 

Ap -en-nlne, adj. Pertaining to the Apennines 
(< 1 -v.),^ 

Ap -en-nlne§, s.pl. [Lat. ad=to; penninus, con¬ 
nected with Celtic pen or 6 en,=mountain-top.] The 
name of a chain of mountains extending through 
Italy. 

a-pep’-sy, *a-pep -sie, s. [In Fr. apepsie; Gr. 
apepsia=indigestibility, indigestion, from apeptos= 
uncooked, undigested: a, priv.; peptos—c ooked; 
pepto, or pesso— to soften, to boil, to cook.] Indiges¬ 
tion. 

a -per (l),s. [Eng. ape; -er. In Dut. naaper.'] 
One who apes or mimics, 
a -per (2), s. [Lat. aper= a wild boar.] 

*9 pe'r-9ns, s. [Appearance.] 

*a pe're-ment, s. [Appaike. ] An injury. 
(P rompt. Parv.) 

a-per'-I-gnt, a. & s. [Lat. aperiens= opening, 
pr. par. of aperio— to open.] 

A. As adj.: Opening the bowels to a slight extent 
in constipation; laxative, deobstruent. 

B. As subst.: A medicine prescribed to open the 
bowels gently; a gentle purgative, a laxative, a 
deobstruent. 

“By combining tonics with aperients.” — Cycl. Pract. 
Med., ii. 623. 

9 -per’-I-tIve, a. & s. [In Fr. apiritif; Sp. aperi- 
tivo, from Lat. aperio= to open.] 

A. As adj.: Opening the bowels; laxative, deob¬ 
struent. [Aperient.] 

B. As subst.: An aperient medicine. 

*a-pern, s. [Apron.] 

a -pern-er, s. [0. Eng. apern= apron, and suff. 
-er.] One who wears an apron; a drawer. 

“We have no wine here, methinks; where’s this 
apemert” — Chapman: May-day, iii. 4. 


*ap-er-te'yn, V. i. [ Appertain .J 
*ap-er -tion, s. [Lat. apertiofj 
1 & 2. The act of opening; the state of being 
opened. 

“The plenitude of vessels, otherwise called the ple¬ 
thora, when it happens, causeth an extravasation of 
blood, either by ruption or apertion of them.”— Wise¬ 
man. 

3. An aperture made through anything; an open¬ 
ing, a gap. 

“ The next now in order are the apertions; under which 
term I do comprehend doors, windows, staircases, chim¬ 
neys, or other conduits; in short, all inlets or outlets.”— 
Wotton. 

ap-ert-ly, *ap-ert-lye, *a-pert liche, * 9 - 
ert e-llche (ch guttural), adv. [Eng. apert; -ly. ] 
vidently, plainly. 

“Eornen al of red blod romynge a-boute; 

A1 priueliche his peyne apertliche he saith.” 

Joseph of Aramathie (ed. Skeat), 275, 276. 

■ though he seth wel apertly, that it is agenst 
the reverence of God.”— Chaucer: Persones Tale. 

9 -pert -ness, s. [Eng. apert; -ness.] The qual¬ 
ity of being open; openness; frankness. 

“ The freedom or apertness and vigor of pronouncing, 
and the closeness of muffling and laziness of speaking, 
render the sound different.”— Holder. 

t 9 p-ert -or, s. [Lat.=opener.] 

Anat.: A term applied to the muscle which raises 
the upper eyelid. Levator is, however, the more 
common appellation which it receives. 

ap -er-tiire, s. [In Sp. & Port, abertura; Ital. 
apertura. From Lat. apertura. j 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. & II. The act of opening; the state of being 
opened. 

1. In a literal sense: 

2. Figuratively. Spec., explanation. 

“ It is too much untwisted by the doctors, and, like phil¬ 
osophy, made intricate by explications, and difficult by 
the aperture and dissolution of distinctions.”— Taylor. 

III. A thing or place opened; an opening, a 
hole. 

1. Literally : 

2. Figuratively: 

“ . . . and to him who treads 
Rome for the sake of ages, Glory sheds 
Her light through thy sole aperture.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 148. 

B. Technically: 

1. Anatomy, Zoology, Botany, &c.: 

(a) The aperture of a univalve shell is the open¬ 
ing or mouth. In mollusks which feed on vegetable 
matter it is entire; while in those which are animal 
feeders it has a notch or canal. In some families it 
has an operculum or cover. The margin of the 
aperture is called the peristome. 

(b) Any other opening. 

“ . . . the back aperture of the nostrils.”— Owen: 

Classif. of Mammal., p. 29. 

2 . Optics: The diameter of the object-glass of a 
refracting telescope, or the speculum or mirror of a 
reflector. The larger the aperture (i. e.,the area of 
the surface through which the light is transmitted, 
or from which it is reflected), the greater is the 
power of the telescope to penetrate into space and 
consequently bear higher magnifying powers. The 
apertures of Sir W. Horschel’s celebrated reflecting 
telescopes were 7, 12,18, and 48 inches ; while those 
of the Earl of Rosse are 3 and 6 feet. Very powerful 
refracting telescopes with large apertures have been 
recently constructed, the great refractor at the 
United States Observatory at Washington being 26 
inches. Within the last few years silvered-glass 
parabolic mirrors of the Newtonian form have been 
constructed with large apertures and short focal 
length,’thus rendering these instruments exceedingly 
convenient for use. Sir W. Herschel’s 18-inch me¬ 
tallic speculum, used for examining the nebulae and 
Milky Way, had a focal length of 20 feet; modern 
telescopes, with silvered-glass mirrors, have been 
constructed of the same aperture, but with a focal 
length of not more than 7 feet. Thus a larger aper¬ 
ture is now a more valuable feature in a telescope 
than great focal length, the unwieldy tubes formerly 
used being entirely dispensed with. 

“ ‘ Aperture ’ always means the clear space which re¬ 
ceives the light of the object; the diameter of the object- 
glass in achromatics, or the large speculum in reflectors, 
exclusive of its setting.”— Webb: Celestial Objects, 3d ed. 
(1873), p. 1. 

Angular aperture (in microscopes): The amount 
of light transmitted by the objective, and conse¬ 
quently the distinctness of the image afterward 
magnified by the lenses forming the eye-piece. 
When an objective of the largest angular aperture 
is employed, the more delicate markings of the ob- 
ject under examination, invisible when objectives 
of less angular aperture are used, are seen with 
great distinctness, [Objective.] 


3. Geom.: The space between two right lines 
which meet in a point and form an angle. 

ap -er-y, s. [Eng. aper; -y.~\ An aping; servile 
imitation. (Coleridge.) 

f -pet - 9 l-se, s. pi. [In Fr. apetale (sing.), ap6t- 
(sing.). From Gr. a, priv., and petalon = a 
leaf.] Plants without petals. A sub-class of Ex¬ 
ogenous plants; the others being Polypetalee and 
Apetalae. [ Apetalotjs Exogens.] 

9 -pet- 91 -ous, fa-pet-al-o se, a. [Ape tala:.] 
Botany: Without petals. 

a-pet - 9 l-ous-ness, s. [Eng. apetalous; -ness.] 
The state or quality of being destitute of petals. 
(Johnson.) 

a -pex (plur. a-pi-geg or a'-pex-e§), s. [Lat. 
apex (pi. apices)=the top of anything.] 

A. Ordinary Language: The tip, top, or su mmi t, 
of anything. (Glossog. Nova, 2d ed.) 

B. Technically: 

I. Geom.: The angular point opposite to the base 
of a triangle, of a cone, &c. 

II. Nat. Science: The top of anything. 

Specially: 

1. Zool.: The top of a shell. 

2. Botany : 

(a) The tip of a leaf, the spot on the summit of a 
pericarp where the style was inserted, or any other 
part of a plant terminating in a point. 

*(b) A name given by the old botanists to what we 
now call a stamen. 

aph, prefix. [From Gr. aph, the preposition apo 
=from, modified by an aspirate immediately follow¬ 
ing it, as aphorisma— aphorism, the derivation of 
which is apo=from, and horizo—to divide or sepa¬ 
rate from.] 

aph-aer-i-sis, apli-e r-l-sls, s. [In Fr. aph. 
CrCse; Sp. aferesis; Port, apheresis; Lat. aphcer- 
esis; Gr. aphairesis, from ap haired—to take away: 
apo= from, and haireo= to take away.] 

Gram.: A figure which drops a letter or syllable 
at the commencement of a word, as ’ tis, for it is; 

’gan, for began. 

aph-an-e-§Ite, s. [In Fr. aphanbse, from Gr. 
aphanes = unseen, unmanifest, and suff. -ite.j A 
mineral, called also Clinoclase (q. v.). 

aph-an ip'-ter-a, s. pi. [Gr. ( 1 ) aphanes — un¬ 
seen, invisible: a, priv., and phanenai, 2 aor. infin. 
of phainomai=to come to light, to appear; pass, of 
phaino=to bring to light; and ( 2 ) pteron=& feather, 
a wing.] An order of wingless insects, called by Do 
Geer Suctoria, and by Leach Siphonaptera. They 
have a sucker of three pieces, and a true metamor¬ 
phosis. The thorax is distinctly separated from 
the abdomen, and two horny plates mark the spots 
where in the higher insects wings would be. It con¬ 
tains the Pulicidse, or Fleas. [Flea, Pulicidad, 
Pulex.]^ 

faph-an-is -tic, a. [Gr. aphanistikos=destroy¬ 
ing, putting out of sight; aphanizo = to make 
unseen; ap/ia»i.es=unseen: a, priv., and phanenai, 
2 aor. pass, of phaino= to cause to appear.] 

Min.: Faint, obscure, not clear, 
aph-an-ite, s. [In Ger. aphanit; from Gr. 
aphanes = unseen, invisible, unmanifest, obscure: 
a, priv., and pliaino = to cause to appear. So 
called because the granulations of which it consists 
are not distinctly visible.] 

Min. <& Geol.: A rock, called also Comeine. The 
absence of distinct granulations distinguishes it 
from Diabase. 

9 -pha'-Sl- 9 , 8 . [Mod. Lat. from Gr. aphasia= 
speechlessness.] Loss or impairment of the power 
of expressing or compiehending the conventional 
signs of language. Aphasia may be either motor or 
sensory. Motor or ataxic aphasia consists of an ina¬ 
bility to express one’s ideas in speech, owing to a 
lack of coordination of the muscles of the mouth. 
Sensory or amnesic aphasia consists of the loss of 
memory for words, and may manifest itself by an 
inability to recall words necessary to express one’s 
ideas, or to understand spoken, written, or printed 
words. It may exist alone or in association with 
motor aphasia. See Acatamathesia, Acataphasia, 
Agrammatism, Agraphia, Alalia, Alexia, Amnesia, 
Anarthria, Aphonia, Ataxaphasia, Ataxophemia,, 
Paraphasia, Word-blindness. Word-deafness. 

9 -phe -Ii-on, fa phe -li-um, s. [In Fr. aphSlie; 
Gr. apo =from; and helios = the sun. I 
Astron.: Literally, away from the sun. Aa 
the planets move in elliptic orbits, and not in 
circles, they are necessarily at a greater distance 
from the sun at one part of their course than at 
another. When as far away from the sun as they 
can go, they are said to be in aphelion, and when as 
near to the luminary as possible, in perihelion. 
[See Apogee, Perigee.] 

apfi-en -ge-scope, s. [Gr. aphenaes = without 
light, and skopeo = to look at, to behold.] A modi¬ 
fication of the magic lantern ror exhibiting opaque 
objects, such as cartes-de-visite, movement of 
watches, coins, &c. 


b<5il, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dal. 



apnerese 


2Z4 


aph-er-e §e, s. [Fr. aphir&se.} A mineral the 
same as Libethenite (q. v.). 
aph-e r-e-sis, s. [Aph^eresis.] 
a-plie -tg,, s. [Arabic (?).] 

Astrology: The name of a planet which was 
imagined to be the giver or disposer of life in a 
nativity. 

a-phet-lC-gl, «• [Eng. Apheta; - ical .] Per¬ 
taining or relating to the so-called planet Apheta 
(q. v.). 

a phi-dse, aph'A-dse, s. pi. [Aphis.] Leach’s 
name for the family of Homopterous insects, of 
which Aphis is the type. 

a -phi-de§, aph -i-de§, s. pi. The plural of 
Aphis (q. v.). Shuckard and Swainson made Aphi¬ 
des the third tribe of the order Hemiptera. 

“ . . . in the Aphides the male insects are unequivo¬ 
cal and numerous.”— Owen: Invertebr. Animals, Lect. 
xviii. 

h-phid -I-an, a. & s. [Mod. Lat. aphis, genit. 
aphidis=& plant-louse.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to an 
aphis, or plant-louse. 

“ . . . the acquisition of the distinct sexes, and the 
procreation by impregnated ova by the perfect Medusae, 
are phenomena essentially analogous to those of Aphidian 
generation.”— Owen: Invertebrate Anirn., Lect. xviii. 

2. As substantive .* An insect of the tribe Aphidii, 
the family Aphid®, or the genus Aphis. 

Sl-phld'-I-I, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. aphis, genit. 
aphidis .] Cuvier’s name for the family of Hemip- 
teros (or Homopterous) insects, of which Aphis 
constitutes the type. He made it the second family 
of the Homopterous Hemiptera, and the fourth of 
the whole order. He included under it Psylla, 
Thrips, and other genera, besides Aphis proper. 
[Aphis.] 

U,-phid iph -a-gi, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. aphis, and 
Gr. phagos — a glutton; phagein = to eat.] The 
name given by Cuvier and others to a family of 
insects, ranked as the second of the Trimerous 
section of Beetles. The name is given because the 
appropriate food of the insects which it contains 
are aphides. Instead of Aphidiphagi, the family 
is now designated Coccinellid®. It contains the 
“lady-birds.” 

ji-phid'-i-us, s. [From Mod. Lat. aphis, genit. 
aphidis.j A genus of ichneumons, of which one 
species, A. avence, preys on the aphis of the oat 
and other analogous species, while a second, 
A. rapce, does so on that of the turnip. 

Sji-phid-iv -or-ous, a. [ Mod. Lat. aphides, and 
Lat. uoro= to swallow whole, to devour.] Devouring 
aphides. 

“The larva of the syrphi, or, as they have been called, 
ap hidivorous worms.”— Griffith: Cuvier, vol. xv., p. 760. 

a^phil-an -throp-jf, s. [Gr. a, priv. and philan- 
fkropia, ^philanthropy.] 

1. Want of love to mankind; the opposite of 
philanthropy. 

2. Med.: The first stage of melancholy, when soli¬ 
tude is preferred to society. 

a -phis, aph -Is (plur. a -phl-de§, aph -I-de§),s. 
[Mod. Lat.] 

Entom.: Plant-louse. A genus of insects, the 
typical one of the family Aphid®. It contains those 
soft pulpy little animals, winged or wingless, and 
with long antenn®, which are seen beneath the 
leaves, or in curled-up leaves, or in the axils of 
many plants, or even on the roots of some. Some¬ 
times, as in the case of the elm, their destructive 
operations upon a leaf raise a gall of considerable 
size. The species are very numerous, and are gen¬ 
erally called after the plants on which they feed, as 
A. rosce, the aphis of the rose; A.fabce, the bean apis; 
A. brassicce, the cabbage fly; A. humuli, the hop 
fly. They are exceedingly prolific, but are kept 
within bounds by various insects, especially by the 
Coccinellid®, or Lady-birds, of which they are the 
appropriate food. They drop a fluid called honey- 
dew [Honey-dew], which is so grateful to the ants, 
that the latter, to receive it, tend them like milch 
cows. The mode of propagating their race is the 
abnormal one described as Alternation op Gener¬ 
ations, Metagenesis, and Partheno-genesis 
(q. v.). The winged aphides, confessedly perfect 
insects, bring forth a wingless race, apparently 
mere larv®, and which, therefore, it might be 
thought; would be incapable, while thus immature, 
of bringing forth young. In certain cases they do it, 
however, and their offspring are winged, and as per¬ 
fect as their grandparents. This alternation of 
generationSj or metagenesis, with its attendant par¬ 
theno-genesis (or birth from virgins) in every second 
generation, goes on for nine or ten generations, by 
which time the season is over. The last aphides of 
the year are fully formed and winged, and deposit 
eggs, which are hatched in spring. 

aphis-sugar, a. Honey-dew, the honey-like sub¬ 
stance secreted by aphides. [Aphis, Honey-dew.] 

“ Hor ey-dew, or aphis-sugar, and the honey of the bee 
are intermediate between animal and vegetable organs.” 
— Penny Cycl.. vol. xxiii., p. 225. 


a-phlo-gis -tic, a-phlo-gis-tic, a. [Gr. aphlo- 
gistos= not inflammable: a, priv., and phlogistos— 
set on fire, burned; phlogizo= to set on fire: phlox, 
enit. phlogos=fiame ; phlego=to burn.] Vvithout 
ame. 

Aplilogistic lamp, or Jlameless lamp: A lamp 
formed Dy winding a coil of fine platinum wire 
loosely round the lower part of the wick of a spirit 
lamp. When the flame is extinguished the coil will 
continue in a state of ignition till the spirit is con¬ 
sumed. 

a-pho'-nl-a, aph -on-y, s. [In Fr. aphonie; Gr. 
aphonia ; from a, priv., and phoneo=to produce a 
sound; phone= a sound.] 

Med.: Inability to speak, loss of voice, dumbness. 
“ In cases of aphonia, where the vocal chords cannot be 
made to vibrate freely . . .”—Max Muller: Science of Lan¬ 
guage, 6th ed., vol. ii. (1871), p. 127. 

“Aphony (Gr.), want of voice.”— Glossog. Nov., 2d. ed. 
a-pho r-I-a, s. [Gr. aphoria; from aphoros= not 
bearing; a, priv., and pfc.o?-os=bearing, . . . fruit¬ 
ful; phero= to bear.] The absence of bearing, 
unfruitfulness; barrenness. 

aph'-or-i§m, s. [In Ger. apherism; Fr. aphor- 
isme; Sp. and Ital. aforismo; Port, aphorismo. 
From Gr. aphorismos— (1) a separation ; (2) a defini¬ 
tion, also an aphorism; aphorizd= to mark off by 
boundaries: apo= from, and horizo— to separate 
from as a boundary; horos= a boundary.) A short 
detached pithy sentence, containing a maxim or 
wise precept, educed from the general experience 
of mankind. (See example under Aphorize.) 

“Solomon became enabled, not only to write those 
excellent parables or aphorisms, concerning divine and 
moral philosophy, but also . . . ”— Bacon: Advanc. of 
Learning. 

aph-6r-i§-mat-ic, aph-6r-i§'-mic, a. [Eng. 

aphorism;-atic;-ic.] Pertaining to an aphorism 
or aphorisms ; containing an aphorism. ( Ogilvie .) 

aph-dr-isj’-mer, s. [Eng. aphorism; -er.] One 
who habitually quotes aphorisms. 

“We may infallibly assure ourselves, that it will as well 
agree with monarchy, though all the tribe of aphoris- 
mers and politicasters would persuade us there be secret 
and mysterious reasons against it.”— Milton: Of Ref. in 
England, bk. 2. 

*aph-6r-i§'-ming, a. [Eng. aphorism; -ing .] 
Overbearing unduly by the use of aphorisms. 

“ There is no art that hath been more cankered in her 
principles, more soiled and slabbered with aphorisming 
pedantry, than the art of policy.”— Milton. 

aph -or-ist, s. [Eng. aphoris(m)t.~\ A compiler 
of aphorisms. 

“He took this occasion of farther clearing and justify¬ 
ing what he had written against the aphorist.” — Nelson: 
Life of Bp. Bull, p. 246. 

aph-or-is’-tic, aph-or-is-tic-3.1, a. [Eng. aph¬ 
orist,-ic, -ical; or aphoris(m), -tic,-tical. In Fr. 
aphoristique; Port, aphoristico.] [Aphorism.] Per¬ 
taining to an aphorism ; in the form of an aphorism ; 
in short, detached sentences like an aphorism. 

. • . because the style of his conversation is less 
flowing and diffusive—less expansive—more apt to clothe 
itself in a keen, sparkling aphoristic form .”—De Quin - 
c ey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 232. 

aph-or-Is’-tlc-al-ly, adno. _ [Eng. aphoristical; 
•ly.] In the form of an aphorism. 

“These being carried down seldom miss a cure, as 
Hippocrates doth likeways aphoristically tell us.”— Har- 
vey. 

aph-or-I'ze, v. i. [Gr. aphorizd=( 1) to mark out 
by boundaries; (2) to limit, to define.] To utter or 
write an aphorism. 

“In order to get the full sense of a word, we should first 
present to our minds the visual image that forms its pri¬ 
mary meaning. Draw lines of different colors round the 
different counties of England, and then cut out each 
separately, as in the common play-maps that children 
take to pieces and put together, so that each district can 
be contemplated apart from the rest, as a whole in itself. 
This twofold act of circumscribing and detaching, when 
it is excited by the mind on subjects of reflection and 
reason, is to aphorize, and the result an aphorism.”— 
Coleridge: Aids to Reflection (ed. 1839), pp. 16, 17. 

aph'-rite, s. [Gr. aphros=foam, and suff. -ite 
( Min .) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Calcite, sometimes called also 
Earth Foam, and by Kirwan Silvery Chalk. Dana 
considers that the harder and more sparry speci¬ 
mens approach argentite, and the softer ones chalk. 

aph -rl-zite, s. [In Ger. aphrisit; Gr. aphrizo 
=to foam; op/iros=foam, and suff. -ite.] A variety 
of the mineral called Tourmaline. It is found in 
the Harz mountains. 

aph~ro-dI§'-I- 3 .c, *aph-ro-di§-i-ack,"; a. & s. 

[In Port . aphrodisiaco; from Gr. aphrodisia=ve n- 
ery; aphrodisios= belonging to love or venery. From 
Aphrodite=\e nus.l [Aphrodite.] 

1. As adjective: Exciting or tending to excite 
venereal desire. 


apiithous, 

2. As substantive: A provocative to venery. Gatina 
makes Aphrodisiacs the second order of his Division 
I., Sub-class 5. He divides them into direct and 
indirect. Among the former are nux vomica, strych¬ 
nia, cantharides; and among the latter, blood 
tonics and nervine tonics. ( Garrod: Materia Med- 
ica, 3d ed., p. 415.) 

aph-ro-dI§ -I-ac- 3 . 1 , faph-ro-di§-ic-al, a. 

[Eng. aphrodisiac,in full or contracted; suffix -alj 
The same as Aphrodisiac, adj. (q. v.). 

aph-ro-dI§ -I-an, a. [Aphrodisiac.] Pertain¬ 
ing to love or venery. Davies gives an example 
from C. Beade ( Cloister and Hearth, ch. lvi.). 

aph-ro di -ta, faph-ro-dl'-te, s. [Gr. Aphro¬ 
dite, a name of Venus, given because it was believed 
that she sprung from the aphros, or foam of the sea.] 
Zool.: A genus of Annelids, the typical one of the 
family Aphroditid®. The Sea-mouse is the Aphro- 
dita aculeata. The scales on its back are covered 
and concealed by a substance resembling tow, which 
arises from thesides. These also give rise to groups 
of strong spines, wdiich pierce through the tow, and 
are not merely brilliant in ,hue. but vary that hue 
according as the light falls on them, so as to exhibit 
the various rainbow colors. From this exceeding 
brilliance, coupled with its connection with the sea, 
in the deep waterof which it resides, it has come to 
be known by one of the epithets of Venus, while its 
oval form and tow-covered skin have led to its being 
denominated the Sea-mouse. 

aph -ro-dite, s. [In Ger. aphrodit, from Gr. aph- 
ros=foam, and suff. -ite, or from Aphrodite=Y enus, 
in allusion to her as foam-born.] A mineral placed 
by Dana in his Sepiolite group of Bisilicates. It is 
a soft opaque mineral, of a milk-white color. One 
specimen contained silica, 51*55; magnesia, 33*72; 
protoxide of manganese, 1*62; protoxide of iron, 0*59; 
alumina, 0*20; water, 13*52. It is found in Sweden. 
[Aphrodita.] 

aph-ro-dit -l-dae, s. pi. [Aphrodita.] A family 
of Annelida ; the second of the order Errantia. Their 
dorsal surface has on it a double row of large mem¬ 
branous scales attached to the alternate segments, 
between which appear the beautiful bristles of the 
feet. [Aphrodita.] 

aph-roph -or-a, s. [Gr. aphrophoros = foam¬ 
bearing ; aphros= foam, and phoros= bearing; pherd 
=to bear or carry.] A genus of insects belonging to 
the order Homoptera, and the family Cercopid®. 
The Aphrophora spumaria (formerly called Tetti- 
gonia spumaria ) is the Cuckoo-spit Frog-hopper, 
the insect the larva of which envelops itself in 
froth. There are other species, as the A. bifasciata, 
which is common in gardens. When come to 
maturity the Aphrophoras leap well. 

aph-ro sid -er-ite, s. [From Gr. aphros=ioam- 
sideros=iron, and suff. -ite.) A doubtful mineral 
akin to Pyrochlorite. It is a soft, ferruginous 
chlorite, of dark olive-green color, found in Ger¬ 
many. 

aph'-tha (pi. aph'-thae), s. [In Fr. aphthe; 
Port, aphtha (sing.); Lat. aphthae (pi.); Gr. aphtha 
(sing.); aphthai (plur.), from hapto=to fasten 
... to kindle, to set on fire, to inflame.] 

Med.: One of the numerous white-looking specks 
or vesicles which sometimes appear on the tongue 
and palate, whence they gradually diffuse them- 
selves over the mouth and fauces. There are three 
varieties: (1) The Aphtha infantum, or milk-thrush; 
(2) the A. maligna ,* and (3) th e A. chronica. The 
first variety is an idiopathic disorder, chiefly at¬ 
tacking infants brought up by hand; the second 
and third are symptomatic of other diseases. The 
aphtha which frequently appear in the mouth in 
advanced stages of consumption generally precede 
dissolution by about a week or a fortnight. 

V The term aphtha anginosa is sometimes applied 
to a variety of sore throat. 

aph'-thal-o§e, aph-thit-al-ite, s. [Gr. aph- 
t7ufos=undestroyed, unperishable: a, priv., and 
phthino, or phthio= to decay, with 7iaZs=salt.] A 
mineral classed by Dana under his Celestite group. 
It is called also Arcanite, Glasserite, Vesuvian Salt, 
and Sulphate of Potash. One specimen was com¬ 
posed of potash, 54*1, and sulphuric acid, 45*9=100. 
It is a bluish-white or greenish-white mineral, with 
vitreous luster, and a saline taste, found on Mount 
Vesuvius. 

aph-thong, s. [Gr. aphthongos=voiceless: a, 
priv., and phthonaos=the voice; phthengomai=to 
speak loud or clear.] A letter or letters left 
unsounded when a word is pronounced. 

aph -thon-Ite, s. [From Gr. aphthonos=vfith- 
out envy, bounteous, plentiful; a, priv., and phtho- 
nos= envy, and suff. -ite.] A mineral: a variety of 
Tetrahedrite. It is of a steel-gray color, and is 
found m Sweden. 

aph -thous, a. [Eng. aphth(a); -ows.] 

1. Pertaining to aphth®. 

“. . . so long as the aphthous specks retain their 
purely white color, little danger need be apprehended.”_ 

Cyclo; Pract. Med. / 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f&ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, a, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 




aphyllae 


2. Botany: Resembling something covered with 
little ulcers. 

a-phyl -lse, s. pi. [Gr. aphyllos—leahess: a, priv. ,• 
phyllon=a leaf.] 

_ Bot.: Plants destitute of leaves. (A term some¬ 
times applied to Thallogens, from the absence in 
them of all proper leaves.) 

a-phyl -lOUS, a. [APHYLLiE.] 

Bot.: Destitute of leaves. 
a-pl-a'-<je-£e, s.pl. [Umbellifers.] 
a-pl-a r-i-an, a. [From Lat. apiarzus=relating 
to bees, and suif. -a?i.J Relating to bees. 

a -p!-ar-ist, s. [Lat. apiarius= a bee-keeper.] 
A bee-keeper; one wno keeps bees. 


225 

when in the grub state, on the flowers of the purple 
clover {Trifolium pratense); the A.flavipes on those 
of the Dutch clover {T. repens); the A. assimile 
chiefly on the sulphur-trefoil ( T. ochroleucum); 
and the A. pomonce on the tare ( Vicia sativa). 

A -pls (1), s. [Lat. Apis," Gr. Apis , genit. Apios.) 


apo 

ap-lan-at -1C, a. [From Gr. o, priv., and planab 
=to cause to wander; from plane— wandering.] 

Not wandering; destitute of aberration. 

Aplanatic lens: One which, could it be con¬ 
structed, would so refract all the rays of light inci¬ 
dent upon it, whether they entered it in a direction 



An Egyptian deity, the same as Osiris. He was parallel to its axis, or converged to, or divert,eatrom, 
worshiped under the form of an ox, white in color, a point in that axis, as to make them all ultimately 
with black spots. meet in a single point or focus. More tnan one 

“He blamedDryden for sneering at the Hierophants of form of lens would be aplanatic could it be mac e 
Apis.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. with mathematical exactness, dmerent media De¬ 

ll -pis (2), s. [Lat. apis or apes , genit. apis= a ing employed to render it achromatic. Lenses can 
bee.] at present be made only approximately aplanatic, 

1. Entom.: The typical genus of the family Apidee, and tables are therefore constructed to show how, 
and the Hymenopterous tribe Anthophila. The with a given refractive index, the aberration ot the 

workers have the first articulation of the posterior focus [ na y be reduced to a minimum. [Aberr. - 
tarsi in a long square; it is moreover furnished at TI0N ’ Achromatic.] 

its internal face with silky down, divided into trans- a-plas -tic, a. [Gr. apZasfos=unmolded, un¬ 
verse bands. The A. mellifica, from Lat. mellificus, shapen.] Not plasticj incapable of being easily 


Apiary. 

a'-pl-3r-y, s. [Lat. apiarium— a bee-hive; apis 
=a bee.] A shed or stand for bee-hives. 

“ Those who are skilled in bees, when they see a foreign 
swarm approaching to plunder their hives, have a trick 
to divert them into some neighboring apiary, there to 
make what havoc they please.”— Swift. 

a -pi-C 3 l, a. [From Lat. apex, genit. apicis= the 
tip or top.] Pertaining to the tip, top, or vertex of 
a cone, a triangle, a leaf, &c. 

a'-pi-§e§, a-pex-e§, s. pi. The Latin and Eng¬ 
lish forms of the plural of Apex (q. v.). 

*3-pick'-pack, adv. Astride on the back, as a 
child is sometimes carried. [Pick-a-back.] 
a-plc’-ul-ate, a-plc'-ul-a-ted, a. [Mod. Lat. 
apiculus, dimin. of Class. Lat. apex.) 

Bot.: Pointleted; terminating abruptly in a little 
point. It differs from mucronate in this respect, 
that the point constitutes a part of the limb, 
instead of arising wholly from a costa. 


a.=honey-making (mel= honey, and/acio=to make), 
is the Hive-bee. [Bee.] 

2. Astron.: A small constellation in the Southern 
Hemisphere, first named by Halley. It is called also 
Musca, literally = the Fly, but in this case rendered 
“the Bee.” [Musca.] 

a'-plsh, a. [Eng. ap{e); -ish. In Ger. apisch .] 

1. Prone to imitate in a servile manner, as an ape 
might do; hence, also, foppish, affected. 

“ Keport of fashions in proud Italy, 

Whose manners still our tardy apish nation 
lumps after, in base imitation.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., ii. 1. 

2. Playful, wanton, like an ape ; hence, also, silly, 
trifling, insignificant. 

“And apish folly, with her wild resort 
Of wit and jest, disturbs the solemn court.” 

Prior. 

“And this is but apish sophistry . . .”— Glanville. 

a'-plsh-ly, adv. .[Eng. apish; -ly.\ In an apish 


molded into shape. [Plastic.] 

*3-plI ght (gh silent), adv. [A. S. a=on; pliht— 
(1) a pledge, (2) danger, obligation.] As if Dound 
by obligation; faithfully. 

“ Hu ihc hire boghte aplight 
Forseuesithe of golde hire wight.” 

Floriz and Blauncheflur (ed. Lumby), 649-50. 
a-plo^ -er-Ine, a. [Aplocerus.] Pertaining to 
the sub-genus Aplocerus. Col. Hamilton Smith 
makes the Aplocerine group one of the sub-divis¬ 
ions of the great genus Antilope (q. v.). {Griffith's 
Cuvier, vol. iv., p. 285.) 

3 -plo§'-er-iis, s. [Gr. haplos; from haploos= 
simple, and fceras=horn.] A sub-genus of Antilope. 
The species are American. In character they 
approach the goats. 

ct-plomb', s. [Fr. from a=to, and plomt>=lead.] 
Downrightness of manner; self-possession ; coolness. 


i uus. kajjjvgio, -v U .j iucu ap-16'me, s. [In Ger. aplome; from Gr. haplos= 

manner; with servile imitation; foppishly, con- simple. The name was given by Hatty because a 
ceitedly, playfully, with silly trifling. cube is simpler than a dodecahedron. (See def.).] 

a -plsh-ness, s. [Eng. apish; -ness.) The quality A mineral; a variety of Manganesian Lime, Iron 
of being apish. Mimicry, playfulness, iasignifi- Garnet. It is usually of a deep-brown or orange- 
cance. brown color. It is opaque. It is harder than 

a-pis -tes, a-pls -tos, a-pis'-tus, s. [Gr. apistos 9 uartz ; ^ike the garnet, it is crystallized in the 

i s ’ \ - . , ’r "j ._form of a dodecahedron, with rhomboidal planes; 

T ai-If 1 ! 68 a no *' Vi u 6 trusted: a, priv., and pisfos — i Jut ^j- jese are striated parallel with the lesser diag- 
faithful. So called because a strong suborbital ona i which, in Hatty’s opinion, indicates that the 
spine mttmg out from the cheek of the fish so desig- primitive form of the crystal is a cube. Found on 
nated becomes a perfidious weapon.] A genus of £ he banks of the Lena in Siberia, also in Saxony, 
spiny-finned fishes belonging to the familyTriglidse. „ r „ , . , 

They are of small size, and are somewhat allied to ap-lo-no -tus (Latin), s. [Gr. hap loos— simple. 
Blennins. They rise into the air like ordinary flying- and notos— the hack.] A genus or lizards of the 
fish. Ehrenberg seeing the abundance in the Red family Iguamdee. The Aplonote, A. Ricardi. ,is of a 
Sea of the A. Israelitorum, or Sea-locust, supposed blackish-brown color, with spots of tawny brown, 
that it might be the Scriptural quail. [Quail.] The back is without scales, but has small granules, 
. , rT i .. , A A ,1 and along its summit a shallow crest. 

T 9 *-pit -pat, adv. [Eng. a; pit; pat. A word the ^ ._-w . ft 7 , . n 

sound of which is designed to imitate the movement $ plus tre, "a plus ter, s. [Lat. aplustre , Gr. 
or action which it describes.] Palpitating, or pal- aphlaston .] An ornament affixed to the stern, or 

LsteciLt ui ttiMOAUB wiivinj 1 num c. wota. pitatingly; beating with more than average force, sometimes to the prow of ancient vessels. It ■was 

a' -ni Pul tiire 9 TLat omr a bee and cul - A PP lied to the heart; more usually m the form made of wood, and resembled the tail of a fish. A 

^ S V rryLi\ ai iL c >> Pitapat. staff or pole rose from it with a riband or streamer 


tura= tilling, cultivating, tending.] The “ culture 
or tending of bees; bee-keeping. 

“To those acquainted with German and American api¬ 
culture, it is a well-known fact that we are at least a cen¬ 
tury behind these nations in this important art.”— Rev. 
George Raynor, in Times, October 1, 1875. 

a-pic -u-lus, s. [In Lat., an unclassical dimin., 
from apex.) 

In Bot.: A small point, used especially of cases m 
which the midrib projects beyond the leaf, so as to 
constitute a small point, or when a small point is 
suddenly and abruptly formed. 

a -pi-dse, s.pl. [From Lat. apis= a bee.] A fam¬ 
ily of insects, the typical one of the Hymenopter¬ 
ous sub-tribe Anthophila, the tribe Aculeata, and 
the order Hymenoptera itself. The Apidee have an 
elongated tongue; while the Andrenidsa, the other 


“ O there he comes. Welcome, my bully, my back! at the top. 

. . . my heart has gone apitpat for you.”— Congreve. “The one holds a sword in her hand, to represent the 

a '-pi-urn, s. [In Sp. apio; Ital. appio ; Lat. apium Iliad , as the other has an aplustre, to represent the Odys- 
= parsley (?) ^ ’ sey, or voyage of Ulysses.”— Addison. 


or wild celery 
(?) ;Gr. apion 
= (1) a pear, 
(2) parsley: 
ap, ab, or av 
in various 
languages = 
water, as 
Punj aub = 
the five 
waters.] 
Celery. A 
genus of 



family of Anthophila, have the trunk short and p 1 a n t s, the 
blunt. It contains tb.6 social bees, Apis, Bombus, typical on© 

&c., with some of the solitary ones, as Xylocopa. tbe or( j er 

9 ,-pie'ce, a-pie'§e, adv. [Eng. a, and piece.) Apiacese, or 
Each. To each. Umbellifers. 

“The golden spoons were twelve, full of incense, in e A. grave¬ 
weighing ten shekels apiece.”—Numb. vii. 86. olens, bmali- 

“ . . . the modern invention of printing ooems for pff’ ” ' 

pence a-piece, has brought the nosegays of Parnassus J > ° * 

came price.” Pope: Letter to H. Cromwell, ^ ac ^ s ^ s S p n J ia U y nea r the sea. It is the original of 


Apium Graveolens. 

1. Part of the inflorescence. 

2. Flower. 3. Root-leaf, and base of stem. 
4. Ripe fruit. 


to bear the same 
March 7, 1709. 

a-pi- 0 -crin-I'-te§, s. [From Gr. apion= a pear, 

Tctitioti = a lily, and. Eng. suffix - its = Gi * lithos = 
stone. Literally, pear-shaped lilies of stone.] 

Pearencrinites, a genus of Encrinites somewhat 

beenbrokln off, and now lie, scattered through the water, 48;15 ; sulphate ofurngnesia 108-0) . 

stratum above, which is of clay. *a-pla §e, *g.-pla s, adv. [Eng. a, place .j 

a -pl-on, s. [Gr. apion=not fat: a, priv., and pion one’s place, before all. 

=fat7l A genus of Weevils (Curculionidee), the “Ther men anon forth aplacehir brought, 

t . — — — — — l -."r .. Fair melusine, enmyddes the chapel. 


Addison. 

a-plus'-triim, s. [Aplustre.] A genus of sheRs 
of the family Bullidee. They have oval ventricose, 
highly-colored shells, with their spire wide and 
depressed. In 1851, Woodward estimated the species 
at ten. 

*a-ply", v.t. [Old form of Ply (q. v.).] To ply; 
bend. [Apply.] 

“Which lightly ne wold to bow ne aply.” 

The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 4,187. 

3,-ply§'-1-3,, s. [Gr. aplysia= filthiness; aplysiai, 
pi.; Lat. aplysia= a kind of sponge, so called from 
its dirty color.] A genus of mollusks, the 
typical one of the family Aplysiadee. The species 
have an oblong convex flexible and translucent 
shell, with a posterior slightly incurved apex. The 
animals are oval, with four tentacles. They are 
called Sea-hares. They inhabit the laminarian 
zone of the sea, and when molested discharge a 
violet fluid. Tate, in 1875, estimated the known 
recent species at forty-two, with one or two more 
doubtfully identified from the Tertiary formation. 

3 -ply§'-I-a-dse, s, pi. [Aplysia.] A family of 
molluscous animals, the third of the Tectibranch- 


h“e garden celery. A petroselinum is ^^n of ‘’oSShS: 

the well-known parsley. I r ‘J branchiata. The shell is wanting or rudimentary, 

ap -john-Ite, s. [Named after Apjonn, who an q the animal slug-like. It contains the genera 
analyzed it.] A mineral, placed by Dana under ms Apiy S i a) Dolabella, &c. 

Alum and Halotrichite groups. It occurs in white „ m-' 


In 


The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 932-3. 


3 -pnce - 3 , s. [Gr. apnoia= want of wind, a 
calm: a, priv., and pneo=to blow, to breathe.] 

Med.: Absence or great feebleness of breath, as 
in the case of swoon. 

ap'-o, in composition. [Gr. apo; Sansc. ana; 
Lat. ab or abs; 6oth._ af; Ger. ab; Eng. of, offT) A 
Greek prefix occurring in many English words 
originally from the Greek. It generally signifies 
from. 


larvee of the several species of which are very 
injurious in clover fields. The A. apricans preys, 

*91. M* vstx, W*l: s«l. “Xj A“^* m : tlous , -clous, -sious = shQs. -Mo. -dlo, te = b.l. ML 


thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 


•clan, -tian = shan. 

15 


-tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 


























apocalypse 


226 


apoda 


a-poc'-a-lypse, *a-poc-a-lipse, s. [In Ger. 

apokelyse; Fr. & Port, apocalypse: Sp. apocalipsis; 
Ital. apocalisse, apocalissi. From Lat. apocalypsis; 
Gr. apokalupsis—an uncovering, a revelation ; apok- 
aluptO=to uncover: apo = cessation from, and 
kalupto=^to cover.] 

1. Gen.: An uncovering, disclosing, or revealing of 
what was before hid. 

“ The vates poet with his melodious apocalypse of 
Nature.”— Carlyle : Heroes and 'Hero-worship, Lect. iii. 

2. Specially : 

(а) The vision or visions recorded in the last 
book of the Bible. 

“ Oh, for that warning voice which he, who saw 
The apocalypse, heard cry in heaven aloud.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

(б) The last book in the Bible, which receives 
both its Latin and its Greek name from the fact 
that its contents mainly consist of a revelation or 
apocalypse of future events previously hidden 
from mental cognizance. [Revelation.] 

f<3t-poc'-a-lypt, s. [Gr. apokalupto= to uncover.] 
The author of the Apocalypse. ( Coleridge.) (Reid.) 

a-poc-a-lyp'-tic, *a-poc-a-lyp'-tick, a. & s. 

[In Fr. apocalyptique; Sp. apocaliptico; Port. 
apocalyptico. From Gr. apokaluptikos = fitted 
for disclosure.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to a revelation, or 
containing one. Especially belonging to the revel¬ 
ation made in the last book of the Bible. 

“It was concluded by some, that Providence designed 
him the apocalyptick angel which should pour out one of 
the vials upon the beast.”— Spenser on Prodigies, p. 314. 
The Apocalyptic number, 666. (Rev. xiii. 18.) 

2. As substantive: One who makes an apoca¬ 
lyptic communication. 

“The divin e apocalyptick, writing after Jerusalem was 
ruined, might teach them what the second Jerusalem 
must be; not on earth, but from heaven, Apoc. xxi. 2.”— 
Lightfoot: Miscell., p. 107. 

a-poc-a-lyp'-tic-al, a. [Eng. apocalyptic; -al.] 
The same as Apocalyptic, a. (q. v.). 

a-poc-a-lyp'-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. apocalyp¬ 
tical; -ly.] In a manner that is apocalyptic. 

ap-o-car'-pi. 8. pi. [Gr. apo=ivova, and karpos 
=fruit.] 

Bot.: The 1st class in Dr. Lindley’s classification 
of Fruits. The fruit is simple: that is, the ovaria 
are strictly simple ; a single series only being pro¬ 
duced by a single flower. Some are one or two 
seeded, viz., Utriculus, Acheenium, and Drupa ; and 
the rest many-seeded, viz., Folliculus, Legumen, 
and Lomentum. [Apocarpous.] (Lindley: Introd. 
to Bot.) 

ap-o-car-pous, a. [Apocarpi.] 

Bot.: A term applied to the carpels of a com¬ 
pound pistil when they are either wholly or partly 
distinct. Example: Caltba. It is opposed to 
Syncakpotjs (q. v.). 

ap-o-ca-tas'-ta-sis, s. [Gr._ apokatastasis = 
complete restoration; apokathistemi — to re-estab¬ 
lish: apo, intensive and kathistemi = to set down; 
fcata=down, and histemi = to make to stand, to 
set. Or apo = from, and katastasis = a settling, ap¬ 
pointing.] 

1. Astron.: The period of a planet; the time which 
it takes to return to the same apparent place in the 
heavens from which it moved on its seemingly 
erratic course. 

2. Med.: The cessation or subsidence of morbid 
or other symptoms. (Parr.) 

ap -o-cha, s. [Gr. apoche. ] A receipt, a quit¬ 
tance. (Hacket: Life of Williams, i. 25.) 

ap-o-ca-thar’-sis, s. [Gr. apokatharsis — a 
thorough cleansing; apokathairb = to cleanse thor¬ 
oughly: apo, intens., and katharsis = cleansing, 
from kathaird = to cleanse; k at haras = pure.] 

Med.: A purgation, a discharge downwards. 
Sometimes less properly applied to vomiting. 

ap-o-ca-thar ’-tic, a. & s. [Gr. apo, here redund¬ 
ant; and cathartic (q. v.).] 

As adjective: Cathartic: 

As substantive: A cathartic. [Apocatharsis.] 
( Hooper: Med. Diet.) 

ap-o-qen-o-sls, s. [Gr. apokendsis = an empty¬ 
ing ; apokenoo — quite to empty: apo, intensive, and 
kenoo — to empty out, to drain; kenos = empty. Or 
from apo. and kenosis = an emptying, a discharge.] 
Med.: A discharge. A term applied by Dr. Cul¬ 
len to a discharge with, blood. It is limited to 
hemorrhages, in contradistinction to those which 
are attended with fever. (Parr.) 

*ap’-0-cla§m, s. [Gr. apoklasma, see def.; apo- 
klad— to break off: apo = from, and klao = to 
break.] 

Med.: The breaking away of any part of the body, 
ap-o-co-de-ine, s. [Gr. apo — from, and Eng. 
codeine (q. v.).] 


Chem.: C 1 SH 19 NO 3 . An organic base obtained by 
heating a solution of codeine hydrochloride with 
ZnCl 2 . It is a mild emetic. 

a-poc-6p-ate, v. t. [In Sp. apocopar. From Gr. 
apokopos= cutoff; apokopto— to cut off: o»o=from, 
and kopto— ( 1 ) to strike, ( 2 ) to cut off.] To cut off. 

Spec. In Grammar: To cut off the last letter or 
syllable of a word. Often in the pa. par. (q. v.). 

a-poc'-op-ate, a-poc’-op-a-ted, pa. par. & a. 
Cut off, as the last letter or last syllable of a word. 
Thus, in Heb. yigel is the apocopate fut. for yigleh, 
the full form of the future of the Heb. verb galah— 
to uncover, to reveal. 

a-poc-op-a-tlng, pr. par. [Apocopate, v.] 

a-poc -op-e, ap-oc-op-y, s. [In Fr., Sp., & Lat. 

apocope; Gr. apokope=a cutting off; apokopto=to 
cut off.] [Apocopate.] 

1. Gram.: A figure by which the last letter or syl¬ 
lable of a word is cut away, as in Lat. ingeni for 
ingenii. 

2. Surg.: The cutting away of any soft part of the 
body. (Parr.) 

a-poc-ri§-a'r-i-us, a-poc’-ri§-ar-y, ap-o- 
cr!§-I-ar-i-us, s. [Lat. apocrisiarius, apocrisarius. 
From Gr. apokrisis— (1) a separating, (2) an answer; 
apokrino— to separate, (middle) to answer: apo~ 
from, and krino— to separate.] 

Eccles.f A delegate or deputy sent out by a high 
ecclesiastical dignitary; as a legate or a nuncio 
may be by the Pope. (Spelman.) 

ap-o-criis'-tic, a. &s. [Gr. apokroustikos= able 
to drive off; apokrouo=to beat off: apo= from, and 
krouo = to strike, to smite. Or apo — from, and 
kroustikos=&t for striking.] 

A. As adjective (Med.): Repellent. 

B. As substantive (Med.): A repellent; a medi¬ 
cine operating with a repellent or astringent effect 

a-poc-ry-pha, "a-poc'-ri pha, s. [In Fr. apoc- 
ryphe. Properly the neut. pi. of the Lat. adj. apoc- 
ryphus; Gr. apofcntpfi.os=hidden. Applied to books, 
it means ( 1 ) of unknown authorship ; ( 2 ) fabulous, 
untrustworthy; from Gr. apokrupto—to hide from: 
apo=irom, and krupto— to Ride.] 

A. In the Early Christian Church: (1) Books pub¬ 
lished anonymously. (2) Those suitable for private 
rather than public reading. (3) Those written by 
an apostle or other inspired author, but not re¬ 
garded as part of Scripture. (4) The works of 
heretics. 

B. In English now: 

I. Literally: 

1. Spec.: The following fourteen books: 

I. 1 Esdras; II. 2 Esdras; III. Tobit; IV. Judith; V. 
Additions to Esther; VI. The Wisdom of Solomon; VII. 
Ecclesiasticus, called also the Wisdom of Jesus, the son 
of Sirach; VIII. Baruch; IX. The Song of the Three Holy 
Children; X. The History of Susanna; XI. Bel and the 
Dragon; XII. The Prayer of JVIanasseh, King of Judah; 
XIII. 1 Maccabees; and XIV. 2 Maccabees. 

Most of the above-mentioned books were composed 
during the two centuries immediately preceding the 
birth of Christ, though some were penned, or at 
least interpolated, at a later period. They were 
written not in Hebrew or Aramaean, but in Greek: 
and the Jews never accorded them a place in the Old 
Testament canon. They were inserted in the Septu- 
agint, and thence passed to the Latin Vulgate. The 
Christian fathers were divided in sentiment as to 
their value and the relation they stood to the canon¬ 
ical Old Testament books; Jerome dealing with 
them in a free, enlightened, and discriminating 
manner; while Augustine and others were much 
less independent. The question whether or not they 
were inspired remained an open one till the Refor¬ 
mation. Wycliffe, whose mind was cast in what we 
should now call a wonderfully Protestant mold, 
was against them; so was Luther; and yet more 
strongly, Calvin, with his followers. To uphold 
their waning authority, the Council of Trent, on the 
8 th of April, 1546, placed them on an equal level 
with Scripture, anathematizing all who held the 
contrary opinion. Portions of them are in the New 
as well as in the Old Lectionary of the English 
Church; but the sixth of the Thirty-nine Articles 
explains that “the other Books” [the fourteen 
enumerated], “ as Hierome saith, the Church doth 
read for example of life and instruction of manners, 
but yet doth it not apply them to establish any 
doctrine.” The Westminster Confession of Faith, 
the formulated creed of the Presbyterian Church 
regards them as simply human writings, and denies 
them all authority. The several apocryphal books 
are of unequal merit. 1 st Maccabees is a highly 
valuable history; while Bel and the Dragon is a 
monstrous fable. Taking them as a whole, they 
throw much light on the religious opinions and the 
political state of the Jews before the advent of 
Christ, and explain not a little which else would be 
obscure in the New Testament. The Greek Church 
prohibits their use. 


We hold not the Apocrypha for sacred, as we do thj 
holy Scripture, but for human compositions.”— Hooker. 

2. Gen.: Any productions of similar character to 
the apocryphal books of the Old Testament. Writ¬ 
ing regarding gospels of this nature, Strauss says— 
“In several apocryphas . . . ”—Strauss: Life of Jesus 
(Transl.), vol. i. (1846), p. 209. 

II. Fig.: Untrustworthy statement, myth, fable. 
“Every account of the habits of a wild animal obtained 
at second-hand from the reports of aborigines has its pro¬ 
portion of apocrypha.” — Owen: Classif. of Mammal, p. 91. 


a-poc-ry-phal, a. & s. [Eng. apocryph(a); -al. 
In Dan. apocryphiste; Dut. apocryfe; Ger. apocry- 
phisch; Fr. apocryphe; Sp. & Ital. apocrifo; Port. 
apocrypha .] 


A, As adjective: 

*1. Formerly. In the Early Church: Anonymous, 
unpublished, uninspired, heretical. [Apocrypha.] 


“ Jerome, who saith that all writings not canonical are 
apocryphal, uses not the title apocryphal as the rest of 
the Fathers ordinarily have done; whose custom is so to 
name, for the most part, only such as might not publicly 
be read or divulged.”— Hooker. 

II. Noiv: 

1. Pertaining to the fourteen books collectively 
denominated the Apocrypha. 

IT Apocryphal Controversy: A controversy which 
arose about 1821 as to whether the British and 
Foreign Bible Society were acting rightly in bind¬ 
ing the Apocrypha between the two Testaments of 
the Bibles which they issued, this practice having 
been adopted in order to render the sacred volume 
more acceptable in Roman Catholic countries or 
districts. The anti-Apocryphal party ultimately 
prevailed over their opponents. About 1826 the 
Apocrypha was altogether excluded from the Soci¬ 
ety’s Bible. [Apocrypha.] 

2. Of doubtful authority; mythic, fabulous. 

“ The passages to which it refers are, however, in part 
from apocryphal or fictitious works.”— Lewis: Early Rom. 
Hist., ch. iii., § 2, vol. i., p. 73. 

B. As substantive: One of the fourteen books 
named under Apocrypha, B., I. 1., or any literary 
production of similar pretensions and character. 


“ Nicephorus and Anastasius . . . upon this only 
account (as Usher thinks), because they were interpolated 
and corrupted, did rank these epistles in the number of 
apocryphals.” — Hanmer: View of Antiquity, p. 419. 

g,-poc'-ry~phg,l-Ist, s. [Eng. apocryphal; -ist .] 
An admirer of the Apocrypha, a defender of the 
Apocrypha. (Penny Cyclop.) 

a-poc-ry-phaLly, adv. [Eng. apocryphal; 
-ly.] With doubtful authority or authenticity; 
mythically. 


a-poc-ry-phal-ness, s. [Eng. apocryphal; 
-ness.] The quality of being of doubtful authority, 
if not even indisputably fabulous. 


ta-poc'-ry-phlc-^l, a. [Eng. apocryph (a) ;-ical .] 
The same as Apocryphal. 


a poc'-ry-phy, V. t. [Lat. apocryphus, and fio 
used as pass, of facio~to make.] To render doubt¬ 
ful. 

ap-o-qy na -§e-£e, s.pl. [Apocynum,] An order 
of plants, the English Dog-banes. Lindley places 
them under his Gentianal alliance, and the Asclep- 
iadacese, or Asclepiads, under his Solanal one, thus 
separating two orders which in nature are closely 
akin. Both have mono-petalous corollas, with five 
stamens, the fruit in follicles, and the juice milky; 
but they differ in the details of the sexual appa¬ 
ratus. In 1846, Lindley estimated the known species 
of Apocynacese at 566, since increased to about 600. 
Of 100 known genera only one, Vinca, is found in 
England; the rest inhabit warmer countries than 
ours. 

ap-o-qy-num, s. [In Fr. apocin; Sp. & Ital. 
apocino; Gr. apokunon, a plant, Cynanthus erect- 
us: apo=from, and kuon—dog. Literally, from 
dog or dog away; meaning, from which dogs must 
be kept away, since it is poisonous to them.] Dog’s- 
bane. A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
family Apocynaceee. The species are not very beau¬ 
tiful. The North American Indians use the fibers 
of the bark of A. cannabinum anff hypericifolium 
as a substitute for those of hemp in manufacturing 
cordage, linen cloth, &c. A. androscemifolium is 
the Fly-trap of North America. [Fly-trap.] 
ap-od-a, s. pi. [Gr. apoda, neut. pi. of apous, 
genit. qpodos=without feet.] 

*1, Zool.: Aristotle’s third section of Zootoka, or 
air-breathing vivipara. It included the Whales, 
which the Stagirite, with remarkable scientific 
accuracy, ranked with the warm-blooded quadru¬ 
peds. 

2. The second order of the class Amphibia, or 
Batrachia. The body is like that of an earthworm, 
and is quite destitute of feet. The order contains 
but one family, the Cmciliadse (q. v.). 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub. cure, unite. cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



apodacrytic 


227 


apologetics 


3. According to Professor Muller, a group of fishes 
belonging to the sub-order Physostomata. It is so 
-called because the ventral fins are wanting. It 
contains three families, the Mursenidae, or Eels, the 
Gymnotid®, and the Symbranchid®. 

tap-6-dac-ryt -Ic, *ap-o-dac-rys'-tick, s. [Gr. 
■apodakrutikos =calling forth tears ; apodakruo=to 
shed many tears: apo, intensive, and dakruo— to 
■weep; dakru, or dakruon=a. tear.] 

Pharmacy: A medicine tending to produce tears. 

“ Apodacrysticks (Gr.). Medicines that provoke tears.” 
'—Glossog. Nova , 2d ed. 

ap’-od-gl, a. & s. [Apoda.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Gen.: Without feet. 

2. Ichthy.: Without ventral fins. 

B. As substantive: Used specially in the second 
and third senses given under Apoda (q. v.). 

Plural: The English equivalent for Apoda (q. v.). 

ap'-od-an, *ap'-od-on, s. [Eng. apode; -an.'] An 
animal destitute (a) of feet, or (6) of ventral fins. 
[Apoda.] 

tap-ode, s. [Apoda.] The same as Apodal 
(q- v.). 

ap -od-e§, s. pi. [Gr. apodes, the pi. of apous, 
genit. apodos=without feet.] 

1. Gen. ; Animals without feet. 

*2. Spec.: Linnaeus’s first order of Fishes. He 
placed under it the genera destitute of ventral fins. 
The assemblage was not wholly a natural one. 

ap-o-dic -tic, *ap-o-dic-tick, ap-6-dlc -tIc- 
9.1, a. [Lat. apodicticus; Gr. apodeiktikos, apodeik- 
wumi=topointaway from, . . . to demonstrate: 
apo— from, or intensive; and deiknumi= to bring to 
light, ... to show, ... to prove. Or apo, 
and deiktikos — able to show.] Demonstrative; 
capable of being established on demonstrative evi¬ 
dence. (The term was introduced by Aristotle, and 
has been used in modern times by Kant and others.) 

“The argumentation is from a similitude, therefore 
hot cipodictick, or of evident demonstration.”— Robinson: 
Eudvxa, p. 23. 

“Holding an apodictical knowledge and an assured 
knowledge of it; verily, to persuade their apprehensions 
otherwise were to make an Euclid believe that there 
Were more than one center in a circle.”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

ap-o-dic -tic-al-ljf, adv. [Eng. apodictical; -ly.] 
With complete mathematical demonstration; irre- 
fragably. 

“Mr. Mode’s synchronisms are apodictically true to any 
one that has but a competency of wit and patience to 
pursue them.”— Dr. H. More: Myst. of Godl., p. 175. 

A-pod-i-dse, s. pi. [Apus.] A family of Ento- 
mostracans of the order Phyllopoda. The typical 
genus is Apus. 

ap-O-di-OX -is, s. [Gr. apodioko, fut. apodibxomai 
=to chase away : apo=from, away ; diokd= to make 
to run, to pursue.] 

Rhet.: A figure in which a particular argument 
is rejected with indignation. 

ap-O-dix-ls, s. [Latin; from Gr. apodeixis= a 
showing forth, . . . demonstration; apodeik- 

numi= to show forth.] [Apodictic.] Demonstra¬ 
tion ; the establishment of a proposition on abso¬ 
lutely irrefragable evidence. 

*ap -od-on, s. [Apodan.] 

ap-o-dog -yn-oiis, a. [Gr. a, priv.; pous— a foot; 
and gune= woman.] 

Bot.: A name given by Richard to disks which 
do not adhere to the base of an ovary. 

Ap-od-o-sis, s. [Lat. apodosis; Gr. apodosis= a 
giving back ... In Gram, (see def.); Gr. apo= 
from, and dosis= a giving; from didomi.] 

Gram.: The chief clause in a conditional sen¬ 
tence, that intimating the consequence which will 
ensue if the condition expressed in the subordinate 
clause which preceded it, called the protasis, be 
realized. In the sentence, “ If ye shall ask anything 
in my name, I will do it” (John xiv. 14), the protasis 
is, “If ye shall ask anything in my name,” and the 
apodosis, “ I will do it.” Some grammarians extend 
the terms protasis and apodosis to antecedent and 
consequent clauses, even when the sentences to 
which they belong are not conditional. 

“ . . it is observed by Jaspis that the Apostle has 

put only two members of the comparison, when there 
should properly have been four, omitting one in the pro¬ 
tasis and another in the apodosis.”—Bloomfield: Greek 
Test. (1841); Comment on Rom. vi. 4. 

ap-o-dy-ter -I-um. s. [Lat. ctpoditerium; Gr. 
apoduterion; from apoduc 5=to strip off: apo, priv., 
and duo= to get into, to put on.] 

1. Classical antiquity: A room where one stripped 
before going into tne bath. 

2. Now: Any room used for the purposes of robing 
and unrobing. 


ap -o-gee, *ap -o-ge-um, *ap -o-gse-iim, *ap- 
o-ge-on *ap-o-gae-on, s. [In Fr. apogie; Sp., 
Port., & ltal. apogeo. Apogeum and apogceum are 
properly the neut. of adj. apogceus, and apogeon 
and apogceon are Latinized from the Gr. apogaion, 
neut. of adj. apogaios, also apogeios, and apogeos= 
from land, or the earth ( Astron., in apogee: see 
def.): apo—from, and gaios=on land; gam=land: 
from ge=land, also the earth.] 

1. Astron.: The point in the orbit of any planet at 
which it is the greatest distance from the earth. 
When a corresponding term was introduced by the 
ancients, they proceeded on the supposition that 
tbe earth was the center of the solar system, and 
therefore measured from it. The sun, therefore, 
was at a certain time said to be in apogee. The 
term is still used, but in general it is more correctly 
stated, not that the sun is in apogee, but that the 
earth is in aphelion [Aphelion]; in other words, 
measurement is made from the sun as the center, 
not from the earth. The moon, again, being the 
satellite of the earth, is appropriately said to be at 
a certain time in apogee. The lunar apogee circu¬ 
lates in about nine and a half years. 

“ It is yet not agreed in what time, precisely, the apo¬ 
geum absolveth one degree.”— Browne : Vulgar Errors. 

“ . . . while on the other hand the sun is most 

remote (in apogee, or the earth in its aphelion).”— 
Uerschel: Astron., § 388a. See also §§ 406 and 687. 

2. Fig.: As high above one, or as far from a per¬ 
son or thing as it is possible to be. 

“ Thy sin is in his apogceon placed ; 

And when it moveth next must needs descend.” 

Fairfax. 

ap-o-geu'-sis, s. [Gr. apogeusis; from apogeuo- 
mai=totake a taste of anything: apo=from, and 
geuo—to give a taste of. Or apo=from, and geusis 
=the sense of taste; from geuo. ] The same as 
Ageustia (q. v.). {Parr.) 

ap-og-gi- 3 .-tfi'-ra, ap-o-gl-A-tfi-ra, s. [Appog* 

GIATURA.] 


ap'-o-gon, s. [Gr. apogron,=beardless: a, priv., 
andpogon=beard.] A genus of spiny-finned fishes 
of the Percid®, or Perch family. A Mediterranean 
species is called A. rex mullorum—the king of the 
mullets. It is red, with a black spot on each side 
of the tail. It is three inches long. Another species 
is the A. fasciatus, or Banded Mullet, of the Feejee 
Islands. 

ap'-o-graph, s. [Lat. apographon; Gr. apo¬ 
graphon—& copy; from apographo=to write off, to 
copy: apo=from, and grapho= to write.] A tran¬ 
script; a copy. {Blount.) 

*ap-og'-ra-phal, a. [Eng. apograph; -al.] Per¬ 
taining to an apograph. 

“ Parallel places—nowhere else extant but in these 
apocryphal apographal pieces, either as citations out of, 
or allusions to, them.”— Dr. Lee : Dissert. Theol. (1752), 
vol. i., p. 104. 


tap'-o-jSve, s. [Gr. apo=from, and Eng. Jove— 
Jupiter; from Lat. Jovis, genit. of Jupiter .] 

Astron.: The point in the orbit of any one of 
Jupiter’s satellites at which it is as far from the 
planet as it can go. A word framed on the model of 
Apogee and Aphelion (q. v.). It is opposed to 
Perijove. 


a-po -lar, a. [Gr. a, priv., and Eng. polar.'] Not 
polar. 

Anat.: Pertaining to nerve-cells which send out 
no fiber. Kdlliker at first maintained their exist¬ 
ence, but afterward thought they might be unipolar 
cells, with the issuing fiber in some way hidden 
from view. 


“ Some writers still insist upon the existence of ‘apolar’ 
and‘unipolar’ nerve-cells in many parts of the nervous 
system, although the results of observation positively 

g rove the existence of two fibers in the case of cells which 
ad previously been regarded as unipolar and apolar .”— 
Beale: Bioplasm (1872), § 243. 

“See also my paper on the structure of the so-called 
Apolar, Unipolar, and Bipolar Nerve Cells. Phil., Trans., 
1863.”— Ibid., § 273. 

*ap’-o-lep-s^, *ap-o-lep -sis, s. [Gr. apolepsis 
= (1) a taking back, a recovery ; (2) an intercepting, 
a cutting off; from apolambano= fut. apolepsomai 
=to take or receive from: apo=from, and lambano 
=to take. Or «,po=from, and lepsis—s taking hold; 
from lambano.] . , , , 

Old Med.: An obstruction of the blood; a reten¬ 
tion or suppression of urine or any other natural 
evacuation. {Parr, &c.) 

“Apolepsy (Gr.). The interception of blood and animal 
spirits.”— Glossog. Nov., 2d ed. 

A-pol-lin-a r-i-an, s. [Lat. Apollinaris- per¬ 
taining to Apollo.] Pertaining to or connected with 
Apollo. 

Apollinarian games. Certain games instituted 
among the Romans in the year 212 B. C., alter the 
Battle*of Cann®, and celebrated by means of scenic 
representation. 


A-pol-lin-a r-i-an§, A-pol-lm-a r-Ists, s. pi. 
[From Apollinaris the Younger, Bishop of Laodicea 
in the latter part of the fourth century.] The fol¬ 
lowers of the Apollinaris mentioned, who contended 
for the divinity of Christ against the Arians, but 
taught that Christ assumed only a human body 
endowed with a sentient, but not an intellectual, 
soul. He believed that the divine nature in Christ 
supplied the place of a rational human soul. His 
views seem to have tended in the direction of those 
afterward held by Eutyches. They were condemned 
by the Council of Constantinople in A. D. 381. 

A-pol-lin-a-ris wa-ter, s. An effervescing table 
water obtained from a mineral spring in Apollina- 
risburg, near Bonn, Prussia. 

A-pol-lo.s. [Lat. Apollo; Gr . ApollOn.] 

Classic Myth.: The god of poetry, music, medi¬ 
cine, archery, and augury. He is usually repre¬ 
sented as a handsome young man, beardless, and 
with long hair on his head, which, moreover, is 
crowned with laurel, and surrounded by rays of 
light. In his right hand he bears a bow and 
arrows, and in his left a harp. 

“And all Apollo’s animating fire.” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Winter. 

The Apollo Belvedere: 

A celebrated statue of 
Apollo, so called from 
having been placed in the 
Belvedere of the Vatican 
by Pope Julius II. It 
was found in the ruins 
of ancient Antium, now 
Capo d’Anzo, about the 
end of the fifteenth or 
the beginning of the six¬ 
teenth century, and was 
sculptured probably 
about the time of Nero. 

Byron gives a beautiful 
description of this fa¬ 
mous statue in Childe 
Harold, iv., 141-163. 

A-pol-lon’-i-con, s. 

[Lat. Apollo: Gr. Apol¬ 
lon, the god of music, &c. ; 

Gr. suffix -ikon = Eng. 

-icon.] The name given The Apollo Belvedere, 
to a very powerful cham¬ 
ber-organ, exhibited in London in 1817, giving the 
combined effect of a complete orchestra. It -was so 
constructed that it might be self-acting, or might 
be played upon in the usual manner by means ol 
keys. 

A-pol-ly-on, s. & a. [Gr. Apolluon, the pr. par, 
of apollumi, or apolluo= to destroy utterly.] 

A. As substantive: Destroyer. The Greek name 
applied in Rev. ix. 11 to the “angel of the bottomless 
pit,” called in Hebrew Abaddon (q. v.). Bunyan 
introduces it into the Pilgrim's Progress as the 
name of a fiend, 

B. As adjective: Destructive. 

“But he [Kant] had no instincts of creation or restora¬ 
tion within his Apollyon mind.”— De Quincey's Woi'ks (ed. 
1863), vol. ii., p.'58. 

A-pol'-ly-on-Ist, s. [Eng., &c., Apollyon; - ist .] 
One who follows or is subject to Apollyon. Spec., 
the “locusts” of Rev. ix. 

“The Locusts or Apollyonists.”—Phineas Fletcher: 
Poems (ed. Grosart), ii. 63-107. 

Apol-fc-get'-Ic, *a-pol-6-get-ick, a-pol-6- 
get'-ic-?ll, a. [Fr. apolog6tique; Port. & ltal. apol- 
ogetico; Lat. apologeticus; Gr. apologetikos—ht for 
a defense.] 

fl. Spoken or written in defense of a person, a 
faith, an opinion, &c.. and not intended to imply the 
smallest admission of error. [Apologetics.] 

“With the advance of theology, general Apologetics 
tends to disappear, and in its 6tead comes an apologetic 
introduction justifying each of the fundamental doo- 
trines of dogmatics.”— Ency. Brit., 7th ed., ii. 189. 

2. Acknowledging slight error which, passed over 
in silence, might give just offense. 

“. . . speak in a subdued and apologetic tone.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

“ I design to publish an essay, the greater part of which 
is apologetical, for one sort of chymists.”— Boyle. 

g,-p6l-6-get'-iC"Al-ly, adv. [Eng. apologetical; 
-ly. ] In apologetical language, in an apologetical 
tone ; by way of apology. 

“ . . . has been apologetically explained by the sup¬ 
position . . . ”— Strauss: Life of Jesus, vol. ii., § 67, p. 32. 

Ji-pol-o-get'-lcs, s. [In Ger. apologetik.] [Apol¬ 
ogetic.] The department of theology which treats 
of the establishment of the evidences and defense 
of the doctrines of a faith. 

Christian apologetics, generally called simply 
Apologetics, treats of the evidences of Christianity, 
and seeks to establish the truth of the Bible and 
the doctrines educed from it. 



bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-ciau, -tian = sbau. -tion, 


$ell, chorus, §hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b®l, del. 









apological 

ap-6-log -xc-g.1, a. [Eng. apolog{ue); -teal.] Of 
the nature of an apologue. ( Adams: Works, ii. 166.) 

U-pol-6-gi §e. [Apologize.] 

a-pol-6-gist, s. [In Fr. apologiste; Sp. & Port. 
apologista .] One who defends a faith, an institu¬ 
tion, a practice, a deed, &c. Spec., one who defends 
Christianity, or the character and proceedings of 
its professors. ( Cowper: Expostulation.) 

a-pol’-6-gize, a-pol-o-gi§e, v. t. & i. [Gr. 
apologizomai—to reckon up, to give an account.] 

*1. Transitive: To defend. 

II. Intransitive: To make an acknowledgment of 
a greater or smaller amount of error (generally the 
latter) as a moderate atonement for an injury 
done one. (It is sometimes followed by for, and an 
objective case.) 

“To apologize especially for his insolent language to 
Gardiner.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iii., ch. xvii., p. 70. 

IT Sometimes a person apologizes for a deed re¬ 
quiring far graver treatment. 

“. . . to apologise for a judicial murder?”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

a-pol-o-gi-zer, gi-pol'-6-gI-§er, s. [Eng. apolo¬ 
gize, apologise; -er.] One who defends a person, a 
faith, an institution, &c.: an apologist. 

“His apologisers labor to free him: laying the fault of 
the errors fathered upon him unto the charge of others.” 
—Hanmer: View of Antiquity, p. 239. 

ap -61-Ogue, s. [In Ger. apolog; Er. apologue; 
Sp., Port.., & Ital. apologo; Lat. apologus; from Gr. 
a/pologos—i 1) a long story, a tale; (2) a fable, like 
dSsop’s; (3) an account :_Gr. apo=from, and logos— 

. . . discourse; meaning that an apologue is a 
discourse drawn from (a fable).] A fable designed 
to convey to, and impress upon, the mind some 
moral truth. It resembles a parable, but differs in 
this respect, that, whereas the event narrated in 
the parable is within the limits of probability, and 
might have happened, if indeed it has not actually 
done so, the apologue is bound by no such re¬ 
straints ; it can draw for its speakers and actors on 
the brute creation, or even on inanimate nature. 
The prodigal son (Lake xv. 11-32) and the ewe 
lamb (2 Sam. xii. 1-14) are properly parables; 
while the story of the trees electing a king (Judge, 
ix. 7-20) is an apologue. 

“ The Senate having decided in favor of a conciliatory 
Bourse, sent Menenius Agrippa as their envoy to the 
seceders, who addresses to them the celebrated apologue 
of the Belly and the Limbs.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., 
nh. xii., pt. i., § 16. 

fap-ol-6-guer, *ap'-ol-o-ger, s. [Eng. apol¬ 
ogue; -er.] One who utters apologues. 

” A mouse, saith an apologer [apologuer], was brought 
up in a chest, there fed with fragments of bread and 
cheese.”— Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 659. 

‘Why may not a sober apologer [apologuer] be per¬ 
mitted, who brings his burthen to cool the conflagrations 
of fiery wits?”— Waterhous-. Apology for Learning, <Sbc., 
p. 258. 

g.-pol’- 0 -gy, *a-pol’-0-gie, s. [In Fr. apologie; 
Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. apologia; Gr. apoloaia=& 
defense, a speech in defense: apo= from, and logos 
=a word,language, . . . discourse; lego— . . . 
to speak.] 

+1. The act of making a defense against an accu¬ 
sation ; vindication, without its being implied that 
in this there is anything hollow or unsatisfactory; 
also the defense made. 

K Used specially of the defense of Christianity 
and its professors, against opponents and calumnia¬ 
tors, made by several of the early Fathers. Thus, 
Justin Martyr wrote two “Apologies”—one about 
A. D. 150, and the other after 160; Athenagoras one 
in 177, and Tertullian in 198; as did Melito, Quadra- 
tus, Miltiades, Aristides, and Tatian in the same 
century. Many works of a similar character were 
subsequently published, though not always, or even 
generally, under the same title. Various modern 
writers have used the term Apology in the old 
sense: thus, Bishop Richard Watson was author of 
an “Apology for Christianity,” and an “Apology for 
the Bible. So also the department of theology 
once generally termed “ Evidences of Christianity ” 
is now technically denominated Apologetics (q. v.). 

“We have, among other works of his [Justin Martyr’s], 
two Apologies for the Christians.”— Mosheim: Church 
Hist., Cent, i., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 6. 

2. An admission of a fault; generally one of no 
great magnitude, for which this slight humiliation 
is held sufficient to atone. Sometimes it is so small 
that the apology for it approaches a full vindica¬ 
tion, and sometimes, as in cases of libel, so grave 
that, even when the apology is accepted, the whole 
expenses of the trial-at-law are cast on the person 
who acknowledges himself to have erred. 

If Crabb considers that “ there is always some 
imperfection, supposed or real, which gives rise to 
an apology; ” that “a defense presupposes a con¬ 
sciousness of innocence more or less; ” that “ a 
justification is founded on the conviction not only 


228 

of entire innocence, but of strict propriety; ” that 
“ exculpation rests on the conviction of innocence 
with regard to the fact.” “ Excuse and plea are not 
grounded on any idea of innocence; they are rather 
appeals for favor resting on some collateral circum¬ 
stance which serves to extenuate: a plea is fre¬ 
quently an idle or unfounded excuse, a frivolous 
attempt to lessen displeasure.” He adds that “ Ex¬ 
cuse and plea, which are mostly employed in an un¬ 
favorable sense, are to apology, defense, and excul¬ 
pation , as the means to an end ; an apology is lame 
when, instead of an honest confession of an_unin¬ 
tentional error, an idle attempt is made at justifi¬ 
cation ; a defense is poor when it does not contain 
sufficient to invalidate the charge; a justification is 
nugatory when it applies to conduct altogether 
wrong; an excuse or a plea is frivolous or idle, 
which turns upon some falsehood, misrepresenta¬ 
tion, or irrelevant point.” ( Crabb : Eng. Synonyms.) 

ap-o-me-com'-e-ter, s. [Apomecometry.] An 
instrument for measuring objects at a distance. 

ap-o-me-com'-et-ry, s. [Gr. apo= from ; mekos 
=length, and metreo= to measure; metron— a meas¬ 
ure.] The measuring or measurement of objects at 
a distance. ( Dyche .) 

ap-o-mor'-phine, s. [Gr. qpo=from, and Eng. 
morphine (q. v.).] 

Chem.: C 17 H 17 NO 2 . An organic base obtained by 
heating morphine or codeine in a sealed tube to 
150°, with excess of HC1. Apomorphine is soluble in 
alcohol and ether, and is precipitated by caustic 
potash and ammonia. It gives a dark-violet liquid 
with F 2 CI 6 . It is an emetic, in small doses. 
*?tp-on'e, prep. [Upon.] 

ap-o ne-cro -sis, s. [Gr. aponekrosis= a becom¬ 
ing quite dead; aponekroo= to kill utterly, especially 
by cold: apo=from, and nekroo= to kill; nekros, s. 
=a dead body, adj.=dead.] 

Med. : Complete death. 

ap-o-neiir-og’-ra-phy, s. [Gr. aponeurosis, and 
graphe—a delineation, ... a description.] [Ap¬ 
oneurosis.] 

Med. : The department of medical science which 
treats of aponeurosis. 

ap-o-neiir-o'-sis, ap-o-neii r- 6 -sv, s. [In Fr. & 
Port, aponbvrose ; Gr. aponeurosis =trie end of mus¬ 
cle, where it becomes tendon {Galen) ; aponeuroo= 
to change into a tendon: apo= from, and neuroo= 
to strain the sinews; neuron= a sinew, a tendon.] 
The expansion of a tendon into a membrane, lam¬ 
ina, or fascia. Aponeuroses occur in connection 
with the voluntary muscles. 

“. . . attached by their extremities, through the 
medium of tendon, aponeurosis, or some form of the 
fibrous tissue .”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., 
p. 150. 

ap-o-neiir-ot’-ic, a. [InFr. apon&vrotique ; Port. 
aponeurotico.] [Aponeurosis.] Pertaining to apo¬ 
neurosis. 

“Aponeurotic tendonous expansions.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., i. 71. 

ap-o-neiir ot om-y, s. [Gr. (1) apo = from; (2) 
neurotomos— cutting sinews; neurotomeo =to cut the 
sinews ; neuron—a sinew, and temno= to cut.] The 
dissection of an aponeurosis (q. v.). 

ap-on-o-ge'-ton, s. [In Fr. aponoget. An incom¬ 
plete anagram of the word Potomageton (q. v.).] A 
plant belonging to the order Naiadacese, or Naiads. 
The species are aquatics, ornamental in an aqua¬ 
rium. In India the tuberous roots of A. monos- 
tachyon, or simple-spiked Aponogeton, are eaten by 
the natives like potatoes. 

ap-O-pemp’-tic, a. & s. [Gr. apopemptos = sent 
forth, dismissed; apopempo= to send off, to dismiss: 
apo—iTom, and pempd— to send.] 

A. As adjective: 

Classic Poetry : Pertaining to a hymn addressed 
to a stranger on his departure from a place to his 
own country, or to the gods when they were fabled 
to be about to return to their habitation. 

B. As substantive : A hymn used on such occa¬ 
sions. 

a-poph'-a-sis, s. [In Fr .apophase; Gr. apophasis 
=a denial, a negation; apophemi={ 1 ) to speak out 
plainly: ( 2 ) to say no, to deny: apo = from, and 
phemi=vo declare.] 

Rliet. : A figure by which a speaker formally de¬ 
clines to take notice of a point, with the probable 
effect of making the imagination of his audience 
so to work on what he has ostentatiously declined 
to bring forward, as to cause them to be more 
affected by it than if he had spoken out plainly. 

ap-o-phleg-mat'-Ic. a. & s. [Gr. apo=from, and 
phlegma — (1) flame, (2) inflammation, (3) phlegm; 
from phlegd=to burn.] 

A. As adjective: Designed to expel phlegm by the 
nostrils. 

B. As substantive : A medicine designed or fitted 
to cause the flow of serous or mucous humor from 
the nostrils. Some stimulatives have this effect. 


apophysis 

ap-6-phleg‘-ma-ti§m., s. [In Ger. apophlegmatis• 

mos; Gr. apophlegmatismos; apophlegmatizo; =to 

urge away phlegm: apo= from, and phlegma=a 

ame, inflammation, phlegm.] A medicine specially 
designed to expel phlegm from the blood. 

“. . . and so it is in apop hlegmatisms and gargar- 

isms, that draw the rheum down by the palate.”— Bacon: 
Nat. Hist., Cent, i., § 38. 

ap-o-phleg’-ma-tiz-ant, s. [Gr. apophlegmatizo 
= to expel phlegm.] An apophlegmatic (q. v.). 
{Quincy.) 

ap'-o-phthegm, ap-o-thegm {ph and g silent), 
s. [In Ger. apophthegma; Fr. apophthegme ; Sp. 
apotegma; Port, apophthegma, apothegma; Ital. 
apotegma ; Gr. apophthegma, apophtliengomai = to 
speak one’s opinion plainly, to utter an apophthegm: 
apo=from, and phthengomai= to utter a sound, to 
speak out. Or Gr. apo=from, and phthegrna= a 
voice, from phthengomai.] A terse pointed saying; 
a maxim expressed in few but weighty words; a 
brief pithy remark uttered by a distinguished char¬ 
acter, or on a notable occasion. 

“So again in his book, Apophthegms, which he col¬ 
lected, we 6ee that he esteemed it more honor to make 
himself but a pair of tables, to take the wise and pithy 
words of others, than to have every word of his own to be 
made an apophthegm, or an oracle, as vain princes, by 
custom of flattery, pretend to do.”— Bacon: Adv. of Learn¬ 
ing, bk. i. 

ap-o-phtheg-mat'-ic, ap-o-theg-mat’-ic, ap- 
o-phtheg-mat'-ic-al, ap-o-theg-mat'-ic-al {ph 
& g silent), a. [Gr. apophthegmatikos .] Senten¬ 
tious. 

ap-o-phtheg'-ma-tlst, ap-6-theg’-ma-tist, s. 
[Gr. apoplithegmatos, genit. of apophthegma, and 
Eng. suffix -ist; from Gr. isles—one who.] One who 
collects or composes apophthegms. 

ap-o-phtheg-ma-ti'ze, ap-6-theg-ma-ti ze, 
v. i. [Formed like Apophthegm atist (q. v.), but 
with Eng. suffix -ize= to make, instead of -ist.] To 
utter apophthegms. 

ap-oph'-y-ge, ap-oph'-y-gy, s. [In Ital. 
apofigi; Lat. apophyges; Gr. apopliuge—{l) an 
escape or_ place of refuge; (2) Arch, (see def.); 
apopheugo= to flee from: apo=from, and pheugd= 
to flee. Or apo=from, and p/twge=flight, escape.) 

Arch.: The small curve 
at the top of a column by 
which its shaft joins its 
capital. It is sometimes 
called the spring of the 
column. Originally it 
was the ring which bound 
the extremities of wooden 
pillars to keep them from 
splitting, imitated in 
stone-work. _ The same 
name is given to the 
corresponding concavity 
connecting the bottom of 
a pillar with the fillet at 
its base. 

“ Apophyge in architecture is that part of a column 
where it seems to fly out of its base, like the process of a 
bone in a man’s leg, and begins to shoot upward.”— 
Olossog. Nova, 2d ed. 

ap-oph’-yl-lite, s. [In Ger. apophyllit ; Gr. (1) 
apo=from; (2) phullon=a leaf; and (3) suffix -ite 
(Min.) (q. v.). Apophylite was so called by Hatty 
from the tendency to exfoliate.] A tetragonal 
mineral, called also Ichthyophthalmite, classed 
by Dana as the type of an Apophyllite group of 
Unisilicates. The hardness is4'5to5; the sp.gr. 
2 - 3 to 2 - 4; the luster of the face of the crystal termi¬ 
nating the low prism, pearly; that of the sides, 
vitreous. Color, white or grayish; occasionally 
with greenish, yellowish, rose-red, or flesh-red tint. 
It is generally transparent; is brittle, and has 
feeble double refraction. It is a “ hydrated calceo- 
potassic silicate ; ” its composition being—silica, 
5T60 to 52‘69 ; lime, 24‘71 to 25‘86; potassa, 4‘75 to 5‘75; 
water, 15‘73 to 16 - 73; and fluorine, 15‘73 to 16'67. It 
occurs chiefly in amygdaloid, though occasionally 
in granite and gneiss. It is found at Ratho, near 
Edinburgh, and in Fife, Dumbarton, and Invemess- 
shires. It occurs in Europe, in India, in Siberia, 
in America, in Australia, and elsewhere. Dana sub¬ 
divides it into Ordinary (1) Oxhaverite; (2) Tes- 
selite; (3) Leucocyclite; and places with it also 
Xylochlore. 

a-poph-y-sis, ta-poph'-y-sy, s. [Gr. apophusis 
=an offshoot; apophuo= to put forth as an offshoot, 
(passive) to grow: apo= from, and phuo—to bring 
forth.] 

1. Anat. : The process of a bone. 

“ Processes of bone have usually their own centers of 
ossification, and are termed epiphyses until they are 
finally joined to the main part, after which they receive 
the name of apophyses.”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat - 
i. 116. 

2. Bot. : A sporangium in mosses, which is regu- 
larly lengthened. It occurs in most species of the 
genus Splachnum. 

3. Arch.: The same as Apophyge (q. v.). 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or, wore. wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, is = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 











apoplanesis 

ap-o-plan-e-sis, s. [Gr. apoplanesis, see def.; 
apoplanao— to make to digress. Or apo= from, and 
planesis=a making to wander; planao, fut. planeso 
—to make to wander; plane= a wandering.] 

Rhet.: A digression. 

ap-o-plec'-tlc, *ap o-plec -tick, a. & s. [In Fr. 
apoplectique; Sp., Port., & Ital. apopletico; Lat. 
apoplecticus; Gr. apoplektikos.] 

A. As adjective: Relating to apoplexy. 

“ Soon after he had risen from table, an apoplectic 
stroke deprived him of speech and sensation.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvil. 

B. As substantive: A person afflicted with apo¬ 
plexy. 

“ Basis, the Arabic physician, hath left it written as I 
have it from Quistorpius, that it was ordained by a law, 
that no apoplecticks, who foamed about the mouth, should 
be buried till after seventy-two hours.”— Knatchbull: Tr., 
P-77. 

*ap-o-plec'-tIc- 3 ,l, a. [Eng. apoplectic; -al.] 
The same as Apoplectic, adj. (q. v.). 

“ In an apoplectical case he found extravasated blood 
making way from the ventricles of the brain.”— Derham. 

ap-o-plexed, a. [Old Eng. apoplex (Apoplexy); 
-ed.] Affected with apoplexy. 

“ . . . But, sure, that sense 
Is apoplex’d : for madness would not err.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 4. 

ap-5-plex-y, *ap-o-plex-Ie, *ap-o-plex, s. 

[In Fr. apoplexie; Sp. apoplegia; Ital. cipoplessia; 
Ger., Port., & Lat. apoplexia; Gr. apoplexia=( 1) a 
being disabled in mind, stupor; (2) the bodily dis¬ 
ease described below; from apoplektos, apoplesso= to 
disable in body or mind. Or apo= from, and jplexis 
=a stroke, a blow; plessd=to strike, to smite.] 

1. Med.: A serious malady, coming on so sud¬ 
denly and so violently that anciently any one 
affected by it was said to be attonitus (thunder¬ 
struck), or sideratus (planet-struck). When a 
stroke of apoplexy takes place, there is a loss of 
sensation, voluntary motion, and intellect or 
thought, while respiration and the action of the 
heart and general vascular system still continue. 
The disease now described is properly called cere¬ 
bral apoplexy, the cerebrum or brain being the part 
chiefly affected. Another malady has been called 
not very happily Pulmonary Apoplexy. It is the 
Pneumo-hemorrhagia of Andral, and consists of an 
effusion of blood into the parenchymatous sub¬ 
stance of the lung, like that into the substance of 
the brain in cerebral apoplexy. 

“ P. Humph. This apoplex will, certain, be his end.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iv. 4. 

2. Fig.: Anything that dulls the senses and par¬ 
alyzes action in the frame. 

“ Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, mulled, deaf, 
sleepy, insensible.”— Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 5. 

ap-o-pnlx-Is (p often silent), s. [From Gr. 
apopnigo= to choke. Or apo, intens., and pnixis= 
strangling, smothering \pnigo= to choke.] 

Med,.: Suffocation, 

ap-or-e -tin, s. [Possibly apo=from, and rhetine 
=resin gum.] A resin obtained by chemical process 
from extract of rhubarb. 

3 . -po r-I-si, a-po r-y, s. [Lat. aporia; Gr. aporia 
=being “without passage,” involved in difficulty: 
aporos — without passage, difficult: a, priv., and 
poros=means of passing, ... a pathway.] 

1. Rhet.: Perplexity, real or affected, on the part 
of a speaker as to what to choose from the great 
abundance of matter lying ready to his hand. 
Specially perplexity where to begin, where to end, 
what to say, and what, though well worthy of being 
stated, to pass by. Aporia is used also for the real 
or affected perplexity felt by a speaker in coming 
to a decision on points of difficulty in connection 
with which there are various ways open to choose. 
The following sentence, quoted from Cicero in 
Smith’s Rhetorick, is an excellent example of an 
aporia“ Thus Cicero says, Whether he took them 
from his fellows more impudently, gave them to a 
harlot more lasciviously, removed them from the 
Roman people more wickedly, or altered them 
more presumptuously, I cannot well declare.” 
C Smith’s Rhetorick.) 

2. Med.: Restlessness; uneasiness occasioned by 
obstructed perspiration, or any stoppage of the 
natural secretions. (Parr.) 

*g,-por-o-bran -chl-an§, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv., 
poros= a pore, and branchion= (1) a fin, (2) a gill.] 

Zool.: Latreille’s name for an order of Arachnida 
(Spiders), characterized by the absence of respira¬ 
tory pores (stigmata) on the body. 

9 ,-po r-on, ta-po r-Ime, s. [Aporia.] A per¬ 
plexing problem. 

If The Glossog. Nova has the form aporime. 

ap-or rha’-Is, s. [Gr. aporrhais—a shell; apor- 
rheb= to flow from: apo=from, and rheo= to flow.] 
Spour-shells. A genus of gasteropodous mollusks 
belonging to the family Corithiadse. In 1875, Tate 


229 


estimated the recent species of Aporrhais at four, 
and the fossil ones doubtfully at above two hundred, 
the latter ranging from the Lias to the Chalk. 

*ap-or-rhce s. [Gr. aporrhoia, aporrhoe=(l) 
a flowing off, a stream; ( 2 ) an emanation : aporrheb 
=to flow from: apo— from, and rheo= to flow.] An 
emanation; an effluvium. 

‘‘The reason of this he endeavors to make out by atom¬ 
ical apporrhoeas; which, passing from the cruentate 
weapon to the wound, and being incorporated with the 
particles of the salve, carry them to the affected part.”— 
Glanville: Scepsis. 

*ap-o-sep’-I-dIn, s. [Gr. apo=lrom, and sepedon 
=rottenness, decay; sepo=to make rotten.] 

Chem.: A crystallized substance obtained from 
impure cheese. It is impure leucine (q.v.). (Watts.) 

ap-o-sI- 6 -pe -sis, *ap-o-sI-op-e-sy, s. [Lat. 

aposiopesis; Gr. aposiopesis=( 1) a becoming silent; 
(2) see def.; aposiopao - to be silent after speaking: 
apo=from, and siopao= to be silent or still. Or apo 
= from, and siopesis— silence ; from sidpao .] 

Rhet.: A term used to describe the reticence 
which a speaker occasionally employs from deli¬ 
cacy of feeling, from forbearance, from the fear of 
consequences if he give utterance to all that he 
thinks, from being overcome by emotion, or when 
he designs, by pretending to pass over something, 
really to call attention to it more forcibly than if 
he had treated of it formally. From one of these 
causes a speaker will occasionally omit part) of 
a sentence, as our Saviour, under the influence of 
emotion, does in Luke xix. 42. 

“ . . . such aposiopeses being frequent in language 
dictated by grief or strong emotion.”— Bloomfield: Greek 
Test. Note on Luke xix. 42. 

ap-o-slt'-l-g., ap-os'-it-jf, s. [Gr. apositia= 
distaste for food; aposifos=having eaten nothing, 
without appetite: apo— from;_ sifos=wheat corn 
grain, . . . bread.] A loathing of food. 

If Apositia is in Parr, and aposity in Glossog. 
Nova, 2d ed. 

tap-o-slt'-lc, a. [Gr. apositikos: apo = away 
from, sZfos=wheat, . . . food.] 

Med.: Taking away or diminishing the appetite 
for food. 

ap-o-spa§-ma, ap'-o-spa§m, s. [Gr. apospasma 
=that which is torn off; apospao— to tear or drag 
away: apo— from, and spao= to draw out, . . . 
to tear.] The separation of one part from another; 
a violent irregular fracture of a tendon, a ligament, 
&c. 

If Parr has the form apospasma, and the Glossog. 
Nova, 2d ed., apospasm. 
g,-p 6 s'-t 3 ,-gy, s. [Apostasy.] 
ap-O-Stas'-I-Sl, s. [Gr. apostasis = a standing 
away from.] [Apostasy.] 

Botany: A genus of Orchids, the type of the Apos- 
tasiads (q. v.). The anthers are distinct from each 
other, and the style is quite free from the stamina, 
whereas in ordinary orchids these are combined. 
There are two species found in the East Indies. 

ap-o-stas-I-a'-ge-se (Bot. Latin), ap-o-stas'-I- 
ad§, s. pi. [Apostasia.] 

Botany: An order of Endogenous plants belong¬ 
ing to the Orchidal Alliance. They differ from Or- 
chidaceee proper in having a three-celled fruit, with 
loculicidal dehiscence, and in the style being alto¬ 
gether free from the stamina for the greater part of 
its length. They occur in damp woods in the hotter 
arts of India. In 1847, Lindley estimated the 
nown species at five. 

?L pos -ta-sIs, s. [Gr. apostasis = a standing 
away from.] 

*Old Medicine : 

1. A suppurative inflammation, throwing off the 
peccant humors left by fever or other diseases. 

2. Transition from one disease to another. 

a-pos-t^-sjf, [fa-pos-ta-gy, *a-p 6 s'-tg,-sle, s. 
[In Ger. & Fr. apostasie; Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. 
apostasia; Gr. apostasia, a later form for apostasis 

— a standing away from—hence, defection, revolt; 
aphistemi=to put away (in passive, to stand away): 
apo=from, and histemi—to make to stand. Or apo 

— from, and stasis = a placing, setting; from his¬ 
temi.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: A defection from real or imag¬ 
ined allegiance. Specially— 

1 . Direct rebellion against God or His authority. 

“ The affable archangel had forewarn’d 
Adam, by dire example, to beware 
Apostasy , by what befell in heaven 
To those apostates.”— Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 

2 . The abandonment of a religious faith which 
one has previously held, or a church with which 
one has been previously connected. 

“ The canon law defines apostasy to be a willful depart¬ 
ure from that state of faith which any person has pro¬ 
fessed himself to hold in the Christian church.” Ayliffe: 
Par erg on. 


apostemation 

3. The abandonment of a political party with 
which one has hitherto acted. 

B. Technically: 

*Med.: It is sometimes used as the rendering oi 
the Greek term apostasis (q. v.). 

g,-pos -tate, *ap-o-sta'-tsi, s. & a. [In Ger. & 
Fr .apostat: Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. apostata. Gr. 
apostates— (1) a runaway slave, a deserter, a rebel; 
(2) see below; apostateo—to stand aloof.] [Apos¬ 
tatize.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A rebel against the Divine authority; one who 
has cast - off the allegiance which he owes to God. 

“High in the midst, exalted as a god, 

The apostate in his sun-bright chariot sat.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vi. 

2. One who abandons the religion which he has 
previously professed, or the church with which he 
has before been connected. In the Church of Rome 
one is also deemed an apostate who, without a legal 
dispensation, quits a religious order which he has 
entered. 

“ And whoso passed that point 
Was apostata in the order.” 

Piers Plowman, 667-8. (Trench.) 

“ The character of Apostate has injured the reputation 
of Julian.”— Gibbon: Decl. and Fall, ch. xxiii. 

3. One who similarly abandons his political creed 
or party. 

“If a name be found where it ought not to be, the 
apostate is certain to be reminded in sharp language of 
the promises which he has broken and of the professions 
which he has belied.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

B. As adjective: Rebel; rebellious. One who has 
cast off the allegiance which he owes to God, or has 
abandoned a faith formerly held, or a church, or a 
political party to which he previously adhered. 

“So spake the apos fate angel . . .”— Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

*a-pos -tate, V. i. [From the substantive. In 
Sp. & Port, apostatar; Ital. apostatare.] To apos¬ 
tatize. 

“ Perhaps some of these apostating stars have, though 
themselves true, let their miscarriage make me heedful.” 
— Bp. Hall: Occas. Medit. (Richardson.) 

ap-os-tat-Ic-al, a. [Lat. apostaticus; Gr. 
apostatikos .] Pertaining or relating to an apostate, 
“To wear turbants is an apostatical conformity.”— 

Sandys. 

3 ,-pos-ta-tI'ze, a-pos-tg,-tI'§e. v. i. [Eng. apos¬ 
tate ; -ize. In Fr. apostasier; Sp. & Port, apostatar : 
Lat. apostato (Cyprian); Gr. apostateo = to stand 
aloof from, . . , to fall off from: apo= from, and 
histemi = to make to stand. Or apo— from, and 
statizo, poet, for histemi.'] 

1. To rebel against God. [Apostate, s. & a.] 

2. To abandon a faith which one has previously 
held, or desert a church with which one has been 
formerly connected. 

“Another had not indeed yet apostatised, but was 
nearly related to an apostate.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. ix. 

3. Similarly to abandon a political faith which 
one has held, or desert a political party with which 
one has acted. 

a-pos-ta-tl -zlng, a-pos-ta-tI'-§Ing, pr. par- 

[Apostatize. J 

ap-os-tax-Is, s. [Gr. apostaxis — droppings; 
apostazo fut. apostaxo = to let fall drop by drop: 
apo= from, and stazo= to let fall drop by drop. Or 
apo, and staxis= a dropping: from stazo.] 

Med.: The fall of any fluid drop by drop, as blood 
from the nose. (Parr.) 

*g,-pos'-tgl, s. [Apostle.] 

*ap'-o-stem, *ap -o-steme, *ap -6-stume, s. 
[In Fr. apostbme: Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. apostema; 
GT.apostema—(l) distance, interval, (2) an abscess; 
aphistemi=to _put away from, to remove: apo= 
from, and histemi= to make to stand.] 

Med.: A large deep-seated abscess; a swelling 
filled with purulent matter. 

“How an apostume in the mesentery breaking, causes a 
consumption in the parts, is apparent.”— Harvey. 

“With equal propriety we may affirm that ulcers of the 
lungs, or apostemes of the brain, do happen only in the 
left side.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

“ A joyful casual violence may break 
A dangerous apostem in thy breast.” 

Donne: Frogr. of Soul, ii. 479. 

If Now corrupted into Impostttme (q. v.). 
(i-pos'-tem-ate, a-pos -tume, v. i. [Eng. apos¬ 
tem; -ate.] To become an apostem or abscess. 
(Wiseman: Surgery.) 

a-pos'-tem-ate, s. [Apostemate, «.] An ab¬ 
scess. 

a-pos-tem-a -tion, s. [Eng. apostem; -ation.] 
The process of forming an apostem or abscess; the 
gathering of matter in a purulent tumor. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph f. 
-cian, -tian — shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 






apostemed 


230 


apostrophe 


“ Nothing can be more admirable than the many ways 
nature hath provided for preventing or curing of fevers; 
os vomitings, apostentatious, salivations, &c .’’—Grew. 

8,-pos -temed, a. [Aposte.w, s.] Corrupted. 

ap-os-tem'-jl-tous, a. [Gr. apostematos, genit. 
of apostema, and suffix -ous. J Pertaining to an 
abscess or apostem; resembling an abscess. [Apos- 
tem.] 

a pos-ter-I-b r~I, used as a. & adv. [From Lat. 
a=from, and posteriori, ablative of posterior, corn- 
par. of posterus^following after, next.] 

Logic {lit.= from that which is after): An argu¬ 
ment which reasons backward from effects to 
causes, from observed facte to the law of nature 
which explains them, or in some similar way. If 
one infer, from marks of design in nature, that 
there must be a Designer, the argument is one d 
posteriori. It is opposed to the a priori argument, 
which more ambitiously attempts to reason out 
new facte from previously ascertained laws of 
nature, or from abstract conceptions. Though this 
latter process will sometimes brilliantly anticipate 
discovery, yet it is liable to lead one astray; and 
the immense advance made during the last two 
centuries by physical science has arisen mainly 
from its resolute adherence to the a posteriori 
method of reasoning. [A Priori, Deduction, In¬ 
duction.] 

t3,-pos -til, t3'-P0S -tM, s. [Fr. apostille={ 1) a 
postscript, (2) a recommendation ; Sp. & Port, apos- 
tilla.~\ A postscript. 

apostle ( 9 ,-pos -el), *a-pos'-tel, s. [In Sw., Dan., 
Dut., & Ger. apostel; Fr. apbtre; Sp. apostol; Port. 
& Ital. cipostolo; Lat. apostolus; Gr. apostolos={ 1) 
a messenger, an ambassador, an envoy; (2) an 
apostle; (3) a fleet ready for sea; (4) a merchant 
vessel; apostello= to send off or away: apo— from, 
and stello=( 1) to set or place, (2) to send.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The official designation of twelve or (Paul 
included) of thirteen men, appointed by Jesus as 
His messengers, deputies, envoys, or ambassadors 
to the world. The Greek word apostolos occurs in a 
more general sense in various passages of the New 
Testament: as in John xiii. 16, where it is rendered, 
“ he that is sent;” and in Philipp, ii. 25, and 2 Cor. 
viii. 23, where it is translated “messenger.” In an 
ambiguous passage in Rom. (xvi. 7) the English 
word apostle may possibly be used in the same 
sense: “ Salute Andronicus and Juniusmy kinsmen, 
and my fellow-prisoners, who are of note among 
the apostles.” Probably, however, the meaning is 
not “which apostles are of note,” but “who are 
highly regarded among or by the apostles.” Of the 
thirteen, twelve were designed specially for the 
Jews, and the remaining one, the most distinguished 
and successful of the whole, for the Gentiles. The 
twelve seem to have had but little culture in their 
early life; but Paul had the highest education 
which the age could afford. Among the special 
qualifications of an apostle, one was that he must 
have been an eye and ear witness of the miracles 
and teaching of Christ from the commencement to 
the close of His ministry (John xv.27 ; Acte i. 21,22); 
or, at the very least, must have seen Him once with 
the bodily eyes (1 Cor. ix. 1; xv. 8, 9). Another was, 
that he must have been divinely called to the high 
office he was to fill (Matt. x. 1-42; Mark i. 16-20; ii. 
14; iii. 14; Luke v. 27 ; vi. 13; Acte i. 24-26; 1 Cor. i. 
1; Gal. i. 1, &c.). The power of working miracles, 
though not confined to the apostles, also went far 
toward proving apost.leship (see 2 Cor. xii. 12, &c.). 
The special work of the apostles was to be “ am- 
bassadorsfor Christ” (2 Cor. v. 20), and to teach 
[Gr. vxatheteusate=ma.ke disciples of] all nations, 
baptizing them in [Gr. eis=into] the name of the 
Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. With this 
commission a promise was given them of the pres¬ 
ence and guidance of their Divine Master through 
all succeeding time (Matt, xxviii. 19, 20). 

“The apostel Poule unto the Romayns writetk . . .” 
— Chaucer: The Tale of Melibeus. 

“ And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples; 
and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named 
apostles.” — Luke vi. 13. 

2. Fig.: By preeminence, Jesus Christ, as sent 
forth on a divine mission by His Heavenly Father. 

“. . . consider the Apostle and High Priest of our 
profession, Christ Jesus.”— Heb. iii. 1. 

3. A missionary who has labored with zeal and 
success, like that of the old apostles, to convert a 
kingdom to Christ. 

“On account of his vast labors in propagating Chris¬ 
tianity among the Germans, Boniface has gained the title 
of the Apostle of Germany."— Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent. 
VIII., pt. i., ch. i., § 4. 

If Similarly John Elliot has been called the 
“ Apostle of the Indians;” Judson, “ the Apostle of 
Burmah ; ” Father Mathew, “ the Apostle of Tem¬ 
perance,” &c. 


4. Sarcastically: A preacher or pastor unlit for 
his office. 

“ From such apostles, O ye mitered heads, 

Preserve the Church! and lay not careless hands 
On skulls that cannot teach and will not learn.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. ii. 

B. Technically: 

1. Church History: 

(а) [Apostoli.] 

(б) In the “ Catholic Apostolic," or Irvingite 
Church: The highest of the four ecclesiastical 
grades, the others being Prophets, Evangelists, and 
Pastors. The “ Apostles ” ordain by the imposition 
of hands, interpret mysteries, and exercise disci¬ 
pline. [Catholic.] 

2. Law: The rendering sometimes given of the 
Latin word Apostola:=\etteTS of dismission given 
to an appellant. They state his case, and declare 
that the record will be transmitted. (The term is 
used chiefly in Civil and Admiralty law.) 

Apostles’ Creed. The well-known creed begin¬ 
ning, “I believe in God, the Father Almighty,” and 
endingwith thewords “ the life everlasting. Amen.” 
For many centuries it was attributed to the Apos¬ 
tles, but historical criticism has shown that it arose 
some time after their age, and probably not all at 
one period. It is found in its present form in the 
works of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, from 374 to 397. 
[Creed.] 

apostles’ coats. Coats worn by performers at 
the miracle plays of the Middle Ages. (Lee : Gloss.) 

Apostles’ Islands. A group of twelve islands at 
the Pacific end of the Straits of Magellan. 

apostle spoons. Spoons of gilded silver, the 
handle of each ending in the figure of an Apostle. 



They were the usual present of sponsors at bap¬ 
tisms. ( Nares .) 

“And all this for the hope of two apostle spoons, to 
suffer ! and a cup to eat a caudle in ! for that will be thy 
legacy.”— B. Jonson: Bartholomew Fair, i. 3. 

(See also Shakesp.: Henry VIII., v. 2.) 

apostleship ( a-pos-el-ship), s. [Eng. apostle; 
suffix -ship. In Dut. apostelshap.'} The office or 
dignity of an apostle. 

“That he may take part of this ministry and apostle¬ 
ship, from which Judas by transgression fell, ...” 
— Acts: i. 25. 

9,-pos -tol-9,te, s. [In Fr. apostolat; Sp. & Port. 
apostolado; Ital. apostolato; Lat. apostolatus— the 
office of an apostle.] 

1. The office or dignity of an apostle. 

“Himself [St. Paul] and his brethren] in the apostol- 
ate.” — Killingbeck: Serm., p. 118. 

2. The office or dignity of the Pope, or, more 
rarely, of an ordinary bishop. 

A-pos -tol-I, s.pl. [Lat.=Eng. apostles .] 

Church Hist.: An ascetic sect founded by Ger¬ 
hard Sagarelli, of Parma, who was afterward burnt 
in that city in the year 1300. They were opposed to 
the possession of property, and to marriage, but 
were attended by spiritual sisters. ( Mosheim: Ch. 
Hist., Cent, xiii., pt. ii., ch. v., § 14.) [Apostolici.] 
ap-os-tol'-ic, *ap-os-tol-Ick, *ap-os-tol- 
Ique, a. & s. [In Fr. apostolique; Sp., Port., Altai. 
apostolico; Lat. apostolicus; Gr. apostolikos .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining or relating to the apostles ; derived 
directly from the apostles; agreeable to the doc¬ 
trine or practice of the apostles. 

“He follow’d Paul: his zeal a kindred flame, 

His apostolic charity the same.”— Cowper: Hope. 

2. Pertaining or relating to the Papacy. [ See 
Apostolical.] 

Catholic Apostolic Church: The Irvingite church. 
[Catholic.] 

His Apostolic Majest/y: A title first conferred by 
Pope Sylvester II. on Duke Stephen of Hungary. It 
was acquired by the ruling sovereign of Austria 
when Hungary became subject to him, and is still 
used by the Austrian emperor. 

B. As substantive: 

Plural. Church Hist. [Apostolici.] 

Apostolic Canons. Eighty-five ecclesiastical 
laws, the compilation of which was fraudulently 
attributed to Clement of Rome. They were brought 
together subsequently to his time, but give valu¬ 
able information regarding the discipline of the 
Greek and other Oriental churches in the second 
and third centuries. {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, i., 
pt. ii., ch. ii., § 19.) 


Apostolic Churches. Churches first established 

by the apostles, especially those of Rome, Alexan¬ 
dria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. Afterward the term 
obtained a less precise meaning. 

Apostolic Clerks. A religious association 
founded by John Columbinus^ a nobleman of Siena, 
and abolished by Clement IX. in 1668. {Mosheim: 
Ch. Hist., Cent, xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 35.) 

Apostolic Constitutions. Certain voluminous 
directions regarding ecclesiastical discipline and 
worship; also fraudulently attributed to Clement, 
but which did not obtain their final form till about 
the fourth century. {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, i., 
pt. ii., ch. ii., § 19.) 

apostolic delegate, s. The permanent reprei 
sentative of the pope in a foreign country. The title 
is frequently confounded with that of ablegate, 
which is properly applicable only to the pope’s tem¬ 
porary representative for some special function. 

' Apostolic Fathers. Those Christian fathers or 
writers who lived so early that they had oppor¬ 
tunities of holding intercourse either with the 
apostles or their immediate disciples. They were 
Clement of Rome (Clemens Romanus), Ignatius, 
Polycarp, Barnabas, and Hermas. {Mosheim: Ch. 
Hist., Cent, i., pt. ii., ch. ii., §§ 20, 21.) 

Apostolic party. A fanatical Roman Catholic 
party which figured in the history of Spain from 
1819 till 1830, when it became merged in theCarlists. 

apostolic sees. Sees said to have been founded 
by the apostles; specially Antioch, Ephesus, and 
Rome. {Lee: Gloss.) 

apostolic succession. The claim made by most 
episcopaily-ordained clergymen and bishops that 
they constitute links in an unbroken chain of simi¬ 
larly ordained persons, the first of whom were set 
apart to their sacred functions by the apostles 
themselves. Those who hold that view most tena¬ 
ciously generally combine with it the opinion that 
only clergymen who are in the line of this spiritual 
succession are entitled to the pastoral office in the 
Christian Church, all others simply usurping the 
functions of the ministry. 

ap-os-tol'-lc-al, «• [Eng. apostolic; -al.] The 
same as Apostolic, adj. (q. v.). 

“They acknowledge not that the Church keeps any 
thing as apostolical which is not found in the apostles’ 
writings, in what other records soever it be found.”— 
Hooker. 

“ The Pope had been requested to give his apostolical 
sanction to an arrangement so important to the peace of 
Europe.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

ap-os-tol-Ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. apostolical; - ly .] 
After the manner of the apostles. 

fap-os-toT-ic-al-ness, s. [Eng. apostolical; 
-ness.] Apostolicity (q. v.). {Johnson.) 

Ap-os-tol-1-5I, Ap-os-tol-Ics, s. pi. [Lat. 
Apostolici (pi.) ; Eng. Apostolics (pi.).] 

Church Hist.: More than ono ascetic sect which 
arose in France in the twelfth century. Their tenets 
were almost the same as those afterward held by 
Sigarelli. [Apostoli.] St. Bernard contended 
against them strenuously. {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., 
Cent, xii., pt. ii., ch. v., § 15.) 

tap-os-tol-i-9i§m, s. [Eng. apostolic; -ism.] 
Apostolicity (q. v.). {J. Morison.) {Reid.) 

ap-os-tol-19-I-ty, s. [Eng. apostolic; - ity .] 
The quality of being apostolic. {Faber.) 

a-pSs-tro-phe, *e,-pos'-tro-phy, *a.-pos-tr&- 
phiis, s. [In Sw. apostrof; Dan. apostroph; Sp, 
apostrofe; Port, apostrophe (Rhet.), apostrofo 
(Gram.); Ital. apostrofe (Rhet.), apostrofo (Gram.); 
Hr. & Lat. apostrophe; Gr. apostrophe={ 1) a turn¬ 
ing away; (2) Rhet., an apostrophe; apostrophos— 
as adj., turned away from ; as subst., an apostrophe 
{in gram.) [ apostrepho= to turn back; apo=from. 
and strepho= to twist, to turn. Or the rhetorical 
apostrophe may be from apo and strophe^ a turn¬ 
ing; strepho= to turn.) 

A. In the forms apostrophe and *apostrophy: 
Rhetoric: A figure of speech by which, according 
to Quintilian, a speaker turns from the rest of his 
audience to one person, and addresses him singly. 
Now, however, the signification is wider, and is 
made to include cases in which an impassioned ora¬ 
tor addresses the absent, the dead, or even things 
inanimate, as if they were present and able to hear 
and understand his words. When Jesus, in the 
midst of an address to his apostles in general, sud¬ 
denly turned to Peter and said, “Simon, Simon, 
behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may 
sift you as wheat” (Luke xxii. 24-37), the apostro¬ 
phe was in the Quintilian sense. The following 
are examples of the same figure in the wider mean¬ 
ing :— 

(а) Living, but absent. 

(б) Dead. 

“My mother, when I learn’d that thou wast dead, 

Say, wast thou conscious of the tears I shed ?” 

Cowper: On Receipt of my Mother’s Picture. 
(c) Inanimate, 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, 03 - e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




apostrophic 


231 


appanage 


B. In the forms apostrophe and *apostrophus: 

1. Gram..: The substitution of a mark like this (’) 
for one or more letters omitted from a word, as tho' 
for though , ’ Twas for It was, king's for hinges. (See 

2. The mark indicating such substitution, espe¬ 
cially in the case of the possessive. The old possess¬ 
ive singular was es, and the apostrophe stands for 
the omitted e. Thus Chaucer has the “ Knightes,” 
“ Monkes,” and the “ Clerkes ” Tales, for what now 
would be written the “ Knight’s,” “ Monk’s,” and 
“ Clerk’s ” Tales. The old spelling is preserved in 
the word Wednesd,ay=Wodenes day=Woden’s day. 
The name apostrophe is given also to the mark in 
the possessive plural, as brethren's, assassins'. 

“Many laudable attempts have been made by abbreviat¬ 
ing words with apostrophes, and by lopping polysylla¬ 
bles, leaving one or two words at most.”— Swift. 

IT Two apostrophes (”) are usually employed to 
mark the ending of a quotation, the commence¬ 
ment of the quotation being indicated by inverted 
commas (“); thus— 

The Mosaic narrative commences with a declaration 
that “ In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth.”— Buckland: Oeol., vol. i., p. 20. 

More rarely only one is used, thus— 

The note of interrogation must not be used after 
indirect questions ; as, ‘he asked me who called.’— Bain: 
Eng. Gram. (ed. 1874), p. 208. 

When there is a quotation within a quotation, 
one apostrophe is generally employed, thus— 

“I say that the Word of God containeth whatsoever 
things may fall into any part of man’s life. For, as Solo¬ 
mon saith in the second chapter of the Proverbs, ‘ My 
son, if thou receive my words,’ &c., ‘then thou shalt 
understand justice and judgment, and equity, and every 
good way.’ ”— T. C., quoted in Note to Hooker’s Eccles. Pol. 
(ed. 1841), p. 232. 

ap-os-troph’-Ic, a. [Eng. apostrophe; -ic.) 

1. Pertaining to the rhetorical figure denominated 
an apostrophe. 

2. Pertaining to an apostrophe. (Used in gram¬ 
mar and in poetry in lieu of a letter or letters 
omitted.) {Murray.) 

(L-pos-tro-phl ze, v. t. & i. [Eng. apostroph{e); 
-ize. In Fr. apostropher; Port . apostrophar; Ital. 
apostrofare.] 

A. Transitive: 

1- To address one or more persons after the man¬ 
ner of a rhetorical apostrophe; to turn from an 
audience in general to a single person in it; or, to 
address the absent, the dead, or things inanimate 
as if able to listen to one’s impassioned words. 

“There is a peculiarity in Homer’s manner of apos¬ 
trophizing Eumteus, and speaking of him in the second 
person; it is generally applied only to men of account.” 
—Pope. 

2. To contract a word by omitting a letter or let¬ 
ters, or to mark such an omission by inserting an 
apostrophe. 

B. Intransitive: To use the rhetorical figure 
called apostrophe. 

“. . . the learned world apostrophizing at my un¬ 
timely decease, . . . ”— Goldsmith: The Bee, No. iv. 

a-pos-tro-phized, a-pos-trd-phI§ed, pa. par. 
& a. [Apostrophize.] 

a-pos-tro-phlz-ing, 3,-pos-tro-phI §-ing, pr. 

par. [Apostrophize.] 

*3,-pos -tro-ph^, s . [Apostrophe.] 
*ap-o-stume, s. [Apostem.] 

*3,-pos-tume, v. t. [Apostemate.] 

Apo -tac'-tltes, s. pi. [Lat. Apotactatce; Gr. 
Apotafcfoi=specially appointed; apotassd=to set 
apart: apo= from, tasso= to arrange.] 

Church History: An austere Christian sect which 
arose in the second century. Believing matter to be 
essentially evil, they renounced marriage, fasted 
frequently, and used water instead of wine in the 
Communion. Many followed Tatian. They were 
called also Encratites (Abstainers) and Hydro- 
parastatee (Water-drinkers). 

*a-pot -e-cg.r-y, s. [Apothecary.] 
ap-o tel e§ mat -Ic, a. [Gr. apotelesmatikos- 
(1) of or for completion, (2) of or for astrology; 
apotelesma={ 1) tbatwhich is completed; (2) the in¬ 
fluence of the stars on human destiny; apoteleo= to 
bring to an end: apo= from, and teleo= to bring 
about, to complete; telos= the fulfillment or accom¬ 
plishment of anything.] Relative to astrology. 

a-poth-e-car-y, *a-pot'-e-car-y, s. [In Sw. 
apotelcare; Dan., Dut., & Ger. apotheker; hr. 
apothicaire; Sp. boticario. From Lat. apotheca; 
Gr. apotheke=a place where anything is laid up, a 
shop, a storehouse, also what is stored therein: 
from apotithemi = to put away: apo = from, and 
tithemi=to put. Or Gr. apo=from, and Lat. theca, 
Gr. theke=& case, box, chest, &c., to put anything 
in ; from tithemi.) 


*1. The keeper of a shop or warehouse. 

*2. The officer in charge of a powder magazine. 

*3. A general practitioner in medicine. 

4. One who prepares and sells drugs. 

“ Ther was also a Doctour of Phisik, 
***** 

Ful redy hadde he his apotecaries, 

To sende him dragges, and his lectuaries.” 

Chaucer: The Prologue, 412, 427-8. 

“. . . the common drugs with which every apothe¬ 

cary in the smallest market town was provided . . . 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

{t-po-the’-iji-um, s. [Gr. apo=from, and theke= 
a case, chest, or box to put anything in.] [Apothe¬ 
cary.] 

Botany: 

1. The scutella or shields constituting the fructi¬ 
fication of some lichens. They are little colored 
cups or lines with a hard disc, surrounded by a rim, 
and containing asci or tubes filled with sporules. 

2. The cases in which the organs of reproduction 
in the Algaceee, or Sea-weeds, are contained. 

ap'-o-thegm (g silent), s. [Apophthegm.] 

IT For its derivates also see the spelling com¬ 
mencing Apophth. 

ap -o-them, s. [Gr. apotithemi=to put away: 
apo=irom, away; tithemi=to put or place.] The 
name given by Berzelius to the insoluble brown 
deposit which forms in vegetable extracts exposed 
to the air. It is a mixture of various substances, 
and not a proper chemical compound. ( Watts.) 

3. -poth-e-6-sls, s. [In Ger. apotheose; Fr. 
apothSose; Sp. apoteosis; Port, apotheosis, apothe¬ 
ose; Ital. apoteosi; Lat. apotheosis; Gr. apotheosis, 
from apotheoo= to deify: apo= away, and theob=to 
deify; theos = God.] The deification of a human 
being; the elevating to the rank of the “ gods ” of 
a person who was remarkable for virtue, for hero¬ 
ism, or even for audacious vice. Temples were 
then built to the new divinity, priests appointed, 
sacrifices offered, and probably festivals instituted. 
The Romans called apotheosis consecration, and 
were accustomed in this way to honor their de¬ 
ceased emperors. It still exists in India and other 
pagan countries. The French Revolution was re¬ 
garded by many of the ardent spirits of that time 
as the apotheosis of Liberty. 

“ . . . according to which, that which the Grecians 
call apotheosis, and the Latins relatio inter divos, was the 
supreme honor which man could attribute unto man.”— 
Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. i. 

a-poth-e-o-sl ze, v. t. [Eng. apotheos(is); -ize.) 
To grant one an apotheosis ; to deify one, to elevate 
one to the rank of the “ gods.” {Bacon.) 

a-poth’-e-sls, s. [In Ital. apotesi; Lat. apothe- 
sis; Gr. apothesis=a laying up in store; apotithemi 
=to put away : apo=from, and tithemi—to put. Or 
apo= from, and thesis—a setting, a placing; from 
tithemi.'] 

I. Architecture: 

1. The same as Apophyge (q. v.). 

2. A repository for books, &c., on the south side of 
the chancel, in the primitive churches. 

“This [the chancel] being appropriated only to the 
sacred ministry, is very short from east to west, though it 
takes up the whole breadth of the church, together with 
the diaconicon or prothesis, and the apothesis, from north 
to south.” —Sir G. Wheler: Desc. of Anc. Churches, p. 82. 

II. Surg.: The reduction of a dislocated bone. 
{Parr.) 

a-pot -6m-e, a-pot -om y, s. [In Ger. apotom; 
Gr. apotome= a cutting off; apotemno= to cut off: 
qpo=from, and temno= to cut. Or tome= a stump, 
... a cutting; from temno.] 

1. Ancient Greek Music: (a) That interval in the 
ratio of 2187: 2048, which, being cut off from the 
major tone 9 : 8, left the interval called a leimma, 
or minor semitone, in the ratio 256 : 243. (6) The in¬ 
terval 125 : 128 was called a major apotome, and 
2025 : 2048 a minor one. 

2. Math.: The remainder or difference of two 
incommensurable quantities. 

ap o-trep -sis, s [Gr apotrepsis = aversionj 
apotrepo=to turn away from: apo= from, and trepo 
=to turn. Or apo=trom, qnd trepsis= turning; from 
trepo.) 

Med.: The resolution of a suppurating tumor. 
tg,-pot -ro-py, s. [Lat. apotropce, apotropcea, s. 
pi. From Gr. apotrope=a turning away from: apo 
=from, and trope=a turn; trepo= to turn.] 

Greek Poetry: A verse or hymn designed to avert 
the wrath of incensed deities. The divinity chiefly 
invoked on such occasions was Apollo. 

ap'-O-zem, s. [In Fr. apozbme; Port, apozema, 
apozima; Lat. apozema; Gr. apozema, from apo- 
zeo, f. = (l) to throw off by fermenting; (2) i., to 
cease fermenting: apo=from, and zeo=tq boil. Or 
apo= from, and zema=that which is boiled, a de¬ 
coction ; zed.) A decoction. An extraction of the 
substance of plants by boiling them and preserving 
the infusion. 

“ During this evacuation, he took opening broths and 
apozems.” — Wiseman: Surgery. 


ap-8-ze m-lc-g. 1 , a. [Eng. apozem; -ical. 1 Per¬ 
taining to an apozem or decoction; resembling an 
apozem or decoction. 

“Wine, that is dilute, may safely and profitably be 
adhibited in an apozemical form in fevers.” — Whitaker: 
Blood of the Grape, p. 33. 

*3.p-pa id, *3,p-pa yed, pa. par [Appay.] 
*ap-pa ire, *ap-pa yre, *3,-pa'ire, *3.-pe ire, 
*3,p-p@ ir, v. t. & i. [Norm. Fr. appeirer; from 
Lat. ad, implying addition to, and pejoro=to make 
worse; pejor—Fr. pire, Prov. peire— worse.) [Im¬ 
pair.] 

A. Transitive: To impair, to make worse; to 
lessen, weaken, or injure. (Now Impair.) 

“. . . his flatereres, maden semblaunt of wepyng, 
and appaired and aggregged moche of this matiere, . . 

— Chaucer: Tale of Melibeus. 

B. Intransitive: To become worse or less; to 
degenerate. 

“ I see the more that I them forbere, 

The worse they be fro yere to yere: 

All that lyveth appayreth fast.” 

Morality of Every Man: Hawkins’ Old PI., i. 38. 

ap-pa’l, *3,p-pa-len, v. t. & i. [Often derived 
from Fr palir {t.)= to make pale, (t.) to grow pale: 
but Wedgwood considers that it is with pall, and 
not with pale, that it is connected.] 

A. Transitive: “To cause to pall; ” to take away 
or lose the vital power, whether through age or 
sudden terror, horror, or the like. {Wedgwood.) 
Spec., to inspire with terror; greatly to terrify; 
thoroughly to discourage; to paralyze energy 
through the influence of fear. 

“That in the weak man’s way like lions stand, 

His soul appal, and damp his rising fire ?” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 60. 

B. Intransitive: To come under the influence of 
terror; to become dismayed; to become discour¬ 
aged ; to have the energy paralyzed with fright. 

“To make his power to appalleu, ad to fayle.” 

Lydgate. 

“Therewith her wrathfull courage ’gan appal, 

And haughtie spirits meekely to adaw.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. vi. 26. 

ap-pal', s. [Appal, u.] Dismay, terror. {Chap¬ 
man: Homer's Iliad, xiv. 314.) 
ap-pa lled, pr. par. & a. [Appal.] 

“ Give with thy trumpet a loud note to Troy, 

Thou dreadful Ajax, that th’ appalled air 
May pierce the head of thy great combatant.” 

Shakesp:: Troil. and,Cress., iv. 6. 
ap-pa l-llng, pa. par. & a. [Appal.] 
ap-pa'l-llng-ly, adv. [Eng. appalling; -ly.) In 
an appalling manner. 

ap-pal-ment, tap-pall-ment, *3.p-pa'le- 
ment, s. [Eng. appal; -ment.) 

“As the furious slaughter of them was a great discour¬ 
agement and appalement to the rest.”— Bacon: Henry VII. 

“Transient emotions . . . 2. Terror. 3. Appalment. 
4. Consternation. 5. Dismay.”— Bowring: Benthain’s Table 
of the Springs of Action ; Works, vol. i., p. 204. 

v ap -p3.n-3.ge, ta.p-3.nage, *ap'-pen-3ge, *ap- 
an-nage, s. [In Dan., Ger., & Sp. apanage; Fr. 
apanage, f appanage, fappennage = an appanage; 
Ital. appannaggio — an appendage; Law Latin ap- 
penagium, appanagium = an appanage. If the 
former spelling is the correct one, then Spelman 
considers that it may be from Lat. ab appendendo, 
from being (something) which should be appended 
to (meaning to younger sons, for their support). If 
the spelling should be appanagium, then probably 
it is from Lat. appanare= to furnish with bread; 
ad panem= for bread, that is, for sustenance. This 
is the preferable etymology.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Properly, lands assigned as portions to the 
younger sons, or sometimes the brothers of the 
French king, who in general took their titles from 
the appanages which they held. Under the first 
two dynasties of French kings, the sons of the mon¬ 
arch divided his dominions among them. After¬ 
ward the kingdom was assigned to the eldest, and 
appanages to the others. Then the dominant power 
of the latter princes was so circumscribed that their 
appanages could not be willed away to any one, or 
descend to females, but, on the failure of male is¬ 
sue, were made to revert to the crown ; and finally, 
on the 22d of November, 1790, the power hitherto 
possessed by the crown of granting appanages was 
taken away, and provision made for the younger 
sons of the royal family by grants from public 
funds. During the earlier period of the existence 
of French appanages, they were divided into royal 
and customary; the former being those granted to 
the king’s brothers, and not allowed to be possessed 
by, or descend to, females; and the latter granted 
to the king’s sisters, and consequently under no 
such restriction. 

“It has been before remarked, that the French noblesse 
became at an early period divided into the greater and 


b6Il b<5y‘ pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - £ 
-cian, -tian = sh 3 ,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble. -die, &c. = b$l, del- 






appanagist 


232 


appasionated 


the less, the former possessing territories, apanage, sov¬ 
ereignty, almost independent power.”— Evans Crowe: 
Hist, France, vol, i., p. 165. 

2. A similar provision made for princes in other 
countries than France. 

“He became suitor for the earldom of Chester, a kind 
of appanage to Wales, and using to go to the king’s son.” 
— Bacon. 

3. A dependency. 

“Is the new province to be in reality, if not in name, an 
appanage of Russia ?”— Times, November 16, 1877. 

II. Figuratively : Sustenance, support, stay. 

“Had he thought it fit 
That wealth should be the appanage of wit, 

The God of light could ne’er have been so blind, 

To deal it to the worst of human kind.”— Swift. 

3 ,p-pan-a-glst, s. [Fr. apanagiste, s. & a.] A 
orince endowed with an appanage. ( Penny Cyclop.) 
*g,p-par'-{iil, v. t. [Apparel, u.] 
ap-par-a'-tus, s. [In Sw., Ger., &Fr. apparat; 
Sp. aparato; Port. & Ital. apparato; Lat. appara¬ 
tus, s.= (l) a making ready; (2) an equipment, as 
instruments, &c.; (3) pomp, state: apparatus=pre¬ 
pared , pa. par. of apparo= to prepare: ad—for, and 
paro= to prepare.] Any equipment. 

A. Ordinary Language: Specially — 

1. Art: Instruments, machines, &c., prepared 
with the view of being used for certain ends: such 
as the cases of instruments provided for surgeons, 
for land surveyors, for mathematicians for natural 
philosophers, for chemists, &c. Such also are the 
tools of a trade, the books of a student, the dresses 
and scenes in a theater, the furniture of a house, 
and the munitions of war. 

“. . . a little apparatus for the former purpose. 
This consists of a thin cylindrical vessel of brass.”— 
Fownes; Chem., 11th ed., p. 6. 

“ The Greek tragedians, it is indisputable, . . . did 
not aim at reproducing the whole contemporary appara¬ 
tus, which was in strictness appropriate and due to their 
characters.”— Gladstone: Homer, i. 31. 

2. Nature : An equipment; anything in nature 
divinely prepared or furnished. 

“. . . who does not see in the vast and wonderful 
apparattis around us provision for other races of ani¬ 
mated beings?”— Herschel: Astronomy, 5th ed., § 819. 

E. Technically: 

1. Physiol. : A series of organs all ministering to 
the same end, in the animal or vegetable economy; 
as the respiratory apparatus, the circulatory ap¬ 
paratus, tl 3 digestive apparatus, &c. 

"... in both sexes a remarkable auditory apparatus 
has been discovered.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. ii., 
ch. x. 

2. Surgery : The operation of lithotomy, or cut¬ 
ting for the stone. [Lithotomy.] 

3. Astron.: Apparatus Sculptor is, called also Of- 
ficina Sculptoris = the Sculptor’s Apparatus or 
Workshop. One of Lacaille’s twenty-seven South¬ 
ern constellations. 

*g,p-par'-g.yl. v. t. [Appakel.] 
*{j,p-par’-<iyl-yng, pr par. & s. [Appareling,] 
*ap-pg.r-9e'yve. [Appekceive.] 

*ap par-9e yv-yhge. [Apperceiving.] 
*3,p-par'-eill, *e,p-par-eille, s.&v. [Appakel.] 
^.p-par-eU *?t,p-par'-eill, *ap-par-eille 
(Eng.), *ap-par-ale. *ap-par-al-ye, *e,p-par- 
Sjtill (Scotch), s. [Fr. appareil— preparation, train, 
dressing, apparatus, symmetry ; appareiller = to 
apparel, to join, to assimilate, to match, equalize, 
level • pareiJ=like, similar, equal. In Prov. apar- 
elh; Sp. aparejos; Port, apparelho : Ital. appar- 
ecchio, apparechiatura ; Lat. paro—to make equal; 
par=equal. Cognate also with Lat. apparo= to 
uepare; ad = for, and paro= to prepare.] 

A. Ordinary Language: Essential meaning=that 
vhich is fitted, adjusted, or prepared. 

I. Literally: 

1. Dress, vesture, garments, clothing, clothes. 
“Then David arose from the earth, and washed, and 

anointed himself, and changed his apparel." —2 Sam. 
sii. 20. 

2. The furniture of a ship; as sails, rigging, 
anchor, &c. 

II. Fig.: External habiliments, garb, decora¬ 
tions. 

“Our late burnt London, in apparel new, 

Shook ofi her ashes to have treated you.” 

Waller: To the Duchess of Orleans. 

B. Technically: 

1. Eccles. Vestments : Apparels (pi.) were five or¬ 
namental pieces of embroidery, placed one on each 
of the wrists of the alb, one on the lower part of it 
before, another behind, and the fifth, or amice, 
round the neck. Some thought that they symbol¬ 
ized the five wounds of Christ. (Lee: Gloss.) 

2. Fort. [In the French form appareille .] The 
slope or assent to a bastion. 


?,p-par'-el, *e,p-par -g.il, *ap-par'-ayl, *ap- 
par -eill, *ap-ar’-g.il, *e,p-ar-al, v. t. [From the 
substantive. In Fr. appareiller (Appakel, v., 
etym.); Prov. & Port, aparelhar; Sp. aparejar; 
Ital. apparechiare .] (See the substantive.) 

A. [Remotely from Lat. paro— to make equal.] 
(See etym. of the substantive.) 

I. Literally: To dress, to clothe, to place gar¬ 
ments upon. 

“ And she had a garment of divers colors upon her: for 
with such robes were the king’s daughters that were 
virgins appareled .”—2 Sam. xiii. 18. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To equip, to fit out, to furnish with weapons or 
other apparatus for war. (Used of warriors or of 
ships.) 

" Appareil’d as becomes the brave.” 

Byron: The Bride of Abydos, I. ii. 
“It hath been agreed, that either of them should send 
ships to sea well manned and apparelled to fight.”—Sir 
J. Hayward. 

2. To deck out gaily, to adorn, to ornament, to 
render attractive. 

“ Of ther fair chapel doubt therof had non, 

Wei apparailled was it hie and bas, 

With riche iewelles stuffed many on.” 

Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 926-28. 

“ There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream. 
The earth, and every common sight, 

To me did seem 
Appareil’d in celestial light, 

The glory and the freshness of a dream.” 

Wordsworth: Intimations of Immortality. 

T[ Apparel is generally used in the pa. par. 

B. [Remotely from Lat. paro= to prepare (?).] 
To prepare. 

“And al swo hi hedden aparailed here offrendes swo 
kam si sterre thet yede to for hem in to Jerusalem.”— Old 
Kentish Sermons (ed. Morris), p. 26. 

hp-par-elled, *ap-par -ailled, *a-par-ailed, 
*a-par-al-it, pa. par. & a. [See Apparel, in] 

“. . . two white apparelled angels.”— Strauss: Life 
of Jesus (Transl. 1846), § 143. 

ap-par'-el-lmg, *ap-par - 3 -yl-yng, a. & s. 

As substantive: Preparation. 

“For Tullius saith, that long apparaylyng byfore the 
bataille, maketh schort victorie.”— Chaucer: Tale of 
Melibeus. 

tap-pa r-en 9 e, tap-pa r-qn- 9 y, *ap-pa r-en- 
9ie, s. [In Fr. apparence; Port . apparencia; Ital. 
apparenza; Lat. apparentia=( 1) a becoming visi¬ 
ble, (2) external appearance.] The state of becom¬ 
ing visible; appearance. 

“ Which made them resolve no longer to give credit unto 
outward apparences." — Trans, of Boccalini (1626), p. 66. 

“ And thus this double hypocrisie. 

With his devoute apparencie.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. i. 

“ It had now been a very justifiable presumption in the 
king, to believe as well as hope, that he could not be long 
in England without such an apparency of his own party 
that wished all that he himself desired, . . — Lord 
Clarendon: Life, ii. 21. 

ap-par-ent, a.&s. [In Fr .apparent; Sp .apar- 
ente; Port. & Ital. apparente ; Lat. apparens, pr. 
par. of appareo= to become visible, to appear; ad 
=to, and) pareo=to appear.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. That may be seen, visible, in sight, in view, or 
coming in sight, appearing. (Opposed to secret, 
hidden, or concealed.) 

“ Large foliage, overshad’wing golden flowers, 

Blown on the summit of th’ apparent fruit.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iii. 

2. Plain, obvious, indubitable. (Opposed to doubt¬ 
ful.) 

“The main principles of reason are in themselves 
apparent." — Hooker. 

3. Open, evident, known. (Opposed to sus¬ 
pected.) 

“ As well the fear of harm, as harm apparent, 

In my opinion ought to be prevented.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., ii. 2. 

4. Seeming. (Opposed to real or true.) As seems 
to the senses in contradistinction to what reason 
indicates. 

11 . . . to live on terms of civility and even of appar¬ 
ent friendship.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

If This is the most common use of the word, 
especially in scientific works. 

“. . . the real diameters must be to each other in the 
proportion of the apparent ones.”— Herschel: Astronomy. 
5th ed., § 463. 

II. Technically: 

1. Optics, Astron., &c. [For the Apparent Alti¬ 
tude, Diameter, Magnitude, Figure, Motion, Place, 
and Distance of an earthly or heavenly body see 


Altitude, Diameter, Magnitude, Figure, Mo¬ 
tion, Place and Distance; for the Apparent 
horizon, which is the same as the visible horizon, 
see Horizon ; for Apparent conjunction of the 
Planets, see Conjunction.] 

2. Horology, Astron., <&c. [For Apparent Time , 
see Time.] 

3. Law: With rights or prospects not likely to 
be set aside by any contingency but death. Opposed 
to presumptive. This is the use of the word in the 
phrase heir apparent, the import of which is, that 
the person so designated will be entitled to suc¬ 
ceed to the estate, if he survive its present possessor. 
An heir presumptive, on the contrary, though at 
present the nearest in succession, may have his hope 
defeated by the birth of a nearer heir. (See Black- 
stone’s Commentaries, bk. ii., ch. 14.) 

B. As substantive: Apparent is usedeHiptically 
for heir apparent. 

“ Prince. My gracious father, by your kingly leave, 

I’ll draw it as apparent to the crown.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., ii. 2. 

ap-pa r-^nt-ly, adv. [Eng. apparent; -ly.~\ 

*1. Plainly, clearly. (Opposed to doubtfully.) 

“With him will I speak mouth to mouth, even appar¬ 
ently, and not in dark speeches.”— Numb. xii. 8. 

2. Seemingly. 

“ They found the Emperor himself apparently frank.” 
— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 375. 

ap-par-ent-ness, s. [Eng. apparent; -ness.] 
The state of being apparent; the quality of being 
perceivable. 

ap-par-i'-tion, s. [InFr. apparition; Sp. apart- 
cion; Port, apparigao; Ital. apparizione. From 
Lat. apparitio=( 1) service, attendance; (2) domes¬ 
tics, from appareo= to become visible, to appear.] 
[Appear.] 

I, Ordinary Language: 

1. The state of becoming visible; visibility, 
appearance. 

“ It was also observed that he was troubled with appari¬ 
tions of hobgoblins and evil spirits; . . . ”— Bunyan: 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. i. 

2. A person who, or a thing which, suddenly, and 
perhaps unexpectedly, becomes visible; an appear¬ 
ance. 

“ Fitz-James looked round—yet scarce believed 
The witness that his sight received ; 

Such apparition well might seem 
Delusion of a dreadful dream.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 11. 

“A thousand blushing apparitions start 
Into her face; a thousand innocent shames 
In angel whiteness bear away those blushes.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, iv. i. 

3. Spec.: A so-called ghost, specter, or hobgoblin; 
also a spirit of any kind from the unseen world. 

“That, if again this apparition come, 

He may approve our eyes, and speak to it.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, L 1. 

II. Technically: 

Astron. : A term applied to the appearance in the 
heavens of a comet, or to the visible ascent above 
the horizon of a star previously beueath it; or in 
the shining forth of one which, though up, was 
before left unenlightened from being occulted or 
eclipsed by another heavenly body. In the latter 
case it is opposed to Occultation (q. v.). 

“The intervals of these successive apparitions being 75 
and 76 years, Halley was encouraged to predict its [the 
comet’s] reappearance about the year 1759.”— Herschel: 
Astronomy, 6th ed., § 567. 

“A month of apparition is the space wherein the moon 
appeareth; deducting three days wherein it commonly 
disappeareth, and this containeth but twenty-six days' 
and twelve hours.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

Circle of apparition: T hat part of the heavens in 
any given latitude within which the stars are always 
visible. It is opposed to the Circle of occultation. 

“ All celestial objects within the circle of perpetual 
apparition come twice on the meridian, above the hori¬ 
zon, in every diurnal revolution, ‘once above and once 
below the pole.’ ”— Herschel: Astronomy, 10th ed., § 125. 

ap-par-I'-tion-al, a. Pertaining to or resem¬ 
bling an apparition. 

ap-par'-I-tor, s. [In Fr. appariteur; Ital. ap- 
paritore; Lat. apparitor= a public servant, such as 
a lictor, a writer, or a priest; from appareo = to 
appear.] 

1. A petty officer in a civil or criminal court who 
assists in carrying out the decisions of the judges. 
In ecclesiastical courts, one who carries summonses. 

“They swallowed all the Roman hierarchy, from the 
pope to the apparitor.” — Ayliffe. Parergon. 

2. In other institutions: The beadle or similar 
functionary. 

*ap-pa-sion-a-ted, a. [Ital. appassionato = 
endured, suffered; affectionate: appasionare= to 
make to endure or suffer.] Impassioned. 

“ . . . the seven appasionated shepherds.”— Sydney- 
Arcadia, bk. ii. 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, Here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or wore, wolf, work, who, sbn; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




appaumee 


233 


appearance 


(c) Formally to present one’s self before a person, 


appaumee (jp-pa u-me), a. [Apaumee.] tory matter, but a writ of error only on a definite 

*ap-pa y, v. t. [O. Fr. appayer, apaier; Prov., judgment; (2) that on writs of error the superior or at a place, as at a sacred spot for worship, or 
Sp., & Port, apagar —to quench, to appease; Ital. c° u F^ pronounces the judgment, while on appeals before a judge in a court of law, whether as the 


appagare —to satisfy; pagare=to pay. From Lat. 
pacare = to pacify; pax = peace.] To satisfy, to 
appease, to content. 

II Now contracted into Pay (q. v.). 

“ So only can high justice rest appaid.” 

Milton: P. L ., bk. xii. 

*$p-pa yed, *{ip-pa'id, pa. par. [Appay.] 
*«tp-pe^a9h, *a-pe aghe, *g,-pe ?he, v. t. & 


it gives directions to the court below to rectify its 
decree. (Blackstone’s Comment ., bk. iii., ch. 4.) 

2, The right of carrying a particular case from an 
inferior to a superior judicatory. 

“ But of those rights the trustees were to be judges, and 
judges without appeal.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 


*3. Formerly: 
offenses, e. g. 


Private prosecutions for heinous 
the murder of a near relative, 


accused person, as the prosecutor, or as an advocate. 

“ When all Israel is come to appear before the Lord thy 
God in the place which He shall choose . . — Deut. 

xxxi. 11. 

“ ... we must all appear before the judgment-seat 
of Christ . . —2 Cor. v. 10. 

“. . . to appear in the presence of God for us.”— 
Heb. ix. 24. 

‘One ruffian escaped because no prosecutor dared to 


[Norm. Fr. apescher, which Mahn believes to be larceny, rape, arson, mayhem, &c., from which one’s appear.”-Macaulay? Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 
from Lat. appacto, freq. of appango= to fasten to: |® lf , has suffered, or for treason against the state. (d) T become visihle to the eve of reason • to be 

od=to, and paiigo=to fasten.!’’ [Impeach.] ^ ** 

uenouncea. yuiacusione s comment., DU. iv., cn. 65.) ln not leading- them out to battle.”— Macaulau: Hist. Ena.. 


A. Trans.: To impeach. 


(Lit. & fig.) 

“Were he twenty times 
My son, I would appeach him.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., v. 2. 

“ His wonder far exceeded reason’s reach. 

That he began to doubt his dazeled sight, 

And oft of error did himselfe appeach.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 40. 

B. Intrans.: To tell; to make revelations of any . ,, , , , , ,■ 

thing which it was the desire or interest of one’s the app of murder ” 

self or others to conceal. 


“. . . come, come, disclose 
The state of your affection; for your passions 
Have to the full appeach’d.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, i. 3. 

H The slang expression to “peach,” current among 
the criminal classes, is the word appeach or impeach 
contracted. The same slang word is freely used 
among our young people who, in their juvenile code 
of honor, count it a shameful thing to “peach” of 
one another. 

*3,p-pe a^hed, pa.par. [Appeach.] 

*gip-pe agh-er, s. [Eng. appeach; -er.] One 
who “appeaches” or impeaches another or him¬ 
self. 

"... common appeachers and accusers of the noble 
men and chiefest citizens.”— North’s Plutarch, p. 286. 
(Richardson .) 

*ap-pe agh-ment, s. [Eng. appeach; -ment .] An 
impeachment. 

‘The duke’s answers to his appeachments, in number 
thirteen, I find civilly couched.”— Wotton. 

ap-pe al, *ap-pe le, *a-pe ele, v. t. & i. [In Sw. 

appellera; Dan. appellere; Dut. appelleeren; Ger. 
appelliren; Fr. appeler; Sp. apelar; Port .appellar; 
Ital. appellare; Lat. appello, -om=(l) to call upon, 


“Hast thou according to thy oath and band 
Brought hither Henry Hereford, thy bold son. 

Here to make good the boist’rous late appeal 
Against the Duke of Norfolk ?” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 1. 

the most absurd and odious proceeding known 
aw, the appeal of murder.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxv. 

4. A summons to answer to a charge. 

“Nor shall the sacred character of king 
Be urg’d to shield me from thy bold appeal; 

If I have injur’d thee, that makes us equal.” 

Dryden. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. The referring of a controverted statement or 
argument to one in whose judgment confidence is 
placed, or to the verdict of public opinion, or to 
God. 

“From the injustice of our brother men— 

To him appeal was made as to a judge; 

Who, with an understanding heart, allay’d 
The perturbation; listen’d to the plea: 

Kesolved the dubious point, and sentence gave.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii. 

“The casting up of the eyes and lifting up of the 
hands is a kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of 
wonders.”— Bacon. 

2. Recourse, resort. 

“ . . . not to denounce all preparations for battle 
and all appeals to arms.”— Times, Nov. 24, 1876. 

g,p-pe al-$-ble, a. [Eng. appeal; -able.] 

Law: 

1. Of cases: Which may be appealed ; which is of 
such a character that permission will be given to 


to speak to, (2) to entreat, (3) to appeal to, (4) to the person against whom the verdict has gone in 


name or call, (5) to pronounce. Cognate with 
appello, -puli= to drive to: ad— to, pello = (1) to 
push or strike, (2) to drive.] 

A. Transitive: 

Law & Ordinary Language : 

1. To accuse, impeach, or charge with. (Lit. <& 

“ Quod Youthe to Age, ‘ Y thee apeele, 

And that bifore oure God y-wis.’ ” 

Mirror of the Periods of Man’s Life (ed. Furnival), 433-4. 

“As well appeareth by the cause you come: 

Namely, to appeal each other of high treason. 
Cousin of Hereford, what dost thou object 
Against the Duke of Norfolk 1 ” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 1. 

2. To carry from an inferior to a superior court or 

judge. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Law db Ordinary Language: 

1. To carry a case from an inferior to a superior 
court of law, or from an inferior to a superior judge. 
[Appeal, s.] 

“ I appeal unto Caesar .”—Acts xxv. 11. 

2. To carry a controverted statement or argu¬ 
ment, for judgment, to another person than the one 
who has decided against it; to lay it before the 
tribunal of public opinion; to point to arguments 
in its support; or if the issue be very important, 
and the support adequate, to draw the sword in 
its defense. 

“ Whether this, that the soul always thinks, be a self- 
evident proposition, I appeal to mankind.”— Locke. 

“It may suffice here to appeal to the immense amount 
of gross produce, which, even without a permanent ten- 
ure7 English laborers generally obtain from their little 
allotments.”—/. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. ix., § 4. 

ap-pe al, *g,p-pel', s. [From the verb. In Dan. 
& Dut. appel; Ger. appelation; Fr. appel, appella- 


the inferior court to appeal to a superior one. 

“To clip the power of the council of state, composed of 
the natives of the land, by making it appealable to the 
council of Spain.”— Howell: Letters, I. ii. 16. 

2. Of persons: Who] may be called on by appeal 
to answer to a charge. 

* 3 ,p-pe’al- 3 ,nt, s. [Appellant.] 

Sip-pealed, pa. par. & a. [Appeal, «.] 

$,p-peal-er, s. [Eng. appeal; -er.] One who 
appeals. [Afpellok.] 

gip-pe al-ing, pr. par. & a. [Appeal, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj. (Spec.): Imploring; mutely soliciting. 

(Scott: Bokeby, y. 8.) 

3 . p-pe'al-iiig-ness, 8. [Eng. appealing; -ness.] P 1 ®*®* 
Beseechingness. ( G . Eliot: Daniel Deronda , ch. TT 
xxxv.) 

ap-pe ar, ap-pe're, a-pe re, g.-pie re, v. i. [In 

Fr. apparaitre, apparoir; Sp. aparacer; Port. 
apparecer; Ital. apparire: Lat. apparere, from 
ad, and pareo=to come forth, to appear.] 

I. Literally: 


„ -Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xiv. 

2. (Analogous to the sense of being visible.) To 
present the semblance of, to resemble: 

(a) Its being implied that, notwithstanding this, 
the reality is absent. 

“Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, 
but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity.”— Matt. 
xxiii. 28. 

(b) Without its being implied that the resem¬ 
blance is unreal. 

"... the signature of another plainly appeared to 
have been traced by a hand shaking with emotion.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

IT Appear is sometimes used impersonally: e.g.. 
“ it appears to him;” “it appeared that . . 
(See ex. under II. 1, d.) 

*ap-pe ar, s. [From the verb.] Appearance. 

“ Here will I wash it in this morning’s dew, 

Which she on every little grass doth strew. 

In silver drop, against the sun’s appear.” 

Fletcher: Faithful Shepherdess. 

3. p-pe'ar-3,n9e, *g,p-pe r-aun$e, *a-per-Ans, 

8. [Fr. apparence; Sp. apariencia; Ital. appar - 
enza, from Lat. apparentia.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The state of coming in sight. 

1. Literally: 

(a) In an ordinary way. 

“ . . choice cider from the orchards round the 

Malvern Hills made its appearance in company with the 
Champagne and the Burgundy .”—Macaulay Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiii. 

(b) Supernaturally, as a spirit may do to the 
bodily eye. 

“ I think a person terrified with the imagination of 
specters more reasonable than one who thinks the 
appearance of spirits fabulous.”— Addison. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Entry into the world, into society, or a partic¬ 
ular company or place. Or entry in a particular 
character. 


“ Do the same justice to one another which will be done 
us hereafter by those who shall make their appearance in 
the world, when this generation is no more.”— Addison. 

*(b) Visibility to the mind’s eye; probability, 
likelihood. 

“ There is that which hath no appearance, that this 
priest being utterly unacquainted with the true person, 
according to whose pattern he should shape his counter¬ 
feit, should think it possible for him to instruct his 


II. That which becomes visible. 

1. A vision. 

“ Bot so befell hyme that nycht to meit 
An aperans, the wich one to his spreit.” 
Lancelot of the Lake (ed. Skeat), bk. i., 363-4. 

2. The aspect presented when a person or thing 
becomes visible; mien. 

“His external appearance is almost as well known to us 


1. To become visible to the eye, to come in sight, as to his own captains and counsellors.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
“ . . . Let the waters under the heaven be gathered Eng., ch. vii. 

together unto one place, and let the dry land appear.” — “She knew not he was dead. She seem’d the same 

Gen. i. 9. In person and appearance.” 

2. To be visible to the eye, to be in sight. „ , . Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

,, ,, , ... , . , ~ a. ‘As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in 

«... so that things which are seen were not made th0 d of rain> # # . ”-Ezek. i. 28. 
of things which do appear. —Heb. xi. 3. A , ., , ., , , 

__ ® 7 ~ . v,. 3. A phenomenon; the latter word, and not an¬ 
il. More or less figuratively. # pearance, being that now commonly used by men 

1. (In a sense analogous to that of coming in G f science. 

.. , n.ricf on anffhl “ The advancing day of experimental knowledge dis- 

(a) To be manifested to , as Cxocl, L nrist, an angel, c ] 0 seth such appearances as will not lie even in any 
or a heavenly portent may be to man. model extant.”— Glanville: Scepsis . 

“Thonicht efter thet aperede anongel of heueninjiere ^ Semblance, as opposed to reality; or outward 


tion; Sp. apelacionj Port, app ell apao Ital. op- glepe ine metinge, and hem seide and het. Old Kentish ag opposed to internal hollowness. 

pello , appellazione , appellagione ; Lat. appellatio Sermons (ed. Morris), p. 27. u . v , 

= (1) an accosting, (2) an appeal, (3) a calling by .. In that night did God appear unto Solomon.”- andn ot in heart.”-2 Cor. v. gl y a PP earan o-: 

name.] 2 Chron. ii. 7. (See also Mark xvi. 9; Exod. in. Matt, 


I. Literally: ii. 7; and Rev.xii. 1.) ... 

Law & Ordinary Language: (b) To arise as an object of distinction among 

1. An application for the transfer of a cause or mankind, 
suit from an inferior to a superior court or judge. “Ageselapsed ere Homer’s lamp appeared, ^ 

It differs from a writ of error in two respects: (1) And ages ere the Mantuan swan was hear,^^ 

That an appeal may be brought on any interlocu- 


Cowper: Table Talk, 656. 


“Under a fair and beautiful appearance there should 
ever be the real substance of good.”— Rogers. 

5. Semblance, without its being implied that 
there is unreality. 

“ . . . there stood before me as the appearance of a 
man.”— Dan. viii. 16. 


bfiil, b< 5 y; pout, Jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph-f. 
-clan, -tian = sh*n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, Ac. = b?l, d©L 




appearer 


234 


appendicate 


6. Plural: Circumstances collectively fitted to 
produce a bad, or to produce a good, impression. 

“ Appearances were all so strong, 

The world must think him in the wrong.” 

Swift. 


To save appearances , or to keep up appearances, 
is to make tilings look externally all right, when in 
reality they are to a greater or less extent wrong. 

B. Technically: 

Law: Formal presentation of one’s self in a 
court in answer to a summons received, to answer 
any charges which may have been brought against 
one. A person who does so is said to put in or 
to make an appearance. (See Blackstone’s Com¬ 
ment., bk. iii., ch. 19.) 

“I will not tarry, no, nor evermore 
Upon this business my appearance make 
In any of their courts.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 4. 

Perspective: The representation or projection of 
a figure, a body, or any similar object upon the 
perspective plane. 

ap-pe ar-er, s. [Eng. appear; -er.] One who or 
that which appears. 

“ That owls and ravens are ominous appearers, and 
presignify unlucky events, was an augurial conception.” 
— Browne. 


ap-pe'ar-Ing, pr.par. & a. [Appear.] 

As present participle & adj.: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

“ We see the appearing buds ...” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., i. 3. 


ap-pe 'ar-ing, s. [Appear.] The state of becom¬ 
ing visible; appearance. 

“ . . . until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ.” 
—1 Tim. vi. 14. 


aP - Pe'a§-a~ble, a. [Eng . appease;-able.] Not 
implacable; capable of being appeased. 

ap-pe ’a§-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. appeasable; -ness.] 
The quality of being appeasable. The opposite of 
implacableness. 


ap-pe a§e, v.t. [Fr. apaiser; O. Fr. apaisier, 
apaissier; Prov. apasiar; from Lat. ad= to, and 
paco =to appease, quiet.] [Peace.] Properly, to 
make peace where agitation before existed; as— 

*1. To quiet or calm the agitated deep. 

“By his counsel he appeaseth the deep, and planteth 
islands therein.”— Eccles. xliii. 23. 


2. To dispel anger or hatred, and tranquilize the 
heart previously perturbed by one or both of these 
passions ; to cause one to cease complaining. 

“ . . . I will appease him with the present that goeth 
before me.”— Gen. xxxii. 20. 


“Now then your plaint appease.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. iii. 29. 

1[ Formerly it was sometimes used reflexively. 
“And Tullius saith: Ther is no thing so commendable 
in a gret lord, as whan he is debonaire and meeke, and 
appesith him lightly.”— Chaucer: Melibeus. 

3. To tranquilize the conscience and make it cease 
from troubling. 

“. . . and peace 

Of conscience, which the law by ceremonies 
Cannot appease . . . ’’—Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 

4. To satiate a clamorous appetite, and by satiety 
make its cravings cease. 

“The stock of salted hides was considerable, and by 
gnawing them the garrison appeased the rage of hunger.” 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

3 dP-pe'a§ed, pa. par. & a. [Appease.] 
ap-pe a§e ment, -s. [Eng. appease; -ment.] 

1. The act of pacifying. 

2. The state of being pacified. 

3. An article or guarantee of peace. 

“Being neither in numbers nor in courage great, partly 
by authority, partly by entreaty, they were reduced to 
some good appeasements.’’ — Hayward. 

ap-pe a§-er, s. [Eng. appease; -er.] One who 
appeases; one who pacifies; a peace-maker. 
ap-pea§'-mg, pr. par. & a. [Appease.] 
ap-pe'a§-ive, a. [Eng. appease; suffix -ive.] 
Having the tendency to appease; quieting. 

*ap pe le, v. t. [Appeal, v. f.] 
ap-pel'-lan-gy, s. [Lat. appellans= appealing.] 

1. Appeal. (Todd.) 

2. Capability of appeal. (Todd.) 

ap-pel -lant, *ap-pe'al-ant, a. &s. [In Dan. & 
Dut. appellant ; Fr. appelant; Sp. apalante; Ital. 
appellante. From Lat. appellans, pr. par. of appello 
=to call upon.] 

A. As adjective: Appealing. 

“The party appellant [shall] first personally promise 
and avow, that he will faithfully keep and observe all the 
rites and ceremonies of the Church of England,” &c. — 
Const, and Canons Eccl., 98. 


B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. One who calls out or challenges another to 
single combat. 

“ These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant, 

Though by his blindness maim’d for high attempts, 
Who now defies thee thrice to single fight.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

f2. One who stands forth as a public accuser of 
another before a court of law. 

“Come I appellant to this princely presence. 

Now, Thomas Mowbray, do I turn to thee. 
***** 

Thou art a traitor and a miscreant.” 

Shakesp.: RichardII., i. 1. 

3. One who appeals from an inferior to a superior 
court or judge. In this sense it is opposed to appellee 
or respondent. 

“ An appeal transfers the cognizance of the cause to the 
superior judge; so that, pending the appeal, nothing can 
be attempted in prejudice of the appellant.” — Ayliffe: 
Parergon. 

II. Technically: 

Church History: A term applied in the eighteenth 
century to the Jansenists and others who appealed 
to a general council against the bull “ Unigenitus ” 
launched by Pope Clement XI. against the trans¬ 
lation into French of the New Testament, with 
notes, by Paschasius Quesnel. (Mosheim: Church 
Hist., Cent, xviii., §§ 10,11.) 

ap-pel -late, a. & s. [ Lat. appellatus, pa. par. 
of appello=to call upon.] [Appeal.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. To which there lies an appeal. 

“ .. . . by assenting or dissenting to laws and exer¬ 
cising an appellate jurisdiction.”— Blackstone: Comment., 
Introd., § 4. 

*2. Against whom an appeal is taken. 

“ . . . and the name of the party appellate, or person 
against whom the appeal is lodged.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

3. In any other way pertaining to an appeal. 

B. As substantive: The person appealed against. 

ap-pel-late, v. t. [Appellate, a. & s.] To name, 

to call. (Southey: The Doctor , ch. cxxxvi.) 

ap-pel-la’-tion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. appellation; 
Sp. apelacion; Port. appellaQao; Ital. appellazione, 
appellagione = an appeal. From Lat. appellation 
(1) an accosting, (2) an appeal, (3) a naming; from 
appello= to call.] 

1. The act of appealing; an appeal. 

“ Father of gods and men by equal right, 

To meet the God of Nature I appeals 

And bade Dan Phoebus scribe her Appellation seal.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VII. vi. 35. 

2. A name, a designation, that by which any per¬ 
son or thing is called. 

“ Several eminent men took new appellations by which 
they must henceforth be designated.”— Macaulay : Hist. 
Eng., ch. xi. 

{ip-pel -l<i-tive, a. & s. [In Dan. & Ger. appel- 
lativum, s.; Fr. appellatif, a. & s.; Sp. apelativo, a. 
& s.; Port. & Ital. appellativo. From Lat. appella- 
tivus .] 

A. As adjective: Common as opposed to proper. 
(Used especially in grammar.) (See the substan¬ 
tive.) 

“ Nor is it likely that he [St. Paul] would give the 
common appellative name of Books to the divinely in¬ 
spired Writings, without any other note of distinction.” 
— Bp. Bull: Works, ii. 401. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Gen.: An appellation, a name, a designation. 

“ . . . that the kingdom of Christ may not only be 
in us in name and form, and honorable appellatives, but 
in effect and power.”— Jeremy Taylor .- Exposition of the 
Lord’s Prayer ; Works (1839), vol. iii., p. 74. 

2. Grammar: A common, as opposed to a proper 
name. Thus bird, plant, rock, star, are appella¬ 
tives ; but Chicago, Shakespeare, and the plant 
Venus are not so. 

“ Words and names are either common or proper. Com¬ 
mon names are such as stand for universal ideas, or a 
whole rank of beings, whether general or special, these 
are called appellatives; so fish, bird, man, city, river, are 
common names : and so are trout, eel, lobster, for they all 
agree to many individuals, and some to many species.”— 
Watts : Logic. 

ap-pel'-la-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. appellative; -ly.] 
As appellatives do or are; after the manner of ap¬ 
pellatives: as, “ he is a perfect Goliathmeaning, 
he is a man of gigantic stature. 

“ . . . the fallacy lieth in the Homonymy of Ware, 

here not taken from the town so named, but appellatively 
for all vendible commodities.”— Fuller : Worthies ; Hert¬ 
fordshire. ( Richardson .) 


ap-pel-la-tive-ness, s. [Eng. appellative ,* 
-ness.] The quality of being appellative. 

“ . . . reduce the proper names in the genealogies 

following to such an appellativeness as should compose a 
continued sense.”— Fuller: Worthies; Suffolk. (Richard¬ 
son.) 

appel-la-tor-y, a. [Lat. appellatorius— relat¬ 
ing to an appellant or an appeal.] Containing an 
appeal, in any of the senses of that word. 

“An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the 
party appellant.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

ap-pel-le e, s. [Lat. appello—. . . to appeal.] 

Lauj: 

1. The defendant in a case appealed from a lower 
to a higher court. 

2. Eng. Law; The defendant against an accusa¬ 
tion brought by a private person. [Appeal, s., 
No. 3.] 

“In this case he is called an approver or prover pro- 
bator, and the party appealed or accused is called the 
appellee.” — Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 25. 
ap-pel -lor, ap-pel-lor , s. [Lat. appellator.'] 

1. Eng. Law: One who accuses another person, 
called the appellee, of a crime, and prosecutes him 
before a criminal court. 

“If the appellee be acquitted, the appellor (by virtue 
of the statute of Westm. 2, 13 Edw. I., c. 12) shall suffer 
one year’s imprisonment, . . .” &c.— Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment., bk. iv., ch. 23. 

f2. One who carries a case from an inferior to a su¬ 
perior court. Not used in this sense now; the word 
appellant being used instead. 

If When appellor and appellee are used together 
they are generally both accented on the last sylla¬ 
ble. 

ap -pen-age, s. [Appanage.] 
ap-pend', v. t. [Fr. appendre; Ital. appendere; 
Lat. appendo— to weigh to- ad=to, and pendo= to 
suspend as weights, to weigh.] 

1. To hang to or upon. 

2. To add one thing as an accessory to another. 

“ . . . and appended to them a declaration attested 
by his sign-manual, and certifying that the originals 
were in his brother’s own hand.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. vi. 

ap-pend’-age (age=Ig), s. [Eng. append; -age. 
In Fr. apjanage .] [Append.] 

1. Ordinary Language: Something added or 
appended to another, but not properly constituting 
a portion of it. [Appanage.] 

“ . . . and such his course of life, 

Who now, with no appendage but a staff, . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 
“The tail is, however, by no means an invariable 
appendage of comets.”— Herschel: Astron., 5th ed., §557. 

“ They began to consider the crown of France as a mere 
appendage to the crown of England.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. i. 

2. Bot. (pi.): Certain superficial processes ap¬ 
pended to the stems, leaves, calyces, &c., of plants; 
as hairs, prickles, thorns, glands, tubercles, dilata¬ 
tions or expansions of parts, utricles, pitchers, &c. 
[Appendiculate.] 

ap-pen-dange, ap-pen'-denge, *ap-pen’-den- 
gy, s. [Fr. appendance .] Anything appended or 
annexed. 

“When we see and hear of high titles, rich coats, 
ancient houses, long pedigrees, glittering suits, large 
revenues, we honor these (and so we must do) as the just 
monuments, signs, and appendances of civil greatness.” 
—Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 29. 

“Battellwith his appendences .”— Withals: Dictionarie 
(1608). (Halliwell: Cont. to Lexic.) 

“Abraham bought the whole field, and by right of 
appendency had the cave with it.”— Spelman. 

ap-pen -dant, a. & s. [Fr. appendant, pa. par. 
of appendre .] [Append.] 

A. As adjective: 

Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Hanging to or upon. 

2. Fig.: Annexed to, dependent upon, concomit¬ 
ant to, pertaining to, though not intimately. 

“. . . the latent irregularity, which is certainly ap¬ 

pendant. to ordinary litigations.”— Jeremy Taylor: Works 
(ed. 1839), vol. iii., p. 60. 

B. As substantive: Anything attached to another 
one, as an accidental or accessory, not an essential, 
part of it. 

“ Pliny gives an account of the inventors of the forms 
and appendants of shipping.”— Hale: Origin of Mankind. 
ap-pen'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Append.] 
*ap-pen'-den-gy, s. [Appendance.] 

*ap-pen -di-cate, v. t. [Lat. appendix (acc. ap- 
pendicem), and Eng. suff. -ate.] [Appendicle.] To 
append, to add to. 

“In a palace there is the case or fabric of the struc¬ 
ture, and there are certain additaments, as various furni¬ 
ture, and curious motions of divers things appendicated 
to it.”— Hale. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




appendication 


235 


appetitivai 


.thP-pen-dl-ca -tion, s. [Eng. appendicate; 
-ion. ] An appendage, an adjunct; something 
annexed. 

“There are considerable parts and integrals, and 
penclications unto the mundus aspectabilis, impossible to 
be eternal.”— Hale. 

AP-pen -di- 9 e§, s. pi. The Latin plural of 
Appendix (q. v.). 

<Jtp-pen-dI-§r-tIs, s. [Eng. appendix; itis.) 
Path: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix of 
the coecum. It usually, if not always, is due to in¬ 
sufficient circulation of blood in the appendix, 
which causes inflammation and consequent gangrene 
in the tissue of the part. [Appendix, B. 1. 1.] 
There is a popular notion that appendicitis is 
caused by a grape seed or some other foreign sub¬ 
stance lodging in the vermiform appendix, but in 
the thousands of operations which have taken place 
there is not one authenticated case of a foreign sub¬ 
stance, such as a seed, being found in the appendix. 
The great liability of the part to disease is due 
entirely to its low order of vital resistance, and the 
fact that it is situated in one of the most vital parts 
of the body renders it very difficult of treatment. 
Its normal position is in the peritoneal cavity, to the 
right of the center of the abdomen. But in rare 
instances it has been found on the left side, and, 
still more rarely, otherwise displaced. This dis¬ 
covery, made very recently, has made extreme care 
necessary in locating the trouble before using the 
knife. The surgeons now regard the operation for 
its removal as one of the most simple, but to obtain 
the best results it should take place a few hours 
after the patient begins to suffer from the disease. 
In fact, the sooner the operation is performed the 
better are the chances of recovery, while if neglected 
death is sure to follow promptly, or after lingering 
miseries from the deadly poison permeating the 
system and coming to the surface in abscesses. 
Until a comparatively recent period the frequent 
and fatal part played by the vermiform appendix, 
and especially in septic peritonitis, had not been 
understood by the medical profession. That was 
the reason that septic peritonitis was generally 
succeeded by the death of the sufferer soon after the 
symptoms were well established. When it was 
once proved that the poison which produced septic 
peritonitis came from the breaking down or decay 
of the appendix, the very root of one of man’s 
worst physical foes was laid bare. Further practice 
established beyond a doubt that in a large majority 
of cases the appendix could be removed by a simple 
surgical operation and the patient restored to 
vigorous health if the disease was discovered in 
time and correctly diagnosed. 

g-p-pen -di-cle, s. [Lat. appendicula, dimin. 
from appendix .] A small appendage. 

ap-pen-dic -fl-l§.r, a. [Lat. appendicula; Eng. 
suff. -or.] Constituting or otherwise pertaining to 
a small appendage. 

“ The endo-skeleton is divided into an axial portion, 
belonging to the head and trunk, and an appendicular 
portion, belonging to the limbs.”— Flower: Osteol. oj 
Mammalia (1870), p. 9. 




Appendiculate. 

A. 1. Scutellaria galericulata (Skullcap). 
2. Calyx. B. 1. Salsola Kali (Saltwort). 

2. Segment of the Calyx. 


thing. But a thing Is then proposed as an object of wor¬ 
ship, when it is set up by itself, and not by way of addition 
or ornament to another thing.”— Stillingfleet. 

2. An adjunct or concomitant. 

3. (Noiv almost exclusively.) A longer or shorter 
supplement appended to a book. 

B. Technically . As a Latin word, with the Latin 
plural appendices. 

I. Anatomy: 

1. [Sing.) Appendix cceci vermiformis: A worm¬ 
like looking process about three inches long, rather 
more than the thickness of a goose-quill, which 
hangs down into the pelvis from the inner and pos¬ 
terior part of the coecum. ( Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 216.) 

2. ( Plur .) Appendices epiploicce (that is, resem¬ 
bling the epiploon or great omentum): Small 
processes containing fat which are attached to 
the colon. (Ibid., p. 218.) 

3. (Plur.) A. pyloric ce (Pyloric follicles): Tubu¬ 
lar prolongations from the interstices of fishes. 
(Ibid., p. 218.) 

II. Botany: 

1. (Sing.) Anything attached to another part, 
especially the back, when dilated and compressed, 
of one of the horn-like processes attached to the 
corona in some plants. It is also called ala (wing). 
(Lindley: Introd. to Botany.) 

2. (Plur.) A name given by Fuchsius to the shoots 
thrown up from the subterranean part of the stem 
of some endogenous plants, such as the pine-apple. 
He called them also Adnata and Adnascentia. 
(Lindley: Introd. to Bot.) 

ap-pe nse, a. [Lat. appensus, pa. par. of ap- 
pendo = to weigh to.] 

Bot.: Hung up, like a hat upon a pin; but very 
different in meaning from pendulous. 

*$p-pe §e, v. t. [Appease.] 

*ap-per-(je ive, *ap-parj9e yve, *a-per~9e ive, 
*3,-P3,r-9e -iuy, *g,-per-ce -yue, v. t. [Fr. aper- 
cevoir .] To perceive, to comprehend. 

ap-per-9ep'-tion, s. [Lat. ad = to, aud Eng. 
perception .] Perception which makes itself its 
object; self-consciousness, consciousness. 

*ap-per -11, s. [Old form of Eng. Peril (q. v.).] 
Peril; danger. 

“ Let me stay at thine apperil, Timon.” 

Shakesp. : Timon of Athens, i. 2. 

Jip-per-ta'in, *ap-per-te yne, *ap-er-te yne, 
*ap-per-te in, v. i. [InFr. appartenir; Ital. ap- 
partenere; Lat. appertineo= to belong to: ad=to, 
and pertineo=to hold through, to extend through 
or to ; per=through, and teneo= to hold.] To be¬ 
long to by nature, by natural right, or by divine or 
human appointment, or as a partisan by his own 
choice belongs to his chief. 

“ ‘ Sire,’ quod he, ‘ as to us sirurgiens appertieneth, 
that we do to every wight the beste that we can.’ ”— 
Chaucer: The Tale of Melibeus. 

ap-per-ta in-mg, *ap-per-te yn-fng, pr. par., 
a. & s. [Appertain.] 

A. As present participle <& adjective: In the same 
sense as the verb. 

“Bom. Tybalt, the reason that I have to love thee 
Doth much accuse the appertaining rage 
To such a greeting.” 

Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet , iii. 1. 

B. As substantive: That which belongs to; that 
wdiich pertains to. 

*ap-per-ta in-ment, s. [Eng. appertain; -ment .] 
That which belongs to one on account of his rank, 
dignity, or in any other way. 


9,p-pen-dic'-fl-late, a. [Bot. Lat. appendicu- 
latus; from Class. Lat. appendicula=& small ap¬ 
pendage, dimin. of appendix (q. v.).] 

Botany: A term applied to a leaf, leaf-stalk, 
calyx, or a portion of a plant, when this is fur¬ 
nished with an appendage or appendages. Exam- 
les : the expansions or dilatations in the calyces of 
cutellaria and Salsola. ( Lindley: Introd. to Bot.) 

hp-pen-dlng, pr. par. [Append.] 
hp-pen'-dix (plural formerly AP-pen-dI-9e§, 
now generally ap-pen'-dlx-e§), s. [In Dan. ap- 

f endix: Fr., Port., & Ital. appendice; Sp .apendix. 

rom Lat. appendix, pi. appendices =(1) that 
which hangs to anything; (2) anything annexed, an 
appendage.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Anything appended or added to another one 
more important than itself. 


ap -pet-en9e, ap'-pet-en-9y, s. [In Fr. ap¬ 
petence; Sp. apetencia; Port, appetencia; Ital. 
appetens a; Lat. appetentia, from appetens , pr. par. 
of appeto=(l) to approach, (2) to seek after: ad= 
to, and peto= (1) to go to, (2) to seek for.] 

1. Of man or other sentient beings: Instinctive 
desire or impulse to perform certain actions. Spec., 
lustful or other appetite or desire. 

“Of lustful appetence, to sing, to dance, 

To dress, and troll the tongue, and roll the eye.” 

Milton • P. L., bk. xi. 

2. Of things not sentient: The tendency bodies 
show to make certain approaches to each other, as 
in the case of chemical attraction. 

tap pet ent, a. [In Ital. appetente, from Lat. 
appetens, pr. par. of appeto .] Desirous of gratify¬ 
ing appetite; lustful, or eagerly desirous of any¬ 
thing. 

“Knowing the earl to be thirsty and appetent after 
glory and renown .”—Sir O. Buck: Hist, of K. Richard III., 
p. o0. 


“ he cherubim were never intended as an object of 
Worship, because they were only the appendices to another . 

boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. 


9ell, chorus, 
-sion - shun; 


9hin, 

-tion, 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


ap-pet-i-bil-1-ty, s. [Eng. appetible; - ity .] 
The quality of being fitted to call forth appetite or 

desire. 

“That elicitation which the schools intend, is a deduc¬ 
ing of the power of the will into act, merely from the ap- 
petibility of the object; as a man draws a child after him 
with the sight of a green bough .”—Bramhall against 

Hobbes. 

ap-pet -i-ble, a. [In Sp. apetecible; Ital. ap- 
petibile; Lat. appetibilis, from appeto .] [Appe¬ 
tite.] Fitted to excite some one of the appetites; 
fitted to call forth desire ; desirable. 

“ Power both to slight the most appetible objects, and to 
control the most unruly passions ,”—Bramhall against 
Hobbes. 

ap -pe-tlte, *ap'-pe-tlt, s. [In Sw. aptit; Dan. 
& Ger. appetit; Fr. app&tit; Sp. apetito; Port. 
appetite; Ital. appetite; Lat. appetitus =(1) an 
attack, (2) a passionate desire for anything; from 
appeto .] [Appetence.] 

A. Subjectively: 

I. Lit. Of sentient beings: 

1. Ord. Lang, dk Mental Phil.: One or those de¬ 
sires which arise chiefly from the body, and which 
man shares with the inferior animals. These are 
the desire for meat and drink, and the sexual 
impulse. (In this sense often in the plural.) 

“ Fal. Oh, she did so course o’er my exteriors with such 
a greedy intention, that the appetite of her eye did seem 
to scorch me up like a burning-glass !”— Shakesp.: Merry 
Wives of Windsor, i. 3. 

“Supple and flexible as Indian cane, 

To take the bend his appetites ordain.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

TI Hooker thus distinguishes between Appetite 
and Will: “ . . . the Will, properly and strictly 
taken, . . . differeth greatly from that inferior 
natural desire which we call Appetite. The object 
of Appetite is whatsoever sensible good may be 
wished for; the object of Will is that good which 
Reason doth lead us to seek. Affections, as joy, 
and grief, and fear, and anger, with such like, 
being, as it were, the sundry fashions and forms of 
Appetite, can neither rise at the conceit of a thing 
indifferent, nor yet choose but rise at the sight of 
some things. Wherefore it is not altogether in our 
power, whether we will be stirred with affections 
or no : whereas actions which issue from the dis¬ 
position of the Will are in the power thereof to be 
performed or stayed. Finally, Appetite is the Will's 
solicitor, and the Will is Appetite's controller; 
what we covet according to the one, by the other 
we often reject; neither is any other desire termed 
properly Will, but that where Reason and Under¬ 
standing, or the show of Reason, prescribeth the 
thing desired.” (Hooker: Eccles. Pol., bk. i., 
ch. vii.,§3.) 

2. Spec.: The desire for food, which in excess 
leads to gluttony. 

“ Schal ben his sause maad to his delyt 
To make him have a newe appetit." 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,960-61. 

“When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider dili¬ 
gently what is before thee, and put a knife to thy throat, 
if thou be a mau given to appetite." — Prov. xxiii. 1, 2. 

“ . . . their appetite became keen . . .”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

3. Vehement desire for anything. 

“ They contained much that was well fitted to gratify 
the vulgar appetite for the marvelous.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ix. 

II. Fig. Of things: A tendency to go together; 
as by gravity, cohesion, or chemical affinity. 

“ It is certain that in all bodies there is an appetite of 
union and evitation of solution of continuity.”— Bacon: 
Nat. Hist., Cent, iii., g 293. 

B. Objectively: The object of vehement desire. 

“ Ha! Melusine, my hertes Appetite, 

Fair lady, my hert, my loue, my plesaunce.” 

The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 2,896-97. 

“Power being the natural appetite of princes, a 
limited monarch cannot gratify it.”— Swift. 

ap-pe-tlte, v. t. [From the substantive.] 
Greatly to desire. (Chaucer.) 

“ . . . appetiting by generation to bring forth his 
semblable .” — Sir T.Elyot: Governour, p. 70. 

ap-pe-ti-tion, s. [In Ital. appetizione; Lat. 
appetit lo—( 1) a grasping at, (2) a passionate long¬ 
ing for, (3) appetite.] Vehement desire. 

“The actual appetition or fastening our affections on 
him.”— Hammond: Practical Catechism. 

“We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty, 
an appetition or aversation .”—Judge Hale. 

*ap-pe-tI'-tious, a. [Eng. appetit(e); i; -ous.] 
Grateful to the appetite, desirable. 

“Some light inspersions of truth to make them appeti- 
tious, passable, and toothsome .”—Brief Descrip, of Fanat¬ 
ics, die. (1660), p. 17. 

tap-pet-i-tl-vaL a. [Formed by analogy as if 
from a Lat. appetitivus .] Appetitive. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





appetitive 

ap-pe-tl -tlve, a. [Sp. apetitivo. In Ital. appe- 
titivo?] Possessed of appetite; which desires 
greatly, which eagerly longs for. 

“ The will is not a bare appetitive power, as that of the 
sensual appetite, but is a rational appetite.”— Hale: 
Origin of Mankind. 

“ I find in myself an appetitive faculty always in exer¬ 
cise in the very height of activity and invigoration.”— 
Norris. 

ap-pe-tl ze, v. t. [Lat. appeto— ... to strive 
after, to long for, and Eng. suff. -ize. In Fr. ap- 
p£iis,sanf= imparting an appetite; ltal. appetizione 
^appetite.] To give one an appetite, to make one 
feel hungry. ( Sir Walter Scott.) 
ap-pe-tl zed, pa. par. [Appetize.] 
ap-pe-tl z-er, s. [Eng. appetize; -er.] He or 
that which gives one an appetite. ( Ogilvie.) 

ap-pe-tl z-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Appetize.] 
Ap'-pi-an, a. Pertaining to some one of the 
r Romans called Appius Claudius, and specially to 
that one who lived in the time of the war between 
the Romans and Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 

Appian way. The great Roman highway con¬ 
structed by the above-mentioned Appius Claudius, 
from Rome to Capua, and afterward extended to 
Brundusium, and finished B. C. 312. It was builtof 
stones four or five feet long, carefully joined to each 
other, covered with gravel, furnished with stones 
for mounting and descending from horseback, with 
milestones, and with houses at which to lodge. 
*9,p-piere. [Appear.] 

gip-pla ud, v.t. [InFr. & Port, applaudir; Sp. 
aplaudir; Ital. applaudere, applaudire; Lat. ap- 
plaudo= to strike upon, to clap, especially to clap 
the hands in token of applause: ad=to, and plaudo 
=to clap, strike, beat; cognate with laudo= to 
praise, laus= praise; also with Eng. loud.] [Loud.] 

1. To express approbation of, or admiration for, 
a speech or a person, by clapping the hands. 

“I would applaud thee to the very echo, 

That should applaud again.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 3. 

2. To express approbation of, or admiration for, 
in any other way. 

“ You, that will follow me to this attempt, 

Applaud the name of Henry, with your leader. 

( They all cry —Henry !)” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iv. 2. 

3. p-pla ud-ed, pa. par. & a. [Applaud.] 

“ For having produced an applauded tragedy.”— Gold¬ 
smith: On Polite Learning, ch. x. 

ap-plaud-er, s. [Eng. applaud; -er.] One who 
applauds. 

“ I had the voice of my single reason against it drowned 
in the voices of a multitude of applauders.” — Glanville: 
Scepsis Scientifica. 

3,p-pla ud -Ing, pr. par. & a. [Applaud.] 
Sip-plau'§e, s. [In Port. & Ital. applauso; Sp. 
aplauso; Lat. applausus, pa. par. of applaudo. Or 
from ad=to, and plausus=the noise of clapping or 
striking two bodies together; plaudo— to clap.] 

1. Among the ancient Romans: Certain methods 
of expressing applause, had recourse to in the thea¬ 
ters and elsewhere. There were three kinds of it: 
(1) bombus=a humming or buzzing noise; (2 ^im¬ 
brices = noises made with the hollow hands ; and (3) 
testas= the striking of the flat portion of the hands 
together after the manner of two test at (tiles). 

2. Now: High approbation expressed by clapping 
the hands, beating the ground with the feet, giving 
forth huzzas, or in some similar way. 

1 “This communication was received with loud ap¬ 
plause.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

*3,p-pla u-§ion, s. [Eng. applaus{e); -ion.] Con¬ 
gratulation. ( Puttenham: Eng. Poesie, bk. i., ch. 
xxvi.) 

Up-plau-slve, a. [Eng. applaus{e); -ive.] Ap¬ 
plauding, commendatory. 

“Thine eye, applausive, each sly vermin sees, 

That balks the snare, yet battens on the cheese.” 

Scott: The Poacher. 

ap -ple, *ap'-pel, s. [A. S. cepl, cepel, ceppel, 
ceppyl, appel, appl, apul; Sw. aple; Dan. Able; 
Dut. & O. Fries, appel; Ger. apfel; O. H. Ger. 
aphol; O. Icel. epli; Gael, ubhall: Irish abhal, 
hibhal; Wei. afal; Armor, aval; Russ, gabloko; 
Polish jablko; Bohem. gablko, gablo.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A well-known fruit; also the tree on which it 
grows. The fruit is that of the Pyrus malus, or 
Crab-apple, when modified and improved by long 
cultivation or grafting. [Apple-tree.] The apple 
was known to the classical nations of antiquity, the 
Greeks calling it melon, Doric malon : and the Lat¬ 
ins malon. These words, however, with the analo¬ 
gous Latin one, pomum, were properly generic terms, 
comprehending several kinds of fruit. The varieties 


236 

of the apple amount to thousands rather than hun¬ 
dreds, and they may be multiplied almost indefi¬ 
nitely by artificially applying the pollen of one to 
the stigma of another. 

“Ac quane here apples ripe ben.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Skeat), 1,129. 

“If the matter depended alone upon me, 

His apples might hang till they dropp’d from the 
tree.” Cowper: Pity Poor Africans. 

2. Scripture: Probably the fruit of the Citron- 
tree {Citrus medica). [Apple-tree.] 

. . comfort me with app les . . .” — Song of Solo¬ 
mon ii. 5. 

*3. Apple of love: What is now called the Love 
Apple (q. v.). It is the common tomato {Lycoper- 
don esculentum). 

“ Apples of love are of three sorts, . . .”— Mortimer: 
Husbandry. 

4. Apple of Sodom: A plant growing near the 
Dead Sea, thus described by Josephus: 

“ . . . and the traces [or shadows] of the five cities 
are still to be seen, as well as the ashes growing in their 
fruits, which fruits have a color as if they were fit to be 
eaten; but if you pluck them with your hands they dis¬ 
solve into smoke and ashes.”— Whiston: Josephus’ Wars 
of the Jews, bk. iv., ch. viii., § 4. 



Apple of Sodom (Solanum Sodomeum). 

1. Branch in flower (one-fourth natural size). 2. Ripe 
fruit. 

Some suppose the description to refer to the So¬ 
lanum Sodomeum, a plant of the Nightshade genus, 
and others to the Calotropis procera, one of the 
Asclepiads. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Apple of the eye: The pupil of the eye, called 
apple probably from its rotundity. 

“Keep my commandments, and live; and my law as the 
apple of thine eye.”— Prov. vii. 2. 

2. Apple of discord: Anything, not necessarily an 
apple, or even a fruit, which, introduced into a 
nation, church, family, or other society, produces 
dissension among its members. The expression is 
founded on the classical myth that.Eris, the god¬ 
dess of strife, on one occasion flung into a meeting 
of the gods and goddesses a golden apple inscribed 
with the words, “For the fairest.” It produced 
great jealousy among the female deities, of whom 
three—Juno, Minerva, and Venus—contended for it, 
the last-named being the successful competitor. 

B. Technically : 

1. Bot. Apple or Pome: The English name given 
by Lindley to the kind of fruit called Pomum (q.v.). 

2. Her. Apple of Grenada: The Pomegranate 
{Punica granatum). {Gloss, of Her.) 

If For such words as Alligator Apple, Custard 
Apple, &c., see Alligator, Custard, &c. 

apple-bee, s. A meeting of young people to cut 
up apples for drying. 

apple-berry, s. The English name of the Billar- 
diera, a genus of Australian plants belonging to 
the order Pittosporaceee, or Pittosporads. 

apple-blight, s. A white cottony substance 
found upon the trunks of apple-trees. It is pro¬ 
duced by one of the Aphidee, the Lachnus lanigerus. 

apple-blossom, s. The blossom of the apple- 
tree. (Generally in the plural.) 

“ The farmhouse peeping from among bee-hives and 
apple-blossoms.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

apple-brandy, or apple-jack, s. Brandy made 
from apples. A favorite beverage among farmers. 

apple-butter, s. A preserve, a sauce made of 
apples stewed in cider, and seasoned with spices. 
A favorite preserve among American children. 

apple-cart, s. A slang phrase: “To upset one’s 
apple-cart,” is to upset his business, to overthrow 
him, to defeat his plans. 


appleringy 

apple-crook, s. A crook for gathering apples 

from the tree. 

“ The appelcroke drawinge tonrmentis to synful men.” 
— Wycliffe: Prefat. Epist., p. 70. 

apple-graft, s. A graft from the apple-tree 
inserted in the stock of some allied species. 

“ We have seen three-and-twenty sorts of apple-grafts 
upon the same old plant, most of them adorned with 
fruit.”— Boyle. 

apple-harvest, s. 

1. A harvest of apples; the gathering of apples. 

2. The time when apples are gathered. 

“ The apple-harvest that doth longer last.” 

Ben Jonson: Forest, iii. 

apple-jack, s. [Apple-brandy.] 

apple-john, s. A kind of apple late in coming to 
maturity, and preserved in a shriveled state for 
consumption during the winter. 

“ What the devil hast thou brought there? apple-Johnst 
thou know’st, Sir John cannot endure an apple-John.” — 
Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

apple-moth, s. A species of moth belonging to 
the family Tortricidse. It is the Tortrix pomanana. 

apple-pie, s. Apie consisting of apples enclosed 
within a crust. 

Apple-pie bed: A bed made with the sheets so 
doubled as to prevent a person getting his legs be¬ 
tween them. Commonly supposed to be so named 
from its resemblance to an apple turnover, but 
really from Fr. pli6= folded. 

Apple-pie order: Perfect order. {Colloquial.) 

apple-snail, s. An English synonym of the genus 
of shells called Ampullaria. 
apple-tree, s. 

1. Pyrus malus. The tree of which apples are the 
fruit. It is the crabapple-tree, much altered by 
centuries of cultivation. [Apple, A., I. 1; Crab- 
apple.] 

“ Of a young apple-tree, . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

2. The apple-tree of Scripture, in Heb. tappHach , 
from the root naphach= to breathe, also to emit a 
scent. Apparently not the apple-tree, the fruit of 



Citrus Medica (Apple of Scripture). 

1. Citrus Medica in fruit (one-seventh its natural size). 
2. Cross section of fruit. 

which is indifferent in Palestine, except on Mount 
Lebanon; but the citron-tree ( Citrus medica), the 
only species of the Orange tribe known to the 
ancients. 

“ As the apple-tree among the trees of the wood, . . .” 
—Song of Solomon, ii. 3. 

apple-woman, s. A woman who sells apples, 
exhibited by her on a stall or otherwise. 

“ Yonder are two apple-women scolding, and just ready 
to uncoif one another.”— Arbuthnot & Pope. 

apple-yard, s. A place enclosed for the cultiva¬ 
tion of apples; an orchard. 

*ap'-ple, v. t. [From the substantive.] To form 
like an apple. 

“The cabbage turnep is of two kinds; one apples above 
ground, and the other in it.”— Marshall: Gardening. 

*ap-ple i§, v. t. [O. Fr. applaire.] To satisfy, 
to content, to please. {Scotch.) 

“ Gif thou wald cum to hevynis bliss, 

Thyself appleis with sober rent.” 

Bannatyne Poems, p. 186. {Jamieson. ) 

*ap-pler-In-gy, *ap-pler-ln-gle, s. [In O. Fr. 

aurone = southernwood, from Lat. abrotanum.] 
Southernwood {Artemisia abrotanum). {Scotch.) 
{Jamieson.) 

“The window looked into a small garden rank with 
appleringy and other fragrant herbs.” —Sir A. Wylie. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full: trf, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




appiiable 


237 


appoint 


*3p-pll'-a-ble, a. [Eng. apply; suffix -able.] 

*1 Pliable. {Scotch.) (Colkelbie Lore.) {Jam¬ 
ieson.) 

2. Capable of being applied. (Now Applicable 
is used in its room.) 

“All that I have said of the heathen idolatry is appli- 
dble to the idolatry of another sort of men in the world.” 
— South. 

l),p-pll'-an$e, s. [Eng. apply; -ance.] 

1. The act of applying. 

“Have you done this, by the appliance 
And aid of doctors?” 

Ijongfellow: The Golden Legend, i. 

2. Anything applied; an application. 

“. . . the appliances and aids for producing which 
they serve to transmit.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., 
bk. i., ch. xii., § 3. 

3P-pli-C3-bil'-I-ty, s. [Eng. applicable; -ity.] 
The quality of being applicable to anything. 

IT It is often followed by to. 

“ . . . which charge is certainly not true as respects 
Polybius, whatever applicability it may have to the 
others.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. ii., § 7. 

ap-pli-ca-ble, a. [In Fr. applicable; Sp . apli- 
cable; Ital. applicabile .] Which may be applied, 
or which is proper or suitable to be applied to any¬ 
thing. 

“But a law which merely alters the criminal procedure 
may with perfect propriety be made applicable to past as 
well as to future offenses.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 

xvi. 

ap -pli-ca--ble ness, s. [Eng. applicable; -ness.] 
The quality of being applicable to anything. Ap¬ 
plicability. 

“The knowledge of salts may possibly, by that little 
part which we have already delivered of its applicable¬ 
ness, be of use in natural philosophy.”— Boyle. 

*ap'-pli-ca-bly, adv. [En g. applicable;-ly.] In 
an applicable manner. Of such a character, or in 
such a manner, that it may be fitly applied. 

ap-pll-can-<}y, s. [Lat. applicans.] Appli¬ 
cant.] The quality or state of being applicable. 

ap-pll-c^nt, s. [Lat. applicans, pr. par. of 
applico={ 1) to join or fasten; (2) to consult with; 
(3) to direct intently toward, to apply to.] 

1. One who applies for anything; as for a situa¬ 
tion, for charitable relief, &c. 

2. A pupil remarkable for application to study. 
{American.) 

*ap -pli-cate, v. t. [Lat. applicatus= lying upon 
or close to, attached to; pa. par. of applico= to join 
or fasten.] To apply to. 

“The act of faith is applicated to the object according 
tc the nature of it.”— Pearson: On the Creed, Art. ix. 

ap -pli-C3,te, a. & s. [Lat. applicatus, pa. par. 
of applico .] 

1. As adj. {Ordinary Language): Applied. {Isaac 
Taylor.) 

2. As subst. {Math.): A straight line drawn across 
a curve, so as to bisect its diameter. 

applicate number. One applied to a concrete 
case. 

applicate ordinate. A straight line applied at 
right- angles to the axis of a parabola, ellipse, or 
hyperbola, and bounded by the curve. 

ap-pll-ca-tion, s. [In Fr. application; Sp. 
aplicacion; Port, applicagao; Ital. applicazione; 
Lat. applicatio=& binding, a joining to; applico— 
to join to: ad— to, and plico— to fold together.] 
[Apply.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of applying (followed by to). 

1. The act of literally applying one thing to 
another in a mechanical manner. 

“What we here do by the application of a metal plate 
of determinate length and curvature, we do on the earth 
by the measurement of a degree of variation in the alti¬ 
tude of the pole.”— Herschel: Astron., 10th ed., § 218. 

2. The act of placing one line or figure above 
another, not mechanically, but mentally. (B. I., 
Geom.) 

3. Close attention to study; the act or process 
of applying the mind to anything with which it 
desires to occupy itself. 

“ Of studious application, self-imposed, 

Books were her creditors.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

“ I cannot say whether it is a felicity or unhappiness, 
that I am obliged at this time to give my whole applica¬ 
tion to Homer . . .”— Pope: Letter to Blount. 

4. The use of certain means to gain an end. 

“If aright course be taken with children, there will 
not be much need of the application of the common re¬ 
wards and punishments.”— Locke. 

5. The employment or a statement, narrative, 
anecdote, fable, or anything similar as a means of 
inculcating a moral lesson. [B. 3.] 


“This principle acts with the greatest force in the 
worst application, and the familiarity of wicked men 
more successfully debauches than that of good men re¬ 
forms.”— Rogers. 

6. A soliciting, petitioning, or asking for any¬ 
thing. 

“ It should seem very extraordinary that a patent should 
be passed upon the application of a poor, private, obscure 
mechanic.”— Swift. 

II. The state of being applied in any of the fore¬ 
going senses. 

“ There is no stint which can be set to the value or merit 
of the sacrificed body of Christ; it hath no measured 
certainty of limits; bounds of efficacy unto life it knoweth 
none, but is also itself infinite in possibility of applica¬ 
tion.” — Hooker. 

III. Anything applied. 

“Lend me an arm;—the rest have worn me out 
With several applications: —nature and sickness. 
Debate it at their leisure.” 

Shake sp.: All's Well that Ends Well, i. 2. 

B. Technically: 

1. Geom.: The act of mentally placing one line 
above another, or a figure above another one of the 
same dimensions; or of applying one figure to an¬ 
other of the same area, but of different form ; or of 
transferring a given line into a circle or other fig¬ 
ure, so that its ends shall bo in the perimeter of 
that figure. 

2. Theol.: The divine act of placing the merits of 
Christ to the account of sinners for their justifica¬ 
tion. {Bp. Hall.) 

3. Public speaking , and especially preaching: 
That portion of a discourse or address in which tne 
general principles or important truths laid before 
the audience are applied to their individual case. 
It generally constitutes the conclusion of a dis¬ 
course. [Peroration.] 

ap -pll-ca-tive, a. [En g . applicate; -ive.] Which 
applies. 

“ The applicative command for putting in execution is 
in the will.”— Bramhall against Hobbes. 

ap'-pli-ca-tor, s. [Eng. applicat{e); -or.] One 
who applies. {Gauden: Tears of the Church, p. 294.) 

ap'-pli-CSL-tor-i-ly, adv. [Eng. applicatory; ■ly .] 
Like that which is applicatory; by way of applica¬ 
tion, by its being applied. {Mountagu: Appeal to 
Ccesar, p. 194.) 

ap'-pll-cgt-tor-^, a. & s. [Eng. applicate; -ory .] 

1. As adjective: Containing an application; ap¬ 
plying. 

2. As substantive: That which applies. 

“There are but two ways of applying the death of 
Christ: faith is the inward applicatory, and if there be 
any outward, it must be the sacraments.”— Taylor: Worthy 
Communicant. 

3P-plI ed, pa. par. & a. [Apply.] 

applied science. Science of which the abstract 
principles are put to practical use in the arts. 

3P-plI'-ed-iy, adv. [Eng. applied; -ly.] In a 
manner which may be applied. 

“ It is not but in such acts as be of themselves, or 
appliedly, acts of religion and piety.”— Mountagu: Appeal 
to Caesar, p. 267. 

ap-pli-er, *ap-ply-er, s. [Eng. apply; -er .] 
One who applies. 

“For his own part, he said, he detested both the author 
and the applyer alike.”— Conf. at Hampton Court, p. 49. 

*ap-pll‘-ment, s. [Eng. apply; -ment .] Appli¬ 
cation. 

“ These will wrest the doings of any man to their own 
base and malicious appliments.” — Introduction to Mars- 
ton’s Malcontent. 

ap-pl? , *ap-pll e, * 3 -ply , v. t. & i. [Eng. ply. 
(Ply.) In Fr. appliquer; O. Fr .applier; Sp . apli- 
car; Port .applicar; Ital. applicare; Lat. applico 
=to join or fasten, to attach to: ad—to, and plico= 
to fold, to lay flat; root, plak— to twist.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Mechanically to place one thing upon another, 
or adjust it to that other. 

(a) As a single act: 

“ The warder at the door his key applies, 

Shoots back the bolt, and all his courage dies.” 

Cowper: Hope . 

•[(6) As a series of acts: To ply, as an oar, or the 
feet in walking. 

“A varlet running towardes hastily, 

Whose flying feet so fast their way apply’d, 

That round about a cloud of dust did fly.”. 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iv. 37. 

2. To do so mentally. [B. 1., Geom.] 

*3. To bend to, submit to. 

“ In pees hys contre haldyng full manly, 

Non durste hys heste breke, but to hym apply. 

The Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeat.), 5,312-13. 


*4. To keep employed. (For this we now use Ply 
q. v.) 

“She was skillful in applying his humors, never suf¬ 
fering fear to fall to despair, nor hope to hasten to assur¬ 
ance.”— Sidney. 

5. To direct the attention to, to fix the mind or 
heart upon. 

“Ne other worldly busines did apply.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 46. 

“ Apply thine heart unto instruction, and thine ears to 
the words of knowledge.”— Prov. xxiii. 12. 

1[ This is the only sense in which apply is used in 
the English Bible. 

6. To address to. 

“ Sacred vows and mystic song apply’d 
To grisly Pluto and his gloomy bride.”— Pope. 

7. To use as means for the attainment of an end; 
for instance— 

(a) To give medicine to a diseased or torpid body. 
{Lit. <& Fig.) 

“Even now the stimulants which he applied to his tor¬ 
pid and feeble party produced some faint symptoms of 
returning animation.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

{b) To expend money for a certain object, or put 
it to a specified use. 

“The profits thereof might be applied toward the sup¬ 
port of the year.”— Clarendon. 

8. Formally to point out or tacitly to suggest the 
reference or suitability of a statement or principle 
to a certain person or thing; also to use science for 
the regulation and improvement of art. [Applied.] 

“This brought the death of your father to remem¬ 
brance, and I repeated the verses which I formerly applied 
to him.”— Dry den: Fables. 

“I had never deliberately applied these views to a spe¬ 
cies taken singly.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. i. 

9. To have recourse to, in the hope of being able 
to obtain assistance. (Now generally used intransi¬ 
tively.) [B., 2.] 

II. Technically: 

1. Geom.: Mentally to place one line or figure 
upon another one, and adjust the two together in a 
prescribed way. 

“For if the triangle A B C be applied to D E F, so that 
the point A may be on D, and the straight line A B upon 
D E . . .”— Euclid, Bk. I., Prop. 4. 

2. Theol.: To place to the sinner’s account the 
merits of Christ for justification. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To suit, to agree, to harmonize with, to bear 
analogy to, to refer to, to have some connection 
with. 

“ Would it apply well to the vehemency of your affec¬ 
tion that I should win what you would enjoy?”— Shakesp.: 
Merry Wives, ii. 2. 

2. To have recourse to, as a petitioner for some 
kind of aid, or for some favor or right. 

“I had no thoughts of applying to any but himself ; he 
desired I would speak to others.”— Swift. 

9.P-Ply-lug, pr. par. [Apply.] 

ap-pog-gi-a -to, a.,adv.,&s. [Ital. appoggiato 
= propped; appoggiata, appoggiatoio, appoggio= 
prop, support, defense.] [Apfogiatura.] A sus¬ 
taining of the voice in passing from one note to an¬ 
other. [Portamento.] 

ap-pog-gi-a-tfi r-a, a-pog-gl-a-tfir-a, 3 - 
po gl a-tfi r-a, s. [Ital. In Fr. appoggiature. 
From Ital. appoggiare=to lean upon: ad= to, and 
poggiare=to ascend; poggio=a hill, cliff, ascent; 
Lat. podium=an elevated place, a height.] 

Music: A grace-note consisting of a sound situ¬ 
ated a semitone or tone above or below that to 
which it is affixed, occurring usually on an accented 
portion of a bar, and written as if extraneous to its 
contents. 



Written. Rendered. 



"I ' 




pZtfc ia__ 




ifr-ce 

c 1 — — 1 -i—— n. 1 — 1 — 


3 P-p 6 i nt, *3-Poy nte, *3d-p6y nte, v. t. & i. 

[Fr. appointer, from point, pointer a point; O. Fr. 
apoint.er= to prepare, to arrange; Prov. apuntar , 
apontar,apointar; Sp. apuntar = to point, denote 
or appoint, ... to sharpen; Ital. appuntare 
= to sew, to sharpen, . _. . to fix, appoint; 
Low Lat. appuncto— to bring back to the point; 
(Hass Lat. ad= to, and punctum, accus. of punctus 
or punctum={\) a pricking, a stinging, (2) a point: 
pungo, pupugi, punctum—to prick, to puncture.] 
[Appointer.] 


l> 611 , b6y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. — bcl, d$L 


























appointable 


238 


appraiser 


A, Transitive: 

1. Ordinary Language. 

*1. To point to or at. 

“ Appoint not heavenly disposition.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

2. To decree, to ordain; hence to make secure, to 
settle. 

(a) To decree, to fix, to ordain, by divine or by 
human authority; as the arrangements in nature, 
those for divine worship, times, places, or anything 
similar. 

“ He appointed the moon for seasons.”— Ps. civ. 19. 

“ And the Lord appointed a set time, saying, To-morrow 
the Lord shall do this thing in the land.”— Exod. ix. 5. 

“Moreover I will appoint a place for my people Israel, 

. . .”—2 Sam. vii, 10. 

“It was their undoubted prerogative to regulate coin, 
weights, and measures, and to appoint fairs, markets, and 
ports.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

(b) To make secure, to establish, to settle. 

“. . . when he appointed the foundations of the 
earth . . .”— Prov. viii. 29. 

3. To nominate by competent authority to an 
office: or to do temporary service. (Followed by 
two objectives—one of the person nominated, and 
the other of the office.) 

“. . . to appoint me ruler over the people 'of the 
Lord . . .”—2 Sam. vi. 21. 

4. To allot, to assign, or adjudge to one a portion, 
wages, or an office or dignity. (Followed— 

(a) By an objective of the thing given, and to or 
unto before the person receiving it: 

“And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath 
appointed unto me .”—Luke xxii. 29. 

(b) By two objectives; there being an ellipsis of 
the to or unto.) 

“ . . . and appoint him his portion with the hypo¬ 
crites.”— Matt. xxiv. 51. 

“. . . Appoint me thy wages, and I will give it.”— 
Oen. xxx. 28. 

5. To command, to enjoin. 

“. . . and ordain elders in every city, as I had 
appointed thee .”—Titus i. 5. 

6. To equip, to supply, to furnish with all things 
necessary to efficiency. 

“ The English, being well appointed, did so entertain 
them, that their ships departed terribly torn.”— Hay¬ 
ward. 

II. Technically: To make a conveyance altering 
the disposition of landed property, and assigning it 
to a specified person. 

B. Intransitive: To decree, to arrange; fixedly to 

“So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam 
the third day, as the king had appointed, saying, Come to 
me again the third day.”—1 Kings xii. 12. 

“For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good coun¬ 
sel of Achitophel . . .”—2 Sam. xvii. 14. 

ap-pdi nt-gi-ble, a. [En g. appoint;-able.'] Com¬ 
petent to be appointed. 

ap-pdi nt-ed, pa. par. & a. [Appoint.] 

“Is there not an appointed time to man upon earth ?” 
—Job vii. 1. 

ap-pdm-tee, s. [Eng. appoint; -ee; Fr. appoints, 
pa. par. of appointer .] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: One who has received an appointment. 

2. Spec.: Formerly, a foot-soldier in the French 
army who, on account of his long service and tried 
courage, received higher pay than his comrades of 
the same grade. A lance-corporal. 

II. Technically (Laiv): 

1. In the same sense as 1.1. 

2. A person in whose favor a power of appoint¬ 
ment is executed. (Wharton.) 

“ But the usual course now is for some one to procure 
letters of patent, or other authority from the king, and 
then the ordinary of courts grants administration to such 
appointee of the Crown.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., 
ch. 82. 

appointee (sip-pdi n-ta), a. [Ft. appoints,-pa. 
par. of appointer.] [Appoint.] 

Her.: Pointed. (Applied to things which touch 
at the points or ends ; as two swords touching each 
other at their points or tips.) 

ap-pdi n-ter, *ap-poync-ter, s. [Eng. appoint; 
-er .] One who appoints. 

“ That this queen was the first appointer of this chaste 
attendance [eunuchs] for her bed-chamber, Ammianus 
testifieth.”— Gregory: Posthuma, p. 184. 

ap-p(unt'-Ing, pr. par. [Appoint.] 

UP-pdlnt-ment, *a-p6ynte’-ment, s. [From 
Late Lat. appunctuamentum. In Fr. appointe- 
ment; Sp. apuntamiento.) 


A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of appointing; the act of fixing any 
arrangements by divine or human decree, edict, or 
command, or by mutual stipulation. 

Specially: 

*1. The act of making preparations of any kind. 

2. The act of ordering or commanding any one; 
order, direction, injunction. 

“At the appointment of Aaron and his sons shall be all 
the service of the sons of the Gershonites, in all their 
burdens, . . . ”— Numb. iv. 27. 

“ . . . by the appointment of Absalom this hath been 
determined . . . ”—2 Sam. xiii. 32. 

3. The act of arranging for a meeting together; 
an assignation. 

“ . . . for they had made an appointment together to 
come and mourn with him.”— Job ii. 11. 

4. The act of nominating to any office. 

“ But such appointments could no longer be made 
without Berious inconvenience.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xi. 

II. The state of being appointed. 

III. That to which one is appointed, or which is 
appointed to one. (Gen. <£ Spec.) 

Specially: 

1. A situation, an office. 

2. Equipment, dress, furniture, arms, armament. 

“ They have put forth the haven: further on, 

Where their appointment we may best discover, 

And look on their endeavor.” 

Shakesp.: Antony & Cleopatra, iv. 10. 

IF Sometimes it is used in the plural. 

“A fish was taken in Polonia: such an one as repre¬ 
sented the whole appearance and appointments of a 
bishop.”— Gregory: Postli. (1650), p. 123. 

*3. (Plur.) Certain allowances paid to one in 
virtue of his holding a particular office; perquisites. 
“TyrConnel began to rule his native country with the 
ower and appointments of lord lieutenant, but with the 
umbler title of lord deputy.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. vi. 

B. Technically (Law): 

1. A, device for a charitable use. (Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 23.) 

2. An instrument or deed deriving validity from a 
previous deed, and operating as a conveyance by 
limiting or altering previous uses. 

Power of appointment: The technical name given 
to the earlier of the two deeds just mentioned—that 
which gives force to the other. 

*ap-pb rt, v. i. [Fr. apporter.) To bring, to con¬ 
duce, to import. 

*ap-po r-ter, s. [Fr. apporter— to bring, to con¬ 
vey; ltal. apportare; Lat. apporto= to bring or 
carry to: ad= to, and porto=to carry (spec., some¬ 
thing heavy).] One who imports or carries any¬ 
thing from one place to another, or from one coun¬ 
try to another. 

IF Now Importer (q. v.). 

“This makes only the apporters themselves, their 
aiders, abetters and assistants, traitors; not those who 
receive it at second hand.”— Hale: Hist. PI. Cr., ch. 20. 

ap-po r-tion, v. t. [Lat. ad= to, and portio= a 
portion.] [Portion, Part.] 

Ord. Lang. <& Law: To mete out in just propor¬ 
tions ; to share among several persons or several 
things in suitable proportion. 

“ Christ proportions several degrees of punishment in 
the other world, which he apportions to the degrees of 
death which had ever been among the Jews.”— Jeremy 
Taylor: Works (ed. 1839), vol. iii., p. 40. 

ap-po r-tion-ate, v. t. [Eng. apportion; -ate.] 
To apportion. (Hacket: Life of Williams, p. 275.) 

ap-po'r-tion-ate-ness, s. [En g. apportion; -ate, 
-ness.T The quality of being in just proportion to 
something else. 

“ There is not a surer evidence of the apportionateness 
of the English liturgy to the end to which it was de¬ 
signed, than the contrary fates which it hath under¬ 
gone.”— Hammond: Pref. to View of the New Directory. 

ap-po r-tioned, pa. par. & a. [Apportion.] 

ap-po r-tion-er, s. [Eng. apportion; -er.] One 
whose business it is to apportion. 

ap-po r-tion-ing, pr. par. [Apportion. ] 
ap-po r-tion-ment, s. [Eng. apportion; -ment.] 
Ord Lang. <& Law: The act of meting out any¬ 
thing, the rent of a house, for instance, in just pro¬ 
portions among several owners. The distributing 
anything among several persons according to their 
just claims; also, the state of being so meted out. 

“ It is even possible to conceive that in this original 
apportionment, compensation might be made for the 
injuries of nature.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i. ( bk. 
ii., ch. i., § 2. 

ap-po §e, v. t. [Fr. apposer= to affix, to put to; 
Port, appor; Lat. appono= to put at or near to.] 
[Apposite.] 


1. To apply to. 

“By malign putrid vapors, the nutriment is rendered 
unapt of being apposed to the parts.”— Harvey. 

2. To question, to examine. 

If Now written Pose (q. v.). 

“Which hem apposed, and knew alle here entente.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,291. 

“. . . to the end they may be apposed of those 
things which of themselves they are desirous to utter.” 
— Bacon. 

ap-po-§er, s. [Eng. appose; -er.] 

1. Gen.: One who questions another or others. 
(Now Poser.) 

ap -po-§ite, a. [Lat. appositus, pa. par. of ap- 
pono= to put or lay at or near, to apply to: ad= to, 
andpono=to put.] 

*1. Added. (Glossog. Nova, 2d ed.) 

2. Peculiarly applicable to; suitable to time, 
place, persons, and circumstances. 

“The duke’s delivery of his mind was not so sharp, as 
6olid and grave, and apposite to the times and occasions.” 
— Wotton. 

“This contrast, not unsuitable to life, 

Is to that other state more apposite.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

ap -po-§ite-ly, adv. [Eng. apposite; -ly.] In an 
apposite manner; fitly, suitably, appropriately. 

“He . . . quoted the New Testament appositely.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

ap'-po-Efite-ness, s. [Eng. apposite; -ness.] The 
quality of being apposite; fitness, suitableness, 
appropriateness. 

“Judgment is either concerning things ,to be known, 
or of things done, of their congruity, fitness, rightness, 
appositeness.” — Hale: Origin of Mankind. 

(i,p po-§I -tion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. apposition; Sp. 
aposicion; Port, apposigao; ltal. apposizione; from 
Lat. appositio.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of placing to or adding to. 

2. The state of being placed to or added to. 

“ . . . certain bones, placed more or less in apposition 
with it.”— Flower: Osteol. of Mammalia, p. 12. 

B. Technically: 

Gram.: The placing of two nouns or pronouns 
which are in the same case in juxtaposition with 
each other, without, however, connecting them by a 
conjunction. The word placed in apposition to the 
other does not so much add a completely new idea 
to that conveyed by the first one, as it explains that 
first. Examples: “She walks a queen,” “It is I,” 
“ Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.” In these sentences 
queen is in apposition with she, I with it, and Prince 
with Hamlet. She, I, and Prince are all in the 
nominative case. 

3 . p-po-§I -tion-al, a. [Eng. apposition; -a?.] 
Relating to apposition; in apposition. 

(Lp-p6§ -i-tive, a. [Eng. apposit(e); -ive.] Ap¬ 
posite. 

“ The words in the parenthesis being only appositive te 
the words going immediately before.”— Knatchbull: Tr.. 
p. 42. 

ap-poy nt, v. t. [Appoint.] 

ap-prai §e ( 1 ), *g,p-prl ze, *UP-prI §e, v.t. [Fr. 
appr6cier= (1) to value, (2) to appreciate, to esti¬ 
mate ; O. Fr. apreiser, apreisier, aprisier, aproisier; 
Sp .apreciar; Port . appreciar; ltal . apprezzare; 
Lat. appretio—( 1) to value, to appraise, (2) to pur¬ 
chase, (3) to appropriate: ad= to, and pretio=ta 
prize; pretium = price.] [Apprize, Appreciate, 
Price, and Prize.] To value any kind of property, 
especially by means of persons acting under the 
authority of the law, or by mutual agreement of 
the parties concerned. 

“. . . to apprize all the goods that were in the 
house.”— Bp. Hall: Account of Himself. 

tUP-Prai§e (2), v. t. [Formed from Eng, praise 
(q. v.).] To praise. (Poetic.) 

“ Appraised the Lycian custom, . . .” 

Tennyson : The Princess, ii. 

ap-prai§ed (1), *g,p-prlzed, *ap-prl§ed, *gip- 
pri §-It, pa. par. [Appraise (1).] 

t9,p-pra i§ed (2),pa.par. [Appraise (2).] 
&p-pra i§e-ment, *ap-pri §e-ment, s. [Eng. 

appraise; -ment.) 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of appraising; the state 
of being appraised ; that at which anything is ap. 
praised. (Dyche.) 

ap-pra i§-er, *ap-prl§ -er, *ap-priz -er, *. 

[Eng. appraise; -er.) One whose occupation it is 
to appraise property. The appellation is given 
chiefly to brokers of household furniture, but is 
also applied to all, of whatever calling, who in fact 
appraise property of any kind. (Dyche.) 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father, we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



appraising 


239 


apprentice 


ap-pra i§-ing, *g,p-pr! §-Ing, *ap-pri z-Ing, 

pr.par. & s. [Appraise ( 1 ).] 

As substantive: The act of valuing by means of 
persons authorized to do so. 

*APPre-ca'-tion, s. [Lat. ad=to, and precatio 
a praying, a prayer; from precor= to speak as a sup¬ 
pliant, to ask or beg for.] Prayer or supplication 
to or for. 

“Such shall be the fervent apprecations of your much 
devoted friend.”— Bp. Hall: Remains, p. 404. 

*ap'-pre-CA-tor-y, a. [Lat. ad=to, and pre- 
caiornis=pertaining to prayer.] Relating to prayer 
or supplication. 

“. . . how forcible shall we esteem the (not so much 
apprecatory as declaratory) benedictions of our spiritual 
fathers, sent to us, out of heaven.”— Bp. Hall: Cases of 
Conscience, iii. 9, 

g,p-pre- 91 - 3 ,-ble (or 01 = 8111 ), a. [In Fr. 
appreciable. ] 

1 . Capable of being estimated and its value as¬ 
certained. 

(а) Used in a general sense. 

“ Equally conclusive and more readily appreciable 
proof . . o”— Owen: British Fossil Mammals and Birds, 

p. xxiii. 

( б ) Used specially of a quantity which, though 
small, is yet large enough to enable it to be ascer¬ 
tained, or at least estimated. 

“. . . the derivative oscillation (as it may be termed) 
will be imperceptible in one case, of appreciable magni¬ 
tude in another, . . . ”— Herschel: Astron. 

“. . . the difference between the sexes in the amount 
of scarlet is so slight that it can hardly make any appre¬ 
ciable difference in the danger incurred.”— Darwin: The 
Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. xv. 

2. Worthy of being appreciated, valuable, 
ap-pre - 91 -ate, *ap-pre'-ti-ate (or cl, ti=sM), 

v.t. [In Fr. apprGcier; Sp. apreciar; Port, appre- 
ciar; Ital. apprezzare; Lat. appretio.\ [Ap¬ 
praise.] 

1. To value at a proper price. Spec., to estimate 
at a high price or value. {Lit. & Fig.) 

“. . . utterly incapable of appreciating his higher 
qualities.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

“. . . the mental culture necessary in order to ap¬ 
preciate Homer, . . . ”— Gladstone: Studies on Homer, 
vol. i., § iii., p. 25. 

2. To estimate anything, even though the element 
of price enter into it only remotely; to comprehend, 
to understand, accurately to conceive. 

“. . . to enable us to appreciate the action of an 
organ in health .”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. 
i., Introd., p. 31. 

Crabb considers that while appraise and appre¬ 
ciate both signify to value, appraise is used m a 
literal, and appreciate in a figurative, sense. One 
appraises goods, he appreciates and does not ap¬ 
praise the characters of men. To estimate a thing 
is to get the sum of the value by calculation; to 
esteem anything is to judge its actual and intrinsic 
value. Estimate is used either literally or figura¬ 
tively ; esteem, only in a moral sense. One estimates 
losses by fire, he esteems the character of a good 
man. 

ap-pre'-fjl-a-ted (or <ji = sM), pa. par. & a. 
[Appreciate.] 

ap-pre - 91 -a-ting (or ci = shl), pr. par [Ap¬ 
preciate.] 

9 tp-pre- 9 i-a'-tion, *ap-pre-ti-a’-tion (or cl and 
tl as shi), s. [In Fr. appreciation; Port, appre- 
ciacao.] [Appreciate.] The act of estimating any¬ 
thing at its just value, especially if that be a high 
one ; the state of being so valued ; the price, valu¬ 
ation, or estimate set upon it. 

“ Sorrow for sin—in appreciation they would ever have 
to be excessive.”—Hr. Playfere.- The Power of Prayer (1617), 
p. 58. 

"... a defective appreciation of colors .”—Herbert 
Spencer, 2d ed., vol. ii., p. 249, § 353, Note. 

ap-pre- 91 -a-tive (or cl as shi), a. [Eng. ap¬ 
preciate; -ive. In Fr. apprkciatif; Port, apprecia¬ 
tive.} Having, containing, or implying appreciation 
for. {Goodrich <& Porter.) 

3 . p-pre'- 9 l-a-tor-y (or cl as Shi), a. [Eng. ap¬ 
preciate; -orj/.] The same as Appreciative (q. v.). 
(Goodrich & Porter.) 

ap-pre-hend’, v. t. & i. [In Fr. apprihendre & 
apprendre; Sp. aprehender; Port, apprehender, 
aprender; Ital. apprendere=to learn, to conceive; 
Lat. apprehendo— (1) to seize, (2) to allege, (3) to 
comprehend: ad= to, and prehendo=to take hold 
of, to seize. From Lat. pree- before, and the same 
root which appears in A. S. herdan, gehentan—to 
take hold of, to pursue.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Of physical action: To take hold of, to grasp, 
to seize; especially to seize a criminal with the 
view of bringing him to justice. 


“ There is nothing but hath a double handle, or at least 
we have two hands to apprehend it.”— Taylor. 

“ And when he had apprehended him, he put him in 
prison, . . .”—Acts xii. 4. 

II. Of mental action: To seize, grasp, or lay hold 
of an idea or a conception ; to entertain an emotion. 

1. Of mental conceptions: 

(а) To interpret, to understand but somewhat 
doubtfully. 

“ What was spoken metaphorically may be apprehended 
literally. What was spoken ludicrously may be appre¬ 
hended seriously.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

(б) To believe, to be of opinion. 

“ . .to do what they conscientiously apprehended 
to be wrong?”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

2. Of emotion: To dread the approach of some 
evil; to look forward with anxiety to a coming event. 

“ Here, therefore, the opposition had more reason than 
the king to apprehend violence.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. ii. 

If In this sense it is sometimes used impersonally. 

“ It was apprehended that, if lie were now armed with 
the whole power of the Crown, he would exact a terrible 
retribution for what he had suffered.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiii. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Partially to understand. 

2. To think, conceive, entertain an opinion. (Gen¬ 
erally followed by that.) 

If (1). Apprehend in the sense classed above as II., 
1 (a) is a much weaker word than comprehend. 
Every one apprehends much which he does not com¬ 
prehend. 

(2) When apprehend is used in the sense classed 
as No. II., 1 {b), it may be contrasted with the verbs 
to conceive, to suppose, and to imagine. According 
to Crabb, to apprehend is simply to take an idea 
into the mind, as children do ; to conceive an idea 
is to form it after reflection, as is done by adults. 
To apprehend and to conceive are applied only to 
reality, while to suppose and imagine are used of 
things which may exist only in the imagination. 
Apprehend expresses the weakest kind of belief. A 
man is said to conceive that on which he forms a 
direct opinion; what one supposes may admit of 
a doubt, what one imagines may be altogether 
improbable or impossible, and that which cannot 
be imagined may be too improbable to be believed. 
{Crabb: Eng Synon.) 

(3) When apprehend is used in the sense classed 
as No, II., 2, it may be contrasted with the verbs to 
fear and to dread. These rise above each other in 
force after the manner of a climax in the order 
apprehend, fear , dread. We apprehend an unpleas¬ 
ant occurrence ; we fear a misfortune; 'we dread a 
calamity. Moreover, apprehend respects things 
only; fear and dread relate to persons as well as 
things. {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

(4) More {Sleep of the Soul, ii. 28) uses the form 
apprend, probably metri gratia. 

ap-pre-hend er, s. [Eng .apprehend; -erf] One 
who apprehends in any of the senses of that verb. 

*“ Gross apprehenders may not think it any more strange, 
than that a bullet should be moved by the rarefied fire.”— 
Glanville. 

ap-pre-hend'-Ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Appre¬ 
hend.] 

A. As pa. par. & adj.: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As substantive: Apprehension. 

“. . . to issue a proclamation for the apprehending 

of Ludlow.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

ap-pre-hen'-sl-ble, a [Lat. apprehensibilis.] 

*1. Able to be comprehended or included; com¬ 
prehensible, in a literal sense. 

“ The north and southern poles are incommunicable 
and fixed points, whereof the one is not apprehensible in 
the other.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

2. Able to be apprehended, in a lit. or fig. sense. 

“. . . in reality it exacts so powerful an effort on 
the part of the reader to realize visually, or make into an 
apprehensible unity, the scattered elements and circum¬ 
stances of external landscapes painted only by words 
. . .”—De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 173. 

ap-pre-hen-sion, s. [InFr. apprehension; Port. 
apprehensao; Lat. apprehensio, from apprehensum, 
supine of apprehendo .] [Apprehend.] 

I. The act or power of apprehending. 

1. Physically: The act of laying hold of, grasp¬ 
ing, or seizing with the hands or in some similar 
way, and especially of seizing a criminal to bring 
him to justice. [Prehension.] 

“A lobster hath the chely or great claw of one side 
longer than the other, but this is not their leg, but a 
part of apprehension, whereby they seize upon their 
prey.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 


2. Mentally: 

(а) The act of mentally grasping or laying hold 
of, especially the act of laying hold of an idea with¬ 
out studying it in its various relations so as to com¬ 
prehend it. [Comprehend.] 

“Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul’s 
naked intellection of an object, without either composi¬ 
tion or deduction.”— Glanville. 

“And acts in that obedience, he shall gain 
The clearest apprehension of those truths, 

Which unassisted reason’s utmost power 
Is too infirm to reach!” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

(б) Opinion, belief, founded on sufficient or rest¬ 
ing on doubtful evidence. 

“ . . . the unpardonable guilt of murder, which, in 
his apprehension, was aggravated rather than excused by 
the vice of intoxication.”— Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ch. 
xli. 

(c) The power or faculty by which man mentally 
apprehends. 

“What a piece of work is a man! . „ . in action, how 
like an angel! in apprehension, how like a god!”— 
Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 

II. The state of being apprehended, or being 
under the influence of apprehension. 

1. The state of being seized, grasped, or laid hold 
of; seizure. 

“See that he be convey’d unto the Tower: 

And go we, brothers, to the man that took him. 

To question of his apprehension.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iii. 2. 

“ Corn. True or false, it hath made thee Earl of Gloster. 
Seek out where thy father is, that he may be ready for our 
apprehension.” — Shakesp.: King Lear, iii. 6. 

2. Foreboding of evil, suspicion that something 
unpleasant is about to happen ; fear. 

“But Mackay’s gentle manner removed their apprehen¬ 
sion.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

III. That which is apprehended; an object of 
apprehension. 

“. . . a foolish extravagant spirit, full of forms, 
figures, shapes, objects, ideas, apprehensions, motions, 
revolutions.”— Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 2. 

ap pre-hen'-sive, a. [Fr. apprihensif; Sp. ap- 
rehensivo; Port, apprehensive; from Lat. appre¬ 
hensum, supine of apprehendo=to seize, or lay hold 
of.] 

1. Of intellect: 

*1. Cognizant of, acquainted with. 

“She, being an handsome, witty and bold maid, was 
both apprehensive of the plot and very active to prosecute 
it.”— Fuller: The Profane State, bk. v., c. 5 

(See Trench, Glossary, 7. 8.) 

2. Quick to understand. 

“Nourish’d imagination in her growth, 

And gave the mind that apprehensive power 
By which she is made quick to recognize 
The moral properties and scope of things.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

II. Of emotion: 

1. Gen.: Keenly susceptible of feeling in general. 

“ Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings, 

Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts.” 

Milton: Samson Agon. 

2. Spec.: Entertaining suspicion or slight fear of 
present or foreboding of future danger. 

“. . . a man insatiably greedy of wealth and power, 
and yet nervously apprehensive of danger.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

ap-pre-hen-sive-ly, adv. [Eng. apprehensive: 
-ly.\ In an apprehensive manner; with apprehen¬ 
sion. 

ap-pre-hen'-sive-ness, s. The quality of being 
apprehensive; fearfulness, dread. 

“Whereas the vowels are much more difficult to be 
taught, you will find, by falling upon them last, great 
help by the apprehensiveness already gained in learning 
the consonants.”— Holder. 

*ap-prend', v. t. [Apprehend, v., H (4).] 

g,p-pren -ti 9 e, *a-pren-tise, *a-pren-tys, s. 

[In Fr. apprenti, as s. = an apprentice ; as adj. — 
apprenticed; from apprendre = to learn; O. Fr. 
& Prov. apprentis, apprentiz; Sp. aprendiz — an 
apprentice; aprender — to learn ; Low Lat. ap- 
prenticius = an apprentice; Class. Lat. apprendo 
(poetic) = apprehendo = to seize, . . to com¬ 
prehend.] [Apprehend.] 

1. Ordinary Language <& Law: A young man, or 
young woman, who has been bound by indentures 
to serve a particular master or mistress for a certain 
term of years; the master again, on his side, cov¬ 
enanting to maintain the apprentice, and teach him 
or her the trade of which he makes profession. 

“. . . a kindly man, who became attached to the 
little fellow, and in due time made him [Faraday] his 
apprentice without fee.”—Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d 
ed.. xii. 349. 


bfjil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d«L 




apprentice fee 


240 


approbation 


2. In old Law-books: Advocates or barristers 
ander sixteen years’ standing were called Appren¬ 
tices (Apprenticii ad legem). After sixteen years 
they became sergeants (servientes ad legem). (Black- 
stone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 3.) 

apprentice fee. The fee paid to a master for 
taking charge of, supporting, and giving technical 
instruction to an apprentice. 

UP-pren'-tlge, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
bind as an apprentice or as apprentices. 
UP-pren'-tlged, pa.par. &a.[See Apprentice, v.] 
“Him portion’d maids, apprentic’d orphans blest, 

The young who labor, and the old who rest.” 

Pope. 

“UP-pren'-tlge-hood, s. [Eng. apprentice , and 
6uffix -hood.] Apprenticeship. 

“ Must I not serve a long apprenticehood 
To foreign passages, and in the end, 

Having my freedom, boast of nothing else 
But that I was a journeyman to grief?” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., i. 3. 

ap-pren-tige-ship, s. [Eng. apprentice, and 
suffix -ship.] 

1. Strictly: The term of years for which one is 
bound as an apprentice; also the state or condition 
of an apprentice. 

IT The duration of apprenticeships varies in dif¬ 
ferent countries. They seem to have been unknown 
among the old Romans. In England they are inci¬ 
dentally mentioned in an Act of Parliament in 
1388, but they were then so common that their 
origin must be sought at a long prior date. By the 
“ Statute of Apprenticeship,” 5 Eliz., c. 4, it was en¬ 
acted that no person should for the future exercise 
any trade, craft, or mystery at that time exercised 
in England, unless he had previously served an 
apprenticeship to it of at least seven years. The 
judges of the higher courts of law gave as nar¬ 
row an interpretation as they could to this repress¬ 
ive enactment. Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations, 
bk. i., ch. x., pt. ii., and bk. iv., ch. ii.) denounced 
it; and the Act 54, Geo. III., c. 9(5, swept it away. 
Optional apprenticeship, however, still flourishes 
in England, and is the common method of learning 
a handicraft. The enforcement of apprenticeship 
was never carried out to the same extent in Ireland 
and in Scotland as in England. France, Germany, 
and Italy have all at one time or other had compul¬ 
sory apprenticeships, though in the first-named 
country they were abolished during the Revolution 
of 1789. 

“. . . during his apprenticeship he [Faraday] found 

his appetite for knowledge provoked and strengthened 
by the books he stitched and covered.”— Tyndall: Frag, 
of Science, 3d ed., xii. 349. 

2. Loosely: The time during which one is learn¬ 
ing a profession, or acquiring skill in anything, even 
though he may not be formally bound by indentures 
to a master. 

“ He had never, he said, served an apprenticeship to 
the military profession.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 
ap-pren'-tig-Ing, pr. par. [Apprentice, v.] 
*$Lp-pren -tiS Age, s. [Fr. apprentissage; Sp. 
aprendizage.] The state or condition of an ap¬ 
prentice; apprenticeship (lit. <& fig.) 

“. . . than to be utterly without apprentisage of 
war . . .”—Bacon .- Observ. upon a Libel (1592). 

ap-pressed , ap-prest , a. [From Lat. appres- 
sum (adpressum), supine of apprimo (adprimo)—to 
press to : ad=to, and premo—to press.] 

Bot.: Pressed to, anything else; as, for instance, 
hairs pressed closely to the stem of a plant. [Ad- 
pressed.] (Loudon: Cycl. of Plants; Gloss.) 
*ap-pre-tl-ate (tl as shl), v. t. [Appreciate.] 
ap-pre-tl-a'-tion (ti as shl), s. [Apprecia¬ 
tion.] 

*UP-preu e, *up-prl eue, v. t. [Approve.] 
(Scotch.) 

*a,p-prl §e, *ap-prl ze, s. [In Fr. apprise —the 
formal notice sent to an inferior judge of the deci¬ 
sion come to by a superior one; from appris, pa. 
par. of apprendre —to learn, to teach.] [Appre¬ 
hend.] Notice, information. 

“ Then I praied him for to saie 
His will, and I it wolde obeie, 

After the forme of his apprize.” 

Gower: Conf. Amantis, bk. i. 

3 . p-prr§e (l), “up-prize (1), v. t. [From ap¬ 
prise, s. (q. v.).] To inform, to make aware, to 
ring to the notice of. 

“ Herman! I command thee, 

Knock, and apprise the Count of my approach.” 

Byron: Manfred, iii. 3. 

ap-prl §e (2), v. t. [“Apprize (2).] 

Up-priged (1 & *2), pa.par. [Apprise (1 & *2).] 
8,p-prl §-Ing (1 & *2),pr. par. [Apprise (1 & *2).] 
ap pri ze (2), aP-Pri'§e (2), v. t. Modified 
form or Appraise (q. v.). 


“ap-pri zed (1 & 2), pa. par. [“Apprize (1 & 2).] 
ap-pri ze-ment, *ap-prl §e-ment, s. [Ap¬ 
praisement.] 

ap-pri'z-er, *up-prl §-er, s. [Appraiser.] 
*ap-pri z-ing, pr.par. [Apprize (1).] 

*ap-pri z-Ing, pr. par. & s. [Apprize (2).] 

*.4s substantive ( Scotch Law): Formerly, an ac¬ 
tion by which a creditor sought permission to take 
the estates of his insolvent debtor. Adjudications 
have now been substituted in lieu of apprizings. 

ap-pro agh, *aP-pro ghe, *aP-pro gh, v. i. & t. 
[Fr. approcher, from proche= near; Prov. aprop- 
char, from propi=near; Ital. approssimarsi ; Old 
Ital. approcciare; Low Lat. approprio, from Lat. 
ad=to, andprope=near.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Of place: To advance to the immediate vicin¬ 
ity of, to draw near. 

“Daunger vaine it were to have assayd 
That cruell element, which all things feare, 

Ne none can suffer to approchen neare.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xi. 22. 

“Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city when 
ye did fight?”—2 Sam. xi. 20. 

2. Of time : To draw near, to be not far off. 

“ Behold, thy days approach that thou must die.”— Deut. 
xxxi. 14. 

3. Figuratively: 

(a) Gen.: To draw near to in other respects; as 
in aim, in attainments, or in intellectual or moral 
character. 

“ To have knowledge in all the objects of contempla¬ 
tion, is what the mind can hardly attain unto; the in¬ 
stances are few of those who have, in any measure, ap¬ 
proached toward it .’’—Locke. 

(b) In Scripture (Spec.) : To have near access of 
a spiritual kind to God. 

“I will cause him to draw near, and he shall approach 
untome: for who is this That engaged his heart to ap¬ 
proach unto me? saiththe Lord.”— Jer. xxx. 21. 

B. Transitive: 

+1. Really transitive : To cause to draw near. 

“ By plunging paper thoroughly in weak spirit of wine, 
and approaching it to a candle, the spirituous parts will 
burn without harming the paper.”— Boyle. 

2. Only apparently so, there being an ellipsis of to: 
To draw near to in place, in time, or in any other 
way. 

“ It was indeed scarcely safe to approach him [that is 
(to) him].”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

“ He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have 
approached Homer.”— Temple. 

ap prd agh, *UP-pro ghe, s. [From the verb. In 
Fr. approche.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of drawing near in place or in other 
ways. 

“ The Pastor learn’d that his approach had given 
A welcome interruption to discourse.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

“. . . a nearer approach to the human type.”— Owen: 
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 85. 

II. The state of being brought near in place, in 
time, or in other ways. 

“ Poets sang with emulous fervor the approach of the 
golden age.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

III. That by which one draws near; means or 
liberty of drawing near. 

1. Lit. : A road, a street, an avenue, or other way 
by means of which one can draw near to a place. 

“ We should greatly err if we imagined that the road by 
which he entered that city [Cork] bore any resemblance to 
the stately approach which strikes the traveler of the nine¬ 
teenth century with admiration.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng. 
ch. xii. 

[See also B. 1, Fortif.] 

2. Fig. : Liberty of drawing near; access. 

“Honor hath in it the vantage-ground to do good; the 

approach to kings and principal persons, and the raising 
of a man’s own fortunes.”— Bacon. 

B. Technically: 

1. Fortification (Plur.) : 

(a) Gen. : The works thrown up by an army for 
its protection while it is moving forward to attack 
a fort or other military post. Among these are the 
first, second, and third parallels, epaulements, with 
and without trenches, redoubts, places of arms, 
saps, galleries, and lodgments. James: Military 
Diet. 

If A signification analogous to this has found its 
way into poetry. 

“. . . Sextus Pompeius 
Makes his approaches to the port of Rome.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 8. 

“ Against beleagnr’d heav’n the giants move: 

Hills pil’d on hills, on mountains mountains lie. 

To make their mad approaches to the sky.” 

Dryden. 


Counter approaches are trenches carried on by the 
besieged against those of the besiegers. 

(b) Spec.: Attacks. 

“ . . . so soon we shall drive back 
Of Alcibiades the approaches wild.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, v. 1. 

2. Geom. Curve of equal approach : A curve of such 
a form that a body descending it, under the impulse 
of gravity, makes equal approaches in equal times 
to the surface of the ground. 

3. Algebra. Method of approach. [See Approxi¬ 
mation, B.] 

4. Gardening. [Approaching.] 
ap-proagh-affile, a. [Eng. approach; -able.] 

Capable of being approached. 

“. . . a region essentially mythical, neither ap¬ 
proachable by the critic nor measurable by the chronolo- 
ger.”— Grote: Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i. 

Up-proagh-affile-ness, s. [Eng. approachable; 
-ness.] The characteristic of being approachable. 

UP-pro aghed, *up-pro ghed, pa. par. [Ap¬ 
proach, v.] 

ap-pro agh-er, s. [Eng. approach; -er.] One 
who approaches, one who draws near. 

“ Thou gav’st thine ears like tapsters, that bid welcome 
To knaves and all approachers.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iv. 3. 

ap-pro agh-mg, pr.par., a., & s. [Approach, v.] 
A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

“ Unable to discern the signs of approaching reaction.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Gen.: A drawing near, an approach. 

“ A young Venetian, one that comes before 
To signify the approaching of his lord.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, ii. 9. 

2. Gardening: The grafting of a shoot or a small/ 
branch of one tree into another without detaching 
it from the parent stock. It is called also engraft¬ 
ing by approach or by inarching. 

ap-pro agh-less, a. [Eng. approach; -less.)] 
Having no means of approach. 

ap-pr5'agh-ment, s. [Eng. approach; -ment .]' 
The act of drawing near; the state of being brought 
near. 

“ As for ice, it will not concrete but in the approach, 
ment of the air, as we have made trial in glasses of water, 
which will not easily freeze.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

ap pro bate, v. t. [Approbate, a.] To express 
approval of. 

“ Mr. Hutchinson approbated the choice.”— J. Eliot. 
Scots Law: The term approbate is generally used 
along with reprobate, to which it is opposed. To 
approbate and reprobate is to attempt to take 
advantage of those portions of a deed which are 
in one’s favor, while repudiating the rest. This 
is not legally admissible. If a person approbate, 
approve, or assent to portions of a deed, and take 
legal advantage of this assent, he must accept the 
deed as a whole; he cannot “ reprobate,” repudiate, 
or reject the portions of it which he dislikes. 

ap’-pro-bate, a. [Lat. approbatus, pa. par. of 
approbo, -avi, -atum = to approve: ad = to, and 
probo— to try, test, judge, to prove ... to ap¬ 
prove; from probus=good, excellent.] Approved. 

“All things contained in Scripture is approbate by the 
whole consent of all the clergie of Christendome.”— Sir 
T. Elyot: Governour, fol. 206. 

ap -pro-ba-ted, pa. par. [Approbate, v.] 
ap'-pro-ba-ting, pr. par. [Approbate, v.] 
ap-pro-ba'-tion, “ap-pro-ba -cion, s. [In Fr. 
approbation; Sp. aprobacion; Port, approvaqao; 
Ital. approbazione, approvazione ; Lat. approbatio 
= (1) an approving, an assenting to, (2) proof, con¬ 
firmation ; from approbo = (1) to approve, (2) to 
prove.] [Approbate, Approve, Prove.] 

I. The act of approving or of proving. 

1. Of approving: 

(a) By words, or in any other way: Commenda¬ 
tion, praise, approval. 

“ Many, therefore, who did not assent to all that the 
king had said, joined in a loud hum of approbation 
when he concluded.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

“ Animals manifestly feel emulation. They love appro¬ 
bation or praise.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. L, 
ch. ii., p. 42. 

(b) Tacitly: The act of approving of one’s self, of 
another, or of others, within the secret recesses of 
the heart; liking, satisfaction, pleasure, compla¬ 
cency. 

“I am very sensible how much nobler it is to place the 
reward of virtue in the silent approbation of one’s own 
breast than in the applause of the world.”— Meltnoth: 
Pliny; Letters, bk. i., lett. 2. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; w€, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, WQlf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, filll; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



approfoative 

*2 The act of proving; attestation, support, 
proof. 

“ For God doth know how many now in health 
Shall drop their blood in approbation 
Of what your reverence shall incite us to.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., i. 2. 

II. The state of being approved. 

*Spec.: The state of being on probation; a novi¬ 
tiate in the Roman Catholic Church before being 
hopelessly committed to the secluded life of a monk 
or nun. 

“This day my sister should the cloister enter. 

And there receive her approbation.” 

Shakesp.: Me as. for Meas., i. 2. 
ap-pro-ba-tlve, a. [In Fr. approbatif; Port. 
approbativo.] Containing, expressing, or implying 
approval of; commendatory, laudatory. ( Cotgrave .) 
[Appbobatoby.] 

fap'-pro-ba-tor, s. [ Lat. adprobator, appro- 
bator. In Fr. approbateur; Ital. approvatore.] One 
who approves. 

“Accept them for judges and approbators." — Evelyn: 
Mem. and Letters. 

tap'-pro-ba,-tor-f ■ *ap -pro-ba-tor-Ie, a. [Eng. 

approbate; -ori/.l Expressing or implying appro¬ 
bation ; commendatory, laudatory. 

“. . . after the approbatorie epistle of Cardinal 

Turrecremate . . .”— Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist, 
p. 300. 

*ap-pro $he, v. t. [Appeoach.] 

*3>P-pr6'§h-e-g.iid, pr. par. [Northern dialect 
pr. par. of Appeoche (q. v.).] Proximate, in the 
vicinity. {Scotch.) 

“. . . it was equal in glore of armes to my town 

approcheand.” — Bellend.: T. Levins, p. 17. 

* 9 ,p-prompt\ v. t. [ Lat. ad, implying addition 
to, and Eng. prompt (q. v.).] To prompt, to stimu¬ 
late, to question. 

“Neither may these places serve only to apprompt our 
Invention, but also to direct our inquiry.”— Bacon: Learn¬ 
ing, bk. ii. 

*3,p-pr6'of, s, [From Eng. approve."] 

1. Approval, approbation. 

“O most perilous mouths. 

That bear in them one and the self-same tongue 
Either of condemnation or approof !" 

Shakesp.: Meas. for Meas., ii. 4. 

2. Proof, trial, experience. 

“ . . . Sister, prove such a wife 
As my thoughts make thee, and as my farthest band 
Shall pass on thy approof.” 

Shakesp.: Anto.iy and Cleopatra, iii. 2. 

3,p-prop -er-ate, v. t. [Lat. approperatus, pa. 
par. of appropero= to hasten.] To hasten, to accel¬ 
erate, to set forward. 

♦ap-pro-pln’-quate, v. i. [Lat. appropinquo= 
to draw near: ad — to, and propinquo ~ to bring 
near; propinquus= near; prope=near.] To draw 
near to, to approach. 

ap-pro-pln-qua'-tion, s. [Lat. appropinqua- 
tio; Sp. apropinquacion.] A drawing near, an 
approach. 

“ There are many ways of our appropinquation to God.” 
ftp. Hall: Remains, p. 90. 

*ap-pr6-plnque, v. i. [Lat. appropinquo= to 
flraw near.] To draw near, to approach. (Intended 
to be in a ludicrous sense, though the subject is 
exceedingly serious.) 

In the example there is an ellipsis of to, which 
makes the verb look transitive. It means (to) an 

end. 

“Mortal crisis doth portend 
My days to appropinque an end.” 

Butler: Hudibras, i. 

*ap-pro-pre, v. t. [See def.] Original form of 
Apfbopbiate, v. (q. v.). 

“His awen ioyes, les and mare, 

That til hymself sal be appropried thare.” 

Hampole: Prick of Consc., 9,346. 

ap-pr6-prl-g.-ble, a. [Eng. appropriate); 
-able .] Which may be appropriated. 

“This conceit, applied unto the original of man and the 
beginning of the world, is more justly appropriable unto 
its end.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

$,p-pro -prl-ate, v. t. [Apfbopbiate, a.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. To transfer to one’s self money, property, or 
other tangible thing, which one previously held in 
common with others, or even which was wholly 
theirs. 

“. . . other the y-halyede stedes thet byeth apropred 

to guodes seruise .”—Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 40. 

“ . . . he spoke of merchandise as well as provisions 
captured and appropriated.” — Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., 
p. "407. 


241 

Z. To set aside part of what fs one’s own for a 
special purpose. 

“ As for this spot of ground, this person, this thing, I 
have selected and appropriated, I have inclosed it to my¬ 
self and my own use: and I will endure no sharer, no 
rival, or companion in it.”— South. 

3. To set apart or designate a sum of money to be 
expended for a particular purpose. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To take or attempt to take to one’s self a nat¬ 
ural or spiritual advantage designed to be common 
to many others. 

“. . . to themselves appropriating 
The Spirit of God, promised alike, and given 
To all believers.”— Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 

“ A liberty like his, who, unimpeach’d 
Of usurpation, and to no man’s wrong, 
Appropriates nature as his Father’s work, 

And has a richer use of yours than you.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. v. 

2. To assign a specific meaning to words which 
previously were general in their signification. 

“ He need but be furnished with verses of sacred Script¬ 
ure; and his system, that has appropriated them to the 
orthodoxy of his church, makes them immediately irre¬ 
fragable arguments.”— Locke. 

B. Technically: 

Eng. Law : To annex the fruits of a benefice to a 
spiritual corporation. [Appbopbiation, B., 1.] 
“Before Richard II., it was lawful to appropriate the 
whole fruits of a benefice to any abbey, the house finding 
one to serve the cure.”— Ayliffe. 

ap-pro -prl-cjtte, a. & s. [From Lat. appropria - 
tus, pa. par. of approprio : from ad— to, and pro- 

f irio=to appropriate ; propius=one’s own; perhaps 
rom prope= near. In Fr. approprii, [Appbo- 
peiate, v .] 

1. Properly : Pertaining to something previously 
shared in common, but now rendered the property 
of an individual. 

2. Suitable, fit, becoming, well adapted to the cir¬ 
cumstances. 

“. . . with appropriate words 
Accompanied, . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 
B. As substantive : Special function or aim. 

“The Bible’s appropriate being (as itself tells us) to 
enlighten the eyes and make wise the simple.”— Boyle: On 
the Style of Holy Scrip., p. 44. 

ap-pro-pri-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Appbopbi- 

ATE, V.] 

“ . . . in an appropriate spot.” 

Wordsworth: The Excursion, 

ap-pro prl-ate-ly, ado. [Eng. appropriate ; 
suffix -ly.] In an appropriate manner; fitly, suita¬ 
bly, pertinently, properly. (Todd.) 

ap-pro -prLate ness, s. [Eng. appropriate; 
-ness.] The quality of being appropriate. 

“The appropriateness of this particular charge was a 
fresh cause of suspicion.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 
642. 

sj.p-pro -prl-a-tlng, pr.par. [Apfbopbiate, v.] 
ap~pro-prLa -tion, s. [In Fr. appropriation; 
Sp. apropiacion; Port, appropriagao ; Ital. appro- 
priazione; Lat. appropriation] [Appeopbiate, v.] 
A. Ordinary Language : 

I. The act of appropriating. 

1. Lit. : The act of taking that to one’s self which 
one previously held in common with others, or of 
applying anything to a special purpose. 

“ The first of these modes of appropriation, by the gov¬ 
ernment, is characteristic of the extensive monarchies 
which from a time beyond historic record have occupied 
the plains of Asia.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., Prelim. Re¬ 
marks, p. 14. 

2. Fig. : The act of mentally assigning to a gen¬ 
eral idea a limited or specific meaning. 

“The mind should have distinct ideas of the things, 
and retain the particular name, with its peculiar appro¬ 
priation to that idea.”— Locke. 

II. The state of being appropriated. 

III. That which is appropriated. 

“ . . . and thus were most if not all, the appropria¬ 
tions at present existing, originally made, being annexed 
to bishoprics, prebends • • .”— Blackstone: Comment ., 
bk. ii., ch. 11. 

IV. The act of designating or setting apart any¬ 
thing, especially money, for a particular purpose or 
use. 

V. That which is set apart for a particular pur¬ 
pose. 

B. Technically (Eng. Law): 

1. The transference to a religious house, or spir¬ 
itual corporation, of the tithes and other endow¬ 
ments designed for the support of religious ordi¬ 
nances in a parish; also these when transferred. 
When the monastic bodies were in their glory in the 


approve 

Middle Ages, they begged, or bought for masses and 
obits, or in some cases even for actual money, aU 
the advowsons which they could get into their 
hands. In obtaining these they came under the 
obligation either to present a clergyman to the 
church, or minister there in holy things themselves. 
They generally did the latter, and applied the sur¬ 
plus to the support and aggrandizement of their 
order. On the suppression of the monasteries in 
the reign of Henry VIII., the appropriated advow¬ 
sons were transferred to the king, and were ulti¬ 
mately sold or granted out to laymen, since called 
impropriators. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. i., ch. 

2. Appropriation of payments: The application 
by a creditor of money received from a debtor, who 
owes him several accounts, to that particular one 
which he (the creditor) thinks fit to reduce or 
liquidate. 

?Lp-pr5'-prI ^-tive, a. [Eng. appropriate; -ive.] 
Appropriating; involving the appropriation of 
something. 

ap-pro’-prl-a-tor, *e.p-pro-prI-e-tar-f, s. 

[Lat. apropriator, appropriator .] 

I. Of the form Appeopeiatob only. 

Gen. : One who appropriates anything. 

II. Of either form. 

Eng. Law : A spiritual corporation which has had 
annexed to it the tithes of a benefice; or the individ¬ 
ual at the head of such a corporation. Also a lay¬ 
man who has such tithes transferred to him; but in 
this latter case the term commonly used is impro- 
prietor, meaning one who, not a sacred personage, 
improperly holds church funds or lands. 

“. . . a vicar has generally an appropriator over 
him, entitled to the best part of the profits, to whom he i9 
in fact perpetual curate, with a standing salary.”— Black¬ 
stone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 2. 

“Let me say one thing more to the approprietaries of 
benefices.”— Spelman. 

ap-prov-able, a. [Eng. approve; -able.] Able 
to be approved of, meriting approval. 

“ The solid reason or confirmed experience of any man 
is very approvable in what profession soever.” — Browne 
Vulgar Errors. 

ap-prov-gt-bleness, s. [Eng. approvable; 
-ness.] The quality of being worthy of approba¬ 
tion. 

ap pro v al, s. [Eng. approve; -al.] Approba¬ 
tion. 

TT Dr. Johnson calls this “ a word rarely found,” 
but since his time it has completely revived. 

“ There is a censor of justice and manners, without 
whose approval no capital sentences are to be executed.” 
— Temple. 

*aP~Pr6 V-an§e, s. [Eng. approve; -ance .] Ap¬ 
probation, approval. 

“ As parents to a child complacent deign 
Approvance, the celestial Brightness smil’d.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

ap-pro've, *aP PreQ e (Eng.), *ap-prie ve 

(Scotch), v. t. & t. [In Fr. approuver; Pro v.apro- 
bar, aproar: Sp. aprobar; Port, approvar; Ital. 
approbare; Lat. approbo— (1) to approve, (2) to 
prove: ad=to, andpro6o=to try, test, . . . to be 
shown to be good; probus =good.] [Appeobate, 
Peove.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To be pleased with. 

(a) More or less formally to express satisfaction 
with, or liking for, or complacency with regard to 
any statement, measure, or person. 

“ His deep design unknown, the hosts approve 
Atrides’ speech.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. ii., 173, 174. 

(b) To like, to feel satisfied with, to be pleased 
with, even when there is no outward or formal ex¬ 
pression of such inward complacency. 

“ He seemed to seek in every eye 
If they approved his minstrelsy.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 8L 

2. To prove. 

t(a) To establish the truth of any proposition by 
reasoning; to attempt to show that it is worthy tc 
be accepted; hence, to assent to it. 

“ In religion, 

What damned error, but some sober brow 
Will bless it, and approve it with a text I” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iii. 2. 

t(6) To prove by actual experience; to test, to try, 
to show, to exhibit. 

“. . . In all things ye have approved yourselves to 
be clear in this matter.”—2 Cor. vii. 11. (See also Acts ii. 
22; 2 Cor. vi. 4.) 

“During the last three months of his life he had 
approved himself a great warrior and politician.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 


btfil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f. 
cian, -tian = sh$n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus, -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del, 

16 



approved 


242 


aprasia 


(e) To commend one’s self to another person or 
being by worthy deeds. 

“Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman 
that needeth not to be ashamed.”— 2 Tim. ii. 15. 

II. Technically: 

Military Law: The confirmation by a superior 
oflicer or functionary of the sentence come to by a 
court-martial. 

" The colonel or commanding officer approves the sen¬ 
tence of a regimental court-martial . . . The governor 
or other commanding officer of the garrison approves the 
sentence [of a garrison court-martial].”— James: Milit. 
Diet., 4th ed. (1816), p. 141. 

B. Intransitive: To express or to feel approba¬ 
tion. (Generally followed by of. Milton put an 
infinitive after it, but this is now obsolete.) 

“ Avaux listened, wondered, and approved.” — Macaulay: 
Bist. Eng., ch. xii. 

“ Why hast thou, Satan, broke the bonds prescribed 
To thy transgressions? and disturb’d the charge 
Of others, who approve not to transgress.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. iv. 

$p-pr6 ved, *a,p-pr6 v-^d, pa. par. & a. 

A. As past participle: 

“. . . most approvyd in counsaylinge . . .”— 

Chaucer: Melibeus. 

B. As participial adjective: 

“ Our public hives of puerile resort, 

That are of chief and most approved report.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

“ Claud. Not to be married, 

Not to knit my soul to an approved wanton.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado, iv. L 

fltp-prfi've-ment, s. [Eng. approve; -ment.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of approving, approbation, approval; 
the state of being approved. 

“It is certain that at the first you were all of my opin¬ 
ion, and that I did nothing without your approvement.”— 
Bayward. 

*2. Improvement. (II., Law, 1.) 

II. Law: 

1. The improvement of lands by enclosing a por¬ 
tion of them for purposes of cultivation. 

“ For it is provided by the Statute of Merton, 20 Hen. 
TTT , c. 4, that the lord may approve, that is, enclose and 
convert to the uses of husbandry (which is a melioration 
or approvement) any waste grounds, woods, or pastures, 
in which his tenants have common appendant to their 
estates; provided he leaves sufficient common to his ten¬ 
ants, according to the proportion of their land.”— Black- 
stone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 16. 

g,p-prd'v-er, s. [Eng. approve; -er. In Ger. pril- 
fer; Sp. aprobador .) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. One who approves of any person or thing. 

“He that commends a villain is not an approver only, 

but a party in his villainy.”— South: Sermons, viii. 190. 

2. One who makes trial. 

“Their discipline, 

Now mingled with their courage, will make known 
To their approvers they are people, such 
That mend upon the world.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. 4. 

II. One who approves or appeals, that is, confesses 
a felony, at the same time betraying his accom¬ 
plices, in the hope of obtaining pardon to himself. 
The reason why he is called approver (in Lat. pro- 
bator=pTover) is that he has to prove what he 
alleges. Any person whom he accuses is called an 
appellee. It is felony in a jailor to force a man to 
turn approver. ( Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., 
chaps. 10 and 25.) 

“. . . his testimony would have far greater weight 
with a jury than the testimony of a crowd of approvers 
swearing for their necks.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,, ch. 

xxi. 

^tp-pro v-Ing, pr.par. [Approve.] 

“ That, pledged on earth and seal’d above, 

Grows in the world’s approving eyes, 

In friendship’s smile and home’s caress.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Fire-Worshipers. 

3. p-pr6 v-ing-l^, adv. [Eng. approving; -ly.] 
In a manner to ensure approval. 

*ap-prox'-i-mant, a. [In Ital. approssimante: 
from Lat. approximans, pr. par. of approximo.] 
[Approximate, v.] Approaching. 

“ . . . whereby our times might be approximant and 
conformant to the apostolical and pure primitive church.” 
— Sir E. Dering's Speeches, p. 74. 

sip-prox’-I-mate, a. [Lat. approximate, pa. 
par. of approximo.] 

A. Ordinary Language: Nearest to, next to. 

“ These receive a quick conversion, containing approxi¬ 
mate dispositions unto animation.”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 


B. Technically: 

1. Math., Chem., Music, and Science generally: 
Making a near approach to exactness, but not 
quite exact. Used with regard to quantities which 
cannot be ascertained with absolute accuracy. 

“ . . . the approximate concord of an octave.”— Airy: 
On Sound (1868), p. 262. 

2. Zoology: 

(a) In the same sense as No. 1. 

“ Although hardly one shell, crab or fish is common to 
the above-named three approximate faunas of Eastern 
and Western America, and the eastern Pacific islands.”— 
Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. xi., p. 348. 

(b) Of teeth: So arranged in the face as to leave 
no obvious interstices between them. 

Stp-prox-I-mate, v. t. & i. [From approximate, 
adj. (q. v.). InFr . approximer; Port, approximar; 
Ital. approssimare; all from Lat. approximo ( Ter- 
tullian ) :,ad= to, and proximo—to approach; proxi- 
mws=nearest, the superl. of prope=near.] 

A. Trans.: To cause to draw near, to make to 
approach. 

“The favor of God, embracing all, hath approximated 
and combined all together ; so that now every man is our 
brother, not only by nature, as derived from the same 
stock, but by grace, as partakers of the common redemp¬ 
tion.”— Barrow: Works, i. 24L 

B. Intrans.: To draw near, to approach. 

“Among such five men there will be one possessing all 

the qualifications of a good workman, one bad, and the 
other three middling, and approximating to the first and 
the last.”— Burke: Thoughts on Scarcity. 

ap-prox’-l-ma-ted, pa. par. & a. [Approxi¬ 
mate, v.] 

A. As past participle: Brought near; made to 
approach. 

B. As adjective (Bot ., die.): Near together. {Lou¬ 
don: Cycl. of Plants, Gloss.) 

approx-I-mate-ly, adv. [Eng. approximate; 
-ly.] So as to draw near or approach, as a calcula¬ 
tion which cannot be made with perfect exactness, 
but to which an approach is practicable. 

“. . . prolonged movements of approximately con¬ 
temporaneous subsidence.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. xvi. 

“ . . . marks of approximately the same shape. . .” 
— Ibid., Descent of Man (1871), pt. ii., ch. xvi. 

“In both cases the pressure may be represented at 
least approximately by the formula.”— Prof. Airy: On 
Sound, pp. 19, 20. 

ap-prox’-l-ma-tifig, pr.par. [Approximate,v.] 

ap-prox-I-ma'-tion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. approxi¬ 
mation; Sp. aproximacion; Port, approximacao; 
Ital. approssimazione; from Lat. approximo .] [Ap¬ 
proximate, v .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of approaching; approach, drawing 
near in any way. 

“IJnto the latitude of Capricorn, or the winter solstice, 
it had been a spring; for unto that position it had been 
in a middle point, and that of ascent or approximation.” 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

2. The state of being near; nearness, proximity. 

“. . . our access to such temptation, whose very ap¬ 
proximation is dangerous .”—Jeremy Taylor: Exposition 
of the Lord’s Prayer. 

“ In the principal events there is an approximation to 
an agreement.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. i., 
§14. 

B. Technically: 

I. Geometry, Algebra, Arithmetic, cfee.: 

1. Implying motion toward: A continued ap¬ 
proaching nearer and nearer to a quantity or mag¬ 
nitude which cannot be determined with absolute 
precision. 

2. Implying rest: A quantity or magnitude pre¬ 
senting as near an approach as is practicable to the 
unattainable one. (Seel.) 

II. Biol.: An approach in structure, indicating 
affinity. 

“ This approximation, also, is more especially marked 
in the larger development of the innermost of the five 
digits of the foot in the chimpanzee.”— Owen: Classif. of 
the Mammalia, p. 67. 

III. Med.: Communication of a disease by con¬ 
tact. Spec., a ridiculous and now obsolete method 
of attempted cure of a disease by transferring it by 
contact to an animal, or even a vegetable, placed in 
the immediate proximity to the diseased person. 
(Parr.) 

IV. Surgery: The bringing of a fractured portion 
of the skull into immediate and dangerous proxim¬ 
ity to the dura mater. (Parr.) 

ap-prox-i-ma-tlve, a. [Eng. approximate: 
-ive. In Ger. approximate; Fr. approximatif .] 
Approaching, containing an approach. 

“ This statement is, of course, only approximative and 
subject to modification in detail.”— World, N. Y. 


ap-pui’ (pui=pwi), ap-puy' (puy=pwe), < 

[Fr. appui— support.] Support. 

*A. [Of the form appuy.] Support. (Scotch.) 

“What appuy or of whom shall she have, being forsakei 
of her own and old friends.”— Letters of Lethington, it 
Keith’s Hist., p. 233. (Jamieson.) 

B. [Of the form appui.] (Eng.) 

Technically: 

1. Mil.: Any particular given point or body upon 
which troops are formed, or by which they are 
marched in line or column. This point is called, 
after the example of the French, the “ point d'ap- 
pui.” (James: Military Diet.) 

2. Horsemanship: The stay upon the hand of a 
rider; the horse’s sense of the action of the bridle 
in the horseman’s hand. 

H A full appui is a firm stay upon the hand; and 
a more than full appui is exhibited when a horse is 
stopped with some suddenness and decision, but 
still so that he does not force the rider’s hand. 
(Ibid.) 

*ap’-pulle, s. Old form of Apple. 
*ap’-pul-m6y, *ap’-pul-m5ge, *ap’-pyl-mo§e, 
s. [O. Fr. appwZ=apple, and A. S. mos=food.] A 
dish in cookery, of which apples appear to nave 
been the principal ingredient. ( Boucher <& Prompt, 
Parv.) The following is a recipe for it:—“Take 
apples, and seeth hem in water: drawe them thrugh 
a strynour; take almande mylke and honey, and 
flo’r of rye, saffron and powderfort, and suet, and 
seeth it stonding (i. e., boil it to so thick a con¬ 
sistence that a spoon or anything of that sort will 
stand in it).” (Pegge: Forme of Cury., No. 79.) 
(Boucher.) 

ap’-pulse, s. [In Ital. appulso: from Lat. ap- 
pulsus, s.=a driving to; also a landing, ... an 
arrival; appulsus, pa. par. of appello, appuli, 
appulsum=to drive to: ad= to, ana pello=to push 
or strike; to drive.] 

*1. Ordinary Language : A striking against. 

“An hectic fever is the innate heat kindled into a 
destructive fire through the appulse of saline steams.”— 
Harvey. 

2. Astron.: The approach of a planet or a fixed 
star to the meridian, or to conjunction with the sun 
or the moon. 

“All the stars, it is true, occupy the same interval of 
time between their successive appulses to the meridian or 
to any vertical circle.”— Herschel: Astron., § 143. 

UP-Pul’-sion, s. [Lat. appulsus, pa. par. of 
appello.] [Appulse.] The same as Appulse (q. v.). 

AP^pul'-sive, a. [Eng. appulse; -ive.] Causing 
bodies to suffer an appulse. 

(tp-pul'-slve-ly, adv. [Eng. appulsive; -ly.] 
In an appulsive manner, so as to cause an appulse. 

*AP-pun'Ct, *g,-pufi'ct, v. t, [Low Lat. appunct- 
uare=to come together: ad=to, and vunctum— a 
point.] To settle. (/Scotch.) [Appoint.] 

“It is apunctit and accordit betwix William Coluile 
and Robert Charteris.”— Act. Dom. Cone., A. 1488. 

*9-P-pfir’-ghase, v.t. [Purchase, v.] To obtain, 
to procure. (Scotch.) 

“. . . which he appurchased by his moyen.” 

(Pittscottie.) (Jamieson.) 

ap-pur'-ten-ange, *ap-per’-ten-ange, s. [O. 

Fr. apurtenaunce; Fr. appartenance; Ital. appar- 
tenenza. From Lat. appertinens , pa. par. of apper- 
tineo— to belong to: ad—to, and pertineo= to hold 
through, to pertain to; per= through, and teneo— to 
hold.] That which belongs to any person or thing; 
that which, though perhaps loosely connected with 
another thing, still pertains to it, or is a part or an 
appendage of it. (It is followed by of or to.) [Ap¬ 
pertain and Purtenance.] 

“Can they, which behold the controversy of divinity, 
condemn our enquiries in the doubtful appurtenances of 
arts, and receptaries of philosophy?”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

“ Come then: the appurtenance of welcome is fashion 
and ceremony . . .’’—Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 

• . for we see globes, astrolabes, maps, and the 
like, have been provided as appurtenances to astronomy 
and cosmography, as well as books.”— Bacon: Advanc. of 
Learn., bk. ii. 

ap-pur’-ten-ant, tS-P-per’-tln-gnt, a. & s. [O. 

Fr. apurtenaunt; Fr. appartenant; from Lat. ap- 

f <ertinens, pr. par. of appertineo = to belong to.] 
Appurtenance.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to, belonging to. 

B. As substantive: That which belongs to a per¬ 
son or thing; an appurtenance. 

“ You know how apt our love was to accord, 

To furnish him with all appertinents 
Belonging to this honor.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., ii. 2. 

9,-pra'-§I-g,, s. [Gr. aprasia=want of purchasers: 
a, priv., and piprasko-to sell.] A genus of lizards 
belonging to the family Gymnophthalmidee. The 
extremities are almost entirely wanting. The A. 
pulchella, the only species, inhabits Australia. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw’ 




apricate 

tap’-ti-cate, v. i. [Lat. apricor and aprico , v. t., 
from Lat. apricus. In Ital. aprico = (1) open, un¬ 
covered, (2) sunny.] To bask in the sun. 

“ Positively not sunning, but mooning himself— apri- 
eating himself in the occasional moonbeams.” — De 
Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 229. 

+ap-rl§'-l-tf, s. [Lat. apricitas .] Sunshine, 
ap rl-cot, *a-bri-cock, *ab -rl-cot, *ap'-rl- 
COCk, s. [In Ger. abricose ; Fr. abricot; Arm. bri- 
gosen ; Wei. bricyllen; Sp. albaricoque; albar = 
white; Ital. albicocca; Lat. ai£>ws=white, and coc- 
cum=& berry ; Qr.kokkos—a kernel.] In Dioscorides 
praikokion. From Lat. prcecoquis, prcecoquus, or 
prcecox= early ripe.] A fruit—that of the Prunus 
armeniaca ; also the tree on which it grows. It is 
not settled that it came, as the Latin specific name 
would imply, from Armenia. It is wild in Africa 
and in the Caucasus, where the mountains in many 
places are covered with it; it is found also in China 
and some other countries. It is esteemed only sec¬ 
ond to the peach. 

“ Gard. Go, bind thou up yon dangling apricocks.” 

Shakesp.: King Richard II., iii. 4. 
“And Basra dates, and apricots, 

Seed of the sun, from Iran’s land.” 

Moore: L. R.: The Light of the Mar am. 

apricot-color, a. [In Lat. armeniacws.] Yellow, 
with a perceptible mixture of red. {Lindley : 
Introd. to Bot.) 

apricot-tree, s. [Eng. apricot: tree. In Ger. 
abricosenbaum ; Fr. abricotier ; Ital. albicocco.] 
[Apricot.] The tree on which the apricot grows. 

A’-prll, s. & a. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger. 
April; Fr. Avril ; Irish Abrail; Gael. Giblean; 
Corn. Ebril; Wei. Ebrill: Sp. & Port. Abril; Ital. 
Aprile ; Lat. Aprilis. Generally regarded as a 
contraction of aperilis; from aperio= to open. 
Opening month; the month in which plants open. 
But Sir Cornewall Lewis says : “ The derivation of 
Aprilis from aperire overlooks the fact that with a 
year of 304 days, April would not always have been 
a spring month. Another etymology connects it 
with aphros= foam, from which Venus, to whom 
the month was sacred, was said to have sprung.] 
[Aphrodite.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: Now the fourth month of the year, though 
when Aprilis was first introduced into Rome by the 
mythic Romulus it was the second. The Anglo- 
Saxons called it Easter-monath=Easter month. 
During April the sun is technically said to pass 
through Aries and Taurus, but the precession of the 
equinoxes makes him really traverse portions of 
Pisces and Aries. 

“ ’Twas April, as the bumpkins say, 

Tie legislature called it May.” 

Cowper: A Fable. 

2. Fig. : The commencement of love ; the spring- 
tide of affection. 

“Ant. The April’s in her eyes: it is love’s spring, 

And these the showers to bring it on.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., iii. 2. 

“Sweet Aprill many a thought 
Is wedded unto thee, as hearts are wed: 

Nor shall they fail till, to its autumn brought, 
Life’s golden fruit is shed.” 

Longfellow : An April Day, st. 8. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Belonging to the fourth month of the 
year. 

“ Oh, how this spring of love resembleth 
The uncertain glory of an April day j 
Which now shews all the beauty of the sun, 

And by and by a cloud takes all away 1” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 3. 

2. Fig.: Promising warmth. 

“. . . men are April when they woo, December when 
they wed.”— Shakesp.: As You Like It, iv. 1. 

April-fool, s. One sent upon a bootless errand, 
or otherwise made a fool on the 1st of April. 

April-fool-day, s. The first day of April. [All- 
fools’-day.] 

“I do not doubt but it will be found that the balance of 
folly lies greatly on the side of the old first of April; 
nay, I much question whether infatuation will have any 
force on what I call the false April-fool-day.”—The World, 
No. 10. 

a prl-or-I, used as adj. or adv. [Latin, literally 
=from that which is before. The a, though really 
Latin, is generally marked A, as if it were French.] 

fl. Logic : [A method of reasoning forward from 
an hypothesis to its legitimate consequence, or 
from,a known or imagined cause to an effect. It is 
essentially the same as deduction, while the A pos¬ 
teriori method is the equivalent of induction. A 
priori reasoning is quite trustworthy in mathe¬ 
matics ; for the data being hypothetical, error can¬ 
not arise if the ratiocination be properly conducted. 
In metaphysics, intuitions assumed as the starting- 

f oint for reasoning rest on an a priori foundation. 

n natural theology we reason a priori when we 
infer the divine origin of the universe from the 
theory of an intelligent Creator; we reason aposte- 


243 


riori when we infeT the existence of an intelligent 
Creator from the works of creation. [A Posteriori, 
Deduction, Induction.] 

“Thus the conception of the decomposition of com¬ 
pound molecules by the waves of tether comes to us rec¬ 
ommended by a priori probability.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., x. 

2. Ord. Lang.: Prior to investigation; before 
thinking seriously of a question. 

* 3 ,-prI §e, v. t. [Fr. pris, pa. par. of prendre— to 
take, to seize.] To take. 

“The riche prince was there aprised, 

He suifred to be circumcised.” 

Festivals o/ the Church (ed. Morris), 230-31. 

*<j,-prl§e’ *<j,~pry'§e, s. [O. Fr. emprise — an 
enterprise.] An enterprise. 

“ For Alisaunder’s gret aprise.” 

Alisaunder, 353. {Boucher.) 

“Hyt war a fayr apryse.” 

Lyl Discon. 1,696. {Boucher.) 

a-pron, *a'-peril, *na -prun {Eng.), na p-pern 
{N. of Eng.), s. [In Gael, aparan, aparran; Ir. 
aprun (these three are from the English); Fr. 
napperon = a small tablecloth, put over the great 
one, to protect the latter from stains {Littri.); nappe 
= a tablecloth ; Old Fr. naperon, which Wedgwood, 
partly following Roquefort, considers to be the in- 
tensitive of nape — a cloth, as napkin is the diminu¬ 
tive ; OldFr. appronaire= a woman’s apron; appi- 
onier = a blacksmith’s apron. Low Lat. napa, 
nappa = napkin. Thus, n is now missing from the 
word apron, arising from the false division of the 
article and the noun ; thus a napron was incorrectly 
written an apron, Cf. adder.] [N apery.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. A cloth, a piece of leather, or anything similar, 
tied round the waist, and hanging down before — 

(a) To keep the clothes clean while work is being 
done. 

“Prince. How might we see Falstaff, and not ourselves 
be seen? 

Poins. Put on two leather jerkins and aprons, and 
wait upon him at his table as drawers.”— Shakesp.: 2 
Hen. IV., ii. 2. 

Or (6) for delicacy. 

“ . . . and they sewed fig-leaves together, and made 
themselves aprons.” — Gen. iii. 7. 

2. A piece of leather, oil-cloth, or similar material 
used to shield persons riding in vehicles in stormy 
weather. 

3. The apron of a goose: The fat skin covering the 
belly of a goose. 

B. Technically: 

1. Gunnery: A square plate of lead, placed over 
the touchhole of a cannon, to preserve it clean and 
open, and keep the powder inside dry. ( Dyche, 
James, &c.) 

2. Naval Architecture : 

(а) A piece of curved timber fixed immediately 
above the foremost end of the keel. 

(б) A platform raised at the entrance of a dock, 
against which the dock-gates are shut. 

8. Mech.: The piece that holds the cutting tool in 
a planing machine. {Goodrich <& Porter.) 

4. Plumbing: A strip of lead which leads the drip 
of a wall into a gutter; a flashing. 

apron-lining, s. 

House Carpentry: The cover of the apron-piece 
(q.v.). 

apron-man, s. A man wearing an apron ; a term, 
designed to be somewhat contemptuous, for an 
artisan. 

“ You have made good work, 

You, and your apron-men.” — Shakesp.: Coriol., iv. 6. 

apron-piece, s. 

1. House Carpentry: A small piece of timber pro¬ 



jecting from a wall to support the ends of the joists 
underlying the landing-place in a staircase. 

2. Mech.: [See Apron, B., 3.J 
apron-string, s. The string of an apron. “To 
be tied to the apron-strings of a wife, sister,” &c., 
means=to be unduly controlled by her. {Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. x.) 

a-pr6ned, a. [Eng. apron; -ed.] Wearing an 
apron. {Pope: Essay on Man, iv. 197.) 

*a-pr6n-eer', s. [En g. apron; -eer. ] A trades¬ 
man. Contemptuously applied by the Cavaliers to 
the Parliamentarians. {D'Urfey; Collin's Walk, iii.) 

apropos (ap-ro-po), adv. & adj. (Fr. a. and 
propos= (l) a thing said in conversation, (2) speech, 
(3) purpose, design, (4) pi., idle talk. 


apsides 

A. As adverb: 

1. Opportunely, seasonably, by the way. 

2. As bearing upon the subject, as suggested by; 
by the way. (See example under B. 2.) 

TT Frequently followed by of ; as, apropos of 
this, &c. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Opportune, seasonable. 

2. Appropriate, bearing on the matter in hand; to 
the point. 

“ Our Friend Dan Prior told (you know) 

A tale extremely apropos.” 

Pope: Imitations of Horace; Sat. vi. 153-4. 

apse, ap'-sis (pi. ap'-sI-de§ortap'-se§), s. [In 

Ger. apside; Fr. abside (Arch.), apside (Astron.); 
Sp. & Port, (pi.) apsides (Astron.) ; Ital. apside .* 
Lat. absis, genit. absidis: or apsis, genit. apsidis, 
Gr. hapsis—Ionic apsis = (1) a joining, a fastening, 
(2) the felloe of a wheel or the wheel itself; hence, 
also, a bow, an arch, a vault; haptb— to fasten or 
bind to.] 

fl. Carriage Building : The felloe or exterior rim 
or circumference of a wheel. (See etym.) 

II. Architecture; 

1. Gen. : The arched room of a house, an oven, &c. 

2. Specially: 

(a) A semi-circular or polygonal and generally 
dome-roofed recess in a building. Several apses 
exist in some mediaeval churches, the episcopal 
throne being against the center of the wall of one, 
the principal altar in front of a second, and smaller 
altars in others. They exist also in the temples of 
antiquity. {Gloss, of Architecture.) 



(b) The bishop’s seat or throne, called also Exedra 
and Tribune. 

III. Art.: A reliquary or case in which the re¬ 
puted relics of saints were placed. 

IV. Astron. [See Apsides.] 

ap'-si-dij,l, a. [Lat. apsidis, genit. of apsis; and 
Eng. suffix -appertaining to.] [Apse.] 

1. Pertaining or relating to an architectural apse 
or apsis. 

“ Gloucester Cathedral crypt, with aisle and three radi¬ 
ating apsidal chapels.”— Gloss, of Arch., p. 29. 

2. Relating to the apsides of the moon or of the 
primary planets. 

ap'-sl-de§, s. pi. The plural of Apse or Apsis 
(q.v.). 

I. Generally: 

II. Technically {Astron.) : The two points in the 
elliptic orbit of a planet where it is at the greatest 
and at the least distance respectively from the body 
around which it revolves. The moon moving in an 
elliptic orbit around the earth, which is situated'im 
one of the foci, is at what was anciently called its 
higher apse when it is in apogee, and at its lower 
one when it is in perigee. Similarly, the primary 
planets, including the earth and comets, moving in 
elliptic orbits around the sun, which is situated in 
one of the foci, pass through their higher apse when 
they are in aphelion, and their lower one when in 
perihelion. It is the same with the satellites of 
Jupiter when they are in apojove and perijove. 

Line of the apsides: The line connecting the two 
apsides of a primary or sec¬ 
ondary planet. Were it not for d 

a motion of the apsides, it 
would exactly coincide with f yW 

the major or longer axis of / 
the ellipse. Let A d b he the A ( 
orbit of the moon, of which .. — 

the eccentricity has heen pur- \ '***' / 

posely exaggerated, and let c \ / 

be the earth ; then A and B are 
the two lunar apsides. 1 

Progression of the moon's 
apsides: A slow movement in the position of the 
apsides of the moon, produced by the perturbing 
attraction of other heavenly bodies. It is about 3” 


bdil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c, = bel, d«l. 





































244 


aqua 


apsis 

of angular motion in one revolution of the moon, 
and in the same direction as her progression in her 
orbit. The apsides of the primary planets are also 
to a certain extent perturbed. 

Revolution of the moon's apsides: The movement 
of the apsides around the entire circumference of 
the ellipse, which takes place in 3232'5753 mean 
solar days, or about nine years. 

Libration in planetary apsides: A movement 
sometimes forward and sometimes backward in the 
apsides of Venus and Mercury, from perturbations 
caused by other heavenly bodies, 
ap'-sxs, s. [Apse.] 

apt, *apte, a. [In Fr. apte; Sp. & Port, apto: 
Ital. atto. From tat. aptus=(\) fitted or attached 
to; (2) bound or tied together, connected; (3) suit¬ 
able : apto— to fit; Gr. hapto=to fasten or bind to; 
Sansc. dp—to go to, to obtain.] 

IT Not used in the first or second senses of the 
tat. aptus, but only in the third or figurative one. 

I. Fit, suitable, proper. 

“Long frieze mantles, resembling those which Spenser 
had, a century before, described as meet beds for rebels 
end apt cloaks for thieves . . .”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., 
ch. xii. 

II. Having a tendency to. 

1. Of things: Liable to. 

"Things natural, as long as they keep those forms 
which give them their being, cannot possibly be apt or 
inclinable to do otherwise than they do.”— Hooker. 

2. Of persons: Having a disposition to, prone to, 
inclined to. (Used of persons.) 

III. Quick, ready. 

“I have a heart as little apt as yours.” 

Shakesp.; Coriol, iii. 2. 

IV. Qualified for; with a natural genius, or ac¬ 
quired skill and knowledge for, or both. 

“ Apt to teach.”—1 Tim. iii. 2; 2 Tim. ii. 24. 
*apt-tinding, a. [Eng. apt; A. S. tendan, tyndan 
=to tind, to set on fire.] Having a tendency to 
ignite. 

“Incessantly th’ apt-tinding fume is tost 
Till it inflame.” 

Sylvester’s Du Bartas. (Wright: Diet. Obs. <& Prov. Eng.) 
♦apt, v. t. [From the adjective. In Port, aptar; 
Lat. apto.) 

*1. Lit.: To place in close proximity to, as if 
fitted or adjusted to. 

“They sit so apted to her.”— Beaum. & Flet. (1647). 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To suit, to adapt, to fit. 

“We need a man that knows the several graces 

Of history, and how to apt their places.” 

Ben Jonson. 

“Delivers in such apt and gracious words 
That aged ears play truant at his tales.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost. 

2. To dispose, to prepare. 

“The king is melancholy, 

Apted for any ill impressions.” 

Denham: Sophy. 

*apt-g.-ble, a. [Eng. apt; -able.] That may be 
adapted. 

*ap'-tate, v. t. [Lat. aptatus, pa. par. of aptor= 
to be made fit.] 

Astrol.: To render apt, fit, or suitable. 

“To aptate a planet is to strengthen the planet in 
position of house and dignities to the greatest advantage, 
in order to bring about the desired end.”— Bailey. 

*ap -ted, pa. par. [Apt, v.] 
ap-ten-o-d?-te§, s. [(1) Gr. apten=( 1) un¬ 
fledged, (2) unable to fly: a, priv., and ptenos= 
feathered, winged; ptenai , aor. inf. of petomai—to 
fly; (2) dutes=a diver; duo=to enter, to plunge into.] 
Ornith: A genus of swimming birds, classed by 
some under the family Alcadee, and by others under 
that of Spheniscid®. It contains the penguins of 
the Southern hemisphere. Their wings are rudi¬ 
mentary, with only vestiges of feathers, and their 
feet so far behind that when on shore they have to 
sit or stand bolt upright. When pursued, however, 
they can manage to make way quickly by using 
their wings as an anterior pair of legs. The water 
is their natural element, in which they live, and 
they move in it with much agility. They are web¬ 
footed diving birds. Example, A. Patagonica , a 
species as large as a goose, seen standing in large 
flocks on barren shores near the Straits of Magel¬ 
lan, and here and there as far as New Guinea. 

ap'-ter-k, s. pi. [Neut. plur. of Gr. apteros— 
wingless: a, priv., and pteron—a wing \petomai—to 

fly.] 

Zool.: Linnaeus’s name for his seventh and last 
order of Insecta. This order contained a heteroge¬ 
neous assemblage of six-footed insects proper— 
spiders, crabs, and centipedes. Any entomologists 
who now retain it limit it to the wingless orders of 


insects proper—the Anoplura, the Mallophaga, the 
Thysanura, and the Aphaniptera, which, however, 
are now not placed in a single category, owing to 
the fact that the Aphaniptera differ from the rest 
in undergoing metamorphosis. 

ap'-ter-g,l, a. [In Fr. aptbre; Port, aptero. 
From Gr. apteros= wingless.] [Apteka.] 
fl. (Lit.) Zool.: Without wings like those of a 
bird or insect. 

2. (Fig.) Arch.: Not having columns on the sides. 
(Used of temples or similar buildings.) 

ap'-ter-an§, s. pi. [Apteka.] The English 
equivalent for Apteka (q. v.). 

ap-ter-0-n5 -tus, s. [Gr. apteros = . . . fin- 
less, and notos, or no<on=the back.] 

Zool.: A genus of American fishes of the Eel 
family. They have on their back not a fin, but a 
soft, fleshy filament couched in a furrow. They 
have an affinity to Gymnotus. 

ap'-ter-ous, a. Gr. qpferos=wingless. In Fr. 
aptbre; Port, aptero.) [Apteka.] 

1. Zool.: Wingless. 

“ Cuvier and Latrielle divide the Apterous insects into 
three tribes: the Suctoria (Fleas); the Parasita (Lice), 
. . . and the Thysanoura.” — Owen: Invertebrata, 

Lect. xvi. 

2. Bot.: Without membranous, wing-like expan¬ 
sions. Loudon: Cycl. of Plants; Gloss.) 

ap-ter-jfg -1-dae, s. pi. [Apteryx.] 

Zool.: A family of Cursorial Birds, with some 
affinities to the Struthionid®, or Ostriches, but dif¬ 
fering in their lengthened bill, their short legs, 
their possession of a short hind toe with a strong 
claw, and finally by their wings being quite rudi¬ 
mentary. 

ap-ter-yx, s. [Gr. a, priv., and pterux, genit. 
pterugos=a wing.] 

Zool.: A genus of birds, the typical one of the 
family Apterygid*. Two species are known—the 
A. australis and A. Mantelli , both from New Zeal¬ 
and. The natives call the former, and probably 
also the latter, Kiwikiwi, which is an imitation of 



Apteryx. 


their peculiar cry. The A. australis is somewhat 
less in size than an ordinary goose. It runs when 
pursued, shelters itself in holes, and defends itself 
with its long bill; but unable as it is to fly, its fate, 
it is to bfe feared, will soon be that of the dodo—it 
is now almost extinct. 

*ap-thane, s. Another spelling of Abthane. 
(Scotch.) 

ap’-tl-tude, s. [In Fr. aptitude; Sp. aptitud; 
Port, aptidao; Ital. attitudine; Lat. apto— to fit; 
qpfws=fit.] 

1. Fitness, suitableness, adaptation. Used — 

(a) Of things: 

“ The mutual aptitude of seed and soil.” 

Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v. 

(b) Of persons: Competence for, natural genius 
or acquired skill for learning or for doing any par¬ 
ticular thing. 

“ . . . he seems to have had a peculiar aptitude for 
the management of irregular troops.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xii. 

2. Tendency toward, proneness to. (Used of man 
and other animated beings, as well as of things 
inanimate.) 

“ The aptitude of the Cheiroptera, Insectivora, and cer¬ 
tain Rodentia to fall like Reptiles into a state of true tor¬ 
pidity . . .” — Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 84. 

*ap-tl-tu-din-al, a. [From Eng. aptitude .] 
Possessing aptitude for. 

*ap-ti-tu'-dln-al-ly, adv. [Eng. aptitudinal: 
- ly .] In an aptitudinal manner. 

apt-ly, adv. [Eng .apt;-ly.) 

1. Fitly, suitably; with proper adaptation, corre¬ 
spondence, or connection. 

“In his wild notes seem aptly met 
A strain of pleasure and regret.” 

Scott: Bokeby, ii. 29. 


2. Pertinently, justly. 

“Irenseus very aptly remarks, that those nations who 
were not possest of the gospels, had the same accounts of 
our Saviour which are in the Evangelists.”— Addison. 

3. Quickly, readily. (Johnson.) 

apt-ness, s. [Eng. apt; -ness.) 

1. Fitness, suitableness. 

“ The nature of every law must be judged of by the apt¬ 
ness of things therein prescribed, unto the same end.”— 
Hooker. 

2. Tendency. Used — 

(a) Of things inanimate: 

“Some seeds of goodness give him a relish of such re¬ 
flections as have an aptness to improve the mind.”— Addi¬ 
son. 

(b) Of animated beings: Propensity, proneness. 

“. . . their aptness to superstition.”— Jeremy Taylor: 

Of the Decalogue. Works (ed. 1839), vol. iii., p. 14. 

3. Quickness, readiness. 

“What should be the aptness of birds in comparison of 
beasts to imitate speech ? may be enquired.”— Bacon. 

ap -tote, s. [Lat. aptota, neut. plur.; Gr. ap- 
tota, neut. pi. of aptotos, adj.=without casesj a, 
priv., and ptosis—( 1) a falling, (2) a case; peptoka, 
2 perf. of pipto— to fall.] 

Grammar: A noun “without cases,” that is, an 
indeclinable noun. 

ap-t]r-chus, s. [Gr. a, priv., and ptuchos, 
genit. of ptux=a fold, leaf, layer, or plate.l 

Palceont.: A fossil body now regarded as the 
operculum of Ammonites (q. v.). Before their 
nature was understood they were called Trigonel- 
lites, Lepadit.es, and various other names. 

a'-pfis, s. [Gr. apous = footless, without feet: a, 
priv., and pous— a foot.] 

1. Zool.: A genus of Entomostracans, the typical 
one of the family Apodidse. They have the cara¬ 
pace of one piece, and completely enveloping the 
anterior part of the animal. Though the name im¬ 
plies that they are footless, yet they have about 
sixty pairs of feet. 

2. Astron.: One of Lacaille’s twenty-seven South¬ 
ern constellations. Its English name is “ the Bird 
of Paradise,” that animal being once erroneously 
supposed to be destitute of feet. [Paradise.] 

ap-y-ret -Ic, a. [InFr. apyretique; Gr. a, priv., 
and puretikos = feverish; puretos — burning heat, 

. . . fever; puresso — to be feverish, to be in a 
fever; pur— fire . . .] Free from fever. 

ap -y-rex-y, ap-y-rex -I-g,, s. [In Fr. apyrexie; 
Port. & Mod. Lat. apyrexia; Gr. apurexia; a, priv., 
and nwresso.] [Apyretic.] The intermission or 
the abatement of a fever. 

ap-y -rlte, s. [In Ger. apyrit; Gr. apuros = 
without fire: o, pnv., and pur —fire ; Eng. suffix -ite, 
denoting quality.] 

Min.: An unimportant variety of Tourmaline not 
now retained. 

ap-y-rous, a. [InFr. apyre; Lat. apyros; Gr. 
apuros= without fire: a, priv., and pur= fire. In¬ 
combustible ; not able to be altered by the greatest 
amount of heat to which, in the present state of 
scientific knowledge, it can be subjected. 

IF An apyrous body is not the same as a refractory 
one. In the former the heat produces no percepti¬ 
ble change; while the latter may be in various 
ways altered, though not fused. 

aq. A contraction for Aqua, used in physicians’ 
prescriptions. 

aq. bull., contracted from aqua bulliens=boHins 
water. 

aq. fer., contracted from aqua /ervena=boiling 
water. 

aq. dest., contracted from aqua destillata=dis- 
tilled water. 

aq. font., contracted from agwa fontana= spring 
water. 

a -qua, s. [Lat.=water. In Ital. acqua; Port. 
agua, agoa; Sp. agua; Old Fr. aigu, jauve, con¬ 
tracted m Mod. Fr. into eau: A. S. ed = running 
water, a stream, water; O. H. Ger. aha= a river; 
Goth, ahva; Wei. gwy, aw; Irish oig, oiche; Gael. 
uisge; Arm. eagui=to water; Pers. au6=water, as 
Punjaub or Panja’b=the five waters or rivers; 
Sansc. ap=water, ap= to go.] 

1. (Standing alone): 

Pharm.,&c.: Ordinary water. 

2. (Having in apposition with it an adjective or 
substantive which limits its signification): 

Pharm., Chem., dtc.: A liquid, of which water con¬ 
stitutes the chief part, the adjective or substantive 
'ndicating which. In the Materia Medica, aqua. 
followed by the genative of some plant, means wa¬ 
ter holding in solution a small quantity of oil or 
other volatile matter derived from that plant; as 
Aqua camphor ce=water of camphor; Aqua cinna- 
moni= water of cinnamon ; Aqua rosce— rose water. 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





aqua 

aqua alcalina oxymuriatica. Oxymuriatic 
alkaline water, used as a bleaching liquid. 

aqua aluminis composita. Compound alum 
water. 

aqua aluminis Bateana. Bates’s alum water, 
aqua ammonise. Water of ammonia; called 
also Liquor ammonice. It is a solution of ammonia- 
cal gas in water. 

aqua ammonise acetatis. W T ater of acetate of 
ammonia. 

aqua ammonise causticse. Caustic water of 
ammonia. 

aqua ammonise acetitis. Water of acetite of 
ammonia. 

aqua ammonise purse. Pure water of ammonia, 
aqua anethi. In modern pharmacy = dill 
water. 

aqua calcis. Lime water, 
aqua calcis composita. Compound lime water, 
aqua camphorse. In modern pharmacy=cam- 
phor water. 

aqua carbonatis ammonise. Water of carbon¬ 
ate of ammonia. 

aqua carui. In modem pharmacy=caraway 
water. 

aqua carui spirituosa. Spirituous caraway 
water. 

aqua cerasorum nigrorum. Black cherry 
water. 

aqua cinnamomi. In modern pharmacy=cin- 
namon water. 

aqua cinnamomi fortius. Strong cinnamon 
water. 

aqua cinnamomi spirituosa. Spirituous cin¬ 
namon water. 

aqua citri aurantii. Orange-peel water, 
aqua citri medicse. Lemon-peel water. 

aqua cupri ammoniati. Water of ammoniated 
copper. 

aqua cupri vitriolata. Water of sulphate of 
copper. 

aqua destillata. Distilled water. [Aqtle, A.] 
aqua floris aurantii. Orange-flower water, 
aqua fceniculi. In modern pharmacy=common 
or sweet-fennel water. 

aqua fontana. Water from a fountain; spring 
water. 

*aqua fortis. [Strong water. In Sp. aqua 
fuerte .] In Chemistry, Modern Pharmacy, &c., an 
old name for nitric acid. 

“It dissolves in aquafortis, with good ebullition and 
heat, into a red liquor so red as blood.”— Bacon: Physiol. 
Bern. 

aqua grseca. A weak solution of nitrate of silver, 
sometimes sold to dye hair of a black color. It is 
unwise to use such dyes. 

aqua kali. Water of kali, or the liquor of the 
subcarbonate of potassa. 

aqua kali caustici. Water of caustic kali. 

aqua kali prseparati vel puri. Water of pre¬ 
pared or pure kali. 

aquajuniperi composita. Compound juniper 
water. 

aqua labyrinth!. In anatomy, a fluid contained 
within the labyrinth of the ear. 

aqua lauri cassise. Cassia or Bastard cinnamon 
water. 

aqua lauri cinnamomi. Cinnamon water. 

aqua laurocerasi. In modern pharmacy=laurel 
water. 

aqua lithargyri acetati. Water of acetated 
litharge. 

aqua lithargyri acetati composita. Com¬ 
pound water of acetate of litharge. 

aqua lithargyrites. Water of litharge. 

aqua menthae piperitae. In modern pharmacy 
=peppermint water. 

aqua menthae piperitae spirituosa. Spiritu¬ 
ous peppermint water. 

aqua menthae pulegii. Pennyroyal water, 
aqua menthae sativae. Spearmint water, 
aqua menthae sativae spirituosa. Spirituous 
spearmint water. 

aqua menthae viridis. In modem pharmacy= 
spearmint water. 

aqua menthae vulgaris. Common mint water, 
aqua menthae vulgaris spirituosa. Spiritu¬ 
ous mint water. 


245 


*aqua mirabills. [Li#.=the wonderful water.] 
A liquor prepared of cloves, galangals, cubebs, 
mace, cardamoms, nutmegs, ginger, and spirit of 
wine, digested twenty-four hours, and then dis¬ 
tilled. (Johnson.) 

aqua morgagni. A watery humor found after 
death between the capsule and the body of the lens 
in the human eye, having probably been absorbed 
from the aqueous humor. (Todd <& Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 34.) 

aqua muriatis calcis. Water of muriate of 
lime. 

aqua myrti pimentse. Allspice water, 
aqua nucis moschatae. Nutmeg water, 
aqua oxymuriatica. Oxymuriatic water, 
aqua oxymuriatis potassae. Water of oxy- 
munate of potash, 
aqua picis liquida. Tar water, 
aqua pimentse. In modern pharmacy=pimento 
or allspice water. 

aqua pimentse spirituosa. Spirituous pimento 
water. 

aqua piperis jamaicensis. Jamaica pepper 
water. 

aqua potassae. Water of potash. A solution of 
potassa in water. 

aqua, pulegii. Pennyroyal water, 
aqua pulegii spirituosa. Spirituous penny¬ 
royal water. 

aqua raphani composita. Compound water of 
horse-radish. 

aqua regia. [In Sp. aqua regia.) A liquor con¬ 
sisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids in certain 
proportions. It has the property of dissolving gold, 
whence its name, regia or royal. Properly speak¬ 
ing, it is only the chlorine which attacks the gold. 

“ Gold is dissolved with agua regia into a yellow liquor, 
with little heat or ebullition.”— Bacon. Physiol. Bern., 
p. 418. 

aqua rosae. Bose water, 
aqua sambuci. Elder-flower water, 
aqua saturnina. Water of lead, 
aqua secunda. Nitric acid liberally diluted 
with pure water. Its use in art is to clear the sur¬ 
face of metals and of certain stones. 

aqua seminum anisl composita. Compound 
aniseed water. 

aqua seminum carui. Caraway-seed water, 
aqua seminum carui composita. Compound 
caraway water. 

aqua styptica. Styptic water, 
aqua subcarbonatis kali. Water of subcarbon¬ 
ate of kali. 

aqua sulphureti ammonise. Water of sul- 
phuret of ammonia. 

aqua sulphureti kali. Water of sulphuret of 
kali. Hydrosulphuret of potassa. 

aqua supercarbonatis potassse. Water of 
supercarbonate of potash. 

aqua supercarbonatis sodse. Water of super- 
carbonate of soda. 

aqua tofana. [From an infamous Italian woman 
called Tofana, who lived about the middle of the 
seventeenth century, and is said to have poisoned 
more than 600 people by means of a deadly prepa¬ 
ration she had discovered. A preparation in which 
the main ingredient is crystallized arsenic in solu¬ 
tion. Modern chemistry very easily detects the 
presence of arsenic in the stomach and intestines 
of one poisoned by it, and renders the rise of a 
second Tofana all but impossible, 
aqua vegeto-mineralis. Yegeto-mineral water, 
aqua vitae. [Li#.=water of life. In Dan. aqva- 
rit. ] A term applied to distilled spirits by its vo¬ 
taries, to indicate their belief that it has the power 
of imparting life to those who worship with suffi¬ 
cient frequency at its shrine. The same creed was 
held by those who first coined the words Whiskey, 
Usquebaugh, Eau de Vie, and Geneva (q. v.). Some 
extend the term aqua vitce to spirits of wine and 
brandy, while others apply it to spirituous liquor 
distilled from malt, as contradistinguished from 
brandy, which they limit to liquor procured from 
wine or the grape. 

“ Alas ! alas !—Help ! help ! my lady’s dead !— 

O, well-a-day, that ever I was born ! 

Some aqua vitce, ho ! My lord ! my lady !” 

Shakesp.: Borneo and Juliet, iv. 5. 

aqua vitse man. A seller of drams. 

“ Sell the dole beer to aqua xntcemen." 

Ben Jonson : Alchemist, i. 1. 

aqua vitriolica. Vitriolic water, 
aqua vitriolica caerulea. Blue vitriolic water, 
a'-quae, s. [Genit. sing, or nomin. pi. of Lat. 
aqua (q. v.).] 


aquatic 

A. Nomin. Plur.: Waters. 

Aquae destillatce: Aqueous distillations of herbs. 
They contain volatile oils from the plants thus 
treated. In the singular aqua destillata has a dif¬ 
ferent meaning, being=distilled water, i. e., water 
distilled to render it as pure as possible. (Cattle, 
&c.) 

B. Genit. Sing.: Of water. 

Aquae ductus. [Lit .—the leading or conducting 
of water.] In Scots law, “ a servitude,” consisting 
in the right to make a watercourse through the 
lands of another person. 

Aquae haustus. [ Lit .=the drawing of water.] In 
Scots law, “ a servitude,” consisting of a right to 
water cattle at a river, rivulet, pond, or well in the 
land of another. 

* 3 .-quake, pret. ?,-que ightte (gh silent), v. i. 
[A. S. acwacian=to be moving or trembling.] To 
tremble. 

“The glevmen useden her tongue, 

The wode aqueightte so hy sunge.” 

Alisaunder, 6,267. (Boucher.) 

a -qu 9 .-ma. r 1 ne, *a-qua ma-rl-nj,, s. [Latin 
=marine water, a term borrowed from the Italian 
lapidaries, to whom it was suggested by a remark 
of Pliny’s, that the mineral thus named resembled 
the green color of the sea.] 

Min.: A bluish-green variety of the Beryl (q. v.). 
It is regarded as a gem. The finest specimen known 
came from Brazil. 

“Kinchinjunga bore nearly due north, a dazzling mass 
of snowy peaks, intersected by blue glaciers, which 
gleamed in the slanting rays of the rising sun like aqua¬ 
marines set in frosted silver.”— Hooker: Himalayan Jour¬ 
nals, chap, viii , vol. i., p. 184. 

IT On the Continent of Europe, the term Aquama¬ 
rine has been applied also to a specimen of Apa¬ 
tite. 

*a-qua po'-t^s, s. A kind of pottage. 

“ Aquapotys. —Pil garlic, and cast it in a pot with water 
and oile, and seeth it. Bo thereto safron, salt, and pow- 
derforte, and dresse it forth hool.”— Forme of Curry (1390). 

( Wright: Diet. Obs. and Prov. Eng .) 

A-qua'r-I-a.n§, A-qua’r-I-i, s. pi. [Lat. aquarii, 
from aquarius = of or relating to water; aqua = 
water.] 

Church Hist.: Christians in the primitive church 
who used water instead of wine in the Lord’s Sup¬ 
per. Some of them did so from holding sentiments 
like those now entertained by total abstainers, 
while others, employing wine at the evening com¬ 
munion, used water in the morning one, lest the 
smell of wine might betray their assemblies to per¬ 
secuting foes. 

aqua r-I-um, s. [Lat. = a watering-place for 
cattle; aqua— water.] An artificial tank, pond, or 
vessel, filled with salt or fresh water, and used, in 
the former case chiefly for the purpose of keeping 
alive marine animals in circumstances which ren¬ 
der it easy to study their habits, and in the latter 
for cultivating aquatic plants. The most wonderful 
aquarium in the world was that of the Fisheries 
department of the World’s Columbian Exposition 
held in Chicago in the summer of 1893. 

A-qua'r-I-us, s. [ In Sp., Port., & Ital. Aquario; 
from Lat. aquarius — (1) a water-carrier, (2) an in¬ 
spector of conduits or water-pipes, (3) a constella¬ 
tion. (See 1 & 2.) From aquarius —of or relating 
to water.] 

In Astronomy : 

1 . The eleventh of the twelve ancient zodiacal 
constellations, now generally called signs of the 
zodiac. It is generally quoted as “ Aquarius, the 
Water-bearer.” 

2. A division of the ecliptic—that between 300° and 
330° of longitude, which, on account of the preces¬ 
sion of the equinoxes, has gradually advanced from 
the constellation Aquarius, once within those limits. 
The sun enters this part of his course about the 
21st of January, at which time there are generally 
copious rains in Italy, whence the name Aquarius= 
the water-bearer or waterman. (Herschel: Astron., 
§§ 380, 381.) It is marked thus ex'. 

“A constellation in the watery sign, 

Which they Aquarius call.” 

Cleveland: Poems, Ac., p. 17. 

a-quat'-Ic, *a-quat'-Ick, a. & s. [In Fr. aquat- 
ique; Sp., Port., & Ital. aquatico. From Lat. aquat- 
icus = (1) found in the water, (2) watery, (3) like 
water.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Of plants: Growing in the water. 

“Characse are aquatic plants found in stagnant fresh 
or salt water.”— Bindley. Nat. Syst. of Bot., 2d ed. (1836), 
p. 415. 

2. Of animals: Living in or about the water; 
swimming in, flying over, or deriving its food from 
the water. 

“ Brutes may be considered as either a6rial, terrestrial, 
aquatick, or amphibious. Aquatick are those whose con* 
stant abode is upon the water.”— Locke. 


6611, bby; p6ut, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian. -*4an = shun., -tion, -sion - shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 




aquatical 


246 


aquiline 


B. As substantive: A plant growing in, or be¬ 
longing to, the water. ( Loudon: Cycl. of Plants; 
Glossary .) 

“ Flags, and such like aquaticks, are best destroyed by 
draining.’’— Mortimer: Husbandry, 

a-quat'-Ic-al, a. [Eng. aquatic; -ah] The 
same as Aquatic, adj. (q. v.). ( Evelyn .) 

§, -qua-tlle, *a'-qua-tll, a. & s. [In Sp. aqua- 
til. From Lat. aquatile, neut. of adj. aquatilis— 
aquatic.] 

A. As adjective: Aquatic. 

B. As substantive: The water-frog. 

“We behold many millions of the aquatile, or water 
frog, in ditches and standing plashes.”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

a -qua-tint, a-qua~tln’-ta, s. & a. [In Ger. 
aquatinta: Fr. aqua-tint a, aqua-tinte; Lat. aqua— 
water, and Ital. tinta— a dye, a tincture.] 

A. As substantive: A kind of engraving, so called 
from its resemblance to water-color drawings. The 
most approved method of practicing it is to first 
trace the outline of the proposed picture on a 
copper-plate by means of an etching needle or other 
sharp instrument. Next, the etching ground is 
removed, and the plate thoroughly cleaned with 
whitening and water. The plate is then placed in a 
flat tin or earthen vessel in an inclined position, 
and on it is poured a solution of resinous matter, 
prepared in rectified spirits of wine. When dry, 
the design is drawn upon it with the bursting- 
ground [Bursting-ground], and the plate is var¬ 
nished and dried. Some clear water is then applied 
to it, and finally, the design is bit into the copper 
by two successive applications of dilute nitric acid. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the kind of engrav¬ 
ing now described. 

“. . . method of producing the aquatint ground.”— 
Bees: Cyclop, ii., “Aquatinta.” 

a-qua-tlnt, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
carry out the process described under Aquatint, 
substantive, (q. v.). 

“ The principal disadvantages of this method of aqua- 
tinting are . . — Rees: Cyclop, ii., “Aquatint.” 

a -qua-tlnt-Iiig, pr. par. [Aquatint, v.] 

a -qua-va~lent, s . [Lat. agwa=water, and valens 
^strong, pr. par. of valeo— to be worth, to have a 
value.] 

Chem.: The molecular ratio of the water to the 
gait contained in a cryohydrate. 

aq -ue-duct, *aq-use-duct, aq-Ue-duC’-tiis, 
aq -use-duc'-tus (aque=ak -we), s. [Fr. aqueduc, 
aquiduc; Sp. & Port, aqueducto; Ital. aquidotto; 
Lat. aqueductus—aquce ductus=a leading or con¬ 
ducting of water; duco—to lead.] 

A. (Of the English forms aqueduct, *aquseduct) : 
In a general sense any artificial channel for the con¬ 
veyance of water from place to place; but the term 
is generally limited to an artificial channel or con¬ 


duct was completed in 1738, and the Croton aque- thus formed are called stratified rocks. (Lyell (de¬ 
duct, near New York, was constructed between ology.) A great part of the science of geology has 
1837 and 1842. The aqueduct to supply Marseilles been built up on the careful study of aqueous rocks, 
with water was commenced in 1830. An aqueduct the relative order of their disposition, and their fos- 
to supply London with water from the Welsh lakes sil contents. 



was proposed by Mr. J. F. Bateman in 1865. The 
Washington Aqueductwas founded in 1856, and has 
cost about $3,500,000. It collects the Potomac water 
by a line of stone dams at the Great Falls, and con¬ 
ducts it to Washington by an aqueduct sixteen 
miles in length, or eleven miles from the Great 
Falls of the Potomac to the distributing reservoir, 
and five miles from the latter to the capital. Its 
capacity is about 70,000,000 gallons per day. On the 
line of this work are eleven tunnels and six bridges, 
the chief of which is over Cabin John Creek, a 
stone structure 100 feet in height, and having a 
single span of 220 feet. 

Aqueduct of the cochlea. [ Aqueductus ,B.] 
Aqueduct of Fallopius. [Aqueductus, B.] 
Aqueduct of Sylvius. [Aqueductus, B.] 

B. ( Chiefly of the form aqueductus): 

A. cochleae, the aqueduct of the cochlea. [Coch¬ 
lea.] A funnel-shaped canal in the ear. It leads 
to the jugular fossa, and is supposed to afford a 
passage for a small vein. ( Todd <& Bowman, 
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., pp. 74, 75.) 

A. Fallopii, the aqueduct of Fallopius. A channel 
in the ear near the tympanum. (Ibid., vol. ii., 
p. 70.) 

A. Sylvii, the aqueduct of Sylvius. A channel in 
the brain, connecting the third and fourth ven¬ 
tricles. (Ibid., vol. ii., p. 289.) 

A. vestibuli: A canal running from the vestibule 
of the internal ear to the posterior surface of the 
pars petrosa of the temporal bone. 

*g.-que'ightte (gh silent). Pret. of v. Aquake 
(q. v.). 

* 3 ,-que int (2), pa. par. [Aquench.] 
*aqueint-a-ble, a. [Acquaintable.] 
*a'-que-I-ty, s. [In Ital. aqueita, aqueitade= 
waterishness.J Wateriness. 

“ The aqueity, 

Terreity, and sulphureity, 

Shall run together again.” 

Ben Jonson: Alchemist, iv. 1. 

* 3 ,-que'lle, *a-quil , *a-quel'-len, *ac-quel- 
lan (pa. par. *a-quo Id), v. t. [A. S. acwellan.] To 
kill. 

“Nule heo the sothe telle 
Thah me scholde heom aquelle-” 

Sinners Beware (ed. Morris), 241-42. 

*$,-quen ch, *a-quen'che, *a-quen-chen (pret. 
* 3 ,-que'int, *g,-que'ynt), v. t. [A. S. aquencan- 
to quench.] To quench. 

“. . . man theruore the bethench er thou ualle of 
thi bench thi zenne aquench.”—Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 
130. 

* 3 ,-quent’, ^-que'int (l), a-queynte, pa. par. 
[Acquaint, pa. par.] (Chaucer, Prompt. Parv.) 

*§.-que'n-tyn, v. t. [Acquaint, u.] To make 
known. (Prompt. Parv.) 

a-que-ous, a. [In Fr. aquieux; Sp., Port., & 
Ital. aqueo; from Lat. aqua— water.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Consisting wholly or in large measure of water. 

[B.1.1 

2. Made by the addition of water. 

3. Deposited from water. [B. 4.] 

B. Technically 


a'-que-ous-ness, s. [Eng. aqueous; -ness.] The 
quality of being watery; wateriness. 

* 3 .-que ynt, pa. par. [Aquench.] 
a-auif-er-ous, a. [Lat. aqua-water, and fero 
= to bear.] Bearing water. 

“ . . . with a conspicuous (aquiferous ?) pore in the 
middle.”— Woodward: Mollusca (1851), p. 117. 

a-qui-f O-H-a’-fje-ae, s. pi. [Lat. aquifolia, aqui- 
folium.] Hollyworts. An order of monopetalous 
plants ranked by Lindley under his Gentianal 
Alliance. It consists of trees or shrubs with coria¬ 
ceous. leaves, small axillary flowers, and fleshy 
indehiscent fruit with from two to six seeds. The 
common holly, Ilex aquifolium, is the type of the 
order. In 1846 Lindley estimated the number of 
known species at 110. 

a-qul-fO'-11-um, s. [Lat. aquifolium, or aqui- 
folia= the holly-tree, or the Scarlet Holm (Ilex 
aquifolium ),’ aquifolius , adj. — having pointed 
leaves.] A plant-genus from which the Holly 
order is called Aquifoliacce. (Now ranked under 
Ilex.) 

a-qul-form, a. [Lat. aqua= water, and/orma= 
form, shape.] In the form of water. 

aq-ull-a (aq'-ull = ak-wil), s. [Ital. & Lat. 
aquila—an eagle, perhaps from the root ac— sharp, 
swift.] 

1. Zool.: A genus of rap¬ 
torial birds, the typical 
one of the Aquilin®, or 
Eagle, a sub-family of Fal- 
conidse. The species have 
not that strong tooth in 
their bills which the fal¬ 
cons possess, and are 
feebler for their size, less 
courageous and less preda¬ 
tory than the falcons 
proper. Two species occur 
in England, the A. chry- 
saetos, or Golden Eagle, 
and the A. ncevia, or 
Spotted Eagle. [Eagle.] 

2. Astron.: One of the 
twenty ancient Northern 
Constellations. Within it 
is included also the constel¬ 
lation Antinous, the only 
one of forty-eight recognized by the ancients which 
modern astronomers have merged in another one. 

[ Antinous. [ 

aq-uil-ar-i-a (aq-ull as ak-wil), s. [From 
Lat. aquila—an eagle.] [Agalloch.] A genus of 
plants, the typical one of the order Aquilariace® 
(q. v.).. Aloes-wood, Agila-wood, or Eagle-wood, is 
the inside of the trunk of the Aquilaria ovata, and 
A. Agallocha. [Aloes-wood, Agila-wood.] 
aq-ull-ar-l-a-ge-se (aq-uil = ak-wil), s. pi. 
[Aquilaria.] An order of plants classed by Dr. 
Lindley under his Rhamnales.or Rhamnal Alliance. 
They have the calyx turbinate or tubular, with its 
orifice furnished with ten or five bearded scales, 
which are really stamens. Corolla, 0; stamina, ten 
or five, in the latter case opposite the segments of 
the calyx; style, 0, or conical and thread-shaped; 



Aquila. 


1. Meteorol. Aqueous vapor: The water which, stigma, large, simple; ovary, superior, one-celled; 
on evaporating from the earth, goes to constitute seeds, one on each placenta, or one abortive. 


Aqueduct on the Anio, near Rome. 

chiit raised on pillars for the conveyance of drink¬ 
ing water to a city. Of all the nations of antiquity, 
the Romans were the great builders of aqueducts. 
No fewer than twenty of these erections converged 
on the capital during its palmy days; while there 
were many more in the provincial parts of the 
empire. Magnificent ruins of some of these still 
remain, the best of them in the Campagna around 
Rome; the others, in portions of France, Spain, 
Italy, Cicily, Greece, Asia, and Africa, once occu¬ 
pied by important cities and towns. 

Appius Claudius Ceecus, while censor, advised 
and constructed the first Roman aqueduct, as well 
as the Appian way, about 312-308 b. c. There are 
now some remarkable aqueducts in Europe : that 
at Lisbon is of great extent and beauty ; that at 
Segovia has 129 arches; and that at Varsailles is 
three miles long, and of immense height, with 242 
arches in three stories. The stupendous aqueduct 
on the Ellesmere canal, in England (1007 feet in 
length, and 126 feet high), was completed by T. 
Telford, and opened Dec. 26,1805. The Lisbon aque- 


clouds. 

“The leaves of the plants absorb both the carbonic acid 
and the aqueous vapor of the air.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., iv. 87. 

2. Anat. Aqueous humor: A humor of the eye 
filling up the space between the cornea and the 
crystalline lens. It is partially divided by the iris 
into an anterior and posterior chamber. The for¬ 
mer is the larger, and has the cornea in front, the 
iris behind, and a portion of the ciliary ligament on 
its circumference. 

“The aqueous humor of the eye consists very nearly of 
water. Berzelius states that all its other constituents 
taken together do not amount to so much as one-fiftieth 
part of the whole. Of these, more than half is chloride of 
sodium, and the rest is extractive matter, soluble either 
in water or alcohol .”—Todd <£■ Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. ii., p. 36. 

3. Chem. [A. 2.] 

4. Geol. Aqueous rocks: Rocks originally de- 


Trees with alternate entire shining leaves without 
stipules. Habitat, the East Indies. In 1847, Dr. 
Lindley estimated the known species at ten. 

aq-uil-ate (aq'-uil=ak-wll), v. t. [From Lat. 

aquila— an eagle.] 

Her.: To adorn with eagles’ heads. (Used chiefly, 
if not exclusively, in the pa. par.) 

aq'-uil-a-ted (aq'-ull = ak-wil), pa. par. 
[Aquilate.] 

aq-ui-le-gi-a (aq-ui=ak-wi), s. [A. S. and 
Ital. aquilegia: from Lat. aquila— an eagle, the 
species resembling eagles’ claws.] Columbine. A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Ranuncula- 
cese, or Crowfoots. 

aq-ui-ll’-nse (aq-ui=ak-wi), s.pl. [From Lat. 
aquila— an eagle.] A sub-family of Falconidae. It 
contains the eagles. 

aq'-ui-line (ak'-ui=ak-wl) , a. [In Fr. aquilin; 


posited from water, whence they are sometimes Sp. aquilino and aguileno; Port. & Ital. aquilino; 
called aqueous deposits . As what is deposited is Lat. aquilinus , from aquila— an eagle.] 


sediment of some one kind or other, they are also 
termed sedimentary rocks, and as, unless too much 
metamorphosed, they contain the now fossilized re¬ 
mains of the animals which lived in the water, and 
the plants which grew or were carried into it, they 
are denominated fossiliferous rocks. Finally, as the 
sediment successively deposited from the water 
tended to arrange itself in layers or strata, the rocks 


1. Gen.: Pertaining to an eagle. 

2. Spec.: Eagle-like in bill or in nose; hooked. 

“His nosewas aquiline, his eyes were blue, 

Ruddy his lips, and fresh and fair his hue.” 

Dryden: Palamon <& Arcite, iii. 74. 

“ We may trace the commencement of an aquiline curv¬ 
ature in the nose of the Hoolock Gibbon.”— Darwin: De¬ 
scent of Man, pt. i., ch. vi. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cUre, unite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 








Aquilon 


247 


araceae 


Xq-ul-l8n (Aq'-ul=ak'-wl), s. Fr. & Sp. aqui¬ 
lon; Port, aquilao; Ital. aquilone, aquilonare; 
Lat. aquila.] The north wind. 

“ Blow, villain, till thy sphered bias cheek 
Outswell the colic of puff’d Aquilon.” 

Shakesp.: Troil. and Cress., iv. 6. 

a -quit-el-se, s.pj. [Lat. aqua=water, and tela 
=a web.] 

Zool.: A subdivision of Araneidae, containing the 
genus Argyroneta (q. v.). 

aqultte, v. t. [Aquytte.] 

ta-qu5'§e, a. [In Sp. & Port, aquoso; Ital. 
aquoso, acquoso; from Lat. otg , uosws=abounding in 
water.] Watery, aqueous. {Bailey.) 

ta-quos’-I-tjf, s. [In Fr. aquositi,; Sp. aquosidad ; 
Port, aquosidade, aquosita, acquosita; Low Lat. 
aquositas .] [Aquose.] Wateriness, aqueousness. 

a'-quu-lg,, s. [Lat.=a small stream; dimin. of 
oqua=water.] 

A. acoustica {Anat.); A fluid which fills the 
cavity of the vestibule connected with the internal 
ear. 

*a-quy'ke, v. t. [A. S. acwician= to make alive: 
civic, cw>we=quick, alive.] To kindle. 

“ Is ofte aquyked thet uer of lecherie. Huerof the writ¬ 
ing® spekth thet word of foie wyfman is berninde ase 
eur.” — Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 203. 

*a-qu^t te, *a-quit te, ^a-qwyt’-^n, v. t. [Ac¬ 
quit.] 

1. To acquit, set free, release, pay. 

“Him behoueth paye ne neure aquitte he ne may, and 
thereuore ha ssel by ydammed.”— Ayenbite (ed. Morris), 

“ And the heghe men thet uol yeth the tornemens and 
thet hy betaketh hyre londes and hare eritage ine wed 
and dead wed thet naght him ne aquytteth." — Ibid., p. 36. 

2. To bereave. 


“And the Admiral hit mighte iwite 
That he nere of his life aquite.” 

Floriz and Blauncheflur (ed. Lumby), 207, 208. 


*g.-qwy'nt, pa. par. [Acquaint.] {Lancelot of 
the Lake, bk. ii., 1,295.) 

*a-qwy'-tyn, v. t. [Acquiet.] {Prompt. Parv.) 

-ar. [An Eng. suffix from Lat. -aris= of or be- 
longingto; as stellar. {Lut. stellar is)—oi or belong¬ 
ing to a star.] 

A. R. An abbreviation for Anno Begni=in the 
year of the reign; as A. R. Y. R. 30 =anno regni Vic¬ 
torias regince tricesimo= in the thirtieth year of 
Queen Victoria’s reign. 

*ar, conj. [A. S. a?-=ere, before.] [Eke.] Ere, 
before; ere ever, before ever. 

“But al to deere they bought it ar they ryse,” 

, Chaucer: C. T., 4,840. 

ar-a> s. [Lat.=an altar.] “ The Altarone of 
the fifteen ancient Southern constellations. 


a -ra, s. [ South American Indian name, designed 
to imitate the voice of the bird.] 

Zool.; A genus of birds, the typical one of the sub¬ 
family Arain®, which is ranked under the family 
Psittacid®, or Parrots. It is called also Macro- 
cercus, from Gr. makros— long, . . . large, and 
kerkos=t&A. It contains the Macaws. [Macaw.] 
Xr'-ab, s. & o. [In Ger. Araber (s.), Arabisch 
(adj.); Fr. & Port. Arabe (s. & adj.); Ital. Arabo 
(adj.); Lat. Arabs (s.); Gr. Araps (s.), genit. 
Arabos.] 



Group of Arabs. 

A. As substantive: A native of Arabia. 

“In his march over the sandy desert between Emesa 
and Palmyra, Aurelian was perpetually harassed by the 
Arabs.” — Gibbon. Decline and Fall, ch. xi. 

B. As adjective; Pertaining to Arabia or its in¬ 
habitants. 


“ Our Arab tents are rude for thee.” 

Moore. Lalla Eookh; Light of the Hararn. 


Arab-like, a. Like an Arab in roaming tend¬ 
ency, or some other particular. 

“ Here, Arab-like, is pitched my tent, 

And straight again is furled.” 

Longfellow: The Two Locks of Hair. 

ar'-a-ba, s. [Hindustani, &c.] A wheeled car¬ 
riage, a gun-carriage, a kind of cart used in Eastern 
journeys or campaigns. 

ar-a-ba’-ta, S. [Native name.] An American 
monkey {Mycetes stramineus). 

Ar-a-besq ue (que=k), *Ar-a-besk’, s. & adj. 
[As substantive: In Dut. Arabesken (pi.); Ger. Ara- 
beske (sing.); Fr. Arabesque (sing.);_ Port. Ara- 
bescos (pi.] ; Ital. Arabesco, Babesco (sing.) ; terms 
all implying that the style of ornamentation so 
designated originated with the Arabs, whereas it 
seems to have sprung up first among the Romans.] 

A. As substantive: 

Arch.: A style of ornamentation in which are 
represented men, animals 
(the latter consisting of 
mythic as well as actual 
forms); plants, with leaves, 
flowers, and fruit; mathe¬ 
matical figures, &c.; the 
whole put together in a whim¬ 
sical way, so that, for in¬ 
stance, the animals not 
merely rest upon the plants, 
but grow out of them like 
blossoms. There are three 
kinds of Arabesque1st (and 
oldest), that of the Romans, 
without the animals. They 
occur in the mural paintings 
at Pompeii, Herculaneum, 
and other places. 2d. That 
of the Arabs, also without the 
animals. This is well seen in 
the Alhambra. 3d. The Chris¬ 
tian Arabesque, with the fig¬ 
ures introduced. It appears 
in illuminated medimval man¬ 
uscripts and elsewhere. 

B. As adjective (in Fr. Arabesque.) 

fl. Gen.: Pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. 

“ Though a follower of the Arabian school, the assi¬ 
duity with which he [Achillini] cultivated anatomy has 
rescued his name from the inglorious obscurity in which 
the Arabesque doctors have in general slumbered.”— 
Ency. Brit., 7th ed., ii. 756. 

2. Spec.: Consisting of, or pertaining to, the kind 
of ornaments called Arabesques. [See A., as sub¬ 
stantive .] 

“ A kind of ornament, which may be called Arabesque, 
was much used in the domestic architecture of this 
country in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.” 
— Oloss. of Arch. 

Ar-a'-bl-an, a. & s. [Eng. Arabi{a); -an.) 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Arabia. 

“. . . the rigor of the Arabian laws, . . .”— Gold¬ 
smith: The Bee, No. iv. 

B. As substantive: An Arab, a native of Arabia. 

“ . . . neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there.” 
— Isa. xiii. 20. 

Arabian Architecture. [See Mohammedan Archi- 
tectuke.] 

Xr’-ab-ic, *Xr-ab-ick, a. & s. [In Eng. Arab, 
-ic ; Ger. Arabisch; Fr. Arabique; Port. Arabico; 
Lat. Arabicus .] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Arabia, or to the 
language prevailing there. 

“What way was there taken for spreading his [Po- 
cock’s) Arabick translation of Grotius de Veritate Relig- 
ionis Christian® ?”— Worthington to Hartlib, Epist. 7. 

“Gum arabic, or gum acacia, is an exudation from 
various species of acacia.”— Treas. of Bot. (ed. 1866), ii. 5. 

B. As substantive: The language of Arabia or of 
the Arabs. It is properly the dialect of the Kore- 
ishite tribe in Arabia, rendered classic by its being 
the language in which the Koran was composed. 
It is now vernacular in Arabia, Egypt, and North¬ 
ern Africa, and the learned and sacred tongue of 
all Mohammedan countries. The numbers who at 
present speak it have been estimated at 100 millions, 
which is probably an exaggeration. Philologically 
viewed, Arabic is the most southerly of the Syro- 
Arabian family of languages, besides being itself 
the type of one of the three classes into which that 
leading family of tongues is divided. Associated 
with it in this relation are the living Amharic and 
the dead Ethiopic and Himyaritic tongues. About 
two-thirds of the Hebrew roots occur with slight 
modification in Arabic, which renders the language 
useful to the Biblical student, as its wide diffusion 
does to the missionary; while numerous chemical, 
alchemical, astronomical, _ and astrological words 
which arose during the brilliant, but brief, period 
when the Saracens aimed at intellectual as well as 



political ascendency, will always render it an object 
of interest to scientific men. The Arabic literature 
is posterior in date to the time of Mohammed. 

“ That Schultens had from the Arabick happily and 
satisfactorily illustrated some very obscure and difficult 
words of the Hebrew text, . . .”— Parkhurst: Heb. Lex., 
Pref. 

* Arabic numerals: The first nine digits—1,2,3, 
&c.—and the cipher used in writing the number 10. 
Though often called Arabic, they are really of 
Brahmanic origin. [Numerals.] 

flLr-ab’-ic-<ll, a. [Eng. Arab; -ical .] Pertain¬ 
ing to Arabia or the Arabs. The same as the adj. 
Arabic. 

“ Written in Arabical characters.”— Shelton : Don 
Quixote, ii. 2, 1. 

4r-ab'-ic-g,l-l3f, adv. [Eng. Arabical; -ly .] 
After the manner of the Arabs. 

“ Mahomet, whose name Arabically signifies deceit.”— 
Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 321. 

Ar-ab'-I-Ql, s. pi. [From Arabia, in which the 
sect arose. 

Church Hist.: A sect which sprung up about A.D. 
207. Their distinguishing tenet was, that the soul 
died with the body, but revived with it at the res¬ 
urrection. Origen is said to have re-converted 
them to the orthodox belief, and thus extinguished 
their separate organization. 

Ar-ab'-i-Qlze, v. t. [Eng. Arabic; -ize.] To ren¬ 
der akin to Arabic. 

“. . . being superseded by Hindi in its Arabicized 
form of Urdu.”— Beames : Compar. Gram, of Aryan Lang, 
of India, vol. i., Introd., p. 96. 

ar-a-bld’-e-ae, s. pi. [Arabis.] A tribe of plants 
belonging to the order Brassicace®, or Crucifers. 

ar'-a-bln, s. [From Arabic, in the term gum 
arabic .] The pure soluble principle in gum arabic 
and similar substances. It is precipitated by alco¬ 
hol and by basic lead acetate, but not by the 
neutral acetate. It is composed of C12H22O11. It 
is isomeric with cane sugar. {Fownes: Manuel 
of Chem., p. 689.) 

ar'-a-bis, s. [In Fr. arabette; Sp. ar abide.'] The 
Wall-cress. A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Brassicace®, or Crucifers. Five species are 
natives of England; the most common being the A. 
hirsuta, or Hairy Rock-cress. It has small white 
flowers. 

Ar -?.b-I§m, s. [In Eng. Arab,-ism; Ger. Arab- 
ism.] An idiom or other peculiarity of languages 
borrowed from the Arabic. 

Ar'-g.-blst, s. [Eng. Arab; suffix -ist.] One con¬ 
versant with the Arabic language and literature. 

ar'-g,-ble, *er'-a-ble, a. [In Fr. arable; Ital. 
arabile; Lat. arabilis= that maybe plowed: aro= 
Gr. aroo=to plow. In Wei. arad is=a plow, and 
ar=arable land; Gael. ar= a plow; Irish train—to 
plow.] Capable of being plowed. Applied to land 
which may profitably be plowed, with the view of 
being sown with cereal or other crops. It is con¬ 
tradistinguished from land not worth plowing, but 
which it is thought better to leave in grass pastur¬ 
age, if not even in wood and moor. 

“The arable land and pasture land were not supposed 
by the best political arithmeticians of that age to amount 
to much more than half the area of the kingdom.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

Ar'-a-bo, in compose connected with the Arabs. 

ArabO tedesco, s. [Ital. Arabo, and Tedescho— 
German.] 

Arch.: A style of architecture blending together 
the Roman, Moorish, and German-Gothic. 

ar-ii-ca'-rl, s. [Imitated from the note of the 
bird.] 

Zool.: The name given in Brazil to several Scan- 
sorial birds ranked as aberrant members of the 
Rhamphastid®, or Toucan family. They are placed 
under Pteroglossus and its allied genera. They 
have smaller bills than the Toucans proper, and are 
of brighter colors, being generally green, with red 
or yellow on their breasts. 

*ar-a'Qe, *ar-as’, v. t. [Fr. arracher— to pluck, 
to pick, to pull away.] To pluck out, to tear away. 

“ That with gret sleight and gret difficult^, 

The children from her arm they gonne arace.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,978-9. 

“ The tronsione of o brokine sper that was, 

Quhich no man out dedenyt to aras.” 

Lancelot of the Lake (ed. Skeat) Prolog., 239-40. 

ar-a'-Qe-£e, s.pl. [Latinized from arum { q.v.).] 
Arads. An order of endogenous plants having for 
their inflorescence a spadix placed within a spathe. 
They have neither calyx nor corolla. The leaves 
are frequently cordate. The fruit is succulent, with 
many seeds. They are acrid in character, and often 
poisonous. The Caladium Sequinum, or Dumb 
Cane of the West Indies and South America, when 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph — f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 
















araceous 


248 


Aramism 


chewed, causes the tongue so to swell as to cause 
temporary dumbness. In 1847, Dr. Lindley esti¬ 
mated the known genera at twenty-six, and the 
species at 170. There is one species known as the 
Arum maculatum. Cuckoopint, Wake-Robin, or 
Lords and Ladies. [See Arum.] 

ar-a'-ge-ous, o. ArAce.®.] Pertaining to the 
Arace® (q. v.). 

ar-a-chld -Ic, a. [Fr. arachide; Eng. suffix -ic.] 
Pertaining to the Earth-nut ( Arachis hypogcea). 
[Arachis.] 

arachidic acid. 

Chem.: C20H40O2 = CmHgg'COOH. A monatomic 
fatty acid, obtained by the saponification of the oil 
of the Earth-nut ( Arachis hypogcea). It crystallizes 
in minute scales, which melt at 75°. It is soluble in 
boiling alcohol and in ether. 

ar -g.-chls, s. [In Fr. arachide; Lat. arctcos, a 
name applied by Pliny to a plant which had neither 
stem nor leaves; Gr. arakos, arakis, and later ara- 
chos, the name of a leguminous plant.] A genus 
of leguminous plants belonging to the sub-order 
Cwzsalpinie®. The A. hypogcea , the underground 
Arachis [Gr. hupogeios = subterranean], is thus 
called because the legumes are produced and ma¬ 
tured beneath the soil. The plant is believed to 
have come originally from Africa, but it is now cul¬ 
tivated in the warmer parts both of Asia and Amer¬ 
ica. The legumes are eatable. The seeds have a 
sweet taste, and furnish a valuable oil used for 
lamps and as a substitute for olive-oil. In South 
Carolina they are employed for chocolate. 

A-rach-nl-d?,, iA-rach'-ni-dse, ta-rach-nl- 
de§, s. pi. [In Fr. araign/te; Sp. arana; Port. 
aranha; Ital. aragna, aragno; Lat. araneus , ara- 
nea. From Gr. arachnes and arachne = a spider, 
and eidos= form.] 

Zool.: The class of animals which contains 
Spiders, Scorpions, and Mites. It belongs to the Ar- 
ticulata or Annulosa, and the sub-class Arthropods, 
and is appropriately placed between the Crustacea 
on the one hand, and the Insecta on the other. The 
highest Crustacea have ten feet, the Arachnida 
eight, and the Insecta six. The Arachnida are wing¬ 
less, have no antennae, breathe by means of tracheal 
tubes or pulmonary sacs performing the function of 
lungs. As a rule, they have several simple eyes. 
They have no proper metamorphosis. They live in 
a predatory manner. Cuvier divided the class into 
two orders: Pulmonariae and Tracheariae; that is, 
those breathing by lungs and those breathing by 
tracheae. The former include the Spiders proper 
and the Scorpions; the latter, the Acari (Mites) 
and their nearer and more remote allies. Huxley 
separates the Arachnida into six orders: (1) Arth- 
rogastra, including Scorpio, Chelifer, Phrynus, 
Phalangium, Galeodes, &c.; (2) Araneina, or 
Spiders; (3) Acarina, or Mites and Ticks; (4) Fresh¬ 
water Arc tisca or Tardigrada, called Water-bears; 
(5) Pycnogonida (Marine animals) ; and (6) Pentas- 
tomida (Parasites). 

“Most of the Arachnides live on insects.”— Griffith’s 
Cuvier, vol. xiii. (1833), p. 384. 

“ . . . it supports the first of the four pairs of legs 
usually ascribed to the Arachnidce." — Owen: Invertebrate 
Animals (1843), Lect. xix. 

“ The next four classes—Insecta, Myriapoda, Arachnida, 
Crustacea—without doubt also present so many charac-, 
ters in common as to form a very natural assemblage.’ 
— Huxley: Classif. of Animals (1869), p. 76. 

A-rach'-nld, s. [Arachnida.] A member of the 
class Arachnida; an Arachnidan. 

“ . . . a Crustacean, an Arachnid, a Myriapod, or an 
insect . . .”— Huxley : ClassiJ. of Animals, p. 77. 

a-rach'-nl-dan, a.&s. [Eng. Arachnida; -an.) 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the Arachnida. 

B. As substantive: An animal of the class Arach¬ 
nids. 

“ The smaller Arachnidans breathe, like insects, by 
trache® exclusively.”— Owen: Invertebrate Animals, 
Lect. xix. 

a-rach-nl'-tls, -ra-rach-ndl-di'-tis, s. [Eng. 
arachnoid, and suffix -itis= Gr. -itis, implying in¬ 
flammation.] [Arachnoid.] 

Med. : Names given by Martinet to a formidable 
malady, the inflammation of the arachnoid. Some¬ 
times the other membranes investing the brain are 
also affected, in which case the disease is termed 
Meningitis (q. v.). It is also apt to spread to the 
substance of the brain. Arachnitis and Meningitis 
are akin to apoplexy and cerebritis, from which, 
however, they may be distinguished by the absence 
of premonitory symptoms,by the occurrence of spas¬ 
modic and convulsive symptoms on both sides of 
the body, and by the presence of febrile excitement 
without decided paralysis, followed by collapse. 

A-rach'-ndid, a. & s. [In Fr. arachnoide. From 
Gr. arachnes and arachne = a spider, and eidos= 
form.] 


A. -4s adjective: 

I. Anat.: Of the form or aspect of a spider’s web. 
Specially — 

1. Pertaining to the membrane of the brain called 
the Arachnoid. (Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. ii., p. 253.) 

2. Pertaining to the tunic of the crystalline humor 
of the eye. 

3. Pertaining to one of the coverings of the spinal 
marrow. 

II. Botany and Biology generally: Long and 
loosely entangled, so as to resemble a cobweb. 
(Used specially of hairs in plants. Example, Calce¬ 
olaria arachnoidea.) 

B. As substantive (Anatomy): 

1. The serous membrane of the cranio-spinal cav¬ 
ity. It adheres to the dura mater by its parietal 
layer, and with the intervention of the pia mater 
to the brain and spinal cord by its visceral layer. 
(Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 253.) 

2. The capsule of the crystalline lens, which is a 
continuation of the hyaloid membrane. [Arach- 
noides.] 

arachnoid cavity. The space between the two 
layers of the arachnoid membrane, 
arachnoid membrane. [Arachnoid (B. 1).] 
*8,-rach-n<5i-de§, *a-rach-n(>i-de, s. pi. 
[Arachnoid.] 

IT The form arachnoida is in Glossog. Nova, 2d ed. 
(1719), with the meaning, “The crystalline Tunic 
of the eye.” In Johnson’s Dictionary, ed. 1773, there 
is arachnoides with the two significations given un¬ 
der Arachnoid (B. 1, 2). The same form is in Parr’s 
Med. Diet. (1809), and even in Todd (1827). 

“As to the tunics of the eye, many things might be 
taken notice of: the prodigious fineness of the arach¬ 
noides, the acute sense of the retina.”— Derham. 
tA-rach-ndi-dl-tls, s. [Arachnitis.] 
A-rach-nol-o-gist, s. [Eng. arachnolog(y); -ist .] 
One who makes the Arachnidan or Spider class of 
animals a special subject of study. 

a-rach-nol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. arachnes or arachne= 
a spider; logos= . . . discourse.] The depart¬ 
ment of Natural Science which treats of the Arach¬ 
nidan or Spider class of animals, 
far -ack, s, [Arrack.] 

ta-ra-cSn, s. A term in alchemy, denoting cop¬ 
per. 

ar-Ad, s. [From Lat. arum (q. v.).] 

Bot.: A plant of the genus Arum, or at least of 
the natural order Arace®. 

Plural. Arads: The English name of the natural 
order Arace®. 

ar-te-om -et-er, s. [Areometer.] 
ar -se-o-style, (1), s. & a. [In Fr. ariostilo; 
Lat. areostylos; Gr. araiostulos: araios= thin, nar¬ 
row, slight, . . . with intervals; stulos— a pillar 
with columns far separated.] ( Vitruvius.) 

A. As substantive: 

Arch.: A kind of intercolumniation, in which the 
pillars are so wide apart that the intermediate 
spaces are each upward of three diameters of the 
column. This constitutes one of the five kinds of 
intercolumniation described by Vitruvius. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the intercolum¬ 
niation now described. 

ar-se-o-sys -tyle, s. [Gr. araios=thin, narrow, 
slight, and sws<Mtos=with columns standing close.] 
( Vitruvius.) 



Areeosystyle: Western Front of St. Paul’s 
Cathedral. 

Architecture : The arrangement attendant on 
coupled columns, as in the western front of St. 
Paul’s Cathedral. 

ar-je-ot -Ics, s. pi. [Gr. araiotikos — of or for 
rarefying; araioo — ... to make thin; araios= 
thin.] 

Med.: Remedies which rarefy the humors, and 
thus make it more easy for them to be carried 
away by the pores of the skin. 


ar-S-0X-ene, s. [In Ger. arceoxen; from Gr. 
amios^thin, narrow, slight, . . . porous, spongy, 
and xenos= foreign, strange.] A mineral, the same 
as Dechenite (q. v.). 

*ar'-Age, *ar'-o$he, s. Any plant of the genus 
Atriplex. (Prompt. Parv. & Palsg.) 
ar'-a&e, s. [Average.] (Scotch.) 
a-rag -on-Ite, tar-rag -6n-Ite, s. [From Ara¬ 
gon, in Spain, where it was first found.] A mineral 
with orthorhombic crystals, generally six-siaed 
prisms, though the rectangular octohedron is con¬ 
sidered its regular form. It occurs also globular, 
reniform, coralloidal, columnar, stalactitic, and 
incrusting. The hardness is 3*5—4; the sp. gr., 2’927 
to 2'947; the luster vitreous or nearly resinous on 
fractured surfaces. Its color is white, gray, yellow, 
green, or violet; it is transparent or translucent, 
and brittle. The composition is carbonate of lime, 
95'94 to 99’31, with smaller quantities of strontia- 
carbonate, <fcc. Dana thus divides it:—Var. 1. Or¬ 
dinary : (a) Crystallized in simple or compound 
crystals, or in radiating groups of acicular crystals; 
(b) Columnar, including Satin-spar; (c) Massive. 
2. Scaly massive. 3. Stalactitic or Stalagmitic. 4. 
Coralloidal. 5. Tarnovicite. Mossottite and Os- 
erskite also rank with Aragonite. It occurs in 
Spain, Austria, Italy, England, America, and else¬ 
where. 

aragonite group. Dana’s second group of An¬ 
hydrous Carbonates, comprising Aragonite, Man- 

g anocalcite, Witherite, Bromlite, Strontianite, and 
erussite. 

ar-g,-gua'-t5 (gua=gwa), s. [South American 
name of Humboldt.] A species of monkey (the 
Mycetes ursinus), found in South America. 

*A-ra id, pa. par. of Araye (q. v.). 

*araignee, arraign (j-ra n-ya, g.-ra n), s. [Fr. 
araign6e=( 1) a spider, (2) a cobweb.] 

Fortification: A branch, return, or gallery of a 
mine. (Bailey, James, &c.) 

*a-ra i§e, *g,-ray §e, *A-rei§e, v. t. [A. S. aras- 
ian=to raise. Cognate with Gothic urreisan=to 
stand up.] To raise. 

“A medicine . . . whose simple touch 
Is powerful to araise King Pepin.” 

Shakesp: All’s Well That Ends Well, ii. L 

A-ra'-lI-A, s. [In Ger. & Fr. aralie; Dut. aralia. 
Derivation unknown.] A genus of plants, the typi¬ 
cal one of the order Araliace®. A. umbellifera 
exudes an aromatic gum. A. nudicaulis is used as 
a substitute for sarsaparilla, The berries of A. 
spinosa, the Angelica-tree, Prickly Ash, or Tooth¬ 
ache-tree, of America, infused in wine or spirits, 
are used in cases of colic, while a tincture of them 
is prescribed in toothache. A. racemosa, the spike¬ 
nard of America, is also regarded as a medicinal 
plant. [Angelica-tree.] 

A-ral-i-a-§e-se, s. pi. [Aralia.] Ivyworts. 
(Lindley.) An order of plants belonging to the 
Umbellal Alliance, and akin to the Apiace® or Um- 
bellifers, from which, however, they differ in their 
many-celled fruit and their more shrubby appear¬ 
ance. They inhabit China, India, and America. In 
1847, Dr. Lindley estimated the known species at 
160. 

Ar-A-mse-An, a. & s. [Heb. aram, or Aram, the 
youngest son of Shem (Gen. x. 22); aram in Heb. 
means high, from aram= to be high, apparently lin- 
lying that the region which Aram inhabited was a 
igh one. The term was applied to Syria and Mes¬ 
opotamia.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to the Aram»an ter¬ 
ritory, and especially to its language—the Aram»an 
or Aramaic. [Aramaic.] 

2. As substantive: The language now described. 
[See No. 1.] 

Ar-A-mse -An-I§m, Ar-A-me-An-I§m, s. [Eng. 

Aramaean; -ism.] An idiom or other peculiarity of 
language borrowed from the Aram®an tongue. 

Ar-A-ma -Ic, a. & s. [From Heb. aramith , 2 
Kings xviii. 26 and Dan. ii. 4 of the Heb. Bible 
(rendered in the Eng. version “Syrian.”' or “Syrh 
ack.”).] [Aramaan.] 

1. As adjective : Pertaining to the Aramaic or 
Aramman tongue. The Semitic family of languages 
may be divided into three classes or branches; (1) 
The Arabic, or Southern Semitic; (2) the Hebraic, 
or Middle Semitic; and (3) the Aramaic, or North¬ 
ern Semitic. Under the third of these classes Prof. 
Max Muller ranks of living languages the Neo- 
Syriac; and of dead ones, (1) the Chaldee of the 
Masora, Talmud, Targums, and the Bible; (2) the 
Syriac or Peshito of the second century, A. D.; and 
(3) the cuneiform inscriptions of Babylon and 
Nineveh. (Max Muller : Science of Lang.)' 

2. As substantive: The language or sub-family of 
languages above described. [See No. 1., adj.] 
Ar'-Am-i§m, s. [Heb. dram.] [Aramaean.] The 
same as Arameanism (q. v.). 


fate, fat, Fare, Amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. ae, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




















aranea 


249 


arbitrary 


$-ra n-e-ijL, s. [Lat. aranea; Gr. arachnes and 
arachne — a spider.] The typical genus of the 
family Araneidee, the order Araneina, and the class 
Arachnida. It contains the domestic spider (A. 
domestica ) and other species, 
tsi-ran-e-l’-dfli, s. pi. [Aeaneina.] 
g.-ran-e-1-dse {Mod. Lat.), a-ran-e-i-d§.n§ 
{Eng.), s. pi.. [Aranea.] The typical family of 
the class Arachnida. They have the eyes in two 
rows, one behind the other, the terminal claw of the 
mandibles directed inward, and the palpi, though 
long, never converted into foot-like organs. All 
spin for themselves _ a dwelling-place, and most 
weave webs. It contains the genera Aranea, Epeira, 
Argyroneta, &c. Their mode of life is so various 
that Walcn&er divides them thus: 

I. Terrestres. 

1. Venantes: (a) Latebricolse, (b) Tubicolae, (c) 
Cellulicolee, {d) Cursores, (e) Saltatores. 

2. Vagantes: Laterigradee. 

3. Errantes: (a) Niditelse, (6) Filitelse. 

4. Sedentes: (a) Tapitelee, (6) Orbitelae, (c) 
Retitelse. 

II. Aquaticee; Natantes; Aquitelae. 
tsi-ra n-e-I-de§, s. pi. [Aeaneina.] 
g.-ra'n-e-1-form, a. [Lat. aromea=spider, and 
forma— form, shape.] Shaped like a spider. 

a-ran-e-I -na, ta-ran-e-I -da, t&-ra n-e-i-de§, 

s. pi. [Aeanea.J 

Zool.: An order of Arachnida. Huxley, adopting 
the term Araneina, makes it the second of the six 
orders into which he divides that class of animals. 
The Araneina have the abdomen unsegmented; it 
is, moreover, connected with the thorax by a nar¬ 
row peduncle. They breathe by means of two or 
more pulmonary sacs and two stigmata connected 
with trachese. They have from four to six spinner¬ 
ets for the exit of the silken threads whence their 
webs are spun. They are sometimes called Dimer- 
osomata. Carpenter, Dallas, &c., divide them into 
three families—Araneidee. Lycosidee, and Mygalidee 
(q. v.). 

“The first family of the Pulmonary Arachnides, that 
of Araneides, is composed of the Spiders (Aranea, Linn).” 
— Griffith’s Cuvier, xiii. 387. 

“The Araneida do not undergo any essential change of 
form.”— Ibid., p. 440. 

“ The Araneina (or Spiders) have the abdomen not seg¬ 
mented.”— Huxley: Classif. of Animals, p. 123. 

St-ran-e-o se, a. [Lat. araneosus=tvl\ of spi¬ 
ders 1 webs; araneum= a spider’s web.] The same 
as Abachnoid, adj. (q. v.). 

a-ra n-e-oiis, a. [Lat, araneum= a spider’s 
web.] 

*1. Full of spiders’ webs. {Glossog. Nova.) 

2. Resembling a spider’s web. 

“ The curious araneous membrane of the eye constring- 
eth and dilateth it, and so varieth its focus.”— Derham. 
*8.-rang', s. [Habangue.] 

Sj,-ran-g6e§, s. pi. [Local name.] Pierced beads 
of various forms made of rough camelian, formerly 
imported from Bombay to be re-exported to Africa. 
{M'Culloch's Diet, of Comm.) 

a-ra-ram-boy -a, s. [Brazilian name.] A Bra¬ 
zilian snake, green in color. It is called also the 
Dog-headed Boa, or Bojobi. It is the ‘Xiphosoma 
caninum. 

*ar-as', v. t. [Abace.] 

3 ,-ra -tion, s. [Lat. ara#io= plowing; aro=Gr. 
aroo= to plow.] The operation of plowing. 

a-ra-tor, s. [In Ital. aratore; from Lat . arator 
= a plowman, a farmer.] A plowman, one who 
plows. 

ar -a-tor-y, a. [From Lat. arator—a. plowman.] 
Contributing to tillage. {Johnson.) 
gi-ra-trum, s. [Latin=a plow.] 
aratrum terrse. [Literally=a plow of the land.] 


leaves. Five or six species are known; all from the 
Southern hemisphere. The one so common in Eng¬ 
lish gardens is A. imbricata, a native of the mount¬ 
ainous parts of Southern Chili. It is of hardy con¬ 
stitution, scarcely requiring protection, except in 
very severe weather. Another species, A. excelsa, 
or Norfolk Island Pine, is a splendid tree of giant 
size. All the genus are ornamental from their fine 
and unfading foliage. Araucarian pines were 
abundant in Europe during the Oolitic period, as¬ 
sociated with mammals, fishes, &c., whose nearest 
living analogues are now confined to Australia and 
the adjacent regions. 

ar-au-ca r-Lan, a. [Araucaria.] 

Bot.: Pertaining or relating to the Araucaria. 

“ . . . he says it belongs to the fir tribe, partaking of 
the character of the Araucarian family .’’—Darwin: Voy¬ 
age round the World, ch. xv. 

*g,-raught {gh guttural), pa. par. [Abeche (2).] 

*3t-ray, v. & s. [Aeeay.] 

*?,-ra ye (pret. & pa. par. g,-raid), v. t. To 
afflict (?). 

“ The blak knycht than on to hyme-self he said: 

‘ Remembir the, how yhow haith ben araid.' ” 

Launcelot oj the Lake (ed. Skeat), iii. 3,269-70. 

3L-ra'yne, pa. par. [Aeeay, v.] {Scotch.) 
ar'-bg,l-est, ar'-bg,l-ist, *ar-bg,l-et, *ar- 
blast, *ar -cu-b^l-Ist, *ar-cu-bal-is -t^t, s. [In. 
Fr. arbalbte; O. Fr. arbaleste; Port, arbalista; Lat. 
arcuballista, from arcus = a bow, and ballesta, 
balista^a military engine for hurling stones and 
other missiles. Gr. balld= to throw.] 

1. A steel crossbow used in mediaeval times. It 
was set in a wooden 
shaft, with a sling 
and trigger bent 
with a piece of iron, 
fitted for the pur¬ 
pose, and used to 
throw bullets, large 
arrows, darts, and 
other missiles. 

{James: Mil. Diet.) 

“It is reported by 
William Brito, that 
the arcubalista or arbalist was first shewed to the French 
by our King Richard the First . . .”— Camden. 



*2. A mathematical instrument, called also a 
Jacob's staff, formerly used to measure the height 
of stars above the horizon. {James: Mil. Diet.) 


*ar-bg,l-es-te-n 3 ,, s.pl. 
est (q. v.).] Cruciform 
apertures in the walls of 
ancient fortifications 
through which arrows 
were discharged. 

ar-b&l-es-ter, *ar’- 
bal-Is-ter, *ar-blas- 
tlr, * ar-ch-bg.1-1 s -ter, 
s. [Eng. arbalest; arba¬ 
list; -er. In Lat. arcu- 
ballistarius .1 One whose 
weapon is the crossbow; 
a crossbow-man. 

“ When Richard was at the 
siege of this castle [Chaluz], 
an arbalester standing on 
the wall, and seeing his time, 
charged his steel bow with 
a square arrow or quarrel, 
making first prayer to God 
that he would direct the 
shot, and deliver the inno- 
cency of the besieged from 
oppression.” — Speed : Hist, 
of Eng., p. 481. 



[From Eng.,&c., arbal- 


Arbalestena. 
(Chateau de Pierrefonds.) 


“ King John was espied by a very good arcubalister, 
who said that he would soon dispatch the cruel tyrant.”— 
Camden: Remains. 


Scots Law: As much land as can be tilled with 
one plow. {Jacob: Law Diet., ed. Tomlins, 1797.) 

ar-cjL-tu'r-iji ter'-rse. [Lif. = a plowing of the 
land.] The service which the tenant is to do for his 
lord in plowing the land. {Jacob: Law Diet., ed. 
Tomlins.) 


<Lr-au-ca'r-I-2., s. [From the Chilian name ar- 
acaunos. This again is called after the Araucarian 
tribe of Indians, or their country, Araucaria, 
which is between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean, 
about 37° S. lat., and nominally constitutes part of 
Chili, but is really independent.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Pinaceee (Conifers) and to the family or section 
Abietinse. The inflorescence is terminal; the male 
flowers in cylindrical spikes ; and the fruit succeed¬ 
ing the female ones large and globular; each scale, 
if not abortive, bearing a single seed. The branches 
are verticillate and spreading, with stiff pointed 


ar-bi-ter, *ar'-bi-troure, s. [In Fr. arbitre; 
Sp., Port.,& Ital .arbitro; Lat. arbiter— (1) onewho 
comes to a place, a visitor, an intruder, an eye-wit¬ 
ness, (2) an umpire, (3) a manager. By some de¬ 
rived from ar (ad)= to, and the root bit =to come or 
go; but Wedgwood connects it with the Finnish 
arpa= a lot, believing the original meaning was a 
“lot’s man, or soothsayer.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. Law and Ord. Lang.: An arbitrator, a person 
chosen, in most cases by mutual agreement, to de¬ 
cide between contending parties who do not wish 
to go to law. Now the term used is Aebiteaxob 
(q. v.). 

“ He would put himself into the king’s hands, and 
make him arbiter of the peace.”— Bacon. 

2. One who is so much raised above his fellows 
that law cannot, for the time, at least, reach him,. 


and who has therefore the power of absolutely 
deciding questions affecting the property and evei, 
the lives of others. 

“ But swear, impartial arbiters of right, 

Swear to stand neutral, while we cope in fight.” 

Pope : Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xviii. 64-5 

II. Of things. Fig.: That which acts with un 
controlled innuences and on a great scale. 

“Next him high arbiter 
Chance governs all.” 

Milton: P. L., ii., 909. 

ar -bi-tra-ble, a. [Lat. arbitror=to observe, 
... to judge ; Eng. -able. In Sp. arbitrable .] 

1. Arbitrary, settled by the will; voluntary. 

“. . . offerings bestowed upon God by the people, 
either in such arbitrable proportion as their own devotion 
moveth them, or as the laws or customs of particular 
places do require them.”— Spelman. 

2. Determinable. 

“The value of moneys or other commodities is arbi¬ 
trable according to the sovereign authority and use of 
several kingdoms and countries.”— Bp. Hall: Cases of 
Conscience, Dec. 1, Case 1. 

*ar'-bi-tritge, s. [Fr.] Arbitration. {Sir Will¬ 
iam Temple.) {Worcester.) 

ar-bit'-ra-ment, ar-bit-re-ment, s. [From 
Low Lat. arbitramentum; Lat. arbitror— to ob¬ 
serve, to judge.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of persons or other intelligent beings: 

1. Power or liberty of deciding; choice, decision, 
determination. 

“ . . . to stand or fall 
Free in thine own arbitrement it lies.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. viii. 

2. Compromise. 

“Lukewarm persons think they may accommodate 
points of religion by middle ways and witty reconcile¬ 
ments, as if they would make an arbitrement between God 
and man.”— Bacon: Essays, Civ. and Mor., ch. iii. 

II. Of things {Fig.): The final decision of a case, 
question, controversy, or struggle by the sword, by 
natural law, or in some similar way. 

“ The arbitrement is like to be bloody.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 7. 

“ . . . a people who had challenged the arbitrament 
of the sword.”— Mr. Forsyth, M. P., Pari. Deb., Times, Feb. 
17, 1877. 

“The supreme importance of these characters has been 
proved by the final arbitrament of the battle for life.”— 
Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iv. 

B. Law: The award given by arbitrators. 

ar -bl-tr?i-rl-ly, adv.' [Eng. arbitrary; -ly.] 
Agreeably to one’s own will or caprice without ref¬ 
erence to the rights or the feelings of others; des¬ 
potically, tyrannically. 

“ But the power of arbitrarily taking away the lives of 
men is infinitely less likely to be abused than the power 
of arbitrarily taking away their property.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

ar-bl-trgi-rl-ness, s. [Eng. arbitrary; -ness.] 
The quality of being arbitrary, despotical, tyranni¬ 
cal. 

“ Self-regarding or dissocial moral qualities ... 5. 
arbitrariness.” — Bowring: Bentham’s Table of the Springs 
of Action. Works, vol. i., p. 198. 

*ar-bi-tra r-i-ous, a. [Lat. arbitrarius— (1) per¬ 
taining to arbitration; (2) arbitrary.] Arbitrary, 
despotic, tyrannical. 

“These are standing and irrepealable truths; such as 
have no precarious existence or arbitrarious dependence 
upon any will or understanding whatsoever.”— Norris. 

*ar-bi-traT-I-Ous-l^, adv. [Eng. arbitrarious; 
-ly.] In an arbitrary manner. 

“Where words are imposed arbitrariously, distorted 
from their common use, the mind must be led into mis¬ 
prision.”— Glanville. 

ar -b!-tr?i-ry, a. [In Fr. arbitraire; Sp., Port., 
& Ital. arbitrario; Lat. arbitrarius={l) pertaining 
to arbitration ; (2) arbitrary, depending on the will; 
(3) unfixed, uncertain.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. According to one’s own will or caprice, and 
probably not defensible at the bar of reason or jus¬ 
tice. Capricious. 

“ It may be perceived with what insecurity we ascribe 
effects, depending on the natural period of time, unto 
arbitrary calculations, and such as vary at pleasure.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

“But the detailed description of the lights on the 
Roman spears, in the Sabine war of 503 B. C., given by 
Dionysius, has all the appearance of arbitrary fiction.”— 
Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. v., § 11. 

2. Despotic, tyrannical. (Applied to power, the 
deeds of a government, or to the character of a 
ruler.) 

“ The thought of establishing arbitrary power, by call¬ 
ing in the aid of foreign arms, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

“. . . had served the most arbitrary of monarchs 
. . .”— Ibid., ch. xxiii. 


b<511, boy; pout, jdwl; cat, (jell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion -- shun; 


9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d$L 
















arbitrate 


250 


arbored 


B. Technically: 

Law. Arbitrary punishment: (1) A punishment 
left to the discretion of the judge; (2) because cap¬ 
ital punishments are never so left, therefore it sig¬ 
nifies also a penalty not capital. 

ar -bl-trate, v. t. & i. [In Fr. arbitrer; Prov., 
Sp.,&Port. arbitrar; Ital. arbitrare: Lat. arbitror, 
-atus=(l) to observe, (2) to judge, (3) to testify, (4) 
to believe.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To judge, to judge of. 

2. To decide, settle, determine. 

B. Intransitive: To decide in the capacity of an 
arbitrator; or, more generally, to decide, to deter¬ 
mine. 

ar-bi-tra'-tion, s. [In Fr. arbitration: Port. 
arbitragao; Lat. arbitratio=decision, will; from 
arbitror.'] [Arbitrate,] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. The decision of a case by means of an arbi¬ 
trator. (B. 1, Law.) 

2. Final decision of a matter in dispute or in 
doubt, without reference to the method by which 
this is effected. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law : The decision of a case not by a judge of 
a law court, but by an arbitrator or arbitrators, 
that is, by a person or persons to whom the con¬ 
tending parties mutually consent to submit their 
differences. When there are more than one, and 
they disagree in what is termed their award, a third 
person, called an umpire, is in general called in to 
give a final decision. 

2. Comm. Arbitration of Exchange: The operation 
of converting the currency of any country into that 
of a second one by means of other currencies inter¬ 
vening between the two. 

arbitration bond. 

Law: A bond which is generally entered into by 
parties wishing to submit their differences to arbi¬ 
tration. It binds them to a*cquiesce in the award 
given. (Blaclcstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 1.) 

arbitration treaty, s. A treaty for the adjust¬ 
ment of differences between nations. The United 
States has been a party to more arbitration treaties 
than any other nation, having, within the last hun¬ 
dred years, settled by this means more than forty 
international disputes. Following is a table show¬ 
ing results of the most important of these cases: 

ARBITRATION CASES WON BY THE UNITED STATES. 

1794—Great Britain—St. Croix River boundary 
dispute. 1794—Great Britain—217 claims awarded 
the U. S. 1814—Great Britain—Northeastern boun¬ 
dary. 1818—Great Britain—for slaves carried away 
by British soldiers after the war of the Revolution, 
$1,264,960. 1839—Mexico claims, $671,798. 1853- 

Great Britain claims, $55,000. 1857—New Granada 
claims, $345,307. 1858—Chili claims, $42,000. 1860— 
Costa Rica claims, $25,000. 1862—Ecuador claims, 

$94,799. 1863—Peru claims, $31,250. 1864—Colombia 
claims, $345,307. 1866—Venezuela claims, $1,258,310. 

1868—Mexico claims, $4,000,000. 1868—Peru claims, 

$150,000. 1870—Brazil claims, $100,740. 1871—Spain 

claims, $1,588,683. 1871—Great Britain, land. 1871- 
Great Britain, the Alabama claims, $15,000,000. 
[Alabama.] 1874—Colombia claims, $33,401. 1885— 
Spain claims, $46,034. 1892—Venezuela claims $141,. 
000. 1893—Ecuador claims, $40,000. 

ARBITRATION CASES LOST BY THE UNITED STATES. 

1794—Great Britain—claims for royalist losses dur¬ 
ing the war of the Revolution, $3,000. 1851—Portugal 
—loss of the U. S. privateer, General Armstrong ', 
destroyed in the harbor of Fayal. 1871—Great Bri¬ 
tain—claims of British subjects for property lost 
in the war of the Rebellion, $1,929,819. 1880—France 
—claims for property of French jitizens destroyed 
in the war of the Rebellion, $612,000. 1888—Denmark 
—Butterfield claims. 1893—Great Britain—Bering 
sea dispute (q. v.). 

A general treaty for the arbitration of all disputes 
arising between the U. S. and Great Britain not in¬ 
volving national honor was signed at Washington 
by representatives of the two governments on Jan. 
11, 1897, but the U. S. Senate refused to ratify it. 

ar -bi-tra-tor, *ar -bl-tra-toure, s. [In Fr. 
arbitrateur: Sp. & Port, arbitrador. From Lat. ar• 
bitrator— a lord, master, or ruler.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons : 

fl. A ruler or governor. (Applied by Milton to the 
Supreme Being.) 

2. He who occupies so high a position, for the 
moment at least, that he can settle disputes as he 
himself thinks fit. and enforce the award he makes. 

3. A person or even a public body invited or per¬ 
mitted to decide between contending parties who do 
not wish to go to law. [Arbitration.] 

II. Of things: That which finally settles anything. 


B. Technically: 

Law: A person chosen to settle disputes between 
contending parties who otherwise would probably 
engage in litigation; an arbiter, a referee. 

ar-bl-tra'-tress, s. [The fern, form of Eng. arbi¬ 
trator.] A female arbitrator; an arbitratrix. 

ar-bl-tra’-trlx, s. [Lat.=a mistress, a female 
ruler.] A female arbitrator, an arbitratress. ( Beau¬ 
mont: Psyche, xix. 168.) 

*ar'-bi-tre (tre=ter), v. t. [Fr. arbitrer.] [Ar¬ 
bitrate.] To decide finally. 

“All that shal be declared, ordeined, and arbitred, by 
the forsaide Archebishop, dukes, and bishoppes.”— Hall: 
Henry VI. (an. 4). 

*ar’-bl-tree, s. [Fr. arbitre = . . . will; Lat. 
arbitrium.] Freewill. 

“To destroyen the freedom of our arbitree, that is to 
say, of our free will.”— Chaucer: Boecius, bk. v. 

ar-blt'-re-ment, s. [Arbitrament.] 
ar-bi-tress, *ar -by tres, s. [The fern, form 
of arbiter (q. v.).] The same as Arbitratress and 
Arbitratrix. A female who acts as arbiter. (Lit. 
& fig.) 

“Overhead the moon 
Sits arbitress, and nearer to the earth 
Wheels her pale course.” Milton: P. L., i. 785. 

ar -blast, s. [Arbalest.] 

ar -bol-Ist, s. [Sp. arbolista (?).] A word oc¬ 
curring twice in Howell ( Dodona's Grove, p. 11, p. 
131. Probably a misprint for arborist (q. v.). 

ar -bor, s. [Lat.=a tree.] 

I. Bot.: A tree; that is, a vegetable having 
branches which are perennial, and are supported 
upon a trunk; in the latter respect differing from a 
shrub, one characteristic of which is, that its 
branches proceed directly from the surface of the 
ground without having a supporting trunk. ( Lind- 
ley: Introd, to Bot.) 

II. Mechanism: 

1. The axis or spindle of a machine; as, for in¬ 
stance, of a crane or windmill. 

2. That part of a machine which sustains the 
rest. 

Arbor Day, s. A day appointed for the planting 
of trees. The custom of setting apart a certain day 
in the year for the encouragement of tree-planting 
originated in Nebraska, whose State Board of Agri¬ 
culture in 1874 recommended the second Wednesday 
of April in each year as a day dedicated to the work. 
It is now an established oust om in most of the States. 

arbor Dianss. (Lit.= the tree of Diana.) A 
beautiful arborescent appearance presented by sil¬ 
ver when precipitated from its nitrate by the addi¬ 
tion of mercury. 

arbor genealogica. A genealogical tree. [Gene¬ 
alogical.] 

arbor Saturni. [Lit.=the tree of Saturn.] An 
arborescent appearance presented by lead when a 
piece of zinc is suspended in a solution of acetate 
of lead. 

arbor vitae. (Lit.—fhe tree of life.] 

1. Bot.: A name given to the trees belonging to 
the coniferous genus Thuja. T. occidentalis, or 
American Arbor Vito, is a well-known and valued 
evergreen. 

2. Anat.: A dendriform arrangement which ap- 

E ears in the medulla of the brain when the cerebel- 
im is cut through vertically. 

ar-bo'r-e-g.1, a. [Lat. arbore(us); and Eng. 
suffix -al.] Pertaining to a tree or trees. Spec., liv¬ 
ing in trees, or climbing trees. 

“. . . a temperature sufficiently high for arboreal 
Mammalia of the four-handed order.”— Owen: British 
Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 3. 

ar-bo r-e-ous, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. arboreo. 
From Lat. arboreus= pertaining to a tree.] 

1. Arborescent, becoming or being a tree. (Lou¬ 
don: Cycl. of Plants; Gloss.) 

“A grain of mustard becomes arboreous.” — Browne. 

2. Growing on a tree, as contradistinguished from 
growing on the ground. 

“They speak properly who make it an arboreous excres¬ 
cence, or rather a superplant bred of a viscous and super¬ 
fluous lopp, which the tree itself cannot assimilate.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

ar-bor-es’-$en9e, s. [In Fr. arborescence, as if 
from a Lat. arborescentia— a growing into a tree; 
arboresco= to grow up into a tree.] 

1. Bot.: The characteristics of a tree, as contra¬ 
distinguished from those of a shrub or of an herb. 

2. Min. & Chem.: Dendritic markings on min¬ 
erals, or a tree-like appearance of chemical sub¬ 
stances. 

ar-bor-es -§ 9 nt, a. & s. [In Fr. arborescent, from 
Lat. arborescens, pr. par. of arboresco— to become a 
tree; arbor= a tree.] 


A. As adjective: 

I. Lit. (Bot.): Properly, growing up into a tree;' 
having a tendency to become a tree, from a shrub 
becoming a tree; also, less precisely, existing as a 
tree. 

“Pandanaceas are remarkable among arborescent mon¬ 
ocotyledons . . .”— Lindley: Nat. Syst. Bot., 2ded. (1836), 
p. 361. 

“ . . . an arborescent grass, very like a bamboo . . .” 
— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xi. 

II. Fig (Physical Science and Ord. Lang.): 

1. Gen.: Having ramifications like a tree. 

“ . . . they ramify in an arborescent manner .”—Todd 
<& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 274. 

2. Specially: 

(a) Min.: Dendritic. Native copper is commonly 
of this form. [Dendritic.] 

(b) Zool. The Arborescent Starfish: A species of 
starfish, the Asterias Caput Medusae. 

B. As substantive: A plant growing up into a tree. 

“. . . sproutings, or branchings, or arborescents .”— 

Bacon: Physiol. Rem. 

ar -bor-et, *ar-bor-ett, ar -bor-e-turn, s. [In 

Ital. arboreto; Lat. arboretum=( 1) a plantation, a 
vineyard, (2) a single tree.] 

A. (Of the form arboretum.) A spot in a park, 
nursery, or any similar place, planted with trees, 
one of each kind. (Brande.) 

B. (Of the forms arboret and arborett.) Either 
(a) a small grove, a place planted or overgrown 
with trees or shrubs, or (b) a single small tree or 
shrub, apparently the latter. 

“No daintie flowre or herbe that growes on ground. 

No arborett with painted blossoms drest, 

And smelling sweete, but there it might be found 
To bud out faire, and throw her sweete smels all 
around.” Spenser: F. Q., XL vi. 12. 

“ Nearer he drew, and many a walk traversed 
Of stateliest covert, cedar, pine, or palm ; 

Then voluble and bold j now hid, now seen 
Among thick woven arborets, and flowers 
Imborder’d on each bank, . . .” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

*ar-bor-Ic-al, a. [Lat. arbor= a tree; Eng. 
suffix -ical.] Pertaining to trees. 

“ . . . of that arborical discourse.”— Howell: Letters, 
iv. 23. 

ar-bor-Lcul'-tur-al, a. [Eng. arboriculture ; 
-ah] Pertaining to the culture of trees. 

ar-bor-I-cul -tiire, s. [In Fr. arboriculture, 
from Lat. arbor = a tree, ana cultura= cultivation.] 
The cultivation of trees. 

ar-bor-i-cul’-tur-ist, s. TEng. arboricultur(e); 
-ist.] One who cultivates trees. (Loudon.) 

ar-bor’-I-form, a. [Lat. arbor= a tree, and 
forma=ioim.] Formed like a tree. 

ar'-bor-ist, s. [Fr. arboriste.] One who makes 
a special study of trees. 

“ The mulberry, which the arborists observe to be long 
in the getting his buds.”— Howell: Vocal Forest. 

ar-bor-I-za -tion, s. [Fr. arborisation.] 

Min. & Geol.: The method of forming dendritic 
markings on a simple mineral or on a fossil. 

ar’-bor-ize, v. t. [In Fr. arboriser.] To form 
the likeness of a tree; to make dendritic markings 
on some simple mineral or rock. 

ar -bor-ous, a. [Lat. arboreus=oi or pertaining 
to a tree.] Full of trees; formed by trees. 

“Under shady arborous roof.”— Milton: P. L., v. 137. 

^ar-bor, ar'-bour, *ar'-ber *her'-ber, *her- 
bere, s. [O. Fr. herbier— a herbary; in O. Eng. 
herber, erber. It was first confused with A. 3. 
hereberge, Icel. herbergi— harbor, shelter, and after¬ 
ward from a supposed connection with trees, writ¬ 
ten arbor, as if from the Lat. arbor — a tree. 
Properly it is a garden of herbs.] A frame of lat¬ 
ticed work, over and around which creeping and 
clinging plants are turned, so as to form a shady 
and romantic retreat; a bower. 

“ And so I followed till it me brought 
To syht a pleasant herber well ywrought 
* S: * * * * 

And closed in all the green herbere 
With sicamour was set and eglatere.” 

Chaucer: The Floure and the Leafs. 

“ There found she her (as then it did betide) 

Sitting in covert shade of arbors sweet.” 

Spenser: F. Q., TV. viii. 9. 

“From these heights 

We dropp’d, at pleasure, into sylvan combs; 

Where arbors of impenetrable shade, 

And mossy seas, detain’d us side by side.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

arbor-vine, s. A species of bind-weed. 

ar -bored, a. [Eng. arbor; -ed.] Furnished with 
an arbor. (Pollok.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit! sire, sir 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. ' se, ce = e;’ 


marine; go, pot, 
ey = a. qu = kw. 




arbuscle 


ar-bus -cle (cle=kel), s. [Lat. arbuscula — a 
email tree.] A small tree. 

i II Sometimes the Latin term arbusculus is em¬ 
ployed. It is not so classical as arbuscula. ( Lind - 
ley.) 

ar-bus'-cul-ar, a. [Eng. arbuscule; -ar .] Per¬ 
taining to a small tree. (Da Costa.) 

ar-bus'-tive, a. [Lat. arbustivus, from arbustum 
(q. v.).] Planted with shrubs or trees; containing 
copses of shrubs or trees. (Bartram.) 

ar-bus'-tum, s. [InFr. arbuste; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
arbusto; Lat. arbustum, a contraction of arboretum 
= (1) a plantation, [2) a tree; from arbor, a tree.] 
Bot.: A shrub, distinguished from a tree by tne 
character that its branches rise directly from the 
ground without being supported on a trunk. It is 
called also Frutex. 
ar-bute, s. [Arbutus.] 

ar-bu’-te-an a. [Lat. arbuteus.) Pertaining to 
he arbutus. 

“Arbutean harrows, and the mystic van.” 

Evelyn: Virgil. 

ar-bh'-tus (Lat.), ar-bQ te (Eng.), s. [In Dut. 
•arbutus; Ft. arbousier; Ital. arbuto; from Lat. 
arbutus = the wild strawberry-tree; arbutum, its 
fruit: from arbor = a tree, or, according to Theis, 
from the Celtic or rough austere, and boise— a bush.J 
A. Ord. Lang.: (Of the forms Arbutus and Ar- 
bute.) Any plant of the genus Arbutus; specially, 
the A. unedo, or strawberry-tree, described under B. 

“There have been in the neighborhood of Killarney 
specimens of the arbutus thirty feet high and four feet 
and a half round.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. (Note.) 

“ In falling, clutched the frail arbute .” 

Longfellow: To a Child. 



Arbutus Unedo (Strawberry-tree). 


1. Flower. 2. Ovary and stamen. 3. Stamen enlarged. 
4. A branch in fruit. 5. Section of fruit. (Figures 1 
and 4 one-third natural size.) 

B. Bot.: (Of the form Arbutus.) Strawberry-tree. 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Ericaceae 
(Heath-worts). A species, the A. unedo, or Austere 
Strawberry-tree, is found, apparently wild, in the 
neighborhood of the Lakes of Killarney. It has 
panicles of large, pale greenish-white flowers and 
red fruit, which, with the evergreen leaves, are 
especially beautiful in the months of October and 
November. 

Trailing Arbutus, a creeping or trailing plant 
(epigcea repe-J) with rose-colored blossoms, found 
chiefly in New England in the spring, Commonly 
called May-flower, or sometimes ground laurel. 

ar'-by-tres, s. [Arbitress ) 

arc, *arck, *ark, s. [In Fr. arc = an arch, an 
arc; Prov. arc; from Lat. arcus — a bow, . . . 
anything arched, a mathematical arc. Essentially 
Hie same word as the Eng. Abch (q. v.).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

t. An arch. 

•‘Their rich triumphall arcks which they did raise.” 

Spenser: Sfonnet on Scanderbeg. 

' Statues, and trophies, and triumphal arcs. 1 ’ 

Milton: P. It., bk. iv. 

“Turn arcs of triumph to a garden gate.” 

Pope: Mor. Ess., Ep. 4. 

2. (In the geometric sense of the word.) [See B.] 

(Lit-, and Fig.) 

“ Your loss is rarer: for this star 
Rose with you thro’ a little arc 
Of heaven.” Tennyson: To J. S. 

‘“The circle of human nature, then, is not complete 
ithout the arc of feeling and emotion.”— Tyndall: Frag, 
yf Science, 3d ed., v. 104. 

B. Technically : 

1. Geom.: A portion of the circumference of a 
circle, cut off by two lines which meet or intersect 
it. Its magnitude is stated in degrees, minutes, and 
seconds, which are equal to those of the angle 
which it subtends. Hence, counted by degrees, 
minutes, and seconds, the arc of elevation and the 


251 

angle of elevation of a heavenly body are the same, 
and the two terms may be used in most cases indif¬ 
ferently. The straight line uniting the two extrem¬ 
ities of an arc is called its chord. 

“Their segments, or arcs, for the most part, exceeded 
not the third part of a circle.”— Newton: Optics. 

Equal arcs must come from circles of equal 
magnitude, and each must contain the same num¬ 
ber of degrees, minutes, and seconds as the others. 

Similar arcs must also each have the same num¬ 
ber of degrees, minutes, and seconds, but they 
belong to circles of unequal magnitude. 

Concentric arcs are arcs having the same center. 

2. Math. Geog.: An arc of the earth’s meridian, or 
a meridional arc, is an arc partly measured on the 
surface of the earth from north to south, partly cal¬ 
culated by trigonometry. Such arcs have been 
measured in Lapland; in Peru; from Dunkirk, in 
France, to Barcelona, in Spain; at the Cape of 
Good Hope, and from Shanklin Down, in the Isle of 
Wight, to Balta, in Shetland. It was by these 
measurements that the earth was discovered to be 
an oblate spheroid. (Airy's Pop. Astron., and 
Herschel’s Astron.) 

3. Astron.: (For arc of elevation, see Angle. 
For Diurnal Arc. Nocturnal Arc, &c., see Diurnal, 
Nocturnal, &c.) 

4. Mech. Phil.: Arc of vibration (in a pendulum); 
The arc in which it vibrates. 

5. Electricity. Voltaic arc: A luminous arc, 
which extends from one pencil of charcoal to an¬ 
other, when these are fixed to the terminals of a 
battery in such a position that their extremities are 
one-tenth of an inch apart. (Ganot: Physics, 
transl. by Atkinson, 3d ed.) 

arc-lamp, s. A lamp in which the light is pro¬ 
duced by a voltaic arc. 

arc-lights, s. Light produced by the voltaic arc. 

ar-ca, s. [Lat. area = a chest.] A genus of 
Conchiferous Molluscs, the typical one of the fam¬ 
ily Arcadse. The shell is strongly ribbed, or cancel¬ 
lated, hinge straight, with very numerous transverse 
teeth. They are universally distributed, but are 
commonest in warm seas. They inhabit the zone from 
low water to 230 fathoms. In 1875 Tate estimated 
the known recent species at 140j and the fossil ones 
at 400, the latter commencing with the Lower Silur¬ 
ian rocks. Of the recent species, A. Noce , A. tetra- 
gona, A. lactea, A. raridentata, and A. barbata 
occur in England. The fossil species are found in 
the United States, Europe, and Southern India. 

tar-ca-bfl-c§ ’-rQ , s. [Sp.] A musketeer. 

“ Here in front you can see the very dint of the bullet 
Fired point-blank at my heart by a Spanish arcabu- 
cero.” — Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, i. 

ar'-C(L-dse, s.pl, [Arca.] A family of Conchifer¬ 
ous (bivalved) Molluscs. They have the shell reg¬ 
ular and equivalve, its hinge with a long row of 
slender, comb-like teeth. It contains the genera 
Arca, Cuculhea, Pectunculus, Avicula, Leda, &c. 

ar-ca'de, s. rin Sw. arkad; Ger. arkade; Fr. 
arcade; Sp. & Port, arcada; Low Lat. areata; 
from Class. Lat, arcus=a bow, an arch.] [Arch.] 

Architecture ? 

1. Properly: A series of arches sustained by col¬ 
umns or piers. They may be open or may be closed 
by masonry behind: thus the small arches built 
into the walls of some cathedrals are genuine exam¬ 
ples of the arcade proper. 

tl An arcade differs from a colonnade in this re¬ 
spect, that while the columns of the former support 
arches, those of the latter sustain straight archi¬ 
traves. (Gloss, of Arch.) 



“ He had probably, after the fashion of his craft, plied 
for customers under the arcades of the Royal Exchange.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

"... a goodly spot, 

With lawns, and beds of flowers, and shades 
Of trellis-work in long arcades.” 

Wordsworth: White Poe ofBylstone, iv. 

2. Less accuratety: The arches and piers dividing 
the body of a building from its aisles. (Gloss, of 

3. A long arched gallery lined on both sides with 
shops. (P. Cycl.) 


.arcii 

4. Loosely: Any gallery or passage with shops, 
though not arched. 

ar-ca-ded, a. [Eng. arcade: -ed.) Furnished 
with an arcade. (Penny Mag.) 

Ar-ca-di-gin, a.&s. [In Ger. & Fr. Arcadien; 
Lat. Arcadius; from the country Arcadia, said to 
be named after Areas, a son of Jupiter and Gallisto.J 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Arcadia, a country 
in the heart of the Peloponnesus, the _ inhabit¬ 
ants of which were reckoned as simple, ignorant, 
and stupid, but happy. 

“The poor, inured to drudgery and distress, 

Act without aim, think little, and feel less, 

And nowhere but in feign’d Acadian scenes, 

Taste happiness, or know what pleasure means. 

Cowper: Hope „ 

B. As substantive : 

1. An inhabitant of Arcadia. 

“The Arcadians speak of Jupiter himself.” 

Cowper: Transl. from Virgil, JEneid, bk. viii. 

2. A name sometimes assumed by persons In 
modem times who imitated or affected to imitate 
Arcadian simplicity. 

“ . . . the wits even of Rome are united into a. rural 
group of nymphs and swains under the appellation of 
modern Arcadians .”— Goldsmith: Polite Learning, ch. iv. 

ar-ca'-na, s. pi. [PI. neut. of Lat. arcarneff 
[Arcanum.] 

*ar-cane, a. [Lat. arcamts^shut up, closed? 
from area=a chest.] Hidden, concealed, secret. 

“Have I betray’d thy arcane secrecy.” 

Tragedy of Locrine, v. 4. 

“. . . the arcane part of Divine wisdom, . . .”— 
Bp. Berkeley: Siris, § 269. 

ar'-cg,-nlte, s. [From Lat. arcanum duplicatum, 
one of the names given to it by the alchemists.] 
The name of a mineral, the same as Ap hthitalite 
and Glaserite (q. v.). 

tar-can'-na, s. A kind of red chalk used by 
carpenters to color their lines. 

gtr-Ca'-num, s. [Lat. arcanum, neut. sing, of adj. 
arcanus, neut. pi. arcana. In Ger. & Fr. arcanum; 
Sp., Port.,& Ital. arcano .] 

I. Gen. • Anything hidden, a secret. Anything 
difficult to explore. (Generally in the plural, arcana 
— secrets.) 

“. . . which, until traced by Newton up to this their 
origin, had ranked among the most inscrutable arcana 
of astronomy.”— Herschel: Astron. (5th ed.), § 230. 

II. Specially: 

1. Med.: An undivulged remedy, or what passes 

for such. . , . 

2. Alchemy & Old Chem.: A mysterious operation. 

arc-bou -tant, arch-bfit'-tant (ant=ang), s. 

[Fr. arc-boutant, arc-bou- 
ter — to buttress: arc —a 
bow, an arch; bout=e nd, 
extremity.] 

Arch.: An abutment. 

“An arch-formed prop 
which connects the walls 
of the upper and central 
portions of an aisled struc¬ 
ture with the vertical but¬ 
tresses of the outer walls.” 

(Glossary _ of Architec¬ 
ture.) It is called also a 
flying buttress, because it 
passes through the air 
over the roof of the side 
aisles. 

*ar'-ce-tyr, s. [Lat. 
and Old Eng. ars=art.] 

One who learns or teaches 
art. (Prompt. Parv.) 

ar$h (1), *ar§he, s. [In Fr. arche; Sp., Port., & 
Ital. arco; Low Lat. arca; Class. Lat. arcus=(l) a 
bow, (2) the rainbow, (3) anything arched or curved, 
... a mechanical arc, (4) an architectural arch.t 
[Arc.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

+1. An arc of a circle. 

“The mind perceives that an arch of a circle is less 
than the whole circle, as clearly as it does the idea of a 
circle.”— Locke. 

II. (In the architectural sense.) [B., I.] 

“To build, to plant, whatever you intend, 

To rear the column, or the arch to bend.” 

Pope. Moral Essays, Epistle iv. 47-8. 

“ Bid the broad arch the dang’rous flood contain.” 

Ibid., 199. 

“ Arches on archest as it were that Rome, 

Collecting the chief trophies of her line, 

Would build up all her triumphs in one dome 
Her Coliseum stands.” 

Byron. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, iv. 128. 

III. Any object in nature or art which is formed 
like an architectural arch [B., I.], or is curved like 
the segment of a circle. 



Flying Buttresses. 


t><ul, b<5y; pout, j<5wl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 

-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




















































Arches 


252 


1. Generally: 

‘It is well once to behold a squall with its rising arch 
and coming fury, or the heavy gale of wind and mount¬ 
ainous waves.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. 
xxi., p. 502. 

2. Specially: 

(а) The rainbow. 

“Beholds th’ amusive arch before him fly.” 

Thomson: Seasons ; Spring, 215. 

“Triumphal arch that fills’t the sky 
When storms prepare to part.” 

Campbell: The Rainbow. 

[See Triumphal Arch defined under B.] 

( б ) The vault of heaven, which, to a spectator on 
the earth, seems to be an arch of infinite span. 

“ What a grand and majestic dome is the sky ! How is 
that immeasurable arch upheld? . . .”— Hervey: 

Meditations on the Starry Heavens (1747). 

“Fanning his temples under heaven’s blue arch.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

B. Technically: 

I. Arch.: A series of wedge-shaped stones or bricks, 
so aiTanged over a door or window in an edifice for 
habitation, or between the piers of a bridge, as to 
support each other, and even bear a great superin¬ 
cumbent weight. 

The stones and bricks of a truncated wedge shape 
used in building arches are called voussoirs. The 
sides of an arch are called its haunches or flanks, 
and by old English writers of the sixteenth century 
its hause. The highest part of the arch is called its 
crown, or by the old English authors the scheme or 
sheen, from the Ital. schiena. The lowest voussoirs 
of an arch are called springers, and the central one 
which holds the rest together the keystone. The 
under or concave side of the voussoirs is called the 
intrados, and the outer or convex one the extrados 
of the arch. A chord to the arch at its lower part 
is caUed its span, and a line drawn at right angles 
to this chord, and extending upward to its summit, 
is called its height. 

The impost of an arch is the portion of the pier 
or abutment from which the arch springs. If the 
height of the crown of an arch above the level of 
its impost is greater than half the span of the arch, 
the arch is said to be surmounted. If, on the con¬ 
trary, it is less, then the arch is said to be surbased. 

The curved arch was known to the Assyrians and 
the Old Egyptians. Sir J. G. Wilkinson considers 
that it existed in brick in the reign of Amenoph I., 
about B. C. 1540, and in stone in the time of Psam- 
metichus II., B. C. 600. The evidence is derived 
from the ruins of actual buildings, but paintings 
appear to carry the arch back to about 2020 B. C. 
There is no mention of the genuine arch in Script¬ 
ure, the term “arches,” in Ezek. xl. 16, being a mis¬ 
translation. 

The arch was brought into extensive use by the 
Romans, and everywhere prevailed till the twelfth 
century A. D. when the arch pointed at the apex, 
and called in consequence the pointed arch—the 
one so frequently seen in Gothic architecture—ap¬ 
peared in Europe as its rival. The forms of both 
curved and pointed arches may be varied indefi- 


Semi-Circular Arch. Horse-Shoe Arch, 
nitely. Of the former may be mentioned the horse¬ 
shoe arch , a name which explains itself, and the foil 
arch, from Lat. folium= a leaf, of which there are 
the trefoil, the cinque¬ 
foil^ and the multifoil 
varieties, so named from 
the plants after which 
they are modeled. 

Other arches are the 
pointed one; the equi¬ 
lateral one, when the 
centers of the circles 
whose intersection con- 
stitutes the pointed 
arch coincide with the 
angular points at the 
two sides of the base; 
the lancet arch, when 
the centers of the circles 
fall beyond these points; 
the drop arch, when 
they fall within the 
base; and the segmented 
pointed arch, the sides 
of which constitute segments of circles containing 
less than 180°. Besides these there are several other 
varieties of arch distinguished by their respective 
forms. (Gloss, of Arch., &c.) 


Triumphal arch: An arch erected in commemora¬ 
tion of some triumph. The idea has been borrowed 
from the ancient Romans, who erected many such 
structures, as those of Augustus, Titus, Trajan, and 
other emperors. 

II. Anat.: The word arch is employed to desig¬ 
nate various portions of the mechanism existing in 
the body. 

“. . . its neural arch.”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., ii. 697. 

“. . . the first visceral arch, . . . the second 
visceral arch, ... the third visceral arch.” — Ibid., 
p. 599. 

Arches, Court of. [So named from the fact that 
it originally met in the church of St. Mary-le-Bow 
(Lat. Santa Mariade arcubus), literally, “ of bows ” 
or “ arches,” by which is meant that the roof or 
steeple was supported by arches. The name was 
retained after the court was removed, first to Doc¬ 
tors’ Commons and then to Westminster Hall.] An 
ecclesiastical court of appeal for the Archbishopric 
of Canterbury. It has proper jurisdiction over thir¬ 
teen “ peculiar ” parishes in London belonging to 
the Archbishop of Canterbury; but as the judge of 
the court, who is called Dean of Arches, is also the 
principal officer under the Archbishop, he now re¬ 
ceives and determines appeals from the sentences 
of all inferior ecclesiastical courts within the prov¬ 
ince. Combined with it, or annexed to it, is the 
Court of Peculiars. [Peculiars.] Appeal from 
both of these ecclesiastical judicatories originally 
lay to the King in Chancery, afterward it was to 
the Judicial Committee of Privy Council. ( Black- 
stone , Wharton, &c.) 

arch-brick, s. A brick of a wedge shape, suit¬ 
able to be employed in the building of an arch, 
farch-buttant, s. [Arc-boutant.] 
arch-buttress, s. The same as arc-boutant, a fly¬ 
ing arch. [Arc-boutant.] 
arch-like, a. Like an arch. 

“At this period the arteries run in arch-like branches.” 
— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. i. 
arch-stone, s. A stone belonging to an arch. 

“. . . the weight of any one arch-stone.”—Penny 
Cyclop., ii., 261. 

arch-way, s. A way under an arch, 
arch-wayed, a. Provided with a way which 
runs under an arch. 

arch-work, s. Work with the object of erecting 
arches. 

*arch (2), s. [Arche (2), Ark.] 
argh, V. t. & i. [From the substantive. In Fr. 
arquer; Sp. & Port, arquear; Ital. archeggiare .] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To cover with an arch or arches. 

“ The proud river, which makes her bed at her feet, is 
arched over with such a curious pile of stones. . .”— 
Howell. 

2. To form into an arch or arches. 

“ The stately sailing swan 
Gives out his snowy plumage to the gale, 

And arching proud his neck, with oary feet 
Bears forward fierce, ...” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring. 

B. Intransitive: To assume the form of an arch, 
or of a series of arches. 

“The nations of the field and wood 
Build on the wave, or arch beneath the sand.”— Pope. 
ar 9 h, a. [A corrupted form of argh. In A. S. eargh 
=inert, weak, timid, evil, wretched ; Sw. erfs=chief, 
first, arrant; arg= angry, passionate, bitter, shrewd, 
vehement; Dan. arrt'c/=malicious, spiteful, wicked; 
Dut. arglistig=craity, cunning; Ger. urq=bad, mis¬ 
chievous, cunning, severe. Mahn connects it with 
the Gr. archos =a chief, a commander. It is closely 
akin to arrant .] Sly, cunning; sometimes, but not 
always, combined with the sense of mirthful mis¬ 
chief, or waggishness. Used — 

(a) Of persons: 

“ Great. Above all that Christian met with after he had 
passed through Vanity Fair, one By-ends was the arch 
one.” — Bunyan: Pilgrim's Progress, pt. ii. 

(b) Of a word spoken : 

“. . . after his comic manner spoke his request with 
SO arch a leer that . . . ”— Tatler, No. 193. 

“ And freak put on, and arch word dropped . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 

argh, s., adj., and in composition: 

A. As substantive : [From Gr. archos =a leader, a 
chief, a commander.] [See B., etym.] A chief, a 
leader. 

“ My worthy arch and patron comes to-night.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. L 

B. As adjective: Either an independent word, or 
in composition. 

In compos.: [Gr. archi, an inseparable prefix from 
the same root as archos = chief; archo =to be first, 
to be a leader, a commander; arche— beginning. In 


arch-enemy 

Lat. archi; Low Lat.& Ital. arci; Port .Sc Sp. arcej 
Fr. archi; O. H. Ger. erzi; M. H. Ger. erze, erz ; H. 
Ger. erz ; Dut. aerts ; Dan. ark, arki ; Sw. erke ; A. 
S. arce.] Chief, principal, highest, most eminent, of 
the first order. It is used— 

(а) As an independent word. 

“There is sprung up 
An heretic, an arch one, Cranmer.” 

Shakesp. : Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

“ The most arch deed of piteous massacre. 

That ever yet this land was guilty of.” 

Ibid.: Richard III., iv. 3. 

(б) In composition, as a prefix to many words 
derived from Greek or any other language, as arch¬ 
angel, archbishop, archduke. 

IT The compounds of arch are indefinite in num¬ 
ber. . Those which immediately follow generally 
retain the hyphen; the others more commonly omit 
it, and are therefore here arranged as independent 
words. 

arch-abomination, s. A chief abomination; on9 
more loathsome than others of a more ordinary 
kind. (Everett.) 

arch-apostate, s. An apostate who stands out 
more conspicuously than many others who have 
forsaken the faith. Spec., Satan, 
arch-apostle, s. A chief apostle. 

“That the highest titles would have been given to St. 
Peter, such as arch-apostle, supreme of the apostles, or 
the like.”— Trapp: Popery Truly Stated, pt. i. 

arch-architect, s. The Supreme Architect. 

“ I’ll ne’er believe that the Arch-architect 
With all these fires the heavenly arches deckt 
Only for show.” Sylvester: Du Bartas. 

arch-beacon, s. The chief beacon. 

“ You shal 1 win the top of the Cornish arch-beacon Hain- 
borough, which may for prospect compare with Bama in 
Palestina.”— Carew. 

arch-botcher, s. Sarcastically, the chief botcher. 

“ Thou, once a body, now but air, 

Arch-botcher of a psalm or prayer.” 

Bp. Corbet to the C/host of R. Wisdome. 

arch-bufifoon, s. One who plays the buffoon 
above others. 

arch-builder, s. The chief builder. 

“ Those excellent arch-builders of the spiritual temple 
of the Church, I mean the Prophets and Apostles.”— 
Harmar; Tr. of Beza’s Serm., p. 9. 

arch-butler, s. The chief butler. An officer of 
the old German or Holy Roman empire. It was his 
special function to present the cup to the emperor 
on great occasions. He. was called also arch-cup¬ 
bearer, or arch-skinker (in Ger. erz schenke ). The 
office was filled by the King of Bohemia. 

arch-chamberlain, s. A chief chamberlain. 
An officer of the German empire with functions like 
those of the great chamberlain here. The Elector 
of Brandenburg was so designated by the golden 
bull under the old German empire, 
arch-chancellor, s. [Arch-chancellor.] 
arch-chanter, s. The chief chanter in a church 
choir. 

arch-chemic, arch-chymic, a. Producing 
chemical effects on an unparalleled scale of mag¬ 
nitude and importance. 

“ The arch-chymic sun, so far from us remote. 
Produces, with terrestrial humor mix’d, 

Here in the dark so many precious things 
Of color glorious, and effect so rare.” 

Milton : P. L., bk. iii. 

arch-city, *arch-citie, s. A chief city. 

“ To that arch-citie of this government.” 

Phin. Fletcher: Purple Island, ii. 44. 
arch-conspirator, s. A chief conspirator. 

“ Severian, the grand adversary and arch-conspirator 
against Chrysostom.”— Maundrell: Journey, p. 13. 

arch-count, s. A chief count. A title formerly 
given to the Earl of Flanders on account of his 
great wealth and power, 
arch-critic, *arch-critick, s. A chief critic. 

“ . . . the arch-critick of the sacred muses.”— Tr. o\ 

Boccalini (1626), p. 187. 

arch-cupbearer, s. A chief cupbearer. [Arch- 
butler.] 

arch-dapifer, s. [Archidap/fer.] 
arch-defender, s. 

“ Nay, drunkennesse hath got an arch-defender, 

Yea, more than that, a principall commander." 

Early Eng. Text Soc. (ed. Cowper), vol. 46-48L 
Satira, v. 2,111, 2,112. 

arch-divine, s. A chief divine; that is, a chief 
clergyman or theologian. 

“ Georgius Wicelius, one of their own arch-divines, 
exclaims against it and all such rash monastical vows.”— 
Burton ; Anat. of Mel., p. 587. 

arch-enemy, s. [Eng. arch ; enemy.] A princi¬ 
pal enemy; specially, Satan. 

“ To whom the arch-enemy, 

And thence in heaven called Satan . . .” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 





Pointed Arch. 


fate, fat, fare, sumidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplt work, wh6, s6n; mate, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 

































ARCIi/EOLOQY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1-8. Different forms of arrow=heads. 9. Spear=point ( 
__ . or perforators. 19. Stone scraper (N. J.). 20. Bird-sl 

stone. 27. Stone vessel (Cal.). 28. Shell gorget, human figures. 29. Rattlesnake gorgets. 30. Spider gorget. 31. Stone gorget (N. 

^ Wl A h ^, man f3Ce ' 38 ' Soapstone calumet-bowl. 39. New Jersey pipe. 40. Simple form of Mound pipe. 41. Common Atlantic coast 
48-50. Clay vessels. 51. Clay vessel (Ho.). 52. Wjter=jug. 53. Clay pot. 






























■ r?"-- EPS 






I. 10, 11. Chisels or celts (N. J.). 12, 13. Stone axes (N. J.). 14, IS. Plummets (Ills,). 16. Bone fish-hook (N. Y.). 17, 18. Stone awls 
t stone (Vt.). 21. Stone spade (N. J.). 22. Semilunar knife (riass.). 23. Stone gorget. 24. Hortar and pestle (Mass.). 25, 26. Discoidal 
32. Stone idol (Ga.). 33. Tablet (Ohio). 34. “ Track=rocks ” of Ohio. 35. Ceremonial axe. 36. Bird=shaped p pe=bowl. 37. Clay pipe= 

42. Toucan pipe. 43. Sea=cow pipe. 44. Stone pipe, tufted heron. *5. Clay bottle. 46. Ceramic buriaUurn. 47. Wide=necked jar. 
































arch-felon 


253 


archbishop 


arch-felon, s. A chief felon. 

“ Which when the arch-felon saw, 

Due entrance he disdained.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

arch-fiend, s. A chief fiend. 

‘‘Whom thus answer’d the arch-fiend . . 

Milton: P. R., bk. i. 

arch-flamen, s. [From Lat. flamen or filamen, a 
priest of one particular deity; filum—a. thread or 
fillet; the latter worn by flamens.] A chief flamen; 
that is, a chief priest of any particular deity. 

“ In lesser figures are represented the Satrap® or Per¬ 
sian nobility, who with their arms stand on one side of 
those majestic figures; and on the other, the magi or arch- 
flamens, some of which hold lamps, others censers or per- 
fuming-pots, in their hands.”— Sir T. Herbert: Iran., p. 143. 

“The Roman Gentiles had their altars and sacrifices, 
their arch-flamens and vestal nuns.”— Howell: Lett., ii. 11. 

arch-flatterer, s. [Eng. arch; flatterer. In Fr. 
archiflatteur.] A chief flatterer; one who flutters 
above all others. 


arch-presbyter, s. [Eng. arch; presbyter. In 
Fr. archipr&tre, arciprStre; Lat. archipresbyter; 
Gr. archipresbuteros .] A chief presbyter. 

“As simple deacons are in subjection to presbyters, ac¬ 
cording to the canon law, so are also presbyters and arch¬ 
presbyters in subjection to these archdeacons.”— Ayliffe : 
Parergon. 

arch-priest, s. [Eng. arch; priest. In Fr. archi- 
prttre , archiprSte; Sp. & Port, arcipreste .] A chief 
priest. 

“The word decanus was extended to an ecclesiastical 
dignity which included the arch-priests."—Ayliffe : Par¬ 
ergon. 

arch-priesthood, s. [En g. arch; priesthood. In 
Sp. arciprestazgo; Ital. arcipretato. ] Chief priest¬ 
hood ; the office or dignity of a chief priest. 

arch-primate, s. The chief primate, if those, 
all of whom are primates, or first in rank, can have 
a chief. 

“ One arch-primate or Protestant pope.”— Milton : Rea¬ 
son of Ch. Oov., i. 6. 


“. . . the arch-flatterer, which is a man’s self.”— 
Bacon: Ess. of Praise. 

arch-foe, s. A chief foe. {Milton.) 
arch-fool, s. A fool above others, 
arch-founder, s. A chief founder. 

“Him, whom they feign to be the arch-founder of prel- 
aty, St. Peter.”— Milton: Reason of Ch. Gov., i. 2. 

arch-god, s. A chief god, or the chief god. 
“Homer knows nothing of Uranos, in the sense of an 
arch-god anterior to Kronos.”— Grote: Hist. Greece, pt. i., 
ch. i. 

arch-governor, *arch-governour, s. A chief 
governor. 

“ The arch-governour of Athens took me by the hand.”— 
Brewer: Lingua, ii. 4. 

arch-heresy, s. The greatest heresy. 

“He accounts it blasphemy to speak against anything 
in present vogue, how vain or ridiculous soever, and arch¬ 
heresy to approve of any thing, though ever so good and 
wise, that is laid by.”— Butler: Characters. 

arch-heretic, s. [Eng. arch; heretic. In Fr. 
archih6ritique.~\ A chief heretic. 

“From their pulpits they poured out execrations 
against heresy and the arch-heretic, Henry of England.” 
—Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., pp. 40, 41. 

arch-hypocrite, s. A chief hypocrite. One 
hypocritical above all others. 

“Alexius, the Grecian emperor, that arch-hypocrite 
and grand enemy of this war.”— Fuller: Holy War, p. 63. 

arch-magician, s. A chief magician. 

“ Lying wonders wrought by that arch-magician, Apol¬ 
lonius.”— Spencer: On Prodigies, p. 239. 

arch-marshal, s. [Eng. arch; marshal. In Fr. 
archimarSchal; Ital. arcimaresciallo .] A chief 
marshal, like our field-marshal. 

arch-mock, s. A mock or mocking of a pre¬ 
eminently insulting character. 

“Oh, ’tis the spite of hell, the fiend’s arch-mock, 

To lip a wanton in a secure couch, 

And to suppose her chaste !”— Shakesp.: Othello, iv. 1. 

“Foredoom’d by God—by man accurst, 

And that last act, though not thy worst, 

The very fiend’s arch-mock.” 

Byron: Ode to Napoleon. 

arch-monarchy, s. A leading monarchy. 

“. . the world’s arch-monarchies aptly to com¬ 

pare.”— Fuller: Worthies: Miscell. (Cadwaller ), vol. i., p. 47. 

arch-pastor, s. The chief pastor. 

“The Scripture speaketh of one arch-pastor and great 
shepherd of the sheep, exclusively to any other.”— Bar- 
row: On the Pope’s Supremacy. 

arch-philosopher, s. A chief philosopher. A 
philosopher of the first reputation. 

“It is no improbable opinion, therefore, which the 
arch-philosopher was of, that the chiefest person in every 
household was always as it were a king.”— Hooker. 

arch-pillar, s. A chief pillar; the principal 
pillar of a building. 

“That which is the true arch-pillar and foundation of 
human society, namely, the purity and exercise of true 
religion.”— Harmar: Tr. of Beza’s Serin., p. 294. 

arch-poet, s. A chief poet; a poet laureate. 

“ He was then saluted by common consent with the title 
of ‘ archipoeta,’ or arch-poet, in the style of those days; in 
ours, poet laureat.”— Pope: The Poet Laureat. 

arch-politician, s. A chief politician; a poli¬ 
tician standing out more prominently than others. 
“ He was indeed an arch-politician.” — Bacon. 

arch-pontiff, s. A chief pontiff. Spec., the Pope. 
{Burke.) 

arch-prelate, s. A chief prelate. 

“May we not wonder that a man of St. Basil’s authority 
and quality, and arch-prelate in the house of God, should 
have his name far and wide called in question?”— Hooker. 


arch-prophet, s. Gr. archiprophetes. A chief 
prophet. 

“The arch-prophet, or St. John Baptist.”— Warton-. 
Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 60. 

arch-Protestant, s. A chief Protestant; a Prot¬ 
estant standing prominently out from among his 
compeers. 


“These sayings of these arch-Protestants and master 
ministers of Germany.”— Stapleton: Fort, of the Faith, 
p. 9. 

arch-publican, s. A chief publican. 

“ The arch-publican Zaccheus, . .”— Bp. Hall: Cases 

of Conscience, i. 7. 

arch-rebel, s. A chief rebel. 

“Dillon, Muskerry, and other arch-rebels.” — Milton: 
Art. of Peace between the E. of Orm. and the Irish. 

arch-swindler, s. A more notorious swindler 
than all others. 

“ Many of the persons named by this arch-swindler as 
having been concerned in these transactions deny the 
truth of his statements.”— Daily Telegraph, Oct. 8, 1877. 

arch-traitor, s. [Eng. arch, traitor; Fr. archi- 
traitre .] A chief traitor; one who has stood forth 
more prominently than others as a tiaitor. 

“ It was reasonable to expect that a strict search would 
be made for the arch-traitor, as he was often called.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

arch-treasurer, s. [Eng. arch; treasurer. In 
Fr. architrtsorier.) A chief treasurer. 

“The elector of Hanover claims the post of arch-treas¬ 
urer.” — Guthrie. 


arch-treasurership, s. The chief treasurership; 
the office of the chief treasurer. {Collins: Peer¬ 
age.) 

arch-tyrant, s. A chief tyrant; one invested 
with more power to tyrannize than others, and who 
takes advantage of his opportunities to act despot¬ 
ically. 

“ As every wicked man is a tyrant, according to the 
philosopher’s position; and every tyrant is a devil among 
men; so the devil is the arch-tyrant of the creatures; he 
makes all his subjects errand vassals, yea, chained slaves.” 
— Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 26. 

arch-villain, s. A chief villain; a person villain¬ 
ous above all others. 

“Yet an arch-villain keeps him company.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, v. 1. 

arch-villainy, s. Villainy at the time unparal¬ 
leled. 

“All their arch-villainies, and all their doubles.” 

Beaum. and Flet.: Worn. Prize, iii. 4. 

arch. A contraction for Architecture [Arch, B.], 
[Lat. architectures baccalaureus .] Bachelor of 
Architecture. 


ar-chae-og -ra-phy, s. [Gr. archaios=(rom the 
beginning or origin, ancient; and graphe= a writ¬ 
ing, a description.] A writing about, or a descrip¬ 
tion of, antiquity or antiquities, but not of a char¬ 
acter so scientific as to merit the appellation of 
archaeology. {Elmes.) {Worcester's Diet.) 


ar-chse-o-lo’-gl-an, s. [Eng. archaeology; -ian.~\ 
the same as Archeologist (q. v.). {J. Murray.) 
{Worcester's Diet.) 


ar-chse-o-log'-Ic, *ar-chaI-o-log -Ic, *ar-chal- 
o-log-ick, ar-chse-o-log -ic-al, a. [In Fr. arcMo- 


logique; Gr. archaiologikos: archaios= ancient, and 
Zogufcos=pertaining to speech; logos=& word, . . . 
a discourse.] Pertaining to the science of archee- 
ology. 

If the form archaiologick is in Todd s Johnson s 
Dictionary, while archceologic is absent. The lat¬ 
ter term appears in Webster. 


ar-chse-o-log-lc-al-1^, adv. [Eng. archceo¬ 
logic; -ally.] After the manner of archaeologists. 
In the way recognized in archaeology. 


ar-chse-ol'-o-glst, *ar-chal-ol'-o-gist, s. [In 

Fr. arch&ologue; Gr. archaiologos, archaiologeo = 
to discuss antiquities; archaios — ancient; logis- 
tikos = skilled in calculating or in reasoning.] One 
who makes a special study of antiquity, and es¬ 
pecially of the ruined buildings, the inscriptions, 
and other relics which it has left behind. There 
are in London at present a British Archaeological 
Association and a Royal Archaeological Institute, 
besides the Society of Antiquaries, which received 
its charter in 1707. [Archeology.] 

ar-chae-ol -o-gf, *ar-chai-or-o-g]r, s. [In Ger. 

archaologie; Fr. archiologie; Port, archeologia; 
Gr. archaiologia, from archaiologeo = to discuss 
things out of date ; archaios = from the beginning, 
ancient: arche — beginning; logos = a discourse; 
lego = to say, speak, utter. The word came into the 
language in the Greek form archaiology, which is 
the word in Johnson’s Dictionary. Now only the 
Latin spelling archaeology is used.] The science 
which treats of antiquity, which it investigates by 
studying oral traditions, monuments of all kinds, 
written manuscripts [Paleography], and printed 
books [Bibliography]. The Society of Antiqua¬ 
ries [Archeologist], at its first constitution, gave 
special attention to mediaeval times; of late, the 
combined efforts of geologists and archaeologists 
have thrown much light on the history of primeval 
savage man in Europe ; and finally, the Society of 
Biblical Archaeology, founded in 1870, has scientific¬ 
ally investigated Accadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, 
Jewish, Egyptian, Cyprian, and other antiquities 
with equal ardor and success. [Archeological.] 

ar-chae-op -ter-yx, s. [Gr. archaios = ancient, 
and pterux = a wing, a bird.] 

Palceont.: A genus of fossil birds. A lithographica 
{Von Meyer) is a fossil bird allied to the Gallinaceae, 
but constituting a distinct order in the class of 
Birds in the opinion of Professor Owen. Mr. Parker 
makes it akin to the Palamedea, or Screamer. It 
has a curiously antique tail. It occurs in the Sol- 
enhofen Shale, believed to be of Upper Oolitic age. 

ar-cha -Ic, tar-cha -lc-el, a. [In Fr. ar- 

chaique; Gr. archaikos, or archaiikos = old- 
fashioned ; archaizo— to be old-fashioned; archaios 
=ancient; arche— beginning.] Pertaining to antiq¬ 
uity. 

“. . . not devoid of information to the archaic 
student.”— Way: Pref. to Prompt. Parv. (1843), i. 7. 

“ It was engraved on a brazen pillar, in Greek characters 
of an archaic form, but, as it appears, was composed in 
the Latin language.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. v.,§ 7. 

“ What is sentimental, romantic, archaic, or patriarchal 
in the Homeric politics. . .”— Gladstone: Studies on 
Homer, vol. iii., pp. 6, 7. 

*ar-chaI-o-log -Ick, a. [Archeologic.] 
*ar-chaI-ol -6-gy, s. [Archeology.] 
ar'-cha-lgm, s. [In Ger. archaism; Fr. archa- 
isme;_ Ital. arcaismo; Gr. archaios= ancient, from 
arche = beginning.] An obsolete word or idiom 
which has lingered behind, and appears (though 
somewhat out of place) in a more modern composi¬ 
tion. 

“ . . .a certain amount of archaism is indispensable 
in all works purporting to draw their subject from a 
long past age.”— Gladstone: Studies on Homer, i. 33. 

ar-cha -1st, s. An antiquarian ; an archaeologist, 
ar ch-an-ggl, *ar ch-aun-ggl, s. [In Sw. erke- 
angel; Dan. erkeengel; Dut. aartsangel; Ger. 
archangel; Fr. archange; Sp. arcangel; Ital. 
arcangelo: Lat. archangelus: Gr. archangelos: 
archi=& chief, and angelos= (1) a messenger, (2) an 
angel.] 

1. A chief angel, a leading angel, one high (ac¬ 
cording to Jewish writers, of the eighth rank) in 
the celestial hierarchy. 

“Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the 
devil. . . ”— Jude 9. 

2. The name of a plant, called also the Yellow 
Weasel-snout. It is the Galeobdolon luteum of 
Hudson, and belongs to the order Lamiacese 
(Labiates). It occurs in England. [Galeopsis.] 

IT Loudon uses it as an English name for the 
whole genus Lamium. 

arch-an-gel -Ic, a. [Gr. archangelikos .] Per¬ 
taining to an archangel or archangels. 

“He ceased; and the archangelic power prepared 
For swift descent.” Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

arch-an-gel'-I-c?., s. [Lat. archangelus=an arch¬ 
angel.] A genus of umbelliferous plants, contain¬ 
ing the Angelica officinalis, called also Angelica 
archangelica. [Angelica.] 

ar gh-blsh-op, s. [Eng. arch; bishop. In Sw. 
erkebishop; Dan. cerkebishap; Dut. aartsbisschop ; 
Ger. erzbischof; Fr. archevique; Sp. arzobispo; 
Port, arcebispo; Ital. arcivescovo; Lat. archi- 
episcopus; Gr. archiepiscopos, archi— chief, and 
emscopos=bishop.] [See Bishop,] A chief bishop. 
The attentive reader of the Acts cf the Apostles, 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect. Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = sham- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



archbishopric 


254 


arches 


noting that nearly the whole missionary energy of 
St. Paul was expended upon the cities and chief 
towns rather than on the villages and the country 
districts, will be prepared to learn that there were 
flourishing churches in the leading centers of popu¬ 
lation, while as yet nearly all other parts remained 
“pagan.” [Pagan.] So strong, however, was the 
evangelistic spirit prevailing, that in due time every 
one of the first-formed churches was surrounded by 
a number of younger and less powerful congrega¬ 
tions which it had called into being. The pastors 
of these new churches being called “bishops,” that 
term no longer appeared a dignified enough appel¬ 
lation for the spiritual chief of the mother church, 
land about A. D. 340 the Greek title of archiepiscopos 
J=Eng. archbishop, was introduced to meet the dif¬ 
ficulty. Two archbishops figure at the Council of 
Ephesus, in 431, and in subsequent centuries the 
designation became common over Christendom. 

In England the early British churches were, in 
large measure, swept away by the Anglo-Saxon 
invaders, who were heathens, and the country con¬ 
sequently required to be re-converted. The great 
southern center from which this was done was 
Canterbury, then the capital of Kent, where King 
Egbert gave Augustine, the chief missionary, a set¬ 
tlement. In the north, York, the chief town of 
Northumbria, where King Edwin built a shrine for 
Paulinus, became the great focus of operation for 
that part of England; hence the two archbishoprics 
now existing are those of Canterbury and of York. 
The prelate who occupies the former see is Primate 
of all England, while his brother of York is only 
Primate of England, the superiority of the see of 
Canterbury, long contested by that of York, having 
been formally settled in A. D. 1072. The former is 
the first in dignity after the princes of the blood; 
the latter is not second, but third, the Lord Chan¬ 
cellor taking precedence of him in official rank. 
An archbishop is often called a Metropolitan. He 
exercises a certain supervision over the bishops, 
and receives appeals against their decisions in mat¬ 
ters of discipline. 

•‘A secular assembly had taken upon itself to pass a law 
requiring archbishops and bishops, rectors and vicars, to 
abjure, on pain of deprivation, what they had been 
teaching all their lives.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

ar gh-blsh-op-rlc, s. [In Fr. archev&che; Ital. 
arcivescovado =archbishop; and Eng suffix -ric— 
territory or jurisdiction.] The office or dignity of 
an archbishop, or the see over which he exercises 
spiritual authority. 

“Several months were still to elapse before the arcft- 
bishopric would be vacant.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 

xiv. 

ar'gh-but ler, s. A chief butler, an officer of the 
old German empire who presented the cup to the 
emperor on solemn and state occasions. 

ar$h-§han -§el-lor, s. [Eng. arch; chancellor. 
In Fr. archichancelier .] A chief chancellor. An 
officer of high rank who formerly presided over the 
secretaries of the court. Under the first two races 
of French kings, when their kingdom consisted of 
Germany, Italy, and Arles, there were three arch¬ 
chancellors—viz., the archbishops of Mentz, Co¬ 
logne, and Treves. 

“The seals of the triple kingdom were borne in state by 
the archbishops of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves, the per¬ 
petual archchancellors of Germany, Italy, and Arles.”— 
Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ch. xlix. 

ar§h-dap-I-fer, s. [Aechidapifee.] 
ar §h-dea-c6n, *ar ' 9 he-dekne (or con=kn, s. 
[Eng. arch, and deacon: A. S. arcediacon; Dan. 
and Ger. arkidiaconus; Dut. aartsdeken; Fr. arch- 
idiacre; Sp. arcediano; Port, arcediago; Itai. 
arcidiacono; Lat. archidiaconus; Gr. archidia- 
konos; archi—chiei, and diakonos=deacon.\ [Dea¬ 
con.] A chief deacon. The first institution of 
deacons [Gr. diakonoi= servants, waiting-men, min¬ 
isters, messengers] is recorded in Acts vi. They 
were elected to discharge such half-secular functions 
as raising and distributing alms to the poor, thus 
leaving tne apostles free for purely spiritual work. 
It may be assumed that when meetings of the dea¬ 
cons took place, some one presided over them, and 
if this chairman was one of themselves, he. would 
naturally be called in Greek archidiakonos, in Eng. 
archdeacon. The president of the deacons’ meet¬ 
ing would require to be often in conference with 
khe pastor; and when people meet, mind will affect 
nind, altogether apart from the relative dignity of 
the men brought in contact with each other. The 
archdeacon gradually gained in power, and becom¬ 
ing what was called ‘‘the bishop’s eye,” was often 
dispatched on confidential missions to different 
parts of the diocese, there probably being about 
him a pliability wanting in the chorepiscopoi= 
country, coadjutor or suffragan bishops. The sur¬ 
vival of the fittest took place, and the archdeacon 
ended by superseding the more dignified but less 
bending functionaries. The same drama was re¬ 
enacted on English soil between the archdeacons 
and the rural deans, the latter, who were at first 


higher in position than their rivals, being now re- of Mammalia. He included under it one order; 
garded as inferior to them in rank; an ordinary, or Bimana, and a single genus. Homo, or Man. The 
full dean, however, as contradistinguished from a characters he assigned to the sub-class were the 
rural dean, is admittedly superior to an archdea- overlapping of the olfactory nerves and cerebellum 
con. There were in December, 1878, seventy-six by the cerebral hemispheres, so that the latter cqn- 
archdeacons in the English Church, who give as- stitute a third lobe; the presence of a posterior 
sistance to the bishops, and have under them 610 horn to the lateral ventricle, and also that of the 
rural deans exercising an unpaid supervision over hippocampus minor. (Owen: Classif. of Mammar 
the clergy. The emoluments of the archdiaconates lia.) 

being but trifling, the occupants of the office gen- ar ch-er, s. [In Fr. archer; Sp. archero; Port. 

powared°to holda"court,*thTlowestSTheM* ro > ItaL arciere ' arciero; from Lat ‘ arCM8 = a 

from which there lies an appeal to the bishop of ,, . 

the diocese. 1. Ord. Lang.: One who is skilled in the use of 

the bow, having acquired the art either to employ 
it in battle or for other purposes. 


“ They weren in the archedeknes book.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,900. 

“Twenty-two deans and fifty-four archdeacons sate there 
in virtue of their offices.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

ar Qh-dea-con-ry or (con=kn), s. [Eng. arch¬ 
deacon, and suffix -ry.] The district over which an 
archdeacon exercises his authority or jurisdiction; 
more rarely his office, or his residence. 

“ Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries.” — Black- 
Stone: Comment., bk. i., Introd., § 4. 


“ Against him that bendeth let the archer bene _ua 
bow, . . .”— Jer. li. 3. 

2. Astron.: The constellation Sagittarius. 

“ Now when the cheerless empire of the sky 
To Capricorn the Centaur Archer yields.” 

Thomson: Spring. 

archer-fish, s. A fish, the Toxotes aculator. 
which shoots water at its prey. It is found in the 


ar'§h-dea-Con-shIp (or con=kn), s. [Eng. arch- East Indian and Polynesian seas. 


deacon, and suffix 
deacon. 


-ship.] The office of an arch- 


ar'9h-de-$ei-ver, s. [Eng. arch; deceiver.'] A 
chief deceiver; one pre-eminent above all others for 
deceit. 

“ He set off for London, breathing vengeance against 
Churchill, and learned, on arriving, a new crime of the 
arch-deceiver. The Princess Annie had been some hours 
missing.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

ar‘$h-dI-o- 9 ese, s. [Eng. arch; diocese.] The 
locality over which the archbishop presides. 

ar 9 h-drfi-Id, a. [Eng. arch; druid.] A chief 
druid; the head of the ancient Druids. 

ar 9 h-du-cal, a. [Eng. arch; ducal. In Fr. & 
Sp. archiducal.] Pertaining to an archduke. 

“It would be difficult to enumerate all the different 
quarterings and armorial bearings of the archducal 
family.”— Guthrie. 

ar 9h-du9h-ess, s. [Eng. arch, and duchess. In 
Fr. archiduchesse; Sp. archiduquessa; Ital. archi- 
duchesa.] A chief duchess. An Austrian title, 
applied to the daughters of the emperor. 

ar' 9 h-du 9 h-^, s. [Eng. arch; duchy. In Fr. 
archiduchi; Ital. arciducato.] The territory ruled 
over by an archduke or archduchess. 


archer-game, s. A game of archery. Shooting 
at marks with bows and arrows, for prizes or other 
honors. 

“ I must be boune 
To see the archer-game at noon.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, y. 17. 

archer-man, s. One skilled in the use of the 
bow. 

“ While, to explore the dangerous glen; 

Dive through the pass the archer-men.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 16. 

archer-rank, s. A rank of archers drawn up for 
battle, or at least for the employment of the bow. 

“ Then spurs were dash’d in chargers’ flanks. 

They rush’d among the archer-ranks.” 

Scott: The Lord of the Isles, vi. 23. 

ar' 9 h-er-ess, s. [Eng. archer; -css.] A female 
archer. 

“ The swiftest and the keenest shaft that is, 

In all my quiver- 

I do select; to thee I recommend it, 

O archeress eternal ! ” 

Fanshawe.- Past. Fid., p. 143. 

ar'9h-er-jf, s. [Eng. archer; -y.] 

1. The employment of the bow and arrows in bat¬ 
tle, in hunting, or for other purposes. The art is of 


archiduc; Sp. & Port, archiduque; Ital. arciduca.] 
A chief duke. An Austrian title applied to the sons 
of the emperor. 

“Philip, archduke of Austria, during his voyage from 
the Netherlands toward Spain, was weather-driven into 
Weymouth.”— Carew’s Survey. 


ing as the Sovereign’s body-guard in Scotland; but 
picturesque as they may look in a procession, it is 
to be hoped, both for their own and the monarch’s 
sake, that they may never have to test the powers 
of their antique weapons against those of the 
breech-loading rifle. 


•TSMIUc., arc*: *■*, I» French 

picted on Egyptian monuments and Assyrian sculpt¬ 
ures. The Philistines seem to have excelled in it, 
which caused David to issue orders that special 
instruction and training in it should be imparted 
to the Hebrews (2 Sam. i. 18). There were archers 
in both the Greek and Roman armies. In England, 
ar' 9 h-duke-d 6 m, s. [Eng. archduke; -dom.] up to the time when gunpowder came into general 
The territory or jurisdiction of an archduke or ? se > •^ 1 < li arc V < ^ s constituted some of the most 
archduchess. formidable soldiers in the English army, several of 

... , . . ‘ , , , , . „ _ .. . the battles won over the Scots having been gained 

Austria is but an archdukedom.”-Guthrie. by their surpassing skiU in the uge G f the bo ®. The 

*ar 9 he (1), s. [Aech (1.).] weapon first employed was the arbalest, or cross- 

Marche, *arch (2), s. [Fr. arche= Noah’s Ark, or b pw [Aebalest] ; afterward the long bow sup- 
any similar structure. Lat. areola chest, a purse.] Planted it,.the change taking place some time be- 
TAek 1 J for© the reign of Edward II. The Scottish “Royal 

L 1 An ark Company of Archers” still claim the right of act- 

“Dat arche was a feteles good, 

Set and limed a-gen the flood.” 

Story oj Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 661-2. 

2. A purse. 

“Thi tenement complet and consummat. 

Thyne siluer and thine arch euacuate.” 

Early Scottish Verse (ed. Lumby), L 272. 

*arche-WOld, s. An ark-board. 

“ Quan he dede him in the arche-wold.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 676. 
ar-che-3,1, a. [Aecheus.] Pertaining to, or 
caused by, the “ archeus." 
ar 9 hed, pa. par. & a. [Aech, v.] 

As participial adjective: 

1. Covered with an arch. 

“As she paused at the arched door.” 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 20. 

2. Curved in the form of an arch. 

“ . . . the swan with arched neck.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 

3. Her. Arched, or archy, signifies that an ordi¬ 
nary on an escutcheon is bent or bowed. 

*arche-di-a-cre, s. [Fr. archidiacre.] An arch¬ 
deacon. ( Chaucer.) 

ar'ch-en- 9 epll'-al-a, s. [Gr. archd=to overrule; 
enkephalos =the brain; kephale =the head.] A term 
proposed by Professor Owen for his first sub-class 


+ 2 . 


“ Had often heard the sound of glee 
When there the youthful Nortons met 
To practice games and archery.” 

Wordsworth: The White Doe ofFtylstone. v. 

The art or skill of an archer. 

“Blest seraphims shall leave their quire, 

... t , 0 • 


And turn Love’s soldiers upon thee, 

To exercise their archery.” 

Crashaw: Steps to Temple. 

|3. 'Those who at any time or place practice 
archery; taken collectively the archers. (Chiefly 
poetic.) 

“The venison free, and Bourdeaux wine. 

Might serve the archery to dine.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 25. 

4. Archery as an outdoor sport is very popular in 
the United States. 

ar' 9 h-e§, s.pl. ( 1 ). [PI. of Aech ( 1 ), s. (q. v.).] 

1. Entom.: The English name given to various 
species of moths with arch-like zigzags on theii 
wings. 

Black arches: Psilura monacha, a moth of the 
family Bombycidae. The primary wings are grayish- 


fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
WQlf, work, 


what, 

who, 


fall, 

s6n; 


father; we, wet, Lere, 
mute, cub, cure finite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, 

cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce 


sir, 
= e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu = kw. 





archet 


255 


architect 


white with many black spots, and four zigzags ot 
the same color. _ The secondary wings are brownish - 
gray, spotted with black, and having a white border. 



Black Arches (Psilura Monacha). 

The expansion of the wing is from fifteen to 
eighteen lines in the male, and two inches in the 
female. The caterpillar is brown with gray hairs, 
and one black with two white spots.. ( Duncan, in 
Jardine's Naturalist's Libr.) 

Green Arches: Polia herbida, a moth of the fam¬ 
ily Noctuidee. 

Light Arches: Xylophasia lithoscylea, a moth of 
the family Noctuidee. 

Buff Arches: Thvatira derasa. a moth of the fam¬ 
ily Noctuidee, of a light yellowish-brown color, with 
two white oblique bands on the upper wings, and 
several brown or buff zigzag lines on two rows of 
small white arches on the lower ones. The cater¬ 
pillar is yellowish-green, with dark brown spots and 
lines. ( Duncan, in Jardine's Naturalist's Libr.) 

ar'-§het {t silent), s. [Fr. archet; Ital. archetto 
= t.he bow of a violin or a similar instrument.] 

Music: a archat (with bow), a term applied to 
such musical instruments as are played with the 
bow. {Porter.) 

ar-che-ty -pgl, a. [Eng. archetype, -al; Lat. 
archetypus; Gr. archetupos.'] Pertaining to an 
archetype, pattern or model. 

“Him, who is fairer than the sons of men ; 

The source of good, the light archetypal.” 

Norris. 

H In the Platonic Philosophy the archetypal 
world is the idea or model of the world as it existed 
in the Divine mind previous to its creation. 

ar'-che-type, far-chl-type, s. [In Fr. arche¬ 
type ; Sp. arquetipo; Port, archetypo; Ital. arche- 
tipo; Lat. archetypum; Gr. archetupon, s., the 
neut. of archetupos =stamped as a model: arche— 
beginning, and tupos = a blow, . . . anything 
struck, ... a model, type.] 

1. Platonic Philosophy , and generally: The prim¬ 
itive type, model, or pattern on which anything is 
formed. 

“Then it was that the House of Commons, the arche¬ 
type of all the representative assemblies which now meet, 
either in the Old or in the New World, held its first 
sittings.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

“. . . this great architype . . .”— Bacon: Physiol. 
Rem. 

2. Minting: The standard weight by which the 
others are adjusted. 

3. Comp. Anatomy. The archetype skeleton: 
Professor Owen’s name for an ideal skeleton of 
which those actually existing in the several classes 
of vertebrated animals are held to be modifications. 

ar-che-typ-I-cal, a. [Eng. archetype; -ical.~\ 
The same as Archetypal. {Warburton.) 

ar-che’-us, s. [From Gr. arche.= beginning 
. . . first principle element.] A term applied 
by Basil Valentine, Paracelsus, and Van Helmontto 
denote the regulative and conservative principles of 
the animal world—what is now called vital force. 

*ar' 9 he-wyve§, s. pi. [Eng. arche — Gr. archi — 
chief, and Old Eng. wyves= wives.] Wives who 
aspire to govern their husbands. ( Chaucer.) 

arch-hi -er-ey, s. [Akciiierey.] 

tar 9 h. -I-a. -ter, s. [Lat. archiatrus; [Gr. archi- 
atros: from arc/d=chief, and iatros= a surgeon, a 
physician=to heal, to cure.] 

1. Anciently: The first physician of the Roman 
emperor; the chief ruler in Greece, &c. 

2 . Now: It is still used in a similar sense in 
some Continental countries. 

“ I wanted not the advice and help of the archiater, the 
king’s doctor.”— Sir T. Herbert: Trav., p. 233. 

ar'-chl-cgl, «• [Gr. arc/«'tos=; pertaining to 
rule ; arche =beginmng, rule.] Chief, primary. 

“When the brutish life leads us astray from the gov¬ 
ernment of reason, and we cast away . . . that princi¬ 

pality and arcliical rule, wherewith God hath invested us, 
over all our corporeal passions and affections . . .”— 
Hally well: Excel, of Mor. Vir., p. 48. 

arch-l-dap-l-fer, arch-dap-1-fer, s. [Gr. 

archos=a chief; Lat. daps, genit. d«pis=sacrificial 
or other dignified feast; fero= to bear. Chief food- 
bearer.] 


In the Old German Empire: An officer whose 
special function it was, when the emperor was 
crowned, to carry the first dish of meat to table on 
horseback. The office belonged to the Elector of 
Bavaria, though claimed by the Palatine of the 
Rhine. 

arch-I-dl'-a-cftn-gl, a. [From Lat. archidi- 
aconus; Gr. archidiakonos= an archdeacon.] Per¬ 
taining to an archdeacon. 

“Thus, the Archidiaconal Courts, the Consistory 
Courts, the Court of Arches, the Court of Peculiars, and 
the Court of Delegates were revived.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vi. 

arch-l-e-pls'-c&p-g-cf , s. [In Fr. archiipis- 
copat. ] The state of an archbishop. 

“ I did not dream, at that time, of extirpation and 
abolition of any more than his [Laud’s] archiepiscopacy.” 
—Sir E. Dering’s Speeches, p. 5. 

arch-Le-pIs’-c6p-al, a. [InFr. archUpiscopal; 
Sp. arzobispal; Ital. arcivescovile .] Pertaining to 
an archbishop. 

“Nothing in England astonished him so much as 
the Archiepiscopal library.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiii. 

arch-I-e-pls-cop ate, s. [In Fr. archtepis- 
copat; Port, archiepiscopado .] The office, dignity, 
or jurisdiction of an archbishop ; an archbishopric. 
{Ch. Obs.) 

arch-I-e-pIs-ch-pal’-I-ty, s. TAsif from a Low 
Lat. archiepiscopalitas .] The dignity of an arch¬ 
bishop. ( Fuller: Ch. Hist., II. iii. 39.) 

arch-i'-er-ejf, arch-hi'-er-ejf, s. [Lat. archie¬ 
reus; Gr. archiereus= a chief priest: archies, chief, 
and 7ueretts=priest, a sacrificer.] A name given 
in Russia to the higher ecclesiastical dignities of 
the Greek Church, the metropolitans, the arch¬ 
bishops, and the bishops. {R. Pinkerton.) 

ar-chlg -ra-pher, s. [Gr. archi - chief, and 
grapho=to write.] A chief secretary. {Dr. Black.) 

ar'-chlll, ar-gol, or’-chll, or'-chill, or -chal, 
s. [InFr. archil, archilla, and orchilla, also Orseille 
des Canaries .] Two species of lichen, the Roccella 
tinctoria and R. fusiformis, which grow in the 
Canary and Cape Verd Islands. They are found on 
rocks near the sea. They produce a fine but fugi¬ 
tive purple dye, and are largely employed for that 
purpose. Arriving in this country in its natural 
state, it is ground between stones so as to be com¬ 
pletely bruised, but not reduced to powder. Then 
it is moistened with a strong spirit of urine, or with 
urine itself mixed with quicklime. In a few days 
it acquires a purplish-red, and finally a blue color. 
In the former state it is called Archil , in the latter 
Lacmus or Litmus. Cudbear is similarly made. 
Other lichens, such as the Variolaria orcina, the 
Lecanora tartarea, &c., are sometimes used in place 
of the Roccella. 


Ar-chi-lo'-chl-gn, a. & s. [In Ger. Archi. loch- 
isQh; Lat. Archilochius. See the def.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the Greek satiric 
poet Archilochus, who flourished about 700 B. C., or 
to the verse which he introduced. 


B. As substantive: A kind of verse supposed to 
have been invented by the Greek poet Archilochus. 
The “Archilochius major” has seven feet, the first 
three dactyls or spondees, the fourth a dactyl, and 
the fifth, sixth, and seventh trochees, as— 

Nunc decet | aut virl | di nltl 1 dum caput ImpS 
| dire | myr | to. 

{Horace, Carm. I., iv. 9.) 

The Archilochian minor has two dactyls and a 
caesura, as— 

ArbOrl | busquS c6 | mae. 

{Horace, Carm. IV., vii. 2.) 

Horace varies these two meters in four different 
ways, called the first, second, third, and fourth 
Archilochian meters. The first consists of a dac¬ 
tylic hexameter combined with an Archilochius 
minor; the second of a dactylic hexameter with an 
iambelegus; the third of an iambic trimeter and an 
elegiambus; and the fourth of an Archilochius 
major, with a catalectic iambic trimeter. 

Ar'ch-I-mage, Arch-I-ma'-go, Ar-chim-g- 
gus, s. [Gr. archi=c hief, and Magos—e. Magian, 
... an enchanter, a wizard.] 

1. The high priest of the Median or Persian Magi. 
The title was assumed by Darius Hystaspes. 

2. Any magician or wizard; an enchanter. 

If The term perpetually figures in Spensers 
Faerie Queene. Some other writers have copied 
it from that work. 

“‘I will,’ he cry’d, ‘so’help me, God ! destroy 
That villain Archimage.’ ” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, 11 . 32. 


arch-i-man’-drlte, s. [In Russ, arkhuman- 
drum; Ger. archimandrit; Fr. archimandrite; Sp., 
Port., Ital., & Lat . archimandrita; Gr. archiman¬ 
drites^ archi= chief, mandra= an enclosed space, 
. . . a monastery.] An Eastern abbot or superior 
of a monastery, especially one of the first order. 


“His rival Eutyches was the abbot, or archimandrite, 
or superior of three hundred monks.”— Gibbon. Decline 
and Fall, ch. xlvii., vol. iv., p. 353. 

IT Formerly it was used in a somewhat wider 
sense, being occasionally applied to archbishops. 

Arch-I-me -de-gn, Ar-chl-me-dl-gn, a. [Eng. 

Archimed{es); -ian .] Pertaining to Archimede, a 
celebrated mathematician of Syracuse, who lived 
in the third century B. C. 

Archimedean principle, or Archimedean theorem ,* 
Archimedes's principle or theorem: It is that a body 
immersed in a liquid loses a part of its weight 
equal to the weight of the displaced liquid. It was 
by this law that he discovered the amount of alloy 
mixed in Hiero’s crown. {Ganot: Physics, transl. 
by Atkinson, 3d ed., 1868, §104.) It holds good of 

f ases as well as liquids properly so called. {Ibid., 

168 .) 

Archimedean Screiv, Archimedes's Screw: A 
water-screw or “ cochlion.” Cochlion is from the 
Greek kochlion= a small snail, the shell of which it 
resembles, though it must be confessed, very re¬ 
motely, in being of a spiral form. It consisted of a 
spiral pipe or tube wound around a long cylinder. 



The machine, which was originally designed for 
raising water from the Nile, was slanted so that one 
end of the spiral tube was beneath the water of the 
river, and the other rested on the bank.. The inside 
of the tube really consisted of an inclined plane, 
down which the water flowed, though to a super¬ 
ficial observer it seemed to flow up in contraven¬ 
tion of the laws of gravity. It was, of course, un¬ 
able to act if slanted to the water at too high an 
angle. It is now disused, one serious defect which 
it has being that it is apt to become clogged up 
with weeds, mud, stones, &c., which cannot easily 
be removed from a tube of spiral form. 

arch'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Arch, a.] 

As participial adjective : 

1. Having in it an artificial or a natural arch. 

“ Now driv’n before Mm through, the arching rock, 

Came tumbling, heaps on heaps, th’unnumber’d flock.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. ix., 280-L 

2. Curving like an arch. 

“ Blue ribbons decked his arching mane.” 

Scott: Marmion, i. 6. 

“The arching limes are tall and shady.” 

Tennyson: Margaret, 5. 

ar-chl-pel-gg-Ic, a. [Eng. Archipelag{o); -ic.J 
Pertaining to an archipelago, and especially to the 
most notable one—that between Greece and Asia 
Minor, divided by the Aegean Sea. {Ed. Rev.) 

{Worcester's Diet.) 

Ar-chl-pel-g-go, s. [In Dut. & Fr. Archipel; 
Ger. Archipel or Archipelogus; Sp. & Port, archi- 
lago; Ital. arcipelago; Gr. archi=ch.iei, and pel- 
agos= sea; countenancing the belief that the Greeks 
considered the sea which washed their eastern 
shores, and was the chief sea to them, the chief sea 
also to others.] 

1. The sea studded with islands which lies between 
Greece and Asia Minor. 

“. . . the line [ofEuboean hills] is further prolonged 
by a series of islands in the Archipelago, Andros, Tenos, 
Myconos, and Naxos.'— Grote-. Hist. Greece, pt. ii., ch. i. 

2. Any sea agreeing with the former in containing 
many islands. 

“. . . hence, after long subsidence, this great reef 
would not produce one great atoll 400 miles in length, but 
a chain or archipelago of atolls, of very nearly the same 
dimensions with those in the Maldiva archipelago.” — 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xx. 

ar-chip -pus, s. [Gr. Archippos. a Greek proper 
name (Col. iv. 17 ; Philem. 2).] A fine butterfly, the 
Danaus archippus. 

ar-chi-tect, s. [InDan. architect; Sw. arkitekt; 
Ger. arcliitekt; Fr. architecte; Sp. arquitecto; Port. 
architecto; Ital. architetto; Lat. architectus, archi- 
tecton; Gr. architektdn=ch\ei artificer, {literally) 
chief carpenter: archi=chiei, and tekton= a car¬ 
penter. The word carries us back to the period 
when edifices were constructed chiefly of wood.] 

1. Lit.: One who draws the plans designed to 
show the builders the exact dimensions, form, and 


$hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious = shiis, -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 


b<5il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; 

















architective 


256 


arclion 


arrangements of an editice which, under his super¬ 
intendence, they are engaged to erect. Among 

f reat architects may be enumerated M. Vitruvius 
'ollio, who seems to have lived in the time of 
Augustus; and in England, Inigo Jones, born about 
1572, died 1652; and the very celebrated Sir Chris¬ 
topher Wren, who died, aged ninety-one, in 1723. 
He drew out the plan for the restoration of St. 
Paul’s, and the rebuilding of many city churches 
destroyed in the great fire of 1666. , 

2. Fig.: A contriver or designer of anything. 
Used — 

(a) Spec.: Of man. 

“ Chief architect and plotter of these woes; 

The villain is alive in Titns’ house.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, v. 3. 
“A Frenchwoman is a perfect architect in dress; she 
never, with Gothic ignorance, mixes the orders . . — 

Goldsmith: The Bee, No. ii. 

a Of God, as the Designer of everything cre- 
. 

“ This inconvenience the Divine Architect of the body 
obviated.”— Bay: On the Creation. 

“. . . as by work 

Divine the sovereign Architect had framed. 1 ' 

Milton: P. L., bk. v. 

(c) Of any animal constructing a habitation for 
itself by instinct, but in a style suggesting the 
architecture of man. 

ar-chl-tec’-tlve, s. [En g. architect; -ive.] Used 
for building purposes; suitable for building pur¬ 


poses. 

“ How could the bodies of many of them, particularly 
the last-mentioned, be furnished with architective mate¬ 
rials?”— Derham • Physico-Theology. 

ar-chl-tec-ton -ic, *ar-chl-tec-ton'-ick, a. & 
s. [In Ger. architectonisch; Fr. architectonique ; 
Port, architectonico; Ital. architettonico; Lat. 
architectonicus; Gr. architektonikos, from architek- 
toneo =to be an architect, to construct, to contrive: 
archie chief, and tektainomai =to make or frame, to 
devise; tekton =a carpenter.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to architecture: hav¬ 
ing a genius or an instinct for architecture; skilled 
in architecture. 

“How much will this architectonic wisdom (if I may 
call it), excited in framing and regulating an innumer¬ 
able company of differing creatures, be recommended! ”— 
Boyle: Works, v., p. 147. ( Richardson.) 

B. As substantive : The art or capacity of arrang¬ 
ing knowledge methodically. (Goodrich & Porter.) 

ar-chi-tec-ton'-ic-al, a. & s. [Eng. architec¬ 
tonic; -al .] 

A. As adjective: The same as Architectonic, 
adj. (q. v.). 

“ . . not ectypal, but archetypal, and architecton- 
teal of all.”— Cudworth: Intell. Syst., p. 853. ( Richardson .) 

B. As substantive: That which, in a loose sense, 
creates, frames, or originates anything. 

“ Those inferior and ministerial arts, which are sub¬ 
jected unto others, as to their architectonicals." — Fath¬ 
er by: Atheomastix, p. 186. 

ar-chi-tec-ton'-ics, s. _ [In Ger. architektonik.] 
The science or art of architecture. 

tar-chl-tec'-tor, *ar-chi-tec'-toQr, s. [Port. & 
Lat.] An architect. 

“Having first, like a skillful architector, made the frame, 
he now raises and sets it up.”— Austin,: Hcec Homo, p. 55. 

“. . . merchants, pilots, seamen, architectours, ma¬ 
sons, Ac.”— Gayton: Notes on Don Quixote, iv. 11. 

ar-chi-tec’-tress, s. [Eng. architector; -ess.] A 
female architect. [Lit. & fig.) 

“If Nature herself, the first architectress, had (to use 
an expression of Vitruvius) windowed your breast.”— Wot- 
ton: Remains, p. 139. 

ar-chl-tec'-tur-al (tur=tyur), a. [Fr. archi¬ 
tectural.'] Pertaining to architecture. [Mason.) 

“Plot’s, though a neat engraving, and in the most fin¬ 
ished manner of that excellent architectural sculptor, 
Michael Burghers, is by no means a faithful and exact 
representation.”— Warton : Hist, ot Kiddington, p. 16. 

ar-chi-tec-ture (ture=tyur), s. [In Ger. archi * 
tektur; Fr. architecture; Sp. arquitectura; Itah 
architettura; Port. & Lat. architectura , from Lat. 
architectus.] [Architect.] 

1. Properly , the art of bunding; more specifically , 
the art of building human habitations, temples, or 
edifices of any kind, whether humble or splendid. 
The term is generally, however, limited to the art 
of erecting edifices which, besides answering their 
primary purpose of utility, are fitted by beauty, by 
symmetry, and in other ways, to please the eye and 
gratify the mind. About half a ; century ago it was 
common to limit the signification still farther to 
buildings constructed after Greek or Roman 
models; but this unduly narrow meaning is now 
abandoned. Architecture, like other arts carries 
out the principles of science, and must rest upon 
them. So continually, indeed, does it draw upon 
geometry, that it might almost itself be called a 
science. The architecture of a people is an index of 
their mental and moral qualities, and of the state of 


civilization which they have reached. Fergusson 
considers it also more trustworthy than language 
in settling the question of race. The numerous 
styles of architecture, partly diverse, partly con¬ 
nected with each other, may be primarily divided 
into Ethnic and Christian. The following is a more 
minute classification:—In America two styles of 
architecture worthy of notice exist—the Mexican 
and the Peruvian. The rapid growth of American 
cities has involved the development of all classes 
and combinations of architecture. The culmina¬ 
tion of this characteristic was seen at the World’s 
Fair in Chicago in 1893, when every order of archi¬ 
tecture was represented. The Chinese have one in 
Eastern Asia. In India there are two totally dis¬ 
tinct races—an Aryan one [Aryan], of which the 
Brahmans are the type, and a Turanian one, repre¬ 
sented by the Tamuls of the Coromandel coast and 
Ceylon. The latter were the great builders._ Fer¬ 
gusson recognizes in India a Buddhist, a Jaina, a 
Southern Hindoo, a Northern Hindoo, a Modern 
Hindoo, and a Cashmerian style. In Western Asia 
there existed, at a more or less remote period, a 
Phoenician, a Jewish, an Assyrian, a Babylonian, a 
Persepolitan or Persian, and a Sassanian type of 
building; while in Europe there were Pelasgian or 
Cyclopean, Etruscan, andDruidical or Celtic types. 
A celebrated style commenced in Egypt as the Egyp¬ 
tian style; transferred to Greece, and modified there 
by Assyrian, it was called Grecian, and became a 
model for universal imitation. Adopted by the 
Romans, it was called Roman. Passing from them, 
it gave rise in one direction to the Saracenic, Ara¬ 
bian or Moresque, and in another to the Christian 
style, the latter with Romanesque, Gothic, and By¬ 
zantine subdivisions. [Saracenic, Gothic, &c.] 
The following are the leading styles of English 
architecture, arranged in the chronological order 
in which they flourished:— 

A.D. A.D. 

I. Norman.From 1066 to 1154 

II. Transition from this to ) 

the next, i. e., from r “ 

I. to III.) 

III. Early English .... “ 

IV. Transition from III. to ) » 

V.[ 

V. Decorated.“ 

VI. Transition from V. to ? «» 

VII.[ 

VII. Perpendicular.... “ 

VIII. Tudor.“ 

IX. Jacobean.“ 

[Fergusson, Gwilt, &c.) 

“. . . architecture, an art which is half a science, 
. . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

U The subject now treated generally, called simply 
Architecture, is sometimes more precisely described 
as Civil Architecture, in which case there are at least 
two others, viz., Military Architecture, treating of 
the construction of fortifications, and Naval Archi¬ 
tecture, the subject of which is the construction not 
merely of ships, but of harbors, docks, or aught 
else requisite to promote maritime enterprise. In 
this division the term civil is used vaguely, so as to 
include Ecclesiastical Architecture, but more fre¬ 
quently the two are made distinct. 

2. The method of construction adopted in nature, 
which one insensibly compares or contrasts with 
the handiwork of man. 

“ The molecular attractions of the liberated carbon and 
hydrogen find expression in the architecture of grasses, 
plants, and trees.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, Sded., iv. 87. 
[[ Heaven's architecture=th.e sky. 

“ Them and their citty vtterly to qnell 
With fire which from heaven's architecture fell.” 

E. E. T. S., vol. 46-48, Satira, v., 1,667-8. 
ar'-chl-tec-ture (ture as tyur), v.t. To build, 
ar'-chl-trave, s. [In Ger. architrav, architrab; 
Fr. & Ital. architrave; from Gr. archi=chiet, and 
Ital. trace, from Lat. trabs=_ a beam; Gr. trapex , 
genit. trapekos=a beam; trepo— to turn.] 
Architecture: 

1. The lowest portion of the entablature of a col¬ 
umn, immediately resting on the column itself. 


1154 to 1189 

1189 to 1272 
1272 to 1307 
1307 to 1377 
1377 to 1399 

1399 to 1547 
1550 to 1600 
1603 to 1641 



Architrave: Temple of Agrigentum. 


The architrave is immediately surmounted by the 
frieze, and it again by the cornice, which is the 
highest portion of the entablature. 

“ Built like a temple, where pilasters round 
Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid 
With golden architrave." — Milton: P. L., bk. i. 


2. The ornamental molding surrounding the ex¬ 
terior portion of the curve belonging to an arch, ot 
round doors, windows, &c. 

3. The mantelpiece in a chimney. 

*ar-chl-trl -Clin, s. [Gr. archi — chief; Lat. 
triclinium; Gr. triklinion and triklinos = a couch 
running round three sides of a table for guests to 
recline on at a feast.] Master of a feast (John ii. 18). 

“. . . tho seide ure lord to tho serganz, Moveth to 
gidere and bereth to Arehitriclin, that was se thet ferst 
wasi-serued.”— Old Kentish Sermons (ed. Morris), p. 29. 

V Morris says that this word is frequently mis¬ 
taken for a proper name in early Englisn books. 

*ar’-chi-type, s. [Archetype.] 
ar-chl'-va, s. pi. [Archives.] 
ar-chl'-val, a. [Lat. pi. archiva; Eng. suffix 
-al.] Pertaining to archives. ( Tooke.) 

ar'-chlve (pi. ar-chlve§, * ar-chl'-va) , s. [In 
Sw. arkiv; Dan. archivet: Dut. archieven; Ger. 
archiv; Fr. archives (pi.); Ital. archivi (pi.), arch- 
ivioj Lat, archiva, pi. of arcliivum. There is also a 
Latin form archium; Gr. archeion= the town-house, 
the official residence of the first magistrate.] 
fl. Plur.: The place in which important histori¬ 
cal records are kept. 

“ Though we think our words vanish with the breath 
that utters them, yet they become records in God’s court, 
and are laid up in his archives as witnesses either for or 
against us.”— Government of the Tongue. 

2. (a) PI.: The records themselves. These gener¬ 
ally consist of charters and other documents bear¬ 
ing on the rights, the history, &c., of a nation or of 
a smaller community or house. 

“The Christians were able to make good what they 
asserted by appealing to those records kept in the Roman 
archiva.” — H. More: On Godliness, b.7, ch. 12, §2. {Trench.) 

“ I shall now only look a little into the Mosaic archives, 
to observe what they furnish us with upon this subject.”— 
Woodward. 

f(6) Sing.: One such record. 

“Vespasian, according to Suetonius, restored this 
national archive, by procuring copies from all quarters.” 
— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. v., § 9. 

ar'-chl-vlst, s. [In Fr. archiviste; Ital. archi- 
vista; Lat. archeota.] One who has charge of 
archives; a keeper of records. [Rees: Cyclop.) 

ar’-9M-v61t, ar-$hl-v61'-tum, s. [Fr. archivolte; 
Ital. archivolto; properly, a contraction for ItaL 
architrave voltato [lit.)= an architrave turned.] 

1. Used by mediaeval writers for a vault. 

2. Used by the writers of the Renaissance for the 
group of concentric moldings and ornaments with 
which the face of a classical arch is decorated. 



Archivolt of Notre Dame du Port, Clermont. 

3. By some modem authors it is applied to the 
mass of moldings which usually occupy the faces 
and soffits of a mediaeval arch. [Gloss, of Arch.) 

ar tjh-lute, ar gh-I-lute, s. [In Fr. archiluth.] 
A long and large lute, with its bass strings length¬ 
ened after the manner of the theorbo, and each row 
doubled, either with a little octave or a unison. It 
is used by the Italians for playing a thorough bass, 

ar'§h-ljf, adv. [Eng. arch; -ly.] In an arch 
manner; roguishly, slyly, cunningly, waggishly. 

“ This he archly supposes.”— Thyer: Notes to Butler* s 
Remains. 

ar'gh-ness, s. [En g. arch;-ness.] Slyness,cun¬ 
ning, roguishness, waggery. 

“. . . and such a dryness and archness of humor, as 
cannot fail to excite laughter.”— Dr. Warton: Essay on 
Pope, ii. 68. 

ar'-chon, s. [In Ger .archont; Fr. archonte; Ital. 
arconte; Lat. archon; Gr. archon—a. ruler, com¬ 
mander, from archo= to begin; arche— a beginning.] 

1. Civil Hist.: Any one of the series of individuals 
who, when the royal authority was abolished at 
Athens, succeeded to the highest place in the State. 
At first the archonship was for life, and even heredi¬ 
tary, but the person elected by the people might 
again be deposed—“The right divine of kings to 
govern wrong ” was not recognized. After a time 
the occupancy of the office was limited to ten years, 
and then to one year: while its duties were divided 
among ten persons; the first one called, by way of 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, wSrk, whd, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




























arcuation 


archonship 


257 


pre-eminonec, tte archon; the second, the king; the 
third, the polemarch , or leader in war: and the 
other seven, thesmothetes^ or legislators. 

^ Among these, the first in rank retained the distin¬ 
guishing title of the archon, and the year was marked by 
his name.”— Thirlwall: Hist . Greece, ch. xi. 

H Lord Archon: A similar officer in an imaginary 
English government never realized. 

“All the detail, all the nomenclature, all the cere¬ 
monial of the imaginary government was fully set forth, 
rolemarchs and Phylarchs, Tribes and Galaxies, the 
Lord Archon and the Lord Strategus .”—Macaulay Hist. 
Eng., ch. iii. 

2. Church Hist. The “ Great Archon ” of the 
Gnostic Basilides: A created being who was sup¬ 
posed to rule the world. 

“ There burst forth and was begotten from the cosmical 
seed and the conglomeration of all germs the great 
Archon and Head of the world.”— Hippolytus: Refut. of 
all Heresies, bk. vii., ch. xi. 

ar'-chon-shlp, s. [Gr. archdn= archon, and 
Eng. suff. -ship.] The office of an archon, or the 
time during which he held office. 

“ Draco’s archonship, in which his laws were enacted, is 
placed 01. 39, B. C. 624.”— Thirlwall: Hist, of Greece, ch. xi. 

ar-chon-tics, s. [In Ger. archontiken . ] 

Church Hist.: A Gnostic sect, a branch of the 
Valentinians. They were of opinion that the world 
was brought into existence not by God, but by 
inferior “ Archontes ,” beings themselves created. 
[Archon (2).] 

*ar' 9 h-wlfe, s. [Archewyves.] 

ar'§li-wl§e, adv. [Eng. arch; suffix -wise.] 
Shaped like an arch ; in the form of an arch. 

“The Court of Arches, so called ab arcuata ecclesia, or 
from Bow Church, by reason of the steeple or clochier 
thereof, raised at the top with stone pillars, in fashion of 
a bow bent archwise.” — Ayliffe: Parergon. 

ar'-$fi3f, «• [Eng. arch; -t /.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Arched. 

“Beneath the black and archy brows shined forth the 
bright lamps of her eyes .”—Partheneia Sacra (1633), Pref. 

2. Heraldry. [Arched.] 

ar -gl-form, a. [Lat. arcus=a bow, and forma 
=form.] Shaped like a bow, curved. 

“. . . some arciform fibers which cross it at its 
lower part . . .”— Todd, & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
i. 264. 

*ar'-9i-ten-ent, a. [Lat. arcitenens, from arcus 
=a bow, and tenens , pr. par. of teneo =to hold.] 
Bow-bearing. {Johnson.) 

ar'-CO-graph, s. [Lat. arcus=& bow, and Gr. 
graphd=to grave, . . . to describe.] An instru¬ 
ment for describing an arc without the use of a 
central point; a cyclograph. {Hebert.) 


is opposed to the antarctic circle, which is at the 
same distance from the south pole. {Glossog. 
Nov., <ftc.) 

Arctic expedition: An expedition designed to 
explore the all but impenetrable regions surround¬ 
ing the north pole. The object with which these 
enterprises were commenced by the English was to 
obtain a passage by way of the polar regions to 
India, Egypt being in Mohammedan hands, and 
fear, which now seems absolutely ludicrous, being 
felt that the Portuguese would successfully debar 
daring English seamen from using the route by the 
Cape of Good Hope. When the utter hopelessness 
of finding either a northwestern or a northeastern 
passage to India through the polar regions became 
apparent, it was felt that arctic expeditions 
might still profitably be sent out for purely scien¬ 
tific exploration, one main object now being to 
make as near an approach as possible to the pole. 
They have continued at intervals to our own times, 
and are not likely ever to cease. Two of the most 
notable events in their history which have hitherto 
occurred have been the discovery of the northwest 
passage by Captain McClure, of the Investigator, on 
the 26th of October, 1850, and the tragic deaths of 
Sir John Franklin and his crew, about the year 1848, 
the catastrophe being rendered all the more im¬ 
pressive to the public mind by the uncertainty 
which long hung over the gallant explorers’ fate. 

The following are the farthest points of north 
latitude reached by Arctic explorers, up to pres¬ 


ent date: 

YEAR. EXPLORERS. N. LATITUDE. 

1607. Hudson. 80° 23' 0’ 

1773. Phipps. 80° 48 0" 

1806. Scoresby. 81° 12 42" 

1827. Parry. 82° 60' 0" 

1874. Meyer (on land). 82° 0' 0" 

1875. Markham and Parr (Nares’ expe¬ 

dition). 83° 20’ 26" 

1876. Payer. 83° 07' 0" 

1884. Lockwood (Greely’s party). 83° 24' 0" 

1896. Nansen. 86° 14’ 0” 

1900. Capt. Cagni (Abruzzi’s expedition) 86° 33' 0" 

1906. Lieut. Robert E. Peary. 87° 06' 0" 


In September, 1895, Lieut. Robert E. Peary, of the U. S. 
navy, returned from an arctic expedition, after an ab¬ 
sence of two years. He did not get so far north as some 
of his predecessors, but in scientific results his expedition 
surpassed all others of recent years. His surveys and 
maps extend our knowledge of the coast northward 2 de¬ 
grees. On August 13, 1896, Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, of Nor¬ 
way, returned from an arctic expedition after an absence 
of more than three years. The most northerly point 
reached by him was 86° 14' N. lat., or 200 miles nearer the 
Pole than ever reached before. In 1906 Lieutenant Peary, 
on another expedition, approached nearer to the goal of 
arctic exploration than any preceding explorer, getting 
within 203 miles of the Pole, or 32 miles nearer than Cap¬ 
tain Cagni, of the Duke of Abruzzi’s expedition. 


tarc-ta'-tion., s. [In Fr. arctation; Mod. Lat. 
arctatio; Lat. arctus, artus=pressed together, 
close, narrow; arcto=to narrow, to enclose.] 
f Med.: A narrowness or constriction of any pas¬ 
sage in the body. (Used specially of constipation 
of the intestines produced by inflammation or by 
spasms. It is called also Arctitude.) 

“ Arctation, Lat.: Streightning or crouding .’’—Glossog. 
Nova. 


arc -ti-s,, s. [Apparently from Gr. arktos= a 
bear, referring to the woolly character of the cater¬ 
pillar ; but Agassiz, in his Nomenclator Zoologicus, 
derives it from arfcfeia=consecration.] A genus of 
moths, the typical one of the family Arctiid®. 
A. caja is the well-known and beautiful Tiger- 
moth. Its caterpillar is the “ Woolly Bear.’ 

arc'-ti-R-dse, s. pi. [Arctiid.®.] 

arc -tic, *arc'-tlck, a. [In Fr. arctique; Sp. <fe 
Port, arctico; Ital. artico; Lat. arcticus; from 
arctos , Gr. arJctos , a. boar, also tin© constellation 
Ursa Major. In Sanscrit riksha, from the root ark 
or asfc=to be bright, is (1) anadjective=bright, and 
(2) a substantive=a bear, so called either from his 
bright eyes or from his brilliant tawny fur. Before 
the Aryans had finally separated, riksha —bright, 
applied to the plow-like constellation, had be¬ 
come obsolete, and the substantive bear remained, 
whence the constellation came to be called arktos 
among tb© Gr©©bs. TJvsa among th© Latins, and 
Bear among ourselves. _ {Max Muller: Science of 
Language, 6th ed., vol. ii., p. 393.)] 

1 Properly: Pertaining to the constellation 
called by the Greeks arktos=bear, by the Romans 
Ursa, and by ourselves Ursa Major, the Great Bear, 

the Plow, Charles’Wain, &c. 

2. Pertaining to the North generally, or more 
specially to the region within the arctic circle. 

“Man has become a denizen of every part of the globe, 
from the torrid to the arctic zones. —Owen: Classif. of the 
Mammalia, p. 49. 

Arctic circle: A small circle of the globe, 23° 28' 
distant from the north pole, which is its center. It 


Arctic fox {Vulpes lag opus): A species of fox 
found in North America within the arctic circle. It 
is blackish-brown in summer, but in winter has a 
long, thick white fur, which renders it a beautiful 
animal. 

Arctic pole: The north pole as opposed to the 
antarctic or southern one. {Glossog. Nova.) 

Arctic zone: The zone or belt of _ the earth be¬ 
tween the north pole and the arctic circle. 

arc’-tl-9lte, s. [In Ger. arcticit; from Gr. ark- 
tikos =near the Bear, arctic, northern.] [Arctic.] 
A mineral, called also Wernerite and Scapolite 
(q. v.). 

arc-ti-I-dse, arc -tl-a-dae, s. pi. [Arctia.] A 
family of moths, comprehending the Arctia caja, or 
Tiger-moth, the Phraqmatobia fuliginosa, and other 
beautiful species. The larvse are hairy, in conse¬ 
quence of which they are denominated Woolly Bears, 
or Bear Caterpillars. 

“But the moths in certain families, such as the Zygae- 
nidse, various Sphingidae, Draniidae, some Arctiidw and 
Saturniid®, fly about during the day or early evening, and 
many of these are extremely beautiful, being far more 
brightly colored than the strictly nocturnal kinds.”— 
Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. ii., ch. xi., p. 396. 

arc-tls'-cg,, s. pi. [Gr. arktos=a bear, and isko 
=to make like.] Water-bears. [Arachnida, Bear- 
Animalcules. J 

arc’-tl-tude, s. [In Fr. arctitude; from Lat. 
arctus, artMS=pressed together, narrow.] The same 
as Arctation (q. v.). 

arc'-tl-um, s. [Lat. arktion— a plant, the Ver- 
bascum ferrugineum (?), or a Lappa; Gr. arktion, 
from arktos= a bear; in Celt, arth, after which tne 
Arctium is called, on account of its shaggy invo¬ 
lucres.] Burdock. A genus of plants belonging to 
th© order Asteracese, or Composites. It contains 
the Common Burdock, A. lappa, Linn. 

arc-to-gal'-l-dse , s. [Gr. arktos =a bear, and 
qale= 3 . weasel.] A family of carnivorous Mamma¬ 
lia, containing the Skunks (Mephites) and some 
allied animals. 


bdil boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hm, 

-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 
’17 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-§ioi^ = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


arc-to-ge-al, a. Noting colder parts of the 
earth; pertaining to the arctic regions. 

arc -to-m^s, s. [Gr. arktos—a. bear, and Lat. 
mus= a mouse.] The Mammalia genus to which the 
Marmots belong. It is placed under the Rodentia. 
They have pointed cheek-teeth. There are several 
species, the A. marmotta, or Marmot, resident in 
the mountains of Europe and Asia [Marmot], the 
A. bobac of Poland and Northern Russia, the 
M. citillus, the Zizel or Souslik, and several in 
America. 

arc-top -sis, s. [Gr. arktos =a bear, and opsis= 
aspect.] A genus of decapodous Crustaceans of 
the family Maiadse. The A. tetraodon is the Four¬ 
horned Spider-crab of the British coasts. 

arc-to-staph'-y-los, s. [Gr. arktos =a bear, and 
staphyle =a bunch of grapes. Hence arctostaphylos 
means bear-grape.] The Bear Berry. A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Ericace® (Heath- 
worts). It has an ovule corolla, ten stamina, and 
a fleshy, five-celled, five-seeded fruit. 

arc-to-tls, s. [In Fr. arctotide; Sp. & Port, arc- 
totisj Gr. arlctos =a bear.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Asterace®, or Composites. The 
species are found at the Cape of Good Hope. 

Arc-tii’r-us, s. [In Ger. Arktur; Fr. Arcture, 
Arcturus; Port. Arcturo; Ital. Arturo; Lat. Arc- 
turus; Gr. Arktouros, from arktos—bear, and ouros, 
a termination corresponding to ward in English, as 
thyroros=a door-ward, a doorkeeper. Hence Arc¬ 
turus means bearkeeper.] {Max Muller.) 

I. Astronomy: 

1. A fixed star of the first magnitude, called also 
Alpha Bootis. It is one of the very brightest stars in 
the Northern heavens. In March, 1635, Morin saw 
it in the west for more than half an hour after sun¬ 
rise. To find it, draw a line through the tail of the 
Bear four times the length of the distance between 
the stars Mizar and Benetnasch in the diagram be¬ 
low. The ancients considered it a red star. Piazzi 
could not find it had any parallax. Though nomi¬ 
nally “ fixed,” yet it has a proper angular motion of 
2’250 , equivalent to 53'32 miles in a second. In 752 
years it altered its latitude 5', and in twenty cen¬ 
turies, according to Humboldt, it has moved 2!4 
times the diameter of the moon’s disc. In 1803, 
Herschel found its diameter, seen through a fog, ft 
of a second, from which ho calculated its diameter 
to be not less than 8,000,000 leagues=48,000,000 miles. 
{Araao, Herschel, <&c.) 

2. The Arcturus of Scripture. Heb. Ash, Job. ix. 
9; Aish, xxxviii. 32. Sept. Arktouros; Vulg. Arc¬ 
turus. Not the star now called Arcturus, which 
stands in solitary grandeur in the sky, unaccom¬ 
panied by any of his “ sons,” ban&ha, mentioned in 
Job xxxviii. 32, but the Great Bear (Ursa Major). 
Heb. Ash is formed by aph®resis from Heb. neash= 
a bier or litter. In Arabic naasch, cognate with 
the Heb. neash, is the name of the four stars (Gr, 
Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta) constituting the 


Benetnasch. 7) *' 


Arcturus. 


£"Mizar. 

^ Alioth. 


5 Dubhe. 
*- f a 


7 B 

Ursa Major and the Star Arcturus. 


hinder portion of the Great Bear; while the three in 
the tail (Gr. Epsilon, Zeta, Eta) are called in Arabic 
Banatnaasch = daughters of the bier, meaning, the 
mourners following the bier. The last of these (Gr. 
Eta) is still designated by its Arabic name Benet¬ 
nasch (q. v.). 

“Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the 
chambers of the south .”—Job ix. 9. 

“ Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season? or 
canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons? ”—Job xxxviii. 32. 

II. Zool.: An isopod crustacean. Example, the 
A. Baffnii, or Baffin’s Bay Arcturus. 

* ar-cu-ate, a. [In Sp. arqueado, arcuado; Ital. 
arcuato; Lat. arcuatus, pa. par. of arcuo—to bend 
like a bow; arcus=a bow.] 

Ordinary Language, Botany, &c.: Curved like 
a bow, or like the arc of a circle. 

“. . . sounds that move in oblique and arcuate 
lines, . . .”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, iii., § 224. 

*ar-cu-a-tile, a. [Lat. arcuatilis= bow-shaped, 
from arcuo— to bend in the form of a bow, to 
curve; arcus= a bow.] 

Nat. Science: Curved like a bow. 
ar-CU-a -tion, s. [In Fr. arcuation. From Lat. 
arcuatus—hent in the form of a bow; arcuo=to 
bend like a bow; arcus=a bow.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of bending any thing; incurvation. 

2. The state of being bent. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, ejfist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 















arcuature 


258 


area 


B. Technically: 

Gardening: The method of propagating certain 
trees by bending down to the ground the branches 
which spring from the offsets or shoots after they 
have been planted. Arcuation is adapted for the 
elm, lime, alder, and the willows, which cannot 
easily be raised from seed. 

, ar'-CU-§,-tiire, 8. [Lat. arcuatus—hunt like a 
bow.] The curvature of an arch. 

*ar -c\i-bg.l-Ist, *Ar-CA-bAl-Is’-tA. *ar-cy-b?,l- 
Is'-ter, 8 . [Aebalest.] 

*ar'-cu-biis, s. [Abquebtjs.] 
ar’-cus, s. [Lat.=a bow.] 
arcus senilis. Literally, the senile arch; the 
arch of old men or of old age; an opacity around the 
margin of the cornea which constitutes one of the 
numerous marks of old age. 

-ard, -art, -heart, as terminations. [From Ger. 
fearf=hard; A. S. heard ; Icel. hard; Goth. 
hardus. In M. H. Ger. and in Dutch it in general 
has, as an appellative, a bad meaning; but it is the 
reverse in 0. H. Ger. proper names, as Berinhart, 
Bemhart= strong, like a bear; in Fr. & Eng. Bern¬ 
ard. (Mahn .) Bain and others consider that it 
was introduced into the languages of France, Spain, 
and Italy by the Germanic invaders, who overthrew 
the Roman empire.] (a) One who does, or (b) one 
who is: as sluggard=one who is slothful like a 
slug; braggart—one> who brags. In the majority of 
cases ard and art are used in a bad sense, as dull¬ 
ard, coward, laggard, bragg art, but this is not the 
case with the form heart. 

ar-das'-sine§, s. [Ardassines, piur. of Fr. ardas- 
tine; Sp. ardacina; Arab. & ——“■ ■ 1 - 

Pers. ardan = a description 
of raw silk.] The finest kind 
of Persian silk used in the 
French looms. 

ar-de-A, «• [Lat. ardea; 

Gr. erOdios= a heron.] The 
typical genus of the sub¬ 
family Ardein®, and the 
family Ardeidee. Ardea dri¬ 
er ea is the Gray Heron which 
is found in Europe. It is a 
tall bird, standing upward 
of three feet high, with a 
long black crest on the back 
of its neck, the feathers of 
its back dark in color, and 
those on its breast white. 

In summer it may be seen on 
the margin of lakes or rivers, 
and in winter on the shores 
of the sea, waiting for its 
prey, which consists of small fish, Crustacea, &c. 

ar'-deb t s. [In Arab, irdab or urdab.] A meas¬ 
ure of grain containing almost eight bushels, used 
in the parts of Africa where the Arabs most abound. 

ar-de-T-dse, s. pi. [Abdea.] A family of gral- 
latorial or wading birds. They have large, long, 
and strong beaks and powerful wings, yet their 
flight is but slow. They are migratory, frequenting 
the margins of lakes or of the ocean, of the several 
countries in which they sojourn. The family is 
divided into four sub-families—the Ardein®, or 
Herons proper; the Ciconin®, or Storks; the Tan- 
talinss. or Ibises; and the Platalein®, or Spoon¬ 
bills. 

ar-de-I’-nse, 8. pi. [Ardea.] The typical sub¬ 
family of the family Ardeid®. It contains the true 
Herons [Aedea], the Bitterns, the Boatbills of 
South America, and their allies. 

*ar-del’-I-0, s. [In Fr. ardSlion; Lat. ardelio, 
from ardeo— to bum.] A busy-body, a meddler. 

“Striving to get that which we had better be without, 
ardelios, busy bodies as we ate.”—Burton: Anat. of Melan¬ 
choly, pp. 12, 77. (Trench.) 



Ardea Cinerea. 


L Of material things: 

1. Burning, in a literal sense. 

“. . . more ardent than the blaze of fire.” 

Cowper: Hornets Iliad, bk. xviii. 

2. Fiery to the taste. 

”... wine, tea, and ardent spirits . . .”— Macau, 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

3. Shining, brilliant, reminding one of the reflec¬ 
tion of fire. 

“ A knight of swarthy face, 

High on a cole-black steed pursued the chace; 

With flashing flames his ardent eyes were fill’d.” 

Dryden. 

II. Of emotions or conduct: 

1. Warm in affection, in passion, or desire. 

“ And death stands ardent on the edge of war.” 

Pope: Homer*s Iliad, bk. xx. 28. 

“ Ardent and intrepid on the field of battle, Monmouth 
was everywhere else effeminate and irresolute.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

2. Inspired by warm feeling, and therefore power¬ 
ful as a flame in its effects; warm or even more 
than warm. 

“ Her manner was warm and even ardent.”—De Quincey’s 
Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 134. 

“Other leaders have inspired their followers with a zeal 
as ardent.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

ar'-dent-ljf, adv. [Eng. ardent; -ly .] In an ar¬ 
dent manner; with warmth of desire or affection; 
with warmth of emotion generally; affectionately, 
passionately. 

“What ardently I wish’d, I long believed.” 

Covjper: On Receipt of my Mother’s Picture • 

ar'-dent-ness, s. [Eng. ardent; -ness.] The 
quality of being ardent; ardor. 

*ar'-der§, *ar'-dour§, s. Fallowings or plowings 
of ground. (Coles.) 

ar-di§-l-A, s. [Gr. ardis= a point, in reference 
to the acute segments of the corolla.] The typical 
genus of the Ardisiads (q. v.). About one hundred 
species are known. They are ornamental plants, 
having fine leaves, flowers, and berries. Several 
have been introduced into this country from the 
East and West Indies. The bark of A. colorata, 
called in Ceylon dan, is used in that island in cases 
of fever and diarrhoea, besides being applied ex¬ 
ternally to ulcers. The red juice of the berries of 
A. solanacea becomes brown on paper, and retains 
its color permanently. 

ar-dis-I-a'-ge-se (Mod. Lat.), ar-dis'-i-ad§, 
(Eng.) s. pi. Ardisiace® is the name given by 
Jussieu to an order of exogenous plants called by 
Lindley and others Myrsinace® (q. v.). Type, 
Ardisia (q. v.). Ardisiads is Lindley’s name for the 
Myrsinace®. 

ar'-dor, *ar'-diire, s. [In Fr. ardeur; Sp. & 
Port, ardor; Ital. ardore, ardura; from Lat. ardor 
= (1) a burning, fire, (2) brilliancy, (3) fire of affec¬ 
tion or passion.] 

1. Lit.: Heat, as of the sun, a fire, &c. 

“Joy, like a ray of the sun, reflects with a greater 
ardor and quickness, when it rebounds upon a man from 
the breast of his friend.”— South. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Heat of the affections or of the passions, of 
courage, ofizeal, &c. 

“The wicked enchaufing or ardure of this sin.”— 
Chaucer: The Persones Tale. 

“Wounds, charms, and ardors were no sooner read, 

But all the vision vanished from thy head.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, i. 119, 120. 
“Unmov’d the mind of Ithacus remain’d, 

And the vain ardors of our love restrain’d.” 

Pope. 

“Neither his years nor his profession had wholly 
extinguished his martial ardor.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 


ar'-den-$y, s. [In Sp. ardentia; Port, ardentia, 
ardencia; Ital. ardenza; from Lat. ardens.] [AR¬ 
DENT.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Heat. 

“ By how much heat any one receives from the ardency 
of the sun, his internal heat is proportionally abated.”— 
Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 27. 

2. Fig.: Warmth of affection or of passion; 
ardor, vehemence of courage, zeal, &c. 

“The ineffable happiness of our dear Redeemer must 
needs bring an increase to ours, commensurate to the 
ardency of our love for him.”— Boyle. 

R. Technically: 

Naut.; The tendency of a vessel to gripe. (Ogil- 
vie.) 

ar'-dent, *ar-daunt, a. [In Fr. ardent; 0. Fr. 
ardaunt; Sp. ardiente; Port. & Ital. ardente; Lat. 
grdens, pr. par. of ardeo— to burn.] 


ch. v. 

(b) Poetically: A shining being. 

“Nor delay’d the winged saint, 

After his charge receiv’d; but, from among 
Thousand celestial ardors, where he stood 
Veil’d with his gorgeous wings, up-springing light. 
Flew thro’ the midst of heav’n.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. v. 

ar'-dQ-I-t^, s. [In Sp. arduidad; Ital. arduita, 
arduitade, arduitate; Lat. arduitas— steepness; 
from arduus.] [Arduous.] Arduousness. (John¬ 
son.) 

ar'-dti-ous, a. [In Fr. ardu; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
arduo; Lat. arduus=(\) steep, lofty, (2) difficult. 
Cognate with Gr. orthos= straight, or (applied to 
height) upright. In Erse ard is a height, and in 
Sansc. Urdva means=raised up or lofty.] 

1. Lit.: Steep and lofty; high and precipitous. 
“High on Parnassus’ top her sons she show’d, 

And pointed out those arduous paths they trod.” 

Pope. 


2. Involving much labor, difficult. 

‘ To point them to the arduous paths of fame.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xi., 302. 
“He must have been aware that such an enterprise 
would be in the highest decree arduous and hazardous" 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

ar'-dh-ous-lf, adv. [Eng. arduous; -ly.] With 
great labor; laboriously. 

ar’-dti-ous-ness, s. [Eng. arduous; -ness.] The 
Quality of being high and steep, and therefore 
difficult to climb; or, in a more figurative way 
presenting difficulty. 

*ar -dure, s. [Aedob.] 

*are (pi. ares), s. The old way of spelling tin 
letter R. 

“iij ares for iij Richardes that bene of noble fames.” 
—Twelve Letters to Save England (ed. Furnivall), 21. 

are. The plural of the present tense in the verb 
to be. It is used in all the three persons—we are. 
you are, they are. Obviously it came originally 
from another root than be. O. Northern Eng. aron. 

“We are all one man’s sons; we are true men, thy serv- 
ants are no spies.”—Gen. xlii. 1L 
“Ye are spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are 
come.”— Gen. xlii. 9. 

are, s. [Fr. are, from Lat. area (q. v.).l In 
French superficial measure, a square of which the 
sides are ten meters in length. 

“We prefer the form which we have employed because 
it is etymologically correct. Mr. Sadler seems not to know 
that a hecatare is so called because it contains a hundred 
ares.” — Macaulay: Sadler’s Refutation Refuted. 

a'-r§, a-lA-mt-re, s. [Ital.] The lowest note 
but one in Guido’s scale of music. [A-la-mi-ee.] 

“ Gamut, I am, the ground of all accord, 

A re, to plead Hortensio’s passion; 

B mi, Bianca take him for thy lord, 

C fa ut, that loves with all affection.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. L 
♦are, adv. [A. S. ar— before, early.] Before-. 
(0. Eng.) 

“ He herde a new tiding 
That he heard never are.” 

Sir Tristrem, 85. (S. in Boucher .) 

ar-e-A (pi. ar -e-a§ or ar’-e-se), s. [In. Ger. 
areal; Fr. aire; Ital. aia; Sp.,Port., & Lat. area— 
(1) an open space, (2) Med. (see B., 4).] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Generally: 

1. Any open space, as the floor of a building, the 
part of a church not occupied by pews or other fix¬ 
tures, the arena in an amphitheater, the stage in 
a theater; or, outside buildings, the open space 
within any inclosure. 

“Let us conceive a floor or area of goodly length, with 
the breadth somewhat more than half the longitude.”— 
Wotton. 

“ The Alban lake is of an oval figure; and, by reason of 
the high mountains that encompass it, looks like the area 
of some vast amphitheater.”— Addison. 

“ In areas vary’d with Mosaic art, 

Some whirl the disk, and some the jav’lin dart.” 

Pope. 

2. The space inclosed within defined limits, how 
ever large or however small. 

“ Extensive as was the area which he governed, he had 
not a frigate on the water.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng-, 
ch. xxiii. 

“. . . therefore nearly 167,000 square miles is the 
least space which can be distinctly discerned on thesua 
as a visible area.” — Herschel: Astronomy, 6th ed. (1858) 
§ 386. 

II. Specially: 

1. The inclosed space or site on which a building 
stands. 

2. The sunken space, generally enclosed by rail¬ 
ings. which exists in most of the larger town houses, 
to afford light and ingress to the servants in the 
floor of the house built below the level of the 
street. 

B. Technically: 

1. Geom., Nat. Phil., Astron., dbc.: The space in¬ 
closed by the lines which bound any figure. Thus 
the area of a circle is the space inclosed by its cir¬ 
cumference, the area of a triangle the space within 
its three sides, &c. 

Measures of area are the same as square meas¬ 
ure, such as a square inch, a square foot, a square 
yard, a square mile, &c. 

The unit of area: The area of the square 
described upon the unit of length. (Everett.) 

“ If in this case L stands for length, their area is=L.2* 
— Everett: The C. G. S. System of Units, ch. i., pp. 1, 6. 

2. Geol.: Almost in the same sense as A., I. 2 
(q. v.). 

"... led me to conclude that the great oceans are 
still mainly areas of subsidence, the great archipelagoes 
still areas of oscillations of level, and the continents 
areas of elevation.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. ix. 


fate, fat, fare, Amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se. ce - e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



area 


259 


areola 


3. Mining: A compass of ore allotted to diggers. 
(Coxe.) 

4. Med. : Baldness, or a bald spot upon the head 
produced by alopecy; also alopecy itself. 

5. Anat.: Any. space in the embryo or more 
developed physical structure. (See also the com¬ 
pounds which follow.) 

area-germinitiva. 

Anat.: .The space in an egg in process of being 
hatched in which the first traces of the embryo 
appear. It is marked by an opaque roundish spot 
upon the germinal membrane. (Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 576.) 
area-pellucida. 

Anat.: A clear space which appears in the center 
of the germ of an egg when the latter is exposed for 
a few hours to hatching heat. It ultimately in¬ 
creases to about a line in diameter. {Ibid., p. 582.) 

area-vasculosa. 

Anat.: An area surrounding the A. pellucida in 
an egg in which the process of incubation has com¬ 
menced. {Ibid., p. 583.) 


area-vitellina. 

Anat.: An area surrounding the A. vasculosa in 
an egg in which the process of incubation has com¬ 
menced. {Ibid., p. 583.) 

ta-re ad, ta-re ed, fa-re de (pa. par. a-red’, 
a-red d), v. t. [A. S. aroedan={\) to read; (2) to 
tell, to speak; (3) to conjecture, to prophesy, find 
out; (4) to elect; (5) take counsel; (6) to care for; 
(7) to pursue; (8) to effect.] 

*1. To read. 

*2. To tell, to say, to declare, to describe, to in¬ 
form, to teach, to interpret, to explain. [Rede.] 

“ To whom she thus.- ‘ What need me, Sir, to tell 
That which your selfe have earst ared so right? ’ ” 
Spenser: F. Q., VI. iv. 28. 

3. To advise, to counsel, to warn, to order. 

“ At those prowd words that other knight begonne 
To wei exceeding wroth, and him aredd 
To turne his steede about, or sure he should be dedd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. viii. 17. 

“ But mark what I areed thee now: Avaunt; 

Fly thither whence thou fledd’st.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

*4. To guess, to conjecture. 

“ Of which no man couth areden 
The nombre . . .” 

Alisaunder, 5,115. {Boucher.) 
*5. To detect as an impostor or an imposition. 

“ So hard this Idole was to be ared, 

That Florimell her selfe in all mens vew 

She seem’d to passe: so forged things do fairest shew.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 15. 

*6. To choose, to elect, to appoint, to ordain. 

“ Whose praises having slept in silence long, 

Me, all too meane, the sacred Muse areeds 
To blazon broade emongst her learned throng.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 1. 

“ And time and place convenient to areed, 

In which they two the combat might darraine.” 

Ibid., V. xii. 9. 

f[ Aread, though generally called obsolete, is still 
ased, though rarely, in poetry. 

“ Imagined in its little schemes of thought; 

Or e’er in new Utopias were ared, 

To teach man what he might be, or he ought.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, ii. 36. 

* 3 -read -i-ness, s. [Readiness.] 

”... and therefore we put in areadiness our army.” 
— English Manifesto, A. D. 1542, quoted in Froude’s Hist. 
Eng. 

ar'-e-SB. The plural of Area (q. v.). 
ar -e-al, a. [Lat. area7is=pertaining to a thresh¬ 
ing-floor ; from area.] Pertaining or relating to an 


area. 

*a-r'e are. [Arrear.] 

ar e -C3, s. [In Ger. 
Port, areca. Said to be 
the Malabar or Malaya- 

lam name Latinized.] A 
genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Pal- 
mace®, or Palms. It is 
the type of the section 
Arecin®. Among the 
more notable species 
are (1) the A. catechu, or 
Betel-nut Palm, a very 
graceful and handsome 
tree cultivated in the 
hotter parts of Asia. It 
furnishes the Indian 
sooparee or betel. The 
betel-nut is remarkable 
for its narcotic or in¬ 
toxicating power; there 
is sometimes prepared 
from it a spurious cate¬ 
chu. [Catechu.] (2) Th 
palm, a very tall spec; 
Indies. [Cabbage.] 


arek {palme ); Fr. arec; 



Areca Palm and Nut. 

A. oleracea, or Cabbage- 
s growing in the West 


*3.-re§ he (1), v. t. [A. S. areccan= to explain; 
pret. areaht.] 

1. To explain. 

“Crist and Seint Stevene, 

Quoth Horn, areche thy swevene.” 

K. Horn, i. 668. {Boucher.) 

2. To utter. 

“ Uneth he myght areche 
O word for pure anguyshe.” 

Chaucer: Hist, of Beryn, i. 2,999. 

* 3 -re 9 he (2) (pa. par. 3 -raught), v. t. [A. S. 
areccan, pret. areahte, arehte — to reach out, to 
extend, to lay hold of.] 

1. To reach. 

“A1 that hys ax areche myght.” 

Richard, 7,039. {Boucher.) 

2. To attain. 

“. . . the tongue myghte not areche to speke.” 
Trevisa: Bartholomew de Propr. Rerum, bk. ii. 

3. To strike. 

“ Hercules araught one of them named Gryneus bytween 
the eyen.”— Jason, MS., t. 6. {Boucher.) 

ar-e-^I’-nse, s. pi. [Areca.] A section or family 
of palms, distinguished by having either no spathe 
or one or more complete ones. The ovary is three- 
celled, and the berry one-seeded. Type, Areca (q.v.). 
t 3 -red’, fgt-red d, pa. par. [Aread.] 

* 3 -red de, * 3 r-riid e, v. t. [A. S. areddan= to 
free.] To free. 

“. . . arud us of the feondes rake.” 

Legend of St. Catherine; MSS. {Boucher.) 

“ That the lauedi sone aredde." 

Hule & Nightingale (1657). {Boucher.) 

3 ,-re de, v. t. [Aread.] 

* 3 -re ed, s. [A. S. arced=counsel, welfare, safety.] 

1. Advice. 

2. A discourse. 

3-re'ek, adv. [Eng. a; reek.] In a reeking state. 
[Reek.] 

44 A messenger comes all areek 
Mordanto at Madrid to seek.”— Swift. 

far'-e-fac-tion, s. [Fr. ar^faction, from Lat. 
arefacio— to make dry; areo= to be dry, and facio= 
to make.] 

1. The act of making dry. 

2. The state of becoming dry. 

“ For all putrefaction, if it dissolve not in arefaction, 
will in the end issue into plants or living creatures bred 
of putrefaction.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, vii., § 294. 

far -e-fy, V. t. [Lat. arefacio= to make dry.] To 
make dry. 

“Heat drieth bodies that do easily expire ... so 
doth time or age arefy as if in the same bodies.”— Bacon: 
Nat. Hist., g 294. 

* 3 -reht e, s. [A. S. yrgtho— (1) sluggishness, (2) 
fear; earh, eorp=timid, cowardly.] Fear. {Hule 
& Nightingale, i. 1,794.) [Argh.] 

3 -reik, ar-reik, v. t. [A. S. areccan=to get, to 
attain, to reach, to take.] To reach, to extend. 
[Reik.] 

“ And hedis semand to the heuin arreik.” 

Doug.: Verg., 91, 19. 

* 3 -re'i§e, v. t. [Raise.] To elevate, to raise. 
{Chaucer.) 

*ar -?m, s. [Arm.] 

*ar’-en, *arne. Plural of present tense of verb 
to be. [Are.] 

are'-na, V. joined with adv. [Eng. are, and 
Scotch na= no.] Are not. ( Scotch .) 

“. . . and in this present daye, when things o’ that 
auld-warld sort arena keepit in mind around winter 
firesides as they used to be . . .”— Scott: Antiquary, 
ch. xxiv. 

a-re'-na, s. [In Fr. arbne; Sp., Port., Ital. & 
Lat. arenas dry earth, sand; areo— to be dry.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The floor of an amphitheater, so called 
from being strewed with sand, one main object of 
which was to absorb the blood of the gladiators 
“butchered to make a Roman holiday.” 

” My voice sounds much—and fall the stars’ faint rays 
On the arena void . . .”— Byron: Ch. Har., iv. 142. 

2. Fig.: A field of contest, whatever its nature, 
as a battlefield, the position of a plaintiff or 
defendant in a law court, or of a controversalist in 
a periodical. 

“ But dragg’d again upon the arena, stood 

A leader not unequal to the feud.” 

Byron: Lara, n. 9. 

B. Technically: 

I. Architecture: 

1. In the same sense as A. 1. 

2. The amphitheater itself. {Gloss, of Arch.) 

3. The middle of a temple, or inclosed space. 

II. Med.: “ Sand” or “ gravel ” in the kidneys. 


ar-e-na'-dje-o, in compos. Having sand in com 
bination with some other mineral substance, as 
Arenaceo-qypseous = composed of sand, or some¬ 
thing sandy, and gypsum. 

ar-e-na'-9e-ous, a. [In Fr. ar6nac6; Lat. are- 
naceus .] Sandy, having more or less of sand in its 
composition, or partaking of the qualities of sand; 
in the form of sand. 

Geol.: Arenaceous or siliceous rocks are those 
which consist very largely of sand. This sand may¬ 
be loose, though it is generally cemented by sili¬ 
ceous, calcareous, ferruginous, or argillaceous mat¬ 
ter into a more or less compact sandstone. {Lyell: 
Elem. of Geol.) 

ar-e-na r-I-3, s. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. arenaria; 
from Lat. arenarius—pertaining to sand; arena- 
sand.] 

1. Botany: Sandwort. A low tufted herb. A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Caryophyl- 
lace®, or Cloveworts, and the sub-order Alsine®. 
There are about nine British species—four belonging 
to the sub-genus Alsine, and four to Euarenaria. 
Many of the species are Alpine; but the A. verna, 
or Vernal, the A.sespyllofolia, or Thyme-leaved, the 
A. trinervis, or Three-nerved Sandwort, with other 
species, are found upon the plain. 

2. Zool.: A genus of Scolopacid® (Snipes), con¬ 
taining the Redshank, now called Totanus calidris. 

ar-e-nar-i-ous, a. [Lat. arenarius.] Sandy, 

far-e-na'-tion, s. [Fr. ar&nation: Lat. arenatio 
= the laying of fine mortar on a wall.] 

Old Med.: A sand bath in which the patient sits 
with his feet upon hot sand, or has it sprinkled ovei 
him. 

3-ren-dal-Ite, s. [In Ger. arendalit, named from 
Arendal in Norway, near which it is found.] A min¬ 
eral, a sub-variety of ordinary Epidote. It mostly 
occurs in dark-green crystals. 

ar-en-da'-tor, s. [Low Lat. arendator, arrenda- 
tor, from arendo, arrendo= to pay rent: arenda= 
rent: ad=to, and renda=rent. (Rent.) In Russian 
arend is=lease, farm, rent, and in Spanish arrendar 
is=to let out to rent.] 

In Livonia and other provinces of Russia: One 
who farms the rents or revenues. One who con¬ 
tracts with the Crown for the rents of the farms. 

Crown-arendator: One who rents an estate 
belonging to the Crown. {Tooke: Russia, ii. 288. 
a'-reng, s. [Native Malay name.] 

1. A palm-tree, formerly called Areng sacchari- 
fera, but now more generally denominated Saguerus 
saccharifer. It belongs to the section Cocoin®. It 
grows wild in the islands of Southern Asia, and is 
cultivated in India. It furnishes sago and wine, 
while its fibers are manufactured into ropes. 

2. An old genus of palms, now altered into Sague¬ 
rus. [See 1.] 

*3-renge, adv. [Arenke.] 

ar-e-nic-ol-3, 8. [Lat. arenas sand, and colo= to 
inhabit.] A genus of Annelida, the typical one of 
the family Arenicolid®. A. piscatorum, the Lum- 
bricus marinus of Belon and Linn®us, is a worm 
which buries itself in the ground one and a-half or 
two feet in depth, betraying its lurking place, how¬ 
ever, by leaving on the surface little cordons of 
sand, closing the entrance to its hole. It has a 
large, eyeless head, small feet at its anterior part, 
and fine branchi® (gills) on its middle segments. 
It is about eight inches long. Fishermen call it the 
Lobworm, and dig it up for bait. 

ar-e-nic-ol'-I-dae, s. pi. [Arenicola.] A family 
of Annelids, arranged under the order Errantia. 
[Arenicola.] 

far-e-ni-llt-ic, a. [Lat. arenas sand; Gr . lithos 
=stone.] Pertaining to sandstone. {Kirwan.) 

3-renke, 3-reng e, adv. [O. Eng. a; renke- 
rank.] In a row ; in a series. 

“ And ladde him and his monekes. 

In to a well fair halle, 

And sette him adoun arenke. 

And wosche here fet alle.” 

MS. Harl., 2,277, f. 446. {Boucher.) 
ar-e-nose, a. [Sp., Port,, and Ital. arenoso ; 
Lat. arenosus.] Full of sand; sandy. {Johnson.) 

ar-e'-nu~lous, a. [Lat. arenula— fine sand; 
dimin. of are»ia=sand.] Full of fine sand; com¬ 
posed of fine-grained sand; gritty, 
ar-e-6-la {Lat.), ar'-e-ole {Eng.)', s. [In Fr. 
artole; Sp. & Port, areola ; from Lat. areola—{ 1) a 
small open place, (2) a small garden-bed ; dimin. of 
area.] [Area.] 

Physical Science: Any small area; any minute 
surface. Specially — 

I. Anatomy & Medicine: 

1. A dark-colored circle surrounding the nipple. 

2. A similar one surrounding the pock in vaccina¬ 
tion. 


5511 bdy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hi. 11 , bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 






areolar 


260 


Argean 


3. The interstices in areolar tissue. 


“ . . . as ossification advances between the rows, 

these cups are of course converted into closed areolce of 
bone .”—Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 116. 

II. Entom. (PI. Areolce) : The small areas, spaces, 
or interstices into which the wings of insects are 
divided by the nervures. They are important for 
classification. 

III. Bot.: The little spaces or areas on the sur¬ 
face of any portion of a plant. Thus if, as is often 
the case, the surface of a crustaceous lichen is 
cracked in every direction, then the spaces between 
the cracks are the areolce. 

ar-e- 6 -lar, a. [Eng. areoZ(e);-ar.] Pertaining 
to an areola. 

“. . . the cutis or areolar framework of the skin.”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 407. 

areolar tissue 


1. Anat.: A tissue widely diffused through the 
body, and composed of white and yellow fibers, the 
former imparting to it strength, and the latter 
elasticity. The_ two kinds of fibers interlace with 
each other again and again in the most complex 
manner. The interstices left between them are of 
very unequal size, and should not be called, as for 
a long time they were, cells. Areolar tissue pro¬ 
tects from injury the parts of the body in which it 
occurs, and when placed in the interstices of other 
tissues it keeps the latter from moving as freely as 
otherwise they would. The cutis vera, or true skin, 
is composed of it, and it abounds in the exterior 
parts of the muscles and in the interstices between 
their fibers, beneath the skin, on the surface of the 
pharynx, and the oesophagus. (Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat.) 

“This adipose tissue is generally found associated with 
the areolar or connective tissue.”— Beale: Bioplasm (1872), 

§182. 

2. Bot.: A term occasionally applied to cellular 
tissue. 

ar e'-o late, a. [Mod. Lat. areolatus; from 
area.] 

Pliys. Science: Divided into a number of irregular 
squares or angular spaces. 

Spec. Bot.: Pertaining to such markings as are 
left on the receptacles of certain composite plants 
when the seeds have fallen off, or to similar areola- 
tions. [Areola.] 

Entom.: Pertaining to the small spaces into which 
the membranous wings of insects are divided by the 
nervures which traverse them. 

ar-e-6-la-tion, s. [From Eng. areolate.] Any 
small irregular square, angular space, mesh, or 
cell in a tissue or other substance. 


ar-e-ole, s. [Areola.] 

ar-e-om'-e-ter, s. [In Ger. areometer; Fr. 
ar6ombtre; Port, areometro; from Gr. araios — 
(1) thin, (2) porous, and metron=a measure.] An 
instrument designed to measure the spe¬ 
cific gravity of liquids. The simpler 
areometers measure only the relative 
weights of liquids. They consist of a 
tube of glass, terminated in a ball at its 
lower part, and divided into equal por¬ 
tions through its whole length. An¬ 
other ball filled with mercury is soldered 
below to keep it vertical. The depth to 
which it sinks in various liquids is in 
the inverse ratio of their relative spe¬ 
cific gravities. In Fahrenheit’s areom¬ 
eter there is an adjustment by weights 
so tha the volume of the part immersed 
is constant, and thus the 'absolute spe- Areometer, 
cific gravity of the liquid tested is 
ascertained, that of water being previously fixed. 



ar-e-6-met'rI-cal, a. [In Ger. areometrisch; 
Fr. ar6om6trique .] [Areometer.] Related to the 
areometer. Measured by the areometer. 


ar-e-om'-et-rjf, s. [In Ger. areometrie; Fr. 
ar6omi.trie.~j The art of measuring the specific 
gravity of liquids. 

fAr-e-op'-a-gist, s. [Eng. Areopag(us); -ist.) 
The same as Areopagite (q. v.). 

Ar-e-op'-SL-glte, s. [Fr. ariopagite; Sp., Port., 
Ital., & Lat. Areopagita; Gr. Areiopagites.~] A 
member of the Areopagus (q. v.). 

“. . . Dionysius the Areopagite, . . . ”—Acts xvii. 84. 

Ar-e-op-3,-£it'-Ic, a. [In Ital. Areopagitico; 
Gr. Areiopagitikos .] Pertaining to the Areopagus. 

Ar-e-op-a-glt'-Ics, Ar-e-op-g.-git-1-cg., subst. 
[From Areopagitic (q. v.).] A work by Milton, 
which he describes as a “ speech for the liberty of 
unlicensed printing.” It has been characterized 
by Prescott as perhaps the most splendid argument 
the world had then witnessed on behalf of intellect¬ 
ual liberty. The name is taken either from the 
Areopagus as the great fount of justice, or possibly 
from the Areopagitica of Isocrates. 


“ The truth is that the Just Vindication consists chiefly 
of garbled extracts from the Areopagitica of Milton.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

Ar-e op -<i-gus, s. [Ger. Areopag; Fr. Ariopage; 
Sp., Port., & Ital. Areopago; Lat. Areopagus; Gr. 
Areiopagos, a hill sacred to Ares (Mars), on the west 
side of the Acropolis at Athens; Areios , adj.=per- 
taining to Ares or Mars: from Mres=Mars, and 
pagos=a peak, a rocky hill.] 

1. Spec.: The highest court at Athens, so called 
from the fact that its place of meeting was upon the 
hill of Ares (Mars’ Hill). It was of great antiquity, 
and was said to 
have taken its 
name from the 
legend of Ares 
having been 
tried there by 
Poseidon for the 
murder of his 
son, Halirrho- 
tius. The judges 
belonging to it 
sat in the open 
air. They con¬ 
sisted of all who 
had filled the 
archonship with¬ 
out having been 
expelled from it 
for misconduct. 

The cases which 
came before the 
court were specially those which might result in 
the infliction of capital punishment. When Paul 
pleaded the cause of Christianity before the Court 
of Areopagus he addressed the most august assembly 
which Athens could boast. (Acts xvii. 19, 22.) 

2. Gen.: A conference or congress consisting of 
ambassadors or other dignified personages repre¬ 
senting the several European powers. 

ar-e-o-style, s. [Ar^ostyle.] 
ar-e-o-sys-tyle, s. [Ajeleosystyle.] 
f ar-e-o-tec-ton -Ics, * ar-e-o-tec-ton’-Icks, s. 
[In Fr. areotectonique; Gr. A re ios= devoted to Mars, 
martial, and tektonikos = practiced or skilled in 
building; tekton= a carpenter.] 

Fortification: That part of the science of fortifi¬ 
cation which teaches, or at any rate attempts to 
teach, how to encounter an enemy as advanta¬ 
geously as possible. (Glossog. Nova, 2d ed.) 

*ar-e-ot-Ic, *ar-eot'-ick, a. &s. [Gr. araios= 
(1) thin, narrow, slight, (2) porous, spongy.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to an attenuant; hav¬ 
ing the property of dissolving viscidities. [See the 
substantive.] 

2. As substantive : An attenuant; a medicine de¬ 
signed to dissolve viscidities, to promote the removal 
of morbific matter by means of perspiration, and 
healthfully to attenuate the frame. 

*&-re re, V. t. & i. [A. S. arceran= to rear up; 
aroernes—a raising.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To raise. 

2 To excite. 

B. Intransitive: To rear, to stand on the hind 
legs, as a horse. 

Ar-e§, s. [Gr. Ares.] The god of war in the 
Greek mythology, son of Zeus 
and Hero, corresponding to 
Mars in that of the Romans. 

He was worshipped principally 
in Thrace and Scythia. The 
people of Greece proper, though 
constantly engaged in war, 
seem to have paid but little 
attention to his worship. 

“ The twelve great gods and god¬ 
desses of Olympus, — Zeus, Posei- 
ddn, Apollo, Ares, Hephsestos, 

Hermes, Here, Athene, Artemis, 

Aphrodite, Hestia, Demeter.” — 

Orote: Hist, of Greece, pt. i., ch. i. 

*3,-re'se, v.i. [A.S. areosan 
=to fall down, to perish.] To 
totter. (Sevyn Sages, i. 215.) 

*g,-re-son, *g,-re’-soun, v. t. 

[Fr. arraisoner= to attempt to 
persuade by_ reasons; O. Fr. 
aresoner— to interrogate, to reason ; Low Lat. arra- 
tionare.] 

1. To reason with; to attempt to persuade. 

“Ther fonre at Rome was to areson the Pope.”— Chron., 

p. 314. 

2. To interrogate. (Sir Tristrem, p. 34, st. 51.) 

3. To censure. 

4. To arraign. 

*3,-rest', *3,-rest'e, s. [Arrest.] 

*a-re'ste, *a-re'est, *e,-re'est-yd’, *reest-yd, 
a. [Resty.] Rancid or “resty,” as flesh. (Prompt. 
Parv.) 


*a re ste-nesse, s. [0. Eng. areste; -nesse.} 
Rancidity. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*«j,-rest-er, s. Old spelling of Arrester, (q. v.) 
*3,-res'-tyn. v. t. Old spelling of Arrest, (q. v.) 
ar-e-ta'-Ics, s. [Aretology.] 
a-rete, s. [Fr., from Lat. arista ^an ear of corn; 
cf. acer and aro.] (See extract.) 

“I have heard an arete described as an infinitely narrow 
ridge of rock with an everlasting vertical precipice on 
one side, and one longer and steeper on the other.”— Rev. 
J. F. Hardy, in Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers (1860), p. 210. 
Ar-e-th.il’-§a, s. [Lat. Arethusa; Gr. Arethousa .] 

1. Class. Myth.: One of Diana’s nymphs, who was 
transformed into a fountain. 

2. Ancient Geog.: The name of several fountains, 
and notably one at Syracuse. 

3. Astron.: An asteroid, the ninety-fifth found. It 
was discovered on the 23d of November, 1867. 

4. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Orchidaceee, or Orchids. The only known species is 
A. bulbosa, found in North America. 

<j,-re'-tI-&, s. [From Benoit Aretio, a Swiss, Pro¬ 
fessor in the University of Berne. He died in 1574.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Primula- 
cese, or Primworts. The species, which are brought 
from Switzerland and the Pyrenees, are peculiarly 
suitable for rock-work. 

tar-et-ol'-o-gy, ar-e-ta-Ics, s. [Gr. (1) arete— 
manliness, virtue in the Roman sense, goodness, 
excellence; (2) logos=. . . discourse.] That part 
of Ethics which treats specially of virtue. 

* 3 ,-rette, v. t. [Arret.] 

*<j.-ret’-tyt, pa. par. [Arret.] 

3 ,-reu', *areghwe ( 9 ,-rfi) (gh silent), s. [Argh.J 
Fear. 

“That he not areghwe hit ne forlete.” 

Hule & Nightingale , 1,404. ( S. in Boucher.') 

*9,-rew' (reward), v. t. [Rue, v.] To compas¬ 
sionate. 

“ Jhesu Crist arew hem sore, 

And seide he wolde racche hem thore.” 

MS. Harl., 2,253, f. 56. (S. in Boucher .) 
3 ,-rew', a-rev e (rew=rfi), adv. [Old Eng. a, 
and reia^row.] In a row. 

‘‘ Her hew 

Was wan and leane, that all her teeth arew 

And all her bones might through her cheekes be red.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. xii. 29. 

ar-fved -son-Ite, ar-fwed -son-Ite, s. [In Ger. 

arfwedsonit, from Arfwedson, the discoverer of 
lithia, and Eng. suff. -ite.] A mineral classed by 
Dana under his Amphibole group and sub-group of 
Bisilicates. Its crystals are probably monoclinic. 
Its hardness is 6 ; its sp. gr. 3'329 to 3’589; the luster 
vitreous; the color pure black in masses, deep green 
or brown in thin scales. Composition: silica, 46 - 57 
to 51'22; alumina, 2 - 00 to 3'41; protoxide of iron, 0 to 
24‘38; protoxide of manganese, 0'62 to 7*46; mag¬ 
nesia, O’42 to 5'88; lime, 1'56 to 5*91; soda, 0 to 2‘96; 
chlorine, 0’24; titanic acid, 2'02. It occurs in Green¬ 
land, Norway, &c. 

ar'-gal, adv. [Corrupted from Lat. ergro=there- 
fore.] Therefore. 

“ . . . the gallows is built stronger than the church: 
argal, the gallows may do well to thee.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, 
v. 1. 

ar'-gal, s. [Argol.] 

ar'-ga-H, s. The name for some species of the 
genus Ovis, or Sheep. The Asiatic Argan, Ovis 
Ammon, or O. Argali , which is perhaps the dislion 
of the Pentateuch, inhabits the mountains and 
steppes of Northern Asia ; the 0. Pygargus, perhaps 
only a variety of the former, is found in North¬ 
western America; while the O. Tragelaphus is 
indigenous to Barbary. 

ar-gand lamp, s. [So called after Aim6 Argand, 
a Genevese, who 
invented it 
about the year 
1782.] A lamp 
with the wick 
made hollow, so 
as to admit air 
to both surfaces 
of the flame with 
the effect of 
much increasing 
the light and 
heat. The same 
principle has 
also been adapt¬ 
ed successfully 
to gas-burners. 

Ar-ge-an, a. 

[Lat. Arg(o) ; 

Eng. suff. -ean. , . _ 

In Lat. argons, Argand Lamp, 

from Argo, Ja¬ 
son’s vessel (see Argo).] Pertaining to the old ship 
Argo, that in which Jason is represented as having 
sailed in quest of the golden fleece. 



The Areopagus. 



Ares. 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, s'ire, sir, marine; go. pot, 
or, wore. wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






















261 


argel 


argillo 


ar-gel, ar-ghel, s. [Mod. Syriac.] A name 
given in Syria and the Levant to the Cynanchum or 
Solenostemma argel, an asclepiadaceous plant, the 
leaves of which are used in Egypt for adulterating 
senna. ( Lindley.) 

ar-ge'-ma, s. [In Sp. & Lat. argema; Gr. arge- 
mos, argemon, and argema: from argos =shining, 
bright.] A small white speck or ulcer partly on the 
cornea, and partly on the sclerotic coat of the eye. 

ar-gem -o-ne, s. [Fr. arg&mone; Sp., Port., & 
Ital. argemone; Lat. argemone; Gr. argemone, 
either a kind of poppy or an adonis; from Lat. 
-argema=Gr. argema=a small ulcer in the eye, for 
which the argemone was believed to be a proper 
application.] [Argema.] 

*A. Ordinary Language: The wild tansy. (Min- 
■sheu.) 

B. Technically: 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the family 
Papaveracese, or Poppy-worts. It has three sepals 
and six petals. The A. Mexicana, believed, as its 
name imports, to have come from Mexico, is now 
common in India and other warm countries in the 
Old World, as well as in the New. It has conspicu¬ 
ous yellow flowers. From having its calyx prickly, 
it is often called Mexican Thistle. The yellow 
juice, when reduced to consistence, resembles gam¬ 
boge. It is detersive. The seeds are a more power¬ 
ful narcotic than opium. 

ar -gent', *ar~gente, s. & a. [In Fr. argente; 
Sp. argen; Port. & Ital. argento; Lat. argentum; 
Gr. ar gyros = the white metal, silver; argos = shin¬ 
ing, bright; Sansc. ragatam — silver; ragatas — 
white; ragdrm= to shine; argunas— light, from the 
root arg. The Teutons have quite a different word 
for silver, which is in A. S. seolfer, seolfor, sylfor; 
Sw. silfver: Dan. solv; Dut. zilver; Ger. silber. 
Probably, therefore, the discovery of silver was not 
made till the Teutonic race had separated from the 
old Aryan nations in Central Asia, which gave origin 
to nearly all the European nations. Or they may 
have forgotten it, and after some ages re-discovered 
it independently.] 

A. As substantive: Silver, figuratively rather than 
literally. 

1. Ordinary Language: Used of the silvery color 
of certain clouds or their margins, or anything 
white and shining. 

“And soft, reflected clouds of gold and argent!" 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, i. 

2. Her.: Used of the silvery color on coats of arms. 
In the arms of princes it is sometimes called Lune, 
and in those of peers, Pearl. In engravings it is 
generally represented by the natural color of the 
paper. It is intended to symbolize purity, inno¬ 
cence, beauty, or gentleness, graces which add a 
lu ster and attractiveness to their possessor like that 
of silver lit up by the rays of the sun. 

“He beareth gules upon his shield, 

A chevron argent in the field.” 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn, Prelude. 

B. As adjective: Silvery-white, brilliant white; 
shining. 

1. Ordinary Language: 

“Or ask of yonder argent fields above, 

Why Jove’s satellites are less than Jove? ’’—Pope. 

2. Technically: Used — 

(а) Zool.: Of the scales of fishes, or of silvery 
markings on the wings of insects. 

(б) Her.: The white color m the coats of arms. 

ar-gen -tal, a. [Fr. argental; Ital . argentale.] 

Pertaining to silver; consisting of silver ; contain¬ 
ing silver as one of its ingredients; having silver 
combined with it. 

ar-gen'-tau, s. [From Lat. argentum=silyeT.'] 
“ German silver;” an alloy of nickel with copper 
and zinc. 

ar g$n-ta -tion, s. [From Lat. argentatus = 
plated or ornamented with silver.] A coating with 
silver. 

ar-gen-tau'-rum, s. [Lat. argentum= silver, and 
aurum= gold.] “A substance, element, or form of 
matter having properties akin to both silver and 
gold,” claimed to have been produced by Dr. Stephen 
H. Emmons, of Staten Island, N. Y., from silver 
coin, and by him converted into gold. 

argentaurum gold, s. Gold alleged to be made 
from “argentaurum” or directly from silver by 
means of impact and very low temperature. 

“Though the new element, argentaurum, was the con¬ 
necting link by which the gold was first attained— 
the searchlight, as it were, pointing out the direct path— 
it is so unstable an element, reverting on the least pro¬ 
vocation, so to speak, into silver, or advancing into gold, 
that when work on a microscopical scale progressed to 
commercial dimensions it was found possible to dis¬ 
pense with that tedious and costly process, and now the 
gold is made directly from Mexican silver dollars.”— E. 
A Fletcher, in Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly for Nov. 
1898. 


ar-gen’-tlc, a. [Lat. argent(um); Eng. suff. 
-ic.] Pertaining or relating to silver; composed in 
whole or in part of silver; obtained from silver. 

Ghem.: Argentic salts are distinguished by giving 
with hydrochloric acid a white precipitate of argen¬ 
tic chloride (AgCl), which is insoluble in boiling 
water and in nitric^acid, but dissolved by ammonia 
without blackening. Argentic sulphide (Ag 2 S) is 
black; argentic phosphate (AgaPCh) is yellow ; ar¬ 
gentic chromate is brick-red; Ag 2 CC >3 is 

white, insoluble in water, soluble in nitric acid or 
in ammonia. Caustic alkalies give a brown precipi¬ 
tate of Ag^O, which is soluble in ammonia. Argentic 
iodide (Agi) is a pale yellow color, insoluble in am¬ 
monia or in nitric acid. 

Argentic chloride (AgCl) is obtained as a curdy- 
white precipitate by adding a soluble chloride to 
argentic nitrate. It is insoluble in water and in 
acids, but dissolves in ammonia, in potassic cyanide, 
and is slightly dissolved by a saturated solution of 
sodium chloride. When melted it looks like horn, 
hence it has been called horn silver. It is acted 
upon by light. The chloride, iodide, and bromide 
are used in photography. 

Argentic nitrate (AgNOj) is obtained by dissolv¬ 
ing silver in nitric acid. It crystallizes in transpar¬ 
ent anhydrous colorless tables, soluble in their own 
weight of cold water, and in half their weight of 
boiling water ; it is also soluble in alcohol. When 
fused it is called lunar oaustic, and is used for 
marking ink and to dye hair. It is used in medicine 
as a caustic for wounds, and is administered in¬ 
ternally in small doses as an astringent and altera¬ 
tive to the mucous coats of the stomach. It also 
acts as a tonic; but it stains the skin a blue leaden 
color when it has been taken for a long time. It has 
been given for epilepsy. 

Argentic oxide (Ag20) is a brown powder which 
is obtained by adding caustic potash to argentic 
nitrate. It is a powerful base, decomposed at red 
heat into silver and oxygen. 

ar-gen-tl'-na, s. [From Lat. argentum= silver.] 
A genus of fishes belonging to the Salmonidae, or 
Salmon family. Linnaeus founded it for the Argen¬ 
tine, described below. 

ar gen tine, s. [In Fr. argentin; Port. & Ital. 
argentino .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Pertaining to silver. 

2. Made in whole or in part of silver. 

“With an antick deaurate with letters argentine.” 

HolmesFall of Rebellion. {Boucher.) 

3. Silvery in aspect. 

4. Sounding with a tone like that of silver. 

B. Technically: 

1. Geog. Argentine Confederation _ or Argentine 
Republic: A South American Republic—that of La 
Plata—lying along and south from the great La 
Plata river. Its capital is Buenos Ayres. Though 
there are silver mines within this vast region, yet 
it is not after them that the territory is named. 
Argentine, from Sp. argento= silver, is simply a 
synonym for pZafa=silver, in the term Rio de la 
Plata=riveT of silver. Under the reflection of the 
sun’s rays, every river presents a silvery aspect, the 
Rio de la Plata in this respect not surpassing a 
multitude of its compeers. 

2. Min. [In Ger. & Fr. argentin.] A mineral, a 
pearly lamellar variety of Calcite. It is of a white, 
grayish, yellowish, or reddish color. [Calcite.] 

3. Zool.: Any species of the genus Argentina. 
Spec., a small fish of brilliant aspect, the Scopelus 
Humboldtii of Cuvier, and the Argentina Sphyroena 
of Pennant and Fleming. It belongs to the Sal- 
monidae. Yarrell, in 1836, mentioned that it had 
been taken three times on the British coasts. 

4. Geog.: An inhabitant of some one of the prov¬ 
inces belonging to the Argentine Confederation; a 
La Platan. (B. 1.) 

ar'-gen-tlte, s. [Lat. argentum = silver, and 
Eng. suff. -ite.~\ A mineral placed by Dana at the 
head of his Galena group of minerals. It occurs in 
isometric crystals; also reticulated, arborescent, 
filiform. The hardness is 2—2'5 ; sp. gr., 7T96—7'365: 
luster, metallic. It is opaque, has a sub-conchoidal 
fracture, and is perfectly sectile. It consists of 
about 12'9 parts of sulphur, and 87T of silver. It 
is found in Cornwall, also in Germany, Norway, 
Hungary, the Ural mountains, and America. It it 
closely akin to Argentopyrite and Salpaite (q. v.). 

ar-gen-to-py r-Ite (pyr=pir), s. [Lat. argen- 
fwm=silver, and Gr. pyrites, adj.=of or in fire; s.= 
pyrites; pyr— fire.] A mineral made a species by 
Waltershausen, but now shown to be a pseudo- 
morph, composed of argentite, marcasite, pyrrho- 
tite, and pyrargite. Dana classes it with the first 
of these species. 

ar-fien -toils, a. [Lat. argentum, and Eng. suff. 
-ous — full of. In Fr. argenteux; Port. & Ital. 
argenteo; Lat. argenteus.'] 


Argentous oxide is prepared by ksating argentic 
citrate in a stream of hydrogen to 100°. The resi¬ 
due is mixed with potash, which precipitates the 
oxide as a black powder. Its salts are of no im¬ 
portance. 

ar-gen'-tum (genit. ar-gen-tl), s. [Lat. = 

silver.] [Argent.] 

Chem.: A monatomic metallic element; symb., 
Ag; atomic weight, 108; sp. gr., 10*5; melting 
point, 1023° C. A white malleable ductile metal. It 
is not acted upon by air or moisture. When melted it 
absorbs oxygen, which is liberated when the metal 
cools. It is scarcely acted upon by hydrochloric 
acid, but easily dissolved by nitric acid. It has 
great affinity for sulphur, and tarnishes in the air. 
[Silver.] 

*argentum album, s. [Literally= white silver.] 
Formerly, silver coin or pieces of silver which 
passed for money. 

*argentum Dei. [ Literally = God’s silver.] 
“God’s penny:” earnest money given to confirm a 
bargain. 

*argentum vivum. [Lit.=living silver.] Quick¬ 
silver, mercury. 

*argh, *ergh, *arch (ch guttural), v.t. [A. S. 
eargian .] To hesitate ; to be reluctant. 

“ Anteuor arghet with oustere word.” 

Siege of Troy, MS. {S. in Boucher.) 

*arghe, *ar-we, *ar-egh, *erke (O. Eng.), 
*argh, *alrgh, *§rgh, *argh, *er$h (Scotch), 
(gh, ch guttural), a. [A. S. earg } earh— (1) inert, 
weak, timid, evil, wretched, (2) swift, fleeing through 
fear; arg = wicked, bad: arh= mean; Icel. argr .] 
[Arch, a.] 

1. Timid. 

“That day nought so arghe he es.” 

Nassyngton: Myrrour. ( S. in Boucher.) 

“And thou art as arwe coward.” 

Alisaunder, i. 3,340. (Ibid.) 

2. Indolent; averse to work from timidity or 
other cause. 

“And if that dede be not erke.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 4,856. 

ar gh-nes, *ar'gh-ness, s. [O. Eng. & Scotch 
argh = arch; and Eng. suff. -ness.] (O. Eng. & 
Scotch .) 

1. Reluctance, backwardness, sluggishness. 

“Arghnes of goode dede to begyn.” 

Nassyngton: Myrrour. (S. in Boucher.) 

“ . . and must regret their archness to improve such 

an opportunity.”— Woodrow: Hist., I. xxxii. 

2. Sarcastically: Niggardliness. 

“For archness to had in a grote, 

He had no will to fie a vote.” 

Legend, Bp. S. Androis, p. 333. 

ar ’-gil, s. [Fr. argile—c\&y ; Sp. & Port, argilla , 
arcilla; Ital. argiglia, argilla; Lat. argilla; Gr. 
argillos, or argiios = white clay, potters’ earth.] 
[Argent.] 

1. White clay, potters’ earth. 

2. In compos.: Alumina. 

“Olay, strictly speaking, is a mixture of silex, or flint, 
with a large proportion, usually about one-fourth, of 
alumine or argil.” — Lyell: Manual of Geology, 4th ed., 
London, 1852, p. 11. 

ar-gil-la-ge-ous, a. [In Fr. argilacS; Port. 
argillaceo; Lat. argillaceus; from argilla.) Con¬ 
sisting in whole or in considerable measure of clay; 
clayey. 

argillaceous rocks. Rocks into the composi¬ 
tion of which alumina pretty largely enters. When 
breathed upon they give out a peculiar earthy 
odor, arising from alumina apparently combined 
with oxide of iron. Example: mud, clay, shale. 
(Lyell ■ Geology.) 

argillaceous schist. Another name for Clay 
Slate (q.v.). (Ibid.) 

ar-gll-lif-er-ous, a. [Fr. argilif&re, from Lat. 
argilla=vfhite clay, and/ero= to bear.] Producing 
white clay ; applied to earths abounding with argil, 
far-gil'-llte, s. [Argillyte.] 
far-gil-lit -ic, a. [Aegillytic.] 
ar-gil-lo, only in composition. [Argil.] Alu¬ 
mina, or clay, in chemical combination with some 
other mineral substance. [Argil.] 
argillo-arenaceous, a. Containing alumina, or 
clay, in combination with sand. [Arenaceous.] 
argillo-calcareous, a. Containing alumina, or 
clay, in combination with lime, or rather with car¬ 
bonate of lime. 

argillo-calcite, s. [In Ger. argillo-lcalcit.'] A 
mineral or rock consisting of alumina in combina¬ 
tion with lime. 

argillo-ferruginous, a. Containing alumina or 
clay in combination with iron. [Ferruginous.] 
In Phillips’ Mineralogy, 2d ed., there figures among 
the varieties of limestone one, tha third in order. 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, efist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh$n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bgl, del. 



argon 


262 


argument 


called argillo-ferruginous limestone. Under it are 
included Calp, Aberthaw limestone, and blue and 
white lias. 

ar'-gon, s. A new element discovered by Lord 
Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay in 1894. Argon ex¬ 
ists in a gaseous form in the nitrogen of the air, 
amounting in volume to about 4 per cent, of the 
nitrogen. It solidifies to white crystals, melting 
at —189.6° C. It has been found in a meteorite which 
fell in Virginia. 

ar-glll-or -nls, s. [Gr. argillos = white clay, 
and ornis= a bird.] 

Palceont.: A genus of fossil birds founded by 
Prof. Owen on remains obtained by Mr. W. H. 
Shrubsole from the London clay of Sheppey. The 
A. longipennis (Owen) was probably a long-winged 
natatorial bird most nearly related to Diomedea, 
but exceeding the D. exulans, or Albatross, in size. 
(Q. J. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiii., 1877.) 

tar-gil -lous, a. [Lat. argillosus=consisting of 
clay, from argilla=white clay. In Fr. argileux; 
Sp. arcilloso: Ital. argiglioso; Gr. argillodes, or 
argilodes .] Consisting in whole or in part of clay; 
pertaining to clay; derived from clay. 

“ Albuquerque derives this redness from the sand and 
argillous earth at the bottom.”— Broume: Vulgar Errors. 

ar-gll'-lyte, far-gil'-llte, s. [Gr. argillos — 
white clay ; and suff. -yte, given by Dana to rocks, 
as contradistinguished from minerals, which re¬ 
ceive the termination -ite. Both are from Gr. ites— 
of the nature of.] Another name for Clay Slate 
(Q.v.). 

“ Argillyte and talcose schist generally contain more or 
less of orthoclase in a crypto-crystalline or undistin- 
guishable state.”— Dana.- Min , 6th ed., p. 639. 

ar-gil-lyt-Ic, far-gll-lit'-Ic, a. [ Eng. argil¬ 
lyte (q. v.), and suff. -ic.\ 

Ar'-give, a. & s. [Lat. Argivus; Gr. Argeios .] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Argos, 
the capital of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus; or to 
the Greeks generally. 

“ I see thee trembling, weeping, captive led, 

In Argive looms our battles to design.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk vi., 680. 

B. As substantive: A native of Argos; hence, a 
Greek in general. 

“ Lest any Argive at this hour awake.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxiv., 818. 

Ar'-go, s. [Lat. Argo; Gr. Argo; from argos= 
swift.] 

1. The ship, fabled by the poets to be the first 
vessel ever made, in which Jason and his crew 
sailed to Colchis in quest of the “ golden fleece.” 

2. The constellation Argo Navis (q. v.). 

Argo Navis. [Lat.=the ship Argo. In Sp. 
Argonave .] 

Astron.: A very extensive southern constellation 
introduced by the ancients. Its inconvenient ex¬ 
tent has led Sir John Herschel to subdivide it into 
four parts, by which alteration the stars are more 
readily referred to. These subdivisions are Carina, 
Puppis, Vela, and Malus. Its principal star is 
Canopus (q. v.). 

Ar-go’-an, a. [Lat .Argons; Gr. Argdos.) Per¬ 
taining or relating to the good ship Argo. 

*ar'-g6il, s. [Argol (2).] 
ar-gol (1), s. [Archil.] 

ar-gol (2), tar-gal, tar'-gll, *ar'-gdil, s. [From 
the same root as argil (?) (q. v.).] 

Comm.: An impure acid potassium tartrate de¬ 
posited during the fermentation of grape-juice, as 
it is less soluble in dilute alcohol than in water. 

Ar-gol -lC, a. [Lat. Argolicus; Gr. Argolikos.] 
Pertaining or relating to Argolis, a district in the 
Peloponnesus. 

ar-gol-6-gy, s. [Gr. argologia; from argos, 
contr. from aergos= not working, idle: a, priv., and 
ergon= a work; logos=a. discourse.] Idle speaking. 
(Cockeram.) 

ar ’-gon, s. An atmospheric element discovered 
by Lord Rayleigh in 1894. It has a density one- 
fourth greater than oxygen, freezes at 312° below 
zero, and melts at barely 3° above that point. Its 
liquefying point stands between the 180° below of 
oxygen and the 231° below of nitrogen. 

Ar'-go-naut, ar’-go-naut, ar-go-na'u-tg,, s. 

[In Fr. Argonaute; Sp. & Port, (pi.) Argonautas; 
Ital. (pi.) Argonauti; Lat. (sing.) Argonauta; Gr. 
Argonautes; Argo, the ship so called, and nautes— 
a sailor; from naus— a ship.] 

A. Of the form Argonaut (Argonaut in the singu¬ 
lar, and Argonauts in the plural): 

1. Argonaut: One of the heroes who accompanied 
Jason in the ship Argo when he sailed on his mythic 
voyage in quest of the “ golden fleece.” (Generally 
used in the plural, Argonauts.) 


“ . . . where the boxing contest took place between 
the King Amycus and the Argonaut Pollux.”— Grote: Hist. 
Greece, pt. i., ch. xiii. 

“ . . . this was a signal to the Argonauts.” — Ibid. 

2. A cephalopod mollusk. [B., Argonauta.] 

B. Of the form Argonauta: A genus of cephalopod 
mollusks, the typical one of the family Argonauti dee. 
The best known species is the Argonaut, or Paper 
Sailor. The 
shell is thin 
and translu¬ 
cent. Aristotle 
supposed that 
it floated with 
the concave 
side up, the an¬ 
imal holding 
out its arms, 
after the man¬ 
ner of sails, to 
c a tch the 
breeze. Poets 
have ever since 
repeated the 
fable; but nat¬ 
uralists know 
that when the 
Argonautfloats Argonaut, 

the sail-shaped arms are applied closely to the sides 
of the shell, and when the animal crawls at the bot¬ 
tom the so-called boat is reversed like the shell of 
a snail. In 1875, Tate estimated the known spe¬ 
cies at four recent and two fossil, the latter being 
from the tertiary rocks. 

Ar-go-na ut-Ic, a. [Eng. Argonaut; -ic .] Per¬ 
taining to the Argonauts or their celebrated expe¬ 
dition. 

“ . . the Argonautic expedition . . .” — Thirlwall: 

Hist. Greece, ch. v. 

Ar-go-na’ut-Ics, s. [Argonautic.] Any poem 
of which the Argonautic expedition is the theme. 

ar-go-na ut-I-dse, s. pi. [Argonauta.] A fam¬ 
ily of dibranchiate ceph alopodous mollusks, the first 
of the section Octopoda or Octopods. The dorsal 
arms (of the female) are webbed at the extremity, 
secreting a symmetrical involuted shell. The 
mantle is supported in front by a single ridge on the 
funnel (Woodward). It contains but the single 
genus Argonauta (q. v.). 

Ar’-go Na'-vls, s. [Argo.] 
ar'-go-sy, far’-go-sie, tar-gu’-se-u, *rag'-u- 
sy, s. [Ital. una Ragusea (nave). Ragusa itself 
appears in sixteenth century English as Aragouse, 
Aragosa, whence the natural substitution of argu- 
sea for ragusea. (Athenaeum, March 1, 1884.)]' A 
large vessel designed for carrying merchandise; a 
carrack. 

“ Your argosies with portly sail, . . . 

Do overpeer the petty traffickers.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, i. 1. 
ar -got (t silent), s. [Fr.] A term originally ap¬ 
plied to the language in use among thieves and bad 
characters generally in France; now restricted to 
Parisian slang. 

ar’-gu-a-ble, a. [Eng. argue; -able.) Which 
may be argued; which cannot ,primcL facie, be set 
aside as absurd. 

“ The neutralization of a certain area of arguable ground 
is a very clever phrase for which Lord Cairns desires theo¬ 
logical or at least episcopal thanks .”—Daily Telegraph, 
June 11, 1874. 

ar’-gue, v. t. & i. [In Fr. arguer= to speak 
against, to accuse. Prov., Sp., & Port, arguir; 
Ital. arguire; from Lat. arguo, v. t.=to make 
clear, prove, assert, declare; possibly from the root 
arg.) [Argent.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. [Directly from Fr. arguer .] (See etym.) To 
find fault with ; to accuse; to charge with. (Often 
followed by of.) 

“The false Matabrune . . . reproved her of the 
faults that her self had made, arguing her without a 
cause.”— Helyas, p. 28. (Boucher.) 

“ I have pleaded guilty to all thoughts and expressions 
of mine, which can be truly argued of obscenity, profane¬ 
ness, or immorality, and retract them.”— Dryden: Fables 

2. [Directly from Lat. arguo J (See etym.) 

(a) To debate a question. (Seell.) 

(b) To prove, to show, to evince; to exhibit by 
reasoning, perception, or some other satisfactory 
process. 

“ Not to know me, argues yourselves unknown.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

(c) To persuade; to conduct by argument to a 
certain intellectual conclusion, or to a course of 
conduct. 

“It is a sort of poetical logic, which I would make use 
of, to argue you into a protection of this pi ay.”— Congreve: 
Dedication to Old Batchelor. 



II. Technically: 

Law: To debate a question in law, or in fact by 
means of opposing counsel, each doing his best to 
establish his case to the satisfaction of a judge and 
jury. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To reason in favor of a proposition or against 
it; to attempt to establish or refute a statement. 

“ ‘ If the Convention’—it was thus that he argued —‘ was 
not a Parliament, how can we be a Parliament?’ ”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. To reason with or against an opponent; to at¬ 
tempt to convince or silence him ; or if that be not 

g racticable, then to show others that he has been 
eaten in the intellectual encounter. (Followed by 
against or with.) 

“He that, by often arguing against his own sense, 
imposes falsehood on others, is not far from believing 
himself.”— Locke. 

“I do not see how they can argue with any one without 
setting down strict boundaries.”— Ibid. 
ar’-gued, pa. par. & a. [Argue, v. f.] 
ar’-gfi-er, s. [Eng. argu(e) ; -er.] One who ar¬ 
gues ; a disputant, a controversialist. 

“Men are ashamed to be proselytes to a weak arguer, as 
thinking they must part with their reputation as well as 
their sin .”—Decay of Piety. 

ar’-gu-fy, v. t. & i. [Eng. argu(e), s.; -fy (q. v.).] 
A. Trans.: To signify. (Shenstone: To a Friend.) 
B. Intrans.: To argue. (Combe: Dr. Syntax, 
Tour, ii., c. v.) 

ar’-gu-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Argue.] 

A. Aspr.par. & a.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: Argumentation. 

“It will in time 

Win upon power, and throw forth greater themes 
For insurrection’s arguing.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 1. 

“But what doth your arguing reprove .”—Job vi. 26. 
ar-gu’-ll-dse, s. pi. [Argulus.] A family of 
Entomostracans belonging to the order Parasita, 
or, by another arrangement, to the order Siphonos- 
tomata, and the first tribe Peltocephala. [Argu- 
lus.] 

ar-gp-liis, s. [Diminutive from Gr. argos— . , . 
swift. ] A genus of Entomostracans, the typical one 
of the family Argulidte. The A.foliaceus is a com¬ 
mon parasite upon various fresh-water fishes. 

ar’-gu-ment, *ar’-gu-mente, s. [In Sw. fargu- 
ment; Fr. argument; Sp. & Port, argumento; Ital. 
argomento, argumento; Lat. argumentum = (1) 
proof, evidence; (2) a logical conclusion; (3) the 
subject of any written composition, theme, plot, 
&c.: from arguo.) [Argue.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act or process of reasoning, argumentation, 
contention, controversy. 

“W T hicb [obstinacy], . . . though proof to argument, 

was easily shaken by caprice.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xii. 

II. The state of being argued about: as, “while 
this was under argument;” meaning, while it was 
in the state of being argued about. As in the case 
of a defendant in court being argued for and about, 
by his legal representative. 

III. That about which arguing, debate, or reason¬ 
ing takes place, or the reasons adduced. 

1. Gen.: A theme or topic for argumentation; the 
subject of any reasoning, discourse, or writing. 

"... what in me is dark, 

Illumine; what is low, raise and support; 

That to the height of this great argument 
I may assert Eternal Providence, 

And justify the ways of God to men.” 

Milton: P. L. bk., i. 

2. Spec.: The contents of any book presented as 
an abstract, 

“ The argument of the work, that is, its principal action, 
the oeconomy and disposition of it, are the things which 
distinguish copies from originals.”— Dryden. 

IV. The reasons adduced in support of any asser¬ 
tion. 

“. . . and fill my mouth with arguments.”—Job 
xxiii. 4. 

IT When it is not stated whether one reasons for 
or against a proposition, the word argument is fol¬ 
lowed by about, concerning, regarding, or some such 
preposition. When it is stated, then an argument 
to establish a proposition is said to be for or in 
favor o/it (to it is now obsolete); and when to con¬ 
trovert it, then against is the term used. 

“If the idea be not agreed on betwixt the speaker and 
hearer, the argument is not about things, but names.”— 
Locke. 

“ The best moral argument to patience, in my opinion, 
is the advantage of patience itself.”— Tillotson. 

“This, before that revelation had enlightened the 
world, was the very best argument for a future state.”— 
—- Atterbury . 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mate, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw’. 








argument 


263 


Arian 


S. Technically: 

1. Logic: An expression in which, from something 
laid down as granted, something else is deduced, 
i. e., must be admitted to be true as necessarily 
resulting from the other. Reasoning expressed in 
words is argument, and an argument stated at full 
length, and in its regular form, is a syllogism. 
.Every argument consists of two parts—that which 
is proved, and that by which it is proved. Before 
the former is established it is called the question, 
and when established, the conclusion, or inference; 
and that which is employed to effect this result, the 
premises. ( Whately: Logic, bk. ii., ch. iii., § 1.) 
[ARGUMENT ATUM. ] 

2. Astron.: Any number or quantity by which 
, another may be found. 

] Argument of latitude: The distance of a body 
1 from one of the nodes of its orbit upon which the 
latitude depends. [Node.] 

“ Argument of the Moon’s Latitude is her Distance from 
. the Dragon’s Head or Tail, which are her two nodes.”— 
Glossographia Nova. 

tar-gTj-ment', v. i. [From the substantive. In 
Sw. argumentera; Fr. argumenter; Sp. & Port. 
argumentar ; Ital. argomentare, argumentare.] To 
reason about anything. 

“ But yet they argumenten faste 
Upon the pope and his estate.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., Prolog. 

tar-gu-ment’-a-ble, a. [Eng. argument; -able .] 
Which admits of argument. (Chalmers.) 

ar-gu-men'-tal, <*• [Lat. argumentalis .] Per¬ 
taining to or containing argument. 

“ Afflicted sense thou kindly dost set free. 

Oppress’d with argumental tyranny; 

And routed reason finds a safe retreat in thee.” 

Pope. 

ar-ga-men-ta’-tion, 8. [Fr. argumentation; 
Sp. argumentation; Port, argumentagao; Ital. 
argomentazione; Lat. argumentatio, from argu - 
mentor=ta adduce proof; pa. par. argumentatus, 
from argumentum=&n argument.] 

Logic and Ordinary Language: 

1. The act or process of reasoning; that is, of 
drawing a deductive inference from premises given, 
or of inductively making a generalization from a 
multitude of facts carefully brought together and 
sifted. 

“ Argumentation is that operation of the mind whereby 
we infer one proposition from two or more propositions 
premised; or it is the drawing a conclusion, which before 
was unknown or doubtful, from some propositions more 
known and evident: so when we have judged that matter 
cannot think, and that the mind of man doth think; we 
conclude that therefore the mind of man is not matter.” 
— Watts: Logic. 

2. The state of being argued or reasoned upon. 


“I suppose it is no ill topic of argumentation, to show 
the prevalence of contempt, by the contrary influences of 
respect.”— South. 

3. That which contains argument, or is a topic for 
argument. 

ar-gu-men'-t^-tlve, a. [Formed by analogy as 
if from Lat. argumentativus, from argumentatus, 
pa. par. of argumentor .] 

I. Of things: 

I. Consisting of argument, or containing argu¬ 
ment. 

“The argumentative part of my discourse. — Atter- 
bury. 

f2. Which may be adduced as an argument for. 
(In this sense followed by of.) 

“ Another thing argumentative of Providence, is that 
pappous plumage growing upon the tops of some seeds; 
whereby they are wafted with the wind.”— Ray. 

II. Of persons: Having a natural tendency to 
have continual recourse to argumentation; disputa¬ 
tious. 

ar-gu-men’-tg,-tlve-ly, adv. [Eng. argumentar 
five; -ly.] In an argumentative manner. 

“Nor do they oppose things of this nature argumentar 
tively, so much as oratoriously.”— Bp. Taylor: Artificial 
Handsomeness, p. 115. 


ar -gu-men'-tg.-tlve-ness, s. [Eng. argumentar 
tive ; -ness.] The quality of being argumentative. 

* ar-gu-men-tl’ze, v. i. [Eng. argument; suffix 
- ize .] To adduce arguments, to argue. [Aegu- 

MENTIZING.] 


*ar-g\L-meil-tr-zgr, s. [Eng. argumentiz(e): - er .] 
“This argumentizer should, to have made this story 
more probable, have cited this proclamation.”—Erodes 
Introd. to Old Eng. Hist. (1684), p. 24L 

ar-gTj-men-tl'z-Ing, pr .par. [Aegumentize.] 
“. . . all the unmived and argument izing philosophy, 
„ . — Mannyngham: Hiscourses, p. 34. 

ar-gu-men’-tum, 8 . [Lat.] An argument. [Ar¬ 
gument, B. I.] (Used in Logic.) 
argumentum a posteriori. [A. Posteeiori.] 


argumentum a priori. [A Priori.] 

Argumentum ad baculum. (Humorously.) An 
appeal to the stick, as when a schoolmaster renders 
an argument which has produced only limited con¬ 
viction among his pupils conclusive, at least to the 
extent of silencing gainsayers, by the use of the 
hirch. The phrase may be employed also in a vaguer 
sense for any appeal to physical force: as when a 
French political party “ descends into the streets.” 

argumentum ad hominem. (Lit .=argument to 
a, or to the, man.] An argument drawn from an 
appeal to the man himself; that is, founded on his 
professed principles, his conduct, or the concessions 
he has made. St. Paul’s argument, in Rom. ii. 17, 
“ Behold, thou art a Jew, and restest in the law and 
makest thy boast of God,” &c., is an argumentum 
ad hominem. 


argumentum ad ignorantiam. [Lit. = argu¬ 
ment to ignorance.] An argument in which a too 
confident disputant is reminded of his ignorance. 
When John Foster, reasoning against atheism, 
reminds the man who categorically and dogmati¬ 
cally declares that there is no God, that his per¬ 
sonal experience has been limited to what has 
occurred in one fragment of the earth, and one very 
brief period of time, and that possibly, had he 
traversed the universe and lived through a bygone 
eternity, he somewhere or at some time might have 
found proofs of the Divine existence which would 
have convinced even him, the argument is one ad 
ignorantiam. 

argumentum ad verecundiam. (Lit .-an argu¬ 
ment to modesty.] An appeal to a person’s mod¬ 
esty; as if one were to say to an opponent, “ Well, 
Louis Agassiz was of a different opinion; but per¬ 
haps you are more competent to judge than he was.” 

Ar'-gus, s. [In Fr., Lat., &c., Argus; Gr. Argos, 
from oroos=shining, bright, because Argus’ eyes 
were so.] 

1. Class. Myth.: A son of Arestor, said to have 
had 100 eyes, of which only two slept at one time, 
the several pairs doing so in succession. When 
killed by Mercury, his eyes were put into the tail of 
the peacock, by direction of Juno, to whom this 
bird was sacred. 

If Argus was deemed a highly appropriate name 
to give to a vigilant watch-dog. 

“ Argus, the dog, his ancient master knew.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xvii. 344. 


2. Zool.: A genus of birds of the family Phasi- 
anid®, and the sub-family Phasianin®. It contains 
the Argus, or Argus Pheasant (Argus giaanteus). 
The male measures between five and six feet from 


the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail, and 
is an eminently beautiful bird, the quill-feathers of 
the wings, which often exceed three feet in length, 
being ornamented all along by a series of ocellated 
spots. 

Tf The name Shetland Argus is given to a starfish 
(Astrophyton scutatum). It is called also the Bas¬ 
ket Urchin or Sea-basket. The arms branch again 
and again dichotomously, so that their ultimate 
fibers are supposed to be about 80,000 in number. 


argus-eyed, a. Yery observant; allowing little 
that is cognizable by a momentary glance of the 
eye to escape one’s notice. The term is used as a 
synonym for universal and ceaseless watchfulness. 


argus-shell, 8. A Species of porcelain-shell, 
beautifully variegated with spots somewhat resem¬ 
bling those upon a peacock’s tail. 

ar-gu'te, a. [In Sp. agudo; Ital. arguto; Lat. 
argutus=(X) made clear; (2) wordy; (3) witty, saga¬ 
cious ^ from arguo.] [Aegue.] 

2. Witty, sagacious. 

ar-gu'te-ness, s. [Eng. argute ,* -ness.] The 
quality of being argute. Mental sharpness, sagacity. 

“. . . tliis [Plutarch] tickles you by starts with his 
arguteness, . . .”—Dryden : Life of Plutarch. 

Ar-gyn'-niS, s. [Gr. Argynnis. and Argonnis.] 
(See definition 1.) 

1. Greek Mythol.: A name of Aphrodite (Venus.) 

The Greeks derived it from a sacred place near the 
Cephissus, where a boy, Argynnus, beloved by Aga¬ 
memnon, is said to have died; but Max Muller 
traces it remotely to the Sanscrit arguni— the bright 
or splendor, an appellation of the dawn. (Max 
Muller: Science of Language.) .... 

2. Entom: A genus of butterflies belonging to the 
family Nymphalid®. The species are numerous, 
They are marked on the lower surface of the wings 
with silvery spots. The A. Paphia, or Silver- 
washed Fritillary, is one of the most common. The 
A. Lathonia, or Queen of Spain Fritillary? A. 
Adippe, or High Brown Fritillary; and A. Aglaia 
or Dark-green Fritillary also belong to this genus. 
(Jardine: Nat. Lib., vol. xxxix., pp. 150 to 158.) 

ar-^r-ei'-?., s. [Gr. arsryrefos=silvery.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Convolvulace®, or 
Bindweeds. They have large flowers and fine silvery 
leaves. They occur in the East Indies. 


bfiil, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


ar-gf r-eI-8 -SUS, s. [Gr. argyreios=ot silver, sil¬ 
very.] 

Ichthu.: A genus of spiny-finned fishes belonging 
to the Scomberid®, or Mackerel family. They are 
akin to the Zeus, or Dory. 

ar -gyr-ite, s. [In Ger. argyrit: from Gr. argy- 
ros — white metal, silver, silver money, and Eng. 
suff. -ite.] A mineral, the same as Argentite (q.v.). 

ar-gf r-0-<jer'-a-tIte, s. [Gr. (1) arg?/ros=silver; 
(2) possibly keratitis — homed, from keras, genit. 
keratos=& horn.l A mineral, the same as Cerargy- 
rite of Dana, and Chlorargyrite (q. v.). 

ar-g^r-0-my'-ge§, s. [Gr. ar< 7 ?/ros=silver, and 
myzo=. . . to suck.] A genus of moths belong¬ 
ing to the family Yponomeutid®. ( Jardine: Nat. 
Lib., vol. xl., pp. 263-4.) 

ar-gyr-O-ne'-ta, s. [Gr. argyros= silver, and 
possibly netos=heaped up, from neo—to heap; or 
neios=spun, from neo— to 
spin.] _A genus of spiders 
belonging to the family 
Araneid®. The A. aquatica, 
or Diving Spider, weaves for 
itself a bell-shaped dwelling 
at the bottom of the water, 
to which it descends with 
its prey to devour it. It 
carries down air entangled 
among the hairs which 
cover its body, and sets bub¬ 
ble after bubble free inside 

its abode till there is suffi- The Diving Spider, 
cient for respiration; for, 
rovided with lungs and not with gills, it cannot 
reathe after the manner of a fish in the water. 

ar-gjfr -oph-is, s. [Gr. argyros= silver, and ophis 
=a serpent.] Silver-snake. A genus of Saurians 
so like serpents in appearance that, as will be 
observed,_ the word opAis (serpent) enters into the 
composition of their name. They belong to the 
family Typhlopid®. 

ar -gyr- 0 §e, s. [Gr. arg’yros=silver.] A mineral, 
the same as Argentite (q. v.). 

ar'-gyr-y-thro§e, s. [Gr. argyros— silver, and 
throsis= a cord or line (?).] A mineral, the same as 
Pyrargyrite (q. v.). 

ar -I-gi, s. [Ital.] 

Music : 

I. Gen.: A rhythmical song as contradistin¬ 
guished from a recitative one. 

II. Specially: 

1. Formerly: A measured lyrical piece for one or 
for several voices. 

2. _ Now: A song intended for one voice supported 
by instruments. It is introduced into a cantata, 
oratorio, or opera. [Aie.] 

Ar-I-ad’-ne, s. [Lat. Ariadne; Gr. Ariadne.] 

1. Class. Myth.: A daughter of Minos, king of 
Crete, who, falling in love with Theseus, then shut 
up by her father in the labyrinth, gave him a clue 
by which he threaded his way out. Afterward she 
was the wife of Bacchus, who gave her a crowm, 
which ultimately became a constellation called 
her name. 

“Not Ariadne, if you met her 
Herself, could serve you with a better." 

Cowper (transl. from Vincent Bourn): The Nats. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the forty-third found. 
It was discovered by Pogson, on the 15th of April. 
1857. 

-arian, suffix. [Lat. -arius.) 

As adjective : Pertaining to: as riparian = per¬ 
taining to the bank of a river. 

As substantive: An agent, one who; as librarian, 
an agent in books, one who looks after books. 

Ar -I-an (1), a. & 8. [In Ger. Arianisch (a.), 
Arianen( s.) ;Fr. Arien ; Lat. Arianus; Gr. Arianos.) 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Arius or his doc¬ 
trine. [See the substantive. ] 

B. As substantive : A follower of Arius, presbyter 
of Alexandria in the fourth century A. D., or one 
holding'the system of doctrine associated with his 
name. During the first three centuries of the Chris¬ 
tian era, what was subsequently called the doctrine 
of the Trinity had become the subject of contro¬ 
versy, chiefly in one direction; it had been decided 
against Sabellius that there are in the Godhead 
three distinct persons, whereas Sabellius had in 
effect reduced the three to one. [Sabellianism.] 
In the year 817, Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria, 
having publicly expressed his opinion that the Son 
of God is not only of the same dignity as the Father, 
but of the same essence [in Gr. ottsia], Arius, one of 
the presbyters, considered this view as leaning too 
much to Sabellianism, and, rushing to the other 
extreme, he declared that the Son of God was only 
the first and noblest of created beings, and though 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. - bel, del. 






Arian 


264 


arisli 


the universe had been brought into existence 
through His instrumentality by the Eternal Father, 
yet to that Eternal Father He was inferior, not 
merely in dignity, but in essence. The views of Arius 
commended themselves to multitudes, while they 
were abhorrent to still more; fierce controversy 
respecting them broke out, and the whole Christian 
world was soon compelled to take sides in the strug¬ 
gle. Constantine, the first Christian emperor, was 
then the reigning sovereign, and after he had failed 
by private means to restore peace and unity, he 
summoned a council to meet at Nice, in Bithynia, 
which it did in A. D. 325. It was the first general 
council and the most celebrated of all. It declared 
Christ to be homoousios , i. e., of the same essence as 
the Father, whereas Arius regarded Him as only 
homoiousios, of similar essence. The erring presby¬ 
ter was deposed and exiled; but his numerous fol¬ 
lowers maintained his doctrine, and were at times 
so successful that each party had in turn the power, 
of which it had no scruple to avail itself, of using 
carnal as well as spiritual weapons against its ad¬ 
versaries ; indeed, it is believed that Arius himself 
died by poison. It would occupy too much space to 
detail the vicissitudes of a highly-chequered strug¬ 
gle ; suffice it to saythat the Arians greatly weakened 
themselves by splitting into sects [ Semi-arian ], 
and the doctrines regarding the relation of the three 
Divine Personages authoritatively proclaimed at 
Nice were at last all but universally adopted. They 
may be found detailed in what are popularly termed 
theNicene and the Athanasian Creeds. [Nicene, 
AthanAsian.] They were held almost without a dis¬ 
sentient voice through the Middle Ages, and were 
cordially accepted by the leading reformers. The 
Churches of Rome, England, and Scotland are all 
at one with regard to the doctrine of the Trinity, as 
are also the most powerful bodies of English Non¬ 
conformists. Arianism has from time to time ap- 
eared in the churches, but as a rule its adherents 
ave sooner or later gone back to orthodoxy or 
forward to Unitarianism. 
tAr'-I-SJJl (2), a. & s. A rare form of Aryan. 
Ar-I-?in-I§ni, s. [Eng. Arian; -ism. In Fr. 
Arianisme; Port . Arianismo.\ The system of theo¬ 
logical doctrine held and taught by Arius and hi 3 
followers. 

“ The Suevians in Spain were first Catholic, then fell 
off into Arianism. It was not till the sixth century that 
Spain was Catholic.”— Milman: Latin Christianity, vol. i., 
p. 313. 

Ar-I-gtn-I'ze, v. t. & i. [Eng. Arian; -ize.] 

I A. Trans.: To render Arian in tenets; to imbue 
with Arianism. 

f B. Inirans.: To speak after the Arian manner, 
or according to the Arian tenets. 

Ar-I-jtU-I’Z-Ing, pa. par. & a. [Arianize.] 
“These some were the Christians, that lived after the 
downfall of the Arianizing Vandals and the expiring of 
their power.”— Worthington: Miscellanies. 

ar -i-Qine, s. [From Arica, the principal seaport 
in Southern Peru.] 

Chem.: Cinchovatine, C 20 H. 28 N 2 O 4 . An alkaloid 
contained in Arica bark and in Cinchona ovata. 

ar'-I-§Ite, s. [Apparently from Ital. Ariccia; Lat. 
Aricia, in Italy, near Mount Albano, where it 
occurs.] A mineral, the same as Gismondite (q.v.). 

ar -Id, a. [Fr. aride; Sp., Port., & Ital. arido; 
Lat. aridus= dry, from areo— to be dry.] Dry, 
parched, wanting in moisture. 

“. . . dry sand-hillocks and arid plains, where not 
a single drop of water can be found.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. v. 

ar -I-das, s. [From some of the Indian lan¬ 
guages.] A kind of taffeta from the East Indies 
woven from fibers derived from various plants. 

Ar’-I-ded, s. [CorruptedArabic (?).] Afixedstar 
of the first magnitude, called also Deneb Adige 
and alpha Cygni. 

U-rid’-I-ty, s. [Eng. arid; -ity. Fr. aridity; 
Ital. aridita, ariditade, ariditate; Lat. ariditas .] 

1. Lit.: The quality or state of being dry, arid- 
ness, dryness, drought; absence of moisture. (Used 
of soil, a country, of the bodily frame, or even the 
herbage of a plant, such as that of the genus of 
rushes termed Xerotes.) 

“Salt, taken in great quantities, will reduce an animal 
body to the great extremity of aridity or dryness.”— 
Arbuthnot on Aliments. 

2 . Fig.: Absence of proper feeling, as if the affec¬ 
tions and other emotions had dried up. 

“ . . . no sceptical logic or general triviality, insin¬ 
cerity and aridity of any time and its influences, can 
destroy this noble inborn loyalty and worship that is in 
man.”— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. L 
U-rid'-I-um, s. [Altered from Iridium (?).] The 
name given by Ullgren to what he believed to be a 
new metal in the chrome-iron ores of ROros, in 
Sweden. _ Further examination has not confirmed 
his opinion. ( Graham: Chem., 2d ed., vol. ii., 
p. 59. f 


*ar’-ie, s. [Eyrie.] 

Ar-I-el, s. [Eng. Ariel— an airy spirit (Shakesp.: 
Tempest): Heb. Ariel— Lion of God; the name of a 
person (Ezra viii. 6), and of Jerusalem (Isa. xxix. 
1, 2; Ezek. xliii. 16). But in the latter case Geseni- 
us brings it from Arab. a?-i=fire-hearth, and Heb. 
.El=God: fire-hearth of God.] A name given by 
Sir John Herschel to one of the interior satellites 
of Uranus. 

Ar’-I-e§, s. [Lat. aries=( 1) a ram (the animal), 
(2) the sign of the zodiac, (3) a battering-ram, 
(4) <fcc. . . .] 

I. Astronomy: 

1. The constellation Aries, or the Ram, one of the 
ancient zodiacal constellations, and generally called 
the first sign of the zodiac. 

2. The portion of the ecliptic between 0° and 30° 
long., which the sun enters on the 21st of March 
(the vernal equinox). The constellation Aries, 
from which the region derives its name, was once 
within its limits, but now, by the precession of the 
equinoxes, it has gradually moved into the space 
anciently assigned to Taurus. [Precession.] It 
is denoted by the Greek symbol, Gamma, which re¬ 
motely resembles a ram’s head. ( Herschel: Astron., 
§§ 380, 381.) 

“At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun, 

And the bright Bull receives him.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring. 

The first point of Aries is the spot in the heavens 
where the sun appears to stand at the vernal equi¬ 
nox. It is not marked by the presence of any star, 
but it is not very far from the third star of Pegasus, 
that called Algenib. It is the point from which the 
right ascension of the heavenly bodies are reckoned 
upon the equator and their longitudes upon the 
ecliptic. [Right Ascension.] {Airy: Popul. As¬ 
tron ., die.) 

II. Astrol.: Aries was considered a choleric or hot 
sign. 

“In Martes face, and in his mansioun 
In Aries, the colerik, the hote signe.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,364-5. 

far’-I-e-tate, v.t. [Ital. arietare; Lat. arieta- 
turn, supine of arieto; from aries—a. ram.] 

1. To butt. (Used of a ram.) (Johnson.) 

2. To strike in such a manner as a ram would do. 

ar-I-e-ta’-tion, s. [Lat. arietatio.] 

I. Lit.: The act of butting like a ram. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. The act of battering of walls by means of a bat¬ 
tering-ram. 

“Secondly, the strength of the percussion, wherein 
likewise ordnance do exceed all arietations and ancient 
inventions.”— Bacon: Essays, Civ. and Mor., ch. lviii. 

2. The act of striking against anything; quite 
apart from the metaphor of the ram’s buttings. 

“ Now those heterogenous atoms by themselves, hit so 
exactly into their proper residence, in the midst of such 
tumultuary motions and arietations of other particles.” 
— Glanville. 

ar-i-et'-tu, s. [Ger. & Fr. ariette; Sp. & Port. 
arieta; both from Ital. arietta.) 

Music: A short lively air, tune, or song. 

U-right, *a-ryght (gh silent), adv. [Eng. 
a, right; A. S. ariht .1 Rightly, directly to what is 
aimed at; properly, becomingly, to some good pur¬ 
pose ; without failure of any kind. 

“Fair queen, he said, direct my dart aright.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid, ix. 546. 

♦aright-half, *aryght-half, adv. On the right 
side, on the one side, on this side. 

“ Aright-half and aleft-half.” 

Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 23. 

ar’-Il, a-rll'-lus, s. [Lat. arillus=a. wrapper.] 

Bot.: Anything which proceeds from the placenta, 
and does not form part of the seed itself. Before 
the timo of Richard the term was yet more vaguely 
applied, as to the testa in Orchidacese and other 
plants, and the endocarp of some Rubiace® and 
Rutaceee. The mace surrounding the seed in the 
Nutmeg, and the envelope enclosing the seeds of 
Euonymus, are genuine instances of the aril. 

A-rll'-late, 3 ,-rir-la-ted, ar'-Illed, a. [From 
aril (q. v.).] Furnished with an aril. 

“ Arillate seed.”— Bindley: Natural System of Botany, 
p. 15. 

ar'-Il-lode, s. [Aril.] A false aril; one not pro¬ 
ceeding from the placenta. 

ar'-l-lus, s. [A proper name. (Agassiz.)'] A genus 
of bugs of the family Reduviidae. One species, the 
Arilus serratus, or Wheel-bug, is said to possess 
electric powers. 

Ar'-i-ma, Ar'-I-m^n, s. Another form of Ahri- 
MAN (a. v.l. 


*ar-i-men, v. t. [A. S. ariman.] To count, to 
reckon. 

ar-i-fc-la’-tion, har-I-6-la-tion, s. [In Lat. 

ariolatio, or oftener hariolatio; from hariolor= to 
foretell; hariolus = a soothsayer.] Soothsaying, 
divination. 

“ The priests of elder time deluded their apprehensions 
with ariolation, soothsaying, and such oblique idola¬ 
tries.”— Browne. 

A-rI’-6n, s. [Gr. Arion.] 

_ 1. In Greek Myth.: The horse of Adrastus, who 
lived during the Thebhn war. It was fabled to have 
the power of utterance, and to foretell future 
events. 

2. In Zool.: A genus of Gasteropodous Mollusks 
of the family Limacidae, or Slugs. The A. ater is 
the common Black Snail. Tate, in 1875, estimated 
the known recent species at twenty and the fossil at 
one, the latter from the Newer Pliocene of Maid¬ 
stone. The sub-genus Plectrophorus, ranked under 
Arion, has five species, all from Tensriffe. 

3. r-I-0’§e, a. [From Ital. arioso (q.v.).] Charac¬ 
terized by melody as distinguished from harmony. 

ar-l-o’-so, adv. & s. [Ital. (1) lightsome, airy; 
(2) pretty, graceful: from ana=air, tune.] 

A. As adverb: After the manner of an air, as dis¬ 
tinguished from recitative. 

B. As substantive : 

1. A kind of melody bordering on the style of a 
capital air. 

2. A short solo in an oratorio or opera, like an air, 
but not so long. 

U-rI§e, *sj,-iTze, *e,-ry§e (pret. 3 ,-ro $e, 
*a-rlst ; pa. par. u-rl§'-en), v. i. [A. S. arisan= to 
arise, rise, rise up, rise again.] [Rise.] 

I. To move from a lower to a higher place. 

Specially : 

1. To ascend as vapors do. 

“ Behold, there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea. Ilka 
a man’s hand.”—1 Kings xviii. 44. 

2. To emerge from beneath the horizon, as the 
sun, the moon, or a star (lit. &fig.). 

“The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and 
lay them down in their dens.”— Ps. civ. 22. 

II. To assume an upright position from a sitting, 
kneeling, or recumbent attitude. 

1. To rise from a bed or from the ground (lit. or 

fig-)- 

“How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard ? when wilt thou 
arise out of thy sleep t”— Prov. vi. 9. 

“ Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy: when I fall, I 
6hall arise.” — Micah vii. 8. 

2. To rise from the seat with the view of engaging 
in some work (lit. & fig.). 

“Arise ye, and depart; for this is not your rest.”— 
Micah ii. 10. 

3. To rise from the dead (lit. dkfig.). 

“Wherefore he saith. Awake thou that sleepest, and 

arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light.”— 
Ephes. v. 14. 

III. To swell as the waves of the sea in a storm, 
or a river during heavy rain. 

“ Thou rulest the raging of the sea: when the waves 
thereof arise, thou stillest them.”— Ps. lxxxix. 9. (See 
also Luke vi. 48.] 

IV. To be excited against; to break forth against. 

1. As anger. 

“And if so be that the king’s wrath arise . . .”— 

2 Sam. xi. 20. 

2. As an assailant rushing against one (lit. dbfig.). 

“. . . and when he [the lion ? or the bear ?] arose 

against me, I caught him by his beard, and smote him, 
and slew him.”—1 Sam. xvii. 35. 

“Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered.”— Ps. 
lxviii. L 

V. To advance from a lower to a higher condition 
with regard to social standing, freedom from tried, 
intellectual, moral, or spiritual advancement. 

"... by whom shall Jacob arise t for he is small.”— 
Amos vii. 2. 

VI. To commence, to begin. 

1. To begin, to commence, to originate; to spring 
up, to rise, to emerge. 

“. . . the persecution that arose about Stephen.”_ 

Acts xi. 19. 

“Nerves are said to arise or have their origin in the 
nervous center to which they are on the one hand at¬ 
tached . . .”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol i . 

p. 216. 

2. To begin to act a part; to rise up in a figura¬ 
tive sense. 

“Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which 
knew not Joseph.”— Exod. i. 8. 

*a'-rish, s. [Persian.] A Persian measure of 
length= about thirty-eight inches. It is not now ir 
use. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, were, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




arising 


265 


arithmetical 


g,-ri J-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Arise.] 

“The sun’s arising gleam.” 

Scott ■ Lord of the Isles, iii. 12. 
*a-rist'. Old pret. of verb Arise (q. v.). 
$ _ ris’-ta> s. [Lat.=an awn. In Sp. arista .] 

Bot.: The awn or beard in grasses. It is formed 
by the elongated midrib of a bract, and sometimes 
diverges from the lamina before reaching its apex. 

tar'-ls-tarch (l),s. [Gr. aristarchos=\>est ruling; 
aristarcheo=to rule in the best way, from aristos= 
best, and archd-to rule. Or from aristos=best, and 
archos=a leader, from archo.) A ruler who is also 
the best man in the community. ( Ogilvie.) 

Ar'-is-tarch (2), s. [In Ger. aristarch; Fr . aris- 
tarque; Sp., Port., & ltal. aristarco. Called after 
Aristarchus, a grammarian of great celebrity, who 
lived at Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy 
IPhiladelphus. He had great critical acuteness, 
'which he used in correcting Homer and the other 
f poets.] An acute and severe critic. 

Ar-Is-tar -chl-an, a. [From Aristarchus, the 
severe critic.] [Aristarch (2).] Pertaining or 
relating to Aristarchus, or to severe criticism. 

ar -is-tar-ch^, s. [In Ger. aristarchie. From 
Gr. aristos= the best; a?-clic=sovereignty. ] The rule 
of the best; government by the best. Etymologi¬ 
cally, almost the same in meaning as aristocracy. 

“ The ground on which I would build his chief praise, 
to some of the aristarchy and sour censures of these days, 
requires first an apology.”— Harrington: Brief View of 
the Ch. of Eng., p. 153. 

ar-is -tate, a. [Lat. aristatus, from arista=an 
awn (q. v.).] Awned; furnished with an awn or 
awns ; bearded; as the glumes of barley and many 
other grasses. 

ar-Is-toc'-ra-?^, *ar-Is-toc'-ra-tle, *ar-is- 

toc s. [In Sw. aristocrats; Hut., Ger., & Fr. 

aristocratic; Sp. & Port, aristocracia; ltal. aristo- 
crazia; Gr. aristokratia= (1) the government of the 
best-bom, (2) the rule of the best; aristos=thc best, 
and krateo— to be strong, mighty, or powerful; hence 
to rule; kratos—( 1) strength, (2) power over.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. Government exercised by the best citizens in 
the community—in other words, by the nobles. 

“ As to the other forms of government, Socrates would 
eay, ‘That when the chief offices of the commonwealth 
were lodged in the hands of a small number of the most 
eminent citizens, it was called an aristocracy.’ ” — Xeno¬ 
phon: Memorab. of Socrates. ( Richardson .) 

“ The word aristocracy, which is now made to mean men 
of the upper ranks, even lower than those of the nobility, 
means, by right, not men at all, but only a state-wielding 
by the nobles; and in England there is no aristocrateia 
but that of the House of Lords.”— Barnes. Early England 
and the Saxon English (1869), pp. 110, 111. 

2. The nobles and other people of position and 
wealth in a country, taken collectively; or in a 
more extended sense, those who rise above the rest 
of the community in any important respect: thus, 
in addition to the aristocracy of rank, there is one 
of intellect, one of knowledge, one of high moral 
feeling, &c. 

3. There is no recognition of an aristocracy of 
birth in the United States. 

“Thus our democracy was, from an early period, the 
most aristocratic, and our aristocracy the most democratic 
in the world.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

IT For the views and feelings of aristocracies see 
the following examples. 

“The principle of an aristocracy is equality within its 
own body, ascendancy over all the rest of the community.” 
— Arnold: Hist. Borne, vol. i., p. 66. 

fll. Of things: Rule, dominion, domination, con¬ 
trol, ascendancy. 

“ . . . expelling from his mind the wild democracy 
of passions, and establishing (according to the quaint 
expression of Evagrius) a perfect aristocracy of reason 
and virtu e.”—Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ch. xlv. (1846), 
vol. iv., p. 257. 

ar'-Is-to-crat, s. [In Sw. aristokrat; Fr . aristo- 
crate; Port, aristocrata.) [Aristocracy.] 

1. One who is a member of a small governing 
class in a nation, or who, even if he takes no part in 
government, is of high rank. 

“ We were thus accompanied by the two greatest aristo¬ 
crats in the country, as was plainly to be seen in the man¬ 
ner of all the poorer Indians toward them.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. xiv. 

2. One who considers the best form of government 
to be that which places the chief power in the 
hands of the aristocracy of birth and rank. 

3. One who really is, or at least is considered to be, 
despotic in temper. 

“What his friends call aristocrats and despots.”— 
Burke. 

ar-is-to-crat’-lc, *ar-ls-to-crat'-ick, ar-Is- 
to-crat-Ic-3,1, a. [Fr. aristocratique; Sp., Port., 
& ltal. aristocratico; Gr. aristokratikos.\ Pertain¬ 


ing or relating to a government conducted by the 
nobles or other persons of rank in the community, 
or pertaining or relating to those nobles or people 
of rank themselves. 

“Four chief powers will be found on examination to 
influence and divide political society—the kingly, the 
sacerdotal, the aristocratic, and the democratic.”— Evans 
Crowe: Hist. France (ed. 1830), vol. xx., I., p. 9. 

"... which will then be the aristocratical branch 
of our legislature.”— Bowring: Bentham’s Frag, on 
Government: Works, vol. i., p. 280. 

ar-ls-to-crat'-lc-stl-lf, adv. [Eng. aristocrati¬ 
cal; -ly. ] In an aristocratical manner; as the aris¬ 
tocracy are wont to do. 

“The whole Christian world, the universal Church, is 
by some pretended to be monarchically, or by others 
aristocratically, governed.”— Hammond: Works, vol. ii., 
pt. ii., p. 97. ( Richardson .) 

ar-is-to-crat'-Ic-al-ness, s. [Eng. aristocrati¬ 
cal; -ness.] The quality of being aristocratic. 

♦ar-is-toc -rgi-tle, s. [Aristocracy.] 

far-Is-toc-ra-tl ze, V. t. [Eng. aristocrat ; -ize .] 
To render aristocratic. (Ogilvie.) 

♦ar-is-toc'-ra-tjf, s. [Aristocracy.] 

ar-Is-to-lo-chi- 3 , (Mod. Z,a#.),far-is-t6-16'-ch3f 
(Eng.), s. [In Fr. aristoloche; Sp. aristoloquia; 
ltal. aristolochia, aristologia; Port. & Lat. aristo- 
lochia; Gr. aristolocheia= an herb promoting child¬ 
birth : aristos— best, and Zoc/teia=child-birth.] 

A. Ordinary Language. (Of the form aristo- 
lochy.) Birthwort; any plant of the genus Aristo¬ 
lochia. [See B.] 

B. Bot. (Of the form aristolochia.) A genus of 
plants, the typical one of the order Aristolochiace®, 
or Birth worts._ They have curiously inflated irreg¬ 
ular flowers, in some cases of large size; these 
consist of a tubular colored calyx, no corolla, six 
stamens, one style, and-a six-celled capsular fruit, 
with many seeds. One species, the A. clematis, or 
Common Birthwort, a plant with pale-yellow tubu¬ 
lar flowers, swollen at the base, is common among 
old ruins. Most of the Aristolochias are emmena- 
gogue, especially the European species, A. rotunda , 
longa, and tfiematitis, and the Indian A.Indica; the 
last-named species is also antarthritic. A. bracteata 
is anthelmintic; when bruised and mixed with 
castor-oil it is used in cases of obstinate psora. A. 
odoratissima, of the West Indies, is alexipharmic. 
The A. fragrantissima of Peru is given in dysen¬ 
teries, fevers, rheumatism, &c.; A. serpentaria (the 
Virginian Snake-root), besides being given in the 
worst forms of typhus fever, is deemed of use 
against snake-bite; as is also A. trilobata. (Lind¬ 
ley.) The Treasury of Botany points out that faith 
in tne efficacy of some Aristolochia or other, as an 
antidote to the poison of serpents, prevails in 
America, Egypt, and India, its existence in regions 
so remote from each other affording strong evidence 
of its truth. 

ar-is-to-16-chI-a'-§e-8e, s. pi. [Aristolochia.] 

Bot.: An order of plants placed by Lindley under 
his last or Asaral alliance of Perigynous Exogens. 
It has hermaphrodite flowers, six to ten epigynous 
stamina, a three or six-celled inferior ovary, and 
wood without concentric zones. In 1846, Lindley 
estimated the known species at 130. Many are 
climbing plants. In their qualities they are tonic 
and stimulating. [Aristolochia, Asarum.] 

Ar-is-toph'-an-Ic, a. [From Greek Aristophanes. 
(See def.).] Pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athen¬ 
ian comic poet, whose plays were exhibited on the « 
stage between B. C. 427 and 388. (North Amer. Rev.) 

Ar-Is-to-te -ll-an, a. & s. [Lat. Aristoteli (us); 
Eng. suffix -an.) 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Aristotle, the 
greatest philosopher of all antiquity, who was born 
in B. C. 384, and died in 322. His natal place being 
Stagira, now Stauros, a town of Macedonia, he is 
often called “ the Stagyrite.” He was a disciple 
of Plato, tutor of Alexander the Great, a highly 
distinguished teacher at Athens, the author of 
treatises on nearly every subject of human thought, 
and the founder of the Peripatetic Philosophy, his 
writings on the last-named theme and on Logic 
being venerated during the Middle Ages as no other 
book was but the Bible. 

“. . . the Aristotelian collection of marvelous 
stories.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. iii., § 12, 
vol. i., p. 96. 

B. As substantive: One who regards Aristotle as 
his master. Spec., an adherent of the Peripatetic 
Philosophy. [Peripatetic.] 

“ The Aristotelians were of opinion that superfluity of 
riches might cause a tumult in a commonwealth.”— Sir 
Miles Sandys: Essays, p. 210. 

Ar-is to-te'-llan+gm, s. [Eng. Aristotelian; 
ism.) The peripatetic system of philosophy 
founded by Aristotle. [Peripatetic.] 


Ar-ls-to-tel'-Ic, *Ar-Is-to-tel'-ick, a. [ltal. 

Aristotelico; Lat. Aristotelicus.) Pertaining or 
relating to Aristotle. The same as Aristotelian. 
(q. v.) 

“ The Aristotelick or Arabian philosophy continued to 
be communicated from Spain and Africa to the rest of 
Europe chiefly by means of the Jews.”— Warton: Hist. 
Eng. Poetry, i. 443. 

ar -Itli-man-qy, s. [Gr. arithmos — a number, 
and ma?ifeia=prophesying, divination; mantis= a 
diviner, a prophet.] Pretended divination of future 
events by means of numbers. 

a-rith'-met-Ic, *g,-rith-met-ick, *a-rlth'- 
met-icke, *ars -met-rike, *ars -met-ryk, s. [In 
Ger. arithmetik; Fr. arithmdtique ; Port, arithmet- 
ica; Sp. & ltal. aritmetica; _ Lat. arithmetica; 
Gr. arithmetike (supply techne— art), the fem. of 
arithmetikos—oi or for numbering; arithmos=mxm- 
ber.] In its broadest sense the science and art 
which treat of the properties of numbers. This 
definition, however, would include Algebra, which 
is considered a distinct branch. Algebra deals with 
certain letters of the alphabet, such as x, y, z, a, b, 
c, &c., standing as symbols for numbers ; arithmetic 
operates on numbers themselves, as 1,2,3, 4, &c. 
Viewed as a science, arithmetic is a branch of mathe¬ 
matics; looked on as an art, its object is to carry 
out for practical purposes certain rules regarding 
numbers, without troubling itself to investigate the 
foundation on which those rules are based. 

It is variously divided, as into Integral and Frac¬ 
tional Arithmetic, the former treating of integers, 
and the latter of fractions. Integral arithmetic is 
sometimes called Vulgar or Common Arithmetic; 
and from fractional arithmetic is sometimes sepa¬ 
rated Decimal Arithmetic, treating, as the name 
implies, of decimals. There are also Logarithmic 
Arithmetic for computation by logarithms, and In¬ 
strumental Arithmetic for calculation by means 
of instruments or machines. Another- division 
is into Theoretical Arithmetic, treating of the 
science of numbers, and Practical Arithmetic, 
which points out the best method of practically 
working questions or sums. Political Arithmetic 
is arithmetic applied to political economy, as is 
done in the statistical returns so continually pre¬ 
sented to Parliament. Finally, Universal Arithme- 
tiC' is a name sometimes applied to Algebra. The 
chief subjects generally treated under the science or 
art of Arithmetic are (1) Numeration and Notation ; 
(2) Addition; (3) Subtraction; (4) Multiplication; 
(5) Division; ( 6 ) Reduction; (7) Compound Addi¬ 
tion ; ( 8 ) Compound Subtraction; (9) Compound 
Multiplication; ( 10 ). Compound Division: (11) Sim¬ 
ple Proportion (Rule of Three); ( 12 ) Compound 
Proportion; (13V Vulgar Fractions; (14) Decimal 
Fractions; (15) Duodecimals; (16) Involution; (17) 
Evolution; (18) Ratios, Proportions, and Progres¬ 
sions ; (19) Fellowship or Partnership; (20) Simple 
Interest ; (21) Compound Interest, and ( 22 ) Posi¬ 
tion. (Hutton, <&c.) Of these, the most important 
are the simple processes of Addition, Subtraction, 
Multiplication and Division, the judicious use or 
which, singly or in combination, will solve the most 
complex arithmetical questions. 

“ At the same time one of the fotfnders of the Society, 
Sir William Petty, created the science of political arith¬ 
metic, the humble but indispensable handmaid of politi¬ 
cal philosophy.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

Arithmetic of Infinites: The summing up of an 
infinite series of numbers. 

ar-Ith-met'-Ic-al, a. [Eng. arithmetic; -al.) 
Pertaining to arithmetic. 

“. . . should his comprehension of arithmetical 
principles be unquestionable.”— Herbert Spencer: Psychol., 
2d ed., vol. ii., § 888, p. 312. 

arithmetical complement. That which a 
number wants to make it reach the next highest 
decimal denomination. Thus the arithmetical 
complement of 4 is 6 , for 4+6 are=10, and that of 642 
is 358, because 642+358 are=l, 000 . The arithmetical 
complement of a logarithm is what it wants to make 
it reach 10 . 

arithmetical mean. 

1 . The number, whether it be an integer or a frac¬ 
tion, which is exactly intermediate between two 
others. Thus, 5 is the arithmetical mean between 
2 and 8 ; for 2+3 are=5, and 5+3 are= 8 . To find 
such a mean, add the two numbers together, and 
divide their sum by 2 ; thus 2 + 8 = 10 , and 10 -+- 2 = 5 . 

2. More loosely: Any one of several numbers in an 
arithmetical ratio (q. v.) interposed between two 
other numbers. Thus, if 6 , 9, and 12 be interposed 
between 3 and 15, any one of them may be called, an 
arithmetical mean between these two numbers. 

arithmetical progression. A series of numbers 
increasing or diminishing uniformly by the same 
number. If they increase, the arithmetical progres¬ 
sion is said to be ascending , and if they decrease, 
descending. Thus the series 3, 6 , 9, 12, 15 is an 
ascending arithmetical progression, mounting up 
by the continued addition of 3; and the series 8 , 6 , 4 , 
2 , is a descending one, falling regularly by 2 . 
[Progression.] 


bdil, b<5y; pout, Jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh 3 .n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




arithmetical 


266 


arm 


arithmetical proportion. The relation exist¬ 
ing between four numbers, of which the first is as 
much greater or less than the second as the third 
is of the fourth; the equality of two differences or 
arithmetical ratios. In such cases the sum of the 
extremes is=that of the means. [Proportion.] 
arithmetical proportionals. The numbers so 
related to each other. (The term is opposed to 
geometric proportionals.) [Proportional.] 
arithmetical relation. The comparison of 
numbers in an arithmetical progression with the 
view of ascertaining how much they differ from 
each other. 

arithmetical ratio. The difference between any 
two numbers constituting part of a series in arith¬ 
metical progression. 

ar-lth-mSt -l-cal-iy, adv. [Eng. arithmetical; 

-ly .] In an arithmetical manner; after the prin¬ 
ciples of arithmetic. 

“ Though the fifth part of a xestes, being a simple frac¬ 
tion, and arithmetically regular, it is yet no proper part 
of that measure.”— Arbuthnot: On Coins. 

ar-ith-me-ti'-cian, s. [Eng. arithmetic; -fan.] 
In Fr. arithmdicien.] One skilled in arithmetic; a 
proficient in arithmetic. 

“Gregory King, Lancaster herald, a political arith¬ 
metician of great acuteness and judgment.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

ar-ith-moc -ra-§f, s. [Gr. arithmos— number, 
and krateb— to rule.] The rule of mere numbers. 
(C. Kingsley: Alton Locke, pref.) 

a-rith-mo-crat'-Ic, a. [Arithmocracy.] Per¬ 
taining to an arithmocracy (q. v.). (C. Kingsley: 

Alton Locke, pref.) 

ar-Ith-mom'-e-ter, s. [From Gt. arithmos= a 


II. A chest-like vessel or ship. Specially— 

1. Literally: 

(a) Noah’s ark, a chest-like vessel about the 
dimensions of the “Great Eastern” steamship. 

“ Make thee an ark of gopher-wood.”— Gen. vi. 14. 

( b ) The ark made of bulrushes, rendered water¬ 
tight by a coating of bitumen, in which Moses 
when an infant was committed to the Nile. 

“ . . . she took for him an ark of bulrushes, . . .” 
— Exod. ii. 3. 

(c) In the United States: A large boat used on 
the American rivers to transport produce from 
place to place. 

2. Fig.: Life. 

“ ‘But thou,’ said I, ‘hast miss’d thy mark, 

Who sought’st to wreck my mortal ark.’ ” 

Tennyson: The Two Voices. 

ark, v. t. [From the substantive.] To inclose 
within an ark. [Arked.] 

Ar-kan-sas (s silent), s. [Named from a tribe 
of Am. Indians.] One of the States of the U. 8. A., 
bounded W. by the Indian Territory and Texas, N. 
by Missouri, E. by the Mississippi river (which 
separates it from the States of Tennessee and Missis¬ 
sippi) and S. by Texas and Louisiana. Area, 53,- 
850 square miles. Soil fertile; cotton, corn, oats, 
etc., produced in abundance. Extensive lumber 
industries and mineral resources. Arkansas. Indus¬ 
trial University was organized at Fayetteville, in 
1871, and a good school system prevails. Principal 
cities, Little Rock, the metropolis and capital. Fort 
Smith, Pine Bluff, and Hot Springs. 

Arkansas toothpick. Slang name for bowie- 
knife. 

ark -an-§ite, s. [From Arkansas, where it is 


number, and metron— a measure.] A machine which f oun d.] A mineral, a variety of Brookite (q. v.). It 
enables a person, however unskilled, to perform the occurs in thick black crystals, 
operations of multiplication and division with 


facility, Rapidity, and unfailing accuracy. The 
arithmometer of M. Thomas (De Colmar), highly 
commended by General Hannyngton (Journal of 
Actuaries, vol. xvi., p. 244) and by Mr. Peter Gray, 
F. R. A. S., and others, does more, for, in forming 
the product of two given numbers, it can either add 
that product to, or subtract it from, another given 
number, according to the pleasure of the operator. 
The machine is provided on its face with spaces for 
the reception of three numbers, say P, Q, and R. 


arke, s. [Arc, Arch.] 

“ The arke of his artificial day hath i-ronne 
The fourthe part, of half an hour and more.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,422-3. 

ark'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Ark, t\] 

“When arked Noah and seuen with him.” 

Warner: Albion’s Eng., bk. i., ch. i. 

ark’-Ite, s. & a. [Eng. ark; -ite.) 

A. As substantive: An inmate of the ark. ( Bry - 


These being properly placed, the turning of a handle ant.) 
brings out the value of P+Q R or P—Q R, accord- jj. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Noah’s 
ing as the regulator was adjusted for addition or ar h;. (Bryant.) 

subtraction. (See The Arithmometer, by Peter ark ._ sfl _ tite> ark -sfi-dlte, s. [From Arksut 
Gray, F. R. A. S., r . K. M. »., 18 .) Fiord, in South Greenland.] A mineral classed by 

the, v.t. [Arree.] Dana in his Cryolite group of Fluorine Compounds. 

i r _I_ Z Q'_na, s. [Probably from Aztec arizuma= It is a white, translucent, and brittle species, with 
rocky country.] A Territory of the U. 8. A., bound- vitreous luster, except on cleavage faces, where it 
edW. by Nevada and California, N. by Utah, E. by is pearly. Its composition is: fluorine, 51’03; alu- 
New Mexico and S. by Texas. Area, 113,020 square mina, 17*87; lime, 7*01; soda, 23’00; and water, 0’57, 
miles. Set off from New Mexico and made a Terri- with ’74 of insoluble matter. 

tory in 1863. The Territory is rich in minerals, and ark’-]fs, s. [Gr. arkys =*a net.] A genus of 
the central and southeastern portions have many S pj,| er3 _ The A. lander is yellow with red at the 
very fertile and productive valleys. Principal cities, s j,j eg> jfc a native of South America. 

Tucson, Phoenix, the capital, Tombstone, Yuma, , , .. , r , „ 

and Prescott. farle, *airle (pi. arle§, airle§), s. [A. N. earles, 

ark, *arke, *arcke, s. [A. 8. arc, ere, earc; yearles (pi.). (Generally in the plural.)] Earnest- 
Sw., Dan., and Dut. ark; Ger. and Fr. arche; Goth, money; money given to a person hired as a servant 
arka; Gael, airc; Prov. archa; Irish airg, airk; as an earnest that in due time the wages for which 
Sp., Port., Ital., and Lat. area. From the same he has stipulated will be paid. 

root as Lat. arceo=to inclose.] “As for Morton, he exhausted his own very slender 

I. A chest, a box, a coffer with a lid. Specially- 8to 9 k of money in order to make Cuddle such a present, 
*• it, . ’ , . T . , v . n j ,, r , under the name of arles, as might show his sense of the 

1. The ark used m Jewish worship, called the Ark va i ue Q f the recommendation delivered to him.”— Scott: 
of the Covenant 0Zd Mortality, ch. viii. 

(Numb. x. 33, 

&c.), the Ark of 
the Testimony 
(Exod. xxx. 6), 
the Ark of God 
(2 Sam. vii. 2), 
the Ark of His 
(God’s) Testa¬ 
ment (Rev. xi.' 

19), the Ark of 
Thy (God’s) 

Strength ( P s. 
cxxxii. 8), and 
the Ark of the 
Lord (1 Kings 
ii. 26). It was 
an oblong chest 
of acacia-wood, 
overlaid with 
gold inside and 
out. On its top 
at flrst were t 



Jewish Ark. (From Calmet.) 


arle-penny (sing.), arles-penny (pi.), s. A 
penny given for such a purpose. 

*arled, a. [A. S. orl= a welt, the border of a gar¬ 
ment, a robe.] Ring-streaked. 

“ Sep or got, haswed, arled, or grei.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1,723. 

arm (1), *arme, s. [A. S. arm, earm; Sw., Dan., 
Dut., Mod. Ger., O. L. Ger., and 0. H. Ger. arm; O. 
Fris. erm; O. Icel. armr; Goth, arms; Arm. armm; 
Lat. armu8= an arm; Gr. harmos=& fitting, a joint; 
aro= to join, to fit together; Lat. and Gr. root ar— 
to join, to fit.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Lit.: The portion of the human body on either 
side, extending from the shoulder to the hand; the 
corresponding part also in a quadrumanous ani¬ 
mal. a monkey for example. More rarely, one of 
the fore legs in a digitated quadruped of any kind. 

“ Then let my arm fall from my shoulder-blade, . . .” 
— Job xxxi. 22. 

The hair of the orang-outang is of a brownish-red 


was the mercy-seat, and inside it 

___ _ e two tables of stone, the pot of 

manna, and Aaron’s rod which budded (1 Kings viii. 

9, and Heb. ix. 4). At each of the four comers was _ 

a ring into which staves or poles might be fitted to color, and covers his back, arms, legs, and outside of his 
carry it when it required to be moved. hands and feet.” Griffith’s Cuvier, i. 239. 

2. A large chest for holding meal. (Scotch.) “ . . . the arms and paws [of a squirrel, Sciurus 

“ . . . when we have sent awa the haill meal in the bicolor ] are bordered with a beautiful series of hairs.”— 
ark and the girnal.”— Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xx. Ibid, iii. 182. 


II. Figuratively: 

1. Of material things: Anything which stands out 

from that of which it constitutes a part, as an 
outstretched arm does from the human body. 
Specially — , . 

(a) A branch of a tree, especially when it is tol¬ 
erably horizontal. 

“ A broad oak, stretching forth its leafy arms.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

( b) The projecting supports for the human arms 
on the two sides of some chairs, hence called arm¬ 
chairs. [Arm-chair.] 

(c) [See B. 2, Naut .] 

(d) A narrow inlet running from the ocean some 
distance inland. The White Sea, the Baltic, and 
the Adriatic Sea may be considered arms of the sea. 

“. . . good reasons can be assigned for believing 
that this valley was formerly occupied by an arm of the 
sea.”— Darwin: Voyage around the World, ch. ix. 

2. Of things not material: 

(a) Power, physical, mental, moral, or spiritual; 
support of any kind. 

“ Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, 
and the arm of thy father’s house, that there shall not be 
an old man in thine house.”—1 Sam. ii. 81. 

(b) Used as a symbol of Divine power. 

“ Awake, awake! Put on thy strength, O, arm of the 
Lord.”— Isaiah li. 9. 

(c) Trust, dependence. 

“Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and maketh 
flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the Lord.” 
— Jer. xvii. 5. 

B. Technically: 

1. Her. The human arm is often found consti¬ 
tuting part of a crest. [Cubit-arm.] 

2. Naut. The word arm is used for the extremity 
of a yard. (Generally called the yard-arm.) 

arm-and-arm, adv. & a. The same as Arm-in- 
arm (q. v.). 

“ Go, fool; and, arm-and-arm with Clodio, plead 
Your cause before a bar you little dread.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

arm-bone, s. The bone of the arm (the hu¬ 
merus). 

“The bone of the arm (humerus) is of remarkable 
length.”— Owen: Classiflc. of the Mammalia, p. 66. 

“ . . . an extensive fracture, badly united, of the left 
arm-bone.’’ — Ibid., p. 90. 

arm-chair, s. A chair with arms. It is written 
also armed-chair. 

“Her father left his good arm-chair, 

And rode his hunter down.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 
arm-ful, a. [Armful.] 

*arm-gret, a. As great or as thick as the arm. 
“A wrethe of gold arm-gret, and huge of wight, 

Upon his heed, set ful of stoones bright.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,147-8. 

arm-hole, s. The armpit. 

“Tickling is most in the soles of the feet, and under the 
armholes, and on the sides. The cause is the thinness of 
the skin in those parts, joined with the rareness of being 
touched there.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

H In Ezek. xiii. 18, the word rendered “ armhole ” 
should probably be translated “fore arm, cubit,” 
though some make it the wrist. 

arm-in-arm, adv. & a. With one’s arm inter¬ 
locked with that of another; arm-and-arm. 

“When arm-in-arm we went along.” 

Tennyson: The Miller’s Daughter. 

arm’S-end, s. A metaphor derived from boxing, 
in which the weaker man may overcome the 
stronger, if he can keep him from closing. (Lit. & 

fig-) 

“For my sake be comfortable; hold death awhile at the 
arm’s-end.” — Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 6. 
arm-shaped, a. Shaped like the arm. 
arm’s-length, s. A phrase derived from boxing 
[Arm’s-end], and signifying to keep a person at a 
distance, not to permit him to attempt familiarity. 
“ She ceased, and Paris held the costly fruit 
Out at arm’s-length . . .”— Tennyson: CEnone. 
arm’s-reach, s. The reach of the arm. 
arm-strong, a. Powerful in the arms. ( Greene: 
Menaphon, p. 56.) 

arm (2), s. [Arms.] A weapon of war. 

H Generally in the plural. Arms (q. v.). 
arm (1), v. t. [From the substantive arm (1).] 

1. To offer the arm to; to take by the arm; to 
take up in the arms. 

“Make him with our pikes and partisans 
A grave: come, arm him.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

f2. To furnish with bodily arms. 

“ Her shoulders broad and long. 

Armed long and round.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher. 


Rite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wplf, w5rk, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 























arm 


267 


Armenian 


1 (2), v. t. & i. [From Eng. arm (2), In Fr. 
armer; Sp. & 


arm 

& Port, armar; Ital. armare; Lat, 
armo= to furnish with implements, and spec., with 
warlike weapons; from arma=arms.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: To equip with weapons, defensive or 
offensive. 

“ And Saul armed David with his armor, and he put an 
helmet of brass upon his head; also he armed him with a 
coat of mail.”—1 Sam. xvii. 38. 

2. Figuratively: 

(а) Of material things: To add to anything what 
will give it greater strength or efficiency. 

(б) Of things immaterial: To impart to the mind 
or heart anything that will make it more fitted for 
offense or defense; to provide against. 

“. . . arm yourselves likewise with the same mind.” 
—1 Pet. iv. i. 

II. Technically: 

Magnetism. To arm a magnet is to connect its 
poles by means of a soft iron bar. [Armature.] 

B. Intransitive: To equip with weapons of war. 
(Used of individuals or of communities.) 

“ . . . and thus aloud exclaims: 

Arm, arm, Patroclus ! . . .” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi., 156-156. 
Arm and away: The order for the small boats of 
a warship to prepare for service. 

*arm, *arme, *ar'-eme, a. [Sw., 0. Icel., and 
Mod. Ger. arm=poor.] ( Moral Ode , ed. Morris, 223.) 

ar-ma -da, *ar-ma'-d6, s. [Sp. armada= a war 
fleet as contradistinguished from flota= a fleet of 
merchant vessels; Lat. ama=arms. From Spanish, 
armada has passed into German, French, &c., and 
is=Ital. armata= a navy, a fleet.] 

(1) Spec.: The celebrated fleet, called at first, by 
anticipation, “ The ‘ Invincible ’ Spanish Armada,” 
which was sent in 1588 to assail England, but which, 
utterly failing in its object, and coming to a tragic 
and inglorious end, was latterly known simply 
as the “ Spanish Armada,” the word “ invincible ’’ 
being dropped. 

“ They melt into thy yeast of waves, which mar 
Alike the Armada’s pride or spoils of Trafalgar.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 18L 
Hence (2) Gen.: Any war fleet. 

“ So by a roaring tempest on the flood 
A whole armado of convicted sail 
Is scatter’d and disjoin’d from fellowship.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 4. 
”... We will not leave, 

For them that triumph, those who grieve, 

With that armada gay.” 

Scott ; Lord of the Isles, i. 17, 

ar-m$L-dn -lg,, s. [In Fr. armadille; from Sp. 
irmadilla, dimin. of armada.'] A small armada. 

ar-ma-dll -lo (plural -lo§ and -loe§) s. [In Ger. 
armadill and armadilthier. From Sp. armadillo.] 
1. The Spanish American name, now imported 
into English, of various Mammalia belonging to the 
order Edentata, the family Dasypodidae, and its 
typical genus Dasypus. [Dasypus.] The name 



(D. sexcinctus), and the Hairy Armadillo ( D.villo - 
sms). They feed chiefly on ants and other insects 
and worms, and are peculiar to South America, 
where a giant-animal of similar organization, the 
Glyptodon, lived in Tertiary times. 

“It is generally understood that the Armadillos bring 
forth but once a year.”— Griffith’s Cuvier, iii. 286. 

2. A genus of Crustaceans belonging to the order 
Isopoda, and the family Oniscidse, the type of which 
is the well-known wood-louse. It is so called partly 
from its being covered with a certain feeble kind of 
armor; but chiefly from its rolling itself up into a 
ball after the fashion of the South American mam¬ 
malian Armadillos. 

armadillo-like, a. Like an armadillo, covered 
with natural armor. 

“ In the Pampsean deposit at the Bajada I found the 
osseous armor of a gigantic armadillo-like animal.”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. vii. 

*ar-ma-do, s. [Armada.] 

ar ma ment, s. [In Fr. armement; Sp., Port., 
& Ital. armamento; Lat. armamentum= the out¬ 
fitting of a ship, the supplying it with everything 
excepting only its hull: armo— to furnish with 
implements \arma= implements, . . . the tackle 
of a ship.] 

I. The act of arming a fleet or army; the state of 
being armed. 

II. That which constitutes the equipment or 
which is itself equipped. 

1. That which constitutes the equipment. (Often 
in the pi., armaments, signifying everything need¬ 
ful to render the naval and military forces of a 
country efficient.) Spec., weapons and ammunition. 

“. . . and the increase [of expenditure] is for the 
most part due to more costly armaments.’’ — Times, 
Nov. 11, 1876. 

2. The forces equipped for war. 

(а) A naval expedition fitted out for war; a fleet, 
with the men, guns, ammunition, and stores on 
board. 

“ English sailors, with more reason, predicted that the 
first gale would send the whole of this fair-weather arma¬ 
ment to the bottom of the Channel.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvi. 

(б) Land forces fully equipped; an army encamp¬ 
ed for war (Lit. <& fig.). (Byron: Siege of Corinth, 

xx.) 

+ar-ma-men -t?L-ry, s. [Lat. armamentarium.] 
An armory, an arsenal. (Johnson.) 

ar'-man, s. A confection for restoring appetite 
in horses. (Johnson.) 

*ar'-ma-r3^, s. [Lat. armarium=a chest, a 
coffer.] [Almery.] A chronicle or archive. ( Wy- 
cliffe : 1 Esdras ii. 15.) 

ar'-ma-ture, s. [In Ger. armatur; Fr. amia- 
teur and armature; Sp. armadura[ Ital. & Lat. 
armatura= (1) armor, (2) armed soldiers, (3) a kind 
of military exercise.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Armor worn for the defense of the body, or, 
more frequently, the armor in which some animals 
are enveloped for their protection against their 
natural foes. 

“ Others should be armed with hard shells, others with 
prickles; the rest, that have no such armature, should be 
endued with great swiftness and pernicity.”— Ray: Crea¬ 
tion. 

* 2. Offensive weapons. 

“The double armature is a more destructive engine 
than the tumultuary weapon.”—Dr. H. More: Decay of 
Piety. 

B. Technically: 

1. Magnetism: The armatures, called also the 
keepers, of a magnetic bar are pieces of soft iron 
placed in contact with its poles. These, by 
being acted on inductively, become magnets, and, 


Armadillo. 

armadillo, implying that they are in armor, is 
applied to these animals because the upper part of 
their body is covered with large strong scales or 
plates, forming a helmet for their head, a buckler 
for their shoulders, transverse bands for their 
back, and in some species a series of rings for the 
protection of their tail. Another peculiarity is the 
great number of their molar teeth; these amount m 
one species to more than ninety. There are five 
toes on the hinder feet, and four or five, according 
to the species, on the anterior ones. The fore feet 
are admirably adapted for digging, and the animal, 
when it sees danger, can extemporize a hole and 
vanish into it with wonderful rapidity. If actually 

•cantnred it rolls itself into a ball, withdrawing its , 

head and feet under its strong armor. There are re-acting in their turn, not merely preserve, but 
several species—such as theGreat Armadillo,or Tatu even increase, the magnetism of the original bar. 
(Daswus aigas), the Three-banded Armadillo, (Atkinson: Ganot s Physics, § 624.) Magnets thus 
or Apara (D\ Apar), the Six-banded Armadillo provided are said to be armed. 



Sometimes an armature is made of steel and is 
permanently magnetized. Such < an armature is 
termed a polarized armature, and is used in various 
appliances, magneto generators, telegraphic instru¬ 
ments, &c. . 

In dynamic electricity, the armature is the shaft 
or central revolving arm of an electric generator, 
by the movement of which the current is generated. 

2. Electricity: 

(a) The internal and external armatures, or coat¬ 
ings of a Leyden jar, and the. coatings of tinfoil 
on its interior, and part of its exterior, surface. 
(Atkinson: Ganot’s Physics, § 668.) 

(b) Siemens’ armature or bobbin: An armature 
designed for magneto-electrical machines, in which 
the insulated wire is wound longitudinally on the 
core, instead of transversely, as is the ordinary 
arrangement. (Ibid., § 782.) 

3. Arch.: Iron bars employed for the consoli¬ 
dation of a building. (Gloss, of Arch.) 

armed, a. [From arm, s.] Furnished with arms 
in a literal or figurative sense. Specially in the 
phrase “ an armed chair ”=an arm-chair (q. v.). 

armed, pa. par. & a. [Arm, v. t.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. Equipped with weapons offensive or defensive, 
or both. [B., 1, Mil.] 

“So the armed men left the captives and the spoil 
. . . 2 Chron. xxviii. 14. 

2. Having its. natural efficiency increased by 
mechanical appliances. 

“But they continually grow larger, and pass by in¬ 
sensible gradations into the state of cloud, when they can 
no longer elude the armed eye.” — Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., vii. 150. 

II. Fig.: Strengthened in mind and heart against 
danger. 

B. Technically: 

I. Military and Naval: 

1. Of men. An armed body of men is a military 
detachment provided with arms and ammunition, 
ready for an engagement. [A., 1.] (James: Mil. 
Diet.) 

2. Of ships: 

(a) Armed in flute, that is, armed after the man¬ 
ner of a transport, part of her 
guns having been removed to 
make more room. 

(b) An armed ship is one taken 
into the Government service, and 
equipped in time of war with ar¬ 
tillery, ammunition, &c. (James.) 

3. Of shot. A crossbar shot is 
said to be armed when some rope- 
yarn is rolled around the end of 
the iron bar running through the 
shot. 

4. Of procedure. Armed neutral¬ 
ity. [Neutrality.] 

II. Heraldry: 

1. Furnished with arms. 

If A man armed at all points 

(see the annexed figure) is a man 
covered with armor on every por¬ 
tion of him excepting only his 
face. 

2. Adding to anything that 
which will give it greater strength 
or efficiency. 

The term armed, followed by 
of, is applied to a beast of prey 
when his teeth and claws, or to a predatory 
bird when his talons and beak, are differently 
colored from the rest of his body. 

III. Biology. Used — 

1. (Zool.) Of the natural armature of various 
parts of the body of man or of the inferior animals: 
Furnished with teeth, tusks, nails, claws, &c. 

“. . . the most formidably aimed jaws .”—Oweiu 

Classif. of Mammalia, p. 76. 

2. Botany: Of thorns, prickles, &c.,on plants. 

IV. Magnetism. An armed magnet: One provided 
with an armature (q. v.). 

*ar-mee, s. [Army.] 

Ar-me'-m-g,n, a.&s. [En g. Armeni(a); -an. In 
Fr. Arminien; from Lat. Armenia; Gr. Armenia. 
Armenia, in 2 Kings xix. 37, is in the original Ararat, 
and should have been so rendered.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Armenia, a coun¬ 
try situated on the mountainous region between the 
Black and the Caspian seas, between latitudes 37° 
and 42° N., and longitudes 39° to 50° E. 

B. As substantive : 

1. A native of Armenia. 

2. The language spoken by the Armenians, who 
are not confined to their native land, but are many 
of them successful merchants in India, Persia. 



Armed at all 
Points. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



































































Armenian 


268 


armlet 


Tartary, &c. The Living comes from the Old or 
Dead Armenian, ranked by Max Muller under the 
Iranic Branch of the Southern Division of the Aryan 
Languages. 

Armenian bole. A kind of bole from Armenia. 
[Bole.] 

Armenian stone. A blue carbonate of copper 
brought from Armenia. 

Armenian ■whetstone. Dana’s rendering of the 
Greek term akone ex Armenias, the name given by 
Theophrastus to emery (q. v.). 

*Ur-men'-tal, a. [Lat. armentalis; from armen- 
tum= cattle for plowing or for draft.] Pertaining 
or relating to a herd of cattle. (Bailey.) 

ar-men’-tlne, a. [Lat . armentum (Armental), 
and Eng. suffix - ine .] The same as Armental (q.v.). 
(Bailey.^ 

*ar-men’-tose, adj. [Lat. armentosus .] Abound¬ 
ing with cattle. (Bailey.) 

ar-me r-l-a, *• [From the term Flos Armeria, 
applied by the botanists of the Middle Ages to some 
of the Sweet William Pinks. Flos Armeria again 
is, according to Clusius, the French word armoiries 
(armorial bearings), Latinized. (Hooker and 
Arnot .)] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Plumbaginacese (Leadworts). 

ar -met, s. [French=armor for the head.] A 
helmet used in the thirteenth, fourteenth; and 
fifteenth centuries. It is represented in the an¬ 
nexed illustration. 

armet-grand, s. [Fr. 
grand = great.] An armet 
worn with a beaver. 

armet-petit, s. [Fr. petit 
=little.] An armet worn with¬ 
out a beaver. It had a guard 
for the face, consisting of 
three bars. 

arm'-ful, *arm-full, a. 

[Eng. arm; full. In Ger. arm- 
voll .] As much of anything Armet. 

as an arm can hold. 

"He comes so lazily on in a simile, with his ‘armfull of 
weeds,’ . . .”— Milton: Apol.for Smectymnuus. 

“As an especial favor, he allowed me to purchase, at a 
high price, an armful of dirty straw.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. xvi. 

*arm-gaunt, a. [Eng. arm; gaunt.) As gaunt 
— i. e., as slender—as the arm; no thicker than the 

arm. 

“So he nodded, 

And soberly did mount an armgaunt 6teed.” 

Shakesp..- Antony and Cleopatra, i. 5. 
far-mlf-er-ous, a. [Lat. armi/er=weapon-bear 
ing: arma — arms, and fero = to bear.] Bearing 
arms. (Ogilvie.) 

ar -ml-ger, s. [Lat. armiger , in inscriptions 
armigerus; from oma=arms, and gero=to wear, to 
bear about with one.] An esquire, properly one 
who attended on a knight, to bear his shield and 
otherwise render him service. [Esquire.] 

“Slender. Ay, and ratolorum too; and a gentleman 
born, master parson: who writes himself armigero: in any 
bill, warrant, quittance, or obligation, armigero.” — 
Shakesp. .• Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 1. 

ar-mlg -er-ous, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. ar- 
wu'grero=martial (see Armiger), “bearing arms.”] 
Pertaining or relating to an esquire or person who 
attended on a knight. [Esquire.] 

“They belonged to the armigerous part of the popula¬ 
tion.”— Be Quincey. (Goodrich & Porter.) 
ar'-mll, s. [Lat. armilla — a bracelet.] [Ar- 

MILLA.] 

Mech. dt Astron.: An ancient astronomical in¬ 
strument. It was of two forms: an Equinoctial 
Armil, constructed with a single ring placed in the 
plane of the equator, for determining the line of 
the equinoxes; and a Solstitial Armil , in which 
there were two or more rings, one of them in the 
plane of the meridian, for ascertaining the solstices. 
(Whewell.) 

ar-mI-lau-§U, s. [Lat., according to Isidore, 
contract, from armiclausa= a military cloak.] A 
cloak covering the shoulders. 

ar-mll'-la, s. [Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat.= (l) an 
arm-ring, a bracelet, (2) a hoop or ring; from armus 
=arm.] 

1. A bracelet. 

2. Mech.: An iron ring, hoop, or brace, in which 
the gudgeons of a wheel move. 

3. Anat.: The round ligament which confines the 
tendons of the carpus. 

tar-mir-lst-rjr, a. [In Fr. armillairej Sp. ar- 
milar; Port, armillar; Ital. armillare; Low Lat. 
armillarius; from Class. Lat. armilla—an armlet, 
an arm-ring, a bracelet.] Resembling a bracelet in 
form; circular. (Rarely used, except in Astron¬ 
omy.) 

“ He [Hipparchus] is also said to have erected armillary 
circles at Alexandria.”— Penny Cycl., ii. 525. 



armillary sphere. 

Mech. & Astron.: A sphere not solid like a modern 
celestial globe, but consisting of several metallic or 
other circles mechanically fixed in such relative 
positions that one represented the celestial equator, 
a second the ecliptic, and two more the colures. It 
was capable of revolving on its axis within a mova¬ 
ble horizon. Astronomers used the armillary sphere 
for purposes of instruction not merely in ancient 
times, but on to the age of Tycho Brahe, in the six¬ 
teenth century. Now, however, it has fallen into 
disuse, having been superseded by the celestial 
globe. [Astrolabe, Celestial.] 

“ When the circles of the mundane sphere are supposed 
to be described on the convex surface of a sphere, which 
is hollow within, and, after this, you imagine all parts of 
the sphere’s surface to be cut away, except those parts on 
which such circles are described; then that sphere is 
called an armillary sphere, because it appears in the form 
of several circular rings, or bracelets, put together in a 
due position.”— Harris: Description of the Globes. 

ar-mll -la-ted, a. [Lat. armillatus .] Wearing 
bracelets. 

*ar -mllle, *ar -mflie, s. [Lat. armilla (q. v.).] 
A bracelet. 

“ When he had sene the rynges on his systers eeres, and 
her poynettes or armylles on her hands.”— Golden Legend, 
f. 10. (S. in Boucher.) 

*ar'-mln, s. [Dut. arm.=poor.] A beggar. 

“O hear God! so young an armint 
M. Flow. Armin, sweet heart, I know not what you mean 
By that, but I am almost a beggar.” 

London Prod., Supp. Sh., ii. 519. (Fares.) 

*ar’-mlned, a. [Ermined.] 

arm -Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Arm, v. f.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. and participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of equipping one’s self with weapons, 
or the state of being so equipped. 

(а) Lit.: 

“ For the arming was now universal.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xii. 

(б) Fig.: Confirmation of a suspicion, or of a 
truth previously but half believed. 

“2 Lord. Hath the count all this intelligence? 

1 Lord. Ay, and the particular confirmations, point 
from point, to the full arming of the verity.”— Shakesp.: 
All’s Well that Ends Well, iv. 3. 

2. That which constitutes the equipment. 

II. Technically (Nautical): 

1. Plur.: Waist-cloths; cloths hung about the 
outside of the ship’s upper-works fore and aft, and 
before the cubbrige heads. Some are also hung 
round the tops, called top armings. 

2. Sing, (insoundings at sea): A preparation of 
tallow, placed in the concavity at the bottom of the 
lead used for soundings, and designed to ascertain 
the character of the ocean bed at the place. 

“The soundings from which this section is laid down 
were taken with great care by Capt. Fitzroy himself: he 
used a bell-shaped lead, having a diameter of four inches, 
and the armings each time were cut off and brought on 
board for me to examine. The arming is a preparation 
of tallow, placed in the concavity at the bottom of the 
lead. Sand, and even small fragments of rock, will adhere 
to it; and if the bottom be of rock, it brings up an exact 
impression of its surface.”— Darwin: On Coral Beefs (1842), 
ch. i., p. 7. 

D. In composition: Applied to various things used 
in, and for the purpose of, arming. 

arming-buckle, s. 

Her.: A lozenge-shaped buckle. (Gloss, of Her¬ 
aldry.) 

arming-doublet, s. A surcoat. 

“Arming-doublets of carnation satten.”— Masque of the 
Inner Temple (1612). (Halliwell: Contr. to Lexic.) 

arming-points, s. pi. The fastenings keeping 
the several pieces of armor from separating. 

arming-press, s. A press used in bookbinding. 
[Blocking Press.] 

Ar-mln'-I-au, a. & s. [Lat., &c., Armini(us ); 
Eng. suffix -an. In Ger. Arminianer, s.] Pertain¬ 
ing to Arminius, the Latinized form of the surname 
of James Harmensen, a noted Dutch theologian. 
[B.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Arminius or to 
his tenets. 

“The Arminian doctrine, a doctrine less austerely logi¬ 
cal than that of the early Reformers,but more agreeable to 
the popular notions of the divine justice and benevolence, 
spread fast and wide.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

B. As substantive: 

Church Hist.: A follower of Arminius, or in other 
words, of James Harmensen (see etym.), first a 
Dutch minister in Amsterdam, and afterward 
Professor of Theology in Leyden University. The 
views of himself and his followers were summed up 


in five points, which may be briefly stated thus: 1 
That God from all eternity predestinated to eternal 
life those who He foresaw would have permanent 
faith in Christ. 2. That Christ died for all man¬ 
kind, and not simply for the elect. 3. That man 
requires regeneration by the Holy Spirit. 4. That 
man may resist Divine grace. 5. That man may 
fall from Divine grace. This last tenet was at first 
held but doubtfully: ultimately, however, it was 
firmly accepted. Arminius died in the year 1609. 
In 1618 and 1619 the Synod of Dort condemned the 
Arminian doctrines, the civil power, as was the gen¬ 
eral practice of the age, enforcing the decrees of the 
council by pains and penalties. [Remonstrants.] 
Nevertheless the new views spread rapidly. Arch¬ 
bishop Laud introduced them into the Church 
of England; the Wesleyans also are essentially 
Armimans; while the remainder of the English 
Non-conformists and the Presbyterians are mostly 
Calvinists. 


ArmIn-I-anI§m, s. [Eng. Arminian; -ism. 
In Ger. Arminianism .] The distinctive religious 
tenets held by the Arminians. 

“ Laud, Neil, Montagu, and other bishops were all sup¬ 
posed to be tainted with Arminianism.” — Hume: Hist. 
Eng. 

ar-mlp-o-tent, a. & s. [Sp., Port., & Ital. 

armipotente; Lat. armipotens: arma = arms, and 
poteus=powerful, possum=I am able.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Of men: Powerful or mighty in arms; mighty 
in war. 

“ 2 Lord. This is your devoted friend, sir, the manifold 
linguist, and the omnipotent soldier.”— Shakesp.: All’s 
Well that Ends Well, iv. 3. 

2. Of God: Armipotent in arms; specially, as hav¬ 
ing under His absolute command the angelic hosts. 

“ For if our God, the Lord armipotent, 

Those armed angels in our aid down send, 

That were at Dathan to his prophet sent, 

Thou wilt come down with them.”— Fairfax. 

B. As substantive: Either an imaginary divinity 
or the True God. 

“ But if th’ Armipotent, or god of light, 

Obstruct Achilles, or commence the fight.” 

Pope.- Homer’s Iliad, xx. 166-7. 

ar-mls -o-ng,nt, a. [Lat. arma = arms, and 
sonans, pr. par. of sono= to sound.] Having sound¬ 
ing arms, or rustling armor. (Ash.) 

ar-mls -o-nous, a. [Lat. armisonus: arma= 
arms, andsono=to sound.] Having sounding arms 
or rustling armor. (Bailey.) 

ar'-mls-tlge, s. [Fr. armistice; Sp. & Port. 
armisticio; Ital. armistizio; from Lat. arma=arms, 
and sisto=to cause to stand.] A short cessation of 
arms for a certain stipulated time during a war; a 
truce, designed for negotiation or other ends. 

“ Lastly, he required some guarantee that the king 
would not take advantage of the armistice for the purpose 
of introducing a French force into England.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 


“ Now that an armistice has been accepted, and a con¬ 
ference is about to assemble to elaborate, if possible, 
terms of peace . . .’’—Times, November 11, 1876. 

arm’-less, *arm'-les, a. [Eng. arm, and suff. 
-less= without. In Ger. armlos.] Without arms. 

“ And saugh an hond armies, that wroot fast.” 

Chaucer: C. T ., 15,689. 

arm -let, s. [Eng. arm; suffix -let, used as a 
diminutive.] 


1. A small arm. 

2. A bracelet worn on the upper arm as contra¬ 
distinguished from one of the ordinary type encir> 
cling the wrist. Armlets 

are of two kinds. 

(a) Those worn by men 
in Eastern Europe as one 
of the insignia of royal 
power. Kitto thinks that 
the Hebrew etsadah, or 
so-called “bracelet,” 
which the Amalekite 
said he took from the 
arm of the slain Saul, 
was an armlet of this 
symbolic character. “So 
I stood upon him and 
slew him, because I was 
sure that he could not 
live after that he was 
fallen, and I took the 
crown that was upon his 
head, and the bracelet 
that was upon his arm." 

(2. Sam. i. 10.) The same 
Hebrew word, again ren¬ 
dered “bracelet," occurs 
in Numb. xxxi. 50, “We have, therefore, brought 
an oblation for the Lord that every man hath got¬ 
ten of jewels, of gold, chains, and bracelets,” and 
probably with the same meaning. Armlets of this 



Armlets. 


ftte, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
hr. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





armonia 


269 


army 


■nature are still seen on Persian, Hindu, and other 
sovereigns; and in most cases they are studded with 
expensive jewels. 

“ Armlet. Although the word has the same meaning as 
bracelet, yet the latter is practically so exclusively used to 
denote the ornament of the wrist, that it seems proper 
to-distinguish by armlet the similar ornament which is 
worn on the upper arm. There is also this difference be¬ 
tween them, that in the East bracelets are generally worn 
by women, and armlets only by men. The armlet, how¬ 
ever, is in use among men only as one of the insignia of 
sovereign power.”— Kitto: Bib. Cycl., Art. “ Armlet." 

(6) Those worn by women simply for ornament. 

3. Armor for the arm. 

♦ar-mon-f, s. [Harmony.] (Scotch.) 
ar -mor, tar -moQr, *ar-moure, *ar-mure, s. 
[In Fr. armure; O. Fr. arvieure ; Sp. & Port. 
armadura; Ital. & Lat. armatura = equipment, 
outfit, armor; armo=to fit out with implements, to 
equip; arma= implements, arms.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: Defensive arms; a covering designed to 
protect the body, especially in war, from being in¬ 
jured by any weapon the foe could use. In the author¬ 
ized version of the Bible it is frequently mentioned 
under its appropriate name (1 Sam. xvii. 54 ; 1 Kings 
xxii. 38, &c.), and several times under the name 
harness, which was a term for armor common dur¬ 
ing the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (1 Kings 
xx. 11; xxii. 34; 2 Chron. ix. 24). [Harness.] The 
heroes of the Trojan war are described by Homer as 
wearing it. It was in use among the other nations 
of antiquity, but it was not till the age of chivalry 
that it reached its full development. From the list 
of pieces of armor enumerated in the subjoined ex¬ 
ample, quoted by Naresfrom Warner, it can be well 
understood that a knight “in compleat armor” 
was too well protected to be in much danger from 
a foe, and too unwieldy to put that foe in much 
danger. Mail armor was in use from 1066 to 1300. It 
was tegulated, consisting of little imbricated plates 
sewn upon a hauberk without sleeves or hood; 
ringed or chain l consisting of interlocking rings; 
gamboised, consisting of padded work stitched; 
scaled, of small circular plates like fish scales. 
Mixed armor to 1410, chain and plate. Plate armor 
to 1600, composed of large plates, and entirely 
enclosing the body. Half armor to eighteenth 
century, consisting of helmet and body armor only. 

2. The metal protection given to warships, usually 
consisting of plates of supercarbonized steel or 
nickel steel, sometimes lined with cellulose to pre¬ 
vent leakage through shot-holes. [Cellulose, 
Habveyized Armor, Kruppized Armor.] 

“One of the most important inventions of the age is 
that by which armor can be hardened and made more 
powerful against the attack of either shot or shell. The 
process was invented by a Mr. Harvey, and consists in 
supercarbonizing the face of the armor plate to a depth 
of an inch or more, as choice may determine. Nickel, in 
prescribed portions, adds materially to the toughness of 
the steel. This, too, is a modern element in armor ."— 
II. O. Skerrett, in Chicago Times-Herald, May 8, 1898. 

2. Fig.: Anything designed and fitted to prove a 
defense against spiritual enemies. 

IT The “ armor of light" (Rom. xiii. 12), opposed 
to “ the works of darkness,” would seem to he holy 
deeds. “The armor of righteousness ” (2 Cor. vi. 7), 
as the name implies, is righteousness, justice. The 
“ armor of God ” (Eph. vi. 11, 13) is described at 
length in verses 13 to 20. 

B. Technically : 

1. Eng. Law: The Statutes of Armor, repealed in 
the reign of King James I., were ancient enactments 
requiring every one, according to his rank and 
estate, to provide a determinate quantity of the 
weapons then in use, that if required he might aid 
in the defense of his country against domestic com¬ 
motion or foreign invasion. ( Blackstone’s Com¬ 
ment., bk. i., ch. 13.) Embezzling or destroying the 
king’s armor or warlike stores was, by 31 Eliz., c. 4, 
felony. (Ibid., iv. 101,102.) 

2. Her. Coat-armor: The same as Coat of Arms. 
£Arms. J 

3. Magnetism: The “ armor ” of a magnet is the 
same as its armature (q. v.). 

armor-plate, s. Metal plates for the protection 
of warships. The most improved form of armor- 
plate is made of Kruppized steel, capable of infin¬ 
itely greater resistance than any other substance 
known. [Armor, A. 2, Kruppized Armor.] 

ar-mor-a -gi-a, 8. [Lat- armoracia, armoracea, 
armaracium; Gr. armorakia= horse-radish; from 
Armorica, the Latin name of Brittany, where it was 
said to grow abundantly.] Horse-radish or Water- 
radish. A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Brassicacese, or Crucifers. It contains the A. cam- 
phobia, or Great Water-radish, and the A. rusticana, 
or Common Horse-radish, both native to America. 
The former has yellow flowers, and the latter white. 


ar'-m5r-bear-er, S. [Eng. armor; bearer .] One 
who carries the weapons of war belonging to 
another. 

“ Then he called hastily unto the young man his 
armor-bearer, and said unto him, Draw thy sword, and 
slay me, . . .”— Judg. ix. 54. 

ar'-mored, a. 

1. Armor-plated. 

2. Equipped with arms or armor. 

Armored train: A train of armor-plated cars, 
usually equipped with rapid-fire guns and loop- 
holed for riflemen. Armored trains were first used 
by the British in South Africa (1899-1902). 

ar -mor-er, *ar -mer-er, *ar -miir-er, s. [Eng. 

armor; -er. In Fr. armurier .] 

1. One who dresses another in armor. 

“The armorers, accomplishing the knights, 

With busy hammers closing rivets up, 

Give dreadful note of preparation.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv., Chorus. 

2. One who manufactures or repairs armor and 
weapons. 

“This let the armorer with speed dispose ; 

Last time it more fatigued my arm than foes.” 

Byron: Corsair, i. 7. 

ar-mb r-I-al. a.&s. [Fr .armorial, from armoires 
=arms, coats of arms; Lat. armarium=a place for 
tools; hence a chest for clothing, money, &c.; arma 
= tools, implements.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to heraldic 
arms. 

“Ancient Armorial Quarterings.”— Nichols: Herald and 
Genealogist, vol. viii., p. 247. 

2. As substantive: A book containing coats of 
arms. Thus the phrases occur, “ the French armor¬ 
ial, the Spanish armorial ,” &c. 

Ar-mor-ic, a. & s. [Lat. Armoricus. From Ar¬ 
morica, said to be derived from two old Gallic 
words, ar (Gallic air) =upon, and mor (Lat. mare) 
= the sea.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Armorica, the 
western part of the country between the Seine and 
the Loire. It was inhabited in Ceesar’s time by a 
confederacy of tribes called the Armorican League. 
He made war against them and subdued them. 
Long afterward it received the name of Bretagne, 
in English Brittany, from being inhabited by the 
Britons. Now it is divided into several French de¬ 
partments. 

B. As substantive: The language of Armorica. It 
is called by the French Bas Breton. It belongs to 
the Celtic family, and is akin to the Welsh and the 
extinct Cornish. (In the etymologies of this Dic¬ 
tionary it is cited as Arm.) 

Ar-mor -Ic-aQ, a. & s. [Eng., &c., Armoric; -an. 
In Ger. Armorikaner.\ 

A. As adj.: The same as Armoric, adj. (q. v.). 

B. As subst.: A person born in Armorica. 

ar-mor-Ist, ar -mour-ist, s. [Fr. armoriste.] 

One well acquainted with coats of arms; one skilled 
in heraldry. (Bailey.) 

ar-mor-plated, a. Covered with metal plates 
for defense, as an armor-plated ship of war. 

ar-mor-jf, s. [O. Eng. armure; -y. In O. Fr. 
armaire, armarie, armoirie (in Mod. Fr. armoiries 
is=coats .of arms); Prov. armari; Sp. armeira. 
From Lat. armarium= a place for tools, a chest for 
clothes; arma=tools, implements, arms.] 

A. From Eng. armor, in the sense of a coat of 
arms: 

1. Coat armor; coats of arms. 

2. Skill in heraldry. 

B. From Eng. armor, in its ordinary sense : 

1. Defensive armor; also offensive weapons, or 
both taken together. 

2. A place for keeping weapons; a magazine in 
which all kinds of weapons are deposited and main¬ 
tained in good order till they are required. (Lit. dt 
fig.) 

3. (. Occasionally.) A place where arms are manu¬ 
factured. 

ar-mo-zeen, ar-mo-zine, s. [Fr. armosin, 
armoisin. Corrupted from Ormuz or Hormuz, an 
island in the Persian Gulf.] A thick plain silk, 
generally black, used for clerical robes. (Good¬ 
rich & Porter.) 

arm -pit, s. [Eng. arm; pit.) The pit or hollow 
under the arm where it is joined to the body. The 
axilla. 

“. . . up to their armpits in water.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvi. 

arm§ (1) s. pi. The plural of Arm (1) (q. v.). 

arm§ (2) s. pi. [In Gael, armachd (sing.) = 
armor, arms; Fr. armes, pi. of arme; Prov., Sp., & 
Port, armas (pi.); Ital. arme (sing.); from Lat. 
arma (pl.)=implements, especially of war, notably 
a shield. Probably from root ar= to fit or join.] 
[Art.] 


A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Weapons offensive or defensive: 

“. . . hid their arms behind wainscots or in hay¬ 
stacks.”— Macaulay: Hist Eng., ch. xv. 

TT War is so exciting, that when it breaks out it 
powerfully attracts the attention of the general 
public in every country ; hence a number of phrases, 
at first purely military, now occur in ordinary Eng¬ 
lish authors. [For these see B. 1.1 

2. War, a state of hostility; the act of taking 
arms. [B.] 

B. Technically: 

I. Mil.: In the same sense as A. 1. Military arms 
are of two kinds: arms of offense, or offensive arms, 
and arms of defense, or defensive arms. Under the 
first category are rifles, pistols, muskets, cannons, 
swords, bayonets, &c.; and under the latter, shields 
helmets, cuirasses, greaves, or any similar defense, 
for the person. Of offensive weapons, those in 
which flame is generated are called, fire-arms. 

Arms of parade or courtesy: Those used in 
ancient tournaments. They were unshod lances; 
edgeless and pointless swords, some of which, more¬ 
over, were of wood; and, finally, even canes. 
(James: Mil. Diet.) 

Bells of arms, or Bell-tents: Bell-formed tents, 
formerly for the reception of arms, now for men 
also, when an army is in the field. 

In arms: The state of having assumed weapons 
and commenced war or rebeHion. 

“Roseup in amis, conquered, ruled.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. iii. 

Pass of arms: A kind of combat in which, in 
mediaeval times, one or more cavaliers undertook 
to defend a pass against all attacks. (James.) 

Passage of arms : 

(a) Lit.: A combat in which the armed opponents 
exchange blows or thrusts with each other. 

(b) Fig.: A controversial encounter with the pen 
or some similar weapon. 

Place of arms (Fort.): A part of the covered way 
opposite to the re-entering angle of the counter¬ 
scarp, projecting outward in an angle. (James.) 

Small arms: Those which can be carried in the 
hand, as muskets, swords, &c., in place of requiring 
wheel-carriages for their transportation. 

Stand of arms: A complete set of arms for one 
soldier, as a rifle and bayonet. 

To appeal to arms: To put a dispute to the 
arbitrament of war. 

“The House of Austria, indeed, had appealed to arms." 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

To arms: An exhortation or command to assume 
weapons and commence rebellion or active warfare. 

“ And seas, and rocks, and skies rebound, 

To arms, to artns, to arms !”— Pope. 

To take arms: To assume weapons and commence 
war or rebellion. 

“Many lords and gentlemen, who had, in December, 
taken arms for the Prince of Orange and a free Parlia¬ 
ment, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

Under arms: In the state of having one’s weap¬ 
ons borne on one’s person, or otherwise ready for 
immediate use. 

“ The trainbands were ordered under arms." — Macaulay. 
Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

II. Law: Anything which one takes in his hand 
in anger to strike another with or throw at him. 
Pistols and swords are, of course, arms in the legal 
sense, but so also are stones and sticks. 

III. Heraldry. Armorial bearings: In the days 
when knights were so encased in armor that no 
means of identifying them was left, the practice 
was introduced of painting their insignia of honor 
on their shield, as an easy method of distinguishing 
them. For a time these were granted only to indi¬ 
viduals, but Richard I., during his crusade to 
Palestine, made them hereditary. The reason why 
they are called coats of arms is that they used to be 
introduced on thejsurcoat of their possessor, but 
the term once introduced was afterward retained 
even when they were displayed elsewhere than on 
the coat. These are usually divided into (1) public, 
as those of kingdoms, provinces, bishoprics, corpo¬ 
rate bodies, &c.; and (2) private, being those of 
private families. These again are separated into 
many subdivisions, founded mainly on the varied 
methods by which arms can be acquired. [Assump¬ 
tion, Canting, Dominion, Feudal, &c.] 

IV. Falconry: The legs of a hawk from the 
thigh to the foot. 

V. Bot.: The same as Armature or Armor (q.^.). 

*ar -miire, s. [Armor.] 

ar-my, *ar-mee, s. [In Sw., Dan., & Ger. 

armee; Gael, armailt; Irish arbhar, armhar; Fr. 
arm&e, all meaning an army; Prov., Sp., & Port, 
armada =a naval armament; Ital. armata— an 
army; from Lat. armatus (masc.), armata (fem.) = 
armed, pa. par. of armo.j [Arm, v. t., Armada, 
Arms.] 


b<511, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian. -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



army-worm 

1. Lit. (Ord. Lang. & Milit.): A body of men, 
enlisted, brought together, drilled and armed for 
warfare. . , , 

The American army was limited by an Act of 
Congress of 1870 to 25,000 men; composed of ten regi¬ 
ments of cavalry, twenty-five of infantry, and 
five of artillery. The army is raised entirely by 
voluntary enlistment. The Military Academy at 
West Point furnishes the finest and most complete 
military education. The course spreads over four 
years and covers the whole area of military in¬ 
struction. A few regiments act as a reserve to the 
civil power in large cities, the rest are scattered in 
small posts along the frontiers or in Indian dis¬ 
tricts. The United States territory is divided into 
ten departments, which are grouped into four mili¬ 
tary divisions: 1. The South, comprising the South 
and Texas. 2. The division of Missouri, compris¬ 
ing the departments of Dakota, the Platte and 
Missouri. 3. The Pacific, comprising Columbia, 
California, and Arizona. 4. The East, comprising 
the departments of the East, and the Lakes. 
The President of the United States is commander- 
in-chief of the army and militia. Congress has 
power to raise, support, and control their govern¬ 
ment. The Articles of War enacted in 1806, and 
based on the English form, are practically the gov¬ 
erning principles of the American army. 

The three chief arms of the British are Infantry, 
Cavalry and Artillery; all other branches, such as 
Engineers, the Commissariat, Transport, Police, 
Postal, Medical, and Chaplains’ departments being 
auxiliary. The officers of the British army consist 
of field-marshals, generals, lieutenant-generals, 
major-generals, colonels, lieutenant-colonels, ma¬ 
jors, captains, and lieutenants. 

(a) A blockading army is one engaged in block¬ 
ading or investing a place. [Blockade.] (James.) 

(b ) A covering army is one guarding the ap¬ 
proaches to a place. [Cover, v.] (Ibid.) 

(c) A. flying army is one continually in motion, 

both to cover its own garrisons and alarm the 
enemy. (Ibid.) t . 

(d) An army of observation is one m a forward 
position engaged in watching the enemy. (Ibid.) 

(e) An army of reserve is one not itself at the mo¬ 
ment engaged in fighting, but all ready to furnish 
men to another army which is so, or, if need arise, 
to go en masse to its assistance. (Ibid.) 

(f) A standing army is an army so embodied that 
it continues from year to year without requiring 
for its perpetuation an annual vote of Congress. 

2. Fig. (Ord. Lang.): A great number, a mighty 
host, though not embodied for war. 

" . . . he doeth according to his will in the army of 
heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth.”— 
Dan. ir. 85. 

army-corps, s. A corps which is complete in 
itself as an army, furnished with everything neces¬ 
sary for service, usually embracing several divi¬ 
sions and commanded by a general officer of higher 
rank than a divisional commander, 
army-list, s. A list of officers of the army. 

army-worm, s- The larvae of a species of moth 
(Leucania unipunctata) , which appears in great 
numbers and devastates crops, etc. It moves like 
a destroying army over vast regions devouring all 
vegetation in its path; hence its name. 

*arn, *orn, *ourne, v. t. [A. S. am- ran, pret. 
of yrnan= to run.] 

1. To run. 

“ Tlio arnd vorth the noble knygt Koberd Courtchese.” 

Robert Gloucester, vol. ii., p. 397. 

2. To run in the sense of flowing; to flow. 

“Wepynde hii armed hem the teres ourne adeun.” 

Robert Gloucester, vol. ii., p. 405. 

“ . . . that blod om to ground.”— Ibid., p. 419. 
*arn (1), s. [A. S. earn= an eagle.] An eagle. 

“ John was sothlist his felans, 

For thi to the am lickest es he.” 

MS. Cott., Vesp., A. iii., f. 74. (Boucher.) 
*arn (2), s. [Wei. uern guernen; Arm. vern 
quern; Ger. erlen-baum; Fr. aulne; Lat. alnus) 
[Alnus.] The elder. 

“Ream is evidently derived from the am or alder tree, 
in Gaelic fearna.” — Statist. Account, Ross, iv. 288. (Jam¬ 
ieson. ) 

ar-nat -to, s. [Arnotto.] 

*arn -dern, s. [Undern.] 

“When the sad arndem shutting in the light.” 

Drayton: Owl, p. 1,318. 

Ar’-neb, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A fixed star 
of 314 magnitude, called also Alj>ha Leporis. 
*ar-nede, s. [Errand.] 

*ar'-ne-ment, s. [A corruption of Lat. atramen- 
tum =any black liquid, . . . ink; ater=black.] 
Ink. 

“ As blak as ani nrnement.” 

Sevyn Sages, 2,276. (Boucher.) 



270 

*ar-nest, a. [Earnest.] 

*ar’-nest, s. [Earnest.] 

ar’-nl-ca, s. [Corrupted from Ptarmica .] [Ach¬ 
illea.] 

1. A genus 
of plants be¬ 
longing to the 
order Astera- 
cese, or Com¬ 
posites. 

2. The Eng¬ 

lish name of 
plants belong- 
ing to the 
a b o v e-m e n- 
tioned genus, 
and specially 
of the A. mon¬ 
tan a, the 
Mountain Ar¬ 
nica, or Ger- 
m a n Leop- 
ard’s-bane. It 
is common in 
the alpine Arnica Montana: Root and Flowers, 
parts of Ger- . 

many, Sweden, Lapland and Switzerland. It is 
a perennial, of a slightly fetid odor, and a bitterish 
acrid taste. Given in large quantities it produces 
deleterious effects, but the powdered leaves, in 
moderate doses of five to ten grains, have been 
found serviceable in paralysis, convulsions, amau¬ 
rosis, chlorosis, gout and rheumatism. (Castle: 
Lexic. Pharmaceut., 2d ed.) As an outward appli¬ 
cation, arnica is in constant use as a remedy for 
sores, wounds, bruises, and ailments of a similar 
kind. Its use in all such cases has very largely 
increased in later years. Surgeons, and especially 
army-surgeons, set great store by it. It is also 
employed as an internal medicine. 

ar’-nl-$ine, s. [Arnica.] A bitter principle 
contained in the flowers of the Arnica montana. 
[Arnica.] 

Ar’-nold-Ist, s. [From the Arnold mentioned 
below.] 

Ch. Hist.: A follower of Arnold of Brescia, who, 
in the twelfth century, when the papal power was 
at its maximum, opposed the Pope’s temporal 
authority, and proposed that the Church should be 
disendowed and left for its support to the free-will 
offerings of the people. For advocating these views 
he was strangled to death at Rome in the year 1155, 
and to prevent the people paying veneration to his 
remains his corpse was burned and the ashes thrown 
into the Tiber. All the more on account of his 
cruel fate, his name was enshrined in the affections 
of many, and the Arnoldists from time to time gave 
trouble to the Papacy. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, 
xii., pt. ii., ch. 5, § 10.) 

tar -not, far'-nut, s. [Earth-nut.] 
ar-not-to, ar-nat’-to, an-not -to, an-not-ta, 
a-nat to, s. [Contracted from its Portuguese 
name Vejo-seanata (?).] 

1. Comm.: The waxy-looking pulp which envelops 
the seeds in the arnotto-tree. This is detached by 
throwing the seed into wator ; after which it is dried 
partially, and made up first into soft pellets, rolled 
in leaves, in which state it is called flag or roll ar¬ 
notto. Afterward, becoming quite dry, it is formed 
into cakes, and becomes cake arnotto. The South 
American Indians color their bodies red with it; 
farmers here and elsewhere use it to stain cheese; 
in Holland the Dutch employ it to color butter; the 
Spaniards put it in their chocolate and soups; dyers 
use it to produce a reddish color, and varnish 
makers, to impart an orange tint to some varnishes. 
As a medicine it is slightly purgative and stomachic. 

If This substance is very frequently adulterated. 
Previous to the passing of the Adulteration Act it 
was found almost impossible to obtain a pure sam¬ 
ple, the adulterants being flour, rye meal, turmeric, 
chalk, gypsum, Venetian red, and, in some cases, 
red lead; this last substance being a poison. At the 
present time the only adulterants used are flour, 
turmeric, and small quantities of either chalk or 
gypsum. Pure arnotto should not contain more 
than six per cent, of ash. Adulterated samples con¬ 
tain as much as twenty or even thirty per cent. The 
organic adulterants are easily detected by the 
microscope. 

“ Arnotto dyeth of itself an orange-color, is used with 
pot-ashes upon silk, linen, and cottons, but not upon 
cloth, as being not apt to penetrate into a thick sub¬ 
stance.”— Sir W. Petty, in Sprat’s Hist, of the Royal Soci¬ 
ety, p. 299. 

“ Arnatto is mixed up by the Spanish Americans with 
their chocolate, to which it gives, in their opinion, an 
elegant tincture and great medicinal virtue. They sup¬ 
pose that it strengthens the stomach, 6tops fluxes, and 
abates febrile symptoms; but its principal consumption 
is among painters and dyers. It is sometimes used by 
the Dutch farmers to give a richness of color to their but¬ 
ter; and very small quantities of it are said to be applied 
in the same manner in the English dairies.”— Guthrie: 
Geography. 


aroph 

2 Bot. • The Arnotto-tree, the Bixa oreViana of 
Linnaeus j has a five-dentate calyx, ten petals, many 
hypogynous stamina, and a two-valved hispid cap¬ 
sule. It is from twenty to thirty feet in height, and 
grows in tropical America. [Bixa.] It is the type 
of the old order Bixaceae, now more generally called 
Flacourtiaceee (*q. v.). 
far'-nut, s. [Earth-nut.] 

gt-rdi’-de-se, s. pi. [Lat. arum (q. v.), and Grv 
eidos^ appearance.] An order of endogenous plants, 
the same as Araceai (q. v.). 

*a-rdi nt, *a-r<5y nt, *a-ron'-^t, interj. or imper. 
of verb. [Provincial Eng. of Cheshire rynt, runt, 
applied, according to Ray, to witches, as in the 
proverb—“ Rynt yon, witch, quoth Bessie Locket to 
her mother;’’ but the expression is more commonly 
addressed to a cow by a milkmaid, when she wishes 
the animal to move out of the place it occupies. 
(Boucher.) 

IT A word used apparently as a standard formula 
for exorcising witches. It seems to have meant, 
“ Avaunt thee! be gone, be off I ” In English liter¬ 
ature it is hardly found elsewhere than in Shake¬ 
speare. 

“And aroint thee, witch ! aroint thee.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, iii. 4. 

“‘Aroint thee, witch !’ the rump-fed ronyon cries.” 

Ibid.: Macbeth, i. 3. 

?L-ro -ma, fa-ro’-mat, «■ [In Fr. arome, aro- 
mate; Ger., Sp., Port., & Lat. aroma; Gr. aroma= 
a spice. This, according to Pott, is from Sansc. 
ghr&= to smell; but according to Max Muller, is from 
the Aryan root ar— to plow, and r=to go.] The 
quality of fragrance in a plant, in a spice, or in any¬ 
thing else. 

“Suffered no waste nor loss, though filling the air 
with aroma." — Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. ii., 5. 

“ Oristes body noble hope of liue to byde. 

In oynt he was wyt aromat holi writ to fulle.” 

Horce de Cruce (ed. Morris), 81, 32. 

ar-o-mat’-ic, *ar-o-mat-Ick, a. & s. [In Fr. 
aromatique; Sp., Port., & Ital. aromatico; Lat. 
aromaticus; Gr. aromatikos.) [Aroma.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language : Pertaining or relating to 
an aroma; fragrant, sweet-smelling, odoriferous, 
spicy. 

“ Her sweetest flowers, her aromatic gums.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. it. 

** Of cinnamon and sandal blent, 

Like the soft aromatic gales 
That meet the mariner, who sails 
Through the Moluccas, and the seas 
That wash the shores of Celebes.” 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; Prelude. 

II. Technically: 

1. Chem. Aromatic acids: Acids whose radical 
has the form C p H 2 n —sOp, as the benzoic, the toluic, 
and the cummic or cumic. There are also A romatic 
alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and ketones. 

2. Pharm. Aromatic Mixture of Iron, and Aro¬ 
matic Powder of Chalk, with and without opium, 
are described in Garrod s Materia Medica. 

B. As substantive: A plant or a substance which 
exhales a fragrant odor, conjoined in general with- 
a warm pungent taste. 

(Plur.) : Aromatics, spices. 

“ They were furnished for exchange of their aromatics 
and other proper commodities.”— Raleigh. 

ar-o-mat'-Ic-al, a. [Eng. aromatic; -al .] The 
same as Aromatic (q. v.). (W. Browne.) 

ar-o-mat-I-za’-tion, s. [Fr. aromatisation.'] 
The act of scenting or rendering sweet-smelling or 
fragrant; the state of being so scented. (Holland.) 

a-r5-ma-tlze, v.t. [In Fr .aromatiser; Sp. &. 
Port, aromatizer; Ital. aromatizzare ; Lat. aroma- 
tizo, v. i.; Gr. aromatizo, v. t. & i.] To render 
aromatic, odoriferous, or fragrant; to perfume, to 
scent. (Thompson.) 

gL-ro-ma ti zed, pa. par. [Aromatize.] 
a ro-ma-tl'z-er, s. [Eng. aromatize; -er.] That 
which renders any person or thing aromatic; that 
which imparts fragrance. 

“ Of other strewings, and aromatizers, to enrich our 
Ballets, we have already spoken.” — Evelyn. 

gt-ro-ma-tl z-mg, pa. par. [Aromatize.] 

9,-ro -mgi-tous, a. [Lat. aromatis, genit. sing, of 
aroma, and Eng. suffix -ows.] Full of fragrance, 
impregnated with a fine odor. [Aromatic.] 
(Smart.) 1 

*ar -oph, s. [A contraction of aroma philo- 
sophorum , the philosopher’s aroma.] A name given 
to saffron. 

*A. Paracelsi: A name given to a kind of chemical 
flowers resembling the Ens Veneris, prepared by 
sublimation from equal quantities of lapis harm a 
tites and sal ammoniac. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





arore 


271 


arraignment 


•fc-ro re, adv. [O. Eng. a=on; rore— roar (q. v.).] 
In a rush. 

“ With a stynch gurd out arore, 

A1 the payne hit passid be-fore.” 

The XI. Pains of Hell, xiv. (ed. Morris), 180, 181. 

8,-rQ §e, *A~ro'§, v. The preterite of the verb 
Arise (q. v.). 

“. . . and she arose and ministered unto them.”— 
Matt. viii. 15. 

“Vor oure lhord aros uram dyathe to lyue than zon- 
day.” Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 7. 

*3,-roH m, adv. [A. S. geroum: as subst.—room; 
as acy.=roomy.] [Room.] Far apart. 

“ He saih him-self that harde stour, 

Whon godes Armus weore rent aroum .” 

Dispute between Mary and the Cros (ed. Morris). 

A-round, *A-rbwnd, prep. & adv. [Eng. a (in* 
tensive=all ?), and round (q. v.).] 

A. As preposition: 

1. Surrounding, encompassing; everywhere about, 
on all sides of. 

“ Or rather, as we stand on holy earth, 

And have the dead around us, . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

2. More vaguely : From place to place. 

B. As adverb: All round; in a circle, in a manner 
to surround. 

“ Tho, wrapping up her wrethed sterne around, 

Lept fierce upon his shield, . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 18. 

“ For all around, without, and all within, 

Nothing save what delightful was and kind.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 1. 

A-rou TA, s. [Lat. arura; Gr. aroura; from Lat. 
uro; Gr. aroo=to plow, to till.] 

1. Corn-land, a cornfield. [Arura.] 

2. A Grecian measure of superficial extent, a 
quarter of a plethron, and containing one and a-half 
hektoi. Porter makes it equivalent to 9 poles. 
107'37833 square feet. 

A-rou §e, v. t. [Obviously akin to rouse , which 
Mahn considers a secondary form of raise. Rich¬ 
ardson also derives arouse from arose, the pret. of 
arise. But it seems more closely connected with 
A. S. arcesan= to rush; Sw. rusa; Ger. rauschen, 
aurauschen— to rush, to rustle, to roar, to make 
drunk (rausc/i=drunkenness) ; Dan. rwws=drunken- 
ness; Dut. ruischen= to murmur, purl, whistle, roar; 
razen= to make a great noise, to storm, to rave; 
razend= raving mad. Essential meaning, appar¬ 
ently, to stir up, as a drunkard or a madman is 
excited to make an uproar. 

1. Gen.: To excite, to stimulate any person, any 
passion, &c., at rest or torpid, into a state of ac¬ 
tivity. 

“ But absent, what fantastic woes arous’d 

Rage in each thought, by restless musing fed, 

Chill the warm cheek, and blast the bloom of life.” 

Thomson: Spring, 1,004. 

‘‘We see how easily national jealousies may be aroused.” 
— Times, Nov. 16, 1877. 

2. Spec. : To awake a person from sleep. 

“And now loud-howling wolves arouse the jades, 

That drag the tragic melancholy night.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., iv. l. 

A-rou §ed, pa. par. [Arouse.] 

A-rou'§-Ing, pr. par. [Arouse.] 

A-ro w, adv. [Eng. a— on, in, and roiv.~\ In a 
row; one after the other. 

“ My master and his man are both broke loose, 
Beaten the maids avow, and bound the doctor.” 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, v. i. 

“But with a pace more sober and more slow, 

And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow.” 

Dryden. 

*A-rdy nt, interj. or imper. of verb. [Aboint.] 

ar-peg'-gi-O, s. [Ital.=harping; arpeagiare- to 
play upon the harp ; arpa, arpe—& harp.] 

Music. Of keyed instruments: Playing after the 



Sometimes written 



manner of the harp, that is, striking the notes in 
rapid succession in place of simultaneously. 

“The funeral song . . . was sung in recitative over 

his grave by a racaraide, or rhapsodist, who occasionally 
sustained his voice with arpeggios swept over the strings 
of the harp ’’—Walker: Hist. Mem. of the Irish Bards, p. 17. 


ar -pent, ar-pen, s. [Fr. arpent; Norm. Fr. 
arpent, arpen; Prov. arpen , aripin; O. Sp. ara- 
pende; Low Lat., from Domesday Book, arpennus, 
arpendus: Glass. Lat. arepennis, arapennis (said to 
be of Gaelic origin), equal, according to Columella, 
to a Roman semijugerum, i. e., half an acre of 
ground.] [Arpentator.] An obsolete French meas¬ 
ure of land, varying in amount in different parts of 
the country. The standard arpent was that of 
Paris, which contained 100 square perches (about 
five-sixths of an American acre). 

ar-pen-ta-tor, s. [Anglicized from O. Fr. 
arpenteur=& measurer of land, from arpenter—to 
measure land.] [Aepent.] A land surveyor. 
( Bouvier.) 

ar-qua-ted, a. [Lat. arquatus, from arquus, 
an old way of writing arcus.] Bent like a Dow, 
curved. ( E. James.) 

ar-que-biis-ade, s. & a. [Fr. arquebusade. In 
Port, arcabuzada. ] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The discharge from an arquebuse. 

2. The name of an “ aqua ” (water), formerly used 
as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds, whence its name 
of arquebusade. It was prepared from numerous 
aromatic plants, as thyme, balm, and rosemary. It 
was called also Aqua vulneraria, A. sclopetaria, 
and A. catapultum. {Parr: Med. Diet., i. 165,166, 
181.) 

B. As adjective: Pertaining or consisting of the 
“ water ” described under A. 2. 

“You will find a letter from my sister to thank you for 
the arquebusade water which you sent her.”— Chesterfield. 

ar'-que-buse, ar-que-buss, *har-que-buse, 
s. [Fr. arquebuse; O. Fr. harquebus; Sp. & Port. 
arcabuz; Ital. archibuso; Dut. haakbus, from haak 
=hook, and bus=box, urn, barrel of a gun. This is 
preferable to the old view, to which PlanchA adheres, 
that arquebus is Fr. arc-h-bouche or arc-h-bousa— 
bow with a mouth or aperture or opening.] An old 



Arquebuse. 


hand-gun, longer than a musket, and of larger cali¬ 
ber, supported on a rest by a hook of iron fastened 
to the barrel. It was an improvement on the old 
hand-gun, which was without a lock. Henry VII., 
in establishing the yeomen of the guard in 1485, 
armed half of them with arquebuses, while the 
weapons of the other half were bows and arrows. 
{James: Mil. Diet. Planchi.: Costume, <£c.) 

"A harquebuse, or ordnance, will be farther heard from 
the mouth of the piece than backward or on the sides.”— 
Bacon. 

“Each arm’d, as best becomes a man, 

With arquebuse and'ataghan.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

ar-que-bus-I-er, *har-que-bus-sl-er. s. [Fr. 
arquebusier. In Dan. arquebuseer; Port, area - 
buzeiro .] A soldier whose offensive weapon is an 
arquebuse. 

“He compassed them in with fifteen thousand arque- 
busiers, whom he had brought with him well appointed.” 
—Knolles. 

“ . . . the appearance and equipment of the harque- 
bussiers.” — Planche: Brit. Costume (1847), p. 284. 

ar’-quer-Ite, s. [From the mines of Arquero, 
in Coquimbo, a department of Chili, where it 
abounds.] According to the British Museum Cat¬ 
alogue, a variety of Amalgam; but Dana makes it a 
distinct species, which he places between amalgam 
and gold amalgam. In appearance it resembles 
native silver, and is composed of about 86'5 of sil¬ 
ver, and 13'5 of mercury. Its sp. gr. is 10'8. 

ar'-qul-foux (oux as fl), s. [Fr.] 

Comm.: An ore of lead used by potters to give a 
green varnish to the articles which they manufac¬ 
ture. {McCulloch.) 

*ar -rA, s. [Aeeha.] 

ar-rA-ca'-QhA, s. [From the South American 
Indian name of various tuberous plants.] 

1. A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Apiaceee, or Umbellifers. A. esculenta is cultivated 
for the sake of its root in the elevated portions of 
equinoctial America. 

2. A species of Wood Sorrel {Oxalis crenata). 
( Treas. of Bot.) 

*ar -rA9e, v. t. [Aeace.] The Scotch form of 
the Eng. Aeace (q. v.). 

ar-rach {ch guttural), s. [Oeache.] 
ar-rack, ar-rac, ar’-ack, ar'-ac, track, s. 
[In Sw. & Fr. arack and rack; Dan. & Dut. arak; 
Ger. arrack and rack; Turk, raki; Mahratta arka — 
distilled spirit, the sun; Hind, araq-sharab ; Arab. 


araq={ 1) perspiration, (2) juice, sap, (3) spirituous 
liquor; araqa. ] A term used, in the countries to 
which the Arabs have penetrated^ for distilled 
spirits. In India, where the word is continually 
used by Anglo-Indians and others, arrack is made 
by double distillation chiefly from “todi” or 
“toddy,” a sweet juice derived from the unex¬ 
panded flowers of various palm-trees, and notably 
of the cocoanut( Cocos nucifera). [Cocos, Toddy.] 
It is manufactured also from the succulent flowers 
of the Bassia genus of trees [Bassia], from rice, 
and from other vegetable products. Liberty to sell 
it in the several districts of India is farmed out to 
native contractors at a stipulated sum, notwith¬ 
standing which it is obtainable at a very cheap rate, 
which leads to a good deal of drunkenness both 
among European soldiers in the East and the low 
caste natives of India. The beverage arrack may 
be imitated by dissolving forty grains of flowers of 
benjamin in a quart of rum. Dr. Kitchiner calls 
this “ Vauxhall nectar.” 

“ I send this to be better known for choice of china, tea, 
arrack, and other Indian goods.”— Spectator. 

arrack-punch, s. Punch made of arrack. 

“They treated me with port wine and arrack-punch 
. . .” — Graves: Recollection of Shenstone, p. 16. 

tar-rag'-on-Ite, s. [Aragonite.] 

*ar-raied, pa. par. [Aerated.] 

ar-ra'ign {g silent), v. t. [O. Fr. arraigner 
aragnier, aregnier, aregnir, aranier, areisnier, ares- 
ner, araisnier, areisoner, araisoner, arraisonner; 
Prov. arrazonar; Low Lat .arrainare, arraizonare, 
arrationare= to address, to call before a court, to 
require a prisoner to make pleadings: ad=to, and 
rationo= to speak: Low Lat. rationes— pleadings, 
plural of Class. Lat. ratio— the mode or art of 
thinking.] 

1. Law. Of persons: To summon a prisoner to the 
bar of a court to answer a matter charged against 
him in an indictment. On being thus called he is 
required to respond to his name, or in some other 
way signify that he is the person whose presence is 
required. Then the indictment is distinctly read 
over to him in the vernacular tongue, after which 
he is asked whether or not he is guilty. He may 
stand mute, or confess the fact alleged, or plead to 
the indictment. {Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., 
ch. 25.) 

“When, the time was come, they were brought before 
their enemies, and arraigned.” — Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s 
Progress, pt. i. 

II. Ordinary Language: 

*1. The same as Arrange. (Apparently an erro¬ 
neous meaning founded on a wrong etymology of 
arraign.) 

‘‘Arraign, is to put a thing in order or in its due Place; 
also to Indict and put a prisoner on his Trial.”— Glossog. 
Nova, 2d ed. (1719). 

2. To bring an accusation against, to complain of, 
to find fault with, to denounce; to stigmatize per¬ 
sons, actions, arrangements, or institutions. 

“. . . had been an accomplice in some of the mis¬ 
deeds which he now arraigned with great force of reason¬ 
ing and eloquence.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

‘Wild she arraigns the eternal doom, 

Upbraids each sacred power.” 

Scott: William and Helen, 22. 

Ar-ra'ign {g silent), s. [Abraign, v.] Arraign¬ 
ment. 

Ar-ra igned, *a-re'gn-j?d {g silent), pa. par. & 
a. [Arraign, v .] 

Ar-ra ign-er {g silent), s. [Eng. arraign; -er.j 
One who arraigns. 

Ar-ra ign-ing {g silent), pr. par. [Arraign, v.] 

Ar-ra ign-ment, *Ar-raigne-ment, *ar-re ign- 
ment [g silent), s. [Eng. arraign; -ment .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of arraigning, accusing, complaining 
of, or finding fault with; the state of being so 
arraigned. [B.] 

1. In the same sense as B. (q. v.). 

“ But yet in Layer’s case, A. D. 1722, . . . the prisoner 
stood at the bar in chains during the time of his arraign¬ 
ment.” — Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 25. 

2. In a more general sense. 

“ Wrathful at such arraignment foul, 

Dark lowered the clansman’s sable scowl.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 6. 

II. The charge made against one. 

“ In the sixth satire, which seems only an arraignment 
of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition to avoid ill 
women.”— Dryden: Aineid; Dedication. 

B. Technically: 

Law: The act of calling a person tq answer before 
a court of law to an indictment brought against 
him, or the indictment to which he is required to 
plead. [A.] 


bdil b6y; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-cian, -tian = shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bql, del 

















arraiment 


272 


arrear 


* 9 ,r-r& i-ment, *ar-ra y-ment, s. [Eng. array; 
■merit.} The same as Raiment (q. v.). 

*ar -rand, s. [Errand.] 

ar-ra nge, *ar-ra ynge, v. t. & i. [In Ger. 
arrangiren: Fr. arranger; (Fr. ranger —to put in 
order, to draw up in rank; rang— rank); Prov. 
arrengar, rengar; Port, arranjar .] [See Range, 
Rank. ] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Essential meaning: To put in rank. Spec., to 
put in order, to put persons or things in the places 
where it is requisite for the carrying out of a pur¬ 
pose that they should be located. 

“ . . . candles were arranged in the windows for an 
illumination."— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., oh. it. 

“. . . a proud show 
Of baby houses curiously arranged.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii. 

2. To plan, to prepare beforehand, to settle par¬ 
ticulars before commencing action. 

“ A place and a time were named; and the details of a 
butchery were frequently discussed, if not definitely 
arranged.'’ — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

B. Intrans.: To assume a form of order. 

“ But soon, within that mirror, huge and high, 

Was seen a self-emitted light to gleam; 

And forms upon its breast the earl ’gan spy, 

Cloudy and indistinct, as feverish dream; 

Till, slow arranging, and defined, they seem 
To form a lordly and a lofty room.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 18. 

ar-ra nged, pa. par. [Arrange.] 
ar-ra nge-ment, s. [Eng. arrange; -ment. In 
Ger. & Fr. arrangement .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of putting in rank or in order; the 
state of being so put in order. 

“ There is a proper arrangement of the parts in elastic 
bodies, which may be facilitated by use.”— Cheyne. 

II. The ranks thus formed, the disposition made, 
the order evoked, the settlement resulting. 

1. Of material things: Things placed in rank or 
in certain defined positions. 

“ Taking a slice of white light from the beam of an 
lectric lamp, I cause that light to pass through an ar¬ 
rangement of prisms.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed. ( 
U. 226. 

2. Of things immaterial: 

(а) Dispositions, needful preparations. 

“Donelagh made the arrangements for the flight.”— 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

(б) Stipulations, conditions of adjustment of out¬ 
standing differences. 

“ It was impossible to make an arrangement that would 
please everybody, and difficult to make an arrangement 
that would please anybody; but an arrangement must be 
made.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

B. Technically: 

Natural Science: Classification; the placing of 
animals, plants, and even minerals, along with the 
species most nearly akin to them. 

“I believe that the arrangement of the groups within 
each class in due subordination and relation to the other 
groups . . .”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. 
xiii., p. 420. 

ar-ra n-ger, s. [Eng . arrang(e);-er. In Fr. ar- 
rangeur.} One who arranges. 

“None of the list-makers, the assemblers of the mob, 
jhe directors and arrangers, have been convicted.”— 
\urke: Reflections on the Executions in 1780. 

ar-ra n-glng, pr. par. [Arrange.] 

ar-rant, *er-rand, *er-rant, *er -raunt, a. 

pf somewhat doubtful etymology. The most obvi¬ 
ous hypothesis is to assume its identity with Eng. 
errant, from Lat. erraws=wandering, fromerro=to 
wander. This would first have a good, or at least 
an indifferent sense, meaning simply wandering, 
nomad; but would ultimately contract a bad one, 
from the fact that owing to the facilities which 
that method of life affords for the commission 
of certain delinquencies, the wandering races are 
generally of low morality. This etymology is 
adopted with more or less confidence by Johnson, 
Todd, Webster, Mahn, and others. But a more 
probable one i3 from arghand=timid, cowardly, pr. 
par. of the Northern verb argh. [Arch.] Owing 
to similarity of sound, this was easily confounded 
with the word errant, and was changed into arrant. 
(Skeat.)} 

A. Obviously the same as Eng. or Fr. errant: Er¬ 
rant, wandering, roaming in search of adventures. 

“Come ye to seek a champion’s aid, 

On palfrey white, with harper hoar, 

Like arrant damosel of yore?” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, vi. 9. 

B. Of more doubtful etymology: Pre-eminent in 
some quality, good or bad. 

tl. In some good quality. 

“An arrant honest woman.”— Burton. 


II. In some bad quality, as in cowardice, folly, 
dishonesty, &c. (It is generally of persons, rarely of 
things.) 

1. Of persons: 

“He [the devil] makes all his subjects errand vassals, 
yea, chained slaves.”— Bp. Hall: Remains, p. 25. 

“ That they were a company of errand hypocrites . . 

— Asheton: Serm. at Guildhall Chapel, 1673, p. 11. 

“ A vain fool grows forty times an arranter sot than 
before.”— L’ Estrange. 

“ . . . this chief had been a notorious murderer, and 
was an arrant coward to boot.”— Darwin: Voyage round 
the World, ch. xviii. 

“. . . found to have been arrant thieves.”— Froude: 
Hist, of Eng., 2d ed., vol. iii., ch. xvi. 

“. . . he [the Dewan] being an arrant pedlar.”— 
Hooker; Himalayan Journals, ch. xxvi., voL ii., p. 226. 

2. Of things, as “ arrant weeds ”=rank weeds. 

“Your justification is but a miserable shifting of those 

testimonies of the ancientest fathers alleged against you, 
and the authority of some synodal canons, which are now 
arrant to us.”— Milton: Animad. on Remonstrants’ Def. 
against Smectymnuus. 

“ . . . are weeds, arrant weeds.”— Cowper: Hope. . 

ar-rant-l^f, *ar'-r6n-ly, adv. [Eng. arrant; 
-ly.] Shamelessly, impudently, infamously. 

“ Funeral tears are as arrantly hired out as mourning 
clokes.”— L’ Estrange. 

ar-ras, s. [In Fr. f arrds; Ital. arazzo; Port. 
raz. So called because it was manufactured chiefly 
in the French city of Arras, the capital in bygone 
times of the province of Artois, now of the depart¬ 
ment Pas de Calais. Both Arras and Artois, the 
former called in Flemish Atrecht, are from Atre- 
bates, a barbarian tribe described by Ceesar as 
inhabiting the region (De Bell. Gall.v i. 6).] Tapes¬ 
try hangings with interwoven figures hung, in the 
Elizabethan age, around the rooms of old mansions, 
often at so great a distance from the wall as to 
leave a convenient hiding-place behind. At a meet¬ 
ing between Queen Mary and Elizabeth, Philip of 
Spain was thus concealed behind the arras. 

“ With goodly arras of great majesty, 

Woven with gold and silke, so close and nere 
That the rich metall lurked privily.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xi. 28. 

“ Pol. At such a time I’ll loose my daughter to him: 

Be you and I behind an arras then; 

Mark the encounter.” Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 

“ Where were now the brave old hangings of arras 
which had adorned the walls of lordly mansions in the 
time of Elizabeth ?”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

“ For some were hung with arras green and blue, 
Showing a gaudy summer-morn, 

Where with puff’d cheek the belted hunter blew 
His wreathed bugle-horn.” 

Tennyson: The Palace of Art. 

ar’-ras-wi§e, a. [Eng. arras, and suffix -wise= 
after the manner of.] 

Her.: A term used when any square object is so 
placed as to exhibit a perspective view of its top 
and two of its sides. 

ar-ra ught, *araught ( g h silent), v. The pret. 
of Areche (2) (q. v.). 

ar-ra y, *a-ra y, *g,-ra ye, s. [In Fr. arroi= 
train equipage; O. Fr. arroi, arrai, arrei, from rai, 
rei, roi=order, arrangement; Prov. arrei; Sp. ar- 
reo=ornament, dress, horse-trappings; Port, arreio ; 
Ital. arredo= furniture, implements. Cognate also 
with A. S. gerced, gercedit, geraedro— housing, har¬ 
ness, trappings; Sw. reda=order; Gael. earradh= 
dress; Irish earradh= armor, accouterments, wares.] 
[Array, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of arranging, putting in order, or 
decorating; the state of being so arrayed, adorned, 
or decorated. Specially: 

1. Equipment, equipage. 

“But for to telle you of his aray. 

His hors was good, but he ne was nought gay.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Prologue, 73-4. 

2. Order of battle in soldiers. 

In array: In military order, with the view of im¬ 
mediately fighting. [Used of an army, a “ battle ” 
(the main body of an army) (?), or rarely of a single 
fighting man.] [II.] 

“ . . . he chose of all the choice men of Israel, and 
put them in array against the Syrians.”—2 Sam. x. 9. 

“ . . . and set the battle in array against the Philis¬ 
tines.”—1 Sam. xvii. 2. 

“ . . . they shall ride upon horses, every one put in 
array, like the man to a battle, against thee, O daughter 
of Babylon.”— Jer. 1. 42. 

3. Adornment. 

(a) Lit. Of persons: Dress, especially when rich 
or beautiful. 

“ The sun is bright; the fields are gay 
With people in their best array 
Of stole and doublet, hood and scarf. 

Along the banks of the crystal Wharf.” 

Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone. 


(6) Of things: Regular order, with adornment. 

“Again his waves in milder tints unfold 
Their long array of sapphire and of gold.” 

Byron : The Corsair, iii. L 

II. The persons thus arrayed or placed in order. 
Spec., the whole body of fighting men. [See also B.] 

“The whole array of the city of London was under 
arms.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

“Arm ye for the day! 

Who now may sleep amidst the thunders rending, 

Through tower and wall, a path for their array f” 
Hemans : The Last Constantine, 8L 

B. Technically (Law): 

*1. The Commission of Arrau was a commission 
of arranging in military order, formerly issued 
from time to time by the English sovereigns and put 
in regular form by Parliament in 5 Henry IY. It 
empowered certain officers in whom the Govern¬ 
ment could confide to muster or array—that is, set in 
military order—the inhabitants of every district. 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. i.,ch. 13.) 

2. The act or process of setting a jury in order to 
try causes; also the jury thus put in order, or their 
names when impaneled. 

“ Challenges to the array are at once an exception to the 
whole panel in which the jury are arrayed, or set in order 
by the sheriff in his return.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. 
iii., ch. 23. 

ar-ra y, *a-ra y, Vra ye, v. t. [O. Fr. arraier, 
arreier, arreer, arroier= to set in order, to prepare; 
Port. arreiar= to caparison, to harness; Prov. are- 
dar,arrezar; Ital. arredare=to prepare. Cognate 
also with A. S. gercedian— to make ready, to ar¬ 
range, to teach, to decree; Sw. reda=to disentan¬ 
gle (in Scotch, to redd); Dan. rede— to comb, to 
“make” a bed; rede=ready, prepared; Dut. red - 
deren= to arrange; Ger. redderen—to dress sails.] 
[Redd, Ready.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. To put in order. Spec., to put in military order 
for a battle or for a review. 

“The English army had lately been arrayed against 
him.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

“. . . a force of thirteen thousand fighting men were 
arrayed in Hyde Park, and passed in review before the 
Queen.”— Ibid., ch. xviii. 

2. To invest with raiment, especially of a splendid 
kind. 

(а) Literally: 

“. . . and. arrayed him in vestures of fine linen.”— 
Gen. xii. 42. 

“And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet 
color, and decked with gold and precious stones and 
pearls, . . .”— Rev. xvii. 4. 

(б) Figuratively : 

“. . . and he shall array himself with the land of 
Egypt, as a shepherd putteth on his garment . . — 

Jer. xliii. 12. 

“. . . in gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed.” 

Trumbull. 

B. Technically: 

Law: To set a jury in order for the trial of an 
accused person. 

“ . . . in which the jury are arrayed or set in order 
by the sheriff in his return.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. 
iii., ch. 23. 

ar-ra y, s. The whole body of jurors called to try 
a case in court. 

ar-ra yed, *ar-ra ied, *g,-ra yed, *a~ra led, 
*a-raide (Eng.), *a-ra yne (Scotch), pa. par. & a. 
[Array, v., Aray, u.j 

“ So wel arraied hous as ther was on, 

Aurilius in his lif saw never non.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 11,499, 11,500. 

ar-ra y-er, s. [Eng. array; -er.] 

1. Gen.: One who arrays. 

2. Spec.: One of the officers whose function in 
mediaeval times it was to see the soldiers of an army 
duly equipped with armor, and who had therefore 
charge of the armor and accouterments. (Cowel.) 

ar-ra y-ing, *a-rai-yfige, pr. par. [Array, v „ 
Aray, v.} 

*ar-ra y-ment, *ar-ra iy-ment, *ar-ra i-ment, 

s. [Eng. array; -ment.} The same as Raiment 
(q. v.). 

“Whose light arraiment was of lovely green.” 

Beaumont: Hermaphrodite. ( Richardson.) 

♦arre, s. A scar. 

“If it is brokun, if it hath a wounde or an arre.” — 
Wycliffe: Levit. xxii. 22. 

ar-re ar, *ar-re are, *a-re ar, *a-re are, 

*a~re re, adv. & s. [Fr. arribre; as adv.— back¬ 
ward, behind, in arrear, in debt; as s.=the hinder 
part of anything, especially the stem of a ship; 
Prov. areire; arretrato (pi.) = arrears, from Lat. ad 
=to, and refro=backward, behind: re=back, and 
suffix -tro.} [ArriSre.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu - kw. 




arrearage 


273 


arride 


A. Ms adverb: 

1. To the rear; implying motion to any place: 
behind one. 

“ Ne ever did her eyesight turn cirere.” 

Spenser: Virgil’s Gnat, 468. 

2. In the rear; implying rest; behind one. 

“ To leave with speed Atlanta in arrear .” 

Fairfax: Tasso, ii. 40. 

3. Behindhand, falling back; not so far forward 
as might have been expected ; becoming slow. 

“ From peril free he away her did beare; 

But when his force gan faile his pace gan wes areare.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. vii. 24. 

B. .As substantive: 

1. That payment which is behind. The remainder 
of money owing, of which a portion has already 
been paid; or, more loosely, money overdue, of 
which not even the first installment has been re¬ 
ceived. 

“ If a tenant run away in arrear of some rent, the land 
remains; that cannot be carried away or lost.”— Locke. 

2. The rear. ( Heylin: Reformation,!. 92.) 

ar-re ar-age, *ar-re r-age (age=Ig), s. [Fr. 

arrerages (pi.) = arrears, from arri&re = behind.] 
I Arrear, Arriere.] The remainder of a sum of 
money of which a portion has been paid; or gen¬ 
erally, any money unpaid at the due time; arrears. 

“ Ther couthe noman bringe him in arrerage.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 604. 

“He’ll grant the tribute, send the arrearages.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. 4. 

*ar-re ar-an<;e, s. [Eng. arrear; -ance .] The 
same as Arrear (q. v.). 

*ar-rect, v. t. [Lat. arrectum , sup. of arrigo= 
to set upright : ad— to, and re<?o=to stretch, to lead 
in a straight line; rectus= (1) drawn in a straight 
line, straight; (2) correct, proper.] 

I. Lit.: To set upright; to point anything directly 
.upward. ( Fuller: Ch. Hist., X. i. 20.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To address, to direct to a being or person. 

“ My supplication to you I arrecte.” 

Skelton to Dame Pallas. 

2. To impute, to attribute. 

“ But God, because he hath from the beginnyng chosen 
them to euerlastynge blisse, therefore he arrecteth no 
blame of theyr deedes vnto them.”— Sir T. More: Works, 

f. 271. 

*ar-rect , a. [Lat. arrectus, pa. par. of arriqo.) 
(Arrect, v.] 

1. Lit.: Pointing directly upward; upright. 

“ Having large ears, perpetually exposed and arrect .”— 
Swift-' Tale of a Tub, § 11. 

2. Fig.: Attentive. 

ar-ren'-o-thele, a. [Gr. arrhenothelus— male and 
female, of uncertain or doubtful sex.] Androgynous, 
uniting the characters of the two sexes in one per¬ 
son. 

“ Mr. Bancroft seems to me to accept the arrenothele 
character of these deities on insufficient evidence.”— 
Brinton: Myths of the New World, p. 161. 

ar-ren-ta'-tion, s. [From Fr. arrenter; Sp. & 
Port. ariendar= to rent, to farm, to take by lease.] 
[Rent.] 

English Forest Law: License granted an owner 
of lands in a forest to enclose them with a low 
hedge and a small ditch, on condition of his paying 
a yearly rent for the privilege. {Johnson.) 

*g,r-rep'-tion., s. [From Lat. arreptum, sup. of 
arripio=to seize or draw to one’s self; ad= to, and 
rapio— to seize and carry off.] A seizing and carry¬ 
ing away. {Bp. Hall.) 

tar-rep-tl-tious, (1), a. [In Sp. arrepticio = 
possessed with a devil; Lat. drrepticius or arrep- 
G'Gows=seized in mind, inspired; arreptus, pa. par. 
of arripio= to seize: ad= to, and rapio—to seize.] 
Snatched away. 

tar-rep-tl-tious, (2), a. [Lat. arreptus, pa. 
par. of arrepo = to creep toward: ad = to, and repo 
=to creep.] Crept in privately. 

* 3 ,r-re"r- 3 .ge (age=Ig), s. [Arrearage.] 

ar-rest', *ar-rest e, *a-rest', *a-reste, 
*a-re est, *a-rest' {Eng.) *ar-re 1st, a-re 1st 
(Scotch), v. t. [In Sw. arrester a; Dan. arrestere; 
Dut. arresteeren; Fr. arrSter—to march, to cease, to 
fix, to attach, to decide, to make prisoner, to inter¬ 
rupt . . . ;] O. Fr. arrester, arester, arestiar, 
aresleir; Prov., Sp., & Port, arrestar; Ital. arres- 
tare; Low Lat. arresto; Class. Lat. ad= to, and 
resto= to stand behind, to keep back, to withstand.] 
(Arret, Rest.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. To cut short the course of anything which pre¬ 
viously was in unimpeded motion ; to stop, to stay. 
Specially — 


(a) To stop the motion of running water. 

“ An icy gale, oft shifting o’er the pool 

Breathes a blue film, and in its mid career 

Arrests the bickering stream.” ' 

Thomson: The Seasons; Winter. 

(b) To stop the advance or the flight of a soldier 
in battle, the progress of a conquering army or 
nation, or the course of law. 

“ The fatal lance arrests him as he flies.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. v. 70. 

“ His diplomatic skill had, twenty years before, ar¬ 
rested the progress of the French power.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. To fix, to attach ; to call in wandering thoughts 
or affections, and concentrate them on an object. 
(It is not now followed by upon.) 

“ We may arrest our thoughts upon the Divine mercies.” 
— Bp. Taylor. 

3. To seize an offender or his property. [B. Law.) 

B. Technically {Laiv): 

1. To apprehend or seize upon a person either that 
lie may be imprisoned, or that security may be ob¬ 
tained for his appearing when called upon to answer 
to a charge about to be brought against him. [Ar¬ 
rest, s., Arret.] 

“ Constables were unwilling to arrest the offenders.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

IT It is sometimes followed by of prefixed to the 
alleged offense. 

“I arrest thee of high treason, by the name of Thomas 
Grey, Knight of Northumberland.”— Shakesp.: King Henry 
V., ii. 2. 

2. To seize property in virtue of authority re¬ 
ceived from a magistrate. 

“ He hath enjoyed nothing of Ford’s, but twenty pounds 
of money, which must be paid to Master Brook: his horses 
are arrested for it.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, v. 1. 

ar-rest', *a-rest’, *a-rest e, s. [In Sw , Dan., 
Dut., Ger., O. Fr., & Prov. arrest; Mod. Fr. arret: 
Sp., Port., & Ital. arresto; Low Lat. arrestum, ar- 
resta .] [Arrest, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: The act of arresting; the 
state of being arrested; seizure, detention. 

Specially: 

*1. Stoppage, delay, hindrance. 

“And in he goith, withouten more arest, 

Thar as he saw most perell and most dred.” 

Lancelot of the Lake (ed. Skeat), bk. iii., 3,072-3. 

2. The seizure of a person charged with some 
crime, or that of his goods [B., I.] ; detention, cus¬ 
tody. 

“And dwelleth eek in prisoun and arreste.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,312. 

To make arrest upon or of: To arrest, to seize. 

“Was lik an hound, and wold have maad arrest 
Upon my body, and wold han had me deed.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,386-7. 

Under arrest: Into or in the state of one who has 
been and remains arrested, seized, kept in custody, 
or at least under restraint. (Generally preceded by 
the verb to put or to place.) 

“ William refused to see him, and ordered him put 
under arrest.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

“ The governor was placed under arrest.”—Ibid., ch. ix. 

IT See also examples given under Arret, s. 

B. Technically: 

I. Law: 

1. Of persons: The seizure of a suspected criminal 
or delinquent that security may be taken for his 
appearance at the proper time before a court to 
answer to a charge. Ordinarily a person can be 
arrested only by a warrant from a justice of the 
peace; but there are exceptional cases in which he 
can be apprehended by an officer without a warrant, 
by a private person also without a warrant, or by 
what is technically called a hue and cry. An arrest 
is made by touching the body of the person accused, 
and after this is done a bailiff may break open the 
house in which he is to take him ; but without so 
touching him first it is illegal to do so. The object 
of arrest being to make sure that he answers to a 
charge about to be brought against him, it does not 
follow that after being seized he is incarcerated; if 
bail for his appearance at the proper time be given, 
and the case be not too aggravated a one for such 
security to be accepted, he will be released till the 
day of trial. 

2. Of things. Arrest of judgment: The act or pro¬ 
cess of preventing a judgment or verdict from being 
carried out till it shall be ascertained whether it is 
faulty or legally correct. Judgment may be arrested 
(1) when the declaration made varies from the orig¬ 
inal writ, (2) where the verdict materially differs 
from the pleadings and issue thereon, and (3) where 
the case laid in the declaration is not sufficient in 
law to admit of an action being founded upon it. 
{Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 24.) 


II. Biology: Arrests of development. [See Ar> 
rested.] 

“ • . . they are due chiefly to arrests of development." 
— Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 99. 

III. Veterinary Science: A mangy humor between 
the ham and pastern of the hinder legs of a horse. 
{Johnson.) 

tar-res-ta-tion, s. [Fr. arrestation.] The act 
of arresting; the state of being arrested. 

ar-res-ted, pa- par. [Arrest, v .] 

Biol. Arrested development: Development ar¬ 
rested at some stage of its progress. (See the 
example.) 

“Arrested development differs from arrested growth, as 
parts in the former state still continue to grow, whilst 
still retaining their early condition. Various monstros¬ 
ities come under this head.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, 
pt. i., ch. iv. 

ar-res -tee, s. [Eng. arrest; -ee.) 

Scots Law: The person in whose hands property 
attached by arrestment is at the time when it i3 
thus dealt with. 

ar-res-ter, ar-res-tor, s. [Eng. arrest; -er , 
-or.) 

Scots Law: The person who obtains legal per¬ 
mission, on which he acts, to arrest a debt or 
property in another’s hands. 

ar-rest-ing, pr. par. [Arrest, u.J 
ar-rest-ment, s. [Eng. arrest; -ment. In Ital. 
arrestamento= act of arresting.] 

Scots Law: The process by which a creditor de¬ 
tains the effects of his debtor, which are in the 
hands of third parties, till the money owing him i9 
paid. It is of two kinds:—(1.) Arrestment in 
security when proceedings are commencing, or 
there is reason to believe that a claim not yet in a 
state to be enforced will speedily become so. (2.) 
Arrestment in execution, being that which follows 
the decree of a court, or when a debt is otherwise 
settled to be legally owing. 

ar-ret', *ar-ret't, *a-rette, *a-ritte, v . t. 

[From Fr. arrSter; Low Lat. arreto; the same as 
arresto.) T Arrest, v. & s.] 

1. To reckon, to lay to the charge, or put to the 
account of. 

“. . . his fate isaretted to rightwysnesse.”— Wyclilfe; 
Bom., iv. 6. 

2. To charge with a crime. {Scotch.) 

“ And gud Schyr Dawy of Brechyn 
Was off this deid arettyt syne.” 

Barbour, xix. 20. MS. 

3. To assign, to allot; to adjudge, to decree. 

“ But, after that, the judges did arret her 
Unto the second best that loved her better.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 21. 

“ The other five five sondry wayes he sett 
Against the five great Bulwarkes of thatpyle, 

And unto each a Bulwarke did arrett.” 

Ibid., II. xi. 7. 

far-ret', s. [Fr. arr£t= an arrest, a sentence, a 
judgment; decree of a sovereign or other high 
authority.] Old spelling of Arrest, v. & s. 

*ar-ret'-ed, *ar-ret'-ted, *a-ret’-ted (Eng.), 
a-ret'-jrd (Scotch),pa.par. 

*ar-re y§e, v. t. [Araise.] 

*ar’-rha, *ar -ra (pi. ar’-rhse, ar'-rse), s. [In 

Fr. (plur.) arrhes; Lat. arrha, arra, arrhabo, and 
arrabo, from Heb. g rabon — a pledge ; arab — to 
promise, to pledge one’s faith.] 

1. A pledge. 

“ . . . we have not onely our arra and earnest penny 
of his assured covenant, . . — Anderson: On the Hymn 
Benedictus (1573). 

2. Scots Law: Earnest money (in Scotland popu¬ 
larly called arles). 

ar-rhen-ath-er-um, s. [Gr. arren=male, and 
ather= an awn.] 

Botany: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Graminaceee, or Grasses. A species grows wild in 
England— A. avenaceum, or tall, oat-like grass. It is 
also cultivated occasionally in England, and much 
more frequently in France, but is not very nutritious. 

far-rhce'-a, s. [Gr. a, priv., and rheo— to flow.] 
The absence of any flux. (Parr.) 

ar'-rl-age (age as ig), s. [Average.] Used only 
in the expression, Arriage and carriage, signifying 
plow and cart services formerly demanded by lords 
from their vassals. They were abolished by 20 
Geo. II., ch. 50. (Scotch.) 

“. . . payment of mail-duties, kain, arriage, carriage, 
dry multure, . . ."Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. vii. 

*ar-rl de, v. t. [In Ital. arridere = to smile, to 
favor; Lat. arrideo= to smile upon especially, ap¬ 
provingly (opposed to derideo = to laugh at, to 
deride).] 


bdil, boy; pout, Jowl; cat, sell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, (his; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -(ion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = b?l, d?L 

18 



arrow 


arridge 


274 


1. To smile upon pleasantly, as a symbol of appro¬ 
bation. Fig., to please. 

“Her form answers my affection, 

It arrides me.”— Marmion: Antiquary, ii. 1. 

“ I have had more care to suite the capacitie of the vul¬ 
gar, than to observe those criticismes which arride the 
learned.”— Wither: Transl. of the Psalms (1632), Pref., p. 1. 

2. To laugh at, to deride. 

If Ben Jonson in Every Man Out of His Humor 
(ii. 1) ridicules arride, evidently regarding it as an 
affected Latinism. 

*9T-rid ge, s. [A. S. hrycg=the back of a man or 
beast; a ridge.] A ridge. 

“This staan taeks a fine arridge.” 

Craven Gloss. (S. in Boucher.) 

arriere (ar-ri-e re), s. [In Fr. arribre, s.=the 
rear; also arrear or arrears; adj.=hinder, back, 
behind; adv. = behind.] 

1. In the rear. 

(a) Of an army: 

“ The horsemen might issue forth without disturbance 
of the foot, and the avant-guard without shuffling with 
the battail or arriere.” — Hayward. 

( b ) Of anything: 

2. Arrears. [Arrear.] 

arriere-ban, s. (Fr. arriere-ban; 0. Ft. urban, 
heriban, herisban; Prov. auriban; Low Lat. ar- 
baunum, herebannum, heribannum; O. H. Ger. 
hariban, heriban; N. H. Ger. herbann— the calling 
together of an army ; O. H. Ger. heri= an army, and 
ban = a public call, a proclamation. (Abandon, 
Ban.) The French, not understanding the old 
Teutonic term heri = an army, have supposed 
arribre-ban to have the word arribre in its compo¬ 
sition, which is believed to be an error. (Mahn).~\ 

1. Lit.: A general proclamation by which the 
old French kings summoned to their standard, for 
the purpose of war, their feudatory vassals, with 
those also who were in a state of vassalage to them. 

2. Fig.: Any general summons issued by an 
authoritative voice. 

“ Thus Vice the standard rear’d; her arrier-ban 
Corruption call’d, and loud she gave the word.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 30. 

arriere-fee, arriere-fief, s. [Fr. arribre fief.) 
A fee or a fief depending on one above it. These 
fees commenced when dukes and counts, rendering 
their governments hereditary, distributed to their 
officers parts of the domains, and permitted those 
officers to gratify the soldiers under them in the 
same manner. (Johnson.) 

arriere-vassal, s. The vassal of a vassal. 
( Trevoux.) 

arridre-voussure, s. [Fr. voussure ( Arch.) = 
coving.] A secondary arch. An arch placed within 
•?n opening to form a larger one. Sometimes it has 
t-ze effect of taking off the bearing upon a wooden 
lintel. [Discharging.] 
tar-ri-e-r5, s. [Sp.] A muleteer. 

“. . . an ‘ arrierof with his ten mules . . , ”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xv. 

ar'-ri-ont, s. [Mr. R. Bell asks if it may be from 
ariout= rioting.] Riot(?). 

“ Ay dronken, whiles her arriont last 
Out of this noble vessea.'.s sundry wynes.” 

Cnaucer: C. T., 15,686-7. 

ar'-rls,s. [Fr. arbte=(l) a fish-bone; (2) (Arch.), 
see def.; O. Fr. areste. From Lat. arista- an awn 
of corn, . . . the bones of a fish.] 

Architecture: 

1. The line in which the two straight or curved 
surfaces of a body forming an exterior angle meet 
each other. This intersection forms the edge of the 
body. 

2. The same as Arris-gutter (q. v.). 
arris-fillet, s. A triangular piece of wood used 

to raise the slates or lead of a roof against the shaft 
of a ch[mney or a wall, so as more readily to throw 
off the rain. It is used also for forming gutters 
around skylights. It is sometimes called a tilting- 
flllet. 

arris-gutter, s. A wooden gutter shaped like 
the letter V. (Gwilt.) 

tar-ri-§ion, s. [Lat. arrisio, from arrideo .] 
[Arride.] A smiling upon with approbation. 
(Johnson.) 

* 3 .r-ri'-vage (£ge as lg), d. [Fr.] Arrival. 
(Lit. or fig.) 

“At his first entrance and arrivage, he [Pertinax] as- 
eaied by rough hand to suppresse the rebellions of the 
army.”— Speed: The Romans, c. 21. (Richardson.) 

“ Man’s life is ever a short passage; 

Paine upon paine is his arrivage, 

And then comes death that spareth none.” 

Holland: Plutarch, p. 424. (Richardson.) 
ar-ri -val, s. [Eng. arriv(e); -ah] 

I. The act or state of arriving. 

1. Lit.: The act of reaching any place, or the 
state of being brought to it, by water, by land, or in 
any way. 

“The unraveling is the arrival of Ulysses upon his own 
island.”—Broome: View of Epic Poetry. 


2. Fig.: The act of attaining to, or the state of 
being made to attain to, any object of desire. 

II. The people who reach the place indicated. 

“ To-day the Lady Psyche will harangue 
The fresh arrivals of the week before.” 

Tennyson: The Princess, n. 

*g.r-rl'v-9.n9e, S. [Eng. arriv(e); -ance.) 

1. The same as Arrival; meaning the act of 
arriving, or the state of being made to arrive. 

2. People arriving; company coming. 

“ For every minute is expectancy 
Of more arrivance.” 

Shakes]:.: Othello, ii. 1. 

iir-ri ve, ve, *g/ry ve, *rfve,v.i. &t. [Fr. 
arriver—to disembark, ... to arrive, from rive 
=bank of a river; Prov. aribar; Sp. & Port. 
arribar; Ital. arrivare; Low Lat. arrivo, arripo, 
adripo: from Class. Lat. ad= to, and ripa= the 
bank of a river, more rarely the shores of the sea.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Lit.: Property , to reach the bank of a river or 
the shore of the sea; but it is now quite as com¬ 
monly used for one finishing a land journey. 

1. To reach by water. 

“ At length a ship arriving brought 
The good so long desired.” 

Cowper: A Tale, June, 1793. 

“ And they arrived at the country of the Gadarenes. . 

. . And when he went forth to land, . . .”— Luke 

viii. 26, 27. 

2. To reach by land journey.. 

“ When we were arrived upon the verge of his estate, we 
stopped at a little inn, to rest ourselves and our horses.”— 
Sidney. 

“ . . . there was no outbreak till the regiment ar¬ 
rived at Ipswich.— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of persons: To reach any aim or other object 
toward which one has for some time been moving. 
(Generally followed by at, rarely by to.) 

“ It is the highest wisdom byjdespising the world to ar¬ 
rive at heaven.”— Taylor. 

“. . . the conclusions at which I arrived.” — Darwin: 

Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i. (1871), p. 3. 

2. Of things: 

(a) To reach, to attain to. 

“ If some things are too luxuriant, it is owing to the 
richness of the soil; and if others are not arrived to per¬ 
fection or maturity, it is only because they are overrun 
and opprest by those of a stronger nature.”— Pope: Preface 
to Homer’s Iliad. 

(b) To come, to happen, to occur, to take place. 

“ Happy ! to whom this glorious death arrives; 

More to be valued than a thousand lives.” 

Waller. 

*B. Transitive: To reach. 

“ But ere we could arrive the point proposed, 

Caesar cried, ‘Help me, Cassius, or I sink.’ ” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, i. 2. 

*Ar-rI ve, *a-ri've, s. [From arrive, v. In Fr. 
arrivbe; Sp. arriba; Ital. arrivo .] An arrival. 

“. . . and in the Greete see 
At many a noble arive hadde he be.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 59, 60. 

(tr-rl v-Ihg, pr. par. [Arrive, v.] 

ar -r6-b?i, s. [In Fr. arrobe; Sp. & Port, arroba; 
from Arab, ar-rub or ar-rubu=a fourth part.] 


A. In Spain: 

1. An old weight = twenty-five English pounds. 
(Fernandez: Eng. & Sp. Diet., 1811.) 

2. An old measure, as yet only partially super¬ 
seded by the French metric system of weights and 
measures introduced into Spain on January 1,1859. 
It is of two capacities : (1) The arroba for wine con¬ 
tains 3% imperial gallons. (2) The arroba for oil 
contains 2V4. (Statesman's Year-Book, 1875.) 

B. In Portugal: -\i> old Portuguese weight of 
about thirty-two rvnuids. (Simmonds.) It is too 
completely disused to be mentioned in the States¬ 
man's Year-Book . 

ar-ro de, r v. [Lat. arrodo: from ad=to, and 
rodo=to gnaw.] To gnaw, to nibble. (Johnson.) 

ar'-r6-gan9e, ! tar -r6-gan-9y, s. [InFr. arro¬ 
gance; Sp. & Port, arrogancia; Ital. arroganza: 
Lat. arrogantia; from arrogans, pr. par. of arrogo .] 
[Arrogate.] Properly, the act of taking to one’s 
self in an insolent way that which one unjustly 
claims, or of helping one’s self to that which, 
though one’s own, should have been handed to one 
by another; the taking too much upon one’s self; 
exorbitant pretensions, insolence. 

“ The fear and hatred inspired by the greatness, the in¬ 
justice, and the arrogance of the French king were at the 
height.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

ar-ro-gant, a. [In Dan. & Fr. arrogant; Sp., 
Port., & Ital. arrogante; Lat. arrogans; pr. par. of 
arrogo .] [Arrogate.] 


1. Of persons: Taking in an overbearing manner 
something which one claims, butnot justly, as one's 
own, or that which, though one’s own, should have- 
been passively received by him; assuming, over¬ 
bearing, manifesting too high an appreciation of 
one’s self; insolent. 

“In the hour of peril, the most arrogant and mutinous 
spirits will often submit to the guidance of superior gen¬ 
ius.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

2. Of things: Marked with arrogance; the off¬ 
spring of arrogance. 

“ The pride of arrogant distinctions fall.” 

Cowper: Retirement, 659. 

ar'-r6-gg.nt-ly, adv. [Eng. arrogant; -lyJ] In 
an arrogant manner; with undue assumption. 

“ Our poet may 

Himself admire the fortune of his play; 

And arrogantly, as his fellows do, 

Think he writes well, because he pleases you.” 

Dryden: Indian Emperor. (Prol.) 

ar'-ro-g 9 .nt-ness, s. [Eng. arrogant; -ness.) The 
quality of being arrogant; arrogance. (Johnson.) 

ar'-r&-gate, v. t. [In Fr. arroger; Sp. arro- 
garse; Ital. arrogare, arrogarsi; Lat. arrogatum, 
supine of arrogo=to ask, . . . to claim what is not 
one’s own: ad= to, and rogo—to ask.] To put forth 
unduly exalted claims, the offspring of self-conceit; 
to manifest assumption, to put forth baseless pre¬ 
tensions. 

“ He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dog¬ 
matically what was orthodox doctrine and what was 
heresy, of drawing up and imposing confessions of faith, 
and of giving religious instruction to his people.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

ar-ro-ga-ted, pa. par. [Arrogate.] 

ar'-ro-ga-ting, pr. par. [Arrogate.] 

ar-ro-ga-tion, s. [Lat . arrogatio; b om arrogo 
=to ask, ... to adopt as a son: «d=to, and 
rogo= to ask.] 

1. The act of arrogating; claiming or taking to 
one’s self more than is one’s due. 

“. . . have still a smack of arrogation and self seeking.” 
— More’s Poems: Notes on Psychozoia, p. 371. (Boucher.) 

2. Among the old Homans: The act of formally 
adopting an adult as a son. 

“. . . recourse was then had to adoption, properly 
called arrogation.” — Note by Guizot in Gibbon’s ‘‘Decline 
and Fall,” ch. xliv. (ed. 1846), vol. iv., p. 211. 

ar-ro-ga-tive, a. [From Lat. arrogo=to arro¬ 
gate.] Arrogating, claiming or taking what one 
has no real right to; putting forth unfounded pre¬ 
tensions. 

“Mortification, not of the body (for that is sufficiently 
insisted npon), but of the more spiritual arrogative life 
of the soul, that subtil ascribing that to ourselves that is 
God’s, for all is God’s.”— More: Song of the Soul, Notes, 
p. 371. 

tur-ron-dee, tp,r-ron-di, far-on-die, fu- 

ron -d$r, s. [Fr. arrondi—( 1) rounded, (2) round, 
(3) roundish, (4) full (in face), pa. par. of arrondio 
= (1) to round, (2) to enlarge.] 

Her.: Made round. (Gloss, of Her.) 

ar-ron -disse-ment (ent=on), s. [Fr. arron- 
dissement = (1) a rounding, (2) roundness, (3) a 
district or ward; aronder = (l) to round, (2) to 
enlarge; rond=round.] 

In France: A territorial division of the country, 
less than a department, but greater than a canton, 
which again is higher than a commune. 

“ France was divided, in 1866, into 89 departments sub¬ 
divided into 373 arrondissements, 2,941 cantons, and 37,548 
communes.”— Statesman’s Year-Book (1875), p. 76. 

*ar-ron-ly> adv. [Arrantly.] 

*ar-ro §e v. t. [Fr. arroser; Lat. ros=dew.] To 
wet, to bedew. 

9,r-r6'-§ion, s. [Lat. arrosus, pa. par. of arrodo 
=to gnaw, to nibble: ad— to, and rodo= to gnaw.] 
The act of gnawing, or the state of being gnawed. 
(Johnson.) 

*ar-round’, V. t. [Pref. ar=Lat. ad, and Eng. 
round, s.] To surround. (Heath: Odes of Horace, 
i. 7.) 

ar -row, *ar-owe, *ar-we (pi. ar -row§, ♦ar¬ 
rowed, *ar -we§, *ar-wen), s. [A. S. arewe, aruwe, 
arwe; from ar = ore (Bosworth), earh = an arrow 
going, archery ; O. Icel. Or, pi. orvar = arrow (Strat- 
mann, Wedgwood , &c.). Mahn brings it from Wei. 
arf, arv= weapon; Arm., Fr., & Gael, arm; Lat. 
armo=arms. Other derivations have been given.] 

I. Lit.: A missile weapon designed to be propelled 
by the impulse communicated by the snapping of 
the string of a bow, temporarily bent into an angu¬ 
lar form, back to its normal state of rest in a 
straight iine. To make the wound it inflicts more 
deadly, and prevent its being easily pulled out, it is 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



arrow-case 


275 


arsenic 


barbed at the tip, and often poisoned, -while at the 
other extremity it is feathered, to make it move 
more directly forward. [Archery.] 

“ An lamech droge is arwe ner.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 478. 

44 - . . that which commaundeth bowes and arrotces.” 
— Spencer: Present State of Ireland. 

“And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.”—1 
Sam. xx. 36. 

II. Fig.: In Scripture arrows signify o.- symbolize 
(1) Litter words (Ps. lxiv. 3); (2) false wc/ds (Jer. 
ix. 8); (3) a false witness ; (4) affliction divinely 
sent (Lam. iii. 12,13; Job vi. 4; Ps. xxxviii. 2); (5) 
the judgments of God on sinful nations or individ¬ 
uals (Numb. xxiv. 8; Deut. xxxii. 23), or more spe¬ 
cifically («) famine (Ezek. v. 16, &c.), (b) lightning 
(2 Sam. xxii. 14, 15; Ps. xviii. 14; Zech. ix. 11); (6) 
children, especially stalwart sons (Ps. cxxvii. 4), 

1. Her.: Arrows are often represented on coats 
of arms, either singly or in sheaves, i.e., in bundles. 

A broad arrow is one with a head resembling a 
pheon, except in wanting the 
engrailing or jagging on the 
inner edge. [See 2.] (Gloss, of 
Heraldry.) 

2. Surveying: A “broad ar¬ 
row” is the name applied to 
the mark cut by the officers 
of the Ordnance Department 
conducting the trigonometri¬ 
cal survey, to note the points 
from which their several 
measurements are made. 

4. Fort.: A work placed at 
the salient angle of a glacis. , 

(James: Mil. Diet., p. 247.) The “Broad Arrow.’ 

♦arrow-case, s. A quiver.( Wycliffe: Gen. xxvii.4.) 

♦arrow-girdle, s. A quiver. ( Wycliffe: Ezek. 

xxvii. 11.) 

arrow-grass, s. [The English name of the 
botanical genus Triglochin. Two well known spe¬ 
cies are the Marsh Arrow-grass (T. palustre) and 
the Seaside Arrow-grass ( T. maritimum). They 
have small greenish flowers. [Trigcochin.] 

arrow-head, s. 

1. The head of an arrow. 

2. Cartography: A mark like the following, <—, 
used to indicate the direction of a road or river, or 
line of march. 

3. Bot.: The English name of the botanical genus 
Sagittaria. It is so called because its leaves re¬ 
semble an arrow-head. There is one British species, 
the Common Arrow-head ( Sagittaria sagittifolia). 
[Sagittaria.] 

arrow-headed, a. 

Bot., Archceol., <&c.: Shaped like the head of an 
arrow; sagittate. 

Arrow-headed characters: [Cuneiform]. 

arrow-maker, s. A maker of arrows. Arrow- 
makers were formerly called Jletchers and boivyers, 
and were deemed persons of importance. [See ex. 
under Arrow-head.] 

arrow-poison, s. Poison used by savages to tip 
their arrows with. That of Central America is 
Curarine. ( Fownes: Manual of Chemistry , 10th ed., 
p. 903.) 

arrow-seed, s. Seed shaped like an arrow; ar¬ 
rowy. ( Tennyson: The Poet, 19.) 

arrow-slain, a. Killed by an arrow. (Tennyson: 
Vivien, 415.) 

♦arrow-smith, s. An arrow-maker. (Destruc¬ 
tion of Troy, 1,588.) 

arrow-wounded, a. Wounded by an arrow. 
(Tennyson: Princess, ii. 251.) 

ar'-row-let, s. [Eng. arrow, and dimin. suff. 
-let.) A little arrow. (Tennyson: Gareth & Lyn- 
ette.) 

ar-row-root, s. [Eng .arrow; root. The trans¬ 
lation of a term originally applied by a tribe of 
native American Indians to the root of Maranta 
arundinacea), which had long been used by them 
to counteract the effect of wounds inflicted by 
poisoned arrows. Other derivations have been 
given. It is, however, noteworthy that in Ger. 
arrowroot is pfeilwurz: pfeil being—arrow, and 

*°1 ™Bot?: 'tI e English name of the botanical genus 
Maranta, the type of the endogenous order Maran- 
taceffi, called by Lindley, in his Nat. Syst. of Bot., 
the Arrow-Root tribe; but altered in his Vegetable 
Kingdom to Marants. The flowers of Maranta are 
in long, close, spike-like panicles, with irregular 
corollas, each having a single perfect stamen, with 
half an anther. The veins of the leaves run out ob¬ 
liquely from the midrib to the margin. The root is 
a fleshy corm, which, when washed, grated, strained 
ihrough a sieve, and again repeatedly washed, fur¬ 
nishes the substance so much prized as food for 
invalids, which is described under No. 2. 


2. Comm.: The starch extracted from the rhizomes 
of a Maranta, and exported to England in large 
quantities from the East and West Indies, and from 
Africa, each importation taking the name of the 
place from which it comes. Thus they have East 
Indian arrowroot, Bermuda arrowroot, St. Vincent 
arrowroot, Natal arrowroot, &c. Attempts have 
been made to call every starch arrowroot which 
bore the slightest resemblance to the true Maranta; 
for example, Potato or British arrowroot, from 
the Solanum tuberosum; Tous-les-mois, or French 
arrowroot, from the Canna edulis; Tapioca, or 
Brazilian arrowroot, from the Manihot utilissima, 
&c. This has failed since the passing of the Adul- 
tera'ion Act, and it is now understood by public 
analysts, magistrates, &c., that arrowroot must 
consist entirely of the starch which is extracted from 
the rhizomes of a Maranta, and that any admixture 
of potato or other starch is regarded as an adulter¬ 
ation. 

East India arroioroot is said by some to be pre- 
ared from the tubers of the Curcuma angustifolia. 
uch we believe to be the case in Southern India, 
where it is a favorite food among the natives; but 
the article sold in this country as East Indian ar¬ 
rowroot is certainly the starch of a Marant, and 
not a Curcuma. This is readily determined by the 
microscope. 

Natal arrowroot has given much trouble to the 
public analysts, owing to the granules somewhat 
resembling those of potato-starch. It has, how¬ 
ever, been lately proved to be a genuine Maranta 
starch. 

Portland arrowroot: A name applied to a starch 
prepared, some years ago, in Portland, from the 
roots of the Arum maculatum. It is not now an 
article of commerce. 

IT Arrowroot is adulterated either by the mixing 
together of various qualities of arrowroot, or by 
the admixture of other starches, such as potato or 
tapioca. Neither of these methods renders the ar¬ 
rowroot deleterious; but when we consider that the 
price of the different qualities of genuine arrow- 
root varies from 12c. to 60c. per pound, and that the 
price of potato or tapioca flour seldom exceeds 12c. 
per pound, we then see how the public may be 
cheated in pocket. The adulteration by potato or 
tapioca flour is readily detected by the microscope. 

ar'-row-f, a. [Eng. arrow; -?/.] 

1. Consisting of arrows. 

“He saw them, in their forms of battle rang’d, 

How quick they wheel’d, and flying, behind them shot 
Sharp sleet of arrowy show’r against the face 
Of their pursuers, and o’ercame by flight.” 

Milton: P. It., bk. iii. 

2. Resembling an arrow in form or appearance. 

“ By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iii. 71. 
“And beside it outstretched the skin of a rattlesnake 
glittered, 

Filled, like a quiver, with arrows ; a signal and chal¬ 
lenge for warfare, 

Brought by the Indian, and speaking with arrowy 
tongues of defiance.” 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, iv. 

*ar-rii r-a, s. [Artjra.] 

*ar-ryve, v. i. Old spelling of Arrive. 

♦ars, s. [Art.] 

A.R.S.A. An abbreviation for (1) Associate of 
the Royal Society of Arts, London, England: (2) 
Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, Edin¬ 
burgh, Scotland. 

ar se, *ers, s. [A. S. ars, ears; Sw. ars; Dut. 
aars; Ger. arsch; Pers. arsit, arst .] The buttocks 
or hind part of an animal. (Chaucer: C. T., 3,732. 

To hang an arse: To be tardy, sluggish, or dila¬ 
tory. ( Vulgar.) 

“ For Hudibras wore but one spur; 

As wisely knowing, could he stir 
To active trot one side of’s horse, 

The other would not hang an arse.” 

Hudibras. 

arse-smart, s. 

Bot.: (1) A vulgar name for the plant Polygonum 
persicaria; (2) P. Hydropiper. 

♦ar-se-dlne, *ar-s?t-dme, ♦ors'-den, s. [A 
vulgar corruption of arsenic (q. v.).] Yelloworpi- 
ment. (Nares.) 

44 A London vintner’s slgne, thick, jagged, and round 
fringed, with theaming arsadine.” — Nashe: Lenten Stuffe. 

ar-se-ene, s. [A. S. cersc-hen, ersc-henn= a quail; 
from ersc= a park, a warren; and hen= hen.] A 
quail. (Scotch.) 

“Upon the sand yit I saw, as thesaurare tane, 

With grene awmons on hede, Sir (la want) the Drake 
The Arseene that ourman ay prichand.” 

Houlate, i. 17. (Jamieson.) 

ar'-sen, incompos. [From arsenic (q. v.).] Con¬ 
taining arsenic; as arsen-monomethyl, arsen-dime- 
thyl, arsen-diethyl, arsen-chlorodimethide, &c. 

( Fownes: Manual of Chem .) 


ar -sen-9.1, s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., Fr., & Am 
arsenal; Dut. arsenaal; Port, arsenale; Sp. 
arsenal = dockyard; atarazana = dock, arsenal, 
rope-yard, wine-cellar; Ital. arsenale, arsanale, 
arzanale= a dock; Arab, ddr cmd’a=house of in¬ 
dustry or fabrication: ddr=house, and cina'&= 
industry.] A magazine of military stores, contain¬ 
ing weapons of all kinds and ammunition for the 
supply of the military force belonging to a country. 
The chief arsenal in England is at Woolwich. A 
great many of the stores are manufactured as well 
as kept there. In the United States each State has 
its guard with an armory, where arms and ammuni¬ 
tion are kept. There are large arsenals at Rock 
Island, Ill., Fort Monroe, Va., and Mare Island, San 
Francisco Bay. 

“The Spanish fleets and arsenals were doubtless in 
wretched condition.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

ar'-sen-ate, ar-se'n-i-ate. [See Arsenic Acid.] 
arsenate or arseniate of cobalt. [Erythrite.] 
arsenate or arseniate of copper. [Trichal- 
cite, Olivenite, Liroconite.] 
arsenate or arseniate of iron. [Pharmacosid- 

ERITE.] 

arsenate or arseniate of lead. [Mimetite.] 
arsenate or arseniate of lime. [Pharmacol- 
ite.] 

arsenate or arseniate of manganese. [Chrond- 

ARSENITE.] 

arsenate or arseniate of nickel. 

1. & 2. Two allied minerals placed by Dana as an 
appendix to his Oxygen Compounds. One is dark- 
green or brownish, and the other sulphur-yellow. 

3. [See Carberite.] 

arsenate or arseniate of nickel and cobalt 

(called also Hydrous bibasic Arseniate of Nickel and 
Cobalt.) _ A mineral akin to Annabergite (q. v.). It 
is found in the desert of Atacama, 
arsenate or arseniate of zinc. [KOttigite.J 
ars e-nlc, *ars e-nlck, *ars e-nlcke, *ars- 
nek, s. [In Sw. & Gr. arsenik; Fr. & Prov. arsenic; 
Sp., Port., & Ital. arsenico; Lat. arsenicum, arrhen * 
icum, which, however, is not native arsenic, but 
sulphuret of arsenic, orpiment; Gr. arsenikon, arr- 
henikon, not arsenic, but orpiment; arrhenikos=i 
masculine; arrhen, older form arsen— a male. From 
some one of these comes Arab, zirnakon; Syr. zar- 
nika. Arsenic is so called from its powerful ef¬ 
fects.] 

A. Ordinary Language : The substance described 
under B. 1 (Chem.). 

“ Arsnek, sal armoniak, and brimstoon.” 

Chaucer: 0. T., 12,726. 

B. Technically: 

1. Chem. : Arsenic is a triad semi-metallic ele¬ 
ment, but it may be a pentad in some of its com¬ 
pounds. Symbol, As ; atomic weight, 75 ; vapor 
density, 150 (H=l) ; atomic volume, y 2 ; sp. gr., 6'75. 
It volatilizes when heated without fusing, and its 
vapor smells like garlic. It is obtained by distilling 
native alloys of arsenic and iron, copper, cobalt, or 
nickel; also by heating arsenious oxide (AS 2 O 3 ) with 
charcoal in earthen crucibles. Arsenic has a steel- 
gray metallic luster, is very brittle, and crystallizes 
in rhombohedrons. It unites with metals when 
fused with them, forming brittle alloys called arsen¬ 
ides. Arsenic is added to lead used for making shot, 
to make it run into regular globules. Metallic 
arsenic is often called black arsenic, to distinguish 
it from the white arsenic of shops, which is arseni¬ 
ous oxide. Arsenic forms two oxides, arsenious 
oxide (AS 2 O 3 ), and arsenic oxide (AS 2 O 5 ), but 
only one chloride, AsCL (arsenious chloride). 
It is prepared by distilling one part of metallic 
arsenic with six parts of corrosive sublimate 
or. arsenious oxide with _ strong hydrochloric 
acid. It is a colorless, oily, poisonous liquid. 
Arsenic unites with nascent hydrogen, forming 
hydride of arsenic, ASS 3 . Arsenic forms sulphides 
(q. v.). It also forms organic bases (see Cacodyl 
and Arsine). Arsenic is easily detected in cases of 
poisoning, but the reagents must be first tested for 
araenic, as traces occur in zinc and in mineral acids. 
Compounds of arsenic, when heated on charcoal, 
give off fumes of metallic arsenic, recognized by its 
garlic-like smell. If heated with charcoal in a test- 
tube it forms a metallic ring. Arsenic is precipi¬ 
tated from solutions in the presence of hydrochloric 
acid by H 2 S (see Analysis), as a yellow sulphide, 
AS 2 S 3 , soluble in sulphide of ammonium, also in 
carbonate of ammonium. A piece of bright copper 
heated in a solution containing arsenious oxide or 
an arsenite rendered acid by hydrochloric acid, be¬ 
comes covered with a gray film of metallic arsenic. 
Any arsenic compound treated with zinc and hy¬ 
drochloric acid gives off arseniureted hydrogen 
(AsH 3 ), which burns with a gray-blue flame, and 
deposits metallic arsenic on a cold porcelain dish 
held in the flame. It may be distinguished from 
antimony by dissolving in hypochlorite of sodium. 



b6n, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, sbin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, 4 e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -t'ian = sh;in. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bch 





arsenic-glance 

Metallic arsenic, heated in a current of air, yields 
the characteristic octohedral crystals of arsenious 
acid. Nitrate of silver gives a yellow precipitate 
With arsenites, and a brick-red one with arseniates. 
Arseniates require to be reduced or heated before 
they are precipitated by sulphureted hydrogen. 
Arseniates give a white crystalline precipitate with 
magnesium mixture and ammonia like the phos¬ 
phates. 

2. Min.: Arsenic occurs native in rhombohedral 
crystals, or massive, reticulated, reniform, and 
stalactitic. The hardness is 3'5; the sp. gr., 5*93; the 
luster, sub-metallic; the color and streak, tin-white, 
soon tarnishing dark gray. It occurs with various 
metals in crystalline and schistose rocks. It is 
found in Norway, Hungary, Silesia, and the United 
States. [For other ores of it see Realgar, Orpi- 
ment.&c.] 

White arsenic is the same as Arsenolite (q. v.). 

arsenic-glance. In Mineralogy, a variety of 
Arsenic. 

arsenic oxide. In Mineralogy. tb~ same as 
Arsenolite (q. v.). 

arsenic sulphides. 

Chem.: There are three sulphides—AS 2 S 2 , AS 2 S 3 , 
and AS 2 S 5 . 

Disulphide of arsenic (As^So) occurs native as 
realgar (q. v.). It can be prepared by melting 
metallic arsenic with sulphur. It is used to pre¬ 
pare Indian white fire, a mixture of twenty-four 
parts of niter, seven parts of sulphur, and two parts 
of realgar. Heated with strong sulphuric acid, 
AS 2 S 2 forms arsenious and sulphurous acids. It is 
used as a pigment. 

Arsenious sulphide (AS 2 S 3 ) occurs native as orpi- 
ment. It is obtained in a pure state by passing 
hydrosulphuric acid (H 2 S) through a solution of an 
arsenic acidified by hydrochloric acid. Arsenious 
sulphide is used as a pigment, called King’s Yellow, 
also as a dye stuff. 

Arsenic sulphide (AS 2 S 5 ) does not exist in a sepa¬ 
rate state, but in combination with metallic sul¬ 
phides, as sulpharsenates. 

3, r-sen'-Ic, a. [Formed from the substantive, 
but distinguished from it by being accented on the 
second syllable instead of the first. In Fr. arsknique; 
Port, arseniaco. ] 

arsenic oxide, AS 9 O 5 , called in the hydrated 
state arsenic acid. This compound is prepared by 
oxidizing arsenious oxide with nitric acid, also by 
passing chlorine into aqueous arsenious acid. Ar¬ 
senic oxide forms three hydrates analogous to phos¬ 
phoric acid — monhydrate (HASO 3 ). diliydrate 
(H 4 AS 2 O 7 ), and triliydrate (HjAsOj.); the last forms 
salts isomorphous with the phosphates. Arsenic ox¬ 
ide, when strongly heated, is decomposed into ar¬ 
senious oxide and oxygen, and is reduced to metal¬ 
lic arsenic by charcoal or cyanide of potassium at 
red heat. Sulphurous anhydride, SO?, reduces 
AS 2 O 5 to AS 2 O 3 . Hydrosulphuric acid, H 2 S, passed 
through a warm solution, acidified with hydro¬ 
chloric acid, of arsenic acid or of an arsenate, gives 
a precipitate of AS 2 S 3 +S 2 . Arsenic oxide is used in 
dyeing and in preparing aniline colors. The salts of 
arsenic acid are called arsenates or arseniates. The 
salt of magnesium and ammonium is a white crys¬ 
talline salt like the corresponding phosphate. Ni¬ 
trate of silver gives a brick-red precipitate, and 
with basic acetate of lead a white precipitate, which 
is reduced by heating with charcoal with evolution 
of arsenic, recognized by the garlic-like smell. 

Ur-sen'-Ic-ed, a. [Eng. arsenic (adj.), and suff. 
-al. In Fr. & Port, arsenical.-]' Pertaining to ar¬ 
senic ; having arsenic as one of its constituents. 

arsenical antimony. A mineral, the same as 
Allemontite (q. v.). It is not identical with Anti- 
monial Arsenic (q. v.). 

arsenical bismuth. [In Ger. arsenik wismuth.] 
A mineral consisting of ninety-seven per cent, of 
arsenic and three per cent, of bismuth. It was 
known to Werner. 

arsenical cobalt. A mineral called also Smalt- 
ite (q. v.). 

arsenical copper. A mineral, called also Con- 
durrite (q. a variety of Domeykite (q. v.). 

arsenical copper pyrites. A mineral, called 
also White Copper. 

arsenical iron. A mineral, the same as Mis- 
pickel (q. v.). There is a variety of it called Ar¬ 
gentiferous Arsenical Iron. 

arsenical nickel. A mineral, called also Nickel- 
ine (q. v.). 

arsenical pyrites. A mineral, called also Mis- 
pickel (q. v.). 

arsenical silver. A mineral, a variety of Dys- 
crasite. There is also an Arsenical Antimonial 
Silver. 

arsenical silver blende. A mineral, called also 
Proustite (q.v.). 


276 

ar-sen'-l-cate, v. t. [Eng. arsenic (adj.), and suff. 
-ate.] To combine with arsenic, 
ar-sen’-i-ca-tecl, pa. par. [Arsenicate.] 
ar-sen'-I-flte, s. [Eng. arsenic, and suff. -ite.] A 
mineral, the same as Pharmacolite (q. v.). 

ar-sen-Ide, s. [Eng. arsen(ic): -ide.] An alloy 
of arsenic with a metal. These alloys are generally 
brittle. Metallic arsenides, when fused with niter, 
are converted into basic arseniates. Arsenides fused 
with sulphur and an alkaline carbonate yield a sul- 
pharsenite or sulpharsenate of the alkali metal, 
and the other metal remains as a sulphide free from 
arsenic. 

ar-sen -1-6, in compos. [Eng., &c., arseni(c); -o.] 
Containing arsenic. 

arsenio-sulphuret, or sulpharsenite. Com¬ 
pounds of arsenious sulphide (A.S 2 S 3 ) with metallic 
sulphides. They are generally of a red or yellow 
color. (See Watt’s Diet. Chem.) 

ar-sen-I-6-sId-er-Ite, s. [Eng., &c., arsenio 
(q. v.); and siderite, from Gr. stderos=iron.] A 
mineral, called by Glocker arsenocrocite, it being 
his belief that arseniosiderite was so alike in sound 
to arsenosiderite that it was expedient to alter one 
of these terms, and arseniosiderite had the preced¬ 
ence in time. [Arsenosiderite.] It is a fibrous 
species of a yellow golden color and a silky luster. 
Hardness, 1-2; sp.gr., 3*520-3*88'. Compos.: Arsenic 
acid, 37*9; sesquioxide of iron, 42*1; lime, 11*1; 
water, 8*9=100. It occurs in France. 

ar-sen'-I-ous, a. [Eng. arseni(c); suffix, -otts.] 
Pertaining to arsenic; having arsenic as one of its 
constituents. 

arsenious oxide, or arsenious anhydride, 

AS 2 O 3 , called in the hydrated state arsenious acid. 
It is formed by burning arsenic in the air, but is 
obtained by roasting arsenical, pyrites, ores of tin, 
cobalt, &c., which contain arsenic, in a furnace sup¬ 
plied with air, and condensing it. Arsenious oxide 
crystallizes in octohedra. It volatilizes at 218° C. If 
it is condensed on a hot surface it fuses into a vitre¬ 
ous form, which is more soluble in water than the 
crystalline variety. One part dissolves in twelve 
parts of hot and thirty parts of cold water; no 
definite hydrate exists. It is insoluble in alcohol 
and ether. Arsenious oxide is a violent irritant 
poison, two grains producing death, but by com¬ 
mencing with small doses it is possible to take even 
four grains without injury. The Tyrolese eat arsenic 
to increase the power of the respiratory organs, as 
they have to climb mountains. Arsenious oxide is 
used in medicine in small doses in skin diseases. It 
is rapidly absorbed into the blood when it is applied 
to a wound. The best, antidote is obtained by add¬ 
ing magnesia to ferric chloride; the mixture of 
sesquioxide of iron and magnesia can be used at 
once, without washing it. Arsenious oxide reduces 
chromic acid, manganic acid, &c.; but it is reduced 
to metallic arsenic by potassium, charcoal, sulphur, 
and phosphorus at red heat. Arsenious oxide unites 
with bases forming arsenites, but they are not very 
stable compounds. Their solutions give a yellow 
precipitate with argentic nitrate, soluble in acetic 
acid, also in caustic potash; a light-green precipi¬ 
tate (Scheele’s green) with cupric salts. Aceto- 
arsenite of copper (Schweinfurt green) is used as a 
pigment for wall papers, and is very poisonous. 
Arsenite of sodium, formed by dissolving AS 2 O 3 in 
caustic soda, is used to prepare the papers to poison 
flies. Arsenious oxide is used to poison rats and as 
aflux for glass, also in calico printing and for mak¬ 
ing pigments. Arsenites are decomposed by heat. 
Hydrosulphuric acid (H 2 S) gives a yellow precipi¬ 
tate, AS 2 S;}, from a solution of an arsenite in hydro¬ 
chloric acid. 

ar'-sen-Ite, s. [Eng .arsen; -ite. In Fr. arsenite.] 

1. Chem.: [See Arsenious Oxide.] 

2. Min.: [In Ger. arsenit .] The same as Arseno¬ 
lite (q.v.). 

ar-sen-I-iir-et, g,r-sen'-iir-et, s. [Eng., &c., 
arsen (q. v.); suffix -iuret, -uret (q. v.).] Arsenic in 
combination with a metal. [Arsenide.] 
ar sen -I-iir-et-ed, a. [Eng. arsenuiret: -ed. ] 
Combined with arsenic. 

arseniureted hydrogen, arseneted hydro¬ 
gen, arsenic trihydride, arsenious hydride, or 
arsine. A gas, obtained pure by the action of 
strong hydrochloric acid on an alloy of equal parts 
of zinc and arsenic; also formed when hydrogen is 
liberated in contact with arsenious oxide. Arsen¬ 
iureted hydrogen (AsHA is a colorless poisonous 
gas, smelling like garlic; it burns with a blue 
flame ; its sp. gr. is 2 - 695. 

ar-sen-o-cro-cite, s. [Eng., &c ., arseno (q.v.), 
and crocite; from Gr. fcrofce=woof or weft, . . . 
a thread, so called from its fibrous character. In 
Ger. arsenokrokit.] A mineral, the same as Arsen¬ 
iosiderite (q. v.). 

ar-sen'-6-lIte, s. [Eng., &c., arseno (q. v.), and 
suffix, -lite. Altered by Dana from the name a.rsenite, 
which is used in another sense in Chemistry. ] A 


arson 

mineral the same as White Arsenic, Oxide of 
Arsenic, and Arsenious Acid. It is isometric, oc¬ 
curs octahedral, usually in minute stelliform crys¬ 
tals, or crusts, investing other substances, or botry- 
oidal or stalactitic. The hardness is 1*5, the sp. gr. 
3*698, the luster vitreous or silky, the color white, 
occasionally tinged with yellowish or reddish, and 
the taste somewhat sweet. Composition: Oxygen, 
24*24; arsenic, 75*76=100. Occurs at Wheal Sparnan, 
in Cornwall, England, also on the Continent. 

IT Dana has an Arsenolite Group, containing this 
mineral and Senarmontite. It is the first placed 
under “Oxyds of elements of the Arsenic and Sul¬ 
phur Groups, Series ii.” 

ar-sen-o-py -rite, s. [Eng. arseno (q. v.), and 
pyrite, from Gr . purites, s. = pyrites; adj.=oforin 
fire; pwr=fire.] A mineral ranked by Dana as a 
distinct species, which he places in his Marcasite 
Group of the Pyrite Division of minerals, and calls 
also Mispickel. It is orthorhombic, has a hardness 
of 5*5-6, sp. gr. 6*0 to 6*4, a metallic luster, and a 
silvery-white or steel-gray color. Its composition 
is—arsenic, 46; sulphur, 19*6; iron, 34*4=100. It is 
found in England, Sweden, Norway, Germany, and 
North and South America. Dana divides it into 
Var. (1) Ordinary; (2) Cobaltic, Danaite, including 
Vermontite and Akontite; (3) Niccoliferous; (4) Ar¬ 
gentiferous. 

ar-sen-6-sid-er-Ite, s. 

Min.: An obsolete name for LOllingite (q. v.). 
[See also Arseniosiderite.] 
ar'-sen-OUS, a. [Eng. arsen (q.v.), and suff. -ous. 
In Port, arsenioso. ] Pertaining to arsenic, or hav¬ 
ing it as one of its constituents. [Arsenious.] 
arsenous acid. The same as Arsenolite (q. v.). 
*ar se-ver-sf, * ar se-ver-sie, *ar -sye ver - 
sjfe, adv. [Fr. A renverse, a revers; Ital. a’ rin- 
verso, a’ riverso .] Reverse ; turned backward. 

“But the matters being turned arsye versye, they haue 
the fruicion of those pleasures that neuer shall decaye.” 
— Udal: James, c. 5. 

“ Arseversie preposterously, perversely, without order.” 
— Glossog. Nova. 

ars -fpot, s. [Eng. arse; foot.'] An English 
name for a bird—the Great-crested Grebe ( Podiceps 
cristatus). 

Small arsfoot: The Little Grebe ( Podiceps 
minor). 

far -sheen, far'-shlne, s. [Russ, arschin; from 
Turkish or Tartar arshin, arshim=an ell, a yard.] 
A Russian measure of length, 2 feet and 4.242 inches; 
but the English foot of 12 inches has since 1831 been 
the common measure of length in Russia. ( States¬ 
man’s Year-Book, 1875.) 
ar -sine. In compos., as a prefix or a suffix. 
Chem.: A name given to Asif 3 , arsenious hydride. 
A name also given to the organic arsenic bases, as 
Triethylarsine, As '”( 02 ^) 3 , obtained by distilling 
an alloy of arsenic and sodium with ethyliodide. It 
is a colorless, stinking liquid, boiling at 140°. It 
unites with ethyliodide, forming a crystalline sub¬ 
stance, As(G 2 H 5 ) 4 l, from which freshly precipitated 
silver oxide separates the hydrate AsfC^HsLtOH), 
a powerfully alkaline compound. [See also Ca¬ 
codyl.] 

ar'-sls, s. [In Ital. & Lat. arsis; Gr. arsis, from 
airo= to raise.] 

I. Prosody: 

1. A raising of the voice at any part of a line. It 
is opposed to what the Greeks called thesis, which 
was a depression of the voice. 

2. The point in a line on which the stress is laid. 

3. The rhythmic accent, metrical accentuation. It 
has been a subject of controversy whether this wa3 
produced by a higher tone, greater force, or more 
prolonged time. 

II. Music: 

1. The raising or depressing the hand in beating 
time. 

2. The part of the music where this occurs. 
*ars'-met-rlke, *ars -met-Ike, s. [See Arith- 

metic.] 

*ars'-nek, s. [Arsenic.] 

ars -rope, s. [Eng. arse, and rope.] A gut, an 
entrail. ( Wy cliffe, 1 Kings v. 9.) 

ar-s6n, (1), s. [O. Fr. arson, arsion, arsxm; 
Prov. arsum^arcio, from Lat. arsum, sup. of ardeo 
=to burn.] The malicious and willful burning of a 
dwelling-house or out-house belonging to another 
person by directly setting fire to it, or even by ignit¬ 
ing. some edifice of one’s own in its immediate 
vicinity. If a person, by maliciously setting fire to 
an inhabited house, cause the death of one or more 
of the inmates, the deed is murder, and capital pun¬ 
ishment may be inflicted. When no one is fatally 
injured the crime is not capital, but is still heavily 
punishable,* it is a penal offense also to attempt to 
set a house on fire, even if the endeavor do not suc¬ 
ceed. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, s8n; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



arson 


277 


Artesian 


ar-son (2), *ar sofin, s. [In Fr. arcon; Ital. art-union, s. .A union of persons interested in ar-te'r-I-g,, tar-te'r-I-um, s. Lat. arterla, far* 
arc tone; Lat. arcum-a. bow.] A saddle-bow. art [Abt, II. 2.1, and who desire to promote it terium; Gr. arteria=( 1) the windpipe, (2) an ar- 

“Between the saddle and the arsoun"—Guy of War. specially by purchasing the pictures of meritorious tery.l 

trick, vol. ii. artists. These are generally distributed to the Anat.: An artery. 

* arst, adv. [A. S. cerst, cerost, erest, sunerl of !? emh ? r f. by a ^ ot,te ^ y ’ which is legal in this case, ^ Not used as the ancient Greeks did, for the 

cer-before, early, first.] First. 1 or though the reverse in most others. There is an art- windpipe. 

’ ’ , , , ’ , union in London, and others exist in some of the .. . a , -r,_. „ . 

“A sonne thou schalt arst habbe.” leading provincial cities. ar-te r-I-al, a. [Fr. artenel; »p. & Fort, arte- 

Alisaunder, 312. (S., in Boucher.) _ , ,. , , ... ... , rial; Ital. arteriale.) Pertaining to an artery or to 

art *ard n fA q -i m, . , ar ^ ( 2 )> [A contraction for artifex H).] The arteries; contained in an artery or arteries, 

art, ara, v. LA. o. arth.] The second person doer of an action. Used only in the Scotch law „ ., .. . 

ring. pres, indie. °f the verb to he. Formerly it was phrase, art and part, supposed to be a contraction > ' *.. • on - tlie 9PP°. 6l . te , B F les of those air- ,, 

*sed in speaking to men ; now it is rarely employed for Lat. artifex et particeps=& doer and a partici- 


except in addresses to the Deity. 

“Of alle thine riche weden 
Nu thu ard al skere.” 

Death, xxiii. (ed. Morris), 179,180. 
“ Thou art, O Lord, the light and life 
Of all this wondrous world we see.” 

Thomas Moore, 


pant in a specified crime. The phrase is equivalent 
to what in English law is called accessory to a 
crime. 


along the surface of which this arterial tube creeps.” - 
Arbuthnot. 

Arterial blood is scarlet in color. It is obtained 
from the left side of the heart, and from the ar¬ 
teries. (Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., 
pp. 290. 291. 

Arterial navigation: Navigation through tha 


“ One may be guilty of a crime not only by perpetrat¬ 
ing it, but by being accessory to or abetting it; which is 

called, in the Roman law, ope et consilio, and in ours, art • , , -„ . -“ . “. - - 

............ -aw, „. and part. By art is understood the mandate, instigation, interior of a country by means of estuaries, rivers, 

art (1). *arte. *ars s. Tin Fr A Prnv arte - qn or advice, that may have been given towards committing miand lakes, canals, &c., which, to a certain extent, 
Port. & Ital. art, from Lat. artem, acc. of ars = art! th e crime; part ^expresses the share that one takes.to him- I jre ®ent an analogy to the arteries in the bodily 

of which the root is ar= to fit, to join.] [Aete, vA ® elf ln ? t - by ^ the ald P r . a8S18 f ta ^? wblcb he r elv , 68 J he frame ’ 

’ J J criminal in the commission of it. — Erskme: Institutes, 

A. Ordinary Language: Bk. IV., iv. 10. 

I. Subjectively: -art, -ard, as a suffix. [Aed.] 

1. Skill, dexterity, tact in planning and in carry- % ar'-ta, s. A species of catfish found in Ceylon, 


ing out a project. 

“It is not strength, but art, obtains the prize.” 

Pope. Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiii. 383. 

2. Cunning. * 

“ More matter with less art.” 

Sliakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 

3. Speculation. 

“ I have as much of this in art as you; 

But yet my nature could not bear it so.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iv. 3. 

II. Objectively: The results of such skill or dex¬ 
terity. Specially — 

1. The principles of science practically carried 
out; a series of rules designed to aid one in acquir¬ 
ing practical skill or dexterity in performing some 
specified kind of work, manual or mental. The 
several arts may be arranged in two groups— (a) 


ar ter-1-g.l-I-za-tion, s. [Eng. arterialize ; 
- ation .] The process of converting venous blood 
which is dark-red, or even almost black, into ar. 
terial blood, which is bright scarlet. This is dona 


having power to move on land by means of its side by chemical action; the venous blood, while pass¬ 


ing through the lungs, absorbing oxygen from the 
air inhaled, and giving forth the carbonic acid 
which is breathed forth in succeeding expirations 


fins. 

ar-ta bo -tr^s, s. [Gr. artao = to fasten, and 
botrus=& cluster of grapes. So called because it 
possesses tendrils.] A genus of plants belonging to 
the order Anonacese. A. odoratissima, or Sweet- 
scented Artabotrys, is a beautiful Chinese plant, 
which makes a fine covering for walls. 

*ar-ta il-ye, s. [Aetillbey.] (Scotch.) 
ar-tan'-the, s. [Gr. artao —to fasten or hang 
one thing upon another, and anthos=a blossom, a 
flower.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Piperaceae (Pepperworts.) The stems are jointed; 

the flowers are in spikes opposite to the leaves, course regarding the arteries. The part of medica} 
which are rough, and are used with good effect for science which treats of the arteries. ( Dunglison .) 
stanching blood. A. elongata , in Peru, furnishes ar-ter-l-ot'-o-m?, s. [In Fr. arUriotomie; Sp, 
cc y ci 0-1 a. to m„, tic cmciiigcn in i 6 w Up a —\-.ij a kind of cubeb; and A. adimia, in Brazil, is a Port., & Ital. arteriotomia; Lat. arteriotomia; Gr 

the mechanical, and (6) the liberal or fine arts. The P un & en L aromatic, and stimulant. . arteriotomia , from ar ter iotomeo=to cut the wind 

Mechanical Arts are those which may be success- *ar-ta'-tion, s. [Low Lat. artatio, from Classical pipe or artery; arterial artery, and tome =a cut 

fully followed by one who does not possess genius, Lat. arto, arcto=to press close.] f Aete, u.] Ex- ting; temno=to cut,.] The operation of making an 

but has acquired the facility of working with his hortation, incitement, encouragement. (Scotch.) 
hands which long practice imparts. Such are the “ Gaif him gret artation to purseu the third weird.”— 
arts of the carpenter, the blacksmith, the watch- Bellenden: Cron., bk. xii., c. 3. (Jamieson.) 


ar-ter-1-g.l-I'ze, v.t. [Eng. arterial; -ize.] To 
convert venous into arterial blood. [Aeteeializa- 
tion.] (Prout.) 

ar-ter-I-al-i'zed, pa. par. [Aeteeialize.] 
ar-ter-I-gl-I z-lng, pr.par. [Aeteeialize.] 
ar-ter-I-ol'-o-gjf, s. [In Sp. artemology; Fr 
arUriologie; Port. & Ital. arteriologia; Gr. ar 
teria=svt artery, and logos—a discourse.] A dis 


art e, *arc te, v. t. [0. Fr. arter =to force; Lat. 
artus, arctus =pressed together; hence close, con¬ 
fined, from arto= to shut up, to confine.] To con¬ 
strain, to force, to urge, to compel, to prompt. 

"And over al this, myche more he thoght 
What to speke, and what to holdyn inne, 

And what to artyn.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Creseide, i. 389-91. 

" Love arted me to do my observaunce 
To his estate, and done him obeisaunce.” 

Chaucer: Court of Love, 46-7. 
*ar'-tel, s. [Russian (?).] 

Comm.: An association of laborers who became 


incision in an artery and drawing blood. 

ar-ter-I’-tls, s. [Eng. arter(y); -itis.J Mamma 
tion occurring in the arteries. It may be acute oi 
chronic. Its anatomical characters are redness of 
the internal membrane of the heart and arteries, an 
effusion of plastic, pseudo-membranous lymph on 
its surface, and thickening and ulceration of its 
substance. In chronic, which is much more com¬ 
mon than acute inflammation, the internal mem¬ 
brane of the artery is thickened, softened, and col- 
ored a deep, dirty red, especially in the vicinity of 
calcareous and other degenerations. (Dr. J. Hope: 
Cycl. Pract. Med.) 

ar'-ter-f, s. [Ger. arterie; Fr. artbre; Sp., Port., 
Ital., and Lat. arteria; Gr. arteria=the windpipe 
or trachea ; (2) an artery, from aer= air, and tereo= 

, j i - , , , . .. to watch over; teros=a watch, a guard. So called 

responsible as a body for the honesty of each indi- b ecaus0 the ancients, finding that, in the' dead 

f operations. vidual member of the brotherhood. They placed bodies wMch they examined, the arteries were 

“They employed every art to soothe and to divide the t-keir earnings in a common fund, whence each emp ty of blood, took up the very erroneous notion 

■discontented warriors.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 1 T e j enou &“ his support, the rest being dis- that they were designed for the circulation of air 

a Whatever has been made hv man as onnosed tnb uted among the members at the close of the through the system. Thus Cicero says, “ Spiritus ex 

lateral by man, as opposed year. Many were Russian crown serfs, chiefly in pu lmone incorrecipituretper arteriasdistribuitur, 

towhatisnat . . . the province of Archangel. sanguis per venas.” (Cicero, De Nat. Deorum, ii. 55, 

“Elsewhere we find towns, like St. Petersburg built on *ar '-tel-rles s. pi. [ArtILLEEY.] 138.) This error was not shaken by Herophilus.j 

artificial foundations, but the whole country of the Dutch rr , ... ,, One of the vessels designed to convey the blood 

is a work of art.” Times, Nov. 11, 1876. ^ Ar te s. [Gr. Artemis , a goddess usually f ron j the heart. The arteries are long cylindrical 

identified with the Roman Diana.] . tubes, with three coats, an external tunic commonly 

Zool.: A genus of Entomostracans belonging to ca lled the cellular coat, a middle or fibrous tunic or 
the family Branchipodidte. The A. salina ., or Brine coa t, and an epithelial tunic. The coating of the 
Shrimp, loves water so salt that most other marine * ... ... 

animals die in it. 

Ar’-tem-ls, s. [Lat. Artemis; Gr. Artemis.] 

1. Class. Mythology: A celebrated Grecian god¬ 
dess, worshiped in Arcadia and elsewhere. She 


maker, &c. They are often called trades. The 
Liberal or Fine Arts are such as give scope not 
merely to manual dexterity, but to genius; as music, 
painting, sculpture, architecture, &c. 

“ But it is as^r-edly an error to speak of any language 
as an art in th ■ ase of its having been elaborately and 
methodically formed.”— Darwin : Descent of Man (1871), 
vol. i., pt. i., p. 61. 

2. Spec.: The visible expression of the sublime 
and beautiful. 

“A thousand lamentable objects there. 

In scorn of nature, art gave lifeless life.” 

Shakesp..- Bape of Lucrece, 1,374. 

3. Anything planned; a device, a project, a scheme 
of operations. 


“ Art is the child of nature, yes. 

Her darling child in whom we trace 
The features of the mother’s face. 

Her aspect and her mien.” 

Longfellow: Keramos. 

B. Technically: 

Mediaeval Education: The "arts” signified the 
whole circle of suojects studied by those who 


arteries is very elastic. The largest arteries which 
leave the heart are the aorta and the pulmonary 
artery; both spring from the base of the heart in 
front. They branch and anastomose to a large ex¬ 
tent. The contractility of the arteries forces th« 
blood to the extremities from the heart, the valves 
of which prevent its return. “The prominent dif- 
ference between blood drawn from the arteries and 
that from the veins is to be found in the bright 
scarlet color of the former and the dark red, almost 


as well as art. The seven liberal arts, which in 2. Astron.: An asteroid, the 105th ^ound. It was 
the palmy days of Rome plebeians were not allowed discovered by Watson on Sept. 16,1868. 
to study, were thus divided1. The Trivium— viz., « IT at artemisin and Gr arte- 

Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic. 2. The Quadnvium ar te mi§ 1 g,,s. (Lat. a? toiusia, a . _ - — 

—viz .Arithmetic, Music, Geometry, and Astronomy. mmo=wormwood. Called after Artemis, the Greek black, of the latter. (Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
It is a remnant o£ this classification, which was in goddess corresponding to the Roman Diana.] Anat., vol. n., p. 310.) 

vogue as early as the fifth century, that we still Wormwood, Southernwood, or Mugwort. A genus “The chief arteries so frequently run in abnormal 
c neak of as the curriculum of arts at a university, of plants belonging to the order Asterace®, or bom- courses that it has.been found useful for surgical purposes 
and that-graduates become bachelors or masters P°sites. It contains four British species—the A. to calculate from 12,000 corpses how often each course pre- 
of “arts” 8 campestris, or Field Southernwood; the A. vul- 

,, , . gar is, or Common Mugwort; the A. absinthium , or 
“Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in WnrrrmnnH - and the A maritime or Sea- 

, ^ r-r, . , T a t / -i. riantly among the sage brush of the Rocky Mount- 

tart and jure. [Eng. arf, and Lat. (genit. a { n regions. [Absinthium, Absinthic, Worm- 
juris ) = law, equity.] Arts [Art, B.] and jurispru- wood.] 

dence. (Scotch.) «Where Cuckow-pints and Dandelions sprung, 

“And thereafter to remane thre yeris at the scules of (Gross names had they our plainer sires among). 

Arts and Jure, scio that thai may have knawlege and There Arums, there Leontodons, we view, 

understanding of the lawis.” —Acts James IV., 1496 (ed. And Artemisia grows where wormwood grew.” 

1814), p. 288. Crabbe’s Poems: The Parish Register. 


vails.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), pt. i., ch. iv. 

Ar-te'-§I-an, a. [In Fr . Artbsien.] Pertaining 
to Artois, an old province of France. [Aeeas.] 

Artesian, well. A well of a type copied from 
those in use in Artois, though it is said that similar 
ones previously existed in Italy, Egypt, China, and 
probably elsewhere. If at any place the strata bend 
into a trough or basin, with its concavity upward, 
and if two impermeable beds are separated by one 
or more strata which water can penetrate, then the 
rain will percolate into the porous beds at any poA-t 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, shin, bensh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. pn=f. 
-cian, -tian = sh$n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 



artful 


278 


article 


where an outcrop takes place, and, prevented from 
moving far up or down by the impermeable strata, 
will accumulate till it reaches the outcrops. If now 
a bore be made in the center of the basin the water 
will be forced up by that standing at a higher level 
than itself, and may reach or even rise above the 
surface of the ground. Artesian wells now exist at 
various points in Europe and America. 

art'-ful, a. [Eng. art, and - ful .] 

I. Of persons: Disposed to have recourse to 
schemes contrived with art; cunning. 

“While a large party was disposed to make her an idol, 
she was regarded by her two artful servants merely as a 
puppet.”— Macaulay: Hist, Eng., ch. xv. 

II. Of things: 

1. Performed with art. 

“ The last of these was certainly the most easy; but, for 
the same reason, the least artf ul ”— Drjden. 

2. Crafty, cunning. 

“. . . the long-delayed and artful revenge of various 

animals.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. ii. 

3. Artificial as opposed to natural. 

art’-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. artful; -ly .] 

1. In a manner to evince art; in an artful manner; 
craftily. 

2. By the operation of art, as opposed to natur¬ 
ally ; by the operation of nature. 

“ He knows indeed that, whether dress’d or rude, 
Wild without art, or artfully subdued.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

art'-ful-ness, s. [Eng. artful; -ness.] The qual¬ 
ity of being artful. 


*1. Skill. 

“ Consider with how much artfulness his bulk and situ¬ 
ation is contrived, to have just matter to draw round him 
these massy bodies.”— Cheyne. 


2. Cunning. (Johnson.) 

ar than'-It in, s. [From Arthanita officinalis, 
a plant now called Cyclamen Europceum.] 

Chem.: A crystalline substance which may be ex¬ 
tracted from the roots of the Cyclamen Europceiun, 
Primula veris, Anagallis arvensis, and Limosella 
aquatica. It is called also Cyclamin. It is purga¬ 
tive in its effects, besides producing vomiting. 
(Watts: Chem.) 

ar-thrlt’-ic, ar-thrit'-Ic-al, adj. [Lat. art hr it- 
icus; Gr. arthritikos, from arthron=a joint.] 
fl. Relating to the joints. 

“ Serpents, worms, and leeches, though some want 
bones, and all extended articulations, yet have they 
arthritical analogies; and, by the motion of fibrous and 
muscular parts, are able to make progression.” Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 


2. Relating to the gout, as affecting the joints; 
gouty. 

“ Oh, may I live exempted (while I live 
Guiltless of pampered appetite obscene) 

From pangs arthritic , that infest the toe 
Of libertine Excess.” Cowper: Task, bk. i. 


ar-thrl-tis, s. [Lat. arthritis; Gr. arthritis = 
belonging to the joints.] Disease of the joints, 
especially gout. (Quincy.) 

ar-thro -dl-a, s. [Gr. arthrodia, from arthron= 
a joint; the obsolete radical form of ardrisko= to 
joint, to fit together.] ... 

Anat.: A particular kind of articulation, (bee 
example.) 

“ The varieties of the diarthrodial joint are as follow:— 
(a) Arthrodia. In this species the surfaces are plane, or 
one is slightly concave, and the other slightly convex. The 
motion is that of gliding, limited in extent and direction 
only by the ligaments of the joint, or by some process or 
processes connected with the bones.”— Todd c£* Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., i. 134, 136. 

ar-thro-dl-al, a. [Eng. arthrodi (a) ; -ah] Per¬ 
taining to the kind of articulation called arthrodia 


(q. v.). 

“ Arthrodial joints are generally provided with liga¬ 
ments.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 136. 


far-thrfi’-dlC, a. [Eng. arthrod(ia); -ic.] The 
same as Arthrodial (q. v.). 

ar-thro-dfn-I-a. s. [Gr. arthron, a joint, and 
odwie=pain.] Pain in the joints ; chronic rheuma¬ 
tism. 


ar-thro-djfn -Ic, a. [Eng., &c., arthrodyn(ia); 
-ic.] Pertaining to arthrodynia. 

ar-thro gas tra, s. pi. [Gr. arthron= a joint, 
and gaster, genit. gasteros, by syncope gastros=the 
belly.] In Prof. Huxley’s classification, an order 
of Arachnida (Spiders), in which the abdomen is 
distinctly divided into somites— i. e., into segments 
—each with an upper and lower pair of appendages. 
The leading genera are Scorpio, Chelifer, Phrynus, 
Phalangium, and Galeodes. (Huxley: Classif. of 
Animals, 1869, p. 123.) 

ar-throg'-ra-phy, s- [Gr. arthron= a joint, and 
graphe— description. ] 

Anat.: A description of the joints. 


ar-thro-16 -bl um, s. [Gr. arthron=a joint, and 
lobos=a legume.] Joint-vetch. A genus of plants 
belonging to the Leguminous order. 

ar-throl -6-g^, s. [Gr. arthron, and logos=& 
discourse. ] A discourse concerning the joints; that 
part of anatomical science which treats of the joints. 

ar-thro-nom -al-us, s - [Gr. arthron=& joint, 
and anomalos— uneven, irregular; an, priv., and 
homalos=eve n, level; homos=one and the same. ] 
Zool, A genus of centipedes. The species A. lon- 
gicornis is phosphorescent. 

ar-throp’-6-da, s. pi. [Gr. arthron= a joint, and 
pous, genit. podos— a foot. Animals with jointed 
feet.] , . ,. 

Zool.: A subdivision of the Annulosa, or Articu- 
lata, containing the classes belonging to that sub¬ 
kingdom which are of the highest organization. 
The body is very distinctly divided into rings or 
segments, sometimes, as in the Myriapoda (Centi¬ 
pedes and Millepedes), mere repetitions of each 
other, but more frequently with some of them differ¬ 
entiated for special ends. In general the head, 
thorax, and abdomen are distinct- Under the sub¬ 
division Arthropoda are ranked in an ascending 
series the classes Myriapoda, Crustacea, Arachnida, 
and Insecta. 

ar-thro -sis, s. [From Gr. arthron=a joint.] 
Anatomy: Articulation. 

ar -thro-spore, s. [Gr. arthron= a joint, and 
Eng. spore.] A spore formed by fission, as opposed 
to endospore. 

ar-thros'-por-ous, a. [Eng. arthrospor(e) ;-ous ] 
Forming spores by fission, as, arthrosporous bacteria 
ar -ti-ad, s. [Gr. ar#ios=complete; even, opposed 
to odd.] 

Chem.: A name given to elements of even equiv¬ 
alency, as dyads, tetrads, &c.; those of uneven 
equivalency, as monads, triads, &c., are called per- 
issads [Gr. permos=uneven]. 

*ar-tic, *ar -tick, a. [Arctic.] The same as 
Arctic (q. v.). 

“But they would have winters like those beyond the 
artick circle; for the sun would be 80 degrees from them.” 
— Browne. 

ar -tl- 9 hbke, s. [In Sw. artstocka; Dan. artis- 
chok; Dut. artisjok; Ger. artischoke; Fr. artichaut; 
Sp. artichoka; Ital. articiocco, carciofo, carciofano, 
or corciofalo; O. Ital. archiciocca.] Cynara Scoly- 
mus, a plant belonging to the order Asteracese, or 
Composites, the sub-order Tubuliferse, and the sec¬ 
tion Carduinese, the same to which the thistles 
belong. It considerably resembles a huge thistle. 
The receptacle on which the florets are situated, 
and the fleshy bases of the scales are eaten. The 
modern Arabs consider the root as aparient, and 
the gum, which they term kunkirzeed, as an emetic. 
Artichokes were introduced into England early in 
the sixteenth century. 

“ Artichokes grew sometimes only in the isle of Sicily, 
and since my remembrance they were so dainty in Eng¬ 
land that usually they weresold for crowns apiece . . .” 
— Moffatt : Health’s Improvement. 

If The Jerusalem Artichoke , in Ger. erdartischoke, 
is not from Jerusalem, and is not an artichoke. It 
is an American sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus). 
The word Jerusalem arose from a mispronuncia¬ 
tion or corruption of the Italian girasole, meaning 
turner to the sun, which is the most obvious pecul¬ 
iarity of the Helianthus genus. The tuberous roots 
of this species have occasionally been used as a 
substitute for potatoes. (Helianthus, Sunflower.) 

ar’-ti-cle (cle as k?l), *ar'-ty-cule, s. [In 
Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger. artikel; Fr. article; Sp. & 
Port, articulo; Ital. articolo; Lat. articulum— (1), 
a little joint, a joint, a knuckle; (2) Fig., (a) a 
member of a discourse, (b) a moment of time; 
dimin. of artus = a joint: Gr. arthron.] [Arthro¬ 
dia.] 

Essential meaning: A separate portion of any¬ 
thing connected, in some way, with the other por¬ 
tions of the same thing. Specially— 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. Of material things: 

fl. Gen.: A separate portion of a material thing. 
[B. 1., Bot.] 

2. Any particular commodity or material sub¬ 
stance. (Most frequently usad of things manufac¬ 
tured, or of things exposed for sale.) 

“There were few articles important to the working man 
of which the price was not, in 1685, more than half of 
what it now is.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

“The large farmer has some advantage in the article of 
buildings.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. ix., 

§h 

II. Fig. Of things essentially immaterial: 

1. One of a series of facts, principles, or proposi¬ 
tions presented with logical precision and clear¬ 
ness in their natural order. . When these are all 
viewed as a whole, the plural is used. 

(a) (Reduced to writing.) 


(6) (Not necessarily reduced to writing.) 

“ Coes. You have broken 
The article of your oath; which you shall never 
Have tongue to charge me with.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, u. A 


2. One distinct portion of a printed newspaper or 
other periodical too important to be called a para¬ 
graph, and not consisting simply of a reported 
sp© 0 cli. 

“ For the copyright Dryden received two hundred and 
fifty pounds, less than in our days has sometimes been 
paid for two articles in a review.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., 
ch. iii. 

IT A leading editorial is one of the chief articles 
in a newspaper. It is supposed to be written by, or 
at least express the views of, the editor, and is ac¬ 
corded larger and more conspicuous type than that 
used in most other parts of the paper. 

3. A point of time: in the phrase, “ in the article 
of death,” a translation of the Latin in articulo 
mortis, meaning=at the exact moment of death. 


B. Technically: 

I. Bot.: The part of an articulated stem between 
the joints. 

II. Gram.: A part of speech consisting of the 
particles a, an, or the, placed before a noun to im¬ 
part to it a more or less limited signification. In 
Greek the article is thus written: o, e, to: in Fr. 
le, la, in the sing., and les in the pi.; in Ital. il, lo, 
la. In Eng. a or an, the former used before a 
consonant sound, and the latter before a vowel one, 
is called the indefinite article, because it does not 

, define or limit the exact person or thing to which 
it points; and the is caUed the definite article, be¬ 
cause it does thus define or limit the person or thing 
which it indicates. [A, An, and The.] 

“The articles are of great.value in our language.”— 
Bain: Higher English Grammar (ed. 1874), p. 33. 

III. History and Law: 

1. English History and Law: 

(а) Articles of the Navy: Certain express regula¬ 
tions, first enacted soon after the Restoration, but 
since modifled,which enumerate punishable offenses 
in the navy, and annex specific penalties to each. 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 13.) 

(б) Articles of War: Similar regulations for the 
army of much later origin, the delay being caused 
by the reluctance with which Parliament admitted 
the principle of a standing army. [Army, 1./.] 

(c) Articles of the Peace: A recognizance or obli¬ 
gation whereby certain parties acknowledge them¬ 
selves indebted to the Crown in a certain sum, but 
to be void if they appear in court on a certain day 
and meanwhile keep the peace. (Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment., bk. iv., ch. 18.) 

2. Old Scottish History and Law: 

* Lords of the Articles. (See example.) 

“It had long been the custom of the Parliaments of 
Scotland to entrust the preparation of Acts to a select 
number of members who were designated as the Lords of 
the Articles.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

3. American Hist. <& Law. Articles of Confedera¬ 
tion: The compact entered into by the thirteen 
States, the confederation of which formed the 
United States of America. These “Articles” were 
adopted on March 1,1781, and remained the supreme 
law till 1789. (Goodrich & Porter.) 

IV. Theology, Church History, Civil History, and 
Law. The Thirty-nine Articles: “Articles of Re¬ 
ligion,” amounting to that number, framed and 
adopted as the recognized creed of the English 
Church during the progress of the Reformation 
struggle, having been “agreed upon by the arch¬ 
bishops of botli provinces and the whole clergy,” 
first m a Convocation held in 1562, and then in 
another in 1571. The ratification of successive sov¬ 
ereigns was also given, the first of them, in con¬ 
formity with the spirit of the age, adding, “ from 
which” [Doctrine and Discipline of the Church of 
England now established] “ We will not endure any 
varying or departing in the least degree.” The 
Thirty-nine Articles give prominence to the distinct¬ 
ive tenets which sever the Church of England from 
that of Rome. They assail the supremacy of the 
Pope (Art. 37); the asserted infallibility of the 
Church of Rome and of General Councils (Arts. 19 
& 21); the enforced celibacy of the clergy (Art. 32); 
the denial of the cup to the laity (Art. 30) ; transub- 
stantiation (Art. 28); and five out of seven of the 
alleged seven sacraments (Art. 25); purgatory and 
relics ; the worship or images (Art. 22); and finally, 
works of supererogation (Art. 14). The Thirty-nine 
Articles agree in doctrine, as distinguished from 
discipline, with those of the other Protestant com¬ 
munions at home and abroad. Assent to the Arti¬ 
cles is required from every one who. aspires to the 
office of a clergyman and pastor in the English 
Church. Till lately a similar subscription was de¬ 
manded from every student taking a degree at one 
of the two oldest English universities, but the Act 
17 & 18 Viet., c. 81, removed this disability from 
Oxford, and the 19 & 20 Viet., c. 88, did so from 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, filR fkther; we, wet, here, cameL her, there;_ pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = Jr , 




article 


279 


artificial 


•Cambridge. These acts made it possible for Non¬ 
conformist students who had scruples against sign¬ 
ing the Thirty-nine Articles to share the honors of 
the University. [Degrees, Subscription.] 

V. Commercially: 

1- Articles of Association: Rules, specifications, 
■&c., framed as the basis of commercial agreements. 

2 . The agreement or conditions on which an ap¬ 
prentice, &c., is articled. 

ar -ti-cle (cle=k$l), v. t. & i. [From article, s. 
In Fr. articuler .] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To draw up in the form of articles, or a state¬ 
ment of particulars, either for a legal accusation 
against one, or for some similar purpose. 

“ He whose life seems fair, yet if all his errors and 
follies were articled against him, the man would seem 
vicious and miserable.”— Taylor: Rule of Living Holy. 

2. To bind an apprentice to a master by a cove¬ 
nant, agreement, articles, or stipulations. 

B. Intransitive: To make a covenant with, to 
stipulate with. 

“If it be said, God chose the successor,* that is mani¬ 
festly not so in the story of Jephtha, where he articled 
•with the people, and they made him judge over them.”— 
Locke. 


ar -tl-cled (cled=keld), pa. par. & a. [Arti¬ 
cle, 1!.] 

articled Clerk. An apprentice bound by articles 
requiring him to serve an attorney or solicitor for a 
certain time on condition of being instructed in his 
profession. 

ar-tlc -U 13-r, a. [In Fr. articulaire; from Lat. 
<xrticularis. ] Pertaining or relating to the joints. 

“ . . . the head of the thigh-bone, an articular emi¬ 
nence.”— Todd i£‘ Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 105. 

“ . . . the acetabulum, an articular depression . . .” 
— Ibid., p. 105. 

ar-tic -u-lg.r-ly, adv. [Eng. articular; -ly.] In 
an articular manner; with distinct articulation of 
each word andletter. ( Huloet.) 

ar-tlc-R-la -t?., s.pl. [Lat. n, pi. of articulatus 
=divided into joints, pa. par. of articulo=to divide 
into joints.] [Article.] Cuvier’s name for the 
third great division or sub-kingdom of animals. 
The species so designated have their body divided 
into rings, with the muscles attached to their in¬ 
terior. Their nervous system consists of two cords 
extending along the under part of their body, and 
swelled out at regular intervals into knots or 
ganglia. One of these is the brain, which is not 
much larger than the other ganglia. Cuvier divided 
the Articulata into four classes, arranged in an 
ascending order—the Annelida, the Crustacea, the 
Arachnida, and the Insecta. Professor Owen in¬ 
cludes under the province Articulata four classes— 

(1) Annulata, (2) Cirripedia, (3) Crustacea, and (4) 
Insecta. With the insects proper he combines also 
the Myriapoda, or Centipedes, and the Arachnida, 
or Spiders. (Owen: Palceont., 1868.) The name 
Articulata (jointed animals) being somewhat indef¬ 
inite, Annulosa (ringed animals) has been substi¬ 
tuted for it by Macleay and other naturalists. Prof. 
Huxley divides Cuvier’s Articulata into Annuloida 
and Annulosa (q. v.). (See also Arthropoda.] 

ar-tlc'-u-late, v. t. & i. [From. Lat. articu- 
latum, supine of articulo—(\) to divide into joints, 

( 2 ) to utter distinctly.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To connect by means of a joint; to joint. 

“ Although the foot be articulated to the leg . . . ”— 

Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 12. 

II. Figuratively: 

* 1 . To draw up in articles. 

“ These things indeed you have articulated, 
Proclaim’d at market-crosses, read in churches.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., v. 1. 


2. To enunciate, to utter, to pronounce. 

“ Parisian academists, in their anatomy of apes, tell us, 
that the muscles of the tongue, which do most serve to 
articulate a word, were wholly like to those of man.”— 
Ray: Creation. 


B. Intransitive: 

1. To joint; to form a joint with. 

2. To treat with; to attempt to form articles of 
•agreement with. 

“ Send us to Rome 

The best with whom we may articulate, 

For their own good and ours.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 9. 


3. To utter distinctly separated, and therefore 
intelligible sounds ; to speak. 

*<The prisoner, stupefied by illness, was unable to 
articulate, or to understand what passed.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

ar-tlc -R-l3.te, «• [From Lat. articulatus, pa. 
par. of articulo (see the verb). In Sp. articulado; 
Ital. articolato.] 


A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Divided into joints. 

* 2. Put into the form of articles. 

“Henry’s instructions were extremely curious and 
articulate, and, in them, more articles touching inquisi¬ 
tion than negotiation; requiring an answer in distinct 
articles to his questions.”— Bacon. 

3. So uttered as to be intelligible. 

(a) Lit.: So spoken that each sound is separated 
from the rest, and each word and letter distinctly 
enunciated. The gift of doing this is a special 
glory of man ; the inferior animals do not possess it 
in any considerable degree. 

“Those were his last articulate words.”— Macaulay. 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

(b) Fig.: Intelligible, however uttered or com¬ 
municated. In this sense it may be applied even to 
a written document as well as an oral communi¬ 
cation. 

“Wherever articulate contemporary declarations have 
been preserved, ethnological is not less certain than other 
sorts of history .”—Lewis : Early Rom. Hist., ch. viii., § 1. 

B. Technically; 

Scots Law. Articulate Adjudication: An adjudi¬ 
cation proceeding at the instance of a single cred¬ 
itor for several debts, each placed quite distinct 
from the other, so that if the evidence for one fail, 
that for the other may not be damaged. [Adjudi¬ 
cation.] 

“ This is called an articulate adjudication, and is strictly 
a congeries of single adjudications carried on in one action 
to avoid expense.”— Bell: Comment. Law of Scotland, 6th 
ed., 943. 

ar-tlc -R-la-ted, pa . par. & a. [Articulate, «.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

“They would advance in knowledge, and not deceive 
themselves with a little articulated air.”— Locke. 

B. Technically: 

1. Zool.: Having joints. 

Articulated Animals: A common English name 
for the animals called in Latin Articulata and 
Annulosa (q. v.J. 

2 . Bot.: ( 1 ) United to another body by a real or 
apparent articulation. [2) Possessed of joints, of 
which the separate portions at a certain stage of 
development fall asunder, or at least may be read¬ 
ily separated, as the joints of some legumes. 

ar-tlc -U-l?Lte-l^, adv. [Eng. articulate; -ly.'] 

1. In the form of a joint; after the manner of a 
joint. 

2. In the form of articles or separated particu¬ 
lars ; article by article. 

3. With distinct enunciation of the separate 
sounds, and therefore intelligibly; or intelligibly, 
without reference to sounds at all. 

“ . . . articulately pronounced; omittynge no letter 
or syllable.”— Elyot: Governour, bk. i., ch. 6. 

“ The secret purpose of our heart no less articulately 
spoken to God, who needs not our words to discern our 
meaning .”—Decay of Piety. 

ar-tlc -u-late-ness, s. [Eng. articulate; •ness.'] 
The quality of being articulate. 

ar-tic-u-la-tlng, pr.par. [Articulate, v.] 

“. . . the articulating surfaces are generally flat¬ 
tened.”— Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 12. 

ar-tlc-R-la-tion, s. In Ger. artikulation; Fr. 
articulation; Sp. articulation; Port, articulacao; 
Ital. articolazione. From Lat. articulationem, acc. 
of articulation the putting forth of new joints or 
nodes. 

A. Ordinary language. 

I. The act of articulating. Spec., the act of form¬ 
ing sounds distinctly separated. 

“Iconceive that an extreme small, or an extreme great, 
sound cannot be articulate; but that the ariiculation 
requireth a mediocrity of sound.”— Bacon. 

II. The state of being articulated. 

1. Lit.: The state of being jointed. [B., Zool., 
Bot. ] 

2. The state of being articulately sounded, so as 
to be intelligible, or simply of being intelligible, 
without indication how. 

“ The looks and gestures of their griefs and fears 
Have all articulation in his ears.” 

Cowper: The Needless Alarm. 

III. That which is articulated. [B., 1, Anat., &c.; 
2. Bot.] 

B. Technically: 

1. Anat., Zool., Painting, Sculpture, &c.: A joint; 
the particular kind of connection between two 
bones. This is of three kinds, Diarthrosis, Synar¬ 
throsis, and Symphysis (q. v.). 

“A joint, or articulation, may be defined to be the 
union of any two segments of an animal body, through the 
intervention of a structure or structures different from 
both .”—Todd <£■ Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 131. 


2. Bot.: Thenodesorjointsofanarticulatedstem. 

3. Gram.: A consonant, so called because it is 
formed by the bending of the organs of voice into 
the joint as closing the lips, &c. 

ar-tlc -y-la-tSr, s. [Eng. articulat(e), and suff. 
-or.] One who articulates. (Boswell.) 

ar-tlc -U-lite, s. [Lat. articulus=& little joint, 
and lite—Gr. ZtMos=stoneJ A mineral, called also 
Itacolumite, a variety of Quartz (q. v.). 

ar'-tl-fl§e, s. [Fr. artifice; Sp. & Port, artificio; 
Ital. artificio, artifizio=(l) handicraft, trade, art, 
(2) skill, ingenuity, (3) theory, system, (4) dexterity, 
skill: from artificem, acc. of artifex= an artist or 
an artificer ; ars — art ; facio — to make.] [Artif¬ 
icer.] 

I. The act or practice of making anything by art. 

1. Lit.: A handicraft, a trade; art in general. 

“ . . . and as ye see a thing made by artifice perish, 
. . .”— The Golden Boke, ch. 42. ( Richardson .) 

2. Fig.: Skill. 

“ . . . such as illustrate the artifice of its [the sun’s] 
Maker.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. vi., ch. v. ( Rich¬ 
ardson .) 

II. Anything contrived by art; anything skillfully 
devised. 

1. (Not necessarily in a bad sense ): Anything 
framed, devised, or contrived by man, as contra¬ 
distinguished from that which emanates more 
directly from God. 

“Rhetoric is artifice, the work of man.”— Cowper: Ex¬ 
postulation. 

2. (In a bad sense): A stratagem, a trick, a piece 
of low cunning. 

“The ringleaders, the men of rank,fortune, and edu¬ 
cation, whose power and whose artifices have led the 
multitude into error, are the proper objects of severity.” 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

ar-tlf-I-ger, s. [Eng. artificer; -er. In Fr. ar- 
tificier; Sp., Port., and Ital, artifice. From Lat. 
artificem, acc. of artifex=(l ) one who exercises a 
liberal art, an artist; ( 2 ) a maker of anything: ars 
=art, and/ocio=to make.] 

I. Lit.: One whe is proficient in, or practices, any 
art. (Originally applied especially to one prac¬ 
ticing a liberal art, but now generally to a simple 
artisan.) 

“. . . for all manner of work to be made by the hands 

of artificers." —1 Chron. xxix. 5. 

II. Fig.: One who frames, contrives, or devises 
anything of whatever kind; a contriver, a deviser, 
a forger, a framer. 

1. In a good sense; (UsedofGod, the great Framer 
of all things; rarely of man.) 

“But by the great Artificer endued 
With no inferior power.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

2. In a bad sense: One who devises anything bad. 
Spec., a cunning person, a trickster. 

“He, soon aware, 

Each perturbation smooth’d with outward calm, 

Artificer of fraud! and was the first 

That practic’d falsehood under saintly show.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

ar-tlf-l-^er-shlp, s. [Eng. artificer; suff. ship.] 
The state of being an artificer; the whole body of 
artificers taken collectively. 

ar-ti-fl$'-ial (9 as sh), a. & s. In Fr. artificiel; 
Sp. & Port, artificial; Ital. artificiale and artifiziale ; 
Lat. artificialis, from artificium.] [Artifice.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . Framed or produced by art instead of by nat¬ 
ure; in some way modified by art rather than by 
nature. 

(a) Framed, made, or produced by art instead of 
by nature. 

“ Artificial fountains spouted among the flower-beds 
. . . ’’—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

(b) With which art has had to do. Spec., culti¬ 
vated, as opposed to growing or arising sponta¬ 
neously. (It may be used in a good sense, as an 
“artificial grass —a cultivated one; or in a bad 
sense, as in the subjoined example.) 

“ They swathe the forehead, drag the limping limb, 
And vex their flesh with artificial sores.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

(c) Not comformable to nature; unnatural, as 
opposed to natural. 

“These seem to be the more artificial, as those of a 
single person the more natural governments.”— Temple. 

2. Contrived with some measure of art or skill, as 
opposed to what is artless, undesigned, or unskillful. 

(a) (In a good, or at least, in an indifferent sense) : 
Ingenious. 

(b) (In a bad sense): Containing or involving 
some kind of trickery. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9011 , chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia'n, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = b$l, del. 




artificiality 


280 


artly 


II. Technically: 

1. Rhet. A rtificial arguments : Proofs on consid¬ 
erations which arise from the genius, industry, or 
invention of the orator. They are thus called to 
distinguish them from laws, authorities, citations, 
and the like, which are said to be inartificial argu¬ 
ments. 

2. Astron. Artificial horizon. [Horizon.] 

3. Mathematics: 

(а) Artificial lines : Lines, on a sector or scale, 
so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines 
and tangents; which, by the help of the line of 
numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions 
in trigonometry, navigation, &c. 

(б) Artificial numbers: Logarithms. 

4. Bot. The artificial system of classification: 
That of Linnaeus, founded mainly on the number 
of the stamens and pistils; the chief aim being to 
facilitate the naming of specimens, and not to rank 
together the plants which are most closely akin. 
The Natural as opposed to the Artificial System 
makes this latter object its special one, and the 
classification of Linnaeus, which in its day ren¬ 
dered immense service in popularizing Botany, has 
now all but sunk into disuse. 

tB. As substantive : Anything produced by art. 

“There ought to be added to this work many and 
various indices, besides the alphabetical ones; as, namely, 
One of all the artificials mentioned in the whole work.”— 
Sir W. Petty: Advice to S. Hartlib, p. 19. 

tar-tl-flg-Lal'-Lt^ (5 as sh), s. [Eng. arti¬ 
ficial; • ity .] The quality of being artificial. 

“Trees in hedges partake of their artificiality.”— 
Shenstone. 

ar-tl-fl$-i?il-l ze (9 as sh), v. t. [Eng. artificial; 
*tze.] To render artificial. 

ar-ti-flQ'-i^l-ljf (9 as ah), adv. [Eng. arti¬ 
ficial; -ly.] 

*1. Artfully, skillfully, with contrivance. 

“How cunningly he made his faultiness less; how arti¬ 
ficially he set out the torments of his own conscience.”— 
Sidney. 

2. By art, not by nature. 

“The tail of the giraffe looks like an artificially con¬ 
structed fly-flapper. — Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 
1859), ch. vi., p. 195. 

ar-tl-fi9’-i3,l-ness (9 as sh), s. [Eng. artificial; 
•ness.] The quality of being artificial. ( Johnson ,) 

*ar-ti-fi9'-ious (cassh),a. [Lat. artificiosus; 
Fr. artificieux.] The same as Artificial, (q. v.). 
{Johnson.) 

*ar-tll-l ze, v.t. [Eng. art, formed on the analogy 
©f naturalize : see example.] To make to resemble 
art. (Used of operations upon nature.) 

“‘If I was a philosopher,’says Montaigne, ‘I would 
naturalize art, instead of artilizing nature.’ The ex¬ 
pression is odd, but the sense is good.”— Bolingbroke to 
Pope. 

ar-til’-ler-Ist, s. [Eng. artiller(y); -ist.] An 
artilleryman; one practically acquainted with 
artillery or gunnery. 

ar-tir-ler-f, *ar-til’-ler-ie, *ar-t3?l -er-f, *ar- 
tll'-yer-^, *ar-til’-rie, *ar-tel-rle (Eng.), *ar- 
ta il-ye (Scotch), s. [In Ger. & Fr. artillerie; O. 
Fr. artillerie, arteillerie , from artiiler — to render 
strong by art, to work with artifice, to fortify, to 
arm; Prov. artilharia, artilheria; Sp. artilleria; 
Port, artilharia; Ital. artiglieria; Low Lat. artil- 
lare=to make machines: artillaria x artilleria — 
warlike engines, vans laden with military arms; 
Class. Lat. ars— art.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Implements of war. 

1 TjUp. 7 *ciilly * 

<i) Gen.: Warlike implements of whatever kind. 

“And al his vthir artilyery also 
He dowblith hath, that merwell was to sen.” 

Lancelot of the Lake (ed. Skeat), bk. iii. 2,538-9. 

T Formerly it might be used in the plural; now 
only the singular is employed. 

“Swiche as han castelles and other manere edifices, and 
armure, and artilries.” — Chaucer: Tale of Melibeus. 

(2) Specially: 

*(a) Bows and arrows. 

“And Jonathan gave his artillery [bows and arrows] 
into his lad,. . —1 Sam. xx. 40. 

( b ) Cannons or other great guns, and also all ap¬ 
pliances needful to keep them in a state of efficiency 
for use in time of war. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) Any weapon used in intellectual, moral, or 
<piritual warfare. 

"He laughs whatever weapon Truth may draw. 

And deems her sharp artillery mere straw.” 

Cowper: Hope. 


(2) The “ electric fluid ” in the clouds when flash¬ 
ing forth lightning accompanied by the roar of 
thunder. 

“And heaven's artillery thunder in the skies.”_ 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, i. 2. 

II. The science and art of gunnery. 

“In artillery practice the heat generated is usually 
concentrated upon the front of the bolt, and--on.the.por¬ 
tion of the target first struck.”— Tyndall: Prag. of Science, 
3d ed., i. 17. 

If Here the word is used almost adjectively. 

III. The men constituting the military corps in 
charge of the cannons, and who are trained to fire 
them in war. 

“ But there was no regiment of artillery, no brigade of 
sappers and miners, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

B. Technically: 

Mil.: For the several uses of the word artillery, 
see A., 1., II., & III. It is often divided into (1) 
Horse Artillery, (2) Field Artillery, and (3) Garrison 
Artillery. 

Field Artillery: Artillery designed to be taken 
with an army to the field of battle. 

Park of Artillery [Park] : Artillery, with the 
carriages, horses, and stores of all kinds necessary 
for its effective use. 

Siege Artillery: Artillery of heavy metal, designed 
to be employed in breaching fortifications. 

Train of Artillery: A certain number of pieces of 
cannon mounted on carriages, with all their furni¬ 
ture fit for marching. 

ar-tll'-ler- 3 f-m 9 .il, s. [Eng. artillery; man.) 
One who belongs to the artillery or who serves a 
gun. 

"... from the artillerymen being in particular cases 
mounted upon the cart attending the brigades.”— James: 
Military Diet., p. 26. 

ar-ti- 0 -dac'-t]f-l 9 , s. pi. [Gr. arf£os=equal, and 
daktylos= a finger or toe. Having equal toes.] In 
the classification of Mammalia by Professor Owen, 
the first (highest) order of the Ungulata. It is 
divided into two families or sections: Omnivora, as 
the Hog; and Ruminantia, as the Sheep. 

ar-tl-o-dac -tyle, a. [Artiodactyla.] Having 
even toes, that is, toes even in number. 

“ In the even-toed or ‘ artiodactyle ’ Ungulates, . . .” 
—Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 39. 

*ar-ti que (tique=tlk), adj. [Arctic.] The 
same as Arctic (q. v.). 

“ From tropic, e’en to pole artique.” 

Dry den: To Sir G. Ether eg e, 6. 

*ar’-tls (OldEng .), airts (Scotch), s. pi. Quarters 
of the sky. [Airt.] 

“ Of a’ the airts the wind can blaw 
I dearly like the west.” 

Burns: I Love my Jean. 

ar-tl-§an, s. [Fr. artisan; Sp. artesano; Ital. 
artigiano. From Lat. ars= acquired skill, art.] 

* 1 . One who practiced any of the arts, including 
the liberal ones, such as sculpture and painting, or 
was a student of books. 

“ Zeuxis [meaning the celebrated painter], a professed 
artisan, . . — Holland: Pliny, pt. ii., p. 535. (Trench: 
Select Gloss., pp. 8, 9.) 

2. One trained to practice a manual art; a handi¬ 
craftsman, a mechanic, a tradesman. 

Tf This meaning, though not the original one, has 
still long existed; for instance, Bullokar, in the 
edition of his English Expositor, published in 1656, 
defines an artisan to be A handy craftsman; an 
artificer.” 

“Even in the towns the artisans were very few.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

ar'-tist, s. [Fr. artiste; Sp., Port., &Ital. artista; 
from Lat. ars= art.] 

I. Of a person’s profession, occupation, craft, or 
study: 

* 1 . One who has had a liberal education, or at 
least is a reader, and has in consequence acquired 
knowledge, as contradistinguished from one who is 
unread. 

« The wise and fool, the artist and unread.”— Shakesp.: 
Troilus and Cressida, i. 3. 

If It was used especially (a) for a cultivator of 
classical learning: 

“ Some will make me the pattern of ignorance for 
making this Scaliger the pattern of the general artist.” — 
Fuller: Holy State, bk. ii., ch. 8. 

Or ( 6 ) for a cultivator of science. In the subjoined 
example it probably means “ astronomer,” or if it 
be “ constructor of the telescope,” the example 
will illustrate signification 2 instead of 1. [Art 
(B.), Artsman.] 

"... the moon, whose orb 
Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views 
At evening from the top of Fesole.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 


[2. One wno practices an art of whatever kind. 
(The variety of occupations to which the term may 
be applied may be seen in the example from Pope 
under No. II.) 

“ Then from his anvil the lame artist rose.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xviii. 482. 

3. One who practices any of the fine arts, as 
music, painting, sculpture, engraving, or architect¬ 
ure. (This is now the ordinary signification of the 
word.) 

(а) Literally: 

“ Rich with the spoils of many a conquer’d land. 

All arts and artists Theseus could command, 

Who sold for hire, or wrought for better fame; 

The master painters and the carvers came.” 

Dryden. 

( б ) Figuratively: 

“ Well hast thou done, great artist, Memory.” 

Tennyson: Ode to Memory, 6. 

“ He is the greatest artist, then, 

Whether of pencil or of pen, 

Who follows Nature.” 

Longfellow: Keramos. 

*11. One who is possessed of trained skill in any 
art or occupation, as distinguished from one who is 
destitute of such training. (Lit. <& Fig.) 

“ It is not strength, but art, obtains the prize 
And to be swift is less than to be wise, 

’Tis more by art than force of numerous strokes 
The dexterous woodman shakes the stubborn oaks: 

By art the pilot, through the boiling deep 
And howling tempest, steers the fearless ship; 

And ’tis the artist wins the glorious course. 

Not those who trust in chariots and in horse. 

In vain, unskillful, to the goal they strive, 

And short or wide th’ ungovern’d courser drive ; 
While with sure skill, though with inferior steeds, 
The knowing racer to his end proceeds.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiii., 383-94. 

*artist-god, s. [Here the word artist is used in 
the sense 1 ., 2 .] Vulcan. 

“ To her the artist-god: Thy griefs resign, 

Secure, what Vulcan can, is ever thine.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiii., 531-2. 

artist-like, a. Like an artist. 

“ Artist-like, 

Ever retiring thou dost gaze 

On the prime labor of thine early days.” 

Tennyson: Ode to Memory, 5. 

ar '-tlste, s. [Fr.] One who practices an art and 
professes to do so in the highest style. (Often 
used of play-actors and musicians, but not unfre- 
quently also of milliners and cooks, who, deriving 
their inspiration from Paris, wish to be designated 
by a word current in that capital rather than by 
one of native growth.) 

ar-tis'-tic, ar-tis-tic-al, a. [Eng. artist;-ie, 
-ical. In Fr. artistique .] 

1. Governed by rules of art. 

2. Relating to an artist. 

ar-tls -tlC-al-lf» adv. [Eng. artist ical; -ly.) 
In an artistic manner. 

art-less, a. [Eng. art; -less.] Without art. 

Specially — 

I. Of persons or minds: 

1 . Not understanding art; destitute of all 
acquaintance with art. (Rarely followed by of-) 

“ The high-shoed plowman, should he quit the land, 
Artless 0 /stars, and of the moving sand.” —Dryden, 

2. Guileless, simple, undesigning, too innocent to 
try to deceive, and not likely to succeed even if the 
attempt were made. 

“Suspicion lurks not in her artless breast; 

The worst suggested, she believes the best.” 

Cowper. Charity/. 

II. Of things: 

1. Destitute of art; not evincing the possession of 
art in its or their constructor. 

“. . . these assemblages of artless and massy pillars.’’ 
— Warton: Hist, of Kiddington. 

2. Conceived in simplicity and sincerity; not 
designed to produce an effect, but producing it all 
the more on account of this. 

“Oh, how unlike the complex works of man, 

Heaven’s easy, artless, unencumber’d plan!” 

Cowper: Truth. 

art'-less-ly, adv. [Eng. artless; -ly.] In an art¬ 
less manner. Specially — 

1. Without skill. 

2. Without craft; simply, guilelessly, undesign- 
edly, sincerely. 

“Nature and truth, though never so low or vulgar, are 
yet pleasing, when openly and artlessly represented.”— 
Pope. 

art’-less-ness, s. [Eng. artless; -ness.] The 
quality of being artless; simplicity, sincerity, unaf¬ 
fectedness ; absence of guile or affectation. (Todd.) 

art'-ly, a. [Eng. art; -ly.] Artificially, by human 
skill or contrivance. 

“ A crabstock, if it have a cyen of some delicate apple 
artly grafted upon it, they [the branches] will all follow 
the nature of the stock.”— Sanderson: Works, i. 431. 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, vnite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e, ey = a. qu = k*,. 




artocarpaceae 


281 


Aryan 


ar-to car-pa '-(je ae (Mod. Lat.), ar-to-car’- They are poisonous. The rhizomes are used in $,r-vlc-&l-a. s- [Lat. arvum=a field, and colo — 
(Eng.), s. pi. [Artocaepus.] An order of Switzerland for soap. There is in them an amyla- to dwell in, to inhabit.] A genus of rodent mam- 
exogenous plants, placed by Lindlev under his ceous substance, which, after the acrid matter has malia belonging to the family Castoridee, though 
Urticales or Urtical Alliance. The female flowers been pressed out, may be employed in lieu of bread- they have also close affinities with the Muridae, or 
are collected into ^fleshy masses or heads. The fl° ur * 

A-run-del-I-an, a. [Eng. Arundel; -ion.] Per¬ 
taining to any of the successive Earls of Arundel. 

Arundelian or Oxford Marbles: Certain marbles 
brought from Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, by Mr. 


Mice. 

Ar-VO-nl-gtn, «• [From Arvonia, the Roman 
name of a district in Wales.] Pertaining to the 
above-mentioned Arvonia. 

Geol.: A Pre-Cambrian formation found in Pem- 


stipules. are convolute and sheathing, as in the 
genus Ficus. In 1847, Lindley estimated the known 
species at fifty-four. 

ar-tS-car’-pous, ar-to-car -pe-ous, a. [Arto- -„- „ , 

carpus.] Relating to the order Artocarpeae, the William Petty, who purchased them for Thomas, brokeshire, Carnarvonshire, and Anglesea, Wales, 
genus Artocarpus, or to the Bread-fruit. Earl of Arundel, in 1624. Arriving in London in the Dr. Hicks divides the Pre-Cambrian formation into 

ar-to-car’-tihs « r Tn Ttal • Mod year 1627, they were placed in the gardens of Arundel Dimetian, Arvonian, and Pebidian. Each of these 

Lat. artocarpuf; from te arto 8 =bre^d and’karpo; House, which then occupied the site on which must have been many thousand feet in thickness, 
=fruit Bread-fruit 1 A e-euna of nlants-tho tcmi- Arundel, Norfolk, Surrey, and Howard streets, run- and their horizontal extension is very wide. The 
rruit. Bread mnt.j a genus ot plants the typi n - ofl > the strand) in London, now stand. In 1667 Arvonian formation contains the quartz-felsites and 

the Hon. Henry Howard, grandson of the first pur- porphyries, called halleflinta by TOreU, and petrosi 
chaser, and afterward Duke of Norfolk, presented lex rocks by Hunt. (Q. J. Geol. 80 c., vol. xxxv.. 
the collection, which had met with Vandal treat- 1879.) 

ment in London, to the University of Oxford. Itwas #ar—we *ar— whe *ar—owe a [\. S. earg— 

Sttrird 1 1 !■>»«,UrnM-I U* «•!' Timid. 

The marbles contain the Parian Chronicle (q. v.)» v. t* [A. S. eargian— to be a coward.J 

a-run-dlf-er-ous, a. [Lat . arundifer, from [Aewe ’ To render timid. 
arundo—a reed or cane; and fero= to bear.] Reed- 
bearing, cane-bearing. Bearing reeds or canes. 

(Ogilvie.) 


cal one of the order Artocarpaceae, or Artocarpads, 
It contains various species. The most notable is 
the A. incisa , or Bread-fruit tree. It is a middle- 



Bread-fruit Tree. 

sized tree, with large variously-cut and lobed leaves. 

It has a round, curiously-muricated fruit. [Bread¬ 
fruit.] It flourishes in the South Sea Islands. 

Dampier, Anson, and Captain Cook made it known 
in Europe, and the expedition of Captain Bligh of 
the “Bounty,” dispatched with the view of introduc- j r 1 

ing it into the West Indies, ended in the mutiny of aener ® carters 
the crew, the capture of the vessel, and the settle¬ 
ment of some of the mutineers in 1790 on Pitcairn’s 
Island, whence their descendants were transferred 
to Norfolk Island in July, 1866. The A. integrifolia 
is the Jack-tree. [Jack-tree.] 
ar-to-tyr-i-te§, s. pi. [Gr. artotyros=brea& 
made with cheese: artos— a loaf of bread, and tyros 
=cheese.] 

Ch. Hist.: A sect in the primitive church who 
celebrated the Lord’s Supper with bread and cheese, 
on the ground that the first oblations of men were 
not only the fruits of the earth, but their flocks 
(Gen. iv. 3, 4). 

*ar-tow, *ar-tou, *ar-tfi. [Eng. art; thou.'] 

A contraction for art thou. 

“Why artow so discolored on thy face?” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,592. 

“Chyld, whi artou not a-schamed?” 

Dispute between Mary and the Cross (ed. Morris), ii. 22. 
art-ship, s. [Eng. art; -ship.] Artistic skill. 

{Sylvester: The Vocation, 118.) 

*arts -man, s. [Eng. arts; man.] A man skilled 
in any science or art. 

“. . . and that the pith of all sciences, which maketh 
th e'artsman differ from the inexpert, is in the middle 
■propositions, which in every particular knowledge are 
taken from tradition and experience.”— Bacon (Quotation 
from Plato): Adv. of Learn., bk. ii. 

ar -um, s. [In Ital. aro; Sp. yaro; from Lat. 
aros, aron, arum = the cuckoo-pint; Gr. aron. 

Hooker and 
Arnott think 
the Greek 
word may 
■come from the 
Heb. or, in the 
sense of fire 
or flame, and 
may refer to 
the burning or 
acrid charac¬ 
ter of these 
plants.] A 
genus of 
plants belong¬ 
ing to the or¬ 
der Aracese, or 
Arads. It con¬ 
tains the well- 
known A. ma- 
culatum, the 
Cuckoo-pin t 
(meaning 
point). Lords 

Wake-Robin. The solitary spikes of bright scarlet 
berries may often be seen under hedges in winter, 
after the leaves and spadix have disappeared. 


arun-di-na-ge ous, a. [Lat. arundinaceus.] 
Resembling a reed or cane. 

a-run-din-ar-I-a, s. [From arundo (q. v.).] A 
genus of grasses containing the Cane-brake of North 
America (A. macrosperma). 

a-run-dln'-e-ous, 3,-run-dIn-o §e, adj. [Lat. 

arundineus, arundinosus.] 

1. Made of reeds. 

2. Abounding in reeds. 

3. Resembling a reed. 


A-run -do, s. [Lat. arundo= a reed.] A Linneean place for books. 


“Hast arwed many herdy men that hadden wil to 
fyghte.” Piers Plowman. (Boucher.) 

*ar’-we (plural *ar’-we§, *ar'-wen),s. [Arrow.] 
An arrow. 

“ A bow he bar, and arwes bright and kene.” 

Chaucer: C. J., 6,963. 

*ar'-wyg-yll, s. [Earwig.] 

*arwygyll-worme. An earwig (q. v.). (Prompt. 

Parv .) 

-ary, as suffix. [From Lat. suff. -arius, -arium.] 

1. An agent in performing any act or doing any 
work; as lapidary (Lat. lapidarius)= a worker in 
stone. 

2. A place for; as library (Lat. librarium) = a 


genus of grasses. One species (A. donax) supplies 
material for fishing-rods, and is imported for the 
purpose from the south of Europe, where it is indi¬ 
genous. The striped-leaved variety, formerly more 
common than it now is in gardens, is called Gar- 

*A-rfl r-?i, *ar-rd r-a, s. [Lat. arura; Gr. aroura 
=tilled or arable land, corn-land; aroo= Lat. aro— 
to plow, to till.] A day’s plowing. [Aroura.] 

a-rus -pex, fha-rus -pex, a-rus -pige s. [In 

Fr., Sp., & Ital. aruspice; Port, aruspice, haruspice; 

Lat. haruspex; \aruspex, from (1) /lira—the empty 
gut; Sansc. /iira=the intestines; Gr. cholas and 
cholix; Old Norse gar-nir= the intestines; and (2) 
specio or spicio=to look at.] 

Among the Etruscans and Romans: A soothsayer 
or diviner who pretended to foretell future events 
by the inspection of the entrails of victims. 

“Adorn’d with bridal pomp, she sits in state ; 

The public notaries and aruspex wait.” 

Dry den: Juv. Sat. 10. 

“ The Senate, however, consider this aruspex of uncer¬ 
tain authority, and await the response of the Delphian 
oracle.”— Lewis: Early Rom. History, ch. xii. 

IT Though the form aruspice is given in Diction¬ 
aries, the examples cited to illustrate it, being in 
the plural, do not establish its existence, for arus- 
pices might be the plural of the Lat. aruspex, as 
well as of the English aruspice. 

“ The second sort of ministers mentioned by Cicero, 
were not priests, but augurs and aruspices, designed to be 
the interpreters of the mind of the gods.”— Bp. Story on 

the Priesthood, ch. 5. ... w 

“ They [the Homans] had colleges for augurs and arus- family of human languages described below. 
pices, who used to make their predictions sometimes by Aryan family of languages : A great family of 
fire, sometimes by flying of fowls, &c ."—Howell: Letters, languages, sometimes, though rarely, and not quite 


Ar -y~an, tAr’-i-an, a. & s. [In Sansc. Arya (as 
substan.) = (1) a tribe or nation—the Aryas; (2) in 
later Sanscrit (as adj.) = noble, of good family. 
India was called Ary a-dvarta—the country of the 
Aryas. These Aryas were invading Brahmans, 
Kshatriyas (warriors), and Vaisyas (merchants); 
while the aborigines of India were called in the 
Vedas Dasyus. In later Sanscrit Arya specially 
meant the third or merchant class, the most numer¬ 
ous of the three, whence it came to stand for the 
whole nation. It seems to mean one who plows or 
tills, and to be connected with the Latin word aro 
=to plow, to till. It was opposed to Tura, in San¬ 
scrit meaning ( 1 ) as adj.= swift; ( 2 ) as substan.= a 
nomad. [Turanian.] In Zend airya (adj.) means 
venerable, and (substan.) the Persian people. (The 
Persians and the Indian Aryans were originally the 
same nation.) Persia was called by Hellenicus, 
who wrote before Herodotus, Aria. Herodotus says 
that the Medes called themselves Arii. In the 
cuneiform inscriptions Darius denominates himself 
Ariya. Many other words, ancient and modern, 
appear to contain the term, as Ir an (Persia) ; Ar¬ 
menia ; Aria, in Thrace ; the Arii, in Germany ; and 
even our own .Erin and Ire land. (See Max Miiller 
on the Science of Language, 4th ed., pp. 246-255.) 
The word has sometimes been written Art an; but 
Aryan is more correct, besides having the great ad¬ 
vantage of discriminating the term from Arian, 
pertaining to the Presbyter of Alexandria, so promi¬ 
nent in discussions regarding the doctrine of the 
Trinity.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Philol. & EthnoL: Belonging to the great 



iii. 23. 

9,-rus -pi-gy, s. [From Lat. aruspicem, accus. 
of aruspex= a soothsayer.] [Aruspex.] Pretended 
divination of future events by inspecting the en¬ 
trails of victims. 

“ A flam more senseless than the roguery 
Of old aruspicy and augury.” 

Butler: Hudibras, pt. ii., c. iii. 

ar-val, *ar'-vel, *ar-vil, *ar’-thel, s. 
[Etym. somewhat doubtful. Wormius says that 


accurately, called Japhetic; more frequently desig¬ 
nated as the Indo-European or Indo-Germanic 
family of tongues. They have reached a higher 
development than those of the second great family, 
the “ Semitic,” better described as the Syro-Arabian 
family, and are far in advance of the next one— 
that comprising the Turanian tongues. [Lan¬ 
guages.] Like the Syro-Arabian forms of speech, 
they are inflectional [Inflectional] ; while those 
of Turanian origin are only agglutinate. [Aggluti¬ 
nate.] Max Muller separates the Aryan family of 


there is a Danish word arfwcel= a solemn feast in languages primarily into a Southern and a North 
honor of a deceased chieftain, from oerf= an heir, e rn division. The former is subdivided into two 


Arum Maculatum. 


and o/=ale. Hutchinson derives arval from Wei 
arwn/i=funeral solemnities; and Boucher from Wei. 
ar=over, and wylo= to wail, to weep. (Boucher.) 
Barnes considers it Welsh.] A funeral. (Used 
chiefly in the north of England.) 

*arval-bread, s. Bread given to the poor in 
the north of England on occasion of funerals. 

*arval-feast, *arvil-feast, s. A feast made at a 
funeral. 

“ I had an inclin on’t at th’ arvil-feast.” 

Yorkshire Dialogue, p. 59. (Boucher.) 

*arval-supper, s. 

a funeral. 


classes: (1) the Indie, and (2) the Iranic; and the 
latter into six: ( 1 ) the Celtic, (2) the Italic, (3) the 
Illyric, (4) the Hellenic, (5) the Windic, and ( 6 ) the 
Teutonic. [See these words.] (Max Muller: 
Science of Language, vol. ii., p. 411.) It is often 
said that Sanscrit, spoken by the old Brahmans, is 
the root of all these classes of tongues. It is more 
correct to consider it as the first branch, and 
assume the existence of a root not now accessible tu 
direct investigation. As an illustration of the 
affinity among the Aryan tongues, take the common 
word daughter. It is in Sw .dotter; Dan. datter; 
A supper in connection with Dut. dochter; Ger. tochter; O. II. Ger. tohtar; Goth. 

dauhtar; Lith. duktere; Gr. thyguter; Armenian 


bdil, b<5y ; pout, J<5wl; cat, §ell, chorus, <jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. - b$l, deL 




aryght 


282 


asaphes 


dustr; Sansc. duhitri: the last-named word signify¬ 
ing, primarily, “ milkmaid,” that being the func¬ 
tion, in the early Brahman or Aryan household, “ For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be 
which the daughter discharged. Not only are the made alive.”—1 Cor. xv. 22. 
roots of very many words akin throughout the 
several/Aryan tongues, but (a more important fact) 
so also are the inflections. Thus the first person 
singular of a well-known verb is in Lat. do; Gr. 
didbmi; Lith. dumi; Old Slav, damy; Zend dad 


IT To render the so more emphatic, even is some- IT Sometimes the words as well are separated 
times placed before it. . from the as. 

as well the stranger as he that is born in th* 


h&mi; Sansc. daddmi; and the third person sing, 
present indie, of the substantive verb is in Eng. is, 

Goth, ist, Lat. est, Gr. esti, Sansc. asti. 

“. . . there exists in India a sort of rivalry between 
the Aryan languages, or rather between the three princi¬ 
pal ones—Hindi, Marathi, and Bengali—each considering 
itself superior to the others.”— Beanies: Compar. Gram.. 

Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i. (1872); Introduction, p. 81. 

II. Ethnology: 

1. Gen.: Pertaining to the old race speaking the 
primeval Aryan tongue [ A.l, or any of the numer- equally^with^as much as! 
ous forms of speech which have sprung from it. . <rru _ A „ 

The ancestors of most modern Europeans lived Thou good old man, benevolent as wise, 

together as one people, speaking the primeval Aryan Pope: Homer s Odyssey. 

tongue, in Central Asia, and apparently near the . , ... “ Before the place 

Pamir steppe. Their separation took place at SO . hundred doors a hundred entries grace: 

remote a period that, while they seem to have 


U When so is not present it is understood. 

“As in my speculations I have endeavored to extinguish 
passion and prejudice; I am still desirous of doing some 
good in this particular.”— Spectator. 

IT Such is occasionally employed as the word in 
relation to as. 

“ • . , such an one as Paul the aged.”— Philemon 9. 

3. With. 

“ . . . upon the like devotion as yourselves.” 

Shakesp.i Richard III., iv. 1. 

4. Than. (Scotch.) 

“ Better be dead as out of the fashion.” 

Ferguson: S. Prov. ( Jamieson .) 
II. Denoting proportion; in the same degree with, 


land.” — Lev. xxiv. 16. 

11. As yet: Up to this time. 

“ Though that war continued nine years, and this hath 
as yet lasted but six; yet there hath been much mor© 
action in the present war.”— Addison. 

*a§, 2ddt3dpers, sing. pres, indie, of verb. [Have, 
Has.] Hast, has. 

“ And qui as thu min godes stolen?" 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), l,760i- 

*as(l),s. [Ash (1).] 

as (2), s. [In Ger. asz; from Lat. as, genit. as sis. 
whence are the Eng., Fr. & Sp. ace, and the Port. 
az .] 

Among the Romans: A weight, coin, or measure. 

I. As a weight of twelve ounces, the same as a 
libra or pound, and divided into twelve parts called 
uncise or ounces. These were: Uncia= 1 oz.; sex¬ 
tans (£th);=2 oz.; quadrans (%) = 3 oz.; quincunx=b 
oz.; semis (J) =6 oz.; septunx=l oz.; bes=8 oz.; dod- 
runs— 9oz.; dextans, or decunx— 10 oz. ;detma:=ll oz. 


. .... __,___to _ 

known gold, silver, and copper, they were unac 
quainted with iron, the name of which is different 
in all the leading Aryan tongues. (Max Matter, 
Science of Language, vol. ii., p. 258.) 

2. Spec.: The Aryan race which invaded India at 
a period of remote antiquity, possibly 1700 B. C., 
and still remains the dominant Hindoo race there. 

B. As substantive: The race or races described 
under A., II. (q. v.). 

* 3 L-ry'ght (gli silent), adv. [Aright.] 

*ar'-y-ole, s. [Lat. hariolus=a soothsayer.] A 
Soothsayer, a diviner. 

“ . . . for aryoles, nygromancers brought theym to 

the auctors of their god.”— Trevisa de Prop. Rerum, f. 126. 
{.Boucher .) 

* 9 ,-ry§e, v. i. [Arise.] 

“And made forward erly to aryse." — Chaucer: C. T., 33. 

*A~ryst e, s. [A. S. cerest, cerist ^ resurrection; 
oman.=to arise.] Resurrection. 

“ As heo stode and speken, and weren at wenynge. 

Of vre louerdes aryste, and fele other thinge.” 

The Passion of Our Lord (ed. Morris), 595, 596. 

ar-f-te -ndid, far-f-tse’-ndid, a. & s. [In Sp. 

arytena =the larynx; Lat. arytena or arutena; Gr. 
arytaina or aryter—\adle or cup; ary6—to draw 
water.] Ladle-shaped or cup-shaped. 

A. As adjective: 

_ Arytenoid cartilages: Two pyramidal bodies ar¬ 
ticulated by their bases with the oval articular sub¬ 
stances which exist on the upper margin of the 
cricoid cartilage in the human larynx. (Todd & 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 434.) 

Arytenoid muscle: Muscles which pass from one 
©f the arytenoid cartilages to the other. (Ibid.) 

B. As substantive: 

Plural. Arytenoids: The cartilages described 

above. 

“The mobility of the articulation of the arytenoids with 
the cricoid, and their connection with the vocal ligaments, 
give them great importance in the mechanism of the 
larynx.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat. 

a§, *a§e, adv., conj., & pref. [A contraction for 
Eng. also. As in A. S. is ealswa, alsiva; Dut. & 
Ger. als ; M. H. Ger. alse; O. H. Ger. also, from al= 
all, and so=so.] [Also.] 

A. As an adverb of comparison. (Bain: Higher 
Eng. Gram.) 

I. Denoting comparison resulting in the discovery 
of likeness. _ 

1 . Like, similar to, resembling. 

“And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as 
One of us.’ — Genesis iii. 22. 

“ As the husband is the wife is, 

Thou art mated to a clown; 

And the coarseness of his nature 

Will have power to drag thee down.” 

Tennyson: Locksley Hah 

2. In the same manner as; like that or those 

which. 

u Ase we hit findeth iwriten 
In the goddspelle.” 

Death, xxiii. (ed. Morris), 15,16. 

“The Lord seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on 
the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on the 
heart.”—1 Sam. xvi. 7. 

IT In some cases, especially when the comparison 
is presented at length, as is either followed or pre¬ 
ceded by so. (See also B., II., 2.) 

“ As your fathers did, so do ye.”— Acts vii. 51. 

“And He said. So is the kingdom of God, as if a man 
should cast seed into the ground.”— Mark iv. 26. 


As many voices issue, and the sound II. As a coin, which, in the time of Tullus Hos- 

Of Sybil’s words as many times rebound.” tilius, is said to have weighed twelve ounces. 

. Dryden. After the first Punic war had exhausted the treas- 

iT In this sense it is generally succeeded after an ury, it was reduced to two ounces. The second 
interval by another as, with which it stands in rela- Punic war brought it to one ounce; and, finally, the 
tion. Papirian law fixed it. at half an ounce only. At 

“. . . his personal qualities were as amiable as his first it was stamped with a sheep, an ox, a ram. or 
poetical, . . .’’—Pope: Letter to Wycherlev (1704). a sow, but under the empire it had on one side a 
III. Redundant; but this use of the word is vul- two-faced Janus, and on the other the rostrum or 
gar. [See As how.) P row of a shl P’ 

B. As a subordinating conjunction of reason and ‘ “ in ®'"i ?’ 000 ases for each Prisoner.”- 

cause. (Bain: Higher Eng. Gram.) Arnold: Hist. Rome, ch. iliv. 

I. (Implying time): While, whilst. In -; 4s a ™ asure: 

“. . it whistled os it flew.”-!^. \ g&i Ato™' 

II. (Implying reason): a s Latin has other significations, among 

1. (Denoting a cause): Since, because, because of which may be r noted (in Law) a portion divided 

being. ’ r * ~ n 


prince, I fear thee.”— Shakesp.i 


among heirs. [Ace.] 

As. The contraction and symbol for Arsenic. 
Atomic weight, 75; density of vapor, 150; hydrogen 
being taken as 1 . 

as'-a s. [Mod. Lat. asa; probably a corruption, 
of Class. Lat. laser, genit. laseris=( 1) the juice of 
the plant Laserpitium assafoetida, (2) the plant 
itself. In Pers. aza is=mastic; and in Arab, asti is 
=healing, isd— a remedy.] The name of a gum. 

asa dulcis. [Lit.= sweet asa, as opposed to asa 
foetida= fetid asa.] Benzoine (q. v.). 

asa feetida. [Asafetida.] 
w as-gL-fet'-I-da, as-gi-foet'-I-da, as-s$,-fcet'-I-dgk 
as'-a foet'-I-da (ce—e), s. [In Ger. assafoetida ; 
Sp. asafetida. From Mod. Lat. asa, (q. v.), and 
Classical Lat. foetida= fetid, having a bad smell.] 

1. The English name of two, if not more, plants 
growing in Persia and the East Indies, the Ferule. 


. . as thou art 
1 Henry IV., iii. 3. 

*2. (Denoting a consequence): That. 

“ The relations are 60 uncertain, as they require a 
great deal of examination.”— Bacon. 

C. As an intensifying prefix: F requently used in 
Mid. Eng., as asswythe, astyte, &c. 

D. In special phrases, with varying signification, 
according to the words with which it is combined. 

1. As far as: To the extent. 

. . os far as I can see.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, 
vol. i., pt. ii., ch. xi. 

“ Every offense committed in the state of nature, may 
in the state of nature be also punished, and as far forth as 
it may in a commonwealth.”— Locke. 

“. . . os far as can now be ascertained.”— Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

2. As for: As far as relates to, with regard to, 
with respect to. 

“As for such as turn aside unto their crooked ways 
. . .”— Ps. exxv. 6. 

3. As how: How, the word as being considered 
redundant. (Provincial.) 

“As how, dear Syphax?”— Addison: Cato. 

4. As if: Like what it would be if. 

“As in the case of the aether, beyond the ‘as if’ you 

cannot go.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., vii. 135. 

IT In poetry, when the necessities of the meter re¬ 
quire it, the if is occasionally omitted 

“He lies as he his bliss did know.”— Waller. 

“ ... as they would dance.”—Milton: P. L., bk. vi. 

5. As it were: Like, resembling. 

”... and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder, 

one of the four beasts saying, Come and see.”— Rev. vi. L 

6 . As long as: Noting (a) extent of space. 

“ He draws a bonny silken purse 
As lang’s my tail."—Bums: The Twa Dogs. 

Or ( 6 ) Duration of time. 

“ Because He hath inclined His ear unto me, therefore 
will I call upon Him as long as I live.”— Ps. cxvi. 2. 

7. As soon as: Whenever. 

"... os soon as I am gone out of the city.”— Exodus 
ix. 29. 

8 . As though: As if. 

“. . . under color as though they would have cast 
anchors out of the foreship.”— Acts xxvii. 30. 

9. As to: With respect to, concerning. 

“ I pray thee, speak to me, as to thy thinkings, 

As thou dost ruminate; and give thy worst of thoughts 
The worst of words.”— Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 3. 

10. As well as: Equally with, no less than. 

. “But I have understanding as well as you; I am not A. vulgaris, deposits its eggs in aphides.^on whiclr 
inferior to you.”— Jot vii. 3. the larvae, when hatched, prey. 



Asafetida. (Branch, Flower, and Seed.) 

asafeetida and the F. Persica. They belong to the 
order Apiaceee, or Umbellifers. 

2. The drug made from them. Old plants being: 
cut across, juice exudes from the wound. This 
being scraped off, is exposed to the sun to harden 
it, and is sent in large irregular masses to this' 
country for sale. It is a useful medicine in hys¬ 
teria, asthma, tympanites, dyspnoea, pertussis* 
and worms; it is sometimes given also as a clyster, 
* sj.-sa ile, v. t. [Assail.] 

as'- 3 ,-phe§, s. [Gr. asaphes= dim, indistinct; ce,. 
priv., and sqp/ies=clear, distinct,] A genus ot 
Ichneumons, of which the best known species. 


fate, fat, 
or, wore. 


fare, amidst, 
WQlf, work, 


what, 

who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 

son; mute, cth, ciire, unite. 


cam?l, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 

cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu = kw. 




asarabacca 

as-ax-fc-bac -eg,, «• [Lat. asarum (q. v.)> and 
Caeca— a berry.] 

Bot.: The English name of the Asarum Eu?e- 
peeum. It is a plant with binate reniform leaves 
and solitary flowers, containing twelve stamina, a 
six-lobed stigma, and a six-celled manv-seeded 
fruit. The leaves are emetic, cathartic, and diu¬ 
retic. Used as snuff, they produce a copious dis¬ 
charge from the nostrils. 

a§'-gr-one, s. [From Lat. asarum (q. v.).] Cam¬ 
phor of asarum. 

Chem.: A crystallized substance obtained from 
the Asarum Europceum. 

as-gr-um, s. [In Fr. asaret; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
asaro; Lat. asarum; Gr. asaron ; from a, priv., and 
seira= a cord, string, or band. The plant was so 
called because it was rejected from the garlands of 
flowers made up by the ancients.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Aristolochiace®, or 
Birthworts. It contains the species, Asarum Euro¬ 
pceum , or Asarabacca (q. v.). 

*g-sa ye, *g-sa y, v. t. [Assay, v., Essay, u.] 
*g-sa yle, *g-sa y-li, v. t. [Assail.] 

*g-sa yled, pa. par. [Asayle.] 
a§-be-fer -rite, s. [Eng., &c., asbestos; ferrite. 
From Lat. ferrum= iron, and Eng. suff. -ite.] A 
mineral, a variety of Amphibole. It is of a grayish- 
white or ashy-gray color. Dana classes Asbeferrite 
with Dannemorite under the head “Iron-Manga¬ 
nese Amphibole.” 

g§-bes-tlc, a. [Eng., &c., asbestfos ) ; - ic .] Per¬ 
taining to asbestos; made of asbestos. 

a§-bes -tl-form, a. [Lat. asbestos, and forma— 
form.] Of the form which asbestos generally as¬ 
sumes ; fibrous. 

H Asbestifvnn, or lamellar-fibrous . . . ”— Dana: Min., 
Sth ed., p. 234. 

a§-bes -tine, a. [In Sp. asbestino; Gr. abestinos 
=made of asbestos. Applied especially to the cloth 
made from it.] 

1 . Made of asbestos. 

2. Like asbestos; incombustible. {Johnson.) 
g§-bes-t(fid, a. & s. [Gr. asbestos , and eidos— 

form.] 

1 . As adjective: Of the form of asbestos; fibrous. 

2. As substantive : A mineral resembling asbestos 
in form. It is called also Byssolite (q. v.). 

a§-bes'-tos, g§-bes’-tus, *g§-bes'-ton, fag- 

best, s. [InGer. & Fr. asbeste ; Sp. & Port, asbesto; 
Lat. asbestos; Gr. asbestos, as s. (see def.); as cidj.= 
unquenched, unquenchable: a., priv., and sbestos 
^quenched; from sbeso—&vst tut. of sbennumi—to 
quench.] 

*1. Among the ancients: 

1. Quicklime. 

"... quicklime, which is named (says Procopius, 
1 ii., c. 27) titanos by the ancients; by the moderns asbes¬ 
tos." — Gibbon: Decline and Fall. Note under ch. xli. 

IT By moderns, of course, Procopius means the 
men of his own time, viz., the sixth century A. D. 

2. The mineral described under II. 1. 

II. Now {Mineralogy ): 

1 . A variety of Hornblende, which itself is classed 
by Dana as a synonym or subdivision of Amphibole. 
Be says that the several varieties of Amphibole, 
and notably Tremolite and Actinolite, when they 
have little alumina in their composition, tend to 
become fibrous, in which case they are called As¬ 
bestos. Hatty regarded the fibers as rhomboidal 
prisms. As the etymology imports, asbestos is ex¬ 
ceedingly infusible, at least in a mass. It contains 
a considerable percentage of magnesia in its com¬ 
position. It occurs mostly in serpentine districts. 
The varieties are: 

(a) Amianthus, in which the.fibers are so exceed¬ 
ingly long, flexible, and elastic, that they may be 
woven into cloth. [Amianthus.] 

(b) Common Asbestos, with the fibers much less 
flexible. It is heavier than the first variety. It 
is dull green, sometimes pearly in luster, and 
unctuous to the touch. 

(c) Mountain Cork, light enough to float on 
water. 

(d) Mountain Leather, also very light, but thin¬ 
ner and more flexible than the last. 

*(e) Mountain Paper, a designation formerly 
given to fine thin specimens of Mountain Leather. 

if) Mountain Wood, which, in the external 
aspect, resembles dry wood. 

2. The fibrous varieties of Pyrocene. It is diffi¬ 
cult to distinguish these from the former. 

IT Blue Asbestos: [Ckocidolite.] 
asbeston-stone, s. [Asbestos.] 
a§'-bol-an, s. [Asbolite.] 
a§ -bol-Ine, s. [Gr. asbolos, «sf>o?e=soot.] 

Chem. : A yellow, oily substance, very acrid and 
bitter, obtained from soot. 


283 

a§-b6l-Ite, a§ -b6l-an, s. [Gr. asbolaind=to 
cover with soot; asbolos, asbole— soot.] A mineral, 
called also Earthy Cobalt. Dana makes it a va¬ 
riety of Wad (q. v.), and considers it to be that 
mineral combined with oxide of cobalt. 

as-cal'-g-phus, s. [Gr. askalaphos. A word in 
Aristotle, apparently meaning a kind of owl.] 
Entom.: A genus of Neuropterous insects belong¬ 
ing to the family Myrmeleontidee, or Ant-lions. 
They differ from the Myrmeleon proper in having 
much longer antenmo and shorter bodies, while 
their larvae do not construct a pitfall. 
as-car’-I-dse, s. pi. [Ascaris.] 

Zool. : A family of intestinal worms belonging to 
the class Intestina Entozoa of Rudolphi, Cuvier, 
&c., the class Entozoa of Owen and others, and the 
doubtful class Scolecida, group or sub-class Nema- 
toidea (Thread-worms). They constitute the high¬ 
est type of intestinal worms. [Ascaris.] 
as-cgr-Is, s. [Gr. askaris, from askarizo, or 
skarizo= to leap, to throb, to palpitate.] 

Zool.: A genus of intestinal worms, the typical 
one of the family Ascaridee. A. lumbricoides, or 
Round Worm, is the commonest intestinal parasite 
of the human species, generally occupying the small 
intestines; it is found also in the hog and ox. In 
the human species it is much more common in 
children than in adults, and is extremely rare in 
aged persons. It reaches seven inches in length. A 
second species, the Ascaris or Oxyur us vermicular is, 
is one of the most troublesome parasites of chil¬ 
dren, and occasionally of adults. It infests the 
larger intestines, especially the rectum. The male 
is two or three lines long, and the female five. 
{Owen: Compar. Anatomy of the Invertebrate Ani¬ 
mals, pp. 66, 67, &c.) 

*gs-ca unge, *gs-cauns, adv. [Askance.] 
*gs-C& unt, adv. [Askant.] 
as-gel'-ll, s. pi. [Latinized dimin. fromGr. askoi, 
plural of asicos= a bottle.] 

Bot.: The same as Asci (q. v.). 

*gs-gen'-gioun, s. [Ascension.] 
as-gend', *gs-send', v. i. & t. [In Sp. ascender; 
Ital. ascendere: Lat. ascendo; from ad—to, and 
scando= to climb.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: To move from a lower to a higher place. 
It is opposed to descend (q. v.). 

(a) Of animated beings: To climb up, or even 
without actual climbing to move from a lower to a 
higher elevation. 

"... and assendyt to hevyne.”— The Craft of Deyng 
(ed. Lumby), 227. 

"... behold the angels of God ascending and 
descending upon it [the ladder].”— Genesis xxviii. 12. 

IT It is often followed by up. 

“ And no man hath ascended up to heaven, . . 

John iii. 13. 

(b) Of things: To go up as smoke or vapor does 
by the operation of the law of gravity, or as any 
material substance goes up without actual climb¬ 
ing. 

“. . . the curling smoke ascends. 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 
“The piston either ascended or descended.” — Smith: 
Wealth of Nations, bk. i., ch. i. 

2. Figuratively: 

(а) To proceed from recent to remote times, or 
trace back a course of development. 

“. . . they boast 

Their noble birth, conduct us to the tombs 
Of their forefathers, and, from age to age 
Ascending, triumph their illustrious race.” 

Cowper: Transl. of Greek Verses on Pedigree. 

(б) To mount up from what is materially, feeble 
to what is materially strong, or from what is mor¬ 
ally or intellectually low to that which is in these 
respects higher. 

“As when the winds, ascending by degrees, 

First move the whitening surface of the seas.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk iv. 478-9. 

(c) To proceed from particulars to a more or less 
wide generalization, or from trifling matters to 
matters of greater moment. 

“ B y these steps we shall ascend to more just ideas of 
the glory of Jesus Christ, who is intimately united to God, 
and is one with Him.”— Watts: Impr. of Mind. 

II. Technically: 

1. Astron.: To rise higher above the horizon, and 
proceed more or less directly toward the zenith. 

2. Music: To pass from a lower to a higher note. 

B. Trans.: To climb or move from a lower to a 
higher place, 

“ Ascend thy car, 

And save a life, the bulwark of our war.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. v. 306. 

“ . . . their galleys ascended the river.”— Gibbon: 
Decline and Fall. ch. xlii. 


ascending 

gs-gend-g-ble, a. [Eng. ascend; •able.'] Able 
to be ascended. {Johnson.) 

gs-gend -gn-gy, s. [Ascendency.] 

gs-gend’-gnt, a. & s. [Ascendent.] 

gs-gend-ed, *gs-gend'-Id, pa. par. & a. [As. 

CEND.] 

Brutus goes into the Rostrum. 

“ 3 Cit. The noble Brutus is ascended: Silence!” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, iii. 2. 

“ For whan degrees fyftene were ascendid.’’ 

Chauncer. C. T., 16, 343. 

gs-gend'-en-gjf, gs-gend-gn-gjf, s. [In Fr. as¬ 
cendance; Sp. ascendencia= ancestry; Port, ascend- 
encia; Ital. ascendenza; from Lat. ascendens = 
ascending.] [Ascendent.] Controlling influence; 
governing power. 

“ Barrington, however, admits that superiority in song 
gives to birds an amazing ascendancy over others, as is 
well known to bird-catchers.”— Dai-win: Descent of Man, 
pt. ii., ch. xiii. 

“ The ascendency of the sacerdotal order was long the 
ascendency which naturally and properly belongs to intel¬ 
lectual superiority.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

gs-gend -gnt, gs-gend'-gnt. a. & s. [In Fr. as¬ 
cendant; Sp. ascendient; Port, and Ital. ascend- 
ente; from Lat. ascendens, pr. par. of ascendo= to 
ascend.] [Ascend.] 

A. As adjective: (Formerly ascendant , now as¬ 
cendent.) 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: Moving upward. 

2. Fig.: Dominant, predominating, ruling. 

“ . . . the ascendant community obtained a surplus 
of wealth.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., Prelim. Rem., p. 19. 

II. Technically: 

1. Astrol.: Above the horizon. 

“ Let him study the constellation of Pegasus, which is 
about that time ascendant.” — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

2. Bot.: Ascending. (Applied to a procumbent 
stem which rises gradually from its base to ovules 
attached a little above the base of the ovary, and to 
hairs directed to the upper part of their support.) 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Ascent, slope, acclivity. 

"... the ascendent of the hyll called Blackheth 
Hyll.”— Hall: Henry VIII., an. 31. 

2. Figuratively: 

{a) Height, elevation; point of elevation. 

“He was initiated, in order to gain instruction in 
sciences, that were there in their highest ascendant.” — 
Temple. 

J >) Superiority of any kind, as in power, wealth, 
uence, intellect, or morality. 

“The friends of the English alliance were now recover¬ 
ing the ascendant.” — Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., 17. 

“ By the ascendant he had in his understanding, and 
the dexterity of his nature, he could persuade him very 
much.” — Clarendon. 

II. Technically: 

* Astrol.: The degree of the ecliptic which is ris¬ 
ing in the eastern part of the horizon at the moment 
of a person’s birth. This, when ascertained, was 
supposed to indicate his tastes or proclivities, and 
enable his horoscope to be drawn out. In the 
celestial theme, other names are given to the 
ascendant, viz., the first house, the angle of the 
east, an oriental angle, and the house of life. 

“ Wei cowde he fortune the ascendent 
Of his ymages for his pacient.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 419-20 

**. . . his signe, his houre, his ascendent.” — Goicer: 
Conf. Amant., bk. vi. 

If In the ascendent: Dominant, predominant. 

“ The French occupation of Rome led the way to the 
reaction, and by the end of 1849 absolutism was in the 
ascendent.” — Times, February 8, 1876. 

If Lord of the ascendent: 

1. Lit. {Astrol.): The planet or other heavenly 
body which rules in the ascendent or first house 
when the latter is just rising above the horizon. 

“. . . Mercury being lord of the ascendent.” — Quota¬ 
tion in Pen. Cycl., i. 527. 

“ Mercury, lord of the ascendent, being in Gemini . . .” 
—Ibid. 

2. Fig.: One who possesses commanding power 
or influence. 

*gs-gend'-Id, pa. par. [Ascended.] 
as-gend-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Ascend.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

As present participle and adj.: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

“ Dark o’er the fields th’ ascending vapor flies.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi. 436. 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-dan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 




ascension 


284 


asci 


B, Technically: 

I. Astronomy: 

1. The ascending node of the moon is that in 
which the moon passes from the southern to the 
northern side of the ecliptic. It is opposed to the 
descending node. [Descending.] ( Herschel: As¬ 
tron., § 406.) The meaning is the same in the case 
of a planet (§ 498). 

2. The ascending signs of the zodiac are those 
through which the sun passes while he is approach¬ 
ing his greatest northern declination, the one which 
to us is many degrees above the horizon. They are 
Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, and 
Gemini. The other six are called descending signs. 

3. Ascending latitude: The increasing latitude of 
the moon or a planet. 

II. Anat.: Directed upward. 

“. . . has powerfully ascending rami.”— Owen: Classif. 
of the Mammalia, p. 67. 

Ascending vessels: Those which carry the blood 
upward, that is, from the lower to the higher parts 
of the body. 

III. Bot.: Sloping upward. 

1. An ascending embryo is one the apex of which 
is pointed toward the apex of the fruct. ( Lindley .) 

2. An ascending ovule is one which grows from a 
little above the base of the ovary. (Ibid.) 

IV. Genealogy: One’s ancestors in a direct line 
backward, excluding collaterals. 

V. Print.: Ascending letters are those which as¬ 
cend into the upper shoulders, or above the short 
letters; as, b, d, 1 , etc. 

qts-gen -aion, *us-gen -gioun, *as-sen-tioun, 

s. [In Fr. & Sp. ascension; Port, ascensao; Ital. 
ascensione; Lat. ascensio, from ascensum, sup. of 
ascendo.] [Ascend.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of ascending (lit. or fig.). 

1. In a general sense: 

“ By nature he knew eche ascentioun.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,861. 

“Ne eek oure spirites ascencioun." — Ibid., 12,706. 

2. Spec.: It is applied to the ascent of our Saviour 
from the earth, in view of His disciples, some time 
after His resurrection. Hence the Mount of Olives 
whence he ascended has since been called by devout 
Christians the Mount of Ascension. 

“ The traditional scene of the Ascension is one of the 
four summits of the Mount of Olives, . . . ”— Cook: Holy 
Bible with Comment., vol. i. (1878), p, 471. 

til. That which ascends. 

“ Men err in the theory of inebriation, conceiving the 
brain doth only suffer from vaporous ascensions from the 
stomach.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

III. The distance by which anything ascends. [B. 
Astron. J 

B. Technically: 

Astron. Right ascension: The distance of a 
heavenly body from the first point of Aries, 
measured upon the equator. (Hind.) The arc of 
the equinoctial included between a certain point in 
that circle, caUed the Vernal Equinox, and the 
point in the same circle to which it is referred by 
the circle of declination passing through it. Or the 
angle included between two hour-circles, one of 
which, called the equinoctial colure, passes through 
the vernal equinox, and the other through the body. 
(Herschel: Astron., §§ 108,293.) It is opposed to 
oblique ascension (q. v.). 

If The terms right ascension and declination are 
now generally used to point out the position in the 
heavens of any celestial object, in preference to the 
old method of indicaring certain prominent stars by- 
proper names or by Greek letters. By means of the 
transit instrument, or by an equatorially-mounted 
telescope, a star or planet may be readily found, 
when once its right ascension and declination are 
known. [Equatorial Telescope, Transit Instru¬ 
ment.] 

f Oblique ascension: The arc of the equator inter¬ 
cepted between the first point of Aries and the point 
of the equator which rises with a star or other 
heavenly body, reckoned according to the order of 
the signs. 

Ascension-day, s. The day on which our 
Saviour’s ascension is commemorated—the Thurs¬ 
day but one before Whitsuntide, sometimes called 
Holy Thursday. It is one of the six leading festi¬ 
vals for which services are assigned in the Liturgy 
of the Episcopalian church. 

“ This, on Ascension-day, each year.” 

Scott: Marmion, ii. 13. 

as-gen'-sion-al, a. [En g. ascension; -al. In Fr. 
ascensionnel; Sp. ascensional .] Pertaining or re¬ 
lating to ascension. 

Ascensional difference: The difference between 
the right and oblique ascensions. 


9,3-gen -Sive, a. [Lat. ascens(us), pa. par. of 
ascendo, and Eng. suffix -ive.] Ascending, on an 
ascending plan. 

“. . . the gradations of the Mammalian structure, of 
which we have now completed the ascensive survey.”— 
Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 51. 

as-gent', s. [InSp. & Port, ascenso; Ital. ascen- 
denza and ascesa. Lat. ascensus(s), from ascen- 
sus, pa. par. of ascendo .] 

I. The act or process of ascending or moving from 
a lower to a higher place. 

1. Literally: 

(a) Of persons: 

“ The ascent had been long and toilsome.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xi i i. 

(b) Of things: 

“. . . the ascent of soap bubbles, . . .”— Darwin: 

Voyage round the World, ch. viii. 

2. Fig.: Progress upward. 

“ In regard to animal life, and its assigned work on this 
planet, there has therefore plainly been an ascent and 
progress in the main.”— Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, 
p. 60. 


p. 995. ’ 


steepe and hard of ascent.” — Holland: Livy, 


II. That which is ascended. 


1. Literally: 

(a) That by which ascent is made—a flight of 
steps, an inclined plane artificially formed, or the 
natural acclivity of a hill. 

“ . . . and his ascent by which he went up into the 
house of the Lord . . .”—2 Chron. ix. 4. 


(b) The eminence ascended; or generally an emi¬ 
nence, a hill. 

“A wide flat cannot be pleasant in the Elysian fields, 
unless it be diversified with depressed valleys and swell¬ 
ing ascents.”— Bentley. 

(c) The slope or angle of the eminence ascended. 

2. Fig.: Gradation, series, order. 

‘‘Large store of gleaming crimson-spotted tints, 
Ranged side by side, in regular ascent, 

One after one, still lessening by degrees 
TTp to the dwarf that tops the pinnacle.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

*US-gen'-tioun. [Ascension.] 

us-ger-ta in, *us-ger-ta ine, *st-cer -tain, v. t. 

[O. Fr. ascertainer, acertainer, acertener, acerte- 
neir, acerter; Sp. acertar, from Fr., O. Fr., &c., cer¬ 
tain.'] [Certain.] 

1. Of persons: To render a person certain of any- 
thing, or at least inspire him with confidence 
respecting it. 

“ Mer. But how shall I be ascertained that I also should 
be entertained?”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

II. Of things: 

*1. “ To assert for certain, to assure.” 

2. To render a thing certain which before was 
doubtful. 

*(a) By making that fixed which before was fluct¬ 
uating, or at least liable to change. 

“ For nought of them is yours, but th’ onely usance 
Of a small time, which none ascertaine may.” 

Spenser: Daphna'ida. 

“ . . . the mildness and precision of their laws ascer¬ 
tained the rule and measure of taxation.”— Gibbon. 

*(b) By arranging matters previously. To insure. 

“ The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority in the 
House of Lords, persuaded the Queen to create twelve new 
Peers.”— Smollett. 


f3. By divine revelation, or at least by credible 
testimony regarding anything. 

“ The divine law both ascertaineth the truth, and sup- 
plieth unto us the want of other laws.”— Hooker '. 

“ Money differs from uncoined silver in this, that the 
quantity of silver in each piece is ascertained by the 
stamp.”— Locke. 

4. By instituting an inquiry, investigation, exam¬ 
ination, or experiment. (This is now the almost 
exclusive use of the word.) 

“ The extent to which parliamentary support was bar¬ 
tered for money cannot be with any precision ascertained.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

“ Their periods may, therefore, be regarded as ascer¬ 
tained with the utmost exactness.”— Sir J. Herschel: ,4s- 
tron., § 486. 

If Ascertain may be followed by a substantive 
[examples under No. II. 1, 2, 3 and 4], by that [ex¬ 
ample under No. I.], or by whether. 

“ . . . but he was there only for the purpose of ascer¬ 
taining whether a descent on England was practicable.” 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

as-ger-ta in-g.-ble, a. [Eng. ascertain; -able.] 
Capable of being ascertained. 

“ . . . if truth in Irish matters was ascertainable at 
all.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 78. 

US-ger-ta ined, pa. par. & a. [Ascertain.] 

“ . . . compared first with the amount of ascertained 
difference . . . ”— J. S. Mill: Logic, 2d ed. (1846), vol. ii.. 
p. 104. 


asger-tain-er, s. [Eng. ascertain; suff. -er.] 
One who ascertains anything; one who establishes 
anything beyond the possibility of reasonable 
doubt. 

3 ,s-ger-ta in-Ihg, pr. par. [Ascertain.] 
US-ger-ta in-ment, s. [Eng. ascertain; -ment.] 
The act of ascertaining; the state of being ascer¬ 
tained. 

“. . . the positive ascertainment of its limits.”— 
Burke: French Revolution. 

* 3 .s-ges -sun-gjf, s. Old form of Acescency. 
* 3 ,s-ges -sunt, a. [Acescent.] 

Us~get -1c, *us-gpt-ick, a. & s. [In Ger. ascet- 

isch (adj.), ascet (substan.); Fr. asc6tique; Sp., 
Port., & Ital. ascetico; Gr. a.sheficos=industrious, 
belonging to an athlete • asketes=( 1) one who prac¬ 
tices any art or trade, (2) a hermit; ctskesis=( 1) ex¬ 
ercise, training, (2) a profession ; asked—(1) to form 
by art, (2) to practice, to exercise.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Eetired from the world, and engaged in devo¬ 
tions and mortifications. 

“ . . . he entered into such an ascetic course as had 

well nigh put an end, to his life.”— Life of Bishop Bur¬ 
net, ch. 13. 

2. Severe, harsh, rigid, precise. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Spec.: One who retires from active and adopts 
a contemplative life spent in devotion, in mortifica¬ 
tion of the body, <fcc.: a hermit, a recluse. 

In the days of Jesus Christ the Essenes were 
a large and influential sect of men who lived in the 
wilderness. John the Baptist was an example of 
these ascetics. 

‘‘I am far from commending those ascetics, that, out 
of a pretense of keeping themselves unspotted from the 
world, take up their quarters in deserts.”— Norris. 

2. Gen.: One who, whether he retires from active 
life or not, adopts habits of silf-mortittcation. 

II. Church History: A class of persons who, aspir¬ 
ing after higher attainments in holiness than other 
Christians, thought they would best attain their 
object by self-mortification. They therefore ab¬ 
stained from wine, flesh, matrimony, and worldly 
business; and moreover emaciated their bodies by 
long vigils, fasting, toil, and hunger. Both men 
and women embraced this austere mode of life. 
During the second century of the Christian era, 
when they first attracted notice, they lived by them¬ 
selves and dressed differently from others, but did 
not altogether withdraw from the society and con¬ 
verse of ordinary men. During the course of the 
third century they gradually withdrew to the 
Egyptian desert, and early in the fourth (about 
A. D. 305), were associated by Anthony into monas¬ 
tic communities. [Anchorite, Monasticism.] 

“ The Ascetics who obeyed and abused the rigid precepts 
of the Gospel.”— Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ch. xxxvii. 

as-get-i-gigm, s. [Eng. ascetic; -ism. In Fr. 
ascitisme.] The mode of life of an ascetic ; mortifi¬ 
cation of the body. 

“ There are two classes of men of very differe it com¬ 
plexions, by whom the principle of asceticism appears to 
have been embraced; the one a set of moralists, the other 
a set of religionists.”— Bowring: Jeremy Bentham’s Works, 
vol. L, p. 4. 

as-get -ics, s. [Ascetic.] A treatise on the sub¬ 
ject of asceticism, or giving rules to be observed by 
ascetics. 

*as-gha ime, v. t. [Ashame.] 

*<is-gha med, a. [Ashamed.] 

*AS-chare, adv. [A. S. on cyrre— in the act of 
turning; cerran= to turn.] Aside. 

“ Euer after the dogges wer so starke, 

Thei stode aschare when thei sohuld barke.” 

Hunting of the Hare, 256. (Boucher.) 

*asghe, s. [Ash (1) & (2).] 

*US-Che -pon, pret. of v. [A. S. gesceapen- 
formed, created.] [Shape.] Shaped, formed, de- 
vised. 

“ Watz neuer so blysful a bour as watz abos thenn 9 
Ne no schroude hous so schene as aschepon thare.” 
Ear. Eng. Alliter. Poems (ed. Morris), Cleanness, 1,075-6 

*asgh -et, s. [Ashet.] (Scotch.) 

*asch -e-wele, v.t. To drive away. 

‘‘Thar ich aschewele pie and crowe.” 

The Hule and the Nyghtingale (1601). (Boucher.) 
as'-Cl , s. pi. [Latinized form of askoi, plural of 
askos= a leathern bottle.] 

1. Tubes in which the sporules of lichens are 
contained while in the nucleus. (Lindley.) 

2. Tubes in which the sporidia of fungi are placed- 
They are called also ascelli or thecae. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, . father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine- g~6 p5t 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = kw 




Ascian 


As - 91 -an (pi. A§ - 9 i-an§), s. [Lat. Ascii; Gr. 
Askioi, pi. of askios— without shadow : a, priv., and 
skia=a shadow. 1 

Plural: Those who at midday of one or two days 
of the year are destitute of a shadow. Those living 
in the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are so at 
midday once a year, and those living between those 
circles are so twice a year. 

as-$Id-I- 9 ,, fg,s- 9 ld -I-se (Mod. Lat.), ^s-?id -I- 
g,n§ (Eng.), s. pi. [Ascidium.] 

Zool.: The first order of the Tunicated Class of 
Mollusca. It contains four families: the Ascidiadee, 
or Simple Ascidians; the Clavellinidte, or Social 
Ascidians ; the Botryllidse, or Compound Ascidians ; 
and the Pyrosomatidse, an aberrant family tend¬ 
ing to the order Biphora. [Ascidioida.] 
as-gld -i-?L-dse, s. pi. [Ascidium.] Simple As¬ 
cidians. The typical family of the Ascidian order of 
Tunicated Mollusca. Professor Garrod considers 
them to be degenerate "Vertebrata, which should be 
placed quite at the end or that sub-kingdom, after 
Amphioxus. The animals are simple and fixed; 
they are solitary or gregarious, with their branchial 
sac simple or disposed in 8—18 deep and regular 
folds. Their external integument is provided with 
two apertures, making them look like double¬ 
necked jars. When touched they squirt a stream 
of water to some distance. They look like shapeless 
cartilaginous masses. Some are highly colored. In 
Brazil, China, and the Mediterranean they are oaten 
as food. 

as-§Id -l-form, a. [Mod. Lat. ascidi(um), and 
Lat. forma— shape.] Bottle-shaped, like the leaves 
of Sarracenia and Nepenthes. 

as-§Id-i-6i -da, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. ascidi(um), 
and Gr. e£dos=appearance.] Professor Huxley’s 
name for the class called by some others Ascidia or 
Ascidiae. He classes it under his great division 
Molluscoida. 

as-§Id -I-um (pi. as- 9 ld -I~a), s. [Gr. askidion, 
dimin. of askos=a leathern bottle of goatskin or 
similar material.] 

1. Zool.: The typical genus of the Tunicated Mol¬ 
lusca, belonging to the family Ascidiadee and the 
order Ascidia. The species vary in length from an 
inch to five or six inches. One species is the Sea- 
squirt ( A. hyalinum). The Ascidian genus, family, 



Ascidium (Sea-squirt). 


A. Ascidium mentula. B. Ascidia echinatum. 

and order have recently acquired greatly-increased 
interest from the fact vliat Darwin has taken this 
part of the animal kingdom as his point of depart¬ 
ure in tracing the process of development which 
he believes to have ultimately resulted in the 
production of man. 

2. Bot.: The pitcher in such plants as Sar¬ 
racenia and Nepenthes. (Bindley.) 

as- 9 ig -er-ous, a. [(1) Gr. askoi, pi. of askos, 
(Asci); (2) Lat. gero= to wear, to carry about.] 
Having asci. (Loud<m: Cyclop, of Plants; Gloss.) 

AS-9I -tse (Lat.), As-91 -tan§ (Eng.), s. [From 
Gr. askos= a leathern bottle.] 

Ch. Hist.: A sect of Montanists Who arose in the 
second century Their name was designed to ex¬ 
press the fact that some Bacchanals of their party 
believed the passage in Matt. ix. 17, which speaks 
of pouring new wine into new bottles, required 
them to blow up a skin or bag, and dance around 
it when inflated, which accordingly they did with 
suitable vigor, as an act of solemn worship. 

as-ci-te§, s. [In Fr. ascite; Port. & Lat. ascites; 
Gr. askites: from askos—a leathern bottle.] 

Med.: Effusion of fluid of any kind into the ab¬ 
domen ; specially effusion of fluid within the cavity 
of the peritoneum, as distinguished from ovarian 
dropsy and dropsy of the uterus. There is an 
idiopathic ascites, which may be of a tonic or acute 
form, or of an asthenic type; and a sympathetic or 
consequential ascites. Another division is into act¬ 
ive ascites, that in which there is a large effusion 
of serum into the cavity of the peritoneum, after 
undue exposure to cold and wet; and passive as¬ 
cites, that produced by disease of the heart or liver. 

as-9it -ic, *as-9lt'-ick, as^It -Ic-al, a. [Eng., 
&c., ascites; Eng. suff. -ic, -ical. In Fr. ascitique; 
Port, ascitico .] Pertaining or relating to the disease 
called ascites. 

“When it is part of another tumor it is hydropical, 
either anasarcous or ascitical .”— Wiseman: Surgery. 


285 

as- 91 -tr-tiOUS (tious as shiis), a. [Low Lat. 

*ascititius; from Lat. ascitus= approved, adopted, 
pa. par. of ascisco= to approve, to adopt.] Not 
originally existent; adopted, additional, supple¬ 
mental. [Adscititiotjs.] 

“Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name from 
some accident of his life. , ’— Pope . 

as-cle-pi-ad, s. [In Fr. ascUpiade ; Sp. asclepi- 
adeo; Lat. Asclepiadeus.) 

Ancient Prosody : A kind of verse used by Horace 
and other writers, and divided into two primary 
types: (1) Asclepiadeus minor, consisting of a 

spondee, a choriambus, a dactyl, a trochee, and a 
caesura, as Maece | nas atavls || edite | regi | bus 
(Horace) ; and (2) the Asclepiadeus major, consist¬ 
ing of a spondee, two choriambuses, a trochee, and 
a caesura, as Quis p 6 st | vina gravem | militiam aut 
| paup&rlem | crepat? (Schmitz: Lat. Gram., 1860, 
p. 306.) 

as-cle-pi-a-da - 9 e-se, s. pi. [Asclepias.] As- 
clepiads. An order of plants closely allied to the 
Apocynaceae, or Dogbanes. Lindley places them 
under his alliance Solanales. They have a 5-divided 
persistent calyx; a monopetalous 5-lobed regular 
corolla ; 5 stamina, with the filaments usually con¬ 
nate ; anthers 2—sometimes almost 4—celled; the 
pollen at length cohering in masses, or sticking to 
5 processes of the stigma ; styles 2; stigma 1, tipping 
both styles, dilated, 5-cornered; ovaries, 2; fruit, 
2 follicles, of which one is sometimes abortive ; seeds 
numerous. Shrubs, or more rarely herbs, almost 
always milky, and frequently twining. Leaves en¬ 
tire, opposite ; flowers umbellate, fascicled, or race¬ 
mose. Their favorite habitat is Africa. They occur 
also in India, and the tropics generally. In 1846 
Lindley estimated the known species at 910; now 
fully 1,000 are known. The milk, which in some 
species furnishes caoutchouc, is usually acrid and 
bitter, though apparently not so deleterious as that 
of Apocynaceae. That of Calotropis gigantea, the 
akund, yercum, or mudar plant of India, has been 
used with effect in leprosy, elephantiasis, and some 
other diseases. The roots of Cynanchum tomen- 
tosum, and Periploca emetica are emetic. Gym- 
nema lactiferum is the Cow-plant of Ceylon [Cow- 
plant]. Pergularia edulis and Periploca esculenta 
are eatable. Diplopepis vornitoria is expectorant 
and diaphoretic, and is used like ipecacuanha in 
dysentery. Hemidesmus Indica is the Indian 
Sarsaparilla [Sarsaparilla]. The leaves of Cy¬ 
nanchum Argel are used in Egypt for adulterating 
senna. _ Marsdenia tenacissima is employed for 
bowstrings by the mountaineers of Rajmahal, while 
M. tinctoria and Gymnema tingens yield an indigo 
of excellent quality. (Lindley.) [Asclepias.] 

as-cle-pi-ad'-e-an, «• [Lat. asclepiadeus .] 
Pertaining or relating to the meter called Ascle- 
piad (q. v.). 

“ The distichs used by Horace are—(1) The second 
Asclepiadean meter, consisting of a Glyconieus and the 
Asclepiadeus minor.”— Schmitz: Lat. Gram. (1860), p. 306. 

as-cle-pl-ad -ic, a. [En g. asclepiad; -ic.) The 
same as Asclepiadean (q. v.). 

as-cle -pl-as, s. [In Fr .ascUpiade; Ital. ascle- 
piade ; Sp. ascleipiada ; Lat. asclepias ; Gr. asklepias, 
a plant, the Swallow-wort (Asclepias vincetoxi- 
cum?) ; from Asklepios, tho Roman ASsculapius or 
Esculapius, the fabled god of medicine.] A genus 
of plants, the typical one of the order Asclepiada- 
ceee. The species are found chiefly along the eastern 
portion of North America, in Bermuda, &c. Though 
all more or less poisonous, they are used medici¬ 
nally. A. decumbens excites general perspiration 
without in any perceptible degree increasing the 
heat of the body. It is used in Virginia as a remedy 
against pleurisy. Another variety, A. tuberosa, is a 
mild cathartic and diaphoretic. The root and ten¬ 
der stalks of A. volubilis create sickness and ex¬ 
pectoration. A. tuberosa (Butterfly Weed) and 
A. curassavica, sometimes but incorrectly called 
ipecacuanha, are also medicinal plants, while A. 
lactifera yields a sweet copious milk used by the 
Indians, &c.; hence the ordinary name milkweed. 
A. aphylla and stipitacea are eatable. (Lindley.) 

as -co-my- 9 e -te§, s. pi. [Gr. askos= a bag, and 
mykes — a mushroom.] A group of fungi whose 
spores or sporidia are contained within asci. 

as-co-my- 9 e'-tous, a. [Eng., &c., ascomycet(es) ; 
- ous .] Belonging to or connected with the ascomy- 
cetes (q. v.). 

a-scrl -ba-ble, a. [En g. ascrib(e) ; -able.) That 
may be ascribed. 

“. . . the effects of nature’s abhorrency of a vacuum, 

which seem to be more fitly ascribable to the weight and 
spring of the air.”— Boyle, vol. i., p. 17. 

a-scrl be, v. t. [In Ital. ascrivere. From Lat. 
ascr£ 6 o=(l) to add to or insert in a writing; ( 2 ) to 
impute: ac£=to, and scribo= . . . to write.] 

*1. To write down. 

“Hereupon the Athenians do ascribe that day for a most 
unfortunate day.”— North: Plutarch, p. 181. 


aseptic 

2. To attribute, to impute, to assign. Used— 

(a) Of qualities or actions attributed to a person 
or other being: 

“. . . ascribe ye greatness unto our God.”— Deut, 
xxxii. 3. 

“ They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to 
me they have ascribed but thousands.”—1 Sam. xviii. 8. 

(b) Of effects attributed to causes: 

“The mind, indeed, enlighten’d from above, 

Views Him in all; ascribes to the grand cause 
The grand effect; . . .”— Cowper: Task, bk. iii. 

TT Regarding the difference between the verbs to 
ascribe, to impute and to attribute, Crabb considers 
that to ascribe is to assign anything in one’s esti¬ 
mate as the possession or the property of another; 
to impute is to form an estimate of a person, and to 
attribute is to assign a thing as a cause. What is 
ascribed is generally honorable; what is imputed 
is generally dishonorable.” (Crabb: English Syno¬ 
nyms.) 

a-scrl bed, pa. par. [Ascribe.] 
a-scrlb -Ing, pr. par. [Ascribe.] 

*a-scrl e, *a-skrl'e, *a-skry e, v. t. [Of. Sw. 
anskri=an outcry, scream, cry; O. Fr. escr£er=to 
callout.] To cry out to, to shout to. 

“ Seraphe was of hem wel war and faste him ascries.” 

Joseph of Arimathie (ed. Skeat), 630. 

a scrip'-tion, s. [Lat. ascriptio=an addition in 
writing: from ascribo (Ascribe); or from ad— to, 
and scriptio=the act of writing; scribo—to scrape 
with a sharp point, ... to write.] 

1 . The act of attributing, imputing or assigning, 
as an effect to a cause ; or qualities or actions to any 
being; the state of being attributed. 

“. . . that noble subsequent life which would render 
simply impossible the ascription to Faraday of anything 
unfair.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, xii. 357. 

2. That which is ascribed. 

as-crip-ti -tious, a. [Lat. ascriptitius — en¬ 
rolled.] Ascribed, imputed, assigned. 

“An ascriptitious and supernumerary god.”— Farindon: 
Sermons, p. 82. 

&s~ 9 y -rum, s. [Lat. ascyron; Gr. askyron, a 
kind of St. John’s Wort.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Hypericacese, or Tutsans. 
They are found in North America. 

{i-se’-I-ty, s. [As if from Low Lat. aseitas.) The 
state or condition of having an independent ex¬ 
istence. (Prof. W. R. Smith.) 

*a -sel, s. [Aysell.] 

*k~se le, v. t. [A. S. aseelan=to bind, fasten.] To 
seal. 

“The Angel him schewed, with-outen weoles, 

A put aseled with seuen seles.” 

The XI. Pains of Hell (ed. Morris), 193-4. 

3. -sel -li, s. pi. [Asellus.] 
a-sel-li-dEe, .s. pi. [Asellus.] 

Zool.: A family of Isopod Crustaceans. Some 
species are marine, and others fresh-water. The 
Limnoria terebrans, so destructive to woodwork 
immersed in the ocean, belongs to the family. 

ii-sel -lus (pi. 3 ,-ser-lI), s. [Lat. asellus = a 
little ass.] 

1 . Zool.: The typical genus of the Asellidae. It 
contains the A. aquaticus, or Water-hog Louse, 
common in fresh water. 

2. Astron.: Two stars in the constellation Cancer. 
The Greeks, through whom we have received the 
sign Cancer, placed two asses in it, where they 
still remain, under the titles of Asellus Boreas and 
Asellus Australis; and near them is the asterism 
Prmsepe, or the Manger, in which there are about 
forty small stars visible in the telescope. 

a-sep'-sls, s. Pathol.: [Gr. a, priv.=not, and 
sepsis=putrefaction.] The condition of being free 
from putrefaction; absence of toxinous or patho¬ 
genic bacteria. 

a-sep -ta> s. pi. [N. pi. of Gr. asSptos= not liable 
to putrefy ; a, priv., and septos= putrefied ; sepo= to 
putrefy.] Substances not liable to putrefaction. 

a-sep -tic, a. [Gr. asept(a) ; Eng. suff. -ic. ] Not 
liable to putrefaction; free from septic matter or 
toxinous bacteria. 

aseptic operation, s. Antiseptic surgery: The 
asepticizing of a wound by the introduction into it 
of antiseptic solutions. This operation is not 
necessary except where septic matter has been 
carried into the blood or where the wound has not 
been promptly treated by antisepsis (q. v.). 

a-sep'-ti-9ism, s. [Eng. aseptic; -ism.) The 
doctrine or principles of antiseptic surgery (q. v.). 

a-sep-tr-91-ty, s. [Eng. aseptic; - icity .] The 
quality of being aseptic. 

a-sep-ti-9lze, v. t. [Eng. aseptic; -ize,\ Tc 
cause to become aseptic. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bel, dal. 





asiilar 


aseptolin 


286 


h-sep'-tfi-lln, s [Aseptic.! A preparation of 
carbolic acid designed as a germicide in cases of 
phthisis, invented by Dr. Cyrus Edson, of New York, 
and announced by him in February, lb9fi. 

*g,-se rue, * 3 , serve, v. t. & i. To merit, to de¬ 
serve. 

“ Vche mon sohal haue as thei a sente.” 

Mary and the Cross (ed. Morris), st. xxxvii. 478. 

*3,-ses'se, v. t. [Fr. cesser— to cease.] To cause 
to cease. [Acese.] 

“ And assesse the werre anon, 

Betwyxe hym and hys brother Jhon.” 

Richard, 6,311. (S. in Boucher.) 

3 ,-seth'. [Assets.] 

* 3 .-set-nes, s. [ A. S. asetnys—whait is set or 
fixed; a statute, a law.] A regulation. 

“ This ilke abbot at Ramsai 
Asetnes set in his abbai.” 

MS. Coll. Med. Edinb., H. iii., 12, f. 47 b. (S. in Boucher.) 
a-sex-U-Sll, a. [Gr. a, priv., and Eng. sexual.] 
Bot.: Without sexes. Applied to the flowerless 
plants in which stamina and pistils are wanting. 

*a§-fa'Ste, adv. [En g. as; fast.] Anon, quickly. 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

A§’-g§,rd, s. [0. Sw., &c.J An old Scandinavian 
deity. 

“. . . of his eyebrows they formed Asgard their 
god’s dwelling.”— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, 
Lect. i. 

ash (1), *ashe, *as9he, *ai'S9he, *es9he, *aske, 
*axe, *esse, *as (Eng.), ai se, ass ( Scotch ) (plur. 
ash-es, *ass 9 h’-en, *ash-en, *alsch-i§, 
*asch-y§, *ask-e§, *ask-^§, *ask-en, *ax'-en), 

s. [A. S. asce, acse, cesce, axe, ahse, axse, cexe; Sw. 
& O. Icel. aska; Dan. aske; Dut. asch; Ger. asche; 
O. H. Ger. asche; Goth, azgo.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

tl. In the singular: Rarely used as a simple word.’ 
except by geologists and chemists. In composition! 
however, it is very common. (See words under C. 
and II. Plur.) 

“ With fyre frome Heauin consumit was with as 
For that foule stinkand sin of Lychorie.” 

E. E. Text. Soc., Lauder’s Minor Poems, 503. 
“Collected, my leddy ! what would ye collect out of the 
sute and the ass t” — Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xi. 

. . an amalgam of coarse altered ash.” — Q. J. 
Geol. Soc., vol. xxxii. (1876), p. 22. 

II. In the plural: 

1. Literally: 

(a) Gen.: The residuum left after the burning of 
anything combustible. 

“ . . . and take up the ashes which the fire hath con¬ 
sumed.”— Lev. vi. 10. 

(b) The remains of a cremated dead body pre¬ 
served in an urn or coffin; or more figuratively, the 
remains of a body buried without cremation. 

“ And the askes of Johne the baptyste.” 

The Stacyons of Rome (ed. Furnivall), 417. 
“The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scat¬ 
tered to the winds.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

“E’en in our ashes live their wonted fires.” 

Gray: Elegy, 23. 

2. Fig.: Whatever is worthless or expresses 
humiliation; referring, however, to the fact that of 
old a person in calamity would at times put ashes 
upon his head, or, groveling on the ground, bury 
his lips among them, as if he were feeding upon 
them. 

“He [the idolater] feedeth onasft.es.- a deceived heart 
hath turned him aside . . .”— Isa. xliv. 20. 

“He hath cast me into the mire, and I am become like 
dust and ashes.”—Job xxx. 19. 

“To give unto them beauty for ashes.” — Isa. lxi. 3. 

B. Technically: 

Geol. Volcanic ashes, volcanic ash: The porous 
remains of certain molten rocks thrown out by 
ancient volcanoes, and in many cases laid down in 
beds stratified by the gravitation of the falling 
bodies themselves, or by the action of water. (For 
example see A. 1.) 

If For the distinction between ashes and tuffs see 
the subjoined example. 

“In answer to the question as to what was the difference 
between ashes and tuffs, he [Mr. David Forbes, F. R. S. ] 
defined ashes as purely sub-aSrial formations,thrown out of 
the volcanic orifice, and falling down on land or sea, as the 
case happened; whilst tuffs, on the contrary, were molten 
lava poured out into, or more often under, water, and 
thus instantaneously quenched and disintegrated into 
fragments or powder, more or less fine, in proportion as 
the action of the water was overpowering. In ashes each 
separate particle bore on its exterior the evidence of its 
having been exposed to the action of fire in the throat 
of the volcano, and externally is altered, glazed, or coated 
with a crust or skin, often resembling that of a meteorite, 
an appearance which is never to be observed in tuffs.”— 
Q. J. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi. (1875), p. 421. 


C. In composition; Denoting various objects 
having certain similarities of form, color, &c., to 
ashes. 

ask-color, s. A color like ash or ashes. [Ash- 
COLORED.] 

ash-colored, a. Colored like ashes. Between 
brown and gray. 

“ Clay, ash-colored, was part of a stratum which lay 
above the strata of stone.”— Woodward: On Fossils. 

Ash-colored Falcon: A name for Montagna's 
Harrier ( Circus cineraceus ). 

Ash-colored Harrier: Another name for the same 
bird. 

ash-fire, s. The subdued or low fire used in 
chemical furnaces. (Todd.) 

ash-gray, a. 

Bot., <£;c.: A mixture of pure white and pure 
black, so as to form an intermediate tint- ( Lindley.)• 

ash-grayish, a. 

Bot.,dbc.: Ash-gray, but with more of the white 
admixed, (Lindley.) 

ash-hole, s. A receptacle for ashes beneath a 
furnace. 

ash-pan, s. A pan beneath a furnace or grate 
for the reception of ashes. 

ash-tub, s. A tub beneath a furnace or grate for 
the reception of ashes. 

Ash-Wednesday, s. [Eng. Ash; Wednesday. 
In Sw. & Dan. Aske-onsdag; Dut. Ashdag; Ger. 
Aschermittwoch.] The first day of Lent, the con¬ 
nection of which with “ash” or ashes seems to 
have been that, according to the injunction of Pope 
Gregory the Great, in the sixth century, ashes, 
which first had been blessed, were sprinkled on the 
heads of worshipers, or the form of the cross was- 
traced with ashes upon their foreheads, one main 
object at first being to put them in remembrance 
that their bodies were but “dust and ashes.” As 
on the same day notorious sinners, professing peni¬ 
tence, had to appear in church clothed in sack¬ 
cloth, and with tears solicit absolution, repentance 
“in sackcloth and ashes” was also suggested, and 
added a fresh association with the day. At the 
time of the Reformation the law or practice which 
required applicants for pardon of sin to be sub¬ 
jected to this severe discipline was swept away, 
and the “ Commination ” service, still in use, was 
introduced in its room, “ until the said discipline 
may be restored again, which is much to be 
wished.” (Liturgy: Commination.) 

ash (2), *as9he, *es9he, s., a. d in comp. [A S. 

cesc: Sw. ask; Dan. ask, asketree; Dut, esch, ess- 
cheboom; Ger. esc he; O. H. Ger. asc, asch; O. Icel. 
askr .] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The name of a well-known tree, the Fraxinus 
excelsior. It has pinnate leaves. The flowers, 
which come out before the leaves, are destitute of 
calyx and corolla. The stamens are two, the fruit 
a two-celled and two-seeded samara. 

“ And ash far-stretching his umbrageous arm.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

2. The wood of the ash (Fraxinus excelsior). It 
is used for the constructffin of various agricultural 
implements. The qualities to be sought in good 
ash-wood are strength, toughness, and elasticity. 

“ Let me twine 

Mine arms about that body, where against, 

My grained ash an hundred times hath broke, 

And scar’d the moon with splinters.” 

Shakesp.; Coriolanits, iv. 5. 

II. Scripture: The ash of Scripture, in Hob. oren 
(Isa. xliv. 14), is probably not a Fraxinus, but what 
it is has not yet been decided. 

“ . . . he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish 
it.”— Isa. xliv. 14. 

B. As adjective: Made of ash; pertaining to the 
ash; resembling the ash. [Ashen (2).] 

C. In composition: Denoting=made of, or per¬ 
taining to ash. 

ash-keys, s. pi. The seed-vessels of the ash. 
[Ashen Keys.] 

“ As I have seen the ash-keys fall on a frosty morning.” 
— Scott: Tales of my Landlord, xxv. 

ash-spear, s. A spear of which the wooden por¬ 
tion is made of ash. 

“The tough ash-spear, so stout and true, 

Into a thousand flinders flew.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 6. 

ash-tree, s. Fraxinus excelsior, described above. 
“ Then the angry Hiawatha 
Raised his mighty bow of ash-tree, 

Seized his arrows, jasper-headed.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, ix. 


ash-weed, S. A name sometimes given to tfi9 
Gout-weed (JEgopodium podagraria), from the 
resemblance of its leaflets to those of the ash-tree. 
ash-WOOd, s. The wood of the ash-tree. 

“ Like reeds he snapped the tough ash-wood.” 

Serntt: Rbkeby, v. 36. 

ta-sha me, *as- 9 ha me (pa. par. $-slia med, 
*a-sha-myd, *a-s 9 ha-mjrd), v. t. [Eng. a; 

shame. A. S. ascamian = to be ashamed; gesce- 
amian = to make ashamed; from sc am,a = shame; 
gescamian=to shame, to blush. In Dot . beshaamd 
is an adj.= ashamed; Ger. beschdmen=to shame.] 

A. As a, verb in contradistinction to a participle it 
is obsolete: To put to shame; to cause to blush. 

B. As a past participle (ashamed, *ashamyd, 
*ascbamydi}, it is in common use : Made to blush, or 
feel abashed or confused, from consciousness of 
secret guilt, from a feeling of inferiority, from the 
humiliation produced by the exposure of disrepu¬ 
table moral conduct, or of intellectual folly with 
which one is chargeable. 

H In Scripture it is followed by of, or more rarely 
by for or became, applied to that which causes the 
shame. 

“ And! Moab shall be ashamed of Chemosh, as the house 
of Israel was ashamed of Beth-el their confidence.”— Jer. 
xlviiii 13. 

“ . . . they stall! see, and be ashamed for their envy 

at the people.”— Iso. xxvi. li. 

“ . . . they shall be ms homed because of their sacri¬ 

fices.”— Hosea iv. 19. 

In Ordincvry Langamcfe: To be ashamed for a per¬ 
son is to blush on account of his misconduct, the 
desire being felt that he- should not disgrace him¬ 
self, 

h-sha m^ed-ly, adv. [Eng. ashamed; -ly.] So 
as to manifest shame; bashfully. (Huloet.) 

ash -bud, s. [Eng- mh (2’>, and bud.] A bud on 
or from an ash-tree. 

“ Darker than darkest pansies, and that hair 
More black than os It buds in the front of March.” 

Tennyson: The Gardener’s Daughter. 

*ashe,. v. t. [Ask.] 

ash -en (1), a. [From' Eng. ashes.] Of a color 
between brown and gray. 

“ On the Earl’s elleek the' flush of rage 
O'ercame the-as-ftsv* hue of age.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 14. 

ash'-en (2), as-shen, a. [From Eng. ash; and 
sulf. -en. In Ger. esc hen.] 

1. Pertaining to the ash-tree. 

2. Made of ash-wood. 

“ And each his ashen bow unbent.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, iv. 9. 
ashen keys. The seed vessels of the ash-tree. 
They are called by botanists 
Samaras, i. e., dry, indeliiscent, 
winged, two-celled, two-seedeu 
capsules. [Samara.] Their 
length and lateral compression 
create the resemblance to> keys. 

[Ash-keys.] 

Her.: The seed-vessels of the 
ash-tree, which are occasionally 
represented on an escutcheon. 

(Gloss, of Heraldry, 1847.) 

a-shlne, a. Shining; radiant; 
bright. 

ash'-l&r, ash'-ler, *a- 9 hel -or (Eng.), ais-ler, 
*ais'-lAir, *est-ler (Scotch), s. & a. [O. Fr. owe- 
ler, from aisselle — the armpit; Lat. axilla— the 
armpit.] [Axil.] 

A. As substantive: 

Arch.: Hewn or squared stone used in building, 
as contradistinguished from that which is rough, 
as when it came from the quarry. “ J. in 


HPiSi 

is* eoniifli! 

JS» Mllillllllli|lilllrioillllC 
Hfa iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 

g IHI*!!! 

iiSB] annum 


lip piipiiiiiiipii 

IBm 

HpiB 

■B ill II!, Ill 
illi i3n 

mmmmm 


mm iii!if!i!iji!!i!iiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiuin 


Ashlar. 


Boucher’s Diet, states that the earliest instance of 
the use of the word ashler which had been discov- 
ered when he wrote, was in connection with the 
erection of the College of Fotheringhay. [See ex¬ 
ample.] 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ctire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu - kwl 























































287 


ashiering 


ask 


. - • • the ground of the body and isles be maad 
within the ende under the ground table-stones with rough 
stone; and all the remanent of the said body and isles, 
unto the full hight of the said quire, with clene hewne 
ashler, altogedir in the outer side unto the full hight of 
the said quire.”—An Indenture (A. D. 1411), Monast. An¬ 
glic., vi. 1,414. 


Nigged Ashlar: Stone hewn with a pick or with a 
pointed hammer, instead of with a chisel. The 
term is used principally in connection with the 
dewing of the hard Aberdeen granite. (T Veale: 
Rudiment, Diet, of Terms used in Arch., pt. iii., 
p. 304.) 


B. As adjective: Pertaining to hewn or squared 
stones; made of or with ashlar or hewn stones, 
“The ashler buttress braves its force.” 

Scott: Cadzow Castle. 

“It is no square-built gloomy palace of black ashlar 
tiiarble, shrouded in awe and horror, as Gray gives it us, 
• - .” Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. i. 

ash'-ler-Ing, s. [Eng .ashler; -ing .] 

Architecture: 

1. Pieces of wood, about three feet high, placed 
in garrets so as to cut off the acute angles formed 
by the junction of the roof and floor. 

2. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 

A~shO -C<t, Sl-so -C3, s. [In Bengali, &c., ashoka.] 
A magnificent tree, the Jonesia asoca, called after 
Sir William Jones, founder of the Asiatic Society, 
who says that the vegetable world scarce affords a 
richer sight than an ashoca-tree in full bloom. 
The flowers, which are in cymes, are of a rich 
orange color. The fruit is leguminous. The tree is 
wild in the Malayan peninsula, and also cultivated 
in Indian gardens. 

3 -sho re (1), adv. 

1. Aslope, slantwise. (Babees Book (ed. Fur- 
nivall), p. 121.) 

2. Astraddle. {Ibid., p. 136.) 

3-shore (2), adv. [Eng. a=on; shore.] 

1. To the shore; upon the shore from the sea. 
•Used (a) of a person landing from a ship; 

“ Yet then, when called ashore, he sought 
The tender peace of rural thought.” 

Wordsworth: To the Daisy. 

'Or (b) of the ship itself flung ashore, or anything 
from the deep similarly hurled upon the land. 

“ May thy billows rowl ashore 
The beryl and the golden ore.” 

Milton: Comus. 

2. On the shore, as contradistinguished from 
being on board a ship or in the sea. 


“ Our position was often ashore." — Hooker: Himalayan 
Journals, ch. iii. 

_ Ash -tor-eth, fAs -tor-eth, As-tar -te (pi. 
Ash-tar-oth), s. [Heb. Ashtoreth, pi. Ashtaroth; 
Gr._ Astarte; Assyr. Ishtar; Pers. Istarah; Gr. 
aster= a star.] [Star.] A goddess worshiped in 
Phenicia, Philistia, and elsewhere. She was sym¬ 
bolized by the moon, and also by the planet Venus. 
The place Asteroth Karnaim (Gen. xiv. 5) means 
the horned or mooned Astartes, probably from 
images of that goddess set up and worshiped 
there. 

She is supposed to be the ‘‘ Queen of Heaven,” 
mentioned in Jer. vii. 18 and xliv. 17. Heb. dshSrah, 
wrongly translated “ grove ” or "'groves” inJudg. 
vi. 25, 2 Kings xxiii. 4, and various other places, 
seems to signify an image of Astarte. It is con¬ 
nected with Heb. esAe?'=happiness, good fortune, 
Astarte being the goddess _ of good fortune. She 
represented the female principle, and was worshiped 
with impure rites. She is frequently connected with 
Baal, the corresponding male divinity. [Baal,.] 


“ For Solomon went after Ashtoreth, the goddess of the 
Zidonians.”—1 Kings xi. 5. 

ash -y, a. [Eng. ash; -y .] Of an ash color, or 
tending toward one; whitish-gray, pale. 

“ And dying eyes gleam’d forth their ashy lights, 

Like dying coals burnt out in tedious nights.” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 

ashy-green, a. & s. 

A. As adjective: Colored green, commingled with 
ash color. 

B. As substantive: The color now described. 


“. . . the back of an ashy-green .”— Warrington, in 
Miscell. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., October, 1852. 
ashy-pale, a. Pale like ashes. . 

“ . . . he looked ashy-pale and haggard.”— Hooker: 
Himalayan Joumuils, vol. ii., p. 201. 


B. &eog.: [Asia in this sense is said to be derived 
from the daughter of Oceanus afore-mentioned.] 

*1. Apparently the region east of the Archipelago 
once ruled over by King Attalus, and extending 
from Pergamos, in Mysia, to Caria. Herodotus is 
the first writer in which this—the oldest—geographi¬ 
cal sense of the word Asia is known to occur. Livy 
also uses it with the same signification, generally 
known as Asia Minor.. 

2. The Roman province of the name, including 
Phrygia, Mysia, Lydia, and Caria. This is the New 
Testament sense of the word. 

“. . . the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, 
and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Pam- 
phylia, . . .”—Acts ii. 9, 10. 

3. The great continent east of Europe and Africa. 
When this extended sense was introduced, then the 
region between the Black Sea, the Archipelago, and 
the Mediterranean, within which the Roman prov¬ 
ince of Asia was situated, came to be called in 
Latin, by way of distinction, Asia Minor (Lesser 
Asia). The first author known to have used the 
latter term for Asia west of the Taurus was Orosius, 
in the fifth century A. D. (See Trench: On the 
Study of Words, p. 96.) 

C. Astron.: An asteroid, the sixty-seventh found. 
It was discovered by Pogson on the 18th of April, 

1861. 

A'-sig,n (sian=sh 3 n), adj. [Lat. Asius,] Be¬ 
longing to Asia. 

“ From Asian Taurus, from Tmaus stretch’d.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Autumn. 

A-sl-arch (or sl=shl), s. [In Ger. Asiarch; Fr. 
asiarque; Lat .asiarchus; Gr . asiarches.] 

Under the Romans: The director-general of re¬ 
ligious ceremonies in the province of Asia. The 
expression occurs in the Greek Testament, Tines 
de kai. ton Asiarchon , “And certain also of the Asi- 
archs” (Acts xix. 31). Properly speaking, there was 
but one Asiarch residing at Ephesus; the others 
referred to were his subordinates. 

A-sI-at'-lc, *A-sl-at'-lck (or sl = shi), a. & s. 
[In Fr. Asiatique, adj.; Sp., Port. &. Ital. Asiatico; 
Lat. Asiaticus; Gr. Asiatikos .] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining, relating, or belong¬ 
ing to Asia in any of the geographical senses of that 
word. 

Now {Spec.): Referring to the Asiatic continent. 

“ The commerce of Asiatic Russia bears a small pro¬ 
portion to that of European Russia, the proportion being 
as 4 to 35 .”—Leoni Levi : Hist. Brit. Comm. (1872), p. 467. 

Asiatic Society: The name given to any society 
which makes Asia and its inhabitants the main sub¬ 
ject of inquiry. The first modern society of the 
kind was the Asiatic Society of Bengal, founded at 
Calcutta by Sir William Jones, in January, 1784. 
The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ire¬ 
land was formed in March, 1823, and incorporated 
in August, 1824. It holds its meetings in London, 
but has affiliated societies or branches at Bombay 
and Madris. The Bengal Society also, though earlier 
in point of time, is now virtually a third branch. 
Other Asiatic societies exist among the Continental 
nations of Europe, the best known being that of 
Paris, founded in 1822. 

IT For terms in Zoology, Botany, &c., commencing 
with Asiatic, such as Asiatic elephant, see the sub¬ 
stantives subjoined. 

B. As substantive: A native of Asia in any of the 
geographical senses of the word. Spec., a native of 
the Asiatic continent. 

“If the Japanese and the Malays exhibit a character 
manly, enterprising, and different from that of the other 
Asiatics. . ."—Malte Brun : Phys. Geog., 2d ed. (1834), 

p. 622. 

A-sl-at-i-si§m, s. [Eng. Asiatic; -ism.] An 
imitation of Asiatic manners. 

3-side, adv. [Eng. a—on or to; side.] [Side.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. To one side. 

1. In a general sense: 

“ . . . are cast aside, 

As useless, to the moles and to the bats.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

2. Specially: 

(а) To or at a little distance from the rest; to be 
left in waiting, or for some other purpose. 

“ . . . thou shalt set aside that which is full. . . 

—2 Kings iv. 4. 

(б) To a solitary spot; outside a crowd. 

“ And he took him aside from the multitude, . . .”— 


A -sia (sia as sha), s. [Sw. & Dan. Asien; Dut. 
Azie; Fr. Asie; Sp., Port., Ital. w & Lat. Asia; Gr. 
Asia.] 

A. Classical Mythology: 

1. A daughter of Oceanus, mentioned by Hesiod, 
the first Greek writer who used the term Asia, and 
then not in a geographical sense. 

2. The wife of Prometheus. 


Mark vii. 33. 

II. At one side. Specially— 

1. Out of hearing, privately, or to one’s self. 

“ Then lords and ladies spake aside. 

And angry looks the error chide.” 

Scott: The Lord of the Isles, ii. 7. 

IT So in dramas a speaker makes certain state¬ 
ments aside. 


2. Away from the body, as a garment taken off 
and then laid down. 

“ He riseth from supper and laid aside his garments.” 
— John xiii. 4. 

IT In Scotch it is sometimes used as a preposition 
=beside, 

“Since Maggie I am in aside ye." 

Tannahill Poems, p. 153. (Jamieson.) 

III. Figuratively : 

1. Morally separate; away from the soul, or away 
from the right direction. 

“. . . let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which 
doth so easily beset us, . . .”— Heb. xii. 1. 

(The metaphor is that of a long flowing garment 
hovering around us, and tripping the feet when we 
attempt to run.) 

2. Away from the morally right path. 

“ They are all gone aside, they are all together become 
filthy.”— Ps. xiv. 3. 

B. Technically: 

Law: To set aside a verdict is to render it abortive, 
to quash it, to overthrow it. To set anything aside 
= to destroy it, or render it abortive. 

*3~si-dls half, adv. To one side; aside. ( Wycliffe: 
Kings iii. 27.) 

as-i-en-to. [Assiento.] 

*3-sITe, s. [Asylum.] A retreat; a place of 
safety. ( Wycliffe: 2 Macc. iv. 34.) 

3 -siT-l-dse, s. pi. [Asilus.] 

Entom.: A family of insects belonging to the 
order Diptera, and the tribe Brachycera. They are 
generally called Hornet-flies. They are fierce and 
voracious, mostly feeding on other insects, which 
they catch on the wing. In flying they make a hum¬ 
ming noise. 

a§'-Il-uS, s. [Lat. asilus= a gadfly, a horsefly.] 
A genus of two-winged flies (Diptera), the typical 
one of the family Asilidae. 

*as'-m- 3 .r- 3 f, a. [Lat. asinarius.] Pertaining 
to an ass. 

fas-l-ne-go, as-sl-ne'-go,s. [Sp.as«tco=asmall 
ass.] 

1. Lit.: A small ass. 

“We jogged leisurely on upon our mules and assi- 
negoes.”—Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 127. 

2. Fig.: A stupid fellow. 

“ Or are you so ambitious ’bove your peers, 

You’d be an assinego by your years 1 ” 

Ben Jonson: Exjjost. with Inigo Jones. 

as-ln-Ine, a. [In Sp. & Ital. asinino; Lat. 
asininus.] 

1. Pertaining or relating to an ass, as the animal 
actually is. 

“ You shall have more ado to drive our dullest youth, 
our stocks and stubs, from such nurture, that we have now, 
to hale our choicest and hopefullest wits to that asinine 
feast of sow-thistles and brambles.”— Milton. 

2. Stupid, silly, as the ass is popularly believed 
to be. [Pons Asxnorum. ] 

as-l-nin'-l-tjf, s. [Eng. asinin(e); -ity.] Asinine 
behavior; obstinate stupidity. 

as -in-us, s. [Lat.] A genus of mammals, of 
the order Pachydermata, and sub-order Solipedia. 
It contains the ass. There is a fossil ass or zebra 
(Asinus fossilis ) in the drift and cave period, and 
in the marl beneath the peat. (Owen: British Fossil 
Mammals and Birds, pp. 396-398.) 

as-1-6, s. [Lat.] The name used by Pliny and 
adopted by Swainson for the “ Horned Owls.” It 
is not now generally used, Bubo having taken its 
place. [Bubo.] 

3 -si’-phon- 3 te, a. [Gr. a, priv., and Eng. si- 

phonate.] 

In Conchology: Destitute of siphon. 

“Some holostomatous and asiphonate Gastropods.”— 
Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 61. 

3 -sit-l- 3 , s. [Gr. asitia=waut of food, loss of 
appetite ; asiteo=not to eat; osifos=without eating ; 
a, priv., and sifos=wheat; also food.] 

Med.: Loss of appetite, loathing of food, 
ask, *aske, *asche, *ashe, *ask -I-en, *esk-i- 
en, *ask-en, *ask-In, *ass, *axe, ax -I-en (pret. 
asked, *ask -ede, *asch'-ed, *ac'-sede, *asch - 
ede, *e-ask ed), v. t. & i. [A. S. acsian, ascian, 
cescian, ahsian, axian, acsigan, axigean. In Sw, 
ceska; O. Icel .ceskja; O. Fris. askea, aschia; Dut. 
eischen; Ger. heischen; O. H. Ger. eiscon; 0. L. 
Ger. escon =to ask; Sansc. ish —to desire.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. To solicit or demand a reply in words to a ques¬ 
tion put. 

1. To question, to inquire of, to interrogate. 

“ . . . when your children ask their fathers in time 
to come, saying, What mean ye by these stones ?”— Josh, 
iv. 6. 


bbil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expeot, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh3.11. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



aske 


288 


asp 


If Sometimes the word question is put after the 
interrogatory verb, as— 

“ . . . neither durst any man from that day forth ask 
him any more questions.”— Matt. xxii. 46. 

2. To inquire about, to solicit information regard¬ 
ing. 

“Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God, . . .”— Judg. 
xviii. 6 . 

IT Ask in this first sense of inquire is followed by 
the objective of the person, and concerning or 
regarding or of prefixed to the thing about which 
information is solicited. 

“Ask now the priests concerning the law, . . 

Hagg, ii. 11. 

“Asfc me of things to come . . .”— Isa. xlv. 11. 

*11. To lay to one’s charge; the original meaning 
probably being to demand from one an answer to a 
charge. 

“False witnesses did rise up; they laid to my charge 
[margin, asked] me things that I knew not.”— Ps. xxxv. 11. 

III. To solicit or demand any desirable thing, as 
contradistinguished from mere words. 

1. To solicit by prayer or petition; to beg. 

“ Where-fore I ashe you pardoun and youre grace, 

Sithe me belioveth deth or youre mercye.” 

La Belle Dame Sanz Mercy (ed. Furnivall), 687-8. 

“ . . . ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done 
onto you.”—John xv. 7. 

2. To demand (of), to require (from), or, at least, 
to expect (from). 

“ To whom men have committed much, of him they 
will ask the more .”—Luke xii. 48. 

IV. To invite: as, To ask one to a party. 

TT To ask after one: To inquire after one’s health. 

V. Fig.: To require, to need, to stand in need of. 

“To carry nature lengths unknown before, 

To give a Milton birth ask’d ages more.” 

Coicper: Table Talk. 

“ Man’s coltish disposition asks the thong.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

U Or it is followed by two objectives, the one of 
the person and the other of the thing: 

“. . . I will ask thee a thing; hide nothing from 
me.”— Jer. xxxviii. 14. 

(Properly speaking, there is an ellipsis, of being 
omitted before the person: “I will ask [of] thee.”) 

In the sentence, “ Ask us a king ” (1 Sam. xii. 19), 
there seems an ellipsis of for: “Ask [for] us a 
king.” 

If Or it is followed by the objective of the thing, 
and of, from., or at of the person the last named: 

“ Ask thee a sign of the Lord thy God; . . .”— Isa. 
vii. 11 . 

B. Intransitive: 

1 . To inquire, to put a question, to solicit Divine 
direction. 

“I ask therefore for what intent ye have sent for me ?” 
—Acts x. 29. 

2. To pray, to solicit. 

“But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering .”—James 

i. 6 . 

IT Ask, v. i., is followed by of or at prefixed to the 
person addressed. 

“ . . . thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would 
have given thee living water .”—John iv. 10. 

"... have not asked at my mouth.”— Isa. xxx. 2. 

Or before a noun of multitude among may be used. 

“ Ask ye now among the heathen, who hath heard such 
things, . . . ”— Jer. xviii. 13. 

If The object inquired about or petitioned for is 
preceded by for or after. 

“That any spir, othir man or wine, 

Or efter the cros will the ass, 

That ihesu crist on hanged was.” 

Finding of the Cross (ed. Morris), 186-188. 

“. . . ask for the old paths, where is the good way 
and walk therein, . . . ”— Jer. vi. 16. 

“Why askest thou thus after my name, . . . ”— Judg. 
xiii. 18. 

*aske, *ask'-er ( 0. Eng .), ask, *esk {Scotch), s. 

A. S. athexe = a lizard, a newt; Ger. eidechse — a 

izard; O. H. Ger. egidehsa .] A water-newt, an 
eft. Any of the Tritons or Lissotritons. (Scotch.) 
[Triton, Lissotriton.] 

9 s-ka nt, *§,s-ka unt, *as-ca’unt, adv. [Con¬ 
nected on the one hand with askance, and on the 
other with aslant (q. v.); O. Fr. a scanche = ob¬ 
liquely (Palsgrave) A Obliquely, askance, askew, 
aslant, slantingly. (Used specially of the eyes.) 

“ At this Achilles roll’d his furious eyes, 

Fix’d on the king askaunt, and thus replies: 

O, impudent.” Dryden. 

as-ka'nge, *as-ka'unge, *us-ca unge, *us- 
ca'uns, adv. [Wedgwood derives this from 0. Fr. 
ascanche = awry, crosswise; Ital. schiancio, as 


adv.=oblique, sloping; assubstantive=a declivity.] 
[Askant, Asklent, Aslant, Sklent, Slant.] Ob¬ 
liquely, sideways; or applied to the eye, squintingly. 

“ Aside the devil turn’d 
For envy; yet with jealous leer malign 
Eyed them askance.” Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 604. 

IF A contemporary of Spenser’s, who wrote, a 
glossary to that poet’s Shepheards Calendar, in¬ 
cluded askance in his list or old words, but since 
then it has completely revived. 

*9S-ka nge, v. t. [Askance.] To turn away, 
asked, *ask'-ede, pa. par. [Ask, v . f.] 

*ask'-en, v. t. [Ask.] 
ask'-er (1) s. [Eng. ask; -er.] 

1. One who asks in the sense of questioning or 
inquiring; an interrogator, an inquirer. 

“ Every asker being satisfied, we may conclude that all 
their conceptions of being in a place are the same.”— 
Digby: Of Bodies. 

2. One who asks in the sense of petitioning; a 
petitioner. 

“ Have you 

Ere now denied the asker l and, now again 
On ltim that did not ask, but mock, bestow.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., ii. 3. 
ask’-er (2), s. [Aske.] A newt. 

*ask’-e§, s. pi. [Ashes, Ash.] 

9S-kew' (ew=u), r .*us-ku e, *as-cue, adv. & 
adj. [Eng. a; skew. In Dan. skicev is=crooked, 
oblique; Dut. schuin— slant, sloping, oblique; 
seAttms=slopingly; schuinte =slope ; scheef = wry, 
slanting, sloping; Ger. schief: Lat. sccevus; Gr. 
skaios = on the left hand; Sansc. sarya — left.] 
[Skew, Shunt.] 

A. As adverb: 

1. Askance, asquint. (Used of the eyes.) 

“ For when ye mildly look with lovely hue, 

Then is my soul with life and love inspir’d: 

But when ye lowre, or look on me askew, 

Then do I die.” Spenser: Sonn. 7. 

“ He looked ascue upon him, as one he envied or hated.” 
—Bp. Patrick on 1 Sam. xviii. 9. 

2. In an oblique direction. (Used of anything 
else.) 

“ All things are now discovered to proceed askue, the 
round world and all.”— Gayton: Notes on Don Quixote, 
p. 39. 

B. As adjective: Oblique, awry. 

“Thus in time the tail becomes quite askew, and is a 
tolerable guide to the length of time the bird has been 
sitting.”— Mr. Ramsay, quoted in Darwin’s “Descent of 
Man,” pt. ii., ch. xv. 

*as-kewse, v. t. [Excuse.] Excuse, acquit. 
ask’-Ing, *ask'-yng, pr. par., adj., & s. [Ask,u.] 
A. & B. As pr. par. & adj.: In senses correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

“ With many an asking smile, and wondering stare, 
They whisper round, and gaze upon Gulnare.” 

Byron: The Corsair, iii. 16. 

C. As subst.: Petitioning, expressed wish; solici¬ 
tation. 

“ Here, too, lands may be had for the asking." 

Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 3. 
ask-IiLg’-ljr, adv. [Eng. asking; -ly.~\ In an in¬ 
quiring manner; interrogatively. 

* 9 -skof, adv. [O. Eng. a; skof= scoff.] In a 
scoffing manner; deridingly. 

“ Alisaunder loked askof 
As he no gef nought therof.” 

Alisaunder, 874. (Boucher.) 
* 9 -sla'ke, v. t. & i. [Eng. a; slake=slack\ A. S. 
aslacian= to slacken, to loosen, to untie, to remit, 
to dissolve, to enervate.] To cause to become 
slack, to slacken, to extinguish. 

“That thurgh your deth your lignage schuld aslake.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,013. 

as-la'-ni, s. [From Turkish and Tartar aslan, 
arslan=a lion: as, Alp Arslan=A\p the Lion.] An 
old Turkish coin worth from 115 to 120 aspers. 
[Asper.] It is pot included in the Statesman's 
Year-Book among the coins now current in Turkey. 
Goodrich and Porter mention, on the authority of 
Buchanan, that the name aslani is sometimes ap¬ 
plied to the Dutch dollar in the Levant. 

9 -sla’nt, *u-slet’, * 9 -slout’, * 9 -slo'wte (Eng.), 
*9S-klent’, *as-klint' (Scotch), adv.&prep. [Eng. 
o : slant. The k of the Scotch asklent connects it 
also with askant. In Sw. slinta= to slip, to slide; 
Dut. slinks — obliquely, slinksch = oblique; Wei. 
ysglentio=to slip or slide; O. Fr. esclincher= to 
slip or slide; Ital. a schianco— crosswise, slopingly; 
in a wrong sense.] [Askant, Askance, Slant, 
Glance.] 

A. As adverb: 

1. Lit.: Not at a right angle; slantingly; ob¬ 
liquely. Not in a straightforward manner. [B.] 

“ Maggie coost her head fu’ high, 

Looked asklent and unco skeigh.” 

Burns: Duncan Gray. 


2. Fig. : In a morally oblique manner. 

“ Sin’ thou came to the world asklent .” 

Burns: To his Illegitimate Child. 

B. As prep.: In a slanting direction to anything,' 
obliquely to anything. 

“ The swelling upland, where the sidelong sun 
Aslant the wooded slope, at evening goes.” 

Longfellow: Spirit of Poetry. 

][ The old forms *aslet, *aslout, and *aslowte are 
from Prompt. Parv.; and aslout in the Babees Book 
(ed. Furnivall), p. 155. Possibly they may be con¬ 
nected with aslope rather than with aslant. 

9 -Sla we, pa. par. [A. S. aslegen, osiagen=slain.] 
Slain. 

“ Tho caym hadde his brother aslawe, iflemd he was 
theruore.” The Holy Rode (ed. Morris), 20. 

9 -sle ep, a. or adv. [Eng. a— on, and sleep; 
A. S. aslapan= to be asleep.] 

I. In sleep. (Applied to rest in the state of 
sleep.) 

1. Lit.: In literal sleep, sleeping. 

“The ship was covered with the waves; but He was 
asleep.” — Matt. viii. 24. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Dead; in the sleep of death. 

“We which are alive, and remain unto the coming of 
the Lord, shall not prevent them which are asleep.” — 
1 These, iv. 15. 

(b) Benumbed, numb. [II. 2 ( 6 ).] 

II. Into sleep. (Applied to the passage from the 
state of waking to the state of sleep.) 

1. Lit.: Into literal sleep. 

2. Figuratively: 

(а) Into death. 

“When He had said this He fell asleep.” — Acts vii. 60. 

( б ) Benumbed; into a benumbed state. 

“Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as 

we call it, asleep.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist., cent, viii., § 735. 

* 9 -slet’, adv. [Aslant.] 

a slo pe, a. or adv. [Eng. a=on, and sloped) 
With a slope ; slopingly, aslant, obliquely. 

“To set them, not upright, but aslope." — Bacon: Nat. 
Hist., cent, v., § 425. 

* 9 -slo wte, adv. [Aslant.] 
a-slug', adv. [Eng. a; slug.'] After the manner 
of a slug— i. e., in a sluggish manner, sluggishly, 
lazily. (Fotherby.) 

9 S-m 9 t- 0 g -r^-phy, s. [Gr. asma, genit. asmatos 
= a song, from ado—to sing; graphe=a writing.] A 
writing about songs; a treatise on songs. 

9 -smear , a. [Eng. a=on, and smear, s.] Smeared 
over; befouled. ( Dickens : Great Expectations, ch. 
xx.) , 

A§-m 6 n-e'-an, A§-mon-se -an, a. & s. [From 
Asmoneus. (See def.) 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to As¬ 
moneus, the great-grandfather of that Mattathias 
who commenced the Maccabee revolt. ( Josephus: 
Antiq., bk. xii., ch. vi. § 1.) Or pertaining or relat¬ 
ing to the illustrious Jewish family of patriots and 
priqces called after him. 

B. As substantive: A member of the Asmonean 
family described above. 

9 -so'ak, a. or adv. [Eng. a; soak.] Soaking, in 
a soaking state. ( Holdsworth .) 

U-so'-cg,, s. [Ashoca.] 

*9,-8611, v. t. [Assoil (1).] 

9 -Som a-tous, a. [Lat. asomatus; Gr. asomatos, 
from a, priv., and soma=body.] Destitute of a 
body; incorporeal. (Johnson.) 

* 9 -s 6 m’- 6 n, v. t. [Summon.] 

* 9 -son'-der, adv. [Asunder.] 

*asonglie, v. [O. Fr. essoyner. J To excuse. 

“ And for-do all that wertew fare, 

And thow may nocht asonghe the.” 

Ratis Raving, bk. i. (ed. Lumby), 999, 1,000. 
9 -s 6 '-pI- 9 , s. [From Gr. Asopos, the “god” of 
the river Asopus in Achaia (there was another 
inBoeotia).] A genus of moths oelongrng to the 
family Pyralid®. A. farinalis is the so-called Meal- 
moth. [Meal-moth.] 
asp(l),s. [Aspen.] 

asp (2), as'-pic, fas -pick, s. [In. Sw. esping; 
Fr. aspic; Prov. aspic, aspis; Sp. aspid; Port. 
aspide, aspid; Ital. aspide; Lat. aspis; Gr. aspis= 
a round shield; an asp.] 

1. The kind of serpent peculiar to Egypt and 
Libya, which has obtained great celebrity from 
having been chosen by Cleopatra to give her an easy 
death. Its poison is so quick and deadly in its oper¬ 
ation, that it kills without a possibility of applying 
any remedy. It is believed to have been the N aia 
Haje. It is the same genus as the Cobra Capello, 
but differs in having the neck less wide, and having 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cfir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




aspalathum 


289 


aspen 


the color greenish, bordered -with brown. It is 
probably the “asp ’ (aspis) of the New Testament 
TBom. iii. 13), and the 14 asp ” (pethen ) of the Old 
(Deut. xxxii. 33; Job. xx. 14.16; Isa. xi. 8.) 

“Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel 
venom of asps.” — Deut. xxxii. S3. 

“The poison of asps is under their lips.”— Rom. iii. 13. 

“ Swell, bosom, with thy fraught, 

For’tis cf aspics’ tongues !” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 8. 

2. The Common Asp or Chersaea ( Vipera aspis ) is 
alive above, with four rows of black spots. Its 
poison is severe. It is common in Sweden and some 
othei parts of Europe. 

3. ( Poetically ): Any venomous serpent. Describ¬ 
ing the Laocoon, Byron says 

"... the enormous asp 
Enforces pang on pang, and stifles gasp on gasp.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, iv. 160. 

*as-pal'-?L-thuni, s. [Aspalathus.] An obso¬ 
lete name tor Calambac wood. (See Parr’s Med. 
Did.) It is the same as Agalloch, Agila, Eagle- 
wood, or Lign Aloes (q. v.). 

as -pal’-SL-thus, s, [In Fr. aspalat; Lat. aspala- 
thus; Gr. aspalathos, a thorny shrub, the bark and 
roots of which yielded a fragrant oil. It has not 
been certainly identified. It was called from the 
island of Aspalathus, on the coast of Lycia, where it 
grevr.1 

1. The unidentified ancient shrub. 

“ I gave a sweet smell like cinnamon and aspalathus, 
and I yielded a pleasant odor like the best myrrh.”— Ec- 
elus. xxiv. 15. 

2. A plant called the Rose of Jerusalem, or Our 
Lady’s Rose. (Johnson.) 

3. Mod. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Leguminos® and the sub-order Papilionace®. 
It contains about 150 shrubs and under-shrubs, 
some of them cultivated in gardens. The genus 
stands in classification near Ulex (Gorse). 

as’-pg,-lax, s. [Gr. aspalax or spalax=& mole.] 
A genus of Rodentia, to which belongs the A. typh- 
lus of Turkey, Southern Russia, and Persia. It has 
no real affinity to our mole, which is ranked under 
the Insectivora, and not the Rodentia. 


Mineralogy. Asparagus-stone: A mineral, a va¬ 
riety of Apatite, found in Spain. Dana couples it 
with Moroxite, and places them both as a first sub- 
variety of ordinary Apatite, its only distinctive 
characteristic being its yellowish-green color. 

$,s-par -tate, s. [Eng. aspart(ic); -ate.) [As¬ 
partic Acid.] 

(ts-par -g,-mld, s. [Eng. aspar(agus) and amid 
(q. v.).] The same as Asparagin (q. v.). (Watts.) 
$s-par -tic, a. [Formed from asparagin (q.v.).] 

aspartic acid (C 4 H 7 NO 4 ). An acid formed from 
animal or vegetable proteids. ( Watts.) 

As pa-§i-?i, s. [From Aspasia; or from Gr . as- 
posios=gladly welcomed; aspazomai=to welcome 
kindly.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Orchidaceee, or Orchids. 

1. Aspasia was a daughter of Hermotimus of 
Phocaea, famous for her personal charms and ele- 

ance, and called Milto (vermilion) on account of 
er complexion. She was priestess of the sun, and 
loved successively by Cyrus, his brother Artaxerxes 
and Darius. 

2. A daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus, was 
famous for her mental and personal attractions 
She taught eloquence at Athens. She became the 
mistress of Pericles. 

<is-pa'§I-6-lIte, s. [Gr. «spastos=greatly wel¬ 
comed, and suffix -ite.) 

Min.: According to the British Museum Cata¬ 
logue, a variety of Oosite, a mineral placed by Dana 
under Pinite. He regards Aspasiolite as a variety 
of Fahlunite. It is of a green or greyish color. It 
occurs in Norway with Iolite, of which it may he 
only an altered state. [Fahlunite, Oosite, Io¬ 
lite.] 

*aspe, s. [Aspen.] 

as -pect, *iis-pect', *g,s-pecte, s. [In Sw. & 
Dan. aspekt; Ger. aspekt, asped; Fr. asped; Sp. 
aspedo; Port, aspedo , aspeito: Ital. aspetto; Lat. 
aspedus= ( 1 ) a seeing, view ; ( 2 ) the sense of sight; 
(3) (by metonomy) the look, aspect, mien ; from as- 
pedus, pa. par. of aspicio=adspicio=to look to or 
at: ad=to, at; specio= to look at, to behold.] 


as-p^r-ag’-e-ae, tas-p3,r-9,-gln'-e-8e, s.pl. [As¬ 
paragus.] 

Bot.: A tribe or section of the order Liliace® 
(Lilyworts), consisting of species with succulent 
fruits. Type, Asparagus (q. v.). They have usually 
the stem fully developed, and sometimes, indeed, 
even arborescent, with branches. Sometimes it is 
forming. Sometimes, again, there is no stem; in 
which latter case the leaves are often coriaceous 
and permanent. 

*g,s-par'-g,-gl, s. pi. [Asparagus.] 


A. Ordinary Language: 

tl. The act of looking, a glance. 

“ The tradition is no less ancient, that the basilisk kill- 
eth by aspect, and that the wolf, if he 6ee a man first, by 
aspect striketh a man hoarse.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, 
x., § 924. 

II. The appearance presented. 

1. Of persons: 

(i) Gen.: Countenance, look, also mien. (Ap¬ 
plied to a man, or at least to a living being.) 


3,s-par -g.-g!n, ^s-par'-a-mld, s. [In Ger. as¬ 
paragin: from Eng., &c., asparagus (q. v.).] A 
chemical substance found in the roots of marsh¬ 
mallows and the shoots of asparagus, and in sev¬ 
eral other plants. The crystals are brilliant, taste¬ 
less, transparent, and colorless. They have a faint 
cooling taste, and are soluble in water, especially 
if it is hot. The formula is C 4 HSN 2 O 3 H 2 O. It is 
somewhat akin to Malamide. (Fownes.) 

as-pgx-a-gin'-e-as, s.pl. [Asparage,e.] 

is-par-ag -In-ous, a. [Mod. Lat. asporagin- 
(eoe), and Eng. suffix -ows.] Pertaining or relating 
to asparagus. 

Asparaginous vegetables (Gardening): Those veg¬ 
etables the tender shoots of which are eaten like 
those of asparagus. 

as-par’-a-gus, g. [In Sw. sparris; Dan. aspar- 
ges; Dut. aspersie; Ger, aspergie, spargel; Fr. as- 
perge; Sp. esparrago; Port, aspargo; Ital. sparago, 
aspirago; Russ, sparsa; Lat. asparagus, asphar- 
agus; Gr. asparagos; Attic aspharagos, from 
sparassd=to tear. So called because of the strong 
prickles with which some of the species are armed. 
Formerly written sperage or sparage.) 

A. Ord. Lang.: A culinary plant, the tender 
shoots of which are eaten. It is the wild Asparagus 
(Asparagus officinalis), developed by cultivation. 

« Pardons for murder, for robbery, for arson were sold 
at Whitehall scarcely less openly than asparagus at Cov¬ 
ent Garden .’’—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

B. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 

Liliace®, or Lilyworts, and the tribe Asparagus, 
of which it is the type. It contains the Common 
Asparagus (A. officinalis), which is a plant with 
drooping, greenish-white flowers, and red berries. 
As mentioned above, it is the origin of the Garden 
Asparagus. . , ,, 

In the plural. Asparagi: A name given by the 
old botanists to the shoots covered with scales, like 
those of the asparagus, which are sent forth by 
some plants. The name now given to such a shoot 
is turio. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot., 3d ed., 1839, 
P* 72 .) 


“ Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom 
Satan except, none higher sat, with grave 
Aspect he rose, . . .” Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

(ii.) Spec. Figuratively: (In the astrological 
sense.) [B. 2.] 

“ To praise the clear unmatched red and white, 

Which triumphed in that sky of his delight. 

Where mortal stars, as bright as heaven’s beauties, 
With pure aspects did him peculiar duties.” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece. 

“. . . another Pollio shine, 

With aspect open, shall erect his head, 

And round the orb in lasting notes be read.” 

Pope: Moral Essays; Epistle v. 64-66. 

2. Of things: 

(i.) Of material things: The appearance pre¬ 
sented by a place; also the adaptation which a 
building or other station possesses for affording an 
outlook in any particular direction. (Used with 
more or less tacit allusion to the astrological sense.) 

“The whole aspect of the place has been altered.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

“I have built a strong wall, faced to the south aspect 
with brick.”— Swift. 

IT Often in the plural, both with this and other 
significations. 

“ The aspects of nature are more varied and impressive 
in Alpine regions than elsewhere.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., ii. 31. 

(ii.) Of things not essentially material: The ap¬ 
pearance presented to the mind instead of to the 
eye. 

“The aspect of affairs was, on the whole, cheering.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

“The character, thus formed, has two aspects.” — Ibid., 
ch. xii. 

B. Technically: 

1. Old Astron.: The position of a planet in the 
heavens, especially with respect to other planets. 
Five different aspects received names. If two 
planets had the same longitude, they were said to 
be in conjunction; if 60° apart, the aspect was Sea¬ 


ttle,’ if 90°, quartile; if 120°, trine; if 180°, then t’hf 
two bodies were said to be in opposition. The sym¬ 
bols were the following:— 

Conjunction.<5 

Sextile.* 

Quartile . n 

Trine. A 

Opposition. 8 

Of these terms only the first and last are now re¬ 
tained. [Conjunction, Opposition.] In the sub¬ 
joined example, square is the same as quartile, and 
opposite means in opposition. 


“ To the blank moon, 

Her office they prescrib’d: to th’ other five, 

Their planetary motions and aspects, 

In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. X. 


2. Astrol.: This pseudo-science, recognizing then 
different aspects of the planets described under No. 

1 (Old. Astron.), further superadded the notion that 
these could, on the one hand, exert good, and on 
the other, an evil or malign influence on human 
affairs. 


“. . . if Nature’s concord broke, 

Among the constellations war were sprung, 

Two planets, rushing from aspect malign 
Of fiercest opposition, in mid sky 

Should combat, and their jarring spheres confound.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vi. 


‘. . . and the astrologers call the evil influences of 
thj stars evil aspects.” — Bacon: Essays (Civil dt Mor .), 
ch. ix. 


jk Her.: The position which an animal occupies 
with regard to the eye of the spectator. It may be 
( 1 ) full asped, that is, full-faced, looking toward 
the spectator; or ( 2 ) passant, that is, with itsside 
toward him ; or (3) of trian asped, that is, neither 
the one nor the other, but between the two. 

4. Painting. A double aspect: A single figure 
representing two or more different objects. 

*as-pect , ) v. t. [From aspect , s. (q. v.).] To look 
at, to behold, to contemplate. 

“ Happy in their mistake, those people, whom 
The northern pole aspects; whom fear of death, 

The greatest of all human fears, ne’er moves.” 

Temple. 

AS-pect'-?t-ble, a. [Lat. aspedabilisf] That may 
be looked at or beheld. 


“To this use of informing us what is in this aspectable 
world, we shall find the eye well fitted.”— Ray: Creation. 

{is-pect'-ant, a. [Lat. aspedans, pr. par. of 
aspecto= to look at.] Looking at. 

Her.: A term applied to two birds facing one 
another, or looking at one another. (The term as- 
peeling has the same meaning.) 

as-pect-ed, pa. par. & a. [Aspect, i>.] 

1. As pa. par.: Looked at, beheld. 

2. As adj.: Having an aspect. 

as-pect -Ing, pr. par. & a. [Aspect, u.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. As pr. par.: Looking at, beholding. 

2. As adj.: Having an aspect. 

II. Her.: The same as Aspectant (q. v.). 

*as-pec'-tion, s. [Lat. aspedio= a look, a view.]' 
The act of looking at anything. 

‘ A Moorish queen upon aspection of the picture of 
Andromeda conceived and brought forth a fair one.”— 
Browne. 


as-pen, *asp ( 1 ), *aspe, *espe, a. & s. [A. S. 

cesp, cepse, e»se=an aspen ; cepse (adj.)= tremulous; 
Sw. asp; O. Icel. <5 sp; Dan. espetrce; Dut. esp, espe- 
boom; Ger. espe, aspe, dspe; O. H. Ger. aspa.\ 

A. -4s adjective: Pertaining in any way to the 
trembling poplar. [See A., swhsf.] Spec., consisting 
or made of its wood 

“You see those lifeless stumps of aspen wood.” 

Wordsworth: Hart-Leap Well, pt. ii. 

B. As substantive: A tree, the Populus tremula, 
or Trembling Poplar. The leaves are nearly orbicu, 



(1) Tree, (2) leaves, and (3) catkins. 


lar, and are bluntly sinuate-toothed. They soon bo 
come glabrous on both sides. The tremulous move¬ 
ment of the leaves which exists in all the poplars. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. pb — f 
•cian -tian = sh?tn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bel, del 

* 19 






aspen-leaf 

but culminates in the aspen, mainly arises from the 
length and slender character of the petiole or leaf¬ 
stalk, and from its being much and laterally com¬ 
pressed. 

“ Willows whiten, aspens quiver.” 

Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott. 

aspen-leaf, s. 

1. Lit.: The leaf of the aspen. 

“ And his joints, with nerves of iron twined, 

Shook like the aspen-leaves in wind.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 24. 

*2. Fig.: The tongue. 

“ For if they (t. e. wiues) myghte be suffered to begin 
ones in the congregacion to fall in disputing, those aspen 
leaues of theirs would neuer leave waggyng.”— Sir T. 
More’s Works, p. 769. (S. in Boucher.) 

as'-per, as'-pre (pre as per), a & s. [Lat. 

osper=rough.] 

As adjective: 

1 . Rough; not smooth on the surface. 

“. . . he saith that the way to heauen is straite and 
aspre and painful.”— Sir T. More’s Works, p. 74. (S. in 
Boucher.) 

“ Cold maketh the arteries and flesh more asper and 
tough.”— Bacon: Be Calore et Frigore. 

2. Sharp in sound. 

“All base notes, or very treble notes, give an asper 
sound.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, ii., § 173. 

3. Bitter in spirit. 

“ For if Creseide had erst complained sore, 

Tho gan the plain a thousand times more, 

And in her aspre plaint, thus she seide.” 

Chaucer: Troil. and Ores., bk. iv. 
as’-per, s. [Low Lat. asperus, asprus, asperum, 
asprum; Mod. Gr. aspron: from aspros— white; the 
rendering of Turkish aqtscheh , aktsche, as adj.= 
white; as substan.=an old Turkish coin, called by 
Europeans atsche or atche (q. v.). {Mahn.).] 

Numis. : An old Turkish coin of silver, the third 
of a medine. It was worth about an English half¬ 
penny. 

*as’-per-a, [The fem. of Lat. asper, -a, -urn— 
rough.] 

* Anatomy. Aspera arteria : The windpipe. 

If The ancients considered all arteries to contain 
air and not blood. 

“ . . . the weasand or wind-pipe, which we call as¬ 

pera arteria, . . .”— Bacon; Nat. Hist., Cent, ii., § 174. 

tas-per-ate, v. t. [In ltal. asperare= to exas¬ 
perate; Lat. aspero=(l) to make rough, (2) to 
sharpen, (3) to exasperate.] To roughen; to make 
rough. 

“Those corpuscles of color insinuating themselves 
into all the pores of the body to be dyed, may asperate 
its superficies, according to the bigness and texture of the 
corpuscles.”— Boyle. 

fas’-per-a-ted, pa. par & a. [Asperate.] 
tas’-per-a-tlng, pr. par. [Asperate.] 
as-per-a-tion, s. [Lat. asperdtio.] Roughness. 
The act of making rough; the state of being made 
rough; that which imparts the roughness. {John¬ 
son.) 

*as -per-aunt, a. [Lat. asperans , pr. par. of as- 
pero.] [Asperate.] Bold. ( Alisaunder , 4,871.) 
SJ,S-per'-ge§, s. [Lat.=thou shalt sprinkle.] 

1. The rod for sprinkling holy water. 

2. The Antiphon, “ Asperges me, Domine,” which 
is sung before a High Mass, or a Missa Cantata, 
while the priest is sprinkling the congregation with 
holy water. 

US-per-gll-lI-form, a. [Low Lat. aspergillus 
(q. v.), and Lat./orma=form, shape.] 

Bot. : Shaped like an aspergillus; hrush-shaped. 
Example, the stigmas of grasses. 

US-per-gll'-lum, s. [From Low Lat. aspergillus 
(q. v.).l Watering-pot shell. A genus of molluscs 
belonging to tho family Gastroch*nid®. The shell, 
which is small, is cemented to the lower end of a 
long shelly tube. This tube is closed at the end by 
a perforated disc like the spout of a watering-pot. 
The species occur in the warmer seas. In 1875, Tate 
enumerated twenty-one recent and one fossil, the 
latter from the Miocene. 

?LS-per-gIl'-lus, s. [Low Lat. aspergillus; from 
Lat. aspergo= a sprinkling; aspergo~to scatter, to 
sprinkle.] 

1. Roman Catholic Ritual: The brush used for 
sprinkling “ holy water” in all Roman Catholic 
churches. 

2. Bot. : Moldiness. A genus of fungi belonging 
to the cohort Concomycetes. The species are found 
on rotten substances, on decaying fungi, on damp 
plants, in herbaria, and in similar situations. 

as’-per-£oire (oire as wSr), s. [Fr. asperge; 
Lat. aspergo— to sprinkle.] 

Roman Catholic Ritual: A sprinkling with “holy 
water.” 


290 

as-per-I-fo-11-38, *. pi. [Lat. asper— rough, and 
folium=u leaf.] Lmneus’ name for the natural 
order of plants now called Boraginace®, or Borage- 
worts. It was given because, as a rule, they have 
hairy leaves. 

as-per-I-fo -11-ate, a. [Lat. asper=rough, and 
foliatus=lea\ed; from folium = a leaf.] Having 
rough leaves, i. e., leaves roughened with hairs. 

as-per-l-fo’-ll-ous, a. [Lat. asper= rough, and 

TnJi't/Yn — q ipQf I 

Bot. : The same as Asperifoliate. {Todd.) 

as-per'-l-t^, s. [In Fr. asperiU : ltal. asperita; 
Lat. asperitas; from asper— rough.] 

I. Of things tested by the senses: 

1 . Roughness of surface; unevenness of surface. 

“Sometimes the pores and asperities of dry bodies are 
so incommensurate to the particles of the liquor, that they 
glide over the surface.”— Boyle: Works, vol. i., p. 682. 

2 . Roughness of sound, unpleasant sharpness; 
also harshness of pronunciation. 

3. Roughness of taste; tartness, sourness. 

II. Of things tested by the mind: 

1. Roughness to be encountered in one’s path, dif¬ 
ficulties in one’s way; something distasteful to the 
feelings requiring to be done. 

“. . . the acclivities and asperities of duty.”— Bar- 
row, vol. iii., Ser. 42. 

2 . Sourness or bitterness of feeling; bitterness in 
soul. 

3. Roughness of temper, moroseness, sourness, 
crabbedness. This may be temporary and produced 
by provocation, or it may be permanent and result¬ 
ing from long-indulged ill-nature. 

“. . . and was answered with equal asperity and 
even more than equal ability by Sir John Dalrymple.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

*as'-per-iy, *as-pre-ly (preasper), adv. [Eng. 
& Lat. asper, and Eng. sun. -ip=like.] Roughly. 

“. . . and there assaulted them bo asp rely, that the 

Captaine of the Romans, called Lucretius, might easily 
take them .”—Sir Thomas Elyot: The Governor, p. 57. 

a-sper'-mous, a. [Gr. aspermos, from a, priv., 
and sperma — a seed; speiro = to sow.] Without 
seed, destitute of seed. {Brande.) 

as-per-na’-tion, s. [Lat. aspernatio, from asper- 
nor= to spurn away: ab = from, and spernor = to 
despise; sperno — to separate, to despise.] Con¬ 
tempt, disdain. {Johnson.) 

*as’-per-nesse, *as-pre-nesse. s. [Eng., &c., 
asper; O. Eng. suff.-nesse.] Roughness, bitterness, 
unpleasantness to the taste or feelings; adverseness, 
calamitousness. 

“ The aspernesse of his estate.”— Chaucer: Boecius, bk. 
iv, 

as-per'-o-llte, s. [Lat. asper = rough; o, eu¬ 
phonious; and -lite, from Gr. lithos—stone. “Named 
asperolite on account of its great brittleness.” 
(Dana.).] A mineral, a variety of Chrysocolla. It 
is of a bluish-green color, and comes from Tagilsk, 
in Russia. 

*as'-per- 0 us, a. [Eng. & Lat. asper.] Full of 
roughness, very uneven. 

“ The asperous edge . . .”— Wilson: Great Britain 
(1653). ( Halliwell: Cont. to Lexic.) 

“ Black and white are the most asperous and unequal of 
colors, so like that it is hard to distinguish them; black 
is the most rough.”— Boyle. 

(ts-per se, v. t. [In Fr. asperger; Port, aspergir; 
ltal. aspergere; Lat. aspergo; sup. aspersum= to 
scatter or strew upon, to besprinkle: ad= to, and 
spargo= to throw here and there. Cognate with Gr. 
speird= to sow.] 

fl. Lit.: To besprinkle one, to scatter or cast 
over one. 

2. Fig.: To bespatter one with calumnies ; to set 
in motion injurious charges against one, made 
either to his face or behind his back ; to vituperate 
one. 

“For he who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses 
The tempted with dishonor foul . . 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

3 -S-per’sed, pa. par. & a. [Asperse, -u.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

2. Her.: Strewed or powdered with a number of 
small charges, such as fleur de Us, cinquefoils, &c. 
It is the same as Fr. semi (q. v.). {Gloss, of Her.) 

?is-per'-ser, s. [En g. aspers{e); -er.] One who 
besprinkles or bespatters another, either in a literal 
or in a figurative sense. {Todd.) 

as-pers -Ing, pr. par. [Asperse, v.} 

g,s-per -Sion, s. [In Fr. & Sp. aspersion; Port. 
aspersao; ltal. aspersione, aspergine; Lat. asper- 
sio .] 

I. The act of sprinkling; the state of being 
sprinkled— 


asphalt 

fl. Lit.: With water or other liquid; or with any 
material thing capable of division into minute 
drops. 

“. . . as when the armorers make their steel more 
tough and pliant, by aspersion of water or juice of herbs.” 

— Bacon: Physiol. Rem. 

2. Fig.: With anything not of a material kind. 
Specially .— 

*{a) With allusions or references to, or illustra¬ 
tions derived from, certain departments of human 
knowledge. 

“ And if the Book of Job be turned over, it will be found 
to have much aspersion of natural philosophy.”— Bacon- 
Inter, of Nat., ch. i. 

{b) With injurious or calumnious charges. 

“The same aspersions of the king, and the same 
grounds of a rebellion.”— Dryden. 

til. That with which one is aspersed. Spec., an 
injurious statement against one. 

as-per'-slve, a. [Eng. aspers(e); suffix -we.] 
Involving aspersions, containing aspersions ; calcu¬ 
lated to asperse. {Ogilvie.) 

as-per’-slve-ljf, adv. [Eng . aspersive; -ly.] By 
way of aspersion. 

“. . . those many envious and injurious detractions 

which the ignorant may aspersively cast thereon.”— Sir 
T. Drake Revived. To the Reader. {Richardson.) 

as-per-sb r-I-um, s. [Low Lat. aspersorium , 
whence the ltal. aspersorio.] 

1. The stoup, or holy-water basin, in medi®val 
churches. 

2. The aspergill, or sprinkle. {Gloss, of Arch.) 
as-per-sor-y, a. [Eng. aspers{e); -ory.] Hav¬ 
ing a tendency to asperse; slanderous. 

as per-u'-go, s. [In Sp. asperugo; ltal. asperu- 
gine; Lat. asperugo, a plant with prickly leaves; 
from asper= rough.] Madwort. A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Boraginace® (Borageworts). 
It contains only one species, A. procumbens, or Ger¬ 
man Madwort, a very hispid plant, with solitary 
blue flowers in the axils of the leaves. 

as-per -R-la, s. [In Fr. asperule; from Lat. asper 
=rough, so called on account of the roughness of 
some species of the genus.] Woodruff. A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Galiace®, or Stel- 
lates. 

as-phalt, as’-phalte, as-phal-tum, as’- 
phal-tus, as-phal-tos, s. & a. (In Dut. & Ger. 
asphalt; Fr. asphalte; Port, asphalto; Sp. asfalto; 
ltal. asfalto, aspalto; Mod. Lat. asphaltum, asphal- 
tus; Gr. asphaltos, according to Liddell and Scott 
not a proper Greek word. Mahn deems it of Pheni- 
cian origin; but in Hebrew, which is closely akin 
to Phenician, asphalt is chhSmar (Gen. xi. 3; xiv, 
10; Exod. ii. 3), which is from quite another root.] 
A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language {of the forms asphalt, as¬ 
phalte, and fasphaltus): Bitumen, Jews’ pitch. 

1. The mineral substance described under II. 1 . 

2. The artificially-made substance described un¬ 
der II. 4. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mineralogy {of the form asphaltum): A min¬ 
eral placed by Dana in the Appendix to his Hydro¬ 
carbons. Pliny called it bitumen , a name still in 
common use. More specifically, it is compact 
bitumen. It has been termed also mineral pitch 
and Jeivs' pitch. It is amorphous; the spec. grav. 
1-P8; the color, brownish black and black; the 
luster, pitchy; the odor, bituminous, especially 
when it is rubbed. There are more fluid and more 
solid kinds of it. It melts at 90° to 100° C., and 
bums with a bright flame. It may be dissolved 
either in whole or in partin oil of turpentine, ether, 
or alcohol. It consists of oils, vaporable at different 
temperatures, resins, black or brownish-black sub¬ 
stances, and others of a nitrogenous character. It 
contains about eighty per cent, of carbon, eight or 
nine per cent, of hydrogen, with varying proportions 
of oxygen, nitrogen, and ash. It exists in and along 
the shores of the Dead Sea, which was thence called 
Lake Asphaltites, or Asphaltitis. {Josephus: Wars, 
bk. iv., cn. viii.) The “slime-pits” with which the 
“vale of Siddim” was “full,” were of asphalt 
(Gen. xiv. 10). It also constituted both the “ slime ” 
and the “pitch ” (there is only one substance men¬ 
tioned in Hebrew) with which the ark of bulrushes 
designed for the reception of the infant Moses was 
daubed (Exod. ii. 3). It was found at Hit, above 
Babylon, on the Euphrates, and was the “slime” 
which the builders of the tower of Babel employed 
instead of mortar (Gen.xi.3). It occurs also near the 
Tigris and in the Caucasus. In America, it is met 
with in the island of Trinidad, where a large lake of 
it exists [see A., II. 2]; in Peru, and in California. In 
Europe it is found in the island of Zante; in Albania 
and Dalmatia; in Carinthia; in the Harz, in Ger¬ 
many; in France; and abundantly in the Yal de 
Travers, in the Canton of Neufchatel, in Switzer¬ 
land ; besides small quantities in England in Derby¬ 
shire, Cornwall, and Shropshire. [Bitumen.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, sbn; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 





asphalt 


291 


aspiration 


Geol. (chiefly of the forms asphaltum and as- 
!PUaIt): Asphaltum is apparently of vegetable ori- 
•Sfiu. Treating of the pitch lake of Trinidad, Sir 
t harles Lyell mentions that fluid bitumen is seen 
to ooze from the bottom of the sea on both sides of 
■the island of Trinidad, and to rise up to the sur¬ 
face of the water. Ho also states, on the authority 
-°J trumilla, that “about seventy years ago’’ [about 
1780 ?] a spot of land on the west coast of Trinidad 
sunk suddenly, and was replaced by a small lake of 
pitch. The celebrated “Pitch Lake” may have had 
a similar origin. The Orinoco has for ages been 
rolling quantities of vegetable matter into the ad¬ 
jacent ocean. Subterranean fires may have con¬ 
verted them into petroleum, which being forced 
upward by similar causes, has been inspissated 
and transformed into different varieties of asphal- 
•tum. (Lyell: Princip. of Geol., ch. xvii., 8th ed., 
1850.) It occurs in rocks of various ages, but most 
abundantly in those of very recent date. 

3. Chem. (of the forms asphalt and asphaltum). 
Asphalt is said to consist chiefly of a substance 

.called by Boussingault asphaltene. [Asphaltene.] 
Dana, however, considers Boussingault’s conclu¬ 
sions as by no means finally established. 

4. Art and Commerce: 

(а) Most of the asphalt of antiquity was brought 
from the Dead Sea. The Egyptians used it in em¬ 
balming their dead. Solid asphalt is still used in 
Arabia, Egypt, and Persia instead of pitch for 
ships, and the fluid asphaltum for varnishing and 
for burning in lamps. It is also used for covering 
roads and pavements, being smooth, impermeable 
to water, and very durablo. Much, however, of the 
asphalt which is used for covering streets, pave¬ 
ments, bridges, roofs, &c., in New York, Philadel¬ 
phia, Chicago, and other large cities, is not that of 
nature, but is manufactured artificially from bitu¬ 
men, pitch, and gravel, or from a brown bitumi¬ 
nous limestone found near the Jura mountains. 
When employed for paving it is melted in large 
iron caldrons and laid down hot, that it may con¬ 
solidate into a continuous sheet of impermeable 
material. It is the same as asphaltic mastic. 

(б) A composition of asphalt, lamp black, and 
oil of spike, or turpentine, used for drawing hlack 
figures on dial-plates. (Nicholson.) 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to asphalt; consist¬ 
ing of, or at least containing asphalt. 

asphalt-like, a. Like asphalt. 

“. . . a black lustrous asphalt-like solid, his [Bous¬ 

singault’s] asphaltene.”— Dana: Mineralogy, 5th ed., p. 
751. 

as-phal-tene, s. [Eng., &c., asphalt; suff. -ewe.] 

Chem.: Boussingault’s name for a substance 
which consists for the major part of asphalt. Its 
formula is C 20 H 32 O 3 . It arises probably from the 
oxidation of petrolene. [Asphalt, A., II. 3.] 
(Foivnes: Man. of Chem., 10th ed., p. 586.) 

as-phal'-tlc, *as-pha.r-tick, a. [Eng. asphalt; 
-ic.] Pertaining to asphalt; consisting of asphalt; 
containing asphalt. ( 

“ . . . beyond 

The flowery dale of Sibma clad with vines, 

And Eleale to the asphaltic pool.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

as-phal -tlte, a. [In Fr. asphaltite; from Gr. 
asphaltites .] The same as Asphaltic (q.v.). (Bry¬ 
ant.) 

as-phal-tos, as phal -tum, as-phal-tus, s. 

[Asphalt.] 

as -pho del (Eng.) as-phod -el-iis (Lat.),s. [In 
Sw. a sfodillrot: Ger. asphodille, affodil, affodille; 
Dut. affodil', Russ, asfalt; Fr. asphodMe; Sp. 
affodelo; Port, asphodelo; Ital. asfodelo; Lat. 
asphodelus; Gr. asphodelos. 

Possibly from a, priv., and 
sphallo=to balk, to foil. In 
this case it would mean a flower 
which cannot be balked or 
foiled when in competition with 
others. Now called by the com¬ 
mon name daffodil. 

A. Ord. Lang, (of the form 
asphodel): The English name 
of the plants belonging to the 
g ums Asphodelus (q. v.). The 
yellow and white species were 
introduced into this country 
during the sixteenth century— 
the former about the year 1596. 
and the latter in 1551. Immense 
tracts of land in Apulia are 
covered with white asphodel, 
which affords good nourish¬ 
ment to sheep. The asphodels, 
being sacred to Proserpine, 
were used in classic times in Yellow Asphodel, 
funeral ceremonies, and the 
souls of the departed were supposed by the poets to 
wander in nieadows adorned with these beautiful 
(lowers. 



“Besting weary limbs at last on beds of asphodel.”' 

Tennyson: The Lotus-eaters; C'horic Song,, 8i 
“ . . . flowers were the couch, 

Pansies and violets, and asphodel, 

And hyacinths.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. is. 

B. Bot. (of the form Asphodelus): A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Liliace® and the sec¬ 
tion Antherice®. About eight species are familiar, 
the best known being A. luteus, the Yellow; A. 
albus, the White; and A. ramosus, the Branched 
Lily or Asphodel, called also King’s Rod. To this 
family belong the Garlic, the Hyacinth, the Squill 
and the Star of Bethlehem. 

as-pho-del-e-se, s.pl. [Asphodelus.] 

Bot.: An old order of plants, separated by Robert 
Brown from the Liliace® on account of their pos¬ 
sessing a black, crustaceous, brittle seed-coat; but 
this character has been since deemed unimportant, 
and the Asphodele® are now ranked as a section of 
the order Liliace®, or are suppressed even as a sec¬ 
tion. 

as-phod'-el-iis, s. The Latin name of the Eng¬ 
lish word Asphodel (q. v.). 

*g.s-phii r-e-lates, *3,s-phii r-e-la-ta, s. pi. [Gr. 
a, priv., and sphurelatos=v/ronght with the ham¬ 
mer; sphura=n hammer.] An old designation for 
metals deemed immalleable. Under it were in¬ 
cluded bismuth, antimony, cobalt, zinc, and mer¬ 
cury. 

as-phyx -1-a (Mod. Lat.), as-phf x -f (Eng.),s- 
[In Fr. asphyxie; Mod. Lat. asphyxia; Gr. asphuxia 
= a stopping of the pulse; sphuxis= the pulse; sphuzb 
fut. sphuxo=to throb.] 

1. Originally: Syncope fainting. 

2. Now. Suspended animation: An interruption 
of the arterialization of the blood, causing the sus¬ 
pension of sensation and voluntary motion. It may 
be produced by breathing some gas incapable of 
furnishing oxygen, by submersion under water, by 
suffocation, from an impediment to breathing 
applied to the mouth and nostrils, by strangulation, 
or by great pressure, external or internal, upon the 
lungs. If asphyxia continue unrelieved for a short 
period, it is necessarily followed by death. 

«j,s-phyx -I-ate, v. t. [Mod. Lat. asphyxia, and 
suff. -ate.] To prevent the arterialization of the 
blood; to suffocate. (GeneraUy, if not exclusively, 
in the past participle.) 
fas-phyx'-I-a-ted, pa. par. [Asphyxiate.] 

“She died like one asphyxiated.” — Todd dt Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., i. 305. 

as-phyx'-Ied, pa. par. [Asphyxy, i\] 

“Like higher organisms, the bacterial genus are 
poisoned by the excess and asiJhyxied by the defect of 
oxygen.”— Prof. Tyndall, quoted in Times, May 24, 1877. 
t 3 .S-phyx'-y, v. t. [From asphyxia , s. (q. v.).] 
tas-phyx-jr, s. [Asphyxia.] 
fas -pic, *as -pick, *as’-pik, s. [From Fr. aspic 
=an asp.] [Asp (2).] 

tA. Ord. Lang.: The same as Asp (2) (q. v.). 

The venomous asp. Poetic. 

“ Swell, bosom, with thy fraught, 

For ’tis of aspic’s’ tongues.” 

Shakesp.: Othello. 

B. Technically: 


1. Bot.: The French name of the Lavandula spica, 
the plant which yields the oil of spike. [Lavan¬ 
dula.] 

12. Gunnery: A piece of ordnance weighing 
about 4,250 pounds, and carrying a twelve-pound 
shot. (James.) 

3. Cookery: A savory jelly; meat or eggs en¬ 
closed in a savory jelly. 

as-pid-el-ite, s. [Apparently from Gr. aspis, 
genit. aspidos=( 1) a small round shield, (2) an asp; 
delos= clear, manifest, and suff. -ite; Gr. lithos— 
stone.] A mineral, a variety of Sphene, which 
again is placed by Dana under Titauite. Aspide- 
lite is of a pale yellowish-green color, and occurs at 
Arendalin Norway. 

as-pld - 1 -urn, s. [Gr. aspidion =a small shield; 
aspis= a small round shield, which the involucres 
of the several species more or less resemble.] 
Shield-fern. A genus of ferns belonging to the 
order Polypodiace®. The sori are roundish, and 
the involucre covering them orbicular or kidney¬ 
shaped. There are ten British species. Some have 
oibicular reniform involucres fixed by their sin¬ 
uses, while others have orbicular and peltate invo¬ 
lucres. To the former, sometimes called Lastrea, 
belong the A. Filix mas, or Blunt; the A. spicu- 
losum, or Prickly-toothed; the A. oreopteris, or 
Heath; and the A. Thelypteris, or Marsh Shield- 
fern, with other species more rare; and to the 
latter, *the A. Lonchitis, or Rough Alpine; the A. 
lobatum, or Close-leaved Prickly ; the A. aculeatum, 
or Soft Prickly ; and the A. angulare, or Angular- 
leaved Shield-fern. 


aa-pid-opH -Sr-iis, s. [Gr. aspis, genit. aspidos 
= a small round shield; and phoros—heAting, carry- 


A genus of fishes of 
the family with hard 


ing; phjero = to. bear or carry.] 
the order Acanthopterygii and 
cheeks. The species, six inches long, called A. 
Europeans (Cuv.j,. the Armed Bull-head, Pogge, 
Lyrie, Sea-Poacher, Pluck, or Noble, are to be found 
in the British seas. 


*§,-spPe, * 9 ,-spy'e, v-1, [Espy.] To espy. 

“ Oure private®, that no man us aspie.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,066. 


“ Til fymally sc he gan of hem aspye, 

That he was last seyn in the Jewerie.” 

Ibid., 15,002-3. 


* 3 .-s®re,. *a-apy e, s. [From aspie, v. (q. v.).] 
[Spy.] A spy. 

“ For it 

Were impossible to my wit, 

Though Fame had all the pries 
In all a real me and all aspies, 

How that yet he should heare all this. 

Chaucer: House of Fame, ii. 196. 


“Have her my trouth, as thou art his aspye. 

Tel wher he is, or elles thou schalt die.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 14,170, 14,171. 

*?t-spl ed, *3,-spy ed, *a-spy yd, pa. par. 

[Aspie, v.] 

*gt-spl e-uxg, *a-spy -ynge, pr. par. & s. 


As substantive: Spying, exploration. ( Prompt . 
Parv .) 


*a spll le, v. t. [A. S. spillan—to spill, spoil, de¬ 
prive of, destroy, kill.] To spill, to destroy, to kill. 
“Hwo so hit ileueth myd gode wille 
Ne may nouht the feond his saule a-spille.” 

An Orison of Our Lord, xvi. (ed. Morris), 55-6. 

as-pi r ant, a. & s. [In Fr. aspirant, a. & s.; 
Port, aspirante; Ital. aspirante, adj.; from Lat. 
aspirans, pr. par. of aspiro —to breathe or blow 
upon.] 


A. .4s adjective: Aspiring, aiming at. 

B. As substantive: One who pants after some 
object of attainment; one whose desire or ambition 
it is to gain a certain obj ect. 

“In consequence of the resignations which took place 
at this conjuncture, the way to greatness was left clear to 
a new set of aspirants.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

as -plr-ate, v. t. & i. [From Lat. aspiratum, 
supine of aspiro= to breathe or blow upon: ad =to 
or on, and spiro= to breathe or blow; Gr. aspairo — 
to pant or gasp: a, euphonic, and spaird= to pant 
or gasp.] [Aspire.] 

A. Transitive: To pronounce with a full breath, 
the effect being to prefix the sound of h to the vowel 
“ aspirated.” 

B. Intransitive: To come forth, or be pronounced 
with a full breath. 

“Where a vowel ends a word, the next begins either 
with a consonant, or what is its equivalent, for our io aud 
h aspirate.” — Dryden. 

as’-plr-ate, a. & s. [From Lat. aspiratus, pa. 
par. of aspiro. (Aspire.) In Ital. aspirator aspir¬ 
ated.] 

tA. As adjective: Pronounced with a full breath. 

“ For their being pervious, you may call them, if you 
please, perspirate; but yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with 
such an aspiration as h.”—Holder. 

B. As substantive: A letter pronounced with a 
full breath, h. (For the Greek aspira fc > see As- 
per, 1.) 

“With this he mingled the Attic contractions, the 
broader Doric, and the feebler AHoIic, which often rejects 
its aspirate or takes of its accent . . .”— Pope: Pref. to 
Homer. 


as -pir-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Aspirate, v.] 

“. . . aspirated checks. . . .”— Max Muller: Sci¬ 

ence of Lang. (6th ed.), vol. ii. (1871), p. 163. 

as -pir-a-ting, pr. par. [Aspirate, v.] 

as-pir-a-tion, *as-pir-a-gion, *ad-spir-a- 
gion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. aspiration ; Sp. ctspiraQion ; 
Port, aspiracao; Ital. aspirazione; Lat. aspiratio, 
from aspiro= to breathe or blow upon (Aspire).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of breathing upon or after; the act of 
aspiring to or after anything. 

1. In a literal sense. [See B. (a).] 

2. Fig.: The act of panting after, or earnestly 
aiming at, some high object of attainment. 
(Shakesp: Triolus <£ Cressida, iv.5. 

II. The state of being thus breathed upon. 

III. That which is breathed upon or after. 

1 . Lit.: That which is aspirated. [B. (5).] 

2. That which one greatly desires to attain, and 
at which he earnestly aims; that to which one as¬ 
pires. 

“A soul inspired with the warmest aspirations after 
celestial beatitude keeps its powers attentive.”— Watts. 


boil, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sjon = shun; -tdon, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgL 



aspirator 292 


assailant 


B. Technically: 

1. Grammar: 

(а) The act of pronouncing a letter -with a full 
breath, and in consequence imparting to it the h 
sound. 

( б ) That which is so pronounced; the letter h. 

2. Surg.: The removal of the liquid contents of a 
cavity without the admission of air. [Aspirator.] 

as -pir-a-tor, s. [Eng. aspirat(e); -or.] 

Surg.: An explorative instrument for the evacua¬ 
tion of the fluid contents of tumors, serous and 
synovial effusions, collections of blood and pus, &c. 
It resembles a subcutaneous injection syringe, with 
a terminal and lateral tube, fitted with stop-cocks. 

as~pir'- 3 .-t&r-^, a. [Eng. aspirat{e); suff.-or?/.] 
Pertaining to aspiration or breathing. 

a,s-pi're, *e,s-pyre (yr as ir), v. i. & t. [In Fr. 
aspirer; Prov., Sp. & Port .aspirar; Ital. aspirare; 
from Lat. aspij-o=(l) to breathe or blow upon ; (2) 
to be favorable to; (3) to endeavor to reach: ad— 
to, and spiro= to breathe, to blow.] 

A. Intransitive: 

*1. {Of the form aspyre): To inspire. 

“God allowed, assysted, and aspyred them by His grace 
therein.”— Sir T. More. (S. in Boucher.) 

II. To aim at rising high. 

1. Lit.: Of persons: To pant after some high ob¬ 
ject of attainment; to aim at something great 
socially, politically, intellectually, morally, or spir¬ 
itually. .(It is followed by to, after, or an infini¬ 
tive.) 

“ By whose aid, aspiring 
To set himself in glory.” Milton: P. L., i. 88. 

2. Fig.: Of things: To rise higher, to tower, to 
reach a considerable elevation. 

“’Cross the calm lake’s blue shades the cliffs aspire.” 

Wordsworth: Evening Walk. 

B. Transitive: To aim at. 

If There is properly an ellipsis of to or after, 
which being supplied, the verb becomes the ordi¬ 
nary intransitive one. 

“ That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds.” 

Shakesp..- Borneo and Juliet, Hi. 1. 

*$s-pi re-ment, s. [Eng. aspire; -ment.] The 
same as Aspiration (q. v.). 

“ By which aspirement she her wings displays.” 

Brewer: Lingua, iii. 6. 

9 , 8 -pi'r-er, s. [Eng. aspir{e); -er.] One who as¬ 
pires. 

“ The aspirer once attained unto the top, 

Cuts off those means by which himself got up.” 

Daniel: Civil War, bk. ii. 

3,S-p’i r-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Aspire, v.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective: 

1. Of persons: Aiming at what is high; ambi¬ 
tious. 

“Unquiet and aspiring statesmen.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. v. 

2. Of things: Rising to a considerable elevation, 
towering. 

“ Or some aspiring rock that shrouds 
Its perilous front in mists and clouds.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, vii. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Aspiration after; ambition. 

“ ‘ Proud, art thou met ? thy hope was to have reach’d 

The height of thy aspiring unopposed.’ ” 

Milton: P. L., bk. Vi. 

If It is sometimes followed by to. 

“. . . all inclination and aspirings to knowledge 
and virtue, . , — Howell: Letters, ii. 57. 


1. Ordinary Language: The act of carrying away; 
the state of being carried away. 

2. Laic: The removal of goods with the intention 
of stealing them. If a person, designing to steal 
silver plate, be surprised when he has done no more 
than remove the plate from the chest in which it 
was and put it on the floor, this is enough to con¬ 
stitute the felonious offense of larceny. {Black- 
stone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 17.) 

*as -pre, a. [Asper.] 

as-pre-do, s. [Lat. aspredo= roughness; asper 
=rough.] A genus of fishes belonging to the order 
Malacopterygii Abdominales, and the family Silu- 
ridee. They are the only known fishes which have no 
mobility in the operculum. They have six or eight 
barbels. They are akin to the famous Silurus elec- 
tricus, the Electric Silurus, or “ eel,” of the Nile and 
Senegal rivers. 

*as -pre-nesse (pre as per), s. [Aspernesse.] 
as -pro, s. [Gr. aspros— Lat. asper =rough.] A 
genus of spiny-finned fishes belonging to the Per- 
cidee, or Perch family. They inhabit the Rhone, 
Danube, &c. 

*a-spy'e, v. t. [Aspie, v., Espy.] 
x(i-spy'e, s. [Aspie, s., Spy.] 

*a-spy re, (yr as ir), v. t. [Aspire.] 

*a-squa re, adv. [Eng. o=on, and square (q. v.).] 
On the square; at a safe distance. 

“Yf he hymfmyght fynd he nothing wold hym 
spare, 

That herd the pardoner wele, and held him better 
asquare.” 

Prol. to Hist, of Beryn, 591. {Boucher.) 
a-squat', adv. [Eng. a=on, and squat (q. v.).] 
In a cowering manner. {Richardson: Clarissa, i. 
101 .) 

a-squint', adv. [Eng. a=on, and squint (q. v.).] 
With a squint; with the eye directed to one side, 
obliquely, not in the direct line of vision. 

“A single guide may direct the way better than five 
hundred, who have contrary views, or look asquint, or 
6hut their eyes.”— Swift. 

ass (l),*asse (pi. as -se§, *as-sen, *as'-yn-is), 
s. [A. S. assa= a he-ass ; asse= a she-ass; also asal, 
esol, eosol,eosul= an ass without distinction of gen¬ 
der. In Sw. asna; Dan. asen. cesel= he-ass; cese- 
linde=she-ass; O. Icel. asni, esne; Dut. ezel; Ger. 
esel; O. H. Ger. esil; Goth, asilus; Lith. asilas; 
Boh. osel; Pol. osiol; Russ, ocel; Gael, asal, as; 
Irish asan; Wei. asyn: Arm. asen; Mod. Fr. dne , 
contracted from O. Fr. asne, asen, ase; Prov. aze, 
azne; Sp. asno= a he-ass, asna= a she-ass; Port. 
asno; Ital. asino— a he-ass, asina—a she-ass; Lat. 
asinus= a he-ass, asina=a she-ass.] 

1. Lit.: A well-known mammalian quadruped. It 
is the Equus osinus of Linnaeus, and is now some¬ 
times made the type of the genus or sub-genus 
Asinus. It is known from the most nearly allied 
animals by its long ears, the tuft at the end of the 
tail, and the black stripe on the shoulders. Its 
native country seems to be Central and Southern 
Asia, where troops of it are still seen, though 
whether aboriginal or descended from domesticated 
individuals escaped from servitude it is not easy to 
determine. [Wild Ass.] 

“ Ne lie nedde stede ne no palefray 
Ac rod vppe on asse.” 

Passion of Our Lord (ed. Morris), 67, 68. 
“And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and 
saddled his ass.”— Gen. xxii. 3. 

IT The sexes are often distinguished by the terms 
he-ass and she-ass. 

“ . . . and he had sheep and oxen, and he-asses . . . 

and she-asses.” — Gen. xii. 16. 

IT The young of the ass is called an ass' colt (Gen. 
xlix. 11 ; also Matt. xxi. 5.) 


ass-like, s. Resembling an ass. {Sidney). 
ass’s ear. 

Conchol. Haliotis aSininus: A fine iridescent shell 
used in the manufacture of buttons and for inlaying, 
in the darker woods. 

*ass, v. [Ask.] To ask. 
as-sa-fcet -i-da, (cease). [Asafetida.] 
fas -sa-gai, fas'-sa-gay, s. & a. [Assegai.] 
as -sa-gai, v. t. [Assegai, v.] 
as'-sa-gaied, pa. par. [Assegai, v.] 
as'-sai, adv. [Ital.= enough, much, very; Fr. 
assez— enough; from Lat. ad=to, and satis— 
enough. ] 

Music: Very; as largo cissai=ve ry slow; presto 
assai=\e ry quick. 

as-sa il, *as-sa ile, *as-sa'yle, *a-sa ile, *a- 
sa yle, *e,-say-li, v. t. [In Fr. assaillir; O. Fr. 
assailer, asailir; Prov. assalhir; Ital. assilire; 
Low Lat. assilio, adsalio; Class. Lat. assilio=to 
leap, spring, or jump upon: ad=to, and salio= to 
leap, spring, bound or jump.] [Assault]. 

I. Lit.: To leap or rush upon. 

1. Of persons: To rush upon a person with the in¬ 
tention of doing him some more or less serious’ 
bodily injury. 

“Will I depart from honor’s laws; 

To assail a wearied man were shame.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 31. 

2. Of armies, navies, forts, or communities: To 
attack with military or naval forces, with the view 
of overcoming, capturing, slaying or plundering 
the people on wnom the warlike aggression is made. 
[Assault.] 

“. . . he ne tholeth thet no vyend ous uondy ouer oure 
mighte ne non aduersari ous asayli thet we ne moghe 
overcome.”— Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 170. 

“ Remember, if He guard thee and secure. 

Whoe’er assails thee, thy success is sure.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of persons: 

{a) To attack a person without doing him bodily 
violence; as by bringing a true or false charge 
against him, or ridiculing him or his work. (Used 
lit. or fig.; in the latter case, a thing, instead of a. 
person, may make the attack.) 

“My gracious lord, here in the parliament 
Let us assail the family of York.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., i. L 
“Disdeining life, desiring leave to dye, 

She found her selfe assayld with great perplexity.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 22. 

( b ) To attack a person’s moral principles by tak¬ 
ing means fitted to seduce him or her from the paths 
of virtue, or from his or her immediate duty. 

“. . . and aye the ilke vice uight.e huer ha zightb. 
thet he is mest asayled.”—Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 157. 
“How have I fear’d your fate! but fear’d it most, 

When love assail’d you on the Libyan coast.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s Aineid, vi. 941. 

2. Of things: 

(а) To attack by word or writing. 

“All books he reads, and all he reads assails.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 616. 

(б) To molest. 

“Nature hush’d in slumber sweet, 

No rude noise mine ears assailing." 

Cowper: Watching with God, No. 2. 

as-sa il-a-ble, *as-sa ile-a-ble, a. [Eng. assail;, 
-able.] Able to be assailed. 

“ There’s comfort yet, they are assailable.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 2. 

as-sa'il-ant, a. & s. [Eng. assail; -ant. In Fr,. 
assaillant. ] 


2. A point, a stop. 

“ Nor are those so fastidious in pyramidical aspirings, 
nor curious in architecture or inside glory, as in many 
lesser towns .”—Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 211. 

cis p'i r-mg-ly, adv. [Eng. aspiring; -ly.] In 
an aspiring or ambitious manner. 

fas-pir-mg-ness, s. [Eng. aspiring; -ness.] 
The quality of being aspiring. 

as-ple’-nl-um, s. [In Sp. &Ital. asplenio; Lat. as- 
plenium; Gr. asplenon= a fern, Spleenwort: a,priv., 
and sp(e/t=the spleen, in Lat. also splen; the as- 
plenium having been supposed to be a remedy for 
diseases of the spleen.] Spleenwort. A genus of 
ferns belonging to the order Polypodiace®. Among 
the best known species are the A. Ruta muraria, or 
Wall-rue; A. Trichomanes, or Common Wall; the A. 
Adiantum nigrum or Black-stalked • and the less 
common A. septentrionale, or Forked Spleenwort. 

tas-pbr-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. asportatio, from as- 
porto= to carry away: abs = from, and porto = to 
carry.] 


IT The wild ass is the same species as the domesti¬ 
cated one, but very unlike it in character, being 
high-spirited and untamable. 

“Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath 
loosed the bands of the wild asst”—Job xxxix. 6; see also 
verses b-8. 

(For a fossil ass or zebra see Asinus.) 

2. Fig.: A person destitute of understanding, the 
deficiency of the ass in this respect being popularly 
exaggerated. 

“ That such a crafty devil as is his mother 
Should yield the world this ass!” 

Shakesp.; Cymbel, ii. 1. 

“ . . .as they think our Doctors asses to them, we’ll 
think them asses to our Doctors,”— Pope: Letter to Digby 
(1717). 

ass-camel. [Allo-camelus.] 

ass-head, s. A person of dull intellect, a block¬ 
head. 

“Will you help? an ass-head and a coxcomb and a 
knave, a thin-faced knave, a gull?”— Shakesp.: Twelfth 
Night, vi. 


A. As adjective: Assailing; attacking. 

“And as an evening dragon came, 

Assailant on the perched roosts 
And nests in order ranged 
Of tame villatic fowl.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

B. As substantive: One who assails or attacks a . 
person or persons, or a thing. 

1. One who attacks a person. (In this sense it is 
properly opposed to a defendant.) 

“The Duke of Saint Albans, with the help of his serv¬ 
ants, beat off the assailants.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiii. 

2. One who assails an enemy in a military way. 

“ ‘It is ten to one,’ says a late writer on the art of war, 
‘but that the assailant who attacks the enemy in his. 
trenches is always victorious.”— Goldsmith: Essays, iv. 

3. One who assails anything, as a philosophy, a 
religion, a science. 

“. . . both the Christian assailants, as well as the 
defenders, of paganism . . . ”— Grote: Hist. Greece 
vol. i., pt. i., ch. i. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, \inite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw,. 




assailed 


293 


assaulted 


9 ,s-sa iled, *?,s-sa yld, pa. par. [Assail.] 

$,s-sa il-er, s. [Eng. assuil; -er.] One who 
assails; an assailant.] 

“Palladius heated so pursued our assailers, that one of 
Ahem, slew him."— Sidney. 

AS-sa'il-Ing, pr. par. [Assail.] 

“ She will not stay the siege of loving terms, 

Nor bide th’ encounter of assailiny eyes, 

Nor ope her lap to saint-seducing gold.” 

Shakesp. ; Romeo and J uliet, i. 1. 

tfcs-sa il-ment, s. [Eng. assail; - merit .] The 
act of assailing, an assault; an attack of disease, a 
malady. 

“ His most frequent assailment was the headache.”— 
Johnson: Life of Pope. 

as'-sj-mar, s. 

Chem.: A bitter substance contained in the brown 
■oil obtained by the destructive distillation of cane 
■sugar. 

as’-sa-pan, as-S 9 ,-pan -Ic, s. The name given 
to a flying squirrel ( Pteromys volucella). It inhabits 
the United States and Canada. [Pteromys.] 

as-sar-i-us, s. [Lat. assarius; Gr. assarion; 
both from Lat. as.] [As.] 

In Classic times: A copper coin equal to about 
one cent and three-quarters. In Matt. x. 29 it is 
translated “farthin«.” 

“ Axe nottwo sparrov. - sold for a farthing }” — Matt. x. 29. 

3 ,s-sart', v. t. [Mod. Fr. essarter; O. Fr. essarter, 
assart er; Prov. eissartar= to grub up trees or 
bushes; Low Lat. exsarto, supine exsartum; ex- 
<sarito, supine exsariturn; Class. Lat. sarrio, sup. 
sarritum; sario, supine saritum=to hoe, to weed.] 

1. Gen.: To root up trees or bushes. 

“The king granted to him free chase, and free warren, 
in all those his lands, &c., and also power to assart his 
lands.”— Ashmole: Berkshire, ii. 425. 

2. Spec. (Old Law ) : Unauthorizedly to root up 
the trees which are required in a forest to furnish 
thickets or coverts. 

Jis-sa rt, a. & s. [Mod. Fr. (as substan.) essart; 
■O. Fr. (as substan.) essart, essartage, assartement .] 
[Assart, t;.] 

A. As adjective: Cleared; reclamed. 

Assart Lands: Forest lands reclaimed, or cleared 
of wood, &c., and put into a state of cultivation. 
{Boucher.) 

Assart Rents: Rents paid for such lands. ( Hutch¬ 
inson's Hist. Durham, ii. 410; Ibid., iii. 60; and his 
Hist. Cumb. and Westm., i. 382.) {Boucher.) 

B. As substantive: 

1. A piece of land cleared. (Ash.) 

2. A tree plucked up by the roots. (Ash.) 

3. Old Law: The offense against the forest laws 
of plucking up by the roots the trees requisite to 
furnish thickets or coverts. 

3,s-sas'-sln, As-sas -sin, s. [In Ger. Assassinen 
(pi.); Fr. & Prov. assassin; Sp. asesino; Port. & 
ital. assassino (all sing.); Arab. Haschischin =as 
substantive, a member of the sect described under 
No. 1; as adj., inspired by haschisch, an intoxicating 
liquid or drug called in India bhang, prepared from 
the powdered leaves of Cannabis sativa, or Com¬ 
mon Hemp. Many Eastern desperadoes, when they 
wish to do some nefarious deed, deaden what rem- 
nants of conscience they possess and stimulate 
their passions by means of this bhang. (Bhang.) 
Some etymologists derive assassin from Hassan ben 
Sabah, the founder of the order (I., 1).] 

I. Literally: 

1. Hist : A military and religious order which 
•constituted an offshoot from the Ismaili branch of 
the great Shiah sect of Mohammedans. It was 
founded in A. D. 1090 by Hassan ben Sabah, at the 
hill fort of Alamoot, in Persia. A section of them 
afterward removed from Persia to Mount Lebanon, 
where they came in contact with the Crusaders, 
and through them acquired infamous notoriety in 
Europe. By the rules of their founder, they were 
bound implicitly to carry out the commands of their 


2. A ruffian who, either from personal animosity 
or from having been hired to do the atrocious deed, 
murders one by open violence or by secret or sud¬ 
den assault. 

“ . . . of all the Jacobites, the most desperate assas¬ 
sins not excepted, . . ”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

II. Fig. : One who criminally destroys the polity 
of his country. 

“The hir’d assassins of the commonweal.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. V. 

assassin-like, a. Like an assassin. 

“ . . . the Syrian king, who, to surprise 
One man, assassin-like, had levied war, 

War unproclaim’d.”— Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

*as-sas'-sin, v. t. [From the substantive. In Fr. L°cke. . _ 

assassiner: Sp. asesinar; Port, assassinar; Ital. as- 2. (In which the attacking^ force is a thing. 
?•] 


sasstnare .j The same as Assassinate (q. v.) 

“ Can God be as well pleased with him that assassines 
his parents, as with him that obeys them ?”— Stilling fleet: 
Serin., p. 602. 

*as-sas'-sln-a-$3f, «• [Eng. assassin; - acy .] 
Assassination. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ This spiritual assassinacy, this deepest dye of blood 
being most Satanically designed on souls.”— Hammond: 
Serin. 

as-sas'-sin-ate, v. t. & i. [Eng. assassin; -afe.] 
[Assassin, u.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To murder by open violence or by secret and 
sudden assault. 

“ What could provoke thy madness, 

To assassinate so great, so brave a man ?” 

Philips. 

*2. Exceedingly to maltreat. 

“ Such usage as your honorable lords 
Afford me, assassinated and betrayed.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

B. Intransitive: To perpetrate murder. 

“ You who those ways feared of late, 

Where now no thieves assassinate.” 

Sandys: Paraphrase of Sacred Songs; Judges v. 

*gt.s-sas -sin-site, s. [Assassinate, u.] 

1. An assassin. 

“The old king is just murdered, and the person that did 
it is unknown. Let the soldiers seize him for one of the 
assassinates', and let me alone to accuse him afterward.”— 
Dryden. 

2. An assassination; a murder. 

“Were not all assassinates and popular insurrections 
wrongfully chastised, if the meanness of the offenders 
indemnified them from punishment.”— Pope. 

gts-sas-sln-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Assassinate, 
v.] 

3 . s-sas -sln-a-tlng, pr.par. [Assassinate,!’.] 
qs-sas-sin-a-tion, s. [Eng. assassin; -ation.\ 

The act of assassinating; the act of murdering an¬ 
other by open violence or secret and sudden assault; 
the state of being assassinated. , „ . 

On the 9th Thermidor, 1794, the French National 
Convention would no longer allow Robespierre to 
domineer over it, and would not permit him even 
to defend himself. Almost the last words he ad¬ 
dressed to it before his arrest were these: “Presi¬ 
dent of assassins, for the last time I ask liberty to 

SP Onthe 14th of April, 1865, President Lincoln was 
shot by an assassin and died the next day. On the 
2d of July, 1881, President James A. Garfield was 
shot, and died September 19th of the same year. 

as-sas -sln-a-tor, s. [Eng. assassin; -ator. In 
Port. assassmador.J One who assassinates; an 
assassin. (Johnson.) 

as-sas-sln-ous, a. [Eng. assassin; -oms.] Mur¬ 
derous. (Cockeram.) 

*as-sa-tion, s. [From Lat. assatum, sup. of asso 
=to roast or broil; Gr. azo— to dry up.] Roasting. 

“The egg expiring less in the elixation. or boiling; 
whereas, in the assation or roasting it will sometimes 
abate a drachm.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

3 ,s-sa ult, *g,s-saut, *as-sa ute, *a,-saught 

(ah silent), s. [In Fr. assaut; O. Fr. assault, asalt ; 

u. vw -—--=- Prov. assalh, assaut ; Sp. asalto; Port. & Ha]. as ~ 

chief (popularly known in Western Europe as the salto ; Low Lat. assaltus; Class. Lat. assultiis— a 
“ Old Man of the Mountain ) , even to the extent of leaping upon an attack ; ad= to, and saltus—a leap- 
murdering any king or inferior person m Europe, lug; salio=to leap.] [Assail,] 


A. Ordinary Language: 


Asia or anywhere, with whom he might have a 
quarrel Several proud potentates are said to have 
paid him blackmail for safety’s sake; but the gal¬ 
lant Knights Templars had more of a kingly spirit, 
and defied his power. The Mongers made a general 
massacre of the Persian branch of the order in 
1256, and Sultan Bibars all but rooted out the Sy¬ 
rian off shoot in 1270, but traces of them are said 
still to exist in both countries, especially at ivalat el 
Masrvad, in Persia. Despite their origin, the Assas- 
in^ were not pu’*'^ CLioVio in fulfil • fhmr Tplicinn 

was a mixture of 

and Mohammedism. - ., _ . .. . 

blance between their tenets and those of the Druses him to turn the siege 
in Mount Lebanon. _ R ome, ch. xliv. 

6 il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 
la’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


II. Figuratively: 

1. (In which the attacking force consists of a per¬ 
son or persons.) , . J 

(a) An attack by means of a charge against one; 
abusive language, calumny, &c. 

“After some unhappy assaults upon the prerogative by 
the parliament, which produced its dissolution, there fol¬ 
lowed a composure.”— Clarendon. 

(b) An attack upon one’s virtue, which may be by 

seduction rather than violence. . 

(c) An attack upon a thing, as upon a religion, aa 
opinion, Ac. 

“Theories built upon narrow foundations are very hard 
to be supported against the assaults of opposition. — 

__ _ (An 

adverse natural force brought to bear upon a per¬ 
son or thing. 

“ . . . and unshaken bears the assault 
Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

B. Technically: 

1. Mil.: A furious effort to carry a fortified post, 
camp, or fortress, where the assailants do not 
screen themselves by any works. (James.) It is 
the appropriate termination of a siege which has 
not led to the capitulation of the garrison. 

“ On the 8th of September [1855], after a furious bom¬ 
bardment of three days, the Allies assaulted the town 
[Sebastopol] in five places, and, though repulsed in four, 
the assault of the French attack on the Malakhoff com¬ 
pletely succeeded.”— Times: Annual Summary (1855). 

To give an assault: To attack any post. (James.) 

To repulse an assault: To cause the assailants to 
retreat, to beat them back. (Ibid.) 

To carry by assault: To gain a post by storm. 
(Ibid.) 

2. Fencing, &c. Assault of Arms: An attack on 
each other (not in earnest) made by two fencers to 
exhibit or increase their skill. (Sometimes.it is 
used in a wider sense for other military exercises.) 

“ The 20th annual assault of arms of the Honorable 
Artillery Company was held last evening. . . . Box¬ 

ing, fencing, sticks, bayonet exercise, cavalry sword ex¬ 
ercise, &c., composed the programme.”— Daily Telegraph, 
March 29, 1877. 

3. Late: A movement which virtually implies a 
threat to strike one, as when a person raises his 
hand or his cane in a menacing manner, or strikes 
at another but misses him. It is not needful to 
touch one to constitute an assault. When a blow 
actually takes effect the crime is not simple assault, 
but assault and battery. A person assaulting an¬ 
other may be prosecuted by him for the civil injury, 
and may also be punished by the criminal law for 
the injury done to the public. (See Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. iii., chap. 8 ; iv., chaps. 11,15.) 

3 ts-sa ult, *g,s-sa ut, v. t. [O. Fr. assaulter. In 
Sp. asaltar, assaltar. assaltear; Ital. assaltare; 
Low Lat. assalto .] [Assault, s.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. To make a hostile attack upon a person, a 
people, a fortification, a house, &c., using for the 
purpose material weapons. 

“Struck at the sight, the mighty Ajax glows 
With thirst of vengeance, and assaults the foes.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. v., 756-7. 

“. . . and assaulted the house of Jason.” — Acts 
xvii. 5. 

2. To attack one in another way than by warlike 
weapons ; to do so, for instance, by making a charge 
against him, calumniating him, writing against 
him, &c. 

“ ’Tis a mercy I do not assault you with a number of 
original sonnets and epigrams.”— Pope: Letter to H. Crom¬ 
well, March 7, 1709. 

II. Of things: To do that which is fitted to injure 
(applied to things rather than persons), to threaten 
with injury. 

“Before the gates the cries of babes new-born, 

Whom fate had from their tender mothers torn, 
Assault his ears.” Dryden. 

as-sa ult-?i-ble, a. [Eng. assault; -able.'] Capa¬ 
ble of being taken by assault; assailable. 

“ A breach, be it made never so assaultable, having 


t Tit • A violent attack made upon any person, many hands to defend it with any valor, lightly is never 
persons", or iJace,wfth the'hands or with material entered .’’-Sir Roger Williams .- Actions of the Low Coun- 

weapons. [B., 1,2,3.] u ies ’' 7 , , T , . 

“ And by assaut he wan the citee after.” g,S-Sa'Ult-g,Ilt, a. & S. [Eng. assault; -ant. ItaL 

Chaucer: C. T., 991. assaltante .] 

“But whanne there was maad an asaught of the hethene 1. As adj.: Leaping upon, assaulting, assailing. 

men >> Wycliffe • Dedis xiv. ( Richardson .) 2. -4s subst.: An assailant; a term applied to a 

And when there was an assault made both of the Gen- predatory animal when represented on the escut- 



Jeremy Taylor: On Forgiving Injuries. 


§hin, 

-tion. 


bench; go 
-§ion = zhun. 


gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph =•1 
-tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, Ac. = bel, del 







assaulter 


294 


assembler 


l&sa ult er, [Eng. assault; -er* In Ital. cue- 
talitore .J One who assaults another; an assailant. 

“Neither liking their eloquence, slot fearing their 
might, we esteemed few swords in a just defense able to 
resist many unjust assaulters.” — Sidney.. 

9 . 8 -sa ult-Xng, pr. par. [Assault., v*] 

*$s-sa ut, s. [Assault, s.] 

51 s-sa y, *as-sa ye, *$,s-sa ie, &. .[La Fr .essai; O. 
Fr. assail asaiej Pro v. essay ; Sp. ensayo; Ital. sag- 
gio; Lat. exagium —a weighing, a weight; exigo, 
sup. exactum=to drive out, . . - to examine; 
ex=out, and ago=to lead or drive; Gr- hexagion =a 
weight used in later times; hexagiazb—to examine.] 
[Assay, v., and Essay, s. & t>.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

* 1 . The act of trying or experimenting; a trial, 
an experiment, an attempt, essay. 

“ Quod this chanoun, * Yet wol I make assay..’ ” 

Chaucer: C. L, 13,177. 

“. . . never more 

To give the assay of arms against your majesty.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet , ii. 2. 

*2. The state of being tried; trial, suffering,hard¬ 
ship. 

“ For they be two the pro west knights on grownd, 
And oft approved in many hard assay.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iii. 15. 
*3. The result of such trial or experiment; spec 
purity, value. 

“. . . beholding all the way 
The goodly workes, and stones of rich assay.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. x. 15. 

4. The thing subjected to trial or examination. 
(B.,1,2.) 

If Originally assay and essay were the same word, 
but now assay is obsolete, except for the testing of 
metals, while essay is used for bodily or mental 
attempts. [Essay.] 

* At all essay s =in every way. 

“He is a frende at all assayes.” 

Hormanni Vulgaria (1530). 

“ At all assaies, you bear a heart true bent.”— Taylor: 
Workes (1630). Halliwell: Contr. to Lexic.) 

B. Technically: 

I. Chemistry: 

1. The determination what percentage of a metal, 
especially of a precious one, is in any particular 
ore or alloy. An ordinary or a simple assay is de¬ 
signed to ascertain how much a compound of gold 
or silver varies from the prescribed standard, while 
e parting assay is designed to separate the two 
metals from each other in the specimen examined, 
that the proportion in the bullion of which it is a 
fair sample may be ascertained. In a gold parting 
assay, the amount of silver in the gold is ascer¬ 
tained ; and in a silver parting assay , the amount of 
gold in the silver. [Assaying, Touch.] The analy¬ 
sis, or assay, of an alloy of gold and copper is 
usually made by cupellation with lead. The weight 
of the button remaining on the cupel gives directly 
the amount of gold in the alloy after certain cor¬ 
rections similar to those required in the case of sil¬ 
ver. ( Graham: Chem ., 2d ed., vol. ii., p. 362.) 

2. The alloy or metal assayed. 

. like an assay fused before the blow-pipe.”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. iii. 

II. Law: The examination or testing of the 
weights and measures of this or any other country 
by a fixed standard. 

“You shall . . . make the assays of these moneys of 
gold and silver, and truly report if the said moneys be in 
weight and fineness according to the standard weights 
for weighing and testing the coins of the realm .”—Oath 
administered to the Jury of Goldsmiths sworn to Test the 
Pyx. {Times, Friday, July 17, 1874.) 

.assay-balance, s. A delicate balance used in 
assaying. It is furnished with a rider (q. v.). 
assay-furnace, s. A furnace used in assaying, 
assay-master, s. An assayer; an officer ap¬ 
pointed to ascertain the amount of the two precious 
metals in coins and bullion. 

as-sa y, *a _ sa'y, v. t. & i. [In Mod. Fr. essayer; 
O. Fr. asaier, assayer; Prov. essaiar; Sp. ensayar; 
Port, en&aiar; Ital. assaggiare =to try, to attempt; 
to assay a metal; saggiare —to try, to essay, to 
taste.] f Assay, s .; Essay, v.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. To try anything or any person. 

1. Of things: 

(a) In the same sense as No. II. (q. v.). 

*( 6 ) To attempt anything; to try its practicabil¬ 
ity by the test of experience. 

“Ulysses, and his brave maternal race, 

The young Autolyci, assay the chase.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey , bk. xix. 501-2. 

*2. Of persons: To try a person’s strength, cour¬ 
age, skill, and fortitude by attacking him. 

“But, seeing thou fall’ston me so luckily, 

I will assay thee: 60 defend thyself.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., v. 4. 


*IL To proffer. 

“ Whom thus afflicted when sad Eve beheld, 

Desolate where she sat; approaching nigh, 

Soft words to hi6 fierce passion she assay’d.” 

Milton: P. L., x. 567. 

III. Chem., Metall., &c .; To subject a ring, a coin, 
an alloy, &c^ -to examination, trial, or experiment, 
with the view of ascertaining what its component 
parts are, and specially, in the latter case, what 
proportion of the precious or other metals enters 
into its composition. 

B. Intransitive: To attempt, to endeavor. 
a.s-sa'yed, pa.par. [Assay, v.] 

$.s-sa y-er, s. [Eng. assay; -er. In Dut. & Fr. 
essayeur.] One who assays bullion. Spec., an 
officer of the Mint, whose function it is to try the 
purity of the precious metals used for coin. 

“. . . a confidential man of business, a practical 
miner and assayer, would have been all that was re¬ 
quired.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xvi. 

$s-sa y-Ing, *$.-sa'i-fnge, pr . par & s. [As¬ 
say, v .] 

As substantive: The act or process of subjecting 
coins, quantities of bullion, or alloys, to examina¬ 
tion and experiment, with the view of ascertaining 
what proportion of each of the precious metals they 
contain. The proportion in gold coin in the United 
States isof gold and ^ of alloy. This is called 
the standard. That it is actually reached is proved 
by the Trial of the Pyx, which from time to time 
takes place. [Pyx.] The process adopted to assay 
the precious metals is cupellation (q. v.). The 
assayer’s work has been much facilitated by the 
discovery that the application of sulphuric acid can 
separate gold and silver. The French call cupella¬ 
tion the dry method of assaying, and adopt another 
of their own called the humid one. [Assay.] 

“ This method is also sometimes used in the assaying 
of coins to afford an indication of the quantity of silver 
required in the cupellation.”— Graham: Chem., 2d ed., 
vol. ii., p. 362. 

* 3 ,s-sa yle, v. t [Assail.] 

ass9h -en, s. pi. Old form of Ashes. 

“His eyen holwe, grisly to biholde; 

His hewe falwe, and pale as asschen colde.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,365-66. 

assgh-reint , *assh-reint , assh-reynt , pa. 

E ar. of a verb, presumably asschrenche, asshrenche. 
A. S. screncan— to deceive.] Deceived. 

“A! dame, he saide, ich was asschreint, 

Ich wende thou haddest ben adreint.” 

• Seuyn Sages, 1,485. 

“Ac so ich fynde in the book, 

Hy were asshreynt in her crook.” 

Alisaunder, 4,819. 

*$s-se'-cle (cle=k$l),s. [Lat. assecla, assecula 
= an attendant, a foHower, a hanger-on,a sycophant; 
assequor=to foHow on, to pursue.] An attendant, 
a follower. 

“ It mattereth not with the pope and his assecles of 
what life and conversation their saints be.”— Sheldon: 
Miracles of Antichrist (1616), p. 825. 

*as-sec-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. assectatio; from assec- 
tor— to accompany, to attend; assequor=to foHow 
on.] Attendance on one, waiting upon one. {John¬ 
son.) 

*as-se-cii r-^inge, s. [In Sw.assecurans; Ger . as- 
securanz; Port, seguranga; Low Lat. assecurantia 
= assurance.] 

“What may be thought of those assecurances which 
they give, in the Popish Church, to all such as die in the 
6ame, with the copious furniture of their sacraments and 
their own merits?”— Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist, p. 
320. 

*as-se-ciir-a -tion, s. [Low Lat. assecuratio, 
from assecuro.~\ [Assecure.] Assurance, making 
sure. [Assurance.] 

“How far, then, reaches this assecuration? So far as to 
exclude all fears, all doubting and hesitation?”— Bp. 
Hall: Rem., p. 268. 

*as-se-cii're, v. t. [Low Lat. cissecuro^ from ad 
=to, and securus= secure; cwra=care.] To make 
one sure or certain ; to give one assurance. {Bullo- 
kar: Diet., 1656.) [Assure, Secure, Sure.] 

•*as-se-Cu'-tion, s. [Lat. ad= to; secutio- a fol¬ 
lowing, pursuing: ad= to, and sequor— to follow.] 
The act of acquiring or obtaining. 

“By the canon law, a person, after he has been in full 

E ossession of a second benefice, cannot return again to 
is first, because it is immediately void by his assecution 
of a second.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

asse-gai, fas-sa-gai, fas-sa-gay, *za- 
gaye {Caffre), s. & a. [In Fr. zagaie; Sp. azagaya : 
Port, zagaia, zagaglia= javelin; Arab, alkhazeqah. J 
A. As substantive: A missile weapon, like a jave¬ 
lin, used by the Caffres, Zulus, and other South 
African tribes in war. It is of some considerable 
length. There is also a short stabbing assegai. 

“ Alert to fight, athirst to slay, 

They shake the dreaded assegai.” 

Stratford de Redcliffe. {Times, March 29, 1879.) 


II It is sometimes used in connection with other 
nations than those of South Africa. 

“ Then a terror fell on the King Bucar, 

And the Libyan kings who had join’d his war; 

And their hearts grew heavy,; and died away, 

And their hands could not wield an assay ay.” 

Hemans: The Cid’s Funeral Procession. 

B. .4.s adjective: Pertaining to or produced by the 
spear described under A. 

“No less than thirty-seven assegai wounds . . . — 

Pietermaritzburg Correspondent of the Times, 5th April, 

1879. 

as -se-gai, *as -s^-gai, v. t. [From the sub¬ 
stantive.] To pierce with an assegai. 

“Many were drowned, many assegaied, a few shot.”— 
Times, March 6, 1879. 

as-se-gaied, fas'-s^i-gaied, pa. par. [Asse¬ 
gai, v.~\ 

The young Prince Imperial of France was asse¬ 
gaied to death when fighting for the British in Zulu- 
land. When found he had thirty-seven assegai 
wounds on his body. 

*&s- seize, v. t. [Seize.] 

$s-sem -blage, s. [Fr. assemblage .] 

+1. The act of assembling. 

j2. The state of being assembled. 

“With innocence and meditation joined, 

In soft assemblage.” Thomson .. 

3. The persons or things assembled. 

(a) The persons assembled; a gathering of indi¬ 
viduals ; an assembly. 

“Castile enjoyed the supremacy in that great assem¬ 
blage of races.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

(b) Of things assembled: 

“The bases of an assemblage of pyramids.”— Herschel: 
Astron., § 277. 

* 3 ,s-sem -blange (1),*o,s-sem -blaunge,*. [.Eng. 
cissembl(e ); -ance.~\ Assembling, assembly. 

“ He chaunst to come, where happily he spide 
A rout of many people farre away; 

To whom his course he hastily applide, 

To weet the cause of their assemblaunce wide.” 

Spenser: F. Q ., V. iv. 21. 

*as-sem -blan$e (2), .9. [Lat. ad= to, and Eng. 
semblance (q. v.).] Semblance, resemblance. 

“Care I for the limb, the thewes, the stature, bulk, ahd 
big assemblance of a man!”— Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iii. 2. 

as-sem-bla'-tion, s. [Assembly, s.] 
3>s-sem'-ble, *a-sem -ble, v. t. & i. [In Fr. assem¬ 
bler; ensemble = together; Prov. assemblar; from 
Lat. simul = at once, together, at the same time. 
Cognate with Dut. verzamelen= ... to assemble; 
zamelen = to collect; from samen = together; Ger. 
sammeln=to assemble; zusammen , beisammen=to- 
gether.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To compare, to liken. {Latimer: Works , L 
188.) 

2. To convene, to caU together. (Used both of 
persons and things.) 

IT (a) Sometimes it is followed by two objectives 
—the one of the person or being for whom the 
gathering is brought together, and the other of the 
persons or things assembled. But before the first 
objective there is really an eHipsis of to or for. 

“Then said the king to Amasa, Assemble me the men of 
Judah within three days, and be thou here present.”— 
2 Sam. xx. 4. 

(b) It is sometimes used reciprocally. 

“ And all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto« 
King Solomon at the feast of the month Ethanim . . 

—1 Kings viii. 2. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Gen.: To come together, to meet together, to 
gather, to congregate. 

“They, however, still assembled and prayed in private* 
dwellings, . . — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

*2. Spec.: To meet in a hostile manner, to en¬ 
counter. 

“Now Eualac and Tholomer tures han asemblet.” 

Joseph of Arimathie (ed. Skeat), 520:. 
*as-sem -ble, .9. Old speUingof Assembly. 

as-sem -bled (bled=b<?ld), pa. par. & a. [As¬ 
semble.] 

“Lordynges, the needes for whiche we ben assemblit in 
this place, is ful hevy thing, . . .’’—Chaucer: Tale of 
Melibeus. 

“ Assembled armies oft have I beheld; 

But ne’er till now such numbers charg’d a field.”' 

Pope.- Homer’s Iliad, bk. ii. 968-9. 

as-sem-bier, s. [Eng. assemble); -er. In Fr,. 
assembleur .] 

1. One who convenes an assembly, or brings a 
number of people together. 

“None of the list-makers, the assemblers of the motv 

the directors and arrangers, have been convicted.”_ - 

Burke: Reflections on the Executions in 1780. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, whSt, 
pr, wore, wolf, work, wild, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cut>, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
se, os = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





assession 


assembling 


295 


2. One 'who himself constitutes part of such a 
gathering. 

“ For your confession of faith, which you say shall be 
published by your assemblers, . . ." —Hammond to 
Cheynel. {Hammond: Works, i. 198.) 

9 ,s-sem -bllng, pr.par. & s. [Assemble.] 

As substantive: A gathering together, a meeting 
together. 

"Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together, as 
the manner of some is . . .”— Heb: x. 25. 

"Let all rude and riotous assemblings . . . be ban¬ 
ished from this day of rest and holiness."— Bishop Fleet- 
wood: Charge. 

*3,s-sem -blit, pa. par. [Assembled.] 
g,s-sem -bl$r, *g,s-sem -ble, s. [In Fr. assembUe 
= a meeting of persons (originally, it is believed, a 
deliberative political assembly; afterward also one 
of the clergy); assembl6=one of the steps in a 
dance; Prov. assemblada; Sp. asamblea; Ital. 
assamblea=a meeting of persons; Sw. assemble .] 
[Assemble, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. In a passive sense: 

1. Gen.: That which is convoked; a gathering 
together of persons, Or, in some cases, of things, for 
any purpose. 

“ I sat not in the assembly of the mockers.”— Jer. xv. 17. 
(See also Gen. xlix. 6.) 

"I was almost in all evil in the midst of the congrega¬ 
tion and assembly .”— Prov. v. 14. 

2. Specially : 

(a) A great gathering of people for religious or 
olitical purposes, or for both. In Old Testament 
cripture it is frequently used of the whole congre¬ 
gation of the Israelites convened for any religious 
or national object, especially of their assembling at 
Sinai to receive the law. [See also B.] 

“ . . . on the eighth day shall be an holy convocation 
unto you, and ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto 
the Lord; it is a solemn assembly.” — Lev. xxiii. 36. (See 
also Deut. xvi. 8, and 2 Kings x. 20. In a fig. sense.- Heb. 
xii. 23.) 

"... according to all the words which the Lord 
spake with you in the mount, out of the midst of „he fire, 
in the day of the assembly.”—Deut. ix. 10. (See also Deut. 
x. 4; xviii. 16.) 

(b) A deliberative body exercising legislative 
functions, and bearing rule over a nation, province, 
or district. In the United States these assemblies 
are known as “ conventions.” 

"Officers and men muttered that a vote of a foreign 
assembly was nothing to them.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xi. 

(See also Acts xix. 39.) 

II. In an active sense: That which convokes. [B. 
2. Mil.] 

B. Technically: 

1. Church Hist., dkc.: The term now given to the 
highest deliberative body in some Presbyterian 
churches, and specially to what, when fully named, 
are termed the “ General Assembly of the Estab¬ 
lished Church of Scotland,” and the “General As¬ 
sembly of the Free Church of Scotland.” These 
consist of ministerial and lay or half-lay represent¬ 
atives, equal to each other in number, sent from 
each presbytery, and in spiritual matters discharge 
deliberative, legislative, judicial, and executive 
functions. The word Assembly, in this second 
sense, seems to have been introduced into Scotland 
from France, while the natives of the former 
country had much intercourse with Calvin. From 
Scotland it passed to England, where the “West¬ 
minster Assembly ” was an assembly of 121 divines 
who, with certain lay assessors, met at Westminster 
in 16423, by authority of the Parliament, with the 
view or attempting to produce ecclesiastical formu¬ 
laries which might lead to uniformity of worship in 
England and Scotland. It sat five years, produced 
the Directory of Public Worship, the Confession of 
Faith, and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, and 
was ultimately dissolved by Oliver Cromwell. 

2. Mil.: The second beating of the drum in a camp 
to summon the soldiers to strike their tents. 

assembly-room, .«. A room in which public 
assemblies are wont to be held. 

“. . . nor could she enter the assembly-rooms, . . ■ 
—Johnson: Life of Savage. 

*as-send e, v. i. Old spelling of Ascend. 
*as-sen-djrt, pa. par. An obsolete spelling of 
Ascend. 

*as-sen-el, s. Old spelling of Arsenic. 
as-sent', *a-§ent e, s. [O. Fr. assent, assens; 
Port, assenso; Lat. assensus; from assentio or 
assentior= to assent.] [Assent, v.] 


A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of admitting the truth of any state¬ 
ment. Such assent emanates from the understand¬ 
ing, and differs from consent, which is an operation 
of the will. [See *[[ below.] 

“ I trowe ther needeth litel eermonyng 
To make you assente to this thing.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,093-4. 

“ Her utmost reach, historical assent, 

The doctrines warp’d to what they never meant.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

2. It is not unfrequently, however, used as synony¬ 
mous with consent. 

“. . . the talents which obtain the assent of divided 
and tumultuous assemblies to great practical reforms.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

3. Accord; agreement. 

“ . . . the words of the prophets declare good to the 
king with one assent .”—2 Chron. xviii. 12. 

II VVe assent to what we admit to be true; we con¬ 
sent to what we allow to be done. Assent may be 
given to anything, whether positively proposed by 
another or not, but consent supposes that what is 
consented to is proposed by some other person. _ If 
assent and consent are both used of speculative 
propositions, then assent is the act of an individual, 
and consent that of many, as in the phrase, “ By the 
common consent of mankind.” Approbation, which 
is a much stronger word, is a species of assent and 
concurrence of consent. The latter term is properly 
used only of numbers, not of single individuals. 

( Crabb.) 

B. Technically: 

Law. The royal assent signifies the consent of the 
king to have his signature affixed to Acts of Parlia¬ 
ment which have passed both Houses of the Legisla¬ 
ture. This assent gives them the force of law. 

“ All those acts of the Long Parliament which had re¬ 
ceived the royal assent were admitted to be still in full 
force.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

as-sent', V. i. [In Fr. assentir; Sp. asentir; Port. 
assentar; Ital. assentire; Lat. assentio = to assent: 
ad= to, and sentio— to discern by the senses, to feel.] 

1. To admit a statement to be true. 

“ And the Jews also assented, saying that these things 
were so .”—Acts xxiv. 9. 

2. To consent to a proposal affecting one’s inter¬ 
ests. 

“ The princess assented to all that was suggested by her 
husband.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

*3. To yield to the seductive influence of any vice. 
“ Loke wel, that ye unto no vice assent." 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,502. 

]f For the difference between assent and consent, 
see Assent, s. 

as-sen-ta-tion, s. [Lat. assentafio=flattering 
assent, pretended concurrence with everything that 
a person says; assentor—to assent habitually, with 
insincerity; assentior= to assent to; ad=to, and 
sentio —to feel.] Hypocritical assent to everything 
which another says; pretended concurrence in 
every opinion, however absurd, which he broaches; 
the implied object being, for the most part, to flatter 
him for selfish ends, or at least to avoid giving him 
offense. 

“ It is a fearful presage of ruin when the prophets con¬ 
spire in assentation.”—Bishop Hall. 

tas-sen-ta-tor, *as-sen-ta-tour, s. [Ital. os- 
sentatore; Lat. assentator.} A flatterer. 

“ Other there be which, in a more honest term, may be 
called assentatours or followers, which do await diligently 
what is the form of the speech and gesture of their mas¬ 
ter, and also other his manners and fashion of garments.” 
—Sir T. Elyot: Gov., fol. 138 b. 

*as-sen-ta-tor-I-l$f, adv. [Eng. assentator; -i, 
-ly.] After the manner of a flatterer. 

“ I have no purpose, vainly or assentatorily, to represent 
this greatness [of Britain] as in water, which shows things 
bigger than they are . r .” — Bacon. 

as-sent-er, s. [Eng. assent; -er.] One who 
assents to anything. 

“ She is not an assenter (though thousands be) to that 
rabbinical rule cited in Drusius from Rabbi Haurica.”— 
Whitlock: Manners of the Eng., p. 353. 

as-sen'-tlent (tl as shl), a. [Lat. assentiens, 
pr. par. of assentio =to assent to.] Assenting to, as 
opposed to dissentient; dissenting from. ( Quar. 
Rev.) {Worcester's Diet.) 

as-sent-Ing, pr.par. & a. [Assent, p.] 

“ On female truth assenting faith relies.” _ 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. i., 276. 

as-sent-Ing-ljf, adv. [Eng. assenting; -ly. [In 
an assenting manner; in such a manner as to express 
or imply assent. {Huloet.) 

as-sent-Ive, a. [Eng. assent; -ive.] Assenting. 
{Savage.) 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shstn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious 


as-sent -ment, s. [Fr. assentiment; Ital. assentv 
mento .] The same as Assent (q. v.) 

“Their arguments are but precarious, and subsist upon 
the charity of our assentments.” — Browne -. Vulgar Errors 

*as -sen-yke, s. Old name for Arsenic (q. v.). 
as -ser, s. [Lat. asser= a small beam or lath.] 
Arch.: A thin rafter, board, or lath, 
as-sert', v. t. [From Lat. assertum, supine ol 
assero—to put or join to, . . . to affirm : ad= to, 
and sero, pret. serui=to put in a row, to join. In 
Ital. asserire .] 

I. Of persons or other beings: 

1. To affirm, to declare positively; to aver. 

“. . . asserting, on proper occasions, the dignity of 
his country and of his master.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiii. 

2. To vindicate one’s rights by actions as well as 
words. 

“Human nature at last asserted its rights.”—Macaulay. 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

“ Such just examples on offenders shown, 

Sedition silence, and assert the throne.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. ii., 338-9. 

II. Of things; (Used figuratively in senses an* 
alogous to 1.1 and 2.) 

“ But, lo! from high Hymettus to the plain 
The queen of night asserts her silent reign.” 

Byron: Curse of Minerva. 
as-sert -ed, pa. par. & a. [Assert.] 
fas-sert -er, s. [Assertor.] 
as-sert-Ing, pr. par. [Assert.] 
as ser -tion, s. [In Fr. assertion; Ital. a&ser ■ 
zione; Ital. assertio={\) a formal declaration re¬ 
garding the freedom or servitude of any one; (2) an 
assertion generaUy.] 

1. The act of asserting, affirming, or declaring 

positively. 

2. The statement asserted or affirmed positively. 
“The government, on full consideration, gave credit to 

his assertion that he had been guilty of a double trea¬ 
son.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

as-sert-Ive, a. [In Fr. assert if.) With strong 
assertion; dogmatical, peremptory. 

“ He was not so fond of the principles he undertook to 
illustrate as to boast their certainty, proposing them not 
in a confident and assertive form, but as probabilities 
and hypotheses.”— Glanville. 

as-sert -Ive~iy, adv. [Eng. assertive; -ly.] So 
as to assert; affirmatively. 

“Read it interrogatively, and it is as strong for Soto 
and the Dominicans, as if it were read assertively, for 
Catherine and the Jesuits.”— Bp. Bedell: Letters, p. 403. 

as-sert-or, fas-sert-er, s. [Eng. assert; -or 
and -er.] One who asserts, affirms, supports, or 
maintains anything. 

“The assertors of liberty 6aid not a word . . .”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

“ . . . an asserter of the hereditary principles of his 
family . . .”— Lewis: Early Bom. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., 
pt. iii., § 54. 

as-sert'-(5r-y, a. [Eng. assert; -ory. In Ital. 
assertorio .] Involving an assertion; designed to 
support an assertion. 

“ . . . both with oaths promissory and assertory.” — 
Jeremy Taylor: On the Decalogue. 

*<JLS-Ser've, v. t. [Lat. asservio .] To serve; to 
assist. {Johnson.) 

as-sess', v. t. [O. Fr. assesser=to regulate, settle; 
Low Lat. asses 80 =to value for the purpose of taxa¬ 
tion ; Class. Lat. assessum, sup. of assideo —to sit 
near, to bean assessor: ad— to, or near, and sedeo= 
to sit.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. To fix by authority the exact portion of a tax 
which any particular person is required to pay. 

2. To make a valuation of property in any place, 
with the view of settling what amount of local or 
other taxation its owner or occupier should be - 
required to pay. 

B. Law: To fix the amount of damages, costs, 
&c., in a law case. 

*{ts-sess', s. [From assess, v. (q. v.).] Assess¬ 
ment. 

“Taking off assesses, levies, and free-quarterings, might ■ 
appear plausive aims.”— Princely Pelican, ch. 8. 

as-sess'-a-ble, a. [Eng. assess;-able.] Subject* 
to assessment. 

as-sess'-a-biy, adv. [Eng. assessable); -y.] In* 
the manner of an assessment, 
as-sess'ed, pa. par. & a. [Assess, v.] 
as-sess'-Ihg, pr.par. [Assess, v.] 
as-ses'-sion, s. [Lat. assessio: ad= to, or near 
and sessio=A sitting.] A sitting near one to give* 
one counsel. {Johnson.) 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. phi = - 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcL &e,- 



assessionary 

<j,s-ses'-sion.-JJ.r-y, a. [Eng. assession; •ary.'] 
Pertaining or relating to assession. 

“ One of the answers of the jury, upon their oaths at 
the assessionary court, I have inserted.”— Carew: Survey 
of Cornwall. 

$.s-sess'-ment, *g,s-sess'e-ment, s. [Eng. assess,• 

•merit .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of fixing a certain sum, after consider¬ 
ation of a person’s means, as the portion of a tax 
which he should fairly be required to pay; or the 
act of valuing property for purposes of taxation, 
and adjudging the proper sum to be levied on it. 
(It is followed by on or of.) 

< “ It was determined that the greater part of this sum 
should be levied by an assessment on real property.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

“. . . the business of the census involving the enu¬ 
meration of persons and the assessment of property.’ ’— 
Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. v., § 1. ’ 

2 . The state of being assessed. 

3. The amount which is imposed on an individual 
after consideration of his resources, or on property 
after valuation. 

B, Law: The act of assessing damages by means 
of a jury. 

g,s-sess'-or, s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., & Port, as¬ 
sessor: Fr. assesseur; Sp. asesor; Ital. assessore, 
■from Lat. assessor=;{ 1 ) one who sits by another, an 
•assistant; (2) {Law) the assistant of a magistrate: 
ad= to or near, andsecieo=to sit.] 

1 . One who sits near another— 

(a) As being next to him in dignity: 

“ That His great purpose He might so fulfill. 

To honor His anointed Son, avenged 

Up on His enemies, and to declare 

All power on Him transferr’d: whence to His Son, 

The assessor of His throne, He thus began.” 

Milton: P. L. t bk. vi. 
Or (&) to render him assistance. 

If In this latter sense it specially signified an assist¬ 
ant to a judge. {Dryden: Virgil's NSneid, vi. 583.) 

2. One who assesses people or property for pur¬ 
poses of taxation. {Glossog. Nova.) 

as-ses-sb’r-1-3.1, a. [In Fr. & Port, assessorial; 
Lat. assessor!as.] Pertaining to an assessor. {Coxe.) 
*g,s-seth'. [Assets.] 

as'-sets, *3.s-seth', *g,-seth', *g.-sce th, 
‘*A-see the, *g,s-sy th, *g,-9ee th, s., a.&adv. [Fr. 
<assez= enough; O. Fr. aset.asez, assez; asseiz, asses 
=enough; Prov. assatz; 0. Sp. asaz; Port . assaz; 
Ital. assai=enough; from Lat. ad—to, and satis = 
enough.] 

A As adj. & adv. {chiefly of the form *asseth): 
Sufficient, enough. 

“Yet neuer shall make his richesse 
Asseth unto his gredinesse.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

B. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Formerly {of some among the obsolete forms 
given above, and especially of the form *aseth): 

(a) Compensation for an injury, satisfaction, or 
acceptable offering or concession. [Assith.] 

“ And Pilat, willynge to make aseth to the puple, left to 
bem Barabas.”— Wyclijfe: Mark xv. 

(b) Assets. 

“And if it suffice not for asseth . . .”— Piers Plow¬ 
man. 

2. Now {of the form assets only): The same as 
\ a and 6 . 

II. Technically {of the form assets, s. pi. only): 

1. Book-keeping, Bankruptcy, <£c.: All a person’s 
property, every part of which may be made liable 
lor his debts. In balancing accounts assets are put 
on one side and debts on the other—the assets on 
the Cr. side, and the debts on the Dr. one. The 
amounts of a merchant’s debts and assets are 
■tlways ascertained and recorded if he become 
insolvent. 

2. Law: Property left by a deceased person which 
is salable and may be converted into ready money. 
It receives its name, assets —meaning enough, or 
sufficient— because its possession is sufficient to 
render the executor or administrator liable to dis¬ 
charge the debts and legacies of the deceased per¬ 
son, so far as the assets may be sufficient for the 
purpose. Assets obtained in this way are called 
personal. Besides these, there are others called 
assets by descent, or real assets. If a person 
covenant that he and his heir shall keep a house in 
repair, the heir is bound only as he has assets 
enough inherited from the promiser. {Blackstone : 
Comment ., bk. ii., chaps. 15, 20, 32.) 

Us-sev'-er-ate, *g.s-sev'-er, v. t. & i. [In Sp. 
aseverar; Port, asseverar; Ital. asseverare; Lat. 


296 


assevero— to act with earnestness, to pursue earn¬ 
estly: ( 2 ) to assert strongly or firmly: sever us= 
severe. Cognate with Eng. Swear (q. v.).] To 
affirm with great solemnity or very positively. 

“ . . . so sweetened and mollified with the concert of 
music [the harmony of heaven], that he not only assever- 
eth it, but also endeavoreth, with great pains and labor, 
to set out the true musical proportion of it.”— Fotherby: 
Atheom., p. 817. 

g.s-sev'-er-a-ted, pa. par. [Asseverate,] 
US-sev'-er-a-tlng, pr. par. [Asseverate.] 

US-sev-er-a -tion, s. [In Sp . aseveracion; Port. 
asseveragao; Ital . asseverazione; Lat . asseveratio.) 

1. The act of asseverating, or positively asserting 
anything. 

“ Asseveration blustering in your face 
Makes contradiction such a hopeless case.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

.2. That which is asseverated; a positive affirma¬ 
tion made. 

“ He denied, with the most solemn asseverations, that 
he had taken any money for himself.”— Macaulay : Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxi. 

US-sev-er-a-tor-y, a. [Eng. asseverat{e); -ory.] 
Emphatically asserting. 

“ Warm and asseveratory answers made by Mr. Atkins.” 
—North: Examen, p. 247. 

US-sIb-Il-la -tion, s. [Sibillation.] 
As-sl-dae'-g,n§, As-sl-de -g,n§, Chas-i-dse’-gin§, 
Chas-I-de -un§, s. pi. [In Gr. Asidaioi; from 
Hebrew chhdsidim=the pious or the righteous; 
chhesed=eagerness, specially ( 1 ) love to one; ( 2 ) 
envy, animosity; chhasdd —to be eager, to be vehe¬ 
ment.] A term given in 1 Macc. ii. 42, and 2 Macc. 
xiv. 6 , to those Jews who were zealous for the purity 
of their faith when Grecian idolatry was beginning 
to pervade the land, and who, with their swords, 
supported the Maccabee revolt till it established 
the partial independence of their country. It is 
possible that the term may originally have been a 
nickname, like the word Puritan was in the six¬ 
teenth and seventeenth centuries. 

as’-sl-d^nt, a. [Lat. assidens, pr. par. of assideo 
=to sit by or near: ad= to, and sedeo= to sit.] 

Med.: Attendant on a disease as a rule, but still 
not invariably present. Assident are opposed to 
pathognomic symptoms, the latter never being 
absent in any case. 

g,s-sid'-u-ate, *as-syd'-y.-ate, *us-sld'-u-at, 

a. [Lat. assiduatus, pa. par. of assiduo=to apply 
constantly.] [Assiduous.] Constant, unremit¬ 
ting, &c. 

as-sl-du'-i-ty, s. [In Fr. assiduite; Port, assi- 
duidade; Ital. assiduita, assiduitade, assiduitate ,* 
Lat. assiduitas=a constant sitting by or near at¬ 
tendance, . . . constant care.] [Assiduous.] 

1. Properly: The act of sitting down, or the state 
of remaining seated, in order to work steadily at 
any business which one has to do. Hence, close 
application, diligence. 

“ Some cultivated rhetoric with such assiduity and sue. 
cess that their discourses are still justly valued as models 
of style.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2. Careful attention to. a person. 

US-sId-fi-oils, a. [In Fr. ctssidu; Sp. asiduo; 

Port. & Ital. assiduo; Lat. assiduus— ( 1 ) sitting 
by or near in constant attendance; ( 2 ) unremitting: 
from assideo .] [Assident.] 

1. Of persons or other animated beings {Lit.): Sit¬ 
ting closely and unintermittingly to one’s work, in¬ 
stead of getting up from time to time to take relax¬ 
ation; hence giving close or constant application 
to one’s work, diligent. (It is used both of specific 
instances of such unintermitting application, and 
of one’s general character.) 

“The public were too strenuously employed with their 
own follies to be assiduous in estimating mine.”— Gold¬ 
smith: Essays (Preface). 

“Thus as the bee, from bank to bower. 

Assiduous sips at every flower.” 

Cowper: Annus Memorabilis (1789). 

2. Of things: Performed with unremitting con¬ 
stancy and diligence. 

“. . . they became, under assiduous training, the 
first soldiers in Greece.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng. (ed. 1861), 
ch. xxiii. (Note). 

“ . . . by assiduous observation of the sun’s transits 
over the meridian.”— Herschel: Astron., § 377. 

"... finally, assiduous and oft-repeated effort . . .” 
— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), Preface, vi. 

(is-sld-u-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. assiduous; - ly .] 
In an assiduous manner; with unintermitting regu¬ 
larity and diligence. 

“For, such as his mind was, it had been assiduously 
cultivated.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 


assign 

gts-sid -fl-ous ness, s. [Eng. assiduous; -ness.] 
The quality of being assiduous. 

“Persons that will have the patience to understand, and 
press with art and assiduousness.” — Lett. dat. 1637; Sidney 
State-Papers, vol. ii., 609. 

* 9 ,s-sie’£e, *$.-se'ge, v. t. [Fr. assiSger .] To be¬ 
siege. 

*?,s-sie ged, *?t-se'ged, pa. par. &, a. [Assiege.] 

*g,s-sieg'-er, s. [Eng. assieg{e); -er.] A be¬ 
sieger. 

“No lesse to keepe then coole th’ assiegers 9 pride.” 

Hudson: Judith, iii. 254. 

as-sl-ent’-lst, s. [Eng., &c., assient(o); -is£.] A 
shareholder or stockholder of the. Assiento Com¬ 
pany ; also one holding the Assiento contract. 
{Bancroft.) 

as-sl-en'-to, as-I-en-to, s. [Sp. asiento= a seal, 
. . . a contract or lease; from Lat. assideo—to sit 
near.] [Assident.] 

Commerce db History: A contract or convention 
between the King of Spain and other powers tor 
furnishing slaves for the Spanish dominions in 
America. The contract of the Assiento was made 
with Great Britain on March 26,1713. 

Assiento Company: Any company entrusted with 
the function of fulfilling the Assiento contract. 
The first one which agreed to undertake the de¬ 
grading task was the French Guinea Company. In 
July, 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht handed it over to 
Great Britain, and for twenty-six years the South 
Sea Company did something toward rendering the 
odious service required. But the breaking out of 
war in 1739 placed the Assiento contract in abey¬ 
ance. It was never revived, and ultimately Britain 
became the mortal foe, first of the slave-trade, and 
then of slavery itself. 

us-sign’, *as-sl'gne, *us-sy gne {g silent), v. t. 
[In Fr. assigner; Prov. assignor; Sp. asignar; Port. 
assignor, assinar; Ital. assegnare; from Lat. as- 
signo={l) to mark out, to assign, to allot, ( 2 ) to 
ascribe, to impute, (3) to consign, to seal: ad=to, 
andsi< 7 mm=a mark.] [Sign.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Properly, to sign over to another rights or 
property which have hitherto belonged to one’s 
self. [B., I. & II.] 

2. To mark out, to allot, to apportion. 

“. . . for the priests had a portion assigned them of 
Pharaoh, and did eat their portion which Pharaoh gave 
them.”— Gen. xlvii. 22. 

“. . . which assigned each battle, or war, or siege, or 
other leading event, to its proper consuls.”— Lewis: Early 
Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. i., § 14. 

3. To designate for a specific purpose; to name, 
to fix upon. 

“And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in Mount 
Naphtali, . . . And on the other side Jordan by 

Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer . . .’’[meaning, 
named it as a city of refuge].— Josh. xx. 7, 8. 

4. To attribute to; to allege specifically. 

“. . . and with a velocity regulated according to the 
law above assigned.” — Herschel; Astronomy, 5th ed. (1858), 
§361. 

B. Technically: 

I. Law: 

1. To transfer to another by means of a signed 
document. 

2. To apportion; to allot. 

“If the heir or his guardian do not assign her dower 
within the term of quarantine, or do assign it unfairly, 
she has her remedy at law, and the sheriff is appointed to 
assign it.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 8. 

3. To appoint a deputy. [Assignee.] 

4. To set anything forth specifically, or with the 
full particulars given. Thus, to assign error is to 
show in what part of the process error is com¬ 
mitted ; to assign false judgment, is to declare how 
and where the judgment is unjust; to assign the 
cessor, is to show how the plaintiff had ceased or 
given over: to assign waste, is to show wherein 
especially the waste has been committed. ( Cowel ,) 

II. Comm. (In the same sense as A. 1, and B., I. 
1.) To sign over to another rights or property 
which have hitherto belonged to one’s self. To 
transfer money or property to a person by the 
endorsement of a check or bill, or by a similar docu¬ 
ment signed. 

g,s-sl gn (pi. 3 ,s-sl'gn§) {g silent), s. [From 
assign, v.] (Generally in the plural.) 

1. Ordinary Language <& Law : 

*1. Appendages; appurtenances., 

“. . . six French rapiers and poniards, with their 
assigns, as girdle, hangers, and so.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, 
V. 2. 

2 . Law: Persons to whom any property is or may 
be assigned. 

“Afterward a man seems to have been at liberty to part 
with all his own acquisitions, if he had previously pur¬ 
chased to him and his assigns by name; but if his assigns 
were not specified in the purchased deed, he was not em¬ 
powered to aliene.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 19. 


<ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, cam$l, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
.rfr, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e: ey = a. qu = kw’ 



assistless 


assignable 


297 


sis-slgn -5,-ble {g silent), a. [In Fr. assignable .] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Able to be assigned, allotted, or given over as 
property to an individual named. 

2* Able to be specified or pointed out. 

“ So far as that element is concerned, production is sus¬ 
ceptible of an increase without any assignable bounds.”— 
J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. xi., § 4. 

B. Technically: 

I. Law db Comm.: Able to be transferred so as to 
pass from hand to hand, as an endorsed chpck. 

II. Mathematics: 

1. Assignable magnitude or quantity : A magni¬ 
tude or quantity which, not being infinite, is capa¬ 
ble of being definitely stated. 

2. Assignable ratio: A ratio capable of such defi¬ 
nite statement. 

as-sl-gnat' (gnat as nyat), s. [Fr.] An annuity 
founded on the security of lands, specially, French 
Republican paper money. When the revolutionary 
French Assembly of 1790 took the decisive step of 
disendowing the church, and appropriating all 
ecclesiastical property to the state, the prodigious 
quantity of church lands, amounting to about one- 
third of the soil of France, thrown upon its hands 
could not be disposed of all at once. The labor of 
selling it was therefore devolved on each commune 
or parish, which was required to pay the proceeds, 
when realized, into the state treasury. Meanwhile 
the government, being without adequate revenue, 
issued paper money on the security of the funds to 
be paid it by the communes. The bonds issued for 
the purpose were called assignats. Ultimately 
over-issue of these paper notes greatly depreciated 
their value, so that in the year 1795, 3,000 instead of 
about twenty-four of them were given in change for 
a louis-d’or ($4.80). ( Evans Crowe’s Hist, of France; 
Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1831, vol. ii., p. 304; vol. iii., 

p.121.) 

as-sig-na -tion, s. [In Fr. assignation; Sp. asig- 
nacion; Port. ctssignagao; Ital. assignazione; 
from Lat. assignations, marking out, an allotment; 
assignatum, supine of assigno .] [Assign.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of assigning. Specially — 

1. The act of transferring property by a written 
deed, or in a similar way. 

“It could be converted into private property only by 
purchase or assignation; and assignation always proceeded 
on regular principles, and awarded equal portions of land 
to every man.”— Arnold: Hist. Rome , vol. i., ch. xiv., p. 268. 

2. The act of making an appointment of time and 
place for love-interviews. 

“ The lovers expected the return of this stated hour with 
as much impatience as if it had been a real assignation.” 
— Spectator. 

II. The state of being assigned. 

III. That which is assigned. 

“That by new instances are not always to be under¬ 
stood new recipes, but new assignations; and of the 
diversity between these two.”— Bacon: Inter, of Nat., 
ch. xii., p. 388. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law <& Comm.: In the same sense as A., 1.1. 

*2.^ Comm. {In Russia ): A bank-note or bill; paper 
money. 

§,s-sl'gned {g silent), pa. par. & a. [Assign, *p.] 

“In their assign’d and native dwelling place.’’ 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 1. 

as-slg-ne'e (g silent), s. [In Fr. assign£= defend¬ 
ant at law.] 

In Law: , , . . 

1. A person to whom any duty or property is as¬ 
signed. An assignee may be one in deed or in law. 
He is the former if appointed by a person, and the 
latter if appointed by the administrators of the law. 

2. Assignees in bankruptcy: Persons to whom a 
bankrupt’s estate is assigned, and in whom it shall 
be vested for the benefit of his creditors. {Black- 
stone : Comment., bk. ii., ch. 31.) 

3 . s-sl'gn-er {g silent), s. [Eng. assign; -er.] One 
who or that which assigns. [Assignor.] 

“ The gospel is at once the assignee of our tasks and the 
magazine of our strength.”— Dr. II. More: Decay of Piety. 

as-sl'gn-ing, pr. par. [Assign, r.] 

as-sl'gn-ment, s. [En g. assign;-ment. In Ital. 
assegnamento. ] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of assigning or of designing any per¬ 
son or thing to a particular use. _ 

1. The act of assigning or allotting any person or 
thing to a particular use. 

“Triumvirs, for the assignment of lands and the receipt 
of names, are appointed.” Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., 
ch. xii., pt. ii., § 34. 


*2. The act of designing anything; design. 

“ The second Bulwarke was the Hearing sence, 

’Gainst which the second troupe assignment makes.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 10. 

II. The state of being assigned. 

“ I believe the years of assignment are passed away with 
discontent and unhappiness.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. xix. 

III. That which is assigned; also the document 
by which assignment is made, such as a signed or 
endorsed check or bill, a lease, &c. 

“ . . . to those to whom it has granted a portion of 

the revenue, and are indemnified by assignments on the 
revenue collectors.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ.; Prelim. Rem., 
p. 17. 

“ . . . on an assignment of hearth money there was 

no difficulty.in obtaining advances.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. x. 

B. Technically: 

Law, Comm., dkc.: The act of signing over to an¬ 
other rights or property which have hitherto 
belonged to one’s self. [A. 1.1.; III.] 

Assignment of estate is a transfer, or making over 
to another, of the right a person has in any estate. 
It is usually applied to an estate for life or years. 
It differs from a lease, for in a lease he grants an 
interest less than his own, reserving to himself a 
reversion ; while in an assignment he parts with the 
whole property, which from that time absolutely 
belongs to the assignee. {Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. ii., ch. 20.) 

as sign or' {g silent), s. Of the same meaning as 
Assignee. 

“ . . . in assignments he parts with the whole prop¬ 

erty, and the assignee stands to all intents and purposes 
in the place of the assignor.” — Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. ii., ch. 20. 

O.s-sim-11-a bil-i-ty, s. [Eng. assimilable; -tty.] 
Capability of being assimilated. ( Coleridge.) 
( Reid’s Diet.) 

?LS-sim-11-9,-ble, a. & s. [In Fr. assimilable.'] 

A. As adjective: That maybe assimilated. Able 
to be made in one or more particulars to resemble 
something else. 

B. As substantive: That which is capable of being 
assimilated. 

“ The spirits of many will find but naked (habitations, 
meeting no assimilables wherein to re-act their natures.” 
— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

StS-Sim'-IUate, v. t. &i. [In Ger. assimilireni'Fr. 
assimiler; Sp. asimilar; Port, assimilar; Ital. 
assimigliare, assimilare: from Lat. assimilis= 
similar; ad= to, and similise like; or from Lat. 
assimulo (there is not an assimilo) =to make like, to 
compare.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. Ordinary Language: 

1. To compare. 

“ To these 4 brutes, living in this estate, 

Foure kindes of men we may assimilate.” 

Times Whistle, E. E. Text Soc. (ed. Cowper), De quatuor 
elementis, 77, 78. 

2. To create a likeness between two or more dif¬ 
ferent things ; to render one thing like another. 

“A ferine and necessitous kind of life would easily 
assimilate at least the next generation to barbarism and 
ferineness.”— Hale. 

“The downy flakes 

Descending, and with never-ceasing lapse 
Softly alighting upon all below, 

Assimilate all objects.” Cowper: Task, iv. 329. 

3. To convert into a substance identical with, or 
at least similar to, that operating upon it. [II. 
Physiol.] 

“ Tasting concoct, digest, assimilate. 

And corporeal to incorporeal turn.” 

Milton: P.L., v. 412. 

“Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate 
their nourishment, moist nourishment easily changing 
its texture till it becomes like the dense earth.”— Newton. 

II. Animal and Vegetable Physiol.: In the same 
sense as I. 3. (Used of the power, possessed by 
plants and animals of converting their appropriate 
nourishment into portions of themselves.) 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language : To become similar. (Fol¬ 
lowed by the preposition to.) 

“With regard to the spelling of native names, . . . 
I have adopted that which assimilates most to the 
English pronunciation.”— Hooker: Himalayan Journals, 
vol. i., Preface, p. xviii. 

II. Animal and Vegetable Physiol.: To be con¬ 
verted into the substance of an animal or plant. 

fis-slm-ll-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Assimilate, v.] 

hs-slm'-ll-ate-ness, s. [Eng. assimilate; -mess.] 
The quality of being similar to; likeness. {John¬ 
son.) 


bdll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia'n, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, 


SLS-sim-Il-a’-tiftg, pr. par. [Assimilate, v .] 
hs-sim-ll-a -tion, s. [In Dan. <fc Fr. assimila¬ 
tion; Port, assimilagao; Ital. assimilazione; Lat. 
assimulatio=likeness, similarity.] 

1. Ordinary Language: The act or process or 
assimilating, i. e., of making one being, person, or 
thing similar to another; the state of being so 
assimilated. 

“It is as well the instinct as duty of our nature to aspire* 
to an assimilation with God, even the most laudable and* 
generous ambition.”— Decay of Piety. 

2. Animal and Vegetable Physiol.: The process 
by which an animal or a plant converts into tex¬ 
tures, identical with its own, such foreign molecules 
as are fitted for its nutriment. (See Glossary to 
Owen’s Comparative A natoray of the Invertebrate 
Animals, 2d ed., 1855, p. 669.) 

“These two processes, excretion, or the expulsion of 
effete particles, and assimilation of substances from with¬ 
out, are necessarily mutually dependent.”— Todd & Bow¬ 
man: Physiol. Anat., vol. i.; Introd., p. 12. 

as-slm-ll-a-tlve, adj. [Eng. assimilate; suff. 
-ive.] Assimilating; having the power of assimila¬ 
ting. 

“ . . . an attractive, a retentive, an assimilative, and 

an expulsive virtue.”— Hakewill: Apology, p. 6. 

tas-slm -il at6ry, a. [Eng. assimilate; -ory. J 
Tending to assimilate. 

*as-sim'-\il-ate, v. t. [Lat. assimulo={l) to 
make like; (2) to counterfeit; simiits=like.] Tr 
feign, to counterfeit. {Johnson.) 

* 3 .s-sIm-ul-a'-tion, s. [Lat. assimulatio— (1) 
similarity ; (2) Rhet.. a feigning that an audience is 
unfavorable to the views the orator expresses when 
he knows it to be the very opposite.] A dissem¬ 
bling, a counterfeiting. {Johnson.) 

tas-si-ne’-go, fas-i-ne -go, s. [Sp. & Port. 
«smo=an ass.] An ass, a dolt, a stupid person. 

“. . . thou hast no more brain than I have in mine- 

elbows; an assinego may tutor thee ; thou scurvy valiant 
ass! thou art here put to thrash Trojans . • • 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cr'essida, ii. 1. 

*a.s-sl'§e, s. [Assize (2).] 

ass ish, a. [Eng. ass; suff. -ish.] Asinine; 
resembling an ass; stupid, 
ass'-ish-ness, s. Obstinate stupidity. 

9 ,s-sl§ -or, s. [Assizek.] 

as-sist', v. t. & i. [In Fr. assist er; Sp. asistir; 
Port, assistir; Ital. assistere; from Lat. assisto —to 
stand at or by: ad=to or near; sisto =to cause to* 
stand.] Properly, to stand by one; hence to help, 
to aid, to support one, whether in action or id 
sorrow. 

A. Transitive: In the above sense. 

“. . . that ye assist her in whatever business she 
hath need of you.”— Rom. xvi, 2. 

B. Intransitive: To give help or aid. 

“ Myself assisting is the social joy.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. iv., 331. 

a,s-slst -a*n$e, s. [In Fr. assistance; Sp. asisten- 
cia; Port, assistencia; Ital. assistenza; Low Lat. 
assistentia .] Help, .id; whatever in the circum¬ 
stances will enable one to do his work more easily 
or in a shorter time, or will encourage him with 
more fortitude to sustain his sorrow. 

“ Let us entreat this necessary assistance, that by his* 
grace he would lead us.”— Rogers. 

3 ,S-SlSt'-?int, a. & s. [In Pr. assistant, a. & s.; 
Sp. asistente, s.; Port, assistent, adj., assistant, s.; 
Ital. assistente; from Lat. assistens, pr. par. of 
assisto .] [Assist.] 

A. As adjective: Aiding, helping, auxiliary. 

“ Around, a train of weeping sisters stands, 

To raise her, sinking, with assistant hands." 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxii., oi>4-6. 

B. -4s substantive: Properly, one who stands by 
or attends upon another, an attendant; but now 
the word means one who aids or helps another in 
any way. 

“ Of four assistants who his labor share, 

Three now were absent on the rural care.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiv., 27, 28. 

tas-slst'-ant ly, adv. [Eng. assistant; -ly.] In 
a manner to assist. 

“He hath holpen up assistantly, 

His servant Israel.” 

Magnificat, in Sternhold’s Psalms (ed. 1598). 
as-sisf-er, s. [Eng. assist; -er.] One who as¬ 
sists ; an assistant. {Ash.) 

3 . s-slst'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Assist.] 

“ /Eneas too demands 

Th’ assisting forces of his native bands.” 

• Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xiii., 616, 617. 

as-sist-less, a. [Eng. assist, and suff. -less.] 
Without assistance. {Poetic.) 

“ Stupid he stares, and all assistless stands.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xvi. 970. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, egist. ph=C 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$l. 






assith 


associate 


298 


♦*S - 8 lth', *as-sy th, v. t. [Asseth.] To satisfy. 

“ Lauchful or evyne pwniscioune 
May thaim assith be na resone.” 

liatis Raving, bk. i. (ed. Lumby), 2,391-2. 

*9,8 - si til ' - ment (O- Eng.), as - sy th - ment 

< Scotch), s. [O. Eng. a$sith=to compensate, and 
suff. -ment.'] 

Old Eng. Law: A weregild, or composition by a 
pecuniary mulct. 

3S-sl ze (l),s. A layer of stone, or one of the 
cylindrical blocks in a column. The number of 
assizes in the Great Pyramid was 203. ( Knight's 
Diet, of Mechanics.) 

as-sl ze (2h *as-si §e, *as-sy §e, *a-si §e, 
*3-sy §e, *a-sy ge, s. [InGer. assisen; Fr. assises 
(pi.), from asseoir— to make one sit down;] O. Fr. 
assise =a set rate, a tax; assist set, seated; assire= 
to set; Prov. asiza=( 1) an assembly of judges, (2) a 
decision pronounced by them, (3) a tax; Low Lat. 
assisa, assisia; Class. Lat. assessus= a sitting by: 
assideo= to sit by: ad— to, . . . by, near, and 
eedeo= to sit.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. A formal session or sitting; or in the plural 
sessions or sittings specially for judicial purposes. 

1. Literally: 

(a) In a general sense: A sitting for any purpose, 
as for worship, to hear confessions, &c. 

“In daunger he hadde at his owne assise 
The yonge gurles of the diocise.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 665-6. 

IT In daunger is=under his jurisdiction. 

( b) (Generally pi.): With the same signification 
as that given under B., II. 3. 

“Thenceforward his writs ran and his judges held 
assizes in every part of Ireland . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. i. 

(c) The time or place of holding a judicial sitting. 
“The law was never executed by any justices of assize; 

tout the people left to their own laws.”—Davies: Ireland. 

2. Fig.: The last judgment. 

“ The judging God shall close the book of fate, 

And there the last assizes keep, 

For those who wake and those who sleep.” 

Dry den: Mrs. Killigrew, 182. 

II. The result of such judicial or other sitting. 

*1. A statute. [B., II. 5.] 

“ Bitoknen thine seuen wise, 

That han iwrowt ayen the assise.” 

Seuyn Sages, 2,490. (Boucher.) 

•2. A judgment. [B., II. 5.] 

“Ur elder God did Jhesum rise, 

The quilc gie hang with fals asise.” 

MS. Coll. Med. Edin., H. iii. 12, f. 125 6. (Boucher.) 

♦3. A regulation. [B., II. 5.] 

“And on the same asise serued and allowed 
Of alle the franchise, that it are was dowed.” 

Chron. of Bob. de Brunne, p. 77. (Boucher.) 
“And after mete the lordys wyse, 

Eueryche yn dywers queyntyse, 

To daunce went by ryght asyse.” 

Octouian, 81. (Boucher.) 

•III. Things assigned; commodities. [B., II. 6.] 

“ Whan ther comes marchaundise, 

With corn, wyn, and steil, othir other assise, 

To heore lond any schip.” 

Alisaunder, 7,074. (Boucher.) 

IV. Their weight or measure; measurement, di¬ 
mension. (Now contracted into Size.) [B., II. 6.] 

“ Than was it schorter than the assise, 

Thrise wroght thai with it on this wise.” 

The Story of the Holy Rood (ed. Morris), 643, 644. 

“ On high hill’s top I saw a stately frame, 

An hundred cubits high, by just assize, 

With hundred pillars.” 

Spenser; Visions of Bellay, ii. 

•+V. Form, fashion. 

“ So al watz dubbet on dere asyse.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 97. 

•VI. Service. 

“That we may lere hym of lof, as oure lyste biddez, 

As in the asyse of Sodomas to seggez that passen.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 843-4. 

B. Technically: 

I. English Law <& Government: An assembly of 
knights and other substantial men met at a certain 

f lace and time for the discharge of public business, 
n this sense, the General Council of Wittenage- 
mote of England was called the General Assize. 
Glanvil, who wrote in the reign of Henry II., says it 
had never yet been ascertained by the general 
assize or assembly, but was left to the custom of 
particular counties. (Blackstone: Comm., bk. i., 
■ch. 2.) 

II. Law: 

1. A jury, so called from their sitting together. 
Blackstone thinks that jury was the original mean¬ 
ing of the word assize. The grand assize, or grand 


jury, was instituted by Henry II., and might be ap¬ 
pealed to by one who preferred it to trial by battle. 
(Blackstone: Comm., bk. iii., chaps. 10, 22, and_23.) 

2. The court which summbhs together such a jury 
by a commission of assize, or ad assisas capiendas. 
(Ibid., ch. 10.) 

3. The sittings held, by the commission of the 
sovereign, at stated intervals, by one or more judges 
in the county towns of England, for the trial of civil 
and criminal cases. [See A., I., 1 (b).] The judges 
sit on such circuits by virtue of five authorities— 
the commission of the peace, that of oyer and ter¬ 
miner, that of general gaol delivery, that of assize, 
and that of nisi prius. The foundation of the pres¬ 
ent system was laid by Magna Charta, and by the 
statute Westm.2, 13Edw. I.,c. 30. The commission 
of assize was so called because it was sent to take 
the verdict of a particular kind of assize—that is, 
jury. (Ibid., bk. iii., chaps. 22, 23.) 

4. An action at law for recovering the possession 
of lands. It is applicable to no more than two 
species of injury — by ouster, viz., abatement 
[Abatement], and recent or novel disseisin. [Dis¬ 
seisin.] If the abatement happened upon the death 
of the demandant’s father, mother, brother, sister, 
nephew, or niece, the remedy is by an assize of 
mort d'ancestor; if by that of relatives different 
from these, then various other terms are applied to 
it. An assize of novel disseisin —that is, of recent 
disseisin—does not essentially differ from that now 
described. These actions were called writs of assize. 
(Ibid., bk. iii., ch. 10.) 

If A certificate of assize was a second trial granted 
when a miscarriage of justice appeared to have 
occurred. (Blackstone: Comm., bk. iii., ch. 24.) 

5. A statute or ordinance. [A., II., 1, 2, 3.] 

(a) In a general sense: A statute or ordinance of 
any kind. The assize of arms was an enactment of 
Henry II. that each person should provide arms 
suitable to his rank, which on his death should 
descend to his son or other heir. 

If The assize of the forest meant rules for the 
management of the royal forests. 

If Rents of assize are certain established rents of 
the freeholders and ancient copyholders of a manor, 
which cannot be departed from or varied. They 
are also called quit-rents. [Quit.] (Blackstone: 
Comm., bk. ii., ch. 3.) 

(b) Spec.: An ordinance for regulating the meas¬ 
ure and price of the articles sold in the market; 
also one for similarly fixing the standard weights 
and measures. 

If To break the assize of bread is to violate the 
laws regulating the sale of bread, as by using false 
weights or giving short weight. (Blackstone: Comm., 
bk. iv., ch. 12.) 

6. The articles officially weighed and measured; 
also the standard weights. [A., III., IY.] 

•III. Chess: 

“ The long assise, apparently a term of chess, now dis¬ 
used.”— Sir W. Scott. 

“And sette he hath the long asise. 

And endred beth ther inne; 

The play biginneth to arise, 

Tristrem deleth atvinne.” 

Sir Tristrem, F. J., st. xxx. (S. in Boucher.) 
3 S-sI'ze, v. t. [From assize, s.] 

1. To fix by a legal ordinance the weight, meas¬ 
ure, or price of articles to be exposed for sale. 

*2. To assess as a taxpayer. (Buners.) 
as-sized, *as-sl§ed, pa.par. [Assize.] 
as-si'z-er, as-sl'§-er, as-sl §-or, 3s-slz-6r, s. 
[Eng. assize, v.; -er, or.] 

A. Of the forms assizer, assiser, and assisor 
(Eng.): An officer who fixes the “ assize ’’—that is, 
the weight, measure or price of articles to be sold. 

•as-so'-ber, *as-so-bre (bre asber), v. t. [From 
Fr. so6re=sober.] To sober; to make sober; to 
keep sober. [Sober.] 

“ And thus I rede thou assobre, 

Thyn heste, in hope of such a grace.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. vi. 
as-sS-gi-a-bil-l-ty (or ci as shi), s. [Eng. as- 
sociable ; -ity. In Ger. assoziabilitat .] The quality 
of being capable of associating together. 

“ When dealing with the Associability of Feelings, and 
the Associability of Relations between Feelings.”— Herbert 
Spencer: Psychol. (2d ed.), vol. ii., § 459. 

as-so'-gi-a-ble (or ci as shi), a. [Formed as if 
from Lat. associabilis, on the analogy of sociable. 
In Ger. assoziabel.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Of persons: Sociable in disposition, compan¬ 
ionable. (Cotgrave, Todd, dbc.) 

2. Of persons and things: Capable of being 
united; joined or associated together. (Johnson, 
etc.) 

B. Technically: Capable of being associated 
together. Used — 

1. (Psychol.) Of the feelings. 

“, . . we know feelings to be as sociable only by the 
proved ability of one to revive another.”— Herbert Spen¬ 
cer: Psychol. (2d ed., 1870), vol. i., p. 251. 


2. (Med.) Of organs of the body in sympathy 
with other organs. 

as-so-gl-a-ble-ngss (or ci as shi), s. [Eng. 
associabte; -ness.] The ability to be associable. 

as-so'-gi-ate (ci as shi), v. t. & i. [From the 
adj. In Fr . associer; Sp. asociar; Port, associar— 
to associate.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Of persons: 

I. To join with one as a companion, a friend, a 
partner, or a confederate; to associate a person 
with one’s self in someone of these relations; to 
unite together in friendship or confederacy, as two 
persons or parties may do. 

“ One of our order, to associate me, 

Here in this city visiting the sick.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, v. 2. 

“ A fearful army, led by Caius Marcius, 
Associated with Aufidius, rages 
Upon our territories.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 6. 

‘‘Associate yourselves, O ye people, and ye shall be 
broken in pieces.”— Isa. viii. 9. 

*2. To show sympathy with, by tears or other¬ 
wise, as a sincere associate or friend, even in one’s 
woe. 

“ Shed yet some small drops from thy tender spring 

Because kind nature doth require it so ; 

Friends should associate friends in grief and wo.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, v. 3. 

II. Of things: To unite, blend, or join together, 
as feelings, mental conceptions, or material sub¬ 
stances may do. 

“ Members of the three great groups of feelings sever¬ 
ally associate themselves primarily with members of 
their own group .”—Herbert Spencer: Psychol. (2d ed., 
1870), vol. i., p. 253. 

“ Native silver is always associated with gold.”— Gra¬ 
ham: Chemistry (2d ed.), vol. ii., p. 343. 

If Formerly the verb to associate was at least oc¬ 
casionally followed by to; now with is employed. 
(See the subjoined example and the examples 
above.) 

“ Some oleaginous particles unperceivedly associated 
themselves to it.”— Boyle. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Of persons: To keep company (with), to have 
intimate friendship with, to be in confederacy with. 

“ They appear in a manner no way assorted to those 
with whomthey must associate.” — Burke. 

2. Of things: To unite together in action, to act 
harmoniously. (The elder Darwin.) 

3S-sd-gI-ate (or ci as shi), a. & s. [From Lat. 
associatus, pa. par. of associo: ad= to, and socio= 
to unite together; socius=a partner, a companion.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons: 

(a) United in interest or for the prosecution of a 
common purpose; confederate. 

“ Amphinomus survey’d th’ associate band.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xvi., 367. 

(b) United with another in office; sharing with 
another a common office; as “ an associate judge.” 

2. Of things: Acting in common, exerting a sym¬ 
pathetic influence on each other. [B.] 

II. Technically (Med.): Connected by habit or 
sympathy, as associate motions, such as occur sym¬ 
pathetically in consequence of preceding motions. 
(The elder Darwin.) 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons:' 

(1) A companion, a mate; one whom a person 
keeps company with. 

“Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond 
Compare, above all living creatures dear.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

“ How dull ! to hear the voice of those 

Whom rank or chance, whom wealth or power, 
Have made, though neither friends nor foes, 
Associates of the festive hour.” 

Byron: Hours of Idleness. 

2) A partner in some office or enterprise. 
a) In a good, or at least an indifferent sense: A 
comrade, a partner, &c. 

“ I call’d my fellows, and these words address’d: 

My dear associates, here indulge your rest.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. ix., 199, 200. 

(b) In a bad sense: An accomplice. 

“Their less scrupulous associates complained bitterly 
that the good cause was betrayed.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xv. 

2. Of things: A concomitant. 

“ Good health, and, its associate in the most, 

Good temper.” Cowper: Task, bk. i. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son: mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu - kw. 



associated 


299 


assuage 


B. Technically; One who holds a certain title in 
-connection with some private calling, as, Associate 
Editor, or with some public institution, as Associate 
•of the Royal Academy. 

3 ,s-so -gl-a-ted (or ci as shl), pa. par. & a. [As¬ 
sociate, v.] 

“ With strictly social animals the feeling will be more 
• or less extended to all the associated members.”— Darwin: 
Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iii. 

g,s-SO -gi-ate-shlp (or ci as Shi), s. [Eng. asso¬ 
ciate, and suff. -. ship .] 

1 . The state of one associated with another per¬ 
son, or with a party, or sharing with some one else 
a common office. 

“ And that, under the present system, rising men were 
hardly ever admitted to associateship until they were 
'past, the age at which the recognition of the Academy 
could be of service to them .”—Sir Charles Dilke: Speech 
•in Parliament; Times, April 10, 1877. 

2 . The position or dignity of being an associate. 
[Associate, s., II.] 

as-so -gl-a-tlng (or ci as shl), pr. par. [Asso¬ 
ciate, r.] 

3 . s-s 6 -gi-a -tion (or ci as shi), s. [In Ger. & 
Fr. association; Sp. asociacion; Port. associagao .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of associating, uniting, or joining 
•together. 

1. Of persons, or other beings capable of action: 

“ F. Cuvier has observed that all animals that readily 
' 8 nter into domestication consider man as a member of 
their own society, and thus fulfill their instinct of associa¬ 
tion.” — Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. viii., p. 150. 

2. Of things: 

“. . . his [man’s] mental powers, in association with 
•his extraordinarily-developed brain.”— Owen: Classif. of 
Mammalia, p. 49. 

# II. The state of being so associated, united, or 
joined together. (Used of beings, of persons, or of 
things.) 

1. Of beings or persons: 

“ Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God; and, 
by making you his partner, interests you in all his happi¬ 
ness.”— Boyle. 

“ . . . those animals which were benefited by living 
in close association.” — Darwin: Descent of Man , pt. i., 
~ch. iii. 

2. Of things. [B.I.] 

III. An aggregate of persons or things associated 
together. 

1. Of persons: A society of any kind; persons in 
■union with each other for any purpose, civil or 
ecclesiastical, political or non-political. [B. 2.] 

“ The Association also holds itself liable to print in de¬ 
tail those researches on particular points of inquiry which 
it has requested individuals or societies to undertake.”— 
Brit. Assoc. Rep., vol. i. (2d ed., 1835), p. viii. 

2. Of things ; An aggregate of things so associated 
together, as mental conceptions with each other, a 
mental feeling or thought with nerve action, or 
material substances with each other. 

“ We may build more splendid habitations, 

Fill our rooms with paintings and with sculptures, 
But we cannot 

Buy with gold the old associations.” 

Longfellow: Birds of Passage (Golden Milestone). 

** Here a name of noble intellectual associations. . .” 

— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), xii. 559. 

IV. A contract containing the rules or articles by 
■which persons uniting with each other mutually 
pledge themselves to carry out the common objects 
of their society. 

“He . . . had been the author of that Association 
by which the Prince’s adherents had bound themselves to 
stand or fall together.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

“. . . was forced to content himself with dropping 

the Association into a flower-pot which stood in a parlor 
near the kitchen.”— Ibid., ch. xviii. 

B. Technically: 

1. Mental and Moral Philosophy. 

(a) Association of ideas: The connection in the 
mind, especially in matters relating to memory, 
between two ideas, so that one tends to recall the 
•other. If, for example, on walking out, one come 
to a spot where on a previous occasion something 
exciting happened, the sight of the place will 
almost certainly recall the occurrence. Dugald 
Stewart considers that the ideas which tend to 
suggest each other are those connected together by 
resemblance, analogy, contrariety, vicinity in time 
or in place, the relation of cause and effect, of 
means and of end, or of premises and conclusion. 

“ Association of ideas is of great importance, and may 
of excellent use.”— Watts. 

(b) The association of feelings is a similar con¬ 
nection among the feelings. 

“ . . . the ultimate law to which the association of 

feelings conforms .”—Herbert Spencer: Psychology , 2d ed. 
(1870), vol. i., p. 252. _ 


2. Science , Literature, &c.: The word Association. 
though not so common as Society , is still in general 
use in the sense detailed under A., III. 1. The chief 
scientific association in the United States is fully 
and formally designated “The American Associa¬ 
tion for the Advancement of Science.” 

^LS-so-gl-a-tion-^l, a. [Eng. association; •al .] 
Pertaining to the act or state of association, or to 
persons or things associated; spec., pertaining to 
an association of ministers (Dwight.) 

^s-so-gi-a'-tlve (or gl as shl), a. [Eng. asso¬ 
ciate); -ive.~\ Possessing the quality of associating. 
(Coleridge.) (Reid.) 

gtS-SO -gi-a-tor (or §1 as Shl), a. [Eng. associate; 
-or.] One who associates with others for any pur¬ 
pose. 

“ In Westminster there were thirty-seven thousand as- 
sociators, in the Tower Hamlets eight thousand, in South¬ 
wark eighteen thousand.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

*$,S-S<5ir (1), v. t. [From Lat. ad— to, and Eng. 
soil. In Fr. souiller —to soil, to defile.] [Soil.] To 
soil; to stain. 

“. . . and what can he be, 

Can with unthankfulness assoile me.” 

Beaum. & Fletch.: Q. of Corinth, iii. 1. (Richard&on.) 

*3,s-sdil' (2), *3,s-sdire, ^s-s<5yT, *3,s-s6yTe, 
*as-so le, *5L-sdil e, *a-soyle (O. Eng.), s,s- 
sdil'-zie, *$.s-s<5ir-yle (zi as yl) (O.Eng. &Mod. 
Scotch ), v. t. [O. Fr. assoiler, assaurre, assaudre , 
assoldre, absoiler, absouldre; from Port, assolvar; 
Ital. assolvere ,* Lat. absolvo=( 1) to loosen from, (2) 
to free from, (3) to acquit, (4) to pay off, (5) to 
finish: ab=from, and solvo =to loosen, to untie.] 
[Absolve.] 

A. Of the Old English forms assoil, &c.: 

1. To let loose, to set free; to deliver. 

“Till from her bonds the spright assoiled is.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 52. 

2. To absolve a sin, or fault, or error; or to ab¬ 
solve a person from a charge, to acquit him. 

“ Well meeting how their error to assoyle.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. vi. 25. 

“ The Pape them assoled .”— Chron. of Rob. de Brunne, 
p. 205. (S. in Boucher.) 

“When he was asoyled of the Pope.” 

Langtoft: Chron., p. 1. (Boucher.) 

3. To pay. 

“Till that you come where ye yourvowes assoyle.” 

Spenser: Daphnaida, vii. 

4. To remove. 

“ In seeking him that should her payn assoyle.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 30. 

B. Of the Scotch forms assoilzie, *assoilyie: 

1. Scots Law: To acquit or absolve by sentence of 
a court. 

“. . . for non-payment of a feu duty, ... in 

whilk the defender was assoilzied.” — Scott: Waverley, 
ch. xlviii. 

2. To absolve from ecclesiastical censure. 
*as-S0il e, s. [Assoil, t;.] Confession. 

“Whenwespo^ byway of riddle, of which the sense 
can hardly be picaed. cut but by the parties’ own assoile .” 
— Puttenham, iii. 157. (Nares.) 

*3,s^sdil-ing, *3is-sdir-lyng, *$,s-sdyT-Inge, 
*g.-soyl-yn, pr. par. & s. [Assoil, v.~\ 

As substantive: Absolution. 

“ And to sywi this mansinge, and the assoylinge also, we 
assigneth the bissop of Winchestre to .”—Robert of Glou- 
cest.: Chron., p. 502. (5. in Boucher.) 

“ Asoylyn of synnys.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ For curs wol slee right as assoillyng saveth.” 

Chaucer: The Prologue, 663. 

^is-sdil -ment, s. [O. Eng. assoil , and Eng. suff. 
- ment .] The act of assoiling; absolution. (More.) 
(Speed.) 

^Ls-soil -zie (z silent), *^s-s6il -yle, v. t- [Assoil 
(2), B.] 

as-soil-zied (z silent ),pa.par. [Assoil (2), B.] 
as-soil'-zing (z silent), pr. par . [Assoil (2), B.] 
as -son-ange, s. [In Dan. assonants; Ger. asson - 
anz; Fr. assonance; Sp. asonancia; Ital. asson - 
anza.] 

Rhetoric & Poetry: A term used when the words 
of a phrase or of a verse have the same sound or 
termination, and yet do not properly rhyme. ( John - 
son.) 

as-son-ant, adj. & s. [Fr. assonant; Sp. ason - 
ante (s.); Ital. assonanter; Lat. assonans , pr. par. 
of assono or adsono —to sound to: ad— to, and sono 
=to sound.] 

A. As adjective: Sounding so as to resemble 
another sound. (Johnson.) 


Assonant Rhymes: Verses not properly rhyming. 
[Assonance.] They are deemed legitimate in 
Spanish, but in English are considered blemishes 
in composition. 

B. As substantive: Spanish verse not properly 
rhyming. [See the adj]. 

*3,s-son'-zIe (z silent?), v. t . [Essoin.] 

9 .S-S 0 rt, v. t. & i. [Ft. as8ortir=(l) to sort, (2) 
to match; Ital. assortire =to sort, to choose by lot.J 
[Sort.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To arrange or dispose in such a way that one 
person or thing wiU suit another, to match; to 
adapt one person or thing to another. 

“They appear ... no way assorted to those with 
whom they must associate.”— Burke. 

2. ' To distribute into sorts; arrange things of the 
same kind into different classes, or into bundles, 
heaps, &c. 

3. To furnish with articles so arranged. [As¬ 
sorted.] 

B. Intrans.: To suit, to agree, to match; to be in 
congruity or harmony with. 

*$,s-so rt, s. [Assort, v.'] 

“Sit down here by one assort .” 

Sir Ferumbras. (Ellis, vol. ii.) ( Richardson .) 

as-so rt-ed, pa. par. & a. [Assort, v.] 

“ To be found in the well-assorted warehouses of dis¬ 
senting congregations.”— Burke. 

as-so rt-ing, pr. par. [Assort.] 
as-so rt-ment, s. [Eng. assort; - ment. In Dan. 
assortement; Fr. assortiment; Ital. assortimento .] 

I. The act of assorting, or disposing in a suitable 
manner; the state of being assorted. 

II. The aggregate of things assorted. Specially — 

1. Quantities of various articles, each arranged 
separately from the rest and put in its own proper 
place. 

2. Particular varieties of the same article, so 
selected as to match with each other; or various 
articles so selected that each is harmonious or in 
keeping with the other. 

“ ’Tis a curious assortment of dainty regales, 

To tickle the negroes with when the ship sails, 

Fine chains for the neck, and a cat with nine tails.” 

Cowper: Sweet Meat has Sour Sauce. 

“ . . . also a fine assortment of Azalea indica, . . .” 
— Advt., Times, Nov. 30, 1875. 

“The above assortments are easily displayed, and have 
full instructions for firing on each article.”— Advt., 
Times, Nov. 4, 1875. 

*as-sot', v. t . [Fr. assoter —to infatuate with a 
passion.] 

1. To besot, to infatuate; to cause to dote upon.] 
[Besot.] 

“ That monstrous error which doth some assot.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 8. 

2. To bewilder. 

“ Assotted had his 6ence, or dazed was his eye.” 

Spenser: F. Q., HI., viii. 22. 

*as-sot , a. [Assot, v.] Infatuated; foolish. 

“ Tho willye, I wenethou bee assot.” 

Spenser: Sheph. Cal., iii. 

* 3 ,s-sot’-ted,.pa. par. & a. [Assot, v. f.] 

*as-soy le, v. t. [Assoil.] 

*^s-soy led, pa. par. [Assoil.] 

* 3 ,s-sdyT-inge, pr.par. & s. [Assoil, v.] 
* 3 ,s-soy ne, * 3 ls-soi n, *3,s-soy'gne (g silent), 
*a-soy ne, s. [Essoin, s.] 

*gis-s6y ne, v. t. [Essoin, s. & v.] 

*as-spy e, v. t. [Espy.] 

$s-sua'ge (sua as swa), f^s-swa ge, ^-swa'ge, 

v. t. & i. [O. Fr. assouager , assouagier , assoager , 
assoagier; Prov. assuaviar, assuavar; from Low 
Lat. adsuavio: Lat. ad = to, and suavis — sweet, 
pleasant.] [Suavity, Sweet.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Of anything in the arrangements of nature 
tvhich is extreme: To temper, to allay, to mitigate. 

“ Refreshing winds the summer’s heats assuage, 

And kindly warmth disarms the winter’s rage.” 

Addison. 

II. Of human feeling or emotion: 

1. Of pain, woe, fear, or aught else depressing to 
the mind: To mitigate, to soothe, to aHay, partly to 
remove. 

“ Unless he could assuage the woe 
Which he abhorr’d to view below.” 

Byron: The Prisoner of Chillon, i. 4. 

“Soothing she answered him, ‘ Assuage, 

Mine honored friend, the fears of age.’ ” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 7. 

—---7-- - ■ - 


•bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph — f. 
-cian, -tian = sh$n. -tion, ^sion = shun; -tion, -§ion — zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c.. = bgl, dgl. 





assurance 


assuaged 

2. Of the exciting emotions, and specially of anger, 
hatred, <ftc To appease, to pacify, to diminish, to 
allay. 

“ It’s eath his ydle fury to asswage. 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iv. 11. 

M No living creature could his cruelty asswage .” 

Ibid., III. viii. 28. 

'* On me, on me your kindled wrath assuage, 

And bid the voice of lawless riot rage.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. ii., 81, 82. 

B. Intransitive: To abate, to subside. 

M . . . and God made a wind to pass over the earth, 

and the waters asswaged .”— Gen. viii. 1. 

g,s-sua ged (sua as swa), t?ts-swa ged, 
* 3 ,-swa ged, pa. par . [Assuage, v. t.~\ 

3 , s-sua ge-ment (sua as swa), *^s-swa'ge- 
ment, s. [Eng. assuage; - ment .] The act of as¬ 
suaging ; the state of being assuaged; mitigation, 
abatement. 

“ Tell me, when shall these weary woes have end, 

Or shall their ruthless torment never cease. 

But all my days in pining languor spend. 

Without hope of assuagement or release.” 

Spenser: Sonnets. 

gis-sua'-ger (sua as swa), s. [En g. assuage; -er.] 
One who or that which assuages. 

t3-s-sua'-§ive (sua as swa), a. [Apparently 
from Eng. assuage , but there is evidently a con¬ 
fusion arising from the similarity to persuasive.] 
Assuaging, mitigating, soothing. 

“ If in the breast tumultuous joys arise, 

Music her soft assuasive voice supplies.” 

Pope: St. Cecilia. 

*$s-sub-ju-gate, v. i . [Lat. ad= to, and subju¬ 
gate.] To subjugate to, to subject to. 

“ This thrice worthy and right valiant lord 
Must not so stale his palm, nobly acquir’d: 

Nor, by my will, assubjugate his merit.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida , ii. 

as-subt'-lle (b silent), v. t. [Subtle.] To render 
subtle. ( Puttenliam: Eng. Poesie , bk. iii., ch. 
xviii. 

tas-sue-fac’-tion (ue as we), s. [Lat. assuefacio 
=to accustom to, from assuetus= accustomed: ad, 
and suesco= to become accustomed to, and facio— to 
make.] The state of being accustomed. 

‘‘Right and left, as parts inservient unto the motive 
faculty, are differenced by degrees from use and assue- 
faction, or according whereto the one grows stronger.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

tas'-sue-tude (ue as we), s. [In Ital. assue 
tudine; Lat . assuetudo.] Accustomedness, custom, 
habit. 

”We 6 ee that assuetude of things hurtful doth make 
them lose the force to hurt.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., § 67. 

as-su'me, v. t. & i. [In Fr. assumer; Sp. asu - 
vxirse; Port, assumir; Ital. assumere. From Lat. 
assumo= to take to: ad= to, and sumo= to take up.] 
A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To take to one’s self. 

(1) To take to one’s self that which is one’s own, 
br anything held in common of which one has the 
right to make use. Used— 

(a) Of man or other real or imaginary being: 
“’Twere new indeed, to see a bard all fire, 

Touch’d with a coal from Heaven, assume the lyre.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

“His majesty might well assume the complaint and 
expression of King David.”— Clarendon. 

“Trembling they stand, while Jove assumes the throne.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. i., 694. 

( b ) Fig.: Of nature or any other thing as contra¬ 
distinguished from a person or being: 

“Nature, assuming a more lovely face, 

Borrowing a beauty from the works of grace.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

(2) To take to one’s self what one is not entitled 
to; it being eminently characteristic of those who 
u assume ” or take to themselves anything that they 
take too much. 

“ Assume a virtue if you have it not.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet. 

”... assumes or usurps the ascendancy.”— Dryden: 
The Hind and Panther , ii. Note. 

“ Art girt about by demons, who assume 
The words of God, and tempt us with our own 
Dissatisfied and curious thoughts . . . ” 

Byron: Cain, i. 1. 

t(3) To adopt or receive into a society. 

“ The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and 
lower rank, assumed into that honorable company.”— 
Scott: (Goodrich and Porter.) 

2. To take upon one’s self, to arrogate to one’s self 
authority. 

“ With ravish’d ears, 

The monarch hears, 

Assumes the god, 

Affects to nod, 

And seems to shake the spheres.” 

Dryden: Alexander's Feast. 


300 


II. Technically: 

Logic: To take anything for granted without 
proof. This may be done either through inadvert¬ 
ence or because what is assumed is really axio¬ 
matic. 

“In every hypothesis something is allowed to be as- 
sumed." — Boyle. 

“ . . . we must not therefore assume the liberty of 
setting aside well-ascertained rules of historical evidence.” 
— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. viii., § 1. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: To be arrogant or pre¬ 
tentious; to claim more than is one’s due. 

2. Law: To undertake an obligation of any kind, 
as by a verbal or other promise to do anything. 

as-su'med, pa. par. & a. [Assume.] 

As participial adjective: 

1. Gen.: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

“ . . . the assumed uniformity of the exciting causes 
• . — Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. iv. 

2. Spec.: Pretended, hypocritical. 

“ ‘Disastrous news!’ dark Wycliffe said; 

Assumed despondence bent his head, 

While troubled joy was in his eye, 

The well-feigned sorrow to belie.” 

Scott: Rokeby, i. 14. 

“ Brutus now throws off his assumed character, . . 

— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xi., § 37. 

*as-su'-ment, s. [Lat. assumentum , from assuo 
=to sew on, to put a patch on: ad— to, and suo— to 
sew.] A patch. 

“This assument or addition Dr. Marshal says he never 
could find anywhere but in this Anglo-Saxonic transla¬ 
tion.”— Lewis: Hist. Eng. Bibles , p. 9. 

as-su'-mer, s. [Eng. assume; - er .] One who takes 
to himself more than he is entitled to, or takes upon 
himself what he has no right or is unable to do; a 
pretender; also a woman who does so. 

“ Can man be wise in any course in which he is not safe 
too ? But can these high assumers , and pretenders to 
reason, prove themselves so ? ”— South. 

as-su m-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [AssUxME.] 

A. As pres, participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As adjective: Pretentious, arrogant, pre¬ 
sumptuous, self-confident. 

fi His haughty looks, and his assuming air, 

The son of Isis could no longer bear.” Dryden. 

0. As substantive: Assumption, presumption. 

“The vain assumings 

Of 6ome quite worthless of her [Poesy’s] sovereign 
wreaths.” Ben Jonson: Poetaster. 

tas-su m-Ing-ness, s. [Eng. assuming; -ness.] 
Assumption, presumption. 

“Dyslogistic—viz., . . 12. Haughtiness. 13. Assum¬ 
ingness. 14. Arrogance.”— Bowring: Bentham's Works, 
vol. i., p. 201. 

as-sump'-slt, s. [Lat. 3d person sing. pret. of 
assumo. Lit .—lie has taken to or upon (him).] 

Law: 

1. A verbal promise made by any one, or which 
he may in justice be held to have more or less di¬ 
rectly made. [See No. 2.] # In the former case the 
assumpsit or promise is said to be explicit , and in 
the latter, implied. One may actually promise to 
pay a sum of money or build a house by a certain 
day, in which case the promise is deemed explicit, 
and an action lies against him if he violate his 
verbal engagement. Certain contracts are, however, 
so important that the law requires them to be in 
writing. Implied promises are such as the follow¬ 
ing: A person, when in want of certain articles, is 
in the habit of obtaining them at a certain shop. 
Having done so, it is not legally competent for him 
to turn round on the shopman and say, “ Prove that 
I ever promised to pay for the articles I received.” 
The law rightly judges that if there was not an ex¬ 
plicit, there was at least an implied promise to pay 
for the goods, else the shopman would not have 
given them. So also if a person contract to build a 
house, and erecting it in defiance of the pripciple 
of gravity, see it tumble to pieces before his eyes, 
he is not allowed to plead that he knew nothing of 
building. His having taken the contract is held to 
imidy that he gave himself out as competent to 
perform the work which he undertook to do. 

“. . . the assumpsit or undertaking of the defendant 
. . . A third species of implied assumpsits is . . . ” 

— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 9. 

2. An action at law brought for the enforcement 
of such a promise, express or implied. ( Blackstone: 
Comm.) 

*as-surnpt\ v. t. [From Lat. assumptus , pa. par. 
of assumo.} [Assume.] To take up. 

“The souls of 6uch their worthies as were departed 
from human conversation, and were assumpted into the 
number of their gods.”— Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist « 
p. 115. 


* 3 ,s-sumpt', s. [In Port, assumpto; Ital. assunto 
From Lat. assumptum , neuter of assumptus, pa 
par. of assumo .] [Assume.] Anything assumed. 

“The sum of all your assump ts , collected by youraelf, 
is this.”— Chillingworth: Ans. to Charity maint. by Cath. y 

p. 60. 

3 ,s-sump'-tion, * 9 ,s-sump-$ion, s, [In Fr. as 

somption; O. Ft. assumption; Sp. asuncion; Port. 
assumpgao; Ital. assunzione; Lat. assumptio, from 
assumptum, sup. of assumo.] [Assume.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of assuming or taking to, up, upon, ot 
for granted. 

1. The act of taking to or upon one’s self, or tak¬ 
ing up, or adopting. 

“The personal descent of God Himself and His assump - 
tion of our flesh to His divinity. . . . ”— Hammond ; 
Fundamentals. 

“Now, war with China must mean the acquisition of 
territory and the assumption of immediate political 
power.”— Times, Nov. 10, 1875. 

[See also B., 1.1.] 

2. The act of taking for granted without proof. 

“ By showing that by the assumption of this wonderful 
intangible aether all the phenomena of optics are ac¬ 
counted for.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), ix. 223. 

II. The state of being assumed in any of the ways 
now mentioned. 

“Adam, after a certain period of years, would have 
been rewarded with an assumption to eternal felicity.”-* 
Wake. 

“ These, by way of assumption under the two general 
propositions, are intrinsically and naturally good oj 
bad. ”— Norris. 

III. A thing or things assumed. Spec., a thing 
taken for granted without proof. (Followed by 
that.) 

“. . . possible to keep a compact based on the as- 
sumption that Turkey either would or could behave like e 
civilized State.”— Times, Nov. 9, 1875. 

B. Technically: 

I. Theol., Church , Hist., &c. According to the 
Greek and Roman churches: 

1. The taking of the Virgin Mary up into heaven. 

“TTpon the feast of the assumption of the blessed Vir¬ 
gin, the pope and cardinals keep the vespers.”— Stilling - 
feet. 

2. In an elliptic sense: The festival commemorat¬ 
ing this alleged occurrence. It is kept by the 
Roman and Greek churches on the 15th of Auguste 

II. Her.: Arms of assumption are those which a 
person may, uncertain circumstances, legitimately 
assume. They are now distinguished from assump¬ 
tive arms. [Assumptive.] 

III. Logic: 

*1. The min ,r or second proposition in a cate¬ 
gorical syHogism. 

|2. The consequence drawn from the major and 
minor. ( Dyche .) 

3. Anything taken for granted without proof or 
postulate. [A., III.] 

“ There are, however, geologists who maintain that this 
is an assumption , based upon a partial knowledge of the 
facts.”— Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 58. 

as-sump-tive, a. [Fr. assomptif; Port, assump- 
tivo ; from Lat. assumptivus.~\ Which is assumed, 
or which may be assumed; capable of being as¬ 
sumed. 

HeraIdry. Assumpfive A rnis: 

*1. Originally : Arms which had been assumed in 
a legitimate way. 

“. . . in Heraldry, assumptive arms are such as a 
person has a title to bear, by virtue of some action done 
or performed by him, which by birth he could not wear; 
as if a person that has naturally no coat should, in lawful 
war, take a prince or nobleman prisoner, he has from that 
time a right to bear the arms of such prisoner, by virtue 
of that military law, that the dominion of things taken 
in lawful war passes to the conqueror.”— Dyche: Diet. 
(1758). 

2. Note : Arms assumed without proper authority 
those legitimately tAken being called arms of a* 
sumption , and not assumptive arms. (Gloss, of Her. 
1847.) 

as-sump'-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. assumptive; - ly.} 
In an assumptive manner. 

as-sii'r-ange, *as-sii r-aun$e (siir asshur),s. 

S Fr. assurance , from assurer =to render sure; sur= O. 
r r. s£ur, segur ; Lat. securus = (1) free from care: 
(2) free from danger, safe, secure: se (old form of 
sine) = apart from, without; cura= care.] [Asse- 
curance, Assure, Secure, Sinecure, Sure.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of assuring or insuring. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p§t, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, pnite, ciir, rdle, full; tr^, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




assure 


301 


astacus 


(i.) The act of imparting to another, who is dis¬ 
trustful or anxious, grounds on which confidence 
may be based, or of actually inspiring him with 
confidence itself. {Lit. & fig.) 

“But, lordes, wol ye maken assuraunce, 

As I schal say, assentyng to my lore? 

And I schal make us sauf for evermore.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,761. 

“Not a house but seems 
To give assurance of content within.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk, v. 

(ii.) The act of “ insuring one’s life.” [A., II. 3.] 

2. The state of being assured, or being insured. 

(i.) The state of being assured. 

(a) The state of receiving statements, designed 
to inspire confidence either with respect to one’s 
personal security or any other matter which else 
would be doubtful. 

“We have as great assurance that there is a God, as we 
could expect to have, supposing that He viere.”—Tillotson. 

(b) Firm belief in such statements, unwavering 
•conviction. 

“ Such an assurance of things as will make men care¬ 
ful to avoid a lesser danger, ought to awaken men to avoid 
a greater.”— Tillotson. 

(c) Confidence, trust, produced by such convic¬ 
tion. 

“ Thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none 
assurance of thy life . . .”— Deut. xxviii. 66. 

“ And the work of righteousness shall be peace; and the 
effect of righteousness quietness and assurance forever.” 
Isa. xxxii. 17. 

TT To make assurance doubly sure: To take steps 
which seem much more than sufficient to remove 
every cause of apprehension, and produce tranquil 
confidence. 

“ Macb. Then live, Macduff : what need I fear of thee, 
But yet I’ll make assurance doubly sure.” 

Shakesp.: 3Iacbeth, iv. 1. 

( d ) The confidence produced by comparing one’s 
self with others. This may be moderate, and there¬ 
fore legitimate ; indeed, it may be only the absence 
of false modesty or overbashfulness. 

“ Men whose consideration will relieve our modesty, 
and give us courage and assurance in the duties of our 
profession.”— Rogers. 

“ With all th’ assurance innocence can bring, 
Fearless without, because secure within.” 

Dryden. . 

Or it may be immoderate and become forwardness 
or impudence. 

“ This is not the grace of hope, but a good natural 
assurance or confidence, which Aristotle observes young 
men to be full of, and old men not so inclined to.”— Ham¬ 
mond. 

Or again it may be supported by a feeling of duty, 
and become intrepidity or fortitude, which is highly 
commendable. 

“ They, like resolute men, stood in the face of the 
breach with more assurance than the wall itself.” 
Knolles. 

(ii.) The state of being insured. [A., II. 3.] 

3. That which is designed to render a person or 
thing assured or insured. 

(i.} That which is designed to assure a person, or 
inspire him with confidence. 

“Assurances of support came pouring in daily from 
foreign courts.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

“ . . . the answer returned to these affectionate as¬ 
surances was not perfectly gracious.”— Ibid,., ch. xxiii. 

(ii.) That which is intended to insure a person or 
his life, or, more truly, his property. [A., II. 3.] 

“ An assurance being passed through for a competent 
fine, hath come back again by reason of some oversight.” 
— Bacon. 

II. Technically: 

1. Theology: The unwavering conviction, divinely 
produced, that one is now acceptable to God, and 
will, through the mediation of Christ, at last infal¬ 
libly attain to heavenly felicity. 

“ And we desire that every one of you do shew the same 
diligence to the full assurance of hope unto the end.”— 
Heb. vi. 11. 

“Though hope be indeed a lower and lesser thing than 
assurance, yet, as to all the purposes of a pious life, it 
may prove more useful.”— South. 

2. Law: A legal document drawn out to give one 
a guarantee with respect to the assurance designed 
to be conveyed. 

3. Arithmetic, Comm., Insurance, dtc.: The act of 
“ insuring” a person’s life; the state of being in¬ 
sured; also a contract between a person on the one 
hand and a company on the other, by which the 
former agrees to pay a stipulated sum at fixed 
times, and the latter promises a certain amount to 
be given over to his heirs in the event of his dying 
during the period for which he has paid. The sum 
for which the individual insured becomes responsi¬ 
ble is called the premium. If given all at once it is 
called a single premium; if at the commencement 
of each year, an annual premium. 


While the time of a single person’s death is not 
ascertainable beforehand by man, the percentage 
of deaths out of 10,000, or 100,000, or a million, is 
wonderfully fixed, the variations becoming less as 
the number from which the percentage is calculated 
grows greater. It may, therefore, become the sub¬ 
ject of arithmetical and algebraical calculation. 
[Annuities, Life, Expectation.] 

To find the present value of $100, to be paid at the 
end of the year in which the assurer, A, dies: Find 
the present value of an annuity of $1 for the life A. 
If this becalleda, then (a+1) multiplied by the pres¬ 
ent value of $1 due a year hence, with a subtracted 
from the result, and the remainder then multiplied 
by 100, will give the sum required. Or, find A’s ex¬ 
pectation of life, and calculate the present value of 
$100 that number of years hence. 

To find the annual premium which would furnish 
such a sum on the death of A : Divide the present 
value of $100, as ascertained in the previous para¬ 
graph, by the present value of an annuity of $1 for 
the same time. 

In the United States the term most commonly 
used to express this sense of the word is insur¬ 
ance, but in England for some years back assur¬ 
ance has come more and more into use in the case 
otLife, leavin g insurance as the term of .Fire-offices. 
In a list published in 1879, of the several companies 
which figure under the heading “Insurance Offi¬ 
ces,” eighteen have in their title the words “Life 
Assurance,” while there is only one “ Fire Assur¬ 
ance Society,” and one Fire and Life Assurance 
Society. Four have in their title the words Fire 
Insurance; there is also one Insurance Company 
“ for lives only.” Thus the distinction has firmly 
-established itself, but has not yet quite displaced 
the previous usage. 

as-sii re, *g,-sii re (siir as shiir), v. t. [In Ger. 
assecuriren, assekuriren; Dut. assureeren; Fr. 
assurer; O. Fr. asseiirer, aseiirer; Sp. asegurar; 
Port, assegurar; Ital. assecurare; Low Lat . asse- 
curo, from ad= to. and securus=free from care or 
from danger.] [Assurance, Assecure.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. To adopt means for inspiring belief or confi¬ 
dence. 

I. To make one’s self sure; or to make promises 
or statements, once or repeatedly, with the design 
of inspiring another person with belief or confi¬ 
dence. 

“ But whence they sprong, or how they were begott, 
Uneath is to assure . . .”— Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 8. 

“Avaux assured Louvois that a single French battalion 
would easily storm such a fastness.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xii. 

*2. To betroth. 

“This drudge, diviner laid claim to me; called me 
Dromio; swore I was assured to her.”— Shakesp.: Comedy 
of Errors, iii. 2. 

3. To render property or any other desirable ac¬ 
quisition secure to one ; to impart an indisputable 
title to certain property. To confirm, to guarantee. 

“ . . . then he shall add the fifth part of the money 
of thy estimation unto it, and it shall be assured unto 
him.”— Lev. xxvii. 19. 

4. To insure, as a life in an insurance office. 

“ One pound ten shillings per annum on the sum 
assuied.” — Advt. of an Insurance Office. 

II. Actually to inspire belief or confidence. 

1. To convince. 

“ . . . assur’d that man shall live 

With all the creatures, and their seed preserve.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

2. To embolden ; to render confident. 

‘ His heigh astate assured him in pryde ; 

But fortune cast him doun, and ther he lay.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,674-5. 

“ And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall 
assure our hearts before him.”—1 John iii. 19. 

B. Comm., Insurance, dtc.: To insure one against 
some of the pecuniary consequences to his family 
which death would otherwise produce [Assurance, 
II. 3],'or to insure one’s self or property against 
certain contingencies. 

as-sii red (siir as sliiir), pa. par. & a. [Assure.] 

As adjective: 

1. In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 
Specially — 

(а) Certain; undoubted. 

“ . . . I will give you assured peace in this place.”— 

Jer. xiv. 13. 

(б) Secure. 

2. Impudent. 

as-sii r ed-ly (siir as shiir), adv. [Eng. as¬ 
sured; -Iv-] With the security produced when a 
trustworthy assurance has been given; certainly, 
undoubtedly. 

“ Dol. Most noble empress, you have heard of me? 

Cleo. I cannot tell. 

Dol. Assuredly, you know me.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 

“Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, 
that . . .”—Acts ii. 36. 


as-sii r-ed-ness (siir as shiir), s. [Eng. assured; 
-ness.) The quality of being assured; assurance, 
certainty. 

“ One face, one color, one assuredness.” — Daniel: To Sir 
T. Egerton. ( Richardson .) 

as-sii r-er (siir as shiir), s. [Eng. assur(e); -er. 
In Fr. assureur .] 

1. One who seeks to inspire another with belief 
or confidence. 

2. One who insures any person’slifeorproperty. 

“ . . . the general body of new assurers are to have 
no claim on either of the existing assurance funds.”— 
John M. Candlish: Times, City Article, February 22, 1877. 

9-S-sur-gent, a. [Lat. assurgens, pr. par. of 
assurgo= to rise up: ad—to or up, and surgo=to 
rise.] Rising up ; rising out of. 

1. Her.: Rising out of. {Gloss, of Her., 1847.) 

2. Bot.: Rising upward. ( Loudon: Cycl. of 
Plants, 1829, Glossary.) The same as Ascending 
(q. v.). 

as-sii r-ing (siir as shiir), pr. par. & a. 

[Assure.] 

as-sii r-Ing-ly; (siir as shiir), adv. [Eng. 
assuring; -ly.] In an assuring manner, 
fas-swa'ge, v. t. & i. [Assuage.] 
fas-swa'ged, pa. par. [Assuaged.] 
fas-swa-ging, pr.par. [Assuaging.] 

*as-swy the, adv. [ A. S. swith= strong, great, 
vehement, with prefix as- (q. v.). Quickly. 

“ To soper thay gede asswythe.” 

Gawayne and the Green Knyght, 2,528. {Boucher.) 

As-syr'-i-an, a. & s. [Eng. Assyri(a); -an. In 
Ft. Assyrien; Lat. Assyrius; Gr. Assyrios. From 
Lat. Assyria; Gr. Assyria {Josephus), and Assour; 
Heb. Asshiir; apparently from Asshur, the son of 
Shem.] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining to Assyria. 

“There is Sir Henry Bawlinson’s Assyrian Canon ...” 
— Trans. Bib. Arch. Soc., vol. iii. (1874), p. 5. 

2. As substantive: A native of Assyria, especially 
if belonging to the dominant race. 

“The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold.” 

Byron: Destruc. of Sennacherib. 
Assyrian Language: A dead language belonging 
to the Aramaean, or Northern group of the Syro- 
Arabian tongues. Its nearest living analogue is 
the Neo-Syriac. It is only in the present century 
that it has been recovered. From its richness of 
grammatical forms, the late Dr. Hincks termed it 
“The Sanscrit of the Shemitic family of languages.” 
The researches of Sir Henry Rawlinson on the tri¬ 
lingual inscriptions of Behistun proved the lan¬ 
guage of Babylonia, in the time of Darius, to be es¬ 
sentially the same as the Assyrian of Tiglath Pile- 
ser. The Biblical Archaeological Society’s publica¬ 
tions are full of information regarding Old Assyria, 
its language, and its history. 

As-syr-I-ol'-o-gist, s. [Lat. Assyria; from Gr. 
Assyria, and logos= a discourse.] One who makes 
the antiquities and history of Assyria his special 
study. 

“ l’here is no question among Assyriologists, including 
Mr. Smith, that . . .”— Trans. Bib. Archceol. Soc., vol. iii., 
p. 4. 

*as-sy th, v. t. [Assith.] 
as-sy th-ment, s. [Assithment.] 

*as-ta at, s. [Estate, State.] 

“Ne of hir highe astaat no remembraunce 
Ne hadde sche, , . .” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,799, 8,800. 

*a-sta’-bll, v. t. [O. Fr. establir= to establish, to 
settle.] To calm, to compose, to assuage. {Scotch.) 

“Thare myndis mesis and astablis he, 

And gan thame prornys rest in time cumming.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 466. 

as-ta- 9 l- 9 .il, s. [Astacus.] An animal belonging 
to the genus Astacus, or at least the family Asta- 
cidee. 

as-ta-gl-dse, s. pi. [Astacus.] A family of crus¬ 
taceans belonging to the order Decapoda and the 
sub-order Macrura. [Astacus.] 
as-tA- 91 -nI, s. pi. [Astacus.] Cuvier’s name 
for the Astacidee. 

as'-ta- 9 lte, s. [Lat. astacus (q. v.), and suff. 

- ite .] Any fossil crustacean resembling a lobster or 
crayfish. [Astacus.] 

as-tac'-o-lite, s. [Gr. astakos—n lobster, and 
lithos=stone .] The same as Astacite (q. v.). 

as -t^-cus, s. [In Ital. astaco; from Lat. astacus, 
Gr. astakos, a kind of lobster or crayfish.] A genus 
of decapod, long-tailed crustaceans, the typical one 
of the family Astacidee. It contains the A. marinus, 
or Lobster, and the A.fluviatilis, or Crayfish. Curi¬ 
ous specimens of this genus of Crayfish, without 
eyes, abound in the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. 
[Lobster, Crayfish.] 


boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
.pl an -tian = shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




astale 


302 


asteroid 


•fcS-ta’le, v. t. [0. Fr. estailer— to display, to 
show.] To deck or set out. (Scotch.) 

“ Syne hynt to ane hie hall, 

That wes astalil with pall.” 

Gawan & Ool., i. 5. (Jamieson.') 
* 9 ~stand -9n, v. i. [A. S. astanda.n= to stand out, 
to endure.] To stand up. ( Layamon , i. 277.) 

*9-start’, *a-stert', *set-stur-ten, *at-stir- 
ten, *et-ster-ten (pret. *g,-start ed, *a-stert', 
*set~sttirt e, *9t-sturt'e), v. i. & t. [Eng. a; start.] 

A. Intrans. : To start from, to escape; to flee, to 
get free. 

“That oft out of her bed she did astart, 

As one with view of ghostly feends affright.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. ii. 29. 

“ He to his hous is gon with sorweful herte. 

He saith, he may not from his deth asterte.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 11,333-4. 

B. Transitive: 

1. To cause to start, to startle, to terrify, to 
affright; to befall, to come upon suddenly. 

“ No daunger there the shepheard can astert.” 

Spenser. Shep. Cal., xi. 

2. To release. 

“ Ther might astert him no pecunial peyne.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,896. 

3. To avoid. (Scotch.) 

“ Giff ye a goddesse be, and thet ye like 
To do one payne, I may it not astert.” 

King Quair, ii. 25. (Jamieson.) 
AS-tar'-te, s. [Gr. Astarte.] 

1. Myth. : A Phoenician goddess corresponding to 
the Ashtoreth of Scripture. [Ashtoreth.] 

“ With these in troop 

Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call’d 
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns; 

To whose bright image nightly by the moon 
Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

Others claim for Astarte a correspondence to the 
Greek Venus: she had a famous temple at Hier- 
apolis, served by 300 priests. 

2. Zool. : A genus of bivalve mollusks belonging to 
the family Cyprinid®. They have 2-2 hinge teeth, 
and are suborbicular, compressed, thick, smooth, or 
concentrically furrowed shells. Tate estimated the 
recent species known at twenty and the fossil at 285. 
The former belong to the temperate and arctic 
zones, and the latter to the rocks from the Carbon¬ 
iferous formation upward. 

*9-sta te, *9S-ta't, s. [Estate, State.] 

“ And kepte so wel his real astat, 

That ther was nowher such a ryal man.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,340-41. 

as-tat -IC, a. [Gr. astatos=nevej standing still; 
from a, priv., and the pass, of histemi=to cause to 
stand. Not influenced by the earth’s magnetism. 

An astatic needle is a needle movable about an 
axis in the plane of the magnetic meridian, and 
parallel to the inclination. When so situated, the 
terrestrial magnetic couple acting in the direction 
of the axis cannot impart to the needle any deter¬ 
minate direction, and therefore it is astatic. 

An astatic system is a combination of two needles 
of equal force joined parallel to each other, with 
the poles in contrary directions. They counter¬ 
balance each other so that the system becomes 
completely astatic, and sets at right angles to the 
magnetic meridian. 

9-sta y, adv. [Eng. a, and stay.'] 

Naut. : A term used of an anchor, which, on being 
hauled up, temporarily takes such a position that 
the cable or chain from which it depends forms an 
acute angle with the surface of the water. 

* 9 ~ste ir, v. t. [A. S. astyrian —to excite.] To 
rouse, to excite, to stir. (Scotch.) 

“ My plesoure prikis my paine to prouoke, 

My solace sorow sobbing to asteir.” 

K. Henry’s Test. Poems, 16th cent., p. 262. 
as'-te-I§m, s. [Lat. asteismos; Gr. astelsmos; 
from asfeios=urbane, polite, witty, clever; astu —a 
city.] 

Rhet.: Refinement of speech; urbanity, 
as-tel, *as-telle, *as-tyl, s. [O. Fr. astelle, 
estelle, from Low Lat. astula.] A thin board or 
lath. (Prompt. Parv.) [Astyll.] 

*as-tel', pret. of v. [A. S. astcelan= to steal out.] 
[Steal, v.] Escaped, stolen from. 

“Neuer steuen hem astel, so stoken is hor tonge.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,524. 

*as-tel'-len, v. t. [A. S. astellan, asteallan = to 
appoint, to establish.] (Stratmann.) 

as-tel -ma, s. [Gr. a, priv., and stelma —a girdle, 
a belt; stello =to set, to place.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Asterace®, or Composites. 
The species are beautiful Cape shrubs with “ ever¬ 
lasting” flowers. 


*as'-tel-f, adv. [Hastily.] 

*a-stent', s. [Partly connected with Eng. extent, 
and with Scotch stent (q. v.).] Valuation. (Scotch.) 

“That Dauid Halyday and his moder sal bruk and 
joyss the xs worthit of land of aid astent of palruskei, 
for the termes contenit in the lettre of assedacion.”— Act 
Audit, (a. 1479), p. 89. 

*as-teor-ven, v. i. [A. S. asteorfan— to starve.] 
To starve; to die. (Stratmann.) 

as -ter, s. [In Ital. astero; l)ut., Ger., Fr., Sp. & 
Lat. aster; Gr. aster = a star; from Sansc. as=to 
shoot, in which case it means the “ shooters of 
rays,” “ the darters of light,” or more probably 
from Sansc. star= to strew, applied to the stars as 
strewing about or sprinkling forth their sparkling 
light. (Max Muller.).] [Star.] A genus of plants, 
the type of the order Asterace®, or Composites. It 
is so called because the expanded flowers resemble 
stars. There is but one British species, the A. tri- 
polium, Sea Starwort, or Michaelmas Daisy. In the 
United States these Asters grow wild in the mead¬ 
ows and on the prairies. They grow to beautiful 
forms under cultivation. 

IT The popular name Aster is applied to some 
species not of this genus. Thus the China Aster is 
Callistephus chinensis, and the Cape Aster Agathcea 
amelloides. 

as-ter-a'-ce-se, s. [From the typical genus aster 
(q.v.).] 

Botany: 

*1. Formerly: An order, the fourth of five ar¬ 
ranged under the alliance Composit®, or Asterales, 
the others being Calycerace®, Mutisiace®, Cichor- 
ace®, Asteraceee, and Cynaraceee. These, excluding 
Cynarace®, constitute the Composit® proper. The 
term Asterace® in this sense is called also Corym- 
bifer®, and comprehends the larger portion of the 
modern Tubuliflor®. 

2. Now: A vast order, comprising' the whole of 
the Composit® proper. [See No. 1.] It is placed 
by Lindley, in his Vegetable Kingdom (1846), as the 
last order of his Campanales. or Campanal Alli¬ 
ance. It includes plants like the daisy, the thistle, 
the dandelion, and others, possessing what, to a su¬ 
perficial observer, appears like a calyx, but is in 
reality an involucre, surrounding a receptacle on 
which are situated not, as might at first sight 
appear, numerous petals, but many florets. Their 
calyxes very frequently take the form of pappus; 
the corollas are tubular, ligulate, or both; the 
stamina, four or five, syngenesious, that is, united by 
the anthers into a tube ; their style simple; and the 
ovaries single, one-celled, with a solitary erect 
ovule. In 1846, Lindley estimated the known 
species at 9,000, placed in 1,005 genera. They are 
believed to constitute about one-tenth of the whole 
vegetable kingdom. They are everywhere diffused, 
but in different proportions in different countries; 
thus they constitute one-seventh of the flowering 
plants of France, and .half those of tropical Amer¬ 
ica. The order is divided into three sub-orders: 
I. Tubuliflor®; II. Labiatiflor®; and III. Liguli- 
flor®. All are bitter. For more specific informa¬ 
tion regarding their qualities, see the sub-orders 
and some of the genera. 

*a-ster-en, v. t. [A. S. osferem=to disturb.] To 
excite, to resuscitate. (Stratmann.) 

SiS-te’r-I-ii, s. [In Fr. asUrie; Port. & Lat. 
asteria; Gr. asteria.] 

Min.: Pliny’s name for the sapphire when it 
shows a silvery star of six rays, if viewed in the 
direction of the vertical axis of the crystal. [As- 
teriated Sapphire.] 

9S-ter-I-9S, s. [Gr. asterias= starred, spotted; 
from aster= a star, ... a star-fish.] A genus of 



Asterias. 

radiated animals, the typical one of the family As- 
terid®. It contains the several species of star-fishes. 
[Star-fish.] 

as-te r-I-a-ted, a. [Gr. asfenos=starry.] Radi¬ 
ated, with rays diverging from a center, as in a 
star. 

asteriated sapphire. A variety of sapphire, 
having a stellate opalescence when viewed in the 
direction of the vertical axis of the crystals. It is 
the asteria of Pliny. (Dana.) [Asteria, Astroite.] 
as-te r- 1 -a.-tIte, s. [From asterias (q. v.), and 
suff. -ite.] A fossil star-fish of the genus Asterias, 
or at least resembling it. 


as-ter-id, s. [Eng., &c., aster; suff. -id.] Am 
English name for an animal belonging to the genus* 
Asterias, or at least the family Asterid®. (Hux¬ 
ley: Class, of Animals, p. 45.) 

as-ter'-I-dae, as-ter’-I- 9 -dse, s. pi. [Asterias ] 

A family of radiated animals belonging to the class 
Echinodermata, order Stellerida. It contains the 
so-called Star-fishes. 

as-ter-id'-e-a, s. pi. [From the typical genus 
Asterias ( q.v.).] A word used by Professor Hux¬ 
ley and others to designate the Asterid®. 

as-ter-I'-ng,, s. [Lat. aster; suff. -ina.] A genus 
of Star-fishes. A. gibbosa is the Gibbous Starlet. 

as'-ter-Isk, s. [In Fr. asUrisque; Sp.. Port., & 
Ital. asterisco; Lat. asteriscus; Gr. asteriskos=( 1) a. 
small star, (2) an asterisk, dimin. from Gr. aster = a 
star.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: A well-known star-like mark used in print¬ 
ing or writing to refer to a foot-note. When notes 
are so numerous that they exhaust the separate 
symbolic marks, *, f, }, §, [|, If, then ** commences a 
new series. Sometimes one, two, or several aster¬ 
isks mark an omitted portion of a word or sentence, 
as General D * * * * . 

“ [He] noted by asterisks what was defective, and by 
obelisks what was redundant.”— Grew. 

*2. Fig.: Anything in the shape of a star. 

II. Eccles. & Ch. Hist.: A star-shaped frame * 

placed over the paten in the Greek church, to pre¬ 
vent anything coming in contact with the sacred 
bread. , 

*as'-ter-Isk, v. t. [Asterisk, s.] To mark with 
an asterisk. (North: Examen, p. 279.) 

as-ter-I§m, s. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. asterismo, 
Gr. asterismos— a marking with stars.] 

1. A constellation ; any small cluster of stars. 
“Poetry has filled the skies with asterisms, and his 
tories belonging to them.”— Bentley: Sermons. 

|2. An asterisk. (Dryden: Dufresnoy.) 
as -ter-Ite, s. [Astroite.] 

9 ,-Stern', adv. [Eng. a, and stem.] 

I. In a ship, near the stern. 

1. In the hinder part of a ship. (Used of any 
person or thing at rest there.) 

“ The galley gives her side and turns her prow, 

While those astern, descending down the steep, 

Thro’ gaping waves behold the boiling deep.” 

Dryden. 

2. Toward the hinder part of a ship. (Used of a 
person on board moving, or e thing being moved, 
from the bow toward the stern; or of the ship itself 
going sternward.) 

II. In or into the water or elsewhere a greater or 
less distance behind a ship. 

“ Between latitudes 66° and 57° south of Cape Horn, the* 
net was put astern several times . . .”— Darwin: Voyage 

round the World, ch. viii. 

IT Astern is opposed to ahead. 
as-ter-6id, a. & s. [In Ger. asteroid; Fr. as- 
tSroide; Gr. aster, and eidos—ioxxn.) 

A. As adjective: Presenting the aspect of a star, 
“The asteroid polypes are all compound animals.”— 

Dallas: Nat. Hist, oj the Animal Kingdom, p. 66. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Astron.: The name given to any single indi¬ 
vidual of a great group of minute planets placed 
together between Mars and Jupiter. Prof. Titius, 
of Wittenberg, having drawn attention in 1772 to 
the fact that, with the exception of Jupiter, each 
planet has an orbit just about double that nearest 
to it on the side of the sun, Prof. Bode, of Berlin, 
drew the natural inference that the one exception 
to the rule would probably be removed by the dis¬ 
covery of a planet less remote from the sun than 
Jupiter, and more distant than Mars. A society 
was formed in 1800 for the special purpose of explor¬ 
ing the zodiac with the hope of discovering the 
supposed planet, but its efforts were not crowned 
with success. On the first day of the present cen¬ 
tury (January 1,1801) a planetary body, afterward 
called Ceres, was found by Piazzi (who did not be¬ 
long to the society) in the part of the solar system 
theoretically indicated; it was, however, far more- 
diminutive in size than had been expected. Within 
the next six years three more asteroids (Pallas. 
Juno, and Vesta) were found in proximity to Ceres, 
and the suspicion arose that a goodly-sized planet 
had either been blown to pieces by internal forces 
of an explosive character, or splintered in a collision 
with some other heavenly body. Sir D. Brewster 
boldly affirms this in his edition of “ Ferguson’s 
Astronomy.” while Sir J. Herschel at one time ridi¬ 
culed the idea. It was reasoned that if such a catas¬ 
trophe had taken place, many more than four frag¬ 
ments of the shattered planet would probably exist; 
but the search having been considered futile, it was 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




asteroida 


303 


astonishingly 


abandoned in 1816. It was subsequently resumed 
and up to November, 1898, 426 of these small planets 
had been discovered, seventy by Americans. All are 
of minute size, and some angular in place of spher 
ical. According to Mr. Daniel Kirkwood an Ameri¬ 
can astronomer, they would collectively make a 
planet only a little larger than Mars. 

The term asteroid, applied to these small bodies, 
is now bosoming obsolete, the appellation minor 
planets taking its place. Planetoids is another 
name. They are sometimes also called extra-zodiacal 
planets, from their orbits stretching outside the 
zodiac, which is not the case with those of the 
normal type. Authorities differ respecting some 
minute points in the list of asteroids. Melete.when 
discovered on the 9th of September, 1857, was mis¬ 
taken for Daphne, an error not detected till Janu¬ 
ary, 1859. Herschel, Proctor, &c., number it 56, and 
place the date 1857, where it offends the eye, in 1859; 
we, with Mr. G. F. Chambers, transfer it to 1857. 
which alters the numbering of all the minor planets 
from 47 to 56. Before it was called Melete it used to 
be designated Pseudo-Daphne . There are other 
minute differences between lists of asteroids by 
leading authorities. 

2. Pyrotechnics : A firework which projects star- 
like bodies into the air. 

“ . . . rockets with pearl stars . . . ditto with 

magenta stars . . . Asteroids changing colors while 
sailing through the air.”— Advt. in Times, Nov. 4, 1875. 

as-ter-6i-d3, s. pi. [Gr. aster= a star;euios= 
form, shape.] An order of radiated animals, the 
second of the class Polypi. All the species are 
compound animals inhabiting a polypidom. The 
polypes have eight flat tentacles arranged around 
the mouth in a single circle. The order consists of 
four families—the Tubiporid®, the Alcyonid®, the 
Gorgonid®, and the Pennatulidee. 
as-ter-6i'-dal, a. [Eng. asteroid; -ah] 

I. Astronomy: 

1. Gen.: Relating to any star. 

2. Spec. : Relating to the asteroids. 

II. Zool.: Relating to the Asteroida (q. v.). 
as-ter-6-Ite, s. [Gr. aster= a star, and suff. -He 
(Min.) (q. v.).] A mineral, a variety of Augite. 

as ter-o-lep -is, s. [Gr. aster= a star, and lepis 
= a scale, from lepd= to strip off a rind, to peel.] A 
genus of ganoid fishes named on account of the 
starry color of its scales. A bone of a species be¬ 
longing to this genus, found at Stromness, the capi- 
tal of Orkney, suggested to Hugh Miller the writing 
of his beautiful volume entitled Footprints of the 
Creator ; or, the Asterolepis of Stromness. It was 
an elaborate argument against the development 
hypothesis. According to that hypothesis, the first 
species of any class appearing on the scene should 
be low in organization, and probably small in size. 
Mr. Miller showed that the Asterolepis was large in 
size and high in organization, and yet it was at that 
time believed to be the oldest fossil vertebrate 
found in Scotland. His argument was subsequently 
weakened by the discovery that the Stromness 
rocks were less ancient than the Forfarshire beds, 
containing Gephalaspis and other fish genera sub¬ 
sequently discovered, mostly of small size, though 
not of low organization. 

as-ter-o-phyl-ll -te§, s. [Gr. aster= a star; 
phyllon= a leaf; and suff. ites—oi the nature of.] A 
genus of Cryptogamous plants, allied to Calamites, 
belonging to the order Equisetace®. All are fossil, 
and belong to the Carboniferous period. Their 
name was given on account of the starry appear¬ 
ance of the verticillate foliage. Their stems were 
articulated and branched, and it is now known that 
the fossils termed Volkmannia constituted their 
fructification. 

* 3 -stert, v. i. & t. [astakt.] 

* 3 -ste ynte, v. t. [attaint.] 
as-then -I-a, fas -then-y, s. [Gr. asthenia; from 
a>ffAe?ies=without Strength; a, priv., and sthenos= 
strength.] , 

Med. : Absence of strength; debility, 
as-then -ic, a. [Gr. asthenikos.] 

In Medicine: 

1. Of persons: Weakly, infirm; marked by debil- 

2 ! Of diseases: Produced by debility; the result 
of exhausted excitability. 

“ Upon these principles he [Brown] founded the char¬ 
acter and mode of treatment of all diseases, which were 
supposed to consist but of two families, the sthenic and the 
asthenic, the former produced by accumulated, the latter 
by exhausted, excitability, and marked by indirect debil¬ 
ity,” — Dr. Tweedie: Cycl. Pract. Med., vol. ii., p. 160. 

[See Bbunonians.] 

as then ol -6 gy, s. [Gr. astheneia, and logos = :i 
discourse.] A discourse concerning asthenic dis¬ 
eases. The department of medical science which 
treats of those diseases in which debility is a 
marked feature. 

as th-ma, s. [Ger. asthma; Fr. asthme; Sp., 
Port. & Ital. asma; Gr. asthma; from ao=to blow.] 


In Medicine: 

1. Gen.: Chronic shortness of breath, from what¬ 
ever cause it may arise. Till a comparatively recent 
period good medical writers used the term in this 
wide sense, and non-professional writers and the 
public do so still. 

2. Spec.: Asthma, 
difficulty of breath 
after intervals of co: 
usually accompanied by fever.’ f It is most common 
in persons possessing the nervous temperament. 
After some precursory symptoms, it commences, 
often at night, with a paroxysm in which there is 
a groat tightness and constriction of the chest. The 
patient breathes with a wheezing sound, and flings 
open the door or thrown up the window in the effort 
to obtain more air. After a time the paroxysm 
passes away. Other fits of it probably succeed on 
subsequent days, but by no means with the regular¬ 
ity of intermittent, fever. It is produced by a mor¬ 
bid contraction of the bronchial muscles. There are 
two leading varieties of the disease, a nervous and 
a catarrhal, the former of pure sympathetic and 
symptomatic forms, and the latter latent, humoral, 
and mucous chronic sub-varieties, besides an acute 
congestive, and an acute catarrhal form. 

asth-mat'-Io, *asth-mat'-Ick, a. & s. [In Fr. 
asthmatique; Sp., Port., & Ital. asmatiko; Lat. 
asthmaticus; Gr. asthmatikos— asthmatic, panting, 
breathing hard, from asthma .] [Asthma.] 

A. As adjective : 

1. Pertaining or relating to asthma. 

“. . . the asthmatic paroxysms.”— Cycl. Pract. Med., 
vol. i., p. 188. 

2. Affected or threatened with asthma. 

“He was asthmatic and consumptive.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vii. 

B. As substantive: A person affected or threatened 
with asthma. 

“ Asthmaticks cannot bear the air of hot rooms, and 
cities where there is a great deal of fuel burnt.”—.4r- 
buthnot: Air. 

“. . . an old asthmatic." — Cyclo. Pract. Med., vol. i., 

p. 188. 

asth-mat'-Ic-al, a. [En g. asthmatic; -al.] Per¬ 
taining to or affected or threatened with asthma 
(q\ v.). 

“In asthmatical persons, though the lungs be very 
much stuffed with tough phlegm, yet the patient may 
live some months, if not some years.”— Boyle. 

asth-mat-ic al-ly, ctdv. [Eng. asthmatical; 
- ly .] After the manner of one affected with asthma. 
( Richardson.) 

* 3 -stI-ghen ( h silent), v. i. [A. S. astigan= to 
go, to proceed, to mount.] To ascend. ( Stratmann.) 

t 3 -stlg -m 3 -ti§m, s. [Gr. a, priv., and stigmatizo 
=to prick, to puncture; stigma, genit. stigmatos— 
the prick or mark of a pointed instrument, . . . 
any mark or spot.] 

Med.: A defect in eyesight attended with dimness 
of vision, arising, it is believed, from a structural 
error or accidental malformation of the lens of the 
eye. If, in such cases, a luminous point be viewed 
by the eye, it will not appear like a point, but will 
put on some other appearance dependent on the 
nature of the error or malformation. 

“ The cure of a troublesome affection of the tear-ducts, 
together with astigmatism.” — Daily Telegraph, March 23, 
1877. 


or spasmodic asthma, is “a 
ing, recurring in paroxysms, 
moaratively good health, and 


* 9 ,-Stint', v. t. & i. [A. S. astintan.] To stop, to 
cease. ( Ancren Riwle, p. 72.) 

* 3 -Stip -u-late, v. i. [Pref. a representing Lat. 
ad=to; stipulate.] To stipulate; toagree. [Stipu¬ 
late.] 

“ All, but an hateful Epicurus, have astipulated to this 
truth.”— Bp. Hall: Invis. World, bk. ii., § 1. 

*a-stip-u-la -tion, s. [Pref. a representing Lat. 
ad = to ; stipulation .] Stipulation ; agreement. 
[Stipulation.] 

“Gracing himself herein with the astipulation of our 
reverend Jewell.”— Hall: Hon. of the Mar. Clergy, ii. 8. 

3 -stir [Eng.], a-ste er (Old Eng., also Old & 
Mod. Scotch), a. Stirring, active; in motion, in 
commotion. 

“ Life had long been astir in the village.” 

Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. i., 4. 

“ To set things asteer again.”— Scott: Old Mortality, 
xxx vii. 


as-t'ire, *ais'-tre, fas'-tre (tre as ter), s. 
[Etym. doubtful.] The hearth. 

“ Bad her take the pot, that sod ouer the fire, 

And set it abooue vpon the astire.” 

Schole House of Women, 620. ( Boucher .) 


* 3 S-tIt, *as-ty t, * 3 S-ty te, adv. [Eng. os, used 
as a prefix; Icel. titt— ready; A. S. fid=time, tide.] 
1. At once ; immediately, suddenly. 

“I schal telle hit, astit, as I in toun herde, 

With tonge.” 

Sir Gawayne and the Green Knyght (ed. Morris), 31-2. 


2. Quickly. 

“Therefore trewely astyt he told him the sothe.” 

William and the Werwolf, 290. (Boucher.) 
“He dyde on hys clothys astyte." 

MS. Harl. 1,701, f. 46 6. (Boucher.) 

2. Rather. (Jamieson.) 

as-ti-fine, s. [Etymology uncertain.] A certain 
kind of precious stone. 

“Ther is saphire and uniune, 

Carbuncle and astiune.” 

Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, i. 11. (S. in Boucher.) 

3-Stom-a-ta, s. [Gr. a, priv., and stoma, genit. 
stomatos= mouth.] 

Zoology: An order of Infusoria, containing those 
animalcules which have no true or determinate 
mouth. It contains the families Astacid®, Dino- 
bryid®, Peridinid®, and Opalinid®. 

3-stom-a-tous, a. [Astomata.] Pertaining to 
the above-mentioned astomata. Without a mouth. 

(Owen.) 

as -tom-ous, a. [Gr. astomos; from a, priv., and, 

stomata mouth.] 

1. Zool.: Moutliless. 

2. Biol.: Without a mouth or similar aperture. 
(Used of some animals low in organization, ef: 
mosses whose capsules have no aperture, &c.) 

*as-ton -ay, v. t. [Astony.] 

*as~to ne, v. t. [Astony.] 

*as-ton'-Ied, *as-ton-3yd, *as-ton'-eyd, *3S- 
toun -led, *as-ton -yed, *as-ton -yd, *as-toyn- 
ed, * 3 s-ton'-ed, *ston -eyed, pa. par. [Astony.]. 
Astonished, dismayed. 

“Then was King Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his- 
countenance was changed in him, and his lords were- 
astonied.” — Dan. v. 9. 

“ He was so stonyed of that dente 
That nygh he had hys lyff rente.” 

K. Richard, 421. {Boucher.) 

“Sho was astonayd in that stownde, 

For in hys face sho saw a wonde.” 

Gwaine and Gawin, 1,719. (Boucher.): 

“ No wonder is though that sche were asfoned, 

To seen so gret a gest come into that place.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,213-14.. 
“For which this Emelye astoneyed was.” 

Ibid., 2,363. 

“. . . were wonderfully thereat astonyed.” — Stani— 
hurst: Ireland, p. 14. 

* 3 S-ton-ied-ness, s. [Eng. astonied; -ness.] 
The state or quality of being astonied. 

“ Astoniedness or dullness of the mind, not perceiving 
what is done.”— Buret: Diet., “ Benumming.” 

as-ton -ish, *qts-ton -jfsh, v. t. [Old Fr. eston- 
ner, estoner; Mod. Fr. Monner; from Lat. attouitus 
= thunder-struck; attono=( 1) to thunder at, (2) t «■ 
stupefy: ad= to, and tono— to thunder (cf. A. S.. 
astunian=to stun). Closely akin to Astony, As¬ 
tound, and Stun.1 

*1. To strike with a hard body, as if one had been, 
smitten with a thunder-bolt. (Trench.) 

*2. To send a shock through, so as to benumb the 
part smitten, or to stun by a blow. 

“ The cramp-fish [the torpedo] knowetli her own force- 
and power, and being herself not benumbed, is able to 
astonish others.” — Holland’s Pliny, vol. i., 261. (See* 
Trench’s Select Glossary, p. 11.) 

“ And sure, had not his massy iron wall 
Betwixt him and his hurt bene happily, 

It would have cleft him to the girding place; 

Yet, as it was, it did astonish him long space.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. viii. 43. 

3. To inspire suddenly with great amazement, as- 
if one had been struck by lightning, or at least 
appalled by a loud peal of thunder. To strike with 
sudden terror, surprise, or wonder; to amaze. 

“. . . the people were astonished at his doctrine.” 
— Matt. vii. 28. 

as-ton'-Ished, pa.par. & a. [Astonish.] 

“For lo! the god in dusky clouds enshrin’d, 
Approaching, dealt a staggering blow behind. 
***** 

His spear in shivers falls; his baldric strews the field 
The corselet his astonish’d breast forsakes.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi., 954-68. 
“And start the astonish’d shades at female eyes, 

And thundering tube the aged angler hears.” 

Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches. 

tts-ton-ish-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Astonish. ] 

“The short space of sixty years has made an astonish¬ 
ing difference in the facility of distant navigation.”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xxi. 

as-ton-ish-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. astonishing; -it/.] 
In an astonishing manner; wonderfully. 

“We crossed a large troct of land astonishingly fruit¬ 
ful.”— Swinburne: Spain, Lett. 14. 

“. . . it cannot be denied that the great house of 
Smith has held its own astonishingly well throughout the 
ages.”— Daily Telegraph, December 5, 1877. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = sh3.11. -tion, 


(jell, chorus, 5hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§icn 


go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; 
zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del- 




astonishingness 

93 -ton-lsh-Ing-ness, s. [Eng. astonishing; 
«esa.] The quality of being fitted to excite aston- 
(fihment, or of actually exciting it. (Johnson.) 

as-ton-Ish-ment, s. [Eng. astonish; - ment. In 
Fr. Monnement.) 

1. The act of astonishing. 

2. The state of being astonished; the emotion 
produced when something stupendous, stunning, 
wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the mind. 

“The Lord shall smite thee with madness, and blind¬ 
ness, and astonishment of heart.”— Dent, xxviii. 28. 

3. The object exciting such an emotion. 

“And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwelling-place for 
•dragons, an astonishment, and a hissing, without an 
inhabitant.”— Jer. li. 37. 

*as-ton-jf, *as-ton’-aye, *as-toun-y, *g.s- 
t6y ne, * 9 S-to ne, *as-til -nl-en, v. t. [From 0. 
Fr. estonner.] To stun; to astonish. [Astonish, 
Astound, Stun.] (.Almost always in the pa. par.) 
{Astonied.] 

H It may be followed by at. With is now obso¬ 
lete. 

IT Astony and astonish co-existed for a consider¬ 
able period, commencing at least as early as the 
•first part of the sixteenth century. Richardson 

f ;ives an instance of the use of astonish in A. D. 1535. 
Astonish.] 

*9S-ton’-yed, *as-ton-yd, *as-tdyned, pa. 
par. [Astonied.] 

*as-ton'-y-ihg, * 9 s-ton-yfige, *g.s-toyn> 

filge, pr. par. & s. [Astony.] 

As subst.: Stupefaction, amazement. ( Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*jj.-sto're, *a-sto r-]fn, v. t. [0. Fr. estoire= pro¬ 
visions, equipage.] 

A. (Of the form astoryn): To store. (Prompt. 
Parvr) 

B. (Of the form astore): To provide with stores. 
“For sevene yer, and yitt more, 

The castel he gan astore. 

Fyftene thousand I fynd in book; 

He lefte, that cyte for to look.” 

Richard, 6,486. (Boucher.) 

AS-toU'nd, v. t. & i. [From 0. Eng. astounied, 
pa. par. of astone (q. v.). In A. S. astundian=to 
astound, to grieve, to suffer grief, to bear; O. Fr. 
estonner .] [Astonish.] 

1. Trans. : To stun; to strike with amazement. 
“These thoughts may startle well, but not astound 
The virtuous mind, that ever walks attended 
By a strong siding champion, conscience.” 

Milton: Comus. 

“. •. . but Preston, astounded by his master’s flight, 
, . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

2. Intransitive : To send forth a stunning sound; 
to peal forth as thunder. 

“ The lightnings flash a larger curve, and more 
The noise astounds." — Thomson: Summer, 1,137-8. 

as-tou'nd-ed, fus-tound, pa. par. & a. [As¬ 
tound.] 

as tou nd ing, pr. par. & a. [Astound.] 
as-tou nd-ment, s. [Eng. astound; •ment.'} 
Astonishment. 

*as-tou'n-ied, pa. par. [Astonied.] 
*as-toy'n-yn, *as-toy n, v. t. [Astony J To 
shake, to bruise. (Prompt. Pare.) 

As-trgt-can', Xs-tra'-khan, s. & a. [Foretym. 
see def.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Geog. : A province of Russia, on the northwest¬ 
ern coast of the Caspian Sea. 

2. Comm.: A name given to curled, woolly skins, 
obtained from the sheep found in the province of 
Astracan, and in Persia and Syria; a fabric with a 
pile in imitation of this. 

B. As adj. : Made of, or resembling, the skins or 
fabric described under A. 2. 

as'-tra-9l§m, s. [From Gr. astraios = starry, 
starred.] Starriness. 

“Above the three-fold astracism of heaven.” 

Marlowe. 

As-trse'-a (1)> Xs-tre’-a, s. [Lat. Astrcea .] 

I. Class. Myth.: The goddess of justice. Like 
other divinities, she lived for a time on the earth, 
but being disgusted with the iniquity of mankind, 
she was obliged to quit it, being, however, the last 
of the deities to depart. When at length she went 
away she was transformed into a constellation 
(Virgo). 

“This our laud containes 
Some in whose heart devine Astrcea raignes.” 

Times Whistle, E. E. Text Soc., sat. 4, 1,523-4. 
“In this life of probation for rapture divine, 

Astrea declares that some penance is due.” 

Byron: Love’s Last Adieu. 


304 


II. Astronomy: 

*1. The constellation Virgo, called also Erigone 
and Isis. [See No. I.] 

“Hung forth in heaven his golden Scales, yet seen 
Betwixt Astrea and the Scorpion sign.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

2. An asteroid, the fifth found. It was discovered 
by Hencke on the 8th of December, 1845. 

as-trse'-a (2), s. [From Gr. astraios = starry, 
starred; astron=n star; generally in pi. astra— the 
stars.] 

Zool.: A genus of radiated animals, the typical 
one of the family Astraeidae. It received the name 
Astrwa because the animals are thickly studded 
over it like stars in the sky. There are many recent 
and also many fossil species. 

Xs-trae’-an, a. [From Astrcea (q. v.).] Pertain¬ 
ing to Astrwa, favored by the presence of Astrwa. 

“Intent on her, who rapt in glorious dreams. 

The second-sight of some Astrcean age.” 

Tennyson: The Princess, ii. 

as-trse -I-dse, s. pi. [From astrcea, the typical 
genus.] [Astr.ea (2).] 

Zool.: A family of radiated animals belonging to 
the class Polypi and the order Helianthoida. It is 
specially to this family that the formation of coral 
reefs is to be attributed. It contains the genera 
Astrwa, Meandrina, &c. 

as'-tra-gal, s. [Astragalus.] 

as-tra-gal-e-se, s. pi. [Astragalus.] A tribe 
of papilionaceous plants. 

g,s-trag-g,l-o-man'-9y, s. [Gr. astragalos , in the 
plur.=dice, and ?}iawfeia=divination.] Pretended 
divination performed by throwing down small dice 
with marks corresponding to letters of the alpha¬ 
bet, and observing what words they formed. It 
was practiced in the temple of Hercules, in Achaia. 

9S-trag'-al-iis, as tra gal, s. [In Fr. astragale; 
Sp., Port., & Ital. astraaalo; Lat. astragalus; Gr. 
astragalos =the ball of tne ankle-joint. A legumi¬ 
nous plant, so called because its knotted root 
resembled an ankle-joint. In Arch., a molding in 
the capital of an Ionic column): 

A. (Of the form astragalus): 

1. Anat.: One of the bones belonging to the 
tarsus. 

“ The tibia rests upon the astragalus, and through that 
bone transmits the weight to the foot.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 146. 

2. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Fabace® and the sub-order Papilionace®. The 
English name is Milk Vetch. The genus contains 
about two hundred American species. A. verus fur¬ 
nishes Gum-tragacanth (q. v.). It is a native of 
Northern Persia. The seeds of A. bceticus, after 
being roasted and ground, are used in Hungary as a 
substitute for coffee. There are many other foreign 
species of Astragalus, many of them ornamental. 

B. (Of the forms astragal and astragalus): 



Astragalus. 


Arch.: “ A small semi-circular molding or Bead, 
sometimes termed Roundel.” (Gloss, of Architec¬ 
ture.) 

“ I presume the three sets of double astragals at the 
base of the columns, one of which is in the British 
Museum, were all endecked with gold fillets, as here de¬ 
scribed.”— letter of Mr. Wood, entitled “ Diana of the 
Ephesians," Times, February 17, 1874. 

as’-tra~kan-Ite, s. [In Ger. astrakanit. From 
Astrakhan, near which it occurs.] A mineral, with 
whitish crystals. It is the same as Bloedite (q. v.). 

as'-tral, a. [Ger., Fr., Sp., & Port, astral (adj.); 
Ital. astrale (adj.); Lat. astralis (adj.), from astrum 
=a star; Gr. astra, pl.=the stars.] 

A. As adjective : Pertaining to the stars ; starry. 

“ Some astral forms I must invoke by pray’r. 

Fram’d all of purest atoms of the air ; 

Not in their natures simply good or ill. 

But most subservient to bad spirits’ will.” 

Dryden. 

B. As substantive : The same as Astral Lamp 
( q. v.). Speaking of a room in a peasant’s hut 
transformed by imagination into a splendid draw¬ 
ing-room, Whittier says: 

“ The tallow candle an astral shone.” 

astral body, s. The spiritual body, as distinct 
from the material. 

astral lamp. A lamp similar in character to an 
ArgandLamp (q. v.). 


astriction 

astral spirits, or spirits dwelling in the heav¬ 
enly bodies, in the demonology of the Middle Ages 
were conceived of sometimes as fallen angels, some¬ 
times as souls of dead men, or as spirits originating 
in fire and hovering between heaven, earth, and 
hell, without belonging to either. 

9 ,-strand’, adv. [Eng. a=on ; strand .] Stranded. 

“ As the tall ship, whose lofty prore 
Shall never stem the billows more. 

Deserted by her gallant band, 

Amid the breakers lies astrand." 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. IX 

as-tran’-ti-a, s. [In Ger. astranz; Fr . astrance; 
Port, astrancia; Gr. astron= a star, and anti, here 
implying comparison with. So called from the 
beautiful star-like involucres.] Master-wort. A 
genus of plants belonging to the order Apiace®, or 
UmbeHifers. 

as’-tra-pse-a, *• [Gr. astrapaios= pertaining to 
lightning; astrape—a. flash of lightning.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Sterculiace®, or 
Sterculiads, and the tribe Dombey®. It has large 
heads of flowers so splendid in color that they sug¬ 
gested the choice of the generic name. 

a-strSL'y, *a-stra’ye, adv., v., &s. [Eng. a=on; 
stray.] 

A. As adverb: 

1. Lit.: Out of the right path, or inclosure, or 
place, where the person or animal described as 
straying ought to be. 

“For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now 
returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.”— 
1 Peter ii. 25. 

2. Fig.: Out of the path of truth, of propriety, 
or of moral rectitude. 

“ You run astray; for whilst we talk of Ireland, you rip, 
up the original of Scotland.”— Spenser: Ireland. 

*B. As verb: To stray away 

“They astrayed from God.”— Hudson: Judith, ii. 352. 

C. As substantive: An animal or a person out of 
the right way or place. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*9-Stra'y-ljf, adv. [En g. astray ; -ly.] The same 
as Astray, adv. (q. v.). (Prompt. Parv.) 

*as -tre (tre=ter), s. [Fr. astre, from Gr. astron 
= astar.] A star. (Scotch.) 

“ The glittering astres bright.” 

Hume: Chron. S. P., iii. 386. (Jamieson.) 

Xs-tre-a, s. [Astrasa (1).] 

*as-tre~la-bre (bre=ber), s. An old spelling 
of Astrolabe (q. v.). 

*a-strength e, v. t. [A. S. sfrengan=to strengthen; 
strengthu— strength.] To strengthen. 

“This is si vaire miracle thet thet godspel of te day 
us telth. Therefore sal hure be-liaue bie the betere 
astrengthed." — Old Kentish Sermons (ed. Morris), p. 32. 

*a-stret'§li-^n, *a-stret’ 5 he, v. t. [A. S. astrec- 
can, astrecan, astrcecan, pret. astrehte, pa. par. 
astreht— to stretch out, to bow down.] To stretch 
out, to reach. (Prompt. Parv.) 

a-strlct’, v. t. [From Lat. astrictus, pa. par. of 
astringo: ad= to, and stringo= to draw tight; Gr. 
strango=to draw tight.] [Astringe.] 

A. Ord. Lana.: To contract by means of an appli¬ 
cation ; to bind fast. 

“ The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted, as they 
let the humors pass, either in too small or too great quan¬ 
tities.”— Arbuthnot: Aliments 

B. Law: Legally to bind. (Scotch.) 

“ None salde holdin nor astrictitto mak forder payment 
of thair partis of the said taxation.”— Acts Jas. VI. (1585). 

a-strlct', a. [In Port, astricto; Lat. astrictus 
pa. par. of astringo .] Contracted, concise. 

“ An epitaph is a superscription, or an astrict pithy dia 
gram.”— Weever: Funeral Mon. 

_a-stric'-tion, s. [In Fr. astriction; Sp. astric 
cion; Port, adstriegao; Lat. adstrictio .] [Astrict, 
V-] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act or capability of binding closely. Used — 

(1) Of the body: 

“ This virtue requireth an astriction, but such an 
astriction as is not grateful to the body . . for a 
pleasing astriction doth rather bind in the humors than 
expel them; and therefore such astriction is found in 
things of an harsh taste.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist.. Cent. i. 

§ 40. 

(2) Of the mind and will: 

“ So of marriage he is the author, yet hence will not 
follow any divine astriction more than what is subordi¬ 
nate to the glory of God, and the main good cf either 
party.”— Milton: Doctrine of Divorce, bk. i., ch. 13. (Rich, 
ardson .) 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot. 
or. wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur. rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu= 3 kw. 










astrictive 


305 


astrologically 


II. The state of being so bound, physically or 
mentally. 

“ Lenitive substances are proper tor dry atrabilarian 
institutions, who are subject to astriction of the belly 
*nd the piles.”— Arbuthnot: Viet. 

III. That which binds closely; an astringent. 

“ Astriction is in a substance that hath a virtual cold, 
and it worketh partly by the same means that cold doth.” 
— Bacon. 

If See also example under I. (1). 

B. Technically: 

Med.: In the same senses as those under A. I. 

<1),II. &III. 

Sjl-strict'-Ive, a. [Eng. astrict; -ive.] Possess¬ 
ing the quality of contracting or binding; styptic. 

“The naked branches and bunches whereupon there 
were grapes have an astrictive vertue.”— Holland: Pliny. 
fok. xxiii., ch. 1. ( Richardson .) 

^.-Strict -or-y, a. [ Lat. astrictorius.] Possess¬ 
ing the quality of contracting or binding; astrin¬ 
gent ; actually contracting or binding. 

a-strl de, adv. [Eng. a; stride.'] 

1. Lit.: With the legs across, as when a person is 
on horseback. 

“And yet for all that rode astride on a beast.”— 
C. Cotton: A Voyage to Ireland. 

2. Fig.: Supported on either side of anything, as 
spectacles on the nose. 

“ . . . and glasses with horn bows 
Sat astride on his nose, with a look of wisdom supernal.” 

Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. i,, 3. 

as-trif'-er-Ous, a. [Lat. astrifer; astrum— a 
star, and fero—ta bear.] Bearing stars; starry. 

as-trlg-er-ous, a. [Lat. astriger, from astrum 
«= a star, and gero = to carry.] Carrying stars ; 
Starry. 

*a-StrIk'-Mt, pa. par. [Asteict.] (Scotch.) 

a-string e, v.t. [In Fr. astreindre; Sp. astringir; 
Port, adstringir; Ital. astringere; from Lat. as- 
tringo.] [Asteict, v.] 

1. Lit.:' To bind together, by compressing the 
parts which till then have remained separate; to 
compress. 

“Tears are caused by a contraction of the spirits of the 
brain; which contraction, by consequence, astringeth the 
moisture of the brain, and thereby sendeth tears into the 
eyes.”— Bacon. 

2. Fig.: To bind the mind or conscience by an 
obligation. ( Wolsey.) 

g,-stiTH’-gen-§y, s. [In Fr. astringence; Port. 
adstringencia, astringencia; Ital. astringenza , as- 
tringenzia; from Lat. astringens , pr. par. of 
astringo=to draw close, to bind.] [ Asteinge.] 
The act or power of binding or contracting any part 
of the bodily frame. (It is opposed to Relaxa¬ 
tion.) 

“ Astriction prohibiteth dissolution; as, in medicines, 
astringents inhibit putrefaction; and by astringency, 
some small quantity of oil of vitriol will keep fresh water 
long from putrefying.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

“Acid, acrid, austere, and bitter substances, by their 
astringency, create horror ; that is, stimulate the fibers.”— 
Arbuthnot. 

a-Strin’-gent, a. & s. [In Fr. astringent; Sp. & 
ital. astringente; Port, adstringente; from Lat. 
astringens, pr. par. of astringo .] [Asteinge.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Contracting and condensing the muscular 
fiber. (It is opposed to Laxative.) 

“ Astringent medicines are binding, which act by the 
asperity of their particles, whereby they corrugate the 
membranes, and make them draw up closer.”— Quincy. 

2. It is sometimes used of tastes which seem to 
contract the mouth. 

B. As substantive: 

Med.: A substance which produces contraction 
and condensation of the muscular fiber: for in* 
stance, when applied to a bleeding wound they so 
contract the tissues as to stop the hemorrhage. 
The contraction thus produced is different from 
that effected by an ordinary stimulant, and from 
that caused by the administration of a tonic. 
[Stimulant, Tonic.] They may be divided into (1) 
those which exert a tonic influence, as tannin com¬ 
bined with gallic acid ; also sulphuric, acetic acids, 
Ac.; (2) those which have a sedative effect, as the 
salts of lead; and (3) those which operate chem¬ 
ically, as chalk or other variety of carbonate of 
lime. Astringents are nseful in various diseases. 
(Dr. A. T. Thomson, in the Cycl. of Pract. Med.) 

“In medicines, astringents inhibit putrefaction.”— 
Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

a-strln'-gent-ly, adv. [Eng. astringent’, -ly.] 
In an astringent manner; in the way that astrin¬ 
gents act; so as to bind or contract. 

ta-strin-ger, *au-strln-ger, *5s-treg'-I-er, s. 
[Low Lat. ostercus, austercus=a goshawk ( Nares ),’ 
'O. Fr. austour. ostour, ostorr, ostor; Mod. Fr. 


autour; Prov. austor; Q. Sp. aztor; Ital. astore; 
from Lat. acceptor, accipiter^a goshawk.] A fal¬ 
coner ; spec., one who keeps a goshawk. 

Enter a gentle Asisringer. 

“This man may help me to his majesty’s ear.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, v. L 

a-strlng'-ing, pr. par. [Asteinge.] 
as-trip -Q-tent, adj. [Lat. astrum=a star, and 
potens—potent, powerful.] Ruling the stars. 

“The high astripotent auctor of all.” 

MS. Harl., 2,251, f. 80 b. (Boucher.) 
*as'-trlte. s. [Asteoite.] 

as-tro-car'-y-um, s. [Gr. astron^ a star, and 
kmuon— (1) nut, (2) the stone in stone-fruits.] A 
genus of palms belonging to the family Cocoinse. 

as-tro-der -mus, s. [Gr. astron = a star, and 
derma= the skin.] A genus of spiny-finned fishes 
belonging to the Scomberidro, or Mackerel family. 



Astrodermus Guttalis. 


The A. guttalis is from the Mediterranean, and is 
somewhat akin to the Coryphcena. 

a3-trog'-en-y, s. [Gr. astron = a star, and 
gennao— to bring forth, to produce.] The coming 
into existence of the celestial bodies. 

as-tro-gno §-i-a, as-tro-gno §-y, s. [Gr. astron 
— a star, and <jads£s=inquiry, knowledge; gnonai, 
2 aor. inf. of gignbskb —to learn, to know, to per¬ 
ceive.] Knowledge of the stars. 

as-trog-ra-phjr, s. [Gr. astron—a star, and 
graphe— ... a writing, a description.] A writ¬ 
ing or treatise on the stars; a description of the 
stars; a delineation of the stars. (Johnson.) 

as-troi -d, a. [Gr. astron— a star, and eidos= 
form, shape.] 

Hera Idry: A mullet. 

*as-tr6-I te, *as-tr6-i't, *as-trl te, *as-ter- 

l te, s. [In Fr. astroite; Lat. asterites, astrites: 
Gr. astron, or aster—a star, and suff. -ite=like.] 
[Astebia.] 

1. Gen.: Any star-stone, i. e., stone of a radiate 
structure or superficially radiated, whether a min¬ 
eral or a fossil organism, the necessity of precise 
identifications in suclx matters never having been 
popularly understood. Hence various radiated 
minerals, also joints of fossil encrinites, and any¬ 
thing similar, have by one unscientific person or 
other been designated as astroites or star-stones. 

“Astroites or star-stones . . .”— Brome: Travels 

(1700), p. 12. (Halliwell: Cont. to Lexic.) 

“ In the arable grounds toward Barton, lying on a bed 
of stone, has been found a species of the astroite, or 
starry-stone, very beautiful, deeply intagliated or en¬ 
graven like a seal.” —War ton: Hist, of Kiddington, p. 25. 

2. Spec. : An ancient gem, called by Pliny asteria. 
Some have thought this the mineral named cats' - 
eye, which possesses a certain faint resemblance to 
a star, in having a fibrous substance; others, 
amianthus or asbestos inclosed in quartz ; but both 
Phillips and Dana regard it as a variety of the sap¬ 
phire—that sometimes called the asteriated sap¬ 
phire. [Asteeia.] 

as -tro-labe, *as-try-labe, *as-trS-byre, s. 

t in Dan., Dut., & Ger. astrolabium; Fr. astrolabe ; 
’rov. asfrolabi; Sp., Port. & Ital. astrolabio; Low 
Lat. astrolabium; Gr. 
astrolabos, astrolabi- 
Icon, from astron — a 
star, and labein, 2 aor. 
inf. of lamband — to 
take.] In its etymolog¬ 
ical sense, any instru¬ 
ment for taking the 
altitude of a star or 
other heavenly body, a 
definition which would 
include not merely the 
astrolabe properly so 
called, but also the 
sextant, the quadrant, 
the equatorial, the alti¬ 
tude and azimuth 
circle, the theodolite, 
or any similar instru¬ 
ment. But, practically, 
the word is limited to 
the three following Astrolabe, 

significations: 

1. A planisphere, a srereographic projection of the 
sphere upon the plane of one of its great circles. 
This may be either the plane of the equator, in 



which case the eye is supposed to be at the pole; 
or the plane of the meridian, in which case the eye 
is considered to be at the point of intersection of 
the equinoctial and the horizon. 

2. An armillary sphere or any similar instrument. 
[Aemillaby.] This type of astrolabe was in use 
among astronomers at least from the early part of 
the second century A. D., if not even from the second 
or third century B. C. 

“ His astrylabe, longyng for his art.” 

Chaucer.- C. T., 3,209. 

“ Liv’d Tycho now, struck with this ray, which shone 
More bright i’ the morn than others beam at noon. 
He’d take his astrolabe,, and seek ont here 
What new star ’twas did gild our hemisphere.” 

Dry den: Death of Lord Hastings, v. 45. 

IT The former use of the word was common in the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Such an 
astrolabe as that first described was the badge o# 
an astrologer. 

“ She sente for him, and he came ; 

With him his, astrolabe he name. 

With points and circles merveilous, 

Which was of fine gold precious.” 

Gower: Conf. Am.., bk. vi. 

IT Tho forms astyllabyre and astyrlaby ar« in 
Prompt. Parv. 

“. . . for we see spheres, globes, astrolabes, maps, 
and the like, have been provided as appurtenances to 
astronomy and cosmography, as well as books.”— Bacon: 
Adv. of Learn., bk. ii. 

3. A graduated circle, with sights attached, in use 
early in the eighteenth century for taking the 
altitude of the heavenly bodies at sea. It was 
ultimately superseded by Hadley’s quadrant, 
introduced to public notice about 1730. (Penny 
Cyclopaedia.) 

^s-tror-g- try, s. [Gr. astra= the stars, and 
latreia = worship.] The worship of the stars. 
( Cudworth.) 

as-tro-lith-ol -6-gy, s. [Gr. astron^a star, lithos 
— a stone, and logos— ... a discourse.] A name 
proposed by Professor Shepard to designate the 
science which treats of meteorites or aerolites. (Sow¬ 
er by : Popular Mineralogy 1850; Aerolites, p. 218.) 

*as-tro-10ge, s. [In Sw. & Ger. astrolog; Fr. as¬ 
tro logue ; Sp. & Port, astrologo; Ital. astrologo, 
astrolago; Lat. astrologus; Gr. astrologos—( l)’an 
astronomer, (2) (later) an astrologer; astron= a star, 
pi. astra=the stars, and lego— . . . to speak of.J 
The same as Asthologee (q. v.). 

“Of alle men i-blessed most he be 
The wise astrologe daun PtholomA” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,905-6. 

as-trol-o-ger, *g,s-trol'-S-gere, s. [Eng. as- 

trolog(y); -er.\ [Asteologe, Astrology.] 

*1. Originally: An astronomer. 

“ A worthy astrologer, by perspective glasses, hath found 

in the stars many things unknown to the ancients.”_ 

Raleigh. 

IT As most, if not all, the ancient astronomers be- 
lieved that the heavenly bodies have an influence 
upon human destinies: and any one who predicted 
fortunes from the position of the stars, required to 
study their movements, no need was at first felt for 
drawing a distinction between an astronomer and 
an astrologer in the modern sense of these terms. 

2. Subsequently and now: An astrologer, as con¬ 
tradistinguished from an astronomer. A man of 
unscientific mind who studies the heavenly bodies, 
not to ascertain the laws which affect their exist¬ 
ence and movements, but in the vain hope of fore¬ 
casting the future destiny of himself or others. 

“ This made the astrologers so idle as to judge of a man’s 
nature and destiny, by the constellation of the moment of 
his nativity or conception.”— Bacon: Colors of Good and 
Evil, ch. x. 

“. . . the astrologers, the star-gazers, and monthly 
prognosticators, . . .”— Isa. xlvii. 13. 

*as-tr6-lo -gi-an, s. [Eng. astrolog(y); -ian. In 
Prov. astrologian.] The same as Asteologe/ 
(q. v.). 

“The twelve houses of heaven, in the form which astro- 
logians use.”— Camden. 

“. . . an astrologian 
That in his works said such a day o’ the month 
Should be the day of doom, . . .” 

Webster: Duchess of Malfl, iv. 2. 

5,s-tro-log-ic, *as-tro-log'-lck, as-tro-log’- 
Ic-al, a. [In Fr. astrologique; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
astrologico; from Gr. astrologikos=pevtainmg to 
astronomy.] 

1. Pertaining or relating to astronomy; com¬ 
mingled, as the old astronomy was, with astrology. 

2. Relating to astrology ; believing, professing or 
practicing astrology. 

“No cistrologic wizard honor gains 
Who has not oft been banished, or in chains.” 

Dry den: Juvenal, sat. vi. 

as-tro-log-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. astrological ; 
•ly .] After the manner of astrologers, or according 
to the rules of astrology. (Johnson.) 


la fill, boy; pout, jowl, cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shim; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 
20 








astrologie 

*as-tr8r-0-gie, s. [Astrology.] 

as-trol-o'-glze, v. t. [Eng. astrolog(y ); -ize. In 
Gr. astrologed=to study or practice astronomy; 
asfra=the stars, and logos— discourse.] To study or 
practice astrology. (Johnson.) 

as-tro-logue, s. [Astrologe.] 

as-trol'-o-gy, *as-trol'-o-gie, s. [In Ger. & Fr. 
astrologie; Dan. & Sw. astrologi; Sp., Port., Ital., 
& Lat. astrologia—(T) a knowledge of the stars, 
astronomy, (2) astrology; Gr. astrologia= astron¬ 
omy ; from astron , generally used of stars in the 
plural, aster—& single star, logos= discourse, also 
reason. A discourse concerning the stars, or the 
reason of the stars.] 

1. Originally: The word astrology , as yet 
unspecialized, included both _ the true science of 
astronomy and the pseudo science defined under 
No. 2. [See etymology.] 

2. Now: The word having become specialized, 
signifies the pseudo science which pretends to fore¬ 
tell future events by studying the position of the 
stars, and ascertaining their alleged influence upon 
human destiny. Natural Astrology professes to 
predict changes in the weather from studying the 
stars [Astrometeorology], and Judicial or Judi¬ 
ciary Astrology to foretell events bearing on the 
destiny of individual human beings or the race of 
mankind generally. 

1[ In the infancy of the world, when the stars 
were assumed to be, as they seemed, sparkles of 
light, whose diminutiveness so markedly contrasted 
with the hugeness of the earth, it was a perfectly 
legitimate conjecture or hypothesis that one main 
function which the shining specks served in the 
economy of nature might be to influence human 
destinies. Hence the Chinese, the Egyptians, the 
Chaldseans, the Romans, and most other ancient 
nations, with the honorable exception of the Greeks, 
became implicit believers in astrology. It was 
partly the cause and partly the effect of the preva¬ 
lent worship of the heavenly bodies. The “star¬ 
gazers,” sarcastically referred to by Isaiah (xlvii. 
13) s were evidently astrologers: so also were what 
are called in the margin “viewers of the heavens 
but the Heb. word rendered “astrologers” in Dan. 
i. 20; ii. 2, 27; iv. 7; v. is a much. vaguer one, 
meaning those who practice incantations, without 
indicating what the character of these incantations 
may be. The later Jews, the Arabs, with other 
Mohammedan races, and the Christians in mediaeval 
Europe, were all great cultivators of astrology. 
The ordinary method of procedure in the Middle 
Ages was to divide a globe or a planisphere into 
twelve portions by circles running from pole to 
pole, iike those which now mark meridians of lon¬ 
gitude. Each of the twelve spaces or intervals be¬ 
tween these circles was called a “house” of heaven. 
The sun, the moon, and the stars all pass once in 
twenty-four hours through the portion of heavens 
represented by the twelve “houses;” nowhere 
however, except at the equator, are the same stars 
uniformly together in the same house. Every house 
lias one of the heavenly bodies ruling over it as its 
lord. The houses symbolize different advantages 
or disadvantages. The first is the house of life; 
the second, of riches; the third, of brethren; the 
fourth, of parents; the fifth, of children ; the sixth, 
of health ; the seventh, of marriage; the eighth, of 
death: the ninth, of religion; the tenth, of digni¬ 
ties ; the eleventh, of friends; and the twelfth, of 
enemies. The houses vary in strength, the first one, 
that containing the part of the heavens about to 
rise, being the most powerful of all: it is called the 
ascendent [Ascendent] ; while the point of the 
ecliptic just rising is termed the horoscope. The im¬ 
portant matter was to ascertain what house and 
star was in the ascendent at the moment of a per¬ 
son’s birth, from which it was deemed possible to 
augur his fortune. It followed that all people born 
in the same part of the world at the same time 
ought to have had the same future, an allegation 
which experience decisively contradicted. Even 
apart from this, astrological predictions of all kinds 
had a fatal tendency to pass away without being 
fulfilled; and when, finally, it was discovered that 
the tiny looking stars were suns like that irradiat¬ 
ing our heavens, and the earth not the center of the 
universe, but only a planet revolving around an¬ 
other body, and itself much exceeded in size by 
several of its compeers, every scientific mind in 
Europe felt itself unable any longer to believe in 
astrology, which has been in an increasingly lan¬ 
guishing state since the middle of the seventeenth 
century. It still flourishes in Asia and Africa. Thus 
when a Brahman boy comes into the world means 
are at once taken to construct his “horoscope,” in- 
dictating what his future destiny is to be. But in 
this country no one can profess to believe in astrol¬ 
ogy without exciting the gravest doubt regarding 
his intellect, his knowledge, or his good faith. It is 
legal to publish a work disfigured with astro¬ 
logical vaticinations; but the moment one accepts 
payment for telling, by the help of the stars, the 
‘■fortune” of an individual, he or she becomes 


306 

liable to arrest upon a charge of obtaining money 
under false pretenses. No belief, extensively held 
and long prevalent, ever passes away without leav¬ 
ing traces in language, and ascendent, ascendency, 
disaster, disastrous, evil-starred, influence, mercu¬ 
rial, jovial, saturnine, &c., are all astrological 
words. 

“ I find my zenith doth depend upon 
A most auspicious star; whose influence 
If now I court not, but omit, my fortunes 
Will ever after droop.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, Act 1, Sc. 2. 

as-tro-me-te-or-ol-6-gy, s. [Gr. astron= a star, 
and Eng. meteorology (q.v.).] The investigation of 
the influence excited by the sun, moon, and stars 
upon the weather. The sun, of course, excites 
transcendent influence. The notion that changes 
of the weather take place at changes of the moon 
is not borne out by impartial inquiry. The stars 
seem absolutely void of perceptible effect on the 
weather. 

as-tro me-te-or -6-scope, s. [Gr. astron= a 
star, and Eng. meteoroscope (q.v.).] An apparatus 
invented by Mr. Pichler for demonstrating, by 
means of the optical lantern, the effects of persist¬ 
ence of vision. 

as-trom'-e-ter, s. [Gr. astron=a star, and 
metron—a measure.] An instrument invented by 
Sir John Herschel for measuring the apparent rela¬ 
tive magnitudes of the stars. 

as-trom -et-ry, s. [Asteometee.] The meas¬ 
urement and the numerical expression of the appar¬ 
ent magnitudes of the fixed stars. 

*hs-trom'-y-en, s. [Apparently abbreviated from 
0. Eng. astronomien to make it fit more easily into 
a line of poetry.] An astronomer, an astrologer, or 
both in one person. 

“ Of gold he made a table, 

Al ful of steorren, sauu fable, 

And thougte to seyn, amonges men. 

That he is an astromyen." 

Alisaunder, i. 136. (Boucher.) 

^ as-tron'-&m-er, *us-tron'-6m-ere, *as-tron - 
om-yer, s. [Eng. astronom(y); suff. -er. In Sw. 
astronom; Fr. astronome; Sp., Port., & Ital. as- 
tronomo; Lat. astronomus; Gr. astronomos, as adj. 
^classing the stars, as suhstan.=an astronomer; 
astron= a star, astra (pl.)=stars, and nemo=to dis¬ 
tribute, ... to pasture (a flock). Hence an 
astronomer is a classifier of the stars, or, according 
to Herschel, a “ shepherd of the stars.”] [ Asteon- 

OMY.] 

Essential signification: One who studies the stars, 
the word giving no indication as to his motive in 
so doing. During ancient and mediaeval times the 
keenest spur to the exploration of the heavens was 
furnished by the belief, then all but universally 
entertained, that the stars influenced human des¬ 
tinies ; hence astronomer signified— 

*1. Originally: In the main an astrologer; one 
who studied the stars, partly, no doubt, from scien¬ 
tific curiosity, but chiefly because he believed they 
influenced human destinies. 

“ If astronomers say true, every man at his birth by his 
constellation hath divers things and desires appointed 
him.”— Pilkington: Exposition upon the Prophet Aggeus, 
ch. i. (See Trench: Select Glossary, p. 12.) 

“ But what was ominous, that very morn 
The sun was entered into Capricorn, 

Which, by this bad astronomer’s account. 

That week the Virgin Balance should remount.” 

Dryden: Hind and Panther. 

% Subsequently : As study of the heavens advanced, 
the more gifted minds discovered the fallacy of the 
old notion that the stars influenced human des¬ 
tinies. while the less talented firmly adhered to the 

opular delusion on the subject. It consequently 

ecame needful to distinguish the two classes of 
men. The word astronomer was therefore reserved 
for any really scientific student of the stars, while 
the term astrologer _ was abandoned to the credu¬ 
lous, if not even insincere, star-gazer. Convenience 
dictated this arrangement: if etymology were 
followed, an astrologer would be regarded as 
the equal, if not the superior, of an astronomer. 
[Astrologer.] 

“It [Encke’s comet] was predicted and generally 
observed in 1825, and so anxious were astronomers to dis¬ 
cover it, that two new comets were found in looking for 
it.”— Airy: Report on Astronomy. Brit. Assoc. Rep., vol. i., 
2d ed. (1832), p. 163. 

Astronomer Royal: The appellation given to the 
eminent astronomer intrusted by the British Gov¬ 
ernment with the care of the Greenwich Observa¬ 
tory, and who is expected to turn to the best 
account the splendid instruments erected there for 
the survey of the heavens. 

as-tro-nom'-ic, *as-tro-nom -Ick, as-tro- 
nom'-Ic-al, a. [In Fr. astronomique; Sp., Port., 
& Ital. astronomico; Lat. astronomicus; all from 


astronomy 

Gr. astronomikos.] Pertaining or relating to astron¬ 
omy, or to the methods in use among astronomers. 

“ Can he not pass an astronomic line? ’’—Black. 

“The starry heavens, as you know, had for ImmanueJ 
Kant a value beyond their astronomical one.”— Tyndall: 
Frag, of Science, 3d ed., v. 104. 

astronomical instruments. Instruments used 
for observing the heavenly bodies. The following; 
list includes some which are now superseded, but 
the great majority are still in use: Armil, armil- 
lary sphere, artificial horizon, astrolabe, astrom- 
eter, astroscope, azimuth circle, azimuth dial, 
back-staff, chronometer, clock, collimator, comet- 
seeker, compass, cosmolabe, dipleidoscope, dip 
sector, equatorial telescope, gnomon, heliometer, 
meridian circle, micrometer, mural circle, orbit- 
sweeper, orrery, pendulum, planetarium, quadrant, 
reflecting circle, refraction circle, sextant, spectro¬ 
scope, telescope, tellurian, transit instrument, 
zenith sector, zenith tube. 

astronomical measurements. The measure¬ 
ment of the arc of the heavens intercepted between 
two points, as between a star at a certain moment 
and the horizon. Or a measurement of the exact 
time of some event, say a transit. This is done by 
means of a clock, or, more generally, a chronom¬ 
eter. (Herschel: Astron., §150.) 

astronomical observations. Observations of 
the heavenly bodies made to further the science 
of astronomy. (Ibid., § 136.) 

astronomical year. A year, the precise length 
of which is determined by astronomical observa¬ 
tions. It embraces both the tropical and the 
sidereal years. It is opposed to the civil year, be¬ 
ing that which each nation has adopted for itself. 
[Yeae.] 

“ Niebuhr thinks that the allusion is to a solar eclipse, 
visible in the Mediterranean, which occurred on the 21st 
of June, in the astronomical year 399 B. C.”— Lewis: 
Early Rom. Hist., ch. v., § 11. 

as-trcbnom-l-cal-ljf, adv. [Eng. astronomical; 

-ly .] In an astronomical manner; after the 
manner of astronomers; in conformity with the prin¬ 
ciples or methods of astronomy. 

♦as-tro-nom'-i-con, s. [Gr. astronomikos, neut. 
-kon.~\ A treatise on astronomy. 

*as-tro-nom'-l-en, *as-tro-nom-y-en, s. [O. 
Eng. astronomie; Mod. Eng. astronomy', suff. -fit] 
An astronomer, an astrologer, or both combined in 
one individual. 

“ Astronomyens al day here art faillen 
That whilen warned men byfore what shonlde byfalle 
after.” Piers Plowman. 

“Lo astronomyens cameo fro the eest to Jerusalem.”— 
Wycliffe: Matthew ii. 1. 

tas-tron -6-mIze, v. i. [Eng. astronom(y); -ize.']/ 
To study astronomy, as botanize means to study 
botany. 

“. . . thus they astronomized in caves.”— Browne- 
Christ. Mor. ii. 9. 

as-tron-o-my, *as-tron-6-mIe, *as-tron o- 
mye, *as-tron'-6m-ige, s. [In Sw. & Dan. astron- 
omi; Ger. & Fr. astronomie; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
astronomia; Lat. astrondmia; Gr. astronomia: as- 
tron=a star, and nomo s=usage, custom, law; nem<> 
=to deal out, to distribute.] 

*1. Originally: The pseudo science which studied, 
the movements of the stars, with the view of obtain¬ 
ing information (which they were not fitted to 
give) regarding the destiny of individuals or bodies- 
of men; astrology. [Astrology. See also AS¬ 
TRONOMER.] 

“And hem lerede, witter like 
Astronomige and arsmetike-." 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, (ed. Morris), 791-2. 
Not from the stars do I my judgment ifiuck, 

And yet methinks I have astronomy.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, 14. 

2. Subsequently and now: The sublime science 
which treats of the distances, magnitudes, masses, 
composition, motions, and all that is discoverable 
regarding the heavenly bodies, meaning the sun, 
the earth, the moon, the planets, the fixed stars, the 
comets, the meteorites, the nebulae, and all other 
material bodies really or apparently moving in 
infinite space. It is founded on careful and oft- 
repeated observations, made chiefly with elabo¬ 
rately-constructed instruments [Astronomical 
Instruments] ; these observations being next made 
the basis of reasoning, founded, wherever it is 
practicable, as it generally is, on mathematical 
demonstration. Astronomy may be variously 
divided. A simple distinction is sometimes made 
into geography, which treats of the earth, and 
uranography , the subject of which is the “ heavens.” 
Sometimes the branch of science which describes 
the celestial bodies as they are is called Descriptive 
Astronomy. When the specific subject treated is- 
the “ fixed ” stars, it becomes Sidereal Astronomy. 
The sciences now mentioned have sought rather to 
record than to explain phenomena; but what is- 


fat«, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw„ 




astronomyen 


307 


aswelt 


galled Physical Astronomy proposes to itself the *A6-tron'-om-yen, s. [Astronomien.J Ss-tur, s. [Lat. astur, whence ItaL astore and 

high aim of accounting for the facts observed. Its _ . * . 4 r . , Pr. autour.) 

chief ally in this arduous task is mathematics,with *A 3 -tron -om-yer, s. [Astronomer.] Ornithology: A genus of raptorial birds belonging 

which every astronomer worthy of the name re- as’-tr&-phel, *as'-tr6-fell, s. [From Gr. astron to the family Falconid® and 
< *’if r m S L' X) be very familiar. # ..... ... , =a star.] A bitter herb; probably what the old the sub-family Accipitrinse, 

.11 -the vaultof heavenbeingvisible in all its glory botanists called starwort or aster. (Lyte: Dodoens, or Sparrow-hawks. The A. 


alternately by day and night in every portion of the p. 41 .) (Nares.) 
world, absolute ignorance regarding celestial phe¬ 
nomena cannot have existed in any place or at any 
time. The people belonging to some nations were, 
however, more observant in this respect than others, 
and claims to early proficiency in astronomy, in 
some cases leading to vehement controversy, have 
been preferred in favor of the Chinese, the Chal¬ 
deans, the Egyptians, and the Hindoos. In these 
and other countries, in early times, the stars were 
not so much studied as worshiped, there being 
strong temptation, even in the most pious minds, to 
this form of religious error (Job xxxi. 26—28). Hip¬ 
parchus of Bithynia and Rhodes (?), who flourished 
from B. C. 160. to 125, catalogued the stars visible 


“My iittle flock, whom earst I lov’d so well. 

And wont to feed with finest grasse that grew, 
ITeede ye henceforth on bitter astrofell 
And stinking smallage and unsaverie rue.” 

Spenser: Daphne, 344 

"The gods, which all things see, this same beheld. 
And pittying this paire of lovers trew, 
Transformed them, there lying on the field. 

Into one flowre that is both red and blew: 

It first growes red, and then to blew doth fade. 
Like astropliel, ...” 

Todd's Spenser, vol. viii., p. 60. 

AS-trft-pho-to-met'-ric-Al, a. 


palumbarius , or European 
Goshawk [see Goshawk], 
which is figured in the ac- 
companying illustration, is 
a well-known species; and 
there are various other spe¬ 
cies, of which the best 
known in America is the A. 
atricapillus. 

*a-sturt'e, pret. of verb. 
[Astabt.] Started. 



AS-t&’te, a. [O. Fr. astut; I 
[Gr astron =a ? p ’’ Port ” & • aL astuto j_\ 

S^eaie•horizontnoferd^l^^TmoIghil etar ’ ^ tos > f^ W P^=li S ht, ‘and metron t 

numerous discoveries nfay. be reckoned GmVro- tTe HghTwhichwaches tie earth fro“rd single act as distinguished Goshawk (Astur Pal- 
cession of the equinoxes, trigonometry, and appar- R f ° r i g t reacnes tne eartn xrom tno several from astutia = ha_b l tual umbanus), 

ently the stereographic projection of the sphere. ' ~~ ~ 


The next very great name was that of Ptolemy, the 

f eographer and astronomer of Alexandria, A. D. 
30-150, who discovered the lunar evection, refrac¬ 
tion, &c. [Evection, Refraction.] He was also 
the author of the Ptolemaic system,with its primum 
mobile, its eccentrics, and its epicycles. 

“ Oh, how unlike the complex works of man 
Heaven’s easy, artless, unencumbered plan 1” 

Cowper: Truth. 


s ^ ars - craftiness).] [Astuce.] 

“On a new Astrophotometrical method by Prof. Ch. V. Penetrating,discerning, subtle; wily, cunning. 


Zenger.”— Astron. Soe. Notices, vol. xxxviii. 65. « We terme those most astute which are most versuta." 

&S-tr6-ph^l-lI te, 8. [In GeT.'astrophyllit; Gr. -Sir M. Sandys: Essays, p. 168. 
astron—a. star, and phullon=a leaf.] If Neither astute nor any one of its compounds is 

Min. : An orthorhombic mineral classed by Dana in the last edition of Johnson’s Dictionary, 
underhis Mica Group. The hardness is 3; the sp. g, S -tu'te-ly, adv. [Eng. astute; -by A In an aa- 

SoSSeRowto'gold^Uow^It isYranducentTn tat0 “ aaner l clevorl f J ’ penetra tingly, discerningly. 

_ _ . thin plates. Composition: Silica, 32-21 to 33-71; AS-tute-neSS, s. [Eng. astute; -ness.] Thequal- 

The Arabs translated a work of Ptolemy’s, called protoxide of iron, 18-06 to 25-21 j protoxide of man- ity of being astute; penetration, discernment; 
Megiste, into their own language, and prefixing to gancso, 9'9C to 12"68; titanic acid, 7*09 to 8"84, with mental subtlety. 

Its name their article aZ^the, transformed it into lesser quantities of potassa, soda, zirconi a, alumina, .“ The policy of the French Government was marked by 

Almagest. . The Christians during the “ dark ages ” end other ingredients. It is found in Norway. 

as-tr6-phy'-t8n, a. [Gr. astron—a star, and 
phuton—uiat which has grown: (1) a plant, (2) a 
creature. “Starry creature.”] A genus of star- 
* ~ * dl 


deriving their knowledge of astronomy from the 
Arabs rather than from a study of the heavens, 
received from their instructors the Ptolemaic sys¬ 
tem and the Almagest, which did not lose credit 
in Western Europe till the seventeenth century. 
[Almagest, Ptolemaic.] In 1472 or 1473 was born 
Copernicus, who in 1543, just before his death, pub 


fishes, containing the Shetland Argus. [Argus.] 


vigor and astuteness, . . .”— Times, Nov. 9, 1875. 

S iS'-Xf.s. [Lat. astu; Gr. astu =a city, especially 
ens. In anglicizing Greek words, v becomes y ; 
thus asty exactly corresponds to the Gr. astu.] 
Architecture : A city or town. 


lished his great work, On the Revolutions of the instrument for instructing the memory^with.respect 
Heavenly Bodies, composed more than thirteen ^ * ~ - i - J ~ 

years before. It propounded the Copemican system 
[Copernican], which, modified and improved, is 
now received as established truth, being supported 
by an amount of evidence of which Copernicus had 
no conception. The nextvery great name is that of 
Tycho Brah6, a Dane by birth, but of Swedish an¬ 
cestry. He was born on the 14th of December, 1546, 
and died in 1601. Though not accepting the Coper¬ 
nican system, but holding views partly borrowed 


Ss’-tr6-sc8pe, 8. [In Ger. astroslcop; Gr. astron *as-ty-en, v. [A. S. astigan =to go, proceed^ 
—a. star, and skopeo=to look at.] An astronomical step, or mount; oshgnes=an ascent; ascending.] 


to the relative position of the stars. These are de¬ 
lineated on two cones. A celestial globe, however, 
is both more accurate and more convenient. 

as-tr&-sco] 

TROSCOPE. 


Escop-]f, s. [In Ger. astroscopie.] [As* 
2.] Observation of the stars. ( Johnson.) 

*A-stro te, adv. [Asteut.] 

AS-tro-the-ol'-S-gy, s. [In Ger. astrotheologie: 
Gr. astron=& star, and theologia=theology (q. v.).] 
Theology founded on what is known of the heavenly 


from Copernicus and partly from Ptolemy [Ty- bodies and the laws which regulate their move- 
chonic], his extensive and accurate observations me nts. 


gave a great impulse to astronomy, and prepared 
the way for some further discoveries in addition to 
those which he had himself made. Two great 
names now come together upon the scene, those of 
Kepler and of Galileo. The former was a pupil 
t>f Tycho. He will forever be remembered for the 
discovery of the three laws which bear his name, 
the first and second made known in 1609, and the 
third in 1618. [Kepler’s Laws.] About 1581, 
Galileo had discovered the isochronism of the pendu¬ 
lum [Pendulum] ; having constructed a telescope, 
he discovered in 1610 the satellites of Jupiter, the 
phases of Venus, the mountains of the moon, with 
other new truths. In 1642, the year in which Galileo 
died, Sir Isaac Newton was born, and in 1687 he 


published his immortal Principia, in which the law [Astute.] Astute. 


“That the diurnal and annual revolutions are the 
motions of the terraqueous globe, not of the sun, I shew 
in the preface of my Astro-Theology, " — Derham: Physico• 
Theology. 

A-strut', *A _ stro te, adv. [Eng. a; strut (q. v.).] 
*A. (0/ the form astrote): In a swelling manner. 
“Hys yen stode owte astrote forthy.” 

Le Bone Florence, 2,329. ( Boucher .) 

B. (Of the form astrut): With a strutting gait. 
(Cowper : Task, v. 268.) 

*as'-tr3?-labe, s. [Astrolabe.] 

*AS-tu'?e, a. [In Fr. astucieux ; ItaL astutaccio.] 


of gravitation was announced, thus constituting an 
epoch in the history of science which probably will 
never be paralleled at any future time. 

“Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night; 

God said, ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light.” 

Pope. 

The year that Newton died (1727) was the one in 
which the discovery was made by Bradley of the 
aberration of light, which irrefragably proved the 
motion of the earth, and gave the death-blow to 
the Ptolemaic and Tychonic systems, both of which 

were founded on the hypothesis that it was station- _ j 

ary. As we approach modern times the discoveries j., ch/iii.) 
become far too numerous to be chronicled here; but 
room must be found to mention the Herschel family 
—the first of the name, Sir William Herschel, who 
was born in 1738, and died in 1822, having, among 
other great discoveries, added nine new members of 
the solar system, one of them, the planet Uranus, 
to the eighteen previously known. The work on 
astronomy so often quoted in these pages was 
penned by his son, Sir John Herschel, also a great 
discoverer; and the third generation of the family 
are now at work. Many discoveries will be found 
recorded under other articles. [Asteroid, Comet, 

Constellation, Gravitation, Planet, Solar 
System, Star, &c.] 

“In astronomy, for instance, the superior departments “ The barons astunte without toun beside, 
at theory are completely disjoined from the routine of And vaire sende unto the toun to the king hor sonde, 

practical observation.” — Herschel: Study of Nat. Phil. That he ssolde, vor Gode’s lone, him bet vnderstonde. 

(1831) §126. Robert of Gloucester's Chronicle, p. 646. {Boucher.) 


that your facilnes be nocht sedusit be their 
astuce and subtil persuasions .”—Complaynte of Scotland, 
p. 151. 

as tu'-cious, a. [Fr. astucieux.] Astute, cun¬ 
ning. (.Scott: Fair Maid of Perth, cn. xxi.) 

“If the reader should wonder how Bonaparte, able and 
astucious as he was, came to be overreached in the treaty 
of Tilsit, we believe the secret may be found in a piece of 
private history .”—Sir IV. Scott. 

s. [As if from a Low Lat. astu « 
cffas.] Astuteness. ( Carlyle: Fr. Revol., pt. 1 bk. 


A-stun', v. t. [Eng. a; stun. In A. S. astunian— 
to astound.] To stun. [Astound, Stun.] 

“ He fell rebounding; breathless and astunned. 

His trunk extended lay.” 

Somerville: Rural Games, c . ii. 

*A-stund e, adv. [Pref. a-=on, for; A. S. stund— 
a moment, time.] [Astunte.] For a time. 

“ Bothe in boskes and in bank, 

Isout me hauet astunde.” 

A Song on the Passion (ed. Morris), 13, 14. 


To ascend. 

“ Ofte he heom myd spek ther hi weren to-geden» 

Er he wolde astyen to heuene to his vedere.” 

The Passion of Our Lord (ed. Morris), 623-4 
A-sty-lAr, a. [Gr. astulos = without pillar or 
prop : a, priv., and stulos=a pillar.] 

Arch.: Without columns or pilasters, 
as'-tylf, s. [Low Lat. astula / O. Ger. ast and 
asti; Goth, asf.] A shingle; a thin board of wood. 
(Prompt. Parv.) (Boucher.) [Astel.] 
*AS-tfl-lA-byre (y=i), *as'-t?r-la-by, s. [As¬ 
trolabe.] 

AS-t^l'-len, 8. A small ward or stoppage in an 
adit or mine to prevent the full passage of the 
water, made by damming up. ( Weale.) 

*AS-ty t, *AS-ty te. [Astit.] 

A-sun'-der, *A-sun'-d^r, *a-sun’-drl, *A-son‘- 
der, *A-son -d^r, *A~sf n -dre (dyr as dir, dre as 
der), adv. [Eng. a— on, and sunder; A. S. onsun- 
dran= asunder, apart, alone, privately; Ger. ausein- 
ander ; Sp. asundre.] [Sunder.] 

1. Into different pieces, into different places; sep¬ 
arately, apart. (Lit. db fig.) 

“I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder .”— 
Zech. xi. 10. 

“What therefore God hath joined together, let not man 
put asunder." — Mark x. 9. 

2. In different pieces; in different places; apart; 
in a divided state. 

“ Freres and feendes been but litel asonder." 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,256. 

“ Lucifer. No, we reign 
Together; but our dwellings are asunder. n 

Byron: Cain, ii. 2. 

A-sun’-der-l]?, adv. [Eng. asunder; -ly.] Sepa¬ 
rately; apart. 

“ Asunderly. Disjunctim . . .■*— Prompt. Paw. 
*A-sun’-dri, adv. [Asunder.] 

*a’-§ur (§ur as zhiir), a. [Azure.] 

A-sfi r-A, s. [Sanscrit.] 

Indian Mythology: A demon; an enemy of the 
gods. The Asuras seem to have been at one time 
the Turanian aborigines in conflict with the Aryan 
invaders of India, and at another the Buddhist 
religionists in conflict with the professors of the 
Brahmanic faith. 

*a’-§ure (§ur as zhiir), a. [Azure.] 

*A'Swa ge, v. Z. & Z. [Assuage.] 

as-wail, s. [Zoology: Native East Indian name. ] 


* iw_.. , , , r, c. .. _ t The Ursus labiatus, or Sloth-bear, found in the 

*A-stunt e, pret. of verb. [A.S. astmtan=to stop.] moU ntains of India. 

Stood, remained. [Astint.J _ x ,.. . r «o . 

*A-swelt , v. t. [A. S. asweltan= to die, to depart.] 
To become extinguished. 

“ No the fuyr for theo snow aswelt." — Alisaunder, 6,639. 
(S. in Boucher.) 


ofiil, boy; pout, jtfwl; cat, jell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, ffem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph=£ 
-clan, -tian = shAn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tions, ^cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?!, d$L 




asweve 


308 


at 


*gt-SWe've, V. t. [A. S. asivefan (trans.) = (l) to 
soothe, to appease; (2) to strike with astonishment; 
(intransitive) = to be stunned, to be made insen¬ 
sible ; ewefan=to go to sleep.] To stupefy. 

“ For I came up, I nyste how. 

For so astonyed and asweved 
Was every vertu in my heved, 

What with his sours and with my drede, 

That al my felynge gan to dede; 

For whi ? hit was to grete affray.” 

Chaucer: House of Fame, ii. 40-45. 

8,-SWim’, adv. [Eng. a; swim.\ Afloat. (Scotch.') 

“The soldiers sleeping carelessly in the bottom of the 
ship upon heather, were all aswim through the water that 
oiame in at the holes and leaks of the ship.”— Spalding, 

*^,-swo on, *a-swone, v. i. [Eng. a, and swoon ; 

4. S. asivunan— to swoon.] To swoon. 

"Whan sche this herd, aswoned doun sche fallith 
For pitous joy.” Chaucer: C. T., 8,955-6. 

*g,-swoon, ^-swofl'n, *a-swoft ne. *a- 
JWO'wne, adv, [Eng. a, and swoon.] [Aswoon, u.] 

1. Into a swoon. 

"And with that word aswoun sche fel anoon.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,660. 

2. In a swoon. 

“ Than ever sche did, and fil to ground anoon. 

And lay aswowne, deed as eny stoon.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,787-8. 

*3L-SWOfl nde, pret. of verb. [A. S. aswindan= (1) 
to languish through dullness, to enervate; (2) to 
decay, perish, dissolve.J Passed away; decayed, 
pensn e ci • 

* llei 1 be thou,’ he seide, ’thou false god, in * hi n false 
heuene ifounde, 

Nym thin son and thin holigost vor ye beth ney a* 
swounde.' ” 

Exposition of the Cross (ed. Morris), 421-2. 

*3,-swy'nde, v. i. [A. S. aswindan— to decay.] 
To vanish, to pass away. 

“Ye mowen iseo the world astcynde 
That wouh goth forth abak that soth.” 

A Luue Ron. O. Eng. Miscell., Early Eng. 

Text Soc., x. (ed. Morris), 39, 40. 

*&-sy'§e, s . The same as Assize (q. v.). 

*a-sy -en, v. i. [A. S. asigan= to languish through 
■dullness, to enervate, to pine away.] To sink; to 
become faint of heart. 


“Al we schulen a-syen and seo to the nede, 

Ther the crysmechild for sunnes sore schal drede.” 

On Serving Christ, ix. (ed. Morris), 10, 11. 
&-sy -lum, *il-sy le, *a-slle, s. [In Dan. asyl; 
Ft. asile; Sp. & Ital. asilo; Port, asylo, asilo; Lat. 
asylum ; Gr. &suloti = an asylum 5 properly tne neut« 
of the adj. asulos= safe from violence, inviolate: o, 
priv., and sulao=to strip off, to pillage.] 

I. A place of refuge and security. 

1 . Originally: A sanctuary, a place which it was 
deemed sacrilege for one to invade, and which, 
therefore, proved an inviolable retreat for crim¬ 
inals, debtors, and other people liable to be pur¬ 
sued. (See Archceologia, viii., A. D. 1787, p. 3.) 
(Sanctuary.] 


“From every asylum ruffians sallied forth nightly to 
plunder and stab.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

2. Now: 

(а) Gen.: Any place of refuge; any place where 
one is sheltered, as a foreign land used as a retreat 
for political or religious refugees. 

. . _. and who knew themselves to be marked out for 

lestruction, had. sought an asylum in the Low vjountries.’* 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

(б) Spec.: An institution designed for the recep¬ 
tion and shelter of those who are incapacitated 
from successfully fighting their own way in the 
world, as the blind asylum, the lunatic asylum. 

II. The protection accorded in such places; ref¬ 
uge, shelter. 

“Much he would speak not, but beneath his roof 
They found asylum oft, but neer reproof.” 

_ w Byron: Lara, ii. 8, 

?a-sym -met-ral, a. [Eng, asymmetr{y); - al .] 
Uasymmetricaldestitute of symmetry; having per¬ 
fection marred by conspicuous defects. 


ta-syin-met'-ri-cal. a. [Eng. asymmetr{y); 
■teal.} Unsymmetricai; incapable of adjustment. 


“ Asymmetrical or unsociable, that is, such as we see 
;iot how to reconcile with other things evidently and con* 
■easedly tru e.”—Boyle, in Norris on Reason and Faith, ch. 3. 

*a-sym>met-rous, a. [Eng. asymmetr{y): -ows.l 
(Jnsymmetncal. {Barrow.) 

a-sym'-met-ry , s. [Gr. asummetria: from asnvi- 
uc-rros=(l)incommensurable, (2) unsymmetric. Or 
rom a. priv., and summetria= symmetry; sumrne- 
ros=commensurate with: sun=together, and me- 


r-oH=a measure.! 

1. Ord. Lang.: W 
portion. 


ant of symmetry; want of pro- 


“The asymmetries of the brain, as well as the deformi- 
les of the legs or face, may be rectified in time.”— Grew. 


f2. Math.: The incommensurability of two or 
more numbers ; that is, that the numbers stand to 
each other in such a relation that they have no 
common measure. Such, for example, is the rela¬ 
tion between the side and diagonal of a square 
which are in the ratio of 1: y 2. 

^.-symp'-tote, s. & a. [In Ger. & Er. asymptote; 
Port, asymptota; Gr. asumptotos =irregu 1 a r: a, 
priv., and sumpipto = to fall together; sun= to¬ 
gether, and pipto—to fall; perf. peptoka.] 

A. As substantive. Geometry: A term used in de¬ 
scribing the characteristics of a hyperbola. 

An asymptote of a hyperbola is a diameter which, 
the further it is produced always approaches more 
and more nearly to the curve, and yet, though pro¬ 
duced. ever so far, does never actually meet it. (The 
word is generally used in the plural, asymptotes.) 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to such a line as that now 
described; continually approaching another line 
without ever reaching it. 

“Asymptote lines, though they may approach nearer 
together, till they are nearer than the least assignable 
distance, yet, being still produced infinitely, will never 
meet! ”— Grew. 

a-symp-tot'-ic, a-symp-tot-ic-al, s. [Eng. 

asymptote; -ic, -ical. In Fr. asymptotique.’] Per¬ 
taining or relating to the asymptotes of a hyper¬ 
bola ; perpetually approaching anything, but never 
meeting it. 

“ Curves are said to be asymptotical when they con¬ 
tinually approach without a possibility of meeting.”— 
Johnson. 

A-syn-ar'-tete, a. [Gr. asunartetos=not united, 
inconsistent; a, priv., and sunartad=to hang up 
with, to knit or join together: sun=together, and 
artao= to fasten to.] Not fitted or adjusted; dis¬ 
connected. 

Asynartete sentences {Gram.): Those of which 
the members are not united by connective particles. 
[Asyndeton.] {Brande.) 

Asynartete verse {Pros.): A verse consisting of 
two members, having varied rhythms; as, for exam¬ 
ple, when the first consists of iambuses and the 
second of trochees, or the first of dactyles and the 
second of iambuses. 

asyn-de-ton, s. [In Ger. asyndeton. From Gr. 
asundeton, neut. of adj. asundetos— (1) unconnected, 
(2) without conjunction; a, priv., and sundetos = 
bound together; sunded= to bind together.] 

Gram.: A figure in 'which the copulative conjunc¬ 
tion and is omitted in a sentence, as in Lat. Vent, 
vidi, vici, “I came, I saw, I conquered,” instead of 
Veni, vidi, et vici, “ I came, I saw, and I conquered. 
In most cases, as in that now given, the omission of 
the copulative gives increased force to the state¬ 
ment or sentiment embodied in the sentence. It is 
opposed to Polysyndeton (q. v.). 

a-sjfs'-to-le, a-sys'-to-li§m, s. [Gr. a, priv., 
and systole = a contracting.] 

Pathol. : That condition of the disease of the heart 
in which the organ remains filled with .blood, the 
muscular contraction being too feeble to expel 
more than a small portion of it. 

at, *atte, *at'-en, prep.& adv. [A. S. cet, at={ 1) 
at, by, near, to, next, with, against, in, (2) of, from. 
In Sw. at={l) sign of the infinit. mood, (2) that; 
Dan. att (same meaning), ad= to; O. Sw., O. Icel., O, 
Dan., O. L. Ger., and Goth, at— at, O. Fris.ef • O. H. 
Ger. az, ez; Wei. at—to \ Lat. ad—to (Ad); Sansc. 
adki=upon.] 

A. As preposition : 

I. Denoting nearness to in place or in time. 

1. Denoting nearness in place, i. e., that a person 
or thing is at rest in proximity to a certain place. 
As a rule, the proximity is not so great as that in¬ 
dicated by on, and considerably less than that des¬ 
ignated by in. 

(а) In immediate proximity to. 

“This custom continued among many, to say their 
prayers at fountains.” — Stillingfleet. 

(б) In, within; occupying as a habitation. (Lit. 

(c) On; upon. 

“ Their various news I heard, of love and strife, 

Of storms at sea, and travels on the shore.”— Pope. 

{d) In a position, attitude, state, or condition, as 
at gaze— in a gazing attitude. [Gaze. 1 (In this 
sense it is sometimes followed by a superlative.) 

“We bring into the world with us a poor, needy, un¬ 
certain life, short at the longest, and unquiet at the 
best.”— Temple. 

2. Denoting nearness in time. 

“At the same time that the storm beats upon the whole 
species, we are falling foul upon one another.”— Addison. 

II. Denoting motion toward any person, place, or 
thing, in place or in time; denoting also motion 
through any place. 

1. Literally: 

(а) Denoting motion toward the place where a 
person or thing is, a verb being understood. 

(б) Denoting motion through a place. 


2. Fig. : Denoting effort to realize an aim. 

“ We find some arrived to that sottishness, as to ow® 
roundly what they would be at.” — South. 

III. Denoting the effect produced by proximity 
of one person or thing to another in place and in 
time; causation, operation upon. 

1. With the preposition prefixed to the source from 
which this emanates : 

(a) In consequence of. 

“At his touch. 

Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand, 

They presently amend.”— Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3. 
“They take the timbrel and harp, and rejoice at the 
sound of the organ .”—Job xxi. 12. 

(i>) On. 

“ Others, with more helpful care. 

Cry’d out, aloud, ‘Beware, brave youth, beware!* 

At this he turned.”— Dryden: 1 Cong, of Gran., i. L 
(c) Under. 

“But thou, of all the kings, Jove’s care below. 

Art least at my command, and most my foe.” 

Dryden: Homer ; Iliatt |» 

{d) From; of. 

“Mai he no leue at hire taken.” 

Story of Gen. A Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,697. 

2. With the preposition prefixed to that which 4*- 
operated upon: To, into. 

“So cam on werlde wreche and wrake. 

For to blissen swile sinnes same. 

That it ne wexe at more hun-frame.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 652-4. 

B. As adverb: 

1. So as, at ever, soever. 

2. To (used as a prefix to the infinitive mood). 

“ Thou art to old at bykyr and fyght.” 

Richard, 1,621. 

If This use of the word is borrowed, from the 
Danish. 

“And sa thai that are all weill schrewyne, and deis in 
the feithe and sacramentis of haly kyrk, how wyolently 
at euerthai dee .”—The Craft of Deyng. 

C. Subjoined are the chief expressions and phases 
of the word at: 

1. *At after {Scotch). After; afterward. 

2. At all: 

*{a) At all events. 

“That lie that stands may stand, and nocht do fall. 

And quho hes fallin, may knaw the sam at all.” 
Lauder: Minor Poems; E. Eng. Text Soc., 41, 45 
*{b) Altogether. 

“The first of thai four principall 
Is stalwartnes of hart at all.” 

Ralis Raving, bk. i. (ed. Lumby), 1,128-91 

(c) Of any kind. 

“Most women have no characters at all.” — Pope. 

( d) To any extent, in any degree, in the least. 
"... neither hast thou delivered thy people at al A* 

—Exod. v. 23. 

3. At arms: Furnished with arms. (Used only in 
the phrase, “a man at arms”—a man furnished 
with arms.) 

“Infuse his breast with magnanimity. 

And make him, naked, foil a man at arms.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., v. 4. 

4. At a' will ( Scotch): To the utmost that one. 
could wish. {Jamieson.) 

5. At end. [Atte Ende.] 

6. At first: At the beginning of any effort, enter¬ 
prise, or event. 

7. At gaze {Her.) [Gaze.] 

8. At hand: 

(a) Near in place. 

“ . . . behold, he is at hand that doth betray me.” — 

Matt. xxvi. 46. 

(b) Near in time. 

“ . , • the hour is at hand, . . . ”— Matt. xxvi. 45. 

9. At it: Engaged with it zealously. ( Colloquial .) 
“To make pleasure the vehicle of health, is a doctor at 

it in good earnest.”— Collier: Friendship. 

10. At large: 

(а) Not under any restraint. 

“Hence walk’d the fiend at large in spacious field.** 
Milton: P. L., bk. ill. 

(б) Copiously, diffusely, at length. 

11. At last, * atte laste: Denoting that an event 
long foreseen and expected has, after much delay, 
happened. 

“And hath so long a lyf, as we may see. 

Yet atte laste wasted is the tree.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,021-2. 

12. At length: 

(а) In an extended form; diffusely. 

(б) The same as At Last (q. v.). 

13. At once ; all at once : 

(а) Without any delay; promptly, as opposed to 
dilatorily ; or at one operation, as opposed to a series 
of acts or efforts. 

“ One warms you by degrees, the other sets you on firw 
T U at once." — Dryden: Fables, (Pref.) 

(б) At one time; at the same moment; simultane¬ 
ously. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire^ sir, marine; go, pot, 
»r. wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw„ 





atanis 


Atellan 


309 


14. At pleasure , To any extent, in any place, or in 
any way that one prefers, with uncontrolled free¬ 
dom; ad libitum. 

“ The rest, for whom no lot is yet decreed, 

May run in pastures, and at pleasure feed.” 

Dryden: Virgil; Georgia , iii. 258. 

15. At the trou,ble: Prepared to take the trouble. 

“What they will not be at the trouble to deduce by rea¬ 
soning.”.— Arbuthnot. 

*at-anis, *atanis, *at-enes, *atenes ( Old Eng.), 
atanis, attanis, atanys, atainze {Scotch), adv. 
tO. Eng. at ; anis—once.] At once. 

“Baith irne and steil, and flesch and banis, 

His awne hand straik in twa atanis.” 

Eatis Raving, bk. i. (ed. Lumby),1,100-01. 

“Speche, grace, and vois schul springe of thi tonge, 
And alle turne to thi mouth liolliche atenes.” 

Joseph of Arimathie (ed. Skeat), 60, 61. 

*at erst, *at earst. [Eng. at and A. S. cerst, 
from cerost, <xrest= first, super!, of cer=ere, before.] 
Properly “ at first,” for the first time; but some¬ 
times means also “ at present,” and in certain cases 
may, with advantage to the sense, even be rendered 
“ at last,” “ at length.” [Erst.] 

“For from the golden age, that first was named, 

It’s now at earst, became a stonie one.” 

Spenser: F. Q. f V., introd., i. 2. 


at one, *atone, *at oon, ady. [Eng. at; one.) 
Used as adj.— at one, specially in feeling, in unity 
with, in agreement or harmony with instead of be¬ 
ing at variance. [Atone, v., Atonement.] 

“If gentilmen, or other of hir contre, 

Were wroth, sche wolde brynge hem at oon, 

So wyse and rype wordes hadde sche, 

And juggement of so gret equite.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,312-15. 

"So beene they both at one, and doen upreare 
Thur bevers bright each other for to greet, 

Goodly compourtaunce each to other beare.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. i. 29. 

“And the next day he shewed himself unto them as 
they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, 
Sirs, ye are brethren, . . .”— Acts vii. 26. 

*at-Our, adv. Over and above. 

“ . . . with hyrdis of catell, and multitud of corne 

at-our al thaim tat was befor me in Jerusalem.”— The 
Wisdom of Solomon (ed. Lumby), 411, 412. 

*at, pro. [Contr. from Eng. that (pro.) (q. v.).] 
Who, which, that. {Eng. <& Scotch.) 

“ For in ensampill thare-of he gaif to the maist synare 
maist mercy and grace, as to Petyr at denyd hyme.”— 
The Craft of Deyng (ed. Lumby), 97, 98. 

“He salle hime [gather] garlands of the gay flowrys, 
At in that sesoune spredis so fayre.” 

Early Scottish Vers, iv. (ed. Lumby), 46, 47. 

*at, *atte, conj. [Contr. from Eng. that (conj.) 
<q. v.).] That. (O. Eng. cfc Scotch.) 

“ Thai come tille him that ilk night 
Atte thai sulde on the morne fight.” 

Bov; the Bali Cros was Fundin be Seint Elaine (ed. 

Morris), 41, 42. 

“He has the halghed at mast con ken, 

An d the salle mensk al cristen men.” 

Ibid., 211, 212. 

*at, pret.ofv. [Ate.] 

at'-a-bal, s. rSp. atabal= a kettle-drum. In Fr. 
atab ale; Port, timbale; Arab, ’at-'tabl— a drum; 
"tabala= to boat a drum.] A kind of tabor or drum 
used by the Moors. 

“ Then answered kettle-drum and atabal.” 

Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, 10. 

a-tac-a-mite, s. [In Ger. atakamit. From Ata¬ 
cama, a region partly belonging to Bolivia and 
partly to Chili.] An orthorhombic, translucent 
mineral, classed by Dana under his Oxychlorids. 
The hardness is 3 to 3‘5; the _sp. gr. 3;7 to 4’3; the 
luster verging from adamantine to vitreous; the 
color bright green, with an apple-green streak. It 
is massive or pulverulent. Composition: Chlorine, 
15-51 to 16-33; oxide of copper, 

50 to 66'25 ; copper, 13-33 to 56 - 46; 
water, 16’91 to 22’60. Occurs in 
Atacama, in Chili; in Australia ; in 
Africa ; in Spain; and at St. Just, 
in Cornwall. 

at-a-gas, s. A gallinaceous 
bird, the red cock. 

at’-a-ghan, *at-ta-ghan, 
yat-a-ghan ( h silent), s. Fr. yat¬ 
aghan, from Turk, yatag&n.) A 
long dagger worn with pistols in 
the belt, in a metal scabbard, 
generally of silver, and among 
the wealthier, gilt, or of gold.’ 

The manner _ of wearing it is 
shown in the illustration. 

“ And silver-sheathed ataghan.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

*?,-ta li e,v.t. [Eng. a; take.) Ataghan. 

To overtake. 



“ ‘ Fast have I priked,’ quod he, ‘ for your sake, 
Because that I wolde you atake.’ ” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,512-13. 


At-ji-lan -t(L s. [Lat. Atalanta, Atalante; Gr. 
Atalantc.) 

1. Classical Mythology: 

(а) A daughter of Schoeneus, king of Scyros, who 
from her beauty had many suitors, but would 
marry none unless she obtained a man who could 
outrun her. The lover started first, she following 
and slaying him if she overtook him. At last, by 
one account Hippomanes. and by another Milanion, 
safely reached the goal, by dropping in succession 
three beautiful apples given him by Venus. He 
therefore became the husband of Atalanta. 

(б) A daughter* of Jasius, who was the first to 
wound the boar in the mythic hunt at Calydon. 

TT Some think the two Atalantas were the same 
person. 

2. Astronomy: An asteroid, the thirty-sixth found. 
It was discovered by Goldschmidt at Paris on the 
October 5, 1855, the date on which Fides was first 
seen at Bilk by the astronomer Luther. 

A-tal’-Ik-Gha-zee, s. [Hindust., &c., atalik= 
a private tutor, a preceptor ; ghazi, Arab., Hindust., 
&c.=a Mohammedan hero, especially if victorious 
in battle against the “infidel.”] A title given to 
the ruler of Eastern Turkistan. 

“Yakub-Beg, the Atalik-Ghazee, or ruler of Eastern 
Turkistan . . .”— Daily Telegraph, Corresp. writing in 
1873/rom Tashkend. 
fat-a-man, s. [Hetman.] 

at-a-mas-co lil -y, s. The English name of the 
Zephyranthes atamasco, a native of North America. 
*at-an -is, adv. [At-anis.] 
fat-ar, s. [Attar.] Attar, otto, 
fat-ar-axy, at-ar-ax-I-a, g . [i n Fr. ataraxie; 
Port, ataraxia, from Gr. ataraxia= freedom from 
passion: a, priv., and tarasso= to stir up, to rouse, 
to disturb.] Freedom from passion ; calmness. 

“ The scepticks affected an indifferent equiponderous 
neutrality, as the only means to their ataraxia, and 
freedom from passionate disturbances.”— Granville: Scep¬ 
sis. 

atar-gul, s. [From atar (Attar), and Pers. gill 
=a rose.] Attar, generally called otto, of roses. 
The Persian is the finest. 

“ She snatch’d the urn wherein was mix’d 
The Persian atar-gvl’s perfume.” 

Byron: Bride of Abydos, i. 10. 

at-a'rne, v. i. [Atorn.] To run away, escape. 
{Bob. Glouc.: Chron., p. 539.) 

A-taste, v. t. [O. Fr. ataster.) To taste. 
A-ta'unt, a-ta'un-to, adv. [Eng. a; taunt.) 
Naut.: In the state of being fully rigged. (Used 
of vessels.) 

at'-a-vl§m, s. [Lat. atavus={\) the father of 
the great-great-grandfather or great-great-grand¬ 
mother; (2) an ancestor, forefather; atavia— the 
mother of the great-great-grandfather or great- 
great-grandmother ; avus= (1) a grandfather, (2) an 
old man. 

1. Biology: The reversion of a descendant to 
some peculiarity of a more or less remote ancestor. 

2. Med.: The recurrence of a disease from which 
a more or less remote ancestor suffered, but which 
has not appeared in the intermediate generations. 

a-tax-gt-pha-fiA. s. The same as ataxic 
aphasia. [Aphasia.] 

Atax'-l-A, s. [Ataxy.] 

A-tax -ic, a. [Eng. atax(y); -ic. InFr. ataxique; 
Port, ataxico; from ataxia.) Pertaining to ataxia ; 
irregular. [Ataxy.] 

ataxic fever. A form of fever attended with 
cerebral excitement and delirium. It was believed 
by Pinel to have its chief seat in the brain and 
nervous system. {Dr. Tweedie: Off cl. of Pract. 

Med., vol. ii., p. 162.) 

a-tax-6-phe-miA. s. [Gr. a(a.xia=want of 
order, and phem=to speak.] Lack of coordination 
in speech, a condition of motor or ataxic aphasia. 

A-tax'-y, a-tax. -i-a, s. [In. Fr. ataxie; Sp. & 
Port, ataxia; from Gr. ataxia= (1) want of disci¬ 
pline, (2) disorder: a, priv., ami ma-is=arrangement, 
especially of soldiers ; fosso=to arrange.] 

+A- Ordinary Language. {Of the form ataxy): 
Want of order; irregularity in anything. 

. . would certainly breed an infinite ataxy and 

confusion amongst them, and at last the ruin and destruc¬ 
tion of their kingdom, . . — Halliwell: Melcvmproncxcij 

p. 16. 

B. Med. {Chiefly of the form ataxia) : Irregularity 
in the functions of the body, or in the course of a 
disease. 

*§.t-blen'che, v.i. [A. S. af=from, and blencan= 
to start away from. (Blank, Blink.) In combi¬ 
nation with at, as at bcers(=escaped.] To escape. 

at’-ghe-son, at-ghi-son, s. [Named after Mr. 
Atkinson (or the Scotch pronunciation Atcheson), 
an Englishman, who was assay-master of the mint 
at Edinburgh in the beginning of James VI.’s reign.] 


Numis.: A billon coin, or rather a copper coin, 
washed witli silver, struck in the reign of James VI. 
Its value was=eiglit pennies Scotch or % or an 
English penny. It had on it the royal arms crowned; 
“ Jacobus, D. G., R. Scot., R. Oppid. Edin.; ” and a 
leaved thistle crowned. {Jamieson.) , 

IT Bishop Nicolson says that atchesons were 
coined first in the time of James III., and were 
four to the penny. 

*At-9hieve, v. t. [Achieve.] 

“With which she wondrous deeds of arms atchieved.” 

Spenser: F. Q ., IV. iv. 46. 

*at-gMe've-ffient, s. [Achievement.] 

*ate, s. [Hate.] 

“ And nith, and strif, and ate, and san.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 373. 

*at'-e, prep. [Eng. at {th)e.) At the. [At, Attan.J 
“His wyf ate done he bet.” 

Sevyn Sages, 220. 

ate, *at, or et, pret. of verb. [Eat.] Did eat 
(The preterite of the verb to eat.) 

“Sum ghe ther at and sum ghe nam.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 337. 

“. . . and ate the sacrifices of the dead.”— Ps. cvi. 28. 

A'-te, s. [Gr. Atc= the goddess of mischief, au¬ 
thoress of all bliud and foolish actions; ate=(l) 
bewilderment judicial blindness, (2) sin, (3) destruc¬ 
tion ; from aao= (1) to hurt, (2) to go astray.] 

1. Class. Myth.: The goddess thus described (the 
term being used by or attributed to persons who 
may have believed her to have had a real existence.) 

“ Not by myself, but vengeful Ate, driven.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 92. 

“ And Caesar’s spirit, ranging for revenge. 

With Ate by his side, come hot from hell.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iii. L 

2. Gen.: Mischief or destruction personified (the 
term Ate being used by or attributed to, those who 
did not believe in its classical mythology). 

“ Come, talk not of her; you shall find her the infernal 
Ate in good apparel.”— Shakesp.: Much Ado About Nothing, 
ii. 1. 

-ate, in compos. [From the Lat. suff. -a£us, the 
pa. par. of verbs belonging to the first conjugation, 
or sometimes from their supine -atum.) 

I. As a termination in adjectives it is equivalent 
to the participle or participial adjective-ed; as 
animate, adj., the same as animated =possessed of 
breath, life, or spirit; determinate= determined. 

II. As a termination in verbs it is in almost every 
case formed from the adjective. It signifies either 
to make, or to act, or do that which is indicated by 
the adjective or substantive to which it corresponds; 
as propitiate= to make propitious; dominate—to 
act as a dominus or lord over; radiate—to make or 
emit radii, i. e., rays. 

III. As a termination in nouns: 

1. In ordinary ivords it is=office or dignity; as 
tribunate= the office or dignity of a tribune. 

2. In chemical terms it is used in naming salts. 
The -ic of the acid is changed into-ate, and the word 
thus formed is connected by of with the name of 
the substance combined with the acid. Thus, from 
acetic acid comes acetates; as acetates of lead, cop¬ 
per, alumina, &c. From sulphuric acid comes sul¬ 
phates; as of soda , lime, and alumina. 

*a-te inte, v. t. [Old Fr. atincter.) To give a 
coloring to. 

*at -e-lene, a. [Gr. ateles= without end, . . . 
imperfect: a, priv., and telos=end . . . perfec¬ 
tion.] 

Mineralogy: Incomplete, lacking regular forms 
in the genus. {Shepard.) 

at-e-le§, s. [Gr. a(efes=without end, . . . im¬ 
perfect: a, priv., and fetos=end, completion.] A 
genus of Cebid®, or American monkeys. They have 
a facial angle of 60°; the thumbs of the fore-hand 
concealed under the skin, and the prehensile part 
of the tail naked underneath. There are several spe¬ 
cies. They are generally called Spider Monkeys. 
They inhabit Brazil and the neighboring regions. 

a-tel -e-slte, s. [Gr. a(eies=without end, . . . 
imperfect, incomplete; and suff. -ite.) A mineral 
imperfectly known, containing bismuth. It is 
found at Schneeberg. Dana places it in the ap¬ 
pendix to his Anhydrous Silicates. 

ta-tel -i-er (er as a), s. [Fr.] A workshop, a 
studio. 

K The word has other meanings in French. 

A-tel -lan, a. [Lat. Atellanus, from Atella, an 
ancient Campanian town belonging to the Osci. ] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Atella, 
or to the farces there acted. 

“Their Fescennin anAAtellan way of wit was in early 
days prohibited.”— Shaftesbury. 


btfil b(5y- pout jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-ciam -t’ian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 






atelo 


310 


Athenian 


B. As substantive: A popular kind of farces acted 
by the young men of Atella. They seem to have 
consisted of burlesque metrical imitations of the 
dialect and manners of the peasantry . 

“Many old poets . . . did write fescennines, atellans, 
and lascivious songs.” — Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 414. 
“Love-stories, plays, comedies, atellans, jigs.” 

Ibid., p, 542. 

at'-e-lo-, in compos. [Gr. ateles = . . . imper¬ 
fect. ] 

Med..: Imperfect, as atelo-gnathia— malformation 
of the jaws. 

3 . tern-po, 3 tem'-po prl-mo, used as adv. 
[Ital., the same as Lat. in tempore— in time, or in 
tempore primo— in the first time.] 

Music: In the original time, signifying that after 
any change of time in a musical composition the 
original time is to be resumed. 

3 tem'-po gl-fis'-to, used as adv. [Ital., the 
same as Lat. in tempore justo=in just time.] 

Music: In just, marked, or proper time. 

*at'-en, prep. [At, Atte. Contracted from at 
then .] 

aten end. At end; finally. 

3 -te nd, pa. par. [A. S. atendan.] Set alight, 
set fire to. (Sir Ferurnbras, 3,280.) 

*3t-e'-ne§, adv. [At-anis, Enes.] 

* 3 -tent', s. [From attentum, sup. of attendo.] 
[Attend.] An object, an intention. (Sir Amadas, 
372.) 

*a-te -on, v. [A. S. teonan, tynan = to make 
angry.] To make angry. (Chrcm. of Eng., 61.) 

*3-t§'yn, v. t. [Fr. tanner= to tire, to tease, to 
weary.] To over-fatigue. 

“ Kyng Richard was almost atenyt.” 

Richard, 4,847. (S. in Boucher.) 
*at-for-en, *et-for-en, at-vore, prep. [A. S. 
mtforan. j [Adobe.] Before, in front of. (Rob. 
Gloucester, p. 358.) 

*ath, s. [Oath.] 

*ath, 3d pars, sing., pr. indie, of v. [Hath.] 

*at hal-den, *set-hal-den, v. t. [A. S. healdan .] 

[Athold.] 

3-tha'-lI-3, s. [From Gr. athales=not verdant, 
withered.] A genus of saw-flies (Tenthredinidee). 
A. spinarum or centifolce is the Turnip Saw-fly, so 
called because its larvae, which are the animals 
called blacks or niggers, feed on turnips. The per¬ 
fect insect is common in some years from May to 
August. It has a black head, a red thorax, with 
two large and several smaller spots on the back, 
and an orange-colored abdomen. (Curtis.) 

*ath- 3 -ma unte, s. [Adamant.] The same as 
Adamant (q. v.). 

“This world with byndyng of youre word eteme, 

And writen in the table of athamaunte 
Youre parlement and youre eterne graunte.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,306-8. 

3 -tha'-nas, s. [From Gr. athanatos=undying; a, 
priv., and t/4anaios=death.] A genus of Crusta¬ 
ceans, of the family Alpheidee. Athanas nitescens, 
or Montague’s Shrimp. It is thought, but erro¬ 
neously, by the fishermen to be the young of the 
lobster. 

Ath-an-a -§l- 3 n (or sian=shan), a. <fc s. [Eng. 
Athanasi(us); suffix-an.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Athanasius, who 
was raised to the see of Alexandria in A. D. 326, and 
from that date till his death in 373, amid many 
trials, acted as the great champion of Trinitarian 
doctrine. (See example under the substantive.) 

B. As substantive: A follower of Athanasius, or 
one holding his views with respect to the Trinity. 

“Upon the revival of the Arian controversy in Gaul, 
under the influence of the Burgundian kings, it was ob¬ 
vious to call one side Athanasians, and the other side 
Arians; and so also to name the orthodox faith the Ath- 
anasian faith, as the other Arian.”— Waterland: Hist, of 
the Athanasian Creed. 

Athanasian Creed. The creed which the fram¬ 
ers of the Liturgy of the English Episcopal Church, 
with proper critical acumen, designate as “this 
Confession of our Christian Faith commonly called 
the Creed of Saint Athanasius,” thus avoiding any 
expression of belief as to its real authorship. 
Though correctly expressing the doctrine of that 
Christian father, it seems not to have been penned 
till after his time, Dr. Waterland ascribed it to 
Hilary, Bishop of Arles from A. D. 430 to 449. It 
was about the beginning of the eighth century that 
it commenced to be read in liturgic worship. The 
English Episcopal Prayer-book enjoins that it be 
used in the churches on the principal festivals, 
when it is to take the place of the Apostles’ Creed, 
and to be sung or said “ by the minister and people 
standing.” The Greek Church has modified the 
article relating to the “Procession” of the Holy 
Ghost. 


ath - 3 -nor, s. [In Ger. athenor; from Arab, at- 
tannur; Heb. tannii/r—o. furnace.] A digesting fur¬ 
nace formerly in use among chemists. It was de¬ 
signed to maintain an unvarying amount of heat, 
which could be increased or diminished at pleasure 
by opening or shutting apertures with sliders over 
them called registers. (Quincy, &c.) 

Ath’- 3 r-Ist, s. [Catharist.] (Scotch.) 

A-thar -va-n 3 , s- [Sanscrit.] The fourth of the 
Indian Vedas. Its language is more modern than 
that of the other three. The Sanhitd, or collection 
of prayers and invocations, is comprised in twenty 
books. The number of verses is stated as 6,015; the 
sections more than 100; and the hymns upward of 
760. The theological treatises, regarded as fifty-two 
in number, called Upanishads, are appended to the 
Atharvan Veda. 

athe, aith, s. [Oath.] (Scotch.) 
a'-the-I§m, *a -the-I§me, s. [In Ger. atheism, 
atheismus; Ft. athHsme; Sp. & Ital. ateismo; Port. 
atheismo; from Gr. a, priv.. and f/ieo.s=God.] Lit¬ 
erally, disbelief in a God, if such an attainment is 
possible; or, more loosely, doubt of the existence 
of a God; practically, a denial that anything can 
be known about the supernatural, supposing it to 
exist. [Agnosticism.] 

“ It is true that a little philosophy inclineth man’s mind 
to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men’s minds 
about to religion.”— Bacon: Essays, Civ. & Mor., ch. xvi. 

Hist. <fb Philos.: Among the Greeks atheism con¬ 
sisted in a denial or non-recognition of the gods of 
the State. [Pyrrhonism, Skeptics, Sophists.] 
Socrates was put to death for asserting the superi¬ 
ority of the Divine wisdom to the other gods, as 
the ruler and disposer of the universe, thus contra¬ 
dicting Greek mythology, which assigned that office 
to Zeus. In Latin times atheism still continued to 
be a negation, with no pretension to rank as a sys¬ 
tem. Voltaire speaks of it as having destroyed the 
republic, and says that it was factious in the time 
of Sulla and of Csesar, and slavish Under Augustus 
and Tiberius. It was closely akin to that cultured 
unbelief which extensively prevailed at the Roman 
Curia during the early part of the Renascence. 
Macaulay (Ranke's History of the Popes) is very 
severe on the “men who, with the Latinity of the 
Augustan age, acquired its atheistical and scoffing 
spirit.” The atheism of the eighteenth century was 
a protest against the persecution of fanaticism; 
and, like its predecessors, put forward little or noth¬ 
ing to replace the system it attempted to destroy. 
The atheism of the present century may be taken to 
include every philosophic system which rejects the 
notion of a personal Creator: in this sense it ranks 
as a genus, of which Atomism, Pantheism, Positiv¬ 
ism, &c., are species. Strictly, it is the doctrine 
that sees in matter the sole principle of the uni¬ 
verse. Popularly, atheism consists in the denial of 
a God: this view is probably founded on the mis¬ 
translation of Psalm xiv. 1, and liii. 1, which should 
be, “The fool hath said in his heart. No God for 
me ”— i. e., he willfully rejects God, at the same time 
knowing that He is. 

a-the-Ist, s. & a. [In Ger. atheist; Fr. athie, 
jath&iste: Sp. & Ital. ateista; Port, atheista; Lat. 
atheos; from Gr. a, priv., and f/teos—God.] 

A. As substantive: One who holds any of the opin¬ 
ions described under Atheism (q. v.). 

B. As adjective: Entertaining any of the opinions 
described under Atheism (q. v.). 

atheist-wretch, s. A contemptuous term for an 
atheist. 

" The weakest atheist-wretch all heaven defies, 

But shrinks and shudders when the thunder flies.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xx., 421-2. 

a-the-Ist'-Ic, a-the-Ist'-Ic- 3 l, s. [Eng. atheist ; 
-ic. -ical. In Ital. ateistico .] 

1. Of persons: Disbelieving or doubting the exist¬ 
ence of a God. 

“ It is an ignorant conceit, that enquiry into nature 
should make them atheistic — Bp. Hall: Contemplations; 
The Sages and Star. ( Richardson .) 

. . . a stupid, an atheistical , an irreligious fool.”— 
Jeremy Taylor: Of the Decalogue. Works (ed. 1839) vol. iii., 

p. 26. 

2. Of speeches , writings , &c.: Containing or in¬ 
volving atheism. 

41 . . . atheistical explications of natural effects and 
common events.”— Barrow , vol. i., Ser. 3. 

a-the-ist -ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. atheistical; suff. 
-ly.\ In an atheistic manner; inclined toward 
atheism. 

“ I entreat such as are atheistically inclined to consider 
these things.— Tillotson. 

a-the-Ist -Ic~ 3 l-ness, s. [Eng. atheistical; -ness.] 
The quality of being atheistic. 

“ Lord, purge out of all hearts profaneness and atheistic¬ 
alness.”—Hammond : Fundamentals. 

a-the-I'ze, v.t.&i. [Gr. af/ieos=without God; 
denying the existence of God; and Eng. -ize= to 
make.] [See suffix -ize.] 


A. Transitive: To render atheistic. 

“ . . . they endeavored to atheize one another . . 

— Bp. Berkeley: The Minute Philosopher, Dial. ii. 

B. Intransitive: To speak or write in an atheistic 
manner. 

“ . . . to see if we can find any other philosophers 
who atheized before Democritus and Leucippus, as also 
what form of atheism they entertained.”— Cudworth: In¬ 
tel! Syst., p. 8. ( Richardson.) 

a-the-lz-er, s. [Eng. atheize; -er.] One who 
atheizes; one who teaches or encourages atheism. 

“These men were indeed the first atheizers of this 
ancient atomick philosophy.”— Cudworth: Intell. Syst.; 
Pref. (Richardson.) 

*ath'-el, *ad'-el, *ae'-thel (O. Eng.), *ath-II, 
*ath'-Ill, * hath-Ill, * hath'-el, *hath'-elle, 
*a$h'-Il, *a 9 h -Ill, adj., s., & in compos. [A. S. 
cethele—(l) noble, eminent not only in blood or by 
descent, but in mind; excellent, famous, singular; 
(2) very young; growing fast. (Bosworth.) [.Ethel, 
Adeling, Atheling.] 

A. As adjective: Noble, illustrious. 

“The athil Emprour annon rycht him neir.” 

Houlate, iii. 4. (Jamieson.) 
“At the soper, and after 
Mony athel songes.” 

Gawayne and the Grene Knyyht. (S. in Boucher .) 

B. As substantive: A prince, a nobleman, an 
illustrious personage. 

“ All thusthir achilles in hall ha-stie remanit.” 

Houlate, iii. 17. (Jamieson.) 

C. In composition: 

In Anglo-Saxon proper names: Noble, well-born, 
of honorable extraction; as Atheling=& noble 
youth; Ethelred or JEthelred =noble in counsel; 
Ethelard or JEthelard=a. noble genius; Ethelbert 
or JEthelbert^ndbly bright, eminently noble; Ethel- 
ward or JEthelward—a noble protector or de¬ 
fender. 

w athj-el-lng, ad-el-Ihg, ed -el-Ihg, eth-llng, 
eth -el-Ihg, s. [A. S. cetheling=(l) the son of a 
king, a prince, one of the royal blood, the heir 
apparent, a nobleman next in rank to the king; (2) 
a ruler, governor, man. (Bosivorth.).] [Adeling, 
jEtheling.] Properly, a title of honor belonging 
to the heir apparent or presumptive. It was first 
conferred on Edgar by Edward the Confessor, his 
grand-uncle, who bestowed it when he designed to 
make him successor to himself on the throne. 

Thral unbuxoum, 

Atheling britheling.” 

MS. Cott., Calig., A. ix., f. 246 b. (S. in Boucher. 1 

3 -then-ae-um, 3 -then-e-um, s. [In Fr. 

athinie; Port, atheneo; Lat. athenaeum, atheneum, 
a place built Jby Hadrian, and consecrated to 
Minerva, in which poets and other authors read 
aloud their productions ; Gr. Athenaion, the temple 
of Athena.'] [Athene.] A term used to designate 
various institutions more or less connected with 
literature j as— 

1. A pubJc reading-room furnished with newspa¬ 
pers and other periodicals, with possibly a library 
attached. > 

2. A periodical speciaUy designed to record the 
progress of art and review new books, as the well- 
known Athenaeum published in London; or simply 
a newspaper, as the Madras Athenaeum. 

ji-the’-ne, A-the - 113 , s. [Gr. Athena, in Horn. 
Athene, Athenaie. Max M filler 
believes that the root from 
which Athene came was ah, 
which yielded also the San¬ 
scrit ahan&, aghuyd, i. e., 
ahuya=the dawn, and ahar— 
day.] The Grecian goddess 
corresponding to the Roman 
Minerva. She was the tutelary 
goddess of Athens, which was 
said to have been called after 
her. She was the goddess of 
war, of wisdom, and of the 
arts and sciences. 

“He spake, and to her hand pre- 
ferr’d the bowl. 

A secret pleasure touch’d Athe¬ 
na’s soul.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iiL, 

64, 65. 

Athene was known to the 
Romans as Minerva. 

A-the'-nI- 311 , a. & s. In Fr. Athenian; Lat. 
Athenceus; Gr . Athenaios, from Athenai= Athens.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Athens or its in¬ 
habitants. 

IT Athenian Owl: A name given to the Eagle Owl 
(Bubo maximus). [Bubo, Eagle Owl.] 

B. As substantive: A native of Athens. 

“ No breath of air to break the wave 
That rolls below the Athenian’s grave.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 



fate, fat, fare, 3 midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 








atheologian 


311 


athyrium 


*A-the-0-ld -&I-3n, s. [Gr. a, priv., and Eng. 
theologian.'] A person destitute of theological 
knowledge or acumen. 

“They of your society [Jesuits], as they took their 
•original from a soldier, so they are the only atheolo- 
gians, whose heads entertain no other object but the tumult 
of realms; whose doctrine is nothing but confusion and 
bloodshed.”— Hayward: Ans. to Doleman, ch. 9. 

a-the ol -o-gy, s. [Gr. a , priv., and Eng. the¬ 
ology (ci-v.).] Atheism. (Swift.) 

*a -the-OUS, a. [Lat. atheos; Gr. atheos: a, priv., 
and t.heos=God.] Atheistic ; not believing in God, 
or acting as if one did not do so. 

“ Thy Father, who is holy, wise, and pure, 

Suffers the hypocrite or atheous priest 
To tread his sacred courts and minister 
About his altar, handling holy things.” 

Milton: P. R., bk. i. 

3 -ther-I-aS -tite, s. [From Gr. atheriastos (its 
•discoverer says), which is a word not in Liddell 
and Scott. Should it be atheristos= unheeded (?).] 
A mineral, a variety of Scapolite, placed by Dana 
under the mineral Wernerite. It is of a greenish 
•color, and is found at Arendal, in Norway. 

ath'-er-Ine (Ena.), ath-er-I'-ngi, s. [Mod. Lat. 
atherina; from Gr. atherine — a kind of smelt 
(Aristotle).] 

A. Of the form atherine; 

Ordinary Eanguage: A pretty little fish, from 
five to six inches long, called also the Sandsmelt. 
It is the A. presbyter of Cuvier. It is found along 
the southern coasts of Europe, occupying a region 
distinct from that in which the smelt (Osmerus 
eperlanus) occurs. It is used as food. There is an 
American species, the Menidia notata, commonly 
called silversides. 


*a-think, impers. v. [A. S. ofthyncan.] To 
repent. (Wycliffe: Genesis, vi. 7.) 

*a -thlr, *a -thSrr, conj. [Eitheb.] 

a -thlr, *a -thyr (yr as Ir], a. [Othek.] 

3 -thlrst, *a thyrst (yr as Ir), a. [Eng. a; 
thirst.] [Thib9T, Thirsty.] 

I. Lit.: Having a necessity and a longing for 
water or some otlier liquid wherewith to slake the 
thirst; graving after something to drink. 

“ . . . when thou art athirst, go unto the vessels and 
drink.”— Ruth ii. 9. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Gen.: Feeling an intense longing after some¬ 
thing. 

“Athirst for battle.”— Cowper: Homer’s Iliad, bk. viii. 

2. Spec.: Feeling intense dissatisfaction with 
worldly pleasure, occupation, or care, and eager 
longing for spiritual good. 

“I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of 
the water of life freely .’’—Rev. xxi. 6. 

ath -lete, tath -let, s. [In Dan. & Ger. athlet; 
Fr. athlete; Sp. & Ital. atleta; Port, athleta; Lat. 
athleta, athletes; Gr. athletes: from Lat, athlon 
and athla; Gr. athlon-& struggle, a work, a labor.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Originally: A man trained to contend in some 
one of the physical exercises established among the 
Greeks and Romans. These were five in number, 
viz., running, leaping, boxing, wrestling, and throw¬ 
ing the discus or quoit. 

“David’s combat compared with that of Dioxippus, the 
Athenian athlete — Delany: Life of David. 


3 tho'-us, s. [Gr. at 7 ioos=unpunished; harm¬ 
less: a, priv., and thoe—n penalty. ! . 

Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the 
family Elateridae. The larvae of the several species 
— A. longicollis, the Long-necked Click -Beetle: 
A. niger. the Black Click Beetle, and A. ruficau- 
dis the Bed-tailed Click Beetle—produce wire- 
worms,” but not all destructive to farm crops. 
(Curtis.) 

*3-thre e, *3 thre', *3-thre -o, adv. [Eng. a; 
three.] In three. 

“ This lond was delod athre among thre sones y wys. 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 23. ( Richardson.) 

3-threp -si-a, s. [Gr. a, priv., and threpsis= 
nourishment.] Want of nourishment; the bad 
habit of body resulting therefrom. 

3-thrIx -l~ 3 , s. [Gr. alhrix: a, priv., and thrix 
=hair, in allusion to the absence of hairs from the 
receptacle and the stigmas of the ray.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Asteracem, or Composites. A . ca/pensis is a pretty 
greenhouse shrub, with narrow lanceolate leaves 
and bright crimson solitary heads of flowers. 

*3-throb , a. [Eng. a— on, and, throb, s.] Throb¬ 
bing, palpitating. 

*3-throte, v. t. [O. Eng. a; and A. S. throte— 
the throat.] To fill up to the throat. 

“And if thou wolt algates with superfluity of riches be 
athroted.” —Chaucer: Test, of Loue, bk. ii. 

3-thwa rt (Eng.), a-thort (Scotch),prep. &adv. 
[Eng. a; thwart (q. v.).] 

A. As preposition: 

I. Ordinary Language: 


B. Of the form atherina: 

Zool.: A genus of fishes of the order Acanthop- 
terygiiand the family Mugilidae (Mullets). Several 
species are known in the Mediterranean and else¬ 
where. The young, which congregate together, are 
the Aphyes of the ancients. Now, in the south of 
Europe, they are called Nonnat. 

3 -ther'-m 3 n-§^, s. [From Gr. athermantos—not 
heated; athermos= without heat: a, priv., and ther- 
mos=hot.] The term used by Melloni to express 
the power which certain bodies have of stopping 
radiant heat. [Diathermancy.] (Atkinson: Ganofs 
Physics, § 373.) 

3 -ther’-m 3 H- 0 US, adj. [From Eng. atherman 
fey) ; -OU8.] [Athermancy.] Pertaining or relating 
to athermancy (q. v.). (It is opposed to diather- 
manous.) 

ath-er- 6 -m. 3 , s. [Lat. atheroma,; Gr. atheroma= 
a tumor upon the head filled with matter; from 
athere, also athara; Attic athare=g roats or meal.] 
A species of wen filled with curdy matter. It does 
not cause pain, discolor the skin, or yield easily to 
the touch. 

“If the matter forming them resembles milk curds, 
the tumor is called atheroma; if it be like honey, meli- 
ceris; and if composed of fat, or a suety substance, 
steatoma.”— Shai-p. 

ath-er-om - 3 -toiis, a. [Gr. atheromatos, genit. 
of atheroma (Atheroma), and Eng. suffix -ous.) 
Pertaining or relating to atheroma. Curdy in 
appearance and consistency. 

“ . . . the atheromatous deposits which are so common 

in peculiar diatheses, or at an advanced period of life.”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., 320. 

3th-er-0-sper -m 3 , s. [Gr. ather=the beard or 
*pike of an ear of corn; sperma= seed. So called 
from the seed being crowned by a permanent hairy 

St Roi?. - A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Atherospermacese (q. v.). 

3th-er-0-sper-ma -§e-se, s. pi. [From the typi¬ 


cal genus othero- 
eperma (q. v.).] 
Bot.: An order 
of exogenous 
plants placed by 
Lindley in his 
Menispermal Alli¬ 
ance. Their Eng¬ 
lish name is Plume 
Nutmegs.. They 
are unisexual 
plants, having nei¬ 
ther calyx nor cor¬ 
olla, but only an 
involucre. In the 
male flowers the 
stamens are n u - 
merous; in the fe¬ 
males they are less 
■so. Each involucre 
has several ova- 



Plume Nutmeg. 


ries, with solitary , , , 

■erect ovules, which afterward become feathered at 
the summit by the persistent styles. They are 
natives of New Holland and bouth America. In 1846 
Lindley estimated the known species at four only. 


2. Now (in a more general sense): A person with 
strongly-developed muscles, and trained to contend 
in exercises which require for success much physi¬ 
cal strength. 

“ Having opposed to him a vigorous athlete.”—A. Smith: 
Theory of Moral Sentiments. 

II. Figuratively: An intellectually strong and 
well-educated man who contends against opponents, 
not with his muscles, but with his mind. 

“ But I submit, that the dictum of a mathematical ath¬ 
lete upon a difficult problem which mathematics offers to 
philosophy, has no more special weight than the verdict 
of that great pedestrian, Captain Barclay, would have had 
in settling a disputed point in the physiology of locomo¬ 
tion.”— Huxley: Lay Sermons, 5th ed.; Prefatory Letter,vi. 

3th-let -ic, *3th-let'-lck, a.&s. [Eng. athlet(e) ; 
-ic. In Fr. athUtique; Lat. athleticus; Gr. athleti- 
kos.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to the games or contests in which 
the ancient athletes strove. [Athlete.] 

“ The athletic,!: diet was of pulse, alphiton, maza, barley, 
and water.”—Sir T. Browne: Misc. Tracts, p. 17. 

2. With great muscular development, like that 
possessed, after training, by the ancient athletes. 

“ The hundreds of athletic Celts whom he saw in their 
national order of battle were evidently not allies to be 
despised.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

B. As substantive: “The art of activity.” Ath¬ 
letics. 

“ . . . art. of activity, which is called athletic; and art 
voluptuary, which Tacitus truly calleth erxiditus luxus .”— 
Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. ii. 

3th-let-Ic-al If , adv. [Eng. athletical; -///.] In 
an athletic manner ; with exertion of much physical 
strength. (Barrow.) 

ath-let'-i-<)i§m, s. [Eng. athletic; suff. -ism.] 
The art of training one as an athlete; the state of 
being so trained; athletics. (Maunder.) (Reids 
Diet.) 

3th-let -ics, s. [Athletic.] The art of develop¬ 
ing muscular strength for the sake of prize or other 
contests, or for the ordinary physical work of life. 

“Can parents and schoolmasters possibly go on any 
longer pretending to think that cricket, boating, and 
athletics, as now conducted, are only recreations?”— Mark 
Pattison: Academical Organization (1868), p. 316. 

ath -let-i§m, s. [Eng. athlet(e) ; -ism.] The 
same as Athleticism (q. v.). 

Ath - 61 , Ath -Ole, Ath -Oil, s. [Celtic.] A dis¬ 
trict in the northern part of Perthshire. 

Athol brose: Honey mixed with aqua vitae, used 
in the Highlands as a specific for cold. Meal is 
sometimes substituted for honey. (Jamieson.) 

“The captain swallowed his morning draught of Athol 
brose and departed.”— Scott: Heart of Midlothian, ch. 
xlviii. 

*3t-ho Id, *3t-hfi Id, v. t. To hold back, to with¬ 
hold. 

“And bad him go and hir athold. 

Sir Orfeo, 49. (S. in Boucher.) 

A -thor, s. An asteroid, the 161st found. It was 
discovered by Watson on April 18,1876. _ 


1)611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = sh3n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-ticn, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


1. Literally: , 

(a) Across, transversely; from one side to the 
other. 

“ Ho sate him down at a pillar’s base, 

And pass’d his hand athwart his face.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 19. 

(b) So as to cross, without reference to whether 
it is transversely, longitudinally, or diagonally. 

“Her lights, wi’ hissing eerie din: 

Athort the lift they start and shift, 

Lika fortune’s favors’ tint as win.” 

Burns: A Vision. 

2. Figuratively : 

(a) So as to cross; so as to thwart. 

“ Strikes the rough thread of error right athwart 
The web of every scheme they have at heart.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

*(b) Through ; in the midst of. 

“ Now, athwart the terrors that thy vow 
Has planted round thee, than appear’st more fair. 

Addison. 

II. Technically: 

Naut. Athwart hawse: A term applied to the 
situation of a ship when she lies across the stem of 
another one, either m immediate contact with her 
or a short distance off. 

Athwart ships: Reaching across the ship from 
side to side; transversely across the ship. 

Athwart the fore-foot: A term applied to the 
direction of a cannon-ball fired by one ship across 
the bow of another as a signal or a command for 
her to lay to. 

B. As adverb: ■> 

I. Lit. Of material substances and their direc¬ 
tion : . 

1. Seized by the middle, so as to be cross-wise. 
(Pope: Homer’s Iliad, iii. 111.) 

2. Across, so as to pass from side to side. ( Thom¬ 
son: Spring, 509.) 

II. Fig. Of adverse influence : 

1 . So as to thwart; crossly, vexatiously, perplex- 
ingly. 

“ All athwart there came 
A post from Wales, loaden with heavy news.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., i. L 

2. Awry, wrong; to destruction. 

“ The baby beats the nurse; and quite athwart 
Goes all decorum.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, i. 3. 

3. Abroad; far and wide. (Scotch.) 

“ There goes a speech athort in the name of the Dnke of 
Lennox.” — Baillie’s Letters, i. 83. {Jamieson.) 

3 -thy -mi- 3 , s. [Gr. athymia. from athymeo=to 
be down-hearted: a, priv., and thymos— the soul as 
the seat of passion.] Faint-heartedness, despond¬ 
ency. 

*a'-thyr (yr as Ir), conj. [Either.] (Scotch.) 

*a -^hyr (yr as ir), a. [Other.] (Scotch.) 

3-thyr -i-um, s. [Gr. a, priv., and thyrion = a 
little door, a wicket.] A genus or sub-genus of ferns 
containing the A. filixfoemina and the A.fontanum. 
[Asplenium.] 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del* 






atil 


312 


atmolyzed 


*a'-til, *§/-tyle, v. t. [O. Fr. attiler .] To equip, 
to supply with necessary stores. 

“ Upe is stede i-armed is, and atiled thorn out al.” 

Rob. Glouc.: Chron., p. 525. 

“Al ys folc wel atyled to the batayle sscet.” 

Ibid., p. 861. (S. in Boucher.) 

*a -til, *a-tyl, s. [From the verb.] Furniture, 
necessary supplies. 

“And al here atyl and tresourwas also asseynt.” 

Rob. Glouc.: Chron., p: 51. (Boucher.) 

If In another MS. it is catel, and in a third attyre. 
(S. in Boucher.) 

9,-tilt’, At tilt', adv. & a.' [Eng. a, and tilt; at 
tilt.'] [Tilt.] As if tilting; as a person would do 
who tilts. 

1. As adv.: As if thrusting at an antagonist. 

“ . . . when in the city Tours, 

Thou ran’st atilt, in honor of my love, 

And stol’st away the ladies’ hearts of France.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Men. VI., i. 8. 

2. As adj.: In the position of a barrel raised or 
tilted behind, to make it run out. 

“Such a man is always atilt: his favors come hardly 
from him.”— Spectator. 


_ “ The doctrine that there has been a continuous forma¬ 
tion of Crlobigerina mud on the bottom of the Atlantic 
from the Cretaceous epoch to the present time . . . 

must be admitted as (to say the least) a not improbable 
hypothesis.”— Dr. W. Carpenter. (Ency. Brit., 9th ed., 
iii. 21.) 

The Bed of the Atlantic: Between soundings and 
photography there is a prospect that marine depths 
will become almost as familiar to students of 
oceanography as the dry land. Surveys of the 
Atlantic have somewhat modified pre-existing views 
as to the contour of its bed. Proceeding westward 
from the Irish coast the sea deepens very gradually, 
the gradient being for the first 230 miles not more 
than six feet to the mile. In the next twenty miles, 
however, the fall is more than 9,000 feet, the descent 
being so precipitous that in many places depths of 
1,200 to 1,600 fathoms are found close to the 100- 
fathom line. When a depth of 1,800 to 2,000 fathoms 
is reached the bed becomes a slightly undulating 
plain, with scarcely any variation for a distance of 
1,200 miles. So far as is known the greatest depth 
in the Atlantic is about 100 miles to the north of St. 
Thomas, where soundings of 3,875 fathoms have 
been obtained. The seas around Great Britain, in¬ 
stead of forming part of the Atlantic hollow as 


B. Of the form atlas: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A collection of maps, probably so called from, 
the fact that some volumes of maps used to have as 
a frontispiece a representation of Atlas supporting- 
the world on his shoulders. The celebrated geog¬ 
rapher Mercator was the first to use the word in this, 
sense. He lived in the sixteenth century. 

2. A large square folio, externally resembling a 
quarto or a book of maps, but which consists of 
large engravings, as for instance, anatomical plates- 
or landscapes illustrative of a country. 

“Owen’s report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, 
Iowa, and Minnesota, and part of the Nebraska Territory, 
with atlas of colored plates.”— Name of Book. 

IT This use of the word is somewhat rare in Eng¬ 
land and America, but very common in France. 

f3. A book in which the information is presented 
in a tabular form. 
f4. In the same sense as B. 3. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: The supporters of a building. [Atlan- 
tes.] 

... . . vli 2. Anat.: The first cervieal vertebra, the one on 

supposed, are now believed to be part of the plat- which the head is balanced. It is very strong, and 


at'-l-my, s. [Gr. utimia= dishonor: at imao=to supposed are now believed to be part ot the plat- £a S "reat freedom of movement 
dishonor: a, priv., and time= worship, honor; tio= *? rm banli:s of tbe ^reat European continent which nas r 7’ leat Iree , :,m of movement, 

- iii hoc rvvT-mi’Ti/'vvwm/l I hfi TiT’«r. nnn Kocnnrl cotoicq wot 


to pay honor.] 

In ancient Greece: Infamy; public disgrace 
inflicted on those who had been guilty of certain 
offenses. 

-a'-tion. [Eng. suff., from Lat. -atio, as oblation, 
from Lat. oblatio= an offering.] It signifies (1) the 
act of, (2) the state of being, and (3) that which. 
For example: “God’s creation of the world ” means 
“God’s act of creating the world;” “ the world’s 


the sea has overflowed. 

At-lan’-tic (2), a. [Atlantean.] 
At-lan^ti-ca, s. [Atlantis.] 

At-lan -tl-dse, s.pl. [Atlanta.] 

I. Ethn.: According to Latham, one of the pri¬ 
mary varieties of the human species. The maxillary 
profile is projecting; the nasal one generally flat; 
the frontal one retiring; the cranium dolichoceph- 


creation ” signifies “ its state of being created,” and alic, the parietal diameter being generally narrow, 
by the expression “ the visible creation ” we mean Eyes rarely oblique. Skin often jet black, very 
“ the persons who and things which have been ere- rarely approaching a pure white. Hair crisp, 
ated.’ woolly, rarely straight, still more rarely light-col- 

at lan -ta, s. [From the Atlanta, in which the ored. Languages with an agglutinate, rarely an 
species occur (?).] Agenus of mollusks.the typicai amalgamate inflection. Distribution, Africa. In- 
one of the family Atlantidse (q. v.). The shell, nuence on the history of the world inconsiderable. 


ly Atlantidse (q. v.). The shell, 
which is minute, is glassy, with a dextral opercu¬ 
lum, though it is a dextral shell, a phenomenon of 
a unique character. According to Tate, in the year 
1875 there were known of recent species eighteen, 
from the Canary Islands and the warmer parts of 
the Atlantic. A sub-genus Oxygyrus added four 
more to the list. 

At-lan-te -gm, tAt-lan-ti-an, at-lan'-te-an, 
*At-lan-tic, a. [Lat. Atlanteus; Gr. Atlanteios.] 

A. {Of the forms Atlantean and atlantean only ): 

1. Spec.: Pertaining to Atlas or the mountains 
called after him. [Atlas.] 

2. Gen.: Strong; capable of bearing great weight. 
(Used chiefly of shoulders.) 

“ Sage lie stood, 

With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear 
The weight of mightiest monarchies . . 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

“ What more than Atlantean shoulder props 
The incumbent load.” 

Young: Night Thoughts, 9. 

fB. {Of the forms Atlautian and Atlantean): Per¬ 
taining to the probably fabulous island of Atlantis 
(q. v.).^ 

At-lan’-te§, s. pi. [InFr. atlante (sing.); Sp. at- 
lantides. From Gr. Atlante. s, plural of Atlas, genit. 
Atlantos .] 

Arch.: Colos¬ 
sal statues of 
men used instead 
of pillars to sup¬ 
port an entabla¬ 
ture. Roman ar¬ 
chitects called 
them Gr. tela¬ 
mones. (Vitruv., 
vi. 10.) When 
statues of women 
support an en¬ 
tablature they 
are generally 
called Cary¬ 
atides (q. v.). 

At-lan'-tie, 
a. & s. [In 
fr. Atlantique; 


II. Zool.: A family of mollusks belonging to 
the class Gasteropoda and the order Nucleobranchi- 
ata. There is a symmetrical discoidal shell, 
sometimes closed by an operculum. The gills are 
contained in a dorsal mantle-cavity. Genera: At¬ 
lanta Bellerophon, &c. 

At-lan’-ti-de§, s. pi. [Lat. Atlantides, Atlan- 
tiades.] 

1. Class. Myth.: The daughters of Atlas, seven of 
whom were called also Pleiades, after their mother 
Pleione. After their death they were supposed to 
have been transformed into the constellation Pleia¬ 
des. 

2. Astron.: A designation sometimes given to the 
stars constituting the Pleiades. 

At-lan-tis, At-lan -ti-ca, s. [From Gr. Atlan¬ 
tis.'] An island, said by Plato and others to have 


The first and second cervical vertebrae, called respect¬ 
ively atlas and axis.”— Flower: Osteology of the Mam¬ 
malia, p. 22. 

3. Silk-weaving: A rich kind of silk or stuff manu¬ 
factured in the East, and designed to be used in 
making articles of female attire. 

“ I have the conveniency of buying Dutch atlases with 
gold and silver, or without.”— Spectator. 

4. Paper-making: A large kind of drawing paper. 

If Atlas beetle: A fine iamellicorn beetle found 

in portions of Eastern Europe. It is the Chalcosoma 
atlas. The male is brilliant metallic olive-green; the 
female duller. The male is about three inches 
long. 

fatlas-fine, a. & s. A kind of paper, opposed to 
atlas-ordinary (q. v.). [Atlas, B., II. 4.] 

-[atlas-ordinary, a. & s. A kind of paper, op¬ 
posed to atlas-fine (q. v.). [Atlas, B., II. 4.] 

“ The preservation of this faith is of more consequence' 
than the duties on red lead, or white lead, or on broken 
glass, or atlas-ordinary, or demy-fine, or blue royal.”— 
Burke on Amer. Tax. 

at -las-Ite, s. [Apparently from Ger., &c., atlas 
= . . . satin, named from the satiny or silky 
character of the mineral. The term corresponds 
with Ger. atlaserz= fibrous malachite.] A mineral 
believed by Dana to be not sufficiently distinct from 
Azurite to constitute a quite independent species. 
He believes that it may be a mixture of about 3)4 
parts of Azurite with one part of Atacamite. It is 
from Chili. 

at-ml-dom-et-er, s. [From Gr. atmidos, genit. 
of aim is=the steam of a fomentation. Cognate- 


o'“0*;3 [See Atmometee.] ' An instalment 


& 



still in use, invented by Babington, for measuring 
the evaporation from water, ice, snow, &c. It con¬ 
sists of two glass or metal 
bulbs, one of them placed 
above the other, with which 
it communicates by a narrow 
neck. The lower one is 
weighted with shot or mer¬ 
cury, and the upper has on it 
a small glass or metal stem, 


Straits of Gades, that is, in what is now called the 
Atlantic ocean, a short distance west of the Straits of 
Gibraltar. Homer, Horace, and some others made 
two “ Atlantic.as,” distinguished as the Hesperides 
and the Ely Sian Fields, and believed to lie the 
abodes of the blest. Plato states that an easy 
passage existed from the one Atlantis into other 
islands, which lay near a continent exceeding in size 
all Europe and Asia. Some have thought this 
America. Atlantis is represented as having ulti- - 

mateiy sunk beneath the waves, leaving only iso- with a'"scale graduated in 
lated rock. and. shoals m its place. Geologists grains and half-grains. On 
have discovered that the .coast-line of Western the top of all there is a shal- 
Europe did once run farther m the direction of Amer- i ow Ran The instrument 
ica than now; but its submergence seems to have hpink im’mPTwl ir 'a va««o 1 
taken place long before historic times, so that the of wateT through ^ circular 
whole ancient story about Atlantis was probably hole in which the steam rises, 
founded on erroneous information, or arose from a rli=rili P d wafer is e-rnrhmllv 
clever guess put forth by a man of lively imagine- J^red i^f the pfn^bo^ 

H The New Atlantis: The title which Lord Bacon 
gives to a literary fragment, in which he sketched 
out an ideal commonwealth. 


causing it to sink to the point 
at which the zero of the steam 
is on a level with the cover of 
the vessel. As then the water 



Atmidometer. 


Atlantes. (From Pompeii.) 


Sp-, Port.* Ital. Atlantico; Lat, Atlanticus; Gr. 
Atlantikos.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to the 
ocean so designated. 

“ The murmurs of th’ Atlantic wave.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iv. 

B. As substantive: The great ocean between 
Europe and Africa on the one side and America on 
the other, divided into the Northern, the Inter- 


at'-las, At'-las, s. [In Sw.,Dan., Dut., Ger., Fr., in the pan gradually evaporates, the stem slowly 

ascends, the amount of evaporation being indicated 
in grains on the graduated scale. {Brande.) 

at-mol-o-g^, s. [Gr. atmos= vapor and log os= 
discourse.] The science which treats of atmos¬ 
pheric vapor. 

at-mol'-ys-Is, s. [Atmolyze.] The act or opera¬ 
tion of separating two gases in combination from 
each other. {Fownes.) 

at-mo-ly ze, v. t. . [Gr. ( 1 ) a<mos=smoke or 
steam; (2) lysis= a loosing or setting free; lyo— to 
loose.] To separate, at least partially, two gases 
or vapors of unequal diffusibility which are com- 


Sp., & Port, atlas, Atlas; Lat. Atlas, genit. Atlantis; 
Gr. Atlas, Atlantos; atlas, atlantos.] 

A. Of the form Atlas: 

1. Class. Myth.: A king of Mauritania, believed to 
have been transformed, by looking at the head of 
Medusa, into the range of mountains of the same 
name. He was supposed to support the world on 
his shoulders. 

“ Atlas her sire, to whose far-piercing eye 
The wonders of the deep expanded lie; 

Th’ eternal columns which on earth he rears 
End in the starry vault, and prop the spheres.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. i., 67-70. 


2. Geoq.: The range of mountains mentioned hined with each other. {Fownes: Manual of Chem 


tropical, and the Southern, or simply into the above. The highest peak, which is in Morocco, is ^try, 10th ©d., p. 140.) 
Northern and Southern Atlantic. ahnnt ii inn foot in eWcO-inn ’ s* 


fate, fat, 
or, w< 5 re, 


fare, 

wqlf. 


Atlantic 

amidst, 

work, 


about 11,400 feet in elevation. at-mo-ly zed, pa. par. [Atmolyze.] 


wh&t, fall, father; we, wet, here, 
wh6, so a; mute, cub, ciire, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, s'ire, sir, 
eiir, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qn = kw> 
























































































































































1 




atmolyzer 

i&tr-jGao-Iyz'-er, s. [Eng. atmolyz{e); -er.j That 
•which produces atmolysis. the partial separation of 
■gases or yapors of unequal diffusibility. 

Tube atmolyzer: An instrument for effecting this 
result. It consists of a tube of unglazed earthen¬ 
ware, about two feet in length, placed within a 
shorter tube of glass in contact with an air-pump. 
The air between the two tubes being to a large ex¬ 
tent exhausted, the mixed gases are allowed slowly 
to traverse the earthenware pipe, when much of the 
lighter one escapes through the pores into the 
other. ( Fownes .) 

at-mo-lyz'-ing, pr. par. [Atmolyze.] 
at-mom'-e-ter, s. [Gr. afmos=smoke, steam, 

• rapor; Sansc. ch»i,a=spirit, soul; and Gr. metron~ 
a measure.] An instrument in- 
rented by Sir John Leslie for 
measuring the quantity of moist- 
tire exhaled in a given time from 
nny humid surface. It consists of 
a very thin ball of porous earthen- 
ware, from one to three inches in 
diameter, having a small neck 
firmly cemented to a long and 
lather wide tube of glass, to which 
is adapted a brass cap with a nar¬ 
row collar of leather to fit closely. 

It is filled with distilled or pure 
Water, and its cap screwed tightly. 

It is then suspended out of doors 
in a situation where it is exposed 
freely to the action of the wind, 
but is sheltered from rain. As the 
Water evaporates from the external 
surface of the ball, it transudes Atmometer. 
through its porous substance, and the waste is 
measured by the corresponding descent of the 
liquid in the stern. To test the amount of this de¬ 
scent there is a finely-graduated scale. When the 
water has sunk to the bottom of the stem the latter 
requires to be filled anew, 
ai'-mo-sphere, s. [In Sw. atmosfer; Ger. aimer 

f their e; Fr. atmosphere; Sp. & Ital. atmosfer at 
ort. atmnsphera; from Gr. atmos— smoke, steam, 
vapor, and sphaira =a ball, a sphere.] 

1. Lit.: The air surrounding our planet, and 
which, as the etymology implies, is, speaking 
broadly, a “ sphere ” (not, of course, a solid, but a 
hollow one). With strict accuracy.it is a hollow 
spheroid. Its exact height is unknown. At 2'7 
miles above the surface of the earth half its density 
is gone, and the remainder is again halved for 
every further rise of 2'7 miles. _ Some small density 
would remain at forty-five miles high. At eighty 
miles this would have all but disappeared. But 
from sundry observations, made at Rio Janeiro and 
■elsewhere, on the twilight arc, M. Liais infers that 
the extreme limit of the atmosphere is between 198 
and 212 miles. For its weight, see Atmospheric 
Pressure. In the lower strata of the atmosphere 
the temperature falls at least a degree for every 352 
feet of ascent; hence, even in the tropics, mount¬ 
ains of any considerable elevation are snow¬ 
capped. The atmosphere appears to us blue, 
because, absorbing the red and yellow solar rays, it 
reflects the blue ones. It revolves with the earth, 
but being extremely mobile, winds are generated in 
it, so that it is rarely long at rest.. [Wind.] For its 
composition, see Ant, Evaporation continually at 
work sends into it quantities of water in a gaseous 
state; clouds are formed [Clouds], and in due time 
descend in rain. [Rain ; Meteorology.] The 
atmosphere always contains free electricity, some¬ 
times positive and sometimes negative. There 
appears to bo no atmosphere around the Moon ; but 
£,he case seems different with tho Sun, Venus, Mars, 
Jupiter, and Saturn. 

“ How as atalisman of magic fame, 

This atmosphere conveys th’ enlightening beam. 
Reflects, inflects, refracts the orient ray 
Anticipating sheds the rising day.” 

Brook; Universal Beauty. ( Richardson .) 

2. Fie/.: Any pervading intellectual, moral, 
religious, or other influence by which one is sur¬ 
rounded; as in the expression, “He lives in an 
atmosphere of suspicion.” 

*Electrical atmosphere: An obsolete name for the 
sphere immediately surrounding an electrified body 
and operated upon by it. 

Magnetic atmosphere: The sphere within which 
the attractive force of the magnet acts. 

at-mo-spher'-lc, at-mo-spher'-ic-al, a. [Eng. 

t.tmospher(e); -ic. -teal. In Fr. atmospherique; 
Sp. atmosfcrico.] [Atmosphere.] Pertaining or 
relating to the atmosphere. Specially— 

1. Constituting or pervading the atmosphere; 
made of air. 

“ . . . the transparent atmospheric envelope . . 
-Herschel: Astronomy, § 566 . 

2. Existing within the atmosphere. 

“. . , but when we reflect that the Cordillera, run. 
aing in a north and south line, intercepts, like a great 
ivali’ the entire depth of the lower atmospheric current 
. .”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xv. 


313 

3. Produced by the atmosphere. 

“ Measure of atmospheric pressure, . , — Prof. Airy: 

Bound, p. 8. 

f4. Under the influence of the atmosphere; af¬ 
fected in temperament by the atmosphere. {Pope,) 
fatmospheric air. The ordinary air belonging 
to the atmosphere, as contradistinguished from 
other “ airs,” the old term for gases. Now that tho 
word air has come specifically to mean that in the' 
atmosphere, the expression atmospheric air is a 
tautology, and will probably sink into disuse. 

atmospheric or atmospherical clock. A ma¬ 
chine planned by Sir David Brewster for measuring 
the mean temperature of the atmosphere. 

atmospheric engine. An engine in which the 
piston was forced down by the pressure of the atmo¬ 
sphere, when the steam, which caused it to rise, was 
condensed so as to produce a near approach to a 
vacuum in the cylindrical chamber beneath it. 
Such was Newcomen’s engine, constructed in 1705, 
and subsequently improved by Smeaton, Brindley, 
and others, till superseded by Watt’s single-acting 
engine, which was a genuine steam-engine. The 
atmospheric engine was used only for pumping 
water. 

Mech.: A line drawn upon an indicator-card by a 
pencil worked by the steam of a steam-engine, and 
designed to register the equilibrium line between 
steam pressure on the piston and the extent of the 
vacuum produced on the other. The former is 
indicated by numbers ascending above the atmos¬ 
pheric line; the latter by numbers descending 
below it; while itself it stands at zero. [Indi¬ 
cator-card.] 

atmospheric pressure. The pressure exerted 
by the atmosphere, not merely downward, but in 
every direction.. It amounts to 14‘7 lbs. of weight 
on each square inch, which is often called in round 
numbers 15. On a square foot it is=2,lG0 lbs., or 
nearly a ton. It would act upon our bodies with 
crushing effect were it not that the pressure, oper¬ 
ating in all directions, produces an equilibrium. If 
any gas or liquid press upon a surface with a force of 
15 lbs. on a square inch, it is generally described as 
having a pressure of one atmosphere; if 60 lbs., of 
two atmospheres; if 120 lbs., of four atmospheres, 
and so on. 

atmospheric railway. A railway in which the 
propulsive force designed to move the carriages 
along is that of the atmosphere. The notion of 
such a method of locomotion seems first to have 
suggested itself, in the latter part of the seven¬ 
teenth century, to the French physician, Papin, 
whose name is forever associated with the cele¬ 
brated digester. [Digester.] In 1810 Mr. Med- 
hurst published a w-ork entitled A New Method of 
Conveying Letters and Goods by Air. His proposal 
was to construct a closed tunnel, in which tho car¬ 
riages—the last of them provided with a piston fit¬ 
ting the tunnel—should be propelled by air forced 
in behind them, Vallance, of Brighton, in 1825, 
recommended as an improvement on this plan the 
exhaustion of the air in front. About 1835 Mr. 
Henry Pinkus, an American gentleman residing in 
England, patented a scheme for placing the car¬ 
riages in the open air, but connecting them below 
with a small tunnel, having a narrow slit above, 
with ingeniously constructed apparatus to render 
the tunnel temporarily air-tight notwithstanding 
the slit. Not much was done to carry out the pat¬ 
ent; and Pinkus’ scheme of what he called a 
Pneumatic Railway was considered as having 
failed, when, in 1840, Messrs.. Clegg and Samuda 
brought forward a somewhat similar project under 
the name of the “Atmospheric Railway.” An 
experimental fragment of line laid down near 
Wormwood Scrubs, just outside of London, on the 
Great Western line, was successful, as was one de¬ 
signed for actual use from Kingstown to Dalkey, in 
Ireland, another between London and Croydon, 
and a third in South Devon; all, however, have 
been since abandoned. For passengers at least, 
and to a great extent even for the transmission of 
letters, the railways of the ordinary type, on which 
steam is the impelling force, have triumphantly 
held their own against the innovation of the Atmos¬ 
pheric or Pneumatic Railway, and all that now 
remains of the latter method of propulsion are the 
pneumatic dispatch tubes, used for transmitting 
parcels to short distances. [Pneumatic.] 
atmospheric tides. Tides which must exist in 
the atmosphere as they do in the ocean, from the 
attractions of the moon and the sun. 
a’-tok, s. [South American name.] 

Zool.: A variety of the Mephitis Americana found 
at Quito, whence Humboldt called it Gulo Quitensis. 
It is sometimes termed the Zorra. 

a’-toll, s. & a. [A Maidive word Anglicized. In 
Fr. atollon .] 

A. As substantive: The name applied by geolo¬ 
gists and others to any one of the lagoon islands 
or annular coral reefs found in the Pacific and 


atom 

the Indian Oceans, the Red Sea, and some otnei 
parts of the tropics. An atoll is a ring of coral rock, 
oval rather than circular in form. One reaches 
eighty-eight miles in its longer, by twenty in its 
shorter, diameter; but in general they are of much 
more limited 
dimensions. 

On the top of 
the coral rock, 
which rises 
but slightly 
above the sea- 
level, is vege¬ 
tation of some 
luxuri a n c e —■ 
the cocoannt 
being the most 
conspicuous 
plant. On the 
convex cir¬ 
cumference of 
the ring is a 
beach of white 
sand, exterior 



Atoll. 


to winch is a line of breakers, and a few feet 
beyond them the unfathomable ocean. The ring of 
land, which is less than half a mile across, encircles 
a lagoon of comparatively still water, which, from 
reflection, is of a bright but pale-green color. In 
the view of Mr. Darwin, now almost universaUy 
adopted, there was once an island, possibly even 
containing high land, in the place now occupied by 
the lagoon. It was surrounded by a “fringing 
reef” of living coral close to the shore. As, from 
geological causes, it slowly subsided into the deep 
and disappeared, the coral animals built up to the 
surface of the water, and formed the ring of rock 
constituting the modern island. In the larger atolls 
there are generally two or three breaks in the ring, 
affording ship-channels into the lagoon; these 
mark the spots where fresh water, discharged from 
tho old subsiding land into the sea, prevented the 
coral animals, which are marine, from locating 
themselves or building. [Coral.] 

“ . . . hence I have invariably used in this volume 

the term 'atoll,’ which is the name given to these circular 
groups of coral islets by their inhabitants in the Indian 
Ocean, and synonymous with lagoon-island.”— Darwin: 
Coral Reefs (1842), p. 2. 

atoll-building, a. Building atolls. 

“ If, then, the foundations, whence the atoll-building 
corals spring, were not formed of sediment . , 

Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xx. 
atoll-formed, a. Of the shape of an atoll. 

“ The three classes, atoll-formed, barrier and fringing 
reefs, together with the modifications just described of 
the latter, include all the most remarkable coral forma, 
tions anywhere existing.”— Darwin: Coral Reefs, p. 59. 

atoll-like, a. Like an atoll. 

“ . . . with their atoll-like structure .”—Darwin 

Coral Reefs, p. 28. 

atoll-shaped, a. Shaped like an atoll. 

“ . . . an atoll-shaped bank of dead rock.”— Darwin / 

Coral Reefs, p. 107. 

atoll-structure, s. The structure of an atoll. 

“. . . the true atoll-structure . . — Darwin/ 

Cored Reefs, p. 169. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to an atoll. 

“. . . all these reefs are more probably allied to the 

barrier or atoll classes.”— Darwin: Coral Reefs, p. 195. 

at -om, *at -ome, *at'-6m-y (1), *at-6m-us, s. 
[In Sw., Dan., & Ger. atom; Fr .atome; Sp., Port., 
& Ital. atomo; Lat. atomus, as substan .=an indivis¬ 
ible element; as ad]'.=undivided, indivisible; from 
Gr. atomos=(l) uncut, (2) that cannot be cut, indi¬ 
visible: from a, priv., and temno=to cut.] 

*A. Of the form atomus, pi. atomi. (This form is 
found in Bacon.) 

B. Of the forms atom and *atome. [Atomy.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Anything composed of matter which, tc 
our senses, seems too small to bo divided again; 
anything very minute, without reference to whether 
or not it can be divided again. [Atomy.] 

“ Measures au atom, and now girds a world.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

“‘The sun,’ says Daniel Culverwell, ‘discovers at-omes, 
though they be invisible by candle-light, and makes them 
dance naked in his beams.’”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 
3d ed., xi. 291. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) Any immaterial thing, viewed as very small; 
the smallest amount. 

“ He [King James II.] would yield nothing more, not an 
atom; and, after his fashion, he vehemently rejjeated 
many times, ‘ Hot an atom.’ ” — Macaulay: Hist, Eng., ch. ix. 

(2) Man, viewed as no more than a speck or 
invisible point in creation. 

“And teach these atoms, thou hast made, thy praise?"' 

Cowper; Glory to God Alone. 


Gdil, boy; pout, .iowl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = i. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -fcion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = ob Jjs. -Hie, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 











atom-like 


314 


atonement 


II. Technically: 

1. Mental Phil.: A particle of matter so infinitely 
email that it cannot again be subdivided; the idea of 
a divided atom—that is, of a division of that which 
cannot be divided—being solf-contradictory. It is a 
mental conception simply; for the senses cannot 
take cognizance of anything so minute. 

2. Nat. Phil.: One of the exceedingly minute ulti¬ 
mate particles of matter, aggregates of an immense 
number of which, held in their place by molecular 
forces, constitute all material bodies. 

3. Chem.: The smallest particle into which an 
element can be divided. An atom cannot exist in a 
separate state, but unites with one or more atoms 
to form a molecule. The atoms of different elements 
have definite relative weights fixed and invariable 
for each, the weight of an atom of hydrogen being 
regarded as unity. [Element.] 

K The existence of bodies smaller than atoms— 
corpuscles, or ions, or whatever they are to be 
called — has long been suspected, and some recent 
researches on obscure forms of radiation, such as 
that which led to the discovery of radium and its 
remarkable properties, seem to verify this supposi¬ 
tion. 

atom-like, adj. Like an atom; exceedingly 
minute. 

3 -tom -Ic, *3,-tom -Ick, a-tom -Ic-31, a. [Eng. 

atom; - ic, -ical. In Fr. atomique.) Consisting of 
atoms, or otherwise pertaining or relating to an 
atom or atoms. 

atomic heat. 

Chem.: A term introduced by M. Regnault. The 
atomic heat of the elements in a solid state is nearly 
a constant quantity, the mean value being 6'4. This 
number is obtained by multiplying the specific heat 
of an element by its atomic weight. The atomic 
heat of an element represents the quantity of heat 
which must be imparted to or removed from atomic 
proportions of the several elements, in order to pro¬ 
duce equal variations of temperature. (See Watts' 
Diet. Chem.) 

atomic or atomical philosophy. 

Mental and Nat. Phil. The Doctrine of Atoms: 
A doctrine or hypothesis originally broached by 
Leucippus, afterward developed by Democritus, and 
which underwent further modifications at the 
hands of Epicurus. It represented atoms as pos¬ 
sessed of gravity and motion, and attributed to their 
union the formation of all things. Democritus is 
reported to have said that they come together in 
different order and position like the letters, which, 
though they are few, yet by being placed in conjunc¬ 
tion in different ways produce innumerable words, 
atomic theory. 

Nat. Phil. <£ Chem.: A theory first propounded by 
John Dalton in his New System of Chemical Philoso¬ 
phy , published in 1807. He stated that the atoms 
of each element were incapable of being subdivided, 
and each had a definite relative weight, compared 
with that of hydrogen as 1; that the composition 
of a definite chemical compound i3 constant; that 
if two elements,_ A and B, are capable of uniting 
with each other in several proportions, the quanti¬ 
ties of B which unite with a given quantity of A 
usually bear a simple relation to one another. If 
an element A unites with certain other elements B, 
C, D, then the quantities B, C, D. which combine 
with A, or simple multiples of them, represent the 
proportions in which they can unite among them¬ 
selves. Dalton supposed that one element replaced 
another atom for atom, but it has since been found 
that one atom of an element can replace one or 
more atoms of another element, according to their 
respective atomicities. [Atomicity.] 
atomic volume. 

Chem.: A term introduced by Graham in lieu of 
the phrase “specific volume,” used by Dr. Kopp. 

( Graham's Chemistry.) It signifies the volume or 
pleasure of an equivalent or atomic proportion in 
different substances. It is obtained by dividing 
the molecular weight of a compound by its specific 
gravity. The specific gravity of a compound gas or 
vapor referred to hydrogen as unity is equal to half 
its atomic weight; therefore the atomic volumes of 
compound gases or vapors referred to hydrogen as 
unity are, with few exceptions, equal to 2. The 
densities of isomorphous solid compounds are pro- 

E ortional to their molecular weights, that is, they 
ave equal atomic or specific volumes. The differ¬ 
ences of specific or atomic volume of organic liquids 
ijS often proportional to the differences between the 
corresponding chemical formulae. Thus liquids 
whose formulae differ by nCho differ in specific or 
atomic volume by n times 22. (See Watts' Diet. 
Chem.) 

atomic weight. (Symbol and abbreviation, At. 
Wt.) 

Chem.: The weight of an atom of an element 
poinpared with the weight of an atom of H, which 


is regarded as unity. Thus the atomic weight of 
oxygen is 16; that is, an atom of O is sixteen times 
as heavy as an atom of H. The sum of the atomic 
weights of a chemical compound is called its molec¬ 
ular weight, and, with a few exceptions, the spe¬ 
cific gravities of all bodies, simple and compound, 
in the gaseous state are equal to half their molecu¬ 
lar weights. The specific heats of many of the 
elements are nearly proportional to their atomic 
weights. (For atomic weights, see Element.) 

a-tom -I-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. atomic; -ally.) After 
the manner of those holding the atomic philosophy. 

“ Empedocles, who was a Pythagorean, also did physi- 
ologize atomically.” — Cudworth: Intell. System, p. 14. 

3-tom'-I-§i§m, s. [Eng. atomic; -ism.) The 
doctrine of atoms or of the atomical philosophy. 
{Cudworth.) 

at-om-I§-l-ty, s. [Eng. atomic; -ity.) 

Chem.: The combining capacity of an element or 
radical. It is measured by the number of atoms of 
H or other monatomic elements with which the 
element in question can directly combine, or can 
replace in a substance. When an element does not 
unite with H its atomicity may be measured by the 
number of atoms of Cl or some other monatomic 
element with which it can directly combine, since 
the atomicity of these elements is equal to that of 
H, and they may be substituted for it, atom for 
atom. The atomicity of an element cannot be esti¬ 
mated by the number of diatomic or polyatomic 
atoms that it can take up, as this number is indefi¬ 
nite. A diatomic element like oxygen may attach 
itself to another element, or group of elements, by 
one of its combining bonds, leaving the other free; 
and to this again another diatomic or polyatomic 
element may be attached, and so on indefinitely. 
The atomicity of an element is also called its quan- 
tivalence. 

at-om-I z-er, s. [Eng. atom; -izer.) An instru¬ 
ment used for reducing a liquid into spray for 
disinfecting, cooling, perfuming, and similar pur¬ 
poses. 

fat -om-I§m, s. [Eng. atom; -ism.) The doc¬ 
trine of atoms or of the atomical philosophy; 
atomicism (q.v.). {Todd.) 

at-om-Ist, s. [Eng. atom; -ist. In Ger, atomist.) 
One who holds the doctrine of atoms or of the 
atomic philosophy. 

“Tlie atomists, who define motion to be a passage from 
one place to another, what do they more than put one 
synonymous word for another?”— Locke. 

at-6m-ist'-Ic-3l, a. [Atomic.] 

at-om-Ize, v. t. [Eng. atom; -ize.) 

1. To convert into atoms, to reduce to atoms. 
{Baxter.) 

2. To adopt the tenets of the atomic philosophy. 
{Cudworth: Intell. Sys., p. 26.) 

at-om-ol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. atomos = an atom, and 
logos= . . . discourse.] A discourse about atoms. 
The department of Natural Philosophy which treats 
of atoms. {Knowles.) 

at-om-y (1), s. [Atom.] Anatom. 

“It is as easy to count atomies as to resolve the proposi- 
tions of a lover.”— Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 2. 

at'-om-y (2) (0. Eng.), *at -om-ie, 

{Scotch), s. [Contr. from anatomy .] 

Ludicrously: A skeleton. 

“ You starved blood-hound ! . . . Thou atomy, thou!” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., v. 4. 

“ They grew like atomies or skeletons.”— Serm. affixed to 
Society’s Contendings. (Jamieson.) 

*atone (at-wun), adv. [At One (q. v.),] 

a-to ne, *3t-to ne, v. i. & t. [Eng. at; one.] [At 
One.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. {Properly.) To be “ at one,” to be reconciled; 
to cease from strife with, to agree, to accord. [At 
One.] 

il He and Aufidius can no more atone, 

Than violentest contrariety.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 6. 

2. To make expiation or satisfaction for some 
crime, sin or fault. 

“. . . that large class of persons who think that there 
is no excess of wickedness for which courage and ability 
do not atone.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

3. Specially. [See II. Theol.) 

II. Theol.: To expiate sin. (Used of the death of 
Christ, viewed as a sacrificial offering.) 

“The Lamb, the Dove set forth 
His perfect innocence, 

Whose blood of matchless worth 
Should be the soul’s defense: 

For he who would for sin atone 
Must have no failings of his own.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns; O. Test. Gospel. 


B. Transitive: 

1. To make at one; that is, to reconcile those who 
before were in feeling two ; to create sympathy be¬ 
tween those who before had antipathy to each 
other; to make peace where before there was strifa 
or war. Used — 

(a) Of individuals: 

“ I have been attoning two most wrangling neighbor8.’ 1> 
—Beaumont <£- Fletcher: Spanish Curate, ii. 4. 

“ Since we cannot atone you, we shall see 
Justice design the victor’s chivalry.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 1. 

Or (6) of nations: 

“ French. . . . I was glad I did atone my countrymen 

and you; it had been pity you should have been put to¬ 
gether with so mortal a purpose as then each bore, . . 

— Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 5. 

*To atone together: To unite together. 

2. To appease; to render propitious. 

“ And may thy god, who scatters darts around, 
Aton’d by sacrifice, desist to wound.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. i., 580-81. 

“ Neptune aton’d, his wrath shall now refrain, 

Or thwart the synod of the gods in vain.” 

Pope-. Homer’s Odyssey, bk. i., 100, 101. 

3. To expiate; to afford satisfaction for. 

“ . . . behold, 

King James, the Douglas, doomed of old, 

And vainly sought for near and far 
A victim to atone the war.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 26.. 

*3-to ned, pa. par. & a. [Atone, v. t.) 

If It is also the pret. of the v. I. & t., and the perf, 
par. of the v. i. 

*at-one-ma'-ker, *at-tone-ma -ker (one as 
wun), s. [Eng. at; one; maker.) One who makes 
two persons or two beings, whom he finds at vari¬ 
ance, one with each other in feelings ; a reconciler. 
Spec., Christ. 

“ Paul sayth (1 Tim. ii.), One God, one Mediator (that 
is to say, advocate, intercessor, or an atonemaker ) between 
God and man: the man Christ Jesus, which gave Himself© 
a ransom for all men.”— Tyndall: Workes, p. 158. ( Rich¬ 

ardson .) 

“ And that there is one mediator, Christ, as Paul (1 Tim. 
ii.). And by that word understand an atonemaker, a 
peace-maker, and brynger into grace and favor . . .”— 

Ibid.: The Testam. ofM. W. Trade. ( Richardson .) 

3 to ne-ment, *3t-to'ne-ment, *3t-td ne- 
mente, s. [Eng. at, and O. Eng. onement= agree¬ 
ment, harmony; from Eng. one, and suffix -ment. 
(Onement.) Or from Eng. at, one, and suffix -ment .I 
[At One.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Originally & properly : “At-one-ment,” a mak¬ 
ing “at one” of those who before were “two” in 
point of feeling; that is, who were in antipathy to> 
each other; reconciliation, agreement, harmony, 
peace. Used — 

(a) Of reconciliation between men at variance. 
‘‘Buck. Ay, madam: he desires to make atonement 
Between the Duke of Gloster and your brothers. 

And between them and my lord chamberlain.” 

Shakesp..- Richard III., i. 8. 

{b) Of reconciliation, not merely of men together 
or among themselves, but of God to men, and men 
to God. 

“ And like as he made the Jewes and the Gentiles at one 
betwene themselues, even so he made them both at one 
with God, that there should be nothing to breake the 
atonement, but that the thinges in heaven and the thynge* 
in earth should be ioyned together as it were into one 
body.”— XJdal; Ephes., ch. ii. ( Richardson.) 

2. Expiation of a sin against God, or of a crime or 
offense against man or anything similar. [B., I. l.J 
“Great as Sawyer’s offenses were, he had made great 
atonement for them.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

B. Technically: 

I. Scripture: 

1. Old Test.: In the authorized version of the Old 
Testament the word atonement occurs not less than 
fifty-eight times in the text, and once in the margin; 
all but five of the places in which it. is found being 
in the Pentateuch. It signifies— 

(1) Expiation of sin by means of a typical sacri¬ 
fice, generally of a victim, offered in faith. 

“For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have, 
given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for 
your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement 
for the soul.”— Lev. xii. 1L 

“And one kid of the goats for a sin-offering, to make an 
atonement for you.”— Numb. xxix. 5. (See also Lev. i. 4; 
iv. 35; x. 17; xvi. 10, 33, 34; Numb. viii. 21; xvi. 46; xxv. 13; 

2 Sam. xxi. 3; 2 Chron. xxix. 24, &c .) 

(2) The removal, by a sacrificial offering, of cere¬ 
monial impurity (Lev. xii. 7, 8). In this sense the 
term was sometimes used of inanimate things— 
namely, of the altar (Exod. xxix. 36, 37; Lev. xvi. 
18); of a house infected with the “leprosy” (xiv„ 
53); of the holy place, on account cf the sins of the 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
pr. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, cb = e; ey = a. qu = kw' 




atoner 


315 


atropa 


worshipers (xvi. 16); of the holy of holies (ver. 33); 
of the tabernacle of the congregation (ibid,.), and of 
the work of the Temple (Neh. x. 33). 

(3) Ransom. 


“Then he is gracious unto him, and saith, Deliver him 
from going down to the pit: I have found a ransom [mar¬ 
gin, atonement].”—Job xxxii i. 24. 

(4) In one place atonement is used for what was, 
in its essential features, a thank-offering (Numb, 
xxx i. 50). 

H (a) Atonement money: Money paid for purposes 
of atonement. 

“And thou shalt take the atonement money of the chil¬ 
dren of Israel.”— Exod. m . 16. 


(6) The Day of Atonement or the Great Day of 
Atonement was on the tenth of the seventh month. 
(For details regarding it, see Lev. xxiii. 26-32; 
xxv. 9.) 

2. New Test.: In the New Testament the word 
occurs only once—viz., in Rom. v. 11: “And not only 
»o, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus 
Christ, by whom we have now received the atone¬ 
ment ” (in the margin, reconciliation). The Greek 
word is katallagen—(l) the exchange of one thing 
for another, as, for instance, money for an article; 
(2) a change from enmity to friendship ; reconcilia¬ 
tion; from katallasso—(\) to change money; (2) to 
change a person from enmity to friendship; to 
reconcile. The marginal rendering is evidently cor¬ 
rect. And in 2 Cor. v. 18, 19, the same Greek sub¬ 
stantive is twice rendered “reconciliation,” and the 
same Greek verb, also twice, “reconcile.” [A.,1.] 

II. Theology: The sacrificial offering made by 
Christ in expiation of the sins, according to the 
Calvinists, of the elect only; according to the 
Arminians, of the whole human race. 

A-tO'-ner, s. [Atone.] One who atones, either 
in the sense of reconciling alienated persons, or in 
that of making expiation. 

A-to -nl-A, s. [Atony.] 

A-ton-Ic, a. & s. [Gr. atonos— not stretched or 
strained; relaxed.] [Atony.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Med.: Pertaining to atony; having no tone in 
the system. 

2. Gram.: Not having an accent. 

B. As substantive (Gram.): A word not having an 
accent. 

gt-tS'n-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Atone.] 

“ With an atoning smile a more than earthly crown.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, iv. 83. 

at -6-njf, A - to -nI-A, s. [In Ger. & Fr. atonie; 
Fort, atonia; Gr. atonia = slackness, enervation; 
atoned = to be relaxed or languid; a, priv., and 
tonoo or toned— to stretch, strain, brace up ; tonos= 
that by which anything is braced up; a rope; the 
sinews ; the tone on a word: teino=to stretch.] 

Med.: Want of tone in the system. 

A top , adv. [Eng. a; top.) On the top, at the top. 

“ What is extracted by water from coffee is the oil, which 
often swims atop of the decoction.”— Arbuthnot: Aliments. 

*At-orn', *At-orn , v. i. [A. S. (at)rennan, (at)- 
cernan— to run away.] To run away. 

“ He atomd as baste as he myght that was his best won.” 

Rob. ofGlouc., p. 419. (S. in Boucher.) 

*A~to ur, s. Old spelling of Attire. 

*A-to ur, prep. & adv. [Attoue.] 

at-rA-bll a ire, a. [Fr.] Atrabiliary, atrabilious. 
[Atkabilaeian.] 

“A preposterous love of mirth hath turned you all into 
wits; quite down from the sanguine orator of the inde¬ 
pendent Whig to the atrabilaire blasphemer of the mir¬ 
acles.”— Warburton: Divine Legation of Moses, Dedic. 
{Richardson.) 

iHt-ra-bll-a r-I-an, a. [Fr. atrabilaire; Sp. atra- 
bilari(o); Eng. suff. -ian or -an. From Fr. & Ital. 
atrabile; Sp. & Port, atrabilis = black bile; Lat. 
atra, fem. of ater= black, and bilis=ga]l, bile. Cog¬ 
nate with Gr. chole, cholos=ga\l, bile.] [Atrabilis, 
Choleric, Melancholy.] Pertaining to “black 
bile,” which the ancients supposed to be the cause 
of the melancholic temperament and its product 
melancholy ; hence atrabiliarian and the cognate 
adjectives signify also melancholy. 

“The atrabilarian constitution (or a black, viscous, 
pitchy consistence of the fluids) makes all secretions 
difficult and sparing.”— Arbuthnot: Diet. 

at-rA bil-a r-l-ous, a. [Fr. atrahiZe=black bile, 
and Eng. suff. -ous. In Sp. atrabilario.) [Atra¬ 
bilarian.] Full of black choler ; atrabilarious. 

“The blood, deprived of its due proportion of serum, or 
fiuer and more volatile parts, is atrabilarious, whereby it 
is rendered gross, black, unctuous., and earthly.”— Quincy. 


at-ra-bil-a r-I-ous-ness, s. [Eng. atrabilari¬ 
ous ; -ness.) The state of being affected with 
“black bile;” the state of being melancholic or 
melancholy. (Johnson.) 

at-ra-bir-i-ar, at-rA-bil-i-Ar-y, a. [From 
Port & Ital. atrabiliario and Eng. suff. -y.) The 
same as Atrabilarian (q. v.). 

“. . . splenetic atrabiliar reflections on his own 
misery . . .”— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Leot. iii. 

at-ra-bll -I-Ar-y, a. [Atrabiliar.] 

atrabiliary capsules. 

Anat. : Two small gland-like bodies situated one 
on the upper and interior edge of each kidney. 
They are called also the renal or suprarenal glands 
or capsules. 

at ra bil -I-ous, a. [Fr. atrabile, and Eng. suff. 
-ous. In Sp. atrabilioso.) [Atrabilarian.] The 
same as Atrabilarious (q. v.). 

a'-tra-bl-lis, s. [Lat. atra and bilis.) [Atra¬ 
biliary.] 

Old Anatomy : Black bile , a thick, black, acrid 
fluid, which the ancients believed to be secreted by 
the spleen, the pancrets or the atrabiliary cap¬ 
sules, but which was really only the ordinary bile 
altered by morbid influence. 

at-ra-cas'-pls, s. [Gr. atraktos=( 1) a spindle, (2) 
an arrow, (3) the top of a mast; and aspis= a round 
shield, ... an asp.] 

Zool. : A genus of snakes. The -4. irregularis of 
South Africa has the poison-fangs longer than those 
of any known serpent. 

A-tract-en-chjP -ma, s. [Gr. atraktos= a spindle, 
and enghyma=an infusion: en=in, and ched = to 
pour.] 

Bot. : Professor Morren’s name for fusiform, that 
is, spindle-shaped tissue. It is the fourth division 
of his Parenchyma (q. v.). 

*a-tra id , pa. par. [Atray.] 
at-ra-men-ta -fje-ous, a. [Lat. atramentum= 
anything black; ink; from ater=dull-black, and 
Eng. -aceous (q. v.) = Lat. aceus.) Pertaining or 
relating to ink ; inky, black as ink. (Derham.) 

at-TA-men -tal, a. [Lat. atramentum= . . . 
ink; Eng. suffix -al.) [Atramentaceous.] Inky, 
black as ink; atramentaceous, atramentarious; 
helping to produce such a color. (Browne: Vulgar 
Errors, bk. vi., ch. xii.) 

at-rA-men-tar'-I-ous, a. [Lat. atramentari- 
(um)= an inkstand, and Eng. suff.-ous.] [Atra¬ 
mentaceous.] Suitable to be employed in the 
manufacture of ink. Applied especially to cop¬ 
peras, one of its ingredients. (Fourcroy .) 

at-ra-men'-tous, a. [Lat. atramentum=ink, 
and Eng. suff. -ous.l 

Lit. : Inky, inky-looking; very black (lit. <& fig.). 
(Sivift: Battle of the Books.) 

*A-tray, v. t. [A. S. tregian— to vex, to trouble, 
to grieve.] To vex, to trouble. 

“ Swithe sore sche him atraid.” 

Sevyn Sages, 1,876. (Boucher.) 

*A-tra yyed, pa. par. [Atray.] 

*a-tred (tred as terd), a. [Lat. ate. all¬ 
black, not glossy-black.] Colored black. 

“ It cannot express any other humor than yellow choler, 
or atred, or a mixture of both.”— Whitaker: Blood of the 
Grape, p. 76. 

*at-re de, v. t. [A. S. (cet)rcedan.) To surpass 
in counsel or wisdom. (Chaucer: C. T., 2,451.) 

*at-ren ne, v. t. [A. S. (cet)rennan.) To outrun, 
to beat in running. (Chaucer: C. T., 2,451.) 

*A-tre te, *a-treet', *at-reed', adv. [Etym. 
doubtful. Conybeare compares it with Fr. a trait= 
“in my discourse, in earnest.;” and Stevenson with 
Sw. md=order.] Continually, distinctly. (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

“ The wynd that bleugh the schip with blast, 

Hit was gode preyers I hit atrete.” 

Elegy on Edw. III., Archceologia. (S. in Boucher.) 

*at-rlde, v. t. [A. S. (cet)ridan.') To beat in rid¬ 
ing, or on horseback. (Layamon, iii. 264.) 

*A~trI e, v. t. [O. Eng. a; trie=try.) To try as a 
judge. 

“ Chief justioe he satte the sothe to atrie. 

Rob. de Brunne: Cliron., p. 89. ( S. in Boucher.) 

A-trip , adv. [Eng. a; trip.) 

Naut. : A term used (1) of an anchor, which is 
atrip when it is drawn out of the ground at right 
angles to it; (2) of the topsails of a vessel, when 
they are hoisted as high as possible on the masts, 
or just started from the caps. 

at-rip-lex, s. [In Ital. atrepice; Lat. atriplex, 
originally atriplexum; Gr. dtraphaxis—an orach 
plant: a, jiriv., and trephd= . . . to nourish.] A 


genus of plants belonging to the order Chenopodi- 
aceee (Cbenopods). Eight species are indigenous, 
and one or two more partially naturalized, in 
Britain. Of the former may be mentioned the 
A. laciniata, or Frosted Sea-orache ; the A. Babing- 
tnoi, or Spreading Fruited; the A. patula, or 
Spreading Halberd-leaved; the A. angustifolia , 
or Narrow-leaved Orache; and the A. littoralis or 
Grass-leaved Sea-orache. The leaves may be used 
as pot-herbs. 


a -trl-um, s. [Lat. In Ital. atrio means a por 
tico or vestibule.] 



I. In ancient times: The hall or principal room 
in an ancient 
Roman house. 

It communi¬ 
cated with the 
street by the 
vestibule and 
the front door. 

There was in the 
center of its 
ceiling a large 
aperture called 
compluvium, de¬ 
signed to admit 
light. As glass 
was not then in 
use, the same 
opening permit-' 
ted the ingress 


hence its name Atrium of a Roman House. 
compluvium. 

[Compluvium.] Beneath it there was scooped out 
in the pavement a cistern called impluvium. [Im- 
PLUvruM.] In a large house rooms opened into the 
atrium from all sides, and were lighted from it. 


t 


II. In mediceval times: 


1. Till the twelfth century: A covered court, 
somewhat on the model of the ancient atrium, 
constructed in front of the principal doors of 
an edifice. (Gloss, of Arch.) 

2. After the twelfth century: The church-yard, 
(Ibid.) 


A~tro -(jious (cious as shus), a. [In Fr. & Ital. 

atroce; Sp. & Port . atroz; from Lat. air ox, geuit, 
atrocis; cognate with trwx=wild, rough, savagaj 


A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Of deeds: 

1. Excessively cruel, orenormously wicked in aay 
other respect. 

“When Catiline was tried for some atrocious murders 
. . .”— Porteus: Beneficial Effects of Christianity. (Rich¬ 

ardson. ) 

“An advocate is necessary, and therefore audience 
ought not to be denied him in defending causes, unless it 
be an atrocious offense.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

2. Stern, expressive of cruelty. 

“The fierce atrocious frown of sinewed Mars.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. ii. 

3. Colloquially (in a hyperbolical and humorous 
sense): Very bad, as when it is said, without any 
real imputation of moral guilt, that one’s hand¬ 
writing is “ atrocious.” 

II. Of persons: Savage, cruel, fierce, harsh, severe, 

B. Technically: 

* Old Medicine. Of diseases: Very violent; angry. 

A-tro-gious-ly (clous as shus), adv. [Eng. 
atrocious; suff. -ly.) In an atrocious manner; with 
much cruelty or other flagrant wickedness. 

“ As to my publishing your letters, I hold myself fully 
justified by the injury you have done me by abusing me 
infamously and atrociously.”—Lowth to Warburton, 
Lett. 2. 


A-tro -<jious-ness (cious as shus), s. [Eng. atro¬ 
cious; -ness.) The quality of being atrocious. 

“ He [Herod] thought of John’s character, the atro¬ 
ciousness of the murder, and the opinion which the world 
would entertain of the murderer.”— Horne: Life of St. 
John Baptist, p. 218. 

A-tro? -I-ty, *A~tro§ -y-te, s. [In Fr. atrocity; 
Ital. atrocita; Lat. atrocitas= fierceness.] Excess¬ 
ive cruelty or other flagrant wickedness; atrociou»- 

ness. 


“. . . in this case there was no peculiar atrocity, no 
deep-seated malice, no suspicion of foul play.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

IT It is often used in the plural for excessively 
cruel deeds. 

“ . . . the disgrace and scandal brought upon Lib¬ 
erty by the atrocities committed in that holy name .”—De 
Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 185. 

at'-r5-pA, s. [In Sp. & Ital. atropa; from Gr, 
Atropos, one of the three Fates, infernal goddesses, 
supposed to determine the life of man by spinning 
a thread. The genus Atropa is so called from its 
deadly effect.] Nightshade, or Dwale. A genus of 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-ciau, -tian — shan. -tion. 


$ell, chorus, $hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -gion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious -cious, -sious - 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, d?L 





















attack 


atrophied 


316 


plants belonging to the order Solanacese, or Night¬ 
shades. It contains the well-known species, A. bel¬ 
ladonna , or Deadly Nightshade. It is three or 
more feet high, has its ovate leaves paired, large 
and small to¬ 
gether, droop¬ 
ing lurid purple 
flowers, and 
black berries of 
the size of a 
small cherry, 
which if eaten 
produce de¬ 
lirium, dilation 
of the pupils of 
the eyes, and 
death. The flow¬ 
ers and fruit 
are both pow¬ 
erful medicinal 
agents. It is 
largely used by 
the Homeopath¬ 
ic school. 

at -roph-Ied, 

a. [In Fr. biro- . 

phie, pa. par. of atropliier; Gr. alrophos— not well 
fed; atropheo—to have no food, and therefore to 
waste away ; a, priv., and tropheo, or treplw= 

. . . to nourish. Or from a, priv., and trophe 
— food, nourishment.] Unfed, not supported by 
their proper nourishment; hence wasting or wasted 
away. (It is used of muscles, nerves, &c.) 

“ . . . the muscles were in so atrophied a condition 

that the experiment failed.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., i. 37ft 

“ When the eye is destroyed the optic nerve often be¬ 
comes atrophied.” — Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., 
ch. iv. 

at -l'b phy, s. [In Fr. atrophie; Sp. & Ital. 
atrofia; Gr. atrophia.] [Atrophied.] 

Ord. Lang. & Med.: A continual wasting of the 
body or its organs through disease or old age. 



Deadly Nightshade (Atropa 
Belladonna). 


“ Pining atrophy, 

Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence.” 

Milton; P. L., bk. xi. 

at-ro-phy, v. t. & i. 

1. Transitive: To cause to waste away. 

2. Intransitive: To waste or dwindle away. 

9 -trop-Ic, a. [Eng. atrop(ine); -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to atropine (q. v.). 

atropic acid. 

Cheni.: CgH s 02 . A crystalline acid obtained, 
together with a “basic compound tropine, by the 
action of alkalies on atropine. ( Fownes .) 

at’-ro-plne, s. [From atropa (q. v.).] 

Chem.: C 17 H 23 NO 3 . An organic base obtained from 
the Deadly Nightshade, Atropa belladonna. It 
crystallizes in colorless needles, and is used in 
medicine. It dilates the pupils of the eye. 

at'-r6 pous, a. [Gr. atropos=not to be turned; 
a, priv., and tropos= a turn; trepo— to turn.] 

Bot.: A term used in describing the position of an 
ovule in the ovary. An atropous (lit., an unturned 
ovule) is erect, with the chalaza at its base and the 
foramen at its apex. It is the same as Ortho- 
tropous (q. v.). (Lindley: Introd. to Bot., 3d ed., 
1839, pp. 214-15.) 

a'-trous, a. [Lat. ater (masc.), atra (fern.), 
atrurn (neut.)=dead black, corresponding to the 
Gr. melas. It is opposed to niger=g lossy black.] 

Botany, &c.: Pure black; black without the 
admixture of any other color. {Lindley.) 

at-rofit'e, *at-rfft'e, v. i. [Etym. doubtful. 
Probably from at, and Fr. route= an assembly, a 
gathering.] 

1. To assemble against, to oppose. 

“ Ther nas prince unethe that hym myghte atroute.” 

Robert of Glouc., p. 78. (S. in Boucher .) 


2. To appear. 

“ That thu ne might no war atrute .” 

Rule and Nyghtingale, 1,156. {S. in Boucher .) 

* 9,-try', *attrie, adj. [A. S. attor, after, ator, 
ater=poison, matter, pus.] 

1. Purulent, containing matter. (Applied to a 
cankered sore.) 

“. . . the kind of the disease, as ye may gather out of 
that verse, was a pestilential byle, ani attrie kind of byle, 
stryking out in many heades or in many plukes.”— Bruce: 
Serm., fol. i. b. {Jamieson.) 

2. Stern, grim. 

“ Fix o try phiz beneath her een.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 36. {Jamieson.) 

*at-sltt', *at-slt te, *at-syt e, v. t. [Eng. at; 
0. Eng. sitt= sit.] To sit against. 

“In ys ryght hond ys lance he nom that duped was Ron, 
Long and gret and strong ynou hym ne myghte atsytte 
non.” Robert of Gloucester: Chron., p. 174. 

“That in joustes schulde atsitte the dynt of the lance.” 

Havelok, 2,200. {Boucher.) 


*at-stand' (pret. at-sto de), v. t. [Eng. at; 
stand.'] To stand against, to withstand, to oppose. 

#< That hym ne myghte no man ne geaunt atstonde.” 

Rob. of Glouc.: Chron. , p. 15. {Boucher.) 

*at-sto de, pret. of verb. [Atstand.] 

at-tac'-ca, s. [Ital. attaceo=a sticking, a cleav¬ 
ing to; attacare= to hang, to fasten.] 

Music: A direction given at the end of a move¬ 
ment to proceed to the next one without stopping 
for any intermediate pause. (Often with the word 
subito.) 

at tagh', {Eng.), atteigh {Scotch), v.t. [In Fr. 
attacher=to fasten, to tie, ... to allure, &c.; 
Sp. atacar~-to lace, to tie up, to ram in, to attack, 
to tease; Port, atacar— to fasten to, to lace, to tag; 
atocar, attacar — to attack; Ital. attaccare = to 
hang, to fasten, to apply the mind, to quarrel, to 
kindle war. Cognate with Eng. Attack, Tack, 
Take, &c. (q. v.).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. To fasten, to tie, or in some similar way to 
connect one thing with another. 

“ Then, homeward, every man attach the hand 
Of his fair mistress.” 

Shakesp.: Love?s Labor’s Lost, iv. 3. 

II. Irresistibly to seize on one by physical force 
against one’s will. 

1. Lit.: (Used specially of seizing a person or his 
goods by judicial authority.) [B., 1 .] 

(a) Of seizing himself. 

“ Par. I do defy thy conjurations 
And do attach thee as a felon here.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. 

It had formerly of before the offense alleged. 

“ You, Lord Archbishop, and you, Lord Mowbray, 

Of capital treason I attach you both.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iv.2. 

{b) Of seizing his goods. [B., 2.] 

“ France hath flaw’d the league, and hath attach’d, 

Our merchants’ goods at Bourdeaux.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., i. L 

2. Fig. (Used of the irresistible influence of nat¬ 
ural agencies or forces.) 

“ I cannot blame thee ; 

Who am myself attach’d with weariness. 

To the dulling of my spirits.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 3. 

IT The foregoing example shows the essential 
identity of the verbs attach and attack. 

III. To cause one to adhere to another by moral 
instead of material force; to unite one to another 
by the ties of self-interest or of affection. 

“ God, working ever on a social plan, 

By various ties attaches man to man.” 

Cowper: Charity. 

“The great and rich depend on those whom their 
power or their wealth attaches to them.”— Rogers. 

IV. To attribute; to ascribe. 

“The other party wondered that any importance could 
be attached to the nonsense of a nameless scribbler of the 
thirteenth century.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 


B. Law: 

1, To arrest a person by judicial authority. 
[A. II. 1 (a).] 

1. It s now used specially respecting the process 
adopt-*! in cases of contempt of court. (See Black- 
stone’s Comment., bk. iii., ch. 27.) [Attachment.] 

2. Similarly to arrest or seize upon one’s goods by 
process of law. [A., II, 1 ( 6 ).] 

at-tagh'-a-ble, a. [Eng. attach; -able.] Liable 
to be attached by legal process. 

attache (at-tagh'-a), s. [Fr.] One attached to a 
person or thing. (Specially used with respect to an 
attach6 of an embassy, one connected with an em¬ 
bassy, who, being of much inferior dignity to the 
ambassador, can move about without attracting 
much notice, and in consequence can often pick up 
items of information valuable to his chief or even 
to his country.) 


9t-taghed, pa. par. & a. [Attach.] 
at-tagh'-Ing, pr. par. [Attach.] 
at-tagh-ment, *at-tagh'e-inent, s. [Eng. at¬ 
tach; -ment. In Fr. attachement; Ital. attaca- 
menta.] 


A. Ordinary Language: The act of attaching; 
the state of being attached; that which is attached. 
Specially — 

1. Lit.: The state of being attached to a person or 
thing in a literal sense. 

“. . . and when the rest of the cranium is modified, 
concomitantly, for the attachment of muscles to work the 
jaw.”— Owen: Classif of the Mammalia, p. 65. 


2. Fig.: The state of being bound to a person, a 
party, or a principle, by moral or other ties not of 
a material kind; as by affection or self-interest. 


“ But Friendship can vary her gentle dominion ; 
The attachment of years in a moment expires.” 

Byron: To George, Earl Delawarr. 


“. . . poured forth their blood for a leader unworthy 
of their attachment.” — Macaulay : Hist Eng., ch. v. 

“ But though he was very unwilling to die, attachment 
to his party was in his mind a stronger sentiment than 
the fear of death.”— Ibid., ch. xxii. 

If It may be used in the plural for friendship with 
various individuals. 

“ Attachments by fate or by falsehood reft." 

Pringle: Afar in the Desert. 

Tf Drawing the distinction between inclination, 
attachment, and affection, Crabb shows that incli¬ 
nation is the weakest of the three words. Inclina¬ 
tions, he says, arise of themselves, attachments are 
formed ; inclination, moreover, has respect chiefly 
to things, attachment to either persons or things, 
and affection to persons only. “ Attachment, as it 
regards persons, is not so powerful or solid as affec¬ 
tion. Children are attached to those who will rri in- 
ister to their gratifications; they have an affection 
for their nearest and dearest _ relatives. Attach¬ 
ment is sometimes a tender sentiment between per¬ 
sons of different sexes; affection is an affair of the 
heart without distinction of sex. The passing 
attachments of young people are seldom entitled 
to serious notice; although sometimes they may 
ripen by long intercourse into a laudable and 
steady affection. Nothing is so delightful as to see 
affection among brothers and sisters.” 

B. Technically {Law): 

1. Of the ordinary courts: The act or process 
of attaching, i. e., arresting a person or his goods. 
It is especially used of cases in which contempt 
of court is being shown. In some of the states 
attachment may be issued against an absconding 
debtor, and in most of them against his real and 
personal property. 

An attachment out of Chancery is a process de¬ 
signed to be used to enforce answers and obedience 
to the decrees and orders of the Chancery Division 
Court. 

A writ of attachment or pone is a writ issued to 
the sheriff requiring him to attach a person by 
taking gage, that is, certain of his goods, or requir¬ 
ing him to find security for his appearance in the 
court. {Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 19.) 

Foreign attachment: A local custom existing in 
parts or England to arrest the money or goods of a 
foreigner within a certain liberty or city (like' 
arrestment in Scotland), till some claims against 
him be satisfied. 

2. Of the Old Forest Courts: 

Court of attachments, wood-mote or forty-days* 
court: A court formerly held before the verderors 
of a forest every forty days to inquire regarding all 
offenders against vert and venison, and report 
offenses to higher courts. [Regard, Sweinmote, 
Justice-seat.] {Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., 
ch. 6 .) 

An attachment of the forest is the proceeding in 
the old English courts of attachments, wood-mote 
or forty-days’ courts. 

at-tack’, v. t. & i. [In Fr. attaquer; Sp. & Port. 
atacar; Ital. attaccare= to hang or fasten, . . « 
to engage in battle. Cognate with attach, this 
specially appearing in the Italian.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of assaults, direct or indirect, upon persons • 
To make an assault on an army, a fortification, &c., 
with weapons of war, or on a person with material 
weapons of any kind. 

“Unite thy forces and attack their lines.” 

Dry den: Virgil’s ASneid, bk. ix. 

(1) To assail a person by hostile words, writings, 
&c., with the view of damaging his reputation with 
the community or insulting himself; to censure, tot 
find fault with. 

“It would be easy to attack them. It would be hardly 
possible to defend them.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv 

(2) To assail a person, the assailant being a thing. 
(Specially used of diseases.) 

“On the fourth of March he was attacked by fever 
. . . ”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ; ch. xxv. 

2. Of assaults on things instead of persons : 

Specially : To attempt to gain knowledge by what, 

may be figuratively considered as a hostile assault/ 
on some portion of nature. 

“. . . we have never been able to attack those parts 
of the sun’s surroundings . . .”— Transit of Veti us. 

{Times, April 20, 1875.) 

II. Technically: 

Mil. To attack in front and flank : To attack the 
salient angle or both sides of a bastion. It is also 
used colloquially in the army for military attacks 
made by bodies of men on each other. 

fB. Intransitive: To make an assault as contra, 
distinguished from standing on the defensive. 

“Those that attack generally get the victory, though 
with disadvantage of ground.”— Cane: Campaigns. 


Site, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, campl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rffle, ffill; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a qu = kw. 




attack 


317 


attaint 


U Attack, v. & s., is not. in Bullokar’s Dictionary 

S , though “attache” and “attachement” are. 

irdson says that attack is not an old word in 
the English language, and that the term preceding 
it was assault. 

g,t-tack', s. [From the verb. In Fr. attaque; 
Sp. & Port, ataque; Ital. attacco.) [Attack, l\] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of assaults, direct or indirect, on persons: 

1. An assault upon an army, a place, or upon an 
individual with material weapons, whether natural 
or acquired. 

“ a. tumultuary attack of the Celtic peasantry.” 

— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. An assault upon a person’s feelings, reputation, 

&c. 

i “ But, whenever any personal attack has been made on 
my lord, I have done him the best service that I could.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

IT It may be used where the assailant is a disease 
or some other thing. 

"... the sudden manner in which the attack [of 
eruptive fever or smallpox] commences.”— Dr. Andrew: 
Domest. Med., p. 501. 

II. Figuratively. Of assaults upon things: 

1. When the assailant is a person. [Attack, v.) 
“The Committee of the Royal Society laid so much 
stress upon this part of the attack that no less than three 
instruments were devoted to it by the Siam party alone, 
. . — Transit of Venus. (Times, April 20, 1875.) 

2. When the assailant is a thing. 

“ . . . the dark rays, after having passed through the 
receiver, still possessing sufficient power to ignite the 
charcoal, and thus initiate the attack of the oxygen.”— 
Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., viii. 7, p. 191. 

B. Technically: 

Mil.: Any general assault or onset made to gain 
a post or break a body of troops. {James.) 

Attack and defense: A part of the drill for recruits 
learning the sword exercise. It is carried on first 
on horseback; afterward, when more proficiency 
is gained, at a walk, and finally, “ in speed,” which, 
however, does not exceed three-quarters of that 
which a trained soldier would attain were he really 
pursuing or being pursued. {Ibid.) 

False attack: One carried on to compel the enemy 
to divide his forces, thus weakening his position in 
front of what is meant to be the real attack. {Ibid.) 

Regular attack: One carried out according to 
military rules. {Ibid.) 

at-tack-a-ble, a. [Eng. attack; -able. In Fr. 
cMaquable .] In a condition to be attacked, 
at-tack’ed, pa. par. & a. [Attack, v.) 
at-tack'-er, s. [Eng. attack; -er.) One who 
attacks. 

“ To so much reason the attackers pretend to answer.”— 
Elphinstone: Prin. of Eng. Lang., ii. 468. 

$t-tack-illg, pr. par. & a. [Attack, v.] 

“. . . it would have been difficult for an attacking 
army to force a passage.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iii., 

p. 144. 

at-ta C’-ol-Ite, s. [In Ger. attakolith. From Gr. 
attakeus, a salmon which the mineral resembles in 
color. {Dana.)) A pale-red mineral, of which the 
chief constituents, according to Blomstrand, are: 
Phosphoric acid, 36 - 06; alumina, 29*75; lime, 13T9; 
and water, 6'90. It occurs in Scania, in Sweden. 

at'-ta-ciis, s. [Lat. attacus; Gr. attakos and at- 
takes, a kind of locust.] A genus of moths belong¬ 
ing to the family Bombycidse. A. cynthia is the 
Ailanthus Silkworm, so called because its caterpil- 


Attacus Cynthia. (One-third real size.) 

lar feeds upon the Ailanthus-tree {Ailanthus glan• 
dulosus). It is a hardy insect, living well in this 
country, though it is a native of China. The Ail¬ 
anthus is hardy also ; and the rearing of the Attacus 
silkworm upon it is an easy process. {Wood, dfcc.) 

at-ta-gas, at'-ta-gen, s. [In Gr. attagas, a 
long-billed bird of the grouse family, fond of the 
water, and esteemed a great delicacy. The God- 
wit (?). {Liddell & Scott.) Also Gr. attagen; Lat. 
attagen—a hazel-hen or heath-cock (Tetrao bonasia, 
Linn., or T. alchata, Linn.), foxind in Spain, the 
south of France, &c. {Dr. Wm. Smith.)) 



Ornith.: The Attagas of Buffon, the Attagen of 
Aldrovandi, is believed by Cuvier to be the young 
or the female of Tetrao bonasia mentioned before, 
and the Attagen or Ganga to be the pintailed grouse 
(T. alchata, Linn.). The latter of these is found all 
round the coasts of the Mediterranean. 

at-ta-ghan, s. [Ataghan, Yataghan.] 

at-ta in, *at-taine, *at-t6'ine, *at-te yne, 
v. i. & t. [Apparently from Lat. attineo= (1) to hold 
on, to hold fast, delay, ( 2 ) to stretch to, to reach to; 
from ad—to, and teneo—to hold fast, to hold, . . . 
to reach, attain. The corresponding word in Mod. 
& O. Fr. is atteindre=to attain, to reach, overtake, 
strike, catch, equal, come to; Port, attingir: these 
are not from Lat. attineo, but from attingo—( 1) to 
touch, ( 2 ) to assault,'to reach, to arrive at: ad= to, 
and tango— to touch, to reach, to strike. The Eng. 
attain agrees better in signification with the Fr. 
atteindre and Lat. attingo than with Lat. attineo, 
though its form is modified from the last-mentioned 
verb.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To reach, grasp, or arrive at some object of 
pursuit or of desire, physical, mental, moral, or 
spiritual. 


“ . . . the more part advised to depart thence also, if 
by any means they might attain toPlienice, . . .”— 
Acts xxvii. 12. 

“ . . . have not attained unto the days of the years of 
the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage.”— 
den. xlvii. 9. 

“. . . a man of understanding shall attain unto wise 
counsels.”— Prov. i. 5. 

“ . . . how long will it be ere they attain to inno- 
cency?”— Hos. viii. 5. 

“ If by any means I might attain unto the resurrection 
Of the dead.”— Phil. iii. 11. 

“ But to her purpos schul they never atteyne.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,327. 

2. It is used also of material obj'ects in process of 
reaching a certain state. 

“ Milk will soon separate itself into cream, and a more 
serous liquor, which, after twelve days, attains to the high¬ 
est degree of acidity.”— Arbuthnot: Aliments. 

IT It is rarely followed by an infinitive. In the 
subjoined example “attain to know ” is=attain to 
the knowledge of. 

“. . . and wherein lies 
The offense that man should thus attain to know.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

B. Transitive (formed from the intransitive verb 
by the omission of the preposition to): 

I. Of persons: 

1. Lit.: To reach a place at which one seeks to 
arrive, or a person with or at whom one wishes 
to be. 


“ Canaan he now attains; I see his tents 
Pitch’d above Sichem, and the neighboring plain 
Of Moreh.” Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 

“ The earl hoping to have overtaken the Scottis h king, 
and to have given him battle ; but not atta ining him in 
time, set down before the castle of Aton.”— Bacon. 


2. Fig.: To reach or grasp any object, physical, 
mental, moral, or spiritual, at which one is aiming. 

IT To say that a person attains a thing is not the 
same as to say that he obtains it. Attain implies 
that one is making active efforts, or at least indulg¬ 
ing earnest wishes, to gain the object; while 
obtain can be used though he be passive, or even 
indifferent. 

“ The eminence on which her spirit stood. 

Mine was unable to attain.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii 

II. Of things: To reach. 

“ Thinges that rigour never sholde atteine.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 11,087. 

“It is when the sun has attained its greatest height that 
such scenes should be viewed.”— Darwin: Voyage round 
the World, ch. xxi. 


at-tain-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. attainable, -ity; or 
attain, and -ability.) Attainableness. {Coleridge.) 
g.t-ta'in-g.-ble, a. [Eng. attain; -able.) 

1. Able fo be attained; able to be reached by 
proper effort. 

44 . . . tending all 
To the same point —attainable by all: 

Peace in ourselves, and union with our God.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 


2. Less properly: Obtainablethat. is,, which 
may possibly be reached without its being implied 
that effort has been put forth at all. 

at-tain-a-ble-ness, s._ [Eng. attainable; -ness.) 
The quality of being attainable. 

“ Persons become often enamored of outward beauty, 
without any particular knowledge of its possessor, or its 
attainableness by them.”— Cheyne. 


at-ta in-der, s. [From O. Fr. atteindre-- to not* 
rupt or attaint, or to reach, to strike, to hit, to 
injure; Port, atingir; from Lat. attingo (Attain). 
In this case the metaphor would be of the law 
overtaking, touching, and seizing a criminal whom 
it had been pursuing. Wedgwood and Mahn are in 
favor of this etymology. Blackstone, Webster, 
Richardson, &c., connect attainder and attaint 
with Lat. attinguo=to moisten, to sprinkle; and 
not with attingo— to touch. Attingo is from ad— to, 
and tingo, tango=to wet, . . . todye;Gr. tengo 
=to wet, ... to dye.] [Tinge.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1 . The act of attainting a criminal; the state of 
being so attainted. 

“A bill for reversing the attainder of Stafford was 
passed by the Upper House, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. iv. 

2. That which constitutes, establishes,, or de¬ 
clares an attainder; an act or a bill of attainder. 

“. . . the great Act of Attainder.” — Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch.xii. 

“ The terrible words. Bill of Attainder, were pro 
nounced . . — Ibid., ch. xxii. 

3. Figuratively: Taint upon one’s character, 
whether of proved crime or fault, or of suspicion 
only. 

“ So smooth he daub’d his vice with show of virtue 
That ***** 

He lived from all attainder of suspect.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 5. 

B. Law: The state or condition of being attainted, 
which, according to Blackstone, meant “stained’* 
or “blackened.” 

I. In the United States: The Constitution of the 
United States requires that “ No bill of attainder 
shall be passed, and no attainder of treason, in 
consequence of a judicial sentence, shall work cor¬ 
ruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life 
of the person attainted.” 

II. In England: 

Formerly. Attainder, in its old and more rig* 
orous form, followed, not when a criminal was 
convicted of a capital off ense, but when sentence of 
death upon him was pronounced. No formalities 
were then needed to attaint him; the attainder fol¬ 
lowed as a natural consequence from the sentence. 
He was regarded as being out of the pale and pro* 
tection of the law. He was not allowed to be 
witness in any case. Nay, more, there were forfeit¬ 
ure of his real and personal estates, and the “ cor¬ 
ruption of his blood;” the last-mentioned phrase 
implying that not merely could he not inherit any 
property from his ancestors, but he could not trans¬ 
mit it to any descendants, all of whom, even to the 
remotest generations, were thus to suffer for a crime 
in which they, had taken no part. {Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. iv., ch. 29, &c.) 
at-ta'ined, pa.par. & a. [Attain.] 
at-ta in-Ing, pr. par. [Attain.] 
at-ta in-ment, s. [Eng. attain; -ment.) 

I. The act of attaining. 

1 . The act or process of reaching any place. 

2. The act or process of reaching any object of 
desire. 

“The great care of God for our salvation must appear 
in the concern He expressed for our attainment of it.”— 

Rogers. 

II. The state of being attained. 

“Education in extent more large, of time shorter, and 
of attainment more certain.”— Milton . 

III. That which is attained. Specially — 

In the plural: Knowledge, acquaintance with 
branches of science or literature. 

“ His manners were polished, and his literary and scien¬ 
tific attainments respectable.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng.. 
ch. xiii. 

at-ta int, *at-ta'ynte, *at-te'ynt, *a-teynt, 
*as-te ynte, v. t. [Fr. atteint, s.; from O. Fr. attaint, 
attainct, pa. par. of atteindre; Mod. Fr. atteindre.) 
[Attainder.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1 . To disgrace, specially in the way describee 
under B., I. [Attainder.] 

“ Was not thy father, Richard Earl of Cambridge, 

For treason executed in our late king’s days ; 

And by his treason stand’st not thou attainted, 
Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry? ” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., ii. 4. 

“If we try the Act which attainted Fenwick . . — 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

IT It is often followed by of standing before the 
crime. 

“ They had conspired against the English government, 
and had been attainted of treason.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. i. 

2. Fig.: To taint, to stain, to dim, obscure, to 
blacken, to darken, as an attainder was supposed 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, egist. ph = f 

i -clan, -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion —■ shun; -tion, -§ion — zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious .= shiis, -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 



attaint 


318 


attempt 


to stain or blacken the person against whom it was 
directed. [Attainder.] Used — 

(a) Of a person’s reputation. 

“ How would the sons of Troy, in arms renown’d, 

And Troy’s proud dames, whose garments sweep the 
ground, 

Attaint the luster of my former name, 

Should Hector basely quit the field of fame?” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. vi. 562-5. 

“ For he attaints that rival’s fame 
With treason’s charge . . .” 

Scott: Marmion, ii. 28. 

(&) Of anything lustrous in nature capable of 
being dimmed; or anything, whether lustrous or 
not, capable of being tainted or stained. 

" His warlike shield all closely covered was 
****** 

For so exceeding shone his glistering ray 
That Phoebus’ golden face it did attaint, 

As when a cloud his beames did overlay.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. vii. 33, 34. 

3. To corrupt, as the blood of a person under 
attainder was supposed to be legally “corrupted.” 
[Attaint, particip. adj. (2).] 

B. Old Law: 

*1. To declare a jury infamous, and inflict on them 
a punishment severe even to extravagance, on ac¬ 
count of their having given a false verdict. [See 
Attaint, s, B. 1.] ( Blackstone: Comment, bk. iii., 
chaps. 23-25.) 

2. To place one under an attainder, which is done 
upon sentence of outlawry, or on that of death for 
treason or felony. (Blackstone : Comm., bk. iv. 29.) 
[Attainder.] Formerly a man might be attainted 
in two ways: (1) By appearance, by which was 
meant that he really presented himself in the court, 
and was subject to attainder, having confessed his 
crime, been vanquished in battle, or adjudged 
guilty by a verdict. Or (2) by process, when having 
fled and failed to answer, after being five times 
called publicly in the county, he was at last out¬ 
lawed for non-appearance. 

*f The Const? tution of the United States, Article, 

1., Section IX.., Clause 3, provides that “no bill of 
attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.” 

at-ta int, *at-teinct, s. [From the verb. In 
Fr. atteinte; 0. Fr. attainted [Attaint, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: A stain, a blot. (Now shortened into 
Taint.) 

“ No man hath a virtue that he hath not a glimpse of; 
nor any man an attaint, but he carries some stain of it.” 
—SKakesp.: Troil. and Cress., i. 2. 

2. Spec. : In the legal sense described under B., 1. 

"... shall be sued of an atteinct, and bound to 

appeere at the Starre Chamber.”— Holinshed: Chron., bk. 

11.. ch. iv. 

*11. Fig.: Anything injurious; as illness, weari¬ 
ness. 

“Nor doth he dedicate one jot of color 
Unto the weary and all-watched night; 

But freshly looks and overbears attaint 
With cheerful semblance.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv., Chorus. 

B. Technically: 

1. Old Law: A process commenced against a 
former jury for bringing in a false verdict. The 
jury empaneled to try such a case was the grand 
one, consisting of twenty-four of the best men in 
the county; the appellation “ grand ” being used to 
distinguish it from the “petit,” or small jury—the 
first one. If convicted, they were pronounced in¬ 
famous, their goods were forfeited, their wives and 
families were turned out of doors, their houses 
razed, their trees rooted up, &e. At length the 
practice of setting aside verdicts, upon motion 
made for the purpose, and granting new trials, 
superseded the old system of attaints, which was 
filially swept away by 4 Geo. IV., c. 50. ( Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. iii., ch. 25.) 

2. Veterinary Medicine : A blow or wound on the 
hinder foot of a horse. 

tat-ta'int, particip. adj. [Fr. atteint; O. Fr. 
attaint.'] [Attaint, v.] 

1. Under an attainder; attainted. 

“ He is then [when convicted of a capital crime and sen¬ 
tenced to die] called attaint, attinctus, stained or black¬ 
ened.”— Blackstone.- Comment., bk. iv., ch. 29. 

2. Corrupted. 

“ My tender youth was never yet attaint. 

With any passion of inflaming love.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., v. 6. 

at-taint-ed, *at-ta ynteed, pa. par. & a. [At¬ 
taint, v.] 

As participial adjective: 

“ . . . there are more attaynted landes, concealed 

from her Majestie, then she hath now possessions in all 
Ireland.”— Spenser: Present State of Ireland. 

“Whether Flora MacDonald was justified in concealing 
the attainted heir of the Stuarts, . . .”— Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., ch. v. 


at-ta 'int-ihg, pr. par. [Attaint, r.] 
at-ta int-ment, s. [Eng. attaint; -ment .] The 
state of being attainted. 


“ This manor and castle was made over by Henry VIII. 
to that great man [Cardinal Wolsey], upon whose attaint- 
ment, that sacrilegious prince re-annexed it to the crown.” 
— Ashmole. Berkshire, i. 45. 

at-ta in-tiire, s. [Eng. attaint; -ure.] The act 
of attainting; the state of being attainted; the 
writ or act attainting one. 

“ Hume’s knavery will be the duchess’s w reck, 

And her attainture will be Humphrey’s fall.” 

Shakesp: 2 Henry VI., i. 2. 

at’-tal, s. [O. E. adel, A. S. ctdela, mud.] Waste 
matter from mines ; refuse. [Attle.] 
at-tal-e-a, s. [From Attalus III., Philometer, 
king of Pergamus.j A genus of palms belonging to 
the section Cocoinee. The species are found in the 
tropical parts of South America. A. funifera is 
called by the Brazilians Piassaba. Its fibers afford 
the finest cordage for the navy of their country. 
Here it is used for brooms to sweep the streets. The 
seeds are called coquilla nuts. They are hard, and 
being large, are used in turnery for making the 
handles of doors, umbrellas, andotlier articles. A. 
compta is the Pindavo Palm of Brazil. The seeds 
are eaten as a delicacy, and the leaves used for 
thatching, for making hats, &c. A. speciosa and A. 
excelsa furnish nuts, which are burnt to dry the 
juice of Siphonia elastica, whence India-rubber is 
obtained. A. cohuns, a native of Honduras, pro¬ 
duces nuts called cahoun nuts, which furnish a valu¬ 
able oil. 


at-tame (1), *a-ta'me, *a-ta’-ml-en, v. t. [A. 

S. atemian=to tame.] To tame. 

“And specially his pride gan attame.” 

Bochaz: Fall of Princes, p. 108. ( Boucher .) 
*at-ta'me (2), v.t. Fr. entamer=to make an in¬ 
cision into ... to touch, ... to begin, . . . 
to attack, &c.] 

1. To commence, to begin. 

“And right anon his tale he hath atamed.”—Chaucer: C. 

T. (ed. Urry). (Boucher.) 

If The reading is tamyd in more modern editions. 
(2) To make an incision into. 

“I pray ye, syr emperoure, shewe me thy minde, wheth¬ 
er is more accordynge, to attame thys fysshe here pres- 
sante fyrste at the heade or atthetayle. The emperoure 
answered shortlye and sayde. At the head the fysshe 
shall be fyrste attamed.” — Fabian: Chron., t. 178. 
(Boucher.) 

*at'-t^m-Ie, s. [ Atomy. J 

*at-tam'-ln-ate, v. t. [From Lat. attamino=( 1] 
to touch, to attack, to rob, ( 2 ) to contaminate, to 
defile.] To corrupt, to spoil. (Coles, 1685.) 

If Contaminate is now used instead of it. 
*at'-tg.n, prep. [Atte.] 

*g,t-ta-nls, adv. [At-anis.] 

*at'-tar (1), s. [Atter.] 

at'-t&r ( 2 ), fa'-t^r, ot’-to. [InHindoostanee. 
Mahratta, &c., attar; from Arab. itr=perfume. 
a’tira= to smell sweetly.] Essence, especially of 
roses. 

attar or otto of roses. The essential oil ob 
tained from roses by distillation. It is said that 
100,000 roses yield only 180 grains of attar; hence 
the temptation to adulterate it is very great. The 
oil is first pale-green, then, after beingkept.it be¬ 
comes darker, and exhibits various tints of green, 
yellow, and red. It is manufactured in various 
villages and towns of Turkey just south of the 
Balkans, as well as in India. 

“And attar of rose from the Levant.” 

Longfellow: A Wayside Inn; Prelude. 
attar-gul, atar-gul. [(1) Attar, and (2) gul, in 
various Indian languages=a rose.] The same as 
Attar of Roses (q. v.). 

“. . . festooned with only those rarest roses from 
which the Attar Gul, more precious than gold, is distilled. 
. . .”— Moore: Lalla Rookh; Light of the Haram. 

*at-ta'sk, v. t. [Old form of Task (q. v.)] To 
take to task, to blame. 

“ Vou are much more attaskd for want of wisdom. 

Than prais’d for harmful mildness.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 4. 

* 3 ,t-ta'ste, *g,-ta'st, v. t. [0. Fr. taster.] [Taste, 
v.] To taste. 

“This is his own staff, thou 6eyst, therof he shall atast.” 
— Chaucer; The Pardonere and Tapstere. (Richardson.) 

“For gentlemen (they said) was nought so fit. 

As to attaste by bold attempts the cup 
Of conquest’s wine, whereof I thought to sup.” 

Mirror for Mag., p. 297. 

*atte, *at’-ten, *at'-tan, a contraction for at 
the.] [At.] At, at the. 

“Kyng William atte laste.” 

R. Glouc., p. 379. (R. T. in Boucher). 


*atte, pret. of v. [Hatte.] 

*at-teigh, v. t. [Attach.] (Scotch.) 

*at-te ine, v. t. & i. [Attain.] 
at-tel'-a-bus, s. [From Lat. attelabus; Gr. at- 
telabos=& small, wingless species of locust.J 
Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera (Beetles), belong¬ 
ing to the family Curculionidae (or Weevils). It 
was originally introduced by Linnaeus with the 
character, “Head attenuated, behind inclined. 
Antennae somewhat thick toward the apex.” In 
the 13th edition of his Systema Natures (1767), as 
many as thirteen species are enumerated. Most of 
these, however, are now transferred toother genera 
of Coleoptera. In Stephens’ Illustration of British 
Entomology (1828), only one species is mentioned, 
A. curculionoides. 
at -tele, v.t. [Ettee.] 

fat-tem'-per, v. t. [In O. Fr. attemprer; Ital. 
attemperare; Lat. attempero= to fit, to adjust, to 
accommodate; from ad=to, and tempero=duly to 
proportion.] [Temper.] 

1. To mix anything with another in just propor¬ 
tions ; to regulate. 

2. To temper; to dilute or reduce to a more mod¬ 
erate strength or amount anything that is exces¬ 
sive. 

“Nobility attempers sovereignty, and draws the eyes of 
the people somewhat aside from the line royal.”— Bacon. 

3. To soften; to mollify. 

“ His early providence could likewise have attempered 
his nature therein.”— Bacon. 

“Those smiling eyes, attemp'ring every ray. 

Shone sweetly lambent with celestial day.” 

Pope: Eloisa to Abelard, 63-4. 

4. To fit to something else. 

“ Phemius! let acts of gods and heroes old, 
Attempered to the lyre, your voice employ.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, i. 436. 

*at-tem'-per-ange, *at-tem-per-gunge, s. 
[Eng. attemper; -ance.] Temperance, moderation. 

1. Gen.: In all things. 

“The felawes of abstinence ben attemperance, that 
holdeth the mean in alle thinges: also shame, that eschew, 
eth all dishonesty.”— Chaucer: Persones Tale. 

2. Spec.: In the use of liquor, or of food, or of 
both. 

“By this virtue, attemperaunce, the creature reasonable 
kepeth hym from to much drinke, and from to moch 
mete.” —Institution of a Christian Man. 

*at-tem'-per-ate, v. t. [Attemperate, a.] At¬ 
temper.] To render proportionate to anything, to 
regulate. 

“ Attemperate his actions accordingly.”— Barrow: Matte. 
Lectures, Lect. iv. 

at-tem'-per-ate, a. [Lat. attemperatue, pa, 
par. of attempero.] [Attemper, Attemperate.] 
Regulated, proportioned. 

“ Hope must be proportioned and attemperate to the 
promise; if it exceed that temper and proportion, it be¬ 
comes a tumor and tympany of hope.”— Hammond: Prac¬ 
tical Catechism. 

t at-tem-pered, *at-tem'-pred (pred as 
perd), pa. par. & a. [Attemper, r.J 
“ And to her guestes doth bounteous banket dight 
Attempred goodly well for health and for delight” 
Spenser: F. Q., XI. xi. 2. 

“ A bard amid the joyous circle sings 
High airs, attemper’d to the vocal strings.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. iv. 23-4. 
*at-tem'-per-el, a. [Eng. attemper; -el.] Tern 
perate, moderate. 

“But though attemperel wepyng be graunted, ootra- 
geous wepynge certes is defended.”— Chaucer:Tale ofMefi- 
b'eus. 

*at-tem-pere-l3?, adv. [Attemperly.] 
tat-tem -per-Ifig, *at-tem -prlhg, pr. par. & a. 
[Attemper, v. ] 

*at-tem'-per-ly, *at-tem-pere-l3?, *at-tem- 

f ire-ly (pre as per), adv. [Eng. attemper; -ly.] 
n a temperate manner; moderately, in modera¬ 
tion. 

"... whan it is y-graunted him to take thilke ven. 
geaunce hastily, or attemperely, as the lawe requireth."— 
Chaucer: Tale of Melibeus. 

“ Governeth you also of you diete 
Attemprely, and namely in this hete,” 

Ibid: Shipman’s Tale. 

at-tem-per-ment, s. [Eng. attemper; -ment.) 
The act of tempering, or the state of being tem¬ 
pered. (Dr. Chalmers.) 

*at-tem'-pre (pre as per), a. [Attemper. J 
Temperate. 

“ Attempre dyete was al hir phisik. 

And exercise, and hertes saffisaunce.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,3 4-5. 

at-tempt', *at-tempt'e (p mute) v. t. & i. Tin 

Old Fr. attempter, atempter; Mod. Fr. attenter, 


♦ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s 6 n; mute, cub. cure, unite, cut, rfile, full; try, Syrian, s, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 



attempt 


319 


attendant 


Prov. & Port, attentar; Sp. atentar; Ital. attentare; 
iLat. attento=io reach after, to try; freq. from 
attendo = ... to attend (Attend) : ad = to, 
and tendo =to stretch.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Gen.: To mate trial or experiment of; to try, 
to endeavor. 


1. (Followed by an adjective of the person or 
thing of which one makes trial or experiment, or 
after whom or which one puts forth an endeavor.) 

“Something attempted, something done, 

Has earned a night’6 repose.” 

Longfellow: The Village Blacksmith. 

2. (Followed by the infinitive.) 

“ The government regarded these infant colonies with 
aversion, and attempted violently to stop the stream of emi¬ 
gration.”— Macaulay: Hist. Bug., ch. i. 

II. Specially: 

*1. To try in the sense of tempting; to tempt. 
<In this sense the word tempt has taken its place.) 

“ Who in all things wise and just, 
Hindered not Satan to attempt the mind 
Of man, with strength entire and free-will armed.” 

Milton : P. L., x. 8. 


2. To attack. 


“ Tript me behind, got praises of the king. 

For him attempting who was self-subdued.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, ii. 2. 
B. Intrans.: To make an attack. 

" I have been so hardy to attempt upon a name, which, 
among some, is yet very sacred.”— Glanville: Scepsis 
Scientiflca. 

At-tempt', *^t-tempt e, (j) mute), s. [From the 
verb.] 

1. An endeavor, an effort. 


“ An attempt was made with great success to set up iron 
works.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

2. An attack, an assault. 


“If we be always prepared to receive an enemy, we shall 
Jong live, in peace and quietness, without any attempts 
upon us.”— Bacon. 

attempt-a-bil'-I-t^ (p mute),s. [Eng. attempt; 
ability. ] 

1. Capability of being attempted. 

2. A person or persons, or a thing, or things capa¬ 
ble of being attempted. 


“Short way ahead of us, it is all dim; an unwound 
ekein of possibilities, of apprehensions, attemptabilities, 
vague-looming hopes, . . . ”— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero- 
Worship, Lect. vi. 

at-tempt'-able, stt-tempt'-i-ble (p mute), a. 
l [Eng. attempt; - able, -ible.] Capable of being at¬ 
tempted ; capable of being attacked. 

“ The gentlemen vouching his to be more fair, virtuous, 
wise, and less attemptable than the rarest of our ladies.”— 
Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 4. 

at-temp'-tate (p mute), s. [Lat. attentatum, 
neut. of attentatus, pa. par. of attento.} In Fr. 
attentat.'] An attempt, an endeavor, especially to 
commit a crime. In 1589, Puttenham ranked this 
word as one quite recently introduced in the lan¬ 
guage. It arose, however, somewhat earlier. 

“To forbear that attemptate.” — Sadler (a. d. 1543), in 
Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 241. 

at-tempt'-ed (p mute), pa. par. & a. [At¬ 
tempt, p.] 

at-tempt'-er (p mute), a. [Eng. attempt; -er.] 
One who attempts. Specially; 

1. One who assails a person or his virtue; an 
assailant; a tempter. 

“ The Son of God, with godlike force endued, 

Against th’ attempter of thy Father’s throne.” 

Milton: P. R., iv. 603. 

2. One who endeavors to do anything. 

“You are no factors for glory or treasure, but disin¬ 
terested attempters for the universal good.”— Glanville: 
Scepsis Scientiflca. 

at-tempt'-I-ble, (p mute), -a. [Attemptable.] 

at-tempt-iiig (p mute), pr. par. & s. [At¬ 
tempt, v .] 

A. Aspr. par.: (In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb). 

ti. Assubst.: Perpetration, commission (in a bad 
sense, followed by of). (Scotch.) 

“ The attempting o/sic foul and schameful enormities.” 
—Acts Jos. VI., 1581 (ed. 1814), p. 217. (Jamieson.) 

attempt less (p mute), o. [Eng .attempt; -less.] 
Without trying. (Marlowe : 1 Tamburlaine, ii. 5.) 

at tend , v. t. & i. [In Fr. attendee — to wait, 
stay, put off, delay; Prov. atendre; Sp. atender; 
Port, attender; Ital. attendere. From Lat. attendo 
= (1) to stretch or bend anything material—a bow, 
for example; (2) to stretch or bend the mind to; ad 
=to, and tendo— to stretch, implying that one who 
attends to any person or thing is as if he stretched 
out his neck to hear and see more effectively.] 


A. Transitive: 

I. Lit. (When the subject of the verb is a per¬ 
son.) 

1. To turn the thoughts toward; to apply the 
mind to. 

(a) To bend the desires toward attaining any ob¬ 
ject. 

“Their hunger thus appeased, their care attends 
The doubtful fortune of their absent friends.” 

Dryden: Virgil; JEneid i. 299. 

(b) To fix the mind upon anything; to listen to 
anything; to turn the eyes fixedly upon it, or reflect 
upon it earnestly. 

“Sing then, and Damon shall attend the strain.” 

Pope: Pastorals; Spring, 29. 

2. To wait upon or for a person. 

(i.) In a good sense ; 

(a) To wait upon a person as a servant does upon 
a master. It may be used when a servant ministers 
to his master at home, but is more frequently em¬ 
ployed when he accompanies him on a journey. 

“ . . . his companion, youthful Valentine, 
Attends the emperor in his royal court,” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Ver., i. 8 . 

“. . . with devoted loyalty, though with a sore 

heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to attend William 
thither.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

( b) To come to a superior when summoned; to 
present one’s self in obedience to a summons. 

“The lord mayor and the sheriffs of London were sum¬ 
moned to attend the king.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

(c) To wait for the expression of a superior will. 
It is used by Milton in an analogous sense for the 
Son of God reverentially and submissively attend¬ 
ing to the will of his Heavenly Father. 

“. . . as a sacrifice 
Glad to be offer’d, He attends the will 
Of his great Father.” Milton: P. L., bk. iii. 

(d) To wait upon a person in a professional ca¬ 
pacity, as a physician may do upon a patient. 

“ The fifth had eharge sick persons to attend, 

And comfort those in point of death which lay.” 

Spenser. 

(ii) In a bad sense: 

t(a) To accompany with hostile intentions. 

“ He was at present strong enough to have stopped or 
attended Waller in his western expedition.”— Clarendon. 

( 6 ) To lay wait for. 

“ Thy interpreter, full of despight, bloody as the 
hunter, attends thee at the orchard end.” — Shakesp.: 
Twelfth Night, iii. 4. 

3. To wait for or expect an event, whether one 
desire or deprecate its coming. 

If This signification is possessed also by the 
French attendee. 

“Three days I promis’d to attend my doom. 

And two long days and nights are yet to come.” 

Dryden: Indian Emperor, iii. 2. 

“So dreadful a tempest, as all the people attended 
therein the very end of the world and judgment day.”— 
Raleigh: History. 

II. Fig. (When the subject of the verb is a thing.) 

1. To accompany, to be appendant to. 

“ Dangers of every shape and name 
Attend the followers of the Lamb.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns, xxxvii. 

2. To follow upon, to be consequent to. 

“ Secure of conquest, where the prize 
Attends superior worth.” 

Cowper: Promotion of Thurlow. 

3. To await, to be in store for. 

“ To him who hath a prospect of the state that attends 
all men after this, the measures of good and evil are 
changed. ”— Locke. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. To bend the mind to, or concentrate it upon, 
some object of study or pursuit. 

“Since man cannot at the same time attend to two 
objects, if you employ your spirit upon a book or a bodily 
labor, you have no room left for sensual temptation.”— 
Taylor. 

II. To yield attention to; to listen to anything 
audible, or turn the eye fixedly on anything visible, 

“Hear, ye children, the instruction of a father, and 
attend to know understanding.”— Prov. iv. 1. 

IT It is used in Scripture in the sense of God’s 
“ hearing a prayer” and answering it. 

“But verily God hath heard me : he hath attended to 
the voice of my prayer.”— I’s. lxvi. 19. 

III. To be present or within call; to wait upon, as 
a servant may do on a master. 

(1) As a companion or servant of the person 
accompanied, or to render professional service, 
sacred or secular. 

“ His squire, attending in the rear, 

Bore high a gauntlet on a spear.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 18. 

“ Look how thy servants do attend on thee, 

Each in his office ready at thy beck.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew; Induction, ii. 


Or (2), in obedience to a summons, in compliance 
with a wish. 

“ The nurse attended with her infant boy, 

The young Astyanax, the hope of Troy.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, vi. 486. 

IV. To wait for, to wait, to delay. [See Fr. 
attendee in the etym.] 

“ Plant anemonies after the first rains, if you will have 
flowers very forward; but it is surer to attend till October.” 

— Evelyn. 

IT (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs 
to attend, to mind, to regard, to heed, and to notice: 
— Attend is the generic; the rest are specific terms. 
“ To mind is to attend to a thing, so that it may not 
be forgotten ; to regard is to look on a thing as of 
importance; to heed is to attend to a thing from a 
principle of caution; to notice is to think on that 
which strikes the senses. ... Children should 
always attend when spoken to, and mind what is 
said to them; they should regard the counsels of 
their parents, so as to make them the rule of their 
conduct, and heed their warnings, so as to avoid the 
evil; they should notice what passes before them, 
so as to apply it to some useful purpose.” _ . , 

( b ) Attend to and wait upon are thus discrimi¬ 
nated : “ Attendance is an actof obligation; waiting 
on, that of choice. A physician attends his patient; 
a member attends on Parliament; one gentleman 
waits upon another.” 

(c) The following is the distinction between to 
attend, to hearken, and to listen: “ Attend is a 
mental action ; hearken , both corporeal and mental; 
listen, simply corporeal. To attend is to have the 
mind engaged on what we hear; to hearken and 
listen are to strive to hear. People attend _ when 
they are addressed; they hearken to what is said 
by others,’ they listen to what passes between 
others.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

*at-tend , s. [Attend, v.] Attendance. 

at-tend-an$e, *?d;-tend'-aun 9 e, s. [O. Fr. at¬ 
tendance.] 

I. The act of attending. 

1 . The act of waiting upon a person or upon 
people; service, ministry; as that of— 

(i.) A servant waiting upon a master, or followers 
upon a chief. 

“And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his serv- 
ants, and the attendance of his ministers and their ap¬ 
parel . . .”—2 Chron. ix. i. 

“ Attendance is a bribe, and then ’tis bought.” 

Dryden: The Hind and Panther, iii. 

^ For the difference between attendance and wait¬ 
ing upon, see Attend, IV. ( 6 ). 

(ii.) A professional man making a point of being 
present at proper times at the place where he dis¬ 
charges his public duties. 

“. . . another tribe, of which no man gave attend¬ 
ance at the altar.”— Heb. vii. 13. 

“ The next morning he held a Privy Council, discharged 
Chief Justice Keating from any further attendance at tht 
board, . . .” —Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

IT (a) In attendance: Attending, attendant upon, 

“A guard of honor was everywhere in attendance on 
him.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

( 6 ) To dance attendance upon: To wait upon a 
superior who is regardless of the comfort of his in¬ 
feriors, or a government similarly inconsiderate, 
and find one’s self kept in lively moment, like that 
of a dancer, no profitable result, to the performer 
at least, following from all this activity. 

“ I had thought 

They had parted so much honesty among ’em, 

At least, good manners, as not thus to suffer 
A man of his place, and so near our favor, 

To dance attendance on their lordship’s pleasures, 
And at the door, too, like a post with packets.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., v. 2. 

2. Concentration of the mind upon ; attention. 

“ . . . give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to 
doctrine.”—1 Tim. iv. 13. 

3. Expectation. 

“That which causeth bitterness in death, is the lah. 
guishing attendance and expectation thereof, ere it come.” 
— Hooker. 

II. The state of being attended. 

III. The persons attending; a train; a retinae. 
(Milton: P. L., bk. x.) 

*at-tend -an-§y, s. Attendance; a following or 
retinue. 

“ It showeth what honor is fit for prelates, and what 
attendancy.” — Hooker. 

?rt-tend'-e,nt, a. & s. [From Fr. attendant, pr. 
par. of at.tendre=to attend; Ital. attendent.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Accompanying; being present with and minis¬ 
tering or lending dignity to. (Applied in a literal 
sense to persons, or figuratively to things.) 

“ Not to the court (replied th’ attendant train). 

Nor mix’d with matrons to Minerva’s fane: 

To Ilion’s steepy tower she bent her way, 

To mark the fortunes of the doubtful day.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. vi., 4784-48L 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun- -tious, -cious, -£ious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del- 



attended 


320 


atterly 


"... in the reign of Henry the Seventh, fresh meat 
was never eaten even by the gentlemen attendant on a 
great Earl, except during the short interval between Mid¬ 
summer and Michaelmas.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

‘‘Why did the fiat of a God give birth 
To yon fair Sun, and his attendant Earth?” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

2. Following as a consequence of; related to, as an 
effect is to a cause. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: Dependent on or doing duty or service 
to. [B.] 

2. Music Attendant heys: The keys or scales on 
the fifth above and fifth below (or fourth above) 
any key-note or tonic considered in relation to the 
key or scale or that tonic. ( Calcott .) 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Of persons: 

(a) One who waits upon another, as a servant on 
a master or mistress, a courtier on a sovereign, or 
one of a train upon its head. 

“ Yet the Queen, whose kindness had endeared her to 
her humblest attendants, . . . ”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch iT. 

( o) One who waits upon a person with the view of 
preferring some request to him, or transacting some 
business with him. 

“ I endeavor that my reader may not wait long for my 
meaning: to give an attendant quick dispatch is a civility.” 
— Burnet: Theory. 

(c) One present at a meeting or at any gathering. 
“ He was a constant attendant at all meetings relating 
to charity, without contributing.”— Swift. 

2. Of things : A consequent, a concomitant of any¬ 
thing related to another, as an effect is to a cause. 

“ He had an unlimited sense of fame, the attendant of 
noble spirits, which prompted him to engage in travels.” 
— Pope. 

“ It is hard to take into view all the attendants or conse¬ 
quents that will be concerned in a question.”— Watts. 

II. Law : A person who owes a duty of service to 
another, of in some way depends upon him. ( Cowel.) 
at-tend'-ed, pa. par. [Attend.] 
tat-tend'-er, s. [Eng. attend: suff. -e?\] An at¬ 
tendant. 

“ The gypsies were there, 

Like lords to appear: 

With such their offenders 
As you thought offenders.”— Ben Jonson. 
§,t-t§nd'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Attend.] 

“ Th’ attending heralds, as by office bound, 

With kindled flames the tripod-vase surround.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiii., 49, 50. 
*at-tend'-ment, s. [Eng. attend; suff. -ment.] 
That which attends. 

“ The uncomfortable attendments of hell.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors, bk. vii., ch. 16. 

fat-tend-ress, s. [Eng. attend{e)r; -ess.] A 
female attendant. “A female attendress at the 
table.” ( Fuller: Worthies: Somersetshire.) 

*3,t-te'ne, v. i. [From Lat. attinere= to pertain 
to: ad= to; tenere= to hold; Fr. s'attehir a=to be 
linked to.] To pertain to. 

“ That attenit to the partie defendur.”— Acts James VI., 
1567 (ed. 1814), p. 44. 

*at-tent', a. [In Sp. atento; Port. & Ital. attento; 
Lat. attentus .] Attentive. 

“ Now, my God, let, I beseech thee, thine eyes be open, 
and let thine oars be attent unto the prayer that is made 
in this place.”—2 Chron. vi. 40. 

“ With an attent ear . . .”— Shalcesp.: Hamlet, L 2. 
at-tent', s. [In Fr. attente — waiting.] Atten¬ 
tion. 

“ And kept her sheepe with diligent attent. 
Watching to drive the ravenous Wolfe away." 

Spenser: F. Q., YL ix. 87, 

atrten'-tates, s. pi. [In Fr. attentat = an at¬ 
tempt; Lat. attentata, n. pi. of pa. par. of attento 
—to stretch out, to attempt.] 

1. Proceedings in a court of judicature, pending 
suit, apd after an inhibition is decreed. ( Ayliffe .) 

2. Things done after an extra-judicial aopeal. 
{Ibid.) 

*at-ten-ta'-tion, s. [As if from Low Lat. atten¬ 
tat io.) 

1. Attention. ( Hacket: Life of Williams, i. 99.) 

2. Temptation. {Davies.) 

at-ten'-tion, s. [In Fr. attention; Sp. atencion; 
Port. attenQao: Ital. attenzione; from Lat. atten - 
tio= a bending of the mind, attention; from atten- 
tum, sup. of attendo.] [Attend.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of attending. 

1. Gen.: The act of concentrating the naind on 
any object of sense or on any mental conception. 


“ Yet, while I recommend to our actresses a skillful at¬ 
tention to gesture, I would not have them study it in the 
looking-glass.”— Goldsmith: The Bee, No. H. 

2. Spec, : An act of civility; thoughtful consider¬ 
ation, kindness, or love shown to a person. from 
appreciation of his or her character. (Often in the 
pl.j u 

“ The Secretary shared largely in the attentions which 
were paid to his chief.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

II. The state of being attended to. 

“ . . . the labor bestowed by him upon what he has 
heretofore and now laid before the public, entitled him to 
candid attention . . .”— Wordsworth: Preface to the 

Excursion. 

III. The power, ability, or faculty which man 
possesses to attend to anything. [ B. 1.] 

“ Hardly any faculty is more important for the intellect¬ 
ual progress of man than the power of attention.” — Bar- 
win: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. ii. 

H To draw or to call the attention to: To point out 
to any one an object calculated to a gteater or less 
extent to attract the notice. 

“ My attention was called to this subject.”— Darwin: 
Descent of Man, pt. L, ch. i. 

B. Technically: 

1. Mental Phil.: Intelligent consciousness volun¬ 
tarily applied; consciousness concentrated in order 
intellectually to conquer a particular object; the 
positive act of concentrating consciousness. 

“ Attention is consciousness and something more. It is 
consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of limit¬ 
ations, to some determinate object; it is consciousness 
concentrated .”—Sir W. Hamilton: Metaph., vol. i., p. 238. 

“ Attention is consciousness applied by an act of will or 
desire under a particular law. . . . This law, which we 
call the law of limitation, is, that the intention of our 
knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension—in other 
words, that the fewer objects we consider at once, the 
clearer and more distinct will be our knowledge of them.” 
—Ibid., p. 246. 

“ Attention, then, is to consciousness what the contrac¬ 
tion of the pupil is to sight; or to the eye of the mind 
what the microscope or telescope is to the bodily eye. The 
faculty of attention is not, therefore, a special faculty, 
but merely consciousness acting under the law of limita¬ 
tion to which it is subjected. But whatever be its relation 
to the special faculties, attention doubles all their effi¬ 
ciency, and affords them a power of which they would other¬ 
wise be destitute. It is, in fact, as we ate at present con¬ 
stituted, the primary condition of their activity.”— Ibid., 
p. 248. 

2. Mil.: A command given to soldiers, who for a 
time have been permitted to “stand at ease,” to 
resume a more normal military attitude. When 
“Attention” is ordered, the hands are to fall 
smartly down the outside of the thighs, and the 
right foot to be brought up on a level with the left. 

at-ten'-tive, *at-ten’-tyve, a. [Fr. attentif .] 

1. Of persons: With the mind fixed on the object 
to which the person is said to be attending; heed¬ 
ful. If the object be one of which the eye takes cog¬ 
nizance, then the eye is directed keenly to it; if one 
cognizable by the ear, then the ear is similarly 
intent; if on a book, then.the eye and the mental 
powers are in operation; if its own thoughts are 
the subject of reflection, then the mind introverted 
becomes vividly conscious of its own working. 

“. . . Knowledge dwells 
In heads replete with thoughts of other men; 
Wisdom in minds attentive to their own.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

IT It may be used also figuratively of God. 

v . . let now thine ear he attentive to the prayer 
of thy servant, , . .”— Nehem. i. 11. 

2. Of things: 

“ I bring a trumpet to awake his ear; 

To set his sense on the attentive bent, 

And then to speak.” 

Shalcesp.: Trail and Cress., i. 3, 
“Its various parts to his attentive note.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

at-ten’-txve-ly, adv. [Eng. attentive; - ly .] In 
an attentive manner; heedfully; with the mind 
fixed on what is in progress. 

“Hear attentively the noise of his voice, and the sound 
that goeth out of his mouth .”—Job xxxvii. 2. 

at-ten’-tlve-ness, s. [Eng. attentive; -ness.] 
The state or quality of being attentive; attention. 

“. . . at the relation of the Queen’s death, . . . 
bravely confessed and lamented by the King, how atten¬ 
tiveness wounded his daughter.”— Shakesp..- Winter’s 
Tale, v. 2. 

f at-tent'-ly, adu. [Eng. attent; -ly.'] In an at¬ 
tentive manner; attentively. 

“ Those who attently regard a locust or a caterpillar 
. . — Barrow, vol. ii., Serm. 6. 

at-ten-lj-g,nt, a. & s. [In Fr. attSnuant; Sp. 
atenuante; Port, attenuante; Lat. attenuans, pr. 
par. of attenuo —to make thin.] [Attenuate.] 


A. As adj.: That, which has the power of making 
a liquid thin, or diluting it. 

“ They put into the 9tomach those things that be atten. 
leant, incisive, .and sharp, for to provoke and stir up the- 
appetite.”— Holland: Plutarch. ( Richardson .) 

B. As substantive > (Pharm.): That which pos¬ 
sesses the power of imparting to the blood a more 
thin and fluid consistency than it previously pos¬ 
sessed. Water, and other aqueous fluids, have this 
property to a greater or less extent. {Castle). 

at-ten'-u-ate, v. t. [From Lat. attenuatus , pa. 
par. of Lat. attenuo= to make thin: ad— to, aud 
tenuo= to make thin; tenuis—thin. (Thin.) The 
Fr. attenuer, Sp. atenuar, Port, attenuar, Ital. atten- 
uare (pa. par. attenuato) , correspond in significa¬ 
tion to our English word.) 

I. Lit.: To make thin. 

1. Of liquids: To make thin in the sense of less- 
dense ; to render more watery and of less consist¬ 
ence. 

“Of such concernment too is drink and food 
T’ incrassate, or attenuate the blood.” 

Dry den: Lucretius, bk. iv. 

2 . Of solids: To render finer, as a wire which is 
filed away or partially dissolved in an acid. 

“ It is of the nature of acids to dissolve or attenuate ; 
and of alkalies to precipitate or incrassate.”— Newtonz 
Optics. 

II. Fig.: To lessen, to diminish. 

“ . . . for this fatal sect hath justled her out of divert, 
large regions in Africk, in Tartary, and other places, 
and attenuated their number in Asia.”— Howell: Letters. 
ii. 10. 

at-ten -u-ate, a, [From Lat. attenuatus , or Ital: 
attenuato .] [Attenuate, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of liquids: Made thin in consistency ; rendered 
less dense. 

“Vivification ever consisteth in spirits attenuate,, 
which the cold doth congeal and coagulate.”— Bacon. 

2. Of solids: Rendered finer or more slender. 

B. Bot.: Made thin or slender; tapering. {Lou¬ 
don.) 

sit-ten-wa-ted, pa.par. & a. [Attenuate, v.J 
at-ten'-u-a-ting, pr. par. [Attenuate, v.) 
at-ten-p-a -tion, s. [In Fr. attenuation; Sp, 
atenuacion ; Port, attenuacao; Ital. attenuazione ; 
Lat. attenuatio.] 

1. The act of rendering thinner ; the state of be¬ 
ing rendered thinner. 

IT Used specially {a) of a liquid or gas rendered 
less dense. 

“ . . . the diminished density, or attenuation of th© 
Wort, . . . ”— Fowne's: Manual of Chem., 10th ed., p. 604, 

“ Chiming with a hammer upon the outside of a bell, 
the sound will be according to the inward concave of the 
bell; whereas the elision or attenuation of the air can be 
only between the hammer and the outside of th9 bell.” 
—Bacon. 

Or ( 6 ) of a solid rendered finer or more slender in 
form, as, for instance, ductile wire drawn out to a 
greater or less extent of tenuity. 
f2. A person or thing attenuated. 

“ I am ground even to an attenuation — Donne: Devo* 
tions, p. 517. 

-at-ter, *at-tyr (yr=ir), s. [A. S. after, attor. 
ator, afer=poison; matter, pus. In Sw. etter; Dam 
edder.] Poison venom; pus from an tilcer. 

“ And nithful neddre, loth and lither, 

Sal gliden on hise brest nether 
And erthe freten wile he mai liuen, 

And after on is tnnge cliuen.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 869-72. 

*at-ter-coppe, *at’-tTr-coppe, *at'-tyn-eoppe ( , 
*at'-ter-c 6 b, *at'-ter-cap, *ad-er-c 6 p, *a-dyi 
cop (yr=ir),s. [A. S. attercoppa— a spider; from 
after=poison, and copp, cop=( 1 ) the head, top, 
apex, (2) a cup. In Dan. edderlcop.)] 

I. Literally: 

1. A spider. {Prompt. Parv ., &c.) 

“ AranSus; an adercop, or a spyhner.” 

Vocab. Stanb., Sig. D, 2 b. { Boucher .) 

2. Less properly: A spider’s web. 

“I sees her kronkin astride o’ th’ bawk, her hair au fuS 
of attercops.” — Craven: Dialogues, p. 228. (S. in Boucher.’j 
II. Figuratively : A peevish, Ill-natured person.. 

“Thou yreful attercap, Pylat, apostata, 

Judas, Jew’s janglor, Lollard lawreate.” 

Ever Green, ii., 74. ( Boucher .1 
*at'-ter-filtii, s. [O. Eng. atter, and Eng. filth.} 
Corruption. 

*at’-ter-lathe, s. [A. S. atterlafhe, aterlathe— 
betony, penny-grass.] A plant, botany, 

*at'-fcer-ly, adv. [From O. Eng. atter (q. v.), and 
suffix -ly.] With poison; venomously. {Chaucer.} 


®,te t fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, campl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, cs = e; ey = a. qu = Rw 




atterne 


321 


attour 


“St'-tSrne, *at’-tern, a. [A. S. cetleme, cettren, 
$&tirgn= poisonous; M. H. Ger. eiterin.) 

L Venomous ; poisonous. { Stratmann .) 

8. Fierce, cruel, snarling, ill-natured. (Grose.) 

*s£t’-ter-nesse, s. [From A. S. a«er=poison.] 
[Atter.] Venomousness. (Stratmann.) 

at'-ter-rate, v.t. [Lat. ad=to, and terra, *tera— 
dry land, as distinguished from the heavens, the 
sea, the air, &c.] To add to the land, to form into 
dry land. 

at -ter-ra-ted, pa. par. [Attereate.] 

at-ter-ra-ting, pr. par. [Attekeate.] 

at-ter-ra'-tion, s. [Eng. atterratte); -ion.) The 
process of adding to the land or of forming into 
dry land. 

9-t-test', v.t.&i. [In Fr. attester; Sp. atestar, 
atestiguar; Port, attestar; Ital. attestare; Lat. at¬ 
testor; from ad=to, and test or— to be a witness; 
testis= a witness.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To call to witness. 

“ But I attest the gods, . . .” 

Shakesp.; Troil and Cress., ti. 2. 

11. To bear witness. 

1. Lit.: Where the witness is a person. 

(a) Properly: To bear witness to the genuineness 
of a document and the truth of its contents by ap¬ 
pending one’s signature to it; to certify. 

(b) In any other way, whether by word or deed, 
to confirm the truth of an allegation or fact. 

“Live thou; and to thy mother dead attest 

That clears shedide from blemish criminal!." 

Spenser: F. Q., II. i. 87. 

“Idomoneus, whom Ilion fields attest 
Of matchless deeds . . .” 

Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xix., 211-12. 

2. When the witness is a thing, as, for instance, a 
book, a passage or passages in a book, coincidences 
of fact in a statement, or anything similar. 

"... they formerly did so, as is attested by passages 
In Pliny.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (1859), ch. i., p. 34. 

"... the casual coincidences of fact, with which 
contemporary literature abounds, serve to attest the narra* 
tive of the historian, and to confirm its veracity.”— Lewis: 
Early Roman Hist., ch. vi., § 5. 

B. Intrans.: To bear witness. 

“Till, from the fleet our presents be convey’d, 

And, Jove attesting, the firm compact made.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 189-90. 

flit-test’, s. [From the verb.] Attestation. 

“ . . . the exalted man, to whom 
Such high attest was given. . . .” 

Milton: P. R., bk. i. 

St-tes-ta'-tion, s. [In Fr. attestation; Sp . ates- 
tacion: Port. attestagao; Ital. attestazione; all 
from Lat. attestation) The act of attesting; the 
state of being attested; that which attests. 

Specially: 

1. Of persons: The act of bearing witness to any 
document by appending one’s signature to it; also 
the act of witnessing any opinion or statement in a 
less formal manner. 

“ . . . men, as we know them, do not sacrifice their 
lives in the attestation of that which they know to be un¬ 
true.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), iii. 63. 


2. Of things; That which attests anything; speci¬ 
ally historical evidence of an external character to 
the authorship or events of a history. 

“. . . the external attestation , corroborated by the 
internal evidence of the narrative, . . .” — Lewis: 
Early Roman Hist., ch. xiv., § 1. 

(Lt-tes’-ta-tive, adj. [From Lat. attestatus, 
perf. par. of attester (Attest), and Eng. suff. -ive.) 
Attesting. 

“ Of attestative satisfaction : Satisfaction arising from 
establishing truth by evidence against a false statement 
prejudicial to one.”— Bowring: Bentham's Works, vol. i., 
p. 374. 

§,t-test’-ed, pa. par. [Attest, a.] 

at-test’-er, at-test’-or, s. [Eng. attest; -er, -or.] 
One who attests. 

“The credit of the attesters, and truth of the rela¬ 
tions.”— J. Spencer: Prodigies, p. 397. 

“ This arch -attester for the public good 
By that one deed ennobles all his blood.” 

Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel. 

(it-test'-ing, pr.par. [Attest, a.] 

“ Nor speak I rashly, but with faith averr’d, 

And what I speak attesting Heaven has heard.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiv., 175-6. 


“ Alternate each th‘ attesting scepter took. 

And, rising solemn, each his sentence spoke.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xviii., 587-8. 

at-test’-ive, a. [Eng. attest; ive.] Attesting; 
©obtaining an attestation. ( Worcester .) 


ip.t-test'- 6 r, s. [Attestee.] 

(it-te'yn- 3 ,nt, a. [From Lat. attinens, pr. par. 
of attineo.] [Attain.] Appertaining, belonging, 

“ That to my dull wytte it is not atteynant.” 

Fabian: Chron. ( Prologue, p. 2). (S. in Boucher.) 

*at-te’yne, v. i. & t. [Attain.] 

At’-tic, at’-tic, *At’-tick, a. & s. [In Fr. At- 

tvque; Sp. Atico; Port. & Ital. Attico; Lat. Atticus; 
Gr. Attikos, from Attica .] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Of or belonging to Attica, a province of Greece 
or to Athens, its world renowned capital; to the 
inhabitants of Attica or Athens ; or, finally, to their 
writings and other productions. 

“Who, scarcely skill’d an English line to pen. 

Scans Attic meters with a critic’s ken.” 

Byron: A College Examination. 

2. Classical: Used especially of poetic or other 
compositions, in whatever language they may be 
written. 

“ How can I Pult’ney, Chesterfield forget, 

While Roman Spirit charms, and Attic Wit.” 

Pope: Epilogue to the Satires; Dial. ii. 84, 85. 

II. Technically: 

1. Philology: 

Attic dialect: The dialect of ancient Athens. 
The old Attic was the same as the Ionic, from which 
the Attic properly so-called somewhat diverged. 
The latter was the accepted standard of the Greek 
language; the other dialects were regarded as pro¬ 
vincial forms of speech. 

2. Architecture: 

(a) Attic base: A peculiar base which the ancient 
architects used in buildings of the Ionic and Corin¬ 
thian orders, and which Palladio introduced also 
into the Doric style. 

( b) Attic order: An order of small square pillars 
placed by Athenian architects at the uppermost 
parts of a building. 

B. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A native of Attica. Spec., an Athenian. 

“A time when the Atticks were as unlearned as their 
neighbors.”— Bentley: Dissert, upon Phalaris, p. 390. 

2. A room or series of rooms at the top of a house 
just under the roof; a garret. 

“. . . betaking himself with his books to a small 
lodging in an attic.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., eh. xiv. 

It is often used in the plural. 

“The wild wind rang from park and plain. 

And round the attics rumbled.” 

Tennyson: The Goose. 

II. Architecture : 

1. A low story placed above an entablature or a 
cornice, and 
limiting the 
height of the 
mam part of an 
elevation. It is 
to be found 
chiefly in the 
Roman and 
Italian styles. 

(Gloss, of Arch.) 

2. In the same 
sense as B., I. 2. 

Attic muse. 

A fine poetic 
vein. 

fAt’-ti-cal,a. 

[Eng. attic; 

-al.] 

1 . Lit.: Of or 
belonging to 
Attica. 

2. Fig.: Pure or classical in style. 

“If this be not the common Attical acception of it, yet 
it will seem agreeable to the penning of the New Testa¬ 
ment; in which, whosoever will observe, may find words 
and phrases, which perhaps the Atticls purity, perhaps 
grammar, will not approve of.”— Hammond: Serin., 12. 

At’-ti- 9 l§m, s. [In Ger. atticism; Fr. atticisme; 
Port, atticismo; Gr. attikismos = (1) a siding with 
the Athenians; (2) the Attic style; an atticism.] 

fl. Attachment to the Athenian people. Used 
specially in narratives of the Peloponnesian war. 

“Tydius and his accomplices were put to death for 
Atticism.” — Hobbes: Thucydides, bk. viii. ( Richardson .) 

2 . A mode of expression characteristic of the Attic 
dialect; also classical, elegant, polished. 

“They made sport, andllaughed; they mispronounced, 
and I misliked; and to make up the Atticism, they were 
out, and I hissed.”— Milton: Apology for Smectymnuus. 



Attic on the Arch of 
Constantine. 


“ There is an elegant Atticism which occurs, Luke xiiiL 
9, ‘If it bear fruit, well.’” — Newcome: View of the Eng, 
Biblical Trans., p. 279. 

at ti- gl ze, v. t. & i. [In Lat. atticisso; from Gr. 

uttileizd. ] 

A. Transitive: To cause to conform to the idiom 
of Attica, or of its capital, Athens. 

B. Intransitive: To speak or write like a native 
of Attica. 

“If any will still excuse the tyrant for atticizing in 
those circumstances, . . — Bentley; Dissert, upum 
Phalaris, p. 317. 

f At -tics, s. pi. [From Gr. Attika, the title of 
the. first book m Pausanias’s Itinerary of Greece. 
which treats of Attica and Megaris.] A geograph¬ 
ical, topographical, historical, or other description 
of Attica. 

If Attics, the pi. of attic, has a slightly different 
etymology. [Attic, B. 2.] 

*g/fc-tig’-y-ous, a. [Lat. attiguus, from altigo, 
old form of attinqo.] [Attinge.] Contiguous, 
bordering on, near, hard by. ( Ogilvie.) 

at-tig’-u-ous-ness, s. [Eng. attiguous; -ness.] 
The quality of being attiguous; contiguity. (Ogil¬ 
vie.) 

at-tin'ge, v. t. [Lat. attingo=to touch, to handle ; 
ad=to, and tango=to touch.] To touch lightly or 
gently. (Coles: Diet., 1685.) 

at ti re, *a-ti’re, v. t. [Connected apparently 
with two classes of words. It has affinity with Q„ 
Er. attirer, attyrer, atirer= to provide, to array, t® 
dispose, to adorn. (This is not closely akin in sig¬ 
nification to Mod. Er. attirer, which is=to attract, 
to procure.) From O. Fr. tier = rank. order; Prov. 
atieyar; Sp. ataviar= to adorn. Compare also 
Ger. zieren= to adorn; 0 ter=omament. The Eng, 
attire has also intimate relations with O. Fr. attour • 
ner—to clothe; Mod. Fr. atourner= to adorn; from 
O. Fr. atour. attour= (1) a hood, (2) a head-dress for 
a woman. The Eng. word tire-woman, to a certain 
extent, connects both classes of words.] [Attike, 
s., Tire, Tire-woman.] To clothe one in garments, 
especially of a gorgeous character. (Used literally 
or figuratively, followed by with or in.) 

“. . . au<l with the linen miter shall he be attired.™ 
— Lev. xvi. 4. 

“ Religion, if in heavenly truths attired. 

Needs only to be seen to be admired.” 

Cowper: Expostulation, 

at-t'i're, *a-ti’re, *atr-ty're, *a-ty're (yr as lx), 

*<),t-tb ur, s. [O. Fr. atirier—to attire.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. (Of the form atour): A woman’s head-dress. 

“ This lady was of good entaile, 

Right wondirfulle pf apparayle; 

By hir attyre so bright and shene. 

Men myght perceyve welle, and sene. 

She was not of religioun. 

Nor I nelle make mencioun 
Nor of robe, nor of tresour, 

Of broche, neithir of hir rich attour ." 

Romaunt of the Rose, 3,718-3,725. 

II. (Of the other forms of the word): Dress, ap¬ 
parel, vestments. 

1. Spec.: Of a splendid kind. 

“ Can a maid, forget her ornaments, or a bride ha 
attire S’”— Jer. ii. 32. (See also Ezek. xxiii. 15.) 

2. Gen.: Whether splendid or not. 

“ Not brothers they in feature or attire.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

IT In ordinary language it is rarely used in the- 
plural. 

“ But, when return’d, the good Ulysses’ son 
With better hand shall grace with fit attires 
His guest . . .” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiv., 583-5. 

B. Technically: 

*1. Old Bot.: The stamens, pistils, <fcc., of a plant 
included within the calyx (called impalement) and 
the corolla (denominated foliation). The terms 
used in the subjoined extract from Johnson’s 
Dictionary are so thoroughly dead and gone that 
the extract, itself is fitted to excite mirth in the 
botanical mind. 

“ Attire . . . [in BotanyJ. The flower of a plant is 
divided into three parts—the empalement, the foliation, 
and the attire, which is either florid or semiform. Florid 
attire, called thrums or suits, as in the flowers of marigold 
and tansy, consists sometimes of two, but commonly of 
three parts: the outer part is the floret, the body of which 
is divided at the top, like the cowslip flower, into five 
distinctive parts. Semiform attire consists of two parts— 
the chives and apices; one upon each attire.’’—Johnson’s 
Dictionary. 

2. Her.: (1) Clothing; ( 2 ) a single horn of a stag. 
The plur. attires is used for two horns. (Gloss, of 
Her.) 


1x5x1, b< 5 y; pout. Jowl; cat, gell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-cian, -tian = shg,n, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d§L 

21 






attired 


322 


attract 


SJLt-ti'red, pa. par. & a. [Attire, v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: With a signification correspond¬ 
ing to that of the verb. 

2. In Heraldry: Orna- -v. " ✓ 


men ted with horns or ant¬ 
lers. (Used of the Stag 
or Hart.) A reindeer is 
represented in Heraldry 
with double attires —one 
pair erect, and the other 
drooping. (Boutell: Eng¬ 
lish Heraldry.) 

“ Attired ■ A term used 
among Heralds when they 
have occasion to speak of the 
homes of a Buck or Stag, 
. . .”— Bullokar: Eng. Ex¬ 
pos. (ed. 1656). 



9.t-tiT-er, s. [Eng. attir(e); -er.] One who at¬ 
tires another; a dresser. {Johnson.) 
g,t-ti'r-lng, pr. par. & s. [Attire, r.] 


A. As present par.: With a signification corre¬ 
sponding to that of the verb. 


B. As substantive: 


1. Spec. Plur.: The head-dress of women. 

“ . . . attirings, that which gentlewomen wear on 
their heads, redimicula, . . .” — Huloet. 

2. Gen.: Dressing; dress of any kind. 

(а) Literally: 

“ In the attiring and ornament of their bodies, the duke 
had a fine and unaffected politeness .”—Sir H. Wotton: Re¬ 
mains, p. 171. 

( б ) Figuratively: Ornamental covering of any 
(kind. ( Sidney: Astrophel and Stella.) 

at'-tlr-llng, s. [A. S. attor, at,erpoison.\ A shrew, 
a villain. 

“Meekely thou him answere, and not as an attirling.” 

Babees Book (ed. Furnivall), p. 38. 

*g/t-tl-tle (tie = tel), v.t. [Lat . attitulo.] To 
-entitle. 

IT Its place is now supplied by Entitle (q. v.). 
“This Aries out of the twelve 
Hath March attitled for hym selfe.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. 7. 

at'-tl-tude, *at-tI-tu’-do, s. [In Sw. attitud; 
Fr. & Port, attitude — posture; Sp. actitud; Ital. 
attitudine — (1) aptness, fitness, (2) posture; Low 
Lat. aptitudo; from Class. Lat. aptus — fitted, 
adapted. (Apt.) While the signification aptness, 
fitness, suggests Low Lat. aptitudo , from Class. Lat. 
.opfws=fitted, adapted, the Sp. actitud points to 
■Class. Lat. actio = doing, action, and to actus = an 
impulse, an act; from actus, pa. par. of ago = to 
drive, ... to do. The Ital. attitudine also is 
-connected with Ital. atto= action, deed, which comes 
from the Lat. actus. (Act.) Richardson and Mahn 
adopt the first of these ultimate etymologies; John¬ 
son, Webster, and Wedgwood the second.] 

1. The posture in which a person stands, or in 
which a human being or animal is represented in a 
painting or sculpture. 

“ They were famous originals that gave rise to statues, 
with the same air, posture, and attitudes." — Addison. 

“ Declining was his attitude." 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 19. 

2. The posture or position of a nation, of a per¬ 
son's mind or heart, or even of inanimate things. 

“. . . the attitudes assumed by idealists and skep¬ 

tics .”—Herbert Spencer.- Psychol. (2d ed.), vol. ii., p. 312, 
§388. 

Malone points out that in Evelyn’s Idea of the 
Perfection of Painting (A. D. 1688) attitudo occurs 
instead of attitude, and even it is defined as being a 
•word little known. {Todd.) 

gt-tl-tu-din-al, a. [Apparently from Ital. atti- 
tudin(e), and Eng. suff. -ah] Pertaining or relating 
to attitude. 

at-tl-tu-din-ar - 1 - 9 .il, s. [Apparently from Ital. 
attitudin(e ), and Eng. suff. - arian .] One who gives 
particular attention to attitudes. 

at-tl-tu-din-I ze, v. [Apparently from Ital. at- 
titudin{e ), and Eng. suff. -ize.] To practice or as¬ 
sume attitudes. 

“ They had the air ... of figurantes, attitudinizing 
for effect .”—De Quincey: Works, vol. v., p. 158. 

tat -tie (tle=t?l), s. [Cognate with Addle (?) 
<{q. v.).] {Mahn.) 

Mining: Refuse or rubbish, consisting of broken 
fragments of the rock, rejected after examination 
as containing no ore worth extraction. (Weale.) 
[Attal.] 

t&t-tol’-lent, a. & s. [Lat. attolens, pr. par. of 
attollo=to lift up: ad= to, and tollo =to lift up.] 

A. As adjective: Lifting up, raising, elevating. 
(Used chiefly in Anatomy.) 

“ I shall farther take notice of the exquisite libration of 
'the attollent and depriment muscles.”— Derham: Physico- 
Theol. 


B. As substantive: 

Ana t.: A term applied to one of the muscles whose 
function is to raise any portion of the bodily frame. 

*at-tong e (onge as wunge [?]), adv. [Eng. at; 
once.] At once; together in place, or simultane¬ 
ously in point of time. [Attone.] 

“ Tho mov’d with wrath, and shame, and Ladies’ sake, 
Of all attonee he cast avengd to be.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. v. 12. 

*at-ton e (one as wun), adv. [O. Eng. att= at; 
and Eng. one.] 

1. Of proximity or identity in place: Together, 
connected with ; side by side. 

“But what are you whom like unlucky lot 
Hath linckt with me in the same chains attone 9 ” 
Spenser: F. Q., IV. vii. 14. 

“. . . as white seemes fayrer macht with blacke at¬ 
tone." Ibid., III. ix. 2. 

2. Of proximity or identity in time: At once; 
simultaneously. 

“ . . . and from one reft both life and light attone." 

Spenser: F. Q., III. v. 7. 

“ The warlike Dame was on her part assaid 
Of Claribell and Blandamour attone." 

Ibid., IV. ix. 30. 

TT For At One as quite separate words, see At 
One, Atonement. 

* 3 ,t-to ne-ment, s. [Atonement.] 

attorn, *g,t~turn', v. t. & i. [O. Fr. attorner= 
to direct, to dispose, to attorn ; from torner, tour- 
ner= to turn; Ital. attorniare =to encompass, to 
enclose; attorno = about; Low Lat. attornare, 
attorniare, atturnare = to commit business to 
another, to attorn ; from Class. Lat ad = to, and 
torno =to turn in a lathe, to round off ; Gr. tornus= 
(1) a carpenter’s tool, like our compasses, for draw¬ 
ing a circle, (2) a turner’s chisel, a lathe chisel, (3) 
a circle.] [Turn.] 

A. Transitive: 

Old Feudal Law or Custom: To transfer the 
feudal allegiance of a vassal, or the vassals gener¬ 
ally, to a new lord on his obtaining an estate 
from its former possessor. 

“ In some case a lord might attum and assign his vas¬ 
sal’s service to some other: but he might not attum him 
to his deadly foe.”— Sadler: Rights of the Kingdom, p. 16. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Old Feudal Law or Custom: To profess to be¬ 
come the tenant of a new lord ; that is, to give con¬ 
sent to one’s landlord transferring his estate to 
another, and intimating one’s-willingness to become 
the tenant of the new proprietor. 

“ This consent of the vassal was expressed by what was 
called attorning, or professing to become the tenant of 
the new lord.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 19. 

2. Mod. Law: To agree to become tenant to a 
landlord to whom the estate on which one is located 
is about to pass by reversion. [Attornment.] 

at-tor -ney, *at-tur’-ney, *a-tur'-ney (pi. g,t- 
tor'-nef§, 3,t-tor -nie§), s. [From O.Fr.oftorrf. 
atorn6, atournf, pa. par. of attorner , atorner, atour- 
ner; Low Lat. attornatus, atturnatus, pa. par. of 
attorno, atturno=to commit business to another; 
Lat. ad=to, and torno— to round off.] [Attorn.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Formerly, in a general sense: One appointed 
to act for another in’ important matters, and espe¬ 
cially in those pertaining to law. 

1. Literally: 

‘‘Rich. Tell me, how fares our loving mother? 

Stan. I, by attorney, bless thee from thy mother, 
Who prays continually for Richmond’s good.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., v. 3. 

“I am a subject, 

And I challenge law: attornies are denied me; 

And therefore personally I lay my claim 

To my inheritance of free descent.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., ii. 3. 

2. Figuratively: 

“ But when the heart’s attorney once is mute, 

The client breaks, as desperate in his suit.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis. 

II. Now. Spec.: (In the same sense as B.) 

“ He frequently poured forth on plaintiffs and defend¬ 
ants, barristers and attorneys, witnesses and jurymen, 
torrents of frantic abuse, intermixed with oaths and 
curses.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

*B. Law: One who managed any legal matters for 
another in a common law court; in this differing 
from a solicitor who practiced in a court of equity. 
He corresponded to the procurator or proctor of the 
civilians and canonists. 

Letter or Power of, Attorney: A legal document 
by which a person appoints another to act for him 
in some particular matter, as to claim or receive a 
debt due to him. One who acts in consequence of 
being named in such a document is called a private 
attorney, and need not be a lawyer at all. 


attorney-general, s. 

*General: A lawyer permanently retained by a 
person of rank to defend his interests. 

“If you do wrongfully seize Hereford’s rights. 

Call in the letters patent that he hath 

By his attomeys-general to sue 

His livery, and deny his offer’d homage.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., in 1. 

In the United States the Department of Justice is 
presided over by the Attorney-General, whose duty 
it is to furnish all legal advice needed by Federal 
authorities, and conduct all litigation in which the 
United States is concerned. He is also called upon 
to recommend persons to fill the places of judges of 
the United States Circuit and District courts. There 
is an attorney-general for each State whose duty it 
is to furnish legal advice to the legislature; he 
represents the State in suits at^law, and aids in 
prosecuting offenses against the State. 

In England the highest legal functionary perma¬ 
nently retained, on a salary, to take the part of 
the Crown in any suits affecting the royal (by which 
is really meant the public) interests. In prece¬ 
dence, he ranks above the solicitor-general. When 
he files an information in the appropriate courts 
regarding damage to the “king’s” lands, great 
political or other crimes, &e., it is sure to meet wit h 
immediate attention. Ho is not a member of the 
Cabinet, but goes out with the Ministry from 
whom he received his appointment. 

“Somers, now attorney-general, strongly recommended 
delay.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

attorney-generalship, s. Tbe office or dignity 
of the attorney-general. 

fg,t-tor -ney (pa. par. at-tor -neyed, at-tor - 
nied), v. t. [Attorney, s.] 

1, To employ as one’s deputy or proxy. 

“ As I was then 

Advertising and holy to your business, 

Not changing heart with habit, I am still 
Attomied to your service.” 

Shakesp..- Measure for Measure, v. 1. 

2. To perform an act by attorney, deputy, or 
proxy. 

“. . . their encounters, though not personal, have 
been royally attorneyed with interchange of gifts, letters, 
loving embassies.” — Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 1. 

at-tor-ney-ship, s. [Eng. attorney, and suff. 
-ship.] The office of an attorney, in its first and 
more general sense ; or, in the modern and specific 
one, of an attomey-at-law acting for one in a legal 
matter. [Attorney.] 

“ Marriage is a matter of more worth 
Than to be dealt in by attorneyship.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., v. 6. 

at-torn-lng, pr. par. [Attorn.] 

at-torn -ment, s. [O. Fr. attornement; from 
Low Lat. attornamentum.] [Attorn.] 

Old Feudal Law: Consent given by tenants or 
vassals to a lord’s alienating his estate. By the old 
feudal arrangements, both iords and tenants were 
supposed to have mutual obligations, so that the 
former could not sell his estate without the attorn¬ 
ment or permission of the tenant, or the tenant 
transfer his land to another tenant without the 
lord’s permission. 

at-to ur, *at-t6 ure, *at-t6u re, *a-to ur, *a- 
tou re, *at-tfi re {Old Eng. dt Scotch), prep.&adv. 
[Fr. autour— round about; or Eng. out, over (pro¬ 
nounced rapidly and indistinctly).] 

A. As preposition: Over, across, beyond, above, 
further onward than, exceeding in number, past. 
{Scotch.) 

“Na, na, lad! Od! she is, maybe, four or five years 
younger than the like o’ me, by and attour her gentle 
havings.” — Scott: Red-gauntlet, Letter xii. 

B. As adverb : Moreover. 

H Attour alquhare : Anywhere, anywhither. 

‘‘Attour, the King shall remain in thy government and 
keeping, till he come to perfect age.” — Pitscottie, p. 13. 
{Jamieson .) 

*[ To go attour: To remove to some distance. 
(Jamieson.) 

To stand attour: To keep off. (Jamieson.) 

By and atour: Besides all that, moreover, over 
and above. 

“ By and autour, the same few farm duty allanerly.”— 
A Charter on Bibl. Topog., vol. v. (Zetland), p. 71. 

gt-tract, v. t. [Low Lat. attracto; from attract- 
um, sup. of attraho= to draw to or toward; ad= to, 
and traho— to draw. In Mod. Fr. attirer; O. Fr. 
attraicter; Sp. cttraer; Port, attrahir; Ital. at- 
trarre.j 

I. Lit.: To draw any material substance to or 
toward another one, or exert an influence which, 
but for counteracting causes, would so attract it. 
[Attraction.] 

“ The single atoms each to other tend, 

Attract, attracted to, the next in place 
Form’d and impelled its neighbor to embrace.” 

Pope. 


boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, benph; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





attract 


323 


attribute 


'“The law of gravitation enunciated by Newton in, that 
«?very particle of matter in the universe attracts every 
Other particle with a force which diminishes as the 
square of the distance increases.”—Tyndall; Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., i. 6. 

XL Figuratively: 

1. To draw hearts by influences fitted to operate 
upon them; to allure. 

"Adorn’d 

She was indeed, and lovely, to attract 
Thy love, not thy subjection.” 

Milton• P. L., bk. x. 

“This stipend, coupled with the hope of a pension, does 
not attract the English youth in sufficient numbers.”— 
Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2. To arrest, to fix (applied to the mind or atten¬ 
tion) , to draw the notice of. 

"The former is the error of minds prone to reverence 
whatever is old; the latter of minds readily attracted, by 
■whatever is new.”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

" . . . to attract a large share of the pubiio atten¬ 
tion.”— Ibid., ch. ii. 

*at-tract', s. [From the verb. In O.Fr. attraid: 
Hod. Fr. attrait .] [Atteact, «.] 

“ Feel darts and charms, attracts and flames. 

And woo and contract in their names.” 

Hudibras. 

at-tract-a-hll'-I-tjf, tat-tract-I-bll'-I-tf, s. 
{Eng. attract; ability .] Capability of being at¬ 
tracted.] 

** There is a strong propensity, which dances through 
dvery atom, and attracts the minutest particle to some 
peculiar object; . . , thou wilt not find a corpuscle 
destitute of that natural attractibility ”—Sir W. Jones: 
Tr. of Shir-in and Ferhad . (Asiat. Res., iv. 178.) 

at-tract-a-ble, tat-tract’-I-ble, a. [Eng. at¬ 
tract ; -able .] That may be attracted. {Kerr, Lavoi - 
trier.) 

3 . t-tract'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Atteact, v.] 
tat-tract-er, s. [Attbactoe.] 

*at-tract'-ic, *at-tract'-ic-al, o. [Eng. attract; 
-t'c, -tea/.] Possessing the power of drawing to or 
■toward. 

" Some stones are endued with an electrical or attract • 
ical virtue.”— Bay on the Creation. 

at-tract'-Ile, a. [Eng. attract: -He.) Having 
the power to attract anything. (More commonly 
written Atteactive.) [Atteactive.] 
at-tract'-lfig, pr. par. & a. [Atteact, v.] 
"... especially if that thing upon which they look 
has an attracting virtue upon the foolish eye.”— Banyan: 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

at-tract’-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. attracting; -Zy.] 
•So as to exert attraction. (Todd.) 

at-trac'-tion, s. [In Ger. f attraction , t attrak- 
tion; Fr. attraction: Sp. atraccion ; Port, attraegao; 
Ital. attrazione. All from Lat. attractio, from at- 
traho= to draw together: ad — to, and traho — to 
draw.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

L The act or power of attracting. 

1. Lit.: The act of one material body in drawing 
another to or toward itself; also the power of doing 
eo. [B] 

“. . . in so far as their orbits can remain unaltered 
by the attractions of the planets.”— Herschel; Astron. 
<1858), § 564. 

2. Fig.: The act or power of drawing a person by 
moral means to one’s self; the power of alluriDg. 

“. . . in his eye 
There is a fastening attraction which 
Fixes my fluttering eyes on his: my heart 
Beats quick; he awes me, and yet draws me near, 
Nearer, and nearer.” Byron; Cain, i. 1. 

II. The state of being attracted^ either in a literal 
or in a figurative sense. 

“Since Newton’s time the attraction of matter by mat¬ 
ter was experimentally established by Cavendish.”— 
Atkinson; Oanot’s Physics, § 68. 

III. That which attracts, either in a literal or in 
a figurative sense; attractive qualities. 

“ . . . to female attractions.” — Macaulayt Hist. Eng., 
•ch. xxiii. 

B. Technically: 

I. Nat. Phil., or Universal Attraction: A force in 
virtue of which the material particles of all bodies 
tend necessarily to approach each other. It oper¬ 
ates at whatever distances the bodies may be from 
each other, whether the space between them be 
filled with other masses of matter or is vacant, and 
whether the bodies themselves are at rest or are in 
motion. When they are not closely in contact, the 
attraction between them is called that of gravita¬ 
tion or of gravity. 

It is of various kinds:— 

(1) The Attraction of Gravitation or of Gravity is 
the operation of the above-mentioned attraction 
when the bodies acting and acted upon are not 


closely in contact. It is often called the Laui of 
Gravity or Gravitation , but the term Law in this 
case means simply generalization. It states the 
universality of a fact, but does not really account 
for it. By this law or generalization, the attraction 
between any two material particles is directly pro¬ 
portional to the product of their masses, and in¬ 
versely proportional to the square of their distance 
asunder. [Gravity.] 

"Thus the attraction of gravity at the earth’s surface is 
expressed by the number 32, because, when acting freely 
on a body for a second of time, it imparts to the body a 
velocity of thirty-two feet a second.”— Tyndall; Fray, oj 
Science (3d ed.), l. 10. 

(2) Molecular attraction differs from the former 
in acting only at infinitely small distances. It 
ceases to be appreciable when the distances be¬ 
tween the molecules become appreciably large. It 
is divided into Cohesion, Affinity, and Adhesion 
(q. v.). 

Capillary Attraction (from Lat, capillus=a hair), 
meaning the attraction excited by a hair-like tube 
on a liquid within it, is, properly speaking, a variety 
of adhesion. [Adhesion, Capillaey.] 

"... and for the attraction of gravity substitute 
that of chemical affinity, which is the name given to the 
molecular attraction.” — Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), 
i. 10. 

II. Chemistry. Chemical Attraction: The same 
as Chemical Affinity. [Affinity.] [See also I., 2.] 

III. Magnetism. Magnetic Attraction: The power 
excited by a magnet or loadstone of drawing and 
attaching iron to itself. 

IV. Electricity. Electrical Attraction: The power 
possessed by an electrified body of drawing certain 
other bodies to itself. The repulsions or attractions 
between two electrified bodies are in the inverse 
ral io of the squares of their distance. The distance 
remaining the same, the force of attraction or re¬ 
pulsion between two electrified bodies is directly as 
the product of the quantities of electricity with 
which they are charged. {Atkinson: Ganot's Phys¬ 
ics.) 

Jjt-tract'-Ive, a. & s. [Eng. attract; -ive. In Fr. 
attractif; Sp. atractivo; Port, attractivo; ItaL at- 
trattivo ,] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Drawing, or having the power to draw to 
or toward. (Applied to the action of gravity, cohe¬ 
sion, &c., on material bodies.) [Atteact (q. v.).] 

"... other stars, 

• By his attractive virtue and their own 
Incited, dance about him various rounds? 

Their wandering course, now high, now low, then hid. 
Progressive, retrograde, or standing still.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. viii. 

“ The reason of this stability is that two forces, the one 
attractive and the other repulsive, are in operation 
between every two atoms.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science 
(3d ed.), x. 25L 

2. Fig.: Drawing the mind or heart; allurement. 

(a) Chiefly by physical beauty. Hence, an “at¬ 
tractive ” female as a rule, means a beautiful one. 
The term may be applied, in an analogous sense, 
to the inferior animals. 

"... successive males display their gorgeous plum¬ 
age and perform strange antics before the females, which, 
standing by as spectators, at last choose the most attract¬ 
ive partner.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. 
iv., p. 89. 

a Chiefly by mental or moral graces, or by both 
ined. 

“. . . and with attractive graces won 
The most averse, thee chiefly ...” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

B. As substantive: That which draws; an attrac¬ 
tion, an allurement. 

“ The condition of a servant staves him off to a distance; 
but the gospel speaks nothing but attractives and invita¬ 
tion.”— South. 

g,t-tract'-Ive-ljf, adv. [Eng. attractive; -ly .] In 
an attractive manner. {Johnson.) 

at-tract’-Ive-ness, s. [Eng. attractive ; -ness.] 
The quality of being attractive. 

"... the same attractiveness in riches.”— South: 
Works, vol. vii., Serm, 14. 

at-tract'-or, at-tract -er, s. [Eng. attract; and 
suffixes -or, -er.] One who or that which attracts. 

"... and most prevalent attracter, the earth.” 

Derham: Physico-Theol., bk. i., ch. 5. 

"If the straws be in oil, amber draweth them not; oil 
makes the straws to adhere so that they cannot rise unto 
the attractor.” — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

at -tra-hent, a. & s. [In Fr. attrayant, attirant; 
Port, attrahente ; all from Lat. attrahens, pr. par. 
of attraho — to draw to or toward: ad — to, and 
traho— to draw.] 


A. As adjective: Drawing to or toward. 

B. As substantive ; 

1. Gen.: That which draws to or toward. 

“ Our eyes will inform ns of the motion of the steel tc 
its artrahent.” — Glanville: Scepsis. 

'*2. Specially. Old Med.: An external applica¬ 
tion, which was formerly supposed to draw the 
humors to the part of the body on which it was 
put. It is now known that the action t easily ex¬ 
cited, is that of the part itself. Sinapisms, rube¬ 
facients, &c., fall under the category. 

*9.t-trap', (1) v. t. [From Lat. ad, and Eng. trap 
(q. v.). In Sw. drapera; Fr. draper—to line with 
cloth, especially with black cloth; to drape; drap 
=woolen cloth, stuff, sheets; Sp. & Port. trapo= 
a rag, tatter, clout, cloth; a suit of sails; ragged 
people; Low Lat. trapus — cloth; trappatura— 
trappings.] [Deape, Teap, Trappings.] To clothe, 
to dress. 

(a) In ornate style. 

" Attrapped royalty; ‘instratus ornatu regio .’”—Bared • 

Alvearie. 

(b) In plebeian fashion. 

"... all his steed 
With oaken leaves attrapt, yet seemed fit 
For salvage wight ...” 

Spenser: F. Q., TV. iv. 39. 

*at-trap’ (2), v. t. [From Fr. attraper =to catch, 
to seize, to deceive, to trick.] To entrap. 

“. . . he was not attrapped eyther with net or 

snare.”— Grafton: Henry VIII., am 17. {Richardson.) 

*at-trap ped (1), *g,t-trapt', pa.par. [Atteap 
(!)•] 

*at-trap ped (2), pa.par. [Atteap (2).] 

at-trec-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. attrectatio, from at- 
trecto =to touch, to handle; ad= to, and tracto= to 
drag about; freq. from traho= to draw.] The act of 
handling frequently: the state of being frequently 
handled. {Johnson.) 

*at’-tri, *at'-tra3-a, a. [Attry.] 

at-trib'-p-ta-ble, a. [Eng. attpbut{e), -able; 
Fr. at.tribuable.) That may be attributed, ascribed, 
or imputed to. 

“ The errors which were almost entirely attributable to 
carelessness in the adjustments.”— Hooker: Himalayan 
Journals, voL ii., Appendix 1. 

at-trlb'-yte, *at'-trl-bute, v. t. [In Fr. attrib - 
uer; Sp. atribuir; Port, a.ttribuir; Ital. attribuire; 
Lat. attribuo: ad= to, and tribuo —to distribute, 

g rant; tribus= the third part of the Roman people, 
ence a tribe.) 

1. Of persons: To ascribe to, to impute; to con¬ 
sider as having been done by one. 

(a) That which is ascribed to one being good or 
indifferent. 

“Little as either the intellectual or the moral character 
of Blount may seem to deserve respect, it is in a great 
measure to him that we must attribute the emancipation 
of the English press.”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. xix- 

(6) That which is ascribed to one being bad. 

“. . . the treason of Godolphin is to be attributea 
altogether to timidity . . — Macaulay: Hist. Eang^ 
ch. xvii. 

2. Of things: To ascribe to, as when a certain 
effect is ascribed to a particular cause. 

“ I now admit . . . that in the earlier editions of 
my ‘ Origin of Species ’ I probably attributed too much 
to the action of natural selection, or the survival of the 
fittest.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iv. 

IT In one place, as Nares remarks, Spenser accents 
the verb attribute on the first syllable, like the sub¬ 
stantive. 

" Bight true : but faulty men use oftentimes 
To attribute their folly unto fate.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. iv. 28. 

In another, however, he does so on the second, as is 
now universally done. 

“ Ye may attribute to yourselves as kings.” 

Ibid., 1, Cant, on Mutab., st. 49. 
at'-tri-bute, s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., & Fr. at- 
tribut; Sp. atributo; Port. & Ital. attributo, from 
Lat. attributus, pa. par. of attribuo.) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. That which is attributed, ascribed, or imputed 
to any person or thing, as an essential characteris¬ 
tic of him or it. A characteristic quality of any 
person or thing. 

“ Keflect his attributes, who placed them there.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium.. 

2. That which is symbolic of one’s office or charac¬ 
ter, or of anything. [B., 2.] 

“ A crown, an attribute of sovereign power.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. >. 

3. Honor, reputation. 

" The pith and marrow of our attribute.” 

Shakesp. • Hamlet, i. 4. 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f 
-cian, -tian = sh?in. -tion, *sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. == bel, del 



attributed 


324 


auckan 


B. Technically: 

1 . Logic: That which is predicated of any sub¬ 
ject; that which may be affirmed or denied of any¬ 
thing. Sir William Hamilton divides attributes 
into Primary, Secundo-primary, and Secondary. 
Herbert Spencer, objecting that these words have 
direct reference to the Kantian doctrine of Space 
and Time, from which he dissents, and that they 
are in another respect inaccurate, divides attributes 
into Dynamical, Statico-dynamical, and Statical 
(q. v.). {Herbert Spencer: Psychol., 2d ed., vol. ii., 
p.136, §317.) 

2. Painting and Sculpture: That which is repre¬ 
sented with one as being symbolical of one’s office 
or character. Thus the trident is the attribute of 
Neptune. [A., 2.] 

§,t-trib'-ii-ted, pa. par. [Attribute, v.] 
At-trlb-u-ting, pr- par. [Attribute, v.] 
at-trl-bu -tion, s. [In Ft. attribution: Port. 
attribuigao; Ital. attribuzione; Lat. attributio= 
( 1 ) the assignment of a debt; ( 2 ) an attribute.! 

1. The act of attributing or ascribing anything; 
the state of being ascribed. 

“ . . . in the attribution and distribution of which 

honors, we see, antiquity made this difference.”— Bacon: 
Adv. of Learn., bk. i. 

2. That which is ascribed. Spec., commendation, 
honor. 

“Hot. Well said, my noble Soot: if speaking truth, 

In this fine age, were not thought flattery, 

Such attribution should the Douglas have.” 

Siiakesp.: 1 Henry IV., iv. 1. 

at-trlb-U-tlve, a. & s. [Eng. attribute; -ive.] 
In Fr. attributif; Port, attributivo.] 

A. As adjective: Attributing. 

“And the will dotes that is attributive.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, ii. 2. 

B. As substantive {Gram.): A term introduced by 
Harris to designate words which are significative 
of attributes. He classifies them as Attributives 
of the first order, or those which are attributes of 
substances, namely, Adjectives, Verbs, and Parti¬ 
cles ; and Attributives of the second order, or those 
which denote the attributes only of attributes— 
namely, Adverbs. 

“Proper subjects of the attributives good and bad.”— 
Bowring: Bentham’s Works, vol. i., p. 216. 

attrib-u-tlve-ly, adv. In an attributive man¬ 
ner. 

At-trisf, v. t. [Fr. attrister.] To sadden. {Wal¬ 
pole : Letters, iii. 382.) 

At-tri te, a. [Lat. attritus, pa. par. of atte.ro— 
to rub at, toward, or against: ad=to, and tero= to 
rub.] 

I. Ordinary Language: Rubbed; subjected to 
the action of friction. {Hilton: P. L., x. 1,073.) 

II. Roman Catholic Theology: Sorry for having 
committed sin, but solely on account of the pun¬ 
ishment associated with it. 

At-trl'te-ness, s. [Eng. attrite; -newt.] The qual¬ 
ity of being rubbed away or worn down by friction. 
{Dyche.) 

at-trl'-tion, *at-trjf<)'-jL 6 n, S. [In Fr. attri¬ 
tion; Ital. attrizione; Lat. attritio .] 

1. Ord. Lang, dt Nat. Science: The act or process of 
rubbing down or away ; abrasion; the state of being 
rubbed away. (Used of rocks, teeth, &c.) 

“ If this great bed of pebbles, without including the 
mud necessarily derived from their attrition, was piled 
into a mound, it would form a great mountain chain.”—■ 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. viii. 

“ . . . the posterior concavity having been smoothly 

deepened by attrition, . . .”— Owen: British Fossil Mam¬ 

mals and Birds, p. 6. 

2. Roman Catholic Theology: Sorrow for having 
committed sin, not, however, through hatred of the 
sin itself, but merely on account of the punishment 
brought in its train. It is considered the lowest 
degree of repentance. 

“ He the whyche hath not playne contrycyon, but all 
onely attrycyon, the whyche is a manner of contrycyon 
unparfyte and unsuffycyent for to have the grace of God.” 
— Institution of a Christian Man, p. 162. 

*at-try, *at-ter-ly, adv. [A. S. attor, atter, 
ator, afer=poison, venom.] Venomous. 

“ Somed that the attri heorte sent up to the tunge.”— 
MS. Cott., Nero, A. xiv., f. 21. {S. in Boucher.) 

*tLt tryc -y-on. [Attrition.] 

§,t-tti ne, v. t. [Lat. ad, and Eng. tune.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To tune to; to render one musical instrument 
or one sound accordant with another one. 

2. To render musical. 

II. Fig.: To render accordant. (Applied to human 
hearts, the passions, &c.) 

“ Social friends, 

Attun’d to happy unison of soul.” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Summer. 

“. . . but harmony itself, 

Attuning all their passions into love.” 

Ibid., Spring. 


<it-tu hed, pa. par. & a. [Attune.] 

9-t-tu n-Ing, pr. par. [Attune.] 

*(tt -two (two astfi), adv. [Eng. a; two.] [Atwo.] 

a-tun', s. A fish, the Thyrsites atun, belonging 
to the family of Trichiuridffi, or Hair-tailed fishes. 
It feeds voraciously onthocalamary, is found in the 
ocean near Southern Africa and Australia, and is 
prized for the delicacy of its flesh. 

* 3 Gtfi'o, adv. [Atwo.] 

3 ,-twa in, *?,-twa ine, *a~twm ne, *a-twyn ne, 
*0-tuyn ne (uyaswl), adv. [Eng. a; twain (q.v.).] 
In twain, in two; asunder, apart. {Lit. dkfig.) 

“ He sondred the Sarazins otuynne, and fought as a 
dragon.”— K. Brunne, p. 183. {Richardson.) 

“ I will not that this compaignye parten atwynne.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 313. 

“ Flesch and veines nou fleo atwinne, 

Wherfore I rede of routhe.” 

Mary and the Cross (ed. Morris), 16, 17. 
“Tearing of papers, breaking rings atwain.” 

Shakesp.: A Lover’s Complaint. 

“ Edged with sharp laughter, cuts atwain 
The knots that tangle human creeds.” 

Tennyson: To - 

a-twe'el, adv. [Eng. at= wot; wee?=well, or it 
may possibly be a corruption of aweel .] 1 wot well. 
{Scotch.) {Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xxxviii.) 

A-twe'en, *A-twe'ene, *u-twene, adv. & prep. 
[Eng. a; twain.] [Atwain, Twain. Cf. also 
Between.] Between. 

H The form Atweene is now obsolete. 

“ From her faire eyes wiping the deawy wet 
Which softly stild, and kissing them atweene.” 

Spenser: F. Q., TV. vii. 35. 

IT In English the form atween is obsolete in prose, 
but is employed in poetry. In Scotch it is still 
used colloquially. 

“ It was, I ween, a lovely spot of ground; 

And there a season atween June and May.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 2. 

“ Low-tinkled with a bell-like flow 
Atween the blossoms.” Tennyson: Song. 

“. , . we’ll guide him atween us, . . .”— Scott: 
Antiqucti-y, ch. xv. 

<i-twend , v. t. [A. S. at, denoting opposition; 
ioendan= to go.] [Wend.] To turn away. 

“ Heo mai hire gult atwende.” 

Hide and Nyghtingale, 1,415. 

*a-twl nde (?), *A-twIn-dan, v. t. [See At- 
wond.] 

*U-twin'ne, adv. [Atwain.] 

a-twirl, a. & adv. Twirling; in the act of twirling. 

“With her heel atwirl." — Whittier. 
tU-twlst' (O. Eng.), 3 ,-tweesh {Scotch), a. [Eng. 
a; twist (q. v.).j Twisted. {Seager, Reid, and 
Worcester.) 

*$-twI te, *3,-frwi -ten, v. t. [A. S. cetwitan.] To 
twit, to reproach, to blame for, to upbraid. 

“Thing most slanderous their nobles to atwite .”— 
Chaucer: Certain Baladcs, 1,066. {Boucher.) 

*a-twlxt', *a-twyx', *a-twyx'-yn (O. Eng.), 
a-twee sh (O. Scotch ), prep. [Old form of Eng. 
betwixt. From A. S. a; and tweah—tvfo.] [Two, 
Betwixt.] Betwixt. 

“ With that an hideous storm of wind arose, 

With dreadful thunder and lightning aiwixt.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xii. 2. 

“ Atweesli themselves they best can ease their pain.” 

Shirref: Poems, p. 83. {Jamieson.) 

*a-two ,*ut-two',*A-tu'o (two and tuo as tfi, or 

as two, see the first example), *§,-tw83', adv. [Eng. 
a=in, two.] Into two, in two; ^asunder, in twain. 

. ‘ Eight as a swerd for-kutteth and for-kerveth 
An arm aluo, my dere sone, right so 
A tonge cutteth frendschip al atuo.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 17,272-4. 

*a-twond', pret. ofv.i. (as if from *atwinde, 
or n—dan). [A. S. cetwindan=to wind off, 

escape, flee away; pret. aetwdnd, pa. par. cetwun- 
den.] Ceased. 

“ Moyses gede ut, helde up is bond, 

And all this unweder thor atwond.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, (ed. Morris), 3,057-8. 

Atwood’s machine. [Machine.] 

*A-twot', pret. of v. (as if from *a-twl te or 
*a-twT-t AH) • [A. S. cet—at, by, near against, and 
uiitan=to depart.] Disappeared; departed. 

“And God atwot into hise ligt.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1,049. 

*a-twyn ne, adv. [Atwain.] 
a-ty ’-a, s. [From Atys; Gr. H/«/s=the name of 
several persons mentioned in classic history or 
mythology. The most notable was an effeminate 


and foppish youth, killed by Tydeus in the Theban: 
war.] The name given by Leach to a genus of 
decapod long-tailed crustaceans. They have the-' 
forceps terminating the four claws cleft as far as 
its base, or appearing to be composed of two fingers- 
in the form of lashes united at their origin. 

a-typ'-Ic, a. [Not from Lat. atypus, Gr. atypos, 
which signifies stammering, but from a, priv., and 
Lat. typus; Gr. typos= ... a model, type.}- 
[Type.] 

Nat. Science: Not having typical characters. 
{Dana.) 

a-ty'-piis, s. [Gr. a, priv., and typos= ... a 
type. Not typical.] A genus of spiders belonging- 
to the family Mygalid®. The A.Solzeri excavates- 
in the ground, to the depth of seven or eight inches, 
a cylindrical tube, which it lines with silk. It is 
found in France. 

*A-ty-zar, a. [Accommodated from the Arabic.}: 
Astral.: Inflamed ; angry (?). A technical word 
of old applied to the planet Mars. {R. Bell, in the 
Glossary to his edition of Chaucer.) 

Au. [The first two letters of Lat. aurum= gold.J' 
Cliem.: The symbol for auruni—g old. [Auru.m, 
Gold.] 

au, 6 , 6 u, interj. [Dan. au= oh, expressive ofc 
pain.] 

A. Of the form au: An exclamation expressive of' 
surprise. 

B. Of the forms au in Aberdeenshire, and o or on 
in the southern counties of Scotland: An exclama 
tion expressive of surprise. 

au-a le, v.i. [Availl.] To descend. {Douglas 
Virgil, 150, 41.) 

*au-alk, v. [A. S. awccccan=to awake(?).] To- 
watchf (O. Scotch.) 

*au -ant, s. [Avaunt.] (O. Scotch.) 
au-ba de, s. [Fr.] Open-air music performed at 
daybreak before the door or window of the person- 
whom it is intended to honor. 

au-baine, s. [Fr. aubaine= an escheat to th&- 
crown; from aubain=& stranger not naturalized. 
From Lat. alibi=el sewhere, and suff. -anus. Comp, 
also alienus=an alien.] 

Droit d’aubane, or Jus albinatus: A so-called 
right which the King of France formerly possessed 
to seize the goods of any alien dying within his 
dominions, unless the person deceased had in his 
lifetime been formally promised an exemption 
from the operation of the law. ( Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment., bk. i., ch. 10 .) 

IT The natural effect of this unjust and absurd 
law was to prevent foreigners from settling in 
France, and thus to deprive the king and the coun¬ 
try of all assistance from intellect not of native- 
growth. It was repealed in 1819. 

aube, s. [Alb.] 

au -berge, s. [Fr.] An inn; a place of enter¬ 
tainment for travelers. 

“At the auberge near the foot of the Khone glacier 
. . . ”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., ii. 32. 

au -ber-glne§, s. pi. [Fr.] A name for the fruit 
of two species of Solanum. 

“ . . . that of Solanum lycopersicum and melongena 
is served at table in various forms, under the name of 
Tomatoes and Aubergines." — Loudon: Encyclop. of Plants, 
p. 1,078. 

au -bln, s. [Fr. aubin; from Lat. ambulo= to go 
about, to go backward and forward, to walk.] 
Horsemanship: A gait or movement of a horse 
intermediate between a gallop and a trot or amble. 

au -burn, *a'-burn, *a-burne, *au'-borne, 
*a -bron, *al-burn, a. [Connected with A. S. 
bcernan, bernan= ... to burn; bryne — a burn¬ 
ing; Ger. brennen=to burn, with which the form 
abron seems akin. On this hypothesis auburn hair 
would be of a color like that produced by burning, 
viz., brown. (Brown.) But the form alburn, which 
occurs in Skinner’s and Johnson’s Dictionaries* 
points to the Ital. alburno—z. white hazel-tree; 
Lat. alburnus=a white fish, the Bleak or Blay; 
aZ 6 ws=dead white, not dazzling white (Alburnum) ; 
in which case, auburn hair must originally have 
signified white instead of brown hair. Malm and 
Wedgwood adhere to this latter etymology. Ac¬ 
cording to the Prompt., aivburne color =citri.nus, 
i. e., a pale yellow color.] A term used chiefly of 
hair. 

* 1 . Originally: White (?). (See etym.) 

2. Now: Brown, with a tinge of red or russet. 
{Byron: Corsair, ii. 2.) 

A. U. C. A contraction for Anno urbis cond.it<r>. 
=in t-lie year of the city founded, i. e., from the 
foundation of the city of Rome. 

au -clian, a'-clian, s. [Deriv. uncertain. Prob¬ 
ably from some obscure place.] A kind of pear. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



auchenia 


-m-a, s. [Gr. a\ichen= the neck.] A genus 
©f Mammalia of tlie order Ruminantia and the 
famuy Camelidro. It includes the Llamas, which 
.are the American representatives of the Camels so 
well known in the Eastern world. They have no 
■dorsal humps, and their toes are completely di¬ 
vided. There are about four species of Auchenia: 
the A. guanaco, or Guanaco [Gtjanaco] ; the A. 
■glama, or Llama [Llama] ; the A. paco, the Paco 
or Alpaca [Alpaca) ; and the A. vicunia, or 
'Vicugna [Vicugna]. 

*aucht, v. t. & s. [Ought.] 

*aucht, a. [Auht, Eight.] (Scotch.) 
aucht, aught, aweht (ch. & gh guttural), pret. 
of verb. [In Scotch aw = to possess, to owe; from 
A. S. aht, ahte , cehte, pret. of agan—to own.] [Agh.] 

1. Possessed; owned. (Scotch.) [Aught.] 

“ Of kyngis, that aucht that reawte, 

And mast had rycht thare kyng to be.” 

Wyntoun, viii., 2, 9. (.Jamieson.) 

2. Owed; was indebted; ought. 

“For lawe or than for threte 
Of fors, he suld pay as he aucht.” 

Wyntoun, v., 3, 89. (Jamieson.) 
au CQU -rant (ant as ang), a. or adv. [Fr. au= 
to the, in the, with the ; courant= eurrent, running 
stream, course, way, custom, progress.] “In the 
^current” of progress with regard to anything; well 
informed with respect to everything which is being 
said or done in connection with it. 

*auc -ta-ry, s. [From Lat. auctoriuni=an addi¬ 
tion, an overweight; auctum= supine of augeo = to 
increase.] Increase, augmentation. (O. Scotch.) 
“An large auctary to the library.” 

Crawford : XJniv. Edin., p. 137. 
*auc’-ten-ty, a. [Authentic.] (0. Scotch.) 
♦auc’-ter, s. [Altar.] Altar. 

“He made an aucter on Godes name.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 625. 

auc -tion, s. [In Sw. & Ger. f auktion; Dan. auc- 
'lion—on auction; from Lat. auctio=( 1) an increas¬ 
ing, (2) an auction; augeo—to cause to increase.] 

1 . The public disposal of goods to the highest bid¬ 
der. None but those who have taken out an auction 
license are at present allowed to conduct such 
■sales. To ascertain who the highest bidder is, two 
.leading processes may be adopted. The goods may 
be put up at a low figure, and then competitors for 
them, bidding against each other, will raise this to 
a higher price. This is what is generally done. In 
what is called a “ Dutch auction,” however, the 
process is reversed. The goods are put up at a price 
much above their value, and gradually lowered till 
a bid is given for them, and they are then forthwith 
knocked down to him from whom it proceeded. 

“Then followed an auction, the strangest that history 
Sias recorded.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

2. The goods sold by auction. 

“Ask you why Phrine the whole auction buys? 
Phrine foresees a general excise.”— Pope. 
auction-catalogue, s. The catalogue of the 
goods to be disposed of at an auction. 

auction-mart, s. A place where goods are sold 
by public auction. 

auction-room, s. A room used temporarily or 
permanently for the disposal of goods by public 
-auction. 

fauc -tion, v. t. [From the substantive.] To sell 
goods by auction. (Johnson.) In the United States, 
the phrase, “ sales at auction,” is more commonly 
used. 

auc'-tion-ar-y, a. [Eng. auction; -ary.] Per¬ 
taining to an auction. 

“And much more honest, to be hir’d, and stand 

With auctionary hammer in thy hand; 

Provoking to give more, and knocking thrice 

For the old household stuff, or picture’s price.” 

Dry den: Juvenal. 

auc-tion-e er, s. [Eng. auction; -eer.) A person 
whose occupation it is to sell goods by auction. 

“Even the auctioneer was always a character in the 
drama.”— De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), ii. 6. 

auc-tion-e er, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
dispose of goods by auction, 
auc-tion-e ered, pa. par. [Auctioneer, v .) 

“Estates are landscapes, gazed upon awhile, 

Then advertised, and auctioneer’d away.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iii. 

auc-tion-e er-lng, pr. par. & adj. [Auction¬ 
eer, y.] 

tauc -tive, a. [From Lat. auctus, pa. par. of 
augeo.) Increasing. (Johnson.) 

*auc tor -i-te, s. [Fr. autorite .] Authority. 

«. . . and certes rightfully may ye take no ven¬ 

geance, as of youre owne auctorite.” — Chaucer .- Tale of 
jWeMbeus. 


325 

*auc'-tour, s. [Author.] 
au'-cu-ba, s. [Japanese name.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Cornaceee, or Cornels. 
The only known species in A. Japonica. a well- 
known evergreen, with leaves like those of the laurel 
in form and mottled with yellow. 

au-cu-pa'-tion, s. [Lat. aucupatio; from aueu- 
por =to go a bird-catching; auceps, contr. for avi- 
ceps= a bird-catcher; avis=bird, and capio— to 
take.] Bird-catching; fowling. 

du-da -cious (cious as shus), a. [From Fr. 
audacieux; Sp. & Port, audaz; Ital. audace. Lat. 
audax; from audeo=to dare, to venture.] Adven¬ 
turous, bold, daring, spirited. 

fl. In a good or an indifferent sense: Brave, val¬ 
iant. 

- “ Audacious Hector ! if the gods ordain, 

That great Achilles rise and rage again, 

What toils attend thee, and what woes remain! ” 
Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. x., 118-120. 

2. In a bad sense: 

(a) Of persons: Bold, impudent; with shameless 
effrontery; with contempt for law, human and 
divine. 

“ Of the members of the House of Commons who were 
animated by these feelings, the fiercest and most auda¬ 
cious was Howe.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

(b) Of conduct: Proceeding from and indicating 
boldness in a bad sense ; the offspring of shameless 
effrontery. 

“ Such is thy audacious wickedness, 

Thy lewd, pestif’rous and dissentious pranks.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., iii. 1. 
au-da’-cious-ly (cious as shus), adv. [Eng. 
audacious; suff. -ly.\ In an audacious manner; 
boldly, impudently. (Shakesp.: Love's Labor's Lost, 
v. 2 .) 

au-da -cious-ness (cious as shus), s. [Eng. 
audacious; -ness.) The quality of being audacious ; 
boldness, impudence, audacity. (P. Holland: Livy, 
p. 458.) 

au-da§ -l-iy, s. [From Lat. audacis, genit. of 
audax= audacious, bold, and Eng. suff. -ity. In 
Fr. audace; Port., Ital., & Lat. audacia .] Capa¬ 
ble of doing daring deeds. 

1. In a good, or at least in an indifferent sense: 
Courage, daring, valor, gallantry. 

“Another lawyer of more vigor and audacity.” — Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

2. In a bad sense: Hardihood, effrontery, impu¬ 
dence ; capability of boldly doing deeds involving 
contompt for law, human and divine. 

Au-de'-an-i§m, Au-dse'-an-i§m, Au-di'-?tn- 
I§m, s. [From Audccus or Audius, a native of Meso¬ 
potamia, who lived in the fourth century. He 
became a Syrian bishop; but having incurred odium 
among his brethren for censuring their avarice and 
luxury, he was banished, to Scythia.] The follow¬ 
ers of the Audseus or Audius mentioned above, who 
was said to have held the anthropomorphic view, 
founded on Gen. i. 26, 27, that God had a body in 
the image of which that of man was created. [An- 
thropomoephite. ] 

au-dl-bll'-I-ty, s. [From Low Lat. audibilis; 
and Eng. suffix - ty .] Audibleness; capability of 
being heard. (Journal of Science.) 

au -di-ble, a. & s. [In Ital. audibile; from Low 
Lat. aw<2ii>iZis=audibre; audio= to hear. Cognate 
with Gr. audao —to utter sounds, to speak, and 
aude =the human voice; from the root aud or aus, 
in Sansc. vad =to speak; also with Gr. ous, genit. 
otos =an ear.] [Ear.] 

A. As adjective: Which may be heard; loud 
enough to be heard; actually heard. 

“ His respiration quick and audible.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

]B. As substantive: Anything which may be heard 
or which is heard. 

“. . . and of articulate voices, tones, songs, and 
quaverings, in audibles.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, iii., 
§ 258. 

au -dl-ble-ness, s. [Eng. audible: -ness.) The 
quality of being able to be heard; audibility. (John¬ 
son.) 

au-dl-bly, adv. [Eng. audibl(e); -ly.) In an 
audible manner. So as to be heard. 

“Main ocean, breaking audibly, . . .” 

Wordsworth: View from, the Top of Black Comb. 

au -di-enge, s. [In Sw .audiens; Ger. audienz; 
Dan. & Fr. audience; Sp. & Port, audiencia; Ital. 
audienza, audienzia; all from Lat. audientia.) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act or opportunity of hearing; hearing, 
listening; attention. 

“Let thine handmaid, I pray thee, Bpeak in thine audi¬ 
ence.” —1 Sam. xxv. 24. 

To give audience is to give ear, to listen, to 
attend. 

“ Men of Israel, and ye that fear God, give audience .”— 
Acts xiii. 16. 


audiphone 

II. The state or opportunity of being heard, 
listened to, or attended to. 

1. In a general sense: 

“ Unhappily sarcasm and invective directed against 
William were but too likely to find favorable audience.” — 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

2 . Spec.: A formal interview granted to important 
personages, particularly to an ambassador present¬ 
ing his credentials or making a communication to 
a sovereign; also a private interview with a mon¬ 
arch given to a court favorite. 

“ This was the state of affairs when, on the next day 
(the 2d), Lord Augustus Loftus was admitted to an audi¬ 
ence, . . . ” — Times, Nov. 24, 1876. 

“ He was every day summoned from the gallery into the 
closet, and sometimes had long audiences while peers 
were kept waiting in the ante-chambers.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

III. The person or persons hearing, listening, or 
attending. 

Gen.: An assemblage of hearers; an auditory. 

“ . . . still govern thou my song, 

Urania, and fit audience find, though few.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 

“ The king meanwhile surveyed his audience from the 
throne with that bright eagle eye which nothing escaped.” 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

B. Technically: 

1. In England: The same as Audience-court 
( q. v.). 

“None to be cited into the arches or audience, but 
dwellers within the archbishop’s diocese or peculiars.”— 

Const. & Canons Eccl. 94. 

2. In Spain: One of the seven supreme courts. 

3. In Spanish America before it became independ¬ 
ent: The supreme court of justice and its jurisdic¬ 
tion. 

“ . . .as little as the aboriginal population of Darien 
regarded the authority of the Spanish Viceroys and 
Audiences.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

audience-chamber, s. A chamber in which 

formal audiences are granted. 

“He summoned all the princes now resident in this 
court, to appear before him in the great audience-cham¬ 
ber.” — Translation of Boccalini (1626), p. 94. 

audience-court, s. Eng* Eccles. Law: A court 
belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Being 
accustomed formerly to hear causes extra-judi- 
cially in his own palace, he usually requested that 
difficult poiuts should bo discussed by men learned 
in the law, called auditors, whence ultimately 
sprung up by slow degrees a court held to have 
equal authority with that of Arches, though inferior 
to it both in dignity and antiquity. The audience- 
court is now merged in the Court of Arches, the 
duties of its former presiding officer being dis¬ 
charged by the Dean of the Arches. 

*au-di-ent, s. [Lat. audiens, pr. par. of audior- 
to hear.] A hearer. 

“ The audients of her sad story felt great motions both 
of pity and admiration for her misfortune.”— Shelton 
Trans, of Don Quixote , iv. 2. 

au-dl-om -et-er, au-dim'-et-er, s. [Lat. audio 
=to hear, and Gr. Iron=measure.] An instru¬ 
ment devised by Prof. Hughes, the inventor of the 
microphone, and described by Dr. Richardson at a 
meeting of the Royal Society of London in 1879. 
Originally its object was to measure with precision 
the sense of hearing. Among its constituent parts 
are an induction coil, a microphone key, and a tele¬ 
phone. 

Recently the audiometer has been materially 
modified, and is now principally used for obtaining 
a balance of induction from two electric coils acting 
upon a third. A scale is provided to show the 
extent of the movement. A varying or interrupted 
current being passed through the two outer coils, 
the preponderating current will produce the most 
induction if the central coil is equidistant. It can 
always be moved to such a point that there will be 
no inductive effect, one counteracting the other. 
Thus its position measures the relative induction. 
A telephone is in circuit with the intermediate coil 
and is used to determine when its position is such 
that no current is induced in it. 

au-di-om-et-ric, a. [Eng. audiometer; -ic.) Per¬ 
taining to or connected with audiometry. 

au-dl-om'-et-ry, s. [Eng. audiometer; -y.) The 
act or practice of testing the sense of "hearing, by 
means of the audiometer (q. v.). 

au -di-phone, s. [Lat. audio= to hear, and Gr." 
phone= a sound.] 

Acoustics: An instrument which enables deaf 
mute's to hear, and by which they can be taught to 
speak. A triangular plate of hardened caoutchouc, 
very sensitive to sound vibrations, is its essential 
part. The patient, holding the audiphone, places 
the upper edge against his upper teeth ; the sounds 
are gathered and conveyed to the auditory nerve by 
the teeth, and not by the tympanum. 


tofiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

~©ian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. - b@l, d$l. 



audit 


326 


augite 


8,U'-dit, s. [Lat. audit= ho hears.] 

1. The examination of an account by persons ap¬ 
pointed to test its accuracy, by comparing each 
item with vouchers, adding up each page, and 
at last authoritatively stating the sum owing or at 
credit. (Used literally or figuratively.) 

“ Yet I can make my audit up, that all 
From me do back receive the flour of all. 

And leave me but the bran.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. L 

“ To steal from spiritual leisure a brief span, 

To keep your earthly audit.” 

Ibid.: King Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

2. The account as thus tested and verified. 
(Used lit. or fig.) 

* He took my father grossly, full of bread, 

With all his crimes broad blown, and flush as May; 
And how his audit stands who knows save heav’n?” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 3. 

audit-house, s. A house appendant to most 
cathedrals, and designed for the transaction of busi¬ 
ness connected with them. 

“The church of Canterbury (till within this two or three 
years) had the morning-prayers at seven or eight of the 
clock in the morning; the sermon at ten in the audit- 
house, and then the rest of the communion-service, and 
the communion, in the choir.”— Sir O. Wheler: Acc. of 
Churches, p. 115. 

audit-office, s. The office in which the public 
accounts of the empire are audited, 
au'-dlt, v. t. & i. [Audit, s.] 

A. Transitive: Carefully to examine (the account 
of another person), and formally and authorita¬ 
tively certify to (its) accuracy. 

“Bishops’ ordinaries, auditing all accounts, take twelve 
pence.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

B. Intransitive: To ascertain and certify the 
accuracy of an account. 

“I love exact dealing, and let Hocus audit; he knows 
how the money was disbursed.”— Arbuthnot. 

du-dl'-tion, s. [In Fr. audition; from Lat. 
a/uditio.) Hearing. (Walpole: Letters, ii. 333.) 

fiu -dl-tlve, a. [ In Fr. auditif; Sp. & Port. 
miditivo.] Having the power of hearing. (Cot- 
grave.) 

au'-dit-or, *au-di-tour, s. [In Ger. auditor— 
a regimental judge; Fr. auditeur=a hearer, an 
auditor of accounts; Sp. auditor, oidor; Ital. 
auditore= an inferior judge; Lat. auditor=(l) a 
hearer, (2) a pupil, (3) the reader of a book; from 
cwtdio=tohear, to understand, to leam, to examine.] 

A. Ordinary Languages 

1. A hearer; one of an audience. 

"Workers of Groddea word, not auditours.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,518-19. 

“ His vigorous and animated discourse doubtless called 
forth the loud hums of his auditors.” — Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. x. 

2 . One appointed to examine accounts, compare 
the several items with the corresponding vouchers, 
and finally certify to the accuracy of the whole. In 
general, two auditors act together, to give greater 
weight to the statement signed as to the accuracy 
of the account. 

“ Flax:. If you suspect my husbandry, or falsehood, 
Call me before the exactest auditors. 

And set me on the proof.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, ii. 2. 
Auditors are, of course, required for the govern¬ 
ment accounts. 

“ The house swarmed with placemen of all kinds, 
. . . tellers, auditors, receivers.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

cli. xix. 

B. Technically A national or state officer whose 
duty it is to audit the accounts of the nation or 
state. 

au-dl-tij r-I-um, s. [Auditory, s.) 

The Auditorium of Chicago takes rank as one 
of the most magnificent of modern public buildings. 
Its permanent seating capacity is over 4,000; but 
when the stage and all the available space is util¬ 
ized, as on the occasions of holding National and 
other conventions, 8,000 people can be accommo¬ 
dated. The stage is the largest and the organ the 
most costly and complete in the world. Beside the 
Auditorium proper there is a Recital Hall, capable 
of holding 500 people, and a Hotel with Annex capa¬ 
ble of entertaining nearly a thousand guests. The 
Tower Observatory, which rises to the altitude of 
260 feet, is occupied by the U. S. Signal Service. The 
Auditorium is lighted by 12,000 electric lights, pro¬ 
vided by eleven dynamos. The first and second 
stories are granite, the balance is Bedford stone. 
The entire weight of the building is figured at 
110,000 tons. 


au-dit-or-ship, s. [Eng. auditor; and suff. 
-ship.) The office, dignity, or functions of an 
auditor. 

“. . . the auditorship of the exchequer.”— Johnson: 

Life of Halifax. (Richardson.) 

au -dlt or-y, *au -dlt-or-le, a. ("From Lat. au- 
ditorius=rolatiag to a hearer or hearing; from 
audio— to hear.] 

1. Ord. Lang. & Anat.: Pertaining to the organs 
of hearing. 

2. Perceived by means of the organs of hearing. 

“. . . the auditory perception of the report.”— Airy 

on Sound (1868), p. 135. 

1 [ The auditory artery is a ramification of the 
internal carotid one, the several branches of which 
are distributed through the brain. 

The auditory canal, or external meatus of the 
ear, is considered to belong to the external portion 
of that organ. It extends inward from the concha 
for rather more than an inch. Part of it is carti¬ 
laginous and part osseous. (Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 67.) 

The auditory nerve, called also the acoustic 
nerve, enters the ear by the internal auditory canal, 
and divides into two leading branches, which again 
subdivide to an amazing extent. It is remarkably 
soft in texture. The auditory and the facial nerves 
together constitute the seventh pair of nerves in 
Willis’ arrangement. 

“ We wish to extend our inquiries from the auditory 
nerve to the optic nerve.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d 
ed.), vii. 133. 

au-dlt-or-jf, *au-dit- 6 r-ie, au-dl-tor-i-um, 

s. [In Fr. auditoire; Port, auditoria=the tribunal 
of an auditor; auditorio=people assembled for 
hearing; Sp. & Ital. auditorio=a court, a sessions 
house; Sw., Dan., & Ger. auditorium, from Lat. 
auditorium— ( 1 ) a lecture-room, a hall of justice; 
(2) a school; (3) (by metonymy) an audience, per¬ 
sons assembled for hearing.] [Auditory, adj.) 

A. Of the form auditorium: 

Arch. In ancient churches: The nave; that part 
of the church in which the audience sat. 

B. Of the forms auditory and *auditorie: 

I. Of places or things : 

1. A hall, an apartment, or a portion of a hall or 
apartment in which an audience sits. 

2. A bench on which a judge sits in a law-court. 

II. Qf persons: An audience; people assembled to 
hear. 

“ Several of this auditor were, perhaps, entire stran¬ 
gers to the person whose death we now lament.”— At ter - 
bury. 

au ’-di-tress, s. [The feminine form of Eng. 
auditor ,] A female nearer. 

“. . . such pleasure she reserv'd, 

Adam relating, she sole auditress .” 

Milton: P. I., bk. viii, 

tau-dlt'-VL-al, a. [From Lat. aw<2i£tts=hearing, 
and Eng. suff. - al .] Pertaining to hearing. (Cole¬ 
ridge.) 

*au-e, *au-en, v. Old forms of Have. 

*au-ede, pret. of v. Old form of Had. 

au-er-bach'-Tte, s. [Named after Dr. Auer¬ 
bach.] A mineral, believed by Dana to be simply 
altered zircon. 

a uf, s. [Dut. alf.) A fool, a silly person. [Oaf.] 

au fa it (it silent), used as an adj. [Fr. ( lit.) = 
to the deed; also in fact, indeed, in reality.] Ac¬ 
quainted with, skilled in. 

*au -fald, a. The same as Afald (q. v.). 

Au-ge'-an, a. [From Lat. Augeas, in Gr. Augeas, 
or Augeias: and Eng. suff. -an.) 

1. Class. Myth.: Pertaining to Augeas, one of the 
Argonauts, King of Elis, who was represented as 
having a stable, or cow-house, which had been occu¬ 
pied for thirty years by 300 of his cattle, without 
ever once having been cleansed. Hercules under¬ 
took the great task, and succeeded completely in 
his endeavor, by turning the course of the rivers 
Alpheus and Peneus through the polluted stable. 
He next slew the king, who had defrauded him of 
his hire, and put on the throne Phyleus, the son of 
the erring monarch. 

2. Pertaining to whatever has been too long neg¬ 
lected, and cannot now, without Herculean labor, 
be put right, or of any task that seems to be in the 
nature of the case impossible of performance. 

au’-gel-Ite, s. [In Ger. augelith; from Gr. auge 
=bright light, radiance, and suff, -ite.) A colorless 
or pale-red mineral, with its luster strongly pearly 
on cleavage surfaces. The composition is; phos¬ 
phoric acid, 35'3; alumina, 51’3; and water, 13’4= 
100 . It is found in the province of Scania, in 
Sweden. 


au-ger, *au'-gre (gre as ger), s. [A. S. nafe, 
na/w=the nave or middle of a wheel, gar = a gorer, 
piercer; nafe-bor— a nave- 
borer, an auger. Boswortli 
asks if nafegar has not 
also the same meaning ; 
gar= a dart, javelin, spear, 
lance, or weapon; in Sw. 
nafoare; Icel. nafarr; 

Dut. avegaar: Mod. Ger. 
naber; O. H. Ger. nabager 
mean=an auger. Thus n 
has been dropped from the 
beginning of the word.] 

1. An instrument used for 
boring holes in wood, or 
other soft substance. It is 
used by carpenters, ship¬ 
wrights, joiners, wheel¬ 
wrights, and cabinet-mak¬ 
ers. It consists of a wooden 
handle and an iron shank, Auger, 

with a steel bit terminating it at the bottom. 



“ The auger hath a handle and bit; its office is to maks 
great round holes. When you use it, the stuff you work 
upon is commonly laid low under you that you may the 
easier use your strength; for in twisting the bit about by 
the force of both your hands, on each end of the handle 
one, it cuts great chips out of the stuff.”— Moxon: Me¬ 
chanical Exercises. 


“ Men. WTiat’s the news? what’s the news? 

Com. Your temples burned in their cement, and 
Your franchises, whereof you stood, confined 
Into an augre’s bore.”— Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 6. 

2. An instrument of a similar kind, but on a much 
larger scale, used for boring into the soil, or through 
the geological strata for water, to ascertain tne 
character of the subsoil or of the beds traversed. It 
has connecting-rods to adapt it to the different 
depths required. 

auger-hole, *augre-hole, s. A hole drilled by 
an auger. 


“ What should be spoken here, where our fate, 

Hid in an auger-hole, may rush, and seize us?” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. 3. 


auger-shell, s. The English name of the shells 
belonging to the genus Terebra. It is given in conse¬ 
quence of their being long and pointed. 


au-get, au'-gette, s. [Fr. auget— a trough.] 
Mil.: A wooden pipe containing the powder 
designed to be used in exploding a mine. (James.) 

aught, fought (ouasa), *auht, *aght, *aht 

(gh and h guttural or mute), s. & adv. [A. S. aht, 
awht, auht, awiht, awuht, oviiht, owuht— aught, 
anything, some; a or o=one; wuht, wiht=( 1) aught, 
something, anything: (2) a thing, a creature, a 
wight, an animal; O. H. Ger. wiht; Goth. vaiht= a 
thing, anything.] [Aght, Aught, Whit, Wight.} 
A. As substantive: 


1. Gen.: Anything, whether great or small. 

“ Who digging, round the plant, still hangs his head. 
Nor aught remits the work, while thus he said." 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxiv., 285-6. 

2. Spec.: The smallest portion of anything, a 
whit, a jot, or tittle. 

B. As adverb: In anything, in any respect. 

“ Thy sire and I were one: nor varied aught 
In public sentence, or in private thought.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iii., 155-6. 
Aught = anything, is sometimes erroneously 
spelled ought, and thus confounded with ought= 
should, or is under an obligation. It would tend to 
clearness if the former were uniformly spelled, as 
correctness requires, with a, and the latter with o. 


aught, fiucht (gh and ch guttural), s. [Aght, 
Auht.] Possession, property. (Scotch.) 

“Edie Ochiltree caught hold of the rein, and stopped 
his further proceeding. ‘Whu’s aught, yecullant?’”— 
Scott: Antiquary. 

Bad Alight: “A bad property.” (Used of an 
obstinate ill-conditioned child.) (Jamieson.) 

aught, aucht (gh andcTs. guttural), pret. of v. t. 
[Agh.] Possessed as one’s property. (Old Eng. <£• 
Scotch.) [Aucht.] 

*a ught-and, *a ght-and (gh guttural), pr. par. 
[Aught, Aght.] Owing. 


“ That the debts aughtand be our armie—or propertie 
aughtand be officearis and soldiouris.”— Acts Chas. I. (ed. 
1814), v. 347. 

*a'ught-where (gh guttural), s. [Eng. aught; 
where.) Anywhere. 

“ . . . that he had aughtwhere a wife for his estate.” 
— Chaucer: Legend of Good Women, 1,538. (S. in Boucher.)- 

au'-gite, au'-glte, s. [In Ger. augit, &c. In 
Lat. augites; Gr. augites, a precious stone, supposed 
by some to be the turquoise; aw<;e=bright light, 
radiance.] An important mineral, interesting from 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* 

or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, aa, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






327 


augury 


augite-rock 

its geological as well as its minoralogical relations. 
The term has not always been used in the same 
sense. 

1. Formerly: The augite of Werner was the same 
as what has been called volcanic schist and vol- 
canite. 

2. Now: Dana applies the name augite to the 
greenish or brownish-black and black kinds of alu¬ 
minous pyroxene, found chiefly in eruptive, but 
sometimes also in metamorphic rocks. [Pyrox¬ 
ene. J When altered into hornblende it is called 
Tralite (q. v.). Augite was once suspected by many 
mineralogists to be essentially the same mineral as 
.hornblende, differing only in this respect, that the 
former species resulted from rapid and the latter 
from slow cooling. But Dana separates the two, 
regarding hornblende as an aluminous variety of 
amphibole [Amphibole], and not of pyroxene. 
[Hornblende.] Whatever its exact place in the 
system, it is so much akin to hornblende that Gus¬ 
tav Rose, fusing a mass of the latter mineral, found 
that on cooling it uniformly became augite. Both 
are found in modern and in ancient volcanic prod¬ 
ucts. The green and dark kinds of eruptive rock 
have hornblende or augite predominant, while the 
reddish ones owe their color to the abundance of 
feldspar in their composition. 

augite-rock, s. A kind of basalt, or greenstone, 
composed wholly or chiefly of granular augite. 
( Leonhard , Lyell, &c.) 

au-glt'-ic, au-glt -Ic, a. [Eng. augit{e); -ic.] 
Pertaining to augite, or composed in greater or 
lesser amount of augite. 

“It was also remarked, that in the crystalline slags of 
furnaces, augitic forms were frequent, the hornblendic 
entirely absent; hence it was conjectured that hornblende 
might be the result of slow, and augite of rapid cooling.” 
— Lyell: Man. of Geol. 4th ed., p. 3(59. 

augitic porphyry. A volcanic rock, consisting 
of Labrador feldspar and augite on a green or dark- 
gray base. {Rose, Lyell, &c.) 

aug-ment , v. t. [In Fr. augmenter; Sp. & Port. 
augmentar; Ital. aumentare; from Lat. augmento, 
-avi, -atum, v. t.=to increase; augeo, fut. auxi= to 
increase; Gr. auxano, and auxb— to increase.] [See 
Wax, Eke.] 

A. Trans.: To increase the size of anything; to 
make anything larger in reality or to the imag¬ 
ination. 

“. . . old taxes were augmented or continued.”— 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

“At half this distance the attraction would be aug¬ 
mented four times.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., 
i. 13. 

“ Augment the fame and horror of the fight.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi., 792. 

B. Intrans.: To increase. 

“Strength is deriv’d from spirits and from blood; 

And those augment by generous wine and food.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 159-60. 

aug-ment, s. [In Ger. f augment; Fr. augment; 
Port, augmento; Ital. aumento; Lat. augmentum, 
from augeo=to increase.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1 . The act of augmenting or increasing; the state 
of being augmented or increased. 

2. That by which anything is increased; also the 
time during which increase takes place. 

“ You shall find this augment of the tree to be without 
the diminution of one drachm of the earth.”— Walton: 
Angler. 

“Discutients are improper in the beginning of inflam¬ 
mations, but proper when mixed with repellants in the 
augment.” — Wiseman. 

B. Technically: 

1. Philol. <& Gram.: In Greek grammar, a prefix 
to the past tenses and to the paulo-post future, in¬ 
tended to distinguish them from other tenses. The 
augment to the perfect and the paulo-post future 
prefix the initial consonant with e, and retain the 
syllable thus formed through all the moods. In this 
case the augment is called the reduplication. Thus 
from tupto, to strike or beat, comes tetupha, tetup- 
somai, where te is the augment. Constituting, as it 
does, a syllable, it is called a syllabic augment. 
Sometimes the augment is formed by substituting 
for a short vowel its corresponding long one, as 
elpidzo, elpidzon; the augment thus produced is 
termed a temporal augment. 

IT Dr. Donaldson, in 1839, published the hypothe¬ 
sis that the augment is properly a pronominal 
particle, denoting distance or remoteness, origin¬ 
ally in space and then in time; a view which has 
since been adopted by Bopp, Garnett, Curtius, and 
others. ( Donaldson.) There is an augment in 
Sanscrit as well as in Greek. 

aug-ment-A-ble, a. [Eng. augment; -able.') 
Able to be augmented; able to be increased. 

“ Our elixirs be augmentable infinitely.” 

Aslimole: Theat. C’hem. (1652), p. 183. 


aug-men-ta'-tion, s. [In Fr. augmentation; Sp. 
augmentation; Port, augmentagao; Ital. augumen- 
tazione, aumentazione.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of augmenting or increasing. 

“ They would not, he thought, be much alarmed by any 
augmentation of power which the Emperor might obtain.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

2. The state of being augmented. 

“What modification of matter can make one embryo 
capable of so prodigiously vast augmentation, while 
another is confined to the minuteness of an insect.”— 
Bentley. 

3. The amount added to produce the increase. 

“ . . . the amount of the augmentation it would be 

ridiculous to attempt to estimate.”— J. S. Mill: Logic, vol. 
ii., p. 101. 

B. Technically: 

1. Astronomy. Augmentation of the Moon's Semi¬ 
diameter: The increase in her apparent magni¬ 
tude, due to the difference between her distance 
from the observer and the center of the earth. 

2. In Heraldry. Arms of Augmentation of Honor 
are a grant from one’s sovereign of an additional 
charge on a coat of arms for a meritorious service 
rendered, or for some other cause. {Glossary of 
Heraldry, 1847.) T: ey are called also Arms of Con¬ 
cession of Honor , 

augmentation court. A court erected by King 
Henry VIII., for the increase of the revenues of his 
crown, by the suppression of monasteries. 

aug-ment -a-tive, a. & s. [In Fr. augmentatif; 
Ital. augumentativo.) 

A. -4s adjective : Having the power of increasing 
any particular thing, or actually increasing it. 

“ Some of them [terminations of verbal nouns] being 
augmentative, some diminutive .”—Instructions for Ora¬ 
tory, p. 32. 

B. As substantive: A word which expresses in an 
augmented form—that is, with increased force—the 
idea conveyed by the simple word from which it 
was derived. Thus the Indian term Maharajah (in 
Mahratta maha— great, rajah= king) is an aug¬ 
mentative of the simple word rajah. It is opposed 
to diminutive. To the latter category belongs the 
word kinglet {king, and Zef=little). 

aug-ment'-ed, pa. par. [Augment, i\] 

“ Precipitate thee augmented pain.” 

Milton. P. L., bk. vi. 

aug-ment-er, s. [Eng. augment; -er. In Fr. 
augmenteur .] One who or that which augments or 
increases anything. 

“The Egyptians, who were the world’s seminaries for 
arts, ascribe all to learning, as to its patroness and aug¬ 
menter .’’— Waterhous: Apol. for Learn., cbe. (1653), p. 177. 

aug-ment'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Augment, r.] 

“. . . and hence the increased supply, required by 
increasing population, is sometimes raised at an aug¬ 
menting cost by higher cultivation.”—J. S. Mill. Polit. 
Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. xii., § 2. 

*au -gre, s. [Auger.] 

*au -grym, s. & a. [Algorithm.] Arithmetic.] 

augrym-stones. Stones or counters formerly 
used to aid in arithmetical calculation. 

“ His augrym-stones, leyen faire apart.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,210. 

Augs -burg, s. & a. [From the city of Augsburg 
(called by the Romans Augusta), in Bavaria.] 

Augsburg Confession. A confession of faith, 
rough hewn by Luther and polished by Melanch- 
thon, which, being subscribed by the Reformers, 
was read before the Emperor Charles V., at the diet 
of Augsburg, June 25, 1530. It is sometimes called 
the Augustan Confession. (See the etym.) 

au -gur, s. [In Sw., Ger., & Port, augur; Fr. 
augure; Sp. (pi.) augures; Ital. augur adore, augur a, 
augures (m.), and auguratrice (f) ; all from Lat. 
augur.'] [Augury.] 

1 . A member of the college of augurs at Rome, a 
highly dignified corporation that pretended to 
predict future events by the methods described 
under Augury (q. v.). Being consulted on all 
important occasions, they long possessed enormous 
powers in the Roman State; but as knowledge 
increased they were applied to only for form’s sake, 
and at last not at all. 

“ Caesar. What say the augurs f 
Servant. They would not have you stir forth to-day: 

Plucking the entrails of an offering forth, 

They could not find an heart within the beast.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Cwsar, ii. 2. 

“ Oh? spare an augur’s consecrated head.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxii., 355. 

2. Any person who attempts to read futurity and 
predict events which have not yet occurred. 

“ ’Twas false thou know’st—but let such augurs rue, 
Their words are omens Insult renders true.” 

Byron: The Corsair, III. 


au -gfir, v.i.&t. [In Ger. auguriren; Fr. au- 
gurer; Port, augur ar, agourar; Ital. augur are ^ 
from Lat. auguror={ 1) to act as augur, (2) to fore¬ 
bode ; auguro= (1) to consult by means of augurs, 
(2) to consecrate by means of augurs, (3) to fore¬ 
bode.] [Augur.] 

A. Intrans.: To form auguries, prognostications- 
or guesses regarding future events; to anticipate, 
to conjecture. 

“ They deemed him now unhappy, though at first 
Their evil judgment augur’d of the worst.” 

Byron; Lara, ii. 8. 

B. Trans.: To prognosticate, to presage, to fore¬ 
bode: as, That augured mischief. (Usually of 
things.) 

au -gur-Al, a. [In Fr. & Port, augural; Ital. 
augurale; Lat.auguralis.] Pertaining to an augur 
or to augury. 

“ The augural crook of Romulus.”— Lewis: Cred. Early 
Rom. Hist., ch. iv., § 3. 

“ Persons versed in augural lore.”— Ibid., ch. x., § 6. 
au -gur-ate, s. [Augurate, v.) The office or 
dignity of an augur. 

“ The powers of the augurate.”—Penny Cyclop., iii. 88. 
fau'-gur-ate, v. i. & t. [Lat. auguratus, pa. par. 
of augur or.] [Augur, v.] 
au-gur a -tion, s. [In Sp. auguracion; from 
Lat. auguratio.~\ The act, practice, or art of pre¬ 
tending to presage future events, either in the- 
manner of the Roman augurs, or in any other way. 

“ Claudius Pulcher underwent the like success when he- 
continued the tripudiary augurations.” — Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

au -gured, pa.par. & a. [Augur, v.] 
t au'-gur-er, s. [Eng. augur; -er.] The same- 
as Augur (q. v.). 

“ And the persuasion of his augurers, 

May hold him from the Capitol to-day.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, ii. 1. 
au-giir -I-al, a. [In Sp. augurial; Lat. au- 
gurialis, for augur alls.] Pertaining or relating to 
augury. 

“On this foundation were built the conclusions of 
soothsayers in their augurial and tripudiary divina¬ 
tions.”— Browne. 

au'-gur-in g, pr. par & a. [Augur, v.] 

“ The people love me, and the sea is mine; 

My power’s a crescent, and my auguring hope 
Says, it will come to the full.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. L 

au -gur-Ist, s. [Lat. augur, and Eng. suff. -tsf.}- 
One who practices angury ; an augur. 

*au'-gur-ize, v. t. [Lat. augur, and Eng. suff. 
-ize.] To augur. {Johnson.) 

au-gur-ous, a. [Lat. augur, and Eng. suff. -ouj?.{ 
Full of augury ; prescient, presaging, foreboding. 

“ So fear’d 

The fair-man’d horses, that they flew back, and their 
chariots turn’d, 

Presaging in their augurous hearts the labors that they 
mourn’d.” Chapman: Iliad. 

au gur ship, s. [Lat. augur, and Eng. suff. 
-.ship .] The office or dignity of an augur. 

“. . . though it is true that in the augnrship nobility- 
was more respected than age.”— Bacon: Hist, of Life and: 
Death (1658). ( Richardson.) 

au -gur-y, *au'-gur-Ie, s. [In Fr. augure; O.Fr. 
aiir, whence in Mod. Fr. comes via,thenr =misfortu n » 
=01d Fr. mal aiir; in Lat. malum augur u m =ev il 
augury. In Sp. aguSro; from Prov. augior, augur 
=an amen ; Port. & Ital. augurio; Ger. & Lat. au- 
gurium; from avts=bird, and gm.r=telling. Gur 
appears again in Lat. garrio=to chatter, and gar- 
rwiRS=chatteriug, and is from Sansc. gur and gri= 
to shout. {Max Milller: Science of Language, 6th 
ed., vol. ii., 1871, pp. 265, 266.).] 

I. The act or practice of pretending to prognosti 
cate future events. 

1 . After the manner of the old Roman college oi 
augurs [Augur], namely, by noting the flight or 
singing of particular birds; the avidity or otherwise- 
with which the sacred chickens devoured their 
food (!); the movements of quadrupeds; and the- 
occurrence of lightning, thunder, or both, in par¬ 
ticular parts of the sky. 

“ . . . and they inquired of the gods by augury to 
know which of them should give his name to the city.”— 
Arnold: Hist. Rome, ch. i. 

2 . In any other way. 

“The very children who pressed to see him pass ob¬ 
served, and long remembered, that his look was sad and 
full of evil augury.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch v 

fll. The state of being augured. 

III. That which is augured ; an omen ; a prognos¬ 
tication ; a prophecy; a vaticination. 

“If such thy will, dispatch from yonder sky 
Thy sacred bird, celestial augury!” 

Pope. Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiv., 381-2. 


b^il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph - f. 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -turns, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 






aumone 


august 

au-gust’, a. [In Fr. auguste; Lat. augustus= 
<1) sacred, venerable, (2) majestic, august; either 
from augeo=to cause to increase, or from augur. 
A title given by the Roman Senate to Octavianus 
when confirming him in the imperial dignity.] 
Sacred, majestic; fitted to inspire reverence; not to 
be touched without awe. Used— 

1. Of royal or princely personages: 

“Her Majesty, and three, at least, of her august daugh¬ 
ters, were amongst the subscribers to the fund.”— De 
•Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 26. 

2. Of anything appertaining to such dignitaries: 

“He was far too wise a man not to know, when he con¬ 
sented to shed that august blood [that of Charles I.], that 
he was doing a deed which was inexpiable.”— Macaulay : 
Mist. Eng., oh. i. 

3. In a more general sense, of anything grand and 
magnificent; 

“ And still let man his fabrics rear, 

August in beauty, grace, and strength.” 

Remans: Ivy Song. 

4. Of the Divine Being or His arrangements for 
the government of the universe: 

“ Th.e trumpet—will it sound, the curtain rise. 

And show th’ august tribunal of the skies.” 

Cowper. Retirement. 

Au-gust, s. [In Dan. & Ger. August; Sw. 
Augusti; Dan Augustus, Oogst; Fr. Ao&t; Sp. and 
Ital. Agosto; Lat. Augustus, from Augustus, the 
first Roman emperor.] 

1. Formerly: Tho sixth month of the old Alban or 
Latin year, which began with March and not with 
January. At first it was called in consequence 
Bextilis, from sexGts=the sixth. Afterward the 
senate altered that name into Augustus, in honor 
of Augustus Csesar, the first Roman emperor, who 
during this month was created consul, three times 
over obtained triumphs, subdued Egypt, and termi¬ 
nated the civil war. 

2. Noiv: The eighth month of the year in this and 
other parts of the Christian world. 

“ August was dedicated to the honor of Augustus 
Oresar, because in the same month he was created consul, 
thrice triumphed in Rome, subdued Egypt to the Roman 
empire, and made an end of civil wars; being before 
called Sextilis, or the sixth from March.”— Peacham. 

Au-gus-tfin (1), a. [Lat. Augustamis.] Per¬ 
taining to Augustus Csesar. As literature in an¬ 
cient Rome reached its highest development during 
the reign of Augustus Csesar, the expression “ the 
Augustan age ” of literature in any country means 
the age in which it is at its highest point. 

“ The Genius of the Augustan age 
His head among Rome’s ruins rear’d.” 

Cowper: On the Author of “ Letters on Literature.” 

Au-gus-tfin (2), a. [From Augusta, the old 
Roman name of Augsburg, in Bavaria.] Pertain¬ 
ing to Augsburg. 

Augustan Confession. 

Theology and Church History: What is now com¬ 
monly known as the Augsburg Confession (q. v.). 

Au -gus-tine§, Au-gfis-tlD.§, s. pi. [ From 
Augustine .] [Augustinians.] 

Au gus-tin’M-an, a. & s. [From Augustine or 
St. Augustine, the very eminent theologian and 
Christian father, born at Tagaste, in Numidia, on 
November 13, A. D. 354; a presbyter of Hippo 
Regius (now Bona, in Algeria) from 391; and finally 
bishop of the same Hippo from 395 to his death on 
August 28, 430.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to St. Augustine. 

Augustinian Canons regular: Canons whose 

mode of life was regulated by what was considered 
to be the rule of St. Augustine. [Canons.1 ( Mos - 
heim: Church Hist., Cent, xi., pt. ii., ch. ii. § 29.) 

Augustinian Eremites: The same as Augustin- 
IAns [B.,2 (q. v.).] (Ibid., Cent, xiii., pt. ii., ch. ii., 
§§ 22, 23.) 

B. As substantive: 

I. Gen.: Any follower of Augustine. 

II. Spec. ( Plural ) : 

1. Those who follow Augustine in his views of the 
doctrines of grace, which were essentially what are 
now called Calvinistic. 

2. An order of monks called after Augustine. 
Other English designations for them are Augustines 
or Augustins, and they are also sometimes called 
Augustinian Eremites, or simply Eremites. They 
were formed into an order by Alexander IV., in 1256, 
he having required various societies of Eremites— 
■of which some followed the rules of William the 
Eremite, and others those of St. Augustine—to unite 
into one body. When, in 1272, the orders of Mendi¬ 
cants were reduced by Pope Gregory X. to four, the 
Augustinians were one of these four. They are the 
same that are called Austin friars. Their garb is 
black. 

au-gus -tl-ous, a. [August a.] The same as 
August (q. v.). 


328 

au-gust-ly, adv. [Eng. august; -ly.] In an 
august manner; in a highly dignified manner; in a 
manner to inspire veneration or awe. 

au-gust'-ness, [Eng. august; -ness.] The char¬ 
acteristic of being august; dignity, venerableness. 

*auht, *auhte, *aght, (O. Eng.), *aucht 
(Scotch) (gh and ch guttural), a. [A. S . eahta= 
eight.] Eight. [Aght, Eight.] (Rob. de Brunne, 

p. 122.) 

*auht (h guttural), s. [Aght, Aht.] Properly. 
(S. in Boucher.) 

*auht'-end, (h guttural), a. [A. S. eahta-tyne 
^eighteenth.] 

“ In bis auhtend year.” 

Rob. de Brunne, p. 83. (S. in Boucher.) 

a irk (in Provinc. Eng. alk), s. [Icel .aulka; Sw. 
allca—'A puffin: Dan. alke; Ger. alk; Mod. Lat. 
alca.] [Alca.] The name given to several sea¬ 
birds, especially the Great and the Little Auk. 

1. The Great Auk is the Alca impennis of Lin- 
nteus. [Alca, Alcid®.] It is from two to two and 
a-half feet high, with short wings almost useless 
for flight. In the water, however, it makes way 
with astonishing rapidity. It is essentially a North¬ 
ern bird. It seems to be rapidly verging to extinc¬ 
tion. Its bones left behind show that it was formerly 
abundant on the shores of Iceland, Greenland, and 
Denmark. (Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 57, 
and other works.) 



The Razor-Bill (Alca Torda). 


2. The Little Ank of Pennant and others, called 
also the Common Rotche, and the little White and 
Black Diver, is the Mergulus melanoleucos of Yar- 
rell’s British Birds, the M. alle of Carpenter and 
Dallas, and the Alca alle of Linnaeus. It has the 
breast, the belly, a dot above the eyes, and a stripe 
on the wing, white ; the rest of the plumage black. 
Its length is nine inches, and the extent of its wings 
sixteen. Its dimensions are thus about those of a 
large pigeon. It nestles in holes or crevices on the 
bare rocks, laying one bluish-green egg. It is 
abundant in the Arctic seas. It is found also in 
Great Britain. 

3. One of the English names given to a bird, the 
Razor-bill (Alca torda). 

King of the Auks: A Scotch name for the Great 
Auk (Alca impennis). [See No. 1.] 

fauk-ward, a. [Awkwakd.] 

faul, s. [Awl.] 

au'-lfi, «• [lu Sp., Lat., &c., aula. In Gr. aule— 
(1) a courtyard or its wall; (2) the court or quad¬ 
rangle around which the house itself was built; (3) 
any court or hall; (4) (later) the court, or aula 
regia. ] 

1. A court baron. ( Spelman.) 

2. In some old ecclesiastical writings: The nave 
of a cburch. 

3. A. regia or regis: _ A court established by 
William the Conqueror in his own hall, and com¬ 
prised of the great officers of state usually attendant 
on his person. It was ultimately transferred to 
Westminster Hall. 

au'-lse-um, s. [Lat. aulceum; Gr. aulaia= . . . 
a curtain; tapestry.] 

*Bot.: A term sometimes applied by Linneeus to 
a corolla. 

au-la'r-I-fin, a. & s. [In Sp. & Ital. aula = a 
royal palace; Lat. aula; Gr. aule=the front court 
of a Grecian house.] 

1. As adjective. Pertaining to a hall. (Smart, 
Worcester, &c.) 

2. As substantive. In Oxford University: The 
member of a hall as distinguished from a collegian. 

“Dr. Adams [principal of Magdalen Hall] made a little 
speech, and entertained the vice-chancellor and aularians 
with a glass of wine.” —Life of A. Wood, p. 383. 

au’-lax, s. [Gr. aulax— a furrow, in allusion to 
the furrows on the under side of the leaves in one 
species.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
ProteaceEe, or Proteads. The species consist of 
pretty shrubs, with narrow leaves. 


auld, a. [A. S. aid, eald. ] Old. [Old.] 

*1. (Formerly English.) 

“’Tis pride that pulls the country down : 

Then take thine auld cloak about thee.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 3. 

2. (Now only Scotch.) 

“Half the people of the barony know that their poor 
auld laird is somewhere here about.”— Scott: Waverley, 
ch. Ixv. 

auld-farrant, a. Sagacious. 

“This auld man, Ochiltree, is very skeely and auld-far * 
rant about mony things.”— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xlii. 

auld lang syne. [Scotch a«ki=Eng. old: lang 
=long; S2/we=since.] Long, long ago; referring to 
the time when friends now in full maturity, if not 
even beginning to decline, were boys accustomed to 
play together. 

“But seas between us braid ha’e roar’d. 

Sin’ auld lang syne.” — Bums: Auld Lang Syne. 
Burns’ “ Auld Lang Syne ” is sung at the close of 
all Scottish entertainments the world over, and 
nowhere with more zest and delight than in the 
United States. 

auld-warld, a. Old world; antique; belonging 
to a state of things which has now passed away. 
(Scotch.) 

an let’-ic, a. [Lat. auleticus; Gr. auletikos = 
suitable for a pipe or flute ; aulos— a flute or other 
wind instrument: ad, aemi, or aud =to blow.] Per¬ 
taining to the pipe or flute. (Johnson.) 

au'-lic, *au'-llck, a. & s. [In Fr. aulique; Sp., 
Port., & Ital. aulico; Lat. awh€«,s=pertaining to a 
princely court, princely ; Gr. aulikos=oi or for the 
court, colirtier like. In Ital. aula is=a royal pal¬ 
ace ; Lat. aula=(l) the front court of a Grecian 
house, (2) a palace, a castle, (3) princely power, (4) 
the court, courtiers; Gr. aule=(l) the open court 
before a house, or its wall. (2) (later) the court or 
quadrangle, (3) the hall or vestibule, or any cham¬ 
ber, (4) (latest of all), the court, courtiers. From 
ad, aemi— to blow—the court-yard being necessarily 
open to the wind.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to a royal court. 

If Aulic Council: 

(a) lu the old German empire, the name formerly 
given to the personal council of the emperor, as 
contradistinguished from the imperial chamber, 
which was the supreme court of the empire. It 
ceased when the emperor died, but a fresh one was 
immediately called into existence by his successor. 
The supercession of the German empire by the con¬ 
federation of the Rhine, established under the 
auspices of Napoleon I. in 1806, terminated the old 
Aulic Council. 

(b) A council at Vienna, established for the man¬ 
agement of the military affairs of Austria. 

B. As substantive. At the Sorbonne, and some 
foreign universities: The ceremony observed when 
one receives the degree of Doctor of Divinity. First 
an oration is addressed to him by the Chancellor of 
the University, then ho receives the cap, and finally 
presides at the disputation. While the term aulic 
is used generally of the whole ceremony, it is spe¬ 
cially to the disputation that it is applied. 

taul-nage, s. [Alnage.] 
taul'-n&g-er, s. [Alnagee.] 

*auln, *aulne (l silent), s. [Aune.] 
aulned (l silent), n. [Apparently altered from 
Awn (a. v.).] 

Heraldry: Awned, bearded. (Used of ears of 
corn.) 

aul'-pp-us, s. [Gr. aulos= a flute, and pous— a 
foot.] A genus of fishes belonging to the family 
Salmonidae. 

au-los -tom'-a, au-lSs'-tom-us, s. [Gr. aulos= 
a flute, and sfoma=mouth. Flute-mouthed ] A 
genus of spiny-finned fishes, of the family Fistular- 
idee. Like the rest of the family, the snout ends in 
a tube. The only known species is from the Indian 
Ocean. 

au-lo-stom'-i dse. s. pi. [Mod. Lat. aulostom(a), 
and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] [Fistularid®.] 
*aul'-ter, s. [Altar.] The same as Altar 
(q. v.). 

*£Lur-tr3,ge, *aul'-ter-fige, s. [Altarage.] The 
same as Altekage (q. v.). (Scotch.) 

*auXtnail, *au'-mayl, v. t. [Amel, v.] 
*au'-mayld, pa. par. [Aumail.] 

*aum -ble, *aum-bel. [Amble.] 

*aum'-bry. [Ambry.] 

aume, s. The same as Aam (q. v.). 

*au-men-er, *au'-mere, s. [Fr. aumonier— an 
almoner.] An almoner. 

*au'-m 8 ne, s. [Fr. aumdne=ahns, charity.] 

Law: A tenure by which lands are given in alms 
to some church or religious house. 


fate, fat. Fare, fimidst, -what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
cr wore, vQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, te, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 








auricula 


auncenyd 

*aun -ggn-yd, *awn -schen-yd, a. [Ancient.] 
Antiquated. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*aun'-ge-tre (tre as ter), s. The same as Ances¬ 
tor (q. v.). 

*aun-ge-try, s. Old spelling of Ancestry (q. v.). 

aune, *aulne, s. [Fr. aune, aulne; Lat. ulna— 
(1) the elbow, (2) the arm, (3) an ell.] 

. Formerly: A French measure for cloth, varying 
in length in different places. At Rouen it was = 1 
English ell, at Calais=l - 52, at Lyons=r061, and at 
Paris=0'95. 

Now: The mitre has taken its place. 

*aun-gel, *aun'-gil. Old forms of Angel. 

“And. as an aungel lad him up and doun.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,260-1. 

“ At Lucifer, though he an aungil were, 

And nought a man, at him wil I bygynne.” 

Ibid., 15,485-6. 

aunt, *aunte (au=a), s. [In Ger. & Fr. tante; 
O. Fr. ante; Prov. amda, from Lat. amita= aunt by 
the father’s side, that by the mother’s side being 
quite a different word, viz., matertera.] 

I. Lit.: The sister of one’s father or mother. 
[Auntie.] 

“ Who meets us here? my niece Plantagenet, 

Led in the hand of her kind aunt of Glos’ter.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. 1. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. In a good, sense: A kindly epithet for an elderly 
woman of no kinship to the speaker, as uncle was for 
an elderly man. 

,11 Modryle and Ewytlr— aunt and uncle, are used 
similarly in Welsh. ( Barnes: Early England and 
the Saxon English, p. 135.) 

2. In a bad sense: A cant term for a woman of bad 
character, whether prostitute or procuress. ( Nares.) 
{Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, iv. 3.) 

*aun’-ter, *aun'-tre (0. Eng.) (tre as ter), 
*an-ter, *auntyr (tyr as tlr) ( Provinc .), s. 
[Oontr. from Fr. aventure= an adventure.] 

1. An adventure. 

2. Fortune. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

“ Fro Nabugodonosor the kyng that him hade, 

Called this paleis ‘ Auntres,’ and forsothe seide.” 

Joseph of Arimathie (ed. Skeat), 319-20. 

*aun-ter, *aun'-tre (tre as ter), v. t.&i. [From 
Fr. aventurer= to venture, to risk.] To venture, to 
dare; to encounter danger, to incur risk. 

“ Unhardy is unsely, as men saith, 

I wol arise, and auntre it, in good faith.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,207-8. 

*aun-ter-ous, *aun-trous, *an'-ter-ous, a. 

[Abbreviated from adventurous (q. v.)]. Adven¬ 
turous, courageous, enterprising. [Aunter.] 

“ And for he was a knyght auntrous.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,317. 

aun’-tle (au=a), s. [Eng. aunt; and dimin. -ie.] 
A familiar name for an aunt. , {Eng. and Scotch.) 

“I wad get my mither bestowed wi’ her auld graning 
tittie, Auntie Meg, in the Gallowgate o’ Glasgow.”— Scott: 
Old Mortality, ch. xiv. 

H It is also a familiar name for an old negress. 

♦aun’-tre (tre as ter),^s. & v. t. [Aunter.] 

*aun -trous, a. [Auntekous.] 

A game common at county fairs. It consists in 
attempts to knock a pipe from the mouth of a pup¬ 
pet head placed on a pole ; the name is also applied 
to the puppet head. 

*au-on'ge, v. t. [A. S. afon= to receive, pa. par. 
afongen, afangen.] [Afonge.] 

“Bede him that ich deie mote and the oile of mylce 
auonge.”—The Holy Rode (ed. Morris), 44. 

*au-0'te, adv. [Eng. a — on; vote = foot.] On 
foot. [Afoot.] 

au-rh, s. [In Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. aura; Gr. 
aura= air in motion, a breeze; *ad, aemi= to blow, 
and aub= to shout ... to roar; Sansc. vd or wd 
— to blow.] 

I. Oen.: Any subtle, invisible fluid, gaseous, or 
other material emanation from a body, as an efflu¬ 
vium ; the aroma of flowers. 

II. Specially: 

1. Electricity. Electric Aura; A so-called elec¬ 
tric fluid emanating from an electrified body, and 
forming what has been called an electric atmos¬ 
phere around it. 

2. Med. Epileptic Aura {A. epileptica, or simply 
dura): A sensation as if a current of air, a stream 
of water, or a slight convulsive tremor ascended 
from a r>art of the body, or of the extremities, to 
the head, on reaching which the patient falls down 
in a fit of epilepsy. (Dr. J. Gheyne: Cycl. Pract. 
Med.,Y ol. ii., p. 86.) 

au'-rgd (1), a. [Lat. aura; and Eng. suff. -ah] 
Pertaining to the air. {Maunder.) 


329 

au'-ral (2), a. [From Lat. awris=the ear. Per¬ 
taining to the ear. 

au’-r<i-llte, s. [In Ger. auralit; from aura (?), 
and lithos— stone.] A mineral; according to the 
British Museum Catalogue, a variety of Dichroite; 
but according to Dana, the same as Fahlunite 
(q.v.). Borsdorff called it Hydrous Iolite. It is from 
Abo, in Finland, 

au-ran-ti-a'-ge-ge, s. [From Mod. Lat. auran- 
tium, the specific name of the orange {Citrus 
aurantium), the remoter derivation apparently 
being aurans, genit. aurantis, pr. par. of auro= to 
gild; aurum= gold, referring to the fine yellow 
color of the fruit.] 

Bot.: An order of plants, classed by Lindley in 
his Rutales, or Rutal Affiance. They have from 
three to five petals, stamina the same in number, or 
twice as many, or some multiple of the petals, 
hypogynous. The fruit is pulpy, and is many- 
celled. It, with the rest of the plant, is covered 
with an abundance of oily receptacles. The leaves, 
which are alternate, are often compound, fre¬ 
quently with the petiole winged. There is no genus 
Aurantium (see etym.). The typical one is Citrus, 
which contains the orange, the lemon, the lime, &c. 
[Citrus.] In 1847 Dr. Lindley estimated the known 
species of Aurantiaceae at ninety-five, nearly all 
from India. 

au -rate, a. & s. [In Ital. aurato; from Lat. 
auratus=gilt, pa. par. of auro=to gild, from aurum 
=gold.] 

A. As adjective: Of a golden yellow hue; a pure 
bright yellow, duller than lemon-color. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Horticul.: A kind of pear. 

2. Chem.: Auric oxide in combination with an 
alkali. {Fownes: Chem., lUth ed., p. 421.) 

IT There are aurates of potash, of ammonia, &c. 

au -ra-ted (1), a. [In Ital. aurato; Lat. auratus 
=gilt, from aurum=g old.] [Aurate.] 

1. Ord. Lang, and Science generally: Containing 
gold ; gilded, or resembling gold in color. 

2. Chem.: Combined with auric acid. [Auric.] 

au'-ra-ted (2), a. [From Lat. aim's=the ear.] 

Eared. 

aure (au-ra), a. [O. Fr.] Bestrewed with 
golden drops. {Gloss, of Her., 1847.) 

au'-re-ate {Eng. and Scotch), *aw -re-ate 
(Scotch), a. [Lat. aureatus= adorned with gold.] 

“ Amidis ane rank tre lurkis a golden beach 
With aureate leuis and flexibel twistis teuch.” 

Douglas: Virg., 167, 42. 

au-re -li-a, s. [In Sp. aurelia—a. pupa, chry¬ 
salis; Lat. aureha=pupa of a golden color, from 
aurum.=go\<\. Several Roman ladies were called 
Aurelia.] 

Entom.: A chrysalis ; a pupa. [Chrysalis.] 

“ The solitary maggot, found in the dry heads of 
teasel, is sometimes changed into the aurelia of a butter¬ 
fly, sometimes into a fly-Gase.”— Ray: On the Creation. 

au-re -li- 9 .il, a. & s. [Lat. aurelia (q.v.), and 
Eng. suff. -an.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to an aurelia. {Hum¬ 
phreys.) 

B. As substantive: One who studies butterflies. 

“Few butterflies are greater favorites with aurelians 

than this [White Admiral].”— Jardine: Naturalist’s 
Library, xxxix. 1. 

au-re-Q-la, s. [In Fr. aureole; Port, aureola; 
from Lat. aureolus = golden ; aureus = golden ; 
aurum = gold.] The circle of rays with which 
painters surround the head of Christ and the 
saints. Trench is in error when he says that this 
word is in nonoof the Dictionaries. It is in Wobster, 
ed. 1848. The Archbishop says that the following 
citation from Donne should be inserted with it:— 
“ Because in their translation, in the Vulgate edi¬ 
tion of the Roman Catholic Church, they [the 
Roman Catholics] find in Exod. xxv. 25 that word 
aureolam. Facies coronam aureolam, ‘ Thou 
shalt make a lesser crown of gold;’ out of this 
diminutive and mistaken word they have estab¬ 
lished a doctrine that, besides these coronce aurece, 
those crowns of gold which are communicated to 
all the saints from the crown of Christ, some saints 
have made to themselves, and produced out of 
their own extraordinary merits, certain aureolas, 
certain lesser crowns of their own . . . And 

these aureolas they ascribe only to three sorts of 
persons — to Virgins, to Martyrs, to Doctors.” 
Donne: Sermon, 73.) {Trench: On some Def. in our 
Eng. Diet., p. 42.) 

au’-ric, a. [From Lat. aurum=gold. and Eng. 
suff. -ic.] 

A. Ordinary Language: Of gold; having more or 
less of gold in its composition, or in any way per¬ 
taining to gold. 


B. Science generally: 

Chem.: With gold as one of its constituent ele¬ 
ments. In auric compounds the gold is trivalent» 
while in aurous compounds it is univalent. There- 
are auric sulphides, chlorides, anoxides, bromides,, 
and iodides. If alloys of gold be dissolved in nitro- 
muriatic acid, and a ferrous salt be added, the pure- 
metal will be pricipitated. The chief tests for gold 
in solution are ferrous sulphate and what is called 
“ purple of Cassius.” 

Auric chloride or trichloride of gold (AUCI 3 ) is 
formed when gold is dissolved in nitro-muriatic 
acid, forming a yellow solution. It crystallizes with 
hydrochloric acid, which it gives off on heating, 
forming a red crystalline mass of AuCL. Auric 
chloride is very deliquescent, soluble in water, 
alcohol, and ether: it forms double salts, as 
NaCl,AuCle, 2 H 20 , a double chloride of sodium and 
gold. 

Auric oxide (AU 2 O 3 ) is obtained by adding mag¬ 
nesia to auric chloride, and digesting the precipitate 
with nitric acid. Auric oxide is a chestnut-brown 
powder, reduced to metallic gold by heat, or by 
exposure to light. Auric oxide is soluble in strong 
nitric acid, and easily dissolved by hydrochloric or 
hydrobromic acids. It is soluble in alkalies. By 
digesting it in ammonia it forms fulminating gold. 
Its salts, with alkalies, are called aurates. 

Auric sulphide (AU 2 S 3 ) is formed when hydrogen 
sulphide (H 2 S) is passed into a cold dilute solution 
of auric chloride. It is yellow-brown, and is soluble 
in ammonium sulphide. 

au-rl-chal'-glte, s. [From Lat. aurichalcum » 
better spelled orichalcum; Gr. oretc/iaifcos=yellow 
copper ore, also the brass made from it; oreios— 
mountainous; oros= a mountain, and chalkos= ( 1 ) 
copper, (2) bronze, (3) brass.] A mineral placed by 
Dana under the fourth section of his Hydrous- 
Carbonates. It occurs in acicular crystals, forming- 
drusy incrustations; also columnar, plumose, 
granular, or laminated. Its luster is pearly; its- 
color, pale-green, or sometimes azure. The hard¬ 
ness is 2 . The composition: Oxide of copper, 16'03 
to 32’5 ; oxide of zinc, 32’02 to 56'82; carbonic acid, 
14‘08 to 24 - 69; water, 9'93 to lO'SO; lime, 0 to 8’62. It 
is found in England at Roughten Gill, in Cumber¬ 
land ; at Leadhills, in Lanarkshire ; in Spain, Asia, 
and America. Buratite, by some called lime - 
auriclialcite, occurs in France and in Austro- 
Hungary. 

au -ri-cle (cle=kel), s. [In Fr. auricule; from 
Lat. auricula—the external ear, dimin. of auris= 
the ear.] Anything shaped like an ear. (Used, 
spec., in Anatomy.) 

1. Auricle of the ear: The pinna or external por¬ 
tion of the ear, consisting of helix, anthelix, concha, 
tragus, &c. 

“ The auricles of the ear act like an acoustic instrument 
to collect, increase, and pass to the internal ear the sounds- 
which reach it from without.”— Todd <Sb Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. ii., pp. 66, 89. 

2. Auricles of the heart: Those two of the four 
cavities of the heart which are much smaller than 
the others, and each of which, moreover, has falling 
down upon its external face a flattened appendage, 
like the ear of a dog, from which the name of the 
whole structure is derived. The right auricle has a 
communication with the right ventricle, and the 
left auricle with the left ventricle. The two auricles 
are irregular, cuboidal, muscular bags, separated 
from each other by a thin fleshy partition. The- 
main portion of each consists of what is called the 
sinus venoms, into which the veins pour their blood. 

( Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 333, &c.) 

“The part of the heart which receives is called the 
auricle or receiving cavity: and this opens into the ven¬ 
tricle or propelling cavity.” — Beale: Bioplasm (1872). p 24 
§40. 

au'-ri-cled (cled = keld), a. [Eng. auricl{e); 
-ed.] 

1 . Gen.: Eared; possessing ears. 

2. Bot.: Possessing two small lobed appendages, 
like minute ears, at the base of the leaf, as in Salvict 
officinalis. It is called also auriculate; in Lat. 
auriculatus. 

au-ric -o-mous, a. [Lat. aurum = gold, and 
co/na=hair.] Having the quality of rendering the 
hair golden hued. 

au-ric'-u-la, s. [In Dan. & Ger. aurikel; Fr. 
auricule; Lat. auricula=a little ear. Sometimes 
called Bear’s Ear.] 

1. Ord. Lang. & Horticul.: A well-known and 
beautiful garden flower, the Primula auricula. It 
is a native of the Alpine districts of Italy, Switzer¬ 
land, and Germany, and occurs also m Astrakhan. 
In its wild state its colors are generally yellow and 
red, more rarely purple, and occasionally variegated 
or mealy. A still greater variety of colors has been 
introduced by cultivation. 

“ From the soft wing of vernal breezes shed, 
Anemonies; auriculas, enriched 
With shining meal.” Thomson: Spring, 537. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghm, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = shun, -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dgL 



auricula 


330 


aurum 


2. Zool.: A genus of pulmoniferous mollusks, the 
typical one of the family Auriculidae (q. y.). They 
are found chiefly in the brackish swamps of trop¬ 
ical islands. Tate, in 1875, enumerated ninety-four 
recent and twenty-eight fossil species, the latter 
apparently Neocomian in age. There are several 
-sub-genera. 

auricula Judse. The typical species of the 
•genus Auricula. It occurs in mangrove and other 
swamps. 

auricula Midse. The Voluta Anris Midce (Linn.), 
tthe Midas’ ear-shell. It comes from tropical Asia 
-or the Asiatic Archipelago. 

au-rlc'-\l-lar, a. [In Fr. auriculaire (adj.); Sp. 
■'& Port, auricular; Ital. auricolare, auriculare 
■(adj.); Lat. awricwfaris=belonging to the ear; 
•auricula=a little ear, dimin. of auris— an ear.] 

A. Ordinary Language; 

I. Lit. Of the ear: 

1. Pertaining to the ear or any part of it. 

2. Heard by the ear; depending upon the ear. 

“ Edm. If your honor judge it meet, I will place you 
where you shall hear us confer of this, and by an auricular 
assurance have your satisfaction . . .”— Shakesp.: King 
Lear, i. 2. 

3. Whispered in the ear; secret. [B., II.] 

4. Passing from ear to ear; traditional. 

“ The alchymists call in many varieties out of astrology, 

* miricular traditions, and feigned testimonies.”— Bacon. 

til. Fig.: Of anything ear-like in shape. [B.,1.2.] 

B. Technically: 

1. Anatomy: 

tl. Pertaining to the ear. 

2. Pertaining to anything ear-like. Spec., per¬ 
taining to the two auricles, or to one or other of the 
auricles of the heart. 

“ The auricular septum, however, remains incomplete 
through foetal life.”— Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., 
wol. ii., p. 604. 

“ Auricular appendage, or proper auricle: That portion 
■of each of the auricles of the heart which resembles an 
•ear.”— Ibid., p. 834. 

II. Theology, Church History, &c. Auricular Con- 
fession: Confession of sin privately made to a 
priest, with the view of obtaining absolution. 

“ Shall auricular confession be retained or not retained 
in the Church ?”— Froude: Hist. Eng., 2d ed., vol. iii., ch. 
xvi., p. 384. 

au-rlc -u-lar-ljf, adv. [Eng. auricular; suff. 
-lyJ] By means of whispering in the ear; secretly. 

“These will soon confess, and that not auricularly, but 
in a loud and audible voice.”— Dr. H. More: Decay of 
Piety. 

au-rlc-u-late, au-ric’-u-la-ted, adj. [Mod. 
Lat. auriculatus; from auricula = a little ear, 
ffimin. of auris=an ear.] 

I. Generally. Biol.: Having actual ears, or with 
appendages like ears. 

II. Specially: 

1. Zoology: 

(a) Of the Vertebrata (chiefly of the form auricu- 
lated): Eared; with the ears so conspicuous as to 
■require notice in a description. 

(b) Of the Mollusca {chiefly of the form auric- 
nlate): Eared; that is, with a projecting ear¬ 
shaped process on either side of the apex of the 
shell. Example, the genus Pecten. 

2 . Bot. {of either form): Eared: having at the base 
•two small appendages shaped like ears. (Applied 
chiefly to leaves.) The same as Aubicled. Ex¬ 
ample, Jasminum auriculatum. ( Lindley, Loudon, 
*&c.) 

au-ric-u-lld'-ae, s. pi, [From the typical genus 
Auricula (q. v.).] 

Zool.: A family of Gasteropodous Mollusks be¬ 
longing to the order Pulmonifera, and to the section 
Inoperculata. They have spiral shells, of which 
the body-whorl is large and the aperture elongated 
and denticulated. They frequent salt marshes, 
damp hollows, and places overflowed by the sea. 

au-rlc -U-lo-, in compos. [From Lat. auricula.'] 
Auricle. 

auriculo-ven.tricu.lar orifice. The orifice 
through which the blood passes from the auricle 
into the ventricle. It is guarded on either side by 
valves. {Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., 
p. 333.) 

au-rif-er-ous, a. [In Fr. aurif&re; Sp. & Port. 
aurifero; Lat. auriferj from aurum=gold, and fero 
=to bear.] Gold-bearing; producing gold. 

"Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays.” 

Thomson: Summer, 648. 

auriferous native silver. A mineral, called 
also Kiistelite (a. v.). It passes gradually into 
argentiferous gold. 


auriferous pyrites, auriferous pyrite. A 

species of pyrites containing gold. It is generally 
found in quartz rock with gold in other forms, and 
is the most abundant of all the minerals there 
associated with the gold. (Dana.) 

au-rif-1c, a. [Lat. ftur«m=gold, and facio= to 
make.] Having the power of changing other sub¬ 
stances into gold. ( Southey: The Doctor, ch. 
clxxxvi.) 

au -ri-flamme, s. [In Port, auriflamma.] [Ori- 

FLAMME.] 

au'-ri-form, a. [ Lat, auris = ear, and forma — 
form.] Formed like an ear. 

Au-rl -ga, s. [Sp. & Lat. auriga = a wagoner, 
from aurea = a bridle, and ago—to drive ... to 
manage.] 

1. Astron.: One of the ancient northern constella¬ 
tions, the Wagoner. 

2. Anat.: The fourth lobe of the liver. {Quincy.) 
8 . Surg.: A bandage for the sides. {Quincy.) 
au-rl'-gal, a- [Lat. aurigalis.] Pertaining to a 

wagoner or charioteer. (Bulwer.) 

au-ri-ga -tion, s. [Lat . aurigatio.] The act or 
practice of driving a carriage. {De Quincey.) 

au-rig’-ra-phy, s. [Lat. aurum=g old, and Gr. 
grapho— to write.] The act or process of writing 
with gold in place of ink. 

*Au-ri-mont, s. [Lat. auri — of gold, genit. of 
aurum = gold; mons : genit. montis — a mount, a 
mountain.] An imagined mountain of gold. 

au -rln, s. [From Lat. aurum=gold, and suff. 
-in, the same as -ine (q. v.).] 

Chem.: C 20 H 14 O 3 . An aromatic compound, pre¬ 
pared by heating phenol, C§Hs(OH), with oxalic 
acid and sulphuric acid. It is used as a dye under 
the name of corallin or rosolic acid. It crystallizes 
from alcohol in red needles, which are soluble in 
alkalies. 

*au-rl-pig'-ment, * au-rl-pig-men'-tum, s. 
[Lat. auripiqmentum: auri = of gold, genit. of 
aurum — gold, and pigmentum = a pigment, from 
pingo=to paint. Named from its brilliant yellow 
color, and from the old idea, now known to be 
erroneous, that it contains gold.] 

Min.: Orpiment, the sesquisulphuret of arsenic. 
[Orpiment.] 

“Alchemy is made of copper and auripigmentum .”— 
Bacon: Physiol. Bern. 

“ Red alchemy is made of copper and auripigment .”— 
Ibid., § 7. 

au -ri-scalp, fiu-rl-scal'-pl-um, s. [Lat. auri- 
scalpium: auris— the ear, and scalpo= to scrape.] 
*1. An ear-pick. 

*2. Surgery: A probe. 

au-rlst, s. [Lat. auris = an ear.] One whose 
special study is the ear, and who is therefore an 
authority in the diseases to which it is liable. 
(Ash.) 

au-rl -ted, a. [Lat. auritus .] 

1 . Zool.: Eared ; furnished with ears, or with ear¬ 
shaped appendages. 

2. Bot.: Eared; furnished with lobes resembling 
ears. Not differing essentially from Aubicled and 
Auriculate (q. v.). 

flu -rl-um, s. [Lat., genit. pi. of auris= an ear.] 
Med. Aurium tinnitus: Tingling of the ears, i. e., 
in the ears. 

au-rochs, s. [Ger. urochs; from (1) •unoriginal, 
and (2) ochs= an ox; ure-ox, that is, original ox. 
Ur is Latinized into urus (Coesar: De Bell. Gall., 
vi. 28). In Fr. bce.uf urus.) The English and very 
nearly the German name of the Aurochs fossile of 
Cuvier, the Bos urus of some other writers, now 
called Bison priscus. It belongs to the order Ru- 
minantia and the family Bovidae. It is a species of 
ox, with a shaggy coat and mane, found by the 
Romans in the forests of Germany and Belgium, 



Aurochs. 


and still existing in small numbers in Lithuania, 
being preserved by strict protective laws. In pre¬ 
historic times it must have existed in England, for 
its remains have been found in Newer Pliocene 
strata at Woolwich, at Ilford, and in the valley of 
the Thames. It is not to be confounded with the 
Urus of Caesar. The genus is almost extinct. 


Au-ro r-51, au-ro r-a, «• [In Ger., Sp., Port., 
Ital., & Lat. Aurora, aurora; Fr. Aurore, aurore. 
Mahn considers this as =aurea hora.= golden hour, or 
Gr. aurios hdra= Ll morning hour ” (“ morning time 
of day,” rather, the specific sense of “ hour ” being 
a late one); or, finally, from Sansc. ush&sa=the 
dawn. Smith derives aurora from a root ur— to 
burn. Compare with this Heb. ur and br=light, 
from or— to give light, to shine.] 

A. Of persons (of the form Aurora only). Roman 
Myth.: The goddess of the morning. She was some¬ 
times represented as drawn in a rosy-colored 
chariot by two horses. She appears as the fore¬ 
runner of the sun. 

If In some examples it is difficult to determine 
whether Aurora means this mythic female or only 
the dawn. 


“Soon as Aurora, daughter of the dawn, 
Sprinkled with roseate light the dewy lawn.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xvii., 1, 2. 
“Till on her eastern throne Aurora glows.” 

Ibid., bk. xix., 61. 

B. Of things (of either form) : 

1. Poetry: The dawn of day. 

“The morning planet told th’ approach of light, 
And, fast behind, Aurora’s warmer ray 
O’er the broad ocean pour’d the golden day.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiii., 281-3. 
“ His bosom of the hue 
With which Aurora decks the skies. 

When piping winds shall soon arise 
To sweep away the dew.” 

Cowper: Death of Mrs. Throckmorton's Bullfinch. 


2. Ord. Lang., Meteorol., dtc.: The generic term 
for that illumination of the night sky which is so 
common within the polar circles, and is called 
Aurora borealis or A. australis, according as it is 
seen near tl^e North or near the South Pole. The 
phenomenon is visible in North America in the 
autumn and winter. Sometimes the light is of the 
ordinary flame color; green has been more rarely 
observed. The shapes it assumes are infinite in 
number and very transient. 


“The amber midnight smiles in dreams of dawn.” 

Bayard Taylor. 

Sometimes there is an arch, in which case it. is 
placed at right angles to the magnetic meridian, 
showing its connection with magnetism. It affects 
electrical wires also: thus in France and elsewhere 
the aurora of August 30 and September 1, 1859, 
noiselessly worked the telegraphic needles and 
violently'rung the alarm-bells. The aurora fs 
believed to be produced by electric currents in the 
higher regions of the atmosphere. Its great eleva¬ 
tion above the earth is evident from the fact that 
the same aurora has been witnessed at the seme 
time in Moscow, Warsaw, Rome and Cadiz. 

3. Bot.: A species of Ranunculus. 


aurora australis. [Aurora (B., 2 .).] 
aurora borealis. [In Fr. aurore boriale; Sp. 
aurora boreal.] [Aurora (B., 2.).] 


au-ror -al, a. [Eng. auror(a); -al.] 

1. Pertaining to the dawn of day. 

“Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush.” 

Longfellow: The Studenfs Tola 

2. Pertaining to the Aurora, borealis, or to the A. 
australis, as an “ auroral arch.” 

au-ro-tel-liiT-Ite, s. [Lat. aurum=go\d ; tel¬ 
lurium (Mod. Lat.), the metal so called (q. v.); and 
Eng. suff. -ite.] A mineral, the same as Sylyanjtb 
( q. v.). 

au -rous, a. [From Lat. aurum=go\d.] 

1. Ordinary' Language: Full of gold; (more 
loosely) containing more or less of gold. 

2. Chem.: With gold univalent in its composition. 

IT The aurous compounds are of but little import¬ 
ance. Aurous chloride (AuCl) is prepared by heating 
the auric chloride (Au ' CL) to 227% till it ceases to 
give off chlorine. It is a yellowish mass, decomposed 
by water into metallic gold and auric chloride. 

Aurous oxide is formed when caustic potash solu¬ 
tion is poured on aurous chloride. It is a green 
powder, easily decomposed into metallic gold and 
auric oxide. 

Aurous sulphide (A 112 S) is a black-brown precipi¬ 
tate, formed when hydrogen sulphide is passed into 
a boiling solution of auric chloride. It is soluble in 
ammonium sulphide. 

au -rum, s. [Lat. aitrum, whence Fr., Gael.. & 
Ir. or; Wei. & Corn, aur; Sp. & Ital. oro; Port. 
ouro, oiro. The root is aur, wr=to burn, which 
occurs also in Lat. uro, supine ustum= to burn; Gr. 
auo= to dry, to kindle a fire; Sansc. ush. Mahn 
suggests O. Prussian ausas; Lith. auksas; Bis¬ 
cayan urrea— gold.] 

Chem.: A triatomic metallic element. It may be 
monatomic in the aurous compounds, which are 
quickly decomposed into metallic gold and auric 
salts. Symbol, Au; atomic weight, 197; sp. gr., 
19‘50; melting point, 1102 ° C. Gold is a soft yellow 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. qu = kw! 




anirum 


331 


austernly 


metal, both ductile and malleable. It dissolves in aus'-pic-fc-t&r-y, a. [Eng. auspicat(e); -ory.) 
nitro-muriatic acid, and it is obtained pure by Pertaining to auspices. ( Ogilvie .) 

precipitation from its solution by a ferrous salt. _, • a ■> „ 

TGoldj] The following are tests for aurum (gold) taus P 19 ® (sing.), aus pi 9 e § (pi.), s. [In Ger. 
in solution. The sulphides are precipitated from auspicien (pi.); Fr. auspice .(sing.), auspices (pi.); 

‘ ~I 2 S, and are soluble in ammo- S P- auspicio (smg.), auspicios (pi.); Port. & Ital. 


acid solutions by H 2 S, 
nium sulphide. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO^ gives a 
brown precipitate, fusible by the blowpipe into a 
bead of metallic gold. Stannous chloride (SnCl 2 ) 
■gives a brownish-purple precipitate (Purple of Cas¬ 
sius). Oxalic acid slowly reduces gold to the metal¬ 
lic state. Potassium cyanide gives a yellow precipi¬ 
tate. soluble in excess. A piece of paper dipped in 
a solution of gold becomes purple on exposure to 
the light. All salts of gold are reduced to the 
metallic state by heat. 

*aurum fulminans. [Lat. (lit.) = fulminating 
gold; gold darting lightning.] An explosive com¬ 
pound rnade by dissolving gold in aqua regia, and 
precipitating it with salt of tartar. A very small 


auspicio (sing.); from Lat. auspicium (sing.) = (lit.) 
a bird seeing or watching; auspex, a contraction of 
avispex, from avis—a bird, and the root spec= to 
see.] 

A. Of things: 

1. Lit. Among the Romans: Omens, specially 
those drawn from the flight or other movements of 
birds, or less properly, from the occurrence of 
lightning or thunder in particular parts of the sky. 


(3) To the higher being able to aid or thwart the 
enterprise: 

(a) Auguring or promoting happiness, or at least 
prosperity. 

( b ) Kind, benignant. 

“ Betwixt two seasons comes the auspicious heir.” 

Dryden: Britannia Rediviva. 

“ Parent of golden dreams, Romance 1 
Auspicious queen of childish joys.” 

Byron: To Romance. 

aus-pl§'-I-oiis-l^ (9 as Six), adv. [Eng. aus¬ 
picious; -ly .] In an auspicious manner; with 
favorable prognostications; favorably. 

The elections, however, began auspiciously for the 


These were supposed to be indications of the will government. ” Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

of Heaven, and to reveal futurity. At first only the aus-pic-ioiis-ness (cious as shus), s. [Eng. 

augurs took the auspices [Augurs] , but after a time auspicious; -ness. ] The quality of being auspicious; 

civil officers discharging important functions,,had prosperity. (Johnson.) 

, ,1 , - the right of doing so. Two kinds of auspices, how- . ^_ , _ . „ 

quantity ot it becomes capable, by a moderate ever, arose—a greater and a lesser; the former aus -ter, s. [From Lat. auster, whence Fr. mister 

heat, of giving a report like that of a pistol, reserved to dictators, consuls, censors, praetors, or and Ital. aw«#ro=the south wind.) The south wind. 

(Quincy.) - ....... ... .... 

“ Some aurum fulminans the fabric shook.” 

Garth: Dispensary, iii. 303. 

♦aurum graphicum. [Lif.=graphic gold.] 

Min.: An obsolete name for Sylvanite (q. v.). 
aurum mosaicum, aurum musivum. [Lit. - 
Mosaic gold.] 

Old Chem.: An old name for bisulphuret of tin. 


the commander-in-chief in war; the latter permitted 
to less exalted functionaries. In the struggle which 
the plebeians carried on against the patricians for 
permission to share in political power, the chief 
argument used by the opponents of change was, 
the impossibility that a plebeian could take the 
auspices; but when, in B. C. 307, the flinging open 
of the augural college to all classes permitted him 
to try the experiment, it was found that he did the 
It is of a sparkling golden hue, and used as a pig- work as effectively (not to say as ineffectively) as 


ment. 

aurum paradoxum. 

Min. [Lit., an old name for Tellurium (q. v.).] 
(Dana.) 

aus-cul-ta -tion, s. [In Ger. fauskultation; Fr. 
auscultation; Lat. auscultation (1) a listening to, 
(2) an obeying; ausculto— to hear with attention, 
to listen to. Probably from O. Lat. ausculo, ausi- 


any patrician whatever. The glory of a successful 
enterprise was universally assigned to the person 
who took the auspices, and not to the leader of the 
enterprise itself: hence the phrase arose, to carry 
on a war “under the auspices’’ of the emperor or 
some other high authority. 

“The neglecting any of their auspices, or the chirping 
of their chickens, was esteemed a peculiar orime which 
required more expiation than murder.”—Up. Story: 


culo, from ausicula, an obsolete form of auricula priesthood, ch. v. 

= the external ear, the ear; auris— the ear.] “He accordingly takes the auspices, and the lightning 

A. Ordinary Language: The act of listening to. flashes from left to right, which is a favorable sign.”— 

B. Med.: The art of discovering diseases within Lewi>!: Early Rom ’ Hist ’ ch - P 1 ’ i » § L 

the body by means of the sense of hearing. Being 2. Fig.: Beneficial influence descending, or at 
carried out most efficiently by means of an instru- least believed to descend, upon those engaged in 
ment called a stethoscope, it is often called mediate arduous or perilous work, from some being or per- 


auscultation. It is used to study the natural sounds 
produced within the body, especially the action of 
the lungs and heart, both in health and disease. 
Its operation can be facilitated by percussion of 
the surface, [Stethoscope.] 

"... the application of auscultation to the explora¬ 
tion of the sounds developed in its [the heart’s] action.”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 29. 

8 ,us-cul-ta-tor, s. [Lat. auscultator— one who 
hears or listens.] A person who practices auscul¬ 
tation. 

“. . . verified by numerous auscultators.” — Dr. John 

Forbes: Cycl. of Pract. Med., vol. i., p. 241. 

a.us-cul'-tg,-t 6 r-f, a. [Eng. ausculator; -y.) 
Pertaining to auscultation; ascertained by means 
of auscultation. 

“. . . the auscultatory diagnostics of cardiac dis¬ 
eases . . — Dr. John Forbes: Cycl. Pract. Med., vol. i., 
p. 235. 

*au'-§I-5r, s. [Osier.] 

Au-so' -nl-g., s. [Lat. Ausonia, from the Ausones 
= the inhabitants of Ausona. a town in Latium, 
near Lacus Fundanus, now the Lake of Fondi, in 
Italy.] 

1. Old Geog. and Old and Mod. Poetry: An an¬ 
cient name of Italy. (See etym.) 

“. . . for warmer France 
With all her vines; nor for Ausonia’s groves 
Of golden fruitage, and her myrtle bowers.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. ii. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the sixty-third found. It 
was discovered by De Gasparis, on February 11,1861. 

faus -pi-cate, v. t. [From Lat. auspicatus , p er f. 


son of higher dignity than themselves. Specially — 

(a) From the heathen gods. 

“ Great Father Mars, and greater Jove, 

By whose high auspice Rome hath stood 
So long.” B. Jonson. 

Or (b) from a king or queen supposed to call 
down blessing from heaven. 

“ It [the armada] was so great, 

Yet by the auspice of Eliza beat.” 

B. Jonson: Masques at Court. 

(c) From the directors of an enterprise, who, 
though probably not themselves present with those 
engaged in executing it, are still sending them sup¬ 
port, counsel, and aid of various kinds: thus when 
a missionary goes abroad “under the auspices ” of 
the society or church which pays his salary and 
gives him more or less specific directions how to 
act. When success is achieved, those who directed 

the enterprise from home are contented to claim, as , .. „„ , , 

in fairness belongs to them, part of the glory; the vol. 11 ., Serm. 28. ( Richardson .) 


“ On tbis rough Auster drove th’ impetuous tide.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iii., 376. 

aus-tere, *aus-te’er, a. [In Fr. austere; Sp.» 
Port., & Ital. austero; Lat. austerus; Gr. austeros= 
( 1 ) making the tongue dry and rough, harsh, rough, 
bitter; ( 2 ) stern, harsh; from Gr. aw<5=to dry.] 

I. Lit.: Harsh, tart, or rough to the taste. 

"... sloes austere.” — Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

“An austere crabapple . . .”— Hooker: Himala.yan 
Journals, vol. ii., p. 82. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of persons: Harsh, severe, crabbed in temper; 
permitting no levity in one’s self or others. 

“ For I feared thee, because thou art an austere man.” 
— Luke xix. 21. 

2. Of things: Severe. 

“He clothed the nakedness of austere truth.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

&us-te re-ljf, *aus-teere-ly, adv. [Eng. aus¬ 
tere : -ly.) In an austere manner; severely, harshly, 
rigidly. 

“ If I have too austerely punish’d you, 

Your compensation makes amends; for I 
Have given you here a thread of mine own life, 

Or that for which I live . . .” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. L 

“ . . . an excellent digest of evidence, clear, passion¬ 
less, and austerely just.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. rxi. 

fius-te re-ness, *aus-te re-nesse, *aus-te’ere- 
nesse, s. [Eng. austere; -ness.] The quality of 
being austere, either in a literal or in a figurative 
sense. Austerity. 

“ My unsoil’d name, th’ austereness of my life, 

May vouch against you; and my place i’ th’ state 

Will so your accusation overweigh.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 4. 

&us-ter'-l-tjf, s. [In Fr. aust6riti; Sp. austeri. 
dad; Port, austeridade; Ital. austerita; Lat. aus- 
teritas; Gr. austerotes.) 

I. Lit.: Harshness or sourness to the taste. 

“The sweetness of the ripened fruit is not the less de¬ 
licious for the austerity of the cruder state.”— Horsley: 


modern augur or other dignitary, unlike the ancient 
Roman one, has not the effrontery to appropriate 
the whole. 

The singular auspice is now all but obsolete in 
this first sense; the plural is frequently used. 

tB. Of persons: Persons who went through cer¬ 
tain ceremonies when a marriage took place, not 
forgetting to wish good luck or happiness to the 
wedded pair. 


II. Figuratively: 

1 . Of persons: Harshness, severity, crabbedness 
of temper. 

If Blair thus distinguishes between austerity and 
some of the words which approach it in meaning:— 
“ Austerity relates to the manner of living; severity, 
of thinking; rigor, ot punishing. To austerity is 
opposed effeminacy; to severity, relaxation; to 
rigor, clemency. A hermit is austere in his life; a 
,, , ,, . , casuist,severe in his application of religion or law; a 

I nth era 1 d st we nt the auspices; after them, two that j u( jg 0 rigorous in his sentences.” (Blair: Lectures 
eung. ’-Mosques at Court: Hymenan. J on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, vol. i„ 1817, p. 228.) 

aus-piQ'-i-al (9 as sh), fius-plg'-ig.! (cial as Crabb takes essentially the same view. 


par. of auspicor=( 1) to take the auspices; (2) to nostics. (Johnson.) 
make a beginning; or from auspicatum, sup. of - 
ausp icatus, pa. par. of auspico, with the same 
meaning.] . J ,, 

1 . To augur from certain circumstances that an 
event about to take place will be a happy one, or 
an enterprise to be commenced will have a favor¬ 
able issue. 

“ Long may’st thou live, and see me thus appear, 

As ominous a comet, from my sphere. 

Unto thy reign; as that did auspicate 
So lasting glory to Augustus’ state.” 

B. Jonson: Part of K. James’ Entertainment. 


Shal), a. [Eng. auspic(e); -ial.) Relating to prog- 


aus P19 -I-OUS (9 as sh), aus-pi-cious (9ious 
as shus), a. [Eng. auspic(e); -iou.s.) [Auspice.] 

I. Lit. : Having the omens favorable. 

II. Fig.: Alluding — 

(1) To the time chosen or the appearances pre¬ 
sented: Propitious, favorable. 

“Sudden, invited by auspicious gales.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiii., 323. 

“ . . . and admonish how to catch , 
The auspicious moment, . . .” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iii. 


The Puritan austerity drove to the king’s faction all 
who made pleasure their business, who affected gallantry, 
splendor of dress, or taste in the lighter arts.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

2. Of things: Harshness, ruggedness. 

“ . . . and cast a wide and tender light, 

Which soften’d down the hoar austerity 
Of rugged desolation, . . .” 

Byron: Manfred, iii. 4. 

*aus-tern e (Old Eng.), aus-tern, as-tern e, 
fiws’-trene (O. Scotch), a. [Either a form of aus¬ 
tere, or au may be=a, and the whole word—a; 
stern.) Stern, harsh. 

“ But who is yond, thou lady faire, 

That looketh with sic an austerne face?” 


2. To make a favorable beginning of an enter¬ 
prise, or simply to commence it. (2) To the enterprise undertaken, and specially to Northumberland Betrayed. Percy, vol. i. ( Richardson .) 

“ The day of the week which King James observed to commencemerit : Prosperous, fortunate. *aus-tern-ly> adv. [Eng. austern ; suff. - ly.] 

mfuarnll iras^TlW “• • • the auspicious arms of the Caesars.”— Gibbon: Harshly. (Scotch.) 

!< o n e of the very first acts by which it [thegovernment] Beeline and Fall, ch. xli. “ For the heycht of the heyte happyne saR wer, 

ausuicated its entrance into function.”— Burke: On a ”... the auspicious commencement of a newera in And everychelorde shall austernly werk. 

Regicide Peace. English commerce.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. Early kcoitish Verse, iv. (ed. Lumby), 16, 17. 


Sbdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f. 
-cian, — tlian = shhR- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




austral 


aus tral, a. [Fr., Sp., & Port, austral; Ffcal. 
australe; Lat. australis =southern, from auster— 
(1) the south -wind, (2) the south.] Pertaining to 
the south, southern. 

Aus-trala’-§l-an (si aszhl), a. &s. [From Azis- 
b - a(=Southern, and Asia. Southern Asia.] 

A. As adjective; Pertaining to Australasia, a 
division of the globe containing the land and water 
between the equator and 60° south latitude on the 
one hand, and 110 ° and 180° east longitude on the 
other. It comprises New Guinea, the Australian 
continent, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various 
Polynesian islands. It is a part of Oceania, and 
is sometimes called, from the generally dark char¬ 
acter of its inhabitants, Melanesia. It is not to be 
confounded with Australia. [Australian.] The 
term Australasia was introduced by President de 
Brosses in 1756. 

B. As substantive: A native of Australasia. 

&us'-tr«ll-ene, s. [Eng. austral, and suff. -ewe. 

The word austral is from australis, in Pinus aus¬ 
tralis, the specific name of an American pine.] 

Chem.: A liquid called also austraterebenthene, 
produced by neutralizing English turpentine oil 
with an alkaline carbonate, so as to purify it, and 
then distilling it first over a water-bath, and then 
in a vacuum. It turns the plane of polarization to 
the right. English turpentine oil is made from 
Pinus australis and P. tceda, trees which grow in 
the Southern States. (Foivnes.) 

Aus-tra'-ll-gm, i. & s. [From Australi(a), and 
suff. -aw..] 

1. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Aus¬ 
tralia, formerly called New Holland, an island of 
dimensions like those of a continent, lying south¬ 
east of Asia. 

Australian languages: The native languages 
spoken in the several parts of Australia. (Latham 
says that these all show an agglutinate structure.) 
[Agglutinate.] 

2. As substantive: A native of Australia. Two 
great races inhabit the islands lying to the south¬ 
east of Asia and scattered in small groups at inter¬ 
vals over the warmer parts of the Pacific. The 
higher of these is the Malay race; the lower is 
called, from its resemblance to the African negroes, 
Negrito. The native Australians are Negritos. 
They are so low in organization that it is said they 
can count only 3, 4, and 5, though some who have 
taught them have given a much more favorable 
opinion of their capacity. 

aus-trgl-I'ze, v.t. [Eng. austral; -ize.] To tend 
in a southerly direction ; to tend to point toward 
the south. 

“Steel and good iron discover a verticity, or polar 
faculty; whereby they do septentriate at one extreme, 
and australize at another.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

aus-tra-ter-e-ben -thene, s. [From Lat. aus- 
tralis= austral, and terebenthene. ] [Australene, 
Terebentiiene . ] 

Aus'-tri-an, a. & s. [Eng., &c., Austria, and Eng. 
suff. -an. In Fr. Autricliien, a. & s.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining or relating to the Archduchy of 
Austria, the nucleus around which the Austrian 
empire, at present called Austro-Hungary, was 
agglomerated. 

2. Pertaining to Austro-Hungary itself. 

B. As substantive: A native of Austria. 

Aus-trine, a. [In Sp. & Ital. Austrino; Lat. 
Austrians.) Southern. (Johnson.) 

Aus tro-, in compos. [From Lat. Auster, genit. 
Austri (q. v.).j 

1 . Southern, as Austro-Egyptian = Southern- 
Egyptian ; pertaining to the Southern Egyptians. 

2. Pertaining to Austria, as contradistinguished 
from Hungary, as Austro-Hungary. 

aus-tro-man- 9 y, s. [From Lat. auster=the 
south wind, and Gr. manteia= d i v in a tio n. ] Divina¬ 
tion suggested by a careful study of the winds. 

aus-tu'§e, s. [Fr. astuce; Sp. & Port, astucia— 
subtilty.] Subtilty. [Astuce.] 

“ They lay at the vacht lyik the aid subtill doggis byd- 
and quhil conspiratione or dissensione suid ryes amang 
you, than be there austuce thei furnest vitht money baitli 
the parteis.”— Complaynt of Scotland, p. 135. 

a’ut, a’uth, a. [AH the rapidly pronounced.] 
All the. ( Craven Gloss.) 

au-tar-chy, s. [Gr. aittarc7ua= absolute power; 
autarches=an absolute sovereign : autarcheo=to be 
an absolute sovereign : autos— self, and archeuo, or 
archo— ... to command, to rule.] The gov¬ 
ernment of a single person; absolutism. 

“It may as well boast an autarchie and self-suffi- 
ciencie.”— Valentine: Four Serm. (1635), p. 10. 

*au'-ter, s. [In Fr. autel.) An altar. 

“ Thy tempel wol I worschipe evermo, 

And on thin outer, wher I ryde or go, 

I wol do sacrifice, . . .” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,253-5. 


332 

au -ter, a. [Norm, or Law Fr. for autre = an¬ 
other.] Another. 

In La w: 

En auter droit: In right of another. (Used 
especially with respect to the holding or inheriting 
property in right of another, as when one marrying 
an heiress obtains property in virtue of his being 
her husband.) (Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., 
ch. 11.) 

Per auter vie: By the life of another. (Used spe¬ 
cially when one obtains the possession of an estate 
to continue as long as a certain other person lives.) 
(Ibid., ch. 8.) 

au’-ter-fois (fois as fwa), adv. [From Norm, 
or Law Fr. awfer=another, and /ois=time; Fr. au¬ 
trefois.'] Before, previously. 

Law: (Used especially in the phrases A. acquit— 
previously acquitted; A. cow.wcf=previously con¬ 
victed ; and A. aftamf=previously attainted. Any 
one of these three pleas, if substantiated, will pre¬ 
vent an indictment from being proceeded with, on 
the ground that one should not be tried twice for 
the same offense.) ( Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., 
ch. 26.) 

au-then'-tic, *au-then’-tlck, *au-then'-tlque 
(tique=tik), *au-ten-tlcke, *au-ten-tike, 
*aw-ten-yk (O. Eng.), *auc-ten-ty, *au-ten- 
tyfe (O. Scotch), a. & s. [Dut. authentick; Fr. 
authentique; Sp. & Ital. autentico; Port, authen- 
tico; Low Lat. authenticus; Gr. authentikos— 
warranted, authentic; opposed to adespotos=( 1) 
without a master or owner, (2) (used of books) 
anonymous. Gr. authentes, contracted from 
autoentes, applied to one who does anything with 
his own hand; awfos=one’s self. Cognate with the 
Eng. word Author.] 

A. As adjective : 

1. Ordinary Language : 

*1. Written with one’s own hand; an original. 

“ There is as much difference between the present and 
former times as there is between a copy and an original; 
that, indeed, may be fair, but this only is authentick.'” — 
South, vol. vii., Ser. 14. ( Richardson . ) 

“ Ye see how large a letter I have written unto you with 
mine own hand.”— Galatians vi. 11. 

2. Bearing the name of an author; having a sig¬ 
nature attached to it; not anonymous. [A., II. 2.] 

“ Being examined on these material defects in the au- 
thenticalness of a paper produced by them as authentick, 
[they] could give no sort of account how it happened to 
be without a signature.”— Bushe: Report on Affairs oj 
India. ( Richardson.) 

3. Trustworthy, credible, as what is subscribed 
with the name of an author is likely to be. 

“ Awtenyk bukys and storis aide and new.” 

Early Scottish Verse, i. (ed. Lumby), 1. 

“ This man regularly sent to the French headquarters 
authentic information touching the designs of the allies.” 
— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

4. Unadulterated; not counterfeit. 

(a) Of persons: 

“Par. Both of Galen and Paracelsus. 

Laf. Of all the learned and authentic fellows— 

Par. Right, so I say.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, ii. 3. 

“ She shall not have it back: the child shall grow 
To prize the authentic mother of her mind.” 

Tennyson: The Princess, v. 

(b) Of things: 

“ As time improves the grape’s authentic juice, 
Mellows and makes the speech more fit for use.” 

Cowper• Conversation. 

“ . . . to be avenged 

On him who had stole Jove’s authentic fire.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

II. Technically: 

1. Christian Apologetics, Historical Criticism, Ac. 
Writers on the evidences of Christianity have had 
to define the words genuine and authentic, and have 
increased rather than diminished the obscurity at¬ 
tending on the subject. Thus Bishop Watson says; 
“ A genuine book is that which was written by the 
person whose name it bears as the author of it. An 
authentic book is that which relates matters of 
fact as they really happened.” (TUafson; Apology 
for the Bible, Letter ii.) Some other writers, ad¬ 
verting to the fact that the words author and 
authentic are etymologically connected, call that 
genuine which Watson terms authentic, and that 
authentic which he denominates genuine. It would 
tend to clearness if all Christian apologists would 
in future adopt this latter use of the word. At 
present each author has to define the sense in which 
lie individually employs it in his writings. 

2. Law: Vested with all legal formalities, and 
legally attested. 

3. Music: Having an immediate relation to the 
key-note or tonic. It is contradistinguished from 
plagal, i. e., having a corresponding relation to the 
fifth, or dominant, in the octave below the key¬ 
note. 


author 

Authentic Cadence, called also Perfect Cadence.. 
[Cadence.] 

Authentic Melodies. [Melody.] 

Authentic Modes , Authentic Tones . [Mode, ± one. 

B. As substantive: An authentic book or docu¬ 
ment. [A. I.] (Fuller.) 

au-then-tic-ul, a. [Eng. authentic; -al.\ The 
same as Authentic, adj. (q. v.). 

au-then-tlc-al-ly (Ewg.),*ac-ten'-tic-ly, *ak- 
ten tik-ly (O. Scotch ), adv. [Eng. authenticate 
-ly .] 

1. In an authentic manner; properly supported; 
by authority so as to be credible, and tnereforer 
trustworthy. 

“ . . . and na new gift conformacioun nor infeftmenfc. 

aktentikly gevin agane the said renocacioun .”—Act Dom, 
Cone., A. 1478, p. 31. 

“ I will not even allude to the many heart-sickening? 
atrocities which I authentically heard of.”— Dar>"in: Voy¬ 
age round the World, ch. xxi. 

2. Authoritatively. 

“ This point is dubious, and not yet authentically de¬ 
cided.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

“ Conscience never commands or forbids anything - 
authentically, but there is some law of God which com¬ 
mands or forbids it first.”— South. 

au-then'-tlc-al-ness, s. [Eng. authenticat ; 
-ness.] The quality of being authentic, i. e., of being - 
properly supported by authority, and therefore 
trustworthy. 

“ Nothing can be more pleasant than to see virtuoso® 
about a cabinet of medals, descanting upon the value,, 
rarity, and authenticalness of the several pieces.”— Ad- 
dison. 

au-then -tlc-ate, v. t. [Eng. authentic; -ate. Ira. 
Fr. authentiquer; Sp. autenticar; Port, authen- 
ticar; Ital. autenticare.l 

1. To give proper validity to any document, as by- 
signing the name to it, or going through any other 
formalities needful to impart to it authority. 

“ To Correspondents .—No notice can be taken of anony¬ 
mous communications. Whatever is intended for inser¬ 
tion must be authenticated by the name and address of th@ 
writer; not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee 
of good faith .”—Standing intimation in Times Newspaper. 

2. In a more general sense: To _ impart such* 
authority to anytriing as to render it valuable or 
trustworthy. 

“. . . replete with research and authenticated by> 

curious evidences, . . .”—War ton: Hist, of Kidding - 

ton, Pref., p. vi. 

au-then-tlc-a-ted, pa.par. [Authenticate.} 

“We learn, however, from Livy, that there was no uni¬ 
form or well-authenticated report of the origin of th*> 
dictatorship in the early historians.”— Lewis: Early Iiom., 
Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. i., § 13. 

au-then -tlc-a-tlng, pr. par. [Authenticate.^ 

au-then-tlc-a'-tion, s. [Eng. authentic; -ation. 
In Sp. autenticacion; Ital. autenticazione .] The 
act of authentication; the act of furnishing suets 
evidence of authorship, trustworthiness, or both, 
as may accredit a book or a document, or even a 
spoken statement. 

“The reign of Tullus Hostilius, like those of his two 
predecessors, is destitute of all authentication by coeval 
written evidence.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xi., pt. i_ 
§18. 

au-then-tl§'-l-ty, s. [In Ger. authenticity; Fr- 
authenticity; Sp. autenticidad; Port, authentici- 
dade .] The quality of being authentic. [Authen¬ 
tic.] 

“. . . rather a work of command and imagination* 
than of authenticity.” — Walpole: Anec. of Painting, voL 
i., ch. 2. ( Richardson.) 

au-then'-tic-ly, *au-ten’-tlck-ly, *au-ten’- 
tique-ly (tlque=tlk), adv. [Eng. authentic; -ly.] 
In an authentic manner. 

“. . . regesters and recordes iudicially and anten - 
tiquely made.”— Hall: Henry VIII., an. 34. (Bichai'dson.'fr 

au-then'-tic-ness, *au-then'-tick-ness, a. 
[Eng. authentic; -ness.] Authenticity. 

“They would receive no books as the writings of in¬ 
spired men, but such of whose authentickness they hm9 
rational grounds.”— Bp. Morton: Episcopiacy Asserted, p, 
xxvi. 

au-then’-tics, s. pi. [In Fr. authentiques .] 

Civil Law: An anonymous but valuable collec¬ 
tion of the Novels of New Constitutions of Justiur 
ian. ( Bouvier.) (Goodrich & Porter, &c.) 

au'-thor, *auc'~tkour, *auc -tor, *au -tor, 
*au -tour, *aw'-towre, *a-tour,s. [In Fr. auteur; 
Wei. awdur • Prov. auctor; Sp. autor; Port, autor, 
author; Ital. autore; from Lat. auctor (sometimes 
incorrectly written autor and author )=one wh® 
enlarges or confirms anything; specially (1) an 
originator, (2) a father, (3) a founder, (4) an artist* 
(5) an author of books (6, 7, &c.); from auctum, sup*, 
of augeo= to increase, to augment.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey/=a. qu .= kw. 



author-craft 333 authorship 


Ordinary Language: 

1. Of the Divine Being or of persons: 

1- Gen.: The originator, beginner, producer, or 
efficient cause of anything. 

'‘In that bless’d moment Nature, throwing wide 
Her veil opaque, discloses with a smile 
The Author of her beauties, who, retired 
Behind his own creation, works unseen 
By the impure, and hears his power denied.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. v. 

“The serpent autor was, Eve did proceed; 

Adam not autor, auctor was indeed.” 

Owen's Epigrams. 

**. . . He became the author of eternal salvation unto 
•sail them that obey Him.”— Heb. v. 9. 

Author's proof: The proof sent to an author for 
^revision after the compositor’s errors have been 
^corrected. 

2. Specially: 

(a) An ancestor, a predecessor. (Old Eng . & 
-Scotch.) 

( h ) One who writes books, scientific papers, &c., 
'with a certain measure of originality, as distin¬ 
guished from a compiler and a translator. 

“. . . the Arabes vseth yet that maner of doyng, 
Ysmael was here atour." — Higden: Polichron. by Trerisa , 
ai. 10. ( S. in Boucher.) 

“All the rage of a multitude of authors , irritated at 
>©nce by the sting of want and the sting of vanity, is 
directed against the unfortunate patron.”— Macaulay: 
Mist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

If Although there is a special term, Authoress 
< q. v.), for a female who writes books, yet the word 
author is sometimes used in the same sense. 

“To one of the Author's Children on his Birthday.”— 
Heading of one of Mrs. Hemans' Poems. 

II. Of things: The efficient cause of anything; 
ihafc which originates or produces anything. 

“ That which is the strength of their amity, shall prove 
^&he immediate author of their variance.”— Shakesp.: Ant . 
>4tn-d Cleop., ii. 6. 

author-craft, s. The craft or art of an author; 
skill in literary composition. 

“If a book come from the heart, it will contrive to 
.reach other hearts; all art and author-craft are of small 
.tamountto that.”— Carlyle ; Hei'oes and Hero-Worship , hect¬ 
are II. 

fau-thor, v. t. [From the substantive.] To be 
the cause or author of; act as the doer of a deed; 
ibo do, to effect, to perpetrate; to support by author- 
Jty, to accredit. 

“ . . . when such an overthrow 

Of brave friends I have authored, . . . ” 

Chapman: Homer's Iliad, bk. iii. ( Richardson .) 

“ Oh, execrable slaughter, 

What hand had author'd it?” 

Beaumont dt Fletcher: Bloody Brother. 

fau'-thored, pa. par. [Author, v. £.] 

au -thor-ess, s. [Eng. author , andfem. suff.-ess.] 

1. Gen.: A female author, cause, or originator of 
^anything. 

44 Albeit his [Adam’s] loss, without God’s mercy, was 
absolutely irrecoverable; yet we never find he twitted her 
ms authoress of his fall.”— Feltham: Serm. on St. Luke 
ativ. 20. 

“ When others curs’ d the authoress of their woe, 

Thy pity check’d my sorrows in their flow.” 

Pope: HomePs Iliad, bk. xxiv., 970-71. 

2. Spec.: A female author of a book. 

“This woman was authoress of scandalous books.”— 
IWarburton: Notes on Pope's Dunciad. 

This sense is more modern than the former one. 

au thor-l-al, <x. [Eng. author; -ial.] Pertain¬ 
ing to an author. {Scott: Antiquary , ch. xiv.) 

au-thor-I §e, v. t. [Authorize.] 

tau'-thor-i§m, s. [En g. author; -ism.] Author¬ 
ship. ( Walpole: Letters , ii. 269.) 

au-thor'-l-ta-tive, adj. [ Eng. authority); 
-native.'] _ n 

1. Possessed of authority; founded on authority. 

2. Given forth with authority. 

“With the practice of the whole Christian world the 
^authoritative teaching of the Church of England ap¬ 
peared to be in strict harmony.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

(©ii. xiv. 

3. Making or implying an assumption of 
^authority. 

“And questions in authoritative tone.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 

au-thor-l-ta-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. authoritative; 
In an authoritative manner; by proper 
authority; with an assumption of authority. 

44 . . . publicly and authoritatively taught.”— Cole- 
bridge: Aids to Reflection, 4th ed. (1839), p. 223. 

“ No law foreign binds in England till it be received, 
tand authoritatively engrafted, into the law of England. 


au-thor-i-ta-tlve-ness, s. [Eng. authoritative; 
-ness.] The quality of being or appearing authori¬ 
tative. ( Johnson . ) 

au-thor’-i-ty, *au-uhor‘-i-tie, *au-tor'-i-tie, 
* au-tor -y-te, * auc-tor -i-te, * auc-tor -l-ty, 
*auc-tor -i-tie, "auc-tor-i-tee, s. [In Sw. & 
Dan. autoritet; Ger. autoritat; Fr. autorite; Sp. 
autoridad; Port, autoridade; Ital. autorita; Prov. 
auctoritat. From Lat. auctoritas=( 1) a cause, (2) 
an opinion, (3) advice, (4) a precept, (5) a proposed 
legislative measure, (6) power or authority to act, 
(7) reputation, influence, (8) a pattern, (9) a war¬ 
rant, credibility, (10) legal ownership ; from auctor.] 
[Author.] Authority being connected with the 
word author , in its older and wider signification, 
meaning one who enlarges, confirms, or gives to a 
thing its complete form, hence one who originates 
or proposes anything, authority is, properly speak¬ 
ing, the power co act in the manner now described. 
It is used specially — 

A. In an abstract sense: The right of claiming 
belief and deference, or of demanding obedience. 

I. Of belief or deference: 

1. Claimed on behalf of persons: 

(a) Legitimately : The right, which a truthful 
person has of claiming belief in his testimony on 
matters of fact which have fallen under his imme¬ 
diate cognizance; also the right which a man of 
intellect, knowledge, and character possesses of 
claiming deference to his opinions, even if they 
cannot be accepted. 

“ For authority, it is of two kinds: belief in an art, and 
belief in a man.”— Bacon : Nat. Hist., Cent. x. 

“ I re-salute these sentiments, confirm’d 
By your authority." 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

“ . . . the authority of a crowd of illustrious names 

. . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

( b ) Illegitimately : A claim to belief or deference 
not sustained by proper evidence. 

“ It was known that he was so profane as to sneer at a 
practice which had been sanctioned by high ecclesiastical 
authority, the practice of touching for the scrofula.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

2. Claimed on behalf of things : The title which a 
book or a document has to a greater or lesser 
amount of credit, according to its character. 

“ They consider the main consent of all the churches 
in the whole world, witnessing the sacred authority of 
scriptures, . . .”— Hooker. 

“ But on what authority it was recorded by the first 
Homan chroniclers, we cannot now discover.”— Lewis: 
Early Rom. Hist., ch., xii., pt. i., § 13. 

II. Of obedience: 

1. Claimed on behalf of persons: 

(i.) (The right to demand obedience may be 
founded on natural law, as the authority of a parent 
over his children; or on the law of the country, as 
that of a magistrate over those brought before him; 
or a master over an apprentice.) Delegated power 
given by superiors. 

“When the righteous are in authority, the people 
rejoice: but when the wicked beareth rule, the people 
mourn.”— Prov. xxix. 2. 

“ And here he hath authority from the chief priests to 
bind all that call on thy name.”— Acts ix. 14. 

“Tyrconnel, before he departed, delegated his civil 
authority to one council, and his military authority to 
another.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

(ii.) Assumption that such a claim has been 
acknowledged; bold exercise of power. 

. . exhort and rebuke with all authority. Let 

no man despise thee.”— Titus ii. 15. 

(iii.) Power resting on the actual acknowledg¬ 
ment of the claim made to it. 

“ Power arising from strength is always in those that 
are governed, who are many: but authority arising from 
opinion is in those that govern, who are few.”— Temple. 

2. Claimed on behalf of things : The title which a 
law has to be obeyed. 

“ The recent statutes were surely not of more authority 
than the Great Charter ox the Petition of Bight.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng,., ch. i. 

B . In a concrete seaise : The persons for whom or 
the things for which belief, deference, or obedience 
is claimed. 

I. Of persons: 

1. Of persons legitimately or illegitimately claim¬ 
ing belief or deference. 

“. . . statements made by such high authorities." — 

Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. i. 

2. Of persons claiming obedience, viewed as indi¬ 
viduals, or regarded collectively as one. In the 
former case the word is in the plural, “ the military 
authorities, 1 ’ “ the civil authorities, “ the ecclesi¬ 
astical authorities,” “ the municipal authorities/ 1 
or simply “the authorities; 11 in the latter it is in 
the singular, as in the abstract word “ authority.” 


“ The provincial authorities sent copies to the muni«l« 
pal authorities." — Macaulay: Hist, of Eng. ch. v. 

“Authority herself not seldom sleeps, 

Though resident, and witness of the wrong.” 

Cowper: Task , bk. iv. 

# 1T It may be used, in an analogous sense, of par¬ 
ticular orders of superhuman beings holding a place 
in the heavenly hierarchy. 

“ Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of 
God; angels and authorities and powers being made sub¬ 
ject unto him.”—1 Peter iii. 22. 

II. Of things ( specially): Books or documents 
regarded as so deserving of credit that people in 
general are afraid to dissent from them in opinion. 

“We urge authorities in things that need not, and 
introduce the testimony of ancient writers, to confirm 
things evidently believed.”— Br'owne: Vulgar Errors. 

“ I cannot here give references and authorities for 
several statements.”— Darwin: Origin of Species , Introd., 

p. 2. 

au thor-! z-a-ble, adj . [Eng. authorize; -able .] 
That may be authorized. 

“. . . a censure authorizable by that part of St. 
Austin’s words . . . ”— Hammond: Works, vol. i., p. 248. 

au-thor-i-za'-tion, s. [Eng. authoriz(e); -ation. 
In Fr. autorisation; Sp. autorization; Port . autor- 
izagao .] The act of authorizing; the state of being 
authorized. 

“ The obligation of laws arises not from their matter, 
but from their admission and reception, and authorization 
in this kingdom.”— Hale. 

au-thor-i ze, v. t. [Eng. author; -ize. In Fi. 
autoriser; Sp. autorizar; Port, autorisar; Ital. 
aictorizzare; from Lat. auctoro —to produce; from 
axtctor .] [Author.] 

I. Of authority given to persons: 

1. To give a person warrant or legal or moral 
authority to act in a particular way permanently; 
or to do so temporarily till a certain commission is 
executed. 

“. . . declared that he was authorized, by those who 
had sent him, to assure the Lords that . . . ”— Macau¬ 
lay: Ilist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

II. Of authority given to things: 

To give legal sanction to anything. 

“Lawful it is to devise any ceremony, and to authorize 
any kind of regiment, no special commandment being 
thereby violated.”— Hooker. 

2. To give the sanction of custom or public opin¬ 
ion to. 

“ Those forms are best which have been longest received 
and authorized in a nation by custom and use.”— Temple. 

3. To justify, to give moral sanction to, to permit. 

“ All virtue lies in a power of denying our own desires, 

where reason does not authorize them.”— Locke. 

4. To impart credit or vitality to an opinion by 
bearing testimony in its favor. 

“. . . would well become 

A woman’s story, at a winter’s fire. 

Authorized by her grandam.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4 

au thor-! zed, pa. par. & a. [Authorize.] 

“ His rudeness so with his authorized youth 
Did livery falseness in a pride of truth.” 

Shakesp.: A Lover's Complaint. 

Authorized. Version of the Bible, or simply 
Authorized Version. The version of the Bible 
into English, made at the suggestion of James I. by 
forty-seven learned divines. It took! three years— 
viz., from 1607 to 1610—to execute, and was first 
published in 1611. It is the only one ‘ ‘ appointed to 
be read in churches,” and till quite recently its 
title-page contained the words “printed by author¬ 
ity.” It has held its place so long more by its own 
great merits than by the artificial support of law ; 
and while there are numerous minute defects, 
which have been corrected in the Revised Version 
of the New Testament, it remains, in all essential 
respects, the same Bible which for more than two 
centuries and a half has been the most potent fac¬ 
tor in the spiritual education of the English-speak¬ 
ing race, and through it, more or less, of all the 
other families of mankind. [Bible.] 

au-thor-I'z-ihg, pr A par . [Authorize.] 

au'-thor-less, adj. IEng. author; -Zess.] With¬ 
out an author or authors, anonymous. 

“ . . . the false aspersions some authorless tongues 

have laid upon me.”— Sir. E. Sackville, Guardian, No. 133. 

au-thor-ly, a. [Eng. author; - ly ,] Like an 
author. 

au -thor-ship, s. [Eng. author : and suffix - ship . 
In Ger. autorschaft .] The profession of an author; 
the state of being an author; or the exercise of the 
functions of an author on any occasion. 

“ That waste chaos of authorship by trade.”— Carlyle: 
Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lecture V. 

“ . . . the authorship of MacFlecknoe was announced 
too plainly on the title page to admit of a direct denial.” 
—Dry den: MacFlecknoe, Introd. by R. Bell. 


— Hale. 

3^2 1 boy- pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




automatized 


authotype 


334 


au-tho-type, s. [Gr. autos=seli, the very, and 
tupos— a blow, the impress of a seal.] [Type.] A 
type or block containing the fac-simile of an auto¬ 
graph, which could be affixed to a franked letter, a 
package of goods, or anything similar. 

au to-, prefix. [From Gr autos=ot one’s self or 
of itself=natural, independent, alone, &c. Some¬ 
times auto is used subjectively, as autograph= 
that which one himself writes; and sometimes 
objectively, as autobiography=a writing about the 
life of one’s self. 

au-to-bi-og-ra-pher, s. [Eng. autobiogra- 
ph{y) ; -er. In Fr. autobiographe .] [Autobiogra¬ 
phy.] A person who writes his or her own life, or 
memoirs of one’s self. 

au-to-bl-p-graph -Ic, au - to - bl-Q - graph -I- 
cal, a. [Eng. autobiograph(y) ; -ic, -ical. In Fr. 
autobiographique.] Relating to or containing auto¬ 
biography. 

au-to-bl-p-graph -i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. auto¬ 
biographical ; suff. -ly.] By way of autobiography. 

fau-to bl-Og-ra-pMst, 8. [Eng. autobiogra¬ 
phic) ; -ist.] An autobiographer. 

au-to-bi og -rg,-phy, adv. [In Ger. & Fr. auto¬ 
biographic; from. Gr. cm#os=self, 6ios=course of 
life, life, and graphe—a writing.] A narrative of 
the most memorable incidents in one’s life, written 
by one’s self. 

au'-tfi-boat, s. Any small craft propelled by an 
electric, vapor, gas, or other similar motor. 

au'-to-car, s. A military conveyance propelled 
by a hot-air motor, and carrying machine guns. 

au-to-chron’-o-graph, s. [Gr. awfos=self, chro- 
M 08 =time, and gravhe= a writing, or describing.] 
An instrument for the instantaneous self-recording 
or printing of time. {Knight.) 

au-toch-thon (plur. au-toch'-thon-e§), s. [In 
Fr. autochthone (sing.); Port. & Lat. autoch¬ 
thones (pi.); from Gr. Autochthon), adj. sing.; 
Autochthones, pi.=sprung from the land itself; 
aw£os=self, and chthon—the earth, the ground.] 
One of the aborigines of a country, a man, animal, 
or plant belonging to the race which seems to have 
inhabited the land before all other races of a similar 
kind. 

au-toch’-thon-al, a. [Eng., &c., autochthon; 
-al .] [Autochthon. 1 Aboriginal, indigenous, 
autochthonic, autochthonous. 

au-toch-thon-ic, a. [Eng. autochthon; -icj 
[Autochthon.] Aboriginal, indigenous, autoch¬ 
thonal, autochthonous. 

au-toch'-thon-ous, a. [Eng. autochthon , and 
suif. - ous; Gr. autochthones .] [Autochthon.] 
Aboriginal, indigenous, autochthonal, autoch¬ 
thonic. 

“ . . . and the decision either of the autochthonous 
Cecrops, or of Erechtheus, awarded to her the prefer¬ 
ence.”— Grote: Hist. Greece, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i., p. 77. 

au -to-clave, s. [Gr. a«fos=self, and apparently 
clavis— key, from claudo= to shut. That which 
shuts itself.] A form of Papin’s digester, consist¬ 
ing of a French stew-pan with a steam-tight lid. 
To render it safe it should have a safety-valve. 

au-toc-ru-?]?, au-toc'-ra-sy, s. [In Ger. auto- 
kratie; Fr. autocratie; from Gr. autokrateia, from 
autos = self, and kratos = (1) strength, might, (2) 
power.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Of a ruler: Power or authority, the limits of 
which nominally depend solely on one’s own will. 

“. . . who believe that an autocracy is necessary for 
the accomplishment of an object which they, at the 
moment, hold to be of paramount importance, . . .”— 
Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. iii., §54. 

2. Of a state: Independence of other states; pos¬ 
session of the right of self-government, with the 
ability to vindicate it if it be called in question. 
{Barlow.) 

II. Fig.: Independent and controlling power over 
anything. 

“Another influence has favored the establishment of 
this autocracy among the faculties.”— Herbert Spencer: 
Psychol., 2d ed., vol. in, p. 314, § 389. 

au’-to-crat, fau-to-crate, s. [In Dan. auto¬ 
crat ; Dut. autokraat; Ger. autokrat; Fr. autocrate; 
Gr. autokrate8,_ adj.=ruling by ones self: autos= 
self, and krateo— (1) to be strong, (2) to rule; kratos 
= (1) strength, (2) power.] Properly, one ruling by 
his own power, a sovereign of uncontrolled author¬ 
ity ; an absolute ruler. Specially — 

I. Formerly. Among the old Athenians: A desig¬ 
nation sometimes given to particular generals or 
ambassadors when they were invested with almost 
absolute authority. 

II. Now: 

1. Any absolute sovereign, especially the Emperor 
of Russia. 


2. Half sarcastically: A person who rules with 
undisputed sway in a company or other associa¬ 
tion. In this sense the word is used by Dr. Oliver 
Wendell Holmes in the title of his most popular 
book, “ The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table.” 
This work is by common consent one of the master¬ 
pieces of modern American literature. 

au-to-crat-Ic. au-to-crat -I-cal, adj [Eng. 
autocrat; -ic, -ical. In Fr. autocratique; Gr. auto- 
fcrafes=ruling by one’s self, absolute.] Pertaining 
to autocracy; absolute in power, or at least nomi¬ 
nally so. 

au-to-crat-i-cal-ljf, adv. {Eng. autocratical; 
-ly. 1 After the manner of an autocrat; agreeably to 
one’s own will, and that only. 

*au-to-era -tor, s. [Gr. autokrator ] An auto¬ 
crat. 

au-to-crgi-tor-I-cal, «• [Eng. autocrator; 
-ical.) Pertaining to an autocrator, that is, an auto¬ 
crat. 

“The Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, in respect of the 
same divinity, have the same autocratorical power, domin¬ 
ion, and authority.”— Pearson on the Creed, Art. 7. * 

au-toc -ra-tri9e, s. [In Fr. autocratrice.] A 
female autocrat. 


“ The various processes of the vertebras have bee® 
divided into those that are autogenous, or formed from, 
separate ossific centers, and exogenous, or outgrowth* 
from either of the just-mentioned primary vertebral con¬ 
stituents.”— Flower: Osteol. of the Mammalia, p. 18. 

autogenous, orautogeneous soldering. Solder¬ 
ing by melting together parts of two metals and 
allowing them to mix together and unite as they 
cool; but as human agency was required to do this, 
the soldering cannot properly be called autogenous. 

au-tog'-en-oiis-ly, adv. [Eng. autogenous; -ly.) 
In an autogenous manner; spontaneously. 

“ The anterior, or more properly inferior, bar of the 
transverse process of the seventh, and occasionally of 
some of the other cervical vertebrae in man, is an togen 
ously developed.”— Flower; Osteol. of the Mammali a, p. 20 
au'-to-graph, s. & a. [In Fr. autographe; Sp. - 
Ital. autografo; Port, autographo; Lat. auto, 
graphus (adj.), autographum (subst.); Gr. auto 
graphos (adj.), and autographon (subst.): from 
autos = self, and graphe = a writing; grapho = to 
write.] 

A. As substantive: Anything written with one’s- 
own hand, as a letter or a signature; an original- 
manuscript, as distinguished from a copy. 

B. As adjective : Written by one’s own hand. 


tau-to-cra -trlx, s. [Eng. autocrat(o)r; -ix.] A 
female autocrat. (Tooke.) 

au-to-crut-ship, s. [-Ting, autocrat; -ship.] 
The office, position, or dignity of an autocrat. 

au -to de fe, s. [Sp. auto-de-fd; Port, auto-da- 
f&= an actof faith; Fr. auto-da-fe; Ger. auto dafe; 
Sp. & Port, auto, from Lat. actum— an act; Sp. & 
Port. fH, from Lat. /z'des=faith.] 

Literally: “ An act of faith,” and an act of faith, 
no doubt it was, but faith terribly misguided. 
When the “ Holy Inquisition ” (of unsaintly mem¬ 
ory) was in the plenitude of its power in Spain, it 
ever and anon found that condemned “ heretics ” 
and other obnoxious offenders so accumulated 
upon its hands that a general jail or dungeon deliv¬ 
ery became expedient. The necessary clearance 
was effected by means of an “ auto-de-fe.” There 
were different varieties of this exhibition, more or 
less public or private, that called the auto publico 
general being the most dignified of the whole. 
When one of this type took place, there was a great 
gathering of all the civil and ecclesiastical gran¬ 
dees, who proceeded to an amphitheater or other 
suitable place of meeting on richly-caparisoned 
steeds, and with music playing, theprisoners being 
taken with them. The general public also were per¬ 
mitted to witness the proceedings. After mass had 
been said and a sermon preached, extracts were 
read from the records of the trial conducted and 
the sentences pronounced by the judges of the 
inquisition, and it was to this part of the proceed¬ 
ings that the term autodefe was primarily applied. 
For some of the condemned there were minor, and 
for others capital sentences prescribed. The unfor¬ 
tunates were then handed over to the civil power, 
the representative of the inquisition never failing 
to urge with earnestness that they might be merci¬ 
fully and kindly dealt with. Foreboding (with 
sorrow?) that this petition would be rejected, those 
who preferred it had felt it their duty, if not even 
their privilege, to furnish fagots, lights, a gallows, 
executioners, and all other necessary appliances 
for making away with the persons for whom they 
had solicited tender treatment. “Heretics ”-who 
recanted and similar penitents were first strangled 
and then burned; but hanging was considered too 
good for those who remained obstinate in their 
errors: they were simply burned alive. 

The first auto de fe was held in Spain in 1481, the 
last in 1813. The prisoners who suffered minor or 
capital punishments were, in all, 341,021. [Inquisi¬ 
tion.] 

The old heathen returning from the amphithe¬ 
ater, in which he had seen gladiators “ butchered 
to make a Roman holiday,” never imagined that, 
in being present at such an exhibition, he had been 
performing an act of worship. The spectators of 
the yet more cruel Spanish spectacle were of a dif¬ 
ferent opinion: and the inquisitors, at whose 
instigation all had been done, laid the flattering 
unction to their souls that they had rendered serv¬ 
ice to the God of love by honoring Him with a 
public auto de fe l 

au-tS-dyn -am-Ic, a. [Gr. awfos=self, and duna- 
mifcos=powerful, from dunami,s= power, strength.] 
Operating by its own power or force without 
extraneous aid. 

autodynamic elevator. A water elevator. An 
instrument in which the weight of a falling column 
of water elevates a smaller column to a certain 
height. A water-ram is of this character. 

au-tog-en-ous, au-to-ge-ne-ous, au-t&- 
gen -e-al, adj. [In Gr. autogenes: from autos— 
self, and gennad=to beget, to engender; genna= 
birth, and gignomai=to come into being.] Self- 
engendered, self-produced; arising spontaneously. 


“ . . . carried a second autograph letter from Francis 
to Henry.” — Froude: Hist . Eng. f vol. iv., p. 342. 

tau-tog -ra-phal, a. [Eng. autograph; -al.] The> 
same as Autographic (q. v.). 

au-tft-graph-lc, §,u-t6-graph-Ic-al, a. [Eng. 

autograph;-ic,-ical InFr. autographique.] [Auto¬ 
graph.] Written by one’s own hand; pertaining to- 
an autograph or autographs ; autographal. {John¬ 
son.) 

autographic ink. Ink used for executing writ¬ 
ings or drawings on prepared paper, and of such a 
.character that it is possible afterward to transfer 
them to stone. 

autographic paper. The prepared paper used 
in such a process. 

autographic press. The printing press used in 
printing autographs. 

autographic telegraph. An instrument for 
transmitting autographic messages, or in soma 
cases portraits executed in insulating ink upon 
metallic paper. 

au-tog'-ra-phy, s. [Eng. autograph; -y. In 
Fr, autographie .] 

1. Ord. Lang.: An autograph. 

2. Lithography • A process for transferring a writ¬ 
ing or an engraving from paper to stone. 

au -to-harp, s. A musical instrument, practi¬ 
cally a modification of the zither, having a piano- 
scale and cross-bar mutes. 

au'-to-math, s. [Gr. automathes, from aw£os=self, 
and mathein, 2 aor infin. of manthano=to learn.] A 
self-taught person. 

au-to-mat-Ic, au-to-mat-Ic-al, a. [In Fr. 
automatique; Port, automatico; Lat. automatos; 
Gr. automates.] [Automaton.] 

I. Ord. Lang. Of material thing s : 

1. Pertaining to an automaton. 

2. Pertaining to self-acting machinery. 

II. Physiol. & Mental Phil. Of mental opera¬ 
tions : Carried on unconsciously. 

automatic fire. A composition made by the 
Greeks, which ignited under the rays of the sun at 
ordinary temperatures. 

automatic gun, s. A light-mounted breech-load¬ 
ing gun, in which the recoil of the first shot ia 
turned to account in discharging the empty cart¬ 
ridge case, reloading, and returning the gun to firing 
readiness. In the automatic gun invented by Hiram 
IS. Maxim, and known as the Maxim gun, by the con¬ 
tinued pressure upon the trigger the gun is made to 
keep on firing till its ammunition becomes ex¬ 
hausted. The cartridges are strung on a belt con¬ 
taining a hundred or more—depending upon the 
size of the gun—and are fed into the gun immedi¬ 
ately from the ammunition box. There are two 
calibers, one of the ordinary rifle size, which weighs 
but a few pounds, and which a man may hold out at 
arm’s length, and another which fires a one-pound 
shot. Either of these guns will fire several hundred 
shots a minute—the smaller gun as many as seven 
hundred. [Gun, Gatling Gun.] 

automatic telegraph. A telegraph system based' 
on the operation of the transmitting instrument by 
a perforated strip of paper drawn through it. The 
perforations, made by an apparatus termed a per¬ 
forator, are so arranged as to give telegraphic 
characters in the transmitting instrument. 

au-tom-at'-Ic-al-lf, adv. [Eng. automatical ,* 
-ly.] In an automatic manner. 

au-tom - 3 ,-tIzed, a. [Eng. automaton); -ized.] 
Made into an automaton (q. v.). {Carlyle: Dia¬ 
mond Necklace, ch. i.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fill, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot B 

or. wore, wolf, work, whd, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, a, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw" 



automaton 


au-tom -3,-ton (plural au-tom'-g,-tons or 
au-tom -g,-ta) , s. [In Sw., Dan., & Ger. automat; 
Dut. automaat; Fr. automate; Sp., Port. & Ital. 
automato; Lat. automatus, adj.; Gr. automatos= 
self-acting: autos= self, and *mad—to strive after, 
to attempt.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: Any self-acting machine; or, as a self¬ 
acting machine is, at least in mostcases, impossible, 
a machine which, like a watch or clock, requires to 
be adjusted only at remote intervals, and during, 
the intermediate periods goes of itself. 

2. Spec.: A figure resembling a human being or 
animal, so constructed that when wound up it will, 
for a certain time, make movements like those of 
life. 

II. Fig. : This earth or the universe, 
automaton balance. A self-acting machine for 
weighing coin and rejecting any pieces which may 
be of light weight. 

au-tom a tous, a. [Lat. automatus; Gr. autom¬ 
ates .] [Automaton.] The same as Automatic 

(q.a.). 

au-t6-mo -bile, a. & s. [Pref. auto-, and Fr. 
mobile=to move.] 

A. As adj.: Self-moving; as an automobile- car¬ 
riage (q. v.). 

B. As subst.: A self-moving vehicle; a motorcycle 

(q. v.). 

automobile-carriage, s. The same as motor¬ 
cycle (q. v.). 

au-to mo -bll -ism. s. [Eng. automobil(e) ;-i sm.] 
The art of the automobilist; the act or practice of 
using an automobile as a means of conveyance. 

“ No one can visit the Automobile Exhibition without 
being convinced that France has taken far and away the 
lead in automobilism , which has become not only a sport 
but a national industry .”—Horseless Carriages { n Paris: 
The Cosmopolitan for Sept., 1898. 

au-to-mo -bil-ist, s. [Ea. automob il(e),-ist.'\ 
One who uses an automobile or motorcycle as a 
means of conveyance. 

“ The attainment of the speed named for the cycle 
seems to be in the hands of Henry Fournier, who has be¬ 
come known as the king of the automobilists."—Chicago 
Times-Herald, Aug. 21, 1898. 

Su-tom-d-llte, Su-tom -3,-lIte, s. [In Ger. 

automalit; from Gr. automolos=a. doserter, autom¬ 
ates, adj.=going of one’s self; automoleo— to desert: 
attfos=self, and molein— to go or come. This min¬ 
eral is said to be a “ deserter,” because it has 
departed from the aspect of a metallic one, and yet 
Las much zinc in its composition.] A mineral, 
called alsoGahnite, a varietyof Spinel(q.v.). Dana 
characterizes it as Zinc-gahnite. The composition 
is oxide of zinc and alumina, with sometimes a little 
iron. It is found at Fahlun, in Sweden, and in 
America. 

au-to morph -Ic, a. [Gr. autos^of one’s self, 
and morphe=iovm..\ Formed after the pattern of 
one’s self. 

au-ton -o-mg,-sy, s. [Gr. aufos=self, and onoma 
=name.] 

Rhet. Lit.: A word which virtually names itself, 
meaning a general word which, from certain cir¬ 
cumstances connected with it, has really a specific 
meaning. Thus, to a native of Egypt, the common 
word river in most cases means the proper one, the 
Nile. 

au-ton -6-mous, a. [Fr. autonome; Port, auto- 
no mo. In Gr. autonomos.] Pertaining or relating 
to autonomy ; possessing and exercising the right of 
self-government; independent. 

au-ton -o-my, s. [In Fr. autonomie; Port, auto¬ 
nomic^ ; Gr. autonomia , from au to no m os *= li v ing by 
one’s own laws: emfos=self, and nomos= custom, 
law; nemo=to distribute.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: The right, and that not lying 
dormant, but acted on, of self-government. Inde¬ 
pendence ; the state of being, within certain limits, 
a law to one’s self. (Used of nations or of indi¬ 
viduals.) 

2. Mental Phil. In the Philosophy of Kant: A 
term employed to designate the absolute sover¬ 
eignty of reason in the sphere of morals. 

fiu’-to-pis-ty, s. [Gr. autopistos= credible in 
itself: au/os=self, and pistos= trustworthy; peitho 
=to persuade.] Self-evidencing power; credibility 
on internal evidence without its being requisite to 
seek corroboration from external sources, 
au-top '-si-3,, s. [Autopsy.] 

au-top-slc-al, s. [Eng. autops(y); -ical.) Per¬ 
taining to autopsy; autoptical. [Autoptical.] 
au-top-sy, au-top-si-gi, s. [In Fr. autopsie; 
Port, autopsia; Gr. autopsia, from autos=se\l, and 
ops=the eye.] Observation of a phenomenon made 
by means of one’s own eyes, as distinguished from 
testimony with respect to it. 

Med.: Used of a post-mortem examination. 


335 

fau-top'-tic-al, a. [In Gr. autoptikos.] 

Ord. Lang. <& Med.: Pertaining to autopsy; seen 
by one’s own eyes; autopsical. 

“Evinced by autoptical experience.”— Evelyn, bk. iii., 
oh. iii., § 22. 

fau-top -tlc-al-ly, adv. [Eng. autoptical ; -lyf] 
Ord. Lang. & Med.: By means of one’s own eyes. 
“That the galaxy is a meteor, was the account of 
Aristotle; but the telescope hath autoptically confuted it 
. . .”— Glanvilie: Scepsis. 

fau-to-sche-dl-as -tic-cl, a. [From Gr. auto- 
schediastikos=extempoTaTy ; autoschediazo= to do, 
act, or speak off-hand: autoschedios=(l) hand to 
hand, (2) off-hand; autos=o ne’s self; schedios={of 
place) near, (of time) sudden, on the spur of the 
moment, off-hand; schedon= near; echo— I have; 
schein, infin. = to have.] Extemporaneous, extem¬ 
porary. 

“You so much over-value my autoschediastical and in¬ 
digested censure of St. Peter’s primacy over the rest of 
the apostles, . .”—Dean Martin- Letters, p. 21. 

tau-to-the'-l§m, s. [Gr. awfos=self, and Eng. 
theism (q. v.).] The doctrine of the self-existence 
of God. 

fau-tS-the -Ist, s. [Gr. attfos=self, and Eng. 
theist (q. v.).] One who is his own god. A wor¬ 
shiper of self. 

au -t6-type, S. [Gr. autos = self, and typos = a 
blow, . . . the impress of a seal.] A method of 
phototyping. Tissue being prepared with a liquid 
composed of gelatine, sugar, and bichromate of pot¬ 
ash, is then used for taking a collodion negative in 
the ordinary way. It is next applied under water 
with the face down to a plate of glass, metal, or 
other paper, coated with gelatine and chrome alum. 
Means are then taken to remove the parts not hard¬ 
ened by light, and finally, by another elaborate 
process, the plate is made ready for the printing- 
press. 

au-to-ty-pog -ra-phy, s. [From Eng. autotype 
(q. v.), andGr. graphe=a. deduction, drawing, paint¬ 
ing. or writing.] A process invented by Mr. Wallis, 
by which drawings made on gelatine can be trans¬ 
ferred to soft metallic plates, and afterward used 
for printing from, like ordinary copper plates. 

au -tumn (nmute),s. & a. [In Fr. automne; Sp. 
otono; Port, outono; Ital. autunno; Lat. auctumnus 
(autumnus is less correct), aucius=increase, growth, 
abundance; auctus, pa. par. of augeo=to increase. 
While the words spring, summer, and winter came 
to us from our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, the term 
autumn was borrowed from the Romans.] 

1. Lit.: The season of the year which follows 
summer and precedes the winter. Astronomically, it 
is considered to extend from the autumnal equinox, 
September 23d, in which the sun enters Libra, to the 
winter solstice, December 22d, in which he enters 
Capricorn. Popularly, it is believed to embrace the 
months of August, September, and October. 

“ Divinest autumn! who may paint thee beat?” 

R. H. Stoddard. 

“I saw old autumn in the misty morn 
Stand shadowless, like silence listening to silence.” 

Thomas Hood. 

2. Fig.: The decline of human life ; the whole term 
of man’s existence being tacitly compared to a 
year. 

“Life’s autumn past, I stand on winter’s verge.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

As adjective: 

“ The lands are lit 

With all the autumn blaze of golden rod; 

And everywhere the purple asters nod 

And bend and wave and flit .”—Helen Hunt. 
autumn-field, s. A field as it looks in autumn, 
when harvest is in progress. 

“ When thinking of the autumn-fields that are no 

more.” Tennyson . 

autumn-leaves, s. pi. The leaves which so 
abundantly fall toward the close of autumn. ( Long¬ 
fellow: Evangeline, i. 4.) 

autumn-sheaf, s. A sheaf of grain gathered in 
autumn. ( Tennyson: Two Voices.) 

au-tum'-nal, *fiu-tum -nl-an, a. & s. [Eng. 
autumn; -al,-ian. In Fr. automnal; Sp. autumnal; 
Port, outonal; Ital. autumnale: Lat. auctumnalis, 
less properly autumnalis .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to, or produced or plucked in, 
autumn. 

“ How sweet on this autumnal day, 

The wild wood’s fruits to gather.” 

Wordsworth: Yarrow Visited, September, 1814. 

“ As when a heap of gathered thorns is cast, 

Now to, now fro, before th’ autumnal blast, 
Together clung, it rolls around the field.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, v. 418. 

2 Fig.: Pertaining to the declining period of 
human life. 

“ A sudden illness seized her in the strength 
Of life’s autumnal season.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 


auxiliary 

Autumnal equinox: The time when the days and 
nights in autumn become equal, tbe influence of 
twilight not being taken into consideration. The. 
sun is then vertical at the equator on his journey 
southward. This happens about the 22d or 23d off 
September. 

Autumnal point: The part of the equator from, 
which the sun passes to the southern hemisphere. 

Autumnal signs (Astron .); The signs Libra,. 
Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the suit 
passes during the autumn. 

B. As substantive: A plant which flowers in- 
autumn. 

*au tum -m-an, a. [Autumnal.] 

Au-tun -Ite, s. [So named because found near 
jiutun, in • the department of Saone-et-Loire, in. 
France.] 

Min.: An orthorhombic mineral, of a citron oc 
sulphur-yellow color. The hardness is 2 to 2’5; tire 
sp. gr., 3’05 to 3T9; the luster on one face pearly, on 
others adamantine. It is a translucent and optically 
biaxial. Composition: Phosphoric acid, 13’40 to 
15'20; sesquioxide of uranium, 56’47 to 61*73; water.,. 
15-48 to 20; with smaller amounts of lime, magnesia;, 
protoxide of manganese, baryta, and oxide of tin. 
Formerly found at South Basset, Wheal Edwards,, 
and near St. Day, in England; now at St. Sym-- 
phorien, near Autun, in France; in Russia,. 
America, &c. (Dana.) 

au-ver-n£.s, s. [From Fr. auvernas, a name 
given at Orleans to certain kinds of black raisins.] 
A heady wine, made near Orleans from the raisins 
mentioned in the etymology. Kept two or three 
years it becomes excellent. 

aux-e-sls, s. [Gr. a«a;est8=growth, increase; 
auxano, 1 fut. auxeso=to make large, to cause to 
increase.] 

Rhet.: Amplification, a figure by which a digni¬ 
fied word is purposely substituted for one of a more 
ordinary character. 

au^-et'-Ic, a. [Gr .auxetikos,'] Pertaining to an 
auxesis; containing an amplification. 

“This auxetic power of the preposition is observable in 
the Epist. to Philemon, ver. 19.”— Dr. Hutchinson: Serm. 
at Oxford (1740), p. 8. 

aux-et'-6-phone, s. [Gr. auxetikos; from auxesis, 
increase, and phone, sound.] A device for reinforc¬ 
ing the sounds of graphophones, in which the 
usual diaphram of mica in the producer is replaced 
by a small valve, which controls the admission of 
compressed air to the trumpet. By its aid the 
graphophone sounds can he carried two miles. 

Tau^-ll -I-ar, a. & s. [In Fr. auxiliare; Sp. 
Port, auxiliar; Ital. ausiliare; Lat. auxiliaris and 
auxiliarius, from auxilior and auxilio=to help; 
auxilium=help.] 

A. As adjective: Auxiliary. Used — 

1. Gen. Of things in general: 

“ While yet th’ auxiliar shafts this hand supply.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxii., 123 
“ The glorious habit by which sense is made 
Subservient still to moral purposes, 

Auxiliar to divine.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

2. Spec. Of troops: 

“Auxiliar troops combin’d, to conquer Troy.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xix., 147. 

B. -4s substantive: Auxiliary troops ; auxiliaries 
“ Ye Trojans, Dardans, and auxiliars, hear!” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. vii , 419.' 

au?-il'-i-Ar-Ie§, s. pi. [Auxiliary, s.] 

'au3f-ir-I-g.r-ly, adv. [Eng. auxiliar; -ly.] By. 
means of help. (Harris, Worcester, etc.) 

aujf-il-I*au?-il -I- 9 x-Ie, *a,ux-il -11- 
5ir-y, a. & s. [Auxiliar.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: Rendering assistance, 
helping, aiding; subsidiary to. 

“ Aid from his brother of the seas he craves. 

To help him with auxiliary waves.” Dry len. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mil. Auxiliary troops. [Auxiliary, B., I. 
1 (2)-] 

2. Gram. Auxiliary verbs: The verbs which are 
used to conjugate others. They are the verbs to be, 
to have, shall, will, &c. 

“In almost all languages, some of the commonest 
nouns and verbs have many irregularities; such are the 
common auxiliary verbs, to be and to have, to do and to be 
done, &e.” — Watts. 

3. Anatomy: Pertaining to any organ or part of 
an organ which assists another one in its operation. 

“There is not the smallest capillary, vein but it is 
present with, and auxiliary to it, according to its use.” 
— Hale: Origin of Mankind. 


b<5il, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $Mn, bench; go gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f 
-cian, -tian = sh$m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§iou = zhun. -tious -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -dle„ &c. — bel, del.. 



auxiiiation 


336 


avariciousness 


Auxiliary muscles: Muscles, the action of which 
assists that of others. (Used specially of the pyra¬ 
midal muscles of the abdomen.) 

4. Music. Auxiliary scales: The six keys or scales, 
consisting of any key'major, with its relative minor, 
and the attendant keys of each. 

B. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons: 

(1) Any person who helps another; a helper, an 
assistant. 

“ There are, indeed, a sort of underling auxiliaries 
to the difficulty of a work, called commentators and 
critics.”— Pope. 

(2) Troops, often from another nationality, tak¬ 
ing a subordinate place in a military enterprise. 

“Highland auxiliaries might have been of the greatest 
use to him; but he had few such auxiliaries. ”— Macaulay: 
Mist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

2. Of things: Anything which assists. 

“ In the strength of that power he might, without the 
•auxiliaries of any further influence, have determined his 
will to a full choice of God.”— South. 

II. Technically: 

1. Gram.: An auxiliary verb. [A., II. 2.] 

_ 2. Math.: A quantity introduced with the view of 
simplifying some complex operation. 

- *au?-Il-I-a'-tion, s. [Lat auxiliatio.] Help, 
aid. 

au^-H'-i-Jt-tor-y, a. [From Lat. auxiliatus, 
perf. par. of auxilior— to help.] [Auxiliar.] 
Assisting, helping. 

“ . . . the purchasing of masses both auxiliatory and 
expiatory.”— Sir E. Sanclys: State of Religion. 

g,U?'-lS, s. [Gr. auxis.] A genus of spiny- 
■finnod fishes _ belonging to the Scomberidee, or 
.Mackerel family. They are found in the Mediter¬ 
ranean, the Antilles, &c. Some are of large size. 
They resemble the tunny. 

aux'-unge, s. [Axunge.] 

Av a’,?i-va ',adv. [Scotch av=of, anda’=ail.] 
{Scotch.) 

1. Of all, as denoting arrangement in place. 
(Mayne: Siller Gun , p. 22.) 

2. At all; in any way. 

“. . . to be sure, for my part, I hae nae right to be 
here ava’.” — Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xiv. 

a’-va, s. [Native language of the Sandwich 
Islands.] 

1. The Sandwich Island name of a liliaceous 
plant, a species of Cordyline [Cordvline], which 
furnishes an intoxicating liquor. 

“. . . the stream was shaded by the dark-green 
knotted.stem of the ava, so famous in former days for its 
intoxicating effects.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, 
ch. xviii. 

2. The native name given in the Sandwich Islands 
to an intoxicating liquor distilled from the plant 
described under No. 1, or to intoxicating liquor in 
general. 

“But when it did a general search was made, in which 
even the houses of the missionaries were not exempted, 
and all the ana (as the natives call all ardent spirits) 
was poured on the ground.”— Darwin: Voyage round ihe 
World, ch. xviii. 

3. A kind of pepper. Macropiper methysticum. 
(Treas. of Bot.) 

av'-a-da-vat, s. [Amadavat.] An Indian bird, 
the same ais Ariadavat (q. v.). 

g.-va il (1), a-vaile, *availl, *?,-va ille, 
*a-va y-lyn, ♦g.-va'yl, *a ua ile, *&-ua yle, 
§.-ue ile (u as V), v. i. & t. [From Fr. valoir= to be 
worth; O. Fr. valoir , valer, valeir; Prov., Sp., & 
Port, valer; Ital. valere; Lat. valeo— (1) to be strong 
or vigorous, (2) to be worth.] 

A. Intransitive: To be of sufficient strength, 
validity, or effectiveness to gain the end which it 
was designed to accomplish. 

“The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man avail- 
tth much.”— James v. 16. 

“ Farewell! if ever fondest prayer 
For other’s weal avail’d on high.” 

Byron: Farewelll 

B. Transitive: 

1. To profit, to serve the purpose of. 

“But litle may such guile thee now avayl.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. v. 5. 

“Yet all this availeth me nothing.”— Esther, v. 13. 

K (a) It is rarely followed by an infinitive. 

“ Eternal sorrows what avails to shed ? 

Greece honors not with solemn fasts the dead.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xix., 227-8. 

(6) It is often used reciprocally. 

“ Then shall they seek t’ avail themselves of names, 

Places, and titles . . .” Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 


2. To promote, to favor, to assist. 

“ Meantime he voyag’d to explore the will 
Of Jove, on high Dodona’s holy hill ; 

What means might best his safe return avail.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, xiv. 365. 

*a-va il (2), *g,-va ile, *g,-va le, *g,-ua ile, 
*a-ua le (u=v), v.t.&L. [From Fr. avaler=to swal¬ 
low, take down, let down ; aua-/=downward. In 
Ital. avallare is=to let down, from Low Lat. audio, 
or avallo, with the same meaning.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To cause to descend, to let fall. 

“ By that, the welked Phoebus gan availe 
His weary waine . . .” 

Spenser: Sheph. Cal., i. 

2. Figuratively: To depress in position and in 
spirits; to render abject. 

“He did abase and avale the sovereignty into more 
servitude toward that see than had been among us.”— 
Wotton. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To descend. 

“And from their sweaty coursers did avale.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 10. 

2. Fig.: To sink, to become depressed in spirits, 
to feel one’s pride humbled. 

“ That could so meekly make proud hearts avale.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. viii. 25. 

a-va’il, *a-va ile, *a-va yle, *a-ua'ile, *a- 
ua yle (u=v), s. [O. Fr. availe .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Worth, value, profit, advantage, use, produce. 

“ I charge thee, 

As lieav’n shall work in me for thine avail, 

To tell me truly.” Shakesp.: All’s Well, i. 3. 

IT It is often preceded by no, much, little, and 
other adjectives, indicating quantity, number, or 
proportion ; thus, “ Of no avail,” “ of much avail,” 
&c. 

“ Truth, light upon this way, is of no more avail to ns 
than error.”— Locke. 

f2. Means, property. (Generally in the plural, 
avai7s=proceeds, profits.) 

B. Scots Laiv: An old feudal practice which grad¬ 
ually acquired the force of law, by which a lord or 
other superior exacted from any vassal’s son, who 
happened to be unmarried at the time of his father’s 
death, but afterward entered the matrimonial 
state, the entire tocher, that is, dower of the lady. 
This was called single avail. Nay, more, the supe¬ 
rior believed himself entitled to choose a wife for the 
young man,. and take from him double avail if, 
rejecting her, he wedded another. When the Court 
of Session gained a voice in these matters, the 
judges, almost as recalcitrant as the bridegroom 
himself against double avail, were never known to 
have given the smallest assistance to an aggrieved 
chief in carrying out his modest claim. ( Erskine: 
Instit., bk. ii., title v., §§ 20, 21.) 

{S,-vail-g,-bIl'-I-ty, s. [Eng. avail, -ability; or 
available; -ity.] The quality of being available. 

a-va il-g,-ble, *a va il a ble, *e,-uayle-a-ble 
(u=v), a. [Eng. avail; -able .] 

*1. Powerful, in force, valid. 

“ Laws human are available by consent.”— Hooker. 

“ Drake put one of his men to death, having no author¬ 
ity nor commission available.” — Raleigh. 

2. Profitable, advantageous, of benefit. 

“ It was as much available to pray to saints as to whirl 
a stone against the wind.”— Froude: Hist. Eng., vol. iii., 
ch. xii., p. 64. 

3. Capable of being employed. 

“ . . . available for purposes of collective luxury or 
magnificence.”— J. S. Mill: Politic. Economy (Prelim. 
Remarks), p. 19. 

g,-va il-g.-ble-ness, s. [Eng. available; -ness.'] 

1. The quality of being available. Spec., capabil¬ 
ity of effecting the purpose for which it was 
intended. 

“ We differ from that supposition of the efficacy, or 
availableness, or suitableness of these to the end.”— Hale. 

2. Legal force, validity, 
a-va'il-a-bly, adv. [Eng. available); -y.] 

*1. Powerfully, in force ; spec., with legal validity. 

0 Johnson .) 

2. Profitably, advantageously; of benefit. ( John¬ 
son .) 

a-vail'-ing, pr. par. [Avail ( 1 ).] 

*a-valll, s. [From avail (2), v.] Abasement, 
humiliation. (Scotch.) 

“ The labor lost, and leil service; 

The lang availl on humil wyse, 

And the lytill rewarde agane, 

For to considder is ane pane.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 115. (Jamieson.) 


+<j,-va il-ment, s. [Eng. avail, -ment .] Profit, 
advantage. (Johnson.) 

&-va'il§, s. pi. [Avail, s.] 

av-§.~la n 9 he, jav-a-la nge, s. [Fr. avalanche, 
from avaler= . . . to let down.] [Avail (2),u.j 
A snow-slip ; the descent from the upper parts of a 
mountain, down its slope, of an immense mass of 
snow and ice, accompanied by earth, gravel, and 
such fragments of rock as they have been able to 
detach. Such avalanches are often destructive to 
Alpine houses or hamlets. Avalanches on a minia¬ 
ture scale may be seen whenever snow is melting on 
housetops. 

“ Huge fragments, sapp’d by the ceaseless flow, 

Till white and thundering down they go, 

Like the avalanche’s snow 
On the Alpine vales below.” 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth, 24. 

*g,-vale, v. t. & i. [Avail (2).] 

*a-va n9e, v. i. [From Fr. avancer.] [Advance.] 
The same as Advance (q. v.). (Old Eng. & Scotch.) 
“ It is not honest, it may not avance.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 246. (S. in Boucher.) 
*a-va n§e, *a-va"u.n<;e, s. [From Fr. avance.] 
[Advance.] Advancement. 

“ To another agreter avaunce.” 

Piers Plowman’s Tale, 165. ( S. in Boucher.) 

*a-va nQe-ment, *§,-va'un 9 e-ment, *a-ua ce¬ 
ment (uan9e=van9e), s. [FromSp. avancement .] 
Old Eng. dt Scotch.) The same as advancement 
q. v.). (Prompt. Parv., Jamieson, &c.) 
a-va'nt (1), s., and in compos. [Fr. avant : (as 
prep.) = before ; (as adv.)—tar, forward; (as substf 
=the bow of a ship.] 

A. Assubst: The van of an army. [Van.] 

B. In comp.: Avant is an adj. = foremost, which, 
in military phrases, is—most advanced against the 
enemy. 

avant-courier (Fr. & Eng.), favant-currier 

(Scotch), s. [Fr. avant-coureur; from avant — 
before, and courir=to run.] 

1. Gen. : A forerunner, a precursor. 

2. Spec., plur. (Mil.) : Forerunners of an army, 
perhaps what are now called “ picquet guards.” 

“The avant-enrriers of the English boast were come in 
sight, whilest the Scots were some at supper and others 
gone to rest.”— Hume: Hist. Doug., p. 99. (Jamieson.) 
avant-fosse, s. [Fr.] 

Fortif. : The ditch of a counterscarp next to the 
country. It is dug at the foot of the glacis. (James.) 
avant-guard, s. sing, or pi. [Fr. avant-garde.] 
Mil. : Advanced guard. 

“ The horsemen might issue forth without disturbance 
of th% foot, and the avant-guard without shuffling with 
the battail or arriere.”— Hayward. 

*$,-va nt (2), s. [Avaunt.] A vaunt, a boast. 
[Avaunt, s ., Vaunt, s.] 

*a-va nt, a-va'nte, v. i. [Fr. vanter.] [Avaunt ] 
To vaunt, to boast. [Avaunt, v ., Vaunt, v .] 

*a-va n-tage, s. [Fr. avant age ; Low Lat. avan- 
tagium.] [Advantage.] The same as Advantage 
( q. v.). (Prompt. Parv., &c.) [See also Evantagb.] 
fg,-van -tiir-me, s. [Aventurine.] 
av g, ri 9 e, s. [In Fr. avarice ; Sp. avaricia ; Port. 
avareza; Ital. avarizia; Lat. avaritia, from avarus 
=eagerly desirous of.] 

1. Spec.: An excessive craving after wealth; 
greediness of gain; inordinate love of money; 
covetousness. 

“And the difference bytwixe avarice and coveytise is 
this: coveitise is for to coveyte snche thinges as thou hast 
not; and avarice is to withholds and kepe suche thinges 
as thou hast, withouten rightful neede.”— Chaucer: Per- 
sones Tale. 

“ Avarice is rarely the vice of a young man: it is rarely 
the vice of a great man . . .’’—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xiv. 

2. Gen. : Insatiable desire of something else than 
money. 

“And all are taught an avarice of praise.” 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 

av-?L-ri'- 9 ious ( 9 ious as shus), a. [Eng. 

avaric(e) ; -ious. In Fr. avaricieux ; Ital. avaraccio.] 

1. Insatiably eager to acquire wealth ; covetous. 

“Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3. 

2. The result of covetousness; produced by covet¬ 
ousness. 

“An unrelenting, avaricious thrift.” 

Wovdsioorth. Excursion, bk. vi. 
av-3,-rP-9ious-l5f ( 9 ious as shus), adv. [Eng. 
avaricious;-ly.] In an avaricious manner; covet¬ 
ously. 

av-a-ri'^ious-ness (9ious as shus), s. [Eng. 
avaricious ; -ness.] The qualitj' of being avaricious^ 
covetousness. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, cam?l, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore. wolf, worh, who, son; mute, cub, ciire unite, cur : rule, full; try, Syrian, as, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



avarous 


*av -g,-rous, *ay-er-ofis, a. [Fr. avare; Sp. 
Jfc Port, avaro, adj.; Ital. avaro, s.=a miser. From 
Lat. avarus, from aveo— to desire.] 

“. . . for it [avarice] bireveth Mm the love that men 
to him owen, and tnrnith it bakward agains al resoun, 
and makith that the ivarous man hath more hope in his 
catel than in Jhesu Crist, . . . ” — Chaucer: The Persones 
Tale. 

avast, interj. [Etymology doubtful. Johnson, 
Webster, &c., derive it from Ital. basta= enough; 
and the Italian nautical phrase corresponding to 
the Eng. “ avast” is basta ferma , while that cor¬ 
responding to “avast heaving” is basta virato . 
Malm believes avast to be a corruption of Dut. howl 
east=hold fast, and Wedgwood, of an old cant term, 
a waste— away.] 

Naut.: Enough, cease, stay, hold, desist from. 

“ Avast hailing! don’t you know me, mother Partlett Y” 
Cumberland: Com. of the Walloons. 
avast heaving. Desist from heaving, 
av-a-tar, av-ij.-ta'-ra, S. [Sansc. awat&ra, 
avat&ra, from ava—from, and tri =to cross over, to 
pass over.] 

Hindoo Myth.: The descent of a deity to the 
earth; the incarnation of a deity. (Specially 
applied to the ten incarnations of Vishnoo.) [Incar¬ 
nation.] 

*a-v& unse, s. [Apparently altered from avaunt 
(q. v.).] A boast. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*a-va'unge-ment, s. [Fr. avancement. ] [Ad¬ 
vancement.] 

*a-va un-gyd, pa. par. The same as Advanced 
( q. v.). ( Prompt. Parv.) 

a-va'unt, adv., interj., & subst. [Fr. avant (adv.) 
= (1) far, (2) forward.] 

A. As adjective: Forward. {Chaucer.) 

B. As intersection: An exclamation expressive of 
mingled loathing and contempt=“ Begone, get thee 
.gone 1” 

“ O, he is bold, and blushes not at death! 

Avaunt, thou hateful villain, get thee gone!” 

Shakesp.: K. John, iv. 3. 

“Hence! Avauntl he’s mine, 

Prince of the Powers invisible!” 

Byron: Manfred, ii. 4. 

C. As substantive: An order to depart. 

“ To give her the avaunt / . . .” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., ii. 3. 

*g.-va unt, v. i. [Fr. avat?L=forward; en avant 
^forward.] To advance. Spec., to do so in a 
boastful manner. 

“ And by the way he chaunced to espy, 

One sitting ydle on a sunny bancke 
To whom avaunting in great bravery, 

As Peacocke that his painted plumes doth pranck.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iii. 6. 

*?,-va unt, v.t. [In Ital. awantarsi—to boast; 
Fr. vanter=to praise; se vanter= to praise one’s 
Belf, to boast.] To vaunt, to boast. 

“ Let now the Papists avaunt themselves of their tran- 
substantiation.”— A bp. Cranmer: Answer to Gardiner, 
p. 333. 

* 3 ,-va’unt, *§,-ua'nt (u=v),*a.-wa'nt, s. [Avant, 
v.] A vaunt, a boast. 

“If he gave aught, he durst make avaunt.” 

Chaucer: Prol. C. T., 227. 

*a-vaunt-age, s. [From Fr. avantage.'] [Advan¬ 
tage.] The same as Advantage (q. v.). 

“ For ther nas noon so wys that cowthe seye, 

That any had of other avauntage.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,592-8. 

♦a-vaunt-anee, s. [Eng. avaunt, and suff. -ance.] 
Taunting, boasting. 

“ The vice, cleped avauntance, 

With pride hath take his acquaintance.” 

Gower. Conf. Am., b. i. 

*a-va unt-er, s. [0. Eng. avaunt; -er.) One who 
vaunts; a boaster. 

“Ne noon avaunter, by that God above!” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,408. 

*a-va unt-ing, *a-va unt-yn, pr.par. [Avaunt, 
■•«•] 

*a-va'unt-ry, *a-va unt-ri-e, s. [Eng. avaunt, 
and Eng. suif. -ry.) 

“ The worshippe of his name, 

Through pride of his avauntrie. 

He tourneth into vilanie.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., b. i. 

*a-vayle, s. [Avail.] 

ave, imperat. of verb, sometimes used as a subst. 
|Lat.=hail.j [Ave Mary.] 

A. As imperative of verb, as when the expression 
Ave Mary is used in an ejaculatory manner. [Ave 
Mary.] (See the examples from Scott and Tenny- 
-son.) 


337 


B. As substantive: An Ave Mary or Ave Maria 

(q- v.). 

“. . . he repeated Ares and Credos: he walked in 
processions . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

Av'-e MaT-jf, Av e [In Sw., Sp., & 

Lat. Ave Maria; Dan. Avemaria; Dut. &Port. Ave- 
Maria: Fr. Av6 Maria; Ital. Avemaria, Avemma- 
ria. From Lat. ave=hail=God save you, and Eng. 
Mary, Lat. Marta; Gr. Marian Mariam; Heb. Mi¬ 
riam, frommeri=contumacy (Gesenius), or mdrar— 
to be bitter; or from rdm= to be high. Ave Maria 
are the first words of the angel’s salutation to the 
Virgin Mary, as given in the Latin Yulgate of Luke 
i. 28.] [Hail Mary.] 

A. As imperative of a verb: Hail Mary! a saluta¬ 
tion to the Virgin Mary, constituting part of the 
Roman Catholic worship. 

“ He joyed to see the cheerful light, 

And he said Ave Mary, as well he might.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 24. 

“ But ‘Ave Mary,’ made she moan.” 

Tennyson: Mariana in the South. 

B. As substantive: A prayer to the Virgin Mary; 
in which the words Ave Maria occur. 

IT The chaplets and rosaries which Roman Cath¬ 
olics use are divided into a certain number of Ave 
Marias and paternosters. 

“ Numbering onr Ave Maries with our beads.” 

Shakesp .3 Henry VI., ii. 1. 

*aved, *§,'-ued (u=V), pret. of verb. [Ap- 
arently from have, with h suppressed, before have 
ad become an irregular verb.] Had, 

“ Er the fulthe of time was comen, 

Satenas al folk aued nomen.” 

MS. Coll. Med. Edinb., H. IIL xii., f. 61. {S, in Boucher.) 

* 3 ,-vell’, v. t. [Lat. avello.] To pull away. 

“ The beaver in chase makes some divulsion of parts ; 
yet are not these parts avelled to be termed testicles.”— 
Browne. 

a-vel'-lane, s. [Fr. aveline; 

Sp. avellana; Port, avelan; 

Ital. avellana= a filbert, a hazel¬ 
nut.] 

Her.: A cross resembling four 
filberts. {Gloss, of Heraldry .) 

*a've-long, a. [Old form of 
Eng. oblong. J Oblong. 

a-ve'-na, s. [In Fr. avoine; 

Sp. avena; Port, avea; Ital. 
vena; from Lat. avena— an oat.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Graminacese, or Grasses. The A. 
fatua, or Wild; the A. strigosa, or Bristle-pointed; 
the A. pratensis, or Narrow-leaved perennial; the 
A.planiculmus, or Flat-stemmed; the A. pubescens, 
or Downy; and the A. flavescens, or Yellow Oat, 



1. Avena elatior (False Oat Grass). 2. Avena fatua (Wild 
Oat). 3. Avena pratensis (Glabrous Oat Grass.) 4 . 
Avena pubescens (Downy Oat Grass). 6. Avena flaves¬ 
cens (Yellow Oat Grass). 6. Avena strigosa (Black Oat). 

are species included in this genus. The first of 
these species is akin to the A. sativa, or Cultivated 
Oat. It is a cereal suitable for cold climates, not 
reaching proper maturity in the South. It attains 
perfection in Scotland, and is largely grown there. 
A. nuda is the Naked or Hill-oat, or Peel-corn, for¬ 
merly cultivated and used extensively by the poorer 
classes in the North of England, Wales, and Scot¬ 
land. [See also Oat.] 

a-ve-na -ge-ous, a. [Lat. avenaceus, pertaining 
to oats, oaten, from avena —the oat.] Pertaining 
to the botanical genus Avena, or to the wild or cul¬ 
tivated oats. 

av"-§-n 3 ,ge, s, [Fr. avenage; Low Lat. avena- 
gium; from Lat. avena—wa oat.] [Avena.] A 
stipulated amount of oats paid by a tenant to a 
landlord in lieu Of rent. {Kersey : Diet., 1702.) 


avenger 

*av-en-aunt {Old Eng.), av'-en-and {Scotch), 
a. [Fr. avenant; Old Fr. advenant, both=hano- 
some and courteous.] Elegant in person and 
manners; prepossessing, engaging. 

“ . . . Y grete wele Sir Otes the graunt, 

And byd hym sende me his doghter avenaunt." 

Le Bone Florence, 128, {Boucher.) 

“ He wes yhoung, and avenand, 

And til all lordis rycht plesand.” 

Wyntown, vi., 13, 161. {Jamieson.) 

av'-en-aunt llche, adv. [O. Eng. avenaunt, and 
suff. liche= -ly.~\ Beautifully. 

“ To seohe thoru that eite ther nas non sioh, 

Of erbes, and of erberi, so avenauntliche idiht.” 

The Pistill of Susan., st. 1. {S, in Boucher.) 

*a’-venge, s. [Avens.] 

*g,-ve ne, s. [Avena.] An ear of com. [Awn.] 
“ Avene of corne: Arista.”— Prompt. Parv. 

* 5 t-ve'-ner, 9 ,-ve -nor, *&-vey-ner, s. [Norm. 
Fr. From Lat. avena, and Eng., &c., suff. -er, -or.] 

Feudal Law: An officer of the king’s stables, who 
provided oats for the horses. 

“ . . . and to have sitting with him at his table the 

Esquire de Quyre, and the Avenour.” — Ordin. Royal 
Househ., p. 172, 17 Hen. VUI. {S. in Boucher.) 

*a'-veng, *a'-ueng (u=v), *a’-feng, pret. of v> 

[Aeonge, Avonge.] 

^.-veng e, *?,-ueng'e (u=v), v. t. [From O. Fr. 
avengier , vengier, vangier, vanger; Mod. Fr. venger; 
Prov. vengar, venjar( Sp. vengar; Port, vingar; 
Ital. vengiare, vendicare; Lat. vindico—to avenge, 
to vindicate; vindex-(l) a claimant, (2) a punisher, 
an avenger.] To make a return, or take satisfac¬ 
tion for a wrong by inflicting punishment of some 
kind or other on the offender. 

1. Gen.: Formerly it was often used, as it since 
sometimes is, to imply simply the return of pain for 
real or imagined injury, without its being decided 
whether the retribution is legitimate or the reverse. 

“ He had avenged himself on them by havoc such as 
England had never before 6een.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng. - 
ch. vii. 

2. But now it is generally confined to cases of 
punishment for injury in which the retribution is 
legitimate in character and not disproportioned to 
the offense; the word revenge being used in cases oi? 
another character. 

IT (a) Sometimes the object of the verb is the 
offense for which retribution is inflicted, followed 
by upon or on applied to the persons punished. 

"... I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the 
house of Jehu, . . Hosea i. 4. 

Formerly of was sometimes used instead of on or 
upon. 

“. « . and avenge me o/mine enemies.”— Isa. i. 24. 

(6) Sometimes in place of the offense standing as 
the object of the verb, it is followed by for. 

“ . . . such are the practices by which keen and rest¬ 
less spirits have too often avenged themselves for the 
humiliation of dependence.”.— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xiv, 

(c) The word is often used reciprocally, the per¬ 
son inflicting punishment for wrong being at once 
the subject and the object of the verb. 

"... avenging myself with my own hand.”—1 Sam. 
xxv. 33. 

1[ See also various examples given above. 

*g,-venge, s. [Avenge, v.] Revenge, vengeance 
“And if to that avenge by you decreed 
TMs hand may helpe, . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. vi. 8. 

* 3 ,-veng e-3-nge, s. [O. En g. avenge;-ance.] Pud 
isbment; vengeance, 

“This neglected fear 
Signal avengeance, such as overtook 
A miser.” Philips: Cider, bk. ii. 

g,-veng'ed, pa. par. [Avenge, v,] 

3 . -veng'e-ful, *a-veng e-full, a. [O. Eng 
avenge; Eng. suff. - full .] Revengeful, vengeful 
full of or expressive of vengeance. 

“Frame thunderbolts for Jove’s avengefull threats.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 37. 

a-veng e-ment, *a-ueng e-ment (u=v),s. [O 
Eng. avenge; -ment.~\ Vengeance; revenge of an 
illegitimate character; also legitimate punishment 
or retribution for wrongs inflicted. 

“ For of his hands he had no government, 

Ne car’d for blood in his avengement.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. iv. 34. 

“, . . to impute the death of Hotham to God’s 

avengement of his repulse at Hull , . .”— Milton: 

Answer to Eikon Basilike. 

3 ,-ven-ger, * 3 ,-uejL-ger (u = v), a. [Eng. 
aveng{e); -er. In Fr, w ngeur; Sp. vengador: Port. 
vingar; Ital. vendicatore .] [Vindicator.] One 
who avenges himself or a wrong by inflicting pun¬ 
ishment, either of a legitimate or of an illegiti¬ 
mate character, upon the offender. Used — 



Avellane Cross. 


btfll, boy; p6ut, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, tfcis; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhfin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgL 

22 




avengeresse 

3. In a general sense: 

11 . . . that thou mightest still the enemy and the 
uttenger.” — Ps. viii. 2. 

“Achilles absent was Achilles still. 

Yet a short space the great avenger staid, 

Then low in dust thy strength and glory laid.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxii., 418-20. 

II, Specially: 

1. Of God, as the Being to whom it specially ap¬ 
pertains to punish unexpiated wrong or other sin 
or crime. 

”... the Lord is the Avenger of all such, . . 

1 These, iv. 6. 

If It is used in a corresponding sense of the 
heathen Jupiter or Jove. 

“ Then Discord, sent by Pallas from above. 

Stern daughter of the great avenger Jove.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iii., 165-6. 

2. Of the Jewish “ avenger of blood.” [See ^ 
below.] 

V Avenger of blood: 

(a) Spec.: The designation given in the Mosaic 
law to the person on whom it devolved to punish 
death by violence. He was the nearest male relative 
of the person killed, and was accorded the right of 
slaying the homicide, if he could overtake him be¬ 
fore the latter reached a city of refuge. But if the 
person who had killed another reached a city of 
refuge ; he had then a fair trial, with the view 
of deciding whether the offense was manslaughter 
or murder, [Refuge.] 

“. . . and deliver him into the hand of the avenger 
of Mood, that he may die.”— Deut. xix. 12. 

(See also Numb. xxxv. 6-34; Josh, xx.) 
t6) Gen.: Any one who insists that the unjust 
taking of life shall be expiated by the death of the 
person, high or low, who perpetrates the deed. 

“The first Lieutenant-Colonel was Cleland, that im¬ 
placable avenger of blood who had driven Dundee from 
the Convention.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

*fi-ven'-ger-esse, s. [O. Eng. avenger; -esse=-e ss. 
In Fr. vengeresse.) A female avenger. 

“ Yett there that cruell Queene avengeresse.” 

Spenser: F. Q. III., viii. 20. 
fi-veng'-ihg, pr. par., a., & s. [Avenge, v.] 

A. & B. As participle dt participial adjective 
(used in senses corresponding to those of the verb) : 

1. Of God, angels, men, or other beings capable of 
inflicting retribution for wrong. 

“He heard the wheels of an avenging God 
Groan heavily along the distant road.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

“ When England ’midst the battle-storm. 

The avenging angel reared her form.” 

Hemans: To the Memory of Sir Hy. E — ll — s. 

2. Of the blow or stroke inflicted, or the bolt 
hurled to avenge a wrong. 

“ Troy yet may wake, and one avenging blow 
Crush the dire author of his country’s woe.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. iii., 83-4. 
“Each word against his honor spoke, 

Demands of me avenging stroke.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 31. 

8. Of the day of vengeance. 

C. Assubst.: Vindication of a person or people by 
punishing those who have done him or them wrong. 

“Praiseye the Lord for the avenging of Israel.”— Judges 

f, 2. 

fi-ve’-nor, s. [Avener.] 

fi-ve-nous, a. [Eng. a=Gr. a, priv., and venous 
{Q-v.).] 

Bot.: Wanting veins or nerves, 
a'-vens, *a'-vense, s. [Wei. avan— a raspberry.] 
The name applied to plants of the genus Geum 
or their allies. 

[Geum.] The 
Common Avens, 

G. urb anum 
(Linn.) has erect 
flowers, s e s s i le 
heads of fruit, 
and small yellow 
flowers. Itis 
common in 
woods and 
hedges. The 
Water Avens, 

G. riv ale, has 
drooping flow¬ 
ers, stalked 
heads of fruit, 
large flowers 
with purplish 
calyces and erect 
dull orange-col-, 
ored petals. It is not unfrequent in marshy places 
and moors. Both species have the qualities of cin¬ 
chona. 

Mountain Avens, called also White Dryas, Dry as 
octopetala, is akin to the other species. It has, how¬ 
ever, eight large white petals, while the petals in 
its congener are only five. It is not uncommon 
in alpine districts. [Dryas.] 



Common Avens. 


338 

av-en-tayle, av-en-taile, av-en-taille, s. 

[O. Fr. aventail, ventaille ; Mod. Fr. ventail: Prov. 
ventalh; Ital. ventaglia= the cheek-piece of a hel¬ 
met; fr. Lat. uen£ws=wind.] The part of a helmet 
which lifts up, and is so contrived as to admit 
fresh air. [Ventayle.] 

“For, as he drough a king by th’ aventaile.” 

Chaucer: Trail, and Cress., v. 1,570. (S. in Boucher.) 

“ Sweet was her blue eye’s modest smile. 

Erst hidden by the aventayle." 

Scott: Marmion, Introd. to canto v. 

“ And lifted his barred aventayle. 

To hail the Monk of St. Mary’s aisle.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 3. 

*fi-vente, v. t. [O. Fr. esventer.] To open for 
the purpose of breathing. 

“ And as he schulde hys helme avente, 

A quarrel 1 smote hym verament, 

Thorowowt bothe bonne and brayne.” 

Le Bone Florence, 1,941. (S. in Boucher.) 

Av’-en-tlne, a. & s. [Lat. Aventinus.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the Mons Aven¬ 
tinus, one of the seven hills on which Rome was 
built. 

B. As substantive: A military refuge, a tower, a 
defensive fort, a redoubt. 

“ Into the castle’s tower, 

The only Aventine that now is left him.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher. {Goodrich & Porter: Met.) 

*a-ven-tre (treater), v. t. [From Ital. awen- 
tare= to throw a spear.] [Adventure.] To throw 
or push forward. (Used specially of a spear.) 

“With that, her mortall speare 
She mightily aventred toward one 
And down him smot, . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., Ill. i. 28. 

*a-ven'-tred (red=erd), pa. par. [Aventre, 
Adventured.] 

*fi-vent-ring, pr. par. [Aventre, Adventur¬ 
ing.] 

*a-ven'-tiire, *aun’-ter (Old Eng.), *awyn-tyr 
(tyr=tlr) (O. Scotch), s. [Fr. aventure.) [Adven¬ 
ture.] 

1. An adventure. 

“ They tolden him of aventures that they hadde 
founde.”— Chaucer: C. T., 771. 

2. Chance; accident. 

“. . . for the honorabill support of his estate riale, 
in all aventouris and caiss, . . .”— Acts Ja. V., 1540 
(ed. 1814, p. 360). 

3. A mischance causing the death of a man; as 
where a person is suddenly killed by any accident. It 
is opposed to death by felonious crime. ( Old Eng. 
& Scotch.) (Cowel, Spottiswoode, cfcc.) 

In aventure: Corresponding to Fr. A Vaventure, 
d'aventure= perchance. Lest, perchance. 

“ The medcinaris inhibit thir displesouris to be schawin 
to the Kyng j in aventure he tuk 6ic malancoly thair 
throw, that it mycht haisty him to his deith.”— Bellend.: 
Cron., bk. xi., ch. 4. Ne forsitan, Booth. (Jamieson.) 

a-ven'-tiirine, fa-van -tiir-ine, s. [In Ger. 

avanturin; Fr. aventurine; Port, venturina.) A 
mineral, consisting of quartz, spangled with scales 
of mica or some other mineral. Dana classes it 
under his Phenocrystalline or Vitreous varieties 
of Quartz. The best specimens have been found in 
Spain. 

aventurine felspar. 

1. A variety of Orthoclase. 

2. A variety of Albite or Oligoclase. [See Aven* 
turine Oligoclase.] 

aventurine oligoclase. A reddish-gray or 
grayish-white mineral, with fire-like reflections, 

E roduced by minute disseminated crystals of 
ematite and gOthite. It is the same as Aven¬ 
turine Feldspar, No. 2, and both of these minerals 
have been called Sunstone (q. v.). (Dana.) 

*a-ven'-tiir-ou.s, *a-ven'-truse, a. [Adven¬ 
turous.] 

1. Adventurous. 

“ Ane Egle of the est, ande ane aventruse byrde.” 

Early Scottish Verse, iv. (ed. Lumby), 42. 

2. Of uncertain issue. 

“ . „ . the deedes of batayles be aventurous, and no 
thing certeyn, . . .”— Chaucer: Tale of Melibeus. 

av’-en-vie, *ad’-ven-u.e, s. [Fr. avenue, from 
avenir= to come. In Sp. & Port, avenida; Lat. 
advenio= to come to: ad=to 2 and venio= to come.) 
A road or opening of any kind leading to a house, 
a city, &c. 

“All the avenues leading to the city by land were 
closely guarded.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

Spec.: An alley bordered by rows of trees, whether 
leading to a house or not. 

“ The roads were bordered by hedges of Mimosa, and 
near many of the houses there were avenues of the 
mango.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xxi. 

*[ In America it is used also for a broad street in 
a city. 


average 

•a'-ver(l), s. [In Sw. hafre, hafra= oats; Dai- 
& Dut. havre; Ger. hafer.) The oat; oats. (Scotch.} 

*av -er (2), *av -ere, *av-oir e (oire as war), s. 

[Fr. avoir=that which one possesses; from avoirs 
to have ; Sp. haber= substance, wealth, riches ; from 
haber— to have; Port, haver (sing.), haveres ( pi.); 
Ital. «vere=ostate, riches; from avere— to have* 
Low Lat. avera, averia; from Lat. habeo—to have.] 

A. (Of the forms a voire and avere.) Gen.: Prop¬ 
erty of any kind. 

B. (Of the form aver.) Spec.: As in the old pas¬ 
toral times property in the main consisted of the 
domesticated animals, the word aver became con¬ 
fined to them [Affri, Aiver, Aver-corn, Aver- 
land, Aver-silver, Averie], and next, becoming 
yet more specialized, terminated by signifying a 
work-horse. (Scotch cfc N. of England.) 

“An inch of a nag is worth the span of an aver." 
Ferguson: Scotch Proverbs, p. 7. (S. in Boucher.) 

aver-corn, s. [So-called, according to Skinner, 
because it is corn drawn to the granary of the lord 
of the manor by the working cattle, or avers, of the 
tenants.] A reserved rent in com, paid by farmers 
and tenants to religious houses. (Jacobs.) (S. in 
Boucher.) 

aver-land, s. Land plowed by the tenants, 
with their cattle, or avers, for the use of a monas¬ 
tery or of the lord of the soil. (Cowel.) (S. in 
Boucher.) 

aver-penny, averpenny, s. Money formerly 
paid in lieu of arrage and carriage. (A word of 
frequent occurrence in old English charters.) 

“ Averpenny, money paid toward the king’s carriage* 
by land, instead of service by the beasts ( averia ) in kind.” 
— Burn: Hist, of Westm. and Cumb.; Gloss. 

aver-silver, s. A custom or rent so called, orig¬ 
inating from the cattle, or avers, of the tenants of 
the soil. (Jacobs.) 

a-ver’, *a-ver re, v t. [Fr. av6rer— to declare 
positively; Prov. averar, aveirar; Sp. & Port, aver* 
iguar; Ital. averrare; Low Lat. avero, advent: 
from Classical Lat. ad — to, and verus = true.] 
[Verify.] To assert positively, as one does who is 
convinced he is speaking the truth; confidently 
to declare. 

“Early one morning it was confidently averred that 
there had been a battle, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng^ 
ch. xxi. 

*av'-er-age (1) (0. Eng.),* au -ar-age (au=av), 
*ar'- 3 ?-a£e> *ar'-rage, *ar'-age (0. Scotch), s. [In 
Dan. hoveri is=average, soccage-duty, service due 
to the landlord; hoveribonde= soccager, bondman; 
hoveripligtig= obliged to soccage-duty; hovarbeide 
=service due to the landlord, soccage-duty, average; 
hovdag= the day on which soccage-duty is performed 
(Tauchnitz: Dan. Diet.) Wedgwood derives this 
group of words from Dan. hof= a court residence of 
palace, and believes that in this direction the ety¬ 
mology of Eng. average (1) should be sought. The 
derivation generally given is from Low Lat. aven 
agium and averia, in the sense of a portion of work 
done by animals of burden ; also a charge upon car¬ 
riages. So, also, the heriot formerly paid to the 
lord of a manor on the death of a tenant was the 
best live beast, or averium, which the deceased 
tenant had possessed.) [Aver (2).) 

Old Feudal Law: The duty or service which the 
tenant was bound to pay to the king or to the lord 
of the manor by means of his animals of burden 
and his carriages. 

“ Arage, v. t., pervaies. Average signifies service qnhilk 
the tennent aucht to his master be horse or carriage of 
horse.”— Skene: De Verb. Signif. (1599). (Jamieson.) 

IF The term arriage, in the legal phrase “ arriage 
and carriage,” is the word average modified. 
[Arriage.] The feudal obligation now mentioned 
was abolished by 20 Geo. II., c. 50. The money paid 
for exemption from the burden of arage was called 
aver-penny (q. v.). (Jamieson.) 

av'-er-age (2) (age=Ig), s. & a. [In Dut. avert'j 
= (1) average, (2) damage ; Sw. averi= average ; Dan. 
haveri — fl) average, (2) damage which a ship 
receives, (3) waste of wares; Ger. avarie, avarei, 
haferei, haverei— average; Fr. avarie= damage done 
to a ship, or any damage; O. Fr. average; Sp. 
averia=( l) average, (2) damage done to a ship; 
Port. avaria= allowance out of freight to the master 
of a ship for damage sustained, or a contribution 
by insurers to replace losses; Low Lat. averagium, 
in the sense of loss of goods in transportation. 
Santa Rosa and Marsh derive _ this from Turk. 
avaria= aid, a government exaction in the Levant; 
but Wedgwood considers it to be from Arab. dwar= 
a defect or flaw.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Formerly: The apportionment of losses by sea 
or elsewhere m just, proportions among different 
individuals concerned. [A., II. 1.] From this the 
second sense of the word gradually arose. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot. 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. * qu = kw. 




aversion 


average-sized 


339 


2. Now : The medium or mean proportion between 
certain given quantities. It is ascertained by add¬ 
ing all the quantities together and dividing their 
sum by the number of them. For instance, to 
ascertain the average income of the clergy of any 
given church, their several incomes must all be 
added together, and the sum total be divided by 
the number of clergymen. The more f hat the 
extremes vary, the less possible is it to reason out 
any individual case from a study of the average. 
Thus the knowledge of the average age at which 
people die in the United States affords no aid what¬ 
ever toward discovering when any particular person 
will die, for some do so almost at the moment of 
birth, and others linger on for nearly, if not even 
quite, a hundred years. But for finding out general 
laws, the study of averages is of immense value. 
The average of qualities is ascertained in a similar 
Way to that of quantities. 

*. . . and the average of intellect and knowledge was 
higher among them than among their order generally.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

H On an average: When an average is taken. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law, Nautical and Commercial: 

S Average, or general average: A contribution 
i by merchants proportionally to the value of 
the goods which each has on board a particular 
vessel, to meet the loss which arises when in a 
storm the goods of one have had to be cast over¬ 
board to lighten the ship. 

“ This contribution seems so called because it is so pro. 
portioned after the rate of every man’s average, or goods 
carried.”— Cowel. 

(h) Particular average: The sum required to 
make good any fortuitous injury to the goods 
belonging to one person. It falls on him or on his 
insurers. 

(c) Petty average: An estimate of the probable 
aggregate amount of various petty charges, as for 
harbor dues, pilotage, &c., which the captain of a 
vessel must in the first instance pay, but which, of 
course, do not fall on him ultimately. Formerly 
they were often met, as they still are, by agreement 
between the owners of the vessel and those to whom 
the goods sent in it belongs. Hence in bills of lad¬ 
ing the words occur, “paying so much freight, with 
primage and average accustomed.” 

2. Corn-trade averages: The medium price of 
grain in the leading markets. 

B. As adjective: Ascertained by taking a medium 
or mean proportion between given quantities. 

“ . . . the ascertained differences are chiefly in the 
average light and heat . . .”— J. S. Mill: Logic, 2d ed., 
toI. ii., ch. xx., p. 103. 

"Meanwhile, however, the nodes of the rigid ring will 
retrograde, the general or average tendency of the nodes 
of every molecule being to do so.” — Herschel: Astron., 
Sth ed., § 645. 

average-sized, a. Of medium sice. 

“Captain Sullivan informs me that the hide of an 
xcerage-sized bull weighs forty-seven pounds, . , — 

Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. ix. 

av -er-age (age=lg), V. t. & i. [From average, 
s.(q. v.).] 

A. Transitive : 

1. To ascertain or state a mean proportional 
between different numbers. 

2. To divide an ascertained loss in just propor¬ 
tions among the several individuals on whom it 
should fall. 

B. Intransitive {as a copula or apposition verb) : 
To be on an average, to amount to, when a mean 
proportional between certain given numbers is 
ascertained. 

“ Of this total the properties [in France] averaging 600 
acres numbered 60,000, and those averaging 60 acres 
500,000 . . .”— Statesman’s Year-Book (1875), p. 80. 

av -er-age (3) (age=lg), *av'-er-Ish, s. [From 
Pt. /j,;>,,er== winter, and Eng. eatage.) 

1. Winter eatage. ( Craven dialect.) The break¬ 
ing of corn-fields, edish, roughings. 

2. Stubble. ( S. in Boucher.) 

av’-Sr-age-ly (age=Ig), adv. [Eng. average; 
• ly .] According to an average. 

. . tends to render living more difficult for every 

avemfireh/-situated individual in the community.”— J. S. 
Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. h, ch. xiii., § 4. 

iv-er-?tg-lng (age=ig),pr.p«r. [Average, u.] 
flk-V§r'-dg,nt, a. [Eng.a,’ verdant.) [Verdant.] 

Her.: Covered with green herbage. The term is 
used specially of a mount in base. {Gloss, of Her¬ 
aldry.) 

*av-er-dfi-p<Si§, s. Old spelling of Avoirdu¬ 

pois. 

av -ere, s. [Aver ( 2 ).] 


av er-en, av -er-In, *ai'-ver-In, s. [From 
Welsh avan= a wild strawberry.] [Avens.] A wild 
strawberry. 

“ And spies a spot of averens ere lang.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 26. {8. in Boucher.) 

*av'-er-ene, s. [From O. Scotch aver=oat.] 
Money payable as custom-house- duty on oats. 
{Jamieson.) 

u . With powar to vptak the tollis, customeis, pryngilt, 
averene entreissilver, . . . gadgeing silver, &c.” — Acts 
Charles I. (ed. 1814), v. 627. {Jamieson.) 

*av'-er-ie, s. [O. Eng. aver; -y, -ie. In Sw. hafre¬ 
bod.) [Aver (2).J Live stock, as including horses, 
cattle, &c. 

“ Calculation of what money and victuals will yearly 
furnish and sustain their Majesties house and averie .”— 
Keith: Hist., A. 1565, p. 321. 


*a’-ver-Il (1), *a-uer-Il (u as v) (O. Eng.), 
*a'-ver-ile, *a -vyr-yle (yr as Ir) (O. Scotch), s. 
[Fr. Avril.) April. 

“ Thes furste was cleped Mars, 

That othir Averil, the thridde May, 

Thes furthe Junye, the longe day.” 

Alisaunder, 51. (S. in Boucher.) 

*a'-ver-Il (2), *a'-ver-lll, s. [Haveril.] A 
senseless fellow. 

“ Thou scowry hippit, ugly averil.’' 

Dunbar: Evergreen, ii. 57, st. 18. {Jamieson.) 

♦av'-er-Ish, s. [Average (3).] 
av'-er-lfe, a. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Heraldry: The same as Aspersed (q. v.). 
3 .-ver'-ment, s. [O. Fr. averement. From Low 
Lat. aver amentum.) [Aver, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of positively affirming anything, or of 
verifying it, that is, proving it true; the state of 
being affirmed positively, or of being or having been 
verified, 

“ To avoid the oath, for averment of the continuance of 
some estate, which is eigue, the party will sue a pardon.” 
— Bacon. 

2. That which is positively affirmed; an affirma¬ 
tion. (More rarely, the proof offered.) 

“ Deceit, averments incompatible, 
Equivocations, . . 

Byron: On Hearing that Lady Byron was III. 

B. Law: An affirmation alleged to be true, and 
followed by the words “and this he is ready to 
verify.” (Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 20; 
bk. iv., ch.26.) 

g,-ver'-nat, s. [Fr. avernat.] A kind of grape 
grown specially at Orleans. 

A-ver’-nl-an, a. [From Avernus, in Gr. Aornos: 
a, priv., and ornis= a bird. Without birds.] Per¬ 
taining to Lake Avernus, near Puzzuoli, which was 
formerly a volcanic crater. Birds are found in and 
about it now; but Lyell believes that it may once 
have been, as its etymology imports, “without 
birds,” the escape of mephitic vapors at that period 
preventing their living in the vicinity. {Lyell: 
Geology, 1850, p.347.) 

*av-er-ous, a. [Avarous.] 
av -er-pen-ny, s [Aver-penny.J 
?L-ver red, pa. par. [Aver, v.] 

Av'-er-rho’-A (h silent), s. [Named from Aver- 
rhoes or Averroes, the Arabian philospher and 
physician.] [Averroist.] _ A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Oxalidacese (Oxalids). The 
A. carambola, called Kurmul, and the A. bilimbi, 
the Anvulla or Bilimbi, are trees cultivated in Indian 
gardens. They have compound sensitive leaves and 
intensely acid fruit, which sometimes grows on the 
trunk itself below the leaves. It is a five-celled 
pome. The juice of A. bilimbi is_ made into syrup, 
and the flowers, conserved, are given in fever and 
bilious diseases. The fruit of A. carambola is 
eaten, and is also used in dyeing. 

•t-ver -rlng, pr. par. [Aver, v.l 
A V-er-ro -1st, s. [Named after Averroes or Aver- 
rhoes (in Arabic Ebn Roshd), an Arabian philoso¬ 
pher and physician, born at Cordova, in A. D. 1149, 
and died, by one account, in 1198; by another, in 
1206. His best known work is his Commentaries on 
Aristotle.] 

Hist, and Philosophy: One of a sect deriving their 
name from Averroes. They held that all men have 
one common soul—a doctrine akin to Pantheism. 
They flourished in the fifteenth century, and were a 
branch of the Aristotelians. ( Mosheim: Church 
Hist.) 

fav-er-run-cate, v. t. [In O. Fr. averronquer; 
from Lat. averrunco= to avert; from the root of 
uerro=sweep, or of verto— to turn.] To turn away, 
to avert. 

“Sure some mischief will come of it, 

Unless, by providential wit, 

Or force we averruncate it. 

Butler: Hudibras, pt. i., ch. l. 


fav er run-ca -tion, s. [Eng. averruncat{e ); 
-ion.] The act of rooting up. 

“Whether averruncation of epidemical diseases, by 
telesms, be feasible and lawful.”— Robinson ; Eudoxa 
(1658), p. 82. 

av-er-rui'-ca-tor, s. [Eng. averruncat{e); -or.] 

Arboriculture: An instrument for pruning trees, 
consisting of two blades fixed at the end of a rod, 
made to operate like a pair of shears. {Brande.) 

A-ver-sant, a. [From Lat. aversans, pr. par. of 
aversor =to turn one’s self away.] [Averse.] 

Her.: Turned away; a term applied to a hand, 
of which only the back is visible. It is called also 
Horsed (q. v.). 

fav-er-sa'-tion, s. [Lat. aversatio. ] The act of 
turning away from on account of antipathy to; 
great dislike to. (Obsolescent.) 

“It detests hating of our brother, by the same aversa- 
tion which it expresses against doing him affronts.”— 
Jeremy Taylor: On the Decalogue. 

IT Aversation is followed by from, or by to, or 
toward. 

“Original sin and natural aversation from goodness.” 
— Taylor. Great Exemplar, p. 61. 

“Aversation toward society.”— Bacon: Essay on Friend¬ 
ship. 

A-verse, a. [In Sp. averso, from Lat. aver sue, 
pa. par. of averto: a=from, and verto —to turn.] 

I. Lit.: Turned away. 

“ Which needs not thy belief. 

If earth, industrious of herself, fetch day, 

Traveling east, and with her part averse 
From the sun’s beam, meet night, her other part 
Still luminous by her ray.” 

Milton: P. L., viii. 138. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. With an antipathy to, the natural consequences 
of which would be. that one would turn away from 
the object thus hated, or at least morally disap¬ 
proved of; unfavorable; unpropitious. 

“Their courage languished as their hopes decayed: 
And Pallas, now averse, refused her aid.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s Mneid, ii. 227. 

2. Unwilling, indisposed. 

“. . . finding the Old Company obstinately averse 
to all compromise, . . — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

IF Averse was formerly followed by from, as the 
etymology would lead one to expect. 

“. . . them that pass by securely as men averse from 
war .”—Micah ii. 8. 

From is still occasionally employed. 

“. . . nor averse from excess in wine.”— Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

Generally, however, to is employed. 

“ They were averse to an armistice . . .”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

3. -ver se-ly, adv. [Eng. averse; -ly.) 

1. Lit.: Backwardly. 

“ Not only they want those parts of secretion, but it is 
emitted aversely or backward by both sexes.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

2. Fig.: Unwillingly, reluctantly; with repug¬ 
nance. 

a-ver'se-ness, s. [En g. averse; -ness.) 

Lit.: A being turned away from; but generally 
used figuratively for repugnance or unwillingness, 

“ The corruption of man is in nothing more manifest, 
than in his averseness to entertain any friendship or 
familiarity with God.”— Atterbury. 

a-ver'-sion, s. [In Fr. & Sp. aversion; Port. 
aversao; Ital . aversione. From Lat. aversio.] 

I. The act of turning away ( lit. or fig.). 

1. Lit.: The act of literally turning away. (Used 
of persons or of material substances.) 

f(a) Of persons: The act of literally tnrninground 
and departing. This may arise from a desire to 
have no more to do with a person disliked (2.) 

(6) Of material substances: The process of sepa¬ 
rating from, or the tendency to separate from, 
another substance from which there is a chemical, 
an electrical, or other repulsion. 

2 . Fig.: The act of mentally turning away, when 
antipathy is felt to a person or thing; dislike, 
repugnance to, but not so strong as that implied by 
the word hatred. 

“ The Khasias . . . have an aversion to milk.”— 
Hooker: Himalayan Journals, vol. ii., p. 275. 

II. The state of being turned away from, in a lit¬ 
eral or figurative sense. 

“. . . his sordid rapacity had made him an object of 
general aversion.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

III. An object of dislike; the person or persons 
from whom, or that from which, one turns away. 


Ib6il, b<5^; pout, jdwl; cat, 5*11, chorus, 5 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-dan, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. -- b*l, del. 



aversive 


340 


avize 


“ They took great pleasure in compounding lawsuits 
among their neighbors ; for which they were the aversion 
of the gentlemen of the long robe.”— Arbuthnot: Hist, of 
John Bull. 

“ Self-love and reason to one end aspire ; 

Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire.” 

Pope; Essay on Man, ii. 88. 

"Tf Aversion is now followed by to, or for , or from; 
formerly it might have from, to, for, or toward. 

“ A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection.” 
— Addison. 

“ The same adhesion to vice, and aversion from good¬ 
ness, will be a reason for rejecting any proof whatsoever.” 
—Atterbury. 

“. . . a state for which they have so great aver¬ 
sion.” — Addison. 

“ His aversion toward the house of York . . 

Bacon. 

-a-ver'-sive, a. [From Lat. aver sum, sup. of 
averio, and Eng. suffix -ive.j Turned away (liter¬ 
ally or figuratively), averse. 

“ Those strong-bent humors, which aversive grew.” 

Daniel: Civil War, bk. vii. 

*a-verst’, *a-uerst' (u=v), adv. (O. Eng. a; 
and verst, apparently a pronunciation, by the ear, of 
at first.] At the first. 

“ Auerst byeth the hestes ten, 

Thet loki ssolle alle men.” 

MS. Arundel, 67, f. 1. (S. in Boucher.) 

a-vert’,*a-vert e (1), *a-uert e (u=v), v. t. & i. 
[Not from Fr. avertir, which is=to apprise (not to 
avert). Inltal. avertere =to turn away ; Lat. averio 
=to turn away; a=from, andt’erfo=to turn.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To turn away. (Used of things material.) 

“ With eyes averted, Hector hastes to turn 
The lots of fight, and shakes the brazen urn.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. iii., 402. 

2. Fig.: To turn away; either to prevent from 
coming at all, or, if this be impracticable, to com¬ 
pel to depart after it has arrived. (Used of evil, 
misery, &c.) 

“ From me, ye gods, avert such dire disgrace.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xx., 412. 

*‘. . . Go—from him—from me— 

Strive to avert this misery!” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, ch. iv. . 

'Tf It is often used in prayers. 

"O Lord ! avert whatever evil our swerving may threaten 
onto his church 1”— Hooker. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To turn evil away. 

“ Cold, and averting from our neighbor’s good.” 

Thomson: Spring, 301. 

2. In prayers: To prevent, to forbid. 

“ Yet Heaven avert that ever thou 
Shouldst weep, and haply weep in vain.” 

Byron: To Inez, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, i. 

*g.-vert e (2), v. [From O. Er. evertir; Lat. 
everto =to overthrow.] To overturn. ( Scotch.) 

“ His hous to be sa avertit, that of it sail remane na 
memorie.”— Bellend.: T. Liv., p. 334. (Jamieson.) 

a-vert-ed, pa. par. & a. [Avert, «.] 

“ But with averted eyes . . 

Cowper: Truth. 

a-vert’-er, s. [Eng. avert; -er.] He who or that 
which turns [anything] away. 

“Averters and purgers must go together.”— Burton: 
Anat. of Melancholy, p. 384. 

a-vert'-Ing, pr. par. [Avert.] 

*g,-vert'-It, pa. par. [Avebte (2).] 
a'-ve§, s. pi. [PI. of Lat. avis= a bird; Sansc. wi 
=a bird; as if a were a prefix simply.] Birds. 

IT As the terms used in modern zoological classi¬ 
fication are mostly of Latin type, the class of birds 
is generally called Aves. It constitutes the second 
class of the sub-kingdom Vertebrata, and stands 
below the Mammalia, and above the Reptilia. 
[Birds.] 

*av’-@-trol, s. [O. Fr. avoltre, avoutre.] A 
bastard. 

“ Thou avetrol, thou foule wreche.” 

Alisaunder, 2,693. (S in Boucher.) 

^-veyle, v. t. [Avail.] 

a'-vl-an, a. [Lat. avis=a bird.] [Aves.] Per¬ 
taining to birds. 

“ . . . the examination of the mammalian and avian 
remains in the Mineralogies! Department of the British 
•I iisauin.”— Owen: British Fossil Mammals and Birds, 
... ix. 


a’-vi-§.-ry, s. [In Port, aviario ; from Lat. avi- 
arium: from airiarti«;= pertaining to birds ; a bird.] 
[Aves.] A building, or a portion of a building 



Aviary. 


netted off, or a large cage designed for, the keeping 
of birds. 

a'-Vl-a-tor, it. [Lat. avis, a bird.) A flying ma¬ 
chine capable of rising and maintaining itself in the 
atmosphere wi thout the aid of gas or rarefied air. 

a'-vl-a-tor-y, a. Pertaining to or like aviators ; 
flying, in the manner of a bird or an aviator. 

av-i-^en -m-a, s. [Called after Avicenna, the 
celebrated Arabian physician, who was born near 
Bokhara about A. B.980, and died apparently about 
1036 or 1038.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Myoporace® (Myoporads). A. tom.ent.osa is 
the White Mangrove of Brazil; but though called 
a Mangrove, it does not belong to the genuine Man¬ 
grove order, the Rhizophoracese. It is found in salt 
marshes in India, as well as in South America. The 
bark is used at Rio Janeiro for tanning. 

a-ylc'-fi-la, s. [Lat. avicula= a little bird; 
dimin. of avis—a bird.] A genus of Mollusks, the 
typical one of the family Aviculid®. It has a very 
inoquivalve .shell. The type is A. hirundo, so called 
from a certain superficial resemblance which it 
presents to a swallow, called in Lat. hirundo. Re¬ 
cent species known in 1875, twenty-five; fossil, 300, 
the latter from the Silurian onward. (Tate.) 

a-vlC-u-lLdse, s.pl. [Avicttla.] Wing-shells, or 
Pearl Oysters. A family of Mollusks belonging to 
the class Conchifera and the section Asiphonida. 
They are akin to the Ostreade®, or Oysters, but have 
the umbones of the shell eared, the posterior one 
so much so as to appear wing-like. They have also 
two muscular impressions. The fossil greatly exceed 
the living species in number. 

a-vl c’-h-lo-pec-ten, s. [From avicula and pecten 
(q. v-).] A genus of Mollusks placed doubtfully in 
the family Aviculid®. They combine the characters 
of the genera Avicula and Pecten. All are fossil. 

a'-vi-cul tiire, s. [ Lat. avis = a bird, and Eng. 
culture .] The breeding and rearing of birds. 

fav'-id, a. [In Fr. avide; Sp., Port., & Ital. avido; 
from Lat. avidus; Wei. awyddus— greedy.] Greedy, 
covetous. ( Brydges.) 

ta-vid-l-ous, a. [Avid.] The same as Avid. 
(Bale: Image, pt. ii.) (Richardson.) 

t?i-vxd'-I-ous-l jr, *avyd'-y-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. 
avidious; -ly.] Greedily, covetously. 

§,-vld -i-tf , s. [Fr. avidiU; from 0. Fr. arvyd— 
vehement desire; Ital. avidita, aviditade, aviditate; 
Lat. aviditas, from avidus = eager; aveo or haveo— 
to be joyful or lively. In Wei. awydd. It may be 
remotely connected with Heb. avah— to bend; in the 
conjugation pielf= to seek after; dvvah = appetite, 
lust; from avah, in piel= to seek after.] Insatiable 
desire; excessive eagerness; appetite, especially of 
an inordinate kind; covetousness. (Used of the 
sensual appetites, or of other desires.) 

“Has lie not usurped with, equal avidity the city of 
Bosphorus on the frozen Maeotis, and the vale of palm- 
trees on the shores of the Bed Sea?”— Gibbon: Decline and 
Fall, ch. xlii. 

av-I-ga-to, s. [Avocado.] 

Av-ign-on (ignon as In-yong), s. [Avignon or 
Avenio, a commune and city in the south of France, 
the place celebrated for having been tbe residence 
of the Popes from 1329 to 1377.] 

Avignon-berry, s. The berries of Rhanmus 
infectorius , saxatilis, and amygdalinus. They are 
used for dyeing_ yellow. When they are ripe the 
juice is mixed with alum, to make the sap-green of 
the painters. 


*!3L-vI le, v. t. [Fr. avilir— to debase, to degrade.} 
To render “vie, cheap, or of little account; to 
depreciate. [Vile.] 

“ Want makes us know the price of what we avile .”— 
B. Janson; Masques at Court. 

*g,-vll’-loirs, a. [In Fr. avilissant, from avilir= 
to debase.] Contemptible; debased. 

“In avillous Italie.” 

Scott: Chron., S. B. iii. 147. (Jamieson.) 

a vin'-cu-lo mat ri-mo-nl-i. [Lat.=from the 
bond of matrimony.] 

Law: Divorce in its fullest sense, and not simply 
separation for the time being: “ a mensa et thoro ”=■ 
from table and bed, i. e., from bed and board. 
*av'-x-rdun, prep. & adv. [Fr. environ.] Around. 

“ They wenten and segedyn aviroun.” 

Alisaunder, 2,67L (S. in Boucher.) 

*<jL-vI s, *a-vl'se, *a-vy s, s. [Fr. avis= advice, 
intelligence, instruction, warning, account, adver¬ 
tisement.] Advice. [Advice.] 

“ And if you thinketh this is wel i-sayde, 

Say your avys, and hoi detli yow apayde.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,869-70. 

* 9 ,-vI -§ 9 ,nd, pr. par. [Avise, v.] 

*a _ vl §de, pret. of verb. [Avise.] 

*g,-vl’§e, v. t. [Avize, v.] 

*SLVl §e, *a -ve'y§e, a. [Fr. avisi.] Circum¬ 
spect. 

“ Of werre and of bataile he was fulle avise.” 

Rob. de Brunne, p. 188. 

*a-vi'§e-ment, s. [Eng. avise , and suff. -ment.J 
Advisement, counsel, consideration, deliberation. 

“ Ithink there never 

Marriage was manag’d with a more avisement.” 

Ben Jonson: Tale of a Tub, ii. 1. 

*?L-vI'-§l-ly, adv. [O. Eng. avis(e); -ily.] Advis¬ 
edly. 

“ But for a litil speche avisily 
Is no man schent, to speke generally.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 17,259, 17,280. 

*a-vi-§ion, "a-vi’-§ioun, a-vy§ioun (§ 1011 , 
§iGun=ztLun), s. [Vision.] A vision. 

“ Macrobius, that writ the avisioun.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,609. 

a-Vl -§0, s. [In Sp. & Port. a«iso= advice, pru¬ 
dence; Ital. avviso= advice, opinion, advertisement, 
news.] [Advice, s., B. 1., Avis.] 

“ I had yours of the tenth current; and besides your 
avisos, I must thank you for those rich nourishes where¬ 
with your letter was embroidered everywhere.”— Howell: 
Letters, ii. 68. 

*g,-vT-tous, a. [In Ital. avito; Lat. aviius, per¬ 
taining to a grandfather ; ancestral: from avus=a 
grandfather.] Ancestral. 

*a-vi’-3and, pr. par. [Ayizing.] 

*a-vl ze, *g,-vy'ze, fa-vi §e, *a-vy'§e, *g,-vy’’- 
§yn, v. t. [Fr. aviser= (1) to perceive; (2) to inform. 
Often used reciprocally: s’aviser— to bethink one’s 
self.] Used— 

I. Of perception: 

1. To perceive, to see, to view, to regard, to take 
note of. 

“ ‘ Fond Squire,’ full angry then sayd Paridell, 

‘ Seest not the Ladie there before thy face?’ 

He looked backe, and, her avizing well, 

Weend, as he said, by that her outward grace, 

That fayrest Florimell was present there in place.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IVI ii. 22. 

2. To examine, to look over. 

“ As they ’gan his library to view. 

And antique registers for to avize.” — Spenser. 

V Aviseth you (2 pars. pi. imper.) : Look to youp- 
selves. 

‘‘Aviseth you now and put me out of blame.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,185. 

II. Of reflection: 

1. To consider, to reflect. 

11 They stay’d not to avise who first should be, 

But all spur’d after, fast as they mote fly.” 

Spenser: F. Q., XU. i. 18. 

“ The wretched man gan then avise too late, 

That love is not where most it is profest.” 

Ibid.; IL x. 8L 

IT In this sense it is used reciprocally—to bethink, 
one’s self. 

“ Then gan Sir Calidore him to advize 
Of his first quest which he had long forlore.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. xii. 12. 

2. As the result of such reflection to form a reso¬ 
lution. 

“ But when his uncouth manner he did vew, 

He gan avize to follow him no more.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 27. 

III. Of advice: To advise. 

“ But I with better reason him aviz’d, 

And shew’d him how . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. viii. 58. 


cate, fat, fare, amidst, -what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
ir. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu=~kw. 















- avised 


34L 


avoreward 



Avocado. 


t *a-vi'zed, *3, vl za, *a vi §ea, pa.par. [Avize, 

*3~vl ze-full, a. [O. Eng-, avize, and suS.full .] 
Observant, vigilant. 

“ When Britomart, with sharpe avisefull eye. 

Beheld the lovely face of Artegall ” 

Spenser: F. Q., IY. vi. 26. 

^a-vl'-zing, *a vl -zand, *a,-vl-§and, pr.par. 

(Avize.] > 

av-o-ea -d5, a-vl-ga’-to, s. [Apparently from 
Port, avogttdo, advogado— an advocate.] A West 
Indian fruit, called also Avocado-pear, alligator- 
pear, subaltern's 
butter-tret, avi- 
gato, and sabac- 
ca. It belongs to 
the order Laura- 
ce® (Laurels), 
and is the Per sea 
gratissima. It is 
t t ound in tropical 
America. The 
fruit is about the 
size and shape of 
a large pear. A 
considerable 
part of it is 
believed to con¬ 
sist of a fixed oil. 

It is highly 
esteemed. The 
•fruit itself is 
very insipid, on 
which account it 
is generally eaten with the juice of lemons and 
sugar to give it poignancy. 

av -o-cat, s. [Fr.] A French lawyer, correspond¬ 
ing to the attorney or advocate of the United States. 

“ These babbling Avocats up at Baris—all talk and no 
work.”— Carlyle; Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. vi. 

*av’-o-cate, v. t. [Lat. avocatus, pa. par. of 
avoco= to call off or away: a=from, and voco=to 
call upon.] To call away from. 

“From hence it is evident that all secular employment 
did not— hoc ipso — avocate a clergyman from his necessary 
office and duty.”— Bishop Taylor: Episcopacy Asserted, 
§ 49. (Richardson .) 

*av’-o-ca-ted, pa. par. [Avocate, u.] 

*av-o-ca-tIng, pr.par. [Avocate, -a.] 

“ Their divesture of mortality dispenses them from 
those laborious and avocating duties to distressed Chris¬ 
tians and their secular relations, which are here requisite.” 
— Boyle. 

av-o-ca -tion, s. [In Sp. avocacion; Port, avo- 
cagao; Lat. avocatio—a calling off, a diverting of 
the attention : from avoco.] [Avocate.] 

1. The act of calling one away from any business 
or work in which he may be engaged ; the state of 
being called away. 

“ The soul with pleasing avocation strays.” 

Parnell: To an OUl Beauty. 

2. The business which calls or summons one away 
from society, from idleness, from pleasure, or from 
other work. 

It is used for one’s primary vocation or business 
in life. [Vocation.] 

“ . . . whatever other merits this well-dressed young 
gentleman might possess, poetry was by no means his 
proper avocation." — Moore: Lalla Rookh: Sequel to “The 
Light of the Haram." 

*a-VOC'-a-tive, a. & s. [Eng. avocate; -(»«.] 

A. As adjective: Having the power of calling off 
or actually doing so. 

B. As substantive: That which calls away from. 

av'-o-$et, av'-o-fjette, av-o-set, s, [In Fr. 

avocette; Sp . avoceta; Ital. avosetta; from Mod. 
Lat. avocetta.) The English name of a genus of 
birds, with their 
feet so webbed 
that they might 
seem to belong 
to the Natatores 
(Swimmers), but 
which, by the 
other parts of 
their structure, 
are placed in the 
family Scolopa- 
cidee (Snipes), 
and the sub¬ 
family Totaninse 
(Tatlers). Their 
great peculiarity 
is a long feeble 
bill, curved up¬ 
ward,with which 
they explore the 

sand for prey, Becurvirostra avocetta is a British 
bird. It was formerly abundant in the fenny 
districts, but is now rare. B. Americana differs 
from it by having a red cap; and there are a few 
other foreign species. 



Avocet. 


*a-vd -er-y, s. [Avowery.] 

Av o - gad -ro, s. The name of an Italian phy¬ 
sicist who flourished in the early part of the present 
century. 

Avogadro’s law. [Law.] 

3 ,-voi d. *a-v<n'de,^ *a-udi'de, *g,-v6y’de, 
*a-uoy de (u=v), *a-voy d-?n, v. t. & i. [Eng. a; 
void. In Fr. evitcr=to avoid; videf— to empty, to 
clear; O. Fr. vuider=to empty; -mid7e=einpty; 
Prov., Sp.. & Port, evitar; from Lat. evito, vito— to 
avoid.] [Void, Wide.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To void; to render void, empty, or of no 
effect. 

(1) Literally: 

(a) To avoid; to render empty by expelling or 
emitting that previously contained in anything. 

“A toad contains not t hose urinary parts which are 
found in other animals to avoid that serous excretion.” 
—Browne: Vulgar Er rors. 

(b) To evacuate, to_ quit, and thus render empty, 
so far as the person evacuating the place is con¬ 
cerned. 

“What have you to do here, fellow? pray you, avoid 
the house.”— Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 5. 

“If any rebel should be required of the prince confed¬ 
erate, the prince confederate should command him to 
avoid the country.”— Bacon. * 

(2) Fig. ; To render void of effect; to annul or to 
vacate. 

“How can these grants of the king’s be avoided, without 
wronging of those lords which had these lands and lord- 
ships given them?”— Spenser. 

2, To keep at a distance from. 

(1) Lit.: To keep at a distance from; to keep 
away from a person or place. 

“He, like an honest man, took no advantage of her 
unhappy state of mind, and did his best to avoid her.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

(2) Figuratively: 

{a) To shun; to abstain from. 

“He still hoped that he might be able to win some chiefs 
who remained neutral; and he carefully avoided every act 
which could goad them into open hostility.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

(6) To escape. 

“ If thon art privy to thy country’s fate. 

Which, happily, foreknowing may avoid, 

0 speak !” Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 1. 

II. Laiv: To defeat. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To become void; to become vacant. 

“Bishoprics are not included under benefices; so that 

if a person takes a bishopric, it does not avoid by force 
of that law of pluralities, but by the ancient common 
law.”— Ayliffe. 

2. To withdraw, to retire, to depart. 

“ And David avoided out of his presence twice.”—1 Sam. 
xviii. 11. 

“ Descend to darkness, and the burning lake: 

False fiend, avoid!” Shakesp.: 2 Hen. VI., i. 4. 

3 -v<nd'- 3 .-ble, a. [From Eng. avoid; •able.’] 

1. Liable to become vacant or to be declared void. 

“The charters were not avoidable for the king’s nonage, 

and if there could have been any such pretense, that 
alone would not avoid them.”— Hale. 

2. Able to be escaped or shunned. 

“To take several things for g-ranted is hardly avoidable 
to any one, whose task it is to show the falsehood or 
improbability of any truth.”— Locke. 

ia.-void'-an$e, *a-vbid'-ons, *a-vdyd'-awnce, s. 

[Eng. avoid; -ance .] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. The act of voiding, or of avoiding. 

1. The act of voiding, or declaring vacant or 
void. [B.] 

2. The act of avoiding or shunning. ( Lit. & fig.) 

“. . . and the avoidance of all the state and works 
of darkness which we should abhor.”— Bp. Hall Rem., 

p. 37. 

II. The state of being voided; also the state of 
being avoided. 

“. . , an object of pity, of contempt, and avoidance.” 

'rCarlyle: Heroes and Hero-Worship, Lect. iv. 

III. That by which anything is voided, as a chan¬ 
nel to carry off water. 

“ In the upper gallery, too, X wish that there may be, if 
the place will yield it, some fountains running in divers 
places from the wall, with some fine avoidances.” — Bacon: 
Essays, Civ. and Mor., ch. xlv. 

B. Law: 

1. The act of annulling. (Used of a law.) 

2. The state of becoming vacant. (Used of an 
office.) 



“ Avoidance of an ecclesiastical benefice is ; 1. By death, 
which is the act of God. 2. By resignation, which is tine 
act of the incumbent. 3. By cession, or the acceptance 
of a benefice incompatible, which also is the act of the 
incumbent. 4. By deprivation, which is the act of the 
ordinary. 5. By the act of the law; as in case of simony; 
not subscribing the Articles or Declaration; or not read¬ 
ing the Articles or the Common Prayer.”— Burn. 

Q-void -ed, pa.par. [Avoid, v.] 

“ Q. Eliz. True, when avoided grace makes destiny; 

My babes were destined to a fairer death, 

If grace had bless’d thee with a fairer life.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. 4. 

a void er, s. [Eng. avoid; -er.) 

I Of persons : 

1 . One who voids, expels, or carries off anything; 

2 . One who avoids, shuns, or escapes anything. 

“. . . a curious avoider of women’s company, . . .** 
—Beaumont d' Fletcher: Hon. M. Fortune, iv. 1. 

II. Of things: That which carries off anything, 
or a vessel in which anything is carried off. 

a-vdid -ihg, pr. par. [Avoid, v.) 
a-vdxd'-less, a. [Eng. avoid, and suff. -less= 
without.] Incapable of being avoided ; inevitable. 

“ That avoidless ruin in which the whole empire would 
be involved.”— Dennis: Letters - 

3 -vdi-ra, a-vara- 3 -vbr-a, s. [A native 

South American 
name. 

1 . The name 
given in portions 
of South America 
to palms of the ge¬ 
nus Astrocaryum. 

[A s TBO car yum. ] 

(Von Martins: 

Palms, vol. iii., p. 

287.) 

2 . The name 

f ivon in parts of 
outh America to 
a palm, Desmoncus 
macrocanthus. 

(Von Martins: 

Palms, vol. ii., p. 

86 .) Along the 
Amazon it is called 

also Jacitira. A voir a 

[Desmoncus.] 

av'-oir-dfi-poi§, av'-oir-dfi-pdi§e, s. [Fr. avoir 

du poids; from O. Fr. avoirs de pois= things that 
sell by weight, and not by measurement. ( Wedg¬ 
wood .) Or from Fr. avoir =to have (in Lat. habeo), 
and Fr. ;><hds=weight, load, ... ; O. Fr. poix, 

pois; from Lat. penswm=anything weighed; pen- 
sum, sup. of pendo=to weigh. The d of poids was 
introduced in the French because it was erroneously 
thought that the word came from Lat. pondus= 
weight.] [Poise.] The name of a series of weights, 
that by which groceries and similar commodities 
are weighed. The pound avoirdupois consists of 
7,000 grains troy, and contains sixteen ounces, 
while the pound troy has only twelve. A pound 
avoirdupois is=453'52 grammes. 

*av-oir'e, s. [Aver (2).] 

*a-vo'ke, v. t. [Lat. avoco—to call away; a 
=from, and voco= to call.] To call away ; to keep off. 

“All were admitted to every consultation there anent; 
yet the absence from the weightiest consultations of prime 
noblemen and barons, and all ministers but two, was not 
much remarked, nor their presence sought, if their negli¬ 
gence, or ados, or miscontent, did avoke them.”— Baillie’s 
Letters, i. 183. (Jamieson.) 

*av'- 0 -late, v. i. [Lat. avolatum, supine of avolo 
—to fly from or away: a=from, and volo=to fly.] 
To fly from or away. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“. . . and nothing will avolate or fly away, . . .” 
— Boyle; Works, vol. iv., p. 591. 

fav-o-la -tion, s. [Lat. avolatio; avolo— to fly 
away.] The act of flying from or away; flight, 

escape, 

“These airy vegetables ar9 made by the relics of 
plantal emissives, whose avolation was prevented by the 
condensed enclosure.”— Glanville: Scepsis Scientifica. 

“ Strangers, or the fungous parcels about candles, only 
signify a pluvious air, hindering the avolatimi of the 
favillous particles.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*a-vonge, *a-fonge (pret. a-veng', a-feng ), v. 
[A. S. a/cm=to receive; a/cmc/=received.] To take, 
to receive. 

• “ And after his fader dethe, aueng the kinedom.” 

Rob. of Glouc.: Chron., p. 484. (S. in Boucher.) 

*a-vo re ward, adv. [Old Eng. a.; voreward— 
forward.] At first. 

“ So that avoreward 

The bissop hii chose of Bathe, Walter Giffard.” 

Rob. of Glouc., p. 567. (S. in Boucher.) 


boll, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-cian, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion — shun; -tion, -§ion — zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del 












avortli 


342 


await 


*&-VOr th, 9,-north (u=V), v. t. [InDut. bevor- 
deren—to forward; voorwit, voorwarts= forward.] 
[Aforthe.] To forward. 

“Wether he shal auorth the abak.” 

Hule & Nightingale, 812. (S. in Boucher .) 

a v -6-set, s. [Avocet.] 

$-vo te, 3 ,-uo te, adv . On foot. [Afoot.] 

“ So that vastinde a day auote he dude this dede.” 

Robert of Gloucester: Chron., p. 545. 

“Spermen auote, and bowmen and also arblasters.” 

Ibid., p. 378. 

fc-VOU’sh, *3,-vou 9 he, v. t. [O. Norm. Fr. ad- 
voucher; O. Fr. avochier, avocher, advoquer, 
avoquer, avouer; from Norm. Fr. voucher; Old Fr. 
yochier, vocher =to call, to pray in aid, to call to aid 
in a suit, to summon; from Lat. advoco =to call, to 
summon: ad=to, and roco=to call. Wedgwood 
believes that vouch in the sense of “call to” spe¬ 
cially refers to the case of a tenant calling on his 
feudal lord to defend him in the matter of a right 
impugned. Finally, however, the w T ord becoming 
transferred to the landlord, lost its meaning of “call 
to,” and came to mean “take the part of the tenant 
against his assailant,” openly acknowledge, avow, 
positively affirm, vouch.] [Avow, Vouch.] 

I. (Apparently with tacit reference to a tenant’s 
calling on his landlord for support of a claim.) 
(See etym.) To adduce in support of anything. 

“ Such antiquities could have been avouched for the 
Irish.”— Spenser: State of Ireland. 

II. (Apparently with tacit reference to a land¬ 
lord’s acknowledging a tenant and defending his 
rights.) (See etym.) 

1. Solemnly and deliberately to acknowledge a 
being or person as standing to the avoucher in a 
certain relation. 

(а) As a superior acknowledges an inferior, or as 
the Supreme Being owns the people of God. 

“ And the Lord hath avouched thee this day to be His 
peculiar people, . . — Deut. xxvi. 18. 

(б) In a more general sense, without reference to 
the superiority or inferiority of the persons or beings 
avouching and avouched. 

“ Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God, 
and to walk in His ways, . . — Deut. xxvi. 17. 

2. To assent to or support the petition or the 
understood wishes of any person. 

“ Nem. Great Arimanes, doth thy will avouch 
The wishes of this mortal?”— Byron: Manfred , ii. 4. 

3. To support a cause believed to be just; to jus¬ 
tify, to vindicate. 

“ You will think you made no offense, if the duke avouch 
the justice of your dealing.”— Shakesp.: Measure for 
Measure , iv. 2. 

4. To assert positively, to affirm; to maintain, to 
aver. 

“. . . but that it is so constantly avouched by many.” 
— Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, x., § 911. 

ta~v6u §li, s. [Avouch, t?.] Evidence, testimony; 
avouchment. 

“ Hor. Before my God. I might not this believe. 
Without the sensible and true avouch 
Of mine own eyes.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 1. 

i^-VQU a. [Eng. avouch; -able.'] That 

may be avouched. (Sherwood.) 

3 L-voii ghed, pa. par. [Avouch, v.] 

3 ,-vou 9 h-er, s. [Eng. avouch; -er.] He who or 
that which avouches. 

“ Even Cardinal Bellarmin can abide to come in as an 
avoucher of these cozenages.”— Bp. Hall: Censure of 
Travel , § 18. 

3 ,-vou 9 h-liig, pr. par. [Avouch, v.] 

5 L-V 0 U 9 h-ment, $. [Eng. avouch; -merit.] The 
act of avouching; the state of being avouched; 
that which is avouched. 

* 9 ,-vou'r, * 9 .-V 0 U re, s. [In Fr. avouer—to avow.] 
Acknowledgment, confession. 

a-vow (1), *a~vow e, *a-vow-en, v. t. [Fr. 
avouer —to own, to confess, to approve, to ratify; 
avou6 =an avowee, a proctor, attorney, solicitor, 
patron, or supporter; avouerie —right to present to 
a benefice. The idea is that of a superior acknowl¬ 
edging an inferior, which connects the word, as 
Skinner and Wedgwood maintain, with Avouch 
( q. v.). Mahn connects it with Fr. vouer =to vow.] 
[Avow, (2),«.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1 . To declare openly the sentiments one holds in 
the belief that, even though they may be unpopular, 
he can defend them; or to declare openly a deed 
wnich one has done, either in the conviction that it 
was a right deed, or because one is so hardened in 
wickedness that he is incapable of feeling shame 
when he justly falls under the censure of the 
virtuous. 

“ . . . the orphan girl avowed the stern delight with 
which she had witnessed the tardy punishment of her 
father’s murderer.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 


f2. To acknowledge, to confess, though more dis¬ 
posed t-o hide the deed than to proclaim and glory 
in it. 

“ Left to myself, I must avow I strove 
From public shame to screen my secret love.” 

Dryden: Sigismu,nda and Guiscardo, 456. 

3. To take the responsibility of stating; to state, 
to allege, to declare. 

“ . . . the relation of some credible person avowing 

it upon his own experience.”— Boyle. 

B. Law: To admit that, one distrained goods 
belonging to another, but aHeging that he can and 
wiH justify the deed. 

“ . . . he avows taking the distress in his own right or 
the right of his wife.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., 
ch. 9. 

$-vow' (2), * 3 ,-vdw e, *a-vdw -en, * 3 --uow'-en 
(u=v), *$,-wow-yn, v.t. & i . Old form of Vow 
(q* v.). 

A. Trans.: To devote by a vow. (Scotch.) 

“Tullus . . . avowit xii preistis, quhilkis war namit 

salis, to be perpetually dedicat to Mars.”— Bellend.: T. 
Liv., p. 49. (Jamieson.) 

B. Intrans.: To vow. 

“ . . . warfore they made him . . . sethyn to avoir to 
restore . . . what he had borne away.”— Monast. Angl., 
ii. 198. (S. in Boucher.) 

“Tullus . . . al tou re avowit to big twa tem pell is . . 

— BellendT. Liv., p. 49. ( Jamieson.) 

* 3 t-vdw” (1), * 3 ,-vow e, s. [Avow, x?.] 

1. A discovery, declaration; avowal. (Old Eng. <£ 
Scotch.) 

“At kirk and market'when we meet, 

We’ll dare make nae avowe .” 

Minstrelsy Border, ii. 86. (Jamieson.) 

2. Patronage. [Avoweey.] 

“ . . . for t.horu avowe of him the sone bigan that 
strif.”— Rob. Glouc.: Chron., p. 477. (S. in Boucher.) 

*a-vow' (2) (0. Eng.), a-vdw-ye (ye=ie) (0. 
Scotch ), s. [Old form of Eng. vow. In Fr. voeu; Sp., 
Port., & Ited. voto; Lat. votum.] [Vow.] Avow. 

“ But here I will make mine avow, 

To do her as ill a turn.” 

Marriage of Sir Gawaine. 

3. -vdw -3,-ble, a. [Eng. avow; -able.] Able to 
be avowed; which one can without blushing avow. 

“The proceedings may be apert and ingenuous, and 
candid, and avowable; for that gives satisfaction and 
acquiescence.”— Donne: Devotions, p. 209. 

a-vow-a-bly, adv. [Eng. avowabl(e); -y.] In 
a way that can be avowed. 

a-vow -al, s. [Eng. avow; -al.] An open decla¬ 
ration of sentiments entertained or of deeds done. 

“He frankly confessed that many abominable and 
detestable practices prevailed in the Court of Borne; and 
by this sincere avowal , he gave occasion of much triumph 
to the Lutherans.”— Hume: Hist. Eng.; Henry VIII. 

“This absurd avowal would alone have made it impos¬ 
sible for Hough and his brethren to yield.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

a-vow -ange, s. [Eng. avow; -ance.] Evidence, 
testimony. 

a~vbw -Silt, s. [Fr. avouant, pr. par. of avouer.] 
[Avow.] 

Law: “ A person making cognizance,” or admit¬ 
ting that he distrained certain goods belonging to 
another, but maintaining that he was justified in 
doing so. 

“. . . the avowant or person making cognizance 
. . — Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 9. 

£-vow ed, *ii-vbw d, pa. par. fr a. [Avow, v.] 
“The hasty heat of his avowed revenge delayd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. vi. 40. 

“. . . they had become avowed enemies.” — Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

a-vow 

confessedly, 

“Temple’s plan of government was now avowedly 
abandoned and very soon forgotton.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

a-vow-ee, *a-V 0 W -e, s. [In Fr. avouf = (for¬ 
merly) the protector of a church or religious com¬ 
munity ; (now) a lawyer.] 

Ord. Lang.: An acknowledged friend. 

“ That thou beo heore avowe.* 9 

Alisaunder , 3,160. (S. in Bouc^ier.) 

$L-V<)W -er, s. [Eng. avow: -er.] 

1. One who avows (any sentiment or deed). 

2. A proclaimer. 

“Virgil makes .dEneas a bold avcncer of his own virtues.” 
— Dryden. 

3L-VOW -lhg, pr. par. [Avow, x\] 

9 ,-vdw-ry, *?i-vdw-er-^, *<i-vb-er-y,s. [From 
O. Fr. avouerie , avowerie; Low Lat. advocaria.] 
[Avow, t\] 


r'-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. avowed; -ly .] Openly, 
idly, admittedly. 


A. Ord. Lang. (Of the forms avowery and avo- 
ery): Patronage of an individual of a religious 
cause or of a church. [B. 1 .] 

“For through avowery of him the rather he g&n tc 
etryf.”— Rob. Glouc.: Chron., p. 477. (S. in Boucher.) 

B. Law: 

1. (Of the forms avowery and avoery): The right 
which the founder of a religious house or church 
had to its patronage. 

“And so in thys manner was the lord Marmyon put fro 
the foundation and the avoery of the howvs of Polles- 
worth.”— Monast. Anglic., ii. 198 (old ed.). (S. in Boucher.) 

2. (Of the form avow T ry) : A term used when, on a 
person suing replevin of goods, which he alleges 
that the defendant distrained, the latter, in reply, 
avows or openly declares that he did take the goods, 
but adds that he had proper justification of the 
deed, as that the distraint was for rent due, for 
damage done to his property, or for some similar 
cause. (Blackstone: Comment ., bk. iii., ch. 9 .) 

*$.-vow ’-§3,1, s. Old spelling of Avowal. 

*3,-vbw -try, s. [Advoutry, Avoutry.] 
a-vul sed, a. [In Port, avulso ; from Lat. 
avulsus , pa. par. of avello= to pull away or off: a= 
from, and vello— to pluck.] 

‘ Who scatter wealth, as though the radiant crop 
Glitter’d on every bough; and every bough, 

Like that the Trojan gather’d, once avuls'd. 

Were by a splendid successor supplied, 

Instant, spontaneous.” Shenstone . 

a-vul -sion (Eng.), a-vul'-sl- o (Scotch), s. [In 
Fr. avulsion; from Lat. avulsio= a young slip ton* 
off a plant instead of being cut off; avulsum , supine 
of avello.] [Avulsed.] j 

A. Ordinary Language. (Of the form avulsion 
only): 

1. The act of pulling anything away from another; 
the act of tearing away or violently separating; 
also the state of being pulled away. 

“The pressure of any ambient fluid can be no intel¬ 
ligible cause of the cohesion of matter ; though such a 
pressure may hinder the avulsion of two polished super¬ 
ficies one from another, in a line perpendicular to them.” 
— Locke. 

2 . That which is pulled away; a fragment torn off. 

B. Law. (In English, of the form avulsion; in 
Scotch , of the form avulsio, the latter being simply 
the Latin word left unmodified): The wrenching 
away of lands from the property of one man, and 
their transference to another, caused by river floods, 
by the alteration in the course of a stream, or 
any similar operation of nature. [Alluvium, 
Alluvion.] 

$.-Vun -CU-lar, a. [In Ital. avuncolo=a.n uncle; 
Lat. avunculus= a maternal uncle, from airm= a 
grandfather; Eng. suff. -al.] Pertaining to an 
uncle. 

“In these rare instances, the law of pedigree, whether 
direct or avuncular, gives way.”— I. Taylor. (Goodrich dt 
Porter .) 

*3,-Vuii'-CUl-Ize, v. i. [From Lat. avuncul (us) t 
and Eng. suff. -ize.] [Avuncular.] To follow in 
the steps of one’s uncle. 

*&-vy s, s. [Avis, Advice.] 

*3t-vy §e, v. t. [Avize, x?.] 

*3*-vy §ed, *$-vy'-syd, pa. par. [Avized.] 
*$-vy§ e-ment, s. [Avisement.] 

*^-vy -§ioun, s. [Avisioun.] 

*3,-vy’-§yn, v. t. [Avize, v.] 
aw, a. [All.] AH. 
aw, s. [Awe.] 

fiw, awe, v. t. [A. S. a#an=to own; (1) to pos¬ 
sess : (2) to give, . . . to restore.] [Agh, Owe.] 

1. To owe, to be under obligation. (Scotch.) 

“ The second command is of the lufe whiche we aw till 
our nychbour.”— Abp. Hamilton: Catechism (1551). 

2 . Ought. 

“That tre vs aw forto do hononre 
That bare oure Lord and oure Sauioure.” 

Finding of the Cross (ed. Morris), 6, 3. 

a-wa\ adv. [Away.] Away. (Scotch.) 

“ . . . gangs awa in the morning.”— Scott: Waverley, 

ch. Ixiv. 

*3.-wa'i, adv. [Away.] 

*3i-wa’il, *9,-wa ill, s. [Avail, s.] (Scotch.) 
*a-wa il, $t-wa 1 , v. t. & i. [Avail (2), v. t. & i.} 

(Scotch.) 

*a-wa ill, *^-waI 1 -ye, v. i . & t . [Avail (1), v . u 
& /.] (Scotch.) 

a-wa it, *3,-wa ite, *a-wa te, *$-wa'yte, v. t. & 

i. [Eng. a, and wait (q. v.).] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, \mite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian. », ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



await 


343 


away 


A. Transitive: 

1. To wait for. Used — 

<a) Of persons: Waiting for a person or thing. 

** Which with incessaunt force and endlesse hate 

They battred day and night, and entraunce did 
awate.” Spenser; F. Q., II. xi. 6. 

“And, plung’d within the ranks, awaits the fight.” 

Pope : Homer’s Iliad ,, bk. xx., 436. 

(^) Of things: Left for a certain event, purpose, 
or action. 

. The Abjuration Bill and a money bill were awaiting 
«ns assent.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv c 

2. To be in store for. 

“To shew thee what reward 
Awaits the good; the rest, what punishment.” 

Milton: P . L., bk. xi. 

B. Intransitive: To wait. 

“If a hunting party kills an animal, a number soon 
collect and patiently await., ... on all sides.”— Dar¬ 
win: Voyage round the World , ch. iii. 

* 9 .-wa'it, *g,-wa ite, 5 . [Await, v.] W T aiting, 
wait, ambush, watch. [Wait.] 

“. . . Delay in close awaite 
Caught hold on me . . 

Spenser: F. Q. y IV x. 15. 

$,-wa it-e'* pa. par. & a. [Await, v.] 

9 ,-wa it-, ^g, *a-wa yt-inge, pr.par. [Await, v.] 

3 . -wake (pret. a-wo ke, *a-wo k; pa. par. 
awaked, *awakd, *a-wa hte, ^-we ightte, 
♦$,-wa kte), v. t. & i. [A. S. awacan (pret. awoc ), 
awceccan, aweccan— to awake.] [Awaken, Wake.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Of persons or other beings capable of sleep: 

1. To arouse from natural sleep. 

“He marveild more, and thought he yet did dreame 
Not well awakte” Spenser: F. Q., III. viii. 22. 

“And He was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a 
pillow; and they awake Him, and say unto Him, Master, 
oarest thou not that we perish ?”—Mark iv. 38. 

2. To arouse from a state of physical, mental, 
moral, or spiritual lethargy; to excite to action or 
new life. 

“ But they shall find, awaked in such a kind, 

Both strength of limb and policy of mind.” 

Shakesp.: Much ado About Nothing , iv. 1. 

3. To cause to arise from the dead. 

“Wherefore he went again to meet him, and told him, 

saying, the child is not awaked .”—2 Kings iv. 31. 

II. Of things: To put into action anything which 
to the imagination may appear to be dormant; to 
put anything quiescent into active operation. 

“Therefore take heed how you impawn our person, 
How you awake our sleeping sword of war.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., i. 2. 

If In this first or transitive sense, the more com¬ 
mon verb is not awake , but awaken . [Awaken.] 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Of persons or other beings capable of sleep: 

1. To waken up from natural sleep. 

“ As a dream when one awaketh . . — Ps. lxxiii. 20. 

2. To waken up or become aroused from physical, 
mental, moral, or spiritual lethargy. 

“And from the kindling of his eye, there broke 
Language where all th’ indignant soul awoke.” 

Hemans: Marius at Carthage. 

“Awake thou that 6leepest, and arise from the dead, 
end Christ shall give thee light.”— Eph. v. 14. 

3. To arise from the sleep of death. 

“ And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth 
shall awake . . ”—Dan. xii. 2. 

II. Of inanimate things: To remain no longer 
dormant; to cast off lethargy or inaction. 

“Awake, O sword, against my shepherd.”— Zech. xiii. 7. 

^,-wa'ke, a. & s. [Awake, v.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Of persons or other beings capable of sleep: 

1. Not in a state of sleep; not asleep. 

“And, like an infant troublesome awake , 

Is left to sleep for peace and quiet’s sake.” 

Cowper: Truth . 

2. Not in a state of lethargy. 

II. Of things: Quiescent; not in action. 

*B. As substantive: An arousing from sleep or 
death. 

“In the hope of an awake at the resurrection.”— Wood: 
At hen. Oxon. 

a-waked, *a-wa Xd, *a~wakte, pa. par. 
{Awake, v.] 

a-wa-k$n, v. t. & i- [A. S. awcecnian={ 1) to 
awake, arouse, revive; (2) to stir up, ongmate, 
arise, vegetate. Cognate with Awake (q. v.j.j 


A. Transitive: 

I. Of persons or other beings capable of sleep: 

1 . To arouse from natural sleep. 

“I awakened the arriero to know if there was any 
danger.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xv. 

2. To arouse from a state of physical, mental, 
moral, or spiritual lethargy. 

“The picture of the clown awakened to consciousness of 
life and manhood by the sight of the sleeping nymph in 
Cymon and Iphigenia is perfect in its kind.”— Dr'ydem 
The Fables, Introd. 

3. To raise from the sleep of death. 

II. Of things: To put anything previously dor¬ 
mant or quiescent into action. 

B. Intransitive : > To return to consciousness; 
activity after having been for a longer or shorter 
time under the lethargy of sleep. 

“The book ends abruptly with his awakening in a 
fright.”— Pope: Note in his “ Temple of Fabie” 

H In the intransitive sense, awake is more fre¬ 
quently used than awaken. [Awake, v.] 
a-wa -k$ned, pa. par. & a. [Awaken. ] 
a-wa'-ken-er, s. [Eng. awaken; -er.] He who 
or that which awakens. 

“As much obliged to his awakener as Philemon was to 
St. Paul.”— Boyle: Occas. Ref. y Disc, i., § 4. ( Richardson.) 

“ Oh ! the curse, 

To be the awakener of divinest thoughts, 

Father and founder of exalted deeds ; 

And, to whole nations bound in servile straits, 

The liberal donor of capacities.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion , bk. vii. 

a-wa -ken-ifig, pr. par., a. & s. [Awaken.] 

A. & B. As pr.par. and adj.: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

“And when you think of this, remember too 
’Tis always morning somewhere, and above 
The awakening continents, from shore to shore, 
Somewhere the birds are singing evermore.” 

Longfellow: The Merry Birds of Killingworth. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Gen.: The act of arising from sleep, lethargy, 
or death, or of being excited to action; also the 
state of being aroused from any of these. 

“ Supposing the inhabitants of a country quite sunk in 
sloth, or even fast asleep, whether upon the gradual 
awakening and exertion, first of the sensitive and loco¬ 
motive faculties, next of reason and reflection, then of 
justice and piety, the momentum of such country or state, 
would not, in proportion thereunto, become still more 
and more considerable.”— Bishop Berkeley: Querist , 591. 

2 . Spec.: A religious revival in the soul of an 
individual or in a portion of the community. 
[Revival,.] 

a~wa -ken-Ing 7 ly, adv. [Eng. aicakening ; -ly.] 
In a manner tending to awaken. 

a-wa -king, * 3 ,-wa'-kiinge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Awake, v.] 

“Who brought the lamp that with awaking beams 
Dispelled thy gloom, and broke away thy dreams.” 

Cowper: Expostulation , 500. 

*$-w& le, s. [Value.] Value. 

“ Mane sel thi corne and alz thi victuale 
For mesurabyl vynnynge profet and awale.” 

Early Scottish Verse , i. (ed. Lumby), 115, 116. 

*g,-wa pe, v. t. [Awhape.] 
a ward , *a-warde, *a gard , v. t. & i. [O. Fr. 

awarder— to give a decision regarding the compe¬ 
tence of judges, from a=Lat. ad =to, and warder = 
to observe, to take heed of, to keep; Norm. Fr. 
agardetz= awarded; agarder— to regard, to award; 
garda , 0 arcte=judgment, award.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Ord. Lang. & Law: To adjudge, to decide 
authoritatively, after carefully “ regarding,” look¬ 
ing into, or examining the facts requisite to the 
formation of a correct judgment. (Used appropri¬ 
ately of the decision of an arbitrator, but some¬ 
times also for the verdict of a judge in an ordinary 
court of law. It is generally followed (a) by the 
objective of the thing awarded ; ( b ) more rarely by 
the objective of the persons for or against whom 
the decision is given; or (c) by that.) 

“That last judgment, whiche shall awarde some to 
eternal felicitee, and other some to euerlastyng paynes 
and damnacion.”— Udal: Hebreis , ch. iv. ( Richardson .) 

“And we decre, ordaine and awarde that my saied lorde 
of Wynchester ... ”— Hall: Henry VI. , ch. iv. ( Rich¬ 
ardson .) 

“ Thus early Solomon the truth explored, 

The right awarded , and the babe restored.” 

Dry den: To Mr. Northleigh. 

“A church which allows salvation to none without 
it, nor awards damnation to almost any within it.”— 
South. 

*2. To ward off, to avert. 

“A supplication was preferred that the temporal lands 
might have been seized to the king. This was wisely 
awarded by Chichley.”— Fuller: Worthies; Radnor. 


B. Intransitive: To make an award; to determine, 
as arbitrators do, a point submitted to them. 

“ Th’ unwise award to lodge it in the towers.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey , viii. 557. 

5 L-wa rd, *a-ga rde, s. [In O. Fr. award , awart; 
Scotch warde = determination ; Norm. Fr. garda = 
award or judgment. [Award, v.] 

1. Ord. Lang. & Law: The decision of arbitrators 
on a case submitted to them, or a verdict of the 
ordinary judges in a court of law. 

“ . . . a punctilious fairness, such as might have 

been expected rather from a disinterested umpire pro¬ 
nouncing an award . . .’’—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

“ If the award was legal, nobody was to blame ; and, if 
the award was illegal, the blame lay, not with the attor¬ 
ney-general, but with the judges.”— Ibid., ch. xv. 

2c Ord. Lang. Gen.: A decision given after care¬ 
ful inquiry by one who is in a position to give an 
authoritative judgment. 

“ With Giaffir is none but his only son, 

And the Nubian awaiting the sire’s award” . 

Byron: The Bride of Abydos, i. 3. 

award'-ed, *a~ward -It, a~ward -Id, pa. par , 

& a. [Award,!’.] 

“. . . sothely, the vengeance of avouterye is awardid 
to the peyne of helle, but if he be destourbed by peni-* 
tence.”— Chaucer: C. T.; The Persones Tale. 

a-ward'-er, s. [Eng. award; -er.] One who 
awards. 

“ The high awarders of immortal fame.” 

Thomson: Liberty , pt. ii. 

*a-ward -Id, pa. par. & a. [Awarded.] 

award -Ing, pr. par. [Award, v.] 

*a~wa rd-Shlp, s. [Eng. award , and suffix - ship.] 
An award. 

“ That hee would stand to your awardship.” — Foxe: 
Actes & Monum. Queen Mary; Death of Latimer. ( Rich¬ 
ardson .) 

a-wa re, a. [Eng. a, ware; A. S. gewarian , 
gewarenian —to take heed of, to beware, to shun; 
O. S. giwar: Dut. gewaar; Ger. gewahr; O. H. Ger. 
go war.'] [Ware, Wary.] 

*1. Excited to caution; watchful, vigilant. 

2. Apprised, cognizant; possessing knowledge,. 
(Followed by of.) 

“Of all this Lewis was perfectly aware.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

V Formerly it was often used to signify cognizant 
of the presence of a person in consequence of com¬ 
ing in sight of him unexpectedly. 

“And riding toward Nottingham 
Some pastime for to spy, 

There was he aware of a jolly beggar 
As ere he beheld with his eye.” 

Robin Hood , ii. 123. {Boucher.) 

3. Convinced, assured; knowing. (Followed by a 
clause of a sentence introduced by that.) 

“ Aware that flight in such a sea 
Alone could rescue them.” 

Cowper: The Castaway. 

*$L-wa re, v. i. [Aware, a.] To beware, to be 
cautious, to be on one’s guard. 

“So warn’d he them, aware themselves, and soon 

In order, quit of all impediment; 

Instant, without disturb, they took alarm.” 

Milton: P. L. y bk. vi, 

H Some understand this passage to mean — 
“ Those who were aware of themselves.” {Johnson.) 

j-l-war'-Ie, v. t. [A. S. awergian =to curse.] To 
curse. 

“And draf of the awedde awariede wihtes.” 

MS. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., fo. 139 b. {S. in Boucher.) 

*^-wam', v. t . [Eng. a, warn; A. S. gewarnian 
= to admonish, to defend.] [Warn.] To make 
aware, to warn. 

“ That every bird and beast awarned made 

To shrowd themselves, whiles sleepe their sences did 

invade.” Spenser: F. Q. t III. x. 46. 

a-warp', v. t. [A. S. aweorpan —to cast away.] 
To cast away. 

“ And awaipe the wit of those world wittie.” 

MS. Cott., Titus , D. xviii., f. 136. ( S. in Boucher.) 

$,-wa -ward, s. [Fr. avantgarde.] [Advanced, 
B. (2)]. The vanguard. 

“ The awaward had the Erie Thomas, 

And the rereward Schyr Eduardis was.” 

Barbour, xiv. 59, MS. {Jamieson.) 

a-wa y, *$-wa ye, *&-wa i, *£-we y, *g, we y, 
*g,-we i, adv., v., & s. [Eng. a=on, and way (q. v.). 
In A. S. a-weg , otiwceg, omveg= away, out; from a = 
from, out, away, and iveg= way; awegan —to turn 
aside or away. In Ger., also, tce^=way, and M. H. 
Ger. en ice^=away.] 


1)611, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, qell, chorus, 
-clan, -tian = sh$.n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


§hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

~tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = h$l, del* 



awayte 


344 


awful 


A. A4 adverb: 

I. Of things material: 

1. With Test implied: At A greater or less dis¬ 
tance ; absent, without its being indicated where; 
departed, removed. 

“ He sagh erth drie and te water awai.” 

Story of Genesis ancl Exodus (ed. Morris), 616. 

“ They could make 

LoVe to your dress, although your face were away .” 

Ben Jonson: Catiline. 

2. With motion implied: To a greater or less dis¬ 
tance from a person, a place, or a thing. (Used 
with such verbs as lead , drive , se?id, go, put , &c.) 

“ Loth and is agte childre and wif, 

Ben led a-wei bun-den with strif.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 859-60. 

“ Oh, I am sent from a distant clime, 

Five thousand miles atony” 

Scott: The Gray Brother. 

II. Of things immaterial: 

1. With rest implied: Mentally conceived of as 
absent; not occupying the attention at the moment. 

“It is impossible to know properties that are so 
annexed to it, that any of them being away, that essence 
is not there.”— Locke. 

2. With motion implied: From one state into 
another, as from being one’s own to becoming the 
property of another, from prosperity to adversity, 
from existence into non-existence, &c. 

“ It concerns every man, who will not trifle away his 
fioul, and fool himself into irrecoverable misery, to 
inquire into these matters.”— Tillotson. 

“ He play’d his life away.” — Pope. 

IT To make away with a life is to extinguish it; to 
make away with money is to carry it off. 

B. As a verb: 

I. As an imperative of a verb: 

1. Go away, begone, be off, start off 1 

“Her summons dread, brooks no delay; 

Stretch to the race— away! away!” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake , iii. 21. 

2. Come away! 

“Away, old man, give me thy hand; away! 

King Lear hath lost, he and his daughter ta’en.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear , v. 1. 

If Away with , used in an imperative sense, is 
properly an elliptical % expression, interpreted 
according to the verb which it is needful to supply. 

(a) It may be go away with, begone. Or ( b) make 
away with. 

“ . . . Away with such a fellow from the earth . . 

—Acts xxii. 22. 

Or (c) put away. 

“If you dare think of deserving our charms, 

Away with your sheephooks, and take to your arms.” 

Dry den: Beautiful Lady of the May. 

XL As an infinitive of a verb: Used only or 
fhiefly in the expression, “ away with,” meaning to 
endure, to bear, to tolerate, to abide. Perhaps 
there may be the ellipsis of a verb like < 70 , and the 
original meaning may be to refuse to go with, not 
to allow such a person to accompany one on a 
journey. 

“. . . the calling of assemblies, I cannot away with 
, . P^-Isa. i. 13. 

“ Shallow. She never could dway with me. 

Falstaff. Never, never; she would always say she could 
not abide Master Shallow.”— Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iii. 2. 

III. As an indicative of a verb: To go away, to 
depart. (Evidently formed by the ellipsis of go.) 

“Love hath wings, and will away.”—Waller. 

If Whither away: Whither are you going away. 

“Sir Valentine, whither away so fast?”— Shakesp.: Two 
Gentlemen of Verona, iii. 1. 

C. As a substantive: A way. 

“And shall departe his awtiye from thence in peace.”— 
Jer. xliii. 12. (Coverdale Vers.) ( S . in Boucher.) 

*$-wa'yte, s. The same as Await, s. (q. v.). 
( Prompt. Parv.) 

* 3 ,-wa yte, v . t. [Await.] 

*A-wa'yt-inge, pr. par . & s. [Awaiting.] 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*$-wa y-wgxd, *$-we i-w$,rd, adv. [Eng. 
away ; - ward .] Away, implying departure. 

“ And swithe a-weiward hem garen.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 3,168. 

“This Phebus gan aicay-ward for to wryen.” 

Chaucer: C. T ., 17,194. 

*aWbe, *awlbe, s. The same as Alb (q. v.). 

*aw'-bel, *§'-belle, *e'-b$l, s. [Ebel.] ( Prompt . 
Parv.) 

*aw-bla s-ter, s. [Arblaster.] 

1. A cross-bowman* (Barbour.) 

2. A cross-bow. (Wallace.) (Jamieson.) 


*aw’-burne, a. The same as Auburn (q. v.). 

*aw -byr-Hjhoune (byr as bir), *aw-ber- 9 heon, 
s. [Habergeon.] 

*awcte, pret. of verb. [Agh.] Possessed. 
[Aught.] 

awe, *aw, *aw'-ere, *aghe, *ahghe, *age, s. 
[A. S. oga , eqe=fe&T, terror, dread -egesa, egsa= 
horror, dread, alarm, fear, a storm; Icel. agi; Dan. 
ave=awe, chastisement, correction, discipline. (See 
Awe, v.) Old Eng. agt , agte, thought, anx¬ 

iety, sorrow, grief, care, fear, has a different ety¬ 
mology. [Agt.] 

A. (Of the forms awe and awere): Doubt, fear or 
anxiety, the result of uncertainty or perplexity; 
also a thing doubtful. 

B. (Of all the forms except awere): 

1. Veneration, fear mingled with love; as for God 
or His word, or for a parent, a teacher, or other 
earthly superior. 

“ . . . my heart standetk in awe of thy word.”— Ps. 
cxix. 161. 

“ His frown was full of terror, and his voice 
Shook the delinquent with such fits of o we , 

As left him not, till penitence had won.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. ii. 

2. Dread, unmingled with love. 

“ His queen, whom he did not love, but of whom he 
stood greatly in awe, . . — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xxiii. 

To stand in awe of: To remain with some per¬ 
manence under the emotion of fear or veneration. 

“Princes have persecuted me without a cause; but my 
heart standeth iii awe of thy word.”— Ps. cxix. 161. 

.See also the example under No. 2. 

If Regarding the distinction between awe , rever¬ 
ence , and dread , Crabbe considers that awe and 
reverence both denote a strong sentiment of respect, 
mingled with a certain measure of fear, but the 
former is the stronger of the two; while dread is 
unmingled fear for one’s personal security. Sub¬ 
lime, sacred, and solemn objects awaken awe , 
exalted and noble ones produce reverence, and ter¬ 
rific ones dread. The solemn stillness of the tomb 
will inspire awe, even in the breast of him who has 
no dread of death. 

awe-commanding, a. Commanding awe. 

“Her lion port, her awe-commanding face, 
Attemper’d sweet to virgin grace.” 

Gray: The Bard. 

awe-compelling, a. Compelling awe. 

awe-inspiring, a. Inspiring awe. 

In Tonic Sol-fa notation: An epithet applied to 
Fah, the fourth note of the scale, from the mental 
effect which it is fitted to produce. 

awe-struck, a. Struck with awe. 

“Not so—the dead, the dead! An awe-struck band 

In silence gathering round the silent stand.” 

Hemans: Scene in a Dalecarlian Mine. 

“The factions of the Parliament House, awe-struck by 
the common danger, forgot to wrangle.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

awe (1), v. t. [From awe, s. (q. v.), In Icel. aegia 
=to strike with fear; Dan. ave=to keep in awe, to 
discipline, to chastise, to correct; Goth, agan, ogan 
=to fear.] To inspire with veneration or with sim¬ 
ple dread. 

“His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted 
the bystanders.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

“The rods and axes of princes, and their deputies, may 
awe many into obedience;*but the fame of their goodness, 
justice, and other virtues, will work on more.”— Atter- 
buty. 

*awe (2), *aw (O. Eng.), awe (Scotch)', v.t.& 
auxil. [A. S. agan —to possess.] [Owe, Ought.] 

A. Trans.: To owe. (O. Eng. dt Scotch.) 

“Weel, sir, your house awes them this siller.”— Scott: 

Bob Roy, ch. xxii. 

B. Auxiliary: Ought. (0. Eng.) 

“It is nedfuilto al men, in the tyme of that dysegh, to 
think and to knaw that his synis aw to have mar pwny- 
scioune than he may tholl.”— The Craft of Deyng (ed. 
Lumby), 116. 

*a-we aid, v. t. [A. S. wealdan, waldan —to rule.] 
[Wield.] To govern. 

“ Aweald thurh thi wisdom hare worldliche wit . . 

— MS. Cott., Titus , D. xviii., f. 137, b. (S. in Boucher.) 

a-we'ar-y, a. [Eng. a; weary .] Weary (lit. db 
fig-)- 

1. Literally: 

“ I ’gin to be aweary ’o the sun 
And wish the estate o’ the world were done!” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth. 

“ She said, 4 1 am aweairy, aweary, 

I would that I were dead ! ’ ” 

Tennyson: Mariana . 

2. Figuratively: 

“When will the clouds be aweary of fleeting ?” 

Tennyson: Nothing will Die. 


a-weatb'-er, adv. [Eng. a, and weather .] 

Naut. : To the weather side, as opposed to the lea 
side. 

*aw e-band, s. [Eng. awe, and band.'] A check* 
a restraint, either of a physical or moral kind. (O. 
Eng. & Scotch.) 

“ . i. . that the said castel suld be an awband againi 0 
them.”— Bellend.: Cron., bk. xii., ch. 15. 

awed, pa. par. & a. [Awe, v.] 

*^-we de, v. i. [A. S. awedan .] To become macL 
*a~wed de, pa. par. [Awede.] 

“ Wives ther lay in child bedde, 

Sum ded and sum awedde.” 

Orleo, 362, MS., Auchinlech. (S. in Boucher.) 

a-we e, adv » [Eng. a; Scotch wee=little.] A 
little, or a very little. (Scotch.) 

“ I trust bowls will row right, though they are aivee ajee 
enow.”— Scott: Bob Boy, ch. xxvi. 

a-we el, adv. [Eng. a, and Scotch tveel= well.] 
Well. (Scotch.) 

“ Aweel, Duncan — did ye say . . . ”— Scott: Waverley „ 
ch. xxix. 

*a-we i, adv. [Away.] 

a-weigh’ (gh silent), adv. [Eng. a, and weigh.] 
Naut. (of anchors) : The same as Atrip (q. v.) 
*a-we i-ward, adv. [Awayward.] 
aw e-less, *aw’-less, a. [Eng. awe , and suff. 
-Zess.] 

1. Subjectively: Not feeling awe; not imbued 
with veneration ; not inspired with fear. 

“The awless lion could not wage the fight.” 

Shakesp.: King John, i. 1. 

2. Objectively: Not inspiring or fitted to excite 
veneration or dread. 

“ The tyger now hath seiz’d the gentle hind; 
Insulting tyranny begins to jet 
Upon the innocent and aweless throne.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., ii. 4. 

*a’-we-long, a. [Oblong.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*a~went , v. t. [A. S. awyndwian— to blow awajr 
from wind.] [Wind.] To cool or refresh by expos¬ 
ing to the air. (Scotch.) 

“ Thai fand the king syttand allane, 

That off hys bassynet has tane 
Till awent him for he was hate.” 

Barbour, vi. 305, MS. 

*a-wer, adv. [O. Eng. a; wtr= where.] Any¬ 
where. [ The Holy Rode (ed. Morris), 150.] 
a-we re, s. [Were.] Doubt. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*a-wer -tv, *a-uer'-ty (u asv), a. [Fr. averts 
pa. participle=warned, advertised.] Cautious, ex¬ 
perienced. (O. Scotch.) 

“ That wes both wys and awerty, 

And full of gret chewalry.” 

Barbour, ii. 213, MS. (Jamieson . ) 
^-we’y, adv. [Away.] 

*Jl-we y, s. [A. S. ece, cece , ace=an ache, pain.} 
Pain, torment. 

“ Al the welth of the world, that awey wiles.” —Sir Gawan 
and Sir Gal., i. 17. 

*a'-wey-loiig, adj. [Oblong.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*aw'-iall, a. [Afald.] (Scotch.) 
aw'-ful, "awe'-ful, *aw -full, a. [Eng. awe; 
full.] Full of awe. 

fl. In a subjective sense : Inspired with great awe ; 
feeling great awe; full of awe. 

“It is not nature and strict reason, but a weak and 
awful reverence for antiquity, and the vogue of fallible 
men.”— Watts. 

II. In an objective sense: 

1. Fitted to inspire veneration, or actually inspir* 
ing it. 

“ . . . abash’d the devil stood, 

And felt how awful goodness is, and saw 
Virtue in her shape how lovely.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iv. 

V Formerly it was used as an epithet applied to 
civil and other dignitaties=worshrpful. 

“ Know, then, that some of us are gentlemen. 

Such as the f iry of ungovern’d youth 
Thrust from the company of awful men.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. l a 

2. Fitted to inspire dread unmixed with love, or 
actually inspiring it. 

“Prophetic sounds along the earthquake’s path 
Foretell the hour of nature’s awful throes.” 

Hemans: Death of the Princess Charlotte, 
“The woman: then, sir, awfid odes she wrote, 

Too aioful, sure, for what they treated of. 

But all she is and does is awful.” 

Tennyson: The Princess, i. 

*3. Excessively bad in some respect or other. (O 
Scotch.) 

“ The awfull churle . . .”— Bellend. (Jamieson.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fS.ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, ciib, cure, unite, cur, rdle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 





awful-eyed 


345 


awning 


i. In the language of children and common peo¬ 
ple : A word of vague meaning apnlied to anything 
aemarkable, and meaning apparently that such 
wonder is excited that it creates awe. 

awful-eyed, a. Having eyes fitted to inspire 
awe. 

awful-looking, a. Having an appearance fitted 
tto inspire awe. 

“. . . the ruins of a strange and awful-looking tower 

• .”— Moore: Lalla Rookli; Paradise and tile Peri. 

aw'-ful-l^, adv. [Eng. awful; -ly .] 

1. Subjectively: With a feeling of awe; inspired 

with awe. 

“ On each majestic form they oast a view, 

And timorous pass’d and awfully withdrew.” 

Pope; Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxiv., 125-6. 

2. Objectively: In a manner to inspire veneration 
or dread. 

“Again, and yet again!—from yon high dome. 

Still the slow peal comes awfully.” 

Hemans: The Last Constantine, 64. 

3. Among children and the common people: Yery. 
aw-fiil-ness, s. [Eng. awful; mess.] 

-fl. Subjectively: The state of being full of ven¬ 
eration or dread. 

“An help to prayer, producing in us reverence and 
awfulness to the divine majesty of God.”— Taylor: Rule of 
Hiving Holy. 

2. Objectively: The quality of being fitted to inspire 

awe: 

“ While every oave and deep recess 
Frowns in more shadowy awfulness.” 

Hemans: Tale of the Fourteenth Century. 
*§.W’-fyn, s. [Lat. alfinus .] One of the pieces 
used in the game of chess. 

“ Awfyn of the cheker: Alfinus.''— Prompt. Parv. 

*aw'-grim, *aw'-grym, ^/a-grym, *aT-grini, 
*al -gor-Ithm, *al-g6r-i§m, *al -g6r-i§me, s. 
[InLat. aldorismusj Arab Al Khow&resmi, properly 
meaning the Kharismian, that is, the native of 
Ktiarisme, in Central Asia. The reference is to 
Mahommed ben Musa, who lived in the first half of 
the ninth century, and wrote an Arabic treatise on 
algebra, which was soon after translated into Latin. 
He was quoted in that language as Alchoresum 
niagister Indorum. (See Renaud’s M&moire sur 
VInde, p. 363; Max Muller’s Science of Language, 
■6th ed., vol. ii., 1871, pp. 300, 301.).] [Algorithm, 
Augrym.] A name used in the Middle Ages for 
arithmetic. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*f When the word now defined was in use, Eng¬ 
lish school children, who had never heard or 
desired to hear either of “the Kharismian” or 
of Kharisme, assumed, as they puzzled over their 
arithmetic, that the stern and repulsive aspect of 
the science or art which they were attempting to 
acquire, had been recognized in the very etymology 
of the name applied to it: “ail grim” was its 
highly appropriate designation. 

*a~wha ite, v. t. [O. Fr. waiter = . . . to lie 

in ambush for (?).] To investigate. 

“ And afterwards awhaite boo hath most neede .”—Piers 
Plowman, p. 288. (S. in Boucher.) 

*a-wha'pe, *a-wape, v. t. [Webster derives this 
from Wei. cwapiaw=bo strike smartly; Mahn, from 
Eng. whap=a blow, a weapon; A. S. hweOpan=to 
whip; and Wedgwood, who believes the primary 
meaning to bo = to take away the breath with 
astonishment, from Wei. chwaff = a gust; Goth. 
afhvapuan= to be choked; Sw. qvaf= shortness of 
breath, suffocation.] To strike, to confound, to 
terrify. 

“ . . . that could awhape 
An hardy heart.” Spenser: F. Q., IV., vii. 5. 

“ Ah ! my deare Gossip, answer’d then the Ape, 
Deeply doo your sad words my wits awhape.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubbard’s Tale. 

3, -whaped, pa.par. [Awhape, v.] 

g,-whe el§, adv. [Eng. a=on;ivheels.~\ On wheels. 
3,-WhTle, adv. [From Eng. a=to, for, and while, 
in the sense of “ a short time.”] Some time, a lit¬ 
tle. 

“. . . the wary fiend 
Stood on the brink of hell, and look’d awhile, 
Pondering his voyage . . .” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

9 ,-whit', a whit', adv. [Eng. a; whit (q. v.).] In 
the least. 

“It does not me awhit displease.” — Cowley. 

*a-whyi e, s. [Avail, s.] Emolument, profit. 
( Prompt. Parv.) 

*aw'-in, a. [Own.] 

*a-wl'§e-ly, adv. [En g.awise; -ly.] Prudently, 
circumspectly [Advisedly.] 

“Arayitryebt a,wisely.” 

Barbour, ii. 344, MS. (Jamieson ) 


*awk, *awke, a. & adv. [Etymology doubtful. 
One of two hypotheses given by Richardson is that 
it is from Dut. averechts=\vTong, m the wrong way, 
backward, preposterous^’. Trench derives it from 
A. S. awegr=aWay, out. [Away.] Mahn considers 
it an abbreviation of Eng. gatvk; Fr. gauche=left, 
awkward, clumsy. Stratmann deems it =avek, and 
connects it with O. I cel. Ofugr, O. H. Ger. abuher= 
averse, perverse, sinister; and Wedgwood derives it 
from 0. Icel. af (Lat. a£>)=Eng. off, of, with k as an 
adjectival termination.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Lit. ( Used chiefly of things material); 

1. On the left hand. 

“ That which we in Greek call aristeron, that is to say, 
on the auke or left hand, they say in Latin sinistrum .”— 
P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 717. 

2. Awry; turned round. (Used of a staff or any¬ 
thing similar.) {Golding.) {Trench: Select Gloss.) 

II. Fig. ( Used chiefly of things immaterial): 

1. Wrong. 

“ Awke or wrong; sinister.”—Promp f. Parv. 

2. Perverse in temper, for the moment at least; 
angry. 

“Awke, or angry. Contrarius, biliosus, perversus .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

B. As adv.: Odd; out of order; perverse; un¬ 
toward. 

“We have heard as arrant jangling in the pulpits as 
the steeples; and professors ringing as awk as the bells to 
give notice of the conflagration.”— L’Estrange. 

*awk, s. The same as Attk (q. v.). 

dwk'-end, s. The butt-end of a rod or wand. 

“ And shake 

The awkend of hir charmed rod upon our heades and 
spake.” J. H. in Boucher. 

*awk-ly, *awke'-ly. *aw-k'-ll, *&uk'-ly, adv. 
[Eng. awk; -ly.] 

1. On the left hand {lit. dt fig.). 

“Sc ignorant and untaught persons, many times when 
Fortune presenteth herself on the right hand, receive her 
aukly.” — P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 122. ( Richardson.) 

2. Oddly, clumsily, in an ungainly manner. 

“ I know a camel passeth in the Latin proverb either for 
gibbous and distorted, or for one that undertaketh a thing 
awkely or ungainly. ‘Camelus saltat.’ ” — Fuller: Worthies; 
Cambridgeshire. 

3. Perversely; wrongly; angrily 

"Aivkly, or wrongly: sinlstre.”—Prompt. Parv. 

“Awkely, or wrawely: Perverse, contrarie, bilose.” — Ibid. 

*awk'-ness, s. [Eng. awk;-ness.] The quality 
of being awk (q. v.); oddness ; ungainliness ; per¬ 
versity of whatever kind. ( Rogers: Naaman the 
Syrian, p. 378.) {Trench: On Some Def. in our Eng. 
Diet., p. 15.) 

awk -ward, *awk’-ard, *auk-warde, *auk e- 
wpxde, adv. [Eng. awk, and suff. ward.] 

I. Perverse. (In a physical, mental, or moral 
sense.) 

1. In a physical sense: Turned to the loft side; 
sinister, awry, contrary, untoward. 

“Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea, 

And twice by awkward Wind from England’s bank 
Drove back again unto my native clime? ” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI,, iii. 2. 

2. In a mental or moral sense, or both: Perverted, 
perverse; twisted, cross; one-sided. (Used of per¬ 
sons or of things.) 

“But was implacable and awkward 
To all that interlop'd and hawker d.” 

Butler: Hudibras. 

“ Ctblynde guydes, which beinge of an aukwarde religion, 
do streyne out a gnat and swalowe vp a camel.”— Udal: 
Matthew, ch. 23. 

II. Clumsy. (Used of persons or things.) 

1. Of persons: Not dexterous ; unskilled; with no 
implication that this arises from natural or inten¬ 
tional perversity. 

“Making war in any other way, we shall be raw ahd 
awkward recruits.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

2. Of things: 

(a) Not easily managed ; not effected with facility. 

“The Lowlanders prepared to receive the shock; but 

this was then a long and awkward process . . .”— 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

(b) Not skillfully managed ; badly executed. 

“And drop’d an awkward court’sy to the knight.” 

Hr y den: Wife of Bathes Tale. 

awk'-ward-ly, adv. [Eng. awkward; -ly.] In 
an awkward manner. 

“. . . they move awkwardly.” — Darwin: Descent of 
Man, pt. i., ch. iv. 

“Yet even here homage was paid, awkwardly indeed 
and sullenly, to the literary supremacy of our neighbors.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 


Swk’-w&rd-ness, s. [Eng. aivkward; -ness.] The 
quality of being awkward. 

*1. Untowardness, physical or moral. (See 
example under Awkward, 1.1.) 

2. Want of dexterity; clumsiness. 

“All his airs of behavior have a certain awkwardness in 
them; but these awkward airs are worn away in coinpany.” 
— Watts: Improvement of the Mind. 

awl, t&ul, *&wle, *aule, s. [A. S. awel, al, cel; 
Icel. air; Dut. els; Ger. ahle; 0. II. Ger. alausa, 
alasua; Fr. aldne; Sp. lesna; Ital. lesina.] An 
instrument with a wooden handle and an iron 
cylindrical blade sharpened at the end. It is Used 
by shoemakers and cobblers for boring holes for 
stitches in leather. 

“ Flav. Thou art a cobbler, art thou? 

2 Com. Truly, sir, all that I live by is with the awl.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, i. 1. 

“ Then thou Shalt take an aid, and thrust it through his 
ear unto the doOr . . — Deut. xV. 17. 


awl-shaped, a. 

Bot.: Shaped like an awl, subulate; as the 
leaves of the gorse (Ulex Europceus). 


awl-wort, s. The English name of Subularia, a 
genus of cruciferous plants. The name Awl-wort is 
derived from tbe shape of the leaves, which are of 
the form of awls. The flowers, which are small, 
sometimes appear even under water. 

*§,wl-ate, v. t. [A. S. wlcetian, wlatan=to 
nauseate, to loathe.] To disgust. 

“Yor the king was somdel awlated . . .” — Rob. Glouc., 
485. (S. in Boucher.) 

*awlbe, *awbe, s. [Alb.] 

*aw'-less, a. [Aweless.] 

*awm, *aum, s. Old spelling of Aam. 

*awm -blare, s. The same as AmSler (q. v.). 

{Prompt. Parv.) 

*awm’-brere, s. The same as Almoner (q. v.). 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*awm -bry, s. [Ambry.] 

*awm'-byr, *awm-yr, *am’-byr (yr as Ir),s. 

[Low Lat. ambra.] [Amber.] 


*awm'e-bry, s. The same as Ambry (q. v.). 

(Prompt. Parv.) 

*aw-men-ere, *awm'-nere, *aw-men-§r, 
*am'-ner, *am -nere, s [Almoner.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) * 

*&wln'-er-y, s. The same as Ambry (q. v.). x 
*aw -mil-ere, s The same as Ambler (q. v.). 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*awm -linge, pr. par. & a. The same as Ambling 

(q. v.). 

*aw'-myr, s. [AwMbyr.] 

*aWn, v. t. [Own, v.] 

*awn, a. [Own, a.] 

awn, *awne, *awnd, *aune, *aw'-?ne, *a'-vaiL 
*a -vene, s. [From Icel. Ogn. In Sw. agnar (pi.) = 
chaff, awn, awns; Dan. avne; Or. achne =anything 
shaved off, as (1) the froth of liquids; or (2) chaff 
iu winnowing.] A bristle, called also in English 
beard, and in Latin arista, springing from near the 
termination of a bract in the inflorescence of 
grasses, and produced by a prolongation of the 
midrib. (Lindley: Introd. to Botany.) 

*awn'-9et-rjre, s. The same as Ancestry (q. v.). 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*awn’-ce-tyr (yr=ir) , s. The same as Ancestor 

(q. v.). (Prompt. Parv.) 

*S,wM, s. [Awn, s.] 


‘awn'-dern e, 
*awn' - dyr-yn, 
*awn'-dyrn (yr 
as 'it), S . The 
same as Andiron 
(q. v.). ( Prompt. 
Parv.) 

awned.a. [Eng. 
awn; -ed.] Ab- 
tup11 y termi¬ 
nated in a hard, 
straight, aWl- 
shaped point of 
lesser or greater 
length, as the 
palese of grasses. 
(Lindt.: Introd. 
to Bot., 1839, p. 
458.) 



In Her. [SeeAULNED.] 


Awned. (Paleee of Grasses.) 


*awn -gel, s. The same as Angel (q. v.). 
awn -Ihg, s. [Etym. doubtful. Webster derives it 
from Goth, hnlyan^to cover. Mahn compares it 
with A. S. helan, helian, heligan— to cover; Goth. 
huljan; O. II. Ger. haljan, heljan, hulgan; Ger. 
hiilen; O. H.Ger. belma=veil, covering; and Wedg 


btfil, boy; pout, jfiwl; cat, 5e.Il, chorus, 5hin, bench; go, gem; thin, thi3; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = chan, -lion, -sion*= shun; -[ion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, dpi. 



awnless 


346 


axine 


wood with Fr. auvent =pent-house, shed, slight roof, 
a slope against a wall; Low Lat. auvauna. If it 
could be shown that an initial b had dropped 
from the word awning, it might then plausibly 
be connected with Fr. banne= a coarse linen cover, 
atilt, an awning, a cabin, a hamper; but there is 
no proof that such a b ever existed.] 

I. Nautically: 

1. A covering of tarpaulin, canvas, or other 
material spread over a boat, or part of a vessel, to 
keep off the sun’s rays. 

“ Our ship became sulphureous, no decks, no awnings, 
nor invention possible, being able to refresh us,”— Sir T. 
Herbert: Travels, p. 7. 

2. The part of the poop-deck which is continued 
forward beyond the bulk-head of the cabin. 

II. Ord. Lang.: Any covering or shade similar to 
that described under 1 . 1 . (q. v.). 

“Round the parapet-wall at top are placed rows of 
square pillars, meant either for ornament according 
to some traditional mode of decoration, or to fix awnings 
to, that such as sit there for the benefit of the sea-breeze 
may be sheltered from the rays of the sun.”— Swinburne: 
Travels through Spain, Lett. 28. 

awn-less, a. [Eng. awn; - less .] Destitute of 
an awn. 

*awn -sghen-jfd, *aun -$en-yd, a. [Ancient.] 
Antiquated, ancient, veteran. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*§.wnte, s. Old spelling of Aunt. 

*awn-ter-Ous, a. The same as Aunterous 
( q. v.). 

♦awn-ter-ows-ly, adv. [A contraction of Adven¬ 
turously (q. v.).J Perhaps, possibly. ( Prompt. 
Parv,) 

*awn-tre (tre as ter), s. [Contracted from Fr. 
aventure .] Adventure, peril. {Scotch.) The same 
as O, Eng. Aunter (q. v.). 

“And all le’ll men sail lyff thame on thar lyffis awnter, 

Thai salle ruee and bryne, and mekyll reveryse make.” 

Early Scottish Verse, ii. (ed. Lumby), 86. 

*awn'-tron, *awn'-tryn, *a-ven-tr^n, v. t. 
[Old form of Adventure, v. (q. v.). See also 
Aunter, v.] To put to hazard, to venture, to dare: 
also to render fortunate or prosperous. ( Prompt . 
Parv.) 

Ewn'-y, *awn'-ie [Eng. & Scotch), a. [Eng. 
awn; -yj Furnished with an awn or awns; 
bearded. 

“ Let husky wheat the haughs adorn, 

And aits set up their awnie horn.” 

Burns: Scotch Drink. 

“ In shaggy wave the awny grain 

Had whitened owre the hill and plain.” 

Picken: Poems (1788), p. 144. 

3 . -W 0 ke, v. The preterite of Awake (q. v.). 

“And she said, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. 

And he awoke out of his sleep.”— Judges xvi. 20. 

*g.-wo'ld, v. i. [A. S. wealdan (pret. weold, pa. 
par, wealden)— to rule, to govern, to command, to 
direct.] 

1. To cause. 

“ He herde hem murnen, he hem freinde for quat; 

Harde dremes ogen a wold that.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 2,0634. 

2. To avail, to bo successful. 

“ Luue wel michil it agte a.wold, 

Swilc seruise and so longe told.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1,671-2. 

3. To signify. 

“ In this thisternesse, old and dep. 

Get wurthe worpen naked and cold, 

Quat so his dremes owen awold.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1,942-4. 

*$-w 6 n -der, *g.-wun -der, v. t. & i. [Old form 
of Wonder (q. v.).] 

A. Trans.: To astonish. 

“ Than al his barnes awonderd ware 
Of the sight that thai saw thare.” 

Story of the Holy Rood (ed. Morris), 365-6. 

B. Intrans.: To wonder. 

“ . . . heo awundrede swithe.”— MS. Reg. 17, A. xxvii., 
f. 62. {S. in Boucher.) 

* 5 jL-w 6 n -derd, pa. par. [Awonder.] 

*8.-w5nt, a. [ A.S.awunian=. . . to be wont.] 
accustomed to. 

“. . . awont the occupacioun of the said land.”— 
Aberd. Reg. (1563), v. 25. 

31 -work', *a-work e, adv. [Eng. <z=on, and 
work.] At work, into work. 

“ Set a good face on’t, and affront him; and I’ll set my 
fingers aworke presently.”— Holiday: Technogamia, iv. 5. 
“ ... so after Pyrrhus’ pause 
Aroused vengeance set him new co-work." 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 

fi.-Work -ing, a. [Eng. awork; -ing.] Into the 
state of working; working. 

“ Long they thus traveled, yet never met 

Adventure which might them aworking set.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale. 


*3--Worth\ adv. [Eng. a; worth (q, v.).] Wor¬ 
thily. {Scotch.) 

“ And so #l worth he takith his penance.” 

King Quair, i. 6. 

*{l-wran'-gous {w mute), a. [Old Eng. a: 
wrung = wrong; and suff. -ows.] Felonious. (O. 
Scotch.) \ 

“ Awrangous awaytaking.”— Aberdeen Reg., Cent. xvi. 

*§,-wre ke (w mute), v. t. [A. S. awrecan= to 
revenge, avenge, vindicate, defend, free.] To 
avenge, to take vengeance on; in passive, to be 
revenged of. (Now written Wreak.) 

“ He suor he wold awreke be of hys brother Roberd.”— 
Rob. Glouc., p. 388. (S. in Boucher.) 

“ Thus schal men on a fals theef ben awreke." 

Chaucer: C. T., 17,230. 

*$GWro th] (w mute), v.i. [Eng. a; wroth.] To 
be wroth or angry. 

“ Ne noght so glad that hit ne awrotheth .” 

Hule <£■ Nightingale, 1,266. (S. in Boucher.) 

a wry', *e,-wrle' {w mute), a. or adv. [Eng. 
a; wry.] [Wry, Writhe.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: Oblique, slanting, uneven, leaning to 
one side. 

“ Your crown’s awry: 

I’ll mend it, and then play.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 

2. Of vision: Oblique, asquint. 

“ Like perspectives which, rightly gaz’d upon. 

Shew nothing but confusion; eyed awry, 
Distinguish form.”— Shakesp.: Rich. II., ii. 2. 

II. Fig.: In a wrong direction, intellectually or 
morally viewed; perversely. 

“ . . . or by her charms 
Draws him awry . . .’’ 

Milton . Samson Agonistes, 

aw§, awe§, s. [Old Sw. & Ger. och=water.] The 
buckets or projections on the rim of a mill-wheel 
designed to receive the shock of the falling water. 
{Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 

*awsk, s. The same as Ask, s. (O. Scotch .) 
aw -some, a. [Eng. awe; and suff. -some.] 

1. Appalling; causing terror. 

“ So awsome a night as this.”— Scott: Antiquary. 

2. Expressive of fear or reverence. 

*aws'-trene, *a,s-ter ne, a. The same as Aus- 

terne (q. v.). {O. Scotch.) 

*aw -tayne, a. [Haughty.] {O. Scotch.) 
*aw-tere, s. The same as Altar (q. v.). 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

*aw'-ter-stone, s. The same as Altar-stone 
( q. v.)._ 

* 3 ,-wy -§ee, a. [Awise.] 

*ax, v. t. & i. [Ax, v .] 

*ax, s. [Ax, s.] 

ax, *axe (pret. and pa. par *axid, pr. par. 
*axung), v. t. & i. [A. S. acsian, axsian, axian, 
acsigan, axigean=to ask.] To ask. 

ax, axe (pi. ax'-e§), s. [A. S. cex, eax, acaA, 
acase= anything that is brought to a sharp edge, an 
ax, a hatchet, a knife. In Sw. yxe; Ital. Ox, Oxi; 
Dan. Oxe; Ger. axl; O. H. Ger. achus; O. L. Ger. & 
O. S. acus; Goth, aquizi; Lat. ascia; Gr. axine— an 
ax. Adze or addice, and hatchet, though to a cer¬ 
tain extent resembling ax in sound, are from other 
roots.] An instrument for cutting or chopping 
timber, or smaller pieces of wood. It consists of 
an iron head with one edge sharp, and a handle or 
helve, generally of wood. As a rule, it is used 
with both hands, while a hatchet, which is smaller, 
is intended for one. [Hatchet, Battle-Ax.] 

“. . . there was neither hammer nor axe, nor any 

tool of iron, heard in the house while it was in building.” 
—1 Kings vi. 7. 

IT (1) To deserve an ax: To deserve to be be¬ 
headed as a traitor by means of an ax. 

“. . . his English councilors and captains were per¬ 
jured traitors who richly deserved axes and halters, and 
might, perhaps, get what they deserved.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

(2) To get an ax: To be beheaded with an ax. 
[(1).] 

ax-formed, a. In the shape of an ax (q. v.). 
ax-head, axe-head, s. The head of an ax; 
the cutting portion of an ax, as contradistin¬ 
guished from its handle, the former being generally 
of iron, and the latter of wood. 

“ But as one was felling a beam, the ax-head fell into 
the water.”—2 Kings vi. 5. 

ax-helve, s. The handle of an ax. 
ax-shaped, a. With one border thick and 
straight, the other enlarged, convex, and thin, 
dolabriform, as in the leaves of Mesembryanthemum 
dolabriforme. 


*axe-st 0 ne, s. An old designation for a mineral!, 
called also Jade, Nephrite, Ceraunite, and Ama 
zonian stone. It is a hard, tough stone of a greenish 
color. It is found in Cornwall along with diallage 
in Serpentine. It is not recognized by Dana. 

ax -ay-g.-cat, ax'-ay-g,-catl, s. [Mexican.] A 
Mexican fly, the eggs of which, deposited abun¬ 
dantly on rushes and flags, are collected and sold as 
a species of caviare. The use of these as an article of 
diet was learned by the Spanish settlers from their 
predecessors, the native Indian Mexicans, wh® 
called the dish now described ahuauhtli. (Clavi - 
gero, &c.) 

ax -e§ (1), s. pi. of Ax (q. v.). 
ax -e§ (2), s. pi. of Axis (q. v.). 

*ax'-es (3),*ax -esse, *ax -gesse, *ac -<jesse (O. 
Eng.), *ax -Is, *ack -sys (O. Scotch), s. [Fr. acc&s; 
Lat. accessus = a paroxysm of intermittent fever.] 
[Access.] 

I. Gen.: Aches, pains. {O. Scotch.) 

“Bot tho began myn axis and tunnent.** 

King Quair , ii. 48. 

II. Spec.: Fever in general, or yet more precisely 
intermittent fever, ague. (O. Eng. dt Scotch.) 
[Accesse.] 

“This axes hath made him so weake that his legges wili 
not bear hym.”— Palsgrave, bk. iii., f. 17. {Jamieson.) 

axes-grass, s. An infusion of buckthorn and 
other herbs, used as a cure for ague. 

*ax-fet 9 h, *ax -vetgh, s. [O. Eng. axe, and 
vetch.] An old name for a kind of vetch, so called 
from the ax-like shape of the legumes. It is called 
also Ax-wort. 

“ . . . when it should not bring forth anything but, 
mustard-seede, blew bottles, axfetch, or such like vnprofit- 
able weedes.”— The Countrie tiirme, p. 666. {S. in Boucher.) 

ax'-I-gd, a. [Eng., &c., axi{s); and Eng. suff. -al.] 
Pertaining or relating to an axis. 

“Practically, though not morphologically, the pelvis is 
a part of the trunk or axial skeleton,”— Flower: Osteol. of 
the Mammalia, p. 284, note. 

axial line. 

Magnetism: The line taken by the magnetic force 
in passing from one pole of a horse-shoe magnet tc 
the other one. {Faraday.) 

ax-i-al-ly, adv. [Eng. axial; -ly.] {Prout, 
Worcester.) 

ax -i-cle (cle=kel), S. [Dimin. of Axil (q. v.).J 
A sheave. {Hyde Clarke.) 

*ax -Id, pret. of v. Axe (q. v.). 

ax-if -er-ous, o. [Lat. axis, and fero= to bear.] 
Bearing an axis. 

ax-i-form, a. [From Lat. axis, and format 
form. In Ger. axiformig.] Of tho form of an axis. 

ax’-Il {Eng.), ax-il -lg. {Lat.),s. [In Dut. oksel; 
Ger. achselgrube; Ir. asgal; Fr. aisselle; Ital. 
ascella; all from Lat. axilla—the armpit, dimin. of 
ala=n wing. Compare with Heb. ais47=a juncture, 
a joint; as one of those connecting the fingers ; atsdl 
=to join, to couple.] 

A. {Chiefly of the form axilla): 

Anat.: The armpit. 

“Numerous sweat-glands exist in the axilla."—Todd & 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol i., 422. 

B. {Chiefly of the form axil) : 

Bot.: The point where the base of the upper side 
of a leaf joins the stem. {Lindley: Introd. to Bot., 
3d ed., 1839, p. 112.) Also the point where two 
branches diverge. It was called by old botanists 
the ala. {Ibid. , p. 73.) 

axil-flowering, a. Flowering in the axil, as 

Chionanthus axillaris. {Loudon: Encycl. of Plants, 
1829, Glossary.) 

ax'-Ile, a. [From Lat. axis.] Situated in the 
axis of anything. 

ax il -lar, ax-Il -l 3 ,r-y, a. [Lat. axill{a); Eng. 
suff. -ar, -arv.] 

1. Anat.: Pertaining to the armpit. 

Axillary Artery: The name given to the subcla¬ 
vian artery at that part of its course in which it 
passes the armpit {axilla). Important vessels are 
thence sent off to the shoulders and chest. 

“ Axillary artery is distributed into the hand; below 
the cubit, it divideth into two parts.”— Browne. 

Axillary Vein: The vein corresponding to the 
axillary artery. It springs from the subclavian, 
vein. 

2. Botany: Pertaining to the axil (q. v.); aris¬ 
ing from the axil; placed in the axil. {Lindley: 
Introd. to Bot., 3d ed., 1839, pp. 112, 490.) 

ax -ine, a. & s. [From Lat. axis (2) (q. v.), and 
Eng. suff. -me.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to a group of stags* 
of which Cervus axis, Linn., the Spotted Axis, is the 
type. (Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. iv., p. 116.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t„ 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, s5n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rifle, full; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e; ey = a. qu' •= kwC 




axmof 


347 


axle 


B. As substantive : A member of the Axine group 
of Stags. [Axis.] (Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. iv., p. 116.) 

ax'-Ing, pr. par. [Ax, v.] Asking. (0. Eng. <& 
Scotch.) 

“ Are ye axing me as a magistrate, Monkbarns . . .” 
— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxxviii, 

ax -in-Ite, s. & a. [Gr. axine= an ax, and Eng. 
Sufi, -ite.] 

A. As substantive: A triclinic mineral, called also 
Yanolit and Thumite. The crystals are broad with 
their edges sharp. The hardness is 6'5-7, the sp. 
gr. 3‘271, the luster glassy, the color clove-brown, 
plain blue, and pearl-gray, these hues varying 
greatly according to the direction in which it is 
viewed. It has strong double refraction. Composi¬ 
tion: Silica, 4T50 to 45; alumina, 13‘56tol9; lime, 
12’50 to 25 - 84; sesquioxide of iron, 7'36 to 12 - 25 ; ses- 
quioxideof manganese, 1T6 to 10; boric acid, 0 to 
5‘61; magnesia, 0 to 2*21; and potassa, 0 to "64. It is 
found, both in its normal state and altered, in 
Europe and in America. 

B. As adjective: Having as its type the mineral 
now described. Dana has an Axinite group of min¬ 
erals. {Dana.) 

ax-In-6 man - 9 y, s. [Lat. axinomantia; Gr. 
axinomanteia, from axine= an axe, and manteia— 
divination.] Pretended divination by means of an 
ax. One way of doing this was to fix a hatchet on 
a round stake, so as to be exactly poised, then the 
names of persons suspected of a specified offense 
were repeated, and the name at the mention of 
which the hatchet moved, or was imagined to move, 
was pronounced guilty. 

ax-in-ur -us, s. [Gr. axine= an ax, and oura= 
tail.] A genus of spiny-finned fishes, placed by 
Cuvier under his family Theutyes. All are foreign. 

ax -l-om, s. [In Sw., Dan., & Ger. axiom; Fr. 
axiome; Ital. assioma: Dut., Sp., Port.., & Lat. 
axioma; Gr. axioma=that of which one is thought 
worthy, an honor. In science, that which is assumed 
as the basis of demonstration ; axioo — to think 
worthy; aanos=worthy.] 

1. Math.: A self-evident proposition, a proposi¬ 
tion so evident at first sight that it requires no 
demonstration, but commends itself at once to the 
acceptance of every one capable of thinking. The 
first axioms in Euclid are: “ Things which are 
equal to the same thing are equal to one another.” 
“If equals be added to equals, the wholes are 
equal.” 

If It is sometimes said that the science of mathe¬ 
matics is built upon the axioms ; in reality it is on 
the definitions that it rests._ Thus many of the 
truths demonstrated in Euclid’s second book are 
necessary consequences deduced from his definitions 
of a square and of a rectangle; and a large number 
of those established in his third book follow from 
bis definition of a circle. 

2. Gen.: A self-evident principle in any depart¬ 
ment of thought, or, more loosely, one which, 
though requiring proof, is considered to rest on 
irrefragable evidence. 

"... infallible axioms and precepts of sacred truth, 
delivered even in the very letter of the law of Go.d . . 

— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. v., ch. xxii., § 3. 

ax-I-o-mat'-ic, ax-i-o mat -Ic-al, adj. [From 
Gr. axibmatos, genit. of axioma (Axiom) ; and Eng. 
suff. -atic , - atical .] Pertaining to an axiom or 
axioms; self-evident; containing axioms. 

“ . . . they have made their way against all kinds of 
opposition, and may now be regarded as axiomatic.”—J S. 
Mill: Polit. Econ., bk, i., ch. x., § 2. 

“Hippocrates did well to front his axiomatical experi¬ 
ments (the book of Aphorisms) with the grand miscar¬ 
riages in the practice of most able physicians.”— Whit¬ 
lock: Man. of the Eng., p. 109. 

ax-I-6-mat'-ic-9.1-ly, adv. [Eng. axiomatical; 
-ly .] In a manner that is axiomatic. 

*ax -l-o-pls-tf , s. [Gr. axiopistia; from axios 
=worthy, and pis#is=trust, trustworthiness.] The 
quality of being trustworthy. 

ax'-Is (1) s. & a. [From Lat. axis={ 1) an axle, a 
chariot; (2) the axis of the earth ; (3) the pin on which 
a hinge turns; (4) the valve of a pipe; (5) {Arch.) 
the axes of a volute ; (6) a board, a plank, from ago 
=to drive. Akin to Eng, axle; A. S. cex, eax= an 
axis, an axle-tree; Dut. as; Ger. achse, axe; O. H. 
Ger. ahsa; Dan. & Fr. axe; Sp. exe: Port, eixo; 
Russ, os, osi; Lith. assio; Ital. asse; Gr. axon, cog¬ 
nate with hamaxa = a wagon, a chariot; Sansc. 
afo/ias—a chariot.] [Axle.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: (Essentially a scientific 
word, though in some of its technical significations 
it has made way into ordinary language.) 

1. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing 
through a body, and around which that body 
revolves, or at least may revolve. Spec., the imag¬ 
inary line connecting the poles of a planet, and 
around which the planet rotates. [II. Astron.'] {Lit. 
difig.) 


(1) Literally: 

“ On their own axis as the planets run, 

And make at once their circle round the sun.” 

Pop el Essay on Man, 313. 

(2) Figuratively: 

“ Meanwhile, the heart within the heart, the seat 
Where peace and happy consciousness should dwell. 
On its own axis restlessly revolves. 

Yet nowhere finds the cheering light of truth.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

2. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing 
through a body, around which the several parts of 
the body are symmetrically arranged. 

“ The lofty mountains on the north side compose the 
granitic axis, or backbone of the country ”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. x. 

II. Technically: 

1. Geom.: An imaginary line drawn through a 
plane figure, and about which the plane figure is 
supposed to revolve, with the result of defining the 
limits of a solid. Thus, a circle revolving about 
one of its diameters, and at right angles to that 
diameter, will constitute a sphere; hence the axis 
of a sphere is any one of its diameters. If an isos¬ 
celes triangle revolve around an imaginary line con¬ 
necting its apex with the center of its base, it will 
constitute a cone; hence the axis of a cone is an 
imaginary straight line drawn from its apex to the 
center of its base. A rectangle revolving around a 
straight line connecting the centers of any two of 
the opposite sides will produce a cylinder; hence 
the axis of a cylinder is a straight line drawn from 
the center of its apex to the center of its base. The 
axis of a parabola is the diameter which passes 
through its focus. For the abscissa of the axis, the 
subtangent, &c., of the axis, see Abscissa, Sub¬ 
tangent, &c. In an ellipse the axis major (Lat.= 
greater axis) is the diameter which passes through 
the foci; and the axis minor (Lat.=desser axis) the 
diameter at right angles to the axis major. In 
a hyperbola, the axis major is the diameter which 
passes through the foci; the axis minor is the dis¬ 
tance between two points formed when a straight 
line drawn through the center of the hyperbola, and 
at right angles to its major axis, is intersected by a 
circle described around a principal vertex as its 
center, and with a radius equal to the eccentricity 
of the hyperbola. 

Conjugate axis of an ellipse or of a hyperbola: 
The straight line drawn through its center perpen¬ 
dicular to the transverse axis. 

Transverse axis of an ellipse or of a hyperbola: 
The straight line drawn through the t\vo foci. 

The axis of symmetry of a body: Any line in a 
regular polygon bisecting an angle or bisecting a 
side perpendicularly. 

“. . . a rotation of a body of regular figure about its 
axis of symmetry.”— Herschel: Astron. (5th ed., 1858), § 56. 

2. Astron. The axis of the earth or the axis of rota¬ 
tion of the earth, is that diameter about which it 
revolves. It is the one which has for its extremities 
the north and south poles. The term is similarly 
used of the sun, the moon and the planets. {Her¬ 
schel: Astron., 3d ed., 1858, §§ 22, 57, &c.) 

“. . . both Venus and Mercury have been concluded 
to revolve on their axes in about the same time as the 
Earth.”— Herschel: Astron. (5th ed., 1858), § 509. 

Axis of the celestial sphere: The imaginary line 
around which the heavens appear to revolve. It is 
the axis of the earth produced. 

Axis of an orbit. The major axis of the orbit of a 
planet is the line joining the aphelion and peri¬ 
helion points. The minor axis is the line perpen¬ 
dicular to the former, and passing through the 
center of the ellipse. 

3. Min.: The term axis of a prismatic or other 
crystal is used in the same sense as in Geometry. 
{Phillips: Mineral., 2d ed., 1319, p. lxxxixi.) 

4. Mechanics: 

The axis of suspension of a pendulum is the point 
from which it is suspended, and consequently 
around which it turns. 

The axis of oscillation of a compound pendulum is 
an axis constituted by a series of points, so situated 
that their motion is neither retarded nor acceler¬ 
ated by their constituting part of a solid body, 
which, of course, can only move together. {Atkin¬ 
son: Ganot’s Physics, 3d ed., 1868, § 70.) 

Axis of a balance: The line around which it turns. 

Axis in peritrochio. [Gr. peri=round about, and 
trochos=a wheel.] The same as the wheel and axle. 
One of the six mechanical powers, consisting of a 
peritrochium, or wheel and an axle. 

5. Magnetism: The line supposed to connect the 
north and south poles of a magnet. 

6. Optics: 

Axis of a lens: A line passing through the center 
of its curved, and perpendicular to its plane, sur¬ 
face. ( Brewster: Optics, 1831, § 34.) . 

Optic axis: The line corresponding to this in the 
eye. The ray of light passing along it is the only 
one which is not refracted. The other rays of light 
entering the eye have axes also, but this is the only 
one to which the term optic axis is applied. 


Visual axes: The axes of the several rays of 
light which enter the eye. [See Optic Axis above.} 

“. . . due convergence of the visual axes . . .”— 
Herbert Spencer: Psychol., 2d ed., vol. ii., p. 170, § 327. 

Axis of refraction: A straight line drawn perpen¬ 
dicular to the plane of a transparent body, and 
passing through the point of incidence of a lumin¬ 
ous ray, striking it from without. 

Axes of double refraction: All doubly refracting 
substances have one or more lines, or one or mora 
planes, along which no doubly refracting force 
exists. If there is one such line or plane, then the 
body is said to have one axis, or plane of axes of 
double refraction; if two, two axes, or planes ot 
axes, of double refraction, and so forth._ A reo ,4 
axis, or plane of axes of double ref raction, is one lrr 
which the doubly refracting force really does not 
existwhile a resultant axis, or plane of axe or 
an axis or plane of compensation, is one in which it 
exists, but is neutralized by a counter force of equal 
intensity. A positive axis of double refraction is 
the term used when the refracted ray is bent towarcl 
the axes, or plane of axes of the body ; and a nega-m 
tive axis of double refraction is the expression 
employed when it is bent in the contrary direction. 

7. Architecture: 

Spiral axis: The axis of a spirally-twisted col¬ 
umn. 

Axis of an Ionic capital: A line passing perpen¬ 
dicularly through the middle of the eye of the 
volute. 

8. Geology: An imaginary line on the opposite 
sides of which the strata dip in different directions. 
If the angle formed at their point of junction be a 
salient one, they form an anticlinal axis, or Anti¬ 
clinal (q v.); but if it is a re-entering one, then 
they constitute a synclinal axis, or Synclinal 
( q. v.). {Lyell: Man. of Geol., 4th ed., 1852, p. 57.) 
[I-, 2.] 

9. Botany: The axis is that- part of a plant 
around which the organs are symmetrically ar¬ 
ranged. The ascending axis means the stem. ( Lind* 
ley: Introd. to Bot.. 3d ed., 1839, p. 69.) The descend* 
ing axis is the root. {Ibid.) Becessory axes are 
axes in addition to the main one, found in the stems 
of Calycanthus Chimonanthus, and some other 
plants. {Ibid., p. 96.) The appendages of the axis 
are scales, leaves, bracts, flowers, sexes, and fruit. 
{Ibid., p. 110.) The axis of inflorescence is a pedun¬ 
cle which proceeds in a nearly straight line from 
the base to the apex of the inflorescence. {Ibid., 
p. 153.) 

10. Anatomy: 

(а) The axis of the body: The vertebral column 
around which the other portions of the frame are 
arranged. 

“When the skull remains in connection with the ver¬ 
tebral column, it will be seen that its axis is a continua¬ 
tion forward of the axis of that column, consisting of the 
bodies of the vertebras.”— Flower: Osteol. of the Mamma¬ 
lia, p. 96. 

“In the deer the axis of the face is nearly in the same 
line with that of the cranium . . . ”— Ibid, p. 171. 

“ The bones of the cranio-facial axis . . . ”— Ibid, 
p. 105. 

(б) The second vertebra of the neck, or the joint 
by which it is connected with the first vertebra. 
[Atlas.] 

“ . . . the vertebral being slightly bent between the 
atlas and axis. ”— Todd dt Bowman; Physiol. Anat., vol. i_ 
p. 295. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to an axis in the 
anatomical sense. [II., 10.] 

“On entering the innermost capsule, the nerve-tube 
suddenly loses its envelope of white substance and 
becomes pale, the axis cylinder alone remaining . . . ” 
—Todd db Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 398. 

ax -Is (2), s. [Lat. axis = an Indian quadruped, 
probably the deer described below.] A species of 
deer, the Cervus axis, found in India. It is spotted 
like the Fallow-deer, from which, however, the 
adult males at least may be distinguished by their 
possessing round horns without a terminal palm. 
There are several varieties, if, indeed, they are not 
distinct species. All are called by Anglo-Indian 
sportsmen Hog-deer. 

ax-I-us, s. [Gr. axia = dignity.] A genus of 
Crustaceans of the family Thalassinid®. It con¬ 
tains the Slow Shrimp, A. stirhynchus. 

ax le (le=el), *ax -el, *ax'-$ll, 

*ex -yl, *ax {Eng.),*a.x {O.Scotch), s. [A. S. eaxl- 
a shoulder-joint; Icel. Oxl; Lat. axia, dim. of ala=> 
a wing. Cf. O. Fr. aissel, essel. In Sw. & Dan. axel; 
Dut. as; Ger. achse; Sp. exe; Port, eixo; Ital. asse.I 
[Axis.] 

1. Lit.: The pin or bar in the center of a wheel 
around which the wheel itself turns. 

“ And now the twentieth sun, descending, laves 
His glowing axle in the western waves.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iv., 487-3. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = L 
-clan, -tian = sh$.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun, -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, del. 



axle-tree 


343 


Azazel 


2. Fig.: The axis of the heavens, around which 
they seem to revolve. 

j" There view’d the Pleiads, and the Northern Team, 
And great Orion’s more refulgent beam, 

To which, around the axle of the sky, 

The Bear, revolving, points his golden eye, 

Who shines, exalted on th’ ethereal plain, 

Nor bathes his blazing forehead in the main.”^ 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. v., 347-52. 

axle-tree, *axyl-tre, *exyl-tree, *ax-treo 
(.Eng.), *ax-tree, *ax-tre (O. Scotch), s. 

1. Lit.: The axle of awheel. 

. . their axle-trees, and their naves, and their fel¬ 

loes, and their spokes, were all molten.”—-1 Kings vii. 33. 

. 2. Fig.: The axis of the heavens. 

“. . . the poles or axle-tree of heaven, . . .”— 

Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. ii. 

ax'-led (ax -eld), a. [Eng. axl(e); -ed.] Fur¬ 
nished with an axle. (Wharton.) 

ax’-8-lotl, s. [Mexican.] A species of amphib¬ 
ious vertebrated animals, belonging to the order 
Amphipneusta and the family Proteidee. It is the 
Siredon pisciforme. It has four feet, and has on 
either side of the neck a very large aperture, within 
which are displayed bronchial arches, the gills, 
however, being attached to the opercula, or flaps 
which close the orifices. It is found in the lakes 
surrounding the city of Mexico, where it is said to 
have once been very abundant. It is esteemed a 
great luxury. 

ax-ot-om-ous, a. [From Gr. axon= an axle, an 
axis, and tome—a cutting ; from temno= to cut.] 
Cryslallog.: Having its cleavage perpendicular 
to the axis of the crystal. (Dana.) 
ax'-stone, s. [Axe-stone.] 

*ax-tre-o (0. Eng.), *ax'-tree, *ax'-tre (0. 
Scotch), s. The same as Axle-tree (q. v.). 
ax -iing, pa. par. [Ax,v.] 

tax’-unge, aux-unge, s. [Lat. axungia= cart- 
grease; axis= axle, and ungo—bo smear.] The lard 
of hogs. 

*ax'-vet 9 h, s. [Axfetch.] 

Ax-wed-ne§-dai, s. [0. Eng. axse = ash, and 
Wednesdai .] Ash Wednesday. (Bob. of Gloucester.) 

*ax -wort, s. [O. Eng. ax, and sufll. -wort.} 
[Axfetch.] 

*ax -yng, pr. par. & s. [Ax, Asking.] 

“And they him swore his axyng fayre and wale.” 

Chaucer: C. I., 1,828. 

ay (1), adv. [Ave (3).] 
fay (2), adv. [Aye (2).] 

*ay, interj. [Ah.] 

*ay me, interj. & s. 

A. As interjection: Ay me! an ejaculatory ex¬ 
pression of sorrow, regret, or anxiety. 

“Ay me! I fondly dream !” 

Milton: Lycidas. 

B. As substantive: The utterance of such an 

jjaculation. 

“ Ay-mees, and hearty heigh-hoes, 

Are sallets lit for soldiers 1” 

Beaum. & Fletcher: Bonduca, i. 2. 

“ Sonnets from the melting lover’s brain, 

Aymees and elegies.” 

The Woman Hater (1607), iii. 1. 
*ay (1\ (pi. eyr-en) (eyr as lr), s. [Ger. ey 
(sing.), eiren (pl.) = an egg.] An egg. 

“ And a faucon heom amyddes, 

An ay he laide.” Alisaunder, 556-7. 

ay-schelle, s. An egg-shell. 

*ay (2), s. [Awe.] The same as Awe (q. v.). 
ay-9.li, s. [Port, ay a, aia; Ital. aia — a gover¬ 
ness, a chambermaid; cognate with Port, aio , ayo= 
a tutor; Sp. ayo; Ital. aio= a tutor, a governor of 
youth.] 

Anglo-Indian: The ordinary appellation given 
by Anglo-Indians to a lady’s or nurse-maid of Hin¬ 
doo or Mohammedan extraction, or who, whatever 
her faith, belongs to one of the native races of 
India. The term, originally borrowed from the 
Portuguese, is now tending to become naturalized 
in various Hindoo languages. 

fayd’e, v. t. [Aid, «.] Obsolete, except in poetry, 
and then in imitation of antiquity. 

“ When the bells of Eylstone play’d 
Their Sabbath music—‘ God us ayde! ’ ” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, vii. 
*aye (1), adv. [Ayen.] 

aye (2), fay, *ai, adv. [A. S. a, aa=always, 
ever, for ever; awa= away; Icel. aesi; O. Icel. ce; 
Ger. ewig; O. H. Ger. eo, io, ewa; Goth, aiv; Lat. 
cevum; Gr. aion= . . . eternity; uei — always.] 
[Coeval, Eke.] 

1. Always, perpetually, for ever. (Poetic.) 

“ Fro that time we tellen ay.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 87. 

“ The soul, though made in time, survives for aye ; 
And, though it hath beginning, sees no end.” 

Sir J. Davies. 


2, Always, ever, in all cases, on all occasions; 
through all bygone time. (0. Eng. and Scotch 
prose and poetry.) 

“ . . . and sykirly, ay the bettyr man, ay the mar 
lawly, . . — The Craft of Deyng (ed. Lurnby), 145-6. 

“ For ai was rigt and kire beforn 
On man, on wif, till he was born.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 451-2. 

“ I daur say, Mr. Waverley, ye never kend that a’ the 
eggs that were sae weel roasted at supper in the Ha’ house 
were aye turned by our Davie?”— Scott: Waverley, ch. 
lxix. 

3. Always; without intermission. 

“ Th’ astonish’d mariners aye ply the pump : 

No stay, nor rest, till the wide breach is clos’d.” 

Phillips. 

If Ay-forth: Ever after. 

“ His godhede lees he nought thei he come lowe, 

That he was God ay-forth in his grete strengthe.” 

Joseph of Aramathie (ed. Skeat), 125-6. 

aye (3), Aye, ay, *1, adv. & s. [Etymology some- 
■what doubtful. Perhaps it is connected with Eng. 
yea; A. S. ia, gea; Sw ja (pronounced ya); Dan. 
ja= yes, yea, nay;io=yes, yea; Dut. Ja=yea, nay; 
Goth. ja x jai. Malm considers it more probable 
that aye is connected with Ger. ei, ey— why, hey, 
ay well, ah ha ; M. H. Ger. ei, eia; Dan. ej; L. Ger. 
ih. Wedgwood believes it to have developed by a 
process which ho illustrates from aye--always, and 
in fact to be that word.] Yes, a particle of affirma¬ 
tion or assent, used in the same way as yes. 

A. As adverb: 

“ What say’st thou? Wilt thou be of our consort? 

Say ay, and be the captain of us all.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 1. 

U The form i occurs in old editions of Shakes¬ 
peare and other dramatic works. 

Nautical: Ay, ay, sir, or Aye, aye, sir: A common 
phrase in the mouths of sailors, who mean by it to 
express their willingness cheerfully to carry out. the 
command just issued to them by their superior. 

“ Heard the voices of men through the mist, the rattle 
of cordage 

Thrown on the deck, the shouts of the mate, and the 
sailors’ ‘Ay, ay, sir!’” 

Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standish, iv. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Of things: A vote in the House of Commons or 
elsewhere in favor of a motion as opposed to No=a 
vote against it. 

“There were a hundred and sixty Ayes to a hundred 
and sixty-four Noes.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

2. Of persons: 

One who in such 
a case, votes af¬ 
firmatively. 

“ . . . the Ayes 
did not venture to 
dispute his opin¬ 
ion.” — Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., ch. 
xviii. 

aye’-aye, s. 

[So called from 
the cry of the an¬ 
imal.] The Chei- 
romys Madagas¬ 
car iensis, an 
animal placed 
by Cuvier 
among the Ro- 
dentia, and by others with the Lemurid®. As its 
specific name imports, it is a native of Madagascar. 
It is about the size of a cat. Its fur is brown and 
its tail black. 

* Ay-e'en, Ak’-ber-y, s. [Hindust. a?/een=insti¬ 
tutes, and Akbar, a celebrated Mogul Emperor of 
Delhi, who reigned from 1556 to 1605.] A very valu¬ 
able statistical description of the Mogul empire as 
it was in the reign of Akbar. . It was compiled by 
his vizier, Abul Fazi. There is an English transla¬ 
tion of it by Gladwin. 

*ay -el, (I=yel), s. [Fr. aieul, from Lat. 

aviolus, dimin. of avus =gr andfa ther. ] A grand¬ 
father. 

“ I am thine ayel ready at thy will.” 

Chaucer : C. T., 2,479. 

*a~yen', *a-yen'e, adv. [Again.] (Chaucer.) 

*a-yen -bite, s. [Eng. (1) ayen = again (like yett 
for gate), and (2) bite.} A bite or biting again; 
remorse. 

“Dan Michel’s Ayenbite of Inwyt, or Remorse of Con¬ 
science.” Edited by Richard Morris, Esq., London: 
Triibner & Co. 

*a-yenst', *a-yens', prep. [Against.] Against. 
(Chaucer.) 

“ . . . whan he wente in batayle ayenst them . . .” 
— Invention of the Holy Cross (ed. Morris), p 159. 

*a- yen -ward, adv. . [O. Eng. a?/en=again, in 
the sense of against, in the reverse direction.] 
[Again.] Backward. (Chaucer.) 


fa-yen'-wylle, adv. [O. Eng. ayen, ana wylvrr- 
will.] Against one’s will, unwillingly. (Prompt, 
Parv.) 

fay -er-y, s. [Eyrie.] 

*ay~gre'en, fai gre en, s. [Eng. ay= always, 
and green.} A name of the houseleek. 

*ay -gul-et, s. [Fr. aiguillette.} An aiglet. 
[Aiglet.] 

*ayle, s. [Fr. aieul.} A grandfather. 

*ayle, v. t. [Ail, y.] 

“ Noot I nought why, ne what meschaunce it ayled.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,586. 

fay -let, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] 

Heraldry: A name used to designate the Cornish 
Chough (ffregilus graculus). (Gloss, of Her.) 
*aym, s. The same as Aim (q. v.). Spec., guess. 
“ That knowes her port, and thither sayles by ayine.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. vi. K). 

*ay'-mer§, s. pi. [Embers.] 

*ayne, a. [Ane, One.] One, a. 

“ And his corune on his lieued he dede, 

And let it standen ayne stund.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 2,638-9. 

a-yont ', prep. & adv. [Eng. a; yont .] Beyond, 
on the further side ; remote from. (Scotch.) 

A. As preposition: 

“ . . . as he wad thrum them ower and over to th® 
like o’ me ayont the ingle at e’en, . . — Scott: Anti¬ 
quary, ch. xxi. 

B. As adverb: 

“ A burn ran in the laigh, ayont there lay 
As many feeding on the other brae.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 47. (Jamieson.) 
*ay -quere, adv. [O. Eng ay (Aye), and quire, 
old form of Where (q. v.).] Everywhere. 

“ With mony golde frenges, 

Ayquere naylet ful nwe.” 

Gawan and the Green Knyght, 1,070. (S. in Boucher.) 

ayr -ant, a. [Eyrant.] 

*ayre (1), s. [Heir.] ' 

*ayre(2),s. [Air.] 

“ Shouting and clapping all their hands on hight, 

That all the ayre it fills, and ilyes to heaven bright." 

Spenser: F. Q., I. v. 16. 

*ayr-en (yr as lr), s.pl. [Ay, Eggs.] 
Ayr-shire§ (Ayr as Ar), s. pi. [From Ayrshire , 
a Scottish county.] 

Farming: A breed of cattle brought from Ayr¬ 
shire. The animals so designated are in general 
parti-colored, red and white being diffused over 
them in patches. They are horned. Tlieir value 
arises from their being excellent for the dairy, 
a yr-y (ar'-I), s. [Aerie.] 

“I should discourse on the brancher, the haggard, and 
then treat of their several ayries.” — Walton ■ Any. 

*ay§e, v. t. [Ease, v.] 

*ay§e, s. [Ease, s.] 

*ay'-sylle, *ai'-syll, s. [A. S. ami=vinegar.J 
Vinegar. 

“The vessel of aysylle and of galle, 

Lord, kepe me from the synnys alle.” 

The Symbols of the Passion (ed. Morris), 105-6. 
az-a'-le-a, s. [In Dut., Dan., & Mod. Lat. aza¬ 
lea; Fr. azaide; Gr. azaleas—dry, parched, either 
because in such places the plant grows, or from the 
brittle, dry nature of its wood.] 

Botany: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Ericaceae (Heathworts). Several foreign azaleas 
are cultivated in gardens and greenhouses on 
account of the abundance of their fine flowers, and 
in some cases their fragrant smell. There are 
numerous varieties of the species, and hybrids may 
be formed between Azalea and the nearly-allied 
genus Rhododendron. Azaleas are best cultivated in 
a peaty soil. The most delicate species is Azalea 
Indica. 

a-zii'-le-ane, s. [From Mod. Lat. azalea, and 
Eng. suif. -ine.) 

Chem. [Ros aniline.] 

az'-a-role, s. [In Ger. azerole= the berry, and 
azerol baum= the tree; Fr. azerole=the berry, and 
azerolier= the tree; Port. azerola= the fruit, and 
azeroleiro = the tree ; Ital. lazzeruola = the berry, 
and (azzertto(o=the tree.] The English name of a 
species of hawthorn (Oratcegus azarolus). 

A-za'-zel, s. [Heb. azaztl; in the opinion of 
Ge’senius, the same as azalztl; from azal, disused 
in Hebrew, but occurring in Arabic=to separate.] 

1. In Scripture: A word occurring in Lev. xvi. 8. 
10, and 26, where it is translated “ scapegoat; ” but 
the antithesis which makes the one goat be for 
Jehovah, and the other for Azazel, is best preserved 
by supposing Azazel to be such a being as Satan, or 
some other evil spirit. 

2. In Milton: An evil spirit, standard-bearer to 
Satan. 



Aye-Aye. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, anite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



azedarach 


" Than straight commands, that at the warlike sound 
Of tram pets loud and clarions be upreared 
His mighty standard: that proud honor claime 
Azazel as his right, a cherub tali.” 

Milton: P. L., i. 534. 

li-zed-a-rach, s. [In Fr. azedarach, from Arab. 
azadarach.] 

Pharm.: The bark of the root of a tree, Melia 
azedarach. [Melia.] 

az-Cl-a'-lC, a. [Eng. azote, and Gr. elaikos, per¬ 
taining to the olive-tree ; elaion~olive-ai\, or oil in 
general; elaia— the olive-tree.] Pertaining or relat¬ 
ing to azote (nitrogen) and oil in combination. 

azelaic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 7 Hi 4 .(CO.OH) 2 . A bibasic acid formed 
along with suberic acid by oxidizing castor oil. It 
is soluble in cold ether and in boding water. It 
forms large white needle crystals, which melt at 
106°. By heating with caustic baryta, it yields 
heptane, C 7 H 16 . 

A -zel-fa-fage, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed 
star, numbered 4!4 in the scale of magnitude; it is 
called also Cygni. 

az -l-muth, s. [In Dut., Ger., & Sp. azimuth; 
Fr. & Port, azimut; Ital. azzimutto; from Arab. 
assamt, pi. as-sumiXt=a way, a path.] [Zenith.] 
Astronomy: 

1. Sing.: “The angular distance of a celestial 
object from the north or south point of the horizon 
(according as it is the north or south pole which is 
elevated), when the object is referred to the horizon 
by a vertical circle.” Or “the angle comprised 
between two vertical planes, one passing through 
the elevated pole, the other through the object.” It 
is generally reckoned eastward or westward, from 
the north or south point for 180° either way; but 
Herschel prefers always reckoning it from the 
points of the horizon most remote from the elevated 
pole westward, so as to agree in its general direction 
with the apparent diurnal motion of the stars. Of 
course he therefore counts from 0° to 360°. ( Her¬ 
schel : Astron., 5th ed., 1858, § 103.) 

2. Plural: Azimuths, called also vertical circles, 
are great circles intersecting each other in the 
zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right 
angles in all the points thereof. On these are 
reckoned the altitude of the stars, and of the sun 
when he is not in the meridian. 

T[ Magnetical Azimuth: Magnetical azimuth is 
an arch of the horizon, contained between the son's 
azimuth circle and the magnetical meridian; or it 
is the apparent distance of the sun from the north 
or south point of the compass. 

azimuth and altitude instrument. _ An astro¬ 
nomical instrument designed to ascertain the alti¬ 
tudes and azimuths of the heavenly bodies at any 
particular time. It has two axes, the principal one 
vertical and the other horizontal; the former, 
therefore, corresponding to a vertical circle of the 
heavens, and the latter to the celestial horizon. The 
angles measured on the latter are therefore azi¬ 
muths or differences of azimuth, and those on the 
former zenith distances, according as the gradu¬ 
ation is from the upper point of the limb, or a 
point distant fromit90°. ( Herschel: Astron. §§182- 
187.] [Altazimuth.] 

azimuth compass. An instrument used for 
finding the sun’s magnetical azimuth, or the ampli¬ 
tude of any other heavenly body. 

azimuth dial. A dial, the stile or gnomon of 
which is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. 

az -i-muth-al, a. [Eng. &c., azimuth, and Eng. 
suff. -al. In Fr & Port, azimutal; Sp. azimuthal .] 
Pertaining to the azimuth. 

azimuthal error. The deviation of a transit 
instrument from the plane of the meridian. Its 
effect is greatest in the horizon, and vanishes in 
the zenith. It is sometimes called the “ meridian 
error.” (Hind.) 

az-6-ben-zene, s. [From Eng. azo (fe)=nitro- 
gen, and benzene (q. v.).] 

c 6 h 5 n 

Chemistry: II Obtained by distilling nitro- 

C 6 H 5 N. 

benzene witli an alcoholic solution of potash. 
The alcohol is oxidized to aldehyde Azobenzene 
can be obtained by the action of sodium amalgam 
and water on an alcoholic solution of nitrobenzene. 
A zdbenzene crystallizes in large yellow-red plates, 
which melt at 66'5°, and boil at 293°. Concentrated 
nitric acid converts it into nitro-substitution com¬ 
pounds. Boiling sulphuric acid converts it into 
azobenzene-sulphonic acid, C 12 H 9 JN 2 PU 3 II. Keciucmg 
agents convert azobenzene into hydrazobenzene, 
C 6 H 5 NH 

C 6 H 5 NH. 

az-o-ben-zo'-lc, a. [Eng. azoite), and benzoic 
(see def.).] Pertaining to nitrogen, and also to gum 
benzoin, a resin produced from Styrax benzoin, a 
tree from the Malay archipelago. 


349 


azobenzoic acid. 

NC 6 H 4 .CO.OH 

Chem.: II Obtained by the action 

NC 6 H 4 .CO.OH. 

of sodium amalgam and water on nitro-benzoic 
acid. A yellow solid, almost insoluble in alcohol, 
ether, or water; it forms sparingly soluble salts. 

a-zo-dl-phen-yl-di -a-mine, s. [Eng. azolfe), 
diphenyl, diamine.'] Ci 2 H u N :) . A chemical sub¬ 
stance produced by passing nitrous acid through an 
alcoholic solution of aniline. 

li-zd-Ic, a. [Gr. azoos: a, priv., and zoos=alive; 
zoe=life; zao=to live.] Destitute of life, or the 
remains of what once were animated beings. 

Geology. Azoic Bocks: Those in which no traces 
of organic remains exist, and which are by some 
assumed to have been deposited before life com¬ 
menced in this planet. 

][ As the constant tendency of geological investi¬ 
gation has been to find traces of fossils in sediment¬ 
ary rocks previously deemed azoic, and as, moreover, 
there is good reason to believe that in many cases 
in which they have not been found they once 
existed, but have since been destroyed by metamor- 
phic action, students of nature require to be very 
careful as to what rocks they venture to character¬ 
ize as azoic. 

az-O-me'-than, s. [From Eng. azo(fe)=nitrogen, 
and methan (q. v.). 

Chem. [Cyanide.] 

az-o-par'-Sif-fIn§, s.pl. [Eng. azoite); paraf¬ 
fins .] 

Chemistry. [Nitriles.] 

az-o-phos-phor-Ic, a. [Eng. azo(te), and phos¬ 
phoric (q. v.).] Pertaining or relating to azote and 
phosphorus in combination. 

azophosphoric acid. An acid obtained by Dr. 
Gladstone, and which he regarded as phosphoric 
acid conjugated with an atom of the group P. N. 

giz-or'-lte, s. [From the Azores, nine islands in 
the North Atlantic, about 800 miles distant from 
Portugal, to which they politically belong.] A 
white mineral, translucent or opaque, crystallizing 
in minute octahedrons. The hardness is 4'45 ; the 
luster vitreous on a fractured fragment. Hayes 
considers it carbonate of lime. It is found in an 
albitic rock in the Azores. 

9 ,-zo te, s. [In Fr. azote; from Gr. a, priv., and 
zotikos= fit for giving and maintaining life; zbe— 
life ; zao=to live.] A name once all but universally 
used for what is now more frequently termed nitro¬ 
gen. [Nitrogen.] It was so called because when 
breathed, uncombined with oxygen, it has fatal 
effects upon animal life. 

a-zoth, s. [Arabic (?).] 

1. Alchemy: Mercury, which was supposed to 
exist in every metallic body and constitute its 
basis. (Glossog. Nova. & c.) 

2. The liquor of sublimated mercury. 

3. Brass. 

4. Paracelsus’ universal remedy. 

a-zot'-lc, a. [In Fr. azotique.] Pertaining to 
azote 

*azotic acid. The same as Nitric Acid (q. v.). 

*azotic gas. Nitrogen. 

“ . . . one of which, has been named oxygen gas and 

the other azotic gas.”— Gregory: Haiiy’s Nat. Phil. (1807), 
§ 244. 

az-o-ti ze, v, t. [Eng. azot(e); -ize.] To impreg¬ 
nate with azote. 

az-6-tI zed, pa. par. & a. [Azotize.] 

“ . . . those of azotized matters, whether animal or 

vegetable .”—Todd <£• Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 13. 

. . various azotized substances.”— Ibid.: vol.il., 

p. 203. 

azotized substances. Nitrogenous compounds, 
or those containing nitrogen, the most essential 
element of food, yet, by itself, unable to sustain 
life. Foods, which build up the bodies of men and 
animals, are divided into two great classes, viz.— 
flesh formers, or those which repair the waste of tis¬ 
sue ; and heat-generators, or those which keep up the 
heat and movements of the body. The former are 
called nitrogenous, and thelatter non-nitrogenous or 
carbonaceous. The principal animal nitrogenous 
compound s are albumen, fibrin, gelatine, and casein, 
all ofwhich are almost identical in composition, and 
contain from 16 to 18 per cent of nitrogren. Albumen, 
fibrin, and gelatine are found in the muscle^, 
blood and bones of animals, while casein is found 
in the milk. Similiar nitrogenous compounds occur 
in vegetables; thus we find albumen in potatoes, 
turnips, apples, &c.; fibrin in wheat, barley and 
other cereals ; and casein in peas, beans andlentus. 
The nutritive value of an infusion of tea or coffee 
is very small, the amount of nitrogen present being 
almost inappreciable. The non-nitrogenous foods 


azure-penciled 

arc sugar, starch, and fat or oil. These, by oxida¬ 
tion in the body, produce heat and motion, and are 
hence termed heat-givers or force-producers. 

az-5-tI'z-ing, pr.par. [Azotize, v.] 

a-zo'-to-, as a prefix. [From azot(e); -o.] Com¬ 
bined with azote, as azoto-sulphuric. 

azoto-sulphuric acid (of Do La Provostaye). 
A chemical compound. Formula. S 2 N 2 O 9 . 

az-ox-y-ben -zene, s. [From Eng. azot(e); Gr. 
oa?us=sharp, and Eng. benzene (q. v.).] 

C g H 5 N 

Chem.: Azoxybenzene, I >0. It is formed, 
CaHgN 

together with azobenzene, by reducing nitroben¬ 
zene with alcoholic potash. It crystallizes in long 
yellow needles. 

Az -ra-el, Az -r^-Il, s. [Arab., Turk., &c.] 

Among the Arabs and Turks: The angel of death, 

“ Even Azrael, from his deadly quiver 
When flies that shaft, and fly it must. 

That parts all else, shall doom for ever 
Our hearts to undivided dust.” 

Byront The Bride of Abydos, i II. 

Az’-tec, a. (& s. [From Azteca (native name).] 

A. As adjective: Of or pertaining to the Aztecs. 

B. As substantive: 

1 . The name of the ruling tribe in Mexico at the 
time of s he conquest of that country by the Span¬ 
iards in the 16th century. 

2. The language spoken by the Aztecs. 

a-zul-mic, a. [Eng. az(ote), and ulmic, from 

ulmin (q. v.).] Pertaining to azote and ulmin. 

azulmic acid. 

Chem.: Azulmic acid, CqHsNsO, obtained by the 
spontaneous decomposition of an aqueous solution 
of cyanogen gas; also by the action of cyanogen, 
C 0 N 2 , on aqueous ammonia. By boiling it with 
water it is converted into mycomelic acid, 

c 4 h 4 n 4 o 2 . 

az-ure, *a§ -ure, *a§ -§ure, *a§-ur (z=zh), a. 
& s. (The first syllable of the word is occasionally 
pronounced a ). [In Fr., Welsh, Prov., and O. Sp. 
azur; Ital. azzurro, azzuolo; Sp. azur, azul; Port. 
azul; fromPers. l&jawardi, lajuwardi=hlue, azure; 
Idjaivard, lajuward=lapis lazuli, the second word 
in which is the Persian one altered. From Arab, azul 
=heaven.] [Azurine, Azurite, Azurn.] 

A. As adjective: 

Ord. Lang.: Of that tint of blue which is seen in 
the vault of heaven during the absence of clouds.- 
Used — 

1 . Of the sky. 

“ Inverted trees, and rocks, and azure sky.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

2. Of the sea in certain states. 

“ The sea. 

Far through his azure turbulent domain, 

Your empire owns.” Thomson: Spring, 7L 

3. Of some eyes, and specially of Minerva’s. 

“ Minerva, graceful with her azure eyes.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. i., 56. 

4. Of sea-goddesses. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . The color of the sky, soft or pale blue, 

”... if our hypothetical shell were lifted to twice 

the height of Mont Blanc above the earth’s surfaoe, we 
should still have the azure overhead.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., vii. 152-3. 

2. The vault of heaven, so called from its soft 
blue color. 

“ Up to the lights above us, in the azure, 

Which are so beautiful.”— Byron: Cain, i. 1. 

II. Her.: Bright blue. Used especially in de¬ 
scribing the escutcheons of gentlemen beneath the 
degree of barons. The same color on a nobleman’s 
coat is called sapphire, from the stone, and that on 
the coat of a sovereign prince Jupiter, from the 
planet of that name. Engravers conventionally 
represent azure, or asure as it sometimes spelled in 
heraldry, by horizontal lines. 

“ Foies in foler flakerande bitwene, 

And al in asure and ynde enaumayld ryche.” 

Ear. Eng. Alliter. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,410-11. 

azure-eyed, a. Having eyes of an azure color, 
or what may be poetically described as such. 

“Fair-haired, azure-eyed, with delicate Saxou com¬ 
plexion.” 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, i. 

azure-penciled, a. Penciled with azure, with 
radiations of an azure hue. 

“ And where profuse the wood-veitch clings 
Round ash and elm, in verdant rings, 

Its pale and azure-penciled flower 
Should canopy Titania’s bower.” 

Scott: Rokeby iv. 2. 


boll boy" pout jowl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph — f. 
-clan, -tian = shim, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 




azure-spar 


350 


babbler 


azure-spar, azure spar, s. A mineral, called 
also Lazulite (q. v.). 

azure-stone, azure stone, s. The same as 
Azure-spar (q. V.). 

azure-tinted, a. Tinted with azure. 

" On his hairy arm imprinted 
Was an anchor, azure-tinted; 

Like Thor's hammer, huge and dinted 
Was his brawny hand.” 

Longfellow: The Saga of King Olaf, xiv. 
az -ure (z as zh),r. t. [From the adjective or sub¬ 
stantive. In Sp. & Port, azular. ] To color azure, 
az -fired (z as zh), pa. par. & a. [Azure.] 

A. As past participle: Colored azure; made to 
assume an azure color. 

B. As adjective: Of an azure color. 

“Thou shalt not lack 

The flower that’s like thy face, pale primrose; nor 
The azured hare-bell, like thy veins; no. nor 
The leaf of eglantine, whom not to slander, 
Out-sweeten’d not thy breath . . .” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

az'-ur-Ine (z as zh), a. & s. [Eng. azur; -ine.] 
In Ital. azzurino. ] 

tA. As adjective: Of an azure color. 

"... whereupon they lay a color which continueth 
dark azurine.” — Uackluyt: Voyages, vol. iii., p. 37. 

B. As substantive : A fresh-water fish, called also 
the Blue Roach, the Leuciscus cceruleus of Yarrell. 
It belongs to the Cyprinidee, or Carp family. It is 
found in some of the Swiss lakes. 

az-ur-Ite (z as zh),s. [Eng. azur; and suff. 
-itef] 

1. (In Ger. lazulit, lazulith.) A mineral, called 
also Lazulite (q. v.) 

2. (In Ger. lazurit.) A brittle, transparent or 
subtranslucent mineral with monoclinic crystals. 
The hardness is 3'5-4'25; the sp. gr., 3’5-3'831; the 
luster vitreous or verging on adamantine; the 
color azure-blue, passing into Berlin blue. Compos.: 
C arbonic acid, 24 to 25'46: oxide of copper, 68'5 
to 70; and water, 5'46 to 6. It is found in England, 
as also in France, Austro-Hungary, and Siberia. 
(Dana.) 

az urn (z as zh), a. [Ger. azurn.) Thesameas 
Azure. 

“ My sliding chariot stays, 

Thick set with agate and the azum sheen 
Of Turkis blue.” Milton: Comus, 893. 

a-zy -gous, a. [Gr. azugos= unwedded, not con¬ 
stituting one of a pair; o, priv., and zugos, oftener 
zugon=m yoke. 

Anat.: Pertaining or relating to anything occur¬ 
ring singly as contradistinguished from one of a 
pair. 

“ . . . single or azygous bones . . .”— Flower: 

Osteol. of the Mammalia, p. 105. 

A-zy -me 
[Azymous.] 

A-zy-mlte, s. [In Ger. Azymiten (pi.); Fr. Azy- 
mite (sing.); Port. Azymita (sing.).] [Azymous. ] 
Church Hist, (pi.): Those who use unleavened 
bread in the administration of the Lord's Supper. 

9,-zy -mous, a. [In Fr .azyme; Sp. azirno; Port. 
azymo: Lat. azymus; Gr. azumos: a, priv., and 
zMm€=leaven.] Unleavened; unfermented. (Used 
of bread.) 


, s. [Gr. a, priv., and zume= >leaven.] 
XJnlGavGncd brGsd# 


THE second letter and the first 
consonant in the English al¬ 
phabet, as it is also in the 
other languages of the Aryan 
family spoken in Europe. The 
characters in use in these 
several tongues having come 
through the Greek from some 
old form of speech, probably 
the Phenician, belonging to 
the Semitic (better called the 
Syro-Arabian) family, it was 
to be expected that the letter corresponding to B 
would occupy the same place in the Semitic as in 
the previously-mentioned Aryan alphabets,. Inves¬ 
tigation shows tnis to be the case, to a considerable 
extent at least. A sound and character correspond¬ 
ing to the English b and the Greek beta, is the 
second letter and the first consonant in Phenician, 
Hebrew, Samaritan, Aramaic, Arabic, and Coptic. 
In Ethiopic, however, beth stands tenth instead of 
second in order. Turning next to some of the Aryan 
languages of Asia, we find that in Armenian be is 
the twenty-sixth of thirty-eight letters; and in 
Sanscrit, Mahratta, &c., bit or bd is generally placed 
twenty-third in the list of consonants, where it is 
preceded by phu and followed by bhu. Returning 



again to the Semitic, bcth, the name given to the 
second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, is really 
Aramaean. Like the corresponding word in Hebrew, 
baith , it signifies a house, to which it has some 
faint resemblance. [A, Alphabet.] 

B is a fiat mute [Mute], the voice not being so 
entirely shut off in pronouncing it as it is when one 
of the sharp mutes, p or/, is uttered. The b sound 
is produced by compressing the lips, a vowel being 
added to render it audible. It is hence called a 
labial, from Lat. labium— a lip, plur. labia=lips ; 
its other associates in the same category being p, 
/, and v, with which it is often interchanged in the 
cognate languages. Thus to bate is in O. H. Ger. 
pachan, and in Slav, peshtshi. The Eng. life is the 
Ger. leben; and while life is the substantive, live is 
the verb. So the- Lat. b ahena is from the Gr. 
phallaina, phctlaina with ph pronounced as /, 
while from one or other comes the Eng. vfhale. 
The Eng. have is from the Lat. habeo. So also the 
Sanscrit vyagra= a tiger, becomes the Mahratta 
vagh (pronounced w agh), and is transformed into 
the.Hindi bagh. Other letters than the labials can 
be interchanged with b: thus the Greek molubdos 
and the Lat. plww6Mm=lead, unlike as they appear, 
are akin, m being exchanged for p; and the old 
form of the Lat. behww=war, was auellum, whence 
our Eng. words bellicose and duel. 

I. B, as an initial, is used— 

1. In designating university degrees: 

(a) For Lat. Baccalaureus, as Artium Bacca- 
hmreus=Bachelor of Arts. 

(b) For Bachelor; as B. A.=Bachelor of Arts: 
B. D.=Bachelor of Divinity; B. M.=Bachelor of 
Medicine; B. L.=Bachelor of Laws. 

2. In Music: For bass. Similarly B. C. is used for 
basso continuo= thorough bass. 

3. In Chemistry: For the element boron, of which 
it is the symbol as well as the initial. 

II. B, as a symbol, is used— 

1. In Numeration, in Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and 
even occasionally in English, for 2. But B. in 
Greek is the diacritical mark for 2,000. In Latin B 
stands for 300, and B for 3,000. 

2. In Music: As the seventh note of the diatonic 
scale. It answers to the Italian and French si. In 
Germany it is=B flat. 

3. In Chemistry [I., 3.] 

4. Biblical Criticism. Of Codices: B=the Codex 
Yaticanus. [Codex.] 

III. B, as a part of speech, is used— 

1. As an adjective: as “ the h sound.” 

2. -4s a substantive: as “Capital B “Not to 
know a B from a bull’s foot.” 

Ba (Chemistry). The symbol for the element 
barium. 

ba, a. [A. S. 6a=both.] [Both.] Both. 

“ That poure ba and riche.”— MS. Cott , Titus, D. xviii., 
fo. 133. (S. in Boucher.) 

ba, v. t. [Basse, v .] 

baa (Eng.), s. [From the sound.] The utterance 
of a sheep in bleating, from which it is manifestly 
imitated. 

“ Proteus. Therefore thou art a sheep. 

Speed. Such another proof will make me cry baa.’’ 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 1. 

baa (Eng.), v. i. [From the substantive.] To 
emit the sound which a sheep does in bleating. 

“Or like a lamb, whose dam away is fet, 

He treble baas for help, but none can get.” 

Sidney. 

Ba-9.1, s. [In Ger., &c., Baal; Gael. Beil; from 
Heb. Baal; Aram. Baal, and Be @1=(1) master, 
possessor, (2) husband (generally with the article 
ha)=the, hab-Baal= Baal; in Sept. Gr. ho Baal= 
the Baal (masc.) (Judges ii. 13), he Baal— the Baal 
(fem.) (Jer. xix. 5).] 

1 .Lit.: The chief male divinity among the Phe- 
nicians, as Ashtoreth was the leading female one. 
[Ashtoreth.] The Carthaginians, who sprang 
from the Phenicians, carried with them his wor¬ 
ship to their new settlements, as is proved, among 
other evidence, by the names of some of their 
world-renowned heroes: thus Hannibal t written in 
Punic inscriptions, Hctnnibaal, signifies “The 
grace of Baal; ” and Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal, AzrU- 
6aal=“Help of Baal.” The worship of Baal early 
existed among the Canaanites and the Moabites, 
whence it spread to the Israelites, becoming at 
last for a time completely dominant among the 
ten tribes, and to a certain extent even among the 
two, in consequence of the ill-advised marriage of 
Ahab with Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal (the 
name means “With Baal,”) king of Sidon. A num¬ 
ber of places in Palestine and the neighboring 
countries commence with Baal, such as Baal-gad 
(Josh. xi. 17), Baal-meon (Numb, xxxii, 38), but 
whether in the sense of “lord,” “possessor,” or sig¬ 
nifying “Baal,” is a matter of dispute. One place 
is simply called Baal (1 Chron. iv. 33). This divin¬ 
ity seems to have symbolized the sun, and less 


frequently the planet Jupiter. He was worshiped 
under different forms, or in different relations: thus 
there were Baal-berith=the Covenant Baal or h rd ; 
Baal-zebub |Beelzebub]= the fly-lord : Baal Per.? 
= the Baal of Mount Peor, or Baal of the opening, 
the Moabitish national divinity. Perhaps tuo 
Babylonian Bel was only Baal with a dialectic 
difference of spelling, though Prof. Rawiinson 
thinks differently (Isa. xlvi. 1). [Bel.] There was 
an affinity between Baal and Moloch. [Moloch.] 
The Beltein or Beltane fires, lit in early summer i;i 
Scotland and Ireland, seem to be a survival of 
Baal’s worship. [Beltane.] 

“ . . . and called on the name of Baal from morning 

even until noon, saying, O Baal, hear us.”— 1 Kings, xvjii. 
26. (See also Jeremiah xix. 5.) 

U The Heb. plural Baalim often occurs. It may 
signify images of Baal, or that imaginary god in 
different relations. (Judges viii. 33.) 

2. Fig.: Any one held by the person using thr 
term to be a false priest. 

“The priest of Baal was reviled and insulted, some 
times beaten, sometimes ducked.”— Macaulay. Hist. Era 
ch. xiii. 

Baal-adorer, s. One who adores Baal. 

“The Baal-adorer bows on Sinai’s steep.” 

Byron: On Jordan’s Banks. 

Ba -al lst, s. [Eng., &c., Baal; -ist.] A worshiper 
of Baal; a contemptuous epithet applied to a 
Roman Catholic or to an Anglican. (Sylvester: 
Tobacco Battered, 190.) 

ba -ba, s. [Mahratta (1) Baba, a proper name 
borne by many men: (2) baba, a term of endearment 
for a young child of the male sex. Akin to Eng. 
baby. J 

Among Anglo-Indians: Used in the second of 
these senses. 

Bab-bit metal, s. An alloy of copper, tin and 
zinc, used in bearings to lesson friction. 

bab'-ble, *bab-le (le=el), v. i. & t. [In Dut. 
babbelen; Ger. babbeln; Fr. babbiler. Imitated 
from the sound.] [Babel.] 

A. Intrans.: To send forth vague unmeaning 
sounds in an unintermitted stream. 

I. Of persons: Used — 

1. Of the imperfect attempts at speech which 
characterize the period of infancy. 

2. Of the talk of persons whose powers are failing 
through old age or serious sickness. 

3. Of the copious, unintermitting, and shallow 
speech of talkers, who habitually weary every com¬ 
pany into which they may gain admittance, and 
betray every secret intrusted to them to keep, 

II. Of inanimate things: To emit such sounds as 
are made by a running brook. 

“ And runlets babbling down the glen.” 

Tennyson: Mariana in the South. 

B. Trans .; To prate; to utter. 

“John had conned over a catalogue of hard words: 
these he used to babble indifferently in all companies/' — 
Arbuthnot. 

IT The participial adjective babbling , derived 
from babble, is more common than any part of the 
verb strictly so called. [Babbling.] 

bab -ble, *bab’-le (le=el), *bab’-bel, s. [From 
the verb. In Dut. gebabbel; Fr. babil .] 

1. Emanating from human beings: Unmeaning 
prattle ; shallow, foolish talk. 

“The babble, impertinence, and folly, I have taken 
notice of in disputes.”— Glanville. 

2. Emanating from inanimate things: Such a 
sound as that made by running water. 

IT Hounds are said to babble when they give 
tongue too loudly after having found. (Gent. Bee., 
p. 78.) 

bab'-ble-ment, s. [Eng. babble; -ment. In Fr. 
babillement .] 

1. The act of babbling. 

2. The foolish talk which is uttered. 

“Deluded all this while with ragged notions and 
babblements, while they expected worthy and delightful 
knowledge.”— Milton • Education. 

bab-bier, *bab’-ler, s. [Eng. babbl(e); -er. In 
Dut. babbelaar; Fr. babillard .] \ 

A Ord. Lang.: An unintermitting and shallow 
talker. 

“ I found him garrulously given, 

A babbler in the land.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

B. Ornith. (pi. Babblers): The English equiva¬ 
lent for the Timalinse, a sub-family of the Turdidse, 
or Thrushes. It stands between the True Thrushes 
and the Orioles. The species are small birds con¬ 
fined to India, the Eastern Archipelago, and Aus¬ 
tralia. Some have imitative powers, and many sing 
sweetly. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, sen; mute, cub, ciire, ynite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = Lw! 












babbling 


351 


Babylonian 


Mb -bling, pr. par., a., & s. [Babble.] 

A. As present participle & participial adjective: 
in senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ And have the fates thy babbling age ordain’d 
To violate the life thy youth sustained?” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xix., 563-4. 

B. As substantive: Vain, shallow, foolish talk. 

“. . . avoiding profane and vain babblings, . . .” 

1 Timothy vi. 20. 

babe, s. [In O. Sw. 6a6e=a baby; Ger. bube—a. 
boy, a lad; Ir. bab, baban; Wei. baban—a baby; 
Ital. bimbo=A sucking babe, bambino=a little boy, 
bambina=& little girl; Maliratta Baba, a proper 
name (Baba); Arab. babah=a baby; Syr. babia; 
Phenic. babion .] A word which has arisen from 
the efforts of infantile lips to utter some easy redu¬ 
plication of sounds which may servo to discriminate 
the tiny speaker from the beings named “ papa ” 
and “ mamma.” 

I. Lit.: An infant, male or female. [Baby.] 
"... and, behold, the babe wept.”— Exodus ii. 6. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A doll. [Doll.] 

“ But all as a poore pedlar he did wend. 

Bearing a trusse of tryfles at hys backe, 

As bells and babes, and glasses in hys packe.” 

Spenser: The Shepheard’s Calendar, v. 

2. In Scripture: A person who has just undergone 
the new birth, and is as yet very immature in spir¬ 
itual development. 

“ As new-born babes, desire the sincere milk of the 
Word, that ye may grow thereby.”—1 Peter ii. 2. 

Ba -bel, 8. [Sw., Dan., Dut., Fr., Port., <fcc., 
Babel; from Heb. Babel—( 1) confusion, (2) Babel, 
(3) Babylon; for BdlbSl; from baldl=( 1) to pour 
•over, (2) to confound (Gesenius); or from Bab-ilu 
= the gate of God, or Bab-ili=the gate of the gods; 
the rendering into Semitic of the Accadian Ca-di- 
mirra. (Sayce in Trans. Soc. Bibl. Archceol. vol. 
i., pp. 298, 309.).] A placeor circumstances in which 
confusion of sounds—as, for instance, by several 
people speaking at once—is the predominating 
characteristic. The reference is to the confusion of 
tongues divinely sen tin consequence of the building 
of the Tower of Babel (Genesis xi. 1-9.) 

The magnificent Temple of Belus, asserted to have 
been originally this tower, is said to have had lofty 
EpireSj and many statues of gold, one of them forty 
*eet high. In the upper part of this temple was the 

>mb of the founder, Belus (the Nimrod of the 

icred Scriptures), who was deified after death. 
(Blair.) The Birs Nimroud, examined by Bich, 
Layard, and others, is considered by some persons 
to be the remains of the Tower of Babel. 

“ The poor man must have thought the voice came from 
the shore: such a Babel of cries issued at once from the 
ehip . . .”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xv. 

*ba -bel, V. i. [From Babel, s.] To totter, to 
waver. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*ba -bel-3r-$, s. [From Eng., &c., Babel, and 
Eng. suff. -ary. J A foolish tale. 

“ And then goeth he forth with a large babelary." — Sir 
T. More: Works, p. 668. (S. in Boucher.) 

ba -ber-lupped, *ba -byr-lyppyd (yr aslr), a. 

Thick-lipped. 

"He was byttel-browede and baber-lupped, with two 
tolery eyen.”— Piers Plowman, p. 97. 

If The form babyr-lyppyd is in Prompt. Parv. 

ba -be-r^, s. [Eng. bab(e); -ery.] Finery de¬ 
signed to please a baby or child. 

“ So have I seen trim books in velvet dight, 

With golden leaves and painted babery 
Of seely boys, please unacquainted sight.” 

Sidney: Arcadia, bk. i. 

babe-ship, s. [Eng. babe; -ship.'] Infancy. 
< Udal: Apoph. of Erasmus, p. 194.) 

ba -beiir-jL *ba -bur-y, s. [Stevens thinks this 
comes from Eng. baboon .] An architectural orna¬ 
ment. 

“ As babeuries and pinnacles, 

Imageries and tabernacles.” 

Chaucer: House oj Fame. 

ba-bl-a -nh, «• [From Dut. babianer, the name 
given by the Dutch colonists in South Africa, from 
the fact that the baboon, or baviaan, is fond of it.] 
lA genus of plants belonging to the order Iridaceee, 
or Irids. The species are all from the Cape of Good 
Hope, and are beautiful flowers. One is dark red, 
another red and blue, and more than one are 
■scented. One of the commonest species is Babiana 
sulphurea. 

ba -bie, s. The same as Baby. (Scotch.) 

babie-pickle, s. The small grain lying in the 
bosom of a larger one, at the top of a stalk of oats. 
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 


*ba -bie, s. [Bawbee.] (Scotch.) 

Bab -ing-t8n-Ite, s. [Named after Dr. Babing- 
ton, of England, who, besides being a distinguished 
physician, published several important works on 
mineralogy in 1795-1799. A small gathering of 
mineralogists at his house ultimately developed in 
1807 into the great Geological Society of London.] 
A mineral placed by Dana under his Amphibole 
Group, the Pyroxene Sub-group, and the section of 
it with triclinic crystallization. The hardness is 
5’5 to 6; the sp. gr. 3’35-3'37 ; the luster is vitreous, 
splendent; the color dark greenish-black. Compo¬ 
sition : Silica, 47’46 to 54‘4; protoxide of iron, 10'26 
to 21 - 3; lime, 14‘74 to 19'6; sesquioxide of iron, 0 to 
11; protoxide of manganese, 1’8 to 17’91; magnesia, 
0’77 to 2‘2; alumina, 0 to 6'48. It occurs in the Shet¬ 
land Islands, at Arendal in Norway, and in North 
America. 

bab-i-rous -S3, s. [Babyroussa.] 

ba -bish, *ba -bishe, *ba-bysh, *ba -bjfshe, a. 

[Eng. bab(e); -ish .] Childish, as a babe would do. 

"If he be bashful and will soon blush, they call him a 
babish and ill brought-up thing.”— Aschum. 

*ba-bish, v. t. [From Eng. babish, adj. (q. v.).] 
To render babish ; to treat as if one were a baby. 

"The Pharisees had babished the simple people with 
fained and colde religion, and had tangled theyr con¬ 
sciences with mannes ordinaunces.” — Udal: John vii. 
( Richardson .) 

ba-blsh : ljf, adv. [Eng. babish; -ly .] Childishly; 
in a baby-like manner. 

“One that spake so babishly." — Archbishop Usher: 
Answer to the Jesuit Malone, p. 404. 

ba -bish-ness, s. [Eng. babish; suff.-ness.] The 
quality of being babish; childishness. (Ogilvie.) 

bab'-l3h, s. [Perhaps akin to Persian and Mah- 
ratta babhl and babhHe=the Gum-Arabic tree (Aca¬ 
cia Arabica ).] The rind of the legume of a plant— 
Mimosa cineraria of Linnaeus, now Prosopis spici- 
era. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and has 
een used in dyeing a drab color. ( Ure.) 

ba'-boo, ba-bff, s. [Bengalee.] A term used in 
Calcutta and other parts of Lower Bengal for a 
Hindoo gentleman, or sometimes for a native gen¬ 
tleman of any purely Oriental race. 

“ Here is a picture of a Calcutta babu." — Calcutta 
Review, vol. vi. (1846), p. lvi. 

ba-boon , *bab'-i-on, *bab'-i-3n, s. [In Sw. bab- 
ian; Dan. bavian; Dut. baviaan; Ger. pavian, 
bavian; Fr. babouin (masc.), babouine (fern.); Sp. 
babuino; Ital. babbuino, dimin. of 6a66o=papa; 
Low Lat. baboynus, babuynus , babovinus, babewy- 
nus, babuynia, and papio. Skinner and Menage 
think it cognate with babe, while Wedgwood con¬ 
siders that ba and pa, being syllables requiring the 
lips for their utterance, came to mean the motion 
of the lips in framing them; also the lips them¬ 
selves. Deriving baboon from this root ba or pa, 
he considers it etymologically to mean —the ugly- 
lipped animal.] 

1. Lit.: The English name of those Simiad® 
(Monkeys) which have a facial angle as low as 30°, 
a long, dog-like snout, great canine teeth, large cal¬ 
losities, and capacious cheek-pouches. They are 
classed by naturalists chiefly under the genus Cyno- 
cephalus.They. 
are the lowest 
in intelligence 
of all the Simi- 
adse, and the 
most ugly and 
animal in look. 

They are fero- 
cious when 
full - grown, 
though the 
young of at 
least one spe¬ 
cies has been 
domesticated. 

The mandrill, 
the drill, the 
derrias, and 
som e other 
monkeys of 
similar affinity, are regarded as baboons. Africa, 
throughout its whole extent, is their appropriate 
habitation, though one species is found also in 
Southwestern Asia. Some other monkeys, less 
closely allied to Cynocephali, are popularly known 
as baboons. 

“And I am neither your minotaure, nor your centaure 
• . . nor your babion." — B. Jonson: Cynthia’s Revels. 

2. Fig. (in vituperative language): A man who, 
for ugliness, for want of intellect, for a snarling 
temper, or some other quality, recalls to mind a 
baboon. 

ba-boon'-er-J, s. [Eng. baboon; -ery.] An 
assemblage of baboons. (Chapman: Masque of 
Middle Temple.) 


b3-boon-ish, a. [Eng. baboon; -t'sft.] Resem 
bling a baboon, 
ba -bff, s. [Baboo.] 

*ba-bur-y, s. [Babery.] 

ba-by, *bab-by, *bab-bie, s. & a. [From Eng 
babe, and y, denoting little.] [Babe.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. An infant, male or female ; a babe. 

“The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart 
Goes all decorum.” 

Shakesp.: Measure jor Measure, i. 3. 

2. A doll such as girls play with. 

“ The archduke saw that Pekin would prove arunnagate: 
and it was the part of children to fall out about babies." 
Bacon: Henry VII. 

3. An idol. 

“ Since no image can represent the great Creator, never 
think to honor Him by your foolish puppets and babies of 
dirt and clay.”— Stillingfleet. 

B. As adj.: Like a baby; infantile, childish. 
(Tennyson: Elednore, i.) 

baby-farm, s. A house where babies are received 
and cared for. 

baby-germ, s. A baby, only the germ or embryo 
of what, if life continue, he or she will yet become. 
“ From when she gamboll’d on the greens, 

A baby-germ, to when 

The maiden blossoms of her teens 
Could number five from ten.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

baby-house, s. Imitation houses of small size, 
used by children in their play for the reception of 
their dolls, or for any other purpose. 

“ But the whole plainly wrought by children’s hands ! 
Whose simple skill had throng’d the grassy floor 
With work of frame less solid, a proud show 
Of baby-houses, curiously arranged.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii. 

baby-oak, s. An oak as yet very small in size, 
and which has passed through only the first stages 
of its development. 

“ The riper life may magnetize 
The baby-oak within.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

baby-rose, s. The rosy blush on the cheeks of 
an infant or young person. 

“Till the lightning laughters dimple 
The baby-roses in her cheeks.” 

Tennyson: Lilian. 

baby-show, s. 

1. A show, sight, or spectacle which a baby will 
appreciate. 

“ That way look, my infant, lo ! 

What a pretty baby-show /” 

Wordsworth: Kitten and the Falling Leaves. 

2. An exhibition of babies, 
baby-treat, s. A treat for a baby. 

“ ’Tis a pretty baby-treat ; 

Nor, I deem, for me unmeet.” 

Wordsworth: Kitten and the Falling Leaves. 

ba'-b f,v.t. [Baby, s.] To make a baby of, to 
treat like a baby, to keep in a state of infancy. 

“ At best it babies us with endless toys. 

And keeps us children till we drop to dust.” 

Young: Night Thoughts, v. 621. 
ba -by-hood, s. [Eng. baby, and suff. -hood.] 
The state of being a baby; infancy or childhood in 
the restricted sense. (Ash.) 

ba by ish, a. [Eng. baby, and suff. -ish.] Like 
a baby, as a baby would do; infantile, childish. 
(Bale.) 

ba-bjf-l§m, s. [Eng. baby, and suff. -ism.] The 
characteristics of a baby. 

Ba.b-^-16 -nI-an, a. & s. [Eng, Babylon, -ian; 
from Lat. Babylonius; Gr. Babulonios; from. Lat. 
Babylon; Gr. Babulon, the great city on the Eu¬ 
phrates celebrated in Scripture, ancient classics, 
and elsewhere.] [Babel.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Pertaining either to the ancient city or 
to the country of Babylon. 

“. . . Sir Henry [Rawlinson] published the first 
authentic list of early Chaldean and Babylonian mon- 
archs.”— Mr. Oeorge Smith in Trans. Soc. Bib. Archceol., 
vol. i., p. 28. 

2. Pertaining to the mystical Babylon mentioned 
in Revelations xvi. 19; xvii. 5 ; xviii. 10, 21. 

“Early may fly the Babylonian woe.” 

Milton: Sonnets; Massacre in Piedmont. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A native of, or, more loosely, a resident 
in, the ancient city or country of Babylon. 

“ . . . after the manner of the Babylonians of 
Chaldea, the land of their nativity.”— Ezekiel, xxiii. 15. 



Baboon. 


Mil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = sh3H- -tion, 


Cell, chorus, §hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -bie, -die. <fcc. = bel, del. 




Babylonia 

2. Fig. ( Anoiently): One who professes astrology, 
the Babylonians being so much addicted to this 
study that the term “Babylonian numbers,” in 
Horace, Odes, I. xi. 2, signifies astrological calcula¬ 
tions similar to fortune-telling. 

If There is no distinctive Babylonian language. 
In early times Babylon had an Accadian popula¬ 
tion and tongue of Turanian origin, with a strong 
and increasing Semitic element in it. ( Sayce ,) 
From these Semites came the “cuneiform inscrip¬ 
tion of Babylon,” which Max Muller conjoins with 
those of Nineveh, placing both under the Aramaic, 
or Northern class of the Semitic family of lan¬ 
guages. [Aramaean, Chaldee, Cuneiform.] 

tBab-y-lon'-ic, Bab-f-lon-ic-al, a. [From 
Eng. Babylon,-ic,-ical; Eat. Babylonicus, Babylon- 
iacus; Gr. Babuloniakos .] [Babylonian.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to either the literal or the 
mystic Babylon; Babylonian. 

2. Fig.: Confused, tumultuous; disorderly. 

“He saw plainly their antiquity, novelty; their univer¬ 
sality, a Babylonical tyranny; and their consent, a con¬ 
spiracy.”— Harington: Br. View of the Church, p. 97. 

Bab-y-lon'-Ics, s. pi. [Babylonic.] The Eng¬ 
lish designation generally given to a valuable 
fragment of universal history prior to 267 B. C., 
composed by Berosus, a priest of Babylon. 

Bab-^-16n-Ish, a. [Eng, Babylon ; -ish. In 
Dut. Babylonisch .] 

1. Lit,: Pertaining to Babylon; derived from 
Babylon; of Babylonian manufacture. 

“ . . . a goodly Babylonish garment.”— Joshua vii. 21. 

2. Fig.: Outlandish, barbaric; ostentatiously 
grand, but in bad taste; Babel-like, marked by 
confusion of tongues. 

bab-y-rous -sg or bab-l-rofl§-§a, s. [A name 
given by Bontius. In Fr. babirousse; Port, babi- 
rosa, babirussa.'} A species of hog, sometimes 
called the Horned Hog and the Hog-deer, from the 
fact that its upper tusks, which are of great length 



Babyroussa. 


and curved in form, piercing through the upper lip, 
grow upward and backward, like the horns of a 
ruminant. It has longer iegs than those of the 
common hog. Its native country is the Indian 
Archipelago, yet it seems to have been known to the 
ancients. It is the Sus babyrussa of Linnaeus, now 
called Babyrussa alfurus. Its flesh is good eating. 

ba -by-sbip, s. [Eng. baby; -ship.] The state or 
characteristics of a baby; babyhood, infancy. (Min- 
slieu.) 

bac,s [Back (2).] 

bac -eg, s. [Lat.] A berry. 

Botany: 

1. During the time before Linnaeus; A berry; any 
fleshy fruit. 

2. Now (more precisely): A many-celled, many- 
seeded, indehiscent pulpy fruit, in which at matu¬ 
rity the seeds lose their attachment and become 
scattered throughout the pulp. ( Lindley .) 

bacca-sicca, s. [Lat. (lit.)^ a dry berry.] 

Bot.: In Prof. Link’s arrangement, a fruit which 
when unripe is fleshy, but which when ripe becomes 
dry, when it is distinguishable from a capsule only 
by not being brown. 

bac-eg-lau'-re-gte, s. [In Dan. baccalaureat; 
Ger. baccalaureat, bakkalaureat; Fr. baccalaureat: 
from Medieev. Lat. baccalaureus. (Baccalaureus.) 
The general opinion-is that baccalaureate is com¬ 
pounded of Latin bacca=a berry, and laureatus= 
crowned with laurel, from 7awrea=the laurel or 
baytree; the reason, according to Calepinus, being 
that students, on gaining the B. A. degree, were 
crowned with a garland of laurel or bay berries; a 
statement resting on very doubtful historical au¬ 
thority. In Sp. the word is bachillerato , and in 
Port, bachalerado, terms in which the connection 
with bacca and laureatus disappears. In Low Latin 
baccalarius, the original word whence baccalau¬ 
reus may have sprung, was unconnected with bacca 
=a berry, and signified a tenant of a kind of farm 


352 

in the south of France and the north of Spain called 
baccalaria. Such tenants were bound to give a 
certain amount of labor to their feudal lord. Advert¬ 
ing to the locality where the boccalarii lived. Wedg¬ 
wood thinks the word may have had a Basque 
origin.] [Bachelor.] 

In universities: The degree of Bachelor of Arts. 
[Baccalaureus, Bachelor.] 

bac-ca-lau’-re-us, s. [In Dan. & Dut. baccalau¬ 
reus; Ger. baccalaureus, bakkalaureus; all from 
Medieev. Lat. 6acca7aweMS= bachelor.] [Bacca¬ 
laureate, Bachelor.] One who has taken the 
first degree in a university; a Bachelor (of Arts). 

bac-ca-rat (t silent), s. [Fr.] A game of cards 
in which each court card counts ten, and the other 
cards count according to their pips. 

bac-ca-rat', bac-ca-ra', s. [Fr., origin un¬ 
known.] A game of cards played by any number 
of persons. The game is opened by dealing two 
cards to each player. If the two cards dealt to any 
player do not together amount to five, he may ask 
for another. The object is to score as near nine 
points as possible. 

bac-cate, bac'-ca-ted, a. [From Lat. baccatus 
=set or adorned with pearls; from baccara, berry, 
... a pearl.] 

A. Of the form baccated: 

fl. Set with pearls. (Johnson.) 

2. Having many berries. (Johnson.) 

8. The same as Baccate. [B., 2.] 

B. Of the form baccate: 

1. Having as its fruit a bacca. [Bacca.] Berried; 
having a fleshy coat or covering to the seeds. 

Baccate seeds: Seeds with a pulpy skin. 

2. Having in any part of it a juicy, succulent 
texture, as the calyx of Blitum. (Lindley.) 

bac-cau-la r-i-us, a. [The first part is from 
Lat. bacca= a berry; the second apparently from 
Gr. cmios=hollow.] The name given by Desvaux 
to the type of fruit called by Mirbel, Lindley, and 
others, Carcerulus (q. v.). It consists of several 
one or two-seeded dry carpels cohering around an 
axis. Example, Malvaceous plants. 

b&C'-Chg, s. [Gr. Bakche, a mythological name.] 
A genus of dipterous insects belonging to the family 
Syrphidse. 

Bac-chg-ngl, s. & a. [In Fr. (1) bacchanale, 
bacchanal (no pl.)=great noise and uproar, a noisy 
and tumultuous dance; (2) Bacchanales (pl.)=fes- 
tivals of Baechus; Sp. Bacanal (adj. & s.), Bac- 
canales (s. pi.) = Bacchanals; Port, bacchanal 
(adj.), Bacchanals (a. pi.) =feasts of Bacchus ; Ital. 
Baccanale— a tumultuous crowd, a bacchanal; all 
from Lat. Bacchanalis (adj.)=relating to Bacchus, 
Bacchanalian; also Bacchanal, old orthography 
Baccanal (s.) = (1) a place of Bacchus, (2) a feast of 
Baechus, the orgies of Bacchus: from Bacchus 
(q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Of things. (Plural Bacchanales and Baccha¬ 
nalia) : 

1. An orgie celebrated in honor of Bacchus. 
(Often in the plural.) The worship of Bacchus was 
perhaps of Oriental origin. Various festivals in his 
honor were held in Greece. The colonists from that 
country in Southern Italy introduced bis worship 
into Rome, where Bacchanalia, attended by much 
immorality, were secretly held for some time, till 
they were discovered in B. C. 186, and prohibited by 
a decree of the Senate. 

“ They perform these certain bacchanals or rites in the 
honor of Bacchus.’’— Holland: Plutarch’s Morals. 

2. Any similar orgie. 

If. Of persons. (PI. Bacchanals only): 

1. Lit.: A worshiper of Bacchus 

“ . . nor was it unsuitable to the reckless fury of 

the Bacchanals during their state of temporary excite¬ 
ment, . . .”— Grote • Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i. 

2. Fig.: One who prefers drunkenness and 
debauchery to all high and noble aims. 

“Hark ! rising to the ignoble call, 

How answers each bold Bacchanal t” 

Byron. Don Juan, iii. 86. 

B. As adjective: Characterized by drunkenness 
and revelry. 

“Your solemne and bacchanal feasts, that you observe 
yearly."— Crowley: Deliberate Answer (1587), f. 26. 

Bac-chg-na-li-g, s.pl. [Latin.] [Bacchanal.] 

Bac-olig-na-li-gn, a. & s. [Eng. bacchanal, 
-ian; from Lat. bacchanalis.] [Bacchanal.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to a bacchanal; re¬ 
sembling the characteristics of a bacchanal. 

“ There, beauty woos him with expanded arms ; 

Even Bacchanalian madness has its charms.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error 


Bacchus 


B. As substantive; 

1. Lit.: A worshiper of Bacchus, specially in the 
state of excitement in which he was at the festivals 
in honor of the divinity whom he specially wor¬ 
shiped. 

“ So, when by Bacchanalians torn, 

On Thraoian Hebrus’ side, 

The tree-enchanter Orpheus fell.” 

Cowper: Death of Mrs. Throckmorton’s Bullfinch. 

2. Fig.: One whose actions on any special occa¬ 
sion, or habitually, resemble those witnessed at the- 
ancient orgies in honor of Bacchus. 

Bac-chg-na’-ll-gn-ly, adv. [Eng, Bacchana¬ 
lian; -ly. ] In Bacchanalian fashion; after the 
manner of bacchanals. 

tbac-chant, s. [From Lat. bacchans, pr. par. of 
bacchar=t6 celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] A 
priest of Bacchus. 

bac-chan -te, s. [In Fr. & Port. Bacchante , 
bacchante—( 1) a priestess of Bacchus, (2) an 
immodest female; Ital. Baccante; from Lat. bac- 
chans, pr. par. of bacchorj] [Bacchant.] A priest¬ 
ess of Bacchus. (Often used in the plural Bdc- 
chan'-tes.) 

“Plaintive at first were the tones, and sad: then soar¬ 
ing to madness 

Seemed they to follow or guide the revel of frenzied 
Bacchantes.” - Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. ii. 2. 

bac-chg-rid’-e-ae, s. pi. [Baccharis.] A family 
of 'Composite plants belonging to the order Aster- 
aceee, the first sub-order Tubuliflor®, and the third 
tribe Asteroideee. Typical genus, Baccharis (q. v.). 

bac'-chg-ris, s. [In Ger. baccharis; Fr. bac¬ 
chante ; Lat. baccar, bacchar, and baccharis; Gr. bale- 
Jcaris; from the Lydian language. A plant yielding- 
oil (Baccharis 
dioscor i (l e s f ).] 

Plowman’s 
Spikenard. A 
genus of plants 
belonging to the 
order Asteracese, 
or Composites. 

Upward of two 
hundred species 
are known, all of 
which belong to 
the Wes tern 
Hemisphere. 

They are herbs, 
shrubs, or some¬ 
times small 
trees, many of 
them re s i n o u s 
and glossy. B. 
microcephala is Baccharis. 

used in Parana Plant, floret, and root, 

tor curing rheu¬ 
matism, and B. genistilloides in Brazil in inter¬ 
mittent fever. 

Bac-chic, Bac-chl-cgl, a. [In Fr. Bachique; 
Port. Bacchico; Lat. Bacchictis=Telating to the 
Bacchic meter; Gr. Bakchikos .] Pertaining or 
relating to Bacchus, or to any such orgie as those 
which were so objectionable a feature of his wor¬ 
ship. 

“ He cured them by introducing the Bacchic dance and 
fanatical excitement.”— Grote: Greece, pt. i., ch. i. 

bac-chi -us, s. [Lat. bacchius; Gr. bakcheios. J 

Prosody: A foot consisting of three syllables, the 
first and second long, and the third short, as pe | 
jo | rd; or, according to others, the first short and 
the second and third long, as ca [ ri \ nits. 

Bac’-chus, s. [Lat. Bacchus; Gr. Bakc.hos.~] 

Classic Myth.: The Roman god of wine, generally 
identified, whether correctly or not, with the Greek 
Dionysos, the divine patron of wine, inspiration, 
and dramatic poetry. His worship, or at least the- 
frenzied form of it, is said to have arisen in Thrace 
and reached Rome through the Greek colonies in 
Southern Italy. Like Dionysos, he was one of the 
DU Selecti, or “ Selected gods.” He was fabled to 
be the son of Jupiter and Semele, the daughter of 
Cadmus. He figures in perennial youth, with a 
crown of vine or ivy leaves around his temples, and 
holding in his hand a spear bound with ivy. Tigers, 
lions, or lynxes are yoked to his chariot, while ho is 
accompanied by bacchanals, satyrs, and his foster- 
father and preceptor Silenus. fie is said to have 
conquered India, and his worship [Bacchanal] 
has more an Oriental than a European aspect. In 
the foregoing article the most common form of the 
myth is given; there are others so inconsistent with 
it, and with each other, that possibly, as Cicero, 
Diodorus, and others think, several personages 
have been confounded together under the name of 
Dionysos or Bacchus. Bacchus married Ariadne 
when she was deserted by Theseus at Naxos. 
[Dionysos.] 



fate, fat, fiire, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, whS, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ,ey = a. qu = kw„ 





Bacchus-bole 


353 


back 


Bacchus-bole, s. A flower, not tall, bnt very 
full and broad-leaved. {Mortimer.) 

bac-gif-er ous, a. [In Fr. baccif&re; Port, bac- 
eifera: from Lat. baccifer; bacca=a berry, and fero 
- to bear.] Berry-bearing, producing berries; using 
that term either (1) in the extended and popular 
sense, which was also the old scientific one— 

“ Bacciferous trees are of four kinds. (1) Such as bear 
a calicufate or naked berry; the flower and calix both 
falling off together, and leaving the berry bare; as the 
sassafras trees. (2) Such as have a naked monospermous 
fruit: that is, containing in it only one seed; as the 
arbutes. (3) Such as have but polyspermous fruit; that 
is, containing two or more kernels or seeds within it; as 
the jesminum, ligustrmn. (4) Such as have their fruit 
composed of many acini, or round soft balls, set close 
together, like a bunch of grapes; as the uva marina.”— 
Ray. 

Or (2) in the more limited and modern scientific 
one. [Bacca.] 

bac-<jl v '-6r-ous, a. [Lat. baccara berry, and 
voro= to swallow whole, to devour.] Berry-devour¬ 
ing; feeding on berries. ( G-lossog. Nova, 2d ed.) 

*ba<je, a. [Basis, adj.] 

*bage, s. [Bass, s.] 

bach'-a-rach, back -rack, back-rag, s. [From 
Bacharack, a town upon the Rhine, near wliich it is 
produced.] A kind of wine from Bacharach. 

“With bacharach and aqua vitee.” 

Butler: Hudibras. 

* Give a fine relish to my backrag.”—City Match, ix. 282. 

*ba<jh-el-er~ie,s. [Eng. bacheler; suff. -ie. From 
Low Lat. bacheleria= commonalty or yeomanry in 
contradistinction from baronage.] The state, con¬ 
dition, or dignity of a knight. 

“Phebus that was flour of bachelcrie, 

As wel in freedom as in ohivalrie.” 

Chaucer: C. T ., 17,074-5. 

bagh'-el-or, *bach'-el-l8r, *batcli'-el-or, 
♦batch'-el-lor, *batgh -ler, *bagh-el-ere, 
bagh-el-er, *bagh'-y-lere (O. Eng.), *bach-el- 
ar (O. Scotch), s. [From Fr. bachetier={ 1) a young 
gentleman who aspires to be a knight, (2) a student 
who has'taken his first degree at a university, (3) 
an unmarried man, a lover; O. Fr. bachelier, 
bachellier, bacheler, bachiler—a young man (tho 
corresponding feminine word is bachelette=& young 
and pretty girl," specially one who has a lover); O. 
Fr. bachelette, bacelote, bachele, bacelle, and bacele. 
In Prov. bachallier, bacalar; Sp. bachiller; Port. 
bacharel; Ital. bacceliere, bac.celiero~a bachelor; 
Wel. bachgen= a boy, 6ack=little; Ir. beag, beg; 
Gael, beag = little, short, trifling.] [Baccalau- 
BEATE.] 

A. Ordinary Lang.: A person of tho male sex, of 
marriageable age, who lias not been married. 
When he has passed the time of life at which tho 
majority of men enter the matrimonial state, he is 
called an old bachelor. 

“Fair maid, send forth thine eye; this youthful parcel 

Of noble bachelors stand at my bestowing.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, ii. 3. 

B. Technically: 

I. University degrees: 

In the expression Bachelor of Arts (B, A.), one 
who lias taken the first degree at a university. The 
B. A. degree was introduced in the thirteenth cen¬ 
tury by Pope Gregory IX. Iu the opinion of 
Jamieson, in this sense the term bachelor was prob¬ 
ably borrowed from the arrangement in the 
University of Paris, where two of tho four orders 
into which the theological faculty was divided were 
called Baccalarii Fomiati and Baccalarii Cursores. 

“The Bachelars met in the chamber above the school of 
Humanitie.”— Crawf.: Hist. Univ. Edin., p. 29. {Jamieson. ) 

II. Heraldry: 


Bachelor’s Buttons, after the example of the 
French, who denominated it Boutons d'or, while the 
name White Bachelor’s Buttons (in Fr. Boutons 
d’argent) is bestowed on another Crowfoot {Ranun¬ 
culus aconitifolius). Various other plants, espe¬ 
cially the campion, the burdock, the scabious or 
Bluebottle, have aiso been called Bachelor’s But¬ 
tons, or Buttons. 

bagh’-el-or-igm, s. [Eng. bachelor; -ism.') The 
state or condition of a bachelor. {Ogilvie.) 

bagh-el-or-ship, s. [Eng. bachelor; and suff. 
-s/tip.] The state or condition of a bachelor. 

, 1. In the sense of an unmarried person. 

“ Her mother, living yet, can testify, 

She was the first fruit of my bachelorship ’ 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., v. 4. 

2. In the sense ol one who has taken the first or 
lower degree in a university. [B. A.] 

*bach -lane, pr. par. [Bachle.] {Scotch.) 
ba -chle, s. [Bauchle.] {Scotch.) 
bach-leit, pa. par. [O. Fr. baceolei~to lift up 
and down J To lift or heave up or down. ( Cot- 
grave.) (Used of some modes of exposing goods for 
sale.) {.Jamieson.) 

bag-Tl-lar-i-a, 

s. [From Lat. ba¬ 
cillus (q. v.).] 

*1. Formerly: A 
large family of so- 
called infusorial 
animalculee estab¬ 
lished by Ekren- 
berg, who compre- 
h e n d s under it 
more than thirty 
genera, including 
Gallionella, Nav- 
icula, and others, 
the siliceous 
shields of which 
abound in creta¬ 
ceous, tertiary, and 
more recent geo¬ 
logical deposits. 

They are now believed to be of vegetable origin, 
and to bo properly ranked with diatomaceous Algae. 

2. Now: A genus of diatomaceous Algae. It has 
lower rectangular articulations and curious move¬ 
ments. 

ba-gil'-lus (pi. ba-gIT-11), s. [Lat. bacillum 
or bacillus=a little staff; dimin. of baculum = a 
staff.] 

1. Plural {bacilli): The leaf-buds, analogous in 
structure to bulbs, which are developed iu some 
endogens outhe part of the stem above-ground, and 
ultimately separate from it spontaneously. They 
are called also propagines and bulbilli. 

2. Singular: One of the separable moving narrow 
plates of which the genus of Algae called Diatoma is 
composed. 

3. Biol.' A genus or class of bacteria, including 
all the elongated forms, except such as are spiral 
and have a giratory motion They are rigid or flex¬ 
ible, motile or non-motile, and reproduce either by 
direct fission or by endogenous spore-formation. 

(a) An individual of the genus Bacillus. 

, back (1), *backe, *bak, s., a,, & adv. [A. S. bcec, 
bac; Sw. & O. Icel. bale; I)an. bag, bugen; O. Fr. & 
O. L. Ger. bac, bak; O. H. Ger. bacho. ] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: The upper part of the body in most 
animals, in which the spine is the hinder part in 
man, extending from the neck to the loins. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of man: 

(a) The whole hinder part, upon which a burden 
is naturally carried. 



Bacillaria (Magnified 100 
Diameters). 


( b) The portion of anything most remote from it? 
face or from the place which the speaker at the 
moment occupies. 

“ Trees set upon the backs of chimnies do ripen fruit 
soonor.’Bacon: Natural History. 

“ The source of waves which I shall choose for theso 
experiments is a plate of copper, against the back of which 
a steady sheet of flame is permitted to play.”— Tyndall. 
Frag, of Science (3d ed.), viii. 4, p. 181. 

III. The word back is used in the following special 
phrases : — 

1. Behind the back: 

(a) Lit.: To or at any spot so situated. 

(b) Fig.: The time when one is absent. [See No 
10.] 

2. The back of my hand to you: I will have nothing 
more to do with you. ( Jamieson.) 

3. To be up {used of the back): To become irritated 
against a person. Tho metaphor is derived from 
the procedure of a cat or similar animal, which 
raises its spine and bristles up its hair before attack¬ 
ing an adversary. {Jamieson.) 

“Well, Nelly, since my back is up, ye sail tak down the 
picture . . .”— Scott: St. Ronan’s Well, ch. iil. 

4. To bow down the back: To humiliate. 

“. . . and bow down their back alway .”—Romans xi. 10- 

5. To cast behind the back: 

(a) Used of law or of persons: To despise. 

“Nevertheless they were disobedient, and rebelled 

against thee, and cast thy law behind their backs.” - 
Neherniah ix. 26. 

“ . . . thou hast forgotten me, and cast me behind thy 
back . . .”—Ezekiel xxiii. 35. 

(b) Used of sins: To forgive and forget. 

“ . . . thou hast cast all my sins behind thy back .”— 
Isaiah xxxviii. 17. 

6. To give the back: To turn back, to abandon an 
expedition or enterprise. 

“. . . he would not thus lightly have given us the 

back.” — Banyan: Pilgrim's Progress, pt. i. 

7. To have the back at the wall: To be in an unfor¬ 
tunate state. {Jamieson.) {Scotch.) 

8. To jdow upon the back. To inflict upon one 
gross oppression, injury, and insult. 

“The plowers ploioed upon my back: they made long 
their furrows.”— Ps. cxxix. 3. 

9. To see the back, used of soldiers in a battle, 
means that they have turned to flee. 

“. . . fifty thousand fighting men, whose backs no 
enemy had ever seen.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

10. To turn the back : 

(a) To turn hi battle with the intention of fleeing, 
or in an enterprise with the design of abandoning it. 

“ O Lord, what shall 1 say, when Israel turneth their 
backs before their enemies !”—Joshua vii. 8. 

(b) To go away, as, “Scarcely bad the teacher 
turned his back, when the scholars grossly misbe¬ 
haved.” (In this sense it may be followed by on or 

upon.) 

(c) Actually to turn the back upon one in the 
street, either undisguiseclly or under the pretense- 
of not seeing him. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to or supporting the back, as the 
“ 6acfc-bone.” 

“ ... it shall he take off hard by the baefc-bone . . 

—Leviticus iii. 9. 

2. Behind anything in situation, as a “ back-yard 
hence remote from the accessible parts of tile 
country; up a country inland, as “ the back settle¬ 
ments of North America.” 

If Back and bottom nails: Nails made with flat 
shanks that they may hold fast, and yet not open 
the gr.iin of the wood. {Glossog. Nova.) 

C. As adverb: 

I. Of a person or place: 


1. Formerly: 

{a) A person who, though a knight, had not a suf¬ 
ficient number of vassals to have his banner carried 
before him in battle. 

*{b) One who was not old enough to display a 
banner of bis own, and therefore had to follow that 
of another. 

“A knyghte of Borne and his bachylere.” 

Oower, f. 42. (S. in Boucher.) 

*{c) A chevalier who, having made his first cam¬ 
paign, received a military girdle. 

*(d) One who, on the first occasion that he took 
part in a tournament, overcame his adversary. 

2. Notv: A member of the oldest but lowest order 
of English knighthood—the knights bachelors. 
[Knight.] King Alfred is said to have conferred it 
on his son Athelstan. 

III. Among the London City Companies of Trades¬ 
men : One not yet admitted to the livery. 

IT Bachelor’s buttons: A name given by gardeners 
to the double-flowered variety of one of the Crow¬ 
foots, or Buttercups ( Ranunculus acris }. Some¬ 
times this species is further designated as Yellow 


“ Those who, by their ancestors, have been set free from 
a constant drudgery to their backs and their bellies, 
should bestow sometime on their heads.”— Locke. 

(b) The entire body behind, in front, at the sides, 
everywhere; as in the expression, “he has not 
clothes on his back.” 

(c) Whatever, in any portion of the human frame, 
occupies a relative situation analogous to that of 
the back in the body itself. Thus the back of the 
head is the hinder part of the head; the back of tho 
band is the convex part of it—that on the other 
side of the palm. 

(d) A body of followers; persons to back one. 
[Backing.] 

“ So Air. Pym and his back were rescued.”— Baillie: Let¬ 
ters, i. 217. {Jamieson.) 

(e) In football: Those players who are stationed 
at the rear of their own side, and nearest their own 
goal. [Half-back.] 

2. Of things: 

(a) Of knives, axes, and similar implements : The 
thick blunt portion; that on the other side from 
the cutting edge. 


1. To the quarter behind a person or thing; back¬ 
ward. 

“ And when Judah looked back, behold, the battle was- 
before and behind.”—2 Chronicles xiii. 14. 

2. To the direction opposite to that in which 
motion lias been made; to the place whence one 
has departed or been taken away. 

“. . . and the Lord caused the sea to go back by a 
strong east wind all that night, . . .— Exodus x iv. 21. 

“ Why rare ye the last to bring the king back to his 
house?”—2 Samuel xix. 11. 

“T To give back in battle: To recede from a posi¬ 
tion before occupied. 

“ This made Christian give a little back: Apollyon, 
therefore, followed his work amain . . .”— Bunyan - Pil¬ 
grim’s Progress, pt. i. 

3. To a person or public body whence anything 
has been obtained; to one’s self again; again; in> 
return. 

“The laborers possess nothing but what bethinks fit 
to give them, and until he thinks fit to take it back.” — J. 
S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. ii. ch. v., § i. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin„ bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = 1 
-cian -tian — sham -tion„ -sion -- shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 

* 23 













back-band 


backbrede 


354 


4. So as to remain behind; with no progression 
in any direction (lit. dt fig.); retained instead of 
being paid over. 

. . but, lo, the Lord hath kept thee back from 
honor.”— Numbers xxiv. 11. 

“ . . . to keep back part of the price of the land.”— 
.dots v. 3. 

5. With progression, yet so as to fall more and 
more behind another body ; as “ Compared with the 
■Christian powers, the Mohammedans are falling 
back in the world,” meaning not that they are sta¬ 
tionary or retrograde, but that their forward 
motion is so slow in comparison with that of the 
Christian nations that they are more and more fall¬ 
ing behind. 

II. Of time: 

1. To or at a time gone by. 

"I had always a curiosity to look back unto the sources 
of things, and to view in my mind the beginning and 
progress of a rising world.”— Burnet. 

2. A second time, anew, afresh again. 

“The epistles being written from ladies forsaken by 
"their lovers, many thoughts came back upon us in divers 
letters .”—Dry den. 

III. Of state or condition.: To a former state or 
•condition; again. 

“For Israel slideth back as a backsliding heifer . . .” 
Mosea iv. 16. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes (a) between the ad- 
"verb back and backward: — Back denotes the situ- 
«tion of being and the direction of going; backward 
simply the manner of going. A person stands back 
•who would not be in the way; he goes backward 
when he would not turn his back to an object. (6) 
Between back and behind: Back marks the situ¬ 
ation of a place : behind , the situation of one object 
with another. A person stands back who stands in 
the back part of a place; he stands behind who has 
any one in front of him ; the back is opposed to the 
front, behind to ' efore. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

D. In composition: Back is generally an adjective, 
as baclc-bone, back- yard, though in some rare in¬ 
stances it is adverbial, as in the case of hack-filling, 
•&c. 

*back-band, s. [Back-bond.] 

back-bedroom, s. A bedroom at the back of a 
house. 

back-board, s. & a. 

1. .4s substantive: 

(a) A board for the support of the back. 

(b) A board across the stern of a boat for the pas¬ 
sengers to lean against. 

(c) A board attached to the rim of a water-wheel 
to prevent the water running off the floats or pad¬ 
dles into the interior of the wheel. ( Nicholson .) 

(d) A part of a lathe. (Goodrich dt Porter.) 

2. As adjective: Behind the ship. (Glossog. Nova.) 

back-bond, *back-band, *bak-band, s. 

Scots Law: A counter-bond rendering another one 
null and void. It is a deed corresponding to what 
is called in England a declaration of trust. (Mac¬ 
kenzie : Institutes , &c.) 

back-boxes, s. pi. 

Typography: The boxes on the top of the upper 
case used for printers’ types. 

back-cast, a. &s. (Scotch.) 

A. As adjective: Retrospective. 

“ I’ll often kindly think on you 
And on our happy days and nights, 

With pleasing back-cast view.” 

Tannahill: Poems, pp. 96, 97. (Jamieson.) 

B. As substantive: Anything which throws one 
back from a state of prosperity to one of adversity. 

“ They’ll get a back-cast o’ his hand yet, that think so 
muckle o’ the creature and see little o’ the Creator.”— 
Scott: Tales of my Landlord. 

back-chain, s. A chain which passes over the 
cart-saddle of a horse to support the shafts. 

back-end, s. The latter part of anything. Spec., 
the latter part of the year. 

back-fear, s. An object of terror from behind. 
[Backchax.es.] 

“He needed not»to dread no back-fear in Scotland as he 
was wont to do .”—Pitscottie (ed. 1728), p. 1Q5. (Jamieson.) 

back-filling, s. 

1. The act or process of restoring to its place, as 
in the case of a grave, for instance, earth which has 
been removed. 

6. The earth thus restored to its place. 

back-furniture, s. Print.: The piece of wood or 

metal placed between the pages which form the 
back fold, as 1 and 16 or 8 and 9 in a sheet of octavo. 

back-leaning, a. Leaning toward the hinder 
part. 

back-light, s. A light reflected upon the hinder 
part of anything. 


back-look, s. A look to what is past in time. 
(Chiefly Scotch.) 

“ After a serious back-look of all these forty-eight 
years.”— Walker: Peden, p. 71. (Jamieson.) 

back-parlor, s. A parlor situated at the back 
part of a house. 

back-plate, s. A plate on the hinder part of 
armor; the same as Back-piece (q. v.). 

back-spaul, s. The hinder part of the shoulder. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . if sae muckle as a collier or a salter make a 

moonlight flitting, ye will deck him by the back-spaul in 
a minute of time . . . ”— Scott: Red-Gauntlet, ch. vii. 

back-tack, back-take, s. 

In Scotland: A deed by which a wad-setter, in¬ 
stead of himself possessing the lands which he has 
in wadset, gives a lease of them to the reverser, to 
continue in force till they are redeemed, on con¬ 
dition of the payment of the interest of the wadset 
sum as rent. 

“ Where lands are affected with wadsets comprysing 
assignments or back-takes, that the same may be first 
compted in the burdens of the delinquent’s estate.”— 
Acts Charles I. (ed. 1814), vi. 204. 

back-tread, s. Retrogression. (Scotch.) 

“ . . . followed the back-tread of our defection.” — 
Manifesto of the Scots Army (1640). 

back-trick, s. A mode of attacking behind, 
back-yard, s. A yard behind a house. 

U Other compound words will bo found further 
on in their proper alphabetical order, 
back, v. t. & i. [From the substantive.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To get on, or to place on, the back of an 
animal; to ride. 

“ . . . as I slept, methought 
Great Jupiter, upon his eagle back’d, 

Appear’d to me. with other spritely shows 
Of mine own kindred.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 6. 

(2) To cause to move backward. (Used of horses, 
railway engines and the trains attached to them, 
the engines in steamboats, or anything similar.) 
[See II. 2, where some special phrases are given.] 

“One of the alien mercenaries had backed his horse 
against an honest citizen who pressed forward to catch a 
glimpse of the royal canopy.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xi. 

(3) To write on the back of; to direct a letter; to 
endorse a bill or other document. [II. l.J 

2. Figuratively: To stand at the back of, to aid. 
support. 

(1) Of persons: To stand as a second or supporter 
to one; to support or maintain one’s cause. 

“ I have not ridden in Scotland since 
James back’d the cause of that mock prince, 
Warbeck, that Flemish counterfeit, 

Who on the gibbet paid the cheat.” 

Scott: Marmion, i. 18. 

”... doubt whether it would be possible for him to 
contend against them when they were backed by an Eng¬ 
lish army.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

(2) Of things: 

(a) To justify, to support. 

“. . . endeavor to back their experiments with a 
specious reason.”— Boyle. 

“We have I know not how many adages to back the 
reason of this moral.”— L’Estrange. 

(b) To second. 

“ Factious, and fav'ring this or t'other side, 

Their wagers back their wishes.” Dryden. 

"... I am come forth to withstand them, and to 
that end will back the lions.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Prog¬ 
ress, pt. ii. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law. To back a warrant: To endorse a warrant 
with the signature of a justice of the peace, so as to 
give it force in the county or other district over 
which his authority extends. This is done when an 
accused person, for whose apprehension a warrant 
valid only in one county is out, passes into another. 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 21.) 

2. Nautically: 

To back the sails of a shift: To cause them to press 
backward on the masts instead of forward. The 
effect is to make the ship move sternward. 

To back the engine in a steamboat: To reverse the 
action of the engine, with the effect of making the 
vessel go backward. 

To back a vessel: To make her go backward. 

To back the oars of a boat: To reverse the action 
of the oars and mate the boat move stern foremost, 
the phrase for which is, to back astern. 

To back an anchor: To lay down a small anchor 
in advance of a large one, the cable of the former 
being fastened to the crown of the latter one to pre¬ 
vent its coming home. 


3. Horse-racing: 

(a) To back a horse: To bet that one of the horses 
in a race shall outrun the rest. 

( b ) To back the field: To support the aggregate of 
the norses in a race against a particular horse. 

B. Intransitive: To move backward. 

To back out of a promise, a project, or an enter¬ 
prise: To retreat from the forward position one 
formerly occupied with respect to it. 

back (2), bao, s. [In Sw. back= . . . a bowl; 
Dut. bak= a bowl, a pan, a basin, the boot of a 
coach, the pit in a theater, a trough, a crib, a mess; 
"Fr. bac= a large ferry-boat for men and animals; 
Arm. bak, bag= a bark.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: A wooden trough for carrying 
fuel ; a “ backet.” [Bucket.] 

“ After narrowly escaping breaking my shins over a 
turf back and a salting tub . . — Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xiii. 

B. Technically: 

I. Navigation: A ferry-boat, specially one of large 
size, guided by a rope or chain, for transporting 
animals, men, and freight from one side of a river 
to the other. 


II. Brewing <£ Distilling: 

1. A cooler, a large flat vessel or tub in which the 
wort is cooled. 


“That the backs were about 120 inches deep.”— State, 
Leslie of Powis, die. (1805), p. 166. 

2. A vessel into which the liquor intended to be 
fermented is poured from the cooler to be worked 
with the yeast. 

back (3), s. [Ger. backen= to bake.] An instru¬ 
ment for toasting bread above the fire. It is like a 
griddle, but is much thicker, and is made of pot 
metal. 

*back -ber-inde, back -ver-inde, back-ber- 
end, a. [A. S. bcec-berende= taking on the back; 
bcec= back, and berende, from beran—to bear.] 

Old Law: Bearing upon the back. Used specially 
when a man was apprehended bearing upon his 
back a deer which he had illegally shot. 

back -bit© (pret. back-bit, pa. par. back- 
bit-ten), v. t. <fe i. [Eng. back and bite.'] 

A. Transitive: 

Literally: To bite on the back, as a dog coming 
treacherously behind one might do; but used 
figuratively, meaning=to attack the character of 
the absent, censuring or slandering them behind 
their backs. 

“Most untruly and maliciously do these evil tongues 
backbite and slander the sacred ashes of that personage.” 
— Spenser. 

B. Intransitive: To speak disparagingly, if not 
even slanderously, of the absent. 

“He that backbiteth not with his tongue . . .”— 
Ps. xv. 3. 

back-bi-tcir, s. [Eng. backbit(e); -er.] Onewho 
is given to backbiting; one who censures the actions 
or attacks the character jf the absent. 


“Nobody is bound to look upon his backbiter, or Ida 
underminer, his betrayer, or his oppressor, as his friend.” 
— South. 


back -bi-ting, *back-bi-tyng, *back-by- 
tinge, *back-by-tynge, pr. par. & a. [Eng, 
back; -biting.] 

A. and B. Corresponding in signification with 
the verb. 

“The north wind driveth away rain: so doth an angry 
countenance a backbiting tongue.”— Proverbs xxv. 23. 

C. As substantive: The act or habit of attacking 
the character of the absent. 

“Leasinges, backbytinges, and vain-glorious crakes, 
Bad counsels, prayses, and false flatteries.” 

Spencer: F. (f. II. xi. 10. 

“ . . . debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, 
whisperings, swellings, tumults.”—2 Cor. xii. 20. 

back -bi-ting-ly, adv. [Eng. backbiting; -ly.] 
In a way to backbite. 


back'-bit-ten, pa. par. & a. [Backbite.] 

back-bone,*'. [Eng. back; bone.] The bone, or 
rather the bony 
framework of the 
back; the spine; 
the spinal col¬ 
umn. It consists 
of numerous ver- 


Vertebral Column of Man. 


tebrae. [Vertebra:.] 


“ The backbone ihould be divided into many vertebras 
for commodious bending, and not to be one entire rigid 
bone.”— Ray. 

2. Moral stamina. The man of moral firmness is 
called a man with a backbone, grit, sand, courage. 

back-brede, s. [Bakbrede.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



backside 


backc&rry 


355 


back-car-ry, s. [Eng. back; cam 
Law: The act of carrying on the b; .k. 

“Manwood, in his forest laws, noteth i; for one of the 
fonr circumstances or cases wherein a forester may 
arrest an offender against vert or venison in the forest,, 
viz., stable-stand, dog-draw, backcarry, and bloody-hand.” 
Dowel. 

back -caw, s. [Eng. back, and Scotch caw— call.] 
A call back, a “ back-cast” (q. v.). 

back -chale§, a. [Eng. back, and O. Scotch 
chales, derived from Eng. call (?).] A calling back. 

“ . . . so bandit with him, that he neidit not to fear 
no backchales of thame as he had vontto do.”— Pitscottie: 
Oron., p. 251. (Jamieson.) 

back -come, v. i. [Eng. back; come.'] To return. 

" If it happened Montrose to be overcome in battle 
before that day, that they were then to be free of their 
parole in back-coming to him.”— Spalding, ii. 252. 
(Jamieson.) 

back -come, a. [From Backcome, v. (q. v.).] 
Return. 

An ill-backcome: An unfortunate return. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

back -com-lhg, a. [Eng. back; coming.] Return. 
“ . . . how the army should be sustained at their 
back-coming.” — Spalding, i. 137. (Jamieson.) 

back -door, a. [Eng. back; door.] 

1. Lit.: A door at the back part of a house, lead¬ 
ing generally to a garden or other enclosure con¬ 
nected with the building. 

“ The procession durst not return by the way it came; 
but, after the devotion of the monks, passed out at a back¬ 
door of the convent.”— Addison. 

2. Fia.: An indirect or circuitous way, course, or 
method. 

“Popery, which is so far shut out as not to re-enter 
openly, is stealing in by the backdoor of atheism.”— 
Atterbury. 

back-draught (ugh=f), a. [Eng. back; 
draught.] The convulsive inspiration of a child 
during a fit of whooping cough. 

back-log, a. [See Back-log.] 

♦backe, s. A bat. [Bat (3).] 

backed (Eng.), back-It (Scotch), pa. par., a., 
and in compos. [Back, v.] 

A. As adj.: Having a back of a particular type 
determined by the context. 

“Sharp-headed, barrel-bellied, broadly backed.” 

Dryden: Virgil, G. iii. 

B. In compos.: Having a back of a particular 
type settled by the word with which backed is in 
close conjunction. 

“ There, by the hump-hocfc’d willow.” 

Tennyson: Walking to the Mail. 

♦back -en, v. t. [Eng. back; -en.] To hinder, 
back -er, a. [Eng. back; -er.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: One who backs. 

B. Arch.: A small slate laid on the back of a 
large one at certain points. (Brande.) 

back -et, a. [Bucket.] (Scotch.) 

back’-et-stane, a. A stone at the side of a 
kitchen fire on which the saut-backet rests. 
(Scotch.) 

back'-fall, a. [Eng. back; fall.] A falling back 
in spiritual matters; backsliding; also used tech¬ 
nically in wrestling. 

back’-fall-er, a. [Eng. backfall; -er.] A back¬ 
slider, an apostate. 

“ Onias, with many like backfallers from God, fled into 
Egypte.”— Joye: Expos, of Daniel, ch. xi. 

back -friend, a. [Eng. back; friend.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. A so-called friend who, behind one’s back, 
becomes an enemy. (Eng.) 

“Far is our Church from encroaching upon the civil 
power, as some, who are backfriends to both, would mali¬ 
ciously insinuate.”— South. 

2. One who seconds or supports another; an 
abetter. (Scotch.) 

“The people of God that’s faithful to the cause has ay 
a good backfriend.” — Mich. Bruce’s Lectures, 60, 61. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

II. Fig. Of things: A place of strength behind 
an army. (Monro: Exped., pt. ii., 140.) (Jamieson.) 

back'-ffi’, a. [Eng. back, and Scotch fu\ con¬ 
tracted from Eng. full.] As much as can be carried 
on the back. [Cf. Back-bekinde.J 
“A backfu’ of peals.”— Blackwood’s Magazine, March, 
1823, p. 817. (Jamieson.) 

back-ga -In, back-ga -en , participial adj. [Eng. 
back, and Scotch gain, gaen-g oing.] (Scotch.) 

I. Of things: Going back; ebbing. (Used of the 
tide, &c.) 


II. Of persons: 

1. Declining in health ; ill-grown. 

2. Declining in worldly circumstances. 

"The backgaen tenants fell about 
And couldna stand.” 

The Hurst Rig , et.. 48. ( Jamieson.) 

back-gam -mon, bag-gam m6n, a. & a, [Ety¬ 
mology somewhat doubtful. From Wei. bach, bac 

little, and cammawm, camm e n =com bat, fight; 
c.amp=a game. (Dr. Henry Johnson, Webster, dt 
Mahn.) Or from (O. ?) Dan. bakke, or bakke-bord= 
a tray, and A. S. gamen, gomen=a game. ( Wedg¬ 
wood, <fcc.) The exceeding similarity between gam¬ 
mon, in backgammon, and A. S. gamen is in favor 
of the latter etymology.] 

A. As subst.: A game played by two persons on a 
table divided into as many portions, on which there 
are twenty-four black and white spaces, called 
“ points.” Each player has at his disposal fifteen 
dice, black or white, called “ men,” which he man¬ 
euvers upon the points. 

B. As adj. dfc in compos.: Designed for the play¬ 
ing of backgammon, as a backgammon-board (q. v.). 

backgammon-board, s. A board on which back¬ 
gammon is played. 

"... neither the card-table nor the backgammon - 
board . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

back-gane, participial adj. & s. [Eng. back, 
and Scotch gane= gone.] 

A. As participial adj.: Ill-grown. (Jamieson.) 

B. As subst.: A decline, a consumption. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

back -gate, s. [Eng. back, and gate.) 

I. Lit: An entry to a house, court, or area from 
behind. 

“To try up their ovm.backgates closer.”— Spalding, i. 109. 

II. Fig. Of conduct: 

1. Shuffling, underhand, not straightforward. 

2. Immoral. 

back -ground, s. [From Eng. back and ground. 
In Dan. baggrund .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The ground in a landscape situated 
toward the horizon. 

“. . . instead of the darkness of space as a back¬ 
ground, the colors were not much diminished in bril¬ 
liancy.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), x. 285. 

2. Fig.: In obscurity, with some degree of dark¬ 
ness or indistinctness of outline ; also in an inferior 
position, as in such phrases as “ to stand or be left, 
in (he background." 

3. Spoken of, reticent, sly; people who prefer to 
remain unobserved in the background. 

B. Painting, Photography, etc.: The representa¬ 
tion of the more remote portion of a landscape, or 
of the space and objects behind the principal fig¬ 
ures. 

back-hand'-ed, adj.& adv. [Eng. hack; handed .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Having the hand directed backward ; delivered 
or given by means of the hand thus directed, as “ a 
backhanded blow.” 

2. Oblique, indirect, not straightforward, as “ a 
backhanded compliment.” 

B. As adv.: With the hand directed backward, as 
“ the blow was given backhanded .” 

back - house, s. [En g. back; house.] A house at 
the back of another and more important one. 

“ Their backhouses, of more necessary than cleanly serv¬ 
ice, as kitchens, stables, are climbed up into by steps.”— 
Carew. 

back-h6u-si-a, s. [Named after Mr. James 
Backhouse, a botanist and traveler in Australia and 
South Africa. A genus of plants, with showy flowers, 
belonging to 
the order Myr- 
tacese. Back- 
housia myrti- 
folia is a small 
tree, with op¬ 
posite ovate 
leaves and 
stalked cor¬ 
ymbs of whit¬ 
ish flowers. 

ba c k -I fi g, 
pr. par., a.,&s. 

[Back, u.] 

A. & B. As 
present parti¬ 
ciple dt adjec¬ 
tive : In senses 
correspondin g 
to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the present participle. 


II. Technically: 

1. Horsemanship: The operation of breaking a 
colt for the saddle. ( Gilbert.) 

2. Book-binding: The preparation of the back of 
a book with glue, &c., before putting on the cover. 

3. Stereotyping: A thick coating of type metal 
affixed to the back of the thin shell of copper depos¬ 
ited by means of a voltaic battery. 

IT Backing-up (Cricket-playing): A term used 
when one fielder runs behind another, so as to stop 
the ball, should the front one fail to do so. 

back -log, s. A large stick of wood against 
which a fire is made on a hearth. 

back -look, s. Retrospective view; as to take a 
back-look. 

back -paint-Ing, s. [Eng. back; painting .] A 
term sometimes applied to the painting of mezzo- 
tinto prints pasted on glass of a size to fit them. 

back-pie§e, s. [Eng. back; piece.] The piece 
or plate, in a suit of armor, covering the back. 

“ The morning that he was to join battle, his armorer 
put on his backpiece before, and his breastplate behind.” 

— Camden. 

back -plate. [See Back-plate.] 

back-rack, s. Another form of Bachaback 

(q. v.). 

back'-re-turn, s. [Eng. back; return.] A return 
a second time, if not even more frequently. 

“. . . omit 

All the occurrences, whatever chanc’d 
Till Harry’s back-return again to France.” 

Shakesp., Henry V., Chorus, v. 

back -r6om, s. [Eng. back; room.] 

1. A room in the back part of a house. 

“ If you have a fair prospect backward of gardens, it 
may be, convenient to make back-rooms the larger.”— 
Moxon. Mechanical Exercises. 

2. A room behind another one. 

backs, s. [In Sw. & Dut. balk= a beam, a parti¬ 
tion, a joist, a rafter, a bar; Ger. balken (pl.) = a 
beam.] 

Carpentry: The principal rafters of a roof. 
[Roof.] 

Leather-dealing: The thickest and stoutest hides, 
used for sole leather. 

back-scratsh-er, s. [Eng. back; scratcher .] An 
instrument applied to the backs of people by 
practical jokers wherever holiday crowds assemble, 
as at races, fairs, or illuminations. 

back'-set, a. [Eng. back; set.] Set upon behind. 

“He suffered the Israelites to be driven to the brink of 
the seas, backset with Pharaoh’s whole power.”— Anderson/ 
Expos, upon Benedictus (1573), fol. 71, 6. 

back-set, s. [Scotch set— a lease; sef=to give 
in lease.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons: Whatever drives one back in any 
pursuit. 

“ The people of God have got many backsets one after 
another.”— Woodrow: Hist., ii. 555. 

2. Of things: Anything which checks vegetation. 

“ . . . even those [weeds] they leave cannot after 6uoh 

a backset and discouragement come to seed so late in the 
season.”— Maxwell: Scl. Trans., 82. 

B. Old Law: A “ sub-tack” or sub-lease in which 
the possession is restored on certain conditions to 
those who were formerly interested in it or to some 
others. 

“ . . . having got this tack, sets the same cautions in 
backset, to some well-affected burgesses of Aberdeen.”— 
Spalding, i. 334. (Jamieson.) 

back -shish, s. [Baksheesh.] 

back'-shock, s. A lightning stroke received after 
the main discharge of the lightning, and caused by 
a charge induced in neighboring surfaces by the 
main discharge. 

back-sl’de, s. [Eng. back, and side. In Sw. 
baksida; Dan. bagside .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: The back portion of anything, as of a 
roll, a tract of country, &c. 

“. . . a book [books were formerly rolls] written 
within and on the backside, . . . ”— Revelations, v. i. 

“If the quicksilver were rubbed from the backside of 
the speculum, . . .”— Newton. 

2. Spec.: The hinder part of an animal. ( Vulgar.) 

“A poor ant carries a grain of corn, climbing up a wall 

with her head downward, and her backside upward.”— 
Addison. 

B. In old conveyances and pleadings: What now 
is called a backyard; that is, a yard at the back of 
a house. 

“The wash of pastures, fields, commons, roads, streets, 
or backsides are of great advantage to all sorts of land.”— 
Mortimer. 



Backhousia Myrtifolia. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, shin, benoh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion -- shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



backslide 


bacon 


back -slide, v. i. [Eng. back; slide.] 
fl. Lit.: To slide backward, as a man or an 
animal climbing a steep ascent might do. [See ex. 
under Backsliding, particip. adj .J 

2. Fig.: To slide or lapse gradually from the 
spiritual or moral position formerly attained. 

“That such a doctrine should, through the grossness 
and blindness of her professors, and the fraud of deceiv- 
able traditions, drag so downward as to backslide one way 
into the Jewish beggary of old cast rudiments, and 
stumble forward another way,” &c.— Milton: Of Ref. in 
Eng., bk. 1. 

back-sll'd-er, s. [Eng. backslid(e); -er.] One 
who slides back or declines from a spiritual or 
moral position formerly reached; an apostate. 

“Th e backslider in heart shall be filled with his own 
ways. . .”—Proverbs xiv. 14. 

back-sll'd-Ihg, pr.par., a., & s. [Backslide.] 

A. & B. As present participle db participial adj.: 
In senses corresponding to those or the verb. 

“ . . . 0 backsliding daughter . . Jer . xlix. 4. 

u . . . backsliding Israel . . .”— Jer. iii. 6 , 8 . 

C. As substantive: 

fl. Lit.: A sliding backward. (Rare or unused.) 

2 . Declension from a spiritual or moral position 
formerly reached. 

“. . . because their transgressions are many, and 
their backslidings are increased.”— Jer. v. 6 . 

“. . . I will heal your backslidings.” — Jer. iii. 22. 

back'-slld-ing-ness, s. [Eng. backsliding; 
-ness.] The quality of backsliding. 

back'-Staff, s. [Eng. back; staff; the word back 
being used because the observer had to stand with 
his back to the sun.] An instrument invented by 
Captain Davies, about A. D. 1590, for taking the 
altitude of the sun at sea. It consisted of two con¬ 
centric arcs and three vanes. The arc of the longer 
radius was 30°, and thatof the shorter one60°; thus 
both together constituted 90°. It is now obsolete, 
being superseded by the quadrant. [Quadrant.] 

back-sta ir (pi. back-sta'ir§), s. & a. [Eng. 

back; stairs .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: In the sing., a stair; in the plur., stairs 
a. the back of a house, whether inside of it or 
outside. 

2. Fig.: Circuitous, and perhaps not very repu¬ 
table means of benefiting a friend or gaining a 
personal object. 

“ I condemn the practice which hath lately crept into 
the court at the backstairs, that some pricked for sheriffs 
get out of the bill.”— Bacon. 

B. As adjective {fig.): Conducted by the route 
of the backstairs; tortuous, not straightforward. 
[Backstairs-influence.] 

backstairs-influence, s. Influence exerted 
secretly, as in obtaining for one an office to which 
he is not entitled by merit. 

back’-stay§, s. [Eng. back; stays.] Stays or 
ropes which prevent the masts of a ship from being 
wrenched from their places. 

back -stitch, s. A stitch made by going back over 
a former one. 

back -stone, s. [Eng. bake, A. S. bacan; stone.] 
The heated stone or iron on which oat-cake is 
baked. # (Scotch and North of England.) 

“As nimble as a cat on a hot backstone.”—Yorkshire 
Proverb. 

back -stop, s. The same as Longstop (q. v.). 
back -string, s. [Eng. back; string.] One of 
the strings tied behind a young girl to keep her 
pinafore in its proper place. 

“ Even misses, at whose age their mothers wore 
The backstring and the bib.”— Cowper: Task, bk. iv. 

back-sword (w silent), s. [Eng. back; sword.] 

1 . A sword with one sharp edge. 

“Bull dreaded not old Lewis at backsword.” — Arbuth- 
not. 

2. A stick with a basket handle, used in rustic 
amusements. [Basket-hilt.] 

back-ward, *back'-warde, *bak'-ward, 
back -ward§, adv ., a., & s. [Eng. back; - ward, or 
-tvards.] 

A. As adverb: 

I. Of place: 

1 . With the back intentionally, turned in the 
direction toward which one is moving. 

“ . . . but I did not see a place where any one 
might not have walked over backward, . . .”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World , ch. xv. 

2. So that the body naturally moves in the direc¬ 
tion toward which one's back is situated. Upon 
the back, or tending thereto; downward, upon the 
back. 

“ . . . he foil from off the seat backward by the side 
of the gate, and his neck brake, . . .”—1 Samuel iv. 18. 


356 

3. Toward the back. (Used not of the whole 
body, but of part of it.) 

“ In leaping with weights, the arms are first cast back¬ 
ward, and then forward with so much the greater force; 
for the hands go backward before they take their rise.” 
— Bacon. 

4. In the direction opposite that in which a per¬ 
son or thing has been moving, so as to convert a 
forward into a retrograde movement; regressively 
retrogressively. 

“The foremost, who rush on his strength but to die: 

Thus against the wall they went., 

Thus the first were backward bent.” 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth, 53. 

“ Are not the rays of light, in passing by the edges and 
sides of bodies, bent several times backward and forward 
with a motion like that of an eel?”— Newton. 

5. Back to or toward the place whence a person 
came, so as to compel retreat. Also to the person 
or place whence a thing came. 

(a) Of persons: 

“We might have met them dareful, beard to beard, 
And beat them backward home.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 5. 

(b) Of things: 

“ Amendments and reasons were sent backward and 
forward.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

“ How under our feet the long, white road, 

Backward like a river flowed.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend , iv. 

II. Of time: 

1. Toward bygone times. 

“ To prove the possibility of a thing, there is no argu¬ 
ment equal to that which looks backward, for what 
has been done or suffered may certainly be dons or suf¬ 
fered again.”— South. 

2 . In bygone times ; past ; ago. 

“ They have spread one of the worst languages in the 
world, if we look upon it some reigns backward .” — 
Locke. 

III. More figuratively: 

1. Reflexively. Used of the mind turned upon 
itself. 

“ No, doubtless ; for the mind can backward cast 
Upon herself her understanding light.” 

Sir J. Davies. 

2. So as to fail in an endeavor; into failure, into 
foolishness, or into fools. 

“ . . . let them be driven backward and put to shame 
that wish me evil.”— Ps. xl. 14. 

“ That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, and maketh 
diviners mad; thatturneth wise men backward, and mak¬ 
eth their knowledge foolish.”— Isaiah xliv. 25. 

3. From what is good toward what is bad. Spec., 
so as to lose moral or spiritual attainments already 
made. 

“ But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear, but 
walked in the counsels and in the imagination of their 
evil heart, and went backward, and not forward.”— Jer'e- 
miah vii. 24. (See also xv. 6.) 

4. In aperverse manner; with an intellectual or 
moral twist, or with both. 

“ I never yet saw man, 

But she would spell him backward; if fair-fac’d, 

She’d swear the gentleman should be her sister ; 

If black, why nature, drawing of an antic, 

Made a foul blot: if tall, a lance ill-headed.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, iii. 1. 

“ And judgment is turned away backward, and justice 
standeth afar off : for truth is fallen in the street, and 
equity cannot enter.”— Isaiah lix. 14. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Late in point of time. Applied to flowers, 
fruits, &c., expected to come to maturity at a cer¬ 
tain season of the year. 

2. Behind in progress. Applied to mental or other 
attainments, to institutions which have not kept 
pace with the times, &c. 

“ Yet, backward as they are, and long have been.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

“ In a very backward state of society, like that of 
Europe in tho middle ages, . . .”— J. S. Mill: Polit . 
Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. x., § 3. 

3. Of dull comprehension; slow. 

“It often falls out, that the backward learner makes 
amends another way.”— South. 

“ Nor are the slave-owners generally backward in learn¬ 
ing this lesson.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. ii., 
ch. v., § 1. 

4. Averse to; unwilling. 

(a) From indolence. 

“ The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of 
weighing every argument.”— Watts. 

(b) From not having attained to complete convic¬ 
tion of the expediency of doing what is proposed. 

“ All things are ready, if our minds be so: 

Perish the man, whose mind is backward now !” 

Shakesp.: Henry V. iv. 3. 

“ Our mutability makes the friends of our nation back¬ 
ward to engage with us in alliances.”— Addison. 


(c) From possessing the strong convict ion that; 
what is proposed is detrimental. 

“ Cities laid waste, they storm’d the dens and caves; 

For wiser brutes are backward to be slaves.”— Pope. 

C. As substantive: The space behind or tlis time 
which has gone by. 

“ What seest thou else 
In the dark backward or abysm of time?” 

Shakesp.: Tempos*, i. 2. 

back-ward-a -tion, s. [Eng. backward; -aiion.] 
On the Stock Exchange: A consideration given 
to keep back the delivery of stock when the price* 
is lower for time than for ready money, 
back -ward-ly, adv. [Eng. backward; - ly .] 

I. Lit. : In a backward direction. 

‘Like Numid lions by the hunters chas’d, 

Though they do fly, yet backwardly do go 
With proud aspect, disdaining greater haste.” 

II. Figuratively : Sidney: Arcadia, bk. i. 

1. In a backward manner; with an indisposition 1 ; 
to come to the front, or if brought thither, then, 
with a tendency to retreat; reluctantly, unwillingly. 

2. Short of what might have been expected, or is 
due; perversely. 

“ I was the first man 
That e’er receiv’d gift from him: 

And does he think so backwardly of me, 

That I’ll requite it last.” 

Shakesp.: Timon, iii. 3. 

back-ward-ness, s. [Eng. backward; -ness.% 
The quality of being backward. 

1. Of persons: Reluctance ; unwillingness; hesi¬ 
tancy to remain on the foreground of action, or to> 
come to the front and undertake action at all. 

“ The thing by which we are apt to excuse our backward^ 
ness to good works, is the ill success that hath been 
observed to attend well-designing charities.”— Aitcrbury „ 

2. Of things: The state of remaining behind th©' 
development which might have been expected ah 
the time; lateness. The opposite of forwardness- 
ox precocity. 

back -ward§, adv. [Backward.] 
back -wa ter, s. [Eng. back (adv.), and water. ] 
1. Gen.: Water in a stream which, meeting with 
some impediment in its progress, is thrown back¬ 
ward. 

“ . . . Mr. Temple, on reaching the backwater of a 

river which had been quite shallow in the morning, found 
it ten feet deep.”— Reader, vol. ii., No. 47: November 21, 
1863. 

2 Spec.: Water in a mill-race thrown back by th©- 
turning of a waterwheel, by the overflow of the- 
river below, or by ice, that it cannot flow forward. 

back-wpod § 3 s. [Eng. back; woods.] Woody 
districts in thinly settled regions of the United. 
States and Canada. 

back-wood^ -m3,n, s. [En g.back; ivoods; man.] 
One whose residence is in the wooded parts of 
North America, and who has acquired the charac¬ 
teristics which fit him for the situation in which h© 
is placed. (Byron.) 

back -worm, s. [Eng. back, and worm.] .V small, 
worm found in a hawk’s body near the kidneys 
when the animal is laboring from disease. [Fil- 
ANDER.] 

ba -con, *ba -coun, *ba -cun, s. [From O. Fr. &. 
Prov. bacon. In O. Dut. bake, bcec= ham; O. H. 
Ger. backe (accus. backen); Low Lat. baco, bacco y 
bacho=a. bacon hog, ham, salt pork. Some connect 
tie word with beechen— fed on beech-mast.] 

1. Lit. : A term applied to the sides of a pig which 
have been cured or preserved by salting with salt 
and saltpeter, and afterward drying with or -with¬ 
out wood-smoke. By the old process of rubbing in 
the saline mixture, the curing occupied from three 
to four months. The method now generally adopted 
on a large scale is to place the prepared flitches in 
a fluid pickle. The pickling, drying, and snaoking- 
now occupy not more chan six weeks. Bacon may 
be called the poor as well as the rich man’s food. 
By the former it is prized as a necessary of life; by 
the latter, for its exquisite flavor. The nitrogenous 
or flesh-forming matter in bacon is small, one poun$ 
of bacon yielding less than one ounce of dry mus¬ 
cular substance, while the amount of carbon 
compounds, or heat-givers, is large, exceeding sixty 
per cent. Its digestibility, however, owing to th© 
large proportion of fat it contains, is not less than 
that of beef or mutton. 

“High o’er the hearth a chine of bacon hung; 

Good old Philemon seiz’d it with a prong, 

Then cut a slice.”— Dryden. 

2. Fig.: One’s own person. (Used in the sub¬ 
joined phrase.) 

To save one's bacon: To save one’s self from sus¬ 
taining bodily injury. The expression was bor¬ 
rowed, according to Dr. Johnson, from the care 
shown by housewives, in the unsettled times, of 
which happily we now know so little, to preserve 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 




Baconian 


357 


badger 


the bacon, which formed the most valuable part of 
tneir store o. provisions, from being carried off by 
soldiers on the march. 

Ba co -ni-a.il, a. [From Eng. Bacon; -tan. See 
■def ] Pertaining or relating to Francis Bacon, 
Lord Yerulam, who was born on January 22, 1561, 
was created Baron Verulam on July 11, 1618, pub¬ 
lished his Novum Organon in 1620, and died on 
April 9, 1826. 

Baconian philosophy. The inductive philos¬ 
ophy of which it is sometimes said that Lord Bacon 
•was the founder; This, however, is an exaggerated 
■statement. What Lord Bacon did for this mode of 
ratiocination was to elucidate and systematize it; 
to point out its great value, and to bring it prom¬ 
inently before men’s notice; lending it the support 
of his great name at a time when most of his con¬ 
temporaries were satisfied with the barren logic of 
the schools. The great triumphs of modern science 
have arisen from a resolute adherence on the part 
of its votaries to the Baconian method of inquiry. 
[A Posteriori, Induction, Inductive.] 

bac-ter -l-a, s. Plural of Bacterium (q. v.). 

bae ter'-I-al, a. [Eng. bacteri{a); - ah] Per¬ 
taining to, or caused by bacteria. 

bac-ter-I-ol -6-gist,,s. [Eng. bacteriolog(y) ;-ist,] 
One skilled in bacteriology 

bac-ter-i-ol-o-gy, s. [Eng. bacteri(a) ;-ology.] 
That branch of biology that treats of bacteria. 

bac-ter T-um, s. (PL, Bacteria). [Ur .bakterion, 
from baktron=n rod.] A microscopic organism of 
■various forms and shapes. Rod-shaped bacteria are 
specifically termed bacilli, those which are curved 
-or twisted, spirai-like, are called spirilli, and those 
which are spherical are termed cocci , which, where 
found single, are known as monococci; diplococci are 
those which grow in pairs, streptococci those which 
form chains, and staphylococci those which appear 
in clusters. The bacteria are so very small that 
many millions are necessary to cover a space as 'arge 
-as a pin’s head. They multiply rapidly under favora¬ 
ble conditions as to temperature and nourishment, 
and a single bacterium can produce within 24 hours 
many millions of new ones. Their nourishment 
consists of albuminous substances, which they 
convert into complex chemical compounds, many 
-of which are highly poisonous. These poisons are 
called toxins, and a very minute quantity is suffi¬ 
cient to produce destructive changes in the blood 
And tissue of man and animal, causing various dis¬ 
eases and death. The study of the chemistry of 
bacteria has shown that many of them do not grow 
upon living matter, but will flourish upon decom¬ 
posing and putrefying substances, e c peciaily those 
which will only multiply in animal tissue, and _iu 
combination with' certain mineral or vegetable acids 
form definite chemical compounds, some of which 
resemble the vegetable alkaloids, not alone in their 
basic properties, but also in their poisonous char¬ 
acter. These products are termed ptomaines. 
[Ptomaine.] See Germ Theory. 

bac-tris, s. [From Gr. baktron = a staff, also a 
cudgel, a club. The genus is so called because the 
species which it contains are made into walking- 
sticks.] A genus of Palms (Palmacese), of the sec¬ 
tion Gocoinse. The species, which are about forty 
in number, are slender in form, only about the 
height of a man in stature, and so armed with 
thorns that wnen growing together they constitute 
an impenetrable thicket. They are found in the 
West Indies in Brazil, and the parts adjacent. Bac- 
tris major, t v Greater Bactris, lias a large nut with 
a solid kernel, eaten in Carthagena, in South Amer¬ 
ica, of which the species is a native. B. minor, or 
Lesser B^ccris, also from South America, has a 
dark-purnle fruit about as large as a cherry, with 
an acid .trice, which is made into wine. It is spe¬ 
cially f>om this species that me walking-sticks 
mentioned above are obtained. They are some¬ 
times imported from Jamaica under the name of 
Tobago canes. 

bac' die, s. [Fr. bascule= see-saw, . . . weigh¬ 
bridge ] 

Fort:- : A kind of portcullis or gate made like a 
pitfaU, with a counterpoise, and supported by two 
large stakes. It is usually erected before the corps 
de gard, not far from the gate of a place. 

ba-A -u-lIte (Eng.), s. & a.; bac-u-11 -te§ (Mod. 
Lai a, s. [In Ger. baculit. From Lat. baculum or 
baculus= a stick, and -ite—G r. lithos= a stone.] 

A- As substantive. (Chiefly of the form Baculites.) 

Palceont. : A genus of chambered shells belonging 
to the family Ammonitidse. From the typical genus, 
Ammonites, it is at once distinguished by the form 
of the shell, which is long and straight. The aper¬ 
ture is guarded by a dorsal process. In 1875, seven¬ 
teen species were known, all fossil. They extend 
from the Neocomian to the Chalk, and occur in 
Great Britain, France, and India. There is a sub¬ 
genus called Baculina, with two known species from 
the French Neocomian rocks. (Tate.) 


B. As adjective. (Of the form Baculite.) 

Geol.: Containing numerous specimens of Bacu¬ 
lites. 

Baculite limestone: A name applied to the chalk 
of Normandy on account of the abundance of 
baculites which it contains. ( Woodward: Manual 
of the Mollusca, 1851, p. 97.) 

bac-u-lom'-et-ry, s. [Lat. baculum, baculus —a 
stick; Gr. mCr/ron=n measure.] The act or process 
of measuring a distance by means of a stick or 
rod. ( Glossog. Nova.) 

bac u-lum, accus. of Lat. s. [Accus. of Lat. 
baculus , or baculum ^a staff.] 

Humorously. Argumentum ad baculum. [Argu- 
mentum.] 

bad , badde, a. & s. [Etym. doubtful. Horne 
Tooke thinks it the pa. par. of bay —to bark at, to 
villify. Junius derives it from Goth. 6a«£7is=insipid; 
Johnson from “ quaad ” (the best spelling is kwaad) 
=bad; Richardson from the pa. par. of A. S. 
beaten —to beat; Webster from Pers. 7ntd=bad, 
evil, depraved (in Hind, also bud is=bad). Mahn 
and Wedgwood, adopting Webster’s view, add also 
the cognate words, Dut. 6oos=wicked, evil, angry; 
Ger. b<3se=bad; O. H. Ger. bbsi, pdsi. In A. S. bad 
is=a pledge, a thing distrained; and beado is— 
battle, war, slaughter, both things bad in one point, 
of view: while in the Semitic tongues, as pointed 
out by Webster, Arab, bada and Heb. dbcld, Chal., 
Syr., and Sam. ai>ad is=to perish; and in the active 
conjugation, to destroy.] 

A. As adjective: The opposite of good; a word of 
very general application, signifying whatever per¬ 
son or thing is so exceedingly inferior to the average 
of his or its class as to require a positive word to 
express the notable deficiency. 

I. Of persons: 

1. Morally depraved. 

“ Thou may’st repent, 

And one bad act, "with many deeds well done, 
May’st cover.”— Milton. 

2. Very inferior in intellectual characteristics, as 
in skill, knowledge, &c. 

“In every age there will be twenty bad writers to one 
good one; and every bad writer will think himself a good 
one.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

3. With marked physical defects. 

*4. Sick. (Followed by of.) 

“Bad of a, fever.”— Johnson. 

II. Of things: 

1. Notably deficient in that which constitutes 
excellence in the thing specified. Thus a bad road 
is one rough, muddy, stony, or with other evil 
qualities; bad weather is weather unsuitable for 
out-door exercise and for agricultural labor, &c. 
Bad sight is sight much beneath the average in 
power of defining objects with clearness; a bad 
coin is one in some way debased, so as not to be 
worth the sum for which one attempts to pass it 
current. 

2. Pernicious, hurtful; producing noxious effects. 
(Followed by for.) 

“ Reading was bad for his eyes; writing made his head 
ake.”— Addison. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Of persons: Wicked people. 

“ Our unhappy fates 

Mix thee amongst the bad, . . — Prior. 

II. Of things: 

1. That which is bad or evil. 

“. . . Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob either 

good or bad.”—Genesis xxxi. 24. 

2. Badness, wickedness; a wicked, vicious, or cor¬ 
rupt state. 

“Thus will the latter, as the former, world 
Still tend from bad to worse.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 

bad-dam, s. A species of bitter almond from 
Persia. It is used in India as money. 

bad-hearted, a. Having a bad heart; having 
bad hearts. 

„ . his low-minded and bad-hearted foes.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

*bad, pret. of verb. [Bade.] 

bade, bade, *bad , pret. of verb. [Bid.] 

“ But bade them farewell, . . . ”—Acts xviii. 21. 

badge, *bagge, *bage (Eng.), bad -gle, bau- 
gle (Scotch), s. [In the Anglo-Saxon heap is=a 
crown,’ and beah=a bracelet, a neck-ring, a lace, 
garland, or crown; Dut. bag =a pendant, an ear¬ 
drop. a ring; Fr. bague =a ring; Lat. bacca— . . . 
the link of a chain. Skinner, Minsheu, Mahn, &c., 
connect badge with these words. Mahn admits the 
affinity of badge to the A. S. beag and beah, and 
adds as cognate words, Fries. 6eac/e=bandage; Low 
Lat. bauga, bauca, boga= bracelet, and bagia, bagea 
=sign. Webster ventures on no hypothesis; John¬ 


son believes it to be from Lat. hajulo=ta carry a 
heavy burden ; and Wedgwood, with some misgiv¬ 
ing, makes it one of a group with botch and patch.'] 
[Badge, v.] (See example.) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: A mark or cognizance worn on the dress 
to show the relation of the wearer to any person or 
thing. [B., Her.] 

“Yet now I spy, by yonder stone, 

Five men—they mark us, and come on; 

And by their badge on bonnet borne, 

I guess them of the land o,f Lorn.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, iii. IS. 

“He wore the garter, a badge of honor which has very 
seldom been conferred on aliens who were not sovereign 
princes.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. That by which any person, or any class or rank 
of men, is conspicuously and characteristically 
marked out. 

“Furthermore, he made two changes with respect to the 
chief badge of the consular power.”— Lewis: Early Bom. 
Hist., ch. xii., pt. i., § 4. 

“ The outward splendor of his office is the badge and 
token of that 6acred character which he inwardly bears.” 

Atterbury. 

2. A characteristic mark or token by which any¬ 
thing is known. 

“ To clear this spot by death at least I give 
A badge of fame to slander’s livery.” 

Rape of Lucrece, 1053, 4. 

“ Sweet mercy is nobility’s true badge.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., i. 2. 

B. Her.: A cognizance. [Cognizance.] A mark 
of distinction somewhat similar to a crest, but not 
placed on a wreath, nor worn upon the helmet. 
Princes, noblemen, and other gentlemen of rank 
had formerly, and still retain distinctive badges. 
Thus, the broom-plant ( Planta genista) was the 
badge of the royal house of Plantagenet, a red rose 
that of the line of Lancaster, and a white one that 
of the line of York. The four kingdoms, or old 
nationalties, the union of 
which constitutes the home 
portion of the British em¬ 
pire, and the nucleus of the 
rest, have each a distinct 
royal badge. These were form¬ 
ally settled by sign-manual 
in 1801, and are the following: 

For England: A white rose 
within a red one, barbed, 
seeded, slipped, leaved 
proper, and ensigned with 
the imperial crown. For Scot¬ 
land: A thistle, slipped and 
leaved proper, and ensigned 
with the imperial crown. For 
Ireland: A harp, or stringed 
argent, and a trefoil vert, 
both ensigned with the imperial crown. For Wales: 
Upon a mount vert, a dragon passant, with wings 
expanded and endorsed, gules. (Gloss, of Her¬ 
aldry.) Formerly those who possessed badges had 
them embroidered on the sleeves of their servants 
and retainers [Retainers], and even yet the prac¬ 
tice is not extinct. 

The liistory of the changes which badges have 
undergone is interesting. In the time of Henry IY. 
the terms livery and badge seem to have been syn¬ 
onymous. [Livery.] A badge consisted of the mas¬ 
ter’s device, crest, or arms on a separate piece of 
cloth, or sometimes on silver in the form of a 
shield, fastened to the left sleeve. In Queen Eliza¬ 
beth’s reign the nobility placed silver badges on 
their servants. The sleeve badge was left off in the 
reign of James I., but its remains are still preserved 
in the dresses of porters, firemen, and water-men, 
and possibly in the shoulder-knots of footmen. 
During the period when badges were worn the coat 
to which they were affixed was, as a rule, blue, and 
the blue coat and badge still may be seen on parish 
and hospital boys. (Douce: Illustrations of Shake¬ 
speare, 1839. pp. 205-7.) 

badge, v. t. [From the substantive.] To invest 
with, or designate by, a badge ; to blotch, to daub. 

“ Their hands and faces were all badg’d with blood ; 

So were their daggers.” Shakesp: Macbeth, ii. 3. 

badge'-less, a. [Eng. badge; dess.] Destitute 
of a badge. 

“While his light heels their fearful flight can take, 

To get some badgeless blue upon his baek.” 

Bp. Hall: Sat., iv. 5. 

bad-ger, bad-geard, *bag-eard, s. [Fr. blai~ 
reau— a badger; O. Fr. bladier=<\ corn dealer, Low 
Lat. bladarellus= a little corn-dealer; bladarius, 
bladerius=a corn-dealer, a badger, from bladum, 
bladus, blada= com, which the badger was evi¬ 
dently believed to carry away.] 



Badge of Arthur, 
Prince of Wales. 
(1500.) 


»6il, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f. 
-cia'n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion ~ shun; -tion, -§ion - zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d?L 











baffle 


badger-baiting 


358 


*A. Of persons: A person who bought corn or 
other provisions in one place and carried them to 
another, with the view of making profit on the 
transaction. [Badgering.] 

“Some exemption ought not to extend to badgers, or 
those who carry on a trade of buying of corn or grain, 
selling it again without manufacturing, or of other 
goods unmanufactured to sell the same again.”— Nicolson 
and Burn: Hist, of Cumberland, p. 312. 

B. Of animals (believed to carry off corn in the 
same manner as the persons now described). 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. A mammalian' animal found in America and 
Europe. It stands intermediate between the wea¬ 
sels and the bears, and was called by Linneeus Ursus 
meles, but is termed by modern naturalists Meles 
vulgaris. [Meles. 1 It is a nocturnal and hiber¬ 
nating animal, with powerful claws, which enable 
it to burrow in the ground. It feeds chiefly on 
roots. It can bite fiercely when brought to bay. It 
is of a light color above, and dark beneath. It 
secretes an oily matter of a very offensive odor. 
Country people speak of a dog and a hog badger, 
but they are not distinct even as varieties. 

“ That a brock, or badger, hath legs of one side shorter 
than the other, is received not only by theorists and inex¬ 
perienced believers, but most who behold them daily.”— 
Browne. 

2. The English designation of the genus Meles, 
which contains one or two other species. 

II. Technically: 

1. Her. The badger is often introduced in heraldic 
blazonry: it is sometimes called a “brock” (see 
example under B., I. 1), and sometimes a gray. 
{Gloss, of Her.) 

2. The Badger of Scripture^eh. tachhash, has not 
been identified with certainty. The Septuagint 
translators render the Heb. tachhash, not by a sub¬ 
stantive, but by the adjective huakinthina=h.ya- 
cinthine, hyacinth-colored: as, however, the word 
is at times used in the plural, it cannot be an adjec¬ 
tive. It is probably an animal, but which is far 
from determined. Gesenius thinks it the seal or 
badger itself; the Talmud an animal like a weasel 
or marten ; Col. Hamilton Smith a kind of antelope, 
such as the tachmotse, tacasse, or pacasse of East¬ 
ern Africa. Other opinions make it a dolphin or a 
sea-cow, or a dugong, or a halicore, or a kind of 
hyaena. Such diversities of opinion make darkness 
visible instead of removing it. 

“ And thou shalt make a covering for the tent of ram’s 
skins dyed red, and a covering above of badgers’ skins.”— 
Exodus xxvi. 14. 

Cape-badger. [Hyrax.] 

Honey-badger: A name sometimes given to the 
ratel. [Ratel.] 

Pouched-badger: The English name of a genus of 
Marsupial Mammalia. [Parameles.] 

Rock-badger: The rendering in Griffith’s Cuvier 
of Klep-daassie, the name given by the Dutch colo¬ 
nists at the Cape of Good Hope to the Hyrax of 
Southern Africa. ( Griffith: Cuv., vol. iii.,p. 429.) 

badger-baiting, s. A so-called “sport” of a 
cruel character — the setting of dogs to fight a 
badger and attempt to draw it from its hole. 

badger-colored, a. Colored like a badger (an 
epithet applied by Cowper to a cat). 

"A beast forth sallied on the scout, 

Long-back’d, long-tail’d, with whisker’d snout. 

An d badger-color’d hide.” 

Cowper: Mrs. Throckmorton’s Bullfinch. 
badger-legged, a. Having legs like those of a 
badger; having legs of unequal length, as those of 
the badger are popularly supposed to be. (See the 
example from Browne, under B., 1.1.) 

“His body crooked all over, big-bellied, badger-legged, 
and his complexion swarthy.”— VEstrange. 

badger’s-bane, s. The name of a plant. ( Aeon - 
Hum meloctonum). 

bad’-ger, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
worry, to tease, to annoy like a badger baited by 
dogs. ( Colloquial .) 
bad'-gered, pa. par. [Badger, v.] 
bad -gcr-Ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Badger, «.] 

A. & B. Aspr. par. & participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive : 

The act of teasing, tormenting, or worrying; or 
the state of being teased, tormented, or worried 
like a badger whom dogs are attempting to “ draw.” 

bad'-gie, s. [Badge.] 

bad-I-a-ga, s. [Russ, badyaga.] A genus of 
sea-weeds belonging to the family or section Am- 
phibolse. There is a species common in the north of 
Europe, the powder of which is used to take away 
the livid marks left by bruises. 

IT Badiaga was considered by Linnaeus a sponge, 
and by others a fungus. 


ba-di-a'-ne, rbad'-i- an, s. [From Fr. badiane, 
badian; Ger. badian. Maim thinks it is from Lat. 
badius =brown, the capsules being of this color.] 
[Badioos.] A tree ( Illicium anisatum), belonging 
to the order Magnoliaceae (Magnoliads). It is 
called Star Anise, or Chinese Anise. The designa¬ 
tion star refers to the fact that the fruit is stellate 
in shape, and it is designated anise from its possess¬ 
ing a pungent aromatic flavor and smell, like that 
of anise. Its native land is China, where it is used, 
as it is also in the countries adjacent, as a condi¬ 
ment in food, small quantities of it being also 
chewed after dinner. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

bad-I-er -a, s. [From Badier, a French botanist, 
who collected plants in the Antilles.] A genus of 
plants belonging to the order Polygalacea?. Badiera 
diversifolia is the Bastard Lignum Vitae of Jamaica. 
b<j,-dxg'-e-6n, s. [In Fr .badigeon.] 

1. Among Statuaries : A mixture of plaster and 
freestone ground together and sifted; used to fill 
the small holes and repair the defects in the stones 
to be sculptured. 

2. Among Joiners: A mixture of sawdust and 
glue, used to remove or conceal defects in the work 
done. 

bad'-ln age, s. [Fr. badinage; from badiner— 
to play; hadwi=playful.] Light, jesting, sportive, 
playful discourse. 

“ When you find your antagonist beginning to grow 
warm, put an end to the dispute by some genteel badin¬ 
age.”—Lord Chesterfield. 

*bad-in’-e-rle, s. [From Fr. badinerie.] The 
same as Badinage (q. v.). 

“ The fund of sensible discourse is limited; that of jest 
and badinerie is infinite.”— Shenstone. 

ba'-di-ous, a. [Lat. 6a<Jiw.s=brown and chestnut 
colored (used only of horses). In Fr. 6ot=bay, light 
brown, bay-colored: Sp. bayo; Port. A Ital. baio. 1 
[Bat, a.] 

Nat. Science: Chestnut-brown, dull brown, a 
little tinged with red. 

ba-dls -ter, s. [Gr. badistes=a walker, a goer; 
badizo= to walk or go slowly.] A genus of predatory 
beetles belonging to the family Harpalidee. Three or 
or more species are found in Great Britain, the best 
known being Badisterbipustulatus, which, Stephens 
says, is a common insect throughout the metropoli¬ 
tan district, abounding during the winter months 
beneath the bark of felled trees. 

bad’-ly, *bad'-del-iche (che guttural), adv. 
[Eng. bad; -ly.) 

I. Gen.: Like something bad; in a bad manner; 
evilly. 

II. Specially: 

1. Unskillfully. 

“ It is well known what has been the effect in England 
of badly-administered poor laws, . . .”— J, s. Mill: 

Polit. Bcon., vol. i., bk. i., ch. xii., § 3. 

2. Imperfectly; with notable deficiency of some 
kind. 

“. . . badly armed . . ."—Arnold: Hist. Rome, vol. 
iii., ch. xliii. 

3. Seriously, grievously, disastrously. 

“ K. John. How goes the day with us? Oh, tell me. 
Hubert. 

Hubert. Badly, I fear. How fares your Majesty?” 

Shakesp.: King John, V, 3. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between badly and 
ill: “These terms are both employed to modify the 
actions or qualities of things, but badly is al¬ 
ways annexed to the action, and ill to the quality: 
as to do anything badly, the thing is badly done; an 
t7Z-judged scheme, an iZZ-contrived measure, an ill- 
disposed person.”— {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

*bad -lyfig, s. [Bddling.] 
bad'-ness, s. [En g. bad; -ness.'] The quality or 
state of being bad in any of the senses of that word. 

“The traveling was very tedious, both from the badness 
of the roads, and from the number of great fallen trees 
. . .”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xiv. 

“It was not your brother’s evil disposition made him 
seek his death; but a provoking merit, set at word by a 
reprovable badness in himself.”— Shakesp.: Lear, iii. 5. 

ba'-doch, s. [Scotch.] A gull, the Arctic Skua 
(Cataractes parasiticus). (Scotch.) 
bad-ran§, s. [Baudrans.] 
bae, s. [Baa, s.] (Scotch.) 
bae, v. i. [Baa, v.) (Scotch.) 
bseck'-I-g., s.^ [From Abraham Bseck, physician 
to the King of Sweden, and a correspondent of Lin¬ 
naeus.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Myrtacese, or Myrtle-blooms. A few have been 
introduced into American gardens from Australia 
and China. 

*bsed'-llng (0. Eng.), *bad'-lyng (0. Scotch), s. 
A. S. be -dling—a lazy fellow given to lying in bed; 
rom &cedcZ=bed.] 


1. An effeminate, lazy person, of the kind referred 
to by St. Paul in 1 Corinthians, vi. 9. 

2. A low scoundrel. 

b33-om'-y-$e§, s. [Gr. 6aios=small, and mukes— 
musnroom fungus.] A genus of lichens much 
resembling minute fungi. Boeomyces roseus, or Rosy, 
and B. rufus, or Rufous. 

ba-e -tis, s. [Lat. B act is.) A genus of insects 
belonging to the order Neuroptera and the family 
Ephemeridae. They have four wings and two setae. 

baff, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A blow, bang, 
heavy thump. 

“. . . they durstna on ony errand whatsoever gang 
ower the door-stane after gloaming, for fear John Heath- 
erblutter, or some siccan dare-the-de’il, should tak a 
buff at them . . .”— Scott: Waverley, ch. lxxi. 

*baf fe, *baf-fen, *baf'-f^n, v. i. [In Dut. baffen 
=to bark, to yelp; Low Lat. baffo —to bark.] To 
yell as hounds. 

“ Baffyn as howndys; Baulo, baffo, latru.” — Prompt, 
Parv. 

“ Baffyn as houndes after their prey: Nieto." — (Ibid.) 

baf-fe-tas, baf-tas, bas-tas, s. [In Ger. 
baftas. Possibly from Pers. 6a/fi=woven, wrought. 
(Mahn.)) A plain muslin brought from India. 

*baf-flnge, pr.par. &s. [Bajffe, v.] 

As substantive: Baffynge or bawlynge of hown¬ 
dys.” (Prompt. Parv.) 

baf-fle (fleasfel), *baf'-full, v.f.&i. [FromLow 
Scotch bauchle. In Fr. bafouer— to treat with deris¬ 
ion, to scoff at, to baffle; O. Fr. beffler, beffer; Sp. 
befar—to scoff, to jeer; Ital. beffare= to rally, to 
cheat, to over-reach. Comp. Dut. baffev^to bark, 
to yelp; Ger. baffen, bafzen— to yelp; Hind, befaida 
=to baffle.] 

A. Transitive. 

1. To subject to some public and degrading pun¬ 
ishment. (Used specially of a knight who had 
shown cowardice or violated his pledged alle¬ 
giance.) 

“And after all for greater infamie 
He by the heels him hung upon a tree, 

And bafful’d so, that all which passed by 
The picture of his punishment might see.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. vii. 27. 

“In this state I continued, ’till they hung me »p by th’ 
heels, and beat me wi’ hasle-sticks, as if they would have 
bak’d me. After this I railed and eat quietly; for the 
whole kingdom took notice of me for a baffled and whipped 
fellow .”—King and No King, ii. 2. 

2. To elude, to escape from, especially by artifice. 

“By wily turns, by desperate bounds, 

Had baffled Percy’s best bloodhounds.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 1L 

3. To thwart, to defeat in any other way. In this 
case the baffler and the baffled may be a man, one 
of the inferior animals, or a thing. 

“But, though the felon on his back could dare 
The dreadful leap, more rational, his steed 
Declined the death, and wheeling swiftly round. 

Or e’er his hoof had press’d the crumbling verge. 
Baffled his rider, saved against his will.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

“Across a bare wide common I was toiling 
With languid feet, which by the slippery ground 
Were baffled.” — Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i 

“ . . . a universe which, though it baffles the intel¬ 
lect, can elevate the heart, . . .”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., v. 105. 

“ . . . baffle the microscope.”— Ibid., xi. 306. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To practice deceit, with the view of eluding 
any being, person or thing. 

“Do we not palpably baffle, when, in respect to God, we 
pretend to deny ourselves, yet, upon urgent occasion, 
allow him nothing?”— Barrow: Works, i. 437. 

“To what purpose can it be to juggle and baffle fora 
time?”— Ibid., iii. 180. 

2. To struggle ineffectually against, as when a 
ship is said to baffle ineffectually with the winds. 

If (a) Wedgwood believes that there are two 
distinct verbs spelled baffle, which have been con¬ 
founded together. Under the one he would place 
the signification given above as No. 1, viz., to 
degrade, to insult. The second and third significa¬ 
tions of the transitive verb, and that ranked under 
the intransitive one, he would relegate to his 
second verb, of which the primary form was intrans¬ 
itive, signifying to act in an ineffective manner, 
and transitively to cause one to act in such a way. 
This second verb he connects with the Swiss baffeln 
=to chatter, to talk idly. (Wedgwood: Diet. Ena. 
Etym., 2d ed., p. 39.) 

IT (b) Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs 
to baffle, to defeat, to disconcert, and to confound: 
“ When applied to the derangement of the mind or 
rational faculties, baffle and defeat respect the 
powers of argument, disconcert and confound the 
thoughts and feelings. Baffle expresses less than 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, •what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thfire; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine! go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. ' qu = kw 




baffle 


359 


defeat, disconcert less than confound. A person is 
baffled m argument who is for the time discom¬ 
posed and silenced by the superior address of liis 
opponent: he is defeated in argument if his oppo¬ 
nent has altogether the advantage of him in 
strength of reasoning and justness of sentiment. 
A person is disconcerted who loses his presence of 
niind for a moment, or has his feelings any way 
discomposed; he is confounded when the powers 
or thought and consciousness become torpid or 
vanish. “When applied to the derangement of 
plans, baffle expresses less than defeat; defeat less 
than confound; and disconcert less than all. 
Obstinacy, perseverance, skill, or art baffles; force 
or violence defeats; awkward circumstances discon- 
cert ,* the visitation of God confounds . When wicked 
men strive to obtain their ends, it is a happy thing 
when their adversaries have sufficient skill and 
address to baffle all their arts, and sufficient power 
to defeat all their projects; but sometimes when 
our best endeavors fail in our own behalf, the 
devices of men are confounded by the interposition 
of Heaven.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

baf'-fle (fle=fel), s. [From the verb.] A defeat. 
“It is the skill of the disputant that keeps off a baffle.”— 
South. 

“ The authors having missed of their aims, are fain to 
retreat with a frustration and a baffle.” — Ibid. 

baf'-fled (fled=f$ld), *baf-fuld, pa.par. [Baf¬ 
fle, v.] 

“ Say, was it thus, with such a baffled mien 
You met the approaches of the Spartan queen?” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. iii., 69, 70. 

“ And, by the broad imperious Mole repell’d, 

Hark! how the baffled storm indignant roars.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

baff -ler, s. [Eng. baffl(e); -er.] He who or that 
which baffles, humiliates, thwarts, or defeats a 
person, or completely overcomes a thing. 

“ Experience, that great baffler of speculation, . . .” 
—Government of the Tongue. 

baff -ling, pr. par. & a. [Baffle, u.] 

Naut. A baffling wind: One which frequently 
shifts from one point of the compass to another. 

tbaff-ling-ly, adv. [Eng. baffling; - ly .] In a 
baffling manner. 

tbaff -lmg-ness, s. [Eng. baffling; -ness.] The 
quality of baffling. 

*baf -fiild, pa. par. [Baffled.] 
baft, s. A species of blue or white cotton used 
in the India trade. The word is Persian. 

bag, *bagge, s. [From Gael, bag, balg=a bag; 
baq=a bag, a big belly ; bolg= a pair of bellows, a 
quiver, a blister, a big belly; builg= to bubble, to 
blister; Wol. balleg=a purse; Norm. Fr. bage= a 
bag, a coffer; Low Lat. baga= a coffer. In A. S. 
boelg, bcelig, bylig, belg—a bulge, budget, bag, purse, 
belly ; Ger. balg= a skin, the paunch, a pair of bel¬ 
lows ; Goth. balgs= a skin, a pouch; Dan. half—a 
sheath, a scabbard.] [Bella, Bulge.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Of sacks, pouches, or anything similar manu¬ 
factured by art: 

1. A pouch or small sack, made usually of cloth 
or leather, and generally with appliances for draw¬ 
ing it together at the mouth; or any similar article. 

“A wond’rous bag with both her hands she binds. 
Like that where once Ulysses held the winds.” 

Pope: The Rape of the Lock, iv., 81-2. 

2. A term used by sportsmen to signify the results 
of the day’s sport. Thus, a good bag= a large quan¬ 
tity of game killed and brought home. 

j] Bag and baggage. [Baggage.] 

3. A purse or anything similar. 

(a) Generally: 

“For some of them thought, because Judas had the 
bag, that Jesus had said unto him. Buy those things that 
we have need of against the feast; or, that he should give 
something to the poor.”— John xiii. 29. 

“ . . . see thou shake the bags 

Of hoarding abbots; imprison’d angels 
Set at liberty.” Shakesp.: King John, iii. 3. 

*{b) Spec. {formerly): An orna¬ 
mental purse of silk tied to men’s hair, 
as shown in the annexed illustration. 

“We saw a young fellow riding toward 
ns full gallop, with a bob wig and black 
silken bag tied to it.”— Addison. 

4. A quiver. {Scotch.) 

“Then bow and bag frae him he keist.” 

— Christ Kirk, i. 13. 

II. Of anything similar in nature: 

1. Gen.: A minute sac in which 
some secretion is contained, as the 
honey-bag in a bee and the poison- 
bag in a venomous serpent. {Lit. <p fig.) 

“The swelling poison of the several sects, 

Which, wanting vent, the nation’s health infects, 

Shall burst its bag.” Dryden. 


*2. Spec.: The udder of a cow. 

“ . . . onely her bag or udder would ever be white, 
with four teats and no more.”— Markham: Way to Wealth 
(ed. 1657), p. 72. (S. in Boucher.) 

B. Technically: 

1. Weights and Measures {used as a measure of 
capacity): A fixed or customary quantity of goods 
in a sack. 

2. Eng. Law: 

(a) Petty Bag Office: An office in the Common 
Law jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery, in 
which was a small sack or bag in which were 
formerly kept all writs relating to Crown business. 

*{b) Clerk of the Petty Bag: The functionary who 
had charge of the writs now described. (See the 
subjoined example.) 

“The next clause ordains that at any time after the com¬ 
mencement of the Act her Majesty’s Treasury may, with 
the concurrence of the Lord Chancellor and the Master of 
the Rolls, abolish the office of Clerk of the Petty Bag, ‘not¬ 
withstanding that there is no vacancy in the office.’ . . . 
The oddest part of the affair is that it has been univers¬ 
ally supposed, at least by laymen, that Petty Bag was 
‘ abolished ’ some years ago. His name is certainly not to 
be found in the list of officers of the Chancery given in 
the Solicitor’s Diary and Almanack for the current year 
. . . There were once three Clerks of the Petty Bag. 

The sole survivor is doomed; but, Phoenix-like, he rises 
again in the Clerk of the Crown.”— Daily Telegraph, 
August 4, 1874: The Great Seal. 

bag, *bagge, v. t. & i. [From the substantive.] 

A Transitive {of the form bag): 

1. To put into a bag. 

“ Hops ought not to be bagged up hot.”— Mortimer. 

2. Used by sportsmen of killing and carrying 
home game. 

“It was a special sport to find and bag and mark down 
the whirring coveys in such ground . . . ”— Daily 

Telegraph, September 1, 1879. 

3. To load with a bag. (Only in the pa. par. in 
the sense of laden.) 

“Like a bee, bagg’d with his honey’d venom, 

He brings it to your hive.” Dryden. 

4. To cram the stomach by over-eating. {Scotch.) 
{Jamieson.) 

5. To gather grain with a hook. [Bagging.] 

6. To distend like a bag. 

B. Intransitive {of the forms bag and bagge): 

1. Lit.: To bo inflated so as to resemble a full 
bag; to take the form of a full bag. 

“The skin seemed much contracted, yet it bagged, and 
had a porringer full of matter in it.”— Wiseman. 

2. Fig.: To swell with arrogance. 

“ She goeth upright, and yet she halte ; 

That baggith foule, and lokith faire.” 

Chaucer: Dream, i. 1,624. 

♦bag, pret. of v. big = to build. (O. Scotch.) 
[Big, v.] 

“My daddie bag his housie well.” 

Jacobite Relics, i. 58. (Jamieson.) 

ba-gas -sa, s. A genus of Artocarpaceee (Arto- 
carpads). The fruit of one species is eaten in 
Guiana, where it grows wild. 

ba-gas se, s. [Fr.] The sugar-cane when crushed 
and dry. It is used as fuel. {Ure.) 

bag-a-tel le, bag-a-telle, s. [ Fr. bagatelle- 
(1) a trinket, (2) a trifle, (3) the play; Sp. bagatela; 
Port. & Ital. bagatella; from Prov. & Ital. bagala= 
a trifle; O. Fr. bague; Prov. bagua = bundle.] 
[Bag.] 

1. A trifle ; anything of little importance. 

“One of those bagatelles which sometimes spring up 
like mushrooms in my imagination, either while I am 
writing, or just before I begin.”— Cowper : Letter to 
Newton, November 27, 1781. 

“ The glory your malice denies: 

Shall dignity give to my lay, 

Although but a mere bagatelle; 

And even a poet shall say, 

Nothing ever was written so well.” 

Cowper: To Mrs. Throckmorton. 

2. A game in which balls are struck by a rod and 
made to run along a board, the aim being to send 
them into certain holes, of which there are nine, 
toward its further end. 

♦bag'e, *bag ge, s. [Badge.] A badge. {Prompt. 
Parv.) 

♦bag -eard, s. [Badger.] 

bag-gage (1) (age=ig),s. & a. [In Sw., Dan., 
Dut., Ger., Fr., & Sp. baqage; Prov. bagatge ; Port. 
bagagem, bagajem; Ital. bagaglia, bagaglie (pi.), 
bagaqlio (sing.). Probably from Sp. baga =a cord 
which ties the packs upon horses. Or possibly, as 
Malm thinks, from O. Fr. bague; Prov. bagua—a 
bundle.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The tents, furniture, utensils, and whatever 
else is indispensable to the comfort of an army. 

“ . . . yet the baggage was left behind for want of 

beasts to draw it . . — Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 



Bag-wig. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, <jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -$ion = zhiin. -nous, -cious. 


bagging-time 


2. The trunks, portmanteaus, and carpet-bags 
which a traveler carries with him on his journey ' r 
luggage. 

“ . . . the boiling waves of a torrent which suddenly 
whirls away his baggage and forces him to run for his life* 
• . — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

B. As adjective: Used for carrying baggage. 

“. . . the baggage horses . . .”— Macaulay: Hist, 
Eng., ch. xiii. 

“ A thousand baggage wagons . . — Ibid.., ch. xv. 

Bag and Baggage (generally used as an adverb): 
With a person’s all; root and branch. It seems to- 
have been used originally of the defenders of a fort 
who have surrendered on terms, being allowed to 
carry out with them their knapsacks and other bag¬ 
gage. From this it passed to other more or less 
analogous cases. 

“And the men were letten pass, bag and baggage, and 
the castle casten down to the ground.”— Pitscottie: James 
II., p. 34. 


“Dolabella designed, when his affairs grew desperate, 
in Egypt, to pack up bag and baggage, and sail for Italy.” 
—Arbuthnot. 

The phrase bag and baggage, which had long- 
existed, acquired in England new vitality in 1876, 
when Mr. Gladstone recommended, as a panacea 
for the woes of Bulgaria, that the official part of 
the Turkish population should be requested to- 
remove from that province “bag and baggage.” 
His view on the subject was described by some- 
newspaper writers as the “ bag and baggage" pol¬ 
icy. 

bag-gg,ge (2) (age=Ig), s. [In Fr. bagasse^ bag¬ 
gage, worthless woman, harlot; Prov. baguassa; 
Sp. bagasa; Ital. bagascia; from O. Fr. bague,. 
Prov. bagua=a bundle. Or the wofd may be from 
baggage (1), implying that the women of loose char¬ 
acter so designated follow among the “baggage” 
in the rear of an army.] 

1. With imputation on the moral character: A 
woman of loose character, specially one following- 
an army. 


“ Hang thee, young baggage, disobedient wretch.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 5. 

“ When this baggage meets with a man who has vanity 
to credit relations, she turns him to account.”— Spectator. 


2. Without imputation on the moral character 
{familiarly): A young girl not worth much. 
Formerly used sometimes in mock censure as a 
term of affection. 


baggage-car, a. A railroad car designed espe¬ 
cially for carrying the baggage of passengers. 

baggage-master, s One who has charge of the. 
baggage of railroad passengers. 

bag’-ga-la, *bag -16, s. [Arab.] [Budgerow.] 
A two-masted boat, more generally called a dow, 
used by the Arabs for commerce and also for piracy- 
in the Indian Ocean. They vary from 200 to 250' 
tons burden. 

*bagge, v. i. [Bag, v. i.] 

*bagge, s. [Badge.] 

bagged, pa. par. & a. [Bag, v. #.] 

1. Gen.: In senses corresponding to those of the- 
verb. 

2. Bot., &c.: Resembling a bag or sack. Example^ 
the inflated petals of some plants. 

bag -get-y, s. [Bagaty.] 

bag'-gie, s. [Eng. bag; ie, diminutive suffix.] A 
small bag. 

“ A guid New-year I wish thee, Maggie 1 
Hae, there’s a rip to thy auld baggie ” 

Burns: Auld Farmer to His Auld Mare Maggie. 

*bag'-gi-er, s. [Fr. baguier.~\ A casket. {Scotch.} 

“ A baggier conteining xiii ringis . . — Inventories 

(1578), p. 265. (Jamieson.) 
bag -glng, pr. par., a. & s. [Bag, v.] 

A. & B. As adj. <&particip. adj.: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. In the following- 
example with the sense of distended. [See BaL, i>., 
B. 1.] 

“Two kids that in the valley stray’d 
I found by chance, and to my fold convey’d; 

They drain two bagging udders every day.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s Eel ii. 50-2. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of making into bags; the state of being 
so made. 

2. The act of putting into bags. 

3. Cloth or canvas used in making bags. 

4. A method of reaping grain by the hook, by a 
striking instead of a drawing cut. 

bagging-time, s. Apparently from the practice- 
of the country people working in the fields to have 
recourse to their bags at a certain time for a colla¬ 
tion. Baiting time ; feeding time. 

. . on hoo’l! nawcum agen till bagying-lime.” 

Tim Bobbin, p. 11. (3. in Boucher.) 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f„ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL. 




feaggingly 


360 


bail 


*bag'-giig-ly, *bag'-gyng-ly, adv. [E ng.bag- 
ging; suff. -ly.] Often held to mean arrogantly; 
in a swelling manner, boastfully; but Tyrwhitt, 
Stevens, &e., consider it to mean squintingly, and 
with the latter view the context is in harmony. 

“ I saugh Envie in that peyntyng, 

Hadde a wondirful lokyng; 

For she ne lokide hut awrie, 

Or overthart, alle baggyngly." 

Romaunt of the Rose, 289-292. 

bag’-git, pa. par., a. & s.' [Bagged.] (Scotch.) 

A. <fe B. As participle & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb intransitive. 

C. As substantive (of persons): 

1. A term of contempt for a child. 

2. An insignificant little person, a “ pestilent 
creature.” 

3. A feeble sheep. 

bag'-net, s. [Eng. bag; net.] A net in the form 
of a bag. It is used for catching fish, insects, &c. 


bag’-ni-o (g silent), s. [From Ital. bagno = a 
bath; bagnio = cistern, bathing-tub. In Sp. baho; 
Port, banho; Fr .bains (plur.), from baigner = to 
bathe; Lat. balneum , a contraction of balineum— a 
bath; (Jr. balaneion = a bath or bathing-room. 
Liddell and Scott consider it to have a connection 
with balanos — an acorn, but do not know in what 
way.] 

1. A bath, a bathing establishment, house or 
room. 


“I have known two instances of malignant fevers pro¬ 
duced by the hot air of a bagnio."—Arbutknot on Air. 

2. A brothel. 

t3. In Turkey,: A prison for slaves, the name 
apparently being given to it on account of the baths 
which those places of confinement contain. 

Bag-no-lists, Bag-n6-len-si-an§, or Bal-o- 
len -sx-an§, s. pi. [From Bagnoles, in Provence.] 

Ch. Hist.: A Christian sect existing in the twelfth 
century. They belonged to the branch of the 
Cathari, whose great principle was to admit only a 
single First Cause. They were one of the bodies 
termed Albigenses. [Albigenses.] (Mosheim: Ch. 
Hist., Cent, xii., pt. ii., ch. 5.) 

bhgo'-us, s. [Lat. Bagous and Bagoas; Gr. 
Bagoas; from a Persian proper name believed to 
signify an eunuch.] A genus of beetles of the family 
Curculionida), or Weevils. The species are small 
insects found in marshes. 

bag-pipe, s. [Eng. bag; pipe. So called because 
the wind is received in a bag.] A musical instru¬ 
ment which has existed in various parts, of the 
world from an unknown period of antiquity, but is 
now associated in the minds of the English chiefly 
with the Highlands of Scotland. Though less 
known in Ireland, it is still in use there also. It 
consists of a large wind-bag made of greased leather 
covered with woolen cloth, a valved mouth-tube, by 
which the player inflates it with his breath, three 
reed drones, and a reed chanter, with finger-holes 
on which the tunes are performed. The drones are 
•for the bass, and the chanter, which plays the 
melody, for the tenor or treble. The compass of 
the bagpipe is three octaves. 

“And then the bagpipes he could blow.” 

Wordsworth: Blind Highland Boy. 

tbag'-plpe, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
cause, in some way or other, to resemble a bagpipe. 
(Used only in the subjoined nautical phrase.) 

To bagpipe the mizzen: To lay the mizzen aback 
by bringing it to the mizzen shrouds. 

bag'-pi-per, s. [Eng. bag; piper.] One who 
plays the bagpipe. 

“ Some that will evermore peep through their eyes, 

And laugh like parrots at a bagpiper.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, i. 1. 

bag -rape, s. [From Icel. bagge= a bundle (?), 
and Scotch rOjpe= rope.] A rope of straw or heath, 
double the size of the cross-ropes used in fastening 
the thatch of a roof. This is affixed 1 to the cross- 
ropes, then tied to what is called the pan-rape, and 
fastened with wooden pins to the easing or top of 
the wall on the other side. (Jamieson.) 

Ba-gra -ti-on-Ite, s. [Named after its discov¬ 
erer, P. R. Bagration.] A name given by Kokscharof 
to a mineral which is found in black crystals at 
Achmatorsk, in the Ural Mountains. Dana makes 
it identical with Allanite, and the British Museum 
Catalogue of Minerals ranks it as a variety of 
Orthite, under which it places also Allanite. The 
Bagrationite of Hermann is the same as Epidote 
q. v.). 

ba-gre (gre=g?r), s. [Bagrus.] Any fish 
belonging to the genus Bagrus (q. v.). 

bag'-reef, s. [Eng. bag; reef.] 

Naut.: A fourth and lower reef used in the British 
Navy. 


bag-rie, s. [Etymology doubtful.] Trash. 
(Scotch.) 

“ I sigh when I look on my threadbare coat, 

And shame fa’ the gear and the bagrie o’t.” 

Herd: Coll., ii. 19. (Jamieson.) 

ba -grus. s. [Latin Bagrus, a proper name.] A 
genus of fishes of the order Malacopterygii Abdomi- 
nales, and the family Siluridae. 

ba-guet te, fbJUguet' (u silent), s. [In Fr. ba- 
guette= a switch, a rammer, a drumstick, a round 
molding, - Sp. & Port, bciqueta; Ital. bacchetta=a 
rod or mace; from Lat. baculum, baculus=a stick.] 
[Bacttltjm.] 

Arch.: A round molding, smaller in size than an 
astragal. It is sometimes carved and enriched, and 
is then generally known as a chaplet. In its plain 
form it is often called a bead . [Bead.] 
bag'-wyn, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Her.: An imaginary animal, like the heraldic 
antelope, but having the tail of a horse and long 
horns curved over the ears. 

Bg.-ha’-ma, s. & a. [For etym. see def.] 

As adjective; From the Bahama Islands in the 
West Indies, between latitude 21° to27° N., andlong- 
itude 71° to 79° W. 

Bahama redwood. The English name of a 
plant, Rhamnus colubrina. 

ba-har', bar're, s. [Arab, bahdr; from bahara 
=to charge with a load. (Mcthn.)] Two weights 
which are current in certain parts of the East 
Indies. 

The Great Bahar is 524 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupois. It 
is used for weighing pepper, cloves, nutmegs, &c. 

The Little Bahar weighs 437 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupois, 
and is used for weighing quicksilver, vermilion* 
ivory, silk, &c. 

bahr-geist (h silent), s. [Barguest.] 
baide, pret. of Bide. [Bide, Abide.] Waited, 
stayed, lived, endured. (Scotch.) 

“ Oh, gif Ikenn’d but where ye baide , 

I’d send to you a marled plaid.” 

Burns: Guidwife of Wauchope House. 

*ba’-ie, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A chiding, a 
reproof. 

“ Let baies amend Cisley or shift her aside. ” 

Tusser: Husbandry. 

bai-er-ite, bal-er-Ine, s. [From Bayern or 
Bairen, the German name of Bavaria.] A mineral, 
the same as Colnmbite (q,. v.). 

*baigne, v. t. [Fr. baigner= to bathe, to wash.] 
To soak or drench. 

“The women forslow not to baigne them, unless they 
plead their heels, with a worse perfume than Jugurth 
found in the dungeon,”— Carew: Survey of Cornwall. 

baik, s. [Beck.] A beck, curtsey; reverence. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . when Mattie and I gae through, we are fain 
to make a baik and a bow, . . .”— Scott: Rob Roy, 

ch. xxvi. 

bai -kal-Ite, s. [In Ger. Baikalit; from Lake 
Baikal, near which it occurs.] A mineral of a 
dark dingy-green color. Dana makes it a variety 
of Sahlite, which again is a variety of Pyroxene. 

bai-ker-in-Ite, s. [Altered from Baikerite (q. 
v.).] A mineral, one of the hydrocarbons. It is 
brown in color, translucent, of a balsamic odor, and 
a taste like that of wood tar. At 15°C. it is a thick, 
tar-like fluid, and at 10° C. a crystalline granular 
deposit in a viscid, honey-like mass. 

bai -ker-Ite, s. [From Lake Baikal, near which 
it is found.] A wax-like mineral, a hydrocarbon 
compound. Besides occurring in nature, it lias 
been distilled artificially from mineral coal, peat, 
petroleum, mineral tar, &c. It is identical with 
Ozokerite, or it is a variety of it. 

bail, *baile, *bayle, v. t. & i . [From Fr. bailler 
— to give, deliver, put into the hands of, deal, 
bestow; Prov. bailar; from Lat. bajulo=(lit.) to 
bear a burden, to carry anything heavy; from 
bajulus=a carrier of a burden.. Blackstone consid¬ 
ers that the idea in bail is that of the Fr. bailer=to 
deliver, because the defendant is bailed or deliv¬ 
ered to his sureties. Wedgwood shows that the 
word bajulus in mediaeval times became=the bearer 
of a child, a nurse, and then a tutor, a guardian. 
Hence, one bailing another was assumed by a legal 
fiction to be his guardian, who could produce him 
at will.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To deliver, to set free; to release, to rescue.. 

“ Ne none there was to l-eskue her, ne none to baile.” 

Spenser: F. Q., XV. ix. 7. 

2. To deliver in the legal sense. [II. 1 (a), 2.] 

3. To deliver a boat from the unpleasantness, 
inconvenience, and danger of being filled with 
water, by shoveling the latter overboard. 


II. Law: 

1. Of persons: 

(a) Tohandan accused person over to sureties ob 
their giving a bond [Bail-bond] that he will sur¬ 
render when required to take his trial. [Bail.] 

“When they had bailed the twelve bishops who were in 
the Tower, the House of Commons, in great indignation, 
caused them immediately to be re-committed to the 
Tower. ”— Clarendon. 

“ . . . to refuse or delay to bail any person bailable 
is an offense against the liberty of the subject in any 
magistrate, by common law.”— Blackstone: Comment,., 
bk. iv., ch. 22. 

(b) To give security for the appearance of an 
accused person. 

“. . . what satisfaction or indemnity is it to the 
public, to seize the effects of them who have bailed a mur¬ 
derer, if the murderer himself be suffered to escape with 
impunity?”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 22. 

2. Of things: To deliver anything to another in 
trust for some purpose, as, for instance, to give over 
to some silk-weaver material to be woven. The 
person who receives the trust is called the bailee 
(q. v.). 

B. Intransitive: To admit to bail. 

“Lastly, it is agreed that the Court of King’s Bench 
(or any judge thereof in time of vacation) may bail for 
any crime whatsoever.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., 
ch. 22. 

bail (1U *baile, *bayle, s. [In Fr. bail= a lease, 
tenure; O. Fr. bail , baile =a guardian, an admiD* 
istrator.] [Bail, v., Baillie, Bailiff.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Custody. 

“ So did Diana and her maydens all. 

Use silly Faunas now within their baile.’’ 

Spenser: F. Q., VII. vi. 4S. 

2. In the same sense as B. 1, 2. 

B. Law: 

1. Of persons: Those who stand security for the 
appearance of an accused person at the fitting time 
to take his trial. The word is a collective one, and 
not used in the plural. They were so called because 
formerly the person summoned was baill6, that is. 
given into the custody of those who were security 
for his appearance. 

“And if required, the bail must justify themselves in 
court.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 19. 

2. Pecuniary security given by responsible per¬ 
sons that an individual charged with an offense 
against the law will, if temporarily released, sur¬ 
render when required to take his trial. 

“. . . or give bail, that is, put in securities for his 
appearance, to answer the charge against him.”— Black, 
stone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 22. 

To admit to bail: To permit security to be tend¬ 
ered for one, and, if sufficient, accept it. 

“ The trial of Kajso for this new charge is postponed, 
and he is admitted to bail.” — Lewis: Early Rom. Hist.,, 
ch. xii., pt. iii., § 37. 

H Several kinds of bail either exist or did so 
formerly at common law. An important one, of 
which much use was once made, was that called 
Common Bail, or Bail below. The old practice being 
to arrest persons who now would only be sum¬ 
moned, an excuse was required for again letting 
those go against whom the charge was trivial. So, 
with all gravity, there were accepted as their 
securities John Doe and Richard Roe, two mythic 
personages whom no one had ever seen in the flesh, 
and who were known to be utterly unproducible if 
the friend for whose appearance they became 
responsible thought fit to dv.fmp. If the charge 
was a more serious one, Special Bail, called also 
Bail above, was requisite; it was that of sub¬ 
stantial men, and in this case no shadowy person¬ 
ages would do. Modern legislation has so .'altered 
the form of process that Messrs. Doe and Roe’s 
, services are no longer required. 

bail-court, s. Formerly, a court auxiliary to 
that of Queen’s Bench. It was c alled also the Prac¬ 
tice Court. 

bail (2), s. [In Dut. balie=& bar, a tub; Ger. balie 
=a half tub; Fr. balise= a sea-mark, a buoy, a bea¬ 
con, a floating-beacon, a quay, a water-mark ; bailie 
= a barrier, a barricade, a large sea tub or bucket. 
Wedgwood believes it cognate withpaZe, s. Com¬ 
pare also bailey .] 

1. Plural: Hoops to bear up the tilt of a boat 
(Glossog. Nov.) 

2. The handle of a kettle or similar vessel. 

*3. The space inclosed by the outer wall of a castle 

4. A division between the stalls of a stable. 

*bail (3), *bayl, s. [From Lat. ba,Ilium. (Bailes.) 
Wedgwood conjoins this word with the preceding 
one.] The same as Bailey (q. v.). 

bail (4), s. [Lat. baculus—a staff.] One of the 
top or cross-pieces of the wicket in the game of 
cricket. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
■©r, wore, wqlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try. Syrian, set, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bailable 


361 


baiske 


bi,il- 19 ,-ble, a. [Eng. bail; -able.'] 

1. Of persons: Having committed only such an 
offense as to allow of one’s being admitted to bail. 

“In civil cases we have seen, that every defendant is 
bailable.” — Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 22. 

2. Of offenses : Not so serious‘but that one com* 
mitting it may be admitted to bail. 

“ . . . which offenses are not bailable.” — Blackstone: 
Comment. , bk. iv., ck. 22. 

bail -bond, s. [Eng. bail; bond.] 

Law: A bond or obligation entered into by one or 
more sureties, who by it engage that an accused 
erson shall surrender at the proper time to take 
is trial. 

*baile, v. & s. [Bun (1).] 
bailed, pa. par. & a. [Bail, v.] 
bai'-lee, s. [Eng. bail: -ee.] One to whom goods 
are intrusted for a specific purpose by another per¬ 
son called the bailer or bailor. 

“For as such bailee is responsible to the bailer, if the 
goods are lost or damaged . . .”— Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. ii., ch. SO. 

bail -er, bail or,[Eng. bail, -er, -or ] One 
who intrusts another person called the bailee with 
goods for a specific purpose. (See example under 
Bailee.] 

bai'-lejf, s. [In Fr. bailie; Eow Lat. ballmm— 
(1) a work fenced with palisades, or sometimes with 
masonry, covering the suburbs of a town to consti¬ 
tute a defense to it; (2) the space immediately 
within th8 outer wall of a castle. {James.)] 
[Bail (3).] 

*1. Formerly: The courts of a castle formed by 
the spaces between the outward wall and the keep. 

2. Now: A prison, or any modem structure situ¬ 
ated where such courts previously existed, as the 
Old Bailey in London. 

bail'-i-ar-y, bail-li-er-Ie, *bayl’-ler-le, s. 
[Scotch bdillie; Eng. suif. -ary.] 

In Scotland: 

1. The extent of a bailee’s jurisdiction. 

“And do hereby grant full power and commission to 
the sheriff-principal of Air and his deputies, the Bailie- 
depute of the Bailiary of Ouningham, and commanding 
officer of the forces . . — Woctrow, ii, 236. 

f2. The extent of the jurisdiction of a sheriff. 

“ That ilk schiref of the realme sould gar wapin-schaw- 
ing be maid foure tymes ilk yeir, in als mony places as 
war speidfull within his Baillierie.” — Acts, Jas. I. (1425), 
ch. 67 (ed. 1566). 

Letter of Bailiary: A commission by which an 
heritable proprietor appointed a baron baillie to 
office in the district over which the proprietor had 
feudal sway. 
bai-TIe, s. [Baillie.] 

bai'-liff, s. [In Dut. baljuw. From 0. Fr. 
bailiff; Fr. 6ai7K=bailiff, inferior judge, seneschal; 
bailleur— agent, governor; baiVter— to give, deliver, 
put into the hands of; Prov. bailieu; Port, bailio— 
a bailiff; Ital. balivo; Low Lat. bailUvus,balivus, 
bajulus=a pedagogue, a tutor of children; Class. 
Lat. bajulus=a. porter. Cognate with O. Fr. baillir; 
Prov. bailir= to 'govern; Ital. balire— to bring up, to 
govern ; baliato, balia— power, authority; also with 
bailo— a kind of magistrate, and balia= a nurse. 
(Bail, Baillie.) The essential meaning is a per¬ 
son intrusted by a superior with power of superin¬ 
tendence.] 

I. Gen.: In the United States the word bailiff has 
no precise meaning. The term is most frequently 
used to denote a court officer whose duty it is to 
take charge of juries and wait upon the court. 

II. Eng. Law: An officer appointed . for the 
administration of justice in a certain bailiwick or 
district. The sheriff is the king’s bailiff, whose 
business it is to preserve the rights of the king 
within his “ bailiwick ” or county. [Bailiwick.] 

“ . . . the hundred is governed by an high constable 
or bailiff.” — Blackstone: Comment., Introd., § 4. See also 
bk. i., ch. 9. 

Specially: . ... 

1. The governor of a castle belonging to the king. 

2. A sheriff’s officer. Bailiffs are either bailiffs of 
hundreds or special bailiffs. 

(a) Bailiffs of hundreds are officers appointed 

by the sheriff over the districts so called, to collect 
.fines, to summon juries, to attend the judges and 
'justices at the assizes and quarter sessions, and to 
execute writs and process. „ 

(b) Special bailiffs are men appointed for their 
adroitness and dexterity in hunting and seizing 
persons liable to arrest. They assist the bailiffs of 
hundreds in important work for which the latter 
have no natural aptitude or acquired skil. Special 
bailiffs being compelled to enter into an obligation 
for the proper discharge of their duty are some¬ 
times called bound-bailiffs, a term which the com¬ 
mon people have corrupted into a more homely 
appellation. [Bum-bailiff.] ( Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment., bk. i., ch. 9.) 


If Formerly bailiffs of liberties, or franchises, were 
functionaries appointed by each lord within his 
liberty to execute process, and generally to do such 
work as the bailiffs errant were wont to do in larger 
districts. 

bai -li-wick, s. [From 0. Fr. battlie= the juris¬ 
diction of a bailiff, and A. S. suff. -wic= a dwelling, 
station, village, castle, or bay; as Alnwick— the 
dwelling or village on the Ain; Greenwich= the 
green village; and Norwich=the north village or 
dwelling. ( Bosworth .) In Ger. bailiff and Fr. 
bailliage are=a bailiwick.] The precincts within 
which a bailiff possesses jurisdiction. Specially— 
Eng. Late: 

1. A county. 

“As the king’s bailiff, it is his [the sheriff’s] business to 
preserve the rights of the king within his bailiwick: for 
so his county is frequently called in the writs; a word 
introduced by the princes of the Norman line, in imita¬ 
tion of the French, whose territory is divided into 
bailiwicks, as that of England into counties.” — Black¬ 
stone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 9. 

2. A liberty exempted from the jurisdiction of the 
sheriff of a county, and over which the lord ap- 

oints his own bailiff, with the same power within 
is precincts as that which an under-sheriff exer¬ 
cises under the sheriff of a county. ( Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 3.) 

bail'-li-age (age=ig), s. [Fr.] The term in 
French corresponding to Bailiwick in English. 

bail-lie (1), bai'-lie, *bai'-ly, s. [From Fr. 
baitU.] [Bailiff.] 

*A. {Of the forms baily and baillie): A bailiff; 
a steward. 

“ Also that the seriaunts be made by the Baillies anone 
the same day of eleccyon.”— Eng. Guilds {Surly Eng. Text 
Soc.), p. 395. 

B. {Of the form baillie or bailie): 

In Scots Law: 

fl. An officer or other person named by a proprie¬ 
tor to give infeftment. 

2. A municipal functionary, in rank next above a 
town-councillor. He acts as a magistrate. 

*bail'-lie (2), *bai -lye, s. [0. Fr. baillie= the 
jurisdiction of a bailiff; from 0. & Mod. Fr. battler 
=to deliver; Ital. balia, baliato=power, authority; 
Low Lat. 6aiim=guardianship.j [Bail, Bailiff, 
Baillie (1).] Care, management; government of, 
custody, guardianship. 

“ Than drede had in her baillie 
The keeping of the constablerie 
Toward the North.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 4,217. {Boucher.) 
bail'-ment, s. [Eng. bail; - went. Not from Fr. 
b&illement, which is=yawning, gasping, . . . 

hiatus.] 

1. Of the delivery of things: The act of delivering 
goods in trust, or the state of being so delivered, 
upon a contract expressed or implied that the trust 
shall be faithfully executed on the part of the 
bailee. Thus one may give cloth in bailment to a 
tailor to make into a coat, or a parcel to a carrier 
to be delivered to a third party to whom it is 
addressed. 

“ Bailment , from the French battler, to deliver, is a 
delivery of goods in trust upon a contract expressed or 
implied that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the 
part of the bailee.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 80. 

2. Of the delivery of persons: The act of deliver¬ 
ing an accused person to those who are responsible 
for his appearance; the state of being so delivered. 

. . a delivery or bailment of a person to his sure¬ 
ties upon their giving (together with himself) sufficient 
security for his appearance.”— Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. iv., ch. 22. 

bail’-or, s. [Bailer.] 

bail -pie^e, s. [Eng. bail; piece.] 

Law: The slip of parchment on which are 
recorded the obligations under which those bailing 
an accused person come before he is surrendered to 
their custody. ( Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., 
ch. 19.) 

*bai'-ly, s. [Baillie.] 

*bain (1), bayn (1), bayne, a. [Icel. beinn; A. S. 
bugan= to bow, bend, stoop, . . . submit, yield.] 

1. Lit.. Flexible. (Nowonly provincial.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Beady; prompt. 

“. . . that were bayn 
To serve Sir Tristrem swithe.” 

Sir Tristrem, i. 65. 

(2) Obsequious, complying; submissive. 

• “ To me was he wont to be bain.” 

'Cursor Mundi. {S. in Boucher.) 

“ To Goddez wylle X am ful bayne." 
Gawaynand the Green Knyght, 3,879. (S. in Boucher.) 

*bain (2), *bayn (2), a. [Ger. ban= a smooth 
and beaten road; or Sw. bana—to clear, to pave, to 
prepare the way.] 

Of a road: Ready; near. 


*bain, *baine, *bayne, *baigne {g silent), v.i. 
& i. [Fr. baigner— to bathe, swim, soak in; Sp» 
banar; Port, banhar; Ital. bagnare =,to wet, t® 
wash; bagnarsi= to bathe, to wash one’s self; Low 
Lat. balneo; from Lat. balneum—a bath.] 

A. Trans.: To wash, to bathe; to wet. 

“ And when salt teares do bayne my breast.” 

Surry. (-S', in Boucher.) 

£. Intrans.: To bathe one’s self. 

“In virgin’s blood doth bnine.” 

Phaer: Virgil, p. 260. {Boueher.) 

*bain(l), *baine, *bayne, *baigne {g silent),*. 
[Fr. bain= bath, bathing, bathing-tub, bathing- 
machine, bathing-place; Sp. bailo; Ital. bagno=a 
bath; bagnio=a. cistern, a bathing-tub.] LBain, 
v. t.] A bath. 

“ . . . and never would leave it off but when he 
went into the stew or bain.” — Holland: Pliny, ii. 70. 

“ . . a bayne of things aperitive or opening, . . .” 

— Vigoe: Anatomie. (5. in Boueher.) 

*bain (2), s. [Ban.] 

*baine§, s. [Banns.] 

bain'-lv, adv. [O. Eng. bain; and suff. -fw.l 
Readily. 

“And he as bainly obeyed to the buerne his eme." 

Destruct. of Troye, f. 4, M. S. ( S. in Boucher.) 
bal'-r^m, s. [Turk, balram, belram; Pers. bay- 
r&m.] A great Mohammedan festival, following 
immediately on the Ramadan or Rhamazan, the 
montli of fasting, and believed to have been insti¬ 
tuted in imitation of the Christian Easter. It is 
called also Id-al-Fiir— the Festival of the Inter¬ 
ruption, as “interrupting,*’ or, more accurately, 
terminating, a four-weeks’ fast. The rejoicings 
should extend one day, but are generally run 
through a second one. Seventy days later is held a 
lesser Bairam, called Id-al-Azha and Kurb&n 
Bairdm=the Festival of the Sacrifices. It is in 
commemoration of Abraham’s willingness to offer 
his son Isaac in sacrifice, and lasts four days. 

“ Millions of lamps proclaim’d the "feast 
Of Bairam through the boundless East.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

*bair’-man, s. [0. Eng. 6air=bare; and man,.] 
Old Law: A poor insolvent debtor, left “bare” 
of property, and who had to swear in court that he 
was not worth more than 5s. 5d, ($1.35) 
bairn {Scotch and O. Eng.), *barn, barne (O. 
Eng.), s. [A. S. beam. In Sw., IceL. Dan., O. S., & 
Goth. barn= a child. From A, S. beran = to bear.] 
[Bear, Born.] A child, whether male or female. 

A. Of the forms bam and bame: 

“And bringeth forth barnes ayens for-boden lawes.” 

Piers Plowman, p. 178. {S. in Boucher.) 

B. Of the form bairn {Old English & Scotch). 

“ Which they dig out fro’ the dells. 

For their bairns’ bread, wives’ and sells’.” 

Ben Jonson, Underwoods, vii. 51. (S. in Boucher.) 

“. . . the bonny bairn, grace be wi’ it.”— Scott-. Guy 
Mannering, ch. iii. 

bairns’ part, s. 

Scots Law: A third part of a deceased person’s 
movable effects, due to the children when their 
mother survives. Should she be dead, they receive 
one-half in place of one-third. 

-bairn-team {Eng.), bairn-time, s. A progeny; 
a family of children; a brood. 

“ Thao bonnie bairntime Heav’n has lent. 

Still higher may they heeze ye.” 

Burns.: A Dream. 

bairns-woman, s. A child’s maid; a dry nurse. 

{Jamieson.) 

ba irn-li-ness, s. [O. Eng. & Scotch baim; 
suff. -li=ly; and -ness.] Childishness. 

ba'irn-ly, a. [O. Eng. & Scotch bairn; -ly. In 
Sw. barnslig .] Childish ; having the manners of a 
child. (Scotch.) 

“ Thinking the play of fortune bairnely sport.” 

Muses Thren., p. 116. {Jamieson.) 

ba i§-dlie, adv. [Scotch bazed; suff. -lie— Eng. 
-lie. Like one bazed.] [Bazed.] In a state of 
stupefaction or confusion. (Jamieson. ) 

“ Amaisdlie and the baisdlie, 

Richt bissilie they ran.” 

Bur el-. Pilg. {Watson’s CoUec.), ii. 20. 
*bai§e-main§, s. [In Fr. 6aisemam=kissing of 
hands at a feudal ceremony, indicating affectionate 
loyalty: baiser= to kiss, and mams=hands.] The 
act of kissing the hands to, the act of compliment¬ 
ing of an inferior to a superior. {Skinner.) 

-baiske, a. [Sw. f>arsh=stem, fierce, terrible; 
Ger. barsch; Fr. brusque: Port. & Ital. brusco= 
sour, tart.] [Brusque.] Sour. 

“ For the froite of itt is soure, 

And baiske and bitfcere of odonre.” 

MS. Cott . Faust., bk. vi., f. 128 b. {S. in Boucher.') 


boil, boy; p6ut, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 9 M 11 , bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f- 
-cian. -t'ian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d?L 





baiss 


362 


baksheesh 


baiss, v. t. [Baste.] (Scotch.) 

♦baist, *bayst, s. [See Abash.] Abashed, 
alarmed. 

“ Gawan gotz to the gome 
With giserne in honde. 

And he baldly hym bydes 
He bayst neuer the holder.” 

Gawayn and the Green Knyght, 685. (S. in Boucher.) 

bait (l), *baite, *bayte, *baight, *beyght( 0 /t 

silent), v t.. & i. [A. S. batan (t.)=to lay a bait for 
a fish ; beta=to pasture, to feed, to graze, to un¬ 
harness, to tan ; Dan. bede (i.)=to bait, to rest, to 
refresh; Ger. baizen—to bait. From A. S. bitan=to 
bite. (Bite.) Wedgwood believes all the significa¬ 
tions here given to be modifications of the idea of 
biting.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Of a “ bite" of food or other attraction, given 
with insidious design: 

1. Lit.: To place upon a hook some food attract¬ 
ive _ to the fishes or other animals which it is 
designed to catch. Or similarly to place food upon 
or in a trap, or otherwise expose it, with the view 
of luring certain animals into the loss of their lives 
or liberty. 

“Many sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as is well 
known to anglers, who bait their hooks with them.”— Ray. 

2. Fig.: To putin one’s way some object of attrac¬ 
tion with the object of gaining the mastery over 

■him. 

“ 0 cunning enemy, that to catch a saint 
With saints doth bait thy hood! Most dangerous 
Is that temptation that doth goad us on 
To sin in loving virtue.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 3. 

II, Of a “bite” of food given with no insidious 
design: To give provender for the purpose of 
refreshment to horses or other animals at some 
halting-place on a journey. 

“In the middle of the day we baited our horses at a 
little inn called the Weatherboard.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. xix. 

HI. Of the incitement of dogs to bite an animal: 

1. Lit.: To set dogs upon an animal to worry it, 
perhaps to death. 

"Who seeming sorely chaffed at his band, 

As chained bear whom cruel dogs do bait, 

With idle force did fain them to withstand.” 

Spenser: F. Q 

2. Fig.: Greatly to harass or persecute. 

"... hunted to the last asylum, and baited into a 
mood in which men may be destroyed, but will not easily 
be subjugated.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

B. Intrans.: To stop at an inn or any other place 
for the purpose of taking refreshment or obtaining 
■provender for man and beast. 

“In all our journey from London to his house, we did 
not so much as bait at a Whig inn.”— Addison: Spectator. 

bait (2), v. i. [Fr. battre; 0. Fr. batre=to beat; 
Sp. batir; Port, bater; Ital. battere; Lat. baftuo= 
to beat.] [Beat, v.] To flap the wings; to flutter. 
(Used of hawks or other birds of prey.) [Bait¬ 
ing, s.] 

" Another way I have to man my haggard, 

To make her come, and know her keeper’s call; 

That is, to watch her as we watch these kites 

That bait and beat and will not be obedient.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1. 

bait, *baite, *bayte, *baight, *beyght (gh 

silent), s. [In Sw. 6 efe=pasture grazing, bait, lure; 
Icel. 5eifa=food; belt— pasture.] 

I. Of food or anything else attractive given with 
insidious design: 

1. Lit.: Whatever is used as an allurement to 
make fish or other animals take a hook, or come 
within the operation of a net, snare, or trap of any 
kind. 

“The pleasant’st angling is to see the fish 
Cut with her golden oars the silver stream, 

And greedily devour the treacherous bait.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, iii. 1. 

(a) Gen.: Anything constituting the natural food 
of fishes; a worm, for instance, put on a hook. It is 
opposed to an artificial “ fly.” 

lb) Spec.: A contraction for Whitebait (q. v.). 

2. Fig.: An allurement of any kind, designed to 
ensnare one, or at least to bring his will under the 
control of the person laying the “ bait.” 

“ Fruit like that 

Which grew in Paradise, the bait of Eve 
Used by the tempter.” Milton: P. L., bk. x. 

“They at once applied goads to its anger, and held out 
-baits to its cupidity.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

II. Of food given or ta ken with no insidious design: 
Food or drink taken on a journey for purpose of 
refreshment. 

ba it-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bait, v.] 

"... and lead him on with a fine baited delay, till 
4ie hath pawn’d his horses to mine host of the Garter.”— 
Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. L 


baith, a. & pro. [Both.] (Scotch.) 
ba it-Ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Bait (1).] 

A. & B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 
“ But our desire’s tyrannical extortion 
Doth force us there to set our chief delightfulness, 
Where but a baiting place is all our portion.” 

Sidney. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of placing bait upon a hook or on or in 
a trap. 

2 . The act of harassing some large or powerful 
animal by means of dogs; the state of being so 
harassed. 

baize, *baye§, s. [In Sw .boj; Dan. bay; Dut. 
baai; Fr. bayette, baiette, apparently from baie= 
berry; Sp. bayeta; Port, baeta; Ital. baietta.j A 
coarse woolen stuff like flannel. 

baj '-g,r-dour, s. [Lat. bajulator.'] A bearer of 
any weight or burden. (Jacob.) 

ba-joc'-cho, s. [Ital.] A copper coin of the value 
of about two cents which was current in the papal 
states. 

*baj-u~late, v. t. [From Lat. bajulus=& carrier, 
a porter.] To carry anything, and specially grain, 
from one place to another with a view of selling it 
at a profit. [Badger, Badgering.] ( Fuller.: 
Worthies; Sussex.) 

baj -p-ree, baj -ree, baj -ra, or baj'-u-rf, s. 

[In Mahratta bajuree .] The name given in many 
parts of India to a kind of grain (Uolcus spicatus), 
which is extensively cultivated. 

*bak-brede, s. [A. S. baean— to bake, and bred 
=a board.] A kneading trough, or a board used 
for the same purpose in baking bread. (Cathol. 
Anglicum.) 

bake, *bakke, *backe (pret. baked, *boke; pa. 
par. baked, tba-ken, *bakt), v. t. & i. [A. S. 
bacan=to bake. In Sw. & Icel. baka; Dan .bage; 
Dut. bakken; Ger. backen; O. H. Ger. pachan; 
Russ. peshtshi=to bake; peku— I bake; Pol. piec— 
to bake; Sansc. patsh— to bake.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To dry and harden in an oven, under which a fire 
has been lighted ; or by means of any similar appli¬ 
ance for imparting a regulated amount of heat. 
(Used of bread, potatoes, or other articles of food.) 

"... yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; ...” 
— Isa. xliv. 15. 

“And the people went about, and gathered it [the 
manna], and ground it in mills, or beat it in a mortar, 
and baked it in pans, . . . ”— Numb. xi. 8. 

2. To harden by means of fire in a kiln, in a pit, 
<fec., or by the action of the sun. (Used of bricks, 
earth, the ground, geological strata, or anything 
similar.) 

“A hollow scoop’d, I judge, in ancient time, 

For baking earth, or burning rock to lime.” 

Cowper: The Needless Alarm. 
“The lower beds in this great pile of strata have been 
dislocated, baked, crystallized, and almost blended to¬ 
gether.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xv. 

3. To harden by means of cold. 

“The earth ... is baked with frost.” — Shakesp.: 
Tempest, i. 2. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To perform the operation of baking on any one 
occasion or habitually. 

“I keep his house, and I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour, 
dress meat, and make the beds, and do all myself.”— 
Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 4. 

2. To become dry and hard through the action of 
heat, or from some similar cause. 

“Fillet of a fenny snake, 

In the cauldron boil and bake.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 1. 

bake, a. [Contracted from baked (<p v.).] Baked. 
(An adjective existing only in composition.) [Bake¬ 
house, Bake-meats.] 

baked, pa. par. & a. [Bake, t>.] 

"... hills of baked and altered clay-slate.”— Dar¬ 
win: Voyage round the World, ch. x. 

baked meats. The same as Bake-meats (q. v.). 

“There be some houses wherein sweetmeats will relent 
and baked meats will mould, more than others.”— Bacon. 

ba ke-house, *ba k-howse, s. [Eng. bake; house. 
A. S. bcechus; Dan. bagerhuus .] A house in which 
baking operations are carried on. 

“I have marked a willingness in the Italian artisans to 
distribute the kitchen, pantry, and bakehouse under 
ground.”— Wotton. 

bake-meats, s.ni. [Eng. bake, and meats.) Meats 
baked. 

“ And in the uppermost basket there was of all manner 
of bake-meats for Pharaoh . . .”—Gen. xi. 17. 


tba-ken, pa. par. & a. [Bake, v.] (Obsolescent.) 
"... a cake baleen on the coals . . . ”—1 Kings 
xix. 6. 

ba-ker, s. [Eng. bak(e); -er. A. S .bcecere; Icel. 
bakari; Sw. bagare; Dan. bager; Dut. bakker; 
Ger. bdeker, becker.j One whose occupation is to 
bake bread, biscuits, &c. 

“There was not a baker’s shop in the city round which 
twenty or thirty soldiers were not constantly prowling.” 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch xii. 

*baker-foot, s. A foot like that of a baker, by 
which was meant a badly-shaped or distorted foot. 
(Bp. Taylor.) 

baker-legged, a. Having legs like those of a 
baker, by which was meant legs bending forward at 
the knees. 

♦baker’s dozen. [Dr. Brewer (Diet, of Phrase 
and Fable) says: “When a heavy penalty was in¬ 
flicted for short weight, bakers used to give a sur¬ 
plus number of loaves, called the inbread, to avoid 
all risk of incurring the fine.”] Thirteen, that being 
assumed to be the number of witches who sat down 
together at dinner on the Lord’s day, even as it was 
the number who were at that last Passover supper 
which immediately preceded the betrayal of Christ. 
Thirteen was also called the “devil’s dozen.” 

baker’s itch, s. A disease, a species of tetter 
(Psoriasis pistoria= baker’s psoriasis). [Psoriasis.] 
It is found on the backs of the hands of bakers and 
cooks, and arises partly from exposure to the heat 
of the fire, and partly from the irritation produced 
by the continued contact of flour upon the skin. 

ba'-ker-y, *ba k-ker-y, s. [Eng. baker; -y. A. S. 
bcecern. In Sw .bageri; Dut. bakkerij; Ger. back¬ 
er ei.) 

1 . The trade or calling of a baker. 

2. A bakehouse, a place where bread is made, 
fba'ke-ster, s. [Eng. bake, and suff. -ster. A. S. 

bcecestre=(l) a woman who bakes, ( 2 ) a baker.] 

1. Originally (fern, only): A female baker. (Old 
English.) 

2. Subsequently (masc. <ft fern.) : A baker of either 
sex. (Obsolete.) 

‘T The name Baxter is simply bakester differently 
spelled. 

ba -kle, s. [Eng. bake; -ie.] The name given to 
a kind of peat. (Scotch.) 

“ When brought to a proper consistence, a woman, on 
each side of the line, kneads or bakes this paste into 
masses of the shape and size of peats, and spreads them in 
rows on the grass. From the manner of the operation, 
these peats are called Bakies.”—Dr. Walker: Prize Essays, 
Highl. Soc., § ii., 124. (Jamieson.) 

ba -klng, pr. par., a. & s. [Bake, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle <& participial adjec¬ 
tive: In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act or process of applying heat to unfired 
bread, bricks, &c. 

2. The quantity of bread produced at one opera¬ 
tion. [Batch.] 

baking-dish, s. A dish for baking, 
baking-pan, s. A pan for baking, 
baking-powder, s. A powder used in baking as 
a substitute for yeast. It consists of tartaric acid, 
bicarbonate of soda, and rice or potato flour. These 
ingredients must be powdered and dried separately, 
and then thoroughly mixed together. The flour is 
added to keep the powder dry, and prevent it 
absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. As the 
combination of tartaric acid with bicarbonate of 
soda produces tartrate of soda, which is an aperient, 
it would be better if manufacturers of baking pow¬ 
ders would substitute sesquicarbonate of ammonia 
for the bicarbonate of soda. Baking powders are 
generally free from adulteration, although alum has 
sometimes been found, but in very minute quantity. 

*bakk, s. [In Ger. backe-j A check. 

“ Than brayde he brayn wod and alle his bakkes rente, 
His beard and his bright fax far bale he to twight.” 

William and the Wencolf, p. 76. (S. in Boucher.) 

*bak-pan T er, s. [0. Eng. fcafc=the back, and 
paner— pannier.] A pannier carried on the back. 

“First xii. c. paneyres; cc. fyre pannes, and xxv. other 
fyre pannes. . . . Item v. c. bakpaners al garnished, 
cc. lanternes.”— Caxton: Vegecius, Sig. i., v. b. (S. in 
Boucher.) 

bak-sheesh, bak-shish, buk-sheish, back ¬ 
shish, back -sheesh (the vowel of the first syllable 
has a sound intermediate between a and u. nearer 
the latter than the former), s. [Arab. & Pers. bakh- 
shtsh= a present; from bakhshidan— to give] A 
gratuity. 

“ • • • every fresh nomination is productive of fresh 
baksheesh to the unworthy minions of the harem 
Times, April 20, 1876. 

IT In Egypt and other parts of the Turkish empire 
(not, as is sometimes said, in India), the traveler 
has scarcely set foot on shore before clamors for 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine- go p 6 tT 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cfcr, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, ae, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu’ = kw’ 





bakstale 


363 


balance 


"baksheesh on the most frivolous pretexts, or in 
temple beggary, without pretext at all, assail his 
ears from every quarter. “ Baksheesh ” is the first 
Arabic word with which he becomes acquainted, 
and he acquires it unwillingly. It will be for his 
interest, as soon as possible, in self-defense, to learn 
three words more—“ la shy hh," meaning, “ there is 
none.” 

. *bal, s. [A. S. bcel— (1) a funeral pile, (2) a burn¬ 
ing; Icel. baal=a strong fire.] [Baal, Beltane.] 
A flame. 

“ Drif thaim down in to the hell, 

And dunt the develes theder in, 

In thair bal al for to brin.” 

Cursor Muncli, MS. Edin., i. 7 b. (S. in Boucher.) 

. ba'-l$., s. [Celt. 6 oI=place (?). In Goth, also bal 
is=domicile, a residence, a seat, a villa ; from bo= 
to go.] 

Geog.: A small market town in the north of Wales, 
m the county of Merioneth. 

Bala limestone, s. 

Geol.: The appellation given by Professor Sedg¬ 
wick to a calcareous deposit occurring in the 
vicinity of Bala. Its age is nearly that of Murchi¬ 
son s Llandeilo Rocks in the older part of the Lower 
Silurians. [Llandeilo Rocks.] 

*bal - 9 ,d, *bal-ade, s. [Ballad.] 

ba-lse -ha, s. [Lat. balcena; Ital. balena; Port. 
balSa, boleia; Sp. ballena; Fr. baleine; Gr. phal- 
laina, phalaina, phalle, phale; O. H. Ger. wal; 
Mod. Ger. wall- 
fisch; Dut. wal- 
vis ch; Dan. 

\valfisk: Sw. 
hval ; Icel. 
hv al r ; A. S. 
h to cel : Eng. 
whale (q. v.).] 

Zool.: The 
typical genus 
of the family 
Balienidae (q. 
v.). There is 
no fin on the 
back. B.mysti- The Greenland Whale. 

cetus is the 

common Greenland or Right Whale, B. australis is 
the corresponding species in the Southern Hemi¬ 
sphere. [Whale.] 

ba-lse'-ni-feps, s. [Lat. balcena , a whale, and 
•ceps, — caput, head.] A genus of African stork-like 
birds, of which the type and only known member 
is the shoe-bill or shoe-billed stork (q. v.). It is 
Sound on the Upper Nile. 

bAlse-nl-dee, s. pi. [From Lat. baleen (a); and 
fiuff. - idee .] 

Zool.: The true whales, the most typical family 
of the order Cetacea and the sub-order Cete. They 
are known by the absence of teeth and the presence 
in their stead of a horny substance called whale¬ 
bone, or baleen. The family contains two genera, 
Balsena and Balsenoptera (q. v.). 

bal-ffi-nop -ter-A, s. [Lat. balcena —a. whale, 
and Gr. pteron= a feather, a wing, or anything like 
one—a fin, for example.] Fin-back Whales. A genus 
of Balsenidse, characterized by the possession of a 
soft dorsal fin, and b, the shortness of the plates 
of baleen. Balcenoptera Hoops is the Northern Ror¬ 
qual, or Fin-fish, called by sailors the Fiuner. It 
is the largest of knowm animals, sometimes reach¬ 
ing 100 feet in length. A somewhat smaller species, 
B. musculus, inhabits the Mediterranean. 

ba.l- 9 .n 5 e, *bal'-laun 5 e, s [In Dut. balans; 
Ger. (in Mech.) f balance; Fr. balance; Prov. 
balans, balanza; Sp. balanza; Ital. bilancia; Lat. 
bilanx= having two scales: bi (in compos, only) = 
two, and lanx-( 1 ) a plate, platter, dish, and spe¬ 
cially (2) the scale of a balance. Compare also Low 
Lat. ballancia, valentia = price or value. (See 
Ducange.)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. An instrument for weighing. 

1. Lit.: That which has two scales: viz., the in¬ 
strument, described under B., I. 1, for weighing 
bodies. It is called “ a balance,’ “ a pair of bal¬ 
ances,” or, more rarely, “ balances. 

“A just weight and balance are the Lord's: all the 
weights of the bag are His work.”— Prov. xvi. 11. 

“. . . had a pair of balances in his hand.”— Rev. vi. 5. 

‘ Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just 
hin, shall ye have . . .”— Lev. xix. 36. 

2. Figuratively: 

(&) What may be called mental scales; those 
powers or faculties which enable one to estimate 
the relative weight, advantage, or importance of 
two things, neither of which can be cast into mate¬ 
rial scales. 



(b) The emblem of justice, often figured as a 
bandaged person holding in equilibrio a pair of 
scales. 

To sway the balance: To administer justice. 

“ Discernment, eloquence, and grace, 

Proclaim him born to sway 
The balance in the highest place, 

And bear the palm away.” 

Cowper: Promotion of Thurlow. 

II. The state of being in equipoise. 

1. Lit.: The equipoise between an article and the 
weight in the opposite scale; or any similar equi¬ 
poise without actual scales being used. 

“ And hung a bottle on each side, 

To make his balance true.” 

Cowper: John Gilpin. 

"I found it very difficult to keep my balance.’’ — Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. xvii. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) The act. of mentally comparing two things 
which cannot be weighed in a material balance. 

“ Upon a fair balance of the advantages on either side, 
it will appear that the rules of the gospel are more pow¬ 
erful means of conviction than such message.”— Atterbury. 


(b) Mental or moral equipoise or equilibrium; 
good sense, steadiness, discretion. 

“. . . the English workmen completely lose their 
balance.” — J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. vii. 
(Note). 

III. That which is needful to be added to one side 
or other to constitute an equilibrium; also the pre¬ 
ponderance one way or other before such adjustment 
is made. 

1. Lit.; Used in connection with the weighing of 
articles or the making up of accounts. [B.] 

2. Fig.: Used in the estimating of things imma¬ 
terial which cannot be literally weighed or calcu¬ 
lated. 

“ . . . the balance of hardship turns the other way.” 
— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. L, bk. ii., ch. ih, § 2. 

B. Technically: 

I. Mechanics, die.: 

1 . Common balance: An instrument for determin¬ 
ing the relative weights or masses of bodies. It 
consists of a beam with its fulcrum in the middle, 
and its arms precisely equal. From the extremities 
of the arms are suspended two scales, the one to 
receive the object to be weighed, and tne other the 
counterpoise. The fulcrum consists of a steel 
prism, called the knife-edge, which passes through 
the beam, and rests, with its sharp edge or axis of 
suspension, upon two supports of agate or polished 
steel. A needle or pointer is fixed to the beam, and 
oscillates with it in front of a graduated arc. It 
points to zero when the balance is at rest. When 
the beam is horizontal, the center of gravity of the 
instrument should be in the same vertical line with 
the edge of the fulcrum, but a little beneath the 
latter. A good balance possesses both sensibility 
and stability. A balance is said to be sensible 
which so easily revolves upon its fulcrum that, 
when in equipoise, the addition of the minutest 
particle of matter to one scale makes it sensibly 
move. It is stable when, owing to the low position 
of the center of gravity, it does not long oscillate on 
being disturbed. This first type of balance may be 
modified in various ways. 

(а) A false balance of this type is one in which 
the arms are unequal in length, the longer one being 
on the side of the scale into which the article to be 
weighed is to be put. As the balance is really a 
lever [Lever], it is evident that a smaller weight 
than that in the scale will put the beam into 
equilibrium. The fraud may at once be detected by 
putting the article to be weighed into the scale 
containing the weight, and vice versd. 

( б ) Hydrostatic balance: A balance designed for 
the weighing of bodies in water, with the view of 
ascertaining their specific gravity. 

2. A “Roman” balance, the same as the steel¬ 
yard. [Steelyard.] Of this type the Chinese, the 
Danish or Swedish, and the bent lever balances are 
modifications. 

II. Mechanics and Natural Philosophy : 

Balance of torsion: An instrument invented by 

Coulomb for comparing the intensities of very 
small forces. It consists of a metallic wire sus¬ 
pended vertically from a fixed point, to the lower 
end of which a horizontal needle is attached with a 
small weight designed to keep the wire stretched. 
The magnitude of a small force acting on the end of 
the needle is measured by the amount of “ torsion,” 
or twisting of the wire—in other words, by the arc 
which the needle passes over measured from the 
point of repose. 

III. Mechanics and Horology: 

1. Balance of a watch: The circular hoop or ring 
which takes the place of the bob of a pendulum in 
a clock. The action of the hair-spring causes it to 
vibrate. 

“ It is but supposing that all watches, while the 
balance beats, think; and it is sufficiently proved, that 
my watch thought all last night.”— Locke. 


2. Compensating balance of a chronometer: A 
balance or wheel furnished with a spiral spring, 
with metals of different expansibility so adjusted 
that, in alterations' of temperature, they work 
against each other and render the movements of the 
chronometer uniform. 

IV. Astron.: A constellation, one of the signs of 
the zodiac, generally designated by its Latin name, 
Libra. [Libra.] 

V. Book and Account Keeping: The excess on the 
debtor or creditor side of an account, which requires 
to be met by an identical sum entered under some 
bedding on the other side if an equilibrium is to be 
established between the two. 

VI. Comm, and Polit. Econ. Balance of trade: 
Properly an equilibrium between the value of the 
exports from and the imports into any country, but' 
more commonly the amount required on one side or 
other to constitute such an equilibrium. 

“ Nothing, however, can be more absurd than this whole 
doctrine of the balance of trade. . . When two places 
trade with one another, this doctrine supposes that if the 
balance be even, neither of them either loses or gains; 
but if it leans in any degree to one side, that one of them 
loses and the other gains, in proportion to its declension 
from the exact equilibrium.”— Adam Smith: Wealth of 
Nations, bk. iv., ch. iii., pt. ii. 

VII. Politics. Balance of power: Such a con¬ 
dition of things that the power of any one state, 
however great, is balanced by that of the rest. _ To 
maintain such an equilibrium all the nations 
jealously watch each other, and if any powerful 
and ambitious one seek to aggrandize itself at the 
expense of a weaker neighbor, all the other states, 
parties to the system, hold themselves bound to 
resist its aggressions. The ancient Greek states 
thus combined first against Athenian and then 
against Spartan domination. Several of the. mod¬ 
ern European states did so yet more systematically, 
first against Spain, then against France, and more 
recently against Russia. Many of these wars have 
tended to the vindication of international law and 
the preservation and increase of human liberty: 
but others have been detrimental to humanity, ana 
the “balance of power” does not now override 
every consideration to the extent that it did for¬ 
merly. Those who advocate it have no other ambi¬ 
tion than to maintain the “ status quo,” however 
arbitrary or obsolete. 

balance-beams, s. pi. Beams constituting part 
of the machinery for lowering a drawbridge, aDd 
which, moving upward, cause it to descend. 

“Full harshly up its groove of stone, 

The balance-beams obeyed the blast, 

And down the trembling drawbridge cast.” 

Scott: The Bridal of Triermain, i. 15. 
balance-electrometer, s. An instrument in¬ 
vented by Cuthbertson for regulating the amount 
of the charge of electricity designed to be sent 
through any substance. Essentially it consists of a 
beam with both its arms terminating in balls. One 
of these is in contact with a ball beneath it, sup¬ 
ported by a bent metallic tube, proceeding from 
the same stand as that on which the beam rests. 
When electricity is sent through the instrument, the 
two balls repel each other, and the beam is knocked 
up. Its other extremity consequently descends, 
the ball there coming in contact with another one 
at the top of an insulated column, and a discharge 
will there take place. The weight, overcome by the 
repulsive force, will measure the intensity of the 
latter. It has been superseded by instruments on 
other principles. 

balance-fish, s. A name sometimes given to a 
shark of the genus Zygwna. The more common 
appellation, however, for these fishes is Hammer- 
headed sharks. 

bf la ace-knife, s. A table-knife with a handle 
which so balances the blade that it is kept from 
coming in contact with the table, 
balance-reef, v. t. 

Naut.: To reduce a sail to its last reef. 

balance-sheet, s. A statement showing the bal¬ 
ance of a number of accounts. 

balance-step, s. [Goose-step.] 
bal'-ange, tbal'-l^nge, *bal'-laun$e, z. t. & L 
fFrom the substantive. In Sw. balansera; Dan. 
balancere; Fr. balancer; Prov. balansar , balan- 
zar; Sp. & Port, balancear; Ital. bilanciare.'] 
[Balance, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

L Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: To adjust the scales of a balance so that 
they may be equally poised; to render them what is 
called in anglicized Latin in equilibrium, or in 
classical Latin in equilibrio. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) So to adjust powers or forces of any kind a9 
to make them constitute an equilibrium ; to cause 
to be in equipoise; to render equal. (Usedwhether 
this is done by man or by nature.) 


fcfiil, bdy; pout., jowl; cat, 
*cian. -tian = shsm. -tion, 


$ell, chorus, $hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; 
zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph=f. 
shus. -ble, -file. Ac. = bel /M,. 








balanced 


364 


bald 


“ The forces were so evenly balanced that a very slight 
accident might have turned the scale.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xix. 

“ In the country, parties were more nearly balanced 
than in the capital.”— Ibid., ch. xxv. 

(6) To make the two sides of an account agree 
with each other, or to do anything analogous. 

[II. I-] 

”... his gain Is balanced by their loss.”— J. S. Mill: 
Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. iii., § 4. 

” Judging is balancing an account, and determining on 
which side the odds lie.”— Locke. 

“ Give him leave 

To balance the account of Blenheim’s day.” 

Prior. 

(c) Mentally to compare two forces, magnitudes, 
&c., with the view of estimating their relative 
potency or importance. 


Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the 
family Curculionidse. The species have a long 
slender rostum, furnished at the tip with a minute 
pair of sharp horizontal jaws, which they use in 
depositing their eggs in the kernels of certain fruits. 
Balaninus nucum is the Nut-weevil. It attacks 
the hazel-nut and the filbert, while B. glandium 
makes its assaults on the acorn. 

bal'-an-ite, s. [In Ger. balanit; Fr. balanite; 
Lat. balanites; Gr. balanites — {as adj.) acorn¬ 
shaped, (as s.) a precious stone. {Pliny.)] 
Palceont.: A fossil Cirripede of the genus Bal- 
anus, or closely allied to it. 

bal-u-no-glos'-sus, s. [Gr. balanos, an acorn, 
and glossa, tongue.] A remarkable genus of soft- 
bodied worms, having certain features that seem¬ 
ingly ally them to vertebrates, and other features 
that suggest affinities to the worms. 


“ A fair result can be obtained only by fully stating and 
balancing the facts and arguments on both sides of 
each question.”— Damcin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), 
Introd., p. 2. 

(<J) To adjust one thing to another exactly. 

“ While chief baron Ear sat to balance the laws. 

So famed for his talent in nicely discerning.” 

Cowper: Report of an Adjudged Case. 

II. Technically: 

1. Account and book keeping: To ascertain and 
note down or pay the sum which is necessary to 
make the debtor and creditor side of an account 
equal. 

2. Dancing: Reciprocally to move forward to and 
backward from. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: To be in equilibria; to be exactly poised. 
[Used of scales.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) To be equal on the one side and the other, as 
“ the account balances .” 

f (b) To hesitate between conflicting evidence or 
motives. 

“Were the satisfaction of lust, and the joys of heaven, 
offered to any one’s present possession, he would not bal¬ 
ance, or err in the determination of his choice.”— Locke. 

“ Since there is nothing that can offend, I see not why 
you should balance a moment about printing it.”— After- 
bury to Pope. 

II. Dancing: To move forward to, or backward 
from, a partner. 

bal-anged, pa. par. & a. [Balance, v.] 

“For England also the same sobering process of bal¬ 
anced loss and gain will have the same salutary effect.”—- 
Times, Nov. 16, 1877. 

bal-an^e-ment, s. [Eng. balance; -ment. In 
Fr. balancement .] The act of balancing; the state 
of being balanced. 

“The elder Geoffroy and Goethe propounded, at about 
the same period, their law of compensation or balance¬ 
ment of growth.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), 
ch. v., p. 147. 

baT-goi-fjer, s. [Eng. balanc(e); -er.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: He who or that which balances or 
poises a pair of scales, or who, by this or any other 
method, produces equilibrium in anything. 

2. Entom. (The balancers of a dipterous insect) : 
Those drumstick-like processes well seen in the fly 
and other familiar species of the order. 

bal’-an-§mg, pr. par., a. & s. [Balance, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <£ particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of rendering equal or in equilibria or 
poised; the state of being thus equal or in equi¬ 
poise. 

2. That which produces equilibrium, poise or 
equality. 

“ Dost thou know the balancings of the clouds . . 

Job xxxvii. 16. 

ba-land'-ra, s. [Sp. & Port, balandra. ] [Bi¬ 
lander.] A kind of vessel with one mast, used 
in South America and elsewhere. 

“I was compelled to return by a balandra, or one- 
masted vessel of about a hundred tons’ burden, which was 
bound to Buenos Ayres.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. vii. 

ba-lan-i-dte, s. pi. [Balanus.] One of the two 
families into which the crustaceous order called 
Cirrhopoda is divided. It includes the animals 
popularly called Sea-acorns, from the remote resem¬ 
blance which their shells bear to the fruit of the 
oak. They constitute the fixed Cirrhopoda so fre¬ 
quently seen covering stakes and rocks within 
high-water mark. [Balanus, Barnacle, Cierho- 

PODA.] 

bal-^-nl'-nus, s. [Lat. balaninus; Gr. balaninos 
=made from the balanos .] [Balanos.] 


bal-an-oph-or-a, s. [Gr. balanos— acorn, and 
.phero—t o bear. Acorn-bearing.] The typical genus 
of Balanophorere. The Himalayan species make 
great knots on the roots of oaks and maples, 
scooped by the natives into drinking-cups. In Java 
the wax of Balanophora elongata is used in making 
candles. 

bal-an-o-phor-a-ge-aj {Lindley), bal-an-o- 
phor -e-ae {Richard), s. pi. [Balanophora.] 
Cynomoriums. An order of plants placed by 
Lindley under the class Rhizanths or Rhizogens, 
but believed by Dr. Hooker to have an affinity to 
the exogenous order Haloragese, or Hippurids. 
They are succulent, fungus-like, leafless plants, 
usually yellow or red, parasitical upon roots. The 
flowers are mostly unisexual; they are crowded 
together in heads or cones. The perianth in the 
males is generally three or six cleft; the ovary has 
one or two styles, but only one cell and one pendu¬ 
lous ovule. Lindley estimated the number known 
in 1846 at thirty. They occur in America; at tho 
Cape of Good Hope and in other parts of Africa; 
also in Asia. One species occurs in Malta. In prop¬ 
erties they seem to be styptic. Cynomorium 
coccineum, called by apothecaries Fungus Meliten- 
sis, is so, as are some species of Helosis. Einbro- 
phytum is eaten in Peru as if it were a fungus. 
[Balanophora, Cynomoriums.] 
bal-an-o-phor -e-ae, s. pi. [Balanophoeacejs.] 
bal-an-iis, s. [Lat. balanus; Gr. balanos— (1) 
an acorn, (2) any similar fruit.] Acorn-shells. A 
genus of crustaceous animals, the typical one of 
the family Balanidae (q. v.). Their shell consists of 
six valves, firmly united into a short tube, which is 
fixed by its base to the object to which the animal 
seeks to adhere. From two to four valves more 
close the upper portion of the tube, with the 
exception of a slit or orifice, through which the 
inhabitant protrudes its cirri in quest of suste¬ 
nance. Though fixed when adult, it swims about 
when immature, and in that state somewhat 
resembles an entomostracan. [Acorn-shell.] 
bal -as, bal-ass, a. & s. [In Ger .ballass; Fr. 
balais and rubis balais; Prov. balais, balach; Sp. 
balax; Port, balax, balais; Ital. balascio: Low Lat. 
balascus. Named from Balashon or Balaxiam, 
erroneous spelling of Badakshan or Budakshan. a 
city of Uzbec Tartary or Great Bokhara ; capital of 
the province of Kilan ; lat. 37° 10’ N., long. 68° 50' E.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the kind of ruby 
described under B., as the Balas Ruby. 

B. As substantive: A name given by lapidaries to 
the rose-red varieties of the Spinel Ruby. These 
are not to be confounded with the Oriental ruby, or 
sapphire, which is of far greater value. [See Ruby 
and Spinel, of which the ruby is a variety.] 

bal-aus'-ta, s. [Lat. balaustium; Gr. balaus- 
tion= the flower of the wild pomegranate.] 

Bot.: The name given by Richard, Lindley, and 
others to the kind of fruit of which the pomegran¬ 
ate is the type. It consists of a many-celled, many- 
seeded, inferior indehiscent fleshy pericarp, the 
seeds in which have a pulpy coat, and are distinctly 
attached to the placentae. 

bal-aus'-tine, a. & s. ^ [Lat. balaustium; Gr. 
balaustion .] [Balausta.] 

A. As adjective : Pertaining to the pomegranate- 
tree. {Coxe.) 

B. As substantive: The pomegranate-tree. 
*ba-la'yn, s. [Fr. balain=a whale.] Whalebone 

was originally used for ivory, which is no doubt 
meant in the example. 

“ Her baner whyt, withouten fable, 

With thre Sarezynes hedes of sable. 

That wer schapen noble and large 
Of balayn, both scheeld and targe.” 

Richard, 2,982. (S. in Boucher, j 
*bal-bu'-$in-ate, *bal'-bu'-tl-ate, v. i. [In Fr. 
balbutier; Port, balbuciar; Ital. balbuzzare , bal- 
buzzire, balbettare, balbutire; Low Lat. balbuzo; 
Class. Lat. balbutio=to stammer; from balbus= 
stammering.] To stammer. {Johnson.) 


bal-bu'-ti-e§, s. [In Fr. 5a?£>«tae=inarticulat&- 
ness, bad pronunciation; Port, balbucie; Ital, 
&aZ?mzte=stammering, stuttering; from Lat. balbus> 
=stammering.] 

Med.: Stammering. 

bal-biiz'-zard, s. [Bald-buzzard.] {Griffith's 
Cuvier , vol. vi., 39, 231-233.) 

fbal-can'-I-fer, fbal-da-Mn'-i-fer, s. [From 
Low Lat. baldanum=a standard, and fero=to 
bear.] 

Her., Hist., <&c.: The standard-bearer of the* 
Knights Templars. 

*bal-c6n, *bal-c6ne, s. [Balcony.] 

bal' con-led, a. [En g. balcon{y); -ied.) Having 
balconies. (Sometimes used in composition.) 

“The house was double-balconied in front.”— Roger: 
North. 

bal -con-y, *bal-co -ny, *bal -con, *bal'-c6ne» 
*bel'-e6ne, s. [In Sw., Dut., & Ger. balkon; Dan, 
ballcon, balcon; Fr., Prov., & Sp. balcon; Port. 
balcao; Ital. balcone; Low Lat. balco. Cognate- 
with Ital. balco or palco = a floor, stage, scaffold, 
the box of a theater, the horns of a deer, and Eng. 
balk=a beam.] [Balk.] 

Ord. Lang, rft Arch.: A gallery or projecting frame¬ 
work of wood, iron, or stone, in front of a house, 
generally on a level with the lower part of the 
windows in one or more floors. Balconies are sup¬ 
ported on brackets, cantilevers, rails, consoles, or 
pillars, and->are often surrounded by iron rails or by 
a balustrade of stone. They are very common out¬ 
side the better houses in large towns. When they 
are sufficiently strong the inmates of the house can 
use them for standing or sitting in the open air; 
when more feebly supported, they may be employed 
as form-stands for plants in flower-pots. 

“The streets, the balconies, and tlie very housetops 
were crowded with gazers.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

H (a) The form balcone occurs in Howell's Letters 
(dated 1650). {Halliwell: Contrib. to Lexic.) It is 
f on nd_ also in Holy day's Juvenal (1618). This is 
probably the earliest instance. 

(6) In 1836, Smart noted that the change of 
accent from the second syllable of the word to th& 
first had taken place within the previous twenty 
years. 

*baid (1), a. [Bold.] 

bald (2), *balde, ^bailed, *ballede, *bal -lid, a „ 

[Richardson, looking at the old forms balled, bal- 
Iede, and ballid, thinks the word bald comes from 
ball, and signifies smooth and round like a ball. It 
seems, however, more akin to Sp. & Port, baldio— 
untilled^uncultivated, vain, useless; Gael. & Irish 
maol; W T ol. moel; Arm. »ioa(=bald. Sw. kal; Dut, 
fcaai=bald, bare, leafless.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. Of man: Without hair upon the crown of the 
head, one of the characteristic marks of approach¬ 
ing old age. 

■ 1 Balled be was, and thycke of body . . 

Rob. Glouc.: Chron., p. 429. (S. in Boucher.) 

“ Both the great and the small shall die in this land; they 
shall not be buried, neither shall men lament for them, 
nor cut themselves, nor make themselves bald for them.” 
— Jer. xvi. 6. 

2. Of birds: Without feathers on the crown of 
the head, a characteristic seen in some vultures, 
which can in consequence bury their head in the 
carcass of an animal without having their feathers 
rendered clotted and disagreeable by blood. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of covering or adornment essentially of a 
material kind: 

{a) Of plants: Destitute of foliage, flowers, or 
fruit. [See also B.] 

“ Under an oak, whose boughs were moss’d with age, 

And high top bald with dry antiquity.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, iv. 3. 

(6) Of any inanimate part of nature: Destitute 
of its natural covering. (Used of rocks, the earth, 
&c.) 

2. Of covering or adornment essentially of an 
immaterial kind: 

(a) Of literary composition: Unadorned. (Used 
both of original composition and of translation.) 

“Hobbes, in the preface to his own bald translation of 
the Ilias, begins the praise of Homer where he should 
have ended it .”—Dry den: Fab., Pref. 

“And that, though labor’d, line must bald appear, 

That brings ungrateful music to the ear.”— Creech. 

(b) Of a person's character, manners, or status: 
Unattractive, undignified. 

“ What should the people do with these bald tribunes ? 
On whom depending their obedience fails 
To the greatfer bench.— ’’Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 1. 

B. Agric. cfr Bot. Of grasses: Without a beard 
or awn* 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; plne^ pit, sire, sir marine- °-o nSt 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, a, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw’ 






bald buzzard 


365 


bale 


bald-buzzard, s. A name sometimes given to the 
Osprey, or Fishing-hawk (Pandion haliceetus ), and 
to the genus to which it belongs. 

1[ Bald-buzzard is sometimes abbreviated into 
Balbuzzard. 

bald coot, s. An English name for the Common 
Coot (Fulica atra). 

bald-head, bald head, s. 

1. A head which is bald, or destitute of hair. 

2. An offensive designation for one affected with 
•baldness. 


. there came forth little children out of the city, 
and mocked him, and said unto him, Go up, thou bald 
head; go up, thou bald head.” —2 Kings ii. 23. 

bald-locust, bald locust, s. [Heb. salgham, 
«aleam , or salam, from East Aram, salgham , saleam, 
or salam= consumed. In Sept. Gr. ' attakes ; Lat. 
Vulg. attacus. ] A winged and eatable species of 
locust, not yet properly identified. 

. . and the bald locust after his kind . . .”— 
Lev. xi. 22. 

bald-pate, s. & a. 

A. As substantive : A “pate,” or head, destitute 
©f hair. 


“Come hither, goodman baldpate; do you know me ?”— 
Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, v. 1. 

B. As adjective: 

1 . Having a head of this description. 

2 . Devoid of the accustomed covering of any¬ 
thing. 

“Nor with Dubartas bridle up the floods, 

Nor perriwig with snow the baldpate woods.” 

Soame and Dryden: Art of Poetry. 
bald-pated, a. Having the “ pate,” or head, 
destitute of hair. 


“You baldpated, lying rascal, you must be hooded, 
must you?”— Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, v. 1. 

bald-tyrants, s. pi. The English name of a 
genus of birds, Gymnocepkalus, which belongs to 
the family Ampelidse (Chatterers), and the sub¬ 
family Gymnoderinse, or Fruit-crows. Its habitat 
is South America. Its name is derived from the 
absence of feathers on a considerable portion of the 
face. 

bal-dsi-chin, bal-da-chi-no, bau -de-kin, s. 
fin Dan. baldakin; Ger. baldachin; Fr. baldaquin; 
Sp. baldaqui; Ital. baldachino= canopy; Low Lat. 
baldachinus, baldechinus=(l) rich silk, ( 2 ) balda¬ 
chin: from Ital. Raldacco, Baldach—Bagdad, the 
well-known city near the eastern limit of Turkey in 
Asia, whence the rich silk used for covering balda¬ 
chins came.] 

1. Properly: A rich silk cloth erected as a canopy 
©ver a king, a saint, or other persons of distinction, 
to increase his dignity. 

“No baldachino, no cloth of state, was there; the king 
being absent.”— Sir T. Herbert: Trav., p. 185. 

2. Fccles. Arch .. A canopy, generally supported 
by pillars, but sometimes suspended from above, 
placed over an altar in a Roman Catholic Church, 



Baldachino (from St. Peter’s, Rome). 

not so much to protect it as to impart to it addi¬ 
tional grace and dignity. It is generally of a square 
form, covered with silk or other rich cloth, fringed 
at the margin. It is supposed to be copied from a 
structure called in Latin ciborium, and in Greek 
Mbdrion, erected by the early Christians over tombs 
and altars. Baldachins were first introduced into 
the Western Church about 1130. Some baldachins 
are of great size. That in St. Peter’s at Rome, the 
largest and finest known, reaches the elevation, 
including the cross, of 12654 feet. On the other 
hand, some are small 'enough to be removed from 
their places and carried over the host in Roman 
Catholic processions. 

*ba’lde-ly, *b& lde-llche (ch guttural), adv. 

{[Boldly.] 

*bald'e-moyne, s. [Etymology doubtful.] [Bawd- 
money.] _ 


bal -der-dash, s. [According to Malone, balder 
is from Eng. ball, and dash is also the ordinary 
English word, the reference being to the practice of 
barbers dashing their “ balls ” backward and for¬ 
ward in hot water. The example from Nashe given 
below is in favor of this etymology. But Joseph 
Hunter, writing in Boucher, suggests that balder¬ 
dash may be from Wei. baldardd, baldordd = to 
babble, to prate, to talkidly; baIdarddus =pr a ting, 
babbling, talking idly. With this view Wedgwood 
agrees, and adds Teutonic and other affinities. In 
Gael, ballartaich, ballardaich is = a loud noise, 
shouting; Sw. buller— noise, clamor, bustle; Dan. 
buldef=noise, rumbling noise, bustle, brawl; Dut. 
6 wZdermgr=blustering.] [See the verb.] 

I. Lit.: Mixed, trashy, and worthless liquor. 

1. That used by barbers for washing the head. 
[See etym.] 

“ They would no more live under the yoke of the sea, or 
have their heads washed with his bubbly spume or bar¬ 
ber’s balderdash.” — Nashe: Lenten Stuffe (1599), p. 8. 

2. A liquor to be drunk. 

“ It is against my freehold, my inheritance, 

To drink such balderdash, or bonny clabber !” 

Ben Jonson: New Inn, i, 2. 

“ Mine is such a drench of balderdash.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Woman’s Prize. 

II. Fig.: Confused speech or writing; a jargon of 
words without meaning, or if they possess any, then 
it is something offensive and indecent. 

1[ If the derivation of balderdash from the Welsh, 
as suggested by Hunter, be preferred, then what is 
here marked II. Fig. must become I. Lit., and vice 
versa. 

bal'-der-dash, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
mix or adulterate liquor of any kind. 

“ When monarchy began to bleed, 

And treason had a fine new name; 

When Thames was balderdash’d with Tweed, 

And pulpits did like beacons flame.” 

The Geneva Ballad (1674). 

“ Can wine or brandy reoeive any sanction by being 
balderdashed with two or three sorts of simple waters? ” 
— Mandeville: Ilypochondr. Dis. (1730), 279. 

bald'-ly, adv. [Eng. bald; -ly.] In a bald man¬ 
ner ; nakedly, inelegantly. (Johnson.) 

bald-mon-ey, *bald’-m6n-y, bawd’-mon-ey, 
*bald e-moyne, s. [From the Lat. valde bona = 
exceedingly good. (Prior.) From Balder, the name 
of the person to whom the plant was dedicated. 
(Sir W. J. Hooker.)] 

*A. Of the 
forms b a 1 d- 
mony, * balde- 
moyne: A gen¬ 
tian. (Johnson, 
cfee.) 

B. Of the 
forms bald- 
money and 
bawdmoney: 

An English 
name applied 
to the Meum, a 
genus of um- 
bellif er o us 
plants. One 
species found 
in Britain, the 
M. athama ni- 
cum= Common 
Baldmoney o r 
Meum. It has 
m u 11 i p artite 
leaflets, yellowish flowers, and a fusiform root 
eaten as an aromatic and carminative. The whole 
plant has a strong smell. 

bald'-ness, *bal-led-ness, s. [Eng. bald;-ness.'] 
The quality of being bald. 

I. Literally: 

1. Partial or total absence of hair on a human 
being, whether arising from disease or from old 
age. [Alopecia.] 

“. . . his Rhode shamed not the harme of ballednesse, 
and whenne he is ielipped in squar the forhede, be 
sheweth as a lyounus visage.”— Rob. of Glouc., p. 482. (S. in 
Boucher.) 

“ . . . on all their heads shall be baldness, and every 
beard cut off.”— Isa. xv. 2. 

2. Absence of feathers from the crown and back 
of the head in a vulture or other bird. 

“Make thee bald, and poll thee for thy delicate chil¬ 
dren; enlarge thy baldness as the eagle.”— Micah i. 16. 

1[ In the example from Micah the word translated 
“eagle” is probably a species of vulture. 

II. Figuratively: 

1 . Such destruction as leaves a city bare of 
inhabitants, if not even of edifices. 

“ Baldness is come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is cut off with 
the remnant of their valley; how long wilt thou cut thy¬ 
self ?”— Jer. xlvii. 6. 



Baldmoney (Meum Athaman- 
ticum). 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, geH, chorus, ghin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


2. Absence of all ornament or even elegance. 
(Specially of composition.) 

“ Borde has all the baldness of allusion, and barbarity 
of versification, belonging to Skelton, without his strokes 
of satire and severity.”— Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, 
iii. 74. 

bald'-ric, *bald’-rlck, *bauld'-rick, *bfiud'- 
rick, *bau-der-yk, bawd'-rick, *bawd-rycke, 
*baw-der-yke L *baw-dryk, ^*baw'-drlkke, 
bald-reye, bow-dreg, baw-dryg (au or aw in 

some of these words is softened from aid, which is 
the older form), s. [In M. & O. H. Ger. balderich. 
According to Mudge, from Low Lat. baldringus; 
according to Ducange, from Low Lat. baldrellus. 
In either case, remotely from Class. Lat. balteus— 
a girdle, a belt, . . . the 
zodiac. In A. S. beltp Sw. 
balte; Icel. balti; Dan. 
boelte; Fr. baudrier; O. 

Fr. baudrier, baudre: 

Ital. budriere.] [Belt.] 

I. Literally: 

I. A richly-ornamented 

girdle or belt, passing 
over one shoulder and 
around the _ opposite 
side, as shown in the ac¬ 
companying figure. It 
was designed to be orna¬ 
mental and to show the 
rank of the wearer, be¬ 
sides being of use as a 
sword-belt, or, in some 
cases, for carrying a Baldric, 

bugle. 

“ A radiant baldric, o’er his shoulder tied, 

Sustain’d the sword that glitter’d at his side.” 

Pope: Homeds Iliad, bk. iii., 415-16. 

“ His bugle-horn hung by his side, 

All in a wolf-skin baldric tied.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii, 16. 

“ . . . from his baldric drew 
His bugle . . .” Byron: The Corsair, ii. 4. 

*2. A collar. 

“ A baldrick for a lady’s neck.”— Palsgrave. 

*3. Any one of the subsidiary ropes used in ringing 
church bells. (Boucher); or the rope by means of 
which a bell is rung. 

“. . . for making the bawdryk of the great belle, xii 
d.”— Add. MSS., Mus. Brit., 6,761, f. 40. (S.'in Boucher.) 

II. Fig.: The zodiac viewed as a gem-studded 
belt encircling the heavens. (See Lat. balteus in the 

etymology.) 

“ That like the Twins of Jove, they seem’d in sight, 
Which deck the baldrick of the heavens bright.” 

Spenser: F. Q., Y. i. 11. 

baldric-wise, bauldrick-wise, a. Resembling 
a baldric; ornamented like a baldric. 

“ And not the meanst, but, bauldrick-wise, doth wear 
Some goodly garland , . .” 

Drayton, iv. 1,464. (Boucher.) 

*bale (1), s. & a. [A. S. bealu, bealo=( 1) bale, 
woe, evil, mischief; (2) wickedness, depravity; 
balewe= miserable, wicked; balewa=the baleful or 
wicked one, Satan; Icel. bat, bdl; Dut. baal= 
misery; O. Sax. balu; O. H. Ger. balo; Goth, bales. 
In Ir. beala is=to die; and a6aii=death.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Mischief, danger, calamity. 

“ Ac of sonde thi son therfore, 

And yif him respit of his bale.” 

Sevyn Sages, ii. 704-5. 

TT Sometimes, though rarely, used in the pluraL 
“ Of such false blisse as there is set for stales, 

T’ entrap unwary fooles in their eternal bales.” 

Spenser; F. Q., VL x. 4. 

2. Sorrow, misery. 

"... that much bale tholed.”— Gav;ayn and the Green 
Knyght, 4,448. (S. in Boucher.) 

“ For light she hated as the deadly bale.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 16. 

B. As adjective: Evil. 

“. . . bring me forth toward blisse with se bale 
here.”— MS. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., f. 146 b. (S. in Boucher.) 

bale (2), s. [In Sw. bal; Icel. bbllr; Ban. balle; 
Ger. ball, balle, ballen; M. H. Ger. bal, balle; O. H. 
Ger. balla, palla, pallo; Fr. balle: O. Fr. bale; 
Pro v. balla; Sp. & Port, bala; Ital. balla; Low 
Lat. balla, bala= a bale, a ball.] [Ball.] 

1 . A package or certain quantity of goods or 
merchandise, wrapped or packed up in cloth, and 
corded round very tightly, marked and numbered 
with figures corresponding to those in the bills of 
lading for the purpose of identification. 

“ Every day ten or twelve bales of parchment covered 
with the signatures of associators were laid at his feet.”— 
Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

“. . . the most frequent object being a bullock- 

wagon piled up with bales of wool.”— Darwin; Voyage 
round the World, ch. xix. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, deL 





































366 


balker 


bale-goods 


*2. A pair of dice. 

“ It is a false die of the same bale, but not the same 
out.”— Overbury: Charact., sign. Q. 2. 

“For exercise of arms a bale of dice.” 

Ben Jonson : New Inn, i. L 

bale-goods, s. pi. Goods done up in bales. 

bale (l),v.t. [From bale, s. (2). In Ger. emballen; 
Fr. emballer; Sp. embalar; Ital. imballare.) To 
form into a bale or bales. 

bale (2) v. t. [Johnson believes it to be from Fr. 
bailler, in the sense of delivering from hand to hand, 
an opinion with which Mahn, who considers the 

referable spelling to be bail, agrees. On the other 

and^as Wedgwood points out, it may be connected 
with Dan. bailie, balje = a tub; Sw. balja= a sheath, 
a scabbard, a tub; Dut. ball = a skin, a slough (a 
3 kin being perhaps the oldest form of tub); Fr. 
baille=a large sea-tub or bucket.! 

Naut.: To free from water by throwing it out, as 
distinguished from pumping it out. ( Skinner.) 

bale (3), s. [A. S. basil = (1) a funeral pile, (2) a 
burning.] [Beltane.] A fire kindled upon an 
eminence, on the border or coast of a country or 
elsewhere, to give warning of the approach of 
danger. 

“For, when they see the blazing bale, 

Elliots and Armstrongs never fail.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 27. 

bale-fire, s. A fire of the kind now described. 

“Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide 
The glaring bale-flres blaze no more.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 1. 

bale-hills, s. pi. Hillocks on which bale-fires 
were formerly kindled. ( S. in Boucher.) 

bale (4),s. [¥r.bale,bd,le,balle,tTom'We\.ballasq, 
ballau=A skin, a glume ( Littr6 ), balleog— a prickly 
skin. ( Pughe .)] De Candolle’s name for one of the 
bracts in the flower of grasses called by him also 
glumella. 

tBal-e-ar-I-9,11, a. [Lat. f?alearis=Balearic, 
from Baleares, s., or Baliares insulae; Gr. Bali- 
areis. ] Pertaining to the Balearic Isles. [Bale- 
AEIC.J 

"... the Balearian slingers slung their stones like 
hail into the ranks of the Homan line.”— Arnold: Hist. 
Rome, vol. iii., ch. xliii., p. 140. 

Bal-e-ar'-lc, a. [Lat. Balearicus.) [Balear- 
IAn.] Pertaining to the Balearic Isles in the Med¬ 
iterranean. In Sp. & Lat. Baleares, probably from 
ballo— to throw, the inhabitants anciently being 
excellent slingers. 

There are five 
islands—viz., Ma- 

i 'orca, Minorca, 
viza, Formen- 
tera, and Cabrera. 

They are subject 
to Spain. 

Balearic 
crane, s. The 
Crowned Crane 
(Balearica pavo- 
nina ), found not 
merely in islands 
after which it 
is named, but 
in North Africa. 

Its occiput is or- Balearic Crane, 

namented with a 

tuft of yellowish filaments or feathers tipped with 
blackish hairs. Its voice is like a trumpet. 

b?l-lec’-tion, bo-lec -tion, a. [Etymology not 
obvious.] Projecting. 

balection moldings, s. 

Arch.: Projecting moldings, situated around the 
panels of a framing. ( Gwilt.) 

ba led, pa. par. [Bale, v. ( 1 ) & ( 2 ).] 

ba-le en, s. [In Fr. baleine=( 1) a whale, (2) 
whalebone; Lat. balcena; Dut. balein= whalebone 
(q. v.).] Whalebone. 

“ . . . the family of the Balaenidse, or true Whales, 
in which the teeth are deficient, and the mouth is fur¬ 
nished with numerous plates of a horny substance well 
known as whalebone or baleen.” — Dallas: Animal King¬ 
dom, p. 677. 

ba'le-ful, fbale-full, a. [Eng. bale (1); -full.) 

1. Subjectively: Full of grief or misery; sorrow¬ 
ful, sad, woeful. 

“ Such stormy stoures do breede my balefull smart, 

As if my yeare were wast and woxen old.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., i. 

“ . . . round he throws his baleful eyes, 
That witnessed huge affliction and dismay.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 


2. Objectively: Pernicious, harmful, deadly. 

“ He cast about, and searcht his baleful bokes againe.” 

Spenser: F. Q.,I. ii. 2. 

“ ... by baleful Furies led . . .” 

Pope: Thebais of Statius, 95. 

“ It is Count Hugo of the Rhine, 

The deadliest foe of all our race, 

And baleful unto me and mine ! ” 

Longfellow: Golden Legend, iv. 

bale-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. baleful; -ly .] In a 
baleful manner; perniciously, harmfully. (John¬ 
son.) 

ba le~ful-ness, s. [Eng. baleful; -ness.) Per¬ 
niciousness, harmfulness, ruin. 

“ But that their bliss be turned to balefulness .’ ’ 

Spenser: F. Q., IL xii. 83 

♦ba -les, s. [Balass.] 

♦bal-es-ter, s. [Balistar.] 

♦bal -ette, s. [Ballad.] 

♦bal-hew (ew as u), a. [Balwe.] 
ba -ling (1 ),pr. par. & s. [Bale, v. (1).] 

A. As present par. : Making up into bales. 

B. As substantive : The act or process of putting 
goods into bales. 

ba -ling (2), pr. par., a. & s. [Bale, v. (2).] 

A. & B. As present par. & adj.: Freeing from 
water by throwing it out. 

C. As substantive : The act or process of freeing 
from water by throwing it out. 

bal-I-saur. s. [Apparently from Gr. balios= 
spotted, dappled, and saura, sauros=& lizard; but 
it is a mammal, and not a lizard.] An Indian 
mammal ( Mydaus collaris), allied to the badger. 

ba-lls-ta, bal-lls -tgt, s. [In Fr. baliste; Ger. 
balliste; Port. balista;_ Lat. ballista, balista and 
ballistra; from Gr. balld=to throw.] A large mili¬ 
tary engine used by the ancients for nurling stones, 



Balista. 


darts, and other missiles by means of a spring 
tightly drawn and then let loose. 

2. Anat. : The bone of the tarsus, more commonly 
called the astragalus. 

♦ba-lls'-tar, *ba-les'-ter, s. [Contracted from 
Arbalister (q. v.).] A crossbow-man. 

“. . . two hundred men of armes, a hundred bales- 
ters, and cc. carpenters.”— Caxton.- Vegetius, Sig. I., vi. b. 
(S. in Boucher.) 

b 3 ,-lls-ter, bal-lis-ter, s. [In Prov. balestier, 
balestrier ; Lat. balistarium, accus.=crossbow, from 
balista (q. v.).] A crossbow. 

“ A spindle full of raw thread, to make a false string for 
the king’s balister, or crossbow.”— Blount: Tenures. 

ba-lls'-te§, s. [Lat. ballista or balista (q. v.). 
The resemblance to the method of working the 
balista is in the way the fishes to be described ele¬ 
vate a long spine which they have upon their 
backs.] A genus of fishes, the typical one of the 
family Balistidee. The species are common in the 
tropics. 

bg.-lis'-tlcs, bal-lls'-tlcs, s. [In Fr. balistique; 
Port, balistica.) The science of throwing missile 
weapons by means of an engine. 

bSL-lis'-ti-dse, s. pi. [From the typical genus 
batistes (q. v.).] File-fishes. A family of fishes of 
the order Plectognathi. Their skin is generally 
rough or clothed with hard scales. They have a 
long muzzle, and few but distinct teeth. 

bal-ls-trar -1-a, s. [From balista (q. v.).] The 
same as Bartizan (q. v.). 

ba~ll ze, s. [From Fr. bali.se— & sea-mark, buoy, 
beacon, floating beacon, quay, water-mark; Sp. 
baliza; Prov. palisa; from Lat. palus= a pale.] 

t PALE, s., Paling, Palisade.] A pole raised on a 
iank to constitute a sea-beacon; a sea-mark, 
balk, *balke, *baulk, *bauk, *bfiwk (l usually 
mute), s. [A. S. balca—(\) a balk, heap, ridge, (2) 
a beam, roof, covering, balcony; Dut. balic= a 
beam, joist, rafter, bar; Sw. balk,bjelke= a beam; 
Dan. bielke; Ger. balken; Wei. bale—a ridge 
between furrows, from bal= a prominence; Fr. 
balk.) [Balk, v., Balcony.] 


A. (Apparently connected specially with Dut., 
Ac., balk= a beam. See etym.) A beam, a rafter. 

“ There’s some fat hens sits o’ the hawks." 

Taylor: Scotch Poems, p. 62. (Boucher.) 

“On Saturday last a heavy balk of timber, weighing 
some three-quarters of a ton, was being hoisted to the 
first floor of the building by means of a crank, when the 
rope . . . gave way and the timber fell . . ."— 
Times, May 17, 1879. 

B. (Apparently connected specially with WeL 
balc= a ridge between furrows.) 

I. Literally: 

1. A ridge of land left unplowed between the fur¬ 
rows or at the end of a field; land over which the 
plow slips without turning it up. 

“ Dikers and delvers digged up the balkes." 

Piers Plowman, f. 67. (Boucher.) 

“ Making no balkes, the plow was truly held.” 

Bochas: Fall of Princes, f. 172. (Boucher.) 

2. The boundary line between fields, constituted, k 
as is sometimes the case, by such an unplowed fur¬ 
row ; or, in a more general sense, a boundary made 
by a ridge or tract of land of any kind. (This use 
of the word still obtains in Suffolk.) 

“ Doles and marks, which of ancient time were laid for 
the division of meres and balks in the fields, to bring the 
owners to their right.”— Homilies, ii. 235. 

“ . . . who by his knightlie force 

Had set from robbers cl ere the balke that makes the 
straight divorce 

Between the seas Ionian and Aegean.” 

Ovid: Metamorph., bk. vii. (J. H. in Boucher.) 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Anything passed by in the way that an unplowetf 
furrow is. 

“ The mad steele about doth fiercely fly, 

Not sparing wight, ne leaving any balke. 

But making way for death at large to walke.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. xi. 16. 

2. The disappointment hence resulting; frustra¬ 
tion of plans or projects. 

“There cannot be a greater balk to the tempter, nor a 
more effectual defeat to all his temptations.”— South. 

3. A part of a billiard-table. 

balk (1), *balke, *baulk, *baulke (l usually 
mute), v. t. & i. [Eng. balk, s. (q. v.).] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit. Of land: To leave untouched by the plow? 
to plow, leaving “ balks ” or furrows unturned up. 

“ So well halt no man the plow 

That he ne balketh other whyle.”— Gower. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Of the dead in battle: To leave lying untouched 
(?). (Various authors consider it to mean in the 
following example, “ heap up.”) 

“ Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights. 
Balk’d in their own blood, did Sir Walter see 
On Holmedon’s plains.”— Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., i. 1. 

2. Of roads, paths, dbc.; also of things immaterial: 
To avoid, to turn aside from, to miss, to leave 
unmeddled with. 

“ . . . which made them baulk the beaten road, and 
teach post-hackneys to leap hedges .”—Sir H. Wotton: 
Rem., p. 213. 

“ I shall balk this theme.”— Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 233. 

3. Of persons in friendly discussion: Coyly to say 
the opposite of what one thinks, or believes to be 
maintainable in argument, with the view of draw¬ 
ing out a person with whom the speaker wishes to- 
be in friendly or loving dispute. 

“But to occasion him to further talke, 

To feed her humor with his pleasing style, 

Her list in stryfull termes with him to balke, 

And thus replyde.” Spenser-. F. Q., III. ii. 12. 

4. Of persons having any wish, hope, or with anp 
aim or project in contemplation: To thwart, to frus. 
trate, to render nugatory, to disappoint. 

“The thorny ground is sure to balk 
All hopes of harvest there.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns; The Sower. 

“Their numbers balk their own retreat.” 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth, 29. 

B. Intrans.: To turn aside, to swerve, to diverge- 
“When as the ape him heard so much to talke 

Of labor, that did from his liking balke." 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale, v. 268. 

♦balk (2), *bolk, v. t. & i. [A. S. bealcan, beal- 
cettan= to belch, emit, utter, pour out.] To emit,, 
to belch. 

balked, *balkt, *balk, pa.par. [Balk (1), v.] 

“ This was looked for at your hand, and this was balkt." 
— Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 2. 

balk'-er, s. [Eng. balk; -er.) 

A. Ord. Lang.: One who balks. 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, sfin; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. », oe = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 











ballader 


balking 


367 


B. In fisheries: Men who stand on a cliff, or limb 
place on the shore, and give a sign to the men in 
the fishing-boats which way the shoal of herrings is 
passing. ( Cowel.) 

“ The pilchards are pursued by a bigger fish, called a 
plusher, who leapeth above water and bewrayeth them to 
the balker — Carew: Survey of Cornwall. 

balk'-Ing (1), pr. par. [Balk, v. ( 1 ).] 

*balk-Ing (2), *balk -ynge, *bolk-Ins, pr.par. 

& a. [Balk, v. (2).] 

As substantive: Eructation. 

It is a bcilkyvge of yesterdayes meel.” 

Horman: Vulg., JSig. G. 8. (S. in Boucher .) 

balk’-Ing-lv, adv. [Eng. balking; -ly.~\ In a 
manner to balk:, to frustrate or hinder. 

ball (1), s. [In Sw. boll, bal; Dan. bold; Dut. 
bal • Ger. ball; O. H. Ger. balla, palla; Fr. balls, 
boulet, boule, bille; Prov. & Sp. bola=& ball; balla 
=bullet; Port, bala; Ital. palla—a. ball, bowl, 
bullet; Lat. pila= a ball.] [Balloon, Ballot, 
Bowl, Bullet, Pill.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Anything in art or nature which is globular or 
nearly so. 

1. Of things made by art: 

(a) A globular body for play. It may be formed 
of leather and stuffing, or any hard substance, or be 
inflated with air, and can tie used with the hand, 
the foot, or a racket. 

“Those I have seen play at ball grow extremely earnest 
who should have the ball.” — Sidney. 

( b ) A globular body of wood, ivory, or other sub¬ 
stance, used for voting by ballot or in any other 
way. Also one of a similar character for experi¬ 
ments in natural philosophy. 

“Let lots decide it. 

For every number’d captive put a ball 
Into an urn, three only black be there, 

The rest all white are safe.’’— Dryden. 

“ Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears; . . . 

Bound in his urn the blended balls he rowls, 
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s Aineid, vi. 582-85. 

(c) A bullet, a globular piece of metal designed 
tis a projectile to be expelled from a musket or 
rifle. Also one on a larger scale to be ejected from 
a cannon. (Often used in the singular as a noun of 
multitude to signify a large number of balls.) 

“ Their powder and ball were spent. Cries were heard 
of ‘Ammunition! for God’a sake, ammunition!’”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ell. v. 

( d ) A glebe of metal carried as a symbol of 
sover ngn or other high authority. 

“Hear the tragedy of a young man that by right ought 
to hold the ball of a kingdom; but by fortune is made 
himself a ball, tossed from misery to misery, from place 
to place.”— Baccn. 

2. Of objects existing in Nature: 

(o) Gen.: Anything in nature which is globular 
or nearly so. 

“Like a ball of snow tumbling down a hill, he gathered 
strength as he passed.”— Howel. 

( b ) Spec.: The earth when viewed with reference 
to its nearly spherical shape. It may have some 
explanatory adjective, such as “earthly” prefixed, 
ot may have no such adjective. 

“ No compound of this earthly ball 
Is like another, all in all.” 

Tennyson: The Two Voices. 

“ Ye gods, what justice rules -he ball t 
Freedom and arts together fall.”— Pope. 

II. A game in which the globular body described 
under 1 . 1 . (a), or anything similar, is used. 

B. Technically: 

I. Heraldry: Balls, occasionally tasseled, are 
represented on some charges. 

II. Mechanics: 

1. Ball and socket: An instrument so adjusted 
that it can move in all directions, horizontally, 
vertically, and obliquely, like the ball-and-socket 
joint of the shoulders or of the hip. It is used in 
trigonometrical surveying and in astronomy. The 
theodolite approaches this construction. 

2. The ball of a pendulum: The heavy piece of 
metal at the bottom of a pendulum. 

3. Ball-bearing: A bearing which turns on small 
steel balls as in some kinds of bicycles. 

III. Veterinary science: A bolus of globular 
shape administered as medicine to a horse. 

IV. Pyrotechnics: A firework made in a globular 
form, and consisting of combustible materials of 
various kinds. 

*V. Printing: A cushion covered with leather or 
skin, and stuffed with hair or wool, the whole 
affixed to a hollow piece of wood called a ball-stock. 
It was formerly used by printers for applying ink to 
the types, several applications of the ball being 


decessary to spread the ink over the entire surface 
when a number of pages were printed at one time • 
but now this is done much more rapidly ana 
efficiently by means of rollers made of a composi¬ 
tion of treacle, caoutchouc, and other ingredients. 


VI. Anatomy: 

(a) Any part of the bodily frame globular in 
form. 


“ Be subject 

To no sight but thine and mine, invisible 
To every ey e-ball else.”— Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2. 


( 6 ) Any part sub-globular or protuberant. 

Ball-and-socket joint: A joint constituted by the 
insertion of the round end of one bone in a socket 
or cavity formed for its reception. It is called also 
an enarthroidal joint. Those of the shoulder and 
of the hip are of this construction. [ENARTHROI¬ 
DAL, Ex ARTHROSIS.] 


“. . . an enarthroidal or ball-and-socket joint."— 


Todd <£■ Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 71. 


VII. Bot.: The round central part of the flower 
of Stapelia. 

If For such compounds as foot-ball, snow-ball, see 
the word with which ball is conjoined. 

ball-bearing, s. An axle-bearing in which the 
shaft rests at its points of support on a number of 
small metal balls, which turn freely as the shaft 
revolves, materially lessening the friction. It is in 
general use for bicycles, automobiles, etc. 

ball-cartridge, s. A cartridge containing a ball, 
as distinguished from one which has only powder. 


ball-cock, s. A water-cock furnished with a ball, 
which allows the fluid freely to enter till it rises to 
a certain line, when the ball is floated to a level 
with the aperture by which ingress is made, and 
closes it for a time. 


ball-flower, s. 

Arch.: A kind of ornament in Gothic architecture 
of the fourteenth century, in which the petals of a 



Ball-flower Ornament. 


molded or sculptured flower inclose, not stamens 
or pistils, but a ball. 

*ball-stock, s. 

Printing: The “ stock ” to which the cushion was 
affixed in the old apparatus for applying ink to the 
types. [Ball, B., V.] (Now superseded by com¬ 
position rollers.) 

ball-vein, s. The appellation given by miners to 
a particular kind of iron ore found in balls or 
nodules. 

ball, v. i. [From Eng. ball (s.). In Ger. ballen .] 

1. To unite so as to form a ball. 

2. To have a ball attached to it. 

ball (2), s. [In Sw., Dut., Fr., & Prov. bal; Ger. 
ball; Sp. & Port, baile; Ital. ballo. From O. Fr. 
baler; Prov. balar, bailor; Sp. & Port, bailor; 
Ital. ballare; Low Lat. ballo— to dance ; Gr. ballizo 
=to throw the leg about, to dance; balld= to 
throw.] A dancing assembly, a social party at 
which guests assemble, specially that they may 
spend the evening in dancing. 

“Of court, and ball, and play ; those venal souls, 
Corruption’s veteran unrelenting bands.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

IT To open a ball: 

(a) Lit.: To lead off in the first dance. 

(b) Fig. {among soldiers): To commence a battle, 
or a cannonade against a fortification, and thus set 
on foot a dance of death. 

*bal-la9e, v. t. [Ballast, «.] 

bal'-lad, *bal-3.d, *bal'-a.de, *bal-let, *bal - 
ette (0. Eng.), *bal-lant (0. Scotch), s. [In Sw. 
ballad: Dan., Dut., Ger., & Fr. baltade; Prov. bal- 
lada: Ital. ballata= a dance, a ballad; from ballare 
—to dance.] [Ball (2), s., Ballet.] 

If Ballad and ballet were originally the same 
word; afterward they became specialized in mean¬ 
ing— ballet being applied to a dance, and ballad to 
a iiterary or musical composition. 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Originally: Any composition in verse, or even 
in measured lines. Such a production might be 
serious, or even religious. Thus in Coverdale’s 
Bible Solomon’s Song is called “ Salomon’s Bal- 
ettes,” and in Cranmer’s and the Bishops’ Bibles 
“The Ballet of Ballets.” Harding also calls his 
Chronicle a “ Balade.” {Boucher.) 


bdil, bay,; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tidn = shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


2. Next: A poem in spirited style, in most cases’ 
celebrating some heroic exploits. It was a much 
briefer and less elaborate composition than an 
epic. Ballads of this type have existed in nearly 
all countries. They have been used with great 
effect to perpetuate and increase the martial spirit, 
besides furnishing a tolerably authentic narrative 
of important occurrences ere history of the ordi¬ 
nary kind had arisen. Before the revival of letters 
had directed attention to the great classic models 
of epic poetry, native ballads were highly appre¬ 
ciated, even by persons of rank and culture, and 
the bard was a welcome guest at their social enter¬ 
tainments. This state of things was in full force 
between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, dur¬ 
ing which period the ballad, though still mainly 
occupied in celebrating heroic exploits, began 
to embrace a wider range of subjects. [Bard.] 

“A great part of their history is to be learned often 
from their ballads.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

“ I know a very wise man that believed that if a man 
were permitted to make ail the ballads, he need not care 
who should make the laws of a nation.”— Fletcher of Sal- 
toun: Letter to the Marquis of Montrose. 

3. Now: A short sentimental poem. 

B. Music: 

1. A short simple air repeated in two or more' 
stanzas, with an accompaniment of a strictly sub¬ 
ordinate character. A more elaborate composition, 
of an analogous kind is called a song or canzonets 

2. A piece of concerted vocal music of the madri¬ 
gal class, perhaps originally of a dance-like rhythm,, 
and generally having a short “burden” such as fa, 
la, &c. 

3. A term used by Bach and other writers to 
designate one of a “suite de pieces.” 

If A ballade in German music may be a long 
dramatic aod descriptive song, or even assume the- 
form of a cantata with solos and choruses with 
orchestral accompaniments. 

ballad-maker, s. A maker of ballads. 

“Such a deal of wonder is broken out within this, 
hour, that balladmakers cannot be able to express it.”— 
Shakesp ..- Winter’s Tale, v. 2. 

ballad-making, s. The art of composing; 
ballads. 

“How he found time for dress, politics, love-making 
and ballad-making was a wonder.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xi. 

ballad-monger, s. A contemptuous epithet for 
a composer of ballads. 

“ With eagle pinion soaring to the skies, 

Behold the Ballad-monger Southey rise!” 

Byron: English Bards. 

ballad-opera, s. An opera, the musical portion, 
of which is not a connected and consecutive whole, 
but a series of ballads introduced, as occasion» 
arises, into the spoken dialogue. 

ballad-singer, s. One who sings ballads. 

“A famous man is Bobin Hood, 

The English ballad-singer’s joy!” 

Wordsworth: Rob Roy’s Grave. 

ballad-singing, s. The act or practice of sing 
ing ballads. 

ballad-style, s. A style suitable to be used in- 
the composition of ballads. 

“ The familiarity which Dr. Milles assigns to the ballad- 
style.” — Warton: Rowley Enq., p. 46. 

ballad-theory, s. A theory which accounts for 
the prevalence of belief in certain unsupported 
historical narratives by assuming that they may 
have been derived from old and veracious ballad:. 

“There is another circumstance which shows tin 
futility of Niebuhr’s ballad-theory, as a historical hypotli 
esis, . . .”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. vi., § 5. 

ballad-tune, s. The tune to which a ballad is 

set. 

“. . . and fitted to the ballad-tune which each liked 
best.”— Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 163. 

ballad-writer, s. A writer of ballads. 

“Thomas Deloney, a famous ballad-writer of these 
times, mentioned by Kemp, one of the original actors in 
Shakespeare’s plays.”— Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 
430. 

bal-l^d, v. t. & i. [From Eng. ballad, s. (q. v.).] 

A Transitive: To assail with or in ballads. (Fol • 
lowed by the objective of the person against whom 
the ballad is directed.) 

“ Saucy lictors 

Will catch at us like strumpets, and scall’d rhimers 
Ballad us out o’ tune.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. % 

B. Intransitive: To compose or sing ballads. 

“ These envious libelers ballad against them,”— 
Donne: Par., 1. 

fhal’-lad-er, s. [Eng. ballad; -er.] One who. 
composes or sings ballads; a balladist. 

“ Poor verbal quips, outworn by serving-men, tapsters, 
and milkmaids; even laid aside by balladers.” — Overbury: 
Character, Sign. G., 4. 

sin, a§; expect, .Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c = bel, del- 


















balloon 


ballading 


368 


toal'-lad-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Ballad, «.] 

; ** A whining ballading lover.”— Ben Jonson: Masques. 
tbal'-lad-ist, s. [Eng. ballad; -isf.] One who 
composes or who sings ballads; a ballader. 
bal’-lad-ry, s. [Eng. ballad; -ry.~] 

1. The singing of ballads. 

“ Stay, till the abortive and extemporal din 
Of balladry were understood a sin.” 

Ben Jonson: Masques. 

2. The ballad style of composition. 

“ To bring the gravity and seriousness of that sort of 
-music [Italian] into vogue and reputation among our 
•countrymen, whose humor it is time now should begin to 
lose the levity and balladry of our neighbors.”— Purcell: 
Anthems, Pref. 

3. Skill in composing ballads. 

“ To see this butterfly. 

This windy bubble, task my balladry!” 

Marston: Sc. of Vill., ii. 6. 

bal'-lan, s. [Etymology doubtful.] The English 
■specific name applied to a fish, the Ballan Wraase 
(Labrus bergylta). It is blue or greenish above, 
white beneath, and everywhere checkered with fawn 
color. It occurs in the British seas. A fawn-color 
variety was the Labrus ballan of Pennant. 
*bal'-la-rag, v. t. [Bullirag.] 
bal-last, *bal-ast, s. [In Sw., But., Ger., & 
Russ. ballast; Dan. baglast; apparently from bag= 
the back, behind, and Zasf=burden, charge, load, 
weight; Sw. Zasf=load, cartload; Icel. hlass; A. S. 
hloest= a burden, loading, the loading of a ship, 
freight, merchandise; O. Fries, hlest; O. H. Ger. 
hla,st; But. & Ger. last; Fr. balast, Zesf=ballast, 
lastage, cargo; Sp. lastre= ballast; Port, lastro. 
The second half of the word seems plain. The 
import of the first half appears suggested by the 
Dutch word 6a«=back. Wedgwood believes the 
metaphor to be that of a ship coming back in bal¬ 
last when it is unable to obtain cargo. Webster 
and Mahn give as an alternative view Celt. beal= 
sand, and suggest comparison with Wei. balasarn 
=ballast. Or the substantive may be from the verb 
to ballast, and it again from A. S. behlcestan—to load 
•a ship.] [Ballast, v. t., Lastage.] 

I Literally: 

1. Stones, iron, or other heavy substances placed 
in the bottom of a ship or boat to lower its center 
of gravity and make it less liable to be capsized 
when tossed by the wind and waves. 

‘‘They had scarcely time to hide themselves in a dark 
hQle among the gravel which was the ballast of their 
smack.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

•ff A ship is said to be in ballast when she has no 
cargo on board. 

2. Gravel, shingle, or anything similar, laid on a 
line of railway to make it solid. ( Goodrich <£ 
Porter.) 

II. Fig.: Whatever is necessary to give stability 
to the character of a person, of a form of govern¬ 
ment, or anything similar. 

“ Why should he sink where nothing seem’d to press? 

His lading little, and his ballast less.”— Swift. 

‘‘There must be middle counselors to keep things 
•steady, for without that ballast the ship will roll too 
much.”— Bacon. 

ballast-wagon, s. A wagon used on railways 
for carrying ballast and other materials for the con¬ 
struction or repair of the permanent way. 

ba.l -l9.st, *bal'-la9e, v. t. [From ballast , s. (q. 
v.). In A. S. behlcestan=to load a ship; Dan. bag- 
laste; Dut. & Ger. ballasten .] 

*A. Of the form ballace: To stuff. 

“Neither to ballace the belly of Bacchus.” 

Reynold Scot: Dedication to ... a Hop 
Garden (1578). (J. H. in Boucher.) 

B. Of the form ballast: 

1 . Lit.: To place stones, iron, or other heavy sub¬ 
stances in the bottom of a ship or boat to diminish 
the risk of its being capsized. 

“If this be so ballasted as to be of equal weight with 
the like magnitude of water, it will be movable.”—Bp. 
Wilkins. 

2. Fig.: To counteract the action of anything too 
light by superadding something solid to it; to 
impart stability to anything liable to be overturned. 

“ Whilst thus to ballast love I thought, 

And so more steddily t’ have gone, 

I saw I had Love’s pinnace overfraught.” 

Donne. 

“ Now you have given me virtue for my guide, 

And with true honor ballasted my pride.” 

Dryden. 

bal-l9st-age (age=J.g), s. [Eng. ballast; -age.) 
A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast 
from the bottom of a port or harbor. ( Bouvier , etc.) 
bal-last-ed, pa. par., a. & s. [Ballast, v .] 
bal'-last-mg, pr. par., a. & s. [Ballast, v. In 
Dan. baglastning, s.] 


A. As pr. par. <Sb participial adjective: The act 
of placing literal or figurative ballast in anything; 
the state of being ballasted. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of ballasting, the state of 
being ballasted; the ballast itself. 

“ . . . and so more equal ballasting 
To thee, Posthumus.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, 111 . 6. 

2. Engineering: Gravel, pebbles, cinders, slags, 
or similar material used as a foundation on which 
to base the surface material of a common road or 
of a railway. 

bal -la-tdon, s. A heavy luggage-boat employed 
in the transport of timber in Russia. 

bal'-lat-ry, s. [From Ital. ballata=& dance, a 
ballad.]' [Ballet.] A jig; a song. 

“The ballatry and the gammuth of every municipal 
fidler.”— Milton: Areopagitica. 

balled, pa. par. & a. [Ball, «.] 

*baH'-ed-ness, s. [Baldness.] 

*bal-len-ger, *bal -en-ger, *bar-lin-£er, s. [In 
Fr. ballingier, which, in the opinion of Stevens, is 
derived from Ger. bal—the trunk of a tree (BoleR 
and suff. -enger, indicating the size of the vessel.] A 
sinall sailing vessel, formerly in use m France, 
England, and Scotland; a barge, a water-vessel, a 
man-of-war. 

“ Quhen schippes of Tour and balltngeris of weir . .” 

—Dissertation prefixed to the Complaynte of Scotland. 

b&ll'-er, s. [Eng. ball; -er.) One who makes up 
thread into balls. 

bal-les-ter-6'-§lte, s. [Named after Lopez Bal¬ 
lesteros.] A mineral, the stanniferous variety of 
Pyrite or Pyrites. It contains tin and zinc. It is 
found in Galicia. 

bal-let (1) (t sileDt), fbal -lette, s. [In Dan., 
Dut., Ger., & Fr. ballet; Ital. balletto: from ballare 
=to dance, to shake; Lat. balloj= to hop, to dance; 
Gr. balld= to throw, and ballizo-to throw the leg 
about, to dance.] [Ball (2), Ballad.] 

Dramatic Art: A dramatic representation, con¬ 
sisting of dancing and pantomime, regulated by the 
strains of music, and generally attended by the 
subordinate accessories of scenery and decoration. 
It was first introduced by the Greeks, was copied 
and developed by the Romans, and was revived in 
more modern times by the Italians, whose example 
diffused it over most civilized countries. Our own 
nation received it from the French. Till the decline 
of the Roman empire the performers were men, 
then women were introduced, and have since been 
the chief actors in the ballet. The bad taste of the 
play-going public has always tended to drag down 
the ballet to the low level of a mere exhibition of 
gymnastic skill in dancing, whereas its original and 
specific aim was to act by gesture instead of words 
a drama illustrative of the life, manners, and cos¬ 
tumes of foreign nations. 

“ The title of ballet was [also] often applied to poems 
of considerable length.”— Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, 
iii. 423. 

bal -let (2), s. [Dimin. of Ball (1).] 

Her.: A kind of bearing in coats of arms. It con¬ 
sists of bezants, plates, hurts, &c., distinguished 
from each other by their color. 

*bal'-ll-ard, a. & s. [Billiard.] 
bal-li§’-mus, s. [From Gr. hallismos— a jumping 
about, a dancing; ballizo= to throw the leg about, 
to danee.l 

Med.: A variety of palsy, called by Parkinson 
Paralysis agitans, or shaking palsy, of which the 
symptoms are the trembling of the limbs even when 
they are supported. When the patient tries to walk 
he is compelled to adopt a running pace. The 
disease is a rare one, and generally terminates in 
death. 

bal-lis'-ta, s. [Balista.] 
bal-lis -ter, s. [Balister.] 

bal-lls-tic, a. [Lat. ballista; Eng., &c., suff. 
•ic. In Ger. ballistisch; from Lat .ballista (q. v.).] 
Pertaining to ballistics, or to the construction or 
flight of projectiles. 

ballistic chronometer, s. An apparatus for 
measuring the speed of a projectile at several suc¬ 
cessive intervals from the muzzle of the gun, and 
thus determining its variation of velocity. 

ballistic curve, s. The path actually traveled 
by a projectile, as distinguished from its theoretical 
of parabolic path. 

ballistic pendulum, s. A machine invented by 
Mr. Benjamin Robins for ascertaining the force of 
projectiles. It consists of a large block of wood 
affixed to the end of a strong iron stem, having at 
the other end a cross steel axis, placed horizontally, 
about which the whole vibrates together like the 
pendulum of a clock. When a projectile is dis¬ 


charged against the wooden block or ball, the 
pendulum is set in motion, and the arc through 
which it vibrates measures the force with which the 
machine has been struck. 

bal-lis'-tlcs, s. [In Ger. ballistik; Fr. balistique; 
Port, balistica .] The art, or the principle underly¬ 
ing the art, of shooting missiles by means of a 
ballista. 2. The science of projectiles. 

bal-lls-trar'-i-a, bal-is-trar'-i-a, *• [From 
ballista, balista (q. v.).] 

1. Cruciform apertures in the walls of a fortress 
through which the crossbow-men discharged their 
missiles. [Arbalestena.] 

2. A bartizan ; a projecting turret on a building. 

bal -li-um, s. [Derived from the Lat. vallium.) 

1. Originally : An outer bulwark. 

2. Afterward: The area or courtyard comprised 
within an outer bulwark. It contained the bar¬ 
racks for the garrison, the chapel, and sometimes 
other buildings. 

“ With battled walls and buttress fast 
And barbican and ballium vast.” 

Scott: Bridal of Triermain, iii. 9. 

bal-lo on, *bal’-lon, *ba-lo on, *ba-lbw ne, s. 
[From Fr. ballon=( 1) a football, (2) a bladder, (3) 
a baloon, augmentative of ballets, ball, a bullet. 
In Sw. ballong; Dan. & Ger. ballon; Sp. balon; 
Port, balao; Ital. pallone; Wei. pelhen; from pel— 
a ball.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Originally: 

s= l. A large as contradistinguished from a small 
ball; baloon,, as mentioned in the etymology, being 
the augumentative of ball. Spec., the large ball 
called by Minsheu a “ wind ball,” used in the game 
defined under No. 2. 

“Like balloones full of wind, the more they are pressed 
down, the higher they rise.”— I-Iewyt: Sermons (1658), p. 
115. 

1[ Todd thinks that the foregoing example sug¬ 
gests the existence of a machine for traversing the 
atmosphere as early as 1658. But may it not refer 
to a ball pressed against the ground, and again 
elastically springing up? 

2. A kind of game somewhat resembling tennis, 
played in a field with a large ball of leather inflated 
with air, and driven to and fro with the arm. 

“Foot-ball, balloon, quintance, Ac., which are the com¬ 
mon recreations of the country folks.”— Burton: Anat. of 
Mel., p. 266. 

II. Subsequently: 

1. Gen.: Anything large and spherical, or nearly 
so, especially if at the same time it is hollow. [B.] 

2. Spec.; The machine for aSrial navigation 
described under B. 4. 

B. Technically: 

*1. Old Chem.: A large spherical receiver with a 
short neck, used in distillation. 

2. Arch. : A ball or globe placed on the top of a 
pillar. (Johnson.) 

3. Pyrotech.: A ball of pasteboard, stuffed with 
combustible matter, which, when fired, mounts to 
a considerable height in the air, and then bursts 
into bright sparks of fire resembling stars. 

4. Aeronautics; A machine designed for aerial 
navigation. The sight of soap-bubbles rising into 
the air, and of the flight of birds, must have made 
men in all ages give at least an occasional stray 
thought to the subject of aerial navigation; but 
the first deliberately considered scheme recorded 
seems to have been that of Francis Lana, a Jesuit, 
who, in 1670, proposed to raise a vessel into the 
atmosphere by moans of four metallic globes, hav¬ 
ing a vacuum inside. The scheme, if tried, would 
have failed; the globes of metal, if intensely thin, 
would have been crushed in a moment by the sur¬ 
rounding air; while if made thick enough to resist 
the pressure, they would have been far too heavy to 
rise. The only type of balloon which as yet has 
succeeded was invented early in 1772, by the brothers 
Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, paper-makers of 
Annonay, near Lyons, who publicly exhibited at 
Annonay the first balloon ascent ever witnessed, on 
June 5,1783. Their balloon was filled with air rare¬ 
fied by a fire lighted in the car. In December of the 
same year, M. Charles, Professor of Physics in 
Paris, substituted hydrogen gas for rarefied atmos¬ 
pheric air. On November 21 , 1783, the Marquis 
d’Arlandes and M. Pilatre ascended 3,000 feet or 
more in a balloon, and, passing over Paris, descended 
again in safety. Since then many daring aeronautic 
feats have been successfully achieved, while some 
fatal accidents have occurred. M. Blanchard, 
ascending from Paris on March 2,1784, was the first 
to carry up with him a parachute to aid him in his 
descent if a catastrophe occurred. On November 
25,1783, the first English balloon was sent up from 
London, with no person in the car ; on September 15, 
1784, Yincentio Lunardi ascended from London ; on 
January 7, 1785, M. Blanchard and Dr. Jeffries 
crossed the English Channel from Dover to the 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = hw- 



ballooning 


369 


balneary 


forest of Guiennes; on September 21,1802, M. Gar- 
nerin safely descended in London from a parachute. 

A balloon of modern type is made of long bands of 
silk sewed together, and rendered air-tight by being 
covered with caoutchouc varnish. It is tilled with 
hydrogen or coal gas. At the top there is a safety- 
valve, under the aeronaut’s control. He sits in a 
light wicker-work boat or car, suspended by means 
of cords from a network covering the balloon. A 
balloon about forty-eight feet long by thirty-six feet 
broad and thick will carry three persons; -with its 
car and accessories it weighs about 300 pounds. 

Captive Balloon: A balloon fixed by a rope or 
chain to the ground so that it is not free to ascend 
beyond a certain height. 

Dirigible Balloon: A balloon that can be steered. 
Recently several aeronauts have made successful 
attempts with dirigible balloons. On July 12,1901, 
and again on October 19 of the same year, Santos- 
Dumont, at Paris, Prance, rose with a dirigible 
balloon from a park in St. Cloud, sailed completely 
round the top of the Eiffel tower, and returned 
safely to the spot from which he started. On Feb¬ 
ruary 10, and again on February 12, 1902, M. Santos- 
Dumont rose with his balloon from the beach at 
Monaco, and directed his course across the bay, 
and far out over the Mediterranean, in the face 
of adverse -winds, made a graceful circle, and 
returned to the place of starting. His balloon was 
of cylindrical form, pointed at the ends, and was 
driven by a petroleum motor. 


Fire Balloon: A balloon constructed of paper or 
some light material, which, at pyrotechnic displays, 
is sent up into the air, carrying a fire or light instead 
of an aeronaut. This display forms a very popular 
element of Fourth of July celebrations. 

bfLl-loon -lhg, s. [Eng. balloon; -ina.~\ The art 
of constructing balloons, or of using them for the 
purpose of aerial navigation. 


“Since then the art of ballooning has been greatly ex¬ 
tended, and many ascents have been made.”— Atkinson: 
Ganot’s Physics, 3d ed. (1868), p. 134. 

Military Ballooning: The art of using balloons 
for military purposes. Sometimes captive balloons 
have been employed to reconnoiter the enemy in 
war; and on Friday, October 7, 1870, during the in¬ 
vestment of Paris by the Germans, the celebrated 
French deputy, Gambetta, escaped from the belea¬ 
guered capital in a balloon, and used his freedom to 
organize a large relieving army in the provinces, 
with the intention, not ultimately realized, of com¬ 
pelling the Germans to raise the siege. 

bal loon -1st, s. [Eng. balloon; -ist.) A person 
who constructs or who steers a balloon, or ascends 
in one from the earth ; an aeronaut. 


b 9 .l-lS 0 n. -r 3 f, s. [Eng . balloon;-ry.] The art or 
practice of ascending in a balloon; aeronautics. 

bal'-lot, s. [Fr. ballote— a ballot, a voting-ball, 
a pannier, a basket; Sp. balota; Port, balote :Ital. 
ballotta= a little ball, dimin. of balla= a ball. Thus, 
in one sense, ballotta (a little ball) is the opposite 
of balloon , which properly means a great one.] 

1. A ball used for the purpose of voting. In cast¬ 
ing a ball for or against an individual, the arrange¬ 
ment sometimes is that if the vote be designed in 
his favor, then a white ball is used; but if it be in¬ 
tended to be against him, then one of a black color 
is employed—whence the phrase “to blackball 
one.” Other methods, however, may be adopted: 
thus, a ball of any color put through a hole into 
one drawer may indicate a favorable vote, and into 
another an unfavorable one. Used in this sense, 
literally , for such a ball as that described, or 
figuratively , for anything, even though not a ball, 
employed in secret voting. 

2. The method of voting in a secret manner, by 
means of balls of different colors, or put into dif¬ 
ferent compartments, or in any other way; secret as 
opposed to open voting. Admission into scientific 
societies, clubs, the direction of banks and other 
large commercial establishments, has long been 
conducted by ballot. In ancient Athens and the 
other Greek states, it was in use when votes had to 
be taken on political questions. It has long been 
established in this country, and for a shorter period 
in France. In England it constituted one of the five 
points in the Chartist programme, both of the great 
political parties in the state being at first opposed 
to it, as deeming it a revolutionary project. Gradu¬ 
ally, however, the mass of the Liberal party ceased 
to fear the ballot, and opposition to it on the part 
of the Conservatives becameless pronounced, till at 
last, while Mr. Gladstone was in the plenitude of 
his power, a bill, legalizing it as an experiment for 
eight years, was passed during the session of 1872. 
Its merits are that it constitutes a considerable 
barrier in the way both of intimidation and bribery, 
and thus encourages the voter to express his real 
sentiments, besides making elections much less 
likely to result in riot than when the old system 
prevailed. 

ballot-box, s. A box for the reception of ballot- 
balls or papers when a secret vote is being taken. 


bal'-lot, v. i. & t. [From ballot, s. In Sw. bal- 
lotera; Dan. ballotere; Dut. balloteeren; Fr. bal¬ 
lot ter ; Sp. balotar; Ital. ballotare .] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Specially: To vote by means of ballot-balls. 
[Ballot, s.] 

2. Generally: To vote secretly, whatever be the 
method adopted. 

B. Transitive: To submit to the operation of the 
ballot. 

“No competition arriving to a sufficient number of 
balls, they fell to ballot some others.”— Wotton. 

bkl-lo-ta, s. [In Dut.&Fr. ballote; Lat. ballote; 
Gr. ballote, from ballo= to throw, to throw away, to 
reject, the allusion being to its unpleasant smell.] 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Lamiacese, 
or Labiates. The calyx has ten ribs. The plant is 
two or three feet high, with whorls of purple or 
rarely of white flowers. It flowers from July on 
almost to winter. 

fbal-lo-ta de, fbal-o-ta de, s. [In Ger. & Fr. 
ballotade; from Fr. ballotter , v. t.=to toss.] 

In the Menage: The leap of a horse performed 
between two pillars, and of such a character that 
when his fore feet are in the air, he shows nothing 
but the shoes of his hinder feet. It differs from a 
capriole, for when a horse works at caprioles he 
’erks out the hinder legs with all his force, whereas 
le abstains from jerking them out when he makes 
a ballotade. 

bal-lo-ta'-tion. s. [Eng. ballot; -ation. In Ital. 
ballottazione.] The act of voting by ballot. 

“ The election is intricate and curious, consisting of ten 
several ballotations .”— Wotton. 

bal-lot-er, s. [Eng. ballot; -erf] One who votes 
by ballot, or conducts balloting operations. (Quart. 
Rev.) 

bal-lot -l-dse, s. pi. [From ballota (q. v.).] A 
family of Labiate plants, ranked under the tribe 
Stacheee. 

fbal -lot-in, s. [Fr .ballottin— . . . a boy who 
receives a voting ball.] One who collects ballots. 

bal -lot-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Ballot, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of voting by ballot, or 
secretly. 

“ Giving their votes by balloting, they lie under no awe.” 
— Swift. 

bal'-lot-lst, s. [Eng. ballot; -ist.~\ An advocate 
for the ballot. (Quart. Rev.) 

*bal-15w, s. & a. [Akin to Eng. balk= ... a 
beam, and bole (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: A club, a cudgel. 

“ . . . your costard or my ballote.” — Shakesp.: King 
Lear, iv. 6. 

B. As adjective: Gaunt, bony, thin. 

“ Whereas the hallow nag outstrips the wind in chase.” 

Drayton: Polyolb., iii., p. 704. (Nares.) 

bal-ly-hoo', s. [Colloq.] Outside attraction for 
a show. A parade advertising the show ora spec¬ 
tacular display ou the outside, of whatever form, 
calculated to call attention to the attractions of¬ 
fered within, is termed by the showmen a “ bally¬ 
hoo.” 

balm ((silent), *baume, *bawme, s. [In Prov. 
balme; Fr. baurne, from Lat. balsamum; O. Fr. 
bausme, basme; Sp., Port., & Ital. balsamo; Sw. & 
Ger. balsam; Dan. balsom; Dut. balsem. Thus 
balm is a contraction of balsam (q. v.).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The juice, sap, or gum of highly odoriferous 
trees, shrubs, or herbs. 

“ Balm trickles through the bleeding veins 
Of happy shrubs in Idumean plains.” Dryden. 

2. Anything possessed of a highly fragrant and 
agreeable odor, as, for example, anointing oil. 

“ Thy place is fill’d, thy sceptre wrung from thee ; 

Thy balm wash’d off wherewith thou wast anointed.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iii. 1. 

3. Anything soft and grateful to the feelings, or 
which mitigates pain, irritation, or distress. 

“ Wide flush the fields ; the softening air is balm.” 

Thomson: Hymn. 

“ Nor steep our brows in slumber’s holy balm.” 

Tennyson: The Lotus-eaters; Choric Song, 2. 

B. Botany, Horticulture, Commerce, die.: 

I. Generally: The English name of several botan¬ 
ical genera. 

II. Specially: 

1. Loudon applies the term balm specially to 
Melissa, which Arnott and others call bastard- 
balm. 

2. Balm of Acouchi: The gum of the Idea 
acuchini, a plant of the order Burseracese. [Icica.] 


3. Balm of Gilead: 

S Scripture: The gum of a tree and the tree 
f, the latter growing, as its name suggests, in 
Gilead, a region east of Jordan, belonging chiefly to 
the tribe of Gad. It is called tseri in Heb., and 
rhetine in Septuagint Greek. It was used for heal¬ 
ing wounds. (For reference to it see Gen. xxxvii. 
25; xliii. 11 ; Jer. viii. 22; xlvi. 11; Ezek. xxvii. 17.) 
It has not been satisfactorily identified by modern 
botanists. Royle thinks it may possibly have been 
the Elceagnus angustifolius of Linnaeus. [ See 
(2) a.) 

(2) Botany: 

(a) A tree, Balsamodendron Gileadense, the 
specific name being given because it was once sup¬ 
posed to be the Scripture “Balm of Gilead”—an 
opinion probably erroneous, for it does not at 
present grow in Gilead, either wild or in gardens, 
nor has it been satisfactorily proved that it ever 
did. [(1) Scripture .] It is called also B. opobal- 
samum. It is a shrub or small-spreading spineless 
tree, ten or twelve feet high, with trifoliate leaves 
in fascicles of 2 - 6 , and reddish flowers having four 
petals. It is found south of 22° N. lat. on both sides 
of the Red Sea, in Arabia, Abyssinia, and Nubia. 
It does not occur in Palestine. (Dr. Trimen, cfcc.) 

(b) Its gum: This is obtained from the trees by 
incision. It is called also Balm of Mecca and Opo- 
balsamum. Two other kinds of gum are obtained 
from the same tree: the first (Xylobalsamum) by 
boiling the branches and skimming off the resin, 
which rises to the surface of the water; and the 
second (Carpobalsamum) by pressure upon the 
fruit. 

Balm of Gilead Fir: A tree (Abies balsamea), 
which furnishes a turpentine-like gum. It is a 
North American fir, having no geographical con¬ 
nection with Gilead. 

4. Balm of Mecca: The same as Balm of Gilead 
( 2 ), b (q. v.). 

balm-breathing, a. Breathing balm, or produc¬ 
ing a highly agreeable effect upon the senses or 
heart. 

“ Since the balm-breathing kiss of this magical miss 
Can such wonderful transports produce.” 

Byron: To the Sighing Strephon. 

balm-cricket, s. A cricket whose carol is fitted 

to soothe. 

“ The balm-cricket carols clear 
In the green that folds thy grave.” 

Tennyson: A Dirge. 

balm-dew, s. Odoriferous dews, or dew fitted to 

soothe. 

“ All starry culmination drop 
Balm-dews to bathe thy feet!” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

balm (l silent), *baume, *bawme, v. t. [From 

balm, s. (q. v.).] 

1. Lit.: To anoint or impregnate with balm or 
with any other odoriferous substance. 

“ Balm his foul head with warm distilled waters, 

And burn sweet wood to make the lodging sweet.” 

Shakesp..- Taming of the Shrew, i., Induct. 

2. Fig.: To soothe, to assuage. 

“ Opprest nature sleeps: 

This rest might yet have balm’d thy senses.” 

Shakesp. : King Lear, iii. 1. 

fbalm -i-fy (l silent), v. t. [Eng. balm(y), and 
suffix -fy.'] To make balmy. 

“ The fluids have been entirely sweetened and balmi- 
fied.” — Cheyne: English Malady (1733), p. 306. 

balm-I-ly (( silent), adv. In a balmy manner, 
balm'-y (l silent), a. [Eng. balm; -y.] 

1. Impregnated with balm; having the qualities 
of balm; highly and pleasantly odoriferous. 

“ Broke into hills with balmy odors crown’d.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. ii. 

“ Where, scatter’d wild, the lily of the vale 
Its balmy essence breathes where cowslips hang 
The dewy head, where purple violets lurk.” 

Thomson: Sprinp, 

2. Producing balm. 

“ Let India boast her groves, nor envy we 
The weeping amber, and the balmy tree.” 

Pope: Windsor Forest. 

3. Mitigating or assuaging bodily pain or mental 
distress; soft, soothing. 

“ The lamp of day is quench’d beneath the deep, 

And soft approach the balmy hours of sleep.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, iii. 427, 428. 
bal'-ne-al, a. [From Lat. balneum—& bath, and 
Eng. suff. -ah] Pertaining to a bath. 

bal -Xie-9.-ry, s. [From Lat. balnearia (pl.)=a 
bathing-room; balnearis and balnearius— pertain¬ 
ing to a bath ; Low Lat. balneo =to bathe ; balneum 
=abath.] A bath-room. 

“The balnearies, and bathing-places, he exposeth unto 
the summer setting.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 


bdll, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

24 



balneation 


370 


Baltimore 


bal-ne-a -tion, s. [From Lat. balneum=abatb.) 
The act or operation of bathing. 

“As the head may be disturbed by the skin, it may the 
same way be relieved, as is observable in balneations, and 
fomentations of that part.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

bal'-ne-a-tor-y, a. [Lat. balneatorius=per- 
taining to a bath.] Pertaining to a bath ( Cot- 
grave .) 

tbal-o-ta de, s. [Ballotade.] 

*ba-lo W, *bg,-16 0 , interj. & s. [From Fr. en bas 
le loup=the wolf below. j [Hullabaloo.] 

A. As interjection: A nursery term designed to 
frighten children into silence, if not into sleep. 
Originally it hinted that a wolf was waiting below, 
but ultimately it lost definite meaning, and only 
suggested that cause for terror existed without 
indicating the nature of the peril. 

“ Balow, my babe, lie still and sleipe, 

It grieves me sair to see thee weipe.” 

Lady Anne Bothwell’s Lament. {Boucher.) 

B. As substantive: The name of a tune referring 
to the above-mentioned exclamation. 

“You musicians, play Baloo.” 

Knight of the Burning Pestle, ii. (Boucher.) 

bal -sqi, bal-zp,, s. [Sp. & Port, balsa, considered 
by Mahn to be of Iberian origin.] A raft or fishing- 
boat, used chiefly on the Pacific coast of South 
America. 

bal-sam, s. [In Sw. & Ger .balsam; Dan. bal- 
som; Dut. balsem; Fr. baume; O. Fr. bausme, 
basme; Sp., Port., & Ital. balsamo; Lat. balsamum; 
Gr. balsamon= (1] a fragrant gum from the balsam- 
tree, balm of Gilead; (2) the balsam-tree; also 
balsamos= the balsam-tree ] 

A. Ordinary Language: 


so often grown in gardens, in boxes, or pots in win¬ 
dows, and in other places. Cultivation has made its 
colors now very diverse, and the plant has run into 
many varieties, but none of them are permanent. 
The juice of the balsam, prepared with alum, is 
used by the Japanese to dye their nails red. 
[Impatiens.] 

2. Plural: Balsams. The English name of the 
order Balsaminacese, in Lindley’s nomenclature. 

balsam-apple, balsam apple, s. The fruit of a 

Cucurbitaceous plant, Momordica balsamina. _ It 
is a fleshy, ovate fruit, partly smooth, partly with 
longitudinal rows of tubercles, and red in color 
when ripe. In Syria the unripe pulp, mixed with 
sweet oil, and exposed to the sun for some days, is 
used for curing wounds. It is applied in drops let 
fall upon cotton wool. 

balsam-herb, balsam herb, s. 

Among Gardeners: A plant, Justicia comata. 

balsam-seed, s. 

Among Gardeners: Any plant of the genus Myro- 
spermum. 

balsam-sweating, adj. Sweating or yielding 
balsam. 

balsam-tree, s. 

1. The English name of the Clusia, a genus of 
plants constituting the typical one of the order 
Clusiaceee, or Guttifers. 

2. The “Balm of Gilead,” or any other tree 
belonging to the genus Balsamodendron. [See 
Balm, B., II. 3 ; Balsamodendbon.] 

balsam-weed, s. The name given in this country 
to a plant, Graphalium polycephalum, used in the 
manufacture of paper. 

balsam-wood, s. 


are properly five in number, but generally by abor¬ 
tion three, one of them spurred; the latter five, 
reduced to two lateral ones, each really of two com¬ 
bined, and a large broad concave one. Stamens 
five, uncombined. Fruit generally a five-celled 
capsule, with one or more suspended seeds. No 
involucre. The large genus Impatiens is the type of 
the order, which in 1846 contained 110 described 
species, chiefly from the East Indies. [Balsamina, 
Impatiens.] Some make the Balsaminaceee only a 
sub-order of Geraniacese. 

bal’-sam-Ine, s. [In Ger. balsamine; Fr. bal- 
samine; Gr. balsamine=the balsam-plant.] A name 
sometimes given to a plant, Impatiens balsamina. 

bal-sam-In'-e-se, s. pi. [Balsaminaceee.] 

bal-sam-I-tei, s. [In Port, balsamita; from Lat. 
balsamum; Gr. balsamon, and balsamos—the bal¬ 
sam-tree, called from the balsamic smell.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Asteracese (Com¬ 
posites) . £. vulgaris is the Costmary or Ale-cost. 

[Costmaey, Ale-cost.] The species are plants of 
no beauty from the south of Europe. 

bal-sam-o-den'-dron, s. [Gr. balsamon—bal¬ 
sam, and dendron= a tree. Balsam-tree.] A genus 
of plants belonging to the order Amyridacese. They 
have often pinnate leaves, spinous branches, small 
green axillary, unisexual flowers, and a two, or by 
abortion, one-celled fruit with solitary seeds. Bal¬ 
samodendron myrrha, found in Arabia Felix, yields 
the resin called Myrrh. B. Gileadense (Balm of 
Gilead), called also B. opobalsamum, produces Balm 
of Gilead or Balm of Mecca (q. v.). B. mukul yields 
a resin believed by Dr. Stocks to be the Bdellium of 
Scripture and of Dioscorides. [Bdellium.] B. 
africanum furnishes African Bdellium. B. Jcataf 
furnishes a kind of myrrh, and B. pubescens yields 
Bayee Balsam. [Balm.] 


I. Literally: 

1. Any natural vegetable resin with a strong and 
fragrant odor. 

Johnson defines it as “ ointment, unguent, an 
unctuous application, thicker than oil and softer 
than salve.” 

2. A well-known and beautiful plant, Impatiens 
balsamina, or any of its congeners. 

II. Fig.: Anything agreeable to the recipient, 
and which acts upon him with medicinal effect. 

“ Christ’s blood our balsam; if that cure us here, 
Him, when our judge, we shall not find severe.” 

Denham. 

B. Technically: 


I. Chemistry, Pharmacy, Botany, Comm., <&c.: 

1. Originally: A term for any strong-scented vege¬ 
table resin. It was applied also to many resinous 
and oleaceous compounds. 

2. Then: It was nextlimited to those containing, 
or supposed to contain, benzoic acid, and specially 
to the Balsams of Tolu and Peru, to storax, benzoin, 
and liquid amber. 

3. Now: It has 
again been ex¬ 
tended to sub¬ 
stances not con¬ 
taining benzoic 
acid. According 
to the present use 
of the term, bal¬ 
sam in Chemistry 
may be defined 
as a natural mix¬ 
ture of resin with 
volatile oil. 

If Balsam of 
Capevi or Copai¬ 
ba : A gum which 
flows from incis¬ 
ions of the wood 
of Copaifera of¬ 
ficinalis, a South 
American tree. 

It is at first clear 
and colorless, but acquires a yellowish tinge by 
age. [ Copaifeba. ] 

Balsam of Mecca, Balm of Mecca: TLe same as 
Balm of Gilead, an odoriferous resin from an 
Amyridaceous tree, Balsamodendron Gileadense. 
[Balm of Gilead, Balsamodendbon.] 

Balsam of Peru: A balsam, the produce, accord¬ 
ing to Mutis, of Myroxylon, or Myrospermum, an 
Amyridaceous genus. 

Balsam of Tolu: A balsam, the produce of Tolu- 
ifera, or Myrospermum, already mentioned. 



Balsam of Copaiba. (Plant, 
Flower, and Fruit.) 


*11. Old Pharmacy. Balsam of Sulphur: A solu¬ 
tion of sulphur in oil. 

III. Botany and Horticulture: 

1 . Sing.: The English name of Impatiens, a genus 
belonging to the order Balsaminaceee, or Balsams. 
Impatiens balsamina is the much admired “balsam” 


Among Gardeners: Any plant of the genus My¬ 
roxylon. 

oal-SJim, v. t. [From balsam, s. (q. v.).] 

1. Lit.: To impregnate with balsam. 

2. Fig.: To make agreeable, as if impregnated 
with balsam. ‘ 

“The gifts of our young and flourishing age are very 
sweet, when they are balsamed with discretion.”— Bp. 
Hackett: Life of Abp. Williams, pt. i., p. 67. 

*bal-sam-a-ge-ae, s. pi. [From Lat. balsamum.\ 
[Balsam.] An order of plants, generally called 
Altinghiaceee or Balsamifluee (q. v.). 

bal-sam-a -tion, s. [Eng .balsam; -ation.) The 
act or operation of impregnating with balsam. 

“Mr. Hook produced a paper, which he had received 
from Mr. Haak, being an account of the several things 
affirmed to be performed by Dr. Elshot of Berlin; which 
paper was read. It contained an account of . . . his 
universal balsamation.” — Hist. Roy. Soc., iv. 109. (Todd.) 

bal-sam-Ic, *bal-sam’-Ick, a. & s. [Eng. bal¬ 
sam; -ic. In Fr. balsamique; Ital. balsamico; 
from Lat. balsamicus.) 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to balsam. Spe¬ 
cially — 

1 . Having the qualities of balsam. 

“ . . . with mild balsamic juice 
The Tuscan olive . . .” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

2. Mitigating, assuaging, or removing pain or 
mental distress. 

“ . . medical men of high note believed, or affected 

to believe, in the balsamic virtues of the royal hand.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

B. As substantive: Anything having properties 
like those of balsam. (Berkeley .) 

b&l-sam'-ic-<ll, a. [Eng. balsamic; -ah] The 
same as Balsamic, adj. (q. v.). (Hale.) 

bal-sam'-Ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. balsamical; -ly.] 
After the manner of a balsamic. 

bal-sam-if-er-ous, a. [Lat. balsamum, and fero 
=to bear.] Bearing balsam. 

bal-S 3 .m-if-lti-ae, s. pi. [Lat. balsamum=bal- 
sam, and fluo= to flow.] 

Bot.: Blume’s name for an order of plants more 
generally called Altinghiaceee or Balsamaceee (q. v.). 

bal- sam-I -na, s. [Lat. balsaminus; Gr. balsam- 
inos=ot balsam.] A genus of plants, in which some 
include the Garden Balsam, which is called by them 
Balsamina hortensis, but is more appropriately des¬ 
ignated by the name Linneeus gave it, Impatiens 
balsamina. 

bal-spm-In-a'-ge-se (Bindley), bal-sam-In- 
e-se (Ach. Richard ) (Latin), bal-sum§ (Eng.), s. 
pi. [Balsamina.] 

Botany: An order of plants placed under the 
Geranial Alliance. The flowers are very irregular. 
The sepals and petals are both colored; the former 


fbal'-sam-ous, a. [Eng. balsam; -ous.) Full of, 
or at least containing, balsam. 

*bfil'-staff, *bal-staffe, s. [A. S. 6 aZca=balk, 
and Eng. staff.) A quarter-staff, a great staff like 
a pole or beam. 

“He berith a balstaffe ...” 

Prologue to Beryn 163. 

*ball'-stell, *ball~stel, s. [Eng. ball (1), and 
stele = a handle.] A geometrical staff (in Latin 
“radius”). (Higgins: Nomenclator, 1585.) 

*bal'-ter, v. t. [Perhaps from O. Fr. baladeur , 
Low Lat. balator= a dancer.] [Ball (2).] 

1. To dance. (Old Scotch.) 

“Sum trottit Tras and Trenass; 

Sum balterit The Bass.” 

Clolkelbie Sow, F. i., v. 302. (Jamieson.) 

2. To stick together. (O. Eng.) (Holland.) 

Bal -tlc, *Bal-tIck, a. & s. [Etym. somewhat 
doubtful. The word was first used by Adam, canon 
of Bremen, at the end of the eleventh century. In 
Fr. Baltique; Port. Baltico; Mod. Lat. Mare Balti- 
cum. Probably from Sw. bait = a belt (Belt), in 
allusion to its form, and also to the fact that two of 
the straits connecting it with the ocean are called 
the Great and the Little “Belt.” It has also been 
derived from Sclav, or Lettonian 6 a?f=white, from 
its being frozen part of the year; or from Baltus, an 
old king, or Baltea, the old name of an island.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the sea described 
under B. 

“We know that it [the Scandinavian ice-sheet] not only 
filled the Gulf of Bothnia, but occupied the whole area 
of the Baltic Sea.”— Geikie: The Great Ice Age, 2d ed. 
(1877), p. 404. 

B. As substantive: An inland sea, inclosed by 
Sweden, Russia, Germany, and Denmark, and com¬ 
municating with the German Ocean by the 1 ‘ Sound ” 
and the Great and Little Belts. 

“Hence we may confidently infer that in the days of 
the aboriginal hunters and fishers, the ocean had freer 
access than now to the Baltic.” — Lyell: Antiq. of Man, 4th 
ed. (1873), p. 14. 

Bal'-ti-more, bal-tl-more, s. & a. [Named after 
the second Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic 
nobleman of Yorkshire, in England, and Longford 
in Ireland, who, in A. D. 1634, founded the colony of 
Maryland.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. (As Baltimore): A city and county in Mary¬ 
land. 

2. (As baltimore): The bird described under 
Baltimobe Bied (q. v.). 

“ I have never met with anything of the kind in the 
nest of the baltimore.” — Wilson and Bonaparte: Americ. 
Ornith., ed. Jardine (1832), i. 19. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to Baltimore; found 
at Baltimore. 

Baltimore bird, Baltimore oriole, Baltimore 
bang-nest, baltimore. A bird of the family 
Sturnidee (Starlings), and the sub-family Oriolinse 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cffr, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 







baltimorite 


371 


ban 


(Orioles). It is the Oriolus Baltimore of Catesby, 
now Icterus Baltimorii. The name Baltimore was 
applied or attached to this bird not merely because 
it occurs at the 
place so called, 
but according 
to Catesby be¬ 
cause its colors, 
which are black 
and orange, 
were the same 
as those on the 
coat of arms or 
livery of the 
Lord Baltimore 
who was form¬ 
erly proprietor 
of Maryland. 

(See etym.) The 
appellation 
“Hang Nest,” 
o r sometimes 
“Hanging 
Bird,” is given 
because it 
builds a pen¬ 
dulous nest — 
that, is, like a 
cylindrical 
pouch, some¬ 
times sewed 
with horse hair; the curious structure being sus¬ 
pended from the end of a branch or a twig. 
Another name given to the baltimore is “ Fire Bird,” 
because when its bright hue is seen through the 

reen leaves the appearance somewhat resembles a 

ame of tire. Yet another name is “ Golden Robin.” 
It extends from Canada to Mexico, or even to 
Brazil, migrating to the northern part of this area 
about May, and to the southern one about the end 
of August or in September. (Wilson and Bona¬ 
parte, <£-c.) 

bal-ti-mor'-Ite, s. [From Baltimore (q. v.), 
where it occurs, and suff. -ite.] A mineral, con¬ 
sidered by Dana as identical with Picrolite (q. v.l, 
and ranked as a variety of Serpentine (q. v.). It is 
composed of longitudinal fibers, adhering to one 
another. Its luster is silky. When thick it is 
opaque, but when thin is transparent on the edges. 

bal'-us-ter, fbal -lus-ter, tbal-lis-ter, fbal - 
lgis-ter, s. [In Dut. baluster; Fr. balustre; Sp. 
balaustre; Port, balaustre, balauste; Ital. balaustro. 
From Low Lat. balustrum , balustrium = a place 
with several baths railed in. (Du Cange.) Or from 
Prov., Sp., & Ital. balaustra; Lat. balaustium; Gr. 
balaustion=a pomegranate flower, to which bal¬ 
usters may in some cases have resemblance. Mahn 
accepts and Wedgwood rejects the latter etymology. 
It has also been derived from Lat. balista (q. v.), 
and from Lat. palus— a pale, a stake.] [Pale, s., 
Paling.] 

In Architecture: 

1. A small pilaster or column, often adorned with 
moldings. It is usually made circular, and swell¬ 
ing toward the lower part. Rows of such balusters 
are often placed in the front of galleries in churches, 
on the outside of terraces and bridges, or to support 
rails on stairs. In the last case, the word is gen¬ 
erally corrupted into banister [Banistek], while a 
row of balusters constitutes a balustrade (q. v.). 

“ Kayled with turned ba.llasters of free-stone, ...” 
—Survey of Wimbledon (1649). ( Archceol ., vol. x., p. 404.) 

“The use of the baluster was unknown to the ancients, 

. . . Perhaps the most ancient are to be found in Italy, 
and it may be considered an invention which first appeared 
on the revival of the arts in that country.”— Chambers: 
Civil Architect, (ed. Gwilt), p. 322. 

2. The lateral part of the volute of an Ionic cap¬ 
ital. (Gwilt.) 

bg,-lus -tered, bal-lus-tred (tred as terd), 

adj. [Eng. baluster; -ed. j Having balusters. 

bal'-us-trade, tbal-Tus-trade, s. [In Sw. & 
Dan. ballustrade; Dut. & Fr. balustrade; Sp .bal- 
austrada; Port, balaustrada , balaustada; Ital. 
balaustrata .] [Baluster.] 



Balustrade. 

Arch.: A range of small pillars called balusters, 
resting on a plinth, and supporting a coping, cor¬ 
nice, or rail. They are frequently employed to 



form a parapet around a flat-roofed building, or 
along the sides of a bridge, terrace, staircase, or 
balcony, or to fence round an altar or a font. The 
material most frequently used in their construction 
is stone, though iron and wood are also occasionally 
employed. 

*ba -ly-ship, s. [O. Eng. &aifa/=baillie (q. v.), 
and suff. -ship.] The office and position of a bailiff. 

“ Balyship, baliatus.”— Prompt. Parv. 

tbalz, s. [Ger.] 

Ornith.: The love-dance and love-song of the 
blackcock. 

“ The elder Brehm gives a curious account of the Bote, 
as the love-dance and love-song of the blackcock is called 
in. Germany.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. xiii. 

balz-place, s. 

Ornith.: A place where blackcocks perform their 
love courtships. 

“ . . . and the same blackcock, in order to prove his 
strength over several antagonists, will visit in the course 
of one morning several balz-places, which remain the 
same during successive years.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, 
pt. ii., ch. xiii. 

bal'-za-rine, s. [Fr.] A light mixed material 
of worsted and cotton, used for ladies’ dresses. 
(Simmonds.) 

tbam, s. [Mahn thinks it a contraction of bam¬ 
boozle (q. v.). Wedgwood derives it from Bret. 
bamein=t.o enchant.] A sham ; a quiz. 

“The laird, whose humble efforts at jocularity were 
chiefly confined to what was then called bites and bams, 
since denominated hoaxes and quizzes, had the fairest 
possible subject of wit in the unsuspecting Dominie.”— 
Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. iii. 

tbam, v. t. [From bam , s.] To cheat. 

bam-boo, s. & a. [In Sw-bamburbr; Dan. bam- 
busrOr; Ger. bambus-rohr and bambus; Dut. bam- 
boesriet and bamboes; Fr. bambou ; Sp. cana 
bambos; Port .bambu; Ital. canna bambu. From 
Mahratta bamboo or bambft; or from Malay bamboo 
or bambll, also mambu .] 

A. As substantive: Any species of the botanical 
genus Bambusa, and specially the best-known one, 
Bambusa arundinacea. [Bambusa.] It is a giant- 
grass, sometimes reaching the height of forty or 
more feet, which is found everywhere in the tropics 
of the Eastern Hemisphere, and has been intro¬ 
duced into the West Indies, the Southern States of 
America, and various other regions of the Western 
world. It has the usual characteristics of a grass 
^the cylindrical stem, of flinty hardness externally, 
while soft or even hollow within : the separation of 
the stem into nodes and internodes; and the inflor¬ 
escence of a type found in many genera of the order, 
namely, in great panicles made up of a series of 
spikes of flowers. In some cases a substance called 
tabasheer [Tabasheer], consisting of pure silica, 
is found secreted in the nodes. 

The uses to which the several species of bamboos 
are put in the regions where they grow are almost 
innumerable. In housebuilding they furnish the 
framework of the sides and roof, with the joists 
and other parts of the flooring. Villages of such 
materials are in many cases rendered very difficult 
of attack by being surrounded by a thick fence of 
spiny species. Bows, arrows, quivers, the shafts of 
lances, and other warlike weapons can be made 
from the stems of bamboo, as can ladders, rustic 
bridges, the masts of vessels, walking-sticks, water- 
pipes, flutes, and many other objects. The leaves 
are everywhere irsed for weaving and for packing 
purposes. Finally, the seeds are eaten by the 

f loorer classes in parts of India; and in the West 
ndies the tops of the tender shoots are pickled and 
made to supply the place of asparagus. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the bamboo ; made 
of bamboo, consisting of bamboo, resembling the 
bamboo. (See the compounds which follow.) 

bamboo-cane, bamboo cane, s. Another name 
for the bamboo. 

bamboo-jungle, s. An Indian jungle in which 
the wild bamboo abounds, 
bamboo opal, s. The same as Tabasheer (q. v.). 

“Once in a million times or more accident brings to 
light in the bamboo stem a gem; nature has molded into 
a lump a little of the flinty material which makes the 
outer stem so hard. The nodule usually presents the ap¬ 
pearance of an opal, and several specimens are to be 
seen in the museums of London, which produce the 
characteristic lines of that gem.” —New York Sun, July 9, 
1898. 

bamboo-rat, s. A rodent mammal belonging to 
Gray’s genus Rhizomys, which is placed under the 
Muridte, or Mouse family, 
bamboo-stage, s. A stage made of bamboo. 

“ . . . sitting on a bamboo-stage astern; . • ■ 

Hooker: Himalayan Journals, i. 10. 

bam-boo, v. t. [From bamboo, s. (q. v.).] To 
beat with a bamboo. 


bam-boo -zle, *bam-bou -zle (zle=zcl), v. i. & 

t. [Said to be of gipsy origin ; but if so, then prob¬ 
ably it originated since the gipsies came to Europe 
from their former home upon the Indus, for it does 
not appear to occur in the cognate Hindoo tongues. 
(Gipsy.) (Bp. Nicolson, Boucher, &c.) Probably 
akin to Ital. bamboccio=a simpleton; bamboleg- 
giare— to do childish things; from bambolino, bam- 
bolo= an infant, a babe, and 6ambo=silly. In Sp. 
bambarria is=a fool, an idiot; and in Sp. & Port. 
bambalear is=to stagger, to vacillate. If derived 
from the Italian, the essential meaning is to make 
a grown-up man behave in as silly a manner as a 
child could do.] 

fA. Intrans.: Intentionally to involve a subject 
in mystery or perplexity. To do so especially in 
money matters for purposes of fraud. 

“ After Nick had bamboozled about the money, John 
called for counters.”— Arbuthnot. 

B. Trans.: To mystify for purposes of deceit; to 
cheat, to swindle. 

“ Let no one be bamboozled by this kind of talk, . . .” 
— Edward A. Freeman: Times, February 10 1877. 

H Bamboozle is regarded as a vulgar word. 

bam-boo'-zled, *bam-bou'-zled (zled as zeld), 

pa. par. [Bamboozle, v.] 

bam-booz'-ler, s. [Eng. bamboozl(e); -er.] One 
who bamboozles; a cheat, a swindler. (Vulgar.) 

“ There are a set of fellows they call banterers and bam¬ 
boozlers that play such tricks.”— Arbuthnot. 

bam-booz -ling, *bam-bouz -ling, pr.par. & a. 
[Bamboozle.] 

bam-bu§'- 3 ,, *bam -bos, s. [Latinized from the 
Mahratta or Malay word bamboo .] [Bamboo.] A 
genus of grasses, the type of the section Bambusese. 
It contains the well-known Bamboo or Bamboo- 
cane ( Bambusa arundinacea). [Bamboo.] Other 
species from Asia and the adjacent islands are B. 
maxima, 100 feet high, from the Malay archipelago; 
B. aspera, from Amboyna, 60 or 70 feet; and B. apus, 
from Java, of as ample dimensions, with many 
others. The American species are less numerous, 
but B. latifolia, from the Orinoco, is very fine. 

bam-bu-§id'-8e, *bam-bu§-e-se, s. pi. [Bam¬ 
busa.] The family of the order Graminaceee, to 
which the Bamboos belong. It falls under the sec¬ 
tion Festuceae. In most of the species there are six 
stamina instead of three, the normal number. The 
genera are but few, Bambusa (q. v.) being the 
chief. 

bam'-llte, s. [Named after Bamle, in Norway, 
where it occurs.] A mineral, a variety of Fibrolite 
proper (q. v.). It is of a white or grayish color and 
columnar in form. 

ban (1), *bann, *banne, *bain, *bane (pi. 
bann§, fban§, *bane§, *baine§), s. [From A. S. 

bannan— to proclaim, summon. In Sw. bann= 
excommunication; Dan. band, ban= ban, excom¬ 
munication, outlawry; Dut. ban— excommunica¬ 
tion, banishment, jurisdiction; Ger. bann; O. H. 
Ger. ban= a public proclamation, spec., excommu¬ 
nication ; Wei. & Gael. ban= a proclamation ; Fr. & 
Prov. 6an=banns, proclamation, publication, ban, 
banishment, outlawry, exile, privilege; Sp., Port., 

& Ital. bando. The word seems to have come orig¬ 
inally from the Teutonic tongues. Low Lat. ban- 
nus, bannum, bandum .] [Abandon, Bandit, Ban- 
ISH.] 

IT Essential meaning: A proclamation, public 
notice, or edict respecting a person or thing. Wedg- 
wood thinks that the original signification was 
that given under B., I. 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of persons: 

1. A public proclamation or edict respecting a 
erson, without its being in any way implied that 
e has been named in order to be denounced. [B., 
III.] 

(1) Gen.: An edict or proclamation of any kind. 
“That was the ban of Keningwurthe; that was lo this 

That ther ne ssolde of heie men deserited be none 
That hadde ihelde aye the king, bote the erl of Lei- 
cetre one.”— Rob. Gloucest., p. 668. (S. in Boucher.) 

(2) Specially: 

(a) A summons; a citation. 

“Ther come to thys rounde table as he sende ys ban, 

Aunsel kyng of Scotlond, and also Uryan, 

That was kyng of Muryfycens, and also of North Walys, 
Cadwal, and also Scater kyng of South Walys.” 

Bob. Gloucest., p. 188. (S. in Boucher.) 

(b) Plur.: An announcement of an intended mar¬ 
riage. [B.. III.] 

“He gan renew the late forbidden bains." 

Spenser: F. Q., I. xii. 86. 

“I bar it in the interest of my wife, 

’Tis she is subcontracted to this lord, 

And I, her husband, contradict your banns." 

Shakesp . : King Lear, v. 8 . 


bfiil, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, Jem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, d$l. 






































ban 


372 


band 


2 . A proclamation or edict denouncing ono, and 
rendering him subject to penalties. Specially — 

(1) In civil matters. [B., II.] 

“ He proceeded so far by treaty, that he was proffered to 
have the imperial ban taken off Altapinus upon submis¬ 
sion.”— Howel. 

(2) In ecclesiastical matters: Excommunication, 
curse, anathema. [Ban, v.] 

“ A great oversight it was of St. Peter that he did not 
accurse Nero, whereby the pope might have got all; yet 
what need of such a ban, since friar Vincent could tell 
Atabalipa that kingdoms were the pope’s ?”— Raleigh. 

(3) Gen.: A curse of any kind by whomsoever 
given forth. 

“Thou mixture rank, of midnight weeds collected, 
With Hecate’s ban thrice blasted, thrice infected.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

II. Of things: 

1. A public proclamation or edict, commanding, 
permitting, forbidding, or announcing anything 
[B., III.] ; hence any prohibition or interdiction of 
a solemn kind, however announced. 

“ . . . who thus hast dared, 

Had it been only coveting to eye 
That sacred fruit, sacred to abstinence, 

Much more to taste it, under ban to touch ?” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

2. The penalty inflicted upon a person publicly 
denounced. 

B. Technically: 

I. Military and Feudal: A proclamation in time 

of war. 

II. Hist. The ban of the empire: A penalty 
occasionally put in force under the Old German 
empire against a prince who had given some cause 
of offense to the supreme authority. Arnulf, Duke 
of Bavaria, in the eleventh century, and Otho, of 
Wittelspach, in the twelfth century, were thus put 
under the ban of the empire. 

III. Law, die. Banns (pi.): The publication of 
intended marriages in the Church of England; proc¬ 
lamation that certain parties named intend to 
proceed to marriage, unless any impediment to 
their union be proved to exist. Banns of marriage 
have to be published for three Sundays before the 
event in the church or chapel where the ceremony 
is to take place, unless a license is obtained. 
[License, Marriage.] Marriages may now be 
solemnized in Non-conformist chapels or at the 
office of the registrar. 

ban ( 2 ), s. [Servian ban; Russ. & Pol. pan— a 
master, a lord.] 

In Austro-Hung ary: 

1. Formerly: A title belonging to the warden of 
the eastern marshes of Hungary. 

2. Now: The Viceroy of Temesvar, generally called 
the “ Ban of Croatia/’ The territory he rules over 
is called a banat or banate. 

The name Ban in this latter sense was brought 
prominently before the English public during the 
war of independence waged by the Magyars of 
Hungary against Austria in 1849. In that struggle 
the Sclavonians, who constituted nearly half the 
population of the Austrian empire, sided with the 
Germans against the Magyars, one of the most 

E rominent supporters of the Vienna Government 
eing the “ Ban Jellachich ” of Croatia. His name 
impressed the English public with a certain meas¬ 
ure of awe, for people had but vague conceptions 
as to what a “ Ban ” might mean, and none but the 
most audacious ventured to pronounce the word 
“Jellachich.” 

ban (3), s. [Hind., &c., ban, 6 iw=cotton.] 

Comm.: A kind of fine muslin brought from the 
East Indies. 

ban, v. t. & i. [A. S. bannan, abannan= to com¬ 
mand, to order. In Sw. banna= to reprove, to 
chide; bannas— to ban, to curse; Dan. forbande— 
to excommunicate, to curse; Dut. banden — to 
excommunicate.] [Ban,s., Banish.] 

A. Trans.: To make the subject of a public proc¬ 
lamation. Specially— 

1. Of persons: To> excommunicate, to curse; to 
imprecate evil upon. 

“ And bitter words to ban her cruel foes.” 

Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece, 1,460. 

2. Of things: To forbid; to prohibit. 

“ And mine has been the fate of those 
To whom the goodly earth and air 
Are bann’d and barred—forbidden fare.” 

Byron: Prisoner of Chillon. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To imprecate vengeance upon a person; to 
curse a person. 

2. To curse and swear; to use more or less pro¬ 
fane or irreverent language. 

“ Ne’er curse, nor bann, I you implore, 

In neither fun nor passion.” 

A. Douglas. Poems, p. 76. 



The Banana and its Fruit. 


tbg,-nar-i-ty, s. [Fr. banaliU= common-place; 
from banal, adj. = (l. Of persons) mercenary, (2. Of 
things) common to every one; formerly said of 
things, as a mill, oven, &c., provided by a feudal 
lord, and which the people were obliged to use.] A 
common-place: a common-place compliment uttered 
to every one alike, and devoid of any special sig¬ 
nificance. 

“ . . . his house and his heart are open to you. Civil 
banalities are not at all in his line, his friendship is sol¬ 
idly demonstrative, and you can do him no greater favor 
than by frankly accepting the thousand kindnesses he is 
eager to proffer.”— Daily Telegraph, December 8, 1876. 

ba-na'-nu, s. & a. [In Sw. bananastrdd; Fr. 
banane, the fruit, and bananier, the tree; Sp. 
banana, banano, bananas; Port, banana .] 

A. As substantive : 

1. A tree, the Musa sapientum of botanists. To 
the superficial observer it looks like a palm, but 
the leaves are essentially different. Tearing in long 
strips, like those 
of endogens in 
general, they differ 
from the normal 
type in doing so 
transversely o n 
either side from 
the midrib,instead 
of longitudinally. 

The flowers also 
are different, and 
the nearest affinity 
of the order Mu- 
sacese, of which it 
or its congener, 
the plantain, is 
the type, is with 
the gingers and 
arrowroots, and 
not with the 
palms. The bana¬ 
na is about twenty feet high. It resembles the 
plantain so closely that some think it a mere 
variety of that species: but it differs in having the 
stalk marked with dark-purple stripes and spots, 
and possessing a shorter, more rounded, and more 
luscious fruit. Originally from the Eastern Hemi¬ 
sphere, but now cultivated largely in Florida and 
Louisiana. 

2. The fruit of the banana-tree. It grows in 
clusters of long, angular, finger-like fruits, some 
inches in length. When the rind, which easily 
comes away, is stripped off, there is found beneath 
it a soft pulp like that of a fine pear, but more 
luscious. It and its congener the plantain are, in 
the writer’s opinion, the finest of all tropical fruits. 

“The dream is past; and thou hast found again 
Thy cocoas and bananas, palms and yams, 

And homestall thatched with leaves.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the banana ; feed¬ 
ing on the banana. (See the compounds.) 

banana-bird, s. A bird, Xanthornus icterus, 
belonging to the family Sturnidee (Starlings), and 
the sub-family Oriolinae, or Orioles. It is tawny 
and black, with white bars on the wings. It is gre¬ 
garious, a multitude of individual nests hanging 
from the ends of contiguous twigs. It occurs in the 
West Indies and the warmer parts of Continental 
America. It has some affinity to the Baltimore Bird 
(q. v.). 

banana-leaf, s. The leaf of the banana. [For 
its peculiar venation, see Banana, A., 1 .] 

“ Before morning it rained very heavily, but the good 
thatch of banana-leaves kept us dry.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. xviii. 

banana-tree, s. [Banana, A., 1.] 

ban’-at, ban'-ate, s. [In Ger. Banat; from ban 
( 2 ) (q. v.).] 

1 . The territory or jurisdiction of a ban. 

2. Specially: An old province of Hungary, of which 
the capital was Temesvar. 

banc, s. [A. S. bene; Fr. banc= a bench, . . . 
court.] [Banco.] 

Law. In banco. [Banco, II.] 

*ban-chls, s. [From Ital. banco= a bank.] 
[Bank.] Deeds of settlement. Money-deeds (?). 
(Jamieson.) 

“ Bot quhen my billis and my banchis was all selit, 

I wald na langer beir on brydil, bot braid up my 
heid.”— Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 67. 

*bancke ( 1 ), s. [Bank.] 

*bancke (2), s. [Dan. bank— drubbing, cudgel¬ 
ing blows; banlce=to beat, to knock.] A ruff or 
roll on a drum (?). (O. Scotch.) 

To beate a bancke: To beat a ruff or roll on a drum. 

“ The drummer-major, accompanied with the rest of the 
drummers of the regiment, being commanded, beate a 
bancke in head of the regiment.”— Monro: Exped., pt. ii., 
p. 33. (Jamieson.) 


baii'-co, s. [In Dan. banco— a bank- Sp. banco « 
bench, bank; Ital. banco =a bench, a shop counter; 
metter banco=to be a banker.] [Bank.] 

I. Commerce: 

1. A bank, especially that of Venice. 

2. The difference between the price of money at a 
bank and its value outside. 

II. Law. Sittings in banco, or in banc: Sit¬ 
tings of a Superior Court of Common Law as a full 
court, as distinguished from the sittings of the 
judges at Nisi Prius, or on circuit. 

fban-cour -Is, s. pi. [In Ger. banckwerc= tapes¬ 
try, the covering of a stool or bench ; Fr. banquier 
= “ a bench-cloth, or a carpet for a forme or bench.” 
(Cotgrave & Jamieson.)] Covers. (O. Scotch.) 
“Braid burdis and benkis, ourbeld with bomcouris of 
gold, 

Oled our with grape clathis.” 

Houlate, iii. 3, MS. (Jamieson.) 

band, *bande, s. [In A. S. banda=& band, a 
householder, a husband; 6 <md=bound; pa. par. of 
bindan= to bind. In Sw. hand,’ Dan. baand; Dut. 
band= a tie, a string; bende=& troop, a company; 
Ger. bande, binde; Goth, bandi; Fr. bande; Sp., 
Port., & Ital. banda; Hind. bund= an embankment, 
bund, band = to confine. As Trench points out, 
band, bend, and bond were not at first distinct 
words, but only three different ways of spelling the 
same word. ( Trench: English Past and Present, 
p. 65.)] [Bend, Bind, Bond.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

(a) Of things: 

I. Literally: 

1. A fillet, tie, cord, chain, or other ligament used 
for binding together things which else would be 
separate, for ornament, or for any other purpose. 

(1) Gen.: With the foregoing signification. 

“ So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be. 

And buxom to his bands, is joy to see.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubbard’s Tale. 

(2) Spec.: The rope or tie by which black cattle 
are fastened to the stake. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

2 . The hinge of a door. (Generally in the pi.) 
(Scotch and North of England.) (Jamieson.) 

3. Formerly sing, (band), now pi. (bands): A 
form of appendage to the collar or neck-cloth for¬ 
merly worn by clergymen, lawyers, students in 
colleges, and others. It consists of two broad 
strips of muslin united above, but separated below, 
their upper part tied by a string around the neck, 
from or in front of which they hang down. 

“ For his mind I do not care, 

That’s a toy that I could spare; 

Let his title be but great, 

His cloaths rich, and. band sit neat.” 

Ben Jonson. 

“ He took his lodging at the mansion-house of a tayloFs 
widow, who washes, and can clear-starch his bands." — 
Addison. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Anything by which persons or things are 
united together or restrained. 

In a general sense: 

“ . . . and I have broken the bands of your yoke, and 
made you go upright.”— Lev. xxvi. 13. 

“ Here’s eight that must take hands 
To join in Hymen’s bands.” 

Shakesp.: -4s You Like It, V. 4. 

2. Union. 

(b) Of persons. [Wedgwood considers that of the 
words from the several languages given in the 
etymology, Sp. banda, in the sense of side (it mean 9 
a scarf, a side, a bend, a band), is the one from 
which the Eng. band, when used of persons-con- 
federated, originally came.] 

I. Gen.: A company of persons united together 
for any purpose, or held by any bond of affinity. 

1. Lit.: Persons so united. 

“. . . I passed over this Jordan; and now I am 
become two bands.” — Gen. xxxii. 10. 

2. Fig.: A great assemblage of any species of 
animal. 

“ . . . vast numbers of butterflies, in bands or flocks 
of countless myriads, extended as far as the eye could 
range.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. viii. 

II. Specially: 

1 . A number of soldiers, or at least of men capa¬ 
ble of bearing arms, united together for military 
purposes. 

“So the bands of Syria came no more into the land of 
Israel.”—2 Kings vi. 23. 

‘ And backed with such a band of horse, 

As might less ample powers enforce.” 

Scott: Rokeby, vi. 34. 

2. A number of trained musicians in a regiment, 
intended to march in front of the soldiers and play 
instruments, so as to enable them to keep step as 
they move forward; also any similarly organized 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work whd, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr?, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



band-fish 


373 


bandog 


company of musicians, even though they may in no 
way be connected with the army; an orchestra. 
(The word band is also applied to the subdivisions 
of an orchestra, as string-band, wind-band, &c.) 

“ • . . the hereditary piper and his sons formed the 
band.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between band, com¬ 
pany, crew, and gang: “Each of these terms 
denotes a small association for a particular object. 
A band is an association where men are bound 
together by some strong obligation, as a band of 
soldie-s, a band of robbers. A company marks an 
assoc. ition for convenience, without any particular 
obligation, as a company of travelers, a company of 
strolling players. Crew marks an association col¬ 
lected together by some external power, or by 
coincidence of plan and motive; in the former case 
it is used for a ship’s crew; in the latter and bad 
sense it is employed for any number of evil-minded 
persons met together, from different quarters, and 
co-operating for some bad purpose. Gang is always 
used in a bad sense for an association of thieves, 
murderers, and depredators in general. It is more 
in common use than band. In Germany the rob¬ 
bers used to form bands and set the Government at 
defiance; housebreakers and pickpockets commonly 
associate now in gangs." {Eng. Synon.) 


B. Technically: 

1. Saddlery. The bands of a saddle: Two pieces 
of iron nailed upon the bows to hold them in their 
proper place. 

2. Naut.: A stripe of canvas sewed across a 
sail to render it stronger. {Falconer.) 

3. Arch.: A fascia, face, or plinth; any flat low 
member or molding. {Johnson.) 

4. Anat. Flattened band: The name given by its 
discoverer, Remak, to what is better called by 
Rosenthal and Purkinge the axis cylinder. It is 
a transparent material occupying the axis of the 
nerve-tube. {Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. i., pp. 212 , 228.) 

5. Botany: Bands or vittse are the spaces between 
the elevated lines or ribs on the fruit of umbellif¬ 
erous plants. 

6 . Bookbinding: One of the cords at the back of 
a book to which the thread is attached in sewing. 

7. Mach.: A broad endless strap used for com¬ 
municating motion from one wheel, drum, or roller 
to another. 

*1 For such compounds as faggot-band, head-band, 
swathing-band, &c., see the word with which band 
is in combination. 


band-fish, s. The English designation of Cepola, 
a genus of fishes ranked under the Riband-shaped 
family of the order Acanthopteri. 

band-kitt, s. A large wooden vessel with a cover 
to it. {Boucher.) 

band-master, s. The director of a (military) 
band. [Band, II. 2.] 

band-place, s. The part of the hat where the 
band was placed. 


band-pulley, s. 

Mach.: A flat-faced wheel, fixed on a shaft and 
driven by a band. 

band-saw, s. 

Mach.: An endless steel belt, serrated on one of its 
edges, running over wheels, and rapidly revolved. 

band-shaped, a. 

Bot.: N arrow and very long, and with the two 
opposite margins parallel. Example, the leaves of 
Zoster a marina. 

band-stand, s. A stand or platform for the use 
of a band of musicians. 

band-string, s. 

1. A string appended to a band; a string going 
across the breast for tying in an ornamental way. 


2. The designation given to a species of confection 
of a long shape. {Jamieson.) 

band-wagon, s. A wagon used for conveying 
a band of music, usually at the head of a parade. 

f\ To get into the band-wagon: To go with the 
crowd ;~to side with a successful candidate or cause. 
( U. S. slang.) 
band-wheel, s. 

Mach.: A wheel with a face nearly flat or grooved 
to retain the band that drives it, as in the lathe. 

band (1), *bande, v. t. & i. [From Eng. band, s. 
(q. v.) In Fr. bander= to bind, to tie; Port. 
bandar. ] 

A. Transitive: 

fl. Of things: To tie with a band. 

2. Of persons • To unite together in confederacy; 
to form into a band, troop, or society. (In this 
sense often nsed reflectively.) 

“As such, he might still be foremost among those who 
were banded together in defense of the liberties of 
Europe.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 


B. Intransitive: 

1. To unite together; to enter into agreement, 
alliance, or confederacy. 

“And when it was day, certain of the Jews banded 
together . . . ”—Acts xxiii. 12. 

2. To assemble. 

“ Huge routs of people did about them band.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. iv. 36. 

♦band (2), v. t. [Low Lat. bandiri=to proclaim, 
to denounce.] [Ban, Banish.] To interdict, to 
banish, to forbid, to expel. 

“ Sweete love such lewdnes bands from his faire com- 
panee.” Spenser: F. Q., III., ii. 41. 

♦band (1), pret. & pa. par. of Bats, v. (q. v.). 

“And curs’d and band, and blasphemies forth threw.” 

Spenser: F. Q., Y. xi. 12. 

band (2), pret. & pa. par. of Band, v. (q. v.). 
[A; S. band, pret. of bindan= to bind.] 

“His hors until a tre sho band.” 

Ywaine and Gdwin, 1,776. {S. in Boucher.) 
band'-ilge (age=ig), s. [In Dan. & Fr. bandage, 
from Fr. bander = to band or tie, &c.] [Band, 

S.&'U.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Anything tied around another, as a piece of 
cloth tied around the eyes to blindfold one, or 
around a wound for surgical purposes. 

1. In a general sense: 

(а) Literally: 

“ Cords were fastened by hooks to my bandages, which 
the workmen had girt round my neck.”— Swift. 

(б) Figuratively: 

“ Zeal, too, had a place among the rest, with a bandage 
over her eyes . . . ”— Addison. 

2. In a surgical sense. [B. 1.] 

“. . . my informer, putting his head out to see what 
was the matter, received a severe cut, and now wore a 
bandage.” — Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. vi. 

tH. The act or operation of tying up wounds. 

B. Technically: 

1. Surgery: A fillet, band, or strip of cloth, used 
in surgery for tying up wounds, and thus stopping 
the effusion of blood, further injury from the air, 
from accident, or from violence. [A., 1.1, 2.] 

2. Arch. (Plur.): The iron rings or chains sur¬ 
rounding the springing of a dome or the circum¬ 
ference of a tower, to bind the structure together. 

band'-clge (age=Ig), v.t. [From bandage, s. 
(q. v.).] To tie up with a bandage or similar appli¬ 
ance. 

band'-jiged, pa. par. & a. [Bandage, v .] 
band -ag-Ing, pr. par. [Bandage, v.] 
band-si-le'er, s. [Bandoleer.] 
ban-da-na, *ban-dan’-na, s. [In Fr. bandana; 
Sp. bandana, bandaho=a neckerchief made of hast. 
{Mahn.)~\ A kind of calico-printing in which white 
or bright-colored spots are placed upon a Turkey- 
red or dark ground. 

bandana handkerchief. A handkerchief printed 
as described above. 

band -box, s. [Eng. band; box. ] A box of thin 
card, used principally for inclosing hats, caps, or 
similar articles of attire. 

“With empty bandbox she delights to range.” 

Gay: Trivia. 

bande (ban’-de),a. [Fr.=banded.] 

Her.: The same as Eng. In Bend. [Bend.] 

ban-deau (eau as 5), plur. ban'-deaux (eaux 
as dz), s. [Fr.=a fillet, frontlet, diadem, tiara, 
architrave.] A narrow band or fillet around a cap 
or other headdress. 

“Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of 
leather.”— Scott. 

band-ed (1), *band, pa. par. & a. [Band 

( 1 ), v .] 

A. Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

“ Secret and safe the banded chests, 

In which the wealth of Mortham rests.” 

Scott: Rokeby, iv. 31. 

B. Technically: 

1, Bot.: A term applied to variegation or mark¬ 
ing when transverse stripes of one color cross 
another one. 

2. Her.: When a garb is bound together with a 
band of a different tincture, it is said to be banded 
of that tincture. {Gloss, of Her.) 

band-ed {2), pa. par. [Band, v.] 
ban -del-et, s. [Bandlet.] 

fband’-er, s. [Eng. band; -er.] One who bands; 
a person engaged to one or more in a bond or cov¬ 
enant. 


“Montrose, and so many of the banders as happened to 
be at home at that time, were cited to appear.”— Guthry: 
Mem., p. 90. {Jamieson.) 

ban-der-ole, ban’-der-olle, s. [Bandrol.] 
ban'-di-coot, *ban'-di-COte, s. [Anglo-Indian 

name. Compare Sansc. Undar = rat, and kut = 
house, . . . heap of grain.] 

1. A name given to the Mus giganteus of Hard- 
wicke. It is as large as a rabbit, and is found in 
India. It feeds on grain. 

2. The English name given to a genus of Marsu¬ 
pial quadrupeds, named from their resemblance to 
the above species. They constitute the genus Per- 
ameles or the family Peramelidae, and are found in 
Australia. There are several species. They are 
sometimes called Bandicoot Rats. [Peramelidaj.] 

ban -died, pa. par. [Bandy, v.] 
ban'-di-leer, s. [Bandoleer.] 
band'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Band (1), t\] 
banding-plane, s. A plane used for cutting out 
grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight 
and circular work. {Goodrich & Porter.) 

ban'-dit, *ban-dite, *ban'-dit-t5, *ban- 
det-to (pi. ban -dit-tl, fban'-dits), a . & s . [In 

Sw., Dan., Ger., & Fr. bandit; Dut. bandiet; Sp. & 
Port, bandido— a highwayman. Ital. bandito, as 
adjective=published, banished; as substantive=an 
outlaw, an exile, a highwayman ; bandita, bctndo=& 
proclamation ; bandire= to proclaim, publish, tell, 
banish.] [Ban.] 

♦A. As adjective (of the old form banditto): Per¬ 
taining to an outlaw, a highwayman, or other 
robber. [B.] 

“A Roman sworder, and banditto slave, 

Murder’d sweet Tully.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., iv. 1. 

B. Hs substantive (of the modern form bandit) : 

1. Properly: One who, besides having been ban¬ 
ished, has been publicly proclaimed an outlaw, 
and, having nothing further to hope from society, 
or at least from the government which has taken 
these decisive steps against him, has become a 
highwayman or robber of some other type. 

2. More generally: Any robber, whatever may be 
the circumstances which have led to his adopting 
his evil mode of life. 

“ No bandit fierce, no tyrant mad with pride. 

No cavern’d hermit, rest self-satisfy’d.”— Pope. 

11 As robbers generally find that they can more 
easily carry out their nefarious plans if they go in 
gangs, the word bandit often occurs in the plural 
{banditti); there is, however, no reason to believe 
that this is etymologically connected with band, in 
tho sense of a company of people associated together 
for some end. 

“They had contracted all the habits of banditti.” 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

bandit-saint (pi. banditti-saints), s. A person 
combining the profession of a saint with the prac¬ 
tice of a bandit. 

“ Banditti-saints disturbing distant lands, 

And unknown nations wandering for a home.” 

Thomson: Liberty , pt. iv. 

ban '-dit-tl, s.pl. [Bandit.] 

♦band-kyn, s. [Apparently a misspelling of 
baudekyn, which again is derived from baldachin 
(q. v.).] A very precious kind of cloth, the warp of 
which is thread of gold, and the woof silk, adorned 
with raised figures. {Scotch.) 

“ For the banket mony rich claith of pall 
Was spred, and mony a bandkyn wounderly wrocht.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 33, 15. {Jamieson.) 

fband -le (le as pi), s. [Irish.] An Irish measure 
of two feet in length. {Bailey.) 

jband-less-ly, adv. [Eng. band; -less, -ly. 1 
Without bands or vestments ; regardlessiy. {Jamie¬ 
son.) 

fband-less-ness, s. [Eng. band; -less, -ness.] 
The state of abandonment to wickedness. {Jamie¬ 
son.) 

band -let, ban -del-et, s. [In Fr. bandelette.\ 

1. Ord. Lang.: A small band for encircling any¬ 
thing. {Francis.) 

2. Arch.: Any small band, molding, or fillet. 

{Johnson.) 

band-hoo-ka, s. The name of an Indian shrub, 
the Ixora Bandhuca, sometimes, called the Jungle 
Geranium. It has scarlet or crimson flowers, and 
belongs to the order Cinchonaceaa, or Cinchonads. 

ban'-dog, *band-dog, *band-dogge, *bond'e- 
dog, s. (0. Eng. 6 aud=bound, and dog. ] A dog of 
such a character as to require the restraint of a 
hand; a large, fierce dog requiring to be kept 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shstn. -tion, -sion = shun; 


(jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dpi. 




bandoleer 


374 


banging 



Bandoleer. 


chained. Specially, according to Harrison, a mas¬ 
tiff ; and, according to Bewick, a cross between the 
mastiff and the bull-dog. 

“ BoncLedog: molossus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Half a hundred good banddogs 
Came running o’er the lea.” 

Robin Hood, ii. 64. (Boucher.) 

“ We have great bandogs will teare their skinne.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., ix. 

ban-do-leer, ban'-de-lier, ban -di-leer, s. [In 
Dut. and Ger. bande- 
lier; Sw. bantler; Fr. 
bandoulibre; Sp .ban- 
dolera ,’Port .bandole- 
ira; ltal.bandoliera; 
from Fr. bande, Ital. 
ban da = a band. 

Named from having 
been fastened by a 
broad band of 
leather.] A large 
leathern belt worn 
in mediaeval times 
by musketeers. One 
end passed over the 
right shoulder, while 
the other hung loose 
under the left arm. 

11 sustained the 
musket, and had dependent from it twelve charges 
of powder and shot put up in small wooden boxes. 
“He lighted the match of his bandelier 

And wofully scorched the hackbutteer.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 21. 

*ban'Hi 6 n, *ban'-d 6 un, *baun'-doun (0. Eng.), 
ban -down (0. Scotch), s. [O. Fr. & Prov. bandon 
=command, orders, dominion.] [Abandon.] 

1. Command, orders, dominion. 

“ Alangst the land of Koss he roars, 

And all obey’d at his bandown, 

Evin frae the North to Suthren shoars.” 

Battle of Harlaw, st. 7. Evergreen, i. 81. (Jamieson.) 

2. Disposal. 

“ For bothe the wise folke and unwise 
Were wholly to her bandon brought, 

So well with yeftes hath she wrought.” 

RomauntoftheRose, 1,163. 

tban'-dore, fban-dore, fman-dore, fpan- 
dore, tpa n _ dbre,s. [In Dan. pandure; Ger. pan- 
dore; Fr. bandore, rnandore, mandole, pandore; Sp. 
bandurria, pandola = a lute with four strings, 
mandolin, pandurria; Port, bandurra; Ital. man- 
dola—a cithern, pandora, pandura; Lat. pandura 
and pandurium; Gr. pandoura and pandouris= a 
musical instrument with three strings, said to have 
been invented by Pan.] A musical instrument like 
a lute or guitar, invented by John Ross or Rose, a 
famous violin-maker, about 1562. Boucher com¬ 
pares it to the negro “banjer,” or banjo. 

“One Garchi Sanchez, a Spanish poet, became dis¬ 
traught of his wits with overmuch levitie, and at the time 
of his distraction was playing upon a bandore.” — Wits, 
Fits and Fancies, K. 4 (1614). 

*ban'-doun-Iy, *ban -down-iy, adv. [O. Eng. 
& Scotch baudoun; -ly. ] Firmly, courageously. 

“The Sotheron saw how that so bandownly 
Wallace abaid ner hand thair chewalry.” 

Wallace, v. 881, MS. (Jamieson.) 

band'-rol, ban-der-ole, ban-ner-ol, ban- 
ner-olle, ban -ner-all, s. [In Fr. banderole=(l) a 
shoulder-belt; (2) a bandrol; (3) ( Naut.) a streamer.] 

1. A small flag, pennant, or streamer in the form 
of a guidon, longer than broad, usually borne at the 
mast-heads of vessels. ( Jolinson.) 

2. The small silk flag which occasionally hangs 
from a trumpet. (Johnson.) 

3. A banner or flag, usually about a yard square, 
several of which were borne at the funerals of the 
great. (See example from Camden under Ban¬ 
nerol.) 

4. Her.: A small streamer depending from the 
crook of a crozier and folding over the staff. 

5. Arch.: A flat band with an inscription, used in 
the decoration of buildings of the Renaissance 
period. 

band §-man, s. [Eng. band; -man.] A member 
of a (military) band. [Band, II. 2.] 

band'-ster, ban'-ster, s. [Eng. band, and suff. 
-sfer.] One who binds sheaves after the reapers of 
the harvest-field. (Scotch.) 

ban’-dy (1), s. [From Fr. bands, pa. par. of 
bander—. . . to bend, ... to bandy. Or, as 
Wedgwood thinks, connected with Sp. banda=a 
side.] 

1 . A club bent and rounded at the lower part, 
designed for striking a ball. 

2. A game played between two parties equipped 
with such sticks or clubs, the one side endeavoring 
to drive a small ball to a certain spot, and the 
others doing their best to send it in the opposite 
direction. [Hockey.] 

‘Are nothing but the games they lose at bandy." 

O. Play, v. 162. (J. H. in Boucher.) 


bandy-wicket, s. An old name of a game like 
cricket. 

ban -dy (2), s. [Telegu and Karnata (Canarese) 
bandi, bundi .] 

Among Anglo-Indians: A cart, a carriage, a gig; 
any wheeled conveyance. [Bullock-bandy.] 
ban’-dy, a. [From Fr. bandi, pa. par. of bander 
= . . .to bend, to bandy.] [Band, Bandy, s. & v .] 

1. Gen. (See the compounds.) 

2. Spec, (of cloth): Without substance, limp, 
flexible. 

“ Soe as the same clothes beinge put in water are found 
to shrincke, rewey, pursey, squattie, cocklinge, bandy, 
lighte, and notablie faultie.”— Slat. 43 Eliz., c. 10. (S. in 
Boucher.) 

bandy-leg, s. A crooked leg. 

“ Nor makes a scruple to expose 
Your bandy-leg, or crooked nose.”— Swift. 
bandy-legged, a. Having crooked legs. 

“The Ethiopians had an one-eyed, bandy-legged prince: 
such a person would have made but an odd figure.”— John¬ 
son. 

ban’-df, V. t. & i. [From bandy, s. (q. v.). In Fr. 
bander— ... to bandy.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: To toss backward and forward, as a 
ball in the game of tennis or any similar play. 

“They do cunningly, from one hand to another, bandy 
the service like a tennis ball.”— Spenser. 

“What from the tropics can the earth repel? 

What vigorous arm, what repercussive blow, 
Bandies the mighty globe still to and fro?” 

Blackmore. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To exchange anything in a more or less similar 
way with another person. 

(a) In a general sense: 

“Had she affections and warm youthful blood, 

She’d be as swift in motion as a ball; 

, My words would bandy her to my sweet love, 

And his to me.” Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 6. 

(b) Spec.: Used of the exchange of words or blows 
with an adversary. 

“ And bandied many a word of boast.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 14. 

“ While he and Musgrave bandied blows.”— Ibid., 27. 

2. To agitate, to toss about. 

“ This hath been so bandied amongst us, that one can 
hardly miss books of this kind.”— Locke. 

“Ever since men have been united into governments 
the endeavors after universal monarchy have been ban¬ 
died among them.”— Swift. 

“Let not obvious and known truth, or some of the 
most plain and certain propositions, be bandied about in 
a disputation.”— Watts. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To draw a ball backward and forward in 
playing tennis. 

“ That while he had been bandying at tennis . . .” 

Webster: Vittoria Corombona. (Nares.) 

2. Fig.: To drive anything to and fro; specially, 
to exchange blows with an adversary. 

“A valiant 6on-in-law thou shalt enjoy; 

One fit to bandy with thy lawless sons, 

To ruffle in the commonwealth of Home.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, i. 1. 
ban’-djf-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Bandy, v.] 

“After all the bandying attempts of resolution, it is as 
much a question as ever.”— Glanville. 

*bane (1), s. [Bone.] (O. Eng.<&Scotch.) 
bane (2). s. [A. S. bana=(l) a wound-maker, a 
murderer; (2)destruction, death, the undoing: bane, 
ben,benn=a wound; Sw. bane=bane, death; Icel. 
6a»u=death, murder; in compos, bana, as bana-sott 
— death-sickness; bana-sar = death-wound, from 
6ana=to slay, ben=a deadly wound; Mid. H. Ger. 
& Flem. bane— destruction; O. H. Ger. bana— death¬ 
blow, murder; bano— murderer; Goth, banja—a 
blow, a wound (Bang) ; Irish 6cwia=death. Bane 
may be connected with Arm. benyn, vinym; Fr. 
venin; Sp., Port., & Ital .veneno; Lat. venenum— 
poison.] [Bane, u.] 

*A. Of persons: A murderer. 

“ And schulde have bane beon. ...” 

MS. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., f. 147. (S. in Boucher.) 

B. Of things: 

I. Lit.: Poison of a deadly kind. [Bane-berry.] 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Anything highly detrimental, noxious, or fatal. 

“Thus am I doubly arm’d; my death and life, 

My bane and antidote, are both before me ; 

This, in a moment, brings me to an end; 

But that informs me I shall never die.” Addison. 

2. Anything detrimental to a lesser extent. 

“ For mutability is Nature’s bane." 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 


IT Crabb thus distinguishes between bane, pest. 
and ruin: “ Bane is said of things only; pest, of 
persons only. Whatever produces a deadly cor¬ 
ruption is the bane; whoever is as obnoxious as the 
plague is a pest; ruin is that which actually causes 
ruin; luxury is the bane of civil society; gaming is 
the bane of youth; sycophants are the pests of 
society; drinking is the ruin of all who indulge to 
excess.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

bane-berry, s. The English name of the Actcea 
spicata, a plant of the order Ranunculacese, of 
Crowfoots. It is called also Herb Christopher. The 
berries are poisonous; with alum they yield a black 
dye.] [Actaja.] 

*bane-wort, s. One of the old names of a plant 
—the Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna, 
Linn.). 

*bane, V. t. [From bane, s. (q. v.). In Gr. *pheno= 
to slay.] To poison. 

“ What if my house be troubled with a rat, 

And I be pleas’d to give ten thousand ducats 
To have it ban’d.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1. 

*ba ne-f ire, s. [Boneire.] 

ba ne-ful, a. [Eng. bane; -ful.] Poisonous, per¬ 
nicious, deadly, noxious, harmful, destructive. 

“ For sure one star its baneful beam display’d 
On Priam’s roof and Hippoplacia’s shade.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xxii. 610, 611. 

“ And hereto every thirsty wanderer 
By sly enticement gives his baneful cup.” 

Milton: Comus. 

ba ne-ful-ljf, adv. [Eng. baneful; -ly.] Perni-i 
ciously, noxiously, harmfully. 

ba ne-ful-ness, s. [Eng. baneful; -ness.] The 
quality or state of being poisonous, noxious, per¬ 
nicious, or harmful. (Johnson.) 

*ban'-er (Scotch), *ban’-ere (O. Eng.), s. [Ban¬ 
ner.] 

*ban'-er-man, s. An obsolete spelling of Ban¬ 
ner-man (q. v.). 

*bane§, s. pi. [Ban (1), s.] 

bang, v. t. & i. [Imitated from the sound. In Sw. 
banka; Dan. banke— to beat, to knock; Ir. beanaem 
=to beat.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To beat, to thump. ( Vulgar.) 

“One receiving from them some affronts, met with them 
handsomely, and banged them to good purpose.”— Howel. 

“He having got some iron out of the earth, put it into 
his servants’ hands to fence with and bang one another.” 
— Locke. 

2. To fire a gun, cannon, or anything which makes 
a report; or, more loosely, to let off or shoot an 
arrow, or anything which goes more noiselessly to 
its destination. 

“ . . . he gaed into the wood, and banged off a gun 
at him.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. lxiv. 

3. To handle roughly. 

“The desperate tempest hath so bang’d the Turks.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, ii. L 

4. To surpass. 

“ . . . not an England can bang them.”— Anderson: 
Cumberland Ballads, p. 25. (S. in Boucher.) 

B. Intransitive: To change place with impetu¬ 
osity : as, “He bang'd to the door ”=he went hastily 
to the door. (Jamieson.) Cf. “ to bang to the 
door,” meaning to shut the door so as to cause a 
bang. 

bang(l),s. [Imitated from the sound. In Dan. 
6 anfc=drubbing, cudgeling, blows.] A blow, a 
thump. (Vulgar.) 

“With many a stiff twack, many a bang, 

Hard crabtree and old iron rang.” Hudibras. 

bang (2), s. [Bhang.] 

bang (3), s. The short front hair, cut square 
across the forehead. 

bang, v. t. To cut the hair straight across one's 
forehead. 

bang-up, a. Of superior quality; first rate. 

banged, pa. par. [Bang, v.] 

ban-gb^ (h mute), s. [Compare Telegu bungah 
=baggage in baskets, and bonga— a joint of bam¬ 
boo.] 

In India: Baggage suspended from a bamboo 
pole carried on a man’s shoulders. 

bang'-I-?t, s. [Named after Christian Frederick 
Bang, author of a dissertation upon the plants of 
sacred history (1767).] A genus of Algae. The spe¬ 
cies are in broad or silky tufts. 

bang -Ing, pr. par. & a. [Eng. bang; -ing. ] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rllle, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bangle 


375 


bank-holidays 


B. As adj.: Great, large, beating” in the sense 
of exceeding anything else in magnitude. (S. in 
Boucher , cfec.) (Vulgar.) 

*bah -gle, v. t. [A frequent, formed from Eng. 
bang , v.] To 
waste by little 
and little ; to 
squander reck¬ 
lessly. 

“If we bangle 
away the legacy of 
peace left us by 
Christ, it is a sign 
of our want of re¬ 
gard for Him.”— 

Duty of Man. 

ban'-gle, s. 

{Hind, bangri, 
bungree — a 
bracelet.] An 
ornament ot a ringed form, like a bracelet, worn on 
the wrists and ankles of both sexes in India, in 
parts of Africa, and other tropical countries. 

bangle-ear, s. A loose hanging ear; a defective 
ear in a horse. (Rees.) 

bangle-eared, a. Having the ears loose and 
hanging like those of a dog. (J. H. in Boucher.) 

Bah gor -I-an, a. [From Bangor, a cathedral 
city and parish in Carnarvon, Wales. The Rev. J. 
Evans derives it from Wei. ban= superior, and cor= 
a society. The chief choir.] Pertaining to Bangor. 

Bangorian controversy: A controversy raised by 
Dr. Benjamin Hoadley, Bishop of Bangor, through 
his publishing a sermon in 1717. from the text, “ My 
kingdom is not of this world ” (John xviii. 36) . His 
views, which were Low Church with a dash of what 
is now called Rationalism, gave much offense to 
the High Churchmen of the day. Among Dr. Hoad- 
ley’s opponents was Dr. John Potter, afterward 
Archbishop of Canterbury, and author, among other 
works, of the well-known Grecian Antiquities. 

“ They are informed of the excellence of the Bangorian 
controversy . . .” — Goldsmith: The Bee, No. vii. 

bang -rgi, s. [From Mahratta, &c., bhang= 
hemp.] Coarse hempen cloth made in North India. 

fbang-ster, *bang e-is-ter, s. & adj. [Eng. 
bang; -ster.] 

A. As substantive. Properly: One capable of 
inflicting “banging” blows; a burly ruffian, a 
rough, a bully, a quarrelsome person. (O. Eng. <& 
Scotch.) 

“ Ilk bangeister and limmer of this land 
With frie brydell sail quham thai pleis molest.” 

Pinkerton: Scottish Poems, ii. 337. (Jamieson.) 

B. As adjective: Violent, quarrelsome. 

“ A’ kens they bangster chiels o’ yore, 

First amity an luxrie tore.” 

Learmont: Poems, p. 29. (Jamieson.) 

*bangue, s. [Bhang.] 

ban -I- 3 ,n (1), ban -f-an (2), s. & a. [In Ger. 
baniane, bandanen; Fr. banian; Port, baniano; 
Sansc. banik =a merchant; pan#a=salable; pan— 
to sell. (Mahn, dbc.)] 

A. As substantive (among Anglo-Indians): 

1. A Hindoo merchant or shopkeeper. 

2. Spec, in Bengal: A native who manages the 
money concerns of a European, and sometimes acts 
as his interpreter. (Gloss, to Mill's Mist, of India.) 

B. As adjective: 

Banian days: Days on which sailors have no 
meat given them in their rations. This for the time 
being makes them, not wholly with their own con¬ 
currence, vegetable feeders, like the banians and 
many other natives of India. 

ban -I-gm (2), s. The same as Banyan (1). 

ban -Ish, v. t. [In Ger. bannen, verbannen; O. H. 
Ger. bannan; Dut. verbannen; Fr. bannir, pr. par. 
banissant; Port, banir; Prov. & Ital. bandire; 
Low Lat. bannio .] [Ban, Bandit.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To sentence to exile: to send away from one’s 
country by the verdict of a judicial authority; to 
exile for a limited period or for life. 

. therefore we banish you our territories.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 3. 

2. Reflectively: To send one’s self abroad. 

II. Fig.: To drive out or away; to expel. 

“It is for wicked men only to dread God, and to 
endeavor to banish the thoughts of Him out of their 
minds.”— Tillotson, 

“And bids the world take heart and banish fear.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. ii. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs to 
banish, to exile, and to expel, and between the cor¬ 
responding nouns banishment, exile, and expulsion. 
The idea of exclusion, or coercive removal from a 
place, is common to these terms. 


(a) To banish and to exile are thus discriminated: 
Banishment includes the removal from or the pro¬ 
hibition of access to some place; exile signifies the 
removal from one’s home; to exile, therefore, is to 
banish, but to banish is not always to exile. Ban¬ 
ishment follows from a decree of justice; exile 
either by the necessity of circumstances or an order 
of authority. Banishment is a disgraceful punish¬ 
ment inflicted by tribunals upon delinquents; exile 
is a disgrace incurred without dishonor; exile 
removes us from our country ; banishment drives us 
from it ignominiously. Banishment is a compul¬ 
sory exercise of power which must be submitted to; 
exile is a state into which we may go voluntarily. 

(b) The following is the distinction between to 
banish and to expel: Banishment and expulsion 
both mark a disgraceful and coercive exclusion, 
but banishment is authoritative; it is a public act 
of government: expulsion is simply coercive; it is 
the act of a private individual, or a small commu¬ 
nity. Banishment always supposes a removal to a 
distant spot, to another land; expulsion never 
reaches beyond a particular house 6 r society— e. g., 
a university or public school, &c. Banishment and 
expulsion are likewise used in a figurative sense, 
although exile is not: in this sense, banishment 
marks a distant and entire removal; expulsion a 
violent removal: we banish that which it is not 
prudent to retain— e. a., groundless hopes, fears, 
&c.; we expel that which is noxious— e. g., envy, 
hatred, ana every evil passion should be expelled 
from the mind as disturbers of its peace. 

ban-ished, *ban-yshed, past par. & adj. 

[Banish.] 

As pa. par.: 

“ Banished ? 

O friar, the damned use that word in hell; 

Howlings attend it. How hast thou the heart. 

Being a divine, a ghostly confessor, 

A sin-absolver, and my friend professed. 

To mangle me with that word— banished? ” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet. 

ban-lsh-er, s. [Eng. banish; -erf] One who 
banishes. 

“ To be full quit of those my banishers, 

Stand I before thee here.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 5. 
ban-Ish-Ing, pr. par. [Banish.] 
ban -ish-ment, s. [Eng. banish; -ment. In Fr. 
banissement .] The act of banishing; the state of 
being banished. 

1. Lit.: The act of sending one from his country 
into exile ; the state of being sent into exile. 

“ There was now no probability that he would be recalled 
from banishment.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

2. Fig.: The act of sending away; of dismissing 
thought or mental anxiety. 

ban -Is-ter, s. [Balusteb.] 
ban-Is-ter -e-ae, s.pl. [Banisteeia (q. v.).] 
Bot.: A tribe or section of the order Malpighi- 
acese. 

ban-Is-ter -i-?,, s. [Named after the Rev. John 
Banister, who lost his life searching for plants in 
Virginia.] A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Malpighiacese, or Malpighiads, and the tribe Ban- 
isterese. The species are evergreen twiners and 
climbers, with fine leaves and flowers. They have 
been introduced into England. 

ban -jo, jban -jer, s. [Probably derived from 
bandore (q. v.).] A musical instrument with five 
strings, having a head and neck like a guitar, with 
a body or sounding-board hollow at the back, and 
played with the hand and fingers. It is the favorite 
instrument of the plantation negroes of the South¬ 
ern States and their imitators. 

bank, *banke, *bancke, s. [In A. S. banc=(l) a 
bench, (2) a bedstead; benc=a bench, a table; Sw. 
bank= a shelf, a bar; Dan. bcenk= a bench, a form, a 
seat; bank= a bench, form, pew, bank, pawnbroker’s 
shop, shelf; Ger. bank, banko; Dut. bank; Wei. & 
Arm. banc, bancq; Fr. & Prov. 6 anc=a bench, seat, 
pew, a bank, sand, a border-shelf; &an<j«e=bank, 
money agency, workman’s salary, bench, block; 
Sp., Port., & Ital. banco= a bench, a shop-counter, a 
bank; Low Lat. bancus=a high seat. _ Hence it 
appears that bank and bench were originally the 
same word.] [Bench.] [National Banks.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

fl. Of a bench or seat: A bench, a desk, a counter, 
or anything similar to these in form ; specially, one 
of the benches on which rowers usually sit. 

“Placed on their banks the lusty Trojans sweep.” 

Waller. 

2. Of a house fitted up with such benches or seats; 

of anything or any person connected with such a 
building: . , 

(a) A counting-house or office fitted up with 
benches, desks, and counters; specially one for deal¬ 
ing in money. [B.] 

“ . . . a fairly good demand is maintained at the 

Bank.” — Times, December 28, 1878. 



Bangles. 


(b) The money dealt in at a bank. 

(c) The persons who deal in it ; specially the 
manager or the directors of the business. 

“ . . . the Bank has been able to stem the torrent of 
currency . . .”— Times, December 28, 1878. 

(d) The operations carried on; the affairs man¬ 
aged. 

"... the foresight with which the Bank has for 
some months past been managed.”— Times, December 28, 
1878. 

3. Of anything in nature resembling a bench or 
seat: 

(1) A piece of ground rising above the rest, and 
constituting either a long acclivity or an elevation 
of some other form. This may be— 

(a) A river-bank. 

“ . . . packs of wild dogs may be heard howling on 
the wooded banks of the less frequented streams.”— Dar¬ 
win: Voyage round the World, ch. vi. 

(b) Any slight eminence or knoll. 

“ With fragrant turf, and flowers as wild and fair 
As ever dressed a bank or scented summer air.” 

Cowper: Charity. 

(c) An eminence rising from the sea-bottom, even 
though it does not come near the surface, as “the 
banks of Newfoundland.” 

“ And there is no danger of bank or breaker; 

With the breeze behind us on we go.” 

Longfellow: Golden Legend, V. 

(2) A cloud or fog shaped like a bench, or like a 
river-bank or a knoll. 

“. . . a heavy bank ot clouds . . ."—Darwin: Voy¬ 
age round the World, ch. ix. 

(3) Anything which, made by man, looks like a 
natural river-bank, eminence, or knoll; specially, a 
mound of earth or other material thrown up with 
the view of aiding in the siege of a fortified place. 

“ He shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow 
there, nor come before it with shields, nor cast a bank 
against it.”— Isa. xxxvii. 33. 


II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(a) Originally: The bench on which the judges 
sat. 

(b) The whole of the judges, or at least a number 
of them sitting together, hearing arguments involv¬ 
ing questions in subtle points of law, as distin- 

f uished from a smaller gathering of them for 
earing cases in Nisi Prius. 

2. Printing: A flat table used by printers, on 
which the printed sheets are laid as they come from 
the press. 

3. Carpentry: A long piece of timber. 

4. Comm. <& Polit. Econ.: An institution in the 
hands of a joint-stock company or of a private per¬ 
son, for receiving money, keeping it secure till 
required again by the owners, and turning it mean¬ 
while to profitable account. [Banking.] 

6. Mach.: A creel for holding rows of bobbins of 
cotton. 

6. The floor of a glass-melting furnace. 

7. Music: A row of keys of a stringed or wind 
instrument. (Knight.) 

8. Mining: The face of the coal at which miners 
are working; the surface of the ground, as in the 
phrase “so much coal came to bank.” Also, the 
coal left standing between the excavations is bank. 

9. Naut.: A tier of oars in a galley. 

B. Attributively, as in the following com¬ 
pounds : 

bank-agent, s. A paid functionary employed to 
conduct banking operations in a branch of the cen¬ 
tral office established as a feeder in a provincial 
town. 

bank-bill, s. 

1. In this country: A promissory note; a bank¬ 
note. 

2. In England: A bill drawn on a bank or a private 
individual. It is payable at sight, or at a certain 
specified time after it becomes due. [Bill.] 

“ Let three hundred pounds be paid her out of my 
ready money, or bank-bills." — Swift. 

bank-book, s. A book in which the cashier or 
clerk enters the debt and credit of a customer. 

bank-credit, s. A specified sum up to which one 
will be allowed to draw money from a bank upon 
proper security being given. 

bank-fence, s. A bank of earth used as a fence 
for a field or other piece of land, 
bank-holidays, s. 

Law dt Ord. Lang.: Holidays upon which banks 
are legally closed. 

1. In the United States: January 1st, or New Year’s 
Day, is a legal or bank-holiday in all the States 
except Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, 
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhoae Is¬ 
land, and North and South Carolina. July 4th, Inde¬ 
pendence Day, and December 25th, Christmas Day, 
are bank-holidays in all the States and Territories 


b6ii, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia'n, -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -?ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 





Dank-interest 


376 


banking-house 


of the Union. Thanksgiving Day and Public Fast 
Days appointed by the President of the United 
States are also legal or bank-holidays. February 
the 12th, the anniversary of the birth of Abraham 
Lincoln, is a legal holiday in Illinois. February 
22d, the anniversary of the birth of Washington,' is 
a legal holiday in all the States save Arkansas, 
Iowa, and Mississippi. The first Monday in 
September, Labor Day, is a national holiday, 
bv act of Congress. January 8 th, anniversary 
of the Battle of New Orleans, and Firemen’s Day, 
March 4th, are legal holidays in Louisiana. Good 
Friday is a legal holiday in Florida, Louisiana, 
Minnesota, and Pennsylvania. Shrove Tuesdayjs a 
legal holiday in Louisiana and Alabama. Decora¬ 
tion or Memorial Day is observed in all the North¬ 
ern States. 

2. In England and Ireland: (1) Easter Monday; 
(2) the Monday in Whitsun week, generally called 
Whit Monday; (3) the first Monday in August; (4) 
the 26th of December, popularly called Boxing Day. 

3 . InScotland: ( 1 ) New Year’s Day; ( 2 ) the first 
Monday in May ; (3) the first Monday in August; (4) 
Christmas Day. 

Of the above holidays Christmas Day, Boxing 
Day, and New Year’s Day fall on different days of 
the week, and may in consequence fall on Sunday. 
When any one of them does so, the legal bank-holi¬ 
day is on the Monday immediately following. 

Most of the English had previously made holiday 
on Easter Monday, Whit Monday, and to a certain 
extent on Boxing Day ; and the Scotch had done so 
on New Year’s Day, and in a limited degree on 
Christmas ; but the first Monday of August in the 
three kingdoms, and the first Monday of May in 
Scotland, were not observed before the passing of 
the Act of 1871. [Legal Holidays.]—App. p. 4638.] 

bank-interest, s. The interest allowed on 
money deposited in a bank. The rate is higher on 
deposit receipts than on current accounts. Both, 
however, fluctuate within certain considerable 

limits. 

bank-martin, s. 

Ornith.: A name for a bird, the Sand-martin 
(Eirundo riparia). (Also called Bank-swallow.) 

bank-money, s. The credit given by the Bank of 
Amsterdam for worn coin received by it at the 
intrinsic value of each piece. The appellation was 
intended to distinguish it from the current money 
of the place. 

bank-note, s. A note issued by a bank legally 
empowered to send it forth. It promises to pay to 
the bearer a certain specific sum of money conspic¬ 
uously printed upon its face. In the United States 
bank-notes or bills are issued from the value of one 
to a thousand dollars. During the War of the Re¬ 
bellion paper money was issued of very small 
denomination, even as low as stamps of the value of 
three cents, popularly known as “ Shin-plaisters.” 
These notes have become scarce enough to be curi¬ 
osities. The Bank of England issues bank-notes of 
the value of £5 ($25), and upward. 

bank-post, s. 

Stationery: The name for three kinds of paper 
used for foreign correspondence. Medium Bank- 
post is 22 X 17)4 inches, and weighs thirteen pounds 
per ream. Large Bank-post is 20)4 X 16)4 inches, 
and weighs eleven pounds per ream. Small Bank- 
post, a kind of paper now seldom used, is 18 X 15)4 
inches, and weighs about nine pounds per ream. 

bank-rate, s. The rate of discount at the 
National Banks on a particular day. [Discount, 
Interest.] 

“ When the bank-rate remains apparently immovably one 
per cent, above the highest open value of money . . .” 

—Times, September 19, 1879. 

bank-stock, s. A share or shares in the capital 
of a joint-stock bank. 

“The sick man cried out with a feeble voice, ‘Pray, 
Doctor, how went bank-stock today at ’Change ? ’ 
Tatler, No. 243. 

bank-swallow, s. 

Ornith.: A name for the Sand-martin ( Eirundo 
riparia). [Bank-martin.] 

bank, v. t. & i. [From bank , s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To pass by the banks or mounds of. 

“ . . . as I have banked their towns.” 

Shakesp.: King John, v. 2. 

2. To place in a banking establishment which 
invites the deposit of money. (Johnson.) 

3. To surround with a bank; to embank, to fortify 
with earthworks. (Johnson.) 

If To bank up a fire is to cover it thickly with 
slack coal, which will keep alight but burn slowly, 
as is done by engineers leaving work for a time. 

B. Intrans.: To place money in a bank. 

bank'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bank; -able.] Of such a 
character as to be received at a bank. 


banked, pa. par. & a. [Bank, u.] 
bank -er (1), *banq-uer (wsilent), *banc-qwer 
(Eng.), bank-er, *bank -ure (Scotch), s. [In Fr. 
banquier=a bench-cloth.] [Bank, s.] 

1. Of a literal bench or seat: 

*1. A cushion or covering for a seat. 

“ One docer and a new bancqwer, . . .”— Cockyn: Will 
of Wm. Askame (1389). Testam. Ebor., p. 129. 

IT The form banker appears in Prompt. Parv. 
(1440). It is still in use as a technical word among 
artisans. 

2. A stone bench on which masons place the block 
of stone on which they are operating. 

3. A bench used in bricklaying for preparing the 
bricks for gauged work. 

II. Of that ivhich pertains to anything in nature 
inform like such a bench or seat: A vessel used for 
cod-fishing on the banks of N ewfoundland. 

bank'-er (2), s. [Eng. bank; -er. In Sw. bankbr; 
Dut. & Ger .bankier; Fr. banquier; Sp. banquero; 
Port .bankueiro; Ital. banchiere.] [Bank.] 

1 . One whose profession or occupation it is to 
conduct banking operations. He takes in money 
for safe keeping, and, as a rule, allows interest on it, 
to repay which and obtain a profit for himself or for 
his employers, he seeks to place out a great part of 
what he has received as advantageously as he can. 
He prospers if his investments are good, but is the 
cause of tremendous disaster if, lending what lias 
been intrusted to him on bad security, he find it 
not again recoverable. 

“ Whole droves of lenders crowd the banker's doors, 
To call in money.’’— Dryden. 

2. One who raises banks as a barrier against 
river-floods, encroachments of the sea, &c. 

3. A drain-digger, ditcher. (North.) 
bank-et (l),s. [Fr. banquette.] 

Brick-making: A wooden bench on which bricks 

are cut. 

*bank-et (2), s. [Banquet.] 

bank -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bank, v .] 

A. & B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“. . . were paid by the quaestor in bills on the bank- 

ing commissioners, or triumviri mensarii , • . — 

Arnold: Hist . Rome , vol. iii., ch. xliv., p. 207. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Engineering: The act or operation of raising 
a bank against river-floods, the encroachments of 
the sea, or for other purposes. 

2. Comm, and Polit. Econ.: The act or operation 
of dealing in money ; the occupation or business of 
a banker; the methods he adopts in carrying on 
this occupation; and the general principles on 
which these methods are founded. 

Though banking cannot have been much required, 
and in all likelihood did not arise till society had 
made considerable advances, yet its origin goes 
back to a remote period of antiquity. The practice 
of taking interest for money, which presupposes 
operations which, by whatever name called, are 
really banking, is alluded to in the Mosaic law 
(Exod. xxii. 25; Lev. xxv. 35-37; Deut. xxiii. 19, 
20 ), as it was in the New Testament by the Divine 
Teacher in one of His parables (Matt. xxv. 27). The 
highly interesting discovery has been made that 
there was a banking establishment in ancient 
Babylon, founded by a man called Egibi, which 
lasted at least from the first year of Nebuchadnez¬ 
zar II. (B. C. 604) to the end of the reign of Darius 
Hystaspis (B. C. 485), and conducted financial 
operations of a magnitude which would have done 
no discredit to the Bank of England or the National 
Banks of the United States. 

Banking was well understood at Athens; it was 
established also in the capital and the provincial 
parts of the Roman empire, though not just on the 
scale of magnitude which might have been ex¬ 
pected. 

It languished through the Middle Ages, but 
revived with commerce m general about the middle 
of the twelfth century, Italy in this as in many other 
respects leading the way. Hence, as shown in the 
etymology, the English word bank comes from the 
Italian banco, which primarily means a bench, and 
points to the fact that the first bankers, while con¬ 
ducting their business, sat upon a bench, as the 
Hindoo money-changers do to this day. From Italy 
the revival of banking spread to other civilized 
countries. Omitting banks of lesser note, that of 
Venice—the first public bank established in 
mediaeval times—arose in 1157, that of Genoa in 
1345, that of Barcelona about 1400, that of Amster¬ 
dam in 1669, and that of Hamburg in 1619. In 1694 
the celebrated William Patterson founded the 
world-renowned Bank of England, its charter being 
dated July 27th of that year. The Bank of Scot¬ 
land followed in 1695. In 1703 arose the Bank of 
Vienna, in 1765 that of Berlin, and in 1783 that of 
Ireland. The Bank of France was instituted in 
1803, and that of Bengal in 1809. The Bank of 


the United States went into operation in 1791, with 
a capital of $10,000,000. It was revived several times 
only to cease to exist in 1.8.36. 

National Banks, as they are now, were organized 
in 1864. They are banks of deposit, discount and 
circulation. They enjoy peculiar advantages, hav¬ 
ing in addition to the profits of discounting, the 
interest on the bonds deposited with the Treasury 
Department to secure their circulation, and the use 
of their circulation itself. 

State Banks are banks of deposit and discount 
only, and their business and standingdepends mainly 
upon local causes and the individuals who manage 
them. 

Savings Banks are banks of deposit, only allow¬ 
ing interest on all sums left with them for a certain 
length of time. 

The first notable traders in money in England 
were the Jews; then followed, from about the 
middle of the thirteenth century, Italians from 
Lombardy and other parts of Italy, whence the 
name Lombard street for a well-known thorough¬ 
fare in London still swarming with bankers. The 
goldsmiths combined with their more specific 
avocation, first the exchange of coins, next the 
borrowing and lending of money, and finally bank¬ 
ing of the more modern type came gradually into 
existence about the middle of the seventeenth 
century. 

The object of all bankers is to trade in money. 
This may be done with capital which, in the strict¬ 
est sense, is their own ; or it may be so that, while 
employing this, they may invite deposits and cur¬ 
rent accounts from the public, thus keeping money 
in safe custody, of which the owner might be robbed 
if he retained it in his own possession, and making 
payments for him more safely and conveniently 
than he could do himself. The last-mentioned oper¬ 
ation is generally carried out by means of bills or 
checks. The establishments now described are 
banks of deposit and of discount. To these func¬ 
tions some add that of being banks of issue, i. e., a 
bank which issues notes. 

The Bank of England stands in a category by 
itself. It is ruled by a Governor, Deputy-Governor, 
and twenty-four directors. Its original capital of 
£ 1 , 200,000 was increased by successive subscriptions 
till in 1816 it reached £14,553,000. Its charter has 
frequently been renewed.. It is a bank of issue. 
The £5 notes, by which it is best known to the gen¬ 
eral public, were first sent forth in 1793. It has been 
helped by the Government, and has helped the Gov¬ 
ernment in return. Though generally prosperous, 
it has had its vicissitudes, having had to suspend 
payment of its notes in 1696, and between 1797 and 
1820 was restricted from making payments in gold, 
though a first step toward the gradual resumption 
of the normal system had been made in 1817. The 
Act by which banking is now regulated is the Bank 
Act of 1844, one provision of which was that the 
issues of the Bank of England on securities should 
be limited to £14,000,000. The directors of the Bank 
meet every Thursday, to consider and fix the rate 
of discount, and . for other business. Till lately 
other banks and discount houses were wont to mod¬ 
ify their own rate of interest by these periodical 
announcements, but of late some of them have 
acted more independently. 

The Joint-stock Banks of London and the provin¬ 
cial parts of England. The capital of a joint-stock 
bank is made up of the money subscribed by its 
shareholders. Most of . these establishments are 
constituted on the principle of unlimited liability, 
by which is meant that if the bank become insolv¬ 
ent, the shareholders are responsible to the last 
farthing they have in the world for the debts of the 
bank; sharing its profits in time of prosperity, they 
must participate in its losses in days of adversity. 
Nay more, a trustee who holds bank shares is 
responsible personally to the extent of his private 

E roperty, though he could not without fraud 
ave appropriated any profits arising from the 
shares placed in his name. By an Act of Parlia¬ 
ment passed in 1879, these will be permitted on 
certain conditions to diminish the excessive liabil¬ 
ity of their shareholders. Most of the joint-stock 
banks grant interest on the deposits. None within 
sixty-five miles of London are allowed to be banks 
of issue. 

Private Banks: Associations of private persons 
for banking purposes, not incorporated. These, as 
a rule, give no interest on deposits. 

banking-business, s. The business of banking; 
the business of dealing in money; bank business. 

“ . . . for the transaction of ordinary banking-busi¬ 
ness.”—Penny Cyclop., iii. 378. 

banking-functions, s. pi. The functions dis¬ 
charged by a bank; the operations of a bank. 

“. . . and of performing the ordinary banking- 
functions.”—Penny Cyclop., iii. 378. 

banking-house, s. A house in which banking 

operations are carried on. 

“ The great banking-house at Benares.”— Penny Cyclop., 
iii. 378. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 

or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try-, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bankless 


banns 


377 


bank’-less, a. [Eng. bank; -Zess.] Without a 
bauK, not defined or limited by a bank; boundless. 

bank'-rupt, *bank'-rout, *bank -uer-out (u 
Silent) {Eng.), *bank’-rout, *bahk -rom-pde (O. 

Scotch), s. & ft. [0. Fr. banquerouttier=a bankrupt 
{Cotgrave), irom banqueroutte=n becoming bank¬ 
rupt. In Sw. banlcruttor; Dan. hankerotbr; Dut. 
bankroetier; Ger. bankerottirer; Fr. banqueroutier, 
from banque — bank, and Norm. Fr. roupt, Lat. 
ruptus= broken, pa. par. of rumpo— to break.] (See 
below, the example from Skene.) 

A. Ms substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally : 

(ft) A trader or other person so deeply indebted 
that he has failed to meet his pecuniary obliga¬ 
tions, and has had to surrender his property to be 
proportionately divided among his creditors; more 
loosely, one who cannot pay his debts, even if no 
arrangement has been come to with his creditors. 

*{b) {Of the form bankrout): Bankruptcy. 
{Nares.) 

“ An unhappy master is he, that is made cunning by 
many sliipwracks; a miserable merchant, that is neither 
rich nor wise, but after some bankrouts.”—Aschams 
Scholem. , p. 59. 

2. Fig.: Anything which promises more than it 
can give. {Naves.) 

“Time is a very bankrupt, and owes more than he’s 
worth to season.”— Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iv. 2. 

II. Law and Commerce: 

*1. A trader plunged in debt who absconds and 
hides himself, so as to defraud his creditors; or 
does anything similar in order to avoid meeting his 
obligations. {Blackstone: Comment.) 

2. A trader who fails to pay his debts, and who, 
on the petition of some one of his creditors or his 
own, to the court of law which has special cog¬ 
nizance of such cases, is required to give in a correct 
account of his effects, which, after ail expenses are 
paid, are then divided among his creditors in shares 
proportionate to the amount of their several claims 
against him. No further legal demands can be 
made against him, though, if strictly honorable, he 
of course feels that, morally viewed, his debts are 
still owing, and if at any future time he obtain the 
requisite resources, he is in conscience bound to 
liquidate them with interest from the time when 
his failure took place. [Bankrupt Laws.] 

If Strictly speaking, only a merchant or other 
commercial man can become a bankrupt; any one 
else failing to pay his just debts is said to be 
insolvent. 

B. As adjective: 

1 . Lit.: Judicially declared unable to meet one’s 
liabilities. 

“. . . the officers should not be bankrupt traders,”— 

Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. Fig.: Unable to do what is demanded or 
expected of it. 

“ Nor shall I e’er believe or think thee dead, 

Though mist, until our bankrout stage be sped,” &c. 

Leon. Digges: Prolog, to Sh., p. 223. ( Nares .) 

“He gives, what bankrupt Nature never can, 

Whose noblest coin is light and brittle man.” 

Cowper: Valediction. 

bankrupt laws, bankruptcy laws. Laws which 
have been formed with the view of protecting a mer¬ 
chant who cannot pay his debts from unduly harsh 
conduct on .-the part of his creditors, and those 
creditors from any fraudulent conduct on the part 
of their debtor. [Debt.] _ 

An act to establish a uniform system of bank- 
mptcy throughout the United States was passed by 
the Fifty-fifth Congress, and was approved by Presi¬ 
dent M' Kinley July i, 1898. It provides that. “Acts 
of bankruptcy by a person shall consist of his having 
(l) conveyed, transferred, concealed, or removed, or 
permitted to be concealed or removed, any part of 
his property with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud 
his creditors, or any of them; or ( 2 ) transferred, 
while insolvent, any portion of his property to one 
or more of his creditors with intent to prefer such 
creditors over his other creditors ; or (3) suffered or 
permitted, while insolvent, any creditor to obtain a 
preference through legal proceedings, and not hav¬ 
ing, at least five days before a sale or disposition of 
any property affected by such preference, vacated or 
discharged such preference; or (4) made a general 
assignment for the benefit of his creditors; or (5) 
admitted in writing his inability to pay his debts 
and his willingness to be adjudged a bankrupt on 
that ground.” 

bankrupt system. A system of laws designed 
to regulate all cases relating to bankrupts or bank¬ 
ruptcy. [Bankrupt Laws.] 
bank'-rupt, *bank'-rout, v. t. & i. [ From the 
substantive.] 


1. Trans.: To render or declare a met ch an 1 unable 
to meet his liabilities. 
f2. Intrans.: To be unable to meet them. 

“We cast off the care of all future thrift, because we 
are already bankrupted.” — Hammond. 

“ He that wins empire with the loss of faithe 
Out-buies it, and will bankrout.” 

Thorpe: Byron's Conspiracy. 

bank’-rupt- gjf, s. [Eng. bankrupt; -cy.~\ The 
state of being bankrupt; the act of declaring one’s 
self bankrupt. 

bankruptcy law. [Bankrupt Laws.] 
bank'-rupt-ed, pa. par. [Bankrupt, v.] 
baiik'-rupt-Ing, pr. par. [Bankrupt, v.] 
bank’-sI-A. «• [Named by Linnseus after the well- 
known Sir Joseph Banks, who was born J anuary 4, 
1743, sailed from Plymouth as naturalist in the 
exploring expedition commanded by Captain Cook 
in 1768, became President of the Royal Society in 
1778, was created a baronet in 1780, and died June 
19,1820.] A genus of plants, belonging to the order 
Proteacese, or Proteads. The species, which are 
somewhat numerous, are elegant plants, scattered 
all over Australia, where they are called Honey¬ 
suckle Trees. They have umbellate flowers, with 
long, narrow tubular colored calyces, no corolla, 
four stamens, and hard dry leaves, generally dull 
green above, and white or pale green beneath. 

banksia rose. A species of climbing cluster rose 
with small buff or white scentless blossoms. 

bank'-si-dse, s.pl. [Banksia.] 

Bot.: A tribe of plants belonging to the order Pro- 
teacese and the section Folliculares. Type, Bank¬ 
sia (q. v.). 

*bank'-ure, s. [Fr. banquier=a bench-cloth, a 
carpet for a form or bench {Cotqrave) ; Low Lat. 
banquerium, banc ale. A covering for a bench. 
[Banker.] 

“A pair of ffustiane blankatis, a bankure, four cusch- 
ingis,” &o. — Act. Dom. Cone., A. 1493, p. 315. 

ban'-ll-eue, s. _ [Fr., from Low Lat. banleuca, 
6 a«.wws=jurisdiction, proclamation, and leuca= 
league.] A district or the districts situated locally 
outside the walls of a city, but legally within the 
limits; a suburb or suburbs. {Brande.) 

*ban'-ng,t, *ban’-nate, s. [Bonnet.] A bonnet. 
Scotch.) Spec., a bonnet of steel; a skull cap. 
Jamieson.) 

Double bannate (double in the sense of plate 
armor and bonnet): A skull cap ; a steel bonnet. 

“That LucasBroiss sail restore to Andrew Gudefallow a 
double bannate, price vj s. viii d., and certane gudis of 
houshald ”— Act. Dom. Cone., A. 1490, p. 157. 

banned, pa. par. & a. [Ban, v.] 

*ban’-neoure, *ban'-eour, s. [From Eng. bam 
ner .] A standard-bearer. {Scotch.) 

“ He bad the banneoure be a sid. 

Set his bannere, and wyth it bid.” 

Wyntown, ix. 27, 365. (Jamieson.) 

ban'-ner, *ban'-er, *ban’-ere, s. & a. [In Dan. 
banner; Sw. and Wei. baner; Dut. banier, vaan; 
Ger. banner panier, fahne; Fr. bannibre= a banner, 
bandibre= a tile of soldiers with colors at their head; 
Prov. baneira, banera, handier a; Sp. bandera; 
Port, bandeira; Ital. bandiera, connected with 
bandire= to proclaim, to publish . . . ; Low Lat. 
banderia = a banner; bandum = a band, a flag. 
Comp, with Goth, uandva, bandvo=a sign.] [Band.] 
A. As substantive; 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: A flag or standard carried at the 
head of a band marshaled for military purposes. 
[B. 1 .] It indicates the way to be taken in march¬ 
ing, and is a conspicuous rallying-point in case of 
defeat. There are national, imperial, royal, eccle¬ 
siastical, and more private banners. A banner 
generally consists of a piece of taffeta or other rich 
cloth, with one side of it attached to a pole, while 
the rest of it is free to flutter in the wind. Some¬ 
times the word banner is used for a streamer affixed 
to the end of a lance, or in some similar position. 
[A., II. 1.] 

“ The baner wele that thou display.” 

Ywaine and Gawin, 476. 

“ All in a moment through the gloom were seen 
Ten thousand banners rise into the air, 

With orient colors waving.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. L 
“ He said no more ; 

But left his sister and his queen behind, 

And wav’d his royal banner in the wind.” 

Dryden. 

2. Fig.: Any being, person, or thing to which in 
moral struggles one can rally. (In this sense 
Banner is a name sometimes assumed bj r particular 
newspapers, as the corresponding word Standard is 
by others.) 


II. Technically: 

1. Her.: A flag, generally square, painted or 
embroidered with the arms of the person in whose 
honor it is borne, and of such a size as to be propor¬ 
tionate to his dignity. Theo¬ 
retically, the banner of an 
emperor should be six feet 
square, that of a king five 
feet, that of a duke four feet, 
and that of a nobleman from 
a marquis to a knight ban¬ 
neret inclusive, three feet. 

No one under the rank of a 
knight banneret is entitled 
to a banner. [Banneret.] 

[For the different kinds of 
banners, see Colors, Flag, 

Gonfannon, Guidon, Ori- 
flamme, Pendant, Pennon, 
and Streamer.] 

If A Feudal Banner is a 
square flag in which the arms 
or a deceased person are 
paneled, but with the hel¬ 
met, mantle, and supporters absent. When all the 
quarterings of the person who is dead are present, 
and the edge fringed, it is called a Great Banner. 

2. Botany: The vexillum—the standard or upper 
expanded petal in the corolla of a papilionaceous 
plant. 

B. Attributively: In the sense of, in some other 
way pertaining to, or being in connection with a 
banner; as in the following: 

banner-cloth, s. The cloth of which a banner is 

made. 

“ The banner-cloth was a yard broad and five quarters 
deep."— Penny Cyclop., iii. 407. 

banner-cry, s. A cry designed to summon troops 

and other combatants together as around a banner. 

“ At once there rose so wild a yell 
Within that dark and narrow dell, 

As al 1 the fiends, from heaven that fell. 

Had pealed the banner-cry of hell !” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 17. 

banner-man, s. A man who carries a banner. 

“My banner-man, advance !” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 18. 

banner-staff, s. A staff from the upper part of 
which the cloth of a banner is unfurled. 

“ The banner-staff was in his hand.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Bylstone, vi. 

ban’-ner-al, s. [Banner.] A flag or standard. 

“ Beneath the shade of stately banneral.” 

Keats: Specimen of an Induction. 

ban’-nered, a. [Eng. banner; -ed.] Furnished 
or equipped with banners. 

“ By times from silken couch she rose, 

While yet the banner’d hosts repose.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 10. 

ban’-ner-et, *ban'-ner-ette, *ban’-er-ette 
{Eng.), *ban -reute (O. Scotch), s. [In Fr. ban¬ 
neret, banderet; Low Lat. banneretus.} [Banner.] 

1. An abbreviation for Knight-Banneret: a mem¬ 
ber of an ancient order of knighthood which had 
the privilege of leading their retainers to battle 
under their own flag. They ranked as the next 
order below the Knights of the Garter, only a few 
official dignitaries intervening. This was not, how¬ 
ever, unless they were created by the king on the 
field of battle, else they ranked after baronets. The 
order is now extinct, the last banneret created hav¬ 
ing been at the battle of Edgehill, in 1642, for his 
gallantry in rescuing the standard of Charles I. 

“ A gentleman told Henry, that Sir Richard Croftes, 
made banneret at Stoke, was a wise man; the king 
answered, he doubted not that, but marveled how a fool 
could know.”— Camden. 

2. A small banner or streamer. 

“. . . yet the scarfs, and the bannerets about thee 
did manifoldly dissuade me from believing thee a vessel 
of too great a burthen.”— Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends 
Well, ii. 3. 

3. A title given to the highest officer in some of 
the Swiss republics. 

ban'-ner-ol, s. [Bandrol.] 

“King Oswald had a bannerol of gold and purple set 
over his tomb.”— Camden. 

ban'-ning, pr. par., a. & s. [Ban, »;.] 

Ms substantive: Cursing. 

“ Furthermore, who is ther that is not afraid of all 
maledictions and cursed execrations, and especially when, 
the names of the infernal fiends or unluckie souls are 
UBed in such bannings.” — Holland: Plinie, bk. xxviii., 
ch. 2. ( Richardson.) 

*ban-nF-tion, s. [From Eng. 6cm (q. v.).] [Ban 

ish.] 

1. Outlawry. 

2. Expulsion from a place. {Laud.) 

bann§, s.pl. [Ban.] 



Banner of Count 
De Barre. 
Temp. Edward I. 


1)611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?u. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 







banquet 


378 


baptism 


bail -quet (cm as kw), *ban -ket, *ban-kette, 

s. [In Dan. & Dut. banket; Ger . bankett; Fr. ban¬ 
quet ; Sp. banquet—a banquet; banqueta =a stool, 
a raised way; Port. banqueta=a banquet; Ital. 
banchetto =a feast, a little seat; dimin, of banco—a 
bench.] [Bank, Banquette.] 

1. Literally: 

*1. Formerly: A dessert after dinner; not the 
substantial meal itself. 

“We’ll dine in the great room, but let the music and 
banquet be prepared here.”— Massinger: The Unnatural 
Combat, iii. L (Ifares.) 

H (a) “ The common place of banqueting , or eat¬ 
ing the dessert,” Gilfard says, “was the garden- 
house or arbor, with which almost every dwelling 
was furnished.” 

(b) Evelyn used banquet in the sense of a dessert 
as late as 1685, though the modern signification had 
already come into partial use. (Nares.) 

2. Now: An entertainment of a sumptuous char¬ 
acter, at which choice viands and liquors are 
placed before the guests. (Used of the whole enter¬ 
tainment, and not simply of the dessert.) 

“ Shall the companions make abanquet of him? . . .” 
— Job xli. 6. 

II. Fig.: Anything on which the mind can feast 
with pleasure. 

“ In his commendations I am fed; 

It is a banquet to me.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 4. 

banquet-hall, s. A hall for banqueting in, or a 
hall in which banqueting has actually taken place. 
“You shall attend me, when I call, 

In the ancestral banquet-hall.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, i. 

banquet-house, s. [Banqueting-house.] 

“ Now the queen by reason of the words of the king and 
his lords came into the banquet-house.” — Dan. v. 10. 

banquet-tent, s. A tent designed for luxurious 
entertainments. 

ban'-quet (qu as kw), v. t. & i. [In Ger. banketti- 
ren; Fr. banqueter; Sp. & Port, banquetear.] 

A. Transitive: To make a sumptuous feast for; 
to invite to or entertain at a sumptuous feast. 

“ Jove feels himself the season, sports again 
With his fair spouse, and banquets all his train.” 
Cowper: Transl. of Milton (“Approach of Spring”). 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To feast luxuriously. 

“ Born but to banquet and to drain the bowl.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. x., 662. 

“ I purpos’d to unbend the evening hours, 

And banquet private in the women’s bowers.” 

Prior. 

2. Fig.: To obtain luxurious food for the mind or 

heart. 

“ The mind shall banquet, tho’ the body pine: 

Fat paunches have lean pates, and dainty bits 
Make rich the ribs, but bankerout the wits.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, i. 1. 

tban-quet-ant (qu as kw), s. [From Fr. ban- 
quetant, pr. par. of banqueter—to banquet.] One 
who banquets. 

“ And there not beside 
Other great banquetants, but you must ride 
At anchor still with us.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xx. ( Richardson.) 

ban -quet-ed (qu as kw), pa. par. & a. [Ban¬ 
quet.] 

ban-quet-er (qu as kw), *ban-quet-te er, 
•banc'-ket-tour, s. [Eng. banquet , and suff. -er.] 

1. One who is a guest at banquets, or at home 
feasts luxuriously. (Johnson.) 

2. One who is the entertainer at a banquet or 
banquets. (Johnson.) 

bah -quet-ing (qu as kw), ban'-ket-ting, pr. 
par., a. & s. [Banquet, v.] 

A. & B. Aspr.par. & participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1 . The act or operation of feasting luxuriously. 

“. . . and talk’d in glee 
Of long-past banquetings with high-born friends.” _ 
Wordsworth- The Excursion, bk. vii. 

2. The viands and liquors provided for such an 
entertainment. 

banqueting-house, banquet-house, s. A house 
specially constructed or used for luxurious enter¬ 
tainments. 

“. . . presented his credentials in the Banqueting- 
house.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

banqueting-room, s. A room constructed or 
used for luxurious entertainments. 

bafi-quette', ban-quet (qu as k), s. [Fr.=a 
small bench, a long seat stuffed and covered; a 
causeway, a footpath, or pavement.] 

Fortif.: A small bank at the foot of a parapet, on 
which soldiers mount when they fire. 


fban§, s.pl. [Ban (1).] 

ban -shee, ben -shi, s. [Gael. bean-shith=t&iT\ ; 
from Gael. & Ir. bean= woman, and Gael, sith, Ir. 
sith, sigh, sighe, sighidh =fairy.] 

Celt. Mythol.: A fay, elf, or other supernatural 
being, supposed by some of the peasantry in Ireland 
and the Scottish Highlands to sing a mournful 
ditty under the windows of the house when one of 
the inmates is about to die. 

ban'-tam, a. & s. [Probably from Bantam, a 
decayed village in the northwest of Java, formerly 
the seat of a Dutch residency.] 

A. As adjective. [From Bantam, or otherwise 
pertaining to it (see etymology).] Spec., pertain¬ 
ing to the fowl presumably from that place. [B.] 

B. As substantive: 

1. A small variety of the domestic fowl. It has 
feathered legs. 

2. A kind of painted or carved work like that 
from Japan, but moregaudy. (Goodrichdb Porter.) 

ban'-ter, v. t. [Etymology doubtful. Probably, 
as Mahn thinks, it may be a corruption of Fr. badi- 
ner=to sport, joke, rally, jest; or O. Fr. baratar— 
to joke.] Mildly to rally one, to make good-natured 
mirth at one’s expense ; to utter mild raillery upon 
one; (vulgarljO to chaff. It is quite consistent with 
respect and affection for the individual bantered; 
indeed, there is in it a tacit compliment to his tem¬ 
per, as it would not be ventured on were he deemed 
likely to take fire at the remarks made. 

“The magistrate took it that he bantered him, and bade 
an officer take him into custody.”— L'Estrange. 

“If your companions at Cambridge banter you on your 
regularity, order, decency, and love of study, banter them 
in return on their want of these qualities.”— Lord Chat¬ 
ham. 

Wedgwood quotes a passage from Swift, in 
which this word is said to have come into England 
first from the bullies of Whitefriars, from whence it 
spread next to the footmen, and finally to the 
pedants. It is not looked on as pedantic now. 

Colloquialism: The term is sometimes used in the 
sense of to challenge; as, where one boy banters 
another to venture out on thin ice. 

ban'-ter, s. [From the verb. In Fr. badinerie .] 
Mild raillery, pleasantry at one’s expense ; a joking 
upon one’s weaknesses, procedure, or surround¬ 
ings. 

“ This humor, let it look never so silly, as it passes 
many times for frolic and banter, is one of the most per¬ 
nicious snares in human life.”— L’Estrange. 

“. . . those who ridicule it will be supposed to 

make their wit and banter a refuge and excuse for their 
own laziness.”— Watts. 

ban'-tered, pa. par. & a. [Banter, u.] 

ban'-ter-er, s. [Eng. banter; -er.] One who 
banters. 

“. . . marked him out as an excellent subject for the 

operations of swindlers and banterers.” — Macaulay ■ Hist. 
Eng., ch. iii. 

ban'-ter-Ing, *ban-trlng, pr. par., a., & s. 

[Banter, v.] 

A. As pr.par. db participial adj.: 

“ It is no new thing for innocent simplicity to be the 
subject of bantering drolls.”— L’Estrange. 

B. As substantive: The act of rallying, or treat¬ 
ing with mild raillery ; the state of being rallied or 
mildly jested upon; the remarks constituting the 
raillery. 

bant-ling, s. [According to Mahn, from Ger. 
bdnkling= a bastard; according to Wedgwood, from 
bandling, referring to the swaddling clothes in 
which a young child is wrapped.] A little child, a 
brat. (Used in contempt.) (Vulgar.) 

“ If the object of their love 
Chance by Lucina’s aid to prove, 

They seldom let the bantling roar, 

In basket, at a neighbor’s door.”— Prior. 

bafix’-rlhg, s. [From a Sumatran language.] 
The native name of a small insectivorous mammal. 
[Tupaia.] 

ban'-^-an (1), ban'-i-an ( 2 ), ban -^-an-tree, s. 
& adj. [Probably from Eng. or Fr. banian =a tribe 
of Hindu merchants; a broker.] [Banian.] 

A. As substantive: A tree, the Ficus Indica, or 
Indian fig-tree, celebrated for sending down new 
stems from its spreading branches, which, support¬ 
ing those branches themselves, make a living colon¬ 
nade of great extent. Colonel Sykes mentions a 
banyan-tree which he saw at the village of Mhow, in 
the Poona Collectorate, which had sixty-eight of the 
descending stems just mentioned, and constituted a 
grove capable, when the sun was vertical, of afford¬ 
ing shade to 20,000 men. The tree is well described 
by both Milton and Southey, except that Milton, 


misled by Pliny, makes the leaves larger than they 
are in nature, and describes loopholes cut in the 
banyan grove, which are wholly mythic— 

‘. . . there soon they chose 
The fig-tree, not that kind for fruit renowned, 

But such as at this day, to Indians known. 

In Malabar or Deccan spreads her arms, 

Branching so broad and long, that in the ground 
The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow 
About the mother tree, a pillared shade 
High over-arched, and echoing walks between; 

There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat, 
Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds 
At loopholes cut thro’ thickest shade: those leaves 
They gathered, broad as Amazonian targe.” 

Milton: P. L„ bk. ix. 

“ It was a goodly sight to see 
That venerable tree, 

For o’er the lawn, irregularly spread, 

Fifty straight columns propt its lofty head; 

And many a long depending shoot. 

Seeking to strike its root, 

Straight like a plummet, grew toward the ground, 
Some on the lower boughs which crest their way. 
Fixing their bearded fibers round and round, 

With many a ring and wild contortion wound; 

Some to the passing wind at times, with sway, 

Of gentle motion swung; 

Others of younger growth, unmoved, were hung 
Like stone-drops from the cavern’s fretted height. 
Beneath was smooth and fair to sight, 

Nor weeds nor briars deformed the natural floor, 

And through the leafy cope which bowered it o’er 
Came gleams of chequer’d light. 

So like a temple did it seem, that there 
A pious heart’s first impulse would be prayer.” 

Southey: Curse of Kehama, bk. xiii. 

B. As adjective. Pertaining to the tree now 
described. 

banyan-tree, banian-tree, s. [SeeBANTAN (1).]’ 

“ Wide round the sheltering banian-tree.” 

Hemans: The Indian City. 

*ban -y-an (2), s. & a. [Banian ( 1).] 
ba -6-bab, s. [Eth. baobab, abavo, abavi.] One 
of the names for the Adansonia digitata, called 
also the Monkey-bread Tree. [Adansonia.] 
bap, s. [Derivation uncertain.] A thick cake 
baked in the oven, generally with yeast; whether it 
be made of oatmeal, barley-meal, flower of wheat, 
or a mixture. 

“There will be good lapperd-milk kebbucks, 

And sowens, and fardles, and baps.” 

Ritson: S. Songs, i. 211. (Jamieson.) 
Baph'-6-met, s. [Derived from Mahomet, the 
popular way of writing the name of the Arabian 
“prophet,” more accurately designated Muham¬ 
mad or Mohammed.] A real or imaginary idol or 
symbol which the Knights Templar were accused 
of worshiping. 

bap'-ta, s. [Gr. baptd= to dip, to dye.] 

Entom.: A genus of moths of the family Geomet- 
ridse. They are thin-bodied, and fly during the day. 
Bapta bimaculata is the White Pinion-spotted, and 
B. punctata the Clouded Silver Moth. 

*bap’-teme, s. [Baptism.] 

bap-tls -i-a, s. [Gr. bapto— to dye, for which 
some of the species are used.] A genus of legu¬ 
minous plants, ornamental as border-flowers. 

bap'-ti§m, *bap'-ti§me, *bap-teme, *bap- 
tjfm, s. [In Fr. bapttme; O. Fr. & Prov. baptisme; 
Sp. bautismo; Port, baptismo; Ital. battesimo; 
Lat. baptisma; Gr. baptisma and baptismos; from 
baptizo— ... to baptize.] [Baptize.] 

A. Literally: 

I. The act of baptizing any person or thing in or 
with water. 

1. The act of immersing any one in water, or 
pouring or sprinkling it upon him or her as a relig¬ 
ious and symbolical rite. 

“ Baptym. Baptismus, baptisma.”— Prompt. Parv. 
Two kinds of baptism by means of water are men¬ 
tioned in the New Testament: 

(а) “ The baptism of repentance for the remis¬ 
sion of sins,” administered by John the Baptist in 
Jordan to those who, under the influence of his 
preaching, made confession of those sins. 

“ John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the 
baptism of repentance for the remission of sins.”— Mark 
i. 4. (See also Matt. iii. 6.) 

(б) The initiatory rite of the Christian church 
administered first by the apostles (John iv. 2) while 
their Divine Master was on earth, and which has 
continued to be dispensed to the present time. 

2. The act of “baptizing” a thing instead of a 
person with water. 

If The washing of a ship with salt water on passing 
the equinoctial line was formerly called in cant and 
somewhat profane language “ her baptism.” 

3. A term employed by Protestant, not by Roman 
Catholic, writers for the blessing of bells designed 
for worship in the Church of Rome. [Baptize, A., 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




baptismal 


379 


bar 


II. The state of being baptized. 

B. Figuratively: 

I. Scripture: 

1 . The doctrine, allegiance, or life into which the 
initiatory rite introduces one. 

“ And lie said unto them, Unto what then were ye bap¬ 
tized? And they said, Unto John’s baptism.”—Acts xix. 3. 

2 . Death to sin and resurrection to newness of 
life. 

“ Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into 
death; that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by 
the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in 
newness of life.”— Rom. vi. 4. 

3. Such a moral and spiritual state as warrants 
the answer of a good conscience toward God. 

“ The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now 
6ave us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but 
the answer of a good conscience toward God), . . .”— 

1 Pet. iii. 21. 

4. Suffering, specially that of Christ. 

“ But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am 
Istraitened till it be accomplished 1” —Luke xii. 60. 

II. General Literature: 

1 . The act or process of refreshing the heart by 
“ sprinkling ” it with something fitted to effect that 

end. 

“ If on the heart the freshness of the scene 
Sprinkle its coolness, and from the dry dust 
Of weary life a moment lave it clean 
With Nature’s baptism, . . .” 

Byron-. Childe Harold, ix. 68. 

2. Initiation into any work or occupation fitted to 
make a change upon the character, and prevent the 
possibility of one’s ever being again what he was 
before. Thus, when during the Franco-German war 
of 1870, Prince Louis Napoleon, the same who per¬ 
ished so tragically in Zululand, was first exposed, 
by direction of his father, Napoleon III., and with 
his own consent, to the fire of the enemy at Saar- 
briick, the event was called a “ baptism of fire.” So 
also during the Indian mutinies of 1857, the revolted 
sepoys, who had by murdering Europeans com¬ 
mitted themselves to a course of action from which 
there was no return, were said to have undergone a 
“ baptism of blood.’* In like manner the War of the 
Rebellion was called “ A baptism of blood ” neces¬ 
sary to the overthrow of slavery. 

Formerly, the term baptism, was also sometimes 
profanely applied in cant language to the outra¬ 
geous practical jokes to which seamen or passengers 
in a vessel, who for the first time crossed the equi¬ 
noctial line, were too frequently subjected, such 
procedure being deemed legitimate in that zero of 
latitude. 

bap-ti§ -mal, a. [Eng. baptism; -al. In Fr. & 
Port, baptismal; Sp. bautismal; Ital. battesimale .] 
Pertaining to baptism. 

“When we undertake the baptismal vow, and enter on 
their new fife, it would be apt to discourage us.”—Ham¬ 
mond. 

“The baptismal service was repeatedly discussed.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

baptismal regeneration. [Regeneration.] 

bap-ti§-mal-ly> adv. [Eng. baptismal; - ly.) 
After the manner of baptism; through means of 
baptism. {Quin.) 

Bap'-tist, bap-tist, s. [In Gen Baptist; Sp. 
baptista; Lat. Baptista; Gr. Baptistes (Matt. iii. 1) 
=the Baptizer.] [Baptize, Baptism.] 

1. Scripture: One who extensively administers 
the rite of baptism. The term was and is specially 
applied to John, the forerunner of Jesus. 

“ In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in 
the wilderness of Judaea, . . . Then went out to him 
Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about 
Jordan, and were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing 
their sins.”— Matt. iii. 1-6. 

2. Theol., Church Hist., c& Ord. Lang.: A Chris¬ 
tian who holds that it is not according to Scripture 
to baptize infants, but that the ordinance of bap¬ 
tism should be administered only to adult believers 
in Christ, and in their case not by sprinkling, or 

affusion, but by immersion. 

Whether the early church did or did not baptize 
infants has been, and stiff is, a matter of dispute, 
it is universally admitted that some of the so-called 
heretical sects of the Middle Ages were opposed to 
infant baptism. At the time of the Reformation 
the question to whom baptism should be admin¬ 
istered came very prominently before the church 
and the world, owing to the fact that a considerable 
number of those who, under the leadership of 
Luther, Melanchthon, and other religious chiefs, 
cast off their allegiance to Rome, ultimately aban¬ 
doned all belief in infant baptism. Their opponents 
called them Anabaptists, implying that they admin¬ 
istered a second baptism, the first one, that dispensed 
in infancy, still remaining in force; while they, of 
course, repudiated this name, alleging that the first 
baptism given in infancy being invalid, that which 
they dispensed in adult life was the first ? and not 


the second. Their religious fanaticism, coupled 
with the extreme and dangerous political views 
which they adopted, brought the whole Reforma¬ 
tion into discredit, and was one of the chief causes 
which operated to create the powerful reaction, of 
which Loyola became the leader, but which would 
have arisen, even if Loyola had never lived. [Ana¬ 
baptist, Jesuit, Revolution.] 

The modern Baptists, quiet and law-abiding, have 
little in common with the German fanatics now 
described ; moreover, they do not come from them 
by historical descent. The name Anabaptists is 
now confined, except by extreme controversialists, 
to the Continental fanatics of the sixteenth century, 
while the term Baptists is accorded to those who 
practice baptism by immersion of believers, not as 
an essential of salvation, but as “ the answer of 
a good conscience toward God.” 

The Baptists of this country constitute one of 
the largest and most influential of our religious 
denominations. Their creed is a modified form of 
Calvinism. Their church government is purely 
democratic; every member having the right to 
vote on all important church matters. Baptism by 
immersion, as a confession of faith in Jesus Christ, 
is essential to church fellowship, and almost 
universally to fellowship at the celebration of the 
Lord’s Supper. The practice of “Open Com¬ 
munion” has not made much headway in the United 
States. The principal Baptist educational institu¬ 
tions are the Divinity School of the University of 
Chicago; Rochester Theological Seminary, New 
York ; South Baptist Theological Seminary, Louis¬ 
ville, Ky.; Brown University, R. I.; Bucknell Uni¬ 
versity, Pa.; Colby University, Me.; Columbian 
University, D. C Besides these there are numerous 
preparatory institutions, among the principal of 
which are Temple College, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mars 
Hill College, N. C.; Cedar Valley Seminary, Iowa; 
Pillsbury Academy, Owatonna, Minn.; Williamsburg 
Institute. Ky. 

The following authentic statistics of 1902 indicate 
the status of this denomination : 


Baptists in the United States. 

Ministers. 

Churches. 

Commu¬ 

nicants. 

Regular, North. 

7,537 

9,305 

1,005,613 

Regular, South. 

Regular, Colored. 

12,599 

19,799 

1,674,108 

9,916 

15,195 

1,590,802 

Six Principle. 

8 

12 

828 

Seventh-Day. 

122 

116 

10,104 

Freewill. 

1,436 

1,522 

86,535 

Original Freewill. 

120 

167 

12,000 

General. 

484 

423 

24,775 

Separate. 

113 

103 

6,479 

United. 

25 

204 

13,209 

Baptist Church of Christ. 

80 

152 

8,254 

Primitive. 

Old Two Seed in the Spirit Pre- 

2,130 

8,580 

126,000 

de8tinarian . . .. 

300 

473 

12,851 

Total Baptists. 

34,870 

51,001 

4,581,658 


England in A. D. 1536, the Convocation which met 
in that year having denounced them as “ detestable 
heresies utterly to be condemned.” Those who 
upheld them were subsequently banished from the 
kingdom by proclamation, a few even suffered at the 
stake; but, as in other cases, persecution failed to 
uproot the system of belief which it was designed 
to eradicate. The first permanent Baptist congre¬ 
gation in England did not come into existence till 
A. D. 1611; the pastor was Thomas Helwys, who, 
jointly with John Smyth, founded the English Gen¬ 
eral Baptist Church. The first Baptist congrega¬ 
tion in Scotland was formed by the Rev. Mr. McLean 
in 1765. 

The English Baptists were divided until recently 
into Baptists, General Baptists, and Strict Baptists. 
The latter were Calvinistic in teaching and 
strongly opposed to admitting any but baptized 
believers to the fellowship of the church or the 
celebration of the Lord’s Supper. The Strict Bap¬ 
tists are only few in number and are fast passing 
away. The General Baptists were Arminian in 
teaching. They have within the last year amalga¬ 
mated with the larger body of Baptists, who are 
liberal in their teachings, and have almost univers¬ 
ally adopted the “Open Communion” principle, 
both as regards church fellowship and the celebra¬ 
tion of the Lord’s Supper. Their church government 
is democratic. 

bap-tis-ter-f, bap-tis-trjf, s. [In Fr. baptis- 
tbre; Sp. bautisterio; Port. baptisteno;_ Ital. 
battisterio; Lat. baptisterium; Gr. baptisterion= 
( 1 ) a bathing-place, a swimming-place; ( 2 ) the 

baptistery in a church.] A place in a church or 
elsewhere for baptizing people. The part of a 
church in which the font is placed. 

“The baptisteries, or places of water for baptism, in 
those elder times, were not, as now our fonts are, within 
the church, bat without, and often in places very remote 
from it.”— Mede: Churches, &c., p. 42. 


bap-tis -tic, bap-tis -tlc-g-l, o. [Eng. baptist; 
-ic . -al.) Pertaining to John the Baptist, to a Bap¬ 
tist, or to baptism. 

“This baptistical profession, which he ignorantly 
laughed at, is attested by fathers, by councils, by 
liturgies.” — Bp. Bramhall: Schism Guarded, p. 206. 

bap-tis -tic-al-lf, adv. [Eng. baptistical; -ly. 1 
In a baptistical manner. {Dr. Allen, Worcester, die.) 

bap-tl z-?t-ble, a. [Eng. baptize; -able.) That 
may be baptized. {N. E. Elders, Worcester , e&c.) 

bap-ti-za -tion, s. [Eng. baptiz{e), -ation, from 
Lat. baptizatio .] The act of baptizing; the state 
of being baptized. 

“ . . . his first was his baptization with water ,”—Bp. 
Hall: Contempt. Christ's Baptism. 

bap-tl ze, bap-tl §e, v. t. & i. [In Fr. baptiser; 
Prov. bateiar; Sp. bautizar; Port, baptizar , bau- 
tizar; Ital. battezzare; Lat. baptizo: (xT.baptizd= 
(1) to dip in or under water, (2) to draw water or 
wine, (3) to baptize; bapto={\) to dip, (2) to dye, 
(3) to draw water.] {Liddell <& Scott.) 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: Of the symbolical use of water or any¬ 
thing similar in connection with a person or a thing: 

1. Of the use of water in connection with a person: 
To immerse the body in water, or pour or sprinkle 
water upon the face, pronouncing at the same time 
certain sacred words. 

(а) To do so with some unknown formula, as 
John the Baptist did. 

“I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance.”— 
Matt. iii. 11. 

(б) To do so in the name of the Father, of the 
Son, and of the Holy Spirit. This is the initiatory 
rite of the Christian church. 

“ Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them 
in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 
Holy Ghost.”— Matt, xxviii. 19. 

H When the baptized person is an infant it gener¬ 
ally receives its name, or, at least, has its name for 
the first time publicly announced at the time of 
baptism. This seems to have been the case also 
with the initiatory rite of the Jewish church- 
circumcision (Luke i. 59) ; but the naming of the 
child was no essential part either of the one rite or 
the other. 

2. Of the symbolical use of water or anything simi¬ 
lar in connection with a thing: The ceremony which 
Protestant writers call “baptizing” a bell, de¬ 
signed for the use of Roman Catholics in their wor¬ 
ship, is carried out by blessing it and giving it the 
name of some saint. Roman Catholics do not admit 
that the expression baptize is a legitimate one to 
employ in this case. 

II. Fig.: Divinely to impart the Holy Ghost to 
any one. [Baptism.] 

“ . . . He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and 
with fire.”— Matt. iii. 11. 

B. Intransitive: To administer baptism. 

“John did baptize in the wilderness.” Mark i. 4. 

bap-ti zed, bap-tl §ed,pa. par. & a. [Baptize.] 
bap-tl z-er, bap-tl'§-er, s. [Eng. baptiz{e); -er.) 
One who administers the rite of baptism. 

“ . . . his 1 abors as a preacher of righteousness and 

a baptizer.” — Strauss: Life of Jesus; Trans. (1846) vol. i., 
§ 45, pp. 308, 309. 

bap-tl z-ing, pr. par. & a. [Baptize.] The act 
of administering baptism; the baptismal rite. 
[Baptism.] 

*bar, s. [A. S. bar.) An old spelling of Boab 
( q.v.). 

bar, *barre, s. & a. [In Dan. barre; Dut. baar 
= a wave, a bier, an ingot, a bar; Ger. barre—a. bar, 
as of gold or silver; Fr. barre; Prov., Sp., Ital., 
Gael. & Irish barra; Arm. 6«r=branch, barren = 
bar; Wei. £>ar=branch, bar. Cognate with Spar 
( q.v.). Primary meaning, the branch of a tree; 
hence a bar.] 

A. As substantive: 

(a) Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. Anything which, crossing another, hinders or 
obstructs progress. 

(1) A piece of wood, iron, or other material, long 
in proportion to its breadth, placed across anything 
open to entrance, and intended to prevent ingress 
or egress. Specially — 

(а) The transverse bars of a gate; the bolt of a 
door. 

“ . . . hewed asunder the bars of the main gates to 
admit the whole column of Africans . . — Arnold: 
Hist. Rome, ch. xliv., vol. iii., p. 215. 

(б) A boom across a river, 

(2) Any material body shaped like such a trans¬ 
verse beam or bolt, for whatever purpose it may be 
designed. Spec., an ingot, wedge, or mass of metal, 
such as gold, silver, &c. 


bdil bdy* pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - L 

-cia’n, -t’ian = shiin. -tion, -sion - shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 


























bar-cutter 


380 


baralipton 


(3) Anything natural, in place of artificial, con¬ 
stituting an obstruction. Spec., a bank of silt, 
sand, or other material deposited by a river at its 
mouth, and, unless cleared away from time to time, 
tending sooner or later to impede navigation. Also 
a similar bar laid down by the sea, even where 
there is no river. 

“A still salt pool, lock’d in with bars of sand.” 

Tennyson: The Palace of Art. 

IT The “ bars of the ocean,” in Job xxxviii. lO^are 
its shores. In Jonah ii. 6, the “ bai'S of the earth ” 
are believed by Gesenius to mean imaginary bolts 
or bars descending deep into its lower parts. 

(4) Any line or mark in writing, printing, paint¬ 
ing, &c., laid across another one. (In this sense bar 
was formerly used specially of cross checks placed 
across garments, and differing from them in color.) 

“Both the barres of his belt 
And other blythe stones, 

That were richely rayled 
In his aray clene.” 

Gawayn and the Green Knyght, 292. (S. in Boucher.) 

2 . Anything fenced off by such pieces of wood, 
iron, or other obstruction. Spec., part of a room 
railed or partitioned off from the rest to prevent 
intrusion. 

(a) In Hotels, Inns, Saloons, Wine and Refresh¬ 
ment Rooms: An inclosed place behind or in which 
the bartender or similar person stands to sell liquor 
or food. 

“ I was under some apprehension that they would appeal 
to me; and therefore laid down my money at the bar, and 
made the best of my way.”— Addison. 

(b ) In Courts of Law. [See A. (b), 1.1.] 

II. Figuratively: 

1. (Corresponding to A. (a), I. 1.) Anything 
which hinders, prevents, obstructs, or excludes; 
also the act of hindering and the state of being 
hindered. 

U In this sense it may be followed by to, against, 
between, &c. 

“Must I new bars to my own joys create, 

Refuse myself what I had forc’d from fate ?” 

Dryden. 

“And had his heir surviv’d him in due course, 

What limits, England, hadst thou found ? what bar! 
What world could have resisted?” 

Daniel: Civil War. 
“Fatal accidents have set 
A most unhappy bar between your friendship.” 

Rowe. 

“ Lest examination should hinder and let your proceed¬ 
ings, behold for a bar, against that impediment, one 
opinion newly added.”— Hooker. 

2. (Corresponding to A. (a), I. 3, & (b), 1. 2.) A 
being, tribunal, or court of law with ability and 
right authoritatively to judge of conduct. (Poetic.) 

“Say, to what bar amenable were man? 

With nought in charge, he could betray no trust.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

(b) Technically: 

I. Law: 

1. Of places. In Courts of Law: A space parti¬ 
tioned off from the rest by wooden barriers so as to 
prevent intrusion from the crowd. It is designed 
to accommodate the counsel for and against the 
prisoner, and assign himself a place, which he is 
required to occupy while his case is being tried. 

“ The great duke 

Came to the bar, where to his accusations 
He pleaded still, Not guilty.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., ii. 1. 

“ Some at the bar with subtlety defend, 

Or on the bench the knotty laws untye.” 

Dryden. 

IT Hence, to be admitted to the bar signifies to 
obtain a license to plead as a lawyer in suitable law 
courts. 

2. Of persons: The lawyers of any particular 
court, or of the whole country taken collectively. 

“ . . . the storm of invective which burst upon him 
from bar, bench, and witness-box, . . — Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

3. Of trials and pleas: 

(a) A plea in bar means a plea in bar or preven¬ 
tion of a plaintiff’s demand. A release, a fine, non¬ 
age, legal permission to do what was done, the 
statute of limitation, &c., are all pleas in bar. 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 20; bk. iv., ch. 
26.) A plea may be in bar not of an action, but of 
an execution. (Ibid., ch. 31.) 

“It is divided into a bar to common intent, and a bar 
special; a bar to a common intent is an ordinary or gen¬ 
eral bar, that disables the declaration or plea of the 
plaintiff; a bar special is that which is more than ordi¬ 
nary, and falls out in the case in hand, upon some special 
circumstance of the fact.”— Cowel. 

“Bastardy is laid in bar of something that is princi¬ 
pally commenced.”— Ayliffe. 

(b) Bar of dower: That which prevents a widow 
obtaining or retaining her dower. Jointure is the 
most frequent method of achieving this result. 


II. Commerce: 

1. Gen. Bar of gold or silver: A lump or wedge 
from the mines, melted down into a sort of mold, 
and never wrought. (Johnson.) 

2. Spec. (In African traffic): A denomination of 
price ; payment being formerly made to the negroes 
almost wholly in iron bars. (Johnson.) 

III. Music: 

1. A stroke, one of a series, drawn at right angles 
across the five lines to show the position of the 
primary accents. The position of the bars is indi¬ 
cated by the time-signature, which gives the con¬ 
tents of each bar. The spaces between every two 
such strokes contain notes of equal duration in the 
aggregate, until a change is directed by anew time- 
signature. Bars were first introduced into musical 
notation about A. D. 1574. 

2. The portion of music contained between two 
such strokes. 

A double bar denotes the end of a complete sec¬ 
tion or movement; or the introduction of a change 
of time, or of key. 

IV. Her.: An ordinary formed like a fesse, but 
occupying only one-fifth of the field. There is room 
for four bars, but not for more, on a shield. [Bar- 
ktxlet, Closet.] 




Bars. Bars Gemels. 

Bar gemel. [From Lat. gemeZZ«s=double.] A bar 
voided, a bar with closets placed in couples. 
[Closet.] 

In bar: With the charges arranged in two or more 
rows. It is opposed to in /esse, that is, having the 
charges in a single row only. 

V. Mining: A vein running across a lode. 

VI. Farriery: 

1. The void space or interval on each side between 
the molar and the canine teeth in the upper jaw of 
a horse. It is into this space that the bit is inserted, 
with the view of governing the animal. (Generally 
used in the plural.) 

2. Part of a horse’s hoof. 

VII. Old Games: 

To play, or^pley” at bar: To play at prisoner’s 
bars or base. [Base (3).] (Jamieson.) The term 
occurs as early as 1275. See also Myre’s Instructions 
to Parish Priests (E. E. T. S.), p. 11,1. 

“ . . . nor pley at bar or any uther way in the oppres¬ 
sion^ of his nychbour.” —Acts Jas. IV. (1491), ed. 1814, 
p. 227. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining, relating to, or con¬ 
nected with a bar of any kind. [Bar, s.] Chiefly 
in composition, as below. 

bar-cutter, s. 

Metal-ivorking: A shearing machine which cuts 
metallic bars into lengths. 

*bar-fee, s. A fee of twenty pence paid to the 
jailer by prisoners acquitted of felony. 

bar-frame, s. The frame which supports the 
metallic bars of a furnace. 

bar-gown, s. The gown worn by a lawyer plead¬ 
ing at the bar. 

bar-iron, s. Iron wrought into malleable bars. 

bar-keeper, s. One who keeps the bar of a pub¬ 
lic-house, a toll-bar, &c. 

“ The pretty bar-keeper of the Mitre.”— Student, ii. 224. 

bar-loom, s. A loom for weaving ribbons. 
(Knight.) 

bar-magnet, s. A magnet in the form of a bar. 

“ . . . the magnetic moment of a steel bar-magnet.” 
Everett: The C. G. S. System of Units (1875), ch. x., p. 60. 

bar-maid, s. A female who sells liquor and food 
at the bar of a public-house or refreshment-room. 

bar-posts, s. pi. Posts affixed in the ground into 
or to which transverse bars may be affixed, with 
the view of hindering ingress into the field or other 
space thus inclosed. 

bar-share plow, s. A plow with a bar extend¬ 
ing backward from the point of the share. 

bar-shear, s. 

Metal-working: A machine for cutting metallic 
bars. 

bar-shoe, s. 

Farriery: A kind of horseshoe having a bar across 
the hinder part—the open part—of the heel, to pro¬ 
tect the tender frog of the foot from injury. 


bar-shot, s. Two half cannon-balls, joined 
together by an iron bar, and used in sea-fights to 
cut across the masts or rigging of an adversary’s 
vessel. (Johnson.) 

bar-tender, s. One who tends a bar; a bar¬ 
keeper. 

bar (1), *barre, V. t. & i. [From bar, s. (q. v.) 
In Fr. barren; Sp. barrear; Ital. sbarraref] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(a) To furnish with a bar or a series of bars; also 
to fasten anything with a bolt or bar, or with a 
series of them. 

“ His steed was black, his helm was barred.” 

Longfellow: The Elected Knight. 


“ Thy city against fierce besiegers barr’d.” 

Cowper: Transl. Milton’s Elegy to his Tutor. 

(b) To provide a garment with cross checks 
differing from it in color. 

“ . . . clere spures vnder, 

Of bryght golde vpon silke bordes 
Barred ful ryche.” 

Gawan and the Green Knyght, 287. (S. in Boucher.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To hinder, to prevent, to obstruct; to render 
impracticable. Used — 

(a) Of obstruction or prevention by physical 
obstacles or force. 


“ Our hope of Italy not only lost, 

But shut from ev’ry shore, and barr’d from ev’ry 
coast.”— Dryden. 

“ It came to pass, that when he did address 
Himself to quit at length this mountain land, 
Combined marauders half-way barr’d egress, 

And wasted far and near with glaive and brand.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, ii. 69. 

(b) Of obstruction or prevention by moral means, 
as prohibition by law, human or divine, by author* 
ity, or anything similar. 

“ For though the law of arms doth bar 
The use of venom'd shot in war.”— Eudibras. 
“Bar him the playhouses, and you strike him dumb.” 

Addison. 

“. . . nor have we herein barr’d 

Your better wisdoms, which have freely gone 
With this affair along.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 2. 

“ While (still superior blest!) the dark abrupt 
Is kindly barr’d, the precipice of ill.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv- 

(c) Of obstruction to the ingress of emotion into 
the heart through absence of the capacity to feel. 

“ Hearts firm as steel, as marble hard, 

’Gainst faith, and love, and pity barr’d.” 

Scott: Rohgby, ii. 11. 

(2) To except, to omit as an exception. (Often in. 
the present participle, barring.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: To hinder- 

fa) The process of a suit, cause, or action from 
being carried out. 

“ No time, nor trick of law, their action bars; 

Their cause they to an easier issue put.”— Dryden. 

“ From such delays as conduce to the finding out of 
truth, a criminal cause ought not to be barr’d.” — Ayliffe. 

Or (b) a person from carrying out the process of a 
suit. 


“ If a bishop be a party to a suit, and excommunicates 
his adversary, such excommunication shall not disable or 
bar his adversary.”— Ayliffe. 

2. Farriery. To bar a vein: To tie one of a 
horse’s veins above and below, the skin being first 
opened for the purpose and the vein disengaged. 
The portion of it confined between the two liga¬ 
ments is then operated upon for the removal of its 
malignant humors. 

B. Intrans.: To make an exception. 

“ Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gaga me 
By what we do to-night.” 

Shakesp..- Merchant of Venice, ii. 2. 

bar (2), v. t. [A contraction of barb (q. v.).] To 
adorn with armor. [Bard (2).] 

*bar, pret. of verb. [Bore.] 

bar ad, s. [Gr. 6 art/s=heavy.] 

Elect.: A unit of intensity of pressure ; the pres¬ 
sure of one dyne per square centimeter. 

bar-a-llp -ton, s. [The word is not an ordinary 
one with an etymology; it is simply composed of 
symbolical letters, specially the vowels. A is=a 
universal affirmative, I=a particular affirmative, 
and ton is a termination given for euphony.] 

Logic: The first indirect Mode of the first Figure 
of Syllogisms. A syllogism in baralipton is one in 
which the first two propositions are universal 
affirmatives, and the third a particular affirmative; 


fete, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 


















baralite 


381 


barbarism 


the middle term being the subject of the first and 
the attribute of the second. One example gener¬ 
ally given of the baralipton is the following: 

BA. Every evil ought to be feared. 

RA. Every violent passion is an evil. 

LIP. Therefore something that ought to be feared 
is a violent passion. 

The baralipton is an imperfect kind of syllogism, 
bar-si-llte, s. [Derived from bavalite .] A 
mineral, called also Bavalite, a variety of Chamois- 
ite. 

bar'-a-netz, s. [Barometz.] 

*bar - 9 ,-toure, s. [Barrator.] 

*bar'-a-try, s. [Barratry.] (Scotch.) 

*bar -eyn, a. [Barren.] 

barb (1), *barbe, s. [In Fr. barbe; Sp., Port., 
Ital., & Lat. 6arha=beard.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: A beard, or anything in an animal resem¬ 
bling it. 

“The barba, or the barbe, or beard, is all the hair of 
the higher and lower lips.”— R. Holme: Acad, of Armory 
(1688). 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A kind of mask, hood, or muffler, worn by 
women, and specially by widows. It covered the 
lower part of the face and shoulders. 

“Do way your barbe, and shew your face bare.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Cresseide. (S. in Boucher.) 

2. The points standing backward in an arrow or a 
fishing-hook, which are designed to prevent its 
being easily extracted. 

“ Nor less the Spartan fear’d, before he found 
The shining barb appear above the wound.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad. 

3. Armor for a horse. 

“ And turning to that place, in which whylere 
He left his loftie steed with golden sell 
And goodly gorgeous barbes . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ii. 11. 

“Their horses were naked, without any barbs; for 
albeit many brought barbs, few regarded to put them 
on.”-— Hayward. 

B. Technically: 

1. Bot. (Plur .): Hairs dividing at the apex into 
forks, each prong of the fork being again hooked. 

2. Mil.: The same as A. II., 3 (q. v.). 

*barb, *barbe, v. t. [From barb, s. In Dan. 
barbere; Her. barbieren.) 

1. To shave, to dress or trim the beard. 

“ Shave the head and tie the beard, and say it was the 
desire of the penitent to be so barbed before his death; 
you know the course is common.”— Shakesp.: Measure 
for Measure, iv. 2. 

IT In some editions the reading is bared , and not 
barbed. 

2. To arm with a barb or prong. (Applied to fish¬ 
hooks, arrows, &c., lit. & fig., chiefly in pa. par.) 
[Barbed.] 

“ . . . and it barbed the arrow to her womanly feel¬ 
ings, that Coleridge treated any sallies of resentment 
which might sometimes escape her as narrow-mindedness 
. . .”—Be Quincey: Works, vol. ii., p. 65. 

3. To equip a horse with armor ; to incase a horse 
in armor. (Chiefly in pa. par.) [Barbed.] 

barb (2), s. [In Ger. berber, barbar; Fr. barbe; 
Ital. barbero. Contracted from Barbary, a vast and 
somewhat undefined region in the north of Africa. 
Either from Berber, the name given by the Arabs, 
and still retained by ethnologists, for the race 
inhabiting North Africa; or from Lat. barbarus—a 
barbarian.] [Barbarian.] 

1. A fine variety of the horse, brought, as its name 
imports, from Barbary. It has a large and clumsy 
head, a short and thick neck, a broad and powerful 
chest, with long, slender legs. It has great speed 
and endurance, and fine temper. The breed has 
much degenerated through neglect both in Barbary 
and also in Spain, into which the Moors introduced 
it during the period of their supremacy. Only some 
of the horses brought from Barbary are really of 
the proper Barb breed. 

“ The importance of improving our studs by an infusion 
of new blood was strongly felt; and with this view a con- 
1 siderable number of barbs had lately been brought into 
• the country.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2. A kind of pigeon which originally came from 
Barbary. 

“The barb is allied to the carrier, but instead of a long 
beak, has a very short and very broad on e.”—Darwin: 
Origin of Species, ch. i., p. 21. 

barb-pigeon, s. The pigeon described under 
No. 2. 

“. . . it is probable that in each generation of the 
barb-pigeon, which produces most rarely a blue and black- 
barred bird, there has been a tendency in each genera¬ 
tion in the plumage to assume this color.”— Darwin: 
Origin of Species, ch. v., p. 161. 


bar -bg,-can, s. [Barbican.] 

bar -ba,-can-age, s. [Barbicanage.] 

Bar-ba -dl-an, a. & s. [From Barbadoes (q. v.).] 
fl. As adjective: Pertaining to Barbadoes. (The 
more common term used is Barbadoes, in an adjec¬ 
tival sense.] 

2. As substantive: A native of Barbadoes. 
Bar’-ba-doe§, s. & a. [Probably from Port, bar- 
fc«das=bearded. A term applied to the cacti 
which the first Portuguese discoverers found grow¬ 
ing on the island abundantly.] 

A. As substantive: An important West Indian 
island belonging to the Windward group, and the 
most easterly of the whole. It constituted the first 
West Indian colony founded by the British, being 
settled in A. D. 1624. 

B. As adjective: From, in, or pertaining to the 
island described under A. 

Barbadoes aloes. [Aloes, B. (1).] 

Barbadoes cedar. 

Bot.: The English name of a cedar or Juniper 
(Juniperus barbadensis). It comes from Florida 
and the other warm parts of America. 

Barbadoes cherry. 

Botany: The English name of Malpighia, a genus 
of plants constituting the typical one of the order 
Malpighiacese (Malpighiads). The term is especially 
applied to Malpighia urens and its fruit, the latter, 
which sometimes resembles a cherfy but is far 
inferior to it, being eaten in the West Indies; so 
also is that of M. glabra, cultivated for the pur¬ 
pose. [Malpighia.] 

Barbadoes flower-fence, Barbadoes pride. 

Bot.: A name given to the beautiful plant Poin- 
ciana pulcherrima. It belongs to the leguminous 
order, and the sub-order Ceesalpiniese. It is a low 
spiny tree with an odor like savin. It is a native of 
the tropics of both hemispheres, and has Barbadoes 
prefixed to it because there specially it is used for 
fences. 

Barbadoes gooseberry. 

Bot.: A name given to a species of cactus, the 

C. Pereskia, Linn., which grows in the West Indies. 

Barbadoes leg. 

Med.: A disease common in Barbadoes, the promi¬ 
nent symptom of which is the swelling to a large 
size of some portion of the body, generally the leg. 
It is called also Elephant Leg, or Yam, or Galle, or 
Cochin Leg, and is the Elephantiasis Arabum of 
medical writers. [Elephantiasis.] 

Barbadoes lily. 

Bot. & Hortic.: The English name of the Amaryllis 
equestris, now called Hippeastrum equestre, an orna¬ 
mental plant from the West Indies. 

Barbadoes pride. [See Barbadoes Flower- 
fence.] 

Barbadoes tar. 

Min.: An old name for a kind of mineral pitch or 
petroleum, often of a greenish hue, sent forth by 
bituminous springs in Barbadoes. 

bar'-ba ra, s. [A word of Latin form constructed 
not for its etymology or signification (= barbarous 
things), but that its letters, and specially its vowels, 
may stand as symbols. (See definition.)] 

Logic: A mnemonic word intended to designate 
the first mode of the first figure of syllogisms. A 
syllogism in barbara is one of which all the three 
propositions are universal affirmatives, the middle 
term being the subject of the first, and the predicate 
of the second. Or it may be thus represented: 
Bar= Every x is y; ba— Every z is y; therefore ra is 
—Every z is x. Example— 

“ BAR. All men must die. 

BA. But these are men. 

RA. Therefore they must die. 

Whately: Logic, 9th ed. (1848), bk. ii., ch. iii., § 4. 

bar-bar -e-a, S. [In Fr. barbar&e; Port, bar- 
bora; Ital. barborea; herba de Santa Barbara.) 
A genus of plants belonging to the order Brassi- 
cacese (Crucifers). Barbctrea vulgaris , the Bitter 
Winter Cress or Yellow Rocket, is indigenous to 
many countries. B. prcecox, or Early Winter Cress, 
is caBed also the American or Belleisle Cress. 
[Winter-cress.] 

bar -bar, *bar'-bour, a. & s. [In Sw., Dan., & 
Ger. barbar (s.); Dut. harbour (s.); Fr. barbare (a. 
& s.); Sp. barbaro (a. & s.) ; Port. & Ital. barbaro 
(a.); Lat. barbarus; Gr. barbaros; Russ, yarrar; 
Sansc. barbaras, varvaras. The reduplication bar- 
bar is designed to imitate and caricature the 
confused sound of unintelligible speech.] [Bar¬ 
barian (1 ).] 

A. As adjective(of the forms barbar and barbour): 
Barbarous, savage. 

“Albeit the sayingis be barbour, and commoun, the rycht 
vnderstanding of the samyn seruis mekle for men 
vnlearnit, lyke as the wrang ledis mony in thir dayis in 
gret errouris.”— Kennedy of Crossraguell: Compend. Trac- 
tiue, p. 50. 


B. As substantive (of the form barbar): A bar¬ 
barian. 

“Ah, Britain! if thou, and thy houses and inhabitants, 
would not be drowned in thy own blood shed by these bar- 
bars and burners, let the bleeding of thy soul be seen by 
him.”— M. Ward: Contendings, p. 349. 

bar-ba r-I-an, s. & a. [From Lat. barbar (us), 
and Eng. suffix -ian. The Latin is only a transliter¬ 
ation of the Greek barbaros , of uncertain deri¬ 
vation.] [Barbar.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Historically: 

1. Among the Greeks: A foreigner; one who could 
not speak Greek. At first the Romans were included 
by the Greeks under the term barbarian; but as the 
inhabitants of the great Italian city gradually 
gained imperial power, and moreover began to con¬ 
sider the Greek language as a desirable if not even 
an indispensable part of a liberal education, they 
were no longer placed in the category of “barbar¬ 
ians,” nor was their speech deemed “barbarous.” 
When the Greeks became the most civilized people 
in the world the term barbarian came to be used 
with some reproach, but less so than among our¬ 
selves now. 

“Proud Greece all nations else barbarians held, 
Boasting her learning all the world exeell’d.” 

Denham. 

“There were not different gods among the Greeks and 

barbarians.” — Stillingfleet. 

2. Among the Romans: 

(1) Bef ore the fall of the empire: A term applied 
to a foreigner wno could speak neither Latin nor 
Greek. 

“ I would they were barbarians, as they are, 

Though in Rome litter’d.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 1. 

(2) After the fall of the empire: 

(a) First: A person belonging to any of the 
uncivilized Germanic tribes who long threatened, 
and at last overthrew, the Roman empire. 

(b) Subsequently: A Berber from Northern Africa. 

II. At the present time: 

1. A savage; a person belonging to some uncivil¬ 
ized race. In general, but not always, it implies 
some cruelty or ferocity; a ruffian, a cruel monster. 

(Sherborne.) 

2. A person of whatever race, civilized or uncivil¬ 
ized, who is savage in manners or conduct. 

“ Europe has been threatened with subjugation by bar¬ 
barians, compared with whom the barbarians who 
marched under Attila and Alboin were enlightened and 
humane.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to a barbarian in the Greek, the 
Roman, or the English sense. [See the substantive.] 
Specially in the last of these three, i. e., pertaining 
to a person belonging to one of the uncivilized 
races of mankind. 

“ Some felt the silent stroke of mould’ring age, 
Barbarian blindness.”— Pope. 

2. Barbarous, cruel. 

bar-bar-Ic, *bar-bar-ick, a. [In Sp., Port., & 

Ital. barbarico; Lat. barbaricus; Gr. barbarikos.) 

I. Of persons: The same as Barbarian, adj. (1). 

II. Of things: 

1. Foreign. 

“ Or where the gorgeous East, With richest hand. 
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

“ Tall minarets, shining mosques, barbaric towers.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage. 

2. Evincing the partial or total absence of civili¬ 
zation, such as might be expected from a semi¬ 
savage. 

bar-bar-i§m, s. [In Sw. & Ger. barbarism; Dan., 
Dut., & Fr. barbarisme; Sp., Port., & Ital. barbar- 
ismo .] 

I. Of deficiency in civilization, education, culture r 
or polish: 

1. Of nations: Absence of civilization; existence 
in the lowest stage with respect to culture that the 
human race is at present found. Example, the 
aborigines of Australia. 

“ Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism 
to civility, and fallen again to ruin.” —Sir J. Davies: Ire¬ 
land. 

2. Of individuals : Absence of culture, great igno¬ 
rance, want of manners, incivility. 

“ Moderation ought to be had in tempering and man- 
aging the Irish, to bring them from their delight of 
licentious barbarism unto the love of goodness and civil- 
ity.”— Spenser: State of Ireland. 

II. Of deficiency in humanity: Cruelty, relentless, 
hardness of heart, whatever be the amount of 
external polish or intellectual culture. In this 
sense, Barbarity (q. v.) is the more common term. 
“ They must perforce have melted, 

And barbarism itself have pitied him.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., v. 2. 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = £. 
-cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion =■ zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




382 


barber 


barbarity 


III. Of deficiency in purity of speech: An impro¬ 
priety of speech; a form of speech contrary to the 
rules of a language, and which a foreigner or uned¬ 
ucated person might be expected to use. Such 
improprieties may be in a phrase, in a word, in 
spelling, or in pronunciation. 

“The language is as near approaching to it, as our 
modern barbarism will allow; which is all that can be 
expected from any now extant.”— Dryden: Juvenal (Dedi¬ 
cation). 

bar-bar’-I-ty, s. [Formed by analogy, as if from 
Lat. barbaritas. In Sp. barbaridad; Fort, bar- 
baridade.) 

1. Absence of civilization. 

2. Cruelty, inhumanity. 

“. . . treating Christians with a barbarity which 
rould have shocked the very Moslem.”— Macaulay: Hist, 
ting., ch. xi. 

3. A barbarism in speech. [Barbarism, No. 1.] 

“ Next Petrarch follow’d, and in him we see 

What rhyme, improv’d in all its height, can be; 

At best a pleasing sound, and sweet barbarity.” 

Dryden. 

bar -b^r-Ize, v. t.&i. [In Sp. barbarizar; Port. 
barbarisar .] 

A. Transitive: To render barbarous 

“ Detested forms, that on the mind impress’d, 

Corrupt, confound, and barbarize an age.” 

Thomson: Liberty, 681. 

B. Intransitive: To utter a barbarism in speech. 

“ Besides the ill habit which they got of barbarizing, 

against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored 
Anglicisms.”— Milton-. Education. 

bar -b&r-ous, a. [From Lat. barbarus; Gr. 
barbaros.) 

I. Of persons: 

1. Foreign, as opposed to Greek or Roman, but 
without any reflection on the humanity of the person 
to whom the term was applied. 

“ And the barbarous people showed us no little kind¬ 
ness.”— Acts xxvii. 2. 

H Here the word barbarous is used partly in the 
sense 1 . 1 , and partly in I. 2 . 

2. Uncivilized; without education or refinement. 

“A barbarous country must be broken by war before it 

be capable of government; and when subdued, if it be not 
well planted, it will eftsoons return to barbarism.”—Sir 
J. Davies: Ireland. 

“ He left governors to vex the nation: at Jerusalem, 
Philip, for his country a Phrygian, and for manners more 
barbarous than he that sent him there.”—2 Maccabees 
v. 22. 

3. Strange in conduct, cruel, inhuman. 

II. Of things : 

1. Emanating from some other people than the 
Greeks and Romans, and inferior to what the last- 
named classic nation would have produced. 

“Those who restored painting in Germany, not having 
those reliquesof antiquity, retained that barbarous man¬ 
ner.”— Dryden. 

2. Such as might be expected to emanate from an 
uncivilized people or individual. Used — 

(а) Of anything confused in sound or tumultuous. 

“When straight a barbarous noise environs me 

Of owls and cuckoos, asses, apes, and dogs.” 

Muton: Sonnet, xi. 

( б ) Of anything untrained or uncultured. 

“ What need I say more to you ? What ear is so barbar¬ 
ous but hath heard of Amphialus ?”— Sydney. 

3. Savage, cruel, full of cruelty. 

“ By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, 
to the grief of all that knew him.”— Clarendon. 

“And barbarous climes, where violence prevails, 

And strength is lord of all; but gentle, kind, 

By culture tamed, by liberty refresh’d, 

And all her fruits by radiant truth matured.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

bar-bar-ous-lf , adv. [Eng. barbarous; -ly.l 
Like a barbarian; as a barbarian might be expected 
to do; in a barbarous manner. 

Specially: 

+1. Without knowledge, polish, or refinement. 

2. Cruelly, inhumanly, savagely. (Used of per¬ 
sons or things.) 

“ But yet you barbarously murdered him.” 

Dryden: Spanish Friar, v. 2. 

“The English law touching forgery became, at a later 

f ieriod, barbarously severe; but in 1698 it was absurdly 
ax.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

3. In a way inconsistent with purity of idiom. 

“ We barbarously call them blest, 

While swelling coffers break their owners’ rest.” 

Step ney 

bar-be,r-ous-ness, s. [Eng. barbarous; -ness.] 
The quality of being barbarous. 

1 . Absence of civilization or of polish. 

“ . . . the ignorance of the friar, and the barbarous¬ 
ness of the Goths.”— Temple. 


2. Cruelty. 

“The barbarousness of the trial and the persuasives of 
the clergy prevailed to antiquate it.”— Hale: Common Law. 

3. Such misuse of words as might be expected 
from a foreigner; incorrectness in the use of words; 
impurity in idiom. 

“It is much degenerated as touching the pureness of 
speech; being overgrown with barbarousness.” — Brere- 
wood. 


Bar -bg.r-y, bar-bar-y, s. & a. [In Sw., Dan., & 
Ger. Barbariet; Dut. Barbarije; Ger. Berberei; 
Fr. Barbarie; Ital . Barberia; from Lat. barb aria, 
a foreign country— i. e., one out of Italy. Or from 
Berber , the name given by the Arabs to the native 
inhabitants of North Afrioa before the Mohammedan 
conquest.] . 



A. As substantive: 

1. Geog.: An extensive region in the north of Africa, 
comprising Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli to 
the north, with the Beled-ul-Jered, or Country of 
Dates, to the south of the Atlas mountains. 

|2. Ord. Lang.: A Barbary horse; a barb. 

“They are ill-built, 

Pin-buttock’d, like your dainty barbaries, 

And weak i’ the pasterns.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Wildgoose Chace. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the region de¬ 
scribed under A. 

Barbary ape 
Macacus Inuus, 
found in the 
north of Africa, 
and of which a 
colony exists on 
the Rock of Gib¬ 
raltar. It is the 
only recent Euro- 
pean quadru- 
manous animal. 

It is sometimes 
called the Magot, 
and is the species 
occasionally ex¬ 
hibited, when 
young, by show¬ 
men inthe streets. 

When adult, it 
becomes much 
less controllable. 

It has a full and 
moderately long muzzle, hair of a greenish-gray 
color, and a small tubercle in place of a tail. 


(or Magot). A monkey—the 


Barbary Ape. 


The 


bar- 


Barbary gum. The gum of the Acacia gum 
mifera. The tree grows in Mogador, in Morocco. 
Barbary horse. A barb. [Barbary, A. 2.] 

*bar -bar-yne, s. [From barberry (q. v.).] 
fruit of the barberry-bush. 

“ Barbaryne frute: Berbeum.”— Prompt. Parv. 

bar -bas-tel, bar-bas-telle, s. [In Fr. 

bastelle; according to Agassiz, from a proper name, 
possibly Barbastro in Aragon.) A bat—the Plecotus 
barbastellus. It is of a deep brown color, with the 
end of each hair yellow. It is found in France and 
Germany. ( Griffith's Cuvier, dbc.) 

bar -bate, bar-ba-ted, a. [Lat. barbatus; from 
barba= a beard.] 

Botany: A term applied 
to hairs when they are 
long and arranged in 
tufts, growing from dif¬ 
ferent parts of the surface 
of a plant, or in a solitary 
parcel. The illustration 
shows eight varieties: 

(1) Hair of the common 
cabbage; (2) Virginian 
Spiderwort; (3) sting of 
nettle ; (4) Whitlow Grass ; 

(5) Alyssum; ( 6 ) the fruit 
of Castanea vesca; (7) 
leaf of the Prunella vulgaris; (8) Epilobium hir- 
sutum. 



Barbate. 


*barbe, s. [Barb.] 

bar'-be-cue, s. [Mahn and others believe this to 
be a corruption of Fr. barbe-a-queue = (from) snout 
to tail; as cap-h-pie is=(from) head to foot.] 

1. A hog dressed whole, as is done in an election 
campaign. To do this, the carcass of the animal, 
split to the backbone, is laid upon a large gridiron, 
under and around which is placed a charcoal fire. 

2. A large gathering of people, generally in the 
open air, for a social entertainment or a political 
rally, one leading feature of which is the roasting 
of animals whole to furnish the numerous members 
of the party with needful food. 

bar'-be-cue, v. t. [From the substantive.] To 
roast a hog or other animal whole, in the manner 
described under Barbecue, s. (q. v.) 


“Oldfield, with more than harpy throat endued, 
Cries, Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued.” 

Pope. 


bar-be-cued, pa. par. & a. [Barbecue, u.J 

barbed (1), pa. par. & a. [Barb (1), v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

fl. Having the beard trimmed. 

2. Bearded: furnished with jagged or arrowy 
points like a hook. 

“ The twanging bows 

Send showers of shafts, that on their barbed points 

Alternate ruin bear.” Philips. 

“ Then fix, with gentle twitch, the barbed hook.” 

Thomson: Seasons ; Spring, 410. 

B. Her.: Bearded. Used chiefly — 

(a) Of the five leaflets in the compound leaf o‘ 
some roses. 

(b) Of the point of an arrow. 

barbed (2), pa. par. & a. [Barb, v. (3).] In 
Wedgwood’s opinion corrupted from Fr. bard£= 
. . . (of horses) covered with armor.] [Barded.J 

Ord. Lang. & Her.: Furnished with armor. (Used 
specially of a horse.) 

‘‘Barbed with frontlet of steel, I trow, 

And with Jedwood-axe at saddle-bow.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 5. 

“With his barbed horse, fresh tidings say, 

Stout Cromwell has redeemed the day.” 

Scott: Bokeby, i. 19. 

barbed-catte, barbed catte, s. A warlike 
engine. (For details see the example from Caxton 
which follows.) 

“For to make a werrely holde that men calle a barbed- 
catte and a bewfray that shal haue ix. fadome of lengths, 
and two fadome of brede, and the said catte six fadome 
of lengthe and two of brede, shall be ordeyned alle 
squarre wode for the same about© four hondred fadom.”— 
Caxton: Vegecius , Sig. I., vi. b. (S . in Boucher.) 

barbed-wire, s. A wire armed with barbed 
points, used for fences. 

bar -bel, bar'-ble, s. [In Sw. barb-fisk =barbel- 
fish; Dan. barbe-fish; Dut. barbeel; Ger. barbe, 
bdrbele; G. Fr. barbel; Fr. barbeau= a barbel-fish; 
barbeU— bearded; Sp. & Port, bar bo; Ital. bar bio; 
Lat. barbellus, dimin. of barbus, from barba= 
beard.] 

A. Of anything beardlike: 

1 . A small fleshy thread or cord, of which several 
hang from the mouth of certain fishes. 

2. A knot of superfluous flesh growing in the 
channels of a horse’s mouth. 

B. Of a fish looking as if it were bearded: A fish— 
the Barbus vulgaris of Fleming, the Cyprinus bar- 
bus of Linnaeus, belonging to the order Malacop- 
terygii Abdominales and the family Cyprinidae. It 
is found abundantly in English rivers, spawning in 
May or June. It has been known to weigh 15)4 
pounds, but is not prized as food. 

“ The barbel is so called from or by reason of the beard 
or wattels at his mouth, his mouth being under his nose 
or chaps.”— Walton: Angler. 

bar -bel-late, adj. [Formed by analogy as if 
from Lat. barbellatus, from barba— a beard.] 

Bot.: Having barbed or bearded bristles. 

bar-ber (1) (Eng.), *bar-bour (O. Scotch ), s. 
[In Sw. barber, barberare; Dan. barbeer; Dut., Ger., 
& Fr. barbier; Sp. barbero; Port, barbeiro; Ital. 
barbiere; from Lat. 6 ar 6 a=beard.] A man who 
shaves the beard. Formerly a rude kind of surgery 
was combined with this primary function. [Bar- 
ber-chirurgeon.] 

“Thy boist’rous looks, 

No worthy match for valor to assail, 

But by the barber’s razor best subdued.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

barber-chirurgeon, barber-surgeon, s. A man 

who combines the trimming of the Beard with the 
practice of rude surgery. The separation between 
the humbler calling and the more dignified profes¬ 
sion was made by 18 George II.; but the memorial 
of the former union is still seen in the striped pole 
and basin sometimes projecting as symbols from 
the front of a barber’s shop. The ribbon round the 
pole is said to represent the bandage for the arm. 
and the basin that for the reception of the blood. 

“ He put himself into a barber-chirurgeon’s hands, who 
by unfit applications, rarefied the tumor.”— Wiseman 
Surgery. 

barber-monger, s. A term of reproach used in 
Shakespeare. It appears to mean one who has 
large dealings with his barber or with barbers in 
general; a fop. 

“Draw, you rogue; for though it be night, the moon 
shines: I’ll make a sop of the moonshine of you; draw, 
you whoreson cullionly barber-monger, draw.” — Shakesp.: 
King Lear, ii. 2. 

bar-ber ( 2 ), s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamieson 
compares it with Icel. baer= abundant and of good 
quality; O. Sw. bara, baera= to shine forth.] That 
which is best or excellent of its kind. (Vulgar.) 
(Scotch.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, \inite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e: ey = a. qu = kw. 





barber 


383 


barded 


bar -ber, v. t. [From barber (1). s.] To do a 
barber s work; to shave or dress the hair. 

“ Our courteous Antony, 

Whom ne’er the word of 1 No ’ woman heard speak, 
Being barber’d ten times o’er, goes to the feast.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 2. 

bar -ber-ess, s. [Eng. barber; -ess.] A female 
barber. ( Minsheu .) 

baL-ber-rjf, ber'-ber-ry, s. [In Sw. berberis- 
bar; Ital. berbero. berberi; Dan., Dut., Sp., Port., 
& Eat. berberis; from Arab, berberys.) The Eng¬ 
lish name of the 
Berberis, a genus 
of plants consti¬ 
tuting the typi¬ 
cal one of the 
order Berberida- 
ce® (Berberids). 

The Common 
Barberry ( B e r- 
beris vulgaris) is 
planted in gar¬ 
dens or in hedges, 
being an orna¬ 
mental shrub, 
especially when 
covered with a 

rofusion of 
owers or loaded 
with fruit. It has 
yellow flowers 
with an unpleas- Barberry and Fruit, 

ant smell, which, 

however, are much frequented by bees. The berries 
are oblong in form, red in color, except , at the top, 
where the stigma, which is black, remains. Their 
juice is acid, hence they are used for preserves and 
confectionery. The root, boiled in lye, and the inner 
bark of the stem, dye a fine yellow. [Berberis.] 

barberry blight, berberry blight. 

Bot.: The English name of a minute fungal, the 
JEcidium Berberidis of Persoon. It occurs on the 
leaves of the barberry, forming roundish, bright-red 
spots, consisting of the fruits of the Aicidium, which 
form little cups full of spores when they burst. 
These spores germinate on the leaves or stems of 
wheat, send out mycelium into the plant, and pro¬ 
duce the disease called rust, which was thought to 
be a distinct fungus. Several generations of this 
form grow in the summer, but in the older speci¬ 
mens a darker two-celled spore is produced, which 
remains on the straw during the winter, and, germ¬ 
inating in the spring, produces spores that cause 
the barberry blight. 

barberry-bush, s. The barberry (q. v.). 



“ Where the tangled barberry-bushes 
Hang their tufts of crimson berries.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, Introd. 

bar-bet, s. [In Fr. barbet, from barbe— beard; 
or from Lat. barba— a beard.] 

1. Any bird of the family Picid® and the sub-fam¬ 
ily Capitonin®. The barbets have short conical 
bills, with stiff bristles at the base, short wings, 
and broad and rounded tails. It is from the bristles, 
which have an analogy to a beard, that the name is 
derived. These birds are found in the warmer parts 
of both hemispheres, the most typical coming from 
South America. ( Dallas : Nat. Hist.) 

2. A dog, called also the poodle. It is the Canis 
familiaris, variety aquaticus. It has a large round 
head, with a more considerable cerebral cavity than 
any other variety of dog, pendent ears, long curly 
hair, white with black patches, or vice versd. There 
is a large and a small barbet. ( Griffith's Cuvier , 
vol. v., p. 138.) 

,3. A name given to a small worm that feeds on 
,the aphis. 

bar bett e, s. [Fr.] A mound of earth on which 
guns are mounted to be fired over the parapet. 

Fortification. En barbette: Placed so as to be 
fired over the top of a parapet, and not through 
embrasures. 



Gun en Barbette. 


“The hills are strongly entrenched, being fortified 
with redoubts en barbette.”—Daily Telegraph, October 8, 
1877. 

1[ Moncrieffe barbette: A special form of the bar¬ 
bette system invented by Col. Moncrieffe, by which 
a gun is elevated at the moment of firing, the recoil 
causing it to disappear, by a movement like that of 
a child’s rocking-horse, into a circular pit suffi¬ 


ciently large to accommodate it and the gunners, 
thus protecting both from danger except for the 
brief period when the piece is being fired. The gun 
is raised to its proper elevation for firing by the 
depression of certain weights which are attached 
to the rockers upon which it is supported. 

bar -bl-cgm, bar -ba-can, *bar-by-ean, s. [In 
Fr. & Ital. barbacane: Prov. & Sp. barbacana; 
Port, barbecan; Low Lat.. barbacana, barbicana; 
from Arab. barbahhun= aqueduct, sewer (?).] 

Old fortification: 

*1. A long narrow opening in the walls of a castle, 
to draw off the water falling on a platform or 
terrace. 

*2. A hole in the wall of a city or of a castle, 
through which arrows and javelins or, in later 
times, small firearms or cannon might be dis¬ 
charged. ( Spelman.) 

3. A small tower connected with the outworks of 
a city or castle, designed for the defense of a soli¬ 
tary watchman or the advanced guard of the 
garrison, or to be a cover to the inner works. 

(1) In castles, the barbican was placed just out¬ 
side the gate, so that it might be used as a watch- 
tower. 

“ Within the barbican a porter sate 

Day and night duely keeping watch and ward; 

Nor wight nor word mote passe out of the gate, 

But in good order and with dew regard.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 25. 

(2) In cities: 

(а) An outwork of a city in advance of the other 
fortifications, and designed to cover or protect 
them. 

( б ) A fort at the entrance of a bridge, or at the 
place of exit from a city, having a double wall with 
towers. 

fbar’-bl-can-age, tbar-ba-can-age (age as 
Ig), s. [Low Lat. barbicanagium, from barbican 
(q. v.).] Money paid for the support of a barbican. 

( Bouvier .) , 

bar'-bi-er§, s. [A different pronunciation of 
Eng., &c., beriberi (q.v.).] According to Drs. Scott 
and Copland, a paralytic disease, which often 
arises on the Coromandel coast of India from 
sleeping in the open air exposed to the land-winds, 
especially in January, February and March. There 
are pain, numbness, and partial paralysis of the 
extremities, with occasional in¬ 
jury to the voice. It is an acute dis¬ 
ease, and different from beriberi 
(q. v.). ( Cyclop. of Pract. Med.) 

But the writers now mentioned 
had not personal opportunities of 
seeing the disease. Dr. Malcolm- 
son of Madras, and Dr. Carter of 
Bombay, who have had this ad¬ 
vantage, consider barbiers the 
same as beriberi (q. v.). 

bar -bi-ton, s. [Lat. barbiton 
and barbitos; Gr. barbitos.] A 
many-stringed instrument used 
by the ancients. It is generally 
said to have been invented by the 
Greek poet Anacreon. It is not 
certainly known whether any 
representative of a barbiton is 
actually in existence, but it is 
probable that it greatly resem¬ 
bled the instrument figured here, 



Ancient Seven- 
stringed Lyre. 


which is taken from Blanchini’s work. 

bar-bi-tur'-Ic ag'-id, s. 

Chem.: =Malonyl urea. By 

the action of bromine on hydurilic acid dibromo- 
barbituric acid is formed along with alloxan. When 
this acid is heated with excess of hydriodic acid it 
is reduced to barbituric acid, which crystallizes in 
prisms with two molecules of water. It is bibasic, 
and forms salts. Boiled with potash it gives off 
ammonia, and yields the potassium salt of malonic 
acid. 

bar'-bli-lg,, bar -bule, s. [Lat. barbula-a little 
beard; dimin. from 6 ar£>a=beard.] 

A. Ordinary Language. (Of the form barbule): 

1. A small beard. 

2. A small barb. 

B. Bot. (Of the form barbula): The beard-like 
apex of the peristome in Tortula, and some other 
genera of mosses. 

bar -bus, s. [Lat. barbus=a barbel.] [Barbel.] 
A genus of fishes of the order Malacopterygii 
Abdominales, and the family Cyprinid® (Carps). 

bar -cg.-rolle, s. [Fr. barcarolle; Ital. barcarolo, 
barcaruolo, barcaiuolo = a waterman, from barca= 
a barge, a boat.] [Bark.] A kind of song sung by 
the Venetian gondoliers; a composition either in 
music or poetry, or both, similar in character to 
such songs. 


bar-clay-a, s. [Named by Wallich after Robert 
Barclay, of Bury Hill. ] A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Nymph®ace® and tribe Barclayid®. 
They are aquatic plants with root-stocks like tubers; 
the flowers consist of five sepals, distinct from each 
other; five red petals, united at the base into a 
tube; stamina and carpels, many. They are found 
in the East Indies. 

bar'-clay-i-dse, s. pi. [Barclaya.] 

Bot.: A tribe belonging to the order Nymphaace®, 
or Water-lilies. Type, Barclaya (q.v.). 

bard (1), *baird, s. [In Sw. & Dut. bard; Dan., 
Ger., & Fr. barde; Port, bardo; Lat. bardus; Gr. 
bardos, all from Irish & Gael, bard; Wei. bardd, 
barz; Arm. barz. Cognate with Ir. barda—a satire 
or lampoon; Wei. 6ard7ias=philosophy ; bardgan— 
a song; bar = rage, enthusiasm; Ir. & Arm. bar 
^brilliant, glossy, learned, literary.] 

1. Originally: A poet by profession, specially one 
whose calling it was to celebrate in verse, song, and 
play the exploits of the chiefs or others who patron¬ 
ized him, or those of contemporary heroes in general. 
Bards of this character flourished from the earliest 
period among the Greeks, and to a lesser extent 
among the Romans. Diodorus and Strabo, in the 
first century B. C., allude to them under the name 
of Gr. bardoi, and Lucan, in the first century A. D., 
under that of bardi. Tacitus seems to hint at their 
existence among the Germanic tribes. It was, how¬ 
ever, above all, among the Gauls and other Celtic 
nations that they flourished most. 

According to Warton, they were originally a con¬ 
stitutional appendage of the Druid hierarchy. At 
Llanidan, in Anglesea, Wales, formerly inhabited 
by Druidical conventual societies, vestiges exist of 
Tre’r Drtm= the Arch-Druid’s mansion; Bodrudau= 
the abode of the inferior Druids; and near them 
Bod-owyr= the abode of the Ovades, i. e., of those 
passing through their novitiate; and Tre v Beirdd 
= the hamlet of the bards. 

They may be even considered as essential con¬ 
stituents of the hierarchy, if the division of it into 
priests, philosophers, and poets be accurate. The 
bards did not pass away with the Druids, but flour¬ 
ished, especially in Wales, honored at the courts of 
princes, and figuring up to the present day at the 
Eisteddfods or gatherings of bards and minstrels. 
They were similarly honored throughout Ireland, 
and indeed among the Celts everywhere. 

“ There is among the Irish a kind of people called 
bards, which are to them instead of poets: whose profes¬ 
sion is to set forth the praises or dispraises of men in 
their poems or rhyme ; the which are had in high regard 
and estimation among them.” — Spenser: State of Ireland. 

f2. Later: A vagrant beggar, who could not or 
would not work, and who, moreover, pretended to 
be wanting in understanding, if, indeed, he were not 
so in reality. 

“ . . . That nane sail be thoiled to beg, neither to 
burgh nor to land betwixt fourteen and seventy yeares, 
that pike as maks themselves fules or bairdes, or uthers 
siklike runners about, being apprehended sail be put in 
the king’s ward or irones, sae lang as they have any gudes 
of their awne to live on.”— Scottish Acts, i. 413. (8. in 
Boucher.) 

3. Noiv: A synonym for a poet. 

“ Conquerors and kings, 

Founders of sects and systems, to whom add 
Sophists, bards, statesmen, all unquiet things 
Which stir too strongly the soul’s secret springs, 

And are themselves the fools to those they fool; 
Envied, yet how unenviable !” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iii. 43, 
bard’s-croft, s. The designation given to a 
piece of land, on the property of a chieftain, 
hereditarily appropriated to the bard of the family. 

“ . . . more seed-barley than would have sowed his 

Highland Parnassus, the Bard’s-Croft as it was called, 
ten times over.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. xxi. 

bard-like, a. Like a bard. 

“ And all the keener rush of blood, 

That throbs through bard in bard-like mood.” 

Scott: Marmion, Introd. 

bard 

Port., & 

The same as Barbe (q. v.). 

bard, *baird, v. [From bard, s. In Fr. harder 
= to lard, to cover with a slice of bacon, to cover a 
horse with armor; Sp. bardar= to lay boards on a 
wall; Port. bardar= to fence round.] To caparison, 
to adorn with trappings. 

“ His hors was bairdit full bravelie.” 

Lyndsay: Squire Meldrum. (Jamieson.) 

bar-dach (ch guttural), s. [From Eng., &c.. 
bard, or from Icel. 6 arda.=pugnacious.] Impudent 
boldness, the result of insensibility to danger or 
shame. 

“ She never minds her, but tells on her tale 
Bight bauld and bardach, likely-like and hail.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 81. (S. in Boucher.) 

bard’-ed, pa. par. & adj. [Bard.] Caparisoned; 
defended by armor. (Used of horses as equipped in 
medi®val times. The armor covered the neck, 
breast, and shoulders.) [Barb.] 


trd (2), s. [Fr. barde — scaly horse armor; Sp., 
t., & Ital. barda.~\ Defensive armor for a horse. 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sha,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 














Bardesanists 


384 


barefoot 


Bar-des-U-nlstS, s. pi. [Named after Bar- 
desanes, a Syrian of Edessa, in the second century.] 
A Christian sect which followed the person above 
named. His tenets were founded on the Oriental 
philosophy. He supposed that God at first made 
men with ethereal bodies, but Satan tempted these 
first human beings to sin, and then put round them 
the grosser bodies which we now possess; and that 
when Jesus descended on earth He appeared in an 
ethereal body, and taught men to subdue their 
carnal depravity by abstinence, meditation, and 
fasting. Bardesanes afterward returned to the 
ordinary Christian belief, but his followers long 
held the tenets which he had abandoned, (Mos- 
heirn: Ch. Hist., Cent, ii.) 

bard 1 C, a. [Eng. bard; -ic.] Pertaining to a 
bard, to the order of bards, or to their poetry. 
( Warton.) 

bard -ie, s. [Diminutive of bard.} Alittlebard. 
(.Scotch.) 

“ Accept a bardie’s humble thanks !” 

Bums: Scotch Drink. 

bar-dfg-li-6 -ne (g mute), s. [In Ital. Marmo 
Bardiglio di Bergamo= marble bardiglio (the 
mineral anhydrite), from Bergamo, in Italy.] A 
mineral, the same as Anhydrite (q. v.). 

bard’-l-ly, adv. [Scotch bardie', -ly.] 

1. Boldly, with intrepidity. 

“ They hardily and hardily 
Fac’d home or foreign foe; 

Though often forfoughten, 

They never grudg’d the blow.” 

R. Galloway: Poems, p. 64. 

2. Pertly. (Jamieson.) 

bard'-In, *bard'-ynge (plur. bard-In§, *bard - 
^n-glS), s. [Fr. barde.] Trappings for horses. 
(Often m the plural.) 

“Item—thair, certane auld harnes with foir geir and 
bak geir, with part of auld splentis, and bardin to hors.” 
— Inventories: A. 1566, p. 170. 

“At last be cumyng of Welchemen and Cornwal, sahuge 
nois rais be reird and sowne of bellis that hang on thair 
bardyngis, that the ennymes war affrayt, and finaly put to 
flycht.’- -Bel lend.: Chron., fol. 25. {Jamieson.) 

bard -l-ness, s. [Scotch bardie; -ness. ] Petu¬ 
lant frowardness, pertness and irascibility, as 
manifested in conversation. 

bard’-Ish, a. [Eng. hard; -is/i.] 

1. Pertaining to a bard, or to the bards. 

2. Eude, insolent in language. (Scotch.) 

“The rest of that day, and much also of posterior 
sessions, were misspent with the altercation of that 
bardish man, Mr. D. Dogleish, and the yound constable of 
Dundee.”— Baillie: Lett., i. 311. {Jamieson.) 

bard'-I§m, s. [Eng. bard; -ism. ] The senti¬ 
ments, maxims, or system of belief given forth by 
the bards in their verses. (Elton, Reid, etc.) 

bard'-ling, s. [Dimin. of Eng. bard.] An inferior 
bard. 

*bard'-yn-gls, s. pi. [Bardin.] 

bare, *bar, a. & s. [A,. S. beer, bare; Sw. & Dan. 
bar, Ger. bar, baar; Dut. baar; Icel. berr; O. H. 
Ger. par; Russ, bos; Lith. basas, basus; Sansc. 
bhasad= the sun, and bhas—to shine.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Naked, without clothes. Used — 

(1) Of the whole of the human body. 

“. . . and leave thee naked and bare.” — Ezek. xvi. 39. 

S Of any portion of it: 

) In a general sense. [Barefoot, Bare¬ 
handed.] 

(b) Spec. Of the head: Wanting the covering of 
their heads; uncovered, as a token of respect or for 
ceremony’s sake. 

“ Though the Lords used to be covered while the Com¬ 
mons were bare, yet the Commons would not be bare 
before the Scottish commissioners ; and so none were 
covered.”— Clarendon. 

2. More loosely: Consisting of raw flesh. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of things material: 

(1) Of the body: Lean. (Jamieson.) 

(2) Of clothes: Threadbare. 

“You have an exchequer of words, and no other treasure 
for your followers; for it appears by their bare liveries, 
that they live by your bare words.”— Shalcesp.: Two Gen¬ 
tlemen of Verona, ii. 4. 

(3) Of trees or other plants: Destitute of leaves. 

“ The trees are bare and naked, which use both to cloath 
and house the kern.”— Spenser: Ireland. 

(4) Of a rock, sea-shore, or anything similar: With¬ 
out soil or verdure. 

“The booby lays her eggs on the bare rock, . . 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. i., p. 10. 


2. Of things immaterial, abstract; or in a more 
general sense: 

(1) Plain, simple, unadorned, without ornament. 

“ Yet was their manners then but bare and plain; 

For th’ antique world excess and pride did hate.” 

Spenser. 

(2) Detected; brought to light. 

“ These false pretexts and varnish’d colors failing; 
Bare in thy guilt, how foul thou must appear!” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes, 90. 

S Poor, indigent; empty. Used — 

) Of persons: 

“ Were it for the glory of God, that the clergy should be 
left as bare as the apostles, when they had neither staff 
nor scrip, God would, I hope, endue them with the self¬ 
same affection.”— Hooker. Pref. to Ecclesiastical Polity. 

(b) Of things: 

“ Even from a bare treasury, my success has been con¬ 
trary to that of Mr. Cowley.”— Dryden. 

(4.) Mere, unsupported or unaccompanied by any¬ 
thing else. 

“ Those who lent him money lent it on no security but 
his bare word.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

If Sometimes bare is succeeded by of placed be¬ 
fore that which is taken away. 

“ Making a law to reduce interest, will not raise the 
price of land; it will only leave the country barer of 
money.”— Locke. 

If To lay bare: To uncover anything. (Used lit¬ 
erally and figuratively.) 

(a) Literally: 

“ Therefore lay bare your bosom.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1. 

(b) Figuratively: 

“. . . and he lays bare his disappointment . . .” 
Times, November 5, 1875. 

Bare poles: The masts and yards of a ship when 
no sails are set. 

To run under bare poles: To run with no sails 
hoisted, as during storms. 

B. As substantive: 

f Sculpture: Those parts of an image which repre¬ 
sent the bare flesh. 

“ To make the visages and hands, and all other bares of 
all the said images in most quick and fair wise.”— Con¬ 
tract for the Monument of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of 
Warwick, in Blore’s Monumental Remains. 

If (a) Crabb thus distinguishes the adjectives 
bare, naked, and uncovered: “ Bare marks the con¬ 
dition of being without some necessary appendage; 
naked simply the absence of external covering; 
bare is therefore often substituted for naked, yet 
not vice versd —e. g., bare-headed or bare-footed; but 
a figure or the body is naked. Applied to other 
objects, bare indicates want in general; naked 
simply something external, wanting to the eye—e. g., 
bare walls, a bare house; naked fields, a naked 
appearance; bare in this sense is often followed by 
the object wanted ; naked is mostly employed as an 
adjunct— bare of leaves, a naked tree. Naked and 
uncovered strongly resemble each other; to be 
naked is in fact to have the body uncovered, but 
many things uncovered are not naked. Nothing is 
said to be naked but what in the nature of things, 
or according to the usages of man, ought to be 
covered.” 

(b) Bare, scanty, and destitute are thus discrimi¬ 
nated: “All these terms denote the absence or 
deprivation of some necessary. Bare and scanty 
have a relative sense; the former respects what 
serves for ourselves, the latter what is provided by 
others: a subsistence is bare, a supply is scanty. 
Bare is said of those things which belong to cor¬ 
poreal sustenance; destitute of one’s outward 
circumstances in general: bare of clothes or money; 
destitute of friends, resources, &c.” 

(c) The following is the distinction between bare 
and mere: “ Bare is used positively, mere nega¬ 
tively. The bare recital of some events brings 
tears ; the mere attendance at a place of worship is 
the smallest part of a Christian’s duty.” 

bare-handed, a. Having tln> hands, or one of 
them, bare. 

bare-toed, a. Having the toes bare. 

Bare-toed Day Owl: A name given by Macgilli- 
vray to an owl, Strix passerina, the Little Night 
Owl of Audubon and Selby, Syrnia psilodactyla of 
Macgillivray. [Nocttta.] 

bare-worn, a. Worn bare. (Goldsmith, Wor¬ 
cester, <£c.) 

bare, v. t. [Bare, a. & s.] To render bare. 
Used — 

I. Lit.: Of the human body or any part of it. 

“ Since thy triumph was brought by thy vow— 

Strike the bosom that’s bared for thee now.” 

Byron: Jephtha’s Daughter. 


II. Fig.: Of anything else capable of being de¬ 
nuded of its covering. Specially— 

1. Of material things: 

(a) Of a tree which has been divested of its leaves 
or branches, or of grass nipped or cut short. 

“ Lopped of their boughs, their hoar trunks bared, 

And by the hatchet rudely squared.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, l. 26. 

“There is a fabulous narration, that an herb groweth 
in the likeness of a lamb, and feedeth upon the grass in 
such sort as it will bare the grass round about.”— Bcwon: 
Natural History. 

(b) Of a weapon unsheathed. 

“ But thundering as he came prepared, 

With ready arm and weapon bared.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 8. 

(c) Of any other material thing divested of its 
covering. 

2. Of things immaterial or abstract: 

“ For Virtue, when I point the pen, 

Bare the mean heart that lurks beneath a star ; 

Can there be wanting to defend her cause, 

Lights of the church, or guardians of the laws ?” 

Pope. 

bare, V. One of the preterites of the verb to 
bear. 

“. . . the Levites, which bare the ark of the cove¬ 
nant of the Lord, . . .”— Deut. xxxi. 25. 

“ . . . the daughter of Aiah, whom she bare untft 
Saul, . . .”—2 Sam. xxi. 8. 
ba're-bone, s. [Eng. bare; bone.] A very lean 
erson, one who looks as if he had no flesh on his 
ones. 

“ Here comes lean Jack, here comes barebone: . . . 
how long is it ago, Jack, since thou sawest thy own knee?” 
— Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

IT Barebone's Parliament (Hist.): A derisive nick¬ 
name given to the first Parliament elected under the 
auspices of Oliver Cromwell. It was so called 
because it had as one of its members a Puritan 
leather-seller in Fleet street known as “ Praise God 
Barebone.” It was not a properly representative 
assembly. Cromwell having requested the several 
ministers of religion to send in the names of the 
most pious members of their several congregations, 
he selected from the lists forwarded to him 139 Eng¬ 
lishmen, six Welshmen, four Scotsmen and six 
Irishmen, and invited or summoned them to tha 
House or Commons. On the appointed day of 
meeting (July 4, 1653), a hundred and twenty of the 
selected members actually presented themselves. 
Five months subsequently, at the suggestion of 
Colonel Sydenham, they resigned their authority 
into the hands of Cromwell, who forthwith began 
to rule under the title of “His Highness the Lord 
Protector.” Barebone’s was sometimes called also 
the “Little Parliament.” Some of its measures 
were enlightened. It was economic of the public 
money; it desired the codification of English law, 
an aim unhappily not yet accomplished; and it 
provided for the registration of births, marriages, 
and deaths. 

ba're-boned, a. [Eng. bare; boned.] Having 
the bones covered with but little flesh. (Shake¬ 
speare.) 

bared, pa. par. & a. [Bare, «.] 
ba re-faced, a. [Eng. bare; faced.] 

1. Lit.: Having the face bare or uncovered. 

“Your French crowns have no hair at all, and then you 

will play barefaced.” — Shakesp.: Mid. Night’s Dream, i. 2. 

2. Fig.: With shameless boldness in doing what 
is evil, or avowing something which might have 
been expected to be concealed. 

“The animosities increased, and the parties appeared 
barefaced against each other.”— Clarendon. 

“ . . . barefaced robberies of private property, . . .” 
— Arnold: Hist. Rome, ch. xli. 

ba re-fa§-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. barefaced; -ly.] 

1. Lit.: With the face bare. 

2. Fig. fid a barefaced manner; with shameless 
boldness in doing an evil deed or avowing somo 
thing disreputable. 

“Though only some profligate wretches own it too bare, 
facedly, yet, perhaps, we should hear more, did not fear 
tie people’s tongues.”— Locke. 

ba re-fag-ed-ness, s. [Eng. barefaced; -ness.] 
The state or quality of being barefaced, either liter¬ 
ally or figuratively. 

ba re-fit, a. [From Scotch bare, and ,/it=Eng. 
foot.] Barefooted. (Scotch.) 

“ . . . its nae mair ferlie to see a woman greet than 
to see a goose going barefit.” — Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxvii. 

ba re-foot, a. & adv. [Eng. bare, and foot.] Not 
having boots, shoes, or stockings; barefooted. 

A. As adjective: 

“. . . Lochiel took off what probably was the only 
pair of shoes in his clan, and charged barefoot at the head 
of his men.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

“That barefoot plod I the cold ground upon.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, iii. 4. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 0 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, ffill; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





barefooted 


385 


barge-laden 


E. As adverb: Without boots, shoes, or stockings 
on the feet. 

ba re-fdot-ed, a. [En g. bare; footed.'] Without 
boots, shoes, or stockings on the feet. 

1. Literally: 

“I know a lady in Venice, who would have walked bare¬ 
footed to Palestine, for a touch of his nether lip.”— 
Shakesp.: Othello, iv. 3. 

2. Figuratively: 

“ Thus did that poor soul wander in want and cheerless 
discomfort, 

Bleeding, barefooted, over the shards and thorns of 
existence.”— Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 1. 

bar'-ege, s. [From Barbges, a town in the 
Pyrenees.] A lady’s thin dress goods, all wool. 
{Knight.) 

bare-gnawn (g silent), adj. [Eng. bare: gnawn. ] 
Gnawn or eaten bare; gnawn or eaten till no more 
flesh remains on the bones. 

“Know my name is lost, 

By treason’s tooth bare-gnawn and cankerbit.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3. 

ba re-head-ed, a. [Eng. bare; headed.) Having 
the head uncovered. 

“Buchan escaped bare-headed, and without his sword. 
Cannon ran away in his shirt.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xvi. 

bare-head -ed-ness, s. [Eng. bareheaded; -ness.] 
The state or quality of being bareheaded ; the state 
of having the head uncovered. 

“Bare-headedness was in Corinth, as also in all Greece 
and Borne, a token of honor and superiority; and cover¬ 
ing the head, a token of subjection.”— Bp. Hall: Rem., 
p. 237. 

*bar-eigne (eigne as en),*bar -eine, *bar-rein, 

adj. Various old spellings of Barren. 

*bar'-§l, s. [Barrel.] 

bare-legged, a. [Eng. bare; legged .] Having 
the legs bare. 

“ He riseth out of his bed in his shirt, barefoot and 
bare-legged, to see whether it be so; with a dark lantern 
searching every corner.”— Burton: Anatomy of Melan¬ 
choly, p. 116. 

ba're-ly, adv. [Eng. bare; -ly. ] 

I. Literally: Nakedly. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Poorly. 

2. Without decoration. 

3. Merely; only; without anything more. 

“ Where the balance of trade barely pays for commodi¬ 
ties with commodities, there money must be sent, or else 
the debts cannot be paid.”— Locke. 

4. Hardly; scarcely. 

“So again the two main divisions of cirri pedes, the 
pedunculated and sessile, which differ widely in external 
appearance, have larvas in all their several stages barely 
distinguishable.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. xiii. 

ba re-necked, a. [Eng. bare, and necked.'] Hav¬ 
ing the neck bare {lit. & fig.). 

ba re-ness, s. [Eng. bare; -ness.] 

I. Literally: Nakedness of the body or any por¬ 
tion of it. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Threadbareness or meanness of clothing. 

2. Leanness. 

“ . . . but when you have our roses 

You barely leave our thorns to prick ourselves, 

And mock us with our bareness 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, iv. 2. 

3. Poverty. 

“ Were it stripped of its privileges, and made as like 
the primitive church for its bareness as its purity, it 
could legally want all such privileges.”— South. 

4. Absence of vegetation and warmth; nakedness. 
{Lit. &fig.) 

“How like a winter hath my absence been 

From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year ! 
What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen ! 
What old December’s bareness everywhere.” 

Shakesp.Sonnets, 97. 

bare-picked, a. [Eng. bare; picked.') Picked 
bare ; picked to the bone. 

“Now, for the bare-pick’d bone of majesty, 

Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest, 

And snarleth in the gentle eyes of peace.” 

Shakesp. : King John, iv. 3. 

ba re-ribbed, adj. [Eng. bare; ribbed.'] Having 
the ribs bare in the sense of possessing but little 
flesh upon them. 

“ . . . in his forehead sits 
A bare-ribb’d death, whose office is this day 
To feast upon whole thousands of the French.” 

Shakesp.: King John, v. 2. 

*bar'-et (1), *bar'-ette, s. [Bakrat.] 

*bar-eyn, a. [Barren.] 


bar'-ful, tbarr -ful, a. [En g. bar;-ful.'] Full 
of obstructions. 

“ A barful strife ! 

Whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, i. 4. 

bar-gain, *bar-gane, *ber-gg.ne, v. t. & i. 
[Fr. bargaigner= to bargain, haggle, boggle, waver, 
hesitate; O. Fr. bargaigner, barguiner, barginer, 
bargaigner, bargeigner: Prov. & Port, barganhar; 
Ital. bargagnare; Low hat. bareaniare=to traffic; 
from barca= a bark. (Bark.) Compare also with 
O. Sw. bceria, bcerja = to contend; Icel. berja— to 
strike; berjast= to strive.] (O. Eng. <& Scotch.) 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To fight, to contend. (0. Scotch.) 

“ Wallace said, Nay, or that ilk tyme be went, 

War all the men hyn till [the] orient, 

In till a will with Eduuard, quha had sworn, 

We sail bargane be ix. houris to morn.” 

Wallace, x. 516, MS. {Jamieson.) 

2. To make a contract, agreement, or formal stip¬ 
ulation for the purchase or sale of anything; to 
agree. (In general it has after it for, which is pre¬ 
fixed to the thing purchased or sold.) 

“ So worthless peasants bargain for their wives, 

As market-men for oxen, sheep or horse.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., v. 5. 

B. Intrans.: To transfer to another in conse¬ 
quence of a bargain. 

bar'-gain, *bar'-gan, *bar -gane, *ber'-gane, 

s. [0. Fr. bargaine. bargagne, bargaigne; Prov. 
bargan, barganha; Port, barganha; Ital. bargagno. 
Compare also Icel. bardaga= battle.] [Bargain, v.} 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Originally: Contention, strife, quarreling. 
(0. Eng. & Scotch.) 

“This is the strike, eke th’ affraie, 

And the battel that lasteth aie. 

This bargaine may never take, 

But that if she thy pece will make.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 2,551. 

“ Thare was ane hidduous battal for to sene 
As thare nane uthir bargane are had bene.” 

Douglas: Mneid, bk. ii. (S. in Boucher.) 

II. Subsequently: 

1. Generally: 

(1) An agreement, stipulation, or contract between 
two parties, the one of whom engages to part with 
certain property for a specified price, and the other 
to give that price for it, and accept the property as 
his own. In important bargains, or public treaties 
among the ancient Romans, a swine was sacrificed, 
the person who gave it the death-blow formally 
expressing the wish that Jupiter might similarly 
strike or smite the Roman people if they were 
unfaithful to their stipulations (see Livy , i. 24). 
From this, perhaps, came the phrase still common, 
“to strike a bargain,” meaning simply to make a 
bargain with due formalities. Or there may be a 
reference to the striking hands mentioned in Prov. 
xxii. 26; vi. 1; also xi. 15 (margin). 

“A bargain was struck; a sixpence was broken; and all 
the arrangements were made for the voyage.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

Into the bargain: In addition, beyond what was 
stipulated for or expected. 

“ Give me but my price for the other two, and you shall 
even have that into the bargain.” — VEstrange. 

“He who is at the charge of a tutor at home, may give 
his son a more genteel carriage, with greater learning 
into the bargain, than any at school can do.”— Locke. 

(2) Mercenariness ; interested stipulation. 

“ There was a difference between courtesies received 
from their master and the duke; for that the duke’s might 
have ends of utility and bargain, whereas their master’s 
could not.”— Bacon. 

2. Specially: 

(1) Lit. In a fcvorable sense: An article pur¬ 
chased a* an advantageous rate. 

“As to bargains, few of them seem to be excellent, 
because they all terminate into one single point.”— Swift. 

f 2) Figuratively: 

(a) Chiefly in an unfavorable sense: An event 
affecting one’s destiny or interests. 

“ I am sorry for thy misfortune; however, we must make 
the best of a bad bargain.” — Airbuthnot: History of John 
Bull. 

{b) An indelicate repartee. 

“ Where sold he bargains, whipstitch ?”— Dryden. 

B. Law. Bargain and sale: A kind of convey¬ 
ance introduced by the “ Statute of Uses.” It is a 
kind of real contract in which the.“ bargainor ’ ’ for 
some pecuniary transaction bargains and sells, that 
is, contracts to convey, the land of the “bargainee,” 
and becomes by such bargain a trustee for, or seized 
to the use of, the bargainee. The Statute of Uses 
completes the purchase; in other words, the bar¬ 
gain first vests the use, and then the statute vests 
the possession. (See Blackstone’s Comment., bk. ii., 
ch. 20.) 


bar -gain-ee, s. [Eng. bargain; -ee.] 

Law: A person with whom a bargain is made; 
the correlative term to bargainor. One who accepts 
a bargain ; one who agrees to accept the property 
about which a bargain has been made. 

“ A lease, or rather bargain and sale, upon some pecun¬ 
iary consideration, for one year, is made by the tenant 
of the freehold to the lessee or bargainee — Blackstone: 
Comment ., bk. ii., ch. 20. 

bar'-gam-er, *bar'-gan-er, s. [Eng. bargain; 
-er.] 

*1. {Chiefly of the form barganer) : A fighter, a 
bully. (0. Eng. c& Scotch.) 

“ Than Yre com on with sturt and stryfe: 

His hand wes ay upoun his knyfe, 

He brandeist lyke a beir, 

Bostaris, braggaris, and barganeris, 

Eftir him passit into pairis, 

All bodin in feir of weir.” 

Dunbar: Bannatyne Poems, p. 28, st. 4. 

2. {Chiefly of the form bargainer) : A person who 
bargains with another or others. [Bargainor.] 

“ See, if money is paid by one of the bargainers, if that 
be not good also.”— Clayton: Reports of Pleas (1651), 
p. 145. 

bar’-galn-mg, *bar-g?tn-yhg > pr. par., a. & s. 
[Bargain, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle <& adjective: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of fighting. 

“ This Eneas, wyth hydduous barganyng, 

In Itale thrawart pepill sail doun thring.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 21, 9. 

2. The act of making or attempting to make a 
bargain. 

bar'-gain-or, s. [Eng. bargain; -or.) 

In Law: One who bargains, stipulates, agrees, or 
contracts to transfer property, for a certain pecun¬ 
iary or other consideration, to another person 
called the bargainee. 

“ ... & kind of real contract, whereby the bar¬ 
gainor, for some pecuniary consideration, bargains and 
sells, that is, contracts to convey, the land to the bar¬ 
gainee.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 20. 
*bar'-gan, *bar'-gane, s. [Bargain.] 
bar-gan'-der, s. [According to Dr. Turner, from 
Eng., &c., berg , and Eng. gander; berg referring to 
the fact that the bird sometimes builds in rocks, 
but it does not often do so. More probably from 
Eng. bar and gander, the species so designated 
frequenting sandy bars, as well as flat shores and 
links.] One of the English names of a duck, the 
Sheldrake. 

*bar’-gane, v. t. [Bargain, v. t.\ 
*bar'-gan-yhg, pr. par., a. & s. [Bargaining.] 
*bar'-ga-ret, *bar’-ga-rete, s. [From Fr. ber- 
gerette= a shepherd-girl.] A kind of dance, with a 
song, supposed to have been popular among shep¬ 
herds. 

“. . . tho’ began anon, 

A lady for tesing, right womanly, 

A bargaret in praising the daisie.” 

Chaucer: Floure and Leafe. 

*bar'-gast, s. [Baeghaist.] 

barge (l),s. [In Dut. bargie; Fr. barge= a hay¬ 
stack, a flat-bottomed boat for pleasure or burden, 
a pile of faggots; berae=a beach, a steep bank, a 
shoal, a bank, a small boat; O. Fr. barge; Prov. 
barca, barga; Sp., Port., & Ital. barca; Low Lat. 
barga. Bark and barge were originally the same 
word.] [Bark.] 

1. A sea-commander’s boat. 

“ It was consulted, when 1 had taken my barge and gone 
ashore, that my ship should have set sail and left me.”— 

Raleigh. 

2. A pleasure-boat. A boat fitted up with aH nec¬ 
essary equipments for comfort, festivity, and show. 
The barge in olden times served the purposes of our 
modern steam-yacht. 

“ They were put on board of a state barge, . . 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

3. A boat used on rivers for the conveyance of 
goods. 

“ . , . getting into the large punts or barges, which 

were ordinarily used for ferrying men and cattle across 
the harbor, . . .”— Arnold: Hist. Rome, ch. xxi. 

“ By the margin, willow-veiled, 

Slide the heavy barges trailed.” 

Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott. 

barge-laden, a. Laden with barges. 

“ The Nen’s barge-laden wave.” 

Cowper: Bill of Mortality, A. D. 1787. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, del. 

25 




386 


bark 


barge 


barge (2), s. & a. [Corrupted from verge (q. v.).] 
barge-board, s. 

In Architecture: A 
projecting board usually 
placed at the gable end 
of a building, and con¬ 
cealing the horizontal 
timbers, laths, and tiles 
of the roof. It serves as 
protection against driv¬ 
ing rain, and is generally 
perforated or scalloped 
to give it an ornamental 
appearance, 
barge-couples, s. pi. 



Barge-board. 


Arch.: Two beams mortised into each other to 
strengthen a building. 


barge-course, s. 

Arch.: A part of the tiling projecting beyond the 
principal rafters in buildings where there is a gable. 

bar-£e e, s. [Eng. barge.] A man who manages 
a barge. [Barger.] 
bar -geist, s. [Barghaist.] 
barge -mau, s. [Eng. barge; man.] A man who 
manages a barge. [Bargee.] 

“He knew that others, like sly bargemen, looked that 
way when their stroke was bent another way.”— Lord 
Northampton: Proceed, against Garnet, Sign. N. 

“ And backward yode, as bargemen wont to fare.” 

Spenser: F. Q-, VII. vii. 35. 

barg'e-mas-ter, s. [Eng. barge; master.] The 
master of a barge. 

“There is in law an implied contract with a common 
carrier, or bargemaster, to be answerable for the goods he 
carries.”— Blackstone. 

bar -ger, s. [Eng. barg(e); -er.] One who man¬ 
ages a barge. [Bargee.] 

“ . . . who again, like the Campellians in the north, 
and the London bargers, forslow not to baigne them.”— 
Carsw: Survey of Cornwall. 

ba-rid'-i-us, s. [From Gr. 6 arts=an Egyptian 
boat, a kind of flat boat; eidos= . . . form, 
appearance.] A genus of beetles belonging to the 
family Curculionidre, or Weevils. The species are 
generally small cylindrical insects, black, and cov¬ 
ered with a whitish down. They feed on aquatic 
plants. 

bg,-rH'-l 3 ., s. [In Fr. barille; Sp. barilla.] The 
ash of sea-weeds and plants, as Salsola soda, which 
grow on the sea-side. It is prepared on the coast 
of Spain, and was formerly the chief source of 
sodium carbonate. ( Brande .) 

barilla de CObre (copper barilla). The com¬ 
mercial name for native copper brought from 
Bolivia. [Copper.] 

bar -Is, s. [From Gr. baris—a row boat. Probably 
in allusion to their shape.] [Baridius.] A genus 
of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidee. 
The species feed upon the dead parts of trees. 
Baris lignarius preys both jn the larva and the per¬ 
fect state on the elm. 

b<j.-rr-t 3 L, s. [From Gr. 6 arys=heavy.] A genus 
of birds, placed by Cuvier among the Laniadee 
(Shrikes), but transferred by Vigors to that of Cor¬ 
vidae (Crows). The birds belonging to it are called 
by Buflon Cassicans. They are found in Australia 
and New Guinea. Barita tibicen is the Piping Crow 
of New South Wales. 

bar -Ite, bar'-yt, bar'-yte, b^-ry'-tlne, bu-ry- 
tlte. ba-ry -tes, s. [ Barite is from Gr. barys= 
heavy ; barytes from Gr. 6 aryfes=weight, heaviness; 
baryt, barytine and barytite from the same subst., 
the last two with suffixes -ine and -ite respectively. 
In Ger. baryt: Fr. baryte.] [Barium, Baryta.] 
A mineral, called also Baroselenite, Sulphate of 
Baryta, Heavy Spar, and by the Derbyshire miners 
Cauk, Calk, or Cawk. It is placed by Dana in his 
Celestite group. It is orthorhombic, and has 
usually tabular crystals, or is globular, fibrous, 
lamellar, or granular. Its hardness is 2‘5—3'5; sp. 
gr. as much as 4'3—4 - 72, whence the name Heavy 
Spar; its luster vitreous or slightly resinous; its 
color white, yellowish, grayish, black, reddish or 
dark brown. It is sometimes transparent, some¬ 
times almost opaque. When rubbed it is occasion¬ 
ally fetid. Its composition is: Sulphuric acid, 34’3; 
baryta (monoxide of barium), 65'7=:1(X), whence the 
name Sulphate of Baryta. It is found as part of 
the gangue of metallic ores in veins in secondary 
limestones, <fcc. It is found in this country and on 
the continent of Europe. 

Dana thus subdivides Kaiite: Variety 1. (a) 

Ordinary, (b) created, (c) columnar, (d) concretion¬ 
ary, (e) lamellar, (f) granular, (gr) compact or 
cryptocrystalline, (h) earthy, (i) stalactitic and 
stalagmitic. Bologna stone is included under (d). 
[Bologna Stone.] 2. Fetid. 3. Allomorphite. 4. 
Calcareobarite. 5. Celestobarite. 6 . Calstron- 
barite. 

It is found altered into calcite, spathic iron, and 
fi variety of other minerals. 


bar'-i-tone, bar-l-to -no, s. [See Barytone.] 
bar'-I-um, s. [In Ger. barym, from Gr. barys— 
heavy. It is so named from the great specific 
gravity of the native carbonate and sulphate.] 
Chem.: A dyad metallic element; symb. Ba; 
atomic weight, 137. Barium is prepared by the 
decomposition of barium chloride, BaCls, by the 
electric current, or by the vapor of potassium. It is 
a white malleable metal, which melts at red heat, 
decomposes water, and oxidizes in the air. Barium 
occurs in nature as barium carbonate and sulphate. 
Its salts are prepared by dissolving the carbonate 
in acids, or by roasting the native sulphate of 
barium with one-third of its weight of coal, which 
converts it into barium sulphide, BaS; this is 
decomposed by hydrochloric or nitric acid, accord¬ 
ing as a chloride or nitrate of barium is required. 
All soluble salts of barium are very poisonous; the 
best antidotes are alkaline sulphates. The salts of 
barium are employed as re-agents in the laboratory, 
and in the manufacture of fireworks to produce a 
green light. Barium is precipitated as a carbonate, 
fiaCC> 3 , along with carbonates of strontium and 
calcium, by ammonia carbonate. [See Analysis.] 
Barium can be separated by dissolving the carbon¬ 
ates in acetic acid, and adding potassium chromate, 
which gives a yellow precipitate of the insoluble 
barium chromate. Barium salts give an immediate 
white precipitate on the addition of calcium sul¬ 
phate, an insoluble precipitate with 4HF.SiFi 
(hydrofluosilicic acid), and a white precipitate 
insoluble in acids with sulphuric acid or with 
soluble sulphates; this precipitate is not black¬ 
ened by H 2 S. Barium chloride gives a green color 
to the flame of alcohol, and the spectrum of barium 
salts contains a number of characteristic green 
lines. 

barium carbonate. 

1. Chem.: A heavy white powder obtained by pre¬ 
cipitating barium chloride or nitrate with an alka¬ 
line carbonate. It is nearly insoluble in water. 
Formula, BaC 03 . 

2. Min.: A mineral, called also Witherite (q. v.). 
barium chloride, BaCl 2 . A colorless trans¬ 
parent salt, crystallizing with two molecules of 
water in flat four-sided tables. A saturated solu¬ 
tion boils at 104"5°, and contains 78 parts of the salt 
dissolved in 100 parts of water. 

barium dioxide, Ba 02 , is obtained by gently 
heating baryta in a current of oxygen gas. It is a 
gray powder, which when heated to a higher tem¬ 
perature gives off oxygen gas, and is re-converted 
into baryta. 

barium monoxide (or baryta, BaO). A gray 
porous mass obtained by heating barium nitrate; 
it forms a hydrate with water (barium hydrate), 
producing crystals, BaH 202 . 8 H 20 , which dissolve 
in twenty parts of_ cold and two of boiling water, 
forming an alkaline salt, which rapidly absorbs 
CO 2 from the air, barium carbonate being precipi¬ 
tated. Barium hydrate can also be obtained by 
decomposing barium chloride in caustic soda. 

barium nitrate, Ba(N 0 3 ) 9 . It crystallizes in 
anhydrous transparent colorless octohedra; they 
dissolve in eight parts of cold and three parts of 
boiling water; it is much less soluble in dilute 
acids. 

barium sulphate. 

1 . Chem.: BaS 04 , obtained by adding sulphuric 
acid or a soluble sulphate to a solution of a 
barium salt. It is a white heavy powder, insoluble 
in water or dilute acids. It is used, under the 
name of blancfixe, as a substitute for white lead in 
the manufacture of oil paints. 

2. Min.: A mineral (sp. gr. 4 - 5) called also Heavy 
Spar or Barite (q. v.). The powdered mineral is too 
crystalline to be used as a white paint. 

barium sulphato-carbonate. A mineral, a 
variety of Witherite. * 

barium sulphide, BaS, is obtained by roasting 
BaSO* with charcoal. It decomposes by exposure 
to the air; boiled with sulphur, it yields higher 
sulphides. Barium sulphide is phosphorescent, 
and has been used to render the dials of clocks 
luminous in the dark. 

bark (1), s. [From bark, v. (q. v.).] The peculiar 
utterance of a dog. (HamiltonSmith.) 

bark (2), s. [In Sw. & Dan. 6 arfc=bark, rind; 
Icel. bOrkr; Ger. borke.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Generally: 

(a) The rind or outer sheath enveloping a tree. 
[B. 1.] 

“ Trees last according to the strength and quantity 
of their sap and juice, being well munited by their bark 
against the injuries of the air.”— Bacon: Nat. History. 

(b ) A tree itself. (Poet.) 

“ And rugged barlcs begin to bud.”— Tennyson. 

2. Spec.: Peruvian bark. [B. 2.] 


B. Technically: 

1. Bot.: The outer sheath enveloping the stem in 
an exogenous plant, and protecting the wood, 
while the latter is young and tender, from injury 
by cold or by external violence. It also prepares 
the proper juices of the plant, which have descended 
from the leaves, for being transmitted through the 
medullary rays to the wood. Bark consists of four 
parts: (1) the epidermis constituting its outer skin; 
?21 the epiphlceum, phloeum or peridermis within it; 
(3)the mesophlcBum or cellular integument; and (4) 
the innermost of all, called endophlceum or liber. 
[See these terms.] 

2. Medicine. Spec.: Peruvian bark, formerly 
administered, instead of its product, quinine, in 
intermittent fevers. [Jesuit’s Bark.] 

3. Tanning: The epidermis of the oak, used in 
the preparation of leather. 

4. Fishing: The epidermis of the birch, used by 
fishermen f or preserving their nets. 

bark-bared, a. Bared or stripped of bark. 

“ Excorticated and bark-bared trees . . .”— Mortimer. 

bark-bed, s. 

Hortic.: A bed formed beneath by bark from a 
tannery; a bark-stove. 

bark-bound, a. Bound by means of the bark; 
having the bark so firmly set as to constitute a 
restraint upon growth. In such cases relief is gen¬ 
erally afforded by slitting the bark. 

bark-feeder, s. An animal, and specially an 
insect, feeding upon bark. 

“When we see leaf-eating insects green, and bark- 
feeders mottled-gray . . .”— Darwin: Origin of Species, 
ch. iv. 

bark-galled, a. Having the bark galled as with 
thorns. The binding on of clay will remove this 
disease. 

bark-louse, s. 

Entom.: A kind of Aphis infesting the bark of 
trees. 

bark-paper, s. Paper manufactured from bark. 

bark-pit, s. A pit with bark, &c.; water into 
which hides are plunged that they may be tanned. 

bark-stove, s. 

Hortic.: The same as Bark-bed (q. v.). 

bark (3), barque (que as k) s. [In Dan. & Ger. 
barke= a bark, a lighter; Dut. bark—a. bark, boat, 
or barge: barkasse=a long boat; Sw. barkass=a 
long boat; Fr. barque= a bark, a small ship, a 
craft, a large boat; Prov., Sp., Port., & Ital. barca; 
Low. Lat. barca, barcha, barga: Ir. bare ; Russ. 
barka. Mahn compares also with Walach. barcS; 
Icel. 6ar7ir=skiff, barki— prow; Class. Lat. baris; 
Gr. baris—a small and fiat Egyptian row-boat; 
Copt, bare—a small boat; barake— a cart, a boat.1 
[Barge.] j 

I. Ch'd. Lang. (spec, in Poetry): Any small ves¬ 
sel. (Lit. dbfig.) 

“The Duke of Parma must have flown, if he would 
have come into England; for he could neither get bark 
nor mariner to put to sea.”— Bacon: On the War with 
Spain. 

“Who to a woman trusts his peace of mind,J 
Trusts a frail bark with a tempestuous wind.” 

Glanville. 

II. Nautical: 

1. A three-masted vessel, with her fore and main 
masts rigged like those of a ship, and her mizzen 
like the mainmast of a schooner, with a spanker 
and gaff-topsail. 



Bark. 


2. Among coal-traders: A broad-stemed ship, 
which bears no ornamental figure on the stem or 
prow 

bark (1), v. i. [A. S. beorcan. In Sw. barka.] 

1. To emit the sound which dogs do when they 
menace any other animal or man, or are following 
prey. (Followed by the preposition at.) 

“ Why do your dogs bark so ? be there bears i’ th' 
town ?”—Shakes j). ■ Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 1. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw.* 






387 


Barlow lens 


bark 


2. To clamor loudly against a person, an institu¬ 
tion, &c. 

“ Vile is the vengeance on the ashes cold, 

And envy base, to bark at sleeping tame.” 

Spenser: F. Q. 

bark (2), v. t. [From bark (2), s. In Sw. barka , 
Dan. barke— to tan.] 

1. To strip the bark from a tree, especially for 
tanning purposes. ( Eng. & Scotch.) 

“ The severest penalties ought to be put upon barking 
any tree that is not felled.”— Temple. 

(See also example under Bakked.) 

2. To cover with bark. 

tbark'-an-tine, barqu’-an-tine (qu as k), s- 
[Comp. Sp. 6err/cmfm=brigantine.] [Brigantine.] 
A three-masted vessel. 

*bark -ar-y, s. [Eng. bark; -ary.] A tan-house. 
(.Jacobs.) 

barked (Eng.), bark'-it (Scotch), pa. par. & a. 
[Bark (2), v.] 

“ He’ll glowr at an auld warld barkit aik snag as if it 
were a queez-maddam in full bearing.”— Scott: Rob Roy, 
ch. xxi. 

bark'-en, V. i. [Eng. bark; - en .] To form a 
“bark;” to become hard or indurated ; to become 
covered with some hard or compact substance. 

“ The best way is to let the blood barken upon the cut— 
that saves plasters.”— Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xxiii. 
bark -er (1), s. [Eng. bark (1), and suff. - er .] 

I. Lit.; A dog emitting the characteristic sound 
of its voice. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. One who clamors loudly against a person, an 
institution, &c. 

“ The other Spanish barker, raging and foaming, was 
almost out of his wits.”— Foxe: Acts and Mon.; Lije of 
Archbishop Cranmer. 

“But they are rather enemies of my fame than me, 
these barkers.’’ — Ben Jonson. 

2. In London: A tout who, standing at the door 
of an auction-room or shop, invites passers-by to 
enter. 

bark -er (2), s. [Eng. bark (2),s., and suff. -er.] 

1. One who strips the bark from a tree. (Kersey.) 

2. One who, whether he does this or not, uses 
bark thus obtained in tanning; a tanner. 

“ I am a barker, sir, by my trade; 

Nowe telle me what art thou 1” 

K. Edw. IV. and the Tanner of Tamworth. 

Percy Reliques, ii. 85. (Boucher.) 
Barker’s mill, s . [Mill.] 
bark’-er-jf, *bark-ar-jf, s. [Eng. bark; -ery, 
•ary.) A tan-house. (Jacobs, Booth, dkc.) 
bark'-hau-si-a, s. [Borkhausia.] 

•bark’-ing (1), pr. par., a. & s. [Bark (1), v .] 

I. & II. As pr. par. db participial adj. : In senses 
corresponding to that of the verb. 

“. . . that barking dog of whom mention was made 
before.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

Barking and fleeing: Spending one’s property in 
a prodigal way, and believed to be on the eve of 
bankruptcy. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

III. As substantive: 

1. The emission of the sound which constitutes a 
dog’s voice. 

2. The sound thus emitted. 

“. . . and anon the lowing of cattle 
Came on the evening breeze; by the barking of dogs 
interrupted.”— Longfellow: Evangeline, i. 5. 
barking-bird, s. A bird—the Pteroptochos Tarnu 
—found in the islands of Chiloe and Chonos off the 
west coast of Patagonia. It is called by the natives 
“Guid-guid.” Its voice is like the yelping of a 
small dog, whence its English name. (See Darwin’s 
Journal of Voyage round the World, ch. xiii., p. 288.) 
bark’-Ing (2 ),pr.par.& a. [Bark (2), u.] 
barking-irons, s. pi. Iron instruments used for 
stripping the bark off trees. 

bark -less, a. [Eng. bark; -less.] Without a 
bark. (Drayton.) 

bark'-jf, a. [Eng. 6arfc=the rind of a tree, and 
suffix -y] Consisting of bark; possessing or con¬ 
taining bark; looking like or resembling bark. 

“ . . . the female ivy so 
Enrings the barky fingers of the elm.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, iv. 1. 

*bar'-lep, *bar’-ley-lepe, s. [A. S. here, bcerlic 
=barley, and leap- basket.] A basket for keeping 
barley in. 

“ Barleylepe, to kepe yn corne (Barlep.) Cumera.” 

M. S. Harl. 221. (S. in Boucher.) 

bar-le r-I-a, s - [Named after Rev. James 
Barrelier, M. D., a Dominican traveler and writer.] 
A genus of plants, order Acanthace® ; tribe or sec¬ 
tion, Echmatacanthi; family, Barleridese. Various 
species are found in India, armed or unarmed, 
shrubby or herbaceous, with yellow, pink, blue, or 
white flowers. 


bar-ler-id -e-se, s. pi. [Barleria.] A family of 
plants belonging to the order Acanthaceae, and the 
tribe or section Echmatacanthi; type, Barleria. 

bar -ley (1), *bar-l$r, *bar -li, *bar -liche, 
*bar’-lich, *bar-lie, *bar -llg, *bS3r -lle (0. 
Eng.), *bar'-la (0. Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. bere, 
bcerlic—hurley (Bere) ; Wei. barlys (from bara— 
bread, and llye —a plant)=corn, barley.] 

A. As substantive: The seeds or grains of various 
species and varieties of the genus Hordeum. That 
most commonly in cultivation is Hordeum vul- 
gare, spring or two-rowed barley, especially the 
rath-ripe and Tlianet sorts. H. hexastichon (i. e., 
with the seeds growing in six rows) is the bear or 
bigg barley. H. distichon, two-rowed or common 
barley, is preferred for malting, which is one of the 
chief purposes for which barley is cultivated. 
[Malt.] H. zeocriton, or sprat-barley, is more rare. 
Perhaps the four so-called species now enumerated 
may be only varieties of one plant. Barley is the 
hardiest of all the cereals, and was originally a 
native of Asia, but it is now cultivated all over the 
world, even as far north as Lapland. In ancient 
times it was largely used as an article of food, but 
the greater proportion of the barley now grown is 
used in the preparation of malt and spirits. For 
culinary purposes it is sold in two forms, Scotch or 
pot barley, and pearl barley, the former being the 
grain partially deprived of its husk ; the latter, by 
longer and closer grinding, being rounded and hav¬ 
ing the entire husk removed. 

Bread made from barley-meal is darker in color 
and less nutritious than that made from wheat flour; 
but it is cheaper and more easily digested. One 
pound of barley-meal contains one ounce of flesh- 
formers and fourteen ounces of heat-givers. 

Barley-meal is sometimes adulterated with oat- 
husks, and is itself used to adulterate oatmeal, and 
occasionally wheat-flour; but these admixtures are 
readily detected by the microscope. 

“ . . . bcerlic.” — Sax. Chron., An. 1124. 

“Ich bouhte hure barliche.” — Piers Plowman. (S. in 
Boucher.) 

If In Scripture “barley,” Heb. seorah, Sept. Gr. 
krithe, seems properly translated. The Hebrew 
term is from sderah=haiT, from saar= to be bristly ; 
referring to the long awns of the barley. 

B. As adjective: Consisting of barley, or in any 
other way connected with barley. (See the com¬ 
pounds which follow.) 

barley-bird, s. A name for a bird—the Wryneck 
(Yunx torquilla). 

tbarley-box, s. A small box of a cylindrical form 
called also barrel-box, made as a toy for children. 

barley-bread, barley bread, s. 

“. . . Lo, acakeof barley-bread . . .” — Judg. vii. 13. 

barley-break, barley-brake, barli-break, 
barli-breake, barly-break, barly-breake, (0. 
Eng.), barla-breikis,barla-bracks (0. Scotch), s. 

A game once common, as shown by the frequency 
with whicli it was alluded to by the old poets. It 
was played by six young people, three of either sex, 
formed into couples, a young man and a young 
woman in each, it being decided by lot which indi¬ 
viduals were to be paired together. A piece of 
ground was then divided into three spaces, of which 
the central one was profanely termed “ Hell.” This 
was assigned to a couple as their appropriate place. 
The couples who occupied the other spaces then 
advanced as near as they dared to the central one to 
tempt the doomed pair, who, with one of their hands 
locked in that of their partner, endeavored with the 
other to grasp them and draw them into the central 
space. If they succeeded, then they were allowed 
themselves to emerge from it, the couple caught 
taking their places. That the game might not be 
too speedily finished, leave was given to the couple 
in danger of being taken to break hands and indi¬ 
vidually try to escape, while no such liberty was 
accorded to those attempting to seize them. Though 
the name does not occur in the subjoined lines, the 
game which they describe is that of barley-break. 

“Then couples three be straight allotted there. 

They of both ends the middle two do fly; 

The two that in mid place Hell called were, 

Must strive, with waiting foot and watching eye, 
To catch of them, and them to Hell to bear, 

That they, as well as they, Hell may supply.” 

Sir Philip Sydney: Arcadia, i. 153. 

If Most authorities consider barley-break identi¬ 
cal with base, 3 (q. v.). Boucher regards it as 
identical with a game called in Cheshire a round, 
and in Douglas ring-dancer and roundels: but the 
resemblance is far from being close. (Boucher, 
Nares,Gifford, etc.) 

“At barley-break they play 
Merrily all the day.” 

The Muses’ Elysium (Drayton), iv. 1,471. (Boucher.) 

“. . . and with a lass 
And give her a new garment on the grass, 

After a course of barley-break or base.” 

Ben Jonson: Sad Shepherd, v. 109. 

“He is at barli-break, and the last couple are now in 
Hell.” The Virgin Martyr, v. 1. 


barley-bree, barley-brie, s. Liquor distilled! 

from barley. (Scotch.) 

“ How easy can the barley-bree 

Cement the quarrel !” 

Bums: Scotch Drink. 

barley-broth, s. 

1. Broth made with barley. 
f2. A cant term for strong beer. 

“ Can sodden water, 

A drench for sur-reyn’d jades, their barley-broth. 
Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat f” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iii. 5. 

barley-cake, barley cake, s. A cake made ol 
barley-meal. 


“And thou shalt eat it as barley-cakes — Ezek. iv. 12. 


barley-corn, s. A “ corn,” or single grain of 
barley. 

In Measures: The third part of an inch in length, 
“A long, long journey, choak’d with brakes and thorns, 
Ill-measured by ten thousand barley-corns.” — Tickell. 


barley-flour, s. Flour made by grinding barley. 
It is used in Scotland for making a breakfast-bread, 
eaten hot with butter and honey or cream and 
sugar. 


barley-harvest, barley harvest, s. A harvest 

for barley and that portion of the general harvest 
of which the chief feature is the reaping of barley. 
In Palestine the barley-harvest is gathered in chiefly 
in April, and in various parts of the United States 
according to the season. • 

“. . . in the beginning of barley-harvest.”—2 Sam. 
xxi. 9. 


barley-loaf (plur. barley-loaves), s. 

“There is a lad here which hath five barley-loaves and 
two small fishes .”—John vi. 9. 

barley-meal, s. Meal made of barley. 

“ . . . the tenth part of an ephah of barley-meal. — 
Numb. v. 15. 


barley-mill, s. A mill for making pot and pearl 
barley. 

barley-mow, s. A heap of barley; a place where 
barley is stowed away. [Mow.] 

“ Whenever by yon barley-mow I pass, 

Before my eyes will trip the tidy lass.”— Gay. 

barley-sheaf (pi. barley-sheaves), s. A sheaf 

of barley. 

“He rode between the barley-sheaves." 

Tennyson: Lady of Shalott. 

barley-sugar, s. A well-known sweet substance 
sold by confectioners and others. It consists of a 
syrup from the refuse of sugar-candy, hardened in 
cylindrical molds and usually twisted spirally. 

barley-water, s. A decoction of pearl barley 
used in medicine as a mucilaginous drink. (Crabb.) 

bar -ley (2), s. [Apparently derived from Eng. 
parley .] A word used by boys when they wish a 
temporary cessation of a sham-fight in which they 
are engaged. 

*bar -liche, s. [Barley (1).] 

bar-ling, s. [A. S. bcernen= to kindle, to 
light (?).] A fire-pole. (Scotch.) 

“ Barlings or fire-poles the hundredth—xx. L.” — Rates, 
A. 1611, p. 2. 

Bar’-ldw len§, s. [Named from Mr. Peter Bar- 
low, Professor of Mathematics at Woolwich from 
1806 to 1847.] 

Among opticians: 

1. Originally: A modification of the object-glass 
of a telescope, suggested by Mr. Peter Barlow, with 
the idea of avoiding the use of flint glass in the 
construction of object-glasses of large size; discs of 
flint glass suitable for optical purposes then being 
both expensive and rare. He proposed to enclose 
between two convex lenses a fluid lens equal in 
refractive power to a flint glass of the same dimen¬ 
sions. This proposal was not generally adopted, 
and the term “ Barlow lens ” is now mostly applied 
to the form of lens described under No. 2. 



A. B. Converging rays from object-glass. C. Barlow 
lens. D. Focus of the object-glass without the Barlow 
lens. E. Focus of the object-glass after refraction 
through 0. F, G. Size of image formed by object-glass at 
D without the Barlow lens. H, I. Enlarged image formed 
by object-glass and Barlow lens at focus E. h, i. Size of 
image formed at E by an object-glass of longer focus, 
and lengthened tube, but without using the Barlow lens 
2. Now: A concave lens inserted in the eye-piece 
of a telescope before the rays come to a focus, by 
means of which the focal length of the object-glass 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 






barm 


388 


barometer 


or speculum is increased nearly one-half, and the 
effect is the same as if the tube were proportion¬ 
ally lengthened, the magnifying power being con¬ 
siderably increased. Another advantage of the 
Barlow lens is the avoidance of the loss of light 
which would take place if the same magnifying 
power were produced by Using an eye-glass of 
shorter focus. 

*barm (1), *barme, s. [A. S. 5earm=the womb, 
the lap, the bosom; from beran— to bear, to pro¬ 
duce, to bring forth; Sw. & Goth, barm.} The lap, 
the bosom. [Barm (2).] 

“Till in his fadres barm adoun he lay.” 

Chaucer. C. T., 15,926. 

*barme-cloth, s [A. S. bearm; clath .] A bosom- 
cloth ; an apron. 

“A seint she wered, barred all of silk, 

A barme-cloth eke as white as morowe milk.” 

Chaucer. C. T., 3,237. 

*barme-hatre, s. [0. Eng. barm; and hatre= a 
garment.] A garment for the breast. 

“ Fair beth yur barm-hatres, yolowe beth yur fax.” 

M. S. Harl. 913, f. 7. (S. in Boucher .) 

*barm-skin, *barme-skyn, s. A leather apron. 

“ Barme-skyn: Melotes vel melota.”— Prompt. Parv. 

barm (2), s. [A. S. beorma— barm, yeast; Sw. 
berma; Dan. bcerme .] [Compare Baem (1).] The 
frothy scum which rises to the surface of beer 
when it is undergoing the process of fermentation, 
and is used in making bread. The same as Yeast 
(q. v.). 

Bar -me-§i-dal, Bar'-me-glde, a. [From a story 
in the “Arabian Nights” of an imaginary feast set 
before a beggar by a prince of the Barmecide family.] 
Imaginery or pretended; as, Barmecidal fare, a 
Barmecide feast. 

barm'-y (0. Eng.), *barm’-ie (Scotch), a. [0. 
Eng. & Scotch barvi; -y.) 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to barm or yeast; containing 
barm or yeast. 

2. Lit.: Acting like barm; fermenting with 
thought; at work with creative effect. 

barmy-brained, adj. Volatile, giddy-headed. 

“ A wheen cork-headed barmy-brained gowks! that winna 
let puir folk sae muckle as die in quiet.”— Scott: St. 
Ronan, ch. xxxii. 

barn, *barne, *berne, s. [A. S. bcem, berern; 
from 6ere=barley, and era, ccrn= a place, secret 
place, a closet, an habitation, a house, a cottage. 
(Bosworth .) Or from Bret, hernia heap. ( Wedg¬ 
wood.) In Sw. t[barn.] 

1. A house or other covered inclosure designed 
for the storage of grain. 

“ The seed is rotten under their clods, the garners are 
laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is 
withered.” —Joel i. 17. 

2. Anything like a bam in outward appearance. 

“In front there are a few cultivated fields, and beyond 

them the smooth hill of colored rocks called the Flagstaff, 
and the rugged square black mass of the Barn.” — Dar¬ 
win: Voyage round the World, ch. xxi. 

barn-door, s. The door of a barn. 

“Heavily closed, with a jarring sound, the valves of 
the barn-doors, 

Battled the wooden bars, . . .” 

Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. i., 2. 

barn-door fowl, s. A dung-hill cock or hen. 

“ Never has there been such slaughtering of capons and 
fat geese and barn-door fowls.” — Scott: Bride of Lammer- 
moor, ch. xxvi. 

barn-like, ct. Like a barn. 

“ . . . passing through several hamlets, each with its 
large barn-like chapel built of wood.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. xvi. 

barn-OWl, s. Strix fiammea, a bird of prey be¬ 
longing to the family Strigidte. It is called also the 
White Owl, the Church Owl, 
the Screech Owl, the Euro¬ 
pean Screech Owl ( Macgilli- 
vray), the Hissing Owl, the 
Yellow Owl, the Gillihowther, 
the Howlet, and the Hoolet. 

Above it is light reddish- 
yellow, mottled with ash- 
gray and black and white 
spots; beneath, it is white 
with small dusky spots. The 
male is fourteen inches long, 
and the female fifteen. It 
preys on the smaller mam¬ 
malia and birds, with beetles 
and other insects. It is per¬ 
manently resident, builds its 
nest in a steeple, a dovecot, 
or a hollow tree, and lays 
from two. to five pure white 
eggs. It is found in America and in Europe. 

barn-yard, s. A yard or inclosure, open to the 
sky, attached to a barn. 

“ Barn-yard and dwelling, blazing bright, 

Served to guide me on my flight.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 6. 



*barn, *barne, s. [Bairn.] 

Bar-na-blte, s. & a. [Named after the Church 
of St. Barnabas at Milan, given over to the Barna- 
bite order in 1535.] 

I. As substantive. Ch. Hist.: Any member of a 
certain religious order, properly called the Regular 
Clerks of St. Paul. Its founders belonged to Milan. 
It arose in the sixteenth century, was approved by 
Clement VII. in 1532, and confirmed by Paul III. in 
1535. The principal occupation of the Barnabites 
was preaching to sinners. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., 
Cent, xvi., sect, iii., pt. i., ch. 1.) 

II. As adjective: Pertaining to any member of 
the order described under No. I., or to the order 
itself. 

bar-na-cle, fber'-ni-cle (cle as cel), s. [In 

Fr. barnacle, barnache; Sp. bernacho; Port, ber- 
naca, bernacha, bernicla; Low Lat. barnicla, 
bernacula, bernicla, bernicha, bernaca, bernax. 
Boucher derives it from A. S. becwn.=child,and cec= 
oak ; but if so, why does it occur in Fr., Port., &c.? 
Mahn thinks the Low Lat. word a contraction for 
Lat. Hibernicula (adj. f.) = found in Hibernia (Ire¬ 
land) ; while Wedgwood traces barnacle to the 
Manx bayrn= a cap, believing it to be so named 
from its conical shape.] 

In Zoology: 

1. Of Cirripeds: 

(a) A general name for both pedunculated and 
sessile Cirripeds. [Lbpadidje, Balanid.e.] 

“ Barnacle. —A name commonly given both to the 
pedunculated and sessile Cirripeds.”— Dana. 

( b ) Spec.: The English name of the peduncu¬ 
lated Cirripeds (Lepadidee), as contradistinguished 
from those which 

are sessile [see 
Acorn-shells, Ba- 
lanidad], yet more 
specially applied to 
the Lepas, the typi¬ 
cal genus of the fam- 
ily a nd order. 

[Lee as.] 

2. Of Birds : A 
name for the Bemi- 
cle Goose ( q. v.). 

Formerly the absurd 
belief was enter¬ 
tained that these 
geese sprung from 
the barnacles de¬ 
scribed under No. 1. 

Max Muller believes 
that the bird was 
originally called Hi¬ 
bernicula , which was 
converted into Bernicula by the dropping of the first 
syllable, after which the similarity of the name 
to the Cirriped led to the two being confounded 
together and generated the myth. Two species of 
the genus Lepas were called by Linnaeus Lepas 
anserifera and L. anatifera = goose-bearing, of 
course with no belief in the fable suggested by the 
name. 

“There are found in the north parts of Scotland, and 
islands adjacent called Orcades, cex-tain trees, whereon do 
grow certaine shells of a white color tending to russet, 
wherein are contained little living creatures: which 
shells in time of maturity doe open, and out of them grow 
those little living things, which falling into the water doe 
become fowles, which we call barnacles, in the North of 
England brant geese, but in Lancashire tree geese .”— 
Gerard: Herbal, p. 1,858. (Boucher.) 

bar -na-cle, *bar'-nl-cle,* ber-na-klll, *ber- 
nak (Cle=cel), s. [Wedgwood believes the word 
to have come from the East, and to have been used 
originally for some instrument of torture. Most 
writers, Mahn included, consider it the same as the 
preceding word. Latham derives it from binocle, 
and Max Muller from Ger. brille, O. Ger berulem, a 
corruption of beryllus. Compare Dan. brems, brat id- 
grars=barnacles as defined below, andFr. besides = 
spectacles.] 

Generally in plural: 

1. Farriery ; An instrument put upon the nose of 
a horse when he will not stand to be shod or sur¬ 
gically operated upon. It consists of two branches, 
joined at one end with a hinge, and is generally 
made of iron. 

2. Ord. Lang.: A cant term for spectacles, these 
resembling the instrument described under No. 1. 

“. . . they had barnacles on the handles of their 
faces.”— Transl of Rabelais, v. 130. (Boucher.) 

bar-n?L-de'-§i-?i, S. [Named after Michael Bar- 
nadez, a Spanish botanist.] A genus of Composite 
plants, the typical one of the family Barnadesieae 
(q. v ). The species are spiny bushes with entire 
leaves and pink florets. Barnadesia rosea is culti¬ 
vated in English hothouses. 

bar-na-de'-§I-e-se, s. pi. [Barnadesia.] A 
family of Composite plants belonging to the order 
Asteracese, the sub-order Labiatifloree, and the 
tribe or section Mutisiaceas. Type, Barnadesia 
(q. v.). 



Group of Barnacles. 


*barnde, pret. of V. The same as Burnt (q. v.). 
*barne, s. [Baien.] 

*barn'e-kln, *barn-klne, *barm-kin, s. 
[Etym. doubtful. Apparently from Eng. barn, and 
cyn, as s.=kin, as adj. = akin, suitable, fit, proper.] 
The outermost ward of a castle, within which ward 
the barns, stables, cowhouses, &c., were placed. 

“. . . ana next .day lay siege to the castel of Nor* 
ham, and within short space wan the brayes, overthrew 
the barnkine, and slue divers within the castel.”— Ho Un¬ 
shed: Hist. Scot., pp. 419, 434. (Boucher.) 

“And broad and bloody rose the sun, 

And on the barmkin shone.” 

Border Minstrelsy, ii. 341. (Boucher.) 

barn-full, s. [Eng. barn; full.] A barn literally 
full of something, as wheat, hay, &c.; or as muci 
as a barn, if full, would hold. 

barn-hard t ite (t silent), s [Named after Dan 
Barnhardt’s land in North Carolina, where it 
occurs.] A mineral, classified by Dana under his 
Pyrite 
48-2; i 
metal] 

Ducktownite may be varieties. 

*barn'-hede, s. [A. S. bearn= a child, and O. Eng. 
suff. -Aede=Mod. Eng. suff. -hood.] Childhood. 

“ Of alle ille fetches in worde and dede 
That thine childer takis in barnhede.” 

Hampole Myrrour, MS. Hunt., f. 60. (Boucher.) 
*bar’-nl-cle§, s. pi. [Barnacles.] 

*barn-klne, s. [Barnekin.] 
ba-ro'-co, ba-ro-k5, s. [A word without etymo¬ 
logical meaning, but designed to have the vowels 
symbolic. (Seedef.)] i 

Old Logic: A combination of letters collectively 
destitute of meaning, but which, taken separately, 
imply that the first proposition (A) is an universal 
affirmative, the second and third (O) particular! 
negatives, and the middle term the predicate in the 
first two propositions. Baroko is the fourth Mode 
of the second Figure of Syllogisms. Example- 
All scholars of the first rank have, as one essential char¬ 
acteristic, intense love of knowledge. 

But the mass of mankind do not possess this. 

Therefore the mass of mankind' cannot reach the first 
rank of scholarship. 

bar -6-lIte, s. [From Gr. baros = weight, and 
lithos = a stone.] A mineral, called also YVitherite 
(q- v.)« v 

fba-rol'-o-gjf, s. [From Gr. 6aros=weight, and 
logos = a discourse.] The department of science 
which treats of weight or gravity. 

bar-o-ma-crom-et-er, s. [From Gr. baros- 
weight, mahros=long, and rnetron = measure.] An 
instrument for ascertaining the weight and length 
of new-born infants. 


s group. Composition: buiphur, 30 - 5 ; copper, 
ron, 21 '3; hardness, 3'5 ; sp. gr., 4'321. Luster, 
lie; color, bronze-yellow. Homichlin and 


bg,-rom -et-er, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger. 
barometer; Fr. barorn'etre; Sp., Port., & Ital. barom- 
etro; Gr. baros = weight, and metron = a measured 
An instrument used for measuring the atmospheric 
pressure. The discovery that this pressure might 
be counterpoised by a column of mercury standing 
as high in proportion to the thirty-four feet that 
water in similar circumstances stands, as the 
specific gravity of water is to that of mercury (the 
ratio or proportion, it will be perceived, is an 
inverse one), was made at Florence in the year 1643 
by one of Galileo’s pupils, the celebrated Torricelli, 
but was not quite complete when he died, in 1647. 

The most common form of barometer is what is 
called a Cistern Barometer. It consists essentially 
of a straight glass tube about 
thirty-three inches long, filled 
with mercury, and dipping into 
a cistern of the same metal. It 
is affixed to a mahogany stand, 
on the upper part of which is p. 
graduated _ scale to mark the 
height in inches at which the 
mercury stands. When com¬ 
plete, a thermometer stands 
side by side with it to note the 
temperature at which the pres¬ 
sure of the atmosphere is tested. 

In Fortin’s barometer the base 
of the cistern is made of leather, 
and can be raised or depressed 
by means of a screw; a constant 
level of the mercury from which 
to measure the zero of the scale, 
unattainable by the ordinary 
cistern barometer, can be pro¬ 
duced by this one; besides which 
the instrument is more port¬ 
able. Gay-Lussac’s barometer 
is in the form of a syphon. It 
has two. scales with a common 
zero point, and graduated in 
contrary directions. As the one 
branch, the shorter one, corresponds to the cistern, 
and the other or longer one to the tube, the differ¬ 
ence between the two levels is the true height of th 9 



Cistern 

Barometer 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 







barometric 


389 


mercury. Bunter s barometer is a slight but valu- ure they were summoned to Parliament; now they 
able modmcation on that of Gay-Lussac. For the are not entitled to be there till a writ is issued in 
aneroid barometer (that ‘■'•without moisture ”) see their favor. 

Aneroid. The general mean at the level of the sea (3) Richard II. made the term baron a mere title 
is 29 - 96 inches. A barometer is popularly termed a of honor, by conferring it on various persons by 
weather-glass. In order to adapt it for this purpose letters patent. ( Blackstone , bk. i., ch. 3.) 

Hooke devised what is called the wheel-barometer. The first baron by patent was John Beauchamp of 
It is a syphon barometer, having in its shorter leg a Holt, who was raised to the peerage by Richard II., 
float, a string from which passes over a pulley, and in the eleventh year of his reign, October 10,1387, 
is connected with a weight somewhat lighter than by the title of Baron of Kidderminster. No other 
the float. To the pulley is affixed a needle, which instance occurs until 10 Henry VI. 
moves round a circle graduated to represent the 2. Now: 

different variations in the weather. [Weather- (1) Any nobleman belonging to the lowest order 
glass.] Speaking broadly, a barometer rises for of the peerage—that immediately beneath the rank 
good and falls for bad weather, but there are of viscount. His style is “The Right Hon. Lord 

exceptions to this rule. The more accurate state- -,” and he is addressed as “My Lord.” In gen- 

ment is that with S. W., S. E., and W. winds the eral, in place of being called “ Baron,” he is simply 
mercury falls for rain. If it do so rapidly, the termed “Lord A.” or “B.” His coronet has six 
probability is that a heavy storm is approaching; large pearls set at equal distances on the chaplet, 
if slowly, continued bad weather is to be expected. His coronation robes are like those of an earl, 
It rises, if rapidly, for unsettled weather; if gradu- except that he has only two rows of spots on each 


ally, for fine settled weather. A rise, with wind 
veering N. E., may be indicative of rain. 

bar-o-met-ric, bar-o-mef-ric-al, a. [Eng. 

barometer; -ic, -ical. In Fr. b aroint trique.) Per¬ 
taining or in anyway relating to the barometer. 


shoulder. In 1879 there were 248 temporal barons 
in the House, with 24 bishops, who are also re¬ 
garded as barons, and rank just above those for¬ 
merly described. 

(2) Any one holding a particular office to which 
the title baron is attached, as the Chief Baron 
“. . . the barometric column varies between these and the Barons of the Exchequer. [Exchequer.] 
limits . . . ”— Larclner: Heat, p. 160. Formerly there were also Barons of the Cinque 

“ He is very accurate in making barometrical and ther- Ports, viz., two to each of the seven following 
mometrical instruments.”— Derh.: Physico-Tlieol. towns: Hastings, Winclielsea, Rye, Romney, Hythe, 

baro met -ric-al-ly, adv. [Eng. barometrical; Hover, and Sandwich. Till the Reform Bill of 1832 
. l y .] By means of a barometer. these had seats m Parliament. Instead of _these 


bar-o-met-ro-graph, s. [Gr. (l)_6aros=weight, 
(2) measure, and (3) graphe=a drawing, a 

delineation, a picture, &c.j An instrument used 
for automatically inscribing on paper the varia¬ 
tions of the barometer. 

fbar-o-met'-ro-graph-y, bar-o-met’-ra-phf, 

s. [From Gr. baros= weight, metron= a measure, 


barons there is now a Warden of the Cinque Ports. 
“ They that bear 

The cloth of honor over her, are four barons 
Of the cinque ports.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iv. 1. 

III. Heraldry. Baron and feme is the term 
applied where the coats of arms of a man and his 
wife are borne per pale in the same escutcheon. If 


graphe = a description ; grapho = to scratch, to the woman is not an heiress, then the man’s coat 

• j 4 mu ^1 „ -.. > nP r, /vi rtw/i/v IT. U1 U 4v,/\ .i4-r< i o r>n t-1-in rl r»-vi-rvr» cifla onr] tliQ Tir A m on^c nn tlin CiuiC. 


write.] The department of science which treats of 
the barometer. 

bar-6-metz, bar-a-netz, s. [Mahn suggests for 
comparison Pers. 6a?-a7i=lamb, and Russ, baranez 
=club-moss.] A fraudulently constructed natural 
history specimen, caUed also the Scythian Lamb, 
and represented as being half-animal and half¬ 
plant. In reality it is a woolly-skinned fern ( Cibo - 


is on the dexter side, and the woman’s on the sinis¬ 
ter; if she is, then her coat must be borne by the 
husband on an escutcheon of pretense. 

B. Of things. Baron of Beef: Beef in which the 
two sirloins are not cut asunder, but joined together 
by the end of the backbone. Dr. Brewer says that 
it is “ so called because it is the baron (back part) 
of the ox, called in Danish the rug. It is not so 


Hum barometz), stripped of everything but its called because it is‘greater ’ than the sirloin.” 
root-stock and the stipes or stalks of four of its 
fronds, and then turned upside down. 

bar -on, *bar-ron, *bar -6, *bar, *ber, *par -5, 

+var, *viro, *virro, *viron, s. [A. S. baron=a 
man ( Bosworth); Sw., Dan., Dut., Ger., & Fr. baron 


The same as Court-baron 

[Eng. baron , and suff. -ady= 
The dignity of a baron. 

“ Some that were honored with the dignity of baron- 


baron-court, 

(q. v.). 

*bar -on-a-dy, s. 
state or dignity of.] 


=baron; O. Fr. ber (acc. baron), bairon ; Prov. bar ady.”—Sir John Feme: Dedic. pref. to a Blazon of Gen- 
(acc. baro); Sp. baron, varon=\ 1) a male, (2) a full- trie (1586). (J. H. in Boucher.) 

grown man, (3) a man of consideration, (4) a baron; ba’-ron-age, *bar'-nage (age=Ig), s. [Eng. 
Port. varao— a male; Ital. barone, Low Eat. baro, } jaron - . a ge. in Fr. barronage; O. Fr. barnage, 
barus, varo, two-man, husband, baron; but in barnaige, barnez; Prov. 6ar?rai</e=baronage; Ital. 
Class. Lat. baro, which, according to Menage, is baronnaggio= baronyj 

the origin of baron, meant a simpleton, a block- b 'jbe barons of England viewed collectively; 
head, though sometimes it is said to have been used the whole body of barons, 
for a brave man, a warrior. Cognate with A. a.wer J . 

= a man; Goth, pair; Gael, bar, ber=a hero, an o^Tang al tWiche homage ” 

eminent man; Ir. fir, fear ; Wel. guer, gevir; Lat. y TvHneandGawli, 1,258. (s. in Boucher.) 

vir=a man; Lith. vyrus; Sansc. vira. (Virile.) ,, .. 

In Sansc. also fcarrejn «jdtga ar e =iusban£ fiShkASSEl ‘o°f 


Hebrew geber= a man.] 

A. Of persons: 

+1. Old Law: A husband in relation to his wife, 
used in the old phrase baron and feme —husband 
and wife. ( Blackstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 15.) 

II. History & Law: 

*1. Formerly: 

(1) At first apparently every lord of a manor, of 
which sense the expression court-baron is still a 
memorial. [Court-baron.] The Magna Charta 


monarchy 

2. The dignity, status, or position of a baron. 

3. The land or territory from which a baron 
derives his title. 

bar'-6n-ess, s. [En g. baron;-ess. In Sw. baron- 
essa; Dan. & Ger. baronesse: Dut. barones: Sp. 
baronesa; Port, baroneza: Ital. baronessa .j A 
female baron, the wife or lady of a baron, or a 
lady who holds the baronial dignity in her own 
right, as “Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, first 
Baroness.” 

bar’-on-et, *bar’-r6n-ett, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., 


granted in King John’s time seems to show that & Ger. baronet; Fr. baronnet; Ital. baronetto; Low 
originally all lords of manors, who held of the king Lat. baronettus, diinin. of baron (q. v.).] 
in capite, had seats in the Great Council or Parlia- *i. Originally: A term apparently in use as early 
ment; but their numbers becoming too large for as [be time of Edward III. for certain landed 
proper deliberation, the king, summoned only the gentlemen not of the dignity of lords, summoned to 
greater barons in person, leaving it to the sheriff to Parliament to counterbalance the power of the 
convene the.smaller ones to.another house, which clergy. 

was a very important step m making the separa- «... King Edward the Thirde (as I remember) 
tion which at present exists between tne xlouses or w j 10 e, being greatly bearded and crossed by the lordes of 
Lords and Commons. (Blackstone , ok. l., ch. o.) cleargye ... was advised to directe out his 

[Baront.] , ,, , writtes to certayne gentellmen of the best abilitye and 

L Hence *(2) the term baron came to be confined to trust, entitling them therein barrons, to serve and sitt as 
the lords of manors summoned by the royal writ in barrons in the next Parliament. By which meanes he had 
Klneonf hv the sheriff. The writ ran “Hac vice soe many barrons in his Parliament, as were able to waigh 

jssa&rszssz *• 

however, still reserved the tenure m chrel to tar «£ The name given to three titled 

Rnmns hv temporal tenure were those who held orders. . , . ,, 

their honors, castles, and manors as heads of their 1. Baronets of Great Bntcun: A titled order, the 
barony, that is, by grand serjeantry. By their ten- lowest that is hereditary. Speaking broadly, they 


baroscoplc 

rank in precedence next after the nobility, or, more 
specifically, next after the younger sons of vis 
counts and barons; but in reality they are inferioi 
to the Knights of the Order of St. George or of the 
Garter, certain official dignitaries, and knights- 
bannerets created on the actual field of battle. The 
order was instituted by James I., on May 22, 1611, 
to raise money by fees paid tor the dignity, and 
thus obtain resources for the settlement of Ulster. 
The number was to be limited to 200; but a device 
for increasing an honor so profitable to the Treas¬ 
ury was soon found, so that before the death of 
Charles I. 458 patents for the creation of baronets 
had been issued; and by the end of 1878 there were 
698 baronets in existence. The dignity is generally 
confined to the heirs male of the grantee. The 
badge of a baronet is sinister, a hand gules (—a. 
bloody hand) in a field of argent. Etiquette 
requires that he be addressed as “ Sir A. B., Bart.” 

2. Baronets of Ireland: A titled order instituted 
by James I. in 1619. It is believed that this dignity 
has not been conferred on any one since the union 
of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, but many of 
the titles granted before the union still remain in 
the British baronetage. 

3. Baronets of Scotland: A titled order planned 
by James I., but actually instituted, not by. him, 
but by Charles I. in 1625, just after the accession or 
the latter monarch to the throne. The object aimed 
at in the creation of the order was the planting of 
Nova Scotia (New Scotland). Each baronet by his 
patent received eighteen square miles of territory 
in that colony, with a sea-coast bounding it on one 
side: or a tract of land extending for three miles 
along a navigable river, and stretching for six miles 
inland. Since the union between England and 
Scotland in 1707, no baronets have been created 
holding rank in the latter country alone, but some 
titles existing previously still figure in the British 
baronetage. 

baronet-creation, s. The elevation, by royal 
authority, of any one to the dignity of a baronet. 

“ A glance over the names of Baronet-creations.'' 
— Burke’s Peerage and Baronetage of England, 41st ed. 
(1879). 

bar-on-et-age (age = ig), s. [Eng. baronet; 

•age.) 

1. The whole order of baronets viewed collect¬ 
ively. 

“ Burke’s Peerage and Baronetage, 41st ed. (1879).”— 
Title of a well-known Book. 

2. The dignity, status, or position of a baronet. 

bar'-on-et-gy, s. [Eng. baronet; -cy.) The title 

or dignity of a baronet. 

bar-o-net'-Ic-hl, a. [Eng. baronet; - ical .] 
Belonging to or having the dignity of a baronet. 

“ The baronetical family of Moneymusk.”— J. Pick- 
ford, M. A., in Notes and Queries, November 18, 1882. 

bh-ro'-nl-?!, a. [In Fr. baronnial.) Pertaining 
or relating to a baron, or to the order of barons. 

“ . . . wandering on from hall to hall. 
Baronial court or royal.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii. 

baronial service. Service by which a barony 
was held. It was generally that of furnishing a 
specified number of knights to aid the king in war. 

bar-on-^, *bar-on-fe, *bar’-ron-njr, s. [In 

Sw. & Dan. baroni; Ger. baronie; Fr. baronnie; Sp. 
baronia, varonia= male line, a barony; Port. 
baronia=male> line; Ital. & Low Lat. baronia.] 
The lordship or fee of a baron, either temporal oi 
spiritual. Originally every peer of superior rank 
had also a barony annexed to his other titles. But 
now the rule is not universal. Baronies in their 
first creation emanated from the king. [Baronial 
Service.] Baronies appertain also to bishops, as 
they formerly did to abbots,, William the Conquerer 
having, changed the spiritual tenure of frank- 
almoyn, or free alms, by which they held their 
lands under the Saxon government, to the Norman 
or feudal tenure by barony. It was in virtue of this 
that they obtained seats in the House of Lords. 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 2,12.) The word 
is common in Ireland for a subdivision of a county. 

bar’-o-scope, s. [In Fr. baroscope: Ger. baros- 
kop; from Gr. (1) 6aros=weight, and (2) skopeo— to 
look at, to behold.] An instrument designed to 
show that bodies in air lose as much of their weight 
as that of the air which they displace. It consists 
of the beam of a balance with a small weight at 
one end and a hollow copper sphere at the other. 
If these exactly balance each other in the air, then 
the sphere preponderates in a vacuum. 

“ . . . where the winds are not variable, the altera¬ 
tions of the baroscope are very small.”— Arbuthnot. 

bar'-S-scop-Ic, bar-6-scop-Ic-gl, adj. [Eng. 
baroscop(e); -ie.] Pertaining or relating to a baro¬ 
scope ; ascertained by means of a baroscope. 

“ . . . that some inquisitive men would make baro. 
scopical observations in England.”— Boyle: Works, ii 
798. ( Richardson.) 


b<m, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, Qell, chorus, Qhin, 
-dan, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious - shus. -hie. -die, &c. = bel, del, 





baroselenite 


390 


barrel 


b5r-6-se-lg'-nIte, s. [In Ger. baroselenit ; from 
Gr. £>aros=weight, and Eng. selenite (q. v.).] A 
mineral, called also Barite and Barytes (q. v.). 

bgr-0§ -mg, s. [Gr. (1) 6aros=weight, heaviness, 
and (2) osme=smell. Named from its heavy, offen¬ 
sive smell.] 

Bat. : A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Rutace® (Rueworts), and the section Eudiosme®. 
Barosma crenata is one of the Bucku plants of the 
Cape. It has been recommended as anti-spas¬ 
modic and diuretic. {Bindley ; Veg. Kingdom.) B. 
erenulata and serratifolia have also been used with 
the former as stimulants and tonics, as well as in 
diseases of the bladder. ( Treas. of Botany.) 



Barouche. 


bgx-bu'ghe, s. [In Ger. barutsche ; Ital. baroc - 
do , berocdo= a cart; Low Lat. baroda, barrotium, 
barrotum: Class. Lat. birotus— two-wheeled; bis= 
twice, and roia=wheel.] A four-wheeled carriage 
with a falling top, with a seat outside for the 
driver, and two inside, each capable of accommo¬ 
dating two persons, the two couples facing each 
other. 

bar'- 0 U-§het {t silent), s. [Dimin. of Eng., &c. 
barouche .] A small, light barouche, 
barqu-an-tine (que as k), s. [Barkantine.] 
barque (que as k), s. [Fr.j (1) A bark or boat; 
(2) a barge. [Bark.] 

♦barre, s. [Bar.] 

bar-rg, s. [In Ger. barre; from Sp. & Port. 
barra .] 

Weights & Measures : A measure of length used in 
Portugal and some parts of Spain for measuring 
woolen and linen cloths and serges. In Valentia, 
13 barras are=12? yards English measure; In Cas¬ 
tile, 7 barras are=6y yards; and in Aragon, 3 barras 
are=2f yards. 

bar’-rg-can, s. [In Dan. barcan; Ger. berkan ; 
M. H. Ger. barkan, barragan; Fr. barracan, bara- 
can, bouracan; Prov. barracan; Sp. barragan, 
baragan; Port, barregana; Ital. baracane; Low 
Lat. barracanus ; from Arab, barrakdn, barfc&n=a 
kind of black gown. Mahn compares with this 
Pers. barak= a garment madeof camel’s hair; Arab. 
bark—a troop of camels; bdrik— camel.] 

Comm.: A kind of thick, strong cloth or stuff, 
resembling camlet. It is used to make different 
kinds of outer garments. Barracans are chiefly of 
French manufacture, being made at Valenciennes, 
Lisle, Abbeville, Amiens, and Rouen. 

bar -rgck, s. [In Sw. barack; Dan. barrak; Ger. 
bsurracke; Fr. baraque= a barrack, a hut, a hovel, a 
little paltry house, a room, a shop, a workshop, a 
public-house; Sp. barracuda small cabin made by 
a Spanish fisherman on the seashore; Port. & Ital. 
barraca= a barrack; Gael, barrachad = a hut or 
booth; barrack= brushwood branches. If the Gae¬ 
lic form of the word be the original one, then, as 
Wedgwood thinks, a barrack was originally a booth 
made by branches of trees; if the Spanish one be 
that from which the others came, then the materi¬ 
als of the hut or cabin would probably be different.] 
tl. A hut or small lodge. Formerly it was espe¬ 
cially used for a humble temporary building of this 
character, one of many erected to shelter horse¬ 
men, as contradistinguished from similar structures, 
called huts, for foot soldiers. Then it was extended 
to embrace any temporary erection for a soldier, to 
whatever arm of the service belonging. 

2. Generally in the plural, Barracks: A large 
building erected to house soldiers, or for some 
similar purpose: also a large building used to 
house soldiers, for whatever purpose it may at 
first have been built. 

“He [BishopHall] lived to see his cathedral converted 
into a barrack, and his palace into an ale-house.”— T. 
Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poet., iv. 2. 

Barracks have often been constructed to shelter 
men engaged in building a lighthouse, or other 
temporary but extensive works. 

barrack-master, s. An officer who has charge 
of a soldier’s barrack and its inmates. 

barrack-master general, s. An officer, real or 
imaginary, who has charge of all the barracks 
required for an army or existent within a king¬ 
dom. {Swift.) 

bar-rg-Clade, s. [From Dut. baar; O. Dut. 
6oer=bare, naked; and klaed= a garment. Cloths 
undressed or without a nap.] 


Comm.: A home-made woolen garment without a 
nap. {New York.) 

bar'-rg-coon, s. [From Sp. barraca—a barrack 
[Barrack.] 

Old Slave Trade: Any inclosed place, used for 
the detention of slaves till opportunity arose for 
shipping them off to America. 

bar-ra-cu'-dg, s. [Sp .barracuda.) A fish—the 
Sphyrcena barracuda, found in the vicinity of the 
Bahamas and other West Indian islands. 

bar’-rgge,s. [Fr. barrage.) 

1. Engin.: An artificial obstruction placed in a 
water-course to obtain increased depth of water. 

2. Cloth Manuf.: A Normandy fabric made of 
linen interwoven with worsted flowers. 

bgr-ran-dlte, s. [In Ger. barrandit. Named 
after Barrande, the distinguished geologist of 
Bohemia.] A mineral occurring in spheroidal con¬ 
centric concretions, with indistinctly-radiated 
fibers. The hardness is 4*5; the sp. gr., 2*576; the 
luster between vitreous and greasy; the color, pale- 
bluish, greenish, or yellowish-gray. Composition: 
Phosphoric acid, 39*68; alumina, 12*74; sesquioxide 
of iron, 26*58; water, 21*00=100. Found at Przi- 
rram, in Bohemia. It is said sometimes to be allied 
to dufrenite and cacoxenite. 

bar'-rgs, s. [Fr.] The French name for the res¬ 
inous gum of Pinus maritima, which is the basis of 
Burgundy pitch. 

*bar’-rgt, *bar-ette, *bar'-et, s. [0. Fr. barat, 
barate, barete = fraud, deceit, confusion; Prov. 
barat, barata: Sp. barata; O. Sp. barato, barata= 
fraud, deceit; Ital. baratto= truck, exchange,deceit; 
baratta— a fight. Icel. & Goth. baratta= contest: 
Wei. baratton .] [Barrator, Barratry, Barter.] 

1. Strife, contest. 

“ Ther nis baret, nother strif.” 

Hickes: Thesaurus, i. 231. {Boucher.) 

2. Sorrow, grief. 

“ And all the baret that he bar 
It reseld in thin hert ful sar ” 

Cursor Mundi, HS. Edin., f. 84 6. {S. in Boucher.) 

bar’-rgt-or, fbar-ret-or, *bar-ret-er, *bar’- 
ret-ter, *bar-g-tour, *bar-g-toure, s. [O. Fr. 

barateres ,* Ital. barattiere, barattiero — deceiver, 
cheat; barattatore= one who trucks; from O. Fr. 
baratar, bareter= to barter, to cheat in bargaining; 
Prov. & Sp. baratar; Ital. bar attar e = to barter, to 
exchange, to cheat; Low Lat. barato= to cheat; 
from O. Fr. barat, barate, barete= fraud, discord, 
confusion. _ (Barrat.) Diez considers that it is 
cognate with Gr. prattein— to do, ... to use 
practices or tricks. (Practice.) Barrater is ety¬ 
mologically connected with Barter (q. v.). See 
also Barratry.] 

tl. The master of a ship who deals fraudulently 
with goods put on board his vessel, and therefore 
committed to his custody. 

2. One who, for his own purposes, stirs up litiga¬ 
tion or private quarrels among his neighbors. 

“Will it not reflect as much on thy character, Hie, to 
turn barrator in thy old days, a stirrer-up of quarrels 
amongst thy neighbors ? ”— Arbuthnot: History of John 
Bull. 

“. . . a barretor, who is thus able, as well as willing, 
to do mischief.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 10. 

bar-rg-trous, adj. [Eng. barratr{y ) ; -ous.] 
Pertaining to barratry; involving the commission 
of barratry. 

bar’-rg-trous-ly, adv. [Eng. barratrous: -ly.) 
In a barratrous manner; as a barrator would do; 
in a way to involve the crime of barratry. 

bar-rg-try, bar’-ret-ry, *bar'-ret-rle, bar- 
g-try, s. [In Fr. barraterie; Prov. barataria; Ital. 
baratteria, bar aria; Low Lat. barataria.) [Bar- 
rat, Barrator.] A law term. 

English Law: 

1. The offense committed by the master of a ves¬ 
sel of embezzling or injuring goods committed to 
his charge for a voyage. 

2. The offense of frequently exciting and stirring 
up law-suits or quarrels among one’s neighbors or 
in society generally. 

“ ’Tis arrant barratry that bears 
Point blank an action ’gainst our laws.” 

Hudibras. 

barred, pa. par. & a. [Bar, v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

“ They [assemblies for Divine worship] were very prop¬ 
erly forbidden to assemble with barred doors.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

“ And they drank the red wine through the helmet 
barred.” Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 4. 

2. Bot., Entom., <&c.: With bars of a paler color 
crossing a space of a darker hue. 


*bar-rein, tbar -reine. [Barren.] 

bar -rgl, *bar -rgll, *bar'-gl, s. [In Fr. & WeL 

baril; O. Fr. bareil, bariel; Prov. barril, barrial: 
Sp. & Port. barril= a barrel, an earthenware vessel 
with a great body and a narrow neck; Ital. barile ; 
Gael, baraill. Compare Fr. barrique: Sp. barrica 
= a hogshead. Generally assumed to be connected 
with bar (q. v.). In this case it would mean a ves¬ 
sel barred round with staves or hooped.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Of anything shaped like a cask: 

1. A cask; a vessel bulging in the middle, formed 
of staves, surrounded by hoops, and with a bung- 
hole to afford egress to the generally liquid contents. 

“ . . . and [Elijah] said, Fill four barrels with 

water.”—1 Kings xviii. 33. 

“ It hath been observed by one of the ancients that an 
empty barrel, knocked upon with the finger, giveth s 
diapason to the sound of the like barrel full.”— Bacon. 

2. The capacity of such a cask, supposing it to be 
of the normal magnitude. In one for holding liq¬ 
uids the capacity is usually from 30 to 45 gallons. 
[B., I. l.j 

II. Of anything hollow and cylindrical: The 
metallic tube which receives the charge in a musket 
or rifle. With the stock and the lock, it comprises 
the whole instrument. 

“ Take the barrel of a long gun perfectly bored, set it 
upright, with the breech upon the ground, and take a 
bullet exactly fit for it; then if you suck at the mouth of 
the barrel ever so gently, the bullet will come up so forci¬ 
bly, that it will hazard the striking out of your teeth.”— 
Digby. 

III. Of anything cylindrical, whether hollow or 
not: A cylinder, and. specially one about which 
anything is wound. [B., III. l.j 

“Your string and bow must be accommodated to your 
drill: if too weak, it will not carry about the barrel.” — 
Moxon. 

B. Technically: 

I. Measures: As much as an ordinary barrel will 
hold. Specially — 

1. Liquid Measure. In this sense the several liq¬ 
uids have each a different capacity of barrel. A 
barrel of wine is 31K gallons; a barrel of oil aver¬ 
ages from 50 to 53 gallons. 

2. Dry Measure. A barrel of flour contains 196 
pounds. 

II. Mech.: The cylindrical part of a pulley. 

III. Horology: 

1. The barrel of a watch: The hollow cylinder or 
case in which the mainspring works. It is con¬ 
nected with a chain by the fusee, by the winding of 
which the chain is unrolled from the cylinder, with 
the effect of winding the mainspring. 

2. The chamber of a spring balance. 

IV. Campanology: The sonorous portion of a 
bell. 

V. Anatomy. Barrel of the Ear: A cavity behind 
the tympanum, covered with a fine membrane. 

IT The belly and loins of a horse or cow are tech¬ 
nically spoken of as the barrel. 

“ The priceless animal of grand symmetrical form, 
short legs, a round barrel.” — Sidney Book of the Horse. 

VI. Nautical: 

1. The main piece of a capstan. 

2. The cylinder around which the tiller-ropes are 
wound. 

VII. Music: The cylinder studded with pins by 
which the keys of a musical instrument are moved. 
[Barrel-organ.] 

barrel-bellied, barrel-belly’d, a. Having a 

large and protuberant belly. (See V.) 

“ Dauntless at empty noises, lofty neck’d, 
Sharp-headed, barrel-belly'd, broadly-back’d.” 

Dryden: Virgil, O. iii. 

barrel-bulk, s. A measure of capacity. [Bar¬ 
rel, B., 1. 2.] 

barrel-drain, s. A cylindrical drain. 

barrel-fever, s. Disease produced by immoder¬ 
ate drinking. {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 

barrel-head, s. The head of a barrel. 

barrel-organ, s. An organ consisting or a cy¬ 
lindrical barrel with pins, the revolution of which 
opens the key-valves and plays the instrument. The 
street-organ is of this type. 

barrel-pen, s. A steel pen which has a split cy¬ 
lindrical snank adapting it to slip upon a round 
holder. 

barrel-pump, s. The piston-chamber of a pump. 

bar’-rel, v. t. [From barrel, s. (q. v.). In Fr. 
embariller.) To put in a barrel. 

“ Barrel up earth, and sow some seed in it, and put it in 
the bottom of a pond.”— Bacon. 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
Or, wore, wplf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






barreled 

bar -reled, pa. par., adj., £ in compos. 

EEL, 11.] 


[Bar- 


A. & B. As past participle cfc adjective: Put in a 

barrel. 

C. In compos.: Having a barrel in the three 
senses, that is, a tube; as “ a five-barreled revolver.” 
fbar'-rel-et, s. [Baerulet.] 
bar'-rel-Ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Bareel, v. t.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& a.: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 


391 

2. Of the ground: Infertility, sterility, incapa¬ 
bility of yielding heavy crops. 

“Within the self-same hamlet lands have divers degrees 
of value, through the diversity of their fertility or bar¬ 
renness.” — Bacon. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of the mind: Want of inventiveness, inability 
to produce anything intellectual. 

“ . . . a total barrenness of invention.”— Dryden. 

2. Of the heart: Absence of proper moral or 


barring 


The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and some¬ 
times feel a barrenness of devotion.”— Taylor. 


3. Of things in general. 
of interest. 


Deficiency of mattei or 


“ The importunity of our adversaries hath constrained 
us longer to dwell than the barrenness of so poor a cause 


C. Assubst.: The act of putting in barrels; the spiritual emotion, 
state of being put in barrels. 

bar -ren, *bar-rein, *bar-reine, *bar-eine, 

*bar-eyn, *bar-eigne (eigne as en), a. & s. [In 
Dut. 6ar=barren, unfruitful, naked, severe, nip¬ 
ping ; onvruchtbaar— unfruitful, barren. This would 

connect it with Eng. bare (q. vj. But the real „„ w ^ 

etymology is Norm. Fr. barein ,* O. Fr. barraigne , could have seemed either to require or to admit. 
brahaigne, brehaigne, brehaine> brehange =sterile; Hooker. 

Arm. 6refchan=sterile.] bar-ren-wort, s. [Eng. barren, and wort = 

A. As adjective: herb.] The English name of Epimedium, a genus 

I. Ordinary Language: of plants belonging to the order Berberidaceee 

1. Literally: (Berberids). It lias a creeping rhizome, a twice 

(1) Of the human race, or of the inferior animals: t erna te stem-leaf with cordate leaflets,. reddish 

Unable to produce one’s kind, or not actually pro- flow( ,' rs “ JPamcles, with inflated nectaries, four 
ducing it; sterile, unfruitful, unprolific. serials. eight, netals. four stamina, anrl mi rums 

“. . . and his wife was barren, and bare not.”— Judges 
xiii. 2. 

“There shall not be male or female barren among you, 
or among your cattle.”— Deuteronomy vii. 14. 

(2) Of plants: Not producing fruit; as “The bar¬ 
ren fig-tree.” 

“Violets, a barren kind, 

Withered on the ground must lie.” 

Wordsworth: Foresight. 

(3) Of the ground: Not fertile; sterile, not yield¬ 
ing abundant crops. 

“, . . the situation of this city is pleasant; but the 
water is naught, and the ground barren.” —2 Kings ii. 19. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of the mind: Not intellectually productive, 
uninventive, dull. 

“ There be of them that will make themselves laugh, to 
set on some quantity of barren spectators to laugh too.” 

— Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

(2) Of things in general: 

(a) Unproductive, not bringing with it anything 
beyond itself; not descending from father to son. 

“Upon my head they plac’d a fruitless crown, 

And put a barren scepter in my gripe.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 1. 

(b) Scanty, not copious; deficient; wanting in 
number or quantity. (In construction followed by 

of.) 

“ The forty-three years of his reign are as barren of 
events as they are of names.”— Lewis: Early Bom. Hist. 

(1855), ch. xi., § 13. 

II. Botany: 

A barren flov:er: (1) A flower which has only 
stamina, without a pistil: example, the males of 
monoecious and of dioecious plants. (2) Having 
neither stamina nor pistil: example, some flowers 
in certain grasses and sedges. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Western Barrens. West of the Alleghany mount¬ 
ains there are whole tracts of land elevated a few 
feet above the level of the plain called “barrens,” 
not because they yield no produce, for in fact they 
are very fertile in small trees and grasses. 

2. “ The Pine Barrens ” of South Carolina cover a 
large unproductive tract of land. [Pine Babeen.] 

barren-flowered, adj. Having barren flowers. 

barren-ivy, s. Creeping ivy which does not 
flower. 

barren-land, s. Unfertile land. 

barren-money, s. 


sepals, eight petals, four stamina, and curious 
anthers. 

bar-ret, s. [In Fr. barrette; Prov. barreta, 
berreta, birret; Sp. birreta, birrete; Ital. berretta; 
Low Lat. barretum, birretum, dimin. of Lat. birrus 
=a woolen overcoat used to keep off rain.] 
[Biretta.] A cap formerly worn by soldiers. 

barret-cap, barret cap. The same as Barret 
(q. v.). 

“ Old England’s sign, St. George’s cross. 

His barret-cap did grace.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 16. 
bar-ret-te e§, s. A kind of plain silk. {Knight.) 
*bar-ret-er (1), s. [Barrator.] 

*bar-ret-er (2), s. [Barrister.] 
tbar -ret-ry, s. [Barratry.] 
tbarr-ful, a. [Barful.] 

bar-ri-ca de, tbar-ri-ca -do, s. [In Sw. bar- 
rikad; Dut. & Ger. barrikade; Dan. & Fr. barri¬ 
cade ; Sp. barricada; Ital. barricata. From Fr. 
barrique; Prov. barriqua; Sp. & Port, barrica—a. 
cask ; casks having apparently formed the original 
barricades.] 

A. Ordinary'.Language: 

1. Lit.: A hastily-formed rampart of casks, earth, 
trees, logs of wood, paving-stones, wagons, or other 
vehicles, designed to impede the advance of a sud¬ 
denly declared foe. 

IT The word came into the language in the form 
barricado, but is now more frequently spoken and 
written barricade. 

“ . . . No barricado for a belly.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 

“ The access was by a neck of land, between the sea on 
one part, and the harbor water, or inner sea, on the 
other; fortified clean over with a strong rampier and 
barricado.” — Bacon. 

“. . . to make the security still more complete by 
throwing a barricade across the stream . . .”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. Fig.: Anything designed to prove an obstruc¬ 
tion, or which actually proves such. 


“ He had not time to barricado the doors; so that the 
enemy entered.”— Clarendon. 

“All the great avenues were barricaded.” — Macaulay 
Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

2. Fig.: To obstruct in any way by means of physi¬ 
cal obstacles. 

“A new volcano continually discharging that matter, 
which, being till then barricaded up and imprisoned in 
the bowels of the earth, was the occasion of very great 
and frequent calamities.”— Woodward. 

bar-ri-ca-ded, bar-rl-ca-doed, pa. par. & a. 

[Barricade, u.] 

bar-ri-ca d-Ing, bar-rl-ca-do-Ing, pr. par. 

[Barricade, u.] 

bar-ri-er, *bar-ri-e re, *bar-re're. s. & a. 

Formerly pronounced sometimes with the accent 
on last syllable. [In Fr. barribre; Prov. & Ital. bar- 
riera; Sp. barrera.] [Bar.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A physical obstruction of any kind erected to 
bar the progress of a person or thing, to constitute 
a boundary line, or for any other similar purpose. 

Specially— 

t(a) A fortification, a strong place ; a wall raised 
for defense, a fortified boundary-line. 

“ The Queen is guarantee of the Dutch, having posses¬ 
sion of the barrier, and the revenues thereof, before a 
peace.”— Swift. 

(6) Any obstruction raised to prevent a foe, a 
crowd, &c., from passing a certain point; anything 
designed to fence around a privileged spot, or to 
mark the limits of a place, as, e. g., a tiltyard, the 
gateway of a continental town. 

“The lists’ dread barriers to prepare, 

Against the morrow’6 dawn.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 9. 

(2) Anything natural which similarly furnishes 
defense, impedes movement, or produces separa¬ 
tion. 

“Safe in the love of heav’n, an ocean flows 
Around our realm, a barrier from the foes.” 

Pope. 

“ . . . an invisible barrier, two yards in width, sepa¬ 

rated perfectly calm air from a strong blast.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. xxi. 

2. Fig.: Anything immaterial which hinders ad¬ 
vance or produces separation. 

(1) A mentally-formed obstacle, obstruction, or 
hindrance. 

“If you value yourself as a man of learning, you are 
building a most impassable barrier against improve¬ 
ment.”— Watts. 

(2) A mentally-formed boundary, limit, or line of 
division or separation. 

“And fix, O muse, the barrier of thy song 
At CEdipus.”— Pope: Statius. 

“ How instinct varies in the groveling swine, 
Compar’d, half-reas’ning elephant! with thine: 
’Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier t 
For ever sep’rate, yet for ever near.” Pope. 

II. Fortification: A palisade, stockade, or other 
obstacle raised in a passage or retrenchment as a 
defense against an enemy. {James.) 

B. As adjective: Impeding, standing in the way; 
intercepting anything. 

“ . . . the barrier mountains, by excluding the sun 
for much of his daily course, strengthen the gloomy 
impressions.”— De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 83. 


. . . . ,, barrier-gate, s. A heavy gate to close the open- 

There must be such a barricade as would greatly annoy j through a barrier. {Goodrich & Porter.) 
or absolutely stop the currents of the atmosphere. -Per- s . .. ., , 

ham. barrier-like, s. Like a barrier. 

B. Naval Architecture: A strong wooden rail “There is a simplicity in the barrier-like beach.”— 
supported by stanchions extending across the fore- Darwin: I oyage round the World, ch. xx. 
part of the quarter-deck in ships of war. The barrier-reefs, s. pi. Darwin’s second great 
vacant spaces between the stanchions are usually class of coral reefs. In these the wall of coral runs 

. filled with rope mats, corks, or pieces of old cable; nearly parallel to the coast of a continent or large 

Civil Law: Money not put out to interest or so and the upper part, which contains, a double rope island, but at some distance from the shore ; in this 

traded with as to yield an income. netting above the rail, is stuffed with hammocks, latter respect differing from fringing or skirting 

as a defense against small shot in a naval action. reefs, which are in contact with the land. There is 
bar-ri-cade, fbar-ri-ca -do, v. t. [From barri- a vast barrier-reef along the northeastern coast of 
cade, s. (q. v.). In Ger. barikadeeren; Fr. barri- Australia. 

coder 1 “Before explaining how atoll-formed reefs acquire 

1 . Lit. : To form a barricade, to throw up a hastily- their peculiar structure, we must turn to the second great 
constructed rampart of earth, trees, paving-stones, [hiss namely Barrier-reefs. -Darwin: Voyage round 

^ , rT? , -i T „ n w wagons, or other vehicles, with the view of the WorLd > ch - xx - 

bar -ren ly, adv. [Lng. barren, iy.\ a Dar obstructing the progress of an enemy; any barrier *bar’-rl-ket, s. [Dimin. of Fr. barrique—a hogs- 

ren manner, with the absence ot tertmty, un- ra j se( j f or a defense ; an obstruction raised to keep head, a tun, a butt.J A firkin, 
fruitfully. w „ r _ , a crowd from pressing forward unduly, or to pre- “ Barrot, aferkin or barriket.”—Cotarave. 

bar'-ren-ness, *bar'-r$n-nesse, s. [Eng. 6ar- serve a spot sacred from their intrusion. har’-rine or nar a & s TBar v I 

ren; -ness.] H Like the substantive, this also first entered the Dar ring, pr. par., a., & s. (BAB, o.j 

I. Literally: English language in the form barricado. Neither A. & B. As present participle and participial 

1 Of the human race, the inferior animals, or the substantive nor the verh barricado is yet obso- adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 

•Diants • The quality of being barren, inability to lete. The former seems passing away more rapidly verb. 

procreate offspring, or the state of being without than the latter. IT It is .sometimes used in familiar language as a 

offspring. * “Fast w© found, fast shut, . 

“I pray’d for children, and thought barrenness The dismal gates, and barricadoed strong.” 

In wedlock a reproach.” Milton: Samson Agon. 


barren-spirited, adj. A person of a spirit 
incapable of effecting anything high or important. 
“ A barren-spirited fellow; one that feeds 
On abjects, orts, and imitations; 

Which, out of use, and stal’d by other men, 
Begin his fashion.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iv. 1. 


Milton: P. L., bk. viii. 


preposition; for example, “ barring {i. e., exclud¬ 
ing, excepting) undetected errors in the addition, 
the account should come to so much.” 


b6il, b<Sy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d$L 




barring-out 


C. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Exclusion by means of a bar placed across 
a door. 

2. Fiq.: Exclusion of any kind, by whatever pro¬ 
cess effected. 

II. Her.: The same as Barry or Barruly (q. v.). 
[Chaucer.) 

barring-OUt, s. An act of rebellion occasionally 
committed by school-boys. It consists in locking 
and, if need be, barricading the door against the 
entry of the teacher. 

“ Not school-boys at a barring-out, 

Rais’d ever such incessant rout.” 

Swift: Journal of a Modern Fine Lady. 

bar-ring-to'-m-g., s. [Named after the Hon. 
Daines Barrington, F.R.S., &c.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the type of the order 
Barringtoniacefe (Barringtoniads). Barringtonia 
speciosa is a splendid tree which grows in the East 
Indies. It has long, wedge-shaped coriaceous 
leaves, and large, handsome purple-and-white 
flowers. The fruit is a drupe, the seeds of which, 
mixed with bait, inebriate fish in the same way that 
Cocculus indicus does. 

bar-rihg-to-nl-a'-ge se ( Lindley ) L bar-ring- 
to-nl-e-ae (He Cand.), (both Latin) , bar-ring-to’- 
nl-ads (Eng.), s. pi. [Barringtonia.] An order 
of plants classed by Lindley under his 53d or Gros- 
sal Alliance. Formerly they were regarded as a 
sub-order of Myrtacese, from which, however, 
they differ in having alternate undotted leaves. 
Sepals, 4-5; petals, 4-5; stamina indefinite; ovary 
inferior, 2, 4-5 celled; ovules, indefinite; style, 
simple; stigma, capitate ; fruit, fleshy. Habitat, 
the tropics of the Old and New Worlds. In 1847 the 
known species were twenty-eight. [For the prop¬ 
erties of the various species see Stravadium, 
Custavia, and Cakeya.] 


barrister pleads _ 

been given.] In England, a member of the legal 
profession who has been admitted to practice at the 
bar: a counselor-at-law. [Counselor, Counsel.] 
In old law books barristers were styled apprentices, 
apprenticii ad legem, being regarded as mere learn¬ 
ers, and not qualified to execute the full office of 
an advocate till they were of sixteen years’ stand¬ 
ing ; now a barrister of ten years is held competent 
to fill almost any kind of office. No one who has 
not been called to the bar can plead in the Superior 
Courts at Westminster, or, as a rule, in any court 
presided over by a superior judge. Formerly a 
distinction was drawn between utter (=outer) bar¬ 
risters, who on public occasions in the Inns of Court 
were called from the body of the hall to the first 
place outside the bar, while the benchers and read¬ 
ers were called inner. In the Inns of Court a 
distinction was formerly drawn between Inner 
Barristers, who on public occasions occupied a 

E lace on a raised dais separated from the rest of the 
all by a bar, and Utter (i. e., Outer) Barristers, 
who were called from among the students to the 
first place outside the bar. The distinction has 
long been abolished, the term barrister being now 
used for what were formerly termed Inner Barris¬ 
ters, while the Outer Barristers have sunk again 
into the rank of students, from which they were 
taken. In Queen Elizabeth’s reign the Outer 
Barristers were allowed to practice in law courts, 
but under most other English sovereigns they 
simply took part in readings and moots at the Inns 
of Court. A now obsolete regulation, made in 1603, 
required that no one should be allowed to study for 
the bar unless he were a gentleman by descent; but 
at least since 1762, study for the bar has been open, 
on certain conditions, to any member of the com¬ 
munity. A barrister can be disbarred, appeal, 
however, being allowed him to the judges. The 
Irish bar is regulated almost exactly like that of 
England. In Scotland there is a difference of name, 
barristers being called advocates. [Advocate.] 
*bar’-ron-y, s. [Barony.] 
bar-row (1), *bar -fi, s. [A. S. bearh (genit. 
bearges), bearug=& barrow pig, a porker; N. H. Ger. 
barch, borch; O. H. Ger. barch, barug ,* Sp. verraco; 
Sansc.baraha,waraha=akog. (See also Pork.) Dr. 
Brewer, in his Phrase and Fable, says“ A barroio 
pig: A baronet; so called because he is not looked 
upon as a nobleman by the aristocracy, nor as a 
commoner by the people. In like manner a barrow 
pig is neither male nor female, neither hog nor 
sow.”] A boar, especially if castrated. (O. Eng.) 
“. . . and hadde an vatte baru ynome.” 

Rob. Glouces., p. 207. (S. in Boucher.) 

barrow-grease, *barrowes-greece, s. Hog’s- 
ard. 

“For a saws-fleame or a red-pimpled face, 4 oz. of 
barrowes-greace are directed ” [in a work called A Thou¬ 
sand Notable Things, p. 140].— Boucher: Supplement to Dr. 
Johnson’s Dictionary. 


392 

*barrow-hogge, s. The same as Barrow (1) 
(q. v.). 

“ His life was like a barrow-hogge, 

That liveth many a day, 

Yet never once doth any good 
Until men will him slay.” 

Percy Reliques, i. 208. (Boucher.) 

barrow-pig, s. The same as Barrow (1) (q. v.). 
“ Gorret, a little sheat or barrow-pig.” — Cotgrave. 

barrow-swine, s. The same as Barrow (1) 
(q. v.). 

“ . . . the gall of a barrow-swine.” — A Thousand 

Notable Things, p. 88. (Boucher.) 

bar -row (2), s. [A. S. berewe = a wheelbarrow; 
from beren, beoran= ... to bear, to carry. In 
Sw. bor=& barrow, a bier; Dan. bdr=barrow; Dut. 
berrie; Ger. bahre. Compare bier (q.v.).] 

A. Or d. Lang.: Any kind of carriage moved by the 
hand. Specially — 

1. A hand-barrow, a frame of wood with two 
shafts or handles at each end, carried by men ; also 
as much as such a vehicle will hold. 

“ Have I lived to be carried in a basket like a barrow of 
butcher’s offal, and thrown into the Thames ?”— Shakesp.: 
Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 5. 

2. A wheelbarrow, a small cart with one wheel 
placed in front, and handles in the rear, by grasp¬ 
ing which one can trundle the barrow before him. 
It has two uprights to support it when stationary. 

“ No barrow’s wheel 

Shall mark thy stocking with a miry trace.”— Gay. 

B. Salt manufacture: A conical basket employed 
at N antwich and Droitwich for the reception of wet 
salt till the water has drained from it. 

“ A barrow containing six pecks . . .”— White: Rennet’s 
MS. Gloss. {S. in Boucher.) 

barrow-tram, s. 

1. Lit.: The shaft of a wheelbarrow. 

2. Fig. (in a jocular sense): A raw-boned person. 

“. . . gather your wind and your senses, ye black 

barrow-tram o’ the kirk that ye are.”— Scott: Guy Manner- 
ing, ch. xlvi. 

bar-row (3), s. [A, S. beorh, beorg = a hill, a 
mountain, a rampart, a citadel, a heap, burrow or 
barrow, a heap of stones, a place of burial; from 
beorgan =to protect or shelter, to fortify. Compare 
also bearo= a barrow, a high or hilly place, a grove, 
a wood, a hifi covered with wood, &c.] An artificial 
mound or tumu¬ 
lus, of stones or 
earth, piled up 
over the remains 
of the dead. 

Such erections 
were frequently 
made in ancient 
times in our own 
land, and they 
are met with also 
in many other 
countries, both 
in the Old and 
New Worlds. In 
Scotland they 
are calledccwms. 

When opened 




Barry Bendy. 

(Gloss, of Heraldry.) 
combination of barry 


Barrow. (Silbury Hill, Wilts.) 


they are often found to contain stone cysts, calcined 
bones, &c. Burial in barrows commencing amid 
the mists of remote antiquity seems to have been 
practiced as late as the eighth century A. D. One 
of the finest barrows in the world is Silbury Hill, 
Wiltshire, near Marlborough. It is 170 feet in 
perpendicular height, 316 along the slope, and 
covers about five acres of ground. [Cairn, Cyst.) 

“. . . where stillness dwells 
’Midst the rude barrows and the moorland swells. 
Thus undisturb’d.” Hemans: Dartmoor. 

bar-row-man, s. [Eng. barrow; man.] One 
who carries stones, mortar, &c., on a hand-barrow, 
to masons when building. (Scotch.) 

“I will give you to know that old masons are the best 
barrowmen.”—Perils of Man, ii. 326. {Jamieson.) 

bar'-rul-et, fbar'-rql-et, s. [Dimin. of Eng. 
bar (q. v.). “ A little bar.”] 

Heraldry: One-fourth of a bar; that is, a 
twentieth part of the field. It is seldom or never 
borne singly. It is sometimes called also a Brace¬ 
let. When they are disposed in couples, barrulets 
are bars-gemels (q. v.). 

tbar-rul-et -ty, a. [From Eng. barrulet (q. v.).] 
Having the field horizontally divided into ten or 
any number of equal parts. Barry is the term 
more commonly used. [Barry.] 

bar -rul-y, a. [Dimin. of barry (q. v.).] The 
same in signification as Barry (q. v.). 


barter 

bar'-ry, a. & s. [Eng. bar; -ry.) 

A. As adjective (Her .).; Haying the field divided, 
by means of horizontal lines, into a certain number 
of equal parts. [Bar.] 

B. As substantive (Her.): 

The division of the field 
by horizontal lines into a 
certain number of equal 
parts. It is called also 
Barruly. Chaucer terms 
it barring. 

The following are 
variations of this division 
of the field:— 

Barry bendy: The term 
used when a field is 
divided bar-wise and 
bend-wise also, the tinct¬ 
ures being countercharged. 

Barry bendy sinister: A 
and bendy sinister. 

Barry bendy dexter and sinister: A combination 
of barry and bendy dexter and sinister. It is called 
also Barry Lozengy. 

Barry lozengy: The same as the last. 

Barry pily: Divided into an equal number of 
pieces by piles placed horizontally across the 
shield. 

*bar§, s. pi. The old name of a game. [Bar.] 
*barse, s. [Basse.] 

bar§'-gem-el§, s. pi. [From Eng. bar (q. v.), 
and gemels, pi. of Eng. gemel =a pair; from Lat. 
gemellus— twin.] [Bar.] 

Her.: A pair of bars; two horizontal bars on a 
field, at a short distance from each other. 

bar -sow-Ite, s. [Named from Barsovskm^nthe 
auriferous sands of which it occurs.] A mineral, a 
variety of Anorthite, of a granular texture. Hard¬ 
ness, 5*5-6; sp. gr., 2‘74—2*75 ; luster, pearly; color, 
snow-white. Compos.: Silica, 48’71; alumina, 33*90; 
■ magnesia, 1*54; lime, 15*29= 99*44. {Dana.) 

*barst, *berst, pret.ofv. [Burst.] 

“ And elou to grounde vaste ynou and barste mony a 
sselde.”— Rob. Glouc., p. 437. 

“ Atte lasts tboru stronge duntes hys suerd berst atuo.” 

Ibid., p. 460. 

T[ Still used in North of England. (S. in Boucher.) 
bar’-ter, V. t. & i. [In O. Fr. barater, bareter= to 
truck, to exchange, to cheat in bargaining or other¬ 
wise ; Sp. baratar= to truck; baratear=to bargain; 
Ital. barattare.] [Barter, s.,* Barrator.] 

A. Transitive: To exchange one thing for an¬ 
other. (It generally implies that this is not done 
through the medium of money. 

(a) Literally: 

“ . . . the inconvenience and delay (if not the im¬ 
possibility) of finding some one who has what you want, 
and is willing to barter it for what you have.”— J. S. Mill: 
Polit. Econ. 

(b) Half-figuratively: 

“Convenience, plenty, elegance, and arts: 

But view them closer, craft and fraud appear. 

E’en liberty itself is bartered here.”— 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 

IT To barter away: Nearly the same as to barter; 
but special prominence is given to the fact that 
what one thus exchanges passes out of his posses¬ 
sion and is lost to him in future. (Often used, but 
not always, when one sells what he should have 
retained, or has made a bad bargain.) 

“If they will barter away their time, methinks they 
should at least have some ease in exchange.”— Dr. H. 
More: Decay of Piety. 

“He also bartered away plums, that would have rotted 
in a week, for nuts that would last good for his eating a 
whole year.”— Locke. 

B. Intrans.: To exchange one thing for another. 
[See the verb transitive.] (Literally & half-figura¬ 
tively.) 

“A man has not everything growing upon his soil, 
and therefore is willing to barter with his neighbor.”— 
Collier. 

bar-ter, s. [From Eng. barter, v. (q.v.). In 
Ital. baratto. Compare Sp. barata and baratura— 
a low price.] [Barrator.] 

1 . The act or operation of exchanging one article 
for another, without the employment of money as 
the medium of exchange. 

“ . . . the operation of exchange, whether conducted 
by barter or through the medium of money, . . .”— J. 
S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. v., § 9. 

2. The article which is given in exchange for 
another. 

“He who corrupteth English with foreign words is as 
wise as ladies that change plate for china; for which the 
laudable traffic of old clothes is much the fairest bar¬ 
ter.” — Felton. 

3. A rule of arithmetic, by which the values of 
commodities of different kinds are compared. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pIL, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 














bartered 


393 


barytone 


bar -tered, pa. par. & a. [Barter, v. f.] 

bar -ter-er, s. [Eng. barter; -er.) One who 
barters; one who exchanges commodities for each 
other. ( Wakefield.) 

bar-ter-lng, pr. par. & «. [Barter, u.] 

*bar-ter-y, s. [Eng. barter; -y .] The act or 
operation of exchanging one article for another. 

“It is a received opinion, that inmost ancient ages 
there was only bartery or exchange of commodities 
among most nations.’’— Camden: Remains. 

Bar-thol -o-mew (ew as u), s. & a. [Gr. Bar- 
tholomaios; Aram. Bar Tolmai — son of Tolmai; 
or Bar Talmai= son of Talmai.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Theol. (& Cli. Hist.: One of the twelve apostles 
of Jesus. He was probably the same as Nathanael. 
(Matt. x. 3; Mark iii. 18; Luke vi. 14; Acts i. 13.) 
The mission field of this apostle was the southern 
part of Arabia. 

2. Hist. The Bartholomew: A name often given 
to the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. [Bartholo¬ 
mew’s Tide.] 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the apostle Bar¬ 
tholomew, or to any institution, time, or occurrence 
called after his name. [See the compounds which 
follow.] 

Bartholomew Fair, Bartlemy Fair (Vulgar). 
A celebrated fair which was long held in Smithfield 
at Bartholomew-tide. The charter authorizing it 
was granted by Henry I. in 1153, and it was pro¬ 
claimed for the last time in 1855. 

Bartholomew-pig. 

1. Literally: A roasted pig, sold piping hot at 
Bartholomew Fair. The Puritans were against this 
feature of the fair as well as the fair itself. 

“For the very calling it a Bartholomew-pig, and to eat 
it so, is a spice of idolatry.”— Ben Jonson: Bart. Fair, i. 6. 

2. Fig.: A fat, overgrown person. 

“Thou . . . little tidy Bartholomew boax-pig .”— 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

“Roast-pig and goose they did oppose, 

And blasphemed custard through the nose.” 

Butler: Hudibras. 

Bartholomew’s Hospital, more generally St. 
Bartholomew’s Hospital. A celebrated London 
hospital and medical school, on the south side of 
Smithfield, believed to have been founded as far 
back as A. D. 1102, by Rahere, usually described as 
having been a minstrel in the court of Henry I. It is 
still a highly-flourishing institution. It has recently 
been enlarged. 

Bartholomew’s tide. The festival of St. Bar¬ 
tholomew is celebrated on the 24th of August, and 
St . Bartholomew's tide is the term most nearly 
coinciding with that date. 

U Two great historical events have occurred on 
,A. Bartholomew’s day, one in France, the other in 
England. 

(a) On the 24th of August, 1572, Paris disgraced 
itself by the atrocious and treacherous massacre of 
the Admiral Coligny and an immense multitude of 
less distinguished Huguenots, one chief instigator 
of this crime being the queen-mother, Catherine of 
Medicis, and her son Charles IX., who became an 
accessory before the event, lending it the sanction 
of his royal name. A papal medal, with the inscrip¬ 
tion Hugenotorum strages, struck to commemorate 
the event, was obtainable at Rome till a few years 
ago. The crime of the 24th of August, 1572, is gen¬ 
erally called by Protestant writers “ the Massacre 
of St. Bartholomew,” and sometimes in English 
narrative simply “ the Bartholomew.” 

( b ) On the 24th of August, 1662, about 2,000 clergy¬ 
men, unable conscientiously to sign adherence to 
the Act of Uniformity, had to leave their livings in 
the Church of England and make way for others 
who could accept that Act. 

bar-tl-zan' (Eng. & Scotch), *bar-tl-§e ne, 
*ber-tl-§e ne (0. Scotch), s. [O. Fr. bretesche= 
wooden towers ; Ital. bertesca= a kind of rampart or 
fence of war, made upon towers, to let down or be 
raised at pleasure; a block-house ( Altieri); Low 
Lat. bretaschce, bertescce= wooden towers.] [Brat¬ 
tice.] 

1. Of castles or houses: A battlement on the top 
of a house or castle. (Jamieson.) 

Specially: A small overhanging turret projecting 
from the angle on the top of a tower, or from the par¬ 
apet or other parts of a building. (Gloss, of Arch.) 
“ So near they were, that they might know 
The straining harsh of each crossbow; 

On battlement and bartizan 
Gleamed axe, and spear, and partizan. 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 17. 

2. Of cathedrals or churches: The battlement sur¬ 
rounding a spire or steeple or the roof of a cathedral 
or church. 

“That the morn afternoon the town’s colors be put 
upon the bertisene of the steeple, that at three o’clock the 


bells begin to ring, and ring cn still, till his Majesty 
comes hither, and passes on to Anstruther.”— Records 
Pittenweem, 1651. ( Statist. Acc., iv. 876.) (Jamieson.) 

“ . . . while visitors found access to the court by a 
projecting gateway, the bartizan or flat-leaved roof of 
which was accessible from the terrace by an easy flight 
of low and broad steps.”— Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, 
ch. xxii. 

“A native of Strasburg, thirty-six years old, formerly a 
butcher, lately threw himself from the bartizan of the 
cathedral, and fell on the roof of the aisle, being, of 
course, killed on the spot." — Weekly Scotsman, August 4, 
1877. 

bartizan-seat, s. A seat on the bartizan. 

“ He passed the court-gate, and he oped theJtower grate, 
And he mounted the narrow stair 
To the bartizan-seat, where, with maids that on her 
wait, 

He found his lady fair.” 

Scott: The Eve of St. John. 

Bar -tle-my Fair (tle=t$l). [Bartholomew 
Fair.] 

bar -ton, *ber'-ton, *ber'-tone, s. [A. S. beretun 
=court-yard; from £>ere=barley, and tun= a plot of 
ground fenced round or inclosed by a hedge; hence 
(1) a close, a field, (2) a dwelling, house, yard, farm, 
(3) a village, (4) a class, course, turn.] 

1. In England, the part of a manorial estate 
which the lord of the manor kept in his own hand; 
a demesne (Spelman.) 

T[ It is used in this sense in Devonshire (Blount), 
and Cornwall (Carew). In the first-named county 
it also signifies a large as contradistinguished from 
a small farm. (Marshall.) 

2. An area in the hinder part of a country house 
where the granaries, barns, stables, and all the 
lower offices and places appropriated to domestic 
animals belonging to a farm are situated, and where 
the business of the farm is transacted. (Spelman.) 

3. A coop or place to keep poultry in. (Kersey, 
Bailey, Phillips, &c.) (For the whole subject see 
Boucher.) 

Bar -ton, s. & a. [Compare barton (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

Geog.: The name of many parishes and places in 
England. 

B. As adjective: 

Barton beds, Barton series: A series of beds laid 
bare in Barton Cliff, in England, in Hampshire and 
the Isle of Wight. Lyell considers them the equiva¬ 
lents in age and position of the French Orbs de 
Beauchamp, or, Sables Moyens. He places them at 
the base of the Upper Eocene, immediately below 
the Headon series, and just above the Bracklesham 
series of the Middle Eocene. The Barton sands 
have been classed by the Government surveyors as 
Upper Bagshot, and the Barton clay as Middle 
Bagsliot, but Lyell considers the evidence insuffi¬ 
cient as yet completely to bear out these precise 
identifications. (Lyell: Student's Manual of 
Geology, 1871, pp. 227, 233, &c.) 

*bar-t6n-er, s. [O. Eng. barton (q. v.), and - er .] 
One who manages reserved manorial lands. 
[Barton (1).] 

“And the persons who took care of and managed such 
reseryed lands were called bertonarii, i. e., bartoners or 
husbandmen.”— Boucher. 


bar-to-nl-?., s. [Named after Dr. B. S. Barton, 
botanist, of Philadelphia.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Loasaceae, or Loasads. The 
species are fine plants with large white odoriferous 
flowers, which open during the night. 

bar -tram, s. [In Ger. bertram. Corrupted from 
Lat. pyrethrum; Gr. pyrethron= a hot spicy plant; 
from pyr=ftre. (Skinner.)) A plant, the Pellitory 
(Parietaria officinalis). [Parietaria, Pellitory.] 
(Higgins: Adaptation of Junius' Nomenclator .] 

If Parietaria has no botanical affinity to Pyreth¬ 
rum. [Pyrethrum.] 


bart -sl-a, s. [Named by Linnseus after a friend 
of his, Dr. JohnBartsch, M. D., a Prussian botan¬ 
ist.] 

Botany: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Scrophulariacese, or Figworts. The calyx is four- 
cleft ; there is no lateral compression of the upper 
lip of the corolla, while the lower lip has three 
equal reflexed lobes. 

*bar'-fl (1), s. [Barrow (1).] 
ba'-rff (2), s. A woolly material found at the 
base of the leaves of a particular palm-tree, Sague- 
rus saccharifer. 

Ba r-uch, s. [Heb. Baruk (= blessed); Sept. 
Gr. Barouch.) 


1. Script. Hist.: A son of Neriah, who was a 
friend of Jeremiah’s, and at least occasionally 
acted as his amanuensis (Jer. xxxii. 12 ; xxxvi. 4,17, 
32; xliii. 6; xlv. 1; li. 59.) 

2. Bibliog.: Two apocryphal books or letters 
which have been attributed to the above-mentioned 
Baruch. 


(a) The first of these was nominally designed to 
assure the tribes in exile of an ultimate return to 
their own land. Its date seems to have been the 
second century B. C., while the real Baruch lived in 
the latter part of the seventh—that is, about 500 
years before. 

(b) The second epistle, or book, was nominally 
designed to counsel those Jews who were left in 
Palestine, during the time that their brethren were 
in captivity abroad, to submit to the Divine will. 
It was written probably about the same date as the 
former one— i. e., the second century B. C. 

bar’-wl§e, adv. [From bar, and suff. -m'se= 
manner or fashion.] 

Her.: Horizontally arranged in two or more rows. 

bar-wood, s. [Eng. bar: wood.) An African 
wood used in dyeing. It is the product of Baphia 
nitida, a tree which belongs to the sub-order 
Ceesalpinieee. 

bar~y-§en'-tric, adj. [Gr. barys=heayy, and 
kentrikos=ot or from the center.] 

Nat. Phil. & Geom.: Pertaining to the center of 
gravity. 

bary centric calculus. A kind of calculus 
designed to apply the mechanical theory of the 
center of gravity to geometry. It was first pub¬ 
lished by Mobius, Professor of _ Astronomy at Leip- 
sic. It is founded on the principle of defining a 
point as the center of gravity of certain fixed points 
to which co-efficients or weights are attached. It 
has now been superseded by the method of tri- 
linear and quadrilinear co-ordinates, to which 
itself led the way. 

bar-y-pho'-nl-a, s. [Gr. baryphonia; from 
barys= heavy, and phone = a sound, . . . the 
voice. ] 

Med.: Heaviness, i. e., hoarseness of voice, 
bar-y-stron-ti-an-lte, s. [In Ger. barystron- 
tianit. From Eng. baryta, and strontian (q. v.).] A 
mineral, called also Stromnite, a variety of Stron- 
tianite. [See these words.] 

bar'-yt, s. [In Ger. baryt.) [Baryta, Barite.] 

The same as Barite (q. v.). 

baryt-barmotome, s. A mineral, the same as 

Harmotome (q. v.). 

ba-ry -ta, s. [In Ger. baryt; Fr. baryte; Gr. 
6an/fes=weight, heaviness; Z>ar 2 /s=heavy.] 
Chemistry: The monoxide of barium, BaO. 
[Barium.] 

1. Carbonate of Baryta: 

(a) Chem. [Barium.] 

(b) Min.: The same as Witherite (q. v.). 

2. Carbonate of Lime and Baryta (Min.): The 
same as Bromlit.e (q. v.). 

3. Sulphate of Baryta: 

(a) Chem. [Barium.] 

(&) Min.: The same as Barite (q. v.). 

4. Sulphato-carbonate of Baryta (Mineralogy): 
Witherite incrusted by barite. 

bg,-ry -te§, s. [Baryta.] 

Min.: The same as Barite (q. v.). 
bar-yt-Ic, a. [Eng. baryt; -ic.) Consisting in 
whole or in part of barytes ; pertaining to barytes. 
(Watts: Chemistry.) 

ba-ry-tine, s. [Eng., &c., baryt(a), and suff. 

-me.] 

Min.: The same as Barite (q. v.). 

bg,-ry'-tlte, s. [Eng., &c., baryt(a), and suff. -ite 
=Gr. lithos= stone.] 

Min.: The same as Barite (q. v.). 

ba-ry-to-, in compos. Containing a certain 
amount of barytum, now called Barium. [Baryto- 
calcite, Baryto-celestite.] 

ba-ry-to-calc'-Ite, s. [In Ger. baryto-calcit; 
from baryto, the form in composition of baryta or 
barytes, andcaZcife (q. v.), Ger. calcit.) 

1. A mineral, called also Bromlite (q. v.). 

2. A monoclinic transparent or translucent min¬ 
eral, with a hardness of 4, a sp. gr. of 3’63-3’66; 
vitreous luster, a white, grayish, greenish, or yel¬ 
lowish color. Composition: Carbonate of baryta, 
66’3; carbonate of lime, 33'7=100. It occurs at 
Alston Moor, in Cumberland, England. 

ba-ry-to-cel'-es-tite, s. [Eng. baryto; celestite .] 
A mineral, called by Thomson Baryto-sulphate of 
Strontia. It is found near Lake Erie. 

bar'-y-tone, bar’-l-tone, a. & s. [In Ger. bar - 

iton (s.) (Music.), barytonum (Gram.); Fr. baruton 
(s.); Port, bariton (s.) ; Sp. & Ital. baritono. From 
Gr. barytonos (adj.) = (1) deep-sounding, (2) (Gram.) 
(see II.), (3) (Rhet.) emphatic: barys= heavy, and 
tonos= a tone.] [Tone.] 

A. As adj.: Having a deep heavy tone of voices 
or instruments; having the character described 
under B., 1.1. 


b<5il, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 





barytum 


394 


base-dance 


B. -4s substantive: 

I. Music: 

I. A male voice intermediate between a bass and 
a tenor. 

*2. A stringed instrument invented in 1700, but 
not now in use. It resembled the viol da Gamba. 
{Penny Cycl.) 

II. Greek Grammar: Not marked with an accent 
on the last syllable. In such a case the grave 
accent is understood. 


ba-ry-tum, s. An old name for barium. [Ba¬ 
rium.] 

ba-sul, a. [Eng. bas(e); -al.] [Base, s.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: Pertaining to the base of any¬ 
thing. 

“ . . . still continue to front exactly the upper parts 
of those valleys, at the mouths of which the original basal 
fringing-reef was breached.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. xx. 

B. Bot.: Situated at or springing from the base 
of anything. 

1[ In botanical Latin it is rendered basilaris, 
though the etymological affinity between this and 
basal is not close. 

b3.-sa.lt’, s. [In Dut. & Ger. basalt; Fr. basalte; 
Port, basaltes, basalta; from Lat. baSaltes {Pliny), 
said to have been derived from an African word, 
and to have meant basaltoid syenite, from Ethiopia 
or Upper Egypt.] 

1. Gen.: Any trap rock of a black, bluish, or 
leaden gray color, and possessed of a uniform and 
compact texture. {Lyell: Manual of Geology , 
ch. xxviii.) 

2. Spec.: A trap rock consisting of augite, felspar, 
and iron intimately blended, olivine also being 
not unfrequently present. The augite is the pre¬ 
dominant mineral; it is, sometimes, however, 
exchanged for hornblende, to which it is much 
akin. The iron is usually magnetic, and is, more¬ 
over, often conjoined with titanium. Other minerals 
are also occasionally present, one being labra- 
dorite. It is distinguished from doleryte, or doler- 
ite, by its possessing chlorine disseminated through 
it in grains. It is of a very hard endurable nature, 
and may be used to advantage in macadamizing 
roads. 

The specific gravity of basalt is 3'00. It so much 
tends to become columnar that all volcanic colum¬ 
nar rocks are by some people called basalt, which 
is an error. There are fine columnar basalts at the 
Giant’s Causeway in the north of Ireland; in Scot¬ 
land at Fingal’s Cave and other parts of 'the 
island of Staffa; and along the sides of many hills 
in the old volcanic district of Western and Central 
India. Non-columnar basalts may be amorphous, 
or they may take the form of volcanic bombs 
cemented together by a ferruginous paste, or again 
they may be amygdaloidal. {Lyell: Man. of Geol., 
ch. xxviii., &c.) 

bu-s&l'-tlc, a. [Eng. basalt, suff. -ic; Fr. basal- 
tique.) Composed in greater or smaller measure of 
basalt; columnar, like basalt, or in any other way 
pertaining to basalt. 

“. . . which indicates with singular precision the 
age of some, at least, of the basaltic sheets . . .”— Duke 
of Argyll: Q. Jour. Geol. Soc., vii. (1851), pt. i., p. 100. 

bl^-salt'-I-form, a. [Eng. basalt, i, and form. In 
Ger. basaltif6rmig.~\ Having the form of basalt; 
columnar. {Maunder.) 

ba sal -tine, a. [From Eng. basalt; -ine.) A 
mineral, which some regard as identical with Horn¬ 
blende, while Dana considers it a synonym of 
Augite and perhaps of Fassaite, two sub-varieties 
classed under his eighth variety of Pyroxene, that 
denominated “Aluminous Lime, Magnesia, Iron 
Pyroxene.” 

ba-sal'-tdld, a. [Lat. basaltes (Basalt), and 
Gr. eidos = form, appearance.] Presenting the 
appearance of basalt; resembling basalt; having 
basalt in its composition. 

. basaltoid syenite, black Egyptian basalt.”— 
Smith’s Lat. Diet., Art. “Basaltes.” 

*ba’-§ 3 n, *ba'-§en, «• [In Hr. basane; Low 
Lat. basanium, bazan, bazana.bazanna, bazenna.] 
The skin of a sneep tanned. [Basil (2).] 


bas -3n-Ite, s. [Lat. basanites; Gr. basanites=& 
touchstone, from basanos= a touchstone.] A min¬ 
eral, called also Lydian Stone. It is placed by 
Dana as one of his Crypto-crystalline varieties of 
Quartz. It is a velvet black siliceous or flinty 
jasper. If an alloyed metal be rubbed across it, 
the color left behind will indicate the nature and 


the depth of the alloy; hence arises the name of 
Touchstone. [Jasper, Quartz.] 
bas -u-nd-mel-une, bas -a-no-mel-an, s. [Gr. 


basanos=a touchstone, and me las=black.] A min¬ 
eral believed to be identical with Ilmenite. Dana 
makes it his seventh variety of Menaccanite, rank¬ 
ing Ilmenite as the third, and Menaccanite proper 
as the _ fourth. Basanomelane is a titaniferous 
haematite. 


bas bled (s silent), s. [Fr. bas= a stocking; bleu 
=blue.] A “ blue-stocking,” originally a lady more 
attentive to literature than to personal neatness; 
hence applied to any literary lady. [Blue-stock¬ 


ing. J 

bas'-§in-et, bas -In- 
sen-et, *bas'-sen-ette, 
*bas-san-at, *bas'- 
san-et, *bas’-net (O. 

Scotch ), s. [Fr. bassinet, 
bacinet, dimin. of bas- 
sin,' basin, bacin = a 
basin. In Prov. basinet, 
basanet; Sp. basinejo; 

11 a 1 . bacinetto; Low 
Lat. bacinetum, basin- 
etum .] [Basin.J 

1. A light helmet, gen¬ 
erally without a visor, 
which receives its ap¬ 
pellation from the great 
similarity which it pre¬ 
sents to a basin. The 
specimen shown in the 
illustration is from the 
tomb of Sir H. Stafford, 
A.D. 1450, in Bromsgrove 
church, and is adorned 
with a richcrest-wreath. 
(O. Eng. & Scotch.) 


-et, bas'-sin-et, *bas- 
*bas'-S 3 H-ette (0. Eng.), 



Bascinet. 


“A diadem of gold was set 
Above bis bright steel basinet, 

And clasp’d within its glittering twine 
Was seen the glove of Argentine.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 13. 


“That ilke gentilman hafand ten pundis worth of land 
or mare be sufficiently harnest and anarmitwith bassanat 
sellat, quhite hat, gorgeat, or pemsane, hale leg harnes, 
swerd, spere, and dager.”—Acts James IV., 1491 (ed.1814), 
p. 226. ( Basnet, in ed. 1566.) {Skene.) {Jamieson.) 


2. (Of the form bassinet): 

(a) A species of geranium. {Parkinson.) 

(b) A skin with which soldiers covered themselves. 
{Blount.) {3. in Boucher.) 


bas’-cule, s. [Fr. bascule=svreep, see-saw, coun¬ 
terpoise, equilibration.] 

Mech.: A balancing lever; a swing gate or bridge, 
base (1), *ba§e, *baas, a.&s. [In Wei., Fr., & 
Prov. bas; Sp. baxo; Port, baixo; Ital. 6asso=low; 
Low Lat. &assws=thick, fat, short, humble.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Literally: Low in place. (Applied to the posi¬ 
tion of one thing with respect to another.) 

“ Hir nose baas, her browes hie.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. i. {Richardson.) 


2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of individuals: 

(a) Occupying a humble position in society, being 
as it were at or near the base of the social pyramid. 

“ If the lords and chief men degenerate, what shall be 
hoped of the peasants and baser people f ”— Spenser: Ire¬ 
land. 


(6) Illegitimate in birth, bastard. 

“ Why bastard ? wherefore base? 

When my dimensions are so well compact. 

My mind as generous, and my shape as true, 

As honest madam’s issue.”— Shakesp.: Lear, i. 2. 
(c) With the slender influence or with the moral 
qualities often seen in those who, being at the base 
of the social pyramid or of illegitimate birth, are 
looked down upon by the proud and the unthinking. 
Mean, undignified, without independence of feeling. 
“It could not else be, I Bhould prove so base 
To sue and be denied such common grace.” 

Shakesp.: Union, iii. 6. 


“Unworthy, base, and insincere. ’— Cowper: Friendship. 

(2) Of communities: Politically low, without 
power. 

“And I will bring again the captivity of Egypt, and 
will cause them to return into the land of Pathros, into 
the land of their habitation; and they shall be there a 
base kingdom. It shall be the basest of the kingdoms; 
neither shall it exalt itself any more above the nations; 
for I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule 
over the nations.”— Ezek. xxix. 14, 15. 

S Of things: Mean, vile, worthless. Spec.: 

) Of metals: Of little value. (Often used of the 
less precious metals in coins or alloys. In the case 
of gold and silver coins or alloys, all other metals 
combined with them are regarded as base, and a 
coin in which these other metals are in undue quan¬ 
tity is said to be debased.) 

“ A guinea is pure gold if it has nothing but gold in it, 
without any alloy or baser metal.”—Watts. 

“ He was robbed indirectly by a new issue of counters, 
smaller in size and baser in material than any which had 
yet borne the image and superscription of James.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 


(b) Of any other material thing, whether occurring 
in nature or made by art: Inferior in quality, of 
little value. 

“The harvest white plumb is a base plumb, and the 
white date plum are no very good plumbs.”— Bacon. 

“ Pyreicus was only famous for counterfeiting all base 
things, as earthen pitchers, a scullery.”— Peacham. 

( c ) Of deportment: Suitable to a humble position. 
[Base-humility.] 

(d) Of moral conduct: Such as to involve moral 
degradation. 

“He had indeed atoned for many crimes by one crime 
baser than all the rest.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

II. Law: 

1. Suitable to be performed by persons of low 
rank. [Base Services.] 

2. Holding anything conditionally. Specially 
used of one holding land on some condition, not 
absolutely. [Base Tenant.] {Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment., ii. 9.) 

(1) English Law: 

(a) Base services: Under the feudal system base 
services were such as were fit only for peasants or 
persons of servile rank to perform, as to plow the 
lord’s land, to make his hedges, &c. {Blackstone: 
Comment., ii. 5.) 

( b) A base tenant is one holding land which he 
will lose if a certain contingent event occur. {Black¬ 
stone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 9.) 

Base tenure is the tenure by which land in such 
circumstances is held. A base fee, called also a 
qualified fee, is one with a qualification attached to 
it, and which must be determined whenever the 
qualification annexed to it is at an end. If a grant 
be made to a person and his heirs so long as he or 
his family occupies a certain farm, this is a base 
tenure, for the grant ceases if the farm be no longer 
occupied by the grantee or his heirs. {Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. ii.. ch. 9.) 

(2) Scots Law: Base rights are those which ar® 
possessed by a person who has had feudal property 
disponed to him by one who arranges that it shall 
be held under himself and not under his superior. 

B. As substantive: That which is physically, 
socially, morally, or otherwise base; speciaHy, that 
which is morally so. 

“ . . . Why brand they us 
With base! with baseness? bastardy? base, base t" 

Shakesp.: Lear, i. 2. 

Plural: Persons low or despised. 

IF Crabb thus distinguishes the terms base, vile, 
and mean: “ Base is a stronger term than vile, and 
vile than mean. Base marks a high degree of moral 
turpitude: vile and mean denote in different degrees 
the want of all value or esteem. What is base 
excites our abhorrence; what is vile provokes dis¬ 
gust; what is mean awakens contempt. Base is 
opposed to magnanimous; vile to noble; mean to 
generous. Ingratitude is base; it does violence to 
the best affections of our nature: flattery is vile; it 
violates truth in the grossest manner for the lowest 
purposes of gain; compliances are mean which are 
derogatory to the rank or dignity of the indi- 
vidu al.” 

base-born, a. 

1. Born out of wedlock. 

“But see thy base-born child, thy babe of shame, 

Who, left by thee, upon our parish came.”— Gay. 

2. Of humble, though legitimate birth. 

“ Better ten thousand base-born Cades miscarry 
Than you should stoop unto a Frenchman’s mercy.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., iv. 8. 

3. Mean. 

“ Shamest thou not, knowing whence thou art extraught. 

To let thy tongue detect thy base-born heart? ” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., ii. 2. 

base-court, *base-courte, *basse-courte, s. 

[In Fr. basse-cour. ] The court lower than another 
one in dignity; the outer court of a mansion, the 
servants’ court, the back-yard, the farm-yard, the 
stable-yard. 

IF The form basse-court is in Menage. 

“ Into the base-court she dyd me then lede.” 

Percy Reliques, i. 105. {Boucher.) 
“My lord, in the base-court he doth attend, 

To speak with you.”— Shakesp.: Richard II., iii. 3. 

*base-dance, *bass-daunce (0. Eng. <& Scotch), 
s. [Fr. basse-danse .] A kind of dance slow and 
formal in its motions, and probably in the minuet 
style; directly opposite to what is called the high 
dance. 

“It vas ane celest recreation to behald ther lycht 
lopene, galmouding, stendling bakuart and forduart, 
dansand base-dances, pauuans, galyardis, turdions, 
braulis and branglis buttons vitht mony lycht dancis, 
the quhilk ar ouer prolixt to be rehersit.”— Compl. of 
Scotland, p. 102. {Jamieson.) 

“ Then came down the Lord Prince and the Ladyo 
Cecill, and daunced two bass-daunces.”—Append, to 
Leland’s Coll., v. 361. (Boucher.) 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




base-hearted 


S95 


basely 


base-hearted, a. Having a low, mean, vile, or 
ireacherous heart. 

♦base-humility, s. Subjection. 

“ But virtuous women wisely understand 
That they were born to base-humility, 

Unless the heavens them lift to lawful sovereignty.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. v. 25. 

base-minded, a. Having a low, mean, vicious 
mind, capable of morally low deeds. 

“ I* signifieth, as it seemeth, no more than abject, base- 
ninded, false-hearted, coward, or nidget.”— Camden: 
Remains. 

base-mindedly, adv. In a low, vile, dishonor¬ 
able manner. - 


base-mindedness, s. The quality of being base- 
minded ; vileness of mind. (Sandys.) 

base-rocket or base dyer’s-rocket, s. The 
English name given to a species of mignonette, the 
Reseda lutea. It grows on waste plains and chalky 
hills. It has yellow flowers. 


base-souled, a. Having a low, mean soul, 
capable of doing dishonorable deeds. 

base-spirited, a. Having a low, mean, vicious 
spirit. ( Baxter, in Worcester's Diet.) 


base (2), a. $ s. [Bass (3).] 
base-viol, s. [Bass-viol.] 

bS.se (1), s. & a. [In Sw. 6as=base, pedestal; 
Dan., Dut., &Ger. fbasis; Fr. & Port, base; Prov. 
baza; Sp. & Ital. basa, base; Lat. basis; Gr. basis = 
(1) a stepping, a movement, (2) a step, (3) that with 
which one steps, a foot, or (4) that on which he 
steps, a base, a pedestal, a foundation; baino —to 
walk.] [Basis.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The lowest part of anything, considered as its 
support; that part of anything on which the 
remainder of it stands. (Used of the lower part of 
a hill, or of a pillar, the pedestal of a statue, &c.) 
[A., 11.1(a).] 

“. . . if this fail, 

The pillar’d firmament is rottenness, 

And earth’s base built on stubble.” 

Milton: Comus. 


“ Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff, 

That beetles o’er his base into the sea.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 4. 

“ Firm Doric pillars found your solid base; 

The fair Corinthian crowns the higher space.” 

Dryden. 

“Men of weak abilities in great places are like little 
jtatues set on great bases, made the less by their advance¬ 
ment.”— Bacon. 

2. That end of anything which is broad and thick, 
the base of a cone. [A., II. 3 (d).] 

*3. An apron. 

“ Bakers in their linen bases.” — Marston. 

4. That part of any ornament which hangs down, 
-s housings. 

“Phalastus was all in white, having his bases and 
Caparison embroidered.”— Sidney. 

5. The place from which racers or tilters run; 
the bottom of the field; the career, the starting- 
post. 

“. . . to their appointed base they went; 

With beating heart th’ expecting sign receive, 

And, starting all at once, the barrier leave.” 

Dryden. 

II. Technically: 

1. Architecture: 

(a) The part of a column between the bottom of 
the shaft and the top of the pedestal. In cases in 
which there is no pedestal, then the base is the part 
between the bottom of the column and the plinth. 
fSee example from Dryden under A., 1.1.] 



Corinthian. Tuscan. 


Bases of Columns. 

(b) A plinth with its moldings constituting the 
lower part (that which slightly projects) of the wall 
of a room. r _ , 

2. Sculp.: The pedestal of a statue. [See example 
from Bacon under A., 1.1.] 

3. Geometry: 

(a) The base of an ordinary triangle is its third 
side, not necessarily the one drawn at the bottom 


of the diagram, but the one which has no, ym. been 
mentioned while the two others have. (Euclid, 
bk. i., Prop. 4, Enunciation.) 

(b) The base of an isosceles triangle is the side 
which is not one of the equal two. (Prop. 5, Enun¬ 
ciation.) 

_ (c) The base of a parallelogram is the straight 
line on which in any particular proposition the 
parallelogram is assumed to stand. (Prop. 35.) It 
also is not necessarily drawn the lowest in the 
figure. (Prop. 47.) 

(d) The base of a cone is the circle described by 
that side containing the right angle which revolves. 
(Euclid, bk. xi., Def. 20.) 

(e) The bases of a cylinder are the circles described 
by the two rotatory opposite sides of the parallelo¬ 
gram, by the revolution of which it is formed. 
(Def. 23.) 

4. Trigonometry, Surveying <£ Map-making. A 
base or base-line is a straight line measured on the 
ground, from the two extremities of which angles 
will be taken with the view of laying down a 
triangle or series of triangles, and so mapping out 
the country to be surveyed. 

5. Fort.: The exterior side of a polygon, or the 
imaginary line connecting the salient angles of two 
adjacent bastions. 

6. Ordnance: The protuberant rear-portion of a 
gun, between the knot of the cascabel and the base¬ 
ring. 

7. Military: That country or portion of a country 
in which the chief strength of one of the combat¬ 
ants lies, and from which he draws reinforcements 
of men, ammunition, &c. During the Indian mutiny 
and war of 1857 and 1858, the base of the operations 
for the recovery of Delhi was the Punjaub. 

8. Zool.: That portion of anything by which it is 
attached to anything else of higher value or signifi¬ 
cation. (Dana.) 

9. Bot.: A term applied to the part of a leaf adjoin¬ 
ing the leaf-stalk, to that portion of a pericarp 
which adjoins the peduncle, or to anything simi¬ 
larly situated. 

10. Her.: The lower part of a shield, or, more 
specifically, the width of a bar parted off from the 
lower part of a shield by a horizontal line. It is 
called also base-bar, baste, and plain point. (Gloss, 
of Her.) 

11. Ghent.: A metallic oxide which is alkaline, or 
capable of forming with an acid a salt, water being 
also formed, the metal replacing the hydrogen in 
the acid. Organic bases or alkaloids are found in 
many plants; they contain nitrogen, and are prob¬ 
ably substitution compounds of ammonia. Artificial 
organic bases are called amines. Bases soluble in 
water render red litmus blue. 

12. Dyeing: Any substance used as a mordant. 
[Mordant.] 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the lower part, the 
thickest end of anything, a mathematical or trigo¬ 
nometrical base, or whatever else is similar; as a 
base-line. [A., IL 4.] 

base-ball, s. 

1. A game carried on with a ball on a diamond¬ 
shaped field having four bases. 

2. The ball with which the game is played. 

base-bar, s. 

Her. [Base (1), A., II. 10.] 

base-hit, s. 

Baseball: A hit which enables the batsman to 
make first base, 
base-line, s. 

Geom. <& Trig. [Base (1), A., II. 4.] 

base-ring, s. A molding on the breech of a 
gun, between the base and the first reinforce. 
(Knight.) 

base (2) (plural ba'-se§), s. [Fr. 7>os=bottom, 
feet, depth, end, lower part, extremity; stocking, 
hose.] 

In the plural: 

1. Armor for the legs. 

“ And put before Ms lap a napron white, 

Instead of curiets and bases fit for fight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. v. 20. 

2. Stockings. 

“He had party-colored silk bases of a rich mercer’s 
gtuffe .”—Monomachia (1613), p. 20. 

♦base (3), *bays,*bar§, *bar-rfs, s. [The form 
bars seems the older one, occurring as early as the 
reign of Edward I. Base is apparently a corrup¬ 
tion of it. The name bars is said to have been 
given because the place in which it was firstplayed 
was, figuratively speaking, “ barred ” off from the 
intrusion of those who were not in the game.] 
Formerly a game for children, the full name of 
which was Prisoner's Base or Prisoner's Bays. 
Two equal parties of young people faced each other 
in line, each line connected by a joining of hands. 
Behindeach line was a “base” or home.ot which 
one kept hold. If any person breaking off from the 


line lu- into the intermediate space, he was imme¬ 
diately followed by an opponent from the other 
side, who, if he caught him, gained a score for his 
own party. However many such pursuits might 
take place, each person giving chase had to stick to 
the fugitive whom he had originally singled out. 
In some countries the game was called Prisoner's 
Bars, or Prison Bars, not base. [See etymology.] 

“ He wende in a day to plawe 
The children ournen at the bars, 

A cours he took with o felawe 
Gregorie the swiftere was, 

After hym he leop pas wel gode 
With honden seyseth him with skept, 

That other was vnblithe of mode, 

For tene of herte sore he wept 
And ran home as he wer wode.” 

Legend of St. Gregory, MS. Cott., Cleop., D. 10, f. 156 b. 
(S. in Boucher.) 

“ . . . two striplings, lads more like to run 
The country base than to commit such slaughter.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbcline, v. 3. 

base (1), v. t. [Contracted from Eng. debase or 
from abase.) To debase ; to alloy by the mixture 
of a less valuable metal. 

“ I am doubtful whether men have sufficiently refined 
metals which we cannot base.- as whether iron, brass, and 
tin be refined to the height.”— Bacon. 

base (2 ),v.t. [From Eng. base, s.] 

1. To make a pike stand upon its base or lower 
part, by applying the latter to the ground; or, more 
probably, to abase or lower it. 

“ Based Ms pyke.”— Plutarch (1579). (Halliwell: Co**- 

to Lexic.) 

2. To found. 

“ . . . to verify the report on which his statement 
was based.” — Times, November 16, 1877. 

♦base (3), *basse, v. t. [From Base (2),s.] To 
apparel, to equip. 

“. . . apparelled and bassed in lawny velvet.”— 
Hall: Henry VIII., an. 6. ( Richardson.) 

based (1) (Eng.), ba-sit (Scotch), pa. par. & a. 
[Base (1), v. t.) 

based (2), pa. par. & a. [Base (2), v. #.] 

♦ba'se-lard, *bas-la-erd, s. [InO. Sw. basslare; 
O. Teut. baseler= a long dagger or short sword.] A 
poniard or dagger, generally worn dependent from 
the girdle. (S. in Boucher.) 

“ Bucklers brode and swerdis long 
Baudrike with baselardis kene, 

Suche toles about ther neck thei hong.” 

Ploughman's Tale, in Wright’s Polit. Poems, i. 331. 

“A baselard or a ballocke knife, with bottons overgilt." 
— Piers Plowman, f. 79. (S. in Boucher.) 

“Baselard: sica.”— Prompt. Parv. 

If The weapon with which Sir William de Wal¬ 
worth slew Wat Tyler was a baselard, which is still 
preserved with veneration by the Company of Fish¬ 
mongers, of which Walworth was a member. (S. in 
Boucher.) 

ba se-less, *ba se-lesse, a. [Eng. base; dess.] 
Without a base, with nothing to stand upon. 

“It must be accepted . . . as an historical fact, or 
rejected as baseless fiction.”— Milman: Hist, of Jews, 3d 
ed., Preface, vol. i., p. xvi. 

“ And like the baseless fabric of this vision.” 

Shakesp.: The Tempest. 

ba-sel -la, s. [Malabar name.] Malabar Night¬ 
shade. A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Clienopodiacero (Chenopods). The species Basella 
alba and B. rubra are twining, succulent plants, 
with smooth fleshy leaves, used in China and India 
as spinach plants. B. rubra yields a very rich 
purple dye, which, however, is difficult to fix. 

bA-sel-la'-§e-se (Lat.), ba-sel -lads (Eng.), s. 
[Basella.] An order of perigynous exogens, placed 
by Lindley in his Ficoidal Alliance. It consists of 
plants like Ficoids, but with distinct sepals, no 
petals, the fruit inclosed in a membranous or suc¬ 
culent calyx, a single solitary carpel, and an erect 
seed. (Lindley.) All or nearly all tropical. In 
1847 Lindley estimated the known species at twelve. 

ba se-ly, adv. [Eng. base; -ly .] In a base man¬ 
ner. Specially — 

1. Born of low rank or out of wedlock, in bas¬ 
tardy, illegitimately. 

“These two Mitylene brethren, basely born, crept out of 
a small galliot unto the majesty of great kings.”— Knolles. 

2. In such a way as one looked down upon in 
society might be expected to do; meanly, dishonor¬ 
ably. 

“The king is not Mmself, but basely led 
By flatterers.” Shakesp.: Richard II., ii. L 

“A lieutenant basely gave it up as soon as Essex in M. 
passage demanded it.”— Clarendon. 

“. . . by him left 
On whom he most depended, basely left, 
Betray’d, deserted.” 

Cowper: On Finding the Heel of a Shoe. 


b<Sil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian - shau. -tion, -sion — shhn; 


§hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph — f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious = shu3. -Me. -die, &c. = bel, del. 










































basement 


396 


basilica 


ba'se-ment, s. & a. [Eng. base; -merit .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang. & Med.: The lowest, outermost, 
or most fundamental part of a structure; that 
above or outside of which anything is reared. 

“. . . the homogeneous simple membrane which 
forms the basement of the skin and mucous membrane.” 
—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. i., p. 50. 

2. Arch. <& Ord. Lang.: The lower story of a build¬ 
ing, whether constituting a sunken story or a ground 
floor. In ancient architecture the basement was 
generally low, and had above it a row of columns. 
It is still low in most churches and other public 
buildings, but high in private houses. 

B. As adjective: Lowest, outermost, most funda¬ 
mental. 

“It consists, like the corresponding part of most other 
glands, of two layers, an outer basement membrane with 
which the vessels are in contact, and an epithelium 
lining the interior.”—-Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. i., ch. xiv., p. 423. 

basement-membrane, s. 

Anatomy: A membrane lying between the cutis 
and the epidermis of the skin. 

“This expanse consists of two elements, a basement- 
tissue composed of simple membrane, uninterrupted, 
homogeneous, and transparent, covered by an epithelium 
or pavement of nucleated particles. Underneath the 
basement-membrane vessels, nerves, and areolar tissue are 
placed.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 404. 

basement-tissue, s. 

Anat.: The tissue of which basement-membrane 
is composed. (See an example under Basement- 
membrane.) 

ba -sen, a. [From Eng. base, s., in the sense of 
anything broad. Or from basin: “As large as 
basins.” (Of. Saucer-eyes.) {Herrtage.)\ Extended. 

“ Then gan the courtiers gaze on every side, 

And stare on him, with big lookes basen wide.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale, i. 1. 

ba se-ness (1), *ba se-nesse, s. [Eng. base= 
low, and suff. -ness.] The quality of being base or 
low, in place or in any other respect. Specially — 

I. Of lowness in place: The state or quality of 
being low in social standing. 

(а) Without imputation on the legitimacy of the 
birth: Humble rank. 

“ So seldome seene that one in basenesse set 
Doth noble courage shew with curteous manners 
met.” Spenser: F. Q., VI. iii. 1. 

(б) With such imputation: Illegitimacy of birth, 
bastardy. 

“ Why brand they us 

With base? with baseness? bastardy? base? base?” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 2. 

n. of the moral qualities likely to be produced by 
such lowness in place: The state or quality of pos¬ 
sessing, or being supposed to possess, the moral 
qualities likely to be found in the low, the despised, 
and the illegitimately born; meanness, vileness, 
deceit. 

“ Of crooked baseness an indignant scorn.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

III. Of debasement in metals: Absence of value ; 
comparative worthlessness in a metal. 

“We alleged the fraudulent obtaining his patent, the 
baseness of his metal, and the prodigious sum to be 
coine d. ”— Swift. 

ba'se-ness (2), s. [Eng. 6ase=deep in sound, 
and suff. -ness.) Deepness of sound. 

“The just and measured proportion of the air percussed 
toward the baseness or trebleness of tones, is one of the 
greatest secrets in the contemplation of sounds.”— Bacon. 

bas -en-et, s. [Bascinet.] 

ba -se§, s. [Base (2), s.] 

*bash, v. i. [Shortened from abash (q. v.). Comp. 
Heb. bdsh=to be cast down, confounded,or ashamed; 
Ishbosheth = a man of shame.] To be ashamed. 
[Abash.] 

“He soone approched, panting, breathlesse, whot, 

And all so soyld that none could him descry: 

His countenaunce was bold, and bashed not 

For Guyons lookes, but scornefull eyeglaunce at him 
6hot.” Spenser: F. Q., II. iv. 37. 

tbst-shaw', s. [In Dut. & Her. bassa; Fr. bacha; 
Sp. baxa .] [Pacha.] 

1. The old way, still sometimes adopted, of spell¬ 
ing pacha (q. v.). 

“ The Turks made an expedition into Persia; and because 
of the straits of the mountains, the bashaw consulted 
which way they should get in.”— Bacon. 

“The lady with the gay macaw, 

The dancing-girl, the great bashaw 
With bearded lip and chin.” 

Longfellow: To a Child. 

2. A haughty, overbearing, and tyrannical per¬ 
son. 


bash'-ful, a. [From bash, evidently = shame, 
though no noun, but only a verb of this form now 
exists; and suff. -full.) 

I. Literally {of persons): 

1. Full of shame: having the eyes abased; hav¬ 
ing a downcast look from, an excess of modesty or 
consciousness of demerit. (Used of single occasions 
or of the character in general.) 

“. . . the bold youth, 

Of soul impetuous, and the bashful maid.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

“ And bashful in his first attempt to write.” 

Addison. 


2. Sheepish, unduly and foolishly embarrassed in 
company, not from genuine modesty, but from 
latent vanity. 

II. Figuratively {of things): 

1. In the concrete. {Of things boldly personified 
and poetically assumed to feel like man): 

(a) Feeling shame, and in consequence trying to 
shun observation. 

“The Ouse, dividing the well-water’d land, 

Now glitters in the sun, and now retires. 

As bashful, yet impatient to be seen.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

(i>) Shame-produced; caused by shame. 

“ His bashful bonds disclosing Merit breaks.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

2. In the abstract: 


{a) In a good sense: Of natural shame, modesty| 
or any similar quality. 

“He burns with bashful shame.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis. 

“ No, Leonato, 

I never tempted her with word too large, 

But, as a brother to his sister, shew’d 
Bashful sincerity and comely love.” 

Ibid.: Much Ado about Nothing, iv. 1. 


(6) In a bad sense: Of cunning, or any similar 
quality. 


“Hence, bashful cunning! 

And prompt me, plain and holy innocence.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 1. 

bash-ffll-ly, adv. [Eng. bashful; -ly.) In a 
bashful manner, whether— 

(1) Modestly. {Sherwood.) 

Or (2) Sheepishly. 


bash'-ful-ness, s. [Eng. bashful; -ness.] The 
quality of being bashful; the disposition to blush 
or show embarrassment in the presence of others. 

(1) To a legitimate extent: Shame produced by 
true modesty. 


“So sweet the blush of Bashfulness, 

Even Pity scarce can wish it less.” 

Byron: Bride of Abydos, i. 8. 
(2) To an illegitimate extent: Sheepishness, false 
modesty. 


“For fear had bequeathed his room to his kinsman 
bashfulness, to teach him good manners.”— Sidney. 


“ There are others who have not altogether so much of 
this foolish bashfulness, and who ask every one’s opinion.” 
— Dryden. 


bash-i b?t-z6uk', s. [Turk, bashi bozouk= one 
who fights without science; an irregular combat¬ 
ant.] 

In Turkey: An irregular soldier of any kind. 
Under the direction of British officers the Bashi 
Bazouks acquired reputation in the Crimean war; 
but under Turkish leadership in the Bulgarian 
insurrection of 1876, they acted with such inhu¬ 
manity that the term Bashi Bazouk became one of 
reproach, and had to bo exchanged for another— 
Mustehaiz=Provincial militia. 

“ The troops hitherto known under the sinister appella¬ 
tion of ‘Bashi Bazouks’ will henceforth be called ‘ Muste- 
haiz,’or Provincial Militia.”— Peru Correspondent of the 
Times, April 23,1877. 

*bash'-less, a. [Eng. bash (q. v.), and suff. -less.) 
Without shame, shameless, unblushing. {Spenser.) 

ba-sic, a. [Eng. bas{e); -ic.) 

1. Chem.: Pertaining to a base; constituting a 
base and a salt. 

2. Having the base in excess; having the base 
atomically greater than that of the acid or that of 
the related neutral salt; a direct union of a basic 
oxide with an acid oxide. {Todd & Bowman.) 

basic rocks. 

Lithology, Chem. and Geol.: In Bernard Von 
Cotta’s classification, one of the two leading divis¬ 
ions of igneous rocks, whether volcanic or plutonic. 
It comprises those which are poor in silica, as dis¬ 
tinguished from Acidic Rocks, which are rich in 
that mineral constituent. A somewhat analogous 
classification had been previously adopted by Bun¬ 
sen, who called rocks akin to the Basic ones Pyrox- 
enic [Pyboxenic], and those allied to the Acidic 
Rocks Trachy tic [Tbachytic] ;but while the Pyrox- 


enic division contains only 45 to 60 parts of silica, 
the Basic one has 55 to 80 parts. {Bernhard Von 
Cotta: Rocks, translated by Lawrence, ed. 1S78, 
pp. 120,356.) 

ba -§i- 9 er-ine, s. [Lat. basis; Gr. basis—a base; 
and Mod. Lat. cerum.) A mineral, the same as 
Fluocerite, or Fluocerine (q. v.). 

bg,-sld -l-a, s. [Gr,. basis= a base, and dimin. 
termination, frequent in Gr. idion.) The cells on 
the apex of which the spores of fungi are formed, 
ba-si-fl'-er, s. [Eng. basify; -er.] 

Chem.: That which basifies. any substance; that 
which converts any substance into a salifiable base. 

ba’-sl-fy, v. t. [Lat. basis, from Gr. basis =a base 
(Basis), and/acio=to make.] 

Chem.: To convert into a salifiable base, 
ba'-si-fy-ing, pr.par. & a. [Basify.] 
ba-si-gyn'-I-um, s. [Gr. basis =a base, and gyne 
=. . . a female.] 

Bot.: The same as Gynophoee (q. v.). 
ba§ -Il (1), s. [In Fr. 6iseaw=beveling.] 

Joinery: The sloping edge of a chisel or of the 
iron of a plane. For soft wood it is usually made 
12°, and for hard wood, 18°. 

“ These chissels are not ground to such a. basil as the 
joiner’s chissels, on one of the sides, but are basiled 
always on both the flat sides, so that the edge lies 
between both the sides in the middle of the tool.”— 
Moxon. 

ba§ -Il (2), s. [Possibly from an Oriental word 
meaning to strip.] The skin of a sheep tanned, 
used in bookbinding and for making slippers. 

ba§'-il (3),s. [In Sw. basilika; Dan. basilike- 
nart; Dut. basilicum; Ger. basilikum and basilien- 
kraut; Fr. basilic; Ital. basilico; Lat. basilicum; 
from Gr. basilikos=royal; basileus=a king.] The 
English name of the Ocymum, a genus of plants 
belonging to the order Lamiacese, or Labiates. The 
species are numerous ; many of them come from the 
East Indies. They are fine-smelling plants. 

If Sweet Basil or Basilicum is Ocymum basilicum. 
It is an aromatic pot-herb. 

Wild Basil is Ccilamintha clinopodium. 
basil-thyme, s.' Calamintha acinos. 
basil-weed, s. The same as Wild Basil {Cala¬ 
mintha clinopodium). 

*ba§-il (4), *bas'-sll, s. [Abbreviated from Fr. 
basilic=a basilisk, a kind of cannon.] [Basilisk.] 
A long cannon, or piece of ordnance, carrying a ball 
of 160 lbs. weight, but practically useless. 

“ She bare many canons, six on every side, with three 
great bassils, two behind in her dock, and one before.”— 
Pitscottie, pp. 107, 108. ( Jamieson .) 

ba§’-ll, v. t. [From basil, s.] To grind the edge 
of a tool to an angle. [For example, see Basil 
( 1). s.] 

bas -i-lar, ba-sil’-ar-f, a. & s. [In Fr. basilaire; 
Port, basilar; Mod. Lat. basilaris; from hems.] 
[Base, Basis.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Gen.: Situated at the base of anything. 

2. Anat.: Pertaining to any portion of the frame 
which forms a basis to other portions. 

B. As substantive : 

Anat.: An important artery. 

“ . . . at the posterior margin of the pons they [the 
vertebral arteries] coalesce to form a single vessel, the 
basilar, which extends the whole length of the pons.”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 293. 

Ba-§ll -l-a.n, a. [Named after St. Basil, who 
founded a monastery in Pontus, and an order of 
monkSj which soon spread over the East, was intro¬ 
duced into the West in 1057, and reformed by Pope 
Gregory XIII. in 1569.] Pertaining to the monks of 
the order of St. Basil. 

ba-§!l’-ic, *ba-§ir-ick, a. &s. [In Sp. basilico; 
Lat. basilicus; Gr. basilikos=Toyal; from basileus— 
a king.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to or resembling a basilica (q. v.). 

2. Anat.: Pertaining to the vein of the arm called 
the basilic. [B. 2.] 

“ These aneurisms following always upon bleeding the 
basilic vein, must be aneurisms of the humeral artery.” 
— Sharp. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Arch, [Basilica.] 

2. Anat.: A vein which crosses the radial artery 
in the bend of the elbow, and is separated from it 
by a tendinous expansion of the biceps muscle. It 
is one of the two veins most frequently opened in 
blood-letting. 

ba-§il'-I-ca, ba-§ll'-ic, *ba-§il'-Ick, s. [InFr.. 
basilique; Sp., Port., & Ital. basilica; Gr. basilike; 
from basilikos=roy&i; basileus=a king.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 33 , ce = e;' ey = a. ' qu=*kw! 




basilical 


397 


basket 


I. In the Greek period: Apparently, as the 
etymology shows, a royal residence, though proof 
of the fact has not been obtained. 

II. In the Old Roman 
period; 

1. A public building 
in the forum of Rome, 
furnished with double 
colonnades or aisles. 

It was used both as a 
court for the adminis¬ 
tration of justice and 
as an exchange for 
merchants. 

. 2. Any similar building in other parts of Rome or 
in the provincial cities. 

III. In the Christian period: 

1. A cathedral church. The name is given because 
under Constantine many basilicas were changed 
into Christian churches, objection being felt to 
transforming the heathen temples, the associations 
of which had been always anti-Christian, and often 
immoral. (See Trench’s Synon. of New Testament , 



The term was also applied in the Middle Ages 
to the large canopied tomb of persons of distinction. 
(See Parker’s Glossary of Her.) 

ba-§il'-ic-al, a. [Eng. basilic; -ah] The same 
as Basilic, adj. (q. v.) 

basilical vein. 

Anat. [Basilic, B. 2.] 

b£c§il'-ic-an, a. [Eng. basilic (adj.), and suff. 
-an.] The vein of the arm described under Basilic, 

B. 2. 

IT Soon after the execution of Charles I., Howell 
made sarcastic allusion to the tragic event, by using 
the word basilican at once in its anatomical and its 
etymological sense. 

“ I will attend with patience how England will thrive, 
now that she is let blood in the basilican vein.”— Howell: 
Lett., iii. 24. 

*ba-§il'-i-c6k, s. [From Eng. basili(sk), and 
cock or cock(atrice).~\ [Cockatrice.] A basilisk. 
( Chaucer.) 

ba-§il'-I-c6n, s. [Gr. basilikon=Toy&\, from its 
“sovereign” virtue.] An ointment called also 
tetrapharmacon, from its being composed of four 
ingredients—yellow wax, black pitch, resin, and 
olive oil. {Quincy.) 

“I made incision into the cavity, and put a pledget of 
basilicon over it.”— Wiseman. 


B. Technically: 

1. Her.: The fabulous animal described under 
A., 1. In most respects it resembles the cockatrice, 
from which, however, it is distinguishable by hav¬ 
ing an additional head at the extremity of the tail. 
This peculiarity of its being two-headed makes it 
sometimes be called the Amphisien Cockatrice. 
[Amphisien Cockatrice.] 

2. Zool.: The English name of the genus Basilis- 
cus (q. v.). 

ba'-sin (i mute, as if written ba n), ba'-son 
{Eng.), *ba-smg, plur. *ba'-slng-ls (O. Scotch), s. 
[In Dan. & Fr. bassin; O. Fr., 0. Sp., & Prov. bacin; 
Mod. Sp. & Port, bacia; Ital. bacino; Low. Lat. 
bacchinus; from bacca= a vessel for water. Cog¬ 
nate with Ger. becken— a basin, and Eng. bac, back 
(2) (q.v.).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of cavities artificially made: 

1. A small vessel for holding water, designed for 
washing or other purposes. 

“ Hergest dotat this kirk with cowpis, challicis, basingis, 
lawaris.”— Bellend.: Cron., bk. vi., ch. 15. Pelvibus, Boeth. 
{Jamieson .) 

“We behold a piece of silver in a basin, when water is 
put upon it, which we could not discover before, as under 
the verge thereof.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

“And he made all the vessels of the altar, the pots, and 
the shovels, and the basons, . . .”— Exocl. xxxviii. 3. 

2. Anything of similar form artificially made for 
holding water. Specially — 

(a) The cavity for receiving an ornamental sheet 
of water in a plantation, &c. 

{b) A dock in which vessels are received, discharge 
their cargo, and, if need be, are repaired. 

3. Any hollow vessel, even though not designed 
for holding water. Thus the scales of a balance are 
sometimes, though rarely, called the busins of a 
balance. {Johnson.) [See also B.] 

II. Of cavities existing in nature : 

1. The cavity naturally formed beneath a water¬ 
fall. 

“Into a chasm a mighty block 
Hath fallen, and made a bridge of rock: 

The gulf is deep below; 

And in a basin black and small 
Receives a lofty waterfall.” 

Wordsworth: Idle Shepherd Boys. 

2. A land-locked bay, or even a bay with a wide 
entrance. 

(a) With a narrow entrance. 

“ The jutting land two ample bays divides; 

The spacious basins arching rocks inclose, 

A sure defense from every storm that blows.” 



Ba-sil-I-dan§, s. [Named after Basilides.] (See 
def.) 

Church Hist.: The followers of Basilides, an emi¬ 
nent Gnostic, who lived at Alexandria in the early 
part of the second century A. D. 

ba§-i-lis' -cus, s. [Lat. basiliscus, the fabulous 
animal described under Basilisk (q. v.).] 

Herpetology: A genus of Reptiles founded by 
Daudin. It belongs to the family Iguanidae. There 
is a fin-like elevation, capable of being erected or 
depressed, running along the back and tail; there is 
no throat-pouch, and thigh-pores are absent. On 
the occiput is a membranous dilatable pouch. The 
species are partly arboreal, partly aquatic. Basilis¬ 
cus mitratus, the Hooded Basilisk, is from Guiana 
and other parts of tropical America. B. Amboinen- 
sis, the Crested Basilisk, is from Amboyna and other 
parts of the Indian Archipelago. Their habits are 
quite unlike those attributed to the fabulous basi¬ 
lisk of antiquity. [Basilisk.] 

ba§-Llisk, *ba§'-Lliske, s. [In Sw., Dan., & 
Ger. basilisk; Fr. basilic; Sp., Port., & Ital. basi- 
lisco; Lat. basiliscus; Gr. basiliskos = (1) a little 
king or chieftain, (2) a kind of serpent, so named, 
according to Pliny, from a spot upon its head like a 
crown. (See example under A. 1.)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. A fabulous animal, imagined by the ancients to 
be so deadly that its look, and much more its breath, 
was fatal to those who stood near. When it hissed, 
other serpents fled from it in alarm. [Cockatrice.] 
“Make me not sighted like the basilisk; 

I’ve looked on thousands who have sped the better 
By my regard, but kill’d none so.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 

„ “ The basilisk was a serpent not above three palms long, 
and differenced from other serpents by advancing his 
head, and some white marks or coronary spots upon the 
crown.” — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*2. An obsolete kind of cannon, supposed to re¬ 
semble the fabulous basilisk in its deadly effect. 
[Basil (4).] 

“We practice to make swifter motions than any you 
have, and to make them stronger and more violent than 
yours are; exceeding your greatest cannons and basilisks.” 
— Bacon. 


Pope. 

{b) With a wide entrance. 

“ . . . which had assembled round the basin of Tor- 
bay.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

3. The bed of the ocean. 

“ If this rotation does the seas affect, 

The rapid motion rather would eject 
The stores, the low capacious caves contain, 

And from its ample basin cast the main.” 

Blackmore. 

B. Technically : 

I. Mechanical Arts: 

1. Among opticians: A concave piece of metal, in 
shape resembling a basin, on which glass-grinders 
form their convex glasses. 

2. Among hat-makers: A round shell or case of 
iron placed over a furnace, in which hatters mold 
a hat into form. 

II. Nature: 

1. Anat.: A round cavity situated between the 
anterior ventricles of the brain. 

2. Physical Geography: 

{a) A circular or oval valley, generally forming 
the bed of a lake, or, if not, then having a river 
flowing through it. 

(6) The entire area drained by a river, as the basin 
of the Amazon; or the channel of an ocean, as the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

III. Geology: 

1. In the same sense as B., II. 2 (a). 

“. . . there was a point in connection with this 
which Professor Ramsay said he claimed as his own idea, 
and that was with regard to the origin of lake-basins. 
His belief is that in all cases they have originated from 
glaciers; that is, that the basins have been scooped out by 
glaciers.”— Lecture at the London Institution. {Times, 
March 7, 1878.) 

2. A depression in strata in which beds of later 
age have been deposited. 

3. A circumscribed geological formation in which 
the strata dip on all sides inward. Coal frequently 
occurs in the Carboniferous formation in such a 
depression. 

basin-shaped, a. Shaped like a basin. 

ba'-slned {i mute), a. [Eng. basin; -edf] Situ¬ 
ated in a basin ; inclosed in a basin. {Young.) 


ba -si-nerved, a. [Lat. basi{s), and Eng. nerved .] 
Botany. Of leaves: Having the nerves, or “ ribs,” 
all springing from the base, 
bas'-m-et, s. [Bascinet.] 

*ba -sing, s. [Basin.] {O. Scotch.) 
ba-sl-ros-tral, a. [Lat. basis (Basis), and 
ros#raZis=pertaining to the rostrum or bill of a 
bird.] Situated at the base of the bill. 

“Several persons have supposed or imagined it [the 
serrated claw iu the Goat-sucker] to be for the purpose 
of enabling the bird to clear away from between its 
basirostral bristles the fragments of wings or other parts 
of lepidopterous insects, which by adhering have clogged 
them.”— Macgillivray: Brit. Birds, vol. iii., p. 643. 

ba -sis, s. [In Fr., Port. & Ital. base; Sp. basa; 
Dan., Dut., Ger., & Lat. basis; Gr. basis= a stepping, 
a step, a foot, a foundation; baind=to walk, to 
step, to go.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit. Of things which are or are assumed to be 
material: That on which anything rests, or is 
supposed to rest; the lowest part of anything* as 
the foundation of a building, &c. 

1. Generally: 

“ In altar-wise a stately pile they rear, 

The basis broad below, and top advanc’d in air.” 

Dryden. 

“ Ascend my chariot, guide the rapid wheels 
That shake heaven’s basis, ...” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vi. 

2. Specially. [B., 1.1 & 2.] 

II. Of things immaterial: The fundamental prin¬ 
ciple, groundwork, or support of anything. 

“. . . bulid me thy fortunes upon the basis of 

valor.”— Shakesp..- Twelfth Night, iii. 2. 

“. . . all parts of an author’s work were, moreover, 
supposed to rest on the same basis.” — Lewis: Early Bom. 
Hist., ch. i., § 1. 

“. . . the basis of the negotiations of the approach¬ 
ing Conference, . . . ”— Times, November 11, 1876. 

fB. Technically: 

I. Architecture: 

1. The pedestal of a column; the lowest part of a 
column, the other being the shaft and the capital. 
[Base.] 

“Observing an English inscription upon the basis, we 
read it over several times.”— Addison. 

2. The pedestal of a statue. 

“ How many times shall Caesar bleed in sport, 

That now on Pompey’s basis lies along 
No worthier than the dust!” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, iii. 1. 

II. Chem.: The same as Base (q. v.). 

III. Pros.: The smallest trochaic rhythm. 

ba -si-so-lute, a. [Lat. 6asis= a base, and 
solutus= unbound, loose, free; pa. par. of solvo= to 
loosen, to separate, to disengage.] 

Botany. Of leaves: Extended downward beyond 
the point at which theoretically they arise. 

fba’-sist, s. [From Eng. base in music.] One 
who sings base or bass. 

*ba’-sit, pa. par. [Based.] {Scotch.) 
bask, *baske, v. t. & i. [Etym. doubtful. Prob¬ 
ably from O. Sw. basct= to bask {Todd, Wedgwood, 
&c.). Compare also Dut. bakeren= to swaddle, 
... to bask in the sun. Cognate with Eng. bake 
(q. v.). Mahn suggests also Ger. bdehern, bacheln = 
to revive by warmth; and Wedgwood Eng. bathe 
(q. v.).J 

A. Transitive: To place in the sun with the view 
of being warmed by its heat. 

“ ’Tis all thy business, business how to shun, 

To bask thy naked body in the sun.”— Dryden . 

If It is sometimes used reciprocally with the word 

self. 

“He was basking himself in the gleam of the sun.”— 

L’ Estrange. 

B. Intransitive {now the more frequent): 

1. Lit.: To repose in the sun for the purpose of feel¬ 
ing its genial warmth; to sun one’s self. (Used of 
man, of the inferior animals, or even of plants.) 

“ . . . a group of six or seven of these hideous reptiles 
may oftentimes be seen on the black rocks, a few feet 
above the surf, basking in the suu with outstretched legs.” 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xvii. 

2. Fig.: To repose amid genial influences, 
basked, pa. par. & a. [Bask.] 

bask-et, *bask-ette, s. [A Celtic word. In 
Com. basket; Welsh basged , bascod, basgawd, bas- 
gauda; from 6asg=plaiting, network; Irish bascaid, 
bascaied, basceid; Lat. bascauda, avowedly derived 
from the Old British. (See *[[.)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. A light and airy vessel made of plaited osiers, 
twigs, or similar flexible material, much used in 
domestic arrangements. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 

-cian. -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 














basket-carriage 


398 


basset 


1[ The baskets made by the old inhabitants of 
Britain were so good that they became celebrated 
at Rome, and were called by a Latin name which 
was confessedly only their native appellation pro¬ 
nounced by foreign lips. Martial thus speaks of 
them: “Barbara de pictis venit bascauda Britan- 
nis” (“ The barbarian basket came from the painted 
Britons”)- By “barbarian” he probably meant 
made by foreigners, as contradistinguished from 
Romans, and did not mean in any way to impeach 
the excellence of the manufacture. Mr. Freeman 
(0. Eng. Hist, for Children ) instances basket as one 
of the few Welsh words in English, and points out 
that the small number that do exist are mainly the 
sort of words which the women, whether wives or 
slaves, would bring in. From this and other facts, 
he infers that in what at the end of the sixth cen¬ 
tury had become England, the prior inhabitants had 
been all but extirpated by the Anglo-Saxon invaders. 

“ . . . a basket of unleavened bread.”— Lev. viii. 2. 

“And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up 
of the fragments that remained twelve baskets full.”— 
Matt. xiv. 20. 

2. Ms a vague measure of capacity: As many of 
anything as the size of basket generally used for 
containing that article will hold. 

“One brave soldier has recorded in his journal the kind 
and courteous manner in which a basket of the first cher¬ 
ries of the year was accepted from him by the king.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

B. Technically: 

1. Her.: Winnowing-basket. [Winnowing,Vane.] 

2. Mil. [Gabion.] 

3. Arch.: The' base of a Corinthian capital. 
(Gwilt.) 

4. Hat-making: A wicker-work or wire screen 
used in the process of bowing (q. v.). 

basket-ball, s. A game played with a ball re¬ 
sembling a foot-ball on a circumscribed space, either 
in-doors or out, by any number of players (gen¬ 
erally by 5 or 9). A basket is suspended at either 
end of the space at a height of about 10 feet. The 
ball is passed from player to player by throwing or 
striking with the hands only, the object being to 
lodge it in the opponent’s basket, which action 
counts one point. 


basket-carriage, s. A small carriage with a 
wicker bed, adapted to be drawn by ponies. 


basket-fish, s. Not a genuine “fish,” but a“Star- 
nsh. It is of the genus Astrophyton and the family 
Ophiuridse. [Argus.] 


basket-hilt, s. The hilt of a weapon, so called 
because it is made in something like the shape of a 
basket, so as to contain the whole hand, and defend 
it from being wounded in fighting or fencing. The 
basket-hilt of a single stick is usually made of 
wicker-work. 


basket-hilted, a. Having a basket-hilt. 

basket-osier, basket osier, s. The English 
name of Salix Forbyana. It grows wild in many 
countries, and is cultivated for purposes of com¬ 
merce, being much esteemed by basket-makers for 
the finer sorts of wicker-work. 

basket-salt, s. Salt, made from salt springs, of 
a finer quality than ordinary salt; so called from the 
shape or construction of the vessel in which the 
brine is evaporated. 

basket-woman, s. A woman who attends at 
markets with a basket, ready to carry home any¬ 
thing which is bought by customers. 

basket-work, s. 

1. Work or texture of plaited osiers or twigs. 
[Wicker-work.] 

2. Fortification: Work involving the interweaving 
of withes and stakes—e. g., fascines, hurdles, &c. 

bask -et, v. t. [From basket, s. (q. v.)] To put 
in a basket. ( Cowper.) 

bask’-et-ful, s. [Eng. basket; -full.'] 

1. A basket literally full of any substance. 

2. As much of anything as would fill an ordinary 
basket. 

fbask -et-ry, s. [Eng. basket.; suff. -ry.] A num¬ 
ber of baskets regarded collectively. 

bask'-ifig, pr. par. & a. [Bask, v. *.] 

basking-shark, s. A shark, called in English 
also the Sun-fish and the Sail-fish, and by zoologists 
Selachus maximus. As its name maximus imports, 
it is the largest known shark, sometimes reaching 
thirty-six feet in length, but it has little of the 
ferocity seen in its immediate allies. It is called 
“ basking ” because it has a habit of lying motion¬ 
less on the water, as if enjoying the warmth of the 
sun. It inhabits the Northern seas, but is occasion¬ 
ally found on the shores of England. [Selachus.] 


ba-son (1), s. [Basin.] 

*ba -son (2), s. [Bawson.] 

Basque (que as k), a. & s. [Fr. Basque= pertain¬ 
ing to Biscay or its inhabitants.] 

A. Ms adjective: Pertaining to the Basque race 
or language. 

'B. As substantive: 

1. One of the Basque race. This extremely 
antique race, which probably once occupied the 
whole Iberian peninsula, exists in the Spanish 
provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay, Alava, and Na¬ 
varre, and in France in Labourd, Basse Navarre, 
and Soule. 

2. The Basque language. It has no close affinity 
to any European tongue. Even the numerals are 
unique,, except sei (six), and bi (two). 

3. A jacket with a short skirt worn by ladies, 
copied probably from the Basque costume. 

fBas -quish (qu as k), a. [Eng. Basqu(e); -ish. 
In Ger. Baskisch .] 

1. After the manner of the Basques. 

2. Pertaining to the Basque language. 

“ . . . their words were Basquish or Cantabrian.”— 
Sir T. Browne: Tracts, p. 136. 

bas-re-li ef (s mute), s. [Fr.] [Bass-relief.] 

bass (1), s. [A corruption or alteration of bast 

(q. v.).] 

TT See also Bast (1). 

1. The inner bark of the lime or linden tree, from 
which mats r.re made in Russia. [See Nos. 2, 3.] 

2. The lime or linden-tree itself (Tilia Europcea), 
also the American species ( Tilia Americana). 
[Bass-wood.] 

3. A mat made of the inner bark of the lime or 
linden-tree, or of any similar material. Specially — 

(1) In England: A hassock or thick mat on which 
people kneel at church. 

(2) In Scotland: 

(a) A mat laid at a door for cleaning one’s feet. 
(Jamieson.) 

(b ) A mat used for packing bales of goods. 
'(Jamieson.) 

(c) A sort of mat on which dishes are placed at 
table, especially meant for preserving the table 
from being stained by those that are hot. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

bass-wood, s. 

1. The wood of the American lime or linden-tree 
(Tilia Americana). 

“ All the bowls were made of bass-wood, 

White and polished very smoothly.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, xi. 

2. The tree itself. 

bass, s. Same as Bass-wood. 

bass (3), *base, *basse, a. & s. [In Sw., Dan., & 
Dut. bas; Ger. bass; Fr. basse; Sp. baxo; Port. 
baixo; Ital. basso.] [Base.] 

A. Ms adj. (Music): Of a low or deep pitch; 
grave, as opposed to acute. (The form base is now 
obsolete, being superseded by bass.) 

“In pipes, the lower the note-holes be, and the further 
from the mouth of the pipe, the more base sound they 
yield.”— Bacon. 

B. As subst. (Music): 

1. The string which gives a base sound. 

“ At thy well-sharpen’d thumb, from shore to shore, 

The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar.” 

Dryden. 

2. An instrument which plays the bass part; 
specially of the violoncello or bass-viol, and the 
contrabasso or double bass. Both this and the 
previous sense are found in the following example: 

“Now Mr. Fearing was one that played upon the bass. 
He and his fellows sound the sackbut, whose notes are 
more doleful than the notes of other music are; though 
indeed some say the bass is the ground of music. And for 
my part, I care not at all forthat profession which begins 
not in heaviness of mind. The first string that the 
musician usually touches is the bass, when he intends to 
put all in tune. God also plays upon this string first, 
when he sets the soul in tune for himself.”— Bunyan.- 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

3. The lowest of the principal human voices; those 
higher in pitch being, respectively, baritone , tenor, 
alto or contralto, mezzo-soprano, soprano. 

4. Plural: The portion of a choir singing the bass 
part; also the portion of a string-band playing the 
bass part. 

5. In compound words: The lowest instrument of 
any class or family of instruments ; as bass-clarionet, 
bass-flute, bass-horn, bass-trombone, bass-tuba, bass- 
viol or base-viol. 

6. Bass-string or base-string: The string of lowest 
pitch on a string instrument having deep sounds. 

7. Bass-clef: The lowest sign of absolute pitch 
used in music ; the F clef. 


"I M fundamental bass: The supposed generator 
or foundation of any Harmonic combination. Thus 
C is said to be the fundamental base of the chord 
G, C, E. 







ri 






H- 

« ♦ 

* 3 

5 4 8 6 


TV — 

'^ 9 

E. 

fT7- ^ jzt;— i —rzi i t r rr/r t :: 


-:— ue=—Mg .j 


Example of Figured Base from Corelli. 


If Thorough or continuous bass: Originally the 
bass part figured for the player on a harpsichord or 
organ. Hence, the art of adding chords to a figured 
bass; the art of harmony. ‘ [Basso-continuo.] 

bass-bar, s. A piece of wood placed under the 
bridge on the inside of violins and similar instru¬ 
ments to give strength to the bridge. 

bass-born, s. A wind instrument of low tone, 
deeper than the bassoon, 

bass-viol, tbase-viol, s. [Eng. bass, base; viol. 
In. Sw. & Dan. bas-fiol; Fr. basse de viole; Port. 
baixo de viola.] A stringed instrument for playing 
bass; a violoncello. 

fbass, v. t. [From the substantive. Comp. Fr. 
baisser— to lower, to sink, to depress.] To sound in 
a deep grave tone. 

“ Methought the billows spoke and told me of it; 

The winds did sing it to me, and the thunder, 

That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronounc’d 
The name of Prosper; it did bass my trespass.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 3. 

bass, a. [Fr. 6as=low.] Low. (Used in com¬ 
position, as in bass-relief, &c.) 

bass-relief, bas-relief, basso-relievo, s. [In 

Sw., Dut.,& Ger. bas relief; Fr. bas-relief; Sp. baxo 
relieve; Ital. basso-rilievo. From Fr. bas, Sp. baxo, 
Ital. basso=\o\x ; and Fr. relief, Sp. relieve, Ital. 
relievo=(\) a relief, foil, set-off ; (2) relief in paint¬ 
ing and sculpture, (3) embossing.] Low relief; a 
kind of sculpture, a coin, medal, &c., or embossing, 
in which the figures are “in relief.” that is, are 
raised above the plane in which they stand, but are 
raised only slightly, this being implied by the 
French word 6a.s=low. More specifically, they 
stand out less than half their proper proportions: 
had they stood out half their proportions, the term 
used would have been mezzo-relievo (meaning, in 
middle relief); and had they done so more than 
half, the word used would have been alto-relievo, 
signifying=in high, bold, or strong relief. 

bass, fbasse, --base, *bar (Ord. Eng.), barse, 
barge ( Provinc. Eng.), s. [From A. S. beers, bears, 
the kind of perch described in tie def.; Dut. baars 
=a perch; Ger. bars, barsch, bdrsich= the barse, a 
perch. Akin, though not so closely, also to Eng. 
perch; Fr. perche; Ital. pertica; Low Lat . parca, 
porca; Sp. & Lat. perca; Gr. perke, perkos— dark- 
colored, dusky.] 

A. Generally (icith little precision): Either the 
marine fish described under B., or some fresh water 
perch resembling it. 

“ Bar, the fish called a base.” — Cotgrave. 

“Item, there is within the said manor a great tarne 
or fish-pond, called Talken Tarn, wherein are good store 
of pyke, barces, trowtes, and eyles.”— Hutchison: Hist. 
Cumberland, i. 149. (Boucher.) 

B. Now (more precisely): 

1. A fish of the order Acanthopterygii and family 
Percidse. It was known to the Greeks as labrax, 
and to the Romans as lupus, and is the Labrax 
lupus of Cuvier, and the Perca labrax of Linnaeus. 
It is like the perch, but is marine. It is used for 
food. It has been known to weigh thirty pounds. 

“For catching of whiting and basse they use a thread.” 
— Carew: Survey of Cornwall, p. 32. (Boucher.) 

2. A sea-fish, caught particularly at the Potomac 
and Chesapeake Bay. It is highly esteemed in 
Virginia. (Boucher.) 

fbas-sen-et, *bas'-sqn-ette, s. [Bascinet.] 

bas'-set, tbas-set’, *bas-sett'e, s. & a. [In Dan. 

bassetspil; Ger. bassetspiel; Fr. bassette; Sp. baceta; 
Ital. bassetta= somewhat less dimin. of Z>asso=low.] 
[Bass, Basse.] 

A. As substantive: A game at cards, said to have 
been invented by a Venetian noble. It was intro¬ 
duced into France in 1674. The parties to the game 
are nominally a dealer or banker ; his assistant, who 
supervises the losing card ; and the punter, to play 
against the banker. 

“ Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget 
Your picquet parties, and your dear basset.” 

Rowe. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, .wore, wplf, work, who, sbn; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw„ 

























basset-table 


B. As adjective: Pertaining to the game described 
Under A. 

“ Gamesters would no more blaspheme; and Lady Dab* 
sheek’s basset bank would be broke.”— Dennis. 

basset-table, s. A table upon which basset is 
played. 

“ The basset-table spread, the tallier come; 

Why stays Smilinda in the dressing-room ?” 

Pope: Miscellanies, The Basset-table, i. 2. 

tbas'-set (1), a. & 8. [Comp. Old Fr. basset, 
dimin. of bas= low. as Ital. bassetto is dimin. of basso 
-low.] 

A. As adjective (among miners ): Having a direc¬ 
tion at one side toward the surface of the earth; 
•ending to crop out. 

B. As substantive (among miners ): The outcrop 
Of strata at the surface of the ground. 

has-set (2), a. [Comp. Ital. bassetto= somewhat 
(ow, dimin. of t>asso=low. In O. Fr. & Prov. basset 
= somewhat low.] [Basset, adj. & s.] (Used in 
Composition, as in Basset-horn, q. v.) 

basset-horn, s. [Ital corno di basetto.) A 
musical instrument, the tenor of the clarinet fam¬ 
ily, having more than three octaves in its compass, 
axtending upward from F below the bass stave. 
It differs from the shape of the clarinet mainly in 
having the bell-mouth, which is made of metal, 
recurved. 

tbas'-set, v. i. [From basset, a. & s. (q. v.)] 

Among miners: To rise to the surface of the 
earth. (Applied specially to beds of coal, which 
thus rise in a direction contrary to that in which 
they dip.) 

bas'-set-Ing, pr.par. & s. [Basset, v .J 

As substantive (among miners ): The rise of a vein 
of coal to the surface of the earth; the cropping 
out of coal in the direction contrary to its dip. 

bas-set te, s. [Fr.] The same as Basset, s. 
(q. v.) [Bassetto.] 

bas-set’-to, bas-sett'e, s. [Ital. bassetto (adj.) 
=somewhat low; (s.) counter-tenor.] [Basset, 
adj.] A tenor or small bass-viol. 

bas'-si-gi, s. [Named after Fernando Bassi, 
curator of the botanic gardens at Bologna.] A 

? enus of plants belonging to the order Sapotaceee 
Sapotads). It consists of large trees which grow 
in the East Indies. Bassia latifolia (Broad-leaved 
Bassia) is common in some parts of India. It is 
called the Mohra or Moho-tree. The flowers have a 
heavy t sickening smell, and an intoxicating spirit 
is distilled from them, B. butyracea is the Indian 
Butter-tree. The African Butter-tree, that of Mungo 
Park and Bruce, is also a Bassia. 

*bas’-sll, s. [Basil (4).) 
tbas'-sln-et, s. [Bascinet.J 
bas'-sl-nette, s. [Derived from Fr. berceau - 
nette, dimin. of berceau=s. cradle.] A wicker bas¬ 
ket with a covering or hood over the end, in which 
young children are placed as in a cradle. 

bass-mat, s. [Scotch bass (Bast), and Eng. 
mat.) Matting made of bass, used for various gar¬ 
dening purposes. 

bas'-so (1), s. [Ital. fcasso.] [Bass.] 

1. The bass in music. 

2. One who sings or plays the bass part. 

“ Soprano, basso, even the contra.alto, 

Wished him five fathom under the Rialto.” 

Byron: Beppo, xxxii. 

bas-so’ (2), s. [Bashaw.] A pacha. 

“ Great kings of Barbary and my bassoes." 

Marlowe: 1 Tamburlaine, iii. 2. 

basso-concertante, s. [Ital.] The principal 
bass string-instrument; that which accompanies 
recitatives and solos. 

basso-continuo, s. [Ital. basso, and continuo=: 
continual.] Continued or thorough-bass, i. e., the 
figured bass written continuously throughout a 
movement, for the use of the player on a harpsi¬ 
chord or organ. [Bass (3).] 
basso-rilievo, basso-relievo, s. [Ital.] [Bas- 

BELIEF.] 

basso-ripieno, s. [Ital. basso, and ripieno=full, 
dlled.] The bass of the grand chorus, which.comes 
in only occasionally. 

bas'-sock, bas’-s6c, s. [From bass, and dimin. 
guff. -ock.) A bass, a mat. 

b9,S-S00'n, *bg,s-s6'n, s. [In Sw. bassong; Dan. 
& Dut. basson; Fr. basson; Sp. baxon; Port, baixao; 
Ital. fagotto- a fagot, so called from its similarity in 

appearance to a bundle of sticks.] 

1. A reed instrument of the “ double-reed class, 
forming in ordinary orchestras the tenor and bass 
of the wood-wind band. _ It has a compass of about 
three octaves, commencing at the note B flat below 
the bass stave. 

« The wedding guest here beat his breast, 

For he heard the loud bassoon." 

Coleridge: Ancient Mariner. 


399 


2. An organ-stop of a quality of tone similar to 
the orchestral instrument. 

3. A series of free reeds on a harmonium or kin¬ 
dred instrument, of a like quality of tone. 

bas-soon'-lst, s. [Eng. bassoon; -is#.] A musician 
whose instrument is the bassoon. 

Bas'-sor-g,, Bus’-sor-gill, s. & a. [From Arab. 
basra=a margin.] 

A. As substantive: A frontier city of Asiatic 
Turkey on the Shat-el Arab (river of the Arabs), 
made by the junction of the Euphrates and the 
Tigris into one stream. It is about seventy miles 
from the Persian Gulf. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to Bassora. 
Bassora-gum, s. Gum brought from Bassora. 

It is supposed to be derived either from a Cactus or 
a Mesembryanthemum. 
bas -sor-in, s. [In Fr. bassorine .] 

Chem: A kind of mucilage found in gum-traga- 
canth, which forms a jelly with water, but does not 
dissolve in it. 

IT A clear, aqueous-looking liquid, apparently of 
the nature of bassorin, exists in the large cells of 
the tubercular roots of some terrestrial Orchids of 
the section Ophyreee. It is formed of minute cells, 
each with its cytoblast; the whole being compactly 
aggregated in the interior of the parent cell. 

bas -sus, s. [Lat. Bassus, a proper name.] A 
genus of hymenopterous insects, .belonging to the 
family Braconidte. They have long narrow bodies, 
and frequent umbelliferous flowers. 

*bast, v. t. [Baste.] (Scotch.) 
bast (1), pa. par. [Basted, Bast, v.] (Scotch.) 
bast (2), pa. par. [Base, v. ; Based, pa. par.] 
(Scotch.) 

bast (1), bass (l),s. [A. S. bcest=the inner bark 
of the linden-tree, of which ropes were made; 
bcesten rap= a linden or bast rope ; Icel., Sw., Dan., 
Dut., & Ger. bast; O. H. Ger. bast, past. In Dut. 
bast means also back, rind, cod, husk, shell.] 

1. Property: The inner bark of the lime orlinden- 
tree, used in Russia and elsewhere for making 
mats. [Bass.] 

2. A rope made from this material. 

3. Anything similar. Spec., a strong woody fiber 
derived from two palms, Attalea funifera and 
Leopoldiana Piassaba, and used for making brooms 
and brushes. 

If Cuba bast: The fibers of Paritium elatum, a 
Mallow-wort. It is used for tying up plants in 
gardens, or binding together cigars. (Treasury of 
Botany.) 

bast-matting, bast matting, Russian mat¬ 
ting, s. The matting formed from the inner bark 
of the lime. (Hooker db Arnott's Brit. Flora, order 
Tiliacece.) 

bast (2), s. [Baste.] 

bas'-ta, adv. [Ital. basta= enough.] 

Music: Enough 1 stop! A term used when the 
leader of a band wishes to stop a performer. 
( Crabb.) 

*bas-ta'il-yie, s. [Bastille.] (O. Scotch.) 
bas'-tant, a. [Fr. bastant, pr. par. of baster= to 
bo sufficient, to go on well; Sp., Port., & Ital. bas- 
tante =sufficient; Sp. & Port. bastar=to suffice, to 
supply, to give ; Ital. bastare=to be sufficient; bast a 
=enough.] Possessed of ability. 

“If we had been provided of ball, we were sufficiently 
bastant to have kept the passe against our enemy.”— 
Monror Exped i. 20. {Jamieson.) 

bas'-tiird, *bas'-tg,rde, *bas'-tarst, s. & a. 
[Eng. 6asf(e)=illegitimacy (q. v.), and suff. -ard. 
In Sw., Dan., & Ger. bastard; Dut. bastaard; Fr. 
b&tard; O. Fr. & Prov. bastard, bastdrt; Sp., Port., 
& Ital. bastardo; Low Lat. bastardus. Mahn con¬ 
siders the ultimate etymology to be Fr. bat; O. Fr. 
& Prov. bast; Low Lat. basta, bastum= a pack- 
saddle, muleteers at the inns being accustomed to 
use their packsaddles as beds. Wedgwood, again, 
regards bastard as remotely derived from Celt, baos 
=lust, fornication.] [Baste.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: An illegitimate child. [A., II. 1.] 

“To anounce Robert his sone, that bastarst, was there 
• . .”— Rob. Glouces., p. 431. (S. in Boucher.) 

“ I laugh to think that babe a bastard." 

Shakesp.: Timon, i. 2. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Anything spurious, counterfeit, or false. 

"... words that are but rooted in 
Your tongue, though but bastards and syllables 
Of no allowance to your bosom’s truth.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 2. 

(b) The wine describe*! under A., II. 3. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(1) United States Law: In many of the States of 
the Union the civil and canon laws provide that a 


bastard 


bastard may become legitimate by the marriage o) 
the parents at any time subsequent to the birth oi 
the child. In certain States ot the Union a child 
must be born after the lawful marriage to be legiti¬ 
mate. * 

(2) English Law: One born out of lawful wedlock. 
(A child begotten out of lawful wedlock may be 
legitimized if its parents marry before its birth.) 

A bastard, being looked on legally as no one’s 
son, cannot inherit property, though he may acquire 
it by his own exertions. Other disabilities under 
which he formerly labored have been removed. 

IT When a man has a bastard son, and afterward 
marrying the mother has a legitimate son by her, 
the former is called bastard eigne, and the latter 
mulier puisne. 

(3) Scots Law: In Scotland a child is legitimized 
if its parents marry at any future period; this was 
the case also in the Roman law, which the Scotch in 
this respect followed. 

2. Hist. (Plur. Bastards). [So called because 
headed by the illegitimate sons of noblemen, who, 
on account of being bastards, were incapable or 
inheriting property.] The name given to certain 
bandits, who in the fourteenth century rose in 
Guienne, and, joining with the English, set fire to 
various towns. 

*3. Wine-making: A name formerly applied to a 
foreign sweet wine sometimes called muscadel 
[Mtjscadel]. It came chiefly from Candia. 

“ Why, then, your brown bastard is your only drink.” 

Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

4. Sugar-refining: 

(a) (PI. Bastards ): An impure, coarse brown 
sugar, one of the refuse products in the manufac¬ 
ture of refined sugar. It is occasionally used in 
brewing, and frequently by publicans to bring up 
the coior and gravity of beers which they have 
adulterated. 

(b) Sing.: A large-sized mold in which sugar is 
drained. ( Ure.) 

B. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Begotten out of wedlock; illegitimate; 
natural. 

“Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, insensible, . . . 
a getter of more bastard children than war’s a destroyer 
of men.”— Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 5. 

2. Figuratively : 

(а) Spurious, not genuine; adulterated, implying 
inferiority to the thing counterfeited. 

“ That were a kind of bastard hope indeed.”— Shakesp.: 

Merchant of Venice, iii. 5. 

“Men who, under the disguise of public good, pursue 
their own designs of power, and such bastard honors as 
attend them.”— Temple. 

(б) Resembling anything else, though not iden¬ 
tical with it. Not necessarily implying inferiority 
to that which it is like. (Used specially of plants 
or animals resembling others, but not really iden¬ 
tical with them, at the same time they are just as 
perfect as the species whose “ bastards ” they are.) 
[See II.6&7.] 

II. Technically: 

1. Military. Of cannon: Of an abnormal type; for 
instance, longer or shorter than ordinary. 

'2. Printing: 

(a) Bastard or half-title: An abbreviated title on 
a page preceding the full title-page of a book. 

(i>) Bastard fount: A fount of type cast on a 
smaller or larger body than that to which it 
usually belongs. In the former case the lines 
appear closer together, and in the latter wider 
apart, than in type cast on the usual body. 

3. Wine-making. Bastard wines (pi.) : Those 
partly sweet, partly astringent. 

“Such wines are called mungrel or bastard wines, 
which, betwixt the sweet and astringent ones, have 
neither manifest sweetness nor manifest astriction, but 
indeed participate and contain in them both qualities.” 
— Markham: Transl. of Maison Rustique (1616), p. 635. (S. 

in Boucher.) 

4. Plastering. Bastard stucco: A kind of stucco, 
made two-thirds of lime and one-third of fine pure 
sand; also, the finishing coat of plastering when 
prepared for paint. 

6. Painting. Bastard scarlet: Of a red color 
dyed with madder. 

6. Botany: 

Bastard Alkanet, Bastard-alkanet: The bark of 
Lithospermum arvense (Common Gromwell). It, 
abounds with a deep-red dye, which is easily com¬ 
municated to oily substances like the true Alkanet 
(Anchusa tinctoria). 

Bastard Balm, Bastard-balm: The English name 
of Melittis, a genus of Lamiace® (LabiatesJ. 
Specially applied to the Melittis melissophyllum. It 
has beautiful flowers of variegated color, and in a 
herbarium acquires and long retains a smell like 
that of Anthoxanthum. 

Bastard Cabbage-tree: The English name of 
Geoffroya, an anomalous genus with papilionaceous 
flowers, and drupes instead of proper legumes for 
fruit. 


tkfil, boy, pfiut, jdwl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-*cian, -tian = sh?.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bei, d$L 



bastard-file 


400 


bastion 


Bastard Cedar, Bastard-cedar: 

(a) The English name of the Cedrela, a genus 
constituting the typical one of the order Cedrelacese 
(Cedrelads). [Cedrela. 1 Also the wood of various 
species of the genus. One kind comes from Aus¬ 
tralia, and another from the West Indies. The 
latter is of a brown color ana a fragrant odor, 
whence the name of cedar has been given to it. It 
is light, soft, and well adapted for making canoes 
and other purposes. 

( b ) The English name of the Bubroma, a genus 
belonging to the order Byttneriace® (Byttneriads). 
The Bubroma guazuma (Elm-leaved Bastard Cedar) 
grows in Jamaica. The wood is light and easily 
wrought. The tree is an umbrageous one, and sup¬ 
plies cattle not merely with food, but with shelter 
from heat. [Bubroma.] 

Bastard Cinnamon, Bastard-cinnamon: A tree, 
Laurus cassia, which grows in Ceylon. It is decor¬ 
ticated like the True Cinnamon, but of inferior 
value, being more largely imbued with mucilage. 

Bastard Dittany, Bastard-dittany: A rutaceous 
plant, Dictamnus Fraxinella. 

Bastard Floiver Fence: The English name of 
Adenanthera, a genus of plants belonging to the 
leguminous order and the Ceesalpineous sub-order. 
[Adenanthera.] 

Bastard Hare's Ear: The English name of the 
Phyllis, a genus belonging to the order Cinchonacese 
(Cinchonads). Phyllis nobla, from the Canaries, is 
an evergreen shrub with beautiful leaves. 

Bastard Hemp: A plant, Datisca cannabina. It 
belongs to the Datiscace®, or Datiscads. 

Bastard Indigo, Bastard-indigo: The English 
name of a genus of plants belonging to the legum¬ 
inous order. There are several species, all Amer¬ 
ican. Amorpha fruticosa, or Shrubby Bastard 
Indigo, was once used in Carolina as an indigo- 
plant, but it is now abandoned. 

Bastard Lupine, Bastard-lupine: The English 
name of Lupinaster, a genus of leguminous plants 
from Siberia. 

Bastard Manchineel: The English name of Cam- 
eraria, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Apocynace® (Dog-banes). 

Bastard Orpine: The English name of the An- 
drachne, a genus of euphorbiaceous plants. 

Bastard Pimpernel: The English name of Cen- 
tunculus, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Primulace® (Primworts). 

Bastard Quince: The English name of Pyrus 
Chamcemespilus, which grows in the Pyrenees. 

Bastard Rocket: A cruciferous plant, Brassica 
Erucastrum. 

*Bastard Star of Bethlehem: A name sometimes 
given to a liliaceous plant, a species of Albuca. The 
genuine Star of Bethlehem is Ornithogalum umbel- 
latum. 

Bastard Stone-parsley: The English name of the 
umbelliferous genus Sison. 

Bastard Toad-flax: The English name of 
Thesium, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Santalace® (Santalworts). The species are obscure 
weeds. 

Bastard Vervain: The English name of Stachy- 
tarpheta, a genus belonging to the order Verben- 
ace®, or Verbenas. Stachytarpheta mutabilis, or 
Changing Flower, is a beautiful shrub, a native of 
South America. 

Bastard Vetch: The English name of Phaca, a 
genus of leguminous plants, which grow wild in 
many countries. They are pretty herbaceous plants 
resembling Astragalus. 

bastard-file, s. One of a grade between the 
rough and the smooth in respect of the relative 
prominence and coarseness of the teeth. {Knight.) 

bastard-wing, s. Three or four quill-like 
feathers placed at a small joint in the middle of the 
wing. 

“ . . . I presume that the ‘ bastard-wing ’ in birds may 
be safely considered as a digit in a rudimentary state, 

. . . ”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. xiii. 

fbas'-tard, v. t. [From bastard, s. (q. v.)] To 
pronounce to be a bastard. 

“She lived to see her brother beheaded, and her two 
sons deposed from the crown, bastarded in their blood, 
and cruelly murdered.”— Bacon. 

tbas’-tard-ed, pa. par. &a. [Bastard, v.] 

tbas -tard-mg, *bas-tard-yng, pr. par. & s. 

[Bastard, u.] 

bas-tard-I§m, s. [Eng. bastard; *ism.] The 
state or condition of a bastard. ( Cotgrave .) 

bas-tard-Ize, v. t. [Eng. bastard; -ize.l 

1. With a person for the object: 

*1. To beget a bastard. 

“ I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest 
star in the firmament twinkled on my bastardizing.” — 
Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 2. 

2. To render one a bastard by legislation, or to 
convict one of being a bastard; legally to declare 
one a bastard. ( Burn: Just, of Peace.) 


II. With a thing for the object: To render ille¬ 
gitimate or abnormal. [See example under the 
participial adjective.] 

bas-tard-Ized, pa. par. & a. 

“ . . . irregular, abbreviated, and bastardized lan¬ 
guages.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. ii. 

bas-tard-I z-mg, pr. par., s. & a. [Bastardize.] 

bas -tard-ly, adv. & a. 

A. As adverb: Like a bastard; after the manner 
of a bastard. [Used (lit.) of persons or (fig.) of 
things.] 

“ Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys 
The soil’s disease, and into cockle strays ; 

Let the mind’s thoughts but be transplanted so 
Into the body, and bastardly they grow.”— Donne. 

B. As adjective: Spurious, counterfeit, not really 
what it looks like or is called after. 

“ Bastardly tertian . . .”— Barrough: Method of 

Physic (1621). (Halliwell: Contr.to Lexicog.) 

bas'-tard-y, s. [Eng. bastard; -y. In Sp. & 
Port, bastardia; Ital. bastardigia .] The state or 
condition of a bastard. 

“ There, at your meetest advantage of the time, 

Infer the bastardy of Edward’s children.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 5. 

baste (1) (Eng.), bast (Scotch), v.t. [In Icel 
beysta= to strike, to powder; Sw. bbsta—to baste, to 
whip, to flog, to beat, to lash; Fr. bastonner = to 
cudgel, to bastinado; Sp. bastear; Port, bastonar; 
Ital. bastonare. From O. Fr., Sp., & Prov. baston; 
Mod. Fr. baton; Ital. bastone = a staff, a stick. 
Compare also Dan. baske = to beat, strike, cudgel; 
bask=a. stripe, a blow.] [Bastinado.] 

1. To beat with a cudgel. 

2. To drip fat or anything similar on meat when it 
is turning on the spit or roasting-jack to be roasted; 
to soften by means of such fat. 


*bastell-howse, *bastell-liouse, s. The same 

as Bastiele, I. 2. 

“And they burnte a stead called Faraday, and won a 
bastell-howse in the same.”— MS. Cott. Calig., bk. v., f. 28. 
(S. in Boucher.) 

bas’-ti-da, s. In the twelfth century, a place of 
defense; a fortress. 

*bas'-tl-ment, *bas-tl-men’-t5, s. [From Ital. 
bastimento—a ship, a vessel; but in Sp.=victuals, 
provisions; and in O. Fr.=a building.] A ship, a 
vessel, &c. 

“ Then the bastimentos never 
Had our foul dishonor seen, 

Nor the sea the sad receiver 
Of this gallant train had been.” 

Glover: Hosier’s Ghost, st. 7. 

bas-ti-na -do, bas-ti-na'de, s. [In Sw. bastonad; 
Dan., Ger., & Fr. bastonnade; Dut. bastinade; Sp. 
bastonazo, bastonada: Prov. & Sp. bastonada; Ital. 
bastonata. From O. FT., Sp., & Prov. baston: Mod. 
Fr. baton; Ital. bastone=a staff, a stick.] [Basti¬ 
nado,?;., Baste, v. (1), Baston, Baton.] 

1. Gen.: A cudgeling, a beating inflicted with a 
stick. 

“ And all those harsh and rugged sounds 
Of bastinados, cuts, and wounds.”— Hudibras. 

2. Spec.: One administered with a stick on the 
soles of the feet, as is usually done in the Turkish 
empire and in China. 

bas-ti-na-d5, bas-tl-nade, v. t. [In Fr. bas 
tonner; Port, bastonar; Ital. bastonare .] [Basti¬ 
nado, s.] 

1. Gen.: To beat with a stick. 

“ Nick seized the longer end of the cudgel, and with it 
began to bastinado old Lewis, who had slunk into a 
corner waiting the event of a squabble.”— Arbuthnot. 

2. Spec.: To do so on the solos of the feet. 


“The fat of roasted mutton falling on the birds will 
serve to baste them, and so save time and butter.”— Sivift. 

baste (2) (Engd, baiss (Scotch), v, t. [From O. 
Fr.hasfir, - Mod. Fr. hdtiT=to build, . . . to baste; 
Sp. bastear, embastar; Ital. imbastire=to sew with 
long stitches; from basta= a long stitch. Compare 
Dan. besye = to sew, to stitch, to embroider; M. H. 
Ger. bestan— to sew.] To sew slightly with the view 
of holding the portions of a dress in their proper 
place till they can be sewed more thoroughly. (Lit. 
<&fig.) 

bast-ed (1) (Eng.), *bast (0. Scotch), pa. par. & 
a. [Baste (1).] 

ba st-ed (2), *ba'st-§n, pa. par. & a. [Baste (2).] 

*ba'st-en, pa. par. [Ger. hasten .] [Baste (1).] 

*ba st-er, s. [Eng. bast(e); -er.] A blow with a 
stick or similar weapon. (Todd.) 

Bas -tille, *bas -tile, *bas-tylle (ylle as II), 
*bas'-tell, *bas-tel, *bas-ti'-ll-an, *bas-til- 
li-on (Eng.), *bas’-tail-yie (O. Scotch), s. [O. Fr. 
bastille=a fastness, a castle furnished with towers; 
from bastir, Mod. Fr. bdtir= to build. In Port, bas- 
tilha; Low Lat. bastellum, bastile, bastilia, bastia. ] 

1. Generally: 

*1. Originally: A temporary wooden tower on 
wheels, constructed to enable besiegers safely to 
approach a town or fort which they designed to 
attack. 

2. Later: A small antique castle fortified with 
turrets, a blockhouse; also the turrets, bulwarks, 
or other defenses of such a structure. 

II. Spec, (of the form Bastille): The celebrated 
Parisian state-prison and fortress called by way of 
pre-eminence the Bastille. It was commenced in 
1370 by order of 
Charles V. of 
France, and was 
finished in 1382 
under his suc¬ 
cessor. Many vic¬ 
tims of despotism 
were immured 
within its gloomy 
walls. One of the 
earliest scenes in 
the great drama 
of the first French 
revolution was 
the attack of the 
populace on the 
Bastille. It was 
captured by them 
on the 14th of 
July, 1789, and 
soon afterward demolished. None of the govern¬ 
ments which have since succeeded to power in 
France have ever proposed its restoration. 

“For lo ! the dread Bastille, 

With all the chambers in its horrid towers, 

Fell to the ground, by violence o’erthrown 
Of indignation . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 



The Bastille. 


“The Sallee rover, who threatened to bastinado a 
Christian captive to death unless a ransom was forth¬ 
coming, was an odious ruffian.”— Macaulay: Hist, of Eng., 
ch. xv. 

bast'-ing (1 ),pr.par., a. & s. [Baste, v. (1)] 

A. &B. As pr. par. & particip. adjective: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act or operation of beating with a cudgel 
or similar weapon. 

“Bastings heavy, dry, obtuse, 

Only dullness can produce.”— Swift. 

2. The operation of dripping butter or fat upon 
meat on the spit or roasting-jack to make it be the 
more satisfactorily roasted. 

“Sir, I think the meat wants what I have, a basting.” 
— Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, ii. 2. 

bast'-ing (2), pr. par., a. & s. [Baste, v. (2)] 

A. &B. As pr. par. dt participial adjective: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The operation of slightly 
stitching cloth together as a preparation for more 
careful sewing of a permanent kind. 

bas-ti-on, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., Ger.,Fr.,&Sp. 
bastion; Prov. bastio; Port, bastiao; Ital. bastione. 
From O. Fr., Prov., & Sp. bastir; Mod. Fr. b&tir— 
to build.] 

I. Literally: 

Fort.: A projecting mass of earth or masonry at 
the angle of a fortification having two faces and 
two flanks, and so constructed that every part of it 
may be defended by the flank fire of some other 
part of the fort. The flanks of adjacent bastions 
are connected by a curtain. The distance between 
two such flanks is termed the gorge. A detached 
bastion is called a lunette. 

“. . . a fire from the nearest bastion.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

IT (a) A Composed Bastion is one which has two 
sides of the interior polygon very irregular, with 
the effect of making the gorges also irregular. 

(b) A Cut Bastion is one which has a re-entering 
angle instead of a point. 

(c) A Deformed Bastion is one in which the irregu¬ 
larity of the lines and angles prevents the structure 
from having a regular form. 

(d) A Demi-bastion is a bastion composed of one 
face only, with but a single flank and a demi-gorge. 

(e) A Double Bastion is a bastion raised on the 
plane of another one. 

(f) A Flat Bastion is one erected in the middle 
of a curtain when the latter is too long to be pro¬ 
tected by the bastions at its ends. 

(g) A Hollow Bastion is one hollow in the in¬ 
terior. 

(h) A Regular Bastion is one so planned as to 
possess the true proportion of its faces, flanks, and 
gorges. 

( i) A Solid Bastion is one solid throughout its 
entire structure. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore^. wolf, work, who, sen; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = 6; ey = a. qu kw! 











bastioned 


401 


bate 


II. Figuratively: 

1. A person or thing defiant of attack. 

“ They build each other up with dreadful skill. 

As bastions set point-blank against God’s will.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

2. Poet.: An object in nature resembling a bastion 
in appearance. 

“. . . yonder cloud 
That rises upward always higher, 

And onward drags a laboring breast, 

And topples round the dreary west 
A looming bastion fringed with fire.” 

Tennyson: In Memoriam. 

bas'-ti-oned, a. [Eng., &c., bastion; -ed.] Fur¬ 
nished with bastions. 

“ To try at length, if tower and battlement 
And bastioned wall be not less hard to win.” 

Moore: Veiled Prophet of Khorassan. 

bas'-tlte, s. [In Ger. bastit. From Baste , in the 
Harz Mountains, where it was first discovered.] A 
mineral, called also Schiller Spar. It is an impure 
foliated serpentine. Its hardness is 3’5—4; its spe- 
tific gravity 2’5—2’76; its luster like that of bronze, 
whence the name Schiller in Ger.=of shining luster. 
Composition: Silica, 42’36 to 43'90; alumina, 1’50 to 
8‘10; magnesia, 26 - 00 to 30’92; protoxide of iron, 7’14 
to 10‘78; lime, 0’63 to 2’70; oxide of chromium, 0—2’37; 
protoxide of manganese, 0—’85; potassa or soda, 
0—2’79; water, 8’51 to 12’42. Phsestine (q. v.) is an 
allied mineral. {Dana.) 

bast -mat, s. [In Sw. bastmatta.] The same as 
Bast (l),s. (q.v.) 

bast'-na-slte, s. [From Bastnds, in Sweden.] 
A mineral, the same as Hamartite (q. v.). 

bas'-to, s. [In Dan. & Dut. basta; Ger. & Fr. 
baste; Sp. bastos (pi.); Port, basto; Ital. basto={ 1) 
a pack-saddle, (2) the aco of clubs.] The ace of 
clubs at quadrille and ombre. {Pope.) 

bas-ton (1), b?L-t6bn (E'wgO.bas-toun {Scotch), 
s. [O. Fr. & Sp. baston; Mod. Fr. baton; Port. 
bastao; Ital. bastone; Low. Lat. basto.'] [Baton.] 

A. Ordinary Language: A heavy staff, a baton 
(q. v.). 

“ Quha best on fut.e can ryn lat se, 

Or like ane douchty campioun in to fycht 
With bustuous bastoun darren stryffe, or mais.” 

Douglas. Virgil, 129, 39. {Jamieson.) 

B. Technically. Of things: 

1. Her.: A staff borne in English coats of arms 
as a mark of illegitimacy. [Baton, B.] 

2. Arch.: The round molding at the base of a 
column; a torus. 

♦bas’-ton (2),*bas-tun,s. [Etymology doubtful. 
Not, as is said by Ritson, from Baston, an English 
poet taken by the Scotch at Bannockburn, early in 
the fourteenth century; for it occurs in a MS. 
attributed to the end of the thirteenth. Stevenson 
thinks it comes from Fr. baston= a stick (Baston, 
1), and that this is a rendering of A. S. and Icel. 
stcef=a staff, . . stanza.] An old verse of dif¬ 
ficult construction, and possibly of a satirical cast. 
{S. in Boucher.) 

“Nis this bastun wel ifught.” 

Harleian MS., 913. (5. in Boucher.') 

bas-ton (3), s. [Compare Sw. bast, baste bom 
=bombasin.] A kind of lace. 

“For to make a lace baston, tak . . .”—Harleian MS., 
8,820, f. 55. (S. in Boucher.) 

bas’-ton-lte, s. [From Bastoigne, in Luxemburg, 
where it was found.] A mineral, a greenish-brown 
mica, in large foliated plates. It is a variety of 
Lepidomelane (q. v.). 

bas'-yle (or ba -syle), s. [Gr. basis=. . . a 
base, and hyle —a wood . . . {Chem.), a base, a 



bas -yl-ous (or ba'-syl-ous), a. [Eng. basyl(e); 
-ows.] Pertaining to basyle ; of the nature of basyle. 
{Graham.) 

bat (1). *batte (pi. *bat'-tis), s. [Fr. batte=a 
beater, battledore, ... a rammer, a hammer, 
&c.; baton= a baton, a stick, a staff ; Ir. bat, bata= 
a stick, a staff: Russ, bot; Fr. baton. Connected 
with Fr. battre; Prov. batre; Sp. batir; Port, bater; 
Icel. battere; Lat. battuo= to beat. The original 
root of these verbs, as well as of the allied sub¬ 
stantive bat is, without doubt, imitated from the 
sound of beating.] [Beat .] 


A. Ordinary Language: 

1. A club, stick, staff, or walking-stick of any 
kind. 

(a) In a general sense: ■ 

If Still so used in many English dialects, 
ii xhe while he spake, lo, Judas, oon of the twelve, came, 
and with him a greet company with swerdis and battis.” 
— Wickliffe: Matt. xxvi. 47. 

|| gut soon discovered by a sturdy clown, 

He headed all the rabble of a town. 

An d finished them with bats or polled them down. 

Dry den: Hind and Panther, iii. 629-31. 


{b) Spec.: An instrument of wood, at one end thin 
and cylindrical for a handle, at the other more ex¬ 
panded, with which to drive a cricket or other ball. 

2. A substance used as a weapon, intended to do 
execution by its weight or beating power, a3 a brick¬ 
bat. 

3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts; bat¬ 
ting. 

4. A staple, a loop of iron. {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 
B. Technically: 

1. Arch.: A portion of a brick, constituting less 
than half its length. {Gwilt.) 

2. Mining: Bituminous or other shale. {Kirwan.) 
♦bat (2), s. [A. S. bat= boat.] A boat. 

bat-swain, s. [A. S. bat-swan.] A boatswain. 
[Boatswain.] 

bat ( 3 ), *back, *backe {Eng.), *back, *bak, 
♦back -ie, *ba'-kie, *ba-kie-bird (Old Scotch), s. 
[In Sw. natt-backa= night “back” or bat; Dan. aften- 
bakke. Wedgwood thinks the original word was 
blak, which connects it with Medisev. Lat. blatta, 
blacta, batta.] [Blatta.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: The pipistrelle, or any similar 
species of flying quadruped. [B. 1.] 

“ After the flitting of the bats, 

When thickest dark did trance the sky.” 

Tennyson: Mariana. 

B. Technically: 

1. Zool.: Any animal belonging to the order Chei¬ 
roptera [Cheiroptera], and especially to the 
typical family Vespertilionid®. [Vespertilion- 
idje.] The Common Bat is Vespertilio pipistrellus; 
it is called also the Flitter Mouse, and the Pipis¬ 
trelle. The Great Bat is V. noctula; the Long¬ 
eared Bat, Plecotus auritus; and the Greater Horse¬ 
shoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrum equinum. 

2. Scripture: The Bat of Scripture, Heb. dtallSph, 
is correctly rendered, the Hebrew being identical in 
meaning with the English word. In Isa. ii. 20, the 
reference is to an ordinary insect-eating bat; and in 
Lev. xi. 19, Deut. xiv. 18, the species meant is appa¬ 
rently the Eleutherura JEgyptiaca figured on the 
Egyptian monuments. It is a fruit-consuming 
species, similar to the Pteropus edulis, eaten in the 
Eastern islands. 

3. Her.: A bat is often called a reremouse. 
bat-fowler, s. One who practices bat-fowling 

(q. v.). 

“ The birds of passage would, in a dark night, immedi¬ 
ately make for a lighthouse, and destroy themselves by 
flying with violence against it, as is well known to bat - 
fowlers.” — Barrington’s Essays, Essay 4. 

bat-fowling, s. A method of catching birds at 
the time when bats are out, that is, during the 
night. The fowlers, proceeding to the trees, shrubs, 
hedges, or other places where_ the birds pass the 
night, light torches or straw in the vicinity, and 
then beat the bushes, upon which the birds, flying 
in their fright toward the flames, are caught in nets 
or by some other appliances. 

“ We should . . . then go a bat-fowling.” — Shakesp.: 
Tempest, ii. 1. 

bat-haunted, a. Haunted by bats. 

*bat-in-water, bat in water, s. A plant, the 
Water-mint (Mentha aquatica). 

“Balsamita, menta aquatica: Bat in water.” — MS. 
Sloane, 5, f. 3. (A little after A. D. 1300.) ( S . in Boucher.) 
bat-net, s. A net for catching bats, 
bat-printing, s. A method of porcelain printing, 
bat-shell, s. A species of volute (q. v.). 
bat’s-wing burner. A form of gas burner from 
which gas issues at a slit so proportioned as to give 
the flame the shape of a bat’s wing. 

bat (4),s. [Siamese.] A silver coin, called also 
Tical (q. v.), current in Siam. It is worth about 
2s. 6d. ( Statesman's Year Book.) 

bat (1), v. i. [From bat, s. (q. v.)] To handle a 
bat in playing cricket or any similar game. 

ba -ta-ble, a. [Abbreviated from debatable.] 
Debatable, disputable. 

“ Batable ground seems to be the ground heretofore in 
question, whether it belonged to England or Scotland, 
lying between both kingdoms.”— Cowel. 

♦bat-3.il, s. [Battle, s.] 

♦bat-ail, *bat’-aile, *bat’-ail-en, v. i. & t. 
[Battle (2), v. i. & t.] 

♦ba-tand, pr. par. [Bate (1), v.] 
bata-ra, s. [Compare Port, bataria, bateria= 
battery ; or batarda, o5efarda=bustard.] 

Ornith.: D’Azara’s name for the Bush Shrikes, 
constituting the genus Thamnophilus of Vieillot. 
[Bush Shrikes, Thamnophilus.] 

bat'-^r-deau, bat-er-deau (eau as o),s. [Fr. 
batardeau=a dam, mole. Mahn thinks it may be 
contracted from bastarrie d’eau=water-car.] 


1. Hydrostatics or Hydraulics: A coffer-dam. 

2. Fort.: A wall built across a moat or ditch 
surrounding a fortification. It is provided with a 
sluice-gate for regulating the height of the water. 

ba-ta-tas, s. [In Ger. & Fr. batate, patate; Sp. 
batata, patata; Port, batata; Ital. patata; Peru¬ 
vian papa.] [Potato.] 

Bot.: A genus of Convolvulacese, consisting of 
plants with a four-celled ovary, one style, and two 
stigmas. They are creeping or twining herbaceous 
or shrubby plants. About twenty species are known, 
chiefly from tropical America. Batatas edulis 
(Convolvulus batatas, Roxb.) is the sweet potato 
largely cultivated for food in the hotter parts of 
both hemispheres. The edible part, the tubers, are 
from three to twelve pounds in weight. In the East 
and West Indies, where they grow, our common 
potato, Solatium tuberosum, is called the Irish 
potato, to distinguish it from the sweet potato or 
Batatas. B. jalapa, from Mexico, has purgative 
qualities, but is not the true Jalap. [Jalap.] B. 
paniculata furnishes Natal Cotton. 

Ba-ta-vi-an, a. & s. [Eng., &c., Batavi(a); -an. 
From Lat. Batavus, a. & s.=pertaining to or one of 
the Batavi, a branch of theCatti, a Germanic nation 
who, being expelled from their country through a 
domestic sedition, settled on an island since called 
Betuwe or Betu, between the Rhine and the Waal. 
(In Mahratta and other Hindoo tongues bet ~ 
island.)] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining (a) to the ancient 
Batavians. [See etym.] 

(6) To the modern Dutch. 

(c) To Batavia, in Java, the capital of the Dutch 
possessions in Eastern Europe or to its inhabitants. 

B. As substantive : 

1. One of the ancient Batavi. [See etym.] 

2. A native of Batavia iu Java. 

3. A Dutchman in general. 

♦bat'-ayle, s. Old spelling of Battle, s. 
*bat-ayl-ous, a. [Battailous.] 

batch, *bat§lie, s. [From Eng. bake; A. S. 
bacan; as thatch comes through Old Eng. thecchen, 
from A. S. theccan= to cover, to conceal, to thatch. 
In Dan. bcegt; Dut. baksel; Ger. geback.] [Bake.] 

I. Lit.; As much bread as a baker produces at 
one operation. 

“Bahclie, orbakynge, batche: Pistura.” — Prompt. Parv. 
“. . . waiting most earnestly for the hour when the 
batch that was in the oven was to be drawn.”— Transl. of 
Rabelais, iv. 199. (S. in Boucher.) 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Of things: A quantity of anything made at 
once, and which may therefore be presumed to 
have the same qualities throughout. 

“Except he were of the same meal and batch.” — Ben 

Jonson. 

2. Of persons (somewhat disrespectfully): A crew 
or gang of persons of the same profession or pro¬ 
clivities. 

“ An’ there a batch o’ wabster lads 
Blackguarding frae Kilmarnock.” 

Burns: The Holy Fair. 

“Another batch of 200 returned Communists arrived 
here.”— Times, September 10, 1879: French Corresp. 

♦batch-el-or, s. [Bachelor.] 

♦bate (1), s. Old spelling of Boat. 

♦bate (2), s. [From A. S. hafe=:contention; or 
abbreviated from debate (q. v.).] 

“. . . and breeds no bate with telling . . . ”— 
Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

bate-breeding, a. Breeding strife. 

“ This sour informer, this bate-breeding spy.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 655. 
♦bate (1), v. t. [Etymology doubtful.] To go with, 
rapidity. 

“ Batand to Canterbiri . . .” 

Rob. de Brunne, p. 145. (S. in Boucher.) 
bate (2), v. t. & i. Abbreviated form of Eng. 
Abate (q. v.). 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To beat down the price of anything from the 
amount claimed by another, or to beat down the 
amount of anything. 

“ When the landholder’s rent falls, he must either bate 
the laborer’s wages, or not employ or not pay him.”_ 

Locke. 

2. On one’s own part to lower the price of any¬ 
thing, whether because another has beaten it down, 
or spontaneously; also to lessen a demand upon 
one. 

“ Nor, envious at the sight, will I forbear 
My plenteous bowl, nor bate my plenteous cheer.” 

Dryden. 

“ . . . bate me some, and X will pay you some, and, 
as most debtors do, promise you infinitely.”— Shakesp.: 
2 Henry IV., Epilogue. 


bdil, b< 5 y; pout, J<Swl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-cia'n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shixs. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del, 

*26 




bate 


402 


batbe 


II. Figuratively: 

*1. To deprive of. 

“ When baseness is exalted, do not bate 
The place its honor for the person’s sake.” 

Herbert. 

2. To cut off, to remove, to take away. 

“ Bate but the last, and 'tis what I would say.'* 

Dry den: Sp, Friar. 

3. To make an exception, either in favor of or 
against. (Used specially in pr. par. bating q, v.) 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To become less, to diminish, to waste away. 
“Bardplph, am I not fallen away vilely since this last 

action ? Do 1 not bate t Do I not dwindle ? Why, my 
Bkin hangs about me like an old lady’s loose gown.”— 
Bhakesp.: 1 Henry IV., jii. 8. 

2. To intermit, to remit, to retrench. (Followed 
by of.) 

“Abate thy speed, and I will bate o/mine." 

Dryden. 

*bate, v t. Old spelling of Bait (3), v, 

*bate, v. i. Old spelling of Bait (4), v. 

*bate, pret. ofv. [Old pret. of bite (q. v.).j Bit; 
did bite. 

“Yet there the slael stay’d not, but inly bate 
Deep in his flesh and opened wide a red flood-gate.” 

Spenser: F. Q., XI. v. 7. 

bat’-eau, That -teau (eau as 6) (pi. bat-eaux) 

(eaux as 0 §), s. [Fr, oateau—a boat, a vessel to 
cross the water, as a ferry-boat, the body of a coach; 
Prov. batelh; Sp. & Port .batel; Ital .battello; Low 
Lat. batellus, from baitus=a boat.] [Boat ] A 
light boat, long in proportion to its breadth, and 
wide in the middle as compared with what it is at 
the ends. 

bateau-bridge, s. A floating bridge supported 
by bateaux. 

ba -ted, pa. par. & a. [Bate (2), v.] 

As participial adjective: Used specially in the 
expression, “ bated breath,” meaning breath arti¬ 
ficially restrained. 

“ . . . in a bondman's key 
With 'bated breath and whisp’ring humbleness. - ’ 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, i. 8. 

bate-ful (1), a. [Eng., &c., bate, and full.'} Full 
of strife, prone to strife; contentious. 

“He knew her haunt, and haunted in the same. 

And taught his sheep her sheep in food to thwart; 
Which soon as it did batefui question frame, 

He might on knees confess his guilty part.” 

, Sidney. 

*ba te-ful (2), a. [Batful.] 
ba te-less, a. [Eng. bate;-less.] Without abate¬ 
ment, unabated; unblunted. 

“Haply that name of chaste unhapp’ly set 
This batelese edge on his keen appetite.” 

Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece, 8, 9. 

*bat’-el-ment, s. [Battlement.] 
bate-ment, s. [Contracted from abatement.'] 
Among artificers: Diminution. 

“ To abate is to waste a piece cf stutf; instead of asking 
how much was cut off, carpenters ask what batement that 
piece of stuff had ” — Moxvn: Mech. Ex. 

Ba -ten-Ite§, Ba -ten ists, Ba ten -i-an§, s. 
[Arab. (?) = esoteric (?).] A sect which came 
originally from the Mohammedans. Their tenets 
resembled those of the Assassins. [Assassin.] 
that -ful, *ba te-ful, a. [From O. Eng. v. bat= 
increase.] [Bat (2), v.] [See also Battel and 
Batten.] Fertile. 

bath (1), *bathe (pi. bath§), s. [A. S. bceth (pi. 
bathu). In O. S. bath; Sw., Icel., Dan., Dut., & Ger. 
bad; O. H. Ger. pad; Wei. badh , baz= a bath; 
Sansc. b&d, v&d=to bathe. Wedgwood thinks that 
the original sense is to heat, and that bath is cognate 
with bake.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

fl. The act of bathing; the act of immersing the 
body in water, or applying water to the body for 
the sake of cleanliness or of health, or as a religious 
ceremony. 

“. . . and the chimney-piece 

Chaste Dian bathing.” — Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. 4. 

2. The water or other liquid used for bathing, 
purposes. {Lit. <& fig.) 

(a) Lit.: In the above sense. 

“Why may not the cold bath, into which they plunged 
themselves, have had some share in their cure ? ’’— Adudi- 
son: Spectator. 

IT For hot bath, cold bath, &c,, see B., I. 

(b) Fig.: Anything which invigorates or soothes 
and relieves the mind as a cold or hot bath does the 
body. 

“Sleep, 

The death of each day’s life, sore labor’s bath, 

Balm of hurt minds.”— Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. 4. 

3. The cavity or vessel in which water for bathing 
purposes is held; a building fitted up with appli¬ 
ances for bathing purposes. 


4. Batns wore not much frequented in the earlier 
period of Grecian history; they became more com¬ 
mon afterward. The Romans during the period of 
the empire gave much attention to bathing, and not 
merely Rome but even the provincial cities had 
public baths, often magnificent. In our own country 
public baths are of comparatively recent introduc¬ 
tion, though they are now completely rooted 
throughout the several cities and towns. 

“I was surprised to see several machines out, both of 
the Municipal and Pavilion Baths.” — Times, September 
26, 1879: The Bathing Accident at Boulogne. 

B. Technically: 

I. Med.: Any substance which constitutes the 
medium in which the human body, or a part of it, 
is immersed for the maintenance or recovery of 
health or strength. The most common media are 
water of various temperatures, watery vapors, and 
air. 

1. A Water Bath. This may be natural or arti¬ 
ficial. Rivers, lakes, and the sea afford facilities 
for a natural bath; various public and private 
appliances are designed to furnish an artificial one. 
In the latter case the temperature of the water may 
be varied at pleasure. Arranged by temperature, 
six kinds of baths are in use for medical or other 
purposes: 

Name of Bath. Temperature. 

(a) A cold bath ,• ... 33° to 60° Fahr. 

lb) A cool bath .... 60° to 75° “ 

(c) A temperate bath , . 75° to 85° “ 

(d) A tepid bath .... 85° to 92* '* 

(e) A warm bath . ... 92° to 98° ” 

m A hot bath . ... 98° to 106° “ 

All baths below 88° in temperature impart the sen¬ 
sation of cold, those above it of heat. In an arti¬ 
ficial bath, not merely can the temperature be 
raised or lowered at pleasure, but various methods 
may be adopted of applying the liquid. A bath 
may be taken by the person walking or plunging 
into it; by his more or less completely lying down 
in it; by the sudden affusion of water upon him 
from above, called the shower-bath; or by his being 
sprinkled with it, or applying it to himself by means 
of a sponge. Or a stream of water may be turned 
upon him, in which case the name applied is a 
douche or douse, from Ital. doccia=douche. Oronly 
a part of the body may be immersed, as in the hip¬ 
bath and the foot-bath. Moreover, the water em¬ 
ployed may be saline or impregnated with other 
constituents, as sulphur, iodine, or, in the case of a 
foot-bath, mustard. 

2. A Watery-vapor Bath. If it is intended that 
the vapor should be breached, there are three 
grades of temperature in the vapor bath: the first 
from 96° to 106°, the second from 106° to 120°, and 
the third from 120° to 160°. If not intended to bo 
breathed, there arf also three : the first from 90° to 
100°, the second from 100° to 110°, and the third from 
110° to 130°. 

3. An Air Bath: The exposure of the naked body 
to the atmosphere of a room of a certain tempera¬ 
ture varying from 90° to 130% 

4. Photography: A solution in which plates or 
papers are immersed or floated, or the vessel hold¬ 
ing such solution. Baths are known as sensitizing 
[Nitrate of Silver], fixing, toning, or washing. 

II. Chemistry: 

1. Formerly {Spec.) : A vessel of water in whicn 
another one was placed which required a lesser 
amount of heat than that furnished by the naked fire. 


“We see that the water of things distilled in water, 
which they called the bath, differeth. not much from the 
water of things distilled by fire.”— Bacon: N. H. 

2. Note {Gen.): Any medium, such as heated 
sand, ashes, or steam, through which heat is 
applied to a body. 


III. Heraldry, &c. Order of the Bath: An order 
of knighthood, so called because the recipients of 
the honor were required for¬ 
merly to bathe the evening 
before their creation. It was 
instituted by Henry IV. in 
1399, and, having fallen into 
disuse, was revived by George 
I. in 1725. Under George IV. 
its regulations were modified, 
and now there are various 
subdivisions of the order, 
viz., Knights Grand Cross of 
the Bath (G. C. B.), Knights 
Commanders of the Bath (K. 

C. B.), and Companions of 
the Bath (C. B.). Undereach 
of these classes there are now 
a military and a “civil” 

(meaning a civilian) sub¬ 
class. The ribbon worn by 
the Knights of the Bath is 
crimson, with the Latin 
motto, “Tria juncta inuno”= 

three (England, Ireland, and Scotland, or their 
emblems, the rose, shamrock, and thistle) joined 
in one. 



Badge of the Bath. 


bath-room, s. A room erected to contain a 
public or private bath. 

Bath (2), s. [A. S. Bathan, Bathan ceaster; from 
bathan= baths. Named from the baths erected 
over the hot saline and chalybeate springs, there 
existing, the result of old volcanic action in the 
locality.] 

Geog.: A city, the capital of the county of Somer¬ 
set, England. 

Bath-brick, a. An artificially-manufactured 
“ brick ” of the usual form, but formed of cal¬ 
careous earth. It is used for cleaning knives and 
various kinds of metal work. 

Bath-bun, s. A bun richer than a common one, 
and generally without currants. 

Bath-chair, s. A small carriage or chair on 
wheels, drawn by a chairman, and intended for the 
conveyance of invalids or others for. short dis¬ 
tances. So called because either originally or 
principally used at Bath, where the steepness of 
many of the streets rendered such conveyances 
especially useful 

Bath-Chaps, s. Small pigs’ cheeks cured for the 
table. 

Bath-metal, s. An alloy consisting of 1 pound of 
copper and 414 ounces of zinc, or at least more zinc 
than in brass. 

Bath oolite, Bath-stone, s. A shelly limestone 
belonging; with others of similar character, to the 
Great Oolite. It is much celebrated as a building 
stone. {Lyell: Elem. of Geol., ch. xx.) [Oolite.] 

Bath-post, s. A term for letter paper, now 
seldom used. It is a yellow wove post quarto. 

bath (3), 8. [Heb. 6afh=measured; from bathath 
=-to measure.] A liquid measure among the 
ancient Hebrews. It was the same as the ephah 
[Ephah], each of these containing the tenth part of 
an homer (Ezek. xlv. llj. [Homer.] According to 
Josephus ( Antiq ., iii , § 3), it contained six hins. 
[Hin.] It has been calculated that it contained 
1985‘77 Parisian cubic inches, but there are other 
estimates as well. 

“ Then made he ten 1 avers of brass: one laver contained 
forty baths . , .”—1 Kings vii. 38. 

bath, v. t. [Bath (1), s.] To wash in a bath. 

bathe, *beath (preterite bathed , *bathud, 
beathed ), v. t. & i. [a S. bathian=to bathe, wash, 
foment, cherish; from bced= a bath. In Sw. & lcel. 
bada; Dut. & Ger. baden; O. H. Ger .padon; Sansc. 
b&d, v&d—to bathe.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: To immerse the body or any part of it in 
water, or to pour water upon it for the purpose of 
cleanliness, as a medical appliance, or as a relig¬ 
ious ceremony. 

“ Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall 
bathe his flesh in water, . . .”— Numb. xix. 7. 

V It is sometimes used reflectively with self or 
selves 

“Chancing to bathe himself in the river Cydnus, . . . 
he fell sick, near unto death, for three days.”— South. 

2. Figuratively: 

( а) To wash anything with water or any similar 
liquid. 

“ . . . the lake which bathed the foot of the Alban 
mountain, , . ."—Arnold: Hist, of Rome, vol. i., ch. 
xxiii. 

(б) To bring a thing in contact with some liquid, 
or apply some liquid to it, without the purpose of 
purification. 

“And bathed thy sword in blood, whose spot 
Eternity shall cancel not.” 

Hemans: Wallace’s Invocation to Bruce. 

a To immerse in anything, though but faintly 
ogous to water. 

“Each purple peak, each flinty spire. 

Was bathed in floods of living fire.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, L U. 

II. Medicine c& Surgery : 

1. To foment or moisten a wound for the purpose 
of cleansing and soothing it. 

2. To supple or soften by the outward application 
of warm liquors. 

“Bathe them, and keep their bodies soluble the while 
by clysters and lenitive boluses.”— Wiseman .- Surgery. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To enter or lie in a bath, ot otherwise 
take means for formal and thorough ablution. 

“ The gallants dancing by the nrer-side, 

They bathe in summer, and in winter slide.” 

Waller. 

2. Fig.: To oe immersed in anything. 

“ Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds, 

Or memorize another Golgotha, 

I cannot tell.” Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 2. 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p$t, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile. full: try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey — a. qu — kw«. 




bathe 


403 


battailant 


♦bathe, s. [Bath ( 1 ).] 

♦bathe, a. [Both.] (Scotch.) 

bathed, *ba'-thud, *beathed, pa. par. & a. 

[Bathe, v.] 

ba -ther, s. [Eng. bath(e); -er. In Ger. bader .] 
One who bathes. ( Tooke.) 

tbg,-thet -Ic, a. [From Eng., &c., bathos (q. v.).] 
Having the character of bathos. (Coleridge). 
ba'-thie, s. [Bothie, Booth.] (Scotch.) 
ba-thing, pr. par., a., & s. [Bathe.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

. C. As substantive: The act or operation of 
immersing the body or part of it in water, or some 
other medium, for the purpose of ablution, as a 
medical appliance, or for ceremonial purposes in 
connection with religion. 

“Their bathings and anointings before their feasts.”— 
Hakewill; Apology, p. 390. 

bathing-machine, s. A vehicle consisting of 
a small room on wheels, provided for a small 
charge to accommodate persons bathing in the sea. 
The bather undresses in the machine, which is 
drawn out by horses some distance among the 
breakers, so that a plunge, or even a gentle descent 
from the door-step, places him at once in the water. 

“The three ladies betook themselves to a large bathing - 
machine — Times , September 26, 1879. 

bathing-place, s. A place for bathing, 
bathing-room, s. A room used for bathing pur¬ 
poses. (Congreve.) 

bathing-tub, s. A large oblong vessel, conven¬ 
ient for bathing purposes, 
bath'-mis, s. [Gr. bathmis .] 

Anat.: The cavity which receives the anterior 
extremity of another bone. 

bat-horse (t silent), bat'-hors, fba w-horse, s. 
[Fr. bat= a pack-saddle, a pannel, a saddle on 
which burdens are laid ; and Eng. horse.) A horse 
which carries the baggage of military officers dur¬ 
ing a campaign. (Macaulay.) 

ba -thos, s. [From Gr. J>afkos=depth or height; 
bathus= deep or high.] The opposite of the sub¬ 
lime in poetry or in style ; anti-climax. 

“The taste of the bathos is implanted by nature itself 
in the soul of man; till, perverted by custom or example, 
he is taught, or rather compelled, to relish the sublime.” 
—Arbuthnot and Pope: Mari. Scrib. 


♦ba'-thre (thre as thgr), possessive case of adj. 
From A. S. begra=oi both, from begen—hoth.] 
if both. [Both, Botheb.] 
bath -r 6 n§, s. [Baudrons.] (Scotch.) 
♦ba’-thud, pa.par. & adj. [Bathe, p.] 

“ And bathud every veyne in swich licour. 

Of which, vertue engendred is the flour.” 

Chaucer: The Prologue , 3, 4. 


bath -vil-llte, s. [From Bathville, near Tor- 
banehill in Scotland, where it is found, and suff. 
-ite.) A mineral placed by Dana in his Succinite 
group of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons. It is an 
amorphous fawn-colored mineral, with an absence 
of luster, and resembling rotten wood. Sp. gr., 
about 1‘01. Compos.: Carbon, 58'89-78'86; hydrogen, 
8’56-U'46; oxygen, 7'23-9'68; ash, 0-25'32. It is akin 
to Torbanite. (Dana.) 

ba-thyb’-I-us, s. [From Gr. bathus=deep, and 
6ios=life, course of life. Lit.= deep life, life in the 
depths.] 

Biol.: A peculiar slimy matter dredged up in the 
North Atlantic, in 1857, from a depth of 6,000 to 
25,000 feet, by the crew of the Cyclops, when examin¬ 
ing what has since been called the ” Telegraph 
Plateau,” for the deposition of the Atlantic Tele¬ 
graph Cable. Specimens of this viscous mud, exam¬ 
ined by Professor Huxley in 1858, were re-examined 
by him with higher microscopic power in 1868, when 
he came to the conclusion that they contained 
a protoplasmic substance apparently existing in 
masses over wide areas of ocean-bottom. Minute 
bodies, which he had before called coccoliths, of 
two forms [Coccolith], were believed to stand to 
the gelatinous protoplasm in the same relation as 
the spicirla of sponges to the softer parts of the 
animal. Professor Haeckel, after examining the 
slimy substance, adopted the views of Professor 
Huxley, and attributed the origin of the protoplas¬ 
mic substance, though not dogmatically, to sponta¬ 
neous generation. It was named after him, by 
Professor Huxley, Bathybius Haeckelii. The natur¬ 
alists of the exploring vessel Porcupine, in 1868. 
stated that they had found Bathybius alive, but 
considered it to be derived from sponges, &c. Those 
of the Challenger, however, failed to find it in the 
parts of the ocean which they dredged over, and 
propounded the hypothesis that the Bathybius was 
nothing more than a precipitate from the sea-water 
by the alcohol in which the specimens had been 
preserved. More recently, again, the Arctic navi¬ 


gator Bessels, of the Polaris, considered that he 
had found masses of undifferentiated protoplasm 
in the Greenland seas. The subject requires further 
investigation. (Q. J. Microscop. Soc., 1868, p. 210; 
Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xvii., 190-1; Prof. Allman's 
Presidential Report at British Association Meeting 
at Sheffield in 1879. 

bath-y-met -ric-al, a. [Eng. bathymetr(y); 
-ical .] Pertaining to bathymetry. (Prestwich: Q. 
J. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii., p. xliii.) 

ba-thym'-et-ry, s. [Gr. bathus=deep, and 
metron=& measure.] Measurement by sounding of 
the depth of the sea at various places. (Dana.) 

ba-tid'-e-se, s. pi. [Batis.] A doubtful order of 
plants, of which the sole representative, as yet 
known, is the Batis maritima, described under 
Batis (a. v.). Lindley placed it with hesitation, 
and without numbering it, under his Euphorbia! 
Alliance. It has solitary ascending ovules, the 
female flowers being naked and combined into a suc¬ 
culent cone. 

♦bat -il-ba-ly, s. [Probably the same as battle- 
ba,ly; battle—to fatten.] An officer in forests, the 
duties of which are unknown. 

“It appears from the Harleian MS. 433, f. 39, that in 
the 1st of Richard III., William Staverton received a 
confirmation of his graunts of the office of batil-baly in 
the forest of Wyndesore.” (S. in Boucher.) 


(c) For giving directions, as the baton of one 
who conducts a musical entertainment. 

B. Her.; A diminutive of the bend sinister, of 
which it is one-fourth part the width. It is called 
more fully a sinister baton, 
and occasionally, though not 
with correctness, a fissure. It 
is invariably a mark that its 
first bearer was illegitimate. 

A sinister is distinguished 
from a dexter baton. [Dex¬ 
ter.] [For cross baton see 
Cross.] 

b£ to on, v. t. [Baton, s.] 

To cudgel. ( Old & New Edin¬ 
burgh, iii. 339.) 
bat'-prlnting, s. A meth- 



Baton. 


od of printing on glazed Arms of Fitzroy, Duke 
TVctro* of Grafton. 

b^t-ra'-cM-g,, s. pi. [Gr. batracheios = pertain¬ 
ing to a frog, from batrachos = a frog.] According 
to Brongniart and Cuvier, the last of the four orders 
of Reptiles. In Prof. Owen’s classification, the thir¬ 
teenth and last order of the class Reptilia, or 
Reptiles. He places under it the frogs, toads, and 
newts. (Prof. Owen: Palaeontology.) Huxleymakes 
the Batrachia the second of his four orders of 
Amphibia. It contains the frogs and toads. 


bat-ing, pr.par. (used as a prep.). [Bate, v. t.] 
Excepting, except. 

“ If we consider children, we have little reason to think 
that they bring many ideas with them, bating, perhaps, 
some faint ideas of hunger and thirst.”— Locke. 

ba’-tls, s. [Gr. (batis) = a fish, . . . a plant 
described by Pliny as akin to a bramble-bush.] A 
genus of plants, the typical one of the order or sub¬ 
order Batidete. The species Batis maritima grows 
in salt marshes in the West Indies. It is a low, 
shrubby, succulent plant, with opposite leaves. 
The ashes yield barilla in large quantities, and the 
plant is sometimes used in the West Indies in the 
making of pickles. 

bat-ist, *bat -Iste, s. [In Sw. & Dan. batiist, 
Ger. batist, battist; Sp. batista; Fr. batiste, from 
baptiste; Lat. baptista; Gr. baptistes=a baptizer 
(Baptist.) Named, according to Mahn and others, 
either from Baptiste Chambray, who claimed to 
have been the first manufacturer of batist; or 
because it was used to wipe the heads of infants 
after their baptism.] A fine description of cloth of 
mixed silk and woolen. The term is now also 
applied to cotton or linen goods of fine texture. 

bat-let, *batt'-let, s. [Dimin. of Eng. bat (1).] 
A small bat, a fiat wooden mallet, consisting of a 
square piece of wood with a handle, used to beat 
linen when taken out of the buck, with the view of 
whitening it. It is called also a batting staff and 
battledoor (q. v.). 

“I remember the kissing of her batlet, and the cow’s 
dugs that her pretty chopt hands had milked.”— Shakesp.: 
As You Like It, ii. 4. 

bat'-rmtn (1) (t silent), or bat-man, s. [From 
Fr. bdt= a pack-saddle, and Eng. man.] A man 
having charge of a bathorse and its load. (Ma¬ 
caulay.) [Bathorse.] 

bat-man (2), s. [Pers. ba'tman.] A weight used 
in Persia and Turkey, and varying in weight accord¬ 
ing to the locality. 

I. In Persia, the batman usually weighs from 6 
lbs. to 10 lbs. avoirdupois. 

II. In the Turkish Empire : 

1. At Smyrna and Aleppo it usually contains 6 
okes, or 400 drams=about 17 lbs. avoirdupois. 

2. In the other parts of the Turkish empire there 
are two batmans: (a) The greater batman= about 
157 lbs. avoirdupois; (b) the lesser 6atmaw.= about 
39 lbs. avoirdupois. 

ba'-to-llte, s. [Fr. baton (q. v.), and Gr. lithos— 
a stone.] What was considered by Montfort a new 
genus of fossil shells, but was regarded by Cuvier 
as only Hippurites (q. v.), formerly described by 
Lamarck. 

^bat -on, *ba-t,6 on, *bat'-toon, *bat-une, bas - 
ton, s. [Fr. bctton= a batoon, a staff, a walking- 
stick, a club, a cudgel, a truncheon, a field-marshal’s 
staff; O. Fr. & Sp. baston; Ital. bastine= a staff, a 
support, a prop; Low Lat. basto. [Baston.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: A staff or club. 

“ Straightways we saw divers of the people with bastons 
in their hands, as it were, forbidding us to land.”— Bacon: 
New Atlantis. 

2. Spec.: A truncheon, or anything similar. It 
may be used— 

(a) As a badge or symbol of authority, as a field- 
marshal’s baton. 

(b) Partly as a symbol of authority, and partly 
as an offensive weapon, as a policeman s baton. 


bSLt-ra'-chl-an, *bat-ra-gi-an, adj. & s. [In 
Fr. batracien .] [Batrachia.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to any member of the 
order Batrachia. (Lyell.) 

B. As subst.: A member of the order Batrachia. 

“. . . these formidable Batrachians.” — Lyell. 

bat-r 3 .-ch.Ite, s. [In Ger. batrachit; Lat. batra- 
chites; Gr. batrachites, a mineral of a frog-green 
color, described by Pliny; batrachos= a frog.] A min¬ 
eral, according to the British Museum Catalogue a 
variety of Olivine (q. v.); but Dana makes it a 
variety of Monticellite (q. v.). 

bat-rsi-chbid, a. [Gr. batrachos = a frog, and 
eidos= appearance.] Resembling a frog. 

bat-r 3 -cho-my-om- 3 -chf , s. [Gr. batrachos— 
a frog; mus, genit. muos= a mouse, and maclie— 
battle, fight.] The battle between the frogs and 
the mice, a burlesque poem, sometimes ascribed to 
Homer. 

bat-r^-cho-sper -ml-dse, s. pi. [Batbacho- 
spermum.] The fourth tribe of the Vaucheriee, 
which again are the first sub-order of the order 
Fucaceae, or Seawracks. The frond is polysiphon- 
ous, composed of a primary thread with parallel 
accessary ones around it. The vesicles, which are 
clustered, are terminal or lateral. 

bat-ra-cho-sper'-mum, s. [Gr. batrachos=a 
frog, and sperma=a seed.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the alliance Algales and the order 
Confervacese, or Confervas. They are found in 
marshes, and more rarely in the sea. 

bat-ra-chus, s. [Lat. batrachus=a frog-fish; 
Gr. batrachos=a frog, a frog-fish.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the order Acanthop- 
terygii, and the family with the pectoral fins feet¬ 
like. 

bat-ra-coph-a-gous, adj. [Gr. batrachos=a 
frog; and phagein, infin.=to eat.] Feeding on 
frogs. 

bats-ghl-a, s. [Named after John George Batsch, 
a professor of botany in the University of Jena in 
the latter half of the eighteenth century.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Boraginacese (Borageworts). The few species 
known are pretty American plants. 

bats-man, s. [Eng. bat's, poss. of bat (1), and 
man.) The person who handles the bat in cricket, 
baseball, &c. 

“I hae had eneuch ado wi’ John Gray; for though 
he’s nae bad hand when he’s on the loom, it is nae easy 
matter to keep him at the batt.” — Hogg: Winter Tales, i. 
377. (Jamieson.) 

bat-ta, s. [Hind.] Allowance supplementing the 
ordinary pay given to the East Indian regiments, 
whether European or Sepoy, when they are on a 
campaign or occupying a half-conquered country. 

*bat'-ta-ble, a. [Comp, battel (q. v.); Eng. suff. 
-able.] Capable of cultivation. 

“ Masinissa made many inward parts of Barbary and 
Numidia, before his time incult and horrid, fruitful and 
battable.”—Burton: Anat. of Mel. (To the Reader.) 

*bg.t-tg.il’-ant, *bat-tgil-2,nt, s. [Fr. bataiU 
lant, pr. par. of batailler= to fight, struggle, dispute, 
contest hard.] [Battle, u.] A combatant. 

“ Soon after this I saw an elephant 

Adorned with bells and bossesgorgeouslie, 

That on his backe did beare (as batteilant) 

A golden towre, which shone exceedinglie.” 

Spenser: Visions of the World’s Vanitie. 


boil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d*l. 

















battaile 


404 


batter 


*bat -taile, s. [Battle (2).] 

fbat'-taiDous, *bat -ayl-ous (English), *bat- 
ta louss (Scotch), a. [Fr. bataille; Eng. suff. 
-aits.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. Of armies: Full of fight; eager for fight; 
quarrelsome. 

“ The French came foremost battailous and bold.” 

Fairfax. 

2. Of individuals: 

(а) Disposed to fight, quarrelsome. 

“ Acruell man, a bataylous.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., b. v. 

(б) Brave in fight. 

“ At schreftis evin sum wes so battalouss, 

That he wald win to his maister in field 
Fourty florans.” 

Colkelbie Sow, 879. (Jamieson.) 

II. Of things: 

1. Constituting one of the operations of battle: 
involving battle; warlike. 

“Those same against the bulwarks of the sight 

Did lay strong siege and battailous assault.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 9. 

2. Constituting preparation for battle; such as 
is adopted in battle. 

“ He started up, and did himself prepare 
In sun-bright arms and battailous array.” 

Fairfax. 

tbat-ta-ll-a, s. [From Class. & Low Lat. 
battalia , batalia. In Ital. battaglia= a battle, a 
fight; Port, batalha; Prov. batalha, batailla; Sp. 
batalia: Fr. bataille. Wachter calls battalia 
originally a Burgundian word.] [Battle.] 

1. Order of battle, battle-array. 

“ Both armies being drawn out in battalia, that of the 
King’s, trusting to their numbers, began the charge with 
great fury, but without any order.”— Swift: Reign of King 
Henry I. 

2. An army, or portions of it, arranged in order of 
battle: spec., the main body as distinguished from 
the wings. 

“ Arm’d and array’d for instant fight, 

Rose archer, spearman, squire, and knight, 

And in the pomp of battle bright 
The dread battalia frown’d.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 20. 

bat'-tu~llne, s. [Compare battlement .] A pro¬ 
jection, or kind of verandah, of stone. 

“ The passage to the bells in the great steeple was from 
the south lesser steeple, by a battaline under the easing 
of the slates of said church.”— Orem: Descrip. Chanonry 
of Aberd., p. 64. 

bat-tal -I on, s. [In Sw. & Dut. bataljon; Dan., 
<xer., & Fr. bataillon: Sp. batallon; Port, batalhao; 
Ital. battaglione. ] [Battalia.] 

1. Literally: (Military & Ord. Language) : 

*1. An army drawn up for battle. 

“Why, our battalion trebles that amount.” 

Shalcesp.: Richard III., v. 3. 

^[ In some editions it is “ battalia trebles.” 

2. An assemblage of companies ; the tactical and 
administrative unit of infantry—that is, the first 
body that is, as a rule, used independently, and 
commanded by a field officer (major or lieutenant- 
colonel). In the United States army a battalion is 
■composed of two or more companies, not exceeding 
six, and is formed for battle in three echelons, a 
firing line, a line of supports, and a reserve. 

(а) English battalions are formed of ten com¬ 
panies for administrative and eight for tactical 
purposes. The first twenty-five regiments have two 
battalions, the remainder, originally of one battal¬ 
ion each, are now linked in pairs according to their 
territorial derivation. Linked-battalions are inter¬ 
changeable as regards officers, and each shares the 
honors and advantages of the other. Two regiments 
of Rifles have four battalions each, and the three 
regiments of the Guards seven battalions in all. 
The peace strength of a battalion is about 400 men, 
but varies; its war strength in the field is 1,000 men, 
with one lieutenant-colonel, two majors, eight cap¬ 
tains, sixteen subalterns, four officers of the 
regimental staff (adjutant, paymaster, quarter¬ 
master, and medical officer), and fifty sergeants. 
The corporals and lance-corporals fall in with the 
privates in the ranks, and therefore number among 
the “ rank and file.” 

(б) French battalions. By the laws of December 
2, 1874, and January 20 and March 13, 1875, the 
French Infantry is divided into (1) Infantry of the 
Line, (2) Regiments of Zouaves, (3) Regiments of 
Tirailleurs Alg6riens, and (4) Battalions of Chas¬ 
seurs h Pied. The 144 Regiments of Infantry of the 
Line have each four battalions; a battalion (which 
is divided into four field companies] consisting of 12 
commissioned officers, 54 non-commissioned officers, 
and 264 soldiers—in all 330 men, raised in time of war 
to 1,000 men. The Regiments of Zouaves have, in 


eace, 612 men in a battalion, and in war 1.000. The 
irailleurs Alg6riens, who in time of peace are 
always in Algeria, or at least have been so for the 
last eight years, have, in peace, 652 men in a bat¬ 
talion, and in war 1,000 men. Finally, the Chas¬ 
seurs h Pied have, in peace, 468 men, and in war 
1,000 men. 

(cl German battalions. With the exception of the 
116th (Hesse) Regiment, the 148 Line Regiments 
have three battalions. The Yagers are formed into 
twenty-six separate battalions. To each line regi¬ 
ment is attached a Landwehr regiment of two 
battalions, and these latter bear the same number 
as the regular regiments to which they are affiliated. 
The five Prussian Guard Regiments have 22 officers 
and 678 men per battalion in peacetime, the remain¬ 
ing regiments having 18 officers and 526 men per 
battalion, and the Yagers 22 officers and 526 men. 
On mobilization for war all battalions are raised to 
a strength of 22 officers and 1,000 men, with a regi¬ 
mental staff of one commandant, one extra field 
officer, and one aide-de-camp. Pioneer battalions 
are practically field engineer bodies, and are 
divided into Pontoniers (for bridging), and Sap¬ 
pers and Miners (for siege operations, demolitions, 
or the construction of artificial defenses). They 
have each three field and one depot, company ; the 
former comprising fifteen officers and 650 men. 

II. Figuratively: A great number of anything. 
“When sorrows come, they come not single spies, 

But in battalions.” Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 5. 

bat-tal'-i-oned, a. [En g.battalion; -ed.~) Formed 
into battalions. (Barlow.) 

*bat'-t£ill, s. [From Fr. bataill .] [Battle, s.] 
A battalion. (Jamieson.) 

*bat-tal-lmg, *bat-tel-llng, s. [From Fr. bas¬ 
tille, batilU.'] [Bastille, Battlement.] A bat¬ 
tlement. 

“Skarsement, reprise, corbell, and battellingis.” — Pal- 
ice of Honor, iii. 17. (Jamieson.) 

*bat'-tar-ax, s. [Battle-ax. ] 

*bat-tart, *bat'-tlrt, *bat-tard, *bat-ter, s. 
[Fr. bastarde. “ A demie-cannon, or demie-culverin ; 
a smaller piece of any kind” (Cotgrave) .] A cannon 
of a smaller size. 

“Item, tua pair of irne calmes for moyan and battard.” 
— Ibid., p. 169. (Jamieson.) 

*bat’-teil, s. [Battle.] 

*bat'-teil-ant, s. [Battailant.] 

*bat-tel, *bat-tlll, *bat'-tle (1), v. t. & i. 
[From O. Eng. & Scotch bat=to fatten, to be fat; 
and, according to Mahn, A. S. dcel— deal, portion.] 
[Bat, v., Batful, Batten.] 

A. Transitive: To make fat. 

“Ashes are a marvelous improvement to battle barren 
land, by reason of the fixed salt which they contain.”— 
Ray: Proverbs. 

B. Intransitive: 

Ordinary Language: To become fat, to gain 
flesh. 

“The best advisement was, of bad, to let her 
Sleep out her fill without encomberment; 

For sleep, they said, would make her battill better.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. viii. 38. 

*bat'-tel (1), s. [Battle (1).] An old spelling 
of the substantive Battle. (Used specially in Old 
Law for the absurd practice of settling legal inno¬ 
cence or guilt by single combat.) [Battle, s., B. 1.] 

“ . . . the barbarous and Norman trial by battel ."— 
Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 33. 

*bat'-tel (2) (0. Eng.), *bat -tell (O. Scotch), a. 
& s. [From Battel, v. (q. v.).] 

As adjective: Fertile, fruitful. (Used specially of 
soil.) 

“ . . . is like unto a fruitful field or battel soil.”— 
Holland: Plutarch, p. 943. 

*bat -tell, s. [Battle.] 

*bat'-te-ment, s. [Fr. battement= a beating; 
from battre= to beat.] A beating. 

bat -ten, fbat -ton, s. & a. [Fr. baton- a stick, 
a staff, or Eng. bat (1) (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Carp.: A plank of wood from 2 to 7 inches 
wide, 2% inches thick, and from 6 to 50 feet long. 
They are used for floors, and, reared upright on the 
inner face of walls, afford supports to which the 
laths for the plastering may be affixed. Battens 
differ from deals in never being so much, while 
deals are never so little, as 7 inches wide. 

“ A batten is a scantling of wood, two, three, or four 
inches broad, seldom above one thick, and the length 
unlimited.”— Moxon. 

2. The movable bar of a loom which strikes in or 
closes the threads of a woof. (Francis.) 

3. Naut.: Thin pieces of wood nailed to the mast¬ 
head and to the midship post of the yard. 


Battens of the Hatches: Scantlings of wood or 
cask-hoops rendered straight, which are used to 
keep the margin of the tarpaulins close to the 
hatches during storms at sea. 

B. As adjective : Of or pertaining to battens, 
batten-end, s. A batten less than six feet in 
length. 

bat-ten (1), v. t. [From batten, s. & a. (q. v.).] 

1. to form with battens. 

2. To fasten with battens. 

Naut. : To batten down the hatches of a ship. 
To fasten them down with battens, which is gener¬ 
ally done when a storm arises. [Batten, s ., A. 3.] 
bat'-ten (2) (Eng.), bat (Old Eng. & Modem 
Scotch), v. t. & i. [Comp, with A. B. 6ef=better; 
Dut. bat, bet— better; A. S. betan , and Icel. batna= 
to grow better; Goth, gabatnan—to profit.] [Bat¬ 
ful, Battel (1), Better.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Of persons, or of the lower animals : To cause 
to become fat, to fatten. 

“Battening our flock with the fresh dews of night, 

Oft till the star that rose at evening bright.” 

Milton: Lycidas, 26, 27. 

2. Of land: To fertilize, to render fertile. [Foi 
example, see Battening (1).] 

B. Intrans.: To grow fat through gluttony and 
sloth. (Lit. and fig.) 

“Hopes rashly, in disgust as rash recoils: 

Battens on spleen, or molders in despair.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 
bat'-tened (1), pa. par. & a. [Batten (1), v. A] 
bat-toned (2), pa. par. & a. [Batten (2), v. f.] 
bat-ten-Ing (1), pr.par. & a. [Batten (1), v.] 

1. In a transitive sense : Imparting fatness or fer¬ 
tility. 

“The meadows here, with batt’ning ooze enrich’d, 

Give spirit to the grass; three cubits high 

The jointed herbage shoots.” Philips. 

2. In an intransitive sense: Becoming fat. 

“While paddling ducks the standing lake desire. 

Or batt’ning hogs roll in the sinking mire.” 

Gay: Pastorals. 

bat-ten-Ing (2), pr. par., a., & s. [Batten (2), 
v. A] 

As subst.: Narrow battens nailed to a wall to 
which the laths for the plastering are fixed. 

bat'-ter (1), v. t. [Fr. battre= to beat; Prov. 
batre; Sp .batir; Port, hater; Ital. battere; from 
Lat. batuo and battuo=to beat.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. To inflict upon any thing or upon any person a 
succession of heavy blows. 

1. In a general sense: 

“And clattering flints batter’d with clanging hoofs.” 

Tennyson: A Dream of Fair Women. 

2. Spec. : In the military sense defined under 3. 
(Lit. & fig.) 

“ . . . these haughty words of hers 
Have batter’d me like roaring cannon shot.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., iii. 3. 
“Now that those institutions have fallen we must hasten 
to prop the edifice which it was lately our duty to batter.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

II. To inflict upon a person or thing a continued 
assault or hard usage, not necessarily taking the 
form of actual blows. (In this sense the assailant 
may be man, one of the inferior animals, wind, rain, 
and storm, or time.) 

“Batter’d and blackened and worn by all the storms 
of the winter.” 

Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standish. 
Fig.: Of the effect of passion upon the mind. 
“Kingdom’d Achilles in commotion rages 
And batters down himself.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, ii. 3. 

B. Technically: 

1. Military : To inflict a succession of heavy blows 
on a wall or other defense with the view of break¬ 
ing it down. This was of old done by means of a 
battering-ram, and now by artillery. [Battering- 
ram.] 

2. Forging : To spread metal out by hammering 
on the end. 

bat'-ter (2), v. i. [Fr. battre—to beat, ... to 
shake.] 

Arch.: (Formerly) To bulge out as a badly-built 
wall; (now) to slope. [Batter (1), s.] 

“The side of a wall, or any timber, that bulges from its 
bottom or foundation, is said to batter." — Moxon. 

bat'-ter (3), v.t. [From batter (2), s. (q. v.)] To 
paste; to cause one body to adhere to another by 
means of a viscous substance, 
bat'-ter (l),s. [From batter (2), v.] 

Arch. : A backward slope in a wall to make the 
plumb-line fall within the base ; as in railway cut¬ 
tings, embankments, &c. (Weale.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




batter-rule 


405 


battery 


batter-rule, s. 

Arch.: A plumb-line designed to regulate the 
"batter ” or slope of a wall not meant to be vertical. 
The plumb-line itself is perpendicular, but the edge 
is as much to the side of this as the wall is intended 
to slope. (Francis.) 

bat'-ter (2), s. [From Fr. battre — to beat, to 
agitate, to stir; that which is beaten, agitated, or 
stirred.] 

1. A mixture of several ingredients beaten together 
with some liquor; so called from its being so much 
beaten. 

“ One would have all things little, hence has try’d 
Turkey poults fresh from th’ egg in batter fry’d.” 

King. 

2. A glutinous substance used for producing ad¬ 
hesion ; paste used for sticking papers, &c., together. 
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

3. Printing: A bruise of the face of the type, 
when arranged in pages for printing; also a similar 
defacement of a stereotyped plate. 

batter-pudding, s. A pudding made of flour, 
milk, eggs, butter, and salt. It is either baked or 
boiled. 

*bat'-ter (3), s. A corruption of Fr. bastarde .] 
A species of artillery. [Battart.] (O. Scotch.) 

bat'-ter (4), s. [Batter (1), v. f.] 

Pottery: A plaster mallet used to flatten out a 
lump of clay which is to be laid and formed upon 
the whirling table. 

bat -ter (5), s. [Batsman.] 

bat’-tered, *bat-red, *y-bat-red (red as erd), 

pa. par. & a. [Batter (1), u.] 

A. As past participle : In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective. Specially — 

I. Cf things: Having marks indicating that it has 
been subjected to blows. 

“ But sparely form’d, and lean withal: 

Abatterecl morion on his brow.” 

Scott: Lay oj the Last Minstrel, iv. 6. 

II. Of persons: Affording obvious indications 
that time has done its work upon their physical 
frame. Used— 

(a) Of old men: 

“I am a poor old battered fellow, and I would willingly 
end my days in peace.”— Arbuthnot: History of J. Bull. 

Or (b) of old women: 

“ In di’monds, pearls, and rich brocades, 

She shines the first of batter’d jades.”— Pope. 

bat'-ter-er, s. [Eng. batter; -er.J One who bat¬ 
ters. (Johnson.) 

bat'-ter-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Batter (1), u.] 

battering-ram, s. An ancient military engine 
used for battering down walls. It existed among 
the Assyrians. See the engraving, taken from a 
tablet dated about 880 B. C. In its most perfect 
form among the Romans it consisted of a pole or 
beam of wood, sometimes as much as 80,100, or even 
120 feet in length. It was suspended by its extremi¬ 
ties from a single point or from two points in 
another beam above, which lay horizontally across 
two posts. When at rest it was level, like the beam 



Assyrian Battering-Ram (About 880 B. C.). 


above it. When put in action against a wall, it was 
swung horizontally by men who succeeded each 
other in constant relays, the blow which it gave to 
the masonry at each vibration being rendered all 
the more effective that one end of it was armed 
with iron. This, being generally formed like a 
ram’s head, originated the name aries (ram), by 
which it was known among the Romans, and bat¬ 
tering-ram, which it obtains among ourselves. A 
roof or shed covered it to protect the soldiers who 
worked it from hostile missiles, and to facilitate 
locomotion it was placed on wheels. 


battering-train, s. An artillery train for siege 
operations. 

bat-ter-y, s. [In Sw.batteri; Dan., Ger., & Fr. 
batterie; Dut. batterij; Sp. & Port, bateria; Ital. 
batteria. From Fr. battre, Prov. bataria= to beat. 
(Batter.) Essential signification, a beating; hence 
apparatus for inflicting one.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

tl. The act of beating or battering. 

til. The state of being beaten or battered; a legal 
action raised in consequence of having been beaten. 

[B.,I.l 

till. The wound or other injury produced by a 
beating. 

1. Lit.: A wound or other injury of the body. 
[B., I.] 

“ . . . may increase the damages at their own discre¬ 
tion; as may also be the case upon view of an atrocious 
battery. But then the battery must likewise be alleged so 
certainly in the declaration that it may appear to be the 
same with the battery inspected.”— Blackstone: Comment., 
bk. iii., ch. 22. 

2. Fig.: A wound or impression on the heart. 

“ For where a heart is hard, they make no battery.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 427. 

IV. Apparatus by which the act or operation of 
battering is effected. 

1. Lit.: In the military sense. [B., II. 1, 2.] 

“ All the southern bank of the river was lined by the 
camp and batteries of the hostile army.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Heaven’s artillery; lightning, with the accom¬ 
panying thunder. 

“ A dreadful fire the floating batt’ries make, 

O’erturn the mountain, and the forest shake.” 

Blackmore. 

(b) An argument. 

“ Earthly minds, like mud walls, resist the strongest 
batteries.” — Locke. 


17. A certain number of artillerymenunitedtmder 
the command of a field officer, and the lowest tac¬ 
tical unit in the artillery. In a battery there are 
gunners who work the guns, and drivers who drive 
the horses by which these guns are transported from 
place to place. Batteries are usually distinguished 
as Horse, Field, and Garrison. The two first con¬ 
sist of six guns each. 

(1) Horse batteries are those in which the gunners 
are carried partly on the carriages and partly on 

horses. 

(2) Field batteries are those in which all the gun¬ 
ners are carried on the carriages; and these are 
divided again into (a) Mountain and (b) Position 
Batteries. 

(3) Garrison batteries are those bodies of foot 
artillerymen who have to servo and mount the 
heavy guns in forts or coast batteries. 

III. Physics: 

1. An electric battery: One consisting of a series 
of Leyden jars [Leyden Jar], the external and 



Battery of Leyden Jars. 


B. Technically: 

I. Law: The unlawful beating of another, or even 
the touching him with hostile intent. It is legiti¬ 
mate for a parent or a master to give moderate 
correction to his child, his scholar, or his apprentice. 
A churchwarden or beadle may gently lay hands on 
a person disturbing a congregation. A person, also, 
who is violently assailed by another may strike back 
in self-defense. He may do so also in defense of his 
property. But to strike any one in anger, however 
gently, without these justifications, exposes one to 
the liability to bo prosecuted for assault and bat¬ 
tery, the assault being the menacing gesture and the 
battery the actual blow. [Assault.] Wounding 
and mayhem are a more aggravated kind of battery. 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 8.) 

II. Military: 

1. Breaching (siege) battery: One placed as close 
as possible to the object to be destroyed; as the 
stone revetment of a fortress. 

2. Counter or direct (siege) battery: One intended 
to crush the opponent’s fire by an equal number of 
heavy guns. 

3. Cross batteries: Two batteries playing on the 
same point from two different positions. 

4. Elevated (siege) battery : One in which the gun 
platforms are on the natural level of the ground. 

5. Enfilading battery: One which is placed on the 
prolongation of the line occupied by the enemy. 

6. Fascine battery: One made of fascines. 

7. Floating battery: A heavily armed and ar¬ 
mored vessel intended for bombarding fortresses 
and not for sea cruising. 

8. A gabion battery: One built, up of gabions. 

9. Half-sunken battery: One in which the terre- 
plein is sunk two feet below the level of the 
ground. 

10. Masked battery: One that is concealed from 
view of the enemy by brushwood or the non-removal 
of natural obstacles in front until it is ready to 
open fire. 

11. Mortar battery: One ^without embrasures in 
the parapets, and the platform is horizontal. The 
shells are fired over the parapet at an angle of 45°. 

12. Open batteries: Those which are not protected 
by earthen or other fortifications. 

13. Ricochet battery: One in which the guns are 
placed on the prolongation of the front of an 
enemy’s battery, so that by firing low charges the 
shot or shell may be made to bound along inside 
the work and dismount the guns. 

14. Sand-bag battery: One constructed in rocky 

or sandy sites of sand-bags filled with earth or 
sand. . 

15. Screen (siege) battery: One m which the 
actual gun battery is protected by a low earthen 
screen placed parallel to and a short distance from 
the main battery. 

16. Sunken (siege) battery: One in which the gun 
platforms are sunk three feet below the surface. 


internal coatings of which are respectively con¬ 
nected with each other. 

2. A magnetic battery or magazine: One consist¬ 
ing of a number of magnets joined together by their 
similar poles. 

3. A Thermo-electric battery: One in which a 
number of thermo-electric couples are so joined 
together that the second copper of the first is sol¬ 
dered to the bismuth of the second, the second 
copper of this to the bismuth of 
the third, and so on. It is 
worked by keeping the odd solder- 
ings, for instance, in ice, and the 
even ones in water at a tempera¬ 
ture of 100° Fahr. 

4. A voltaic battery or voltaic 
pile: A battery or pile con¬ 
structed by arranging a series of 
voltaic elements or pairs in such 
a way that the zinc of one ele¬ 
ment is connected with the 
copper of another, and so on I 
through the whole series. The 
first feeble one was made by j 
Volta, who used only a single i 
pair. [Voltaic Pile.] There 
are two forms of it, a Constant 
Battery and a Gravity Battery. 

(a) A constant battery, or constant voltaic bat¬ 
tery : One in which the action continues without 
material alteration for a considerable portion of 
time. This is effoctod by 
employing two liquids in¬ 
stead of one. The first 
and best form of constant 
battery is called a Daniell’s 
battery, after its inventor, 
who devised it in the year 
1836. It consists of a glass 
or porcelain vessel con¬ 
taining a saturated solu¬ 
tion of sulphate of copper, 
immersed in which is a 
copper cylinder open at 
both ends and perforated 
by holes. At the upper 
part of the cylinder is an 
annular shelf perforated 
by holes, and below the 
level of the solution. In- 



Voltaic Pile. 



Daniell Battery. 


side the cylinder is a thin porous vessel of unglazed 
earthenware, and inside this last a bar of zinc is 
suspended. Two thin strips of copper are fixed by 
binding-screws to the copper and to the zinc ; and 
several of these cylinders, connected together by 
uniting the zinc of one to the copper of the next, 
form a battery. To keep it in action, crystals of 
sulphate of copper to replace those consumed are 
placed on the annular shelf, and in the porous ves¬ 
sel is placed a solution of salt or diluted sulphuric 
acid along with the bars of amalgamated zinc. As 


bdil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, 


$ell, chorus, §hin, bench; 
-slon = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

















































battle 


battery-resistance 


406 


the several chemical elements now mentioned act 
on each other, a constant stream of electricity is 
evolved. To this type belong Grove’s, Bunsen’s, 
Callan’s, Smee’s, Walker’s, and Mari6 Davy’s bat¬ 
teries. 

( b ) A gravity battery: One in which the separa¬ 
tion is produced by the difference of gravity in the 
substances themselves. To this type belong Calli- 
aud’s and Menotti’s batteries. ( Atkinson: Ganofs 
Physics , bk. x., ch. 1.) 

battery-resistance, s. Resistance occurring in 
connection with a voltaic or other battery. 

“ . . . when low battery-resistances have to be meas¬ 
ured, . . Proceedings of the Physical Society of Lon¬ 
don, pt. ii., p. 107. 

*bat'-tie, a. [Batty.] 

*bat'-tll, v.i. [Battle, v. (1).J 

bat-ting, pr. par., a., & s. [Bat, vf] 

A. & B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive : In a sense corresponding to that or the verb. 

C. As substantive: The use and management of a 
bat in cricket and other games. 

bat-ting, s. [Bat (1).] A sheet of cotton pre¬ 
pared for stuffing quilts. 

tbat'-tish, a. [Eng. bat (2); - ish .] Resembling a 
bat. 

“ To be out late in a battish humor.” 

Gent. Instructed. 

bat'-tle (tie as tel), *bat'-tel, *bat'-t<?ll, *bat- 
teil, *battail, *battaile, *batail, *bataile (Eng.), 
♦bataill, *battall, *battayle (Old Scotch ), s. 
[Wei. batel =a drawing of a bow, a battle. In Sw. 
batalj; Dan. &Fr. bataille=bdittle, fight, encounter, 
body of forces, main body of an army: Prov. bat- 
ailla; Sp. batalla; Port, batalha: Ital. battaglia , 
all from Low Lat. 6a£ah'a=battle.] [Battalia, 
Battalion, Beat.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of array or equipment for fighting purposes: 

1. Order of battle, battle array. 

“ And in bataill ingud aray, 

Befor Sanct Jhonystoun com thai, 

And bad Schyr Amery isch to fycht.” 

Barbour , ii. 246. {Jamieson.) 

2. Military equipment (?). 

“ Quhan he wald our folk assaill, 

Durst nane of Walis in bataill ride.” 

Barbour , i, 105, MS. {Jamieson.) 

II. Of the combatants engaged in fighting , or 
equipped for it: An army in part or in whole. Spe - 
tially — 

1. A division of an army, a battalion. 

“ To ilk lord, and his bataill , 

Wes ordanyt, quhar he suld assaill.” 

Barbour , xvii. 345. MS. {Jamieson.) 

IF Still used in poetry: 

“ In battles four beneath their eye, 

The forces of King Robert lie.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles , vi. 10. 

2. The main body of an army as contradistin¬ 
guished from its van and rear. 

‘‘Angus led the avant-guard, himself followed with the 
battle a good distance behind, and after came the arrier.” 
— Hayward. 

If Not quite obsolete yet. 

u . . . and it chanced that Brutus with the Roman 
horsemen and Aruns, the son of King Tarquinius, with 
the Etruscan horse, met each ether in advance of the 
main battles .”— Arnold• Hist, of Rome , vol. i., ch. vii.. 

p. 108. 

3. The whole of an army opposed to another in 
the field. 

4i Each battle sees the other’s umbered face.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv., Chorus. 

III. Of a hostile encounter between two or more 
armies , or between two or more individuals , or any¬ 
thing analogous to it: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Between armies or other large bodies of men, 
or between beings of any kind. 

(а) Between armies. 

” And the King of Israel disguised himself, and went 
into the battle .”—1 Kings xxii. 30. 

(б) Between beings. 

u Foolhardy as th’ Earthes children, the which made 
Batteill against the Gods, so we a God invade.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III., xi. 22. 

A pitched battle: A battle in which all the forces 
©n both sides are engaged. 

To give battle (of an attacking force): To take the 
initiative in fighting; also (of a force on the defen¬ 
sive) to be prepared for an attack. 

" The English army, that divided was 
Into two parts, is now conjoin’d in one, 

And means to give you battle presently.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., v. 2. 


To join battle: Mutually to engage in battle. 

IT Either (a) the name of one of the combatants 
may be a nominative before the verb, and that of 
the other an objective governed by with: 

“ . . . and they joined battle with them in the vale of 
Siddim .”—Genesis xiv. 8. 

Or (b) the names of both combatants may be nomi¬ 
natives before the verb. 

“ Then the Romans and the Latins joined battle by the 
Lake Regillus.”— Arnold: Hist, of Rome, vol. i., ch. vii., 

p. 116. 

To offer battle: To give the enemy an opportunity 
if not even a temptation to fight. 

If According to Sir Edward Creasy, the following 
were the fifteen 44 Decisive Battles of the World 

1. The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490. 

2. The Defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, B. C. 413. 

3. The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331. 

4. The Battle of the Metaurus, B. C. 207. 

5. The Victory of Arminius over the Roman legions 
under Varus, A. D. 9. 

6. The Battle of Chalons, A. D. 451. 

7. The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732. 

8. The Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066. 

9. Joan of Arc’s Victory over the English at Orleans, 
A. D. 1429. 

10. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A. D. 1588. 

11. The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704. 

12. The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709. 

13. The Victory of the Americans over Burgoyne at 
Saratoga, A. D. 1777. 

14. The Battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792. 

15. The Battle of Waterloo, A. D. 1815. 

Battles of the American War of Independ¬ 
ence. 

Lexington, April 19, 1775. Gage victor, with great loss. 
Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Americans repulsed. 

Long Island, August 27, 1776. Americans defeated. 
White Plains, October 28,1776. Howe defeats Americans. 
Rhode Island, December 8, 1776. Taken by Royalists. 
Princeton, January 3, 1777. Washington defeats British. 
Brandywine, September 11, 1777. Howe defeats Wash¬ 
ington. 

German town, October 3, 4, 1777. Burgoyne’s victory. 
Saratoga, October 7, 1777. He is compelled to surrender. 
Briar’s Creek, March 3, 1779. Americans defeated. 
Camden, August 16, 1780. Cornwallis defeats Gates. 
Guildford, March 15, 1781. Cornwallis defeats Gates. 
Camden, April 25, 1781. Americans defeated. 

Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781. Arnold defeats 
Americans. 

Yorktown, October 19, 1781. Cornwallis surrenders. 
The Battles of the Late Civil War. 


18G1 


Fort Sumter, April 12. 
Fairfax C. H., Va., May 31. 
Phillippi, W. Va., June 3. 
Big Bethel, Va., June 10. 
Cole Camp, Mo., June 10. 
Falling Water, W. Va., 
July 2. 

Carthage, Mo., July 5. 

Rich Mountain, Va., July 

11 . 

Carricks Ford, Va., July 13. 
Screytown, Va., July 13. 
Blackburn Ford, Va., July 
18 

Bull Run, Va., July 21. 
Dug Spring, Mo., Aug. 2. 
Wilson’s Creek, Mo., Aug. 
10 . 

Charleston, Mo., Aug. 21. 
Summerville, Va., Aug. 26. 
Fort Hatter as, N. C., Aug. 
29. 

Boonville, Mo., Sept. 1. 
Carnifex, Va., Sept. 10. 
Blue Mills, Mo., Sept. 17. 
Cheat Mountain, Va., Sept. 
12 . 

Lexington, Mo., Sept. 21. 


Papinsville, Mo., Sept. 21. 
Chapmanville, W. Va., Oct. 
2. 

Greenbrier, W. Va., Oct. 3. 
Chicamacomico,Va., Oct. 4. 
Flemington, W. Va., Oct. 6. 
Santa Rosa Island, Fla.. 
Oct. 9. 

Balls Bluff, Va., Oct. 21. 
Camp Wild Cat, Ky., Oct. 
21. 

Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 

21 . 

Buffalo Mills, Mo.. Oct. 22. 
Romney, W. Va., Oct. 25. 
Springfield, Mo., Oct. 26. 
Port Royal, S. 0., Nov. 7. 
Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7. 
Guyandotte, Va., Nov 10. 
Hunters Hill, Va., Nov. 26. 
Warsaw, Mo., Nov. 29. 
Salem, Mo., Nov. 30. 

Camp Alleghany, Va., Dec. 

Munfordville, Ky., Dec. 17. 
Osceola, Mo., Dec. 17. 
Drainsville, Va., Dec. 20. 
Mount Zion, Mo., Dec. 28. 


1862 , 


Fort Pickens, S. G., Jan. 1. 
Huntersville,W.Va., Jan. 4. 
Prestonburg, Ky., Jan. 10. 
Mill Springs, Ky., Jan. 19. 
Fort Henry, Tenn., Feb. 6. 
Roanoke Island, N. C., 
Feb. 8. 

Fort Donelson, Tennessee, 
Feb. 15-16. 

Fort Craig, N. M., Feb. 21. 
Pea Ridge, Ark., March 
6-7-8. 

Hampton Roads, Va., 
March 8. 

Newbern, N. C., March 14. 
Winchester, Va., March 23. 
Pigeon Ranch, N. M., 
March 28. 

Shiloh, April 6-7. 

Island No. Ten, April 8. 
Fort Pulaski, Ga., April 10. 


Chattanooga, Tenn., April 

Elizabeth City, N. C., April 

New Orleans, La., May 1. 
Williamsburg, Va., May 4. 
Lebanon, Tenn., May 5. 
West Point, Va., May 7. 
McDowell’s, Va., May 8. 
Fort Darling, Va., May 16. 
Lewisburgh, Va., May 23. 
Manassas Gap, Va., May 23. 
Strasburg, Va., May 25. 
Hanover C. H., Va.. May 27. 
Seven Pines, Va., May 31. 
Fair Oaks, Va., May 31. 
Memphis, T9nn., June 6. 
Harrisonburg, Va., June 8. 
Cross Keys, Va., June 8. 
Jame3 Island, S. C., June 
16. 


Saint Charles, Ark., June 
17. 

Mechanicsville, Va., June 
26. 

Cold Harbor, Va., June 27. 
Savage Station, Va., June 
29. 

Frazier Farm,Va., June 30. 
Malvern Hill, Va., July 1. 
Jasper, Ala., July 7. 

Bayou Cache, Ark., July 7. 
Murfreesboro, Tonn., July 
13. 

Moore’s Hill, Mo., July 28. 
Baton Rouge, La., Aug. 5. 
Cedar Mountain, Va., Aug. 
9. 

Haymarket, Va., Aug. 27. 
Centerville, Va., Aug. 28. 
Gainesville, Va., Aug. 29. 
Bolivar, Tonn., Aug. 30. 
Bull Run, Va., Aug. 30. 
Richmond, Ky., Aug. 30. 
Britton Lane, Tenn., Sept. 
1 . 

Chantilly, Va., Sept. 1. 
Washington, N. C., Sept. 6. 
Middletown, Md., Sept. 13. 
South Mountain, Md., 
Sept. 14. 


Galveston, Tex., Jan. 1. 
Springfield, Mo., Jan. 7. 
Arkansas Post, Ark., Jan. 
10 - 11 . 

Bayou Teche, La., Jan. 15. 
Sabine City, Tex., Jan. 20. 
Black Water, Va., Jan. 30. 
Rover, Tenn., Jan. 31. 
Middletown, Tenn., Feb. 2. 
Bradyville, Tenn., Mar. 1. 
Thompson Station, Tenn., 
March 5. 

Unionville, Tenn., Mar. 7. 
Fairfax, Va., March 9. 
Newbern, N. C., March 13. 
Port Hudson, La., Mar. 13. 
Kelly’s Ford, Va., Mar. 17. 
Milton, Tenn., March 20. 
Steele’s Bayou, Miss., Mar. 
22 . 

Somerset, Ky., March 29. 
Woodbury, Tenn., April 1. 
Nashville, Tenn., April 6. 
Charleston, S. C., April 7. 
Franklin, Tenn., April 10. 
Bayou Teche, La., April 
15-16-17. 

Fayetteville, Ark., April 18. 
Fairmont, W. Va., April 30. 
Monticello, Ky., May 1. 
Port Gibson, Miss., May 1. 
Chancellorsville, Va., May 
2-3 

Cedar Bluff, Ala., May 8. 
Horse Shoe Bend, Tenn., 
May 9. 

Raymond, Miss., May 12. 
Jackson, Miss., May 13. 


Harper’s Ferry, W. Va., 

Sept. 12. 

Munfordsville, Ky., Sept. 
14-15-16. 

Antietam, Md., Sept. 17. 
Iuka, Miss., Sept. 19. 
Augusta, Ky., Sept. 27. 
Corinth, Miss.,Oct. 3-4. 
Lavergne, Tenn., Oct. 6. 
Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8. 
Gallatin, Tenn., Oct. 19. 
Pocotaligo, S. C., Oct. 22. 
Maysville, Ark., Oct. 22. 
Labadle, La., Oct. 27. 
Garrettsburg, Ky., Nov. lL 
Kingston, N. C., Nov. 17. 
Cane Hill, Ark., Nov. 28. 
Charleston, Va., Dec. 2. 
Prairio Grove, Ark., Dec.7. 
Hartsville, Tenn., Dec. 7. 
Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 
13. 

Holly Springs, Miss., Dec. 
19. 

David Mills, Miss., Dec. 21. 
Vicksburg, Miss., Dec. 27- 
28-29. 

Parker’s Cross Roads, Deo. 
31. 

Stone River, Tenn., Dec. 31, 
and Jan. 1-2-3, 1868. 


Linden, Tenn., May 13. 

Suffolk, Va., May 15. 

Baker’s Creek, Miss., May 
16. 

Big Black River, Miss- 
May 17. 

Port Hudson, La., May 27, 

Triune, Tenn., June 11. 

Winchester, Va., June 14. 

Aldie, Va., June 17. 

Liberty Gap, Tenn., June 
24. 

Hoover’s Gap, Tenn., June 
24. 

Morgan’s Raid in Ken¬ 
tucky, June 27. 

Grey’s Gap, Tenn., June 
30. 

Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-& 

Helena, Ark., July 4. 

Surrender of Vicksburar, 
Miss., July 4. 

Jackson, Miss., July 17. 

Elk Creek, Ark., July 17. 

Wytheville, Va., July 20. 

Manassas Gap, Va., July 
23. 

Culpeper, Va., Aug. 2. 

Grenada, Miss., Aug. 17. 

Lawrence, Mo., Aug. 25. 

Sabine City, Tex., Sept. 8. 

Chickamauga, Tenn., Sept. 
19-20. * 

Farmington, Tenn., Oct. 9. 

Missionary Ridge, Tenn- 
Nov. 24-25-26. 

Huff Hill, Tenn., Nov. 14. 

Knoxville, Tenn., Nov. 281 


1863 

I 


1864. 


Newbern, N. C., Feb. 1. 
Stevensburg, Va., Feb. 6. 
Sherman’s Raid in Miss., 
Feb. 3 to March 4. 
Plymouth, N. C., Feb. 17. 
Olustee, Fla., Feb. 20. 
Union City, Tenn., Mar. 24. 
Paducah, Ky., March 25. 
Monticello, Ark., Mar. 30. 
Natchitoches, La., Mar. 31. 
Crump’s Hill, La., April 2. 
Pleasant Hill, La., April 7. 
Sabine Cross Roads, La., 
April 8. 

Fort Pillow, Tenn., Apr. 12. 
Wilderness, Va., May 5 to 
31. 


Monocacy River, Md., July 


Near Washington, D. G., 
July 1L 

Peach Tree Creek, Ga- 
July 20. 

Howard House, Ga., Julj 


Atlanta, Ga., July 24. 
Winchester, Va., July 24. 
Newman, Ga., July 26. 
Moorefield, W. Va., Aug. 7 
Deep Bottom, Va., Aug. 16 
Weldon Railroad, Va., Aug 


Reams Station, Va., Aug 
25. 


Fort Darling, Va., May 16- 
I9_20-21. 

Kulp House, Va., May 22. 

Wilson’s Wharf, Va., May 
24. 

Dallas, Ga., May 25, 

Powder Springs, Ga., May 

10 . 

Sherman’s March from 
Chattanooga, Tenn., May 
7. 

Resaca, Ga., May 15. 

Cold Harbor, Va., June 3. 

Pine Mountain, Ga., June 
14. 

Buck Childs, Va., June 11. 

Gordonsville, Va., June 12. 

Morgan’s Second Raid in 
Kentucky, June 7. 

Petersburg, Va., June 15-16. 

Weldon Railroad, Va., 
June 21. 

Rood’s Hill, Va., June 14. 

Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., 
June 27. 


Jonesboro, Ga., Aug. 3L 
Dalton, Ga., Aug. 14. 
Winchester, Va., Sept. 19. 
Fisher’s Hill, Va., Sept.2& 
Pilot Knob, Mo., Sept. 26. 
Fort Scott R. R., Kaa- 
Oct. 25. 

Allatoona, Ga., Oct. 5. 
Thom’s Brook, Va., Oct. & 
Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19. 
Sherman’s March from At* 
lanta, Ga., Nov. 15. 
Morristown, Tenn., Nov. 
13-14. 

Hollow Tree Gap, Tenn., 
Nov. 17. 

Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 17. 
Griswoldville, Ga., Nov. 2J 
Spring Hill, Tenn., Nov. 
29. 

Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30. 
Murfreesboro, Tenn., Dec. 
5-6-7. 

Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 15- 
16. 


f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rdle. full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 













407 


battle 


1865 . 


Beverley, W. Va., Jan. 11. 
Port Anderson, N. O., Jan. 
18. 

Town Creek, N. C., Jan. 20. 
Sherman's March to Wil¬ 
mington, N. C., Jan. 13. 
Hatcher’s Run, Va.,Feb.6-7. 
Waynesboro, Va., March 2. 
Averysboro, N. 0., Mar. 16. 
Bentonville, N. C„ March 
18-21. 


uaker Road, Va., Mar. 29. 
oydton Road, Va., March 
30-31. 

Five Forks, Va., April 1. 

Petersburg, Va., Surren¬ 
dered April 2. 

Richmond, Va., Surren¬ 
dered April 2. 

Surrender of General Lee, 
Appomattox CourtHouse, 
Va., April 9. 


Battle-Fields of the Late Civil War and T hf.tr 
Distances from Washington, D. C. 

. The mere enumeration of these battle-fields is 
interesting. The places within 300 miles of Wash¬ 
ington, and distances, are as follows: 


MILES. 


Alexandria, Va. 7 

Antietam, Md. 66 

Aldee, Va. 40 

Appomattox C. H., Va. 198 

Ashby’s Gap, Va. 66 

Balls’ Bluff. 40 

Berryville, Va. 82 

Big Bethel, Va.179 

Bull Run, Va. 34 

Cedar Creek, Va.101 

Cedarville, Va. 98 

Cedar Mountain. 75 

Chancellorsville.113 

Chancellorsville, Va... 54 

Chantilly. 18 

City Point, Va. 115 

Cold Harbor, Va.116 

Cross Keys, Va.171 

Culpeper C. H., Va .... 67 

Fisher’s Hill. 93 

Fortress Monroe, Va.. 173 
Fredericksburg, Va... 64 

Fairfax C. H. 23 

Five Forks, Va.139 

Frederick, Md. 65 

Front Royal, Va.. 104 

Gettysburg, Pa.Ill 

Gordonsville, Va. 94 

Hanover, Va.151 

Hanover O. H., Va. 92 

Harrisonburg, Va.155 

Harper’s Ferry, W. 

Va. 65 

Kelly’s Ford. 66 


MILES. 


Kernstown, Va. 87 

Leesburg, Va. 40 

Lexington, Va. 191 

Luray, Va. 131 

Lynchburg, Va. 175 

Manassas. 34 

Manassas Gap. 48 

Mine Run. 79 

Monocacy, Md. 52 

Meyer’s Cave, Va.171 

Natural Bridge, Va.... 241 

Newport News, Va.244 

Newmarket, Va. 136 

Norfolk, Va.185 

North Ann, Va. 92 

Old Point, Va.220 

Opequan, Va. 87 

Petersburg, Va.120 

Phillippi, W. Va.279 

Piedmont, W. Va.171 

Port Republic, Va.160 

Rappahannock Stat’n. 66 

Richmond, Va. 116 

Snickers’ Gap. 63 

South Mountain, Md.. 66 

Staunton, Va.155 

Strasburg. 93 

Suffolk, Va.197 

Waltenton. 55 

Waynesboro, Va.143 

Wilderness, Va.113 

Williamsburg, Va. 164 

Winchester, Va. 87 

Yorktown, Va.185 


(2) Between individuals. (In this case the word 
more commonly employed is combat.) [B. 1.] 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of a struggle of any kind: 

(a) A long protracted military, political, social, 
or other struggle. 

“For Freedom’s battle once begun. 

Bequeathed from bleeding sire to son, 
Though vanquished oft is ever won.” Byron. 


(b) The struggle for existence which every human 
being, as also every animal and plant, must carry 
on during the whole period of his or its life. 

“ . . . other variations useful in some way to each 
being in the great and complex battle of life.”— Darwin; 
Origin of Specie s (ed. 1859), ch. iv., p. 80. 


(2) Of success in a fight or struggle: Victory in 
battle. 


“ . . . the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to 
the strong .”—Ecclesiastes ix. 11. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law. Trial by battle, or wager of battle (or 
battel, as the spelling was): A barbarous method of 
deciding in the court of last resort, by personal 
combat, all civil and criminal questions turning on 
disputed matters of fact. The practice seems to 
have been immemorially in use amongthe Northern 
nations; the Burgundians reduced it to stated 
forms about the end of the fifth century; from 
them it passed to the Franks and Normans, 
and through William the Conqueror came to be 
established' in England. It was used (1) in courts- 
martial, or courts of chivalry and honor; (2) in 
appeals of felony; and (3) upon cases joined 
in a writ of right—the last and most solemn deci¬ 
sion of real property. In civil actions the par¬ 
ties at variance appointed champions to fight for 
them, but in appeals of felony they had to do so 
themselves. The weapons were batons of an ell 
long, and a four-cornered target. The combat went 
on till the stars appeared in the evening, unless one 
of the combatants proved recreant and cried 
craven. If he did so, or if his champion lost the 
battle, Divine Providence was supposed to have 
decided that his cause was bad. If the one who 
thus failed was appellant against a charge of mur¬ 
der, he was held to have done the felonious deed, 
and without more ado was hanged. Henry II. 
struck the first blow at the system of trial by battle 
by giving the defendant in a case of property the 
option of the grand assize, then newly introduced. 
The last trial by battle in the Court of Common 
Pleas at Westminster was in the year 1571, the last 
in the provinces in 1638. The case of Ashford v. 
Thornton, in 1818, having nearly led to a judicial 


duel of the old type, the Act 59 Geo. III., ch. 46, 

S assed in 1819, finally abolished trial by battle. 

[ontesquieu traces both dueling and knight- 
errantry back to the trial by battle. ( Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. iii.,ch. 22, and bk. iv., chs. 27, 33, &c.) 
2. Nat. Science. Battle of life. [A., III. 2 (6).] 

U Crabb thus distinguishes the words battle, 
combat and engagement: — “Battle is a general 
action requiring some preparation ; combat is only 
particular and sometimes unexpected. Combat has 
more relation to the act of fighting than battle, 
which is used with more propriety simply to 
denominate the action. ‘ In the battle the combat 
was obstinate and bloody.’ In this sense engage¬ 
ment and combat are analogous, but the former has 
a specific relation to the agents and parties engaged, 
which is not implied in the latter term. We speak 
of a person being present, or wounded, or fighting 
desperately in an engagement; on the other hand, 
we speak of engaging in a combat, challenging to 
single combat. &c. Battles are fought between 
armies only; they are gained or lost. Combats are 
entered into between individuals, in which they 
seek'to destroy or excel. Engagements are con¬ 
fined to no particular number, only to such as are 
engaged . A general engagement is said of an army 
when the whole body is engaged ; partial engage¬ 
ments respect only such as are fought by small 
parties or companies of an army.” 

battle-array, s. The array or order of battle. 

“ Two parties of fine women, placed in the opposite 
side boxes, seemed drawn up in battle-array one against 
the other.”— Addison. 

battle-ax (Eng.), *battar-ax ( OldScotch ), s. 

(1) Lit. : A weapon like an ax, formerly used in 
battle. 

“ But littil effect of speir or battar-ax.” 

Dunbar; Bannatyne Poems, p. 43, st. 8. 

“ Four men-at-arms came at their backs, 

With halbert, bill, and battle-ax.” 

Scott; Marmion, i. 8. 

V In the first example Jamieson considers that 
battar-ax may be an error of an early transcriber 
for battal-ax; if not, then it is directly from Fr. 
battre— to beat. 

2. Fig.: Military power. The battle-ax inJer. li. 
20 is the military power by the instrumentality of 
which God should execute his judgment on Babylon. 

battle-bed, s. The “bed” on which a slain 
soldier is left to repose after a battle. 

“ In the strong faith which brings the viewless nigh, 
And pour’d rich odors on their battle-bed.” 

Eemans; The Bowl of Liberty. 

battle-bell, s. A bell used to summon people to 
battle, or for some similar purpose. 

“ I hear the Florentine, who from his palace 
Wheels out his battle-bell with dreadful din.” 

Longfellow; The Arsenal at Springfield. 

battle-brand, s. A “brand” or sword used in 
battle. [Brand.] 

“ Thy father’s battle-brand . . ." 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 15. 

battle-broil, s. Broil or contention of battle. 

“ When falls a mate in battle-broil.” 

Scott: Bokeby, i. 21. 

battle-call, s. A call or summons to battle. 

“ Valencia roused her at the battle-call.” 

Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, st. xlvL 

battle-cry, s. A cry given forth by troops of 
certain nations when engaging in battle. 

“ How shall she bear that voice’s tone, 

At whose loud battle-cry alone 
Whole squadrons oft in panic ran.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; Eire-Worshipers. 

IT Occasionally used figuratively for the watch¬ 
word of parties engaged in warfare of another kind 
— e . g ., political or social. 

battle-day, s. The day of battle. 

“ The beetle with his radiance manifold, 

A mailed angel on a battle-day.” 

Wordsworth: Stanzas on Thomson’s Castle of Indol. 

battle-dell, s. A dell in which a battle has oc¬ 
curred. 

“ The faithful band, our sires, who fell 
Here in the narrow battle-dell t” 

Remans: Swiss Song. 

battle-field, s. A “field,” plain, or other 
extended area on which hostile armies fight with 
each other. 

“ . the coalition of clans would last only while 

they were impatiently pushing forward from battle-field 
to battle-field.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

battle-fray, S. The fray, affray, or collision of 

battle. 

“ And my free spirit burst away, 

As if it soared from battle-fray." 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 14. 


battle-front, s. The front presented by an army 

drawn up in order of battle. 

“ With plumes and pennons waving fair. 

Was that bright battle-front / for there 
Rode England’s king and peers.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles , tl. 14. 

battle-ground, s. The ground or “field” 
selected for battle, or on which battle actually 
takes place. 

“ Upon its midnight battle-ground 
The spectral camp is seen.” 

Longfellow: The Beleaguered City • 

battle-heath, s. A heath on which a battle 
takes place. 

“ Far on the future battle-heath 
His eyes beheld the ranks of death.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 7. 

battle-hom, s. A horn summoning men to 

battle. 

battle-lantern, s. A lantern for lighting up tba 
decks of a war vessel during an engagement at night. 

battle-piece, s. A piece or picture, or occasion¬ 
ally a musical composition, representing a battle. 

battle-plain, s. A plain on which a battle takes 
place. 

“ Hear ye my vows, O spirits of the slain t 
Hear, and be with me on the battle-plain .” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage. 

battle-royal, s. 

1. A battle of game cocks, i>n which more than 
two are engaged. (Grose.) 

2. A m&tee, in which more than two persons fight 
each other with fists and cudgels. (Thackeray.) 

(Goodrich & Porter.) j 

battle-scar, s. A scar arising from a wound 
received in battle. 

battle-ship, s. A warship of the largest class; 
a warship designed or used for fighting in the line 
of battle. [Warship.] 

“ It should be noted by those who consult these or other 
lists of navies, that although the larger vessels referred to 
therein are classified as either battleships or armored 
vessels and cruisers, or protected vessels, such classifica¬ 
tion, by whomsoever used, is quite relative. There are 
many so-called ‘protected cruisers’ capable of holding 
their own with certain of the so-called armored battle* 
ships,’ but because this is the case, it must not be hastily 
assumed that all cruisers can adequately fulfill the duties 
of a battleship. If, in any circumstance, a cruiser takes 
her place in the line of battle, then she becomes a battle¬ 
ship.” — Hazell’s Annual for 1897. 
battle-shout, s. A shout raised in battle. 

battle-sign, s. A sign or signal given for battle. 
“On all her olive-hills 
Shall men set up the battle-sign oi fire.” 

Hemans: The Siege of Valencia. 

battle-signal, s. A signal given for battle. 

“For those who wait the morn’s awakening beams. 

The battle-signal to decide their doom.” 

Hemans: Last Banquet of Antony and Cleopatra. 

battle-song, s. A song sung by troops to animate 
them when proceeding to battle. 

“Ye know his battle-song t 

The old rude strain wherewith his bands went forth.*• 
Hemans: The Siege of Valencia* 
battle-strife, s. The strife of battle. 

“Since thou hast been, in battle-strife, 

So prodigal of health and life, 

For earthly fame.” 

Longfellow: ( Translation ), Coplas de Manrique. 
battle-target, s. A round target formerly used 
in battle. 

“With disk like battle-target red, 

He rushes to his burning bed.” 

Scott: Rokeby, v. 21. 

battle-thunder, s. The thunder-like sound 
iven forth by the cannon and lesser guns in battle. 
“Soon murkier clouds the hall enfold, 

Than e’er from battle-thunders rolled.” 

Scott: Rokeby, v. 34. 

battle-word, s. The “word,” signal, or watch¬ 
word given forth by a leader to his followers when 
engaging in battle. 

“Alla and Mahomet their battle-word.” 

Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, 20. 
“What though thy name, through distant empires heard. 
Bade the heart bound, as doth a battle-wordt” 

Ibid: The Skeptic. 

battle-worn, a. Worn away or depleted in 
bodily vigor by participating in battles. 

♦bat-tie (1) (tie as tel), *bat'-til, v. t. & i. 

[Battel (1).] 

bat'-tle (2) (tie as tel), *batail, ♦bat-ailen, v.i. 

&t. [From battle (2), s. (q. v.). In Fr. batailler; 
Prov. & Port, batalhar ; Sp. batallar— to fight, to 
fence; Ital. battagliare— to fight, to skirmish.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Lit. Of a conflict between physical forces: 

1. To fight a battle; to take part in a battle. 

2. To struggle; to contend in a conflict of any 
kind, even though unworthy the name of a battle. 


btfil, b<5^; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion. -§ion = zhun. -tlons, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

































































battled 


408 


baudisserite 


. II. Fig. Of a conflict between moral forces: To be 
in conflict or antagonism with anything; to strug¬ 
gle against anything. 

“ I own lie hates an action base, 

His virtues battling with his place.” 

Swift. 

B. Transitive: To contest, to dispute by force of 
arms, or in any other hostile way. (Followed by it, 
which gives the ordinary intransitive verb a transi¬ 
tive character.) 

“ I battle it against Him, as I battled 
In highest heaven.” Byron: Cain, ii. 2. 

bat'-tled (tied as teld), *bat-teled, a. [Con¬ 
tracted from Eng. embattled, or from battlemented 
(q. v.).] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Possessed of battlements. [Em¬ 
battled.] 

“ So thou, fair city! disarrayed 
Of battled wall and rampart’s aid.” 

Scott: Marmion, Introd. to canto v. 

2. Her.: Having the chief, chevron, fesse, or any¬ 
thing similar borne on one side in the form of the 
battlements of a castle or fort. 

bat-tie door, bat-tle-dore, *bat-tle-der, 
♦bat'-yl-dore, *batyldoure (tie as tel), s. [Gen¬ 
erally considered a corruption of Spanish batalla- 
dor= a combatant, a fencing master, a gladiator; 
Port. & Prov. batalhador; Ital . battagliatore, all= 
a combatant; these words being akin also to Fr. 
batailleur; O. Fr. batailleur, bataillier; Prov. bat- 
alhier= a warrior. [Battle (2), v.] But Wedg¬ 
wood derives it from the Sp. batidor— a washing 
beetle.] [Beetle (1).] 

*1. A washing beetle. 

“ Batyldoure or wasshynge betyl, Feritorium.” — Prompt. 

Parv. 


2. The instrument with which a shuttlecock is 
struck. It consists of a handle and a flat expanded 
board or palm at the top ; a racket. 

“Playthings which are above their skill, as tops, gigs, 
battledoors, and the like, which are to be used with labor, 
should indeed be procured them.”— Locke. 

*3. A child’s hornbook. {Todd.) 

bat'-tle ment, (tie as tel), *bat'-$l-ment, s. 

t From O. Fr. bastill4= made like a fortress, bastille; 
jow Lat. bastilla, b asti llas—to'wer, fortification.] 
[Bastille.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Lit. {Arch, dt Ord. Lang.): 

1 . A wall or rampart built around the top of a 
fortified building, with interstices or embrasures to 
discharge arrows or 
darts, or fire guns 
through. 

“ Go ye up upon hex- 
walls, and destroy; but 
make not a full end: 
take away her battle¬ 
ments; for they are not 
the Lord’s.”— Jer. v. 10. 

2. A similar erection 
around the roofs of 
churches and other 
Gothic buildings, 
where the object was 
principally ornament¬ 
al. They are found 
not only upon para¬ 
pets, but as ornaments 
on the transoms of windows, &c. 

3. A wall built around a flat-roofed house, in the 
East and elsewhere, to prevent any one from falling 
into the street, area, or garden. 

“When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt 
make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood 
upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.”— Deu¬ 
teronomy, xxii. 8. 

II. Fig.: A high and dangerous social or political 
elevation. 

“ That stands upon the battlements of state; 

I’d rather be secure than great.” Norris. 

B. In an attributive sense in such a compound as 
the following:— 

battlement-wall, s. A wall forming the battle¬ 
ment to a building. 

“And the moonbeam was bright on his battlement-walls .” 

Hemans: Guerilla Song. 

bat-tle-ment-ed (tie as tel), a. [Eng. battle¬ 
ment ; -ed .] Furnished with battlements; defended 
by battlements. 

“So broad [the wall of Babylon] that six chariots could 
well drive together at the top, and so battlemented that 
they could not fall.”— Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 228. 

*bat'-tler, s. [Batteler.] 

*batt-let, s. [Batlet.] 

*bat'-tllng (1), *bat'-llng, *bat-le-Ing (le = 
$ 1 ). pr. par. [Battle ( 1 ), v., Battel, v.~\ 



batt’-llng (2), pr. par., adj., & s. [Battle (2), 
v .] The act or operation of fighting, in a literal or 
figurative sense; contest, fight, struggle. 

“ The livid Fury spread— 

She blaz’d in omens, swell’d the groaning winds 
With wild surmises, battlings, sounds of war.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. 4. 

tbat-tol-6-gIst, s. [See Battologize, v. f.] 
One who repeats his words unnecessarily. 

“ Should a truly dull battologist, that is of Ausonius’ 
character, quam pauca, quam diu loquuntur Atticit that 
an hour by the glass speaketh nothing; . . — Whit¬ 
lock: Manners of the English, p. 209. 

tbat-tol-o-gl ze, V. t. [Gr. battologeo (Matt. vi. 
7, Gr. Test.)=to stammer, to repeat the same sylla¬ 
ble, word, clause, or sentence over and over again; 
battos= a stammerer, logos == discour se, and Eng. 
suff. -ize— to make.] To repeat the same word or 
idea with unnecessary frequency. 

“After the Eastern mode, they wagged their bodies, 
bowing their heads, and battologizing the names Allough 
Whoddaw and Mahumet very often.” — Sir T. Herbert: 
Travels, p. 191. 

tbat-tol-6-gy, s. [Fr. battologie; from Gr. bat- 
foiogria=stammering.] [See v. t.j The repetition 
of the same word or idea with unnecessary fre¬ 
quency. {Milton.) 

*bat'-ton, s. & a. [Batten, s. & a.] 

*bat-to on, s. [Baton.] 

bat'-tor-y, s. A name given by the Hanse Towns 
to their magazines or factories abroad. 

bat-tfie, s. [Fr. b attue =be a ting; from battre= 
to beat.] 

Among sportsmen: The process or operation of 
beating the bushes to start game or drive it within 
prescribed limits, where it may be more easily shot. 

*bat'-tu-late, v. t. [A Levantine word. Ety¬ 
mology doubtful.] 

Comm.: To prohibit commerce. 

*bat-tu-la'-tion, s. [From Eng. battulate (q. v ).] 
A prohibition of commerce. , 

bat-tfi'-ta, s. [Ital. battuta= time in music, . . . 
the beating of the pulse ; from battere= to beat.] 
Music: The measurement of time by beating. [A 
Battuta.] 

bat'-t^, *bat'-tle, a. [Eng. bat{t); -y .] Bat¬ 
like ; pertaining to a bat. 

“Till o’er their brows death-counterfeiting sleep, 
With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 
*bat-une, s. Old form of Baton. 

*bat'-yl-dore, s. [Battledooe.] 

batz, batze, s. [InGer. batz, batze, batzen; Low 
Lat. bacco. bacius, bacenus=:ot the Swiss canton of 
Berne, having on it the figure of a bear; from Ger. 
batz,_ 6efz=bear.] A coin of copper with a slight 
admixture of silver, formerly current in parts of 
Switzerland and Germany. Its value was about 
five-sixths of a cent. 

fbaub, s. [Apparently imitated from the sound.] 
Beat of drum. 

“. . . for that effect, ordains a baub to be beatt 
throw the town, that none may pretend ignorant.”— Deed 
of Town Council of Jedburgh (1714). Petition of Fleshers, 
A. 1814. {Jamieson. ) 

bau-be’e, s. [Bawbee.] {Scotch.) 

bau'-ble (1), *babulle, *bable, s. [From Eng. 
bob; Scotch bah, as v. = to move smartly up and 
down (as s.=a lump, a bunch. (Bob.) Wedgwood 
sets the example of separating this from Bauble 
(2), with which it is generally united.] 

1. Originally: A stick, with a lump of lead hang¬ 
ing from its summit, used to beat dogs with. 

“Babulle or bable: Librilla pegma.” “Librilla dicitur 
instrumentum librandi: a bable or a dogge malyote.” 
“ Pegma, baculuscum massa plumbi in summitate pend¬ 
ent.”— Prompt. Parv., and Foot-notes to it. 

2. Later: A short stick or wand, with a head with 
asses’ ears carved at the end of it; this was carried 
by the fools or jesters of former times. 

IT (a) Perhaps this second meaning of the word 
should go under Bauble (2). 

(6) When Oliver Cromwell, losing patience with 
the then existing House of Commons, and with par¬ 
liamentary government in general, turned the 
members unceremoniously out of doors, feeling him¬ 
self— 

“Forced (though it grieved his soul) to rule alone.” 
his words were but few, but among those few there 
came forth the notable direction as to the disposal 
of the parliamentary mace—“Take away that 
bauble , or, by other accounts, his language was, 
“ What shall be done (or, What shall we do) with 
this fool’s bauble t Here, carry it away! ” 
bau'-ble (2), baw-ble, *bable, s: [From Fr. 
ba.biole= a toy, a bauble, a trifle, a gewgaw, a play¬ 
thing.] 


A. As substantive: 

I. Lit.: A gewgaw, a tinsel or other ornament of 
trifling value; any material thing which is showy 
but useless. 

“This shall be writ to fright the fry away, 

Who draw their little bawbles when they play.” 

Dryden. 

“ . . . almost every great house in the kingdom con¬ 
tained a museum of these grotesque baubles.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of things: Anything not material which is 
specious or showy, but worthless. Specially — 

(а) Trifling conversation; pretentious nonsense. 
“If, in our contest, we do not interchange useful 

notions, we shall traffic toys and baubles.” — Government 
of the Tongue. 

(б) A composition of little value. 

“ Our author then, to please you in your way, 
Presents you now a bawble of a play, 

In gingling rhyme.” Granville, 

(c) A sham virtue ; a virtue attributed to one by 
people who look from a distance, but which would 
on closer inspection prove counterfeit. 

“A prince, the moment he is crown’d, 

Inherits every virtue round, 

As emblems of the sovereign pow'r, 

Like other bawbles of the Tow’r.” Swift. 

2. Of persons: One small in size and unimportant. 
A contemptuous or pretendedly contemptuous 
term for a wife or other female. 

“She haunts me in every place. I was the other day 
talking on the sea-bank with some Venetians; and 
thither comes the bauble, and, by this hand, falls me thus 
about my neck.”— Shakesp.; Othello, iv. 1. 

B. Attributively: Toy, the plaything of a child, 
miniature ; showy, but not much worth. 

“And where the gardener Kobin, day by day, 

Drew me to school along the public way, 

Delighted with my bauble coach, . . .” 

Cowper: On the Receipt of my Mother’s Picture. 

“Behold the child by Nature’s kindly law, 

Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw; 

Some livelier playings gives his youth delight, 

A little louder, but as empty quite; 

Scarfs, garters, gold, amuse his riper stage, 

And beads and prayer-books are the toys of age, 
Pleased with this bauble still, as that before, 

Till tired he sleeps and life’s poor play is o’er. 

Pope: Essay on Man. 

bau'-bllng, *baw-bllng, a. [From Eng. bauble 
(2), and -ing, dimin. suffix.] Trifling; contemptible. 
“ A bawbling vessel was he captain of, 

For shallow draught and bulk unprized.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, v. 1. 
bau-ge-ant, s. [Bauseant.] 

*bau -ehle, ba'-chle, ba-chel {ch guttural, 
chleaschel), s. [Apparently from Celtic bacacX 
=mutilated, halted, lame.] {Scotch.) 

1. Lit.: An old shoe used as a slipper. 

“Through myauld bachle peep’d my muckle toe." 

Taylor: Poems, p. 4. {Jamieson.) 

2. Fig.: Whatsoever is treated with contempt or 
disregard. 

(а) To male a bauchle of anything=to use it so 
frequently and familiarly as to show that one has 
no respect for it. 

(б) To male a bauchle of a person=to treat him as 
the butt or the laughing-stock of a company. 

bau'-chle, ba'-chle (chle as chel),u. t. [Bau¬ 
chle, s.] To distort, to vilify. {Jamieson.) 

*ba uch-ling, s. [Bauchle.] Taunting, scorn¬ 
ful and contumelious rallying; “chaff.” 

“And alswa because that bauchling and reproving at the 
assemblies . . . na persoun or persounis, of ather of the 
saidis realmis, beir, schaw, or declair ony sign or taikin 
of repruif or bauchling, againis ony subject of the oppo. 
siterealme . . .’’—Barbour Matteris: Balfour’s Pract., 
p. 606. {Jamieson.) 

bauch-ly, adv. [Bauchle.] Sorrily, indiffer. 
ently. 

“ Compar’d with hers, their luster fa’. 

And bauchly tell 

Her beauties, she excels them a’.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 397. 

bauch'-ness, s. [Bauchle.] Want; defect of 
any kind. {Jamieson.) 

Bau'-gls, s. [Lat. Baucis, (1) the wife of Phi¬ 
lemon, a Phrygian ; (2) any pious old woman who is 
poor.] 

Astronomy: An asteroid, the 172d found. It was 
discovered by Borelli, February 5, 1877. 
tbau’-cle (cle as cgl), s. [Bywd.] 
bau’-de-kln, s. [Baldachin.] 

*baud -er-ie, *baud'-rie, s. [Bawdry.] 
bau-dls -ser-Ite, s. [From Baudissero, near 
Turin, where it occurs.] A mineral of chalky 
appearance and adhering to the tongue. Dana 
places it under his Earthy Sub-variety of Ordinary 
Magnesite. [Magnesite.] 


fate, fat, fare, Amidst, what, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


campl, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






























baudrick 


409 


bawdy 


baud'-rick, *baud-er-yk, *baud-rick, 
'baud -rjf, s. Old spellings of Baldric. 

baud-ron§, baud’-ran§, bad-rg.n§, bath’- 
ron§, s. A nickname for a cat, like “grimalkin” 
in England. 

“He had a beard, too, and whiskers turned upward on 
bis upper lip, as long as baudrons’ . . .”— Scott: Anti¬ 

quary, ch. ix. 

*baud-y, a. [Bawdy.] 

bau'-er-JJ,, s. [Named after two brothers, Francis 
and Ferdinand Bauer, highly eminent botanical 
draughtsmen.] A genus of plants belonging to the 
order Hydrangeacese, or Hydrangeads. It consists 
of small Australian shrubs with opposite sessile, 
trifoliate leaves and handsome rose-colored or pur¬ 
ple flowers. 

*bau-er-a'-§e-se, *bau-er'-e-se, s. pi. [Bauera.] 
According to some botanists, an order of Exogens 
akin to Hydrangeads; but it has not been generally 
accepted. 

*bau’-frey, s. [Berfray.] 

bau-g§’, s. [Named from Bauge, a town of 
France, in the department of Maine-et-Loire.] A 
drugget of thick-spun thread and coarse wool, man¬ 
ufactured in Burgundy. 

*bau'-ger, a. [Etymology doubtful.] Bald, bar¬ 
barous, bad. 

“ . . . and that also he rede in his bauger Latine.”— 
Bale: Brief Chron. of Sir John Oldcastell. {Boucher.) 

*bau'-gle, s. [A. S. beag, beah, beg= a bracelet, a 
collar, a crown; Fr. bague=a ring ] An ornament, 
as a ring, a bracelet, or anything similar ; an ensign. 
[Badge.] 

“ His schinyng scheild, with his baugie tuke he.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 52, 13. {Jamieson.) 
bau-hin- 1 -g, s. [Dut. bauhinia; Fr. bau- 
hine. Named by Blumier after John and Caspar 
Bauhin, the plants which have two-lobed leaves 
being deemed suitable for rendering honor to two 
brothers, instead of to one person simply.] 
Mountain-Ebony. A genus of plants belonging to 
the order Fabacere, or Leguminos®; and the sub¬ 
order Cresalpinie®. The species, which are mostly 
climbers belonging to the East or West Indies, have 
beautiful flowers. 

bau-hln-I-e-se, s. pi. [Bauhinia.] 

Bot.: A tribe of the sub-order Csesalpiniese. 
*bauk, baulk (l usually mute), s. [Balk, s.] 
(Scotch.) Uncultivated places between ridges of 

land. 

“ Upon a baullc, that is, an unplowed ridge of land 
Interposed among the corn . . .’’—Scott: Heart of Mid- 
Lothian, ch. xxvi. 

*bauk-height, hawk-height, adv. As high as 
the bauk ( i. e. balk) or beam of a house or barn, 
bauk, v. i. [Balk, v.] 

*bauld, a. A form of Bald, a. 
bauld, a. [Bold.] (Scotch.) 
bauld -lle, adv. [Boldly.] (Scotch.) 
bauld'-ness, s. [Boldness.] (Scotch.) 

*bauld -rick, s. [Baldric.] 
bau'-llte, s. [From Mount Baula, in Iceland.] 
A mineral, a variety of Orthoclase. It is called also 
Krablite. It is a siliceous feldspathic species, form¬ 
ing the basis of the Trachyte Pitchstone and Ob¬ 
sidian. 

baulk, s. [Bauk, s.] 

baun'-sey, s. [Bawson,] A badger. 

“ Baunsey or bauston best: Taxus, melota.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

bau -se-ant, beau'-se-ant (eau as 6), *b&u’- 
je-gnt, s. [Fr.; from beau—well, and seaw#=sit- 
ting.] 

1. The banner borne by the Knights Templars in 
the thirteenth century. It was of cloth, striped 
black and white; or in heraldic language, sable 
and argent. 

2. The Templars’ battle-cry. 
bau'-son, s. [Bawson.] 
bauson-faced, a. [Bawson-faced.] 
bau'-sy, a. (O. Sw. basse— a strongman.] Big, 

strong. (Scotch.) 

“ . . . and henches narrow. 

And bausy hands to ber a barrow.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 110. (Jamieson.) 
bau'-ter, v. i. [Etymology doubtful.] To become 
hardened. (S. in Boucher .) 

*baute-roll, s. [Botte-rol.] 
baux'-Ite, s. [Beauxite.] 

ba'-va-lite, s. [Etymology doubtful. It has 
been derived from Fr. bas vallon— a low vale or 
dale.] 

Min.: A variety of Chamoisite. 


Bg-var'-I-an, a. & s. [From Eng. Bavari(an). 
In Fr. Bavarien, ad].] 

1. Pertaining to Bavaria. 

2. A native of Bavaria. 

baV-a-roy (Eng.), bav'-g-rjf, bav-g,-rle 

(Scotch), s. [From Fr. Bcwarois=Bavarian.] 

1. Lit.: A great-coat; properly, one made meet 
for the body. 

“ Let the loop’d bavaroy the fop embrace, 

Or his deep cloak be spatter’d o’er with lace.” Gay. 

“ We war, wi rain, maist drown’t to death, 
Though we had on bavaries 

Fu side, that day.” 

Picken: Poems (1788), p. 177. 

2. Fig.: A disguise; anything employed to cover 

moral turpitude. 1 

“ Dinna use to hide yer sin, 

Hypocrisy’s bavary.” 

Picken: Poems, p. 90. 

*ba'-ven§, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A kind of 
cake. (Howell.) (J. H. in Boucher.) 

bav -in, *bav'-en, *bauen, s. & adj. [Deriv. 
uncertain. Mahn compares it with Gael. & Ir. 
baban=& tuft or tassel. Wedgwood suggests also 
bab,bob=a cluster (Bab, Bob), and Fr. bobine =a 
bobbin (Bobbin), besides quoting from Lacombe 
O. Fr. baffe=a fagot.] 

A. As substantive: A word used in the timber 
trade, with different meanings in different parts of 
the country. 

1. Brushwood in general. 

2. A fagot of the type of which bundles are used 
for the heating of bakers’ ovens or the kindling of 
ordinary fires. 

“He’s mounted on a hazel bavin, 

A crop’d malignant baker gave him.” 

Hudibras. 

“The truncheons make billet, bavin, and coals.” 

Mortimer. 

3. In Warwickshire, it is used for the chips of 
wood, scraps, and refuse of brushwood and fagots 
which are either given to the poor, or are gathered 
together to be burned as useless. John Floris, Wil¬ 
liam Lily, and Shakespeare (Bavin, a.) used it in 
this sense. (Timber Trade Journal, &c.) 

B. As adj.: Like fagots, or like chips of wood, 
easily kindled but soon burned out. 

“He ambled up and down 
With shallow jesters and rash bavin wits. 

Soon kindled and soon burnt.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., iii. 2. 

*baw, s. [Bow, s.] 

*baw, *bawe, interj. [Wedgwood considers 
this word formed by the expiration naturally had 
recourse to as a defense against a bad smell. In 
Welsh baw is=dirt, filth, excrement.] An expres¬ 
sion used to signify contempt and disgust. 

“ Ye baw for bookes . . .”— Piers Plowman, p. 205. 

“Ye bawe, quath a brewere . .' .”— Ibid., p. 387. (S. 
in Boucher.) 

*baw -waw, s. An oblique look, implying con¬ 
tempt or scorn. 

“ But she was shy, and held her head askew, 

Looks at him with the baw-waw of her ee.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 82. (Jamieson.) 

baw-bee, bau-bae, baw-bi e, ba-be e, ba-bi’e, 
ba-be i, s. [Etymology doubtful. From a Scottish 
mispronunciation of Fr. bas-piece —a low piece. 
(Pinkerton.) From Scotch t>at>&t/=baby, infant, 
because first struck in the reign of James II. of 
Scotland, who, on his accession, was only six years 
old. (Boucher.) Possibly from Fr. bas=low, and 
billon —copper coin, debased coin. (Webster.) A 
corruption of Eng. halfpenny. (Mahn.) (Scotch 
and N. of England dialects .).] An old Scotch cop¬ 
per coin, equivalent to the American cent. Jamie¬ 
son says that the first mention he had found made of 
it in Scottish literature was in Acts James VI., 1584 
(see first example), and that then the term was 
applied not to a purely copper coin, but to one of 
copper mixed with silver. 

According to Sir James Balfour, it was first intro¬ 
duced in the reign of James V., and was then worth 
three farthings, about one and a-half cents of 
United States currency. In the reign of James VI. 
it was valued at six farthings, and continued to be 
of. the same value as long as Scottish money was 
coined. 

“... of the tuelf pennie peceis babeis, and auld 
plakis . . .’’—Acts James VI. (1584.) 

“. . . ye ken weel enough there’s mony o’ them 
wadna mind a bawbee the weising a ball through the 
Prince himsell, an the Chief gae them the wink . . .” 
Scott: Waverley, ch. lviii. 

bawbee-row, s. A half-penny roll. (Scotch.) 

11 .. . they may bide in her shop-window wi’ the 
maps and bawbee-rows, till Beltane, or I loose them.”— 
Scott: St. Ronan’s Well, ch. ii. 

baw -ble, s. [Bauble (2).] 

baw’-bling, a. [Baubling.] 


*baw’-cock, s. [From Fr. 6eaw=fino, and Eng. 
cock.) A fine fellow. 

“Why, how now, my bawcock? how dost thou, chuck?”— 
Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 4. 

fbawd, a. [A corruption of bald (q.v.).] (Occurs 
only in the expression bawd or bald money (q. v.). 

bawd-money, s. A name given to Meum atha- 
manticum, a well-known umbelliferous plant. 
[Baldmoney, Meum.] 

bawd, *baud, *baude, s. [O. F. baud (m.), baude 
(f.)=bold, wanton, merry; Prov. baut; Ital. baldo= 
bold. (Bold.) (Mahn.) From baw, interj. (q. v.) 
(Wedgwood.) That in old Eng. bawdry is some¬ 
times spelled baldrye, is in favor of Mahn’s ety¬ 
mology ; and that baudy in Chaucer means dirty, as 
applied to a garment, is in favor of Wedgwood’s. 
Webster suggests a comparison (1) with Ital. badct- 
lona=a good jolly woman, baderla= a silly woman, 
badare= to amuse one’s self, to stand trifling, to 
look amorously upon; and (2) with Eng. bad. 
(Originally masculine as well as feminine.)] 

1. Literally (of persons): One who procures 
females for an immoral purpose; one who brings 
together lewd persons of different sexes with 
vicious intent. (Formerly masculine as well as 
feminine.) 

*1. (Masc.) A procurer. 

"He was if I shal yeven him his laud 
A theef, aud eke a sompuour and a baud.’’ 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,936. 

2. (Fem.) A procuress. 

“If your worship will take order for the drabs and th* 
knaves, you need not to fear the bawds.”—Shakesp.: Meas¬ 
ure for Measure, ii. 1. 

II. Figuratively (of things): 

1. Whatever renders anything else more attract¬ 
ive than it otherwise would be, with the view of 
gaining the favor of spectators. 

“Our author calls coloring lena sororis, the bawd of 
her sister design: she dresses her up, she paints her, 
6he procures for the design, and makes lovers for her.”— 
— Dryden. 

2. Whatever involves the taking of a bribe for 
perpetrating wickedness. 

“ This commodity, 

This bawd, this broker, this all-changing word, 

Hath drawn him from his own determin’d aid.” 

Shakesp.: King John, ii. L 

bawd-born, a. Bom of a bawd. 

“ Bawd is he doubtless, and of antiquity too; bawd- 
born.” — Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iii. 2. 

bawd, *baude, v. t. & i. [From bawd, s. (q.v.).] 

*A. Trans.: To foul, to dirty, to defile. 

“ Her shoone smered with tallow 
Gresed upon dyrt, 

That baudeth her skyrt.” 

Skelton: Poems, p. 126. 

B. Intrans.: To act as a procuress or as a pro¬ 
curer. 

“ And in four months a batter’d harridan; 

Now nothing’s left, but wither’d, pale, aud shrunk. 
To bawl for others.” Swift. 

bawd-I-ly, adv. [Eng. baudy; -ly.) Obscenely. 

(Johnson.) 

bawd-l-ness, s. [Eng. baudy; -ness.] 

*1. Greasiness or filthiness of apparel or body. 
(Bullokar and Baret.) 

2. Obscenity, lewdness. (Johnson.) 

*bawd-rick, *bawd-rycke, *bawd -er-yke, 
*bawd -ryk, *bawd -rikke, *bawd'-ryg, s. [From 

Old Fr. baudric, baldret.] [Baldric.] 

“ Fresh garlands, too, the virgins’ temples crown’d; 

The youths gilt swords wore at their thighs with silver 
baudricks bound.” Chapman: Iliad. 

bawd-ry, *baud-rie, *bawd-er-Ie, tbaud'- 
er-Ie, *bald'-rye, s. [Eng. baud; -ry. In O. Fr 

bauderie, balderie= boldness, joy.] [Bawd.] 

1. The practice of a bawd — that of procuring 
females for an immoral purpose, or of bringing 
together vicious persons of different sexes with evil 
intent. 

“ Cheating and bawdry go together in the world.”— 

V Estrange. 

2. Illicit commerce of the sexes; obscenity in 
composition or otherwise; unchaste language. 

“I have no salt: no bawdry he doth mean; 

For witty, in his language, is obscene.” 

Ben Jonson. 

bawd'-y, *baud’-y, a. [Eng. baud, or bawd; -y.) 

*1. Of garments: Foul, dirty, defiled in a physical? 
sense. 

“ . . . of his worship rekketh he so lite 
His overestslippe it is not worth a mite 
As in effect to him, so mote I go; 

It is all baudy and to-tore also.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,103. 


b6il, b(Sy; pout, Jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 



bawdy-house 


410 


bay 


i. Of words, writings, conduct, or places. Obscene, 
•nchaste. 

“Only they 

That come to hear a merry bawdy play, 

Will be deceiv’d.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., Prologue. 

“Not one poor bawdy jest shall dare appear; 

For now the batter’d veteran strumpets here 

Pretend at least to bring a modest ear.”— Southern. 

3. Of thinqs inanimate (in a highly-figurativ« 
tense): Unchaste. 

“ The bawdy wind that kisses all it meets, 

Is hush’d within the hollow mine of earth, 

And will not hear’t.” Shakesp.: Othello, iv. 2. 

bawdy-house, s. A house of ill-fame; a house 
in which, for lucre’s sake, unchaste persons of 
opposite sexes are allowed opportunities and facili¬ 
ties for illicit intercourse. 


*bawe(l),s. [Bow.] 

*bawe-line, s. [Bowline.] 

*bawe-man, s. [Bowman.] 

*bawe (2),s. [Wei. feaw=filth (?).] A kind of 
worm formerly used as bait in fishing; perhaps a 
maggot of some Musca or other dipterous insect. 

“Thebaytsin May and June . . . also the worms 
that ys callyd a bawe and bredythe yn a donghylle.”— 
MS. Sloane. (S. in Boucher.) 

baw'-gie, s. [Norse.] One of the Norse names 
of the Black-backed Gull ( Larus marinus ). 
*baw'-horse, s. [Bathorse, s.] 

bawk, s. [Balk, s.] ( Scotch and N. of Eng. dia¬ 
lects.) 

“A rosebud by my early walk, 

Adown a corn-inclosed bawk.” 

Burns: A Rosebud. 

bawl, v. i. & t. [In Icel. baula=to bellow, to low, 
as a cow does; Sw. bOla; A. S. bellan; Ger. bellen= 
to bark; Dut. balderen= to roar; Wei. ballaw ; Fr, 
piauler=to squall, to bawl, to scold; Low Lat. 
baulo=to bark; Class. Lat. balo=to bleat. Imi¬ 
tated from the sound.] [Bellow.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To emit a loud sound with the voice; to shout. 

“And every soul cried out ‘Well done !’ 

As loud as he could bawl.” 

Cowper: John Oilpin. 

2. To cry loudly as a child. 

“A little child was bawling, and a woman chiding it.” 
—V Estrange. 

B. Transitive: 

1. To shout; to shout against a hostile measure; 
to effect by clamor. 

“To cry the cause up heretofore, 

And bawl the bishops out of door.”— Hudibras. 

2. To proclaim or advertise with a loud voice, as 
a town-crier does. 

“It grieved me when I saw labors which had cost so 
much bawled about by common hawkers.”— Swift. 

If Bawl is always used in a contemptuous sense, 
bawl, s. [Eng. bawl , v. i. & t.] A loud shout or 

cry. 

bawled, pa. par. [Bawl, v. #.] 
bawl’-er, s. [Eng. bawl, v., and suff. -er.] One 
who bawls. 

“ It had been much better for such an imprudent and 
ridiculous bawler, as this, to have been condemned to 
have cried oysters and brooms;”— Echard: Grounds, dkc., 
of the Contempt of the Clergy, 10th ed., p. 69. 

bawl'-Ing, *bal -ling, pr.par., adj. & s. [Bawl, 
v. i. & f.] 

A. & B. As present participle or participial adjec¬ 
tive: In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“From his loved home no lucre him can draw; 

The senate’s mad decrees he never saw, 

Nor heard at bawling bars corrupted law.” 

Dryden. 

C. As substantive: Loud shouting, crying, or 
clamor. 

“‘We have at the Muzzy Club,’ says he, ‘no riotous 
mirth nor awkward ribaldry ; no confusion or bawling.’ ” 
— Goldsmith: Essays, i. 


bawme, v. t. [Fr. embaumer = to embalm.] 
(Scotch.) 

1. To embalm. 

“ That ilk hart than, as men sayd, 

Scho bawmyd, and gert it be layd 
In-til a cophyn of evore.” 

Wyntown, viii. 8, 18. ( Jamieson.) 

2. To cherish, to warm. 


We strike at nicht, and on the dry sandis 

Did bawme and beik oure bodyis, fete and handis.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 85, 31. ( Jamieson .) 


bawn, bawne, *b&n, s. [In Ger. bauen; Goth. 
bauan=to build.] 

A. As an ordinary Old English word: 

1. Gen.: Any habitation, dwelling, or edifice, of 
whatever materials constructed. ( Richardson.) 


2. Specially: A quadrangle or base-court. 
(French.) 

B. As a word used by the English living within 
the Irish pale. (See Trench’s Eng. Past and Pres¬ 
ent.) 

1. A hill. 

“These round hills and square bawnes, which you see 
bo strongly trenched and throwne up, were (they say) at 
first ordained for the same purpose, that people might 
assemble themselves therein, and therefore aunciently 
they wero called folkmotes, that is, a place of people, to 
meete, or talke of anything that concerned any difference 
betweene parties and towneships.”— Spenser: Ireland. 

2. A house. 

“ This Hamilton’s bawn, while it sticks on my hand, 

I lose by the house what I get by the land ; 

But how to dispose of it to the best bidder 

For a barrack or malthouse, I now must consider.” 

Swift: The Grand Question Debated. ( Richardson.) 

IT It is still used in connection with Irish his¬ 
tory. 

“ . . . he had wandered about from bawn to bawn 
and from cabin to cabin.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii., 
p. 205. 

3. A place near the house inclosed with mud or 
stone walls to keep the cattle from being stolen in 
the night. ( Notes to Swift’s Grand Question 
Debated.) 

*baw’-rel, s. [Compare Ital. barletta= a tree- 
falcon, a hobby.] A kind of hawk. (Johnson.] 

*baw'-§and, *bau'-zflyn, *bau'-zain, *bau'- 
zein, a. [From Fr. balzan, bauzan — a black or 
bay horse with white legs above the hoof; balzane— 
a white spot or mark in any part of (a horse’s) body 
(Cotgrave); Prov. bausan, and Ital. balzano = a 
horse marked with white : from Breton bal — (1) a 
white mark on an animal, (2) an animal with a white 
mark upon it.] 

Of horses and cattle only: Streaked with white 
upon the face. 

“ Apoun ane hors of Trace dappill gray 
Herand, quhais formest feit bayth tuay 
War mylk quhyte, and his creist on hicht bare he 
With bawsand face ryngit the fortliir E.” 

Douglas: Virgil, f. 110 (ed. 1553). (S. in Boucher.) 

♦b&w'-son, *baw-sone, *bau’-son, *ba’-s6n, 
*baw-sin, *bau-sene, *bau'- 9 yne, *baw-st5n, 
*bau-ston, *bau'-zon, *bau’-zen, *baun-sey, s. 

[In O. Fr. bauzan, baucant, bauchant=spotted with 
white, pied.] Originally, no doubt, the same as the 
preceding word. 

A. As substantive : 

1. Lit.: One of the English names of the badger 
(Meles taxus). It is given on account of the streaks 
of white on the face of the animal. (See etym.) 

“Bedoue: a Gray, Brock, Bason, Badger.”— Cotgrave. 

2. Fig.: A large or fat person. (Coles.) 

B. Attributively: Pertaining to or taken from the 
badger. 

“His mittens were of bauzen skinne.” 

Drayton: Dowsabell (1593), st. 10. 

bawson-faced, bauson-faced, bawsint-faced, 
a. Having a white oblong spot on the face. 

“Ye might try it on the bauson-faced year-auld grey; 
. . .”— Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xxviii. 

baw'-sy-brown, s. [Probably from A. S. basu= 
purple, and Eng. brown.) A hobgoblin. (Jamieson.) 
This “ seems to be the English Robin Goodfellow, 
known in Scotland by the name of Brownie ” (Lord 
Hailes). 

“Than all the feynds lewche, and maid gekks, 
Black-belly, and Bawsy-brown.” 

Bannatyne Poems, p. 27, st. 3. (Jamieson.) 

bax'-ter, s. [Old form of Baker (q. v.); origi¬ 
nally a female baker; A. S. bcecestre, from bcecere.] 
[Bakester.] A baker. 

“Ye breed of the baxters, ye loo your neighbor’s browst 
better than your ain batch.”— Ramsay: S. Prov., p. 80. 

Bax ter -i-an, a. [From the proper name Baxter 
(see def.).] Pertaining to Richard Baxter, the 
eminent Puritan leader, who was born in 1615, and 
died in 1691. 

bay, *baye, a. & s. [O. Fr., Mod. Fr., & Prov. bai; 
Sp. bayo; Port, baio; Ital. bajo, baio; from Lat. 
badius= chestnut colored. Compare Gael, buidhe 
=yellow.] 

A. As adjective: Of a reddish-brown, approach¬ 
ing to a chestnut color. (Applied chiefly to horses, 
many of whom are of the hue now described, with 
a black mane and tail.) 

“. . . my lord, you gave 
Good words the other day of a bay courser 
I rode on. ’Tis yours because you liked it.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, i. 2. 

B. As substantive: 

1. The color described under A. 

“ A bay horse is what is inclining to a chestnut; and 
this color is various, either a light bay or a dark bay, ac¬ 
cording as it is less or more deep. There are also colored 
horses that are called dappled bays. All bay horses are 
commonly called brown by the common people. 


“All bay horses have black manes, which distinguish 
them from the sorrel that have red or white manes. 

“There are light bays and gilded bays which are some¬ 
what of a yellowish color. The chestnut bay is that which 
comes nearest to the color of the chestnut.”— Farrier’s 
Diet. 


2. A horse of that color. 

“ . . . he steps into the welcome chaise. 

Lolls at his ease behind four handsome bays, 

That whirl away from business and debate, 

The disencumber’d Atlas of the state.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

(See also the example under B. 1.) 

bay (1), *baye, s. [In Fr. baie; Prov., Sp., & 
Port, bahia, Ital. baia, baja; Low Lat. baia; Ir. 
& Gael, badh, bagh; Bisc. baid, baiva— harbor. 
Wedgwood considers Sp., &c., bahia the original 
form, and derives it from Catalan badia= a bay, 
and badar=to open, to gape.] 

A. As substantive. 

1. Geog. <fk Ord. Lang.: An arm or inlet of the 
sea extending into the land with a wider mouth 
proportionally than a gulf. Compare in this 
respect the Bay of Biscay with the Gulf of Venice. 

“ And as the ocean many bays will make.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 157. 

2. Hydraulics dt Ord. Lang.: A pond-bead raised 
to keep a store of water for driving a mill. 

3. Arch. <& Ord. Lang.: A term used to signify the 
magnitude of a building. Thus, “ if a barn consists 
of a floor and two heads, where they lay corn, they 
call it a barn of two bays. These bays are from 
fourteen to twenty feet long, and floors from ton to 
Hvelve broad, and usually twenty feet long, which 
is the breadth of the barn.” (Builder's Diet., John¬ 
son, dkc.) 

“ If this law hold in Vienna ten years. I’ll rent the 
fairest house in it after threepence a bay." — Shakesp.: 
Measure for Measure, ii. 1. 

“There may be kept one thousand bushels in each bay, 
there being sixteen bays, each eighteen feet long, about 
seventeen wide, or three hundred square feet in each bay.” 
— Mortimer: Art of Husbandry. 


B. Attributively: As in the following com¬ 
pounds : 

bay-like, a. Like a bay. 

“ In this island there is a large bay-like space, com¬ 
posed of the finest white sand.”— Darwin: Voyage round 
the World, ch. xx. 

bay-salt, bay salt, s. 

In Chemistry, Manufacture and Commerce: 

1. Originally: Salt obtained by evaporating 
water taken from a “bay” or other part of the sea. 
This was done by conducting the water into a shal¬ 
low pit or basin, and then ieaving it to be acted 
upon by the neat of the sun. 

2. Now: Coarse-grained crystals obtained by slow 
evaporation of a saturated solution of chloride of 
sodium. 


“All eruptions of air, though small and slight, give 
sound, which we call crackling, puffing, spitting, &c., as 
in bay salt and bay leaves, cast into fire.”— Bacon. 



bay-window, s. 

Arch.: A window projecting beyond the line of 
the front of a house, generally either in a semi¬ 
hexagon or semi-octagon. Strictly speaking, a bay- 
window rises 
from the ground 
or basement, 
while an oriel is 
supported on a 
corbel or brack¬ 
ets, and a bow 
window is al¬ 
ways a segment 
of an arch ; but 
in ordinary use 
these distinc¬ 
tions are seldom 
accurately ob¬ 
served, all three 
words being 
used as synony¬ 
mous. 

“. . . it hath 
bay-windows trans- 


Bay-window. 


parent as baricadoes.”— Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iv. 2. 

bay (2 ),s. [Fr. abois, a&6ois=barkings, bayings; 
abbayer =to bark or bay at. The original form of 
the word was abay, abaye, or abey.\ 

1. The state of being stopped by anything, as by 
amorous feeling or by some restraint on motion 
interposed by others ; a standstill. 


“Euere the dogge at the hole held it at abaye.”—William 
ofPalerne (ed. Skeat), 46. 


“When as by chaunce a comely squire he found 
That thorough some more mighty enemies wrong, 
Both hand and foote unto a tree was bound. 
***** 

Unhappy Squire ! what hard mishap thee brought 
Into this bay of perill and disgrace ?” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. i. 11,12. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, w8rk, who, s8n; mute, cub, cure, pnite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = k 




















411 


bazed 


bay 


2- The act or the state, position, or attitude of 
standing fiercely facing one’s foes after having 
vainly attempted to escape from them by flight. 
(Used in the expressions at bay, at the bay, and to 
bay.) 

(1) At bay, *at abay, at the bay: 

(a) Of a stag or other animal: The state, posi¬ 
tion, or attitude of a stag or other animal hunted 
by hounds when, despairing of escape, it turns 
round and faces its pursuers. 

“ Like as a mastiffe having at abay 
A salvage bull, whose cruel 1 homes doe threat 
Desperate daunger, if he them assay.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. vii. 47. 

“ This ship, for fifteen hours, sate like a stag among 
hounds at the bay, and was sieged and fought with in turn 
by fifteen great ships.”— Bacon: War with Spain. 

.(h) Of men: In the state of men driven to despera¬ 
tion, who, having turned, now fiercely face their 
assailants, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as 
possible. 

” . . . they still stood at bay in a mood so savage that 
the boldest and mightiest oppressor could not but dread 
the audacity of their despair.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. ii. 

(c) Fig. (of things): Warded off. 

“ The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by inces¬ 
sant evils.”— Isaac Taylor. ( Goodrich & Porter.) 

(2) To bay: From a state of flight into one like 
that described under Alt bay (b). 

”... the imperial race turned desperately to bay.” 
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

bay (3), s. [From bay, v. (q. v.)] Barking; a 
bark. 

“ From such unpleasant sounds as haunt the ear 
In village or in town, the bay of ours . . .” 

Cowper: Task, bk. i. 

bay (4), *baye, s. [Probably from Fr. baie; Sp. 
baya= a berry. Remotely from Lat. bacca (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

+1. A berry, and specially one from some species 
of the laurel. [See No. 2.] 

2. The English name of the Laurus nobilis. A 
fine tree with, deep-green foliage and a profusion of 
dark-purple or black berries. Both of these have 
a sweet, fragrant odor, and an aromatic, astringent 
taste. The leaves, the berries, and the oil made 
from the latter are narcotic and carminative. The 
leaves were anciently used to form wreaths or gar¬ 
lands with which to encircle the brows of victors. 
The bay is common in Spain, Italy, Greece, and the 
Levant. [Laurel.] It is common in English 
gardens, the leaves being often used for flavoring 
certain dishes. There are several trees called by 
the same name. The Red Bay of our Southern 
States is Laurus Caroliniensis. The White Bay is 
Magnolia glauca. 

If In this country bay is locally used also for a 
tract of land covered with bay-trees. ( Drayton: 
S. Carolina.) 

3. Plur. (Poetic.): An honorary crown, garland or 
Any similar reward bestowed as a prize for excel¬ 
lence. [See No. 2.] 

(а) Such a reward, literally, of bay-leaves. 

(б) An honorary reward of another kind. 

“ Shall royal institutions miss the bays, 

And small academies win all the praise?” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

4. Of the Scripture Bay-tree. [Bay-tree, 2.] 

B. Attributively: In such compounds as the fol¬ 
lowing : 

bay-laurel, s. A name sometimes given to the 
common laurel, Prunus laurocerasus. 

bay-rum, s. An aromatic, spirituous liquid, 
ased by hair-dressers and perfumers, prepared in 
the West Indies by distilling rum m which bay 
leaves have been steeped. As imported it is almost 
colorless, and contains eighty-six per cent, of proof- 
spirit. It is difficult to obtain genuine bay-rum, 
except directly from the importer, more than one- 
half of that consumed in the United States being 
an artificial mixture of oil of bay, alcohol, and 
water. 

bay-tree, bay tree, s. 

1. Ord.Lang.: The same as Bay (4), No. 2. It is 
sometimes called also the Sweet Bay-tree. 

2. Scripture. The bay-tree of Ps. xxxvii. 35, Heb. 
ezrachh, from zarachh= to spring up, may be the 
Laurus nobilis, though this is by no means certain. 
Gesenius makes it simply an indigenous tree, as 
distinguished from one transplanted. The Septua- 
gint translators, mistaking arzachh for ezracch, 
called the tree “ the cedar of Lebanon. ’ 

“I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading 
himself like a green bay-tree.” — Ps. xxxvii. 35. 

bay (1), v. t. [From Eng. bay (l) = an arm of the 
sea.] To embay, to shut in, to inclose, to encom¬ 
pass, to surround, as a bay is inclosed to a certain 
extent by land. 

“. . . we are at the stake, 

And bay’d about with many enemies.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iv. 1. 


bay (2), v. c. & t, [In Fr. aboyer; O. Fr. abbayer; 
Ital. abbaiare, abba jure, baiare, bajare—to bark ; 
Lat. baubor= to bark gently; Gr. bauzo= to bark, 
to cry bau bau, corresponding to the bow wow of 
English children, imitated from the sound of a dog’s 
barking.] 

A. Intrans.: To bark like a dog. Used — 

1. With at of the person or thing barked at. 

“ While her vexed spaniel, from the beach, 

Bayed at the prize beyond his reach.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 5. 

2. Without a preposition following. 

“ The watchdog bay’d beyond the Tiber.” 

Byron: Manfred, iii. 4. 

B. Transitive: To pursue with barking; to bark 
at. Used — 

1. Lit.: Of dogs pursuing an animal. 

2. Fig.: Of human enemies pursuing a person or 
an army. 

“He leaves his back unarm’d, the French and Welsh 
Baying him at the heels.”— Shakesp.: 2Hen. IV., i. 3. 

*[ Also [from Bay (2), s., 2] to drive to bay. 

“ When in the wood of Crete they bay’d the bear.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, iv. 1. 

bay- 3 -rd, *bai- 3 ,rde, s. [0. Fr. bayard; from 
bay, a., and suff. -ard (q. v.).] 

1. Literally: A bay horse. (Often applied spe¬ 
cially to an old blind horse frequently mentioned in 
old poetry.) 

“ Blind Bayard moves the mill.”— Philips. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) A man blinded with self-conceit. 

“ Onely the bald and blind bayards (who usually out of 
self-conceit are so exceedingly confident of their election 
and salvation) . ; .”— Barron', vol. iii., Ser. 42. (Rich¬ 
ardson, ) 

(b) An unmannerly beholder. [Fr. bayer —to 
gape.] 

bay -gi.rd-1^, a. [Eng. bayard; -ly.~] Done in a 
blind or stupid manner. 

“ . . . not a formal and bayardly round of duties.”— 
Goodman: Winter Evening Conference. (Richardson ) 

bay -ber-ry, s. [Eng. bay; berry.) 

1. The berry of the bay, Laurus nobilis. 

2. One of the names given to the Myrica cerifera, 
or Wax Myrtle of North America, a shrub or small 
tree bearing berries used for making into candles, 
soap, or sealing-wax. The root is used to remove 
toothache. The name is said to be derived from the 
fact that the plant is found on the shores of bays. 

bayberry-bush, s. The same as Bayberry 
( q. v.). 

bayberry-tallow, s. Tallow for candles made 
from the fruit of the bayberry. 

*baye, v. t. [Bathe.] To bathe. 

“Hee feedes upon the cooling shade, and bayes 
His sweatie forehead in the breathing wynd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. vii. 3. 

bayed, a. [From bay (1), s. and a., A. 3.] Hav¬ 
ing a bay or bays. 

“ The large bayed barn.”— Drayton. 

*ba ye-ly, s. Old spelling of Baillie. 

*baye§, s. [Baize.] 

Bay -eux (eux as u), s. & a, [Fr. Bayeux (see 
def.), 0. Fr. & Low Lat. Baiocas, Baiocce, and Baio- 
casses, from a tribe formerly inhabiting it.] A 
French town, capital of an arrondissement of the 
same name in the department of Calvados. 

Bayeux-tapestry, Bayeux tapestry, s. Tapes¬ 
try preserved in the Cathedral of Bayeux, rep¬ 
resenting the events in William of Normandy’s 



Bayeux Tapestry. 


conquest of England, and said, apparently with 
correctness, to have heen wrought by his queen 
Matilda. 

bay'-Ing (1), pr. par. & a. [Bay (1), v.] 

bay'-ing (2), *bai -ffige, *bay-lnge, pr. par., 
a.&s. [Bay (2), v.] 


A. & B. As adj. and particip. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The barking of a dog. 

“Until he heard the mountains round 
Bing to the baying of a hound.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 14. 

bayl -d&n-Ite, s. [Named after Dr. John Bayl- 
don.J A mineral occurring as minute mammillary 
concretions, with a dingy surface. It is sometimes 
reticulated. Its hardness is 4 - 5 ; its sp. gr. 5’35 ; its 
luster strong resinous; its_ color grass-green to 
blackish-green. Its composition is: Arsenic acid, 
31'76; oxide of copper, SO^; oxide of lead, 30T3; 
water, 4’58. It is found in Cornwall, England. 

bay -lf-shlp, s. [Old Eng. bayly—baillie; -ship.) 
The office or jurisdiction of a baillie. 

*bayne, s. [Bain, s.] 

*bayne, v. [Bain, v.] 

*bayne, a. [Bain, a.] 

bay -on-et (or as ban-et), *bag -o-net, s. [In 

Sw. bajonett: Dan. & Dut. bajonet; Fr. baionette, 
bayonette; Sp. bayoneta; Port, baioneta; Ital. 
baionetta. From Bayonne, a French city in the 
Basses Pyr6n6es, near which bayonets were first 
manufactured in 1640. Derived from Basque baia= 
good, and ona= bay, port.] 

1. Military <& Ord. Lang.: A military weapon for¬ 
merly called a dagger, made to be fitted to the muz¬ 
zle of a gun or rifle, to convert the latter into a kind 
of pike. At first it was so fixed that it required to 
be taken off before the gun was fired; but since the 
battle of Killiecrankie showed the danger of such 
an arrangement, it has been screwed on in such a 
way as not to interfere wi th the firing of the weapon. 

“The musketeer was generally provided with a weapon 
which had, during many years, been gradually coming 
into use, and which the English then called a dagger, but 
which, from the time of William III., has been known 
among us by the French name of bayonet." — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2. Mech.: A pin which plays in and out of holes 
formed for its reception, and which by its move¬ 
ments engages or disengages parts of a machine. 

bayonet-clasp, s. A movable ring of metal sur¬ 
rounding the stock of a bayonet to strengthen it. 

bayonet-clutch, s. A clutch, usually with two 
prongs, attached by a feather-key to a shaft-driving 
machinery. When in gear the prongs of the clutch 
are made to act upon the ends of a friction-strap 
in contact with the side boss of the wheel to be 
driven. 

bayonet-joint, s. A kind of coupling, the two 
pieces of which are so interlocked by the turning of 
the complex apparatus that they cannot be disen¬ 
gaged by a longitudinal movement. 

bay-on-et (orasban'-et),u.f. [From bayonet, s. 

(q. v.)] 

1. “ To put to the bayonet.” to stab with the bay¬ 
onet. 

2. To compel by hostile exhibition of the bayonet. 
“You send troops to saber and bayonet us into submis¬ 
sion.”— Burke: To the Sheriffs of Bristol. ( Richardson .) 

bay -off, s. [Fr. boyau=(l) a gut, (2) a long and 
narrow place.] A word used in Louisiana (which 
belonged to the French before 1803, when the 
United States purchased it), and signifying (1) the 
outlet of a lake ; (2) a channel for water. 

*bayt, *bayte, s. The same as Bait, s. 

*bayte, v. t. & i. [Bate, v.] 

bay-ya rn, s. [From Eng. bay, a., or bay, s. (1) (it 
is doubtful which), and yarn.) The same as woolen 
yarn. (Chambers.) 

*bayze, s. [Baize.] 
ba -za, s. [Bazat.] 

bu-zaar , bu-zar', s. [In Dut., Ger., Fr., & Port. 
bazar; Itai. bazar, bazari, all from Pers. baz&r= 
sale, exchange of goods, market.] 

1. In Persia, Turkey, India, <£c.: An Eastern 
market, whether in the open air or roofed in. 

“Attached to the barracks [in Madras] is a bazar for 
the supply of the troops.”— Thornton: Gazetteer of India, 
(1857), p. 579. 

2. In England: 

(a) An establishment for selling various kinds of 
fancy goods for personal profit. 

( b) A sale for some benevolent object, 
baz'-^t, baz-a, s. [In Ger. bazak. Apparently 

from Arab. t6wsr=cotton.] 

Comm.: A long fine-spun cotton, often called 
Jerusalem cotton, as being brought from that city. 

bazed, ba§ed, ba-§lt, particip. adj. [Dut. 
verbazen= to astonish, to amaze.] Confused, stupid, 
stupefied, dazed (q. v.). 

“ Into his face she glour’d and gazed 
And wist not well, she was so bazed, 

To what hand for to turn her.” 

Watson: Coll. i. 47. 


bdil, \)6f; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = fc 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dcL 











bazen 


412 


beacon 


*ba'-zen (Old Eng.), bas -sin (Scotch), a. [Bass 
( 1).] Of or belonging to rushes. 

“ Under the feit of this ilk bysnyng jaip; 

About the nek knyt mony bassin raip.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 46, 38. ( Jamieson .) 

ba-zoo’, s. To “blow one’s bazoo" is American 
slang for talking boastfully of one’s self. Frontier 
newspapers are often called The Bazoo. 

B. C. Initials and abbreviations of Before Christ, 
(Used in chronology and ordinary language.) 

bdel-li-dse, s. pi. [From Gr. bdella—a leech; 
bdallo —to milk cows, to suck.] 

Zoology: A family of Arachnida (Spiders), of the 
order Acarina. They have a rostrum and palpi of 
extreme length, have their bodies divided by a 
constriction, and live among damp moss. 

bdel’-li-um (b silent), s. [In Ger. and Fr. bdel¬ 
lium ; Port, bdellio; Lat. bdellium and bedella; Gr. 
bdellion. Apparently akin also to Heb. bedholachh, 
from badhal =to separate, to select.] 

I. Scripture. The “bdellium” of Scripture is in 
Heb. bedholachh (see etym.), rendered in the Septu- 
agintof Gen. ii. 12 anthrax (literally, burning coal) 
= . . . the carbuncle, ruby, and garnet (Liddell 
and Scott), the red sapphire {Dana); whileinNumb. 
xi. 7 it is translated krystallos— . . . rock crys¬ 
tal. Some modern writers, following the Septuagint 
translation, make it a mineral, as are the “ gold ” 
and the “ onyx stone ” with which it is associated 
in Gen. ii. 12. Others think that it was the gum 
described under II. and III. 2 ; while the Rabbins, 
Bochart, and Gesenius consider that it was a pearl 
or pearls. 

“And the gold of that land is good : there is bdellium 
and the onyx-stone .”—Genesis ii. 12. 

“ And the manna was as coriander-seed, and the color 
thereof as the color of bdellium.”—Numbers xi. 7. 

II. Class. Nat. Hist. The bdellium of Pliny was 
once supposed to have been the gum of the Palmyra 
Palm, Borassusflabelliformis , but was more proba¬ 
bly a Balsamodendron, apparently B. Mukul (III. 2). 

III. Modern Botany, Old Pharmacy, and Com¬ 
merce : 

1. Indian bdellium or False Myrrh: A gum resin 
produced by Balsamodendron Roxburghii or Amyris 
Bdellium. It appears in light-colored pellicles in 
the bark of the tree, which peel off from time 
to time; they diffuse for some distance round a 
fragrance of a delightful kind, but not equal to 
that of myrrh. It was formerly used in plasters. 

2. The bdellium of the Persian Gulf: A gum resin 
derived from Balsamodendron Mukul. _ 

3. African bdellium: Two gum resins, the one 
from Balsamodendron Africanum, which grows in 
Abyssinia and Western Africa; the other from a 
composite plant, Ceradia furcata. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

4. Sicilian bdellium: A gum resin produced by a 
speciesof carrot, Daucus Hispanicus (De Cand.), D. 
gummifer (Lamarck), or by D. gingidium (Linn.). 

bdel-tom’-et-er, s. [From Gr. bdella= a leech, 
and tomeus = one that cuts; a shoemaker’s knife; 
temnd= to cut.) 

Surgery: A cupping-glass, to which are attached 
an exhausting syringe and a scarificator. 

be, *bl, *ben (pr. par. beang, *beeing, *beynge 
(Eng.); *beand (0. Scotch) (pa. par. been, *ben, *be), 
v. i. [A. S. beon, beonne=to be, to exist, to become. 
It is thus declined: ic beo = I am; thu beost, best, 
bust = thou art; he byth, bith, we beoth, beo, &c. 
Gael. bi=to be ; Ger. ich bin= I am ; O. H. Ger. bun, 
bin= to be; Goth, banan; Slav, byti; Lith. buti; 
Sansc. 6M=to be. Compare also Lat. fui = I was; 
Gr. phuo = to bring forth, to produce.] The sub¬ 
stantive verb. It is used— 

I. As a copula connecting the subject and its predi¬ 
cate ; in which case it denotes existence in relation 
to that predicate; existence, the character of which 
is to be explained by the word with which the sub¬ 
stantive verb is connected; to be; to continue, to 
remain; to be present in a place; to happen in a 
particular way; to happen according to ordination 
or appointment; to become; to aim; with various 
other shades of meaning. Ranking as a copula 
or apposition verb, now technically viewed as one 
of incomplete predication (see Bain’s Higher Eng. 
Gram.), it is followed by a nominative in apposition 
with it, and not with an objective as would be the 
case were it a transitive verb. Thus in the example 
from Acts xii. 15, given below, “ It is his angel,” the 
noun angel is in the nominative and not in the 
objective case. 

If Be is defective, the omissions being supplied by 
parts from other verbs not in the least resembling 
it in sound, as am, art, are (from A. S. eom =to be), 
were, was (from A. S. wesan =to be). [Beand, Is.] 
1. In a general sense, in which case it may be 
joined with an adjective, an adverb, a substantive, 
a pronoun, &c. 

“ . . . I was envious at the foolish.”— Ps. Ixxiii. 3. 

“ . . . lo, he is there . . . ”—Mark xiii. 21. 

“ . . . it is his angel .”—Acts xii. 15. 

“ . . . Lord, is it I ?”— Matt. xxvi. 22. 


2. Specially: As an auxiliary verb. Used— _ _ 

(а) Before a past (properly a perfect) participle, 
so as to constitute the passive voice. 

“Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.”— Deut. 
xxviii. 5. 

(б) Before the present (properly the imperfect) 
participle, so as to constitute a form of the active, 
implying that an action has commenced to be per¬ 
formed, that the doing of it is in progress, but is 
not yet completed. 

“ . . . the oxen were plowing, and the asses feeding 
beside them.”— Job i. 14. 

II. In an abstract seme denoting simple existence. 
This is the reason why it is called the substantive 
verb. If the being existent be a living one, then the 
substantive verb denotes to live. 

“ To be or not to be, that is the question.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. 

III. Special phrases: 

1. *Be als me forasmuch. 

“Alle so it is ordeyned, be on assent of the brethren, be 
als meckil as the lyglit fornseide ne may nout be 
meyntened in the tyme for to come.”— English Gilds (Ear. 
Eng. Text Soc.), pp. 49, 50. 

2. Be it so=let it be so. A phrase used (a) by one 
giving authority to do anything which he has the 
power to permit or refuse to have done, or ( b) by 
one conceding what an opponent in argument has 
demanded. 

“ My gracious duke, 

Be ’t so she will not here, before your grace, 

Consent to marry with Demetrius.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. 1, 

3. Let i>e=let alone, leave unmeddled with. 

“ Let be, said he, my prey .’’—Dryden. 

If The following examples illustrate how inter¬ 
changeably be, bi, and ben were once used : 

(a) Be, used where been would now be employed. 

“ Fenyeand ane oblatione, as it had be 

For prosper returnynghame in thare cuntrA” 
Douglas: Virgil, 39, 10. 

(b) Ben (=beon) for be. 

“ A manly man, to ben an abbot able.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Frol. 167. 

Be was also used where we now employ are. 

“ Be they better than these kingdoms?”— Amos vi. 2. 

It was also used in O. Scotch for let or let be =not 
to mention,not to speak of, to except. (Jamieson.) 

If (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs 
to be, to exist, and to subsist: “To be is applicable 
either to the accidents of things, or to the sub¬ 
stances themselves; to exist only to substances or 
things that stand or exist of themselves. We say of 
qualities, of forms, of actions, of arrangement, of 
movement, and of every different relation, whether 
real, ideal, or qualificative, that they are ; we say 
of matter, of spirit, of body, and of all substances, 
that they exist. Man is man, and will be man under 
all circumstances; he exists under every known 
climate, &c. Of being and existence as nouns, the 
former not only designates the abstract action of 
being, but is metaphorically employed for the sensi¬ 
ble object that is ; the latter is confined altogether 
to the abstract sense. Hence, human beings; beings 
animate and inanimate; the supreme Being; but 
the existence of a God, of innumerable worlds, of 
evil. Being may in some cases be indifferently 
employed for existence, particularly in the grave 
style; when speaking of animate objects, as the 
being of a God; our frail being; and when qualified 
in a compound form is preferable, as our well-being. 
Subsist is properly^a species of existing; it denotes 
temporary or partial existence. Every thing exists 
by the creative and preservative power of the 
Almighty; that which subsists depends for its 
existence upon the chances and changes of this 
mortal life. To exist therefore designates simply 
the event of being or existing; to subsist conveys the 
accessory ideas of the mode and duration of exist¬ 
ing. Man exists while the vital or spiritual part of 
him remains; he subsists by what he obtains to sup¬ 
port life.” 

(6) To be, to become, to grow, are thus discrimi¬ 
nated • “ Be is positive ; become is relative: a person 
is what he is without regard to what he was; he 
becomes that which he ivas not before. We judge of 
a man by what he is, but we cannot judge of him by 
what he will become. To become includes no idea of 
the mode or circumstance of its becoming; to grow 
is to become by a gradual process: a man may 
become a good man from a vicious one, in conse¬ 
quence of a sudden action on his mind; but he 
grows in wisdom and virtue by means of an increase 
in knowledge and experience.” (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

be, prep. [Be as a prefix=by.] By, to, toward. 
(Scotch.) 

be-east, adv. Toward the east. (Scotch.) 

be-than, adv. By that time. 

“Sternys, be-than, began for till apper.” 

Wallace, v. 135, MS. 


be as a prefix. [A. S. be, hi, big; O. S. be,bi; 
Sw., Dan.. & Dut. be; N. H. Ger. be, bei; M. H. Ger, 
be, bi; O. H. Ger. bi,pi,pi; Goth. 6L] 

1. Denoting nearness to; as beside. 

IT Originally it was the same as by, and beside in 
Old English is often written biside or by side. 

2. Denoting a surrounding of any person or thing, 
as beset— to set on one all round; or a doing of any¬ 
thing all over a person or thing, as beslaver — to 
slaver all over. 

3. Denoting priority; as bespeak=to speak oetore- 
hand for anything. 

4. Denoting causation or generation, as beget com¬ 

pared with get; or converting a simple verb generally 
intransitive into a transitive one, as to moan, to 
bemoan one’s hard lot. _ 

5. Adding intensity to a simple verb, though in 
some cases the meaning seems scarcely altered. It 
is difficult to say how much or how little intensity 
is added in the case of each of the words bedeafen, 
bedraggle, begrudge, and becalm, as compared with 
deafen, draggle, grudge, and calm. Prof. Craik, 
Eng. of Shakespeare, considers that in most cases be 
is the relic of the prefix ge, which was the favorite 
and most distinguishing peculiarity of the language 
in what is called “ the Anglo-Saxon period.” 

“ Swinish gluttony, 

Ne’er looks to heaven amidst his gorgeous feast, 

But with besotted base ingratitude 
Crams, and blasphemes his feeder.” 

Milton: Comus. 


Be. In Chemistry, the initial letters and symbol 
for the element Beryllium. 

beagh, s. [Of doubtful etymology. Not in A. S., 
Sw., Dan., Dut., or Ger., in which the word for what 
we call a beach is strand: nor is it in the Celtic nor 
in the Italic languages. Compare with Dan. bakke, 
Sw. backe=ascent, acclivity, rising ground, hill, 
hillock.] A sandy or pebbly sea-shore, the strand 
on which the waves break. (Used also for the 
shore of a lake or of a large river.) 

“ Hail to the welcome shout ! the friendly speech ! 

When hand grasps hand uniting on the beach.” 

Byron: The Corsair, i. 4. 

beach-head, s. The beach at the headof a creek. 
“ . . . their detritus on the beach-heads of long nar. 
row arms of the sea, first high up the valleys, then lower 
and lower down as the land slowly rose.”— Darwin: Voy¬ 
age round the World, ch. xv. 

beach-line, s. The line marked out by the waves 
on a beach. 

“. . . such deposits, consequently, would have a 

good chance of resisting the wear and tear of successive 
beach-lines, and of lasting to a future epoch.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. xvi. 

beagh, v. t. [From beach, s. (q. v.)] To run, 
drive, or drag upon a beach. (Used specially of 
boats, or of leaky and sinking vessels, or of vessels 
which have sunk in a river and are impeding navi¬ 
gation. Thus the ill-fated “ Princess Alice ” steam¬ 
boat, sunk in the Thames in a collision with the 
“ By well Castle,” on the 3d of September, 1878, was 
said to be “beached” when her broken hull was 
hauled or driven ashore, 
beaghed, pa. par. & a. [Beach, v.] 

As participial adjective. Spec.: Exposed to the 
action of the waves on a beach. 


“ Upon the beached verge of the salt flood.” 

Shakesp.: Timon, v. L 

Deagh'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Beach, v.) 

A. & B. As participle <& participial adjective: In 
a sense corresponding to that of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act or operation of run¬ 
ning a leaky vessel on the beach, or of hauling a 
ship or boat up upon the beach to repair her, or to 
afford her shelter till the time arrives for her again 
putting to sea. 

be agh-v, *be’agh-Ie, a. [Eng. beach; -y.] Hav¬ 
ing a beach or beaches. 

“The beachy girdle of the ocean 
Too wide for Neptune’s hips.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iii. L 

IT Beachy Head, the loftiest headland on the 
southern coast of England, does not take its name 
from the above, but from a corruption of beau chef 
(see Isaac Taylor’s Words and Places). 

bea -con (or o silent, as if be en), *bea -kon, 
*be -kon, *bekne (ne=en), s. [A. S. beacen, becun, 
becen, becn= a beacon, a sign, a token; connected 
with beacnian, bicnian, bycnian= ( 1) to beckon, (2) 
to nod, to show, signify form. (Beckon.) In O. S. 
bokan; Fries, baken, beken= sign, signal; Dut. baak 
=a beacon. Compare with Eng. beck and beckon 
(q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. Ignited combustible materials placed in an iron 
cage, elevated upon a pole or any other natural ele¬ 
vation, so as to be seen from a distance. Beacons 
were used to guide travelers across unfrequented 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try. Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



beacon-blaze 


413 


bead-roll 


parts of the country, and to alarm the inhabitants 
on the occurrence of an invasion or a rebellion. 
The “cressets” formerly used in London and other 
cities to light the streets were beacons of the type 

first described. 

“ As less and less the distance grows, 

High and more high the beacon rose.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 13. 

2. A signal, specially by means of fire, to warn 
mariners of danger. 

II. Fig.: Anything calculated to give light to 
those who are in darkness, perplexity, and danger, 
re-animating their courage, while warning them of 
the perils they should avoid. 

“He that in mountain-holds hath sought 
A refuge for unconquer’d thought, 

A charter’d home where Freedom’s child 
Might rear her altars in the wild, 

And fix her quenchless torch on high, 

A beacon for eternity.” 

Hemans: A Tale of the Secret Tribunal. 

B. Attributively: Constituting a beacon ; sup¬ 
porting a beacon; proceeding from or otherwise 
pertaining to a beacon. (See the examples which 
follow.) 

beacon-blaze, s. The blaze made by a beacon. 
f-Jsed literally or figuratively.) 

“ Is yon red glare the western star? 

Oh, ’tis the beacon-blaze of war 1” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 25. 
beacon-fire, s. The fire of a beacon. 

“With me must die the beacon-fires 
That stream’d at midnight from the mountainhold.” 

Hemans: The Chieftain’s Son. 
beacon-flame, s. The flame of a beacon. 

“ Outhbert had seen that beacon-flame, 

Unwitting from what source it came.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 16. 
beacon-light, s. The light of a beacon. 

(а) Literally: 

“By thee, as by the beacon-light, 

Our pilots had kept course aright.” 

Scott: Marmion, Introd. to c. i. 

(б) Figuratively: 

“By the bright lamp of thought thy care had fed 
From thd far beacon-lights of ages fled.” 

Hemans: The Sceptic. 

beacon-tower, s. A tower on or from which a 
beacon is displayed. 

“ And in the fortress of his power 
The owl usurps the beacon-tower.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

bea'-con, v. t. [From beacon, s.] To light up 
with beacon-fires. 

“ As up the vale of Tees they wind, 

Where far the mansion of her sires 
Beaconed the dale with midnight fires.” 

Scott: Rokeby, v. 37. 

bea'-con-age (age=ig),s. [From Eng. beacon; 
-ogre.] Money paid for the maintenance of a 
beacon. 

“ . . . a suit for beaconage of a beacon standing on a 

rock in the sea.”— Blackstone.- Comment., bk. iii., ch. 7. 

bea'-coned, pa.par. & a. [Beacon, v.] 

As participial adjective : Having a beacon. 

“ The foss that skirts the beacon’d hill.” 

T. Warton: Ode x. 

bea’-con-less, a. [Eng. beacon; -less.'} With¬ 
out a beacon. (Dr. Allen.) 

bead, *beade, *bede, *bed, s. [A. S. bed, gebed 
= a prayer. In Dut. bede; Ger. bitte; Low. Ger. 
bede, bete, bethe, all meaning, not a bead, but a 
prayer. From the Roman Catholic practice of 
counting off a bead upon a rosary when one of a 
series of prayers has been offered, the word has 
obtained its modern meaning of a perforated ball.] 
A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Prayer. 

“ And also it is ordeynede, ynt yis bede and preyer shal 
bene reherside and seyde at euery tyme yat ye alderman 
and ye bretheren bene togedere.”— English Gilds (Ear. 
Eng. Text Soc. ), p. 23. 

II. One of a number of small globular bodies of 
glass, coral, metal, or other material, perforated so 
as to be hung on a string. Specially— 

1. Those for keeping count of prayers offered. 
[See etym.l These are strung thirty or sixty 
together. Every tenth one is larger and more 
embellished than the rest; it is called a gaude. 
The gaudes are used for counting paternosters, and 
the ordinary beads for Ave Marias. [Gaude.] 

“ Ere yet, in scorn of Peter’s pence, 

And number’d bead, and shrift.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

To bid one's beads: To pray one’s prayers, 
specially when use is made of beads to keep count 
of them. [Bid.] 

“ Bidding his beades all day for his trespas.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 30. 


“. . . as will appear by the form of bidding the 

beads in King Henry the Seventh’s time. The way was 
first for the preacher to name and open his text, and 
then call on the people to go to their prayers, and to tell 
them what they were to pray for; after which all the 
people said their beads in a general silence, and the 
minister kneeled down also and said his.”— Burnet: 
Hist. Reformat., bk. i., pt. ii., an. 1547. 

To tell one's beads : To number one’s beads for 
the purpose of numbering one’s prayers ; ( less 
specifically) to be at prayer. 

“ The wits of modern time had told their beads, 

And monkish legends been their only strains.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 52. 

2. Those worn round the necks of children, of 
women, and in Eastern Europe of men, for orna¬ 
ment. 

“ With scarfs and fans, and double change of brav’ry, 
With amber bracelets, beads, and all such knav’ry.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 

III. Anything artificial or natural resembling a 
bead in its globularity, even if it differ in being 
imperforate ; as, for instance, those glass globules 
which, beforo the abolition of the slave trade, were 
used in bartering with the natives of Africa. 

1. Artificial. [See B., 1, and Bead-proof.] 

2. Natural. [See the examples.] 

“ Thy spirit within thee hath been so at war, 

And thus hath so bestirr’d thee in thy sleep, 

That beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., ii. 3. 

" Several yellow lumps of amber, almost like beads, 
with one side flat, had fastened themselves to the 
bottom.”— Boyle. 

B. Technically : 

1. Distillation. Wilson or Lovis' Beads. [Bead- 
proof.] 

2. Gun-making : A small piece of metal on a gun- 
barrel, used for taking a sight before firing. 

3. Book-binding : A roll on the head-band of a 
book. 

4. Architecture: 

(а) A round molding, cut or carved in short 
embossments, like beads in necklaces, occurring 
chiefly in the Corinthian and Roman orders of archi¬ 
tecture. It is called also Astragal (q. v.). 

(б) The strip on a sash-frame which forms a 
guide for the sash. There are inside, outside, and 
parting beads. 

IT Bead and butt (Carp.) : Framing in which the 
pearls are flush, having beads stuck or run upon 
the two edges. 

Bead and quirk: A bead stuck upon the edge of a 
piece of stuff flush with its surface. 

5. Astronomy. Baily's Beads. [Named after 
Francis Baily, an Englishman, who discovered 
them during the solar eclipse of 1836. (Mem. 
Astron. Soc.,v ol. x.)] Certain luminous bead-like 
prominences arranged in a curved line round the 
margin of the moon’s disk upon that of the sun 
toward the commencement, and toward the close 
of complete obscuration in a total or. annular 
eclipse of the latter luminary. Once attributed to 
the projection of a range of lunar mountains on 
the face of the sun, they are now supposed to pro¬ 
ceed from irradiation. 

bead-butt, s. 

Carpentry: Formed with bead and butt. [Butt.] 
Doors have a combination of bead-butt and square- 
work. 

bead-furnace, s. A furnace in which beads,'first 
cut into short cylinders, are rounded. 

bead-like, a. Like a bead. 

“. . . the spaces bead-like, . . .”—Todd <k Bow¬ 

man: Physiol. Anat., i. 152. 

bead-loom, s. A gauze loom in which there are 
beads strung at the spots where the threads inter¬ 
sect each other. 

bead-maker, s. A maker of beads. 

bead-mold, s. A fungus of low organization, 
the stems of which consist of cells loosely joined 
together so as to resemble a string of beads. 

bead-plane, s. 

Carpentry : A semi-circular molding plane. 

bead-proof, a. 

1. A term formerly used among distillers to mean 
that the spirit was of a certain density, as ascer¬ 
tained by throwing into it beads of different 
densities, and ascertaining which bead remained 
suspended instead of floating or sinking.. 

2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquors as 
shown by beads or bubbles floating on their surface, 
or appearing at the sides of the glass when shaken. 

bead-snake, s. A beautiful little snake (Elaps 
fulvius), variegated with yellow, carmine, and jet 
black. It belongs to the family Elapidse of the 
Colubrine sub-order of Snakes. Though venomous, 
it rarely uses its fangs. It is about two feet long. 
Its chosen habitat is in the sweet-potato fields of 
America. [See Batatas.] 


bead-tool, s. A tool for turning convex mold¬ 
ings. 

bead-tree, s. The English name of the Melia^ * 
genus of plants constituting the type of the order 
Meliaceee (Meliads). Melia azedarach has com¬ 
pound leaves ; flowers not very unlike those of the 
orange-tree, but smaller and bluish in color; and 
yellow berries with poisonous pulp. It is indigenous 
to the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, 
and has been introduced into India and other warm 
countries as an ornamental tree. The Indian Neem- 
tree, or Ash-leaved Bead-tree, is sometimes called 
Melia azedirachta, but more frequently Azadu 
racta Indica. [Neem.] 

bead-work, s. Ornamental work in beads. 

fbead, v. t. [From Eng. bead, , s.] To ornament or 
distinguish with beads or beading. 

bead -ed, pa. par. & a. [Bead, v.} 

“ ’Tis beaded with bubbles.” 

H. Smith. (Goodrich & Porter.) 

beaded wire. 

Metal-working: Wire with bead-like protuber¬ 
ances placed upon it at intervals for the purpose of 
ornament. 

fbead -house, s. [Bedehouse.] 

bead'-ing, pr.par. & a. [Bead, v.) 
bea -dle, be'-del, be-dell, *be'-dele, *bed'-del, 
*bed’-delle, s. [A. S. bydel= a beadle, crier, officer, 
messenger, herald, or preacher: from beodan=to 
command, order, bid (Bid). Sw.&Ger .pedell; Dan. 
pedel; Dut. bode, pedel; Fr. bedeau; O. Fr. badel, 
bedel, bedeax; Prov., Sp.,& Port, bedel; Ital. bidello; 
Low Lat. bedellus, pedellus.} 

1. In Law Courts: An apparitor, a summoner; 
one who carries citations to the persons who are 
required to present themselves in the court. 

2. In English Parochial Economy: A petty officer, 
now in most cases maintained as much for show as 
use, but who in former times had the substantial 
duty of flogging offenders. 

“ May. Sirrah, go fetch the beadle hither straight.” 
(Enter a Beadle with whips.) 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., ii. 1. 

3. In English Universities (with the spelling 
bedel or bedells) : An officer who carries a mace 
before the vice-chancellor and the university preach¬ 
ers. They are of two grades— esquire-bedels, who 
are graduates of the university, and yeomen-bedels, 
of a lower social grade. 

“He procured an addition of £20 per annum to each 
of the inferior beadles; he restored the practice of the 
vice-chancellor’s court; and added several other improve¬ 
ments in the academical economy.”— Warton: Life of 
Bathurst, p. 89. 

“ If the university would bring in some bachelors of 
art to be yeomen-bedels, which are well grounded, and 
towardly to serve that press as composers; they, which 
thrived well and did good service, might after be pre¬ 
ferred to be esquire-bedels; and so the press would ever 
train up able men for itself.”— Abp. Laud: Hist, of his 
Chan, at Oxford, p. 132. 

4. In old English Guilds: A similar functionary, 
used as a messenger or to keep up the dignity of 
the body employing him. 

“ . . . and he ssal sende forthe the bedel to alle the 
bretheren and the systeren, that they bien at the derge ol 
the body, . . .’’—English Gilds (Ear. Eng Text Soc.), p. 85. 

“And to the beddelle of the seid Gilde, ij d., . . .”_ 

Ibid., p. 145. 

bea'-dle-ry, s. [Eng. beadle; -?-?/.] The office or 
jurisdiction of a beadle. (Blount.) 

bea'-dle-ship, s. [Eng. beadle, and suff. -ship.} 
The office or functions of a beadle. 

“ There was convocation for the election of his successor 
in the beadleship.”—A. Wood: Athen. Oxon. 

IT The beadle is almost exclusively an English 
institution. 

be ad-let, s. [Eng. bead, and dimin. suff. -let.} 

1. Gen.: A little bead. 

2. Zool.: A name for the most common Actinia 
on the British shores (A. mesembryanthemum )„ 
[Actinia.] 

be ad-roll, *be de-roll, s. 

Among Roman Catholics: 

1. Lit.: A catalogue of those for the repose of 
whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be 
offered, the count being kept by the telling of 
beads. 

“ . . . praying for the saules of the seid John Tan- 
field and Agnes hys wyff yerely vppon Sondays by hys 
bede-rolle in the pulpitt, . . .” —English Gilds (Early 
Eng. Text Soc .), p. 145. 

2. Figuratively : 

(a) A catalogue of men worthy of enduring fame. 

“Dan Ohaucer, well of English undefyled 
On fame’s eternall beadroll worthy to be fyled.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. ii. 


b6il, b6y; pout, jdwl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-cian, -tian = shsm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





beads-bidding 


( b) A catalogue of those who are execrated, 
instead of being prayed for. 

“ The king, for the better credit of his espials abroad, 
did use to have them cursed by name amongst the bead- 
roll of the king’s enemies.”— Bacon: Henry VII. 

+be ad§-bld-ding, *bede§ *byd-d^ng, s. [Eng. 
bead (q. v.).] The act of saying “ bedes,” i. e. 
prayers, specially when the memory is assisted by 
the use of material beads. [Bead, Bid.] 

“ God of hus goodnesse, sech hus grete wil 
With oute mo bedes byddyng.” 

Piers Plowman, p. 205. ( Richardson .) 

be adg-ms-n, be de-man, be de§-mgm, *bed- 
mau, s. [Eng. bead, s. (q. v.), and man.'] A man 
who prays for another person. Specially — 

*1. A priest, whose duty it was to pray for the 
souls of the dead. 

“ . . . and the bedeman shall pray for the soul of 
the dead, and for the souls of all Christians, at the cost 
of the gild.”— English Gilds ( Early Eng. Text Soc.), p. 230. 

*2. A man who resided in an hospital or almshouse 
who was supposed to be praying for the soul of the 
“pious founder.” 

‘‘Commend thy grievance to my holy prayers; 

For I will be thy beadsman, Valentine.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 1. 

3. Now: One who resides in an almshouse, for¬ 
merly called a bede-house , or is supported from the 
funds left for the purpose of maintaining poor or 
decayed persons. {Jamieson.) 

“ . . . think on your poor bedesman the day.”— Scott: 
Antiquary, ch. xxiii. 

King's bedesmen: What were sometimes called 
“blue-gowns.” [Blue-gown.] 

be ad§-wom-9n, *bede§ w9m -9.11, s. [From 
plural of Eng. bead (q. v.), and woman.] Awoman 
similarly engaged, and still more frequently than in 
the case of the opposite sex, living in an almshouse. 
“ And honor done to your poor bedes-woman.” 

Ben Jonson: Sad Shepherd, ii. 6. ( Richardson .) 

bea’-gle (gle as g9l), *be'-gele, s. [Etym. 
doubtful. In Fr. bigle, as adj.=squint-eyed; ass.— 
a beagle; but it is believed to be the English word a 
little altered. Mahn believes it is from Irish &Gael. 
6eaq=small, but in Gaelic there is a word— cu-luirge 
— tor beagle. Compare Welsh 6acb=little; Eng. boy, 
and possibly pug. Skinner derives it from the cor¬ 
responding word in Italian piccolo = small, but 
again there is a word bracco for beagle.] A small 
/hunting-dog, a sub-variety of Canis gallicus venato- 
rius=the hunting hound. It was formerly much 
used for hunting hares, which it pursued slowly but 
surely to their fate. There are several sub-varieties: 

(1) the Southern, smaller, and shorter, but at the 
same time thicker than the deep-mouthed hound; 

(2) the Northern or Cat Beagle, smaller and finer in 
form, and a more untiring runner; (3) a cross 
between these two; and (4) a dwarf variety used for 
hunting rabbits or young hares. Queen Elizabeth 
had little “singing beagles” so small that they 
could be placed in a man’s glove. Col. Hamilton 
Smith thinks the beagle the same with the Brachet 
of the Middle Ages [Brachet] and the Agasseus of 
Oppian. 

“ About her feet were little beagles seen, 

That watch’d with upward eyes the motions of their 
queen.” Dryden: Fables. 

beak, *beake, *becke (English), beik (Scotch), s. 

S ir.. Gael., Fr., & Prov. bee— a point, a beak; Arm. 
c Dut. bek; Ital. becco; Port, bico; Sp.pico; Wei. 
p iq. Compare also A. S. becca = a beck, a pickax, a 
mattock; piic, a little needle or pin; and pic—a. 
point, a top, a head.] [Peak.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The bill of a bird. 

“Headed like owles with beckes uncomely bent.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 8. 
“Their smoke assail’d his startled beak. 

And made him higher soar and shriek.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 33. 

2. Anything pointed like the bill of a bird, as the 
prow of an ancient war-vessel, a promontory of 
land, &c. 

“With boiling pitch, another near at hand, 

From friendly Sweden brought, the seams instops, 
Which well laid o’er, the salt sea waves withstand, 

And shakes them from the rising beak in drops.” 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, cxlvii. 

B. Technically: 

1. Zoology: 

(a) The Dill of a bird. [A. 2.] 

( b) Anything in another animal similar. Thus, in 
describing a genus (Chelys) of tortoises, Gray says, 
“ The beak very broad.” 

(c) The snout or the elongated termination of the 
head in the Curculionid®, or Weevil family of 
beetles. The term more frequently used for this is 
rostrum.) 

(d) The part of some univalve shell which runs 
into a point and contains a canal. 


414 

(e) The umbo or apex of a bivalve shell. (S. P. 
Woodward.) 

2. Botany: Any projection resembling the beak of 
a bird; any short and hard-pointed projection, as 
the apex of the fruit in the genus Anthriscus. 
[Beaked Parsley.] 

3. Naut. Arch.: A piece of brass shaped like a 
beak, terminating the prow of an ancient galley; it 
was designed to pierce a hostile vessel, like the sim¬ 
ilar weapon of offense in a modem “ram.” Now 
the beak or beak-head is the external part of a ship 
before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem 
and supported by the main-knee. 

4. Carpentry: The crooked end of the hold-fast 
of a carpenter’s bench. 

5. Forging: The point of an anvil. [Beakiron, 
Bickiron.] 

6. Farriery: A little shoe, at the toe about an 
inch long, turned up and fastened in upon the fore¬ 
part of the hoof. 

7. Chem.: The rostrum of an alembic by which 
the vapor is transferred to the worm. 

8. Gas-fitting: A gas-burner with a circular hole 
s'sth of an inch in diameter. 

beak-head, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: 

1. The same as Beak, B. 3. 

“ By shooting a piece out of our forecastle, being close 
by her, we fired a mat on her beak-head, which more and 
more -kindled, and ran from thence to the mat on the 
bowsprit.”— Hackluyfs Voyages, vol. ii., p. 200. 

2. Arch.: An architectural ornament, especially 
of the Norman and Early English style, resembling 
the head of a beast united to the beak of a bird. 

B. As adjective: 

Beak-head beam: The largest beam in a ship. 

beak-rush, s. [The English name of Rhynco- 
spora, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Cyperace® (Sedges.) It is called from the beaked 
tips of the “seed,” or rather the fruit. There are 
two British species, the White Beak-rush ( Bhynco- 
spora alba) , and the brown one (R. fusca). 

beak (1), v. t. [From Beak, s. (q. v.).] 

In Cockfighting: To seize with the beak. ( Vul¬ 
gar.) 

beak (2), *beek, *beyke (Old Eng. dk Scotch), 
v. t. & i. [Bake.] 

A. Trans.: To bask, to warm. 

“ I made the fire and beked me aboute.” 

Chaucer: Creseides Testament, 36. 

“And beeking my cauld limbs afore the sin.” 

Allan Ramsay: Gentle Shepherd, ii. 3. 

B. Intrans.: To warm one’s self, to bask. 

“ To shun the storm the! drove they carefu’ steeke 
And mang the auld fowk round the ingle beek.” 
Marion: A Pastoral. Hawick Collection. (S. in Boucher.) 

beaked, pa. par. & a. [Beak (1), t\] 

A. As participial adjective : 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Having a beak. (Used of birds or other ani¬ 
mals.) 

“ . . . he feeds a long and a short-fteafced pigeon on 
the same food.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. 
iv., p. 83. 

2. Having a sharp-pointed prow. (Used of ships.) 

“ . . . the floating vessel swum 
Uplifted, and secure, with beaked prow, 

Bode tilting o’er the waves.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

3. Running to a point or tip. 

“ And question’d every gust, of rugged wings, 

That blows from off each beaked promontory: 

They knew not of his story.” Milton: Lycidas. 

B. Technically: 

1. Heraldry: Having the beak and legs of a bird 
of a different tincture from the body. In such a 
case the bird is said to be beaked and membered of 
that tincture. 

2. Botany (applied to fruits): Having a long, 
hard terminal, straight, horn-like projection. 

beaked-parsley, s. 

Bot.: The English name of the umbelliferous 
genus Anthriscus. It is so called from its fruit 
terminating in a beak. There are two wild British 
species, the Wild Beaked Parsley ( Anthriscus 
syIvestris), which has smooth fruit, and the Com¬ 
mon Beaked Parsley (A. vulgaris), of which the 
fruit is muricated. Both are common. Besides 
these the Garden Beaked Parsley, or Chervil (A. 
cerifolium), has escaped from cultivation. 

be’ak-er, s. [From O. S. bikeri. In Sw. bagare; 
Dan. bceger; Icel. bikarr; Dut. beker: Ger. becher; 
O. H. Ger. bechar, pechar, pechare; Ital. bichiere; 
Lat. bicarium= a wine-vessel, a wine-glass.] 

1. A large drinking-vessel, a tumbler. 

“ He lives, and o’er his brimming beaker boasts.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 


beam 

2. A vessel used for experiments in natural phi¬ 
losophy, chemistry, or any other science. It has an 
open mouth, and a lip for pouring. 

“Various quantities of distilled water were weighed 
into beakers.” — Proceedings of the Physical Society of 
London, pt. ii., p. 56. 
be ak-ing, a. [Eng. beak; -ing.] 
beaking-joint, s. 

Carpentry dk joinery: A joint formed by the meet¬ 
ing, in a floor or door, of several heading joints in 
a line. 

be ak-ir-on, s. [The same as Bickern (q. v.).] 
beal, s. [In A. S. byl, bil= a boil, blotch, sore; 
S w. bulnad, blimma=& swelling, a morbid tumor, 
from bulna=to swell, to become filled with matter; 
Dan. by Id, blegn; Fries, beil; Dut. beul; Ger. beule 
=a swelling or protuberance ; Ital. bolla= a bubble, 
blister, pimple.] A pimple, an inflammatory tumor. 
(Scotch and North of England dialed.) 

fbeal, v. i. [From the substantive. In Sw. bulna 
—to swell, to become filled with matter; Dan. 
buldne.] To gather matter or pus. (Scotch and 
North of England dialect.) 
beal-fire, s. [Beltane.] 

Beale light, s. [Light.] 

tbe al-Ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Beal, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle db participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: An inflammatory swelling contain¬ 
ing matter or pus. 

be-a ll, s. [Eng. be; all.] All that is to be. 

“ . . . that but this blow 
Might be the be-all and the end-all here.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, l. 7. 

beam (1), *beame, *beem, *beme, *bem, 
*bealme, s. [A. S. beam= (1) a tree; (2) a beam-post, 
a stock of a tree, a splint; (3) anything proceeding 
in a straight line, a sunbeam; (4) a wind instru¬ 
ment, a horn, a trumpet (Bosworth, &c). O. Sax. 
bom, bam ; O. Fries, bam; Sw. & Dan. bom= a bar, a 
boom ; Ger. baum=a. tree, a beam, a bar, a boom; 
O. H. Ger. baum, bourn, poum; O. L. Ger. bdm; O. 
Icel. badhmr — a beam; Goth, bagms = a tree.] 
[Boom.] 

1. Ordinary language: 

*1. Of trees: A tree, i. e. one living, and not dead 
and cut up. The same as the Ger. baum. (See 
etym.) This sense of the word is obsolete, except 
in the compound Horn-beam (“ horn-tree ”) (q.v.). 
(Trench.) 

2. Of ivood from trees, or anything similar: 

(1) A large, long piece of timber “ squared ” or 
rather made rectangular on its several sides; spe¬ 
cially one used to aid in supporting the ordinary 
rafters in a building. It is distinguished from a 
block by being longer than broad. 

“A beam is the largest piece of wood in a building, 
which always lies cross the building or the walls, serving 
to support the principal rafters of the roof, and into which 
the feet of the principal rafter? are framed. No building 
has less than two beams, one at each head. Into these the 
girders of the garret floor a-e also framed; and if the 
building be of timber, the teazel-tenons cf the posts are 
framed. The proportions of beams, in or near London, 
are fixed by Act of Parliament. A beam fifteen feet long 
must be seven inches on one 3ide its square, and five on 
the other; if it be sixteen feet long, one side must be eight 
inches, the other six, and so proportionable to their 
lengths.”— Builder’s Dictionary. 

“ For many a busy hand toiled there, 

Strong pales to shape and beams to square.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 9. 
In Matthew vii. 3-5 the word is used in this sense. 
The expression was made designedly hyperbolical, 
that the dullest perception might discern the mean¬ 
ing. 

(2) A similar support to rafters, though made of 
iron and not of wood. 

(3) The pole of a carriage which passes between 
the horses. 

“ Juturna heard, and, seiz’d with mortal fear, 

Forc’d from the beam her brother’s charioteer.” 

Dryden: Virgil; ASneid xii. 687, 688. 

(4) The transverse iron rod or bar in a balance, 
from the extremities of which the scales are sus¬ 
pended. 

“ If thus th’ important cause is to be tried, 

Suppose the beam should dip on the wrong side.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

IF To kick the beam: To be outweighed, surpassed. 

(5) A cylindrical piece of wood belonging to a 
weaver’s loom, on which the web is gradually rolled 
as it is woven. This is called the cloth-beam or 
breast-beam. A similar one, on which the yam is 
wound, is called the yarn-beam. 

“ . . . and in the Egyptian’s hand was a spear like a 
weaver’s beam.” —1 Chronicles xi. 23. 

(6) The main part of a plow, that to which the 
handles are attached, and to which, also, the ani¬ 
mals designed to draw it are yoked. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, p8t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, sbn; mate, cub, ciire, \mite, ciir, rflle, full; try, Syrian, as. ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




beam-bird 


415 


bean 


3. Of what is branched: The third and fourth 
antlers of a stag’s horns. (The metaphor seems to 
be that of a branching tree.) (See No. 1.) 

“ And taught the woods to echo to the stream 
His dreadful challenge, and his clashing beam.* 9 

Denham. 

4. Of what radiates or is radiated : 

(1) Lit.: A ray of light emitted from a luminous 
body. 

(а) Of one emitted from the sun. 

“ To make the sun a bauble without use, 

Save for the fruits his heavenly beams produce.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

(б) Of an electric spark or flash of light. 

“ The effects, moreover, obtained with the electric 
beam are also produced by the beams of the sun.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), x. 260. 

(2) Fig.: Anything imparting intellectual, moral, 
or spiritual light. 

“ Where fancy’s fire, affection’s mental beam. 

Thought, genius, passion, reign in turn supreme.” 

Hemans: To the Eye. 

IT It is a question whether beam, in the sense No. 
4, is not a distinct word; but in A. S. it is the same 
as beam,— wood. (See etym.) In Latin, also, the 
somewhat corresponding word radius is=staff, a 
rod, i. e. a ray, a beam of light. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: There are many kinds of architectural 
beams, such as a tie-beam , a collar-beam, a dragon- 
beam, &c. (See these words.) 

2. Naval Arch, cfi Naut. Language: 

_ (1) The beams of a ship are the great main cross¬ 
timbers which prevent the sides of the ship from 
falling together, and which also support the deck 
and orlops. 

Broad in the beam: Broad from the bulwarks on 
one side to those on the other. 

“ Broad in the beam, that the stress of the blast 
Pressing down upon 6ail and mast, 

Might not the sharp bows overwhelm.” 

Longfellow: Building of the Ship. 

T Beam is also used technically for the width of 
a ship. 

The beam nearest the mainmast is called the main 
beam, the next to it the second beam, the next 
again the third beam; and so on with the rest. 

The midship beam is the one, as its name indi¬ 
cates, situated in midships. It is the greatest one 
in the vessel. 

Abaft the beam: In an arc of the horizon sub¬ 
tended by the angle of which one side is constituted 
by a line crossing the ship transversely from beam 
to beam at right angles, and the other by a line 
running from the stem to the stern of the vessel. 

Before the beam: In an arc of the horizon inter¬ 
vening between that now described and the bow of 
the vessel. 

(2) The beam of an anchor: The straight part or 
6hank of an anchor, to which the hooks are fast¬ 
ened. 

3. Mach.: A heavy iron lever in a steam-engine, 
one end of which is connected with the piston, and 
the other with the crank of the wheel-shaft. It 
transmits motion from the piston to the wheel-shaft. 

4. Curriery: The board on which skins are laid 
to be shaved. 

III. Beam is used attributively in compounds like 
the following: 

beam-bird, s. A bird so called from often build¬ 
ing its nest on a beam or rafter belonging to a 
house. It is better known as the Spotted Fly¬ 
catcher ( Muscicapa grisola.) 

beam-board, s. The platform of a steel-yard or 
balance. 

beam-center, s. The pin on which the working 
beam in a steam-engine vibrates. 

beam-compass, s. An instrument used in de¬ 
scribing larger circles than can conveniently, be 
done by means of common compasses. . It consists 
of a beam of wood or brass, with sliding sockets 
bearing steel or pencil points. It is called also a 
trammel. 

beam-ends, s.pl. 

Naut.: The ends of the beams of a ship. A ship 
is on her beam-ends when she is so far driven over 
on her side that the ends of the beams, horizontal 
when the vessel is at rest, are thrust more or less 
nearly into a vertical position. 

beam-engine, s. 

Mech.: A steam-engine in which power is trans¬ 
mitted by a walking beam, in contra-distinction to 
one in which the piston-rod is attached directly to 
the crank of the wheel-shaft. 

beam-feather, s. One of the long feathers in the 
wing of a hawk. {Booth.) 

beam-filling, s. 

Building: The filling-in of mason-work between 
beams or joists. 


beam-gudgeons, s. pi. The bearings on the cen¬ 
ter of the beam, or the central pivot upon which it 
vibrates. 

beam-knife, s. 

Curriery: A two-handled knife used to shave 
hides stretched upon a beam. 

beam-line, s. 

Ship-carpentry: The line showing where the top 3 
of the beams and the frames meet. 

beam-shind, a. [Eng. beam; shin (not shine).'] 
Having the shin, or bone of the leg. rising with a 
sort of curve. (Jamieson.) 

beam-tree, s. A species of wild Service, so called 
robably from the beam-like aspects of its corym- 
iferous flowers. Its full name is the White Beam- 
tree. It is Pyrus aria. It has downy leaves and 
red fruit, larger than that of its near ally, P. aucu- 
paria, the Mountain Ash, or Rowan-tree. The wood 
is extremely hard. 

♦beam (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] Difficulty, 
misfortune (?). 

“ Dunkan sauh his eme had his heritage, 

Ther he wist bote of beam . . .” 

Rob. de Brunne. {S. in Boucher.) 
beam, v. t. & i. [From beam, s. (q. v.). A. S. 
beamian= to shine, to emit beams.] 

A. Transitive: To emit, to send. (Chiefly used 
of mental, moral, or spiritual sight.) 

“ God beams this light into man’s understanding.”— 
South. 

“ Eyes beaming courtesy and mild regard.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk.». 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To send forth rays of light; to show forth. 
(Used of the sun, or other luminous body, or of the 
morning.) 

“ But slowly fade the stars—the night is o’er— 

Morn beams on those who hail her light no more.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage 

2. Fig.: To shine forth. (Used of intellectual, 
moral, or spiritual light; the light of happiness, 
the radiance of beauty, or anything similar.) 

“ . . . the interest high 

Which genius beams from beauty’s eye.” 

Scott: Rokeby, ii. 3. 
“To paint those charms which varied as they beam’d. 99 

Byron: To Ianthe. 

“His speech, his form, his action full of grace. 

And all his country beaming in his face.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

beamed, pa. par. & a. [Beam, t>.] 

“Like crested leader proud and high. 

Tossed his beamed frontlet to the sky.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, L 2. 

be'am-ful, a. [Eng. beam; full.] Full of beams, 
beaming. 

“And beautify’d with beamful lamps above.” 

Drayton: Noah’s Flood, iv. 625. {Boucher.) 

be am-Ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Beam, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“Where ruddy fire and beaming tapers join 
To cheer the gloom.” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Winter. 

“And robed the Holy One’s benignant mien 
In beaming mercy, majesty serene.” 

Hemans: Restoration of Works of Art to Italy. 

“Come, to the beaming God your heart unfold!” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 48. 

C. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The state or quality of emitting light, in 
a literal or figurative sense. 

2. Fig.: The emission of intellectual, moral, or 
spiritual light. 

“The doubtful beamings of his prince’s soul.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

II. Technically: 

1. Weaving: The operation of winding yarn upon 
the beam of a loom. 

2. Curriery: The operation of washing hides with 
a slicker over a beam. 

beaming-machine, 8. A machine for currying 
hides on a carriage, and thus effecting the operation 
more usually performed during the time that they 
are stretched upon a beam. 

be am less, a. [Eng. beam; -less.] Without a 
beam. {Thomson: Seasons; Summer.) 

be am-?, a. & adv. [Eng. beam; -y.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Having the massiveness or weight of a beam. 

“His double-biting ax, and beamy spear; 

Each asking a gigantic force to rear.” 

Dryden: Palamon <St Arcite, iii. 480, 481. 


2. Having horns or antlers. 

“Rouse from their desert dens the bristled rage 

Of boars, and beamy stags in toils engage.” 

Dryden: Virgil. 

3. Emitting beams; shining, radiant, brilliant. 

(1) Literally: 

“All-seeing sun! 

Hide, hide in shameful night thy beamy head.” 

Smith. 

(2) Figuratively: 

“ So I with animated hopes behold, 

And many an aching wish, your beamy fires.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. r. 

B. As adv.: In a more shining or radiant man¬ 
ner, so as to cast a brighter light. 

“ Colors from the trying fire more beamy come.” 
Cartwright: Poems (1651). (Halliwell: Cont. to Lexicog.) 

bean, *beane, *beene, *bene, s. [A. S. bean, 
bien—a bean, all sorts of pulse; O. Icei. baun; Sw. 
bdna; Dan. bOnne; Dut. boon; N. H. Ger. bohne; 
M. H. Ger. bbne; O. H. Ger. pond; Russ, bob; Gael. 
ponar; Ir. ponaire; Wei. ffaen; Lat. faba. All 
these words, though many of them so dissimilar to 
each other, are considered to be etymologically 
connected.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Botany and Horticulture : 

1. A well-known cultivated plant, Vicia faba of 
Linnaeus, now called Faba vulgaris. It belongs to 
the order Leguminosae. The stem is quadrangular 
and hollow; the leaves are alternate; they are pin¬ 
nate with two to four leaflets. The flowers, wnich 
are fragrant, are papilionaceous, white, with violet- 
colored veins and blotches looking almost black. 
The seeds are partly kidney-shaped. The native 
country of Faba vulgaris is believed to be the 
regions near the Caspian Sea, the Levant, and 
Egypt. The word bean occurs twice in Scripture 
(in 2 Sam. xvii. 28, and Ezek. iv. 9). The Hebrew 
term is phi, Septuagint Greek, kuamos (see etymol¬ 
ogy). and seems correctly translated. Pythagoras 
and his followers would not eat it, and the flamen 
Dialis, or priest of Jupiter at Rome, was forbidden 
to touch it. Faba vulgaris may be primarily 
divided into the Garden Bean and the Field Bean. 
Of the former there are numerous sub-varieties. 
The earliest is the Mazagan, which is small-seeded; 
while the largest is the Windsor. The Field Bean 
runs into two leading sub-varieties, a larger and a 
smaller one; the latter is called Ticks. The horse- 
bean is the variety equina. 

2. {Popularly.) Any leguminous plant resembling 
a bean, though not of the genuine genus Faba. 
Such, for example, as the Florida bean, which is 
the seed, not the fruit, of a West Indian plant. 
These seeds washed up on the Florida shore 
and are sometimes used as food, and sometimes they 
are polished and used as ornaments. The Navy 
bean is the common white bean, used largely as an 
article of diet by sailors. The Pea bean is a small 
white bean used commonly as food. The Tonquin 
bean is the fragrant seed of a leguminous tree. 

3. {Popularly.) Any. plant with some vague 
resemblance to a bean in fruit, even though it be 
not even leguminous. Thus the Buck Bean, Men- 
yanthes trifoliataAs properly of the Gentian order, 
and has no real affinity to Faba. [Buck-bean.] 

II. Commerce, &c.: The name given to the seeds 
of certain plants belonging to the natural order 
Leguminos®. The Com¬ 
mon Field Bean is the 
seed of the Faba vulgaris, 
the Broad or Windsor 
Bean, being a cultivated 
variety of the same plant. 

The French or Haricot 
Bean is the seed of 
Phaseolus multiflorus, and 
the Scarlet Runner (which 
is closely akin to the for¬ 
mer) is Phaseolus vul¬ 
garis. 

Beans are used for feed¬ 
ing horses, as also for fat¬ 
tening hogs. When fresh 
they also sometimes ap¬ 
pear at table as a culinary 
vegetable. Scarlet-runners and French beans are 
used in the pod, in the green state, and eaten as a 
vegetable. Bean-meal, which is more easily digested 
than whole beans, contains twice as much nitro¬ 
genous matter as wheat-flour, and is more nutri¬ 
tious. It is sometimes used to adulterate flour and 
bread, but this can be readily detected by the micro¬ 
scope. The cells of the bean are larger, and the 
cell-walls much thicker, than those of the wheat. 
The starch granules are also different, being oval 
or kidney-shaped, and having an irregular, deep 
cleft down the center. Roasted beans are sometimes 
used to adulterate coffee. 

B. Attributively: Pertaining to the bean; con¬ 
sisting of plants allied to the bean. 

“Order OX.: Leguminosae or Fabaceae, the Bean 
Tribe.”— Bindley: Nat. Syst. Bot., 2d ed. (1836), p. 148. 



Granules of Bean 
Starch. 

Magnified about 120 diam¬ 
eters. 


bdil, bdy; pout, Jdwl; cat, 
-clan, -tian = shen. -tion, 


§ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, £em; thin, this; 

-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




416 


bear 


bean-caper 


bean-caper, bean caper, s. [Eng. bean , and 
caper (q. v.).l The English name of the genus 
Zygophyllum, the typical one of the botanical order 
Zygophyllacese. The species, which are not particu¬ 
larly ornamental, have fleshy leaves and yellow or 
whitish yellow flowers. They come from the Cape 
of Good Hope and other places. 

In the plural (Bean Capers): The name given by 
Lindley to the order Zygophyllacese (q. v.). 

bean-cod, bean cod, s. The legume of a bean. 
[Cod.] 

“Argent, three bean-cods . . .”— Gloss, of Heraldry. 
bean-fed, a. Fed on beans. 

“. . . a fat and bean-fed horse, . . .” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. 1. 
bean-fly, s. “A small fly of a pale-purple color 
found on beans, the larvae of a maggotcalledMida.” 
The term Mida is from Gr. midas, an insect stated 
by Theophrastus to be destructive to pulse. 

bean-goose, s. A kind of goose, the Anser sege- 
tum. It is so called from the resemblance which the 
upper mandible of the bill bears to a horse-bean. It 
is a migratory bird, coming to this country from 
the North in autumn, and returning thither again 
in spring. 

bean-harvester, s. A machine for cutting and 
heaping together bean-haulm when ready to be 
gathered. There are various kinds. 

bean-meal, s. [See Bean, II.] 
bean-ore, s. 

Mining: Brown iron-ore, occurring in ellipsoidal 
concretions. 

bean-sheller, s. A machine for shelling beans, 
bean-shot, s. 

Metal-working: Copper formed into shot like 
gravel by being poured in a melted state into 
water. 

bean-stalk, s. The stalk of a bean. 

“Taking this ground, a man may maintain the story 
of * Jack and the Bean-stalk ’ in the face of all the science 
in the world.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., xiv. 435. 

bean-tree, s. 

1. The Swedish bean-tree, Pyrus intermedia. 

2. The bean-tree of Australia, Castanospermum 
australe, a leguminous species belonging to the 
section Sophore®. 

bean-trefoil, s. 

1. The English name of Anagyris, a genus of 
plants belonging to the Papilionaceous sub-order 
of the Leguminos®. The species are small trees 
with legumes curved inward at the extremity. They 
grow in the south of Europe, North America, and 
perhaps elsewhere. 

2. A name sometimes given to Menyanthes trifoli- 
ata. [Menyanthes.] 

3. A name formerly applied to the Laburnum 
(Cytisus laburnum). [Cytisus.] 

bean (1), bane, a. [Gael. ha?i=white; baine= 
whiteness.] White. (Scotch.) 

“. . . with light sandy-oolorea hair, and small, pale 
features, from which he derived his agnomen of Bean, or 
white . . .”— Scott: Waverley, ch. xvii. 

*bean (2), a. [Probably from Fr. bien (as subst.) 
=wealth, property, . . . comfort; (as adj.) = 
well.] [Bene.] Comfortable, snug. (Old Scotch.) 
*beand. [Beyond.] 

*be'-and, pr.par. [A. S. beand, pr. par. of beon 
=to be.] Being. (0. Scotch.) 

“ Bath the partiis beand personaly present—the lordis 
auditoris decretis,” &c.— Act. Audit., A. 1476, p. 43. ( Jamie¬ 
son .) 

be an-shaw, s. [Benshaw.] (Scotch.) 
bear (1), *bere, *bsere, *beore, *bser'-en, 
*ber-en, *beir'-en, *bueren (pret. bore, f bare, 
*bar, *bear, *bcer, *ber; pa. par. born, borne) (aere, 
eore, eir, and uer as ar),v. t.&i. [A. S. beran, 
beoran (pret. beer; pa. par. boren) = to bear; gebe- 
ran = to bear; geboeran=to behave, to conduct 
one’s self; aberan=to bear, carry, suffer; 0. S. 
beran, giber an; O. Fries, and O. Icel. bera; Sw. 
bara; I)an. bare; Dut. baren=to give birth to, to 
bring forth; beuren =to lift; bceren=to carry, to 
bear; Goth, bairan —to carry; Ger. gebaren =to 
bring forth ; fiihren=to carry; 0. L. Ger. beran; O. 
H. Ger. beran, peran =to bear; Fr. porter=to carry; 
Sp. & Port. parer=to bring forth; Ital. portare —to 
carry; Lat./ero=to bear or carry; p,..no=to bear; 
porto —to carry what is heavy : Gr. phero, phoreo= 
to bear or carry; cognate with barus= heavy, and 
baros= weight; Ir. berradh, beirim= to bear or bring 
forth, &c.; Russ. beru=to take, to carry; Pers. ber; 
Sansc. bhar , bharami, bibharmi —to carry, to sus¬ 
tain. Occurs in Semitic as Heb. parah, rarely para 
= (1) to carry, (2) to be fruitful, (3) to run as a 
chariot. Possibly connected also with bara= (1) to 
cut out, (2) to create, to produce.] [Bairn, Bae- 


inde, Bekinde, Bear (2), Bere, Bier, Birth, 
Burden.] A word of very various significations. 
Thus Watts says— 

“ We say, to bear a burden, to bear sorrow or reproach, to 
bear a name, to bear a grudge, to bear fruit, or to bear 
children. The word bear is used in very different senses.” 

A. Transitive: 

I. To support or to carry as a burden. 

1. Literally: 

(1) To support, sustain, or carry any person or 
thing possessing a greater or less amount of mate¬ 
rial weight. 

“ . . . that thou shouldest say unto me, Carry them 
in thy bosom, as a nursing father beareth the sucking 
child, unto the land which thou swearest unto their 
fathers ?”— Numbers xi. 12. 

(2) To cause any person or thing to be sustained 
or carried, or conveyed, without literally bearing 
the burden one’s self. 

“A guest like him, a Trojan guest before, 

In shew of friendship, sought the Spartan shore, 

And ravish’d Helen from her husband bore." — Garth. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) (Of any mental or moral instead of any phys¬ 
ical burden): To support, sustain, or carry. 

(a) To sustain, to maintain, to support. - 

“For he always saw passing events, not in the point of 
view in which they commonly appear to one who bears a 
part in them, . . .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

(b) To endure, to suffer to stand, to tolerate, with¬ 
out giving way under the load, or being otherwise 
injured by it. 

“I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hith¬ 
erto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye 
able.” — 1 Corinthians iii. 2. 

“ . . . he could not bear the eyes of the bar and of 
the audience.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

(c) To endure without resentment; to tolerate, to 
stand. 

“Not the gods, nor angry Jove will bear 
Thy lawless wand’ring walks in upper air.” 

Dryden. 

(d) To suffer, to undergo; to be subjected to as a 
punishment, sickness, calamity, or loss. 

“ I have borne chastisement, I will not offend any more.” 
— Job xxxiv. 31. 

“ That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee; 

1 bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it.”— 
Genesis xxxi. 39. 

(e) To stand the temptation resulting from any¬ 
thing. 

“ I was carried on to observe, how they did bear their 
fortunes, and how they did employ their times.” — Bacon. 

(f) To be responsible for; to be answerable for. 

“ . . . they shall even bear their iniquity.”— Ezekiel 
xliv. 10. 

“ If I bring him not unto thee, then I shall bear the 
blame to my father for ever.” — Genesis xliv. 32. 

“ . . . that which thou puttest on me will I bear." — 

2 Kings xviii. 14. 

(g) To carry or convey an immaterial burden or 
anything similar. 

“ My message to the ghost of Priam bear: 

Tell him a new Achilles sent thee there.” 

Dryden: JEneid. 

(2) (When no idea of burden is implied , but in 
many cases the reverse): To sustain, support, pos¬ 
sess, or carry anything. Specially — 

(a) To possess a name. 

“ His pious brother, sure the best 
Who evei bore that name.”— Dryden. 

(b) To possess a title or other mark of honorable 
distinction, as “ to bear arms.” 

“ He may not bear so fair and so noble an image of the 
Divine glory, as the universe in its full system.”— Hale. 

“ I write the falsehood on their crest. 

If by the blaze I mark aright, 

Thou bear’st the belt and spur of knight.” 

Scoti: Lady of the Lake, iv. 30. 

t(c) To possess in the sense of being the object 
of. 

“ I’ll be your father, and your brother too ; 

Let me but bear your love, I’ll bear your cares.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., v. 2. 

(d) To possess as power. (Used specially in such 
phrases as “ to bear sway.”) 

“ When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, 

The post of honor is a private station.” 

Addison: Cato. 

( e ) To carry in the mind, to entertain, to harbor. 
(Used of good and of bad and indifferent emo¬ 
tions.) 

“ That inviolable love I bear to the land of my nativity, 
prevailed upon me to engage in so bold an attempt.”— 
Swift. 

“ As for this gentleman who is fond of her, she beareth 
him an invincible hatred.”— Ibid. 



Used of things: 

To be capable of, to admit, to be sufficient 


“ Had lie not been eager to find mistakes, he would not 
have strained my works to such a sense as they will not 
bear.’’ — Atterbury. 


K 


To supply. 

To tolerate, admit of. 


“ . . . than either the judgment of wise men allow- 
eth, or the law of God itself will bear.” — Hooker. 

II. To produce, to bring forth. 

1. Lit.: To give birth to, to produce, to bring 
forth. Used — 

(a) Of the female sex of manor that of the infe¬ 
rior animals. 


“ . . . Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee . . 
—Genesis xvii. 21. 


(b) Of plants. 

“ Nor yet the hawthorn bore her berries red.” 

Cowper: Needless Alarm. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) To give birth to, as the earth is poetically said 
to do to the animals and plants generated upon it, 
or as one’s natal spot is said to give him birth. 

“ Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore." 

Dryden. 

(b) To bring forth, produce, adduce, give. 

“ There is another that beareth witness of me . . — 

John v. 32. 


III. Reflectively: To act; to behave. (The radi¬ 
cal signification probably is to support or to carry 
one’s self.) 

“ . . . some good instruction give, 

How I may bear me here.”— Shakesp.: Temp., i. 2. 

“ Hath he borne himself penitently in prison f" 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iv. 2. 

IT This sense appears to have been derived from 
A. S. bceran= to behave, to conduct one’s self. (See 
etymology.) 

IV. To weigh down, press upon, drive, or urge. 
(Here the signification points not at the person sus¬ 
taining the burden, but at the burden viewed as 
weighing down the person.) 

1. To press upon, even when motion or action on 
the part of the person thus pressed does not follow. 

“ Caesar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, i. 2. 

“ These men bear hard upon the suspected party, pursue 
her close through all her windings.”— Addison. 

2. To drive or urge in some direction, as forward 
or backward. 

(a) Chiefly by physical means. [See C. 3, 4.] 

(b) Chiefly or wholly by moral means. 

“ But confidence then bore thee on; secure, 

Either to meet no danger, or to find 

Matter of glorious trial.”— Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To suffer. 

“ They bore as heroes, but they felt as men.”— Pope. 

2. To be patient; to endure without murmuring. 

“ I cannot, cannot bear: ’tis past, ’tis done; 

Perish this impious, this detested son ! ” 

Dryden. 

3. To act upon, or against. [See C. 15.] 

“Spinola, with his shot, did bear upon those within, 
who appeared upon the wall.”— Hayward. 

4. To produce, to bring forth its like; to be 
fruitful. 

“A fruit-tree hath been blown up almost by the roots, 
and set up again, and the next year bear exceedingly.”— 
Bacon. 

5. To succeed, to take effect. 

“Having pawned a full suit of clothes for a sum of 
money, which my operator assured me was the last he 
should want to bring all our matters to bear." — Guardian, 

6. To be situated with respect to. 

“At noon we perceived a low double land, bearing 
W. S. W., about ten leagues distant . . .’’—Walter: 

Anson’s Voyage, 15th ed. (1780), p. 53. 

7. To move in the direction of. 

C. In phrases in some of which bear is transitive, 
in others intransitive. 

1. To bear against: 

(a) To be in contact with; to press more or less 
forcibly against. 

“ Because the operations to be performed by the teeth 
require a considerable strength in the instruments which 
move the lower jaw, nature hath provided this with 
strong muscles to make it bear forcibly against the upper 
jaw.”— Eay. 

“Upon the tops of mountains, the air which bears 
against the restagnant quicksilver is less pressed.”— 
Boyle. t 

(b) To move toward, to approach. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, h§r, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, sin; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bear 


417 


bear-berry 


2. To bear away: 

(a) Trails.: To win, to carry away; as, for in¬ 
stance, a prize. 

“ Because the Greek and Latin have ever borne away the 
prerogative from all. other tongues, they shall serve as 
touchstones to make our trials by.”— Camden. 

( b ) Intrans.: To move one’s self off; to depart, to 

nee. 

“ Never did men more joyfully obey, 

Or sooner understand the sign to fly: 

With such alacrity they bore away/’ —Dryden. 

3. To bear back or backward (tram.) : To thrust 
or drive back or backward by physical force. 

“Their broken oars, and floating planks, withstand 

Their passage, while they labor to the land; 

And ebbing tides bear back upon th’ uncertain sand.” 

Dryden. 

“ Olan-Alpine’s best are backward borne.” 

Scott ■ Lady of the Lake, vi. 18. 

4. To bear down (tram.): 

(a) Lit.: To thrust down by physical force. 

“• . . on land they were at first borne down by irre¬ 
sistible force.”— Macaulay.- Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

(b) Fig.: To do so by other means. 

“Truth is borne down, attestations neglected, the testi¬ 
mony of sober persons despised.” — Swift. 

(c) Naut.: To sail toward. (Followed by upon.) 

5. To bear hand to: To support, to lend assistance 
to. (Scotch.) 

“. . . to beare hand to the trueth . . . ”— Bruce: 
Eleven Serm., f. 3 b. 

If Bear a hand (without to) is very common in 
English in the sense of help : “ Bear a hand here I ” 

6. To bear in: To move in. 

“Whose navy like a stiff stretch’d cord did shew, 

Till he bore in, and bent them into flight.” 

Dryden. 

7. To bear in hand: To amuse with false pre¬ 
tenses ; to deceive ; to accuse. 

“Your daughter, whom she bore in hand to love 
With such integrity, she did confess 
Was as a scorpion to her sight.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 5. 

“ . . . his sickness, age, and impotence, 

Was falsely borne in hand.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 

8. To bear off (trans. ) : 

(a) Lit.: To carry away. 

“ Give but the word, we’ll snatch this damsel up. 

And bear her off.” Addison- Cato. 

(b) To hold ; to restrain. 

“ Do you suppose the state of this realm to be now so 
feeble, that it cannot bear off a greater blow than this ? ” 
— Hayward. 

9. To bear on hand: *to bar on hand: 

(a) Trans.: To tell, to inform, to apprise. 
(Scotch.) 

“In till this tyme that Umphraweill, 

As I bar yow on hand er quhill, 

Come till the King of Ingland ...” 

Barbour, xix. 142, MS. (Jamieson.) 

(b) Intram.: To affirm, to relate. 

“ Syn the Balliol and his folk were 
Arywyd in to Scotland, 

As I have herd men bere on hand.’ 

Wyntown, viii. 33, 64. (Jamieson.) 

10. To bear out (trans.): 

(a) To afford a warrant for; to give legitimate 
defense, or at least excuse, for. 

“ I hope your warrant will bear out the deed.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iv. 1. 

(b) To support; to sustain by power or any other 
way than by legal or moral warrant. 

“ Quoth Sidrophel, I do not doubt 
To find friends that will bear me out.” 

Hudibras. 

“ Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing.”— 
South. 

(c) Intram.: To stand forth. 

“ In a convex mirror, we view the figures and all other 
things, which bear out with more life and strength than 
nature itself.”— Dryden. 

11. To bear the bell: To lead. [ Bell, A., III., 4.] 

12. To bear the cross; to bear one's cross: 

(a) Lit. (of Christ): To endure the agonizing 
physical and mental sufferings of which the cross 
was the symbol. 

« Submits to death, nay, bears the cross. 

In all its shame and woe.” Cameron. 

(b) Fig. (of His folloivers): To endure sufferings, 
especially those to which their devotion to their 
Divine Master may expose them. 

“ And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after 
Me, cannot be My disciple .”—Luke xiv. 27. 


13. To bear the sword: 

(a) Lit.: To carry or boar a sword for a longer or 
shorter time as the emblem of authority. 

“ I do commit into your hand 
The unstain’d sword that you have us’d to bear.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., v. 2. 

(b) Fig.: To be in an office conferring authority, 
even when no sword is carried. 

“ . . . for he [the magistrate] beareth not the sword 
in vain . . .”— Bom. xiii. 4. 

14. To bear up (trans. & intrans.): 

(1) Transitive: 

(a) Lit.: To sustain anything by physical means, 
so that it cannot fall or sink. 

“. . . the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and 
it was lift up above the earth.”— Gen. vii. 17. 

“ And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars upon 
which the house stood, and on which it was borne up .”— 
Judges xvi. 29. 

(b) Fig.: To sustain any immaterial thing by 
suitable means. 

“ A religious hope does not only bear up the mind 
under her sufferings, but makes her rejoice in them.”— 
Addison. 

(2) Intramitive: 

’ (a) Lit.: To move upward or onward. 

“The oily drops swimming on the spirit of wine, 
moved restlessly to and fro, sometimes bearing up to one 
another, as if all were to unite into ono body; and then 
falling off, and continuing to shift places.”— Boyle. 

(b) Fig.: To manifest fortitude, to be unmoved; 
to retain composure under calamity. 

“Yet, even against such accumulated disasters and dis¬ 
graces, his vigorous and inspiring mind bore up .”— 
Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

15. To bear upon: 

(a) Lit.: To carry upon, as a ship upon a rock. 

“ We were encounter’d by a mighty rock, 

Which being violently borne upon, 

Our helpless ship was splitted in the midst.” 

Shakesp.-. Comedy of Errors, i. 1. 

(b) Fig.: To have a certain reference to; to 
restrain one’s self. 

“ And sae for fear he clean sud spoil the sport 
Gin anes his shepherdess sud tak the dort, 

He boore upon him, and ne’er loot her ken, 

That he was ony ways about her fain.” 

Ross.- Helenore, p. 33. 

16. To bear with: To endure something distaste¬ 
ful to one. 

“If he is willingto bear with their scrupulosity . . .” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

IF (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between to bear 
and to yield: “ Bear conveys the idea of creating 
within itself; yield, that of giving from itself. 
Animals bear their young; inanimate objects yield 
their produce. An apple-tree bears apples; the 
earth yields fruits. Bear marks properly the 
natural power of bringing forth something of its 
own kind; yield is said of the result or quantum 
brought forth. _ Shrubs bear leaves, flowers, or 
berries, according to their natural properties; 
flowers yield seeds plentifully or otherwise as they 
are favored by circumstances.” 

(b) To bear, to carry, to convey, and to transport 
are thus discriminated: “To bear is simply to put 
the weight of any substance upon one’s self; to 
carry is to remove it from the spot where it was; 
we always bear in carrying, but not vice vers&. 
That which cannot be easily borne must be burden¬ 
some to carry. Since bear is confined to personal 
service, it may be used in the sense of carry, when 
the latter implies the removal of anything by any 
other body. The bearer of a letter or parcel is he 
who carries it in his hand; the carrier of parcels is 
he who employs a conveyance. Convey and trans¬ 
port are species of carryinq. Carry in its particular 
sense is employed either for personal exertions or 
actions performed by the help of other means. 
Convey and transport are employed for such actions 
as are performed not by immediate personal inter¬ 
vention or exertion : a porter carries goods on his 
knot; goods are conveyed in a wagon or cart; they 
are transported in a vessel. Convey expresses 
simply the mode of removing,’ transport annexes 
the ideas of place and distance. Merchants get 
conveyed into their warehouses goods which have 
been transported from distant countries.” (Crabb: 
Eng. Synon.) 

bear (2), v. t. [Bear, s., II. 1.] 

On the Stock Exchange: A cant phrase meaning 
to attempt to depress the price of stock. 

bear (1), *beare, *bere, *be -ore,s. [A. S. bera 
=bear; Dut. beer; Ger. bar; M. H. Ger. ber;. O. H. 
Ger . bero, pero; Icel. & Sw. biOrn, bjbrn; Lat./era 
=a wild beast.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Zool.: The English name of the various 
species of Plantigrade mammals belonging to the 
Ursus and some neighboring genera. The term 


plantigrade, applied to the bears, intimates that 
they walk on the soles of their feet; not, like the 
digitigrade animals, on their toes. Though having 
six incisor teeth in each jaw, like the rest of the 
Carnivora, yet the tubercular crowns of the molar 
teeth show that their food is partly vegetable. They 
grub up roots, and, when they can obtain it, greed¬ 
ily devour honey. They hibernate in winter. The 
best-known species is Ursus arctos, the Brown Bear, 
the one sometimes seen dancing to the amusement 
of children in the streets. They are wild in this 
country, on the continent of Europe, and in Asia. 
Other species are the Syrian Bear (Ursus Syriacus, 
which is the bear of Scripture); the American 
Black Bear (U . Americanus); the Grizzly Bear of 
the same continent (U.ferox); and the Polar Bear, 
U. or Thalassarctos maritimus, and others. 

“ . . . they be chafed in their minds, as a bear 
robbed of her whelps in the field.” — 2 Sam. xvii. 8. 

(2) Palaeontology: 

(i.) The Family Ursidoe. The earliest representa¬ 
tive of the Ursidee, or Bear family, known at 
present, does not belong to the typical genus Ursus. 
It is called Amphicyon, and is of Miocene age. 

(ii.) The Genus Ursus. Of the True Bears belong¬ 
ing to the Ursus genus none have as yet been 
found earlier than the Pliocene. 

(a) Pliocene Bears. The best-known species is 
Ursus arvernemis. 

(b) Post-pliocene Bears. One of these, Ursus 
priscus, seems the same as U. ferox (the Grizzly 
Bear). [A., I. 1.] Several bears, Ursus spelceus, 
arctos, and others, have been found in caves in 
England and elsewhere. Of these, U. spelceus, from 
Gr. spelaios— a grotto, cave, cavern, or pit, is the 
one called specially the Cave-bear. It is a giant 
species, occurring in the later rather than the 
earlier Post-pliocene beds. (Nicolson: Palceont., 
<£c.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) A person brave, fierce, and rough in his treat¬ 
ment of others, whom one holds in his control. 

“ York. Call hither to the stake my two brave bears, 

That with the very shaking of their chains 

They may astonish these fell lurking curs: 

Bid Salisbury and Warwick come to me. 

(Enter the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury.) 

Clif. Are these thy bears ? we’ll bait thy bears to death. 

And manacle the bear-ward in their chains. 

If thou darest bring them to the baiting-place.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., v. 1. 

(b) The Northern Bear: Russia. The points of 
resemblance are probably that, like the Polar Bear, 
its habitat is far north amid snow and ice; its 
aspect is shaggy, and those who meddle with it are 
apt to perish in its fatal embrace. 

II. Technically: 

1. On the Stock Exchange: A cant phrase for one 
who contracts to sell on a specified day certain 
stock not belonging to him, at the market price 
then prevailing, on receiving imaginary payment 
for them at the rate wh ich obtains when the promise 
was made. It now becomes his interest that the 
stock on which he has speculated should fall in 
price ; and he is tempted to effect this end by circu¬ 
lating adverse rumors regarding it; while the 
purchaser, called a “ bull,” sees it to his advantage 
to make the stock rise. The origin of the term is 
uncertain. Dr. Warton derives it from the pro¬ 
verbial expression of selling the skin before the bear 
is caught, but he does not assign any explanation 
to the contrary term bull; others point out that the 
action of the former is like that of a bear pulling 
down something with his paws, while that of the 
latter is suggestive of a bull tossing a person up 
with his horns. [Bull.] 

2. Astron.: One or other of two constellations, 
Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, called respectively 
the Great Bear and the Little Bear. [Ursa.] 
When the word Bear stands alone, it signifies Ursa 
Major. 

“ E’en then when Troy was by the Greeks o’erthrown, 
The Bear oppos’d to bi-ight Orion shone.” — Creech. 

3. Naut.: A block, shaggy below with matting, 
used to scrub the decks of vessels. 

If The word bear is used in an attributive sense 
in compounds like the following: 

bear-baiting, *bear-bayting, s. The sport of 
baiting bears by dogs set upon them. [Baiting.] 

“But bear-baiting, then a favorite diversion of high 
and low. was the abomination which most strongly stirred 
the wrath of the austere sectaries.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

bear-berry, s. The English name of the Arcto- 
staphylos, a genus of plants belonging to the 
order Ericaceae (Heathworts). It includes the two 
species, Arctostaphylos Uva ursi and A. alpina. 
They are sometimes , ranked under the genus 
Arbutus. The flowers are rose-colored, the berry of 
the Uva ursi is red, while that of the other is black. 
They afford food for moor-fowl. The former is used 
in nephritic and calculous cases, and sometimes 


b<Bl, boy; pfiut, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 

27 



bear-bind 


418 


bearded 


even in pulmonary diseases; it moreover dyes an 
ash color, and can be used in tanning leather. It is 
found on the Continent, especially in alpine regions, 
while its cho sen 
habitat in the Brit¬ 
ish Isles is in the 
Scottish Highlands. 

bear-bind, s. The 
English name of the 
Calystegia, a genus 
of plants belonging 
to the order Con- 
volvulacese, or Bind¬ 
weeds. It is called 
ftlso Hooded Bind¬ 
weed. The Calys- 

egia sepium and C. 
p Idanella occur in 
Britain. The former 
has large showy 
flowers, pure white, 
or sometimes rose- 
colored or striped 
with pink; it is 1. Calystegia sepium. 2. Calyx, 
found in moist with its leafy bracts 

woods and hedges. (natural size). 

The latter, which has large rose-colored flowers, is 
usually found on sandy sea-shores, 
bear-fly, s. An insect. 

“ There be of flies, caterpillars, canker-flies, and bear- 
flies . . .”— Bacon: Natural History. 

bear-garden, s. 

A. As substantive: 

1. A garden or other place in which bears are kept 
for “ sport ” or exhibition. 

“ Hurrying me from the play-house, and the scenes 
there, to the bear-garden , to the apes, and asses, and 
tygers.”— Stilling fleet. 

“I could not forbear going to a place of renown for 
the gallantry of Britons, namely, to the bear-garden.” — 
Spectator. 

2. An assembly in which those present behave 
with bear-like rudeness. 

B. Attributively ; Resembling the manners of a 
bear-garden; rude, turbulent, uproarious. 

“. . . a bear-garden fellow: that is, a man rude 

enough to be a proper frequenter of the bear-garden. 
Bear-garden sport is used for inelegant entertainment.”— 
Johnson. 

bear-oak, s. Quercus ilicfolia. 
bear’s-breecb, s. The English name of the 
Acanthus, the typical genus of the botanical order 
Acanthacese. [Acanthus.] 

bear’s-ear, s. Theordinary English name of the 
Cortusa, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Primulacese. Another English appellation for it is 
Sanicle. C. Matthioli , the Common Bear’s Ear 
Sanicle, is a handsome Httle plant from the Alps. 

bear’s-foot, s. The English name of a plant 
(Helleborus fcetidus). It is a bushy plant, two feet 
high, with evergreen palmate leaves, globose flow¬ 
ers, fetid smell, and powerfully cathartic properties. 

bear’s-grape, s. A plant, Arctostaphylos TJva 
ursi. [Aectostaphylos.] 

bear’s-grease, s. The grease or fat of bears, 
used extensively as an ointment for the hair, 
bear-skin, s. 

1. The skin of a bear. 

2. A shaggy kind of woolen cloth used for over¬ 
coats. 

bear’s-whortleberry, s. A name for the bear- 
berry (Arctostaphylos). [See Beae-beeby, Aec¬ 
tostaphylos.] 

bear-whelp, s. The whelp of a bear, 
bear-wort, s. An umbelliferous plant, Meum 
athamanticum, called also Meu, Baldmoney or 
Bawdmoney. 

bear (2), bere, beir, beer, s. [Beee.] 

1. As subst.: A cereal, “ six-rowed barley ” (Hor- 
deum hexastichum). [Beee.] 

“ Our kiutra’s rife wi’ bear and corn. 

Wheat, beans, and pease.” 

Galloway Poems, p. 104. (Boucher.) 

2. Attributively: Pertaining to the cereal de¬ 
scribed under A. 

bear-land, s. Land appropriated for a crop of 
barley. (See example under Beab-seed.) 
bear-meal, s. & a. 

1. As subst.: Meal composed of bear. 

2. As adj.: Pertaining to such meal. 

“ . . . and feed Mm, as they did me, on bear-meal 
scones and bruxy mutton . . .”— Scott: Red-gauntlet, 
oh. xii. 

bear-mell, s. A mallet for beating the hulls off 
barley. (It is called in Scotch also knockin mell.) 
( Jamieson.) 


bear-seed, beer-seed, beir-seed, s. 

1. Barley, or big. 

“The shower’ll do muckle guid to the beer-seed. It’s 
been a sair drowth tMs three weeks .”—Tennanfs Card. 
Beaton, p. 113- 

2. That portion of agricultural labor which is 
appropriated to the raising of barley. 

“. . . vacance to be for the beirseid during the 
monethof Maij .”—Acts Ja. VI., 1587 (ed. 1814), p. 447. 

3. The season for sowing barley. 

“A dry season is not at all desirable for ploughing 
and sowing bear-land, because it directly encourages 
want of solidity. That defect is much supplied by a 
rainy bear-seed.”—Survey of Banffshire, App., p. 49. 
(Jamieson.) 

bear-stane, s. A hollow stone, anciently used 
for removing the husks of bear or barley. 

“It is what was formerly called in this country a bear- 
stane, hollow like a large mortar; and was made use of 
to unhusk the bear of barley, as a preparation for the pot, 
with a large wooden mell, long before barley-mills were 
known.”— Stat. Acc., xix., 561-2. (Jamieson.) 

bear'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bear; -able .] Able to be 
borne. 

bear'-a-bly, adv. [Eng. bearabl(e) -y.) In a 
bearable manner; in a manner to be endured ; 
tolerably, endurably. 

*beard (1), *baerd, s. A reproach, taunt. 

“ Heo bi nithinges beard 
Driuen heom on-yeinwserd.” 

. Layamon, i. 71. 

beard (2), *beard, *berd, *berde, s. [A. S. beard; 
Fries, berd; Dut. baard; Ger. bart; Fr. barbe; 
Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. barba; Wei. barf; Pol. 
broda; Russ, boroda; Lith. barzda .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of man : 

1. Lit.: The hair on the lower parts of the face of 
man, constituting one of the most noticeable marks 
by which he is distinguished from the opposite 
sex. 

“ Ere on thy chin the springing beard began 
To spread a doubtful down, and promise man.” 

Prior. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) The face (in phrases implying to the face); 
openly, defiantly. 

If (a) To do anything offensive to a man's “ beard 
To his face, for the sake of affront; in open defiance 

of. 

“ Rail’d at their covenant, and jeer’d 
Their rev’rend persons to my beard.” 

Hudibras. 

(b) To make the beard of: To outwit, to deceive, 
to overreach. 

“ He sayd, I trow the clerkes were aferde, 

Yet can a miller make a clerke’s berde.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,093-4. 

(c) Maugre one's beard: In spite of one. 

(2) Time of life. 

If (a) Without a beard: Not yet having reached 
manhood; without virility. 

“ Some thin remains of chastity appeared 
Ev’n under Jove, but Jove without a beard.” 

Dryden. 

( b ) A gray beard , literally—a beard that is gray, 
and figuratively=an old man (in most cases con¬ 
temptuously); and a reverend beard is literally=a 
beard white with age, and figuratively=a very old 
man ( respectfully ). 

“The ancient ruffian, sir, whose life I have spar’d at 
suit of his gray beard.” — Shakesp.: King Leer, ii. 2. 

“ We’ll overreach the graybeard, Gremio, 

The narrow-prying father, Minola.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. 

“Would it not be insufferable f or a prof essor to have his 
authority of forty years’ standing, confirmed by general 
tradition and a reverend beard, overturned by an upstart 
novelist ?”— Locke. 

II. Of the inferior animals: Anything bearing a 
more or less close analogy, or even a remote simi¬ 
larity. to the hirsute appendage of the chin in man. 
[B. l.j 

“. . . and when he [either a lion or a bear] arose 
against me, I caught Mm by his beard, and smote him, 
and slew him.”—1 Sam. xvii. 35. 

III. Of plants: The awns in cereal or other 
grasses. 

“A certain farmer complained that the beards of Ms 
corn cut the reapers’ and threshers’ fingers.”— L’ Estrange. 

IV. Of things inanimate. Specially — 

1. The barb of an arrow. [Beabded, B., 1.3, 6.1 

2. The tail of a comet. [Beabded, B., 1.3, a.J 

3. The foam on the sea. 

“The ocean old, 

* * * * * 

And far and wide 
With ceaseless flow. 

His beard of snow 

Heaves with the heaving of his breast.” 

Longfellow: The Building of the Ship. 



B. Technically: 

I. Anthropology: The hirsute appendage of the 
chin in man. [A., I. 1.] 

II. Zoology: 

1. Among mammals: 

(а) The hirsute appendages of the lower part of 
the face in some genera and species. [A., II., and 
Beabded (B., 1.1, example).] 

(б) The appendages, though not hirsute, to the 
mouth of some Cetacea. 

2. Amongbirds: The small feathers at the base of 
the bill. [Beabded Tit, Beaedy.] 

3. Among fishes: The appendages to the mouth of 
some fishes. [Beakdie.] 

4. Among insects: Two small oblong fleshy bodies 

E laced just above the antlia,or spiral sucker, in the 
lepidoptera, and the corresponding part of the 
mouth in some Diptera, like the gnat. 

5. Among mollusks: 

(a) The byssus by which some genera affix them¬ 
selves to the rock. Example, the byssus in the 
genus Pinna. 

(6) The gills in some genera. Example, Ostrea 
(the oyster). 

III. Botany: 

1. The arista, or awn, of grasses; the bristle into 
which the midrib of the bracts in the flowers of 
many grasses is prolonged. 

2. Long hairs occurring in tufts. 

IV. Farriery: The beard or chuck of a horse is 
that part which bears the curb of the bridle. 

V. Printing: That part of the type above and 
below the face which allows for ascending and 
descending letters, such as h and y, and prevents 
them from coming in contact with adjacent letters 
in the preceding or following line. Many types, 
mostly capitals, are cast with very little beard. 

VI. Carpentry: The sharp edge of a board. 


VII. Mechanics: 


1. The hook at the end of a knitting needle in a 
knitting machine. It is designed to hold the yam. 

2. A spring-piece at the back of a lock to prevent 
the jnternal parts from rattling. 


beard-grass, s. The English name of Polypo- 
gon, a genus of grasses. [Polypogon.] 
beard-moss, s. A botanical name for a lichen. 
Usnea barbata. This or some other species of 
Usnea is believed to be Milton’s 


“. . . humble shrub 
And bush with frizl’d hair implicit.” 

beard-tree, s. The hazel-tree. [Filbeet.] 
beard, v. t. [From beard , s. (q. v.)] 

I. To provide or furnish with a beard. (Generally 
in the pa. par., bearded.) 

“The youth now bearded, and yet pert and raw.’* 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

II. To take or pluck by the beard in contemptuous 
defiance or uncontrollable anger. 

1. Lit.: With the foregoing meaning. 

2. Fig.: To defy, to oppose to the face, to affront. 
Used— 

(а) Of persons: 

“ No man so potent breathes upon the ground 
But I will beard him.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., iv. L 

(б) Of things: 


“ The meanest weed the soil there bare 
Her breath did so refine. 

That it with woodbine durst compare 
And beard the eglantine.” 

Drayton: Question of Cynthia, p. 624. 

III. Carpentry: To chip or plane away timber, so 
as to reduce the concavity of a curve, to modify a 
straight line, &c. 

be’ard-ed, pa. par. & a. [Beabd, «.] 

A. As pa. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 


B. As participial adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of man or the inferior animals : Having a beard. 
“ The bearded Turk, that rarely deigns to speak.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, ii. 68. 
“. . . two large bearded monkeys.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. 2. 

2. Of plants: Having awns, as barley and other 
grain, and some grasses. [See also II. 2.] 

■ “ In among the bearded barley.” 

Tennyson: Lady of Shalott. 

“ On the chalk-hill the bearded grass 
Is dry and dewless.” 

Tennyson: The Miller's Daughter. 

3. Of things inanimate : 

(a) Having anything long and hair-like connected 
with it. 

“Some bearded meteor, trailing light.” 

Tennyson: Lady of Shalott, pt. iii. 


fate, fat, fare, umidst, what, fail, father; we, wSt, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or., wore, wolf, w3rk, who, sin; mute, cub, cure, unite, cGr, rflle, fill; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = lew. 





beardie 


419 


beast 


( b) Barbed,jagged. 

“Thou should’sfc have pull’d the secret from my breast, 
Torn out the bearded steel to give me rest.” 

Dryden. 

II. Technically: 

1. Zool.: Possessed of a “beard.” [A. 1.] 

If The Bearded Tit, Bearded Titmouse, Bearded 
Pinnock: A bird, called also the Least Butcher-bird. 
It is the Calamophilus biarmicus of Jenyns. The 
male has the head a light grayish-blue—the general 
color light red; the wings variegated with black 
and white; mystachial bands and lower tail-cov- 
erts black. The female is lighter, with the head 
merely tipped with gray, no mystachial bands, and 
the lower tail-coverts light red. Young like the 
female, but with the head and back black. Male: 
length 614 inches ; extent of wings, 714 ; female, 614 
inches. It lives among reeds and aquatic plants in 
'the southern counties of England. Its nest, made 
of reeds, sedges, &c., and lined with reed-tops, is 
placed in a tuft of grass or rushes near the ground. 
Its eggs are five or six, white, with a few light-red 
lines and dots. 

2. Botany: Having long hairs occurring in tufts ; 
barbate. 

be ard-ie, s. [Dimin. of Eng. beard.'] A name 
given to a fish, the Loach (Cobitis barbatula, 
Linn.). [Cobitis, Loach.] 

be ard-Ihg, pr. par., a. & s. [Beard, v. t.] 

As substantive (Nautical): The angular forepart 
of the rudder in juxtaposition with the stern-post; 
also the corresponding bevel of the stern-post. 

bearding-line, s. 

Ship-building: A curved line made by bearding 
the cfead-wood to the shape of the ship’s body. 

be ard-less, *be ard-les, *be rd-les, a. [A. S. 

beardleas; Dut. baardloos; Ger. bartlos.] 

1. Without a beard. 

“ There are some coins of Cunobelin, King of Essex and 
Middlesex, with a beardless image, inscribed Cunobelin.’’ 
— Camden. 

2. Youthful, immature. 

“ To scoff at withered age and beardless youth.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

be ard-less-ness, s. [Eng. beardless; -ness.] The 
quality of being beardless. (Smart.) 

be ard-let, s. [Eng. beard, and dimin. -let.] 

Bot.: A little beard. 

be ard-let-ted, a. [From Eng. beardlet (q. v.).] 
Bot.: Furnished with small awns, as Cinna 
arundinacea. 

be ard-y, s. [Dimin. of Eng. beard. Beardy and 
beardie are etymologically the same, but the mean¬ 
ing happens to be different.] A name for a bird, the 
White-throated Warbler, or White-throat (Sylvia 
cinerea). 

tbeare (1), s. [Eng. bear.] A burthen. 

“The dolefulst beare that ever man did see, 

Was Astrophel, but dearest unto mee !” 

Spenser: Astrophel. 

*beare(2),s. [Bier.] 

bear’-er, s. [Eng. bear; -er. In Sw. barare; 
Dan. bcerer.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: One who bears or carries anything. 

1. One who carries any material thing, as a body 
to the grave, a palanquin, a pall, or a letter. Hence 
the compounds pall-bearer, palanquin-bearer, 
standard-bearer, &c. 

(а) In a general sense. [I., 1.] 

“. . . the packet of which he was the bearer .”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

(б) Plural: Those who carry a body to the grave 
upon their shoulders. This was once the universal 
practice, and is still seen in many parts of the 
country. (Boucher.) 

(c) In India: A palanquin-bearer; also a native 
servant who carries about a child; a nurse. _ 

2. One who bears or carries any intangible thing, 
such as a verbal message. 

“ No gentleman sends a servant with a message, without 
endeavoring to put it into terms brought down to the 
capacity of the bearer.” — Swift. 

II. Fig.: One who wears or supports anything, 
as an office or dignity. 

“O majesty! 

When thou dost pinch thy bearer, thou dost sit 
Like a rich armor worn in heat of day, 

That scalds with safety.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iv. 4. 

III. An animal or plant producing its kind. 

“ This way of procuring autumnal roses, in some that 
are good bearers, will succeed.”— Boyle. 

“ Re-prune apricots, saving the young shoots; for the 
raw bearers commonly perish.”— Evelyn. 


B. Technically: 

1. Comm., Banking, <&c.: One who bears or car¬ 
ries, and specially who presents for payment a 
draft, check, bill, or note, entitling him to receive a 
certain sum of money. 

2. Arch.: A post or brick wall raised up between 
the ends of a piece of timber, to shorten its bearing, 
or to prevent its bearing with the whole weight at 
the ends only. 

3. Heraldry: The supporter of a shield on an 
escutcheon. Animals generally figure in such a 
case. 

4. Turnery: The part of the lathe supporting the 
puppets. 

6. Machinery : 

(a) A bar beneath the ordinary bars of a furnace, 
and designed for their support. 

(b) The housings or standards of a rolling-mill in 
which the gudgeons of the rollers revolve. 

6. Printing: Small pieces of metal, wood, or cork 
used to “ bear off ” the impression from those parts 
of the type where it would otherwise be too heavy. 

7. Stereotyping: Borders of metal or wood placed 
around a page of type for the purpose.of foKming a 
boundary to receive the mold from which tl»e metal 
fac-simile cast is to be taken. 

8. Music: One of the thin pieces of hard wood 
fastened to the upper side of the sound-board in an 
organ. It is designed to form a guide to the regular 
slides commanding the apertures in the top of a 
wind-chest with which the pipes forming stops are 
connected. 

9. Horticulture. [A., III.] 

bear -herd, s. [Eng. bear, and herd.] One who 
herds or looks after bears. 

“He that is more than a youth, is not for me; and he 
that is less than a man, I am not for him: therefore I will 
even take sixpence in earnest of the bearherd, and lead 
his apes into hell.”— Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, 
ii. 1. 

IF In some of the editions it is bearward, which is 
the more common form. 

bear'-ing (1), *ber'-ing, *ber'-fng, *ber'-ynge 
(Eng.), *ber'-inde (er as ar), *bar'-Inde (0. 
Scotch), pr. par., a. & s. [In A. S. berende=beaimg, 
fruitful.] [Bear, v.\ 

A. & B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 
C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Capability or possibility of being borne; endur¬ 
ance, toleration. 

“ Well, I protest, ’tis past all bearing.” 

Cowper: Mutual Forbearance. 

2. The way in which one bears himself; mien, 
port, manner, conduct, or behavior. (Used specially 
of one’s manner or carriage as seen by beholders.) 

“ Another tablet register’d the death, 

And praised the gallant bearing of a knight, 

Tried in the sea-fights of the second Charles.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

“ He hath a stately bearing, . . 

Hemans: The Vespers of Palermo. 

3. Relation to ; connection with. 

“. . . by patiently accumulating and reflecting on 

all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing on 
it.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), Introd., p. 1. 

4. The act of producing or giving birth to. 

II. Technically : 

1. Arch.: The space between the two fixed extrem¬ 
ities of a piece of timber, or between one of the 
extremities and a post or wall placed so as to dimin¬ 
ish the unsupported length. Also and commonly 
used for the “distance or length which the ends 
of a piece of timber lie upon or are inserted into the 
walls or piers.” (Gwilt.) 

2. Mechanics: 

(a) The portion of an axle or shaft in contact with 
the collar or boxing. 

(b) The portion of the support on which a gudgeon 
rests and revolves. 

(c) One of the pieces resting on the axle and sup¬ 
porting the framework of a carriage. 

(d) One of the chairs supporting the framework 
of a railway carriage or truck. 

3. Ship-carpentry (plur.): The widest part of a 
vessel below tfie plank-shear. 

4. Her.: A charge; anything included within the 
escutcheon. (Generally in the plural, as armorial 
bearings.) 

5. Nciut., <&c.: Observation as to the direction by 
the compass in which an object lies from the ves¬ 
sel, or the direction thus ascertained. (Sometimes 
in the plural.) 

“Captain Fitz Roy being anxious that some bearings 
should be taken on the outer coast of Chiloe, . . .”— 

Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xiv. 

bearing-binnacle, s. 

Naut.: A small binnacle on the fife-rail on the 
forward part of the poop. 


bearing-chair, s. A chair in which an invalid, 
a lady, a dignitary, or other person is carried in 
semi-civilized states of soeiety. 

“ . , Agrippina . . . caused herself to be carried 
to Baias in a bearing-chair.” — Greenway: Tacitus, p. 200. 
(Richardson.) 

bearing-cloth, *bearing cloath, s. The cloth 
or mantle with which a child is usually covered 
when carried to the church to be baptized, or 
shown to the godfather and godmother by the 
nurse. 

“Here’s a sight for thee; look thee, a bearing-cloth tor 
a squire’s child ! look thee here, take up, take up, boy; 
open’t.”— Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iii. 3. 

bearing-neck, s. 

Mech.: The journal of a shaft, the part of a shaft 
which revolves. 

bearing-partition, s. A partition supporting a 

structure above it. 

bearing-pier, s. A pier supporting a structure 
above it. 

bearing-pile, s. A pile driven into the ground 
to support a structure, 
bearing-rein, s. 

Saddlery: A rein attached to the bit, and looped 
over the check-hook in carriage-harness or the 
hames in wagon-harness. 

bearing-wall, s. 

Arch.: A wall supporting a beam somewhere 
between the ends, and thus rendering it much more 
secure than it would otherwise be. [Bearer, B. 2.] 
bear'-ing (2 ),pr.par., a. & s. [Bear (2),«.] 

A. & B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive : In a sense corresponding to that of the verb. 

C. As substantive. On the Stock Exchange: A 
cant term for the practice of depreciating the value 
of certain stocks for one’s own pecuniary advan¬ 
tage. 

“ The stoppage of the Bystem of ‘ bulling’ and ‘ bearing ’ 
on the Stock Exchange would be of immense benefit to 
the community.”— Times, July 14,1874. 

*bear'-is be-fo'r, s. pi. [Scotch bearis, from 
A. S. beran =to bear ; and befor= before.] Ancestors. 
The same as Scotch Forbears (q. v.). (Scotch.) 

“ Yhit we suld thynk one our bearis befor, . . .”— 
Wallace, i. 15, MS. 

bear’-Ish, a. [Eng. bear; -ish.] Having some 
of the qualities of a bear, as, for instance, its 
roughness of procedure. 

“ . . . we call men, by way of reproach, sheepish, 
bearish,” <&c.— Harris: Three Treatises, Notes, p. 344. 

bear'-less, a. [Eng. bear ( 1), v. t.; -less.] Bar¬ 
ren, unfruitful. 

bear’-like, a. [Eng. bear, s.; like.] Like a 
bear. 

“ They have tied me to a stake: I cannot fly, 

But, bearlike, I must fight the course.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 7. 

*bearn, s. The same as Barne, Bairn (q. v.). 

bear -ward, *bear e-ward, *bear-§,rd, s. 

[Eng. bear; ward.] 

1. Lit.: A keeper of a bear or bears; a protector 
of a bear. [See also Bearherd.] 

“ The bear is led after one manner, the multitude after 
another; the bearward leads but one brute, and the 
mountebank leads a thousand.”— VEstrange. 

2. Fig.: One who takes charge of a human bear. 

3. The star Arcturus, fancifully supposed to fol¬ 
low Ursa Major, the Great Bear, and look after its 
safety. This notion may be found in Sanscrit, 
Greek, Latin, and other languages. [Arcturus.] 

“ ‘ Arktouros, o (ouros, guard): Arcturus, Bearward, 

. . .”—Liddell & Scott: Gr. and Eng. Lex., 5th ed. (1863), 
p. 183. 

beast, *beeste, *beste, *best, s. [In Sw. best; 
Dan. bcest; Dut. & L. Ger. beest; H. Ger. bestie; Ft. 
btte; O. Fr. best , beeste; Port. bSsta; Sp., Prov., 
Ital., & Lat. bestia= a beast, an irrational creature 
opposed to man. It differs from animal, wfiich 
includes man. Corn, best —el beast; Gael, biast.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. Any of the inferior animals as contradistin¬ 
guished from man. [See above the etym. of Lat. 
bestia.] 

2. A quadruped, especially a wild one, and of a 
kind usually hunted. [B. 2.] 

“The man that once did sell the lion’s skin 
While the beast liv’d, was kill’d with hunting him.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv. 3. 

3. Scripture: A quadruped, as distinguished from 
a bird, a fish, and a creeping thing; a quadruped 
which is wild, in contradistinction to cattle or other 
domesticated animals; a horse, or ass, or other 
animal for drawing a carriage or for riding on, as 
distinguished from animals, like oxen, kept pri- 


I)<S 11 , b6y; pout, j< 5 wl; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, £em; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious = shus. -ble. -die. &c. = bel. del. 




420 


beat 


beast-fly 


marily for food or dairy purposes, though in fact 
frequently used also for draught, or even occasion¬ 
ally for riding on. 

“ But ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee: and 
the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee: . . . the 

fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.”— Job xii. 7, 8. 

“Beasts, and all cattle; creejnng things, and flying 
fowl.”— Ps. cxlviii. 10. 

”... and his cattle, and all his beasts, . . .”— 
Gen. xxxvi. 6. 


”... bind the chariot to the swift beast 
Micah i. 13. 


x. 34. 


and set him on his own beast, 


—Luke 


4. Among farmers the term is applied specially to 
cattle as distinguished from other kinds of live 
stock. 

To put the beast on one's self: To take shame to 
one’s self. (O. Scotch.) 

”... putting the beast upon ourselves, for having 
been so base . . .”—ill. Ward’s Contendings, p. 15. 

IT Beasts of the field: Quadrupeds which walk as 
distinguished from birds which fly. 

“Upon his ruin shall all the fowls of the heaven remain, 
and all the beasts of the field shall be upon his branches.” 
•—Ezekiel xxxi. 13. 


*1. Brutal want of intellect. [See example from 
North’s Plutarch, p. 763, in Trench’s Sel. Gloss., 

pp. 20, 21.] 

2. A beastlike act; an act, practice, or conduct in 
any respect resembling that of the brutes rather 
than that of man ; or in which it is supposed, per¬ 
haps erroneously, that brutes would shamelessly 
indulge, if they had the opportunity. 

”... beastliness of drunken men.”— North- Plutarch, 
p. 732. 

“ They held this land, and with their filthiness 
Polluted this same gentle soil long time, 

That their own mother loath’d their beastliness, 

And ’gan abhor her brood’s unkindly crime.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 9. 

be'ast~li-wl§e, adv. [Bestlywise.] 

be'ast-ly, *beest-ll, *be ste-ly, a.&adv. [Eng. 
beast; -ly .j 

A. As adjective: 

1. Besembling an animal, or anything possessed 
by an animal. 

*2. Like anything possessed by an animal. 

“It is sown a beestli bodi, it shall rise a spiritual bodi.” 
—1 Cor. xv. 44 ( Wiclif). ( Trench .) 

“ Beastly divinities, and droves of gods.”— Prior. 


4. To strike with the feet in place of the hands* 
(Used of walking, dancing, &c.; or of treading the 
ground until a path is formed.) 

“ Come knit hands, and beat the ground 
In a light fantastic round.”— Milton: Comus. 

“ While I this unexampled task essay, 

Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way, 
Celestial dove ! divine assistance bring.” 

Blaekmore. 

5. To cause to pulsate or throb. 

“ I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, 
and see it beat the first conscious pulse.”— Collier. 

6. To strike against by means of wind, water, or 
other natural agency. 

“ I saw a crag, a lofty stone 
As ever tempest beat.” 

Wordsworth: The Oak and the Broom. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To overcome by means of a beating adminis¬ 
tered to a person, an army, &c.; to overcome in a 
contest of any kind, physical, mental, or moral; to 
surpass, to leave behind. 

“Both armies, however, were unsuccessful; and both, 
after having been beaten by the enemy, fled.”— Arnold: 
Hist. Rome, vol. i., ch. xv., p. 303. 


Wild beasts of the field: Those of the former class 
which have remained undomesticated. 

“I know all the fowls of the mountains: and the wild 
beasts of the field are mine.”— Psalm 1. 11. 

IT In various prophetic passages in the Book of 
Revelation the Greek word zoon. which is translated 
“beast,” should rather be rendered “living being” 
or “living creature.” 

“ And the four beasts said, Amen.”— Rev. v. 14. 

II. Figuratively: A man destitute of intellect, of 
brutal cruelty, of filthy habits, or in any other re¬ 
spect approaching the inferior animals in mind, 
conduct, or habits. 

“Were not his words delicious, I a beast 
To take them as I did.” 

Tennyson: Edwin Morris. 

B. Technically: 

*1. Old Natural Science: A heterogeneous “genus,” 
or “order ” (it would now be called “ class”), com¬ 
prehending quadruped warm-blooded mammals, 
quadruped reptiles, and even serpents. 

“ Animate bodies are divided into four great genera or 
orders: Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Insects. The species 
of Beasts, including also Serpents, are not very numer¬ 
ous.”— Ray: Wisdom of God in Creation, 7th ed. (1717), 

p. 21. 

2. Laic: A wild quadruped, especially one of a 
kind usually hunted. 

“ Beasts of chase are the buck, the doe, the fox, the 
martern, and the roe. Beasts of the forest are the hart, 
the hind, the hare, the boar, and the wolf. Beasts of war¬ 
ren are the hare and cony.”— Cowel. 

3. Gaming: A game at cards similar to loo. 

IT 1. Mark of the Beast: 

(1) Lit. <& Script.: A mark impressed on all the 
followers of the mystical Beast of the Apocalypse 
(xiii. 16-18; cf. 2 Macc. vi. 7). 

(2) Fig.: The distinguishing sign of any sect or 
party. 

2. Number of the Beast: 

Script.: A number (666) representing the name of 
the mystical Beast (Rev. xiii. 18), which the early 
Christians identified with Nero. 

beast-fly, s. A gadfly. 

beast-milk, s. [Beest-milk.] 

be'ast-ee, s. [Bheestie.] ( Anglo-Indian .) 

*be ast-i-al, «• &s. [Bestial.] 
beast-i-al-i-ty, s. [Bestiality.] 
be ast-ie, s. [Dimin. of Eng. beast.'] Little 
beast. (Generally used as expressive of affection 
or sympathy.) 

“ Wee, sleekit, cowrin’, tim’rous beastie, 

Oh, what a panic’s in thy breastie.” 

Burns: To a Mouse. 

*be ast-Ings, s. pi. [Beestings.] 

beast-ish, a. [En g. beast; - ish .] Partaking of 
the qualities of a beast. 

*be'ast-ll-head, *be'ast-ly-head, s. [Eng. 
beastly , and suff. -head.] An epithet designed to be 
a respectful or flattering appellation for a beast. 
In the subjoined example the “ Foxe ” thus 
addresses the “ Kidd.” 

“Sicke, sicke, alas! and little lack of dead, 

But I be relieved by your beastlyhead.” 

Spenser: Shephearde’s Calendar, v. 

be ast-llke, a. [Eng. beast; like.] Like a beast. 

“Her life was beastlike, and devoid of pity.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, v. 3. 

beast-ll-ness, *beast-ly-ness, s. [Eng. beast; 
-ly, -ness.] 


3. Possessed of animal rather than human quali¬ 
ties, or at least supposed to be so; acting like the 
brutes. 

”... the herdsman of the beastly plebeians . . .” 
— Shakesp. ■ Coriolanus, ii. 1. 

B. As adverb: As if a beast had done it; as by a 
beast. 

“Who neigh’d so high, that what I would have spoke 
Was beastly dumb’d by him.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 5. 

be ast-u-g.1, a. [Bestial.] 

*beat, a. [Norman.] Blessed. 

beat, *bete (pret. beat, *beot; pa. par. beaten, 
beat , *beten, *beoten ), v. t. & i. [A. S. beatan (pret. 
beot, pa. par. beaten); O. Icel. bauta; Sw. bulta; O. 
Sw. beta; Fr. battre; Pro v.batre; Sp. batir; Port. 
bater; Ital. battere; Lat. batuo, battuo; Pol. bic; 
Russ, bitj; Serv. batati. Imitated from the sound 
of a smart blow.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: To inflict blows on a person or 
thing. 

1. To give to a human or other sentient being 
repeated blows with an instrument, or with the 
closed or open hand; in fighting, for the sake of 
assault, for punishment, or for any other object. 

“And that servant, which knew his lord’s will, and pre¬ 
pared not himself, neither did according to his will, shall 
be beaten with many stripes.”— Luke xii. 47. 

“ . . . make them of no more voice 
Than dogs, that are as often beat for barking.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 2. 

2. To give successive blows to such an instrument 
as a drum, to elicit from it music. 

“ Or at their chamber-door Fll 6ea£*the drum, 

Till it cry sleep to death.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 4. 

3. To give blows to anything to modify its form 
or consistency, or for any similar purpose. 
Specially — 

(а) To hammer a metal into a required form, as 
gold into wire or leaf, or heated iron on an anvil. 

“ They did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into 
wires to work it . . .”— Exodus xxxix. 3. 

(б) To pound any substance in a mortar. 

“The people gathered manna, and ground it in mills, 
or beat it in a mortar, and baked it.” — Numbers xi. 8. 

(c) To thresh out corn or any other cereal, or 
such a plant as hemp, by means of a flail or a 
threshing-machine. 

“They save the laborious work of beating of hemp, by 
making the axle-tree of the main wheel of their corn 
mills longer than ordinary, and placing of pins in them, 
to raise large hammers like those used for paper and 
fulling mills, with which they beat most of their hemp.” 
— Mortimer. 

(d) To give blows to trees or brushwood, with the 
view of shaking down fruit or starting game. 
[Beat Down.] 

“ When thou beatest thine olive-tree, thou shalt not go 
over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for 
the fatherless, and for the widow.”— Deut. xxiv. 20. 

“ When from the cave thou risest with the day 
To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey.” 

Prior. 

(e) Gently to strike by means of a spoon, or to 
agitate a liquid by means of a tremulous, a rotatory, 
or any other motion. 

“By long beating the white of an egg with a lump of 
alum, you may bring it into white curds.” — Boyle. 


“You souls of geese, 

That bear the shapes of men, how have you run 
From slaves that apes would beat.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 4. 

“Hence, the more common forms, in the race for life, 
will tend to beat and supplant the less common forms.”— 
Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. vi., p. 177. 

2. To stimulate. (See also C. 10.) 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To strike against anything. 

(1) With man for the agent: To strike upon any. 
thing with the hand or with a weapon ; to knock at 
a door. 

“. . . the men of the city beset the house round 
about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the 
house . . . ”— Judg. xix. 22. 


(2) With a thing for the agent: To strike against, 
as a storm of wind or rain, the agitated waves of 
the ocean, or the rays of the sun during fierce heat. 
(Lit. or fig.) 

(a) Literally: 


Your brow, which does no fear of thunder know. 
Sees rowling tempests vainly beat below.”— Dryden. 


“. . . the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he 

fainted, and wished in himself to die.”— Jonah iv. 8. 

(6) Figuratively: 

“ Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers.” 
— Bacon. 


(3) To vibrate, giving a succession of blows, as a 
clock striking, or a bell tolling. 

“ But I heard a heart of iron beating in the ancient 
tower.” Longfellow: Belfry of Bruges. 


IT In (1), though the form of the verb is intransi¬ 
tive, the sense is almost transitive; in (3) it is 
almost passive in reality. So we speak of drums 
beating, meaning reaUy being beaten, 

2. Of the heart or veins: To pulsate or throb, 
especially when one is mentaUy agitated; also of a 
swelling containing pus. ( Literally and figura¬ 
tively.) 

“ No pulse shall keep 

His nat’ral progress, but surcease to beat.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iv. 1. 

IT There is a different reading in some other edi¬ 
tions. 

“ Thy heart these two weeks has been beating fast 
With many hopes . . .”— Wordsworth. Michael. 


II. Naut.: To make way against the wind by 
tacking to and fro. 

C. In compound terms or special phrases: 

1. To beat a path is, by means of frequent walk¬ 
ing in a particular direction, to beat down herbage, 
the mud, or inequalities of surface, so as to make a 
path where none existed before. [Beaten, 4.] 

2. To beat about: To search for, like a person 
going through bushes and beating them for game. 

“ I am always beating about in my thoughts for some¬ 
thing that may turn to the benefit of my dear country¬ 
men.”— Addison. 


IT To beat about the bush is to approach a question 
in a cautious and roundabout way. 

3. To beat back: To draw back by violence, or to 
compel by some insurmountable difficulty in the 
way to return. (Applied to men, to the ocean 
beaten back from the shore, &c.) 

“Twice have I sally’d, and was twice beat back.” 

Dryden. 

“Above the brine, where Caledonia’s rocks 
Beat back the surge—and where Hibernia shoots. 

Cowper: To the Immortal Memory of the Halibut. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




beat 


421 


beater 


4. To beat down: 

(a) To knock down by literal blows inflicted on 
tlie body of a sentient being, or by engines of war 
Used to batter forts. 

“ . . . and, behold, the multitude melted away, and 
they went on beating down one another.”—1 Samuel xiv. 16. 

“And be beat down the tower of 1'enuol, and slew the 
men of the city.”— Judg. viii. 17. 

( b ) To terminate, or to render powerless by active 
effort of an antagonistic kind. 

“ . . . the party which had long thwarted him had 
been beaten down.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

(c) To endeavor by stipulation or by haggling to 
reduce the price asked for an article. 

“Surveys rich movables with curious eye, 

Beats down the price, and threatens still to buy.” 

Dryden. 

(d) To lessen price in some other way. 

“Usury beats down the price of land; for the employ¬ 
ment of money is chiefly either merchandising or pur¬ 
chasing: and usury waylays both.”— Bacon. 

5. To beat hollow: So completely to beat, dis¬ 
tance, or surpass, that the reputation of the van¬ 
quished person or thing, formerly looked on as 
solid, is now seen to be hollow. ( Colloquial and vul¬ 
gar.) 

6. To beat into: 

(a) Literally: To beat till an entrance is effected. 

“And there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves 
beat into the ship, so that it was now full.”— Mark iv. 37. 


(6) Figuratively: To introduce into by constant 
repetition. (Used specially of the painful effort to 
introduce knowledge into a dull brain.) 

7. To beat off: 

(а) To drive away by blows, or less accurately by 
threats of blows. 

“ . . . and an attempt to beat off the lictors, and to 
rescue her from the hands of M. Claudius, is threatened 
. . .”— Lewis: Early Bom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. iii., § 61. 

(б) To drive away by anything unpleasant for 
the mind or heart to endure. 

“ The younger part of mankind might be beat off from 
the belief of the most important points even of natural 
religion, by the impudent jests of a profane wit.”— 
Watts. 

(c) To separate mechanically. (Used of things.) 

“And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord 
shall beat off from the channel of the river unto the 
stream of Egypt . . .”— Isaiah xxvii. 12. 

8. To beat out: 

(a) To compel one to quit a place by beating 
him ; to drive out, to expel. (Lit. and fig.) 

“He that proceeds upon other principles in his inquiry 
does at least post himself in a party, which he will not 
quit till he be beaten out.” — Locke. 

“He cannot beat it out of his head, but that it was a 
cardinal who picked his pocket.”— Addison. 

(b) To overcome with fatigue. [Generally in the 
passive, to be beaten out (Colloquial ).] 

“Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed.” 
—Dickens. 

(c) To thresh out, to separate from the husk by 
blows. (Used of the threshing of grain.) 

“So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out 
that she had gleaned.”— Ruth ii. 17. 

(d) To beat something which is malleable — a 
metal, for instance, till it takes a more extended 
form than that previously possessed. 

“And he made two cherubims of gold beaten out of one 
piece . . .”— Exodus xxxvii. 7. 

(e) Fig.: To count out or mark, as by the beat of 
a pendulum or anything by which time is noted; 
hence to define clearly. 

“In the dusk of thee the clock 
Beats out the little lives of men.” 

Tennyson: In Memoriam. 

“ Perplexed in faith, but pure in deeds, 

At last he beat his music out.” — Ibid. 

(/) To get something for nothing by taking an 
unfair advantage of another; as,. to beat a street 
car company out of a fare by avoiding payment to 
the conductor. (Colloquial.) 

Q TV* btfinf tii.p nil' * 

(a) Literally: To aim a blow which strikes only 

the air. A pugilist might do this in private exer¬ 
cise, as a preliminary flourish to serious fighting, 
or in that serious fighting itself, by missing his 
antagonist. „ .,, 

(b) Figuratively: To put forth fruitless aims in 
spiritual or other contests. (See also C. 14.) 

“I therefore so run, not .as uncertainly; so fight I, not 
as one that beateth the air.” — 1 Cor. ix. 26. 

10. To beat the brains: To attempt to stimulate 
the brain to exertion beyond what is natural to it; 
to “ cudgel ” the brains. 

“It is no point of wisdom for a man to beat his brains, 
and spend his spirits, about things impossible.”— Hake- 
will. 


11. To beat the chest (in the menage): A term used 
of a horse, when at each motion he fails to take in 
ground enough with his fore-legs, or when he makes 
curvets too precipitately or too low. 

12. To beat the head: The same as to beat the 
brains (q. v.). 

“Why any one should waste his time and beat his head 
about the Latin grammar, who does not intend to be a 
critic.”— Locke. 

13. To beat the hoof: To walk; to go on foot. 
(Johnson.) 

14. To beat the wind: To strixe at the air with a 
sword. In ancient trials by combat, when one of 
the parties did not appear, the other was simply 
required to make some flourishes in the air with his 
weapon, on executing which he was entitled to all 
the honors of victory. 

15. To beat the wing: To strike the air with the 
wings. 

“Thrice have I beat the wing, and rid with night 
About the world.”— Dryden. 

16. To beat time: To note time in music by a 
movement of the hand or baton. 

17. To beat to arms: To beat a drum with the view 
of assembling the soldiers or armed citizens of a 
town. (James.) 

18. To beat to quarters: The signal on board war¬ 
ships for every man to go to his proper station. 

19. To beat up: To attack suddenly, or to alarm. 
(Used specially in the phrase “ to beat up the quar¬ 
ters of an enemy.” See also No. 20.) 

“They lay in that quiet posture, without making the 
least impression upon the enemy by beating up his quar¬ 
ters, which might easily have been done.”— Clarendon. 

20. To beat up for: To go hither and thither in 
quest of. (Used specially in the expression “ fo 
beat up for recruits,” to search through markets or 
other places for them, formerly with actual beat of 
drum.) 

If Beat up is also used in the same sense without 
for; as “he is beating up recruits for the soci¬ 
ety,” &c. 

21. To beat upon: 

(a) Lit.: To strike upon, as a person may do with 
his hand or a weapon, or a tempest by the air which 
it sets in motion. 

(b) Fig.: To revert to repeatedly. 

“We are drawn on into a larger speech, by reason of 
their so great earnestness, who beat more and more upon 
these last alleged words.”— Hooker. 

“How frequently and fervently doth the Scripture beat 
upon this cause.”— Hakewill. 

22. To beat upon a walk (in the menage): A term 
used of a horse when he walks too short. 

If (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs 
to beat, to strike , and to hit. “ To beat is to redouble 
blows ; to strike is to give one single blow ; but the 
bare touching in consequence of an effort consti¬ 
tutes hitting. We never beat but with design, nor 
hit without an aim, but we may strike by accident. 
It is the part of the strong to beat; of the most 
vehement to strike; of the most sure-sighted to 
hit." 

(b) To beat, to defeat, to overpower, to rout, and 
to overthrow are thus discriminated: “ To beat is 
an indefinite term expressive of no particular 
degree: the being beaten may be attended with 
greater or less damage. To be defeated is a specific 
disadvantage; it is a failure in a particular object 
Of more or less importance. To be overpowered is 
a positive loss; it is a loss of the power of acting 
which may be of longer or shorter duration. To be 
routed is a temporary disadvantage; a rout alters the 
course of proceeding, but does not disable. To be 
overthrown is the greatest of all mischiefs, and is ap¬ 
plicable only to great armies and great concerns : an 
overthrow commonly decides a contest. Beat is a 
term which reflects more or less dishonor on the gen¬ 
eral or the army, or on both. Defeat is an indifferent 
term ; the best generals may sometimes be defeated 
by circumstances which are above human control. 
Overpowering is coupled with no particular honor 
to tne winner, nor disgrace to the loser; superior 
power is oftener the result of good fortune than of 
skill: the bravest and finest troops may be overpow¬ 
ered in cases which exceed human power. A rout is 
always disgraceful, particularly to the army; it 
always arises from want of firmness. _ An overthrow 
is fatal rather than dishonorable; it excites pity 
rather than contempt.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

beat, s. [From beat, v. (q. v.) See also Bat.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of beating; the state of being beaten. 

1. A stroke with the hand or with a weapon for 
the purpose of assault. 

2. A stroke with a hammer or similar instrument 
for forcing a metal into the required shape. (Lit. 
and fig.) 

“ He with a careless beat 
Struck out the mute creation at a heat.” 

Dryden: Hind and Panther, i. 253. 


3. A series of strokes on a drum or similar instru¬ 
ment, to play a tune or make a signal. 

“ . . . the beat of the drum was heard.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

4. A pulsation of the heart or wrist, or the throb¬ 
bing of a swelling produced by inflammation. 

Literally: In the sense here defined. 

“ When one beat among a certain number of strokes is 
omitted, as in the intermitting pulse . . .”— Cyclop. 
Pract. Med. 

II. That which is beaten, trod over, or perambu¬ 
lated. 

1. A certain assigned space, regularly traversed at 

more or less stated intervals. (Used specially of 
the space prescribed to a policeman to be perambu¬ 
lated in the interests of the public.) , 

“ Every part of the metropolis is divided into beats, and 
is watched day and night.”— Penny Cyclop., xviii. 336, 
article “Police.” 

2. The round taken when people beat up for 
game. 

B. Technically: 

I. Music: 

1. The rise or fall of the hand or foot in regula¬ 
ting time. 

2. A transient grace-note struck immediately 
before the one of which it is designed to heighten 
the effect. 

3. The pulsation of two notes not completely in 
unison. 

II. Mil. Beat of drum: A series of strokes upon 
a drum, so varied as to convey different military 
orders to the soldiers who have been previously 
instructed as to the meaning of each. 

Ill .Horology. Beat of a clock or watch: A tick¬ 
ing sound made by the action of the escapement. 

In beat: With such actions at intervals of equal 
length. 

Out of beat: With the action at intervals of un¬ 
equal length. 

be at-gn, tbeat, *be t-gn, pa. par. & adj. [Beat, 
v. f.] 

As participial adj.: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. Specially — 

1. Subjected to blows. (Used of persons struck, 
or of metals hammered out.) 

“ And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of beaten 
work shalt thou make them . . . ”— Exodus xxv. 18. 

2. Defeated, vanquished. 

“. . . covered the flight of the beaten army.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

3. Pressed or squeezed between rollers or in some 
similar way. 

“. . . the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil.”— 
Exodus xxix. 40; Numbers xxviii. 5. 

4. Rendered smooth by the tramping of multi¬ 
tudinous feet (lit. or fig.). 

(a) Literally: 

“What make you, sir, so late abroad 
Without a guide, and this no beaten road ?” 

Dryden: Wife of Bath, 228, 229. 

(b) Figuratively: 

“ He that will know the truth of things, must leave the 
common and beaten track.”— Locke. 

“‘We are,’he said, ‘at this moment out of the beaten 
path.’ ’’—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

5. Prostrated by the wind. 

“ Her own shall bless her; 

Her foes shake like a field of beaten corn. 

And hang their heads with sorrow.” 

Shakesp.: Henry Till., v. 4. 

IT Beaten is sometimes used as the latter part of a 
compound word, as “ weather-beaten.” 

beat-er, s. [Eng. beat; _ -er. A. S. beatere= a 
beater, a fighter, a champion; Fr. batteur; Sp. 
batidor; Port, batedor; Ital. battitore.~\ 

1. Of persons: 

(a) One who is addicted to the practice of inflict¬ 
ing blows. 

“ The best schoolmaster of our time was the greatest 
beater.” — Ascham: Schoolmaster. 

(b) One who is employed by sportsmen to beat up 
covers for game. 

2. Of things: An instrument for beating or com¬ 
minuting anything. 

“ Boat all your mortar with a beater three or four times 
over before you use it ; for thereby you incorporate the 
sand and lime well together.”— Moxon. 

Specially (Machinery): 

(a) The portion of a thrashing-machine which 

strikes. 

(b) A beating machine or scutcher used in the 
cotton manufacture. [Beating-machine.] 

(c) A blade used for breaking flax and hemp. 

(d) The lathe or batten of a loom for driving the 
weft into the shed; the movable bar which closes 
up the woolshed; a beating-bracket. 


b<ul, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f, 
-cia'n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 




beautified 


beater-press 


422 


(e) A hatter’s mallet. 

(/) The sack in a knitting machine. [See Sack.] 
{Knight.) 

beater-press, s. A press for beating bales into 
smaller bulk, they being packed first by beating, 
and then by continued pressure. 

beater-up, s. A person who or a thing which 
beats up. 

♦beath, v. t. [O. Icel. 6ada=todry.] [Bathe.] 

1. To straighten by heating at a fire. 

“ Yokes, forkes, and such other let bailiff spy out, 

And gather the same as he walketh about; 

And after at leisure let this be his hire— 

To beath them and trim them at home by the fire.” 

Tusser: Husbandry, p. 60. (S. in Boucher.) 

2. To plunge into the fire for the purpose of 
hardening. 

“ Whose knottie snags were sharpned all afore, 

And beath’din fire for steele to be in sted.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IY. vii. 7. 

♦beathed, pa.par. [Beath.] 

be-a-tlf-Ic, *be-a-tif-Ick, be-a-tlf-Ic-al, a. 
fin Fr. Matifique; Sp., Port., & Ital. beatifico, 
beatificus; from Lat. beatifico — to make blessed 
or happy; beatus= happy, and facio= to make.] 
Having the power of making one supremely blessed 
or happy. 

Beatific or Beatifical Vision: The overpoweringly 
glorious sight which shall break on those human 
beings who shall enter heaven, or which is at all 
times visible to angels inhabiting that place of 
bliss. The phrase “Beatific Vision” is frequently 
applied to the Book of Revelation by the Evangelist 
John. 


“ We may contemplate upon the greatness and strange¬ 
ness of the beatific vision; how a created eye should be so 
fortified, as to bear all those glories that stream from the 
fountain of uncreated light.”— South. 

“ . . . enjoying the beatifical vision . . .”— 

Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

be-a-tlf-Ic-gl-l^, adv. [Eng. beatifical; -ly .] In 
a beatifical manner; so as to produce supreme or 
unalloyed happiness. 

“ Beatiflcally to behold the face of God, in the fullness 
of wisdom, righteousness, and peace, is blessedness no way 
incident unto the creatures beneath man.”— Hakewill. 


be-at-if-I-ca'-tion, s. [Eng. beatific, -ation; Fr. 
beatification; Sp. beatificacion; Port, beatificagao; 
Ital. beatificazione; from Lat. beatifico, v.j [Bea¬ 
tific.] 

1. Gen.: The act of rendering supremely blessed ; 
the state of being rendered supremely blessed. 

2. Spec. (in the Church of Rome): An act by which 
the Pope declares, on evidence which he considers 
himself to possess, that a certain deceased person is 
in the enjoyment of supreme felicity in heaven. It 
is the first step toward canonization, but is not 
canonization itself. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between beatification 
and canonization: In the act of beatification the 

Pope pronounces only as a private person, and uses 
his own authority only in granting to certain per¬ 
sons, or to a religious order, the privilege of paying 
a particular worship to a beatified object. In the 
act of canonization, the Pope speaks as a judge 
after a judicial examination, on the state, and 
decides the sort of worship which ought to be paid 
by the whole church.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

be-at’-I-f led, pa. par. & a. [Beatify.] 

“ I wish I had the wings of an angel, to have ascended 
into Paradise, and to have beheld the forms of those 
beatified spirits, from which I might have copied my arch¬ 
angel.”— Dryden. 

be-at -I-fV, v. t. [In Fr. bSatifier; Sp. & Port. 
beatificar; Ital. beatificare; Lat. beatifico, from 
6eafus=blessed, and. facio—to make.] 

1. Gen.: To render supremely blessed or happy. 

“We shall know him to be the fullest good, the nearest 

to us, and the most certain; and consequently the most 
beatifying of all others.”— Browne. 

2. Spec, (in the Church of Rome ) : To declare, on 
the Pope’s authority, that a certain deceased person 
is supremely happy in the unseen world. [Beatif¬ 
ication, 2.] 

“ Over against this church stands an hospital, erected 
by a shoemaker, who has been beatified, though never 
sainted.”— Addison. 


beat-Ifig, pr.par., a. & s. [Beat, v . #.] 

A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to those 
of the v. t. and of the v. i. 

B. As participial adjective: Chiefly in senses cor- 
fesponding to those of the v. i. 

“. . . whom forest trees 
Protect from beating sunbeams . . .” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone. 

5 *. . . a turn or two I’ll walk 
To still my beating mind.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. 1. 


C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of beating. 

(1) The act of striking a sensitive being with the 
hand closed or open, or with a weapon. 

"... beatings of freemen, expulsions from the city 
were the order of the day.”— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., 
ch. xii., pt. iii., § 64. 

(2) The act or operation of striking anything, as 
part of some manufacturing process. [II., 1, 2.] 

2. The state of being beaten. 

3. The succession of blows inflicted. 

“Playwright, convict ofjmblic wrongs to men, 

Takes private beatings, and begins again.” 

Ben Jonson. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bookbinding: Formerly the act of beating with 
a broad, heavy-headed hammer a block placed above 
the folded sheets of a book to make it more easy to 
bind them neatly, and to open the several pages 
after they are in use. 

2. Flax and Hemp Manufacture: The beating of 
rolls of flax or hemp, placed for the purpose in a 
trough. This operation renders them more flexible. 

3. Gold or Silver-working: The operation of ham¬ 
mering gold or silver into thin leaves. 

4. (Music) Beats: The alternate reinforcement 
and interference of sound heard when two sounds 
are nearly, but not quite, consonant. The wave¬ 
lengths of the two notes being slightly different 
while the velocity of propagation is the same, the 
phase will alternately agree and disagree in their 
course. The number of beats is equal to the dif¬ 
ference in the frequencies of vibration of the two 
sounds producing the beats. 

5. Her.: An achievement. 

“ He won his rank and lands again, 

And charged his old paternal shield 
With beatings won on Flodden field.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 38. 

6. Naut.: The operation of making way at sea 
against the wind by tacking backward and forward. 

beating-bracket, s. The same as Beatee, 2 
(d) (q-vJ. 
beating-engine, s. 

1. Paper Manuf.: An engine for cutting rags to 
pieces that they may be converted into pulp. It 
consists of two concentric cylinders, the outer one 
hollow, each armed with knives to operate as they 
revolve. 

2. Cotton Manuf.: The same as Beating-ma¬ 
chine (q. v.). 

beating-machine, s. 

Cotton Manuf.: A machine for opening, loosening, 
and cleaning cotton from dust or other rubbish 
before commencing to operate upon it. It is called 
also a scutcher , a willower, an opener, a wolf, and a 
devil. (Knight's Diet, of Mechanics.) 

be-at'-i-tude, s. [In Fr. beatitude; Sp. beatitud; 
Ital. beatitudine; Lat. beatitudo; from beatus= 
happy; beatum, sup. of beo—to make happy. 
Trench says of the Latin beatitudo that it was a 
word coined by Cicero (Nat. Dear., i. 34), which 
scarcely rooted itself in Latin, but was adopted by 
the Christian Church. (Study of Words.)’} 

1. Ordinary Language: Supreme felicity, great 
happiness. 

“ . . . then my spirit was entranced 
With joy exalted to beatitude.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

2. Theology: The nine intimations in the Sermon 
on the Mount, each of which begins with the words 
“Blessedare . . . ” (Matt. v.). 

“ . . . the beatitudes must not be parallelized with 
the blessings which, along with the curses, accompanied 
the legislation of Sinai.”— Tholuck: Sermon on the Mount, 
Transl. by Menzies, vol. i., p. 78. 

Be-a'-trlx, s. [Low Latin, from Classical Lat. 
beata, fern, of beatus= happy ; beo = to bless.] An 
asteroid, the eighty-third found. It was discovered 
by De Gasparis, at Naples, on April 26,1865. 

beau (bo), s.; plur. beaus, beaux (bo§). [From 
Fr. adj. beau, bel (m.), belle (f.)=fine.] [Belle.] 

1. A gentleman whose chief occupation in life is 
to dress well or fashionably, or in whose thoughts 
dress holds an undue place. 

“You will become the delight of nine ladies in ten, and 
the envy of ninety-nine beaux in a hundred.”— Swift. 

2. A gentleman who is escorting a lady. 

beau-clerk, or beau-clerc, s. [Fr. (hY.)=afine 

scholar.] A name given to King Henry I. of Eng¬ 
land. 

beau esprit, s. [Fr. ( lit.)=a fine spirit; a man 
of fine spirit.] A man of a gay and witty spirit. 
[Bel Espeit.] 

beau ideal, s. [Fr. beau idial.} 

1. A faultless ideal; an ideal of beauty, in which 
the excellences of all individuals are conceived as 
combined, while their defects are omitted. 


2. The highest conceivable perfection of any¬ 
thing, whether beautiful or not. 

“ A discussion on the beau ideal of the liver, lungs, kid¬ 
neys, &c., as of the human face divine, sounds strange in 
our ears.” — Darwin: The Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), 
pt. L, ch. iv., p. 109. 

beau monde, s. [Fr. beau— fine, and monde = 
world.] The fashionable world. 

“She courted the beau monde to-night.”— Prior. 
beau (bo), v. t. [From beau, s. (q. v.)] To act as 
beau to, to escort. (Used of a gentleman escorting 
a lady.) 

beau'-catcher, s. A ringlet of hair worn on the 
temple by women, 
beaufet (bo'-fa), s. [Buffet.] 
beau-fbr -tl-a (beau as bo), s. [Named after 
Mary, Duchess of Beaufort, who died in 1714, and 
who, while her husband lived, had possessed a fine 
collection of plants.] A genus of plants belonging 
to the order Myrtacese (Myrtleblooms). The species, 
which are not numerous, come from Australia. 
They are splendid evergreen shrubs. 

beau'-frey (beau=b 5 ), s. A beam or joist. 
(Weale.) 

*beaugle, s. Old spelling of Bugle. 
beau -Ish (beau as bo), a. [Fr. beau, and Eng. 
suff. -ish. J After the manner of a beau, like a beau, 
foppish. 

“He was led into it by a natural, beauish, trifling 
fancy of his own.” — Stephens: Abridg. of Hackett’s Life 
of Archbp. Williams (1716), Pref. 

Beaumaris (Bo-mor-Is), s. & a. [Fr. 6eaw= 
fine, and marais= marsh.] 

A. As substantive: A town, the capital of Angle- 
sea, Wales. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the town mentioned 
under A.; as, Beaumaris Bay. 

Beaumaris shark. [Named from Beaumaris 
Bay, at the northern entrance to the Menai Straits.] 
The English name of the Lamna Monensis of Cuvier, 
a shark occasionally caught in the Menai Straits. 

beau'-mon-tlte (beau as bo), s. [Named after 
the celebrated Elie de Beaumont, Professor of 
Geology in the School of Mines at Paris, bora 1798.] 
A mineral, a variety of Heulandite founa near Balti¬ 
more. 

*beau-pere, *beau-phere (bo'-par), s. [Not 

from Fr. beaupbre, which is=wife’s father, but 
from Fr. 6eaw=fine, and pair, O. Fr. peer, per, par 
=peer, equal, companion ; from Lat. par=equal, or 
from A. S./era=companion.] A fair companion. 

“ Now leading him into a secret shade 
From his beauperes.” 

Spenser: F. Q., HI. i. 86, 

beau’-se-ant (beau as bo), s. Another form of 
Bauslant. 

beau -ship (beau as bo), s. [Fr. beau (q. v.), 
and Eng. suff.-ship.] The procedure or the quali¬ 
ties of a beau. (Dryden.) 

beaute (bo-ta or bu’-ta), s. [Fr. beaute.} 

[Beauty.] 

beau -te-ous, *bew'-te-ous (bew as bu), a. 

g from Eng. beauty, -ous; or O. Eng. beaute, Ac.] 
ull of beauty ; beautiful. (Chiefly poetic.) (Used 
either of a living being, of inanimate natur ♦. or 
even of anything abstract, as order.) 

“ He was among the prime in worth, 

An object beauteous to behold: 

Well born, well bred ; I sent him forth 
Ingenuous, innocent, and bold.” 

Wordsworth: Affliction of Margaret. 

“ Now, would you see this aged Thorn, 

This pond, and beauteous hill of moss.” 

Wordsworth: Thorn. 

“ And what is that, which binds the radiant sky, 

Where twelve fair signs in beauteous order lie?” 

Pope: Pastorals; Spring, 39,40. 
beau'-te-oiis-l]f, adv. [Eng. beauteous; -ly.] In 
a beauteous manner; beautifully. 

“Look upon pleasures not upon that side that is next 
the sun, or where they look beauteously . . .”— Taylor. 

beau-te-ous-ness, s. [Eng. beauteous; -ness.] 
The quality of being beauteous; great beauty. 

“ From less virtue and less beauteousness, 

The Gentiles fram’d them gods and goddesses.” 

Donne. 

beau’-tied, adj. [Eng. beauty .] Beautified, 
adorned. 

“ The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plast’ring art, 

Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it, 

Than is my deed to my most painted word.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. 

beau-tl-fled, pa. par. & a. [Beautify, v.} 

“ . . . a most pleasant, mountainous country, beau 
tified with woods, vineyards, fruits of all sorts, flower* 
also, with springs and fountains, very delectable to behold 
(Isa. xxxiii. 16, 17).” — Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. L 
“ And those bright twins were side by side, 

And there, by fresh hopes beautified.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, ii. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Sfrian. se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



beautifier 


423 


beaver 


beau ti-f l-er, s. [Eng. beautif(y); -er.] One 
■who beautifies ; one who renders anything beautiful. 
“ O Time ! the beautifier of the dead, 

Adorner of the ruin, comforter 

And only healer when the heart hath bled.” 

Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 130. 

beau -tl-ful, *bew'-ty-ful (bew as bu), a. & s. 
[Eng. beauty; -full] 

As adjective: Full of beauty. [Beauty.] Used — 
(1) Of the human (and specially of the female) 
face or figure, or of both combined. 

“Young and beautiful was Wabun.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, ii. 


beau'-tl-fy, v. t. & i. [Eng. beauty; -fy.] 

A. Trans.: To make beautiful. 

“ Time, which had thus afforded willing help 
To beautify with Nature’s fairest growth 
This rustic tenement . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 

B. Intrans. : To become beautiful. 

“ It must be a prospect pleasing to God Himself, to see 
His creation forever beautifying in His eyes, and drawing 
nearer to Him by greater degrees of resemblance.”— 
Addison. 

beau-tl-fy-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Beautify.] 
fbeau’-tl-less^beau'-tf-less, a. [Eng. beauty , 


(2) Of anything in art or in nature tastefully col- 'P ea S y le f s ’ P, eau le f s 
red, finely symmetrical, or both. anc ^ su ®• ‘^ ess -] Without beauty 

“ The Barabbas, . . . the only unamiable, undesir- 


“Awake, awake; put on thy strength, O Zion; put on thy 
■beautiful garments, . . .”— Isa. lii. i. 

“Although the scenery is nowhere beautiful, and only 
occasionally pretty, I enjoyed my walk.”— Darwin: Voy¬ 
age round the World, ch. xviii. 

(3) Of anything which finely illustrates a princi¬ 
ple. Thus medical men sometimes allow themselves 
to speak of a “ beautiful case,” meaning one 
specially worth study, from the light which it 
throws on physiology or pathology; and they are 
not deterred from usiDg the term even if the case is 
one which the untrained eye regards as horrible to 
behold. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between the words 
beautiful, fine, handsome, and pretty: “ Of these 
epithets, which denote what is pleasing to the eye, 
beautiful conveys the strongest meaning; it marks 
the possession of that in its fullest extent, of which 
the other terms denote the possession in part only. 
Fineness, handsomeness, and prettiness are to beauty 
as parts to a whole. When taken in relation to 
persons, a woman is beautiful who in feature and 
complexion possesses a grand assemblage of graces; 
a woman is fine who with a striking figure unites 
shape and symmetry; a woman is. handsome who 
has good features, and pretty if with symmetry of 
feature be united delicacy. The beautiful compre¬ 
hends regularity, proportion, and a due distribution 
of color, and every particular which can engage the 
attention; the fine must be coupled with grandeur, 
majesty, and strength of figure; it is incompatible 
With that which is small; a little woman can never 
be fine. The handsome is a general assemblage of 
What is agreeable ; it is marked by no particular 
characteristic but the absence of all deformity. 
Prettiness is always coupled with simplicity; it is 
incompatible with what is large: a tall woman 
with masculine features cannot be pretty. Beauty 


able, formless, beautiless reprobate in the mass.”— Ham¬ 
mond: Works, vol. iv., Ser. 7. ( Richardson .) 

beau -ty, *beau’-tee, *beaute, s. [Fr. beautS; 
O. Fr. beaultS; from beau or bel (m.), belle (f.) = 
beautiful. In Sp. &. Port. belleza= beauty; bello 
= beautiful; Ital. bella= beauty; 6eZfo=beautiful; 
Lat. bellitas= beauty; bellus= goodly, handsome; 
contracted from benulus, dimin. of benus, another 
form of 6owws=good.] 

I. In the abstract: That quality or assemblage of 
qualities in an object which gives the eye or the 
ear intense pleasure; or that characteristic in an 
object or in an abstraction which gratifies the 
intellect or the moral feeling. . 

1. The assemblage of qualities in a person or 
thing which greatly pleases the eye. 

(1) In a person: 

(a) Manly beauty. 

If This must be of a kind to suggest that the 
individual possessing it is endowed with the higher 
qualities of manhood—intellect, courage, strength 
of will, and capacity for ruling other men. Rosy 
cheeks and faultless symmetry of feature do not 
constitute manly beauty if they are of a kind to 
suggest that the person possessing them is effemi¬ 
nate in character. 

“ But in all Israel there was none to be so much praised 
as Absalom for his beauty; from the sole of his foot even 
to the crown of his head there was no blemish in him.”— 
2 Sam. xiv. 25. 

(b) Womanly beauty. 

If This must indicate that the person possessing 
it belongs to a high type of woman, with no com¬ 
mingling of masculine characteristics. In this case 
the excellences to be looked for are faultless sym¬ 
metry of form and of feature and complexion. 


WitU llidObuniiu icauuco vauiiuu uo vy mctij v/j. igiui ciliva iuqiuiu cijuva 'ill, 

is peculiarly a female perfection ; in the male sex it varying in hue as the mind is affected by internal 


is "rather a defect; but though a male may not be 
beautiful or pretty, he may be fine or handsome. 
When relating to other objects, beautiful, fine, 
pretty, have a strong analogy ; but handsome differs 
too essentially from the rest to admit of comparison. 
With respect to the objects of nature, the beautiful 
is displayed in the works of creation, and wherever 
it appears it is marked by elegance, variety, har¬ 
mony, proportion, but above all, that, softness 
which is peculiar to female beauty; the fine, on the 
contrary, is associated with the grand, and the 
pretty with the simple. The sky presents either a 
beautiful aspect, or a fine aspect; but not a pretty 
aspect. .4 rural scene is beautifulvthen it.unites rich¬ 
ness and diversity of natural objects with superior 
cultivation; it is tine when it presents the bolder 
and more impressive features of nature, consisting 
of rocks and mountains; it is pretty when, divested 
of all that is extraordinary, it presents a smiling 
view of nature in the gay attire of shrubs and many 
colored flowers and verdantmeadowsandluxuriant 
fields. Beautiful sentiments have much in them to 
interest the affections, as well as the understand¬ 
ing ; they make a vivid impression. Fine sentiments 
mark an elevated mind and a loftiness of concep¬ 
tion ; they occupy the understanding, and afford 
scope for reflection ; they make a strong impression 


emotion, but with an expression of purity, gentle¬ 
ness, sensibility, refinement, and intelligence. 

“ But if that thou wilt praysen my beaute.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,876. 

“This was not the beauty —Oh, nothing like this, 

That to young Nourmahal gave such magic of bliss; 

But that loveliness, ever in motion, which plays 
Hike the light upon autumn’s soft shadowy days. 

“Now here and now there, giving warmth as it flies 
From the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes; 
Now melting in mist, and now breaking in gleams 
Like the glimpses a saint has of heaven in his dreams.” 

Moore: L. Ii.; Light of the Haram. 

(c) Similarly, boyish beauty must suggest that 
the person possessing it is of the highest type of 
boyhood, girlish beauty of girlhood, and childish 
beauty of childhood. To approach perfection each 
type must be itself and no other. 

(2) In one of the inferior animals: This consists 
of color, symmetry, form, grace, and everything 
else that shows the adaptation of the structure of 
the animal to the purposes of its being. 

“. . . yet both must fail in conveying to the mind 
an adequate idea of their surpassing beauty [that of the 
Trochilidae, or Humming Birds]. The rainbow colors of 
the most resplendent gems are here superadded to a liv¬ 
ing form, which in itself is exquisitely graceful and 


4. That characteristic in an object, in an action, ot 
in an abstract conception which gratifies the moral? 
feeling. This is generally called moral beauty. 

“He hath a daily beauty in his life 
That makes me ugly, . , .” 

Shakesp.: Othello, t. L 

II. In the concrete: A person or thing fitted to 
inspire the delight referred to under No. I. 

1. A person or persons fitted to do so. Specially — 1 

(а) A beautiful woman, individually. 

“Patroclus nowth’ unwilling beauty brought.” 

Pope-. Homer’s Iliad, bk. i., 450. 

(б) The same, taken collectively. 

"And Belgium’s capital had gathered then 

Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright 

The lamps shone o’er fair women and brave men.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iii. 2L 

2. A thing or things attractive to the eye, to the 
ear, or to the love of order, symmetry, and grace 
existing in the mind. 

“ The beauties of that country are indeed too often 
hidden in the mist and rain . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xii. 

beauty-beaming, a. Beaming with beauty. 

“ . . . by myriads, forth at once, 
Swarming they pour; of all the varied hues 
Their beauty-beaming parent can disclose.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 
beauty-breatbing, a. Breathing beauty. 

“ When from his beauty-breathing pencil born 
(Except that thou hast nothing to repent), 

The Magdalen of Guido saw the morn.” 

Byron: To Genevra. 

beauty-spot, s. A spot placed upon the face to 
direct the eye to something else, or to heighten 
some beauty; a patch; a foil (lit. & fig.). 

“The filthiness of swine makes them the beauty-spot ot 
the animal creation.” — Grew. 

beauty-waning, a. Waning in respect of 
beauty; declining in beauty. 

“A beauty-waning and distressed widow, 

Even in the afternoon of her best days.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 7. 
beauty-wash, s. A wash designed to increase 
or preserve beauty; a cosmetic. 

“ . . . the only true cosmetic or beauty-wash in the 
world . . .”— Tatler, No. 34. 

*beau-ty-less, a. [Beautiless.] 
beau'-voir (bov'-war), s. An old spelling of 
Beavee (2). 

beaux (bo§), s.pl. [Beau.] 
beaux esprits, s. pi. [Beau Esprit, Bel 
Esprit.] 

beaux'-Ite, baux’-ite (beaux orbaux asbo§), 
s. [From Beaux or Baux, near Arles in France, 
where it occurs.] A mineral placed by Dana among 
his Hydrous Oxides. Its sp. gr. is 2‘551; its color 
from whitish or grayish to ochre yellow, brown and 
red; its composition—alumina 52'0, sesquioxide of 
iron27'6, and water 20 - 4. It occurs at Beaux and 
some other parts of France in concretionary grains 
or oolitic. An earthy and clay-like variety from 
Lake Wochein in Styria is called Wachenite (q. v.). 

be’a-ver (1), *be'-ver, *bie'-ver, s. [A. S. beofer, 
befer, befor, beber; Icel. biofrr; O. Icel. bior, biur; 
Sw. bafver; Dan. bcever; Dut. bever; Ger. biber; 
O. H. Ger. biber, piber; Fr. bi&vre; Sp. bibaro, 
fbevaro, befre; Port, bivaro; Ital. bivaro, bevero; 
Liat.fiber: Gael, beabhar: Russ, bobr; Lith. bebru, 
bebras. Wedgwood thinks it may be from Pol. 
babra6 —to dabble, which it does in water.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. The English name of the well-known rodent 
mammal Castor fiber, or, more loosely, of any spe¬ 
cies belong to the genus Castor. [Castor.] The 
animal so designated has in each jaw two powerful 
incisor teeth, coated with hard enamel, by means of 


Pretty ideas are but pleasing associations or com- animated in all its movements; the flight of these pigmy which it is enabled to cut across the trunks of the 
binations chat only amuse tor the time being, birds is so rapid as to elude the eye . . .’’—Swainson: t ree s which it requires for its engineering schemes. 

_- a onu laotino- imnrp« 5 inn. Wp-mav rubric 11 1 in _ u rrxi i • in , ° * 


without producing any lasting impression. We may 
speak of a beautiful poem, althoughnot a beautiful 
tragedy; but a fine tragedy, and a pretty comedy. 
Imagery may be beautiful and fine, but seldom 
pretty. (Crabb: Eng. Synonyms.) 

beautiful-browed, a. Having a beautiful brow 
or forehead. 

“ Beautiful-brow’d CEnone, my own soul.” 

Tennyson: CEnone. 

beau'-tl-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. beautiful; -ly.] In a 
beautiful manner. 

“ Yet pull not down my palace towers, that are 
So lightly, beautifully built.” 

Tennyson: The Palace of Art. 

beau'-ti-ful-ness, *beau-tl-ful-nesse, *bew’- 
ttf-ful-nes (bew as bu), s. [Eng. beautiful, -ness.] 
The quality of being beautiful; beauty. 

«. . UI1 q restored their armor to the former 

beautifulness and excellency e.”—Brende: Quintus Curtius, 
fol. 285. ( Richardson .) 


Birds, ii. 147. 

(3) In a place or thing: This consists of color, 
symmetry, and adaptation to the end for which it 
was erected or made. 

“ The uncertain glory of an April day 

Which now shows all the beauty of the sun, 

And by and by a cloud takes all away.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 3. 


[Beaver-dam.] the hind feet are webbed, and one 
of the five toes has a double nail. The tail is flat¬ 
tened horizontally, and covered with scales. Large 
glandular pouches secrete an odoriferous substance 
called Castoreum, much prized by the ancients, 
who regarded it as of high medical value. [Casto¬ 
reum.] The Castor fiber exists through the temper¬ 
ate and colder parts of this country. A species gen- 
2. The assemblage of qualities in an object which erally believed to be the same one (though this has 
are fitted to inspire analogous though not identical been doubted) exists in Europe . on the various 
pleasure to the ear. European^nvers, such as the Rhine, the Danube, 

“Recognizing the simple aesthetic pleasure derivable 


from rhythms and euphony, . . . the feelings of 

beauty yielded by poetry are feelings remotely repre¬ 
sented.”— Herbert Spencer: Psychol., p.642. 

3. That characteristic in an object or in an ab¬ 
stract conception which gratifies the inteHect. 

“ With incredible pains have I endeavored to copy the 
several beauties of the ancient and modern historians.”— 
Arbuthnot. 


and the Weser, and has attracted admiring notiee 
since the days of Herodotus. 

2. The fur of the animal just described. 

3. A hat made of such fur or hair. 

“ The broker here his spacious beaver wears, 

Upon his brow sit jealousies and cares.”— Gay. 

4. A heavy-milled woolen cloth, sometimes felted, 
used for making overcoats, hats, &c. (Simmonds, 
dtc.) 


bfiil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia’n, -tian = shc,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tlon, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




424 


bechle 


beaver-dam 


B. Attributively in compounds like the follow¬ 
ing: 

beaver-dam, s. A dam built by a beaver across 
a stream likely to run off in summer. It is gener¬ 
ally formed of drift-wood, green willows, birch, 
oplars. and similar materials. The simple method 
y which a beaver makes a tree fall in a particular 
direction across a stream, is by nibbling it round, 
not horizontally, but so as to slope or dip in the 
direction in which it intends the tree to fall. 

“The author expressed his belief that the deposits indi¬ 
cated, at places, the effects of beaver-works, tracts of forest 
having been, to all appearance, submerged and destroyed 
by the action of beaver-dams.H. Woodward, in Brit. 
Assoc. Rep. for 1869, pt. ii., p. 104. 

beaver-house, s. A “ house” built by a beaver. 
It is made of wood, mud, and stones. When a 
beaver finds that its openly inhabiting such an edi¬ 
fice in the vicinity of a human settlement exposes it 
to unnecessary risk, it abandons it, burrows in a 
hole which it has dug, and is in consequence called 
a “ terrier,” in the broad sense of an earth animal 
or burrowing animal. While the beavers inhabit¬ 
ing “ houses ” are social, the terriers are solitary. 

“ The situation of the beaver-houses is various.”— Hearne. 
beaver-rat, s. A name sometimes given to a 
small species of beaver, Castor Zibethicus (Linn.), 
one of the animals called Musk Eat. It is only 
the size of a rabbit, and inhabits Canada. 

beaver-skin, s. The skin of the beaver. The 
beaver has been so ruthlessly slaughtered in British 
North America to obtain this, that now it is much 
rarer than it was a century ago. 

beaver-tOOth, s. The enameled tooth of the 
beaver, once used by the North American Indians 
*s a cutting instrument. 

“ . . . the beaver-tooth was succeeded by the English 
file.”— Eng. Cycl., Nat. Hist., i. 416. 

beaver-tree, s. The English name of the Mag¬ 
nolia glauca, a fine fragrant and ornamental tree 
growing in swamps in North America, and so 
attractive to beavers that they are caught by means 
of it. It is called also the White Laurel and the 
Swamp Sassafras. 

beaver-works, s. pi. Either the engineering or 
the architectural works of the beaver. [See exam¬ 
ple under Beaver-dam. ] 

be'a-ver (2), *be e-vor, *be-vor, *be'-ver, 
*ba-vi-er, *beau -voir (bov -war), s. [Fr. ba- 
vibre=the bib put before a slavering infant ( Cot- 
grave); bavette = a slavering cloth ; baver = to 
slabber, slaver, drivel, dribble, foam; Fr. bave; 
Ital. bava; Sp. and Port. baba= foam ; Ital. bavlera 
=the visor of a head-piece.] The part of a helmet 
which, being made movable, can be raised to show 
the face or be put down to protect it. 

“ So beene they both at one, and doen upreare 
Their bevers bright each other for to greet.” 

Spenser: F. Q., H. i. 29. 

“ Oh, yes, my lord, he wore his beaver up.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 2. 

be'a-vered, *bS’-vered, a. [Eng. beaver; -ed.] 
Covered or protected by a beaver; wearing a 
beaver. 

“His beaver’d brow a birchen garland bears, 

Dropping with infants’ blood, and mother’s tears.” 

Pope . 

be a-ver-teen, s. [From beaver, the animal.] 
Manufactures and Commerce: 

1. A cotton twilled cloth in which the warp is 
drawn up into loops, forming a pile, thus distin¬ 
guishing the fabric from velvet, in which the pile 
is cut. 

2. A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, 
shorn after it has been dyed. If shorn before being 
dyed it is called mole-skin. (Simmonds in Goodrich 
<& Porter's Diet.) 

*be-bal'-ly, a. 

Her.: A word used by some old writers for party 
per pale. ( Parker: Gloss, of Her.) 

*beb'-ber, s. [Bibber.] 

be-be er-ine, be-bir-ine, bi-bi'r-ine, s. [From 
bebeeru (q. v.).] 

1. Chem.: An uncrystallizable basic substance, 
Ci 9 H 2 iN 03 , extracted from the bark of the Green- 
heart Tree of Guiana, Nectandra Rodicei.] [Be¬ 
beeru.] 

2. Pharm.: The sulphate of bibirine is a very 
valuable medicine, being used like quinine as a 
tonic and febrifuge. It can be given with advantage 
to patients who are unable to take sulphate of 
quinine. Unfortunately, owing to the supplies of 
the bark being very uncertain, this drug is at times 
scarce and difficult to obtain. 

be-be er-fi, be-be ar fi, s. [A Guiana word.] A 
tree, the Nectandra Rodicei or N. leucantha, vari¬ 
ety Rodicei, a species belonging to the Lauracese 
(Laurels). It is called also the Greenheart Tree. It 


grows to about seventy feet high, and has strong, 
durable timber, much prized for shipbuilding The 
bark is a tonic and a febrifuge. [Bebeerine, 2.] 

*be-ble ed (pa. par. *bebled,*bebledde), v. t. 
[Eng. pref. be, and bleed. In Dut. bebloeden= to 
ensanguine, to stain with blood; i>e£dood=bloody; 
Ger. bebluten. ] To make bloody, to stain with 
blood, to “beblood.” 

“ The open war, with woundSs all bebledde.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,004. 

“ The feast. 

All was tourned into bloud : 

The dishe forthwith, the cuppe and all, 

Bebled they weren over all.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. ii. 

*be-bli’nd, V. t. [Eng. pref. be, and blind.] To 
make blind, to blind. 

“Home courage quailes where love beblindes the sense.” 

Gascoigne: Works, p. 103. 

*be-blood', *be-blood-y, v. t. [Eng. be, and 
blood, bloody. In Dut. bebloeden; Ger. bebluten .] 
[Bebleed.] To make bloody, to stain with blood, 
to “ bebleed.” 

“ You will not admit, I trow, that he was so beblooded 
with the blood of your sacrament god.”— Sheldon: Mir. of 
Antich., p. 90. 

*be-blof, *be-blotte, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and 
blot.] To blot. 

“ Beblotte it with thy tearis eke a lite.” _ 

Chaucer: Troilus and Cresseide, ii. 1,027. 

be-blotch, v. t. To blotch, or cover with blotches. 
{Southey.) 

be-bliib'-ber, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and blubber.] 
To cause to blubber, to make to swell with weep¬ 
ing. 

be-blub'-bered, pa. par. & a. [Beblttbber.] 

“ A very beautiful lady did call him from a certain win¬ 
dow, her eyes all beblubbered with tears.”— Shelton: Tr. of 
Don Quixote, I. iii. 13. 

be-boot'-ed, pa. par. & a. Booted; wearing boots. 
“ Couriers ... bestrapped and bebooted.” 

Carlyle. 

bec-g,-fi'-c5, bec-cg.-fi'-c5, s. [Ital.=fig-eater.] 

[Ficedula.1 

1. Gen.: Various species of birds belonging to 
the genus Sylvia. 

“ The robin-redbreast, till of late, had rest, 

And children sacred held a martin’s nest; 

Till becaficos sold so . . . dear, 

To one that was, or would have been, a peer.” 

Pope. 

2. Spec.: The Sylvia hortensis of Bechstein. 

*be-call, v. t. To challenge. 

be-calm {l silent), v. t. [Eng. be; calm.] To 
render calm or still, to quiet, to tranquilize by 
removing the cause of agitation. Used — 

1. Literally: 

(a) Of the rendering water, as that of the ocean 
or of a lake, calm by stilling the wind which sweeps 
over its surface. [See example under the participial 
adjective Becalmed.] 

(b) Of a sailing vessel made to lie nearly motion¬ 
less by the stilling of the wind which formerly 
filled its sails. 

“ During many hours the fleet was becalmed off the 
Godwin Sands.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

(c) Of a man who cannot proceed on his voyage 
through the motionless state of the ship on board 
of which he is. 

“ A man becalmed at sea, out of sight of land, in a fair 
day, may look on the sun or sea, or ship, a whole hour, 
and perceive no motion.”— Locke. 

2. Fig.: Of the passions or other emotions which 
at times agitate the human soul, which are quieted 
by removing their exciting causes. 

“ Soft whisp’ring air, and the lark’s matin song, 

Then woo to musing, and becalm the mind 
Perplex’d with irksome thoughts.” Philips. 

“ Banish his sorrows, and becalm his soul 

With easy dreams.” Addison. 

“ Perhaps prosperity becalm’d his breast, 

Perhaps the wind just shifted from the east.” 

Pope. 

be-ca'lmed {l silent), pa. par. & a. [Becalm.] 

“ The moon shone clear on the becalmed flood.” 

Dryden. 

be-ca'lm-ing (l silent), pr. par., a. & s. 
[Becalm.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

0. As subst.: The act or operation of making 
calm; the state of being made calm; a calm at sea. 

“Thou art a merchant: what tellest thou me of crosse 
winds, of Michaelmas flaws, of ill weathers, of tedious 
becalmings, of piratical hazards?”— Seasonable Serm., 
p. 30. 

be-ca me, pret. of Become. 

“ For such an high priest became us . . .”— Heb. 

vii. 26. 


be-cau§e, *be-cau§s, *bicause, *bycausec 
*biecause, conj. [Eng. by cause.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. By cause of, by reason of, on account of, for. 
“God persecuteth vs bycause we abuse His Holy Testa¬ 
ment, and bycause when we knowe the truth we folowe it 
not.” —Tyndall .- Works, p. 7. {Richardson .) 

“ . . . but bicause she hath refused it afore.”— Bale: 

Apologue, fol. 82. ( Richardson.) 

“ We love Him, because He first loved us.” — 1 John iv. 19. 
It is correlative with therefore. The normal position 
of the clause containing because is before that of 
the one having therefore in it; more rarely the posi¬ 
tions of the two are reversed. 

“ Because sentence against an evil work is not executed 
speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set 
in them to do evil.”— Eccles. viii. 11. 

“ . . . therefore the Levites shall be mine: because 

all the first-born are mine.”— Numbers iii. 12, 13. 

It is often followed by of, and a noun, which because 
of governs, almost like a preposition. 

“ . . . all ye shall be offended because of me this 

night.”— Matthew xxvi. 31. 

*2. That, in order that. 

“And the multitude rebuked them, because they should 
hold their peace.”— Matthew xx. 31. 

B. Grammar: Because is classed as one of the 
Conjunctions of Reason and Cause, which again 
are placed in the category of Subordinating Con¬ 
junctions. {Bain: Eng. Gram., 1874, p. 68.) 

bec-cu-bung'-g,, s. [From Low Lat .beccabunga; 
Ital. beccabunga, beccabungra; Sp. beccabunga; H. 
Ger. & Sw. bdekbunge, bachbolme; L. Ger. becka- 
bunge;D ut. beckbunge; from O. & Provinc. Eng. 
beck, Dut. beek, Dan. bcek, Sw. back, H. Ger. bach, 
all meaning=a brook, a rill, a rivulet; and H. Ger. 
bunge, O. H. Ger. bungo = bulb.] A name fo t 
a plant — the Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga). 
[Beck (2) , Brooklime, Veronica.] 

*bec'-CO, s. [Ital. becco= a bill or beak; a mouth; 
the helm of a ship; the pipe of a still; a buck, a 
goat; a cuckold.] A cuckold. 

“Duke, thou art a becco, a cornuto. 

P. How? 

M. Thou art a cuckold.” 

Marston: Malcontent, iv. 20. 

beph’-g-mel, s. [From Fr. bechamelle; Ger. 
bechamel— a kind of broth or sauce (see definition), 
called after the Marquis de Bechamel, steward of 
Louis XIV., by whom it was first concocted.] 
Cookery: A kind of fine white broth or sauce 
thickened with cream, 
be-ghanpe, v. i. & t. [Eng. be; chance.] 

1. To chance to, to happen to. 

“All happiness bechance to thee in Milan.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 1. 

2. To befall. 

“ My sons, God knows what hath bechanced them.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., i. 4. 

*be-ghan'pe, adv. [O. Eng. be— by, and Eng. 
chance .] By chance; perhaps. 

♦be-ghan'ged, pa. par. [Bechance, v.] 
*be-ghan g-ing, pr. par. [Bechance, v.J 
fbe-gharm’, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and charm.] 
To charm, to fascinate; to attract and subdue by 
exciting intensely pleasurable feeling. 

“I am awak’d, and with clear eyes behold 
The lethargy wherein my reason long 
Hath been becharm’d.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Laws of Candy. 
be-gharm'ed, pa.par. & a. [Becharm.] 
bephe, s. [Fr. bbche= a spade; bbcher—to dig, 
pierce, or turn up with a spade.] 

Well-boring: An instrument for seizing and recov¬ 
ering a rod used in boring when it has become 
broken in the process. 

bephe-dp mer, s. [Fr.=a spade of the sea; a 
sea spade.] The Sea-slug or Trepang, a marine 
animal, Holothuria edulis, eaten as a luxury by 
the Chinese. 

fbech -ic, s. [In Fr. Mchique; Port, bechico! 
Gr. bech ikos=suffering from cough ; bechos, geni¬ 
tive of bex= a cough ; besso =to cough.] 

Pharmacy: A medicine fitted to relieve a cough. 

bech'-i-lite, s. [From Bechi, an Italian mineral¬ 
ogist.] A mineral classed by Dana with his Borates. 
It consists of boric acid, 5113; lime, 2085; water, 
26*25; with T75 of silica, alumina, and magnesia. 
It was found by Bechi as an incrustation at the 
backs of the boric acid lagoons of Tuscany, being 
formed probably by the action of hot vapor on 
lime. The South American mineral Hayesite may 
be the same species. 

bech-le (le as pi) (ch guttural),s. [FromGr. hex, 
genit. bechos=a. cough.] A settled cough. (Scotch.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, campl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, je, ts = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




beck 


425 


becomingly 


beck (1), *becke (1) (Eng.), beck, *bek, *baik 
(Scotch),s. [A contraction of Eng. beckon. (Mahn.)] 
[Beckon, Beacon, Beak.] 

1. A bow or curtsey, (O. Eng. <£ O. Scotch.) 

“Bek or lowte: Conquiniscio, inclinacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Any nod of the head. 

(a) In a general sense. 

“ Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee 
Quips and cranks and wanton wiles, 

Nods and becks and wreathed smiles.” 

Milton: L’Allegro. 

(b) Spec.: A nod of command. 

“ Then forthwith to him takes a chosen band 
Of spirits, likest to himself in guile, 

To be at hand, and at his beck appear.” 

Milton: Paradise Regained, bk. ii. 

TT To be at any one's beck and call: To be entirely 
at his service and disposal. 

beck (2), s. [Icel. bekkr= a brook, a rivulet, a 
small rapid stream; Sw. back; Dan. bcek; Dut. 
beek; Ger. bach. ] A brook, a rivulet. Used — 
fl. As an ordinary word, chiefly in poetry. 

“ As when a sunbeam wavers warm 
Within the dark and dimpled beck.” 

Tennyson: The Miller’s Daughter. 

2. As entering into the composition of various 
geographical names in the North of England gen¬ 
erally, viz., Millbeck, Grysdale Beck, Goldsil Beck, 

&c. 

beck (3), s. [Bac, Back, s.] The same as back 
(2) is used in such compounds as a dye-beck or a 
soap-beck. (Knight.) 

beck, *becke (Eng.), beck, *bek (Scotch), v. i 
& t. [See Beck, s., also Beckon and Beacon.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. To make obeisance ; to cringe. (Scotch.) 

1. Gen.: Of the obeisance made by either sex 
indiscriminately. 

“Thay lute thy lieges pray to stokkis and stanes, 

And paintit paiparis, wattis nocht quhat thay meine; 

Thay bad thame bek and bynge at deid mennis banes.” 

Bannatyne Poems, 198, st. 11. ( Jamieson.) 

2. Spec.: To curtsey (restricted to the obeisance 
made by a woman, as distinguished from the bow¬ 
ing practiced by a man.) 

II. To give a nod of the head for command or 
other purpose. 

B. Trans.: To call or command, as by means of a 
nod (lit. <& fig.). 

“ Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back. 

When gold and silver beck me to come on.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 3. 

*becke, s. [Beak.] 

“Headed likeowles, with beckes uncomely bent.” 

Spenser: F Q., II. xi. 8. 

beck'-er, s. [Possibly a corruption of Lat. pager, 
pagur, or paarus; Gr. piagros, phagros the fish 
described in the definition.] A name of the braize 
( Pagrus vulgaris), a fish of the family Sparidse. 
[See Braize.] 

beck -et, s [Etym. doubtful. Compare A. S. 
becca—s. pickax, a mattock; or Old Eng. becke— a 
beak.] 

Naut.: Anything used to confine loose ropes, 
tackles, or spars, as a large hook, a rope with an 
eye at one end; a bracket, pocket, loop, &c. (Gen¬ 
erally in the plural, beckets.) 

beck’-ing, pr.par. [Beck, v.] 
beck-Ite, be ek-ite, s. [Named after Dr. Beeke, 
Dean of Bristol, by whom it was first discovered.] 
A mineral, a variety of pseudo morphous quartz. 
It consists of altered coral in which a portion of the 
original carbonate of lime may yet be detected, 
though most of it has been replaced by chalcedony. 
It is found in Devonshire, England. 

beck'-let, baik'-let, s. [Scotch beck, etym. doubt¬ 
ful ; -Zet=little.] An under-waistcoat. (Scotch.) 

beck -on, *beck -?n, *bec'-ne, bekne (ne=<?n), 
v. i. & t- [A. S. beacnan, becnian bycnan, bycnian 
=to beckon; Icel. bakna= to nod; 0. H. Ger. 
bauhnjan, pauhnen,pauhan. Comp, also Sw. peka; 
Dan. pege=to point at with the finger.] [Beck (1), 
s., Beacon.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To make a signal to one, as by a motion of the 
hand or of a finger, or the nodding of the head. 
m Yonder snow-whit© cloud, that floats in tlie etlier 
above me, . . ... 

Seems like a hand that is pointing and beckoning 
over the ocean.” 

Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standish, v. 

« Over the river they beckon to me, 

Loved ones now gone to the further side.” 

N. W. Priest. 


2. With the preposition to. 

B. Transitive : To summon or signal to by means 
of a motion of the hand, a nod, &c. (Followed by 
the objective of the person signaled to.) 

“ It beckons you to go away with it, 

As if it some impartment did desire 
To you alone.” Shakesp.; Hamlet, i. 4. 

beck -on, s. [From beckon , v.] A signal con¬ 
veyed to one by a movement of the hand, the head, 
or in some similar way. 

“So she came forth, and entered the river, with a 
beckon of farewell to those that followed her.”— Bunyan: 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

beck'-oned, pa. par. & a. [Beckon, v .] 
beck -on-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Beckon, t\] 

*be-clip', *biclip, v. t. [A. S. beclyppan.] To 
embrace. 

“And he took a child, and sett him in the myddil of 
hem, and when he hadde biclipped him, he sayde to hem, 
Whoever reseyveth oon of siclie children in my name, he 
reseyveth me.'’— Wiclijfe: St. Mark, ix. 38 

*be-clipped *be-clipt e,*biclipped,*biclupte, 

pa. par. [Beclip.] 

be-cloud', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and cloud, v.] To 
cloud; to cover as with a cloud. 

“ Storms of tears 

Becloud his eyes, which soon forc’d smiling clears.” 

P. Fletcher Pise. Eccl. 5, st. 15 

be-cloud-ed, pa.par. & a. [Becloud.] 

“ Stella oft sees the very face of woe 
Painted in my beclouded stormy face.” 

Sidney: Astrophel and Stella. 
be-cloud -Ing, pr. par. & a. [Becloud.] 
be-com e, *be-com me, *bi-com e, bi come, by 
come, v. i. & t. [Eng. pref. be, and come. The v. i. 
is from A. S. becuman (pret. becom, becomon; pa. 
par. becumen) = (1) to go or enter into, to meet with, 
to come to, to come together; (2) to cone, to hap¬ 
pen, to fall out, to befall. In Sw. bekomma, Dan. 
bekomme, Dut. bekomen, Ger. bekommen all=to get, 
to receive, to obtain ; the German verb also being= 
to have; O. H. Ger. piqueman; Goth, bikwiman. 
From A. S. cuman; O. H. Ger. queman, chueman; 
Goth, beqviman. (Come.) Comp, also Sw. beqvam 
=fit, convenient, apt, proper, qualified, easy; Dan. 
bequemmelig; Ger. beem = commodious, easy.] 
[Comely.] 

A. Intransitive, or more exactly, a Copula or 
Apposition Verb like the verb to be. [Directly from 
A. S. becuman. (See etym.)] In a general sense to 
pass from one state or condition into another, more 
especially to grow into something more developed, 
greater, more powerful, or in other respects more 
satisfactory, or to recede into something smaller, 
more degenerate, more withered and decaying. 

“ And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might 
gain the Jews. ’—1 Cor. ix. 20. 

“ . . . the Campbells, the children of Diarmid, had 

become in the Highlands what the Bourbons had become 
in Europe.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., cli. xiii. 

“ . . . for all thy blessed youth 

Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alms 
Of palsied eld.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 

If To become of: To be the final state, condition, 
or place into or to which any specified person or 
thing has as yet passed ; to be the present fate of. 
(Used only after the interrogation what, which may 
refer to a person or a thing.) 

“The first hints of the circulation of the blood were 
taken from a common person’s wondering what became of 
all the blood which issued oat of the heart.”— Graunt. 

B. Transitive. [Directly from A. S. becuman=to 
please. (See etym.)] 

1. To be suitable for, to befit, to be congruous with, 
to be proper to or for, to he in harmony with. 
Used— 

(a) As an ordinary personal verb. 

“ If I become not a cart as well as another man • • .” 
— Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

“ But speak thou the things which become sound doc¬ 
trine .”—Titus ii. 1. 

(b) As an impersonal verb. 

“ Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel 
of Christ . . ."—Phil. i. 27. 

2. To be the present fate of, to have become of. 
(S eev.i.) (In the subjoined example, Where is be- 
come=what has become of.) 

“I cannot joy, until I be resolv’d 

Where our right valiant father is become .’ 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., ii. 1. 

If To become of (nominally as v. t.): To be the 
present fate of. The expression “What is become of 
ou?’’ is a less proper way of saying “What has 
ecome of you?” 

be-com’e, *be-c6med, *be-com'-en, *be-c6m'- 
In, *bicomen, pa. par. & a. [Become, v.] 


A. As pa. par. (Of all forms except becomed) : In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

B. .4,s participial adj. (Of the form become): 
Becoming, fit, suitable, appropriate. 

be-com-ing, *be-c6m-mmg, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Become, v .] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb, whether intransitive or transitive. 

“This is, sir, a doubt 
In such a time nothing becoming you, 

Nor satisfying us.” 

Shakesp.; Cymbeline, iv. 4. 

B. As participial adj.: Befitting, suitable, proper; 
in harmony or keeping with; graceful in conduct, 
in attire, &c. 

“And many a compliment politely penn’d; 

But unattired in that becoming vest 

Religion weaves for her . - .” 

Cowper ■ Table Talk. 

If It is sometimes followed by in, for, or of, the 
last being obsolete. 

“Their discourses are such as belong to their age, 
their calling, and their breeding; such as are becoming of 
them, and o/them only.”— Dryden. 

C. As substantive: 

1. In the abstract: That which is befitting, suit¬ 
able, proper, in harmony with, or graceful. 

“Self-respect and a fine sense of the becoming were 
not to be expected from one who had led a life of 
mendicancy and adulation.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. 
vii. 

*2. In the concrete: Qrnament. 

“Sir, forgive me, 

Since my becomings kill me when they not 

Eye well to you.” 

Shakesp.. Antony and Cleopatra, i. 3. 

If (a) Crabb thus distinguishes the terms becom¬ 
ing, decent, fit, and suitable: “What is becoming 
respects the manner of being in society, such as it 
ought, as to person, time, and place. Decency 
regards the manner of displaying one’s self, so as 
to be approved and respected. Fitness and suit¬ 
ableness relate to the disposition, arrangement, and 
order of either being or doing, according to per¬ 
sons, things, or circumstances. The becoming 
consists of an exterior that is pleasing to the view; 
decency involves moral propriety; it is regulated 
by the fixed rules of good breeding: fitness is regu¬ 
lated by local circumstances, and suitableness by 
the established customs and usages of society. The 
dress of a woman is becoming that renders her per¬ 
son more agreeable to the eye ; it is decent if it no 
wise offend modesty; it is fit if it be what the occa¬ 
sion requires; it is suitable if it be according to the 
rank and character of the wearer. What is becom¬ 
ing varies for every individual; the age, the 
complexion, the stature, and the habits of the per¬ 
son must be consulted in order to obtain the 
appearance which is becoming; what becomes a 
young female, or one of fair complexion, may not 
become one who is farther advanced in life, or who 
has dark features. Decency is one and the same for 
all; all civilized nations have drawn the exact line 
between the decent and indecent, although fashion 
may sometimes draw females aside from this line. 
Fitness varies with the seasons, or the circum¬ 
stances of persons; what is fit for the winter is unfit 
for the summer, or what is fit for dry weather is 
unfit for the wet; what is fit for town is not fit 
for the country; what is fit for a healthy person is 
not fit for one that is infirm. Suitableness accom¬ 
modates itself to the external circumstances and 
conditions of persons; the house, the furniture, the 
equipage of a prince, must b'e suitable to his rank; 
the retinue of an ambassador must be suitable to 
the character which he has to maintain, and to the 
wealth, dignity, and importance of the nation 
whose monarch he represents.” 

(b) Becoming, comely, and graceful are thus 
discriminated: These epithets “are employed to 
mark in general what is agreeable to the eye. Be¬ 
coming denotes less than comely, and this less than 
graceful; nothing can be comely or graceful which 
is unbecoming; although many things are becom¬ 
ing which are neither comely nor graceful. Becom¬ 
ing respects the decorations of the person, and the 
exterior deportment; comely respects natural 
embellishments; graceful, natural or artificial 
accomplishments: manner is becoming; figure is 
comely; air, figure, or attitude is graceful. Becom¬ 
ing is relative; it depends on taste and opinion, 
on accordance with the prevailing sentiments or 
particular circumstances of society. Comely and 
graceful are absolute; they are qualities felt and 
acknowledged by all.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

be-com'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. becoming; Ay.] In a 
becoming manner; suitably, properly, befittingly. 

“. . . expediently, piously, and prudently, consci¬ 
entiously, and becomingly.” — Bp. Taylor: Artif. Hands, 
p. 74. 


Mil bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 




'becomingness 

be~c6m-ing-ness, s. [Eng. becoming; -ness.] 
The quality of being proper or becoming; propriety. 

Becque'-rel ray§ (bek'-rel raz), s.pl. [Seede¬ 
finition.] Peculiar rays emitted by the compounds 
of uranium, partaking at the same time of the 
properties of the X-rays and the cathodic rays. 
They seem to contradict the fundamental principle 
of chemistry in the respect that their emission is 
spontaneous and constant, apparently proving that 
matter may have in itself its own light and that this 
light may be eternal. The substances emitting 
these rays are found in the ore of oxide of uranium, 
and are named, respectively, polonium, radium, and 
actinium. The rays were discovered in 1896 by M. 
Henry Becquerel, French physicist, and have been 
given his name, and the substances emitting them 
are termed “ radioactive.” 

be-cuT-ba (cu askw), s. [Bicuiba.] 

be-cii -na, s. A ferocious fish ( Sphyrcena vul¬ 
garis) of the Mediterranean. It belongs to the 
family Sphyrcenidce, and resembles the pike. From 
its scales and air-bladder is obtained a substance 
useful in the manufacture of artificial pearls. The 
flesh is of good flavor. 

be-curl’, v. t. [Eng. prof, be , and curl.] To curl; 
to cover or adorn With curls. 

‘‘Is the beau compelled against his will to practice 
winning airs before the glass, or employ for whole hours 
all the thought withinside his noddle to bepowder and 
becurl the outside ? ”— Search: Freewill, Foreknowledge, 
and Fate, p. 98. 

be-curse, v. t. To shower curses on. 

bed (1), *bedde (1). s. [A. S. bed, bced, bedd=a 
bed, couch,pallet, tick of a bed, bed in a garden; 
0. S. Icel., Dan., & 0. Fries, bed: Dut. bed, and in 
compos . bedde; Ger .bett; M. H. Ger. bette; O. H. 
Ger. betti,petti= a bed.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: An article of domestic furniture to sleep 
upon. Originally a bed was the skin of a beast 
stretched upon the floor; then rushes, heath, and 
after a time straw were substituted. A modern bed 
consists of a large mattress stuffed with feathers, 
hair, or other materials, with bolster, pillow, 
sheets, blankets, &c., the whole raised from the 
ground on a bedstead. The term bed sometimes 
excludes and sometimes includes the bedstead. In 
India, and other Eastern countries, the bed of a 
native, at least on his travels, is simply a mat, a 
rug, or a bit of old carpet: his bed-clothes are his 
scarf or plaid. “Bed” and bed-clothes he has no 
difficulty in carrying with him as he goes. 

“ I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go 
thy way into thine house. And immediately he arose, 
took up the bed, and went forth before them all. . . ”— 
Mark li. 11, 12. 

If To make a bed: To put a bed in order after it 
has been used. 

“. . . I keep his house ; and I wash, wring, brew, 
bake, scour, dress meat and drink, make the beds, and do 
all myself.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 4. 

2. Half figuratively : 

(а) A sleeping-place, a lodging. 

“ On my knees I beg 

That you’ll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food.” 

Shakesp .: King Lear, ii. 4. 

(б) Marriage, or its lawful use. 

“George, the eldest son of this second bed, was, after 
the death of his father, by the singular care and affection 
of his mother, well brought up.”— Clarendon. 

(c) Child-birth. 

Tf To be brought to bed : To be delivered of a child. 
It is often used with the particle of; as, “ she was 
brought to bed of a daughter.” 

“ Ten months after Florimel happen’d to wed, 

And was brought in a laudable manner to bed." 

Prior. 

To put to bed: Either to do so in a general sense, 
or, spec., to aid in child-birth, to deliver of a child. 


’ reposes in death, 
of death, appro¬ 
priate to the righteous as distinguished from the 
wicked.) 

“. . . this bed of death.”— Shakesp.: Romeo and 

Juliet, v. 8. 

“ We thought as we hollowed his narrow bed. 

And smoothed down his lonely pillow, 

That the foe and the stranger would tread o’er his 
head, 

And we far away on the billow.” 

Wolfe: Burial of Sir John Moore. 

( b) In a more general sense: That in which any¬ 
thing lies. 

“ See hoary Albula’s infected tide 
O’er the warm bed of smoaking sulphur glide.” 

Addison. 


426 

(c) A bank of earth raised slightly above the 
ordinary level in a garden, and planted with flowers 
or whatever other vegetable productions it was 
designed to receive. 

“ Herbs will be tenderer and fairer, if you take them 
out of beds when they are newly come up, and remove 
them into pots with better earth.”— Bacon. 

(d) The channel of a river. 

“ The great magazine for all kinds of treasure is sup¬ 
posed to be the bed of the Tiber.”— Addison. 

(e) A layer. [II. 8.] 

(/) Sorrow, pain, affliction, judgments. (Rev. 
ii. 22.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Law. Divorce from bed and board (in Lat. a 
mensa et thoro): Divorce of a husband and wife, to 
the extent of separating them for a time, the wife 
receiving support, under the name of alimony, 
during the severance. 

2. Roman Archceol. Dining bed, discubitory bed: 
An article of domestic furniture among the Romans, 
upon which they reclined at meals. Three such 
“ beds ” were generally placed around three sides of 
a table, the attendants having access to the fourth. 
[Triclinium.] 

3. French History. Bed of justice: 

• (a) Lit.: The throne on which, before the revo¬ 
lution of 1789, the king used to sit when he went to 
Parliament to look after the affairs of State, the 
officers of Parliament attending him in scarlet 
robes. 

{b) Fig.: As this interference of the king with the 
Parliament was not compatible with free govern¬ 
ment, sitting on the bed of justice came to signify 
the exertion of arbitrary power. 

4. Mach.: The foundation-piece or portion of 
anything on which the body of it rests, as the bed- 
piece of a steam-engine; the lower stone of a grind¬ 
ing mill; or the box, body, or receptacle of a 
vehicle. 

5. Gunnery: 

(a) Bed of a mortar: A solid piece of oak, hol¬ 
lowed in the middle to receive the breech and half 
the trunnions. 

_ (i>)_ Bed of a great gun: The thick plank which 
lies immediately under the piece, and constitutes 
the body of the carriage. 

(c) In a rifle: The hollow stock designed for the 
reception of the barrel. 

6. Printing: The level surface of a printing press 
on which the form of type is laid. In the old 
wooden presses, now superseded by iron, the bed 
was usually of stone. 

7. Ship or other Carpentry: 

(a) The cradle of a ship on the stocks. 

(£>) The thickest part of a bowsprit. 

(c) The surface in a plane-stock on which the 
plane-iron is supported. ( Knight .) 

8. Masonry: 

(a) The direction in which the several layers of 
stone lie in a quarry; also a course of stones or 
bricks in a wall. In the case of bricks or tiles in 
position the side specially called the bed is the 
lower one. 

(b) The top and bottom surface of stones when 
worked for building. 

(c) A place on which a brick or tile is laid, or a 
place prepared for the rearing upon it of a wall. 

9. Geol.: A stratum, a layer of rock. 

“Amongthe English Pliocene beds the next in antiq¬ 
uity is the Red Crag. . . .”— Lyell: Student’s Elements 

of Geol. (1871), p. 170. 

10. Billiards: The flat surface of a billiard table, 
covered with green cloth. Formerly it was of wood ; 
now nearly all billiard tables have slate beds. 

11. Nautical: The impression or “form” made 
by a ship’s bottom on mud after being left by an 
ebb-tide. (Smyth: Sailor's Word-Book.) 

B. Attributively in the sense of, pertaining to, 
or connected with a bed, as in the following com¬ 
pounds : 

♦bed-ale, s. An entertainment at a country wed¬ 
ding among poor people ; christening ale. 

bed-bottom, s. The sacking, iron spring bars, or 
anything similar, affixed interiorly to the frame¬ 
work of a bedstead to support the bed. 

bed-bug, s. The Cimex lectularius, in some 
places a too well-known insect. [Bug, Cimex.] 

“ . . . the disgusting animal in question, namely, 
the bed-bug or Cimex lectularius.” — Griffith’s Cuvier, xv. 

237. 

bed-chair, s. A chair with a movable back, 
intended to support a sick person sitting up in bed. 

bed-chamber, s. & a. 

1. As substantive: A chamber containing a bed or 
beds. 

“For when they came into the house, he lay on his bed 
in his bed-chamber, . . .”—2 Samuel iv. 7. 

*1[ (a) Grooms of the Bed-chamber: Certain func¬ 
tionaries in the Lord Chamberlain’s department of 


bedrid 

the Royal Household. These are now called 
Grooms in Waiting. Besides them there are five 
“Extra Grooms in Waiting.” [Groom.] . ■ 

(6) Ladies of the Bed-chamber: Certain ladies 
who render service, under the Mistress of the Robes, 
to her Majesty the Queen. There are eight ‘ Ladies 
of the Bed-chamber,” all titled, two of them being 
duchesses, one a marchioness, and one a countess; 
six “Extra Ladies of the Bed-chamber,” four count¬ 
esses and two viscountesses; eight “Bed-chamber 
Women,” one a viscountess, and even the humblest 
with “Honorable” prefixed to their names; and, 
finally, three Extra Bed-chamber Women, one des¬ 
ignated “Lady” and the other “Honorable. 
These are not to be confounded with the Maids of 
Honor, of whom there are at present eight, all with 
the official title “ Hon.” before their names. Sim¬ 
ilarly, in the Princess of Wales’ household there 
are four Ladies of the Bed-chamber, four Bed¬ 
chamber Women, and two Extra Bed-chamber 
Women ; in that of Princess Christian two Honorary 
Bed-chamber Women; and in that of the Princess 
Louise (Marchioness of Lome) one Lady of the 
Bed-chamber. 

f(c) Lords of the Bed-chamber: Certain officers 
belonging to the Royal Household, under the Groom 
of the Stole, or, as he is now designated, the Groom 
of the Robes. They are now generally called Lords 
in Waiting. They are eight in number, all members 
of the nobility. They wait in turn. They are not 
the same as Grooms of the Bed-chamber. [See H(a).] 
“ . . . to frequent the Court, and to discharge the 
duties of a Lord of the Bed-chamber.” — Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xv. 

2. As adjective: Pertaining to a bed-chamber, 
attached to a bed-chamber, or performing service in 
one, as “ a bed-chamber woman.” 

bed-clothes, s. pi. “ Clothes ” or coverlets, such 
as sheets, blankets, and a counterpane spread over a 
bed for warmth’s sake. 

“For he will be swine-drunk, and in hi9 9leep he does 
little harm, save to his bed-clothes about him.”— Shakesp.: 
All’s Well that Ends Well, iv. 3. 

Bed-clothes clasp: A clasp for keeping the bed¬ 
clothes from being to any extent displaced. 

bed-curtains, s. pi. Curtains partly or entirely 
surrounding a bed to keep the sleeper from draughts 
of air. 

bed-hangings, s. pi. Hangings or curtains for a 
bed 

. . the story of the prodigal, or the German 
hunting in water-work, is worth a thousand of these bed- 
hangings. . . .”— Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. X. 

bed-head, s. The head of a bed. 
tbed-lare, s. & a. [Eng. bed, and O. Scotch lare 
=bed; from A. S. leger—( 1) a lying down, (2) cause 
of lying down, a disease, (3) place of lying down, a 
bed.] (Scotch.) 

1. As substantive: A bed. 

IT Cheld bed-lare : Child-bed. 

“ . . . and because his wiff wes Hand in cheld bed. 
lare abidand the will of God.”— Act. Dom. Cone., A. 1494, 
p. 372. 

2. As adjective: Bedridden; confined to bed. 

“ . . . to pruft that Johne of Kerss wes seke and 
bedlare the tyme of the alienatioun of the said land, and 
how sone he deit thereftir,” &c. — Act. Audit., A. 1474, 
p. 36. 

bed-lathe, s. A lathe of the normal type in 
which the puppets and rest are supported upon two 
parallel and horizontal beams or shears. 

bed-linen, s. Linen, i. e., sheets and pillow¬ 
cases for a bed. 
bed-pan, s. 

*1. A warming-pan. 

2. A pan or utensil for one confined to bed. 
bed-piece, bed-plate, s. 

Mech.: The foundation piece, plate, or framing 
by which the other parts are held in place. It is 
called also a sole-plate. 

bed-post, s. One of the posts of a bed, support¬ 
ing the canopy or curtains. 

“ . . . her head leaning to a bed-post . . .”— Wise- 

man: Surg. 

*bed-presser, s. A great lazy person. 

"... this sanguine coward, this bed-presser, thl* 
horseback breaker, this huge hill of flesh .”—Shake so.: 

1 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

bed-quilt, s. A quilt for a bed. [Quilt.] 
bed-rid, bed-ridden, a. [Eng. bed; and rid, 
ridden, pa. par. of ride. In A. S. bedrida, bedd- 
rida, bedreda, beddredda.] 

1. Of persons: Confined to bed by age or sickness. 

“ Better at home lie bedrid, not only idle, 

Inglorious, unemploy’d, with age outworn.” 

Milton: Samson dgonistes. 
“He might be bedridden."—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. 
ch. xii. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
or, wore, wolf, w 5 rk, wh6, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. ’ qu’=kw’ 





bed-rite 

2. Of things: Characteristic of a person confined 
to bed by sickness. 

“Disturb his hours of rest with restless trances, 

Afflict him in his bed with bedrid groans.” 

Shakesp . .* Tarquin and Lucrece. 

bed-rite, s. The rite, ceremony, or privilege of 
the marriage-bed. 

“Whose vows are that no bed-rite shall be paid, 

Till Hymen’s torch be lighted.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest , iv. 1. 

(Editions consulted by Dr. Johnson, Mrs. Cowden 
Clarke, &c.) 

IT Bed-rite gives a more logical meaning to the 
passage than bed-right (q. v.). 

bed-rock, s. The stratum that underlies the 
mineral-bearing rock or soil. 

bed-room, s. 

*1. Room in a bed. 

2. A room designed for the accommodation of a 
bed, to be occupied during the night. 

“^The collectors were empowered to examine the in¬ 
terior of every house in the realm, to disturb families at 
meals, to force the doors of bed-rooms . . — Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

bed-screw, s. A screw used to put and hold 
together the framework of wooden bedsteads and 
bedposts. Also a powerful machine for lifting large 
bodies, and placed against the gripe of a ship to be 
launched for starting her. ( Smyth: Sailor's Word- 
Book .) 

bed-sick, *bed-seik, s . Confined to bed by indis¬ 
position. 

“ It is enjoined, that if one be prevented from obeying 
a legal summons by sickness, it be provin be a testimonial 
. . . with twa witnessis, that he is bed-seik , and may 
hot travel, . . .”— Balfour: Pract., p. 361, A. 1568. 

bed-side, s. The side of a bed. 

“ When I was thus dressed, I was |carried to a bed-side.” 
—Tatler, No. 15. 

bed-sore, s. A sore produced by long lying in 
bed. Usually a result of careless nursing. 

*bed-staff, *bedd-staff, s. A wooden pin for¬ 
merly affixed to the sides of a bedstead, to hold the 
clothes from slipping on either side. 

“Give her a remembrance with a bedd-staff, that she is 
forced to wear the Northumberland-arms a week after.”— 
Twelve Ingenious Characters (1686). ( Halliwell: Contrib. 

to Lexicog .) 

“ Hostess, accommodate us with a bed-staff.” 

Ben Jonson: Every Man in his Humor. 

bed-steps, s.pl. Steps for ascending a bed. 

bed-stock, s. A bedstead. 

bed-straw. [Bedstraw.] 

♦bed-stre, s. Materials of a bed. 

“ Y schal moiste my bed-stre with my teeris.” ^-Wyclif: 
Psalm vii. 7. 

fbed-swerver, s. One who swerves from faith¬ 
fulness with regard to marriage vows. 

“She’s a bed-swerver , even as bad as those 
That vulgars give the boldest titles to.” 

Shakesp.: Winter's Tale , ii. 1. 

bed-tick, s. [In Dut. beddetijk.] Cloth made 
into a huge bag to contain the feathers or other 
material of a mattress; a mattress, without the 
material used for stuffing it. {Pennant.) 

bed-time, s. The time for retiring to bed. 

“ Bell ! thou soundest merrily ; 

Tellest thou at evening, 

Bed-time draweth nigh.” 

Longfellow: Translations; Song of the Bell. 

fbed'-ward, adv. Toward bed or rest, or the 
time of resting. 

“Couch’d, and now fill’d with pasture gazing sat, 

Or bed-ward ruminating.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost , iv. 350. 

IT In the examples which follow bedward looks 
like a substantive; but in reality toward is split into 
two words, to and ward , and the substantive is only 
bed. 

ts While your poor fool and clown, for fear of peril, 
Sweats hourly for a dry brown crust to bedward.” 

Albumazar (O. PI.), vii. 160. 
“As merry as when our nuptial day was done, 

And tapers burned to bedward.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus , i. 6. 

bed-winch, s. An implement used to tighten up 
or to loosen and extract bedscrews in wooden bed¬ 
steads. (Frequently spelled and pronounced bed- 
wrench.) 

bed-WOrk, s. Work done in bed without any 
great exertion of energy; work performed with no 
toil of the hands. 

“The still and mental parts 
That do contrive how many hands shall strike 
When fitness calls them on, and know, by measure 
Of their observant toil, the enemy’s weight; 

Why, this hath not a finger’s dignity, 

They call this bedwork, mappery, closet war. 

Shakesp.: Troilus andCressida , i. 3. 


427 

♦bed (2), s [Bead, s.] 

♦bed-howse, s. [Bedehouse.] 

♦bed-roll, s. [Bead-roll.] 

bed, *bedde, v. t. & i. [From bed, s. (q. v.) In 
Ger. betten.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Of a literal bed, or of literal bedding, for man 
or for beast: 

+1. To place in a bed. 

(a) In a general sense: 

“She was publicly contracted, stated as a bride, and 
solemnly bedded.” — Bacon. 

t(6) Spec. : To cohabit with. 

“ They have married me : 

I’ll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her.” 

Shakesp.: All's Well that Ends Well , ii. 3. 

2. To make partaker of the bed. 

“There was a doubt ripped up, whether Arthur was 
bedded with his lady.”— Bacon. 

3. Reflectively : To make one’s self a bed or place 
of rest anywhere. 

“A snake bedded himself under the threshold of a 
country house.”— VEstrange. 

4. To supply a horse or cow with litter. 

II. Of a plant-bed in a garden: 

1. To lay out plants in rectangular or other plots. 

2. To sow or plant in earth. 

“Lay the turf with the grass side downward, upon 
which lay some of your best mold to bed your quick in, 
and lay your quick upon it.”— Mortimer. 

III. Of anything hollow and bed-like : To lay in 
anything hollow and bed-like. 

IV. Of anything which lies flat: To lay in order; 
to stratify; specially of laying a course of bricks or 
stones in mortar or cement. 

B. Intransitive: To cohabit. 

“If he be married, and bed with his wife, . . — 

Wiseman. 

♦bed (1), pret. of Bid (q. v.). 

“ Nor leave his stand untill his Captaine bed.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. ix. 41. 

♦bed {2), pret. of Bide (q. v.). [A. S. bad; from 
bidan=to abide.] Abode. 

“Then sped up to Cabrach sone, 

Whair they bed all that night.” 

Battell of Bairinnes. {Poems 16 th Cent., p. 350.) 

be-dab'-ble, v. t. [Eng. prefix be , and dabble.'] 
To sprinkle over; to wet. 
be-dab'-bled, pa. par. &a. [Bedabble.] 

“ Bedabbled with the dew, and torn with briars.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream , iii. 2. 

“ Idols of gold from heathen temples torn, 
Bedabbled all with blood.” 

Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, 31. 
be-dab'-bling, pr. par. & a. [Bedabble.] 
*be-daff, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and O. Eng. daff= a 
fool.] To make a fool of. 

“ Be not bedaffed for your innocence.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 9,067. 
*be-daffed, pa. par. [Bedaff.] 

*be-daf'-fing, pr.par. [Bedaff.] 

fbe-dag -gle (gle as g$l), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, 
and daggle.] To soil the clothes by allowing them 
to touch the mud in walking, or by bespattering 
them as one moves forward. (Now generally spelled 
bedraggle, q. v.) 

“The pure ermine had rather die than be bedaggled 
with filth.”— Wodroephe: French and English Grammar 
(1626), p. 324. 

be-dag-gled (gled as geld), pa. par . & a. 
[Bedaggle.] 

be-dag'-gling, pr.par. [Bedaggle.] 

♦be-da gh, v. i. [A. S. prefix be, and dagian— to 
dawn, to become day.] To dawn upon. 

“Lest the day vs bedaghe and ourjfdeedes knowen.” 

Destruction of Troy, MS. {S. in Boucher.) 

♦be-da re, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and dare.] To 
dare. 

“ The eagle ... is emboldened 
With eyes intentive to bedare the sun.” 

Peele: David and Bethsabe. 

♦be-da red, pa. par. [Bedare.] 

♦be-da r-ing, pr. par. [Bedare.] 

♦be-dark, *be-derk , v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
dark.] To darken. 

“ Whan the blacke winter nighte, 

Without moone or sterre light, 

Bederked hath the water stronde.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. i. 

♦be-dark ed, pa.par. [Bedark.] 
be-dark -en, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and darken.] 
To darken; to cover with gloom. 

“. . . when this gloomy day of misfortune bedarkened 

him.”— Bp. Hackett: Life of Archbp. Williams, pt. i., p. 65. 


bedding 

be-dark -$ned, pa. par. & a. [Bedarken.] 
be-dark-$n-ing, pr.par. [Bedarken.] 
♦be-dark'-ing, pr.par. [Bedark.] 

be-dash', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and dash.] To 
dash over; to wet by dashing a liquid over or 
against. 

“ When thy warlike father, like a child, 

Told the sad story of my father’s doath, 

And twenty times made pause to sob and weep, 
That all the standers-by had wet their cheeks, 

Like trees bedash’d with rain ...” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 2. 

be-dashed', *be-dasht e, pa. par. & a. [Be¬ 
dash.] 

be-dash'-ing, pr. par. [Bedash.] 

be-da ub, ♦be-da'wb, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 

daub.] 

1. Lit.: To daub over, to besmear. (Followed by 
with, more rarely by in.) 

“ A piteous corse, a bloody piteous corse, 

Pale, pale as ashes, all bedaub’d in blood, 

All in gore blood.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 2. 

“ Here, therefore, they wallowed for a time, being 
grievously bedaub’d with the dirt . . .”— Bunyan: Pil¬ 
grim’s Progress, pt. i. 

2. Figuratively: 

{a) To disfigure by unsuitable vestments. 

“ Every moderate man is bedaubed with these goodly 
habiliments of Arminianism, Popery, and what not.”— 
Mountagu’s Appeal to Ccesar, p. 139. 

(6) To flatter in a coarse manner; to offer ful¬ 
some compliments to. 

“ Parasites bedawb us with false encomiums.”— Burton: 
Anat. of Mel., p. 121. 

be-da ubed, *be-da'wbed, pa. par. & a. [Be¬ 
daub, v. t.] 

be-da ub-ing, pr. par. [Bedaub, v. £.] 

Bed - 9 ,-ween, *Bedwin, s. & a. [Bedouin.] 

be-daz'-zle (zle as z$l), v. t. [Eng. prefix be , 

and dazzle.] To dazzle. 

“ Pardon, old father, my mistaken eyes, 

That have been so bedazzled with the sun, 

That overything I look on seemeth green: 

Now I perceive thou art a reverend father ; 

Pardon, I pray thee, for my mad mistaking.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 5. 

be-daz’-zled (zled as z^ld), pa. par. & a. 
[Bedazzle.] 

“ Full through the guests’ bedazzled band 
Resistless flashed the levin-brand.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 26. 

be-daz'-zling, pr.par. & a. [Bedazzle.] 

be-daz -zling-I^, adv. [Eng. bedazzling; - ly .] 
In a bedazzling manner. 

bed -bolt, s. A horizontal bolt passing through 
both brackets of a gun-carriage near their centers, 
and on which the forward end of the stool-bea 
rests. {Smyth: Sailor's Word-Book.) 

bed'-gham-ber. [Bed-chamber.] 
bed -clothe?. [Bed-clothes.] 
bed -cur-tain?. [Bed-curtains.] 

♦bed -d^tl, *bed -d$l, *bed'-dell, s. [Beadle.] 
bed -d$d, pa. par. & a. [Bed, v. t.] 

“ Let coarse bold hands from slimy nest, 

The bedded fish in banks outwrest.”— Donne. 

“And, as the sleeping soldiers in th’ alarm, 

Your bedded hairs, like life in excrements, 

Start up, and stand on end.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 4. 

bed-der, s. [From Eng. bed; -er.] The nether 
stone in an oil-mill. It is called also Bedetter. 

bed -dern, s. A refectory. {Weale: Architect¬ 
ural Terms.) 

♦bed -doste, s . [Bedstead.] 

bed -ding, pr. par., a. & s. [Bed, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participidL 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C . As substantive. [From Eng. bed, -ing. In Dut. 
bedding=bed, layer, stratum; Sw. bdddning; Ger. 
bettung.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A bed with the clothes upon it; materials for 
rendering a bedstead comfortable to a sleeper. 

“ The disease had generally spared those who had warm 
garments and bedding.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. Litter for the domestic animals to lie upon. 

“ First, with assiduous care from winter keep, 

Well fother’d in the stall, thy tender sheep; 

Then spread with straw the bedding of thy fold.” 

Dryden. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a?; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shgm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -?ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




bedding-moldings 


428 


bedmate 


II. Technically: 

1. Geol.: Stratification, or the line or plane of 
stratification. 

“ The planes of cleavage stand in most cases at a high 
angle to the bedding." — Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., 
xiv. 410. 

2. Mech.: The seat on which a boiler or anything 
similar rests. 

bedding-moldings, s. pi. [Bed-moldings.] 
bedding-plants, bedding-out-plants, s. pi. 

Plants intended to be set in beds in the open air. 
bedding-stone, s. 

Bricklaying: A level marble slab on which the 
rubbed side of a brick is tested to prove the truth of 
its face. {Knight.) 

*bed'-d^, a. [Etym. doubtful.] Eager to seize 
prey. (Used of greyhounds.) ( Scotch & North of 
England dialect.) 

“ But if my puppies ance were ready, 

They’l bebaith clever, keen, and beddy, 

And ne’er neglect 

To clink it like their ancient deddy, 

The famous Heck.” Watson’s Coll., i. 70. 
♦bede, *bed, pret. of v. [A. S. bead, pret. of 
beodan=to command, to bid, will, offer, enjoy.] 
Offered. 

“ I bed hem both londe and lede.” 

The Kyng of Tars, 124. (S. in Boucher.) 

*bede(l),s. [Bead.] 

♦bede (2), s. A miner’s pickax. 

*be-dead', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and dead.] To 
deaden ; to deprive of sensation. 

“ There are others that are bedeaded and stupefied as 
to their morals, and then they lose that natural shame 
that belongs to a man.”— Hallywell’s Melamproncea, p. 1. 
*be-dead'-ed, pa. par. [Bedead.] 
*be-dead’-Ing, pr. par. [Bedead.] 

*be-deaf'-en, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and deafen.] 
To deafen. 

“ Forth upon trackless darkness gazed, 

The Knight, bedeafened and amazed.” 

Scott : Bridal of Triermain, iii. 8 . 
*be-deaf'-$ned, pa. par. & a. [Bedeafen.] 
*be-deaf -en-Ifig, pr. par. [Bedeafen.] 
be-deck', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and deck.] To 
deck out, to adorn. 

“ The spoil of nations shall bedeck my bride.” 

Byron: The Bride of Abydos, ii. 20. 

be-deck'ed, *be-deckt', pa.par. &a. [Bedeck, 

v. t.] 

“So that I was bedeckt with double praise . . .”— 
Mirror for Magistrates, p. 187. ( Richardson .) 

be-deck-Ing, pr.par. [Bedeck, v. t.] 

be-deg -u-ar, be-deg -ar, s. [Pers. bdd-&u>ard 
or b&d-awardah, a kind of white thorn or thistle of 
which camels are fond ; from 6 dd=wind, and award 
=battle, or dwardali— introduced. (Mahn.)] The 
gall of the rose, found especially on the stem of the 
Eglantine. It is as large as an apple, and is covered 
With long reddish and pinnated filaments. It is 
produced by a puncture of a small hymenopterous 
Insect, the Cynips rosce. 


1. To moisten with dew-like drops of any liquid 
or viscous substance. 

“ The countess received a letter from him, whereunto 
all the while she was writing her answer, she bedewed the 
paper with her tears.”— Wotton. 

“Balm, from a silver box distill’d around, 

Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the secret ground.” 

Dryden: Theocritus; Idyll, xviii. 

“ Though Freedom’s blood thy plain bedew.” 

Byron: Ode from the French, 1. 

2. To moisten with water or other liquid trickling 
more continuously than if it simply fell in drops. 

“ Dark Suli’s rocks, and Pindus’ inland peak, 

Robed half in mist, bedew’d with snowy rills.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, ii. 42. 

be-dewed;(ew as u), pa.par. & a. [Bedew.] 

be-dew -er (ew as u), s. [Eng. bedew; -er.] A 
person who or that which bedews. 

be-dew -Ing (ew as u), pr.par. & a. [Bedew.] 

tbe-dew -f (ew as u), a. [Eng. prefix be, and 
dewy.] Covered with dew. 

“ Dark Night, from her bedewy wings, 

Drops silence to the eyes of all.” 

Brewer: Lingua, v. 16. 

bed-fast', pa. par. Confined to bed; bedridden. 

bed -fel-low {Eng.), *bed-fal-low {O.Scotch), s. 
[Eng. bed; fellow.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: One who sleeps in the same bed with 
another is bedfellow to that other, and vice versd. 
In mediaeval times it was common for two men, even 
of high rank, to occupy the same bed; thus Lord 
Scroop was said to have been bedfellow to Henry V. 
Poverty, of course, has in all ages necessitated the 
same arrangement. [Bedmate.] 

“Nay, but the man who was his bedfellow, 

Whom he hath cloy’d and grac’d with kingly favors.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., ii. 2. 

“With consent of our said souerane Lord, his Maiesties 
darrest bedfallow, . . .” — Acts James VI., 1612 (ed. 1814), 

p. 474. 

“Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.” — 
Shakesp.: Tempest, ii. 2. 

2. Spec.: One’s married spouse. {Scotch.) 

II. Fig.: Anything for the time being lying on the 
bed with one. 

“ Why doth the crown lie there upon his pillow, 
Being so troublesome a bedfellow ?” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry ZP.,'iv. 4. 

bed-hang'-Ings. [Bed-hangings.] 

be-dlght {gh silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
dight= to prepare, to put in order.] To dress, espe¬ 
cially in splendid raiment; to equip, to deck, to 
adorn. 

be-dl'ght, be-dl'ght-ed {gh silent), pa. par. & a. 
[Bedight, v.] 

A. Of the form, bedight: 

“ Four ivory eggs soon pave its floor, 

With russet specks bedight.” 

Cowper: The Bird’s Nest (1793). 

B. Of the form bedigh ted. (Used chiefly in com- 


*be-di§-mg,l, v. t. [Eng. be; dismal .] To render 
dismal. {Not classic.) 

“ Let us see your next number not only bedismaled 
with broad black lines, death’s heads, and cross marrow¬ 
bones, but sewed with black thread 1 ” — Student, ii. 259. 

be-diz-en, be-dl'-zen, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
dizen— to dress, to clothe.] To deck out, with little 
regard to good taste, in over-gaudy vestments, or 
with a superabundance of tinsel finery. 

“ Well, now you’re bedizen’d, I’ll swear as ye pass 
I can scarcely help laughing—don’t look in the glass.” 

Whitehead: Venus Attiring the Graces. ( Richardson .) 

be-dlz -qned, be-dl'-zyned, pa. par. [Bedizen.] 

be-dlz'-en-Ing, be-dl -z$n-Ing, pr. par. [Be¬ 
dizen.] 

Bed-I 9 .n 1 , *Bed-law, Beth’-lem, Beth -le- 
hem, s. & a. [Eng. Bedlam is a contraction from 
Bethlehem, the hospital for lunatics described 
under A., 1.1. It again is from Bethlehem, the little 
town, six miles south of Jerusalem, everywhere and 
forever celebrated as the birthplace of David and 
of Jesus Christ. In Latin of the Vulgate Bethle¬ 
hem; Sept. & New Testament Gr. Bethleem; Heb. 
Beth Lecchhem=Koxise of Bread.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Of things: 

1 . The Hospital of St. Mary Bethlehem, from 
which Bedlam is derived. This was first a priory, 
founded in 1247 by an ex-sheriff, Simon Fitz Mary. 
Its original site was in Bishopsgate. The Priory of 
St. Mary Bethlehem, like the other English monas¬ 
tic establishments, was dissolved at the Reforma¬ 
tion, Henry VIII., in 1547, granting its revenues to 
the Mayor, the commonalty,_ and the citizens of 
London. They made it a hospital for lunatics. In 
1676 the original buildings were superseded by 
those of the “ New Hospital of Bethlehem,” erected 
near London Wall, the original one being thence¬ 
forward known as “ Old Bethlehem.” Finally, in 
1815, the hospital was transferred to Lambeth. 

“ . . . an intellect in the most unhappy of all states, 
that is to say, too much disordered for liberty, and not 
sufficiently disordered for Bedlam.” — Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvii. 

2. Gen.: Any lunatic asylum. 

“. . . an Inquisition and a Bedlam.” — Tillotson: 
Works, vol. i., Serm. 1. 

3. A place of uproar. 

II. Of persons : An inhabitant of Bedlam, a Bed¬ 
lamite ; a madman. 

“ Let’s follow the old earl, and get the bedlam 

To lead him where he would; his roguish madness 

Allows itself to anything.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iii. 7. 

B. As adjective: 

1 . Belonging to Bedlam or some other madhouse. 

[Bedlam-beggar. ] 

2. Such as might be supposed to emanate from a 
madhouse, and would be in place there. 

“ Anacreon, Horace play’d in Greece and Rome 
This bedlam part; and others nearer home.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

bedlam-beggar, s. One who, having formerly 


ii t* cl?n rriuwff rpfsentprv ^ een employed position ; as, ill-bedighted— “ill bedight,” disfigured, been an inmate of Bedlam, was now allowed to go 

fete z& te J 3 ’ ^ Ur T Vy i,> 7 ^ ODe ’ and [Ill-bedight.] again at large, as being held to be convalescent. 

. . whose inner garment hath been injur’d and ill Unable, or in some cases perhaps unwilling, to 

bedighted.” — Milton: Apology for Smectymnuus. work for a livelihood, he, as a rule, took up the 

be-dlXM-Ug W silent), par. [Bzmoht, „.] 

be-dlm', *be-dym'n {n silent), V. t. [Eng. prefix fessed to have emerged being vouched for by an 
be, and dim.] To render dim ; to obscure. Used — inscribed armlet which he wore upon his left arm. 
1 . Of a body nearly hidden from vision by some- ^Abraham-man.] 

---,-■*-- L “ The country gives me proof and precedent 

Of bedlam-beggars, who with roaring voices 
Strike in their numb’d and mortify’d bare arms 


worms. {Griffith's Cuvier, vol. xv., p. 427. 

bede-house, *be d-hdwse, s. [Old Eng. bede, 
bead=a. prayer, and house.] An almshouse. [Bead- 
house.] 

“ . . . shal make lodgyngs and bedhowses for x. poor 
men.”— MS. quoted in Halliwell’s Contrib. to Eng. Lexicog. 

♦be-dql, s. Old spelling of Beadle. 

*be-del-ry, s. [Beadlert.] 

♦bede-m^n, *be'de§-mgm, s. [Beadsman.] 

♦be de-rolle, s. [Beadroll.] 

*be-det-ter, s. [From Eng. bed.] The same as 
Bedder (q. v.). 
bedevil (be-dev'l), v. t. 

1. To treat with diabolical violence or ribaldry. 
“I have been informed, since the present edition went 

to the press, that my trusty and well-beloved cousins, the 
Edinburgh Reviewers, are preparing a most vehement 
critique on my poor, gentle, unresisting Muse, whom 
they have already so bedeviled with their ungodly 
ribaldry.”— Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 
P. S. 

2. To throw into a state of disorder or confusion, 
in a manner to suggest the action of evil spirits. 

be-dev'-iled, pa. par. & a. [Bedevil.] 
be-dev-Il-ing, pr.par. [Bedevil.] 


thing only partially transparent. 

“ . . . as stars 

That occupy their places—and, though oft 
Hidden by clouds, and oft bedimm’d by haze, 

Are not to be extinguish’d or impair’d.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

2. Of the eye looking at a body. 

“ Celestial tears bedimm’d her large blue eye.” 

Byron: The Curse of Minerva. 

be-dlm med, *be-dymned {n silent), pa. par. 
& a. [Bedim.] 

be-dlm -mlfig, pr.par. & a. [Bedim.] 

“ Even as a dragon’s eye that feels the stress 
Of a bedimming sleep, ...” 

Wordsworth: Miscellaneous Sonnets. 

be-dirt', *be-drlt'e, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and 
dirt.] To befoul with ordure. {Scotch.) 

be-dlrt'-en, *be-drlt-ten, pa. par. [Bedirt.] 
{Scotch.) 

be-dev -il-ment, s. The state of being in vexa- mlko'dirtv"to daub ^Lit' r & ^ T ° 

tious disorder, or of being bedeviled. make dirty, to claub, to smear. {Lit. & fig.) 

“. . . bedirtied and bedaubed with abominable and 
De-Q6W (ew as U), V. t. [Eng. prefix be, and horrid crimes.”— Bp. Taylor: Cont. of the State of Man, 
dew.] bk. i., ch. 9. 

fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


Pins, wooden pricks 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 8. 

Bed-lam-Ite, s. [Eng. Bedlam; -ite.] An inmate 
of Bethlehem Hospital for Lunatics, or one who 
behaves like a madman. 

“ In these poor bedlamites thyself survey, 

Thyself less innocently mad than they.” 

. w , „„ v Fitzgerald. 

bed-lin'-en. [Bed-linen.] 

bed-ma'-ker, s. [Eng. bed; maker. In Ger. 
bett-macher .] 

1. Gen.: One who makes the beds in a house. 

2. Spec.: A person in the universities, whose office 
it is to make the beds and clean the chambers. 

“I was deeply in love with my bedmaker, upon which I 
was rusticated for ever.”— Spectator. 

♦bed-man, s. [Beadsman.]. 

bed-mate, s.. [Eng. bed; mate.] A bedfellow, 
one who occupies the same bed with a person. 
[Bedfellow.] 

“• • • nought but heav’nly business 
Should rob my bedmate of my company.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, iv. 1. 


cam?l, her, thdre; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, p8t, 
qu - kw. 






beclmon 


429 


bee-hive 


*bed -mon, s. [A. S. beodan= ( 1) to ask, to pray, 
(2) to bid, to command.] A beadle; the man who 
bids or summons. 

# _ “ And that proclamacion be mad at iiij. places assigned, 
ij. tymes a quarter, by the bedmon of the citee.”— English. 
Gilds {Ear. Eng. Text Soc. ), p. 395. 

bed'-mold-Ingsj, s. pi. 

Architecture: The moldings of a cornice in Gre¬ 
cian and Roman architecture immediately below 
the corona. It is called also Bed-mold and Bed¬ 
ding Moldings. 

\ *be-do'te, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and dote.] To 
cause to dote. 

“ To bedote this queene was their intent.” 

Chaucer: Leg. of Hips., 180. 

Bed-du-in, *Bed-fi-In, *Bed'-a-ween, *Bed- 

win, s. & a. [In Fr. Bedouin. From Arab, bed&ivi 
—living in the desert; 6adw=desert; bada—to live 
in the desert, to lead a wandering life.] 

A. As subst.: A wandering Arab, an Arab of the 
nomad type living in a tent in the desert, as dis¬ 
tinguished from one living in a town. 

“ Bedawnees or Bedouins, the designation given to -the 
dwellers in the wilderness.”— Kitto: Cycl., 3d ed., i. 185. 

B. Asadj.: Pertaining to the wandering Arabs, 
nomad. 

“ The Bedwin women . . — Keith Johnston: Gazet¬ 

teer (ed. 1864), p. 54. 

*be-doy f, pa. par. [A. S. bedofen =drowned.] 
Besmeared, fouled. 

“ His face he schew besmottrit for ane bourde, 

And all his membris in mude and dung bedoyf.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 139, 31. {Jamieson.) 
bed-post. [Bed-post.] 
bed-quilt. [Bed-qtjilt.] 

be-drag'-gle (gle as gel), v. t. [Eng. pref. be, 
and draggle .] To draggle, to soil the clothes by 
allowing them to trail in the mire. 

“ Poor Patty Blount no more be seen, 

Bedraggled in my walks so green.”— Swift. 

be-drag'-gled (gled as geld), pa. par. & a. 

[Bedraggle.] 

be-drag -gllng, pr.par. [Bedraggle.] 

bed-ral (1), s. & a. [An altered form of the 
English word bedel or beadle.] [Beadle.] 

1. A beadle. 

“ I’ll hae her before Presbytery and Synod—I’m half a 
minister mysel’, now that I’m bedral in an inhabited par¬ 
ish.”— Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxxiv. 

2. A sexton, a gravedigger. (Scotch.) 

“Od, I wad put in auld Elspeth, the bedral’s widow.”— 
Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. Iv. 

fbed -ral (2), s. & a. [From bed, and ral, cor¬ 
rupted from rid (?).] 

A. As subst.: A person who is bedrid. (Jamieson.) 

B. Asadj.: Bedrid. 

*be-drelnt'e, pa. par. [A. S. drencan, drencean 
(pret. drencte), gedrencan (pret. gedrente)—to give 
to drink, to drench, to drown.] [Drenched. 

be-dren 9 b', v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and drench.] 
[Bedreinte.] To drench ; thoroughly to wet. 

“. . . such crimson tempest should bedrench 

The fresh green lap of fair King Richard’s land.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., iii. 3. 

be-dren§h'ed,pa. par. & a. [Bedrench.] 
be-dren 9 b’-Ihg, pr.par. [Bedrench.] 
*bed'-repe, s. [A. S. beodan= to bid, and reopan 
=to reap.] A day’s work performed in harvest time 
by tenants at the bidding of their lords. 

bed -right (gh silent), s. [Eng. bed; right.] The 
right appertaining to the marriage-bed. [Bed- 
rite.] * 

“Whose vows are, that no bedright shall be paid 
Till Hymen’s torch be lighted ...” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. 1. (Globe ed.) 

bed-room. [Bed-room.] 

be-drop , *be-drop pe, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
drop.] To besprinkle or bespatter with drops. 

“ On the window-pane bedropp’d with rain.” 

Wordsworth: Cottager to her Infant. 

be-drop ped, be-dropt, pa. par. & a. [Bedrop.] 
be-drop -ping, pr. par. [Bedrop.] 
bed-side. [Bed-side.] 

bed'-stead, *bed'-deste, s. [Eng. bed; stead 
(q. v.). In Dut. bedstede.] The wooden or iron 
framework on which a bed is placed. 

“Only Og, king of Bashan, remained of the remnant of 
giants; behold, his bedstead was of iron.”— Deut. iii. 11. 

bed -straw, s. [Eng. bed; straw. In Ger. bett- 
stroh.] 

1. Straw placed beneath the mattress or clothes 
on a bed. 


2. Bot. and Ord. Lang.: The English name of 
Galium, the genus of plants constituting the type of 
the order Galiacese (Stellates). The corolla is rotate 
and four-cleft, the stamina are four, and the fruit is 
a dry two-lobed indehiscent pericarp; while the 
leaves are in whorls. About fourteen species exist in 
Great Britain ; most have white flowers, though two, 
Galium veruvi (Yellow Bedstraw), a very common 
plant, and G. cruciatum (Crosswort Bedstraw or 
Mugwort), have them yellow, and one or two a 
greenish bloom. Among the white-flowered species 
may be enumerated G. saxatile (Smooth-heath Bed- 
straw), which is very common, G. aparine (Goose- 
grass or Cleavers), and G. mollugo (Great Hedge 
Bedstraw). [Galium.] 

be-duek', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and duck, v.] To 
duck, to plunge (one) under water, to immerse in 
water. 

“ How without stop or stay he fiersly lept, 

And deepe himself beducked in the same.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. vi. 42. 

*be-duel’e, v. [A. S. dwelian, dweligan=(T) to 
deceive, (2) (i.) to mistake.] To deceive. 

“ Our godes some ells thai him helde, 

For he cuthe make the men beduelde.” 

Cursor Mundi, MS. Edin., f. 129. (.S', in Boucher.) 

be-dun -der, v. t. [From Eng., A. S., Dan., &c., 
be, and Dan. drsnder=thunder.] To stupefy, to con¬ 
found, to deafen by noise. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

be-duhg', v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and dung.] To 
apply dung to, as, for instance, with the view of 
manuring a plant; to cover as with dung. 

“ Leaving all but his [Goliath’s] head to bedung that 
earth.” — Bp. Hall: Cases of Cons., ii. 2. 

*be-dusk’, v. t. [Eng. be; dusk.] To make 
dusky, blackish, brown, or swarthy; to smutch. 
(Cotgrave: Fr.Dict., under the word basaner.) 

be-dust', v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and dust.] To 
sprinkle with dust, or to cover over with dust, 
be-dust -ed, pa. par. & a. [Bedust.] 
be-dust -Ing, pr. par. [Bedust.] 
be-dwarf , v. i. [Eng. prefix be, and dwarf.] To 
dwarf, to stunt in stature. 

“ 'Tis shrinking, not close weaving, that hath thus 
In mind and body both bedwarfed us.” Donne. 

bed -way, s. [En g. bed; way.] 

Min.: A certain false appearance of stratification 
in granite. 

be-dy'e, *be-di'e, v. t. [Eng. prefix be; dye.] To 
dye, to tinge or stain with color. 

“And Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyde.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. xi. 7. 

be-dy ed, *be-dy'de, *be-di de (Eng.), *be-dy- 
It (O. Scotch), pa. par. & a. [Bedye.] 

“ Your airis first into the Secil se 
Bedyit weil and benedit oft mon be.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 81, 3. 
be-dy-ing, pr. par. [Bedye.] 

*be-dym n (n silent), v. t. [Bedim.] 
bee (1) [pi. bee§ (0. Eng.), *bee§e, *be§ (Wy- 
cliffe ), *be -I§, *been], s. [A. S. beo, bi; Sw. bi; 
Icel. by; Dan. bie; Dut. bij; (N. H.) Ger. biene; 
M. II. Ger. bie, bin; O. H. Ger. pia; Gael. & Ir. 
beach; Sp .abeja; Fr. abeille; Port, abelho,; Ital. 
ape,pecchia; Lat. apis; Liith.bitte; Lett, bette.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Spec.: The well-known insect half domesti¬ 
cated for honey-making in hives. It is the Apis 
mellifica, Linn., and is still found wild or escaped 
from man’s control in Russia, in portions of Asia, 
in Italy, and in France. Bees are social insects. 
Their societies consist of three classes—neuters, 
females, and males. The first-named are abortive 
females, and do all the work of the society; they 
are armed with a sting, and their larvae, if treated 
with specially rich 
food, can develop 
into perfect fe¬ 
males. The soli¬ 
tary female in the 
hive is popularly 
called a queen ; she 
is fecundated in the 
air, and then de- 

E ’ osits her eggs in 
exagonal combs 
which the workers 
have prepared for 
the purpose. The 
eggs are hatched 
into maggot-like 
larvae, which are 
fed on a mixture of Bees, 

wax and honey, are Drone, b. Queen, c. Worker, 
then shut by the 

workers into the cell, which they inclose with a 
lining, and finally emerge as perfect insects. A 
single female will produce in a year from 12,000 to 
20,000 bees, of which all but about 3,000 die at the 


approach of winter. The males are called drones. 
A well-peopled hive will contain from 200 to 800 of 
them. Being destitute of a sting, they have not the 
power of defending themselves, and after their 
appropriate function has been performed, they are 
remorselessly put to death by the workers. When 
bees become too numerous in a hive, a fresh queen 
is nurtured, under whose auspices they swarm. 

“ And bees in hives as idly wait 
The call of early Spring.” 

Cowper: To the Rev. Mr. Newton. 

2. Gen.: Any insect of a similar structure to the 
hive-bee, as the Humble Bees, the Carpenter Bees, 
the Mason Bees, solitary bees in general. In the 
same sense the plural bees is the technical English 
name for the section of the hymenopterous order 
Anthophila (q. v.). 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A busy person. (Colloquial.) 

2. An assemblage of persons for a specific pur¬ 
pose, as to unite their efforts for a charitable 
object, to help one of their number on with his 
work, or to carry on a contest with each other in 
spelling or some similar intellectual exercise; as, a 
spelling bee,’ an apple bee,’ a husking bee; a quilt¬ 
ing bee. 

1[ (a) To hae a bee in one's bonnet: To be hare¬ 
brained ; to be giddy. [Bee-headit.] 

“If ony body kend o’ the chance she has of the estate, 
there’s mony a weel-doing man would think little of the 
bee in her bonnet.” — Scott: St. Ronan’s Well, ch. x. 

(b) In the bees: In a state of confusion. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

bee-bird, s. A local English name for the Spotted 
Flycatcher, Muscicapa grisola. 

bee-block, s. 

Naut.: One of the blocks of hard wood bolted to 
the sides of the bowsprit-head, for reeving the fore¬ 
topmast stays through. 

bee-bread, s. 

1. A kind of “ bread,” composed of the pollen of 
flowers collected by bees, and which after it has 
been converted by them into a whitish jelly by being 
received into their stomachs, and there perhaps 
mixed with honey, is finally used for the feeding of 
their larvae. (See Kirby & Spence’s Introd. to Ento¬ 
mology, Letter 11th.) 

2. A plant, Borago officinalis, often grown pur¬ 
posely for bees. 

bee-eater, s. 

1. Sing.: The English name of a genus of birds, 
Merops, and especially of the M. apiaster [see 
Merops], more fully called the Yellow-throated 
Bee-eater, of Africa. It has two long tail-feathers 
projecting behind the rest. Its general color above 
is brownish-red; the forehead is pale blue ; a black 
band crosses the throat, meeting a streak of the 
same color along the side of the head, the space 
thus inclosed being yellow; the lower parts, wings, 
and tail are green. 

2. Plur. (Bee-eaters ): The English name of the 
family of Meropidee, of which the genus Merops is 
the type. Residents in India have at times the 
opportunity of seeing a beautiful green species, 
Merops Indicus, darting out from among trees, and 
returning again, much as the fly-catchers do. 

bee-feeder, s. A device for feeding bees in bad 
weather or protracted winters. It consists of a 
small perforated piece of board which floats on 
the liquid food. 

bee-flower, s. The same as the Bee-orchis (q.v.) ; 
the name also of the Wallflower. 

bee-fumigator, s. A blower for driving smoke 
into a hive to expel the bees from the hive, or a por¬ 
tion of it, whilu the honey is being taken away. 

bee-garden, s. A garden or inclosed place planted 
with flowers, and designed for the accommodation 
of bee-hives. 

bee-glue, s. Propolis, the glue-like or gummy 
substance with which bees affix their combs to the 
hive and close their cells. 

bee-gum, s. A gum tree in which bees hive. 

bee-hawk, s. A predatory bird, the Pernis api- 
vorus. Its full designation is the Brown Bee-hawk. 
It is called also the Honey Buzzard. It feeds chiefly 
on wasps and their larvae. [Pernis, Honey Buz¬ 
zard.] 

bee hawk-moth, s. The name given to some 
species of the genus Sphingidee called Macroglossa. 
They have a certain resemblance, which, however, 
is one of analogy and not of affinity, to bees. The 
Broadpordered Bee Hawk-moth is Macroglossa 
fuciformis, and Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth is 
Macroglossa bombyliformis. 

bee-headit, a. Harebrained; unsettled. In Scot¬ 
tish phrase, ‘‘ having a bee in one’s bonnet.” 

bee -hive, s. A hive designed for the reception of 
a swarm of bees or actually inhabited by one. 



bfiil, b<Sy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sha.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -bie, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




bee-house 


430 


beer 


t)ee-llOUse, s. A building containing a number of 
hives for bees; an apiary. 

bee-larkspur, s. A well-known flowering plant, 
Delphinium grandiflorum. 

bee-line, s. The shortest route to any place, 
that which a bee is assumed to take; though, in 
fact, it often does differently in its flight through 
the air. 

bee-master, s. One who keeps bees. 

“They that are bee-masters, and. have not care enough 
of them, must not expect to reap any considerable advan¬ 
tage by them.”— Mortimer: Art of Husbandry. 

bee-moth, s. A name for the Wax-moth, Galleria 
cereana, which lays its eggs in bee-hives, the larvae, 
when hatched, feeding on the wax. [Wax-moth.] 
bee-nettle, s. Galeopsis tetrahit. 
bee-orchis, s. The name of a species of Orchis, 
the Ophrys apifera. It is so called because a part 
of the flower resembles a bee. It is large, with the 
sepals purplish or greenish-white, and the lip 
brown variegated with yellow. 

bee-parasites, s.pl. A name sometimes given to 
the order of insects called Strepsiptera. which are 
parasitic on bees and wasps. (Dallas: Nat. Hist., 
Index.) 

bee-scap, s. [Icel. sfteppa=a measure, a basket.] 
A bee-hive. 

“When I got home to my lodging I was just like a 
demented man; my head was bizzing like a bee-scap, and 
I could hear [of] nothing but the bir of that wearyful 
woman’s tongue.”— Steam-Boat, p. 83. ( Jamieson. ) 

bee-wax, s. The wax formed by bees, it is not, 
as some suppose, the runna collected from flowers, 
but exudes from between the segments on the under¬ 
side of the bodies of the bees, eight scales of it 
emanating from each. 

bee (2),s. [A. S. beah, beh= a ring, bracelet.] 
Naut.: A ring or hoop of metal, 
beegh, *beeghe, *beghe, s. [A. S. bece, beoce, 
t>oc; Sw. bok, boktrdd; Icel. b6k= a beech-tree, beyki 
=a collection of beech-trees, a beech-wood; Dan. 
bbg, bbgetrce; Dut. beuk, beukeboom; N. H. tier. 
buche; M. H. Ger. brioche; O. H. Ger. puocha; Russ. 
buk’; Port, faia; Ital. faggio; Lat. fag us; Gr. 
phegos; Gael. fctibhle=beecn wood ; Arm. fao.fav; 
Yield, ffawyd. The Anglo-Saxon bece or boc, mean¬ 
ing beech, seems connected with bee and boc~ a 
book, as if at one period or other our ancestors had 
used some portion of the beech-tree, perhaps the 
smooth bark, as writing material.] A tree, the 
Fagus sylvatica, or the genus Fagus to which it 
belongs. It is ranked under the order Corylacese 
(Mastworts). The nuts are triquetrous, and arc 
placed in pairs within the enlarged prickly in¬ 
volucre. They are called mast, and are devoured 
in autumn by swine and deer. The wood is brittle 
and not very lasting, yet it is used by turners, 
joiners, and millwrights. The fine thin bark is 
employed for making baskets and band-boxes. The 
country people in some parts of France put the 
leaves _ under mattresses instead of straw, their 
elasticity rendering them well adapted for such a 
purpose. 

IT (a) The Australian beech is Tectona Australis, a 
kind of teak. 

(6) The beech of New South Wales: Monotica 
elliptica, an Epicrad. 

(c) The Blue or Water-beech: Carpmus Ameri¬ 
cana, a kind of hornbeam. 

(<f) *The Dutch Beech: Populus alba. 

(e) The Horn Beech: Carpinces betulus. 
if) The Sea-side Beech: A name given in Jamaica 
to the Exostemma Caribceum , a Cinchonad. 

(gr) The Water Beech. [Blue-beech.] ( Treas. of 
Bot.) 

(ft) The American Beech: F. Ferruginea. 

beech-coal, *bechene-coal, s. Charcoal made 
from beech-wood. 

“The ckanounes bechene cole." 

Chaucer C. T., 18,124. 

beech-drops, s. A vegetable parasite which 
grows on the roots of beeches. 

beech-finch, s. A local name for the Chaffinch 
(Fringilla ccelebs, Linn.). ( Ogilvie .) 

beech-gall, s. A gall on the leaf of the beech- 
tree. 

beech-green, a. Of a color like the leaves of 
the beech-tree; almost the same as olive-green. 

Entom. Beech-green Carpet Moth: A British 
Geometer Moth ( Larentia olivata). 

beech-nut, s. The nut of the beech, two of 
which lie in the prickly capsule. 

beech-oil, s. Oil expressed from beech-mast. It 
is used in Picardy and some other parts of France 
in lieu of butter, for which it is a poor substitute. 

beech-owl, s. A name given to the Tawny Owl 
(Syrnium stridula). 

beech-tree, s. The same as Beech (q. v.). 


fbe egh-gn, a. [A. S. becen. In Ger. buchen , 
biichen.\ Pertaining or relating to beech. Spe¬ 
cially— 

1. Consisting of beech-trees, produced by beech- 
trees. 

** And Dati and Francini both have made 
My name familiar to the beechen shade.” 

Cowper: Trans, of Milton {Death of Damon), 

2. Made of beech-wood. 

“ In beechen goblets let their beverage shine, 

Cool from the crystal spring, their sober wine.’ 

Cowper: Trans, of Milton's Elegy. 

If Gradually becoming obsolete, its place being 
supplied by the substantive beech used adjectively; 
thus we say beech-wood rather than beechen-wood. 

beegh’-mast, s. [Eng. beech; mast. In Ger. 
buchmast. ] The mast or fruit of the beech-tree. 

beech-wheat, s. [Eng. beech; wheat.'] A plant. 
Polygonum fag opy rum. ( Nemnich .) [Buckwheat.] 
be'egh-^, a. Full of beech, consisting of beech. 

“Who knows not Melville’s beechy grove. 

And Roslin’s rocky glen.” 

Scott: The Gray Brother. 

beef, s. & a. [From Fr. bceuf=( 1) an ox, (2) beef, 
(3) (of persons) a beef-eater; O. Fr. beef, buef; Sp. 
buey— an ox; Prov.bow,’ Port. boi=beef; Ital. hue- 
era ox; all from Lat. bos, accus. bovem ; Gr. bous, 
genit. 6oos=an ox. Compare in Sw. biffin, biff-stek, 
and Dut. biefin, bief-stuk=Eng. beef-steak. A word 
introduced by the N ormans. Trench directs atten¬ 
tion to the fact that while in English the domestic 
animals, as long as they are living, are called by 
Saxon names, their flesh, after they are dead, has, 
as a rule, some Norman appellation, as if the Sax¬ 
ons had tended them while living, and the Normans 
eaten them when dead. “Thus,” he says, “ ox,steer, 
cow, are Saxon, but beef Norman; sheep is Saxon, 
but mutton Norman. So it is severally with swine 
and pork, deer and venison, foivl and pullet ._ Bacon, 
the only flesh which perhaps ever came within his 
(the Saxon’s) reach, is the single exception.” 
(Trench: The Study of Words.)] (See also Scott’s 
Ivanhoe.) 

A. As substantive: 

1. An ox, a cow, or a bull, regarded as fit for food. 
IT In this sense it has a plural, beeves. 

“ Alcinous slew twelve sheep, eight white-tooth’d swine. 

Two crook-haunched beeves." Chapman. 

2. The flesh of the ox or the cow. used either fresh 
or salted. It is the most nutritious of all kinds of 
meat, and is well adapted to the most delicate con¬ 
stitutions. It should be well cooked, as it has 
been proved that underdone beef frequently pro¬ 
duces tapeworm. Good beef is known by its having 
a clear uniform fat, a firm texture, a fine open 
grain, and a rich reddish color. Meat which feels 
damp and clammy should be avoided, as it is gener¬ 
ally unwholesome. Fresh beef loses in boiling 30 
per cent, of its weight; in roasting it loses about 20 
per cent. The amount of nitrogenous matter found 
to be present in one pound of good beef is about 
four ounces. In the raw state it contains 50 per 
cent, of water. [Ox.] 

In this sense there is no plural. 

“The fat of roasted beef falling on birds will baste 
them.”— Swift. 

B. As adjective: Consisting of the flesh of the ox, 
cow, or even the bull. 

“ If you are employed in marketing, do not accept of a 
treat of a 6ee/-steak and a pot of ale from the butcher.”— 
Swift. 

beef-steak, s. A steak of beef. 

“I like a beef-steak, too, as well as any; 

Have no objection to a pot of beer.” 

Byron: Beppo, 48. 

beef-tea, beef tea, s. A kind of “ tea ” or broth 
for invalids made from beef. In the large packing 
houses of the West the manufacture of the extract 
of beef is quite an industry for the purpose of 
making beef-tea, which has entered largely into the 
common diet of the people. 

beef-witted, a. Having a heavy, ox-like intel¬ 
lect ; dull of understanding, stupid. 

“. . . thou mongrel beef-witted lord!”— Shakesp.: 
Troilus and Cressida, ii. 1. 

beef-wood, s. 

1. The English name of the Casuarina (q. v.). 

2. The name given in New South Wales to the 
Stenocarpus salignus, a tree belonging to the order 
Proteaceee, or Proteads. 

3. The name given in Queensland to Banksia 
compar, also a Protead. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

beef-eat-er (1), s. [Eng. beef; eater.'] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. One who eats beef. 

2. A stout, overfed man. 

B. Ornith.: The Buphaginese, a sub-family of 
African birds, called also Ox-peckers. They belong 
to the family of Sturnidae (Starlings). Buphaga 


Africana, the species called byway of pre-eminence 
the Beef-eater, perches on the back of cattle, pick¬ 
ing from tumors on their hide the larvae of Bot-flies 
(CEstridee), on which it feeds. 

beef'-eat-er (2), s. [Derived from the Fr. beauff- 
etier— one who watches or looks after the beauffet, 
buffet, or sideboard.) 

Plur.: A name applied to the yeomen of the royal 
guard. 

“. . . some better protection than that of the train- 
bands or beef-eaters." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

be ef-su-et, s. [Eng. beef; suet.] The suet or 
kidney fat of beef. [Suet.] 
beef-suet tree.s. A shrub, Shepherdia argentea, 
belonging to the Eheagnacese (Oleasters). It is 
called also Buffalo-berry, and grows in this country. 
*beek, v. t. & i. To bask, warm. [Beak.] 

*beek, s. An old spelling of Beak. 
be ek-Ite, s. [Beckite.] A mineral, a variety 
of quartz, the same as Beckite (q. v.). 

*beel, s. A boil, ulcer. [Boil.] 

“ The skynne in the whiche a beel is growun.”— Wycliffe 
(Levit. xiii. 18), 

*beeld, *beild, s. [Beild, Bield.] 
beele, s. A kind of pickax used by miners. 

Be-el -ze-bub, s. [In Gr. Beelzeboub: Heb. Baal 
zebub , from Baal=lord of, and zebub=a fly.] 

1. The fly-god, a god worshiped in the Philistine 
town of Ekron. (2 Kings i. 3.) 

2. An evil spirit. [Beelzebul.] 

3. Fig.: Any person of fiendish cruelty, who is 
so nicknamed by his adversaries, or in contempt of 
moral sentiment appropriates the appellation to 
himself and cherishes it as if it were an honorable 
title. 

“ His [Viscount Dundee’s] old troopers, the Satansand 
Beelzebubs who had shared his crimes, and who now 
shared his perils, were ready to be the companions of his 
flight.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

Be el -ze-bul, s. [Gr. Beelzeboul from Heb. 
Baal zebul, BaaZ=lord of, and zebul, in Old Testa- 
ment=a habitation, in the Talmud=dung.] A word 
used in the New Testament, for the prince of 
the demons (Matt. x. 25; xii. 24, 27; Mark iii. 
22; Luke xi. 15, 18, 19.) Beelzebul, not Beelze¬ 
bub, is the correct reading in those passages. 
Probably signifying lord of dung, the dung-god. A 
contemptuous appellation for Beelzebub, the god 
of Ekron [Beelzebub], whichmay, moreover, have 
been, as Hug suggests, a dung-rolling scaraba-us 
beetle, like that worshiped by the Egyptians. 
*beeme, s. [Beam.] 
tbee-mol, s. [Bemol.] 

been, *bene, *ben, v. [A. S. beon —to be, to exist, 
to become.] 

1. Past participle of the verb to be. 

“ . . . thou hast been faithful over a few things, . . .” 
— Matt. xxv. 23. 

*2. The 1st, 2d, and 3d persons plural indicative 
of the verb to be. 

“ Some aren as seneschals and serven other lordes, 
And ben in stede of stywardes.” 

Piers Plowman, p. 5. 

”... thay be desceyved that say thay ben not 
tempted in here body.”— Chaucer: The Persones Tale. 

*been, s. pi. [In A. S. beon=bees, pi. of beo—a 
bee.] An old plural of Bee (q. v.). 

*beenge, *bynge, v. t. [A. S. bensian— to fall 
down in prayer, to supplicate ; ben= a prayer.] To 
cringe, in the way of making much obeisance. 

“An’ ding aw a’ the vexing thought 
O’ hourly dwyning into nought, 

By beenging to your foppish brithers.” 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 33. (Jamieson.) 
beer (1), *beere, s. & a. [A. S. beo)-=(l) beer, 
nourishing or strong drink, (2) metheglin (?) (Bos- 
wort ft)Icel. biorr; Fries, biar; Dut. & Ger. bier; 
O. H. Gor. bior, pior; Fr. bibre; Ital. birr a ; W T el. 
bir; Arm. byer, bir, her.] 

A. As substantive: A fermented aqueous infu¬ 
sion of malt and hops, or of malt, sugar, and hops. 
The term is now applied to all malt liquors pre¬ 
pared by the process of brewing. 

Beers are divided into two great classes, ales and 
porters, the former being chiefly prepared from 
pale malt, and having a pale amber color, while in 
the preparation of the latter a certain proportion 
of roasted.or black malt is used alongwith the pale 
malt. This increases the color, and gives to the 
porter a somewhat bitter flavor. These two classes 
are subdivided into a great many varieties, depend¬ 
ing on the strength of the wort used and the amount 
of hops added. Thus we have pale ale, mild ale, 
bitter ale, barley wine, table beer, &c. Stout, brown 
stout, double brown stout, &c M are merely richer 
and stronger kinds of porter. 

Genuine beer should consist of water, malt 
extract (dextrine and glucose), hop extract, and 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, ctir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ge, 03 = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



beer-barrel 


431 


beetroot-sugar 


alcohol. The quantity of alcohol in heer yaries 
from two per cent, in table beer to ten or even 
twelve per cent, in strong ale, and the extract from 
three to fifteen per cent., the latter giving to the 
beer its nutritive value. The alcohol present always 
bears a relation to the amount of sugar fermented. 
A good sound beer should be perfectly transparent, 
and have a brilliant color and a pleasant flavor. 
Sour beers and beers that are thick are very 
unwholesome. 

In England the adulteration of ale or beer is sub¬ 
jected to a serious fine. The Act 56 George III., cap. 
58, imposes a penalty of £200 ($1,000) on any brewer or 
publican who shall have in his possession, or who 
shall sell adulterated beer, and a further penalty of 
£500 ($2,500) on any druggist or other person who 
shall sell any adulterant to a licensed brewer. Not¬ 
withstanding the stringency of this act, beer has 
been, and still is, very largely adulterated. The 
nitrogenous matter extracted from the malt, and 
present in the original beer, is reduced to a mini¬ 
mum, and the beer-drinker pays for a liquor which 
may be sweet and pleasant to the taste, but is 
almost destitute of nourishment. Salt is added, 
not so much to preserve the beer, as to increase the 
thirst, and thereby impart a craving for more 
drink. Cocculus indicus, picric acid, strychnine, 
and opium, said to be adulterants, are now seldom, 
if ever, used to adulterate beer. 

“ Flow, Welsted ! flow, like thine inspirer beer / 

Tho’ stale, not ripe; tho’ thin, yet ever clear; 

So sweetly mawkish, and so smoothly dull; 

Heady, not strong; and foaming, tho’ not full.” 

Pope: Dunciad, bk. iii., 169-172. 

B. As adjective: Intended to contain or actually 
containing beer ; designed for the sale of beer, or in 
any other way pertaining to beer. (See the sub¬ 
joined compounds.) 

beer-barrel, s. A barrel used to contain beer. 
[Barrel.] 

“ . . . of earth we make loam; and why of that loam, 
whereto he was converted, might they not stop a beer- 
barrel f” — Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 1. 

beer-cooler, s. A large shallow vat or cistern in 
which beer is exposed to the natural air to be 
cooled; a tub or cistern in which air artificially 
cooled is used to reduce the temperature of beer. 

beer-engine, s. [Beer-machine.] 
beer-faucet, s. A machine consisting of a piston 
for injecting air into flat beer to make it foam. 

beer-float, s. An areometer or hydrometer 
floated in grain-wash to ascertain its density and 
the percentage by volume of proof spirits which it 
will probably yield. 

beer-fountain, s. A pump used to draw beer 
into a glass for immediate consumption. [Beer- 
machine.] 

beer-glass, s. A glass to drink beer from, 
beer-hopper, s. A vat or beck in which hops are 
infused before being added to the wort, 
beer-house, s. A house where beer is sold. 

“What woman (even among the droonken Almaines) is 
suffred to follow her husband into the alehouse or beer¬ 
house?”—Gascoigne: Delicate Dlet for Drunkards (1576). 

beer-machine, beer-engine, s. A machine or 
engine in use in public-houses and other beer-shops 
of London and most other cities. It consists of a 
row of force-pumps in connection with casks below, 
each containing a different quality of liquor. The 
handles of the pumps are visible at the bar; and a 
sink below conveys away any liquor which may be 
spilled in the process of drawing. 

beer-saloon, s. A saloon licensed for the sale of 
beer and other malt liquors only; a saloon where 
beer is sold. 

beer-vat, s. A vat in which malt is infused in 
the manufacture of beer. 

*beere, s. [Bier.] 

beer'-jf, a. [Eng. beer; -y.] Pertaining to beer; 
under the influence of beer. ( Vulgar.) 
bee§, s.pl. [Plural of Eng. bee.\ 

Ship-carpentry: Pieces of plank bolted to the 
outer end of the jib-boom to reeve the fore-topmast 
stays through. [Beeblock.] 
fbees-alluring, a. Alluring bees. 

“Faire Marigoldes, and Bees-alluring Thime.” 

Spenser: The Pate of the Butterflies. 

*bee-§en, a. [Bison, Bysom.] Blind, 
bee -sha, s. [Native name in parts of Further 
India (?).] . . „ , 

Bot.: A genus of bamboos differing from Bambusa 
in having the seeds inclosed in a fleshy pericarp. 
There are two species, Seesha baccifera , from 
Chittagong, where it is called Pagu Tulla, and 
B.fax, from the Malayan Archipelago. 


*beest, *be'est-yng, *bestynge, *bestnynge, 
*biest -Ing, *be est-in, *beest'-ing, *be est-ling, 
*be es-tin-ing, *be est-nyng, _*be est-nynge, s. 
(sing.) & a.; *beest-ing§, *biest-lng§, *be'est- 
ins, s. pi. [A. S. beost, bysting=the first milk of 
a cow after calving ( Bosworth); Dut. blest; L. Ger. 
beest; (N. H.) Ger. biestmilch; O. H. Ger. blest, Most, 
piesf=beestings. Malm suggests an affinity to Goth. 
6eist=leaven, and Wedgwood to Lett. 6ees=thick, 
close, like the combs of bees; beest— to become thick, 
to coagulate.] 

A. As substantive: The first milk taken from a 
cow after calving, or from any other milch beast 
after having borne offspring. 

“ Bestnynge mylke ( bestnyngek ): collustrum.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

“So may the first of all our fells be thine, 

And both the beestning of our goats and kine.” 

Ben, Jonson: Pan’s Anniv. 

B. As adj. {of the singula r forms): Pertaining to 
the first milk from a cow after calving. 

*beest-milk, *biest-milk, s. [In Ger. biest¬ 
milch.'] The first milk of a cow after calving. 
[Beest.] 

bee§-wax, s. [Eng. bees; wax.] The “wax” of 
bees, used by them for constructing their cells. It 
is a secretion elaborated within the body of the 
animal from the saccharine matter of honey, and 
extruded in plates from beneath the rings of the 
abdomen. It is not the same as the propolis which 
bees may be seen carrying on their thighs when 
returning from their daily excursions among 
flowers. Also, the same wax melted down and 
purified, as an article of commerce. 

bee§'-wing, s. A fine filmy deposit in old Port 
wine. 

beet, s. & a. [A. S. bete; Ger. beete; Dut. 
beete; Dan. bede; Wei. betysen; Fr. bette or bette- 
rave; Sp. betarraga, beterraga; Ital. Meta or bietola; 
Sw. & Lat. beta;' from the Celtic bett= red, or from 
bwyd or biadh-iood or nourishment, the plants 
being used for that purpose.] 

A. As substantive: The English name of the Beta, 
a genus of plants belonging to the order Chenopo- 
diacese (Chenopods). Beta vulgaris, or Common 
Beet, is cultivated to be used in the manufacture of 
sugar, the green-topped variety being preferred for 
the purpose. _ The small red, the Castelnaudary, 
and other varieties are used, either raw or boiled, 
as salad. Beet is also used for pickling, for furnish¬ 
ing a varnish, and for other purposes. Much of the 
beetroot-sugar is made not from the Beta vulgaris, 
but from the B. cicla, the White Beet, called also 
the Chard or Sicilian Beet. {Cicla in the specific 
name means Sicilian.) 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the plant described 
under A. 

beet, v. t. [A. S. betan = to make better, im¬ 
prove.] To remedy, improve, mend. 

“Makynge ayein or beetynge her nettis.”— Wycliffe 
{Matt. iv. 21). 

Of fire=to mend, improve, or add fuel to a fire 
{figuratively). 

“ Or noble ‘ Elgin ’ beets the heav’n-ward flame.” 

Bums: The Cotter’s Saturday Night. 

be et-ax, s. [From Eng. beef, and a* (. ? ).] An 
instrument for paring turf. 

bee'-tle (1) (tle=tel), s. [A. S. bytel, bytl, biotul 
= a mallet, a staff; from beatan=to beat. In L. 
Ger. betel, bOtel=a 
clog for a dog ; N. H. (TZT3& 

Ger. beutel=& bag, MpT|S' 
a purse, a beater, a 1)3! I ’ 
reaping-chisel; M. 

H. Ger. boszel= a 

beater.] Beetle. 

1. A maul, a heavy 

wooden mailet for driving stones, stakes, or tent- 
pegs into the ground. 

2. A beetling machine. 

beetle-brow, s. A projecting brow, like one of 
the transverse projections on the head of a mallet. 
It is the portion just above the eyes called the super¬ 
ciliary ridge, made by the projection of the frontal 
sinus. [Beetle, v. (2)] 

“He had a beetle-brow, 

A down-look, middle stature, with black hair.” 

Sir R. Panshaw: Tr. of Pastor Fido, p. 175. 

If It is sometimes used in the plural. 

“His blobber lips and beetle-brows commend.” 

Dryden: Juv., Sat. iii. 

beetle-browed, *bitel-browed, a. Having a 
projecting brow. 

“Enquire for the beetle-brow’d critic, &c.” — Swift. 

“ He was bitelbrowed and baberlipped also.” 

Piers Plowman (ed. Skeat), bk. v. 190. 


beetle-head, a. & s. 

A. As adjective: Having a head assumed to be as 
destitute of understanding as the head of a wooden 
maul; a “ wooden head.” 

B. As substantive: The weight generally called 
the “ monkey” of a pile-driver. 

beetle-headed, a. Having a “wooden” head; 
utterly deficient in intellect; stupid exceedingly. 

“. . . a beetle-headed, flap-ear’d knave.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1. 

beetle-stock, s. The stock or handle of a beetle. 

“ To crouch, to please, to be a beetle-stock 
Of thy great master's will.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale. 

bee'-tle (2) (tie as tel), s. [A. S. betl, betel, bitel 
— (1) a beetle, a coleopterous insect; (2) a “black- 
beetle,” i. e., a cockroach ; from bitan= to bite.] 

1. Entom.: Any member of the enormously large 
order of insects called by naturalists Coleoptera, 
meaning Sheathed Wings. [Coleoptera.] They 
have four wings, the inferior pair, which are mem¬ 
branous, being protected by the superior pair, which 
are horny. 

“The poor beetle that we tread upon, 

In corporal suff’ranee finds a pang as great 
As when a giant dies.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 

To be as blind as abeetle is an expression founded 
probably upon the habits of some beetles of the 
Scarabaeus family, which come droning into houses 
in the evening, are attracted by the glare of the 
lamp, fly round it and through the room, ending by 
tumbling backward on the ground, and finding a 
difficulty in getting up again. No beetles are really 
blind, except a few cave species. 

“ Others come sharp of sight and too provident for that 
which concerned their own interest; but as blind as beetles 
in foreseeing this great and common danger.”— Knolles: 
History of the Turks. 

2. Popularly: A “ black beetle,” viz., a cockroach, 
which, however, is not properly a beetle at all, but 
belongs to the order Orthoptera, and is akin on one 
side to the cricket, on the other to the earwig. 

*beetle-stones, s. pi. An old name given to 
nodules of clay-ironstone found at Newhaven, near 
Edinburgh, and elsewhere. The appellation was 
given from the erroneous notion that the nodules 
were of insect origin. [Clay-ironstone.] {Buck- 
land : Geology and Mineralogy , 1836, vol. i., p. 199.) 

bee'-tle (1) (tle=tel), v. t. [From Eng. beetle, s. 
(1) (q. v.).] To beat with a heavy mallet. 

“Then lay it [yarn] out to dry in your bleaching-yard; 
but be sure never to beat or beetle it.”— Maxwell: Sel. 
Trans., p. 644. {Jamieson.) 

bee'-tle (2) (tie as tel), v. i. [A. S. 6ifei=biting 
or sharp.] To jut out or hang over, as some 
cliffs do. 

“ Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff, 

That beetles o’er his base into the sea.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 4. 

bee'-tled (tied as teld) , pa. par. & adj. [Bee¬ 
tle, v. t.] 

be et-ling, pr. par. & a. [Beetle, v. (1)] 

be et-ling, pr. par. & a. [Beetle (2), v. t.] 

“ On beetling cliffs, or pent in ruins deep, 

They, till due time shall serve, were bid far hence.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 46. 

*beetling-machine, s. A machine formerly in 
use for beetling or beating cloth as it was slowly 
wound on a revolving roller. 

beet-rad’-lsh, s. [Eng .beet; radish.] Aplant, 
the same as Beetrave (q. v.). 

be et-rave, s. [Fr. betterave= beet; from bette= 
beet, and rave= a radish, a root.] A plant, the Bed 
Beet {Beta vulgaris). [Beet.] 

be et-root, s. [Eng. beet; root.) The root of the 
Beet {Beta vulgaris). [Beet.] A valuable food, 
owing to the large amount of sugar it contains. 
Nearly all the sugar used in France is made from 
the beet, and in this country many of the sugar 
refiners use it in their sugar factories. In Germany a 
coarse spirit is manufactured from the beet, a large 
proportion of which is imported into other coun¬ 
tries and made into methylated spirit. Beetroot 
contains ten per cent, of sugar, and about two per 
cent, of nitrogenous matters. It was formerly used 
to adulterate coffee. 

beetroot-sugar, s. Sugar made from tho root 
of the beet. It seems to have been first made in the 
year 1747 ; it was 1 argely manufactured in France dur¬ 
ing the wars of the revolution, when English cruisers 
cut the French off from access to the West Indian 
cane sugar. It has been attempted in this country 
and in England. “ The beetroot is first washed in a 
rotatory drum immersed in water, then rasped into 
pulp, and squeezed in woolen sacks by hydraulic 
pressure, or in continuous revolving presses, or the 
sugar is removed by diffusion in iron tumblers. The 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 







beeves 


432 


beforehand 


juice is clarified with lime filtered through animal 
charcoal, crystallized in vacuo, and drained by a 
centrifugal machine.” 

beeve§, s. pi. [The plural of Eng. beef (q. v.).] 
Oxen, black cattle. 

“ They sought the beeves that made their broth.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 10. 

*bee'-vor, s. [Beaver (2) (q.v.).] 

*be e-zen, a. [Bison.] (O. Scotch.) 
be-falP, *be-fal', *be-falle (pret. befell,*befelle, 
*befel,*bifel,*byfel;pa. par. befallen), v. t. & i. 
[A. S. befeallan; O. S. bifallan; Ger. befallen.'] 

A. Transitive (followed by the object with or 
without a preposition): 

1. To happen to, to affect one. (Used at first 
indifferently of favorable or of unfavorable occur¬ 
rences in one’s career.) 

“Bion asked an envious man, that was very sad, what 
harm had befallen unto him, or what good had befallen 
unto another man.”— Bacon. 

2. The tendency being to take more note of what 
is unfavorable than favorable in one’s lot; the word 
now has generally an unfavorable sense. 

‘‘For the common people, when they hear that some 
frightful thing has befallen such a one in such a place 
. . .”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

B. Intrans.: To happen, to take place. 

“But you at least may make report 
Of what befalls.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, iv. 
be-fal-len, pa. par. [Befall.] 

“O teacher, some great mischief hath befallen 
To that meek man.”— Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. xi. 
be-fal'-llng, pr. par. & s. [Befall.] 

A. As present participle : In senses correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

B. Assubst.: That which befalls, an occurrence, 
an incident; an event especially of an unfavorable 
character. 

be-fa r-i-g., s. [Bejaria.] 
be-fell, "be-fel 1 , pret. of Befall. 

*beff, *baff, v. t. [Ger. puffen, f buffen— . . . 
to cuff, bang, or buffet.] To heat, to strike. {Scotch.) 
“ Bot the wrath of the goddis has doun heft 
The cietie of Troy from top vnto the ground.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 59, 9. 

beff, baff, s. [From baff, v. In O. Fr. bufe, buffe, 
bouffe= a blow from the fist, a cuff.] [Buff, 
Buffet.] A blow, a stroke, a cuff. The same as 
Scotch Baff (q. v.). 

*bef'-froy, s. [Belfry.] 

*be-flght {ah silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
fight.] To fight, to combat. 

be-f It', v. To be suitable to or for; to become, 
to be becoming in. Used— 

(a) Of persons: 

“ He was not in the frame of mind which befits one who 
is about to strike a decisive blow.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. v. 

(b) Of things: 

“ Well do a woman’s tears befit the eye 
Of him who knew not as a man to die.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage, iii. 

be-flt-ted, pret. of Befit. 

If Befitted as a pa. par. scarcely exists. 

“ . . . and that it us befitted 
To bear our hearts in grief . . .” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 2. 

be-fit’-tlflg, pr. par. & a. [Befit.] 

“An answer befitting the hostile message and menace.” 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, iv. 

be-f It'-tlflg-iy, ado. In a befitting manner, 
fbe-flag ged, pa.par. [Eng. prefix be, and flagged 
=decorated with flags.] From an imaginary pres¬ 
ent, beflag. 

“Berlin is gaily beflagged, and the illuminations will 
be unusually brilliant.”— Daily Telegraph, March 23, 1877. 

*be-fla ine, pa. par. & a. [Beflay.] 
be-flat'-ter, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and flatter.] 
To flatter in excess. 

be-flat'-tered, pa. par. & a. [Beflatter.] 
be-flat'-ter-ing, pr. par. [Beflatter.] 
*be-fla'y (pa. par. beflaine), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, 
andjfcq/.] To flay. 

“ Out of his skin he was beflaine.” 

Oower: Conf. Amant., bk. vii. ( Richardson .) 
be-flow'er, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and flower.] To 
besprinkle, to scatter over with flowers or with 
pustules. {Hobbes.) 

tbe-fium’, v. t. [Eng. prefix be; and flum, con¬ 
tracted frqpi flummery (q. v.).] To befool by cajol¬ 
ing language, to cajole, to deceive, to impose upon ; 
(in slang phrase) to “bamboozle.” 

“ . . . then, on the other hand, I beflumm’d them wi’ 

Colonel Talbot.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. lxxi. 


be-flum'med, pa. par. [Beflum.] 
be-flum'-mlng, pr. par. [Beflum. ] 
be-fo am, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and foam,.] To 
bespatter or cover with foam. 

“At last the dropping wings, befoam’d all o’er 
With flaggy heaviness, their master bore.” 

Eusden: Ov. Met., iv. 

be-fo'amed, pa. par. & a. [Befoam.] 
be-fo am-ihg, pr. par. [Befoam.] 
be-fog', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and fog.] To involve 
in a fog. {Irving.) 
be-fog’ged, pa. par. & a. [Befog.] 
<be-fogg'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Befog.] 
be-fo Ol, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and fool.] To 
make a fool of. (Often used reflexively=to make a 
fool of one’s self; for in reality no one can make 
a fool of another.) 

“ . . . and how they came back again, and befooled 
themselves for setting a foot out of doors in that path 
. . .”— Bunyan: Filgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

be-f6 oled, pa. par. & a. [Befool.] 
be-fo ol-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Befool.] 
be-for'e, *bI-for'e, *by-for e, *bl- for e, *by- 
ubr'e, *bI-for n, *be-for ne, *bI-for -en, *be-fbr- 
en, prep., conj.,& adv. [A. S. and O. S. beforan, 
biforan={T) before, (2) for; Dut. bevorens= before; 
(N. H.) Ger. bevor; O. H. Ger. bifora, pivora.] 

A. As preposition: 

I. In space: 

1. Gen.: In front of, not behind ; situated in front 
of the face, not behind the back. Used — 

(a) Of persons: 

“ Their common practice was to look no further before 
them than the next line.”— Dryden. 

Or {b) More loosely {of things) .‘ Situated nearer a 
spectator than is another thing with which it is com¬ 
pared in situation. 

“. . . the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon.” 
—1 Samuel xxvi. 1. 

2. Spec.: In the presence of, as noting— 

(1) When used of persons: 

(a) Exposure to the eyes of the person or persons 
in whose presence one is. 

“And Shallum thesonof Jabesh conspired against him, 
and smote him before the people.”—2 Kings xv. 10. 

IT Before one, in the expression “ Thou shalt have 
no other gods before me” (Exod. xx. 3; see also 
Deut. v. 7), practically means anywhere; for as 
a false god worshiped anywhere is worshiped 
“ before,” i. e., in the presence of the All-seeing One, 
the commandment can be obeyed only by him who 
forbears to worship a false god anywhere. 

(b) Great respect or even actual adoration for. 

“ On kneos heo gon beforen him falle.” 

The Kyng of Tars, 221. (S. in Boucher .) 

“. . . the place where they kill the burnt-offering 
before the ].ord.”— Lev. iv. 24. 

(c) Submission to the jurisdiction of. 

“ If a suit be begun before an archdeacon, the ordinary 
may license the suit to an higher court.”— Ayliffe. 

{d) In the power of, as if spread out in front of 
them. 

“The world was all before them, where to choose.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. xii. 

(2) When used, of places {Spec.): Encampment 
or the construction of military works for the pur¬ 
pose of besieging a place. 

“And all the people, even the people of war that were 
with him, went up, and drew nigh, and came before the 
city.”— Joshua viii. 11. 

(3) When used of things: 

(а) Proximity to, either for worship or any other 
purpose. 

“. . . but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister 
before the tabernacle of witness.”— Numbers xviii. 2. 

(б) The impulse of something behind; as in the 
common nautical phrase “ to run before the wind,” 
i.e., moving in the same direction as the wind and 
impelled by its full force. 

“ Her part, poor soul! seeming as burdened 
With lesser weight, but not with lesser woe, 

Was carried with more speed before the wind.” 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, i. 1. 

II. In time: , 

1. Preceding. 

“ Particular advantages it has before all the books which 
have appeared before it in this kind.”— Dryden. 

2. Prior to. 

“ The eldest [elder ?] son is before the younger in suc¬ 
cession.”— Johnson. 

3. Not yet arrived at; future. 

“ The golden age, which a blind tradition has hitherto 
placed in the Past, is before us.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, 
bk. iii., ch. v. 


III. In a figurative sense : 

1. In preference to, rather than. 

“ We think poverty to be infinitely desirable before the 
torments of covetousness.”— Taylor. 

2. Superior to. 

“ . . . he is before his competitors both in right and 
power.”— Johnson. 

B. As conjunction: 

1. Sooner than, earlier in time. 

‘‘Before two months their orb with light adorn, 

If heav’ n allow me life, I will return.”— Dryden. 

2. Previously to, in order that something may be. 

“Before this elaborate treatise can become of use to my 

country, two points are necessary.”— Swift. 

C. As adverb: 

I. Of place: 

1. Further onward, in advance, in front of. 

“ Thou’rt so far before, 

That swiftest wing of recompense is slow 
To overtake thee.” Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 4. 

2. In front; opposed to in the rear, or to behind. 

II. Of time: 

1. Up to this time, hitherto. 

“ The peaceful cities of th’ Ausonian shore, 

Hull’d in her ease, and undisturbed before, 

Are all on fire.” Dryden. 

2. In time past: 

(а) Gen.: At an indefinite period of bygone time. 

“. . . and the name of Debir before was Kirjath- 

sepher.”— Joshua xv. 15. 

(б) Spec.: A short time ago. 

“ I shall resume somewhat which hath been before said, 
touching the question beforegoing.”— Hale. 

3. Already. 

“ You tell me, mother, what I knew before, 

The Phrygian fleet is landed on the shore.” 

Dryden. 

before-casting, s. Forethought. 

“ If ony man sleeth his neighebore bi bifore-castyng.”— 
Wycliffe {Exodus xxi. 14). 

before-go, V. t. To precede, go before. 

“Merci and treuthe shal befor-go thi face.”— Wycliff > 
{Psalm lxxxviii. 15). 

before-goer, s. A messenger before. 

“Y schal sende thi bifore-goere an Aungel.”— Wycliffe 
(Exodus xxxiii. 2). 

before-set, a. Prefixed. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

before-showing, pr. par. A previous disclosure ; 
a fore-warning. 

“We bothe saien a dreem in o nyght bifore-schewynge of 
thingis to comynge.”— Wycliffe {Genesis xli. 11). 

before-speaker, s. A spokesman. 

“Profete that is interpretour ether bifor-spekere.' w — 
Wycliffe {Exodus vii. 1). 

before-wall, s. An advanced rampart. 

“The wal and the bifor-wal.” — Wycliffe (Isaiah xxvL 1). 

be-fdr e-§i-ted, a. [Eng. before; cited.] Cited 
before. (Dr. Allen.) 

fbe-for e-g5-Ing, a. [Eng. before; going.] 
Going before. (Now abbreviated into Foregoing.) 
(Milton.) 

be-for e-hand, *be-for'e-hande, *bl-fbr-hand, 
*biuoren-hond, a. & adv. [A. S. beforan, and 
ftond=hand. In Sw. i fOr hand.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Possessed of accumulations or stores previously 
acquired. 

“Stranger’s house is at this time rich, and much before¬ 
hand, for it hath laid up revenue these thirty-seven 

years.”— Bacon, 

2. In a state of forwardness; well prepared, all 
but ready. 

“What is man’s contending with insuperable diffi¬ 
culties, but the rolling of Sisyphus’ stone up the hill, 
which is soon beforehand to return upon him again ?” — 
L’ Estrange. 

B. As adverb: 

1. Previously, before. 

“Heo biuorenhond leorneth hore meister.”— Ancren 
Riwle, p. 212. 

2. In a state of priority, first in time. (In this 
sense often followed by with.) 

“ . . . they therefore determined to be beforehand 
with their accusers.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

3. Previously. 

(a) By way of preparation. 

“ When the lawyers brought extravagant bills, Sir Eoger 
used to bargain beforehand to cut off a quarter of a yard in 
any part of the bill.”— Arbuthnot. 

(b) Without waiting for a certain event; ante¬ 
cedently. 

“Itwould be resisted by such as had beforehand resisted 
the general proofs of the gospel.”— Atterbury. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cfir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



beforementioned 


433 


beggar 


be—for e-men-tioned (tioned as shund), a. 

before; mentioned,.'] Mentioned before, 
whether by word of mouth, by writing, or in a 
printed page. {Foster.) 

♦be-for -en, prep., conj. & adv. [Before.] 
{Chaucer.) 

be-for'e-tlme, adv. [Eng. before; time.] For¬ 
merly ; specially, in the olden time. 

” Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to inquire or 
God, thus he spake.”—1 Samuel ix. 9. 

*be-for ne, prep., conj. & adv. [Before.] 

be-for-tune p v. t. [Eng. be; fortune.] To happen 
to, to betide. 

“ As much I wish all good befortune you.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona , ir. 8. 

be-for-tyned, pa. par. & a. [Befortune.] 
be-for -tyn-ing, pr.par. [Befortune.] 

*be-fot e, adv. On foot. 

11 Befote, or on fote (afote). Pedestre.”— Prompt Parv. 

be-foul , v. £. [Eng. be; foul.] To foul, to render 
dirty, to soil. (Todd.) 

be-fou led, pa. par. & a. [Befoul.] 
be-foul-mg, pr. par. [Befoul.] 
be-freck -le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. be ; freckle.] 
To spot over with freckles. (Drayton.) 
be-friend', v. t. & i. [Eng. be; friend.] 

A. Transitive: 


1. Lit.: To be a friend to or of, to act with kind¬ 
ness to, to favor, to countenance, to sustain by 
sympathy. 

“ Be thou the first true merit to befriend; 

His praise is lost who stays till all commend.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 474. 

2. Fia.: To favor, to be propitious to. (Used of 
things.) 

B. Intransitive: To be friendly, favorable. 

“ But night befriends —through paths obscure he 

pass’d.” Piemans: The Abencerrage, ii. 

be-friend -ed, pa. par. [Befriend.] 
be-friend'-liig, pr.par. [Befriend.] 

“Hope the befriending, 

Does what she can, for she points evermore up to 
heaven.” 

Longfellow: The Children of the Lord's Supper. 

be-friend'-ment, s. [Eng. befriend; -ment.] The 
act of befriending; the state of being befriended. 
(Foster.) 

be-fring e, v. t. [Eng. be; fringe. In Ger. befran- 
sen .] To place fringes upon, to adorn with fringes. 

“ When I flatter, let my dirty leaves 
Cloath spice, line trunks, or flutt’ring in a row, 
Befringe the rails of Bedlam and Soho.” 

Pope: Satires, v. 419. 

be-frlng ed, pa. par. & a. [Befringe.] 
be-frlng -Ing, pr.par. [Befringe.] 
be-frlzz ed, a. Having the hair frizzled, or 
crinkled. 

beft, pa. par. [Beff.] (Scotch.) 
be-fud'-dle, v. t. To muddle or confuse, as with 
liquor. 

be-fur’, v. t. [En g. be; fur.] To cover or clothe 
with fur. (F. Butler.) 
be-furr ed, pa. par. & a. [Befur.] 
be-fur-ring, pr. par. [Befur.] 

#beg, s. [Beigh.] 

beg, *begge, *beg'-gen, v. i. & t. [From Eng. 
bag. Or from A. S. bedecian= to beg (Sweet and 
Skeat). Compare also Sw. begaha, bedja; Goth. 
bidjan; Dan. bede; Dut. bedelen, bidden; Ger. 
betteln; O. H. Ger. bitjan; A. S. biddan=(l) to ask, 
.0 pray, to beseech, (2) to bid; biddan=to pray; 
Mahr. bhik, bh£ek=a\vas ; Hind, bhikh, bheekh, bhik 
or 67i@efc=alms; bhikh or bheekh mangna— to ask 
alms, to beg.] [Beg, Beggar.] 

A. Intransitive: To ask for alms, spec., to ask 
habitually; to be a professional beggar, to be a 
mendicant. 

“ I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed.”— Luke xvi. 8. 


B. Transitive: 


I. Ordinary Language : 

1. To ask earnestly; to ask as a beggar does for 
alms. 


"... for all thy blessed youth 
Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alms 
Of palsied eld . . .” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 

2. With similar earnestness to request anything, 
solicitation for which does not make one a mendi¬ 


cant. 


“ He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus.”— 
Matthew xxvii. 68. 


3. To take for granted. [II. 1.] 


*4. To apply for one’s guardianship. [II. 2.] 

“ I fear you will 

Be begg’d at court, unless you come oft thus.” 

The Wits (0. PI.), viii. 500. 

II. Technically: 

1. Logic. To beg the question: To perpetrate the 
fallacy called Petitio principii: to assume, if an 
opponent will permit it, the very thing to be 
proved. 

*2. Old Law. To beg a person for a fool: To apply 
to be his guardian. The petition was presented in 
the Court of Wards. 

“ Leave begging, Lynus, for such poor rewards, 

Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards.” 

Harrington: Epigr., i. 10. 

If There is a play upon the words beg you for in 
the following passage: 

“ And that a great man 
Did mean to beg you for -his daughter.” 

City Match (O. PL), 314. (Nares.) 

If (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs 
to beg and to desire: “To beg marks the wish; to 
desire , the will and determination. Beg is the act 
of an inferior; desire, of a superior. We beg a thing 
as a favor, we desire it as a right.” 

(6) To beg, beseech, solicit, entreat,'supplicate, 
implore, crave are thus discriminated: The first 
four of these do not mark such a state of depend¬ 
ence in the agent as the last three: to beg denotes a 
state of want; to beseech, entreat, and solicit a state 
of urgent necessity; supplicate and implore, a state 
of abject distress; crave, the lowest state of phys¬ 
ical want. One begs with importunity; beseeches 
with earnestness; entreats by the force of reasoning 
and strong representation. One solicits by virtue of 
one’s interests; supplicates by a humble address; 
implores by every mark of dejection and humilia¬ 
tion. Begging is the act of the poor when they need 
assistance; beseeching and entreating are resorted 
to by friends and equals, when they want to influ¬ 
ence or persuade; beseeching is more urgent, entreat¬ 
ing more argumentative. Solicitations are used to 
obtain favors which have more respect to the cir¬ 
cumstances than the rank of the solicitor; suppli¬ 
cating and imploring are resorted to by sufferers for 
the relief of their misery, and are addressed to those 
who have the power of averting or increasing the 
calamity. Craving is the consequence of longing; 
it marks an earnestness of supplication, an abject 
state of suffering dependence, 
beg, s. [Turkish begr=prince, chief.] [Bey.] 

In Turkey, Tartary, &c.: A title for a provincial 
governor, or generally for an official of high rank. 
In India it is occasionally met with as part of an 
ordinary proper name, borne by persons presumably 
of Mogul Tartar descent, but possessed neither of 
official rank nor of aristocratic birth. Beg is essen¬ 
tially the same word as Bey, used in Tunis and other 
parts of Northern Africa. 

“ Togrul Beg, however, the son. of Michael, the son of 
Sedjuk, offered himself as a leader and bond of union to 
the Turks.”— Mill: Hist. India (ed. 1848), vol. ii., p. 254. 

be-ga, be'e-gah, *big-gah, s. [Mahratta, Hind., 
&c., bigha.] 

In India: A land measure. That of Bengal is 
about 1,000 square yards, or one-third of an English 
acre. That of the Mahratta country contains 3,926 
square yards; consequently 1)4 begas will be=an 
English acre. 

be’-g^L-dyne, s. One billion dynes. 
*beg-air'-Ie§, s. [From O. Eng. begare=varie- 
gate.] Stripes or slips of cloth sewed on gar¬ 
ments, by way of ornament, such as are now worn 
in liveries; pessments. [Begarie.] 

"... use or weare in their cleithing, or apparell, 
or lyning thereof, onie claith of gold, or silver, velvot, 
8atine, damask, taffataes, or ony begairies, frenyies, pas- 
ments, or broderie of gold, silver, or silk, . . .”— Acts 
James VI. (1581), c. 113. 

*be-gall', *be-gal', v. t. [Eng. be; gall.] To 
gall, to chafe, to rub till soreness arise. 

“ And shake your sturdy trunks, ye prouder pines, 
Whose swelling graines are like begald alone 
With the deep furrowes of the thunder-stone.” 

Bp. Hall: Defiance to Envy. 

*be-galled, *be-gald’, pa. par. [Begall.] 
*be-gar-eit, *be-gar'-y-It, pa. par. [Begarie.] 
*be-gar-Ie, *be-gar'-e, v.t. [From Lat. gyro= 
to turn round in a circle. (Gyrate.) ( Urry & 
Tyrwhitt.) Or from A. S. gerian = to clothe. 
(Stevenson.) [Garish.] Or from (Old?) Fr. 

begarrer—to diversify. ( Longmuir .)] ( O. Eng. (St 
Scotch.) 

1. To variegate. 

(a) Gen.: To deck with various colors. 

“ Begareit all in sundry hewis.” 

Lyndsay: S. P. R., ii. 103. (Jamieson.) 

(b) Spec.: To stripe, to variegate with lines of 
various colors, to streak. 

“ All of gold wrocht was thare riche attyre, 

Thar purpoure robbis begaryit schynand brycht.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 267, 15. (Jamieson.) 


2. To besmear, to bedaub, to bespatter. 

“ Some Whalley’s Bible did begarie, 

By letting flee at it canarie.” 

Colville: Mock Poem, pt. i., 59. 

be-gat’, pret. of Beget (q. v.). 

“ Shem . . . begat Arphaxad two years after the 
flood. And Shem lived after he begat Arphaxad, . . 

— Gen. xl. 10, 11. 

be-ga’-vel, s. [Eng. be, and gavel (q. v.).] 
[Bagavel.] It is called also Bethugavel, or Chip¬ 
ping-gavel (q. v.). 

*be-gaw’, *be-gawd, v. t. [Eng. be; and gaw 
(q. v.)7] [Gewgaw.] To deck out with gewgaws. 

"... Begawded with chains of gold and jewels.” 

North: Plutarch, p. 127. (Richardson.) 

*be-gaw'ed, *be-gawd'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Be- 

ga w.] 

*be-ga'W”-ing, *be-gawd -mg, pr. par. [Be- 

gaw.] 

be-ge ik, s. [Begunk.] 

be-gem , v. t. [Eng. be; gem.] To adorn with 
precious gems, or anything similarly beautiful and 
lustrous. 

“ The doe awoke, and to the lawn 
Begemmed with dewdrops, led her fawn.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 2. 

be-gem med, pa. par. & a. [Begem.] 

be-gem-mmg, pr. par. [Begem.] 

*beg’-en-ild, *beg'-en-elde, s. [O. Eng. begen- 
to beg, and yldo, yld, eld=age, seniority, a man.] 
A mendicant. 


beg’-erg, s. One billion ergs. 

*be-ges', *be-gess', adv. [Eng. pref. 6e=by, and 
gesse= guess; Dan. gn'sse.] By chance, at random. 

“ Thoulichtlies all trew properties 
Of luve express, 

And marks quhen neir a styme thou seis, 

And hits begess.” 

Scott: Evergreen, i. 113. 

“ I hapnit in a wilderness, 

Quhair I chanst to gang in beges.” 

Burel’s Pilg. (Watson’s Coll.), ii. 30. 

be-get’, *bi-get e, *by-gy te (pret. begot, \begat, 
*begatte, *begate; pa par. begotten, bigeten), v.t. 
[Eng. be; get=to cause to get; A. S. beqytan, bigi- 
tan (pret. begeat) =to get, to obtain ; A. S. prefix be, 
and getan^gytan, gitan=to get.] [Get.] 

1. Lit.: To engender, to generate, to procreate, to 
become the father of. (Used of the procreation of 
children.) 

2. Fig.: To produce, to engender, to generate, to 
cause to come into existence. (Used of projects, 
ideas, or anything similar, or generally of anything 
which man can bring into being.) 

“ Till carried to excess in each domain, 

This fav’rite good begets peculiar pain.” 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 

be-get-ter, s. [Eng. beget; -er.] 

1. Lit.: One who begets; one who procreates; a 
father. 

“For what their prowess gain’d, the law declares 
Is to themselves alone, and to their heirs; 

No share of that goes back to the begetter.” 

Dryden. 

2. Fig.: A producer; as “ a begetter of disease.” 

beg'-gg,-ble, a. [Eng. beg; -able.] Able to be 
obtained if begged for, or at least able to be begged 
with a doubtful result. 

“He finds it his best way to be always craving, because 
he lights many times upon things that are disposed of, or 
not beggable.” — Butler’s Characters. 

beg'-gg-r, *beg’-ger, *beg -gere, s. [Eng. beg, 
-er; Dut. bedelaar; Ger. bettler; Ital. piccaro. 
Comp, also Sw. tiggare; Dan. tigger.] [Beg.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. One whose habitual practice is to implore peo¬ 
ple for alms, whether because he has some physical 
or mental defect which wholly or partially incapac¬ 
itates him from working; or because (if such a 
thing be conceivable) all his efforts to obtain work 
have been uniformly abortive; or finally, in too 
many cases, because he is too idle to work and too 
shameless to blush at the meanness of casting his 
support on others perhaps less strong in body, and 
even less rich in purse, than himself. 

"Bet than a lazer, or a beggere .” 

Chaucer: C. T., 242. 

“And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which 
was laid at his gate, full of sores, and desiring to be fed 
with the crumbs which fell from the rich man’s table 
. . .”— Luke xvi. 20, 21. 

2. One who is dependent on others for support, 
whatever his position in society. 

“They [the non-juring clergy] naturally became beggars 
and loungers.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 


bfill, b<5y; pout, Jdwl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious,# ^-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d«L 

28 



beggar-brat 


434 


beginning 


3. One wlxo asks a favor, however legitimate; a 
petitioner for anything. 

“What subjects will precarious kings regard? 

A beggar speaks too softly to be heard.’’ Dry den. 

II. Fig. : One who, in a logical matter, “begs” 
the question •, one who assumes the point in dispute, 
or, in a more general sense, who assumes what he 
does not prove. 

“These shameful beggars of principles, who give this 
precarious account of the original of things, assume to 
themselves to be men of reason.”— Tillotson. 

B. Old Law and Ord. Lang. Sturdy beggar: An 
able-bodied man quite capable, if he liked, of work¬ 
ing, but who will not do it because he prefers to 
quarter himself upon the industrious. The Act 14 
Eliz., c. 5, passed in 1572, defined rogues, vagabonds, 
and sturdy beggars to be “ all persons whole and 
mighty in body, able to labor, not having land or 
mister, nor using any lawful merchandise, craft, or 
mystery.” These, and coupled with them, unhap¬ 
pily, “ all common laborers able in body, loitering 
and refusing to work for such reasonable wage 
as is commonly given "—that is, what now would be 
called all agricultural or other laborers on strike— 
were, for the first offense, to be grievously whipped 
and be burned through the gristle of the right ear 
with a hot iron an inch round; for the second 
should be deemed felons; and for the third suffer 
death, without benefit of clergy. The cruel severity 
of the Act made it fail of effect. The sturdy beggar 
continued to flourish; he does so still. He may be 
seen daily almost anywhere, not to say everywhere, 
in New York or Chicago; and as long as the 
thoughtless continue to give him alms in the street, 
there is no likelihood of his condescending to work. 

beggar-brat, s. A contemptuous appellation 
for a child engaged in begging. A beggar’s child. 

beggar-maid, s. An unmarried female beggar. 

“ Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim, 

When King Cophetua lov’d the beggar-maid." 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 1. 

beggar-man, s. A man who is a beggar. 

“ Glo. Is it a beggar-man f 
Old Man. Madman and beggar, too.” 

Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. 1. 

Beggar-man's Oatmeal: A plant, Alliaria offici¬ 
nalis. 

Beggar's Basket: A local name for a plant, Pul- 
monaria officinalis. 

beggar’s-brown, s. A light-brown snuff, which 
is made of the stem of tobacco. 

beggar’s-lice, s. A vulgar name for an Ameri¬ 
can boraginaceous plant—the Ecliinospermum vir- 

inicum, the hooked prickles of whose nuts or 

ur-like fruits adhere to the clothes of passers-by. 

beggar’s-ticks, s. A similarly vulgar name for 
two composite plants, found in this country — the 
Bidens frondosa and the B. connata, the fruit of 
which, having two teeth or prickles, adhere to the 
clothes. 

beggar-weed, s. [So called by farmers and 
others from its growing only in impoverished soil, 
or because of itself it beggars the land.] A name 
given by farmers to various weeds, specially to 
Polygonum aviculare, Cuscuta trifolii, Heraclium 
sphondylium, Speraula arvensis, and Galium apar- 
ine. {Britten.) [Polygonum, Cuscuta, &c.] 

beggar-woman, s. A woman who is a beggar. 

“ The elder of them, being put to nurse, 

Was by a beggar-woman stol’n away.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry VI., iv. 2. 

beg’-gar, *beg'-ger, v. t. [From beggar, s.] 

I. Lit.: To reduce to beggary; to impoverish. 

“ Wives beggar husbands, husbands starve their wives.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. ii. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To impoverish. ("Used of an exchequer or of 
finances.) 

“ . . . her merchants were to be undersold, her cus¬ 
tomers decoyed away, her exchequer beggared.” — Macau- 
\ay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

2. To deprive. (Followed by of.) 

“Necessity, of matter beggar’d, 

Will nothing stick our person to arraign 
In ear and ear.” Shakesp..- Hamlet, iv. 5. 

3. To exhaust; to tax to the utmost the power of. 

“It beggar’d all description.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 2. 

beggar-my-neighbor, s. A game at cards, either 
the same with, or very like that of Catch-honors. 
{Eng. <& Scotch.) 

beg’-gared, pa. par. & a. [Beggak, d.] 

“Big Mars seems bankrupt in their beggared host.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv. 2. 

beg-gar-ing ; *beg-ger-ing, pr. par. & a. 

[Beggab, d.] 


beg -giir-li-ness, *beg’-ger-iy-nesse, s. [Eng. 
beggarly; -ness.] The quality of being beggarly; 
meanness. 

“They went about to hinder the journey, by railing on 
the beggarliness of it, and discrediting of it .”—Lord 
Wimbledon to the Duke of Buckingham. Cabala (1654), 
p. 136. {Todd.) 

beg -gar-ly, *beg-ger-iy, *beg -ger-l^e, a. & 
adv. [Eng. beggar; -ly .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Of persons: Like a beggar, poor-looking, mean. 

“Who, that beheld such a bankrupt beggarly fellow as 

Cromwell entering the parliament house with a thread¬ 
bare, torn cloak, and greasy hat, could have suspected 
that he should, by the murder of one king and the banish¬ 
ment of another, ascend the throne?”— South. 

2. Of things: Suitable for a beggar; like that of a 
beggar; mean, contemptible. 

“As children multiplied and grew, the household of 
the priest became more and more beggarly.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

B. As adverb : In a manner suitable to a beggar; 
meanly, indigently. (In a literal or in a figurative 
sense.) 

“ Touching God Himself, hath He revealed that it is His 
delight to dwell beggarly? And that He taketh no pleasure 
to be worshiped, saving only in poor cottages ?”— Hooker. 

beg -g(ir-y, *beg-ger-y, *beg -ger-ye, s. [Eng. 

beggar; -?/.] 

1. Of persons: The state or condition of an 
habitual beggar; indigence. 

“ Gaunt Beggary, and Scorn.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 76. 

2. Of things: Poverty ; indigence. 

“ There’s beggary in the love that can be reckon’d.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 1. 

begged, *beg'-gede, pa. par. & a. [Beg.] 

-beg -gild, s. A beggar. 

“Hit is beggilde rihte uorte beren bagge on bac.”— 
Ancren Riwle, p. 168. 

beg-glng, *beg'-gynge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Beg, v7] 

A. & B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

II Begging Friar {Ch. Hist.): A friar who, having 
taken a view of poverty, supported himself by beg¬ 
ging. [Feiar.] 

“. . . the songs of minstrels and the tales of begging 

friars.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

C. -4s substantive: 

1. The act of begging for, or soliciting anything. 
Spec., the act of soliciting alms. 

“1 Fish. No, friend, cannot you beg? Here’s them in 
our country of Greece gets more with begging than we can 
do with working.”— Shakesp.: Pericles, ii. 1. 

2. Logic: The act of assuming what is not con¬ 
ceded, as in the phrase “ a begging of the question.” 

*beg’-ging-ness, s. Neediness, beggary. 

“Ther shal come to thee . . . thi beggingnesse as a 
man armyd .”—Wycliffe {Prov. xxiv. 34). 

Beg -bards, Beg'-uards, Bog -ards, s. pi. [In 
Ger. Begart; O. Ger. Beghard; Fr. Begard, 
Beguard; Low Lat. Beghardus, Begehcirdus, 
Beghardus, Begiardus; from Low Lat. & Prov. 
baga=a bag; and Ger. hart, Goth. liardus='Eng. 
hard. Some say that the name is derived from 
their begging favor from God in prayer, and to the 
fact that they were religious mendicants. Another 
opinion is that they are named after St. Begghe, 
whom they took for their patroness. Skeat confi¬ 
dently suggests the N amur dialectic word beguiaut= 
a stammer, as the real etymology.] [Beguins, 
Beguines.] 

Church History: 

1. Gen.: The “ tertiaries ” of several monastic 
orders, Dominicans and Franciscans. 

2. Specially: 

{a) The “ tertiaries ” of the Franciscans. By the 
third rule of St. Francis, those might have a cer¬ 
tain loose connection with this order, who, without 
forsaking their worldly business, or forbearing to 
marry, yet dressed poorly, were continent, prayer¬ 
ful, and grave in manners. In France they were 
called Beguini, and in Italy Bizochi and Bocasoti. 
They were greatly persecuted by successive popes. 
{Mosheim.) 

{b) Certain religious people who associated them¬ 
selves into a kind of monastic lodging-house under 
a chief, while they were unmarried, retiring when 
they pleased. As they often supported themselves 
by weaving, they were sometimes called “ Brother 
Weavers.” They first attracted notice in the 
Netherlands in the thirteenth century. They were 
established at Antwerp in 1228, and adopted the 
third rule of St. Francis in 1290. {Mosheim.) 

be-gilt', a. [Eng. he; gilt.] Gilded over. 

“Six maids attending on her, attired with buckram 
bridelaces begilt, . . .”— Ben Jonson: Underwoods. 


be-gin', *be-gm’ne, *bi-gynne, v. i. & t. [A. S. 

beginnan (pret. began, pa. par. begunnen), aginnan, 
anginnan, ingingan, onginnan, ongynnan; from a, 
an, in, or on, and gynnan = to begin; O. S. & O. H. 
Ger. beginnan; Sw. begynna; Dan. begynde; Dut. 
& Ger. beginnen; Lat. gigno = to bring forth ; Gr. 
gignomai, and geno; from the root gen, Sansc. gan= 
to be born, and gdganmi — to beget, or to bring 
forth.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To commence action; to pass from inaction to 
action. 

“ . . . yat alle ye bretheren and sisteren of yis fra- 

ternite shul kepen and begynnen her deuocioun on ye euen 
of ye feste of ye Trinitee, . . .”— Eng. Gilds {Ear. Eng. 
Text Soc.), p. 25. 

2. To trace the first ground, element, or existence 
of anything. 

“ The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, 
which leads us to the knowledge of God.”— Locke. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To come into being, or commence or enter on 
any particular state of existence. 

(a) To come into being. (Used of persons or 
things.) 

“ Ere the base laws of servitude began, 

When wild in woods the noble savage ran.” 

Dryden. 

{b) To commence or enter on any particular state 
of existence; to commence, to arise. 

“All began, 

All ends, in love of God and love of man.”— Pope. 

2. To commence any action or course of action; 
to take the first step from non-action to action; to 
do the first act, or part of an act. 

“ Then they began at the ancient men which were before 
the house .”—Ezekiel ix. 6. 

IF Begin is often followed half-transitively by an 
infinitive. 

“ Now and then a sigh he stole, 

And tears began to flow.” Dryden. 

1[ To begin with: To commence with; to select 
any particular person or thing as the first of a 
series. 

“ A lesson which requires so much time to learn, had 
need be early begun with.”— Govern, of the Tongue. 

IF Crabb thus distinguishes the verbs to begin, to 
commence, and to enter upon: “ Begin and com¬ 
mence are so strictly allied in signification, that it 
is not easy to discover the difference in their appli¬ 
cation, although a minute difference does exist. To 
begin respects the order of time ; to commence, the 
exertion of setting about a thing. Begin is opposed 
to end; commence, to complete: a person begins a 
thing with a view to ending it; he commences with 
the view of completing it. To begin is either 
transitive or intransitive; to commence is mostly 
transitive: a speaker begins by apologizing; he com¬ 
mences his speech with an apology. To begin is used 
either for things or persons; to commence, for 
persons only: all things have their beginning; in 
order to effect anything we must make a commence¬ 
ment. Begin is more colloquial than commence: 
thus we say, to begin the work, to commence opera¬ 
tions. To commence and enter upon are as closely 
allied in sense as the former words; they differ 
principally in application: to commence seems 
rather to denote the making an experiment; to enter 
upon, that of first doing what has not been tried 
before: we commence an undertaking; we enter 
upon an employment.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

*be-gin ne, s. [From begin, v.] Beginning. 

“Let no whit thee dismay 
The hard beainne that meets thee in the dore.” 

Spenser: F. Q., HI. iii. 21. 

be-gin -ner, s. [Eng. begin; -er. In Dut. begin¬ 
ner; Sw. begynnare; Dan. begynder.] 

1. One who originates anything; one who is the 
first to do anything. 

“ Socrates maketh Ignatius, the Bishop of Antioch, the 
first beginner thereof, even under the apostles them¬ 
selves.”— Hooker. 

2. One whose study of a science or practice of an art 
has just commenced; one inexperienced in what he 
is doing or professing to do; a young learner or 
practitioner. 

“Our choir would scarcely be excused, 

Even as a band of raw beginners.” 

Byron: Hours of Idleness; Granta. 

be-gin -ning, pr. par., a. & s. [Begin.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. The act of commencing to do. 

“ This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Gali¬ 
lee .”—John ii. 11. 

II. The state of commencing to be. 

“Youth, what man’s age is like to be, doth show; 

We may our end by our beginning know.” 

Denham. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, mil, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 





beginningless 


435 


beguilement 


III. The commencement or cause of anything. 

1. The time or date of the commencement of any¬ 
thing. 

, (a) The moment in bygone time in which the 
neavens and the earth— i. e., the material universe— 
came into existence at the flat of the Creator. 

“In the beginning God created the heaven and the 
earth.”— Genesis i. 1. 

(6) From everlasting, from eternity. 

“ In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was 
with God, and the Word was God.”— John i. 1. 

2. The first part of anything. 

“The causes and designs of an action are the beginning ; 
the effects of these causes, and the difficulties that are 
met with in the execution of these designs, are the mid¬ 
dle; and the unraveling and resolution of these difficulties 
are the end.”— Broome. 

3. That which causes anything. 

“Wherever we place the beginning of motion, whether 
from the head or the heart, the body moves and acts by a 
consent of all its parts.”— Swift. 

4. That from which anything grows or develops. 
“ The understanding is passive ; and whether or not it 

will have these beginnings and materials of knowledge, 
is not in its own power.”— Locke. 

be-gln-ning-less, a. [Eng. beginning; -less.'] 
Without a beginning. 

“ Melchisedeck, in a typical or mystical way, was begin- 
ningless, and endless in his existence.”— Barrow: Serm. 

ii. 307. 

be-glrd', fbe-girt (pret. & pa. par. begirt , 
begirded), v. t. [A. S. begyrdan, begredan—(l) to 
begird, to surround, (2) to clothe, (3) to defend, to 
fortify; Ger. begiirten; Goth, begairdan .] 

I. Literally: To encircle with a girdle; to place 
a literal girdle round the body or anything else. 

II. Figuratively: To encircle with anything else 
than an aSrial girdle. 

1. Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“And, Lentulus, begirt you Pompey’s house.” 

Ben Jonson: Catiline, iii. 3. 

2. Spec.: To encircle with hostile works with the 
view of besieging. 

“ It was so closely begirt before the king’s march into 
the west, that the council humbly desired his majesty that 
he would relieve it.”— Clarendon. 

be-gird -ed, be-girt', pa. par. & a. [Begird.] 
be-gird'-ing, *be-girt'-Ing, pr. par. & a. 
[Begird.] 

“He describes them as begirting the hair-bulbs.”— Todd 
ck Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 407. 

be-glr'-dle, v. t. To incircle with a girdle, 
be-girt' (1), v. [Begird.] 
be-girt’ (2), pa. par. & a. [Begirded.] 
beg'-ler-beg, beg -li-er-bey, s. [Turk.=lord of 
lords.] [Beg.J 

In Turkey: A title for a provincial governor, 
next in dignity beneath the Grand Vizier. He has 
under him several begs, agas, <fcc. 

beg'-ler-beg-lik, s. [Turkish.] 

In Turkey: The province ruled over by a begler- 
beg (q. v.). 

beg-ll-er-bey, s. [Beglerbeg.] 

be-glo om, v. t. [Eng. prefix be; gloom.] To 
cast gloom over; to render gloomy. 

“I should rather endeavor to support your mind, than 
begloom it with my own melancholy.”— Badcock to Dr. 
White (1787). Statement of Dr. White’s Obligations, &c., 

p. 82. 

be-gna'W'(y silent), v. t. [Eng.prefix be; gnaw.] 
To gnaw (lit. &fig.). 

“ The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul.” 

Shakesp.. Richard III., i. 3. 

be-gnaw ed, pa. par. & a. [Begnaw.] 
be-gnaw -mg, pr. par. [Begnaw.] 

*be-go , v. t. [A. S. begangan= to go after, toper- 
form, to dispatch, to attend, to be near, to surround, 
to worship.] 

1. To perform, to accomplish. (S. in Boucher.) 

2. To surround. (S. in Boucher.) 

Tf Occurs only as past participle and participial 
adjective. [Begone.] 

fbe-god , v.t. [Eng. be, and god.] To make a 
god of, to deify. 

fbe-god-ded, pa. par. & adj. [Begod.] 

“High-flown perfectionists—what is yet more execrable, 
when they are come to the height of their begodded con¬ 
dition, &c., cannot sin, do what they will.”— More: Myst. 
of Godliness, p. 510. 

beg'-ohm, s. One billion ohms. 

*be-gon e, *be-gon ne, *be -go , *bi-go , *bjf-go', 
pa.par. & a. [A. S. begangan —to go after, to per¬ 
form, to dispatch, to lie near, to surround, to wor¬ 
ship.] _ 


1. Gone far, sunk deep, especially in woe or in 
weal; beset with. 

“ . . . is with treasour so full begone.” — Gower: Conf. 
Amant., bk. v. 

“ . . .so deep was her wo begonne.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

“He is rich and well bego.” — Gower: Conf. Amant., 
bk. iv. 

It still appears in the word woe-begone (q. v.). 

2. Surrounded. 

“ The bridles were, for the nones, 

Bygo with preciouse stones.” 

Chron. of Eng. in Ritson’s Romances. (S. in Boucher.) 
be-gon'e, inter j. [Imperative of verb to be, and 
past participle of goT] Begone, get you gone, go, go 
away, depart, quit my presence 1 

“ Begone l nor dare the hallowed stream to stain. 

She fled, forever banish’d from the train.” 

Addison. 

be-go-ni-a, s. [Named after Michael Begon, a 
Frenchman, born in 1638, who promoted botany.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Begoniaceae 
(Begoniads). [Be- 
goniaoeas.j Sev¬ 
eral species are 
cultivated in 
greenhouses, in 
flower-pots, in 
houses, and in sim¬ 
ilar situations. 

be-go-nl-a’- 
ge-se (Latin), be¬ 
go' - ni - a d § 

(Eng.), s.pi. [Be¬ 
gonia.] 

Bot.: An order 
of plants, classed 
by Lindley under 
his XXIVth or 
Cucurbital alli¬ 
ance. The flowers 
are unisexual. 

The sepals superior, colored; in the males four, two 
being within the others and smaller than them ; in 
the females five, two being smaller than the rest. 
The stamina are indefinite; the ovary is inferior, 
winged, three-celled, with three double polysperm- 
ous placentae in the axis. The fruit is membra¬ 
nous, three-celled, with an indefinite number of 
minute seeds. The flowers, which are in cymes, are 
pink; the leaves are alternate, and toothed with 
scarious stipules. Genera, 2; species, 159 (Lindley, 
1847). Localities, the East and West Indies, &c. 
[Begonia.] 

*be-gon ne, pa.par.&a. [ Bego, v., and Begone.] 

fbe-go're, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and gore.] Occurs 
only in pa. par. 6e<;ored=besmeared with gore. 

“ Besides, ten thousand monsters foule abhor’d 
Did wait about it, gaping griesly, all begor’d.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. xi. 3. 

be-got', be-got’-ten, pa. par., a. & s. [Beget.] 

1. Lit.: Generated, produced. 

“ Found that the issue was not his begot.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 5. 
"... the only begotten Son of God .”—John iii. 18. 

2. Script.: To be the Divine cause or the human 
instrument in producing regeneration within a sin¬ 
ful soul. 

“We know that whosoever is born of God sinneth not; 
but he that is begotten of God keepeth himself, and that 
wicked one toucheth him not.”—1 John v. 18. 

“ . . . my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in my 
bonds .”—Philemon 10. 

3. Script. Of God: To stand to the eternal “ Son of 
God ” in such a mysterious relation as to warrant the 
latter to be called “ the only begotten Son of God.” 

“ For God so loved the world, that He gave His only 
begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not 
perish, but have everlasting life .”—John iii. 16. 

be-gou k, be-gow k, s. [Eng. pref. be, and 
Scotch gowk, gawk=a fool.] The act of jilting or 
making a fool of. 

“If he has gi’en you the begowk, lat him gang, my 
woman ; ye’ll get anither an’ a better .”—Saxon and Gael., 
ii. 32. {Jamieson.) 

*be-gra ge, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and grace.] To 
endow with grace. (Occurs only in the past par¬ 
ticiple.) 

*be-gra'ged, pa. par. & a. [Begrace.] 
*begrauin, pa. par. [Begraved.] 

*be-grave (l),u. t. [ A.S.begrafan,bigrafan. In 
Dut. begraven; Ger. beqraben=to begrave; Goth. 
bigraban=to dig up.] To commit to the grave, to 
bury. 

“That he wald suffir to be caryit from thence 

Thay corpis dede, . . . 

To suffir thame begrauin for to be.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 363, 48. 



Begonia. 


*be-gra ve (2), v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and grave, 
v. t. & pa. par. begrave.] To grave, to engrave. 

“ [He] stood upon a foote on highte 

Of borned golde ; and with great sleight 
Of workmanship it was begrave.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk- 1. 

*be-gra'ved, be-grav'-gn, *begrauin, pa. par. 

& a. [Begrave (1).] 

*be-grav-ing, pr. par. & a. [Begrave (1).] 
be-gre 'a§e, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and grease.] To 
cover with grease. (Minsheu.) 
be-greaged, pa. par. &a. [Begrease.] 
be-grea§-mg, pr. par. & a. [Begrease.] 
*be-gre'de (pret. be-grad de), v. t. [Eng. & 
A. S. pref. he, and A. S .greedan; O. Eng. grrede=to 
say, to cry, to call.] To cry out against. 

“The fugheles that the er begradde.” 

Rule and Nightingale, 1,132. ( S. in Boucher.) 
*be-gret te, pa. par. [A. S. gretan=(l) to go, to 
meet, to approach; (2) to greet, to salute; (3) to 
touch.] Saluted. 

“The teris lete he fall, and tendirly 
With hertlie lufe begrette hir thus in hy.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 179, 44. 

be-grl me, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and grime.] Tosoil 
with soot, the black material which adheres to tho 
outside of pots and pans, or anything similar. 

“ . . . bands of dragoons, spent with running an,d 
riding, and begrimed with dust.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xvi. 

be-grl med, pa. par. & a. [Begrime.] 
be-grl m-ing, pr. par. & a. [Begrime.] 
be-griidg'e, v. t. [Eng. pref. he, and grudge.] To 

grudge. 

“ None will have cause to begrudge the beauty or height 
of corner-stones . . .”— Standard of Equality, § 25. 

be-grudg ed , pa. par. & a. [Begrudge.] 
be-grudg -ing, pr. par. [Begrudge.] 
*be-grfit-ten, a. [Sw. begrata=to weep for, to 
deplore.] Having the face disfigured with weep¬ 
ing. (Jamieson.) 

be-gulle, *be-gl le, *bl-gy le, *bygyle, v. t. 

[Eng. he, guile. O. Fr. guiler=to deceive.] 

1. To deceive by means of guileful conduct or 
words. 

*1. To cover up with guile; guilefully to hide. 

“So beguil’d 
With outward honesty.” 

Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece. 

2. To deceive by means of a false statement. 

“Why wol he thus himself and us bigyle?” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,128. 

II. To allure or lure to or from any place, course 
of conduct, &c. 

(a) To anything. 

“And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I 
did eat.”— Genesis iii. 13. 

(h) From anything. 

“Perceives not Lara that his anxious page 
Beguiles his charger from the combat’s rage.” 

Byron: Lara, ii. 15. 

III. To cause to mistake, to cause to commit an 
error, without reference to the means by which this 
has been brought about. (Scotch.) 

“ I thank my God he never beguiled me yet.”— Walker: 
Remark. Passages, p. 10. 

“ I’m saer beguil'd ” is=I have fallen into a great 
mistake. ( J amieson.) 

IV. To thwart; to disappoint. 

1. To thwart or elude by artifice. 

D In this sense the object of the verb may be a 
person or a thing. 

“ Is wretchedness depriv’d that benefit, 

To end itself by death? ’Tis yet some comfort, 

When misery could beguile the tyrant’s rage.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 6. 

2. To disappoint. 

“ The Lord Aboyn comes to the road of Aberdeen still 
looking for the coming of his soldiers, but he was 
beguiled.” — Spalding, i. 165. (Jamieson.) 

V. To remove tedium or weariness; to give pleas¬ 
ing amusement to the mind, and so make time slip 
pleasantly away. 

“ Nought, without thee, my weary soul beguiles.” 

Hemans: Sonnet, 271. 

be-gulle, s. [From beguile, v. (q. v.)] A decep¬ 
tion, a trick; “ the slip a disappointment. 

“ Ere I came back, and well I wat short while, 

Was I a coming, I gets the beguile, 

Nae thing I finds, . . .” 

Ross.- Helenore, p. 70. (Jamieson.) 
be-gul led, *be-guyTd,pa. par. & a. [Beguile.] 

be-gul le-ment, s. [Eng. beguilement.] The 
act of beguiling; the state of being beguiled ; that 
which beguiles. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian. -tian = shan- -tion, 


gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, tMs; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




beguiler 


436 


behemoth 


be-gull -er, *be-gll'-er, s. [Eng. beguile, -er.] 
One who beguiles; an allurer, a deceiver, a cheat. 
“To-day a beguiler, to-morrow beguiled.” 

Wodroephe; Fr. & Eng. Gr. (1623), p. 476. 
be-gull'-lfig, pr. par., a. & s. [Beguile, v.] 

A. As present participle cfc participial adj.: 

“ ’Tis flown—the vision: and the sense 
Of that beguiling influence !” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, iv. 

B. as substantive: The act of deceiving people by 
living or speaking falsehood. 

“ For further I could say, This man’s untrue, 

And knew the patterns of his foul beguiling.” 

Shakesp.: Lover’s Complaint. 
be-gull-ing-1^, adv. [Eng. beguiling, -ly.] In 
a beguiling manner. 

tbe-guil -tied, pa. par. & a. [Beguilty.] 
tbe-gull’-tf, v. t. To render guilty. 

“. . . dost at once beguilty thine own conscience 
with sordid bribery, . . .”— Bp. Sanderson: Sermons. 

tbe-guil-tf-Ifig, pr. par. [Beguilty.] 
beg-uin-age (uin as win, or u silent, gige as 
I&), s. [Fr. b&guinage—(\) puerile and affected 
devotion, (2) a convent of Beguines. ( Littr6.)\ An 
association or “ vineyard ” of praying women. [See 
Beguines.] 

Beg'-ulne§ (Eng.), *Be'-guins (guins as 
gwins), Be-gui-nas (u silent), s. pi. [Fr. 
Beguines, the fern, form of B6guin (q. v.). Lat. 
Beguinoe.] 

1. The females who acted on the third rule of St. 
Francis, and corresponded to the Beghards or 
Beguins of the other sex. [Beghaeds.] They were 
called also Beguttce. 

2. Associations of praying women which arose in 
the Netherlands in the thirteenth century, the first 
being formed at Nivelles, in Brabant, in A. D. 1226, 
and spread rapidly in the adjoining countries. 
They said they originated from a certain St. Begga, 
Duchess of Brabant, in the seventh century ; while 
their enemies affirm that they were founded by 
Lambert le Begue, a priest of Liege, in the twelfth 
century. Mosheim rejects both statements. They 
used to weave cloth, live together under a direct¬ 
ress, and leave on being married, or indeed when¬ 
ever they pleased. They still exist in some of the 
Belgian towns, notably at Ghent, where they are 
renowned as makers of lace, though under different 
rules from those formerly observed. 

“Young wanton wenches, and beguins, nuns, and 
naughty packs.”— World of Wonders (1608), p. 184. 

Beg'-uln§ (uins as win§, or u silent), s. pi. 
[From Fr. b6guin= (1) a little boy’s cap tied under 
the chin, (2) a person whose devotion is only of a 
puerile and affected type, ( Littri .) In Ger. 
Begine.~\ 

Ch. Hist.: The French name for the religious 
men called by the Germans Beghards. [Beghaeds.] 
Used (1) of the Franciscan Tertianes, and (2) 
specially of the praying men established in the 
Netherlands in the thirteenth century in imitation 
of the similar institution for the other sex com¬ 
menced by the Beguines. [Beguines.] 
be-gum', v. t. [Eng. be, gum.] To cover or 
smear with gum. (Swift.) 

be -gum, s. [Hindustani begum.) A lady, prin¬ 
cess, or woman of high rank. (Used chiefly of 
Mohammedan queens regnant, as the Begum of 
Bhopal.) 

be-gun’ (Eng.), *be-gun'-n^n (O. Scotch), pret. 
& pa. par. [Begin.] 

A. As preterite of begin: 

“ Those mysteries, that since the world begun 
Lay hid in darkness and eternal night.” 

Sir J. Davies. 

B. As past participle of begin: 

“Being confident of this very thing, that he which hath 
begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of 
Jesus Christ.”— Phil. i. 6. 

tbe-gunk', v. t. [Begunk, v.] To cheat, to 
deceive. Specially, to jilt in love. 

“ Whose sweetheart has begunked him won his heart, 
Then left him all forlorn to dree the smart? ” 

Village Fair: Blackw. Mag., Jan. 1821, p. 426. (Jamieson.) 

be-gunk’, be-glnk, be-ge ik, s. [Eng. & Scotch 
prefix be, and A. S. geac, gcec=(l) a cuckoo, a gawk, 
(2) a simpleton.] [Gawk, Gowk.] 

1. Generally: A trick, or illusion, which exposes 
one to ridicule. 

“ Now Cromwell’s gane to Nick, and ane ca’d Monk 
Has play’d the Rumple a right slee begunk." 

Ramsay’s Poems, ii. 88. 

2. Specially: The act of jilting one in love. (Used 
either of a male or of a female.) 

“ Our sex are shy, and wi’ your leave they think 
Wha yields o’er soon fu’ aft gets the begink.” 

Morison’s Poems, p. 137. (Jamieson.) 


*be-gun'-n$fn, pr. par. The same as Beginning. 
(Scotch.) 

be-gut-tse, s. [Low Lat., from O. L. Ger. & 
Dut. begutte.] The same as Beguines (q. v.). 

*be -guy'ld, pa. par. & adj. [Beguiled.] 

*beh, pa. par. [A. S. beah, pret. of bug an—to 
bow, bend, submit, yield.] 

“ Hire love me lustnede uch word 
Ant beh him to me over bord.” 

Ritson: Ancient Songs, i. 61. (8. in Boucher.) 

be-had , pret. of v. [Behold.] (Scotch.) 
*be-hald to, v. t. [Behold to.] 

be-hal'-den, be-had -don, pa.par. [Beholden.] 
(Scotch.) 

be-half, *be-halfe (l silent), s. [Perhaps 
derived from behoof, which is from A. S. behefe= 
gain, advantage, benefit, behoof. (Behoof.) 
Skinner derives it from Eng. be, half, making it= 
for my half, for my part. Skeat essentially agrees 
with Skinner.] 

1. Favor, advantage, support, or vindication. 
(Noting action for the advantage of.) 

“ For unto you it is given in the behalf of Christ, not 
only to believe on him, but also to suffer for his sake.”— 
Phil. i. 29. 

2. Lieu, stead (noting substitution for). (Used 
specially when one appears instead of another, as 
an advocate for a client, &c.) 

be-hap'-pen, v. i. [Eng. be, happen.] To hap¬ 
pen to. 

“This is the greatest shame, and foulest scorn, 
Which unto any knight behappen may, 

To lose the badge that should his deeds display.” 

Spenser: F. Q., Y. xi. 62. 

be-hap-pen-Ing, pr.par. [Behappen.] 

be-ha've, v. t. & i. [Eng. pref. be, and have; A. S. 
behabban, behcebban = (1) to compass, surround, 
or contain; (2) to restrain, to detain; Ger. gehaben 
= (1) to behave, (2) to fare.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. Not reflexively: To exercise, to employ, to dis¬ 
cipline. 

“ With such sober and unnoted passion 
He did behave his anger ere ’twas spent, 

As if he had but prov’d an argument.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iii. 6. 

2. Reflexively: To conduct (one’s self), to comport 
(one’s self). 

“Thou hast worthily behaved thyself . . .”— Bunyan: 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Of persons: To conduct one’s self; to comport 
one’s self. (Used in a good or in a bad sense.) 

“Though severely mortified, he behaved like a man of 
sense and spirit.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Chem. Of things: To act or appear when 
treated in a certain way. 

“. . . I would ask you to observe how the metal behaves 
when its molecules are thus successively set free.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), iv. 85. 

be-ha ved, pa. par. [Behave.] 
be-hav'-Ing, pr. par. [Behave.] 
be-hav-ing (pi. *be-ha v-ung-Is), s. Behavior, 
manners, deportment. (Scotch.) 

“The Scottis began to rise ylk day in esperance of bet¬ 
ter fortoun, seyng thair kyng follow the behauyngis of his 
gudschir Galdus, and reddy to reforme al enormyteis of 
his realm.”— Bellend.: Cron., bk. v., ch. 2. (Jamieson.) 

be-ha-vi-or, be-ha-vl-our, s. [Eng. behave; 
-ior, or -our.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Outward deportment; such conduct as is 
visible to the eye; carriage. 

1. Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“And he changed his behavior before them, and feigned 
himself mad in their hands.”—1 Sam. xxi. 13. 

“In his behavior on a field of battle malice itself could 
find little to censure.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

IT Shakespeare has behaviors in the plural just as 
we say manners. (Jul. Coes., i. 2; All’s Well, i. 3.) 

2. Specially: 

(1) Such outward deportment as is fitted favor¬ 
ably to impress. 

“The beautiful prove accomplished, but not of great 
spirit; and study, for the most part, rather behavior than 
virtue.”— Bacon. 

(2) Gesture, posture, attitude, specially of a 
graceful kind. 

“He marked, in Dora’s dancing, good grace and hand¬ 
some behavior." — Sidney. 

“. . . the gesture of constancy becometh us best 
in the one, in the other the behavior of humility.”— 

Hooker. 


til. Conduct, including what is within the heart 
and unseen, no less than what is visible. 

“To him who hath a prospect of the state that attends 
men after this life, depending on their behavior here, the 
measures of good and evil are changed.”— Locke. 

If (a) To be on one’s behavior: To be so situated 
that one is likely to suffer considerably if, following 
the natural bent of his inclinations, he behave ill. 

“Tyrants themselves are upon their behavior to a 
superior power.”— L’Estrange. 

(b) To hold an office on one’s good behavior: To 
hold an office while one’s behavior continues good. 

B. Technically: 

Chem. Of things: Appearance presented in cer¬ 
tain specified circumstances. 

“ When the behavior of a substance containing a sul¬ 
phide or arsenic is to be ascertained by heating with 
borax.”— Plattner: Use of the Blowpipe (Muspratt’s ed., 

1860), p. 60. 

TF Crabb thus distinguishes between the words 
behavior, conduct, carriage, deportment, and de¬ 
meanor: “ Behavior respects corporeal or mental 
actions; conduct, mental actions; carriage, deport¬ 
ment, and demeanor are different species of be¬ 
havior.” “ Behavior respects all actions exposed to 
the notice of others; conduct, the general line of a 
person’s moral proceedings: we speak of a person’s 
behavior at table or in company, in a ball-room, in 
the street, or in public; of his conduct in the man¬ 
agement of his private concerns, in the direction of 
his family, or in his different relations with his 
fellow-creatures. Behavior applies to the minor 
morals of society; conduct, to those of the first 
moment: in our intercourse with others we may 
adopt a civil or polite, a rude or boisterous, 
behavior: in our serious transactions we may adopt 
a peaceable, discreet, or prudent, a rash, dangerous, 
or mischievous conduct. A behavior is good or bad; 
& conduct is wise or foolish.” “ Carriage respects 
simply the manner of carrying the body; deport¬ 
ment includes both the action and the carriage of 
the body in performing the action; demeanor re¬ 
spects only the moral character or tendency of the 
action; deportment is said only of those exterior 
actions that have an immediate reference to others: 
demeanor, of the general behavior as it relates to 
the circumstances and situation of the individual: 
the carriage is that part of behavior which is of the 
first importance to attend to in young persons.” 
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

be-head’, v. t. [A. S. beheafdian.] 

1. Lit.: To deprive of the head, to decapitate, to 
decollate. (Used of men, rarely of animals.) 

“ But when Herod heard thereof, he said, It is John 
whom I beheaded.” — Mark vi. 16. 

“ . . . the heifer that is beheaded in the valley.”— 
Deuteronomy xxi. 6. 

2. Fig.: To destroy. 

"... the first that with us made way to repair 
the decays thereof by beheading superstition, was King 
Henry the Eighth.”— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. iv., ch. xiv., § 7. 

be-head -ed, pa. par. & a. [Behead.] 
be-head-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Behead.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. and participial adj.: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst. (A. S. beheafdung ): The act of be¬ 
heading; the state of being beheaded; a kind of 
capital punishment in which the head is severed 
from the body by the stroke of some sharp instru¬ 
ment. The Romans inflicted it, at an earlier period, 
by an ax, or subsequently by a sword; the English 
by an ax, the Scotch by an instrument called a 
“maiden,” the French by the guillotine. It has 
generally been regarded as a more honorable method 
of death than that by hanging, and in England was 
reserved to the nobility. 

“His be heading he underwent with all Christian mag¬ 
nanimity.”-— Clarendon. 

*be-hel’, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and heZ=hell.] To 
torture as with the pains of hell. 

“ Satan, Death, and Hell were his inveterate foes, that 
either drew him to perdition, or did behel and wrack him 
with the expectation of them.”— Hewyt: Serm. (1658), p. 72. 
be-held', pa. par. & pret. [Behold, v. t.] 

“And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Jesus 
beheld where He was laid.”— Mark xv. 47. 

be -he-moth, s. [In Ger., &c ., behemoth. From 
Heb. behemoth, (1) the plural of behSmah=beasts, 
specially the domestic quadrupeds, but also wild 
beasts; from obsolete root baham— to shut, to be 
dumb. In this latter case the plural form is the 
“ plural of excellence or majesty ” (Plural), unless 
indeed the opinion of Jablonski be correct, that 
there is in the old Coptic (Egyptian) language a 
word pehemout= water-ox, which could easily be 
transformed into the Heb. behemoth. Compare also 
Arab. 6aha?/m=beasts, brutes, wild beasts, bahimat 
—a quadruped, an animal wild or tame.] The ani¬ 
mal described in Job xl. 15-24. It is probably the 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu’ = lvw! 



behen 


437 


beholder 


hippopotamus, which in tho time of Job seems to 
have been found in the Nile below the cataracts, 
though now it is said to occur only above them. A 
second opinion entertained is that Job’s behemoth 
was the elephant; while a few scholars make the 
less probable conjecture that it was the rhinoceros. 

“Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he 
eateth grass as an ox.”— Job xl. 15. 

be-hen, bek -en, ben, s. [In Ger. behen, or 
behenbaum.] A name given to several plants. 

1. Silene inflata, formerly called Silene Behen, and 
Cucubalus Behen, a caryophyllaceous plant. 

2. Serratula Behen, a composite one. [See also 
Behenic Acid.] 

be-hen-Ic ag -id, ben -I§ ag -Id, s. [From be¬ 
hen (q. v.) .1 A monatomic fatty acid, C 21 .H 43 .CO.OH, 
obtained by the saponification of oil of ben, 
which is expressed from the fruits of Moringa Nux 
Behen. It is a white crystaHine fat, and melts at 
76°. 

be-hest', *be-hest e, *beheast, s. [In A. S. 

behces —a self-command, a vow, a promise; Ger. 
0 elte)'ss=bidding, command.] [Hest.] 

*1. A promise. 

“As he caused Moises to conuay his whole people out of 
Egypt . . . into the land of beheste.”—Sir T. More’s 
Works. ( S. in Boucher.) 

2. A command, a precept, a mandate. 

“. . . let every nation hear 

The high behest, and every heart obey.” 

Wordsicorth: Excursion, bk. ix. 

*be-he te, v. t. [Behight.] 

*be-hete , s. [Behecht.] (Scotch.) 

*be-hewe' (hewe as hu), v. t. [Eng. be; hue.'] 
To render of a certain hue. 

“ For it was all of golde behewe.” 

Chaucer: House of Fame. 

*be-hi'ght, *be-hl ghte, *be-hl te, *be-he te, 
♦bybl ghte, *by-heet, *by-het, *be-hd te, *be- 
bo -tyn (pret. *behote, *behot, *byhote , pa. par. 
*behight, *behighte, *behighten), v. t. [A. S. behatan 
=to promise, vow. bid, or order.] 

1. To promise, vow. 

“ And for his paines a whistle him behight.” 

Spenser; F. Q., IV. xi. 6. 

“ Theruor ych byhote God that ...” 

R. Gloucester, p. 322. ( Richardson .) 

2. To give ; to carry out a promise; to bestow. 

(a) To intrust, to commit. 

“That most glorious house that glist’reth bright— 
Whereof the keys are to thy hand behight 
By wise Fidelia.” Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 50. 

(b) To adjudge. 

“There it was judged, by those worthy wights, 

That Satyrane the first day best had donne— 

The second was to Triamond behight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 7. 

3. To inform, to assure. 

“ In right ill array 

She was, with storm and heat, I you behight.” 

Chaucer. Flower and Leaf. 

If Promise is stiH used in this sense (see Be¬ 
hecht, v.). 

4. To mean, to intend. 

“The author’s meaning should of right be heard, 

He knoweth best to what end he enditeth: 

Words sometime bear more than the heart behiteth." 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 461. 

5. To reckon, to esteem. 

“ A knight much better than thyself behight.” 

Spenser. F. Q., IV. i. 44. 

6 . To call, to name, to denominate, to address as. 
[Hight.] 

“ Whan soone as he beheld he knew, and thus behight.” 

Ibid., V. iv. 25. 

7. To ordain, to command, to declare the wiH of. 

“It fortuned (as heavens had behight ), 

That in this gardin ...” 

Spenser: Muiopotmos. 

*be-hl'ght (gh mute),s. [From behight, v.] A 
promise. 

*be-hl ght, *be-hl ghte, *be-hl ght-en (gh 
silent), pa. par. [Behight. v.] 

“At last him turning to his charge behight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. viii. 9. 

be-hlnd, *be-hlnd e, *be-hy nde, *byhynde, 
*bi hynde, prep. & adv. [A, S. behindan; be, and 
fcmdan=behind.] [Hind.] 

A. As preposition: 

I. Literally: 

1. In place: 

(1) Of persons: 

(a) At one’s back. (Used whether the person 
or thing behind one is quite near or at a greater 
distance.) 

“. . . it is a present sent unto my Lord Esau; and, 
behold, also he [Jacob] is behind us.”— Genesis xxxii. 18. 


(6) Toward one’s back. 

“ . . . the Benjamites looked behind them .”—Judges 
xx. 40. 

(2) Of things: On the other side of something, as 
reckoned from the place where the speaker stands, 
or from what is the natural front of that thing. 

“ From light retir’d, behind his daughter’s bed, 

He for approaching sleep compos’d his head.” 

Dryden: Sigismonda and Guiscardo, 207. 

2. In time: 

(a) Remaining after the death or departure of 
the possessor. 

“ What he gave me to publish* was bui. a small part of 
what he left behind him.”— Pope. 

(b) Of an effect remaining after the cause is gone. 

“ Piety and virtue are not only delightful for the pres¬ 
ent, but they leave peace and contentment behind them.” 
— Tillotson. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. In place: Used in one or more phrases. 

Behind the back ( Scripture ): 

(a) Away, in contempt. 

“ . . . and cast thy law behind their backs.” — Nehe- 
mia.h ix. 26. 

(b) In intentional forgetfulness. 

“. . . for thou hast cast all my sins behind thy 
back.”—Isaiah xxxviii. 17. 

2. In dignity: Inferior to in worth, position, or 
dignity. 

“I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.”— 
2 Corinthians xi. 5. 

B. As adverb: 

I. Literally (in place, and thence, in time ); 

1. In place: Implying (a) position, or (b) motion. 

(a) At the rear or back of one. 

“ A certain woman came in the press behind.”—Mark 
v. 27. 

(b) To the rear or back of one,asto“look6e7itnd.” 

2. In time: 

(a) After one’s departure; at a distance back; in 
time. 

“. . . the brook Besor, where those that were left 
behind stayed.”—1 Samuel xxx. 9. 

(b) Inferior in point of rapidity. 

“ Such is the swiftness of your mind, 

That, like the earth’s, it leaves our sense behind.” 

Dryden. 

(c) Future, remaining to be done or suffered, also 
simply remaining. 

“ . . . and fill up that which is behind of the afflic¬ 
tions of Christ .”—Colossians i. 24. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. After something else has been taken away or 
considered latent, which has not yet attracted 
notice. 

“ We cannot be sure that we have all the particulars 
before us; and that there is no evidence behind, and yet 
unseen, that may cast the probability on the other side.” 
— Locke. 

2. Deficient in means, behindhand in money mat¬ 
ters, unable to meet one’s obligations. 

3. Negligent about requiting benefits or meeting 
obligations ; behindhand. (Followed by with or in.) 

“He was never behind with any that put their trust in 
him; and he will not be in our common.”— Walker: Life 
of Peden, p. 38. (Jamieson.) 

IT In this and the previous case the word has 
apparently an adjectival use equivalent to behind¬ 
hand. 

be-hlnd -back, be-hlnd'-backs, a.&adv. [Eng. 
behind; back.] Literally, at the back of one; or 
figuratively, underhand, deceitful. 

be-hlnd'-hand, a. [Eng. behind; hand.] 

*A. With the adjective before the substantive or 
pronoun: Dilatory, tardy, backward. 

“ . . . interpreters 

Of my behindhand slackness! . . .” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, v. 1. 

B. 1 Vith the adjective after the substantive or pro¬ 
noun : 

1. Spec.: Financially in arrears, not able to make 
one’s payments at the proper time, or, in colloquial 
language, to make both ends meet. 

“Your trade would suffer, if your being behindhand has 
made the natural use so high, that your tradesman can¬ 
not live upon his labor.”— Locke. 

2. Gen.: Not so far advanced in action, work, 
development, or anything, as might be expected 
from one’s promises or admitted obligations, the 
progress made in similar circumstances by others, 
or from the course of nature. 

“ . . . and all joined in the chorus of the seamen’s 

songs, but the manner in which they were invariably a 
little behindhand was quite ludicrous.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. x. 


*T In this sense it is sometimes followed by with, 
and sometimes by in. 

“ Consider whether it is not better to be a half year 
behindhand with the fashionable part of the world, than 
to strain beyond his circumstances.”— Spectator. 

*be-hlte, v. t. [Behight.] 

*be-hlth'er, prep. [Eng. prefix 5e=by, beside, 
and hither .] 

1. On this side. 

“TheItalian at this day by like arrogance calleth the 
Frenchman, Spaniard, Dutch, English, and all other 
breed behither their mountaines Appenines, Tramontana, 
as who should say barbarous.”— Puttenham: Art. of English 
Poesie, p. 210. ( Nares .) 

2. Except. 

“I have not any one thing, behither vice, that hath 
occasioned so much contempt of the clergie, as unwilling¬ 
ness to take or keep a poor living.”— Oley: Preface to Her¬ 
bert’s C. Parson, A. 11 b. (Nares.) 

be-hold , *be-hold e, *be-hfild e, *bI-holde, 
*bihulde (Eng ), be-ha d, be-hald (Scotch) (pret. 
beheld, *biheld; pa. par. beheld, beholden, *biheld), 
v. t. & 1 . [A. S. behealden=( 1) to behold, to see, to 
look on, (2) to observe, to consider, to beware, to 
regard, to mind, to take heed, to mean, to signify 
(Bosworth); from be, and healden= to hold; Dan. 
beholde=to keep, to hold; Ger. behalten —to retain, 
to keep; Dut. behonden —to keep, preserve, save; 
gehonden= obliged, bound. So the Latin observo 
and tueor combine the significations of to see, to 
observe, and to keep.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: To fix the eyes upon, to turn the 
sight to, to observe keenly or steadfastly. 

“ Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: 
handle me and see . . .”—Luke xxiv. 39. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Not merely to look at, but to do so with faith. 

“ . . . I said, Behold me, behold me, unto a nation 

that was not called by my name .”—Isaiah lxv. 1. 

2. To permit. 

“They desired him out of love (without any warrant-) 
that he would be pleased to behold them to go on . . .” 
— Spalding, i. 117. (Jamieson.) 

3. To take no notice of. 

“ The bishop in plain terms gave him the lie. Lome 
said this lie was given to the lords, not to him, and 
beheld him.”— Spalding, i. 56. (Jamieson.) 

4. To view with an eye of watchfulness, scrutiny, 
or jealousy. 

B. [From A. S. behald, behalden—hesholden in the 
sense of being bound.] To warrant, to guarantee, 
to become bound (transitive and intransitive). 

“I’ll behad he’ll do it.”— Jamieson. 

“ ‘I’ll behad her she’ll come.’ I engage that this shall 
be the case.”— Jamieson. 

1. To fix the eyes upon an object, to gaze, or sim¬ 
ply to look. 

“And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne . . . 
stood a Lamb as it had been slain .”—Revelations v. 6. 

2. To turn the attention to anything unseen by 
the bodily eye but visible to the mind. 

“Audi beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels 
. . .”—Revelations v. 11. 

3. To have respect to, to view with favor or par¬ 
tiality. 

“ Saturnus douchter Juno, that full bald is, 

Towart the partye aduersare behaldis.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 347, 5. (Jamieson.) 

4. To wait, to delay ; to look on for awhile. 

“ ‘ The match is feer for feer,’ 

‘ That’s true,’ quo’ she, ‘ but we’ll behad a wee. 
She’s but a tangle, tho’ shot out she be.’ ” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 21. (Jamieson.) 

IT In the imperative behold is used almost as an 
interjection, meaning See, lo! It is used speciaUy 
to caU_ attention to an important announcement 
immediately to follow it. 

“And, behold,. I am with thee, and will keep thee.”_ 

Jeremiah xxviii. 15. 

be-hold-gn (Eng.), be-h&ld'-gn, be-had-den 

(Scotch ), pa. par. [The past participle of behold. 
Specially from Dut. gehouden = obliged, bound.] 
[Behold.] Obliged to, indebted to, under obliga¬ 
tion of gratitude to. (Followed by to of a person 
or thing conferring the benefit.) 

“Little are we beholden to your love.” 

Shakesp..- Richard II., iv. 1. 

*be-h61d'-en-ness, s. [Eng. beholden; -ness.] 
Obligation. [Beholdingness.] 

“ . . . to acknowledge his bcholdenness to them.”_ 

Sidney: Arcadia, bk. iii. (Richardson.) 

be-hold'-er, *be-hold-our. s. [Eng. behold; 

-er .] One who looks upon anything; a spectator. 

“. . . their successors, whose wild and squalid 
appearance disgusted the beholders—Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vi. 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, gall, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bgl, del. 




beholding 


438 


being 


be-hold’-Ifig, *be-hold'-yng, *bi-llold'-yfigf, 
pr. par., pa. par. & s. [Behold.] 

A. As present participle: 

1. In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

*2. A variation of Beholden. Obliged, indebted 
to, under obligation to. 

“ We anglers are all beholding to the good man that 
made this song.”— Walton: Angler, p. 87. 

B. As substantive: 

1. The act of seeing; the state of being seen. 

“ . . . a mother should not sell him an hour from her 
beholding . . .” — Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 3. 

2. Obligation. 

“ Love to virtue, and not to any particular beholdings, 
hath expressed this my testimony.”— Carew. 

*be-hold -Ing-ness, s. [Eng. beholding , derived 
from beholden (q. v.); -ness.] The state of being 
under obligation. 

“ The king invited us to his court, so as I must acknowl¬ 
edge a beholdingness unto him.”— Sidney. 

be-hon-ey, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and honey.] To 
sweeten with honey. (Sherwood.) 

be-ho of, *be-h6 ofe, *bS-h6'ufe, *be-ho'fe, 
*be-hfi fe, *be-ho ove, *behough, s. [A. S. behof 
(as s.)=gain, advantage, benefit, behoof (as adj.) = 
necessary, behooveful; Sw. behof; Dan. behov— 
need, necessary obligation; Dut. behoef; Ger. 
behuf .] [Behoove, Behalf.] That which “ be¬ 
hooves,” that which is advantageous; advantage, 
profit, benefit. 

“. . . no mean recompense it brings 
To your behoof, . . .”— Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

tbe-ho ov-a-ble, *be-ho v-a-ble, *be-ho ve-a- 
ble, a. [Eng. behoov(e); -able.] Needful; profit¬ 
able: advantageous. 

“ . . . in which it had been chefely of all expedient 
and behoveableto give eare vnto John’s sayinges.”— Udal: 
Luke, ch. iii. ( Richardson .) 

tbe-ho ove, s. [Behoof.] 
fbe-ho ove-ful, a. [Behoveful.] 
tbe-ho ove-ful-ly, adv. [Bbhovefully.] 
*be-horne, v. t. To put horns on, to cuckold. 
( Taylor: Works, 1630.) 

*be-hott', *be-ho te, pret. of v. [Behight.] 
Promised. 

“. . . so rude him smott, 

That to the earth him drove as stricken dead ; 

He living wight would have him life behott.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. xi. 38. 
*be-hou-full, a. [Behooveful.] 

♦behough, *behouve, s. [Behoof.] 
be-ho ve, tbe-ho ove, *bi-h6 ve, *by-ho’v@ 
(Eng.), be-hfi ve, be-hfi fe (Scotch ), v. t. & i. 
[A. S. behofian —to behove, to be fit, to have need 
of, to need, to require, (impers.) it behoveth, it con¬ 
cerns, it is needful or necessary; Dan. behove, 
behOve; Sw. behOfva; Dut. behoeven —to want, to 
need, to be necessary; behooven =to behove, to be 
fit, suitable; Ger. behufen, behuben.] [Behoof.] 

A. Transitive: 
tl. Personally: 

t(a) In the'active voice: To put under the neces¬ 
sity, to impose upon one the necessity (of doing 
something). 

t(6) In the passive voice: To be needful for, to be 
required, to be fitting, whether as regards neces- 
sity, duty, or convenience. 

“ Jul. No, madam; we have cull’d such necessaries 
As are behoved for our state to-morrow.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iv. 3. (Some editions .) 

2. Impersonally: It is needful; it is fit; fitting, 
suitable. 

“ He did so prudently temper his passions, as that 
none of them made him wanting in the offices of life, 
which it behoved or became him to perform.”— Atterbury. 

B, Intransitive: To require, to need. 

“ A kynge behoueth eke to flee 
The vice of prodigalitee.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. vii. 

be-ho veAul, *be-ho ove-ful, *be-h6'o-full, 
*be-ho v-full, a. [Eng. behoof, behoove =behoof; 
and full.] 

1. Needful. 

“ And that they the same Gilde or fraternyte myght 
augumente and enlarge, as ofte and when it shuld seme 
to theym necessarie and behoufull, . . . ”—English 

Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 310. 

2. Advantageous; profitable. 

“ Jul. No, madam; we have cull’d stich necessaries 
As are behoveful for our state to-morrow.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iv. 3. (Globe ed., &e.) 

be-ho ve-ful-ljf, *be-ho ove-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. 
behoveful; -ly .] Advantageously; profitably. 

“ Tell us of more weighty dislikes than these, and that 
may more behoovefully import the reformation.”— Spenser: 
State of Ireland. 


*be-howT, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and howl.] To 
howl at. 

“ Now the hungry lion roars, 

And the wolf behowls the moon.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, v. 2; 

Beh -ring, Vitus, s. A Danish navigator, who in 
1725 commanded a scientific expedition to the sea of 
Kamtchatka, whioh was afterwards called Behring 
Sea in his honor. In 1732 he was appointed captain 
in the Russian navy, and in 1740 he made another 
voyage to the Kamtchatka region. After undergo¬ 
ing many hardships his ship was wrecked on the 
barren island now bearing his name, where he died 
November 3, 1741. His discoveries were the founda¬ 
tion of Russia’s claim to the vast region of North 
America, now known as Alaska. 

Behring Sea, Be-rifig Sea, s. [Behring, 
Vitus.] Part of the Northern Pacific Ocean. It lieB 
between Alaska on the east and Siberia on the west, 
the Aleutian Islands bounding it on the south, while 
on the north Behring Straits lead to the Arctic 
Ocean. In the southeast corner of the sea lie the 
Pribylof Islands, a great haunt of seals from the 
middle of May to December. The right to slaughter 
these seals to the number of 100,000, under certain 
restrictions, is let to the North American Commer¬ 
cial Company by the United States. At certain sea¬ 
sons the seals leave the islands and here arises the 
opportunity for pelagic sealing, as it is called. 

Behring Sea Dispute, s. Alaska was acquired 
by the United States in 1867 by purchase from Rus¬ 
sia. Shortly after its acquisition Canadian sealing 
vessels became engaged in an illegal and indiscrim¬ 
inate slaughter of the seals in the Alaskan waters 
known as Behring Sea, or the Bering Sea, threaten¬ 
ing their utter extermination. In 1887 and 1889 some 
of these vessels were seized by United States revenue 
cutters and thus was brought to an issue the con¬ 
troversy between the United States and Great 
Britain known as the Behring Sea Dispute. The 
matter for a time threatened an interruption of the 
friendly relations existing between the two govern¬ 
ments, but was finally amicably settled by submit¬ 
ting the questions involved to international arbitra¬ 
tion. The arbitrators met in the office of the French 
foreign ministry in Paris on the 23d of February, 
1893; the voluminous papers and records in the case 
were submitted and an adjournment was taken for 
a month. The tribunal reassembled March 23d, the 
following persons constituting the court: Justice 
John M. Harlan and Senator John T. Morgan, ap¬ 
pointed by the president; Sir James Hannen and 
Sir John S. D. Thompson (the latter representing 
Canada), appointed by the queen; Baron de Cour- 
celles. appointed by the president of France; Mar¬ 
quis Emilio Visconti Venosta, appointed by the king 
of Italy, and Judge Gregero W. W. Gram, appointed 
by the king of Sweden and Norway. John W. Fos¬ 
ter, ex-secretary of state, acted as agent for the 
United States and C._ H. Tnpper as agent of Great 
Britain. The American counsel was composed of 
E. J. Phelps, of Vermont, Henry W. Blodgett, of 
Illinois, James C. Carter, of New York and Freder¬ 
ick R. Coudert, of New York. The counsel for Great 
Britain consisted of Sir Charles Russell, Sir Richard 
Webster, Mr. Charles Russell and C. Robinson. 
Baron de Courcelles was chosen to preside. The 
printed arguments of the two nations were sub¬ 
mitted and the tribunal adjourned to April 4. The 
case of the United States as submitted filled six 
large printed volumes, while that of Great Britain 
comprised eight volumes of equal size. The sum¬ 
mary of the claims made for the United States is as 
follows: 

That prior and up to the time of the cession of 
Alaska to the United States Russia asserted and ex¬ 
ercised an exclusive right to the seal fisheries in the 
waters of Behring Sea, and also asserted and exer¬ 
cised throughout that sea the right to prevent, by 
the employment, when necessary, of reasonable force, 
any invasion of such exclusive rights; that Great 
Britain, not having at any time resisted or objected 
to such assertions of exclusive right or the exercise 
of such power, is to be deemed as having recognized 
and assented to the same; that the body of water now 
known as the Behring Sea was not included in the 
hrase “Pacific Ocean,” as used in the trqaty of 1825 
etween Great Britain and Russia, and that after 
said treaty and down to the time of the cession to 
the United States Russia continued to assert the 
same exclusive rights and to exercise the same 
exclusive power and authority as above men¬ 
tioned. That all the rights of Russia in respect to 
the seal fisheries in the Behring Sea east of the water 
boundary established by the treaty of March 30,1867, 
between that nation and the United States, and all 
the power and authority possessed and asserted by 
Russia to protect said rights, passed unimpaired to 
the United States under that treaty; that the United 
States has such a property and interest in the 
Alaskan seal herd as to justify the employment by 
the nation, upon the high seas, of such means as are 
reasonably necessary to prevent the destruction of 
such herd and to secure the possession and benefit 


of the same to the United States; and that all the 
acts and proceedings of the United States done and 
had for the purpose of protecting such property and 
interest were justifiable and stand justified; and that 
compensation should be made to the United States 
by Great Britain by the payment of the amount of 
the losses of the United States or such other sums as 
may be deemed to be just. That should it be con¬ 
sidered that the United States has not the full prop¬ 
erty or property interest asserted by it, it be then 
decreed to be the international duty of Great Britain 
to concur with the United States in the adoption 
and enforcement against the citizens of either na¬ 
tion of such regulations, to be designed and pre¬ 
scribed by the arbitrators, as will effectually pro¬ 
hibit and prevent the capture anywhere upon the 
high seas of any seals belonging to said Alaskan 
seal herd. 

On the 15th of August, 1893, the tribunal handed 
down its decision. Each of the countries interested 
accepted the result as a partial victory in its behalf. 
The arbitrators established a zone of sixty miles 
around the Pribylof Islands, in which it is forbidden 
at any time to pursue, capture or kill seals. They 
prohibited the use of firearms in sealing, which prac¬ 
tically does away with poaching in the deep sea, as 
it is impracticable to engage in sealing, except in a 
small way, without the use of buckshot. They pro¬ 
vided for the protection of the herdfrom the sealers 
while breeding by the establishment of a close sea¬ 
son from May 1 to July 31. This close season is to 
be observed in the Northern Pacific as well as in the 
Behring sea, to protect the seals in their passage 
from the winter quarters across the ocean to their 
breeding grounds, the Pribylof Islands. This de¬ 
cision was against the earnest contention of Sir 
Charles Russell, the counsel for Great Britain, who 
maintained that the Northern Pacific must be free 
grounds at all seasons for the sealers. Thus far the 
claims of the United States were favored. On the 
other side the tribunal decided that pelagic sealing 
should be permitted outside of the protected zodo 
from August 1. On the five points of article 6 of the 
treaty of 1892 the finding of the tribunal wasagainst 
the United States. This article covered the claims 
to exclusive rights in Behring Sea as obtained by 
the United States in its Russian purchase. The find¬ 
ing of the tribunal was also against the United States 
in the matter of the seizure of the Canadian vessels 
engaged in poaching, and the United States was mads 
liable to damages on account of the seizures. Both 
Great Britain and the United States have enacted 
laws for carrying the provisions of the award into 
effect. June 7, 1894, Great Britain presented a list 
of the British claims against the United States, 
amounting to $542,169, and proposed that a commis¬ 
sion examine and pass upon them. The Secretary 
of State suggested that it might be best to pay a 
lump sum to Great Britain of $425,000; this was 
agreed to by the British ambassador and recom¬ 
mended to Congress by the president. Congress, 
however, declined to approve the claim on the 
ground that a great portion of it was for constructive 
damages, which had not been approved by the 
tribunal, and its allowance would be against the 
precedent of the Alabama award, which expressly 
disallowed constructive damages. But on June 15, 
1898, Congress reconsidered the matter and approved 
the award, and on the following day the sum of 
$473,151.26 was paid by the Secretary of State to the 
British Ambassador in full settlement thereof. 

*beik, a. [From beik, v.] Warm. 

“ And sittand at ane fyre, beik and bawld.” 

Bannatyne Poems, p. 215, st. 2. (Jamieson. ) 

*beik, s. [Beak.] (Scotch.) 

1. The bill of a bird. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Contemptuously: A man’s or a fabulous mon¬ 
ster’s mouth. Of the Cyclops it is said— 

“ An horribil sorte, wytli mony camschol beik. 

And hedis semand to the heuin arreik.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 91, 18. 

(b) As a cant word: A person; as, “an auld 
beik," “ a queer beik," &c. (Jamieson.) 

be -Ing, *be e-Ing, *be -yfige, pr. par., s.&conj. 

[Be.] 

A. . As present participle: Existing; living as ft 
sentient being, or existing as a thing inanimate. 

“ [Joshua] died, being an hundred and ten years old.* 1 ,, 
—Judges ii. 8. 

B. As substantive : 

I. The state of existence. 

1. Lifetime. 

“. . . Claudius, thou 
Wast follower of his fortunes in his being.’’ 

Webster (1654). (Goodrich <£• Porter.) 

. 2. Existence, with no direct reference to its dura¬ 
tion; existence as distinguished from non-exist¬ 
ence. 

“Merciful and gracious. Thou gavest us being: raising 
us from nothing to be an excellent creation.”— Taylor: 
Guide to Devotion. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, faU, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine- go dST 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;’ ey = a, * qu = kw’ 




being-place 

II. He or she who, or that which, exists. 

A conscious existence, created or uncreated; he 
or she who exists or lives. Used— 

a Of man or other created existences; or, more 
y, of the human mind. 

“What a sweet being is an honest mind ’.’’—Beaumont 
Fletcher. 

“ And with them the Being Beauteous, 

Who unto my youth was given, 

More than all things else to love me.” 

Longfellow: Footsteps of Angels, 

(b) Of the one uncreated Existence, God. 

“That the procession of our fate, howe’er 
Sad or disturb’d, is order’d by a Being 
Of infinite benevolence and power.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

C. As conjunction: (Contracted from it being so, 
this being the case, or some similar expression.) 
Since; since this is so. 

“ And being you have 

Declin’d his means, you have increased his malice.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Hon. M. Fort., ii. 

fbeing-place, being place, s. A place of exist¬ 
ence ; a place in which existence may be maintained. 
“ Before this world’s great frame, in which all things 
Are now contain’d, found any being-place.” 

Spenser: Hymn of Heavenly Love. 
♦beire, s. [A. S. beorh= a hill, ... a barrow, 
a place of burial; a place of refuge.] A grove, a 
shady place. 

“ A shaw or beire of trees, or a young spring.”— Withal: 
Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 93. ( Halliwell .) 

♦heist, *beis -tyn, *beist -mgs, s. [Biestings.] 
♦beit, *bete, *beet (O. Eng.), beet (Scotch), v. t. 
[A. S. betan, gebetan=to make better, to improve, 
to kindle or to mend a lire, to mend, to restore.] 
[Beet.] 

1. To help, to supply; to mend by making addi¬ 
tion. 

“At luvis law a quhyle I think to leit, 

And so with birds blythly my bailis to belt.” 

Henrysone. (Bannatyne Poems, p. 132.) 

2. To blow up, to kindle (applied to the fire). 

“ Quhen he list gant or blav, the fyre is bet. 

And from that furnis the flambe doith brist or glide.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 87, 66. 

3. To bring into a better state by removing calam¬ 
ity or cause of sorrow. 

“Allace, quha sail the beit now off thi baill! 

Allace, quhen sail off harmys thow be haill!” 

Wallace, xi. 1,119, MS. (Jamieson.) 

♦be it-ing, *bet-ing, s. [Beit.] The act of help¬ 
ing, improving, mending, supply. 

“. . . all statutes of his hienes burrowis within this 
realme, tending to the betting and reparatioun of thair 
wallis, streittis, havynnis, and portis.”— Acts James VI., 
1594 (ed. 1814), iv. 80. (Jamieson.) 

*be-ja'de, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and jade, v.] To 
jade, to tire, to fatigue. 

“If you have no mercy upon them yet spare yourself, 
lest you bejade the good galloway, your own opiniatre 
wit.”— Milton: Anim. upon the Bern. Defense. 

*be-ja pe, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and jape.'] To 
Laugh at, to ridicule. 

“ I shall bejaped ben a thousand time 
More than that foole, of whose folly men rime.” 

Chaucer: Troilus and Cresseide, i. 532. 
*be-ja ped, pa. par. [Bejape.] 
be-ja'r-I-?t, v. [Named after Bejar, a Spanish 
botanist.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Ericaceae (Heathworts), and the section Rhodoreee— 
that in which the Rhododendron and Azalea are 
placed. Bejaria racemosa is a sweet-scented ever¬ 
green shrub, with pink flowers, growing in Florida 
on the banks of swamps and ponds. The genus is 
called also Befaria. 

be-jaun -dige, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and jaun¬ 
dice.] To give one the jaundice. 

be-je§-u-It, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and Jesuit.] To 
make a Jesuit of one; to teach one Jesuitical 
methods of procedure. (Milton.) 
be-jew'-el, v. t. To adorn with jewels. 
be-ju’-CO, s. A slender, twining plant of Central 
America. 

be-Jum-ble, v. t. To jumble together, 
be-kah, s. [Heb.] A Jewish measure of weight, 
equal to five Troy pennyweights; a half shekel. 

be-ken ne, (1), v. t. [A. S. prefix bi, and cennan— 
to beget, to bring forth, to produce.] To give birth 
to. [Akenne.] 

“Ureonelic loverd . . . thatt of de holigost bikennedd 
was.”— Reliq. Antiq., I. 234. 

*be-kenne (2), *by-kenne, *bl'-ken, v.t. [O. 
Fris. bihenna.] To intrust, to commit to. 

“ ‘Ich bekenne the Crist,’ quath he, ‘that on the croice 
deide,’ 

And ich seide ‘ the same save you fro meschaunce. 

Piers Plowman, p. 169. (Jamieson.) 


439 


♦be-kiss’, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and hiss, v.] To 
kiss. 

“Shoe’s sick o’ the young shepard that bekist her.” 

Ben Jonson: Sad Shepherd, i. 6. 
♦be-kist', pa. par. [Bekiss.] 

♦belike, v. t. & i. [Beck.] To nod. (Chaucer.) 
be-kna"ve (h silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
hnave.] To call a knave. 

“ May satire ne’er befool ye or beknave ye.” — Pope. 
♦be-knlt’ (h silent), v. t. [A. S. becynttan=to knit, 
bind, tie, or inclose.] To knit. 

“. . . her filthy armes beknit with snakes about.” 

Arth. Golding: Ovid’s Metamorphoses, bk. iv. 
be-knit' (h silent), pa. par. & a. [Beknit.] 
♦be-kno w, *by-kno w, *by-kno'we, *bI-kno w 
(h silent), v. t. & i. [The full form is to “ be 
ahnow.” (Aknowe.) A.S. oncnawan=to acknowl¬ 
edge. In Ger. behennen=to acknowledge, to confess, 
to avow.] To confess, to acknowledge, to be aware. 

A. Trans, (followed by objective): 

“ For I dar nought byknowe myn own name.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,558. 

B. Intrans. (followed by clause of a sentence): 

“ This messager tormented was, til he 

Moste biknowe and telle it plat and playn, 

Fro nyght to night in what place he had layn.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,306. 

*be-know en, *be kno we, *bi-kno we (fcsilent), 
pa. par. [Beknow.] 

“ When men come to the koke, he was beknowe sone 
That sum burn a-wei had bore two white beres skynnea.” 

William and the Werewolf, p. 79. (S. in Boucher.) 

♦bek'-nynge, s. [Beckoning.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
♦bel, a. [Fr. bel, adj., before a vowel or h mute.] 
[Beau, Belle.] Beautiful. 

“A ful bel lady, un-like hure of grace.” 

Piers Plowman, p. 124. (S. in Boucher.) 

Bel esprit (pi. beaux esprits)^ a wit, a fine genius, 
♦bel (1), s. [Bell.] 

Bel (2), s. [Heb. Bel, according to Gesenius con¬ 
tracted from Aram. Beei=iLeb. Baal; Sept. Gr. Bel, 
and Belos; Babylonian, Assyrian, and Accadian 
Bel, Belu, Elu (EL)=Lord.] 

Accadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian Myth.: A 
“god” mentioned in Scripture, in Isa. xlvi. 1; Jer. 
1. 2 ; li. 44; in the Septuagint, in Baruch vi. 40, and 
in the apocryphal additions to the Book of Daniel 
(Bel and the Dragon), as well as by classical 
authors. Much new light has recently been thrown 
on Bel’s characteristics and position in the heavenly 
hierarchy, by the examination of the cuneiform 
tablets and sculptures. It has been discovered that, 
prior to 1600 B. C., the highly interesting Turanian 
people called Accadians, the inventors of the cunei¬ 
form writing, who wielded extensive authority in 
Western Asia before the Semitic Assyrians and 
Babylonians had come into notice, worshiped as 
their first triad of gods Anu, ruling over the heaven; 
Elu, Belu, or Bel, over the earth ; and Ea over the 
sea. Bel’s three children, or three of his children, 
were Shamas, the Sun-god; Sin, the Moon-god; and 
Ishtar, the Accadian Venus. Sayce shows that 
some first-born children were vicariously offered in 
sacrifice by fire to the Sun-god. From the Acca¬ 
dians human sacrifice passed to various Semitic 
tribes and nations. Beks name Elu identifies him 
with the Phenician El, who, in a time of trouble, 
offered his first-born son, “the beloved,” on a high 
place, by fire. It is not settled whether or not Bel was 
the same also as the Phenician Baal. To the wrath 
of Bel the deluge was attributed. In Scripture 
times he was known exclusively as a Babylonian 
divinity, being distinguished from both Nebo and 
Merodach. In the later Babylonian empire, how¬ 
ever, Merodach came to be generally identified 
with Bel, though sometimes distinguished from 
him, being called “the lesser Bel.” (Sayce, Bos- 
cawen, Fox Talbot, Bosanquet, &c., in Trans. Bib. 
Archceol. Soc., vols. i.-vi.) 

H Bel enters as an element into various Baby¬ 
lonian names, as Belteshazzar=the Prince of Bel 
(Daniel i. 7 ; iv. 8, 9,19). 

Bel and the Dragon, s. One of the books of the 
Apocrypha, or, more precisely, certain apocryphal 
chapters added to the canonical Book of Daniel. 
The Jews consider them as no part of their Script¬ 
ures. They were penned probably by an Alexan¬ 
drian Jew, the language used being not Hebrew, nor 
Aramaean, but Greek. The Church of Rome accepts 
Bel and the Dragon as part of the Holy Scripture; 
most, if not all, Protestant churches reject it. In 
Roman Catholic worship it is read on Ash Wednes¬ 
day, and was so in the old lectionary of the English 
Church on the 23d of November. The new lection- 
ary has it not either on that or any other date. The 
story of Bel and the Dragon tells how Daniel 
enlightened Cyrus, who is represented as. having 
been a devout worshiper of Bel, by proving that 
the immense supplies of food laid before the idol 
were really consumed, not by it or by the inhabit¬ 


belangereae 

ing divinity, but by the priests and their families. 
On Cyrus urging that the dragon, also worshiped, 
was at least a living God, Daniel poisoned it, for 
which he was thrown into a lions’ den, where the 
prophet Habakkuk fed him. Ultimately he was 
released, and his persecutors put to death. 

IT The above narrative must not be confounded 
with one called also “Bel and the Dragon,” trans¬ 
lated by Mr. Fox Talbot from the cuneiform tablets. 

Mr. Talbot believes that the dragon, seven-headed 
like the one in Revelation, would, if the tablets 
were complete, prove the same being that seduced 
some of the heavenly “ gods,” or angels, from their 
allegiance (Rev. xii. 4; Jude 6), for which he was 
slain by Bel. The resemblance is not to the apoc¬ 
ryphal book now under consideration, but to the 
combat between Michael and the Dragon in Rev. 
xii. 7-17. (H. Fox Talbot in Trans. Bib. Archceol ., 
vol. iv., 1875, p. 349.) 

be-la'-bor, v. t. [Eng. prefix be; labor.] 

1. To labor upon ; to cultivate with labor. 

“ If the earth is belabored with culture it yieldeth corn.” 
— Barrow, vol. iii., Serm. 18. 

2. To beat; to give a sound drubbing with a cudgel 
or similar weapon; 

"... but they so belabored him, being sturdy men 
at arms, that they made him make a retreat. . .”— Bun- 

yan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

♦bel-ac-cdy'le, *bel-?t-cdi'l, *bl-al-a-c6i 1, s. 
[Fr. 6el=beautiful, fine, good (Bel), and accueil= 
reception, accueillir=to receive kindly.] A kind 
reception, a hearty welcome. 

“ And her salewyd with seemely belaccoyle 
Joyous to see her safe after long toyle.” 

Spenser: F. Q., TV. vi. 25. 

IT In the “ Romaunt of the Rose” the quality is 
personified under the name of Bialacoil. 

“ A lusty bachelere 
Of good stature and of good hight, 

And Bialacoil forsothe he hight.” 

be-la'Qe, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and lace. In Sw. 
belayga.] 

1. To lace, to fasten with lace. 

“ To belace a rope.”— Johnson. 

2. To adorn with lace. 

(a) Lit.: In the foregoing sense. 

(b) Fig. (of poetic numbers): To describe in soft 
and graceful rather than bold and martial strains. 

“Howto belace and fringe soft love I knew ; 

For all my ink was now Oastalian dew.” 

Beaumont: Psyche, ii. 48. 

be-la'§ed, pa. par. & a. [Belace, v. t.] Adorned 
with lace. 

“ When thou in thy bravest 
And most belaced servitude dost strut, 

Some newer fashion doth usurp: and thou 
Unto its antic yoke durst not but bow.” 

Beaumont: Psyche, xvi. 10. 

be-la-§ing, pr. par. [Belace, v. t.] 
be-la'm, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and O. Eng. lam 
=to beat.] To beat. 

“ Batre: to beat, thwack, bump, swindge, cudgel; belam, 
also to batter.”— Cotgrave. 

♦bel'-a-mour, *bell - 9 ,-mour, s. [From Fr. belle 
=beautiful, and amour=lo\e.] 

A. Of persons (of the form Belamour): A fair 
lover, a fair friend. 

B. Of things (of the form bellamour): An obsolete 
name for a particular flower. Mason thinks it was 
Venus’ Looking-glass. 

“ Her snowy brow like unto bellamours, 

Her lovely eyes like pinks but newly spred.” 

Spenser: Sonnet, 64. 

♦bel'-a-my, *bel a-my , *bel -a-mye, *bel- 

a-ml, s. [Fr. bel = beautiful (Bel), and ami = 
friend, well-wisher, sweetheart, companion.] A 
fair friend, a companion, an associate. (Used of a 
man’s friend of the same sex.) 

1. In ordinary narrative: 

“ Wise Socrates; who, thereof, quaffing glad. 
Pour’d out his life and last Philosophy 
To the f ayre Critias, his dearest Belamy.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. vii. 62. 

2. In salutations: 

“ To him I spak ful hardily, 

And said, ‘ What ertow, belamy ?’ ” 

Ywaine and Gawin, i. 278. (S. in Boucher.) 

bel-an’-ger-a, s. [Named after the French trav¬ 
eler Charles Belangere.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
tribe Belangere® (q. v.). The species are Brazilian 
trees with a six-parted calyx, no corolla, many 
stamens, and opposed-stalked compound leaves. 

bel-an-ger-e-se, s.pl. [Belangera.] 

Bot.: A tribe or family of plants belonging to the 
order Cunoniace® (Cunoniads). Type, Belangera 
(q. v.). 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -blc, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




belate 


440 


belemnite 


be-la'te, v. t. [Eng. be; late .] To cause to be 
late. (Generally in pa. par. or the corresponding 
adjective.) [Belated.] 

“ The action cannot waste, 

Caution retard, nor promptitude deceive, 

Slowness belate, nor hope drive on too fast.” 

Davenant: Gondibert, ii. 2. 
be-la't-ed, pa. par. & a. [Belate.] 

1. Too late, behind time. 

“But when were these proofs offered? . . . Who con¬ 

tested this belated account ?”—Burke on the Nabob of 
Arcot’s Debts. ( Richardson.) 

2. Out late at night. 

“ Whose midnight revels, by a forest side 
Or fountain, Borne belated peasant sees, 

Or dreams he sees.” Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

be-la’t-ed-ness, s. [Eng. belated; -ness.] The 
state of being belated. 

“That you may see I am sometimes suspicious of my¬ 
self, and do take notice of a certain belatedness in me, 
I am the bolder to 6end you some of my nightward 
thoughts.”— Milton: Letters. 

be-la'ud, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and laud.'] 
Greatly to praise. 

tbe-la ve, V. t. [Eng. be; lave.] To lave, to 
wash. ( Cockeram .) 

*be-law -give, v. t. [Eng. prefix be; law; and 
give.] To give a law to. 

“The Holy One of Israel hath belawgiven his own peo¬ 
ple with this very allowance.”— Milton: Doct. and Dis. of 
Divorce. 

♦be-law'-giv-en, pa. par. [Belawgive.] 
fbe-lay' (1), v. t. [In A. S. belicgan= to sur¬ 
round; Sw. belayga; Ger. belegen= to cover, to 
overlay, to beset, to encompass.] [Beleaguer.] 

1. To block up, to stop up; to beleaguer, to 
besiege. 

“ Gaynst such strong castles needeth greater might 
Then those small forts which ye were wont belay.” 

Spenser: Sonnet, xiv. 

2. To waylay. 

“ He was by certain Spaniards . . . belaid upon the 

river Padus . . . and slaine.”— Knolles: Hist, of the 
Turkes. {Nares.) 

be-lay' (2),t>. t. [Dut. beleggen—to cover, over¬ 
lay, cognate with A. S. belecgan = to lay upon, 
cover.] 

1. To adorn; to ornament. 

“ All in a woodman’s jacket he was clad 
Of Lincoln greene, belayed with silver lace.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. ii. 5. 

2. Naut.: To fasten a rope securely by winding it 
round a kevel, cleat, or belaying-pin. 

“ Get up the pick-ax, make a step for the mast—make 
the chair fast with the rattlin—haul taught and belay ."— 
Scott: Antiquary, ch. viii. 

be-la yed, *be-la'yd, pa. par. & adj. [Belay.] 
be-lay'-ing, pr. par. [Belay.] 
belaying-bitt, s. A frame of wood fixed perpen¬ 
dicularly in the fore-part of a ship to fasten ropes 

to. 

belaying-cleat, s. A cleat for the purpose of 
belaying the running rigging to. [Cleat.] 

belaying-pin, s. 

Naut.: A stout pin in the side of a vessel or round 
the masts to which ropes may be “ belayed,” i. e., 
fastened, or around which they may be wound. 

belQh, ♦belk, *bolk, v. t. or i. [A. S. bealcan, 
bealcettan, belcettan=to belch.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To eructate; to expel from the mouth 
with violence wind from the stomach, commingled 
sometimes with portions of food. 

“Rough as their savage lords who rang’d the wood, 
And fat with acorns belch'd their windy food.” 

Dry den: Juvenal, sat. vi. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To eject from the heart. 

“ . . . the bitterness of it I now belch from my heart 

. . ’ .’’—Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 5. 

2. Of things: To eject from an aperture with 
violent suddenness and noise. 

“ . . . within the gates that now 

Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame 
Far into Chaos . . .”— Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. x. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To eject wind with spasmodic force by 
the mouth from the stomach ; to eructate. {Lit. & 

fig-) 

“ Behold, they belch out with their mouth: swords are 
in their lips: for who, say they, doth hear V’—-Psalms 
lix. 7. 

2. Fig.: To issue from the mouth of anything, as 
eructed matter does from the human mouth. 

“ The waters boil, and, belching from below, 

Black sands as from a forceful engine throw.” 

Dryden. 


belch (1), *bolke, s. [From belch, v.] 

1. The act of ejecting wind by the mouth from the 
stomach. 

“Benedicite he bygan wit a bolke, and hus brest 
knoked.” Piers Plowman. (Richardson .) 

*2. A cant term for a windy kind of malt liquor. 

♦belch (2), *bailch, *bllch {ch guttural), s. 
[From A. S. bealcan- to belch, hence something 
ugly, horrible, or from O. Sw. bolg-ia, bulg-ia— to 
swell. {Jamieson.)] A monster. {Scotch.) 

“ And Pluto eik the fader of hellis se 
Reputtis thatbisming belch hatefull to se.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 217, 43. {Jamieson.) 

belch-er, s. & a. [From Belcher, a noted Bristol 
pugilist, once champion of England.] 

A. Assubst.: A silk handkerchief or scarf, prop¬ 
erly of Belcher’s colors. {Dickens: Sketches by Boz ; 
Miss Evans.) 

B. As adj.: Resembling the handkerchief or 
scarf described under A. 

belch'-ing, *belk -Ing, pr.par.,a.& s. [Belch, 
Belk, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle dt participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ A triple pile of plumes his crest adorn’d, 

On which with belching flames Chimsera burn’d.” 

Dryden: Virgil's AHneid, vii. 1,074. 

C. As substantive: The act of ejecting wind by 
the mouth from the stomach. 

“ Often belkings [are] a token of ill digestion.”— Baret: 
Alvearie. 

bel-dam, fbel'-dame, s. & a. [Fr. belle dame= 
fine lady; from belle (f.)=handsome, fine, and dame 
=lady. A term of respectful address, used in all 
good faith to old ladies.] 

A. As substantive: 

*1. Respectfully: 

I. Gen.: A fine lady; a good lady. 

“ Beldame, your words doe worke me little ease.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. ii. 43. 

*2. Spec.: A grandmother. 

“ The beldam and the girl, the grandsire and the boy.” 

Drayton: Poly-Olbion, s. 6. 

II. Disrespectfully: 

1. An old woman, wrinkled and destitute of 
beauty. 

2. A hag. 

“Have I not reason, beldames, as you are, 

Saucy and overbold ?” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 5. 

*B. As adjective: Pertaining to a grandmother or 
to anything old. 

“Then sing of secret things that came to pass 
When beldame Nature in her cradle was.” 

Milton: College Exercise. 

♦belde (1), s. [A. S. Z>eaZcZ=; bold, brave.] Cour¬ 
age, valor. 

“When he bluschen therto, his belde never payred.” 

Sir Gawayne (ed. Morris), 650. 

♦belde (2), s. [Build.] 

“That was so stronge of belde." 

Syr Gowghter, 81. 

♦bele, v. i. [From bele, s. (q. v.)] To burn, to 
blaze. Possibly=below or perhaps=boil in rage: 
compare— 

“ My breste in bale bot bolne and bele.” 

Allit. Poems, A. 18. 

“All breme he belyd into berth.” 

Wyntown, viii. 11, 48. {Jamieson.) 

♦bele, *bale, ♦bail, s. [A. S. bal= a funeral pile; 
a burning.] A f[re, a blaze. [Bale.] {Jamieson.) 

be-le a-guer {u mute), *be-le ague (we mute). 
v. t. [Eng. be; leaguer. In Sw. belagra; Dan. 
beleive; Dut. belegeren; Ger. belagern; from be, 
and lagern—to lie down, to rest, to encamp.] 
[Laager.] 

1. Lit.: To besiege, to lay siege to a place with 
the view of capturing it. 

“ That a midnight host of spectres pale 
Beleaguered the walls of Prague.” 

Longfellow: The Beleaguered City. 

2. Fig.: To make efforts to capture and destroy. 

“ That an army of phantoms vast and wan, 
Beleaguer the human soul.” 

Longfellow: The Beleaguered City. 

be-lea-guered, pa. par. & a. [Beleaguer.] 

“ A camp and a beleaguer’d town.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, iv. 

be-le 1 a-guer-er, s. [Eng. beleaguer; -er.] One 
who beleaguers or besieges. 

“ . . . while his fierce beleaguerers pour 
Engines of havoc in, unknown before, 

And horrible as new.” 

Moore: Lai la Rookh; The Veiled Prophet. 


be-le a-guer-Ifig, pr. par. & a. [Beleaguer.] 
*be-le'ave, v. t. [A. S. belcefan, belifan = to 
remain, be left.] To leave. 

“ Wondering at Fortune’s turns, and scarce is he, 
Beleft, relating his own misery.” 

May: Lucan, bk. viii. 

tbe-lec'-ture (ture=tyur), v. t. [Eng. be; lec¬ 
ture.] To lecture. {Coleridge.) 
be-lec’-tured (ture=tyur), pa. par. & a. [Be- 

LECTURE.] 

be-lec’-tur-ifig (ture=tyur), pr. par. & a. 

[Belecture.] 

be-le'e, v. t. [Eng. he,’Zee.] 

Naut.: To place on the lee, to place to leeward, 
to shelter. {Shakesp.: Othello, i. 1.) 

*be-lefe, *be-leve, s. [Belief.] Hope. {Scotch.) 
“ Ne neuer chyld cummyn of Troyane blude, 

In sic belefe and glorie and grete gude 
Sal rayis his forbearis Italianis.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 197, 36. 

“They become desparit of ony beleve.” 

Bellenden: T. Liv., p. 74. {Jamieson.) 
♦be-left , pa. par. [Beleif (2).] 

*be-leif (1), *be-lewle (pa. par. *belewyt), v. t. 
& i. [A. S. belcefan— to leave, relinquish.] 

A. Trans.: To deliver up. 

“ TJnto thy parentis handis and sepultre 
I the beleif to be enterit, quod he.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 349, 43. 

B. Intrans.: To remain. {Skeat.) 

“ That he beleicyt of hys duelling.” 

Barbour, xiii. 644, MS. {Jamieson.) 
*be-leif (2) (preterite beleft), v. t. [A. S. belcefan 
=to leave.] To leave. 

“ Quhom now . . . 

Reddy to mischevus deith beleft have I.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 343, 5. {Jamieson.) 

bel-em-nite {Eng.), be-lem-nites {Mod. Lat.), 
s. [In Ger. belemnit; Fr. b&lemnite; Sp .belemnita; 
Ital. belennite; Mod. Lat. belemnites; Gr. belem- 
nites {Liddell <6 Scott) , from Gr . belemnon (a word 
used only in poetry and in the plural), the same as 
belos—Si dart, a javelin, from ballot to throw, and 
suff. -ites, from lithos— a stone.] 

Palceont. {Of the form Belemnites, rendered in 
English Belemnite) : A genus of fossil chambered 
shells, the typical one of the family Belemnitid®. 
The slow progress of the human mind toward scien¬ 
tific truth, and the circuitous route which the 
limitation of its powers compel it to take in reach¬ 
ing that goal, are beautifully exemplified by the 
successive hypotheses broached as to the nature of 
the belemnite. The first was that it was a product 
of the mammal called by the Romans lynx, and by 
the Greeks lungkx, probably the Caracal {Felts 
caracal). It was therefore called Lapis lyncis, 
and lyncurion or lyncurium, lungkourion, though 
some think that by these words were meant reddish 
amber, or the mineral tourmaline or the hyacinth, 
the Scriptural jacinth. The puzzling fossils figured 
next as Idcei dactyli, that is, “ fingers from Mount 
Ida,” freely translated or transformed in the Mid¬ 
dle Ages into “ devil’s fingers.” Then electricity 
was called in to account for them, and they were 
named Thunderstones {Lapides fulminantes) and 
Picks, or, less hypothetically, “ Arrow Stones.” At 
a more advanced period they were looked upon as 
stalactites, or as crystals which never had pertained 
to living beings. At length the true view struggled 
into existence that they were organic remains. 
Held by Von Tressau, Klein, Breynius, Da Costa, 
Brander, and Plott to be shells, the proper position 
of which they could not determine, Cuvier and 
Lamarck made a great step forward in ranking 
them as cephalopods with an internal shell, a con¬ 
clusion confirmed by Buckland, Owen, and others. 
The last-named palaeontologist placed the belem¬ 
nite in the dibranchiate order of Cephalopods. 

One essential part of the shell is a phragmocone 
[see Belemnitide] or chambered cone, that is, a 
portion conical in form and divided transversely by 
septa or partitions, like a pile of watch-glasses, into 
shallow chambers, connected with each other by a 
siphuncle or small pipe or siphon near the margin 
of the cone. The entire cone is enveloped in a 
sheath, which rises above the chambers and gives 
support to the soft body of the animal (called the 
pro-ostracum), and this again in a conical cavity or 
alveolus excavated in the base of a long tapering 
body resembling the head of a javelin, and called 
the guard. It is from this fact that the name 
Belemnite has arisen. Dr. Buckland and Agassiz 
discovered in specimens from Lyme Regis, collected 
by Miss Ann ing, a fossil ink-bag and duct. There 
have been found also traces of the contour of the 
large sessile eyes, the funnel, a great proportion of 
the muscular parts of the mantle, the remains of 
two lateral fins, eight cephalic arms, each appar¬ 
ently provided with twelve to twenty pairs of 
slender elongated horny hooks. Owen considers 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





belemnitic 


441 


beliefulnesse 


that the belemnite combined characters at present 
divided among the three cephalopodous genera 
bepia, Onychoteuthis, and Sepiola. 

, These animals seem to have been gregarious liv¬ 
ing m shallow water with a muddy bottom rather 
than one studded with projecting corals. Owen 
trunks that they preserved a tolerably vertical 
position when swimming, at times rising swiftly 
and stealthily toward the surface, infixing their 
claws in the abdomen of a supernatant fish, and 
dragging it down to the depths to be devoured. Bel- 
emnites are found all over Europe, and also in India. 
In lb75, late estimated the known species at more 
than one hundred, ranging from the Lias to the 
Chalk. 

bel-em-nit -ic, a. [Eng. belemnit{e) ; -ic.) 

1. Pertaining to the belemnite shell; constituting 
the fleshy portion of the belemnite. 

“ The belemnitic animal, a dibranchiate eight-armed 
Cuttle . . .”— Eng. Cyclop., i. 436. 

2. Pertaining to the animal enveloping the shell 
called belemnite. 

“ - t . . a specimen of a Belemnite in which not only 

the ink-bag, but the muscular mantle, the head and its 
crown of arms are all preserved in connection with the 
belemnitic shell.”— Owen: Invertebrata (1843). 

bel -em-nit'-i-dse, s. [Belemnite.] 

Palceont.: A family of mollusks belonging to the 
class Cephalopoda, the order Dibranchiata, and the 
section Decapoda. The shell consists of a ‘'pen” 
terminating posteriorly in a chambered cone, tech¬ 
nically called aphragmocone, from Gv.phragmos=a. 
hedge, fence, paling, fortification, or inclosure, and 
Tconos— the mathematical figure termed a cone. 
The phragmocone is sometimes invested with a 
fibrous guard, and it has air-cells connected by a 
siphuncle piercing the several chambers close to the 
ventral side. Dr. S. O. Woodward arranges the 
Belemnitidae between the Teuthidae, or Calamaries 
and Squids, on the one hand, and the Sepiadae or 
Sepias on the other. In geological time they extend 
from the Lias to the Chalk. The genera are Belem- 
nites, Belemnitella, Xiphoteuthis, Acanthoteuthis, 
Belemnoteuthis, and Conoteuthis. 

The following Belemnitidae characterize the 
Lower Lias: B. acutus, B.pencillatus, B. clavatus. 
Middle Lias: B. compressus, B, breviformis, B. 
paxillosus.' 

Upper Lias: B. acuminatus, B. Icevis, B. Ilmin- 
sterensis. 

Midford Sands: B. irregularis. 

Inferior Oolite: B. canaliculatus, B. Gingenis , 
B. ellipticus. 

Stonesfield Slate: B. Bessinus. 

Oxford Clay: B. hastatus, B. Oweni. 

Coralline Oolite: B. abbreviatus. 

Kimmeridge Clay: B. explanatus. 

Neocomian: B. jaculum. 

Gault: B. minimus, B. ultimus. 

Lower Chalk: Belemnitella plena. 

Upper Chalk: Belemnitella mucronata. 

♦belene, v. i. [Possibly a misreading of the 
MSS. for beleued (A. S. belcefan=to remain).] To 
tarry, or perhaps to recline, to rest. 

“ . . . Schir Gawayn, gayest of all, 

Belenes with Dame Gaynour in grenes so grene.” 

Sir Gawan and, Sir Gal., i. 6. {Jamieson.) 

fbe-lene, s. [From A. S. bella— a bell; bellan, 
gen. So called from the bell-shaped capsules.] A 
plant, Hyoscyamus niger. [Henbane.] 

tbe-lep -er, v. t. [Eng. be; leper. ] To infect 
with leprosy. 

“Imparity, and church-revenue, rushing in, corrupted 
and belepered all the clergy with a worse infection than 
Gehazi’s.”— Milton: Eiconocl., ch. xiv. 

bel es-prl t (f mute), s. [0. Fr. 6eZ=fine; esprit 
^spirit.] A fine spirit, a man of wit. 

*be-le’ve, s. [Belief, Belefe.] 

*be-lew'yt, pa. par. [Beleif (1), v.) Remained. 
{Jamieson.) 

*bel-flow"-er, s. [Bell-flowee.] 
*bel-foun-der, s. Old spelling of Bell- 

FOUNDEB. 

bel-fry, *bef-froy, s. [Fr. beffroi= a watch-tower, 
a belfry, a bell-chamber; O. Fr. beffroit, befreit, 
berfroit, berfreit, berefreit, belefroi—a. watch-tower; 
Low. Lat. belfredus, balfredus, berfredus, verfredus. 
From M. H. Ger. bercvrit, bervrit—n tower for 
defense, from Ger. feerc=protection, and O. H. Ger. 
fridu—e. tower; (N. H.) Ger. friede- peace; Sw. & 
Dan./red; Dut. vrede. Thus at first there was no 
connection between bel of the word belfry and the 
English word be ll.) , . , , , 

*i. Mil. {In the Middle Ages): A tower erected 
by besiegers to overlook a place besieged. Sentinels 
were placed on it to watch the avenues and to pre¬ 
vent surprise, or to give notice of fires by ringing 


2. That part of a steeple in which a bell is hung, 
the campanile; a room in a tower, a cupola or 
turret in which a bell is, or may be, hung. 

“ Distant and soft on her ear fell the chimes from the 
belfry of Christ Church.” 

Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 6. 

3. The framing on which a bell is suspended. 

fbel'-gard, *bell-gard, s. [O. Fr. bel= fine, 

gard. Mod. Fr. regard= a look, a gaze, a glance, 
attention.] A kind, affectionate, or amorous look. 
“Under the shadow of her even browes, 

Working belgards, and amorous retrate.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iii. 25. 

*belghe, *belgh, s. [Belch.] A belch, an 
eructation {lit. d&fig.). {Jamieson!) 

“This age is defiled with filthie belghes of blasphemy 
. . . His custom was to defile the aire with most filthie 

belglis of blasphemie.”— Z. Boyd’s Last Battel, pp. 1,002, 
1,186. {Jamieson.) 

Rel'-gl-ijin, a.&s. [In Ger. Belgien; from Lat. 
Belgium, apartof Gallia Belgica {Caesar).) [Bel- 
gic.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the ancient Belgse, 
to the modern Belgians, or to Belgium. 

B. As substantive: A native of Belgium. 

“ . . . he must be a Belgian by birth or naturaliza¬ 
tion.”— Martin: Statesman’s Year Book (1875), p. 81. 

Bel'-gic, a. [Fr. Belgique; Lat. BeigdcMS—per¬ 
taining to the Belgee. (See No. 1 def.)] 

1. Pertaining to the ancient Belgse, esteemed by 
Ceesar to be the most warlike of the Germanic 
tribes whom he encountered. They occupied the 
country between the Marne, the Rhine, the Seine, 
and the English Channel. 

“ Dull as their lakes that slumber in the storm. 
Heavens ! how unlike their Belgic sires of old ! 
Rough, poor, content, ungovernably bold.” 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 

2. Pertaining to the modern Belgians, to Belgium, 
or to the Belgian language or dialect. 

Be'-ll-al, s. [In Ger., &c., Belial; Gr. Beliar, r 
being substituted for l (2 Cor. vi. 15); Heb. belial= 
not a proper name ; but from (1) 6eZi=without, and 
(2) probably yaaZ=usefulness; meaning a person 
without usefulness, a worthless fellow, a good-for- 
nothing.] 

1. In the Old Testament {Authorized Version); 
Mistranslated as if it were a being, probably Satan 
or one of his angels. 

“Let not my Lord, I pray thee, regard this man of 
Belial, . . .”—1 Samuel xxv. 25. 

2. In the New Testament: Satan. 

“And what concord hath Christ with Belial? . . .”— 
2 Corinthians vi. 15. 

3. In Milton: A particular fallen angel. (See 
Paradise Lost, bk. i.) 

be-ll-bcl, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and libel.) To 
libel; to calumniate. 

“The Pope, hearing thereof, belibelled him [the em¬ 
peror] more foully than ever before.”— Fuller: Hist, of the 
Holy War, p. 163. 

bel’-Ic, s. [Fr. belie, belif, bellif.) A red color. 

Her.: A term sometimes used for gules. 

be-lick', v. t. [Eng. be; lick (?).] To lick. 

*be-lick -it, pa. par. [Belick.] 

“ They were ey sae ready to come in ahint the haun, that 
naebody, haud aff themsels, cou’d get feen’t belickit o’ 
ony guid that was gawn.”— St. Patrick, i. 74. {Jamieson.) 

be-lle, *be-ly”, *be-lye, v. t. > [Eng. be: lie. 
A. S. beleogan (pret. beleag) =to impose, falsify, 
belie, accuse falsely, forge or counterfeit; be, and 
leogan=to lie. In Dut. beliegen; Ger. beliigen; Sw. 
beljuga—to belie.] To tell lies. Specially — 

1. To tell a lie against a person or thing; to calum¬ 
niate, to slander. 

“ If Armstrong was not belied, he was deep in the worst 
secrets of the Rye House Plot, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xv. 

2. To fill with lies. 

“’Tis slander, whose breath 
Rides on the posting winds, and doth belie 
All corners of the world.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 4. 

3. To give the lie: To prove to be hollow or decep¬ 
tive. (Used specially when actions prove previous 
words hollow and untrue. As a rule, it is not used 
offensively.) 

“ The first a nymph of lively Gaul, 

Whose easy step and laughing eye 
Her borrowed air of awe belie.” 

Scott: The Bridal of Triermain. 

4. To mimic, to imitate, to ape. 

“ Which durst, with horses’ hoofs that beat the ground, 
And martial brass, belie the thunder’s sound.” 

Dryden. 

be-ll'ed, pa. par. & a. [Belie.] 


be-lief, *be-le ve, *bi-leve, *bf-le've, *by 
lyve, s. [A. S. geleafa= consent, assent, confidence, 
belief, faith ; leafa=be lief (compare also geleaf= 
leaf, leave, license, permission) ; Dut. ( 7 eZoo/=faith, 
creed, belief, credit, trust; Ger. glaube, glauben= 
faith, good faith.] [Believe.] 

I. The mental act or operation of accepting as 
true any real or alleged fact or opinion on the evi¬ 
dence of testimony, or any proposition on the proof 
afforded by reasoning. It is opposed to the convic¬ 
tion produced by personal observation or experi¬ 
ence, which is stronger than that resting on testi¬ 
mony or reasoning. The term belief may be used 
for full and unwavering acceptance of anything as 
true, for an acceptance weak and fluctuating, or for 
anything intermediate between the two. 

til. The state of being accepted as true on the 
evidence of reasoning or testimony. 

III. That which is accepted as true on the evi¬ 
dence of testimony or reasoning. 

1. Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ . . . render it necessary for even the wisest of men 

to take a large portion of their beliefs from others.”— 
Times, November 13, 1876. 

“Belief is great, life-giving.”— Carlyle: Heroes and 
Hero-worship, Lect. ii. 



trines held by the professors of any faith ; yet more 
specially, Christianity. 

“In the heat of general persecution, whereunto Chris¬ 
tian belief was subject upon the first promulgation, it 
much confirmed the weaker minds, when relation was 
made how God had been glorified through the sufferings 
of martyrs.”— Hooker. 

(6) The statement of such system of doctrine. 
(Used specially of the Apostles’ Creed.) 

3. Christian Theol.: The implicit acceptance, by 
the aid of the Holy Spirit, of every statement which 
there is reason to believe comes from God. Spec., 
the acceptance of all that He has revealed regard¬ 
ing the divinity and sonship of Jesus Christ, His 
mission to the earth, His life, His death, His resur¬ 
rection and ascension. For this/aiZ7i. is used more 
frequently than belief. [Faith.] 

“Faith is a firm belief of the whole word of God, of His 
gospel, commands, threats, and promises.”— Wake. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between the terms 
belief, credit, trust, and faith: “ Belief is generic, 
the others are specific terms; we believe when we 
credit and trust, but not always vice versa. Belief 
rests on no particular person or thing; but credit 
and trust rest on the authority of one or more indi¬ 
viduals. Everything is the subject of belief which 
produces one’s assent: the events of human life are 
credited upon the authority of the narrator; the 
words, promises, or the integrity of individuals are 
trusted; the power of persons and the virtue of 
things are objects of faith. Belief and credit are 
particular actions or sentiments; trust and faith 
are permanent dispositions of the mind. Things 
are entitled to our belief, persons to our credit; but 
people repose trust or have faith in others . . .” 
“ Belief, trust, and faith have a religious applica¬ 
tion, which credit has not. Belief is simply an act 
of the understanding; trust and faith are active 
moving principles of the mind in which the heart is 
concerned. Belief does not extend beyond an assent 
of the mind to any given proposition: trust and 
faith are lively sentiments which impel to action. 
Belief is to trust and faith as cause to effect: there 
may be belief without either trust or faith; but 
there can be no trust or faith without belief. We 
believe that there is a God, who is the creator and 
preserver of all His creatures ; we therefore trust in 
Him for His protection of ourselves. We believe 
that Jesus Christ died for the sins of men ; we have 
therefore faith in His redeeming grace to save us 
from our sins.” {Crabb: Eng. Svnon.) 

If Professor Bain considers that belief largely 
depends upon the will. He says, “ It will be readily 
admitted that the state of mind called belief is, in 
many cases, a concomitant of our activity. But I 
mean to go farther than this, and to affirm that 
belief has no meaning, except in reference to our 
actions; the essence or import of it is such as to 
place it under the region of the will. We shall soon 
see that an intellectual notion or conception is like¬ 
wise indispensable to the act of believing; but no 
mere conception that does not directly or indirectly 
implicate our voluntary exertions, can ever amount 
to the state in question.” {Bain: The Emotions 
and the Will, chap. “Belief,” p. 524.) 

*be-lie'-full, a. [Eng. belief; full.) Full of 
belief; disposed to believe. 

“It is for thee sufficient to shewe a minde beliefull and 
readie to obeie . . .”— Udal: Luke, ch. i. {Richardson.) 

*be-lie'-ful-nesse, s. [O. Eng. belieful; -nesse.) 
The quality of being disposed to believe. 

“Thei disdeyne to have the godly beliefulnesse of the 
heathen to be praised, and yet do they not all the while 
amende their owne wicked vnbelief.”— Udal: Luke, ch. iv. 
{Richardson.) 


a bell. 

boil, boy; perat, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = sh 3 .n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?!, del. 




believable 


442 


bell 


be-liev -3,-ble, a. [Eng. believ(e); -able.] Able 
to be believed; credible. {Sherwood.) 

“The witnessingis ben maad beleeuable ful myche.”— 
Wycliffe (Psalms xcii. 5). 

be-lieV-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. believable; -ness.] 
The state of being believable. 

“ . . . the credibility and believableness, as I call it, 
of those promises and particular mercies.”— Goodwin: 
Works, vol. iv., pt. i., p. 88. ( Richardson .) 

be-lie ve, *be-le've, *bi-le've, *by leve, 
♦byleyve, *bylyve, v. t.&i. [A. S. gelefan, gelyfan 
=to believe. Compare also Dut. gelooven; Ger. 
glauben; M. H. Ger. glouben, gelouben; O. H. Ger. 
galaupjan; O. S. gilQbian; Goth, galaubjan, laub- 
jan. Compare also A. S. Zae/=permission.] 

A. Trans.: To accept as true, not on one’s per¬ 
sonal knowledge, but on the testimony of others, 
or on reasonings which appear more or less con¬ 
clusive. It is used when the assent to the statement 
or proposition is of a very firm character, and also 
when it is weak and wavering. (It may be followed 
by the objective of the person whose word is 
accepted as true, or by the objective of the state¬ 
ment made.) 

“That Cassio loves her, I do well believe it.”— Shakesp..- 
Othello, ii. 1. 

“Ten thousand things there are, which we believe 
merely npon the authority or credit of those who have 
spoken or written of them.”— Watts: Logic. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: To accept a statement or proposition as 
true on the evidence afforded by the testimony of 
another person,'or on reasonings of one’s own. 

2. Specially: 

(a) Colloquial: To accept with some degree of 

doubt. 

(b) To exercise the grace of Christian faith. 
[See II.] 

II. Theology: 

1. To assent to the claim which Jesus Christ put 
forth to be the Messiah, the Son of God, and the 
Saviour, and place confidence in the efficacy of his 
sacrifice for sin. 

IT In Rom. x. 10, this belief is attributed to the 
heart. The opposition in that verse is not, however, 
so much between the heart and the intellect as 
between what is secret and personal and what is 
openly professed by the lips. 

“For with the heart man believeth unto righteous¬ 
ness; . . .”—Romans x. 10. 

It is followed (a) by in or on placed before the 
person or being wno is the object of faith. 

“. . . ye believe in God, believe also in me.”— John 

xiv. 1. 

“And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and 
thou shalt be saved, and thy house.”— Acts xvi. 31. 

Or (b) by the clause of a sentence expressive of the 
tenet or proposition to which one,publicly or tacitly 
assents.' 

“And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine 
heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe 
that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.”— Acts viii. 37. 

2. To express such faith by the public enunciation 
of a creed. Thus the “Apostles’ Creed, to be sung 
or said by the minister and the people,” in the 
Liturgic worship of the Church of England, com¬ 
mences thus: “I believe in God, the Father 
Almighty, ...” 

be-lie ved, pa. par. & a. [Believe.] 

be-lie v-er, *be-le ev-er, s. [Eng. believ(e); 

- er .] 

Ordinary Language: 

I. Gen.: One who believes or who gives credit to 

anything. * 

“ Discipline began to enter into conflict with churches, 
Which, in extremity, had been believers of it.”— Hooker. 

II. Spec.: One who holds a definite religious 
belief. 

1. A Christian. 

“ . . . have been maintained by the universal body of 
true believers, from the days of the apostles, and will be 
to the resurrection.”— Swift. 

2. A professor of some other faith. 

“ . . . the soul of one believer outweighs all earthly 
kingships; all men, according to Islam, too, are equal.” 
— Carlyle: Heroes, Lect. ii. 

be-lie'v-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Believe.] 

A. & B. As present participle <£ adjective: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ Now God be prais’d, that to believing souls 
Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., ii. 1. 

C. As substantive: The act or operation of accept¬ 
ing as true. (Romans xv. 13.) 

be-lie v-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. believing; -ly.] In 
a believing manner, as a believer would do. {John¬ 
son.) 


*be-light' {gh silent), v. t. [Eng. be, and light.] 
To illumine, to shine on. 

“ Godes brihtnesse, belihte hem.”—O. Eng. Homilies (ed. 
Morris), ii. 31. 

be-li ke, *be-ly ke, adv. [Eng. be; like.] Per¬ 
haps ; there is a likelihood that; probably. 

“Belike, boy, then you are in love.”— Shakesp.: Two Gen¬ 
tlemen of Verona, ii. 1. 

“Things that I know not of belike to thee are dear.” 

Wordsworth: Pet Lamb. 

*be-Hke-ly, adv. [Eng . belike; -ly.] Probably; 
there is a likelihood that. 

“Having belikely heard some better words of me than I 
could deserve.”— Bp. Hall: Specialties of His Life. 

be-li me, v. t. [Eng. be; lime.] To besmear with 
bird-lime. 

“Ye, whose foul hands are belimed with bribery, and 
besmeared with the price of blood.”— Bp. Hall: Works, 
vol. ii., p. 301 (ed. 1661). 
be-limed, pa. par. & a. [Belime.] 
be-ll'm-ing, pr. par. [Belime.] 

Bel-I-sa-na, s. [A female name. Etymology 
doubtful.] 

Astron.: An asteroid, the 178th found. It was 
discovered by Palisa on November 6, 1877. 

be-lit'-tle (tie as tel), v. t. [Eng. be; little.] To 
make little ; to dwarf. {Jefferson.) 
be-lit -tied (tied as teld), pa. par. [Belittle.] 
be-lit'-tling, pr. par. [Belittle.] 
be-li've, *bee-llve, *be-live, *be-lyue, *bi- 
li've, *by-li ve, *bllve, *blyve, adv. [Eng. prefix 
be, and live.] 

1. By-and-by, speedily, quickly. (Obsolete in 
English, but still used in Scotch.) 

“ But Habby of Cefeford will be here belive . . 

Scott: Waverley. {Append, to Gen. Preface.') 

2, At length. 

“. . . gyf that thus belyue, 

Troianis has socht tyll Italy, tyll upset 
New Troyis wallys, to be agane doun let?’’ 

Douglas: Virgil, 314, 36. ( Jamieson .) 
*belk, *belke, v. t. [Belch.] To belch. 

“. . . this being done, it was not half an hour but 
he began to faint; and turning about on his left side hee 
belked twise.” —The Report of Martin’s Death. From Mar¬ 
tin’s Month’s Mind (1589), p. 21. {Boucher.) 

hell (1), *belle, *bel, s. [A. S. bella— a bell, a 
word imitated from the sound. In Dut. bel; Old 
Dut. belle. Connected with A. S. bellan=to bellow 
(Bellow), and with peal (Peal).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. An instrument of a particular form and mate¬ 
rial for producing sounds. It consists of a reversed 
cup, bearing at its apex an ear or canon, by which 
it is suspended from a beam or other fixed body 
above, and having hung internally a clapper or 
hammer, by the percussion of which on the reversed 
cup the required sound is generated. It is generally 
formed of bell-metal (q. v.). Golden bells are men¬ 
tioned in connection with religious worship in 
Exodus xxviii. 33-34. They alternated with pome- 
granate-like knobs on the lower part of the Jewish 
high-priest’s blue robe of the ephod. Bells were 
found by Layard at Nimrod, near the site of old 
Nineveh, the alloy of which they were formed being 
ten parts of copper to one of tin. The Greeks and 
Romans used bells in camps, markets, and baths, as 
well as in religious observances. The introduction 
of large bells into churches is attributed to Paul- 
inus, Bishop of Nola in Campania, about the year 
400. Bede mentions their use in England toward 
the end of the seventh century. They were first cast 
in that country about A. D.940. The great bell of St. 
Paul’s Cathedral, in London, cast in 1709, is 6.7 feet 
in diameter; it weighs 11,470 lbs.; and Big Ben, of 
Westminster, cast in 1858,30,324 lbs. These dimen¬ 
sions are, however, dwarfed by some Russian bells. 
That of the Kremlin, the greatest ever constructed, 
when re-cast in 1733, was enlarged till it weighed 
432,000 lbs. It is said, though some deny it, that 
this enormous mass was actually suspended for four 
years. In 1737, however, a fire caused it to fall. In 
1837 a chapel was excavated below it, of which it 
was made to constitute the dome. Next, it is said, 
in size to the Russian bells is one at Amarapoora 
in Burmah, 260,000 lbs; and one. at Pekin, 130,000; 
both, of course, are for Buddhist worship. Bells 
are often affixed to cattle, sheep, &c., when turned 
loose to feed, and are useful, especially in forests, 
to indicate where the animals are feeding. Sheep- 
bells of bronze, used in ancient Italy, are still to be 
seen in the museum at N aples. 

The order for the founding of the famous Liberty 
Bell, of Philadelphia, which rang when the Con¬ 
tinental Congress declared the independence of 
the United States in 1776, was given in 1751. 

The State House of Pennsylvania, in Philadel¬ 
phia, work on which had been suspended for a 


number of years, was then approaching completion. 
The lower floors were already occupied by the 
Supreme Court in the chamber, while in the other 
assembled the Freemen of the Province of Pennsyl¬ 
vania, then consisting of one body. A committee 
was appointed by the Freemen, with Peter Norris 
as chairman, and empowered to have a new bell 
cast for the building. The commission for the bell 
was in the same year awarded to Robert Charles, of 
London, the specification being that the bell should 
weigh 2,000 pounds and cost £100 sterling. It was 
to be made by the best workmen, to be examined 
carefully before being shipped, and to contain, in 
well-shaped letters around it, the inscription : “By 
order of the Province of Pennsylvania, for the State 
House in the City of Philadelphia, 1752.” An order 
was given to place underneath this the fatal and pro- 
pheticwords from Leviticus xxv. 10: “Proclaim lib¬ 
erty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants 
thereof.” The reason for the selection of this text 
has been a subject of much conjecture ? but the true 
reason is apparent when the full text is read. It is 
as follows : “ And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year 
and proclaim liberty throughout the land and to 
all the inhabitants thereof.” In selecting the text 
the good Quakers had in memory the arrival of 
William Penn and their forefathers more than half 
a century before. In August, 1752, the bell arrived, 
but though in apparent good order, it was cracked 
by a stroke of the clapper while being tested. It 
could not be sent back, as the captain of the vessel 
who had brought it over could not take it onboard. 
Two skillful men undertook to recast the bell, 
which,on being opened,revealed a bell which pleased 
very much. But it was also found to be defective. 
The original bell was considered too high, and a 
quantity of copper was added to the composition, 
but too much copper was added.There were a great 
many witticisms on account of the sound failure, 
and the ingenious workmen undertook to recast the 
bell, which they successfully did, and it was placed 
in condition in June, 1753. On Monday, the 8th of 
July (not the 4th), at noon, true to its motto, it 
rang out the memorable message of “ Liberty 
throughout the land and to all the inhabitants 
thereof.” For fifty years the bell continued to be 
rung on every festival and anniversary, until it 
eventually cracked. An ineffectual attempt was 
made to cause it to continue serviceable by enlarg¬ 
ing the cause of its dissonance and chipping the 
edges. It was removed from its position in the 
tower to a lower story, and only used on occasions 
of public sorrow, such as the death of ex-Presi- 
dents and statesmen. Subsequently it was placed 
on the original timbers in the vestibule of the State 
House, and in 1873 it was suspended in a prominent 
position immediately beneath where a larger bell, 
presented to the city in 1866, now proclaims the pass¬ 
ing hours. 

In 1893 it was taken to Chicago and placed on 
exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition. 
On its way to Chicago it was greeted by crowds of 
people at the railroad stations along the route with 
cheers and patriotic speeches. At the close of the 
Exposition it was returned to Philadelphia, and met 
with a like greeting from the populace at every stop 
on the return trip. 

2. A small hollow globe of metal, perforated and 
having within it a solid ball:. This type of bell 
occurs in the hawk’s bell. It is affixed to the bird, 
striking against its sides during flight, with the 
effect of emitting a sound. 

“As the ox hath his bow, the horse his curb, and the 
falcon his bells, so hath man his desires.”— Shakesp. 
[Tubular-bells.] 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. A clock. 

“At six of the bells we gynne ourjplay.”— Strutt: Horda 
Angel-Cynnan, hi. 137. (Boucher.) 

2. Anything shaped like an ordinary bell, or at 
least like the cup-shaped portion of it. Specially— 

(a) The bell-like monopetalous corolla of various 
heaths of the Campanula, &c. [See the compounds 
which follow.] So, in Scotch, Lint in the bell 
means “flax in flower.” {Jamieson.) 

“ Where the bee sucks there suck I, 

In a cowslip’s bell I lie.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, vi. 1. (Song.) 

“ The humming-bees, that hunt the golden dew, 

In summer’s heat on tops of lilies feed, 

And creep within their bells to suck the balmy seed.” 

Dryden. 

(b) The mouth of a funnel or trumpet; also of 
several wood wind instruments. 

III. In special phrases: 

1. Bell of the brae: The highest part of the slope 
of a hill. (Scotch.) 

IT Jamieson thinks this may be, perhaps, con¬ 
nected with bell (2) (q. v.). 

2. For “ curfew bell,” “ passing bell,” “ saints’ or 
Sanctus bell,” &c., see “curfew,” “ passing,” &c., 
with which bell is in connection. 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se. ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




bell 


443 


bell 


3. To bear away the bell: To win the prize at a 
race, where a bell was the usual prize. 

4. To bear the bell: 

(a) Lit.: To be the bellwether of a flock, that is, 
the sheep which carries a bell; or to be the horse 
to which a bell is affixed, and which is made to go 
first in a drove of horses. 

(b) Fig.: To be the first; to be superior to all 
others. 

5. To carry away the bell: To carry off the prize 
in a race or other contest in which that prize is a 
bell. [Nearly the same as 3 (q. v.).] (Lit. & fig.) 

6. To gain the bell: To win the prize at a race. 

[5.] 

“ Here lyes the man whose horse did gaine 
The bell, in race on Salisbury plain.” 

Camden: Remains, p. 348. ( Nares .) 

7. To lose the bell: To be worsted in a contest, so 
that the antagonist gains the bell or other prize. 

“ But when in Bingle fight he lost the bell.” 

Fairfax: Tasso, xvii. 69. 

8. To curse by bell, book, and candle (in the Roman 
Catholic Church): To excommunicate; a bell being 
tolled, the book of offices for the purpose used to be 
read from, and a candle (or, according to Nares, 
three candles) extinguished,_ with certain cere¬ 
monies. A form of excommunication, ending, “ Doe 
to the book, quench the candle, ring the bell, Amen, 
Amen,” was extracted from the Canterbury Book by 
Sir Thomas Ridley or his annotator, J. Gregory. 
(Nares.) 

“ Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back, 
When gold and silver becks me to come on.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 3. 

9. To ring a bell backivard: To do so in the way 
described, as was formerly the practice. 

(a) Spec.: That warning might be given of fire. 

“ Then, sir, in time 

You may be remembered at the quenching of 
Fir’d houses, when the bells ring backward, by 
Your name upon the buckets.” 

City Match (Old Play), ix. 297. 

Or (b) Gen.: On the rise of any sudden danger in 
a city or town. 

“Dundee he is mounted, he rides up the street: 

The bells are rung backward, the drums they are 
beat.” Scott: Bonnie Dundee. 

(c) As a mark of sorrow. 

“Not concluded with any epithalamiums or songs of 
joy, but contrary—his bells ring backward.” — Gayton: 
Fest. Notes, p. 258. 

10. To shake the belts: A figurative phrase taken 
from the shaking of bells tied to a hawk or falcon, 
which takes place when the bird flies. [B. 1.] 

“Neither the king, nor he that loves him best, 

The proudest he that holds up Lancaster, 

Dares stir a wing, if Warwick shakes his bells.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., i. 1. 

B. Technically: 

I. Her.: Church bells are used as an heraldic 
emblem; so also are hawk’s bells. 

11. Naut.: At sea the subdivisions of a “watch” 
of four hours’ duration are noted by a half-hourly 
striking of a bell with a clapper. Thus the phrase, 
“ it is two bells,” means an hour of the watch has 
elapsed ; three bells, an hour and a half; and eight 
bells, the whole four hours, after which a new 
watch is set and the process is repeated. (Admiral 
Smyth: Sailor’s Word-Book, 1867.) 

III. Architecture: 

1. The body of a Corinthian or Composite capital, 
with the foliage stripped off. (Glossary of Archi- 

C t%L7'£ ,) 

2. The similar body of a capital in the early 
English and other forms of Gothic architecture. 
(Ibid.) 

bell-animalcules, or bell-animals, s. .The 
English name for the family of infusorial ammal- 
cules, called Vorticel- 
lidte. Each of these 
consists of a long flex¬ 
ible stalk or stem, ter¬ 
minated at its upper 
extremity by a body in 
the form of a bell, and 
which also has been 
compared to a trumpet 
and a wine-glass. Cili® 
put in motion draw to 
its mouth the animal- 
cul® still smaller than 
itself, on which it feeds. 

[VORTICELLID.E.] 

bell-bird, s. A bird, 
called also the Ara- 
punga (Arapungaalba), 
belonging to the family 
Ampelid® and the sub- 

family Gymnoderin® , ., . . , 

(Fruit Crows). It is pure white in color, about a 
foot in length, and has a voice like the tolling of a 
bell. It inhabits Guiana. 



A Bell-animalcule 
(Vorticella) 
Magnified. 


bell-buoy, s. 

Naut.: A buoy to which a bell is attached in such 
a way as to be rung by the motion of the waves. 

bell-cage, s. A timber frame, also called a bel¬ 
fry, carrying one or more large bells. 

bell-canopy, s. A canopy containing a bell in 
harness. 

bell-chamber, s. The room containing one or 
more large bells in harness. 

bell-cot, s. A structure presenting the appear¬ 
ance of a steeple. 

bell-crank, s. 

Mech.: Such a crank as is used at the upper 
angles of rooms to give the bell-wires that alteration 
in direction which they there require. It is a rec¬ 
tangular lever, having its fulcrum at the apex of 
the angle. The direction of a motion is changed 
by it 90°. 

bell-fashioned, a. Fashioned in the form of a 
bell. 

bell-flower, *bel-flower, s. 

1. The English name of the great genus Campa¬ 
nula. It is so called because the corollas have 
a close resemblance to a bell. There are many 
species of this genus, the most common being Cam¬ 
panula rotundifolia, the Round-leaved Bell-flower 
or Harebell; and after it C. trachelium, or Nettle¬ 
leaved Bell-flower; and C. hederacea. or Ivy-leaved 
Bell-flower. The finest species is the Giant Bell¬ 
flower (Campanula latifolia.) [Campanula.] 

IT The former bel-flower is the only one given in 
Johnson’s Dictionary. 

2. An endogenous plant (Narcissus Pseudo-nar¬ 
cissus). 

Autumn Bell-flower: A plant, Gentiana Pneu. 
monant he. 

bell-founder, *bel-founder, s. One who founds 
or casts bells. 

bell-foundry, bell foundry, s. 

A foundry in which bells are cast. 

bell-gable or bell-turret, s. 

A gable or turret in which a bell 
or bells are suspended that they 
may be rung. 

bell-glass, s. A glass vessel 
shaped like a bell, open on the 
lower side, and having on its top 
a knob placed there for conven¬ 
ience of handling. Such a glass 
is used (a) to constitute the re¬ 
ceiver of an air-pump, or (b) to 
contain gases for purposes of 
experiment, or (c) as a cover for 
delicate plants. 

bell-hanger, s. One who hangs 
bells. 

bell - hanging, s. The act or 
process of hanging a bell or bells. Bell-gable. 

bell-heather, s. Cross-leaved 
heath (Erica tetralix). (Jamieson.) 
bell-less, a. Without a bell, 
bell-like, a. Like a bell. 

“ With many a deep-hued, bell-like flower 
Of fragrant trailers.”— Tennyson: Elednore, 3. 
bell-man, *bel-man, s. A crier, a man who 
goes around a town to make some intimation, and 
prefaces his statement by ringing a bell. 

“The bel-man of each parish, as he goes his circuit, 
cries out every night, ‘Past twelve o’clock ! ’ ”— Swift. 

bell-metal, *bel-metal, s. An alloy of copper 
and tin, constituting a kind of bronze: 75 parts of 
copper to 25 of tin, or 78 of copper to 22 of tin, are 
proportions frequently employed, while sometimes 
the alloy is made of copper, tin, zinc, and lead. 

Bell-metal Ore: A mineral, called also Stannite 
or Stannine (q. v.). 

bell-mouthed, a. Fashioned like the mouth of 
a bell. ' 

bell-pepper, s. A plant,, a species of pepper 
(Capsicum grossum). 

*bell-poiype,s. Any species of Vorticella. [Bell- 
animalcule.] 

bell-pull, s. That by which a bell is pulled; the 
rope or handle connecting the hand of the operator 
with a bell-wire, and enabling him or her to ring 
the bell. 

bell-punch, s. An instrument used to cancel 
tickets on railroad trains, street care, &c. It rings 
a small bell when a perforation is made. 

bell-ringer, *bell-rynger, s. One who rings a 
bell, or is employed to do so. 
bell-roof, s. A roof shaped like al#ll. 
bell-rope, s. 

1. The rope hanging down from the bell-crank in 
a room, to be grasped by one who seeks to ring the 
bell. 



2. A rope attached to the vesture of a priest in 
the Roman Catholic Church. 

“ Iu shirt of hair, and weeds of canvas dress’d, 

Girt with a bell-rope that the Pope has bless’d.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

bell-rose, s. A plant, Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. 
bell-shaped, a. 

1. In a general sense: Shaped like a bell. 

2. In Botany: A term applied to a corolla, a 
calyx, or either organ in which the tube is inflated 
and gradually enlarged into a limb so as to resem¬ 
ble a bell; campanulate. Example, the corolla of 
Campanula. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot., p. 452.) 

Bell-the-cat, s. A nickname given to Archibald 
Douglas, Earl of Angus, in the reign of James III. 
of Scotland. The noblemen under this monarch 
having no sympathy with the king’s love of the fine 
arts, and being specially irritated that he had made 
an architect—or as they irreverently said, a mason— 
by name Cochrane, Earl of Mar, plotted forcibly to 
remove the plebeian, whom they disliked, from the 
royal presence. At their secret conclave, which 
was held in Lauder Church in 1482, Lord Gray, who 
was fearful about the result of the enterprise, told 
the apologue of the mice failing to “ bell the cat.” 
[See Bell the cat, under Bell, v. £.] To which the 
daring Angus replied, “ I understand the moral, 
and that what we propose may not lack execution, 
I will bell the cat.” 

“ And from a loophole while I peep, 

Old Bell-the-Cat came from the keep.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 16. 

bell-trap, s. A trap like a bell or an inverted 
cup, to prevent the reflux of foul air from drains, 
bell-turret, s. [Bell-gable.] 
bell-ware, s. [So called from the sea-weed of 
which kelp is made.] A plant, Zostera marina. 

bell-waver, v. i. [Eng. bell, and waver (?). Or 
from Low Lat. wayviare— to stray, to stroll. (St. 
Patrick.) ] 

1. To straggle. 

2. To fluctuate. 

3. To tell a story incoherently. (Jamieson.) 
bell-wavering, pr. par. & s. [Bell-waver.] 

(Scotch.) 

A. As present participle: In a sense correspond¬ 
ing to that of the verb. 

B. As substantive: The act of straggling, 
bell-wether, *belwether, *bell weather, 

*belweather, *bel veddir (Scotch), s. [Eng. bell, 
and wether (q. v.).] A sheep on whose neck a bell 
is placed that the animal may lead the flock. 

bell-wheel, s. The wheel used for swinging 
large bells in churches, towers, &c. 

bell-yeter, s. A bell-founder. (Prompt. Parv.) 
bell (2), *bel, s. [Dut. bel= a bell, a bubble; Lat. 
bulla= a bubble.] A bubble. (Scotch.) [Beller.] 
bell (3), s. [Compare Gael. ball= a spot or mark: 
Bret. bal=a. white mark on the face of an animal.] 
[Bald.] A white mark on a horse, or on any other 
animal. 

*bell, a. [Derived from beld—hald.J Bald. (O. 

Scotch.) 

*bell-kite, s. The Bald Coot. (Jamieson.) 
bell (1), v. t. & i. [From Bell (1), s. (q. v.)] 

A. Transitively: 

1. Lit.: To put a bell upon. 

2. Fig.: At great personal risk to attempt to ren¬ 
der the assault or hostility of an adversary futile. 
The signification is derived from the following 
apologue: A colony of mice, losing some of their 
number through the depredations of a cat, held a 
conference to try to devise measures for their pres¬ 
ervation. When all were perplexed, a young mous» 
stood up, and in a florid speech proposed thai a 
bell should be affixed to the tail of the cat. This, 
of course, would ring whenever she moved, and thus 
give warning of her approach. The young mouse 
sat down amid loud applause, on; which an old 
and experienced mouse asked if their young friend 
would now be kind enough to inform them who 
would.bell the cat. The orator had never thought 
of this, and was speechless. [Bell the cat, under 
Bell, s.] 

B. Intrans.: To develop into the form of a bell. 
(Used spec ially of plants with campanulate corollas, 
sometimes, however, also of flower-buds.) 

"bell (2), v. i. [From Bell (2), s.] To bubble up, 
to throw up or bear bubbles. 

“When the scum turns blue 
And the blood bells through.” 

Perils of Man, ii. 44. (Jamieson.) 

bell (3), *belle, v. i. [A. S. bellan= to bellow, to 
roar, to bark.] [Bellow.] 

1. Lit. (of animals): To roar, to bellow. Used — 
(1) Gen.: Of the cry of various animals. 

“ Bellyn or roryn as nette: Mugio." — Prompt. Parv. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-dan, -tian — shg.fi- -tion, 


Cell, chorus, shin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shiis. -hie, -die, &c. - bgl, del. 






bellower 


belladonna 

(2) Spec.: Of the roar or bellow of the stag in 
rutting time. 

“An inscription on a rock at Wharncliffe states that 
the lodge there was erected by Sir Thomas Wortley ‘ for 
his plesur to her the herts bell.’ ” —Hallamshire Glossary, 

p. 11. 

2. Of anything inanimate capable of making a 
bellowing sound. 

“ He gan to blasen out a soun, 

As loud as belleth winde in Hell.” 

Chaucer: House of Fame, iii. 713. 

bel-lu-don'-np,, s. [In Fr. belladonne. From 
Ital. Z>eZZa=beautiful, fine; and rfon?ia=lady, the 
same as Lat. domina= the mistress of a family, a 
lady.] Possibly because used as an aid to beauty. 

A. Properly: 

1. A name for the Deadly Nightshade or Common 
Dwale ( Atropa belladonna). [Atropa, Night¬ 
shade.] The “ beauty ” implied by the name is in 
the berries, which are shining black, but are poison¬ 
ous. The best known antidote to them is vinegar. 

2. Pharm.: The leaves of the plant defined under 
No. 1. They are useful as a medicine, being given 
in intermittent fevers, palsy, pertussis, amaurosis, 
cachexia, epilepsy, and ticdouloureux. A remedy 
much used in homoeopathic pharmacy. 

B. Less properly: A subdivision of the genus 
Amaryllis, containing the species of lily mentioned 
below. 

belladonna-lily, s. The English name of a 
plant, the Amaryllis belladonna, a fine lily brought 
from the West Indies. 

Bel'-la-trlx, s. [Lat. bellatrix= a female war¬ 
rior, such as Minerva, from bellum= war. So called 
from the nature of the astrological influence which 
it was supposed to exert.] 

Astron.: A star of the second magnitude, the 
smaller of the two bright ones in the shoulder of 
Orion. It is called also Gamma Orionis. 

bell-bmd'-er, bell-wind -er, s. A local name 
Df a plant. Convolvulus sepium. 

belle (1), *bele, a. & s. [Fr. belle (as s.) = a 
beautiful female, fem. of beau or bel; (adj.) — 
pleasing to the eye, beautiful, handsome, fine.] 

A. As adjective: Fine. 

“ That ben enblaunched with bele paroles and with bele 
Olothes.”— Piers Plowman, p.278. ( Richardson .) 

B. As substantive (of the form belle [1]): A beau¬ 
tiful young lady; a fine or fashionable young lady, 
even though not distinguished for beauty. 

“ Your prudent grandmammas, ye modern belles, 
Content with Bristol, Bath, and Tunbridge Wells.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 
♦belle-cheer, *bele-chere, s. 

1. Good cheer. 

2. Good company. 

“ And enbelyse his burg with his bel e-cher e.” 

Gawayn and the Green Knyght. 
belle (2), s. [Bell.] 

♦belle, v.i. [Bell (2), v.] 

bel-leck', s. A green-glazed Irish pottery-ware, 
belled, pa. par. & a. [Bell (1), v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Furnished with a bell or bells. 

2. Her. Of a hawk or falcon: Having bells affixed 
to his legs. 

Bell e-isle (s silent), s. & a. [Fr. belle= fine, and 
0. Fr. isle. Mod. Fr. ile= an island.] [Isle.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. An island on the coast of France, eight miles 
south of Quiberon Point. 

2. An island at the entrance of the Straits of Belle- 
isle, between Newfoundland and Labrador. 

3. The straits themselves. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to any of those Belle- 
isles. 

Belleisle-cress or American-cress, s. [From 
the American island or strait, A. 2 and 3.] A cru¬ 
ciferous plant, Barbarea prcecox, now frequently 
cultivated in gardens. 

Bel-ler'-o-phon, s. [In Lat. Bellerophon; Gr. 
Bellerophon.] 

1. Class. Mythology: A virtuous hero fabled to 
have killed the Chimmra, vanquished the Amazons, 
and achieved other successes. 

“Then mighty Prastus Argos’ scepter sway’d, 

Whese hard commands Bellerophon obey’d.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. iv., 197, 198. 

2. Palceont.: A genus of gasteropodous mollusks 
belonging to the family Atlantid®. The species 
have symmetrically convoluted globular or dis- 
coidal shells, some of them whorled, and with a 
deeply-notched aperture. In 1875, Tate estimated 
the known species at 128, ranging from the Lower 
Silurian to the Carboniferous rocks. 

belles-lettres (es mute), s. pi. [Fr. (Kf.) =fino 
letters.] A term borrowed from the French, and 
signifying polite literature, what were of old called 


444 

“the humanities.” It has been held to include 
such kinds of literature as require for their produc¬ 
tion imagination and taste, rather than study and 
reflection. Littre, without doubt, giving the actual 
usage of the term belles-lettres in France, makes it 
include grammar, eloquence, and poetry. In this 
country, poetry, fiction, rhetoric, philology, and even 
history, are generally included within its limits; 
but whatever may have been the case in a more 
backward state of thought than that which at pres¬ 
ent exists, it is a satire on philology, history, and 
grammar to regard them as studies in which imag¬ 
ination is predominant. 

“The exactness of the other is to admit of something 
like discourse, especially in what regards the belles- 
lettres.” — Tatler. 

bell-flower, s. A choice variety of apple—a 
large, yellow, winter apple. 

♦bell'-gard, s. [Belgard.] 

♦bel'-ll-bone, s. [Fr. Z>eZZe=fair, beautiful, and 
bonne, fem. of bon=g ood, or the corresponding 
words in Lat. bellus and bonus.] A beautiful and 
good female. 

“ Pan may be proud that ever he begot 
Such a bellibone.” 

Spenser: Shephearde’s Calendar, iv. 

fbel’-llc, *bel’-ll-call, *bel’-llck, a. [From 
Lat. Z>eZZicws=warlike; bellum—w ar.] Warlike. 
(Used of persons or things.) 

bel'-ll-cose, a. [Lat. bellicosus—ionA of war, 
martial; from bellum=w&T.] Warlike, disposed to 
fight on slender provocation, adapted for war. 

*bel -li -COU.S, a. [Lat. Z>eZZicws=pertaiaing to war. 
In Fr . belliqueux.] Warlike, martial. (Now Bel¬ 
licose is used instead of it,) 

“. . . sum border men, quhais myndis at na tyme 
are aither martiall, or bellicous, but only given to rieff 
and spuilyie, . . .”— Hist. James the Sext, p. 118. ( Jamie¬ 
son .) 

bel-lld'-e-se, s. pi. [Bellis.] 

Bot.: A family of composite plants belonging to 
the tribe Asteroida. Type, Bellis. 
bel’-ll-e-se, s.pl. [Bellihm.] 

Bot.: A family of plants belonging to the tribe 
Asteroida. Type, Bellium (q. v.). 
bel-lled, pa. par. & a. [Belly, v. f.] 

A. As a simple , word chiefly in Bot.: Swelling at 
the middle, ventricose. {Martyn.) 

B. In compos.: Having a belly of a character 
described by the word which precedes it; as “ white- 
bellied swift ” (i. e., the swift of which the belly is 
white), Cypselus alpinus. 

bel-llg-er-ate, v. i. [Lat. belligeratum, sup. of 
belligero, from 6eZZwm=war, and gero= to carry on.] 
To carry on war. {Cockeram.) 

beTTig’-er-en§e, s. [From Lat. belli, genit. of 
bellum^-war, and geren{tis), gen. of gerens=caxry- 
ing on, and suff. -ce.] The state of being at war. 
{W. Taylor.) 

bel-lig-er-^n-Qy, s. [Eng. belligerenc{e)y .] 
W arfare; the state of being at war. 

“ Macaulay ever . . . steeps us in an atmosphere of 
belligerency.” — Morley: Critical Essays. 

bel-llg'-er-ent, fbel-llg'-er-unt, a. & s. [In 

Fr. belligSrant; Port, belligerante; Lat. belliger- 
ans, pr. par. of belligero=to make or carry on war; 
Lat. bellum= war, and gerens, pr. par. of gero=to 
carry, to carry on.] 

A. As adj.: Carrying on war. 

“ Pere Bougeant’s third volume will give yeu the best 
idea of the treaty of Munster, and open to you the several 
views of the belligerent and contracting parties.”— Lord 
Chesterfield. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Literally {Ord. Lang, and Law): A nation or a 
large section of a nation engaged in carrying on war. 

]| When a revolted party of great numerical 
strength are able to form a regular government and 
rule over the whole or part of the territory which 
they claim, humanity dictates that they should not 
be treated as rebels guilty of treason, but should, if 
captured, be regarded as prisoners of war. To attain 
this result, it is needful for those who have risen 
in arms against the government to make every 
effort to obtain for their party the position of bel¬ 
ligerents. In the contest between the Federals and 
Confederates in the. war of 1861-1865, the latter 
section of the American people, at the very com¬ 
mencement of the struggle, claimed the privileges 
of belligerents. Their demand was promptly 
acceded to by the British government, on which the 
Federal authorities took umbrage, contending that 
the recognition had been premature, while the 
British maintained that it could not have been 
refused or delayed. 

“Soon arose vexatious questions of maritime right, 
questions such as, in almost every extensive war of mod¬ 
ern times, have arisen between belligerents and neutrals.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 


f2. Fig. {Ord. Lang, only): A political, religious, 
or any similar party carrying on a wordy contest 
with another one to which it is opposed. 

“. . . but out of Parliament the war was fiercer than 
ever; and the belligerents were by no means scrupulous 
about the means which they employed.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xviii. 

*bel-llg -er-OUS, a. [In Ital. 6e£hqero=warlike, 
martial, valiant; Lat. belliger —waging war, war¬ 
like ; 6eZZwm=war, and gero=to carry on.] Carry¬ 
ing on war. (Now superseded by Belligerent, 
q. v.) {Bailey.) 

bel-ling, pr.par. & a. [Bell, v.] 
tA. Trans.: Putting a bell upon. 

B. Intrans.: Taking the form of a bell, 
bel'-ling, *bel'-linge, s. [A. S. bellan =to bel¬ 
low.] A bellowing. (Used specially of a stag mak¬ 
ing a noise in rutting time.) 

“ Bellinge of nette: Mugitus.” — Prompt. Parv. 
fbel-lip-O-tent, a. [Lat. bellipotens , from bel- 
Zwm=war, and po#eus=powerful; from possum=to 
be able.] Powerful in war, mighty in war. {John¬ 
son.) 

♦bel’-llque (que as k), a. [Fr. belliqueux.] War¬ 
like. 

“The bellique Cesar, as Suetonius tells us, was noted 
for singularity in his apparel.”— Feltham’s Resolves, ii. 52. 

bel’-lis, s. [Lat. bellis, perhaps cognate with 
Z)eZZn.s=handsome, pretty.] A genus of Asterace® 
(Composites) which contains the well-known daisy, 
Bellis perennis; the latter term, meaning perennial, 
being applied to it to discriminate it from the 
B. annua, or Annual Daisy. It contains also the B. 
sylvestris, or Large Portugal Daisy. B. perennis has 
run into several varieties, of which the chief known 
are the B. hortensis, or Large Double Daisy; B. 
fistulosa, or Double-quiUed Daisy ; and B. prolifera, 
or the Hen and Chicken Daisy. 

*bel’-li-tude, s. [Lat. bellitudo=beanty ; bellus 
= goodly, handsome.] Handsomeness; beauty. 
{Cockeram.) 

bel'-ll-um, s. [Bellis.] A genus of Composite 
plants differing from Bellis chiefly in the pappus 
of the seeds. Two species are cultivated in Great 
Britain, B. bellidioides, or Small, and B. minutum, 
or Dwarf Bellium. They come, the former from 
Italy, and the latter from the Levant, 
bel'-lon, s. [From belly{l).] 

Med.: A kind of colic produced by lead-poisoning 
—lead colic. It is attended by severe griping of the 
intestines. 

Bel-lo'-na, s. [Lat. Bellona, formerly Duellona, 
from helium , formerly duellum=vtax.] 

1. Roman Myth.: The goddess of war, sister and 
wife of Mars ; sometimes used for war personified. 

“Nor was his ear less peal’d 
With noises loud and ruinous (to compare 
Great things with small) than when Bellona storms.” 

31ilton: Paradise Lost, bk. ii. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the twenty-eighth found. 
It was discovered by the astronomer Luther, on 
Marchl, 1854, thesame date that Amphi trite was first 
seen by Marth and Pogson. 

bel’-low, *bel'-6w, v. i. & t. [A. S. bylgean =to 
bellow, from bellan= to bellow, to roar, to bark; 
Dut. bulken .] [Bell (3), v.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Of the inferior animals: To emit a loud hollow 
sound. Used — 

(а) Of a bull, or of cattle in general. 

“. . . Jupiter 

Became a bull, and bellowed; the green Neptune 

A ram, and bleated . . .” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 4. 

(б) Of any other animal making a similar sound. 
“ . . . male alligators have been described as fight¬ 
ing, bellowing, and whirling round, like Indians in a 
war-dance.”— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. iv. 

2. Of man ( contemptuously ): To raise an outcry 
or clamor, to bawl, to vociferate. 

“ This gentleman is accustomed to roar and bellow so 
terribly loud, that he frightens us.”— Tatler. 

3. Of things inanimate: To emit such a loud hol¬ 
low sound as the sea does in a storm, or the wind 
when high. 

“ Rocks the bellowing voice of boiling seas rebound.” 

Dryden. 

B. Trans.: To utter with a loud hollow voice. 

“ The dull fat captain, with a hound’s deep throat, 

Would bellow out a laugh in a bass note.”— Dryden. 
bel’-low, s. [From bellow, «.] The roar of a bull 
or any similar sound. 

bel'-lQw-er, s. [Eng. bellow: -er.] One who, or 
that which emits a sound like the roaring of a bull. 

“ While staying in the town I heard an account from 
several of the inhabitants of a hill in the neighborhood 
which they called ‘ El Bramador,’ the roarer or bellower." 

■— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xvi. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bellowing 


445 


belly-roll 


bel'-low-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bellow, v. i.] 
A. &B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 
"Or the loud bellowing herds of buffaloes rush to the 
river.” Longfellow: Evangeline , i. 5. 

4 ‘From all his deep the bellowing river roars.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxi. 258. 
C. As substantive: The roar of a bull or any sim¬ 
ilar sound, whether proceeding from another ani¬ 
mal, from man, or from anything inanimate. 

“ Dart follows dart; lance, lance; loud belloivings speak 
his woes.” Byron: Childe Harold, i. 76. 

bel-low§, *ber-lowe§, *bel'-ous, s. [A. S. 

blcest-belg, blast-belg=a blast-bag, a bellows; from 
blcest=a blast of a wind or burning, and bcelg, bce- 
Hg, bylig, bilig, belg, bylg= a bulge, budget, bag, 
purse, belly ; Sw. bldsbalg; Dan. blasebcelg; Dut. 
blaasbalg; Ger. blasebalg, from blase= a bladder, 
blasen=to blow ; O. H. Ger. batch, pale= skin, bel¬ 
lows. In Goth, balgs, bvlg, bylaa—a mail, a budget; 
Ir. builg, bolg=& bellows; Gael. bcelg-seididh= a 
bellows; Lat. follis= a leathern sack, hence (2) a 
bellows ; cognate with pellis, the hide of an animal. 
Wedgwood considers it akin also to Lat. vulva 
tfbulga^fhe womb, and Gr. bolbe [ bolba, Liddell & 
Scott]:=the womb; but considers the word most 
nearly the primary one, Gael, balgan— a water bub¬ 
ble.] [Bag, Belly.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: An instrument for blowing the fire in man¬ 
ufactories, forges, or private houses. Its sides are 
so formed and worked that the upper one alter¬ 
nately rises and falls, with the effect of compelling 
the chest or bladder-like instrument first to expand 
and then to contract; the former process causing 
the air to enter the interior, and the latter one to 
leave it by means of a pipe or tube designed to con¬ 
duct it to the portion of a fire which it is to blow. 
In a hand-bellows there are handles to be grasped; 
in a larger instrument designed for a manufactory, 
and called a blowing-machine, the propulsive power 
is obtained by machinery. 

“ Week in, week out, from morn till night, 

You can hear his bellows blow.” 

Longfellow: The Village Blacksmith. 


IT Bellows may be singular with the article a 
before it, or may enter into the phrase “ a pair of 
bellows,” in which case it is plural. 

“ Thou neither, like a bellows, swell’stthy face, 

As if thou wert to blow the burning mass 
Of melting ore.” Dryden. 

2. Fig.: It is used— 

(1) Of the lungs. 

“The lungs, as bellows, Bupply a force of breath; and 
the aspera arteria is as the nose of bellows, to collect and 
convey the breath.”— Holder. 

(2) Of sighs or other manifestations of emotion. 


“ Since sighs, into my inward furnace turn’d, 

For bellows serve, to kindle more the fire.” 

Sidney. 


II. Technically: 


1. Mechanics, Pneumatics, <&c.: 

(1) The simple instrument described under A., I. 
1, for blowing fires in houses. A pair of bellows, 
worked chiefly 
by the feet, is 
figured on an 
Egyptian monu¬ 
ment attributed 
to the time of 
Thothmes III., 

B. C. about 1490, 
and one is men¬ 
tioned in Jer. vi. 

29; both of these 
were used for 
smelting metals 
[No. (2)]. The 
representa t i o n 
of a bellows for 
the hand, and 
presumably for 
domestic use, is Ancient Egyptian Bellows, 
found on an old 

Roman lamp ; it is exactly of the modem type. 

(2) An instrument or machine worked by machin¬ 
ery, and designed to blow the fire of a furnace used 
in smelting metals. The name more commonly 
applied to such a machine is Blower (q. v.). 

(3) The bellows of an organ, harmonium, concer¬ 
tina, or any similar instrument : An instrument for 
supplying wind to the pipes, tongues, and reeds. 
(Stainer <& Barrett.) 

“Twelve pair of bellows, ranged in stated row, 

Are joined above, and fourteen more below. 

These the full force of seventy men require, 

Who ceaseless toil, and plenteously perspire, 

Each aiding each, till all the wind be preet 
In the close confines of th’ Incumbent chest, 

On which four hundred pipes in order rise, 

To bellow forth that blast the chest supplies.” 

Mason: Essay on Church Music. (Transl. from the 
Monk Wolstan, 10th cent.) 



2. Hydrostatics, &c. Hydrostatic belloivs: An 
instrument designed as a toy rather than for use. It 
is, however, of some utility as illustrating what is 
called the hydrostatic paradox. Two horizontal flat 
boards, united by leather folded at the sides so as 
to be capable of expansion, constitute a chamber, 
into which water is introduced from a long narrow 
pipe rising vertically. By hydrostatical law this 
water will act with such pressure on the interior of 
the chamber that it will force the upper board to 
rise as far as the leather will permit, even if heavy 
weights be put upon it to keep it down. 

TT In composition: Emitted by, or in any other 
way pertaining to, a bellows, as in the following 
compounds: 
bellows-camera, s. 

Phot.: A form of expanding camera in which the 
front and after bodies are connected by an expansi¬ 
ble partition, like the sides of a bellows or accordion. 
Its chief value consists in the small space it occu¬ 
pies when closed up, as well as the ease with which 
its length may be increased or varied at pleasure. 

bellows-engine, s. A contemptuous name for an 
organ. 

“. . . the smoke and ashes thereof (In these Judg¬ 
ment-Halls and Churchyards), and its bellows-engines 
(in these Churches) thou still seest.”— Carlyle: Sartor 
Resartus, bk. ii., ch. viii. 

bellows-fish, s. The name of the Trumpet-fish 
or Sea-snipe (Centriscus scolopax of Linnaeus). 

bellows-maker, s. A maker of bellows, 
bellows-pump, s. 

Hydraul.: A form of atmospheric pump in which 
the part of the piston is played by the upper leaf 
of the bellows. 

bellows-sound, s. The sound of a bellows. 

*bell'-ragges, s. [Prov. Eng. beller, biller=a 
water-cress.] A plant. A species of water-cress, 
probably Nasturtium amphibium (R. Brown ) or 
N. palustre (De Candolle). (Britten <Sk Holland.) 
[Bilder, Biller.] 

“Laver, or Sion, is called of some Englishmen Bell- 
ragges, of others some yealowe water-cresses.”— Turner: 
Names (1648). 

bel'-lTj-se, s. pi. [Lat. pi. of bellua or belua=a 
beast, especially a large one, a monster.] In the 
system of Linnaeus, the fifth of the six orders of the 
class Mammalia, containing hoofed animals with 
incisors in both. jaws. He includes under it the 
genera Equus, Hippopotamus, Sus, and Rhinoceros. 
(Linnaeus: 'Syst. Naturae.) 

bel-lu-ine, a. [Lat. belluinus, beluinus .] Bes¬ 
tial, beastly, brutal, animal. 

“ If human actions were not to be judged, men would 
have no advantage over beasts. At this rate, the animal 
and belluine life would be the best.”.— Atterbury. 

bell -wort, s. [Eng. bell, and suff. -wort.] 

1. In this country: The English name for any 
plant of the genus Uvularia. 

2. In the Plur.. Belhvorts. Spec.: Lindley’s 
English name for the order of plants called Cam- 
panulacese. 

bel-ly, *bel'-jf, *belu, *below, *baly, *bali, s. 

[A. S. bcelg, bcelig, bylig, belg= a bulge, budget, bag, 
purse, or belly; G. Icel. belgr= an inflated skin, a 
leathern sack, a bellows, the belly; Ger. balg= a 
skin, an urchin, a paunch, the belly, a bellows ; O. 
H. Ger. balg; Goth, balgs; Gael. bolg= a pair of 
bellows, the womb ; Ir. t>o(g=the belly, a bag, pouch, 
budget, blister, or bellows ; Lat. bulga, an adopted 
Gallic word=(l) a leathern knapsack, (2) the womb. 
Essential meaning, anything swelled out.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) That part of the human body situated in front 
which extends from the breast to the insertion of 
the lower limbs ; also the corresponding part in the 
inferior animals, and especially those of high 
organization. It contains the stomach, the intes¬ 
tines, and other organs. 

“. . . if man were but a patent digester, and the 

belly with its adjuncts the grand reality?”— Carlyle: Sar¬ 
tor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. i. 

IT In the case of such an animal as a serpent, the 
belly means the whole under-part of the body. 

“And the Lord said unto the serpent, _ . . . Upon thy 
belly shalt thou go, . . .”— Genesis iii. 14. 

(2) In a more limited sense, a part being put for 
the whole: 

(a) The stomach. 

“ . . . the body’s members 

Rebell’d against the belly; thus accus’d it: 

That only like a gulf it did remain, 

Still cupboarding the viand, never bearing 
Like labor with the rest.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 1. 


(b) The womb. [Used in Scripture (Ps. xxii. 10) 
with all solemnity; later, more lightly; now, only 
vulgarly. (Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iii. 5.)] 
2. Figuratively: 

(1) That part of man which demands food, in 
opposition to the back, or that which requires 
clothes; hence the craving of the stomach for food, 
appetite. 

“They were content with a licentious life, wherein they 
might fill their bellies by spoil, rather than by labor.”— 

Hayward. 

“ . . . whose god is their belly, . . .”— Phil. iii. 19. 
(See also Romans xvi. 18.) 

(2) The front or lower surface of an object. 

(3) Anything swelling out or protuberant. 

“In those muscles which have a bulging center or belly, 
as the biceps of the arm.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. i., p. 176. 

“An Irish harp hath the concave or belly, not along the 
strings, but at the end of the strings.”— Bacon. 

(4) Anything inclosing another within its cavity. 
“ Out of the belly of hell cried I, and Thou heardst my 

voice.” —Jonah ii. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Music: The upper part of instruments of the 
violin family. The sound-board of a pianoforte. 

2. Engraving: The lower edge of a graver. 

3. Saddlery: A piece of leather attached to the 
back of the cantle, and forming a point of attach¬ 
ment in some saddles for valise-straps. 

4. Mach.: A swell on the bottom surface of any¬ 
thing ; as a depending rib beneath a gate-bar, iron 
beam, or girder, to strengthen it from downward 
deflection between supports. The central portion 
of a blast furnace. 

5. Metal.: The upper rounded part of the boshes. 

6. Locksmithing: The lower edge of a tumbler 
against which the bit of the key plays. 

7. Railway Engineering: The belly of a railway 
rail; a descending flange between bearings. 

8. Wheelwrighting: The wooden covering of an 
iron axle. 

9. Shipwrighting: The hollow of a compass tim¬ 
ber ; the convexity of the same is the back. 

10. Arch.: The batter of a wall. 

11. Naut.: The swell of a sail. 

12. Mineralogy. Belly of ore: An unusual swelling 
out of the vein of ore. 

B. Attributively in the following compounds in 
the sense of pertaining to the belly. 

belly-ache, s. Ache or pain in the belly. (Vul¬ 
gar.) 

bellyache-bush, bellyache-weed, s. A en- 

phorbiaceous plant of the genus Jatropha. 

belly-band, s. A band passing round the belly 
of a horse, and keeping the saddle in its proper 
place; a girth. 

belly-beast, s. A glutton. (Coverdale.) 
belly-bound, a. Confined in the region of the 
abdomen; very costive, 
belly-brace, s. 

Mach.: A cross-brace stayed to the boiler between 
the frames of a locomotive. 

belly-cheer, s. Good cheer for the stomach; 
food grateful to the appetite or nutritious in its 
character. 

“Senseless of Divine doctrine, and capable only of 
loaves and belly-cheer.”—Milton: Animadv. Rem. Defense. 
belly-fretting, s. 

1. The chafing of a horse’s belly with the fore¬ 
girth. (Johnson.) 

2. A great pain in a horse’s belly, caused by worms. 
(Johnson.) 

belly-god, s. 

1. One whose chief object of thought seems to be 
bis “ belly,” or stomach, and who therefore may be 
supposed to worship it. 

“What infinite waste they made this way, the only story 
of Apicius, a famous belly-god, may suffice to show.”—. 
Hakewill. 

2. In India: The idol Gunputtee. which has a very 
protuberant stomach. The “ god ’’ so named is held 
to be the patron of wisdom. 

belly-piece, s. The peritoneum. 

“ The muscles of the belly-piece.” 

Fletcher: Purple Island, c. 2. 
belly-pinched, a. Pinched in matters relating 
to the stomach ; starved. 

“The lion and the belly-pinched wolf.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iij 1. 

belly-rail, s. 

Railivay Engineering: A rail with a fin or web 
descending between the portions which rest on the 
ties. 

belly-roll, s. 

Agric. Mach.: A roller, of which the central part 
is protuberant. It is used to roll land between 
ridges or in hollows. 


totfil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, sEin. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -Uon, -§ion - zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d@L 









446 


belt 


belly-slave 


belly-Slave, s. One who cannot resist his or her 
appetites; a glutton, a drunkard, especially the 
former. 

belly-timber, s. A cant designation for food. 
(Vulgar.) 

belly-worm, s. Any worm that breeds in the 
belly, i. e., in the intestines. [Entozoa.] 

bel'-ly, v. t. & i. [From belly, v. (q. v.)] 

A. Transitive: To cause to swell out, to render 
protuberant. 

“Your breath of full consent belly’ dhis sails.” 

Sliakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, ii. 2. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To swell or bulge out, to become protuberant. 

“Heav’n bellies downward and descends in rain.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid, vi. 913. 

f2. To strut. 

bel'-ly-ful, s. [Eng. belly; full.'] 

1. As much as fills the belly, as much food as satis¬ 
fies the appetite. 

2. In coarse humor: As much of anything as 
satisfies one’s desires. (Vulgar.) 

“. . . thus King James told his son that he would 
have his bellyful of parliamentary impeachments.”— 
Johnson. 

bel -ljf-ing, pr. par. & a. [Belly, «.] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Swelling, protuberant, bulging 
out. 


II. To appertain to, to be connected with. 

1. Of things: 

(1) To be appendant to, to be attached to, to be a 
dependency of, or to be a portion of, though now 
detached. 

“ Now Manasseh had the land of Tappuah, but Tappuah 
on the border of Manasseh belonged to the children of 
Ephraim.”— Joshua xvii. 8. 

(2) To be the proper business of, to appertain to 
one as a duty to be discharged or a work to be 
executed. 

“. . . and unto whom the execution of that law 

belongeth.”—Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. ii., ch. i., § 1. 

(3) To be the quality or attribute of. 

“ The faculties belonging to the supreme spirit are 
unlimited and boundless, fitted and designed for infinite 
objects.”— Cheyne. 

(1) To have a certain fixed relation to, to relate to, 
to have an essential connection with. 

“ He that is unmarried careth for the things that belong 
to the Lord , . .”—1 Corinthians vii. 32. 

(5) To be suitable for, to be appropriate to, to be 
the concomitant of. 

“ Your tributary drops belong to woe.” 

Sliakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 2. 

2. Of persons: To be connected with a place by 
birth or residence. 

“ . . . E-- O-, said to belong to Edinburgh, . . .” 

— Weekly Scotsman, January 3, 1880. 

be-long’-lng, pr. par. & s. [Belong.] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 


(4-) Of a pious man loved by God, or yet more, of 
the Eternal Son of God viewed as an object of 
infinite affection on the part of the Eternal Father. 

“. . . Solomon . . . who was beloved of his God.” 
— Nehemiah xiii. 26. 

“And lo, a voice from heaven, saying, This is My 
beloved Son.”— Matthew iii. 17. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Of earthly things: One greatly loved. 

“Not for Bohemia . . . 

. . . will I break my oath 

To this my fair beloved.” 

Sliakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 4. 

2. Of heavenly beings: The Son of God, the second 
person of the Trinity. 

“ Of all on earth whom God so much doth grace, 

And lets His owne Beloved to behold.” 

Spenser: Hymne of Heavenly Beautie. 

tbe-lov'-Ing, pr. par. [Belove,] 

*be-lo'w, prep. & adv. [Eng. prefix be, and low.] 

A. As preposition: 

I. Literally: 

1. Under a place; beneath ; not so high as another 
object, with the sense of motion to, or position in. 

“ . . . for all below the moon 

I would not leap upright.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 6. 

TT Some editions have beneath instead of below. 

2. Nearer the sea than anything else situated at a 
certain spot on a river. 

“. . . below that junction [of the rivers].”— Keith 
Johnston: Gazett. (ed. 1864), p. 837. 


“ ’Midst these disports forget they not to drench 
Themselves with bellying goblets.” Philips. 

2. Bot.: Swelling unequally on one side, as the 
corollas of many labiate and personated plants. 

be-lock', v. t. [A. S. belucan— to lock up, pa. 
par. belocen.] To enlock, to fasten firmly as with a 
lock. 


be-locked, pa. par. & a. [Belock.] 

“ This is the hand which, with a vow’d contract, 
Was fast belock’d in thine.” 

Sliakesp.: Measure for Measure, v. 1. 


be-lock -lng, pr. par. & a. [Belock.] 


bel'-d-man-gy, s. [From Qr.belomantia= divin¬ 
ation by drawing arrows out of the quiver; from 
belos=& missile, as an arrow, a dart, and manteia= 
prophesying, power of divination; manteuomai=to 
divine, to prophesy, from mantis— one who divines, 
a seer, a prophet.] Divination by means of arrows 
or other missiles. It is alluded to in Scripture in 
Ezek. xxi.21 (in Heb. ver. 26), where Nebuchadnez¬ 
zar, standing at the divergence of two roads, in un¬ 
certainty as to whether he should first go against 
Kabbah or Jerusalem, had recourse to divination, 
and, according to our version, “made his arrows 
bright.” Gesenius renders the words “moved 
about his arrows” or “shook together his arrows.” 
Perhaps, as some think, he inscribed the name of a 
city on each arrow, shook them all together, and 
then drew one out at random, resolved to attack the 
city whose name came first forth. 

‘‘Belomancy, or divination by arrows, hath been in re¬ 
quest with Scythians, Alans, Germans, with the Africans 
»nd Turks of Algier.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 


fbel'-O-mant, s. [Gr. belos = an arrow, and 
nantis=a diviner.] One who divines by means of 
irrows. [Belomancy.] 

bel'-o-ne, s. [Lat. belone= afish, the Sea Adder, 
Qyngnathtis acus; Gr. belone=( 1) any sharp point, a 
needle; (2) a sharp-nosed fish, the garfish, from 
belos— a missile, an arrow, a dart; balio=to throw.] 
Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the order Malacop- 
terygii Abdominales, and the family Esocidse 
(Pikes). One species, Belone vulgar is, is known as 
the Garfish, the Sea-pike, the Mackerel-guide, the 
Green-bone, the Horn-fish, the Long-nose, the Gore- 
bill, and the Sea-needle, names mostly founded on 
peculiarities in its structure. It is two feet in 
length. The species is European. There are several 
American species. 

be-long', v. i. [Eng. prefix be, and O. Eng. long= 
to belong, to belong to; A. S. gelang= along, owing 
to, in consequence of belonging to, proper; Dut. 
belangen — to concern; belong = importance, con- 
cern, interest; be, and lavigeYi—to reach, to fetch; 
Ger. gelangen = to arrive at, to come to, to attain, 
to obtain.] 


I. To be the property of, to be under the con¬ 
trol of. 

1. Of things: To be the property of. 


“ . . . and her hap was to light upon a part of the 

field belonging unto Boaz .”—Ruth ii. 3. 

2. Of persons: To be under the control of. (Used 
specially of a child, a ward, a servant, or a slave.) 


“ And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou ? 
and whence art thou ? And he said, I am a young man of 
Egypt, servant to an Amalekite.”—1 Samuel xxx. 13. 


B. Assubst.: Anything belonging to one; a quality 
or endowment. (Usually in the plural.) 

“ Thyself and thy belongings 
Are not thine own so proper . . .” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, i. 1. 

Also in the sense of human belongings, relations. 

“ Decreases his welfare, and perhaps injures his belong¬ 
ings.” — H. Spencer: Data of Ethics, 6,102. 

bel’-on-lte, s. [In Ger. belonit; from Gr. belone= 
any sharp point, a needle; belos= a missile; ballo 
=to throw.] 

1. A mineral, called also Aikinite (q. v.). 

2. An undetermined mineral, consisting of color¬ 
less and transparent microscopic acicular crystals, 
found by Zirkel in some semi-glassy volcanic rocks. 

be-look', v. i. [A. S. bilocian= to look at.] To 
look to, consider. 

bel-op'-ter-fi, s. [Gr. belos= a missile, such as 
an arrow, a dart, from ballot to throw; pteron=& 
feather, a wing ; ptesthai, 2 aor. inf. of petomai— to 
fly.] 

Palceont.: A genus of fossil shells belonging to 
the family Sepiadae. The name is given because the 
shell is externally winged. In 1875 two species were 
known, both of them from the Eocene of France 
and England. (Tate.) 

be-lord', V. i. [Eng. prefix be, and lord.] To act 
the lord over, to domineer over. (Calmet.) 

be-los'-t6-mfi, s. [Gr. belos = a dart, and ostoma 
= mouth.] A genus of water-bugs, described under 
title Nepida: (q. v.). They are common in the 
Atlantic States of N. America. 

fbe-lov e, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and love.] To 
love greatly. (Used now only in the past participle 
[Beloved], and more rarely in the present one 
[Beloving].) 

“ If beauty were a string of silk, I would wear it about 
my neck for a certain testimony that I belove it much.”— 
Wodroephe: Fr. <£• Eng. Gr. (1623), p. 822. 

be-loved', pa. par., a. & s. [Belove.] Loved 
greatly. 

A. As past participle c6 adj.: Used — 

(1) Of a lover to his mistress, and vice versd; or 
members of one family to each other. 

“ Pardon, beloved Constance . . .” 

Hemans: The Vespers of Palermo. 

(2) Of a person in society manifesting specially 
amiable qualities. 

“ He was beloved by all, and most of all by the chil¬ 
dren.” Longfellow: Evangeline, i. 3. 

(3) Of persons constituting one political or relig¬ 
ious brotherhood. 

(а) In a general sense: 

“ One hour of their beloved Oliver might even now restore 
the glory which had departed.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. i. 

(б) Spec.: Used of members of the Christian 
Church with warm feelings of affection to each 
other. 

“ . . . our beloved Barnabas and Paul.”— Acts xv. 25. 

If Hence the apostolic phrase “dearly beloved” 
has been introduced from the New Testament (Phil¬ 
emon i., &c.) into liturgic worship. 


II. Figuratively: 

1. Inferior in rank, dignity, splendor, or excel¬ 
lence. 

“ The noble Venetians think themselves equal at least to 
the electors of the empire, and but one degree below 
kings.”— Addison. 

2. Unworthy of, unbefitting, unsuitable to; be¬ 
neath what might be expected of one’s character, 
status, or profession. 

“ ’ Tis much below me on his throne to sit; 

But when I do, you shall petition it.” 

Dryden. 

B. As adverb: 

I. Literally: Really or apparently in a lower 
lace as contradistinguished from an object in a 
igher one, the spectator being supposed to look 

from a certain portion of the earth’s surface. 
Specially — 

On or near the surface of the ground, as dis¬ 
tinguished from up in the air, up a hill, on a 
housetop, &c. 

“This said, he led them up the mountain’s brow, 

And show’d them all the shining fields below.” 

Dryden. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. On earth, as opposed to in heaven. 

“ For one that’s bless’d above, immortaliz’d below.” 

Smith. 

2. In hades, in the state of the dead, as distin¬ 
guished from on earth. 

“ The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend ; 
Delight to hover near, and long to knpw 
What bus’ness brought him to the realms below.” 

Dryden. 

3. In heB. 

“ When suff’ring saints aloft in beams shall glow, 

And prosp’rous traitors gnash their teeth below." 

Tickell. 

4. Inferior in dignity, as “the court below.' 
meaning the court inferior in dignity, and subordi¬ 
nate to the other. 

*be-lowt', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and lowt.] To use 
abusive language to ; to call bad names. 

“ . . . returning home, rated and belowted Mb cook 
as an ignorant scullion . . .”— Camden. 

*bels§h, v. t. [O. Fr. bele, 6eai=handsome, fair.] 
To adorn. 

‘‘Belschyd or made fayre: Venustus decoratus .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*beT-sire, *bel -syre (yr as ir), s. [Fr. bel= 
fine, and sire=lord, sir.] 

1. A celebrated ancestor. 

2. A grandfather. 

“Here bought the barne the belsyre’s gyltes.” 

Piers Plowman. 

*bel-swag'-ger, s. [Eng. bell, and swagger.] A 
cant word for a whoremaster. 

“You are a charitable belswagger; my wife cried out 
fire, and you cried out for engines.”— Dryden. 

*bel -syre (yr as ir), s. [Belslre.] 
belt (1), *belte, s. [A. S. belt=a belt, a girdle: 
O. Icel. belti; Dan. belte, bcelt; Sw. bait; O.H.Ger. 
balz; Lat. balteus (sing.) and baltea (neut. pl.)=a 
girdle, a belt, such as a sword-belt; Gael. 6aW=the 
welt of a shoe, border, belt; Wei. gwald, gwaldas= 
the welt of a shoe, a border.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





belt-clasp 


447 


bemangle 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A girdle; a band around the body; a 
cincture. _ Specially — 

(а) A girdle, generally of leather, from which a 
sword or other weapon is hung. 

(б) A girdle round the waist as an article of attire 
nr ornament. 

(c) A bandage used by surgeons for supporting 
injured limbs, or for any other purpose. 

2. Fig.: Anything natural or artificial shaped 
like a sword or other belt. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. [See also II. 4.] 

“. . . we came to a broad belt of sand-dunes . . 

— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. iv. 

(2) Spec.: A long, narrow, natural wood or arti¬ 
ficial plantation of trees. 

“A gleaming crag with belts of pines.” 

Tennyson: The Two Voices. 

(3) Restraint of any kind. 

“ He cannot buckle his distemper’d cause 
Within the belt of rule.” 

, t Shakesp: Macbeth, v. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Her.,&c.: A badge or token of knighthood. 

“ If by the blaze I mark aright, 

Thou bear’st the belt and spur of knight.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 30. 

IT Pugilistic belt: A belt won by a champion 
pugilist or athlete. He must give it up to any one 
who challenges and vanquishes him. 

2. Mach.: A strap or flexible band to communi¬ 
cate motion from one wheel, drum or roller to 
another one. 

3. Masonry: A range or course of plain or fluted 
stones or bricks projecting from the rest. 

4. Phys. Geog.: Anything shaped like a sword or 
other belt. [I. 2.] Specially (pi.) : Two passages or 
straits connecting the Baltic with the German 
Ocean, viz., (a) the Great Belt, between the islands 
of Seeland and Laland on the north, and Fiihnen 
and Langelandon the west. ( b) The Little Belt, 
between the mainland of Denmark on the west, and 
the island of Fiihnen on the east. 

‘‘It [the Baltic] is often partially frozen. Charles X. 
of Sweden, with an army, crossed the Belts in 1658.”— 
Haydn: Diet. Dates (ed. 1878), p. 71. 

5. Astron.: A varying number of dusky, belt-like 
bands or zones encircling the planet Jupiter par¬ 
allel to his equator, as if the 
clouds of his atmosphere had 
been forced into a series of 
parallels through the rapidity 
of his rotation, and the dark 
body of the planet was seen 
through the comparatively 
clear spaces between. 

6. Veterinary Science: A 
disease among sheep treated 
by cutting off the tail, laying 
the sore bare, casting mold on 
it, and applying tar and goose- 
grease. 

B. Attributively in compounds like the following, 
in the sense of pertaining to a cincture for the body 
or any of the other kinds of belt described above. 

belt-armor, s. Armor placed along the water¬ 
line of a war-ship. 

belt-clasp, s. A device for attaching belts to 
each other by the ends, so as to make a continuous 
band. 

belt-coupling, s. 

Mach.: A device for joining together the ends of 
one or more belts or bands. One way of doing this 
is to make holes near the extremities of the bands, 
and couple them by thongs of lacing leather or calf* 
skin. 

belt-cutter, s. A machine or tool for slitting 
tanned hides into strips for belting, for harness, or 
for any similar purpose. 

belt-lacing, s. Leather thongs for lacing 
together the adjacent ends of a belt to make it con¬ 
tinuous. 

belt-pipe, s. 

Mach.: A steam-pipe which surrounds the cylin¬ 
der of a steam-engine. 

belt-punch, s. A punch for boring holes in a 
belt. 

belt-saw, s. An endless serrated steel belt run¬ 
ning over wheels and caused to revolve continu¬ 
ously. It is called also a Band-saw. 

belt-shifter, s. 

Mach.: A device for shifting a belt from one pul¬ 
ley to another. 

belt-speeder, s. 

Mach.: A pair of cone-pulleys carrying a belt, 
which by shifting become the media of transmit¬ 
ting varying rates of motion. 



belt-splicing, s. A method of fastening the 
ends of belts together by splitting one and cement¬ 
ing the tapering end of the other between the por¬ 
tions of the first thus separated. 

belt-stretcher, s. A device for drawing together 
the ends of a belt that they may be sewed or riv¬ 
eted together so as to make the belt itself continu¬ 
ous. 

belt-tightener, s. A device for tightening a belt. 

belt-weaving loom, s. A loom for weaving 
heavy, narrow stuff suitable for making belts for 
machinery. 

*belt (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] An ax. 

“ Belt or ax: Securis.” — Prompt. Parv. 

belt, v. t. [From belt, s. (q. v.)] To encircle 
with a belt. 

“ ’Twas done. His sons were with him—all, 

They belt him round with hearts undaunted.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, iv. 

Bel'-tane, Bel-tein, s. [Ir. Bealtine, B6iltine= 
the fire of Baal or Belus, the Phoenician god; Mina 
Beal-tine —the month of May. Gael. Bealtuinn= 
May-day. Compare A. S. bcel = a funeral pile, a 
burning.] 

Celtic Myth.: A superstitious observance now 
or formerly practiced among the Scottish and Irish 
Celts, as well as in Cumberland and Lancashire. 
The scotch observe the Beltane festival chiefly on 
the 1st of May (old style), though in the west of 
that country St. Peter’s Day, June 29th, was pre¬ 
ferred. In Ireland there were two Belteins, one on 
the 1st of May, and the other on the 21st of June. 
The ceremonies varied in different places, but one 
essential part of them everywhere was to light a 
fire. At Callander, in Perthshire, the boys went to 
the moors, cut a table out of sods, sat round it, lit 
a fire, cooked and ate a custard, baked an oatmeal 
cake, divided it into equal segments, blackened one 
of these, drew lots, and then compelled the boy who 
drew out the blackened piece to leap three times 
through the fire, with the view of obtaining for the 
district a year of prosperity. In Ireland, cattle 
were driven through the fire. The name given sug¬ 
gests that the actual worship of Baal as the sun, 
which could easily have come from the Phoenicians, 
existed in Great Britain in pre-Christian times. 
Originally human sacrifices may have been offered, 
and then as primitive society began to discern the 
cruelty of this practice, it may have been deemed 
enough for the victim to pass through the fire in 
place of being burnt to death. Finally, cattle 
would tend to be substituted for human beings. 
Merry-makings came at length to attend the Bel¬ 
tane festival. [See the examples under the com¬ 
pound words] 

“At Beltane, quhen ilk bodie bownis 
To Peblis to the Play, 

To heir the singin and the soundis. 

The solace, suth to say.” 

Peblis to the Play, st. 1. 

Beltane-fire, s. The fire lit on occasion of the 
Beltane festival. 

Beltane-game, s. The game played at the fes¬ 
tival. 

“ That kindled when at beltane-game 
Thou ledst the dance with Malcolm Graeme.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 15. 

Beltane-tree, s. The tree, branch, or faggot 
burnt by the Celts at the festival. 

“ But o’er his hills, on festal day, 

How blazed Lord Ronald’s Beltane-tree.” 

Scott: Olenflnlas. 

belt'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Belt, v. t.] Encircled. 

A. As past participle: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As adjective: Specially — 

1. Wearing a belt. 

“ Where with puff’d cheek the belted hunter blew.” 

Tennyson: Palace of Art. 

2. Affixed by a belt. 

“ With belted sword and spur on heel.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 4. 

3. Surrounded as with a belt. 

“ . . . park-like meadow land . . . belted and 

interspersed with ornamental woods . . .”— Times, 

October 30, 1875. (Advt.) 

belted-plaid, belted plaid, s. The species of 
mantle worn by Highlanders in full military dress. 

“ The uniform was a scarlet jacket, &c., tartan plaid of 
twelve yards plaited round the middle of the body, the 
upper part being fixed on the left shoulder ready to be 
thrown loose and wrapped over both shoulders and fire¬ 
locks in rainy weather. At night the plaid served the 
purpose of a blanket, and was a sufficient covering for the 
Highlander. These were called belted plaids, from being 
kept tight to the body by a belt . . .”— Col. Stewart’s 
Sketches, i. 246-7. (Jamieson.) 


Bel -tein, s. [Beltane.] 

belt-er, s. [Compare Gael. bualam= to beat; 
buailte=hea.t ; bualadh=heating \ bualtaire = one 
who beats another.] A pelting. 

“ I’ll stand ahint a dike, and gie them a belter wi’ 
stanes, till I hae na left the souls in their bodies, if ye 
approve o’t ."—The Entail, ii. 160. (Jamieson.) 

belt-Ing, s. [Belt.] A flexible band, or system 
of flexible bands, employed to communicate motion 
to wheels, drums, and rollers. 

*belu, s. [A. S. bcelig.] [Bellows.] 

“ The belu failide, leed is waastid in the fier.”— Wycliffe 
(Jer. vi. 29). 

bel-u'-ga, s. [In Ger., &c., beluga, from Russ. 
beluga= the Great Sturgeon.] 

1. A species of fish—the Great or Hausen Stur¬ 
geon, the Acinenser huso. It is sometimes 12 to 15 
feet in length, and weighs 1,200 pounds, or in rare 
cases even 3,000. The best isinglass is made from 
its swimming-bladder. Its flesh, though sometimes 
eaten, is occasionally unwholesome. It is found in 
the Caspian and Black Seas and the large rivers 
which flow into them. 

2. A cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas. It is called 
also the White Whale. It belongs to the family 
Delphinid®. It is from 18 to 21 feet in length, and 
inhabits Davis Straits and the other portions of the 
Northern Seas, and sometimes ascends rivers. 

Be — lixs, s. [Bel.] The Roman name of the 
Assyrian and Babylonian divinity called Bel in 
Isaiah xlvi. 1. [Bel.] 

bel’-ve-dere, bel'-vi-dere, s. [In Ger. belve¬ 
dere; Fr. belvSdbre, belvSder; Port, belveder; Ital. 
belvedere—(lit.) a fine view, from Lat. bellus= fine, 
and videre= to see.] 

1. Arch.: A room built above the roof of an edi¬ 
fice, for the purpose of viewing the surrounding 
country. 

IT In France the term belvedere is used occasion¬ 
ally for a summer-house in a park or garden. 

2. Bot.: A plant, ICochia scoparia. It belongs to 
the order Chenopodiaceee (Chenopods). 

bel-vi§'-:L-g,, s. [Named after its discoverer, 
Palisot de Beauvois. Originally called Napoleona, 
after the first Napoleon, but altered from political 
reasons to Belvisia.] A genus of plants constituting 
the typical one of the order Belvisiacece (q. v.). 

bel-vI§-I-a’-5e-33 (Lindley), bel-vi§'-l-e-se (R. 
Brown) ,s. pi. [ Belvisia.] 

Bot.: A small order of plants, called by Lindley, 
in English, Napoleonworts. They are allied to the 
Myrtace<s, which they resemble in their inferior sev- 
eral-celled ovary, their numerous stamina turned 
inward in the bud, &c.; but differ in their plaited 
petals, twisted into a rotate lobed corolla, and 
other characters. They are shrubs or trees, from 
Africa, and, it is believed, from Brazil. In 1846 four 
species were known, in two genera. 

*be-ly' (l), *be-ly e, v. t . [Belie.] 

*be'-ly (2), v. t. [Compare Eng. beleaguer; Sw. 
belagra; Dan. beleire; Ger .belagerer.] To besiege. 

“In the south the Lairds of Fernherst and Bacleugh 
did assail Jedburgh, a little town, but very constant in 
maintaining the King’s authority. Lord Claud Hamilton 
belyed Paslay.”— Spotswood, p. 259. 

*bel-yng, s. [An old spelling of the word Beal- 
ING (q. v.).] Suppuration. 

“Insanies: Belyng." — MS. Reg., 17, B. xvii., f. 54 b . 
*Bel -ze-bub, s. [Beelzebub.] 

*bem(l),s. [Beam, s.] 

Heuenebem: The sun (?). (Morris.) 

“ And slep and sag, an so the drem 
Fro the erthe up til heuene bem, 

A leddre stonden, and thor-on.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1605-7. 

*bem(2),s. [Behe.] 

be-mg., s. [Gr. bema (l)=a step, pace, or stride, 
(2) a rostrum, a raised platform from which to 
speak ; baino—to step. (2) to stand, (3) to go.] 

Arch.: The sanctuary, presbytery, or chancel of a 
church. [Chancel, Sanctuaey.] 

“The bema or chancel was with thrones for the bishops 
and presbyters.”— Sir G. Wheler: Account of Churches, p. 79. 

*be-mad', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and mad.] To 
make mad. 

*be-mad'-dlng, pr. par. & a. [Bemad.] 

“ . . . making just report 
Of how unnatural and bemadding sorrow 
The king hath cause to plain.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iii. 1. 

fbe-mang'-le (le as $1), v . t . [Eng. prefix be , 

and mangle.] To mangle (lit. or fig.). 

“ Those bemangled limbs, which scattered be 
About the picture, the sad ruins are 
Of sev’n sweet but unhappy babes.” 

Beaumont: Psyche, ix. 64. 


boil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, tHis; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shim, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 







bemartyr 


448 


ben 


*be-mar'-tyr (yr as Ir), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, 
and martyr.'] To make a martyr of, to put to death 
for one’s faith. 

“See here how he bemartyreth such who as yet do sur¬ 
vive.”— Fuller: General Worthies, vol. i. 

fbe-mask', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and mask.] To 
mask, to hide, to conceal. 

“. . . which have thus bemasked your singular 
beauty under so unworthy an array.”— Shelton: Transl. of 
Don Quixote, I. iv. 1. 

fbe-mat'-ter, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and matter .] 
To daub or bespatter with matter. {Swift. ) 

be-maul, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and maul.] To 
maul, to beat severely. 

“. . . was just going to snatch the cudgels out of 
Didius’ hands, in order to bemaul Yorick.”— Sterne. 

be-ma ze, u t [Eng. prefix be, and maze.] To 
cause to be in a maze. [Maze.] 
be-ma'zed, pa. par. & a. [Bemaze.] 

1. Lit.: Bewildered with regard to the proper 
road to choose. 

“ Stock-still there he stands like a traveler bemazed.” 

Wordsworth: Written in Germany. 

2. Fig.: Bewildered with regard to other matters. 

“ Thy lamp, mysterious word! 

Which whoso sees, no longer wanders lost, 

With intellects bemazed in endless doubt.” 

Cowper.- The Task, bk. v. 

bem'-bex, s. [Gr. bembix=( 1) a top, (2) a whirl¬ 
pool, (3) a buzzing insect.] 

Entom.: A genus of hymenopterous insects, the 
typical one of the family Bembicid®. The species, 
which have a certain resemblance to wasps, are 
solitary burrowers ; they store up flies for the sup¬ 
port of their larv®. They are found in hot coun¬ 
tries. 

bem-bi 9 -i-dse, s. pi. [Bembex.] A family of 
insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera, the 
tribe Aculeata, and the sub-tribe Fossoria. Type, 
Bembex (q. v.). 

bem'-bld’-I-I-dse, s. pi. [Bembidium.] A family 
of beetles belonging to the tribe Geodephaga 
(feeders on land). It consists of minute predatory 
beetles, generally bright blue or green, with yellow 
spots and a metallic luster. They frequent damp 
places. Typical genus, Bembidium. 

bem-bld-I-um, s. [A diminutive formed from 
Gr. bembix=a buzzing insect.] [Bembex.] 

Entom.: A genus of foreign beetles, the typical 
one of the family Bembidiid®. They have large 
eyes and an ovate body. [Bembidiid^:.] 

Bem’-bridge (d silent), s. & a. [Eng. proper 
name of place— Bern; bridge.] 

A. Assubst. (Geog.) : A village and watering place 
in the parish of Brading in the Isle of Wight. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining in any way or relating to 
the village described under A. 

Bembridge series. 

Geology: A series of beds of Upper Eocene age, 
about 120 feet thick, consisting of— 

(a) Upper marls, containing abundance of Mel¬ 
ania turritissima. 

(b) Lower marls, containing Cerithium mutabile, 
Cyrena pulchra, and remains of Trionyx. 

(c) Green marls, full of oysters. 

(d) Bembridge limestone, a compact, cream-col¬ 
ored limestone, alternating with shells and marls, 
containing land shells, Bulimus ellipticus, Helix 
occlusa, and fresh-water shells, as Lymnea long- 
iscata and Planorbis discus; it also contains Char a 
tubercula. Several mammalia have been found, as 
Palceotherium and Anoplotherium. 

*beme, *bem (2) (pi. *bemes, *bumes, *be-men, 
0. Eng.; *be-mys, 0. Scotch ), s. [A. S. beme, byme 
=a trumpet.] A trumpet. 

“Than sal be herd the blast of bem.” 

Cursor Mundi, MS. Edin., f. 7 b. 

“Trompors gunne heire bemes blowe.” 

Kyng of Tars, 499. 

“Anon he doth his bemen blowe.” 

Alisaunder, 1,850. 

*beme, v. t. & i. [From beme, s. (q. vA; A. S. 
bymian=to sound or play on a trumpet. Imitated 
from the sound.] [Bemyng.1 

1. Trans.: To call forth by sound of trumpet. 
(Scotch.) 

“ Furth faris the folk, but fenyeing or fabill, 

That bemyt war be the lord, luffsum of lait.” 

Gawan and <?a2.,.iii. 8. (Jamieson.) 

2. Intransitive: 

(1) To sound clearly and loudly like a trumpet. 

“ Ase ye willeth thet ower beoden bemen an dreamen ine 
Drihtenes earen.”— Ancren Riwle, p. 430. 

(2) To resound, to make a noise. (Scotch.) 

“ The skry and clamoure followis the oist within, 
Quhil all the heuinnis bemyt of the dyn.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 295, 2. {Jamieson.) 


be-mene, v. t. [A. S. bemcenan =to bemoan.] 
[Bemoan.] To lament for. 

“ The kyng of Tars out of his sadel fel, 

The blod out of his wounde wel, 

Mony mon hit bement.”—Kyng of Tars, 1,088. 

♦be-mer-gy, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and mercy.] 
To treat with mercy. (Only in pa. par.) 

“ I was bemercied of the way so speak, misericordia 
donatus . . — Goodwin: Of Justifying Faith, pt. i., 
bk. iii., ch. 2. 

*be-me’te, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and mete; A. S. 
bemetan — to measure by, to find out, perceive, 
esteem, consider. In Ger. bemaseer.] To mete, to 
measure all over. Figuratively, as in the following: 
“ Or shall I so bemete thee with thy yard, 

As thou shalt think on prating while thou liv’st ?” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 

fbe-mlng-le (le as el), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
mingle.] To mingle. 

tbe-mln'g-led (led as eld), pa. par. & a. [Be- 

M INGLE.] 

“ This blade, in bloody hand which I do bear, 

And all his gore bemingled with this glew.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 106. (Todd.) 
be-mi''re, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and mire.] To 
soil by means of mire, 
be-mi'red, pa. par. & a. [Bemire.] 

“ . . . or if they be, men, through the dizziness of 

their heads, step beside, and then they are bemired to pur¬ 
pose . . .”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. i. 

be-mlst', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and mist.] To 
envelop or involve m mist, 
be-mist-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bemist.] 

“ How can that judge walk right, that is bemisted in his 
way ? ”— Feltham’s Resolves, ii. 4. 

be-ml-tred (tred as terd), a. Wearing a mitre. 
“. . . bediademed, becoronetted, bemitred.” 
Carlyle: Fr. Rev., vol. ii., pt. iii., bk. v., ch. 1. 

be-mo an, *be-m6ne, v. t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, 
and moan, v.; A. S. bemcenan=to bemoan, to 
lament.] 

A. Trans.: To moan over, to deplore, to bewail, 
to lament. 

“. . . Enter not into the house of mourning, neither 
go to lament nor bemoan them .”—Jeremiah xvi. 5. 

IT It is sometimes used reflectively. 

“. . . bemoaned himself piteously: . . .”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

B. Intrans.: To moan, to lament. 

“. . . and was bemoaning of the hardness of my 
heart.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

*be-mo'an-a-ble, a. [Eng. bemoan; -able.] 
That may be bemoaned, lamentable, 
be-mo aned, pa. par. & a. [Bemoan.] 
be-moan-er, s. [Eng. bemoan; -er.] One who 
bemoans, laments, bewails. (Johnson.) 
be-mo an-Ing, pr. par. & s. [Bemoan.] 

A. As pr. par.: In the same senses as the verb. 

B. As subst.: The act of lamenting, bewailing, or 
deploring; the words uttered under the influence of 
grief. 

“ How didst thou spend that restless night in mutual 
expostulations and bemoanings of your loss.”— Bp. Halt: 
Works, ii. 30. 

be-mock', v. t. & i. [Eng. be, and mock.] 

A. Trans.: To mock. 

“ Bemock the modest moon.” — Shakesp .• Coriolanus, i. 1. 

B. Intrans.: To mock, to practice mocking, 
be-mock ed, pa. par. & a. [Bemock.] 
be-mock -Ing, pr. par. [Bemock.] 

*be-mdil', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and moil; from 

Fr. mouiller= to wet.] [Moil.] To moil, to 
bedraggle, to bemire; to cause to be soiled with 
mud or something similar. 

*be-m611ed, pa.par. & a. [Bemoil.] 

“Thou should’st have heard in how miry a place, how 
she was bemoiled, how he left her with the horse upon 
her.”— Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1. 

*be-mdir-mg, pr. par. [Bemoil.] 
be-moist-en (t silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be; 
moisten.] To cover with moisture; to moisten. 
(Dr. Allen.) 

be-moist'-ened, pa. par. & a. [Bemoisten.] 
be-mdist-en-ihg, pr.par. [Bemoisten.] 
tbe-moF, fbe-moll', s. [Fr. Mmol. In Ital. 
bemolle ; From Fr. b, and the adj. mol, the same as 
mou (m.), mollis (f.)=soft; Lat. mollis=soft.] 

In this country: A musical sign, (?, formed like a 
small b, placed before a note to indicate that it 
should be lowered half a tone. 

In England: A half-note. 

“ Now there be intervenient in the rise of eight, in 
tones, two bemolls, or half-notes.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist.. 
Cent, ii., § 104. 


be-mon -ster, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and monster .] 
To make a monster of, to render monstrous. 

“ Thou chang’d and self-covered thing ! for shame, 
Bemonster not thy feature.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 2. 

be-mou rn, *bi-mo rne, *by-mo rne, v. t. 

[Eng. prefix be, and mourn; A. S. bemeornan =to 
mourn for.] To mourn for or over. 

“. . . wymmen that weiliden and bymorneden him,’ 1 ’ 

—Wycliffe (St. Luke xxiii. 27). 

*be-mow, v. t. [Eng. be; mow.] To mock at. 

“ The Lord shal bemowe them .”—Wycliffe (Ps. ii. 4). 
be-miid -die, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and muddle .} 
To make a muddle of; to put in confusion. 
[Muddle.] 

be-muf-fle (fle as fel), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
muffle.] To muffle (lit. &fig.). 
be-muf-fled, pa. par. [Bemuefle.] 

“. . . and is bemazed with the externals of religion.” 
— Sterne: Ser., 17. 

be-mur§e, v. t. [Lat. mulcere = to soothe, 
pacify.] To pacify, appease. 

“ Saturne was eftsoones bemulced and appaysed .”—Sir 
T. Elyot, Governor, p. 64. 

be-mu §e, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and muse.] Gen¬ 
erally in pa. par. (q. v.) 
be-mu'§ed, pa. par. & a. [Bemuse.] 

1. Under the influence of the Muses; enchanted. 
“ . . . so when those incorrigible things, Poets, are 

once irrecoverably bemused, the best way both to quiet 
them, ... is to feed their vanity . . .”— Pope: 
Letter to H. Cromwell, June 23, 1705. 

2. Having the senses confused or dazed, as, e. g., in 
drinking. 

“Is there a parson much bemus’d in beer?” 

Pope: Prologue to Satires. 
be-mu §-mg, pr. par. & a. [Bemuse.] 
*bem’-yng, pa. par. & s. [Bumming.] (Scotch.) 
*ben, portions of a verb. [Be, Been.] Various 
portions of the verb to be. 

A. The 1st, 2d <& 3d persons pi. pres, indie: Are. 

“These ben the poyntz and the articles ordeyned of the 
bretheren of Seint Katerine in the cite of Londone.”— 
English Gilds (Early English Text Society), p. 6. 

B. The infinitive: To be. 

“To ben a trewe knight, 

In al Tristremes nede.” 

Sir Tristrem, iii. 59. 

“ And now thou woldest falsly ben aboute 
To love my lady, whom I love and serve.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 1,144-5. 

C. The perfect participle: Been. 

“ A shereve had he ben.’’ 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 361. 

ben, fbenn, prep., adv., & (1) s. [Eng. be; in, A. 
S. be=by, near to, to, at, in, upon, above, with; and 
in= in, into. The Scotch ben (Eng. be, in) as dis¬ 
tinguished from Scotch but; Eng. be-ouf, A. S. 
butan, butun (be, utan)— without.] [But.] 

A. As prep, (of the form ben): Inside ; toward or 
into the interior (of a house). 

“. . . that she might run ben the house . . .”— 
Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xxiii. 

B. As adverb (of the form ben): 

1. Lit.: Inside. 

“ Now butt an' ben the change-house fills.” 

Burns: The Holy Fair. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Toward intimacy, in familiarity. 

“There is a person well I ken, 

Might wi’ the best gane right far ben.” 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 335. (Jamieson.) 

(b) Into intimacy with the enemy’s forces in 
battle, that is, into the midst of them. 

"... though I admit I could not be so far 6en as you 
lads, seeing that it was my point of duty to keep to¬ 
gether our handful of horse.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. xlviii. 

C. Assubst. (of the forms ben and benn): The 
interior apartment of a two-roomed cottage. (It is 
opposed to Scotch but or butt, the outer one.) 
[But. s.] 

“ A tolerable hut is divided into three parts—a butt, 
which is the kitchen ; a benn, an inner room ; and a byar, 
where the cattle are housed .”—Sir J. Carr: Caledonian 
Sketches, p. 405. (Jamieson.) 

IF Byre is the ordinary spelling of the name for a 
Scottish cow-house. 

ben-end, s. Inner part of a cottage. 

“He pu’d up his bit shabble of a sword an’ dang aff my 

bonnet, when I was a free man i’ my ain ben-end.” _ 

Brownie of Bodsbeck, ii. 18. (Jamieson.) 

ben-house, s. The inner or principal apartment 
of a two-roomed cottage. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw’ 




ben 


449 


bend 


ben (2), s. [Gael, beinn, bheinn=a mountain, a 
hill, a pinnacle.] [Pen.] 

A. In compos. ( Geog. <& Ord. Lang.) : 

1. In Scotland: The common appellation of the 
higher Scottish mountains, as Ben Nevis, Ben Mac 
Dhui, Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, Ben Cruachan, 
Ben Hope. 

f2. In Ireland: (a) A hill, as Renbaun, Ben- 
gower; (6) a rocky promontory, asBengore Head. 

IB. As a distinct word: A mountain. (Scotch.) 

“ And the river that flow’d from the Ben.” 

Jacobite Belies, ii. 421. (Jamieson.) 
ben (3),s. [A contraction for behen; from Pers. 
fe Arab, bahmah, behmen—( 1) a herb, the leaves of 
which resemble ears of corn saffron; (2) a medi¬ 
cine, of which there were two kinds, one red and the 
other white; (3) the dog-rose (Rosa canina ), from 
Pers. & Arab, baihan —the dog-rose. (Mahn.)~\ 

1. Chiefly in compos.: The Horse-radish Tree 
(Moringapterygosperma). [Mokinga.] The flow¬ 
ers, leaves, and tender seed-vessels are eaten by the 
natives of India in their curries. The winged seeds 
are the Ben-nuts mentioned below. 

2. As an independent word: Ben, or White Ben, 
(Silene inflata , Linn.). Formerly it was designated 
Cucubalus behen , whence came the abbreviation 
Ben. 

ben-nuts, s. pi. [En g. ben; nuts. In Ger. Behen- 
mtss.] [Ben.] The seeds of the Horse-radish Tree 
(Moringa pterygosperma). From these the Oil of 
Ben was extracted. 

ben-oil, oil of ben, s. [Eng. ben; oil. In Ger. 
Behendl .1 Oil expressed, from the Ben-nuts described 
above. It is used by manufacturers of perfumery, 
and by watchmakers. 

Ben, s., prefix. [Heb. ben. A frequent prefix to 
Hebrew proper names=son of, as Benjamin=sonof 
the right hand.] 

ben'-ar, a. More genial. [Bein.] 

“ Into sum. benar realme.” 

Douglas: Virgil , 174, 15. 

*ben-a~tiire, s. A holy-water sprinkler. (Prompt. 
Parv., p. 31.) 

bench, *benche, *benk, s. & a. [A. S. benc =a 
bench, a table; banc —a bench, bank, or hillock; 
O. Sax. bank.benki; Sw. bank; Dan. bcenk; O. 
Icel. bekkr: Dut., Ger., & Wei. bank; O. Fries., O. 
L. Ger., & Corn, benk; Ir .binse; Gael, binnse; Fr. 
banc; Sp. & Port, banco; Ital. panca=a bench or 
stool. Bench and Bank were originally the same 
word.] [Bank.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of things: 

(a) Gen.: A long seat made of wood or other 
material. It differs from a stool in its greater 
length. 

“ Indeed, if the lecture-room could hold 2,000 instead 
of 600 ... I do not doubt that every one of its 
benches would be occupied on these occasions.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), iv. 71. 

(b) Spec.: In the same sense as II. 1 (a). 

2. Of persons: In the same sense as II. 1 (b). 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(a) The seat which judges or magistrates occupy 
officially in a court of justice. 

(b) The judges or magistrates sitting together to 
try cases. 

*Tf The Court of King's Bench (named when a 
female sovereign is on the throne The Court of 
Queen's Bench): What formerly was one of the 
three chief courts in England. It grew up rather 
than was created in the early Norman times. The 
judicial business of the Great Council of the nation 
coming to be transacted in the king’s palace, the 
court which attended to it was called that of the 
Aula Regis, viz., of the king’s palace. It gradually 
separated into three—the Courts of King s Bench, 
of Common Pleas, and of the Exchequer. The first 
of these exercised control over the inferior courts, 
and took special cognizance of trespasses against 
the king’s peace. [See Ac Etiam.] From its very 
outset it was a Court of Record. Its separate 
existence was abolished by the Judicature Act of 
1873, and now it is the Queen’s Bench Division of 
the High Court of Judicature. 

« , . . became Chief Justice of the King’s Bench.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

2. Carp., Joinery, <&c.: A support for tools and 
work in various mechanical operations, as carpen¬ 
try, metal and leather work, &c. 

3. Engineering: A horizontal ledge on the side of 
a cutting; an embankment or parapet, a berme, 
a banquette. 

B. As adj.: In anything pertaining or relating to 
a bench. 


bench-clamp, s. A jaw-tool attached to a work¬ 
bench, for holding an article to be operated on in 
place. 

bench-drill, s. A drill adapted to be used on a 
machinist’s or carpenter’s bench. 

bench-hammer, s. 

Metallurgy: A finisher’s or blacksmith’s hammer. 

bench-hole, s. The hole of a bench. 

“We’ll beat ’em into bench-holes.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iv. 7. 

bench-hook, s. 

Carp. <& Joinery: A stop or abutment which occu¬ 
pies a vertical mortise in a carpenter’s bench. It is 
designed to prevent the wood in process of being 
operated on from getting displaced. 

bench-lathe, s. 

Carpentry : A small latne such as may be mounted 
on a post which stands in a socket in a bench, 

bench-mark, s. 

Surveying: A mark showing the starting-point in 
leveling along a line; also one of a series of simi¬ 
lar marks affixed at convenient distances to sub¬ 
stantial or permanent objects, to show the exact 
points upon which the leveling-staffs were placed 
when the various levels were read, thus facilitating 
reference and correction, 
bench-plane, s. 

Joinery: A joiner’s plane fqr working a flat sur¬ 
face. There are various types of it, named in the 
order of their fineness, jack, long, trying-panel , 
smooth, and jointer planes. 

bench-reel, s. 

Sail-making: A spinning-wheel, on the pirn of 
which the saumaker winds the yarn, 
bench-screw, s. 

Carpentry: The wooden screw which] works the 
movable jaw of the joiner’s bench-vise. 

bench-shears, s. 

Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Tin-plate Working: Hand- 
shears, the end of whose lower limb is turned at 
right angles, and is received in a socket in the 
bench of a workman. 

bench-show, s. An exhibition of dogs, &c. 

bench-strip, s. 

Carpentry: A batten or strip on a carpenter’s 
bench, which may be fixed at a given distance from 
the edge to assist in steadying the work. 

bench-table, s. 

Arch.: A low stone seat on the inside of the 
walls, and sometimes round the bases of the pillars 
in churches, porches, cloisters, &c. 

bench-vise, s. 

Carp., Metall., dtc.: A vise provided with means 
for attachment to a wood or metal-worker’s bench. 

bench-warrant, s. 

Law: A process issued against a person by a 
court of law. 

bench, *benche, *y-benche, v. t. & i. [From 
bench, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Transitive: To seat upon a bench. 

“ His cupbearer, whom I from meaner form 
Have bench’d, and rear’d to worship.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’sTale, i. 2. 

B. Intrans.: To sit on a bench or in a court of 
justice. 

bench -ed, benn'-kedd, pa.par. & a. Furnished 
with benches. 

“ Tatt bridaless hus wass all 
Withth thrinne bennkess bennkedd.” 

Ormulum, 16,231. 

“ ’Twas bench’d with turf.”— Dryden. 

bench-er, s. [Eng. bench; -er .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: Any one who sits upon a bench. 

“ If the pillows be of silver and the benches of gold, and 
though the benchers be kings . . .”— Golden Boke, let. 7. 
(S. in Boucher.) 

2. Specially: 

(a) One who sits upon the bench within or in front 
of a tavern, an idler. 

(b) A judge, a magistrate, a senator. 

“You are well understood to be aperfecter giber for the 
table, than anecessary bencher in the Capitol.”— Shakesp.: 
Coriolanus, ii. 1. 

B. Technically: 

*1. Municipal arrangements: A councilman. 

“This Corporation [New Windsor] consists of a mayor, 
two bailiffs, and twenty-eight other persons, who are to be 
chosen out of the inhabitants of the borough, thirteen of 
which are called fellowB, and ten of them aldermen or 
chief benchers.” — Ashmole: Berkshire, iii. 58. 


2. Eng. Law (Inns of Court),Plur. Benchers: The 
senior members of the legal societies known as the 
Inns of Court. Formerly they were called ancients • 
They were admitted within the bar, and were there- 
fore also denominated inner barristers as distin¬ 
guished from utter (outer) barristers, whose ap¬ 
propriate place was outside the bar. [Bakkister.] 
They govern the Inns of Court, and are themselves 
practically the Inns, notwithstanding which they 
exercise the national function of deciding who shall 
be admitted to the bar with the privilege of practic¬ 
ing in the law courts, and who shall be prevented 
from obtaining this privilege. They can also dis- 
bench or disbar a barrister; an appeal, however, 
lying from them to the judges. 

“He [Selden] seldom or never appeared publicly at the 
bar (tho’ a bencher), but gave sometimes chamber-coun¬ 
sel.” — Wood: Athen. Oxon. 

bencher-ship, s. The dignity or office of a 
bencher. (Lamb: Essays of Elia.) 

bench-ing, *bennkinnge, s. A row of benches. 

‘ Thaer wass an bennkinnge lah.” 

Ormulum, 15,232. 

ben-chfi -ca, s. [A South American word.] 

Entom.: A black bug of the genus Reduvius, 
found on the South American Pampas. 

bend (1), *bende (pret. bent, *bended; pa. par, 
bent, *bended, Hbent), v. t. & i. [A. S. bendan= (1) 
to bend, incline, or lean, (2) to stretch, to extend; 
O. Icel. benda; Yr. bander—to bind, stretch, bend, 
used in the sense of bend, chiefly of a bow. Origi¬ 
nally (bend is derived from band) band and bond 
were but different methods of writing the same 
word. (Trench: Eng. Past and Present, p. 65.)] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit. Of things material: To employ appropri¬ 
ate means to render anything temporarily or per¬ 
manently curved or crooked; to incline. Used 
specially — 

(1) Of a boiv: To make it temporarily curved by 
pulling the string, the design being that by sud¬ 
denly returning again to a more nearly rectilinear 
form it may impel an arrow. 

“They bend their bows, they whirl the slings around." 

Dryden. 

(2) Of portions of the human body: To render 
them arched or curved, or angular, or turn them in 
a particular direction. 

(a) Of the back: To make it for the time being 
arched or curved. 

“But bends his sturdy back to any toy 
That yputh takes pleasure in, to please his boy.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

(b) Of the knees: To make them take an angu¬ 
lar form by more or less decidedly adopting a 
kneeling attitude. 

“Unto my mother’s prayers I bend my knee.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., v. 3. 

(c) Of the brow: To knit it j that is, to throw the 
muscular part of it into a series of curves or wavy 
furrows. 

“ Some have been seen to bite their pen, scratch their 
head, bend their brows, bite their lips, beat the board, 
and tear their paper.”— Camden. 

(d) Of the eyes, one of the ears, or of the footsteps: 
To turn toward or in a particular direction. 

“Why dost thou bend thine eyes upon the earth, 

And start so often when thou sitt’st alone?” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., ii. 8. 

2. Fig. Of things immaterial: To incline them, 
to turn them in a particular direction. 

(1) To put in order for use. (The metaphor is 
taken from bending a bow.) 

“ As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked him 
what he was doing.”— I!Estrange. 

(2) To conquer a person or people; to subdue by 
force; to humble. 

“ What cared he for the freedom of the crowd ? 

He raised the humble but to bend the proud.” 

Byron: Lara, ii. 9. 

(3) To influence by gentler methods; to rule by 
means of the affections. 

“ As unto the bow the cord is, 

So unto the man is woman, 

Though she bends him, she obeys him.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, x. 

(4) To cause one’s own mind or self to be concen¬ 
trated upon any object of thought or aim. To apply 
(one’s self) closely to. [Bent.] 

“Men will not bend their wits to examine whether 
things, wherewith they have been accustomed, be good or 
evil.”— Hooker 

(5) To direct to a certain point. 

“ Octavius and Mark Antony 
Came down upon us with a mighty power, 

Bending their expedition tow’rd Philippi.” 

Shakesp.; Julius Ccesar, iv. 8. 


ixTil, boy; pout, Jdwl; cat, $ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian -tian = shau- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 

’ 29 





bend 


beneath 


B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To assume the form of a curve; to be incurvated. 

“ Their front now deepening, now extending; 

Their flank inclining, wheeling, bending, 

Now drawing back, and now descending.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 18. 

2. To jut over, to beetle over, as a cliff. [Bending, 

a.] 

“ There is a cliff, whose high and bending head 
Looks fearfully on the confined deep.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 1. 

3. To incline, to turn. 

II. Fig.: To be submissive; to yield one’s will to 
that of another. 

“Unus’d to bend, impatient of control.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

III. In special compounds or phrases: 

To be bent, on or upon: To be resolved or deter¬ 
mined upon, to have a fixed purpose or an irresisti¬ 
ble propensity to do some particular thing. In this 
sense generally in pa. par. 

“Not so, for once, indulg’d they sweep the main, 

Deaf to the call, or, hearing, hear in vain: 

But bent on mischief, bear the waves before.” 

Dryden. 

bend (2), v. i. [Probably from Fr. bondir= to 
bound, jump, or frisk; bond= a bound, a leap, jump, 
or spring.] To spring, to bound. (Scotch.) (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

bend (1), *bende ; s. [From Eng. bend, v. In A. S. 
f>end=that which ties, binds, or bends; spec., (1) a 
band, bond, or ribbon, (2) a chaplet, crown, or 
ornament; from bindan—to bind. In Dan. band= 
a band, a company, a bend ; Sp. banda—a scarf, a 
side, a bend, a band.] [Bend, v., Band.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. That which is bent: 

1. Lit.: A bending, a curve, a flexure; an incurva¬ 
tion. 

“ One, however, which was less regular than the others, 
deviated from a right line, at the most considerable bend, 
to the amount of thirty-three degrees.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ch. iii. 

*2. Fig.: Purpose, end, turn. [Bent.] 

“ Farewell, poor swain, thou art not for my bend." 

Fletcher. 

*11. That which binds: 

1. A band, a bond, a ribbon, a fillet. (O.Eng. db 
Scotch.) 

“ This is the bend of this blame 
i bere [in] my nek.” 

Gawayn and the Green Knyght, 2,506. 

2. A muffler, a kerchief, a cowl. (Scotch.) 

If It is used in Old Scotch (Jamieson thinks 
improperly) for a fleece. 

“ Of hir first husband, was ane tempill bet 
Of marbill, and held in ful grete reuerence, 
Withsnawquhite bendis, carpettis and ensence.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 116, 4. 

If Originally band and bond were the same word. 

B. Technically : 

1. Shipbuilding: 

(a) PI.: The crooked timbers which make the 
ribs or sides of a ship. They are numbered from 
the water up, as the first, the second, or the third 
bend, &c. The beams, knees, and futtocks are 
bolted to them. They are more generally called 
wales (q. v.). 

(b) The cross section of a building-draft. A bend 
represents the molding edge of a frame. 

2. Naut.: A knot by which one rope is fastened to 
another, or to an object, such as a ring, spar, or 
post. 

3. Her.: An ordinary of two kinds, the Bend 
Dexter and the Bend Sinister. Said to be derived 
from bend—a border of a woman’s cap. (North of 
England dialect.) 

(a) An ordinary formed by two lines drawn across 
from the dexter chief to the sinister base point of 
the escutcheon. Formerly it occu¬ 
pied one-third of the field when 
-charged, and one-fifth when plain; 
now the latter dimension is almost 
always adopted. It may possibly 
have been originally designed to 
represent a baldric [Baldric], or, 
in the opinion of some, a scaling- 
ladder. At first it was a mark of 
-cadence; but afterward it became 
an ordinary charge of an honor¬ 
able kind. 

“Tbe diminutives of the bend are 
•the bendlet, garter or gartier, which is 
half its width; the cost or cottice, which is one-fourth; and 
the riband, which is one-eighth.”— Glossary of Heraldry. 

a Bend sinister: An ordinary resembling the 
in form, but extending from the sinister chief 
to the dexter base. Its diminutives are the scarpe, 
which is half its width; and the baton, which is 
half as wide as the scarpe, and couped. 


450 

In bend: A term used when bearings are placed 
bendwise. 

Per bend. [Party.] 

4. Mining: An indurated argillaceous substance. 
If Crabb thus distinguishes between the terms 
bend and bent: “ Both are abstract nouns from the 
verb to bend, the one to express its proper, and the 
other its moral application: a stick has a bend; 
the mind has a bent. A bend in anything that 
should be straight is a defect; a bent of the inclina¬ 
tion that is not sanctioned by religion is detrimental 
to a person’s moral character and peace of mind.” 
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

bend-leather, s. Leather thickened by tanning 
for the soles of boots and shoes; a superior quality 
of shoe-leather. It is sometimes called simply 
Bend. 

“ If any tanner have raised with any mixtures any hide 
to be converted to backes, bend-leather, clowting leather.” 
— Lambarde: Justice of Peace, iv. 464. 

bend (2), s. [Fr. bond= a bound, a rebound, a 
leap.] [Bound, *.] A spring, a leap, a bound. 

“ Scho lap upon me with ane bend.” — Lyndsay. 
bend -<i-ble, a. [ Eng. bend, v., and suffix -able.'] 
That may be bent; that may be inclined or curved. 
(Sherwood.) 

bend'-ed, bend’-it (Scotch & O. Eng.),pa. par. & 
a. [ Bend, v.] Chiefly as participial adjective. 
The most common form of the past participle is 
bent (q. v.). 

“ Bonnets and spears, and bended bows.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 9. 

“ . . . delivered to the bishop on bended knee, . . .” 

— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

Bendit up: Boldened up. (Scotch.) 
bend’-^1, s. [From O. Fr. bandel.] A bendlet. 
(Scotch.) 

“ With three gryffouns depaynted wel. 

And, off asur, a fayr bendel.” 

Richard, 2,964. 

bend'-er, s. [Eng. bend; -er.] 

I. He or she who bends any person or thing. 

1. Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ The eugh, obedient to the bender’s will.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 9. 

2. A cant phrase for a hard drinker. (Scotch.) 
(From Bend, v., A. II.) 

“Now lend your lugs, ye benders fine, 

Wha ken the benefit of wine.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 520. (Jamieson.) 
II. That which bends.any person or thing. Spec., 
an instrument for bending anything. 

“ These bows, being somewhat like the long bows in use 
amongst us, were bent only by a man’s immediate 
strength, without the help of any bender, or rack that are 
used to others.”— Wilkins: Math. Magic. 
bend'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bend, p.] 

A. & B. As present participle & participial adjec¬ 
tive: In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“To shape the circle of the bending wheel.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, iv.'555. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of crooking, curving, flexing, or inflect¬ 
ing anything; the state of being so crooked, curved, 
flexed, or inflected. 

2. A bend. 

“. . . minute zigzag bendings . . .”—Todd & Bow¬ 
man-. Physiol. Anat., i. 153. 

II. Technically : 

1. Metal.: A process applied to plates to form 
them into cylindrical or angular shapes for boilers, 
angle-iron, &c. 

2. Heraldry: The same as Bendy (q. v.). (Chau¬ 
cer.) 

bending-strake, s. 

Ship-carpentry (pi.): Two strakes wrought near 
the coverings of the deck, worked all fore and aft a 
little thicker than the rest of the deck, and let 
down between the beams and ledges, so that the 
upper side is even with the rest, 
bend'-let, s. [Fr. bandelette= a little band.] 

Her.: A diminutive of the bend, nominally half 
the width of that ordinary, though often much 
narrower. 

IT A bendlet azure over a coat was of old fre¬ 
quently used as a mark of cadency. 

“ Bendlets are occasionally enhanced or placed in chief 
sinister.”—Glossary of Heraldry. 

*bend-role, *band'-roll, *bed’-roll, s. [Band- 
role.] The rest formerly used for a heavy musket. 
(Scotch.) 

“. . . ane muscat with forcat bedroll, ... be 
furnist with ane compleit licht corslet. . . . ane 
muscat with forcat bendrole and heidpece .”—Acts James 
VI., 1598 (ed. 1814), p. 169. 


bend§, s. pi. [Bend, s., C., I. (a)j 
bend -y, a. [Eng. bend; -y.] [Bend, s., C. 3.] 
Her. Of an escutcheon: Having bends which 
divide it diagonally into four, six, or more parts,, 
When of the normal type, lines constituting the 
bend are drawn in the direction described under 
bend dexter; when in the contrary direction, they 
are said to be bendy sinister. [Barry, Bending, 

C. II., 2.] 

Bendy barry. [Barry Bendy.] 

Bendy lozengy: Having each lozenge placed in 
bend. 

Bendy pily: Divided into an equal number of 
pieces by piles placed bendwise across the escutch¬ 
eon. It is called also Pily Bendy. 

*bene, v. [A. S. beon, beonne—to be, 1st pers. 
plur. subj. indef. we beon—we be.] Various poi> 
tions of the substantive verb to be. 

1. 1st, 2d <& 3d persons plural present indicar 
five: Are. 

“To whom the Palmer fearlesse answered: 

‘ Certes, Sir knight, ye bene too much to blame.’ ” 
Spenser: F. Q., II. viii. 15. 

2. Infinitive: To be. 

“ His douhter with the quene was for hir warisoun. 

And so felle it to bene, hir fader lese the coroun.” 

Chronicle of Robert de Brunne, p. 198. (Boucher.) 

3. Past participle: Been. 

“. . . then to have bene misliked?”— Spenser: Pres¬ 

ent State of Ireland. 

*bene (1), s. [Bean.] 

ben’-e (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A plant well 
known here, the Sesamum orientate, or Oil-plant, 
called in the West Indies Vangloe. 
bene, bein, *beyne, *bi’-en, a. [Bein.] 
be’-ne (Lat.), bene (Scotch), adv. [Ital. & Lat. 
—well.] Well. 

A. (Of the Latin form.) 

If Nota bene: Mark well. (Generally abbrevia ted 
into N. B.) 

B. (Of the Italian form.) [See Bene-placito.] 

C. (Of the Scotch form.) 

If Full bene: Full well. 

“He . . . full bene 

Taucht thame to grub the wynes, and al the art 

To ere, and saw the cornes and yoik the cart.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 475, 25. (Jamieson.) 
bene-placito, adv. [Ital. bene— well, and placito 
—will, pleasure.] 

Music: At pleasure; ad libitum. 
fbe-ne’aped, a. [Eng. prefix be, and neaped .] 

Of ships: In the position that a ship is when the 
water does not flow high enough to bring her off the 
ground, over a bar, or out of a dock. (Johnson. 
Crabb, &c.) [Neap.] 

be-neath' *beneth, *benethe, *bynethe, *bi- 
netbe, *byneothe, prep. & adv. [A. S. beneath, 
beneothan, benythan=beneath, from prefix be, and 
neothan, nythan — beneath. Comp, also neoth = 
down ; Dut. beneden, from be, and neder= below. Id 
S w. nedan; I cel. nedhan; Dan. neden; (N. H.) Ger. 
nieden; O. H. Ger. nidanan, nidana .] [Nether.] 

A. As preposition: 

I. Literally: Below, under, in point of place. 
(Used of the position of one carrying a load, of the 
base of a hill, &c.) 

“ And he [Moses] cast the tables out of his hands, and 
brake them beneath the mount .”—Exodus xxxii. 19. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Under the pressure of some burden. 

“ I think our country sinks beneath the yoke.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3. 

2. Sustaining the responsibility of; bearing, as a 
name. 

“ They envied even the faithless fame 
He earn’d beneath a Moslem name.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 12. 

3. Below or inferior to in rank, dignity, ability, or 
some other desirable thing. 

“We have reason to be persuaded, that there are far 
more species of creatures above us, than there are be¬ 
neath.” — Locke. 

4. Unworthy or unbecoming of one. 

“ He will do nothing that is beneath his high station, 
nor omit doing anything which becomes it.”— Atterbury. 

B. As adverb: 

1. Lower in place than some person or thing. 

2. Below; on the earth, in hades or in hell, as 
opposed to in heaven. 

“Trembling I view the dread abyss beneath, 

Hell’s horrid mansions, and the realms of death.” 

Yalden. 

“ . . . the Lord He is God in heaven above, and upon 
the earth beneath.”—Deuteronomy iv. 39. 



Bend Sinister. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, soq; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 









benefice 


beneday 


451 


3. Low as opposed to high in social or political 
position. 

“And the Lord shall make thee the head, and not the 
tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be 
beneath . . —Deuteronomy xxviii. 13. 

IT In a sort of substantial use : Earth as contradis¬ 
tinguished from heaven. 

“. . . ye are from beneath; I am from above . . .” 
— John viii. 23. 

♦beneday, v. t. & i. [Properly a day for prayer, 
from A. S. 5ene=of a prayer, and doefif=day.] The 
word is rendered in the Prompt. Parv. by precare— 
to pray, but there seems to be some corruption. 

ben-e-di9'-I-te, ben-e-dr-91-te, s. [Lat. bene¬ 
dicite, 2d pers. plur. imper. of bene-dico— to speak 
well of, to praise, to bless. It is common in the 
Vulgate translation of the Book of Psalms, and 
occurs in Roman Catholic liturgic worship. 

“ Benedicite dominum, omnes electi ejus . . .”— Ordo 
Administrandi Sacramentce . . . in Missione Anglicana 
<1846), p. 112. 

A. As 2d person plural imper. of v.: Bless ye. 
(Used with reference to the occurrence of the word 
in Roman Catholic worship.) (See def.) 

“ Christ bring us at last to His felicity! 

Pax vobiscum ! et Benedicite!” 

Longfellow: Golden Legend, ii. 

B. As substantive: 

(а) The utterance of the word Benedicite = 
Bless ye. 

“Up sprung the spears through bush and tree, 

Ho time for benedicite!” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 4. 

(б) In Christian worship : The name given to the 
song of the Three Holy Children, one of the Canti¬ 
cles in the morning service, also a musical setting 
to the same. 


ben-e-dlct, a. & s. [From Lat. benedictus= 
spoken well of ; pa. par. of benedico— to speak well 
of; bene—well, and dico= to say.] 

*A. As adjective: 

O. Med.: Having mild and salubrious qualities. 

U This use of the word comes from the old 
Romans, who called a certain plant ( Trifolium 
arvense ) Benedicta Herba. In modern botany there 
is a thistle called Carduus benedictus. [B.] 

“It is not a small thing won in physic, if you can 
make rhubarb, and other medicines that are benedict , 
as strong purgers as those that are not without some 
malignity.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., § 19. 

B. As substantive ( sportively ): A married man. 

1[ In this sense taken from Shakespeare’s use of 
the proper name Benedick, either originally or at 
second hand. ( Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, 

i. 1, &c.) In the same play reference is made to the 
thistle called Carduus benedictus {Ibid. iii. 4). 


Ben-e-dic'-tlne, a. & s. [Eng. Benedictine, 
a. & s. ; Sw., Dan., and Ger. Benediktiner, s.; Fr. 
B6n4dictin (m.), Benedictine (f.); Ital . Benedettini 
(s. pi.).] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to St. Benedict, of Nursia 
[B.], or to the Benedictine monks. 

“ Black was her garb, her rigid rule 
[Reformed on Benedictine school.” 

Scott: Marmion, ii. 4. 


1[ Though fourteen Popes were called Benedict, 
yet the term Benedictine is rarely, if at all, applied 
to any of them. 


B. As substantive: 

Ch. History (pi. Benedictines ) .• The followers of 
St. Benedict, of Nursia, in Italy. He was born in 
A. D. 480, and was educated in part at Rome. At 
the age of fourteen he left that city for Sublacum, 
now Subiaco, a place about forty miles distant, 
where he spent thirty-five years, at one time as a 
solitary recluse, at another as head of a monastic 
establishment. In 529 he removed to Mount Cas- 
sino, fifty miles further south, where, converting 
some pagan worshipers of Apollo, he transformed 
their temple into a monastery and became its 
abbot. He composed rules for its management, 
making every monk pledge himself to perfect chas¬ 
tity, absolute poverty, and implicit obedience in all 
respects to his superiors. He was to live in the 
monastery subject to his abbot. These vows were 
irrevocable, whereas up to that time the monks had 
been allowed to alter the regulations of their 
founder at their pleasure. The date of St. Bene¬ 
dict’s death is generally placed in 543, though 
another account makes it547. The rule he instituted 
was adopted at an early period by various other 
monastic communities; it was confirmed, about 
fifty-two years after the death of its founder, by 
Pope Gregory the Great, and was ultimately ac¬ 
cepted with more or less enthusiasm by nearly all 
the monkish communities of the West, though its 
pristine severity became modified with the lapse 
of time. 


As long as the Benedictines remained poor they 
were a blessing to the countries in which they lived, 
and especially to Germany, spending as they did 
several hours a day in gardening, agriculture, and 
mechanical labor, and another portion of their 
time in reading, besides keeping school outside the 
walls of their convents. Science and literature are 
also indebted to them for having copied many of 
the classical authors and preserved such knowledge 
as existed in their age. But when at length their 
merits had drawn much wealth to their order 
( individually they were not allowed to retain prop¬ 
erty), luxury and. indolence sapped their virtues 
and diminished their influence for good. Afterward 
becoming reformed, especially in France in the 
seventeenth century, the Benedictines again ren¬ 
dered service by the issue of an excellent edition of 
the Fathers. 

The Benedictine habit seems to have been intro¬ 
duced after the age of St. Benedict. It consisted of 
a loose black coat, or a gown, reaching to their feet, 
and having large wide sleeves. Under it was a 
flannel habit white in color and of the same size, 
while over all was a scapular. The head-dress was 
a hood or cowl pointed at the tip, and boots were 
worn upon the feet. From the predominantly black 
color of their attire they were sometimes called 
Black Monks. They must not be confounded with 
the Black Friars, who were Dominicans. [Black 
Friars.] 

There were Benedictine nuns as well as monks. 
When they originated is uncertain. There were first 
and last many branches of Benedictines, as the 
Carthusians, Cistercians, Celestines, Grandmonten- 
sians, Prsemonstratensians, Cluniacensians, Camal- 
dulensians, &c. 

ben-e-dic'-tion, s. [In Fr. benediction; Sp. 
benedicion; Ital. benedizione; from Lat. benedictio 
= (1) an extolling, praising; (2) a blessing; (3) a 
consecrated or sacred object; benedico= to speak 
well of, to bless ; i>ewe=well, and dico— to say.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Specially: The act of blessing God; more 
rarely of thanking man, or any other being, or of 
conferring advantages upon. 

til. The state of being blessed. 

“ Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament; ad¬ 
versity is the blessing of the New; which carrieth the 
greater benediction.” — Bacon. 

III. That which constitutes the blessing. 

1. The advantages conferred by one’s being the 
obj ect of blessing. 

“ Speaking of life and of death, and imploring Divine 
benediction.” 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, ix. 

2. Thanks ; acknowledgment of favors received. 

“ Could he less expect 

Than glory and benediction, that is, thanks?” 

Milton: Paradise Regained, iii. 126. 

B. Eccles. {in Christian worship ): 

1. The form of prayer for blessing pronounced by 
the minister at the end of Divine service, usually 
that taken from 2 Cor. xiii. 14. 

“Then came the epistle, prayers, antiphonies, and a 
benediction.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

2. In the Roman Catholic Church: 

(1) A solemn function, in which, after the Host 
has been exposed in a monstrance for the adoration 
of the faithful, the priest gives the solemn blessing 
therewith. 

(2) The form of instituting an abbot. 

“What consecration is to a bishop, that benediction is 
to an abbot.”— Ayliffe. 

tben-e-dlc'-tion-ar-y, s. [Eng. benediction; 
-cm/.] A book containing benedictions. 

“ . . . in the benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold.” 
—Gammer Gurton’s Needle, Note to A, iv. S. 1. 

ben-e-dic’-tlve, a. [From Lat. benedictum, 
supine of benedico= to speak well of, to commend 
(Benediction) , and Eng. suff. -ive.) Obtaining a 
blessing, expressing a blessing, imparting a bless¬ 
ing. 

“His paternal prayers and benedictive comprecations.” 
— Bp. Gauden: Mem. of Bp. Browning (1660). 

be-ne-dlc -tor-y, a. [From Lat. benedictum, 
sup. of benedico (Benediction), and Eng. suff. 
-ory.] Imparting a blessing. 

ben-e-dlc'-tus, s. [Lat.=blessed.] 

Eccles. {in Christian worship): 

1. The name given to the hymn of Zacharias 
(Luke i. 68), used as a Canticle in the Morning 
Service of the Church of England to follow the 
Lessons. This position it has occupied from very 
ancient times. It is also used in the Church of 
Rome. 

2. A portion of the Mass Service in the Church of 
Rome commencing “ Benedictus qui venit,” follow¬ 
ing the Sanctus. 


boil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shsm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


3. A musical setting of either of the above,/but 
more generally of (2). 

ben'-e-dlght, a. Blessed. 

ben-e-fac'-tion, s. [From Lat. benefaction 
beneficence; a benefaction.] 

+1. The act of conferring a benefit. 

II. A benefit conferred. 

fl. In a general sense. 

“ Two ways the rivers 

Leap down to different seas, and as they roll 
Grow deep and still, and their majestic presence 
Becomes a benefaction to the towns 
They visit, . . .”— Longfellow: Golden Legend, v. 

2. A charitable donation, money or land given for 
a charitable purpose. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between benefaction 
and donation: “ Both these terms denote an act of 
charity, but the former comprehends more than the 
latter. A benefaction comprehends acts of personal 
service in general toward the indigent; donation 
respects simply the act of giving and the thing 
given. Benefactions are for private use; donations 
are for public service. A benefactor to the poor does 
not confine himself to the distribution of money: 
he enters into all their necessities, consults their 
individual cases, and suits his benefactions to their 
exigencies; his donations form the smallest part of 
the good he will do.” 

ben-e-fac'-tor, *ben-e-fac'-tour, s. [From Lat. 

benefactor — one who confers a benefit; from bene- 
facio= to do good to ; bene—well , and facio= to do. 
In Fr. bienfaiteur; Ital. benefattore .] 

1. Gen.: One who confers favors upon another. 

“ The public voice loudly accused many non-jurors of 
requiting the hospitality of their benefactors with villainy 
as black as that of the hypocrite depicted in the master¬ 
piece of Moliere.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

T[ In the authorized version of the Bible (Luke 
xxii. 25) the word is given as the translation of the 
Gr. Euergetai, the pi. of euergetes = a well-doer, a 
benefactor; from eu = well, and ergon = a work, a 
deed. This is described as an honorary title among 
certain of “ the Gentiles ” for men in authority. 

2. Spec.: One who gives a charitable donation or 
subscription. 

ben-e-fac-tress, s. [Fem. form of Eng. bene¬ 
factor. Iu Fr. bienfaitrice.'] A woman who confers 
benefits. 

“But if he play the glutton and exceed, 

His benefactress blushes at the deed.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

*ben -e-feit, a. [Low Lat. benefacio= to endow 
with a benefice; Fr. bienfait, O. Fr. bienfet= a bene¬ 
fit.] Beneficed. [Benefit.] 

fbe-nef'-lc, a. [Lat. beneficus= kind, beneficent, 
from bene—well, and facio— to do.] Kind, benefi¬ 
cent. 

“ What outside was noon 

Pales, through thy lozenged blue, to meek benefic 
moon.” Browning: Fifine, st. 30. 

ben'-e-fi 9 e, s. [In Dan. f benefice; Fr. benefice; 
Sp., Port., & Ital. beneficio; from Lat. beneficium= 
(1) well-doing; (2) a distinction, a favor, a grant; 

(3) a privilege, aright; from beneficus, adj.=well¬ 
doing; bene =well, and facio=to do. Benefice and 
benefit were originally the same word. {Trench: 
On the Study of Words, p. 157.)] 

fA. Ord. Lang.: Benefit or advantage conferred 
upon another. 

“ . . . parceneris of benefice.”—Wycliffe {Purvey): 

1 Tim. vi. 2. 

B. Technically: 

fl. Feudal system: An estate held by feudal ten¬ 
ure, the name being given because it was assumed 
that such possessions were originally gratuitous 
donations, “ ex mero beneficio” of the donor. At 
first they were for life only, but afterward they 
became hereditary, receiving the name of feuds, 
and giving that of benefices over to church livings. 
(No. 2.) 

2. Eccles. Law, Ord. Lang., &c.: Formerly, and 
even sometimes yet, an ecclesiastical living of any 
kind, any church endowed with a revenue, whether 
a dignity or not. More generally, however, the term 
is reserved for parsonages, vicarages and donatives, 
while bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and 
prebendaries are called dignities. In the opinion 
of Blackstone a close parallel existed between the 
procedure of the popes when they were in the pleni¬ 
tude of their power and that of the contemporary 
feudal lords. The former copied from the latter, 
even to the adoption of the feudal word benefice for 
an ecclesiastical living. (See No. 1.) Blackstone 
says: 

“The pope became a feudal lord; and all ordinary 
patrons were to hold their right of patronage under this 
universal superior. Estates held by feudal Manure, being 
originally gratuitous donations, were at that time denom¬ 
inated beneficia: their very name, as well as institution, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



beneficed 


452 


benefit 


was borrowed, and the care of the souls of a parish 
thence came to be denominated a benefice. Lay fees were 
conferred by investiture or delivery of corporal posses¬ 
sion ; and spiritual benefices, which at first were univers¬ 
ally donative, now received in like manner a spiritual 
investiture, by institution from the bishop, and induction 
under his authority. As lands escheated to the lord, in 
defect of a legal tenant, so benefices lapsed to the bishop 
upon non-presentation by the patron, in the nature of a 
spiritual escheat. The annual tenths collected from the 
clergy were equivalent to the feudal render, or rent 
reserved upon a grant; the oath of canonical obedience 
was copied from the oath of fealty required from the 
vassal by his superior ; and the primer seisins of our mili¬ 
tary tenures, whereby the first profits of an heir’s estate 
were cruelly extorted by his lord, gave birth to as cruel an 
exaction of first-fruits from the beneficed clergy. And 
the occasional aids and talliages, levied by the prince 
on his vassals, gave a handle to the pope to levy, by means 
of his legates a latere, peter-pence, and. other taxations.” 

ben'-e-figed, a. [From benefice, s. (q. v.)] Pos¬ 
sessed of a benefice. 

“. . . all beneficed. clergymen and all persons holding 
academical offices.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

fben'-e-flge-less, a. [From Eng. benefice, and 
Stiff. -Jess=without.] Destitute of a benefice. 

“ That competency of means which our beneficeless pre¬ 
cisians prate of.”'— Sheldon: Mir. of Ant., p. 190. 

ben-ef'-i-genge, *ben-ef-y-genge, s. [In Fr. 

bienfaisance; Itai. beneficenza; from Lat. benefi- 
cejiiia=kindness, beneficence ; from 6en,e=well; and 
faciens= making, doing, pr. par. of facio— to make, 
to do.] The habitual practice of doing good; active 
kindness, benevolence in operation, charity. 

“ Love and charity extends our beneficence to the mis¬ 
eries of our brethren.”— Rogers. 

ben-ef-I-gebt, a. [In Fr. bienfaisant; Ital. 
benefico; from Lat. (1) bene, and (2) faciens=vfe]l- 
doing.] 

1. Of a person or other being: Kind, generous, 
doing good. 

“ God, beneficent in all His ways.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

“ Beneficent Nature sends the mists to feed them.” 

Longfellow: Golden Legend, v. 

2. Of an act: Marked or dictated by benevolence; 
kind. 

Crabb thus distinguishes between the terms 
beneficent, bountiful, or bounteous, munificent, gen¬ 
erous, and liberal: “ Beneficent respects everything 
done for the good of others: bounty, munificence, 
and generosity are species of beneficence: liberality 
is a qualification of all. The first two denote modes 
of action; the latter three either modes of action or 
modes of sentiment. The sincere well-wisher to 
his fellow-creatures is beneficent according to his 
means; he is bountiful in providing for the comfort 
and happiness of others; he is munificent in dis¬ 
pensing favors; he is generous in imparting his 
property; he is liberal in all he does. Beneficence 
and bounty are the peculiar characteristics of the 
Deity: with Him the will and the act of doing good 
are commensurate only with the power; He was 
beneficent to us as our Creator, and continues His 
beneficence to us by His daily preservation and pro¬ 
tection ; to some, however, He has been more boun¬ 
tiful than to others, by providing them with an 
unequal share of the good things of this life. The 
beneficence of man is regulated by the bounty of 
Providence: to whom much is given, from him much 
will be required. Good men are ready to believe 
that they are but stewards of all God’s gifts, for the 
use of such as are less bountifully provided. Princes 
are munificent, friends are generous, patrons liberal. 
Munificence is measured by the quality and quan¬ 
tity of the thing bestowed; generosity by the extent 
of the sacrifice made; liberality by the warmth of 
the spirit discovered. Munificence may spring 
either from ostentation or a becoming sense of dig¬ 
nity ; generosity from a generous temper, or an easy 
unconcern about property; liberality of conduct 
is dictated by nothing but a warm heart and an 
expanded mind. 

ben-ef-i-gent-ly, adv. [Eng. beneficent; -ly .] 
In a beneficent manner, kindly, generously, chari¬ 
tably. 

“All mortals once beneficently great.” 

Parnell: Queen Anne’s Peace. 

ben-e-fl -gial ( gial as shfil) ,*beneficiall,*beny- 
fycyall, a. & s. [Lat. beneficium-lX) well-doing, (2) 
a distinction, a favor, a grant, (3) a privilege; bene 
=well, and/acio=to do.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Advantageous, profitable, helpful, fitted to 
confer benefits upon, or actually doing so. (Used 
with to of the person benefited, or standing alone.) 

“ Tfie war, which would have been most beneficial to us 
and destructive to the enemy, was neglected.”— Swift. 

2. Kind, generous. 

“ . . . a beneficial foe.”— Ben Jonson. 


3. Medicinal, remedial. 

“In the first access of such a disease, any deobstruent 
without much acrimony is beneficial.” — Arbuthnot. 

II. Old Law: Of or belonging to a benefice. 

“ . . . the directioun of lettrez of horning in bene- 
flciall materis generallie aganis all and sindrie, quhairby 
it occurris dalie that the beneficit man his takismen ane 
or ma, . . .”—Acts James VI., 1592 (ed. 1814), p. 573. 

*B. As substantive: A benefice. 

“ For that the groundwork is, and end of all, 

How to obtain a beneficial.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale. 

ben-e-fl'-gial-ly (gial as shfil), adv. [Eng. 
beneficial; -ly.} 

1. Gen.: In a beneficial manner, advantageously, 
profitably, helpfully, usefully. 

“ There is no literary or perhaps no practical aseful 
point of knowledge to which his literary researches could 
be more beneficially directed.”— Pownall: On the Study of 
Antiquities, p. 68. 

|2. Spec. Feudal law or custom: In such a man¬ 
ner as one acts who holds a “ benefice,” and is con¬ 
sequently in subordination to another. 

ben-e-fl-gial-ness (gial as shal), s. [Eng. 
beneficial; -ness.} The quality of being beneficial; 
usefulness, profit, advantageousness, advantage. 

“Though the knowledge of these objects be commend¬ 
able for their contentation and curiosity, yet they do not 
commend their knowledge to us upon the account of 
their usefulness and beneficialness.” — Hale: Origin of Man¬ 
kind. 

fben-e-fl'-giar-y (giar as shar), s. & a. [In Fr. 
b6n6ficier (s.) ; Sp. & Ital. beneficiario (s.). From 
Lat. beneficiarius (as adj.)=pertaining to a favor, 
(as subst.) =a soldier who had received some honor 
or some special exemption from service.] 

A. As adj.: Holding something in subordination 
to another; having a dependent and secondary pos¬ 
session, without sovereign authority. 

“ The Duke of Parma was tempted by no less promise 
than to be made a feudatory, or beneficiary king of Eng¬ 
land, under the seignory in chief of the pope.”— Bacon. 

B. As substantive: 

1. In the feudal sense: One who is possessed of a 
benefice. [Benefice.] 

2. In the ecclesiastical sense. [Benefice.] 

“A benefice is either said to be a benefice with the cure 
of souls, or otherwise. In the first case, if it be annexed 
to another benefice, the beneficiary is obliged to serve the 
parish church in his own proper person.”— Ayliffe. 

3. Gen.: One who receives a favor of any kind 
from another. 

“ His beneficiaries frequently made it their wonder, how 
the doctor should either know of them or their distress.” 
— Fell: Life of Hammond, § 2. 

fben-e-fl-gien-gy (gien as shen), s. [From 
Lat. beneficentia, in some MSS. beneficientia= kind¬ 
ness, beneficence.] [Beneficence,] Kindness, 
beneficence. 

“They [the ungrateful] discourage the inclinations of 
noble minds, and make beneficiency cool unto acts of 
obligation, whereby the grateful world should subsist and 
have their consolation.”— Brown: Chris. Mor., ii. 17. 

*ben-e-fl'-gient (gient as shent), a. [From 
Lat. 6ene=well, and /acie?is= doing.] Doing good. 

V Now Beneficent has taken its place. 

“As its tendency is necessarily beneflcient, it is the 
proper object of gratitude and reward.”— A. Smith: Theo. 
of Hum. Sent. 

ben -e-flt *benefet, *benefite, *bynfet, s. [Fr. 

bienfait; O. Fr .bienfet; Lat. benefactum= a benefit, 
kindness, and beneficium=( 1) well doing, (2) a 
favor; benefacio=to do good to: (1) &e7te=well, and 
(2) facio— to do. Benefit and benefice were origi¬ 
nally the same word {Trench).} [Benefice.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of conferring favor or advantage upon. 

2. The state of receiving favor or advantage. 

“ Luc. When expect you them ? 

Cap. With the next benefit of the wind.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

,s . . . yet have I the benefit of my senses as well as 
your ladyship.”— Ibid.: Twelfth Night, v. 1. 

3. The favor or advantage itself. 

(1) In a general sense: 

“ And in this confidence I was minded to come unto you 
before, that ye might have a second benefit.” —2 Cor. i. 15. 

(2) In theaters, music halls, <&c.: The proceeds of 
a particular evening given to an actor or singer as 
part of the remuneration of his services. Simi¬ 
larly, the proceeds of a particular performance 
given for some charitable object or for some person. 

B. Law. Benefit of clergy {Privilegium clericale) : 
The advantage derived from the preferment of the 
plea “I am a clergyman.” When, in mediaeval 
times, a clergyman was arraigned on certain charges 
he was permitted to put forth the plea that, with 
respect to the offense of which he was accused, he 


was not under the iurisdiction of the civil courts, 
but, being a clergyman, was entitled to be tried by 
his spiritual superiors. [Clergy, Clerk.] In such 
cases the bishop or ordinary was wont to demand 
that his clerks should be remitted to him out of the 
king’s courts as soon as they were indicted; though 
at length the custom became increasingly prevalent 
of deferring the plea of being a clergyman till after 
conviction, when it was brought. forward in arrest 
of judgment. The cases in which the benefit of 
clergy might be urged were such as affected the life 
or limbs of the offender, high treason, however, 
excepted. In these circumstances laymen often 
attempted to pass themselves off as clergymen, 
when the practice was to bring a book and ask the 
accused person to read a passage. If he could do 
so, his plea of being a clergyman was admitted; if 
he failed, it was rejected. The practical effect of 
this was to give the bishop the power, if he felt so 
disposed, of removing every reader from the juris¬ 
diction of the courts. 

By the act of Congress of April 30,1790, it is pro¬ 
vided that the benefit of clergy shall not he used or 
allowed upon conviction of any crime, for which, 
by any statute of the United States, the punishment 
is, or shall be, declared to be death. 

In 1489, Henry VII. restricted the privilege. A 
layman able to read who pleaded his “clergy” 
could henceforth do so only once ; and in order that 
he might he identified if he attempted it again, he 
was burned in the hand. Henry VIII., in 1512, abol¬ 
ished benefit of clergy with regard to murderers 
and other great criminals. The practice of requir¬ 
ing the accused person to read was put an end to in 
1706; but it was not till 1827 that the 7 and 8 George 
IV., c. 28, known as Peel’s Acts, swept the benefit of 
clergy itself away. 

(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the words 
benefit, favor, kindness, and civility: “ Benefits and 
favors are granted by superiors: kindnesses and 
civilities pass between equals. Benefits serve to 
relieve actual want; favors tend to promote the 
interest or convenience. Kindnesses and civilities 
serve to afford mutual accommodation by a reci¬ 
procity of kind offices. Kindnesses are more endear¬ 
ing than civilities, and pass mostly between 
those known to each other; civilities may pass 
between strangers. Dependence affords an oppor¬ 
tunity for conferring benefits; paitiality gives rise 
to favors; kindnesses are the result of personal 
regard, civilities of general benevolence. Benefits 
tend to draw those closer to each other who by 
station of life are set at the greatest distance from 
each other: affection is engendered in him who 
benefits, and devoted attachment in him who is 
benefited. Favors increase obligation beyond its 
due limits; if they are not asked and granted with 
discretion, they may produce servility on the one 
hand, and haughtiness on the other. Kindnesses 
are the offspring and parent of affection ; they con¬ 
vert our multiplied wants into somany enjoyments; 
civilities are the sweets which we gather in the way 
as we pass along the journey of life.” 

(b) Benefit, service, and good office are thus dis¬ 
criminated: “ These terms, like the former (v. 
Benefit, favor), agree in denoting some action per¬ 
formed for the good of another, but they differ in 
the principle on which the action is performed. A 
benefit is perfectly gratuitous, it produces an obli¬ 
gation ; a service is not altogether gratuitous; it 
is that at least which may be expected, though it 
cannot be demanded; a good office is between the 
two; it is in part gratuitous, and in part such as 
one may reasonably expect. Benefits flow from 
superiors, and services from inferiors or equals ; but 
good offices are performed by equals only. Princes 
confer benefits on their subjects; subjects perform 
services for their princes: neighbors do good offices 
for each other. Benefits consist of such things as 
serve to relieve the difficulties, or advance the 
interests, of the receiver; services consist in those 
acts which tend to lessen the trouble, or increase 
the ease and convenience, of the person served; 
good offices consist in the use of one’s credit, 
influence, and mediation for the advantage of 
another; it is a species of voluntary service. 

benefit-certificate, s. A certificate of the na¬ 
ture of an insurance policy issued by a benefit 
society. 

benefit-night, s. The night on which a benefit 
is given to an actor. 

benefit-play, s. The play acted on the occasion 
of a benefit. 

benefit-society, s. A society in which, in cor. 
sideration of the payment of a certain sum weekly, 
monthly, or annually, certain advantages are given 
on occasion of sickness or death; a friendly 
society. [Friendly Society.] 

ben-e-flt, v. t. & i. [From benefit, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Trans. : To do good to, to confer a favor or an 
advantage upon. 

“ He was so far from benefiting trade, that he did it a 
great injury, and brought Rome in danger of a famine.” 

-— Arbuthnot. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw„ 



benefited 


453 


Bengalee 


B. Intrans.: To derive advantage from. 

“ To tell you, therefore, what I have benefited herein 
among old renowned authors, I shall spare.”— Milton. 

ben'-e-fit-cd, pa. par. & a. [Benefit, v. t.] 
ben'-e-flt-ing, pr. par. & a. [Benefit, v. t. 
& v. i.] 

fbe-ne’-groe, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and negro.] 
To make black as a negro. 

“ . . . the sun shall be benegroed in darkness, . . 

— Uewyt: Sermons (1658), p. 79. 

be ne-ly, be'in-ly, be in-lie, bi -§n-ly, *bi-en- 

lie, adv. [Scotch bene, bein (Bein), and Eng. suff. 
•ly.\ (Scotch.) 

1. In the possession of fullness. 

“ Yone carle (quod scho) my joy, dois beinly dwell, 
And ail prouisioun hes within himsell.” 

L. Scotland’s Lament, fol. 5, 6. 

2. Well, abundantly. 

“ She’s the lady o’ a yard, 

An’ her house is bienlie thacket.” 

Picken: Poems (1788), p. 155. 

3. Exhibiting the appearance of wealth. 

“ The children were likewise beinly appareled . - .” 
— R. Gilhaize, iii. 104. 

4. Happily. 

*be-ne me (1), *be-nemp-ne (pret. & pa. par. 

*benempt, *benem'pte, *bynempt), v. t. [Eng. & A. S. 
prefix be, bi; O. Eng. nempne; and A. S. nemnan— 
to name, to call, to call upon, to entreat.] [Nempne.] 
To name ; to call; to promise. 

“ He to him called a fiery-footed boy 
Benempt Dispatch.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 32. 

“ Much greater gyfts for guerdon thou shalt gayne 
Then Kidde or Cosset, which I thee bynempt." 

Spenser: Shephearde’s Calendar, xi. 
*be-nerne (2), V. t. [A. S. benceman=to deprive, 
to rob.] To take from. 

“ Tho Crystene men, off lyff and leme, 

Loke no godes he hem beneme.” 

Richard, 1,404. 

*be-ne-me'r-ent, a. [Lat. &ene = well, and 
merens, gen. merentis— deserving, pr. par. of mereo 
= to earn, to deserve.] Well-deserving. (Hyde 
Clarke.) 

*be-nemp-ne, v. t. [Beneme.] 

*be-nempt, *be-nempte, *bynempt, pa. par. 
[Beneme, Benempne.] 


A. Ordinary Language: 

1. The disposition to look with kind feeling on 
man and other living beings, and to do them good. 
Used — 

(a) Of God, as the Being entertaining such kind 
feeling. 

“Grasp the whole worlds of reason, life, and sense, 

In one close system of benevolence.” 

Pope: Essay on Man, iv. 358. 

(b) Of man, as doing so. 

‘‘Benevolence is mild; nor borrows help, 

Save at worst need, from bold impetuous force.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 

2. An act prompted by kind feeling toward its 
object. 

B. Technically: 

1. Phren.: The organ of benevolence is fixed by 
phrenologists on the middle of the anterior part of 
the head, behind the spot where the forehead and 
the hairy scalp meet. [Phrenology.] 

2. Law ct Eng. Hist. (pi. Benevolences): The 
attractive name formerly given to compulsory 
loans to disguise their real character. Every one, 
however, saw through the transparent device. It 
is believed that benevolences were levied as early 
as the Anglo-Saxon times. They were inconsistent 
with the provisions of Magna Charta, gained in 
1215, yet they continued to be exacted. One notable 
benevolence was that raised by Edward IV., in 1473. 
In 1484, Richard III. gained popularity by procur¬ 
ing a parliamentary condemnation of the system, 
and the next year imposed a benevolence, as if 
nothing had happened. Henry VII., in 1492, and 
James I., in 1613, raised money in a similar way; 
and in the reign of Charles I. the exaction of benev¬ 
olences was one of the popular grievances which 
produced the civil war, though less potent in the 
effects which it produced than the celebrated 
“ship-money.” [Ship-monev.] The Bill of Rights, 
passed in February, 1689, once more declared them 
illegal, and this time with effect. “ Benevolences,” 
“aids, and “free gifts” have now given place to 
taxes, boldly called by their proper name. 

“ After the terrible lesson given by the Long Parlia¬ 
ment, even the Cabal did not venture to recommend benev¬ 
olences or ship-money.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between benevolence 
and beneficence: “ Benevolence is literally well 
willing; beneficence is literally well doing. The 
former consists of intention, the latter of action; 


*be-ne-plac-l-ture, s. [From Lat. 6eri,e=well, ,, _ 

and placiturus =a bout to please, fut. par. of placeo the former is the cause, the latter the result. Benev- 
—to please.] Good pleasure, will, choice. olence may exist without beneficence; but benefi- 

^ J oat no q lwcivo cnnnncoo on'trd oonno • ct mon is nAT 


1 Hath he by his holy penmen told us, that either of the 
other ways was more suitable to his beneplaciture f ”— 
Qlanville: Pre-exist, of Souls, ch. 4. 

*ben'-e-son, *ben'-e-soun, s. [Benison.] 
tbe-net, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and net, v.] To 
inclose as in a net, to surround with toils; to 
ensnare. (Lit. or fig.) 

“ Being thus benetted round with villainies.” 

Shalcesp.: Hamlet, v. 2. 

•be-nethe, *be-neth, prep. & adv. [Beneath.] 
*be-neth-forth, adv. [From O. Eng. beneth— 
beneath, and forth.] Beneath. 


cence always supposes benevolence : a man is not 
said to be beneficent who does good from sinister 
views. The benevolent roan enjoys but half his 
happiness if he cannot be beneficent ; yet there will 
still remain to him an ample store of enjoyment in 
the contemplation of others’happiness. He who is 
gratified only with that happiness which himself 
has been instrumental in producing, is not entitled 
to the name of benevolent .” 

(b) The following is the distinction between 
benevolence, benignity, humanity, kindness, and ten¬ 
derness : Benevolence and benignity lie in the will; 
humanity lies in the heart; kindness and tenderness 
in the affections. Benevolence indicates a general 


‘ Item, that no citezen be putte in comyn prison, but in good will to all mankind ; benignity a particular 
on of the chambors benethforth.’ English Gilds {Ear. good will, flowing out of certain relations. Human- 
Eng. Text Soc.), p. 373. Hy j s a general tone of feeling; kindness and 

• Ben -bt-nasch, s. [Arab. Ban&t= daughters, and tenderness are particular modes of feeling. Benevo- 
naasch= bier. Corresponds withHeb. bantha aisch lence consists in the wish or intention to do good; 
=sons of the Bier, mistranslated sons of “ Arcturus” it is confined to no station or object: the benevolent 
in Job xxxviii. 32. To the Semitic imagination, the man may be rich or poor, and his benevolence will 
four stars constituting the hind quarter of Ursa be exerted wherever there is an opportunity of 
Major (but much like the body of a plow), resemble doing good. Benignity is always associated with 
a bier ■ and the three stars, Alioth, Mizar, and Ben- power, and accompanied with condescension. Be- 
etnascli, which constitute the tail of the Great nevolence in its fullest sense is the sum of moral 
Bear or the handle of the Plow, are like mourners excellence, and comprehends every other virtue; 
following the Bier. [Arcturus, 1.2, andtheaccom- when taken in this acceptation,fcemgmfo/, humanity, 
panying figure.] (Richard A. Proctor : Handbook kindness, and tenderness are but modes of benevo- 
of the Stars 1866, ch. i., p. 4, &c.) lence. Benevolence and benignity tend, to the com- 

J Astron • ’A fixed star, of magnitude 2%, called also municating of happiness; humanity is concerned 
Alkaid and Eta Ursse Majoris. in the removal of evil. Benevolence is common to 

. „ o rifr 1 A r-avitv nr the Creator and His creatures; it differs only in 

ben-et 01 re, ben <1 tu re, . [ •] y degree; the former has the knowledge and power as 

small hole m the wall of a church, generally made we jq as will to do good; man often has the will 
near the door, as a receptacle for the vessel that do g ()0 d without having the power to carry it 
contained the holy water. (Pennant.) (Boucher.) j n ^Q effect. Benignity is ascribed to the stars, to 
[Benitier.] heaven, or to princes; ignorant and superstitious 

*ben-ett. s. The lowest order in the Roman people are apt to ascribe their good fortune to the 
Catholic Church. (Promptorium Parvulorum, benign influence of the stars rather than to the 


p. 30, Note 4.) 
fbe-net'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Benet.] 
tbe-net'-tlng, pr.par. [Benet.] 
be-nev -6-l?n9e, s. [O. Fr. benevolence; Mod. Fr. 
bienveillance ; Sp. benevolencia ; Prov. benvolensa; 


gracious dispensations of Providence. Humanity 
belongs to man only; it is his peculiar character¬ 
istic, and. is as universal in its application as 
benevolence ; wherever there is distress, humanity 
flies to its relief. Kindness and tenderness are par¬ 
tial modes of affection, confined to those who know 
or are related to each other: we are kind to friends 


„ii f rnrn t or are related to eacn orner: we are w 
Ital. benevolenza, 7jenewghenza, all trom Lat. and acqua i nta nces, tender toward those who are 
benevolentia=gooA-wA\, kindness^ (in law) mdul- near and f j ear 

*be-nev'-6-lbn-§y, s. [Direct from the Lat, 
benevolentia.] A benevolence. 


gence, grace; benevolens —well wishing: bene —well, 
and volentia- will, inclination; volo= to will, to 

wish.]_ 

bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion « shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


be-nev -o-lent, *be-nev-o-lente, a. [ In Fr. 

bienveillant: Lat. benevolens (adj.)=well-wishing, 
kind-hearted; from bene= well, and volens= wishing, 
pr. par. of volo= to wish.] 

1. Of persons: Wishing well to the human race; 
kind, loving, generous, and disposed by pecuniary 
contributions or in other ways to give practical 
effect to the feelings entertained. 

“Beloved old man! benevol'nt as wise.”— Pope. 

2. Of things: Characterized by kindness and gen- 
erosity; manifesting kindness and generosity. 

“ Come, prompt me with benevolent desires.” 

Cowper: Charity. 

be-nev-o-lcnt-ly, adv. [Eng. benevolent; -ly.] 
In a benevolent manner ; kindly, generously. 

“ . . . in howe mnche he shall perceiue you the more 
prone and beneuolently minded toward his eleccion.”— 
Sir T. More: Works, p. 64. ( Richardson .) 

fbe-nev-o-lent-ness, s. [Eng. benevolent; 
-ness.] The quality of being benevolent; kindness, 
love. (Johnson.) 

IT Benevolence is very much the more common 
word. 

*be-nev-o-lous, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. bene¬ 
volo. From Lat. 6ene=well, volo= to wish, with 
Eng. suff. -ous.] Benevolent. 

“ A benevolous inclination is implanted into the very 
frame and temper of our church’s constitution.”— Puller: 
Moderation of the Church of England, p. 609. 

*bene-with, s. [Sw. 6eemce<f=woodbine; Icel. 
beinwid (lit.=bone-wood)=a kind of woody honey¬ 
suckle; or simply Eng. bindwith (q. v.).] For 
definition see Benewith-tree. 

benewith-tree (Eng. <& Scotch Borders), *bene- 
with tre, *benwyttre, s. 

1. An old name of the Woodbine ( Lonicera peri- 
clymenum.) (Notes to Prompt. Parv., &c.) 

2. The Ivy (Hedera Helix) [?]. (Britten <& Hol¬ 
land.) 

*ben-ewr-ous, a. [Fr. bienheureux.] Happy, 
blessed. 

“He took the righte benewrous reste of deth.”— Caxtont 

Golden Legende, 428. 

Ben gal , s. [In Sw., Dut., & Ger. Bengalen; Fr. 
Bengale; Sp., Port., & Ital. Bengala; Sansc. 
Bangga, Vangga. Mahn compares with Sansc. 
vangg= to go, to limp; vangka— bend of a stream; 
vangk= to go crooked.] 

I. Geography: 

1. The Indian province on the Lower Ganges, 
inhabited by the race speaking Bengali. 

2. That province, with Behar and Orissa, ruled 
under the Governor-General by the “ Lieut.-Gov- 
ernor of Bengal.” 

3. The Bengal Presidency, including the North¬ 
western Provinces. 

II. Commerce: 

1. A thin stuff fof women’s apparel made of silk 
and hair, brought at first from Bengal. 

2. An imitation of striped muslin. [Bengal 
Stripes.] 

Bengal light, Bengola light, s. 

Pyrotech.: A kind of firework, giving a vivid and 
sustained blue light. It is used for signals at sea. 
It is composed of six parts of nitre, two of sulphur, 
and one of antimony tersulphide. These are finely 
pulverized and incorporated together, and the com¬ 
position is pressed into earthen bowls or similar 
shallow vessels. 

Bengal quince, s. The English name of the 
TCgle, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Aurantiacese (Citronworts). The thorny Bengal 
Quince is the AEgle marmelos. [.Egle.] 

Bengal root, s. The root of a species of ginger, 
the Zinziber cassamuniar. 

Bengal stripes, s.pl. 

Comm. & Manuf.: A Bengalee striped cotton 
cloth. 

Bengal tiger, s. The Common Tiger (Felis 
tigris), which lives in the marshy jungles of the 
Soonderbunds in Lower Bengal. 

Beng’-a~lGe, Beng-a’-li, a. & s. [In Ger. Ben- 

galische (a.), Bengalen (s.); Fr. Bengali.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Gen.: Pertaining to Bengal almost exclusively 
in the first of the senses given above, i. e., pertain¬ 
ing to Lower Bengal. 

2. Spec.: Pertaining to the language of Lower 
Bengal, or to the race speaking that tongue. 

B. As substantive: 

1. A native of Lower Bengal, specially one of 
Hindoo as distinguished from Mohammedan de¬ 
scent. 

2. The language of Lower Bengal. It is of the 
Aryan type, with the great mass of its words of 
Sanscrit origin. In its present form it is modem, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?l. 





Bengalese 


454 


bent 


Ao literature in it being known to exist earlier than 
the sixteenth century, and even then it was not 
differentiated from Sanscrit nearly to the same 
extent as it is now. 

tBeng-^-le'§e, a. & s. [Eng. Bengal, and suff. 
-ese ; as in Malta, Maltese .] 

1. A native or natives of Bengal. 

2. The language of Bengal. [Bengalee.] 

*ben-ger, *bengge, *byng-ger, *byngge, s. [A. 

S. bin, binn—a manger, a crib, a bin, a hutch.] A 
chest, chiefly such as is used for containing corn. 
(See also Prompt. Parv.) 

Ben-go-la, s. [A corruption of Bengal or Beng¬ 
alee.'] 

Bengola lights, s. pi. The same as Bengal 
Lights (q. v.). 

b e-night {gh silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
night.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To cover with night, to involve or shroud in 
darkness; to obscure. 

“ Those bright stars that did adorn our hemisphere, as 
those dark shades that did benight it, vanish.”— Boyle. 

“ A storm begins, the raging waves run high. 

The clouds look heavy, and benight the sky.” 

Garth. 

2. To overtake with night. (Not much used except 
in the pa. par. & particip. adj.) 

“. . . yea, also, now I am like to be benighted, for 
the day is almost spent.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, 

pt. i. 

II. Fig.: To debar from intellectual, moral, or 
spiritual light. 

“ But he that hides a dark soul and foul thoughts, 
Benighted walks under the midday sun; 

Himself is his own dungeon.” Milton: Comus. 

be-ni'ght-ed (gh silent), pa. par. & a. [Be¬ 
night, I. 2.] 

“Some virgin, sure, benighted in these woods.”— Milton. 

be-ni gn (g silent), *be-nigne, *be-nygne, *be- 
ningne, a. [In Sw. bendgen; Fr. benin (adj.) (m.), 
bSnigne (f.) ; Prov. benigne; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
benigno; all from Lat. benignus=(l) kind-hearted, 
(2) beneficent (applied to action), (3) abundant, 
fertile ; from ben, the root of bonus—good, and gen, 
the root of gigno=to beget.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Of persons: 

1. Kind-hearted, gracious, mild; full of good 
feeling. 

“ And she is gone !—the royal and the young, 

In soul commanding, and in heart benign!” 

Hhnans: Death of the Princess Charlotte, 4. 

2. Carrying that good feeling into action, gener¬ 
ous, liberal in bestowing gifts. 

“ As thy kind hand has founded many cities, 

Or dealt benign thy various gifts to men.”— Prior. 

II. Of things: 

1. Favorable. 

“ So shall the world go on, 

To good malignant, to bad men benign.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. xii. 

2. Exerting a salutary influence; salutary. 

“ And they perhaps err least, the lowly class 
Whom a benign necessity compels 
To follow reason’s least ambitious course.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

B. Technically: 

1. Pharm. Of medicines, &c.: Wholesome, not 
deleterious. 

“ These salts are of a benign mild nature in healthy 
persons; but, in others, retain their original qualities, 
which they discover in cachexies.”— Arbuthnol. 

2. Med. Of diseases: Mild in character; running 
their course favorably and without any irregulari¬ 
ties. (Quincy.) 

3. Astrol.: Favorable ; opposed to malign, 
be-nlg -nant, a. [Eng. benign; -ant. From Lat. 

benignus.] [Benign.] 

A. Ord. Lang.: Gracious, kind, benevolent. 
Used — 

(a) Of persons: 

“. . . your benignant sovereign . . — Burke: 

Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. 

(b) Of things: 

“ And he looked at Hiawatha 
With a wise look and benignant.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, iv. 

B. Exerting a favorable as opposed to a malig¬ 
nant influence. 

“. . . that my song 

With star-like virtue in its place may shine; 
Shedding benignant influence, . . 

Wordsworth: The Recluse. 


be-nig -nant-ly, adv. [Eng. benignant; -ly.] In 
a benign or benignant manner; favorably, kindly, 
graciously. (Boswell.) 

be-nig’-ni-ty, *be-nig-ni-tee, *benyngnete, s. 

[In Fr. b&nigniU,; O. Fr. benignete; Prov. benigni- 
tat; Sp. benignidad; Port, benignidade; Ital. 
benignita; Lat .benignitas; from benignus.] [Be¬ 
nign.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Kind-heartedness, good feeling, loving-kind¬ 
ness, tenderness of feeling. 

“All these are not half that I owe 
To One, from our earliest youth 
To me ever ready to show 
Benignity, friendship, and truth. 

Cowper: Gratitude. 

2. The feeling carried into action; a kind deed or 
deeds. 

“The king was desirous to establish peace rather by 
benignity than blood.”— Hayward. 

B. O. Med. & Pharm.: Salubrity; wholesomeness. 
“Bones receive a quicker agglutination in sanguine 

than in choleric bodies, by reason of the benignity of 
the serum, which sendeth out better matter for a callus.” 
— Wiseman. 

be-nign-ly (g silent), *be-ning-en-li, *be- 
nygn-y-li, *be-nyngne-li, *be-nygne-liche, 

adv. [Eng. benign; -ly= A. S. suff. -lice (adv.), -lie 
(a.)=like.] In a benign manner, kindly, graciously, 
favorably. Used— 

(a) Of persons or beings: 

“ . . . wherefore beningenli he called Matabrun his 
mother.”— Helyas, Ep. 20 (Thom’s ed.). (Boucher.) 

(b) Of things (connected, however, with persons): 

“ Her gentle accents thus benignly say.” 

* Hemans: Petrarch. 


*be-ni'm, *be-ni'me, *be-noome, v. t. [A. S. 

beniman=to take away.] To take away, to deprive. 

“Wherewith he pierced eft 
His body gord, which he of life benoomes.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 436. 
ben'-in-ca-§a, s. [Named after an Italian noble¬ 
man, Count Benincasa.] A genus of plants belonging 
to the order Cucurbitacese (Cucurbits). Benincasa 
cerifera is the White Gourd which grows in the 
East Indies. The fruit is presented at native mar¬ 
riage feasts, being supposed to have the power of 
procuring felicity to the newly-married couple. 

*be-nin'-gne-li, *be-nyn’-gy-li, adv. [Be¬ 
nignly.] 

be-nit-i-er, s. [Fr. Mnitier.] A vessel for holy 
water placed at the door of Roman Catholic 
churches. [Benetoire.] 

ben'-i-§on, fben -i-zon, *ben-ni-zon, *ben-i- 
soun, *ben-e-son, *ben-e-soun, *ben-y-son, s. 

[Contracted form of Fr. benediction. Compare also 
b&nissant= blessing, pr. par. of b6nir= to bless. In* 
Sp. bendicion; Port .bengao; Ital. benedizione; Lat. 
benedictio .] A blessing, a benediction. [Bene¬ 
diction.] 

1. Used chiefly in poetry. 


“Without our grace, our love, our benizon.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 1. 
“The bounty and the benizon of heav’n.” 

Ibid., iv. 6. 

2. More rarely in prose. 

“. . . a bennizon frae some o’ the auld dead abbots.” 
— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxi. 


Ben’-jg,-mm, s. Fin Ger., &c., Benjamin. Derived 
from Benzoin. [Benzoin.] The proper name 
Benjamin is quite another word, being the Heb. 
Binydmin— son of the right hand.] 

1. The same as Benjamin-tree (q. v.). 

2. A gum, Benzoin (q. v.). 


Benjamin-bush, s. A bush—the Benzoin odorif- 
erum. 


Benjamin-tree, s. The name given to several 
species of trees. 

1. The name of a tree, Styrax benzoin, found in 
Sumatra, Java, and other islands in the Malay 
Archipelago. It yields the resin called benzoin. 

2. The English name of a deciduous shrub, 
Benzoin odoriferum,_ called by Linnaeus Laurus 
benzoin. It is found in North America. 

3. The English name of a fig-tree, Ficus balsamina, 
with shining polished leaves. It grows in India, 
and is called by the Mahrattas Nandrook. 

benk, bink, s. [Dan. benk; A. S. benc= a bench, 
a table.] [Bench.] A bench, a seat; spec., a seat 
of honor. 

“ For fault of wise men fools sit on benks. (A Scotch 
proverb.) Spoken when we see unworthy persons in 
authority.”— Kelly, p. 105. (Jamieson.) 

ben’-most, a. [Superlative of ben, a. (q. v.)] 
Innermost. (Scotch.) 

“ The benmost part o’ my kist nook 
I’ll ripe for thee.” 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 44. (Jamieson.) 


benn, s. . [Derived from bend, s. (q. v.)l (Scotch.) 
A sash or ornamental belt placed around the body. 
(Statist. Acct. of Scotland , xi. 173.) [Bend.] 

ben-net (1), s. [A corruption of bent (2), s. 
(q. v.)] The name sometimes given to any of the 
plants called bents. 

Way Bennet: A kind of barley, Hordeum mun- 
num. (Gerard.) 

ben'-net (2),s. [In Ger. benediktenkraut; Fr. 
b6noite; from 6blessed, holy, sacred; benir— 
to bless. From Herba benedicta (Blessed Herbs), 
the old name of the Herb-bennet mentioned below. 
Britten and Holland quote this as the reason why the 
name was given, “When the root is in the house, 
the devil can do nothing, and flees from it, where¬ 
fore it is blessed above all other herbs.” (Ort. San. 
ch. clxxix.) ] That which is blessed and itself com¬ 
municates blessing. (Only in compound terms as 
Herb-bennet and Bennet-fish ; q. v.) 

1[ Herb-bennet: A name given for the reason just 
stated to various plants. 

(a) Spec.: Geum urbanum, the Common Avens, 
(Prior!) 

(b) Conium maculatum, the Common Hemlock, 
(Gerard.) 

(c) Valeriana officinalis,'the Great Wild Valerian. 

bennet-fish, s. An unidentified fish having 
scales of a deep purple color, streaked with gold. 
It reaches two feet in length, and is found in the 
African seas. 

*ben'-ni-son, s. [Benison.] 

*ben-o me, pa. par. [Benim.] 

*ben-oome, v. t. [Benim.] 

be-north, prep. [Eng. prefix be^hy, and north.) 
To the northward of, as opposed to besouth= to the 
southward of. 

“ This present act shall begin only, and take effect for 
those besouth the water of Die upon the tenth day of 
Februar next; and for those benorth the same, upon the 
twenty-first day of Februar next to cum.”— Act Seder., 
January 10, 1650, p. 64. 

be-no te, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and note.] To 
make notes upon, to annotate. 

“ They should be benoted a little.”— Boswell’s Johnson, 
ii. 152. 

ben -sell, ben -sail, bent -sail, s. [Apparently 
from Eng. bent-sail—a sail bent and driven forward 
by the force of the wind. ] 

1. Force, violence of whatever kind. 

“ All the sey vpstouris with an quhidder, 
Ouerweltit with the bensell of the aris.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 268, 35. 

2. A severe stroke; properly that which one 
receives from a push or shove. 

3. A severe rebuke. (Shirreff: Glossary.) 

ben-shaw, bean-shaw, s. [Bonschawe. ] 

(Scotch.) 

ben'-shie, ben-shi, ban'-shee, s. [Irish Gael. 
ben, bean= a woman, said by O’Brien to be the root 
of the Lat. Venus^. and sighe=a fairy or hobgoblin.] 
A fairy’s wife. Benshies are still reverenced in 
Celtic parts of Ireland as an inferior kind of tute¬ 
lary divinities. [Banshee.] 

“ In certain places the death of people is supposed to 
be foretold by the cries and shrieks of Benshi, or the 
Fairies wife, uttered along the very path where the 
funeral is to pass.”— Pennant: Tour in Scotland, 1769, 
p. 205. (Jamieson. ) 

ben-sil, s. [Bensell.] 

bent, pa. par., a. & s. [Bend, v. A] 

A. & B. As pa. par. and particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“And my people are bent to backsliding from me.”— 
Hos. xi. 7. 

Benton: Having a fixed determination, resolved 
on, determined on or upon. 

“ We had not proceeded far before we were joined by 
a woman and two boys, who were bent on this same jour¬ 
ney.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xiv. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally (of things material): 

(1) The state of being curved ; flexure, curvature. 

(2) The amount or degree of the curvature, the 
degree of flexure. 

“There are divers subtle inquiries concerning the 
strength required to the bending of bows, the force they 
have in the discharge, according to the several bents, and 
the strength required to be in the string of them.”— 
Wilkins. 

(3) The declivity of a hill. 

“ A mountain stood, 

Threat’ning from high, and overlook’d the wood; 

Beneath the low’ring brow, and on a bent, 

The temple stood of Mars armipotent.” 

Dryden: Palamon and Arcite, ii. 342-45. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw! 




455 


benwart 


bent-gauge 


2. Figuratively (of what is immaterial more fre¬ 
quently than of what is material); 

(1) Tendency. Used, — 

(а) Of matter under the operation of natural law. 

“ If, for example, he wishes to know how a mass of liquid 
would shape itself, if at liberty to follow the bent of its 
own molecular forces .’’—Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 8d ed., 
xiv. 405. 

(б) Of the mind or of the heart: Inclination, dis¬ 
position, proclivity, whether slight or irresistibly 
powerful. 

IT In this sense it may be followed byto, toward , 
or for. 

“He knew the strong bent of the country toward the 
house of York.”— Bacon. 

“ Let there be propensity and bent of will to religion, 
and there will be the same sedulity and indefatigable 
industry. ’ ’— South. 

(2) Full stretch, utmost power of the mind, the 
heart, or the will. The metaphor is that of a bow 
drawn back to the utmost. 

“They fool me to the top of my bent .”— Shakesp.: Ham¬ 
let, iii. 2. 

(3) A turning point; a change of subject, or of 
anything else. 

“The exercising the understanding in the several ways 
of reasoning, teacheth the mind suppleness, to apply 
itself more dexterously to bents and turns of the matter, 
in all its researches.”— Locke. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch. <& Carp.: One section of the frame of a 
building, which is put together on the ground or 
foundation, and then raised by holding the feet of 
the posts and elevating the upper portion. A bent 
consists of posts united by the beams which pass 
transversely across the building. When raised it is 
secured by the beams of the side to the other bents. 
(Knight.) 

(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between bent, 
curved, crooked, and awry: “ Bent is here the 
generic term, all the restare but modes of the bent; 
what is bent is opposed to that which is straight; 
things may therefore be bent to any degree, but 
when curved they are bent only to a small degree; 
when crooked they are bent to a great degree: a 
stick is bent any way ; it is curved by being bent one 
specific way; it is crooked by being bent different 
ways. Things may be bent by accident or design ; 
they are curved by design, or according to some 
rule ; they are crooked by accident or in violation 
of some rule: a stick is bent by the force of the 
hand; a line is curved so as to make a mathemat¬ 
ical figure: it is crooked so as to lose all figure. 
Awry marks a species of crookedness, but crooked 
is applied as an epithet, and awry is employed to 
characterize the action; hence,we speak of a crooked 
thing, and of sitting or standing awry." 

(b) Bent, bias, inclination, and prepossession are 
thus discriminated: “All these terms denote a 
preponderating influence on the mind. Bent is 
applied io the wills- affections, and powers in gen¬ 
eral; bias solely to file judgment; inclination and 

S ossession to the state of the feelings. The bent 
ides the general state of the mind, and the 
object on which it fixes a regard; bias, the particu¬ 
lar influential power which sways the judging 
faculty: the one is absolutely considered with re¬ 
gard to itself; the other relatively to its results and 
the object it acts upon. Bent is sometimes with 
regard to bias as cause is to effect; we may fre¬ 
quently trace in the particular bent of a person’s 
likes and dislikes the principal bias which deter¬ 
mines his opinions. Inclination is a faint kind of 
bent; prepossession is a weak species of bias: an 
inclination is a state of something, namely, a state 
of the feelings; prepossession is an actual some¬ 
thing, namely, the thing that prepossesses." (Crabb: 
Eng. Synon.) 

2. Mining: The term used when the ore suddenly 
deviates from its usual course in the mine. 

bent-gauge, s. 

Wood-working, &c.: A gauge whose blade forms 
an angle with the handle. (Used by wood-workers 
and sculptors.) 

bent-gouge, s. 

Wood-working: A_ gouge bent toward the basil, 
and used for scooping or hollowing out concave 
surfaces ; a bent-neck gouge, 
bent-graver, s. ' 

1. Jewelry: A scorper. 

2. Engraving: A graver with a blade so bent as 
to reacn a surface whose plane is lower than a 
marginal rim. (Used in chasing and in engraving 
monograms in sunken tablets.) 

bent-lever, s. A lever the two arms of which 
form an angle, at whose apex is the fulcrum, as, a 
bell-crank lever. 


Bent-lever balance: A weighing-scale in which 
the scale-pan w is attached to the short end A 
of the bent-lever, 
which is pivoted on 
the summit of a post 
B, and whose weight¬ 
ed end c traverses a 
graduated arc to a 
distance propor¬ 
tioned to the weight 
in the pan w. As the 
weight o ascends, its 
leverage becomes 
greater, and it bal¬ 
ances a corre'spond- 
ingly greater weight 
in the pan W. Its 
leverage in the po¬ 
sition shown is indi¬ 
cated by the vertical 
dotted line dropped 
from d. (Knight.) 

bent-pipe, s. A pipe with a curve or angle in it. 

Bent-pipe filter: A tube whose bend forms a 
receptacle for a certain quantity of sand through 



Bent-lever Balance. 



Bent-pipe Filter. 

which water passes, entering at one leg and being 
discharged at the other. 

bent-rasp, s. A rasp having a curved blade. 
Used by gunstoekers and sculptors. 

bent (2), s. [A. S. beonet (Malm; not in Bos- 
worth); O. S. binet; Ger. binse= a rush ; M. H. Ger. 
binuz, binz=a bent, a grass ; O. H. Ger. pinuz .] 

1. Of the plants so called. Bent (sing.), bents (pi.): 
A general form meaning usually— 

(1) Various stiff-stalked endogenous plants not 
admitted by botanists to belong to the Graminace®, 
or order of Grasses proper. Thus Bailey applies 
the term bent to the Lake Clubrush, or Bull-rush 
Scirpus lacustris). 

(2) The Agrostis vulgaris, or Ked-top grass. The 
term is also used of other grasses in America. 

2. Of the place where they grow: A place over¬ 
spread with bents. 

3. Generally: Any field or meadow. 

“ On felde they faght as they were wode t 
Ovyrthe bentys ranne the blode.” 

Bone Florence, 1,039. 

“As burne upon bent his bugle he blowez.” 

Gawayne, 1,465. 

bent-grass, s. The English name for Agrostis, a 
genus of grasses. [Agbostis.] Two species—the 
Fine Bent-grass (Agrostis vulgaris) and Marsh Bent- 
grass (A. alba) —are awnless; both are common. 
The only common awned species is the Brown 
Bent-grass (A. canina). 

White Bent-grass: Agrostis alba, (Linn.). 

ben-tha'-ml-a, s. [From Mr. George Bentham, 
F. R. S., an eminent English botanist, born about 
1800, and in 1880 still living.] A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Cornace® (Cornels). Bentha- 
miafragifera is a plant with four flaky petals and 
a red, cherry-like fruit. 

Ben’-tbam-I§m, s. [From Eng. proper name 
Bentham (see def.), and suff. -ism.] _ The philosophy 
of Jeremy Bentham, a celebrated jurist and writer 
on law and other cognate subjects, who was born in 
London, February 15,1747-8, and died on June 6,1832. 
The essential principles of Benthamism were that 
the aim or end of all human life is happiness—of 
the kind derived from the absence of pain and the 
presence of enjoyment. To put forth efforts, then, 
for the greatest happiness of the greatest number 
should be the supreme aim of governments and of 
private individuals, and is itself the highest mo¬ 
rality. 

“Yes, hollow Formulism, gross Benthamism , and other 
unheroic atheistic Insincerity, is visibly and even rapidly 
declining.”— Carlyle: Heroes, Lect. v. 

Ben'-tliam Ite, n. A follower of the philosophy 
of Jeremy Bentham. 

“A faithful Benthamite traversing an age still dimmed 
by the mists of transcendentalism.”— M. Arnold: Essays 
in Grit,, p. xiii. 

ben'-tinck, ben-tick, s. & a. [Named after 
Capt. Bentinck.] _ 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


A. As substantive (pi. Bentincks): 

Naut. Bentincks: Triangular courses used as try¬ 
sails in this country, but superseded in England bj 
storm stay-sails. 

B. As adjective: Invented by Capt. Bentinck. 
bentinck, or bentick-boom. 

Naut.: A boom stretching the foot of the foresail 
in small, square-rigged merchant-men. 
bentinck, or bentick-shrouds. 

Naut,.: Shrouds extending from the wrencher 
buttock staves to the opposite lee channels. 
(Admiral Smyth.) 

ben’-ti-ness, s. [Eng. benty; -ness.] The state of 
being covered with bent. (Jamieson.) [Bent (2).] 
bent -lng, a. [Eng. bent (2), and-my.] Pertain¬ 
ing to bents. 

Benting time: The time when (it is said) pigeons 
feed on bents, before peas are ripe. 

“Bare benting times and molting months may come.” 

Dryden: Hind and Panther, iii. 1,283. 

ben-tlv-I, ben-tIv-e-6, s. [ Brazilian .] The 
Brazilian name of a bird (Tyrannus sulphuratus, 
Vieillot). It belongs to the Laniad®, or Shrike 
family. 

bent -wood, s. A name given to the Common Ivy 
(Hedera Helix). [Bindwood.] 
bent'-y, fbent-ey, *bent-ie, a. [Eng. bent; -y.] 

1. Abounding in bents; overgrown with bents. 

“ . . . be the Erishe; it is very guide for store, being 
bentey.” — Monroe: lies, p. 22. (Jamieson.) 

2. Resembling bent. 

“The stalke is very small and bentie.” — Gerarde.- Her • 
ball, p. 80. 

be-numb’, *be-num'be (b silent) *be-nome, 
*be-num', v. t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and numb ; A. S. 
benumen, pa. par. of beniman— to deprive; to take 
away. From prefix be, and niman— to take away; 
Ger. benehmen=to take away.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To render torpid; to deprive a portion of the 
body of sensation by the application of cold, by 
impeding the free circulation of the blood, or in 
any other way. 

*(2) To cause to look as if torpidity of circulation 
existed; to render pallid. 

“Her heart does quake, and deadly pallied hew 
Benumbes her eheekes.” 

Spenser: F. Q., YI. viii. 40. 

2. Figuratively: To deaden, to render torpid the 
intellect, the emotions, or the will. 

“ There are some feelings time cannot benumb.’ 1 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 19. 

B. Intransitive: To make numb. 

If If the objective, which is implied, were ex¬ 
pressed, it would become transitive. 

“ . . . if the sleepy drench 

Of that forgetful lake benumb not still.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. ii. 

be-numbed' (b silent), *be-no me, pa. par. [Be¬ 
numb.] 

be-numbed-ness (b silent), *be-num'-med- 
nesse, s. [Eng. benumbed; O. Eng. benummed, and 
suff. -ness.] The state of being benumbed ; torpidity 
of the sensations, the intellect, the emotions, or the 
will. Specially— 

1. The state of being physically benumbed. 
“Preternatural sleep is a committing a rape upon the 

body and mind, whereby the offensive superfluities, by 
their violent assaults, force the brain to a benumbedness 
for its destruction.”— Smith: Old Age, p. 131. 

2. Torpidity of spiritual feeling. 

“When there is a benumbedness, or searedness, upon 
the grand principle of spiritual sense, we come ‘ to be past 
feeling.’ ”— South: Sermons, ix. 65. 

be-numb'-er (b silent), s. [Eng. benumb; -er.] 
One who or that which benumbs. 

be numb ing (b silent), *be-numm -ing, pr, 
par., a. & s. [Benumb.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& pcirticip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“. . . death’s benumbing opium . . .” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

C. Assubst.: The act of benumbing or rendering 
torpid; the state of being benumbed. 

“a . . . benumming and congelation of the body.” — 

Holland: Plutarch, p. 814. ( Richardson .) 

be-num b-ment (b silent), s. [Eng. benumb; 
-ment.] The act of benumbing; the state of being 
benumbed. (Kirby.) 

ben'-wart, adv. [Scotch ben= the interior, and 
wart=Eng. ward.] Inward, toward the interior of 
a house. [Ben.] 

“ Than benwart thay yeid quhair brandis was bricht." 

Rauf Coilyear: A. iij. b. (Jamieson.) 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. pb = t, 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del, 






















benweed 


456 


benzone 


ben’-weed, s. [Scotch ben, of doubtful etym., 
and Eng. iveed.] Ragwort ( Senecio Jacobcea). 
♦benwyttre, s. [Benewith.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
v b§n-^ng', a. (.Scotch.) The same as English 
Benign (q. v.). 

*ben-y-son, s. [Benison.] 
ben-zgi,-mid- 5 L- 9 et-Ic, a. [Eng. benzamide; 
acetic .] 

benzamidacetic acid, s. 

C 2 H 2 NH(C 6 H 5 CO). 

Chem.: I Also called Hippuric 

COOH 

Acid. It occurs in large quantities in the urine of 

f raminivorous animals in the form of alkaline salts. 

t crystallizes in long, slender, white, square prisms ; 
it dissolves in 400 parts of cold water, also in hot 
alcohol. When mixed with putrid matter, it forms 
benzoic acid. Hippuric acid is monobasic; hip- 
purates of the alkalies are very soluble. It can be 
formed by the action of benzoyl chloride on silver 
amidacetate. It is decomposed by alkalies into 
amidacetic acid and benzoic acid, 
ben'-z^-mlde, s. [Eng. benz(oin); amide.] 

(H 

Chem. : N •< H Obtained by heating ammo- 

l 0 6 H 5 C0. 

nium benzoate: also by oxidizing hippuric acid with 
lead dioxide. Benzamide is a crystalline substance, 
nearly insoluble in cold but easily soluble in boiling 
water, also in alcohol and ether. It melts at 115% 
and volatilizes at 290°. 


ben'-zene, s. [Eng. benz(oin), and suffix - ene .] 
Chem.: CkH 6 . An aromatic hydrocarbon, also 
called benzol or phenyl hydride, discovered in 1825 
by Faraday in the liquid condensed during the 
compression of oil gas ; it was called by him bicar- 
buret of hydrogen. In 1849, it was found in coal tar 
by C. B. Mansfield, who lost his life while experi¬ 
menting with it on February 25, 1855. Aniline is 
produced from it, which again is the source of the 
celebrated modern dyes, mauve, magenta, &c. It 
is obtained from the more volatile portion of coal- 
tar oil. It is also formed by distilling benzoic acid 
with lime. Benzene is a thin, colorless, strongly 
refracting liquid; it boils at 82°. It dissolves fats, 
resins, iodine, sulphur, and phosphorus; sp. gr., 
0 - 885. Benzene is formed when acetylene is passed 
through a tube heated to dull redness. Many sub¬ 
stitutional products of benzene have been formed. 
Benzene unites with chlorine or bromine in direct 
Bunlight, forming additive compounds, CeHgCle. 


ben'-zlle, s. [Eng. benz(oin), and suffix -He.] 
Chem.: C 14 H 10 O 2 . A crystalline substance ob¬ 
tained by the action of chlorine on benzoin; it 
melts at 90% It is isomeric with dibenzoyl. 

ben-zil’-lc, a. [Eng. benzil(e); -ic .] Of or 

belonging to benzile. 


benzilic acid, s. 

Chem.: CuHj 2 03 . It is called also diphenylgly- 
collic acid. It is obtained by the action of alcoholic 
potash on benzoin. On saturating the alkaline 
solution with hydrochloric acid, the benzilic acid 
separates in small, colorless, transparent crystals, 
which melt at 120 °. 


ben-zine, s. [Benzoline.] 


ben-zo'-ate, s. [Eng. benzo(in); suff. -ate.] 
[Benzoic Acid.] 

ben-zo-gl^-col-lic, a. [Eng. benzo(in) gly¬ 
cerin) (al)cohol .] 

benzoglycollic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 9 H 8 O 4 . Formed by treating hippuric 
acid with nitrous acid; then nitrogen is liberated. 
Benzoglycollic acid contains the elements of benzoic 
andglycollic (oxyacetic) acid, minus one molecule 
of water. It crystallizes in colorless prisms. 


ben-zo-hel’-I-Cin, s. [Eng. benzo(in); helicin 

(q.v.).] 

Chem.: CisHisCCjHsOjCh. Produced by the action 
of dilute nitric acid on benzo-salicin. It is resolved 
by boiling with alkalies or acid into benzoic acid, 
salicylol, and glucose. 

ben-zo’-Ic,a. [Eng. benzo(in); -ic.] Pertaining 
to benzoin, existing in benzoin, 
benzoic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 7 H 6 O 2 or C 6 H 5 .CO.OH. It is called also 
p henylformic acid. It is obtained by oxidation of 
Denzylic alcohol by aqueous chromic acid; by oxida¬ 
tion of benzoic aldehyde, methyl-benzene, &c.; from 
benzene by acting on its vapor by carbonyl chloride, 
which converts it into benzoyl chloride, and decom¬ 
posing this substance by water; by boiling hippuric 
acid with HC1; or by heating the calcium salt of 

{ >hthalic acid with lime. Benzoic acid exists in a 
arge quantity in gum-benzoin, from which it is 
obtained by sublimation. Benzoic acid is a mono¬ 
basic aromatic acid ; its salts are called benzoates, 
and are soluble, except the basic ferric salt. Cal¬ 


cium benzoate by dry distillation is resolved into 
calcium carbonate and benzophenone. But dry 
benzoic acid distilled with excess of quicklime is 
decomposed into carbonic dioxide and benzene. 
Benzoic acid has a slight smell when warmed; it 
melts at 121°, boils at 250°. It dissolves in 200 parts 
of cold and in 25 parts of boiling water, and also in 
alcohol. It forms light, feathery, colorless crystals, 
benzoic alcohol, s. [Benzyl Alcohol.] 
benzoic aldehyde, s. 

Chem.: Bitter-almond oil, CtH^O or C 6 H 5 .COH. 
It is the aldehyde of benzyl alcohol, and is obtained 
by the oxidation of amygdalin with nitric acid; by 
digesting bitter almonds and water for six hours 
at 30° to 40°; by the action of nascent hydrogen on 
chloride of benzoyl; or by distilling a mixture of 
calcium benzoate and formate. Pure benzoic alde¬ 
hyde is a thin colorless liquid with a peculiar odor, 
sp. gr. 1-043, and boils at 189°; dissolves in thirty 
parts of water, and mixes with alcohol and ether. 
Exposed to the air, it absorbs oxygen, and is 
converted into benzoic acid. It forms crystalline 
compounds with alkaline bisulphites. Ammonia 
converts it into hydrobenzamide, a white crystalline 
body, which, when boiled with aqueous potash, is 
converted into amarine, 
benzoic chloride, s. [Benzoyl Chlobide.] 
benzoic oxide, s. 

Chem.: Benzoic anhydride, cjjjj'-'co [ ^ * s °^" 

tained by the action of benzoyl chloride and potas¬ 
sium benzoate. It crystallizes in oblique rhombic 
prisms, which melt at 42° and distill at 310°. 
benzoil, s. [Benzoin, 1.] 

ben-zo'-In, ben-zo'-Ine, *bel-z 6 -In, *ben-zoil, 
ben'-jg,-min, s. [In Sw. benzoe; Ger. benzoebaum, 
the tree, and benzoe, benzoin, the gum; Fr. benjoin; 
Sp. benjui; Port, beijoim; Ital. belzuino. Mahn sug¬ 
gests comparison (1) with Pers. banast, binas&t, 
banasab, 6 aadsi&=terebinth resin, from ban loan— 
terebinth grain, asa 6 =an excrescence on the body; 
and ( 2 ) with ivanizad=tnrpentme of the pistachio- 
tree. Benjamin is a corruption of benzoin, and not 
benzoin a corruption of benjamin. All the chem¬ 
ical words beginning with benz are derived from 
this word, as benzoic acid was first obtained from 
the gum.] 

1 . (Generally of the corrupted form benjamin.) 
Botany, Comm., dbc.: A kind of resin, obtained 

from a tree, the Styrax benzoin, which belongs to 
the order Ebenaceee (Ebenads) . It grows in Suma¬ 
tra, Borneo, and the adjacent islands. Incisions are 
made in the tree from which the resin exudes, the 
latter when it comes being left to dry, and then being 
removed by a knife. Each tree yields annually 
about three pounds of resin. It is used as a medi¬ 
cine in chronic diseases of the lungs, as an ingre¬ 
dient in perfumery, and in the incense of Roman 
Catholic and Ritualist churches. [Styeax.] 

“ Belzoin or benzoin is the rosin of a tree.”— Turner: 
Herbal, pt. ii. 

2. (Of the form benzoin, never benjamin.) 

(1) Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Lauraceee (Laurels). The species are found in 
North America and in Nepaul. The berries of Ben¬ 
zoin odoriferum yield an aromatic stimulant oil. 
They are said to have been used during one of the 
American wars as a substitute for allspice. (Treas. 
of Bot.) 

(2) Phar.: Asa dulcis as opposed to A. fcetida. 
[Asa.] 

(3) Chem.: C 14 H 12 O 5 . A polymeric modification of 
benzoic aldehyde, which remains in the retort when 
the crude oil is distilled with lime or iron oxide to 
free it from hydrocyanic acid. 

benzoin-tree, benjamin-tree, s. 

Botany: A tree, Styrax benzoin, described under 
Benzoin (1) and Styeax (q. v.). 
ben -zol, s. [Benzene.] 

ben'-zole, ben-zol, s. & a. [From Eng. benzo(in); 
and Lat. ole(um), ol(eum)=ou. (?).] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Chem. (of the form benzol): [Benzene.] 

2. Min. (of the form benzole): A fluid mineral 
detected in 1856, both in Rangoon tar and in the 
naphtha of Boroslaw in Galicia. (Dana.) 

B. As adjective (of the form benzole): Consisting 
of, containing, or allied to, benzole. 

Min. Benzole Group or Series: A group of miner¬ 
als, placed by Dana under his simple Hydrocarbons. 
He includes under it benzole, toluole, xylole, camole, 
and cymole. All are fluid at ordinary temperatures. 

ben'-zo-line, s. & a. [Eng. benzol; -ine.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Chem.: Amarine, an organic base obtained from 
hydro-benzamide by boiling it with aqueous potash. 
Insoluble in water, but dissolves in alcohol, forming 
an alkaline solution which deposits small colorless 
prismatic crystals. It forms sparingly soluble salts. 
Its formula is C 21 H 19 N 2 . 


2. Comm.: Benzine, a name given to any volatile 
inflammable liquid hydrocarbon which burns with 
a luminous flame, chiefly to the following: ( 1 ) 
Coal-tar naphtha, consisting principally of benzene 
and its homologues. It is used for removing grease 
from fabrics and as a solvent. Our lady readers 
should, however, be warned that if they wash kid 
gloves in benzoline with the view of removing 
stains of grease, they must not afterward put the 
gloves on their hands, and hold them to the fire to 
dry. If they do, the vapor of the benzoline will 
ignite the gloves, which will flame fiercely. Within 
the last few years, at least three cases of most 
fearful injury have arisen in this precise manner, 
one of them with fatal results. (2) Petroleum spirit, 
consisting of heptane, C 7 H 14 , and other paraffins. 
It is used as a solvent and also to burn in. lamps. 
These different liquids are often sold mixed 
together; their vapor is explosive when mixed with 
air. [Petkoleum.] 

B. As adjective: Composed of benzoline: fed by 
benzoline, supplied with benzoline, in which benzo¬ 
line is burned. 


ben'-zone, s. [Eng. benz(oin), and (ket)one.] 
[Benzophenone.] 

ben-zo-nlt-rlle, s. [Eng-. benzo(in); nitrile 
(q. v.).] 

Chem.: Phenyl cyanide, C 6 H 5 -CN. Formed by the 
action of phosphoric oxide on ammonium benzoate. 
It is an oily liquid, boiling at 190'6% 

ben-z5-phe-none, s. [Eng. benzo(in); phenone 
(q. v.).] 

Chem.: Diphenyl ketone = benzone, C 13 H 10 O 
or CO " I Cg|j 5 * The ketone of benzoic acid. Pre¬ 
pared by dry distillation of potassium benzoate. A 
crystalline substance ; melts at 48°, distills at 306°. 
Hot fuming nitric acid converts it into. dinitro- 
benzone, Ci 3 H 8 (N 0 2 ) 2 0 . An isomeric modification, 
melting at 26°, is obtained by acting on diphenyl 
methane with chromic acid mixture. 

ben-zoyl, s. [Eng. benzo(in) ,* and Gr. hule— 
. . . matter.] 

Chem.: An organic monad aromatic radical, hav¬ 
ing the formula (C6H5.CO)'. [Dibenzoyl.] 

benzoyl-benzoic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 6 H 5 .CO.CeH 5 .CO.OH. An organic mon¬ 
atomic ketone acid, obtained when benzylbenzene, 
benzyl toluene, or benzylethylbenzene, is oxidized 
by chromic acid. It crystallizes in white silky 
needles, which melt at 194°, and by reducing agents 
is converted into benzylbenzoic acid. 

benzoyl chloride, s. 

Chem.: Benzoic chloride, CeH 5 .CO.Cl. Formed 
by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on ben¬ 
zoic acid. It is a colorless liquid with a disagreeable 
pungent odor ; sp. gr. 1*106. Its vapor burns with a 
greenish flame. It is decomposed by water into 
benzoic and hydrochloric acids. It boils at 196°. 

ben-zyl, s. [Eng. benz(oin) ,* and Gr. hule= 
. . . matter.] 

Chem.: An organic monad aromatic radical, hav¬ 
ing the formula (C 6 Hs.CH 2 )'. 

benzyl acetate, s. 

Chem.: Cells.CHy.O.OC.CH 3 . A liquid having 
the odor of pears, boiling at 210 °. It is an ether 
formed by distilling acetic acid, benzyl-alcohol, and 
strong sulphuric acid together. 

benzyl alcohol, s. 

Chem.: Benzylic alcohol, benzoic alcohol, 
CeH 5 .CH 2 .OH—C 7 H 8 O. A monatomic aromatic 
alcohol, obtained _ along with benzoic acid by the 
action of alcoholic potash on benzoic aldehyde; 
also by distilling benzyl chloride with caustic 
potash. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless, strongly 
refracting, oily liquid, boiling at 207°; sp. gr. at 14“ 
is 1*051. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in 
alcohol, ether. It is converted by platinum black 
into benzoic aldehyde; by aqueous chromic acid 
into benzoic acid. Strong HC1 converts it into ben¬ 
zyl chloride. 


benzyl-benzene, s. 

Chem.: Diphenylmethan, benzylbenzol, CrHs.- 
CHo.CeHs. An aromatic hydrocarbon, obtained by 
boiling a mixture of benzene and benzyl chloride 
with zinc dust. It is a colorless liquid, boiling at 

9ft1 <■ 


benzyl-benzoic acid, s. 

Chem.: CeH 5 .CH 2 .CO.OH. An organic monatomic 
acid obtained by the action of reducing agents on 
benzoylbenzoic acid, into which it is re-converted 
by the action of oxidizing agents. It crystallizes in 
white needles, melting at 154°. 


benzyl chloride, s. 

Chem.: C 6 H 5 .CH 2 CI. A colorless liquid, boiling 
at 176°, obtained by the action of chlorine on boii- 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, tinite. cur, rife, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = lrv7. 



beraunite 


benzyl 


457 


ing toluene. If chlorine be passed through toluene 
in the cold, the principal product is monochlorto- 
luene, C 6 H 4 CI.CH 3 . 

benzyl-ethyl-benzene, s. 

Chem.: Benzylethylbenzol, CisHjf—CeHn.CH'i.- 
C 6 H 4 .C 2 H 5 . An aromatic hydrocarbon, obtained by 
the action of zinc dust on a mixture of benzyl 
chloride and ethyl benzene. It is a colorless aro¬ 
matic liquid, -which dissolves in alcohol, ether, and 
benzene. It boils at 295°, and is oxidized by 
chromic acid into benzoylbenzoic acid, CeH 5 .CC).- 
CeH 5 .CO.OH. 
benzyl-toluene, s. 

Chem. : Benzylmethylbenzene, benzyltoluol, tolyl- 
phenylmethan, CeH 5 .CH 2 .CeH 4 .Cfl 3 . An aromatic 
hydrocarbon, formed when a mixture of toluene 
and benzyl chloride is boiled with zinc dust. It is 
a colorless liquid, boiling at 279°. 
ben'-zjfl-gL-mine, s. [Eng. benzyl; amine.'] 

Chem. : CeH 5 .CH 2 (NH 2 ). An aromatic base meta- 
meric with toluidine. It is obtained by the action 
of alcoholic ammonia on benzyl chloride. It is a 
colorless liquid, boiling at 183°; it dissolves in water, 
and unites with acids, forming crystalline com¬ 
pounds. 

ben-zjfl’-ic, a. [Eng .benzyl;-ic.] Of or belong¬ 
ing to benzyl (q. v.J. 

*beo, v. i. [A. S. beo—I am or shall be; from beon 
=to be.] [Be.] 

*beo, prep. [By.] By. 

“The doughter dude overcome hem bothe, 

Beo riht reson and evene.” 

Kyng of Tars, 276. (Boucher.) 

*beod, s. [A. S. bed= a prayer.] [Bead, Bede.] 
A prayer. 

♦beode, v. t. [A. S. beodan=to command, order, 
bid, will, offer, enjoy.] [Bid.] 

1. To summon. 

“ Therfore, lordynges, out-riht, 

Duik, erl, baroun, and kniht, 

Let yor folk out beode.” 

Kyng of Tars, 947. (Boucher.) 

2. To proffer. 

“ Fyf kynges were of heigh parayle, 

Uppon the soudan thei beode bataile.” 

Kyng of Tars, 1,017-18. 

*beon, v. i. [Be.] To be. 

*beor-yng (1), s. [O. Eng. for Burying.] Inter¬ 
ment. 

“ Of his beoryng no thing no dredith, 

Into Egipte his body ledith.” 

Alisaunder, 8,000. (Boucher.) 

*beor-yng (2), s. (O. Eng. for Bearing.] Birth. 
“ In his beoryng, so feol a cas, 

Theo eortheschok, the seo by cam grene; 

Theo sunne withdrough schynyng schene.” 

Alisaunder, 637. 

fbe-paint', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and paint.] To 
paint over. 

“Thou know’st the mask of night is on my face, 

Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheeks.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 2. 

*be-pale’, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and pale.] To 
render pale. 

*be-pa'led, pa.par. & a. [Bepale.] 

"... those perjur’d lips of thine, 

Bepal’d with blasting sighs.” 

Carew: Poems, p. 76. 

*be-pa'l-Ing, pr. par. [Bepale.] 

*be-part , v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and part.] To 
divide, share. 

“Hiero counsailed him to beparte his importable 
labors.”— Elyot: The Governor, p. 7. 
be-pat’, v. t. To pat; to beat upon. 

“ As timing well the equal sound 
Thy clutching feet bepat the ground.”— J. Baillie. 

*be-pea$h', *bi-peche, v. t. [A. S. bepaecan.] 
To deceive, betray. 

“ Ne saltu nevere knewen, wanne he the wole bipechen.” 
— Relig. Antiq., i. 180. 

tbe-pearl ed, a. [Eng. pref. be, and pearled.] 
Covered with pearl-like lustrous spots. 

“This primrose all bepearl’d with dew.” 

Carew: The Primrose. 

tbe-pep -per, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and pepper.] 
To pelt with anything, as if one had thrown pepper 
at a person; to pepper over. 

“. . . bepowdering their ribs, bepeppering their 
noses, . . .’’—Sterne. Tristram Shandy, viii. 6. 

tbe-pep -pered, pa. par. & a. [Bepepper.] 
fbe-pep'-per-ing, pr. par. [Bepepper.] 
tbe-per’-I-wlgged, a. [Eng. pref. be, and peri¬ 
wigged.] Equipped with a periwig. ( Nuttall , Hyde 
Clarke, &c.) 


be-pinch , v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and pinch.] To 
pinch all over; to mark with pinches. 

be-pinch ed, fbe-pincht, pa. par. & a. [Be- 
pinch.] 

“ In their sides, arms, shoulders, all bepincht, 

Ran thick the weals, red with blood, ready to start 
out.” Chapman. 

be-pinch-ing, pr. par. [Bepinch.] 

be-pla it-ed, be-plait-ed, a. [Eng. prefix be, 
and plaited.] Plaited; covered with plaits. (Mrs. 
Butler.) 

be-plas’-ter, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and plaster.] 
To plaster; to plaster over. 

“ Like an all-judging beauty, his colors he spread, 

And beplaster’d with rouge his own natural red.” 

Goldsmith: Retaliation. 

be-plas-tered, pa. par. & a. [Beplaster.] 
be-plas-ter-Ing, pr.par. [Beplaster.] 
*be-plotmele, adv. Bit by bit; in bits. 

7 Beplotmele: Particulariter, partitive.” — Prompt. Parv. 
be-plfi med, a. [Eng. prefix be, and plumed.] 
Possessed of a plume; decked out in a plume. 

“The young in armor bright which shone like gold, 
beplumed with each gay feather of the East . . .”— 
Sterne: Sentimental Journey. 

be-pow -der, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and powder.] 
To cover with powder. 

If See example under Becurl. 
be-pow’-dered, pa.par. & a. [Bepowder.] 
be-pdw'-der-Ing, pr.par. [Bepowder.] 
be-prai§ e, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and praise.] 
To praise greatly; to praise. 

“ Generals, who once had crowds hallooing after them, 
wherever they went; who were bepraised by newspapers 
and magazines—have long sunk into merited obscurity.” 
— Goldsmith: Essay 8. 

be-prai§ ed, pa. par. & a. [Bepraise.] 
be-prai§’-ing, pr. par. [Bepraise.] 
be-pro §e, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and prose.] To 
convert into prose. 

“ Such was his doom impos’d by Heaven’s decree, 
With ears that hear not, eyes that shall not see, 

The low to swell, to level the sublime, 

To blast all beauty and beprose all rhyme.” 

Mallet: Verbal Criticism. (Richardson.) 

tbe-puck -ered, a. [Eng. prefix be, and puck¬ 
ered.] Puckered. 

*be-pud-died (died as d$ld), a. [Eng. prefix 
be, and. puddled.) Bemired by the muddy feet of 
those passing over it. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ . . . while their tradition was clear and evident, 
and not so bepuddled as it since hath been with the mixt¬ 
ure of heretics striving to spoil that which did so much 
mischief to their causes.”— Bp. Taylor: Episcopacy 
Asserted, s. 18. 

be-puff ed, a. [Eng. prefix be, and puffed. 1 
Puffed. 

be-pur-ple, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and purple.] 
To render purple in color; to dye or tinge with 
purple. 

“ Like to beauty, when the lawn, 

With rosy cheeks bepurpled o’er, is drawn 
To boast the loveliness it seems to hide.” 

Dudley Digges: Verses prefixed to Sandys’ Psalms. 

*be-puz'-zle, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and puzzle.] 
To puzzle greatly. 

“ A matter that egregiously bepuzzled and entranced my 
apprehension.”— Nashe: Lenten Stuffe, p. 6. 
♦be-qual-i-fy, *be-qual-i-fle, v. t. [Eng. 
refix be, and qualify.] To attribute or assign 
igh qualities to; to characterize as. 

“ Amo. I doe vaile to both your thanks and kisse them, 
but primarily to yours, most ingenious, acute, and polite 
ladie. 

“ Phi. Gods my life, how he does all to bequalifie her ! 
ingenious, acute, and polite! as if there were not others in 
place as ingenious, acute, and polite as shee.”— Ben Jon- 
son: Cynthia’s Revels, iv. 3. 

be-que, a. [Fr. becqu&e, b6quie=a beakful, a 
mouthful; a beak.] 

Her.: Beaked. The term is used specially of a 
bird which has its bill enameled differently from 
the rest of its body. 

be-que'ath, *be-queathe, *be-quethe, *by- 
quethe, v. t. [A. S. becwethan, bicwethan=to 
bequeath, to give by will; be, and cwethan=to say, 
speak, to call (bequests originally being made by 
word of mouth, scarcely any layman being able to 
write). In O. S. quethan; O. H. Ger. quethan, 
quedan; Goth, qvithan; Icel. gveda; Sw_. qvdda; 
Dan. quvcede= to chant, to sing; identical with 
Eng. Quoth (q. v.).] 

1. Lit.: To leave by will or testament. 

“ And dying, mention it within their wills, 
Bequeathing it, as a rich legacy, 

Unto their issue.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, iii. 2. 


2. Fig. : To transmit by death, without the for¬ 
mality of a will, to one’s children, to a successor, 
a sympathizing friend, or a political or religious 
party, or to posterity generally. 

(a) To children. 

“. . . had bequeathed to his children nothing but his 
name and his rights.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

(b) To a political party. 

“For Freedom’s battle once begun, 

Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son. 

Though baffled oft is ever won.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

(c) To posterity generaHy. 

“. . . but the best works which he has bequeathed to 

posterity are his catches.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

be-que athed, *be-quethid, pa. par. [Be¬ 
queath.] 

be-que ath-er, *be-queth-er, s. [Eng. bequeath ; 
-er.) One who bequeaths property of any kind to 
another. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“ If the bequether or maker of any will . . .”— Wilson: 
Arte of Log ike, p. 48. (Richardson.) 

be-que ath-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Bequeath.] 

be-que' ath-ment, s. [Eng. bequeath ; - ment .] The 
act of Bequeathing ; the state of being bequeathed; 
that which is bequeathed; a legacy. 

be-quest', *be-quest’e, *biqueste, *by quyste, 
*by-quide, s. [From Bequeath.] . 

1. The act of bequeathing; the state of being 
bequeathed, 

“ He claimed the crown to himself, pretending an 
adoption or bequest of the kingdom unto him by the Con¬ 
fessor.”— Hale. 

2. That which is bequeathed. 

(a) Literally. Law & Or d. Lang.: A legacy 

“ Not contentyd with such bequeste as his fader to hym 
gaue.”— Fabyan, vol. i., ch. 48. 

(b) Figuratively: Anything bestowed. 

“ Than those resplendent lights, his rich bequest, 

A dispensation of his evening power.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

*be-quest', v. t. [From Bequest, s.] To give as 
a legacy. 

“ So hur is all I have to bequest, 

And this is all I of the world request.” 

Gascoigne: A Remembrance. 

be-quo te, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and quote.] To 
quote often. 

be-quo -ted, pa. par. & a. [Bequote.] 
be-quo ’t-ing, pr.par. [Bequote.] 

*ber (pret. *ber), v. The same as Bear (q. v.). 
*ber (1) (pi. *ber-ren), s. [Berry.] 

*ber(2),s. [Bier.] 

*ber(3),s. [Bere.] Aery. 

*be-rag -ged, a. [Eng. pref. be, and ragged .] 
Very ragged. 

“ II est tout chipoult, 

He is all to beragged." — Cotgrave. 

*be-ra in', *be-rein, berayn, byryne, v. t. 

[Eng. prefix be, and rain.] To rain upon, to wet 
with rain. 

“And with his teires salt her brest berained 

Chaucer: Troilus, bk. iv. 

be-ra ined, pa. par. & a. [Berain.] 
be-ra in-ing, pr.par. [Berain.] 

*be-rampire, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and rampire 
=rampart,] To protect with a rampart; to fortify. 

“ O Troy wals stronglye berampyred.” — Stanyhurst: 
Virgil, bk. ii. 

be-ra’te, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and rate.] 

1. With a person for the object: To rate much, to 
scold. 

“. . . he fell into a furious fit of choler and all-to 

berated the foresaid Toranius.”— Holland: Plinie, bk. viii., 
ch. 12. 

2. With a thing for the object : 

“So is the veritie of the gospell berated and laughed to 
skorne of the miscreantes.”— Udall: Mark, ch. xv. 

be-ra -ted, pa. par. & a. [Berate.] 
be-ra t-ing, pr.par. [Berate.] 
be-rat’-tle, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and rattle.] To 
make a rattling sound, to rattle. 

“These are now the fashion; and so berattle the com¬ 
mon stages (so they call them), that many, wearing 
rapiers, are afraid of goose quills, and dare scarce come 
hither.” -Shakesp.: Hamlet ii. 2. 
be-rat-tled, pa. par. & a. [Berattle.] 
be-rat -tling, pr. par. [Berattle.] 
ber-aun-ite, s. [From Beraun, in Bohemia, 
where it occurs.] A mineral, a variety of Vivianite 
(q. v.). It is a hydrous phosphate of sesquioxide 
of iron, occurring not merely at Beraun, in Bohe¬ 
mia (see etym.), but at Wheal Jane, near Truro, in 
Cornwall County, England. 


b6il, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, £em; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sha.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d$L 




458 


Berenice 


beray 

*be-ray', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and O. Fr. ray= 
dirt (q. y.).] To defile. 

“ Beraying the font and water, while the bishop was 
baptizing him.”— Milton: Of Ethelred, Hist . of Eng., 
bk. vi. 

be-ra yed, pa. par. & a. [Beeay.] 
be-ra y-Ifig, pr. par. [Beeay.] 
ber -ber, s. [Baebeeey.] (Scotch.) 

“ Of box, and of berber, bigged f ul bene.” 

Sir Gawan and Sir Gal., i. 6. (Jamieson.) 
ber’-ber-al, a. [Formed by analogy as if from 
Lat. berberalis, from Lat. berberis .] Pertaining or 
allied to, or associated with the genus Berberis 
(q-v.). 

Bot.: Berberal Alliance. [Berberales.] 
ber-ber-a'-le§, s.pl. [Bot. Lat .berberales, from 
berberis (q. v.).] The Berberal Alliance. 

Bot.: Lmdley’s thirty-third Alliance of Plants. 
He places it under his second exogenous sub-class 
—Hypogenous Exogens, and includes under it the 
orders Droseracese, Fumariaceee, Berberidacese, 
Vitaceee, Pittosporacese, Olacacese. and Cyrillacese 
(q. v.). 

ber-ber-i-da'-ge-se ( Bindley ), ber-ber-id’-e-as 
( Ventenat, Lat.), ber-ber-id§ (Eng.), s.pl. [Ber- 
beeis.] 

Bot : An order of plants, the typical one of the 
alliance Berberales. The sepals are three, four, or 
six in a double row, and surrounded by petaloid 
scales. The petals are equal in number to the 
sepals, or there are twice as many. The stamens 
are equal in number to the petals, and opposite to 
them; the anther valves are recurved. There is 
a solitary free one-celled carpel, with sutural pla¬ 
centae. Seeds, many or two. Fruit, berried or 
capsular. Leaves alternate. Compound shrubs or 
perennial herbs found in America, Europe, and 
India. Species known in 1846=110 (Lindley). Their 

f irevailing quality is astringency or slight acidity. 
For details see Beebeeis, Epimedittm, Bongardia, 
and Leontice.] The order is divided into two sec¬ 
tions, ( 1 ) Berberidese, and (2) Nandineee (q. v.). 
ber-ber-id-e-se, s. [Beebeeis.] 

Botany: 

1. A term used by Ventenat as a synonym of 
Berberacese. 

2. A section of Berberacese (q. v.). Type, Berberis. 
ber'-ber-Ine, s. [Lat. berber(is), and Eng. suff. 
4ne.) 

Chem.: C 21 H 19 NO 5 . A feeble base, slightly solu¬ 
ble in water, extracted from the root of Berberis 
vulgaris. It crystallizes in yellow needles. It is a 
bitter powder, and has been used in India, in the 
treatment of fevers, as a substitute for quinine. It 
is, however, inferior to quinine in its effects. 
ber'-ber-Is, s. [Baebeeey.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Berberidacese (Berberids). The sepals, petals, 
and stamina are each six in number, and the berry 
Is two and three seeded. Berberis vulgaris is the 
common barberry. B. aristata, ilicifo Via, emargi- 
nata, and fascicularis are cultivated species more 
or less ornamental in their aspect. An extract of 
the root, stem, and branches of the Indian or Oph¬ 
thalmic Barberry, B. lycium of Royle, Gr. Lukion 
Indicon of Dioscorides, is of use in ophthalmia. 
The fruits of B. asiatica are dried in the sun like 
raisins. [Baebeeey, Beebeeey.] 
ber-ber-ry, s. [From Lat. berberis .] The same 
as Baebeeey (q. v.). [See also Beebeeis.] 

“ Some never ripen to be sweet, as tamarinds, berber¬ 
ries, crabs, sloes, &c.”— Bacon: Natural History. 

berberry blight, s. [Baebeeey Blight.] 

♦ber-gel, s. [Beeseel.] 

*ber-cel-et, *ber-cel-lett, s. [In Lat. brace- 
lettum. Adimin. of brack (q. v.).] A small hound 
or beagle. 

“ . . . and every day for his servant and his bercelett 

during the Bayd time twelve pence.”— Plot: Nat. Hist, of 
Staffordshire, p. 444. 

♦berd, s. [Beaed.] 

1. Mawgre one’s berd: In spite of one. 

“ Her sal thou be mawgre thair berd.” 

Gawaine and Gawin, 783. 

2. To run in one’s berd: To offer opposition to. 

“ The cuntre sone he fond in his berd redy ran.” 

Chron.: Rob. de Brunne. (S. in Boucher.) 
fber-dash, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A kind of 
neckcloth, said to occur only in the following pas¬ 
sage. [Habeedasheb.] 

“ I have prepared a treatise against the cravat and ber- 
dash, which I am told is not ill done.”— Steele: Guardian, 
No. x. 

♦berde (1), s. [Beaed, Bebd.] (Chaucer.) 
*berde(2),s. [Etym. doubtful.] The margin of 
a vessel. 

“ Berde or brynke of a wesselle or other lyke: Margo .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 


♦berde (3), s. [Bied.] 

♦bere (1), v. t. [Beae, v.] To bear. (Wycliffe, 
&c.) 

To bere upon: To charge with. 

“ As ich am giltles of that dede 
That he opon the bere." 

Amis and Amiloun, 7,121-2. 

♦bere-bag, s. One who bears a bag. A term of 
contempt applied by Minot to the Scotch, who were 
said to carry a bag of oatmeal when they went on a 
campaign or plundering foray. 

“ He brought meni bere-bag 
With bow redy bent.” 

Minot: Poems, p. 41. (S. in Boucher.) 

♦bere (2), v.i. [Beee, s. (5)] To cry out, clamor. 
“ The people beryt lykwyldbestis.”— Wallace, vii. 457. 
bere (3), v. i. [Bieb.] To birr. (Scotch.) 
bere (1), s. [Biee.] (Scotch.) 

♦bere (2), s. [Boas, Beae.] (Old Eng. & Scotch.) 
♦bere (3), *ber (2), s. [Biee.] 

♦bere (4), s. [Pillowbeee.] A pillow or cushion- 
cover. 

“Many a pelowe and every bere 
Of clothe of Haynes to slepe softe.” 

Chaucer: Boke of the Duchess, 254. 

♦bere (5), s. [A. S. gebcere.] A noise, clamor. 
“Who makis sich a bere.” —Townley Mysteries, p. 109. 
bere (6), bear (2), beir (2), beer (1), s. [A. S. 
bere= barley; O. Icel. barr; Meso-Goth. barizein 
(adj.)=of barley, as if from baris= barley; Lat. 
/arma=corn,/ar=spelt, a kind of grain ; Heb. bar= 
corn or grain, especially when separated from the 
husk. _ [Baeley, Barn, Farinaceous.] The name 
given in Scotland to Hordeum hexastichum,a. cereal 
with six rows of seeds on its spike, hence called six- 
rowed barley. It is cultivated in the north of 
Scotland and Ireland, being valued for its hardy 
properties, and is used in malting, and for the man¬ 
ufacture of spirits. Bere is a coarser and less 
nutritious grain than barley, but thrives in the 
poorest soil. It is also called bigg. 

“ Of all corne thare is copy gret, 

Pese, and atys, bere, and qwhet.” 

Wyntown, i. 13, 6. (Jamieson.) 

Be-re’-an., a. & s. [From Eng. Berea; Lat. 
Bercca; Gr. Beroia, and Eng. suff. -an.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Beroea, a town in 
ancient Macedonia (Acts xvii. 10, 12; xx. 4), now 
called Verria or Kara Verria. 

B. As substantive : 

1. Geog. & Hist, (sing.): A native of the foregoing 
town. 

2. Ch. Hist, (pi.): A Scottish religious sect founded 
by the Rev. J. Barclay in 1773, on which account 
they were called also Barclayans. Their aim was 
to become entitled to the commendation bestowed 
by St. Luke on the inhabitants of Beroea (Acts xvii. 
11, 12). The Bereans do not figure now, by that 
name at least, in the Registrar-General s list of 
Scottish or English sects. 

be-re'ave (pret. & pa. par. bereaved, *bereved, 
*beraued, bereft, *berefte, *beraft), v. t. & i. [From 
Eng. be, and reave. A. S. bereajian— to bereave, 
seize, rob. or spoil: be, and reafian=to seize, to 
rob. In Sw. berofva; Dan. berOve; Dut .berooven; 
Gr. berauben .] [Reave, Rob.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. With a person or an animal for the objective: 
fl. Gen.: To deprive, rob, or spoil of anything. 

IT The general sense of the word, though not yet 
extinct, was formerly much more common than it 
is now. 

“ There was never a prince bereaved of his dependen¬ 
cies by his council, except there hath been an overgreat¬ 
ness in one counselor.”— Bacon: Essays. 

2. Spec.: To deprive of relatives, as a person does 
who causes the death or departure of any one, or as 
is done by Death itself personified. 

“ And Jacob their father said unto them, Me have ye 
bereaved of my children.”— Genesis xlii. 36. 

1[ (a) Bereave in this sense is followed by the 
objective of the person deprived of anything, while 
the thing itself has before it of (see examples under 
1 and 2); or (b) in poetry the of may be omitted: 

“ Who this high gift of strength committed to me, 

In what part lodged, how easily bereft me.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

♦II. With a thing for the objective: To take away, 
to remove. In this case that which is reft is put in 
the objective, and the person or thing losing it 
is preceded by from, or thence is used, or some 
similar word. 

“ That no new loves impression ever could 
Bereave it thence.” Spenser: F. Q., Y. vi. 2. 

B. Intransitive: 

J . . . abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is as 
death.”— Lam. i. 20. 


Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs to 
bereave, to deprive, and to strip: “To bereave 
expresses more than deprive, but less than strip, 
which in this sense is figurative, and denotes a 
total bereavement: one is bereaved of children, 
deprived of pleasures, and stripped of property: 
we are bereaved of that on which we set most 
value. The act of bereaving does violence to our 
inclination; we are deprived of the ordinary com¬ 
forts and conveniences of life; they cease to be ours: 
we are stripped of the things which we most want; 
we are thereby rendered, as it were, naked. Depriva¬ 
tions are preparatory to bereavements; if we cannot 
bear the one patiently, we may expect to sink under 
the other. Common prudence should teach us. to 
look with unconcern on our deprivations: Christian 
faith should enable us to consider every bereave¬ 
ment as a step to perfection; that when stripped of 
all worldly goods we may be invested with those 
more exalted and lasting honors which await the 
faithful disciple of Christ. 

be-re'aved, pa. par. & a. [Beeeave.] 

be-reave-ment, s. [Eng. bereave; -ment.] 
The state of being deprived of. (Specially used of 
the loss of relatives by death.) 

be-re av-er, s. [Eng. bereav(e); -er .] One who 
or that which bereaves. 

“Yet hast thou lost at once all these, and he thine only 
bereaver." — Speed: Hist, of Great Britain; The Danes, 
an. 787. 

be-re'av-xng, pr. par. [Beeeave.] 

be-reft’, pa. par. [Beeeave. ] 

“ For to my care a charge is left, 

Dangerous to one of aid bereft.” 

Scott: Rokeby, iv. 4. 

Ber-en-gar'-I-an, a. & s. [Lat., &c., Berengarius, 
and Eng. suff. -an.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Beren, 
garius or his views. 

“ In this history of the Berengarian controversy. . . ” 
— Mosheim: Ch. Hist. Note by Keid. 

B. As subst. Ch. Hist, (plur.): Berengarians. The 
followers of Berengarius or those who shared his 
views regarding the Sacred Communion. Some Ber¬ 
engarians held consubstantiation, but others antici¬ 
pated the Zwinglian doctrine that the communion 
elements were only symbols and signs of the body 
and blood of Christ, and not that body and blood 
themselves. [Berengarianism.] 

Ber-en-gar'-I-an-i§m, 's. [Eng. Berengarian; 

^’iSlYLs [] 

Ch. Hist, i § Theol.: The system of belief held by 
Berengarius, or Berenger, canon and master of the 
school at Tours, afterward Archdeacon of Angers, 
who about the year 1045, or by other accounts 1047 
or 1049, rejected the doctrine of the real presence, 
teaching, according to Mosheim, doctrine identical 
with that afterward propounded by Zwinglius and 
Calvin ; but documents since discovered have shown 
that what he held was consubstantiation, the doc¬ 
trine afterward put forth by Luther, and still 
maintained by the Lutherans. [Consubstantia¬ 
tion.] Though the Church had not strictly defined 
its belief, yet the great majority of its members 
held the doctrine of the real presence [Transub. 
stantiation], and the views of Berengarius were 
condemned in councils in 1050,1055,1062,1063,1073, 
1079, and 1080. Under the influence of fear he mys¬ 
tified,. and even recanted, his conscientious belief, 
but, like Galileo, always returned to it again when 
the immediate danger was over. 

ber-en'-gel-Ite, s. [Named from St. Juan de 
Berengela,. in Peru, where it occurs.] A mineral 
closely akin to, if not even a variety of, asphalt, 
said to form a pitch lake in the localities where it 
is found. 

Ber-e-nl’-ge, Ber-nl -ge, s. [Lat. Berenice, 
Bernice; Macedonian Gr. Berenike, Bernike; Class. 
Gr. Pherenike; from pherenikos= carrying off vic¬ 
tory, victorious; phero— to bear or carry, nike= 
victory.] 

A. Of the form Berenice: The name of various 
Egyptian queens of the Macedonian dynasty of the 
Lagidse. 

B. Of the form Bernice: The eldest daughter of 
Herod Agrippa I., and the sister of Agrippa II. 
(Acts xxv. 13, 23; xxvi. 30.) 

Berenice’s Hair. [Called after Berenice (the 
third of the name), wife, about B. C. 248, of 
Ptolemy Euergetes, King of Egypt. While her hus¬ 
band was fighting in Asia she vowed her hair to 
Venus, in whose temple it was consequently placed. 
It was stolen, or else the priests flung it away, and 
then Conon of Samos at once allayed the annoy¬ 
ance of the king at its disappearance, and made 
religious capital for the temple, by proclaiming 
that it had been taken up to the sky and placed 
among the seven stars in the tail of Leo.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




berere 


459 


berm 


Astron.: The English rendering of the words Coma 
Berenices, one of the nine constellations introduced 
by Hevelius. It is in the northern hemisphere, and 
consists of indistinct stars between Bootes and the 
tail of Leo. 

*ber-ere, s. [Bearer.] A bearer or carrier. 

“Barris on the schuldris of the bereris.”—Wy cliffe 
(Numbers iy. 6). 

*bere'-skyn, s. A bear’s skin. 

ri He had a bereskyn coleblak for old.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,144. 

*bere-warde, s. [Bearward.] ( Prompt. Parv .) 
*ber-frey, *ber-fray, *bew-fray, s. [0. Fr. 
berfroit, berfreit, belefreit .] [Belfry.] 

1. A movable tower, generally of wood, employed 
in sieges. 

“ Alisaundre and his folk alle 
Fate assailed heore wallis 
Myd berfreyes, with alle gyn 
Gef they myghte the cite wynne.” 

Alisaunder, 2,777-80. 

2. A tower built of stone. It was so applied to a 
stone prison at Berwick. (S. in Boucher.) 

IT From this came the word Belfry (q. v.). 
berg, s. [A. S. berg, beorg, beorli, gebeorh—(V) a 
hill, a mountain, (2) a rampart, a fortification, (3) a 
heap or barrow; Sw., Dut., & Ger. berg; Dan. bierg 
= a mountain, a hill.] 
tl. As the half of a compound ivord: 

1. A mountain, a hill; as ice-berg, a mountain or 
hill of ice. 

2. ( Altered to Bark): A barrow, a heap of stones, 
a burial mound; as Berkhampstead (A. S. Beor- 
hamstede). ( Bosworth .) 

II. As an independent word, most frequently of 
ice: 

1. A mountain, a hill, a high mass. 

“. . . glittering bergs of ice.” 

Tennyson: The Princess. 

*2. Fig.: A Being, a person, or a thing which pro¬ 
tects ; a protector, a defense. 

“ After this spac god to abram: 

Thin berg an tin werger ic ham.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris, 1865), 925-26. 

berg-butter, s. A mineral, a variety of Halo- 
trichite. It is an efflorescence of a consistence 
like that of butter, consisting of an impure alum or 
copperas. It is found in Continental Europe and 
Asia. 

ber -gg.-md, s. [Bergamot, IY.] 
ber-ga-mot, s. & a. [In Sw. bergamott (paron), 
bergamot (pare) = bergamot (pear) ; Dut. bergamot; 
Ger. bergamotte; Fr. bergamote; Sp. bergameto, the 
tree, and bergamota, the pear; Port, beraamota; 
Ital. bergamotto, the tree; berga motta, the pear. 
From Bergamo , in Italy.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Of odoriferous plants or their immediate prod¬ 
ucts : 

1. A kind of orange, the Bergamot Orange ( Citrus 
Bergamia). It is very fragrant. Both the flowers 
and fruit furnish an essential oil of a delicious 
odor, much prized as a perfume. The term is used- 

fa) Of the tree now described. 

(b) Of its fruit. 

(c) Of the essential oil or perfume derived from 
it. 

“ The better hand more busy gives the nose 
Its bergamot.” Cowper: Task, bk. ii. 

2. A garden plant, Monarda fistulosa, of the Mint 
order, the smell of which is exactly that of oil of 
bergamot. ( Britten dk Holland.) 

3. A kind of mint, the Bergamot Mint ( Mentha 
citrata). (Britten db Holland.) 

II. Of the fruit of plants luscious to the taste: A 
kind of pear luscious to the taste. 

III. Of substances scented with bergamot: A kind 
of snuff prepared with bergamot. 

IV. Of other products of Bergamo, in Italy: A 
coarse tapestry with flocks of wool, silk, cotton, 
hemp, and ox or goat’s hair, said to have been first 
manufactured at Bergamo; also spelled bergamo. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to the 
bergamot in any of the senses given above; as 
bergamot oil, the bergamot pear. 

ber-gan'-der, s. [Eng., &c., berg, and gander. 
In Ger. bergent.\ One of the names given to the 
Common iShelldrake, Shieldrake, or Burrowduck, 
Anas^tadorna of Linnaeus, now called Tadoruci 
vulpanser. [Shelldrake, Burrowduck,Tadorna.] 
♦ber’-gane, v. t. [Bargain, v. t.] 

*ber gane, s. [Bargain, s.] 

♦berge, *ber-gen, v.t. [A. S. beorgan—to protect, 
to fortify’. ] To protect. 

“ And he so deden als he hem bead, 

He wisten him bergen fro the dead.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1,059-60. 


*ber'-ger-et, s. [In Fr. bergerie= a sheepfold, 
(pi.) pastoral poetry; bergerette= a young shep¬ 
herdess ; berger= a shepherd.] A pastoral song. 

“There began anon 
A lady for to sing right womanly 
A bergeret in praising the daisie.” 

Chaucer: Floure and Leafe. 

♦berg -les, a. [Eng. berg= a shelter (Berg), and 
O. Eng. suff. -les=less.] Shelterless, unprotected. 

berg-man-mte, s. [Named after Torbernus 
Bergmann, a mineralogist who flourished in the 
latter half of the eighteenth century.] 

Min.: A variety of Natrolite, white or red in 
color, occurring fibrous, massive, or in long prisms. 
It is found in Norway. 

berg'-mas-ter, s. [A. S. beora= a hill, and Eng. 
master. In Dut. bergmeester; Ger. bergmeister=a 
surveyor of mines: berg= a mountain ; bergmesli= a 
mine; meister= a master.] The bailiff or chief 
officer among the Derbyshire miners, 
berg'-meal, s. [In Ger. bergmehle .] 

Min.: [Rock-meal.] 

berg -mote, s. [A. S. &eorgr=hill, and mot, gemot 
=a meeting, an assembly; from metan = to meet.] 
A court held in Derbyshire, England, for settling 
controversies among miners. 

Ber'-go-mask, a. & s. [From Ital. Bergamasco 
=an old province in the state of Venice.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Bergamasco. 
(Used of the people of that old province, who were 
ridiculed as being more clownish in manners and 
dialect than any other people in Italy. The Italian 
buffoons used to imitate their peculiarities.) 

H Bergomask dance: A rustic dance as performed 
by the people now described. 

“ Will it please you to see the epilogue, or hear a bergo¬ 
mask dance, between two of our company?”— Shakesp.: 
Midsummer Night’s Dream, v. 1. 

B. As substantive: The dance now described. 
“But, come, your Bergomask: let your epilogue alone.” 

—Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, v. 1. (Nares.) 

*ber-guylt, s. The Shetland name of a fish, the 
Black Goby. (Edmonstone: Zetland.) 

ber-gylt, ber'-gil, ber-gle, ber-gell, s. [Ety¬ 
mology doubtful. (The form bergylt is in Yarrell; 
bergle and bergell in Jamieson.)] 

1. The name given a fish (the Sebastes Norvegicus 
of Cuvier, the Perea marina of Linnaeus), belonging 
to the order Acanthopterygii and the family “ With 
hard cheeks.” It is called also the Norway Had¬ 
dock, but has no real affinity to the haddock proper. 
It is an arctic fish, but is found occasionally on the 
coasts of Scotland. 

2. A fish, the Ballan Wrasse (Labrus bergylta) 
(Ascanius), Labrus tinea (Linnaeus), found in Ork¬ 
ney, &c. (Barry: Orkney.) 

*ber-hed' (plur. *ber-hedis), s. [0. Scotch bere 
=boar, and 7iede=Eng. head.] A boar’s head. 
(Scotch.) 

“Thre berhedis he bair.” 

Gawain andGol., ii. 23. (Jamieson.) 

be-rhy'me, (h silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
rhyme, v. In Ger. bereimen; Dut. berigmen.] To 
rhyme about, to introduce into rhyme. (Used 
sometimes in contempt.) 

“ . . . marry, she had a better love to berhyme her.” 
— Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 4. 
be-rhymed (h silent), pa. par.&a. [Berhyme.] 
be-rhy m-ing (h silent), pr. par. [Berhyme.] 
*ber'-I-{llli a. [From Eng. beryl, and O. Eng. 
suff. -all=-al.) Shining like beryl. (Scotch.) 

“The new collour alichtingall the landis, 

Forgane the stanryia schene and beriall strandis.” 

Douglas: Virgil, Frol. 400, 10. (Jamieson.) 
♦ber -I-9,11, s. [Burial.] (Scotch.) 
ber-I-ber-I, ber-i-ber-i-a, ber'-rl-ber-rl, 
bar-bi-er§, s. [From Cingalese beri bhayree=v/eak- 
ness, inability; the reduplication beriberi or bhayree 
bhayree implying that this weakness or inability is 
present in double measure or in a very large degree. 
But it has been denied that such a word exists in 
Cingalese. Dr. Herklots derives it from bharbari= 
paralysis with anasarca, and Dr. Carter from Arab. 
6a7i,r=asthma, and 6a7wt=marine.] 

Med.: An acute disease .characterized by oppres¬ 
sion of breathing, by general oedema, by paralytic 
weakness, and by numbness of the lower extremi¬ 
ties. It is generally fatal. It occurs frequently in 
Ceylon among the colored troops, and on some por¬ 
tions of the Indian coast. Earlier authorities con 
sider beriberi and barbiers distinct, but more recent 
medical observers regard them as identical. (Dr. 
Carter: Trans. Med. Soc. Bombay. Dechambre: 
Cycl., dtc.) 

*ber-ie, s. [A. S. bearo— a high or hilly place, a 
grove, a wood, a hill covered with wood.] A grove 
or garden. 

“The cell a chappell had on th’ easterne side. 

Upon the wester side a grove or berie.” 

Sir J. Harrington: Orl. Fur. xli. 67. 


♦ber -I-eng, pr. par. [Burying.] 

*ber'-i-is, s. (Scotch.) [A. S. byrigels— a sepul¬ 
cher.] A sepulcher; sepulture. [Biriel.] 

“The body of the quene (becaus scho slew hirself) wes 
inhibit to lye in cristin beriis.” — Bellend.: Cron., bk. ix., 
ch. 29. (Jamieson.) 

be-ril'-ll-um, s. [Beryllium.] 

*ber-inde, pa. par. [Bear, u.] 

Bering Sea, s. [Behring Sea.] 

*ber-inge lepe, s. [A. S. bere= barley, leap—a 
basket.] A basket wherein to carry barley or other 
grain. 

“ Beringe lepe: Canistra.”— Prompt. Parv. 

ber'-is, s. [From Gr. beros—a garment. (Agas¬ 
siz. Not in Liddell & Scott.)] 

Entom.: A genus of Diptera (two-winged flies) 
belonging to the family Xylophagid® (Wood-eat¬ 
ers). They are small metallic-colored insects, the 
larv® of which feed on decaying wood. 

*ber'-isch, v. i. [Bery, Bury.] 

*ber'-kar, s. [Barker.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

*ber -ken, *ber-kyn, v. i. & t. To bark. [Bark.] 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

Berk'-ley-a, s. [Named after the Rev. M. J. 
Berkeley, an eminent cryptogamic botanist.] 

Bot.: A genus of Diatomace®, of the sub-order 
Navicule®. Berkeley a fragilis is parasitic on 
Zostera marina and on some Alg®. 

*ber-k^ng, *ber i kynge, s. [Barking.] (Prompt. 

Parv.) 

fber-le, s. [Beryl.] (Houlate.) 

*ber-lep, s. [Beringe-lepe.] A basket. 

“ Thei gedriden seven berlepis of relif that was laft.” 
—Wycliffe: Works (ed. Arnold), i. 17. 

*ber’-llk, a. [Barley.] Made of barley, 
♦berlik-malt, s. Malt made of barley. 

“ . . . fifty quarteris of berlik-malt.”—Act Audit., 

A., 1488, p. 147. (Jamieson.) 

ber-lin (1), *bier-lin, *bier -ling, s. [From 

Gael, birlinn—a galley.] A sort of galley. 

“ There’s a place where their berlins and gallies, as they 
ca’d them, used to lie in lang syne.”— Scott: Guy Manner- 
ing, ch. xl. 

Ber-lin' (2) (occasionally as in example under 
II. ber'-lin), s. & a. [For etymology see A., I., II., 
and B. below.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Geog.: [Sw., Dan., Ger., &c., Berlin; Dut. Ber- 
lijn. From Yendic 6erZe=uncultivated land.] The 
capital of Prussia and of the modern German 
empire. 

II. Coachmaking: [In Sw. Berliner-vagn=Berlin- 
wagon; Dan. Berlinst-bogn; Dut. & Ger. Berime ; 
Sp. & Ital. Berlina; Port. Berlinda.] A species 
of four-wheeled carriage having a sheltered seat 
behind the body and separate from it. It was 
introduced previous to 1673 by Philip de Chiese, of 
Piedmont, who was in the service of William, 
Elector of Brandenburg. 

“ Beware of Latin, authors all ! 

Nor think your verses sterling, 

Though with a golden pen you scrawl, 

And scribble in a berlin.” Swift. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to, or in any way 
connected with Berlin city. 

Berlin or Prussian blue, s. [Prussian Blue.] 
♦ber-ling, s. [Eng. bear, and dim. suff. -ling.] 
A young bear. 

“All theberlingis brastout at ones.” 

Depos. of Richard II., p. 18. 

ber'-lin-Ite, s. [Named after Prof. N. H. Beilin, 
of the University of Lund.] 

Min.: A massive and compact quartzy-looking 
mineral, colorless or grayish or pale rose-red. Its 
hardness is 6, its sp. gr. 2‘64. Compos.: Phosphoric 
acid, 55‘9 ; alumina, 40’5 ; water, 3 - 6=100. It is found 
in Scania. 

*ber-ly, (1), a. [Burly.] 

*ber-ly (2), a. 

Her.: An old term for barry. 

berm, berme (1), s. [In Fr. berme; Ger. berme, 
Frame, brdme= the border of a field.] 

1. Fortification: A narrow, level space at the 
foot of the exterior slope of a parapet, to keep the 
crumbling materials of the parapet from falling 
into the ditch. [Abattis.] 

2. Engineering: A ledge or bench on the side or 
at the foot of a bank, parapet, or cutting, to catch 
earth that may roll down the slope or to strengthen 
the bank. In canals, it is a ledge on the opposite 
side to the tow-path, at the foot of a talus or slope, 
to keep earth which may roll down the bank from 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia'n, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




berman 


460 


berry a 


falling into the ■water. Slopes in successive benches 
have a berme at each notch, or, when a change of 
elope occurs, on reaching a different soil. 

*ber-man, s. [A. S. bcerman= a man who bears, 
a porter, f>cer=bare, pret. of beran— to bear.] A 
porter. 

“ Bermen, bermen, hider swithe.” 

Havelok the Dane, 885. (S. in Boucher .) 

■'berme (2), s. [Babm.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

*ber-men, s. [From Berme (2).] To foam. 

“Bermen or spurgyn as ale or other lyke: Spumo.” — 
Prompt. Parv. 

ber-mir-li-g,n§, s.pl. 

In Commerce: The name of linen and fustian 
materials. 

Ber-mu'-dg (pi. Ber-mu'-da§, *Ber-moothe§, 
*Bar-moo-da§), s. & a. [Named after Juan Ber¬ 
mudez, a Spaniard, who is said to have touched at 
the islands in 1522; or, as May thinks, from a Span¬ 
ish vessel called “Bermudas” being cast away 
there.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Oeog.: A group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 
between latitude 32° and 33° N., about 580 miles 
from Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, on the 
American continent, and 645 miles from Atwood’s 
Keys, the nearest point of the West Indian Islands. 

“Thou call’dst me up at midnight to fetch dew 
From the still vext Bermoothes.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2. 

If If Ben Jonson may be trusted, when the Ber¬ 
mudas were first discovered, a practice seems to 
have prevailed for fraudulent debtors to elude their 
creditors by embarking for these beautiful coral 
islands. 

“ There’s an old debt of forty, I ga’ my word 
For one is run away to the Bermudas.” 

Ben Jonson: Devil an Ass, iii. 8. 

Hence arose the second meaning of the word [2]. 
(Nares.) 

2. Topography ( plur.): A place in London, called 
also the Straights^ straits. The term is supposed 
to have referred to the narrow passages north of the 
Strand, near Covent Garden, which were admirably 
adapted to the necessities of fraudulent debtors 

and yet more to those of educated literary men 
others who had to keep up a good appearance 
on slender resources. 

“ Turn pyrates here at land, 

Ha’ their Bermudas and their Streights i’ th’ Strand.” 

Ben Jonson: Epistle to Sir Edw. Dorset, vol. vi., 361. 

3. A kind of tobacco probably brought from Ber¬ 
muda, where the tobacco-plant flourishes. 

_ “ Where being furnished with tinder, match, and a por¬ 
tion of decayed Barmoodas, they smoke it most terribly.” 
—Clitus: Whimz, p. 135. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the Bermudas. 

1. Bermudas cedar, Bermudian cedar: Juniperus 
Bermudiana, a species of cedar which covers the 
Bermuda Islands. The timber is made into ships, 
boats, and pencils. The wood of Juniperus Barba- 
densis, the Barbadoes Cedar, is sometimes imported 
with it under the same name. 

2. Bermuda grass: Cynodon Dactylon, a species 
of grass, called in Bermuda devil grass. It grows in 
our Southern States and in Southern Europe. It is 
much esteemed for pasture. 

Ber-mu -di-gn, Ber-mfi’-di-gn, a. & s. [Eng. 
Bermud(a); - i-an .] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to Bermuda or the Ber¬ 
mudians ; growing in the Bermudas. 

B. As subst.: A native of the Bermudas. 

“. . . the Bermudians are among the most dexterous 
of fishermen, especially with the harpoon.” —Penny 
Cyclopedia, iv. 301. 

If Bermudian Cedar. [Bermudas Cedar.] 

Ber-mu-dlang, Ber-mfl d-I-a-na, s. [From 
Bermudian (q. v.), and suffix a.] A beautiful plant 
of the Flag order—the Sisyrynchium Bermudianum, 
called also in the Bermudas, where it grows wild, 
the Blue-eyed Grass. 

*ber -myn, v. i. The same as Beemen (q. v.). 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*bern (1), *berne (1), s. [Barn.] 

“He shal gedre his corne in to his berne.” — Wycliffe 
( Matthew iii. 12). 

*bern (2), berne (2),s. [A. S. beam— a child, a 
man.] 

1. A warrior. 

“The Erie of Kent, that cruel berne and bauld.” 

Wallace, vi. 649, MS. 

2. A man of rank or authority. 

“ The renk raikit to the Roy, with his riche rout; 

Salust the bauld berne, with ane blith wout.” 

Oawain & Chi., iv. 22. 

3. Any man. 

“For fere of houndis, and that awful berne.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 439, 22. {Jamieson.) 


Mi. 

and 


ber-ng-cle, *b?r-nack, *ber-nak (l),s. [Bar¬ 
nacle (1), Bernacle.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
*ber’-nak (2), *ber'-ng-kill, ber~na-kjrll, s. 

[Bernacle (2),Bernicle, Barnacle (2).] ( Prompt. 
Parv.) 

Ber -ngr-dine, Ber -ngr-din, a. & s. [In Sw., 
Dan., & Ger. Bernhardiner (s.); Fr. Bernardin; 
Sp. & Port. Bernardo (s.); Ital. Bernardini (s. pi.). 
From Bernard (B.).] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the monks of the 
order of St. Bernard. 

“Hard by, in hospitable shade, 

A reverend pilgrim dwells, 

Well worth the whole Bernardine brood.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 18. 

B. As substantive (pi. Bernardins) : 

Church History: The name given to the Cistercian 
monks, a branch of the old Benedictines, from the 
very eminent St. Bernard, who, entering the order, 
gave it such an impulse that he was considered its 
second founder. St. Bernard was born at Fontaine, 
near Dijon, in A. D. 1091; in 1115 became abbot of a 
Cistercian monastery at Clairval or Clairvaux, in 
the territory of Langres ; in 1127, before the Council 
of Troyes, advocated the establishment of the 
Knights Templar; and in 1146 carried out his 
most notable achievement, inducing the kings of 
France and Germany to enter on a crusade (the 
second of the series), which ended, contrary to his 
expectations, in great disaster. He died in 1153. 

His order was revived in 1664 by Armand Jean 
Bouthelier de Ranee, and long flourished under the 
name of the Reformed Bernardines of La Trappe. 
(Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, xii., xvii.) 

*berne (1), s. [Bern (1).] (Chaucer.) 
berne-yard, s. [Barn-yard.] 

•"berne (2), s. (Scotch.) [Bern (2).] 

*ber -net, s. The crime of arson, 
ber-ni-cle, ber’-ng-cle, bar-ng-cle (cle as 
cel), *bar-ng-kylle, *ber’-nack, *ber-nak, s. 
[In Low Lat. barnacus, barnita, barnites (Prompt. 
Parv.).) [Barnacle.] 

1. The cirriped called a Barnacle (q. v.). 

2. The bernicle-goose. 

bernicle-goose, bernacle-goose, barnacle- 
goose, s. A species of goose, Anser leucopsis, some¬ 
times called also Anser bernicla. The connection in 
name with the cirriped called a barnacle was that 
the bird was supposed to be developed from the 
cirriped. The Solan-goose was also said to be so 
developed. 

(See exam¬ 
ples under 
Barn ac l e.] 

Gerard, i n 
his Herbal, 
wrote in 1636 
as if he had 
seen the 
growth of the 
bird from the 
cirriped; but 
the celebrat¬ 
ed Ray, in his 
edition of 
Willughby, 
published in 
1678, rejected 
the myth, as 

the French naturalist Belon had done more than a 
century before. The bernicle-goose has the upper 
part of the head, neck, and shoulders black; the 
rest of the upper parts marbled with blue, gray, 
black, and white; the sides ashy-gray; the lower 
parts white; the head and tail black. It spends 
the summer in the northern latitudes, appearing 
in autumn abundantly on the Atlantic coasts of 
America and Europe. The food of the bernicle- 
goose consists chiefly of algae and the Zostera 
marina. 

ber-nofise’, s. [Burnous.] 

*bern'-ston, s. [Brimstone.] 

“ Thou sselt yuinde ver and bernston.” 

Ayenbite, p. 130. 

*bern-team, s. [A. S. beam-team- posterity : 
from bearn= a child, and teamian= to generate.] 
Posterity. 

“ Oswas vas moyses earn 
And chore was is bernteam.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 3,747, 3,748. 
*be-rob ,v. t. [Eng prefix be, and rob. In Sw. 
berbfva; Dan. berdve; Ger. berauben.) To rob. 
[Bereave.] 

*be-rob bed, pa. par. & a. [Berob.] 

“She said, ‘Ah dearest Loid! what evill starre 
On you hath frownd and pourd his influence 
That of your selfe ye thus berobbed arre.’ ” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 2. 


*be-rob -bing, pr. par. [Berob.] 

Ber'-O-e, s. [From Lat. Beroe; Gr. Beroe .] 

1. Class. Myth. & History: A daughter of Oceanus. 
Also the name of several women connected with 
Thrace, Illyria, &c. 

2. Zool.: A genus of animals, the typical one of 
the family Beroidee (q. v.). The Beroes are oval or 
globular-ribbed animals, transparent and gelatin¬ 
ous, with cirri from pole to pole, and two long 
tentacles fringed with cirri, which aid them in 
breathing and in locomotion. They have a mouth, 
a stomach, and an anal aperture. They are free 
swimming organisms inhabiting the sea, sometimes 
rotating, and at night phosphorescent. 

ber-o-i-dffi, s. pi. [Lat. Bero(e); -idee.) 

Zool.: A family of animals placed by Cuvier, 
Owen, and others in the class Acalephee, by Car¬ 
penter and Dallas in that of Discophora (the 
equivalent of Acalephse), and by Hmxley in the 
Coelenterata and the order Ctenophora. [Beroe.] 

ber-6 -sus, s. [From Lat. Berosus; Gr. Berosos, 
Berossos=a celebrated historian, a priest of Belus, 
in Babylon, in the third century B. C.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the 
family Hydrophilidas. They have prominent eyes, 
a narrow thorax, a dusky-yellow hue, with dark 
metallic bronze markings. They swim in ponds, 
often in an inverted position. 

*ber-5we, *ber-we,.s. [From A. S. bearo= a grove, 
berawe— to a groVe.] A shadow. [Berie.] 

** Ber owe or shadowe.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ Berwe or sliadowe.”— Ibid. 

ber'-ried, a. [Eng. berr(y); -i-ed.) 

In Bot.: Having a juicy, succulent texture; bac¬ 
cate. 

“ Or when I feel about my feet 
The berried briony fold.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

ber'-r^ (1), *ber-y,*ber-ie, *ber (pl.ber'-rle§, 
*ber'-ie§, *ber-ren), s. & a. [A. S. berie, berige— 
a berry, a grape; Icel. ber; Sw. bar; Dan. beer; 
(N. H.) Ger. beere; M. H. Ger. ber; O. H. Ger. & O. S. 
beri; L. Ger. besing; Dut. bes, bcesie; Goth. basi. 
Compare Lat. bacca, and Sansc. bhakshya= food; 
bhaksh=to eat.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Any small, fleshy fruit, as the blackberry, 
strawberry, &c. 

“ Nor, creeping through the woods, the gelid race 
Of berries.” Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 

IT In parts of England and Scotland it is used 
specially for a gooseberry. 

2. One of the eggs in the roe of a fish; so a fish in 
spawn is said to be in berry. 

3. The coffee bean. 

II. Botany: 

*1. Formerly: Any fleshy fruit. 

2. Now: Any small, pulpy fruit, the seeds of which 
becoming detached, when they are mature, from 
their placentae, are loosely scattered through the 
pulp of the fruit, as the currant, blueberry, &c. 

B. As adjective: Bearing berries, composed of 
berries, or in any other way pertaining to berries. 

berry-bearing, a. Bearing a berry or berries. 

“. . . and berry-bearing thorns.” 

Cowper: The Task, v. 82. 

berry-brown (Eng.), *bery-browne (O. Scotch), 
a. & s. 

A. As adjective: Brown as a berry. 

B. As substantive: A shade of brown approaching 
red. 

berry-coffee, s. The coffee shrub; coffee un¬ 
ground. 

“ Certainly this berry-coffee, the root and leaf beetle, the 
leaf tobacco, . . . do all condense the spirits.”— 
Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, viii., § 738. 

berry-formed, a. Of the form of a berry. 

ber'-ry (2), s. [A corruption of barrow (q. v.).} 
A barrow. 

ber'-ry (1), v. i. & t. [From berry, s.] 

A. Intransitive: To bear a berry or berries. 

B. Transitive: To impregnate with spawn. 

*ber'-ry (2), V. t. [FromO. Sw. baeria; Icel. beria 
=to beat, to fight.] 

“To berry a bairn; to beat a child.”— Jamieson. 

ber-ry-g, s. [Named after Dr. Andrew Berry, a 
Madras botanist.] 

Bot.: A genus of trees belonging to the order 
Tiliaceae (Lindenblooms). The only known species, 
Berrya ammonilla, grows in the Philippine Islands 
and Ceylon. The wood is called Trincomalee wood, 
and is used in the construction of the Madras mas- 
soola boats. 



Bernicle-goose. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kwl 















berseel 

♦ber-seel, *ber’-sell, *ber'-tel, *by-selle, *ber- 
?el, s. [Compare Gaelic baraille—a. butt.] A mark 
to shoot at, a butt. 

“ Merseel: Meta.”— Prompt. Parv. 

*ber'-sel-et, *bar-sel-ette, s [From Ger. 

bersen = to shoot (?).] A species of bow (?) 
(Boucher); an engine employed for shooting, 
possibly the cross-bow ( Stevenson ). 

“ With bow and with barselette 
Under the bowes.” 

Gawain <£■ Gol., i. 3. (Boucher.) 
ber'-ser-kar, ber'-ser-ker, s. [In Sw. berserkar 
= a champion of the North. Apparently from Sw. 
bar=bare, and skjorta=shiTt, shirt of mail, armor; 
O. Scotch scerk; Scotch sarfc=shirt, bare-shirters, 
i.e .-bare of shirts of armor, see example 2.] A 
name given to men said to have been possessed of 
preternatural strength and extreme ferocity. 

“ The sagas of the Scalds are full of descriptions of 
these champions, and do not permit us to doubt that the 
Berserkars, so called from fighting without armor . . .” 
—Sir Walter Scott: Pirate, Note b. 

ber-sim'-ll-chl, s. [Mod. Gr.] A sort of silk 
used for embroidery. 

♦ber-SlS, s. [0. Fr. barce , berche.'] A kind of 
cannon formerly used at sea, resembling the faucon, 
but shorter and of a larger caliber. 

“Mak reddy your cannons . . . pasuolans, bersis, 
doggis, doubil bersis, hagbutis of croche, half haggis, 
culuerenis ande hail schot .”—Complaint of Scot., p. 64. 

♦ber'-stel, s. [Bristle.] 

*ber’s-ten, v. t. & i. [Burst.] 

-bert, as a termination in the names of men. 
[A. S. 6eoriW=bright.] Bright, in the sense of illus¬ 
trious or famous; as Egbert =eternally famous, 
from ece=eternal; Sigbert=famous conqueror; 
from sige, sege, sigror=victory. 

ber-ter-o'-a, s. [Named after Charles Joseph 
Bertero, a friend of De Candolle’s.] 

Bot.: A genus of cruciferous plants. B. incana, 
or Hoary Berteroa, has been found in one or two 
places in the South of England, but is certainly 
not indigenous. 

berth (1), birth (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Wedg¬ 
wood considers it the same word with the provin¬ 
cial barth=a shelter for cattle, and derives it from 
A. S. beorgan = to defend (Barrow, Burrow) ; 
Mahn, Skeat, &c., deduce it from Eng. birth .1 
[Birth.] 

A. Technically: 

I. Nautical: 

1. A proper distance between ships lying at an¬ 
chor or under sail. ( Harris 0 

To g'ive a wide berth to: To keep far awn ' rom. 
(Lit. <& fig.) 

2. A convenient place to moor a ship in. 

3. The berth of a mess: The proper place on 
board for the mess to put their chests in. (Harris.) 

4. A sleeping-place of limited dimensions on board 
ship. It consists of a box or shelf, usually perma¬ 
nent, occupying a space against the wall of a state¬ 
room or cabin. 

II. Railway traveling: A sleeping-place, like that 
described under A., 4, in a Pullman or other rail¬ 
way sleeping-car. 

Tf In railway cars berths are usually made at two 
elevations; the lower one is made up by bridging 
the space between two adjacent seats, the upper 
berth by letting down a shelf from above. [Sleep- 
ing-car.] 

B. Ord. Lang.: A situation, an appointment. 
(Used specially in the phrase, “A comfortable 
berth,” by which is meant an official situation in 
which the pay is handsome and the duties light.) 

berth and space. 

Ship-building: The distance between the mold¬ 
ing-edge of one bent or frame of a ship and the 
molding of another bent or frame. The same as 
Boom and space. 

♦berth (2), s. [Icel. & O. Sw. brceda= rage; Sw. 
6rdd=hot, eager, keen.] Rage (?). (Wyntoun.) 

“ Than past thai fra the Kyng in werth, 

And slw, and heryid in thare berth.” 

V/yntoun, vii., 9, 47. (Jamieson.) 

bgrth, birth, v. t. [From berth, s.] To allot 
each seaman a place for his hammock. (Totten.) 

Ber'-thg., s. [Teutonic female name. A. S. beorht 
=bright. The Greeks substituted Eudoxia=good 
name, good report, fame, for the Teutonic Bertha .] 
Astron.: An asteroid, the 154th found. It was 
discovered by Prosper Henry on the 4th of Novem¬ 
ber, 1875. 

berthed, tblrthed, pa. par. & a. [Berth, v.] 
ber-thel'-la, s. A species of marine mollusks. 
♦ber-thene, *bir-thun.' s. [Burden.] 

“ As an heuy birthun, tho ben maad heuy on me.”— 
Wycliffe (Ps. xxxvii. 5). 


461 


beryllium 


ber'-thl-er-Ine, s. [Named after Berthier, a ber'-yl, *ber-ile, s. & a. [In Sw. & Dan. beryl; 
French chemist and mineralogist, with suff.-ine.J A Ger. beryll; Gael, f beril; Fr. b6ryl; O. Fr. beril, 
mineral nnllerl also Uhamnisite (n. v.h bericle; Prov. berille, bericle; Sp. berylo: Port. & 

Ital. berille; Lat. berillus=the beryl, and various 
other gems; Gr. beryllos=a jewel of sea-green color, 


mineral, called also Chamoisite (q. v.). 

ber -thi-er-Ite, s. [From Berthier, a French 
chemist and mineralogist.] A mineral occurring in 
elongated prisms, or massive, fibrous massive, plu¬ 
mose, or granular. It has a metallic luster and a 
dark steel-gray color, often with iridescent spots; 
the hardness is 2-3, the sp. gr. 4-4’3. Compos.: Sul¬ 
phur, 29‘9; antimony, 57 - 0; and iron, 13T=100. It is 
found in France, Saxony, Hungary, New Bruns¬ 
wick, and California. 

berth-ing, tbirth'-ihg, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Berth, n.] 

A. & B. As pres. par. dt par. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive ( Nautical): 

1. The act of giving an anchorage to. 

2. The act of furnishing with a berth. 

ber-thol-let’-i-g, s. [Named after Berthollet, a 


the beryl. Compare Arab. ballUr = crystal (Cata- 
fago), ballawr, bilawr=beryl, crystal (Mahn); Pars. 
bullhr, 6wZfir=crystal.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Mineralogy: 

1. As a genus: A mineral genua, comprehending 
both the emerald and the beryl properly so called, 
the former bright emerald-green, from the presence 
of chromium, and the latter of other colors, from 
having iron instead of chromium. [Emerald.] The 
composition is silica, 66'8; alumina, 19T ; glucina, 
14T=100. The hardness is 7’5—8; the sp. gr. 2'63— 
2'76. It is in luster vitreous, more rarely resinous. 
It is brittle, transparent or translucent, and with 
feeble double refraction. The genus is always crys¬ 
talline, never in any circumstances massive. Its 


celebrated French chemist, who was born on De- crystals belong to the rhombohedral system, and 


cember 9,1748, and 
died on November 
6,1822.] 

Bot.: A genus of 
plants belonging to 
the order Lecythi- 
daceee. The only 
species is a large 
tree, growing 100 
feet high, with a 
diameter of two 
feet, found in the 
forests which 
fringe the Orinoco. 

It has yellowish- 
white flowers, with 
six unequal petals, 
and a fleshy ring 
consisting of many 

The "fruit is the size Leaf and Fruit of Bertholetia. 



are hexagonal prisms, either of regular form or vari¬ 
ously modified. 

2. As a species: A mineral species consisting or 
those varieties of the beryl genus which are trans¬ 
parent and colorless, or yellowish-blue, pale green, 
or rose-red, as distinguished from those which are 
bright green. The varieties are distinguished by 
their colors. Pliny recognizes four or five of the 
following varieties: (1) Colorless. (2) Bluish- 

green. [Aquamarine.] (3) Apple-green. (4) Green¬ 
ish-yellow to iron-yellow and honey-yellow. It is the 
ancient chrysoberyllus, but not the modern chryso- 
beryl. [Ciirysoberyl.] Davidsonite falls under 
this variety. (5) Pale yellowish-green, the ancient 
chrysoprasus, but not the modern chrysoprase. 
[Chrysoprase.1 (6) Clear sapphire blue, the hya- 
cinthozontes of Pliny. (7) Pale sky blue, the abroid.es 
of Pliny. (8) Pale violet or reddish. (9) Opaque 
brownish yellow, of waxy or greasy luster. (10) 
Colorless or white. [Goshenite.1 (Dana.) Trans¬ 
parent beryls are found in SiberiaIndia, and 


J. UU 11 Ull lO U11C Oinu pul 1U U UU1 J CUC IWUllU. ALA kJ A GCA ACl , XUUIU) 

of a man’s head, with four cells and six or eight Brazil. The best Aquamarine is from Brazil. The 
nuts. These are called Brazil, or, from the place beryl is a lapidary’s gem. 


where they are shipped, Para nuts, are an article of 
commerce, being eatable, besides furnishing a 
bland oil used by watchmakers and artists. At 
Para the fibrous bark of the tree is used in place of 
oakum for calking ships. 

Ber-tll'-l6n-gge, Bertillon System, s. [See 
def.] A system of identification of criminals, in¬ 
troduced into France by Alphonse Bertillon, of 
Paris, in 1882, and afterwards adopted by the police 
of many large cities of Europe and America. The 
system depends upon accurate measurements of 
various portions of the human body, especially the 
bones, which in adults never change. The.parts 
measured are the head, ear, foot, middle finger, the 


,,, , ° Y *, i i i bi i li i 1 i onyx " m tnose passages, and "onyx-stone in 
extended forearm, height, breadth, and the trunk. Gen . iL 12; E xod. xxviii. 9; xxxv. 9, 27. The species 

Iri QCn m Ci o cn mm no r o o rn n I o n ml n rvnn o nnrn onn i , 1 


II. The beryl of Scripture: 

1. A gem, the Heb. Tarshish, so called presumably 
as having been brought from one of the two places, 
perhaps Tartessus in Spain, denominated in Script¬ 
ure Tarshish. It was probably the chrysolite or 
topaz, though some, with less likelihood, think it 
was amber. It constituted the fourth row of stones 
in the liigh-priest’s breastplate. (Exod. xxviii. 20; 
xxxix. 13. See also Song v. 14; Ezek. i. 16; x. 9; 
xxviii. 13; Dan. x. 6.) 

2. A gem, the rendering of the Sept, beryllion in 
the Septuagint Greek of Job xxviii. 16 and Ezek. 
xxviii. 13. The Hebrew word is shoham , translated 

onyx” in those passages, and “onyx-stone” in 


These measurements are placed upon a card, and, 
together with photographs of the bodily features, 
take the place of the old portraits in the “ rogues’ 
gallery.” 


has not been properly identified. 

3. The rendering of the Gr. beryllos = tho beryl 
(Rev. xxi. 20). It is made to constitute the founda¬ 
tion of the New Jerusalem. 

“ . . . the first foundation was jasper . . . the 
fourth an emerald . . . the eighth beryl.” — Revela¬ 
tions xxi. 19, 20. 

B. As adjective : Of or belonging to the beryl in 


and the appearance of the wheels was as the 
color of a beryl stone.”— Ezekiel x. 9. 


ber'-trgm, s. [In Ger. bertram; corrupted from 
Lat. pyrethrum (q. v.).] The name of two plants. 

1. According to Lyte, the name of a Composite 
plant, Pyrethrum parthenium. 

2. According to Parkinson, a name of Anacyclus an y °f Ike foregoing senses. 

pyrethrum, also one of the Composites. “ — J •"- 

♦ber-tyn, v. t. [From A. S. brytan = to break.] 

[Brittvn.J To strike ; to batter. (Scotch.) 

*ber-u-ham, s. [Berwham.] 

Ber'-vle, s. [Contracted from Inver bervie. (See 
def.)] 

1. Geog.: Inverbervie, a village and parish in Kin¬ 
cardineshire. 

2. A haddock cured there. 

bervie-haddock, s. A haddock split and half- 
dried with the smoke of a fire of wood. These had 


♦beryl-crystal, s. An old name for the beryl, 
presumably derived from the fact that it is always 
crystalline. [Beryl.] 
beryl-like, a. Like a beryl. 

“ It is scarcely possible to imagine anything more beau¬ 
tiful than the beryl-like blue of these glaciers.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. x. 

ber-yl -ll-g, s. [From beryllium (q. v.), BeO.] 
Oxide of beryllium—ghxcina. A light, tasteless, 


docks receive no more heat than is necessary for colorless powder, separated from alumina by its 


uuAoi inoo puYiuoi, oopaianuu aavjaaa aiumAiia 

solubility in a cold concentrated solution of ammo¬ 
nium carbonate. It is soluble in caustic alkalies. 
It forms soluble colorless salts, which do not form 
alums nor give a blue color with cobalt nitrate 
when tested by the blow-pipe. These salts have a 
sweet taste, hence the name glucina. Beryllium 
salts are precipitated as beryllia hydrate by 


preserving them properly. 

♦ber-ward, s. [Bearward.] (O. Eng. & Scotch.) 

♦ber-we, *ber-Owe, s. [A. S. bearo, bearu = a 
grove.] A shadow. (Prompt. Parv.) [Berowe.] 

♦berwen, v.t. [Burwen.] * 

*• “»■* >•>•■■■•»« »•* 

Eng. dialect), bre-cham, brech-ame (eft guttural) 1 ‘ " 4U1, 

(Scotch), s. [Etymology doubtful. Compare Gael. Ber-yl ll-an, s. One of a sect founded in the 
braighdeath — a horse collar, braighetean — a calf’s - third century by Beryllus, Bishop of Bozrah, who 
collar. But compare also hame = the two-curved taught the non-existence of Christ previous to His 
pieces of wood or metal on the collar of a draught- incarnation, and that at His birth a portion of the 
horse, to which the traces are fastened; Ger. hum- Divine nature entered into Him. 

ber-fl'-llne, a. [Eng. beryl(l)ine.'] Pertaining 
to a beryl, resembling a beryl. 

ber^l'-ll-um, ber-il'-lLum, s. [Latinized from 

TRury 1 Gr. beryllion, dimin. of beryllos=a sea-green min- 
L eral, the beryl (q. v.).] Beryllium: symb. Be; at. 

wt. 9'3. A rare white malleable metal, the same 


met=a. horse collar.] 

;< Berwham, horsys colere (beruham for hors 
Prompt. Parv. 

ber'-y, ♦ber -yss, *ber-isph, v. t. 
♦be-ry-chen, v. t. [Burwen.] 


bdil, b<5^; pout, jowl; cat, pell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bpl, del. 



beryn 


462 


beset 


asGlucinum; sp. gr., 2'1. It does not decompose 
water. Its melting-point, is below that of silver. It 
is dissolved by caustic potash and dilute acids with 
the solution of hydrogen. It occurs as a silicate in 
Phenacite, also in the mineral Beryl along with 
aluminium silicate. [Glucinum.] 

*ber-yn, v. t. [Beak, v.] 

*ber-yne, v. t. [Bury.] 

*ber-y-nes, *ber-y- niss, s. [A. S. byrignes, 
byrigednes=\>wridl.) Burial. 

“And he deyt thareftir sone ; 

And syne wes brocht till berynes.” 

Barbour, iv. 334, MS. {Jamieson.) 
*ber-yng, *ber-ynge, pr. par. & s. [Bearing.] 

( Chaucer, dike.) 

A. Aspr.par.: The same as Bearing, pr. par. 

B. As substantive : 

1. The act of carrying. 

“ Berynge: Portagium, latura.”— Prompt. Parv. 

2. The act of behaving, behavior. 

“ . . . thei schul be of good loos, condicions, and 
beryng.” — Eng. Gilds {Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 3. 

*3. The lap. 

“ Him thoughte a goshauk with gret flyght 
Setlith on his beryng.” Alisaunder, 484. 

ber’-yx, s. [Gr. beryx {Bescherelle , not in Liddell 
& Scott, cfic.)=an unknown fish.] A genus of fishes 
of the order Acanthopterygii, and the family Per- 
cidse. 

ber-zel’-i-Jin-Ite, s. [In Ger. berzeliit. Named 
after the great chemist and mineralogist, the Baron 
Jacob von Berzelius.] A mineral placed by Dana 
in his Galena group. It consists of selenium, 38’4 to 
40; copper, 61'6 to 64=100. It is a selenide of cop¬ 
per. It is a silvery-white species with a metallic 
luster, found in Sweden and in the Harz Mountains. 

ber-zel-I-Ite, s. & a. [In Ger. berzeliit, berze- 
lit. Named after Berzelius.] [Berzelianite.] 

A. As substantive: A mineral, called also Kuhnite 
(q. v.), but Dana prefers the name Berzeliite. It 
is massive, cleaving in one direction, is brittle, 
with a waxy luster, and a dirty-white or honey- 
yellow color. Hardness, 5-6: sp.gr., 2'52. Compos.: 
Arsenic acid, 56'46 to 58'51 ; lime, 20’96 to 23'22; oxide 
of magnesia, 15'61 to 15'68; oxide of manganese, 
2'13 to 4'26. It is found in Sweden. 

B. As adjective: Of or belonging to Berzeliite. 
Dana has a Berzeliite group of minerals. 

ber'-ze-line, s. [Also named after Berzelius.] 
[Berzelianite.] A mineral, caHed also Berzeli¬ 
anite (q. v.). 

ber-zel-Ite, s. [Also named after Berzelius.] A 
mineral, caHed also Mendipite (q. v.). 

be-saint , V. t. [Eng. prefix be, and saint.] To 
make a saint of. 

“. . . and besaint 

Old Jezebel for showing how to paint.” 

John Hall: Poems, p. 3. 

*be-§aunt (O. Eng.), *be§-and, *bei-§and 
(O. Scotch), s. [Bezant.] 

*be§-ayl e, s. [From Norm. Fr. besayle (O. Fr. 
beseel; Mod. Fr. bisaieul) = a great-grandfather; 
Fr. & Lat. bis=twice, and Fr. aieul= grandfather; 
Lat. avolus, dimin. of avus= a grandfather.] 

O. Law: A writ issued when one claims redress 
of an abatement, which he aUeges took place on 
the death of his great-grandfather or great-grand¬ 
mother. It is caHed also a writ de avo, Lat.=concern- 
ing one’s grandfather. It differs from an assize of 
mort de ancestor, and from writs of ayle, of tresayle, 
and of cosinage (see these terms). 

be-scat'-ter, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and scatter .] 
To scatter over. 

“Her goodly lockes adowne her backe did flow 
Unto her waste, with flowres bescattered.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, IV. xi. 46. 

be-scat'-tered, pa. par. [Bescatter.] 
be-scat-ter-Ing, pr. par. [Bescatter.] 
be-scorn, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and scorn.) To 
scorn, to treat with scorn, to contemn. 

“ Then was he bescorned, that onely ehould have been 
honored in all things.”— Chaucer: The Parson’s Tale. 

be-scorned, pa. par. [Bescorn.] 
be-scorn-Ing, pr. par. [Bescorn.] 
be-scratgh, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and scratch.] 
To scratch. 

be-scratght, *bescracht, pa. par. [Be- 

3CRATCH.] 

“ For sore he swat, and, ronning through that same 
Thick forest, was bescracht and both his feet nigh 
lame.” Spenser: Fairy Queen, III. v. 3. 

be-scrawl, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and scrawl .] 
To scrawl over; to cover with scrawls. 

“These wretched projectors of ours, that bescrawl their 
pamphlets every day with new forms of government for 
our church.”— Milton: Reason of Church Government, i. 1. 


be-scra wled, pa. par. [Bescrawl.] 
be-scrawl-Ing, pr.par. [Bescrawl.] 
*be-screegh', v. t. [Screech.] 

“Pe bischrichep and bigredep.” —Owl and Night, 67. 
be-screen’, v. i. [Eng. prefix be, and screen .] 

1. Lit.: To screen, to cover with a screen. 

2. Fig.: To conceal, to hide from view. 

“ What man art thou, that thus bescreen’d in night, 

So stumblest on my counsel?” 

Shalcesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 2. 

be-screen ed, pa. par. & a. [Bescreen.] 
be-screen-Ing, pr.par. & a. [Bescreen.] 
be-scrib -ble, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and scribble.] 
To scribble over. 


“. . . bescribbled, with a thousand trifling imper¬ 
tinences . . .”— Milton: Doct. and Dis. of Divorce, ii. 12. 
be-scrlb'-bled, pa. par. & a. [Bescribble.] 
be-scrib -bling, pr.par. [Bescribble.] 
*be-scum'-ber, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and O. Eng. 
scumber (q. v.).] To encumber. 

“ Did Block bescumber 

Statutes’ white suit, wi’ the parchment lace there?” 

Ben Jonson: Staple of News, v. 2. 

*be-scum-bered, pa. par. & a. [Bescumber.] 
*be-scum'-ber-ing, pr. par. [Bescumber. ] 
*be-scutch'-e6n, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
scutcheon .] To adorn as with an escutcheon. 


“In a superb feather’d hearse, 

Bescutcheon’d and betagged with verse.” 

Churchill: The Ghost, bk. iv. 

*be-se e, *be-seye, *be-se, *bi-se, *by-se, v. t. 
Eng. prefix be, and see.] To see, to contemplate. 
Sometimes used with a reflexive pronoun.) 


“And thei seiden, What to vs? bese thee.”— Wycliffe 
{Parvey), Matthew xxvii. 4. 

be-seegh', *be-seche, *bi-seche, by-seche, by 
seche, be-seke, bi-seke, *be sege (pret. besoucht, 
besought, bysoughte, beseeched; pa. par. besought, 
beseeched), v. t. [From Eng. prefix be, and seek; 
sechen, seken; A. S. secan. In Ger . ersuchen; Dut. 
verzoeken .] [Seek.] To entreat, to supplicate, to 
implore, to pray earnestly, to beg. It is foHowed 
by— 

(a) A simple objective of the person implored. 

“But we beseke you of mercie and socour.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 917. 

“ . . . and besought Him, saying, Lord, if Thou wilt, 
Thou canst make me clean.”— Luke v. 12. 


Or ( b) by an objective and a clause of a sentence 
introduced by that. 

“ Bysechyng him of grace, er that thay wentyn, 

That he wold graunten hem a certeyn day.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 8,064-6. 

Or (c) by an objective of the person and an 
infinitive. 

“ And he beseech’d me to entreat your majesties.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. 

Or (d) by an objective of the thing earnestly 
begged for. 

“Before I come to them, I beseech your patience, 
while I speak something.”— Sprat. 

*be-seegh, s. [From Beseech, v.] A supplica¬ 
tion. 

“ Good madam, hear the suit that Edith urges 
With such submiss beseeches.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Bloody Brother. 

*be-seeghed, pa.par. [Now Besought.] [Be¬ 
seech, v. f.] 

be-seegh'-er, s. [Eng. beseech; -er.] One who 
beseeches. 

“ Let no unkind, no fair beseechers kill; 

Think all but one, and me in that one “Will.’ ” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, 135. 

be-seegh-Ing, pr. par. & s. [Beseech, v. t .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of supplicating, sup¬ 
plication. 

“This tame beseeching of rejected peace.” 

Thomson: Britannia. 

be-seegh'-Ing-ly, *bisekandlik, adv. [Eng. 
beseeching; -ly .] In a beseeching manner, implor¬ 
ingly. {Neale.) 

be-seegh-ment, s. [Eng. beseech; -ment .] 
Supplication, an entreaty. 

“While beseechment denotes . . . ”— Goodwin: Work 

of the Holy Ghost, bk. iii., ch. i. 

*be-seek’, *be-seeke, v. t. [Beseech.] To be¬ 
seech. 

“ . . . and there with prayers meeke 

And myld entreaty lodging did for her beseeke.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, VI. iii. 37. 

be-seem', *be-seem e, *be-seme. v. t. & i. [Eng. 
prefix be, and seem.] 


A. Trans.: To become; to be fit, suitable, proper 
for, or becoming to. 

“As man what could beseem him better.”— Hooker: 
Eccl. Pol., bk. v., ch. xlviii., § 6. 

B. Intrans.: To befit, suitable, or proper. 

“But with faire countenance, as beseemed best, 

Her entertaynd ...” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, HI. iv. 55. 

*be-seem'e, a. [From Beseem, v. (q. v.)] Fit, 
suitable. {Spenser.) 

be-seem'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Beseem.] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As participial adj.: Befitting. 

“And made Verona’s ancient citizens 

Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments.** 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet , i. L 

C. Assubst.: Comeliness. {Baret.) 

be-seem-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. beseeming; -ly .] 
In a beseeming, becoming, appropriate manner. 

be-seem-ing-ness, s. [Eng. beseeming; -ness.] 
The quality of fitness, of appropriateness. 

be-seem -ly, a. £Eng. beseem; -ly.] Like what 
beseems; fitting, suitable, becoming, proper. 

“ See to their seats they hye with merry glee, 

And in beseemly order sitten there.” 

Shenstone: Schoolmistress. 

*be-seen', *be-seene, *be-seine, pa. par. [Be- 
see.] In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 
Specially — 

1. Of persons: Having well seen to anything; weU 
acquainted or conversant with; skiHed. (Gener¬ 
ally with well preceding it.) 

“ . . . weill beseine in histories both new and old.”— 
Pitscottie: Cron., p. 39. 

2. Of things or of persons: Who or which have been 
weU seen to; provided, furnished, fitted out. 

“His lord set forth of his lodging with all his attend¬ 
ants in very good order and richly beseen.” — Pitscottie: 
Cron., p. 365. {Jamieson.) 

Well beseene: Of good appearance; comely. 

“And sad habiliments right well beseene.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I. xii. 5. 

*be-seik , v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and seik.] [Be¬ 
seech, Beseek.] 

*be-sein (O. Eng.), *be-seine (O. Scotch), pa . 
par. [Besee, Beseen.] 

*beseke, v. t. [Beseech.] 

be-sef, *be-sette', *be-sete, *by-sette, *by-. 
set-ten, *by set (pret. beset, *bisettide, *by set; 
pa. par. beset), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and set; A. S. 
bisettan= to set near, to place (from be, wad sett an— 
to cover, to sit, to set; Sw. besatta; Dan. bescette; 
Dut. bezetten= to occupy, to take, to invest, garri¬ 
son, border, or edge; N. H. Ger. besetzen; O. H. Ger. 
bisazjan .] [Set.] 

*1. To set, to set on, or to. 

1. More lit.: To place, to put, to station, to fix, to 
appoint, to employ, to bestow. 

“ Therefore the love of everything that is not beset in 
God.”— Chaucer: The Parson’s Tale. 

2. More fig. (chiefly from O. H. Ger. bisazjan= 

. . . to serve a table): 

(1) To cause to serve; to serve (as a table). 
{Chaucer.) 

(2) To serve for; to become; to be suitable to. 
{Scotch.) [Besit.] 

“ . . . if thou be the childe of God, doe as besets thy 
estate—sleep not, but wake .”—Bollock on 1 Thess., p. 258. 
{Jamieson.) 

II. To set upon; to faU upon. 

“ At once upon him ran, and him beset 
With strokes of mortal steel.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen. 

III. To set around. 

1. More literally: 

(1) Gen.: To set around, as jewels around a crown, 
or anything similar. 

“A robe of azure beset with drops of gold.”— Addison: 
Spectator, No. 425. 

(2) To surround with hostile intent; to besiege; 
to set upon; to infest, as a band of robbers do, a 
road. 

“ Follow him that’s fled ; 

The thicket is beset, he cannot ’scape.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, v. 3. 

“ Though with his boldest at his back, 

Even Roderick Dhu beset the track.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, ii. 35. 

2. More fig.: To surround (used of things, of dan¬ 
gers, mobs, or other obstructions); to perplex, to 
embarrass, to entangle with snares or difficulties. 

“ Poor England! thou ari a devoted deer, 

Beset with ev’ry ill but that of fear.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 


fate, fat, fare, gimidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu - kw. 



beset 


463 


besmearing 


be-set', *be-sett’e, pa. par. [In A. S. beseten, 
besetten.) [Beset.] 

^ be-set-ting, *beseting, pr. par., a. & s. [Beset, 

A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

A besetting sin: The sin ever present with one; 
the special sin to which, from constitutional pro¬ 
clivities or other causes, one is in constant danger 
of yielding. The expression is founded on Heb. xii. 
1, ‘ Let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which 
doth so easily beset us.” The metaphor seems to 
be that of a long, flowing garment which tends to 
embarrass the movements of a runner, if not even 
to trip and overthrow him. 


“ A disposition to triumph over the fallen has never 
oeen one of the besetting sins of Englishmen.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

C. Assubst.: The act of surrounding. 

“ And the beseting of one house to robbe it . . .” —Sir 
John Cheeke.- The Hurt of Sedition. 


*be-sew, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and sew .] 

“The dead bodie was besewed 
In clothe of golde, and leide therin.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. viii. 


"be-seye', besey, pa. par. [Beseen.] 

Evil besey: Ill beseen; of a mean appearance. 
(Chaucer.) 

Richly beseye: Of a rich appearance; well dressed. 
*be-shade, v. t. [Eng. be, and shade.] To shade; 
to hide in shadow. 


“ For he is with the ground beshaded 
So that the moone is somdele faded.’’ 

Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. vi. 

be-shan, s. [Arab.] 

Botany: The Balm of Mecca ( Balsamodendron 
opobalsamum). 

*be-shed, *bi-sched, v. t. [Eng. be, and shed.) 
To besprinkle, wet. 

“ Azael took the cloth on the bed, and bischedde with 
Watir.”— Wycliffe {IV. Kings, viii. 15). 

*be-shet', *be-shette, pa. par. [Beshut.] Shut 
up. (Chaucer.) 

be-shl’ne, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and shine. In 
Ger. bescheinen .] To shine upon; to give light or 
brightness to; to enlighten, to illuminate. 

“When the sun is set, it beshineth not the world.”— 
Golden Boke, ch. 36. ( Richardson .) 

besh'-met, s. Grapes made into a consistence 
resembling honey, which forms a staple article of 
commerce in Asia Minor. 


be-shrew', *be-shrewe, *be-schrew, *bi- 
schrewen, *be-schrow(ew as fi), v. t. [Eng. prefix 
be, and shrew .] 

1. To imprecate a mild curse upon ; to wish that 
a trifling amount of evil may happen to (with a 
being, a person, or a thing for the object). 

“ Des. It is my wretched fortune. 

Iago. Beshrew him for it ! 

How comes this trick upon him ?” 

Shakesp..- Othello, iv. 2. 


2. Under the guise of uttering an imprecation 
against one, really to utter an exclamation of love, 
tenderness, or coaxing. 

“Beshrew your heart, fair daughter.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 3. 


3. To deprave, make evil. 

“Who goth simpleli, goth troetli; who forsothe beshrew- 
ith his weies, shal be maad opene.”— Wycliffe ( Prov. x. 9). 

^1 Generally in the imperative, signifying “woe 
be to ” (see examples above). Once in Shakespeare 
in the present indicative with /. 

“ I beschrew all shrows.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 2. 

Beschrew me, beschrew my heart: A form of assev¬ 
eration ; indeed. ( Schmidt, Shakespeare Lexic., etc.) 

be-shroud ',v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and shroud.) To 
shroud. 

be-shroud-ed, pa. par. [Beshroud.] 
be-shroud-Ing, pr.par. [Beshroud.] 
*be-shut', *be-shet', *be-shett'e, v.t. [Eng. pre¬ 
fix be, end shet.~] To shut up. 

“ Sith Bialacoil they have beshet, 

Fro me in prison wickedly.” 

Romauni of the Rose, 4,488. 

oe-sl'de, be-sl de§, *bi-si-dis, *by-syde, *by 
syde, *bi syde, prep. & adv. [Eng. prefix be, and 
side; A. S. besidan- by the side ; be and i>i=by, near, 
and sidan, dat. of sid= a side.] 

A. As prep, (originally of old form akin to both 
beside and besides; now chiefly, and indeed all but 
exclusively, of the form beside): 

I. Lit.: By the side of; hence, near, in immediate 
proximity to. 

“In that dai Jhesus yede out of the hous and sat bisulis 
the sea.”— Wycliffe: Matthew xiii. 1. 

“. . . He leadeth me beside the still waters.”— Psalm 
xxiii. 2. 


II. Figuratively: • 

1. Over and above; in addition to. 

“ . . . four thousand men, beside women and chil¬ 
dren .”—Matthew xv. 38. 

“Thus we find in South America three birds which use 
their wings for other purposes besides flight.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. ix. 

2. Outside of; apart from, but not contrary to. 

“ It is beside my present business to enlarge upon this 
speculation.”— Locke. 

3. Out of; in a state deviating from and often 
contrary to. 

(a) Without a reflexive pronoun: 

“ Of vagabonds we say, 

That they are ne’er beside their way.” 

Hudibras. 

(b) With a reflexive pronoun: (Used in the phrase, 
“ To be beside one’s self,” meaning to be outof one’s 
senses, to be mad.) 

“. . . Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art 
beside thyself .”—Acts xxvi. 24. 

B. As adverb ( chiefly, though by no means exclu¬ 
sively, of the form besides): Moreover, over and 
above; in addition to this, more than that; not of 
the number, class, or category previously men¬ 
tioned. 

“ And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any 
besides ? . . . ”—Genesis xix. 12. 

(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between besides and 
moreover: Besides marks simply the connection 
which subsists between what goes before and what 
follows; moreover marks the addition of something 
particular to what has already been said. "Thus, in 
enumerating the good qualities of an individual, 
we may say, “ He is, besides, of a peaceable disposi¬ 
tion.” On concluding any subject, we may intro¬ 
duce a farther clause by a moreover: “ Moreover , we 
must not forget the claims of those who will suffer 
by such a change.” 

(b) Besides and except are thus discriminated: 
Besides expresses the idea of addition ; except that 
of exclusion. “ There were many there besides our¬ 
selves “ No one except ourselves will be admitted.” 
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

be-Sid-er-y, s. [From Fr. bezigier, bezige, 
besier=& wild pear-tree fruit, best=wild ( Jaubert ). 
Or Dut. besi; O. Ger. bese; Goth. basi =a berry.] 
(LittrS.) A kind of pear. 

be-sie'ge, *besege, *bi sege, v. t. [From Eng. 
prefix be, and siege. In Fr .assiiger; from singer= 
to set; si^oe=a seat, . . . a siege.] [Siege.] 

1. Lit.: To sit down before a place with the view 
of capturing it; to invest a place with hostile arma¬ 
ments ; to open trenches against it, and when suit¬ 
able preparations have been made, to assault it, 
with the view of capturing it by force or compelling 
its surrender. 

“ . . . Shalmaneser, King of Assyria, came up against 
Samaria and besieged it.”—2 Kings xviii. 9. 

2. Fig.: To beset, to surround a person or place 
with numbers of people, as, for instance, with a 
multitude of beggars clamoring for relief. 

*be-siege, s. [From besiege, v. (q. v.)] Siege; 
besiegement. 

“ . . . sufficed him for the besiege of Sagittse.”— 

Hackluyt: Voyages, ii. 15. 

be-sieged, *beseged, pa. par. & a. [Be¬ 
siege, -ib] 

be-sie ge-ment, s. [Eng. besiege; -ment .] The 
act of besieging; the state of being besieged. 

“ Eche person setting befoje their eies besiegement, 
hungar, and the arrogant enemy, . . .”—Goldyng Jus¬ 
tice, p. 31. ( Richardson .) 

be-sie -ger, s. [Eng. besieg(e); -er.) One who 
besieges a place. (Generally used in the plural.) 

“ Their spirits rose, and the besiegers began to lose 
heart.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 
be-sieg’-ing, pr. par. & a. [Besiege, v. t.] 
tbe-sieg-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. besieging; -ly .] 
After the manner of an army prosecuting a siege. 

be-Sil'-ver, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and silver.) To 
cover with, or array in silver. (Lit. &fig.) 

“ Though many streams his banks besilverecl 
G. Fletcher: Christ’s Triumph on Earth. ( Richardson .) 

be-sil’-vered, pa. par. [Besilyek.] 

*be-singe, *be-zenge, v. t. [Eng. be, and singe.~\ 
“ The prine cat bezength ofte his sun.”— Ayenb., p. 230. 
be-§ique, s. [Fr.] A game of cards played by two 
or more persons with two packs of cards, from 
which the sixes, fives, fours, threes and twos have 
been removed. (Written also Bezique.) 

fbe-si r-en, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and siren.) To 
act the siren to; to lure as the sirens were fabled to 
do. 

tbe-sir -ened, pa.par. [Besiren.] 

fbe-sir-en-ihg, pr.par. [Besiren.] _ 


*be-sit‘, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and sit.) To sit 
well upon, to suit, to befit. [Beset, I. 2.] 

“Me ill besits, that in der-doing armes 
And honor’s suit my vowed daies do spend.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, II. vii. 10. 

*be-sit-tifig, pr.par. [Besit.J Befitting. 

“And that which is for ladies most besitting, 

To stint all strife, and foster friendly peace.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, IV. ii. 19. 

be-slab-ber, v. t. [Beslobber.] 

“ Thanne come sleuthe al bislabered, with two slymy 
eiyen.” Piers Plowman, bk. v., 392. 

be-sla ve, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and slave.) To 
enslave; to make a slave of. (In general ngur. 
atively.) 

“. . . and hath beslaved himself to a bewitching 
beauty, . . .“—Bp. Hall: Works, ii. 116. 

“It [covetousness] . . . beslaves the affections, . . .” 
— Quarles: Judgment and Mercy. 

be-sla ved, pa. par. & a. [Beslave.] 

be-slav'-er, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and slaver .] 
To slaver; to defile with slaver. 

“ . . . one of your rheumatic poets that beslavers 

all the paper he comes by, . . —Return from Parnas* 
sus , i. 3. 

be-slav-ered, pa. par. & a. [Beslaver.] 
be-slav -er-ing, pr.par. [Beslaver.] 
be-sla-ving, pr.par. [Beslave.] 
be§-le r-I-9,, s. [Named after Basil Besler, as 
apothecary at Nuremberg, joint editor of a sumptu¬ 
ous botanical work.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Scrophulariacese (Figworts). The species are orna¬ 
mental. They are indigenous to the West Indies 
and South America. 

be-sll me, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and slime.) To 
daub with slime. 

“Our fry of writers may beslime his fame, 

And give his action that adulterate name.” 

Ben Jonson: Poetaster Prol. 
be-sll med, pa. par. & a. [Beslime.] 
be-sll -mihg, pr.par. [Beslime.] 

be-slob -ber, *be-slub -ber, *by slob-er, v. t. 

[Eng. prefix be, and slobber, slubber .] To beslobber, 
to besmear. 

“. . . bleed; and then beslubber our garments with 

it, and swear it was the blood of true men.”— Shakesp.: 
Henry IV., ii. 4. 

be-slob '-bered, *be-slub-bered, *by slob¬ 
bered, pa. par. & a. [Beslobber, Beslubber.] 

be-slob -ber-ing, *be-slub'-ber-Ing, pr. par „ 

[Beslobber, Beslubber.] 

be-slur -ried, pa. par. & a. [Beslurry.] 

be-slur-ry, v. t. [From Eng. prefix be, and N. 
dialect of Eng. slurry —to dirty, to smear ; E. dialect 
slur= thin, washy mud (?). Compare Dut. slyk= 
dirt, mud.] To smear, to soil, to defile. 

“ And being in this piteous case, 

And all beslurried head and face.” 

Drayton: Nymphidia. 

*besme, *beesme, *bisme, s. [Besom.] 

“He cummynge fyndeth it voide, clensid with bismes, 
and maad faire .”—Wycliffe {Matthew xii. 44). 

be-sme'ar, *be-smeare, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, 

and smear. A. S. besmired, besmyred =besmeared; 
be and smyrian, smyrigan, smerian, smirian =to 
smear, to anoint; smeru=tat, grease, butter. In 
Dan. besmOre; Dut. besmeren; Ger. beschmieren— 
to besmear.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To cover over with something unctuous, which 
adheres to what it touehes. 

(а) The unctuous substance not being necessarily 
fitted to defile: 

“ But lay, as in a dream of deep delight, 

Besmear’d with precious balm, whose virtuous might 

Did heal his wounds.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I. xi. 50. 

(б) The unctuous substance being fitted to defile ■ 

“First, Moloch, horrid king, besmear’d with blood 

Of human sacrifice, and parents’ tears.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk.L 

2. To cover with something not unctuous. 

“. . . grooms besmear’A with gold.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. v. 

II. Fig.: To soil; to defile in a moral sense. 

“My honor would not let ingratitude 
So much besmear it.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, v. 1. 
be-smear ed, pa. par. [Besmear.] 
be-smear -er, s. [Eng. besmear; -er. In Gen 
beschmierer.] One who besmears, 
be-smear -Ing, pr. par. [Besmear.] 


b£»il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




besmirch 


be-smir$h', *be-smir$lie, *be-smyr§h, *be- 

smer$h, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and smirch, cognate 
with smear.] [Smirch, Smear.] 

1. Lit. : To besmear, so as to defile, with mud, 
filth, or anything similar. (Used with a material 
thing for the object.) 

“Our gayness and our guilt are all besmirch’d 
With rainy marching in the painful field.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv. 3. 

2. Fig.: To defile, to soil, to put a conspicuous 
blot upon. (Used chiefly with what is immaterial 
or abstract for the object.) 

“Perhaps he loves you now; 

And now no soil, nor cautel, doth besmirch 
The virtue of his will.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 3. 

be-smir§h'ed, *besmyr§ht, pa.par. [Besmirch.] 
be-sm.ir§h'-ing, pr. par. [Besmirch.] 
*be-smit, *be-smette, bi-smit, v. t. [A. S. 
besmitan .] To stain, defile. [Besmut.] 

“Thet is a uice huerof al the wordle is besmet .”— Ayen- 
bite, p. 32. 

be-smoke', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and smoke.] 

1. To apply smoke to; to harden or dry in smoke. 
{Johnson.) 

2. To soil with smoke. {Johnson.) 
be-smok ed, pa. par. & a. [Besmoke.] 
be-smo -king, pr. par. [Besmoke. J 
be-smoo th, *be-smoothe, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, 

and smooth .] To make smooth. 

“And with immortal balm besmooth her skin.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. viii. 

*be-smot-red (O. Eng.), *be-smot-trit (O. 
Scotch ), pa. par. [Besmutted.] 
be-smuF, *be-smotre (O. Ena.), *be-smot-tre 

(O. Scotch), v. t. [From Eng. prefix be, and smut (q. 
v.). A. S. besmitan= to besmut, to defile, besmite- 
nys= dirtiness, smuttiness, pollution, infection. In 
Sw. besmitta= to contaminate; besmatsa= to dirty, 
to soil; Dan. besmitte; Dut. besmutten; L. Ger. 
besmodderen .] To render smutty with soot or any 
similar substance; to bespatter, to befoul. 

“Of fustian he wore a gipon 
All besmotred with his habergeon.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 75. 
“His face he schew besmottrit for ane bourde, 

And all his membris in mude and dung bedoyf.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 139, 30. (Jamieson.) 

be-smut-ted, *be-smotred (0. Eng.), *be-smot- 
trit (O. Scotch), pa. par. & a. [Besmijt.] 
fbe-snow', *be-snew, v. t. [From Eng. prefix be, 
and snow (q. v.). In A. S. besniwod= snowed ; Dan. 
besnee = to snow upon ; Dut. besneeuwed— covered 
with snow ; Ger. beschneien= to cover with snow."' 

1. To cover with snow, to cover with anything 
think as snow-flakes. 

“ The presents every day ben newed, 

He was with giftes al besnewed.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. vi. 

2. To render white like snow. 

“ Another shall 

Impearl thy teeth, a third thy white and small 
Hand shall besnow.” Carew: Poems, p. 95. 

be-snow ed (l), *be-snewed, *by-snywe, pa. 

par. & a. [Besnow.] {Todd.) 

be-snuff’, V. t. [From Eng. prefix be, and snuff.] 
To besmear, soil, or defile with snuff. 

“ Unwash’d her hands, and much besnuff d her face.” 

Young: Satire 6. 

be-snuff ed, pa. par. & a. [Besnuff.] 
be-snuf-f mg, pr. par. [Besnuff.] 

*be-sdiT, v. t. [Eng. be, and soil.] To defile, 
soil. 

“ His swerde, all besoyled with blode.”— Merlin, I. ii. 
165. 

be'-§&m, *be-some, *bee-some, *be-sym, *be- 
§OWme, *be§-me, s. [A. S. besma, besema=& 
besom, a broom, rods, twigs; Dut. bezem: N. H. 
Ger. besen; M. H. Ger. beseme, besme ; O. H. Ger. 
besamo .] A broom made of twigs tied together. 

I. Lit. : A handy domestic implement for sweep- 
! ng with. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Anything which sweeps away what is morally 
worthless or offensive from the human heart. 

2. Anything which completely sweeps away or 
otherwise destroys the habitations or works of man, 
destruction. 

“ . . . I will sweep it [Babylon] with the besom of 

destruction, saith the Lord of hosts.”— Isaiah xiv. 23. 

besom-clean, a. As clean as a besom can make 
a floor without its having been washed. (Scotch.) 
(Jamieson.) 

tbe -§6m, v. t. [From besom, s. (q. v.)] To 
3weep with a besom. 

“ Rolls back all Greece and besoms wide the plain.” 

Barlow. 


464 

tbe -§om-er, s. [Eng. besom, and -er.] One who 
uses a besom. 

*be-sort', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and sort.] To 
befit, to become, to suit, to be suitable to, to be 
congruous with. 

“ Such men as may besort your age, . . .” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 4. 

*be-S0rt\ s. [From besort, v. (q. v.)] Company, 
attendance, train. 

“Due reference of place, and exhibition, 

With such accommodation, and besort, 

As levels with her breeding.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, i. 3. 

be-SOt', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and sot (q. v.).] 

1. To make sottish, to stupefy, to take away the 
power of thinking, to dull the intellect, the senses, 
or both. 

“ Or fools besotted with their crimes, 

That know not how to shift betimes.” 

_ Hudibras. 

2. To cause to dote upon. With on followed by 
that of which one is enamored. 

“ Which he, besotted on that face and eyes, 

Would rend from us.” Dryden. 

Or without on — 

“ Conscious of impotence, they soon grow drunk 
With gazing, when they see an able man 
Step forth to notice; and, besotted thus, 

Build him a pedestal.” Cowper: The Task, bk. v. 
be-sot’-ted, pa. par. & a. [Besot.] 

“ . . . with besotted, base ingratitude, 

Crams, and blasphemes his feeder.” 

Milton: Comus. 

be-sot-ted-ly, adv. [Eng. besotted-, ly-.\ In 
a besotted manner, after the manner of a sot. 
Specially — 

1. Stupidly senseless. 

2. With foolish doting. 

“After ten or twelve years’ prosperous war and con* 
testation with tyranny, basely and besottedly to run their 
necks again into the yoke, which they have broken.”— 
Milton: Ready Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth. 

fbe-sot-ted-ness, s. [Eng .besotted; -ness.] The 
state or quality of being besotted. 

1. Stupidity, senselessness. 

“. . . hardness, besottedness of heart, . . ."— Mil- 
ton: Of True Religion, Arc., ad fin. 

2. Foolish doting, infatuation. 
be-SOt'-tlng, pr. par. & a. [Besot.] 

be-sot’-tlng-ly, adv. [Eng. besotting; -ly.] In 
a besotting manner. 

be-sought' (sought as sat),pa.pa?-. [Beseech.] 

1. Past participle of beseech. 

“Delights like these, ye sensual and profane, 

Ye are bid, begg’d, besought to entertain.” 

Cowper: Progress of Errpr. 

2. Preterite of beseech. 

“ . . . when he besought us and we would not hear.” 
—Genesis xlii. 21. 

*be-sour, *be-sowre, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
sour.] To render sour (lit. and fig.). 

“How should we abhor, and loath, and detest this old 
leaven that so besowres all our actions ; this heathenism 
of unregenerate carnal nature, which makes our best 
works so unchristian.”— Hammond: Works, vol. iv., ser. 15. 

be-s6uth', prep. & adv. [Eng. prefix be, and 
south.] To the south of. 
fbe-spa ke, a preterite of Bespeak (q. v.). 

“. . . but her house 
Bespake a sleepy hand of negligence.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 
be-spang'-le (le as $1), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, 
and spangle.] To powder over with spangles, to 
besprinkle over with anything glittering, as with 
starlight or with dew. 

“Not Berenice’s locks first rose so bright, 

The heav’ns bespangling with dishevel’d light.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, v. 130. 

“. . . bespangled o’er 
With dew. . . .” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Fire-Worshipers. 

be-spang'-led (led as $ld), pa. par. & a. [Be¬ 
spangle.] 

“ . . . in one grand, bespangled expanse .”—Darwini 
Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. 13. 

be-spang -ling, pr.par. [Bespangle.] 
*be-spar'-age, v. t. To disparage. 

“ These men should come to besparage gentlemen.”— 
Nash: P. Penilesse. 

be-spat -ter, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and spatter.] 
1. Lit.: To defile or soil by flinging mud, clay, 
water, or anything similar at a person or thing. 

“His weapons are the same which women and children 
use, a pin to scratch, and a squirt to bespatter.” — Swift. 


bespice 

2. Fig.: To asperse with reproaches or calumnies, 
to fling calumnies against. 

"... with many other such like vilifying terms, 
with which he hath bespattered most of the gentry of our 
town.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. i. 
be-spat-tered, pa. par. & a. [Bespatter.] 
be-spat'-ter-Ing, pr. par. [Bespatter.] 
*be-spat-tle, *be-spatle (le as el), v. t. [Eng. 
prefix be, and spattle— spittle.] 

“They bespatled hym and byspitted him.”— Bale: En¬ 
glish Votaries, pt. ii. 

*be-spat'-tled, be-spat-led (led as eld), pa. 

par. [Bespattle.] 

*be-spawl, *be-spaul, *be-spaule, v.t. [Eng. 

f >refix be, andspaMd=to disperse spittle in a care- 
ess and filthy manner.] To bespatter with spittle 
(lit. and fig.). 

“See how this remonstrant would invest himself condi¬ 
tionally with all the rheum of the town, that he might i 
have sufficient to bespaul his brethren.”— Milton: Animad. ' 
upon Remons. 

*be-spawled, *be-spauled,pa.pa?\ [Bespawl, 
Bespaul.] 

“And in their sight to spunge his io&m-bespawled 
beard.” Drayton: Polyolbion, sc. 2. 

be-speak', *be-speake, *be-spe-kin, *bi-speke, 
*bes peke (preterite be-spoke, f be-spake), v. t. &i. 
[From Eng. prefix be, and speak; A. S. besprecan= 
to speak to, to tell, pretend, complain, accuse, 
impeach; from A. S. prefix be, and sprecan = to 
speak; sprcec, sprec=& speech, a word; in Dut. 
bespreken; Ger. besprechen— to bespeak.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To speak to, to address. (Poetic.) 

“ The carnage Juno from the skies survey’d ; 

And, touch’d with grief, bespoke the blue-ey’d maid.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. v., 874, 875. 

2. To speak for or on behalf of, beforehand. 

Specially— 

(a) To solicit anything, or to arrange beforehand 
for the purchase of an article before any one else 
can engage it, to pre-engage. 

“Here is the cap your worship did bespeak.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 

(6) To apologize for beforehand. 

“ My preface looks as if I were afraid of my reader, by 
so tedious a bespeaking of him.” — Dryden. 

3. To forebode, to anticipate the coming of a 
future event. 

“ They started fearB, bespoke dangers, and formed 
ominous prognostics, in order to scare the allies.”— 

Swift. 

4. To betoken by means of words, sounds, or even 
by something visible to the eye or cognizable by the 
reason instead of audible to the ear. 

“ What did that sudden sound bespeak ?” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 19. 

*B. Intransitive: 

1. To speak. (Poetic.) 

“ And, in her modest manner, thus bespake, 

Dear knight . . .” Spenser: Fairy Queen. 

2. To consult, debate. 

“ Thay bespeken how he myght 
Sleghlych a-scape out of the syght.” 

Sir Ferumbras, 3,509. 

be-speak -er, s. [Eng. bespeak, and -er.] One 
who bespeaks. 

“They mean not with love to the bespeaker of the work, 
but delight in the work itself.”— Wotton. 

be-speak-Ing, pr. par. & s. [Bespeak.] 

A. As present participle: In senses correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

B. As substantive: A speaking beforehand, to 
make an engagement, obtain favor, or remove cause 
of offense. 

be-speck -le (le as $1), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, 
and speckle.] To speckle over, to scatter over with 
specks or spots (lit. and fig.). 

“ And as a flaring tire bespeckl’d her with all the gaudy 
allurements . . .”— Milton: Ref. in Eng., bk. i., ch. 9. 

fbe-spend', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and spend.] To 
weigh out, to give out, to bestow, 
fbe-spent’, pa.par. [Bespend.] 

“. . . All his craft bespent 
About the bed.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. viii. 
*be-spet’, v. t. [Bespit.] Also pa. par. of bespit. 
be-spew (ew as u), v. t. [From Eng. prefix be, 
and spew. In Sw. bespy; Dan. bespytle.] To soil 
or daub with spew. (Ogilvie.) 

be-spI'Qe, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and spice.] To 
impregnate or season with spice or spices. 

“ Thou might’st bespice a cup 
To give mine enemy a lasting wink.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or* wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr^. Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




bespirt 

be-splrt , v. t. [Bespurt.] 
be-spit', *be-spet, *by-speete, *bi-spitte, 
*by-spit (pret. bespat, bespit, bespet), v.t. [Eng. 
Prenx be. and spit; O. Eng. spet= a spittle.] To 
daub with spittle. 

“ Then was his visage, that ought to be desired to be 
seen of all mankind, villainously bespet.”— Chaucer: The 
Parson’s Tale. 

“Theischulen scorne him, and byspeete him.” —Wycliffe 
(Mark x. 34). 

be-spit-ting, pr. par. [Bespit.] 
be-spo ke, be-spok -?n, pa. par. [Bespeak.] 
be-spot , v. t. [From Eng. prefix be, and spot. 
In Dut. bespatten- to mock at, to deride.] To spot 
over, to mark with spots. 

“ A mightier river winds from realm to realm; 

And, like a serpent, shows his glittering back 
Bespotted with innumerable isles.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 
be-spot'-ted, pa.par. & a. [Bespot.] 
be-spot-ting, pr.par. & a. [Bespot.] 
be-spread’ (pret. bespread; pa. par. bespread, 
bespredd), v. t. To spread over, or in different 
directions; to adorn. 

“ His nuptial bed 

With curious needles wrought, and painted flowers 

bespread.” Dryden: Theocritus; Idyll, xviii. 

be-spread-ing, pr. par. [Bespread.] 
be-spren t, *be-sprin’cte, *be-sprin t, *be- 
sprent’, *be-spreynt, *be-spreint, pa. par. 
[Besprinkled.] Besprinkled ; sprinkled over. 

"The savory herb 
Of knot-grass dew besprent.” 

Milton: Comus, 542. 

“ His face besprent with liquid crystal shines.” 

Shenstone. 

“ The floor with tassels of fir was besprent.” 

Longfellow. 

be-sprink'-le, *be-spriiick'-le (le as el), v.t. 
(pa. par. besprinkled, *besprent, <&c.) [From Eng. 
prefix be, and sprinkle. In Dan. besprcenge; Dut. 
besprenkelen; Ger. besprenkeln, besprengen .] To 
sprinkle or scatter over, to bedew (lit. & fig.). 

“She saw the dews of eve besprinkling 
The pastures green beneath her eye.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

“Herodotus, imitating the father poet, whose life 
he had written, hath besprinkled his work with many 
fabulosities.”— Browne. 

be-sprink’-ler, s. [Eng. besprinkl(e)ir .\] One 
who besprinkles. (Sherwood.) 

*be-sprink'-ling, pr. par. & a. [Besprinkle.] 

A. & B. Aspr. par. and particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act or operation of sprinkling water or 
any other liquid over a person or thing. 

2. That which is used for the sprinkling. 
*be-sprint, pa. par. [Besprent.] 
be-spurt, be-spirt, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 

spurt, spirt .] To spirt or squirt over. 

“ . . . and to send home his haughtiness well be- 

spurted with his own holy-water.”— Milton: Animadv. 
Rem. Defense. 

be-spur -ted, be-splr’-ted, pa. par. & a. [Be- 

spurt, Bespirt.] 

be-spurt’-ing, be-spirt’-ing, pr. par. [Be- 

spurt, Bespirt.] 

be-spiit -ter, v. t. [From Eng. prefix be, and 
sputter. In Dan. bespytte .] To sputter or cast 
spittle over a person or thing. 

*besquite, s. [Biscuit.] 

“ Annour thei had plente, and god besquite to mete.”— 
Langtoft. Chron., p. 171. 

Bes -sem-er, s. & as a. [See definition.] 

As adj.: Named after its inventor, Mr. H. Bes¬ 
semer (born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1813). 
Bessemer process. 

Metall.: A metallurgic process which serves as a 
substitute for puddling with certain descriptions of 
cast iron, and for the manufacture of iron or steely- 
iron for many purposes. It consists in the forcing 
of atmospheric air into molted cast iron. It was 
first announced in 1856. 

best, *beste, a., s. & adv. [A. S. betst, betest =the 
best. It stands in a close relation to the compar. 
beiera, betra, betere, 6efre=better [Better], but 
has no real affinity to the positive god — good 
[Good]. In Icel. beztr, bezt; Sw. feast; Dan. best, 
beste; Dut. best; Ger. beste; O. H. Ger. pezisto; 
Goth, betizo, batista .] 

A. As adjective: Excelling in the moral or intel¬ 
lectual qualities which render a person more dis¬ 
tinguished, or the physical qualities which make 
a thing more valuable than all others of its class. 


465 


Thus, the best boy in a school is the one whose con¬ 
duct, diligence and attainments surpass those of 
all the other pupils; the best road is that most 
adapted to one’s purpose; the best field, the most 
fertile field or the field in other respects more val¬ 
uable than others. 

“. . . I’ll speak it before the best lord.”— Shakesp.: 

Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 3. 

“ . . . take of the best fruits iu the land .”—Genesis 

xliii. 11. 

“ An evil intention perverts the best actions, and makes 
them sins.”— Addison. 

B. As substantive (through omission of the real 
substantive): The persons who or the thing which 
surpasses all others of them, or its class, in the 
desirable quality or qualities with respect to which 
comparison is made. Used— 

(a) (Plur.) Of persons: 

“ . . . the best sometimes forget.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 3. 

(b) (Sing.) Of things: 

“The best, alas, is far from us.”— Carlyle: Heroes and 
Hero-worship, sect. v. 

C. As adverb: 

1. In the highest degree beyond ail others with 
whom or which comparison may be made. 

“ . . . he, I think, best loves you.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 2. 

2. To the most advantage, with most profit or 
success. 

“ . . . but she is best married that dies . . .” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iv. 5. 

3. With the most ease. 

"... how ’tis best to bear it.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, iii. 7. 

4. Most intimately, most particularly, most cor¬ 
rectly, in the highest degree. 

“. . . thou best know’st what . . .” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2. 

D. In special phrases: Best is often used in special 
phrases, generally as a substantive. 

1. At best or at the best: When the most favorable 
view is taken, when all advantages are properly 
estimated. 

2. Best to do or to be done is elliptical, meaning the 
best thing to do or to be done. 

3. One’s best: The best which one can do; the 
utmost effort which one can put forth. 

“ The duke did his best to come down.”— Bacon. 

4. The best may stand for the best thing or per¬ 
sons, or the best persons or things. [B. (6)] 

5. To have the best of it: To have the advantage 
over, to get the better of. 

6. To make the best of anything: To succeed in 
deriving from it the maximum of advantage which 
it is capable of rendering, or. if no advantage be 
derivable from it, then to reduce its disadvantages 
to a minimum. 

“Let there be freedom to carry their commodities 
where they may make the best of them, except there be 
some special cause of caution.”— Bacon. 

7. To make the best of one's way: To proceed as 
quickly as possible on one’s way. 

“We set sail, and made the best of our way, till we were 
forced by contrary winds . . .”— Addison. 

TT Best occurs also in an infinite number of com¬ 
pounds, such as best-beloved, too obvious in their 
construction and meaning to require insertion. 

best-beloved, a. Beloved above all others. 

“And in their crew his best-beloved Benjamin.” 

Dryden: The Hind and Panther, ii. 

best-man, best man, s. 

1. A man who vanquishes another in any kind of 
battle. (Eng.) 

“. . . he proved best man i’ the field.”— Shakesp.: 
Coriolanus, ii. 2. 

2. A bridesman or attendant upon the bride¬ 
groom. 

“ Presently after the two bridegrooms entered, accom¬ 
panied each by his friend or best-man.” — St. Johnston, 
iii. 90. 

best-work, s. 

Mining: A miner’s term used of the best or 
richest class of ore. 

best, v. t. To get the best of one, to cheat. ( Vul¬ 
gar.) 

*best, *beste, s. [Beast.] (Chaucer: C. T., 
1,311.) 

*be-stad’, *be-stadd'e,.pa. par. [Bestead.] 

be-stain’, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and stain.) To 
stain, to mark with stains ; to spot. (Lit. & fig.) 

be-stain’ed, pa. par. & a. [Bestain.] 

“We will not line his thin bestained cloke 
With our pure honors.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iv. 3. 


bestially 

be-stain’-lfig, pr.par. [Bestain.] 

be-stead', *be-sted', *be-stad, *be-stadde, 
*bi-sted, v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and stead. A. S. 
stede, stcede, styde—s. place, station, stead.] Essen¬ 
tial meaning, to place or dispose, so as to produce 
certain results. Specially— 

1. So to place as to be to the profit or advantage 
of, or simply to profit; to produce advantage to. 

“Hence, vain deluding joys, 

The brood of Folly, without father bred! 

How little you bested, 

Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys!” 

Milton: II Penseroso. 

2. So to place as to entertain, to receive, or accom¬ 
modate, or simply entertain; to receive, to accom¬ 
modate. 

“ They shall pass through it hardly bestead and 
hungry.”— Isaiah viii. 21. 

3. So to place as to beset, surround, entangle, 
overwhelm, or overpower; or simply to beset, sur¬ 
round, entangle, overwhelm, or overpower. 

“. . . ye have come at a time when he’s sair bested.” 

— Scott ■ Guy Mannering, ch. xi. 

“ Thus ill bestedd, and fearefull more of shame 
Then of the certeine perill he stood in.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 24. 

be-stead’, fbe-sted', *be-stedd, *be-sted'ded, 
*be-stad, *be-stadde, *bi-sted’. pa. par. [Be¬ 
stead.] 

“ And there tho ladie, ill of friends bestedded.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. i. 3. 

*be-steal, *be-stele, *bi-stele, v. i. To steal 

away. 

“ Bistal from than fihte.”— Layamon, 28,422. 

bes’-ti-al, *bes’-ti-all, a. & s. [In Fr., Prov., 
Sp., & Port, bestial; Ital. bestiale; from Lat. 
bestialis=hke a beast, bestial; from bestia —a beast 
an irrational creature as opposed to man.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to the inferior animals, and espe¬ 
cially those which are the most savage and repul¬ 
sive. 

“ . . . of a shape part human, part bestial, . . 
Tatler, No. 49. 

2. In qualities resembling a beast; brutal, beneath 
the dignity of reason or humanity, suitable for a 
beast. 

“ Moreover, urge his hateful luxury, 

And bestial appetite in change of lust.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 5. 

*B. As substantive: Bestiality. 

“ Bestial among reasonables is forboden in euery lawe 
and euery sect, both in Christen and others.”— Test, of 
Loue, bk. ii. 

IT All the cattle, horses, sheep, &c., on a farm, 
taken collectively. 

“. . . and besides all other kindes of bestiall, frute- 

ful of mares, for breeding of horse.”— Descr. of the King- 
dome of Scotlande. (Jamieson.) 

fbes’-ti-al, s. [According to Jamieson, from 
Lat. bestialis, as at first applied to the engines 
called rams, sows, &c., but more probably from Fr. 
bastille, a tower. Low Lat. bastillae .] [Bastille.] 
An engine for a siege. 

“Ramsay gert byg strung bestials off tre, 

Be gud urychtis, the best in that cuntre.” 

Wallace, vii. 976. MS. (Jamieson.) 

*bes-ti-al’-i-te, s. [From Old Fr. bestial .] 
[Bestial, «.] Cattle. 

“There he sate his felicite on the manuring of the 
corne land, and in the keping of bestialite.”—Complaint 
of Scot., p. 68. (Jamieson.) 

bes-ti-al’-i-ty, s. [From Fr. bestiality. In Dan. 
bestialetet; Sp. bestialidad; Port, bestialidade .] 

1. The quality of being a beast or acting like on^. 

“What can be a greater absurdity than to affirm bes¬ 
tiality to be the essence of humanity, and darkness the 
center of light? ”— Arbuthnot & Pope: Mart. Scvib. 

2. Spec.: Unnatural connection with a beast. 

“Thus fornications, incest, rape, and even bestiality, 

were sanctified by the amours of Jupiter, Pan, Mars, 
Venus, and Apollo.”— Goldsmith: Essay xiv. 

bes-ti-cd-Ize, v. t. [From bestial, and suffix 
-ize.] To render bestial, to make a beast of; to 
reduce, as far as it can be done, to the level of a 
beast. 

“ . . . humanity is debased and bestialized where it 
is otherwise.”— Phil. Letters on Physiog. (1751), p. 87. 

*bes’-ti-al-liche, a. [Eng. bestial= beasts, taken 
collectively, and A. S. Z7c=like.] Beastly; beast¬ 
like. 

“These liues be thorow names departed in three maner 
of kinds as bestialliche, manlyche, and reasonabliche, 

. . .”— Test, of Loue, bk. ii. 

bes'-ti-al-ly, adv. [Eng. bestial; -ly.~\ After 
the manner of a beast, in a beastly way ; brutally 
(Johnson.) 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh^tn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bfl, d?V 

30 



bestiarian 


466 


bet 


bes-tl-a-rl-fin, s. One who takes an interest in 
the kind treatment of beasts; one opposed to vivi- 
v section. (Darwin.) 

bes’-tl-a-r^, s. [Lat. bestiarium =pertain ing to 
wild beasts.] 

1. A name formerly given to a treatise on animals. 

2. A fighter of wild beasts in the Roman games. 

Tie-stick’, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and stick.) 

1. Lit. : To stick over with. 

2. Fiq. : To scatter over with missiles which infix 
themselves. 

“ . . . truth, shall retire 
Bestuck with slanderous darts, . . .” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. xii. 
be-still', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and still.) To 
make still or silent. 

“ Commerce bestill’d her many-nationed tongue.” 

Cunningham.: Elegiac Ode. 
be-stilled, pa. par. [Bestill.] 
be-stil-ling, pr.par. [Bestill.] 

, *bestious, *bestyous, a. [Low Lat. feesftws.] 
Monstrous. 

“ Then came fro the Yrishe see, 

A bestyous fyshe.” 

Hardyng: Chronicles, ch. xxvi. 

be-stlr', *be-stirre', *be-stere', *be-sturre, v. t. 
[Eng. prefix be, and stir.) 

I. Of things: 

1. Lit. : To stir or agitate anything material. 

“ I watched it as it sank: methought 
Some motion from the current caught 
Bestirr’d it more.” Byron: The Giaour. 

2. Fig.: To stir anything not material. 

“ Kent . No marvel, you have so bestirred your valor, 
you cowardly rascal!”— Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 2. 

II. Of persons (generally with a reflexive pro¬ 
noun) : To bestir one’s self, i. e., to stir one’s self 
up to activity with regard to anything. 

“Lord ! how he gan for to bestirre him tho.” 

Spenser: The Fate of the Butterflie. 

" It was indeed necessary that he should bestir him¬ 
self.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 
be-stlr red, pa. par. [Bestir.] 
be-stir'-ring, pr. par. [Bestir.] 
tbest'-ness, s. [Eng. best; -ness.] The state or 
quality of being the best. 

“ Generally the bestness of a thing (that we may so call 
It) is best discerned by the necessary use.”— Bp. Morton: 
Episcopacy Asserted, § 4. 

be-storm’, v. t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and storm.) 

A. Trans. : To involve in storm; to carry by 

Storm. 

“ . . . so, when all is calm and serene within, he may 
Bhelter himself there from the persecutions of the world; 
but when both are bestormed, he hath no refuge to fly to.” 
— Dr. Scott: Works, vol. ii., 255. 

B. Intrans. : To storm; to rage. 

“ All is sea besides, 

Sinks under us, bestorms, and then devours.” 

Young: Night Thoughts. ( Richardson.) 

be-storm ed, pa. par. [Bestorm.] 
be-storm'-Ing, pr. par. [Bestorm.] 
be-st5 w, *be-sto we, *be-sto'w-en, *bi-sto'w- 
en, v. t. [A. S. prefix be, and stow— a place, dwell¬ 
ing-place or habitation. In Sw. besta ; Dut. beste- 
den.) [Stow.] 

1. To stow, to put in a place, to lay up. 

“And when he came to the tower, he took them from 
their hand, and bestowed them in the house:”—2 Kings 
v. 24. 

2. To use or apply in a particular place. 

“ The sea was not the Duke of Marlborough’s element, 
“btherwise the whole force of the war would infallibly have 
been bestowed there.”— Swift. 

3. To lay out upon; to expend upon. 

“ And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy 
soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine 
. . .”—Deuteronomy xiv. 26. 

4. To give. 

(а) Gen.: To give as a charitable gift or gratuity, 
or as a present; to confer, to impart. 

“Honors were, as usual, liberally bestowed at this fes¬ 
tive season.”— Macaulay: Hist . Eng., ch. xi. 

(б) Spec. : To give in marriage. 

“Icould have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman, who 
oxtremely admired her.”— Tatler. 

IT Formerly bestow was sometimes followed by to 
prefixed to the obj ect. Now on or upon is employed. 

(а) With to. 

“ Sir Julius Cassar had in his office the disposition of 
the six clerks’ places, which he had bestowed to such per¬ 
sons as he thought fit.”— Clarendon. 

(б) With on or upon. See extract under 4 (6). 
*bes-tow-age (age=Ig), s. [Eng. bestow; -age.) 

Stowage. (Bp. Hall.) 


bes-to W-fil, s. [Eng. bestow; -of.] 

1. Bestowment; the act of bestowing, giving, lay* 
ing out upon or up in store. 

“. . . by the bestowal of money or time, . . — 

J. S. Mill: Political Economy, bk. i., ch. xi., § 2. 

2. The state of being bestowed, 
bes-to wed, pa. par. & a. [Bestow.] 

bes-to w-er, s. [Eng. bestow; -er.) One who 
bestows. 


“. . . some as the bestowers of thrones, . . . ”— Stil- 
lingfleet. 

bes-to w-irtg, pr. par. & s. [Bestow.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As substantive: Power or right to bestow; 
bestowment. 


“Fair maid, send forth thine eye; this youthful parcel 
Of noble bachelors stand at my bestowing.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, iii. 3. 

bes-to w-ment, s. [Eng. bestow; -ment.) The 
same as Bestowal (q. v.), which is the more com¬ 
mon word. 

1. The act of bestowing; the state of being 
bestowed. 


“If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view, 
. .”— Chauncey. 

2. That which is bestowed. 


“ They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to 
God’s ovrubestowments.” — I. Taylor. 

be-strad’-dle, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and strad¬ 
dle.) To bestride. (Todd.) 

tbes-traught’ ( gh silent), *bes-trat’, *be- 
stract', a. [Eng. prefix be, and *straught, obso¬ 
lete pa. par. of stretch .] Distracted in mind; 
“distraught,” from which the signification of 
bestraught is borrowed. 

“Ask Marian, that tat alewife, if she knew me not. 
What! I am not bestraught.” — Shakesp.: Taming of the 
Shrew, Induct, ii. 

be-streak’, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and streak.) 
To streak. 


“ Two beauteous kids I keep, bestreak’d with white.” 

Beattie: Virgil, pt. il. 

*be-Streik’, a. [From Ger. strechen— to draw 
out.] Drawn out. 

Gold bestreik: Gold wire or twist. 


“Thair girtens wer of gold bestreik .” 

Burel: Watson’s Col., ii. 12. (Jamieson.') 

be-strew’ (ew as fi), +be-strow', *bi-strew-en, 
v.t. [Eng. prefix fee, and strew. A. S. bestreowian= 
to bestrew; feesfred=strowed. In Sw. bestrd; Dan. 
bestr&e; Dut. bestroien.] To strew over; to strew. 
“ That from the withering branches cast, 
Bestrewed the ground with every blast.” 

Scott: Rokeby, ii. 9. 

be-strew’ed (ewed as fid), *be-strow'ed, fbe- 
strow n, pa. par. & a. [Bestrow.] 

be-strlde, *be-stryd e, *by stryde (pret. bestrid, 
bestrode; pa. par. bestridden, f bestrode [poetic]), 
v. t. [Eng. prefix fee, and stride. A. S. bestridan 
(Lye); Dut. beschryden.) 

I. Of persons: 

1. To place the legs across. 

[1) Lit.: To place the legs across a person or 
thing, remaining for a time stationary in that 
attitude. Specially, to place the legs across— 

(а) a horse. 

“ The wealthy, the luxurious, by the stress 
Of business roused, or pleasure, ere their time, 

May roll in chariots, or provoke the hoofs 
Of the fleet coursers they bestride.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii. 

(б) a fallen friend in battle, to defend him; 

“ If you see me down in the battle, and bestride me, so: 
’tis a point of friendship.”— Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., v. 1. 

(c) a fallen enemy in battle, to triumph over him. 

“ Th’ insulting victor with disdain bestrode 
The prostrate prince, and on his bosom trod.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi., 619, 620. 

(2) Fig.: To exert dominant power over. 

“ Cleo. His legs bestrid the ocean.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 

2. To step momentarily over, as in walking. 

“ Than when I first my wedded mistress saw 

Bestride my threshold.” Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 5. 

“ Strives through the surge, bestrides the beach, and 
high 

Ascends the path familiar to his eye.” 

Byron: Corsair, iii. 19. 

II. Of things : To span. (Used of a bridge, a rain¬ 
bow, &c.) 

“ Meantime, refracted from yon eastern cloud, 
Bestriding earth, the grand ethereal bow 
Shoots up immense, and ev’ry hue unfolds.” 

Thomson: Spring, 202-4. 


be-strid’-den, fbe-strode, pa. par. [Be¬ 
stride.] (Poetic.) Ridden, as a horse. 

‘"The giant steed, to be bestrode by Death, 

As told in the Apocalypse.” 

Byron: Manfred, ii. 2. 

be-stri’d-ing, pr. par. [Bestride.] 
tbe-stro w, v. t. [Bestrew.] 

*be-str5 wed, fbe-strow’n, pa.pow. [Bestrow.] 

“ But the bare ground with hoarie mosse bestrowed 
Must be their bed.” Spenser: F. Q., YI. iv. 14. 

“ Nor spares to stoop her head, and taste 
The dewy turf with flowers bestrown.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, i. 

be-stuck', pa. par. [Bestick.1 
be-stud’, v. t. [Eng. prefix fee, and stud.) To stud 
over; to ornament by placing in anything shining 
studs or similar ornaments, 
be-stud'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Bestud.] 

“. . . and as many rich coates embroidered and 

bestudded with purple.”— Holland: Livius, p. 752. (Rich¬ 
ardson. ) 

be-stud-difig, pr.par. [Bestud.] 
*be-stur’-ted, a. [Ger. besturzen = ... to 
startle.] Startled, alarmed, affrighted. (Scotch.) 
(Jamieson.) 

*bes’--tyl-nesse, s. [O. Eng. bestyl= beastly, Mod. 
Eng. beastly, and suff. -?tesse=ness.] The same as 
Beastliness (q. v.). (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bes’-tyl-wy§e, a. or adv. [O. Eng. bestyl — 
beastly, and suff. -wyse=wise.] In a beastly man¬ 
ner. (Prompt. Parv.) 

be-sure (sure as shfir), adv. [Eng. fee, and sure.) 
Certainly. (Nuttall.) 

be-swak’-it, pa. par. ora. [Icel. saukva— to be 
plunged in water.] Soaked, drenched (?). 

“And aft beswakit with an owre hietyde.” 

Dunbar: Evergreen, 18. (Jamieson.) 

*be-sweat, *bi-sweat, v. t. To cover with sweat. 

“ All his burne wes biswcet.” — Layamon, 9,315. 

*be-swike, *be-sweik, *be-swyke, v. t. TA. S. 

beswican =to deceive, weaken, escape, offend; Icel. 
svikia; Sw. svika = to disappoint..] To deceive, to 
lure to ruin. 

‘•With notes of so great likynge, 

Of such measure, of such musicke, 

Whereof the shippes they beswike, 

That passen by the costes there.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. x. 

*be-§y, a. [Bust.] 

*be-§ym, s. [Besom.] (Wycliffe.) 
be§-y-nes, s. [Business.] (Scotch.) 
bet, s. [Etymology doubtful. According to Web¬ 
ster, Mahn, and others, from A. S. bad—a pledge, a 
stake; wed —a pledge, earnest, or promise. If so, 
then cognate with Sw. vad; Ger. wette =a bet. But 
Wedgwood and Skeat both consider bet as simply a 
contraction for abet, in the sense of backing, encour¬ 
aging, or supporting the side on which the person 
lays his wager.] [Bet, v.) 

1. Lit.: A wager, a sum staked upon the event of 
a horse-race or some other contingency. It is gen¬ 
erally placed against the wager of some other man 
whose views are adverse to those of the first. Who¬ 
ever is proved right in his vaticination regains his 
own stake, and with it takes that of his opponent. 

“I heard of a gentleman laying a bet with another, that 
one of his men should rob him before his face.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, ch. xvi. 

2. Fig.: Rash confidence. 

“The hoary fool, who many days 
Has struggled with continued sorrow, 

Renews his hope, and blindly lays 
The desp’rate feet upon to-morrow.” Prior. 
bet (1), v. t. &i. [From bet, s. (q.v.) According 
to Webster, Mahn, &c., from A. S. badian=to pledge, 
or to seize as a pledge; Dut. iveeden=to wager; 
Ger. wetten — to bet; Goth, vidan — to bind. But 
Wedgwood and Skeat reject this etymology.] 

A. Transitive: To wager; to stake upon a contin¬ 
gency. 

“John of Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money 
upon his head.”— Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iii. 2. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To lay a wager; to stake money upon a 
contingency. 

2. Fig.: To trust something highly valuable to a 
contingency. 

“ He began to think, as he would himself have expressed 
it, that he had betted too deep on the Revolution, and that 
it was time to hedge.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

bet (2), v. t. [Beit.] To abate; to mitigate. 
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 
bet (3), v. t. [Beat.] (Scotch.) 

1. To “ beat,” to strike. 

2. To defeat. 

“. . . did feet their enterprise.”— Craufurd: History 
TJniv. Edin., p. 19. (Jamieson.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




467 


bethumb 


bet 


*bet, pa. par. & pret. [Beat.] (O. Eng. & Scotch.) 
Beaten, beat. 

“Quhen thay war cumyn to Inchecuthil], thay fanrl the 
brig feet down.”— Bellend.: Cron., iv. 19. 

“He staid for a better hour, till the hammer had wrought 
and feet the party more pliant.”— Bacon. 

*bet, *bett, pa. par. [Beit.] (Scotch.) 

1. Helped; supplied. 

2. Built; erected. 

“. . . within hir palice yet 
Of hir first husband, was ane tempill bet 
Of marbill, . . .” 

Douglas: Virgil, 116, 2. (Jamieson.) 

*bet, *bette, compar. of a. [A. S. bet, 6eff=bet- 
ter.] Better. 

“For ther is no cloth sittith feet 
On damyselle, than doth roket.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 
The dapper ditties, that I wont devise 
To feede youthes fancie and the flocking fry, 
Delighten much; what I the feett for-thy?” 

Spenser: Shephearde’s Calender, 10 

be’-ta (1), s. [Beet.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Chenopodiacese (Chenopods). A species grows in 
our gardens, the Beta vulgaris, or Common Beet, 
under which the B. maritima is placed as a variety. 
It has a large, thick, and fleshy root, succulent, sub- 
ovate root-leaves, and cauline ones oblong. There 
are numerous spikes of flowers. [Beet.] 

be'-tgi, be'-tij, (2), s. [Lat. beta; from Gr. beta, the 
second letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding 
to B in English, Latin, &c.; beth in Hebrew, ba in 
Arabic, and vida in Coptic, &c. Its sound in the 
words into which it enters is that of our b.) 

beta-orcin, s. [From the Greek letter beta, and 
orcin .] 

Chem.: CsHglOHjo. A diatomic phenol obtained 
by the dry distillation of usnic acid, and of other 
acids which occur in lichens. It crystallizes in 
colorless prisms, melting at 109°, which are soluble 
in water and in alcohol. Its ammoniacal solution 
turns red on exposure to the air. 

beta-or sellic acid. [From the Greek letter beta, 
and orcin.] [Orchil.] 

Chem.: CjuHs^Ojs. An organic acid found in 
Roccella tinctoria, or archil weed, which grows in 
the Canary and Cape Verd Islands. It forms color¬ 
less crystals; boiled with baryta-water, it yields 
orsellinic acid, C 6 H 2 (CH 3 )(OH) 2 .CO.OH, and roc- 
cellinin, CisHigOT, which forms hair-like, silvery 
crystals. 

■fbe-tag', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and tag.] To tag 
or tack. 

“Bescutcheoned and betagged with verse.” 

Churchill: The Ghost, bk. iv. 

fbe-tag ged, pa. par. [Betag.] 

fbe-ta iled, a. [Eng. prefix be, and tailed .] Fur¬ 
nished with a tail. 

“ Thus betailed and bepowdered, the man of taste fancies 
he improves in beauty, . .”— Goldsmith: Citizen of the 
World, Let. 3. 

be’-til-Ine, «• [From Lat. 6eta=beet.] [Beet, 
Beta.] ^^-.CHg. 

Chem.: C 5 HnN0 2 , or H 2 C<g 0 0 gf Itiscalled 
also trimethylglycocine. Betaine occurs as a nat¬ 
ural alkaloid in beetroot; it has the constitution 
trimethyl-glycocine. It can be obtained by the oxi¬ 
dation of choline hydrochloride. Choline occurs 
in the bile and brain of animals; also in the white 
of eggs. Betaine can be obtained as a hydro¬ 
chloride synthetically by heating trimethylamine, 
(CH 3 ) 3 N, with monochloracetic acid, CHoCl.CO.OH. 
Betaine crystallizes from alcohol in shining deli¬ 
quescent needles containing one molecule of water. 
It is neutral, has a sweet taste, and is decomposed 
by boiling alkalies, giving off trimethylamine. 

be-ta'ke, *bi-take', *bytake (pret. *betook, 
*betoke; pa. par. betaken, *betaught), v. t. & i. 
[Eng. prefix be, and take. A. S. betcecan=( 1) to 
show, (2) to betake, impart, deliver to, (3) to send, 
to follow, to pursue.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To take, to take to, to deliver, to intrust. 
[Betech.] 

“ Dame Phoebe to a Nymphe her babe betooke 
To be upbrought iu perfect Maydenhed.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, III. vi. 28. 

*2. To give, to recommend. ( Chaucer , <&c.) 

“ Ich bitake min soule God.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 475. 

3. With the reflexive pronoun: 

(1) Lit.: To take one’s self to a place; to repair 
to, to remove to, to go to. 

“ . . . in betaking himself with his books to a small 
lodging in an attic.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 


(2) Fig.: To have recourse to; to adopt a course 
of action; to apply one’s self to. 

"... that the adverse part . . . betaking itself 
to such practices . . .”— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. iv., 
ch. xiv., § 6. 

“ . . . therefore betake thee 
To nothing but despair.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iii. 2 
B. Intransitive (by suppression of the pronoun) : 
To go, resort. 

“ But here ly downe, and to thy rest betake.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I. ix. 44. 
be-ta k-en, pa. par. [Betake.] 
be-ta'k-ing, pr. par. & s. [Betake.] 

A. As present participle ; In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As substantive: The act of taking or of repair¬ 
ing, or having recourse to. 

fbe-talk (l silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
talk.] To talk. 

“ For their so valiant fight, that every free man's song, 
Can tell you of the same, quoth she, betalk’d on long.” 

Drayton: Polyolbion, Song 28. 
fbe-tal’-low, v. t. To cover with tallow. 

“ I will slice out thy towels with thine own razor, 
betallow thy tweezes, . . .”— Ford: The Francies, Chaste 
and Noble, i. 2. 

*bet-ayne, s. [Betony.] 

*bete (1), v. t. [Beat, v.] To beat. (Chaucer.) 
*bete (2), v. t. & i. [Bate, v.] 
bete (3), v. t. [Beet, v.] (O. Eng., O. <& Mod. 
Scotch.) 

be-tear’ed, a. [Eng. be; feared.] Bedewedwith 
tears. 

“ ‘ Alas, madam,’ answered Philoclea, ‘ I know not 
whether my tears become my eyes, but I am sure my eyes 
thus beteared become my fortune.”— Sidney. Arcadia, 
bk. iii. 

*be-tech', *be-teche (pret. & pa. par. betauglit), 
v. t. [A. S. betceccm= (1) to show, (2) to betake, im¬ 
part, deliver to, (3) to send, to follow.] [Betake.] 

1. To show ; to teach. 

“ So as the philosophre techeth 
To Alisaunder and him betecheth 
The lore.” Gower: Conf. Am., bk. vii. 

2. To deliver up, to consign. (Scotch.) The same 
as Betake (q. v.). 

“ Thai wald, rycht with an angry face, 

Betech them to the blak Douglas.” 

Barbour, xv. 538. MS. (Jamieson.) 
*bS-ted’, pa. par. [Betide.] 

*be-teem', *be-teeme', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
teem. A. S. tyman =to teem, to beget, to propagate.] 

1. To deliver, to give, to commit, to intrust. 

“ ‘ So would I,’ said the enchaunter, ‘glad and faine 
Beteeme to you this sword, you to defend.’ ” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, LL viii. 19. 

2. To allow, to permit, to suffer. 

“ . . . so loving to my mother 

That he might not beteem the winds of heaven 
Visit her face too roughly.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 2. 

be’-tel, fbe'-tle, s. [In Ger. betel, betelkraut; 
Fr. bUtel: Ital. betel.] 

1. The English name of the Piper betle, a shrubby 
plant with evergreen leaves belonging to the typi¬ 
cal genus of the order Piperaceee (Pepperworts). It 
is extensively cultivated in the East Indies. 

2. Its leaf, used as a wrapper to inclose a few 
slices of the areca palm nut [Areca, Betel Nut- 
tree] with a little shell lime. The Southern Asi¬ 
atics are perpetually chewing it to sweeten the 
breath, to strengthen the stomach, and, if hunger be 
present, to deaden its cravings. It is called pan, or 
pan sooparee. It is offered by natives of the East 
to their European visitors, and is often all that is 
laid before one accepting an invitation to their 
houses 

“ Opium, coffee, the root of betel, tears of poppy, and 
tobacco condense the spirits .”—Sir T. Herbert: Travels, 

p. 312. 

betel-carrier, s. 

In the East: One who carries betel, to have it 
ready when his master calls for it. 

“ . . . had given to him, Fadladeen, the very profit¬ 
able posts of Betel-carrier and Taster of Sherbet, . . .” 
— Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Fire Worshipers. 

betel nut-tree, s. An English name of the Areca 
catechu, an exceedingly handsome and graceful 
palm-tree, cultivated in India and elsewhere. It is 
sometimes called also the Medicinal Cabbage-tree. 
The nut is cut in slices, wrapped in the aromatic 
leaves of the betel-pepper, and chewed by the 
natives of the East. [Betel.] 

Bet'-el-geux, Bet'-el-gefi§e, Bet'-el-gue§e, s. 
[Corrupted Arabic.] 


Astron.: A bright star of the first _ magnitude 
situated near the right shoulder of Orion, the one 
occupying a nearly corresponding position of the 
left shoulder being Bellatrix (q. v.). Betelgeux is 
called also Alpha and Bellatrix Gamma Orionis. 

*be-ten, pa. par. & a. [Beaten.] 

*beth, *beeth, v. i. [A. S. beoth—aie; beoth =be 
ye.] 

1. Be, be ye. (Chaucer.) 

2. Is, are. 

“Than he for sinne in sorwe beth.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 182. 

3. Shall be. 

“Till ihesus beth on rode dead.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 388. 

be-thank', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and thank.] To 
thank. 

Beth'-el, s. [In Gr. Baithel, Bethel, Bethele; 
Heb. Beth el, Beth=honse of, and El= God, the 
construct state of feaif/i=house. (See def. 1.)] 

1. Scrip. Geog.: A village or small Canaanite 
town, originally called £wz=Almond-tree; but 
altered by Jacob to Bethel—the House of God, in 
consequence of a divine vision granted him in its 
vicinity (Gen. xxviii. 19), the name being given it 
anew at a subsequent period (Gen. xxxv. 15). It 
became forthwith a sacred place. It was specially 
celebrated during the period of the old Jewish 
monarchy, one of Jeroboam’s calves being placed 
there (1 Kings xii. 29). It is now called Beitin. 

“ And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel. (Now 
the name of the city before was Luz.)”— Judges i. 23. 

2. Ordinary Language: 

(1) A church, a chapel, a place of worship, “ the 
House of God.” 

(2) A church or chapel for seamen. 

be-think', *by thenk, *by thenclie (pret. be* 

thought), v. t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and think. A. Si 
bethencan—to consider, bethink, remember (pret* 
bethoht, bethohte; Sw. betdnka ; Dan. betcenke ; But. 
& Ger. bedenken.] 

A. Trans, (with a reflexive pronoun): To summon 
the thoughts ; to consider any matter; to reflect. 

“ Yet of another plea bethought him soon.” 

Milton: Paradise Regained, bk. iiL 

“ At last he bethought himself that he had slept in the 
arbor that is on the side of the hill.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s 
Progress, pt. i. 

B. Intrans.: To think, consider, reflect. 

“ What we possess we offer ; it is thine ; 

Bethink ere thou dismiss us; ask again.” 

Byron: Manfred, i. L 

be-think'-lng, pr. par. [Bethink.] 

Beth-le-hem, s. [Ger., &c., Bethlehem ; Gr. 
Bethlehem; Heb. Beth Lehem= the house of Bread.] 

1. Scrip. Geoa.: The well-known village in Judea 
(six miles south by west of Jerusalem) celebrated as 
the birthplace of King David and of the Divine 
Redeemer. It still exists, with the Arabic name of 
Beit-lahm. 

2. Ord. Lang.: [Named after the above.] A Lon¬ 
don religious house converted into a hospital for 
lunatics. It is generally corrupted into Bedlam 
(q-v.). 

Beth'-le-mlte, Beth-le-hem-Ite, s. [In Ger. 

(Ch. Hist.) Bethlehemit , Bethlehemiten-binder.] 

1. Scrip. Geog. <& Hist.: An inhabitant of Bethle¬ 
hem, in Judea. 

“ . . . Jesse, the Bethiehemite.” —1 Samuel xvi. 1. 

2. Ord. Lang.: An inmate of Bethlehem or “Bed¬ 
lam” hospital for lunatics. 

3. Ch. Hist.: An order of monks which arose in 
the thirteenth century, and was introduced into 
England in A. D. 1257. They dressed like the 
Dominicans, except that they wore on their breast 
a five-rayed star in memory of the star which 

S uided the Magi from the East to the house in 
ethlehem where the infant Saviour lay. 

be-thoughf (thought as that), pret. of v. 

[Bethink.] 

“ . . . at length I bethought me, and sent him.” 

Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 3. 
tbe-thralT, v. t. [Eng.prefix be, and thrall.] To 
enthrall, to enslave, to bring into subjection. Now 
enthrall has taken its place. 

“ For she it is that did my lord bethrall, 

My dearest lord, and deepe in dongeon lay.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I. viiL 28. 
fbe-thralled', pa. par. & a. [Bethrall.] 
be-throw', a. [Eng. prefix be, and throw.* 
Thrown down, cast down, prostrated. 

“. . . I am be knowe 
That I with loue am so bethrowe, 

And all my herte is so through sonke 
That I am veriliche dronke.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. vi. 

be-thumb’, v. t. To soil by handling, as, to 
bethumb a book. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



betroth 


bethump 


468 


fbe-thump', v. t. [Eng. prefix be. and thump.] 
To thump, to beat all over {lit, or fig.). 

“I was never so bethumpt with words, 

Since when I call’d my brother’s father dad.” 

Shakes]). .• King John, ii. 2. 

be-thy'-lus, s. [From Gr. 6ef7i?/ios=the name of 
a fish as yet unidentified.] 

1. The name given by Fabricius and Latreille to a 
genus of small hymenopterous insects belonging to 
the family Proctotrupidse. They have large de¬ 
pressed heads, and look like ants, but are more 
akin to ichneumons. 

2. Cuvier’s name for a genus of shrikes. Vieillot 
has changed the term into Cissopis. 

*be-tid’, *be-tyd, *be -ty-ded, *be-tidd e, *bi- 
tid, *by-tyde, *be-ted, *be-tydde, *by-tyde, 
*be-ticht, pret. & pa. par. [Betide.] 

“ . . . and let them tell thee tales 
Of woeful ages, long ago betid." 

Shakesp.: Richard II., v. 1. 
be-tide’, *be-tyde', *bitide (pret. *betid , 
tided; pa. par. *betid, &c.) (q. v.),v. t. & i. [Eng. 
pref. be, and tide; A. S. tidan— to betide, to hap¬ 
pen.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To befall, to happen to. (Used of favorable or 
unfavorable occurrences.) 

IT (a) It is often followed by to. 

“ To yield me often tidings ; neither know I 
What is betid to Oloten; but remain . . .” 

Shakesp.: Cijmbeline, iv. 3. 

(6) More rarely by of. To betide of is = to be¬ 
come of. 

“If he were dead, what would betide of me ?” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 3. 

2. To betoken, to omen, to foreshadow, to signify. 

“Awaking, how could I but muse 
At what such a dream should betide ?” 

Cowper: The Morning Dream. 

B. Intransitive: To happen, to come to pass. 

“And all my solace is to know, 

Whate’er betides, I’ve known the worst.” 

Byron. Cliilde Harold, i. 81 ( To Inez). 
*be-tight, pa. par. [Betid.] 
fbe-tl me, be-ti me§, *by-time§, *bi-tyme, *by- 
tyme, adv. [Eng. prefix be, and time, times.] 

1. Early in the day. 

“ To business that we love we rise betime, 

And go to it with delight.” 

Shakesp .; Antony and Cleopatra, iv. 4. 
'“And they rose up betimes in the morning . . "— 

Genesis xxvi. 81. 

2. In good time, in time; before it is too late. 

“ That we are bound to cast the minds of youth 

Betimes into the mold of heavenly truth.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

3. Soon, speedily. 

“There be some have an over-early ripeness in their 
years which fadeth betimes; these are first such as have 
brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon t urned.”— Bacon. 

4. By and by; in a little. (Scotch.) 

5. At times; occasionally. {Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 
*bet'-Ihg, s. [Bete, Beit.] Reparation, 
be'-tle, s. [Betel.] 

*be-tOghe, pa. par. [Perhaps from A. S. toh— 
tough.] Strongly clad. 

“Ac for that strok had he non hoghe 
For he was thanne to betoghe body and heued y-same.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 4,540-41, 

*be-toke’, pret. ofv. [Betake.] (Chaucer.) 
be-to k-en, *be-tokn, *be-to-kin, *bi-token- 
en, *bi-tocn-en, *bi-tacn-en, v. t. [From Eng. 
prefix be, and token. In A. S. getacnian=to token, 
to show; Sw. beteckna; Dan. betegne; Dut. beteek - 

1. To be a token of; to be a pledge of; to signify; 
to afford evidence of; to show forth ; to symbolize. 

“ A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow 
Conspicuous with three listed colors gay, 
Betokening peace from God.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, xi. 867. 

2. To foreshow ; to omen; to predict. 

“ Like a red morn, that ever yet betoken'd 
Wreck to the seaman, tempest to the field.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 453. 

“ The kindling azure, and the mountain’s brow, 
Illum’d with fluid gold, his near approach 
Betoken glad.” Thomson: Seasons; Summer, 85. 

be-to-kened, pa.par. [Betoken.] 

be-tok’-en-mg *be-tok-ninge, *bi-tok-ninge, 

pr. par., a. & s. [Betoken.] 
be-ton, s. [Fr. btton— the concrete described 
below.] 

Masonry: A concrete, the invention of M. Coignet, 
composed usually of sand, 5 ; lime, 1; and hydraulic 
cement, 25. 



be-ton’-i-ca ( Lat .), bet'-on-y, *be taine, *be- 
tayne, *bet’-on, *be-ton-ye, *ba-tan-y, *by-ten 

(Eng.), s. [In A. S . betoce, betonice; Sw. betonie- 
grds; Dan. betonie; Dut. betonie; Ger. betonika, 
betonie; Fr. bitoine; Ital. betonico; Sp., Port., & 
Low Lat. betonica. According to Pliny, first called 
Vettonica, from the Vettones, a people of Spain. 
Celt, bentonic, from ben=head, and fon—good, 
tonic.] 

A. Of the Mod. Lat. form Betonica: 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Lamiaceae (Labiates). The calyx is ten-ribbed, 
with five awned teeth, and the lower lip of the 
corolla is trifid. Betonica officinalis , or Wood 
Betony, grows in 
shady places. It 
is called by Ben- 
tham and others 
St achy s beton * 
ica. 

B. Of the forms 
Betony, Betaine, 

Betayne, and 
Beton: The Eng¬ 
lish name of the 
genus Betonica 
(q. v.), and spe¬ 
cially of the B. 
officinalis, or 
Wood Betony. 

When fresh. it 
has an intoxica¬ 
ting effect; the 
dried leaves ex¬ 
cite sneezing. The roots are bitter and very nau¬ 
seous, and the plant is used to dye wool a fine dark 
yellow. 

IT Brook Betony: A plant (Scrophularia aquatica, 
Linn.). 

Paul's Belong: A plant (Veronica officinalis, 

Linn.). 

Water Betony: The same as Brook Betony 
(Scrophularia aquatica). 
be-to'ok, *be-tooke, pret. ofv. [Betake.] 
be-tb'rn, pa. par. & a. [Eng. prefix be, and torn.) 
Torn. 

“Whose heart betorn out of his panting breast 
With thine own hand . . .” 

Sackville : Tragedy of Gorboduc. 

fbe-toss’, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and loss.] To 
agitate; to put into violent motion. To toss (lit. or 
fig.). 

“What said my man, when my betossed soul 
Did not attend him as we rode?” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. 

be-toss ed, pa. par. & a. [Betoss, v. t.) 
be-tos-sing, pr. par. [Betoss, v. t.) 

*betowre, *bitowre, *bittore, *bitture, s. 

[Bittern.] 

“ Bustard, betowre, and shovelere.” 

Babeesbrook (ed. Furnivall), p. 153. 
*be-trai§ed, pa. par. [Betrayed.] (Chaucer.) 
be-trap', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and trap. In 
A. S. betrceppan .] To entrap, to trip, to ensnare. 
“And othir mo, that coudin full wel preche, 

Belrapped were, for aught that they could reche.” 

Occleve: Letter ofCupide, ver. 252. 
*be-trashed, pa.par. [Betrayed.] 

“And he thereof was all abashed, 

His owne shadow had him betrashed.” 

Romaunt of the Bose. 

be-tra’y, *bi-trai-en, *bi-trai-in, *be-tray-yn, 
*bi-traie (Eng.), *be-trey'-ess, *be-trase (O. 
Scotch), v. t. & i. [From Eng. prefix be, and O. Eng. 
traie— to betray. In Fr. trahir; O. Fr. trair, trahir; 
Prov. trayr, trair, trahir, tradar, trachar; Port. 
trahir; Ital. tradire; Lat. trado= to deliver, to 
betray; trans—over, beyond; and do—to give.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. To give up. 

1. To deliver up a person or thing unfaithfully or 
treacherously. (Used of the surrender of a person 
to his enemies, or an army, or a military post to the 
foe.) 

“. . . the Son of man shall be betrayed into the 
hands of men.” —Matthew xvii. 22. 

2. To injure by revealing a secret intrusted to one 
in confidence ; or make known faults which one was 
bound in honor to conceal. 

(1) Lit.: In the foregoing sense. 

“Jones who was perfectly willing to serve or to betray 
any government for hire.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

(2) Fig. (of things): To reveal, to make known. 
Specially, to reveal or make known anything not 
intended to be communicated. 

“And seemed impatient and afraid 
That our tardy flight should be betrayed 
By the sound our horses’ hoof-beats made.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv. 


II. To act treacherously, even when there is no 
giving up of any person or thing. 

1. Gen.: To violate the trust reposed in one. 

2. Spec.: To violate a promise made in courting a 
female, especially to seduce her under promise of 
marriage, and then abandon her to her fate. 

“Far, far beneath the shallow maid 
He left believing and betray’d.” 

Byron ■ The Giaour. 

III. To mislead; to lead incautiously into more or 
less grave error, fault, sin, or crime. 

“ The bright genius is ready to be so forward, as often 
betrays itself into errors in judgment.”— Watts. 

IV. Fig. (of things): To disappoint expectation. 
B. Intransitive (formed by the omission of the 

objective): To act treacherously to; to disappoint 
expectation. 

“Who tells whate’er you think, whate’er you say, 

And if he lie not, must at least betray.” 

Pope: Prologue to Satires, 298. 

be-tra’y-§,1, s. [Eng. betray; -al .] The act of 
betraying; the state of being betrayed.. Specially— 

1. The act of handing over an individual, a mili¬ 
tary post, or the supreme interests of one’s country 
to the enemy. 

“. . . to add the betrayal of his country hereafter 
to his multiplied crimes.”— Arnold: History of Rome, 
vol. iii., ch. xlv., p. 283. 

2. The act of violating a trust. 

“But that is what no popular assembly could do with¬ 
out a gross betrayal of trust.”— Times, November 16, 1877. 

3. The actof.revealinganythingwhichitwasone’s 
interest or desire to conceal; or simply the act of 
revealing what was before hidden; also the state of 
being so revealed. 

“ This, if it be simple, true, harmonious, life-like, it 
seems impossible for after ages to counterfeit, without 
much treacherous betrayal of a later hand.” —Milmam 
History of Jews, 3d ed., vol. i., p. 44. 

be-tra yed, *be-traied, *bi-trayde, pa. par. 

& a. [Betray, v. t .] 

be-tray-er, s. [Eng. betray; -er .] 

I. Lit. (of persons): A person who betrays; a 
traitor. 

1. Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“They are only a few betrayers of their country; they 
are to purchase coin, perhaps at half-price, and vend it 
among us, to the ruin of the public.”— Swift. 

2. Spec.: One who seduces and abandons a female 
who confided in his good faith. 

II. Fig. (of persons or things) : Any person who or 
thing which, apparently acting for one’s benefit, is 
really injuring one seriously. 

“ Youth at the very best is but a betrayer of human life 
in a gentler and smoother manner than age.”— Pope: Let - 
ter to Steele (1712). 

be-tra'y-ing, *be-trai-ynge, pr. par. & a. 
TBetray.] 

“Till a betraying sickliness was seen 
To tinge his cheek.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 
tbe-tra’y-ment, *be-trai-ment, s. [Eng. betray; 
-ment.) The act of betraying; the state of being 
betrayed. 

H Betrayal is the more common word. 

“. . . confessing them to be innocent whose betraU 
ment they had bought.”— Udal: Matthew, ch. xxvii. 

*be-trende, v. t. [Trende.] To surround, to 
encircle. 

“ Sorwe hym gan beirende."—Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herr¬ 
tage), 4,006. 

*be-trifle, *be-trufle, v. t. [O. Er. trufler = to 
trifle.] To mock or deceive with trifles. 

“Theos and othre trufles thet he bitrufleth monie mer 
mide.” —Ancren Riwle, p. 106. 

fbe trim', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and trim.) To 
render trim, to deck, to dress, to grace, to adorn, to 
embellish, to beautify, to decorate. 

“ Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims, 
Which"spongy April at thy best betrims.” 

Shakesp.; Tempest, iv. L 
tbe-trim’med, pa. par. & a. [Betrim.] 
tbe-trim'-mlng, pr.par. & a. [Betrim.] 
be-troth’, be-troth, *betrouth, v. t. [Eng. pre¬ 
fix be, and O. Eng. troth= truth.] 

I. Lit.: To affiance, to form an engagement. 

1. To promise to give a woman in marriage to a 
certain person. 

“ Fayre Una to the Redcrosse Knight 
Betrouthed is with joy.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I. xii. 

2. To promise to take a certain woman as one’s 
wife. 

“ And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and 
hath not taken her? ” —Deuteronomy xx. 7. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. 33 , ce - e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





betrothal 


469 


betula 


3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order that conse¬ 
cration may take place. 

“ If any person be consecrated a bishop in tbat cburcb 
whereunto be was not before betrothed, be shall not 
receive the habit of consecration, as not being canon¬ 
ically promoted.”— Ayliffe. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Divinely to select a people to stand in a spe¬ 
cial relation to God with respect to worship and 
privilege. 

“And I will betroth thee unto me forever; yea, I will 
betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, 
and in loving-kindness, and in mercies. I will even 
betroth thee unto me in faithfulness . . . ”— Hos. ii. 
19, 20. 

2. To promise to a thing rather than a person. 

“ By Saul’s public promise she 
Was sold thus and betroth’d to victory.” 

Cowley: The Davideis, bk. iii. 
be-trotdT-3,1, s. [Eng. betroth; -al.] The act of 
betrothing; the state of being betrothed; affiance. 
“Under the open sky in the odorous air of the orchard, 
Bending with golden fruit, was spread the feast of 
betrothal.” Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. ii. 

be troth ed, *be-trouthed, pa. par., a. & s. 

[Betroth.] 

A. & B. As pa. par. and particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: A person betrothed to one. 

“ My Ariphilia, this my dear betroth’d.” 

Glover: Athenaid, bk. ii. 
be-troth -ing, pr. par. & a. [Betkoth.] 

“Forthis is your betrothing day.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 26. 

be-troth-ment, s. [Eng. betroth; -ment.] The 
act of betrothing; the state of being betrothed; 
betrothal. 

“Sometimes setting out the speeches that pass between 
them, making as it were thereby the betrotkment.” — Expo¬ 
sition of the Canticles (1585), p. 5. 

*be-trum pe, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and Fr. 
tromper=to deceive.] To deceive. 

“. . . till ane wauyngour straungere 
Me and my realme betrumpe on tlies manere?” 
Douglas: Virgil, 120, 49. {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 
fbe-trust', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and trust.] To 
intrust, to give in trust. Used — 

1. Of trusting anything to a person. 

“ Betrust him with all the good which our capacity will 
allow us.”— Grew. 

2. Of trusting anything to the memory. 
“Whatsoever you would betrust to your memory, let it 

be disposed in a proper method.”— Watts. 
fbe-trust'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Betktjst.] 
fbe-trust -ing, pr. par. [Betkust.] 
tbe-trust'-ment, s. [Eng. betrust; -ment.'] The 
act of intrusting; the thing intrusted. 

bet'-sa, bet-s5, s. [Ital.] The smallest coin 
current in Venice ; worth about a farthing. 

“And what must I give you? Bra. At a word thirty 
livres, I’ll not bate you a betso.” — Antiquary: O. PI., x. 47. 

*bett', a. [Better.] {Spenser.) 
bet'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Bet, v.] 

*bet-ten, v. t. [A. S. betan= to make better.] To 
amend. 

"Betten misdedes, and clene lif leden . . .” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 3,637. 

bet-ter, *bet-tyr, *bet-ere, *bet-er, *bet, 
*bette, a., s. & adv. [A. S. bet, bett (adv.)=better; 
betera, betra (adj. m.); betere, betre (f.) = better. In 
Sw. battre: Icel. betri, betr; Dan .bedre; Dut .beter; 
6. Icel. & O. Fris. bet; O. L. Ger. bet, bat; N. H. Ger. 
besser; M. H. Ger. bezzer; O. H. Ger. beziro, peziro, 
baz; Goth, batisa, from bats=%ood. Compare Sansc. 
bhadra= glad, happy. Better is generally called the 
comparative of good, as Boswortli terms the A. S. 
betera, betra, the comparative of god. This arrange¬ 
ment is only conventional; good. A. S. god, is from 
one root, and better and best (A. S. betst, bet.est), 
from another, of which the real positive is O. Eng. 
and A. S. bet.] [Best, Good.] 

A. As adj.: In signification the comparative of 
good. 

I. Of persons : 

1. Having good qualities in larger measure than 
those possessed by some person or persons with 
whom a comparison is made or a contrast is drawn. 
The shades of meaning are infinite. The following 
are only some leading ones: 

(1) Superior in physical, mental, moral, or spir¬ 
itual qualities ; or in skill, knowledge, or anything 
similar; or in two of those qualities combined. 

“ Troilus is the better man of the two.” 

Shakesp.- Troilus and Cressida, i. 2. 

“He is a better scholar than I.” 

Ibid.: Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. i. 


(2) Having these good qualities in actual exer¬ 
cise ; discharging one’s public or private duties in 
an excellent manner. 

“You say you are a better soldier . . .” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iv. 3. 

2. Improved in health. 

“ I rejoice, I greatly rejoice to hear that you are better.” 
— Young to Richardson (1758). 

3. Improved in circumstances; specially in the 
phrase better off. 

II. Of things: 

1. Concomitant to or evincing high physical, 
mental, or other qualities. 

“ I have seen better faces in my time, 

Than stand on any shoulders that I see ” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 2. 

2. Produced by more intellectual knowledge, 
good taste, or anything similar. 

“And taught his Romans in much better meter.” 

Pope: Epilogue to Satires. 

3. More advantageous; more to be preferred; 
preferable. 

“Having a desire to depart and to be with Christ, 
which is far better.” — Phil. i. 23. 

4. More acceptable. 

“ Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice.”—1 Samuel 
xv. 22. 

5. More prosperous, as in the phrase, to have seen, 
or to have known better days. 

“We have seen better days . . .” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iv. 2. 

“Far from those scenes; which knew their better 
days.” Thomson: Seasons; Autumn. 

6. Greater, larger. 

“ . . . a candle, the better part burnt out.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., i. 2. 

V Better cheap, better cheape (En g.), better schape 
(Scotch), used as adv. or adj. = more: A better 
bargain, cheaper. 

“Thou shalt have it back again better cheape 

By a hundred markes than I had it of thee.” 

Reliques, ii. 134. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Of persons: Superiors ; persons of higher rank 
or qualities than the one with whom comparison is 
made; rarely in singular. 

“ If our betters play at that game . . .” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, i. 2. 

“ The courtesy of nations allows you my better, in that 
you are the first-born.”— Shakesp.: As You Like It, i. 1. 

II. Of things: 

1. Superiority, advantage. (Used specially in the 

hrase, to have or get the better of; meaning to 

ave or gain the advantage of, to have or gain the 

superiority over.) 

“ The voyage of Drake and Hawkins was unfortunate: 
yet, in such sort as doth not break our prescription, to 
have had the better of the Spaniards.”— Bacon. 

“ You think fit 

To get the better of me.” Southerne. 

2. Improvement. (Used specially in the phrase, 
for the better= so as to produce improvement.) 

“ If I have altered him anywhere for the better, I must 
at the same time acknowledge that I could have done 
nothing without him.”— Dryden. 

3. A larger number than ; as, “ better than a dozen ” 
=more than twelve. {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 

4. A higher price than; as, “paid better than a 
shilling,” i. e., more than a shilling. {Scotch.) 
{Jamieson.) 

C. As adverb: In a superior manner; to a degree 
greater than in the case of the person with whom 
or the thing with which comparison is made or con¬ 
trast is drawn. (The word is used whatever the 
nature of the superiority.) 

1. In a superior manner to; in a more excellent 
way; more advantageously, more successfully, pref¬ 
erably. 

“. . . better be with the dead . . 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 2. 

“ He that would know the idea of infinity, cannot do 
better than by considering to what infinity is attributed.” 
— Locke. 

2. In a superior degree; to a greater extent. 

“ Never was monarch better feared.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., ii. 2. 

bet -ter, v. t. & i. [From better, a., s. & adv. 
(q. v.) In A. S. betrian, beterian= to be better, to 
excel, to make bettor ; Sw. bdttra; Icel. betra; Dan. 
bedre; Dut. beteren; N. II. Ger. bessern; M. H. 
Ger. bezzern; O. H. Ger. beziron, peziron.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To excel, to exceed, to surpass. 

“What you do 
Still betters what is done.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 


*2. To give superiority to, to give advantage to, 
to advance, to support. 

“The king thought his honor would suffer, during a 
treaty, to better a party.”— Bacon. 

3. To ameliorate, to improve; to reform. 

(a) Gen.: Of anything which has defects or is in 
itself evil. 

“In this small hope of bettering future ill.” 

Byron: The Vision of Judgment, 13. 

{b) Spec.: Of one’s financial or other resources, 
one’s situation in society, or anything similar. 

“Heir to all his lands and goods, 

Which I have better'd, rather than decreas’d.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, ii. 1. 

TT In the latter sense it is often used reflexively. 

“No ordinary misfortunes of ordinary misgovernment 
would do so much to make a nation wretched, as the con¬ 
stant progress of physical knowledge and the constant 
effort of every man to better himself will do to make a 
nation prosperous.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

t(c) To make better in health; to improve the 
health. 

“. . . and was nothing bettered, but rather grew 

worse . . . ”—Mark v. 26. 

B. Intransitive: To become better. 

bet -tered, pa. par. & a. [Better, v. t.] 

bet-ter-ing, *bet-ter-yng, pr. par. [Better.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As substantive: Improvement. 

“The Romans took pains to hew out a passage for these 
lakes to discharge themselves for the bettering of the air.” 
— Addison. 

fbet/tering-house, s. A house for the reforma¬ 
tion of offenders. 

fbet-ter-ment, s. [Eng. better; -ment.] 

1. Gen.: The operation of making better. 

“. . . nor our sickness liable to the despair of better¬ 
ment and melioration.”—IF. Montague: Ess., pt. ii. 

2. Law {pi.): An improvement upon an estate, 
which renders it more valuable than it was at the 
outset. 

fbet-ter-most, a. [Eng. better; most.] Best. 

fbet'-ter-ness {Eng.), *bet-tir-ness {O. Scotch), 
s. [Eng. better; -ness.] 

1. The quality of being superior to; superiority. 

{ci) Generally. 

“ All betterness or pre-eminency of virtue.”— Dr. Tooker: 
Fabr. of the Church (1604), p. 94. 

{b) Specially: Of land. {O. Scotch.) 

“ That the tlirid parte of the half of the landis of Medop 
are bettir than the thrid parte of the landis of Manis- 
toun. And because the modificatioune of the bettirnes of 
the said tercis . . .”—Act Dom. Cone., A., 1492, pp. 247-S, 

2. Amelioration; emendation. (Used specially of 
health.) {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 

bet-ting, pr. par., a. & s. [Bet.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of laying a wager. 

“Sharplaws were passed against betting.”—Macaulays 

Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

betting-book, s. A book in which a betting- 
man enters his bets. 

betting-house, s. A house where betting is 
habitually carried on. 

betting-man, s. One who habitually bets; one 
who makes his living by betting against others less 
astute than himself. 

bet'-tor, s. [Eng. bet{t); suffix -or.] One who 
bets ; one who lays wagers. 

“ . . . but, notwithstanding he was a very fair bet¬ 

tor, nobody would take him up.”— Addison. 

bet-ty, s. [From Eng. Betty , a familiar name 
for Elizabeth. It is given in satire to insinuate that 
Betty, the maidservant, may at times be tempted to 
break open doors as the instrument called after her 
is made to do.] A “jemmy,” a short crowbar. 
{Slang.) 

“ . . . the stratagems, the arduous exploits, and the 
nocturnal scalades of needy heroes, describing the power¬ 
ful betty, or the artful picklock.”— Arbuthnot: History of 
John Bull. 

bet -r.-la> s. [In Ital. betulla; from Lat. betula, 
sometimes betulla; from Celt, betu; Gael, beithe— 
the birch.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Betulace® (Birchworts). The Betula alba, or 
Common Birch, the B. nana, or Dwarf Birch, and 
the B. papyracea, or Paper or Canoe Birch, are 
species included in this genus. [Birch.] 


bbil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-cian, -tian =s shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 




betulacese 


470 


bevel-tool 


bet'-U-la-$e-se {Battling, Bindley), bet-u-II- 
D.e-ae ( L. C. Richard), s.pl. [Betula.] 

Bot.: An order of plants ranked by Lindley under 
his Amental alliance, and called by him in English 
Birchworts. They have monseceous flowers, with 
amentaceous inflorescence; calyx of small scales; 
corolla, none. There is no cupule in the female. 
The ovary is superior and two-celled, with a solitary 
pendulous ovule in each. The leaves are alternate, 
simple, with the primary veins often running 
straight from the midrib to the margin. The 
stipules are deciduous. There are but two genera, 
Betula (Birch) and Alnus (Alder), both containing 
trees or shrubs belonging to temperate climates. 
Known species, sixty-five. 

bet -lj-llne, s. [FromLat. betula (q. v.), andsuff. 
■me.] A resinous substance obtained from the bark 
of the Black Birch {Betula nigra). It is called also 
Biech Camphor (q. v.). 

bet-u-lin'-e-se, s.pl. [Betulaceje.] 
be-tumb'-led (led as eld), a. [Eng. prefix be, 
and tumbled.) Tumbled about; putin disorder. 

“ This said, from her betumbled couch she starteth, 

To find some desperate instrument of death.” 

Sliakesp.: Rape of Lucrece, 1,037, 1,038. 

*be-turn, *bi-torn, *bi-turn, v. t. & i. [A. S. 
betyrnan .] To turn back, return. 

“ Reveitere ad me . , . biturn the and cum ayian.” 

—Ancren Riwle, p. 394. 

be-tu -tor, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and tutor.'] To 
tutor thoroughly; to act the tutor to, to instruct. 
{Coleridge.) 

be-tu-tored, pa.par. & a. [Betutor.] 
be-tu-tor-iiig, pr. par. [Betutor.] 
+be-twat'-tled (tied = teld), a. [Eng. pref. be, 
and twattle = to prate, to chatter.] Confounded, 
overpowered, stupefied. 

If Still used in the north of England. {Todd.) 

be-twe en, *be-twene, *by-twene, *by-twyne, 
*by twene, prep., adv. & s. [From Eng. be — by, 
and twain= two. In A. S. betweonum, betweonan, 
betwynan=betvteen, among; from prefix be, and 
twegen=tvto.] 

A. As preposition: 

1. Of space: In the space intermediate between 
two persons, places, or things. 

“ . . . and the vail shall divide unto you between the 
holy place and the most holy .”—Exodus xxvi. 33. 

2. During the interval between two dates or por¬ 
tions of time, more or less intermediate between 
two quantities, qualities, or degrees. 

“ . . . and the whole assembly shall kill it [the pas¬ 
chal lamb] between the two evenings .”—Exodus xii. 6 
(margin). 

3. More fig.: In an indefinite number of senses. 
iSpecially — 

(1) Standing in a certain intermediate relation to 
two parties or beings. 

“. . . one mediator between God and men . . .” 
Timothy ii. 5. 

(2) Shared or mutually held by two beings or 
persons. 

“ . . . Castor and Pollux, with only one soul between 
them, . . .”— Locke. 

(3) Mutually affecting parties or beings in a cer¬ 
tain relation to each other. 

“. . . X will put enmity between thee and the woman, 

and between thy seed and her seed . . .”—Genesis iii. 15. 

(4) From one to another. 

‘‘He should think himself unhappy if things should go 
so between them, as he should not be able to acquit him¬ 
self of ingratitude toward them both.”— Bacon. 

(5) As noting persons who or things which differ. 
“ . . . How long halt ye between two opinions? . . 

—1 Kings xviii. 21. 

If In strict accuracy betiveen is used only of two. 
When there are more than two, the proper term to 
use is among; but this distinction is not always ob¬ 
served. 

B. As adverb {produced by the omission of the sub¬ 
stantive after the preposition between): In the 
same senses as between, prep. (q. v.) 

“ . . . in the Sabbath between.”—Acts xiii. 42 (mar¬ 
gin). 

C. As substantive: 

Needle Manuf., pi. {Betweens): Needles inter¬ 
mediate between sharps and blunts. {Knight.) 

between-decks, twixt-decks, s. 

Naut.: The space between any two decks of a 
vessel. 

Between hay and grass: Taken from farm-life, 
and referring to a season in which there is nothing 
doing and nothing coming in. 


♦between-put, *bitwene-putte, v. t. To insert or 
place between. 

“ Y soughte of hem a man that shulde bitwene-putte an 
hegge, and stoude sette enen agens me fro the loond.”— 
Wycliffe {Ezech. xxii. 30). 

be-twlxt', *be-twix, *be-twixe, *be-twix-en, 
*bi-twixe, *bi-tuex {Eng.), *be-tweesh (O. 

Scotch), prep. & adv. [From Eng. prefix be, and 
twixt. In A. S. betwyxt, betwyx, betwuxt, beiwux, 
betweox, betweohs, betweoh, betwyh, betwih, betwy= 
betwixt; from prefix be, and twy= two.] 

A. As preposition: 

1. Lit.: In the space intermediate between two 
persons, places, or things. 

“ . . . by the gate betwixt the two walls.”— Jeremiah 
xxxix. 4. 

2. Intermediate between two times, quantities, 
qualities, or degrees. 

3. More fig.: In relation of intercourse or partner¬ 
ship with ; in distinction from ; from one to another. 
With the same variations of signification as Be¬ 
tween (q. v.). 

“ . . . see, God is witness betwixt me and thee.”—- 
Genesis xxxi. 60. 

“ Five years since there was some speech of marriage 
Betwixt myself and her.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, v. 1. 

B. As adverb {produced by the omission of the sub¬ 
stantive after the preposition betwixt): In the 
sense between. 

“ . . . and commandeth it not to shine by the cloud 

that cometh betwixt.” — Job xxxvi. 32. 

*be-ty'-den, v. t. & i. [Betide.] {Prompt. Parv.) 

*be-tylle, s. [Beetle.] A mallet. {Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*be-tyn, v. t. [Beat, v.] 

*be-tyne, *bi-tyne, *Ditune, v. t. [A. S. 

betynan.] To hedge in, inclose. 

“The Liouerd bitunde him withinnen the meidenes 
wombe Marie.”— Ancren Riwle, p. 76. 

*be-t^nge, pr. par., a. & s. [Beating.] 

As subst.: An instrument for inflicting stripes or 
other beating with. 

“ Betynge (instrument P.): Instrumentum verberacu- 
lum.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*be-tys, s. [Beet.] Beet. 

“ Betys herbe: Beta vel bleta.” — Prompt. Parv. 

beuch {ch guttural), s. [Bough.] {Scotch.) 

beu chel {ch guttural) ,v.t. [From Dut. bochelen 
=to plod.] To walk with short steps, or in a con¬ 
strained or halting manner; to stumble. {Jamieson.) 

beu-chel {ch guttural), s. [From Dut. bochel= 
a humpback. Comp, also Dut. beugel; Sw. by gel 
= a ring, a stirrup, and Ger. biigel= a harp, a boiv.] 
A little, feeble, crooked creature. 

beu-chlt (c silent), pa. par. [A S. bugan=to 
bow, to bend, to stoop.] Bowed, crooked. 

“Rest down thare beuchit ankeris ferme of grip,” 
Douglas: Virgil, 162, 23. {Jamieson.) 

beu~d<tn'-tlte, fbeu-dan'-tlne, s. [Named after 
T. S. Beudant, who published a work on mineralogy 
at Paris, the first edition in 1824, the second in 1832. 
Suffixes -ite and - ine .] 

1. Min. {of the form beudantite.) A mineral, hav¬ 
ing its crystals modified acute rhombohedrons. Its 
hardness is 3‘5 to 4‘5; its sp. gr. 4—4‘3; its luster 
vitreous, sub-adamantine, or resinous; its color, 
various hues of green, black, or brown. Composi¬ 
tion: Phosphoric acid, l'46to 13*22; arsenic acid, 
from a trace to 13'60; sesquioxide of iron, 37*65— 
49*69; oxide of lead, 23 - 43—26'92; oxide of copper, a 
trace to 2‘45; water, 8'49—12*29. It occurs at the 
Glendone iron mines near Cork; it is found also on 
the Continent at Nassau. There are two varieties 
of it, the one containing phosphoric acid with little 
or no arsenic, and the other arsenic acid with little 
phosphoric acid. {Dana.) 

2. {Of the forms beudantite and beudantine.) 
Beudantite ofCovelli: A mineral, a variety of Nephe- 
line (q. v.). {Brit. Mus. Cat. and Dana.) 

beugh {gh guttural), s. [Isl. bog; Ger. bug=a 
bend, a boiv, a flexure.] A limb, a leg. {Scotch.) 

“ Sym lap on horse-back lyke a rae, 

And ran him till a heuch: 

Says William, cum ryde down this brae; 
Thocht ye suld brek a beugh.” 

Scott: Evergreen, ii. 183, st. 16. {Jamieson.) 

*beu-gle, a. [A. S. bugan=to bow; Ger. bugel= 
a hoop, a bow.] Crooked. 

beugle-backed, a. Crook-backed; shaped like 
the body of a beetle. {Watson: Coll., ii. 54.) 
{Jamieson.) 

beuk, s. [Book.] {Scotch.) 

“ My grannie she bought me a beuk, 

And I held awa to the school.” 

Burns: Jolly Beggars. 


*beuke, pa. par. [A. S. boc, pret. of bacan— to 
bake.] Baked. 

“ For skant of vittale, the cornes in quernis of stane 
Thay grand, and syne beuke at the fyre ilk ane.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 18, 37. {Jamieson.) 

beus -tlte, s. [In Ger. beustit. Named after 
Freiherr von Beust.] A mineral, called also Epi- 
dote (q. v.). 

*be-vap'-id, pa. par. [Derived from O. Eng. 
be-wappid — thoroughly whopped or beaten (?) 
{Skeat). Or from Bosworth’s A. S. wapian= to 
waver, to be astonished (?) {Herrtage)7\ Thor¬ 
oughly beaten ; or possibly the same as Bewhaped 
(q. v.). 

“ . . . for thai buth negh bevapid.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,037. 

*be-var, *be-vir, *be-vis, s. [From Fr. bavard 
=a babbler, a tell-tale; baveur—a driveler; from 
baver=to slobber, to drivel; or perhaps connected 
with L. Ger. bevern— to tremble, shake.] One who 
is worn out with age. 

“The bevar hoir said to this berly berne.” 

Renrysone: Bannatyne Poems, p. 133. {Jamieson.) 

bev’-el, fbev'-il, s. & a. [Fr. biveau, buveau; 
O. Fr. beveau, beauveau; Sp. bayvel, baivel.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Lit. cfi Tech, {in Masonry, Joinery, <&c.) : 

1. An obtuse or an acute angle; any angle except 
one of 90°. 

“The brethren of the mystic level, 

May hing their head in woefu’ bevel." 

Burns: Tam Samson’s Elegy. 

2. An instrument for setting off any angle or bevel 
from a straight line or surface, much used by artifi¬ 
cers of all descriptions for adjusting the abutting 
surfaces of work to the same inclination. _ It is 
composed of two jointed arms, one of which is 
brought up square against the line or surface from 
which the angle is to be set off, and the other then 
adjusted to the desired bevel or inclination. 
{Knight.) [Bevel-square.] 

3. Stereotyping: A slug cast nearly type-high, and 
with chamfered edges. 

4. The obliquity of the edge of a saw-tooth across 
the face of the blade. 

II. Fia.: A violent push with the elbow; a stroke. 
{Scotch.) 

“ With that Truth took him by the neck, 

And gave him their, as some suppone, 

Three bevels till he gard him beck.” 

Pennecuik. {Jamieson.) 

B. As adjective: Having an angle not of 90°, 
oblique; pertaining to a bevel. [A.] 

bevel-angle, s. An oblique angle. [Bevel, 
A. 1.] 

bevel-edge, bevil-edge, s. {Chiefly Scotch.) 

Among masons: The edge of a sharp tool sloping 
toward the point. {Jamieson.) 

bevel-gearing, s. 

Gear: Cogged wheels whose axes form an angle 
with each other, the faces of the cogs being oblique 
with their shafts, the sum of the angles of the teeth 
with their respective shafts being equal to 90°. 

bevel plumb-rule, s. 

Engineering: A surveyor’s instrument for adjust¬ 
ing tne slope of embankments. 

bevel scroll-saw, s. A machine for sawing ship- 
timber to the proper curve and bevel. The saw is 
mounted on a circulai frame, and reciprocated -by 
means of a rod and eccentric. By inclining the saw 
in its frame any required bevel may be cut, the 
curve being given by moving the carriage on its 
circular track, so as to vary the presentation of the 
timber. 

bevel-square, s. A square, the blade of which 



bevel-tool, s. 

Turning: A turner’s tool for forming grooves and 
tapers in wood. Right-hand or left-hand bevels are 
used, according as the work tapers to the right or 
left of the workman. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rille, full; tr^, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 









bevel-wheel 


471 


beware 


bevel-wheel, s. 

Machinery: 

1. Properly: A wheel, the angle of whose work¬ 
ing-face is more or less than 45°. 

2. More loosely: A cog-wheel, the working-face of 
which is oblique with the axis. Its use is usually 
in connection with 
another bevel-wheel 
■on a shaft at right 
angles to that of the 
former, but not al- 
ways so. When the 
wheels are of the 
same size and their 
shafts have a rect¬ 
angular relation, the 
working-faces of the 
wheels are at an 
angle of 45° with the 
respective shafts. When the shafts are arranged 
obliquely to each other, a certain obliquity of the 
•cogs of the wheels becomes necessary. {Knight.) 

bev -el, tbev'-il, v. t. & i. [From bevil , s. (q. v.)] 



If 

Bevel-wheels. 


bev -el-ment, s. [Eng. bevel, and suff. -rnent.] 

Min. <& Crystallog.: The replacement of the edge 
of a crystal by two similar planes equally inclined 
to the including faces or adjacent planes. 

*be'-ver (1), *be-uer, s. & a. [Beaver (1).] 

A. As substantive: A beaver. 

“ Besyde Lochnes — ar mony martrikis, Setters, quhi- 
tredis, and toddis.”— Bellend..- Descr., ch. 8. 

B. As adjective: Made of beaver. 

“ TJppon his heed a Flaundrisch bever hat.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 274. 

*be'-ver (2), s. [Beavee (2).] 

“Which yeelded, they their bevers up did reare.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, IV. vi. 25. 

be’v-er, *be'-uer (3), s. [O. Fr. bevre, beivre, 
baivre, boivre; Prov. beure; Ital. bevere; from Lat. 
bibo=to drink.] 

1. A drinking time; drinking. 

“Ar. What, at your bever, gallants? 

Mor. Will’t please your ladyship to drink?” 

Ben Jonson: Cynthia’s Revels. 


If A contemporary of Spenser’s, who wrote a glos¬ 
sary to the poet’s “ Shepherd’s Calendar,” includes 
bevy in his list of old words, but since then it has 
completely revived. {Trench: English Past and 
Present , p. 55.) 

*be'-vyr, s. [Beavee (1).] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*bew, a. [Fr. 6eaw=beautiful,fine, good.] Good, 
honorable. 

If Bew schyris, bewschirris: Good sirs. 

“Sa faris with me, bew schyris, wil ye herk, 

Can not persaif an fait in al my werk.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 272, 31. {Jamieson.) 

be-wail , *be-waile, *be-wayle, *by-weyle, 

v. t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and wail.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To cause to wail for; or simply to cause, to 
compass (?). 

“ As when a ship that flyes fayre under sayle 
An hidden rocke escaped hath unawares 
That lay in waite her wrack for to bewaile.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I. vi. L 

2. To wail, to lament for; to bemoan. 


A. Transitive: 

1. Of objects of human manufacture: To cut to a 
bevel angle. 

“ These rabbets are ground square; but the rabbets on 
the groundsel are beveled downward, that rain may the 
freelier fall off.”— Moxon. 

2. Of objects in nature: To cause to possess a 
bevel. 

B. Intrans.: To deflect from the perpendicular. 

“ Their houses are very ill built, their walls bevil, with¬ 
out one right angle in any apartment.”— Swift. 

bev'-eled, tbev'-elled, fbev'-iled, pa. par. & a. 

[Bevel, u.] 

A. Gen.: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

B. Technically: 

1. Min. {of the form beviled) : The term used 
when the edges of a crystal are 
replaced by two planes, separated 
■only by an edge. {Philips.) Slight 
bevelments do not, as a rule, alter 
the form of a crystal; larger ones 
change it completely. 

2. Heraldry {of the form beviled). 

Of ordinaries: Having the out¬ 
ward lines turned in a sloping 
direction. 

beveled-wheel, s. The same as 
Bevel-wheel (q. v.). 

bev -cl ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bevel, v.] 

A. As present participle: Forming to a bevel 
angle. 

B. As adjective: Slanting toward a bevel angle; 
not in a straight line. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Technically: 

1. Carp.: The sloping of an arris, removing the 
square edge. 

2. Shipwrighting: 

{a) The opening and closing of angle-iron frames 
in order to meet the plates which form the skin of 
the ship, so that the faying surface of the side-arm 
of the angle-iron may exactly correspond to the 
shape of the plating. The beveling is performed by 
smiths while the iron is lying hot upon the leveling- 
block. 

{b) The angles which the sides and edges of each 
piece of the frame make with each other. 

H A standing beveling is made on the outside ; an 
under beveling is one on the inner surface of a frame 
of timber. 

II. Ordinary Language. Of objects innature: The 
same as Bbvelment (q. v.). 

”... when there is along with the dentated margins 
a degree of beveling of one, so that one bone rests on 
another.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 133. 

beveling-board, s. 

Shipbuilding: A flat piece of wood on which the 
bevelings of the several pieces of a ship’s structure 
are marked, 

beveling-edge, s. 

Shipbuilding: One edge of a ship’s frame which 
is in contact with the skin, and which is worked 
from the molding-edge or that which is repre¬ 
sented in the draft. 

beveling-machine, s. 

Bookbinding: A machine in which the edge of a 
board or book-cover is beveled. The table on which 
the material is laid is hinged to the bed-piece, and 
may be supported at any desired angle by the pawl- 
brace and a rack, so as to present the material at 
any inclination to the knife. {Knight.) 


2. A small collation, lunch, or repast between 
meals. 

“ The French, as well men as women, besides dinner 
and supper, use breakfasts and bevers." — Moryson: Itin¬ 
erary. 

*bev'-er (1), v. i. [From bever (3), s. (q. v.)] To 
take a luncheon between meals. 

“Your gallants never sup, breakfast, or bever without 
me [appetite].”— Brewer: Lingua, ii. 1. 

*bev'-er (2), V. i. [L. Ger. bevern .] To shake, 
tremble. 

“ Mani knightes shoke and bevered." 

Morte d’ Arthur, i. 15. ( Stratmann .) 

beV'-er-age (iigeaslg), *bev-er-ege, *beu-er- 
eche, *beu-er-iche, s. [In 0. Fr. bevraige.bov- 
raige; Mod. Fr. breuvage = drink, beverage ; Prov. 
beurage, beuraage; Ital,. beveraggio; Low Lat. 
beveragium .] [Bevee (3) , s. & v. Bibber.] 

I. Of liquors themselves: 

1. Gen.: Any liquid used for drinking. 

“ He knew no beverage but the flowing stream.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 7. 

2. Spec.: Water-cider. {Mortimer.) 

*11. Of treats of liquor or their equivalent in 
money demanded in certain circumstances, or any¬ 
thing similar: 

1. A treat formerly demanded by one’s fellow 
workmen upon one’s putting on a new suit of 
clothes. {Johnson.) 

2. A treat of old demanded from a prisoner on 
first being incarcerated. It was called also a “ gar¬ 
nish.” {Johnson.) 

3. A salute given by a man to a woman on the 
former putting on a new article of dress: as, “ She 
gat the beverage o’ his braw new coat.” {Jamie¬ 
son.) 

*bever-hued, a. Colored like a beaver or bad¬ 
ger. 

“ Brode bryght watz his berde, and al beuerhwed.”—Sir 
Gawayne, 845. 

*beveryne, a. Like a beaver or badger. 

“Alle barehevede for besye with beveryne lokkes.”— 
Morte Arthure, 3,630. 

bev-ie (1), s. [Bevel.] A jog; a push. {Scotch.) 
bev'-ie (2), s. [Bevy.] 

*bev'-ile, *bev'-il, s. [Bevel.] 

If The form bevil is special in Heraldry, 
fbev'-iled, pa. par. & a. [Beveled.] 

If’ The form beviled is special in Heraldry. 
bev-il-way§, adv. [Eng. bevil, and suff. -ways= 
-wise.] 

Her.: Having a bevel. (Used of charges or any¬ 
thing similar.) 

*be-vis,s. [Bevar.] {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 
bev'-or, s. [Beavee (2).] 

bev-y, *bev'-Ie, s. [Etym. doubtful. Appar¬ 
ently from O. Ital. beva= a bevy, as of pheasants 
{Floris) • Mod. Ital. beva= a drinking; from bevere 
(in which case bevy would be properly a drinking 
party) =to drink. Skinner, Johnson, Wedgwood, 
and Skeat, are of opinion that this is the most prob¬ 
able etymology. But Malm prefers to derive bevy 
from Arm. beva=\iie, to live; 6ei’=living; in which 
case the proper meaning would be lively beings.] 

1. A flock of birds, specially of quails. 

2. A company, an assemblage of people. Most 
frequently applied to females. 

“A bevy of fair women, richly gay.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. xi. 

“. . . the whole bevy of renegades, Dover, Peter¬ 
borough, Murray, Sunderland, and Mulgrave, . . .”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 


“ No more her sorrows I bewail." 

Byron: The Giaour. 

IT It is sometimes used reflexively. 

“. . . the daughter of Zion, that bewaileth herself, 
. . . ”— Jeremiah iv. 31. 

B. Intrans.: To express grief, to make lamenta¬ 
tion. 

“ My heart is bewailing." 

Longfellow: Afternoon in February. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs to 
bewail, to bemoan, and to lament: “All these terms 
mark an expression of pain by some external sign. 
Bewail is not so strong as bemoan, but stronger 
than lament; bewail and bemoan are expressions of 
unrestrained grief or anguish; a wretched mother 
beivails the loss of her child; a person in deep dis¬ 
tress bemoans his hard fate. Lamentation may 
arise from simple sorrow or even imaginary griev¬ 
ances : a sensualist laments the disappointment 
of some expected gratification.” {Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

be-wail'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bewail; -able.] That 
may be lamented. {Sherwood.) 

*be-waile’, v. t. [Bewail.] {Spenser.) 
be-wailed, pa. par. & a. [Bewail.] 
be-wail'-er, s. [Eng. bewail; -er.] One who 
bewails. 

“ He was a great bewailer of the late troublesome and 
calamitous times.”— Ward: Life of Dr. Henry More (1710), 

p. 186. 

be-wail'-ing, *be-way-lyng, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Bewail.] The act of expressing grief for; bemoan¬ 
ing, lamentation. 

“ As if he had also heard the sorrowings and bewailings 
of every surviving soul.”— Raleigh: Hist, of the World. 

be-wail'-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. bewailing; -ly.] 
With moaning, and wailing, and lamentation. 

tbe-wail'-ment, s. [Eng. bewail; -ment .] The 
act of bewailing. {Blackwood.) 

*be-wa ke, *bi-wake, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
wake.] 

1. To awaken thoroughly; to keep awake; to 
watch. 

“I wote that night was well bewaked.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. v. 

2. To “ wake ” a corpse. 

“He was biwaked richeliche.” 

Sevyn Sage s, 2,578. 

be-waked, pa.par. &a. [Bewake.] 
be-wa k-Ing, pr. par. [Bewake.] 
be-wa re, *be ware, *be war, v. i. & t. [Eng. 
verb be, and ware= bo wary; A. S. warian= to be on 
one’s guard, wcer={ 1) wary, cautious, provident, 
(2) prepared, ready. Compare also A. S. bewarian, 
bewcerian, bewerian = to defend ; bewarnian= to 
beware, to warn; iverian, wcerian = to wear, to 
fortify, to defend; Sw. bevar a; Dan. bevare =to pre¬ 
serve ; Dut. bewaren= to beware, to preserve, to 
guard; Ger. bewahren=to protect, to save.] [Ware, 
Wary.] 

A. Intrans.: To be wary regarding; to be on one’s 
guard against; to take care of. 

If Formerly it was used, though perhaps only by 
poets, in the pres, indie, and in the pa. par. 

“ Looks after honors and bewares to act 
What straightway he must labor to retract.” 

Ben Jonson: Transl. of Horace. 
Now it is only found in the infinitive and in the 
imperative. In both these cases be is the part of 
the substantive verb required by the inflexion; 
where been and not be is required, beware, which 
really consists of the two words be and ware, is not 
employed. 

(a) The infinitive. 

“ Every one ought to be very careful to beware what he 
admits for a principle.”— Locke. 



Beveled. 


b6il, bdy’; pout, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-clan, -tian = sh$n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bjl, del. 
















bewaste 


bewter 


472 


*be-wit'S, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 
which a hawk’s bells are fastened. 


(6) The imperative. 

“ Beware of all, but most beware of man.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, i. 114. 

H It may be followed by of, lest, or the clause of a 
sentence introduced by what. [TJ a and f>.] 

B. Trans.: Formed from the intransitive verb by 
omitting of. (Used only in poetry when the neces¬ 
sities of the verse require it.) To be on one’s guard 
against. 

“ Beware the pine-tree’s withered branch, 

Beware the awful avalanche!” 

Longfellow: Excelsior. 

*be-waste, v. t. [Eng. be, and waste.] To waste 
utterly. 

“ My oil-dried lamp and time-bewasted light.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 3. 

be-wave (1), *be-waue, v. t. & i. [A. S. wafian 
=to toss, knock about.] To waver. 

A. Trans.: To cause to waver. 

B. Irvtrans.: To toss. 

“ Gyf ony schyp tharon mucht. be persauit, 

Quhilk late before the windis had bewauit.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 18, 41. 

be-wa've (2), *be-waue, v. t. [A. S. bewcefan= 
to befold, to cover round.] To cloak, to shield, to 
hide. {Jamieson.) 

*be-wed', v. t. [Eng. be, and wed.] To marry, 

wed. 

“ Art thou or na to Pirrus yit hewed? ” 

Douglas: Virgil, 78, 37. 

be-weep, *be-wep'e, *by-weop, *be-weep-en 
(pret. bewept, *bewepte, *bewop 3 ), v, t. & i. [Eng. 
prefix be, and weep.] 

A. Trans.: To weep over. 

“ Old fond eyes, 

Beweep this cause again . . 

Shakesp. ; King Lear, i. 4. 

B. Intrans.: To weep. 

“ I do beweep to many simple gulls.” 

Shakesp.: King Richard III., i. 3. 
be-weep'-ing, pr. par. [Beweep.] 

*be-weld', v. t. [Bewield.] 
be-wept, *be-wope, pa. par. & a. [Beweep.] 

“ Which bewept to the grave did go.” 

Shakesp..- Hamlet, iv. 5. 

be-west', prep. & adv. [Scotch be (prep.)=by; 
toward.] Toward the west. 

be-wet', v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and ivet.] To wet 
over, to moisten over, to bedew, to water. 

“ His napkin, with his true tears all bewet. 

Can do no service on her sorrowful cheeks.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, iii. 1. 

*be-weve, *bi-weve, *by-weve, v. t. [A. S. 

beiocefan— to befold, to cover, to clothe; befen= to 
beweave, to clothe.] To clothe. 

“Hyre ryche clothes were of ydo, bote that heo was 
byweued 

Hyre body wyth a mantel, a wympel aboute her 
heued.” * Robert of Gloucester, p. 338. 

*be-weved, *bi-weved, *by-weved, pa. par. 

[Beweve.] 

*be-whaped, pa. par. [Prom A. S. prefix be, and 
waftan=tx> see, to be astonished, to be amazed (?).] 

Amazed; astonished. 

“And thus bewhaped in my thought, 

Whan all was tourned into nought, 

I stood amazed for a while.” 

Gower: Conf. Am., bk. viii. 

fbe-Whore' [w silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
whore.] Generally in pa. par. 

1. To render unchaste. 

“Had you a daughter, [and] perhaps bewhoi’d.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Maid in the Mill. 

2. To apply the epithet “whore ” to. 

“ Emil. Alas, Iago, my lord hath so bewhored her, 

Thrown such despite and heavy terms upon her, 

As true hearts cannot bear.” 

Shakesp.; Othello, iv. 2. 

*be-wield, *be-weld, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
wield. ] 

1. Lit.: To wield. 

“I oould speak of Gerard’s staffe or lance, yet to be , - rT . .... _ 

seene in Gerard’s Hall at London, in Basing Lane, which be WitCli 01 * y, s. [Eng. bewitch ,‘ -ery.J The 

is so great and long that no man can beweld it.”— Harri- act of fascinating, fascination; the state of being 
son.- Description of Britain, cli. 5. fascinated. 

2. Fig.: To rule over, to govern. “There is a certain bewitcliery or fascination in words, ( uc - WJlcJ 

“. . . was of lawful age to bewelde his lande when his which makes them operate with a force beyond what we [Beweay.] V Chaucer .) 

father dyed.”— Fabian: Chron., p. 124. can give an account of. ’—South. ... 

be-wil'-der, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, andProv. Eng. *be-witch'-ful, *be-wltph.'-fQ.ll, a. [Eng. be- 
wildern=a wilderness (Skeat). In Sw . fdrvilda; witch; full.] Full of witchery; bewitching, fasci- 
Dan. forvilde= to bewilder; l)ut. verwilderen= to nating, alluring. 

grow wild, to bewilder; Ger. verwildern= to render “There is, on the other side, ill more bewitchful to 
wild. [Wildeeness.] To make one feel as if he entice away.”— Milton: Letters. 

be-witQh'-mg, pr.par. & a. [Bewitch.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 


(2) Fig.: Of one who is perplexed, confounded, 
or stupefied— 

(a) With some stupendous intellectual discovery 
which the mind is too feeble completely to grasp. 

“ . . . the magnitudes with which we have here to do 
bewilder us equally in the opposite direction.”— Tyndall: 
Frag, of Science, 3d ed., vii. 151. 

( b ) With some misfortune with regard to which 
one does not know the best course of action to 
adopt. 

“ The evil tidings which terrified and bewildered James.” 
— Macaulay Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

U It is sometimes used reflexively. 

“It is good sometimes to lose and bewilder ourselves in 
such studies.”— Watts. 

be-wil-dered, pa. par. & a. [Bewildee.] Con¬ 
fused, ill-assorted. 

"... a bewildered heap of stones and rubbish, . . .” 
— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-worship, § iii. 

be-wil'-dered-ness, s. [Eng. bewildered; -ness.] 
The state of being bewildered. {Bentham.) 

be-wil’-der-ing, pr. par. & a. [Bewildee.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. c6 part, adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

“ And dim remembrances, that still draw birth 
From the bewildering music of the earth.” 

Hemans: Elysium. 

C. As substantive: The act of leading into per¬ 
plexity ; the state of being in perplexity. 

“ Can this be the bird, to man so good, 

That, after their bewildering, 

Did cover with leaves the little children, 

So painfully in the wood?” 

Wordsworth: Redbreast and the Butterfly. 

be-wil-der-iiig-ly, adv. [Eng. bewildering; 
-ly.] In a manner calculated to confuse or bewil¬ 
der. 

be-wil'-der-ment, s. [Eng. bewilder; -meni.] 
The state of being perplexed; perplexity. 

“ . . . the most highly-trained intellect, the most 
refined and disciplined imagination, retires in bewilder¬ 
ment from the contemplation of the problem.”— Tyndall: 
Frag, of Science, 3d ed., vii. 157. 

be-wln'-ter, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and winter.] 
To render wintry. 

“ Tears that bewinter all my year.”— Cowley. 

*bew-is (1), *bew-ys , s. pi. [Bough.] Boughs. 
(Scotch.) [Beuch.j 

“And crounys about wyth funeral bewys grene.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 117, 47. (Jamieson.) 

*bew-is (2),s.pl. [O. Fr. 6eaw=beauty.] Beauties. 
(Scotch.) 

“Of ladyes bewtie to declair 
I do rejois to tell: 

Sueit, sueit is thair bewis.” 

Maitland: Poems, p. 187. (Jamieson.) 

be-wrfceh', *by-witche, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
witch.] 

1. To practice witchcraft against a person or thing. 

“Look how I am bewitch’d; behold, mine arm 
Is like a blasted sapling wither’d up.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 4. 

2. To practice deceit upon. 

“. . . that of long time he had bewitched them with 
sorceries.”— Acts viii. 11. 

3. To please to such a degree as to deprive of all 
power of resistance to the enchanter’s will; to 
charm, to fascinate, to allure. 

“ And every tongue more moving than your own, 
Bewitching like the wanton mermaid’s songs.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis. 

be-wltched', *be-witchd, *by-witchd, pa. par. 
& a. [Bewitch.] 

be-witch'-ed ness, s. [Eng. bewitched; -ness.] 
The quality of being bewitched, deceived, or fasci¬ 
nated. ( Oauden.) 

be-witch'-er, s. [Eng. bewitch; -er.] One who 
bewitches. 

u . . . those bewitchers of beautie, a . ”— Stafford: 
Niobe Dissolved into a Nilas, p. 117. 


were lost in a wilderness. Used — 

(1) Lit.: Of a person who has lost his way and 
does not know in what direction to proceed. 

“Drear is the state of the benighted wretch, 

Who then, bewilder’d, wanders through the dark.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Autumn. 


be-witch'-ing-lf, adv. [Eng. bewitching; -ly.] 
In a bewitching manner ; charmingly, fascinatingly. 

fbe-witch'-ihg-ness, s. [Eng. bewitching; -ness.] 
The quality of being bewitching. (Browne.) 

tbe-witch'-ment, s. [Eng. bewitch; - ment .] 
Power of fascinating; fascination. 

“ . , . I will counterfeit the bewitchment of some 
popular man, . . — Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 3. 

be-with’, s. [Eng. verb to be, and prep, with.] A 
thing which is employed as a substitute for another, 
although it should not answer the end so well. 

“ This bewith, when cunyie is scanty, 

Will keep them frae making din.” 

Ramsay: Works, ii. 288. (Jamieson.) 

The leather to 
(Cole.) 

*be-Won’-der, v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and wonder.] 
To fill with wonder. (Generally in the past parti¬ 
ciple.) 

“ The other seeing his astonishment, 

How he bewondered was.”— Fairfax: Tasso . 

*be-w6n’-der-ing, pr.par. [Bewondee.] 
*be-wope, pa. par. [Beweep, Bewept.] 
be-wrap’ (w silent), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and 
wrap.) To wrap up or round. 

“ His sword, that many a pagan stout had shent, 
Bewrapt with flowers hung idly by his side.” 

Fairfax: Tasso. 

be-wrap ped, be-wrapt' (w silent ),pa. par.& a. 
[Beweap.J 

be-wrap'-ping ( w silent) , pr. par. [Beweap.] 
fbe wray’ (1), be-wra i, *be-wrey', *be-wrie, 

(w silent), v. t. [From A. S. prefix be, and 
wregan, wregean=(l) toa ccuse, (2) to put off, to 
drive; 0. S .ivrdgan: Dut. wroegen; Icel. roegja; 
(N. H.) Ger. ragen; O. H. Ger. ruogjan; Goth, vroh- 
jan. Thus bewray is not a corruption of betray, but 
a wholly independent word having a similarity of 
signification.] 
fl. To accuse. 

“ I do not say yt thou shouldest bewray thyself pub¬ 
licly, neither that thou shouldest accuse thyself to others, 

. . .”— Barnes: Epitome of his Works, p. 307. 

2. To betray; to discover perfidiously. 

“ . . . and whoso bewreys j connsell of ye gilde . . .” 
—English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 58. 

8. To reveal, without any perfidy implied. 

“ . . . thy speech bewrayeth thee .”—Matthew xxvi. 73. 

4. To signify, to mean, to imply. 

“. . . Folke-motes, the which were built by the 
Saxons, as the woorde bewraielli, . . .”— Spenser: State 
of Ireland. 

*\ Bewray is obsolescent, betray having taken its 
place. 

be-wray' (2) (w silent), v. t. [Beeay.] 

fbe-wrayed (w silent), pa. par. & a. [Be- 
weay (l).] 

fbe-wray-er (w silent), s. [Eng. bewray; -er.] 
One who betrays, discovers, or divulges. 

“ When a friend is turned into an enemy and a be- 
wrayer of secrets, the world is just enough to accuse the 
perfidiousness of the friend.”— Addison. 

^tbe-wray'-xng (w silent), pr. par. [Beweay 

tbe-wray-ing-ly (« silent), adv. [Eng. be¬ 
wraying; -ly.] In a manner to betray. 

be-wray-ment (w silent), s. [Eng. bewray; 
-ment.] The act of betraying; betrayal. (Dr. 
Allen.) 

be wreck', *bewreke (w silent), v. t. [Eng. pre¬ 
fix be, and wreck.] To wreck. 

be-wrecked, *be-wre'ked, *be-wreckt (w 

silent), pa. par. & a. [Beweeck.] 

“ Yet was I, or I parted thence, bewreckt." 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 120. 

be-wreck'-ing (w silent),pr. par. [Beweeck.] 
*be-wreke' (w silent) , v. t. [Beweeck.] 
be-wrey’, *be-wreye, *be-wri’e (iv silent), v. t. 


*be-wrought (pron. be-rat'), pa. par. [Eng. 
prefix be, and wrought .] Worked all over. 

“And their smocks all bewrought 
With his thread which they bought.” 

Ben Jonson: Masques. 

*bew'-te, s. [Beauty.] 

*bew'-ter (ew=u), s. [Bitteen.] The bittern. 


“Ther is great store of capercalegs, blackwaks, mure. 
t, , .••• 7 T -.,, . , . . . fowls, heth-hens, swanes, bewters, turtle-doves, herons, 

B. As participial adjective. b itted to fascinate, dowes, steares or stirlings,” &c.—Sir R. Gordon: Sutherl _ 
allure, or charm; fascinating, alluring, charming, p. 3. (Jamieson.) 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, 
or, w5re, wolf, work, 


what, fall, 
who, son; 


father; we, wet, here, 
mute, cub, dire, pnite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu = kw. 




bewympled 


473 


bezzling 


*be-wym’-pled, a. [Eng. prefix be, and Dnt. 
W)impeZ=streamer, pendant, j Veiled; covered with 
a veil. [Wimple.] 

“And sought about with his honde 
That other bedde tyll that he fonde, 

Where laie bewymplecl a visage: 

That was he glad in his courage.” 

Gower: Con. Am., bk. v. 

*bey, a. [Beye.] 

*bey, s. [Boy.] A boy; specially one who plays 
the buffoon. ( Prompt . Parv.) 

b§y, s. [Turkish bey= a governor; the same word 
as beg =a lord, a prince.] [Beg.] 

Among the Turks: 

1. A governor. 

“. . . Government [of Tunis] exercised by an heredi¬ 
tary bey , . .”—Keith Johnston: Gazetteer. 

2. Any nobleman or other person of rank, though 
not a governor. 

*be-yat jpret.ofv. [Beget.] 

“Yif haluendel the child were thyn, 
****** 

Nis hit not myn that ich beyatf” 

Kyng of Tars, 786. 

*bejre, v. t. [Buy.] To buy. 

“If Love hath caught hym in his lace, 

You for to beye in every caas.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

fbeye, *bey, a. [A. S. 6eg'en=both.] Both. 

“Nere ycome out yrlond, wyt gret power bey 
Of Scottes and of Picars, of Denemarch, of Norwei.’ 

Chron. of Robert of Gloucester, p. 107. 

*beye, s. [Bee.] 

“. . . and for the beyes in the Assirians londe.” 

Coverdale: Bible; Esay (Isaiah), vii. 

*be-yen, a. [Beyn.] 

be-yete, pa. par. [Beget.] Begotten. ( Chau¬ 
cer .) 

be-yete, s. [From beyete, pa. par. (q. v.)] A 
thing gotten; possession, advantage. 

“So that thei lost the beyete 
Of worship and of worldes pees.” 

Gower: Con. Am., Prol. 

*bey-kynge, s. [From A. S. bacan to bake, 
because the application of heat tends to stretch or 
expand a body (?).] The act of stretching; the 
state of being stretched; extension. ( Prompt. 
Parv.) 

bey-lik, *beg-lic, s. [Turkish; from bey, and 
fo'fc=jurisdiction. In Fr., &c., beylik.] 

“Tunis, a beylik, or regency of the Ottoman Empire 
. . .”—Keith Johnston: Gazetteer (ed. 1864), p. 1,293. 

*beyn, *be-yen, a. [Compare Yorkshire and 
Somersetshire dialect 6ane=near, convenient.] 
Pliant, flexible. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*beyne, a. [From A. S. 6eg , en=both.] Both. 
“Ther was no rests betwene hem to, bot laide onyerne 
beyne.”—Sir Ferumbras, 661 (ed. Herrtage). 

be-yond', *be-yonde, *bl-gond, *bI-gonde 
*bi-yende, *bi-yen-dis (Eng.), be-yont (Scotch): 
prep. & adv. [A. S. begeond, begeondan (prep. & 
adv.)=beyond, from .prefix be, and geond, giond, 
geondan (prep.)—as prep.: through, over, as tar as 
after, beyond; as adv.: yonder, thither, beyond 
[Yondeb.] 

A. As preposition: 

I. In place , at rest or in motion: 

1. Situated on the further side of, without i s 
being stated whether it be in a place near or mo e. 
remote. 

“The Syrians that were beyond the river . . ." 

2 Samuel x. 16. 

2. To the further side of. to a greater distanc 
than. 

“ He that sees a dark and shady grove, 

Stays not, but looks beyond it on the sky.” 

Herbert. 

+11. In time : 

1. Further back than. 

2. Further forward than. 

III. More fig.: Above. Specially — 

1. In a greater degree, or of a greater amoun 
than. 

“. . . how that beyond measure I persecuted the 
church of God . , .”—Galatians i. 13. 

“ To his expenses beyond his income, add debauchery 
idleness, and quarrels amongst his servants.”— Locke. 

2. Further than. 

“ . . . I cannot go beyond the word of the Lord, my 
God . . —Numbers xxii. 18. 

3. Surpassing; above in excellence. 

‘‘-His satires are incomparably beyond Juvenal’s.” — 
Dryden. 

4. Out of the reach of. 

“ Beyond the infinite and boundless reach 
Of mercy, if thou did’st this deed of death, 

Art thou damn’d, Hnbejfc ”^ :King John , j 7 . a . 


5. Out of the sphere of. 

“ With equal mind, what happens, let us bear ; 

Nor joy, nor grieve, too much for things beyond our 
care.”— Dryden: Palamon and Arcite, iii. 886. 

B. As adverb: At a greater distance than some¬ 
thing specified; further. 


C. In special phrases. 

(1) Back-o'-beyont, adv. At a great distance. 

(Scotch.) 

(2) To go beyond. To overreach, to deceive, to 
circumvent. 

“. . . that no man go beyond and defraud his brother 
in any matter . . .”—1 These, iv. 6. 


bey -rg,-ghee, s. [Byeaghee.] 
bey-rich -l-a, s. [Named after Monsieur Bey- 
rich ..] A genus of minute fossil crustaceans, 
bivalved, and found attached to other crustaceans 
as parasites. (Stormonth.) 



*bey’-tinge, *bey'-t$hge, pr. par. & s. [Bait¬ 
ing.] 

*bey-ton, v. t. [Bait, t>.] To bait. ( Prompt. 

Parv.) 

be'-zgn, s. (Bengalee.) 

Cloth Manuf.: A Bengalee white or striped cotton 
cloth. 

be-zant', *be-§a'nt, *be-saunt, *be-saunte, 
*by-zant (pi. be-zants, be-sauntis), s. [In Ger. 
bezant, byzantiner; Sp. bezante; Low Lat. besans, 
bixantius, bezantus, byzantius, byzanteus, byzan- 
tinus. From Byzantium, the Latin name of an old 
Greek city ( Byzantion ), the site of which is occu¬ 
pied by part or modern Constantinople.] 

I. Numismatology: 

1. Properly, a gold coin struck at Constantinople 

by the Byzantine emperors, and which, between the 
ninth and the fourteenth 
centuries, was the chief gold 
piece of money known in 
Europe. It varied in price, 
ranging from about $70 to 
about $2.16. Other bezants 
were coined by the Moors of 
Spain, and others still at 
Malines, in Flanders. Be¬ 
zants, chiefly from Constan¬ 
tinople, were circulated in 
England from the tenth cen¬ 
tury to the time of Edward 
III., when they were grad- Bezant, 

ually superseded by the 

English noble. [Noble.] The Constantinople 
bezant was generally in the form of an umbo, or of 
a dish, having on it a representation of the Saviour. 

2. A white bezant, made of silver, and not of gold, 
worth, it is believed, about 48 cents. This is the 
bezant mentioned by Wycliffe and Purvey. That it 
was circulated in England appears from the extract 
from the “English Gilds” (about 1389) given below, 
though the word was sometimes used in a more 
general sense for any similar piece of money. [By- 
zant.] 

“ . . . and Y dredynge wente, and hidde thi besaunt 
in the erthe . . ."—Wycliffe (Purvey): Matt. xxv. 25. 

“ Or what womman hauyage ten besauntis, and if ache 
hath lost oo besaunt . . .”— Ibid.: Lukexv. 8 . 

“ . . . in mercy of one besaunt, to the profit of the 
Citee of echo tyme .”—English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text 
Soc.) p. 349. 

II. Her.: A gold roundlet representing the coin 
described under I., 1. It was introduced into 
English heraldry probably 
by the crusaders, who had 
received the coin which it 
represented in pay while on 
military service in the East. 

If A Cross Bezant: A cross 
composed of bezants joined 
together. (Glossary of Her¬ 
aldry.) 

be-zan’-te, a. [Fr.] 

Her.: S6m6 of bezants, 
studded with bezants. 

bez-ant-ler,s. [From Lat. 

&w=twice, and Eng. antler .] Bezants. 

The second antler of a stag. 

bez'-el, bez -Il, basf-il, s. [In Fr. biseau; O. Fr. 
bisel=a sloping edge (Skeat); Sp. bisel= the edge of 
a looking glass or of a crystal plate; Low Lat. 
bisalus=a two-angled stone. Skeat thinks the 
remote etymology may be Lat. 6is=twice, and ala— 
awing.] 

Watchmaking and Jewelry: A term applied by 
watchmakers and jewelers to the groove and pro¬ 
jecting flange or lip by which the crystal of a watch 
er the stone of a jewel is retained in its setting; an 
ouch. 



be-zique’. s. [Besique.] 

bez’-oar, be-zo-$r, «. [In Sw. bezoarsten; Dan. 
bezoarsteen: Ger. bezoar: Fr. bizoard; Sp. bezar, 
bezoar; Ital. bezzuarro. From Pers. pdd-zahr =the 
bezoar stone; pdd=expelling; zatir^poison.] 

*Old Pharmacy : 

I. Lit.: A name formerly given to— 

(1) A morbid secretion sometimes found in the in¬ 
testines of the wild goat of Persia (Capra JEgagrus), 
or aoy other Eastern ruminant. It consisted of a 
portion of the undigested food of the animal agglu¬ 
tinated into a ball. Its full name was Lapis bezoar 
orientate = Oriental bezoar stone. Not often met 
with, and having had attributed to it, without a 
particle of evidence, the power of acting as an anti¬ 
dote to all poisons, as well as curing many diseases, 
it sometimes fetched in the market ten times its 
weight in gold. It scarcely need be added that it 
has disappeared from the modern pharmacopoeia of 
Europe and America, though faith in it still lingers 
in the East. 

(2) A similar concretion from the intestines of the 
American llamas (Auchenia llama and A. vicugna). 
This was known as the Lapis bezoar occidentals 
(Occidental or Western bezoar stone.) It never had 
quite the reputation of its Eastern compeer, but 
has shared its fall in being at last contemptuously 
dismissed from the pharmacopoeia of all civilized 
lands. 

*11. Fig.: Any antidote to poison, or medicine of 
high reputation in the cure of disease, wherever 
found or however manufactured. The name was 
specially given to certain metallic preparations 
prescribed for the cure of disease. 

bezoar-goat, s. A kind of gazelle which pro¬ 
duces the bezoar. 

bez-o-ar’-dic, *bez-o-ar'-dIck, a. & s. [ Fr. 
bizoardique , Mzoartique; Sp. bezoardico; Port. 
bezoartico.] 

A. As adj. (O. Med.): Pertaining to bezoar, com¬ 
pounded of bezoar. 

“ . . . bezoardic vinegar.”— Student, ii. 344. 

B. As subst. (O. Med.): A medicine compounded 
with bezoar. 

“The bezoardics are necessary to promote sweat, and 
drive forth the putrified particles.”— Floyer. 

bez-o-ar'-tl-cal, a. [Eng. bezoar; tic; -ah] 

1. The same as Bezoaedic, adj. (q. v.) 

2. Fig.: Healing like the bezoar. 

“The healing bezoartical virtue of grace.” 

Chillingworth: Works, ed. 1704, p. 878. 

be-z5 -nl-an, s. [From Fr. besoin; Ital. bisogno 
=want.l A person in want, a beggar, a low fellow, 
a scoundrel. 

"Fist. Under which king, Bezonian ? speak or die.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., v. 3. 

“ Great men oft die by vile bezonians.” 

Ibid.: 2 Henry VI., iv. L 

bez'-zle, *biz’-zle, *bez’-le (zle = zel), v. t. 
[Probably, as Wedgwood suggests, from the noise 
made by a person eagerly swilling liquors, as “ guz¬ 
zle ” is the imitation of the sound of one vigorously 
eating. Todd, Mahn, &c., derive it from O. Fr. 
besler= to embezzle.] [Embezzle.] 

1. To drink hard, to tipple, to stupefy the senses 
with liquor. 

“ Math. Yes; I wonder how the inside of a tavern looks 
now. Oh, when shall I bizzle, bizzlef” — Dekkar. 

2. To waste (money) in drinking; to embez¬ 
zle (?) 

“ . . . I have laid up a little for my younger son, 
Michael, and thou think’st to bezle that.” —Beaumont 
di Fletcher: Knight of the Burning Pestle, i. L 

*bez -zle, *bez'-ell (zle=zel),s. [From bezzle,v, 
(q. v.)] A debauch with liquor. 

“O mee ! what odds there seemeth ’twixt their chore 
And the swolne bezell at an ale-house fire.” 

Bp. Hall: Sat. bk. v., Sat. 2. 

*bez-zled, *bez'-eled, *biz'-zled (sled=zeld), 

pa. par. & a. [Bezzle.] 

“ Time will come, 

When wonder of thy error will strike dumb 

Thy bezel’d sense.” Marston: Malcontent. 

*bez'-zler, *bez -el-er, s. [O. Eng. bezzle; -er.] 
One who drinks hard, a drunkard. (Marston.) 

*bez -zling, *bez’-el-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Bez¬ 

zle.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. and participial adj.: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of drinking hard, or tip¬ 
pling. 

“That divine part is soak’d away in sin, 

In sensual lust, and midnight bezeling." 

Marston: Scourge of Villainy. 

“ They that spend their youth in loitering, bezzling, and 
harloting.”— Milton: Animadv. Bern. Def. 


b<Sil, boy; pout, Jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia’n, -tian = sha,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 









474 


bible 


bhagavat gita 

bha'g-?-v?t git?,, bhag-?-vad gita, s. [Sans. 
Bhagavad= a name of Krishna; f;ita=song.] 

Sans. Liter.: A song relating a discourse between 
Krishna and his pupil Arj un in the midst of a battle. 
Schlegel considers it the most beautiful and 
perhaps the only truly philosophical poem in the 
whole range of known literature. Its teaching is 
antheistic. It consists of eighteen lectures. It 
as been translated into many languages, 
bhang, s. [Mahratta, &c., bhang.'] An intoxicat¬ 
ing or stupefying liquor or drug made from the 
dried leaves of hemp (Cannabis sativa). < It is used 
with deleterious effects in India. It is what is 
called in Turkey Haschisch. 

bhel, bale, bil-w?, s. [Mahratta, &c.] An 
Indian name for the Bengal Quince ( JEgle marme- 
los ), a thorny tree with ternate leaves, belonging 
to the order Aurantiacess ( Citronworts). The as¬ 
tringent rind is used for dyeing yellow. The pulp 
is taken by the Hindoos in cases of chronic diar¬ 
rhoea. 

bhff-cam'-pac. s. [Mahratta, bhooi champa, 
bhom champa , ohoomi champaca. From bhoomi, 
bhHmi= the earth, the ground; and champaca, the 
name of the plant defined below.] The Heart¬ 
leaved Snapdragon, or Round-rooted Galangale 
(Kcempferea rotunda), a plant of the order Zingi- 
beracese (Gingerworts). It is a fragrant herb, with 
flowers of various shades of purple and white. It 
grows in Indian gardens. 

*bi, as an independent word, prep. [By.] Old 
English for by. 

“That quyk wole selle hir hi hir lyf.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

*bi nethe, prep. & adv. ]Beneath.] 
bi, as a prefix. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

(a) Of Anglo-Saxon origin: A prefix in many Old 
(or, more precisely, Middle) English words, which 
afterward came to be spelled with be; as bicome 
for become, or bifore, biforn, biforen, for before. 

(b) Of Latin origin: A prefix of which the oldest 
form was dui; as duidens for bidens. This brings it 
into close union with Lat. duo= two; Gr. dis= twice, 
and other cognate words. [Two.] Similarly, the 
oldest form of Lat. 6 is=twice, was duis; as, helium 
of old was spelled duellum. Bi in composition 
signifies two or twice. It corresponds to di in Greek, 
and dvi in Sanscrit. 

II. Chem.: A prefix before words beginning with 
a consonant, the form before those commencing 
with a vowel being bin. 

(1) Bi or bin is sometimes used to denote that two 
atoms of chlorine, sulphur, or oxygen, &c., are 
united to an element, as bichloride of mercury, 
HgCl 2 ; bisulphide of iron, FeS 2 ; biwoxide of tin, 
Sn0 2 . Instead of bi, the suffix di is now generally 
used; as carbon dioxide, C0 2 . 

(2) Bi has also been used to denote an acid salt: 
that is, a salt in which only part of the hydrogen of 
the dibasic acid is replaced by a metal; as, bicar¬ 
bonate of sodium, NaHC 03 (properly called hydric- 
sodic carbonate); bisulphate of potassium, KHSO 4 
(hydric potassic sulphate’). These terms are now 
only used in commerce and pharmacy. 

III . Comm. (& Phar. [Bi .as a prefix. Chem.] 

Bi, as initial letters, an abbreviation, and a sym¬ 
bol, stand for the metallic element bismuth. 

bi -?, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Commerce: A money cowry shell, Cyprcea moneta, 
brought from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 

*bi-af-ten, *bl-ef-ten, *ba'f-ten, *bi-£e'f-ten, 
♦bsef-ten, prep. [A. S. be-ceftan— after.] Behind. 
[Abaet.] 

“ Biaften bak as lie nam kep.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1,833. 

*bi-agt', pret. ofv. [OldEng. pret. of owe (q, v.).] 
Ought, should. 

“ Quo-so his alt him biagt.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 924. 

*bi'-?l-?-c 6 il, s. [Belaccoyle.] 
bi-ang -?-lar, a. [From Lat. bi, in compos.= 
two, ana angularis=angulaT; angulus=an angle, a 
corner.] Having two angles; two-angled; biangu- 
late. ( Ogilvie.) 

bi-ang-u-late, bl-ang'-u-la-ted, a. [From 
Lat. angulatus= angled; angulus= an angle.] Hav¬ 
ing two angles; two-angled; biangular. 

bl-ang’-u-lous, a. [From Lat. angulosus=i\Jl 
of comers ; angulus=an angle, a corner.] Having 
two angles; two-angled; biangular; biangulate. 
(Martin, 1754.) 

bl-?r-tic'-u-late, a. [Lat. (1) bi (in compos.) = 
two, and ( 2 ) articulatus— jointed; from articulus 
—a little joint, a joint.] Having two joints; two- 
jointed. 

Bias, s. An Ionian philosopher, one of the 
Seven Sages of Greece. He was born 550 D. Died 
about 456 B. C. 


bi-?s, *bi'-ass, *by'-ass, *bi'-ase, *bi-az, 
*bi -ais, s., a. & adv. [From Fr., Prov., & O. Cata¬ 
lan biais=( 1) obliquity, (2) bias=Mod. Catalan 
biax, biaix; Walloon biaiz; Sardinian biasciu; 
Ital. sbiescio; Neapol. sbiaso; Piedm. sbias (Littr6, 
&c.); Arm. bihais, bihays.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Of things material: 

*1. Obliquity; deflection from a straight line; 
inclination to. [See examples suggesting the mean¬ 
ing under B. and C.] 

f2. A weight on the side of a bowl which turns it 
from a straight line. 

“ Madam, we’ll play at bowls— 

—’Twill make me think the world is full of rubs, 

And that my fortune runs against the bias.” 

Shake*}).; Richard II., iii. 4. 

“ Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias within 
the spheroid which will in all probability swerve away 
. . .”— W. Scott. (Goodrich & Porter.) 

f3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of the 
waist of a dress to diminish its circumference. 

II. Fig. Of things not material: The state of 
mentally or morally inclining to one side; inclina¬ 
tion of the mind, heart, or will; that which causes 
such an inclination, leaning, or tendency. 

“. . . their influence will be regulated by . . . 
.the bias of the individual character to which ^ they are 
addressed.”— Miltnan: Hist, of Jews, 3d ed., bk. i., vol. i., 
p. 43. 

*[[ Crabb thus distinguishes between bias, prepos¬ 
session, and prejudice: “Bias marks the state of 
the mind; prepossession applies either to the gen¬ 
eral or particular state of the feelings ; prejudice is 
employed only for opinions. Children may receive 
an early bias that influences their future character 
and destiny. Prepossessions spring from casualties; 
they do not exist in young minds. Prejudices are 
the fruits of a contracted education. A bias may 
be overpowered, a prepossession overcome, and a 
prejudice corrected or removed. We may be biased 
Tor or against; we are always prepossessed in favor, 
and mostly prejudiced against." (Crabb: English 
Synonyms.) 

*B. As adjective: 

1. Slanting. 

“We cannot allege her oblique and byass declination.” 
— Holland: Plinie, p. 953. 

2. Swelled like a bowl on the biased side. 

“ . . . till thy sphered bias cheek.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, iv. 5. 

C. As adverb: In an oblique direction; obliquely, 
slantingly. 

“ . . . by the obliquity of the zodiac circle thorow 
which the sun passes biase.” — Holland: Plutarch, p. 963. 
bias-drawing, s. A turn awry; partiality. 

“In this extant moment, faith and troth, 

Strain’d purely from all hollow bias-drawing, 

Bids thee, with most divine integrity, 

From heart of very heart, great Hector, welcome !” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, iv. 6 . 
bl'-?S, *bi'-ass, v.t. [From bias, s. (q. v.) In 
Fr. biaiser=to slope, to cut aslant, to decline, to 
equivocate.] To incline in a particular direction. 
(Used figuratively of a person, or of his mind, heart, 
or will; of his views, &c.) 

“ Oaths, used as playthings or convenient tools, 

As interest biased knaves, or fashion fools.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

“So completely biased were the views of this illustrious 
man, by his exaggerated notions respecting the nature 
and properties of the blood .”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. i., Introd., p. 16. 

bi-?sed, pa. par. & a. 

“Or seeking with a bias’d mind.” 

Cowper: Friendship. 

bl'-?s-ing, pr.par. [Bias, v .] 

*bl'-?s-ness, s. [Eng. bias; -ness.] Inclination 
to one side ; bias. (Shenvood.) 

bl-au-ric’-\i-late, a. [Lat. prefix &i=two, and 
auricula =the external ear; from auris =the ear.] 
Biol.: Having two auricles. [Aubicle.] 
bi ax -i-al, fbl'-ax-al, a. [Lat. prefix 6 i=t\vo, 
and axis=an axle, . . . an axis.] [Axis.] Hav¬ 
ing two axes. 

“ . . . the colored rings of uniaxal and biaxal crys¬ 
tals .”—Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, pt. 
ii., p. 3. 

bib, *bibbe, *bybbe, v. t. & i. [From Lat. bibo 
=to drink.] 

A. Trans.: To drink. 

“ This miller has so wisely bibbed ale.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 4,160. 

B. Intrans.: To tipple, to drink a small amount 
of liquor at brief intervals, constituting in the ag¬ 
gregate a large consumption without excess at any 
one time. 

“ To appease a froward child, they gave him drink as 
often as he cried; so that he was constantly bibbing, and 
drank more in twenty-four hours than I did.”— Locke. 


bib, s. [In Sp. babador, babadera; Port, baba- 
douro; Ital. bavaglio. From Lat. bibo= to drink.] 

1. A piece of linen put over the front of the clothes 
of children to preserve them from being wet or 
dirtied while they are eating or drinking. 

“Even misses, at whose age their mothers wore 
The backstring and the bib, assume the dress 
Of womanhood.” Cowper: Task, bk. iv. 

2. A fish, the Morrhua lusca of Flem. It is called 
also the Pout and Whiting Pout. It belongs to the 
family Gadidse. 

bib-cravat, s. A cravat resembling a child’s bib. 

bib-cock, s. A cock or faucet having a bent down 
nozzle; a bib. 

bib-valve, s. A valve in a bib-cock. 
bI-ba'-$i-0U3 (or gious as shyus), a. [From 

Lat. bibax, genit. bibacis=g iven to drinking ; from 
bibo= to drink.] [Bib.] Addicted to drinking. 
(Johnson.) 

bi-ba^ A-ty, s. [From Lat. bibax, genit. 
bibacis.] [Bibacious.] The quality of drinking 
much. (Johnson.) 

bl-ba -slc, a. [In Fr. bibasique ; from Lat. prefix 
bi= two, and 6 asfc=pertaining to a chemical base.] 
[Base, Chem.] 

Chem.: An acid is said to be bibasic when it con¬ 
tains two atoms of hydrogen which can be replaced 
by other metals; as H 9 SO 4 , sulphuric acid, the H 
can be replaced, atom for atom, by a monad metal, 
as KHSO 4 (hydric potassium) and K 2 SOi (dipo¬ 
tassium sulphate), or by a dyad metal, as Ba"S 04 
(barium sulphate). Organic acids are said to be 
bibasic when they contain the monad radical 
carboxyl (CO.OH)' twice, as (CO.OH )' 2 (oxalic 
acid), or C 2 H 4 _(CO.OH )' 2 (succinic acid). An acid 
can he triatomic and dibasic, asC 2 H^(OH)(CO.OH ) 2 
(malic acid), or tetratomic ana dibasic, as C 2 H 2 
(0H) 2 (C0.0H ) 2 (tartaric acid). 

bl-ba’-tion, s. A drink, draught. 

“He of the frequent bibations.” — Carlyle: Past and 
Present, p. 127 (ed. 1858). 

bib bed, pa. par. [Bib, v.] 

*bib'-bel-er, s. [Biblek.] 

bib'-ber, s. [From Eng. bib, In Fr. biberon 
m.), biberonne (f.); Sp. bebedor; Port, beberrao; 
tab bevitore; Lat. bibitor.] One who drinks a 
little at a time but frequently; a tippler. Used — 

(a) As an independent word. 

“ And other abhorreth his brother because he is a great 
bibber.” — Udal: Matthew, ch. vii. 

Or (b) in composition, as wine-bibber (q. v.). 
“Behold a man gluttonous and a wine-bibber.”— 
Matthew xi. 19. 

blb -bing, pr. par. & a. [Bib, v.] 

“He pi ay eth with bibbing mother Meroe, as though so 
named because she would drink mere wine without 
water.”— Camden. 

blb-ble -bab-ble, s. [A reduplication with a 
variation to avoid identity of sound. In Fr. babil, 
babillage.] [Babble.] Idle talk. 

“ Malvolio, Malvolio, thy wits the heavens restore ! en¬ 
deavor thyself to sleep, and leave thy vain bibblebabble." 
— Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iv. 4. 

bibble-press, s. [Etymology of bibble doubtful^ 
and Eng. press.] A press for rolling rocket-cases. 
*blb'-bler, s. [Bibleb.] 
bibb§, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Naut.: Brackets made of elm plank, and bolted 
to the hounds of the masts, for the purpose of sut> 
porting the trestle-tree^. (Falconer.) 

*bi-ber-yen, v. t. [A. S. bebeorgan=to defend, jo 
take care of.] To ward off. (Layamon.) 

blb -Lo, s. [Lat. bibio=a small insect generated 
in wine.] 

Entom.: A genus of dipterous insects belonging to 
the family Tipulidse. 

bib-i-tor'-I-us, s. [Lat. bibere—to drink.] The 
rectus internus muscle of the eye; so called because 
it turns the eye inward in the act of drinking. ( 

fblb -I-t5r-y, a. [From Lat. bibitor= a drinker, 
a toper; bibo=to drink.] [Bib, u.] Pertaining to 
drinking or tippling. ( Ogilvie .) 

bl -ble, *by ble (Eng.), *by-bill (0. Scotch ), 
s. & a. [Sw. bibeln; Dan. & Ger. bibel; Dut. bijbel; 
Gael, biobull; Russ, biblips; Fr. bible; Prov. bibla; 
Sp. & Port, biblia; Ital. bibbia; Eccl. Lat. biblia; 
Eccl. Gr. biblia, plur. of biblion x and byblion=(l) a 
paper, a letter; ( 2 ) a book. It is a dimin. of Class. 
Gr. biblos=( 1) the inner bark of the papyrus; (2) 
the paper made of this bark first in Egypt; a paper, 
a book, byblos=the Egyptian papyrus (Cyperus 
papyrus, sometimes called Papyrus antiquarum) ; 

(3) its coats or fibers. Thus “a bible” was orig¬ 
inally any book made of paper derived from the 
papyrus or paper-reed.] 


fate, fat, fare, ?midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, \inite, cur, rtlle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 



bible 


475 


bible 


A. As substantive: 
*1. Gen.: Any book. 


“ To tellen al, wold passen eny bible 
That o wher is . . 


Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 12,786. 

“ Alle these armes that ther weren, 

That they thus on her cotes beren, 

For hyt to me were impossible; 

Men myghte make of hem a bible. 

Twenty foote thykke I trowe.” 

Chaucer: House of Fame, bk. iii. 

2. Spec.: Pre-eminently “the book,” in compari¬ 
son ■with which other literary productions are not 
worthy to be dignified with the name of books ; or, 
if they be called books, it then becomes “ the Book 
(of books.” The idea just expressed is founded on 
the etymology derived originally from the Christian 
'Greeks, but now rooted in the languages of all the 
nations of Christendom. The first to use the term 
biblia in this sense is said to have been Chrysostom, 
who flourished in the fifth century. The word scrip¬ 
ture or scriptures, from the Latin scriptur a=wf vit- 
ing, scripturce = writings, conveys the analogous 
idea that the “Scriptures” are alone worthy of 
being called writings. This use of the word came 
originally from the Latin fathers, but it has been 
adopted not merely by the English, but by the other 
Christian nations of Europe. The high apprecia¬ 
tion of the Bible implied in the use of these words 
arises from the fact that it is believed by the vast 
majority of Christians to be (with allowances for 
minute diversities of reading and errors of transla¬ 
tion) the actual Word of God, and therefore infal¬ 
libly true. This is implied, though not expressly 
stated, in the sixth of the Thirty-nine Articles: 

“ Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to 
salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein nor may 
be proved thereby is not to be required of any man that it 
should be believed as an article of the faith, or be thought 
requisite or necessary to salvation ...” 


The Westminster Confession of Faith is more 
specific: 

“The authority of the Holy Scripture, for which it 
ought to be believed or obeyed, dependeth not upon the 
testimony of any man or church, but wholly upon God 
(who is truth itself), the Author thereof, and therefore it 
is to be received because it is the Word of God.”— West¬ 
minster Conf. of Faith, ch. i., § 4. 

The Church of Rome does not differ from the 
several Protestant denominations respecting the 
divine authority of the books which the latter 
accept as canonical; it combines, however, with 
them the Apocrypha and church traditions, regard¬ 
ing faith and morals, which Protestants reject. 

Articles of Faith and symbolical books do not 
always express the real belief of all who nominally 
assent to them ; and scattered through the several 
churches are a very large number of persons who 
hold that the Bible contains a revelation from God, 
instead of being of itself “the Word of God;” 
while a small number deny the Scriptures all 
special inspiration, and deal with them as freely as 
they would with the Mohammedan Koran, the Hin¬ 
doo Vedas and Puranas, the Sikh Grunth, or the 


Persian Zend Avesta. 

The Bible consists of sixty-six books, constituting 
an organic whole. 

In the Authorized English Version the Bible is 
divided into the Old and. New Testaments, the for¬ 
mer containing thirty-nine, and the latter twenty- 
seven books. These designations are taken from 
antiquum test amentum, in the Vulgate rendering of 
2 Cor. iii. 14 and novum testamentum in verse 6. The 
Greek word is diatheke, the Septuagint name of the 
Old Testament being He palaia diatheke =the Old 
Diatheke, and the Greek New Testament being 
termed He kaine diatheke= the New Diatheke. Dia¬ 
theke in classical Greek, and in Heb. ix. 16,17. sig¬ 
nifies a testament or will, but generally, throughout 
the Septuagint, the Greek Testament, and the Greek 
ecclesiastical'writers, it means a covenant. Hence 
the two primary divisions of the Bible had better 
have been called the Old and New Covenants, rather 
than the Old and New Testaments. The old covenant 
is the one made withAdam,or that entered into with 
Abraham, and subsequently developed at Sinai; 
the new one that formed in connection with the ad¬ 
vent and death of' Christ. 

The Old Testament was originally written in 
Hebrew, except Jer. x. 11; Ezra iv. 8 to vi. 18; vii. 
12 to 26; and Dan. ii. from middle of verse 4 to vii. 
28, which are East Aramaean (Chaldee). The New 
Testament was originally written in Greek, with 
the exception, perhaps, of St. Matthew’s Gospel, 
which the Christian fathers, Papias, Ireneeus, Pan- 
taenus, Origen, Jerome, &c., state to have been pub¬ 
lished originally in Aramaean. , . 

The order of the books in the Hebrew Bible is 
different from that which obtains in the English 
Scriptures, which in this respect follow the Greek 
Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate. The Jews 
divided the Old Testament primarily into three 
portions, called the Law, the Prophets, and the 
Kethubim, or, in Greek, the Hagiographa.. The 
Divine Redeemer aUudes to this classification in 
Luke xxiv. 44, “ . . . that all things might be 


fulfilled which are written in the Law, and in the 
Prophets, and in the Psalms.” The Psalms are the 
first book in the Hagiographa, and agreeably to 
the Jewish method of quoting, stand for the whole 
division. Such words as Genesis, Exodus, Deu¬ 
teronomy, &c., are Greek, and taken from the 
Septuagint; the Hebrew generally names these and 
some other books by their initial word. Thus 
Genesis is called Bereshith=In the beginning. The 
following list exhibits the order and classification 
of the books in the Hebrew Bible: 


I. Torah , the Law: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, 
Numbers, and Deuteronomy. 

II. Nebitm, the Prophets: 

(1) The former prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, 
Kings. 

(2) The later prophets: 

(а) The great prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, 
Ezekiel. 

(б) The small or minor prophets: Hosea, Joel, 
Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, 
Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. 

III. Kethubim—hoohs ; in Greek Hagiographa— 
Holy Writings: 

(1) Truth: Psalms, Proverbs. 

(2) The five rolls: Job, Song of Solomon, Ruth, 
Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, 
Nehemiah, Chronicles. 

It is startling to find that in this arrangement 
Daniel does not figure among the prophets, but is 
relegated to the Hagiographa. It is remarkable 
also that Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings are 
classified, not as historic, but as prophetic writings. 

A convenient classification for modern use divides 
the Old Testament books into three classes: 

(1) The Historical Books: Genesis—Ezra. 

(2) The Poetical Books: Job—Song of Solomon. 

(3) The Prophetical Books: Isaiah — Malachi. 
(The weak point about this division is that most of 
the prophetical books falling under the third cat¬ 
egory were written, not in Hebrew prose, but in 
poetry.) 

A similar division for the New Testament is into— 

(1) Historical Books: Matthew—The Acts of the 
Apostles. 

(2) Epistles: Romans—Jude. 

(3) The Prophetical Book: Revelation. [For a 
description of the several books, see Genesis, Ex¬ 
odus, &c.l 

The Bible has given rise to several sciences of its 
own, and specially to the following: 

(1) Apologetics, not a good name, for it is liable 
to be misunderstood. The word is used in the 
Greek sense of defense ; the Christian apologist does 
not admit the existence of error in the Bible which 
he defends. [Apologetics, Apology.] 

(2) Biblical Criticism , which seeks to ascertain 
precisely what books are inspired, and bring the 
text of these to the most perfect state of purity. 
[Biblical Criticism.] 

(3) Hermeneutics, from the Gr. hermeneutikos= of 
or for interpreting ; its aim is to ascertain the prin¬ 
ciples which should be followed in biblical inter¬ 
pretation. [Hermeneutics.] 

The Old Testament is said to have been collected 
and arranged by Ezra between 458 and 450 B. C. 
The Apocrypha are considered inspired writings 
by the Roman Catholics, but not by the Jews and 
Protestants. 

Old Testament. 


b. c. 

Genesis contains 
the history of 
the world from 4004—1635 

Exodus. 1635—1490 

Leviticus. 1490 

Numbers. 1490—1451 

Deuteronomy.... 1451 

Job.about 1520 

Joshua.from 1451—1420 

Judges. 1425—1120 

Ruth. 1322—1312 

1st and 2d Samuel 1171—1017 
1st and 2d Kings 1015— 562 
1st and 2d Chron¬ 
icles . 1004— 536 


Book of Psalms 
(principally by 
David). 


1063—1015 


Proverbs written 

.about 1000— 700 


Song of Solomon 
.......... about 1014 


B. C. 

Ecclesiastes. 



about 

977 

.Jonah. 

.about 

862 

Joel. 

.about 

800 

Hosea. 

. about 

785— 725 

Amos. 

.about 

787 

Isaiah .... 

. about 

760— 698 

Micah. 

.about 

750— 710 

Nahum ... 

.about 

713 

Zephaniah. about 

630 

Jeremiah . 

.about 

629— 588 

Lamentations ... 



about 

588 

Habakkuk 

. about 

626 

Daniel. 


607— 534 

Ezekiel.... 

.from 

595— 574 

Obadiah .. 

.about 

587 

Ezra. 

.about 

536— 456 

Esther .... 

.about 

521— 495 

Haggai ... 

.about 

520 

Zechariah 

.about 

520— 618 

Nehemiah 

.about 

446— 434 

Malachi... 

.about 

397 


New Testament. 


A. D. 

Gospels by Mat¬ 
thew, Mark, 

Luke and John, 5 B. c.—33 
Acts of the Apostles. 33—65 


Epistles —1st and 2d 
of Paul to Thes- 
salonians ... .about 54 

To Galatians. 58 

1st Corinthians.. 59 

2d Corinthians.. 60 

Homans. 60 

Of James. 60 


A. D. 

1st of Peter. 60 

To Ephesians, Philip¬ 
pi a n s, Colossians, 
Hebrews, Philemon. 64 
Titus, and 1st to Tim¬ 
othy .65 

2d to Timothy.66 

2d of Peter. 66 

Of Jude.66 

1st, 2d, and 3d of John. 90 

Revelation.96 


The most, ancient copy of the Hebrew Scriptures 
existed at Toledo, called the Codex of HiRel; it was 
of very early date, probably of the fourth century 
after Christ; some say about sixty years before 
Christ. The copy of Ben Asher, of Jerusalem, was 
made about 1100. 

The reputed oldest copy of the Old and New 
Testamentin Greek, is that in the Vatican, in Rome, 
which was written in the fourth or fifth century. 
Mai’s edition appeared in 1857. The next in age is the 
Alexandrian Codex (referred to the fifth century), in 
the British Museum, presented by the Greek patri¬ 
arch to Charles I. in 1628. It has been printed in 
England, edited by Woide and Baber, 1786-1821. 
Codex Ephraemi, or Codex Regius, ascribed to the 
fifth century, in the Royal Library, Paris, pub¬ 
lished by Tischendorf in 1843. 

Curiosities of the Bible: The Bible contains 
3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words, 31,173 verses, 1,189 
chapters, and 66 books. The word “and” occurs 
46,277 times. The word “Lord” occurs 1,855 times. 
The word “reverend” occurs but once, which is in 
the ninth verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle 
verse is the eighth verse of the 118th Psalm. The 
twenty-first verse of the seventh chapter of Ezra 
contains all the letters of the alphabet except the 
letter J. The nineteenth chapter of 2 Kings and 
the thirty-seventh chapter of Isaiah are alike. The 
longest verse is the ninth verse of the eighth chap¬ 
ter of Esther. The shortest verse is the thirty-fifth 
verse of the eleventh chapter of St. John. There 
are no words or names of more than six syllables. 
In the original Hebrew manuscripts of the Old 
Testament, a division of the matter into paragraphs 
was early introduced for convenience in reading. 
Larger divisions into sections suitable for Sabbath 
readings were made about the middle of the 
fifteenth century. The gospels were divided into 
sections for a similar purpose as early as the third 
century. The present arrangement of the Scriptures 
—the division into chapters—has been ascribed to 
Archbishop Lanfranc in the eleventh, and to Arch¬ 
bishop Langton in the thirteenth century; but T. 
Hartwell Horne considers the real author to have 
been Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro, about the 
middle of the thirteenth century. The division into 
sections was commenced by Rabbi Nathan (author 
of a Concordance) about 1445, and completed by 
Athras, a Jew, in 1661. The present division into 
versos was introduced by the celebrated printer, 
Robert Stephens, in his Greek Testament (1551) and 
in his Latin Bible (1556-7). 

The word “ heaven ” occurs the following number 
of times in each of the books of the NewTestament: 
Matthew, 70; Mark, 17 ; Luke, 30; John, 18; Acts, 
24; Romans, 2 , 1 Corinthians, 2; 2 Corinthians, 2; 
Galatians, 1; Ephesians, 3; Philippians, 2 ; Colos¬ 
sians, 5 ; 1 Tbessalonians, 2 ; 2 Thessalonians, 1; 
Hebrews, 5 ; James, 2 ; 1 Peter, 3; 2 Peter, 1; 1 John, 
1; Revelations, 56. 

The various names of Satan used in the Bible: The 
Greek word diabolos is the one we derive the name 
“ devil” from, and its meaning is “slanderer.” It 
corresponds to the Hebrew “ Satan,” which signifies 
“ adversary,” as that being or power is understood 
to be the adversary of God or man, the foe of good¬ 
ness and the author of evil. The references to Satan 
in the Scriptures are numerous, but this name only 
occurs five times in the Old Testament and twenty- 
five times in the New Testament. The word “ cjjvil” 
occurs twenty-five times; “the prince of this 
world,” three times; “the wicked one,” six t?mes; 
“ the tempter,” twice, and in the twelfth chap; er or 
Revelations, ninth verse, “old serpent,” “the 
devil,” and “Satan” occur, a most remarkable 
grouping of epithets, as also in Rev. xx. 1, 2, and 3. 
The names “evil one,” “god of this world,” “prince 
of the powerof the air,” “ the dragon ” going about 
“ like a roaring lion ” occur, and the Master him¬ 
self describes him as a “ murderer and liar.” He is 
a “strong man” (Matt. xii. 29), and his subtlety 
(Gen. iii. 1) is exhibited in treacherous snares (2 
Tim. ii. 26), wiles (Eph. vi. 11), and devices (2 Cor. 
ii. 11), and the delusive shift of transforming him¬ 
self into an angel of light (2 Cor. xi. 14). He became 
an apostate (John viii. 44), and fell from heaven 
(Luke x. 18, and Jude 6), and from his place of 
power he will eventually he overthrown (Rev. xx. 
1, 2, 3 and 10). The name of Beelzebub was also in 
common use among the Jews in the time of Christ, 
as a title of Satan, or “ the prince of the demons.” 

For the several versions of the Bible see Versions 
and Authorized. Altogether apart from the claims 
put forth by the Bible to be a, or rather the. Divine 
Revelation, the Authorized version is the first 
English classic ; and the history of Europe and the 
world would be a hopeless enigma to any one who 
knew nothing of the Bible. 

“ Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door, 

Pillow and bobbins all her little store, 
****** 

Just knows and knows no more her Bible true : 

A truth the brilliant Frenchman never knew ; 

And in that charter reads, with sparkling eyes, 
Her title to a treasure in the skies.” 

Cowper: Truth. 


bfiil, b6y; pfiftt, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d?L 







































bible 


476 


bibliolatry 


B. Ms adjective: Pertaining to, or in any way con¬ 
nected. with, the Bible. See the compounds which 
follow, 

Bible-Christians, s. 

Ecclesiology: A Christian sect, called also Bryan- 
ites. It was founded by Mr. William O. Bryan, a 
Wesleyan local preacher in Cornwall, England, who, 
separating in 1815 from the main body of the Wes¬ 
ley ans, began to form separate societies. In 1829 he 
left the body he had formed. 

Bible Defense Association. 

Ecclesiology: A Christian sect figuring in the 
English Registrar-general’s returns. 

Bible-oath, s. An oath sworn upon the Bible. 

Bible Society. Any society constituted for mul¬ 
tiplying copies of the Bible and, as far as the finan¬ 
cial resources at its disposal will permit, diffusing 
them abroad. Of these societies the following may 
be enumerated: 

1. American Bible Society: The American Bible 
Society was established in 1818. Sixty delegates, 
from twelve states of the Union, met in New fork 
City and organized the society. Its purpose was to 
supply America with the Word of God, and then to 
spread the light of the knowledge of the glory of 
God through the heathen world. The issues for 
1896-97 were 513,496 copies, and for the eighty- 
one years of its existence 63,219,540 copies. Four 
times during its history—in 1829, 1856, 1866 and 
1882—a general supply of Bibles was issued, with 
the view of placing the Bible in every home 
in America. In the first twenty-five years of its 
history, 2,798,366 ; second twenty-five years, 18,- 
987,210; third twenty-five years, 32,448,136; total, 
54,233,712. In addition to this, millions of Bibles 
have been issued to distant lands. The headquarters 
of the society are in New York City. 

2. The British and Foreign Bible Society: As 
there were brave men before Agamemnon, so the 
Word of God was circulated before this great soci¬ 
ety came into existence. The following associations 
made the circulation of the Scriptures one of the 
objects at which they aimed: The Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel in New England, incor¬ 
porated in 1649, and again in 1661; the Society for 
Promoting Christian Knowledge, established in 
1698; the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 
established in 1701; the Society in Scotland for 
Propagating Christian Knowledge, incorporated in 
1709; the Society at Halle, founded in 1712; the 
Society for Promoting Religious Knowledge among 
the Poor, established in 1750; and finally, the Society 
for the Support and Encouragement of Sunday- 
schools, established in 1785. Two societies made it 
their primary aim, viz : The Bible Society for Sol¬ 
diers and Sailors, established in 1780, and the French 
Bible Society, commenced in London in 1792, its 
object being the circulating of the Scriptures in 
France. But with all that was done by these organ¬ 
izations, Bibles were both costly and difficult to 
obtain. Nowhere was this spiritual dearth felt 
more keenly than in Wales, which, after having 
bought up an edition of 10,000 Welsh Bibles and 
2,000 Testaments, issued in 1796, still felt its wants 
but partially supplied. The Society for Promoting 
Christian Knowledge, which had published the 
edition which had gone oil so well, had not enter¬ 
prise enough to follow it up with another, though 
strongly urged to incur the not very formidable 
risk. 

On December 7,1802, Mr. Joseph Tarn introduced 
the subject of the scarcity of Bibles in Wales, at a 
small gathering of Christian friends in London. On 
this a celebrated Evangelical clergyman, the Rev. 
Mr. Charles, of Bala, in the Principality, who was 
present, and had been impressed by hearing, shortly 
before, from a Welsh girl that she was in the habit 
of journeying over the hills seven miles every week 
to obtain a sight of the sacred volume, proposed 
that a subscription should be set on foot for print¬ 
ing the Bible for circulation in Wales. The Rev. 
Joseph Hughes, a Baptist minister, suggested as an 
amendment that the intended effort should not be 
for Wales simply, but for all the world. From this 
small germ the great Bible Society sprang. It came 
into existence in 1803, under the name of “The 
Society for Promoting a more extensive Circulation 
of the Scriptures both at Home and Abroad.” Next 
year, on March 7,1804, it was more formally con¬ 
stituted at a meeting held in the London Tavern, 
Bishopsgate, its too lengthened designation being 
exchanged for the briefer and more telling one 
which it still retains, The British and Foreign Bible 
Society. Its rise to power was rapid. On March 28, 
1809, an auxiliary Bible Society was established at 
Reading, and many similar auxiliaries or branches 
soon followed in other places. The only serious 
check which the great parent institution ever sus¬ 
tained was in connection with the Apocryphal 
Controversy, which raged between 1821 and 1826. 
[Apocryphal Controversy.] This being at length 
happily settled, the society’s prospects became 
again unclouded, and the sphere of its operations 
rapidly extended year by year. 


Up to March 31,1880, it had taken a more or less 
direct share in the translation, printing, or distri¬ 
bution of the Scriptures in 233 languages or dialects, 
the number of versions being 282; and had put into 
circulation more than 88,000,000 Bibles, Testaments, 
or Scripture portions, at an expense of above 
£8,500,000. During the year ending March 31, 1880, 
there were issued from its depots at home 9 r 
abroad 2,780,362 copies of the Bible in whole or in 
part. The total distribution of Bibles by the Brit¬ 
ish and Foreign Bible Society, for the ninety-four 
years of the society’s existence, aggregates 151,142,- 
802 copies. 

3. The German Bible Society , formed at Nurem¬ 
berg in 1804, and afterward transferred to Basle. 

4. The Prussian Bible Society , so named in 1814, 
developed out of the Berlin Society, formed in 1804 
or 1805. 

5. The Hibernian Bible Society , formed in 1806. 

6. The Philadelphia Bible Society, the first in the 
United States, founded in 1808. 

7. The City of London Bible Society, founded in 
1812. 

8. The Russian Bible Society, established under 
the auspices of the Emperor Alexander in 1813, but 
suppressed in 1826 by his successor, Nicholas, the 
antagonist of the Allies in the noted Crimean war. 

9. The American Bible Society, founded in 1816. It 
has now many auxiliaries in connection with it. 

10. The Trinitarian Bible Society, founded in 1831. 

11. The National Bible Society of Scotland, founded 
in I860, with which the Edinburgh Bible Society 
(1809) and the Glasgow organization (1812) are now 
incorporated. 

Bible societies, though wide in their constitution, 
are practically Protestant institutions; and on June 
29, 1816, a bull denouncing them was launched by 
Pope Pius VII. 

Mble-woman, s. A woman employed to read 
the Bible to the poor and sick of her own sex, in 
connection with home or foreign missions. 

*bi-bled, a. [Eng. and A. S. pref. bi, and bled.) 
Covered with blood. [The same asBEBi ED (q. v.).] 
{Chaucer.) 

blb'-ler, *bib-bel-er, *bib-bler [Eng.), *beb- 
ble (Scotch), s. [Dan. dial. bible=tc trickle; Dan. 
pible=to purl.] {Wedgwood.) [Bib Bibber..] A 
tippler. 

“I perceive you are no great bybler s ., e.. re?u ,f the 
Bible), Pasipliilo. 

“Pas. Yes, sir, an excellent good bibotle' ; specially in 
a bottle.”— Gascoigne: Works, sign. C. 1. ( Nares .) 

bib’-less, a. [Eng. bib, and -less.) Without a 
bib. 

“ Bibless and apronless.”— Dickens: Our Mutual Friend, 
ck. iv., p. 27. 

bib’-li-cal, a. [Eng. bibl{e); -ical. In Fr. 676- 
lique; Sp., Port., & Ital. biblico .] [Bible.] 
Pertaining to the Bible. 

“ To make a biblical version faithful and exact, . . .” 
— Abp. Newcome: Essay on the Transl. of the Bible. 

biblical archaeology. Biblical antiquities; 
antiquities illustrative of the Bible. 

V Society of Biblical Archaeology: A society 
founded in London on December 9, 1870, “ for the 
investigation of the Archaeology, History, Arts, and 
Chronology of Ancient and Modern Assyria, Pales¬ 
tine, Egypt-, Arabia, and other Biblical Lands ; the 
promotion of the study of the Antiquities of those 
countries, and the Record of Discoveries hereafter 
to be made in connection therewith.” The associ¬ 
ation has already risen into great power and 
reputation. It was before this society that Mr. 
George Smith, on December 3,1872, read his paper on 
“ The Assyrian Account of the Deluge,” translating 
the celebrated “ Deluge Tablet.” That evening the 
attendance at the meeting, then ordinarily about 
fifty, rose to about 800. 

biblical criticism. The science which has for 
its objects (1) to decide which books are entitled to 
have a place in the Scripture canon [Canon] ; and 
(2) to bring the text of these canonical books to the 
utmost possible degree of purity. 

In prosecuting the first of these aims, the biblical 
critic must not be confounded with the Christian 
apologist; the function of the former is a strictly 
judicial one, while the office of the latter is that of 
an advocate. 

One important subject of investigation is as to 
what Old Testament books were recognized as 
divine by the ancient Jewish church or synagogue; 
as also what New Testament books were at once 
and universally welcomed by the early Christian 
church [Homologoumena] ; and what others were 
for a time partially rejected, though they ulti¬ 
mately found acceptance everywhere. [Antilego- 
mena.] 

In seeking to purify the text, the biblical critic 
must do much toilsome work in the collation of 
“ codices ” or manuscripts. [Codex.] He does not 
put the whole of these on one level and admit what¬ 
ever reading has a majority of MSS. in its favor; 


but attempts to test the value of each one apart, 
forming an hypothesis if he can as to when, where, 
and from whom it emanated, and from what other 
MSS. it was copied at first, or, in technical language, 
to what “ recension ” it belonged. [Recension.] 
Those which he values most for New Testament 
criticism are the Codex Sinaiticus, written prob¬ 
ably about the middle of the fourth century; and 
the Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus, 
dating, it is believed, from about the middle of the 
fifth century. 

Subjoined is a list of a few of the chief passages 
in the New Testament on which biblical critics have 
thrbwn doubt: Mark xvi. 9-26; John v. 4; viii. 1- 
11; Acts viii. 37; 1 John v. 7, and perhaps the doxol- 
ogy appended to the Lord s Prayer, “For thine is 
the kingdom,” &c. (Matt. vi. 13.) These omissions 
will not overthrow any theological doctrine held 
by the churches. 

bib’-ll-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. biblical; -ly.] In a 
biblical manner, by process derived from the Bible 
or according to biblical principles. 

blb-ll-9ist, s. [Eng. biblic{al); -7s#.] One whose 
special study is the Bible, and who is weU ac¬ 
quainted with its contents. {Edin. Review.) 

blb’-ll-o-gnSste {g silent), s. [From Gr. biblion 
= a book, and gnostes= one who knows.] One who 
knows the history of books and the method of their 
production (see ex.). 

“A bibliognoste is one knowing in title-pages and 
colophons, and in editions; the place and year when 
printed; the presses whence issued; and all the minutiae 
of a book.”— Disraeli: Curios, of Lit., iii. 343. 

bxb'-il-o-gnos-tic {g silent), a. [Eng. biblio¬ 
gnost (e); -7c.] Pertaining to the studies of a 
bibliognoste; acquainted with books. [Biblio¬ 
gnoste.] {Saturday Revieiv.) 

blb-ll-og-ra-pher, s. [Eng. bibliograph(y) :-er. 
In Ger. bibliograph; Fr. bibliographe; Sp. & Ital. 
bibliografo; Port, bibliographo; from Gr. biblio- 
graphos—writing books; from bibliographeo=to 
write books: biblion—a. book, and grapho=to 
grave, to write.] One who writes about books and 
their history, or at least catalogues and describes 
books. 

^ blb-li-o-graph'-ic, *bib-li-o-graph-ick, blb-11- 
6 graph -I-cal, a. [Eng. bibliograph{y); -ic, -ical, 
In Fr. bibliographique; Port, biblioaraphico; from 
Gr. bibliographos = writing books.] [Bibliogra¬ 
pher.] Pertaining to literary history, or the cata¬ 
loguing and describing of books. 

“The most numerous class of bibliographical works are 
lists or catalogues of books.”— Pen. Cycl., iv. 380. 

bib-li-o-graplT-I-cgJ-ly, adv. In a biblio¬ 
graphical manner, as is done by a bibliographer or 
in bibliography. {Dibdin.) 

bib-ll-og’-raph-y, s. [In Ger. & Fr. biblio¬ 
graphic; Sp. & Ital. bibliografia; Port, biblio- 
graphia; Gr. bibliographia=the writing of books. 
[Bibliographer.] The science or knowledge of 
books, their authorship, the dates of their first 
publication, and of the several editions they have 
gone through, with all other points requisite for lit¬ 
erary history. This, it will be perceived, is not the 
meaning of the word in Greek. (See etym. of bibli¬ 
ography and bibliograp>lier.) The Greek term gen¬ 
erated the French bibliographie, with the meaning 
(identical with neither the Greek nor the English 
one) of acquaintance with ancient writings and 
skill in deciphering them. About A. D. 1752 the 
modern sense of the word was arising, though the 
old one still held its ground. Finally, in 1763, the 
publication of De Bure’s Bibliographie Instructif 
established the new meaning, and gave the death¬ 
blow to the old one. It was not the first book 
which had appeared on literary history, Conrad 
Gesner’s Bibliotheca Universalis, containing a cata* 
logue of all the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin books he 
knew, had long preceded it, having appeared in 1545. 
Among the standard works on Bibliography may be 
mentioned Watt’s Bibliotheca Britannica, pub¬ 
lished in England in 1824; and Lowndes’ Bibliogra¬ 
pher's Manual, published in the same country in 
1834. The Catalogue of the Library of Congress or 
of any other library is a bibliographical produc¬ 
tion ; so, also, is every publisher’s circular. 

“ Bibliography is a matter of business, and must be left 
to private enterprise.”— Letter of J. Whitaker, in London 
Times, February 27, 1874. 

tbib-li-ol'-g,-trlst, s. [Eng. bibliolatr(y); -7s#.] 

1. Gen.: One who idolizes books. 

2. Spec.: One who idolizes the Bible. (Used of 
believers in its verbal inspiration.) {Be Quincey.) 

bib-li-oP-a-try, s. [From Gr. biblion = (1) a 
paper, a letter, (2) a book, dimin. of biblos [Bible]; 
and#a#rewo= (1) to work for hire or pay, (2) to be 
subject to, (3) to serve the gods with prayer and 
sacrifices, to worship; latris—a hired servant; 
latron= pay, hire.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



bibliolite 


477 


bice 


1. Fervent admiration, carried to the verge of 
idolatry, for books. 

“ If to adore an image be idolatry, 

To deify a book is bibliolatry 
Byron: The Bishop of Gloucester’s Doctrine of Grace. 

( Richardson .) 

2. A similar feeling toward the Bible. 
*bIb'-li- 6 -lite, s. [In Ger. bibliolit; Fr . biblio- 

lithe; from Gr. biblion— . . . book, and lithos= 
stone.] An obsolete name for a schistose rock ex¬ 
hibiting between its laminae dendritic markings, 
mechanically produced by the infiltration of iron, 
manganese, &c., and not really consisting of the 
leaves or other organic remains to which they have 
been compared. They were called also Book- 
stones, Phylobiblia, and Lithobiblia (q. v.). 

bxb-li-o-log'-i-cal, a. [Eng. bibliolog(y); -ical.) 
Pertaining to bibliology. (Pen. Cycl.) 

blb-li-ol’- 6 -gy, s. [From Gr. biblion= a book, 
and logos=. . . a discourse.] 

1 . A discourse or treatise about books; the sci¬ 
ence or knowledge of books, now generally termed 
Bibliography (q. v.). 

“ There is a sort of title-page and colophon knowledge, 
in one word, bibliology, in which he is my superior.” — 
Southey. 

2. A discourse about the books of the Bible, or 
about Bible doctrine, history, and precepts. (Pen. 
Cycl.) ^ w 

bib'-li- 0 -nian-§y, s. [In Fr. bibliomancie; from 
Gr. biblion=& book (Bible), and ma«ieia=prophe- 
sying, . . . divination; from manteuomai = to 
divine; from mantis= one who divines, a seer, a 
prophet.] Divination by means of the Bible; as, 
for instance, opening it and applying the first 
passage on which the eye falls to the matter of 
anxiety by which one is perplexed. (Southey.) 

bib-ll-o-ma-ni-a, tbib-li-o-ma'-ny, s. [In 
Ger. & Fr. bibliomanie; Port. & Ital. bibliomania; 
fromGr. (1) biblion=a book (Bible), and (2) mania 
— madness, frenzy; mainomai — to rage, to be 
furious.] A mania for books, book-madness; a 
passionate desire to possess or be occupied with 
books. (Dibdin: Bibliomania.) 
bib-li-o-ma'-ni-ac, *bib-li-o-ma-ni-ack, s. 

E ln Fr. bibliomaniaque; from Gr. (1) biblion=& 
iook (Bible) ; (2) mcmtfcos=belonging to madness; 
marua=madness, frenzy.] One who has a mania 
for books, and especially for books of a rare and 
curious character. (Todd.) 

bib-li-o-ma-ni'-a-cal, a. [Eng. bibliomaniac; 
. al .] Pertaining to bibliomania ; having a passion 
for books, (Quart. Rev.) (Dibdin.) 

-fbib-li- 6 -ma'-ni-&n-i§m, s. [From Eng. biblio¬ 
mania., n euphonic, and suff. -ism.) The same as 
Bibliomania (q. v.). (Dr. N. Drake.) 

tbib-li-o-ma'-nist, s. [Eng., &c., bibliomania, 
and suff. -ist.) One who has a mania for books. 
(C. Lamb.) 

tbib-li-S-peg'-ic, a. [Eng. bibliopeg(y); -ic.] 
[Bibliopegy.] Relating to the art of binding books. 

tbib-li- 6 -peg-is-tic, a. [Eng. bibliopeg(y); 
•istic .] The same as Bibliopegic (q. v.). 

tbib-ll-op’-e-gy, s. [From Gr. biblion= . . . a 
book (Bible), and pegnymi— to make fast.] The 
art of binding books. (London Daily Telegraph, 
December 18,1882.) 

bib-li-o-phile, s. [In Fr. bibliophile; Port:, bib- 
liopliilo; from Gr. biblion= a book (Bible), and 
philos=a. friend; from philos=lovod.) A lover of 
books. 

“I fail to recognize in him either the grip or counter¬ 
sign of a genuine bibliophile.” — J. Whitaker, in London 
Times, February 27, 1874. 

tbIb-li-oph'-il-I§m, s. [From Gr. biblion = a 
book (Bible) , philos= a friend, and -ism.] Love of 
books. (Dibdin.) 

tbib-H-oph'-l-lIst, s. [From Gr. biblion= a book 
(Bible) , philos=a friend, and suff. -ist.) One who 
loves books ; a bibliophile. (Gent. Mag.) 

tbib-li-o-pho-bi-a, s. [From Gr. biblion = a 
book, and phobos- fear; Homphebomai=to fear, to 
be afraid.] Feir of books. (Dibdin.) 

bIb-li- 5 -po le, s. [Fr. bibliopole; Port. & Lat. 
bibliopola; from Gr. bibliopoles= a bookseller: bib- 
lion=a book, and poleo= to exchange or barter 
goods, to sell.] A bookseller. (Eclec. Rev.) 

blb-ll-o-pol'-lc, blb-li-o-pol-i-c^l, a. [Eng. 
bibliopol(e) ; -ical.) Pertaining to a bookseller or 
to bookselling. . ~ T 

U The form bibliopolical occurs m C. Lamb. 

bib-li-op'-ol-ism, s. [Eng. bibliopol(e); -ism.) 
The occupation of a bibliopole; bookselling. 
(Dibdin.) 

blb-li-op'-ol-ist, s. [Eng. bibliopol(e); -ist.J 
A bookseller; a bibliopole. [Todd.) 

bib-li- 6 -pol-is-tic, a. [Eng. bibliopolist; -ic.) 
Pertaining to a bookseller or to bookselling. 
(Dibdin.) 


bib-Ti-o-taphe, s. [From Gr. biblion— a book 
and taphos= a burial, a tomb.] One who shuts up 
his books as if in a sepulcher. 

A bibliotaphe buries his books, by keeping them under 
lock, or framing them in glass cases.”— Disraeli, Curios, 
of Lit., iii. 843. 

bib-li-6-thec, s. [Bibliotheke.] (Scotch.) 
bib-ll-o-the'-Ccil, a. [From Lat. bibliothecalis.) 
[Bibliotheke.] Pertaining to a bibliotheke or 
library. (Johnson.) 

fbib-li-o-tlie-car'-i-an, s. [From Lat. biblio- 
thecari(us), and suff. -an.) The same as Bibli- 
othecary (q. v.). 

fbib-li-o th -ec-a-ry (English), *bib-li-o-thec- 
Si,r (Scotch), s. [Iii Sw. bibliothecarie; Ger. biblio- 
thekar; FT. bibliothicaire; Ital. bibliotecario; from 
Lat. bibliothecarius=& librarian.] [Bibliotheke.] 
A librarian. 

“Master Doctor James, the incomparably industrious 
and learned bibliothecary of Oxford.”— Bp. Hall: Honor 
of the Married Clergy, i. 28. 

tbib-li- 6 -theke', *bib-li- 6 -thequ'e, *bib-ly-o- 
theke, bib-li-o-thS'-ca (Eng.), bib'-li-o-th§c (0. 

Scotch), s. [In Ger. bibliothek; Fr. bibliothSque; 
Sp. & Ital. biblioteca; Port. & Lat. bibliotheca; 
Dut. bibliotheck; Gr. bibliotheke= (1) a book-case, 
(2) a library ; from biblion= a book, and Lat. theca, 
Gr. f7iefce=that in which anything is inclosed, a 
case, a box, a chest; from tithcmi=to place.] 

“. . . the king asking him how many thousand 
volumes he had gotten together in his bibliotheke/’’ — 
Donne• Hist, of the Septuagint (1633), p. 16. 

bib'-list, s. [In Ger. biblist; Fr. bibliste. From 
bible.) 

1. Among Roman Catholics: One who regards the 
Bible as the sole authority in matters of religion. 

2. One who is conversant with the Bible. 

bib -liis, s. [Lat.; from Gr. byblos=the Egyptian 
Papyrus (Papyrus antiquarum). [Bible, Papyrus.] 
The Papyrus. 

*bi-bOd, s. [A. S. bibod= a command.] A com¬ 
mand. (0. Eng. Horn., i. 25.) 

bi-borate, s. [Eng., &c., hi; borate (q. v.).] 
Chem. [Borax.] 

bi-brac’-te-ate, a. [(1) From Eng., &c., bi= 
twice or two, and ( 2 ) bracteate (q. v.).] 

Bot.: Having two bracts or bracteas. 
bib ’-ff-lous, a. [Lat. bibulus= (1) drinking read¬ 
ily or freely, (2) ready to absorb moisture, (3) listen¬ 
ing readily ; bibo— to drink.] 

1. Of things: Readily absorbing moisture. 

2. Of persons : Having proclivities to the imbib¬ 
ing of liquor. 

blb’-q-lous-ly, adv. [Eng. bibulous; -ly.) In a 
bibulous manner, so as to absorb liquid. (De 
Quincey.) 

*bi-bur'-ien (pa. par. bebered; pret. biburiede), 
v. t. [A. S. biburiyed= buried.] To bury. (Legend 
of St. Katherine, 2,227.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-bu-yen (pa. par. biboyen), v. i. To avoid, to 
floe. 

*bi-cach-en, *bi-kache (pa. par. *bicaught, be- 
caught, bikaht), v. t. [Eng. prefix be, and O. Fr. 
cache =catch.] To catch, to deceive. (Reliq. Antiq., 
i. 183.) (Stratmann.) 

bi-cal'-car-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, 
and Eng. calcarate= spurred; from Lat. calcar= a 
spur.] [Calcarate.] 

Bot.: Having two spurs; doubly spurred. 
(Brande.) 

*bi-calle, *be-calle, v. t. [From Eng. and A. S. 
prefix bi, and call.) To call after; to accuse. 

“And bicalleth of harme and scathe.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,314. 

bI’-cal-lo§e, bl -cal-lous, a. [Lat. prefix bi= 
two, and callosus =thick-skinnod ; from callum— 
hardened skin.] 

Bot.: Having two callosi¬ 
ties. (Used of the lips of 
some Orchids.) (Gray.) 

Such caHosities may be 
seen below the middle of 
the lip in the genus Spiran- 
thes, of which several rep¬ 
resentatives are commonly 
well known. 

*bi-cam, pret. of v. [Be¬ 
come.] Became. (Rom. of 
Rose, &c.) 

bl-cap'-i-ta-ted, a. 

t Lat. prefix 6 i=two, and 
3ng. capitated; from Lat. 
capitatus= having a head; 
copwf=head.] 

Her.: Having two heads. 

The arms of Austria con¬ 
sist of a two-headed eagle; so also do those of 
Russia. 




Bicapsular, 


Bicallose. 


bi-cap -su-lar, «. [In Fr. bicapsulaire ,* from 
Lat. prefix 6 *=two, and Eng, capsular, having a 
capsule; from 
c ap sula = a 
small box or 
chest.] 

Bot.: Having 
two capsules. 

[Capsule.] 

(Used chiefly 
of pericarps.) 

(Johnson, dtc.) 

_ bi-car'-bon- 
ate, s. [In Fr. 
bicarbonate; 

Ger. bikar- 
bonat. From 
Lat. prefix bi 
— two, and 
Eng. carbon¬ 
ate.) 

Che m, and 
Phar.: A name given to the acid carbonates of 
potassium, sodium, &c., or to hydric sodium car¬ 
bonate (NaHCOs), hydric potassium carbonate 
(KHCOg), &c. Also to a carbonate dissolved in 
water containing carbonic acid gas, as carbonate of 
calcium thus dissolved, reprecipitated on boiling 
Bicarbonate of potassium, KHCO 3 , is obtained by 
passing COq gas through a saturated aqueous solu¬ 
tion of K 0 CO 3 (potassium carbonate). It crystal¬ 
lizes in colorless rhombic non-del iquescent crystals, 
which are soluble in four times their weight of 
water. It does not give a precipitate with BaCla in 
the cold. Bicarbonate of potassium is a direct 
antacid, and is employed in the treatment of acute 
rheumatism, and for removing uric acid from the 
system. 

bicarbonate of sodium. NaHCOg, hydrogen so¬ 
dium carbonate, obtained by exposing carbonate of 
sodium to the action of COo, carbonic acid gas, 
which is liberated from limestone by hydrochloric 
acid; the gas is absorbed by the crystals of the 
Na 2 C 0 3 .ii)H 20 , which lose their water of crystalliza¬ 
tion and become opaque. Bicarbonate of sodium is 
used as an antacid \ it is supposed to influence the 
secretions of the liver, and not to produce nausea 
like the potassium salt. It is used in the manu¬ 
facture of effervescing powders and drinks, which 
are usually a mixture of this salt with tartaric 
acid, and also enters into the composition of bak¬ 
ing-powders. 

bi-ca-rl -nate, bi-car -l-nate, a. [From Lat- 

pref. 6 i=two, and earmatiis=keel-formed; carina 
=a keel.] 

Botany ; Two-kee 1 ed; 
having two ribs or keels 
on the under side. (Used 
specially of the palese of 
some _ grasses.) (Gray.) 

Thus in the genus Holcus, 
the upper palea is bicarb 
nate. 

*bi-cas, *by-cas, adv. 

[O. Eng. and A. S. 6 i=by, 
and cas=chance, hazard; 
from Lat. casits=that 
which happens, chance.] 

[Case.] By chance. 

“ . . . tlier forth com bicas. n 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 140. 

*bi-caste, bi-casten, s. 

[Eng. prefix bi, and cast.) To cast round, to clothe, 
cover. (St. Brandan.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-ca use, adv. [Because.] 

*bicch-id, !:< bicch-ed, *bych-ed, a. [A different 
spelling of Eng. picked or pecked (Skeat). In Dut. 
bikkel; Ger. bickel is=a die, but the English forms 
bicchel and bickel were simply invented by Tyr- 
whitt.] Pecked, pitted, or notched, in allusion to 
the spots marked on dice, by making slight, holes in 
their surface; these, now called pips, were formerly 
termed picks. (Skeat.) (Chaucer: Man of Lawes 
Tale; Clarendon Press Series , p, 159.) 

*biechid-bones, *bicclied-bones, *byched. 
*bicchel-bones, pi. Dice. 

“This fruyt cometh of the bicchid-boones tuo, 
Forswering-, ire, falsnes, homicide.” 

Chaucer. Canterbury Tales, 14,071-2. 

If In theTowneley Mystery,” called the Processus 
Talentorum, the executioners of our Lord are repre¬ 
sented as casting dice for His garments, and one of 
them, who had lost, exclaims— 

“I was falsly begylyd withe thise byched-bones, 

Ther cursyd thay be!” 

*bl$e (1), s. [Compare Sw. byssja = a bed of 
boards.] A small temporary bed made up in a cot¬ 
tage kitchen. 

bl$e (2), Dlse, s. [From Fr. bis (m.), bise (f.); 
Port, bis: Sp. ?>azo=brown; Ital. bigio= russet-gray 
brown; Low Lat. bisus. In Sw. betsning; Ger* 



Bicarinato 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cia'n, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = hcl, del. 







bicelluli 


478 


bicongregate 


blcu&blar , and blassgriln. J)iez compares it with 
Lat. hombycius—ot cotton, and Menage with Lat. 
mceMS=pitchy.] A paint, of which there are two 
leading colors. 

1. Bice, or Blue Bice: A paint of a pale blue color 
prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper 
or from smalt. 

2. Green Bice: A paint prepared from blue bice 
by adding yellow orpiment or by grinding down the 
green carbonate of copper. 

“Take green bice, and order it as you do your blue bice; 
you may diaper upon it with the water of deep green.”— 
Peacham. 

bl-$el'-lu-ll, s. pi, [Lat. prefix bi, and cellula= 
a small store-room; cella= a store-room, a cell.] 

Entom.: A subsection of bugs of the section 
Geocores or Aurocorisa. The name bicelluli is given 
because the membranous portion of the hemelytra 
has two basal cells. The bugs ranked under this 
subsection are generally small red insects with black 
spots; they feed on plants. 

bi-Qeph'-Jll-Ous, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 i=two; 
Gr. kephale—head; and sufi. -ous. ] Two-headed. 

bl’-§eps, a. [Lat. 6 iceps= two-headed; from bi= 
twice, or two, and caowf=head.] 

1. Generally: Two-neaded. 

2. Specially: 

{a'j Anat. Of muscles: Having two heads or 
origins. Three muscles of the human body have 
this name applied to them. One is the Biceps 
humeri, or Biceps internus humeri, and a second 
the Biceps extensor, both of which are in the arm, 
and the Biceps femoris, which is the straight muscle 
of the thigh. 

“. . . the biceps, inserted into the tubercle of the 
radius . . . ”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 170. 

(b) Bot. Of papilionaceous corollas: Having the 
claws of the two petals composing the keel distinct 
instead of united. 

tu -§eps, s. [Biceps, a.] 

1. Ordinary Language: Muscular strength. 

2. Anat.: A muscle having two heads or origins; 
especially the large flexor of the upper arm or that 
®f the thigh. 

bi-chlor -lde, s. [Lat. prefix 6 i=two, and chlor¬ 
ide (q. v.).l 

Chem.: A term used in chemistry to denote a 
compound containing two atoms of chlorine, which 
are united to an atom of an element, as Hg ’Cl 2 
(bichloride of mercury), or to an organic radical, 
as (C 2 H 4 )'’CI 2 (ethylene bichloride). These are 
usually called dichlorides, as ethylene dichloride. 

bichloride of mercury. 

Phar : Hg"CI 2 , also called perchloride of mer¬ 
cury, or corrosive sublimate. It is prepared by 
heating a mixture of mercuric sulphate, HgSo 4 , 
with dry chloride of sodium, NaCl, and black oxide 
of manganese, Mn0 2 ; the corrosive sublimate sub¬ 
limes ; hence its name. Bichloride of mercury 
occurs in heavy white masses of prismatic crystals ; 
it is soluble in twenty parts of cold water, also in 
alcohol and ether. (For tests see Mercuric.) It is 
a very powerful irritant—when taken in large doses 
it causes vomiting and purging. It is very poison¬ 
ous ; the best antidote is white of egg. It corrodes 
the skin ; it is employed in very small doses as an 
alterative in skin diseases, externally as a lotion, 
injection, or gargle in chronic skin diseases, ulcer¬ 
ated sore throats, and chronic discharge from the 
mucous membranes. HgCL is a powerful antisep¬ 
tic ; it is used to preserve anatomical preparations. 
Ammonia added to HgCl 2 throws down white pre¬ 
cipitate, NH 2 HgCl, which is used in pharmacy in 
the form of ointment. 

bichloride of gold. 

Phar.: Au"Cl 2 , is a substance which has recently 
risen into notoriety on account of the alleged suc¬ 
cessful use made of it by Dr. Keeley of Dwight, 111., 
in the cure of dipsomania and chronic alcoholism. 
Its general characteristics chemically, posologi- 
cally, and in physiological action are to a great 
extent similar to those of mercury bichloride. Its 
employment by Dr. Keeley has produced a profound 
impression on the medical world, and many advo¬ 
cates both for and against its virtues exist. The 
successj from a financial standpoint, of the Dwight 
sanitarium, in the meantime, has induced many 
imitators and much harm has been done by unskill¬ 
ful persons using this dangerous and most powerful 
medicinal agent. [Double Chloride of Gold.1 

*bich-man, s. [Corrupted from 0. Scotch buth- 
man- Eng. boothman (?).] A man who keeps a 
booth. 

“I gar the bichman obey: thar was na bute ellis.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 66. ( Jamieson .) 

bi -chord ( h silent), a. [Eng. prefix bi, and 
chord .] 

Music: Having two strings to each note. 


bichord pianoforte. 

Music: A piano possessing two strings to each 
note. 

bl-chro -mate, s. [Lat., &c., pref. hi = two, and 
Eng. chromate (q. v.).J [Chromic, Chromium.] 

blgh'-y, s. [A West African negro word (?).] One 
of the names fora tree ( Cola acuminata) , a native 
of western tropical Africa, but introduced into the 
hotter parts of this country. It furnishes the Cola- 
nuts of commerce. 

bl-§ip-i-tal, a. [In Fr. bicipital; from Lat. 
biceps, genit. 61 cipifis=two-hea ded (Biceps), and 
suff. -ah] Two-headed. The same as Bicipitous 
( q. v.). (Used especially of one of the muscles 
belonging to the arm.) 

“ A piece of flesh is exchanged from the bicipital 
muscle of either party’s arm.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

bi-Qip'-I-tous, a. [From Lat. biceps, genit. 
bicipitis= two-headed, and suff. -ows.] [Biceps.] 

1. Zool. : Two-headed; bicipital. 

“ Bicipitous serpents, . . . ”— Browne. 

2. Anat. Of muscles: Having two “heads” of 
origin. 

3. Bot.: Dividing into two parts, at the top or 
bottom. 

*bick, s. [Bitch.] (Scotch.) 

*bicke, s. [Bitch.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
bick-er, *byk-ere, *blk-ere, *bek-er (Eng.), 
*bfk -k^r (0. Scotch), v. i. [Probably from Eng. 
pick; -er, referring to the sound of a series of blows 
given with a pick. (Wedgwood.) Compare Dut. 
bikhamer=a pick. Again pick— to pick, is akin to 
the verb to peck. (Compare Ital. beccare= to peck.) 
Cognate with Wei. bikra= to fight, to bicker; bicre 
^conflict, skirmish.] [Beak, Peck, Pike.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. To make the noise which is produced by suc¬ 
cessive strokes, by throwing stones, or in any 
similar way. 

(1) Specially: 

(a) To fight by throwing stones. (Scotch.) [See 

Bicker (s.), 1.] 

(b) To fight by sending forth flights of arrows, or 
in any similar way. (Scotch.) 

“ Yngliss archaris, that hardy war and wicht, 

Amang the Scottis bykkerit with all their mycht.” 

Wallace, iv. 556. (M. S.) 

(c) To carry on petty warfare ; to skirmish, with¬ 
out reference to the weapons employed. 

“ Nor is it to be considered to the breaches of confed¬ 
erate nations . . . though their merchants bicker in the 
East Indies.”— Milton: Kef. in Eng., bk. ii. 

f(2) In a general sense: To fight. 

“ And at the field fought before Bebriacum, ere the bat- 
tailes joined, two eagles had a conflict, and bickered 
together in all their sightes.”— Holland: Suetonius, p. 243. 

2. To move quickly, with the clatter of feet. 

“ Three lusty fellows gat of him a clank, 

And round about him bicker’d a’ at anes.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 47. 

3. To engage in altercation, especially of a petty 
kind, by word of mouth. [Bickering.] 

II. Of things: To move rapidly forward, or to play 
to and fro with a certain amount of noise; to 
quiver, to be tremulous. 

“ Meantime unnumber’d glittering streamlets play’d 
And hurled everywhere their waters' sheen, 

That, as they bickered through the sunny glade, 

Tho’ restless still themselves, a lulling murmur made.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 3. 

blck’-er (1), *bik-er, *bik~yr, *byk-er, *by- 
kere, s. [From bicker, v. (q. v.)] 

1. Gen.: A quarrel, contention, strife, fighting. 

“ Betwene the castel of Gloucester and Brinefield al so 
Ther was oft bicker grit, and much harm ido.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 538. ( Richardson .) 

2. Spec. : A fight carried on with stones. (Scotch.) 
A term used among schoolboys. 

H Bickers were formerly held on the Caltonhill, 
Edinburgh, every evening a little before dark. In 
these encounters idle boys, chiefly apprentices, 
simply threw stones at each other. (Campbell: 
Journey.) 

3. A short race. (Scotch. Used chiefly in Ayr¬ 
shire.) 

“ Tho’ leeward whyles, against my will, 

I took a bicker.” 

Burns • Death and Doctor Hornbook. 

bick-er (2), fbi-quour, s. [Gael, biceir-a small 
wooden dish.] A wooden vessel made by a cooper 
for holding liquor, brose, &c. (Scotch.) 

“. . . and tell Peggy to gi ye a bicker o’ broth . . 

— Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. v. 

bick’-er-er, s. [Eng. bicker; -er.] A skirmisher. 
(Sherwood.) 


bic'k-er-fu’, s. [Scotch bicker, and /w’=Eng. 
full .] As much of any thing, whether dry or liquid, 
as fills a bicker. 

“It’s just one degree better than a hand-quern — it 
canna grind a bickerfu’ of meal in a quarter of an hour.” 
— Scott: Pirate, ch. xi. 

blck-er-lng, *b!k-erlng, *bik'-ker-Ihge, 
*by'-ker-ynge, pr. par., a. & s. 

A. As pr.par : In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As participial adj. (chiefly of things): Moving 
rapidly, with or without a certain amount of noise. 
Used — 

(а) Of a quivering flame, or of a faggot, or any¬ 
thing else burning. 

“ Of smoke and bickering flame, and sparkles dire.’[ 
Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. vi. 

(б) Of water in motion in a river or streamlet. 

“ . . . an’ the once bick’ring stream, 
Imprison’d by the ice . . 

Davidson: Seasons, p. 156. (Jamieson.'} 

(c) Of a sword rapidly whirled round in battle. 

“ Or whirl around the bickering blade.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 3. 

C. As substantive: 

*1. The act of giving resounding blows in battle ; 
fighting. 

“In this so terrible a bickering, the Prince of Wales 
. . . showed his wonderful towardnesse.”— Stowe: Ed¬ 
ward III., an. 1346. (Richardson.) 

2. A skirmish; a petty fight. 

“. . . the feeble bickerings rather than wars of the 
decayed States of Greece.”— Arnold: Hist, of Rome, ch. 
xlv., vol. iii., p. 260. 

3. Altercation, strife, or contention by word of 
mouth. 

“ . . . bickerings between the Whigs and the Tories, 
and sometimes by bickerings between the Lords and the 
Commons .”—Macaulay Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

tblck'-er-ment, s. [Eng. bicker; -ment.] The 
same as Bickering, s. (q. v.) 

“ Did stay awhile their greedy bickerment, 

Till he had questioned the cause of their dissent.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, Y. iv. 6. 
blck -ern, s. [A corruption of beakiron.] 
Metal-working: A small anvil, with a tang, which 
stands in a hole of a work-bench. 

“A blacksmith’s anvil is sometimes made with a pike, 
or bickern, or beakiron at one end.”— Moxon. 

*bl-clar te, be-clart, bi-clar -ten, ■ v. t. [Eng. 
prefix bi, and O. Eng. dart (q v.).] To daub, to 
smear, to dirty (in Prov. Eng. and Scotch, to clart). 
(Old Eng. Horn., i. 279.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-clipe, bi-cli-pe-an, bi-clu-pi-en, bi-cleop- 
i-en, v. t. [A. S. bi-cleopian =to call, name, accuse.] 
To appeal, to accuse. (Morris: O. Eng. Miscell.) 
(Stratmann.) 

*bi-clippe, bi-cluppe, bi-clup-pen, v. t. [A. S. 

biclyppan, beclyppan .] The same asBECLiP (q.v.). 

*bi-cllpped, bi-clupte, pa. par. [Beclipped.] 
*bi-clfi §e, bl-clfi'-§en, v. t. [A. S. beclysan —to 
inclose.] To inclose. 

*bi-clfised, bi-clfl'-set, pa.par. [Bicluse.] 
*bi~clu te, v. [A. S. bi-clutian .] To patch up. 

“He biclute thu hit nowiht.” 

Ancren Riwle, p. 316. 

*bl-cna-wen (c silent), v. t. [The same as 
Beknow (q. v.) ] 

bl-col’-llg-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix fei=two, 
and colligatus, pa. par. of colligo =to bind or fasten 
together; con=together, and ligo= to tie, to bind.] 
[Colligate.] 

Ornith.: Having the anterior toes connected by a 
web. (Brande.) 

*bI-COl'-men, v. t. [From A. S. prefix bi, and 
col, coll= coal (?)■] To blacken with soot. (Horn., 
ed. Lumby, 1,064.) (Stratmann.) 

bl'-C&l-or, a. [Lat. bicolor — two-colored; bi- 
two, and color.] Of two colors. 

bl'-col-ored, a. [Eng. and Lat. bicolor; with 
Eng. suff. -ed.] Of two colors. 

*bi-come (pret. *bi-cam), v. i. [Become.] 

(Chaucer.) 

*bi-com-en, pa. par. [Become.] 
bl-con-cave, o. [From Lat. prefix bi, and con- 
cavus —hollowed out, concave.] [Concave.] (Car¬ 
penter.) 

tbl-con-gre-gate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= 
two, and congreaatus, pa. par. of congrego —to col¬ 
lect into a flock.] [Congregate.] 

Bot.: Arranged in two pairs; bigeminate, biconju¬ 
gate. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, h§r, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 




biconjugate 


479 


Biddery 


tol-cSn Jp-gate, a. [Prom Lat. prefix bi, and 
[Convtdga. 6 ' ’ ^ ar ‘ conjugo =to join together.] 

Botany: A term used 
when each of two second- 
arypetioles bears a pair of 
leaflets. It is called also 
bigeminate. Example—the 
leaves of Mimosa unguis 
Cati. [Bicongregate.] 

Biconjugate pinnate, bi¬ 
conjugate-pinnate : A term 
used of a leaf when the sec¬ 
ondary petioles, on the 
sides of which the leaflets 
are arranged, proceed in 
twos from the apex of a 
common petiole. It is called also Twin-digitate 
pinnate , and Bidigitate pinnate. 

bl-con'-vex, a. Convex on both sides, as a 
lens. 

tbl'-corn, *bi'-corne, tbl-corned, a. [From 
Lat. f>icorms=two-horned; prefix 6 i=two, and 
cornu= a horn. In the form bicorned, suffix -ed.] 
Lit. & Fig.: Two-homed. 

“. . . our bicorned government.” 

Brome to a Potting Priest. 

bi-cor-nls, a. [Lat. 6 icorms=two-homed.] 
[Bicorn.] 

1. Anatomy: 

(а) Gen.: A name given to a muscle when it has 
two terminations. 

( б ) Spec.: A term applied to the flexor carpi 
radialis, and the extensor carpi radialis. 

2. Botany: 

(a ) Having two horns; terminating in processes 
like two horns. Example— Trapa bicornis, the fruit 
of which is like the face of an ox without the eyes, 
nose and mouth, but with two horns attached. 
[Bicornous, a.; Bicorn, a.] 
f( 6 ) PI. bicornes: Linnaeus’ twenty-fourth Nat¬ 
ural order of plants. He included under it the 
genera Azalea, Myrsine, Memeclyon, Santalum, &c. 

bl-COrn-OUS, a. [From Eng. bicorn (q. v.), or 
Lat. bicorn(is), and Eng. suffix -ows.] Two-horned. 

“We should be too critical to question the letter Y, or 
bicornous element of Pythagoras; that is, the making of 
the horns equal.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. v., ch. 19. 

bl-cor-nute, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and cor- 
»iwfus=:horned.] The same as Bicorn andBicoRNOUS 
(q. v.). 

bl-cor'-por-al, a. [From Lat. bicor or bicorpor 
(eus), and prefix bi= two, and corpus , genit. 
corporis= a body, and suffix -al.] Having two 
bodies, bicorporate, bicorporated. (Johnson.) 

bl-cor’-por-ate, bl-cor -por- 
5,-ted, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, 
end Eng. corporate , derived from 
corpus— the body.] Having two 
bodies ; bicorporal; having the 
hinder parts in duplicate while 
there is only one pair of fore 
paws and a single head, as in the 
accompanying figure. 

*bi-cra-uen, v. t. [Eng. and 
A. S. prefix bi, and crave.'] To 
ask, to crave. 

“And to min louerdes bofte bicrauen.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1,388. 

bi -cre'-nate, a. [From Lat. prefix hi, and Eng. 
erenate= having convex teeth.] 

Bot.: Twice crenated ; that is, crenated and hav¬ 
ing the crenations again cut into by more minute 
crenatures. ( Lindley.) 

bi-cres-cen-tic, a. [Prefix bi, subst. crescent, 
and suff. -ic.] Formed like a double crescent. 

bicro-, prefix. OnebiBionth; as, Mcro-ampere, a 
billionth of an ampere. 

bi-crff'r-al, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 i=two, and 
crus, genit. cruris= the leg, the shank, the stun.] 
Having two legs. (Hooker.) 

*bl-cu’m-el-ic, adv. [From A. S. prefix bi, and 
cumlie— comely.] Becomingly. (Belig. Antiq., l. 
131.) 

bl-ciis'-pld, a. &s. [FromLat. prefix 
ftt=two, and cuspidatus, pa. par. of cus- 
pido= to make pointed • cuspis=a point, 
a spike.) 

A. As adjective : 

1. Anat.: Having two points or tuber¬ 
cles. (Dunglison.) 

2. Botany: Twice pointed, as the 
fruit of Carex lagopodioides. 

B. As subst.: The name given to the 
two teeth situated between the canines 
and the molars. (Ellis: Anat., 1878, Bicuspid, 
p. 133.) 

bi-cus -pid-ate, a. [Bicuspid.] The same as 
Bicuspid, adj. (q. v.) 




Bicorporate. 



Biconjugate Pinnate. 


bl-CuS’-pIS, s. [From Lat. prefix bi, and cuspis= 
a point, a spike.] 

Anat.: A tool with two points. (Brande.) 

*bi-cwe'-then, v. t. [A. S. becwethan. The same 
as Bequeath (q. v.).] 

bl'-gf-cle, s. & a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and Gr. 
kyklos—& ring, a circle, a round.] 

A. As subst.: 

A two-wheeled vehicle, having the wheels ar¬ 
ranged in line one before the other. In the modern 
safety bicycle the _ two wheels are of the same or 
nearly the same size, and the driving mechanism 
consists of pedal cranks, communicating usually 
by means of a sprocket and chain, or a shaft and 
bevel gear, with the rear wheel. In the 1 atter case 
the vehicle is termed a chainless bicycle (q. v.). 

IT The bicycle has rapidly assumed an important 
place as a means of locomotion, and having been 
found available for military use, there are now at¬ 
tached to the armies of several countrieSjCompletely 
drilled and equipped bicycle corps. The bicycle 
corps of the French army are provided with folding 
wheels, which can be placed upon the back and 
be carried with ease. Rapidity and silence of move¬ 
ment are important points in their favor. 

“In the maneuvers of 1896 (of the French army at 
St. Quentin), it was noticed that cavalry advancing with 
the greatest care could be heard and observed much 
sooner than wheelmen. The company of bicyclists in 
the maneuvers of that year was termed the “phantom 
company,” because it so unexpectedly appeared before 
the enemy. I noticed the bicyclists at all the reviews I 
saw (in Russia, Germany, and France), though not in so 
large a body as in the French army. In the German 
army they are attached to all the staffs as couriers, and, 
in small numbers, to almost every battalion, where they 
are used as scouts and patrols. In fact, the value of the 
wheel to an army is beginning to be recognized every, 
where. Whoever first places25,000 or 50,000 men on bicycles 
will have a decided advantage in the next war over his 
opponent, and, perhaps, compel him to resort to the 
same tactics.”— General Nelson A. Miles, in McClure’s Mag¬ 
azine for August, 1898. [Cycle.] 

B. As adj. : Pertaining to, or connected with, or 
referring to the machine for locomotion described 
under A. 

bi'-gy-Cling, a. & s. [From Eng. bicycl(e); -ing.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to, connected with, 
or derived from performances on a bicycle. 

“ The hundred miles bicycling championship . . .”— 
London Times, March 30, 1880. 

B. As substantive : The act or operation of pro¬ 
pelling a bicycle. 

“ Another noteworthy feat of bicycling was performed 
. . .”— London Times, April 3, 1880. 


( 6 ) Figuratively: 

“ For his was not that open artless soul 
That feels relief by bidding sorrow flow." 

Byron: Childe Harold, i. 8. 

2. To invite, to ask, to request to come to a feast, 
a party, or anything similar, 

“ • • . as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage.” 
—Matthew xxii. 9. 

3. To announce, to declare. 

(1) Publicly: 

Spec.: To proclaim, to announce by means of a 
public functionary, or at least publicly. 

(a) In a favorable sense: To announce to friends 
and the public. 

If To bid one's banns: To announce one’s banns. 

“Our bans thrice bid! and for our wedding day 
My kerchief bought! then press’d, then forc’d away.” 

Gay. 

(b) In an unfavorable sense: To denounce; to pro¬ 
claim publicly with hostile feeling or intent. 

“Thyself and Oxford, with five thousand men, 

Shall cross the seas, and bid false Edward battle.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., iii. 3. 

If Thus it is often used in the phrase to bid defi¬ 
ance to, meaning to defy openly. 

“ Of nature fierce, untamable, and proud, 

He bids defiance to the gaping crowd.” 

Granville. 

(2) Privately: To declare, to pronounce in the 
domestic circle. 

“. . . pray you, bid 
These unknown friends to’s welcome.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 3. 

If Probably such phrases as “to bid one God 
speed” (2 John 10), and “to bid one farewell” 
(Acts xviii. 21 ), are a modification of this meaning, 
though the opinion of Johnson is worth considera¬ 
tion that they may mean to pray God that one may 
speed well, to pray that one may fare well, in which 
case the verb bid is No. 1, and not No. 2. 

4. To offer, to make a tender; to announce what 
price one is prepared to give for a specified article. 
(Used especially in connection with auctions.) (Lit. 
&fig.) 

“To give interest a share in friendship, is to sell it by 
inch of candle; he that bids most shall have it.”— Collier: 

Friendship. 

If (a) To bid fair (fig.): To offer a fair prospect: 
to afford a probability of; to have a well-grounded 
hope. 

“And Jupiter bids fair to rule again.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

(b) To bid high: To offer a high price for any¬ 
thing at a real or imaginary auction. 


bl-gy-clist, s. [From Eng. bicycl(e), and suff. 
-ist ,J One who propels a bicycle, 
bid (l), *bidde (1), *bid-den, *bed-den, *bede, 


compel. (Bosworth.) A. S. & O. S. biddian=to pray; 
O. Icel. bidja, beitha = to pray; Dut. bidden = to 
pray: (N.H.) Ger. bitten=(\) to request, to ask ; ( 2 ) 
to ask, to invite; O. H. Ger. bitjan; Goth, bidjan, 
bidan. Compare Lat. peto=. . . to beg, beseech, 
ask. Though Bosworth gives command as one of 
the secondary significations of A. S. biddan, yet, as 
the common A. S. word for command is beodan, and 
there are similar duplicate terms in the other Teu¬ 
tonic languages, we follow Wedgwood and Skeat in 
separating this bid from the one which follows.] 
[Bid (2).] 

1. To pray, to ask, to entreat. 

“ Alle he fellen him thor to fot 
To bethen methe and bedden oc.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,497-8. 

. . Lord, undigne and unworthy 
I am to thilk honor that ye me bede.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 8,235-6. 

7 To bid beads or bedes: 

1) Originally: To pray prayers with or without a 
rosary to count them upon. 

(2) Subsequently: To count the beads of a rosary t 
each bead dropped passing for a prayer. (Nares.) 
[Bead, Bede, Bidding.] 

2. To care for, to value, 
bid-prayer, s. [Bidding-prayer.] 

bid ( 2 ), *bidde ( 2 ), *b^d', *bide, *bede (pret. 

bade, bid, *bad, *badde; pa. par. bid, bidden, 
*bydden),v.t. [A. S. beodan, pret. bead, pa. par. 
boden=to command, order, bid, will, offer, enjoy. 
(Bosworth.) In Icel. bioda; Sw. bjuda—to bid, to 
command; Dan. byde, both= to offer, to invite; Dut. 
bieden, gebieden— to offer, to tender; Ger. bieten= 
to offer, tender, present; gebieten=to command, to 
order; O. H. Ger. biutan, biotan; Goth, biudan.] 

1. To command, to order, to enjoin. 

(a) Literally: 

“. . . slack not thy riding for me except I bid thee." 
—2 Kings iv. 24. 


“And each bade high to win him to their side.” 

Granville. 

bid, bid'-den, pa. par. [Bid.] 

If Bidden is used also as a participial adjective. 
[Bidden.] 

bid, s. [From bid, v. (2)] That which is “ bid¬ 
den ” at an auction; an offer at an auction. 

*bi-daf-fen, v. t. [The same as Bedaff (q. v.).] 
(Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 9,067.) 

*bi-dagged, pa.par. [Bidaggen.] 

*bi-dag-gen, v. t. [From A. S. bi, and deagean= 
to dye, to color (?).] To splash. (Alisaunder, 5,485.) 
(Stratmann.) 

bid -ale, s. [Eng. bid, and ale.] An invitation of 
friends to drink at a poor man’s house, and there to 
contribute charity. 

bld -da-ble, a. [Eng. bid, v. (2); -able.] That 
can be bidden; obedient; pliable in temper. 
(Scotch.) 

“ A biddable bairn, a child that cheerfully does what is 
desired or enjoined.”— Jamieson. 

bld-da-ble-ness, s. [Scotch biddable; -ness.] 
Disposition to obey; compliant temper. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

bld-da-bly, *bid-da-blie, adv. [Eng. bid¬ 
dable); -ly .] Obediently. (Jamieson.) 

bid -den, *byd -den, *be-den, pa. par. & a. 

[Bid.] 

“. . . where they were bidden to sit down.”—Runyon: 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

*bid -der (1), *bid-dere, *byd'-der (1), s. [Eng. 

bid (1), v., and. suff. -er.] A beggar. 

“ Of beggeres and of bydders . . .” 

Piers Plowman, p. 139. ( Richardson .) 

bid’-der (2), s. [From Eng. bid (2), v., and suff. 
-er. In Dut. bieder; Ger. bieter.] One who makes 
an offer at an auction. 

“. . . being torn from you and sold like beasts te 
the first bidder.” — Darwin: Voyage round the World, 
ch. xxi. 

Bid -der-y, s. [Derived from Beder, Bl-der, Bi- 
dar, a town in the Nizam’s country in India, about 
sixty miles from Hyderabad.] 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bfl, del. 









biennial 


biddery 


480 


biddery-ware, s. 

Comm.: An alloy made at Biddery or Bidar. Dr. 
Heyne states its proportions as: Copper, 8 ; lead, 4; 
tin, 1. To three ounces of this alloy sixteen ounces 
of zinc are added when the alloy is melted for use. 
It is colored by dipping into a solution of sal-am¬ 
moniac, saltpeter, common salt, and sulphate of 
copper. This colors it, and the color forms a 
ground for the silver and gold inlaying. Chisels 
and gravers are employed, and after the inlaying is 
complete, the ware is polished and stained. An¬ 
other formula gives: Zinc, 128; copper, 16; lead, 4; 
tin, 2 . ( Knight , <&c .) 

bid'-ding ( 1 ), *bld'-dinge, *byd'-dynge, *byd’- 
dyn (1 ),pr.par. & s. [Bid (l), v.] 

A. As present participle: In senses correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

B. As substantive: The act of praying, specially 
with a rosary of beads. 

H Byddynge or praynge : Oracio . . .”— Prompt. Parv. 
Bidding-prayer, bid-prayer: 

1. In Mediaeval times: The prayer for the souls of 
benefactors. It was said before the sermon. Nares 
thinks it was called from bidding the people pray 
for certain persons; in which case it would be 
placed under No. 2. It may, however, be the prayer 
in which pre-eminently something is asked. 

“ . . . he lays by the text for the present, and accord¬ 
ing to the ancient and laudable custom, he addressed 
himself to the Bid-prayer.” — Wood: Athen. Oxon. 

2. In modern times: A form of words followed by 
the Lord’s Prayer, used in the Episcopal church 
before the sermon in certain special places and on 
certain special occasions, such as visitations, 
assizes, ordinations, and before the university ser¬ 
mons. The language is modeled on that of the old 
Roman Catholic bidding-prayer, and the particu¬ 
lars of it and the names of persons and dignitaries 
enumerated in it are modified according to the cir- 
fumstances under which it is offered up. 

bid'-ding ( 2 ), *bid-dunge, *bld-dyng, *byd- 
dyng, *byd'-dynge, *bid -diunge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Bid (2), u.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
idjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 

verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of commanding or ordering; the state 
of being commanded or ordered; command, order. 

(а) Literally: 

“ So sore I dradde his manasyng, 

I durst not breke his biddyng.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

“ hep. Here’s more news. 

Mess. Thy biddings have been done; and every hour, 
Most noble Caesar, shalt thou have report.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, i. 4. 

( б ) Figuratively: 

“ As the branch at the bidding of Nature, 

Adds fragrance and fruit to the tree.” 

Byron: Transl. of a Romaic Love Song. 

2. An invitation to a feast or party. 

“ . . . the particulars of the feast, the invitation, its 
rejection, and the consequent bidding of other guests, 
. . .” — Strauss: Life of Jesus, 1st ed. (1846), vol. ii., § 78, 
p. 130. 

3. A bid or order made at an auction. (Some¬ 
times in the plural.) 

“. . . a crowd of buyers, whose spirited biddings 
brought the sale to a very satisfactory conclusion.”— 
Daily Telegraph, October 25, 1877. 

bid’-dy, s. [From Fr. bidet = a little horse.] 
[Bidet, 1 .] ( Littri,.) 

1 . A domestic fowl, specially a chicken. (Col¬ 
loquial.) 

“ Ay, Biddy, come with me.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 4. 

2. A domestic female servant, a servant girl; a 
corruption of Bridget. ( Colloquial.) 

*bide (1), v. t. [Bid (2).] (Spenser.) 

bide (2), *bi-den (Eng.), bide, *byde (Scotch), 
v. t. & i. [A. S. & O. L. Ger. bidan— to bide, abide, 
wait, remain, tarry, enjoy, expect; Sw. & O. Icel. 
bida; O. II. Ger. pitan; Goth . beidan.) [Abide.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To await; to wait for. 

“ The wary Dutch this gathering storm foresaw, 

And durst not bide it on the English coast.” 

Dryden: Annus Nirabilis, 179. 

2. To abide, to endure, to suffer. 

(a) Obsolete in English. 

“ Poor naked wretches, whereso'er you are, 

That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm !” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iii. 4. 

(b) Still used commonly in Scotch. 

“ Prove we our fate—the brunt we’ll bidet” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 16. 


B. Intransitive: 

1 . To abide, to dwell, to stay, to reside, to live in 
a place. 

(a) Obsolete in English. 

“ Pis. If not at court, 

Then not in Britain, must you bide.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 4. 

(b) Still common in Scotch. 

“‘But, my good friend, Woodbourne is not burned,’ 
said Bertram. ‘Weel, the better for them that bides 
in’t.”’— Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xlv. 

2. To continue; to remain. 

(1) In a place. 

“Safe in a ditch he bides. 

With twenty trenched gashes on his head.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4. 

(2) In a state. 

“ Happy, whose strength in thee doth bide.” 

Milton: Translation of Psalms lxxxiv. 

C. In special phrases: 

1) To bide at, to byde at. 
a) To persist. 

“. . . gif he will saye and byd alt that the mess is 
ydolatrie.”— Corsraguell to Willok, in Keith’s Hist., App., 
p. 196. {Jamieson.) 

(b) To adhere to; to abide by. [Abide.] 

“. . . hot ye waif haif bidden att the judgement of the 
ancient doctouris.”— Corsi aguell to Willok, in Keith’s Hist., 
App., p. 198. {Jamieson.) 

(2) To byde be, to bide by: To stand to; to adhere 
to. (Jamieson.) 

*bid -el, s. [The same as Beadle (q. v.).] 
*bi-de-le, *bi-de-len, v. t. [A. S. bedcelan = 
entirely to divide, to deprive.] To deprive. ( Ormu - 
lum 4,677.) ( Stratmann .) 

*bi-d§-lid, bi-de -led, pa. par. [BideCe.] 
*bi-delne, "bi-del’-ven, bi-del-uen, v.t. [A.S 
bedelfan— to dig in or around, to bury.] To dig in, 
to bury. [BedelVIN.] (Beliq. Antiq., i. 116.) (Strat¬ 
mann.) 

*bl-den'e, adv. [From A. S. prefix bi, and ene (?). 
(Stratmann.)) Together. (Ormulum, 4,793.) 

bl-den§, s. [In Fr. bideni■ ; Sp. & Ital. bidente. 
From Lat. Mdens=having two teeth; prefix bi- 
two, and dens, genit, dentis=a tooth. So called 
from the two awns or teeth crowning the fruit.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Asteraceee (Composites), and the suborder Tubuli- 
florse. 

bi-dent, s. [From Lat. 6 idens=liaving two teeth 
or prongs ; prefix bi= two, and dens, genit. dentis= a 
tooth.] A kind of spear having two prongs. 

bl-dent'-al, tbi-den-tial, a. [From &i=doubly, 
and dentalis, from dens=a tooth.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Having two prongs more or less 
like teeth. 

2. Zobl. dt Palceont.: Having two teeth; or two 
teeth or tusks so conspicuous as to cause the others 
to be passed over without notice. 

bidental reptiles, s. 

Palceont.: The name given by Mr. Andrew Geddes 
Bain, surveyor of military roads in South Africa, to 
certain notable reptiles found there about 500 miles 
east of Capetown. The name was given because of 
their possessing two long, curved, and sharp-pointed 
tusks. Professor Owen founded for them the genus 
Dicnyodon, and Considered them to belong to a new 
tribe or order of Saurians. ( Q. J. Geol. Soc., vol. i., 
pp. 317,318, &c.) [Dicnyodon.] 
bi-dent-ate, bi-den-ta’-ted, a. [Lat. prefix bi 
=two, and dentatus = toothed; from dens, genit. 
dentis= a tooth.] 

1. Zobl.: Having two teeth or tooth-like proc¬ 
esses. 

2. Bot.: Two-toothed; having two projections like 
teeth. _ Doubly-toothed has a quite distinct mean¬ 
ing, viz., that the teeth are themselves again 
toothed, or the serrations themselves serrate, as 
may be seen in many leaves. 

bi-dent’-ed, a. [In Fr. bidenU. From Lat. 
6 idens=:having two teeth or prongs.] [Bident.] 
bl-den-tid-e-se, s. pi. [Bidens.] A family of 
Composite plants belonging to the tribe Senecio- 
nidese. Type Bidens (q. v.). 

bi-det' (pron. bid-et' and bi-da'), s. [Fr. bidet; 
Ital. bidetto; Gael. bideach—( ,as adj.) very little, 
(as s.) little creature ; Welsh bidan—a. feeble man.] 
[Biddy.] 

fl. A small horse. 

“ I will return to myself, mount my bidet in dance, and 
curvet upon my curtal.”— Ben Jonson: Masques. 

2 . A form of sitting-bath used for washing the 
body, the administration of injections, and treat¬ 
ment of haemorrhoids. 

bid'-hook, s. [Etym. of bid doubtful, and Eng. 
hook.) 

Naut. : A small boat-hook. 


*bi-did -ren, v. t. [A. S. bedyclrian— to deceive, 
to charm.] To delude. (Ormulum, 15,391.) 

bl-dig-i-tate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, and 
di git at us =h a v ing fingers or toes; from digitus=a 
finger.] [Digit.] Having two fingers or two toes. 

Bot. Bidigitate pinnate, Bidigitato-pinnate: 
Twin digitate pinnate. [Biconjugate pinnate.] 

bl'-ding, *by'-dlng, pr.par., a. & s. [Bide (2 ).] 

A. & B. As present participle and adjective: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Plural: Sufferings. (Scotch.) 

“ Or forc’d to byde the bydings that I baid.” 

Ross : Helenore, p. 87. (Jamieson.) 

2. A residence, a habitation. 

“ . . . they brought us into their hidings, about two 
miles from Harborough, . . .”— Hackluyt; Voyages, iii. 
809. 

“ At Antwerp has my constant biding been.”— Rowe. 
bl’-don, s. [Fr. bidon.) 

Weights and Measures: A measure of liquids of 
about five quarts, used by seamen. 

*bi-drab-eled, pa. par. [Bedrabble.] 

*bi-drab'-len, v. t. [L. Ger. bedrabbeln. j To 
drabble. 

*bl-drl've, v. t. [A. S. bidrifan= to drive off, to 
constrain, to follow.] To drive about. ( Layamon, 
6,206.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-drop'pe, v. i. [The same as Bedrop (q. v.).] 
To drop. (Piers Plowman, passus xiii. 321.) 

*bi-dropped, pa.par. [Thesame as Bedropped 
( q. v.).] 

bid'-u-ous, a. [Lat. biduus = continuing two 
days; from prefix 6 i=two, and dies=day.] Lasting 
for only two days. (Treas. of Bot.) 

*bi-dwel'-I-en, v. t. [A. S.prefix bi, and dwelian, 
dweligan=( 1 ) to err, to mistake; ( 2 ) to obscure, 
mislead.] To lead astray, to confound. (Legend 
of St. Katherine, 1,258.) (Stratmann.) 

*bie, *bye, v. t. [Aby.] To suffer, to “ aby.” 
(Chaucer.) 

*bie, *bee, *bighe, s. [A. S. beah, beh, boeh=a 
circular ornament of metal, as a bracelet, a neck- 
ring or necklace, a garland or a crown; Icel. bagua ; 
Dut. bigge; Fr. bague: Ital. bagua.) A gem or 
ornament of jewelry. [Beighe.] 

“ Lies of gold or crowns of laurere.”— Bochas, iv. 102. 

“With a round bye that did about gone 
Of golde, and perre, and stones that were fine.” 

Bochas, viii. 184. 

1[ In the eastern counties females’ ornaments are 
still called bighes. (J. S. in Boucher.) 

bie'-ber-Ite, s. [From Bieber, a place near 
Hanau in Hesse*Cassel; suffix -ite.) 

Min.: A°subtransparent or translucent mineral, 
usually stalactitic or investing other minerals. Its 
sp. gr. is 1‘924; its luster vitreous: its color flesh 
and rose-red; its composition : sulphuric acid, 19 - 74 
to 30‘2; oxide of cobalt, 16 - 50 to 38'71; w ater, 38’13 to 
46'83, with traces of other ingredients. Found at 
Bieber in Germany (see etym.), in Austria and in 
South America. It is called also Rhodalose (q. v.). 
(Dana.) 

*bie-ber-stel n-e-se, s. pi. [Biebersteinia.] 
Bot.: An order of Endlichers not now recognized. 
Type Biebersteinia (q. v.). 

bie-ber-steI n- 1 -a, s. [Named after Marshall 
von Bieberstein, a Russian naturalist.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Rutaceee (Rueworts), and the tribe Rutese. The 
species are herbaceous plants having pinnate leaves 
and racemose flowers, with five sepals, five petals, 
and five ovaries. They are found in Central Asia. 

*bieche, s. [Bitch.] 

Bie-la, s. A comet, named after its discoverer, 
Baron William von Biela, a German astronomer. 
It is noted for its recurrence at short periods and 
its near approach to the earth. Also called Biela’s 
comet. See further account under Comet. 

Bie'-lids, s. pi. [Eng. Biel(a) ; suff.-fds.] The 
same as Andromedes (q. v.). 

*bien-fait, s. [Benefit.] 

bi-en'-ni-al, a. [In Fr. biennal, bisannuel; Sp. 
bienal; Port, biennal; Ital. biennio. From Lat. 
biennis, biennalis = lasting two years; prefix bi- 
two, and annus=a year.] 

A. Ms adjective: 

Bot. <& Ord. Lang.: Requiring two seasons to 
reach maturity and ripen its seeds, and then dying. 

“ Then why should some be very long lived, others only 
annual or biennial}” — Ray: The Wisdom of God in Crea¬ 
tion. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, cs = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




biennially 


481 


big 


B. As substantive: 

Bot. cfc Ord. Lang.: A plant which requires two 
seasons to reach maturity and ripen its seeds and 
tnen dies. _ Botanists sometimes mark such a plant 
with t, which is the symbol of Mars, because that 
planet is two years in making a revolution round 
the sun. 


Biennials are plants living for the space of two years 
only; that is, if growing in their natural habitats, and 
left entirely to themselves. The caraway, carrot, and 
celery are examples.”— Keith: Bot. Lexic. (1837), p. 23. 

bl-en'-m-{j,l-ly, adv. [Eng. biennial; -ly .] Once 
m two years; every two years. {Todd.) 

, P ret - °f v - Went around. {Layamon, 

1,188.) {Stratmann.) 

bier, *bi-ere, *be-are, *he-ere, *bere, s. 

[A. d. beer, 6ere—(1) a bier, (2) a portable bed; from 
bercm=to bear. Sw. lik-bar=a bier {lik= a corpse); 
Dan. 6aarc=a hand-barrow, a bier; Dut. baar; 
(N. H.) Ger. bahre— a hand-barrow, a bier; O. H. 
Ger. bar a; Fr. bibre; Prov. her a; Ital. bar a; Lat. 
/eretrum; Gr. pheretron=a bier, a litter.] [Bear, v.] 

I. Literally: 

*1. Gen.: A person or thing borne; a burden. 

“ The dolefulst beare that ever man did see. 

Was Astrophel, but dearest unto mee.” 

Spenser: Astrophel. 



2. Spec.: A hand-barrow adapted to carry a 
corpse, or coffin, or both. The only difference 
between a bier 
and a stretcher, 
litter, or even a 
hand-barrow, 
arises from the 
sacred purpose 
for which it 
was employed. 

Anciently, the 
wealthier class¬ 
es were carried 

to the grave on . . , -r- ,. 

funeral couches. Ancient Egyptian Bier. 


“And he came and touched the bier, and they that bare 
him stood still .”—Luke vii. 14. 


II. Figuratively: 

1. A coffin. {Poetic.) 

“And the fair wreath, by Hope entwined. 

Lies withered on thy bier.’' 

Piemans: To the Memory of General Sir E—cl P—k — m, 

2. A grave in which a deceased person has been 
laid. {Poetic.) 

“Drop upon Fox’s grave the tear, 

’Twill trickle to his rival’s bier." 

Scott: Marmion; Introcl. to Canto i. 

3. A pillow-case or cover. [Pillow-bere.] 

“And many a. pillow and every bere." 

Chaucer: Booke of the Buchesse, 254. 

tbier-balK, s. The church road along which 
funerals pass. It was popularly believed, and still 
is in many places, that the passage of a corpse ever 
afterward gave a right of way. 

“ Where their ancestors left, of their land, a broad and 
sufficient bier-balk to carry the corpse to the Christian 
sepulture; how men pinch at such bier-balks, which by 
long use and custom, ought to be inviolably kept for that 
purpose.”— Homilies: B. ii. 237. 

bier-right, s. An ordeal by which a person, 
accused of murder, was required to approach the 
corpse upon the bier, when it was alleged that if he 
was the murderer the wounds would gape afresh 
and shed tears of blood. 

« . . . the grant of a proof by ordeal of bier-right, 

unless amy of them should prefer that of combat.”— Scott: 
Fair Maid of Perth, ch. xxi. 

*bierd-ly, *bier-ly, a. [Burdly.] Large and 
well-made. (O. Scotch.) 

“ Then out and spake the bierclly bride, 

Was a goud to the chin.” 

Jamieson: Popular Ball ii. 133. 

*bier-ly, a. [Burly, s. (0. Scotch.)) 

*bies, *bijs, s. [Contracted from O. Eng. bissyn 
(q. v.).] Fine linen. 

. . and of peerl and of hies and of purpur . . .” 
— Wycliffe (ed. Purvey): Apoc. xviii. 12. 

“. . . clothid with bijs and purpur . . .”— Ibid., 16. 

bies-tliig, bees-tnig (generally in the plural 
biest-liig§), s. [A. S. bysting=beestings, the first 
milk of a cow after calving.] [Beest.] 

tbiett-le, beet-le (le as el), v. [Dimin. from 
A. S. betan =to make better, to improve.] [Beet.] 
{Scotch.) . , . _ 

1. Of persons: To grow better m health. ( Janas - 

2. ^Of plants {spec, of crops): To look better; to 
recover from injury. {Jamieson.) 

bi-fa’-CI-9.1 (ci as shjf), a. [Lat. prefix bi, and 
facies=& face.] Having two faces. {Dana: Zoo¬ 
phytes, p. 285.) 


*bi-fal-den, v. t. [Bifold.] 

*bi-falle, *bi-fallen, v. t. & i. [Befall.] 

{Romaunt of the Rose; Chaucer, 0. T., 679, <&c.) 

*bi-fang en (pret. bifeng, bivonge), v. t. [A. S. 
bifon (prep, bi-fangen , bi-fongen) = to encompass.] 
To take about. {Layamon, 829.) {Stratmann.) 

bi-fa r-i-ous, a. [Lat. bifarious = two-fold, 
double ; from prefix W=two, and /cm =to speak.] 
*A. Ord. Lang.: Capable of a two-fold inter¬ 
pretation. {Johnson.) 

B. Bot.: Ranged in two rows, the one opposite to 
the other, as the florets of many grasses. Called 
also Distichous (q. v.). 

bi-fa’-rl-ous-ly, adv. ['Eng. bifarious;-ly.) In 
a bifarious manner. 

IT A stem or twig is bifariously hairy when be¬ 
tween two joints the hairs are on the anterior and 
posterior parts, while in the next one they are on 
its two sides. {Martyn.) 

*bi -fel -len, *bi-ve'ol-len, v. t. [A. S. befyllan— 
to fell, slay.] To fell. {Layamon, 829.) ( Strat¬ 
mann .) 

bi'-fer-ous, blf-er-ous, a. [Lat. bifer, from 
prefix bi= two, and/e?-o=to bear.] Double bearing ; 
producing anything, as fruit, &c., twice in one 
season. 

“ Some [trees] are biferous and triferous.”— Sir T. 
Browne: Tracts, p. 70. 

bif-fin, fbeau-fin (eau as o), fbee-fm, s. 

[Though the spelling beaufin seems to suggest a 
French etymology, yet. according to Wright, Mahn, 
&c., the word is derived from Eng. beef, to which, 
in a raw state, the pulp has been compared.] 

1. A kind of apple cultivated in Norfolk, Eng¬ 
land. 

2. A baked apple crushed into a flat cake, 
bl'-fld, a. [In Fr. bifi.de; Lat. bifidus= cleft in 

two; prefix bi= two, and fid, the root of findo=to 
cleave, to split.] 

Bot.: Split partly into two; half divided into two; 
two-cleft. {Johnson.) 

fbi-fid a'-ted, a. [From Lat. bifidatus .] The 
same as Bifid (q. v.). {Johnson.) 

*bI-fiTle, pret. of v. [A. S. befeol .] [Befall.] 
{Chaucer.) 

*bi-fin-den (pret. bivond; pa. par. bifunden), 
v.t. To find. {Rob. of Glouc.,261.) {Stratmann.) 

*bi-fle-an, v. t. [A. S. beflean=to flay, to skin. 
The same as Beflay (q. v.).] 

*bi-fle-den, t. [Ger. befluten.) To flood. {Lay¬ 
amon, 25,738.) 

*bi-fle-on, v. t. [A. S. befleogan, befleon= to flee, 
to escape.] To flee, to escape. (0. Eng. Horn., i. 
169.) {Stratmann.) 

bl-fl’or'-ate, a. [In Fr. biflore; from Lat. prefix 
bi, and floreo= to bloom, to blossom; flos, genit. 
floris= a flower; suff. -afe.] 

Bot.: Bearing two flowers, biflorous. 
bl’-fiQr-OUS, s. [From Fr. biflor{e); Eng. suff. 
-ous, or Lat. prefix bi; flos, genit. floris= a flower, 
and suff. -cuts.] [Biflorate.] 

Bot: Bearing two flowers, biflorate. {Crabb.) 
bl’-fSil, s. [In Fr. bifolii= two-leaved; from Lat. 
prefix 6 f=two, and folium=le&i.\ A peculiarly 
British orchid {Listera ovata), the common Tway- 
blade. [Listera.] 

bT-fold, a. [From Lat. prefix Z>i=two, and Eng. 
fold.) Two-fold, double. 

“That cause sets up with and against thyself ! 

Bifold authority.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, v. 2. 

*bI-fold'e, bi-fal-den, v. t. [A. S. bifealdan= to 
enfold.] To enfold, to envelop. {Ayenbite, 8 .) 

*bi-fo-len, pa. par. [A. S. bifeolan=to commit, 
deliver.] To commit, place. 

“Hellethe we wereir in bifolen .”—0. Eng. Horn., i. 123. 
bl-fo'-ll-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix £u'=two, and 
foliatus=leaty ; from folium=a leaf.] Possessing 
two leaves. 

bl-fo’-ll-ol-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi— two, 
and dimin. oifoliuni=a leaf.] 

Bot.: Having the common petiole of its leaf ter¬ 
minated by two leaflets, springing from the same 
point. 

*bi-fon, *bivon, V. t. [A. S. bifon-— to encom¬ 
pass.] _ To comprise, to encompass. {Old Eng. 
Horn., i. 9.) {Stratmann.) 

bT-for-ate, a. [From Lat. biforus= having two 
doors: prefix 6 i'=two, and /oris=a door.i Having 
two perforations. {Brande.) 

*bi-for-en, prep. & adv. [Beforn, Before.] 
bI -for-Ine§, s. [From Lat. biforus— having two 
doors; bi=two, and foris—n door.] 

Bot.: The name given by Turpin to cells in certain 
plants of the order Araceae, which have an opening 
at each end, through which the raphides generated 
inside them are after a time expelled. 


bi -form, a. [From Lat. biformis and biformatuo 
=two-formed: prefix 6 i=two, and forma — form, 
figure, shape.] Having two forms, excelling in two 
forms, figures, or shapes. 

“ From whose monster-teeming womb, the Earth 
Receiv’d what much it mourn’d, a biform birth.” 

Croxall: Transl. of Ovid, Metam. 8. 
bl'-formed, a. [Eng. biform; -ed; from Lat. 
biformis — two-formed.] [Biform.] Compounded 
of two forms. {Johnson.) 

bl-form’-i-ty, s. [Eng. biform; -ity; from Lat. 
biformis — two-formed.] [Biform.] The state of 
existing in two distinct forms or shapes. 

“ Strange things he spake of the biformity 

Of the Dizoians ; what mongrel sort 

Of living wights ; how monstrous-shap’d they be ; 

And how that man and beast in one consort.” 

More: Song of the Soul, P. 1, 0. 3, st. 7(X 
*bi’-forn, *biforen, prep. & adv. [Before.] 

A. As prep.: Before. 

“ Whanne sich oon thou seest thee biforn.” 

Bomaunt of the Bose. 

B. As adv.: Beforehand. 

“ Whan that our Lord had warned him biforn." 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 3,535. 

bl-fron'-ted, a. [From Lat. bifrons, genit. 
bifrontis—veith two foreheads or faces ; prefix bi— 
two, and frontis, genit. of frons=the forehead.] 
Having two fronts. 

“ Put a case of vizards o’er his head, 

That he may look bifrontecl as he speaks.” 

Ben Jonson: Poetaster, v. 3. 

*biffilen, v. t. [A. S. befulan=to befoul. The 
same as Befoul (q. v.).] 

bl-fur-cate, bl-fur'-ca-ted, pa. par. & a, 
[Bifurcate, v. /.] Two-forked. 

“A small white piece, bifurcated, or branching into 
two, and finely reticulated all over.”— Woodward. 

bl-fur'-cate, v. i. [In Fr. bifurqui. From Low 
Lat. bifurcatus; pa. par. of bifurcor= to part in 
two directions ; Class. Lat. bifurcus= two-pronged; 
prefix bi, and furea—a fork.] To divide into two 
branches. {Crabb.) 

bl-fur-ca'-tion, s. [In Fr. bifurcation; from 
Lat. bifurcus .] [Bifurcate.] Division into two 
prongs or parts. 

“ . . . in a bifurcation, or division of the root into 
two parts.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

tbl-fur -cous, a. [From Lat. bifurcus; prefix 
bi= two, and furca= a two-pronged fork.] [Fork.] 
Two-forked. [Bifurcate.] {Coles.) 

big, *blgg, *bigge, a. & adv. [Etymology some¬ 
what doubtful. Mahn considers it a contraction 
from Wei. beichiog, beichiawg—burdened, loaded, 
pregnant with child; from 6 oicA=burden; Arm) 
beach. Wedgwood derives it from O. Icel. boega=a 
swelling, which would connect it with Eng. bulge, 
belly, bag, &c. Skeat essentially agrees with Weclg 
wood. [Big, Belly, Bulge.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Distended. 

1. Lit.: Distended, swelling, protuberant; with 
special reference to female pregnancy. 

(1) Of the females of man or the inferior animals: 
*{a) Formerly followed by of. 

“His gentle lady, 

Big o/this gentleman, our theme, deceas’d 

As he was born.” Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. L 

( b) Now icith is used instead. 

“A bear big with young hath seldom been seen.”—• 

Bacon. 

(2) Of plants: 

“ Lately on yonder swelling buBh 
Big with many a common rose, 

This early bud begau to blush.”— Waller. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of persons: 

(а) Swelling with joy, grief, anger, or other emo 
tion, making the heart feel as if it would burst. 

“ Thy heart is big; get thee apart and weep.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iii. 1. 

( б ) Swelling with pomp or vainglory, tumid 
proud. 

“ . . . to the meaner man, or unknown in the court, 
seem somewhat solemn, coy, big, and dangerous of look, 
talk, and answer.”— Ascham: Schoolmaster. 

(c) Swollen with consciousness of knowing some 
portentous event approaching. 

“Now big with knowledge of approaching woes, 

The prince of augurs, Halitherses, rose.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, ii. 185-6. 

(2) Of things: 

(a) In the abstract, standing for persons, in sensee 
2 ( 1 ), (a), ( 6 ), or (c). 

“Big passions strutting on a petty stage.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion , bk. iii. 


boll, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 5 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shgm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$I, del, 

’ 31 








big-bellied 


482 


biggin 


(b) Of events: Pregnant with something to which 
immediate or more remote futurity will give birth. 

“The great, th’ important day, 

Big with the fate of Oato and of Rome.” 

Addison. 

II. Requiring no distention to make them great, 
they being so naturally and truly. 

1. Of material things: Literally great in space or 

in bulk. 

“ A troubled ocean, to a man who sails in it, is, I think, 
the biggest object that he can see in motion.”— Spectator. 

2. Of mental conceptions: Great, sublime. 

“. . . when the idea under the consideration becomes 
very big, or very small.”— Locke. 

3. Of persons: Without pretense ; mentally or mor¬ 
ally great, brave, or magnanimous; or admittedly 
of high social standing. 

“What art thou? have not I 
An arm as big as thine? a heart as big? 

Thy words I grant are bigger . . .” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

B. As adverb: In a pompous manner; pompously, 
tumidly, with swelling words. 

“‘My good ally talks big,' he said.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. iv. 

big-bellied, a. (Vulgar.) 

I. Of persons: 

1. In an advanced state of pregnancy. 

(a) Literally: 

“ Children and big-bellied women require antidotes 
somewhat more grateful to the palate.”— Harvey. 

( b) Figuratively: 

“When we had laught to see the sails conceive, 

And grow big-bellied with the wanton wind.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Niglifs Dream, ii. 2. 

2. With a protuberant stomach, fat. 

“He [William Rufus] was in stature somewhat below 
the usual size, and big-bellied.'’ — Swift. Hist, of Eng., 
Reign of William II. 

II. Of things: Protuberant. 

“Now shalt thou never see the salt beset 
With a big-bellied gallon flagonet.” 

Bp. Hall: Satires, bk. vi., s. 1. 

big-coat, s. A greatcoat; an overcoat. (Scotch.) 
(Jamieson.) 

big-corned, a. Having large grains. 

“The strength of big-corned powder loves to try.” 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, 149. 

big-bead, s. An Americanism, expressing the 
idea that extreme self-conceit has made one over¬ 
estimate his importance. 

tbig-named, a. Having an illustrious or lofty 
name. 

“Some big-nam’d composition.” 

Crashaw: Poems, p. 108. 

big-sea-water, s. The rendering of a North 
American Indian word meaning the sea. 

“ Built a wigwam in the forest, 

By the shining Big-Sea-Water.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, v. 

big - sounding, a. Loud-sounding, sounding 
pompously. 

‘‘Big-sounding sentences, and words of state.”— Bp. 
Hall: Satires, bk. i., s. 3. 

big-swoln, big swoln, a. Swollen to a great 
extent. Used— 

(a) Of the waves of the sea. 

“ The big-swoln waves in the Iberian stream.” 

Drayton: Polyolbion, s. 1. 

(b) Of the heart under the influence of emotion. 

“Might my big-swoln heart 

Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow.” 

Addison. 

big-WigS, s. pi. A vulgar name for dignitaries. 
The term seems to imply that the people of rank or 
position referred to are advanced in life, have heads 
larger than the average, and requiring, if they are 
to be covered in every part, wigs of abnormally 
capacious dimensions; or possibly with reference 
to the full-bottomed wigs used by the judges of 
some countries and in England both by presiding 
ljustices and Queen’s counsel. 

IT Other obvious compounds are: Big-boned or 
big boned (Sir T. Herbert: Travels , p. 180; Dryden: 
Pal. and Arcite); big-uddered (Pope: Homer's 
Odyssey, bk.ix. 282). 

big, s. [Bigg.] (Chiefly Scotch.) 

*bi-gab'-ben, v. t. [A. S. prefix bi, and gabban= 
to scoff, to delude.] To deceive. (Rob. of Glouc., 
458,15.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-ga-len, V. t. [A. S. prefix bi, and galan =to 
sing, to enchant.] To enchant. (Layamon, 19,256.) 
(Stratmann.) 


*blg - 9 m, *blg'-&m-us (pi. blg -g,m§, big- 
$ 111 - 1 ), s. [In Fr. bigame; Sp., Port. & Ital. big- 
amo; Eccl. Lat. bigamus—mATvied to two women. 
From Lat. bi, and Gr. gamos, (1) a wedding, (2) 
marriage.] A bigamist. 

(a) Of the Latin form bigamus, pi. bigami : 

“ And therefore was it alleged against this goldsmyth 
that he was bigamus.” — Hall: Henry VIII., an. 35. 

“No bigami , that is, none that had been twice married, 
or such as married widows, were capable of it [the benefit 
of clergy], because such could not receive orders.”— Bur¬ 
net: Hist. Reform., ii. 323. 

(b) Of the English form bigam, pi. bigams: 

“ . . . as the law of bigamy, or St. Paul’s ordaining 
that a bigam should not be a deacon or priest.”— Bp. 
Peacock, in the Life of him by Lewis, p. 286. 

*big -am-a, s. [A fern, form, not classical, of 
bigamist.] [Bigamist, B.] 

“ Greater is the wonder of your strickt chastitie, than 
it would be a nouell to see you a bigama.” — Warner: 
Addit. to Albion’s England, bk. ii. ( Richardson.) 

blg'-am-ist, s. [O. Eng. bigam; -ist; or Eng. 
bigam(y); -ist; or Lat. big am (us); with Eng. 
suffix -ist.) 

A. Of a man: One who commits bigamy, one 
who marries a second wife before the death of the 
first. 

“ By the papal canons, a clergyman that has a wife can¬ 
not have an ecclesiastical benefice ; much less can a big¬ 
amist have such a benefice according to that law.”— Ayliffe. 

B. Of a woman: A woman who marries a second 
husband while the first one lives. 

blg -gim ous, a. [From Latin bigamus .] [Bigam.] 
Pertaining to bigamy ; involving the commission of 
bigamy, as “ a bigamous marriage.” 

*big’- 9 m-us, s. [Bigam.] 

big'-am-y, *big-am-ie, s. [Fr. bigamie; Sp. 
Port., Ital., & Low Lat. bigamia .] [Bigam.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Formerly. (Generally). In the etym. sense: 
The wedding of two women in succession, marrying 
twice. [B. I.] 

“ Which is a plain proofe yt concerning ye prohibicion 
of any mo wiues than one and the forbidding of bigamy 
by ye wedding of one wife after another, was the special 
ordinance of God and not of Saint Poule.”— Sir T. More: 
Works, p. 229. 

2. Now. (Specially): The marrying of another 
woman while the first wife is still living, or of a man 
while the first husband still lives. [B. Ii.] 

“He settled in a third parish, and was taken up for 
bigamy.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

B. Law: 

I. Canon Law: 

1. The marrying of two virgins, one after the other, 
the sin or crime being held to be committed even if 
the first had died before the second was wedded. 

2. The marrying of a widow. 

3. The marrying of a woman who, though not 
ceremonially wedded, has still allowed some one to 
have intercourse with her. If bigamy of any of 
these kinds were committed, the offender could not 
take holy orders. 

II. English Law: The act of marrying a second 
time, while the first husband or wife is still known 
to be living. By a law passed in 1276, it was pun¬ 
ished with death. In 1603, during the reign of 
James I., it was made felony, without benefit of 
clergy. By a law passed in 1794, the capital penalty 
was modified into imprisonment or transportation. 
If a person marry a third wife, while the first two 
are still living, poverty of language in this portion 
of the law makes the offense still be called only 
bigamy; polygamy would be a more accurate desig¬ 
nation. 

The statutory provisions in the United States 
against bigamy or polygamy, are in general similar 
to, and copied from the statute of James I., except¬ 
ing as to punishment. New York state, through the 
operation of conflicting claims as to jurisdiction 
of the tribunals of different states of the Union, 
etc., allows bigamy under certain conditions, those 
conditions being generally the outcome of antago¬ 
nistic provisions of the marriage laws of the differ¬ 
ent commonwealths. 

IT Digamy signifies simply a second marriage; 
bigamy implies that such a marriage takes place 
while the first wife is still alive. [Digamy.] 

*bi-gan', pret. of v. [Begin.] Began. 

“He sette foot ou erthe, and fast bigan to flee.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 206. 

*bi-gafi'g-en, v. t. [A. S. begangan, bigangan= 
( 1 ) to go over, to perambulate ; ( 2 ) to follow after.] 
To compass, to surround. (Layamon, 23,702.) 

*bi-ga'-pen, V. t. [A. S. prefix bi, and geapan= 
to gape.] [Begape.] To gape at. (Legend of St. 
Katherine, 1,262.) (Stratmann.) 


big- 9 -rdon', s. [Fr. bigarreau (?).] The large 
white-heart variety of cherry. 

*bi-gas -ter, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 i=two, and 
gaster; Gr. gaster=the belly.] 

Anatomy: A name given to muscles which have 
two “ bellies ” or protuberant portions. 

*bi-gat, pret. of v. [Beget.] (Story of Genesis 
and Exodus, 708.) 

bl-gem'-in-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, 
and geminatus (pa. par. of gemino) — to double, 
from geminus= born as a twin, </emmi=twins.] 
Botany: The term applied when each of two sec¬ 
ondary petioles in a plant bears a pair of leaflets. 
(Lindley: Introd. to Bot., 3d ed., p. 465.) 

*bi-gen, v. t. [A. S. byganbycgan .] [Buy.] 
(Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,166.) 

bl -ge-ner (pi. bi'-ge-ner§), s. [Lat. adj. bigener, 
descended from two different races, hybrid; bi= 
two, and genus— birth, descent.] 

Bot.: A hybrid between plants belonging to dif¬ 
ferent genera. Such mule plants are short-lived 
and sickly; it is only those which arise between 
closely allied species which manifest any consider¬ 
able amount of strength. 

“ . . . bigeners, that is to say, mules between differ¬ 
ent genera.”— Lindley: Introduction to Botany, 3d ed 
(1839), p. 349. 

*bi-get e, *biy§te, *bi-gEete, s. [From bigeten 
v. (q. v.)] Winnings, spoil, acquisition. 

“Habram gaf him the tigthe del 
Of alle is begete ...” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 895-6. 

*bl-gete, v. t. [Beget.] 

*bl-ge t-el, a. [From O. Eng. biget; and suff, 
-el.) Advantageous. 

“He maden swithe bigetel forward.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1,992. 

*bi-get'-en, v. t. [A. S. begitan— to get.] [Be¬ 
get.] 

1. To acquire; to obtain. (Story of Genesis and 
Exodus, 911.) 

2. To beget. (Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,180.1 
3j To require. 

“ ‘ Iacob,’ wath he, ‘ quat wiltu bigeten.’ ” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1,666. 

4. To prevail. 

“ for scrith ne thret, ne mai ghe bigeten 
for to don him chasthed forgeten.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,021-2. 

bigg, big, *byg (Scotch), *blgge (O. Eng.), v. t 
& i. [Icel. byggia; Sw. bygia.) To build. 

A. Transitive: 

(а) Old English: 

“Kirkes and houses brent nouht than wild he spare, 
Ther the Inglis had bigged, he made it wast anO 
bare.” 

Chronicle of Robert de Brunne (Boucher), p. 62. 

T[ Still used in the north of England. 

(б) Scotch: 

“I’m sure when ye come to your ain, Captain, ye’ll no 
forget to bigg a bit cot-house there !”— Scott: Guy Manner- 
ing, ch. Iv. 

B. Intransitive: 

“The gray swallow bigs i’ the cot-house wa’.” 

R. Nithsdale: Song. (Jamieson.) 

bigg, fblg, s. [Icel. bygg=h&r\ey ; Dan. &?/< 7 =bar- 
ley; O. Sw. biugg.) Another name for here 
(Hordeum hexastichum) . [Here, Bear.] 

“Bear or bigg (a kind of grain with four rows on each 
head) is sown from the beginning to the 20th of May.”— 
Par. Durisdeer, Dumfr., Statist. Acc. of Scotland, iv. 460. 
(Jamieson.) 

big'-gar, s. [Scotch bigg= to build, and suff. 
-or.] A builder, one who carries on a building. 

“Item, to advise gif the chaplaine hes the annuell 
under reversion, and contributis with the biggar.” — Acts 
Mary 1551, c. 10. (Murray.) (Jamieson.) 

*big-gen, v. t. [Buggen.] 
big-gin (1), s. [Bigging.] (Scotch.) 

*big-gin (2), *big'-gen (0. Eng.). *big'-gon (O. 
Scotch), s. [In Fr. b£guin= a cap or hood, worn by 
Beguines.] [Begutne.] A cap or hood, worn — 

1. By Beguines or other women. [Biggonet.] 

“. . . an old woman biggin for a nightcap.”— Mas¬ 
singer: The Picture, iv. 2. 

2. By children. 

IT From the biggin to the nightcap: From infancy 
to old age. 

“ . . . being a courtier from the biggin to the night¬ 
cap.”— Ben Jonson: Silent Woman, iii. 6. 

3. By men. 

(o) A nightcap. 

“ A biggen he had got about his brayne, 

For in his headpeace he felt a sore payne.” 

Spenser: Shepherd’s Calendar, v. 


fate, fat, fare, jnnidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th@re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



biggin 


483 


bigsome 


(i>) See also Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV., iv. 4. A 
part of the dress of a barrister, perhaps the coif of 
a sergeant-at-law. 

“ One whom the good 

Old man, his unole, kept to th’ inns of court, 

And would in time ha’ made him barrister, 

And rais’d him to his sattin cap and biggen.” 

City Match (0. PI.), ix. 862. {Naves.) 
big'-gin (3), s. [Derived from piggin (q. v.).] 

1. A small wooden vessel, more accurately called 
a piggin. 

2. A small bag or metallic vessel perforated below 
with small holes to hold coffee-grounds while boil¬ 
ing water is poured upon them. 

big'-ging, *big-gin, *byg-gynge, *byg-gyn, 
pr. par., a. & s. [Big,-!;.] [In Icel. 6igfg'ingr=build- 
tng.J A building; a house, properly of a larger 
size as opposed to a cottage. 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act or operation of building. 

“I mind the bigging o’t .’’—Scott: Antiquary, ch. iv. 

2. Sojourn, abode, dwelling. 

“ long bigging is here nogt god.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 717. 

3. A building; a house. 

“Tho was non biging of al egipte 
lichles, so manige dead thor kipte.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 3,163-4. 
“And frae his theckit biggin taks her way,” 

Rob. Galloway: Poems, 32. ( Jamieson .) 
♦bi-gin'ne, v. t. & i. [The same as Begin (q. v.).] 
*bi-gin'-ning, bi-gin'-nihge, pr. par. &s. [Be¬ 
gin.] {Chaucer.) 

big'-git (1), pa. par. & a. [Bigg.] {Scotch.) 
biggit-land, s. Land on which there are houses 
or buddings, as opposed to land with no shelter 
upon it for a person in a storm. {Barbour.) 

“ And quhen they com in biggit-land, 

Wittail and mete yneuch thai fand.” 

Barbour, xiv. 383, MS. {Jamieson.) 
biggit-wa’s, s. [Scotch biggit = Eng. built, and 
was= Eng. walls.] Buildings, houses. 

‘‘Woe’s me ! the time has been, that I would have liked 
ill to have sate in biggit-wa’s waiting for the news of a 
skirmish fought within ten miles of me!”— Scott: Old 
Mortality, ch. xix. 

♦big'-glt (2), pa. par. & a. [A. S. bigan, bugan, 
bygan = to bow, to bend.] Bent, inclined (?). 
{Scotch.) {King Hart.) 

“ Bot fra thai saw thair sute, and thair semblie, 

It culd thame bre, and biggit thame to byde.” 

King Hart, i. 24. {Jamieson.) 

big'-gon-et, fbig'-on-et, s. [Dimin. of Eng. 
biggin (q. v.)=a coif or cap, a biggin.] [Biggin.] 
{Scotch.) A linen cap or coif, of the fashion worn 
by the Beguine sisterhood. 

“ Good humor and white bigonets shall be 
Guards to my face, to keep his love for me.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 84. {Jamieson.) 
“The young gude-wife, strong in the charms of her 
Sunday gown and biggonet, threw herself in the way of 
receiving the first attack, while her mother . . — Scott: 

Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xiii. 

*bighe, s. [Bie, s.] 
big-horn, s. [Eng. big; horn.'] 

1. An American sheep {Ovis montana), found in 
the Rocky Mountains. 

2. The great fossil elk, Cervus megaceros. 
bight {gh silent), s. [A. S. bige, byge — (1) a 

turning, comer, bending, angle, bosom ; from bigan, 
bigean, bugan— to bend. In Sw., Dan., & O. Icel. 
bugt=& flexure, a bay, a gulf, a bight; Dut. bogt; 
Ger. bucht.] [Bow.] 

1. Geog.: A bend in the sea-coast, forming an 
open bay ; as the Bight of Benin. 

2. Nautical: The loop of a bent rope, a round of 
rope or cable when coiled, any round bend or coil 
except the end ones. 

3. Farriery: The inward bent of a horses 
chambrel, and the bent of the fore-knees. {Bailey.) 

1l f The bight of the arm: The hollow of the 
elbow-joint. {J. H. in Boucher: Article Bie.) 
*bi-gile, v. t. [Beguile.] {Romaunt of the Rose.) 
*bl-gir-dle, *bl-gur-del, s. [A. S. biggyrdel, 
bi-gyrdel; M. H. Ger. bigilrtel.] A girdle, a purse. 
{Piers Plowman.) 

*bi-girt, pa. par, [The same as Begirt.] 
bl-glan’-du-lg,r, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and 
Eng. glandular=iuTnished with glands.] [Gland.] 
Bot.: Having double glands, 
big -ly, *byg-ly, a. [Etym. doubtful.] 

1. Commodious, habitable. 

“ gcho wynnit in a bigly bourj 
On fold was none so fair.” 

Bludy Serb, st. 2. {Jamieson.) 

2. Pleasant, delightful. {Border Minstrelsy.) 


blg -ly, *big-ll, adv. [Eng. big; -ly.] Bluster- 
ingly, pompously, conceitedly 

“To be the may’r of some poor paltry town; 

Bigly to look, and barb’rousiy to speak.” 

Dryden. 

fbig'-ness, s. [Eng. big; -ness.] 

1. Swelling, protuberance. 

“If panicum be laid below and about the bottom of a 
root, it will cause the root to grow to an excessive big¬ 
ness.” 

2. Bulk, however produced. 

“The brain of man, in respect of his body, is much 
larger than any other animal’s; exceeding in bigness three 
oxen’s brains.”— Ray: On the Creation. 

3. Size, whether great or small. 

“ Several sorts of rays make vibrations of several big¬ 
nesses, which, according to their bignesses, excite sensa¬ 
tions of several colors; and the air, according to their 
bignesses, excites sensations of several sounds.”— Newton: 
Optics. 

If Bigness is now obsolescent, size taking its place. 
big-no'-ni-Jt, s. [In Fr. bignone; Dut., Sp., Port., 
& Ital. bignonia. Named after Abb 6 Bignon, libra¬ 
rian to Louis XIV., and patron of the botanist 
Tournefort.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants (that of the trumpet 
flowers), constituting the typical one of the order 
Bignoniaceee or Bignoniads. It has four perfect 
stamina, two long and two short. The species, 
which are numerous, are nearly all of an ornamental 
character, owing to their fine, large, trumpet-like, 
monopetalous corollas, colored red, blue, yellow, or 
white. They are trees or shrubs, in the latter case 
often climbing; found in, or sometimes even beyond, 
the tropics of both hemispheres, and constituting a 
feature in the flora of the regions which they 
inhabit. Many are from the warmer parts of this 
country. India also has various species. One of 
the latter, the Bignonia Indica, called in the Bom¬ 
bay presidency Taetoo, has supra-decompound 
leaves, from four to six feet long, panicles of flowers 
about five to six feet long, and legume-like capsules 
more than two feet long by three and a half inches 
broad. Numerous bignonias have been introduced 
into the hot-houses and greenhouses of this country, 
and several of the hardier sort will grow in the 
open air in the middle temperate latitudes. 

blg-no-nl-a'-ge-ae {R. Brown, Bindley, <&c.), 
bignoniae (Jussieu) (both Latin), big-no -nl-ad§ 
{Eng.),s. [Bignonia.] 

Bot.: An order of plants, ranked by Dr. Lindley 
as the typo of his Bignonia! Alliance. The stamina 
are five, but always one and sometimes three are 
abortive, so as to make the species tetradynamous 
or diandrous plants. The ovary is two or spuri¬ 
ously four-celled and polyspermous. The capsule 
is two-celled, and sometimes so long as to. appear 
like a legume. The inflorescence, which is term¬ 
inal, is generally somewhat panicled. The leaves 
are mostly compound. The bignoniads are trees 
or shrubs, as a rule climbing. They are highly 
ornamental plants from the tropics of both hemi¬ 
spheres. 

big-no'-ni-al, a. [From Low Lat. bignoniales— 
pertaining to the Bignonia (q. v.).] 

Bot.: Pertaining to the Bignonia genus. 
Bignonial Alliance: An alliance of plants. [Big¬ 
noniales.] 

big no-nI-a'-le§, s. pi. [Plural of Low Lat. big- 
jioniales=pertaining to the Bignonia (q. v.).] 
Botany. The Bignonial Alliance: Lindley’s forty- 
ninth alliance of plants. It is ranged under his 
sub-class Perigynous Exogens, and includes the 
orders Pedaliaceae, Gesneraceee, Crescentiacese, Big- 
noniacese, Acanthaceae, Scrophulariaceae, andLenti- 
bulariacese (q. v.). 

*bi-gold, s. [From A. S. bi= . . . nearto(?); 
and Eng. gold, referring to the yellow hue of the 
corolla.] [Marigold.] An obsolete name for a 
plant Chrysanthemum segetum, the Corn Marigold 
or Yellow Ox-eye. {Gerarde.) 

*bI-gon, pa. par. [Bego.] {Layamon, 24,598.) 
C Stratmann.) 

fbig’-on-et, s. [Biggonet.] 

♦bi-goon', pa.par. [Begone.] {Chaucer.) 
big'-ot, s. & a. [In Dan. fbigot (s.); Ger. bigott 
(a.); Fr. bigot (the modern sense of the word not 
arising till the fifteenth century) ; Low Lat. bigoti, 
1. A word for which a superfluity of etymologies 
as been given. It is deeply rooted in only the 
English and French tongues. Barbazan, Malone, 
and Michel consider it a corruption of the word 
Visigoth, which might become Visigot, Bisigot, 
Bigot, a view which Littr 6 thinks probable. Accord¬ 
ing to an old chronicle quoted by Du Cange, Rollo, 
the first Duke of Normandy, being required to kiss 
the foot of King Charles, as having received 
Neustria in fief, contemptuously replied, ‘‘Ne se. 
Bigot /”=Not so, by God. Hence the King and court 
nicknamed him Bigoth. Littr 6 , however, thinks 


it probable that this story was invented to explain 
the word. Wace, as quoted by Du Cange, says 
that the French called the Normans bigoz or 
bigos. Cotgrave affirms that bigot is an old Norman 
word=for God’s sake. Bullokar (ed. 1656) thus 
defines it: “ Bigot, an hypocrite; also a scrupulous 
or superstitious person. The word came into 
England out of Normandy, where it continues to 
this day in that sense.” Trench derives the word 
from Sp. bigote=a mustachio, and supposes that 
the people of that nation, wearing on their lips the 
hirsute appendages now spoken of, while the other 
nations of Europe had smooth faces, came to be 
called bigots, that is, men of the mustachio. Stand¬ 
ing afterward as the type of religious intolerance, 
they so degraded the word bigot that it came to 
have its present meaning. {Trench, on the Study of 
Words, 2d ed., pp. 80-82.) A number of authors 
derive bigot from the Franciscan tertiaries called 
Beguttoe, Biguttce, Beguince, Beguins, or in Ital. 
Bizochi, the latter-named word being from bigio= 
russet-gray, brown, which was the color of the 
habit they wore. To this view Wedgwood assents, 
while Skeat considers that Wace’s statement given 
above indicates the correct etymology. He believes 
bigoz or bigos to be of Scandinavian origin, though 
its modern signification has come from its appli¬ 
cation to the Begums or Beguttse.] [BegUIN, 
Begutta:.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A person unreasonably wedded to his own 
opinions on religious or other matters, and dis¬ 
posed to think hardly of, and, if opportunity arise, 
to persecute, those whose views differ from his own. 

“ His theological writings, though too moderate to be 
pleasing to the bigots of any party, had an immense repu¬ 
tation.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

2. A Venetian liquid measure, containing the 
fourth part of an amphor or half a boot. 

tB. As adjective: 

1. Of persons or nations: Unreasonably wedded 
to one’s opinion. 

“ . . . in a country more bigot than ours.”— Dryden: 
Limberham, Epist. Ded. 

2. Of things: Expressing disapproval of a person 
or persons for holding opinions in which one does 
not concur. 

“ . . . contracts with bigot frown her sullen brow.” 

Mason: Elegy on the Death of a Lady. 

*bi-gOt e, pa. par. [The same as Begotten 
( q. v.).] 

big -o-ted, fbig'-ot-ted, a. [Eng. bigot; -ed.] 
Obstinately wedded to one’s opinions, and intol¬ 
erant to those who hold other views. 

“. . . The extreme section of one class consists of 
bigoted dotards . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

big-ot-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. bigoted: -ly.] In a big¬ 
oted manner; with obstinate prejudice and relent¬ 
less intolerance. {Todd.) 

♦big-ot'-i-cal, a. [Eng. bigot; -ical.] Bigoted. 
“. . . an upstart and new-fangled invention of some 
bigotical religionists.”— Cudworth: Intel. Cyst. f p. 18. 

♦big-ot'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. bigotical; -ly.] In 
a bigoted manner; bigotedly. 

“. . . superstitiously or bigotically zealous for the 
worship of the gods.”— Cudworth: Intel. Syst., p. 274. 

*big-ot'-ick, a. [Eng .bigot; -ick.] Bigoted. 

“. . . a bigotick polytheist, . . .”— Cudworth: Intel. 
Syst., p. 686 . 

big - 6 -try, *big-ot-try, s. [In Sw. & Ger. big- 

otter ie ; Fr. bigoterie.) 

1. Unreasonable, blind, and obstinate adherence 
to one’s own religious or other opinions, with intol¬ 
erance to those who hold other views. 

“ . . . the stern and earnest bigotry of his brother.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

If It is sometimes, though rarely, followed by to. 
“ Were it not for the bigotry to our own tenets, . . .” 
— Watts. 

2. The opinions thus tenaciously held, or the 
intolerant actions to which they have led. 

“ Our silence makes our adversaries think we persist in 
those bigotries, which all good and sensible men despise.” 

— Pope. 

*bl-grse’-dcn, v. t. [The same as Begbede (q.v.).] 
*bi-gra-ven, pa. par. [Begkave.] 

*bl-grl-pen, *be-grlpe’ (pret. bigrap), v. t. 
[A. S. begripan=to gripe, to chide.] To compre¬ 
hend, to reprehend. {Gower.) {Stratmann.) 

*bi-gripte, pret.. of v. [M. H. Ger. begripfen.] 
Took, caught. (Gawaine and the Green Knight, 
214.) 

*bi-growe, pa. par. [Eng. pref. bi, and growe— 
grown.] Grown around. {Gower.) {Stratmann.) 

♦big^some, a. [Eng. big; suff. -some.] Some¬ 
what big. {Trench.) 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -bie, -die, &c. = bel, d$L 




484 


bilbo 


bigyle 

♦bi-gyl'e, v. t. [Beguile.] ( Chaucer: Canter¬ 
bury Tales, 13,097.) 

♦bl-gyled, pa.par. [Beguile.] ( Rornaunt of 
the Rose.) 

*bl-gynn e,v.t.&i. [Begin.] (Chaucer : Tale 
of Melibceus, &c.) 

♦bl-gyn’-nyng, pr.par. & s. [Beginning.] Ro- 
maunt of the Rose.) 

*bi-hal-ven, *bihaluen, v. t. [O. H. Ger. behal- 
bon= to surround.] To surround. 

“Harde he bihaluen ther moyses.”— Story of Genesis and 
Exodus, 8,365. 

*bl-hang-en, *bl-ha n-gi-en, v. t. [A. S. bihan- 
gien=hxmg round.] To hang round. 

bi-bar -Ite, s. [In Ger. biharit; from Biharberg, 
near Retzbanya in Hungary, where it is found.] 
Min.: A mineral colored yellowish to green, 
brownish, or dull yellow. The hardness is 2 - 5 ; the 
sp.gr.2‘737; the composition : silica, 41‘74; alumina, 
13‘47; magnesia, 28’92; lime, 4’27; potassa, 4‘86; 
water, 4‘46, with traces of sesquioxide of iron and 
soda. The luster is dull and the feel is greasy ; the 
mineral is doubly refracting. 

*bi-ha-ten, v. t. [Biheet.] To promise. 

*bi-ha-wen, v. t. [A. S. bihawian=to see clearly.] 
To look at. (Manning: Hist. Eng., ed. Furnivall.) 
(Stratmann.) 

*bi-hedde, *bi-hede, *bi-he d-en, v. t. [A. S. 

behedan = to watch, heed, or guard; O. H. Ger. 
behuoten .] To heed, to guard. (Reliq. Antiq.) 
(Stratmann.) 

*bi-hede, *bi-heede, *bi-heaf-di-en, v. t. [The 
same as Behead (q. v.).] To behead. (Wycliffe 
(ed. Purvey), Matt. xxiv. 10; Luke ix. 9.) 
*bi-heelde, pr. &pa. par. of v. [Beheld.] 
“Where thou biheelde her fleshly face.” 

Rornaunt of the Rose. 

*bi-heest, s. [Behest.] 

“ And youre biheest take at gre.” 

Chaucer: Rornaunt of the Rose. 

*bi-heet, *bi-heete, *bi-hoote, *bi-ho-ten. *bi- 
haten, v. t. [Behight.] 

“For to holde myn avow, as I the biheet." 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 374. 
*bi-hee-tere, s. [A. S. behatan=to vow, to prom¬ 
ise ; suff. -ere.] A promise. 

“. . . Jhesus is maad biheetere of the betere testa¬ 
ment.’’— Wycliffe {Purvey), Hebrews vii. 22. 

*bi-bee-tinge, pr. par. [Biheet.] (Wycliffe 
(ed. Purvey), 1 Tim. ii. 10.) 

*bi-hef-dunge, pr. par. & s. [A. S. biheafdung .] 
[Bihede.] Beheading. 

*bi-hen-gen, *bi-hon, v. t. [A. S. bihangen, 
bihongen, pa. par. of bihon=to hang round.] To 
hang round. (Ormulum.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-heol-den, *bi-hel-den, v. t. [A. S. biheldan, 
bihyldan=to pour over.] To pour over. 

*bi-heste', *bi-hoste , s. [The same as Behest 
(q. v.).] 

*bl-heve, *bl-beeve, a. & s. [A. S. bihoflie.] 

A. As adj. (Of the form biheve): Profitable. 
(O. Eng. Horn.) (Stratmann.) 

B. As subst. (Of the form biheve, biheeve): 
Profit. [Behoof.] 

*blhlO b, pret. of v. [A. S. bihlyhhan=to laugh 
at.] Laughed at. (Shoreham, 102.) 

*bihof, s. [A. S. behof (?).] Behoof. 

*bi-holde, *bihulde, *bihalde, *bihealden, v. t. 
[The same as Behold (q. v.).] 

“ How he is semely biholde and see.” 

Rornaunt of the Rose. 

*bihon, v. t. [Bihengen.] 

*bi-hd'-ten, pa. par. [Behight.] 

*bl-hd ve (pret. bihofte), v. t. [Behove.] 

“ And if such cause thou have, that thee 
Bilioveth to gone out of contree.” 

Rornaunt of the Rose. 

*bi-hove-li, *bi-hof-lich, *bi-hul-fi-lik, a. [A. 

8. bihoflie.] Needful, necessary ; profitable. 

“ Alswile als hem bihulfilik bee.”— Story of Genesis and 
Exodus, 408. 

*bl-h6-ven, *bi-b6’-n-en, v. t. [The same as 

Behove (q. v.).] 

*bi-h6ve-sum, *bl-hof-sam, adj. Profitable. 
(Ayenbite.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-hu-den, v. t. [A. S. behydan.] To hide, to 
conceal. (O. Eng. Horn.) 

*bl-hyn’de, prep., a. & adv. [Behind.] 

*bl-jap e, v. t. [The same as Bejape (q. v.).] 
bi -jou (jou as zhfi), s. [Fr . bijou; from Arm. 
bizou, b£zou, bezeu = a ring, a circle, an ornament 
worn on the fingers; from biz= a finger. Or, accord¬ 


ing to Manage and Diez, from Fr. bi, and jouer; Lat. 
bis jocare= to jest in two ways; from jouer, in Lat. 
joco= to play.] A jewel, trinket, or any small article 
of exquisite workmanship or design. 

bi'-jout-ry (jout as zhut), s. [Fr. bijouterie= 
jewelry ; from bijoutier—a jeweler; bijou (q. v.).J A 
bijou, a jewel, trinket, or small jewels of any kind. 

*bijs, s. [Bies.] 
hl-ju-gate, a. [Lat. bi¬ 
jug is, bijugus = y o k e d two 
together; bi= two, and jugum 
— a yoke (Yoke) ; suff. -ate. 1 
Bot.: The term applied 
when a pinnate leaf has two 
pairs of leaflets. 

bi-ju-gous, a. [From Lat. 
bijugis, bijugus, and suff. 

-oms.] The same as Bijugate 
(q. v.). 

bik, blklb bikh-ma, visb, 
visb-a, or at-I-vlsh-a. [In 
Mahratta ta'.s/i,=poison. J 
In India : 

1. Gen.: Any poison. 

2. Spec.: The root of the Bijugate Leaf. 
Indian aconite. 

*bi-kache, v. t. [Bicachen.] 

bike, byke, *byeik, *beik, s. [Icel. biikar = 
hive.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A building; a habitation. 

“ Mony burgh, mony hour, mony big bike." 

Gawaine and Gol., ii. 8. 

2. A hive, nest, or habitation of bees, wasps, or 
ants. 

“ As bees bizz out wi’ angry fyke 
When plundering herds assail their byke.” 

Burns: Tam O'Shanter. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. An association or collective body. 

"... that endured pit, prison-house, and transpor¬ 
tation beyond seas! A bonny bike there’s o’ them!”— 
Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xii. 

V To skail the byke: To disperse an assembly of 
any kind. 

2. A valuable collection of any kind when acquired 
without labor or beyond one’s expectation. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

bike, s. A cant name given by professional and 
amateur bicyclists to the machines they ride. The 
word is of recent coinage but has gained sufficient 
respectability to pass current in the columns of the 
daily and sporting papers. 

*bi-ken (1), v. t. [Bekenne (1).] 

*bi-ken (2) (pret. bikenede), v. t. [The same as 
Beckon (q. v.).] (Wycliffe (Purvey), Acts xxi. 40.) 

*bi-ker (1), s. [Beaker.] 

*blk -er (2), *blk -yr, s. [Bicker.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*bl-ker-ven, *bl-cor-ven, v. t. [A. S. becorfen= 
cut off, beheaded ; pa. par. becce.orfan .] To cut off. 
(Seint Markerete.) (Stratmann.) 

*bi-know, *biknowen, v. t. & i. [Beknow.] 

*bil (1) , s. [Bill (1).] 

*bil (2), s. [Bill (2).] 

bl-la-bl-ate, a. [In Fr. bilabU; from Lat. pre¬ 
fix bi= two, and labia— lips; plur. of labium=a\ip.] 
Bot.: Having two lips. 

*bi-lac-cben (pa. par. bilagt), v. t. [A. S. gelcec- 
can (pret. geloehte ).] To take, to catch, to seize, to 
take away. 

“ . . . sone him was sarray bilagt.”—Story of Genesis 
and Exodus, 773. 

bl-l?.- 9 in'-l-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, 
and lacinia— the lappet or flap of a garment.] 
[Laciniate.] 

Bot.: Doubly laciniate. 

*bi-la-den, v. t. [A. S. belcedan= to bring, lead 
by, mislead.] To lead. (Stratmann.) 

*bi-lakke, v. t. [Bilk.] 

bi-la’-lo, s. [A local Philippine word.] 

Naut.: A two-masted passenger boat of a peculiar 
type in use in the Bay of Manilla, in the Philippine 
Islands, called also guilalo. 

bl-lam'-el-late, bl-lam'-el-la-ted, a. [In Fr. 

bilamelle; from Lat. prefix bi=two, and lamella= 
a small plate of metal; dimin. of lamina= a thin 
plate of metal.] 

Bot., &c.: Formed of two lamellae or plates. 
Example, the stigma of Mimulus. 


bl-lam’-In-^lte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, 

and lamina—a thin plate of metal.] 

Pliys. Science: Formed of two lamina.' or thin 
plates. 

“A transverse bilaminate partition . . — Todd & 

Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 256. 

*bl -land, s. [From Lat. prefix bi, and Eng. land.] 
A peninsula. 

IT Trench says it was used before the word penin¬ 
sula was introduced into English. 

“From hence a great way between is that biland or 
demy isle which the Sindi inhabit.”— P. Holland: Ammi- 
anus Marcellinus, bk. xxii., ch. viii. 

bll-gm-der, bel'-an-der, s. [Eng. by = near; 
land, and suff. -er. In Dut. bylancler; Ger. binnen- 
lander; from binnen— within, land— land, and suff, 
-er; Fr. Mlan- 
dre; S p. & 

Port, balan- 
dra.] A small 
two-masted 
vessel fitted, as 
its name ‘im¬ 
ports,forecast¬ 
ing near the 
land, or for in¬ 
ternal river or 
canal naviga¬ 
tion. Bilan¬ 
ders are in use 
on the canals 
of Holland and 
elsewhere. 

They are in 
general about Bilander, 

eighty tons 

burden, and are used for the carriage of goods. 
They are rigged like hoys, to which type of vessel 
they belong, and are managed by four or five men. 

“ Like bilanders to creep 
Along the coast, and land iu view to keep.” 

Dryden. 

*bi-lap-pen (pa. par. bilapped), v.t. [A. S. prefix 
bi, and lapian, lappan— to lap.] To lap or wrap 
about. (Ormulum.) 

bl-lat'-er-al, a. [In Fr. bilateral; from Lat. 
prefix bi= two, and latus, genit. lateris— a side or 
flank.] Having two sides. 

bilateral symmetry, s. 

Zobl.: Symmetry on the two opposite sides, as is 
the case with most animals, excepting the Radiata. 

*bi-lay', *bi-la i, *bilayen (pa. par. bilain), v. t. 
[A. S. bilecgan=to lie or extend by or about, to 
surround, encompass, destroy.] To lie by, about, 
or with. [Bilegge.] (Richard Coeur de Lion, in 
Weber's Metrical Romances.) 

bil-ber-ry (Eng.), blae'-ber-rjf (Scotch). s.& a. 
[In Sw. blabdr; from ida=blue-black, which the 
berry is ; Icel. blaber; Dan. blaabcer. The origin of 
the Scotch word blaeberry is obviously from these 
terms. The English form of the word bil may be, 
as Mahn believes, a corruption of the same word; 
if so, then it is=blue berry. Wedgwood believes, 
and Skeat considers, however, it may have come 
from Dan. bdllebcer=not the Vaccinium Myrtillus, 
but the V. uliginosum. The former thinks bolle 
may be=bull, while the latter deems it to be=ball.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The name given to one or two species of Vac¬ 
cinium, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Yacciniacese (Cranberries). It is especially used 
of the Vaccinium. Myrtillus, called also the W’hor- 
tleberry. It has angular stems, drooping, nrceolate, 
almost waxy flowers, greenish with a red tinge, and 
black berries very pleasant to the taste. It grows 
in woods and healthy places. The Great Bilberry or 
Bog Whortleberry is an allied species with rounded 
stems, smaller flowers, and less agreeably-tasted 
fruit. It grows in mountain bogs. It is <: ailed also 
the Bleaberry or Blaeberry. 

2. The fruit of the species described under No. 1. 
That of the Bilberry properly so called is eaten in 
the places where it grows, either as it is or with 
milk. It is made also into jellies and tarts. It is 
astringent, and may be used in diarrhoea and dysen¬ 
tery. The fruit of the V. uliginosum is acid, and 
produces giddiness and headache when eaten in too 
large quantity. 

“. . . as blue as bilberry.”—Shakesp.: Merry Wives 
of Windsor, v. 5. 

IF (1) Sear Bilberry: Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi. 
(Linn.) [Bearberey.] 

(2) Wliortle Bilberry: Vaccinium Myrtillus. 
(Linn.) 

B. As adjective: Composed of, or otherwise per¬ 
taining to, the whortleberry or its fruit. 

bll-bo' (pi. bll'-hde§), s. & a. [From Bilboa in 
Spain, where it was formerly believed that the best 
weapons were made. Wedgwood suggests for the 
plural, bilboes, another and less probable etymol¬ 
ogy.] 




fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e;’ ey = a. qu - kw’ 






bilboquet 485 bilingsgate 


i_. As substantive: 

1. ( Sing .); A flexible-bladed cutlass from Bilboa. 
“To be compassed like a good bilbo, in the circumfer¬ 
ence of a peck, hilt to point, heel to head.”— Shakesp.: 
Uerry Wives of Windsor, iii. 5. 

2. (Plur.) Bilboes , *bil-bows: A kind of fetters 
for prisoners, also from Bilboa, where they were 
manufactured in large quantities, to be shipped on 
board the Spanish Armada for use upon the Eng¬ 
lish sailors after these should be vanquished and 
captured. They would be available also against 
insubordinate members of the Spanish crews. 
They consisted of a long bar of iron bolted and 
locked to the deck; on this bar a shackle slipped 
loosely, and was secured to the ankle of the pris¬ 
oner. 

“ . . . methought I lay 
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 2. 

B. As adjective (of the form bilbo): Pertaining to 
the cutlass described under A. 1, or to Bilboa, 
whence it came. 

“ Nor Bilbo steel, nor brasse from Corinth fet.” 

Complaints, Capel Sch. Sh., p. 220, 
bil'-bo-quet (quet=ket or ke) {Eng.), bil¬ 
bo-catch. {Provincial Eng.), s. [From Fr. bilbo¬ 
quet', from bit for bille—baU., and bocquet {Her.) = 
the iron of a lance. {Littr&.Y} The toy called a 
cup and a ball. {Todd, <&c.) It was in use at least 
as early as the time of Henry III. of France. 

bilch {ch guttural), s. [Belch (2), s.] A lusty 
person. {Scotch.) 

*bild, *bll-der (pret. & pa. par. bilded, bilt), 
v. t. [Btjild.] 

*bil-dere, s. [Builder.] {Chaucer, dkc.) 
*bil-ders, s. [Billers.] 

bild -stein, s. [In Ger. bildstein; from bild— 
image, figure, picture, portrait, and steiu=a stone.] 
Min.: A mineral, called also Agalmatolite. 
bile (1), s. [A. S. bil, bill—any instrument or 
weapon made of steel.] [Bill (1).] 

1. A bill, a beak. 

2. The iron handle of a bucket. 

*blle(2),s. [Boil.] {Shakesp., die.) 

bile, s. & a. [In Dan. by Id: Fr. & Port, bile; Sp. 
& Lat. bilis= bile; Lat. /eZ=the gall bladder, gall, 
bile.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Physiol. <& Ord. Lang.: An animal fluid se¬ 
creted by the liver. It is collected from venous and 
not from arterial blood. It is a viscid transparent 
liquid of a very deep yellow or greenish color, 
darkening by exposure to the air. Its odor is dis¬ 
agreeable ; its taste nauseous and bitter. It has an 
alkaline reaction. Strecker has shown that it is 
essentially a mixture of two acids, the glycoholic 
and the taurocholic acid, the first containing 
nitrogen without sulphur and the latter having 
both. The principal coloring matter of the bile is 
called bilirubine or cholepyrrhine. In 1,000 parts it 
contains— 

Water.from 823 to 908 parts. 

Solid matter. “ 177 to 92 “ 

Bile-acids with alkali. “ 108 to 56 “ 

Fat and cholesterine.. “ 47 to 40 “ 

Mucus and coloring. 

matter. “ 24 to 15 “ 

Ash. “ 11 to 6 “ 

When the bile is elaborated in the liver, it is 
received from the secreting vessels by very minute 
tubes, which uniting form the hepatic duct. The 
bile is conveyed into the gall-bladder by means of 
the cystic, or into the duodenum by the choledoch 
duct; that which makes its way into the former 
receptacle is called the cystic bile, and that which 
enters the latter the hepatic bile. Cystic bile is 
deeper in color and more viscid, pungent, and bitter 
than hepatic bile. One main use of bile is to con¬ 
vert chyme into chyle as one step in the process of 
digestion. 

“ In its progression, soon the labor’d chyle 
Receives the continent rills of bitter bile; 

Which, by the liver sever’d from the blood, 

And striving through the gall pipe, here unload 
Their yellow streams.” , Blackmore. 

2, Fig.: Anger; choler. 

B. As adjective: Containing bile ; in anyway per¬ 
taining to bile. 

bile-duct, s. [Eng. bile; duct. Or from Lat 
bilis=bi\e, and ductus-a loading, a conducting; 
duco-to lead, to conduct.] 

Physiol.: A duct, passage, or vessel for the con¬ 
veyance of bile. 

bile pigments, bile-pigments, s. 

Physiol.: Coloring matter existing in the bile. 
This consists chiefly of Bilirubine (q.v.). On heat- 
ing an alkaline solution containing bile with nitric 
acid a green color is formed, which changes into 


blue, violet, red, and lastly to yellow. It is called 
also Cholepyrrhine. Another bile pigment is Bili- 
verdine. [All of which see.[ 
bile-stone, s. A gall-stone; a biliary calculus. 
{The elder Darwin.) 

*bi-le af, *bi-le'f, *bi-le'ph, pret. of v. [A. S. 
belcefan (pret. belaf) = to remain.] [Biliyb.] {Story 
of Genesis and Exodus, 1,332, 671, 2,662.) 

*bi-leaue, *bi-le ave, *be-le ave, s. [The same 
as Belief (q. v.).] ( Ayenbite, <£c.) 
fbl-lec-tion, s.' [Balection.] 
bilection moulding. 

Arch.: [The same as Balection moulding 
( q. v.).] 

*bile-dame, s. [Beldame.] {Scotch.) A great¬ 
grandmother. 

“ As my biledame old Gurgunnald told me, 

1 allege non vthir auctoritA” 

Colkelbie: Sow., 902. {Jamieson.) 

*bi-left, pret. of v. [Bileven.J Remained; 
abode. 

“ With other werkmea mo, 

He bileft al night.” 

Sir Tristrem, p. 36, st. 54. 

*bi-leg ge, *bl-leg'-gen, v.t. [Belay.] To belay, 
to cover with. 

“ , . . bileyd with bsetenn gold.”— Ormulum, 8,167. 
*bi-len'ge, a. [Belong.] Belonging to. {Or¬ 
mulum, 2,230.) 

*bi-leo-vi-en, v. t. [Tho same as Belove (q. v.).] 
{Layamon: Brut., about 1205 ; ed. Madden.) 

*biles, *bilis, *bylis, s. [From Fr. bille= a bill¬ 
iard hall.] A sort of game for four persons. 

“I had the honor, said Randolph to Cecil, to play at a 
game called the Bills, my mistress Beton and I against 
the Queen and my lord liarnley, the women to have the 
winnings.”— Chaim.: Life of Mary, i. 133. {Jamieson.) 

*bi-leve (1), v. t. & i. [Believe.] 

“ . . . and on Crist made him bileve.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, i, 994. 

*bi-leve (2), *bi-le-uen, *bi-le-wen, *bi-lie- 
ven, *bi-lee-fen, v. t. [A. S. belcefan=to leave.] 
To leave, to relinquish. 

*bi-le-ven, pa. par., used as s. [From A. S. belce¬ 
fan-—to remain over, be left.] 

“The b/leven brennen he bead .”—Story of Genesis and 
Exodus, 3,154. 

bilf, s. [Belch (-2).] The same as Belch cr 
Bilch. A monster. 

“. . . an’ nursin’ thae muckle biifs o’ kyteso 5 yours? ” 

—Saint Patrick, iii. 265. {Jamieson.) 

bilge , s. & a. [A different way of spelling Bulge 
( q. v.).] 

A. As subst antive : 

1. The bottom of a ship’s floor; the breadth of 
that part of her on which she rests when aground. 

“ To ply the pump, and no means slack, 

May clear her bilge, and keep from wrack.” 

Olia Sacra (1648), p. 162. 

2. The protuberant middle of a cask constituting 
its greatest circumference. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or collected in the 
bilge of a vessel, as bilge-board, bilge-water (q. v.). 

bilge-board, s. 

Shipbuilding: The board covering the limbers 
where the bilge-water collects. 

bilge-heels, s. The same as Bilge-pieces 
( q. v.). 

bilge-keel, s. 

Shipbuilding: A longitudinal beam or plate on 
the bilge of a vessel, for protection from rubbing; 
or, in the case of iron vessels without true keels, to 
prevent rolling. Used in describing vessels having 
flat bottoms and light draught. Numerous modem 
iron-clads, and gun-boats intended for harbor de¬ 
fense, have been constructed with bilge-keels, 
bilge-piece, s. 

Shipwrighting : An angle-iron or wooden stringer 
placed at intervals along the bilge of an iron ship 
to stay and stiffen the frame. 

bilge-planks, s. 

Shipwrighting : Strengthening planks, of the inner 
or outer skin, at the bilge, 
bilge-pump or burr-pump, s. 

1. A pump designed to carry off a ship’s bilge- 

water. . 

2. A pump to withdraw water when the ship is 
lying over so that the water cannot reach the lim¬ 
bers to which access is had by the main pumps. 

bilge-water, s. The water which tends to lodge 
on that portion of the floor of a ship which is 
beneath the level of the well of her pump. It is 
derived from leakage or condensation. 

“. . . barrels of beer which smelt worse than bilge- 

water.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 


bilge-water alarm. 

Naut.: An alarm for calling attention when there 
is an abnormal amount of watef in the bilge of a 
vessel. It ordinarily consists of a well in the hold 
and a float whose rise is made to free an escape¬ 
ment and sound an ordinary clock-alarm mechan¬ 
ism. {Knight.) 
bilge-water discharge. 

Naut.: A device to secure automatic discharge 
for the bilge-water. A tube extending from the 
limber through the outer skin has a rear opening, 
through which a current is induced as the vessel 
passes through the water. {Knight.) 
bilge-water gauge. 

Naut.: A device for showing the depth of bilge- 
water in the hold. A graduated stem extending 
upward from a float in the well where the bilge- 
water collects. As the float rises, the graduations 
are read by the officers of the watch. {Knight.) 

bilge-way, bilgeway, s. 

Shipbuilding: The foundation of the cradle sup¬ 
porting a ship upon the sliding-ways during building 
and launching. The sliding-ways consist of planks 
three or four inches wide supported on blocks, and 
the bilge-ways of the cradle slip thereon. The bilge- 
ways are about five-sixths the length of the ship, 
and are about two feet six inches square. The 
cradle is tho carriage which bears the ship into the 
water, and separates from the ship by the act of 
floating. {Knight.) 

bilge, v.i. & t. [From bilge, s. (q. v.)] [Bulge.] 

{Naut.) 

A. Intrans.: To spring a leak; to let in water, 

{Skinner.) 

B. Trans.: To cause a ship to have her bilge 
broken in, so that she springs a leak. {Skinner.) 

bllg ed, pa. par. & a. [Bilge, v. f.] 
bil-g ing, pr. par. [Bilge, v.] 
bll'-i-a-ry, a. [In Fr. biliaire; Port. & Ital. bili 
ario .] Pertaining to the bile. 

“ In this way, also, urea, lithic acid, and biliary matters 
are excreted .”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i, 
(Introd.), p. 12. 

biliary duct, s. The same as Bile-duct (q. v.), 

“ Voracious animals, and such as do not chew, have a 
great quantity of gall; and some of them have the biliary 
duct inserted into the pylorus.”— Arbuthnot. 

bil-i-a’-tion, s. [Eng. bile; -ation.1 The excre¬ 
tion of bile. {Dunglison.) 

*bi-li-bre (pi. bi-li-bris), s. [From Lat. bilibra 
=two pounds, prefix 6i=two, and libra=a pound.] 
A weight of two pounds. 

“ A bilibre of wheete for a peny, and thre bilibris of 
barli for a peny .”—Wycliffe {Purvey), Rev. vi. 6. 

*bl-lle', *bileoyen (pa. par. biloiven). [The same 
as Belie (q. v.).] {Piers Plowman, bk. v., 414.) 
{Stratmann.) 

bil-I-fus-gln, s. [From Lat. bilis=hile, and 

foscin .] 

Chem.: Bilifuscin CqeHoo^Op It is a dark-green 
mass, dissolving in alkalies and in alcohol, with a 
brown color. It is insoluble in water and in chloro¬ 
form ; it occurs in biliary calculi. 

*bi-ligh'te, v. t. [From A. S. pref. ge, and leohtan, 
lyhtan=to enlighten.] To light, to illumine. (O. 

Eng. Horn.) 

bl-llm-bi, bl-lnn-blng. s. [The Malay name 
of a plant.] Tho fruit of the Averrhoa bilimbi, a 
Molucca and Ceylonese tree, belonging to the order 
Oxalidacese (Oxalids). The fruit is of oblong form, 
and obtusely angled. It possesses an agreeable 
acid flavor, and is sold in Indian bazaars. The tree 
is a small one, with pinnate leaves. [Averrhoa.] 

*bi-llme, *bl-Tim'-ien, v. t. [A. S. pref. bi, and 
?tm=a limb.] To dismember. {Arthur and Merlin, 
5,775.) ( Stratmann .) 

*bl-lim'-pen (pret. bilamp; . pr. par. bilumpen ), 
v. i. [A. S. belimpan— to concern, regard, . . , 
happen; bilimp, gelimp= an event.] To happen. 
{Ormulum.) {Stratmann.) 

bP-line, bi-lin, s. [In Fr. biline; from Lat. bilis 
=bile.] 

Chem.: CorHiiNSO-. It is also called Taurocholic 
Acid. It is obtained from ox bile, the glycockolic 
acid, mucus and coloring matters being first pre¬ 
cipitated by neutral lead acetate; the basic lead 
acetate is added, which precipitates lead tauro- 
cholate, which is decomposed by HjS, and the free 
acid separates in needle crystals, which, when 
heated with water, are resolved into cholic acid and 
taurine. 

bi-lin'-e-$.r, a. [Pref. 67=two, and Eng. linear 
(q. v.).] Composed of or relating to two lines. 

*bH’-mg§-gate, s. [Billingsgate.] 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, cjhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = hel, del. 








bilingual 

bi-ling -u^l (u as w), a. [In Fr. bilingue-in two 
languages; Ital. bilingue= two-tongued; from Lat. 
bilinguis= two-tongued: prefix bi— two, and lingua 
=the tongue, speech, language; suff. -al.~\ 

1. Of persons: Speaking two languages. (Gent. 
Mag.) 

2. Of things: Written in two languages. 

“A bilingual tablet.”— Trans. Bib. Arch. Soc., iii. 496. 
tbl-ling'-uar (u as w), a. [From Lat. bilingu(is), 
and Eng. suff. -ar .J [Bilingual,.] In two lan¬ 
guages. 

bl-llng’-ulst (U as W), s. [From Lat. bilingu(is), 
and Eng. suff. -ist.) [Bilingual.] One who speaks 
two languages. (Hamilton.) 

bi-ling -UOUS (u as w), a. [From Lat. bilingu(is), 
and Eng. suff. -ows.] [Bilingual.] Speaking two 
languages. (Johnson.) 

bll-I-OUS, a. [In Fr. bilieux; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
bilioso : from Lat. fnZiosws=full of bile; Lat. bilus 
=gall, bile.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to bile, consisting of or con¬ 
taining bile ; produced to a greater or less extent 
by bile; affected by bile. 

“Why bilious juice a golden light puts on, 

And floods of chyle in silver currents run.” 

Oarth: Dispensary, i. 40. 

2. Fig.: Choleric in temper for the moment or 
permanently; passionate. 

bll'-I-ous-ness, s. [Eng. bilious; -ness.] The 
quality of being affected by bile. 

“ . . . cure costiveness, headache, and biliousness — 
Advt. in London Times , November 11, 1875. 

*bi-lirten, v. t. To deprive of by fraud. 

“Sulen adam bilirten of hise lif.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 816. 

bi-ll-rfi'-bine, bi-ll-rfi -bln, s. [From Lat. 
6 ilfs=bile \ruber =red ; and suff. -ine.) 

Chem.: Bilirubine, CmHisN^Oo, forms the chief 
part of the coloring matter of the bile. It is insol¬ 
uble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and 
ether, but readily soluble in chloroform and carbon 
disulphide. It dissolves in alkalies, forming an 
orange solution, which, on exposure to the air, 
turns green; on the addition of an acid it gives a 
green precipitate of biliverdine, C 10 H 20 N 2 O 5 , which 
crystallizes out of glacial acetic acid in green rhom¬ 
bic plates. 

bl-llt'-er-al, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, and 
fiferah's=pertaining to letters or writing; liter o=a 

letter.] 

Philol., <&c.: Consisting of two letters. 

“§155. Biliteral roots: From some appearances in the 
Hebrew language, it is probable that originally it con¬ 
tained a greater number of biliteral roots than at present.” 
— Moses Stuart: Hebrew Grammar (ed. 1838), p. 77. 

*bi-live, *bi-liven (pret. *bilef, *bilief), v. i. [A. 
S. belifan=to remain.] To remain. (Reliq. Antiq.) 
[Beleave.] 

*bi-live, *bi-leve, *bi-leave, s. [A. S. bigleofa 
=food; O. H. Ger. bilibi .] Living, sustenance. 
(Piers Plowman, bk. xix., 430.) (Stratmann.) 

*bl-llve, *bl-leve, *by-live, *blive, adv. [Be- 
live.] 

“ And down to Philoe’s house are come bilive.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I. v. 32. 

bi-ll-ver -dine, bi-ll-ver -din, s. [From Eng. 
bile, verd (ant), and suff. -me.] [Bilirubine.] 

bilk, *bi'-lakke, v. t. [From Moeso-Goth. bilai- 
kan— to mock, to deride ; prefix 6 i=Eng. prefix be, 
and laikan =to skip or leap for joy.] [Laik.] 

1. With a pen-son for the object: 

(1) To cheat a person, to “make a fool” of him 
by swindling him or in some similar way. 

“ They never bilk’d the poet of his pay.” 

Churchill: Independence. 

(2) To leave in the lurch, to abandon deceitfully. 
“ . . . an unknown country-girl was delivered of him 

under a tree, where she bilkt him; he was found by a sex¬ 
ton priest of the church.”— Spence: Transl. of the Sec. 
Hist, of the House of Medici (1686), p. 249. 

2. With a thing for the object: 

( 1 ) Of a debt: Fraudulently to evade payment of. 

“ He cannot drink five bottles, bilk the score, 

Then kill a constable, and drink five more.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

(2) Of hope: To disappoint. [See Bilked, 2 ex.] 
bilk, *bilke, s. [From bilk, v. (q. v.)] 

1. A cheat, a fraud, a swindle. 

“ A gallant bilk . . .” 

Halliwell {Contr. to Lexicog.): Ballad. 

2. Nothing. 

“ Tub. He will ha’ the last word, though he take bilke 
for it. 

Hugh. Bilke ! what’s that ? 

Tub. Why, nothing; a word signifying nothing, and 
borrowed here to express nothing.” 

Ben Jonson: Tale of a Tub, i. 1. 


486 

bilk ed, pa. par. & a. [Bilk, p.] Used — 

(1) Of a person cheated. 

"Bilk’d stationers for yeomen stood prepared.” 

Dry den. 

(2) Of hope: Disappointed. 

“ What comedy, what farce can more delight, 

Than grinning hunger, and the pleasing sight 
Of your bilk’d hopes ?” Dryden. 

bllk-Ing, pr. par. [Bilk, t\] 

bill (l), *bllle, *bylle, *bll, *bile, s. [A. S. bil, 
bill=(l) any instrument or weapon made of steel, 
as an ax, hoe, bill, falchion, sword; ( 2 ) a bill, 
beak, or nib of a bird, a proboscis, horn, fore-part 
of a ship (Bosworth). In O. S.=a sword ; Sw. bila= 
an ax, bill=& plowshare; Icel. bildr, bilda=an 
ax; Dut. bijl=an ax, hatchet, a bill; (N. H.) Ger. 
beil=an ax, a hatchet, a bill; M. H. Ger. bil, bile, 
bihel; O. H. Ger. bille, bial, bihel. Compare Sans. 
bhil=to split.] 

A. Of the forms bill, *bille, and *bile: 

1 . The beak of a bird, or other animal, consisting 
of two mandibles. 

(a) Of a bird: 

“. . . so that when they 

are ruffled or discomposed, 
the bird, with her bill, can 
easily preen them.”— Bay: 

Wisdom of God in Creation (ed. 

1717), p. 148. 

IT In the figure (a) is the Bill of a Bird, 
upper mandible, ( 6 ) the 

lower one, (c, d) the commissure formed by the 
meeting of the mandibles, (d) the tip, point, or 
apex of the bill, (a, e) the ridge (culmen) of the 
upper mandible, (/) a nostril, (b, g) the keel 
iaonyx) of the lower mandible ; (a, f, e, g, c), the 
fleshy sheath enveloping the base of the bill, is 
called a cere. 

(b) Of a species of turtle: 

“ . . . is the Hawk’s-6/71 Turtle ( Chelonia imbricata) 

. . . so called from the curved and pointed form of the 

upper jaw, which certainly presents no very distant 
resemblance to the hooked bill of a predaceous bird.”— 
Dallas: Nat. Hist., p. 409. 

(c) Of a cephalopod: More generally, however, 
this is called not the bill, but the beak. It is some¬ 
times found fossil. [Rhvncolite.] 

2. The front as opposed to the back ; or (adverbi¬ 
ally) in front, not in the rear. 

if Bok and bil: Back and front. 

“. . . and to hewe the Sarasyns bothe bok and bil: 
here herte blod mad they swete.”— Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herr- 
tage), 2,654. 

3. The “ boom ” or hollow booming noise made by 
the bittern. 

“The bittern’s hollow bill was heard.”— Wordsworth. 

B. Of the forms bill, *bil, and*bylle: This second 
use or the word is so rooted in the Teutonic lan¬ 
guages as compared with the limited extent that 
the signification A. obtains among them, that it 
may be the primary one. On the other hand, it is 
difficult to resist the belief that such an instrument 
as a pick-ax was imitated from a bird’s beak, in 
which case the relative arrangement of A. and B. 
would be as it is here made. 

1. Mechanics: 

(1) A pick-ax, a mattock. 

(2) The point of a hook. 

2. Military: 

(1) A species of halberd, consisting of a broad 
blade, with the cutting part hooked like a wood¬ 
man’s bill-hook, and with a spike both at the back 
and at the top. It was mounted on a staff about 
six feet long. It was known as a “ Black Bill ” 
from the color of the varnish used to protect it 
from rust, and was largely used by infantry soldiers. 
Out of a levy of 200 men, in 1584, for the Irish wars, 
one-fourtli were ordered to be furnished with “good 
Black Bills." The armament of the Mary Rose 
contained as many bills as arquebuses. They were 
afterward carried by sheriff’s officers attending 
execution, and finally by watchmen. Dr. Johnson 
states that as late as 1778 they were used by the 
watchmen of Litchfield. 

“ But France had no infantry that dared to face the 
English bows and bills.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

(2) A person whose weapon is a war-bill. 

“ Lo, with a band of bowmen and of pikes, 

Brown bills, and targiteers four hundred strong, 

I come.” Edward II. (O. PI.), ii. 366. 

3. Agric.: An iron instrument with an incurvated 
edge, and furnished with a handle. It is used by 
woodmen for the purpose of lopping trees ; plumb¬ 
ers and basket-makers also employ it in their 
respective vocations. When short it is called a 
hand-bill, and when long a hedge-bill. Both forms 
are sometimes termed wood-bills or forest-bills. 

“ Standing troops are servants armed, who use the lance 
and sword, as other servants do the sickle or the bill, at 
the command of those who entertain them.”— Temple. 


bill 

4. Naut.: The point on the end of the arm of an 
anchor beyond the fluke or palm; the pee. It is the 
first part to penetrate the ground, and is made 
slightly hooked. 

5. Shipwrighting: The end of a compass or knee 
timber. 

6. Her.: Stone-bill—A wedge. 

bill-boards, s. 

Shipbuilding: An iron-covered board or double 
planking, which projects from the side of the ship 
and serves to support the inner fluke of the anchor. 

bill-COCk, s. One of the English names for a 
bird—the Water-rail (Rallus aquaticus). 
bill-fish, 8. 

Ichthy.: A fish (Belone truncata) found along 
our eastern coast. 

bill-head, s. 

Her.: The head of a bill, whether a wood-bill or a 
war-bill. It is more frequently borne on a charge 
than the entire instrument. 

bill-hook, s. 

Aaric. Implem.: A thick, heavy knife with a 
hooked end, useful for chopping off small branches 
of trees or cutting apart entangled vines, roots, &c. 
When a short handle only is attached, this imple¬ 
ment is sometimes called a hand-bill. 

If A long-handled bill (a in the figure) is some¬ 
times called a scimiter; it has a handle about four 
feet long. 

A short-handled, light-tool bill (Bin the figure) is 
called a dress-hook, and is used for trimming off 
twigs, pruning or cutting back the smaller limbs to 





Bill-hooks. 

preserve the shape of a hedge, shrub, or orna¬ 
mental tree. 

Other forms of the implement are c and d. 

bill (2), s. A bull. 

“ As yeld’s the bill.” — Burns: Address to the Deil. 

bill (3), *bille, *bil, *byl, s. & a. [In Ger. bill= 
only a parliamentary bill, evidently borrowed from 
Eng. In Fr. and Port, bill; O. Fr. bille—a label, 
noting the value of anything; Low Lat. billa— a 
seal, stamp, edict, or roll. Some writers bring the 
Eng. bill from the Low Lat. billa. Littr 6 reverses the 
process, and derives Low Lat. billa, from Eng. bill; 
Prov. bulla, bolla=a round piece of metal marked 
with a seal; Ital. bolla— a seal, a stamp ; bolla=(l) 
a bubble, a blister, a pimple ; ( 2 ) a stamp, a seal, a 
Pope’s bull; Class. Lat. bulla=( 1 ) a bubble, ( 2 ) 
a boss, knob, or stud upon a door, girdle, &c.; (3) a 
boss worn upon the neck of free-born children.] 
[Billet, Bull (2), Bulletin.] 

A. As substantive: 

Ordinary Language: 

1. Originally: A sealed instrument. (Wedgwood.) 
A formal, solemn, and public document, presumably 
sealed; or, specially— 

(1) A document formally drawn out and presuma¬ 
bly sealed, in which complaint is made against a 
person in a law-court or elsewhere. (Law: Bill of 
Indictment.) 

“ As doth me right upon this pitous bill, 

In which I ’plaine upon Virginius. 

And if that he woll sayn it is not thus, 

I wol it prove, and finden good witnesse, 

That soth is that my bille wol expresse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,100-4. ( Richardson .) 

*(2) A petition. 

“ This bil putteth he fourth in ye pore beggar’s name." 
—Sir Thos. More: Works, p. 302. ( Richardson .) 

(3) A bond or contract under which one is obli¬ 
gated to pay a certain sum of money or other 
property. 

“So he [the unjust steward] called every one of his 
lord’s debtors unto him, and said unto the first. How 
much owest thou unto my lord ? And he said, An hundred 
measures of oil. And he said unto him, Take thy bill, 
and sit down quickly, and write fifty.”— Luke xvi. 5, 6 (see 
also ver. 7). 

(4) A Jewish letter of divorce. 

“. . . let him write her a bill of divorcement ...” 
— Deuteronomy xxiv. 1. 

*2. A small billet, written or printed, as, for 
instance, a fragment of paper, card, or other 
material, inscribed with a name, to be used as a 
lottery ticket. 

“. . . in writing of those billes or names for the 
lottery.”— Holland: Plutarch, p. 157. ( Richardson .) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute cub, cure, unite, cQr, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 
















bill 


487 


tillage 


3. A written or printed document issued for public 
information. 

(1) A printed broadsheet given away by hand or 
athxed to some public place, to serve for an adver¬ 
tisement. Now, the best-known form of such a 
document is a theatric play-bill. 

“ And in despair, their empty pit to fill, 

Set up some foreign monster in a bill.” 

Dryden. 

(2) A bill of fare: A written or printed paper, 
enumerating the several dishes at a dinner-table; 
or, in the case of hotels and public eating-houses, 
enumerating the prices of the several articles which 
may be ordered for meals. {Lit. <&fig.) 

“It may seem somewhat difficult to make out the bills 
of fare for some of the forementioned suppers.”— Arbuth- 
not. 

4. A weekly record of mortality. 

“Soliv’d our sires, ere doctors learn’d to kill, 

And multiply’d with theirs the weekly bill.” 

Dryden. 

5. A physician’s prescription. 

“ Like him that took the doctor’s bill, 

And swallow’d it instead o’ the pill.” 

Hudibras. 

6. An account specifying the items for which the 
debtor owes with the prices of each, and summing 
Up the whole. 


“ Anticipated rents and bills unpaid, 

Force many a shining youth into the shade.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 


7. A document for the transfer of money. 

[B. IV.] 

1 Bill of exchange: 

(1) Lit. [B. IV.] 


“All that a bill of exchange can do, is to direct to whom 
money, due or taken up upon credit in a foreign coun¬ 
try, shall be paid.”— Locke. 


(2) Fig.: Exchange of anxiety for composure 
through resting on the Divine promise. 

“The comfortable sentences are bills of exchange, upon 
the credit of which we lay our cares down, and receive 
provisions.”— Taylor. 


B. Technically: 

I. Law: In various senses, which will be under¬ 
stood from the details which follow. 

(1) Bill, chancery practice: A complaint in 
writing addressed to the chancellor, or judge sit¬ 
ting on the chancery side of the court, containing: 
the names of the parties of the suit, both complain¬ 
ant and defendant; a statement of the facts on 
which the complainant relies, and the allegations 
which he makes; with an averment that the acts 
complained of are contrary to equity, and a prayer 
for relief and proper process. Its office in a chan¬ 
cery suit, is the same as a declaration in an action 
at law or a libel in a court of admiralty. 

(2) Bill of Attainder: A bill declaring that the 
person named in it is attainted and his property 
confiscated. The constitution of the United States 
declares that no state shall pass any bill of 
attainder. 

(31 Bill of Conformity. [ Conformity.] 

(4) Bill of Exceptions: A bill of the nature of an 
appeal from a judge who is held to have misstated 
the law, whether by ignorance, by inadvertence, or 
by design. This the judge is bound to seal if he be 
requested by the counsel on either side so to do. 
The exceptions noted are reviewed by the court to 
which appeal is taken, and if the objections made 
to the rulings of the trial judge are well founded, 
the finding in the case is reversed, and usually the 
cause is remanded for a new trial. 

(5) Bill of Indictment: A written accusation made 
against one or more persons of having committed a 
specified crime or misdemeanor. It is preferred to 
and presented on oath by a grand jury. If the 
grand jury find the allegations unproved, they 
ignore the bill, giving as their verdict, “Not a true 
billif, on the contrary, they consider the indict¬ 
ment proved, their verdict is a “True bill.” 
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 23.) 

(6) Bill of Particulars: A paper stating in detail 
a plaintiff’s case, or the set-off on defendant’s side. 

(7) Bill of Costs: A statement of the items which 
form the total amount of the costs of a suit or 
action. This is demandable as a matter of right 
before the payment of the costs. 

(8) Bill of Rights. [II .Hist.'] 

II. Eng. History and Law. Bill of Rights: A bill 
which gave legal validity to the “claim of rights,” 
i. e., the declaration presented by the Lords and 
Commons to the Prince and Princess of Orange on 
the 13th February, 1688, and afterward enacted in 
Parliament when they became king and queen. It 
declared it illegal, without the sanction of Parlia¬ 
ment, to suspend or dispense with laws, to erect 
commission courts, to levy money for the use of the 
crown on pretense of prerogative, and to raise and 
maintain a standing army in the time of peace. It 
also declared that subjects have a right to petition 
the king, and, if Protestants, to carry arms for de¬ 


fense ; also that members of Parliament ought to 
be freely elected, and that their proceedings ought 
not to be impeached or questioned in any place out 
of Parliament. It further enacted that excessive 
bail ought not to be required, or excessive fines im¬ 
posed, or unusual punishment inflicted; that juries 
should be chosen without partiality ; that all grants 
and promises of fines or forfeitures before convic¬ 
tion are illegal; and that, for redress of grievances 
and preserving of the laws, Parliament ought to be 
held frequently. Finally, it provided for the set¬ 
tlement of the crown. 

In the United States, a bill of rights, or, as it is 
more commonly termed in this country, a declara¬ 
tion of rights, is prefixed to the constitutions of 
most of the states. 

III. Parliamentary Procedure and Law: An in¬ 
strument drawn or presented by a member or com¬ 
mittee to a legislative body for its approbation and 
enactment. After it has successfully passed both 
houses and received the constitutional sanction of 
the chief magistrate, where such approbation is 
requisite, it becomes a law. 

IV. Comm, and Law: A writing in which one man 
is bound to another to pay a sum of money on a 
future day or presently on demand, according to 
the agreement of the parties at the time when it is 
drawn ; and on which, in the event of failure, exe¬ 
cution may be summarily done to enforce payment. 

{l)Bank bill. [Bank-bill.] 

“ . . . on the forging, altering, or uttering as true 
when forged, of any bank-bills or notes, or other securi¬ 
ties.”— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 17. 

(2) Bill of Adventure: A writing signed by a mer¬ 
chant, in which ho states that certain goods shipped 
in his name really belong to another person, at 
whose risk the adventure is made. 

(3) Bill of Credit: 

(а) Among merchants: A letter sent by an agent 
or other person to a merchant, desiring him to give 
the bearer credit for goods or money. It is fre¬ 
quently given to one about to travel abroad, and 
empowers him to take up money from the foreign 
correspondents of the person from whom the bill or 
letter of credit was received. 

(б) Among governments: A paper issued by a 
government on its credit, and designed to circulate 
as money. 

“ . . . of bills of credit issued from the Exchequer.” 
— Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 17. 

1 By the amended constitution of the United 
States it is provided that no state shall issue bills 
of credit, 

(4) Bill of Entry: A written account of goods 
entered at the custom-house, whether imported or 
designed for exportation. 

(5) Bill of Exchange: A bill or security originally 
introduced for enabling a merchant in one country 
to remit money to a correspondent in the other. It 
is an open letter of request from one man to another 
desiring him to pay to a third party a specified sum 
and put it to the account of the first. If A in Lon¬ 
don owe $500 to B in New York, and C be about to 
travel from New York to London, then C may pay 
the $500 to B before departure, and carry a bill of 
exchange on A in London for the amount. If the 
last-named gentleman be honest, and if he be sol¬ 
vent, he will repay the money to C on reaching Lon¬ 
don, and G will have reaped an advantage in hav¬ 
ing the cash in the form of a bill, which it was safer 
for him to carry in this form on the passage than if 
he had had it in notes or gold. In such a transaction, 
B, the person who writes the bill of exchange, is 
called the drawer; A, to whom it is written, is 
termed up to the time that he accepts it, the drawee, 
and after he has done so the acceptor; and C, his 
order, or the bearer—in short, whoever is entitled to 
receive the money—the payee. The bill may be 
assigned to another by simple endorsement; the 
person who thus transfers it is named the endorser, 
and the one to whom it is assigned the endorsee or 
holder. Every one whose name is on the back of a 
bill is responsible if the person on whom payment 
should legitimately fall fail to meet his engage¬ 
ment. The first bills known in commerce were about 
A. D. 1328. Bills of exchange are also called drafts. 
Formerly it was deemed important to divide them 
into foreign, when they were drawn by a merchant 
residing abroad or his correspondent, and inland, 
when both the drawer and the drawee resided in 
the same country. Now, the distinction is little 
attended to, there being no legal difference between 
the two classes of bills. 

(6) Bill of Lading: A document by which the 
master of a ship acknowledges to have received on 
board his vessel, in good order and condition, certain 
specified goods consigned to him by some particular 
shipper, and binds himself to deliver them in simi¬ 
larly good order and condition—unless the dangers 
of the sea, fire, or enemies prevent him — to the 
assignees of the shipper at the point of destination, 
on their paying him the stipulated freight. Usually 
two or three copies of a bill of lading are made, 
worded thus: “One of which bills being accom¬ 


plished, the other stands void.” A bill of lading 
may be transferred by endorsation like a bill of 
exchange. 

(7) Bill of Parcels: An account given by a seller to 
a buyer, giving a list of the several articles which 
he has purchased and their prices. 

_ (8) Bill of Sale: A deed or writing, under seal, de¬ 
signed to furnish evidence of the sale of personal 
property. It is necessary to have such an instrument 
when the sale of property is not to be immediately 
followed by its transference to the purchaser. It is 
used in the transfer of property in ships, in that of 
stock in trade, or the good-will of a business. It is 
employed also in the sale of furniture, the removal of 
which from the house would call attention to the em¬ 
barrassed circumstances of its owner; hence the sta¬ 
tistics of the bills of sale act as an index to measure 
the amount of secret distress existing in times of 
commercial depression. In not a few cases bills of 
sale are used to defeat just claims against the nom¬ 
inal or real vendor of the goods transferred. 

(9) Bill of Sight: A form of entry at the custom¬ 
house by which one can land for inspection, in 

resence of the officers, such goods as he has not 
ad the opportunity of previously examining, and 
which, consequently, he cannot accurately describe. 

(10) Bill of Store: A license granted at the cus¬ 
tom-house to merchants to carry such stores as are 
necessary for a voyage, without paying customs 
duty upon them. ( Wharton.) 

V. Statistics. Bill of Mortality: A statistical 
report of the number of deaths within a certain 
locality in a year or other specified period of time. 
To make the figures as useful as possible for scien¬ 
tific purposes, the causes of death are now specified. 

VI. Nautical. Bill of Health: A certificate given' 
to the master of a ship clearing out of a port in 
which contagious disease is epidemic, or is sus¬ 
pected to be so, certifying to the state of health of 
the crew and passengers on board. 

bill-boards, s. The term used of large hoardings 
in the public streets on which theater bills and 
other advertisements are posted. 

bill-book, s. A book in which a merchant keepr 
an account of the notes, bills of exchange, &c., 
which he issues or receives in the course of business* 
bill-broker, s. A broker of bills; one who nego¬ 
tiates the discount of bills, 
bill-head, s. 

Printing: The printed or lithographed forms used 
by tradesmen and others at the head of their bills 
or memoranda, 
bill-holder, s. 

1. A person who holds a bill. 

2. An instrument by means of which bills, memo¬ 
randa, or other slips of paper are secured from 
being lost, and retained in order. There are various 
forms of it. The bills or other papers may be put 
between an upper and a lower plate of metal, which 
can be kept to the requisite degree of tightness by 
screws; or there may be a spring clasp, or a wire on 
which the bills are impaled. 

bills payable, s. Engagements which a mer¬ 
chant has entered into in writing, and which he is 
to pay on their becoming due. 

bills receivable, s. Bills and other securities 
which a merchant holds, and which are payable to 
him. 

bill-sticker, s. One whose occupation is to stick 
up bills on walls, hoardings, &c., for advertising 

purposes. 

bill (1) , v. i. [From bill, s. (1) , in the sense of the 
beak of a bird. Referring to the practice of doves 
to manifest affection for each other by placing their 
bills in conjunction.] To caress, to fondle, to show 
special affection for. 

(1) Of doves: 

“Doves, they say, will bill, after their pecking and 
their murmuring.”— Ben Jonson: Catiline. 

(2) Of human beings: 

“Still amorous, and fond, and billing, 

Like Philip and Mary on a shilling.” 

Hudibras, 

fbill (2), v. t. [From Bill (3), s.] 

*1. To register, to record. (Scotch.) 

“ In Booke of Lyfe, there shall 
I see me billed.” 

Author’s Meditation in Forbes’ Eubulus, p. 166. 

*2. To give a legal information against; to indict. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . and thai bill the personis offendouris in that 
behalf aganis the treateis,” Ac.— Acts James VI., 1587 (ed. 
1814), p. 465. 

3. To advertise by means of bills; (of a building) 
to cover with advertising bills. 

“His masterpiece was a composition that he billed 
about, under the name of a sovereign antidote.”— L’Est. 

bll'-lage (age as ig), s. [Bilge.] The same at 
Bilge, v. (Naut.) (q. v.). 


btfil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, ag; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
_ -tian = shg,n. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del 



billard 


488 


billowy 


bll'-lard, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

1. A bastard or imperfect capon. 

2. A fish akiu to the cod. 


bll-lar'-dl-e-rg,, s. [Named after Jacques Julien 
LaHillardiiiro, a French botanist.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Pittosporacese (Pittosporads). The English name 
•of the genus is Apple-berry (q. v.). 

billed, a. [Bill.] Having a bill. Generally in 
composition, as short-billed, tooth-billed, &c. 

*bH’-ler§, *bll-liire, tbil-der§, s. [Etym. doubt¬ 
ful. Probably bilders is the oldest form.] A plant 
not yet properly identified. It is called also bell- 
ragges (q. v.). T. Cooper (ed. of Elyots, A. D. 1559) 
says that some name it Yellow Watercress. The 
name Bilders is still applied to Helosciadium nodi- 
fiorum, which, however, is white instead of yellow. 
{Britten and Holland.) 

bll'-let (1), *byl-et, s. [In Sw.biljett; Dut. bil- 
jet; Sp. boletta; Port, bilhete: Ital. bulletta; Dan., 
Ger., & Fr. billet, dimin. of 0. & Norm. Fr. bille.) 
[Bill, Bullet.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. A small paper, a note. 

“This billet was intercepted in its way to the post, and 
sent up to Whitehall.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

2. A ticket, directing soldiers at what house they 
are to lodge; also the soldiers’ quarters in the 
house. 

U In the proverb “ Every bul¬ 
let has its billet ,” the sense of 
billot=appointed end and desti¬ 
nation, probably comes from A. 2. 

B. Heraldry: 

1. A small oblong figure, gen¬ 
erally supposed to represent a 
sheet of paper folded in the form 
of a letter. Its proportion is 
two squares. ( (floss. of Her.) 

2. A staff as a billet, raguled 
and tricked, meaning a ragged 
staff in pale. (Gloss, of Her.) 

billet-doux, s. [Fr.; from billet, and doux= 
sweet . . . soft.] Love-letter. 

][ In the subjoined examples observe the differ¬ 
ent words with which Pope makes billet-doux rhyme 
in the singular and in the plural. 

“’Twas then, Belinda, if report say true, 

Thy eyes first open’d on a billet-doux.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, i. 117-18. 

“Here files of pins extend their shining rows, 

Huffs, powders, patches, Bibles, billet-doux.” 

Ibid., 137-8. 

billet-note, s. A folded writing paper six by 
eight inches. 

bll'-let, *byl-et, s. [From Fr. billette=a fagot of 
wood cut and dry for firing; billet= a block, a clog; 
Prov. bilho. Billot is dimin. of Fr. bille, ... a 
piece of wood.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. A small log or fagot of wood for firing. 

“Their billet at the fire was found.”— Prior. 

2. A bar, or wedge, or ingot of gold, or anything 
similar. 



B. Technically: 

1. Arch. [Billet-molding.] 

2. Saddlery: 

(1) A strap which enters a buckle. 

(2) A pocket or loop which receives the end of a 
buckled strap. 

billet-head, s. 

Naut.: A piece of wood at the bow of a whale¬ 
boat around which the harpoon-line runs ; a logger- 
head. 

billet-molding, s. 

Arch.: An ornament used in string courses and 
the archivolts of windows and doors. It consists 
'of cylindrical 
blocks with in¬ 
tervals, the 
blocks lying 
lengthwise on the 
cornice,_ some¬ 
times in two 
rows, breaking 
joints. (Knight.) 

bll’-let, v. t. 

From Billet (1), v. 

I. Military: 

1. To direct a soldier by a billet, note, or ticket 
where he is to lodge. 

“ Retire thee ; go where thou art billeted: 

Away, I say.” * Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 3. 

2. To quarter soldiers upon householders or 
-others. 



Billet-molding. 

(q- v.)] 


“The counties throughout the kingdom were so in¬ 
censed, and their affections poisoned, that they refused 
to suffer the soldiers to be billeted upon them.”— Claren¬ 
don. 


II. Fig. (of people in general) : To send to 
quarters or temporary residence in any place, 
bil’-let-ed, pa. par. & a. [Billet, v.) 

billeted-cable, s. 

Arch.: Cabled molding with cinctures. 
bll-let-Ing, s. [Billet, v .] The act or opera¬ 
tion of directing a soldier where to lodge, or 
quartering him on a specified house. 

billeting-roll, s. A set of rollers for reducing 
iron to shape, to merchantable bar. 

bll-letsf, s. pi. [Etym. doubtful.] One of the 
English names for the Coal-fish, Merlangus carbon- 
arius. 

bll-let-ty, bll-let-e, a. [Fr. billets .] 

Her.: S6me of billots. 

Billetty counter billetty: Barry and paly, the divis¬ 
ions’ of the former being as wide again as those of 
the latter. 

*blir-iard (pron. bil -yard) (pi. bill’-iard§, 
*bal-liard§), s. & a. [In Sw. biljard, biljardspel 
(s. pi.); Dan. billiardspil (s. pi.); Dut. biljartspel 
(s. pi.); Ger. billard, billardspiel; Port, bilhard; 
Ital. bigliardo; Fr. £>iZtard=brlliards ; Burgundian 
billard=a cripple, because he walks with a crutch, 
also called billard. From Fr. bille= a piece of wood, 
which the billiard-cue is.] (LittrS, &c.) 

A. -4s substantive: 

*1. Sing, (of the form billiard): The same as plural 
Billiards (q. v.). 

“With aching heart, and discontented looks, 
Returns at noon to billiard or to books.” 

Coicper: Retirement. 

2. Plur. (of the forms billiards, halliards): A 
game of skill, said to have been invented in 1371 by 
Henriquo Devigne, a French artist, though claims 
have been put forth on behalf of Italy rather than 
France. It is played on a level and smooth rect¬ 
angular table with ivory balls, which are driven by 
a tapering stick called the cue, according to the 
rules established for the particular game played. 
(For these games, and the terms used in describing 
them, see Bricole, Carambole, Hazards, Pool, 
Pyramids, Winning-game, Losing-game, and 
Four-game.) 

“With dice, with cards, with halliards farre unfit.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd's. Tale. 
“Let it alone; let’s to billiards.” — Shakesp.: Antony and 
Cleopatra, ii. 5. 

B. As adjective (of the form billiard): Of or per¬ 
taining to billiards, or in any way connected with 
billiards. 

billiard-ball, s. An ivory ball, to be pushed 
along in the game of billiards. 

“Even nose, and cheek withal 
Smooth as is the billiard-ball.” 

Ben Jonson. 

billiard-cloth, s. The fine green cloth covering 
a billiard-table. 

billiard-cue, s. A cue or stick, diminishing 
gradually to a point of half an inch or less in diam¬ 
eter, with which billiard-balls are pushed along the 
table. 

billiard-mace, s. A long straight stick with a 
head at the point, formerly used for playing bill¬ 
iards. 

billiard-marker, s. 

1. A person, generally a boy or young man, who 
marks the points and games at billiards. 

2. A counting apparatus for automatically regis¬ 
tering these. 

fbilliard-stick, s. The stick, whether mace or 
cue, with which billiards are played. 

“ When the ball obeys the stroke of a billiard-stick, it is 
not any action of the ball, but bare passion.”— Locke. 

billiard-table, s. An oblong table on which bill¬ 
iards are played. In European countries, until a 
very recent date it was generally about twelve feet 
long and six foetwide, covered with fine green cloth, 
surrounded with cushions, and containing six holes 
or “pockets.” In America, the standard billiard 
tables are smaller, have no pockets, and the game 
has become a much more scientific performance, 
depending for its successful issue solely upon the 
players’ knowledge of the laws of reflected motion 
and angles of incidence and reflection. The legiti¬ 
mate game is what is termed the 11-inch balk-line 
game. 

“ Some are forced to bound or fly upward, almost like 
ivory balls meeting on a billiard-table.” — Boyle. 

IT Other obvious compounds with the basic word 
billiard: Billiard-room, billiard-player, &c. 
bll-llng, pr. par., a., & s. [Bill, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“The strong pounc’d eagle, and the billing dove.” 

Dryden. 


C. As substantive: 

1. The act of joining bills as doves do in token of 
affection. 

2. The act of caressing or fondling. 

“I never much valued your billings and cooings.”— 
Leigh Hunt. 

BH’-lIng§-gate, *Bll-ing§-gate, s. & a. [Said 
to have been so called from Belinus Magnus, a 
somewhat mythic British prince, father of King 
Lud, about B. C. 400. More probably from some 
unknown person called Billing.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Topog. <& Ord. Lang.: The celebrated London 
fish-market existent at least as early as A. D. 979, 
made a free market in 1699, extended in 1849, rebuilt 
in 1852, and finally exposed to the rivalry of another 
market begun 1874, completed 1876. (Haydn: Diet. 
Dates.) 

2. Foul abusive language, such as is popularly 
supposed to be mutually employed by fish-wives 
who are unable to come to an amicable understand¬ 
ing as to the proper price of the fish about which 
they are negotiating. Billingsgate is used as a syn¬ 
onym of coarse, vulgar abuse. 

(a) In a quarrel about fish. 

“ Much billingsgate was exchanged between the boats 
[of the trawlers and those who objected to trawling], but 
there was no actual violence.”— Scotsman. 

(b) Fish not being the subject of contention. 

“Let Bawdry, Billingsgate, my daughters dear, 

Support his front, and oaths bring up the rear.” 

Pope: Bunciad, i. 307-8. 

B. As adjective: Characteristic of Billingsgate. 

“ . . . but that Rome, Venice, Haris, and all very 
large cities have their Billingsgate language.”— Fuller: 
Worthies, pt. ii., p. 197. 

*I)ir-ling§-ga-try, s. [Eng. Billingsgat(e); -ry .] 
Abusive language. [Billingsgate.] 

“After a great deal of Billingsgatry against poets.”— 
Remarks upon Remarques (1073), p. 56. (J. H. in Boucher.) 

blll-i-on, s. [In Dut. biljoen; Ger. & Fr. billion: 
Port, bilhao. From Lat. prefix bi = two, and 
(mi)lUon. Trillion is on the same model.] In 
English notation a million times a million, and 
in England it is written 1,000,000,000,000, i. e., with 
twice as many ciphers as a million has. In this 
country and in France the notation is different, the 
word billion signifying only one thousand million, 
written 1000,000,000. 

*bH'-lIt, a. [From A. S. hil, bill =any instrument 
or weapon made of steel.] Shod with iron. ( Budd .) 
(Scotch.) 

“With the wele stetit and braid billit ax.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 388, 1. (Jamieson.) 

bill -man, *bH’-man, s. [Eng. bill (1); and 
man.] A man furnished with, or armed with, or 
who is in the habit of using, a “bill.” 

“Advancing from the wood are seen, 

To back and guard the archer baud 
Lord Dacre’s billmen were at hand.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 14. 

bll’-lon, s. [Fr. billon=(l) copper coin, (2) 
debased coin.] 

Numis.: A German coin-alloy of copper and 
silver, the former predominating. 

bll'-lot, s. [Fr. billot=(T) a block, (2) a clog; 
Prov. bilho.) [Billet.] Gold or silver in the bar 
or mass. 

bll’-low, *bil’-lowe, s. [In Icel. bylgjct; Sw. 
bolja; Dan, bOlge; Low Ger. bulge', (M. H.) Ger. 
bulge. Cognate with Eng. bulge (q. v.).] A great 
swelling or crested wave of the sea or large lake, or 
less accurately of a river. 

“Are vain as billows in a tossing sea.” 

. Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. it. 

billow-beaten, a. [Eng. (1) billmo, and (2) 
beaten .] Beaten by the billows. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ . . . the billow-beaten fate 
Of towering statists.” 

Jordan: Divinity and Morality in Poetry, 3, b. 

bll'-low, v. i. [From billow, s. (q. v.)] To swell 
into surges; to surge; to become hollow and 
crested. (Johnson.) 

tbll’-lowed, a. [Eng. billow; -ed.) Swelled like 
a billow. 

bll’-low-Ing, pr.par. & a. [Billow.] 

“The billowing snow, . . — Prior 

bll'-low-y, *bH'-low-Ie, a. [Eng. billow; -y.] 

1. Of the sea: Swelling into billows. 

“ . . . Pontus, the barren, and billowy sea.”— Grote: 
Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i. 

2. Of foam: Tossed from the surface of billows. 

“Descends the billowy foam, . . .” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring, 879. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 












binary 


Billy 

3. Of the roar or murmur of the sea: Produced by 
the billows. 

“But tliou art swelling on, tliou deep! 

Through many an olden clime, 

Thy billowy anthem ne’er to sleep 
Until the close of time.” 

Hemans: The Sound of the Sea. 

4. Of a grave: Among the billows. 

“ But just escaped from shipwreck’s billowy grave, 
Trembles to hear its horrors named again.” 

Hemans: Sonnet, 80. 

IT The expression now common is a watery grave. 
Bil'-ly (1), s. [Dimin. of jBi’ZZ=William. Such a 
name might be expected to be given to a bird, as 
Robin Redbreast, Tow-tit, &c.] 
billy-biter, s. A name for a bird, the Blue Tit 
(Parus cceruleus). [Bltjb Tit.] 
billy-button, s. 

Port.: The double-flowered variety of Saxifraga 
granulata. 

II Other plants are also locally designated by the 
same name. 

billy whitethroat, s. A name for a bird, the 
Garden Warbler or Pettychaps ( Sylvia hortensis ). 

bil'-ly (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Compare Fr. 
bille — . . . a packer’s stick, ... a rolling- 
pin.] 

1 . A policeman’s baton. 

2. Wool manufacture: A slubbing-machine in 
which the partia 11 y-compacted slivers of wool, in 
the condition of cardings or rolls, are joined end to 
end and receive a slight twist—the preliminary 
operation in wool-spinning. [ Slubbing-hachine. ] 

billygate, s. 

Wool manufacture: The moving carriage in a 
slubb ing-machine. 

bil ly- cock, s. [Apparently from billy, dimin. 
of bill— William, &c.; cock , but why so called is not 
obvious.] 

billycock bat, s. A vulgar term for the kind of 
felt hat technically called a deer-stalker. Another 
vulgar name for it jis a pot-hat. It is stiff in text¬ 
ure, and not to be confounded with the soft felt 
hats technically named Kossuths, &c. 

*bil -man, s. [Billman.] 

|bl -lo b-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 i=two, and 
Gr. lobos= (1) the lobe or lower part of the ear, (2) 
the iobe of the liver, (3) a legume. (Lobe.) In Fr. 
bilobtt.] Two-lobed; partly, but not completely, 
divided into two segments. Bilobecl is the more 
common word for the same thing. 

bi'-lobed, a . [From Lat. prefix bi, Gr. lobos 
(Bilobate), and suff. -ecZ.] Bilobate (q. v.). 
*bI'-l 0 C, pa. par. [Biluken.] Surrounded. 

“He biloc hem and smette among.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,684. 

bl-loc'-b-lar, a. [In Fr. biloculaire. From Lat. 
prefix 6 i=two, and loculus= a little place; a coffin, 
a bier, also a compartment; a small receptacle 
with compartments; dimin. of locus= a place.] 

Bot.: Having two cells or compartments. (Spe¬ 
cially used of the interior of ovaries and ripe peri¬ 
carps.) 

bl-loc-tt-ll'-na, s. [From Lat. prefix 6 <=two, and 
loculi .] [Bilocular.] D’Orbigny’s name for a 
genus of Foraminifera. 

*bl-16'-ken (pa. par. beloked), v.t. [From A. S. 
gelocian— behold, see.] To look about. ( Ormulum , 
2,917.) 

*bi-lon g, prep. [Eng. prefix bi, and Zon.gr.] 
Alongside of. 

“ The reching wurth on God bilong.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,058. 

*bi-l 0 Ved, pa. par. or a. [The same as Beloved 
(q. v.).] ( Chaucer: C. T., 1,429.) 

*bi-lfi’-ken, pa. par. [A. S. belucan (pret .beleac, 
pa. par. belocen—to lock up, to inclose, to shut up.] 
Inclosed; shut up. [Belock, Biloc.] 

“ A1 is biluken in Godes hand.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 104. 

*bi-lum-pen, pa. par. [Bilimpen.] 

bil’-wa, bale, s. The name given in the Mahratta 
country, and some other parts of India, to a tree of 
the Orange family—the Bengal Quince {CEgle Mar- 
melos), a thorny tree with ternate leaves and a 
smooth yellow fruit with a hard rind. [CEgle, 
Quince.] 

bl-mac’-\i-l3,te, bi-mac-u-la-ted, a. [From 
Lat. prefix bi = two, and maculatus, pa. par. of 
maculo, to make spotted; macula, a spot, suff. -ed; 
in Fr. bimacule.\ 

Biol.: Having two spots. 

*bi-ma'-len, v. t. [From A. S. prefix bi, and mal 
= a spot, a mole.] To spot. {Piers Plowman, B. 
xiv. 4.) 

bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chori 
-cian, -tiau = shan. -tion, -siou = shil 


489 

bl-ma'-na, s. pi. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, and 
manus= a hand.] 

Zobl.: Cuvier’s name for the first and highest 
order of Mammalia. Its characteristic is that the 
two anterior extremities are formed into hands, 
while the two hinder ones are real feet. This dif¬ 
ference does not obtain even in the highest member 
of the Monkey or Quadrumanous order. Cuvier 
includes under the Bimana only a single genus— 
Homo, or Man. 

tbi -mane, a. [Fr. bimane. From Lat. prefix 
bi— two, and manus= a hand.] Having two hands. 

bi -ma-nous, a. [Lat. th=doubly, and manus— 
a hand.] Two-handed. 

bi-man -tl-al, a. [Lat. M=two; ma«M(s)=hcnd; 
-aZ.] Utilizing both hands. 

bi-mar -gin-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, 
and marginatus, pa. par. of margino=to furnish 
with a margin or border; margo, genit. marginis— 
an edge, a border, margin. In Fr. bimargink .] 

Biol.: Double-bordered. 

*bl-mat'-ter, s. [O. Eng. Z>i=by and by, and 
matter .] Unimportant matters. 

*bi-ma'ze, *bi-ma’-sen, v. t. [The same as 
Bemaze (q. v.).] {ChesterMysteries.) {Stratmann.) 

bi-me -di-al, a. [In Ger. bimedial. From Lat. 
prefix bi= two, and medius =middle.] 

Geom.: Made up of the sum of two medial lines. 
Bimedial line, First Bimedial Line: A line pro¬ 
duced by adding together two medial lines, com¬ 
mensurable only in power; it is incommensurable 
with either of these taken singly. Thus, if two 
straight liues, a and V 2 a 2 , stand to each other the 
one as a side and the other as a diagonal of the 
same square, they are incommensurable, though a 2 
and 2a 2 are not. Their sum (the bimedial line) is 
a + v' 2 a 2 , which is incommensurable with both a 
and v’ 2 a 2 . 

*bi-mer-den, v. t. [In Ger. bemelden. ] To de¬ 
nounce. {Wright: Anecdota Liter aria.) {Strat- 
mann.) 

tbl-mem’-bral, a. [From Lat. Zn=two, mem- 
6 rwm=members, and Eng. suffix -aZ.] Having two 
members. (Used chiefly of sentences.) 

*bi-mene, *by mene (pret. v biment, *bimente), 
v. t. [A. S. bemcenan (pret. bimeende) =to bemoan.] 
[Bemoan.] 

1. To bemoan, to weep for, to wail for. 

2. RefleXxvely: To make one’s complaint; to com¬ 
plain. 

*bi-men-ing, pr.par. [Bimene.] 
tbl-men'-sal, a. [Lat. prefix Z>Z=two, and men- 
sis, a month.] Occurring once in two months. 
[Bimonthly.] 

tbi-mest'-rx-al, a. [From Lat. bimestri{s), and 
Eng. suffix-aZ. In Fr., Sp., Port., & Ital. bimes- 
tre.] Continuing for two months. 

bl-me-tal'-lxc, a. 

1. Pertaining to, or consisting of, two metals. 

2. Pertaining to the use of two metals, usually 
gold and silver, as standards of monetary value. 

bl-met -al-lism, s. The use of a double mone¬ 
tary standard of value, usually of gold and silver. 
Bimetallists maintain that unsatisfactory con¬ 
ditions of the productive industries of the country 
are principally due to “ the appreciation of gold 
and a corresponding fall in the prices of commod¬ 
ities produced by the people,” and that the best 
and most effective remedy is to be secured by the 
free coinage of both gold and silver at a fixed 
ratio between the two metals. The platform of the 
Democratic party of the United States, adopted at 
Chicago, July 9, 1896, demanded “ the free and un¬ 
limited coinage of both silver and gold, at the pres¬ 
ent legal ratio of 16 to 1 , without waiting for the aid 
or consent of any other nation,” and that “the 
standard silver dollar shall be a full legal tender for 
all debts, public and private,” and favored “such 
legislation as will prevent for the future the de¬ 
monetization of any kind of legal tender money 
by private contract.” 

bl-met’-al-list, s. One who advocates the use 
of a double monetary standard of value, 
bim -mblle, «. [Ital.] 

Music: A flat, \>. [Bemol.] 

foi'-month-ly, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and Eng. 
monthly.] Happening, leaving, starting, &c., once 
in two months; as,, a bimonthly mail, a mail which 
is dispatched once in two months. [Bimensal.] 
bl-mus'-cu-lar, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 Z=two, 
and Eng. muscular = pertaining to the muscles.] 
[Muscle.] 

Conchol.: Having two muscles, and consequently 
two muscular impressions on the shell. {Kirby.) 

1. Been. "{ Palliwell: Torrent of Portugal.) 

2. Are. 

“ If thou hast formed right true vertues face herein, 
Vertue her selfe can best discerne to whom they 
written bin.” Spenser: Verses. 

is, § 11111 , benQh; go, gem; thin, this; 

n; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


3. Were. {Nares.) 

4. Is. 

H It occurs in this sense in some editions of 
Shakespeare, but in a song which he may have 
intended to be archaic. 


“With every thing that pretty bin.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. S. 

In the Globe edition of Shakespeare bin is altered 
to is in this quotation. 

bin, s. [A. S. bin, binne = a manger, crib, bin, 
hutch, or trough. In Dan. bing; Dut. ben —a. bas¬ 
ket, a hamper; Lat. benna (originally a Gael, word) 
= a kind of carriage ; Wei. ben, men= awain,ac,art.J 
A box, or other inclosed place, where corn, bread, 
wine, or anything similar is kept. Hence such 
compounds as corn-bin, coal-bin, &c. 

“The most convenient way of picking hops is into a 
long, square frame of wood called a bin.” — Mortimer. 

bin, interj. [Variation of ban, v., in the sense of 
curse, anathema upon.] A curse, an imprecation. 
{Jamieson.) 

“ Bin thae biting clegs.”— Jamieson. 

bi-na’, vi-na', s. [In Hindust. bin; Hindi, bina' 
Mahratta, vina.] An Indian guitar, with a long 
finger-board, and a gourd attached to each end. 
Seven strings or wires wound round pegs in the 
usual way are attached to the finger-board—four on 
the surface and three, at the sides. The instrument 
has about twenty frets. In the performance, one 
gourd is rested on the left shoulder and the other 
on the right hip. {Stainer & Barrett.) 

fbin-a-cle, s. [Binnacle.] 

tbi -nal, a. [From Lat. bin{i)= two, and Eng. 
suff. -al.] [Binary.] Double, twofold. 

“ Binal revenge all this.” 

Ford: Witch of Edmonton, iii. 2. ( Richardson .) 

*bi-nam, pret. ofv. [Benim, Binimen.] 

*bi’-uame, s. [Byname.] {Chaucer: Boeth. 
2,333.) 

bl'-nar-y, *bi'-nar-ie, a.&s. [In Fr. binaire; 
Sp., Port., & Ital. binario. From Lat. binarius— 
consisting of two; 6 im=two by two, two apiece; 
from bi, with the distributive term nus.~\ 

A. As adj. : Consisting of two, double, dual. 

*B. Assubst.: That which constitutes two. 

“To make two or a binary, which is the first number, 
add but one unto one.” — Fotherby: Atheomastix, p. 307. 

*J Binary was of old used as an antithesis to 
unity; now in such a case duality is the word 
employed. 

“In nature are two supreme principles, 

As, namely, unity and binary.” 

Davies: Wittes Pilgrimage, G. 4, b. 

Binary arithmetic: A method of notation in¬ 
vented by Leibnitz, but which appears to have been 
in use in China about 4,000 years ago. As the term 
binary implies, there are only two characters in 
this notation ; these are 1 and 0 . By it, our 1 is noted 
by 1, our 2 by 10, 3 by 11, 4 by 100, 5 by 101, 6 by 110, 7 
by 111, 8 by 1000 , 9 by 1001, 10 by 1010, &c. The prin¬ 
ciple is thatO multiplies by 2 in place of by 10 , as on 
the common system. Some properties of numbers 
may be more simply presented on this plan than on 
the common one; but the number of places of 
figures required to express a sum of any magnitude 
is a fatal objection to its use. Indeed, Leibnitz 
himself did not recommend it for practical adop¬ 
tion. 

Binary compound: 

Chem.: A compound of two elements, or of an 
element and a compound performing the function 
of an element, or of two compounds performing 
the functions of elements. 


“Among the secondary organic products of the vege- 
table class, we meet a few instances of binary compounds 
of simple elements .”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
Yol. I. (Introd.), p. 8. 


Binary engine: Usually an engine having on© 
cylinder, the piston being impelled by steam, 
which, having done its work there, is exhausted 
into another part of the apparatus, where it is 
allowed to communicate its unutilized heat to some 
liquid volatile at a lower temperature ;. the vapor 
of this second liquid, by its expansion in a second 
cylinder, yields additional useful force. Ether, 
chloroform, and bisulphide of carbon, have all been 
tried. {Knight.) 

Binary form: 

Music: The form of a movement which is founded 
on two principal themes or subjects. [Sonata 
Form.] {Stainer & Barrett.) 

Binary logarithms: A system of logarithms de¬ 
vised by Euler for facilitating musical calculations. 
Instead of having, like the common system of 
logarithms, 1 as the logarithm of 10, and 43,429,448 
as the modulus, it bad 1 as the logarithm of 2, and 
the modulus 1,442,695. 

Binary measure: Common time, that is, in which 
the time of rising is equal to that of falling. [Tonic 
Sol-fa.] 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 

-sious - shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = b§l, deU 




binate 


490 


bind-rail 


Binary number: A number composed of two units. 

Binary scale : 

Arith.: A uniform scale of notation, the ratio of 
which is two. 

Binary star: A star which, closely examined by 
the telescope, is found to consist of two stars revolv¬ 
ing around their common center of gravity. In 
some cases they are colored differently from each 
other. In 1803 Sir William Herschel discovered 
that Gamma Leonis, Epsilon Bootis, Zeta Herculis, 
Delta Serpentis, and Gamma Virginis are revolving 
double stars, and others, including Castor, have 
since been added to the list, a large proportion of 
the later discoveries having been made by Mr. D. S. 
Burnham of Chicago. This well known authority 
is now connected with the observatory of the North 
Western University. The period of revolution in 
various cases has been determined. It is found to 
vary from 43 to more than 1,200 years. 

Binary system: 

Zodl., die.: A system of classification by which 
each sub-kingdom, class, order, &c., is perpetually 
divided into two, the one with a positive and the 
other with a negative character, till genera are 
reached. For instance, on this system, the animal 
sub-kingdom is divided into Vertebrata and Inver- 
tebrata, that is, animals which have, and animals 
which have not, vetebrae. The first is a natural 
combination; the second is not so, for several of its 
more or less subordinate sections, such as Articu- 
lata, Mollusca, &c., are as distinct from each other 
as the Vertebrata are from the Invertebrata in gen¬ 
eral. The Rev. Prof. Fleming was the great advocate 
of the Binary or Dichotomous system, which he 
carried out in his “ Philosophy of Zoology ” and his 
“ British Animals,” while Swainson, one of the 
great apostles of the rival Quinary system, was its 
determined foe. 

“Binary or dichotomous systems, although regulated 
by a principle, are among the most artificial arrange¬ 
ments that have been ever invented.”— Swainson. Geog. 
Class, of Animals, § 250. 

Binary theory: 

Chem.: A hypothesis proposed by Davy to reduce 
the haloid salts (as NaCl) and the oxygen salts (as 
NaNC> 3 ) to the same type, the monad Cl' being 
replaced by the monad radical containing oxygen 
(NO 3 )'. Acids are hydrogen salts, as HCl,or HfNOg)'. 
A radical is only part of a molecule which can unite 
with or replace an element or another radical, 
atomicity for atomicity. Thus the dyad radical 
(SO 4 )'' can replace two monad radicals, (NOal 'o, as 
in the equation Pb'(NOaU + Mg' fSOi) 1 ' = Pb” 
(SO 4 )” + Mg "(N 03 ) ' 2 . A radical cannot exist in a 
separate state. [See Radical.] 

bl’-nate, a. [From Lat. bini= two by two, and 
Eng. suff. -ate.'] 

Bot.: Growing two together. Having two leaflets 
growing from the same point 
at the apex of the common 
petiole. The same as bifolio- 
late. 

bind, *bynde, *bin-den, 

*byn'-d^n (pret. bound, 

*bownd, *bond; pa. par. 
bound, bounden, *bownd, 

*bond) ,v.t.&i. [A. S. bindan, 
pret. band, bunde, pa. par. 
bunden=(l) to bind, tie, capt¬ 
ure, ( 2 ) to pretend; gebindan 
(same meaning); Sw. & Icel. 
binda; Dan. bincle; Dut. bin- 
den, inbinden, verbinden; 

Ger. binden; Goth, bindan, 
gabindan; Pers. bandan, ban- 
didan=to bind, to shut; Hin- 
dust. bdndhna = to bind; 

Mahratta bandhane; Sansc. 
bandh.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To tie or fasten artificially. 

(1) To tie a person or thing by means of cords, 
ropes, chains, or anything similar. In the case of 
persons this may be to prevent one from becoming 
free; to bandage a bleeding wound; to serve for 
utility or ornament, or for any other purpose. 

“ . . . binding and delivering into prisons both men 
and women.”— Acts xxii. 4. 

“ Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in 
bundles to burn them.”— Matthew xiii. 30. 

“ Thou shalt bind this line of scarlet thread in the win¬ 
dow, which thou didst let us down by.”— Joshua ii. 18. 

(2) To keep in shape and strengthen by means of 
an artificial band or border, boards, backs, or any¬ 
thing similar. Used — 

(a) Of the border sewed on a carpet, or anything 
Bimilar. 

161 Of the fastening a wheel by means of a line. 

(c) Of the stitching, pressing, and cutting a book, 
and of placing covers upon it. [Bookbinding.] 

“ Was ever book, containing such vile matter, 

So fairly bound?’’ 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 2. 



Binate Leaf. 


(b) By the lower propensities of one’s nature. 

“ If still thou dost retain 
The same ill habits, the same follies too, 

Still thou art bound to vice, and still a 6lave.” 

Dryden. 

( 8 ) To bind up : 

(i.) Lit.: To tie up with bandages or anything 
similar. Used— 

(a) Of a wound tied up with bandages. 

”, . . and when he saw him, he had compassion on 
him, and went to him, and bound up his wounds.”— Luke 
x. 33, 34. 

(b) Of anything else. 

“Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my dis¬ 
ciples.”— Isaiah viii. 16. 

(ii.) Fig.: To confine, to restrain. 

“ . . . yet it is not the only cause that binds up the 
understanding, and confines it for the time to one object, 
from which it will not be taken off.”— Locke. 

TT(o) Crabb thus distinguishes the verbs to bind 
and to tie: “ Binding is performed by circumvo¬ 
lution round a body; tying, by involution within 
itself. Some bodies are bound without being tied; 
others are tied without being bound; a wounded leg 
is bound but not tied; a string is tied but not 
bound; a riband may sometimes be bound round 
the head, and tied under the chin. Binding , there¬ 
fore, serves to keep several things in a compact 
form together; tying may serve to prevent one 
single body separating from another; a criminal is 
bound hand and foot; he is tied to a stake.” “ Bind¬ 
ing and tying likewise differ in degree; binding 
serves to produce adhesion in all the parts of a 
body; tying only to produce contact in a single 
part.” Similarly, in the figurative use of the terms, 
a “ bond of union is applicable to a large body with 
many component parts ; a tie of affection marks an 
adhesion between individual minds.” 

(b) To bind, to oblige, and to engage are thus dis¬ 
criminated: “ Bind is more forcible and coercive 
than oblige; oblige than engage. We are bound by 
an oath, obliged by circumstances, and engaged by 
promises. Conscience binds, prudence or necessity 
oblige, honor and principle engage. A parent is 
bound no less by the law of his conscience, than by 
those of the community to which he belongs, to pro¬ 
vide for his helpless offspring. Politeness obliges 
men of the world to preserve a friendly exterior 
toward those for whom they have no regard. When 
we are engaged in the service of our king and coun¬ 
try, we cannot shrink from our duty without 
exposing ourselves to the infamy of all the world.” 
“A debtor is bound to pay by virtue of a written 
instrument in law; he is obliged to pay in conse¬ 
quence of the importunate demands of the creditor,- 
he is engaged to pay in consequence of a promise 
given. A bond is the strictest deed in law; an obli 
gation binds under pain of a pecuniary loss; at, 
engagement is mostly verbal, and rests entirely on 
the rectitude of the parties.” {Crabb: English 
Synonyms.) 

bind, *bynde (English), bind, *blnde (Scotch), 
s. [From bind, v. (q. v.)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

*1. The tendril (?) of a vine, or a thin shoot (?) of 
a vine. 

“ Bynde, a twyste of a wyne (vyne, P.): Capriolus, 0. F.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

* 2 . A name formerly given to the common Honey¬ 
suckle or Woodbine (Lonicera periclymenum, Lin.) 

“Bynde, or wode bynde: Corrigiola, vitella, Cath. 

(edera volubilis, K.).”— Prompt. Parv. 

IT Common bind: Probably both Convolvulus 
arvensis and C. sepium. [Bindweed.] 

B. Technically: 

I. Hop-growing : A stalk of hops, so called from 
its winding round a pole or tree, or being tied to it. 

“The two best sorts are the white and the grey bind; 
the latter is a large square hop, and the more hardy.”— 
Mortimer: Art of Husbandry. 

II. Music: 

1. A curved line, a sign which, when placed 


“ Those who could never read the grammar, 

When my dear volumes touch the hammer, 

May think books best, as richest bound!” — Prior. 

2. To confine or restrain by physical action. 

(Used of the operations of nature under the Divine 
control.) 

(1) Operating upon persons: To restrain by mor¬ 
bid action from movement. Specially — 

(a) In the case of one bent double by disease. 

“And, behold, there was a woman which had a spirit of 
infirmity eighteen years, and was bowed together, and 
could in no wise lift up herself. . . . And ought not 

this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan 
hath bound, lo, these eighteen years, be loosed from this 
bond on the Sabbath day?”— Luke xiii. 11, 16. 

(b) Any hindering of the flux of the bowels, or 
making them costive. 

“Rhubarb hath manifestly in it parts of contrary oper¬ 
ations; parts that purge and parts that bind the body.”— 

Bacon. 

(2) Operating upon things: To restrain by the 
operation of the law of gravitation. 

“He bindeth the floods from overflowing.”— Job xxviii. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To exercise restraint or moral compulsion upon 
the human mind, heart, conscience, or will, or upon 
the will of any of the inferior animals. 

(a) Upon man: By natural or by human law, by 
an oath, a contract, a promise, a vow, considera¬ 
tions of duty, kindness shown to one, an overmas¬ 
tering moral impulse, or some other influence or 
necessity, to do some act or abstain from doing it. 

“ The law, by which all creatures else are bound, 

Binds man, the lord of all.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. i. 

“ . . . traitors who were ready to take any oath, and 
whom no oath could bind.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., vol. iv., 
ch. xxii. 

(b) Upon one of the inferior animals. 

“ You will sooner, by imagination, bind a bird from 

singing, than from eating or flying.”— Bacon. 

2. To establish by a judicial decision ; to confirm; 
to ratify. 

“. . . whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be 
bound in heaven.”— Matthew xvi. 19. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To contract its own parts together; to grow stiff 
and hard. 

2. To make costive. 

3. To be obligatory. 

“The promises and bargains for truck, between a Swiss 
and an Indian, in the woods of America, are binding to 
them, . . .”— Locke. 

C. In special phrases: (In those which follow, 
bind is uniformly transitive.) 

(1) Bound in the spirit: Gr. dedemenos to pneu- 
mati, lit., bound to the spirit=bound to my own 
spirit, the ardent spirit leading forward the captive 
body=under a resistless impulse. 

“And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusa¬ 
lem, not knowing the things that shall befall me there.” 

— Acts xx. 22. 

(2) To bind an apprentice. [ Bind out.] 

(3) To bind down: To restrain one from perfect 
freedom on any matter by inducing him to come 
under formal written stipulations with regard to it. 

(4) To bind in: To shut in, so as to make one feel 
like a prisoner. Used — 

(a) Of a physical restraint around one. 

“In such a dismal place, 

Where joy ne’er enters, which the sun ne’er cheers, 

Bound in with darkness, overspread with damps.” 

Dryden. 

(b) Of a moral restraint. 

“Now I’m cabin’d, cribb’d, confin’d, bound in 

To saucy doubts and fears.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4. 

(5) To bind out, or simply to bind an apprentice, 
to draw out indentures, guaranteeing his services to 

a particular master, on certain conditions, for a over two notes of the same name or same pitch, 
specified time. enharmonically changed, directs that the two are 

(6) Law. To bind over: To oblige to make appear- to be sustained as one. It is of frequent occur- 

ance in a court of law under penalties for failing to rence at points of syncopation and suspension. It 
do so. is not the same as a slur (q. v.) . 

“Sir Roger was staggered with the reports concerning 2. A brace (Fr. accolade) which binds together the 
this woman, and would have bound her over to the county separate parts of a score. (Stainer & Barrett.) 
sessions. Addison. Ill, Metal-working: Indur 'ad clay when mixed 

with oxide of iron. 

IV. Fishing. A bind of eels: A quantity consist¬ 
ing of ten strikes, each containing twenty-five eels, 
or 250 in all. 

bind-rail, s. 

Hydraulic Engineering: A piece to which the 
heads of piles are secured by mortising or otherwise, 
serving to tie several of them together and as a 
foundation for the flooring-joists or stringers. A 
cap. 


|7) To bind to: 


•) To place under indentures or contract, or any 
other obligation to a person. 

“Art thou bound to a wife, seek not to be loosed.”— 
1 Cor. vii. 27. 

(ii.) To impel to a course of action. 

(a) By considerations of duty. 

“Though I am bound to every act of duty, 

I am not bound to that all slaves are free to.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 3. 


fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
wolf, work, 


what, fall, 
wh6, son; 


father; we, wet, here, 
mute, cub, ciire, \inite. 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu = kw. 






bindcorn 


491 


binime 


# bind-com, s. [Eng. bind.; corn. So called from 
its twining around the stems of com.] A plant, 
Polygonum convolvulus. (Scotch.) 

bind-er, *bln-dere, s. [From Eng. bind, v., and 
fmir. -er. In Dan., Dut., & Ger. binder; Sw., in 
compos., bindare, binder .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. One who binds. 

(а) Sheaves, or anything like them, literally tied 
up. 

“ Three binders stood, and took the handfuls reapt, 
From boys that gather’d quickly up.”— Chapman. 

[ б ) Books. (In this sense generally in composi¬ 
tion, as bookbinder.) 

2. That which binds. 

(1) A fillet, a band. 

“ A double cloth of such length and breadth as might 
serve to encompass the fractured member, I cut from 
each end to the middle, into three binders." — Wiseman. 

(2) An astringent. 

“ Ale is their eating and their drinking surely, which 
keeps their bodies clear and soluble. Bread is a binder; 
and, for that, abolisht even in their ale.” —Beaumont 
<£ Fletcher; Scornful Lady. 

B. Technically: 

1. Carp.: A tie-beam, a binding-joist supporting 
transversely the bridging-joists above and the ceil¬ 
ing-joists below, to shorten the bearings. (Knight.) 

2. Shipbuilding: A principal part of a ship’s 
frame, such as keel, transom, beam, knee, &c. 
(Knight.) 

3. Woodenivare and timber trade (pi. binders): 
The long pliant shoots of hazel, ash, willows, and 
similar trees which have elasticity and strength 
enough to make them useful in fastening down 
newly-plucked sedges, in making close fences around 
rabbit-warrens, sheep-folds, &c.; in forming hurdles, 
and in tying up faggots and brooms. In various 
parts of the English speaking world they are called 
also Withers, Weefs, Edders, or Roders. 

4. Agriculture: 

( 1 ) An attachment to a reaping-machine which 
binds the gavels into sheaves. 

(2) A wisp of straw, a cord, wire, or other band 
for binding a sheaf of grain. 

5. Weaving: A lever applied in a shuttle-box to 
arrest the shuttle and prevent its rebounding. 

6 . Sewing-machine : A device for folding a bind¬ 
ing about the edge of a fabric and sewing it thereto. 

7. Bookbinding: A cover for music, magazines, 
or papers, forming, a temporary binder to keep 
them in order for convenient reference. 

binder-frame, s. A hanger with adjustable 
bearings by which the angular position of the 
shafting may be regulated to suit the plane of 
motion of the belting. 

binder’s-board, s. 

Bookbinding: A thick sheet of hard, smooth, 
calendered pasteboard, between which printed 
sheets are pressed to give them a smooth surface. 
Also the stiff pasteboards which form the basis of 
the sides of book covers. 

■fblnd'-er-y, s. [Eng. bind; -ery. In Ger. buch- 
binderei; Dut. binderij .] A place where binding is 
carried on. Specially a place where books are 
bound. 

blnd-hel'-mite, s. [Named after Bindheim, who 
analyzed and described it. Eng., &c., suff. -ite. 
(Min.) (q. v.)] A mineral, called also bleinierite. 
It occurs amorphous, reniform, spheroidal, encir¬ 
cling, or in other forms or ways. The hardness is 4; 
the sp. gr. 4 - 60-5 - 05: the luster resinous, dull, or 
earthy: the color white, gray, brownish, or yellow¬ 
ish. Composition: Antimonic acid, 32’71-47 - 36; 
oxide of lead, 40'73-61‘38; water, 5‘43-ll - 98, with 
other ingredients. It is produced by the decompo¬ 
sition of various antimonial ores. It occurs in 
various portions of Europe. 

blnd-Ing, *byn-dinge, *byn-dynge, pr. par., 
a. & s. [Bind, v.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective. Specially— 

1. Astringent. 

2. Stiff and nard. 

‘‘If the land is a binding land, you must make it fine by 
tarrowing of it.” — Mortimer. 

3. Hindering; restraining. 

“Even adverse navies bless’d the binding gale.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . The act of binding, tying, fastening, or other¬ 
wise restraining; the state of being so .led, fast¬ 
ened, or otherwise restrained. 

2. That which binds, ties, fastens, or otherwise 
restrains. 


II. Technically: 

1. Bookbinding. Spec.: The art of putting covers 
on a book. [Bookbinding.] 

2. Fencing: A method of securing or crossing an 
opponent’s sword by means of pressure accom¬ 
panied with a spring of the wrist. 

3. Naut., Shipbuilding, &c. (pi. bindings): 

(a) The timbers of a ship which hold the frames 
together. Such are the beams, knees, clamps, 
water-ways, &c. 

(b) The iron wrought around the dead-eyes. 

binding-cloth, s. 

Cloth Manuf.: Dyed and stamped muslin for 
covering books. The dyed cloth is passed between 
engraved rollers, or is worked after being cut into 
patterns of the required size. The engraved cylin¬ 
ders of hard steel confer the impress character¬ 
istic of the back and sides along with embossed 
designs over the surface in sharp relief. It is a 
cheap and good substitute for leather, which it has 
nearly superseded for general use. 

binding-guide, s. 

In Sewing-machines: A device adapted to receive 
a binding and fold it about the edge of a piece of 
material to be bound. Two methods have been 
tried. 1 . A flattened tube folded gradually on itself 
longitudinally from near its receiving to its deliv¬ 
ering end, but with a space left for the edge of the 
material. 2. Adjustable hooks projecting through 
the face of a guide and facing each other; the bind¬ 
ing is directed by the guide and hooks, the material 
to be bound rests between the hooks, and the latter 
are adjustable, to lap the binding more or less on 
either side. Some binders turn in or hem the edges 
of a bias strip of cloth as it is applied for a binding. 

binding-joist, s. 

Carp.: A binder, a joist whose ends rest upon the 
wall-plates, and which support the bridging or floor 
joists above and the ceiling joists below. The bind¬ 
ing-joist is employed to carry common joists when 
the area of the floor or ceiling is so large that it is 
thrown into bays. With large floors the binding- 
joists are supported by girders. [Girder.] Bind¬ 
ing-joists should have the following dimensions: 
Length of Bearing, feet 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 


Depth.inches 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 

Width.inches 4 4(4 5 5(4 6 6(4 7 7(4 

(Knight.) 


binding-plate, s. One of the side plates of a 
puddling or boiling furnace, which are tied together 
by bolts across the furnace, and by flanges, and 
serve to bind the parts of the furnace together and 
prevent the spreading of the arched roofs of the 
furnace and iron chamber. [Puddling-furnace.] 

binding-rafter, s. 

Carp.: A longitudinal timber in a roof, support¬ 
ing the rafters at a point between the comb and 
eave. 

binding-screw, s. A set-screw which binds or 
clamps two parts together. The term is applied, 
especially in instruments of graduation and meas¬ 
urement, to a screw which clamps a part in a given 
position of adjustment. For instance, the screw by 
which the wire of a galvanic battery is held in close 
contact with other metallic portions in the circuit 
is regarded as a binding-screw. (Knight.) 

binding-screw clamp, s. 

Galvanism: A device used with voltaic batteries; 
the lower portion is a clamp for the zinc or copper 
element, which is suspended in the bath ; the upper 
has a hole for the conductor-wire, and a screw 
which comes forcibly down upon it to insure con¬ 
tact. 

binding-strakes, s.pl. 

Shipbuilding: Thick strakes, planking, or wales, 
at points where they may be bolted to knees, shelf- 
pieces, &c. 

binding-wire, s. The wrapping-wire for attach¬ 
ing pieces which are to be soldered together, or to 
hold in intimate contact the parts concerned in a 
voltaic circuit. 

blnd'-lng-ly, adv. [Eng. binding; -ly.~\ In such 
manner as to bind. 

bind-ing-ness, s. [Eng. binding; -ness.) The 
quality of being binding; that is, of having force 
to bind. (Coleridge.) 

blnd'-lng§, s. 

Shipbuilding. [Binding, C.] 

bln-dle, s. [A. S. bindele=& binding, tying, or 
fastening with bands. In Sw. bindel—h andage, a 
fillet; Dan. & Dut. bindzel. From Sw. binda; Dan. 
binde; Dut. & Ger. binden= to bind.] The cord or 
rope that binds anything, whether made of hemp 
or straw. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

bind -weed, s. [Eng. bind; weed=:the weed that 
binds, so called from its long, slender, twining 
stem.] 


1. The English name of the plants belonging to 
the extensive genus Convolvulus. 

If Bindweeds (pi.) is the English designation 
given by Lindley to the order Convolvulacese._ 

2. Smilax aspera, a climbing shrub, a native of 
the south of France, of Italy, &c. 

IT Bindweed is the local name of several other 
species of plants. It is applied to the Common 
Ragwort (Senecio Jacobcea), but in this case it is 
really a corruption of Bunweed (q. v.). 

Black Bindweed: Polygonum convolvulus, L. 

Blue Bindweed: Solanum dulcamara, L. (Ben 
Jonson: Vision of Delight.) 

Hooded Bindweeds: Plants of the family Convol- 
vulacese and the genus Calystegia. It is only a book 
name. 

Ivy Bindweed: Polygonum convolvulus, L. 

Nightshade Bindweed: Circcea lutetiana, L. 

Sea Bindweed: Convolvulus soldanella, L. 

Small Bindweed: Convolvulus arvensis,L. 

bind -with, s. [Eng. bind, and with, s. So called 
because it is used in place of “withs,”or withes, 
for binding up other plants. (Prior.)] The Clem¬ 
atis vitalba, or Travelers’ Joy. 

blnd-WQOd (d of bind mute), s. [Eng. bind; 
-wood=the wood that binds.] A Scotch name for 
Ivy (Hedera helix). (Jamieson.) 

fblne, *byne, s. [From bind.) The running or 
climbing stem of a plant. (Used especially of the 
hop plant.) [Bind, s., B. I.] (Gardner.) 

1j Great Bines: A plant, Convolvulus sepium, L. 
[Bine weed.] 

*b!n-e-othe, *bl-ne-then, prep. & adv. The 
same as Beneath (q. v.). 

bl-ner'-vate, a. [From Lat. prefix fu=two, and 
Eng. nervate— pertaining to a nerve.] [Nerve.] 

Bot.: Two-nerved. Applied to leaves which have 
two raised “ nerves ” or “ veins ” along their leaf. 

*bi nethe, *bi-ne-then, prep. & adv. [Be¬ 

neath.] 

bine -weed, s. [Bine=bind, and weed.) A name 
sometimes given to a plant, Convolvulus sepium, 
more commonly called Bindweed (q. v.). (Britten 
<& Holland.) 

bing (1), (Scotch <fb O. Eng.), s. [Sw. binge = a 
heap ; Icel. bingr. Binge in Dan. means not a heap, 
but a bin.] 

1. Gen.: A heap. 

“ Quhen thay depulye the mekil bing of quhete.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 113, 49. 

“ Potato-6 ings are snugged up frae skaith 
O’ coming winter’s biting, frosty breath.” 

Burns: The Brigs of Ayr. 

2. Spec.: A pile of wood, immediately designed as 
a funeral pile. 


“ The grete bing was vpbeildit wele, 

Of aik treis, and fyrren schydis dry, 

Wythin the secret cloys, vnder the sky.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 117, 43. 

If Bing in the last example is the rendering of Lat. 
pyra. 

bing (2), bynge, s. [Dan. bing=a binn, a bin; 
A. S. bin= a bin, a trough.] A trough. The same as 
Bin, Binne (q. v.). 

Mining: A place for receiving ore ready for 
smelting. 

bing-hole, s. The opening through which ore 
ready for smelting is thrown. 

bing-ore, s. The largest and best of the ore. 

bing-stead, s. The place where the best of the 
ore (bing-ore) is thrown when ready for the mer¬ 
chant. 

bing, v. t. [From bing, s. (q. v.)] To put into a 
heap. Used — 

(a) Gen.: Of anything. 

“The hairst was ower, the barnyard fill’d, 

The ’tatoes bing’d, the mart was kill’d,” &c. 

Blackwood’s Magazine, December, 1822. 

(b) Spec.: Of the accumulation of money. 

“ Singin upo’ the verdant plain, 

Ye’ll bing up siller o’ yir ain.” 

Tarras: Poems, p. 48. (Jamieson.) 

*bi-nime, *be-nome, *bi-ni-men, *bi-no-men 

(pret. binam, pa. par. benumen), v. t. [A. S. beniman, 
pret. benam, pa. par. benumen — ( 1 ) to deprive, to 
take away, (2) to stupefy, to benumb; be, and niman 
=to take away.] 

1. To take away. 


“ Fro me thine doutres bi-nimen.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1, 7. 

2. To rescue. 

“ Ic ware al that thu was binumen.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,876. 

3. To place. 

“His heued under fote bi-numen.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 376. 

4. To use. 

“ Sichem, sithen, hire ille binam.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1,706. 


3)611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 
-clan, -tian = sham. -tion, -sion = shun; 


$hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 






bink 


492 


biographize 


bink. v. t. [Etym. doubtful.] To press down, so 
as to deprive anything of its proper shape. (Used 
principally of shoes when, by careless wearing, they 
are allowed to fall down in the heels.) ( Jamieson.) 

bifik (1), s. flu Dut. bank= a bench, a pew, a 
bank, or a shelf.] [Bank, Bench, Benk.] 

1 . A bench. 

(a) In a general sense: Any bench or seat. 

( b) Spec.: The long seat before the fire in a coun¬ 
try-house. 

2. A bank; an acclivity. 

*[ Bink of a peat-moss: The perpendicular part 
of a peat-moss from which the laborer who stands 
opposite to it cuts his peats. ( Statis. Acc. of Scot¬ 
land.) 

3. A plate-rack, consisting of shelves on which 
plates are kept. 

“ . . . while she contemplated a very handsome and 
good-humored face in a broken mirror, raised upon the 
bink (the shelves on which the plates are disposed) for 
her special accommodation.”— Scott: Bride of Lammer- 
moor, ch. xii. 


bink-side, s. The side of the long seat before the 
fire. ( Tarras, Poems.) 

bink (2),s. [From Eng. bin, or Scotch bunker (?) 
(q- v.)] ... 

Cotton Manuf.: A sack of cotton m a bin or on 
the floor, consisting of successive layers of cotton 
from different bales laid in alternating strata, in 
order to blend them. The supply of cotton for the 
machinery is taken by raking down the take so as 
to mix the cotton of the successive layers at each 
take. 


*binn (1), s. [Bin.] 

*binn (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamieson suggests 
Wol. byddin— a troop, a company.] The whole of 
the reapers employed on the harvest-field. ( Ja¬ 
mieson.) 

bin'-n&, pres, indie. & 2d per. imper. of v. [Be, 
and na=not.] Be not. (Scotch and Provincial Eng.) 

“I ken naebody but my brother, Monkbarns himsell, 
wad gae through the like o’t, if, indeed, it binna you, Mr. 
Lovel.”— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xi. 

bin'-na-cle, tbin-g,-cle, *bit-ta-cle, s. [In Sp. 

bitacora=a binnacle; Port, bitacola = a binnacle; 
Fr. habilacle=a. habitation, a binnacle; Lat. hab- 
iliculum= a dwelling-place, a habitation; habito= 
to dwell, to inhabit; frequent of habeo—to have.] 

Nautical: 

1. {Of the older and more correct form bittacle): 
Same meaning as 2 (q. v.). 

“ Bittacle, a timber frame, where the compass stands 
before the steersman.”— Glossog. Nov., 2d ed. (1719.) 

IT The same form is in Martin’s Old English Diet. 
(1754) and Johnson’s Diet. (1773). In these and 
others of similar dates, bittacle alone occurs. Sher¬ 
idan’s Diet., 4th ed. (1797), has both binacle and 
bittacle, and under the latter these words occur: 
“now usually called binacle." Thus apparently 
the transition from bittacle to binnacle was made 
between the years 1773 and 1797. Todd (2d ed., 1827) 
omits binnacle and goes back to bittacle. Webster 
(ed. 1848) has both binnacle and bittacle, giving the 
full explanation of the word under the former 
spelling. 

2. (Of the modern and corrupt spelling binnacle, 
probably from its being erroneously supposed to 
mean a little binn or bin): A wooden case or box 
in which the compass on board a ship is kept to 
protect it from injury. A light is placed within it 
at night to insure that its indications are seen. It is 
placed immediately in front of the wheel or steering 
apparatus, and secured to the deck, usually by 
metal stays. The after portion has glass windows, 
so that the compass is at all times visible to the 
helmsman, who stands at the wheel. 


*binne, s. [A. S. binne=a. bin, a trough.] A tem¬ 
porary inclosure for preserving grain. [Bin.] 
(Scotch.) 

*bin-nen, prep. & adv. [A. S. binnan = within.] 
Within. 

“And it wurth soth binnen swile sel.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1,032. 


tbin'-ner, v.i. [Perhaps from Wei. buanacor— 
swift; buanred=Tagid.) 

Of wheels: To move round rapidly with a whir¬ 
ring sound. (Jamieson.) 

bin’-nlte, s. [From the valley of Binnen, Binnin, 
or Binnenthal in Switzerland, where it occurs; 
suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Mineralogy: 

1. A brittle mineral with isometric crystals ; hard¬ 
ness, 4 - 5 ; sp. gr., 4 - 477 ; luster, metallic ; color, brown¬ 
ish, greenish, or on a fresh fracture black; streak, 
cherry-red. Composition: Sulphur, 27‘55 to 32‘73; 
arsenic, 18‘98-30‘06; copper, 37'74-46'24; lead, 0-2'75; 
silver, 1'23-1’91; iron, (Ml82. It occurs in dolomite 
at Binnen (see etym.). It is called also Dufrenoy- 
site. (Dana.) 

2. (In Ger. binnit.) The same as Sartorite (q.v.). 


tbin'-o-cle, s. [From Fr. binocle ; Ital. binoculo; 
Lat. bini= two by two, and oculus—eye.} A binocu¬ 
lar telescope (q. v.). 

bl-noc'-U-lar, a. [In Fr. binoculaire; from bini 
=two by two, and oculus=an eye.] 

1. Having two eyes. 

“Most animals are binocular, spiders for the most part 
octonocular, and some senocular.”— Derham. 

2. Pertaining to both eyes ; as, “ binocular vision.” 

3. Having two tubes, each furnished above with 
an eye-glass, so as to enable one to see with both 
eyes at once. Many opera-glasses, telescopes, and 
microscopes are now binocular. (See compound 
words.) 

binocular eye-piece, s. 

Optics: An eye-piece so constructed and applied 
to the object-glass as to divide the optical pencil 
transmitted to the latter, and form, as to each part 
of the divided pencil, a real or virtual image of the 
object beyond the place of division, 
binocular-glass, s. 

Optics: An eye-glass or telescope to which both 
eyes may be applied. 

binocular microscope, s. 

Optics: A microscope with two eye-glasses, so 
that both eyes may use it simultaneously. When 
the invention of the stereoscope by Professor 
Wheatstone had called attention to the value of 
binocular vision, attempts were made to render 
microscopes also binocular. Professor Riddel of 
New Orleans, Mr. Wenham of London, and Pro¬ 
fessor Nachet experimented, all more or less success¬ 
fully, in this direction, 
binocular telescope, s. 

Optics: A pair of telescopes mounted in a stand, 
and having a parallel adjustment for the width 
between the eyes. The tubes have a coincident 
horizontal and vertical adjustment for altitude and 
azimuth. The inventor of this instrument is said 
to have been a Capuchin monk, Schyrleu.s de Rheita. 
Galileo also made a binocular telescope in 1617. 

bl-noc-u-late, a. [From Lat. bini= two by two, 
oculus=an eye, and suff. -ate.) Having two eyes. 
[Binocular.] 

bl-noc'-ti-lus, s. [From Lat. bini= two by two, 
and oculus=an eye.] 

Zool.: The name given by Geoffrey, Leach. &c., to 
a genus of entomostracous Crustaceans, now more 
generally called Apus (q. v.). 

bl-no-d^tl, a. [From Lat. prefix hi— two, and 
Eng. nodal — pertaining to a node; from Latin 
nodus=& knot.] 

Bot.: Having two nodes. It is used specially of 
the inflorescence called the cyme , as existing in 
some monocotyledonous plants. 

bi-no-mi-al, a. & s. [Lat. prefix bi — two; 
nom(en) = a name; i connective; and Eng. suff. -al. 
In Fr. binome; Port, binomo .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Phys. Science: Having two distinct names. 
[Binomial System.] 

2. Algebra: Pertaining to a quantity consisting 
of two terms united together by the signs -j- or —. 
If X joins them, they are only a monomial. A bino¬ 
mial is ranked under the general term polynomial. 
[Binomial Theorem.] 

B. As substan.: A quantity consisting of two 
terms united together by the signs + or —. 

binomial system. 

Nomenclature of Animals, Plants, d'c.: A system 
(that which now obtains) which gives to an ani¬ 
mal, a plant, or other natural object, two names, 
the first to indicate the genus, and the second the 
species to which it belongs, as Canis familiar is (the 
dog), Beilis perennis (the daisy). 

“ This system [of zoological nomenclature] is called the 
binomial system from the circumstance that, according to 
this method, every animal receives two names, one belong¬ 
ing to itself exclusively, the other in common with all the 
other species of the genus in which it is included.”— 
Dallas: Nat. Hist.; Anirn. King., p. 11. 

binomial theorem. 

Algebra: A theorem, or it may be called a law, 
discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, by which a bino¬ 
mial quantity can be raised to any power without 
the trouble of a series of actual multiplications. 
Actual multiplication shows that the 7tli power of 
x + a is aJ + 7 x + 21 a% + 35 x 4 a 3 -j- 35 *3 al + 
21 xt a& -j- 7 x of + a 7 . It is evident that the several 
powers of the two letters x and a and the co-effi¬ 
cients stand so related to each other that study of 
them might enable one to educe a law from them. 
In its most abstract form it is this: If (x + a) be 
raised to the nth power, that is, 

(x + a)n, it = xn + nxn—l a + 11 ’ ^ 1 9 —— 

(xn— 2 0.2 + V'.'S fL ililT xn — 3 O 3 + . . . &c. 


bi-O-blast, s. [Gr. bfos=life, and blastos=( 
germ.] A minute mass of living protoplasm. 

bi-o§ -el-late, a. [From Lat. pref. bi= two, and 
ocellatus=th&t which has ocelli; from ocellus— an 
eyelet, a little eye; dimin. of oculus= an eye.] 

Entom.: Having two ocelli on its wings. 

bi-o-chem'-ic, a. [Biochemistry.] Of or per¬ 
taining to biochemistry. 

bi-o-chem'-ist, s. One versed in the science of 
biochemistry. 

bi-o-chem'-Ist-ry, s. [Gr. bios, life, and Eng. 
chemistry .] The science which treats of the vitaL 
phenomena dependent upon chemical influences. 
It. has been recently established that light, heat, 
electricity, and even gravitation influence the lower 
animals in the same manner as they influence plant 
life. Certain chemical agents directly attract or 
repel plant germs and lower animals, and certain 
plants produce and emit certain agents. Recent 
investigations by Professors Loeb, Friedlander, and 
others, prove tnat by certain excitations certain 
reflex curves are brought into action with absolute 
certainty. They show, among other things, that 
the chemical reaction of food directly causes an 
appropriate reflex movement of the alimentary 
organs. The proboscis of a bee, for instance, will 
sip honey even if the head of the bee is completely 
severed from the rest of the body. Professor 
Loeb, biochemist of the University of Chicago, has 
recently succeeded in prolongingthe life of an in¬ 
dividual cell by chemical agency, and some enthusi¬ 
astic biochemic investigators predict that the time 
is not far distant when the life of an organism itself 
may be indefinitely prolonged through the applica¬ 
tion of the principles of biochemistry. 

bi- 6 -dy-nam-ics, s. [From Gr. bios^life, and 
Eng. dynamics (q. v.).] The dynamics of life, the 
doctrine of vital forces or activity. (Dunglison.) 

bl-o-gen'-e-sis, bi o-gen'-e-sls, s. [Gr. bios= 
life, and <;e«.esis=generation.] 

Biol.: A scientific word invented by Professor Hux¬ 
ley, and first used by him in his address, as Presi¬ 
dent. of the British Association, at Liverpool, 1870, 
to indicate the view that living matter can be pro¬ 
duced only from that which is itself living. It is 
opposed to abiogenesis. The first who established 
the doctrine of biogenesis was Francesco Redi. He 
considered that there were two kinds of it; the 
first, and by far the most common, that in which 
the offspring passes through the same series, of 
changes as the parent, and the second, that in which 
the offspring is altogether and permanently unlike 
the parent. The former is now called Homogen¬ 
esis and the latter Xenogenesis (q. v.). (See also 
Abiogenesis and Parthenogenesis.) Professor 
Huxley, after summing up the arguments for and 
against Redi’s great doctrine of biogenesis, adds 
the words, “ Which appears to me, with the limita¬ 
tions I have expressed, to be victorious along the 
whole line at the present day.” ( Huxley: Brit. 
Assoc. Report, 1870. pp. lxxvi.) 

bl-og'-en-ist, s. A believer in the doctrine of 
biogen y. 

bl-og -en-y, bl-og'-en-y, s. [Gr. 6 ios=life, and 
gennao= to beget, to engender.] 

Biol.: The doctrine that life originates only from 
life. The same as Biogenesis (q. v.). 

bl-o-graph, s. An instrument for throwing upon 
canvas lifelike, moving pictures taken by the kinet- 
ograph or similar instrument. There are various 
forms of this instrument, the best known of which 
is the vilascopc (q.v.). 

hi og-rapher,s. [From Eng. biographjv); -er. 
In Sw. biograf; Dan. & Ger. biograph; Fr. biog- 
raphe; Port, biographo; Ital. biografo; all from 
Gr. 6ios=the time or course of life,life, and grapho 
=to write.] [Biography.] One who writes the 
lives or memoirs of persons deceased. 

IT It is used— 

(1) As a simple word: 

“ . . . that industrious and exact antiquary and bi¬ 
ographer, Mr. Anthony a Wood, . . .”— Wood: Athence 
Oxon.; Bookseller to the Reader. 

(2) In compos.: In the term autobiographer=one 
who is a biographer of himself, i. e., who writes 
his own life or memoirs. [Autobiographer.] 

*bi-o-graph , -i-a, s. [Biography.] 

tbl-o-graph'-ic, bi-o-graph'-I-cal, a. [In Fr. 

biographique: Port, biographico; from Gr. bios = 
course of life, and _.r/ra»7u7cos=capable 'of drawing, 

E 'ainting, or writing.] Pertaining to biography. 
Biography.] 

bl-o-graph -l-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. biographical; 
•ly -] After the manner of biography or of a biog¬ 
rapher. 

bi-og'-ra-phize, v. t. [ Biograph(y ), term. -ize.\ 
To write the life of a person. 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu - kw. 





biography 

bl-og -r?,-pli?, *bi- 6 -graph'-i-a, s. [In Ger. & 

Fr. biographic; Port, biographia; ttal. & Sp. bio- 
grafia. From Gr. 6 ios=course of life such as man 
leads, as opposed to zoe, that led by the inferior 
animals. Bios is used also to mean biography. 
Graphy is from Gr. graphe=a delineation, a writ¬ 
ing, a description; grapho =to grave, to write.] 
The written life of an eminent person. It is sup¬ 
posed to be fuller than memoirs, which simply 
record the more memorable scenes in his history. 
The word biography is quite recent. As Trench 
shows, itcame into the language first as biographia. 
This latter term, though it looks Greek, or Latin 
borrowed from Greek, is really in neither tongue, 
though i t occurs in Portuguese, and analogous words 
exist in French, Italian, and Spanish. [See etym.] 
Though the term biography is modern, the kind of 
literature which it describes is ancient. In the 
Book of Genesis there are biographies, or at least 
memoirs, of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, 
Joseph, and others. Homer’s “Odyssey” may be 
considered to be an extended biography of Ulysses, 
limited, however, to the most interesting period 
of his life—that of his wanderings. Though the 
“ Iliad ” may be loosely called a history of the Tro¬ 
jan war, yet, more accurately, it is a chapter from 
the biography of Achilles, describing calamities he 
brought upon the Greeks by the revenge which he 
took on Agamemnon for carrying off his female cap¬ 
tive Briseis. The most elaborate ancient Greek 
biography was Plutarch’s Parallel Lives (Bioi Par- 
alleloi) consisting of forty-six memoirs of Greek, 
Roman, and other celebrities; it was published about 
A. D. 80. In B. 0.44,Cornelius Neposhad sentforth 
a biographical work, his Vitce Imperatorum, Lives 
of Commanders. 

In more modern times very extended biographies 
have been attempted. Thus France has its Biog¬ 
raphie Universelle in fifty-two volumes, published 
between 1810 and 1828, and England, among other 
works, possesses its Biographia Britannica, five 
volumes (1747-1766), its English General Biograph¬ 
ical Dictionary, eleven volumes (1762), and Chal¬ 
mers' Biographical Dictionary, thirty-two volumes 
(1812-1817), which was but a larger edition of the 
before-mentioned General Biographical Dictionary. 

Among works of more limited aim may be noted 
various Lives of the Saints, Fox's Book of Martyrs, 
various Lives of the Poets, Boswell’s Life of Johnson, 
and finally, Men of the Time, in which last work are 
memoirs of living instead of dead heroes. 

One branch of biography is autobiography, in 
which a person gives his own life or memoirs. 
Ccesar's Commentaries is a most valuable example 
of this kind of writing. 

Biography is properly a department of history 
which should be a history not solely of eminent per¬ 
sonages, but of the people also over whom they 
rule. The more prominent a person has been, the 
more nearly does his biography become identical 
with history in the ordinary sense. A life or mem¬ 
oir of Martin Luther, Napoleon I., Washington, or 
Lincoln, is, in all essential particulars, history, and 
that not of a solitary nation, but of the world- 
Biography is used— 

(1) As a simplo word. 

“Biographia, or the history of particular men’s lives, 
comes next to be considered.”— Dryden. 

“. . . no species of writing seems more worthy of 
cultivation than biography, since none can more certainly 
enchain the heart by irresistible interest, or more widely 
diffuse instruction " to every diversity ox condition.”— 
Johnson: Rambler, No. 60. 

(2) As a compound, in the term autobiographer 
(q. v.)\ 

bi- 6 -log -l-cal, a. [In Fr. biologique; from Gr. 
6 ios=course of life, and log i kos =p e r t a ini n g to 
speech or reason; logos=a word, ... a dis¬ 
course ; suff. -ai.] . 

Phys. Science: Pertaining or relating to the 
science of biology. 

“. . . the state of biological science . . .”— Dr. 

Allen Thomson: Brit, Assoc. Rep. (1871), pt. ii., 114. 

“. . . biological research . . .”— Ibid, 

bi-ol - 6 -gist, s. [Gr. ?hos=course of life, and 
logistes=a calculator, a reasoner; Iqgizomai -to 
count, reckon; from logos =a word, a discourse.] 
Phys. Science: One who cultivates the science of 
biology. 

“ . . . the problems and argumentations familiar to 

the professed biologist, . . .’’—Professor Rolleston: Brit. 
Assoc. Rep. (1870), pt. ii., 92. 

bI- 6 r- 0 -gy, s. [In Fr. biologie; from Gr. bios= 
course of life (Biography), and logos— . . . dis¬ 
course.] . , , , rr, 

Phys. Science: A term, first introduced by Tre- 
viranus of Bremen, recently adopted by the leading 
English-speaking naturalists, and now obtaining 
universal currency. It is used in two senses 
(1) (In a more restricted sense): Physiology. 

“ . . . the word Biology is at present used in two 
senses, the one wider, the other more restricted. In this 
latter sense the word becomes equivalent to the older and 
still more currently used word ’Physiology.’ ” Professor 
Rolleston: Brit. Assoc. Rep. (1870), pt. ii.,96. 


493 

(2) (In a wider sense ) : The science of life in its 
widest acceptation. It specially addresses itself to 
scientific inquiries into the first origin of life and 
the changes it has undergone from the earliest 
traceable period until now. 

bl-ol y-sis, s. [Gr. 67os=life, and luein=to 
loosen.] The dissolution of a living organism ; the 
devitalization of living tissue. 

bI- 6 -lyt-Ic, a. Pertaining to biolysis; tending 
to destroy life. 

bl-om'-e-ter, s, [Gr. 67os=life, and metron— a 
measure.] An instrument for registering a person’s 
vital force, invented in 1898 by Dr. Baraduc, of Paris, 
France. 

bi-om'-e-try, s. [Gr. 67os=life, and metron= a 
measure.] The estimation of the probable duration 
of life. 

bl-o-phy -tum, s. [Gr. 6 ios=life, and phyton=a 
plant, phyo=to bring forth.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Oxalidacese (Oxalids). The Biophytum sensitivum 
(Sensitive Biophytum) has pinnated leaves, irri¬ 
table or sensitive. It is a very pretty annual. 

br-o-pla§m, s'. [Gr. 67os=life, course of life, and 
p7os?na=that which is capable of being fashioned, 
an image; from plasso= to form, mold, or shape.] 
Biol.: A term introduced by Prof. L. S. Beale, an 
English scientist, to designate forming, living, or 
germinal matter; the living matter of living beings. 
The term protoplasm had been previously used in 
an analogous sense, but Dr. Beale felt precluded 
from adopting it by the fact that it was used by 
most writers, and notably by Professor Huxley, in a 
widely extended sense, so as to require the intro¬ 
duction of a word more limited in signification. It 
is distinguished from formed matter; indeed, the 
extension of the one and that of the other occur 
under different and often opposite conditions. All 
the organs of the body come from bioplasm. ( Beale: 
Bioplasm , 1872.) 

bi'-o-plast, s. [Gr. bios = course of life, and 
plant os =formed, molded; from p lasso=to form, to 
mold.] 

Biol.: A little nucleus of germinal matter, many 
of which are scattered through the tissues of the 
body. It is from these that the growth of new 
matter proceeds. In the process of healing of a 
wound near the surface of the body, “lymph” is 
oured out, in which may be found bioplasts which 
ave descended from white blood corpuscles. Of 
these, some produce epithelium, others fibrous con¬ 
nective tissue, unless they be too freely nourished, 
in which case they grow and multiply rapidly, and 
no kind of tissue whatever results, but pus is alone 
formed. (Beale: Bioplasm, § 43,133.) 

bl -6-tine, bl-o-tl -na, s. [Ital. biotina. From 
Biot, a French naturalist.] A mineral, called also 
Anorthite (q. v.). 

bl -O-tlte, s. [Named after Biot, a French natu¬ 
ralist; suff. -ite.) 

Min.: A hexagonal and an optically unaxial min¬ 
eral, formerly called Magnesia Mica, Hexagonal 
Mica, and Uniaxial Mica. It exists in tabular 
prisms, in disseminated scales, or in massive 
aggregations of cleavable scales. Color: silvery- 
white, rarely bottle-green, and by transmitted light 
often fiery-red. Composition a good deal varies. 
One specimen had: silica, 40’00; alumina, 16T6; 
sesquioxide of iron, 7’50; oxide of manganese, 21’54; 
potassa, 10*83; water, 3’0; iron, 0‘50; and titanic 
acid, 0’2._ Rubellan is an altered biotite and 
Eukamptite one of a hydrous type. (Dana.) 

bip-ar-ous, a. [L at. prefix hi=two, and pa cere= 
to bring forth, to bear.] Bringing forth two at a 
birth. (Johnson.) 

bi-par -ted, fby-par-ted, a. [Lat. prefix bi= 
two, and Eng. parted (q. v.).] Divided into two. 

bi-par-ti-ble, a. % [InFr . bipartible. From Lat. 
bipartio— to divide into two parts. Lat. pref. bi- 
two, and parti67Z7s=divisible ; partio= to share, to 
part ; pars= a part.] 

Bot.: Capable of being parted in two. Example: 
the Calyx of Protea. 

bl-par'-tl-pnt, a. & s. [Lat. bipartiens, *pr. par. 
of bipartio.] [See Bipaktible.] 

A. As adjective: Dividing into two parts without 
leaving a remainder. (Glossog. Nova.) 

H A bipartient number: The same as B. substan¬ 
tive (q. v.). 

B. As substantive: A number which divides an¬ 
other into two equal parts without leaving a frac¬ 
tion. Thus 4 is a bipartient of 8 , and 25 of 50. 

bl-par -tlle, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, part, and 
suff. -He. ] Bipartible, which maybe divided into 
two. (Martyn.) 

bi-par-tite, a. [In Ital. bipartito; from Lat. 
bipartitus, pa. par. of bipartio— to divide into two 


bipes 

parts; prefix bi—two, and partio— to share, to part. 
pars= a part. In Fr. biparti .] Divided into two, 
biparted. Used — 

1. Spec.: Of things material. 

“ His [Alexander’s] empire was bipartite into Asia and 
Syria.”— Gregory: Posthuma, p. 159. 

2. Fig.: Of things not material. 

“ The divine fate is also bipartite ; some theists suppos¬ 
ing God both to decree and to do all things in us (evil as 
well as good), or by His immediate influence to determine 
all actions, and so make them alike necessary to us.”— 
Cudworth- Intellectual System, Pref., p. 1. 

Bot.: Parted in two from the apex almost but 
not quite to the base. Applied to leaves, &c. 

tbi-par-ti-tion, s. [In Fr. bipartition; from 
Lat. bipartitum, supine of bipartio—to divide into 
two parts; prefix bi—two, and partio—to share, to 
part; pars= a part.] Tho act or operation of divid¬ 
ing into two parts. The state of being so divided. 

fbi-pa-tent, a. [From Lat. prefix 67=two, and 
Eng. patent.] Open on both sides. (Glossog.Nova.) 

*bi-peche, bi-pe-chen (pa. par. bipehte), v. t. 
[A. S. beposcan; pa. par. bepceht=to deceive or 
seduce.] To deceive. (0. Eng. Horn., i. 91.) 

bi-pec-tin-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two, 
and pectinatus— sloped two opposite ways, like a 
comb; pecten—a comb ; pec.to= to comb.] 

Bot., <&c.: Having two margins, each pectinate, 
i . e., toothed like a comb. 

bi'-ped, a, & s. [In Fr. bipbde; Port, bipede. 
From Lat. prefix bi= two, and pes, genit. pedis= 
foot.] 

A. As adjective: Having two feet. 

“ By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased, 
Became a helpless, naked, biped beast.” 

Byron: An Epistle. ( Richardson .) 

B. Ms substantive: A man or other being walking 
on two feet, as contradistinguished from a quadru¬ 
ped walking ou four. 

“ No serpent or fishes oviparous, have any stones at all, 
neither biped nor quadruped oviparous have any exte¬ 
riorly.” — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

bi'-ped-al, bip'-ed-gtl, a. [In Fr. bipedal; from 
Lat. bipes, genit. bipedis= two-footed.] [Biped.] 
Having two feet. 

“ . . . in this case it would have become either more 
strictly quadruped or bipedal.” — Darwin: Descent of Man, 
Pt. I., ch. iv. 

bl-pel -ta-ta, s. pi. [From Lat. prefix 67=two, 
and pelta; Gr. pelte = a small, light shield of 
leather, without a rim. It was generally crescent¬ 
shaped.] 

Zodl.: Cuvier’s name for a family of Crustaceans, 
one of two making up the order Stomapoda. It was 
so called because the testa is divided into two buck¬ 
lers, whereas in the other family, the Unipeltata, 
there is but one. The former is now generally called 
Pbyllosomidse, and the latter Squillidse, while a 
third family, the Mysid®, has been placed with 
them under the Stomapoda. (See these terms.) 
bi-pel'-tate, a. [Bipeltata.] 

Zodl.: Having a covering like two small shields, 
or like a double shield. 

bi-pen'-nate, bi-pen-na'-ted, a. [From Latin 
prefix bi, and p e n n a l us =f e a t he red, winged. Com¬ 
pare also 67pe»Miis=having two wings; 6i=two, and 
penna= a feather, a wing.] 

1. Zodl.: Having two wings. 

“ All bipennated insects have poises joined to the body.” 

— Derham. 

*2. Bot,: The same as Bipennated (q. v.). 
bi-pen-nat-i-par'-ted, a. [From Latin prefix 
6i=two, and Eng. pennatiparted (q. v.).] 

Bot.: Twice pennatiparted, doubly divided into 
partings or partitions—applied to the venation of a 
leaf and its lobings. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot.) 

bi-pen-nat-i-sec'-ted, a. [From Lat. pref. bi= 
two, and Eng. pennatisected (q. v.).] The same as 
bipennati-parted, except that the double divisions 
are into segments instead of into partitions. (Lind¬ 
ley: Introd. to Bot.) 

bi-pen -nis, s. [Lat. bipennis, as adj.=having 
two edges ; as subst.=an ax with two edges, a bat¬ 
tle-ax ; from prefix bi, and penna=a feather; 
another form of vinna= a feather, a wing.] A two- 
edged ax, a battle-ax. 

bi-pe§, s. [Lat. bipes= two-footed; from prefix 
67=two, andpes=foot.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A name given to a lizard from the 
Cape of Good Hope—the Anguis bipes of Linnaeus, 
the Scelotes bipes of Gray. 

2. Zodl.: A genus of reptiles, belonging to the 
order Sauria, and the family Gymnophthalmid®. 
The hinder legs are imperfect, and thus the first 
step is taken toward their disappearance in the 
Ophidia (Serpents), to which these lizards are 
closely akin. Some species are now transferred to 
the genus Pygopus (q. v.). Example: Bipes lepi- 
donodus, Lacep&do, now Pygopus lepidopodus. It 
is from Australia.. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, <;hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = h?l, del. 




bipetalous 


494 


bird 


bi-pet-Ul-Ous, a. [From prefix bi— two, and 
Lat. petalum=a metal plate. From Gr. petalon—a 
leaf, a petal, a plate of metal.] [Petal.] 

Bot.: Having two petals in the flower. 


bl-phor-a, bi -phor-e§, s. pi. [From Lat. pre¬ 
fix bi, and Gr. phero : the same as Lat. fero— to 
bear.] 

Zodl.: An order of Tunicated Molluscoids, con¬ 
sisting of free-swimming animals, transparent on 
glass, and having an aperture at each end of their 
tubular bodies, the one for the ingress and the other 
for the exit of water. The typical genus is Salpa. 
The nearest affinity of the Biphora is with the 
Ascidians. [Ascidia.] 

bl-pln-nate, bl-pm-na-ted, a. [From Lat. 
prefix bi , and Eng. pinnated. Lat. prefix 61 =two, 
and pinnatus = feathered; 
pinna= a feather.] 

Bot.: The term used when 
the leaflets of a pinnate leaf 
are themselves pinnate. A 
great many of the Acacias, 
which constitute so marked 
a feature in tropical jungles, 
have beautifully bipinnate 
leaves; so also have their 
near allies, the Mimosas, 
bl-pln-nat-1-fld, *bi- 

£ en-nat-i-fld, a. [From 
at. prefix bi— two ; and Eng. 
pinnatifid, pennatifid (q.v.).] 

Bot.: Twice pinnatifid. 

The term used when the lobes 
or sinuations of a pinnatifid 
leaf are themselves pinnati- 0 . . , T , 

Bipinnate Leaf. 



bl-pll -cate, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 i=two, and 
p licatus= folded; pa. par. plico= to fold.] 

Bot.: Twice folded together. ( Henslow.) 

tbl-pllg'-l-ty, s. [From Lat. biplex, genit. biplicis 
=double, and Eng. suffix -ity.l The state of being 
twice folded, reduplication. ( Roget.) 

bl-po'-lar, a. [From prefix 6 i=two, and polar 
(q.v.).] Doubly polar. ( Coleridge.) 

Bl-pont, Bl-pon'-tine, a. [From Lat. bipontinus 
=pertaining to Bipontium, now Zweibriicken, in 
Bavaria.] 

Biblio.: Relating to books published at Zwei¬ 
briicken, or Deux Ponts, as the town was called by 
the French. ( Etym .) 

*bi-pre-nan, v. t. [A. S. pref. bi, and preon= a 
clasp, a bodkin.] To pin, to tag. ( Old Eng. Mis¬ 
cellany, ed. Morris., 101.) ( Stratmann.) 

bl-pu nc-tate, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 i=two, and 
punctatus=punctus=a puncture, with suffix -afe.] 
[Punctate.] 

Entom., dbc.: Having two punctures. 

bl-punc'-tu-UR a. [FromLat. prefix6i=two, and 
punctus= a puncture, ... a point, with suffix 
-ah] [Puncture.] Having two points. ( Maun¬ 
der .) 

bl-pu'-pil-late, a. [From Lat. prefix 6 f=two, 
and pupilla= {!) an orphan girl; ( 2 ) the pupil of 
the eye.] 

Entom.: Having two pupil-like markings, differ¬ 
ing in color, in the ocellus of a butterfly’s wing. 

bl-quad'-rate, s. [In Ger. biquadrat. Lat. prefix 
bi= two, and quadratus= squared, square; quadro 
=to make square; quadrum=a square; quatuor— 
four.] The fourth power of a number or quantity, 
[Biquadratic.] 

“ Biquadrate, the fourth power in Algebra, arising from 
the multiplication of a square number or quantity by 
itself.”— Glossog. Nova. 

bi-quad-rat -ic, a. & s. [In Fr. biquadratique; 
Port, biquadrado .] [Biquadrate.] 

A. As adjective ( Arith., Alg., dtc.): Twice 
squared, i. e., squared, and then squared again; 
raised to the fourth power; containing such a 
fourth power, or pertaining to that which does so. 
[See the compound terms which follow.] 

B. As substantive {Arith., Alg., die.): The fourth 

power; that is, the square multiplied by the 
square. Thus ati is the biquadratic of x, and 
a t -j- 4a3f> + 6a262 + 4a&3 t.4 is the biquadratic 

of a + b. 

biquadratic equation. An equation containing 
the fourth power of the unknown quantity in it, 
whether with or without the powers less than the 
fourth. Thus x 4 -f- 3 x + 4 = 2 g 2 — a : 3 is a biquad¬ 
ratic equation. 

biquadratic parabola. A curve of the third 
order, having two infinite legs tending in the same 
direction. 

biquadratic root. The square root of a square 
root; the square root of a number, and then its 
square root again extracted. Thus 2 is the bi¬ 
quadratic root of 16, because V16 is=4, andV4=2. 


*bi-quash, v. i. [Quash.] To be rent in pieces. 
“And al biquasshed the roche.”— P. Plowman, 12,671. 
*bl-que st, s. [Bequest.] 

*bi-que-then, v. t. [From A. S. be, and ewithan 
=to speak or moan in grief, to mourn, to lament.] 
To bewail. 

“ And smeren, and winden and biquethen, 

And waken issithen xl nigt.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,448-9. 

bi-quin-tile, s. [Lat. bi= two, and quintilis= 
pertaining to the fifth month of the old Roman 
year, afterward July ; quintus—the fifth ; quinque= 
five.] 

Astrol.: An aspect of the planets, first noted by 
Kepler, when their distance from each other is | of 
a circle, i. e., 144°. {Glossog. Nova.) 

*bi-quua'd, pret. of v. [From pref. bi, and A. S. 
cwethan= to say, tell.] [Bequeath.] Ordered, ap¬ 
pointed. 

“ God biquuad watres here stede.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 117. 

*bir, *bur, s. [O. Icel. byrr.] Rage, fury. 

“ To him he stirt with bir ful grim.” 

Iwaine and Gawaine, 1,661. 

bi-ra'-di-ate, bi-ra'-dl-a-ted, a. [From Lat. 
ih=two, and radiatus, pa. par. of radio—to furnish 
with spokes or rays; radius — ... a spoke, a 
ray.] Having two rays. 

blrgh, *blrghe, *berghe, *burghe, *blrke 
( Eng.), birk {Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. beorc, birce, 
byree; O. Icel. bidrk; Sw. bjOrk; Dan. birk, birke- 
tree; Dut. berk; (N. H.) Ger. birke; M. H. Ger. 
birche, birke; O. H. Ger. birclia, piricha; Russ. 
bereza; Pol. brzoza; Serv. breza; Lith. berzas; all 
=birch. Skeat quotes from Benfey Sansc. bhUrja= 
a kind of birch, the leaves or bark of which were 
used for writing on.] [Birche.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The English name of the trees and shrubs 
belonging to the botanical genus Betula (q. v.). 
The Common Birch {Betula alba) has ovate-deltoid, 
acute, doubly serrate leaves. Its flowers are in cat¬ 
kins, which come forth in April and May. It grows 
best in heathy soils and in alpine districts. The 
Drooping or Weeping Birch {B. pendula) is a 
variety of this tree. It grows wild on the European 
continent and in Asia. The wood of the birch is 
tough and white. It is used for making brooms ; it 
is often burned into charcoal; twigs are by many 
employed for purposes of castigation. The oil 
obtained from the white rind is used in tanning 
Russia leather. [Birch-oil.] The Russians turn 
it to account also as a vermifuge and as a balsam in 
the cure of wounds. In some countries the bark of 
the birch is made into hats and drinking-cups. The 
Betula nana, or Dwarf Birch, grows in the High¬ 
lands of Scotland, in Lapland, &c. It is a small 
shrub, one or two feet high. The Laplander uses 
the wood for fuel, and the leaves, spread over with 
a reindeer’s skin, for a bed. B. lenta is the 
Mahogany Birch, Mountain Mahogany, Sweet Birch, 
or Cherry Birch of North America. Its leaves are 
fragrant, and have been used as a substitute for tea. 
The Canoe Birch, of which the North American 
Indians construct their portable canoes, is the B. 
papyracea. 

2. A rod of birch used for castigation. 

“ Why not go to Westminster or Eton at once, man, and 
take to Lilly’s Grammar and Accidence, and to the birch, 
too, if you like it ?”— Scott: Bob Boy, ch. ii. 

B. As adjective or in composition: Of or belonging 
to the tree described under A. (See the compounds 
which follow.) 

IT Lady Birch: A name for Betula alba, Lin. 
[Birch.] {Lyte, Prior, cfcc.) 

Silver Birch: Betula alba, Lin. {Lyte, Prior.) 
West Indian Birch: A terebinthaceous tree, Pur¬ 
ser a gummifera. {Treas. of Botany.) 

birch-besprinkled, a. Besprinkled with birch. 
(Used poetically of cliffs.) 

birch-camphor, birch camphor, s. A resinous 
substance obtained from the bark of the Black 
Birch {Betula nigra). 

birch-oil, s. An oil extracted from the bark of 
the birch-tree. It is used in the preparation of 
Russia leather, to which it imparts a certain fra¬ 
grance, while at the same time protecting it from 
becoming moldy or being attacked by insects. 

birch-wine, birchen-wine, s. Wine made from 
the vernal juice of the birch. 

“ She boasts no charms divine, 

Yet she can carve and make birch-wine.” 

T. Barton: Progress of Discontent. 

IT Other obvious compounds with birch as a basic 
word are: Birch-broom, birch-canoe {Longfellow: 
Song of Hiawatha, xiii.), birch-grove, birch-leaf 
{Ibid., iii.), birch-rod, birch-tree, &c. 

blrgh, v. t. [From birch, s.] To chastise with a 
birch rod; to flog. 


blrghed, pa. par. & a. [Birch, u.] 
tblr-ghgn {Eng.), blr-kgn {Scotch), a. [A. 8 . 
beorcen, bircen, byreen; Dut. berken; Ger. bir ken.] 
Pertaining to birch ; composed of birch; made ot 
birch. (Gradually becoming _ obsolete, its place 
being supplied by the substantive birch used adjec- 
tively.) [Birken.] 

She sate beneath the birchen tree.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, iv. 27. 

*blr'-ghln, a. The same as Birchen (q. v.). 
blrgh-lng, pr.par., a., & s. [Birch, v.] 

A. &B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In a sense- 
corresponding to that of the verb. 

C. Assubst.: The act of chastising with a birch 
twig. 

blrgh-WQOd, s. & a. [Eng. birch; rvood.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A wood consisting of birches. 

“Foyers came headlong down through the birchwood 
with the same leap and the same roar.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiii. 

2 . The wood of the birch-tree. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to a wood or forest of birch. 

“ Strewn o’er it thick as the birchwood leaves.” 

Hemans: Battle of Morgarten. 

2. Made of, or in any way pertaining to, the wood 
of the birch-tree. 

blrgh -worts, s. [Eng. birch, and -worts, pi. 
stiff.] [Wort.] 

Bot.: The name given by Lindley to his order 
Betulacese (q. v.). 

bird (1), *byrde, *berde, *bridde, *bryd {Eng.), 
bird, *beird, *burd, *brid {Scotch), s. & a. . [A. S. 
brid, bridd= the young of any bird or animal, a 
brood. Cognate with beran= to bear. {Bosworth.) 
Probably a thing bred, from A. S. bredan=to breed. 
{Mahn, Skeat } die.) Bosworth defines bredan: “ To- 
nourish, cherish, keep warm . . .”] [Brood.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

f(l) In the Anglo-Saxon sense of the term: The 
young of any animal; a brood. 

*{a) The young of any feathered flying biped; a 
chicken. 

“ As that ungentle gull, the cuckoo’s bird, 

Useth the sparrow . . .” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., v. L 

*{b ) The young of any other animal. 

*(c) A child. 

“With my brestes my brid I fed.” 

Holy Bood (ed. Morris), p. 133. 
(2) A feathered flying biped. 

(а) Gen.: Any feathered flying biped, great or 
small, old or young. 

“ . . . and all the birds of the heavens were fled."— 

Jeremiah iv. 25. 

( б ) Spec.: A small feathered flying biped, as- dis¬ 
tinguished from a large one, the latter being called 
a fowl. Also especially applied in sporting phrase¬ 
ology to game — e. g., partridges. {Colloquial.) 

2. Fig.: As a term of endearment or otherwise. 

(1) A lady. Spec., a young lady, a girl, so called 
probably, not only from her youth [A 1. (1)], but 
also from her beauty, her lightness of movement, 
her ability to sing sweetly, and her liveliness of 
demeanor. {Chiefly Scotch.) 

“ Lord John stood in his stable door, 

Said he was boun to ride; 

Burd Ellen stood in her bower door, 

Said she’d rin by his side.” 

Jamieson: Popular Ballads, i. 117. 

(2) An appellation for a man from a woman who 
loves him. [0. Bird of Arabia .] 

(3) An appellation given to a man by one who 
believes him too soaring in his ambition. [C. Bird 
of the Mountain.] 

II. Technically : 

Zodl.: The English designation of the Aves, the 
second class of the sub-kingdom Vertebrata, stand¬ 
ing between the Mammalia (Mammals) above, and 
the Reptilia (Reptiles) below. While in their 
warm blood they are more closely akin to the former 
than to the latter, they approach the latter rather 
than the former in various points of anatomical 
structure,especially in their lower limbs. [ Ornithos- 
celida ] They agree also with Reptiles, Amphibia, 
and Fishes in being oviparous, while the Mammalia 
bring forth their young alive and suckle them for a 
time. Birds are feathered bipeds, with wings, used 
by all but a few aberrant species, for flight. To 
facilitate this, air cells communicating with the 
lungs permeate the larger bones, and even the huge 
bills of the hornbill, toucan, &c., the effect being 
greatly to diminish their weight. The circulation 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 
















































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BIRDS. 


1. Resplendent Trogon. Calurus resplendens, . . . Central America. 

2. Emerald Bird of Paradise. Paradisea apoda, . . . South America. 

3. Glossy Starling. Lamprotornis ceneus . South America. 

4. Red Bird of Paradise. Paradisea rubra .South America. 

5. Wilson’s Bird of Paradise. Diphyllodes wilsoni , . South America. 

6. Topaz Humming-bird. Topaza pyra , .North America. 

7. Bishop Weaver-bird. Pyromelana oryx , . Africa. 

8. Scarlet Tanager. Pranga rubra, .North America. 

9. Blue Cacreba, Careba cyanea ..Europe. 









COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY P S.PEALE 


THE WERNER COMPANY, AKRON.O 






















bird-bolt 


495 


bird-limed 


le rapid, the blood warmer than in other vertebrates, 
and the energy, consequently, great. A bird con¬ 
sists of a head, a body, and limbs, the latter term 
including the legs, tail, and wings. In the subjoined 
figure— 



a is the bill. 
b is the front (frons ). 
o is the crown or summit 
(vertex), 
d is the ear. 

« is the nape of the neck 
(nucha). 

f is the back or interscap¬ 
ular region. 

g is the lower back ( ter- 
gum). 


h is the rump (uropygium), 
the part where the 
tail feathers are in¬ 
serted. 
i is the tail. 
k is the legs. 

I is the wings. 
m is the belly (abdomen). 
n is the breast. 
o is the throat. 
p is the chin. 


IT For more minute details see Bill, Leg, Wing, 
Tail, <fcc. 

Linneeus divided Birds into six orders, Accipi- 
tres, Pic®, Anseres, Grallee, Gallin®, and Passeres. 
All of these, except Pic®, are still retained under 
different names. Cuvier, in 1817, recognized six 
orders: Accipitres, Passeres, Scansores, Gallin®, 
Grail®, and Palmipedes. _ Vigors, in 1825, adopted 
the quinary arrangement into Raptores, Insessores, 
Rasores, Grallatores, and Natatores. Owen, in 1866, 
made seven orders: Natatores, Grallatores, Rasores, 
Cantatores, Volitores, and Raptores; and Huxley, 
in 1864, separated Birds into Saururur®, containing 
only the Archffiopteryx; the Ratit®, including the 
Ostrich and its allies; and the Carinat®, compre¬ 
hending all ordinary birds. Dallas (following 
Vogt’s arrangement of 1851) divided Birds into two 
sections, the Autophagi, in which the young birds 
are capable of feeding themselves from the moment 
of leaving the egg, and the Insessores, in which the 
young remain in the nest till they are completely 
fledged, being fed meanwhile by the parents. The 
former section contains four orders, the Natatores 
(Swimmers), the Grallatores (Wading Birds), the 
Cursores (Runners), and the Rasores (Gallina 5 
ceous Birds). The Insessorial section also contains 
four orders, the Columb® (Pigeons), the Scansores 
(Climbing Birds), the Passeres (Perchers), and the 
Raptores (Birds of Prey). In A. D. 1711. Ray 
estimated the birds known and described at “ near 
500.” In 1835, Mr. Swainson conjectured that the 
species, known and unknown, might be about 6,800. 

2. Palceont.: In certain Triassic strata in Con¬ 
necticut there are “ ornithichnites,” or fossil foot¬ 
prints like those which birds would leave upon the 
mud or fine sand over which they walked. [Foot¬ 
prints, Ornithichnite.] The number of joints in 
each of the three toes is precisely the same as in 
modern birds ; notwithstanding which, some think 
the imprints may be those of Deinosaurian reptiles, 
of which remains have been found in the same 
stratum. The oldest bird of which the actual 
feathered skeleton has been obtained, comes from 
the lithographic slate of UpperOOlitic age, quarried 
at Solenhofen in Bavaria; it is the Archaeopteryx 
of Owen (q. v.). Three specimens of it are known at 
present: one in Bavaria, the second in South Kens¬ 
ington, London, while the third has just been s old to 
the Berlin University Museum by Herr Haberlein 
for 80,000 marks, or about £4,000 ($20,000). This last 
specimen of Arch®opteryx has been examined by 
Professor Carl Vogt, who considers that it is neither 
bird nor reptile, but something intermediate be¬ 
tween the two; or, to be more specific, that while 
a bird in its integument and hinder limbs, it is a 
reptile in all the rest of its organization. Bones 
like those of birds exist in the Wealden; opinion 
has much wavered as to whether they were true 
birds or flying reptiles [Pterodactyl] ; there is, 
however, what appears to be a genuine bird in the 
Greensand. Professor Marsh found in the creta¬ 
ceous rocks of this country two remarkable genera 
of birds: the Hesperornis and the.Ichthyornis, the 
former furnished with true teeth in a groove, and 
the latter having them lodged in sockets. In these 
respects they approach reptiles, besides which the 
Ichthyornis, like reptiles, has its vertebr® concave 
at each end. Of tertiary birds Owen, in 1846, estab¬ 
lished four species from the London Clay, described 
from four or five fragments of bones and skulls 
found in that Eocene deposit These include a 
vulture, a kingfisher, and an ostrich. Bones of birds 
have been met with somewhat plentifully in the 
Paris Gypsum and the Lacustrine Limestone of the 


Limagne d’Auvergne, both fresh-water strata of 
Eocene age. From the Miocene beds of France have 
been obtained about seventy species, among others, 
parrots, trogons, flamingoes, secretary birds, and 
marabout storks, suggesting the present fauna of 
South Africa. There are birds in the Miocene of 
the Sewalik hills in India. Of Post-tertiary species 
the finest, and also the best known, are the gigantic 
Moas from New Zealand, which seem to have been 
contemporary with man, though now they are 
extinct. The yet more massive jEpiornis, the eggs 
of which are more than thirteen inches in diameter, 
and equal in capacity to 148 hens’ eggs, is found in 
surface deposits in Madagascar. Thus few fossil 
birds are known, and those few are mostly from the 
Tertiary or Post-tertiary rocks. 

3. Her.: Birds are regarded, some as emblems of 
the more active, and others of the contemplative 
life. Among the terms applied to them are Mem- 
bered, Armed, and Close (q. v.). When birds are 
mentioned in blazon, without expressing their 
species, they should be drawn in the form of the 
blackbird. (Gloss, of Her.) 

B. As adjective: Of, belonging to, or for a bird. 
(See the compounds which follow.) 

C. In special phrases. 

1. A’ the birds in the air (Eng.: All the birds in 
the air ): A play among children. (Scotch.) 

“ A’ the birds in the air, and a’ the days o’ the week, are 
also common games, as well as the skipping-rope and 
honey-pots.”— Blackwood: Magazine, August, 1821, p. 36. 
(Jamieson.) 

2. Arabian Bird: 

(a) Lit.: The fabled Phoenix. 

(b) One whose reputation or whose power is so 
genuine, that, even if destroyed, it will rise again. 

“ Agr. O Antonyl O thou Arabian bird!” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 2. 

3. Bird of Ill-omen: The raven, so called from the 
fact that its appearance on certain occasions is 
supposed to be a foreboding of evil. 

“‘Prophet!’ said I, ‘thing of evil—prophet still, if 
bird or devil.’ ” Poe: The Raven. 

4. Bird of Jove: The eagle. 

“I saw Jove’s bird, the Roman eagle.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

5. Bird of Juno: 

(a) The peacock. 

(b) The hawk. 

“ See the bird of Juno stooping.” 

Pope: Miscellaneous Poems. 

6 . Bird of Night: The owl. 

“And yesterday the bird of night did sit 
Even at noonday, upon the market place, 

Hooting and shrieking.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, i. 3. 

7. Bird of Peace: The dove, so called because, on 
the subsidence of the deluge, it bore to Noah in its 
bill an olive leaf, the symbol of peace (Gen. viii. 11). 

“The rod, and bird of peace, and all such emblems, 
Laid richly on her.” Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iv. 1. 

8 . Bird of the Mountain: 

(a) Lit.: The eagle. 

(b) Fig.: A man of soaring ambition. 

“ Proud bird of the mountain thy plume shall be torn.” 

Campbell: Lochiel. 

9. Bird of the Wilderness: The skylark. 

“ Bird of the wilderness, blythesome and cumberless.” 

James Hogg: Ode to the Skylark. 

10. Birds of a feather; Birds of self-same feather : 
Men of similar tastes or proclivities; hence the 
phrase. 

“For both of you are birds of self-same feather.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iii. 3. 

11. Birds of a feather flock together: A prevalent 
phrase signifying that persons of similar tastes 
draw together and are generally seen in each other’s 
company—scientists with scientists, religious men 
with religious men, play-actors with play-actors, 
thieves with thieves. 

bird-bolt, s. 

1. Lit.: A short arrow with a broad flat end, used 
to kill birds without piercing 
them. (Lit & fig.) It is some¬ 
times represented in heraldry. 

2. Fig.: That which smites 
one’s heart or reputation with¬ 
out deeply penetrating either. 

“ To be generous, guiltless, and of 
free disposition, is to take those 
things for bird-bolts that you deem 
cannon bullets . . .”— Shakesp.: 

Twelfth Night, i. 5. 

“Ignorance should shoot 
His gross-knobb’d bird-bolt.” 

Marston: What You Will. 

3. One of the vulgar names for a fish—the Burbot 
(Molva Lota). 



Bird-bolt. 


bdil, b<5^; pout, j<5wl; cat, sell, chorus, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


bird-cage, s. A cage for birds. It is generally 
made with wooden bottom and posts, and with wire; 
or, if large, sometimes with wicker-work bars on 
the sides and top. 

“.At the door he hung the bird-cage.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, xii. 

bird-call, s. 

1. A little stick, cleft at one end, on which is put 
a leaf of some plant, for imitating the cry of birds. 

(Goodrich d) Porter.) 

2. A short metallic cylinder, with a circular per¬ 
forated plate at each end; used to make a trilling 
noise, as a decoy for birds. 

bird-catcher, s. One whose occupation it is to 
catch birds. 

. . and indeed,’ concluded the critic, ‘from hi» 
fondness for flowers and for birds, I would venture to sug¬ 
gest that a florist or a bird-catcher is a much more 
suitable calling for him than a poet.”’— Moore: L. R. 
(Light of the Haram.) 

bird-catching, s. & a. 

1. As subst.: The art, operation, or occupation of 
catching birds. 

2. As adj.: Pertaining to the catching of birds ; a 
bird-catching apparatus. 

bird-cherry, s. A small tree (the Prunuspadus, 
&c.). It has pendulous racemes of white flowers, 
which appear in May, and are succeeded by small 
black drupaceous cherry-like fruits. (Hooker and 
Arnott.) 

bird-class, s. A class for teaching birds to 
imitate the notes of an instrument. There are gen¬ 
erally about seven birds in a class. The principle 
is to shut the class up in a dark room, half-starving 
the performers till they imitate the instrument, and 
gradually let in light upon them and partially feed 
them as a reward for singing. Learning to asso¬ 
ciate the singing with the gradual appearance of 
light and the exhibition of food, they sing to obtain 
these necessaries. (Mayhew.) 

bird-conjurer, *brydd-coniuerer, s. A diviner 

by means of birds, an augur. 

“ Thes gentils . . . hrydd-coniurers and dynynours.” 

— Wycliffe (Deut. xviii. 14). 

bird-diviner, *brid-deuyner, s. The same as 

Bird-conjurer. 

“ Deuynoures and . . . brid-deuyneres. ”—Wycliffe 
(Jer. xxvii. 9). 

bird-duffer, s. A vulgar name for one who sells 
a brightly-colored and expensive bird, which is 
found to be a common one of duH hue painted for 
sale. The species commonly operated upon is the 
female greenfinch, its light-colored plumage adapt¬ 
ing it for such a purpose. (Mayheio.) 

bird-eye, a. [Bird’s-eye.] 

bird-eyed, a. Having eyes like those of a bird, 
that is, possessed of piercing sight. 

“’Stud, ’tis the horse-start out o’ the brown study— 
Rather the bird-ey’d stroke, sir.” 

Ben Jonson: Cynthia’s Revels. 

bird-fancier, s. One who fancies birds. (Used 
either of an amateur, or of one who makes a liveli¬ 
hood by trapping, keeping, and selling birds.) 

bird-grass, s. The name given by seedsmen and 
others to a grass—the Poa trivialis, L. 

bird-house, s. An open box for birds, set up on 
a long pole, to keep it out of the way of cats. It is 
erected by those who, liking birds, wish to ministei 
to their convenience. 

bird-lice, s. pi. The common name given to the 
small parasites so frequently seen infecting birds. 
Naturalists place them in the insect order Mallo- 
phaga, in immediate proximity to the Anoplura, 
which contains the human pediculi. [Mallo- 
phaga.] 

bird-lime, s. 

1. Lit.: A substance whitish and limy in appear¬ 
ance. (Used, as its name imports, for capturing 
birds.) It is in general manufactured from the 
bark of the holly, though the berries of the mistle¬ 
toe, and also the bark, boiled in water, beaten in a 
mortar, and then mashed, may also be employed for 
the purpose. 

“Holly is of so viscous a juice, as they make bird-lime of 
the bark of it.”— Bacon: Natural History. 

2. Fig.: Anything fitted to ensnare one, or restrain 
his departure from a place. 

“ Heav’n’s bird-lime wraps me round and glues my 
wings.” Dryden. 

bird-limed, a. Smeared with bird-lime. (Lit. 

<& fig.) 

“ I love not those ‘ viscosa beneficia,’ those bird-limed 
kindnesses which Pliny speaks of.”— Howell: Letters, i. 
v. 18 . 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die &c. = bel, del. 




































496 


bireave 


bird-loops 


bird-loops, s. pi. The bars in a bird’s cage. 

“ To keep the inhabitants of the air close captive 
That were created to sky freedom : surely 
The merciless creditor took his first light, 

And prisons their first models, from such bird-loops.” 

Shirley: The Bird in a Cage, iv. 1. 
bird-mouthed, s. Mealy-mouthed; not liking to 
say anything unpleasant, even when it should be 
done. 

“ Ye’re o’er bird-mouth’d.” 

Ramsay: S. Prov., p. 86. (Jamieson.) 
bird-net, s. A net used for catching birds. It is 
about twelve yards square, and laid flat on the 
ground, to which it is affixed by four iron pins, its 
sides remaining loose. Upon it is put a cage with a 
decoy-bird in it, given to singing cheerfully. When 
other birds congregate around it, the man, who has 
been lying flat on his face twenty or thirty yards off, 
pulls a string, which makes the loose sides of the 
net collapse and fly together, imprisoning the birds 
around the cage. (Mayhew.) 

bird-organ, s. A small organ used in teaching 
birds to sing. 

bird-pepper, s. The fruit of a plant, the Capsi¬ 
cum baccatum. When ripe it is gathered, dried in 
the sun, pounded, and mixed with salt. Afterward 
it is preserved in bottles with stoppers, and is called 
Cayenne pepper. 

bird-seed, s. A name sometimes given to heads 
of Plantain, Plantagomajor (Linn.), and to Canary 
grass, Phalaris canariensis (Linn.), from their be¬ 
ing given to birds for food. (Prior, p. 22.) 

bird-spider, s. A genus of spiders—the Mygale, 
and specially the M. avicularia , a large species 
inhabiting Surinam, which, as both its English and 
its scientific names import, was formerly believed 
to catch birds. [Mygale.] 

tbird-swindler, s. [Bird-duffer.] 
bird-trap, s. A two-winged flap-net sprung by 
hand, or a box-trap supported on a figure-of-four, 
with a trigger to be touched by the bird, or sprung 



Ancient Egyptian Bird-trap. 
(From ‘‘Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians.”) 


by a person on watch. The netting of birds by the 
former method is well pictured in the ancient Egyp¬ 
tian paintings. (Knight.) The trap was generally 
made of net-work, strained over a frame. It con¬ 
sisted of two semi-circular sides or flaps of equal 
sizes, one or both moving on the common bar or 
axis upon which they rested. When the trap was 
set, the two flaps were kept open by means of strings, 
probably of catgut, which the moment the bait that 
stood in the center of the bar was touched, slipped 
aside, and allowed the two sides to collapse, and 
thus secured the bird. The Egyptian nets were 
very similar to those used in bird-catching at the 
present day, but probably larger, and requiring a 
greater number of persons to manage, which may 
be attributed to an imperfection in their contriv¬ 
ance for closing them. 

bird-witted, a. Tending to roam from subject 
to subject; destitute of concentrativeness; without 
fixity of attention. 

bird’S-bill, s. A plant (Tmgonella ornithorhyn- 
thus). 

bird’s-bread, s. A name for a plant— Sedumacre, 
which the French call by the corresponding term 
Pain d’oiseau. It is not known why the name is 
given. 

bird’s-eye, bird’s-eyes, bird-eye, bird-een 

(Scotch een is=Eng. eyes), s. & a. 

A. As substantive: 

1. ZoOl. & Ord. Lang. (Lit.): The eye or eyes of a 

bird. 

2. Bot.: The name of several plants with small 
bright, usually blue, flowers. 

(1) A widely-diffused name for Veronica chamce- 
drys. 

(2) A name for a plant, called more fully the 
Bird’s-eye Primrose. It is the Primula farinosa. 
It has pale lilac flowers with a yellow eye. The 
whole plant is powdered with a substance smelling 
like musk. It grows in the milder temperate climates 
of Europe. The American flower bearing the same 
common name is of a different species, being called 
by botanists Primula pusilla. 

(3) A name sometimes given to the Adonis autum- 
nalis, and indeed to the whole genus Adonis, more 
commonly designated “ Pheasant’s eye.” 

3. Tobacco Trade: A variety of manufactured 
tobacco, in which the ribs of the leaves are cut 
along with the fiber. 


B. As adjective: 

1. Resembling a bird’s-eye, as “ Bird’s-eye prim¬ 
rose ” (q. v.). ' 

2. Seen as a landscape might be by a bird flying 
over a country; i. e., seen from above. A Bird’s- 
eye view (q. v.). 

Bird's-eye maple: Acer saccharinum, called also 
the Sugar-maple. [Acer, Sugak-maple.1 
^Bird's-eye primrose: The same as Bird’s-eye, A, 2 

Bird's-eye view, Bird-eye view: A view such as 
must present itself to a bird flying over a country, 
and consequently looking at the landscape from 
above. Though a country represented in this way 
on a map has its prominent features exaggerated, 
yet to the unimaginative it gives a more lively and 
even a more correct view of. the country than 
ordinary representations or maps of the normal 
type could do. 

“ Viewing from tlie Pisgah of his pulpit the free, moral, 
happy, flourishing, and glorious state of France, as in a 
bird-eye landscape of a promised land.”— Burke: On the 
French Revolution. 

“ That government being so situated, as to have a large 
range of prospect, and as it were a bird’s-eye view of 
everything.”— Burke: Letter to Thomas Burgh, Esq. 

bird’s-foot, s. 

1. In Zobl. (Lit.): The foot of a bird. 

2. In Botany: 

( 1 ) The common name of the Ornithopus, a genus 
of papilionaceous plants, comprising numerous 
varieties, and of widely extended habitat. O. sativus, 
or the Serradilla Bird’s-foot, a native of Portugal, 
has proved a most valuable fodder-plant. 

(2) A plant— Euphorbia ornithopus. (Treas. of 
Bot.) 

Bird’s-foot clover: Withering’s name for the 
Bird’s-foot Trefoil (q. v.). 

Bird’s-foot Trefoil: The English name of the 
Lotus—a genus of papilionaceous plants, with tri- 
foliolate leaves, umbellate flowers, and legumes 
with a tendency to be divided into many cells. 
Its home is in the moderate climates of Northern 
Europe, usually near sea-coasts, or in low-lying 
meadows. It is easily recognizable by its bright 
yellow flowers. 

bird’s-knotgrass, s. A book-name for a plant, 
Polygonum aviculare (Linn.). 

bird’s-mouth, s. 

1. Lit.: The mouth of a bird. 

2. Carp.: The notch at the foot of a rafter where 
it rests upon and against the plate. 

bird’s-nest, s. & a. 

A. As substantive : 

I. Lit.: The nest of a bird. Those of the several 
species vary in their minor details so as to be in 
most cases quite distinguishable from each other. 

IT Edible bird’s-nests are nests built by the Collo- 
calia esculenta, and certain other species of swal¬ 
lows inhabiting Sumatra, Java, China, and some 
other parts of the East. The nests, which are 
deemed a luxury by the Chinese, are formed of a 
mucilaginous substance, secreted by the birds them¬ 
selves from their salivary glands. 

II. Figuratively and technically: 

1. Either the popular or book-names of several 
plants. 

t(l) The Wild Carrot, Daucus Carota (Linn.). 

“ The whole tuft [of flowers] is drawn together when 
the seed is ripe, resembling a bird’s-nest; whereupon it 
hath been named of some bird’s-nest.” — Gerard: Herbal 
873. 

(2) The Common Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, L. 
(Ger. Appendix.) 

(3) The modern book-name of the genus Mono- 
tropa. (Hooker and Arnott.) 

II Yellow Bird's-nest: Monotropa hypopitys. 

(4) A fern; Asplenium (Thamnopteris) nidus. 

Bird’s-nest Peziza: The common name for the 

species of Cyathus and Nidularia, two genera of 
fungi. 

2. Naut.: A look-out station at a mast-head for a 
seaman sent up thither to watch for whales. 
[Crow’s-nest.] 

B. As adjective: Resembling a bird’s nest - in any 
way pertaining to a bird’s nest. [A., II. (5)] 

Bird's-nest Orchis: One of the orchideae, Neottia 
or Listera Nidus-avis, L. The English designation 
is a translation of the Latin Nidus-avis. The plant 
is so called from having its root composed of numer¬ 
ous fleshy fibers aggregated in a bird’s-nest fashion. 
Gerard indicates the kind of nest which in his view 
it resembles, saying that it “hath many tangling 
rootes platted or crossed one over another verie 
intricately, which resembleth a crowe’s nest made 
of stickes.” It has dingy brown flowers growing in 
spikes. 

bird-of-freedom, s. Formerly a poetical appel¬ 
lation, but now, by constant and jocose use, a slang 
name for the American National Symbol—the 
Eagle. 


birds-of-paradise, s. The English designation 
of a family of Conirostral birds—the Paradiseidse. 
They are closely allied to the Corvidae (crows), with 
which, indeed, they are united by some writers. 
They have magnificent plumage, especially the 
males, who can, moreover, elevate quite a canopy of 
plumes behind their necks. When first discovered 
they were the subject of many myths. They were 
supposed to be perpetually on the wing, having no 
feet, a fable perpetuated by Linnaeus in the name 
apoda or footless, given to the best-known and 
finest species. The fact was, that the inhabitants of 
New Guinea, their native region, cut off the feet 
before selling them to white men. The fable of, the 
Phoenix is believed to have been framed from 
myths current about the Birds of Paradise. [Phce- 
nix.] 

bird’S-tare, s. A name given to a plant, genus 
Arachis. 

bird’s-tongue, s. A name given to various 
plants: 

1. Stellaria holostea. (Linn.: Ger. Apex.) Brit¬ 
ten and Holland consider the name to have been 
founded on the shape of the leaves. 

2. The fruit of the Ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior), 
so called from the form thereof being like to a 
bird’s-tongue. (Coles.) 

3. A tree, Acer campestre, the common Maple. 
(Evelyn.) 

4. Senecio paradoxus, the Great Fen Ragwort, a 
composite plant. 

5. Anagallis arvensis, the Scarlet Pimpernel. 

6 . The book-name for a plant genus, Ornitho- 
glossum, belonging to the order Melanthace® 
(Melanths). 

IT Other obvious compounds with bird as a basic 
word are: Bird- connoisseur (Mayhew: London 
Labor and the London Poor); bird-lover (Ibid.); 
bird-note (Hemans: Siege of Valentia); fnrd-stuffer, 
bird-stuffing; bird- trade (Mayhew), &c. 

*bird (2), s. [Birth.] 

bird, v. t. [From bird. s. (q.v.)l To catch birds. 
(Generally in the present participle. [Birding.] 

“I do invite you to-morrow morning to my house to 
breakfast; after, we’] 1 a birding together.”— Shakesp.: 
Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 3. 

bird -er, *byr'-der, s. [Eng. bird; -er .] A bird- 
catcher. 

“. . . wherewith they be caught like as the byrder 
beguyleth the byrdes.”— Vives: Instruction of Christian 
Women, bk. i., ch. xiv. 

bir'-die, bir-dy, bur'-dle, s. & a. [Dimin. of 
bird.’] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A little bird. 

“A’ the birdies lilt in tunefu’ meed.” 

Tarras.- Poems, p. 2. (Jamieson.) 

2. Fig.: A name of endearment for a little girl or 
for a young woman. 

“ For ae blink o’ the bonnie burdiest” 

Burns: Tam O’Shanter. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the feathered class. 

“ An’ our guidwife’s wee birdy cocks.” 

Burns: Elegy on the Year 1788. 

bir'-ding (1),pa.par., a., &s. [Bird, u.] 

A. & B. As present participle: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of seeking to shoot or 
snare birds. 

birding-piece, s. A gun to shoot birds with, a 
fowling-piece. 

“Mrs. Ford. There they always use to discharge their 
birding-pieces; creep into the kiln hole.” 

Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. 2. 

*bir'-ding (2), s. [Burden.] 

bird -like, a. Like a bird. (Used specially of a 
life too much confined.) 

“ For when I see, how they do mount on high, 
Waving their out-stretched wings at liberty; 

Then do I think how birdlike in a cage 
My life I lead, and grief can never suage.” 

Niccols: Mirror for Magistrates, p. 663. 

bird-man, s. [Eng. bird; man.] ] A bird- 
catcher, a fowler. . 

“As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked 
him what he was doing. Why, says he, I am laying the 
foundations of a city, and so the birdman drew out of 
sight.”— L’ Estrange. 

bird -nest, v. i. [Eng. bird; nest.'] To seek 
after the nests of birds. 

bird-nest -ing, a.&s. [Eng. bird; nest; -ing .] 

A. As adjective: Going after birds’ nests. 

“I go out birdnesting three times a week.”— Mayhew 
London Labor, ii. 82. 

B. As substantive: The act or practice of going 
after birds’ nests. 

*bi-reave, *bireavien, v. t. The same as 
Bereave (q. v.). (Layamon, 301, 311.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite. 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
si, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 


















blink-beer 


529 


blister 


(1) A momentary glimpse or gleam of light di¬ 
rectly emitted by a fire, a candle, or other luminous 
body, or reflected from any surface. 

“ Of drawin swerdis sclenting to and fra 
The bricht mettell, and vthir armor fere 
Quharon the son blenkis betis clere.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 226, 8. 

“ Gi’e me the blink o’ a candle.”— Jamieson. 

(2) The reflection of light, not necessarily tem¬ 
porary, from the surface of a body. 

II fBlink of the ice. Among Greenland whalers, 
Arctic navigators , dhc.: That dazzling whiteness 
about the horizon, which is occasioned by the reflec¬ 
tion of light from fields of ice. It is now more gener¬ 
ally called the ice-blink (<j. v.). [Falconer.) 

2. Spec.: The act of winking, a wink, or sudden 
glance of the eye, whether unintentionally or as a 
signal to some other person. 

“ The amorous blyncks flee to and fro.” 

Turberville: The Lover Obtaining his Wish. 

** But trow ye that Sir Arthur’s command could forbid 
the gibe o’ the tongue or the blink o’ the e’e, or gar them 
gie me my food wi’ the look o’ kindness that gars it digest 
sae weel . . .”— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xii. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of time: 

(1) Avery brief period of time, taking only about 
as long as the twinkling of an eye ; a “ twinkling.” 

“ For nineteen days and nineteen nights, 

Of sun, or moon, or midnight stern 
Auld Durie never saw a blink, 

The lodging was sae dark and dern.” 

Minstrelsy of the Border, iii. 116. 

(2) A short period, but by no means so brief as 
that indicated under II. (1). 

“ A blenk, or blink, a twinkling of fair weather.”— Sir 
J. Sinclair, p. 113. 

“ Since human life is but a blink, 

Why should we then its short joys sink.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 377. 

2. Of space: A short distance, a little way, such as 
may be passed over in a “ blink ” of time. 

“ There cam’ a fiddler out o’ Fife, 

A blink beyond Balweary, Ac.” 

Jacobite Relics, i. 21. (Jamieson.) 

3. Of mental action or emotion: A spiritual 
glance. 

"... soul-refreshing blinks of the Gospel, . . .” 
— Walker: Remark, Passages, p. 86. 

4. Of the Divine favor, or of ivorldly advantage 
bestowed: 

(a) A glance of loving favor from God. 

(b) A gleam of prosperity during adversity. 

“ By this blink of fair weather in such a storme of 
forrain assaults, things were again somewhat changed, 
and the Brucians encouraged.”— Hume: Hist. Doug., p. 69. 

III. Abnormally (always in the plural, blinks): 
Boughs of trees used to barricade a path in a forest 
along which deer are expected to pass. ( Crabb .) 
[Comp. Blenches.] 

B. As adjective: Blinking. [Blink-eyed.] 

blink-beer, s. Beer kept unbroached until it is 
sharp. 

blink-eyed, a. Having winking eyes. 

“ . . . the foolish blink-eyed boye.” — Gascoigne 

Hearbes. 

blink -Sird, s. [Eng. blink; and suff. -ard.] 

1 . L-'t.: He who willingly, or from his eyes being 
weak, “ blinks,” i. e., winks. 

“ Brayneless blynkards that blowe at the cole.” 

Skelton: The Crown of Laurel. (Trench.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) One who willfully or inadvertently fails to 
take notice of something presented to his view. 

“ Or was there something of intended satire; is the pro¬ 
fessor and seer not quite the blinkard he affects to be? ”— 
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus. 

(2) Anything the light of which is feeble and 
twinkling. 

“In some parts we see many glorious and eminent 
stars, in others few of any remarkable greatness, and 
in some none but blinlcards and obscure ones.”— Hakewill, 

blinked, *blincked, pa. par. & a. [Blink, v. t.] 

A. As pa.par.: See the verb. 

B. As participial adjective : 

1. Dimmed. 

“ . . . and keepe continuall spy 
Upon her with his other blincked eye.’’ 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, III. ix. 5. 

2. EvaclecL 

blink’-er, s. [En g. blink; -er-] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In the singular: 

(1) In contempt: One who winks at the sight of 
dangers which he cannot avert. 

“ There, seize the blinkers!” — Burns: Scotch Drink. 


(2) A person who is blind of one eye. (Jamieson.) 
2. In the plural: 

(1) Literally: In the sense given under II. Sad¬ 
dlery (q. v.). 

“ On being pressed by her friends, some time after the 
Bestoration, to go to court, ‘By no means,’ said she, 
‘ unless I may be allowed to wear blinkers.’ ”— Gilpin: 
Tour to the Lakes, vol. ii., p. 154. 

(2) Fig. : A device to prevent mental vision. 

“ . . . nor bigots who but one way see, 

Through blinkers of authority.” 

Green: The Grotto. 

II. Saddlery: Prolongations of a horse’s bridle 
on either side, intended to prevent his seeing to the 
right and left or behind, and thus diminish the like¬ 
lihood of his shying at imaginary danger or assert¬ 
ing his independence. Called also blinders and 
blinds. [I.] 

blink -lhg, *blenk’-i6g, pr. par. & a. [Blink.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. ck particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ Who by a blinking lamp consume the night.” 

Cotton: Epigram. 

C. Assubst.: The act of winking. 

“ The amorous blenking 
Of fair Creseide.” 

Chaucer: The Complaint of Creseide. 

*blinking-chickweed, blinking chickweed, s. 

A plant, Montia fontana. (Frior.) [Blinks.] 
blinks, s. The name of a plant, the Water-chick- 
weed (Montia fontana) , and the book-name of the 
genus to which it belongs. (Prior, Hooker & Arnott, 
cfee.) [Blinking-chick weed.] 

*blinne, v. i. & t. [Blin.] 

*blirt, v. i. [Ger. blaerren, pldrren= to bellow.] 
To make a noise in weeping, to cry. 

“ I’ll gar you blirt with both your een.” 

S. Prov., Kelly, p. 397. (Jamieson.) 

*blirt -le, a. [From Scotch blirt=a. burst of wind 
and rain.] 

Lit. : Gusty with wind and rain. 

“ 0! poortith is a wintry day, 

Cheerless, blirtie, cauld, an’ blae.” 

Tannahill. Poems, p. 19. (Jamieson.) 

*blisch-en, v. i. [Blush, v.] 
bliss, *bllsse, *blesse, *blls, *blysse, *blyss, 
*blys, *blisce, s. [A. S. blis, 6f'(/s=bliss, joy, glad¬ 
ness, exultation, pleasure. From 6M#7ie=joyful.] 
[Blithe.] 

I. Happiness of the highest kind, unalloyed felic¬ 
ity. Used — 

1. Of heavenly felicity enjoyed by angels or ran¬ 
somed human spirits. [Blissed.] 

“ And blew alle the blessed into the blisse of paradise.” 

Lang.: Piers Plowman Vision, ii. 503. 

“ That if the happie soules, which doe possesse 

Th’ Elysian fields and live in lasting blesse.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, TV. x. 23. 

“ . . . and antedate the bliss above.”— Pope: Ode on 
St. Cecilia’s Day, 1123. 

2. Less forcibly : Of earthly felicity enjoyed in 
certain circumstances. 

(1) By man. 

“ Bliss is the same in subject or in king.” 

Pope: Essay on Man, iv. 58. 

(2) By the inferior animals. 

“ He leapt about, and oft did kiss 
His master’s hands in sign of bliss.” 

Wordsworth: Blind Highland Boy. 

II. Glory. 

“ And king of blisse in come sal he, 

Wha es he the king of blesse that isse ? 

Eauerd of mightes es kinge of blisse.” 

Met. Eng. Psalter (bet. 1300), Psalms xxiii. (xxiv.) 9, 10. 

Formerly it was at times used in the plural. 

“ Ther may no man have parfyt blisses tuo.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 9,512. 

IT Obvious compound, bliss-producing. 

*bllsse (1) (pret. blist; pa. par. blissed, blist). v. t. 
[From A. S. blissian (i.) = to rejoice (t.), to make to 
rejoice (not the same as bletsian— to bless.] [Bless.] 

1. To fill with bliss, to make happy. 

2. To bless. 

“ . . . and how the ground he kist 
Wherein it written was, and how himselfe he blist ’’ 
Spenser: Fairy Queen, IV. vii. 46. 

3. To wave to and fro. [Buess (1), II.] (Lawson: 
Secret of Angling, 1652.) (Halliwell: Cont. to 
Lexicog.) 

♦blisse (2), v. t. [Bless (2).] To wound. (Spen¬ 
ser: Fairy Queen, VI. viii. 13.) 

♦blis'-sed, *blys'-syd , pa. par. & a. [Blessed.] 

“ Blyssyd, hevenly: Beatus, 

Blessyd, erthely: Benedictus, fetix.” 

Prompt. Parv. 

*blis -sed-lf, adv. [Blessedly.] 


*blis-sen, v, t, [From Dut. bleschen— to quench.] 

To lessen. 

“ For to blissen swile sinnes same.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 653. 

bliss-ful, *blis-ful, a. [Eng. bliss; -ful. ] 

1. Of persons: 

(1) Full of bliss, as happy as it is conceivable that 
one could be, or at least very happy. 

( 2 ) Causing bliss. 

“ That bar that blis ful barne . . .” 

Langl. : Piers Plowman Vision, ii. 3. 

2. Of times: During which bliss has been felt, 

“ So peaceful shaft thou end thy blissful days, 

And steal thyself from life by slow decays?” 

Pope. 

3. Of places: Characterized by the presence of 
bliss. 

(a) Generally : Characterized by bliss of any kind. 
“First in the fields I try the silvan strains, 

Nor blush to sport in Windsor’s blissful plains. 

Pope: Pastorals; Spring. 

(b) Spec.: Characterized by heavenly bliss. 

“But none shall gain the blissful place.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns; A Living and a Dead Faith. 

4. Of things : 

"If Eove’s sweet music, and his blissful cheer. 

E’er touch’d yogr hearts, or mollify’d your ear.” 

Drayton: The Owl. 

IT Blissful vision: [Beatific Vision.] 

“ The two saddest ingredients in hell are deprivation of 
the blissful vision, and confusion of face.”— Hammond. 

*bliss-ful-head, *blys-ful-hede, s. [Eng. bliss¬ 
ful ; -head.} The state of being in bliss. 

“Endeles blysfulhede in alle thyng.”— Hampole: Pricke 
ofConsc., 7,836. 

bliss-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. blissful; -ly.J In a 
blissful manner, very happily, felicitously. 

“ But the death of Christians is nothing else but a slepe, 
from the which they shall awake agayne at the commyng 
of Christ, to lyve a great deale more blissfully.”—Udall: 
Thess. c. 4. 

bliss -ful-ness, *blis'-ful-nesse, s. [Eng. bliss¬ 
ful ; -ness.] The state or quality of being blissful. 

1. Of beings or persons: The state or quality of 
being blissful; intense happiness, joyfulness. 

“ . . . incapable of admitting 1 any accession to his 
perfect blissfulness — Barrow, vol. i., Sermon 8. 

2. Of times, places, or things: The quality of being 
characterizedby the presence of bliss, or of impart¬ 
ing bliss. 

*blissien, v. t. [Bless, v.] (Stratmann.) 

“ To blissien mire dughethe.”— Layamon, 19,041. 

*blis sing, s. [Blessing.] (Metrical Eng. 
Psalter, before A. D. 1300, Psalm xxiii. 5.) 
[bliss-less, a. [Eng. bliss; -less,] Without bliss. 

"... my blissless lot.”— Sydney: Arcadia. 

♦blis -som, v. i. [O. Icel. blcesma= to bo mavis 
appetens, from blcer=a ram.] To be lustful, to be 
lascivious. (Coles.) 

♦blist, pa. par. & a , [Blisse.] 
blis-ter, *blis-tre, s. & a. [From O. Dut. 
6 ZMisfer=blister. In Sw. bldsa= a bladder, a blister, 
from blasa; Icel. blisa=to blow. Skeat considers 
blister practically a diminutive of the word blast, in 
the sense of swelling or blowing up. To a certain 
extent cognate also with Sw. bladdra; Dan. blcere; 
Dut. blaar, all= blister; and with Eng. bladder 
(q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally (Borrowed from the medical and 
pharmaceutical uses of the word): 

(1) A vesication on the human body or on the 
body of an animal. [II. 1.] 

“ In this state she gallops, night by night, 

O’er ladies’ lips, who straight on kisses dream, 

Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues, 

Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 4. 

“I found a great blister drawn by the garlic, but had 
it cut, which run a good deal of water, but filled again by I 
next night.”— Temple. 

(2) An appliance for producing it. [II. 2.] 

2. Fig.: Anything resembling a vesication on a 
plant, on a painted surface, on iron, or anything 
else. [II. 3.] 

II. Technically : 

1. Med.: A vesication produced upon the skin by 
an external irritating application, or by the friction 
of something hard. But the special use of the term 
is for a vesication produced intentionally for med¬ 
ical purposes by the application of a blister-plaster, 
of which the virtue usually consists in the powdered 
“Spanish” or Cantharis flies scattered over the 
surface [2]. When this is first placed upon the skin 
there arises a sense of tingling and heat, followed 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph-f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -s?ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

34 




blister-fly 


530 


bloated 


by redness and pain, after which the cuticle rises 
into a vesicle or bladder fillod with a watery fluid 
like the serum of the blood. On the puncturing of 
the bladder this at once escapes. In a few days the 
destroyed cuticle has its place supplied by new skin. 
Such blisters by attracting blood to them tend to 
withdraw it from morbidly gorged internal organs 
in a state of infla.mmation, besides setting up a 
second morbid action of which the tendency is to 
counterwork the first, with great relief to the sys¬ 
tem. [Bleb, Pemphigus, Vesication.] 

2. Pharm.: A vesicatory designed to act upon the 
skin. It is generally made of the Spanish or blister- 
fly [Blister-fly] powderedj mixed with lard and 
wax. It is commonly applied to the skin of the 
patient for a number of hours. 

3. Bot.: A morbid swelling like a vesication in a 
leaf, produced by the puncture or excavation of 
insects, or by any other cause. 

“Upon the leaves there riseth a tumor like a blister." — 
Bacon. 

II A blood-blister is a sac or bleb filled with a mix¬ 
ture of serum and blood which have exuded into 
the bleb as the result of a blow or bruise. 

B. As adjective: Producing vesications on the 
skin, as Blister-fly (q. v.). 

blister-fly, s. The name for any “fly,” using 
that term in its widest sense to designate any flying 
insect. The more common blister-flies are beetles, 
and they are in consequence sometimes called 
blister-beetles. That most frequently employed by 
medical men for raising blisters on the skin is the 
Lytta vesicatoria, formerly called Cantharis vesica- 
torius. It feeds on the ash. It is indigenous in the 
South of Europe, and being among other places 
imported from Spain, is often called the Spanish- 
fly. [Cantharis, Lytta, Spanish-fly.] 

blister-plaster, s. A plaster medically pre¬ 
scribed to blister the skin. [Blister, II. 2, Pharm..] 

blister-steel, s. 

Iron-worJcing: Steel of blistered appearance 
formed by roasting bar-iron in contact with carbon 
in a cementing furnace. Two subsequent processes 
convert it into shear-steel and cast-steel (q. v.). 

blis'-ter, v. i. & t. [From blister , s. (q. v.)] 

A. Intrans.: To rise in vesications. 

“ If I prove honeymouth, let my tongue blister, 

And never to my red-1 ook’d anger be 
The trumpet any more.” 

Shakesp.: Wint. Tale, ii. 2. 

B. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To raise vesications on the skin, unintention¬ 
ally, by burning; designedly, for medical purposes ; 
or in any other way. 

“I blistered the legs and thighs, but was too late; he 
died howling.”— Wiseman. 

(2) To raise small swellings like vesications on a 
plant. 

“ . . . that no part of them [graffes] be seene either 
scorched drie with the sunne, or cicatrized (as it were) 
and blistered.” — Holland: Plinie, bk. xvii., ch. 14. 

2. Fig.: To injure, as the reputation, &c.; to 
annoy, irritate the temper, as a blister acts on the 
skin. 

“Look, here comes one: a gentlewoman of mine, 

Who, falling in the flaws of her own youth, 

Hath blister'd her report.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 3. 

II. Technically: 

1. Med. & Phar.: To produce vesications on the 
skin by means of a blister-plaster, or in any similar 
Way. [Blister, s., A. II.] 

2. Bot.: [Blistered.] [See also I., 1. (2)] 

blis’-tered, pa.par. & a. [Blister, v. t.\ 

I. Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

II. Bot..: Having the surface raised, so as to 
resemble the elevations on the blistered skin of an 
animal. 

blls'-ter-ihg, pr.par., a. & s. [Blister, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of raising vesications 
on the skin; the state of having them raised upon 
one's skin. 

“Blistering, cupping, bleeding are seldom of use but to 
the idle and intemperate.”— Spectator, No. 195. 

blis’-ter-wort, s. [Eng. blister; wort.] A plant 
—the Celery-leaved Crowfoot (Ranunculus scelera- 
tus). (Lyte.) 

fblis -ter-^, a. [Eng. blister; -y.] Coveredwith 
blisters. 


blite, s. [BlITUM.] A name for various plants. 

1. Amarantlius blitum. 

2. The Good King Henry (Chenopodium Bonus 
He nricus). (Prior.) 

3. Various species of Atriplex and other Cheno- 
podiacete. (Britten & Holland.) 

If (a) Sea-blite: An English name for plants of 
the genus Suoeda. 

(b) Strawberry Blite: The English name for 
plants of the genus Blitum. [Blitum.] 
blithe, *blyt.he, *bllth, *blyth, a. [A. S. blidhe 
— (1)_ joyful, (2) single, simple, kind ; (3) luxurious, 
lascivious ; Icel. blidhr; Sw. (did=mild, propitious ; 
Dan. 61id=cheerful, gay; Dut. blij, blyd, blyde= 
joyful, cheerful; O. H. Ger. blidhi = glad; Moeso- 
Goth. bleiths= merciful, kind.] 

1. Of persons, or, indeed, of any sentient being: 
Gay, cheerful, joyous, merry, mirthful. 

(a) Of the human countenance. 

“ We have always one eye fixed upon the countenance of 
our enemies; and, according to the blithe or heavy aspect 
thereof, our other eye sheweth some other suitable token 
either of dislike or approbation.”— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., 
bk. ir., ch. ix., § 2. 

( b) Of man's thoughts, feelings, or demeanor. 

“ Stole in among the morning’s blither thoughts.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. 2. 

(c) Of the lower animals: 

“ To whom the wily adder, blithe and glad ; 
Empress ! the way is ready, and not long.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. ix. 

2. Of things: Exciting, attended by, or associated 
with gaiety, cheerfulness, joy, or mirth. 

“ And theNew-year blithe and bold, my friend.” 

Tennyson: The Death of the Old Year. 

IT An old poet uses it for the adverb blithely. 

“ Than doth the nyghtyngale hir myght, 

To make noyse, and syngen blythe." 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

♦blithe, *blythe (O. Scotch), *bli-then, *bly- 
then (O. Eng.), v. t. [Compare A. S. blithsian=to 
be blithe or glad; from A. S. blidhe.] [Blithe.] 
To gladden. ( Prompt. Parv.) 

blithe'-ful, a. [Eng. blithe; ful(l).] Full of 
gaiety; gay, sprightly, mirthful, joyous. (Min- 
sheu.) 

bllthe-iy, *bllth-ljf, *blithe-like, *blithe- 

liche, adv. [Eng. blithe; -ly. In A. S. blidhelice.] 
In a blithe manner; gaily, cheerfully. [Bleyly.] 
“And he here bitagten blithelike." 

Story of Genes is and Exodus, 1,424. 

♦blithe-meat, *blyth'-meat, s. [Eng. & Scotch 
blithe, and meat.] The meat distributed among 
those who are present at the birth of a child, or 
among the rest of the family. 

“Triformis Howdie did her skill 
For the blythmeat exert.” 

Taylor: S. Poems, p. 37. (Jamieson .) 
fblithen, *blythyn, v. t. [Blithe.] To cheer, 
to make happy. (Prompt. Parv.) 

bllthe -ness, *bllth'-ness, *bllth'-nesse, s. [A. 
S. blidhnes .] The quality of being blithe; gaiety, 
cheerfulness, sprightliness, joyousness. (Digby : 
On the Soul, ch. iii.) 

blithe’-some, fbllth-some, a. [Eng. blithe; 
-some.] 

1 . Of persons: Somewhat blithe; to a certain 
extent cheerful or gay. 

2. Of things: Inspiring cheerfulness. 

“ On blithsome frolics bent, the youthful swains.” 

Thomson: Winter, 760. 

blithe -some-ly, adv. [Eng. blithesome; -ly.] 
In a blithesome manner; cheerfully, gaily. 

bllthe -some-ness.tbllth’-some-ness, s. [Eng. 
blithesome; -ness.] The quality of being blithe¬ 
some. 

bll-tum, s. [In Fr,. blette; Prov. bleda; Sp. 
bU.do; Ital. blito; Mod. Lat. blitum; Gr. bliton, 
6 iefon=strawberry blite, or amarant blite. Com¬ 
pare also Ger. blutkraut.] [Blite.] 

Bot. Strawberry Blite: A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Chenopodiaccse (Chenopods). The 
heads of the several species, when ripe, resemble 
wood-strawberries in color and appearance. They 
are succulent, and were formerly used by cooks for 
coloring puddings. Locality, Southern Europe. 

♦blive, adv. [Belive.] Quickly. (Spenser: Fain/ 
Queen, II. iii. 18.) 

bllz'-zurd, s. [Ger. 6 iifz=lightning (?).] A 
storm (snow and wind) which man cannot resist 
away from shelter, which destroys herds of cattle, 
blocks railways and generally paralyzes life on the 
prairies and on the plains; a furious blast that 
sometimes sweeps across the whole continent, car¬ 
rying death and destruction in its train. 

“ Perhaps some of you have seen a blizzard —not one of 
those amateur disturbances, but a real shrieking, freezing 
hurricane. If yon have, then you will the more readily 
appreciate one of the several encounters I have had with 


the disturbances that occasionally ruffle the snowy mantle 
that for at least five months together covers the prolific' 
soil of Manitoba. Imagine the dangers and discomforts 1 
of a lonely horseback ride over an open piece of country, 
with not a tree between the traveler and the Arctic ocean, 
while the direct north wind roared ceaselessly and moved* 
northward at the rate of nearly fifty miles an hour, pick-' 
ing up the fine snow and carrying it along in a never- 
ending blast. Then bear in mind the fact that the' 
temperature was 27 below zero. Not once in ten minutes' 
was it possible for the rider to see even a yard beyond his 
pony’s nose ; there was no semblance of a trail, and no' 
visible landmark. For eight hours the struggle con-' 
tinued, and when it ended there was one of the worst 
cases of all-over frost bite that had ever been known.”—- 
Geo. H. Harries, of the Washington, D. C., “Star.” 

*blo, a. [A. S. bleo; N. Fris. bla; O. H. Ger. 
blao.] Blue, livid, pale. (Story of Genesis and 
Exodus, 637.) 

blo erye, bio ertbe, s. White clay, potter’s 
earth. (Prompt. Parv.) 

♦bloached, a. [Blotched.] Spotted, variegated. 

“ Those leaves whose middles are variegated with yellow 
or white in spots, are called bloached — Croker: Comply 
Diet. 

bloat (1), fblote (1 ),v.t.& i. [Etym. doubtful.. 
Johnson, Todd, Mahn and others derive it from Eng. 
blowed, the pa. par. of blow, from which it is sup¬ 
posed by Mahn that it may come by the process 
blowed, blowt, bloat. Webster suggests for compari¬ 
son Wei. blywth (bloth)=a blast, a puff; blythach= 
a fat paunch. Skeat thinks it rather connected 
with Icel. blotna— to become soft, to lose courage; 
blautr=soft, effeminate, imbecile; Dan. 6h5d=soft, 
pulpy ; Sw. blot = soft, mellow; biota = to steep, to 
macerate ; from the same root as Lat. fluidus—ilnid, 
moist ; Gr. phlyo=to swell, to overthrow.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To inflate with wind, with watery liquid, 
with blood, or any thing which will make the cheeks 
or other portion of the human or animal body 
seem swelled or turgid. 

“ I cannot but be troubled to see so many well-shaped 
innocent virgins bloated up, and waddling up and down 
. . .”— Addison. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of persons: To puff up as with unwonted com¬ 
mendation ; to render conceited. 

“Then damn not, but indulge his rude essays. 
Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise, 

That he may get more bulk before he dies.” 

Dryden: Prologue to Circe. 

(2) Of things: To cast a turgidness upon; to swell 
out upon ; to create inflation. 

“. . . where fear’s black banner bloats the troubled, 

sky.” Beattie: Ode to Hope. 

(3) A term of contempt for a worthless fellow- 
[Slang.] 

B. Intrans.: To swell; to grow turgid. 

“If a person of a firm constitution begins to bloat, from 
being warm grows cold, his fibers grow weak.”— Arbuthnot. 

bloat (2), fblote (2),v. t. & i. [Comp. Sw. blOt- 
ftsk = soaked fish; from biota, v. t. = to steep, to 
macerate, to sop ; blotna, blotna, v. i.=to soften, to* 
melt, to relent; bl0t=sott, yielding, pulpy.] 

A. Transitive: To cause to dry in smoke. 

“I have more smoke in my mouth than would blote a. 
hundred herrings.”— Beaumont & Fletcher: Isl. Prin., ii. 

If It occurs most frequently in the past participle* 
or as a participial adjective. [Bloated.] 

B. Intrans.: To become dry in smoke. [Bloat¬ 
ing (2 ).] 

♦bloat (1), a. [From bloat (1), v. (q. v.)] Swelled 
with gluttony, intemperate use of beer, &c. 

“ Let the bloat king tempt you again ...” 

Shakesp..- Hamlet, iii. 4. 

bloat (2), a. [Derived from bloater (q. v.).] 

♦bloat-herring, s. A dried herring, a bloater. 

. . like so many bloat-herrings newly taken out of 
the chimney.”— Ben Jonson: Masque of Augures. 

bloat -ed (1), pa. par. & a. [From bloat (l),v. 

(q- v.)] 

A. As past participle: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Literally: Turgid. Used of human or animal 
bodies. 

“. . . an overgorg’d 
And bloated spider, , . 

Cowper: Task, bk. v. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of mental abstractions, as ease: Pampered. 

“ Oh! there is sweetness in the mountain air, 

And life, that bloated Ease can never hope to share.” 

Byron: Childs Harold, i. 80. 

(2) Of persons: Inflated with praise or with pride. 

“ Strange, that such folly, as lifts bloated man 

To eminence fit only for a god.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. v. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, Bill, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,., 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. . 




bloated 


531 


block-printing 


bl 5 at-ed (2), pa. par. & a. [Bloat (2), v.] 
“Three pails of sprats, carried from mart to mart. 

Are as much meat as these, to more use travel’d, 

A bunch of bloated fools!” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Q. of Cor., ii. 4. 
bloat -ed-ness, s. [Eng. bloated (1); and suff. 
-ne.ss.l The quality of being bloated; a swelling of 
the cheeks, the stomach, &c., from intemperate 
indulgence in the appetites, from disease, or other 
causes. 

“ Lassitude, laziness, bloatedness, and scorbutical spots, 
•re symptoms of weak fibers.”— Arbuthnot. 

bloat'-er, s. [From blote (2), v. (q. v.), and suff. 
-er.] [Blote.] A dried herring; a herring pre¬ 
pared by being cured in smoke. Yarmouth is often 
prefixed to the word bloater, that seaport being the 
greatest seat of this industry in England. North 
Carolinian herrings furnish the best bloaters that 
are put up in this country, 
bloat-Ing (1 ),pr.par. & a. [Bloat ( 1 ), u.] 
bloat’-Ing (2 ),pr.par. & s. [Bloat (2), v.] 

As subst. : The act of curing herrings. 

“ For herrings in the sea are large and full, 

But shrink in bloating, and together pull.” 

Sylvester: Tobacco Batt., p. 101. 

blob, blab, s. [Bleb.] (Chiefly Scotch.) 

1. Anything tumid. Spec. — 

(1) A small globe or bubble of any kind, as a soap 
bubble. 

“ Gif thay be handillit, they melt away like ane blob of 
water.”— Bellend.: Descr. Alb., ch. 1L 

(2) A blister, or that rising of the skin which is 
the effect of a blister or of a stroke. 

“ Brukis, bylis, blobbis, and blisteris.” 

Roul.: Curs. Ql. Compl., p. 830. 

(3) A plant, the Marsh Marigold ( Caltha palus • 
tris), or the Yellow Water-lily. 

(4) A large gooseberry; so called from its globular 
form, or from the softness of its skin. 

2. A circular spot; a spot, a blot, as a “ blob of 
ink.” (Jamieson.) 

blob-lipped, a. The same as Blobber-lipped 
( q. v.). (Johnson.) 

blob-ber, *blob'-er, *blub'-er, *blob'-ure, 
♦blo-byr, s. [Blubber, Bleb.] 

1. A bubble. 

“ Blober upon water (or bubble), bouteillis.” — Palsgr. 
*2. A medusa (?). 

“ There swimmeth also in the sea a round slimy sub¬ 
stance, called a blobber.” — Carew. 

blobber-lip, blobberlip, s. Having a thick, 
folubbery lip. 

“ They make a wit of their insipid friend, 

His blobberlipa and beetlebrows commend.” 

Dry den: Juvenal, sat. iii. 

blobber-lipped, blobberlipped, a. Having tu¬ 
mid lips ; thick-lipped. Used — 

1. Of man or the higher animals. 

“ His person deformed to the highest degree j flatnosed 
•nd blobber-lipped .”— L’Estrange. 

2. Of shells. 

“ A blobberlipped shell seemeth to be a kind of mussel.” 
—Grew. 

♦blob-bit, particip. a. [From blob, s. (q. v.)] 
Blotted; blurred. 

“. . . congruit and not rasit [erased], na blobbit of 
suspect placis .”—Acts Janies I., 1429, c. 128, edit. 1566, 
c. 113. (Jamieson.) 

♦blob -tale, s. [From blob, a corruption of blab, 
v., and Eng. tale.) A tell-tale ; a blab, 
i “These blobtales could find no other news to keep their 
’tongues in motion.”—Bp. Hacket; Life of Abp. Williams, 
pt. ii., p. 67. 

*blo -bure, *blo-byr, s. [Blobber.] 

bloc, s. [ Fr. bloc=a block, lump, . . . ] 
[Block, s.] 

«[ En bloc. [Fr.] In lump, altogether, m mass; 
without separating one from another. 

block, *blok (Eng.), block, ♦blocke, ♦blok, 
♦bloik (Scotch), s. & a. [In Sw. & Ger. block; O. H. 
Ger. block; Dan. & Dut. blok; Icel. blegdhr ; Flem. 
bloc; Pol. kloc; Russ . plakha; Wei. ploc, plocian, 
ploryn, plocynan=a block, a plug; Gael, pluc— a 
lump, a bump, a jumble of a sea ; ploc- any round 
mass, a junk of a stick, a potato-masher, a large 
clod, a very large head; Ir. ploc— a plug, a bung. 
Cognate with break and plug (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

(i) Gem: T massive body with an extended.sur¬ 
face, whether in its natural state or artificially 
smoothed on one or more sides. 

“ . . . violently career’d round into our own placid 
watery vistaa huge cliargi ng block of waters .”—De Quincey: 
Works, 2d ed., i. 103. 


(2) Spec. : A thick piece of timber, iron, or other 
material more or less shaped by art; as— 

(a) The massive piece of wood on which state 
criminals when doomed to death are beheaded. 

“Slave! to the block!— or I, or they, 

Shall face the judgment-seat this day!” 

Scott: Bokeby, vi. 31. 

(b) Squared timber, as for shipbuilding. 

“ ‘Thus,’ said he, ‘ will we build this ship ; 

Lay square the blocks upon the slip.’ ” 

Longfellow: The Building of the Ship. 

(3) In the same sense as II. 1 (q. v.). 

“ Though the block is occasionally lowered for the inspec¬ 
tion of the curious, the birds have not forsaken the nest.” 
— Cowper: A Tale, June, 1793. 

(4) The wooden mold on which a hat is formed, 
or by metonymy the hat itself. [II., 5.] 

“ He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever 
changes with the next block.” — Shakesp.: Much Ado About 
Nothing, i. L 


(5) A row of buildings connected together without 
the interruption of streets, open spaces, or semi¬ 
detached edifices. This term, which is purely 
American, has become naturalized in England of 
late. 

“ The new warehouses of the Pantechnicon, Belgrave 
Square, erected in detached blocks, are ready for storing 
furniture, . . .”— London Times, September 7, 1876. 
(Advt.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of things: An obstruction, a hindrance, an 
impediment, or its effects; as a block on the 
railway, in the streets, in one of the shafts of a 
coal-pit, &c. 

"... therefore infirmity must not be a block to our 
entertainment.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

(2) Of persons: 

(a) A stupid person. 

“What tongueless blocks were they! would they not 
speak?” Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 7. 

(b) An obstinate person, one impossible to move. 

“ A11 considerations united now in urging me to waste 

no more of either rhetoric, tallow, or logic, upon my im¬ 
passive granite block of a guardian.”— De Quincey: Works 
(2d ed.), p. 67. 




II. Technically: 

1. Mech.: A pulley, or a system of pulleys rotating 
on a pintle mounted in its frame or shell with its 
band and strap. The pin or pintle of a block of 
pulleys is the 
axis or axle. It 
passes through 
the bushing of 
the shell and the 
coak of the 
sheave, and is 
generally of iron. 

The sheave o r 
wheel is gener¬ 
ally of lignum- 
vit® or of iron, 
and has around 
its circumfer- 
ence a groove for 
the rope, called 
the gorge. It has a bushing, called a coak, around 
the pintle-hole. The space between the sheave and 
its block, through which the rope runs, is called 
the swallow or channel. It answers to the throat of 
some other machines; the pass in a rolling-mill. 
The shell, pulley-frame, or body of the block is 
made of a tough wood, or sometimes of iron ; it has 
one or two grooves, called scores, cut on each end to 
retain the strap which goes around it. The shell is 
hollow inside to receive the sheave or sheaves, and 
has a hole through its center to receive the sheave- 
pin, called the pintle; this is lined with bronze or 
gun-metal, called a bouching or bushing. When 
the shell is made of one piece, it is called a mortise- 
block; when more than one are employed, it is 
termed a made block. The side plates of the shell 
are cheeks. The strap, strop, iron-binding, grom¬ 
met or cringle, is a loop of iron or rope, encircling 
the block, and affords the means of fastening it in 
its place. The hook of iron-strapped blocks is fre¬ 
quently made to work in a swivel, so that the sev¬ 
eral parts of the rope forming the tackle may not 
become “foul” or twisted around each other. 
(Knight.) 

There are many kinds of blocks, as a pulley-block, 
a fiddle-block, a fish-block, a fly-block, a heart-block, 
a hook-block, &c. (See these words.) 

If Block and tackle : The block and the rope rove 
through it, for hoisting or obtaining a purchase. 
[Tackle.] 

2. Sawyers' work: One of the frames on which an 
end of a log rests in a saw-mill. 

3. Carp.: A square piece of wood fitted in the 
re-entering angle formed by the meeting edges of 
two pieces of board. The blocks are glued at the 
rear and strengthen the joint. (Knight.) 


4. Wood-cutting : A form made of hard wood, on 
which figures are cut in relief by means of knives, 
chisels, &c. 

5. Hat-making : A cylinder of wood over which a 
hat or bonnet is shaped in the process of manufact¬ 
ure. 

6. Saddlery : A former or block on which a piece 
of wet leather is molded by hammering or press¬ 
ing. 

7. Military: 

(a) Short pieces of scantling, used for elevating 
cannon and supporting them in position a short 
distance from the ground, or in assisting in their 
transfer from higher to lower levels, and vice versd. 
These are designated as whole, half, and quarter 
blocks, and have a uniform length of twenty and 
width of eight inches, their respective thickness 
being eight, four, and two inches. (Knight.) 

(b) The term is used also as part of the compound 
gin-blocks (q. v.). 

8. Falconry : The perch on which a bird of prey is 
kept. 

9. Cricket: The spot where the striker places his 
bat to guard his wicket; also called blockhole. 
[Guard. ] 

10. Hairdressing : A barber’s block=a stand for a 
wig. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or resembling a 
short, thick, lump of wood or other material. (See 
the compounds which follow.) 

block-book, s. 

Printing: A book printed not from movable 
types, but from engraved blocks, each one forming 
a page. Block-printing had long been known 
[Block-printing] before the art was used in the 
preparation of books. In 1438 Laurenza John Ros¬ 
ter of Haarlem published his Speculum Humana 
Salvationis with blocks; the Biblia Pauperum, 
published early in the fifteenth century, was also a 
block-book. About 1450 movable types began to be 
used, and block-books were superseded. [Print¬ 
ing.] 

block-brush, s. [So named because used by 
butchers to clean their blocks.] 

Her. : A bunch of the plant called Butcher’3 
Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) . It is in England borne 
by butchers as the insignia of their company, 
block-furnace, s. 

Metal. : A blomary. 

block-letters, s.pl. 

Printing : Type of large size cut out of wooden 
blocks. Block-letters, or wooden type, are generally 
made of cherry or boxwood, cut endwise. They 
are made of sizes from two or three-line pica up to 
150-line pica, more than two feet in length. 

block-letter cutting-machine, s. A machine 
for cutting block-letters. (For various forms of 
them see Knight’s Practical Dictionary of Me¬ 
chanics.) 

block-machinery, block machinery, s. 

Mech.: Machinery for cutting, shaping and ad 
justing “ blocks ” to be associated with “tackles” 
in the navy and in merchant vessels. The ma¬ 
chines used for dressing the shells of the blocks 
are (1) a reciprocating cross saw, (2) a circular 
cross-cut saw, (3) a reciprocating ripping saw, (4) 
a bwing-machine , (5) a mortising-machine, (6) a 
corner-saw, (7) a shaping-machine, and (8) a scor¬ 
ing-machine. A reciprocating, a circular, and a 
crown saw are used for rounding the sheaves and 
boring the center hole. There are, besides, a coat¬ 
ing-machine, a drilling-machine, a riveting-machine, 
and a facing-lathe. 

block-printing, s. 

Printing: The art or process of printing from 
blocks instead of from movable types. It is sup¬ 
posed to have been invented by the Chinese about 
A. D. 593. It has been long employed in calico- 
printing in that country, as well as in India, Arabia, 
and Egypt. In Europe the same process was 
adopted for printing playing-cards, and during the 
first half of the fifteenth century books were pro¬ 
duced by means of block-printing; they were hence 
called block-books. [Block-book.] Now block¬ 
printing is used for printing cotton cloth or paper 
for hangings. Two stages of progress in the method 
are to he traced. First the pattern was daubed 
upon the color and impressed by hand upon the 
material, which lay upon a table before the work¬ 
man. When the pattern was in several colors, 
different blocks of the same size were employed, the 
raised pattern in each being adapted for its special 
portion of the design. The exact correspondence or 
each part, as to position, was secured by pins on 
the blocks, which pierced small holes in the mate¬ 
rial and indicated the exact position. Next, an 
improved system by Perrot was introduced, in 
which the calico passed between a square prism 
and three engraved blocks, brought in apposition 
to three faces of the prism, and delivered their sep 
arate impressions thereupon in succession. Each 
block was inked after each impression, and the 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-ciau, -tian — sh3.11. -tion, 


9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -gion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
• zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dcL 













block-system 


532 


blocking-press 


cloth was drawn through by a winding cylinder. 
The blocks were pressed against the cloth by 
springs. Perrot’s system did twenty times as much 
work in an hour as that which it all but displaced. 
Now block-printing has been superseded by cylin¬ 
der or roller-printing, which works twenty times as 
fast as oven Perrot’s method. {Knight.) 
block-system, block system, s. 

Railway Traveling: A method of signaling spe¬ 
cially designed to prevent collisions between trains 
traveling on the same line of rails. The route to 
be traversed is divided into small sections by tele¬ 
graph boxes erected at intervals. Let A D in the 
figure be a portion of such a line with signal boxes 
at A, B, C and D. Let A t - B r C D 

f and t' be two trains -— - ■ - - - - 

both moving in the di- > > 

rection of the arrows. If t'' overtake V there will 
be a collision, but the block-system prevents this by 
setting the danger signal at B against the train t' 
till t' has passed C. Then the danger-signal is set 
at C against train t" till t' has passed D, and so in 
succession. Thus the two trains are never for a mo¬ 
ment in the same section of the railway, and cannot 
therefore come into collision. The advantages de¬ 
rived from the adoption of this system are uni¬ 
versally admitted, yet comparatively few of our 
railways have the system in use. 
block-teeth, s. 

Dentistry: Two or more teeth made in a block 
carved by hand from ivory, whale’s or walrus’ 
teeth, &c. 

block-tin, s. [Eng. block, and tin. In Sw. block- 
tenn; Dut. bloktin; Ger. blockzinn.) 

Comm.: A name given to an impure tin cast into 
ingots. When the metal is allowed to cool gradu¬ 
ally the upper part is the purest, the impurities 
being contained in the lower part. Block-tin con¬ 
tains iron, arsenic, lead, &c. [Tin.] 
block-wire, s. In the railway block-system, a 
wire connecting adjacent block-signal towers or 
semaphore poles. 

block-wood, blockwood, s. An unknown wood, 
presumably suitable for being carved into blocks. 

“ Blockwood, logwood and other forbidden materials, 
,’ r —Golden Fleece (1657). ( Halliwell: Cont. to Lexi- 


2. Spec.: The investment of a place by sea, to 
revent any ships from entering or leaving its 
arbor. The practice seems to have been intro¬ 
duced by the Dutch about A. D. 1584. 

If (1) To break a blockade: Forcibly to enter a 
blockaded port, if not even to compel the naval 
force investing it to withdraw. 

(2) To raise a blockade: 

(a) To desist from blockading a place. 

( b ) To compel the investing force to do so. 

(3) To run a blockade: Surreptitiously to enter or 
leave a blockaded port at the risk of being captured. 

II. International Maritime Law: As a blockade 
seriously interferes with the ordinary commercial 
right of trading with everyplace, international law 
carefully limits its operation, the principle adopted 
being this: that belligerents are not entitled to do 
anything likely to incommode neutrals more than 
it benefits themselves. Neutrals are therefore 
entitled to disregard a blockade except it be effect¬ 
ive, that is, unless the town be invested by a fleet 
sufficient to prevent the ingress and the exit of 
vessels. When on November 21, 1806, the Berlin 
decree of Napoleon I. declared the whole British 
Islands in a state of blockade, that blockade, being 
ludicrously ineffective, was illegal; so also, though 
to a somewhat less extent, were the British orders 
in council of November 11 and 21,1807, which placed 
France and all its tributary states in a state of 
blockade. The retaliatory Napoleonic Milan 
decree of December 27,1807, extending the previ¬ 
ously announced blockade to the British dominions 
in all quarters, labored to a still greater extent 
under the same defect. More effective, as being 
more limited in area, were the blockades of the Elbe 
by Britain in 1S03, that of the Baltic by Denmark 
in 1848-9 and 1864, and that of the ports of the Con¬ 
federate States of America by President Lincoln on 
April 19, 1861. A blockade should be formally 
notified before it is enforced, permission being 
granted to neutral vessels then to depart, carrying 
with them any cargo which they may already have 
on board ; when it terminates, its cessation should 
also be formally declared. Any one running a 
blockade does so at his own peril; one’s own govern¬ 
ment cannot by international law protect him from 
forfeiting his vessel with its cargo and his liberty} 
if he be captured by the blockading fleet. 


•cog.) 

block, v. t. [From Eng. block, s. (q. v.) In Sw. 
■blokkera, blockera; Dan. blokere= to block up ; Dut. 
blokkeeren; Ger. blokiren; Fr. bloquer; Sp. & Port. 
Lloquear; Ital. bloccare .] 

1. Literally: 

(1) To shut up so as to hinder egress or ingress ; 
to obstruct. ( Dryden: Spanish Friar, v. 1.) (Often 
"followed by up.) 

(2) Eng. Pari. Law: To block a bill m Parlia¬ 
ment is to give notice of opposition and so to bring 
it within the operation of the Standing Order, 
which, subject to certain exceptions, provides that 
“ no order of the day or notice of motion be taken 
after half-past twelve at night, with respect to 
which order or notice of motion a notice of opposi¬ 
tion shall have been printed on the notice paper.” 

In cricket: To stop a ball dead without attempt¬ 
ing to hit it. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To plan, to devise. [Scotch.) [If (2).] 

*< The committee appointed for the first blocking of all 
A ur writs.”— Baillie: Letters, i. 75. 


blockade-runner, s. 

1. Of things: A vessel used for the purpose of 
trading by sea with a blockaded town. 

j2. Of persons: A man engaged in trading by sea 
with a blockaded town. 

blockade-running, s. The act or occupation of 
trading by sea with a blockaded town. During our 
Civil War (1861-1865) many of the British engaged in 
blockade-running, attempting to enter Charleston, 
Wilmington, and other harbors of the Confederate 
States. 

bloc-ka de, v. t. [From blockade, s. (q.v.) See 
also Block, n.] 

1. Ord. Lang., Military, &c.: To surround a town 
with troops, or, if it be a seaport, to surround its 
landward portion with troops, and place ships of 
war in front of its harbor, so as to cut off all 
supplies from the garrison and inhabitants till 
they surrender the place. 

“. . . the approaches were closed, and the town 

effectually blockaded." — Froude: Hist. Eng. (1858), vol. iv.. 
437. 


(2) To bargain. {Scotch.) 

Tf (1) To block in: 

Art: To get in the broad masses of a picture or 
drawing. 

(2) To block out: Koughly to mark out work after¬ 
ward to be done. 

(3) Blocked up: Print.: This phrase signifies 
that the font of type is all set, and none is available 
for present use. 

bloc-kade , s. [From Eng. block; and suff. -ade. 
In Sw. blockad; Dan. blokad.e; Dut. blokkade; 
Ger. blockade ; Fr. blocus (a contraction, according 
to LittrS, of Ger. blockhaus; O. Ger. block-hits)= a 
blockade; Sp. bloquio; Port, bloqueio; Ital. bloc- 
caturci .] 

I. Mil., Naut. & Ord. Language: 

1. Gen.: The act of surrounding a town with a 
hostile army, or, if it be on the sea-coast, of plac¬ 
ing a hostile army around its landward side, and 
ships of war in front of its sea defenses, so as, if 
possible, to prevent supplies of food and ammuni¬ 
tion from entering it by land or water. The object 
of such an investment is to compel a place too 
strong or too well defended to be at once captured 
by assault, to surrender on account of famine. 

“It seemed that the siege must be turned into a Mock- 
oxle .”— Macaulay: Hist . Eng., ch. xii. 

If Almost every siege involves a blockade, but in 
a siege, properly so called, military approaches are 
pushed on against the place with the view of ulti¬ 
mately capturing it by assault, whereas in a 
blockade no assault is contemplated. Most of the 
sieges of antiquity were only blockades. 


2. Fig.: To obstruct the passage to anything. 
Sometimes ludicrously. 

“ Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door, 

A hundred oxen at your levee roar.” 

Pope: Mor. Essays, iii. 67. 

blocked, pa. par. & a. [Block.] 

*block-er, *blok -er, s. [Eng. block; -er.] 

1. One who hinders the progress of anything, an 
obstructer; specif., one who blocks a parliament¬ 
ary bill. 

2. One who plans or accomplishes a bargain; a 
broker. {Scotch.) 

“ Oure souerane Lord, &c., vnderstanding of the 
fraude and frequent abvse committed by many of his 
Maiesties subiectis, byeris and blokeris of victuell.”— Acts 
James VI., 1621 (ed. 1814), p. 614. {Jamieson.) 

block-head, s. [Eng. block; head.) A person, 
with a good deal of exaggeration, said to be as 
destitute of understanding as if bis skull inclosed a 
block of wood in place of hemispheres of brain; a 
dolt, a fool, an ass, a stupid person. 

“ The Christian hope is—Waiter, draw the cork— 

If I mistake not— Blockhead! with a fork !" 

Cowper: Hope. 

block -head-ed, a. [Fag. blockhead; -ed.] Hav¬ 
ing such a mind as is possessed by a blockhead; 
stupid, dull. 

“Says a blockheaded boy, these are villainous creatures.” 
— L’ Estrange. 

block-head-l§m, s. [Eng. blockhead; -ism.] 
The procedure or characteristics of a blockhead. 

“ . . . though now reduced to that state of blockhead- 

ism." — Smart: Notes to the Hilliad. 


block -head-ljf, a. [Eng .blockhead; -ly.) Like 
a blockhead. 

“ Some mere elder-brother, or some blockheadly hero.” 
— Dryden: Amphitryon. 

block-house, thlock-haus, s. [Eng. blocks 
. . . a thick .heavy mass of wood, and house. In 
Sw. blockhus; Dan. blookhuus; Dut. blokhuis; Ger. 
& Fr. blockhaus .] 

Fortif. <& Ord. Lang.: A small fort built of heavy 
timber or logs, and with the sides loop-holed for 
musketry, or if it be sufficiently large and strong, 
with ports or embrasures for cannon. It may be 
built square, rectangular, polygonal, or in the form 
of a cross. If more than one story high the upper 



story may project over the lower so as to obtain a 
fire directly downward. It is generally surrounded 
by a ditch, and sometimes has earth on its roof that 
it may be more difficult to set it on fire. 

Blockhouses of galvanized iron were used by the 
British in their war with the Boers (1899-1902). The 
walls were constructed of sheets of the iron plaited 
four inches apart, with the intervening spaces filled 
with gravel. They were generally octagonal in 
shape, with two loopholes upon each face. A net¬ 
work of barbed wire extended from the loopholes 
to from fifteen to twenty yards out, making an 
impassable chevaux-de-frise. These, in connection 
with a system of armored trains (q.v.) patrolling 
between them, contributed greatly to the success 
of the British. 

block -in-course, s. & a. [Eng. block; in; 
course .] A term used only in the subjoined com¬ 
pound. 

block-in-course masonry, s. 

Masonry: A kind of masonry which differs from 
ashlar masonry chiefly in being built of smaller 
stones. The usual depth of a course is from seven 
to nine inches. 

block -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Block, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: The act of shutting up or 
obstructing; the state of being shut up or ob¬ 
structed; obstruction. [Block, v. T[ 2.] 

“ . . . by blocking of trade . . . ”— Clarendon. 

II. Technically: 

1. Leather-working: The process of bending 
leather for boot-fronts to the required shape. 
[Crimping.] 

2. Bookbinding: The art of impressing a pattern 
on a book-cover by a plate or association of tools 
under pressure. It is called blind or gold blocking. 
In the latter case gold-leaf is used; in the former, 
the bare block. 

3. Carpentry: A mode of securing together the 
vertical angles of wood-work. Blocks of wood are 
glued in the inside angle. 

blocking-course, s. 

Architecture: The upper course of stones or brick 
above a cornice or on the top of a wall. 

blocking-down, s. 

Metallurgy: The art of adjusting sheet-metal to 
a mold or shape. This is done by laying above it a 
thick piece of lead, and striking the latter by a 
mallet or hammer. This mode is sometimes adopted 
to bring a plate partially to shape before swaging 
it between the dies. 

blocking-kettle, s. 

Hat-making: A hot bath in which hats are soft¬ 
ened in the process of manufacture, so as to be 
drawn over blocks. {Knight.) 

blocking-press, s. 

Bookbinding: A bookbinder’s screw-press in which 
blocking is performed. It has less power than the 
embossing-press, which operates with large dies, 
being used for ornamentation, requiring but a com¬ 
paratively small pressure. 


.'ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 

















































blockish 


533 


blood 


block'-ish, a. [Eng. block; -ish.] Rather stupid, 
somewhat wanting in intellect. 

“Make a lottery; 

And, by device, let blockish Ajax draw 
The sort to fight with Hector.’’ 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, i. 3. 
block-ish-ly, ado._ [Eng. blockish; -ly.\ In a 
blockish manner, stupidly, with deficient intellect. 

“These brave doctors fail most absurdly and bluckishly 
in this so necessary an article.”— Harmar: Trans, of 
Ueza’s Ser:n., p. 126. 

block-Ish-ness, s. [Eng. blockish; -ness.] The 
quality of being blockish, stupidity. 

“Being dull, and of incurable blockishness, he became 
a hater of virtue and learning.”— Whitlock: Man. of the 
Eng., p. 140. 

block-like, a. [Eng. block; -like.] Likea block, 
.stupid. 

“Am I twice sand-blind? twice so near the blessing 
I would arrive at, and blocklike never know it.” 

Beaumont efr Fletcher: Pilgrim. 
block'-y, a. [Eng. block;-y.] Photog. Appear¬ 
ing as if printed in blocks, a result of an unequal 
distribution of light and shade. 

*blod (1), *blode, s. [Blood.] {Layamon, 23,973.) 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*blod (2), s. [Morris thinks it is from Welsh 
llawd= a youth, a lad; O. Sw. glott. Or it may be an 
old form of blood.] 

1. A child. 

“And vche blod on that burne blessed schal worthe.” 
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 686. 

2. A woman. 

“A thusanb plates of silver god 
Gaf he sarra that faire blod.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1191, 1192. 
*blOd e-wort, s. [Bloodwort.] A plant— Poly¬ 
gonum Hydropiper. ( Grete: Herball.) (Britten db 
Holland.) 

*blo-di, *blody, a. [Bloody.] (Wright: Spec, 
of Lyric Poet., 62.) ( Stratmann .) (Prompt. Parv.) 

bloe'-dlte, *blo -dlte, s. [In Ger. blcedit. Named 
after a chemist and mineralogist, Bldde.] 

Min.: A mineral classed by Dana with liis hydrous 
sulphate. Color, fast red to blue red or white 
fracture, splintery. It occurs massive or crystal 
lized. Composition: Sulphate of soda, 33*34-45*82 
sulphate of magnesia, 33T9-36*66; water, 18'84- 
22*00, &c. It is found in the Old World at Ischl and 
near Astrakan, and in the New World near San 
Juan, at the foot of the Andes. (Dana.) 

*bloik, *blok, s. [Block, s.] (Scotch.) (Doug.: 
Virgil, 148, 4,) 

*blok, *bloke, s. [Block, s.] (Ear. Eng. Allit¬ 
erative Poems (ed. Morris) , Patience, 272.) (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

bloke, s. A term of contempt or derision much 
in evidence in the argot of the street urchins and 
other vulgar inhabitants of our large cities. 

“ * Git on to de bloke wid de plug hat,’ was a remark fre¬ 
quently heard from the irrepressible gamins.” —Chicago 
News. 

bl6m'-g,-ry, bloom -a-ry, s. [From A. S. bloma 
=metal, a mass, a lump (Somner and Lye) [Bloom 
(2)] ; and sufi, -ary.] 

Metallurgy: The first forge in an ironworks 
through which iron passes after having been melted 
from the ore. The pig-iron, having been puddled 
and balled, is brought to the hammer or squeezer, 
which makes it ipto a bloom. [Bloom (2).] 

*blome, s. [Bloom.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

*blom-yn, v. i. [Bloom, v.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*blonc, a. [Blank, a.] (Reliq. Antiq., i. 37.) 

*blonc’-ket, *blon’-ket, a. [Compare A. S. 

blonca , blanca=a gray horse, a horse.] (Kemble.) 

Or ay bloncket liveryes: Gray coats. 

“ Our bloncket liveryes bene all to sadde 
Tor thilke same season, when all is ycladd 
With pleasaunce.” 

Spenser: Shepheard’s Calendar, v. 
blond, blonde, a. & s. [In Dut. blond; Sp. 
blondo= fair, flaxen; in Dan. blondine= a female 
with light-colored hair. In Sw. blonder, s. pi.; Dan. 
blonde (sing.); Ger. blonde; Sp. blonda ar ^blond- 
lace. All from Fr. blond, adj., m., 6Zowde=fair, 
flaxen, white of complexion ; blond , s., m.=a flaxen 
color, a man or boy wfith flaxen hair; blonde, s., f.= 
a girl or woman with fair hair; blond-lace. Prov. 
blon, blonda=tair of complexion. Compare A. S. 
blonden feax= mixed hair, gray-haired (Bosworth), 
from Won.den=mingled. Professor Skeat, however, 
thinks that the Fr. blond may be altered from Fr. 
i>Zemc=white.] [Blank.] 

A. As adjective: Fair or light in color. Used— 

1 . Of hair. 

“ The brown is from the mother’s hair, 

The blond is from the child.” 

Longfellow: The Two Locks of Hair. 

2. Of the complexion, which is usually light when 
the person is fair-haired. [Sanguine.] 


B. As substantive: 

1. Of persons: A fair-haired person, hence a per¬ 
son of light complexion. [A. 2.] 
f2. Blond-lace (q. v.). 

blond-lace, s. [So called from its color.] A silk 
lace of two threads, twisted and formed in hex¬ 
agonal meshes. 

TT Obvious compound, blond-lace-maker. 

*blondir, *blond-ren, v. i. [Blunder, r.] 

*blonk, *blonke, *blonkke, *blouk, *blunk, s. 

[A. S. blonca, blancu=a white horse; I cel. blakkr= 
a ho-rse.] A steed, a horse. (Scotch.) 

“ Syn grooms, that gay is, 

On blonks that brayis.” 

Poems, Edin., 1821, p. 221. {Jamieson.) 

T[ See Gawayne and the Green Knight, 434. 
*blonket, s. [Bloncket.] 

*blont, a. [Blunt.] (Spenser: Shep. Cal. viii.) 
*bloo, a. [Blue.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

*blooc, s ■ [Block, s.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
blood, *bloode, *bloud, *blfide, *blfid, *blod, 
*blode (Eng.), blflid, blflde (Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. 
bl6d= blood; Icel. blod.h; Sw. & Dan. blod; Dut. 
bloed; Moeso-Goth. bloth; Ger. blut ; O. H. Ger. 
pluot, ploot. From A. S. blbwan, geblowan = to 
blow, bloom, blossom, or flourish. (Bosworth, 
Skeat, dbc..)] [Blow (2), v.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: The fluid circulating by means of 
veins and arteries through the bodies of man and 
of the lower animals. [II. 1 .] 

“For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have 
given it to yon upon the altar .”—Leviticus xvii. 11. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Lineage, descent, progeny. 

(a) Of things: Lineage, descent; specially royal 
or noble descent, high extraction. 

“O! what an happiness is it to find 
A friend of our own blood, a brother kind!” 

Waller. 

IT Formerly it might in this sense have a plural. 

“ As many and as well-born bloods as those, 

Stand in his face to contradict his claim.” 

Shakesp.: King John, ii. 1. 

t (b) Of persons: Child, progeny. (In this sense 
generally combined with flesh.) 

“ But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 4. 

If A half-blood: A half-breed. 

(2) Temper, passions; or one in whom these are 
prominent. 

(a) Of things: Temper, passions. 

“The Puritan blood was now thoroughly up.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

(b) Of persons: A person of hot temper; a man 
(in most cases young) of fiery character; one brave, 
but unrestrained by prudence or perhaps even by 
moral principle, and from whom in consequence 
violence may in times of excitement be expected. 

“ The news put divers young bloods into such a fury as 
the ambassadors were not without peril to be outraged.” 
—Bacon. 

(3) Life; the vital principle, especially with ref¬ 
erence to the taking away of life. Hence closely 
allied to (4). 

“Shall I not therefore now require his blood of your 
hands ?”—2 Samuel iv. 11. 

(4) The shedding of blood or its consequences. 

(a) The shedding of blood; the taking of life 
away, especially in an unlawful manner; murder. 

“ Blood follows blood, and through their mortal span, 

In bloodier acts conclude those who with blood be¬ 
gan.” Byron: Childe Harold, ii. 63. 

(b) The atoning death of Christ. 

“ . . . the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us 

from all sin.”—1 John i. 7. 

(c) The responsibility of shedding blood, sacri¬ 
ficing a life, or the soul. 

“Your blood be upon your own heads . . .”—Acts 

xviii. 6. 

IT The price of blood : Reward or retribution for 
shedding it, or for taking a life. 

“ It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, be¬ 
cause it is the price of blood.”—Matthew xxvii. 6. 

(5) Any liquid resembling blood in color, or in 
some other obvious character. (Used especially of 
the juice of a fruit, as the grape.) 

“. . . and thou didst drink the pure blood of the 
grape.”— Lieut, xxxii. 14. 

TT With some similitude to this, the wine in the 
communion is the sacramental symbol of the blood 
of Christ. 

“ And He said unto them, This is my blood of the New 
Testament, which is shed for many .”—Mark xiv. 24. 


3. In special phrases, the ivord blood having the 
same signification: 

(1) As in A. 1. 1 . 

Flesh and blood: Human nature. [Flesh.] 

“. . . for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto 
thee, but my Father which is in heaven .”—Matthew xvi. 17. 

(2) As in A. 1.2 (a). 

(a) A prince of the blood: A prince of royal ex¬ 
traction, not one raised to the dignity of prince by 
law or mandate. 

“ They will almost 

Give us a jirince o’ th’ blood, a son of Priam, 

In change of him.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, iii. 3. 

( b ) The blood-royal: Royal descent. 

(3) As in A. I. 2 (2). 

(a) Bad blood: A feeling of animosity toward 
one. 

(b) In cold blood: With the passions unexcited, 
coolly, and therefore, presumably, with more or 
less deliberation. 

“ Who cannot condemn rashness in cold blood f" 

Shakesp.: Timon, iii. 5. 

(c) In hot blood: With the passions excited. 
“Upon a friend of mine ; who, in hot blood, 

Hath stepp’d into the law . . .” 

Shakesp. .■ Timon, iii. 5. 

(d) In blood: In a state of perfect health and 
vigor: properly a term of the chase. 

“ But when they shall see, sir, . . . the man in blood, 
they will out of their burrows like conies after rain.”— 

Shakesp. 

(4) As in A. I. 2 (3). 

*For his blood: Though his life depended upon it. 
( Vulgar.) 

“ A crow lay battering upon a muscle, and could not, for 
his blood, break the shell to come at the fish.”— L’Estrange. 

II. Technically: 

1. Physiol.: The red circulating fluid in the 
bodies of man and the higher animals. It is formed 
from chyle and lymph when these substances are 
subjected to the action of oxygen taken into the 
lungs by the process of inspiration. It is the general 
material from which aH the secretions are derived, 
besides which it carries away from the frame what¬ 
ever is noxious or superfluous. In man its tempera¬ 
ture rarely varies from 36’6° C=98° F., but in bird? 
it sometimes reaches 42'8° C=109° F. The blood in 
reptiles, amphibia, and fishes, and the circulating 
fluid in the invertebrata, is cold, that is, in no case 
more than a little above the temperature of the sur¬ 
rounding medium. The vessels which conduct the 
blood out from the heart are called arteries, and 
those which bring it back again veins. The blood 
in the left side of the heart and in the arteries, 
called arterial blood, is bright red ; that in the right 
side of the heart and in the veins, called venous 
blood, is blackish-purple. Viewed by spectrum 
analysis, the haemoglobin of arterial blood differs 
from that of venous blood, the former being com¬ 
bined with oxjrgen, and the latter being deoxidized. 
The density of blood is l - 003 to F057. Its com¬ 
position in 1,000 parts is as follows: 

Water.780*15 to 785\58 

Fibrme. 2T0 “ 3'57 

Albumen. 65’09 “ 69*41 

Coloring matter.133’00 “ 119’63 

Crystallizable fat. 2'43 “ 4*30 

Fluid fat. 1*31 “ 2*27 

Extractive matter of uncer-) , 

tain kind. \ 1 79 1* 9 2 

Albumen, with soda. 1*26 “ 2*01 

Sodium and potassium ) 
chlorides, carbonates,! 8’37 “ 7’30 

phosphates, and sulphates ) 

Calcium and magnesium") 
carbonates, phosphates of j 
calcium magnesium and [ c lu 1 

iron, ferric oxide.J 

Loss.... 2-40 “ 2*59 


1,000 1,000 

Blood has a saline and disagreeable taste, and, 
when fresh, a peculiar smell. It has an alkaline 
re-action. It is not, as it appears, homogeneous, 
but under a powerful microscope is seen to be a 
colorless fluid with little round red bodies called 
blood-discs or blood-corpuscles, and a few larger 
ones called white-corpuscles floating about in it. 
[Blood-disc, Corpuscle.] When removed from 
the body and allowed to stagnate it separates into 
a thicker portion called cruor, crassamentum , or 
clot, and a thinner one denominated serum. [See 
these words.] 

“ The blood is the immediate pabulum of the tissues; its 
composition is nearly or entirely identical with them; it 
is, indeed, as Borden long ago expressed it, liquid flesh.” 

Todd (P Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 43 . 

2. Law: 

(1) Whole blood is descent not simply from the 
same ancestor, but from the same pair of ancestors, 
while half-blood is descent only from the one. Thus 


boll, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist, ph = £ 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - b?l, dcL 
















■blood-band 


534 


bloodhound 


in a ftanily two brothers who have the same father 
and mother stand to each other in the relation of 
whole blood, but if the mother die, and the father 
marry again and have children, these stand to the 
offspring of the first marriage only in the relation 
of half-blood. (Blaclcstone: Comment ., bk. ii., ch. 
xiv.) 

(2) Corruption of blood is the judicial stripping 
it of the right to carry with it up or down the 
advantage of inheritance [Attainder] ; its purifi¬ 
cation or restitution is the restoration to it of the 
privilege of inheritance. (Ibid., ch. xv., bk. iv., 
ch. 29,31.) 

B. As adjective : Of lineage or pure breed, and 
presumably of high spirit or mettle. 

. . a pair of bloocl horses .”—London Times, Sep. 
tember 8, 1876. 

If Obvious compounds: Blood-besotted (Shakesp 
2 Henry VI., v. 1., Globe ed.), blood-bespotted (Ibid., 
Todd, Schmidt), blood-desiring ( Spenser: Ruines of 
Rome; by Bellay, xiii.), blood-drenched (Webster), 
blood-dyed (Everett), blood-like (Jodrell ), blood- 
marked (Webster), blood-polluted (Pope), blood• 
tpiller (Quarterly Review),blood-spilling (Dr. Allen), 
bloodstream (Scott : Lady of the Lake, iii. 11), <fcc. 

blood-band, *blode bande, s. A bandage to 
atop bleeding. 

" Vs bus haue a blode bande, or thi ble change .”—Morte 
Arthure (ed. Brock), 2,676. 

blood-baptism, s. 

Theol. <& Ch. Hist.: Baptism by means of blood, 
i. e., by martyrdom. If any one who had not been 
baptized showed his firm faith in Christianity by 
dying a martyr’s death rather than renounce it, the 
early Christians regarded him as if he had been 
baptized, his death being held to be the equivalent 
of baptism. (Coleman.) 

blood-besprinkled, a. Besprinkled with blood. 

tblood-boltered, a. [Eng. blood, and bolter= a 
sieve for separating bran from flour, or coarse from 
fine meal.l Sprinkled with blood, as from a sieve 
or bolter; having the hair clotted with blood. 

“ The blood-bolter’d Banquo smiles upon me.” 

Shatcesp.i Macbeth, iv. 1. 

blood-bought, o. Bought with blood; achieved 
through the sacrifice of life. 

“ Incomparable gem ! thy worth untold ; 

Cheap, though blood-bought, and thrown away when 
sold.” Cowper: Table Talk. 

blood-brother, s. A brother by blood, as contra¬ 
distinguished from a brother-in-law, brought into 
that relation by marriage. 

blood-cemented, a. 

+1. Lit. : Cemented by blood. 

2. Fig.: Cemented together in political or other 
feeling by being of one blood, or by having shed 
their blood in a common enterprise. 

“ (Educing good from ill) the battle groan’d, 

Ere, blood-cemented, Anglo-Saxons, saw.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

blood-color, s. 

Her. : Sanguine. It is distinguished from bloody, 
Her. (q. v.) 

blood-colored, a. 

1. Colored by means of blood. 

2 . Of the color of blood. 

blood-consuming, a. Consuming the blood, 
preying on the blood. (Used of sighs.) 

“ Might liquid tears, or heart-offending groans, 

Or blood-consuming sighs recall his life.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., iii. 2, 

blood-corpuscle, s. [Corpuscle.] 

blood-descendants, s. Descendants from the 
blood of # a common ancestor. (Used of men or of 
the inferior animals.) 

. . still fewer genera and species will have left 
modified blood-descendants." — Darwin: Origin of Species 
(ed 1859), ch. x., p. 341. 

blood-disc, s. The same as Blood-corpuscle. 
[Corpuscle.] 

”... certain particles, the blood-discs, which float 
in it [the blood] in great numbers .”—Todd & Bowman: 
Vhys. Anat., i. 60. 

blood-drinking, a. 

1. Lit.: Drinking blood, in the sense of absorbing 
It or being soaked with it. 

“In this detested, dark, blood-drinking pit.” 

Shakesp.; Titus Andronicvs, ii. 4. 

2, Figuratively: 

(1) Preying on the blood. 

" 1 would be blind with weeping, sick with groans, 
Look pale as primrose with blood-drinking sighs.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., iii. 2. 

(2) Bloodthirsty. 

“As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., ii. 4. 


blood-drop, 8 . A drop of blood. 

“ Like blood-drops from my heart they dropp’d.” 

Wordsworth: The Last of the Flock. 

blood-drunk, a. Drunk with blood. (More.) 
blood-extorting, a. Extorting blood; forcing 
blood from the person. (Used of a screw. Possibly 
a thumb-screw) (?). 

“. . . knotted scourges, 

Matches, blood-extorting screws.” 

Cowper: Negro’s Complaint. 

blood-flag, s. A red flag, as a symbol of blood¬ 
shed. 

“ For a sheet of flame, from the turret high. 
Waved, like a blood-flag, on the sky.” 

Scott: 1-ay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 29. 

blood-friend, s. [Bloodfriend.] 

* blood-frozen, a. Having the blood frozen, in a 
literal or figurative sense. 

“ Yet nathemore by his bold hartie speach 
Could his blood-frozen hart emboldened bee.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, L ix. 25. 

blood-grass, s. [Eng. blood, and grass.] 

Vet. Med. Bloody urine : A disease of cows, said 
to be brought on when they are changed from one 
kind of pasture to another. (Ayr: Surv. Suther.) 
(Jamieson.) 

blOOd-gOUt, s. [Eng. blood, and gout. FromFr. 
goutte=& drop.] A drop of blood. 

" That hath made fatal entrance here. 

As these dark blood-gouts say.” 

Scott: Narmion, vi. 5. 

blood-guiltiness, s. [Bloodguiltiness.] 
blood-happy, a. Happy in having shed or in 
lapping blood. (Used of a hound which has seized 
its prey.) 

“ Blood-happy, hang at his fair jutting chest, 

And mark his beauteous checker’d sides with gore.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Autumn. 

blood-heat, s. The ordinary heat of blood in a 
healthy human body. Arteri al is one degree warmer 
than venous blood. In man the latter stands at 98° 
Fahrenheit. In fierce inflammation it rises to 105°. 
In some continued fevers it is 102° (sometimes as in 
the early stages of typhoid reaching higher, to 104° 
or 105°, m which case the patient seldom or never 
recovers) while in the cold fit of ague it falls to 94°, 
and in cholera during the collapse to 90°, after 
death rising to a great heat. 

blood-horse, s. A horse, the lineage of which is 
of the purest or best blood. 

blood-bot, blood bot, a. As hot as blood at its 
ordinary temperature in a healthy human body. 

*blood-iron, *bloode-yryn, s. An instrument for 
letting blood or bleeding. 

“ Bloode yryn, supra in BJedynge yryn.”— Prompt. Pare. 
(Fitzherbert: Husbandry, to. F. 4.) 

blood-letter, s. [Bloodletter.] 
blood-letting, pr. par. & s. [Bloodletting.] 
blood-money, *bloudmoney, s. The price paid 
for blood. 

“It is not laufull to put them into the God’s chest, for 
it is bloudmoney." — Coverdale: Matthew, xxv. 6. 

blOOd-name, s. A national name. 

" The blood-name of the bulk of the population.”— Glad¬ 
stone: Homer, i. 163. 

blood-offering, s. An offering of blood, literally 
or figuratively. 

“ Iiesign’d, as if life’s task were o’er, 

Its last blood-offering amply paid.” 

Moore: Fire- Wors hipers, 

blood-particle, s. The same as blood-corpuscle 
or blood-disc. [Blood, Corpuscle.] 

blood-plate, s. One of the numerous minute 
discoidal bodies contained in the blood of mammals. 

blood-poisoning, s. The same as septicaemia 
and toxaemia. See titles Antitoxin, Listerjsm, 

Serum-therapy. 

blood-pudding, s. [Bloodpudding.] 
blood-receiving, a. Receiving blood, or, figu¬ 
ratively, receiving the atonement. 

“ Faith too, the blood-receiving grace.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns, Ixiv.; Praise for Faith. 
blood-red, a.&s. 

A. As adjective: 

1. Strictly: Red with actual blood, or of the 
precise color of blood. 

“Or on Vittoria’s blood-red plain, 

Meet had thy death-bed been.” Hemans. 

2. More loosely : Of a red which may be poetically 
compared to that of blood, but is in reality much 
Jess bright. 

“’Tismine—my blood-red flag ! 

Byron: Corsair, iii. 15. 


B. As subst.: The color described under A. 

“But those scarfs of blood-red shall be redder, before 
The sabre is sheathed and the battle is o’er.” 

Byron; Childe Harold , ii. 12. 

blood-relation, s. A relation by blood, that is, 
by descent. 

“Even if they left no children, the tribe would still 
include their blood-relations.”—Darwin : Descent of Man, 
vol. i., pt. i., ch. v., p. 161. 

blood-shaken, bloodshaken, a. Shaken with 
respect to the blood; having the blood shaken or 
put in commotion. 

•‘They may, bloodshaken then, 

Feel such a flesh-quake to possess their powers.” 

Ben Jonson• New Inn,, Verses at the end, 

blood-sized, a. Sized with blood. 

“Tell him if he i’ the blood-siz’d field lay swoln. 
Shewing the sun his teeth, grinning at the moon. 
What you would do.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher- Tu'o Noble Kinsmen. 

blood-spavin, s. A disease of horses. (Ash.) 
[Spavin.] 

blood-stain, s. [Bloodstain.] 
blood-stained, a. [Bloodstained.] 
blood-swelled, a. Swollen with blood, 
blood-swoln, a. Swollen or swelled with blood: 
blood-swelled. Used— 

(1) Of the eyes. 

“ Their blood-swoln eyes 
Do break.” May: Lucan, bk. vi. 

(2) Of the breast. 

“ So boils the fired Herod's blood-swoln breast, 

Not to be slak’d but by a sea of blood.” 

Crashaw: Poems, p. 54. 

blood-vessel, s. [Bloodvessel.] 

blood-warm, a. As warm aS the blood; luke¬ 
warm. (Coles.) [Blood-heat.] 
blood-won, s. Won by blood, or by the expendi¬ 
ture of life. 

blood-worthy, a. Of one wlio, by reason of crime, 
is counted worthy of or deserving capital punish¬ 
ment. 

blood, v. t. [From blood , s. (q. v.)] 

1. Literally: 

+(1) To bleed, to take blood from. 
f(2) To stain with blood. 

"And, scarce secure, reach out their spears afar. 

And blood their points to prove their partnership in 
war.” Dryden: Fables. 

2. Figuratively : 

*(1) To excite; to exasperate. 

" By this means matters grew more exasperate; the 
auxiliary forces of French and English were much blooded 
one against another.”— Bacon: Henry VII. 

(2) To inure or accustom to the sight or to the 
shedding of blood. (Used of soldiers, of hunting- 
dogs, &c.) 

“It was most important, too, that his troops should be 
blooded.” — Macaulay-. Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

blood -ed, pa. par. & a. [Blood, t\] 
blood -flower, s. [From Eng. blood, and flower.] 
Bot.: The English name of the Hsemanthus, a 
genus of plants belonging to the order Amarylli- 
dacese (Amaryllias). The allusion is to the brilliant 
red flowers. The species, which are mostly from 
the Cape of Good Hope, are ornamental plants. 
[Haimanthus.] 

blood-friend, blood friend, s. [Eng. blood; 
friend. Dut. bloodvreend, bloodverwant= relation, 
relative, kinsman, kinswoman; Ger. blutfreund. j 
A relation by blood. 

“The laird of Haddo yieldstothe eai*lMarischal, being 
his bloodfriend and lately come of his house.”— Spalding, 
ii. 187. (Jamieson.) 

blood-guilt-i-ness,blood-guiltiness(w silent), 
s. [Eng. blood; guilty; -ness.] The guiltiness or 
guilt of having without proper justification shed 
blood. 

“Deliver me from bloodguiltiness, O God, . . — 

Psalm li. 14. 

blood-hound, *blood hounde, *bloode 
hounde, *bloode hownde, *blod honde, s. [Eng. 

blood; hound.] 

1 . Lit.; A varicty of hound or dog, so called from 
the ability which it possesses to trace a wounded 
animal by the smell of any drops of blood which 
may have fallen from it. It is the Canis familiaris, 
var. B. sagax of Linn.,now called var. sanguinaria. 
It is the Sleuth-hound of the Scotch. It has large, 
pendulous ears, a long curved tail, is of a reddish- 
tan color, and stands about twenty-eight inches 
high. The breed is not now often pure. It was 
formerly employed to track escaped prisoners and 
other fugitives from justice. There are other sub¬ 
varieties, specially the Cuban bloodhound, used in 
the Maroon wars in Jamaica during the last century, 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 




bloodied 


as well as more recently against escaped negro 
slaves in the swamps of the South before the aboli¬ 
tion of slavery in this country, and finally the 
African bloodhound, used in hunting the gazelle. 

“ The parishes were required to keep bloodhounds for 
the purpose of hunting the freebooters.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. iii. 

2. Fig.: One who relentlessly pursues an opponent 
till he has done him mortal injury. 

“ Hear this, hear this, thou tribune of the people ! 

Thou zealous, public bloodhound, hear and melt." 

Dryden. 

*blood-Ied, a. [Bloody, v.] Stained with blood 
from spurring. 

“ To breathe his bloodied horse.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., i. 1. 

♦blood-I-ly, adv. [Eng. bloody; -ly.) In a bloody 
manner, to the effusion of blood; sanguinarily. 

“ . . . how mine enemies 
To-day at Pomfret bloodily were butcher’d.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iii. 4. 

bl6od'-l-ness, ♦blod-i-ness, s. [Eng. bloody ; 
-ness.] The state or quality of being bloody. 

(a) In the sense of being besmeared or stained 
with blood. 

“ It will manifest itself by its bloodiness; yet sometimes 
’the skull is so thin as not to admit of any.”— Sharp: 
Surgery. 

*(b) In the sense of being disposed to shed blood; 
cruelty. 

“ Boner, bishop of London, by his late bloodiness, pro¬ 
cured an eternal stain of cruelty upon his name .”—Le 
Here: Lives of Bishops, pt. i., p. 32. 

blood -lfig, pr. par. & s. [Blood, v.) 

As substantive : (1) The act of bleeding. 

(2) A bloodpudding. 

11 Some kinds of meats, as swine’s flesh or bloodings .”— 
Sanderson: Serm. 

blood -less, *blood -lesse, a. [Eng. blood , and 
guff. 4ess=without. A. S. blddleas ; Dut. bloedloos ; 
Ger. blutlos .] 

1. More or less literally : 

(1) Without blood. Applied to the cheeks in some 
diseases, or to all parts but the heart in a dead 
body. 

“ I will not shrink to see thee with a bloodless lip and 
cheek.” Hemans: Vila; or. The Adjuration. 

(2) Without effusion of blood; without slaughter. 
“ But beauty, with a bloodless conquest, finds 

A welcome sov’reignty in rudest minds.” 

Waller. 

2. Fig. : Spiritless. 

" Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 2. 

blood-less-l^, adv. [Eng. bloodless; -ly.) In a 
bloodless manner; without effusion of blood. 
{Byron.) 

tblood-let, v. t. [A. S. blodlcetan=to let blood.] 
IFo let blood. Chiefly in the present participle 
bloodletting (q. v.). 

blood-let-ter, *bloode latare, s. [A. S. bl6d 
laetere .] One who lets blood; a phlebotomist; a 
eurgeon ; a medical man. 

“ Bloode latare: Fleobotomator . . .”— Prompt. Parv. 

" This mischief, in aneurisms, proceedeth from the 
ignorance of the bloodletter, who, not considering the 
.error committed in letting blood, binds up the arm care- 
iessly.”— Wiseman . 

blood’-let-ting, pr. par. & s. [Bloodlet.] 

A. As present participle : In a sense correspond¬ 
ing to that of the verb. 

B. As substantive : The act, process, or art of tak¬ 
ing blood from the arm or from some other portion of 
the body to allay fever, or to effect some similar 
•end. This may be done by the lancet, without or 
•with cupping-glasses, or by means of leeches. It is 
now much more rarely resorted to than was for¬ 
merly the case. 

“The chyle is not perfectly assimilated into blood by its 
■circulation through the lungs, as is known by experi¬ 
ments in bloodletting.’’—Arbuthnot: Aliments. 

blftod-pud’-dlng, s. [Eng. blood; pudding. In 
Ger. blutpudding.) A pudding made ot blood, suet, 
Ac. [Black-pudding.] 

blood-rain ; s. [Eng. blood; rain.] 

1. Gen. : Rain nearly of the color of blood, and 
which many of the unscientific suppose to be actual 
blood. It arises either from minute plants, mostly 
of the order Algae, or from infusorial animalcules. 
It is akin to red sn<yw , which is similarly produced. 

2. Spec. : A bright scarlet alga or fungus, called 
Palmella prodig iosa, sometimes developed in very 
hot weather on cooked vegetables or decaying 
fungi. 

"The color of the bloodrain is so beautiful that at¬ 
tempts have been made to use it as a dye, and with some 
success ; and could the plant be reproduced with any con¬ 
stancy, there seems little doubt that the color would 
stand.”— Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in Treasury of Botany (ed. 
1866), i. 160. 


535 

blood -root, s. [Eng. blood; root.] [Bloodwort.] 
I. Ord. Lang. In the Sing.: Various plants. 

1. In America: 

(1) Sanguinaria canadensis. 

(2) Geum canadense. (Treas. of Bot.) 

2. In Britain: TheTormentil (Potentilia Tormen- 
tilla). (In Scot, and North of England.) (Britten 
A Holland.) 

II. Bot. In the Plur. (Bloodroots ); The English 
name of the endogenous order Haemodoraceee (q. v.). 
(Bindley.) 

blood-shed, *bloud'-shedd, s. [Eng. blood; 
s/ied.] The act of shedding blood. Specially— 
fl. A murder. 

“ All murders past do stand excus’d in this ; 

And this so sole, and so unmatchable, 

Shall prove a deadly bloodshed but a jest.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iv. 3. 

2. Slaughter in war, rebellion, <&c. 

"... acts of bloodshed, outrage and rapine.”— 
Arnold: Hist, of Rome, vol. iii., ch. xlv., p. 283. 

fblood-shed-der, s. [Eng. bloodshed; -er; or, 
blood; shedder .] One who sheds blood. 

“ He that taketh away his neighbor’s living slayeth 
him, and he that defraudeth the laborer of his hire is a 
bloodshedder.” — Ecclesiasticus xxxiv. 22. 
fbl&od-shed'-ding, s. [Eng .bloodshed; - ing .] 

1 . The act or operation of shedding blood. 

“ These hands are free from guiltless bloodshedding.’’ 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., iv. 7. 

2. The state of having one’s own blood shed. 
"... our Master and only Saviour Jesus Christ 

thus dying for us, and the innumerable benefits which by 
His precious bloodshedding He hath obtained for us.”— 
Communion Service. 

blood -shot, a. [Eng. blood; shot, pa. par. of 
sboot.] With blood shot into it. (Used especially 
of the small tubular vessels of the iris when injected 
with blood.) 

“Bloodshot his eyes, his nostrils spread.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 27. 

fblood -shot-ten, a. [Eng. blood, and M. Eng. 
shotten, standing in the same relation to shot as 
gotten to got.] The same as Bloodshot (q. v.). 

♦blood-shot-ten-ness, a. [Eng. blood; shotten; 
-ness.] The state of being “ oloodshotten,” i. e., 
bloodshot. 

“ He saw the enemies of the church's peace could vex 
the eyes of poor people, first to water or tears, next to 
bloodshottenness and fury.”— Bp. Gauden ; Life of Hooker. 

bl6od'-snake, s. [Eng. blood; snake.] The Eng¬ 
lish name of Hsemorrhus, a genus of Snakes. (Ash.) 

blood-stain, s. [Eng. blood; stain.] A stain 
produced by blood. 

“ If tears, by late repentance pour’d, 

May lave the bloodstains from my sword!” 

Hemans: Wallace’s Invocation to Bruce. 
blood -stained, a. [Eng. blood; stained.) Stained 
by blood. 

(a) Literally: 

“ Turning the leaves with bloodstain’d hands.” 

Moore: Fire Worshipers. 

“ The weapon was bloodstained.”—Chicago Record, Jan¬ 
uary 1, 1894. 

(b) Figuratively : 

“ Shrouded in Scotland’s bloodstain’d plaid, 

Low are her mountain-warriors laid.” 

Hemans: Wallace’s Invocation to Bruce. 

blfcod-stick, s. (Farriery.) A stick weighted at 
one end with lead, used for striking the fleam into 
a vein. 

blood -stone, s. [Named from the small spots of 
red, jasper-like blood-drops which it contains.] 
Min.: Heliotrope, a variety of quartz. Dana 
places it under his cryptocrystalline varieties of 
quartz and the sub-variety Plasma. 

tbldod -strange, *bloud strange, s. [Eng. 
blood. Strange is from Lat. stringo=to bind; or 
from staunch (?) (Skinner.) Or corrupted from 
staying (?) (Parkinson).) A ranunculaceous plant, 
the Common Mousetail (Myosurus minimus) (Lyte). 
(Britten A Holland.) 

bl6od'-SUCk-er, s. [Eng. blood, and sucker .] 

1. Lit.: Any animal which sucks blood, such as 
leeches, gnats, gadflies, <fcc. 

“Thus the females of certain flies (Culicidse and 
Tabonidse) are bloodsuckers.” — Darwin: Descent of Man, 
vol. i., p. 254. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) A person with a propensity to shedding blood; 
a man prone to cruelty. 

“The nobility cried out upon him that he was a blood¬ 
sucker, a murderer, and a parricide.”— Hayward. 

(2) A money-lender who financially ruins his 
debtor by charging him an extortionate rate of 
interest. 


bloody 

bl&od-Suck-Ing, a. [Eng. blood; sucking .] 

1. Lit.: Sucking blood. 

2. Fig.: Preying on the blood. 

“ For this I draw in many a tear, 

And stop the rising of bloodsucking sighs.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., iv. 4. 

blood-thirst, s. [Eng. blood; thirst.) Thirst 
for blood. 

"It was not bloodthirst, nor lust, nor revenge which 
had impelled them, but it was avarice, greediness for 
gold.”— Motley: Dutch Rep., pt. iv., ch. v. 

blood-thirst-l-ness, s. [Eng. blood; thirsty; 
-ness.) The quality of feeling a certain zest in 
shedding blood, or at least in cruel deeds. (Eccl. 
Rev.) 

blood-thlrst-y, *blood-thirstie, a. & s. [Eng. 

blood, and thirsty .] 

A. As adjective: Eager to shed blood; delighting 
in sanguinary deeds. Used — 

1. Lit.: Of man or of beings, real or imaginary. 

“. . . and one of the most bloodthirsty of Barclay’s 

accomplices, . . .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

"... the bloodthirsty god Mars, . . .”— Ibid., 

ch. xvii. 

2. Fig.: Of things personified. 

“ And, high advancing his bloodthirstie blade, 

Stroke one of those deformed heades.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, I., viii. 16. 

B. As substantive (formed by omitting the noun 
after the adjective bloodthirsty): People delighting 
in bloodshed. 

“ The bloodthirsty hate the upright.”— Proverbs xxix. 10. 

blood-tree, s. [Eng. blood; tree.) A euphor- 
biaceous plant, Croton gossypifolium. (Treas. of 
Bot.) 

blood -ves-sel, s. [Eng. blood; vessel.) One of 
the numerous vessels, great or small, in the human 
or animal frame, which convey the blood through 
the body; an artery or a vein. 

“Blood, the animal fluid contained in the tubes called 
from their office blood-vessels.” — Pen. Cycl., v. 3. 

♦blood-wite, *bl6od-wit, *bloud’-veit, s. 

[A. S. bl6d,wite= a fine for drawing blood by a blow 
or wound ;&Wd=blood, and wife— . . . a fine to 
the king for a violation of the law.] [Wite.] 

1. English law: A fine for shedding blood. 

2. Scots law: A riot in which bloodshed took 
place. 

blood-wood, s. [Eng. blood; wood.] Various 
shrubs or trees of which the wood may, with some 
latitude, be called blood-red. 

1. In South America: The logwood, Hcematoxylon 
campechianum, which yields, with various mor¬ 
dants, indelible dyes. 

2. In Jamaica: Gordonia hcematoxylon. 

3. In Victoria: A myrtaceous tree, Eucalyptus 
corymboza. 

4. In Queensland: Another myrtaceous tree. 
Eucalyptus paniculata. 

5. In Queensland and Norfolk Island: Baloghia 
lucida, a euphorbiaceous plant with a blood-red 
sap, which oozes from the tree if incisions be made 
in it, and is a pigment of an indelible character. 
(Treas. of Bot.) 

blood-wort, ♦blode -wort, *blod-wurte, 
♦bloud -worte, s. [A. S. blddwyrt, bl6dwyrte= 
bloodwort, knot-grass (Bosworth); Dan. blodurt .] 

1. Of American plants: Sanguinaria canadensis, 
one of the Papaveracese (Poppyworts). The English 
name is given because the plant when wounded in 
any part discharges a blood-red fluid. The root is 
tuberous and fleshy; there is but one leaf from each 
root-bulb, and one scape with a solitary flower, 
which is very fugacious. It is abundant in the 
backwoods of Canada, where the Indians stain 
themselves with the juice. It is also called Blood- 
root (q. v.), and is used in medicine as an emetic, 
stimulant and expectorant, being particularly use¬ 
ful in compounding cough syrups. 

*[ Burnet Bloodwort. [Burnet.] 

2. Of British plants: 

*(1) A kind of Dock, Rumex sanguineus, called 
by Hooker and Arnott the Bloody-veined Dock. 
(Gerarde,Coles, Ac.) 

(2) The Biting Persicaria (Polygonum hydro¬ 
piper). 

“ Some call it Sanguinary or bloudworte, because it 
drawetli bloud in places yt is rubbed on.”— Treveris. 

(3) The Elder-tree (Sambucus ebulus) (Lyte). It 
was called also Dane’s Blood. 

(4) The variety of Dutch Clover (Trifolium repens), 
which has deep-purple leaves. ( Withering.) 

(5) The Common Yarrow or Milfoil (Achillea mille- 
folium). (Britten A Holland.) 

blood -y (1), *bloud'-dy, *bloud-ie, *blod-y, 
♦blod ye, *bl6di (Eng.), bleed-y, *blud-y (Scotch), 
a. & adv. [Eng. blood; -y ; A. S. blddig; Sw. & Dan. 
blodig; Dut. bloedig; Ger. blutig.] 


fotfll, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, ?hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-nian, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 





bloody-bones 


536 


blooming 


A, As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally. Of persons or things: 

(1) Stained with blood. 

“ The year before 
A Turkish army had marched o’er; 

And where the Spahi’s hoof hath trod, 

The verdure flies the bloody sod.” 

Byron : Mazeppa, ii. 

(2) Attended by the shedding of blood on a large 
scale. 

“ By Archibald won in bloody work. 

Against the Saracen and Turk.” 

Soott: Marmion, vi. IS. 

2 . Mare figuratively : 

(1) Of persons: 

*(a) Related by blood, nearly akin. 

“They are my blody brethren, quod pieres, for God 
boughte vs alia .”—Piers Plowman, vi. 210. 

(6) Cruel, delighting in bloodshed. 

“. . . thou art taken in thy mischief, because thou 
art a bloody man.”—2 Samuel xvi. 8. 

. (2) Of communities : Characterized by the exten¬ 
sive prevalence in them of bloodshed. 

“Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and rob¬ 
bery.”— Nah. iii. 1. 

, *11. Her.: The same as gules. Example, a 
“bloody hand ” (q. v.). 

IT This differs in color from sanguine. 

B. As adverb: In a bloody manner, in a sangui¬ 
nary way, with effusion of blood. Bloodily is more 
generally used. 

bloody-bones, s. An unidentified willow, it may 
be “ the dog-willow” of Nemnich, if willow, indeed, 
it be. 

bloody-dock, s. A plant, llumex sanguineus. 
[Bloodwort, 2 (1).] 

*bloody-eyed, a. 

1. Lit. : Having eyes of the color of blood. 

2. Fig.: Having eyes delighting in the sight of 
blood. 

“He bids them haste their charge ; and bloody-eyed, 
Beholds his son, while he obeying died.” 

id. Brooke: Mustapha. 

bloody-faced, a. 

1. Literally. Of the face: Having the face stained 
with blood. 

*2. Fig. Of a project: Of a sanguinary complex¬ 
ion, involving the probability of bloodshed. 

“In a theme so bloody-fac’d as this.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., i. 3. 

bloody-flirwort, s. A composite plant, Filago 
minima. 

bloody-flux, s. [Eng. bloody [flux. In Sw . blod- 
flod.] A popular name for the disease called dysen¬ 
tery, the leading feature of which ultimately is a 
passage from the intestines of mucus mixed with 
blood. 

“ Cold, by retarding the motion of the blood, and sup¬ 
pressing perspiration, produces giddiness, sleepiness, 
pains in the bowels, looseness, bloody-fluxes.” — Arbuth- 
not: On Air. 


bloody-hand, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A hand literally covered, smeared, 
or stained with blood. 

2. Technically: 

( 1 ) Forest laws: Red-handed, when a person’s 
hands were imbued with blood, presumably of a 
deer, which he had illegally killed. Any trespasser 
found in a forest in such a state could be arrested 
by a forester. 

(2) Her.: A hand colored gules [Gules], i. e., 
red. It is an emblem of martial prowess. [Bloody 
(1) II.] 

bloody-hunting, a. Hunting for blood. 

“ Mad mothers with their howls confus’d 
Bo break the clouds, as did the wives of Jewry 
At Herod’s bloody-hunting slaughtermen." 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iii. 3. 

bloody-minded, a. Having a mind disposed to 
delight in meditating or gloating over bloodshed. 


“ And when the old bloody-minded tyrant is gone to his 
long account.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. vii. 

bloody-red, a. Normally of the color of blood, 
though the word is used with some latitude. 

“These flowers are supported by small pedunculi, or 
flower-stalks, of a bloody-red color, which swell into seed- 
vessels, having at their base an acute denticle.”— Philos. 
Trans., liii. 8IT 


bloody-rod, s. A plant, the Cornus sanguinea. 
[Bloody-twig.] ( Nemnich .) (Britten <& Holland.) 

bloody-sceptered, a. 

1. Lit.: Having a scepter with actual blood upon 
it. 

2 . Fig.: Having a scepter obtained by deeds of 
blood. 


“ O nation miserable ! 

With an untitled tyrant, bloody-scepter'd, 

When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again? ” 
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3. 


bloody-shirt, s. A political phrase used with 
great animosity and more or less frequently in the 
political discussions of the reconstruction period fol¬ 
lowing our late civil war. It arose from the alleged 
reports made in Congress by Republican members 
of the finding in localities in the South of shirts 
stained with blood—such findings being offered as 
proof that some negro had been murdered by the 
lawless whites in that section of the Union. Hence, 
when a person was endeavoring to stir up political 
and social animosity against the South, he was 
characterized as “waving the bloody-shirt." 

bloody-sweat, *bloody sweat, s. A popular 
name for a disease called by medical men diapede- 
sis, which is transudation of blood through the 
pores of the vessels. Several instances of it are said 
to have occurred in the Middle Ages, the causes 
being, on the one hand, excessive terror of death or 
outrage, with extreme bodily debility; or on the 
other, violent anger, joy, or other exciting emotion. 
No well authenticated modern instance of the dis¬ 
ease has been recorded. [Diapedesis.] ( Stroud: 
Physical Cause of the Death of Christ; Smith: Diet, 
of the Bible, <&c.) 


“ By thine agony and bloody sweat.” — Litany. 
bloody-twig, s. The Cornus sanguinea. 
[Bloody-rod.J (Pratt.) (Britten <& Holland.) 
bloody-veined, a. 

Of the leaves, petals, calyces, dte., of plants: Hav¬ 
ing red veins. 

Bloody-veined Dock: Rumex sanguineus. 

bloody-warrior, bloody-warriors, s. The 

wallflower Cheiranthus cheiri, and especially the 
double dark-flowered variety or it. (Prior, <&c.) 

bl&od-y (2), a. [Derived from Fr. wheat; 
de=of.] 

Bloody-Mars: [Derived from blS de Mars.] 
bl&O'-dy, v. t. [From bloody, a. (q. v.)] To stain 
with blood, to render bloody. 

“With my own hands, I’ll bloody my own sword.”—• 
Beaumont <&• Fletcher: Philaster. 
bloo -d^-ing, pr. par. [Bloody, v.] 
bloom (1), *blom, *blome (Eng.), *bleme, 
*blywm (0. Scotch), s. & a. [In Icel. bldm, bl6mi— 
bloom; Sw .blomma; Dan. blomster, blomst; Dut. 
bloem ; O. Sax. blomo; Mceso-Goth. blOm-a— a 
flower, a lily; (N. H.) Ger. blume, all=bloom; M. 
H. Ger. bluome; O. H. Ger. bluomo, bluama , pluama. 
From A. S. blowan— to blow, bloom, blossom, or 
flourish [Blow (2)]. Not the same as blawan=to 
blow or breathe, as the wind does.] 

A. As substantive: 


I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) A flower. 

“ Man his daies ere als hai 
Als blome of felde sal he welyn awai.” 

Metr. Eng. Psalter, Psalm cii. 15. 

(2) A delicate blossom, or a blossom in general. 

If Bloom, as Trench justly remarks, is a more 
delicate inflorescence even than blossom; thus we 
speak of the bloom of the cheek, but not of its 
blossom. 

“ The blemis blywest of blee fro the son© blent.” 

Houlate, i. 1. MS. 

“ Haste to yonder woodbine bow’ rs ; 

The turf with rural dainties shall be crown’d, 

While opening blooms diffuse their sweets around.” 

Pope; Spring, 100. 

(3) The very delicate blue color upon newly-gath¬ 
ered plums and grapes, beautiful as that of a blos¬ 
som, but yet more fleeting. 

(4) The similar bloom on a cucumber. 

2. Fig.: The state of immaturity in man’s youth, 
or in anything susceptible of growth and develop¬ 
ment. 

“’Tis not on youth’s smooth cheek the blush alone, 
which fades so fast, 

But the tender bloom of heart is gone, ere youth itself 
be past.” Byron: Stanzas for Music. 

“ . . . to a date within the florescence, or bloom, of 
the Egyptian Empire.”— Gladstone ■ Homeric Synchronism, 
pt. ii., ch. i., p. 165. 

II. Leather Manufacture: A yellowish, powdery 
coating on the surface of well-tanned leather. It 
may consist of a deposit of surplus tannin. 

B. As adjective: Having a blossom, or having a 
blossom of a particular character. [Bloom-fell.] 

bloom-iell, fell-bloom, and fell bloom, s. The 
Bird’s-foot Trefoil, Lotus corniculatus. (Scotch.) 

“Ling, deer-hair, and bloom-fell, are also scarce, as they 
require a loose spongy soil for their nourishment.” — 
Prize Ess. Highl. Soc. Scot., iii. 624. ( Jamieson. ) 

bloom (2),s. [A. S. 6 ioma=metal, amass, a lump.] 

Metallurgy: 

*1. Originally: A cubical mass of iron about two 
feet long. 

“ Bloom in the iron-works is a four-square mass of iron 
about two foot long.”— Glossog. Nova. 


2. Next (plur.) : Malleable iron after having" 
received two beatings, with an intermediate scour¬ 
ing. 

“ The blooms are heated in a chafery or hollow fire, and 
then drawn out into bars for various uses.”— Agr. Surv. 
Stirl., p. 348. (Jamieson.) 

3. Note: A loop or ball of puddled iron deprived, 
of its. dross by shingling or squeezing. 

bloom-book, s. 

Metal. : A hook or similarly-shaped tool for hand¬ 
ling or moving about the heated bloom so as to- 
place it under the hammer or otherwise deal with it. 

bloom-tongs, s. pi. A peculiar kind of tongs 
used for similar purposes. 

bloom, *blome, *bly-myn (English), blfime, 
*bl6me. *bleme (Scotch), v. i. & t. 

A. Intransitive : 

1. Lit. : To blossom, to come into flower, espe¬ 
cially of a conspicuous kind. 

“ It is a common experience, that if you do not pull off 
some blossoms the first time a tree bloometh, it will blos¬ 
som itself to death.”—Bacon: Nat. History. 

2. Figuratively: 

. (1) To be in a state of immaturity; to give prom¬ 
ise of, rather than to have actually reached, full 
development. 

“ The spring was brightening and blooming into sum¬ 
mer.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi7. 

(2) To shine, to gleam. 

“ —And he himself in broun sanguine wele dichi 
Aboue his vneouth armour blomand bricht.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 383, 2. (Jamieson.) 

B. Transitive: 

1. Lit. : To cause to blossom. 

“ The rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded r , 
and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, an i 
yielded almonds .”—Numbers xvii. 8. 

2. Fig.: To produce anything morally beautiful 
or attractive. 

“ Rites and customs, now superstitious, when the 
strength of virtuous, devout or charitable affection 
bloomed them, no man could justly have condemned as 
evil.”.— Hooker. 

bloom'-a-rjf, s. [Blomary.] 
bloomed (Eng.), *ble-mit (O. Scotch ), pa. par* 
& a. [Bloom, v .] 

A. As past participle : In senses corresponding to 
those of the transitive verb. 

B. As adjective: Possessed of bloom; in bloom. 

“ The low and bloomed foliage.” 

Tennyson: Recollections of the Arabian Nights. 
bloom'-er (1), s. & a. [Eng. bloom; -er. So 
named because of a “bloom” on a hide treated in 
the way intimated in the definition.] [Bloom, s. Se¬ 
ct., II.] 

bloomer-pit, s. 

Leather Manufacture : A tan-pit in which hides- 
are subjected to the action of Btrong ooze. It is 
called also a layer. Pits containing a weaker solu¬ 
tion of the liquid are called handlers. 

bloom er, (2).s. &a. [Named after Mrs. Bloomer, 
an American lady, the originator of the style of 
dre38 described under No. 1.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. A dross for ladies, consisting of a short skirt, 
and long loose drawers or trousers like those of the- 
Turks, gathered tightly around the ankles. Tha> 
name is now commonly applied to all kinds of skirt¬ 
less or zouave costumes worn by ladies. 

2. One wearing such a costume. 

B. As adjective: Invented by Mrs. Bloomer, as 
“ bloomer dress.” 

tbloom'-erAsjm, s. [Eng. bloomer; ■ ism .] Tke> 
views of Mrs. Bloomer considered as a system, 
bloom -Ing, pr. par. & a. [Bloom, v.] 

A. As present participle : In senses correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective : 

1. Lit. : Coming first in bloom. 

(1) As a flower. 

“Fresh blooming flowers, to grace thy braided hair.”' 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring, 489 

(2) As a plant, a branch, twig, or spray. 

“ Hear how the birds, on every blooming spray. 

With joyous music wake the dawning day!” 

Pope: Pastorals; Spring, 23, 24. 

2. Fig. ; Giving promise of something greater or 
more important than he, she, or it is now. Used — 

(1) Of a child, a boy, a girl, a young man or young: 
woman, a bride, &c. 

“ ‘This blooming child,’ 

Said the old man, ‘ is of an age to weep 
At any grave or solemn speotacle.’ ” 

Wordsworth. Excursion, bk. ii. 

“ The blooming boy has ripen’d into man.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xi., 556. 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, pnite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce - e; ey = a. qu = kw^ 



Moomingly 


537 


rioting 


i2) Of anything. 

“ O greatly bless’d with every blooming grace!” 

Pope: Odyssey. 

C. -4s substantive: The state of appearing in 
blossom. 

*11 Technically: An appearance resembling the 
1 bloom on fruit, which sometimes is seen on the var¬ 
nish of paintings which have been exposed to damp. 

‘‘Change of color, cracking and blooming — Timbs <£- 
•OuUick: Painting Pop. Described (1859), p. 204. 

Metal.: The process of depriving iron ore or 
cast iron of its dross by shingling or squeozing. 

bldom’-i6g-l^, adv. [En g. blooming; -ly.] In a 
blooming manner. 

bloom -ing-ness, s. [Eng. blooming; -ness.] The 
estate of being in a blooming condition. 

bloom'-less, a. [Eng. bloom; -less.] Without 
blossoms or flowers. 

‘‘Amid a bloomless myrtle-wood.” 

Shelley: Rosalind and Helen. 
bloom'-y, a. [Eng. bloom; -y.] 

1. Full of blooms; flowery. 

“O nightingale, that on yon bloomy spray.” 

Milton. Sonnet to the Nightingale. 

2. Having freshness or vigor as of youth. 

“The bloomy flush of life.”— Goldsmith. 
bloomy-down, s. A plant, Dianthus barbatus 
♦bloosme, s. [Blossom.] 

*bloos-mlng, pr.par. [Blossoming.] ( Spenser: 
tShephearcVs Calendar, v.) 

*blore(l),s. [Bladder.] 

♦blore (2), s. [From Eng. blare (q. v.). Or from 
'Gael. & Ir. blor= a loud noise.] The act of blowing; 
a blast, as of wind. 

“ Being hurried headlong with the southwest blare. 

In thousand pieces gainst great Albion’s shore.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 838. 

♦blor-inge, *blbr -ynge, pr.par.&s. [Bloryn.] 

As substantive : Weeping, lamentation. 

“ Blorynge or wepynge ( blorinye). Ploratus, f etus .”— 
Prompt. Paw. 

*blbr -jfn, v. i. [From O. Dut. blaren= to weep.] 
£Blare.] To weep : to lament. 

" Bloryn ’ or wepyn’ ( bleren , P.). Ploro, fieo.” — Prompt. 
jP arv. 

♦blosche, v. i. [From blusch, s. (q. v.)] To look. 

“ The bonk that he blosched to and bode hym bisyde.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 343. 

*bl6se, s. The same as Blaze (1), s. (q. v.) 
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, The Pearl, 911.) 

*blos'-me, s. [Blossom, s.] ( Prompt. Parv .) 
*blosme, v. i. [Blossom, v.] 

* *blos-mjf, a. [Blossomy.] (Chaucer.) 

bios -som, *blos'-some, *blos -om, *blos -sum, 
’♦bios-seme, *blosme, -blostme, *blo3stme, 
♦bloosme, s. [A. S . bldsma, blostma; Dut .bloesem. 
Cognate with Eng. bloom, which, however, is of 
Scandinavian origin, whereas blossom is Teutonic. 
Compare also Gr. blastema = a sprout, shoot, or 
sucker; increase, growth.] [Blastema.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The flower of a plant, especially when it 
is conspicuous and beautiful. 

“ Bringing thee chosen plants and blossoms blown 
Among the distant mountains, flower and weed.” 

Wordsworth: Farewell. 

2. Fig.: That which is beautiful and gives prom¬ 
ise of fruit. 

« To his green years your censure you would suit, 

Not blast the blossom, but expect the fruit.” 

Dryden. 

II. Technically: 

Farriery: A “peach-colored” horse; a horse 
having white hairs interspersed with others of a 
sorrel or bay color. 

blossom-bearing, a. [A. S. blostm-b&rende.] 
Bearing blossoms. 

blossom-bruising, a. Bruising blossoms. (Used 
of hail.) 

“ Skin-piercing volley, blossom-bruising hail.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. v. 

blos-som, *blos'js6me, j'bibs-sum, ^blos- 
seme, *blosme, *blos't-mi-en, v. i. [A. S. blost- 
mian; from blosma, blostma-& blossom.] [Blos- 

S< 1 *. Lit.: To come forth into flower, to put forth 
‘flowers, to bloom, to blow. 

“That blossemith er that the fruyt i-waxe be. ’ 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales. 9.336. 
“Although the fig tree shall not blossom, . . .’’— 
Habak. iii. 17. 


2. Figuratively: 

(1) To become beautiful, or to bo beautiful. 

“ Blossomed the lovely stars the forget-me-nots of the 
angels.” Longfellow: Evangeline, i. 3. 

(2) To give promise of fruit or of development. 

“ Blossomed the opening spring, and the notes of the 

robin and blue-bird 

Sounded sweet upon the wold, and in wood; yet 
Gabriel came not.” 

Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 4. 

blos-sQmed, *blosmed, pret. ofv.&a. [Blos¬ 
som.] 

1. Preterite of verb: To blossom. ‘ 

2. Participial adj.: In bloom, covered with 
flowers, in flower. 

“Where the breeze blows from yon extended field 

Of blossom'd beans.” Thomson: Seasons; Spring. 

blos-s6ming, *blos'-sum-mfnge, *bloos'- 
mlng, *blos'-mynge, pr.par., a. & s. [Blossom.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“With greene leaves, the bushes with bloosming buds.” 

Spenser: Shepheard’s Calendar, v. 

"Is white with blossoming cherry-trees, as if just 
covered with lightest snow.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv. 

“ . . . melt their sweets 
On blossoming Cffisar ” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra , iv. 10. 

C. 4s substantive: 

1. Lit.: The state of coming forth in flower. 

“ Blosmynge,blossummynge. Frondositas.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Fig. : The state of giving promise of further 
and fruitful development. 

“She lifts her head for endless spring, 

For everlasting blossoming.” 

Wordsworth: Sony, At the Feast of Brougham Castle. 

blos'-som-less, a. [Eng. blossom ; and stiff. 4ess.] 
Without blossoms. 

blos’-som-y, *blos'-sem-y, *blos'-my, *blos’- 
ml, a. [Eng. blossom ; -£/.] Full of blossoms. {Lit. 
dt fig.) 

“ A blossemy tre is neither drye ne deed.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 9,337. 

blot, *blot'-tin, *blot -tyn, v. t. & i. [Not in 

A. S., in which bl6t is=a sacrifice. In Icol. blettr- 
a spot, stain; Dan. plette— to spot, to stam.J 
[Blot, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit. : Purposely or by inadvertence to allow a 
spot of ink or a similar fluid to fall on paper, or on 
any substance capable of being defiled; to blur, to 
stain. 

“ Here are a few of the unpleasant’st words 
That ever blotted paper!” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iii. 2. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) With a material thing for the object: 

(а) Of paper , &c. : To obliterate, efface; to 
erase. 

“ Blottyn' bokys. Oblitero ."— Prompt. Parv. 

(б) Of anything lustrous : To darken. 

“ He sung how earth blots the moon’s gilded wane.” 

Cowper. 

(c) Of anything symmetrical, beautiful, or both: 
To disfigure. 

“Unknit that threat’ning, unkind brow; 

It blots thy beauty, . . .” 

Shakesp. ■ Taming of the Shrew, v. 2. 

(2) With an immaterial thing for the object : To 
sully; to produce a stain of fault, sin or crime upon 
the moral nature, or of disgrace upon the repu¬ 
tation. 

“ Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood.” 

Rowe. 

B. Intrans. (formed by the omission of the object¬ 
ive) : To let ink or anything similar fall upon paper, 
&c. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“Heads overfull of matter, be like pens overfull of ink, 
which will sooner blot than make any fair letter.”— 
Ascham. 

C. As part of a compound. To blotout: To efface, 
to erase. 

1. Lit.: Of things written. 

“. . . while he writes in constraint, perpetually 
softening, correcting, or blotting out expressions.”— Swift. 

2. Fig.: Of anything. 

"... that I may destroy them, and blot out their 
name from under heaven.”— Deuteronomy ix. 14. 

*[[ Crabb thus distinguishes between to blot out , 
expunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel , and obliterate: 
“ All these terms obviously refer to characters that 
are impressed on bodies ; the first three apply in the 
iroper sense only to that which is written with the 
land, and bespeak the manner in which the action 


is performed. Letters are blotted out, so that they 
cannot be seen again ; they are expunged, so as to 
signify that they cannot stand for anything; they 
are erased, so that, the space may be re-occupied 
with writing. The last three are extended in their 
application to other characters formed on other 
substances: efface is general, and does not designate 
either the manner or the object; inscriptions on 
stone may be effaced , which are rubbed off so as not 
to be visible. Cancel is principally confined to 
written or printed characters; they are canceled 
by striking through them with the pen; in this 
manner, leaves or pages of a book are canceled 
which are no longer to be reckoned. Obliterate is 
said of ail characters, butwitliout defining the mode 
in which they are put out; letters are obliterated 
which are in any way made illegible. Efface applies 
to images, or the representations of things; in this 
manner the likeness of a person may be effaced from 
a statue. Cancel respects the subject which is 
written or printed; obliterate respects the single 
letters which constitute words. Efface is the con¬ 
sequence of some direct action on the thing which 
is effaced; in this, manner writing may be effaced 
from a wall by the. action of the elements. Cancel 
is the act of a person, and. always, the fruit of 
design. Obliterate is the.fruit of accident and cir¬ 
cumstances in general; time itself may obliterate 
characters on a wall or on paper.” (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

blot (1), *blott, *bl8tte, s. [Icel. blettr; Dan. 
plet=a. spot, blot, stain, speckle, flaw, freckle.] 

I. That which blots or causes an erasure. 

1. That which blots. 

(1) Lit. : A spot or stain of ink or any similar 
fluid on paper or other substance capable of being 
blurred. 

“ Blotte vpon a boke. Oblitum, C. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 

(2) Figu ratively: 

(a) A spot or stain upon the moral nature, or 
upon the reputation; a blemish, disgrace. 

“A lie is a foul blot in a man, yet it is continually in 
the mouth of the untaught.”— Ecclesiasticus xx. 24. 

(b) Censure, reproach; attack on one’s reputa¬ 
tion. 

“ He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself shame; 
and he that rebuketh a wicked man getteth himself a 

blot.”—Proverbs ix. 7. 

2. That which causes an erasure or obliteration 
of something written, printed or otherwise in¬ 
scribed. (Lit. & fig.) 

II. The act of blotting; the state of being blotted. 
“A disappointed hope, a blot of honor, a stain of con¬ 
science, an unfortunate love, will serve the turn.” — Tem¬ 
ple. 

“ Let flames on your unlucky papers prey, 

Your wars, your loves, your praises, be forgot, 

And make of all an universal blot.” 

Dryden: Juvenal. 

blot (2), s. [From Dan. blot; Sw. blott; Dut. 
blool= bare, naked.] 

Backgammon : An exposed piece, a single “man” 
lying open to be taken up. 

To hit a blot: To take advantage of the error 
committed in exposing the “ manto carry the 
“ man ” off. 

“He is too great a master of his ait, to make a blot 
which may so easily be hit.” —Dryden: Ded. prefixed to 
JEneid. 

blotgh, *blatghe, v. t. [Formed from Eng. black, 
v.=to blacken, in the same way as bleach is from 
bleak . (Skeat .)] To affect with tumors, rays, pus¬ 
tules, scabs, or anything similar. 

“If no man can like to be smutted and blatched in his 
face, let us learn much more to detest the spots and blots 
of the soul.”— Harmar: Trans, of Beza’s Sermons, p. ISO. 
blotgh, s. [From blotch, v= (Skeat.)] 

1. Gen. : A blot of any kind, as a blotch of ink. 

2. Spec. : A tumor, a large pustule, a boil, a blain 
upon the skin. 

“Meantime foul scurf and blotches him defile, 

And dogs, where’er he went, still barked all the 
while.” Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 77. 

blotghed, *blatghed, pa.par. & a. [Blotch, u.] 

1. Ordinary Language. (Sec the verb.) 

“ The sick man’s gown is only now in price, 

To give their blotch’d and blister’d bodies ease.” 

Drayton: Moses; his Birth and Miracles, bk. ii. 

2. Bot., Zo5l., <&c. : Having tho color disposed in 
broad, irregular patches. 

blotgh '-mg, pr. par. [Blotch, «.] 
blotgh'-^, a. [Eng. blotch; -y.] Having blotches; 
full of blotches. 

*blote, a. [O. Icel. blautr.] Soft. 

“ Blote hides of selenth beslis.”— Reliq Antiq., ii. 176. 
♦blote, v. t. [Bloat, v.] To dry, as herrings, 
♦bid -ted, pa. par. [Blote, v.] 

*blo -ting, pr. par. [Blote, t\] 


hdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = £ 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d$L 




blow 


blotted 


538 


blot'-ted, *blot’-tyd, *blot’-ten, pa. par. & a. 
[Blot, v. t.] 

“ Blottyd, P. Oblitteratus." — Prompt. Parv. 

“ And all true lovers with, dishonor blotten." 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, IV. i. 5L 

blot-ter, s. [From blot, v., and suff. -er.] 

1. Gen.: One who blots or defiles. 

“ Thou tookest the blotting of Thine image in Paradise 
an a blemish to Thyself; and Thou saidst to the blotter, 
Because thou hast done it, on thy belly shalt thou creep.” 
— Abp. Harsnet, Serm. with Stuart’s Serrn., 1656, p. 131. 

2. That which does so. Specially, a device for 
absorbing the superfluous ink from paper after 
writing. The blotter may be merely a thin book 
interleaved with bibulous paper, or a pad or cush¬ 
ion covered with blotting-paper, and having a 
handle, being used after the manner of a stamp. 
Another form consists of a roller covered with suc¬ 
cessive layers of blotting-paper, and revolving. on 
an axis, a handle being attached for convenient 
use. The layers of paper may be removed as they 
become soiled, and fresh paper substituted. 

blot-ting, *blot'-t^iige, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Blot, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of blurring or disfiguring anything; 
that which does so. 

“ The most accurate pencils were but blottings, which 
presumed to mend Zeuxis’ or Apelles’ works."— Bp. Taylor: 
Artif. Handsomeness, p. 35. 

2. The act of effacing anything by blackening it 
over, erasing it, or in any other way. 

“ Blottynge. Oblitteracio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

blotting-pad, s. An instrument consisting of a 
few sheets of hlotting-paper on the writing-table or 
desk, to form a soft bed for the writing-paper, and 
to serve as a blotter. 

blotting-paper, s. A thick, bibulous, unsized 
paper, used to imbibe superfluous ink from undried 
manuscripts. A coarse variety is used m culinary 
processes to imbibe superfluous fat or oil. 

blot'-ting-ly, adv. [Eng. blotting; -ly.] By the 
process of blotting. 

*blough-ty, a. [From bloated (?).] Puffy, swelled 
out, thick. 

•‘One dash of a penne might thus justly answer the most 
part of his bloughtie volume.”— Bp. Hall: Honor of the 
Harried Clergy, b. i., s. 2, 

•bloure, *blowre, s. [Cognate with bladder. 
Cf. Dut. blaar. ] A pustule, swelling. 

“ Where thay byte thay make grete blowre.”—Townley 
ityst., p. 62. 

blou§e, *blow§e, s. [Fr. blouse, blaud; 0. Fr. 
bliaus, bliaut; Prov. blizaut, bliaut, blial—upper 
clothing; Sp. brial; L. Lat. bliaudus, blialdus, 
f>f»'atts=a kind of dress of Oriental origin. Mahn 
suggests comparison with Pers. ballad—a. garment, 
a simple cloth.] A name given a light, loose gar¬ 
ment originally worn by French workmen, but now 
applied to any loose-fitting waist, jacket or shirt. 

*bloust, v. i. [Apparently the same as Blast, v 
[q. v.) {Scotch.)] To boast. 

*blout, a. [Dan. blot ; Sw. blott; Dut. bloot— bare, 
naked.] Bare; naked. (Lit.& fig.) (Scotch.) 

“ Woddis, forestis, with naket bewis blout, 

Stude stripit of thare wede in euery bout.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 201, 15. (Jamieson.) 

•blout, s. [Sw. bldt=sott, yielding, pulpy.] 

1. The sudden breaking of a storm. 

“ —Vernal win’s, wi’ bitter blout. 

Out owre our chimlas blaw.” 

Tarras: Poems, p. 63. 

IT “A blout of foul weather:" A sudden fall of 
rain, snow, or hail, accompanied with wind. 

2. A sudden eruption of a liquid substance 
accomp anied with noise. ( Jamieson. ) 

•bloute, a. [Bleat, a.] 

blow (l), *blowe (1), *blow-en (l), *bl5w’-yn, 
•blaue, *blawe, *blau'-wen, *bla'-wen (Eng.), 
blaw ( Scotch) (pret. blew, *bleu, *blu. *bleou, 
*bleow; pa. par. blown, *blauwen, *blawen), v. i. & t. 
[A, S. blawan , pret. bleow, pa.par. bldwen=toblow, 
to breathe: (N. H.) Ger. blahen= to blow up, to 
swell; O. H. Ger. bl&han, plajan. Compare Lat. 
flo= to blow.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Lit. Of air: 

(1) To be in motion, so as to produce a strong or 
a gentle breeze of wind. 

“. . . and the winds blew, . . .”— Matthew vii. 27. 

?[ In this sense sometimes impersonally. 

“It blew a terrible tempest at sea once, and there was 
one seaman praying.”— IS Estrange. 


(2] To pant, to puff; to be out of breath. 

“Here’s Mrs. Page at the door, sweating and blowing, 

and looking wildly.” — Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, 
iii. 3. 

(3) To sound, to give forth musical notes. Used — 

(а) Of the performer on a wind instrument. 

“ But when the congregation is to be gathered together, 
ye shall blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm.”— Numbers 

x. 7. 

(б) Of the instrument itself. 

“And brightened as the trumpet blew.” 

Scott: Rokeby, iv. 14. 

2. Fig.: To boast. [See also C. III. To blov> hot 
and cold.] 

“ That owte of tyme bostus and blawes." — Avowynge of 
K. Arthur, st. 23. 

B. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

(i) Literally: 

1. To direct the breath or any other current of 
air against a person or thing. 

(1) The agent in doing so being directly or indi¬ 
rectly man: 

(a) To use the breath, a pair of bellows, a blow¬ 
pipe or any other instrument or appliance for 
directing a current of air into or against anything, 
either to remove it (as in example), or to fill it with 
air, as in an organ, or to produce fiercer combustion 
in a flame. 

“. . . as I blow this feather from my face.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., iii. 1. 

(b) To warm by breathing upon, or to cool by 
directing a current of colder air upon. 

“ When ioicles hang by the wall, 

Anti Dick, the shepherd, blows his nail.” 
Shakesp.- Love's Labor's Lost, v. 2. (Song.) 

(c) To inflate; to cause to take a balloon-like 
form by means of the breath. (Often followed by 
up.) [Blow-up.] 

(d) To sound a wind instrument of music. 

“If, when he seeth the sword come upon the land, ha 
blow the trumpet.”— Ezekiel xxxiii. 3. 

(2) The agent in doing so being natural law, with¬ 
out the intervention of man. 

“ What happy gale blows you to Padua?” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shreto, i. 2. 

2. To put out of breath; to cause to be short of 
breath; to make to pant. (Used chiefly with a 
horse or horses for the objective.) [Generally in 
the pa. par. blown (q. v.).] 

3. To boast. 

“ The pomp oft the prid furth schawis, 

Or ellis the gret boist that it blawis.” 

Barbour- Bruce, iii. 349. 

(ii) Abnormally: To deposit upon. (Used of eggs 
laid by flesh-flies.) Johnson can see no connection 
between this and the former meanings. Can the 
connection be that the deposition of the eggs often 
causes a tumor, inflation or balloon-like swelling on 
the skin? [B., 1.1. (1) (c).] Or should this significa¬ 
tion be transferred to blow (2), v. (q. v.)? 

“ I would no more endure 

This wooden slavery, than I would suffer 

The flesh-fly blow my mouth.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 1. 

(iii) Figuratively: 

*1. To spread as a report; to blaze, to blazon. 

“ So gentle of condition was he known. 

That through the court his courtesy was blown.” 

Dryden: Palamon and Arcite, i. 593, 594. 

•2. To make known, to betray. 

“I must not be seen anywhere among my old acquaint¬ 
ance, for I am blown.” — History of Colonel Jack (1723). 

( Nares .) 

3. To inflate, as ambition. [Blown.] 

II. Technically . [See example under blown, as 
particip. adj.] 

1. Glass Manufacture : To cause glass to take cer¬ 
tain definite forms by blowing through it when in a 
soft state through the operation of heat. 

2. Metal.: To create an artificial draught of air by 
pressure. [Blower.] 

3. Among some butchers: To swell and inflate 

veal. 

C. In special compounds and phrases: 

I. To blow away: So to blow as to cause the 
removal of the object thus treated. (Lit. <& jig.) 

II. To blow down: So to blow that the object thus 
treated falls down. 

III. To blow hot and cold: At one time to advocate 
an opinion or a measure with hot zeal, and soon after 
speak of it with cold indifference, the motive impel¬ 
ling to action being self-interest, and not mental 
conviction. 

“ Says the satyr, if you have gotten a trick of blowing 
hot and cold out of the same mouth, I’ve e’en done with 
ye.” —V Estrange. 


IV. To blow off: 

1. Lit.: So to blow that the object thus treated 
loses the hold which it had on something else. 

2. Fig.: To cast off belief in or responsibility for. 

“These primitive heirs of the Christian church couhf 

not so easily blow off the doctrine.”— South. 

V. To blow out: 

1. Lit.: To extinguish a fire or light by the opera¬ 
tion of wind or the breath directed against it. 

“As when a lamp is blown out by a gust of wind at % 
casement.” Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 5. 

2. Figuratively: 

(a) Of light or flame: To appear to extinguish by- 
air directed against anything, while really this iai 
done in another way. 

“Moon, slip behind some cloud, some tempest rise. 
And blow out all the stars that light the skies.” 

Dryden. 

(b) Of anything: To extinguish, to make to ceases 
“ And now ’tis far too huge to be blown out." 

Shakesp.: King John, v. 2. 

VI. To blow over, v. t. & i.: 

1. Transitive: 

(a) Lit. Of storm-clouds: To blow the storm from 
the region described to another one. (Used whether 
the district where the person using the expression 
“ blow over,” at the time wholly escapes, or is only 
temporarily subjected to the tempest.) 

“ When the storm is blown over. 

How blest is the swain.” Granville. 

(b) Fig.: To pass away. (Used of a trial, a dis¬ 
turbance, sorrow, &c.) 

“ But those clouds being now happily blown over, and 
our sun clearly shining out again, I have recovered tho 
relapse.”— Denham. 

2. Intrans.: In a similar sense to the verb transi¬ 
tive. [Blow-over, s.] 

“ Storms, though they blow over divers times, yet may 
fall at last.”— Bacon: Essays. 

VII. To blow up, v. t. & i.: 

1. Transitive: 

(1) To inflate ; to render turgid. 

(a) Lit.: To inflate as a bladder. 

“ Before we had exhausted the receiver, the bladder 
appeared as full as if blown up with a quill.”— Boyle. 

(b) Fig.: To render the mind swelled, inflated, 
turgid, or puffed up, or conceited by means off 
imagined divine afflatus, by flattery, &c. 

“ Blown up with the conceit of his merit.”— Bacon. 

2) To kindle by blowing. Used— 

a) Lit.: Of fire. 

b) Fig.: Of strife, war, &c. 

“ His presence soon blows up the kindling fight.” 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, xxiL 

(3) To break and scatter in different directions by 
the action of ignited gunpowder or some othex 
explosive. 

(a) Lit.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ Their chief blown up in air, not waves expir’d. 

To which his pride presum’d to give the law.” 

Dryden: 

(b) Fig.: To scold; to censure severely. ( Collo-~ 
quial and vulgar.) 

2. Intrans.: To explode, to fly in fragments intot 
the air through the operation of gunpowder or 
some other explosive. 

“On the next day, some of the enemy’s magazines ble tt» 
up.” — Tatler. 

VIII. To blow upon: 

1. Lit.: To direct a stream of air against. 

“. . . like dull embers suddenly blown upon,. . . ” 
— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., x. 282. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To reduce or diminish in amount by the 
operation of the Divine displeasure, 

“Te looked for much, and lo, it came to little; an<t> 
when ye brought it home, I did blow upon it.”— Hag. i. 9. 

(2) To render stale; to discredit. [B., I. iii. 2.] 

“. . . till the plot had been blown upon and till) 
juries had become incredulous.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. iv. 

blow (2), *blowe (2), *blow en (2), v. i. [A. S. 
bldwan, gebldwan = to blow, bloom, blossom, or 
flourish; O. S. bldjan; Dut. bloeijen — to bloom, to 
blossom; (N. H.) Ger. -bliihen; M. II. Ger. bliion, 
bliien, bliiejen; O. H. Ger. pluon,pluohan,pluojan ,* 
Lat. floreo= to blossom, to come into flower; Gr.. 
bluo =to bubble; phleo=to gush. Cognate also with 
Lat. folium, and Gr. phyllon=a. leaf.] [Foliate ! 

1. Lit.: To come into blossom. 

“I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. 2. 

2. Fig.: To bloom, to flourish, to come to the 
maximum of beauty at which the person or thing ia 
susceptible in the course of developments 

“This royal fair 

Shall, when the blossom of her beauty’s blown, 

See her great brother on the British throne.” 

Waller. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 5 . 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rille, full; try, Syrian, ae, <s = e; ey = a. qu = kvr 




blow 

blow (1), a. & s. [From blow, v. i.] 

A. As adjective (chiefly in compos .); 

1. Through which blowing takes place. [Blow¬ 
hole, Blow-valve, &c.] 

, 2. Inflated, or by means of which inflation, swell¬ 
ing, or tumor takes place. [Blowball, Blow¬ 
fly.] 

B. As substantive. [This may possibly be from 
blow (2), v., in place of blow (1), v.] 

1. Chiefly in the plur.: The eggs or larvae of a 
flesh-fly so often seen in decaying carcasses. 

“I much, fear, lest with the blows of flies 
His brass-inflicted wounds are filled.” 

Chapman: Iliad. 

2. The breathing or spouting of a whale. 

3. The state or condition of blossoming; as, a 
tree in full blow. 

blow-ball, s. [Blowball.] 

blow-fly, s. The name popularly given to such 
two-winged flies as deposit eggs in the flesh of ani¬ 
mals, thus making tumors arise. Several species of 
musca do this, so do breeze-flies, &c. [Beeeze-fly, 
Musca.] 

blow-gun, s. A gun for blowing arrows instead 
of impelling them by a bowstring. It is in use 
among the Barbados Indians of Brazil and the Ma¬ 
lays of the Eastern Archipelago; the latter race of 
men call it sumpitan. 

blow-hole, s. A hole for blowing through. 

Bloiv-holes of a whale: Two apertures on the top 
of the head in the more typical Cetacea, but really 
constituting the nostrils, through which air and 
water are blown to a considerable height. 

Blow-holes in iron or steel: Defects caused by the 
escape of air [or gas during the process of solidifica¬ 
tion. 

blow-milk, s. Milk from which cream has been 
blown. ( Ogilvie .) 

blow-off, a. Pertaining to that by which steam 
or anything else passes out with more or less noise. 

Blow-off Cock. Steam-engine: A faucet in a steam- 
boiler for allowing a quantity of water to escape, to 
rid the boiler of mud; or, in marine engines, to rid 
it of a strong solution of salt. 

Blow-off Pipe. Steam-engine: A pipe at the lower 
part of a steam-boiler by which at intervals sedi¬ 
ment is driven out. 

blow-out, s. A vulgar expression for a dancing 
party, festivity of any kind, or a hearty meal. 

blow-over, s. 

Glass Manufacture: An arrangement in blowing 
glass bottles or jars in molds in which the surplus 
glass is collected in a chamber above the lip of the 
vessel with but a thin connecting portion, so that 
the surplus is readily broken off without danger to 
the vessel itself. ( Knight.) 

blow-through, a. Designed for allowing steam 
to pass through with noise. 

Bloiv-through Valve. Steam-engine: A valve com¬ 
manding the opening through which boiler-steam 
is admitted to a condensing steam-engine to blow 
through and expel air and condensed water, which 
depart through the way of the snifting-valve. It is 
the first operation in starting an engine of this 
character, the condenser being then brought into 
operation to condense the vaporous contents of the 
cylinder and make the first stroke. (Knight.) 

blow-tube, s. 

1. The hollow iron rod used by glass-makers to 
gather “metal” (melted glass) from the pots, to 
blow and form it into the desired shape; a pontil. 

2. A tube through which arrows are driven by the 
breath. [Blow-gun.] 

blow-up, a. Designed for allowing steam to 
blow up into. . 

Blow-up Pan. Sugar machinery : A pan used in 
dissolvinaraw sugar preparatory to the process of 
refining, steam is introduced by means of pipes 
coiled round within the vessels to dissolve the 
sugar, which thence becomes a dark, thick, viscous 
liquid; a small portion of lime-water is admitted to 
the sugar, and constant stirring with long slender 
rods assists the process of liquefaction. The blow¬ 
up pans are generally rectangular, six or seven feet 
long, three or four feet wide, and three feet deep, 
with perforated copper pipes near the bottom, 
through the holes of which steam is blown into the 
sugar. (Knight.) 

blow-valve, s. 

Steam-engine: The valve by which the air expelled 
from the cylinder escapes from the condenser on the 
downward stroke of the piston when a steam-engine 
is first set in motion; the snifting-valve. 

blow (2), s. [From Eng. blow (2), v. In Ger. 
bluthe, bliite .] A blossom. 

T[ In blow: In flower, m blossom. 


539 

blow (.3), *blowe, s. [O. Dut. blauwe— a blow; 
(N. H.) Ger. bleuen, blauen = to beat; M. H. Ger. 
bliuwen; O. H. Ger. bliwan, pliuivan; Moeso-Goth. 
bliggvan=to kill, to murder. Skeat considers it 
cognate with Lat. fligo— to strike or strike down, 
and flagellum=a whip, a scourge. Compare also 
La.t. plaga; Gr. plege^a blow, a stroke.] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) A stroke. 

(a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ Hee [Sir J. Gates] . . . then refusing the kerchiefe 
layde downe his head, which was stricken off at three 
blowes.’’ — Stowe: Queen Mary, an. 1553. 

( b) Spec.: A fatal stroke; a stroke causing death. 

“Assuage your thirst of blood, and strike the blow.” 

Dryden. 

(2) A series of strokes, fighting, war, assault; 
resistance by force of arms. 

“. . . and that a vigorous blow might win it [Han- 
no’s camp] with all its spoil.”— Arnold: Hist. Rome, vol. 
iii., ch. xliv., p. 227. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Anything which strikes the senses or the mind 
suddenly and calamitously, as reproachful lan¬ 
guage, sad intelligence, bereavement, loss of prop¬ 
erty, &c. 

“ A most poor man, made tame to fortune’s blows.” 

Shakesp. King Lear, iv. 

f(2) Sickness or other suffering divinely sent on 
one, even when there is no suddenness in the visita¬ 
tion. 

“Remove thy stroke away from me: I am consumed by 
the blow of thine hand.”— Psalm xxxix. 10. 

(3) A stroke struck by the voice, the pen, or any¬ 
thing similar. 

“A woman’s tongue. 

That gives not half so great a blow to th* ear. 

As will a chestnut! 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, i. 2. 
Special phrases: 

1) At a blow: As the result of one defeat; all in 
a moment. 

“Every year they gain a victory and a town, but if they 
are once defeated, they lose a province at a blow.” — Dry¬ 
den. 

To come to blows: 

a) Of individuals: To pass from angry disputa¬ 
tion to the use of the fists. 

(b) Of nations: To cease diplomatic negotiation 
and send armies to fight. 

t(3) To go to blows: Essentially the same as to 
come to blows, No. (2). 

“. . . to prevent the House of Brunswick-Wolfen- 
biittel from going to blows with the House of Brunswick- 
Lunenburg.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

If Precise signification of blow: Crabb thus dis¬ 
tinguishes between blow and stroke: “ Blow is 
used abstractedly to denote the effect of violence; 
stroke is employed relatively to the person produc¬ 
ing that effect. A blow may be received by careless¬ 
ness of the receiver, or by a pure accident; but 
strokes are dealt out according to the design of the 
giver. Children are always in the way of getting 
blows in the course of their play, and of receiving 
strokes by way of chastisement. A blow may be 
given with the hand or with any flat substance ; a 
stroke is rather a long-drawn blow, given with a 
long instrument like a stick. Bloivs may be given 
with the flat part of a sword, and strokes with a 
stick. Bloiv is seldom used but in the proper 
sense; stroke sometimes figuratively, as ‘ a stroke of 
death, or ‘a stroke of fortune.”’ (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

II. Naut.: A violent wind, a gale. 

blow'-ball, s. [From Eng. blow: and ball. It is 
called ball because the entire compound fruit of 
the plant when mature is globular like a ball, and 
the epithet bloiv is applied because children are 
accustomed to blow away portions of it to ascertain 
the hour of the day. If the whole sphere of balloons, 
each with a seed for its car; depart at the first 
vigorous puff of breath, it is, in childish estimate, 
one o’clock, if at two puffs, two o’clock, and so 
forth.] The fruit of the Dandelion (Leontodon 
Taraxacum). [Dandelion, Leontodon.] 

“Her treading would not bend a blade of grass. 

Or shake the downy blowball from its stalk.” 

Ben Jonson: Sad Shepherd, i. 1. 

*bl6w'-en, pa. par. [Blown.] 

bl5w-er, s. [Eng. blow; -er. ] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons : 

f(l) As a separate word: One who blows. 

" Add his care and cost in buying wood, and in fetching 
the same to the blowing-house, together with the blowers’ 
two or three months’ extreme and increasing labor.”— 
Carew. 


s 


blowing 

(2) In compos.: As a glass-blower, &c. 

**. . . chief captaine and trompet blower • • . • 

Tyndall: Works , p. 25. ( Richardson .) 

2. Of things: That which blows. [II.] 

(1) In the foregoing sense. 

(2) A child’s name for the downy heads of Dan¬ 
delion (Leontodon Taraxacum). [Blowball.] 

IL Mechanics: 

1. A machine for creating by means of pressure 
an artificial current of air. It is the same as a 
plenum engine as distinguished from a vacuum 
engine, such as an aspirator. A blower in the form 
of wooden bellows was used at Nuremberg in 1550. 
An improved blower with a flat vane reciprocating 
in a sector-shaped box, with a pipe for the egress 
of the air, was made about 1621, by F. Fannen- 
schmid of Thuringia. The next type was that of 
cylinders with pistons, which is still in use. Another 
one still in use is the fan-blower, believed to. have 
been invented by Teral in 1729. ret another is the 
Water-bellows or Hydraulic bellows, first made by 
Hornblower. The hot-air blast was patented in 1828 
by the inventor, James Neilson, of Glasgow, Scot¬ 
land. The main use of blowers is to increase 
draughts in furnaces, to ventilate buildings, to dry 
grain or powder, to evaporate liquids, &c. They 
have been recently applied to the filling of the bel¬ 
lows of large pipe organs, thus obviating the neces¬ 
sity for old-fashioned pumping arrangements. 

2. An iron plate temporarily placed in front of an 
open fire, to urge the combustion. 

3. A simple machine designed to furnish air to an 
organ or harmonium. 

“. . . composition pedals, hand and foot blowers 
. . .”— London Times, November i, 1875. 

III. Hat Manufacture : A machine for separating 
the hair from the fur fibers. [Blowing-machine.] 
Blower and Spreader (Cotton Manufacture) f A 
machine for spreading cotton into a lap, the action 
of beaters and blower being conjoined for the pur¬ 
pose. [Cotton-cleaning Machine.] 
blow'-ing (l),*blow -yfige, *blb'-jfnge,*bl6w'- 
guad, pr. par., a. & s. [Blow (1). v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& pa.rticip. adj.. In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: 

1. The act or operation of directing a current of 
air to, upon, or through anything. 

“ Bloynge (blowynge, P. ) • Flacio, flatus.”—Prompt. 
Parv. 

2. Puffing, panting. 

“ Broken wynded and pursyfnes is bat schorte blow- 
i/nge.” — Fitzherbert: Husbandry. 

II. Technically: 

1. Blowing of Glass: The art of fashioning glass 
into hollow tubes, bottles, &c., by directing a cur¬ 
rent of air through it by means of a blowpipe 
[Blowpipe], or in any other way. 

2. Blowing of Firearms: 

Gunnery: The art or operation of constructing 
firearms in such a way that the vent or touch-hole 
is run or “gullied,” and becomes wide, allowing the 
powder to blaze out. 

3. Blowing up: The act of exploding a mine 
charged with gunpowder or anything similar; the 
state of being exploded. 

“The captains hoping, by a mine, to gain the city, ap¬ 
proached with soldiers ready to enter upon blowing up 
of the mine.”— Knolles: History of the Turks. 

If A blowing up: A scolding. (Colloquial.) 

blowing-cylinder, s. 

Pneumatics , <&c.: A form of blowing-engine. In 
1760 Smeaton introduced the blowing-cylinders, and 
smelted iron by the use of the coke of pit-coal, 
blowing-engine, s. 

Pneumatics, dbc.: 

1. Strictly: An engine applied to the duty of driv¬ 
ing a blower. 

2. Less properly: A machine by which an artifi¬ 
cial draught by plenum is obtained. 

blowing-furnace, s. 

Glassmaking: A furnace in which articles of glass 
in process of manufacture are held to be softened, 
when they have lost their plasticity by cooling, 
blowing-house, s. 

Metal.: The blast-furnace in which tin-ore is 
fused. (Stormonth.) 
blowing-lands, blowing lands, s. pi. 

Agric.: Lands of which the surface soil is so 
light that when dry it crumbles, and is liable to be 
blown away by the wind, 
blowing-machine, s. 

1. Iron Manuf.: A machine for creating an arti¬ 
ficial draft by forcing air. [Blower.] 

2. Hatmaking: A machine for separating the 
“ kemps ” or hairs from the fur fibers. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-cia’n, -tian - shgtn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die.. &c. = bel, del. 





Slowing 


540 


blubbering 


3. C'oiton Manuf.: A part of the batting-machine, 
or a machine in which cotton loosened by willow- 
ing and scutching, one or both, is subjected to a 
draught of air produced by a fan, and designed to 
remove the dust, &c., from the liber, 
blowing off, s. 

Steam-engine: The process of ejecting the super- 
salted water from the boiler, in order to prevent the 
deposition of scale or salt. 

blowing off taps, s. 

Steam-evain~ A tap for blowing off steam. 

“ Blowing °i/ aps, for use when the pistons are in 
motion.”— Atkinson: Gemot's Physics , bk. vi., ch. 10. 

blowing-pipe, s. 

Glassmdking: A glass-blower’s pipe; a bunting- 
iron ; a pontil. 

blowing-pot, s. 

Pottery: A pot of colored slip for the ornamenta¬ 
tion of pottery while in the lathe. The pot has a 
tube, at which the mouth of the workman is placed, 
and a spout like a quill, at which the slip exudes 
under the pressure of the breath. The ware is 
rotated in the lathe, while the hollows previously 
made in the ware to receive the slip are thus filled 
up. Excess of slip is removed, after a certain 
amount of drying, by a spatula or knife, known as 
a tournasin. 
blowing-through, s. 

Steam-engine: The process of clearing the engine 
of air by blowing steam through the cylinder, 
valves, and condenser before starting. 

blowing-tube, s. 

Glassmaking: An iron tube from four to five feet 
in length, and with a bore from one-third to one 
inch in diameter. It is used to blow melted glass or 
metal, as it is called, into some kind of hollow 
vessel. [Glass-blowing, Pontv, Pontil.] 
blow'-ihg (2 ),pr.par., a. & s. [Blow (2), v.J 

A. & B. As pr. par. & a.: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

“. . . as the bloom 
Of blowing Eden fair, . . .” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Slimmer. 
tc. As subst.: The act of blossoming. 

“To assist this flower in its blowing.” — Bradley. Family 
Dictionary, 1,725. 

blown (l),*blowne, *blowen, *blowun, *blowe, 

pa. par. & a. [Blow (1), v.] 

A. As past participle: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Driven by the wind, as “ blown sands.” 

(2) Inflated, as a “ blown bladder.” 

“ Grete blowen bladdyrs.”— Seven Sages, 2,181. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Inflated, swollen, tumid. 

“ No blown ambition doth our arms incite.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iv. 4. 

"How now, blown Jack, how now, quilt ?” —Ibid.: 
Henry 1K, Ft. I., iv. 2. 

(2) Proud, insolent. 

“So summe ben blowun with pride.”— Wycliffe (1 Co¬ 
rinthians, iv. 18.) (.Purvey.) 

“ I come with no blown spirit to abuse you.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Mad Lover. 

blown (2 ),pa.par. [Blow (2), v.] 

" It was the time when Ouse display’d 
His lilies newly blown.” 

Cowper: Dog and Water Lily. 

"Against the blown rose may they stop their nose. 

That kneel’d unto the buds.” 

Shakesp.. Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 1L 

blow-pipe, s. & a. [Eng. blow; pipe.] 

A. As subst.: An instrument for directing the 
flame of e lamp, of a candle, or jet of gas, mixed 
with air, against a spot on which is placed a minute 
body which the operator designs to subject to the 
action of more than ordinarily intense heat. The 
several types of blowpipe are: 

1. The Mouth Blowpipe: Thisconsists of a conical 
tube of tin plate about eight inches long, open at 
the narrow end and closed at its lower part, from 
the side of which projects a small brass tube about 
an inch long, at the extremity of which is a brass 
jet. The jet is inserted about one-eighth of an inch 
into the flame of a lamp, and a current of air is 
blown into the flame, which then assumes the form 
of a pointed cone. In the center there is a well- 
defined blue cone, consisting of a mixture of air 
with combustible gases ; in the front of which is a 
luminous portion, containing the unbumt gaaeis at 
a high temperature. This is the reducing flame; 
and outside it is a pale yellow one. The part now 
described contains oxygen at a high temperature, 
mixed with the products of complete combustion, 


being the oxidizing part of the flame. The month 
blowpipe is of great antiquity; a man using one for 
metallurgic purposes is represented in an ancient 
painting at Egyptian Thebes. It was used by 
jewelers during the Middle Ages for fusing metals. 
Its adoption as an instrument for mineralogical and 
chemical analysis is mainly due to Antony Swab, a 
Swedish councilor of mines, in 1738, and Cronstedt, 
who published a “System of Mineralogy ” in 1758. 
There are various forms of blowpipe, asGahn’s, Wol- 
alston’s and Dr. Black’s. To use the plowpipe it is 
necessary to acquire the art of keeping the lungs 
supplied with air through the nostrils, while secur¬ 
ing a steady stream through the blowpipe from the 
mouth ; the communication between the mouth and 
the lungs being closed by a peculiar action ol the 
tongue, which is drawn back against the orifice. 
The small body to be subjected to examination may 
be held in a small forceps, or if easily fusible, in a 
small silver or platinum spoon, but the ordinary 
rest, the one used to support metallic oxides and 
many. other minerals, is of well-burnt wood char¬ 
coal, in which a small cavity has been made with a 
knife. The body to be examined should not be 
larger than a peppercorn. 

IT In chemical analysis the blowpipe is used to 
examine solid substances. 

(а) Heated on charcoal, oxides of lead, copper 
and silver, &c., yield metallic beads in tlie reducing- 
flame, especially when mixed with carbonate of 
sodium or cyanide of potassium. 

(б) The blowpipe is used to make borax-beads 
(q. v.). 

(c) Under its operation some substances are 
found to be fusible and others volatile; in the latter 
category are ranked mercury, arsenic, and ammo¬ 
nium compounds. 

( d ) Salts of zinc give a green color when heated 
on charcoal with Co(NC> 3)2 cobalt nitrate; alu¬ 
minum salts, phosphates or silicates a blue color, 
salts of magnesia a pink color. 

(e) Chromium salts fused with potassium nitrate, 
on platinum foil, give a yellow mass of potassium 
chromate; manganese salts, a green mass of potas¬ 
sium manganate. 

(/) Salts of certain metals give characteristic 
colors when moistened with hydrochloric acid and 
heated in the blowpipe flame. Thus sodium salts 
give yellow, potassium salts violet, strontium and 
lithium salts crimson, calcium salts orange-red, 
barium saltsyellow-green, thallium salts green, and 
copper salts blue-green colors. 

(gr) Certain metals give incrustations on charcoal 
when heated in the oxidizing flame. Lead gives 
yellow, bismuth brownish-yellow, antimony bluish- 
white, and cadmium reddish-brown incrustations. 

2. The Bellows Blowpipe, i.e., a blowpipe in which 
the flame is supplied by air not by the human 
breath but from a pair of bellows. It is used chiefly 
by glass-blowers, glass-pinchers, enamelers, <fcc. 

3. The Oxyhydrogen Blowpipe is one in which not 
common air but a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen 
is used. These being made to issue from two sepa¬ 
rate reservoirs and afterward unite in a single jet, 
or to,, pass from a common bladder through the 
safety jet of Mr. Hemming, are then directed 
through the flame, with the • result of producing a 
heat so intense as to fuse various bodies which are 
found quite intractable under the ordinary blow¬ 
pipe. The oxyhydrogen blowpipe was invented in 
1802 by Prof. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia. One 
was also made by Sir Humphrey Davy at the sug¬ 
gestion of Mr. Children. 

4. The Airohydrogen Blowpipe, in which atmos¬ 
pheric air and hydrogen are the two gases used. 

5. Bunsen's Burner (q. v.). 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to, relating to, or 
ascertained by the instrument described under A. 

“ Physical and blowpipe characters.”— Dana: Min., 5th 
ed., p. xx. 

blow-point, s. [Eng. blow: point.] A child’s 
play, perhaps like push-pin. Nares thinks that the 
players blow small pins or points against each 
other. 

“ Shortly, boys shall not play 
At spancounter or blowpoint, but shall pay 
Toll to some courtier.” Donne. 

bldw§e(l),s. [Blouse.] 
blow§e (2),s. [Blowze.] 

♦blowth, s. [From Eng. blow. In Ger. blilthe; 
Ir. blath, blaith = blow, blossom, flower.] In the 
state of blossoming; bloom, blow, flower. (Lit. & 

fig-) 

“Ambition and covetousness being but green, and 
newly grown up, the seeds and effects were as yet but po¬ 
tential, and in the blowth and bud.”— Raleigh: History of 
the World, bk. i., ch. ix., § 3. 

IT Still used by the Americans. 
tbl5w'-y, a. [Eng. blow; -y.] Windy, as a “ blowy 
day.” (Mon. Rev.) 

*bl5w'-^n, v. i. & t. (Prompt. Parv.) [Blow.] 
*blow'-yhge,*bld'-ynge, s. [Blowing.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) 


♦bldwze, fblowse, *blowesse, s. [Cognate with 
blush (q. v.). Or from blow, v., signifying one who 
has been well blown upon.] A ruddy, fat-faced 
woman. 

“ Sweet blowse, yo u are a beauteous blossom sure.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, iv. 2. 

“ I had rather marry a faire one, and put it to the haz¬ 
ard, than be troubled with a blowze; . . — Burton.- 
Anat. of Mel., p. 628. 

♦blowzed, a. [Eng. blowz(e); -ed.] Rendered ol 
a high color; tanned into a ruddy hue by exposure 
to the weather; blowzy. 

“ I protest I don’t like to see my daughters trudging up 
to their pew all blowzed and red with walking.”— Cold- 
smith; Vicar of Wakefield, ch. x. 

bldwz’-mg, a. Flaring; flaunting; fluffy. 

“That blowzing wig of his.” — J. Baillie. 
blow’-zy, a. [Eng. blowz(e ); -y.] Like a blowzo 
high-colored, ruddy, sunburnt. 

♦blub, v. t. [Bleb.] To swell. 

“My face was blown and blub’d with dropsy wan.” 

Mir. for Magistrates, p. 112. 

♦blubbed (Eng.), blub’-bit (Scotch), pa. par. & a. 
[Blub.] Blubbered. 

“Your cheeks are sae bleer’t, and sae blubbit adown.” 

Tarras; Poems, p. 124. (Jamieson.) 

blub-ber, *blub'-bir, *blub-er, *blob -er„ 
♦blob -ur, *blob -ure, *blob -ir, ♦blob'-ber (Eng.), 
♦blob -yr (Scotch), s. [From Provinc. Eng. blob, 
bleb=& bubble. Imitated apparently from the 
sound of a stream or spring bubbling up, that is 
emerging from an aperture as a mixture of water 
and air, the latter disengaging itself from the for¬ 
mer and escaping in the form of bubbles.] 

*1. A bubble of air. 

“ Blobure (blobyr, P. ): Burbxdium . . . Burbalium.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

“And at his mouth a blubber stode of fome.” 

Chaucer: Test. Cresseide. 

2. A thick coating of fat with which whales are 
enveloped, with the view of preserving the temper¬ 
ature of the body amid the cold ocean. It lies just 
under the skin. It is chiefly for the blubber that 
the whale is so remorselessly pursued, 
blubber-guy, s. 

Naut.: A rope stretched between the mainmast 
and foremast heads of a ship, and serving for the 
suspension of the “speck-purchase,” used in flens¬ 
ing whales. (Knight.) 

blubber-lip, blobber-lip, s. A thick lip. 

“His blobber-lips and beetle-brows commend.” 

Drvden . 

blubber-lipped, blobber-lipped, a. Having 
thick lips. 

“ A blobber-lipped shell . . — Grew. 

blubber-spade, s. 

Naut.: A keen-edged, spade-like knife attached to 
a pole, used by whalers in removing the blubber 
which incases the body of a whale. The carcass 
denuded of the blubber is called krang. (Knight.) 
blub'-ber, v. i. & t. [From blubber, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To bubble, to foam. 

“ . . . nov is a see called 
That ay is drouy and dym and ded in hit kynde, 

Bio, blubrande, and blak . . .” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1015-17. 

2. To weep in a noisy manner, and so as to make 
the cheeks swell out blubber or bubble-like. 

“Soon as Glumdalclitch miss’d her pleasing cara, 

She wept, she blubber’d, and she tore her hair.” 

Swift. 

B. Trans.: To swell the cheeks with weeping. 
(Used chiefly as a participial adjective.) [Blub¬ 
bered.] 

“And her fair face with teares was foully blubbered.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen. 

blub'-bered, *blub -bred, pa. par. & a. [Blub'- 

ber, v. t.] 

1. Swelled with weeping. (Specially of the cheeks 
or the eyelids.) 

“ With many bitter teares shed from his blubbred eyne.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, Y. i. 13. 

2. Swelled; protuberant from whatever cause. 
(Specially of the lips.) 

“Thou sing with him, thou booby! never pipe 
Was so profan’d, to touch that blubber’d lip.” 

Diryden. 

blub'-ber'-mg, *blub-bring, *blub'-rande, pr. 

par., a. & s. [Blubber, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of crying so as to swell 
the cheeks. 

“ So when her teares were stopt from eyther eye 
Her singults, blubbrings, seem’d to make them flye 
Out at her oyster-mouth and nose-thrils wide.” 

Browne: Britannia’s Pastorals, bk. ii., § 1. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rille, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




Blucher 


541 


blue-disease 


Blfi’-cher (ch guttural), a. & s. [Named after the 
celebrated Prussian field-marshal, Leberecht von 
Blucher, who was born at Rostock, December 16, 
1742, was victorious over the French at Katzbach on 
August 25, 1813, was defeated by them at Ligny on 
June 16, 1815, and completed their defeat and rout 
at Waterloo on the 18th of the same month.] 

A, As adjective: Named after Marshal Bliicher. 

• * . pots, tobacco-boxes, Periodical Literature and 
Bliicher Boots.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. iii. 

B. As a common substantive {pi. bluchers): The 
kind of boots defined under A. 

*blud -der, *bluth'-er, v. t. & i. [From Sw. plot- 
tra =to scribble; plotter= a scrawl.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To blot paper in writing; to disfigure any 
writing. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To disfigure the face with weeping or in any 
»ther way. 

“ On sic afore his een he never set, 

Tho’ bluddert now with strypesof tears and sweat.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 28. 

(2) Morally to disfigure. 

“. . . blotted and bluthered with these right-hand 
extreams and left-hand defections, . . . ”— Walker: 

Remarkable Passages, p. 57. {Jamieson.) 

B. Intrans.: To make a noise with the mouth or 
throat in taking any liquid. {Jamieson.) 

fblfide, s. [Blood.] {Scotch.) {Scott: Guy Man- 
nering, ch. xxii.) 

blud-ge&n, s. [Etymology doubtful, Cf. Ir. 
blocan —a little block: Gael, plocan —a wooden 
hammer, a beetle, a mallet, &c.,dimin. of ploc=a.ny 
round mass, “ a junk of a stick ” {McAlpine), “ a 
club or bludgeon with a round or large head” 
{Macleod <& Dewar). Compare also Moeso-Goth. 
blegawan= to kill; pa. par. blugawuns.'] A short 
stick, thick, and sometimes loaded at one end, used 
by roughs, or in desperate emergencies by other 
persons as an offensive weapon. 

“. . . had armed themselves with flails, bludgeons 
and pitchforks, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

blfie, *bloo, *bleu, *blwe, *blo {Eng.), blue, 
bla, blae {Scotch), a., adv. & s. [A. S. bleo, bleah 
(Somner), a word the existence of which Skeat 
doubts; Icel. 6fdr=livid; Sw. 6id=blue, black; 
Dan. htaa=blue, azure ; Dut. 6to'Utt)=blue; O. Dut. 
bla; (N. H.) Ger. blau; O. H. Ger. bldo, pl&o; Fr. 
bleu; Prov. blau, blava; O. Sp. blavo; O. Ital. 
biavo. A Scandinavian word.] 

A. As adjective : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

t(l) Originally livid; of the color of a wound pro¬ 
duced when one has been beaten “ black and blue.” 

“ Bloo coloure: Lividus , luridus.” — Prompt. Paw. 

IT The expression “ blue ” milk, used of skimmed 
milk, seems to be a remnant of this meaning. 

“. . . skimmed or blue milk being only one-half 
penny a quart, and the quart a most redundant one, in 
Grasmere .”—be Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 14. 

f(2) Blue-black. 

(3) Of any other shade of blue. Spec.— 

(a) Of the veins. 

“. . . and here 
My bluest veins to kiss; . . .” 

Shakesp: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 5. 

b) Of various plants. [Bluebell, Bluebottle.] 

c) Of the cloudless sky, azure. 

“ Three gaudy standards flout the pale blue sky.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, i. 41. 

(d) Of water in certain circumstances. 

(i.)Of the sea. 

1[ Poets conventionally call the sea “ blue.” Near 
the shore it is generally green, yellow sand below 
often affecting its color. Far from the land it is 
oftener blue. The “ Red ” Sea may often be seen of 
a beautiful blue color. 

“ The sea, the blue lone sea, hath one— 

He lies where pearls lie deep.” 

Hemans: The Graves of a Household. 

(ii.) Of lakes. This also is somewhat conven¬ 
tional. 

“O’er the blue lake ...” 

Hemans: Edith. 

(iii.) Of rivers and streams. So also is this some¬ 
what conventional. 

“ The past as it fled by my own blue streams!” 

Hemans: The Land of Dreams. 

2. Figuratively: Highly derived, aristocratic; as, 
“blue blood.” 

II. Technically: 

1. Optics: The color produced in a body when the 
blue rays which constitute one component in light 
are reflected, all other rays being absorbed. 


2. Physic, science, spec. Bot.: A series of colors 
containing, besides the typical species, Prussian 
blue, indigo, sky-blue, lavender-color, violet, and 
lilac (q. v.). The typical blue most nearly ap¬ 
proaches indigo, but is lighter and duller than that 
deep hue. (See Lindley: Introd. to Botany, 3d ed., 
1839, pp. 479, 480.) 

3. Painting: For painters’ colors see C. II. 

4. Her.: [Azure.] 

Costume, livery, c t'C.: Formerly blue was the 
appropriate color worn by persons of humble 
position in society, and by social outcasts. It was 
so spec.— 

(a) Of servants. 

“In a blew coat, serving-man like, with an orange,” Ac. 

Mask of Christmas. < Xares.) 

Prior to A. D. 1608 these blue coats had been 
exchanged for cloaks not readily distinguishable 
from those worn by masters. 

“ . . . for since blew coats have been turned into 
cloaks, one can scarce know the man from the master.”— 
Act ii., Anc. Drama, v., p. 151. {Middleton.) {Nares.) 

{b) Of beadles. [Bluebottle, a.] 

“ And to be free from the interruption of blue beadles, 
and other bawdy officers.” — Middleton: Mich. Term. 
{Nares.) 

(c) Of harlots in the house of correction. 

(d) Of beggars. [Blue-gown.] 

III. Political, religious, and academical symbol¬ 
ism: Now redeemed from former humble associa¬ 
tions, see II. 4, it stands— 

1. Politically: In London and many parts of 
England, though not everywhere, for a Conserva¬ 
tive. 

2. Religiously: 

(1) In England: Originally a strict Puritan of 
Presbyterian views ; a rigid Protestant belonging to 
the Church of England. 

(2) In Scotland: A rigid Presbyterian supporting 
the Church of Scotland. 

H In senses III. (1) and (2) the expression “ true 
blue ” is sometimes used. Thus a true blue Protest¬ 
ant is one who shows no proclivities toward 
Roman Catholicism, a true blue Presbyterian one 
very strict in his belief and practice. 

“ For his religion, it was fit 
To match his learning and his wit, 

’Twas Presbyterian true-blue, 

For he was of that stubborn crew.” 

Hudibras, I., i. 189-9L 

3. Academically: In the annual boat race and 
cricket match between the Universities of Oxford 
and Cambridge those in favor of Oxford wear dark- 
blue colors, and those in favor of Cambridge light- 
blue. So also dark-blue is worn by partisans of 
Harrow, and light-blue by those of Eton. 

B. As adverb: 

1. As if blue. [To look blue .] 

“ The lights burn blue." 

Shakesp.Richard III., v. 3. 

2. Into a blue color; so as to look blue. 

“ There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.” 

Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, v. 5. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of things: 

(1) Lit.: (a) The color described under A. 

“ There was scarce any other color sensible besides red 
and blue: only the blues, and principally the second blue, 
inclined a little to green.”— Newton. 

{b) The Blue-butterfly. 

“ On the commons and open downs the lovely little blues 
are frisking in animated play.”— Gosse: Nat. Hist., p. 5. 

c) A substance used in washing clothes. 

2) Fig. PI. {blues): The same as Blue-devils 
(q. v.). 

2. Of persons: Persons dressed in blue. Spe¬ 
cially — 

(1) Either the Dutch troops in general, of which 
blue is now the uniform, or more probably the blue- 
clad Dutch troops of life guards which came over 
with William III. in 1688. 

“ . . . while vainly endeavoring to prevail on their 
soldiers to look the Dutch Blues in the face.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

(2) The Royal Horse Guards in the British army. 
Though the term “the blues” is limited to these, 
the following regiments are also clad in blue: The 
6th Dragoon Guards, the 3d and 4th Hussars, the 
5th Lancers, the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 
14th and 15th Hussars, the Royal Regiment of Artil¬ 
lery and the Royal Marine Artillery. 

“ If it were necessary to repel a, French invasion or to 
put down an Irish insurrection, the Blues and the Buffs 
would stand by him to the death.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiv. 

(3) Blue-stockings. 

“ The Blues, that tender tribe, who sigh o’er sonnets.’’ 

Byron: Don Juan, canto xi. 


(4) Boys educated at Christ’s Hospital. 

(5) Boys in blue: Soldiers of the United States id 
the late civil war, so called from the fact that they 
wore blue uniforms, the uniforms of the Confeder¬ 
ates being gray. 

II. Painting: The chief pigments used are Prus¬ 
sian blue, Indigo blue, Verditer, Ultramarine, 
Cobalt blue and Smalt. (See these words.) 

D. In special phrases: 

1. To look blue: To feel disappointed to such an 
extent that to the imaginative the color seems to 
change to blue. 

2. To look blue at: To look angrily at. 

blue asbestus, or asbestos, s. 

Min.: The same as Crocidolite (q. v.). 

blue baby, s. [See Blue Disease and Cya. 

NOSIS.] 

blue billy, s. 

Metal.: A name given to the residue from the 
combustion of iron pyrites (FeS 2 ) in the manufact¬ 
ure of sulphuric acid. It is employed as an iron 
ore, and for the fettling of puddling furnaces in the 
Cleveland (England) district. 

blue-black, a. Of a color produced by the com¬ 
mingling of black and blue, the former predomi¬ 
nating. 

*blue blanket, s. The name formerly given to 
the banner of the craftsmen in Edinburgh. 

“ The Craftsmen think we should be content with their 
work how bad soever it be ; and if in any thing they be 
controlled, up goes the Blue Blanket." — R. Ja. Basilicon 
Dor. and Pennecuik’s Hist. Ace. Bl. Blanket, pp. 27, 28. 

blue-blood, s. A phrase applied in Spain 
(sangre azul) to the blood of the nobility; pure 
aristocratic descent, 
blue bonnet, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A bonnet of a blue color. 

2. One wearing a “ bonnet” of a blue color. 

II. Technically: 

1. Zodl.: A name for the Blue Tit {Parus coeru- 
leus). [Blue Tit.] 

2. Botany: 

(1) Sing.: A name sometimes given to the Cen¬ 
taur ea cyanus. [Bluebottle.] 

(2) Plur. Bluebonnets: A plant, Scabiosa succisa. 
{Jamieson.) 

blue-bottle, s. [Bluebottle.] 
blue-breast, s. A name sometimes given to 
a bird, the Blue-throated Warbler {Phcenicura 

succica). 

blue-butterfly, s. A name occasionally applied 
to any butterfly of the genus Polyommatus, which 
has the upper side of its wings blue, their normal 
color. 

blue-cap, s. 

1. One of the names for the Blue Titmouse {Parus 
cceruleus). 

2. A fish of the salmon family, with blue spots on 
its head. 

blue-cat, s. A Siberian cat valued for its fur. 

( Ogilvie.) 

blue-coat, blue coat, s. & a. 

A. Assubst.: A coat which is blue. 

“The whips of furies are not half so terrible as a blue 
coat.” — Microcosmus, O. PL, ix. 16L 

B. As adj.: Of which the uniform is a blue coat, 
as a blue-coat constabulary. 

blue-coated, a. Wearing a blue coat. 

“ Then was brought in the lusty brawn 
By old blue-coated serving man.” 

Scott: Marmion. Introd. to Canto vi. 

blue-copper, blue-copper ore, s. 

Min.: The same as Azurite aud Chessylite (q. v.). 
blue-curls, s. A common plant resembling 
pennyroyal, 
blue-devils, s. pi. 

1. Frightful apparitions which present themselves 
to the excited brain in delirium tremens. {Collo¬ 
quial.) 

2. Lowness of spirits; hypochondria, 
blue-disease, blue disorder, blue jaundice, s, 

Med.: Popular names for a disease or a morbid 
symptom which consists in the skin becoming blue, 
purple or violet, especially on the lips, the cheeks, 
and other parts where the cutaneous capillary 
vessels are superficial. [Cyanosis.] A new-born 
baby is sometimes found to be suffering with cya¬ 
nosis, due to compression and partial strangulation 
of the circulation brought on by tedious labor. A 
little blood-letting will generally subdue the trouble. 
Children born under such circumstances are popu¬ 
larly known as blue-babies. [Blue Baby.] 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d?I. 




542 


bluebell 


blue-eyed 


blue-eyed, a. Having blue eyes. Blue eyes gen¬ 
erally go with fair hair and a sanguine tempera¬ 
ment. They are more common in the Teutonic race 
than in the other races of the world. 

“ Glenalvon’s blue-eyed daughter came.” 

Byron: Oscar of Alva. 

It is generally believed that blue eyes occasionally 
occurred in the Greek race; Athene (Minerva) was 
thought to have possessed them, but qlaukopis was 
originally fierce-eyed or gray-eyed rather than blue¬ 
eyed. (Liddell dt Scott.) 

“ Thus while he spoke, the blue-eyed maid began.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xiii. 327. 

If Blue-eyed grass: An iridaceous plant, .S'i.s?/r?/n- 
chium anceps, or Bermudiana. It grows in Bermuda 
and in this country, 
blue felspar, s. 

Min.: The same as Lazulite (q. v.). 

blue-fish, s. 

1. A species of Oorypheena found in the Atlantic. 

[CORYPHiENA.] 

2. Temnodon saltator: A fish like a mackerel but 
larger, found on the Atlantic coast. It is called 
also Horse-mackerel and Salt-water Tailor. 

blue-fly, blue fly, s. A bluebottle, Musca ( Lu - 
cilia) Ccesar. 

blue-grass, s. A name given to several species 
of poa (q. v.). The blue-grass of Kentucky (Boa 
pratensis) is highly valued for forage. The) profu¬ 
sion of nutritious, radical leaves constitutes the 
superior excellence of this grass. 

blue hafit, s. The Scotch name for the Hedge- 
sparrow (Accentor modularis). 
blue-haired, a. Having blue hair. 

“This place. 

The greatest and the best of all the main. 

He quarters to the blne-hair’d deities.” 

Milton: Counts, 27-9. 

blue-hawk, s. 

1. The Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). 

2. The Ring-tailed Harrier (Circus cyaneus). 
blue-hearts, s. American name for the botani¬ 
cal genus Buchnera (q. v.). 

blue iron earth, s. 

Min.: The same as Yivianite (q. v.). 
blue-jacket, s. A sailor, as distinguished from 
a marine or soldier who serves on board ship. 

blue-jay, s. A common American bird ( Cyano- 
citta cristata), about 12 inches long, with a fine 
crest. It is purplish blue above, black on the neck 
and purplish gray below, the tail and wings blue, 
spotted with black and white, 
blue-john, s. 

Min.: The same as Fluorite or Fluor (q. v.). It 
is a blue variety of fluor-spar (CaF 2 ), found in 
Derbyshire, England. 

blue-kite, s. A name for a bird, the Bing-tailed 
Harrier (Circus cyaneus). 

blue laws, s. pi. [Blue, III. 2.] Severe puri¬ 
tanic laws alleged to have existed at New Haven, in 
Connecticut, and the adjacent parts. They were 
cot. laws, but a selection of judicial decisions. 

These decisions of the magistrates of the “ Domin¬ 
ion of New Haven,” became known as the blue laws 
because they were printed on blue paper. They 
were as follows: 

The governor and magistrates convened in gen¬ 
eral assembly are the supreme power, under God. 
of the independent dominion. From the determi¬ 
nation of the assembly no appeal shall be made 
Noione shall be a freeman or have a vote unless 
he is converted and a member of one of the churches 
allowed in the dominion. 

Each freeman shall swear by the blessed God to 
bear true allegiance to this dominion and that 
Jesus is the only king. 

No dissenter from the essential worship of this 
dominion shall be allowed to give a vote for the 
electing of magistrates or any officer. 

No food or lodging shall be offered to a heretic. 
No one shall cross a river on the Sabbath but 
authorized clergymen. 

No one shall travel, cook victuals, make beds, 
sweep houses, cut hair or shave on the Sabbath 
Day. 

No one shall kiss his or her children on the Sab¬ 
bath or feastingdays. 

The Sabbath Day shall begin at sunset Saturday. 
Whoever wears clothes trimmed with gold, silver 
or bone lace above one shilling per yard shall be 
presented by the grand jurors and the selectmen 
shall tax the estate £300 ($1,500), 

Whoever brings cards or dice into the dominion 
shall pay a fine of £5 ($25). 

No one shall eat mince pies, dance, play cards or 
play any in '-ument of music except the drum, 
trumpet, or jewrharp. 

No Gospel minister shall join people in marriage. 
The magistrate may join them, as he may do it with 
less scandal to Christ’s church. 


When parents refuse their children convenient 
marriages, the magistrate shall determine the 
point. 

A man who strikes his wife shall be fined £10 
($50). 

A woman who strikes her husband shall be pun¬ 
ished as the law directs. 

No man shall court a maid in person or by letter 
without obtaining the consent of her parents; £5 
($25) penalty for the first, offense, £10 ($50) for the 
second, and for the third imprisonment during the 
pleasure of the court, 
blue-lead, s. 

Min.: A variety of Galena, It is lead sulphide 
(PbS,). [Galena.] 

blue-light, s. A signallight which when ignited 
burns with a steady blue color and reflection. The 
materials used in t he composition of blue lights are 
saltpeter 9 lb. 10 oz.; sulphur. 2 lb. 6 i oz.: and red 
orpiment, 11 oz. These are all incorporated together 
and pressed into cups of wood, covered with car¬ 
tridge paper, and furnished with a handle, 
blue malachite, s. 

Min.: The same as Azurite or Chessylite (q. v.). 
blue-mantle, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: A mantle which is blue. 

B. As adjective: Having a blue mantle. 
Blue-mantle pursuivant (Her.). [Pursuivant.] 
“ As sacred as either garter or Blue-mantle.” — Scott: 

Waverley, ch. i. 

blue-metal, s. 

Metal.: Copper at. one stage of the process of 
refining. It is called also ./me metal . 

blue-mold, s. The mold, of the color indi¬ 
cated, so often seen upon cheese. It consists of a 
fungus, Aspergillus glaucus. 

blue-Monday. s. The Monday preceding Lent, 
when, in the sixteenth century, the churches were 
internally decorated with blue. 

blue moor-grass, s. A book-name for a grass, 
Sesleria ccerulea. 
blue-ointment s. 

Pharm.: Mercurial ointment, 
blue-peter, s. [A corruption of blue repeater, 
one of the British signal flags ] 

Naut. ; A flag, blue with a white square in the 
center used as a signal for sailing, for recalling 
boats, &c, 
blue-pill, s. 

Pharm.: Pilula Hydrargyri , a pill made by rub¬ 
bing two ounces of mercury with three of confection 
of roses till the globules disappear, and then add¬ 
ing one of liquorice-root to form a mass. It is given 
when the secretion of the liver is defective as a 
“cbolagogue purgative,” i. e., as a purgative 
designed to promote evacuation of the bile. 

blue-poker, s. One of the names of a duck, the 
Pochard (Ay thy a farina). 

tblue-poppV; s. A plant, Centaurea cyanus, 
more commonly termed Bluebottle, 
blue-pots, s. 

Comm.: Pots, also called Black-lead crucibles. 
They are made of a mixture of clay with a coarse 
variety of graphite. They are much less likely to 
crack when heated than those made from fire-clay 
only. 

blue-print, s. A positive print or photographic 
copy in white lines on a blue ground, of a map, 
plan, etc., upon paper sensitized with a solution of 
potassium ferrocyanide. 

blue-racer, s. A variety of the common black- 
snake (q. v.). 

blue-rocket, s. Several species of Aconite 
specially Aconitum pyrcimidale. [Aconite.] 
fblue-ruin, s. A cant name for gin and other 
Strong alcoholic liquors used in England, 
blue-shark, s. A shark (Carcharias glaucus). 
blue-spar, s. 

Min.: The same as Lazulite (q. v.). 
blue-stocking, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A stocking of a blue color. 

2. Fig.: A literary lady, generally with the impu¬ 
tation that she is more or les^ pedantic. Boswell, 
in his Life of Johnson , states that in his day there 
were certain meetings held by ladies to afford them 
opportunity of holding converse with eminent lit¬ 
erary men. The most distinguished talker at these 
gatherings was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore 
blue stockings. His absence was so felt that the 
remark became common, “We can do nothing with¬ 
out the blue stockings.” Hence the meetings at 
which he figured began to be called sportively 
“ Blue-stocking Clubs,” and those who frequented 
them blue-stockings. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to stockings of a blue color. 


2. Fig.: Pertaining to literary ladies; such as 
characterizes literary ladies. 

“. . . how much better this was adapted to her hus¬ 

band’s taste, how much more adapted to upnold the com¬ 
fort, of his daily life, than a bltte-slockiny loquacity — 
l)e Quincey: Works (ed. 1883 i, vol . ii., p. 133. 

blue-stockingism, s. The procedure of literary 
ladies, generally witli the imputation of pedantry, 
blue stone, s. 

Comm.: A name given to cupric sulphate. 
CuSO 4 . 5 H. 2 O. [Cupric Sulphate.] 
blue-tail, s. A popular name for an American 
lizard—the Five-lined Plestiodon ( Plestiodon quin- 
quelineatum). 

blue tangles, s. The name of a plant, Vaccinium 
frondosum, growing on the New England coast , in 
Kentucky and in other parts further south. It 
belongs to the same genus with the V.resinosum, 
or common huckleberry. 

blue-throated, a. Having a throat with blue 
feathers on it. 

Blue-throated Redstart: A bird, Ruticella cyanr 
ecula. [Redstart.] 

blue tit, blue titmouse, s. A bird, called also 
Blue Tomtit, Blue-cap, Blue-bonnet, Hick-mall, 
Billy-biter and Ox-eye. It is Parus cceruleus, L. it 
has the upper part of the head light-blue, encircled 
with white; a band around the nock and the 
spaces before and behind the eye of a duller blue; 
cheeks white; back light yellowish-green, the 
lower parts palo grayish-yellow ; the middle of the 
breast dull blue. The male is more brightly colored 
than the female. Average length to end of tail, 
which is rather long: male, 4'% inches ^expansion of 
wings, 1% ; female, 4 T 7 5 inches; expansion of wings, 
7!4. It builds its nest in the chink of a wall, under 
eaves or thatch, or in a hole of a tree, and lays from 
six to eight some say twelve or even twenty, eggs of 
a slightly reddish color, marked all over with irreg¬ 
ular small spots of light red. 
blue titmouse, c. [Blue Tit.] 
blue-veined, a. Having blue veins. (Used of 
plants rather than of man.) 

“These blue-vein’d violets whereon we lean.” 

Shakesp.; Venus and Adonis, 125, 

blue verditer, s. [Verditer.] 
blue-vitriol, blue vitriol, s. 

1. Min.: The same as Chalcanthite (q. v.). 

2. Comm.: The mineral mentioned under No. t. 
It is crystallized sulphate of copper (CuSC^PIjO). 
[Cupric Sulphate.] 

blue-weed, s. The name given in this country tc 
a plant, Echium vulgare, known in England as the 
Viper’s Bugloss. [Bugloss, Echium.] 
blue-winged, a. Having blue wings. 

IT 1. Blue-winged Jay: A name for the jay (Gar- 
rulus qlandarius). (Macgillivray.) 

2. Blue-winged Shoveler: One of the English 
names for a bird, the Common Shoveler (Spathulea 
clypeata). 

blfie, v. t. [From blue, adj. In Sw. bldna, blda: 
Dut. blauiven; Ger. blauen; Fr. bleuir .] To make 
blue. 


Blfie-beard, s. & a. [From Eng. blue, and 
beard. ] 

A. As substantive: A man resembling that chil¬ 
dren’s bogie, the Bluebeard well known in story, 
though wholly unknown in history. 

B. As adjective: Haunted by such another as the 
mythic personage described under A. 


“ Except the Bluebeard room, which the poor child 
believed to be permanently haunted.” — Be Quincey ,v 
Works, 2d ed., i. 167. 

blfie-b ell, 
blfie -b ells, 

*blew -belles 
(ew as fi), s. 

[Eng. blue; 
bell, bells. So 
called from the 
color and 
shape of the 
flowers.] Two 
plants. 

1. The Eng¬ 
lish name of 
the plantgenus 
Agraphis, and 
specially of the 
Wild Hyacinth 
(Agraphis nu¬ 
tans of Link, 

Scilla nutans of Smith, Hyacinthus nonscriptus of 
Linnaeus). 

2. The Bluebell of Scotland: The round-leaved 
Bell-flower or Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia ). 

“ The frail bluebell peereth over.” 

Tennyson: A Dirge. 



Bluebell. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, sen; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, te = »; ey = a. qu = kw. 



blueberry 


543 


blunder 


hlfie -ber ry, s. [Eng. blue, and&erry.]. A name 
given in this country to the genus Vaccinium, that 
■which contains the Bilberry, called in Scotland the 
Blaeberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus). The commonest 
species are V. Pennsylvanicum and V. resinosum. 

blffe-bird, s. [Eng. blue; bird.'] A beautiful 
bird, the Sylvia sialis of Wilson. Its whole upper 
I>arts are sky-blue, shot with purple, with its thro’at, 
neck, breast, and sides reddish-chestnut, and part 
of its wings and its tail-feathers black. It is about 
seven and a half inches long. It has a soft war¬ 
bling note, which is one of the first harbingers of 
spring. 

“ Sent the blue-l>ird, the Owaissa.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawa tha, ii. 
blffe -bQOk, s. [Eng. blue; book.] 

1. Originally and properly: A book which is 
bound in a blue cover. 

2. Subsequently and figuratively: 

(а) A name given to any book containing infor¬ 
mation or subject matter of a special kind, usually 
to be found nowhere else. Nearly all secret frater¬ 
nities have their blue book, containing the mysteries 
of their ritual, etc. 

(б) The appellation is also given to a roster of 
any exclusive set or clique of people; e. g., blue- 
book of New York, which contains the names of the 
so called '‘four hundred,” and other information 
useful to a society man or woman. 

3. English literature and .politics: Most published 
Parliamentary papers being bound in blue, the term 
■“ bluebook” has come to signify a book containing 
ieturns, reports of commissions, Acts of Parliament, 
Arc.; in short, the official record of Parliamentary 
investigations and regulations. 

bide bot-tle, blue bottle, s. & a. [Eng .blue; 
and bottle.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. (Of the form blue bottle): A bottle which is 
blue. 

II. (Of the forms bluebottle and blue-bottle): 

1. Popular zoblogy: 

(1) Lit.: A two-winged fly, Musca ( Luciha ) 
Ccesar, the body of which has some faint resem¬ 
blance to a bottle of blue glass. [Blue-fly.] 

(2) Figuratively: 

(a) A servant. (0. PL, v. 6.) 

“ ‘ Say, sire of insects, mighty Sol,’ 

A fly upon the chariot pole 
Cries out, ‘What bluebottle alive 
Did ever with Buch fury drive 

Prior: The Flies. 

(b) A beadle. [See B. adj.] 

(c) One who hovers round a celebrated person 
attracted by the glitter of his fame, as some flies 
are by a light. 

“Humming like flies around the newest blaze. 

The bluest of bluebottles you e’er saw.” 

Byron: Beppo, 74. 

2. Popular botany: A name given in various parts 
of England to different plants with bottle-shaped 
blue flowers. Spec — 

(1) The wild Hyacinth. [Bluebell, 1. Agra- 

* H (2 )^Centaurea cyanus, more fully named the Com 
Bluebottle, from its being found chiefly m corn¬ 
fields. It belongs to the order Asterace® (Com¬ 
posites), and the sub-order'Tubuliflor®. It is from 
two to three feet high, with the florets of the disk, 
which are small and purple, and those of the ray 
few, larger and bright blue. It is common in 
America and throughout Europe. 

“If you put bluebottles, or other blue flowers, into an 
•ant-hill, they will be stained with red.”— Ray. 

B. As adjective: Wearing a blue garment. (Used 
of a beadle.) [Blue, a.] 

“I will have you as soundly swinged for this, you blue¬ 
bottle rogue.”— Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., v. 4. 

biff e-cap, blue cap, s. 

I. Of the form blue cap: A cap which is blue. 

II. Of the form bluecap and blue-cap: A name 
given in different localities to various plants. 
Spec., to two kinds of Scabious—(1) Scabiosa suc- 
cisa, (2) Scabiosa arvensis. 

biffed, pa. par. [Blue, v.] 
blffe -ing, fblu'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. 
blffe -If, adv. [Eng. blue; -ly.] With a blue 
color or tint. 

“ First clear and white, then yellow, after red, 

Then bluely pale.” 

More: Infinity of Worlds, s. 94. 

blffe -ness, *blew-ness, *blff-nesse, *blo- 
nesse, s. [Eng, blue; -ness.] 
blue. 

“. . . our liquor may be deprived of its blueness, and 

restored to it again.”— Boyle: Works, ii. 579. 

blffes, s.pl. [Blue, C., 1.1, 2.] 
blu -ets, s. [From Fr. bluet= a blue plant. Cen- 
iaurea cyanus; dimin. of Fr. 61ew=blue.] 


1. A plant, the Vaccinium angustifolium, which 
grows in this country. 

2. The Hedyotis ccerulea. 

biff -ette, s. The same as Blewit (q. v.). 

Tblff ~ey, a. [Eng. blue ; -y.] Somewhat blue. 
(Southey.) 

bluff, a. & s. [Etymology doubtful. Mahn sug¬ 
gests for comparison 0. Eng. bloughty= swelled, 
puffed, and Skeat O. Dut. blaf=h at, broad. He be¬ 
lieves it connected with Eng. blow (1), &c. (q. v.)] 

A. ,4s adjective: 

1. Of banks, cliffs, dtc.: Large and steep. 

“ The northwest part of it, forming a bluff point, bore 
nort h, 20 east, two leagues distant.”— Cook: Voyage, bk.iv , 
eh. 6. 

2. Of persons: 

(1) Massive, burly (?). 

" Black-brow’d and bluff, like Homer's Jupiter.” 

Dryden. 

(2) Plain-spoken in a good sense, or too abrupt 
and plain in speech, as some men of massive frame 
and strong nerve are liable to be. 

“ Bluff Harry broke into the spence, 

And turn’d the cowls adrift.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

B. As substantive: A large, high bank, precipi¬ 
tous on one side, in most cases constituting a prom¬ 
ontory jutting out into the sea; or, the bank of a 
river rising more or less perpendicularly from the 
water’s edge, a common, natural conformation in 
this country. 

“The steep slate-quarry, and the great echo flap 
And buffet round the hills from bluff to bluff. 

Tennyson: The Golden Year. 

bluff-bowed, a. 

Naut.: Having a broad, flat bow. 

bluff-beaded, o. 

Naut.: Bluff-bowed ; having a full, square stem. 

“ Bluff-headed, so a ship is said to be that hath a small 
rake forward on, and her stem too straight up.”— Glossog. 
Nov., 2d ed. 

bluf -fle-bead-ed, a. [From Eng. bluff; -le=ly= 
like, and headed.] Having a large head, accom¬ 
panied with the appearance of dullness of intellect. 
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

bluff'-ly, adv. [Eng. bluff; -ly.] In a bluff man¬ 
ner, bluntly. 

bluff'-ness, s. [Eng. bluff; -ness.] The quality of 
being bluff. 

1. Of things material: 

(1) Of banks, cliffs, headlands, dtc.: Precipitous¬ 
ness. 

(2) Of the human face: Broadness, puffiness, 
bloatedness (?). 

“A remarkable bluffness of face, a loud voice, and a 
masculine air .”—The World, No. 88. 

2. Of things not material: Abruptness of manner. 
(Used of speech or behavior.) 

bluf-fy, a. [Eng. bluff; -y.] Having bluffs, or 
bold headlands. 

blflid, s. [Blood.] (Scotch.) 

" But feels his heart’s bluid rising hot.” 

Burns . Earnest Cry and Prayer. 

bluid-tongue, s. [So called because children are 
accustomed to use it to bring blood from the tongues 
of their playmates if the latter submit to the oper¬ 
ation.] A name for a stellate plant, Galium apa- 
rine (the Goose-grass or Cleavers). (Eng. Border 
& Scotland.) 

*blffid'-veit, *blffid -wyte, s. [Bloodwit.] A 
fine paid for effusion of blood. 

“ Bluidveit, an unlaw for wrang or injurie, sik as 
bloud.”— Skene. {Jamieson.) 

biff-Ing, *blffe'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Blue, v.] 

A. As present participle and adjective. (See the 
verb.) 

B. As substantive: The act, art or process of ren¬ 
dering blue by means of a dye, or in any other way. 

1. Metal.: The process of heating steel till it 
becomes blue. 


biff -Ish-ly, adv. [Eng. bluish; -ly.] In a man* 
ner as if blue. 

biff -ish-ness, *blffe -Ish-ness, s. [Eng. bluish; 
-ness.] The quality of being bluish, i. e., somewhat 
blue. 

“I could make, with crude copper, a solution without 
the bluishness that is wont to accompany its vinegar solu¬ 
tions.”— Boyle. 

blffi-ter (1), v. i. [Etym. doubtful. Compare 
Dut. blaten=to bleat. Jamieson derives it from 
Ger. plaudern=to talk nonsense and untruth (?).] 

1. To make a rumbling noise. 

2. To blatter; to pour forth lame, harsh and un¬ 
musical rhymes. 

“ I laugh to see thee bluiter. 

Glory in thy ragments, rash to raill.” 

Polwart: Flyting; Watson’s Coll., iii. 7. {Jamieson.) 

blffi'-ter (2)fv. i. [Dimin. from blout (q. v.). 
(Jamieson.)] To dilute. 

If To bluiter up with water: To dilute too much 
with water. 

blffi -ter, blfft -ter, s. [From bluiter, v. (q. v.)] 

1. A rumbling noise, as that sometimes made by 
the intestines. 

2. Liquid filth. (Cleland: Poems, p. 102.) (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

*bluk, s. [Etymology doubtful.] An error for 
blunk=horse (Sir F. Madden). Altered from the 
word bulk, i. e.=a trunk (Morris). 

“ He brayde his bluk aboute.” 

Gaw. and the Green Knight, 440. 
*blum-damme, s. [Derivedfrom plumbedame.] 
A prune. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

blff'-me-a, s. [From the eminent botanist, Dr. 
Blume, who in 1828 published a Flora of Java.] 

Bot.: A large genus of composite plants, with 
purple or yellow flowers, founddn India and the 
Eastern islands, a few stragglers existing also in 
Australia and Africa. Blumea aurita and B. lacera, 
yellow-flowered species growing in India, are used 
by the natives of the country in cases of dyspepsia. 

blfi-men-baclT-I-§, (eh guttural), s. [From the 
celebrated J. F. Blumenbach, of Gottingen, who 
was bom in 1752, and died in 1840.] 

Bot.: A genus of climbing plants belonging to 
the order Loasace® (Loasads). Several species 
exist, of which two are cultivated, the Blumen- 
bachia insignis and the B. multifjda. Both have 
large, beautiful flowers and stinging bristles, and 
are natives of the southern portion of South 
America. 

blff-men-bach-Ite (ch guttural), s. [In Ger. 
blumenbachit. Named after Blumenbach, author 
of a natural history handbook, of which the eighth 
edition was published at Gottingen in 1807.] 

Min.: The same as Alabandite (q. v.). 

blfi'-mlte, s. [In Ger. blumit. Named after the 
mineralogist Blum.] 

Mineralogy: 

1. Blumite of Fischer. The same as Bleinierite 

(q.v.). 

2. Blumite of Liebe. The same as Megabasite 
(q. v.). 

blun-der, *blon-der, *blon-dir, *blon-dre, 
*blon-dren, v. i.&t. [Cf. Sw .blunda; Dan. blimde, 
all=to sleep lightly, to doze, to nap ; Icel. blundr 
Sw. & Dan. blund, all=a wink of sleep, slumber, a 
doze, a nap. Remotely connected with blend and 
blind. (Skeat.)] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Originally : 

(1) To pore over anything, the sleepy way in which 
one deals with it preventing his despatching it 
quickly; or to fall into confusion, to confuse, to 
confuse one’s self, to be mazed. 

(2) To run heedlessly. 

“Ye been as bolde as Bayard the blinde, 

That blundreth forth and peril casteth noon.” 

Chaucer: The Chanoun Yemannes Tale, 1,413-14. 

2. Nou>: To fall into a gross mistake, to err greatly 


2. Dyeing: The process of coloring goods by a from native stupidity or from censurable careless- 
solution oi' indigo. ness. 


“It is one thing to forget matter of fact, and another 
to blunder upon the reason of it.”— VEstrange. 

3. To flounder; to reach an object of attainment, 
as for instance an intellectual inquiry, not directly 
under the guidance of proper intelligence, but cir¬ 
cuitously, with various stumbles, and as if acci¬ 
dentally at last. 

If Often followed by round about, &c. 

“He who now to sense, now nonsense leaning, 

Means not, but blunders round about a meaning.” 

Pope: Prol. Satires, 186. 

bluish-white a. White with a bluish tinge. A B. Trans.: To mistake, to err regarding, to intro- 
^2^ andblue ’ with thelattercolor 

“. . . a black mark, surrounded by orange-yellow, “. . . for he blunders and confounds all these to- 

and then by bluish-white.”—Darwin: Descent of Man. gether ; ■ ■ ■’ —Stillingffeet. _ 


blfl -ish, *blffe'-Ish, *blew-ish (ew as fi), a. 
[Eng. blue; -ish.] Somewhat blue. 

" Side sleeves and skirts, round underborne with a 
bltiish tinsel.”— Shakesp.: Much Ado About Nothing, iii. 4. 

bluish-green, a. Green with a bluish tinge. A 
mixture of green and blue, with the former color 
predominating. 

“ , both are colored of a splendid bluish-green, 

The oualitv of being one ,ivin e invariably in the lagoon, and the other amongst 
- ” the outer breakers.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World, 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = s'han. -tion, 


$ell, chorus, 
-,sion = shun; 


ghin, 

-tion, 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bgl, d?l. 





blunder 


544 


blur 


blun -der, *blun'-dur, *blon'-der, s. [From 

blunder, v. (q. v.)] 

1. Confusion, trouble. 

“Where werre and wrake and wonder 
Bi sythez hatz wont therinne 
An d oft bothe blysse and blunder, 

Ful skete hatz skyfted synne.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Green Knight (ed. Morris), 16-19. 

« 2. A gross mistake; a great error in calculation 
'or other intellectual work 


“ . . . the wild blunders into which some minds were 

hurried by national vanity, and others by a morbid love 
of paradox.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

blun'-der-buss, s. [From Dut. donderbus’ Sw. 
donderbdssa; Ger. donnerbilsche =a blunderbuss. 
These are from Dut. donder, Ger. downer=thunder, 
and Dut. bus= 
the barrel of a 
gun ;Sw. bOssa; 

Ger. biische, all 
= a box, an 
urn, the barrel 
of a gun. Thus 
blunderbuss is 
a “thunder- Blunderbuss, 

gun.”] 

1. Mil. cfc Ord. Lang.: A short gun, unrifled and of 
large bore, widening toward the muzzle. It is by 
no means to be ranked with arms of precision, but 
is loaded with many balls or slugs, which scatter 
when fired, so that there is hope of some one of 
them hitting the mark. 

“ The hatchway was constantly watched by sentinels 
armed with hangers and blunderbusses.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. v. 



bluhk’-lt, bllnk-it, pa. par. [Blunk.] (Scotch.) 

blunks, s. pi. [Blunk.] (Scotch.) 

blunt (1)*blont, a. & s. [Etym. doubtful. Com¬ 
pare Sw. & Dan. blund=& wink of sleep, slumber, a 
nap; Sw. blunda— to shut the eyes; Dan. blunde= 
to sleep slightly, to nap; Icel. blunda= to sleep. 
Mahn suggests with some of these provincial Ger. 
bludde=a dull or blunt knife. Compare also Gr. 
am&iys=blunt, used of an instrument, the eyesight, 
or the mind.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons: 

(1) Dull in intellect, not of sharp intelligence, 
wanting in mental acuteness. 

IT If the etymology given above is correct, then 
the primary meaning must be dull in intellect, and 
not dull as the edge of a weapon may be, though 
the analogy of many other words renders it hard to 
believe that this is really the correct order. 

“ Blunt of wytte. Hebes.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ Valentine being gone, I’ll quickly cross, 

By some sly trick, blunt Thurfo’s dull proceeding.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, ii. 2. 

(2) Obtuse in feeling, with emotions, especially 
the softer ones, the reverse of keen. 

“ I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impres¬ 
sions j it will scarce receive or retain affections of yester¬ 
day.”— Pope. 

*(3) Faint. 

“ Such a burre myght make myn herte blunt.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 176. 


2. Figuratively: 

(1) A" controversialist who discharges at his 
adversary a confused mass of facts, arguments, Ac. 

(2) ( With a mistaken etymology): A person who 
habitually makes blunders. 

“ Jacob, the scourge of grammar, mark with awe, 

Nor less revere him, blunderbuss of law.” 

Pope: Dunciad, bk. iii. 

blun’-dered, pa. par. & a. [Blunder, v.] 
blfin-der-er, s. [Eng. blunder; -er.] 

1. One who blunders; one who habitually makes 
gross mistakes. 

“Your blunderer is as sturdy as a rock.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

*2. One who makes blunt. 

“ Blunderer or blunt warkere (worker, P.). Hebefactor, 
hebeflcus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

bluu-der-head, s. [Eng. blunder; head. 1 A 
blockhead; a person who is always making blun¬ 
ders. 

“At the rate of this thick-skulled blunderhead, every 
plow-jobber shall take upon him to read upon divinity.” 
—V Estrange. 

blun -der-Ing, *blun'-der-$?hge, 2 >r.par., a. &s. 
[Blunder, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective. (See the verb.) 

“ . . . a series of blundering attacks, . . — Times, 
December 12, 1877. 

C. As substantive: The act of making a gross 
mistake. 

blun'-der-mg-ly, adv. [Eng. blundering; -ly .] 
In a blundering manner ; with many gross mistakes. 

“ . . . they have done what they did in that kind 
rather ignorantly, supinely, or blunderingly, than out of 
a premeditated design to cover falsehood.”— Lewis: Trans, 
of the Bible Diss. 

*blu -nesse, s. [Blueness.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
blun '-ger, s. [A variation of Eng. plunger.] A 
plunger, a wooden blade with a cross handle, used 
for mixing clay in potteries. (Tomlinson.) 

blufi '-ging, s. [A corruption of plunging (q. v.). 
See also blunder. ] 

Pottery: The process of mixing clays for the man¬ 
ufacture of porcelain. 

blunk, v. t. [Blink, v.] (Scotch.) To spoil a 
thing; to mismanage any business. (Jamieson.) 

*blunk(l),s. [Blonk.] A steed. (Oaw. and the 
Green Knight, 440.) [Blur.] 
blunk (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] A heavy 
cotton or linen cloth, wrought for being printed; a 
calico. (Scotch.) 

1] Often in the plural blunks. 
blufik'-er, s. [Probably from blunk, v., not 
blank, s.] (Scotch.) Jamieson derives it from 
blunk, s., and defines it, “One who prints cloths.” 
In the Glossary to Black’s edition of Sir Walter 
Scott’s Works, it is rendered, “A bungler; one who 
spoils every thing he meddles with.” 

“ Ye see, they say Dunbog is nae mair a gentleman than 
the blunker that’s biggit the bonnie house down in the 
howm.”— Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. iii. 

blunk -?t, s. [Etym. doubtful.] “ Pale blue, 
perhaps any faint or faded color . . . blanched.’ 

(Sibbald.) 


2. Of the products of such mental dullness or such 
obtuseness of feeling: 

(1) Unintellectual, stupid, foolish. (Used of an 
opinion, &c.) 

“. . . farr beyond the blunt conceit of some, who (I 
remember) have upon the same woord Farrih, made a 
very gross conjecture ; . . .”— Spenser: State of Ireland. 

(2) Abrupt, inelegant. (Used of composition.) 

“ To use too many circumstances, ere one come to the 
matter, is wearisome; to use none at all, is blunt .”— 
Bacon. 

(3) Unpleasantly direct; rude, uncivil, impolite; 
avoiding circumlocution in making unpleasant 
communications; not sparing the feelings of others; 
brusque. (Used of the temperament, of manners, of 
speeches, &c.) 

“ Blunt truths more mischief than nice falsehoods do.” 

Pope. 

“ To his blunt manner, and to his want of consideration 
for the feelings of others, . . . ”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. vi. 

3. Of cutting instruments or other material things: 
Having the edge or point dull as opposed to sharp. 

“If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then 
must he put to more strength.”— Ecclesiastes x. 10. 

II. Botany: 

(1) Terminating gradually in a rounded end. This 
corresponds to the Latin obtusus. (Lindley.) 

U Blunt with a point: Terminating abruptly in a 
rounded end, in the middle of which there is a con¬ 
spicuous point. Example, the leaves of various 
species of Rubus (Raspberry and Bramble). (Lind¬ 
ley.) 

(2) Having a soft, obtuse termination, correspond¬ 
ing to the Lat. hebetatus. (Lindley.) 

B. As substantive: 

1. Needle manufacture (pi. Blunts): A grade of 
sewing-needles with the points less tapering than 
they are in sharps or even in betweens. 

2. Cant language: Money. Sometimes it lias the 
prefixed, and becomes “ the blunt.” 

Compounds of obvious signification: Blunt- 
edged (Ogilvie); blunt-pointed ( Darwin: Voyage 
round the World, ed. 1878, ch. xviii.); blunt-witted 
(Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., iii. 2). 

blunt-file, s. A file which has but a slight taper. 
It is intermediate in grade between a regular taper 
and a dead parallel file. 

blunt-headed, a. With the head terminating 
obtusely. , _ 

The Blunt-headed Cachalot: A name of the Sper¬ 
maceti Whale (Physeter macrocephalus). 

blunt-hook, s. 

Surgery: An obstetric hook for withdrawing a 
foetus without piercing or lacerating it. 

blunt (2), a. [From Sw .blott; Dan .blot; Dut. 
bloot, all=bare, naked.] [Blout.] Stripped, bare, 
naked. 

“ The large planis schinis all of licht, 

And, throw thir hait skaldand flambis bricht, 

Stude blunt of beistis and of treis bare.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 469, 53. {Jamieson.') 

blunt (1), *blun'-ten, v. t. & i. [From blunt, a. 
Gr. amblynd=to blunt.] 


A. Transitive: 

1. Of persons: 

(1) To dull the intellect; to weaken passion m 
emotion of any kind. 

“ Blunt not his love ; 

Nor lose the good advantage of his grace, 

By seeming cold.” Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iv. 4. 

f(2) To repress the outward manifestation of 
feeling. 

“ For when we rage, advice is often seen 

By blunting us to make our wits more keen.” 

Shakesp.: A Lover’s Complaint. 

2. Of the edge or point of a cutting instrument, or 
any other material thing that is sharp : To dull, to 
render the reverse of sharp. (Lit. &fig .) 

“ He had such things to urge against our marriage 

As, now declar’d, would blunt my sword in battle, 

And dastardize my courage.” Dryden. 

“ Blunt not the beams of heav’n, and edge of day.” 

Ibid. 

B. Intrans.: To become blunt. 

“Its edge will never blunt.” — Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Prog¬ 
ress, pt. ii. 

blunt (2), v. i. [Etymology doubtful.] To rush 
(Morris); to enter (?). 

“Till he blunt in a blok as brod as a halle.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 272. 

blun'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Blunt, u.] 

“ This visitation 

Is but to whet thy most blunted purpose.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 4. 

fblun’-ter, s. One who or that which makes 
blunt. (Lit. dbfig.) 

blun’-tie, blunt’-y, s. [Eng. blunt; and suff^ 
-y; O. Eng. fe.] (Scotch.) A sniveler, a stupid- 
person. 

“ They snool me sair, and haud me down, 

And gar me look like bluntie, Tam!” 

Bums: O, For Ane and Twenty, Tam. 

blunt-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Blunt, p.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: (See th& 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act or process of dulling the¬ 
ed go or point of anything. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“Not impediments or bluntings, but rather as whet¬ 
stones, to set an edge on our desires after higher and 
more permanent beauty.”— Bp. Taylor: Artificial Hand, 
someness, p. 73. 

blunt -Ish, a. [Eng. blunt; -ish .] Somewhat 
blunt. (Ash.) 

“ Tubular or bluntish at the top.”— Derham: Physico. 
Theology, p. 5. 

blunt’-lf, adv. [Eng. blunt; -ly.] In an un¬ 
pleasantly direct manner, brusquely, without cir¬ 
cumlocution, without regard to the feelings of 
others. 

“ But came straight to the point, and blurted it out like 
a schoolboy; 

Even the Captain himself could hardly have said i& 
more bluntly.” 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, iii. 

“ Thou comest in so bluntly.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. 3. 

blunt'-ness, *blunt'-nesse, s. [Eng. blunt; 

-ness.] 

1. Of a person's manner: Unpolite, not to say 
coarse, plainness of speech, or offensive rudeness of 
behavior; straightforwardness ; want of regard for 
the feelings of others. 

“. . . expressed that feeling, with characteristic 
bluntness, on the field of battle.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xiv. 

2. Of a cutting or pointed instrument: Dull, the 
reverse of sharp at the edge or point. 

IT Regarding the relative order of 1 and 2, which 
appears unnatural, see Blunt (1), a. 

blunt-wit-ted, a. Stupid; doltish; dull; slow 
of comprehension. 

blur, v. t. [Mahn considers this as probably a 
contraction from Scotch bludder, bluther. (Blud- 
der, Bluther.) Skeat deems it a different spelling 
of blear. (Blear.)] 

1. Of material things: To make a blot, spot or 
stain upon anything inadvertently or intentionally, 
with the effect of marring but not of obliterating it. 

2. Of things immaterial: To blot, to stain, to 
sully. 

“ Such an act, 

That blurs the grace and blush of modesty.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 4. 

blur, *blurre, s. [From blur, v. (q. v.)] A dark 
spot, a blot, a stain, or any other material thing 
which mars that on which it falls hut does not 
obliterate it. 

1. Lit.: On any material thing, as on paper. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cfib, cure, unite, cur, rfile, fill; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




blustered 


blurred 

2. Fig.: On any immaterial thing, as on reputa¬ 
tion, &c. 

“ Leste she wil els at length come againe, and being so 
many times shaken of, will with her raillyng sette a 
greate blurre on myne houeste and good name.”— Udall- 
Luke, c. 18. 

“ - • • some unmortified lust or other, which either 
eaves a deep blur upon their evidences for heaven, 
or . . .’’—Hopkins: Works, p. 756. 

blurred, pa. par. & a. [Blue, «.] 

1 . Ord. Lang.: In senses corresponding to those 
ot the verb. 

“The writing ia coarse and blurred.’’—Stubbs: Const it. 
Hist., ii. 625. 

. 2, Bot.: Marked by spots or rays which appear as 
if they had been produced by abrasion of the sur¬ 
face. Rare, Dr. Lindiey in his vast experience 
never having once met with the structure described. 
{Lindiey.) 

♦blur'-rer, s. One who or that which blurs. 

IT Paper blurrer: A contemptuous name for 
writers. 

“I • • . am now admitted into the company of the 
paper blurrers." — Sidney: Defense of Porsie. 

blftr-ring, pr. par. [Blue, v.) 

blurt {Eng.), *blirt (0. Eng. <& O. Scotch), v. i. 
& t., also as interj. [Malm derives it from Scotch 
bluiter =to make a rumbling noise, to blurt; while 
Skeat considers it a mere extension of blare= to 
make a loud noise. (Blare, Bloee, Bleren.) 
Blurt, spurt, squirt and flirt, v. t., may possibly be 
in imitation of the sound of a liquid suddenly 
jerked forth.] 

A. As a verb: 

I. Intrans.: To hold a person or thing in con¬ 
tempt. 

♦Followed by at: To hold in contempt. 

“ But cast their gazes on Marina’s face, 

Whilst ours was blurted at.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, iv. 3. 

“And all the world will blurt and scorn at us.” 

Edward III., iv. 6. {Naves .) 

II. Transitive: 

1. Followed by out: To utter indiscreetly, to emit, 
to fling forth. (Used specially of uttering words 
bearing on delicate matters without taking time to 
consider what effect the remark is likely to pro¬ 
duce.) 

“ . . . an indiscreet friend who blurts out the whole 
-ruth.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

2. With out omitted. 

“And yet the truth may lose its grace 
If blurted to a person’s face.” 

Lloyd. {Goodrich & Porter.) 

B. As interjection: An exclamation of contempt. 

[A., I.] 

“ Shall I? then blurt o’ your service!” 

O. PI., iii. 314. 

“ Blirt! a rime ; blirt, a rime!” 

Malcontent, 0. PI., iv. 21. 

“Blurt, blurt! there’s nothing remains to put thee to 
pain now, captain.”— Puritan, iv. 2, Suppl. to Sh., ii. 610. 

{Nares .) 

IT Blurt, master constable: A fig for the constable. 
{Nares.) 

“ Blurt, master constable, or a fig for the constable, 
seems to have been a proverbial phrase; it is the title of 
a play written by Thomas Middleton, and published in 
1602.”— Nares. 

♦blurt, s. [From blurt, v. (q. v.)] A sudden start; 
an unexpected blow. 

“ Polyperchon, . . . meaning to give Cassander a 

slampant and blurt, sent letters patent unto the people at 
Athens, declaring how the young king did restore unto 
them their popular state again.”— North: Plutarch, p. 633. 

blurt’-ed, pa. par. [Bluet.] 

blfirt-Ifig, pr. par. [Bluet.] 

“ The blurting, rallying tone with which he spoke.”— 
G. Eliot: Middlemarch. 

blush, *blusph, *blusche, «blosqhe, ♦blus'- 
phen, *bliis'-shen, *blis'-chen, *bl^s'-Qhen, v.i. 

t. [A. S. blysgan = to redden, to blush; ablysian 
'■= to blush; Sw. blvgas = to be bashful, to blush; 
from blyg = bashful; Dan. blues = to blush, to be 
bashful; blusse= to blaze, to flush, to blush, to be 
ashamed; Dut. blozen = to blush (not blusschen, 
which is=to extinguish, to quench. See Blush, s.) 
Cognate with Blaze (q. v.)J 

A. Intransitive: 

I. {Chiefly of the form blush): To become or be 
red. 

1. Of persons: To become red in the cheeks, and to 
a certain extent also on the forehead, from agita¬ 
tion or confusion produced by more or less of shame 
—that shame springing from consciousness of guilt, 
demerit, or error, or from modesty or bashfulness. 

“ The lady blushed red, but nothing she said.” 

Scott: Eve of St. John. 


545 

IT Formerly the person or thing causing the blush, 
if mentioned, was generally preceded by at; now 
for is much more frequently employed. 

(a) Followed by at. 

“He whin’d, and roar’d away your victory, 

That pages blush’d at him.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, v. 5. 

“You have not yet lost all your natural modesty, but 
blush at your vices.”— Calamy: Sermons. 

{b) Followed by for. 

“ To her who had sacrificed everything for his sake he 
owed it so to bear himself that, though she might weep 
for him, she should not blush for him.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. v. 

2. Of things: 

(1) To be of a bright red color. (Used of flowers, 
of the sky, &c.) 

“But here the roses blush so rare.”— Crashaw. 

“In that bright quarter his propitious skies 
Shall blush betimes.” Cowper: Tirocinium. 

t (2) To be of any bright color; to bloom. 

“Long wavy wreaths 

Of flowers, that fear’d no enemy but warmth, 
Blush’d on the panels.” Cowper: Task, v. 158. 

♦II. {Of the forms blusch, blurche, blosche, 
blusshen, blyschen): To glance, to look. 

“ As quen I blusched upon that baly.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 1,083. 

♦B. Trans.: To offer in the shape or form of a 
blush. 

“I’ll blush you thanks . . 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 4. 

blush (1), *blusch, *blusche, s. [In Sw. blygsel 
=shame; Dan. blussen= blazing, blushing; Dut. 
blos= a blush.] [Blush, v .] 

1. Lit. Of persons: The state of blushing; the 
crimson hue produced in the cheeks, forehead, &c., 
by remorse, shame, modesty, bashfulness, or any 
similar cause. 

“Here’s a light crimson, there a deeper one, 

A maiden’s blush, here purples, there a white, 

Then all oommingled for our more delight.” 

Henry Peacham: Ellis, vol. ii. 

If To put to the blush: To force one unintention¬ 
ally to become red through shame. 

“Ridicule, instead of putting guilt and error to the 
blush, turned her formidable shafts against innocence and 
truth.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Fig. Of things: 

(1) A crimson or roseate hue. (Used of the color 
of a rose, of the sky, &c.) 

“Hamet, ere dawns the earliest blush of day.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage. 

(2) A look, a glance; sudden appearance. 

“ To hide a blysful blusch of the bryght sunne.” 

Gaw. and the Green Knight, 520. 

TT At the first blush, at first blush: At the first 
glance; at the first and sudden appearance of any¬ 
thing. 

“ All purely identical propositions, obviously, and at 
first blush, appear to contain no certain instruction in 
them.”— Locke. 

tblush (2), s. [From 0. Sw. blosa=a. blister.] 
[Blister.] 

1. A kind of low blister. {Jamieson.) 

2. A boil. {Jamieson.) 

blush-er, s. [Eng. blush; -er .] A person who 
blushes, or a thing which is red. 

“Ienvy not Arabia’s odors, while that of this fresh 
blusher charms my sense; and I find my nose and eyes so 
ravishingly entertained here, that the bee extracts less 
sweetness out of flowers.”— Boyle: Occas. Reflect., § 5, ref. 4. 

♦blush'-et, s. [Dimin. of folwsfe.] A young bash¬ 
ful or modest girl prone to blush, with slender cause 
for doing so. 

If N ares says that it is apparently peculiar to Ben 
Jonson. 

“No Pecunia 

Is to be seen, though mistress Bond would speak, 

Or little blushet Wax be ne’er so easy.” 

Ben Jonson: Staple of News, ii. 1. 

blush'-ful, a. [Eng. blush; ful{l).\ Full of 
blushes; suffused with blushes. {Lit. dtfig.) 

“While, from his ardent look, the turning Spring 
Averts her blushful face.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 

blush’-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. blushful; -ly.) In the 
manner described as blushful. 

♦blush'-ful-ness, s. [Eng. blush, ful; -ness.) The 
state of being blushful or covered with blushes. 

“Let me in your face reade blushfulness.” — Heywood: 
Brazen Age, ii. 2. 

blush -lfig, pr. par., a. & s. [Blush, v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

If Blushing honors: Honors fitted to elicit com¬ 
mendations likely to put the bearer or possessor, if 
modest, to the blush. Or as Blush, v., A. 2 (2). 

“To-day he puts forth 

The tender leaves of hope; to-morrow blossoms, 

And bears his blushing honors thick upon him.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 2. 


C. As substantive: The state of having tlm face 
the neck, and even the breast suffused, un&er the* 
influence of emotion, with a red color. 

IT .For the physiological cause of blushing see the* 
subjoined examples. 

“ Blushing is produced through an affection of the- 
mind, acting primarily on the center of emotion, and 
through it on the nerves, which are distributed to the 
capillary vessels of the skin of the face.”— Todd & Bow 
man: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. ii., p. 35. 

“The region affected by blushing is the race and neck 
and the effect arises from the suspension of the cerebral 
influence that keeps up the habitual contraction of the 
smaller bloodvessels over that region.”— Bain: The Emo¬ 
tions and the Will, 2d ed., ch. i., p. 11. 

blush -ing-ly, adv. [En g. blushing; -ly.) In a 
manner characterized as blushing. 

blush -less, a. [Eng. blush; -less.) Without s 
blush; without blushes. 

“Blushless crimes.”— Sandys. 

“Women vow’d to blushless impudence.”— Marston. 

blush-y, a. [Eng. blush; -y.) Of the color 
which a blush produces; crimson. Used— 

(1) Of the human countenance. 

“Stratonica, entering, moved ablushy color in his face; 
but deserting him, he relapsed into paleness and laik 
guor.”— Harvey: On Consumptions. 

(2) Of fruits, or anything similar. 

“ Blossoms of trees, that are white, are commonly ino» 
dorate; those of apples, crabs, peaches, are blushy and 
smell sweet.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

♦blus-nen (pret. blisned, blysned: pr. par. blus- 
nande, blisnande, blysnande), v. i. [Dan. blvsse=to 
glow; Icel. lysa= to shine; L. Ger. bleistern= to 
glisten. From Icel. blys; Dan. blus= a torch; Dut. 
61os=redness.] [Blush, v. & s.] To shine. 

“And brode baneres ther-bi blusnande of gold.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,404. 

♦bluss'-phande, pr. par. [Blush, v.] Blushing, 

glittering. 

“That here blusschande bemez as the bryght sunne.” 

Gaw. and the Green Knight, 1,819. 

bills -ter, *blais'-ter, *blus'-tren, v. i. & t. [In 
A. S. blcestan=topuS ; Icel. blastr—a blast, a breath. 
Modified from blast (q. v.).] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. To make a blast. 

1. Lit.: To roar as a storm ; to make a loud noise- 
among the branches of trees, the rigging of ships, 
in the interior of chimneys, &c. (For example see 
Blustering, particip. adj.) 

2. Fig.: To swagger, to adopt a loud, boastful, 
menacing, defiant manner; to bully, to utter prob¬ 
ably hollow threats of what one is able and intends 
to do. 

“Glengarry blustered, and pretended to fortify hist 
house.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

♦II. To wander or stray blindly about. 

“ That they blustered as blynde as bayard watz euer.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 886,. 

If See also Piers Ploivman, v. 521. 

B. Transitive: 

1. To blow with violence. 

“Ithand wedderis of the eist draif on so fast, 

It all to blaisterit and blew that thairin baid.” 

Rauf Coilyear Aij, a. {Jamieson.) 

2. To disfigure in writing. {Scotch.) {Baillie.) 

blus -ter, s. [From bluster, v. (q. v.)] 

1. Of things: Boisterousness, noise with menace- 
of danger. Used — 

(1) Of the wind in a storm. 

“ The skies look grimly, 

And threaten present blusters.” 

Shakesp.: Wint. Tale, iii. a. 

“ To the winds they sat 
Their corners, when with bluster to confound 
Sea, air and shore.” Milton, 

But also (2) of other sounds. 

“So by the brazen trumpet’s bluster, 

Troops of all tongues and nations muster.” 

Swift. 

2. Of persons: 

(1) Loud, boisterous menace. 

“ Indeed there were some who suspected that he had 
never been quite so pugnacious as he had affected to be, 
and that his bluster was meant only to keep up his own 
dignity in the eyes of his retainers.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiii. 

(2) Turbulence, fury. 

“Spare thy Athenian cradle, and those kin, 

Which in the bluster of thy wrath must fall 
With those that have offended.” 

Shakesp.: Timon, v. 6. 

blus'-tered, pa. par. & a. [Bluster, v., B. 2.] 

“ I read to them out of my blustered papers . . .” — 
Baillie: Lett., i. 125. {Jamieson.) 


boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 

35 



blusterer 


546 


board 


bius -ter-er, s. [Eng. bluster; -er.) 

1. Of persons: One who blusters, a swaggerer, a 
bully. 

2. Of things: That which makes a loud noise sug¬ 
gestive of danger. (Used chiefly of the wind in a 
•storm.) 

blus -ter-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Bluster, v.) 

A. & B. As present participle and participial adjec¬ 
tive: In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 
“Back to their caves she bade the winds to fly, 

And hush’d the blustering brethren of the sky.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, v. 490-1. 

C. As substantive: The act of speaking in a noisy, 
boastful, menacing way. 

“Virgil had the majesty of a lawful prince, and Statius 
only the blustering of a tyrant.”— Dryden. 

blus-ter-Ing-lf, adv. [Eng. blustering; -ly.) 
In a boisterous manner; with noisy bluster and 
bullying. 

bluster-J, a. [Eng. bluster, and suff. -y.) Blus¬ 
tering, blustrous. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“He seems to have been of a headlong, blustery, uncer¬ 
tain disposition.”— Carlyle: Frederick the Great, vol. i., 
bk. iii., p. 296. 

blust'-rous, a. [Eng. bluster; -ows.) Full of 
bluster; boisterous, boastful, noisy, tumultuous. 
“The ancient heroes were illustrious 
For being benign, and not blustrous.” 

Hudibras. 

*blut-er-nesse, s. [A corruption of bluntness 
?q. v.).] Bluntness. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bluth'-er, v. t. & i. [Bludder.] 

A. Trans.: To blot, to disfigure. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To make a noise in swallowing. 

2. To make an inarticulate sound. 

3. To raise wind-bells in water. (Jamieson.) 
♦bluth’-rle, *bleth-rle, s. [Probably the same 

as blatter (q. v.)._ Compare hluther=to blot ? to 
disfigure ; bluthrie, in Ettrick Forest—thin porridge 
or water-gruel.] 

1. Lit.: Phlegm. 

2. Fig.: Frothy, incoherent discourse. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

*blyf, adv. [Belive.] (Sir Ferumbras, ed. 
Herrtage, 1,002.) 

*blyk-kande, *bly-cande, pr.par. [Blikien.] 

( Gaw. and the Green Knight, 305, 2,485.) 

♦blykked ,pret.ofv. [Blikien.] (Gate, and the 
Green Knight, 429.) 

*blyk-nande, pr. par. [Bliknen.] (Ear. Eng. 
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Cleanness, 1,467.) 

*blyk-ned, *blaykned, pret. & pa. par. The 
same as bleakened. [Bleak, a., l.J (Ear. Eng. 
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Cleanness, 1,759.) 

*blym, *blyym, v. t. [Contracted from blithen 
fq. v.).] To make glad. 

“ Blym, or gladde, or make glad ( blyym , or glathyn in 
berte, K. blithen or gladden, P.). Letifico.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

♦blynde, a. [Blind, a.] (Prompt. Parv., e&c.) 
*blynde, v. t. & i. (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems: 
Cleanness, 1,126.) 

♦blynde -fjflde, a. [Blindfold, a.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*blynd'-fel-led, pa. par. & a. [Blindfold, v .] 
*biynd -fel-len, v. t. [Blindfold, v.) (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

♦blynd-nesse, s. [Blindness.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*blynd -jtn, v. t. [Blind, v. See also blend.) 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*blynke, v. i. [Blink.] (Robert Mannyng of 
Brunne, 5,675.) 

*blyn'-nyn, *blyne, *blynne (0. Eng.), *biyn, 
*blyne (O. Scotch), v. i. [Blin, v.] (Prompt. 
Parv., <fcc.) 

*blype (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A shred, a large 
piece. (Scotch.) 

“ An’ loot a wince, an’ drew a stroke, 

Till skin in blypes cam haurlin’ 

Affs nieves that night.” 

Bums: Halloween. 

*blype (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A stroke or blow. 
4' Jamieson.) 

*blys-ful, *blys-fol, a. [Blissful.] (Ear. Eng. 
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 279, 409.) 

bly§ -mus, s. [Gr. blysmos, blysma, or blysis = a 
bubbling up; from blyo= to bubble or spout forth. 
So called because the plants usually grow near the 
source of streams.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Cyperacese (Sedges). The British flora contains 
two species, B. compressus or Broad-leaved, and B. 
ru/ws, or Narrow-leaved Blysmus. Both are toler¬ 
ably common. 


*blys-nande, pr. par. [Blusnande, Blusnen.] 
(Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 163.) 

*blysned, pret. of v. [Blusnen.] (Ear. Eng. 
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 1,048.) 

*blyss, *blysse, s. [Bliss.] (Prompt. Parv.; 
Morte Arthure, 1,485.) 

*blysse, v. t. [Bliss, v., Bless.] To bless. 
*blys-syd, pa. par. & a. [Blessed.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*blys'-syn, v. t. [Bless, v. f.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*blyssyng, s. [Blessing.] (Morte Arth., 4,103.) 
blythe, a. [Blithe.] Merry, cheerful, gay. In 
general now only in poetry. 

“ Blythe and mery. Letus, hillaris.” — Prompt. Pam. 
“Blythe Bertram’s ta’en him ower the faem.” 

Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xi. (poetic quotation). 
*blyth e-ly, adv. [Blithely.] (Ear. Eng. Allit. 
Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 385.) 

*blyth e-nesse, s. The same as Blitheness 
(q. v.). (Chaucer: Boethius, ed. Morris, p.37, 957.) 
*blyth'-]fn, v. t. [Blithen.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*blyve, *blyue (ue as ve), adv. [Belive.] 

“ ‘Gamelyn,’ seyde Adam, ‘hye the right blyve, 

And if I faile the this day, evel mot I thryve!’ ” 
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 581, 582. 
B.M. Initials, as well as an abbreviation of, and 
the symbol for, Bachelor of Medicine. 

bo, *boh, interj. [From Gael, bo (as subst.) = 
an exclamation to frighten children, (as adj.) = 
strange ; Wei. bo= a bugbear, a scarecrow.] 

*1. Of the form bo and boh: A word of terror. 
(Scotch.) 

“ I dare, for th’ honor of our house, 

Say boh to any Grecian goose.” 

Homer Travestied, bk. vii., p. 20. (Jamieson.) 

2. Of the form bo (if it ever find its way to paper 
at all): An exclamation used in playing with in¬ 
fants. 

*b0, a. [A. S. begen= both.] (Alisaunder, 6,763.) 
bo-3,, s. [In Dan., Fr., &c., boa; from Lat .boa 
or bova (Pliny) = an enormous snake, said to have 
been anciently found in India. None, however, are 
at present known to exist.there more than six feet 
long. The spelling bova is from bos, bovis= an ox, 
either from the notion that these snakes could carry 
off oxen, or from the erroneous notion that they 
sucked tne teats of cows.] 

1. Zodl.: A genus of serpents, the typical one of 
the family Boidae. The species are found native 
only in America, the analogous genus in the East 
popularly confounded with it. namely Python, be¬ 
ing distinguished from it by the presence of inter¬ 
maxillary teeth. 

2. Ord. Lang.: A long fur tippet or comforter 
worn by some ladies around their necks. The name 
is given on account of its resemblance to the boa 
constrictor or some other large snake. 

boa-constrictor, boa constrictor, s. The Mod. 
Lat. word constrictor is=he who or that which 
binds or draws together; from Class. Lat. constric- 
tum, supine of constringo= to bind together; con— 
together, and strinqo (supine strictum) =to draw 
tight. [See 1. ZoOl .] 

1. Zodl.: The. best known species of the genus 
Boa. The specific name constrictor, meaning binder 
or drawer together, refers to the method through 
which the animal destroys its prey by coiling itself 
round it and gradually tightening the folds. It is 
about thirty feet long. It is found in South America. 
[Boa.] 

2. Ord. Lang.: Any very large snake which 
crushes its prey by coiling itself around it. Unsci¬ 
entific persons are not particular as to where the 
animal came from at first; with them it is a boa 
constrictor whether its original habitat was in the 
Eastern or in the Western hemisphere. [1. Zobl.) 
Used Lit. <Sb fig. 

“ . . . but what, except perhaps some such Universal 
Association, can protect us against the whole meat-de¬ 
vouring and man-devouring hosts of boa-constrictors.” — 
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. x. 

*boad (1) , pret. of v. [Bide.] An old pret. of bode 
— abode. 

“ Seeing the world, in which they booties boad.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale. 
*boads (2),pres, of v. [Bode.] An old form of 
fcodes=bodes. 

“ Good on-set boads good end.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, VII. vi. 23. 
bo-an-er'-ges, s. [Gr. Boanerges. Translated 
in Mark iii. 17 “ sons of thunder.” Of doubtful ety¬ 
mology, but probably the Aramaic pronunciation 
of Heb. benei regesh, regesh in Heb. meaning tumult 
or uproar, but in Arabic and Aramaean thunder.] 

1. As a proper name , Scripture Hist.: An appella¬ 
tion given by Christ to two of His disciples, the 
brothers James and John, apparently on account 
of their fiery zeal. [See etym.] 

“And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother 
of James ; (and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is. 
The sons of thunder.)”— Mark iii. 17. 


2. As a common noun: An orator who gives forth 
his utterances in a loud impassioned voice. 

boar (1), bore, *boor, *bor, *bare, *bar, *bser 
(O. Eng.), *bere (O. Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. bar, 
cognate but not identical with bar unaccented and 
6era=a bear; Dut. beer; M.H.Ger. bir; O. H.Ger. 
btr, pbr. Compare also Ger. eber; Fr. verrat; Ital. 
verro; Sp. verraco; Lat. verves, aper, &c., all=a 
boar; Lat. fera= a wild beast; Sansc. vardha — 
a wild boar.] [Bear, Capra.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang. & Zobl.: The uncastrated male of 
the swine (Sus scrofa), or of any other species 
of the genus. 

“ . . . and bente hym brymly as a bor . . .” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 645. 

“ The f omy here has bet 
Wyth hys thunderand awful tuskis grete, 

Ane of the rout the hound maist principall.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 458, 54. 

If Wild boar: The male of a swine either aborigi¬ 
nally wild or whose ancestors have escaped > from 
domestication. The Common Wild Boar is Sus 
scrofa; var., aper. It is of a brownish-black color: 
but the young, of which six or eight are produced 
at a birth, are white or fawn-colored, with brown 
stripes. It is wild in Europe, Asia and Africa,lives 
in forests, sallies forth to make devastations among 
the crops adjacent, is formidable to those who 
hunt it, turning on any dog or man wounding it, 
and assaulting its foe with its powerful tusks. Sus 
larvatus is the Masked Boar. 

“Eight wild boars roasted whole.” 

Shake8p.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 2. 

2. Palceont.: Though two extinct species of the 
genus Sus appeared in France as early as the mid- 
Miocene times, yet the genuine wild boar did not 
come upon the scene in England till the early 
Pleistocene. To the palaeolithic hunter of the Pleis¬ 
tocene the hog, Sus scrofa, was only a wild animal; 
but the neolithic farmer and herdsman had it in a 
domesticated state. (Prof. TV. Boyd Dawkins in 
Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxxvi., 1880, pp. 388, 396, &c.) 

3. Ord. Lang. Fig.: A violent savage. 

“ Sir Christopher, tell Kichmond this from me : 
That, in the sty of this most bloody boar. 

My son George Stanley is franked up in hold.” 

Shakesp. Richard III., iv. 6. 

B. Asadj.: Of or belonging to a boar; designed 
for hunting or wounding a boar ; in which a boar is 
the object of pursuit; resembling a boar. 

U Obvious compound: Boar-hunt. 

boar-fish, s. The Capros aper, a fish not unlike 
the dory, but with a more attenuated and protrac¬ 
tile mouth, a scaly 
body, a n d no long 
filaments to the 
dorsal spines. It is 
pale carmine above, 
and silvery white 
below. It is about 
six inches long. It 
has the power of 
extending and con¬ 
tracting its mouth 
at will. When ex¬ 
tended the mouth 
takes the form of a 
hog’s snout, whence 
the name. It is a native of the Mediterranean. 

boar-spear, s. [A. S. bdr-spere : bar-spreot .] A 
spear with which to attack a boar in a hunt. 

“ Each held a boar-spear tough and strong, 

And at their belts their quivers rung. 

Their dusty palfreys and array 
Showed they had marched a weary way ” 

Scott: Marmion, i. 8. 

boar (2), s. [A corruption of bur.) Only in com¬ 
position. 

boar-thistle, s. Two thistles, viz.: 

(1) Carduus lanceolatus. 

(2) Carduus arvensis. 

tboar, v. i. [From boar, s.] 

Of a horse: To shoot out the nose, to toss it high 
in the air. 

board (1), *bord, *borde, *burd, *boorde, s.&a. 

[A. S. 6ord=(l) a board, a plank, (2) what is made 
of boards, a table, a house, a shield, (3) a border; 
Icel. bord: Sw., Dan., O. Fris., O. L. Ger., Gael. & 
Ir. bord; Dut. bord, boord; Goth, baurd; (N. H.) 
Ger. bord, bort: O. H. Ger. bort; Wei. bord, bwrdd. 
Compare also A. S. bred— a surface plank, board, or 
table; Sw. brad = board, deal table; Dan. bract; 
Ger. bret.) 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Gen.: A piece of wood of considerable length, 
of moderate breadth and thickness, used in the 



Boar-fish. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 




board-cutting 


547 


boast 


fouilding of houses or other edifices, ships, the 
(making of altars, boxes, &c. (Essentially the same 
-sense as II. 1., but less precise.) 

“. . . and covered the house with beams and boards 
of cedar.”—1 Kings vi. 9. 

“ They have made all thy ship boards of fir . . — 

Ezekiel xxvii. 5. 

‘‘Hollow with boards shalt thou make it [the altar].”— 
Exodus xxvii 8. 

(2) Specially: 

(a) A table spread with dishes for food. 

“ We miss them when the board is spread.” 

Hemans: The Deserted House. 

( b ) A table around which a council sits for delib¬ 
eration . 

"Both better acquainted with affairs, than any other 
who sat then at that board.” — Clarendon. 

(c) Plur.: The stage of a theater. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) [Corresponding to 1. (2) (a).] 

-spread upon a table, a meal or meals. 

"And the fire was heap’d, and the bright wine pour’d, 
For those, now needing nor hearth nor board.” 

Hemans: The Lady of Provence. 

(2) [Corresponding to 1. (2) (6).] A council seated 
for deliberation around a table ; or the members of 


The dishes 


such a council or other deliberative body wherever 

they may be, as the Board of Trade, the Board of ___ _ „„ _ 

Education, &c. Some boards are made up of direct- me in this fury.”— Shakesp.: Merry 
ors elected by shareholders in companies, as a ii. X. 

-board of directors, a board of management, &c 


board-wages, s. Wages given to servants in lieu 
of food, as when the family is from home and they 
are left in charge of the house. [Board, v. t., A. 3.] 
“And not enough is left him to supply 
Board-wages, or a footman’s livery.” 

Dryden: Juvenal, sat. i. 

board (2), s. [From Fr. 6ord=border. edge, brim, 
bank, brink, shore, side, party; Sp. 6irde=edge, 
brim.] The side of a ship. 

“ Now board to board the rival vessels row.” 

Dryden: Virgil; JEneid v. 207. 

board, v. t. & i. [From board (1), s. (q. v.)] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To inclose or cover with boards. 

2. To make a forcible entrance into an enemy’s 
ship in a naval combat, or at least in time of war. 

(1) Lit. : In the foregoing sense. 

“Our merchantmen were boarded in sight of the 
ramparts of Plymouth.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

(2) Figuratively : (The meaning having been in¬ 
fluenced by the Fr. aborder= to approach, to accost.) 

(а) To accost, to address. 

“I am sure he is in the fleet; I would he had boarded 
me.”— Shakesp.: Much Ado, ii. 1. 

(б) To woo. 

“ . . . for, sure, unless he knew some strain in me, 

that I know not myself, he would never have boarded 

Wives of Windsor, 


“ The answer of the board was, therefore, less obse¬ 
quious than usual.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., cm vi. 

_ (3) [Corresponding to 1. (2) (c) PI.] The theat¬ 
rical profession. Specially in the phrase, To go upon 
the boards= to enter the theatrical profession. 

IT Some of the other senses given under II. have 
made their way into general language. 

II. Technically: 

1 . Carpentry , &c.: 

(1) A sawed piece of wood, relatively broad, long, 
and thin, exceeding 4(4 inches in width and less 
than 2(4 inches in thickness. 

IT In this sense board is sometimes used as a 


3. To furnish for a periodical payment, generally 
a weekly one, food and lodging to a person. [B.] 

“In 1661 the justices at Chelmsford had fixed the 
wages of the Essex laborer, who was not boarded, at six 
shillings in winter and seven in summer.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

B. Intrans. : To obtain food and lodging for a 
stipulated weekly or other payment from one who 
engages to do so. 

“We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board 
in the same house; and, after dinner, one of our company 
stands up, and reads your paper to us all.”— Spectator. 

_ TT To be boarded out: In this country in many 
instances a national government prisoner (for some 


boarding-house, s. A house in which boarders 
are accommodated, 
boarding-joists, s. pi. 

Carp. : Joists in naked flooring to which the 
boards are fixed. 

boarding-machine, s. 

Leather manuf. : A machine for boarding leather. 
[Boarding.] More than one form exists, 
boarding-nettings, s. 

Naut.: Strong cord nettings designed to prevent 
a ship from being boarded in battle, 
boarding-out, boarding out, a. & s. 

As adj. : Causing to be boarded outside a prison 
or almshouse. 

boarding-school, s. A school in which the pupils 
lodge and are fed as well as receive instruction. 

“A blockhead, with melodious voice, 

In boarding-schools can have his choice.” 

Swift. 

boar'-Ish, a. [Eng. boar; -ish.] Pertaining to a 
boar; swinish, hoggish. 

“ . . . nor thy fierce sister 
In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, iii. 7. 

bo -art, s. [Bort.] 

Min. : A variety of diamond, 
boast (1), *boste, *bos-ten, *boos-t6n (Eng.), 
boast, *boist (Scotch), v. i. & t. [From Wei. bostio, 
bostiau=to brag, to boast; Gael, bdsd.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To speak vauntingly. 

(1) In a bad sense: To speak of vaingloriously, to 
brag of. Used— 

(a) Of things. 

“In youth alone its empty praise we boast.’’ 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 496. 

( b ) ( Reflexively) of one's self. 

iT It was formerly followed in this and other 
senses by in; now of is used instead of in. 

“They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves 
in the multitude of their riches.”— Psalm xlix. 6. 

“ Confounded be all they that serve graven images, that 


synonym for plank, but, properly speaking, a plank civil offense) is incarcerated in a state or municipal boast themselves of idols.”— Ibid., xovii. 7. 
is a grade thicker than a board. ■ a — - 

(2) A rived slab of wood, as a card-board. 

(3) A flat piece of plank or a surface composed of 
several pieces,used in many trades; as, a modeling- 
board, a molding-board, &c. 

2. Paper manuf.: A thick kind of paper, com¬ 
posed of several layers pasted together. It is gen¬ 
erally called pasteboard. [Pasteboard.] There 
are several varieties of it; as, card-board, mill- 
board (q. v.). 

3. Bookbinding: 

(1) Flat slabs of wood used by bookbinders. They 
are known by names indicating their purpose; as, 

(backing, burnishing, cutting, gilding boards, &c. 

(2) A pasteboard side for a book. [No. 2.] 

4. Game-playing : A level table or platform on 
•which a game is played, as a chess-board. 

5. Naut. : The deck of a vessel or her interior. 


prison, and an agreed sum is paid to the common¬ 
wealth for his maintenance while in prison; this 
arrangement has given rise to the phrase ‘ ‘ boarding 
out guests.” English poor law administration: 
To be boarded outside the workhouse. [Boarding- 
out.] 

*bbard’-3t-ble, a. [Eng. board; -able.) Able to 
be boarded. (Sherwood.) 

board-ed, pa. par. & a. [Board, v. t .] 

board-er,s. [Eng. board; -er.) 

1. One who for a certain stipulated price, paid 
weekly or at longer intervals, not merely lodges 
with a family, but sits with the other members of 
it at table as if one of themselves. Or a pupil at 
school, who lives on the premises temporarily on 
the same footing as the members of the resident 
master’s family. 

capitation fees, and right to take boarders, 
mes, November 18, 


“He ordered his men to arm long poles with sharp ...... rl „„ 

hooks wherewith they took hold of the tackling which wifl ; oth ' er a dvantages.”-io»dou Ti 
hoi d the mamyard to the mast of their enemy s ship , then, ■, unc, , ( ] v! 6 

rowing their own ship, they cut the tackling, and brought 
the mainyard by the board.”—Arbuthnot on Coins. 

(1) Onboard: 

(a) In a ship. 


*• Our captain thought his ship in so great danger, that 
lie confessed himself to a capuchin who was on board ."— 
Addison. 

(b) Into a ship. 

“Mr. Anson was to take on board three independent 
companies . . .’’—Anson: Voyages, 15th ed. (1780), p. 3. 

1[ (2) To fall overboard: To fall from the deck or 
from the interior of a vessel into the sea, harbor or 
dock. (Used of persons.) , , 

(3) To go by the board : To fall overboard. (Used 

of masts.) . 

(4) To go on board a vessel: To go into a vessel. 

(5) To make a good board: When close reefed to 


2. One told off along with others to board a ship 
in a naval action, especially if he succeed in the 
enterprise. (Mar. Diet.) 

board -Ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Board, t\] 


(2) In a good sense : To speak of with legitimate 
pride. 

(а) Of things. 

“ You who reason boast.” 

Pope: The Basset-table, ix. 86. 

(б) Of persons (generally of another than one's 
self) : 

“For if I have boasted anything to him of you, I am 
not ashamed.”—2 Corinthians vii. 14. 

“No braver chief could Albion boast.” 

Cowper: The Castaway. 

*2. (Of the forms boast and *boist): To threaten. 

“ His majesty thought it not meet to compel or much to 
boast them . . . ”— Baillie: Letters, i. 162. (Jamieson.) 

B. Intransitive: 

1. In a bad sense: To brag, to glory, to speak 
ostentatiously or vaingloriously. (Used generally 
of one’s self or one’s own exploits.) 

“ Sir, 

In Cambria are we born, and gentlemen : 

Further to boast were neither true nor modest., 

Unless I add, we are honest.” 

Shakesp.; Cymbeline, v. 6. 

2. In a good sense: To talk with becoming pride 


A.&B. As pr.par. <& participial adj.: In senses ^Tl g °° d deeds refleCt 


only indirect glory on the speaker. 

“ For I know the forwardness of your mind, for which 
I boast of you to them of Macedonia.”—2 Corinthians ix. z. 


corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In the same sense as II., 1, 

2. The act of obtaining for money one’s food, as „_ e -- ^ auuuo 

Well as one S lodging, at a place, the boarder Sitting their pockets, boasting in that which was their shame 
down at the table with the rest of the establish- Wiseman. 
ment. 

II. Technically 

1. Carp., <&c.: The act of covering with boards, 


IT Formerly it might be followed by in, now of is 
used. 

“ Some surgeons I have met, carrying bones about in 


“ My sentence is for open war ; of wiles, 

More unexpert I boast not.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. ii. 
boast (2), v. t. [Etymology doubtful.] 

1. Masonry. Of stones: To dress with a broad 
chisel. 

2. Sculp. & Carving. Of a marble block : To shape 


^ , i t i • , i -j , j i !• vu-r/).. (JCCt . -L lit? dbl Ui L/UVcIlllj, Willi UUdlUBj 

Jose little by drifting to leeward, to pursue a toler- state of being so covered; the boards viewed 
ably straight course* collectively* 

(6) To make short boards : To tack frequently. 2 . Naut.: The act of going on board a vessel, 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a board in any of especially with the design of capturing it. _ _ 

the senses given under A; as, board-wages (q. v.). 3. Leather manuf. : The process of rubbing leather roughly, for the moment neglecting attention to 

board-cutting, a. Cutting or designed for cut- with a board to raise the grain after it has been details, 
ting a board or boards. shaved, daubed, and dried. boast, *bOSt, s. [Wei. bost; Gael, bosd.) 

Board-cutting knife. Bookbinding : A. hinged tboarding-brand, s. A “brand” or sword 1. An illegitimate or a legitimate vaunt; a vaic- 
knife with a counter-weight and a treadle to assist [Brand] used as an offensive weapon by a person glorious speech, 
in effecting the cut. boarding an enemy’s vessel, 

board-rack, s. “ Be the edge sharpen’d of my boarding-brand, 

And give its guard more room to fit my hand.” 

Byron: The Corsair, i. 7. 

boarding-gage, s. 

Carp.: A graduated scribing tool used as a meas 


Printing: A rack consisting of side-boards with 
-cleats to hold shelves for standing matter. 

board-rule, s. 

Mensuration : A figured scale for finding the num- 


“ The world is more apt to find fault than to commend; 
the boast will probably be censured, when the great action 
that occasioned it is forgotten.”.— Spectator. 


ber of square feet in a board without the trouble of urer of width and distance in weatherboarding 
making a formal calculation. sides of houses. 


IT To make boast: To boast. (Followed by of.) 
[Comp. Blow (1), v., A. 2, and B. 3, “ To boast.”] 

- Nought trow I the triumphe of Julius, 

Of which that Lukan maketh moche bost.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 4,820-21. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shjin. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 





boatman 


boasted 


548 


2. A cause of speaking in a vaunting spirit; occa¬ 
sion of vainglory. 

" Edward and Henry, now the boast o/Fame.” 

Pope: Epistles, ii. 7. 

*3. Threatening. ( Douglas: Virgil, 274,29.) 

boast'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Boast, v. #.] 

As par. adj.: Made the occasion of boasting. 

“ Slaves of gold, whose sordid dealings 
Tarnish all your boasted powers.” 

Cowper: The Negro’s Complaint. 

boast -er (1), *b6s'-tbwre, *bos -tare, s. [Eng. 
boast; -er.] One who boasts, a bragger, a bragga¬ 
docio, a vainglorious man. 

“ Then Iagoo, the great boaster, 

He the marvelous story-teller.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, iii. 

“ The boaster Paris oft desir’d the day. 

With Sparta’s king to meet in single fray.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. iii. 537-8. 

boast-er (2), s. [Boast (2), t>.] 

Masonry: A stone-mason’s chisel with an edge 
two inches wide, used for dressing stone. It is in¬ 
termediate between an inch tool and a broad tool; 
the former, as the name implies, 1 inch, and the lat¬ 
ter 3)4 inches wide. 

boast-ful, a. [Eng. boast; -ful(l).] 

1. Of persons: Full of boasting; perpetually and 
offensively vaunting of one’s exploits. (Sometimes 
followed by of.) 

“ He became proud, punctilious, boastful, quarrel¬ 
some.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

‘‘While his lov’d partner, boastful of her hoard.” 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 

2. Of language : Boasting, vainglorious. (Also at 
times followed by of.) 

“ ... to think that we Englishmen and our Ameri¬ 
can descendants, with their boastful cry of liberty, have 
been and are so guilty.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World (ed. 1870), ch. xxi., p. 500. 

boast-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. boastful; -Iv.] In a 
boasting manner, vauntmgly, vaingloriously. 

"... that vast monarchy on which it was boastfully 
said that the sun never set.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xix. 

boast-ful’-ness, s. [Eng. boastful; -ness.] The 
quality of indulging in boasting. 

bdast’-ing (1 ) ,pr. par., a. & s. [Boast (1), «.] 


single tree seem to have been the earliest boats; 
boats made of planks did not come into use till a 
later period. 

“ He, with few men, in a bate.” 

Barbour, xiii. 645, MS. 

“ I do not think that any one nation, the Syrian ex¬ 
cepted, to whom the knowledge of the ark came, did find 
out at once the device of either shij) or boat, in which 
they durst venture themselves upon the seas.”— Raleigh: 
Essays. 

IT The boats attached to a large and fully equipped 
vessel are the launch, the long-boat, the barge, the 
pinnace, the yawl, the galley, the gig, the cutter, 
the jolly-boat, and the dingy. The first five are 
carvel built, and the last five clinker built. {Knight.) 

(6) A steam vessel of whatever size, as "one of 
the P. and O. boats.” (Chiefly colloquial.) [No. 2.] 

(2) Fig.: Anything like a boat, a shell for in¬ 
stance, as a sauce-bout (q. v.). 

T[ Neptune’s boat: A shell, Cymba Neptuni. 

2. In compos.: A ship, small or large, of a partic¬ 
ular character, a word being prefixed to boat to 
indicate what that character is ; as, an advice-boat, 
a canal-boat, a fishing-boat, a life-boat, a packet- 
boat, a steam-boat. (See these and similar words.) 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a boat in any of 
the foregoing senses, as a boat-hook. 

boat-bill, s. 

Ornith. The English name of Cancroma, a genus 
of birds belonging to the sub-family Ardeina, or 
True Herons,and specially 
of the Cancroma cochlea- 
ria. The bill, from which 
the English name comes, 
is very broad from right to 
left, and looks as if formed 
by two spoons applied to 
each other on their con¬ 
cave sides. The C. coch- 
learia is whitish, with the 
back gray or brown and 
the belly red; the front is 
white, behind which is a 
black cap, changed into a 
long crest in the adult 

male. It inhabits the hot and humid partsjof South 
America. [Cancboma.] 

boat-bridge, s. A bridge of boats. [Bridge, 
Pontoon.] 

boat-builder, s. One whose occupation it is to 
build boats. 



Head of the Boat-bill. 


A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive : The act of vaunting or speak¬ 
ing vaingloriously. 

"But now ye rejoice in your boastings: . . . ”— James 
iv. 16. 

boast -ing (2), s. & a. [Boast (2), v.] 

1. Masonry: The act of dressing the surface of 
stones with a broad chisel and mallet. 

2. Sculpture <& Carving: The act of roughly hew¬ 
ing out an ornament, so as to give the general 
contour before attention is paid to details. 

boasting-chisel, s. A steel chisel with a broad, 
fine edge, used for dressing marble, so as to bring it 
to a nearly smooth surface before operating upon 
it with a “ broad tool.” 

boast-Ing-iy, adv. [Eng. boasting; -ly.] In a 
boasting manner; boastfully, vauntingly, vainglori¬ 
ously, ostentatiously. 

"We look on it as a pitch of impiety, boastingly to avow 
our sins; . . .”— Dr. H. More: Decay of Piety. 

tbo’ast-Ive, a. [Eng. boast; -ive.] Boasting, 
vainglorious. 

"... how must his fellow streams 
Deride the tinklings of the boastive rill !” 

Shenstone: Economy, pt. i. 

fbo ast-less, a. [Eng. boast, and suff. -less.] 
Without a boast. 

“ Diffusing kind beneficence around, 

Boastless, as now descends the silent dew.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 

boas-ton, s. [In Fr. boston, from Boston in the 
United States, the siege of which by the English is 
hinted at in the game (LittrS).] A game at cards. 

boat, *bot, *boot, *bat {Eng.), boat, *bait, 
♦bate, *bat (Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. bat—a. boat, 
ship, or vessel; Icel. bdtr; Sw. bdt; Dan. baud; 
Dut. & Ger. boot; Wei. & Ir. bad; Gael .bat a; Fr. 
bateau; Prov. batelh; Sp .batel; Port .botl; Ital. 
battello, battelletto, batto ( battello and battelletto 
are diminutives) ; Low Lat. batus.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. As a separate word: 

(1) Literally: 

(a) A very small vessel, generally undecked and 
propelled by oars, though in some cases sails are 
employed. Canoes scooped out; of the trunk of a 


boat-car, s. A car for transporting boats up and 
down inclined planes. On the Morris and Essex 
canal, connecting the Hudson and the Delaware 
rivers, the boats are transported from one level to 
another by means of boat-cars instead of locks. 
(Knight.) 

boat-detaching, a. Detaching a boat or boats. 
Boat-detaching hooks (pi.). Naut.: Hooks de¬ 
signed to disengage themselves simultaneously when 
a boat is removed into the water. This is done by 
causing the hooks to upset, by opening sister-hooks, 
or by the tripping of a trigger. 

boat-fashion, adv. After the fashion or manner 
which obtains in boats. 

“ . . . sand gets into one’s meat, 
when cooked and eaten boat-fash¬ 
ion .”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World (ed. 1870), ch. x., p. 224. 

boat-fly, s. 

Entom.: The English name of 
the water-bugs of the genus 
Notonecta, so called because 
they swim on their backs, thus 
presenting the appearance of 
boats. [Boat-insect.] 
boat-head, s. The head or 
bow of a boat, whatever form it 
may possess. 

“ . . . did I turn away 

The boat-head down a broad canal.” 

Tennyson: Recollections of the Arabian Nights. 

boat-hook, s. 

Naut.: A pole, the end of which is furnished with 
iron, having a point and hook. It is designed for 
holding on to a boat or anything else. It is called 
also a gaff, a setter, a setting-pole, a pole-hook, and a 
hitcher. 

boat-house, s. A house for accommodating a 
boat. 

boat-insect, s. 

Entom.: The English name of the genus of bugs 
called Notonecta, which, swimming in a reversed 
position, viz., upon their backs, present a certain 
resemblance to boats. [Boat-fly.] 
boat-like, a. Like a boat in shape, or in other 
respects. 

"His boat-like breast, Ms wings rais’d for Ms sail. 
And oar-like feet, Mm notMng to avail 
Against the rain.” Drayton: Noah’s Flood. 



Boat-fly. 


Cloudlet boats: Small clouds having the appeaiv 
ance or shape of boats. 

“All bright and fair as cloudlet boats in azure gleam." 

E. P. Roe: Airy Visions. 

boat-lowering, a. Lowering a boat, or designed! 
to do so. 

Boat-lowering and detaching apparatus: Appa¬ 
ratus for lowering a boat, keeping it all the wbila- 
in a horizontal position, and then detaching from, 
both ends of it simultaneously the hooks or any¬ 
thing elso by which it is held. [Boat-detaching 
Hook.] 

boat-race, s. A race on the water between two 
or more boats. The most celebrated in this country 
is that between rowers connected with Yale College* 
and Harvard University. 

boat-rope, s. 

Naut.: A rope with which to fasten a boat. It t a 
called also a. painter (q. v.). 
boat-shaped, a. 

Bot.: Resembling a boat; concave, tapering ac 
the ends, and externally keeled. Nearly the same- 
as Keeled. 

boat-shell, s. 

Z 06 I.: The English name of the sheUs rankect 
under the genus Cymba (q. v.). [Boat, A., 1 (2).] 
boat-tails, s. pi. [So called from their tails/ 
which are long and graduated, with the sides curv¬ 
ing upward like those of a boat.] 

Ornith.: The English name for the Quiscalinse, a 
sub-family of Sturnidse (Starlings). They are found 
in North and South America, moving northward 
in spring and returning again southward in im¬ 
mense flocks late in the autumn. Though at one* 
time devouring many grubs, yet at others they help- 
themselves freely to the farmer’s Indian corn and 
the other produce of his fields. [Quiscalina:.] 
boat-wise, s. Of a boat shape. 

“Full bowls of milk are hung around, 

From vessels boat-wise form’d they pour a flood 
Of milk yet smoking, mix’d with sable blood.” 

Lewis: Thebaid of Statius, bk. vi. 

b5at, v. t. & i. [From boat, s. (q. v.)] 
fA. Trans.: To transport in a boat; to carry in ar 
boat. 

B. Intransitive: To take boat, to enter into a 
boat, to row in a boat. 

“ The Lord Aboyn . . . boats at the Sandness, andt 

goes aboard of his own ship, and to Berwick sails he.”— 
Spalding, i. 177. (Jamieson.) 

“ I boated over, ran 

My craft aground, and heard with beating heart.” 

Tennyson: Edwin Morris. 

fboat -a-ble, a. [Eng. boat; -able.] That may 
be traversed by boat; navigable. (Morse.) 

K More common in this country than in England- 
boat-age (age as Ig),s. [Eng. boat; -age.] A 
toll on articles brought in boats. 

“ Droid de rivage. Shorage or Boatage, the Custome or 
Toll for wine or other wares, put upon, or brought from 
the water by boats.”— Cotgrave. 

fboat -ed, pa. par. & a. [Boat, v. t.] 
boat'-ie, s. [Dimin. of boat.] A small boat, a. 
yawl. (Scotch.) 

“The boatie rows, the boatie rows, 

The boatie rows indeed; 

And weil may the boatie row, 

That wins the bairnies bread.” 

Auld 8ong. (Jamieson.) 

boat -ing, pr. par., a. &s. [Boat, «?.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. (ft participial adjective: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

(1) The act or practice of transporting in a boat. 

(2) The act or practice of sailing or rowing in 
boats. 

2. In Persia: A form of capital punishment in 
which an offender is laid on his back in a boat till 
he perishes. 

♦bo-a -tion, s. [From Lat. boatum, supine of 
6oo=to cry aloud, to roar.] The act of roaring; a 
roar, a loud shout. 

“ In Messina insurrection, the guns were heard from a 
distance as far as Augusta and Syracuse, about an hun¬ 
dred Italian miles, in loud boation.” — Der. Physico-Th. 

boat-m^n, tbbats-msLn, s. [Eng. boat, boats, 
and man.] 

“ Boatsmen through the crystal water show, 

To wond’ring passengers, the walls below.” 

Dryden. 

“ A chieftain, to the Highlands bound, 

Cries ‘Boatman, do not tarry!’ ” 

Campbell: Lord Ullin’s Daughter. 

IT Boatman’s shell: A sheH, Philine aperta. It 
belongs to the family Bullidse. It is found about 
fifty fathoms deep, on sandy bottoms. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit. sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur rfile, fall; try, Syrian, se, os = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






boatswain 


549 


bobbinet 


boat -swain (often pronounced bdsn), s. [Eng. 
“boat; -swain. A. S. bdt-swdn=& boatswain, a boat- 
tnan; 6dt=boat, and swan— a swain, a herdsman, a 
servant. In Sw. hogbatsman; Dan. baatsmand; 
Dut,. bootsman; Ger. hochbootsmann.] 

1. Naut.: An officer on board a ship, whose func¬ 
tion it is to take charge of the rigging, cables, cord¬ 
age, anchors, sails, boats, flags and stores. He must 
inspect the rigging every morning and keep it in 
.good repair; and must either by himself or by 
■deputy steer the life-boat. If on a ship of war he 
must call the men to their duty by means of a silver 
■whistle given him for the purpose; besides taking 
into custody those condemned by a court-martial, 
and, either by himself or by deputy, inflict on them 
the punishment awarded. 

“The chief ambition of the great conqueror and legis¬ 
lator was to be a good boatswain and a good ship’s carpen¬ 
ter.”— Macaulay: History England, ch. xxiii. 

2. One of the English names of a gull, the Arctic 
Skua (Cataractes parasiticus). 

bob *bobbe (Eng.), bob, bab (Scotch), v. t. & i. 
^Etymology doubtful. It looks, and is by Mahn and 
others held to be, an onomato-poetic word, i. e., in 
this case imitated from the sound of a body moving 
up and down. He considers the substantive the 
original word (Bob,s.). Mahn connects it withEng. 
buff=t o strike. Skeat believes it an altered form 
of Gael. bog=to wag, to shake; Ir. bogaim=to wag, 
to shake, to toss.] [Bob, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Of action operating on things physical: 

1. To cause to move with a short jerking motion; 
to cause to play to and fro loosely. 

2. To beat, to strike ; to drub, to thump. 

“ These bastard Bretons, whom our fathers 

Have in their own land beaten, bobb’d, and thump’d.” 

Shakesp.: Richard, III., v. 3. 

|3. To cut the hair of a man, the tail of a horse, 
or anything similar. [Bobtail, Bobtailed.] 

II. Of action operating on the mind: 

1. With a thing for the object: To cheat, swindle; 
to obtain by fraud. 

" He calls me to a restitution large 
Of gold and jewels that X bobb’d from him.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, v. 1. 

2. With a person for the object: To cheat, to 
swindle ; to delude, to mock. 

“Here we have been worrying one another, who should 
have the booty, till this cursed fox has bobbed us both 
on’t.”— V Estrange. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Gen.: To have a short jerking motion, to move 
to and fro or up and down, to play to and fro, to 
play loosely against anything. 

“And when she drinks against her lips I bob.” 

Shakesp. • Midsummer Nighfs Dream, ii. 1. 

2. Specially: 

(1) To dance up and down. (Scotch.) 

“ I swung and bobbit yonder as safe as a gabbart that’s 
-moored by a three-ply cable.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxxi. 

(2) To courtesy. 

“When sho cam ben sho bobbit. ‘ 

Auld Song. (Jamieson.) 

(3) To angle with a bob, or with a bobbing motion 
<of the bait. 

“He ne’er had learned the art to bob 
For anything but eels.” Saxe. 

bob, *bobbe (Eng.), bob, bab (Scotch), s. & a. 
£From bob, v. (q. v.) Stratmann and Mahn com¬ 
pare it with Icel. bobbi= a knot, a cockle-shell.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of bobbing; a jerk, jog, knock, fillip. 

"A peece of breade, and therwithal a bobbe.” 

Gascoigne, 1,116. 

“I am sharply taunted, yea, sometimes with pinches, 
tlips, and bobs.” — Ascham: Schoolmaster. 

2. Anything which is “ bobbed,” struck, or aimed 
at; a mark, a butt. 

3. Anything which bobs or moves freely to and fro. 

(1) Anything solid hanging loosely, so that it may 

move backward and forward or up and down. 
Specially — 

(a) An ear-ring, a pendant. 

“ The gaudy gossip, when she’s set agog, 

In jewels drest, ana at each ear a bob.” 

Dryden. 

(b) A bunch of flowers, a nosegay, a parterre, or a 
thick patch. 

" Ane cow of birks in to his hand had he, 

To keip than weill his fae6 fra midge and fle, 

With that the King the bob of birks can wave.” 

Priests ofPeblis, p. 21. (Jamieson.) 

(c) A bait bobbed up and down. 

“ Peitren. To take eeles in the night with a bob of 
-wormes.”— Hexham: Dutch Did. 

If A bob of cherries: A bunch of cherries. 

“ Have a bob of cheris.”— Town. Myst., 118. 


(d) A branch. 

“ Bat in this on honde he hade a holyn bobbe.” 

Gawayne and the Green Knight, 206. 

(e) A wig. [Bob-wig.] 

(2) A gust, a blast of wind. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

4. More fig. : A dry sarcasm, a taunt, a scoff, a jibe. 
“ Have you not sometimes observed what dry bobs, and 

sarcastical jeers, the most underling fellows will now and 
then bestow upon their betters?”— Goodman: Wint. Ev. 
Conference, pt. i. 

To give the bob : To outwit, to impose upon. 
A similar phrase once existed, To give the dor. 
[Doe.] 

“ C. I guess the business. S. It can be no other 
But to give me the bob, . . .” 

Massinger: Maid of Honor, iv. 6. 

II. Technically: 

1. Horol., Mech., <&c. : The weight at the lower 
part of a pendulum. (Airy: Popul. Astron., 6th 
ed., p. 263.) 

2. Mechanics: 

1) The suspended ball of a plumb-line. 

2) The shifting weight on the graduated arm of 
a steelyard. 

(3) The working beam of a steam-engine. 

3. Metallurgy : A small buff-wheel used in polish¬ 
ing the insides of spoons. It is a disk of leather 
nearly an inch thick, known as sea-cow or bull- 
neck. It is perforated, mounted on a spindle and 
turned into a nearly spherical form. 

4. Mining : A rocking-post framed into a pivoted 
bar and driven by the crank of the water-wheel or 
engine-shaft. To one end of the beam is suspended 
the pump-rod, to balance which the other end is 
counterweighted. 

5. Music: A term used by change-ringers to denote 
certain changes in the working of the methods by 
which long peals of changes are produced (T'royte) ; 
a peal consisting of several courses or sets of 
changes. When there are more than three bells 
the several changes are called bob-majors, bob- 
triples, Norwich Court bobs, grandsire bob-triples, 
and caters (quaters). A bob is sometimes opposed 
to a single (q. v.). (Stainer <& Barrett: Diet. Musi¬ 
cal Terms. Grove: Diet. Music, Ac.) 

B. As adjective : Pertaining to a bob in any of the 
senses given under A.; as, bobtail, bob-wig (q. v.). 

bob-cherry, bobcherry, s. A game among chil¬ 
dren in which a cherry is so hung as to bob against 
the mouth. The little player tries by jumping up to 
seize it with the teeth, the assistance of hands in 
the matter being disallowed. 

“ Bobcherry teaches at once two noble virtues, patience 
and constancy; the first, in adhering to the pursuit of one 
end, the latter, in bearing a disappointment.” —Arbuthnot 
& Pope. 

bob-fly, s. A kind of fly found upon water. 

“You can easily find the bob-fly on the top of the 
water.” — Jesse: Gleanings in Nat. Hist., i. 300. 
bob major, s. [From Latin major—greater.] 
Music : A peal rung on eight bells, 
bob maximus, s. [Prom Lat. maximus=great¬ 
est.] 

Music : A peal rung on twelve bells, 
bob minor, s. [From Lat. minor= less.] 

Music : A peal rung on six bells, 
bob-sled, s. A compound sled composed of two 
short sleds, one in front and another behind, con¬ 
nected together longitudinally by a reach. 

bob-sleigh, s. A sleigh made up of two short 
(bob) sleighs connected by a reach or coupling. 

bob-wig, bobwig, s. A short wig. Short wigs 
are very ancient, being found on old Egyptian and 
Assyrian sculptures and tab¬ 
lets. Long wigs are compara¬ 
tively modern. It is said that 
they were introduced by Louis 
XIV., of France, to hide his 
shoulders, which were not 
well matched with each 
other. 

“A young fellow riding to¬ 
ward us full gallop, with a bob" 
wig and a black silken bag tied 
to it, stopt short at the coach to 
ask us how far the judges were 
behind.” —Spectator 
bo'-bac, s. [Pol. bobak— Bob-wig. 
the animal described below.] 

Zool. : A burrowing squirrel, Arctomys bobac. It 
is called also the Polish Marmot. It inhabits 
Poland, Russia, and Gallicia. 

*b 6 -baun§e, *bob-baun 9 e, *b 6 '-ban 9 e, s. [Bur¬ 
gundian bobance ; Fr. bombance, from bombe, altered 
from Lat. pomp«=pomp ; or from Lat. bombus=a 
humming or buzzing.] Pride, boasting, presump¬ 
tion. 

M . . . and am y-come wyth the to fight! for al thy 

grete bobbaunce.” 

Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 383. 


f[ Often combined with 6ost=boasting. 

“ . . . and with bobaunce and with bost brent fell 

tounes.”— William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1,071. 

bobbed, *bob'-bid, *bob'-byd (Eng.), bob'-bit, 
pa. par. & a. [Bob, «.] 

bob'-ber, bab’-ber, s. [Eng. bob, -er; Scotch 

bab, -er.] 

1. Gen.: A person who, or a thing which, bobs. 

2. Fly-fishing: The hook which plays loosely on 
the surface of the water, as distinguished from the 
trailer at the extremity of the line. (Scotch.) (Jam¬ 
ieson.) 

fbob'-ber-y, s. [From bob, v. (?) (q. v.) Sp. bob- 
eria= folly, foppery.] 

1. Nonsense. 

2. A disturbance; nonsense. 

bob -bin, *bob’-in, s. [From Fr. bobine: Sp. 
bobina=a bobbin, reed, or reel. Compare Ir. & 
Gael, baban—a tassel, a fringe; babag= a tassel.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A wooden pin with a head on which 
thread is wound for making lace. [II. 1.] 

“ Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door, 

Pillow and bobbins, all her little store.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

II. Technically: 

1. Spinning: A spool with a head at one or both 
ends to hold yarn. It has one head when it serves 
as a cop in spinning, as a thread-holder in shuttles 
of looms, and as cop in warping-machines. In spin¬ 
ning or warping it is slipped on a spindle and 
revolves therewith, being held thereon by a spring 
or by the tightness of its fit. 

2. Sewing-machine: A small spool adapted to 
receive thread and to be applied within a shuttle. 

bobbin and fly frame. The ordinary roving 
machine of the cotton manufacture.. Its function 
is to draw and twist the sliver, and wind the roving 
on a bobbin. The bobbins containing the slivers 
are mounted in several rows on a creel, which has 
skewers for their reception. Each sliver passes 
between a pair of guides, which give it a horizontal 
traversing motion, so that it shall not bear upon a 
constant part of the surfaces of the drawing-rollers 
between which it next passes. These drawing-roll¬ 
ers are arranged in pairs (see DEAWiNG-FKAME),and 
have a relatively increasing rate of speed, the sec¬ 
ond revolving faster than the first, and the third 
faster than the second. The bobbin has two mo¬ 
tions—one around the spindle on which it is sleeved, 
and one up and down on the spindle. The former 
is for the winding on of the roving, and the latter to 
distribute the roving in coils alongside each other 
along the length of the bobbin. Bobbin and fly 
frames are of two kinds, coarse andfine, or first and 
second. The coarse, or first, bobbin and fly frame 
acts upon slivers from cans filled at the drawing- 
frame and placed at the back of the machine. The 
fine, or second, bobbin and fly frame acts upon rov¬ 
ings, or slubbings as they are often called, from 
bobbins filled at the first frame and placed on the 
skewers of the creel placed behind the roller-beam. 
(Knight.) 
bobbin-lace, s. 

Weaving: Lr ce made upon a pillow with bobbins. 
The pillow is a hard cushion covered with parch¬ 
ment, on which the pattern of the meshes is drawn. 
Pins are inserted into the lines of the pattern and 
determine the meshes. Thicker thread, called gimp, 
is interlaced with the meshes, according to the pat¬ 
tern on the parchment. The thread is wound upon 
bobbins, and is twisted, crossed and secured by 
pins. [PlLLOW-LACE.] 

bobbin-stand, s. A frame for holding the bob¬ 
bins for warps of a loom, threads of a warping- 
machine, and yarns of a spinning-machine. The 
bobbin or reel rotates on a spindle fixed in a base¬ 
plate. It is covered with a metallic disk, supported 
a little above the top of the spool on a shoulder of 
the spindle, and held down by a screw-nut. 

bobbin-winder, s. 

Weaving: A device for winding thread or yarn 
upon a bobbin. The bobbin is supported on a fixed 
shaft, which is made to rotate continuously. 

Sewing-machine: A device adapted to receive a 
shuttle-bobbin and rotate it so that it may be 
wound with thread. The winders are usually 
operated by being turned in contact with the 
driving-wheel, balance-wheel, or band. Some wind¬ 
ers are supplied with an automatic thread-distrib¬ 
uter, to lay the thread evenly. 

bob'-bin-et, s. [En g. bobbin; (n)et.] 

Weaving: A machine-made cotton net, originally 
imitated from the lace made by bobbins upon a 
pillow. It consists of a series of parallel threads, 
which may be considered as warp-threads, and two 
systems of oblique threads, which proceed from the 
right to the left, and from the left to the right, 
respectively. Each weft thread has a single turn 
around each crossing of a warp, and the contrary 
strain of the respective weft threads gives a ser¬ 
pentine course to the warps. 



boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -nious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



bobbinet-machine 


bode 


550 


bobbinet-machine, s. A machine for making 
bobbinets. It was originally derived from the 
stocking-frame, invented in 1589 by William Lee, 
M. A., of Cambridge, England. Hammond (about 
1768) modified a stocking-frame to make a coarse 
imitation of Brussels ground; this was the pin- 
machine. In 1784 the warp-frame was invented, for 
making warp-lace; and in the next decade, the 
bobbin-frame. _ In 1809 Heathcote invented the 
bobbinet-machine. (Knight.) 
bob'-bing, pr. par. & a. [Bob, v.] 

“ You may tell her, 

I’m rich in jewels, rings, and bobbing pearls, 
Pluck’d from Moors’ ears.” Dry den. 

bob'-bln-work, s. [Eng. bobbin; work.] Work 
wrought partly by means of bobbins. 

“ Not netted nor woven with warp and woof, but after 
the manner of bobbin-work.” — Grew. Musceum. 

bob'-et, s. [Dimin. of bob—a blow ( Skeat ).] [Bob, 
Buffet.] A slight blow, a buffet. 

*bob-et-yn, v. t. [From bobet, s. (q. v.)] To 
buffet; to give a slight blow to. 

♦bob -et-jriige, s. [Bobetyn, v.] 
bo-bi-ba-tion, s. [From Low Lat. bobisatio, of 
same meaning.] 

Music: A kind of sol-faing taught by Huberto 
Walraent at the end of the sixteenth century for 
scale-practice, the designations of the notes used 
being bo, ce, di, ga, la, mi and ni. It was called 
also Bocedisation (q. v.). The friends and the 
opponents of the system carried on a controversy 
which continued till the beginning of the eighteenth 
century. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

bo -bl-er-rite, s. [Named by Dana after Bobierre, 
who first described it in 1868.] 

Min.: A colorless mineral occurring in six-sided 
prisms. It is a tribasic phosphate of magnesia. It 
was found in Peruvian guano. 

bob -O-liiik, bob'-llfik, *bob-lln-c6ln, s. [Evi¬ 
dently from a proper name, Bob Lincoln or Bod o(f) 
Lincoln.] A bird belonging to the family Sturnid® 
(Starlings), and the sub-family Agelain®. It is 
found everywhere in North America below 54° of N. 
latitude, passing the winter in the West Indies, and 
going northward in summer. In the United States 
it is known as the Rice-bird, the Reed-bird, the Rice 
Bunting, the Rice Troopial; and in the West Indies, 
when fat, as the Butter-bird. It is the Emberiza 
oryzivora of Linnaeus, Icterus agripennis of Bona¬ 
parte, and Dolichonyx oryzivorus of Swainson. It 
reeds on rice and other cereals, and is in turn itself 
extensively shot for food. When returning to the 
north, fresh from the rice fields of the Carolinas, 
they are so fat that in many cases they cannot fly 
far and in falling to the ground often burst open 
from the impact, 
bob -stay, s. [Eng. bob; stay.] 

Naut.: One of the chains or ropes which tie the 
bowsprit end to the stem, to enable it to stand the 
upward strain of the forestays, 
bobstay-piece, s. 

Naut.: A piece of timber stepped into the main 
piece of the head, and to which the bobstay is 
secured. [Stem.] 

bob-tail, s. & a. [From bob, in the sense of cut, 
and Eng. tail.] 

A. As substantive: A cut tail; a short tail. 

B. As adjective: With a tail cut short or short 
naturally ; resembling a cut tail. 

T[ Tagrag and bobtail: [Tageag]. 

bobtail-wig, s. A short wig. 

bob -tailed, a. [Eng. bob; and tailed.] 

Of a dog or other animal: Having the tail cut 
Bhort. 

bob-white, s. The popular name of the North 
American quad, Odontophorus (Ortyx) Virginianus. 
So named from its note. 

*bOC, s. & a. [A. S. 6<5c=(l) a beech, (2) a book.] 
[Book.] (Story of Genesis and Exodus, 523.) 

boc -al, s. [In Fr. & Sp. bocal= a bottle, decanter, 
or jug with a wide opening and a very short neck; 
Ital. boccale—a decanter, a mug; Low 
Lat. baucalis, from Gr. baukalion= a 
narrow-necked vessel, which gurgles 
when water is poured in or out, bau- 
icalis — a vessel for cooling wine or 
water.] 

Glass Manuf.: A cylindrical glass 
jar with a short, wide neck, used for 
preserving solid substances. 

bo-caque, bo -cake (que as k), s. 

[Russian (?).] A mammal like a rab¬ 
bit, but without a tail, found on the 
banks of the Dnieper and elsewhere, 
fbo-car'-do, s. [Bokaedo.] 

♦bocare, s. [A. S. bocere; Moeso- 
Goth. bokceries = a book man.] A 
scholar. (Layamon, 32,125.) 

boc -£i-sme, s. [In Fr. boucassin; from O. Ft. 
boccasin; Sp. bocacin, bocaci; Ital. bocctssino.] 


Weaving: A kind of calamanco or woolen stuff; 
a fine buckram, 
boc'-ca, s. [Ital. bocca .] 

Glass Manuf.: The round hole in a glass-furnace 
from which the glass is taken out on the end of the 
pontil. 

boc-ca-rel -lii, s. [Ital. boccarella.] 

Glass Manuf.: A small bocca or mouth of a glass- 
furnace ; a nose-hole. 

♦bocchen, v. t. [Botch, v.] (Wycliffe, 2 Chron¬ 
icles xxxiv.) 

boc -gl-iis light, boccius-light (gh silent), s. 
[Light.] 

boc-co'-nl-a, s. [Named after Paolo Boccone, 
M. D., a Sicilian and Cistercian monk, who pub¬ 
lished a botanical work in A. D. 1764.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Papaverace® (Poppyworts). Bocconia frutescens 
(Tree Celandine) has fine foliage. It grows in the 
West Indies, where its acrid juice is used to remove 
warts. 

*boge(l),s. [Boss, s.] (Prompt. Parv.; also Act 
Bom. Cone., A. 1489, p. 129.) (Jamieson.) 

♦boge (2), s. [Boose, s.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
boge (3), s. [In Fr. bogue; Sp. & Port, boga; 
Ital. boca. From Lat. box, genit. bocis; Gr. box, 
boax .] 

Ichthyol.: A name for any fish of the genus 
Sparus. 

bo-ge-dI§-A'-tion, s. [Low Lat. bocedisatio, 
from bo, ce, di, the first three of the abbreviations 
used in the relation.] [Bobibation.] 

*bOC-fel, s. [A. S. 6<5c=book, /e?i=skin, thin 
parchment.] A skin prepared for writing, parch¬ 
ment. 

♦bogh, *boghe, s. [Botch.] [ Chaucer; Piers 
Plowman, iii. 70; Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 72, line 
1,977.] 

♦bogh-ghare, s. [Botchee.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bogh'-er, *bogh-ere, s. [Butchee.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

♦bogh-er-ye, ♦bogh-er-ie, s. [Butcheby.] 
(Prompt. Parv.) [Wycliffe (ed. Purvey), 1 Cor. 
x. 25.] 

♦bogh-ment, s. [Botchement.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
♦boc-hus, *boc-house, s. [A. S. bdehus = a 
library.] A library. (Ayenb. i.) 

♦bocilsered, a. [A. S. b 6 c, and 7cerde=leamed.] 
Learned. 

b5ck, *bdk (Scotch <& O. Eng.), v. t. [Bole.] 

1. Literally: Of persons: 

(1) To belch. 

“ He bocketh lyke a churle.”— Palsgrave. 

(2) To vomit, or incline to do so. 

“ Quhill ather berne in that breth bo hit in blude.” 

Gaw. & Gol., ii. 21. {Jamieson.) 

2. Of things: To cause to gush intermittently. 

“ While burns, wi’ snawy wreaths up-choked. 
Wild-eddying swirl, 

Or through the mining outlet booked, 

Down headlong hurl.” 

Burns: A Winter Night. 

bock, s. [From bock, v. (q. v.)] Vomiting, spit¬ 
ting up. 

“ Withut a host, a bock or glour.” 

Cleland: Poems, p. 105. (Jamieson.) 
bock beer, s. [Ger. bock=a he-goat and bier= 
beer.] A kind of strong beer, the first drawn from 
the vats in the spring when the winter’s brew of 
lager beer is broached. So called on account of 
the German legend which affirms that, in a com¬ 
petitive trial of the strength of beers brewed by two 
rival brewers, in which each drank the product of 
the other, the defeated candidate declared that it 
was not the beer of his rival which had made him 
unsteady on his legs and overthrew him, but a 
young he-goat which some children were chasing 
and which ran against him and overturned him. 
As the bock W 80 blamed for his fall (although many 
suspected the beer' chat particular variety of beer 
has been named oock beer in commemoration of 
the occurrence. 

♦bock-blood, s. A spitting or throwing up of 
blood. 

“ Bock-blood and Benshaw, spewen sprung in the spald, 
. . .”— Polwarfs Flyting, p. 13. (Jamieson.) 

bock’-el-et, bock’-er-el, bock-er-et, s. [Etym. 
doubtful.] A kind of long-winged hawk. 

bock-Ing (l),j>r. par. & s. [Bock, r.J Vomiting. 
(Scotch.) 

bock-Ing ( 2 ), s. [From Booking, near Braintree, 
in Essex, England, where it was originally made.] 
Weaving: A coarse woolen fabric. 

♦bock-ler, s. [Bucklee.] (Chaucer.) 



Bocal. 


tbock -wheat, s. [Buckivheat.] 

♦boc-land, *bock -land, *boo-land, *book- 
land, s. [From A. S. b6c = a book, a volume, a 
writing, ... a charter, and land, (omi=land.J 
O. Law: Land held by charter or deed, and there¬ 
fore sometimes called charter-land or deed-land. It 
was essentially the same as modem freehold, except 
that the grantee had certain rents and free service 
to the lord of the manor. It is opposed to folcland, 
which was somewhat analogous to modern lease¬ 
hold tenure. [Folcland.] 

*bOC-lar, s. [A. S. 6dc=book, ktr=lore, learning.]) 
Learning. 

♦bocle, s. [Buckle.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bOclyd, pa. par. [Buckled.] (Prompt. Parv.)) 
♦boc-rune, s. [A. S. b6c=a book, and run=a let¬ 
ter.] A letter. (Layamon, 4,496.) 

♦boc-staf, s. [A. S. b6c, and stoef=a staff, a 
letter. In Ger. buchstabe.] A letter. 

♦boc-sum, a. [Buxom.] 

*boc-sum-nesse, s. [Buxomness.] 

♦bocul, *bOCUlle, s. [Buckle.] (Prompt.Parv.); 
*bog'-yn, v. i. [From O. Eng. bosse; Mod. Eng. 
boss=a lump.] To be tumid, to swell. 

“ Bocyn’ owte or strowtyn’. Turgeo.” — Prompt. Parv. 
♦bog -ynge, pr.par. & s. [Bocyn.] 

A. As pr.par.: (See the verb). 

B. As subst.: A swelling, tumefaction. 

“ Bocynge, or strowtynge. Turgor.” — Prompt. Parv. 
bod (1), s. [Etymology doubtful.] A person of 
small size; a dwarf. (Generally somewhat con¬ 
temptuously.) 

“Like Vulcan, an’ Bacchus, an’ ither sic bods.” 

Picken: Poems, ii. 13L (Jamieson.) 

♦bod (2), s. [Bode.] (Scotch <& Eng.) 
bo-duch, s. [Gael.] An old man. (Scott.) 
bod -die, s. [Bodle.] (Scotch.) (Burns: The 
Brigs of Ayr.) 

bod -dum, s. [Bottom.] (Scotch.) 
bode, *bO -dl-en, v. t. & i. [From A. S. bodian, 
bodigean=( 1) to command, to order, (2) to an¬ 
nounce, (3) to propose or offer; Icel. bodha; Sw, 
b&da= to announce.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. Of persons or of abstractions personified : 

(1) To tell beforehand. 

“ Whanne Love alle thi3 hadde boden me, 

I seide hym: ‘Sire, how may it be?’ ” 

The liomaunt of the Rose. 

f(2) To forebode; to make shrewd conjectures, 
founded on the observation of analogous cases, as 
to the immediate future; to presage, to vaticinate. 

2. Of things: To forebode, omen, to presage, to 
foreshadow, to herald; to indicate beforehand by 
signs. 

“ . . . the unfortunate results which it boded to the 
harmony of a young married couple, . . De Quincey.- 
Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 65. 

B. Intrans.: To be an omen for good or evil. 
(Generally followed by well or ill; used almost like* 
substantives.) 

“ Sir, give me leave to say, whatever now 
The omen proved, it boded well to you.” 

Dry den , 

♦bode (1) (Eng.), bdde, bod (Scotch), s. [From 
A. S. bod, gebod=a command; O. Fris. bod; O. Icel. 
bodh= a bid, an offer.] 

1. Corresponding to A. S. bodian, v., in the first 
sense of to command=a command, an order. 

“. . . the ballefulburde, that neuer bode keped.” 

Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 979. 

2. Corresponding to A. S. bodian, v., in the second 
sense=to announce. [See etym. of bode, v.] 

*(1) A message, an announcement. 

“Bode or massage (boode, H.). Nuncium.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

(2) A foreboding; a foreshadowing. 

“ The jealous swan, against his death that singeth; 

The owl eke, that of death the bode ybringeth.” 

Chaucer: Assemb. oj Fowls, v. 343. 

3. Corresponding to A. S. bodian, v., in the third 
sense=to propose or offer, and the Icel. bodh = a 
bid, an offer. 

(1) An offer made in order to a bargain ; a proffer. 
“ Ye may get war bodes or Beltan : . . .”— Ramsay: 

S. Prov., p. 83. 

(2) The price demanded. 

“Ye’re ower young and ower free o’ your siller—ye 
should never take a fish-wife’s first bode.” — Scott: Anti¬ 
quary, ch. xxxix. 

♦bode (2), s. [A. S. boda; O. L. Ger. bodo; O. H, 
Ger. boto, poto.] A messenger. (Layamon, 4,695.) 

♦bode (3), *bod, s. [From bode, v. (q. v.)] Abid¬ 
ing, delay. 

“ . . . and as bliue, boute bod, he braydes to the 
queue.” William oj Palerne (ed. Skeat), 149. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pohj, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 

















bode 


551 


body 


bode, pret. of v. [Pret. of bide; A. S. bidan 
(q. v.).J 

1. Abode. 

“ My body ou balke ther bod in sweuen,” 

Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 62. 

2. Delayed, waited. 

“ I found no entress at a side, 

Unto a foord ; and over I rode 
Unto the other side; but bode." 

Sir Egeir, p. 6. {Jamieson.) 

♦bode (1), bo'-den (1),pa.par. [Bode, u.] 

♦bode (2), *bo-den (2) {Eng.), *bodyn, *bodun 
(Scotch), pa. par. [O. Eng. bede =to bid.] [Bid.] 
(Piers Plowman, ii. 34; Wycliffe (Purvey), Matthew 
xxii. 3, Luke xiv. 7 ; Barbour, xvi. 103.) 

tbode -ful, a. [Eng. bode; - ful .] Ominous, por¬ 
tentous ; foreboding or threatening evil. 

“ . . . and glide bodeful, and feeble, and fearful; • . .” 
— Carlyle, Sartor Kesartus, bk. iii., ch. 8. 

♦bode-kln, s. [Bodkin.] 

♦bode'-ment, s. [Eng. bode; -meat.] Presage- 
ment; partial prognostication. 

“ This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl 

Makes all these bodements." 

Shakesp.: Troilus, v. 3. 

♦bo-den (3), *b6'-dln, *b5'-dyn, a. [O. Sw. bo; 
Icel. boa =to prepare, to provide.] Prepared; pro¬ 
vided ; furnished, in whatever way. 

“ Ane hale legioun about the wallis large 

Stude waching bodin with bow, spere, and targe.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 280, 53. 

I 7 It seems to be used, in one instance, in an 
oblique sense. 

“ X trow he suld be hard to sla, 

And he war bodyn ewynly.” 

• Barbour, viii. 103, MS. (Jamieson.) 

bo'-den-Ite, s. [From Boden, near Marienberg, 
in the Saxon Erzgebirge.] 

Min.: A variety of Orthite (q. v.). 

♦bode-word, *bode -wurd, *bod-worde, ♦bod- 
word, 8 . [O. Eng. bode, s. ( 3 . v.), and word.] 

1 . Commandment; prohibition. 

“ And this is gunge beniamin, 

Hider brogt after bode-word thin.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 2,281-2. 

2. Message. 

“ . . . bodetcord and tiding fro gode.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 396. 

♦bodge, v. t. [Derived probably from budge 
(q. v.), or from botch.] To “budge,” to yield, to give 
way. 

“With this we charg’d again; but out, alas ! 

We bodg'd again; as I have seen a swan, 

With bootless labor, swim against the tide.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., i. 4. 

♦bodge (1) s. [A corruption probably from botch 
(q. v.).] A botch, a patch. 

“ Because it followeth in the same place, nor will it be 
a bodge in this, . . .’’—Whitlock: Manners of the Eng¬ 
lish, p. 437. 

♦bodge (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Weights and Measures: A measure of capacity, 
believed to have been half a peck. 

“To the last bodge of oats, and bottle of hay.”. 

Ben Jonson: New Inn , i. 5. 

♦bod'-ger, s. [Derived from badger.] One who 
forestalls the market. [Badgek.] 

“They wage one poore man or other to become a bod - 
ger.”—Harrison: Descrip, of Eng., ch. xviii. 

b5-dl-hn, s. [Etym. doubtful. Compare Fr. 
6 odme=the keel of a ship. Or possibly from some 
Oriental tongue (?).] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, Diagramma: family, 
Scianidse. Cuvier’s Bodian, Diagramma lineatum, 
is found in the Eastern seas. 

bod-I<?e, bod'-dlije, *bod -ies, s. & a. [Derived 
from Eng. bodies, pi. of body.] 

1. Originally plur . Of the form bodies, plur.of 
body : A pair of bodies, i. e., of stays or corsets fit¬ 
ting the body. 

“ But I who live, and have lived twenty years, 

Where I may handle silke as free and neare 
As any mercer: or the whale bone man 
That quilts thae bodies X have leave to span.” 

Ben Jonson: An Elegy. 

2. Now, always sing.; if a pi. be required, bodices 

^ Lit.: A corset or waistcoat, quilted with 
whalebone or similar material, worn by women. 

“Her bodice half way she unlac’d, 

About his arms she slily cast 

The silken band, and held him fast.” Prior. 


(2) Fig.: Restraint of law, or restraint of any 
kind. 

“It was never, he declared with much spirit, found 
politic to put trade into straitlaced bodices, which, in¬ 
stead of making it grow upright and thrive, must either 
kill it or force it awry.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

♦bod'-ie, s. [Body.] 

bod -led, pret. & pa. par. of body, v. (q. v.) 
[Able-bodied.] 

♦bod'-I-kin, s. [Bodkin (q. v.).] 

bod-i-less, a. [Eng. bod(y), and suff. -Zess.] 
Without a body ; having no body ; incorporeal. 

bod-i-li-ness, s. [Eng. bodil(y); -ness.] The 
quality or state of possessing a body. ( Minsheu .) 

bod -f-ly, *bod-I-1I, *bod-y-ly, *bod-i-liche, 
*bod-i-licke, a. & adv. [Eng. body ; -ly.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Of the human or animal body: Pertaining to 
the body ; constituting part of the body; made by 
the body ; affecting the body ; incident to the body. 

IT When the human body is referred to, it is gen¬ 
erally as opposed to the mind. 

“I would not have children much beaten for their 
faults, because I would not have them think bodily pain 
the greatest punishment.”— Locke. 

“ . . . an example of personal courage and of bodily 
exertion.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

2. Gen. Of abody in the sense of anything material: 
Composed of matter; pertaining to matter, or to 
material things ; appreciable to the senses. 

“Whatresemblance could wood or stone bear to a spirit 
void of all sensible qualities, and bodily dimensions?”— 
South. 

3. More fig.: Real, actual, as distinguished from 
what is merely thought or planned. 

“Whatever hath been thought on in this state, 

That could be brought to bodily act, ere Borne 
Had circumvention.” Shakesp.: Coriol., i. 2. 

B. As adverb: 

1. Corporeally, united with matter. 

“It is his human nature, in which the Godhead dwells 
bodily, that is advanced to these honors and to this em¬ 
pire.”— Watts. 

T[ In Col. ii. 9, bodily is the rendering of the Gr. 
somatikbs, which is an adverb. The precise mean¬ 
ing is uncertain ; it may be ( 1 ) corporeaUy, ( 2 ) truly, 
or (3) substantially. 

“ For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead 
bodily."—Colossians ii. 9. 

2. So to act as in some way or other to affect the 
whole body; wholly, completely, entirely; as “. . . 
leaps bodily below.” ( Lowell , in Goodrich <£ Por¬ 
ter.) 

IT So also colloquial phrases like these are used— 
“ The tiger carried off the man bodily," or, “ the 
flood carried away the bridge bodily." 

bod-ing, pr. par. & s. [Bode, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

“Not free from boding thoughts, awhile 
The shepherd stood; . . .” 

Wordsworth: Fidelity. 

“Then darkly the words of the boding strain 
Like an omen rose on his soul again.” 

His mans: Sicord of the Tomb. 

B. As substantive : 

1. Of persons: A foreboding, an expectation, a 
prophecy, a vaticination, a forecast. 

“Say—that his bodings came to pass.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

f2. Of things: An omen, a portent. 

bod-kin (1), *b6d -I-kin, *bod-e-kin, *boy - 
de-kin, ♦bod -y-kin, s. [Wei. bidogan, bidogyn=n 
dagger, a poignard; dimin. of bidog= a banger, a 
bayonet; hence bidogi= to stab, to bayonet, and 
bidogwr, bidogwyr— bayoneteer, cut-throat. In Ir. 
bideog; Gael. biodag=& dirk, a dagger.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of things: 

*(1) Originally: A small dagger. 

“With bodkins was Caesar Julius 
Murder’d at Borne of Brutus Cassius.” 

Chaucer; Cens. Liter., ix. 369, 
“When he himself might his quietus make 
With a bare bodkin.” Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. X. 

Still used in this sense in poetry of an anti¬ 
quarian cast. 

“ Long after rued that bodkin’s point.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, V. 9. 

S Subsequently: _ 

) An instrument wherewith to dress the hair. 

“You took constant care 
The bodkin, comb, and essence to prepare: 

For this your locks in paper durance bound.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, iv. 98. 


(b) A large-eyed and blunt-pointed threading 
instrument for leading a tap'e or cord through a 
hem. 

“Or plung’d in lakes of bitter washes lie, 

Or wedg’d whole ages in a bodkin's eye.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, ii. 128. 

*2. Of persons. (Of the forms bodikin, bodekin, 
boydekin, bodykin ; probably the same word as 
bodkin): Daggers (?). A scurrilous term applied 
to a human being, or a parenthetical exclamation. 

“God’s bodykins, man, much better.”— Shakesp.: Ham. 
let, ii. 2. 

“Bodykins, Master Page, . . .”— Ibid., Merry Wives, 
ii. 3. 

IT Some philologists have resolved the oath God's, 
bodykins into God’s body kin= begotten of God, an 
exclamation cognate with the oath By Jesus or by 
the body of Christ. 

II. Technically: 

1. Printing: A printer’s awl for picking letter* 
out of a column or page in correcting. 

2. Bookbinding : A pointed steel instrument for 
piercing holes, used by bookbinders and others. 

bod'-kln (2). s. [A corruption of baudkin, or 
baudekin (q. v.).] A rich kind of cloth worn in th® 
Middle Ages, the web being gold and the woof silk, 
with embroidery. 

II The word bodkin (2) does not much occur alone j 
it is used chiefly in the expression, “Cloth of bod¬ 
kin." 

“ Or for so many pieces of cloth of bodkin, 

Tissue, gold, silver, &c.” 

Massinger: City Madam, ii. 1. 

b 6 '-dle, fbod-dle, s. [Corrupted from Bothwell, 
an old Scottish mint-master, as other coins were* 
called Atchesons for a similar reason.] 

1. Lit.: A copper coin, of the value of two pennies. 
Scots, or the third of a cent. 

“ So far as I know, the copper coins of twopennies, com¬ 
monly called two-penny pieces, boddles, or turners, began 
to be coined after the Bestoration, in the beginning of 
Charles II.’s reign ; those coined under William and 
Mary are yet current, and our countrymen complain that 
since the union, 1707, the coinage of these was altogether 
laid aside, whereby these old ones being almost consumed, 
there is no small stagnation in the commerce of things of 
low price, and hinderance to the relieving the necessities, 
of the poor.”— Rudd: Introd. Anderson’s Diplom., p. 138. 
(Jamieson.) 

2. Fig. : Anything of little value. 

IT Not to care a bodle corresponds in Scotch to the> 
American phrase, not to care a cent. 

“He cares na’ for that a bodle." — Scott: Waverley, 
ch. xxix. 

“ Fair play, he cared na dells a boddle.” 

Burns: Tam O’ Shunter. 

Bod-lei'-g,n, tBod-ley -an, a. & s. [From Sir 
Thos. Bodley, who was born A. D. 1544, and died 
A. D. 1612.] 

A. As adjective : Pertaining to Sir Thos. Bodley. 

B. As substantive: The library described below. 
(Lit. <& fig.) [Bodleian Library.] 

“ . . . by the gift of many Large-Paper copies, that 
vast submarine Bodleian, which stands in far less risk 
from fire than the insolent Bodleian of the upper world.” 
—De Quincey: Works, 2d ed., i. 145. 

Bodleian or fBodleyan Library, s. A library 
founded at Oxford, England, by Sir Thos. Bodley 
in 1597, who presented to it about $50,000 worth o 
books, and induced others also to become donors to- 
the institution. The library was opened to tlie pub¬ 
lic on November 8,1602. The first stone of a new- 
building to accommodate it was laid on July 10 , 
1610. At present it contains about 300,000 volumes. 
All members of Oxford University who have taken a 
degree are allowed to read in it, as are literary menu 
of all countries. 

♦bod-rage, *bod-rake, s. [Boedrage.] 

♦bod-word, s. [Bodewoed.] (Barbour: The 
Bruce, xv. 423.) 

bod -y, *bod -ye, *bod-Ie, *bod I, s. & a. [ A. S. 

bodig=(l) bigness of stature, ( 2 ) the trunk, chest, 
or parts of it, f(3) the body, the whole man (Scun¬ 
ner) ; O. H. Ger. botach, potach = body; Gael. 
bodhaig=the human body ; compare also budheann 
=a body in the sense of a hoop or band. Hindust. 
badan; Sansc. bandha.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language; 

(i) Lit.: The material framework of man or of 
any of the inferior animals, including the bones, the* 
several organs, the skin, with hair, nails, and other 
appendages. 

“ And that most blessed bodie, which was borne 
Without all blemish or reprochfull blame.” 

Spenser: Hymne of Heavenly Love. 

“All the valiant men arose, and went all night, amt 
took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from tha 
wall . . .”—1 Samuel xxxi. 12. 


bdil, boy; p6ut, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-ciaa, -tian = shgtn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious » shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bel, del- 





*body~bendmg 


552 


boetings 


The following is a list of the quantities of the 
Marions elements found in a human body weighing 
•aleveu stone, or 154 pounds: 

Jbs. oz. grs. 

Oxygen. Ill 0 0 

Hydrogen. 15 0 0 

Carbon. 20 0 0 

Nitrogen. 3 9 0 

Phosphorus. 1 12 190 

Sulphur. 0 2 217 

Calcium. 2 0 0 

Fluorine. 0 2 0 

Chlorine. 0 2 382 

Sodium. 0 2 116 

Iron. 0 0 100 

Potassium. 0 0 290 

Magnesium. 0 0 12 

Silicon. 0 0 2 

The organic, non-metallic, and metallic elements 
-are not found in the body in their pure state, but are 
mixed together, forming the following compounds, 
the aggregate of which, as in the preceding table, 
-amounts to 154 pounds: 

lbs. oz. grs. 


Water .... Ill 0 0 

Gelatine. 15 0 0 

Fat. 12 0 0 

Albumen. 4 3 0 

Fibrine. 4 4 0 

Phosphate of lime. 5 13 0 

Carbonate of lime. 10 0 

Fluoride of calcium. 0 3 0 

Chloride of sodium. 0 3 376 

Chloride of potassium. 0 0 10 

Sulphate of soda. 0 1 170 

Carbonate of soda. 0 1 72 

Phosphate of soda. 0 0 400 

Sulphate of potash. 0 0 400 

Peroxide of iron. 0 0 150 

Phosphate of potash. 0 0 100 

Phosphate of magnesia. 0 0 75 

Silica. 0 0 3 


Out of the body , absent from the bodu: Dead, hav- 
"ing the soul dismissed from the body by death. 

“ . . . to be absent from the body, and to be present 

-with the Lord.”—2 Corinthians v. 8. 

(ii) Figuratively: 

1. Of things: 

(1) Bodily strength or ability. 

“ How he mycht help him, throw body 
Mellyt with hey chewalry.” 

Barbour, x. 516, MS. ( Jamieson .) 

(2) Matter as opposed to spirit, matter as opposed 
to other matter; a material substance; a portion of 
matter ; as, a metallic body, a combustible body. 

“ Even a metalline body, and therefore much more a 
vegetable or animal, may, by fire, be turned into water.” 
—Boyle. 

(3) Substance, essence. 

(a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ ... to hold, as ’twere, the mirror up to nature ; to 
-show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and 
4he very age and body of the time his form and pressure.” 
— Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

(h) Of wine: Strength; as, wine of a good body. 

(c) Substance as opposed to a shadow; reality as 
•opposed to representation. 

“ A shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ.” 
— Col. ii. 17. 

(4) The main portion of anything as distinguished 
from the smaller and detached portions, as the body 
— i. e., the hull of a ship, the body of a coach, of a 
church, of a tree, &c. 

“. . . from whence, by the body of Euphrates, as far as 
it bended westward; and afterward by a branch thereof.” 
— Raleigh. 

"This city has navigable rivers that run up into the 
• fx> dy of Italy; they might supply many countries with 
fish.”— Addison. 

(5) A general collection, a pandect ; as, a body of 
-divinity, a body of the civil law. 

(6) A garment, a vestment. 

"A Body round thy Body, wherein that strange Thee 
of thine sat snug, defying all variations of climate.”— 
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. ix. 

2. Of persons: 

(1) Individually. 

A person, a human being, with no contempt 
indicated. 

If In this sense it is now rarely used, though it 
was once, as an independent word; but it still 
remains in the very common compound terms, any¬ 
body, nobody, somebody, everybody, &c. (q. v.) 

£ Anybody, Somebody, &c.] 

“’Tis a passing shame 
That I, unworthy body as I am, 

Should censure thus on lovely gentlemen.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 2. 

(2) Collectively. 

(a) A corporation; a number of men united by a 
■common tie or organized for some purpose, as for 
deliberation, government, or business. 

“. . . every peer accused of high treason should be 
■tried by the whole body of the peerage.” — Macaulay: 
History England, ch. xviii. 


( b ) A mass of men, even when not so united. 

“. . . life and death have divided between them the 
whole body of mankind.”— Hooker. 

(c) The main part of an army; the center, as dis¬ 
tinguished from the wings, the van-guard, and the 
rear-guard. 

“ The van of the king’s army was led by the general and 
Wilmot; in the body was the king and the prince; and the 
rear consisted of one thousand foot, commanded under 
Colonel Thelwell.”— Clarendon. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between body, corpse, 
and carcase: — “Body, here taken in the improper 
sense for a dead body, ... is applicable to either 
men or brutes, corpse to men only, and carcase to 
brutes only, unless when taken in a contemptuous 
sense. When speaking of any particular person 
who is deceased, we should use the simple term 
body; the body was suffered to lie too long unburied. 
When designating its condition as lifeless, the term 
corpse is preferable; he was taken up as a corpse. 
When designating the body as a lifeless lump sepa¬ 
rated from the soul, it may be characterized (though 
contemptuously) as a carcase; the fowls devour the 
carcase .” {Crabb: EnglishSyn.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Geom.: Any figure having dimensions of length, 
breadth and thickness ; as, a spherical body. 

“ The path of a moving point is a line, that of a geomet¬ 
ric body is another body.” — Weisbach: Trans. ( Goodrich 
& Porter.) 

2. Physics: An aggregate of very small molecules, 
these again being aggregates of still smaller atoms. 
The object of physics is the study of the phenomena 
presented by bodies. ( Ganot: Physics (trans. by 
Atkinson), 5th ed., p. 1 .) 

3. Alchem. PI. ( bodies ): Metallic bodies, metals, 
answering to the celestial bodies— i. e., to the 
planets. They are contradistinguished from spirits 
— i. e., such bodies as can be driven off in vapor; 
four such spirits and seven bodies were recognized. 
(See ex.) 

‘ ‘ I wol you telle as was me taught also 
The foure spiritz, and the bodies seuen 
By ordre, as ofte herd I my lord neuen. 

The firste spirit quyksilver called is; 

The secound orpiment; the thridde I wis 
Sal armoniac, and the ferthe bremstoon. 

The bodies seven, eek, lo hem heer anoon. 

Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe; 

Mars yren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe; 
Saturnus leed, and Jubitur is tyn, 

And Venus coper, by my fader kyn.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, Group C., 819-829. 

*4. Arch.: The old term for what is now generally 
called main or middle aisle of the nave of a church, 
and is perhaps occasionally used for the whole 
nave, including the aisles. 

“And the forsaide Richard sail make the body of the 
Kirke accordaunt of widenes betwene the pilers to the 
quere.”— Contract for Cattericlc Church, p. 9. (Gloss, of 
Her.) 

5. Fortif.: By the body of a place is meant— 

( 1 ) The works next to and surrounding a town, 
in the form of a polygon, regular or irregular. 
{Griffiths.) 

(2) The space inclosed within the interior works 
of a fortification. 

6 . Vehicles: The bed, box, or receptacle for the 
load. 

7. Agricultural Implements: The portion of an 
instrument, a plow for example, engaged iu the 
active work. 

8 . Printing: The shank of a type, indicating size, 
as agate face on nonpareil body. {Knight.) 

9. Music: (1) The resonance box of a stringed 
instrument, ( 2 ) the part of a wind instrument which 
remains after the removal of mouthpiece, crooks 
and bell. {Stainer & Barrett.) 

10. Painting: Consistency, thickness. 

If To bear a body: A term used of colors which 
can be ground so fine and so thoroughly mixed with 
oil that they seem a colored oil rather than color to 
which oil has been added. 

11. Law: 

(1) Of things: The main part of an instrument as 
distinguished from the introduction and signature. 
{Wharton.) 

(2) Of persons: The person ordered to be brought 
up under a habeas corpus act. ( Wharton.) 

B. ds adjective: Designed for the body; as, body- 
clothes; personal, as, a body-servant ; in any other 
way pertaining or relating to the body. (See the 
compound words.) 

body-bending, a. Bending the body. (Used of 
toil.) 

“With the gross aims and body-bending toil 
Of a poor brotherhood who walk the earth 
Pitied, and, where they are not known, despised.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

body-clothes, *body cloaths.s.ph Clothing for 
the body. (Used more of cloths, rugs, or anything 
similar cast over or wrapped around horses, than 
of vestments for human beings.) 


‘I am informed that several asses are kept in body, 
cloaths, and sweated every morning upon the heath.”— 

Addison. 

body-colors, s. pi. Colors which have “ body,” 
thickness, or consistency, as distinguished front 
tints or washes. {Ogilvie.) 

body-heart, s. [Heabt. (Her.)] 
body-hoop, s. 

Naut.: The bands of a built mast. 

body-loop, s. 

Vehicles: An iron bracket or strap by which the 
body is supported upon the spring bar. 
body-plan, s. 

Shipbuilding: An end elevation, showing the 
water-lines, buttock and bow lines, diagonal lines, 
&c. 

body politic, s. 

1 . The collective body of a nation under civil 
government. As the persons who compose the body 
politic so associate themselves, they take collect¬ 
ively the name of people or nation. {Bouvier.) 
{Goodrich dt Porter.) 

“‘The Soul Politic having departed,’ says Teufels- 
drockh, ‘what can follow but tnat the Body Politic he 
decently interred, to avoid putrescence?”’— Carlyle: 
Sartor Resartus: bk. iii., ch. v. 

2. A corporation. {Wharton.) 
body-post, s. 

Shipbuilding: The post at the forward end of the 
opening in the dead-wood, in which the screw 
rotates. 

body-servant, s. A valet. 

“The laird’s servant—that’s no to say his body-servant, 
but the helper like—rade express by this e’en tc fetch the 
houdie.”— Scott: Guy Bannering, ch. i. {Jamieson.) 

body-snatcher, s. One who snatches or steals 
a body from a graveyard for thepurpose of dissect¬ 
ing it, or selling it to those who will do so. 

body-snatching, s. The act of stealing a body 
from a graveyard for the purpose of dissection. 
Now that the prejudice against allowing corpses 
to be anatomized has all but passed away, body- 
snatching is a nearly extinct offense. 

body-type, s. The class of type used on book 
and newspaper work, 
body-whorl, s. 

Conchol.: The last turn of the shell of a Gastero- 
pod. 

bod -y (pret. bodied), v. t. [From body, s. (q. v.)] 

1. To clothe with a body, to assume a body. 
(Used reflexively of a spirit or any similar entity.) 

“For the spiritual will always body itself forth in the 
temporal history of men; the spiritual is the beginning 
of the temporal.”— Carlyle: Heroes, lect. iv. 

2. Mentally to give “ body.” or a nearer approach 
to substantiality, to some airy conception. 

“As imagination bodies forth 
The forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen 
Turns them to shapes.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Nighfs Dream, v. 1» 

3. To trace out, to image forth, to foreshadow. 

“ Of many changes, aptly join’d, 

Is bodied forth the second whole.” 

Tennyson: Works (Strahan, 1872), vol. i., p. 269. 
bod'-y-guard (u silent), s. [Eng. body; guard.) 
A guard of soldiers or other armed men, whoso office 
it is to protect and defend the person of a sover¬ 
eign, a prince, a general, or a similar dignitary. 

“. . the drawn swords and cuirasses of his trusty body¬ 

guards encompassed him thick on evei-y side.”— Macaul., 
Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

Boeh-me -ri-a, s. [After Boehmer, German nat¬ 
uralist.] A large genus of plants resembling ibe 
common nettle, growing chiefly in India, 4 iiii.a, 
Siam, etc. 

Bce-o' tian (tian as sb 3 . 11 ), a. [From Bveotiam 
See def. 1.] 

1 . Geog.: Pertaining to Boeotia, a country of 
ancient Greece, west and north of Attica. Its 
atmosphere was thick, which was held to make the 
inhabitants stupid. Nevertheless, the region pro¬ 
duced the great military generals Epaminondas and 
Pelopidas, the historian Plutarch, and the poets 
Hesiod and Pindar. 

2. Fig.: Stupid, dull in intellect. 

Boer (bfir), s. [South African Dutch=farmer.] 
Any one of the descendants of the Dutch colonists 
who settled at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. In 
1836 most of the Boers migrated northward and 
founded the Orange Free State and the South Afri¬ 
can Republic, or Transvaal. 

*boet -Ings, *buit -mgs, s. [O. Eng. boet, buit— 
Eng. boot, and dimin. suff. -ing.~\ Half-boots, or 
leathern spatterdashes. 

“ Thou bring’st the Carrik clay to Edinburgh cross. 
Upon thy boetings hobbland hard as horn.” 

Dunbar: Evergreen, ii. 58 ; also 59, st. 22. {Jamieson.) 


Tate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt, 
or, wore, wplf, work, wh6, s5n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce-e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



































toofet 


553 


boggy 


*bof-et, s. [Boffet, Buffet.] 

*bof-et'-ynge, s. [Buffeting.] 

*faof"-fet, *bof-fete, *bof-et, s. [Buffet.] 

{Prompt. Parv .) 

boffet stole, s. [Buffet-stool.] 

*bofte, *bi-hofte, s. [From A. S. behdfian—to 
behove.] [Behoof.] Behoof. 

“ And to min louerdes bofte bi-cranen j 
For kindes 1 uue he was hire hold.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1,388-9. 
*bog, a. [The same as Big (q. v.).] Big, tumid, 
swelling, proud. 

“ The thought of this should cause the jollity of thy 
spirit to quail, and thy boy and bold heart to be abashed.’ 
— Rogers.- Naaman the Syrian, p. 18. (Trench • On some 
V>ef. in our Eng. Diet., p. 14.) 

bog ( 1 ), *bogg, s. & a. [In Ir. boglach, bogach —a 
bog, a moor, a marsh; Gael. boglach=& marsh, a 
quagmire, any place where a beast is apt to stick 
fast; bogaich — to moisten, to soften, from bog— 
soft, miry, moist, damp; lr. 603 —soft, tender, pene¬ 
trable.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A moss, a morass, a quagmire. 

(1) As a common noun. 

“ Birkin bewis, about boggis and wellis.” 

Gawan and Got., i. 3. 

“ A gulf profound ! as that Serbonian bog. 

Betwixt Damiata and Mount Casius old, 

Where armies whole have sunk.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. ii. 

“ . . . in order to obtain the applause of the Kappa- 
fees of the Bog of Allen.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

(2) As a noun of multitude. 

“ Everything else was rock, bog and moor.”— Macaulay 1 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. Fig.: Anything in which one is apt to sink 
hopelessly bemired. 

“ And thine was smother’d in the stench and fog 
Of Tiber’s marshes and the papal bog.” 

Cowper. Expostulation. 

“He walks upon bogs and whirlpools; wheresoever he 
treads he sinks.”— South. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Growing in bogs; as, bog-asphodel, bog-rush. 

2. Living in bogs ; as, bog-bumper. 

bog-asphodel, s. 

Bot.: The English name of a plant genus, the Nar- 
thecium, and specially of the N. ossifragum, or 
Lancashire Bog-asphodel. It belongs to the order 
Juncacete (Rushes). It has a yellow-colored peri¬ 
anth, which distinguishes it from ordinary rushes. 
The leaves are all radical. It is frequent in bogs, 
on moors and mountains. [Narthecium.] 
bog-bean, s. A name for the botanical genus 
Menyanthes, more commonly called Buckbean 
(q. v.). 

bog-berry, s. 

Bot.: A name for the Cranberry (Vaccinium oxy - 
coccus ). 

bog-blaeberry, s. The same as the Blueberry 
( q. v.). (Rural Cyclopaedia; Britten & Holland.) 

bog-blitter, s. The Bittern (Botaurus stellaris .) 
(Scotch.) 

bog-bumper, s. A name for the Bittern, 
bog-butter, s. 

Min.: The same as Butyrellite (q. v.). 
bog-cutting, a. Cutting, or designed to cut, 
through a bog. 

Bog-cutting plow: 

Agric. cfc Hortic.: An instrument for cutting and 
turning up boggy or peaty soil for fuel or chemical 
uses. 

bog-earth, s. The kind of earth or mud depos¬ 
ited by bogs over an impervious subsoil. It consists 
ctuefly of silica, with about twenty-five per cent 
of decomposed and decomposing vegetable fiber. 
Gardeners in this country highly prize it, especially 
for the culture of native plants. 

bog-featherfoil, s. [Eng. feather, and O. Eng. 
foil; Fr . feuille; from Lat./olmm=loaf. So named 
from its feathery leaves.] 

Bot.: A book-name for a primulaceous plant, the 
Water-violet (Hottonia palustris.) 

bog-gled, s. A bird, the Moor Buzzard (Buteo 
oeruginosus). 

bog-hay, s. Meadow hay; hay which grows nat¬ 
urally in meadows. 

“Meadow hay, or, as it is termed in Renfrewshire, bog. 
hay, . . . ”— Wilson: Renf., p. 112. 
fbog-house, s. A house of office, a privy, 
bog iron-ore, bog-ore, s. 

Mineralogy: 

1. A variety of Limonite. It occurs in a loose 
and porous state in marshy places, often inclosing 
wood, leaves, nuts, &c., in a semi-fossilized state. 

2. A variety of Limnite. 


bog-jumper, bog jumper, s. The Bittern (.Bo¬ 
taurus stellaris). (Scotch.) 

bog-land, bog land, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: Land or a country which is 
boggy. 

B. As adjective: Living in or belonging to a 
marshy country. 

“ Men without heads and women without hose. 

Each bring his love a bog-land captive home.” 

Dryden: Prol. to the Prophetess. 

bog-manganese, s. 

Min.: A variety of Wad (q. v.). It consists of 
oxide of manganese and water, often with lesser 
amounts of oxide of iron, silica, alumina, &c. Gro- 
roilite and Reissacherite are sub-varieties of it. 

bog-moss, s. A common book-name for various 
species of Sphagnum. (Prior; Britten db Hol¬ 
land.) 

bog-myrtle, bog myrtle, s. 

Bot.: A name for the Sweet Gale or Dutch Myrtle 
( Myrica gale). Though fragrant like the Myrtle, it 
has no real affinity to it. [Gale, Myrtle.] 

bog-nut, s. 

Bot.: The Buckbean, or Marsh Trefoil ( Meny- 
anthes trifoliata). 

bog-oak, s. Oak timber from a bog. 
bog-orchis, s. 

Bot.: The English name of the orchideous genus 
Malaxis, and specially of the single British species, 
M. paludosa. It is a small plant, from two to four 
inches high, with minute erect greenish spikes of 
flowers. It lives in spongy bogs, flowering from July 
to September. 

bog-ore, s. [Bog Iron-ore.] 
bog-pimpernel, bog pimpernel, s. 

Bot.: A species of Pimpernel, Anagallis tenella. 
It is found in bogs, and not like its congener, the 
Scarlet Pimpernel (A.arvensis), in corn-fields. It is 
a small creeping plant with rose-colored flowers. 

bog-rush, s. 

1. Bot.: An English book-name for Schcenus, a 

f renus of the order Cyperacese (Sedges). As now 
imited it contains only the Black Bog-rush, a plant 
found on wet moors, and recognizable on account of 
its dark brown, nay, almost black, heads of flowers. 

2. Ornith.: A species of warbler about the size of 
a wren. 

bog-spavin, s. 

Far.: An encysted tumor filled with gelatinous 
matter inside the hough [hock] of a horse. ( White.) 

bog-stalker, s. An idle and stupid vagrant. 
(Scotch.) 

“ William’s a wise, judicious lad. 

Has harms mair than e’er ye had, 

Ill-bred bog-stalker.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 338. (Jamieson.) 

IT To stand like a bog-stalker; to look like a bog- 
stalker: To stand or look as if perplexed, as one 
seeking the eggs of certain birds in boggy ground 
requires to look anxiously where he puts his foot in 
the treacherous quagmire. 

bog-tract, s. A tract or expanse of land abound¬ 
ing in bogs. 

“. . . the vast moorlands and bog-tracts of West 
Hants and Dorset . . .”— Hooker & Arnott: Brit. Flor., 

7th ed. (1855), p. 418. 

bog-violet, bog violet, s. 

Bot.: A name for the Common Butterwort (Pin- 
guicula vulgaris). 

bog-whortleberry, bog-whort, s. 

Bot.: The Great Bilberry( Vaccinium uliginosum). 
[Whortleberry, Vaccinium.] 

*bog(2),.s. [A. S. boga=(t) a bow, an arch, (2) 
anything that bends.] A bough. 

“The seuendai eft ut it tog, 

And brogt a grene oliues bog.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 607-8. 

bog, v. t. & i. [From bog (1), s. (q. v.) ] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To plunge into a bog. 

“ Of Middleton’s horse three hundred were taken, and 
one hundred were bogged.” — Whitelock: Mem. (1682), p. 
680. 

2. Fig.: To cause to sink into contempt or ob¬ 
livion. 

“’Twas time; his invention had been bogg’d else.” 

Ben Jonson: Every Man out of his Humor. 

B. Intrans.: To be bemired; to stick in marshy 
ground. 

“ That . . . his horse bogged; that the deponent 
helped some others to take the horse out of the bogg.”— 
Trials of the Sons of Rob Roy, p. 120. ( Jamieson. ) 


*boge, s. [A. S. 603 a -a bow.] A bow. 

“ Lamech with wrethe is knape nam, 

Vn-bente is boge, and bet, and slog.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 482-3. 

bo -gey, bd’-gy, s. [Cognate with boggart and 
bogle, s. (q v.)] A bugbear; anything designed to 
frighten. 

“I am Bogey, and I frighten every body away.”— 

Thackeray. 

There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing 
bogy in the history of nations.”— C. Kingsley. 

*bo-geys-liche, *bog-gysche-ly, adv. [Prob¬ 
ably from the same root as bulge. Cf. Gael, bulgaph 
= protuberant. It is, therefore, connected with 
bag.) In a boasting, boisterous, or bold manner. 

“ ... & bogeysliche as a boye • busked to tha 
kychene.”— William of Paleme (ed. Skeat), 1707. 

bog'-gart, s. [The same as O. Eng. bug-word— 
a terrifying word. In North of England boggart 
=a specter; from Wei. bwgbwgan, bwgan, bwganodk 
—a hobgoblin, a bugbear.] [Boqey, Bug-word.] 
A bugbear. (Scotch,) 

“It is not as men saye, to wit, Hell is but a boggarde 
to scarre children onelie.”— Rolloclc: On the Passion t p* 
132. 

*bog-gisshe, *bog'-gysche, *bag -gysch-yn, a. 
[From bag, and suff. -isA.] Inflated like a bag, 
(Used chiefly in a fig. sense = tumid, proud.) 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

bog’-gle, *bO'-gle, v. i. [Probably from Prov 

Eng. boggle =Scotch bogle (q. v.). See also boggar ; 
and bogie.) 

I. Lit. : To shrink back, or to hesitate to move 
forward along a road on account of real or appre¬ 
hended dangers in the way. 

“ We start and boggle at every unusual appearance, and 
cannot endure the sight of the bugbear.”— Glanville. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. To shrink back, in a figurative sense, from any 
danger or difficulty; to be timid about moving 
forward. 

“ he bogling at them at first.”— Woods Athenos 

Oxon. 

“ Nature, that rude, and in her first essay. 

Stood boggling at the roughness of the way; 

Us’d to the road, unknowing to return, 

Goes boldly on, and loves the path when worn.” 

Dryden. 

2. To hesitate or doubt what conclusion to com® 
to in a matter of doubt presented to the judgment. 

“And never boggle to restore 
The members you deliver o’er. 

Upon demand.” Hudibras. 

“ The well-shaped changeling is a man that has a. 
rational soul, say you. Make the ears a little longer and 
more pointed, and the nose a little flatter than ordinary, 
and then you begin to boggle.” — Locke. 

*3. To dissemble, to play the hypocrite. 

“ When summoned to his last end it was no time to bog¬ 
gle with the world.”— Howel. 
bog'-gle, s. [Bogle.] (Scotch and Prov. Eng.) 
bog'-gled, pa. par. & a. [Boggle, v.] 
fbog'-gler, s. [Eng. boggle , v., and suffix -er.] 

1. Lit. : One who boggles, one who is easily terri¬ 
fied by imaginary or real dangers or perplexed by 
difficulties. 

2. Fig. : A woman who swerves from the path ot 
virtue and becomes bemired in vice. 

“Youhave been a boggier ever: 

But when we in our viciousness grow hard— 

O misery on’t!—the wise gods seal our eyes.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 13. 

bog-gllng, pr. par. [Boggle, v. (q. v.) ] 
*bog-glish, a. [Eng. boggl(e); - ish .] Obliged 
to turn aside when difficulty presents itself. 

“ What wise man or woman doth not know that nothing 
is more sly, touchy, and bogglish, nothing more violent, 
rash, and various, than that opinion, prejudice, passion^ 
and superstition of the many, or common people?”— Bp. 
Taylor: Artif. Handsomeness, p. 172. 

bog'-gly, bog'-ll-ly, *bog’-lle, a. [Scotch 
bogle; and suffix - y .] infested with hobgoblins. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . , . down the boglie causie.” 

Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 94. 

“. . . alone in a boggly glen on a sweet summer’s 
night.”— Blackw. Mag., Aug., 1820, p. 615. (Jamieson.) 

*bogg-sclent, v. i. [From Eng. bog, and Scotch 
sklent— to slant (?).] To avoid action Dy slanting or 
striking off obliquely into a bog in the day of battle. 
“Some lodg’d in pockets, foot, and horse, 

Yet still bogg-sclented when they yoocked.” 

Colvil: Mock Poem, pt. i., p. 84. {Jamieson.) 
bog -gy, a. [Eng. bog; -y.) Pertaining to a bog, 
containing a bog or bogs. 

“Quench’d in a boggy syrtis, neither sea, 

Nor good dry land: nigh founder’d, on he fares.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. ii. 


bdll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, $hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deb 




boggysche 

“•toog'-gfsche, a. [Boggisshe.] 

*bog -gysche-l$f, s. [Bogeysliche.] Tumidly, 
(proudly. 

“ Boggyschely. Tumide." — Prompt. Parv. 

*bOgh, v. i. [A. S. bugan— to bow.] To bow. 

4Cursor Mundi, 307.) 

*bOgh, s. [Bough.] {Cursor Mundi, 314.) 

♦boghe, s. [A. S. boga= a bow.] A bow. 
*boghe-draghte, s. Bow-shot. 

“With strengths thay reculede that host a-hak, more 
than a boghe-draghte.” — Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 3040. 

*boghe-Schot, s. Bow-shot. ( Sir Ferumb., ed. 
Herrtage, 90.) 

♦bog-here, s. [Bowyer, Boghien, Bow, v.] 
*boght (l),pret. ofv. [Buy.] Bought. 

“ Lavyne, and thou Lucresse of Borne tonne. 

And Polixene, that boghten love so dere.” 

Chaucer: Prologue to Legende of Coode Women. 

*bOght (2), pret. ofv. [Bow, v.] Stooped, bent. 

“ A boght adoun on that tyde, and caught hym by the 
enoute, and cast him on the ryuer vnryde, and folghede 
tho forth the route.”— Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 1760, 

1761. 

*boght, s. [Bight.] 

bo'-gie, bo-gy, s. & a. [Probably a different 
spelling of bogey (q. v.).] Local, N. of Eng. and 
Scotland. 

A. As subst. Steam-engine: A'four-wheelod truck 
supporting the fore-part of a locomotive. The same 
as bogie-frame (q. v.). 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to such an engine, or any¬ 
thing similar. 

bogie-engine, s. 

Steam-engine: A locomotive-engine employed at a 
railroad station in moving cars and making up 
trains. The driving-wheels and cylinders are on a 
truck, which is free to turn on a center-pin. [Bogie- 
fbame.] 

bogie-frame, s. 

Railroad-engineering: A four-wheeled truck turn¬ 
ing on a pivoted. center, for supporting the front 
part of a locomotive-engine. 

*bo -gill-bo, s. [Bogle-bo.] 

bo'-gle, bo'-gill, bu -gil (Scotch), s. [From Wei. 

■ by gel, bygelydd=& bugbear, a scarecrow, a hobgob¬ 
lin. Compare also bygylu—to threaten; bugad= 
confused noise.] [Boggle, Bugbear.] 

I. Of the forms bogle, bogill, and bugil ( Scotch) : 

1. Of beings: 

(1) A hobgoblin, a specter. (Scotch.) 

“ Ghaist nor bogle shalt thou fear.”— Burns. 

(2) Anything designed to frighten. 

(3) A scarecrow, a bugbear; anything which 
frightens, or is at least designed to frighten. 

“ The leaf blenkis of that bugil fra his bleirit eyne, 

As Belzebub had on me blent, abasit my spreit.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems. 

2. Of things, abstract conceptions, &c.: A play of 
children or young people, in which one hunts the 
rest around the stacks of corn in a farmyard. 
Hence it is sometimes called bogill about the stacks. 

“At e’en at the gloaming nae swankies are roaming 
’Mong stacks with the lassies at bogle to play.” 

Ritson: Songs, ii. 8. (Jamieson.) 

IT Bogle about the bush: 

1. Lit.: To chase a number of other children 
round a bush. [Bogey.] 

2. Fig.: To circumvent. 

“ I played at bogle about the bush wi’ them; I cajoled 
them.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. Ixx. 

bo’-gle, v. t. [From bogle, s. Compare also Wei. 
stiygylu=to threaten; bwgivth— to threaten, to scare, 
to terrify.] 
fl. To terrify. 

2. To enchant. 

“. . . that you may not think to bogle ns with beau¬ 
tiful and blazing words . . .’’—McWard. Contendings. 

bo -gle-bo, *bd'-gill-b6, s. [According to War- 
ton, Boh was the son of Odin, and one of the most 
formidable Gothic generals, whose very name was a 
terror. More probably from Wei. bo— a bugbear, a 
scarecrow.] 

1. A hobgoblin, a specter. 

“Has some bogle-bo 

Glowrin frae many auld waurs gi’en ye a fleg?" 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 4. 

2. A petted humor. 

“Quhat reek to tak the bogill-bo 
My bonie burd for ane’6.” 

Philotus: S. P. R., iii. 15. 

1[ According to Skinner, used in Lincolnshire to 
mean a scarecrow. 


554 

*bog-i>'-ger, s. [From bog, and hogers = stock¬ 
ings^).] An article of dress of little value worn 
when one is engaged in work likely to injure good 
clothes. 

“If ye bot saw me in this winter win 
With old bogogers, botching on a sped 
Draiglet in dirt . . .” 

Montgomery: Poems, p. 96. 

Bo-go-mil-i-an (bo-go-mi -le§, s. pi.), a. & s. 
[From Moesian Sclav. bogomilus=one who implores 
the Divine mercy .which the founder of the sect, 
described under B., and his followers constantly 
did.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the sect described 
under B. 

“ The Bogomilian sect, that strange renaissance of 
dualism .”—Canon Liddon: The Slavs, December 8, 1876. 

B. As substantive. Ch. Hist.: A Sclavonic Chris¬ 
tian sect, founded in the twelfth century by a monk 
called Basil. His tenets were akin to those of the 
Manicheans and of the Gnostics. He believed that 
the human body was created not by God, but by a 
demon whom God had cast from heaven. Basil was 
burnt alive at Constantinople, for his tenets, under 
the Emperor Alexius Comnenus. (Mosheim: Ch. 
Hist., cent, xii., pt. ii., ch. v., §2.) 

*bOgt, pret. of v. [Bought. A. S. bdhte. See 
also Buy.] Bought. 

“ So michel fe thor is hem told, 

He hauen him bogt, he hauen sold.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Skeat), 1,993-4. 
bog-trot ter, s. [Eng. bog; trotter= one who 
trots.] 

1. Gen.: A contemptuous appellation for an Irish¬ 
man, as inhabiting a country with many bogs to be 
traversed. 

“. . . and two Irishmen, or, in the phrase of the 
newspapers of that day, bogtrotters, . . .”— Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., oh. xxii. 

2. Spec.: An Irish secret society. 

“ While in Ireland, which, as mentioned, is their grand 
parent hive, they go by a perplexing multiplicity of 
designations, such as Bogtrotters, Kedshanks, Kibbonmen, 
Cottiers, Peep-of-Day Boys, Babes of the Wood, Kockites, 
Poor-slaves.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. x. 

b 5 '-gus, a. [Etymology doubtful.] Sham, coun¬ 
terfeit. A cant term first applied to com, now to 
anything spurious, as bogus degrees, bogus money, a 
bogus suicide. 

bog’-wpod, s. [Eng. bog; wood .] W T ood taken 
from a bog. 

“ A piece of lighted bog-wood which he carried in a 
lantern.”— Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (1828), iii. 107. 

bog-wort, s. [Eng. bog, and suff. - wort .] The 
same as Bog-berry (q. v.). 
bo’-g^ (1), s. [Bogey.] 

*bo-gy (2), s. A kind of fur. [Budge.] 

*bOh$he, s. [Botch.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
bo-hea, s. & a. [From Wui, pronounced by the 
Chinese Bui, the name of the hills where this kind 
of tea is grown.] A kind of tea. 

A. As substantive: 

*1. Originally: Any kind of black tea, the assump¬ 
tion being made that it came from the Wui hills in 
China, or their vicinity. Green tea was distin¬ 
guished as hyson. Perhaps in the poetic examples 
bohea may mean tea in general. 

“As some frail cup of China’s fairest mold 
The tumults of the boiling bohea braves, 

And holds secure the coffee’s sable waves.” 

Tickell. 

“ To part her time ’twixt reading and bohea. 

To muse, and spill her solitary tea. 

Pope: Epistle to Mrs. Blunt, 15, 16. 

2. Spec.: A designation given to a particular kind 
or quality of black tea. Nearly all the bohea im¬ 
ported comes from the upland parts of the province 
of Fokien, the remainder being grown in Woping, a 
district of the Canton province. Of the black teas, 
bohea is the least valuable in quality, the order 
in the ascending scale being bohea, congou, sou¬ 
chong and pekoe. Part of the bohea sold consists 
of the fourth crop of the Fokien teas left unsold in 
the market of Canton after the season of exporta¬ 
tion has passed. Its color is brown, the make 
rather ragged and irregular, and the flavor coarse. 

“. . . to export European commodities to the coun¬ 
tries beyond the Cape, and to bring back shawls, saltpeter, 
and bohea to England.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

B. As adjective: Growing in Wui, brought from 
Wui (see etymology) ; consisting of, or in any way 
pertaining to, the tea described under B. 

“ Coarse pewter, consisting chiefly of lead, is part of 
the bales in which bohea tea was brought from China.”— 
Woodward. 

Bo-he -mi~3.il, a. & s. [Eng. Bohemi(a) ; -an.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or belonging to or 
brought from Bohemia (in Ger. BOhmen) , an old 
kingdom now merged in the Austrian empire. Its 


boil 

present limits are from latitude 48° 33' to 51° 3' N.,, 
and from longitude 12° to 16° 46'. It is a saucer-like 
plateau, surrounded by mountains. 

B. As substantive: 

1. A native of Bohemia.. 

2. A literary man, artist or actor, who ignores 
conventionalities. The French speak of the Vie de 
Boheme, and in most European languages the word 
has a similar meaning. 

Bohemian chatterer, s. 

Ornith.: A bird, Ampelis garrula. The same as 
Bohemian Waxwing (q. v.). [Ampelis, Chat¬ 
terer.] 

Bohemian garnet, s. 

Min.: Pyrope, a varietyjof Garnet (q. v.). 
Bohemian glass, s. 

Glass manuf.: A clear crown glass, a silicate of 
potash and lime, a little of the silicate of alumina 
being substituted for the oxide of lead. The silica 
for this glass is obtained by pounding white quartz. 

Bohemian waxwing, s. 

Ornith.: A bird, Ampelis or Bombycilla garrula. 
It is called also the Bohemian Chatterer. In the 
male the chin, the throat, and a band over the eye 
are velvety-black, the forehead reddish-brown, the 
erectile crest reddish-chestnut, the upper parts 
purplish-red, brown and ash-colored, the lower 
parts purplish-ash and brownish-red, the vent and 
tail coverts yellow. Thewingsare black and w hite, 
with a yellow spot, and have seven or eight of the 
secondary feathers tipped with small, oval, flattish 
appendages like sealing-wax. The female is less 
bright in colors. Length, about eight inches. It 
visits the north of Europe in flocks in winter, eating 
berries, insects when it can obtain them, and indeed 
almost all sorts of food.. It is not specially common 
in Bohemia. Its breeding-place is not completely 
known. [Ampelis, Bombycilla, Chatterer, Wax¬ 
wing.] 

b(u -ar, s. [Boyar.] 
bdi-ar-in, s. [Boyar.] 

In Russia: A gentleman; a person of distinction; 
the master of a family. 

*bd -i$he, s. [Botch.] (Scotch.) (Aberd. Reg., 
A., 1,534, v. 16.) (Jamieson.) 
bo’-I-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. boa (q.v.).] 

ZoOl.: A family of Ophidise (Serpents) belonging 
to the sub-order Colubrina. They have no poison 
fangs. They have the rudiments of hind limbs. 
The chief genera are Boa, Python, and Eryx (q. v.). 
*b6ie, s. [Boy.] 

bo -i-ga, s. [From a Bornean language.] 

ZoOl.: A small tree serpent, Ahcetulla liocerus, 
from Borneo. 

bo-i-gua-cd, s. [From anAmerican Indian lan¬ 
guage or dialect.] 

Zobl.: The true Boa Constrictor (q. v.). 
bo'- 1 -kin (1), s. [Etymology doubtful.] The 
piece of beef called the brisket. (Jamieson.) 
bo-i-kin (2),s. The same as bodkin, Eng. (q.v.) 

bfiil, *b<5yl, *b 6 ir-en, *b<5y-lfn, *bul’-lyn, 

v. i. & t. [In Fr. bouillir; Prov.& Sp. bullir; Ital. 
bollire; from Lat. bullo, bullio=to be in bubbling 
motion, to bubble, to be in a state of ebullition (in 
imitation of the sound of a boiling liquid). Com¬ 
pare A. S. weallan— to spring up, to boil.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. Of liquids: 

(1) To effervesce, to bubble up, as takes place 
when water or other liquid reaches what is called 
the boiling point. [Bolling Point.] 

“ The formation and successive condensation of these 
first bubbles occasion the singing noticed in liquids 
before they beg into boil.” — Ganot: Physics (trans. by 
Atkinson), 3d ed., p. 267. 

(2) To be agitated and send forth bubbles, the 
cause being mechanical agitation, as of the sea by 
the wind, and not great heat. 

“ He [leviathan] maketh the deep to boil like a pot; he 
maketh the sea like a pot of ointment.”— Job xli. 31. 

“In descending it may be made to assume various 
forms—to fall in cascades, to spurt in fountains, to boil 
in eddies, or to flow tranquilly along a uniform bed.”— 
Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., xiv. 438. 

2. Of anything placed in a liquid: To be for a 
certain time in a liquid in the state of efferves¬ 
cence through the application of great heat. 

“Fillet of a fenny snake, 

In the caldron boil and bake.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 1. 

3. Of a vessel containing a liquid: To have within 
it water which has reached the point of ebullition. 

“The kettle boil'd . . 

Cunningham■: The Broken China. 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr^, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



boil 


555 


boisterous 


II. Fig. Of human passions: To be intensely hot 
4 or fervent-or temporarily effervescent. [See exam¬ 
ple under Boiling, pr. par. & a.] 

B. Transitive: 

1. Of liquids: To cause to bubble and rise to a 
^certain point of the thermometer [Boiling Point] 
By the application of heat. 

2. Of things in such a liquid: 

(1) Strictly: To subject to the action of heat in 
-a liquid raised to the point of ebullition, with the 
•view of cooking, or for any other purpose; to seethe. 

“ In eggs boiled and roasted, into which the water enter- 
«th not at all, there is scarce any difference to be dis¬ 
cerned.”- Bacon. 

( 2 ) More loosely: To subject to the action of a 
liquid heated to a less extent. 

"To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense cannot 
inform; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will 
■eprout sooner.”— Bacon. 

(3) To separate by evaporation; as, to boil sugar. 

C. In special compound verbs. To boil over , v. i.: 

1. Lit. Of liquids: So to expand through the in¬ 
fluence of heat as to become too large for the vessel 
or other cavity in which it is contained, and in fact 
-escape over the margin or brim. 

"This hollow was a vast caldron, filled with melted 
matter, which, as it boiled over in any part, ran down the 
-sides of the mountain.”— Addison: On Italy. 

2. Fig.: To be effusive in the manifestation of 
affection or other passion. 

“A few soft words and a kiss, and the good man melts: 
-®ee how nature works and boils over in him.”— Congreve. 

bdil (1), *blle, *bule, s. [A. S. bijl= a boil, blotch, 
-sore ( Bosworth )Icel. bdla; Sw. bolde; Dan. byld; 
Ger. beule.] [Beal, Bile.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The disease described under II. 1. Med. 

“ Roynouse scabbes, 

Buies and blotches, and brennyng aguwes, 
Frenesyes and foul eviles.” Piers Plowman. 
"But houndis camen and lickiden hise biles.” — Luke 

a vi 20. 

“ Boils and plagues 
Plaster you o’er.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 4. 

2. Fig.: One who is a morally offensive spectacle. 

“ . . . thou art a boil, 

A plague-sore.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 4. 

II. Technically: 

1. Med.: A disease called by medical men furun- 
■culus (q. v.). It is a phlegmonous tumor, which 
irises externally, attended with redness and pain, 
■and sometimes with a violent, burning heat. Ulti¬ 
mately it becomes pointed, breaks, and emits pus. 
-A substance called the core is next revealed. It is 
purulent, but so thick and tenacious that it looks 
solid, and may be drawn out in the form of a 
-cylinder, more pus following. The boil then heals. 

IT A blind boil is one which does not suppurate. 

2. The boil of Scripture : Heb. shechin seems to be 
msed for two or three diseases: 

(1) In Exod. ix. 9,10,11; Lev. xiii. 18, it may be 
an inflamed ulcer. 

(2) In 2 Kings xx. 7, and Isaiah xxxviii. 21, it may 
•be carbuncle, or the bubo of the plague. 

(3) In Job ii. 7, it may be black leprosy. 

If In Deut. xxviii. 27, 35, the same word Heb. 
shechin occurs, though translated botch. 

“The flesh riro, in which, even in the skin thereof, was 
,» boil, and is healed. And in the place of the boil there 
be a white rising, . . ”— Leviticus xiii. 18, 19. 

bdil(2),s. [From boil, v. (q. v.)] (Scotch.) The 
-state of boiling. 

" Bring your copper by degrees to a boil . . .”— Max¬ 
well: Sel. Trans., p. 372. ( Jamieson .) 

If At the boil: Nearly boiling, 
btfil'-g-r-y, s. [Eng 
’Water arising from a sal 
•who is not the owner of 
bailed, *b<5yld, pa. par. & a. [Boil, v. f.] 
bfiil'-er, s. & a. [Eng. boil; -er.J 

A. As substantive: 

1 . Of persons: One who boils anything; spec., one 
whose occupation is to do so. 

“ That such alterations of terrestrial matter are not 
impossible, seems evident from that notable practice of 
the boilers of saltpeter.”— Boyle. 

2. Of things: A vessel in which water or other 
liquid or any solid is boiled. 

“ This coffee-room is much frequented; and there are 
•generally several pots and boilers before the fire.”— 
Woodward. 

II. Technically: 

Pneum.: A vessel in which liquid is boiled. 

If Most kinds have separate names. Various 
household boilers are called kettles, saucepans and 
idothes-boilers; one for raising steam, a steam- 


. boil: -ary.) [Boilery.] 
t well belonging to a person 
the soil. 


generator; one for dyeing, a copper; one used in 
sugar-refining, a pan ; one for distillation, a still; 
one for chemical purposes, a retort or an alembic; 
one for reducing lard and tallow, a digester, or, in 
some cases, a tank. 

B. As adjective: Designed for a boiler, or in any 
other way pertaining to a boiler. (See the com¬ 
pounds which follow.) 

boiler-alarm, s. An apparatus or device for 
indicating a low stage of water in steam-boilers. 
[Steam-boiler Alarm, Low-water Alarm.] 
boiler-feeder, s. An arrangement, usually auto¬ 
matic and self-regulating, for supplying a boiler 
with water, 
boiler-float, s. 

Steam-engine: A float which rises and falls with 
the changing height of water in a steam-boiler, and 
so turns off or on the feed water. 

boiler-furnace, s. 

Steam-engine : A furnace specifically adapted for 
the heating of a steam generator. The shapes vary 
with those of the boilers themselves. 

boiler-iron, s. Boiled iron of M to 14-inch thick¬ 
ness, used for making steam-boilers, tanks, the skin 
of ships, &c. 

boiler-maker, s. A maker of boilers, 
boiler-making, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Designed to be used in the making of 
boilers. 

"... boiler-making shop.”— Times. 

B. Assubst.: The act or occupation of making 
boilers. 

boiler-plate, s. A plate or sheet of iron, 14 to 
14-inch thick, used in the construction of boilers. 

boiler-protector, s. A non-conducting covering 
to prevent the escape of heat. Among the devices 
for this purpose may be cited: felt treated in various 
ways, asbestos and lagging. Allied to the above in 
position, if not in duty, are water-jackets to utilize 
the heat, air-flues and shields to protect surround¬ 
ing bodies against the radiated heat, 
boiler-prover, s. 

Hydraulics: A force-pump with pressure-indi¬ 
cator, used to try the power of a boiler to resist 
rupture under a given stress of hydraulic pressure. 

boiler-stay, s. 

Steam-engine: A tie-bar by which the flat plates 
on the opposite sides of boilers are connected, in 
order to enable them to resist internal pressure. 
The stays cross an intervening water or steam 
space. 

boiler-tube, s. 

Steam-engine: The tubes by which heat from the 
furnace is diffused through the mass of water in 
locomotive and other boilers of the smaller class. 
They are usually arranged longitudinally in the 
boiler, and are fitted by steam and water-tight con¬ 
nections to its heads. 

bdil'-er-jf, s. [Eng. boil; -ery or boiler; -y.~] In 
O. Fr. boillure .] A salt-house or place where brine 
is evaporated. [Boilary.] 
b611'-ing, *bby-lyng, *b<5y-lynge, pr. par., a. 
& s. [Boil, u.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

“The boiling waves and treacherous rocks of the Race 
of Alderney.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

“ Their wrath had been heated to such a temperature 
that what everybody else would have called boiling zeal 
seemed to them Laodicean lukewarmness.”— Ibid., ch. v. 

“ Despairing Gaul her boiling youth restrains, 
Dissolv’d her dream of universal sway.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

C. As substantive : 

1. Chem. <& Ord. Lang. (from the intransitive 
verb ): 

( 1 ) Boiling or ebullition is the rapid formation in 
any liquid of bubbles of vapor of a pressure equal 
to that of the superincumbent atmosphere at the 
time. Hence it can be seen that, the real boiling 
point of water varies with the density of the atmos¬ 
phere, not being invariably 212 °. 

“Gelatine, obtained by boiling, is in combination with 
a considerable quantity of water.”— Todd <f- Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. i., pt. 41. 

. (2) (From the transitive verb.) The art or opera¬ 
tion of cooking by means of heating in water raised 
to the point of ebullition. 

“ If you live in a rich family, roasting and boiling are 
below the dignity of your office, and which it becomes you 
to be ignorant of.”— Swift. 

2. Fig.: Of the human passions: Inflamed, hot, 
greatly agitated. 

“ God saw it necessary by such mortifications to quench 
the boilings of a furious, overflowing appetite, and the 
boundless rage of an insatiable intemperance.”— South: 
Sermons, vol. ii., § 10. 


*3. Law: Boiling to death was established, as the 
punishment for poisoning, by 22 Henry III., c. 9, 
This inhuman enactment was swept away by 1 Ed 
VI., c. 12. 

boiling-furnace s. 

Metallurgy: A reverberatory furnace employed 
in the decarbonization of cast-iron to reduce it to 
the condition for mechanical treatment by hammer, 
squeezer, and rolls, by which it is brought into bar 
or plate iron. 

boiling point, boiling-point. 

Physics, Chem., &c.: The point or degree of the 
thermometer at which any liquid boils. [Boiling.] 
The boiling point of any liquid is always the same, 
if the physical conditions are the same. It is 
altered by adhesion of the liquid to the surface of 
the vessel in which it is contained, or solution of a 
solid in the liquid raises the boiling point. Increase 
of pressure raises, while diminution of atmospheric 
pressure lowers, the boiling point. The boiling 
point of distilled water under the pressure of 760 mil¬ 
limeters is 100 ° C., or 212° F. A difference of height 
of about 327 meters lowers the boiling point of 
water about 1° C., or 597 feet ascent lowers it 1° F. 
The boiling point of organic compounds is generally 
higher as the constitution is more complex. In a 
homologous series the boiling point rises about 19° 
for every additional CH 2 in normal alcohols, and 
22 ° in the normal fatty acids, as ethylic alcohol, 
C 2 Hs(OH) 78’4°; propylic alcohol, C.-jHjCOH) 97°; 
acetic acid, CHs’CO’OH’ 118°; propionic acid, 
CoHr’CO’OH 149’6°. The secondary and tertiary 
alcoholshave lower boiling points than theprimary 
alcohols. The replacement of hydrogen in a hydro¬ 
carbon by chlorine, or by a radical, raises the boil¬ 
ing point, as benzene CrHa’ 82% chlorbenzene 
CeHsbl. 135°, amidobenzene CeH^NH^) 182°. 

“ These are the very solutions, it will be remembered, 
which behave singularly in respect of their refractive 
indices, and also of their boiling points .”—Proceedings 
of the Physical Society of London, p. ii., p. 60. 

Liquids are not increased in heat after they once 
begin to boil; a tierce fire. only makes them boil 
more rapidly. The following boiling points have 
been stated: 

Deg. Fahr. 


Mercury. 662 

Sulphuric acid. 610 

Olive oil. 600 

Phosphorus. 554 

Iodine. 347 

Naphtha. 320 

Oil of turpentine.314 

W ater. 212 

Nitric acid. 210 

Alcohol . 173 

Sulphuric ether... 113 

Muriatic ether.... 52 


bdil -lfig-lf , adv.' [Eng. boiling; -ly.) In a boil¬ 
ing state, with ebullition. 

“And lakes of bitumen rise boilingly higher.”— Byron. 
Manfred, i. 1. 

*bdisch, *bousche, *bdysche, s. [Bush (q. v.).l 

(Wycliffe.) 

bdis-dur -ql (s mute), s. [From Fr. 6ofs=wood; 
and durci, pa. par. of durcir— to harden.] A com¬ 
pound of sawdust from hard wood, such as rose¬ 
wood or ebony, mixed with blood and other 
cementing material, and used to obtain medallions 
or other objects by pressure in molds. 

bdist, *boyste, s. [O. Fr. boiste; Mod. Fr. bchte= 
a Low. Lat. accus. boxida, buxida, from Gr. pyxida, 
accus. of pyxis= abox, a pyx ( Skeat ).] [Box, Pyx.] 
“And every boist ful of thy letuarie.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales; The Pardoneres Tale, 307. 

“ Boyste or box. Fix (pixis, P.), alabastrum, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

bois'-ter-ous, a. [In Sw. & Dan. bister = furious, 
outrageous, raging, grim; Icel. bistr; Wei. bwystus 
=brutal, ferocious; from wildness, ferocity.] 

[Boast, Boistous.] Wild, unruly, untractable, 
rough, roaring, noisy, tumultuous, rudely violent, 
stormy. Used — 

(1) Of the wind, the sea, waves, or anything sim¬ 
ilar. 

“ But when he saw the wind boisterous, he was afraid; 
and, beginning to sink, he cried, saying, Lord, save me !” 
~Matthew xiv. 30. 

(2) Of men or animals of violent character or their 
actions. 

“O, boisterous Clifford! thou hast slain 
The flower of Europe.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., ii. L 
11 Brought hither Henry Hereford thy bold eon, 

Here to make good the boisterous late appeal.” 

Ibid., Richard II., i. 1. 

(3) Of heat: Strong, powerful. 

“ When the snn hath gained a greater strength, the heat 
becomes too powerful and boisterous for them.”— Wood¬ 
ward: Natural History. 


afiil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 
-xian, -tian = sh?in. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 















bold 


boisterous-rough 556 


(4) Of hair: Copious or disheveled. 

“As good for nothing else ; no better service 
With those thy boisterous locks, no worthy match 
For valor to assail, nor by the sword.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

boisterous-rough, boisterous rough, a. Bois¬ 
terously rough, rudely violent. 

“Alas! what need you be so boisterous-rough f” 

Shakesp. King. John, iv. 1. 

bbis'-ter-ous-ljf, adv._ [Eng. boisterous; -it/] 
In a boisterous manner, violently, tumultuously. 

“A scepter snatch’d with an unruly hand 
Must be as boisterously maintain'd as gain’d.” 

Shakesp.; King John, iii. 4. 

bffis-ter-ous-ness, s. [Eng. boisterous; -ness.] 
The quality of being boisterous; tumultnousness, 
turbulence. 

“. . . the boisterousness of men elated by recent 

authority.”— Johnson: Life of Prior. 

*b 6 i st-ous, *b<5y~st6ws, *boyste-ous, *bouste- 
OUS, *buys-t 0 us, a. [Wei. bwystus = brutal, fero¬ 
cious ; from bwyst= savage, ferocious.] Boisterous, 
noisy. [Boisterous, Botstows.] 

“The fader roos and for they shuld here 
What that he did, in a boistous manere 
Ynto his chest . . .” 

Occleve: De Begimine Principium (1420), 606. 

*b 6 i'st-ous-ly, *boysteously, adv. [Eng. boist¬ 
ous;-ly.] In a boisterous manner. 

“ . . . inflamed also with anger, spite, and vengeance, 
they boysteousty entered among the people.” — Bale: 
Image, p. ii. 

*boTst-ous-ness, *boi st-ous-nesse, *boyste- 
ousnes, *boystowenesse, s. [O. Eng. boistous; 
-ness.] Boisterousness. Used — 

1. Of the wind. 

“ . . . the boysteousnes of the winde.” 

Udall: Matthew, ch. xiv. 

2. Of persons temporarily or permanently violent. 
“ . . . my boistousnesse.”—Chaucer: Dreame. 

*bo -it (1), s. (Scotch.) Tho same as boat, Eng. 
(q. v.) ( Aberd. Reg., v. 15.) (J amieson.) 

boit-SChipping, s. A company belonging to a 
boat. 

“For him and his boit-schipping on that ane part, &c. 
Gif ony of thaim, or ony of their boitschipping, war con¬ 
vict,” &c.— Aberd. Beg., A. 1538, v. 16. 

bo -1 tl-a -po, s. [From a Brazilian Indian name.] 
A venomous serpent found in Brazil. 

*b<Jiy, s. [Bov.] A boy. 

“And bliue in a bourde ; borwed boiyes clothes.” 

William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1705. 

*bok, v. i. [Bock.] (Scotch.) 

*bOli(l),s. [Bock.] (Scotch.) 

*bok (2), s. [Book.] (Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 
4,472.) 

*bok-lered, a. Book-learned. 

“He bede his burnes bogh to that were bok-lered.” 
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1551. 

*b 0 k( 3 ),s. [Back.] The back. [Bill(1),s.] 

T[ Bok and bit: Back and front. 

“ . . . and to—hewe the Sarasyns bothe bok and bit; 

here herte blod mad they swete .”—Sir Eerumb. (ed. Herr- 
tage), 2,654. 

*bok (4), s. [Etymology doubtful. Is it O. Eng. 
&ok=back? Only in plur. (bofcsj.J Corner teeth. 

“My boks are spruning he and bauld.” 

Maitland: Poems, p. 112. (Jamieson.) 

bS-kar-do, tbo-car-do, s. [A word without 
obvious meaning, constructed artificially to contain 
tho vowels o, a. and again o, these being logical 
symbols. See def.] 

I. Generally of the form bokardo: 

Logic: The fifth mood of the third figure of syl¬ 
logisms. A being the universal affirmative, and O 
the particular negative, bokardo has a particular 
negative in the major premise, a universal affirma¬ 
tive in the minor one, and the conclusion, if cor¬ 
rectly drawn, will also have a particular affirma¬ 
tive. In logical formula some Y’s^are not X’s, every 
Y is Z, therefore some Z’s are not X’s; as. not all the 
kings of the world are really kingly, all doubtless 
are called so by the courtiers who surround them, 
but this only shows that in some cases at least the 
interested statements of courtiers are wholly un¬ 
trustworthy. Bokardo is sometimes called Dokamo. 

II. Of the form bocardo: 

Ordinary Language and Topography: 

1. Lit.: The old north gate of Oxford, England, 
taken down in 1771. It was sometimes used as a 
prison. (Nares.) 

2. Gen.: Any prison. [Eng.] 

“Was not this [Achab] a seditious fellow? Was he net 
worthy to be cast in bocardo or little-ease?”— Latimer: 
Sermons, fol. 105, C. (Nares.) 


*bOke, s. [Book.] (Piers the Plowman; Vision, 
vii. 85.) 

*boke, pret. tense & pa. par. [Bake.] ( Wy cliffe.) 
bo-ke'ik, s. [From bo, a meaningless mono¬ 
syllable used in playing with children. Scotch, &c., 
keik=peep. (Bo-peep.) In Mod. Scotch the syl¬ 
lables are now often inverted, and it becomes keik- 
bof\ Bo-peep. 

“ Thay play bokeik, even as I war a skar.” 

Lindsay: Pink. S. P. B., ii. 148. 

*bok-el-er, *bokelere, s. [Buckler.] 

“ ‘ Brother,’ sayde Gamelyn, ‘ com a litel ner, 

And I wil teche the a play atte bokeler.’ ” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales; Cook’s Tale of Gamalyn, 135-6. 
(See also Prompt. Parv.) 

*bOk' el-ing, s. [Buckling.] (Chaucer: The 
Knightes Tale, 1,645.) 

*bok-el-yn, v. t. [From bokel=a buckle, and O. 
Eng. suff. -7/n—Mod. Eng. -ing.] 

“ Bokelyn, or spere wythe bokylle. Plusculo — Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*bok -en, s. pi. Books. 

“ Thog he ne be lered on no boken, 

Luuen god and seruen him ay.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 4, 5. 
*bok'-er-g,m, s. [Buckram.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bok-et, *bok -ett, s. [Bucket.] (Chaucer: 
The Knightes Tale, 675.) (Prompt. Parv.) 

*boks, s. pi. [Bok, s. (3)] 

*bok-yll, *bok-ulle, s. [Buckle.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*bol(l),s. [Bole.] (Sir Gawayne, 766.) 
*bol(2),s. [Bull.] Bull. 

“ Bot a best that he be, a bol other an oxe.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,682. 
*bol-a 9 e, s. [Bullace.] (William of Palerne.) 
bd'1-e.r-y, a. [Eng. bole; -ary. Fr. bolaire .] 
Pertaining to bole; having the qualities of bole. 
[Bole, 5.] 

“ A weak and inanimate kind of loadstone, with a few 
magnetical lines, but chiefly consisting of a bolary and 
clammy substance.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*bOl'-as (l),s. [Bullace]. (Prompt. Parv.) 
bo'-las (2), s. [In Sp. bolas; from the Paraguay 
Indian language. But compare also Sp. bolear 
. . . =to throw a ball.] [Bolis.] A kind of mis¬ 
sile consisting of a single stone at the end of a rope, 
two or more stones connected by a rope, or anything 
similar, one kind or other of which is used by the 
Patagonians, the Paraguay Indians, and the Span¬ 
ish and Portuguese inhabitants of South America. 
In war a Patagonian uses a one-stone bolas, hurling 
the stone at his adversary while retaining the string 
in his own hand. The Esquimaux bolas is made of 
a number of walrus’ teeth at the end of strings 
knotted together. For the bolas of the South 
Americans of remote European descent, see the 
example which follows. 

“ The bolas, or balls, are of two kinds : the simplest, 
which is chiefly used for catching ostriches, consists of 
two round stones, covered with leather, and united by a 
thin plaited thong about eight feet long. The other kind 
differs only in having three balls united by the thongs to 
a common center. The Gaucho holds the smallest of the 
three in his hand, and whirls the other two round and 
round his head ; then, taking aim, sends them like chain- 
shot revolving through the air. The balls no sooner 
strike any object, than, winding round it, they cross each 
other, and become firmly hitched. The size and weight 
of the balls vary, according to the purpose for which 
they are made. When of stone, although not larger than 
an apple, they are sent with such force as sometimes to 
break the leg even of a horse. I have seen the balls made 
of wood, and as large as a turnip, for the sake of catching 
these animals without injuring them. The balls are 
-sometimes made of iron, and these can be hurled to the 
greatest distance. The main difficulty in using either 
lazo or bolas is to ride so well as to be able, at full speed, 
and while suddenly turning about, to whirl them so 
steadily round the head as to take aim ; on foot any per¬ 
son would soon learn the art.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World, ch. iii., pp. 44, 45. 

bol-bo 9 '-er-us, s. [Gr. bolbos, Lat. bulbus=a 
certain bulbous plant, a bulb, and kercts , a horn= 
bulbous-horned.] 

Entom.: A genus of lamellicorn beetles with bul¬ 
bous antenn®. They belong to the family Geotru- 
pidffi. In India they often fly into the European 
bungalows in the evening, attracted, like other 
insects, by the glare of the lamps. At least sixteen 
species are known. 

*bol -bon-ac, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Popul. Bot.: A cruciferous plant, Lunaria biennis 
(Lyte). Another name for it is Honesty. 

bold, *bolde, *boold, *boolde, *bald, *belde, 
*beald (Eng.), bauld (Scotch), a., adv. & s. [A. S. 
beald, bald, boZd^bold; Sw. fe&M=proud, haughty, 
audacious; Icel. ballr; ~Da.n.bald; O. H. Ger .paid; 
Gothic balths=ho\d ; Dut. bout; Fr. baud; Prov. 
baudos, baut; Ital. baldo.~\ 


A. As adjective: 

I. Of persons or other responsible beings capable of' 
action: 

(1) In a good sense: Heroic, brave, gallant, cour¬ 
ageous, daring, brave, intrepid, fearless. 

“The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but ths» 
righteous are bold as a lion.”— Proverbs xxviii. 1. 

“ Virtue is bold and goodness never fearful.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure. 

If Some Anglo-Saxon proper names have the A. S. 
bald—-ho]<1, in them; as, Baldewin, Balduin=hohi- 
in battle, win being=a contest, a battle. 

(2) In an indifferent sense: Confident, not doubt¬ 
ing, with regard to a desired result. 

“We were bold in our God to speak unto you the gospel 
of God with much contention.”—1 Thess. ii. 2. 

3) In a bad sense , 
a) Bad. 

“ ‘ Eue,’ seide he, at neddre hold, 

‘ Quat oget nu that for-bode o-wold.’ ” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 323-4. 

( 6 ) Stubborn. 

“ Tho wex her hertes nithful and bold.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 7,917. 

(c) Impudent, rude ; full of effrontery. 

“ Bolde, or to homely. Presumptaosus, effrons, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“But in thy prosperity he will be as thyself, and will 
bold over thy servants.”— Ecclesiasticus vi. 11. 

“. . . littleCallum Beg (he was a bauld mischievous 

callant that) . . .”— Scott: Waverley, ch. lxiii. 

II. Of things: 

1. Of an enterprise: Requiring courage for it© 
execution. 

“. . . the flame of bold rebellion.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV. (Induction.) 

2. Of joy 07 other mental emotion: Vehement, 
swelling, exuberant. 

“The ta*ber—him at this unlook'd-f or gift 

A holder transport seizes.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 

3. Of figures and expressions in literary composi¬ 
tion, of details in painting, architecture, <&c.: 

(1) In a good sense: Executed with spirit; the- 
reverse of tame. 

“Catachreses and hyperboles are to be used judiciously, 
and placed in poetry, as heightenings and shadows in. 
painting, to make the figure bolder, and cause it to stand 
off to sight.”— Dryden. 

“ The cathedral church is a ^ery bold work, and a master¬ 
piece of Gothic architecture. — Addison on Italy. 

(2) In a slightly bad sense: Overstepping the- 
usual limits; audacious, even to temerity, in con¬ 
ception or execution. 

“The figures are bold even to temerity.”-— Cowley. 

“ Which no bold tales of gods or monsters swell, 

But human passions, such as with us dwell.” 

Waller. 

4. Of a coast or line of cliff: Standing out to the 
eye; running out into prominence; high and steep, 
abrupt, or precipitous. 

“ And mingled with the pine trees blue 
On the bold cliffs of Ben-venue.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 5. 

5. Of type or handwriting: Conspicuous, easily 
read. “ A good, bold type.” 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between bold, fear¬ 
less, intrepid, and und.aunted: “ Boldness is posi¬ 
tive ; fearlessness is negative ; we may therefore bo 
fearless without being bold, or fearless through bold¬ 
ness. Fearlessness is a temporary state: we may 
he fearless of danger at this, or at that time, fear¬ 
less of loss, and the like; boldness is a characteristic, 
it is associated with constant fearlessness. Intre¬ 
pidity and undauntedness denote a still higher 
degree of fearlessness than boldness: boldness is con¬ 
fident, it forgets the consequences ; intrepidity is col¬ 
lected, it sees the danger, and faces it with compos¬ 
ure ; undauntedness is associated with unconquer¬ 
able firmness and resolution ; it is awed by nothing. 
The bold man proceeds on his enterprise with spirit 
and vivacity; the intrepid man calmlyadvanc.es to 
the scene of death and destruction ; the undaunted 
man keeps his countenance in the season of trial, in 
the midst of the most terrifying and overwhelming 
circumstances.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

B. As adverb: Boldly. 

“And he him answerede modi and hold.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 2,728. 

C. As substantive. Plur. or collective. (Formed 
by the omission of a substantive, such as persons, 
after the adjective.) Daring persons; as, “ the 
bold.” 

D. In special phrases: 

If To make bold: To take the liberty of saying or 
doing something audacious. 

“ I will make bold to send them.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 6. 

“ Making so bold . . .”— Ibid., Hajplet, v. 2. 

“I durst not make thus bold with Ovid . . .”— Dryden. 

go, pot, 

qu - kw. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, ynite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. 





557 


bollard 


bold-face 

“bold-face, boldface, s. A term for an impudent 
ijperson. 

“How now, boldface! cries an old trot; sirrah, we eat 
our own hens, I’d have you know; what you eat you steal.’’ 
—V Estrange. 

bold-faced, a. Of a bold face; generally in a 
bad sense ; impudent, shameless. 

“The other would be said nay, after a little argumenta¬ 
tion, and somewhat else; but this bold-faced Shame would 
never have done.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. i. 

bold - following, a. [Eng. bold; following .] 
Poetical for “ boldly following.” 

“And faeed grim Hanger’s loudest roar, 

Bold-following where your fathers led !” 

Burns: Address to Edinburgh. 

bold-spirited, a. Of a bold spirit; courageous, 
daring, valiant, brave. (Scott.) 

’bold, s. [A. S. & 0. Fries. bold= a house.] A 
house. 

“ Hash bold hi makede.”— Layamon, 1,094. 

’bold, *bolde, v. t. [From bold, a. (q. v.)] To 
render bold. [Bolden.] 

“Pallas bolds the Greeks.” 

A. Hall: Transl. of Iliad, iv. (1581.) 

’bolde-ljrch (ch guttural), adv. [Boldly.] 
•{Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 111.) , 

bol -den (1) (Eng.), ’bol'-din, ’bol'-djfn, v. t. 
[From bold, a., and suff. -en= to make bold.] To 
render bold. 

1[ Now embolden is the word employed. 

"... being boldened with these present abilities to 
•say more, . . .”— Ascham: Schoolmaster. 

“I am much too venturous 
In tempting of your patience; but am bolden’d 
Under your promised pardon.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., i. 2. 

’bol'-den, (2 ),v.i. [Cf. O. Eng. bolnyn=to swell.] 
To swell threateningly. 

“The wyndis welteris the se continually: 

The huge wallis boldynnys apoun loft.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 74, 8. 

tbdl'-der, s. [Boulder.] 

♦bold-hede, s. [From bold, a., and hede=hoo&= 
•state.] Boldness. 

“I fallen is al his boldhede.” 

Owl and Nightingale, 614. 

bold-ly, ’bolde-If, ’bolde-lych (ch guttural) 
{Eng.), *bauld-lie (Scotch), adv. [Eng. bold; -ly. 
In A. S. bealdlice, baldlice .] 

1. In a good or in an indifferent sense: In a bold 
manner, daringly, audaciously, courageously, val¬ 
iantly, bravely. 

"Than may he boldely here up his heed.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 9,232. 

“ . . . and the secret bounds 

Of jealous Abyssinia boldly pierce.” 

Thomson: Summer. 

2. In a bad sense: Impudently, with effrontery. 

“ For half so boldely can ther no man 
Swere and lye as a womman can.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 6,809, 6,810. 

“ Boldely, or malapertly. Effronter, C. F. presumptuose.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

bold-ness, *bolde -nesse (Eng.), bauld-ness, 
’’bauld-nes (Scotch), s. [Eng. bold; -ness.] The 
•quality of being bold. Specially — 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons: 

(1) In a good or in an indifferent sense: 

(а) Physical or moral courage, bravery, spirit, 
daring, intrepidity. 

"... that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but that 
<with all boldness, as always, so now also, Christ shall be 
magnified in my body, whether it be by life or by death.” 
—Phil. i. 20. 

(б) Freedom, liberty of speech or action. 

“ Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is 
any glorying of you.”—2 Cor. vii. 4. 

(c) Confidence in God. 

“ Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into the 
holiest by the blood of Jesus.”— Hebrews x. 19. 

(d) Self-assurance, freedom from bashfulness. 

“ Wonderful is the case of boldness in civil business ; 
what first? Boldness. What second and third? Boldness. 
And yet boldness is a child of ignorance and baseness, far 
inferior to other parts.”— Bacon. 

(2) In a bad sense: Hardihood, shameless audac¬ 
ity or impudence. 

"Boldenesse, or homelynesse (to-homlynes, K.) Pre- 
sumpcio." — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Of things: 

(1) Of an enterprise: Necessitating courage, the 
offspring of courage. 

(2) Of figures in composition, painting, sculpture, 
dkc.: The offspring of bold conceptions. 

“ The boldness of the figures is to be hidden sometimes 
by the address of the poet, that they may work their effect 
upon the mind.”— Dryden. 


II. Mental Phil.: For definition, see example. 

“ Boldness is the power to speak or do what we intend, 
before others, without fear or disorder.”— Locke. 

bole (1), boal, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

1. A square aperture in the wall of a house for 
holding small articles; a small press, generally 
without a door. 

“ That done, he says, ‘ Now, now, ’tis done, 

And in the boal beside the lum ; 

Now set the board, good wife, gae ben, 

Bring from yon boal a roasted hen.’ ” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 526. 

2. A perforation through the wall of a house for 
occasionally giving air or light, usually with a 
wooden shutter instead of a pane of glass; a window 
with blinds of wood, with one small pane of glass in 
the middle, instead of a casement. (Jamieson.) 

“ ‘ Open the bole,’ said the old woman, firmly and hastily, 
to her daughter-in-law; ‘open the bole wi’ speed, that I 
may 6ee if this be the right Lord Geraldine.”— Scott: 
Antiquary, ch. xxxii. 

IT A perforation in the wall of a barn is called a 
barn-bole. 

’bole (2), s. [Bull.] [Chaucer: Boethius (ed. 
Morris), p. 148, lme 4,274.] (Fordun, ii. 376.) 

bole (3), s. [Icel. bolr; Dan. bul; Sw. 6<Jf=trunk 
of a man's body.] The round stem of a tree. 

“ By bole of this brode tre we byde the here.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 622. 

“ At thy firmest age 

Thou hadst within thy bole solid contents, 

That might have ribb’d the sides and plank’d the deck 
Of some flagg’d admiral.” Cowper: Yardley Oak. 

’bole (4), s. [Boll.] (Mortimer.) 
bole (5), s. [In Fr. bol; Mod. Eat. bolus; from 
Gr. bdlos= a clod or lump of earth.] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

I. The kind of clay described under II. Min. 

|2. A bolus, a dose. [Bolus.] 

II. Min. Of the forms bole and bolus: A brown¬ 
ish, yellowish, or reddish colored unctuous clay. 
It contains more or less oxide of iron, which is the 
coloring matter in it; there is besides about twenty- 
four per cent of water. Dana ranks it as a variety 
of Halloysite, but considers that some of the speci¬ 
mens belong to other varieties. 

’bole-armoniac, ’bole armoniak, ’bole ar- 
meniack, ’bole armenie, ’bole armeny, *bol 
Armenian, s. 

Min.: An astringent earth brought from Armenia. 
It was sometimes called Armenian earth. It was 
used as an antidote to poison and for stanching of 
blood, <&c. 

“As bole armoniak , verdigrees, boras.” 

Chaucer: C. T . (ed. Skeat), The Chan. Yems. Tale , 790. 

’boleax, ’bulax, s. [O. Icel. boloxi.] A poleaxe. 

“Two boleaxys grete and longe.”— Octonian, 1,039. 

bo-lec-tion, s. [Balection.] 

bolection-moldings, s. 

Joinery: Moldings surrounding the panels of a 
door, gate, &c., and which project beyond its gen¬ 
eral face. 

’bo Ten, pa. par. of bolge. [To-bollen, Bolge, 
Bulge.] 

bol-er -o, s. [Sp. bolero, bolera; from 6oia=ball.] 

1. A favorite dance in Spain. It is lively, in triple 
time, and slower than the fandango. 

2. The air to which it is danced. 

bol-et'-ic, a. [Fr. boUtique: from boletus (q.v.).] 
Pertaining to, existing in or derived from boletus, 
a genus of fungi. 

boletic-acid, s. [Fr. acide botetique.] 

Chem-: An acid discovered by Braconnot in the 
juice of Boletus fomentarius, vr Aety pseudo igniar- 
ius. It has since been shown by Bolley and Dess- 
agnes to be identical with fumaric acid (q. v.). 

bol-e-to'-bi-us, s. [From Lat. boletus, and Gr. 
6ios=life, course of life.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the sec¬ 
tion Brachelytra and the family Tacnyporidse. The 
species are active little insects which live in decay¬ 
ing boleti and other fungi. 

bol-e'-tus, s. [In Sp., Port. & Ital. boleto; Lat. 
boletus; Gr. bolites= a kind of fungus; bolos= a clod 
or clump of earth.] 

Bot.: A genus of fungi belonging to the order 
Hymenomycetae or Agaricalhe. It may be distin¬ 
guished at a glance from Agaricus, by having the 
under-surface of the cap or “ pileus ” full of pores 
in place of its being divided in a radiated manner, 
as Agaricus is, into lamellae or gills. Several spe¬ 
cies, Boletus edulis, B. granulatus and B. subtomen- 
tosus, are eatable. Other species are poisonous. 
They grow on the ground or on the trunks of old 
trees. 


’boley, ’bolye, ’buala, s. [Ir. buailli, buailidh 
= an ox-stall, a cow-house, a dairy (O'Reilly).] A 
place situated in a grassy hollow, inclosed by man, 
in which to put cattle in the spring and summer 
months, while they are on the mountain pastures; 
a place which insures safety. (Henry Kinahan: In 
the Athenceum, No. 2,167, May 8,1869.) 

“ . . . to keepe theyr catteli, and to live themselves 
the most part of the yeare in bolyes, pasturing upon the 
mountayn, and wast wild places.”— Spenser: State of Hy¬ 
land. 

’bolge (pa. par. bolen,bollen), v. i. [Bulge.] 
’bolT'-monge, s. [Bullimong.] 
bol -Is (pL bolT'-de§), s. [Lat. bolis , from Gr. 
6oZis=anything thrown, a missile, a javelm, . . . 
a flash of lightning.] 

Meteor.: A fire-ball dashing through the air, fol¬ 
lowed by a train of light. 

“ Bolis is a great fiery ball, swiftly hurried through the 
air, and generally drawing a tail after it. Aristotle calls 
it capra. There have often been immense balls of this 
kind.”— Muschenbroech. 

“They explode in small fragments as bolides and fire¬ 
balls have been observed to do.”— Proctor: Other Worlds, 
&c., ch. ix., p. 192. 

boTIv'-i-an-ite, s. [In Ger. bolivian, from 
Bolivia, or Upper Peru, a South American republi¬ 
can state between lat. 10° and 23° S. and long. 57° 30' 
and 70° 10’ N.j 

Min.: A mineral resembling Stibnite. It occurs 
rhombic, in prisms and tufts, sometimes finely col¬ 
umnar. T. Richter considers it an antimonial sul¬ 
phide of silver. (Dana.) 

’bolke (1), s. [A. S. balca=a heap, a ridge.] A 
heap. 

“ Bolke, or hope. Cumulus, acervus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

’bolke (2), ’bolk, s. [From bolkyn, v. (q. v.)] A 
belch. 

’bol-kyn, v. i. & t. [A. S. bealcian , bealcettan= 
to belch.J [Belch, «.] 

♦bol-kynge, ’bul-kynge, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Bolkyn.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: (See the verb.) 

C. Assubst.: Belching, eructation. 

“ Bollcynge, or bulkynge. Orexis, eructuacio, O. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

’boll (1), s. [From Dut. bol= a globe.] Ball, 
Boil, Bowl, &c.J A head, a rounded top. 

“He wyll nocht want ane boll of beir.” 

Sir David Lyndsay, bk. iii., 4,694. 
boll (2), s. [In Wei. (but from Eng.) bul, bulion 
=the seed-vessel of some plants, the hull; N\ and 
M. H. Ger. bolle =a seed-vessel of flax.] [Boln.] 
The “pod” or globular capsule of a plant, specially 
of flax. 

’boll (3), ’bolle, bole, s. [A. S. & O. Fries, bolla 
=a bowl.] 

I. Ordinary Language: A bowl, specially a 
wooden one. 

“And brought eek with yow a bolle or a paune.” 
Chaucer: C. T. (ed. Skeat), The Chan. Yem. Tale, 1,210. 

II. Weights and Measures: 

1. As a measure: [In Gael. bolla=( 1) a net or 
anchor-buoy, (2) a measure of capacity, as “ bolla 
mine ”=a boll of meal, “ bolla buntata —a boll of 
potatoes (McAlpine: Gael. Diet.). But the Gael. 
bolla is simply the O. Eng. boll =a bowl, and is in 
this case=a bowlful.] 

*(1) Originally: A bowlful, a bushel. 

“He sent thre bollis to cartage.” 

Barbour (ed. Skeat): Bruce, bk. iii., 211. 

2. As a weight: A boll of meal, 140 pounds avoir¬ 
dupois. [Eng.] 

’boll (4), s. [Bowl.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

Bol-land-ist, a. & s. [From Bolland, a Jesuit; 
see def.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Bolland, a Jesuit 
of Tillemont, in Flanders, who commenced a large 
work, the Acta Sanctorum, of which vol. I. was 
published in 1643. Five more were issued during 
his lifetime. After his death, in 1665, the work was 
continued by Henschen, a Jesuit of Antwerp, who 
died in 1682, and Papebroch, also an Antwerp Jesuit, 
who died in 1714. 

B. As substantive (pi. Bollandists): The contin- 
uators of Bolland’s Acta Sanctorum, which the 
original author did not live to finish. [A.] 

“ . . . very much the larger portion of the marvels 
in the vast volumes of the Bollandists, have melted away 
into the dim page of legend, . . . ”— Milman: Hist. 

Jews, vol. i. 

bol-lard, s. & a. [Probably from 6oZe=the stem 
of a tree.] [Bole (3).] 

A. As substantive: 

Nautical: 

1. A large post or bitt on a wharf, dock or on ship¬ 
board, for the attachment of a hawser or warp, in 
towing, docking or warping. 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




bollard-timber 


558 


bolt 


2. Often in the PI. {Bollards): A runjUe in the 
bow of a whale-boat, around which the line runs in 
veering; called also Loggerhead. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bollard in either 
of the two senses of the substantive. (See the com¬ 
pound.) 

bollard-timber, s. 

Shipwrighting: A timber, one on each side of the 
bowsprit near the heel, to secure it laterally; a 
knighthead. 

♦bolle, 8. [A. S. bolla= any round vessel, cup, pot, 
bowl or measure; Icel. bolli.] [Bowe.] A bowl. 

“ Thagh hit be bot a bassyn, a bolle, other a soole, 

A dysche other a dobler that dryghtyn onez serued.” 
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,145-6. 

fbolled, a. [From boll (2), s. (q. v.)] 

1. Gen.: Swelled. 

2. Specially: 

(1) Of a flower: Having the petals of the corolla 
unfolded. In the subjoined example boiled is the 
rendering not of a Heb. adjective, but of a Heb. 
noun, gibeol — either the calyx or the corolla of a 
flower. The literal rendering is: “ for the wheat was 
on ear (= in ear) and the flax a corolla (i. e., pos¬ 
sessed a corolla unfolded).” 

(2) Of sculptures: Embossed. 

“ Pinacles pyght ther apert that profert bitwene. 

And al boiled abof with braunohes & leues.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,463-4. 

*bol'-len (1), V. t. [Boll.] 

*bol'-len (2), v. t. [From Dut. ballen=to beat to 
death.] To beat to death. 

“And that samyn tyme he tukeschir James Stewart the 
lord of Lornis brother, & William Stewart, A put thaim 
in pittis, and bollit thaim.”— Addicioun of Scot. Comiklis, 
p. 3. 

•bol'-len, *bol-lun, pa. par. [Bolge, Bulge.] 
Bulged, swollen. {Chaucer.) {Wycliffe (Purvey), 
2 Timothy, iii. 4.) 

*bol-let, s. [Bullet.] {Spenser: Fairy Queen, 
I. vii. 13.) 

♦bolHAg (1), s. [From bollen, pa. par. of bolge.] 
[Bollen, Bolge, Bulge.] Swelling. {Piers Plow¬ 
man: Visions, vi.218, vii. 204.) 

♦bol'-llflg (2), «. [From bole (3) (q. v.). Or poll¬ 
ing, pr. par. of pole= to remove the poll or head, to 
clap, to lop.] [Poll.] A pollard tree, a tree with 
its top and its branches cut off. (Often in the 
plural.) 

♦bol-llt, pa. par. [Bollen.] 

♦bol'-lynge, pr. par., a. & s. [Boiling.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: Boiling; ebullition. 

“ Bollynge owere as pottys plawyn. Ebullicio, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

♦bolme, s. [Boom.] {Doug.: Virgil, 134, 30.) 
boln, *b 0 lne, v. i. [Icel. bolgja; Sw. bulna=to 
swell; Dan. bolne, bulne.] To swell. 

“ . . . and blossumez bolne to blowe.” 

Caw. and the (Preen Knight, 512. 

*bol-nande , pr. par. [Bolnyn. ] 

♦bolne, pa.par. [Bollen.] 

“ Whom cold winter all bolne hid vnder ground.” 

Surrey: JEneid, bk., ii. 616. 

*bol'-nit, *boln -yd, pa. par. [Bolnyn.] 

“ Bolnyd. Tumidus.”—Prompt. Parv. 

*bol -nyn, v. i. [Dut. bolne=to swell.] To swell. 

“ Bolnyn.’ Tumeo, turgeo, tumesco.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*bol'-nyng, *bol'-nynge, *bol-nande, pr. par., 
a. & s. [Boln, Bolnyn.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial ad- 
iective: In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 
“ As for bobaunoe and boat and bolnande pryde.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (Morris); Cleanness, 179. 

C. As substantive: Tumefaction, swelling; a 
tumor. {Lit. cfc fig.) 

bo'-lo, s. [Filipino name.] A large dagger-like 
knife, used by the Filipinos as a war-weapon, 
bolo-man, s. A man who uses a bolo. 

Bo-logn -a (pronounced Bo-lon'-ya or Bo-lo'- 
ng.),s-&o. [Ital. Bologna.] 

A. As substantive: A city of Italy, in lat. 44° 30' 
N., long. 11' 21' E. It was anciently called Felsina, 
and subsequently Bononia. 

B. As adjective: Made at Bologna; found at Bo¬ 
logna. (See the subjoined compounds.) 

Bologna-phials, s. 

Glass Manuf.: A small unannealed vessel of glass, 
open at the upper end and rounded at the bottom 
end, which is thick. It will withstand a moderate 


blow on the bottom, but is cracked by dropping 
into it a small, angular piece of flint. It is an ex¬ 
ample of the inherent strain and unstable static 
condition incident to unannealed glass. 

Bologna-phosphorus, s. A composition made 
by powdering Bologna-stone and uniting it into 
sticks with gum. 

Bologna-sausage, s. [Ital. salsiccia di Bologna.] 
A large sausage made of bacon, veal, and pork suet, 
chopped fine and inclosed in a skin. 
Bologna-stone, Bologna stone, s. 

Min.: A variety of Barytes, or, to use Dana’s 
term, Barite (q. v.). It is a globular, radiated min¬ 
eral, often of a reddish-gray color, found at Mount 
Paterno, near Bologna. Heated with charcoal, it is 
phosphorescent. [Bologna-phosphorus. ] 

Bo-ldgn'-I-an {g silent), a. [From Bologna, and 
Eng. suff. -an.] Pertaining to Bologna; found at 
Bologna. 

Bolognian-spar, s. 

Min.: The same as Bologna-stone (q. v.). 

Bolognian-stone, s. [Bologna-stone.] 

bo-lom -e-ter, s. [Gr. bole=a ray, and metron—. 
measure.] An instrument for electrically measuring 
small differences of radiant heat, used in spectro¬ 
scopy for exploring invisible parts of the spectrum. 

bol-oph er-Ite, s. [In Ger. bolopherit; from Gr. 
bolos= a clod, a lump of earth, a lump of any¬ 
thing; pherd=to bear ; and -ite {Min.) (q. v.). 

Min.: The same as Hendenbergite (q. v.). 

bol'-ster, *b61’-stg,r, *b61’-stir, *bol-styr, s. & 
a. [A. S. bolster =a bolster, a pillow ; Sw. bolsters 
a bed; Dan. bolster= a bed-ticking; Icel. bolstr= a 
bolster; (N. H.) Ger. polster; O. H. Ger. bolstar, pol- 
star. In Dut. there is bolster, but it is=a hull, a 
husk, a cod, a shell.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Something laid along the end of a bed to raise 
and support the head; a pillow. The name is gen¬ 
erally limited to that particular pillow which is 
longer and more cylindrical than the others, and is 
placed beneath them. 

“ . . . and put a pillow of goats’ hair for his bolster, 
and covered it with a cloth.”—1 Samuel xix. 13. 

2. Any substitute for such an article of bed equip¬ 
ment. 

“ And here I’ll fling the pillow, there the bolster, 

This way the ooverlets, another way the sheets.” 

Shakesp. 

3. Anything designed as a support to any other 
part of the bodily frame, or to fill up any vacuitv. 
{Swift.) 

4. A pad or compress to be laid upon a wound. 

“ The bandage is the girt, which hath a bolster in the 
middle, and the ends tacked firmly together.”— Wiseman. 

II. Technically: 

1. Vehicles: The transverse bar over the axle of a 
wagon, which supports the bed, and into which are 
framed the standards which secure the bed later¬ 
ally. 

2. Machinery: 

(1) A bed-tool in a punching-machine. The per¬ 
forated part on which a plate rests when the punch 
drives out the bur or planchet. It has an opening 
of the same size and shape as the punch itself. 

(2) A perforated block of wood on which sheet- 
metal is laid for punching. 

(3) The spindle-bearing in the rail of a spinning- 
frame. It forms a sleeve-bearing for the vertical 
spindle some distance above the lower bearing 
which is called the step. 

(4) The part of a mill in which the axle-tree 
moves. {Jamieson.) 

3. Music: The raised ridge which holds the tun¬ 
ing-pins of a piano; the pin-block. 

4. Nautical: 

(1) A piece of timber adjoining the hawse-hole, to 
prevent the chafing of the hawser against the cheeks 
of a ship’s bow. 

(2) A cushion within the collar of a stay, to keep 
it from chafing on the mast. 

(3) A piece of wood or roll of canvas, upon which 
a rope rests, to keep it from chafing something or 
to give it a proper bearing. 

5. Carpentry: 

(1) A horizontal cap-piece laid upon the top of a 
post or pillar, to shorten the bearing of the beam 
of a string-piece above. 

(2) One of the transverse pieces of an arch cen¬ 
tering, running from rib to rib and supporting the 
voussoirs. 

6. Saddlery: A padded ridge on a saddle. 

“The bolsters of a saddle are those parts raised upon 
the bows, to hold the rider’s thigh.”— Far. Dictionary. 

1. Ordnance: A block of wood fixed on the stock 
of a siege-gun carriage, on which the breech of the 
piece rests when it is shifted backward for trans¬ 
portation. 


8. Railroad Engineering: The principal cross¬ 
beam of a railroad truck or car body. 

9. Civil Engineering: The resting-place of a truss- 
bridge on its pier or abutment. 

10. Cutlery: 

(1) The shoulder of such instruments and tools as- 
knives, chisels, &c., at the junction of the tang with, 
the blade or the shank, as the case may be. 

(2) A metallic plate on the end of a pocket-knifo- 
handle. 

B. As adjective: In any way pertaining to a bol¬ 
ster in some one of the senses given under A. 

bolster-case, s. A case to hold a bolster, 
bolster-plate, s. 

Vehicles: An_ iron plate on the under side of the> 
bolster, to diminish the wear caused by its friction* 
on the axle. 

bol’-ster, *bol -stre, v. t. & i. [From bolster, s. 
(q. v.) In Ger. bolstern,polstern.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To support the head with a bolster. 

(2) To support any part of the frame, or fill up a* 
vacuity in the dress. 

“ Three pair of stays bolstered below the left shoulder.” 
— Tatler, So. 245. 

2. Fig. Of things not material: To support, to 
keep from falling or collapsing. {Contemptuously.) 

“We may be made wiser by the public persuasions! 
grafted in men’s minds, so they be used to further the> 
truth, not to bolster error.”— Hooker. 

11. Med.: To hold wounds together with a com¬ 
press. 

“ The practice of bolstering the cheeks forward doe» 
little service to the wound, and is very uneasy to th® 
patient. ” — Sharp. 

B. Intrans.: To make a bolster by lying one under 
the other. 

“ Damn them then, 

If ever mortal eyes do see them bolster 

More than their own ! ” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 3. 

C. In compounds or special phrases: 

*1. To bolster out: To prevent from overturning or 
collapsing. {Contemptuously.) 

“The lawyer sets his tongue to sale for the bolstering 
out of unjust causes.”— Hakewill. 

2. To bolster up: To support, to prevent from, 
falling. {Contemptuously.) 

“It was the way of many to bolster up their crazy doat- 
ing consciences with confidences.”— South. 

bol’-stered, pa. par. & a. [Bolster, v.] 

1. As participial adjective: Supported, sustained, 
held up. 

2. Swelled out. 

tbol'-ster-er, s. [Eng. bolster; -er.\ A person 
who, or a thing which supports the head, any other 
portion of the bodily frame, or anything material or 
immaterial. 

“That which is commonly reported of great robberies, 
may fitly serve to satisfy the bolsterers of such lewdness.” 
— Bp. Bancroft: Dangerous Positions, iv. 12. 

bol -ster-Ifig, pr.par., a. &s. [Bolster, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of supporting; tho 
state of being supported. 

“ Crooked and unequal bodies are made to meet, with¬ 
out a miracle, by some iron bodies, or some benigni 
bolsterings.”—Bp. Taylor: Artif. Handsomeness, p. 60. 

♦bol-straught, a. [From A. S. bcelg= the belly, 
and streccan=to stretch.] Prostrate, stretched on 
the belly. 

“ . . . and braid him doun be the brest bolstraught 
to the erthe.”— William of Palerne, 1,852. 

bolt (1), *bolte, s., a.& adv. [From A. S. 6olf=a 
catapult; Dan. balt=& bolt, a peg; Dut. bout=a 
bolt, a pin; N. H. Ger. bolzen, bolz=a bolt; M. H. 
Ger. bolz; O. H. Ger. bolz, polz= a bolt, an arrow? 
Bret, bollt. Skeat thinks that the reference is to- 
the roundness of what is designated a bolt. (Def. 
A.,1.)] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Properly : A kind of arrow with a round bob afc 
the end of it; any arrow. [Bird-bolt.] 

(1) Literally: In the foregoing sense. 

(2) Figuratively: Anything capable of inflicting- 
a mental wound. 

“ Yet mark’d I where the bolt of Cupid fell: 

It fell upon a little western flower.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream , ii. 1. 

IT To make a bolt upon anything: To take the risk 
of anything. 

“I’ll make a shaft or a bolt on’t.”— Shakesp.: Merry- 
Wives, iii. 4. 


fate, fit, fare, amidst, what, fill, father; we, wet, here, camel, hSr, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, wdrk, whd, B&n; mate, ciib, ciire, unite, cfir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e; ey = a. qu = km 



bolt-auger 


559 


bolting-cloth 


2. A “ thunderbolt.” 

“ As the bolt bursts on high 
From the black cloud that bound it.” 

Byron: Bride of Abydos, i. 12. 

3. The bar of a door. 


“’Tis not in thee to oppose the bolt 
Against my coming in.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, ii. i. 

4. Iron to fasten chains ; chains, fetters. 

“ Away with him to prison! lay bolts enough upon him.” 
— Shakesp.; Measure for Measure, v. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mach.: A stout metallic pin employed for hold¬ 
ing objects together, frequently screw-headed at 
one end to receive a nut. There are two principal 
classes of bolts: those which are intended for 
permanently fastening objects together, and mov¬ 
able bolts, such as lock, sash, door and gate bolts. 

2. Locksmithing : That portion of a lock which is 
protruded beyond or retracted within the case or 
boxing by the action of the key, and which engages 
with the keeper or jamb to form a fastening. The 
thick protruding portion is the bolt-head, and the 
flat part within the lock is the bolt-plate. 

3. Household Hardware: A movable bar pro¬ 
truded or retracted by hand to fasten or release a 
door, gate, window-sash, &c. 

4. Wood-working: 

(1) A rough block from which articles are to be 
made; as, a bolt for riving into shingles, spokes, 
&c. 

(2) A number of boards adhering together by the 
3tub-shot. 

5. Fabric: A piece or roll of cloth; a long narrow 
piece of silk or stuff. 

8. Naut.: The iron rod beneath a yard, to which 
a square sail is attached. 

Ordnance: An elongated solid projectile for rifled 
cannon, as the Whitworth and Armstrong guns. 

8. Bookbinding: The fold in the fore-edge and 
head of a folded sheet. 

9. 0. Botany: 

(1) A “ buttercup; ” any species of Ranunculus. 
(Prior.) 

(2) The Mountain Globe-flower, Trollius Eu - 
ropceus. (Ger. Appendix.) 

B. -4s adjective: Designed for a bolt; operating 
on a bolt; in any way pertaining or relating to a 
bolt. (See the compounds which follow.) 

C. -4s adverb: As a bolt (in the phrase which fol¬ 
lows). 

H Bolt-upright: “ Upright” as an arrow, or a bar 
!of iron; unbendingly. [Bolt-upright.] 

! bolt-auger, s. An auger used by shipwrights in 
(sinking holes for bolts. 

*bolt-bag, s. A quiver. 

“His arrow sheues they heard, and rattling noyse of 
\ bolt-bag tire.”— Phaer, Virgil, bk. ix. 

bolt-boat, s. A strong boat for a rough sea. 

bolt-chisel, s. 

Mach.: A cold chisel for cutting off the extra 
length of a bolt; a cross-cut chisel; a deep chisel 
with a narrow edge. 


bolt-cutter, s. 

RtcLcThiix&i'y * 

(1) A tool for cutting off bolts. It usually con¬ 
sists of a sleeve with a radial cutter setting in¬ 
wardly, and rotated around the bolt to be cut by 
means of a handle. 

(2) A machine for cutting the thread on bolts. 

bolt-extractor, s. A tool or implement for ex¬ 
tracting bolts by a lifting force. 

bolt-feeder, s. 

Milling: A device for regulating the rate of pass¬ 
age of the meal to the flour-bolt. 

*bolt-foot, s. A club-footed person. 

“ Auld Boltfoot rides into the rear .”—Scott 

bolt-head (1), *bolt-hed,s. The tip or head of 
a bolt or arrow. 

“Heccuspis, a bolt-hed."— Wright: Vocab , p 278. 

bolt-head (2), bolthead, s. 

GlassManuf.: Along glass mattress or receiver 
with a straight neck. 

“ This spirit abounds in salt, which may be separated 
by putting the liquor into a bolthead with a long narrow 
neck.”— Boyle. 


bolt-header, s. 

Mach.: A machine for swagging down the end of 
a bolt-blank to form a head; the form of this 
depends upon that of the die. 
bolt-making, a. Making, or designed for mak- 

lU Bolt-making machine: A machine in which bolts 
are threaded and headed, though this is usually 
done in separate machines, as the threading is done 
by cutters on the cold iron; heading by swaging 
upon the end of the hot blank. [Bolt-header, 

BoL T-THRE ADER. ] 


bolt-rope, s. & a. 

A. As substantive! 

Naut.: A rope around the margin of a sail to 
strengthen it. 

B. As adjective : Designed for, or in any way per¬ 
taining or relating to a, bolt-rope (See the example 
which follows.) 

Bolt-rope needle: 

Naut.: A strong needle for sewing a sail to its 
bolt-rope. 

bolt-sawing, a. A word used only in the com¬ 
pound which follows. 

Bolt-sawing machine: 

YVood-working: A machine for sawing superfluous 
wood, such as corners, from stuff to be turned. It 
has an iron carriage with centers, between which 
the work is chucked while being fed to the circular 
saw. 

bolt-screwing, a. A word used only in the com¬ 
pound which follows. 

Bolt-screwing machine: A machine for cutting 
screw-threads on bolts, by fixing the bolt-head to a 
revolving chuck, and causing the end which it is 
required to screw to enter a set of dies, which 
advance as the bolt revolves. A bolt-threader. 

bolt-strake, s. 

Ship-building : Thatstrakeor wale through which 
the beam-fastenings pass. 

bolt-threader, s. 

Mach.: A machine for cutting screw-threads on 
bolts. 

bolt-upright, bolt upright, adv. [From bolt, 
adv. (q. v.), and upright.] 

1. In a strict sense: Straight as an arrow, and 
erect. Used — 

(1) Of persons: 

“ As I stood bolt upright upon one end, . . .”— Addison. 

t(2) Of things: 

“Brush iron, native or from the mine, consisteth of long 
striae, about the thickness of a small knitting needle, bolt 
upright like the bristles of a stiff brush.”— Grew. 

2. More loosely: Straight as an arrow but pros¬ 
trate. ( Chaucer : Canterbury Tales, 4,263.) 

bolt (2), s. [From bolt (2), v., or bolter, s.] 

Milling: A sieve of very fine stuff, for separating 
the bran and coarser particles from flour. [Bolt 
(2), v.. Flour-bolt.] 

bolt (1), v. t. & i. [From bolt, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally (of things material): 

1. To shut or fasten by means of a literal bolt. 
(Used of a gate or door, or anything similar.) 

2. To pin together, to fasten, though not by means 
of a literal bolt. 

“That I could reach the axle, where the pins are 

Which bolt this frame, that I might pull them out!” 

Ben Jonson. 

*3. To support by iron bands. 

“. . . or bolted with yrne.” 

Piers Plowman Vis., vi. 138. 

4. To put fetters upon a person. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of things material: To swallow the food with¬ 
out chewing it. 

“Some hawks and owls bolt their prey whole, and after 
an interval of from twelve to twenty hours disgorge pel¬ 
lets.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. xi., p. 362. 

2. Of things immaterial: 

(1) To fetter, to confine, to prevent progress. 

“ To do that thing that ends all other deeds ; 

Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, V. 2. 

(2) To blurt out, to throw out precipitately. 

“ I hate when vice can bolt her arguments, 

And virtue has no tongue to check her pride.” 

Milton: Comus, 760, 761. 

(3) To cause to start; as, to bolt a rabbit, &c. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To start suddenly forward, aside, or in any 
direction, as if a bolt were unexpectedly with¬ 
drawn. Used — 

(1) Of a horse going off suddenly. 

“ He bolted, sprung and reared amain.” 

Scott. Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 12. 

(2) Of any other animal than a horse. 

“As the house was all in a flame, out bolts a mouse from 
the ruins, to save herself.”— VEstrange. 

(3) Of a man. 

(a) Literally: 

“ They erected a fort, and from thence they bolted like 
beasts of the forest.”— Bacon. 

(b) Figuratively: 

“ I have reflected on those men who from time to time 
■have shot themselves into the world. I have seen many 
successions of them ; some bolting out upon the stage with 
vast applause, and others hissed off.”— Dryden. 


b<511, b<5y: pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia'n, -tian = shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious. 


(c) U. S. Politics: To suddenly abandon or refu* 
to support the nominee of one’s party, especially' 
where the person so refusing was a member of thw 
nominating convention. 

bolt (2), *boult, v. t. [O. Fr. bultel= a boultingr 

sieve; butter—a. bolter or sieve (Kelham); buleter,, 
bluter (Malm); Low Lat. buleto; (N. H.) Ger... 
beuteln = to bolt or sift; M. H. Ger. biuteln.f, 
[Bolter (2), s.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: To separate the coarser from the finer 
particles of anything ; spec., thus to separate brain 
from flour by means of a bolter, or in any other 
way. 

“ Saying, he now had boulted all the floure." 

Spenser: Fairy Queen, II. iv. 24. 

“ The fann’d snow, 

That’s bolted by the northern blast twice o’er.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 4. 

2. Fig.: To examine by sifting, used, spec., of the- 
search after truth. Often followed by out. 

“ It would be well bolted out, whether great refractions* 
may not be made upon reflections, as upon direct beams.” 
—Bacon. 

II. Law: To discuss or argue cases privately for 
the sake of improvement in one’s knowledge and’ 
skill in the law. 

“ The judge, or jury, or parties, or the counsel, or at¬ 
torneys, propounding questions, beats and bolts out the* 
truth much better than when the witness delivers only » 
formal series.”—Hale. 

bolt-ant, particip. adj. [Bolting.] 

Her.: Springing forward. (Used of a hare or 
rabbit.) 

*bdlte, s. [From bolt, boult, v.] 

*0. Law: A moot. (Stowe: Sur. of London- 
p. 59.) 

bolt-ed, pa. par. [Bolt (1), v.] 

“ At evening, till at length the freezing blast 
That sweeps the bolted shutter, summons home 
The recollected powers; . . 

Cowper: Task, bk. iv. 
fbol -tel, s. [Boultine, Bowtel.] 

In Architec.: A name given to a convex molding! 
such as an ovolo. (Gwilt.) 

fbolt-er (1), s. [From bolt (1), v.] One who 
suddenly breaks away from his party. ( Goodrich &." 
Porter.) 

If More common in America than here. 

bolt'-er (2), s. [From bolt (2), v. In Fr. bluteau, 
blutoir; Ger. beutel= a bolter, a bolter-bag: Low 
Lat. bultellus, buletellum, buletellus .] [Bolt (2),v.J 

1. A sieve to separate the finer from the coarser 
particles of anything ; spec., an instrument to sepa¬ 
rate meal from bran and husks. 

(1) Literally: In the foregoing sense. 

“Dowlas, filthy dowlas: I have given them away to 
bakers’ wives, and they have made bolters of them.”— 
Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., iii. 3. 

(2) Figuratively: A kind of net. 

“These hakes, and divers others of the forecited, ara 
taken with threads, and some of them with the bolter, 
which is a spiller of a bigger size.” — Carew. 

2. A mental apparatus for sifting opinions, test¬ 
ing character, &c. 

3. One who refuses to support the nominee of his- 
political party, especially the nominee of a conven¬ 
tion of which he was a member. 

fbolt'-ered, a. [Eng. bolter; -ed.] Clotted. Onlyi 
in compos, in the word blood-boltered=clotted with; 
blood. [Blood-boltered.] 

bolt-iiig (1) , pr. par., a. & s. [Bolt (1) , v. J 

A. As present participle and adjective: 

1. Ordinary Language: (See the verb). 

2. Her.: The same as boltant (q. v.). 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. The act of fastening with a bolt. 

2. The act of starting off suddenly. 

bolt-iiig (2),pr.par., a. &s. [Bolt (2), v.] 

A. & B. As present participle & particip. adj.: In 
senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of sifting. 

“ In the bolting and sifting of fourteen years of power- 
and favor, all that came out could not be pure meal.” — 
Wotton. 

2. Law: Private arguing of cases for legal prac¬ 
tice, in a less formal way than is done in moots. 

bolting-chest, s. The inclosure or case of a- 
flouring-bolt. 

bolting-cloth, s. Cloth of hair or other sub¬ 
stance with meshes of various sizes for sieves. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious — shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del-. 





560 


bombardier-beetles 


bolting-house 

'bolting-house, s. The place where meal is 

sifted. 

“ The jade is returned as white, and as powdered, as if 
the had been at work in a bolting-liouse.” — Dennis. 

bolting-hutch, s. 

1. Literally: A tub or box into which flour or meal 
as bolted. 

“ For as a miller in a bolting-hutch 
Drives out the pure meal nearly as he can, 

And in his sifter leaves the coarser bran.” 

Brotcne. 

2. Figuratively: Any receptacle. 

“That bolting-hutch of beastliness, that swollen parcel 
•of dropsies.”— Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

bolting-mill, s. A machine in which flour is 
separated from the offal of various grades. 

bolting-tub, s. A tub to sift anything in; a 
bolting-hutch. 

“ The larders have been search’d, 

The bake-houses and bolting-tub, the ovens.” 

Ben Jonson: Magn. Lady. 

bol-tons. [Named after J. B. Bolton, an 
English botanist who lived in the latter part of the 
•eighteenth century.] 

Hot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Asteracese (Composites), and the sub-order Tubuli- 
"floras. The species, which are few, are pretty her¬ 
baceous plants indigenous to this country. 

bol'-ton-Ite, s. [Named from Bolton, in Massa- 
-chusetts, where it is found.] 

Min.: A variety of Olivine. A variety of Forster- 
ite, distinguished from the most typical variety of 
the species by being colored instead of white. 
{Dana.) 

*b51t -sprit, s. [Corr. from bowsprit (q. v.).] 

“Her boltsprit kissed the broken waves,” 

Scott: Loi’d of the Isles, i. 14. 

bo'-lus, s. & a. [Lat. bolus=a .bit, a morsel; Gr. 
-bolos=(l) a clod or lump of earth; (2) a lump of 
anything.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the sense II. 1. Med., but generally 
more or less contemptuously. 

“A complicated heap of ills, 

Despising boluses and pills.” Swift. 

2. Fig.: Anything unpleasant to take, anything 
mentally unpalatable. 

“. . . so that if I, acting on the apothecary’s prece¬ 
dent of repetatur haustus, had endeavored to administer 
another bolus or draught of expostulation, he would have 
. . .”—De Quincey: Works (2d ed.), i. 67. 

II. Technically: 

1. Med.: A form of medicine in which the ingre¬ 
dients are made up into a soft mass larger than a 
pill, but, pill-like, to be swallowed at once. 

2. Min.: The same as bole (q. v.). 

B. As adjective: Containing a bolus. [II. 1.] 

“ Surrounded thus by bolus pill, 

And potion glasses.” 

Burns: Poem on Life. 

*bOlwes, s. pi. [A corruption of Eng. balls, pi. of 
ball=" the hard round heads of the wort” (Cock¬ 
ayne).'] A name for a plant, Centaurea nigra. 

*bo'-lf, s. [Bole (1).] 

*bolye, s. [Boley.] 

♦bolyyn (pr. par. bolyynge), v. t. [Boil, v.] 

“ Bolyyn’ or boylyn’. Bullio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

v Bolyynge, or boylynge of pottys or othere lyke. Bul- 
■licio, bullor.” — Prompt. Parv. 

bom, s. [From the sound made by the animal.] 
A large serpent found in this country. 

bomb, s, & a. [In Fr. bombe; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
bomba= a bomb, &c.; from Lat. bombus; Gr. bombos 
=a humming or buzzing sound. A military bomb is 
so named from the sound it makes while it flies.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Gen.: A humming, booming, or buzzing sound 
produced in any way, as, for instance, by the vibra¬ 
tion of metal. 

“ Au upper chamber, being thought weak, was supported 
by a pillar of iron, of the bigness of one’s arm in the 
midst; which, if you had struck, would make a little flat 
noise in the room, but a great bomb in the chamber be¬ 
neath.”— Bacon. 

2. Specially: 

(1) In the same sense as II., 1. 
f (2) The stroke upon a bell. 


II. Technically: 

1. Ordnance: The same as a bomb-shell: a hollow 
iron ball, spheroid, or anything similar, filled with 
gunpowder, and provided with a time orpercussion 
fuse. It is fired from a mortar or howitzer. Bombs 


Bomb. 

were used at the siege of Naples in 1434. Mortars 
for throwing bombs were first cast in 1543. Bombs 
are now generally called shells, though the word 
bomb is not the least obsolete in the words bombard, 
bomb-shell, bombardier, &c. [Bomb-shell, Car¬ 
case, Case-shot, Grenade, Shell.] 

H Modern political upheavals have induced a 
traffic in packages of explosives, which have been 
christened bombs. These terrific agents of destruc¬ 
tion have been used with murderous effect in the 
larger European cities: St, Petersburg, Madrid and 
Paris; also in America, in Chicago. The anarchists 
have regularly established factories for the produc¬ 
tion of these missiles, in which the elements are 
combined with great nicety and scientific precision. 
The usual method of construction is to fill a hollow 
sphere with some high explosive together with 
pieces of scrap iron, nails, bullets, or anything that 
will wound. The explosives used are generally 
nitroglycerine, fulminate of mercury, etc. The most 
deadly of all the agents, however, is a bomb made 
with chlorate of potash and picric acid. These sub¬ 
stances are separated by a wadding of raw cotton 
(soaked in sulphuric acid) which acts as a time 
fuse; for when the picric acid soaks through the 
cotton and reaches the potash a terrific explosion 
ensues. The usual way of packing these bombs is 
in a tin cylinder with two glass compartments 
inside, one (the bottom one) containing the liquid 
acid and the top one the potash. To cause the 
explosion reverse the can and let the liquid soak 
through. 

2. Geol.: A bomb, or, more fully, a volcanic bomb, 
is a bomb-like mass of lava, spherical, pear-shaped, 
or more irregular in form, and of various sizes, 
from that of an apple to that of a man’s body. 
Bombs exist in the vicinity of recent or of extinct 
volcanoes* or lava flows, and are supposed by Mr. 
Darwin to have been produced by a mass of viscid 
scoriaceous matter projected with a rapid rotary 
motion through the air. Lyell makes them a modi¬ 
fication of basaltic columns divided by cross joints. 
They may be seen near the prison in Edinburgh, 
Scotland, or the flat-tipped basaltic hills of Central 
India, and elsewhere. Old volcanic rocks made up 
of a series of bombs fitting each other are some¬ 
times called concentric nodular basalt. 

“ . . . to conclude that these bombs are connected 
with the trap-eruption of the neighborhood.”— Q. J. Geol. 
Soc., xi., pt. i., 404. 

B. As adjective: Consisting of a bomb; contain¬ 
ing, or in any way pertaining or relating to, a bomb. 
(Seethe compounds.) 

bomb-chest,«. 

Mill mining: A kind of chest filled with bombs, 
or in some cases only with gunpowder, buried in 
the earth, and designed to be exploded at a pre¬ 
determined moment and blow up those who may be 
above and around. 

bomb-lance, s. 

Whale-fishing: A harpoon which carries a charge 
of explosive material in its head. In one form of 
the weapon the arrangement is that when the har¬ 
poon strikes the “fish,” the bar, which is pivoted 
obliquely in the head of the instrument, shall serve 
to release a spring acting on the hammer, which 
then explodes the cap and bursts the charge- 
chamber. 

bomb-proof, a. & s. 

A. As adjective : So strongly built that it is proof 
against the momentum of bomb-shells, whether 
striking it laterally or descending on it from above. 

B. As substantive. Fortif.: A structure in a forti¬ 
fication of the kind described under A. 

bomb-shells, s. 

1. Ordnance: The same as Bomb, II. 1. (q. y.) 

2. Her.: The same as Fire-ball (q. v.). 

bomb-vessel, s. A small strongly-bhilt vessel, 
containing one or more mortars, designed to operate 
against a beleaguered place by throwing bomb¬ 
shells into it. 

“ Nor could an ordinary fleet, with bomb-vessels, hope to 
succeed against a place that lias in its arsenal galleys and 
men of war.”— Addison: On Italy. 


♦bomb, v. t. & i. [From bomb, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Trans.: To attack with bombs, to bombard. 

“ Our king thus trembles at Namur, 

Whilst Villeroy, who ne’er afraid is, 

To Bruxelles marches on secure, 

To bomb the monks, and scare the ladies.” 

Prior. 

B. Inirans.: To emit a humming, buzzing or other 
similar sound. 

bom-ba-§e-£e, s. [From Mod. Lat. bombax, genit. 
bombacis (q. v.).] 

Bot.: A section of the order Sterculiaceae (Ster- 
culiads). Type, Bombax (q. v.). 

bom-ba- 9 e-ous, a. [From Mod. Lat. bombax, 
genit. bombacis (q. v.).] Pertaining to plants of the 
genus Bombax. 

“The Leguminous and Bombaceous orders.”— Bates: 
Naturalist on the Amazon, p. 139. 

♦bom'-bai^e, s. [Bobaunce.] Pride, arrogance. 
“ Come prykand with bombance.” —ft. C. de Lion, 4,494. 
bom-bar d, *bom-bar de, s.&a. [In Ger. &Fr. 
bombarde; Sp., Port., Ital. & Low Lat. bombarda; 
from Lat. bombus .] [Bomb.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In the same sense as II. 1. (q. v.) 

“ The capitnine with all his retinue departed, leuyng 
behynd the ordinaunce of bombardes, curtaines, and demy 
curtaux, slinges, canons, volgers, and other ordinaunce, 
. . .’’—Hall: Henry VIII., an. 15. 
f2. An attack with bombs ; a bombardment. 

*3. A large can, or any similar drinking vessel, for 
carrying beer or other liquor. 

“ The poor cattle yonder are passing away the time with 
a cheat loaf, and a bombard of broken beer .”—Ben JonSon: 
Masques. 

II. Technically: 

*1. Ordnance: A mortar of large bore formerly in 
use to throw stone-shot. One has been known to 
project a mass 3 cwt. in weight. 

“They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, 
wherewith they threw huge stones into the air.”— Knolles. 

2. Music: 

(a) A reed stop on the organ, usually among the 
pedal registers, of large scale, rich tone, and often 
on a heavy pressure of wind. (Stainer & Barrett.) 
*(b) A kind of large trumpet. 

“ A soune of bombarde and of clarioune.”— Gower, iii. 
358. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Of persons: Having the office of carrying bom¬ 
bards or liquor cans. [Bombard-man.] 

2. Of language: Inflated, pompous. [Bombard- 
phrase.] 

*bombard-man, s. A person who carries liquor 
in a bombard or can. [Bombard, A., I. 3.] 

“. . . and made room for a bombard man, that 
brought bouge for a countrey lady or two, that fainted, 
he said, with fasting, . . .”—Ben Jonson: Masques; 

Love Restored. 

bombard-phrase, s. Inflated phraseology. 

“ When they are poore and banish’d, must throw by 
Their bombard-phrase and foot and half-foot words.” 

Ben Jonson: Horace; Art of Poetrie. 
bom-bar'd, v. t. [From bombard , s. (q. v.) In 
Sw. bombardera; Dan. bombadere; Dut. bombar- 
deeren; Ger. bombardiren; Fr. bombarder; Sp. & 
Port, bombardear; Ital. bombardare.] To attack a 
fortified place or an army by throwing bombs at it. 

“. . . the same [Admiral John Berkley], who with 
his fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe in France, 
and bombarded Havre de Grace, in the same country, in 
July, 1649.”— Wood: Athence Oxon. 

bom-bard'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bombard, it] 
bom-bard-i-cgd, a. [Eng. bombard; -ical .] 

“ He that entitles himself . . . with other such 

bombardicall titles.”— Ilowell: Letters, No. 21. 

' bom-bar-di er, tbom-bar-de er, s. & a. [In Sw. 

bombarderare: Dan. bombarderer; Dut., Ger. & Fr. 
bombardier; Sp. bombardero; Port, bombardeiro: 
Ital. bombardiere.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Mil.: A non-commissioned officer in the 
artillery employed chiefly in serving mortars and 
howitzers. Several are usually attached to each 
company of artillery in modern armies. 

2. Gen.: Any artilleryman. 

“ The bombardier tosses his ball sometimes into the 
midst of a city, with a design to fill all around with terror 
and combustion.”— Tatler. 

B. As adjective: Operating like the military 
functionary described under A. (See the com¬ 
pounds which follow.) 

bombardier-beetles, s. pi. 

Entom.: The English name given to the predatory 
beetles of the genus Brachinus (q. v.). The name 
is given because these animals, when disturbed. 




fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, te, ce = e; ey = a. qu - kwl 







bombarding 


561 


bona-fide 


emit from the extremity of their abdomen a dis¬ 
charge of acrid smoke or vapor of pungent odor, 
and attended by a perceptible report. The best 
known species is Brachinus crepitans. 
bom-bard -Ing, pr. par., a. &s. [Bombard, v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act or operation of attack¬ 
ing with bombs. 

11 . . . to the present perfection of gunnery, cannon- 
eering, bombarding, mining, &c .’’—Burke: A Vindication 
of Natural Society. 

bom-bar-di'-no, s. [Ital. bombardino, dimin. of 
bombardo (q. v.).] 

Music: A small bombardo. 

bom-bard'-ment, s. [Fr. & Dan. bombardement; 
Port, bombardeamento; Ital. bombardamento .] An 
attack made upon a fortified place or open city by 
throwing bombs into it. 

“The project of carrying the fort of Kalanga by assault 
was now relinquished, and recourse was had to a bombard¬ 
ment .’’— Wilson: Hist. Brit. India, ii. 28. 

bom-bar-do, s. [Ital. bombardo .] 

Music: A mediaeval wind instrument, a large and 
coarse species of oboe, and the forerunner of the 
oboes of smaller and finer make. ( Stainer & Bar¬ 
rett.) 

bom-bar-don, s. [From Ital. bombardo (?).] 
Music: A brass instrument not unlike an ophi- 
cleide in tone. 

*bom'-ba§e, *bam -ba§e, s. [Bombast.] Cotton. 
(Langham: Garden of Health.) (Salluste du Bar- 
tas.) 

bom'-ba-§In, s. & a. [Bombazin.] 
bom -bast, s. & a. [In Ger. bombast. Cognate 
with Lat. bombyx, in the sense of cotton.] [Bom- 
byx.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. The cotton plant. 

“ Bombast, the cotton-plant growing in Asia.”— Phillips: 
The New World of Words. 

*2. The cotton wadding with which garments of 
the Elizabethan period were wont to be stuffed and 
lined. 

“ Certain I am there was never any kind of apparel ever 
invented that could more disproportion the body of man 
than these doublets, stuffed with four, five, or six pounds 
of bombast at the least.”— Stubbes: The Anat. of Abuses, 
p. 23. (Trench.) 

3. Inflated speech, fustian ; high-sounding words; 
magniloquent language. _ (Used on subjects which 
do not properly admit of it, with the effect of being 
not sublime but ridiculous.) 

“. . . a hundred and sixty lines of frigid bombast.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

B. As adjective: Fustian, pretentious, suggesting 
the idea of something great, but with that great¬ 
ness made up of what is little worth. 

“ He, as loving his own pride and purposes, 

Evades them, with a bombast circumstance 
Horribly stuff’d with epithets of war.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, i. 1. 

fbom-bast', v. t. [From bombast, s. (q. v.)] To 
etuff out, to choose what is really meager, to look 
■of imposing bulk. (Used chiefly in a figurative 
sense.) 

“ Then strives he to bombast his feeble lines 
With far-fetch’d phrase.” 

Bp. Hall: Satires, i. 4. 

[bom-bas -ted, pa. par. & a. [Bombast, v .] 

“ For Leontinus Gorgias, that bombasted sophister, the 
greatness of his learning was rather in the people’s false 
opinion and ascription, than in his own true possession.” 
—Fotherby: Atheomastix, p. 190. 

bom-bas-tic, *bom-bas'-tick, "bam -bas -tlck, 
a. [Eng. bombast; -ic.) Inflated; high-sounding 
in language but slender in meaning; characterized 
by fustian. 

“ Bambastick phrases, solecisms, absurdities, and a 
thousand monsters of a scholastick brood, were set on 
foot.”— Shaftesbury. 

bom-bast-1-cg.l, a. [Eng. bombastic; -aZ.] The 
same as Bombastic. 

bom-bast -I-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. bombastical; 

-ly .] In a bombastic manner, pompously. 

tbom'-bg.s-try, s. [Eng. bombast; -ry.~\ The 
same as bombast, s. (q. v.) 

“ Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, 
soar highest of all.”— Swift: Introd. Tale of a Tub. 

bom -bax, s. [In Sp. bombasi; Lat. bombyx=(l) 
the silk-worm, (2) silk, (3) cotton; Gr. bombyx— 
(1) the silk-worm, (2) silk.l 
Bot.: Silk-cotton tree. A genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Sterculiaceee (Sterculiads) and the 
section Bombace®. Bombax pentandrum is the 
■cotton-tree of India. The fruit is larger than a 
swan’s egg, and when ripe opens in five parts, dis¬ 


playing many roundish pea-like seeds enveloped in 
dark cotton. This tree yields a gum, given in con¬ 
junction with spices in certain stages of bowel- 
complaints. B. ceiba, the Five-leaved Silk-cotton 
tree, rises to a great height. Its native country is 
South America and the adjacent West India 
Islands, where its immense trunk is scooped into 
canoes. 

bom'-bgi-zet, bom’-b?i-zette, s. [Compare bom¬ 
bazin .] 

Fabric: A kind of thin woolen cloth. 

bom -bg,-z!ne, bom'-ba-zin, bom’-b 3 ,-§In, s. 

[In Sw., Ger., & Fr. bombasin; Dut. bombazign; Sp. 
bombasi; Port, bombazina; Ital. bombagino; Lat. 
bombycinum — silk-weaving, bombycinus = silken, 
from bombyx (q.v.).] 

Fabric: A mixed silk and woolen twilled stuff, 
the warp consisting of silk and the weft of worsted. 
Black bombazine has been much in use for mourn¬ 
ing garments. 

*bom’-be-sIe, s. [Corrupted from Eng. bomba¬ 
zin, or directly from Sp. bombasi .] Bombazin. 

bom’-bic, a. [From Lat. bombyx, and Eng. suff. 
-ic.] Pertaining to or derived from a “ bombyx ” or 
silk-worm. [Bombyx.] 

“The moth of the silk-worm ejects a liquor which ap¬ 
pears to contain a peculiar acid, called bombic acid.”— 
Mrs. Marcet: Conv. on Chem. (1841), ii. 835. 

bom'-bl-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. bombus (q. v.).] 
Entom.; A family of Hymenopterous insects, con¬ 
taining the Humble or Bumble-bees. [Bombus.] 
fbom -bil-ate, v. t. [From Low Lat. bombilo; 
Class. Lat. bornbio or bombilo=\o buzz, to hum.] To 
make a humming or murmuring sound. 

bom-bil-a'-tion, *bom-bu-la-tion, s. [Eng. 
bombilat(e); -ion. In Lat. bombitatio not bombi- 
Zafio=humming.] [Bombilate.] Sound, noise, 
report. 

“How to abate the vigor or silence the bombilation of 
guns, a way is said to be by borax and butter mixed in a 
due proportion.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*bom-bIl -I-ous, *bom-byl-i-ous, a. [From 
Low Lat. bombilo .] [ Bombilate.] Emitting a 
humming or murmuring sound. 

“Thewherneor burret-fly is vexatious . . . not by 
stinging, but by its bombilious noise.”— Desham. 

bom -bill, s. [From Eng. bombilate (q. v.).] 

1. Lit.: Buzzing noise. 

2. Fig.: Boasting. 

“For all your bombill y’er warde a little we." 

Polwart’s Flyting, Watson’s Coll. iii. 5. 
bom-bi-na -tion, s. The same as Bombilation. 
“Humble-bees whose bombination may be heard a con¬ 
siderable distance.” —Kirby <St Spense: Entomology, ch.xxiv. 

*bom’-bing, pr.par. & a. [Bomb, v .] 

As participial adjective: Humming, murmuring. 

“ What over-charged piece of melancholy 
Is this, breaks in between my wishes thus, 

With bombing sighs !” Ben Jonson: Masques. 

bom-bo -lo, s. [From Ital. bambolo = an in¬ 
fant (?).] 

Glass: A spheroidal retort in which camphor is 
sublimed. It is made of thin flint-glass, weighs 
about one pound, and is twelve inches in diameter. 
It is heated in a sand-bath to 250° Fah., which is 
gradually increased to 400°. [Camphor.] 
*bom'-bon, V. t. [Bummyn.] ( Prompt . Parv.) 
*bom-b\i-la'-tion, s. [Bombilation.] 
bom -bus, s. [From Lat. bombus; Gr. bombos= a 
humming or buzzing. (Imitated from the sound.)] 
Entom.: A genus of Apid® containing the hum¬ 
ming bees. They are social, but live in much 
smaller communities than the hive bee. There are 
among them male, female, and neuter individuals. 
Bombus terrestris is the common black-and-white 
banded Humble-bee; B. hortorum, like it, but 
smaller, and with the hinder part of the thorax and 
the base of the abdomen yellow, is often confounded 
with it.. B. muscorum, yellow, with the thorax 
orange, is the Carder-bee ; and B. lapidarius is the 
Red-tailed bee. . It is called the lapidary, from its 
making its nest in stony places. [Humble-bee.] 
bom-by -gi-dse , s. pi. [From Lat. bombyx, genit. 
bombycis; and suffix -idee. ] [Bombyx.] 

Entom.: A family of moths. They,have only 
rudimentary maxillae, small palpi, and bipectinated 
antennae. The caterpillars are generally hairy, and 
spin a cocoon for the protection of their chrysalis. 
[Bombyx.] 

bom-by-911-19,, s. [From Mod. Lat. bombyx, 
genit. bombycis — . . . silk, and suffix -ilia. 
Named from the silk plumage.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the family 
Ampelidae and the sub-family Ampelinae. Bomby- 
cilla garrula is the Bohemian or rather European 
Chatterer or Common Waxwing, by some called 
Ampelis garrula. [Ampelis, Chatterer, Wax¬ 
wing.] 


bom-by-Ql'-nous, a. [Lat. bombycinus; from 
bombyx, s.=the silk-worm, . . . silk.] [Bombyx.] 

1. Made of silk, silken. (Coles.) 

2. Of the color of the silk-worm, transparent, with 
a yellow tint. 

“The bombycinous color of the skin.”— Darwin: Zoo- 
nomia, ii. 6. 

bom-bjfl -I-dse, bom-byl-I-i-dse, s. pi. [From 
Mod. Lat. bombylilus) (q. v.); Lat. pi. suffix -idat-l 
Entom.: A family of insects belonging to the 
order Diptera, and the sub-order Brachycora. They 
have a long proboscis and much resemble humble- 
bees, with which, however, they have no real 
affinity, differing from them, among other important 
respects, in having only two wings. They fly very 
swiftly. The typical genus is Bombylius (q. v.). 
bom-b^r-i-ous, a. [Bombilious.] 
bom-byl'-I-us, s. [From Gr. bombylios= a bus*, 
zing insect, possibly either a humble-bee or a gnat.^ 
Entom.: The typical genus of the family Bom- 
bylid® or Bombyliid® (q. v.). The species are 
sometimes called Humble-bee Flies. 

bom'-b^X, s. [Lat. bombyx=( 1) the silk-worm, 
(2) silk, (3) any fine fiber such as cotton ; Gr. bombyx 
= (1) the silk-worm, (2), silk (3) part of a flute.] 
Entom.: A genus of moths, the typical one of the 
family Bombycid®. Bombyx mori is the silk-worm. 
It came originally from China. [Silk-worm.] B. 
cynthia is the Arrindy Silk-worm of India. » 

bome'-spar, s. [From Sw. & Dan. bom= a bai 
with which to shut a gate, a boom ; and spar, i. e., a 
spar of wood, not a mineral spar.] A spar of a 
larger kind. 

“ Bomespars the hundred, containing one hundred and 
twenty, ... 10 s.”— Bates, A. 1670, p. 7. (Jamieson.) 

*bom'-Ill, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Apparently a 
cooper’s instrument [qu. wimble?], as it is conjoined 
with eche, i. e., adze. (Jamieson.) 

*bon (1), s. [Bane.] Bane, injury. 

“ Old Saturn his cloudy course had gon, 

The quhilk had beyn bath best and byrdis bon.” 

Wallace, ix. 7. MS. (Jamieson.) 
*bon (2), s. [A. S. bdn= a bone.] A bone. (Sit 
Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage.) [Bone] 
fbon (3), s. & a. [From Icel. 6<5w=boon. Cognats 
with Sw. bdn; O. Eng. frene=prayer.] [Boon.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Boon. 

“ His felau asked his bon, 

And prayed Godd for His mercye.” 

Homilies in Verse (ed. Skeat & Morris), i. 209, 210. 

2. Prayer. 

“ Our Lauerd grauntes it us son, 

Yef sawel hel be in our bon.’’ 

Homilies in Verse, ii. 65, 66. 

B. As adjective: Obtained by prayer or solicita¬ 
tion ; borrowed. 

“ He that trusts to bon ploughs will have his land lye 
lazy.”— S.Prov. (Jamieson.) 

*bon (4) a. [Bowne, Boun.] Ready, prepared. 
(Cursor Mundi, 110.) 

bon (5), a. & s. [Fr. bon (m.), bonne (f.), adj.= 
good, as swf>sf.=that which is good; Prov. bon; Sp. 
bueno; Port, bom, as Bombay = good-bay; Ital. 
buono; Lat. bonus, formerly buonus, all adjectives.] 

1. Gen.: Good. 

2. Spec.: Voted as a security for something, 
bon-jour, s. [Fr.] Good-day. 

“ . . . we’ll give your grace bon-jour." 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, i. 2. 
bon-mot, s. [Fr.] A good saying, a jest, a tale. 

“ The Scripture was his jest-book, whence he drew 
Bon-mots to gall the Christian and-the Jew.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

bon-ton, s. [Fr.] The height of fashion, 
bon-vivant, s. [Fr.] Lit., living wel‘l. A person 
fond of the pleasures of the table; a boon com¬ 
panion ; a jolly fellow. 

bo'-ns, (1), a. [Feminine ablative singular of 
the Latin adjective bonus. For details see the com¬ 
pound words.] 

bona-fide, used as adj. [From Lat. bond, ablative 
sing. fern, of bonus, -a, -wm=good, and fide, ablative 
sing, of ,fides=faith.] With good faith; with no 
subterfuge, fraud, or deception. 

A bona-fide traveler, guest, etc.: 

Law: One who, to entitle himself to obtain 
refreshments or accommodation at a hotel at cer¬ 
tain prohibited hours, proves to the satisfaction of 
the host that he, in all good faith, has journeyed 
from a distance that day or is entitled for other 
reasons to be exempted from the operation of the 
law. 

IT An example may be found in the operation of a 
city ordinance of St. Paul, Minn., which commands 
that no barber shops within the city shall be open 
to customers on the Sabbath, but provides that 
bona-fide guests of hotels may be shaven in hotel 
barber shops. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, epst. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, deL 

36 





bona-fides 


562 


bond 


bona-fides, used as s. [Lat. bona, nomin. sing, 
fem. of bonus^good, and _)ides=faith. ] 

Law: Good faith, as opposed to mala-fides=bad 

faith. 

bo -n$l (2), «. pi. in compos. [Lat. bona= gifts of 
fortune, wealth, goods, nomin. pi. of bonum = a 
material or moral good.] 

Civil Laiv: All kinds of property movable and 
immovable. 

bona-mobilia, s. [ Mobilia is neut. pi. of Lat. 
adj. mobilis= movable.] 

Law: Movable goods or effects, 
bo'-ng, (3), buo'-ng,, a. [From Ital. buona, fem. 
of 6ttono=good.] 

bo-nan-za, fs. [Span. ?)onanza=success, pros- 
erity.l A term first applied in the west by the 
panish-speaking people of those regions to a pro¬ 
ductive gold or silver mine; and now extended in 
application to any successful business venture. 

bona-roba, buonarobba, s. [Robba is from 
Ital. roba= a robe, goods, estate.] A cant term for 
a handsome but wanton girl. 

IT Cowley seems to have considered it as implying 
a fine tall figure. 

“I would neither wish that my mistress nor my fortune 
should be a bona-roba; —but as Lucretius says, Parvula 
. . .”— Cowley: On Greatness. ( Nares .) 

*bona-SOCia, s. A good companion. 

“ Tush, the knaves keepers are my bona-socias and my 
pensioners.”— Ben Jonson: Merry Devil, CL PI. v. 268. 

*bon-g-ble, a. [Etym. doubtful. Perhaps for 
banable— cursable (Stevens), or from boneable=a\Ae 
in the bones (Nares), or bon — good, and able 
(Nares ).] For def. see etym. 

“Diccon ! it is vengeable knave, gammer, ’tis a bonable 
horson.” —Gammer Gurton’s Needle, iii. 2. 

bon -ac-cord, s. [From Fr. bon = good, and 
accord= agreement.] Agreement; amity. 

“Articles of Bonaccord to be condescended upon by the 
magistrates of Aberdeen, . . . We heartily desire your 
subscriptions and seal to thir reasonable demands, or a 
peremptory or present answer of bonaccord or mal- 
accord.”— Spalding, i. 214, 216 (2d). 

If It seems to have been formerly used by way of 
toast, as expressive of amity and kindness. 

“ During the time he was in Aberdeen, he got no bon¬ 
accord drunken to him in wine; whether it was refused, 
or not offered, I cannot tell.”— Spalding, ii. 67. 
bon'-g$e, s. & a. [Etym. doubtful.] 
bonace-bark, s. 

Bot.: The name of a shrub, the Daphne tinifolia, 
which grows in Jamaica, 
bonailie, bonalais, s. [Bonnaillie.] 
*bon-air', a. [Bonere.] 

*bon-aire-te', s. [Contr. from Fr. d&bonnairett 
^gentlemen.] Gentlemen. (Chaucer.) 

*bon-air'-nesse, s. [ Bonere; -ness.] Meekness, 
humility. ( Wycliffe: 1 Corinthians, iv. 21.) 

bdn-g-par -te-a, s. [Named after the world- 
renowned Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born at 
Ajaccio in Corsica on August 15. 1769, his remote 
ancestors being Italians emigrant from Tuscany. 
He compelled the evacuation of Toulon in 1793, 
became Brigadier-general of French artillery in 
February, 1794, and was appointed on February 23, 
1796, to command the army of Italy, soon after gain¬ 
ing, among other victories over the Austrians, those 
of Montenotte on April 12, 1796; Lodi on May 10, 
1796; and Areola on November 14-17, 1796. In a 
Turco-Egyptian campaign were the victories of the 
Pyramids, July 13 and 21, 1798; Aboukir, July 25, 
1799, and others. On December 24, 1799, he became 
first-consul, and on June 14, 1800, he defeated the 
Austrians at Marengo ; on August 2,1802, he became 
consul for life, and on May 18,1804, emperor. On 
November 13,1805, he entered Vienna, and on Decem¬ 
ber 2 he gained the great victory of Austerlitz over 
the Russians and Austrians, and on October 14,1806, 
that of Jena over the Prussians, entering Berlin on 
October 27. On February 7 and 8, 1807, he fought the 
indecisive battle of Eylau. On June 14,1807, he was 
victorious over the Russians at Friedland. On May 
12,1809, he again entered Vienna. In conflict with 
Austria, he lost the battlesof Aspern andEsslingon 
May 21 and 22,1809, but was successful at Wagram on 
July 5 and 6. A victory, but with heavy loss to the 
victors, was gained over the Russians at the Boro¬ 
dino on September 7, 1812. On the 14th he entered 
Moscow, from which he began his disastrous retreat 
on October 19. The battle of Beresina was on 
November 26 and 27. He was victorious over the 
Russians and Prussians at Lutzen on May 2,1813, 
and at Bautzen on the 21st, but _ was decisively 
1 defeated by the Russians and Prussians at the great 
battle of Leipsic on October 16,18 and 19. On Aptril 5, 
1814, he renounced the thrones of France and Italy, 
and consented to have his rule limited to the island 
of Elba. Reappearing in France on March 1,1815, 
he was decisively defeated by Wellington at Water¬ 


loo on June 18,1815, and, surrendering on July 15 to 
the English, died in exile in St. Helena on May 20, 
1821.) 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Bromeliaceas (Bromelworts). The B. juncea, or 
rush-leaved species, is a fine plant with spikes of 
blue flowers. 

Bon a-par t-e-an, a. [Fr., &c., Bonaparte; Eng. 
suff. -an.] Pertaining or relating to any of the 
Bonapartes, and especially to Napoleon I. or III. 
[Napoleon.] 

Bon -g-part-Ism, s. [From Fr. Bonapartisme.] 
The views or procedure of the house of Bonaparte. 
Bon'-a-part-lst, s. [From Fr. Bonapartiste.'] 
Hist.: One who supported the Bonaparte family, 
and especially Napoleon I.or III., or who now seeks 
to revive their dynasty. 
bon-a-§I-g, s. [From Lat. bonasus (q. v.).] 
Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the family 
Tctraonidfie, or Grouse tribe. B. umbellus is the 
Ruffed Grouse of this country, called also White 
Flesher and Pheasant. It is highly prized for food. 

bon-a-sus, s. [Lat. bonasus; Gr. bonasos = a 
wild ox found in Pannonia, probably the Aurochs or 
Bison.] 

Zodl. & Palceont .: 

A genus of mam¬ 
mals belonging to 
the familyBovidre. 

It contains the 
Aurochs (B. bison) 

[Aurochs] and the 
American Bison 
( B. A meric anus). 

[Bison.] 

* b o n' - a t, s. 

[Bonnet.] (Bar¬ 
bour: The Bruce, 
ix. 506.] 
bon-g-ven 
ture, a. [Fr. bon 
— good, and aventure. =adventure, hazard, fortune.] 
Bringing good fortune. (Only in the subjoined 
compound.) 

bonaventure-mizzen, s. 

Naut.: An additional or second mizzen-mast, 
used in some large four-masted ships. 

*bon-ayre', s. [Boner.] 

*bon-ayre-lyche (ch guttural), adv. [From Fr. 
de, bon, air=ol good mien.] Debonairly, reverently. 

“ Kyghtuollyche an bonayrelyche. Sobrelyche: in ous 
zelue ‘ ryghtuollyche; to oure emcristen’ bonayrelyche: to 
God.”— Spec. Ear. Eng., pt. ii. (Morris & Skeat), 85-87. 
(Dan. Michel, of Northgate: Ser. on Matt. xxiv. 43.) 

bon -bon, s. [Fr.) A sweetmeat. 

“. . . the confectioner who makes bonbons for the 
momentary pleasure of a sense of taste.”— J. S. Mill: Polit. 
Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. iii., § 1, p. 56. 

*bonc, s. The same as Bank. 
bonghed, pret. of v. [Bunched.] 

*bon-chief, *bon-chef, s. [Fr. bon = good, and 
suff. -chief, -chef, corresponding. to the suffix in 
mischief.] Gaiety, or perhaps innocence, purity. 
(Morris.] 

“ If I consent to do after your will for bonchief or mis¬ 
chief that may befall unto me in this life, I were worthy 
to be cursed.”— Thorpe: Exam, in Fox, 1407. 

boh-chret’-I-en, s. [Fr. bon = good; Chr6tien= 
Christian. Lit., a good Christian. Probably called 
after some gardener named Christian.] A kind of 
pear. 

bond, *bonde, s. & a. [A different spelling of 
band (q. v.). Band, bend, and bond were originally 
but different methods of writing the same word. 
(Trench: Eng. Past and Present, p. 65.)] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. That which ties or restrains. 

(1) Of a physical tie or restraint: 

(a) Cords, ropes, chains, or anything similar with 
which a person or other living creature is bound. 

“Till, gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder, 

I gain’d my freedom.” 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, v. 1. 

(b) Anything which holds matter together, as 
attraction, cohesion, <fcc.; also that part of a built 
structure which ties the other portion together. 
[II. 1, 2,3, 4.] 

“ Their round figure clearly indicates the existence of 
some general bond of union in the nature of an attractive 
force; . . . ”— Herschel: Astronomy: 5th ed. (1858), 

§ 866 . 

(2) Of a moral tie or restraint: That which re¬ 
strains the conscience, the affections, the passions, 
or the will—viz.. Divine or human law. Spec. — 

(a) A vow to God. 

“ If a man vow a vow unto the Lord, or swear an oath to 
bind his soul with a bond; . . .”— Numbers xxx. 2. 



(b) An oath or promise made to a human being; 
a formally contracted obligation, or its record in 
writing; a promise. [II. 6.] 

“ Go with me to a notary, seal me there 
Your single bond." 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, i. 3. 
“What if I ne’er consent to make you mine: 

My father’s promise ties me not to time; 

And bonds without a date, they say, are void.” 

Dryden: Spanish Friar, iii. 3. 

If The hymeneal bond: The matrimonial bond, 
the bond of marriage. 

(c) The tie of affection. 

“It does not feel for man; the natural bond 
Of brotherhood is sever’d as the flax.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. ii. 

(d) Habit, produced by practice. 

“Time was, he closed as he begun the day 
With decent duty, not ashamed to pray; 

The practice was a bond upon his heart, 

A pledge he gave for a consistent part.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

(e) Other force, power, influence, or constraint. 

“ Ne wai non so wis than in al his lond, 

The kude vn-don this dremes bond." 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,113-4. 

2. The state of being tied or placed under physical 
or moral restraint. 

(1) Sing.: Obligation ; duty. 

“I love your Majesty 
According to my bond.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 1. 

(2) Plur.: Chains taken by metonymy to stand 
for a state of imprisonment, with the suffering thus 
resulting. 

“. . . but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy 
of death or of bonds.” — Acts xxiii. 29. 


IT In bond: In prison. 

“And her wrigteleslike holden in bond.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,076. 

II. Technically: 

1. Masonry: A stone or brick which is laid with 
its length across a wall, or extends through the 
facing course into that 
behind, so as to bind the 
facing to the backing. 

Such stones are known 
also as binders, bond- 
stones, binding-stones, 
through-stones, perpent- 
stones and headers. 

[Cross-Bond.] 

i. Bricklaying: _ A par¬ 
ticular mode of disposing 
bricks in a wall so as to i 

tie and break joint. The - 
English bond has courses 
of headers alternating f 
with courses of stretch- 
ers. In the Flemish bond _ , 

each course has stretch- Bonds 

ers and headers alternately. In the figure, A is a 
header; B. a stretcher; c, a bond of hoop-iron ; D, a 
timber-bond. 

3. Roofing: The distance which the tail of a shingle 
or slate overlaps the head of the second course be¬ 
low. A slate.27 inches long, and having a margin 
of 12 inches gauge exposed to the weather, will have 
3 inches bond, or lap. The excess over twice the 
gauge is the bond. 

4. Carp.: Tie-timbers placed in the walls of a 
building, as bond-timbers, lintels, and wall-plates. 

5. Chem.: A graphic representation of the method 
in which the atomicity of an element in a molecule 
is satisfied by combination with another element, 
or elements, according to their atomicity. Thus a 
monad is represented as having one bond, a dyad as 
having two, a triad three, and a tetrad four. These 
are represented by straight lines connecting the 

atoms; thus, H—Cl, H—O—H, N —H, §>C<5 

\H 11 

(Example, Fowne's Inorganic Chemistry, 12th ed., 
p. 258.) 

6. Law: A written acknowledgment or binding 
of a debt under seal. The person who gives the 
bond is called the obligor, and he to whom it is 
given the obligee. A bond is called single when it 
does not contain a penalty, and an obligation when 
it does. If two or more persons bind themselves in 
a bond jointly and severally, the obligee may sue 
them jointly or single out any one of the number he- 
pleases to sue; but if they are bound jointly, and 
not severally, he must sue them jointly or not at 
all. Bonds of an immoral character are void at law. 
(Wharton.) [Arbitration Bond, Covenant, De¬ 
feasance, Recognizance.] 

7. Customs laws: When an excisable article is 
imported or manufactured in this country, the- 
importer or manufacturer has the privilege of post¬ 
poning the full payment of the duty thereon until 
such time as he may elect (within certain limits), 
the goods in the meantime being left in government 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, 
or, wore, wqlf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; g-5, pot,, 
se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 







bond-creditor 


563 


bone 


Wls'Nydy in warehouses that are styled bonded ware¬ 
houses, and bond given for payment of the duty, the 
goods themselves being said to be in bond until 
they are released by payment of the duty. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Of persons: 

(1) In a state of slavery. 

“And he caused all, both small and great, rich and poor, 
tree and bond, . , .”—Revelation xiii. 16. 

(2) Under a legal “ bond ” [II. 6] or obligation. 

. 2. Of things: Involving an obligation; pertain¬ 
ing to an obligation; designed for the printing of 
bonds. 

bond-creditor, s. A creditor who is secured by 
a bond. ( Blackstone.) 

) bond-debt, s. A debt contracted under the obli¬ 
gation of a bond. 

bond-paper, s. A thin, uncalendered paper, 
made ot superior stock, and used for printing 
bonds and similar evidences of value. 

bond-stone, s. [Eng. bond-stone. In Ger. binde- 
stein.] [Binders.] 

♦bond, pret. of v. [Botjnd, pret.; Bind, v.] 
[Chaucer (ed. Skeat) : Canterbury Tales, Group B., 

bond, v. t. [From bond, s. ,(q. v.)] To secure 
payment by giving a bond for. Generally in the 
past participle or participial adjective, bonded 
(q. v.). 

bond’-age (age as ig), s. [In O. Fr. bondage—a 
bond-tenant ( Kelham) ; Low Lat. bondagium. But 
Skeat considers that it really came from Icel. bondi 
= a husbandman, a short form of buandi— a tiller of 
the soil, from 6ua=to till.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The state of being bound; the state of being 
under restraint or compulsion; slavery, captivity, 
imprisonment. 

“ For the Lord, our God, He it is that brought us up 
and our fathers out of the land of Egypt, from the house 
of bondage, . . —Joshua xxiv. 17. 

(2) The state of being in political subjection. 

“ Think’st thou the mountain and the storm 

Their hardy sons for bondage form? ” 

Remans: Wallace’s Invocation to Bruce. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) The state of being under the restraint of fear 
or terror, love, or any other emotion. 

“ And deliver them who fthrough fear of death were all 
their lifetime subject to bondage.”—Hebrews ii. 15. 

“If she has a struggle for honor, she is in a bondage 
to love; which gives the story its turn that way.”— Pope. 

(2) The state of being bound by covenant or other 
obligation. 

“ He must resolve by no means to be enslaved, and 
brought under the bondage of observing oaths, which 
ought to vanish when they stand in competition with eat¬ 
ing and drinking, or taking money.”— South. 

II. Old English Law: Yilleinage; tenure of land 
on condition of rendering various menial services 
to the feudal lord.. In O. Scotch the word in this 
sense is corrupted into bonnage. 

♦bonde, a. & s. [Bond.] 

*bonde-dogge, s. [Bondogge.] 

*bonde-man, s. [Bondman.] ( Chaucer: Can¬ 
terbury Tales, 693.) 

♦bonde, s. & a. [A. S. bmida= a proprietor, a hus¬ 
bandman, a boor ( Bosworth ). From Icel. b&ndi =a 
husbandman, a short form of bilandi= a tiller of the 
soil, from bua = to till. It has no connection with 
bond, s., or bind, v. (/Sfceoi)] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Originally: 

(1) Sing.: A husbandman, an individual of the 
class described under (2) plur. 

(2) Plur. (bonde not bondes): Bondsmen, “ vil¬ 
lains.” as opposed to the orders of barons and 
burge'sses. 

“ That baronus, burgeys and bonde, and alle other 
burnes.” William of Palerne, 2,128. 

If On bonde manere: After the manner of a bond- 
man. Bonde is the genitive case. 

11 And me to selle on bonde manere 

Robt. Manning of Brunne, 5,762. 

2. Subsequently: One in a state of slavish depend¬ 
ence ; a serf, a slave. 

« Bonde as a man or woman. Servus; serva.” —Prompt. 
Parv. 

B. As adj.: Engaged in husbandry. 

“ Baronus and burgeis and bonde men also.” 

Piers Plowman, A., prol. 96. 

bond'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bond, v.] 

As participial adjective: Secured by bond. 


*[ Bonded goods are goods left at the custom-house 
in charge of the appropriate officers, bonds being 
given for the duties leviable upon them. 

bonded-warehouse, bonded warehouse, s. A 
warehouse for storing bonded goods. 

*bon-del, *bon-delle, s. [Bundle.] 

*bon-den, pa.par. [Bound, Bounden.] (William 
of Palerne, 2,238.) 
bond'-er, s. [Eng. bond; -er.] 

1. One who bonds; one who deposits goods in a 
bonded warehouse. 

2. Masonry. Generally pi. ( bonders ): Binding- 
stones. Stones which reach a considerable distance 
into or entirely through a wall, for the purpose of 
binding it together ; they are principally used when 
the work is faced with ashlar, and are inserted at 
intervals to tie it more securely to the rough wall¬ 
ing or backing. [Perpent-stone, Through-stone.] 

bond-hold-er, s. [En g. bond; holder.'] A per¬ 
son holding a bond or bonds granted by a private 
person or by a government, as, for instance, by 
Turkey or Egypt. 

“ There is nothing at stake in Egypt for either nation 
except the bondholders’ chances of getting seven per cent.” 
—London Times, May 12, 1879. 
bond'-mg, pr.par., a. & s. [Bond, u.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective : In a sense corresponding to that of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive : The act or practice of leaving 
goods under the charge of custom-house officers, 
bond for the payment of the duties leviable upon 
them being given. 

bonding-stones, s. pi. [Bonders.] 

♦bond'-folk, s. [Eng. bond; folk.] Bondmen and 
bondwomen, persons in a state of bondage. 

“And furtherover, ther as the 1 awe sayth, thattemporel 
goodes of bondfolk ben the goodes of hir Lord.”— Chaucer: 
The Persemes Tale 

♦bond-If, adv. [Eng. bond; -ly.] Under bond, 
as a bondman. 

“Such londs as they hold bondly of the lordshyp.”— 
Pciston: Letters, vol. ii., p. 191. 
bond'-maid, s. [En g. bond ; maid.] A slave-girl. 

“Or bond-maid at her master’s gate.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, ii. 26. 

bond-man (1), bonde-man, s. [A. S. bonda= a 
husbandman; Moeso-Goth. & Dan. bonde= a peas¬ 
ant, from A. S. ty&an; Icel. bua (pr. par. buandi, 
bondi); Ger .bauen; Dut. bouwen= to till. No con¬ 
nection with bind {Skeat; in Gloss, to Piers Plow¬ 
man).'] [Boor.] 

“ And as a bondman of his bacoun, his berde was bi- 
draueled.”— Langley: Piers Plowman, v. 194. 

If For bondeman see Havel., 32. 

bond'-m^n (2), *bond-manne, *boond'-man, s. 

[Eng. bond ; man.] A man serving as a slave, a serf. 

“Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which thou 
shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are round about 
you,; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids.”— 
Leviticus xxv. 44. 

♦bon'-dogge, *bonde dogge, s. [Eng. bonde= 
bond, and dog.] A bandog. 

“Bondogge (bonde dogge P.). Molosus." — Prompt. Parv. 
♦bond-sehepe, s. [Eng. bond, and O. Eng. schepe 
=suff. -ship.] The state or quality of being bond, 
or in slavery. 

“ Bondschepe. Nativitas.”—Prompt Parv. 
bond'-ser-vant, s. [Eng. bond; servant.] A 
servant not hired, but in slavery. 

“ . . . thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond- 
servant.”—Leviticus xxv. 39. 

bond-ser-vi^e, s. [Eng. bond; service.] The 
service rendered by one who is in slavery. 

“Upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond-service.” 
—1 Kings ix. 21. 

bond -slave, *bond’-slaue, *bonde -slaue, s. 
[Eng. bond ; slave.] A more emphatic term for a 
slave; a servant who cannot change his master or 
cease working. 

(a) Lit.: 

“Lower than bond-slave /” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

(b) Fig.: 

“The shame of Nature, the bond-slave of spight.” 

Spenser: The Fate of the Butterflie. 

bond§'-man, s. [Eng. bonds; man.] 

1. The same as Bondman. A slave. 

“ . . . the great majority were purchased bondsmen, 

. . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Law : One giving security for another; a surety, 
bond -stone, s. [Bonder.] 
bond§-wom-g,n, bond’-wpm-?m, s. [Eng. 

bonds ; woman.] A woman who is in slavery. 

“My lords the senators 

Are sold for slaves, their wives for bondwomen. . 

Ben Jonsoni Catiline , ii. 1. 


bond -tlm-ber, s. [Eng. bond; timber.] 
Bricklaying : One put lengthwise into a wall to 
bind the brickwork together, and distribute the 
pressure of the superincumbent weight more 
equally. It also affords hold for the battens, which 
serve as a foundation for interior finishing, 
bon'-diic, s. [From Arab. bondog=a necklace.] 
Pot. ; The specific name of a plant,\ Guilandina 
bonduc. It belongs to the leguminous order, ana 
to the sub-order Csesalpineee. [Guilandina.] 
Bonduc nuts, Bonduc seeds, Nicker nuts. Grey 
nicker nuts : The hard, beautifully-polished seeds 
of Guilandina bonduc and bonducella. They are 
strung into necklaces, bracelets, rosaries, &c. 
They possess tonic and anti-periodic properties, 
and are used in India against intermittent fevers. 

bond'-wpm-an, s. [Eng. bond; ivoman.] The 
same as Bondswoman.] 

“The fugitive bondwoman, with her son, 

Outcast Nebaioth, ...” . 

Milton: Paradise Regained, bk. n. 

bone (1) *boane, *boone, ♦bon {Eng.), bane 
(Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. ban; O. S. & Sw. ben; Dan. 
& Dut. been ; Icel. & Ger. bein. Wedgwood derives 
this from Wei. bdn— a stem or base, which the leg- 
bone is ; and Fick, with the approval of Skeat, from 
Icel. beinn= straight.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Sing.: In the same sense as II., 1. Physioc. 

^(2)Phtr. Spec.: The whole articulated skeleton, 
or even the corpse. 

“. * . let no man move his bones. So they let his 
bones alone, with the bones of the prophet that came out 
of Samaria.”—2 Kings xxiii. 18. 

(3) Small pieces of wood used by builders, &c., for 
“ setting out ” work. [Boning-stick.] 

♦(4) Used for the stalks or refuse of flax. 

“ Youre strengthe schal be as a deed sparcle of bonys. 
(ether of herdis or flaxe).”— Wycliffe: Isaiah i. 31,. 
{Purvey.) 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) Plur.: Dice. 

“ And watch the box, for fear they should convey' 
False bones, and put upon me in the play.” 

Dryden. 

(2) (See 3.) 

3. In special phrases : 

(1) A bone of contention: Something which incites 
to quarrel, as dogs often do about a iiteral bone. 

(2) Abonetopick: Something to occupy one in an 
interesting way and keep him quiet, as dogs become 
silent when they have obtained a bone to gnaw. 

IT To have a bone to pick with any one is to have a 
cause of quarrel with or complaint against him. 

(3) To be upon the bones: To attack. 

(4) To get one's living out of the bones: 

Among lace-makers : To get one’s living by weav¬ 
ing bone-lace (q. v.). {Nares.) 

(5) To make bones: To hesitate. The metaphor 
is taken from the idea of wasting time in picking 
bones. 

“ When mercers make more bones to swore and lye.” 

Oeorge Gascoyne, 1,087. 

(6) To make no bones: To swallow whole, not to 
scruple about doing something. 

(7) To bone an article: A cant phrase meaning 
“to steal.” 

II. Technically: 

1. Physiol. : A hard, dense, opaque substance 
used as the internal framework of man, the verte- 
brata and some cephalopoda, and as the external 
covering of several classes of animals. It is com¬ 
posed partly of anorganic (or animal) and partly of 
an inorganic (or earthy) material. In a child the 
earthy material is a trifle under half the weight of 
the bone, in an adult four-fifths, and in an old per¬ 
son seven-eighths. The animal part of bone consists 
of cartilage, with vessels, medullary membrane and 
fat. Three hours’ boiling will convert it into gela¬ 
tine. The earthy part consists of phosphate and 
carbonate of lime, with smaller portions of phos¬ 
phate and carbonate of magnesia. The outer por¬ 
tion of a bone is in general compact and strong, 
the interior reticular, spongy, or cancellated, that 
is, having spaces or cells (called cancelli) communi¬ 
cating freely with each other. [Cancelli.] The 
hard surface of bone is covered by a firm, tough 
membrane called the periosteum. [Periosteum.] 
In the compact tissue are vascular canals called 
Haversian Canals [Haversian.] There are in 
bone pores coalescing into a lacuna beneath. It 
has blood-vessels and nerves. Bones may beclassi- 
fled into Long, Short, Flat and Irregular. A long 
bone 13 divided into a shaft or central part and two 
extremities. There are 198 bones in the fully devel¬ 
oped human skeleton. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f„ 
-cian, -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -siGus - shus. -hie, -die, &c. = hel, d?L 





bone-ace 


564 


boneyre 


2. Chem.: Bones consist partly of animal and 
partly of earthy matter. The former is called ossein 
(q. v.). It yields gelatine on being boiled. The com¬ 
position of human bones, as analyzed by Berzelius, 


is 

Animal matter soluble by boiling. 32T7 

Vascular substance. 113 

Calcium phosphate, with a little cal¬ 
cium fluoride. 53'04 

Calcium carbonate. 11‘30 

Magnesium phosphate. 1T6 

Soda, with a little common salt. 1‘20 


100-00 

In the other vertebrates the proportions are 
slightly different. 

3. Palceont: Excepting teeth, no part of a verte- 
brated animal is more indestructible than bones, 
and these are so correlated to the teeth, digestivo 
organs, external covering, &c., that in many cases 
the finding of a single bone will enable a skilled 
anatomist to reconstruct the whole animal. 

4. Music. PI. (Bones): Four pieces of bone taken 
from the ribs of horses or oxen, and struck together 
for the purpose of marking time in accompaniment 
to the voice or an instrument. Sometimes only two 
bones are used, or in lieu of these two small wooden 
maces. The instrument is probably of African 
origin. It existed in Egypt as far back as the 
Theban era. Negro minstrels in this country still 
patronize it. Country people call such bones 
knickyknackers (q. v.). 

“ Let’s have the tongs and the bones.” — Shakesp.: Mid¬ 
summer Night’s Dream, iv. 1. 

*5. Weaving: A kind of bobbins made of troller 
bones for weaving bonelace (q. v.). (Johnson.) 

6 . Art: Bones are used in many of the arts. (See 
the example.) 

“Mechanically considered, the uses of bone are for 
turning, inlaying, handles of knives and tools, billiard 
balls, scales, etc. The term includes the ordinary bones 
of the body, and also the tusks and teeth of the elephant, 
hippopotamus, walrus, and whale. Bone is also, when 
deprived of its animal matters by distillation, used as a 
defecating, bleaching, and filtering material in the treat¬ 
ment of syrups and distilled liquors, and in the puri¬ 
fication of water. Bone-black is also used as a pigment in 
making printer’s ink. Bone, while yet fresh, is used by 
pastry-cooks to prepare a clear and rigid jelly. Bone is 
used by steel-workers as a carbon in the hardening of 
steel. Whalebone (so called) is not a bone, but partakes 
of the nature of horn. Bone is used by husbandmen as a 
manure. Bones blanched in an open fire, removing the 
carbon, yield a powder which is used in making the cupels 
of the assayer, in making phosphorus, and as a polishing 
material.”— Knight: Pract. Diet. Meehan. 

B. As adjective: Of or belonging to bone. 

“Item, a bane coffre, and in it a grete cors of gold, with 

four precious stanis, and a chenye of gold.”— Coll. Inven¬ 
tories (A. 1488), p. 12. (Jamieson.) 

C. In compos.: Made of bones, in the bones, con¬ 
taining bones, or in any other way pertaining to 
bones. (See the compounds.) 

bone-ace, s. 

Card-playing: A game at cards in which he who 
has the highest card turned up to him wins the 
“ bone,” i. e., half the stake. 

bone-ache, *bone-ach, s. An ache or pain in 
one or more of the bones, specially one produced by 
syphilis. 

. incurable bone-ache.’’—Shalcesp.: Troilus and 
Cressida, v. 1. 

bone-ash, s. [Eng. bone; and ash.) 

Commerce: Ash made of calcined bones. It con¬ 
sists chiefly of tricalcic phosphate Ca'' 3 (P 04 ) 2 ''', 
mixed with about one-fourth its weight of magne¬ 
sium phosphate and calcic carbonate. 

bone-bed, Axmouth bone-bed, s. 

Geol.: A dark-colored bed, so called from the 
remains of saurians and fishes with which it 
abounds. It was formerly supposed to be the low¬ 
est stratum of the Lias, but Sir Philip Egerton 
showed, from the character of the fish remains, 
that it was really referable to the Upper Trias. Its 
characteristic fishes are Acrodus, Hybodus, Gyro- 
lepis, and Saurichthys. 

bone-black, s. 

Comm.: Animal charcoal. It is obtained by 
charring bones. It contains about ten per cent, of 
finely divided carbon disseminated through the 
porous phosphate of calcium. It has the power of 
absorbing gases, removing the coloring matter and 
alkaloids, &c., from their solutions. It is used to 
disinfect ulcers, &c.. also to decolorize sugar and 
other organic substances; its properties can be 
restored by heating it to redness in closed vessels. If 
treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, HC1, for two 
days the mineral matters are removed, and a black 
pulverent substance is obtained, which lias been 
used as an antidote in cases of poisoning with vege¬ 
table alkaloids. 


II Among ^ihe volatile products obtained when 
bones are calcined in close vessels is a peculiar oil, 
which is burned in lamps in close chambers ; while 
the soot which accumulates on the sides is collected 
and forms the pigment known, according to quality, 
as bone-black or ivory-black. 

Bone-black cleaning apparatus: A device for 
purifying, screening, and cooling bone-black after 
treatment in the revivifying retort. 

Bone-black cooler: An apparatus for cooling ani¬ 
mal charcoal after its removal from the furnace. 

Bone-black furnace: A form of furnace for revivi¬ 
fying bone-black. 

Bone-black kiln: A chamber or retort mounted 
in a furnace for re-burning bone-black to remove 
impurities with which it has become saturated or 
impregnated during its use as a defecator and filter¬ 
ing material. 

bone-breaker, s. [Eng. bone; and breaker. In 
Ger. beinbrecher .] 

1. Gen.: A person who or a thing which breaks 
bones. 

2. Spec.: A name for the sea-eagle, osprey, or 
fishing-hawk, Pandion halioeetus. 

bone-breccia, s. [Breccia.] 

Geol.: An admixture of fragments of limestone 
and bones, cemented together into a hard rock by a 
reddish ocherous cement, 
bone-brown, s. 

Painting: A brown pigment made by roasting 
bones or ivory till it assumes a brown hue. 

bone-cartilage, s. 

Physiol.: The soft, glue-like substance or animal 
matter of bone left after the removal of the earths. 
Called also osseine (q.v.). 

bone-cave, s. A cave in which bones of extinct 
animals are found, sometimes together with the 
bones of man, or other traces of his contemporane¬ 
ous existence. 

bone-dust, s. Bones ground into dust to be 
made into manure. 

bone-earth, s. The earthy residuum left after 
bones have been calcined. It is also called bone- 
ash. It consists chiefly of tricalcic phosphate, 
mixed with about one-fourth its weight of magnesic 
phosphate and calcic carbonate. 

“ As the phosphate of lime is the same as bone-earth .”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. i., p. 40. 

bone-elevator, s. 

Surgery: A lever for raising a depressed portion 
of bone, as, for instance, a part of the cranium. 

bone-grease, s. The oily substance produced 
from bones which are bruised and stewed on a slow 
fire. 

bone-manure, s. Manure made of bones. 

bone-mill, s. A mill for grinding bones for mak¬ 
ing either manure or bone-black. Bone-grinding is 
effected by passing the bones through a series of 
toothed rollers arranged in pairs, the rollers being 
toothed or serrated in different degrees of fineness, 
and riddles are provided for sifting the bones into 
sizes, and they are then sold as inch, three-quarters, 
half-inch and dust. 

bone-oil, bone oil, s. 

Comm.: An oil, called also Dippel’s Oil ( Oleum 
animale Dippelii), obtained by the dry distillation 
of bones and other animal matter. It contains the 
following organic tertiary bases: Pyridine, C 5 H 5 N ; 
Picoline, C 6 H 7 N; Lutidine, C 7 H 9 N; Collidine, 
CsHiiN ; Parvoline, C 9 HJ 3 N ; Coridine, C 10 H 15 N ; 
Rubidine, C 11 H 17 N ; and Viridine, Ci 2 Hi 9 N. Some of 
these bases have been obtained synthetically; the 
more important will be hereafter described. 

bone-seed, s. The Osteospermum, a genus of 
plants belonging to the order Asterace® (Compos¬ 
ites). 

bone-spavin, s. 

Farr.: A bony excrescence or hard swelling on 
the inside of the hock of a horse’s leg. 

bone-spirit, s. A spirit or spirituous liquor 
made from bone. 

*bone (2), s. [Icel. b6n= a prayer.] [Boon.] Prayer. 

“. . . nad sche ther noght of hure bone fulich y- 

mad an ende.”— Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 2,583. 

*bone, a. [From Fr. bon=g ood.] Good. 

“ For he shall loke on oure lorde with a bone chere.” 
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed Morris); Cleanness, 28. 

bone (1), v. t. [From bone (1), s. (q. v.)] 

1. Ordinary Language: To take out bones from 
the flesh of an animal about to be eaten, as, “ to 
bone veal.” (Johnson.) 

2. Surveying: To sight along an object, or a num¬ 
ber of objects, to see if they are level or in line. 
(Knight.) 

*bone (2), v. t. [Boon.] To pray, beseech. 


*bone-$hief, *bdn-gheff, *b6n-ghef, s. [From 

Fr. 6 »»=good; and e/ie/=head, chief, leader. Bon- 
chief is opposed to mischief .] Either gaiety or 
innocence and purity. 

“ That al watz blis and bonchef, that breke hem bitwene 
and Wynne.”— Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Kn., 1764. 

boned, pa.par. & a. [Bone(1),v.] 

A. As past participle: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective: Possessed of bones 
of a particular character or dimensions, specially in 
composition, as big-boned. 

“ Marcus, we are but shrubs, no cedars we ; 

No big-boned men, fram’d of the Cyclops’ size.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, iv. 3. 

*bone-hostel, *bone hostel, s. A lodging. 

“ Now, ‘ bone hostel,’ cothe the burne . . .” 

Gaw. and the Green Knight, 776. 

b5ne-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Boning.] 
boneing-rods, s. pi. [Boning-bods.] 
bone'-lage, s. [Eng. bone, and lace; the bobbins 
with which lace is woven being frequently made of 
bones.] Flaxen lace, such as women wear on their 
linen. 

“ The things you follow, and make songs on now, should 
be sent to knit, or sit down to bobbins or bonelace.”— 
Tatler. 

bone'-less, a. [Eng. bone; and suff. -less =with- 
out. In Ger. beinlos.) Without a bone or bones. 

“. . . his boneless gums.”— Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 7. 

bon-el'-li-fi, s. [From Bonelli, named by Ro¬ 
lando, in 1822, after an Italian naturalist.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of radiated animals belonging to 
the class Echinodermata, the order Holothuroidea, 
and the sub-order Pneumonophora. The body is 
oval, and there is a long proboscis formed of a 
folded fleshy plate, susceptible of great elongation, 
and forked at its extremity. Bonellia viridis is 
found in the Mediterranean. 

*bo-nen, v.i. [Bone, v.) 

*bon'-en, a. [A. S.hdn,en=bony.] Made of bone 
“ Bynde thine tonge with bonene wal.” 

Proverbs of Hendyng, 19. 

*bon-er, *bon-eyre, *bon-ayre, a. [From Fr. 
d6bonnaire=ge ntle, easy.] Complaisant. 

“He telleth a tale of the Patriarke of Constantinople, 
that he should be boner and buxom to the bishop of 
Borne.”— Jewel: Def. of the Apologie, p. 538. 

*bon-er-nesse, s. [Boner.] Mildness, gentle¬ 
ness. 

“In spirit of bonernesse or myldenesse.” — Wycliffe 
1 Corinthians iv. 21. 

*bon-er -te, s. [O. Eng. boner, and suff. -te 
Akin to Fr. bonheur = happiness, felicity.] Good¬ 
ness. 

“ He calde me to his bonerte.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 762. 

bones, s. pi. [Bone (1), II. 4.] 
bone -set, s. [Eng. bone; set.) Two plants— (1) 
Symphytum officinale, (2) Eupatorium perfoliatum. 
The latter is a much prized domestic remedy in this 
country, being aperient and diaphoretic in its 
action. 

fbone'-set, v. i. [Eng. bone; set, v.] To set a 
dislocated bone. 

bone'-set-ter, s. [Eng. hone; setter: from set- 
to place.] One who sets bones broken or out of 
joint. 

“ At present my desire is to have a good bonesetter.”— - 
Denham. 

bone-set-ting, pr. par., a. & s. [Eng. bone; set 
ting.) [Boneset, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In a sense 
corresponding to that of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act or process of setting 
bones broken or out of joint. 

“A fractured leg set in the country by one pretending 
to bonesetting.” — Wiseman: Surgery. 

*bon'-et, s. [Bonnet.] (Barbour: The Bruce, 
ix. 506.) (Scotch.) 

*bon-ett, *bonet, s. [Bonnet (2).] 

*bon-et'-ta, s. 

Zoology: [Bonito.] 

“ Sharks, dolphins, bonettas, albicores, and other sea* 
tyrants.”— Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 39. 

*bone'-worke, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: Work by means of bone, i. e., 
by bone bobbins. 

B. As adjective: Worked by means of bone. 

“ Thomas Wyat had on a shirt of maile, and on his head 
a faire hat of veluet, with broad boneworke lace about it.” 
— Stowe: Queen Mary, an. 1554. 

*bon-eyre, s. [Boner.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there;_ pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 











bonfire 


565 


bonnet 


toon-fire, b6ne'-fire(.E>isr.),bane-fire (Scotch), 

s. [Probably from Eng. bone, and fire. Skeat con¬ 
siders the reference to be to the burning of saints’ 
relics i i the time of Henry VIII. Or bon may be 
from A S. bune= a dry stalk or weed : hence applied 
to any olazing fire of light material.] A large fire 
lit up n the open air, on occasion of some public 
rejoici lg. 

“Bet >remidnight all the heights of Antrim and Down 
were blazing with bonfires .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 

xvi. 

*bon-grage, s. [Fr. bonne gra ce=the head-curtain 
of a bed, a bongrace.] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

*1. A forehead cloth or 

covering for the head. A 
kind of veil attached to a 
hood. (Skinner.) 

“I have seen her beset all 
over with emeralds and pearls, 
ranged in rows about her caul, 
her peruke, her bongrace, and 
chaplet.”— Hakewill: On Provi¬ 
dence. 

“ As you may perceive by his 
butter’d bongrace, that film 
of a demi-castor.”— Cleveland 
(1687), p. 81. 

*2. A large bonnet worn by females. (Jamieson.) 
“ Her dark elf-locks shot out like the snakes of the gor- 
gou between an old-fashioned bonnet called a bongrace.” 
— Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. iii. 

“ The want of the screen, which was drawn over the head 
like a veil, she supplied by a bongrace, as she called it ; a 
large straw bonnet, like those worn by the English maidens 
when laboring in the fields.”— Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, 
ch. xxviii. 

II. Naut. : A bow-grace or junk-fender, 
bongrace-moss, s. A moss, Splachnum rubrum. 

(Nemnich.) 

*bon-gr@', adv. [From Fr. bon= good, and gr6= 
will, pleasure, from O. Fr. gref=wifl; Lat. gratus 
=pleasing.] Agreeably to, willingly. 

“The had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 66. 

bo-nl , plur. masc. of a. [Plur. masc. of Lat. 
bonus, a.=good.] Good. 

Boni Homines, s. [Lat.=good men.] 

Ch. Hist.: A name given in France to a Paulician 
Christian sect called Los Bos Homos, also Albi- 
genses, Bulgarians, Publicani, and in Italy Paterini. 
Cathari, and Gazari. [Bulgarians, Paulicians.] 
( Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, xi., pt. ii., ch. v., § 2, 3.) 
*bon -I, s. [Bunny.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bon-I-bell, s. [Bonnybell.] 
bon-I-fage, s. [Fr. bon—good, -i connective, and 
Eng. face.) A term applied to a publican or inn¬ 
keeper. 

tbon -I form, a. [From Lat. bonus , -a, -um= 
good; and/orma=shape.] Of a good shape; of a 
good nature or character. 

“Knowledge nnd truth may likewise both be said to be 
boniform things, and of kin to the chief good, but neither 
of them to be that chief good itself.”— Cudworth: Intel¬ 
lectual System, p. 204. 

bon -l-fy, *bon'-i-fie, v.t. [From Lat. bonus= 
good; and/aeio=to make.] To make good, to con¬ 
vert into what is good. 

“ This must be acknowledged to be the greatest of all 
arts, to bonifie evils, or tincture them with good.”— Cud- 
worth. 

*bon-I-lasse, s. [Bonnilasse.] 

toon'-lng, bone'-Ing, pr. par. & s. [Bone, v. t.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

A. As present participle : In senses correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

B. As substantive: The act of depriving of bones; 
the state of being so deprived of bones. 

IJ. Technically: 

1. Surveying: The operation of leveling by means 

of the eye. ,. 

2. Carp, and Masonry : The act or operation of 
placing two straight edges on an object, and sight¬ 
ing on their upper edge to see if they range. If they 
do not, the surface is said to be in wind. 

boning, boneing, or borning rod, s. The same 
as boning-stick (q. v.). 

boning-stick, s. A stick with a head like thelet- 
ter T, designed to indicate a level for work or 
construction. A number of such sticks over a site 
indicate a certain level for the tops of base pieces 
or foundation blocks. 

bon-i-ta r-i-an, s. [From bonitas, in Class. Lat. 
—goodness, in Low Lat.=an exacted gift, benevo¬ 
lence, or gratuity (?).] The right of possession. 
(Civil Law .) ( Wharton.) 



bon-i'-to, s. [In Ger. bonit; from Sp. bonito; 
Arab, baynis— a bonito.] 

Ichthyol.: A fish, Thynnus pelamys. It belongs 
to the family of Scomberidee (Mackerels), and is 
nearly allied to the Tunny. It is found in the Med¬ 
iterranean, and is a great foe to the flying-fish. 

If The Belted Bonito, Pelarnys sarda. 

The Plain Bonito, Alexis vulgaris. 

*bon’-I-ty, s. [Lat. bonitas .] Goodness. 

“We have referred the inquiry concerning God, Unity, 
Bonity, Angels and Spirits to Natural Theology.”— Bacon: 
Advanc. of Learning. 

*bonk, *bonke, s. [The same as bank (q. v.). (O. 
Eng. <£ 0. Scotch.)] A bank, a height. 

“ And al the large feildis, bonk and bus.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 236, 17. 

“ And bowed to the hygh bonk ...” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Deluge, 379. 
*bon-ker, s. & a. [Bunker.] (Balfour: Pr act., 
p. 235.) 

bon-n?ige, s. [Bondage.] (Scotch.) 

*bon-nail-lie, *bon-nal-ly, *bon-ail-ie, *bon- 
al-ais, 8 . [Derived from Fr. bon allez .] A cup 
drank with a friend, when one is about to part with 
him, as expressive of one’s wishing him a prosper¬ 
ous journey. 

“ Bonalais drunk rycht gladly in a morow ; 

Syn leiff thai tuk, and with Sanct Jhon to borow.” 

Wallace, ix. 45, MS. {Jamieson.) 

*bon-nar, s. [Low Lat. bonnarium=a certain 
measure of land ; Fr. bonnier de terre (Du Cange); 
bonna=& boundary ; a limit.] A bond. 

“ And took three rigs o’ braw land. 

And put myself under a bonnar.” 

Jamieson: Popular Ball., i. 312. 

bonne, a. [Fr., fern, of adj. 6 ow=good.] 
bonne-bouche (pron. bfish), s. [Fr. bonnes 
good; and bouche= mouth, eating.] A tidbit, 
bonne-grace, s. [Fr.] 

Lit.: Good grace. 

“ And scarce had he bent to the Red-cross his head, 
‘Bonne grace, notre Dame,’ he unwittingly said.” 

Scott: Fire King 

bon -net (1), *bon'-nette, *bon-et (Eng.), bon¬ 
net, *bon-at (Scotch), s. & a. [Fr. bonnet’, Prov. 
boneta; Sp. & Port, bonete. Originally, about A. D. 
1300, it signified a stuff. Skeat thinks that it may 
be connected with Hindust. bandt—woolen cloth, 
broadcloth.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language : 

*1. A head-dress for men worn before the introduc¬ 
tion of hats. It is what is now called a cap. 

“ I prithee now, my son, 

Go to them, with this bonnet in thy hand.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 2. 

“ Next, Camus, reverend sire, went footing slow, 

His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge.” 

Milton: Lycidas. 

2. The head-dress of boys and of some men of 
humbler rank in the Highlands of Scotland. 

“ . . . all the hills round Dunkeld were alive with 
bonnets and plaids.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

T (1) To fill one's bonnet: To be equal to one in 
any respect. 

“ May every archer strive to fill 
His bonnet, and observe 
The pattern he has set with skil 1, 

And praise like him deserve.” 

Poems on the Company of Archers, p. 83. 

(2) To rive the bonnet of another: To excel him in 
whatever respect. 

3. A head-dress for women: the portion covering 
the back of the head cylindrical or hat-shaped, 
that ir "rout expanding into a funnel-like projec¬ 
tion. 

II. Technically: 

1. Scripture: 

(1) The “bonnets” mentioned in Exodus xxix. 9; 
Leviticus viii. 13, &c., Heb. migbaah, are the round 
miters of ordinary Jewish 
priests, as distinguished 
from the Heb. mitzneph- 
eth, or head-dress like 
half an egg in shape worn 
by the high priest. 

“And Moses brought 
Aaron’s sons, and put coats 
upon them, and girded them 
with girdles, and put bonnets 
upon them; as the Lord com¬ 
manded Moses.”— Leviticus viii. 13. 

If The same word is translated miter in Exodus 
xxviii. 4, 39, &c., and diadem in Ezekiel xxi. 26; in 
the last passage it is worn by a king. 

(2) Another kind of head-dress, Heb. peer, is be¬ 
lieved by Gesenius to have been shaped like a tiara 
(Ezekiel xxiv. 17, 23). It was worn by priests 



Bonnet. 


(Exodus xxxix. 28). by bridegrooms (Isaiah lxi. 10), 
and married men (Ezekiel xxiv. 17), as well as by 
women (Isaiah iii. 20). 

“The bonnets, and the ornaments of the legs, and the 
head-bands, and the tablets, and the earrings.”— Isaiah 
iii. 20. 


2. Her.: The velvet cap within a coronet. 

3. Fortif.: A portion of a parapet elevated to a 
traverse to intercept enfilade fire. 

4. Machinery : 

(1) A cast-iron plate covering the openings in the 
valve-chamber of a pump, and removable for the 
examination and repair of the valve and seat. 

(2) A metallic canopy or projection, as of a fire¬ 
place or chimney ; a cowl, or wind-cap; a hood for 
ventilation ; the smoke-pipe on a railway-car roof, 
or anything similar. 

(3) The dome-shaped wire spark-arresting cover 
of a locomotive chimney. 

(4) A sliding lid for a hole in an iron pipe. 

B. As adjective: Having a bonnet, or in any way 
pertaining to a bonnet. 

bonnet a pretre, s. [French=a priest’s cap.] 

Fortif.: A double redan. [Redan.] 

bonnet-laird, bannet-laird, s. A laird or landed 
proprietor accustomed to wear a bonnet like a man 
of the humbler classes; in other words, a petty 
laird. A person of this description, as a rule, culti¬ 
vates his own fields instead of letting them out to 
tenant-farmers. He is sometimes caUed a cock- 
laird. (Scotch.) 

“I was unwilling to say a word about it, till I had 
secured the ground, for it belonged to auld Johnnie 
Howie, a bonnet-laird here hard by, and many a commun¬ 
ing we had before he and I could agree.”— Scott: Anti¬ 
quary, ch. iv. 


bonnet limpet, s. 

Zoblogy: 

1. The English name of Pileopsis, a genus of gas- 
teropodous mollusks belonging to the family Calyp- 
trseidae. They are so called from their resemblance 
to a “ bonnet” or cap. 

2. In the plural: 

(1) The plural of the above. 

(2) The designation of the family of mollusks 
called Calyptreeidae. [Calyptraiida:.] 

bonnet-pepper, s. 

Bot.: A species of Capsicum, the fruits of which 
are very fleshy and have a depressed form like a 
bonnet. In Jamaica it is esteemed more than any 
other Capsicum. [Capsicum, Pepper. ] 

bonnet-piece, s. [Eng. bonnet, and piece.] A 
coin resembling a bonnet in shape. It was a gold 
coin from the mint of James V., and derived its 
name from the fact that the king was represented 
upon it wearing a bonnet. 


“My purse, with bonnet-pieces store, 

To him will swim a bowshot o’er, 

And loose a shallop from the shore.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 20. 

bonnet-pressing, s. Pressing or designed to 
press a bonnet while the latter is in process of man¬ 
ufacture. 

Bonnet-pressing machine: A machine by which 
bonnets while on the forming-block are presented 
to the flat or presser. 

bonnet-shaping, a. Shaping or designed to 
shape a woman’s bonnet. 

Bonnet-shaping machine: A machine by which a 
partially-shaped bonnet is pressed down upon a 
facing-block to give it a proper shape. One die has 
the exterior and the other the interior shape. One is 
usually heated to dry the bonnet and make it rigid 
in its acquired form. The principle is the same as 
in the hat-machine. 


bon'-net (2), bon’-ette (O. pi. bonettez), s. [Fr. 
bonnette, same meaning as def. (q. v.); from Fr. 
bonnet= bonnet (q. v.).] 

Naut.: An additional part 
made to fasten with latch¬ 
ings to the foot of the sails 
of small vessels with one 
mast, in moderate winds. 

It is exactly similar to the 
foot of the sail it is. intended 
for. Such additions are 
commonly one-third of the 
depth of the sails they be¬ 
long to. 


“Bet bonettez one brede, bet 
trede hatches.” 

Morte Arthure, 3,656. 



Bonnet. 


fbon’-net, v. t. & i. [From bonnet, s. (1) (q. v.).] 
A. Trans.: To knock a man’s hat over his eyes. 
(Chiefly Scotch.) 

*B. Intrans.: To take off the “ bonnet” or cap in 
courtesy to a person, to a group of people, &c. 

“ . . . those who having been courteous and supple 
to the people, bonnetted, without any farther deed to 
heave them at all into their estimation and report.”— 
Shakesp.: Coriol., ii. 2. 


btfil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 







bonneted 


566 


booby 


bon'-net-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bonnet, v.] 

A. As past participle : (See the verb.) 

B. As participial adjective : Wearing at the 
moment, or accustomed to wear, a “ bonnet ” or cap 

“ When her bonneted chieftains to victory crowd.” 

Campbell Lochiel's Warning. 

*bon'-nette, s. [Bonnet.] 
bon-ney, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Mining: An isolated bed of ore. 

*bon-nie, a. [Bonny.] 

*bon-ni-en, v. [Ban, «.] {Layamon.) 
bon-ni-lass, *bon-ni-lasse, *bon-i-lasse, s. 
[O. Eng. 6ome=bonny, pretty; Fr. bonne (Bonny- 
BELl); and O. Eng. or Scotch lass= a girl.] A 
pretty girl. 

“Their goynge out of Britanye was to be come honest 
Christen mennys wyues, and not to go on pylgrymage to 
Rome, and so become byshoppes bonilasses or prestes 
pluyeferes.”— Bale. English Votaries, pt. i. 

“As the bonilasse passed by, 

Hey, ho, bonilasse!” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., vii. 


“ Homely spoken for a fair maid or bonnilasse.” — E. K. 
on Spenser’s Pastorals. 

bon’-ni-ly, bon’-ni-lie, adv. [0. Eng. bonni(e); 
•ly.) 

1. Beautifully; fine!” • u «ndsomely. 

“ But may ye flourish like a lily, 

Now bonnilie!” 

Burns • On a Scotch Bard. 

2. Gaily. 

3- Plumply. 


bon-ni-ness, *bon -^-ness, s. [Eng. bonny; 
-ness.) 

1 . Beauty, handsomeness. 

2. Plumpness. 

3. Gaiety. 

bon'-ni-v5-chIl, s. [Gael, buneblmachail {bh 
being sounded v). Possibly from buana= a hewer, 
and buaice— a wave.] The name given in the west¬ 
ern islands of Scotland to a bird, the Great Northern 
Diver (Colymbus glacialis). 

“The Bonnivochil, so called by the natives, and by the 
aeamen Bishop and Carrara, as big as a goose, having a 
white spot on the breast,, and the rest party-colored; it 
seldom flies, but is exceedingly quick in diving.”— Martin: 
Western Islands, p. 79. 


[bon-ny (1), tbon'-nie, *bon'-Ie {Eng.), bon¬ 
ny, *bon -ie, *bon'-y, *bon'-^e {Scotch), a. [Gen¬ 
erally derived from Fr. bon, fem. bonne=good 
(Bonnybell) ; but Mahn suggests comparison also 
vith Gael. & Ir. bain, 6 atne=white, bright, fair, 
fair-haired.] 

I. Lit.: Beautiful; pretty. Used— 


(1) Of a person. 

“. . , the same bonny young women tripping up and 
fown in the same (no, not the same) coquettish bonnets.” 
—De Quincey: Works (2d ed.), i. 96. 

“But, Norman, how wilt thou provide 
A shelter for thy bonny bride? ” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 3. 

(2) Of a single feature of the human countenance 
pr one part of the body. 

“We say that Shore’s wife hath a pretty foot, 

A cherry lip, a bonny eye, a passing pleasing tongue.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 1. 

( 3 ) Of one of the inferior animals, or anything 
e'te deemed beautiful. 

“ Even of the bonny beast he loved so well." 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., v. 2. 


“ Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr.” 

Burns: Song, ii. 

Often used ironically. 

(1) The reverse of really beautiful; beautiful 
oiuy as one speaks of a “beautiful” mess, or a 
“fine” uproar. 

“Ye’ll see the toun intill a bonny steer.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 90. 

(2) Plump. {Eng. Colloquial.) {Johnson.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1- Gay, merry, frolicsome, cheerful, blithe. 

“ Then sigh not so, but let them go, 

And be you blithe and bonny." 

Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, ii. 3. {Song.) 

2. Precious, valuable. {Scotch.) 

“ And a bonny gift I’ll gie to thee.” 

Border Minstrelsy, v. 65. {Jamieson ) 

bonny-die, bonny-dye, -s. Beautiful die. A 
term applied to money, as having the influence of a 
gewgaw on the eye. 

“ ‘Weel, weel, gude e’en to ye—ye hae seen the last o’ 
me, and o’ this bonny-die, too,’ said Jenny, holding 
between her finger and thumb a splendid silver dollar.”— 
Seed: Old Mortality, ch. x. 

bonny-wawlie, s. [Scotch bonny, and wawlie .] 
A W,y; a trinket. {Scotch.) 


fl) Lit.: A daisy. 

(2) Fig.: Anything beautiful. 

“ . . . wi’ a’ the pictures and black velvet, and silver 
bonny-wawlies belonging to it, . . .”— Scott: Antiquary, 
ch. xxix. 

*bon’-ny (2), s. & a. [Ir. bainne, hame=milk, and 
clabcer= mud, mire.] Milk. (Only in the subjoined 
compound.) 

bonny-clabber, *bonny-clabbore, s. Sour 

milk. 

“ We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber, 

Of parties o’er our bonny-clabber.” Swift. 

“ The healths in usquebaugh, and bonny-clabbore.” 

Ford: Perk. Warb., iii. 2. 

H The term is applied to the thick part of milk 
which has turned or become sour; called also sim¬ 
ply clabber. 

bon'-ny (3), s. [From bonny, a. (?)] 

Mining: A round or compact bed of ore which 
communicates with no vein. 

bon'-njf-bell, bon-I-bell, s. [Fr. bonne, f. of 
bon, adj.=good, kind, and belle, f. of beam, or bel, 
fem. belle— beautiful of form, feature, &c.] A pretty 
girl. 

“ I saw the bouncing bellibone ; 

Hey, ho, bonibell /” 

Spenser: Shepheard’s Calendar, VII. 

♦bo-no', portion of a. [Lat. bono, abl. neut. of 
i>omis=good.] 

Pro bono publico: For the public good, for gen¬ 
eral use or enjoyment. 

bon'- 6 ch (chguttural), s. [Etymology doubtful.] 
A binding to tie a cow’s hind legs when she is milk¬ 
ing. 

“You are one of Cow Meek’s breed, you’ll stand without 
a bonoch.” — S. Prov., Kelly, p. 371. 

*bon -Oflr.s. [From Low Lat. bonnarium, bonu- 
armm=land defined by boundaries.] A bond (?). 

* Yestreen I was wi’ his Honour; 

I’ve taen three rigs of bra’ land, 

And hae bound mysel under a honour.” 

Herd: Coll., ii. 190. 

♦bon’-schawe, *bon’-shawe, s. [From O. Eng. 
6 on=bone, and A. S. sceorfa= itch (?).] 

O. Med.: A disease, sciatica. 

“ Bonschawe, sekenesse {bonshawe, P.) Tessedo, sciasis.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

bon§-dorf-fite, s. [From Bonsdorf, the dis¬ 
coverer. ] 

Mineralogy: 

1. A variety of Oosite. {Brit. Mus. Cat.) 

2. A variety of Fahlunite {Dana). It is a hydrous 
lolite, from Abo in Finland. 

bon'-spiell, bon'-spell, s. [Etymology of first 
syllable doubtful. Probably not Fr. bon=g ood; 
rather Sw» bondely=vtilage, or bonding =\i abit a tion, 
abode ; or Dut. 6 ons=thump. The second syllable 
is Sw. spel; Dan. speil; Dut. speel; Ger. spiel= a 
play.] A match at any game. Specially— 

1. A match at archery. 

“ . . . that so many Inglisch men’sould schott againes 
tharae at riveris, buttis, or prick bonnet. The king, heir- 
ing of this bonspeill of his mother, was weill content.”— 
Pitscottie; Cron., p. 348. 

2. A match at curling (q. v.). 

*bon-te', s. [Fr. bonU = goodness, good-will.] 
What is useful or advantageous; a benefit. 

“ A11 new bonteis now appering amang ws ar cummyn 
only by thy industry.”— Bell.: Cron., bk. xvii., ch. 4. 

bonte-bok, s. [Dut. bonten= furred (?), and bok= 
goat.] 

ZoOl.: Gazella Pygarga, a species of antelope 
found in South Africa, 
bon'-ten, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Fabric: A narrow woolen stuff, 
bon'-tl-a, s. [Named after James Bont, or Bon - 
tius, a Dutch physician, who in 1658 published a 
Natural History of the East Indies.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Myoporacese (Myoporads). Bontia daphnoides is 
an ornamental shrub called the Barbadoes Wild- 
olive. 

*bon'-ty-vas-nesse, s. [Bounteousnesse.] 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

*bon'-ty-vese, a. [Bounteous.] 
bon-iire, adv. [Fr. bonheur = luckily, fortu¬ 
nately.] Debonairly, politely. [Bonayrelyche.] 

“ Bere the boxumly and bonure . . .” 

William of Palerne, 332. 

bon'-us (1), a. & s. [A purely Lat. word, bonus, 
-a, -um, adj.=good. There is no bonus, s., in Class. 
Lat.] 

A. As adjective: Good. [Bonus-henricus.] 

B. As substantive: 

1. Commerce, Law, Banicing, c 6 c .: An extra div¬ 
idend paid to the shareholders of a joint-stock 
company, or to those interested in any other commer¬ 


cial undertaking, when the finances are unwontedly 
flourishing, and beyond what they would otherwise 
receive either as remuneration or profit. 

“ . . . and as to result the bonuses paid to existing 

policy-holders have been somewhat small.”— London 
Times, City Article, Feb. 22, 1877. 

2. A sum of money paid to the agent of a com¬ 
pany or to a master of a vessel, in addition to his 
share in the profits. 

3. A premium given for a loan, a charter, or any 
other privilege. 

4 . Any extra compensation paid for services be¬ 
yond an amount agreed upon. 

bonus-henricus, s. [Lat.=Good Henry.] 

Bot.: A name for a plant, the Good King Henry, 
Chenopodium Bonus Henricus. 

bon'-us (2), a. [A corruption of Sp. buenos— 
good.] 

bonus noches, [A corruption of Sp. buenos= 
good, and noches— night.] Good night. 

“ You that fish for dace and roches, 

Carpes or trenches, bonus noches.” 

Lluellin: Men. Mir., p. 63. ( Wits: Recr., i. 13, repr.) 
bon -wort, s. [A. S. banwort; bdn= bone, and 
worf=vegetable, plant. Probably called from its 
being supposed to be useful in cases of fractures or 
diseases of the bones.] A name for the daisy, Beilis, 
perennis. {Archceol., xxx. 404.) {Britten <& Hol¬ 
land.) 

bon'x-le, s. [Probably Scandinavian.] A Shet¬ 
land name for a gull, the Common Skua, Cataractes 
vulgaris. 

“Sea-birds to include auk, bonxie, comish chough 
. . .”—British Act for the Preservation of Sea-birds, 
passed June 24, 1869. 
bon'-y, a. [Eng. bon{e); -y.) 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Consisting of bones, full of bones. 

“At the end of this hole is a membrane, fastened to 
a round bony limb, and stretched like the head of a 
drum; and therefore by anatomists called tympanum.”— 
Ray. 

2. Figuratively : 

“Creak’d from the bony lungs of death.” 

Langhome: Fab. 11. 

II. Technically: 

Bot.: Close and hard in texture, so as to present 
a difficulty in the way of cutting it, but with the 
fragments detached brittle. Example, the stone of 
a peach. 

bony-pikes, s. pi. 

Ichthyol.: A recent fish-genus Lepidosteus, of 
great interest from its being of the order Ganoidei, 
of which nearly all the species are extinct. It 
belongs to the sub-order Holostese, and the family 
Lepidosteidee (q. v.). Among other peculiarities 
the Bony-pikes have the antique pattern of hetero- 
cercal tail [Heterocercal], so common in the Old 
Red Sandstone period. They inhabit the rivers and 
lakes of temperate and tropical America, grow 
some of them three feet in length, and are used for' 
food. Called also gar pikes. 

*bon'-y, s. [Bunny.] {Prompt. Parv.) 

*bon.-jfe, a. [Bonny.] {Scotch.) 

*bon'-y-ness, s. [Bonniness.] 
bonze, s. [In Port, bonzo; Fr. bonze, bonse. Cor¬ 
rupted from Japanese busso=a pious man.] The 
name given by the Portuguese to any member of the 
Buddhist priesthood in Japan. Thence the name 
spread to the priests of the same faith in China and 
the adjacent regions. 

boo, interj. [Lat. boo= to cry aloud.] An excla¬ 
mation to startle, surprise or frighten children. 

boo'-by, s. & a. [Fr. boubie= a water-fowl; Sp. 
bobo= a booby, a pelican; a dunce, an idiot; Russ. 
baba; Chin, poopi, boobi— the lesser gannet. All 
these are swimming birds.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Ornith.: A name for a natatorial bird, the So- 
lana (i. e., Solent), or Channel-goose, Sula bassana. 
It is of the familj; Pelicanidse. These birds are 
found, as their specific Latin name imports, on the 
Bass Rock, in the Frith of Forth, Scotland. They 
exist also in other places. They are looked on as 
stupid in character. [Soland-goose, Sula.] 

, (2) The Brown Gannet, Sula fusca. 

(3) Any other natatorial bird of similar form and 
stupidity. 

“We found on St. Paul’s only two kinds of birds— the 
booby and the noddy. The former is a species of gannet, 
and the latter a tern.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World 
(ed. 1870), ch. i., p. 10. 

2. Fig.: A stupid person, a fool, one destitute of 
intellect. 

“ Then let the boobies stay at home.” 

Cowper: The Yearly Distress. 


fake, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, cam$l, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or. wore. wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 



booby-hatch 

B. As adjective: Of an intellect so deficient as to 
suggest the dull instincts of the birds described 
under A.; dull, stupid. 

booby-hatch, s. 

Naut.: The covering of the scuttle-way or small 
hatchway which leads to the forecastle or forepeak 
of small sailing vessels. 

booby-hut, s. 

Vehicles: A sleigh with a hooded cover. 

booby-hutch, s. 

Vehicles: A roughly built covered carriage, used 
in some parts of England and her colonies. 

boo'-by-ish, a. Silly; like a booby; stupid. 

*boo§, s. [Boose.] ( Prompt . Parv.) 

*b6oge, s. [Boss.] 

Bood -dha, s. [Buddha.] 


567 


book-scorpion 


( b ) Any writing or paper. (In the subjoined ex- formed upon the book before the cover is put on. 


ample it means articles of agreement.) 

“By that time will our book, I think, be drawn.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., iii. 1. 
*(c) Pre-eminently the Bible. 

“I’ll be sworn on a book . . .” 

Shakesp.; Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 4. 
t(d) An account book. 

(e) A division of a treatise on any subject. Books 
in this sense are often subdivided into chapters. 
Thus in the contents of J. Stuart Mill’s Logic, 2d ed. 
(1846), the leading divisions and subdivisions are: 
Book I. Of Names and Propositions. (This is 
divided into eight chapters.) Book II. Of Reason¬ 
ing (six chapters). Book III. Of Induction (thirteen 
chapters). 

(/) Whist: The first six tricks taken by either 
party. 

( g) Other card-playing: The cards remaining in 


In one form of machine, the book is run between 
rollers, being pressed forward by a rounded strip 
which rests against the front edge and determines 
the form thereof. In another form, the book is 
clamped and a roller passed over the back under 
great pressure. Another form of machine is for 
molding the back-covers of books to a given curva¬ 
ture, by pressing between a heated cylinder of a 
given radius and a bed-plate whose curvature 
corresponds to the presser. 
book-binder, s, [Bookbinder.] 
book-bosomed, a. Having a book in the bosom. 

“ As the corslet oft he took, 

The Dwarf espied the Mighty Book ! 

Much he marveled, a knight of pride 
Like a book-bosom’d priest should rido.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 8. 

book-canvasser, s. One who goes about from 


*b 60 d-le (le as ? l) (1) s [Etym. doubtful. Com- th^packlHte/Xth^^ doorto doTr.offerin’gbookTfors^^^ 


pare boddle= an old Scotch coin (q. v.).] A plant, 
Chrysanthemum segetum , L. ( Tusser .) 

bood'-le ( 2 ), s. (1) Originally a slang term for 
counterfeit money, since then enlarged in its use to 
include all kinds of money, counterfeit or other¬ 
wise ; ( 2 ) the money obtained fraudulently, usually 
from corporations by officials or private individuals, 
for a purpose or service which is not legitimate 
and about which secrecy must be observed. Notable 
instances of the use of “ boodle ” were in the Star- 
route postal frauds in Washington, and the Credit 
Mobilier scandal, also a Washington instance, 
bood -ler, s. One who accepts a bribe. 
b<?ok, *bpoke, *boke, *boc {Eng.), beuk, buik, 
buke, buk {Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. bdc = a book, a 
volume, a writing, an index; Goth, boka; Icel. b6k; 

Sw. bok; Dan. bog; Dut. boek; O. S. buok; (N. H.) 

Ger. buch; M. H. Ger. buoch; O. H. Ger. pohha. 

From A. S. b6c=a beech; Ger. buche = a beech 
(Beech), because Anglo-Saxon and German books 
were originally made of beechen boards.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Of things material: An article of manufact¬ 
ure, of which a series of forms have existed in 
bygone ages, but which at present consists of a num¬ 
ber of sheets of printed paper stitched together, 
pressed and covered with boards. [Bookbinding.1 
t| The first books were probably of various and 
diverse types. The Koran is said to have been writ¬ 
ten on shoulder-blades of sheep. The Anglo-Saxon 
books were originally written on pieces of beechen 
board. Boards of other trees were doubtless used 
in other countries, as was the inner bark of trees. 

At a remote period of antiquity the papyrus [Papy¬ 
rus] displaced its rivals, and so well held its place boo 


as to have given rise to the word paper. Parch¬ 
ment, called from Pergamos, wherei twasfirst made, 
arose about B. C. 200. [Pakchment.] Anearlyand 
persistent form of book was a roll of papyrus or 
other material. Jeremiah’s book was such a roll 
(Jer. xxxvi. 4,14, 23). The charred books found in 
Herculaneum were also rolls. This form of book is 
commemorated in the common word volume, which 
is from Lat. volumen= a thing rolled or wound up. 
[Volume. ] When books were transcribed by hand 


“ hands.” 

2. Fig.: Anything presenting a more or less close 
analogy either to the material part of a book or to the 
writing or printing which it contains. Specially — 

*(1) Heaven. 

“Paraventure in thilke large booke, 

What that is cleped the heven, i-write was.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 4,610-11. 

(2) (See 3, Special phrases.) 

3. In special phrases: 

(1) A book of remembrance was written. Fig.: 
There was undying remembrance. (Malachi iii. 16.) 

(2) God’s book: The Bible. 

“Such as by God’s book are adjudged to death.” 

Shakesp.-. 2 Henry VI., ii. 3 . 

(3) In the books of, or in the good books of: 
Remembered for something of a favorable or pleas¬ 
ant character. 

“ I was so much in his books that at his decease he left 
me his lamp.” — Addison. 

(4) In the bad books of: Remembered for some¬ 
thing for which offense has been taken. 

(5) The book: The Bible. 

“ Some herds, weel learn’d upo’ the beuk.” 

Burns: To Wm. Simpson. (Postscript.) 

(6) The book of life. Fig.: A record conceived of 
as existing in which are written the names of those 
who shall ultimately obtain eternal life. (Phil. iv. 
3; Rev. iii. 6 ; xiii. 8, &c.) 

S Without book: 

) Without being compelled to have recourse to 
a book to help the memory. 

“Her friend Miss Kitty repeated, without book, the eight 
best lines of the play.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 
(Note.) 

(b) Without fortifying the assertion by the aid of 
)oks ; without authority, loosely, inaccurately. 

(8) To bring to book: To call to account. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mercantile affairs (pi. Books): A register of 
financial transactions, as of debts, assets, &c. 
Merchants, traders and other persons, who are 
desirous of understanding their affairs, and explain¬ 
ing them when necessary, keep : 1, a day-book ; 2, a 


book-clamp, s. 

Bookbinding: 

1. A vise for holding a book while being worked. 
Adjustmentis made by the nuts for the thickness of 
the book, and the pressure is given by the lever and 
eccentric. 

2. A holder for school-books while carrying them. 
The cords pass through the upper bar and down to 
the lower bar; they are tightened by the rotation of 
the handle. (Knight.) 

book-crab, s. [Book-scorpion.] 
book-craft, s. Learning. 

“ Some book-craft you have and are pretty well spoken.” 

Ben Jonson: Gipsies Metam. 

book-debt, s. 

Comm.: A debt for items charged to the debtor 
by the creditor in his account-book; 

book-edge, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: The edge of a book. 

B. As adjective: Designed to operate on the edge 
of a book. 

Book-edge lock: A lock whereby the closed sides 
of the book-cover are locked shut. 

book-folding, a. Folding or designed to fold a 
book. 

Book-folding machine: A machine for folding 
sheets for gathering, sewing, and binding. 

book-holder, s. A reading-desk top, or other 
device, for holding an open book in reading posi¬ 
tion. 

*book-hunger, s. A craving appetite for books. 

book-knowledge, s. Knowledge derived from 
books, and not from observation and reflection. 

book-learned, booklearned, a. 

1. Of persons: Learned, as far as books are con¬ 
cerned ; with knowledge derived from books rather 
than from personal observation and reflection. 
(Often with more or less contempt.) 

2. Resulting or deriving an impulse from such 
learning. 

“Of one, who, in his simple mind, 

May boast of book-learned taste refined.” 

Scott: Marmion. Introd. to Canto I. 

book-learning, bgoklearning, s. Learning 


journal; 3, a ledger; 4, a letter-book; 5, an invoice mug. . LiCdl II 1 II 

s yqlxjme I w ii6ii dooks were rrciiiscriDeu. uy uciiiul book 5 6, a, c&sli-foook \ 7* <1 bill-book ^ 8, a bcink-book, derived from books. (0ft6n used witli mor© or Igss 
thev were necessarily very expensive. Plato is said and 9, a check-book. Commercial books are kept contempt.) 

t* 7 • _i_ l AM K-nn m — — ~ A hv fiincrlfi nv* nv rlnnhlp Pnfrv I Hr»nTVT\TT.TT'.’PTArri I hOOk madlieSS S 


to have given about $1,560 for one, Aristotle about by single oy by double entry. [Bookkeeping.] 

$2 900 for another; Alfred the Great, about the year 2. Eng. Law. Plur. (the books): All the volumes 
872, an estate for a third volume.; Printing cheapened which contain authentic reports of decisions in 
books to an incalculable extent, though heavy English law from the earliest times till now. [Re- 
prices are still paid for rare and large or copiously- PtmTji.) (Wharton.) 

illustrated works. Thus Machlin’s Bible, illus- 3. Gilding: A package of gold-leaf consisting of 
trated bv Tomkins, was valued at, $2,625, and a twenty-five leaves, each 3[ s x 3 inches square; they 
v -- wri4-V. atp msprt.pfi hpitwpipin piRvfts or soft dr ner mhbefi 


Bibliomania, 
book-man, s. [Bookman.] 

book-monger, s. A contemptuous term for one 
who deals in books, 
book-muslin, s. 


trated by Tomkins, was valued ataz,b25, and a rwemy-nve mavbb, eacu o /8 xo iueuub squaie , Weaving: A fine, transparent muslin, usually 

superb Bible, in fifty-four large folio volumes, with are mserted between leaves of soft paper rubbed f in g^k form. [Buke-muslin.] 

7 000 illustrations, was raffled off for tickets in with red chalk to prevent adherence. o L J 

afforavat.fi nmnnntinv to $25,000. A collection of R. As n.dip.r.tivp- Tn anv wav nertaininar. relatinar DOOK-name, s. 


the aggregate amounting to $25,000. A collection of 
books is called a library. [Library.] 

“ Books! Those poor bits of rag-paper with black ink on 
them.”— Carlyle: Heroes, Lecture v. 

•[ It is not needful that a printed work shall have 
many pages to constitute a book ; in nursery litera¬ 
ture a single page will be enough. 

« A book (to please us at a tender age 
’Tis called a book, though but a single page). 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

*[ So far as known, the first book ever written in 
English was a poem —“a Paraphrase,’ as it is 


B. As adjective: In any way pertaining, relating 
to, or connected with a book. 

1. Gen.: In some one of the foregoing senses. 

2. Spec.: Recorded in a book; estimated and put 
on record. 

“ But for present uses a supplementary table giving 
the age, original cost, repairs cost, with date of repairs, 
and present ‘ book ’ value of every vessel of the fleet . . .” 
—London Times, December 2, 1875. 


Bot. db ZoOl.: A name found only in scientific 
books, and not in use among the people at large. 
*bOOk-oath, s. An oath on the Bible. 

“ I put thee to thy Book-oath.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., ii. 1. 
book-perfecting, a. Perfecting or designed to 
perfect anything. 

Book-perfecting press (printing): A press which 


cey, 2d ed.. i. 144.) 

juu xicix _ _- -_^_ . book-account, s. An account or register of debt 

caifed—oL the**creation, the war m heaven, and of or credit in a book. 

the fall of Satan, about the year 657. The author book-agent, s. [17. S. Coll.] A misnomer for a 
was Caedmon, a convert from paganism to Chris- book peddler or canvasser, 
tianity. After the Norman conquest there seem to 


If Obvious compound: Book-collection. (De Quin- prints both sides of a sheet without intermediate 


have been no books written in English until the 
reign of King John, which began in 1199. During 
this reign Layamon, a priest of Worcestershire, 
wrote a remarkable poem of 32,250 lines, called 
“Brut.” 

S Of things intellectual: 

A written or printed literary composition con- 


manipulation. Some act upon the respective sides 
in immediate succession, others have automatic feed 
between impressions. (Knight.) 

book-plate, s. A piece of paper stamped or 
engraved with a name or device, and pasted in a 
book to show the ownership. 

book-post, s. The regulations under which books 
and other printed matter are conveyed by post, 
book-scorpion, s. 

Zobl.: The name given to Chelifer, a genus of 
Arachnida (Spiders) found in old books and in dark 


book-back, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: The back or boards of a book. 

B. As adjective: Designed to operate upon the 
back of a book. 

book-back rounder, s. 

, 0 , - Bookbinding: Amachine which acts as a substi- places. It is not a genuine scorpion, but is the type 

tninod in a roll or collection of pages in boards, as tute for the hammer in rounding the back of a book of the family Chelifendee, sometimes called Pseudo- 
described under No. 1. after cutting the edge and ends. It is usually per- scorpiomdse. _. 

toy; pd^t, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, tins; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph-f. 

-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion — shun; -$ion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





568 


bookstore 


book-sewing 

book-sewing, a. Sewing or designed to sew 
books. 

Book-seiving machine: A machine for sewing 
cooks. (See a description and figure of one in 
Knight’s Diet. Meehan i. 333.) 

book-stamp, s. The stamp or die wherewith 
the title of a book is impressed upon the cover or 
back. 

book-worm, s. [Bookworm.] 
book (Eng.), book, beuk (Scotch), v. t. & i. [From 
book, s. (q. v.)] 

I. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To put down in a book. Used specially of 
arrangements for an important engagement requir¬ 
ing two or more persons to meet together at a speci¬ 
fied place, and at a specified hour of a certain day. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ He made willful murder high treason ; he caused the 
marchers to book their men, for whom they should make 
answer.”— Davies: On Ireland. 

*( 2 ) Spec.: To register a couple in the session 
records, in order to the proclamation of bi ins. ( 0 . 
Scotch.) 

“ . . . his brother and Betty Bodle were bookit 

on Saturday, that is, their names recorded foi '.tie iubli. 
cation of the banns, in the books of the Kirk-1 wash n.”— 
The Entail, i. 232. (Jamieson.) 

(3) To pay, at an office appointed for that purpose 
[Booking-office], for the transmission by rail, &c., 
of a parcel or goods. 

2. Fig.: Unalterably to record in the memory. 

“ Book both my willfulness and errors down.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnet 117. 

(a) To speak by book: To speak with the certainty 
of being correct. 

( b) To know one by the book: To be intimately 
acquainted with the details of one’s life and char¬ 
acter, as though the knowledge were acquired by a 
study of the biography of the subject. 

II. Intrans. To book to a place: To pay for and 
receive a ticket entitling one to ride by boat, &c., 
to a certain place. 

To be booked for: To have one’s course marked 
out or determined on. “ Here I am booked for three 
days more in Paris.” ( C.Reade.) 

bpok’-blnd-er, *bpok’-bynd-er, s. [Eng. book; 
binder.] 

1. Of persons: One who binds books. 

2. Of things: A contrivance of the nature of a 
temporary cover, for holding together newspapers, 
pamphlets, or similar articles. 

tbpok-blnd-er-y, s. [Eng. book; bindery.] A 
place,for binding books. 

bpok’-blnd-Ing, s. [Eng. book; binding.] The 
art of stitching or otherwise fastening together and 
covering the sheets of paper or similar material 
composing a book. The edge of a modem book con¬ 
stituted by the margin of the paper composing it is 
called the binding-edge. 

IT When books were literal “ volumes,” or rolls, 
the way of “ binding ” them, if it could be so called, 
or at least of keeping them together, was to unroll 
them from one cylinder and roll each again, as it 
was perused, on another. When books became sep¬ 
arate folios the first method of dealing with them 
seems to have been the tying them together by a 
String passed through a hole at the margin of the 
pile. This is still done in the south of India and 
Ceylon with writings on talipot or other palm leaves. 
The holding together of folios of a literary man’s 
manuscript by a small clasp at one edge is an essen¬ 
tially similar device. The present method of bind¬ 
ing seems to have been invented by or under 
Attalus, king of Pergamus, or his son Eumenes, 
about 200 B. C. The oldest bound book known—the 
binding was ornamental—is the volume of St.Cuth- 
bert, about A. D. 650. Ivory was used for book 
covers in the eighth century; oak in the ninth. The 
l Book of Evangelists, on which the English kings 
(took their coronation oath, was bound in oak 
^boards, A. D. 1100. Velvet, silk, hogskin andleather 
were used as early as the fifteenth century; needle¬ 
work binding began in 1471; vellum, stamped and 
(ornamented, about 1510: leather about the same 
date, and calf in 1550. Cloth binding superseded 
the paper known as “ boards ” in 1823; india-rubber 
(backs were introduced in 1841, tortoise shell sides 
in 1856. 

t The chief processes of bookbinding are the fol¬ 
lowing : Folding the sheets; gathering the consecu¬ 
tive signatures; rolling the packs of folded sheets: 
sewing, after saw-cutting the backs for the cords; 
rounding the backs and gluing them; edge cut¬ 
ting ; binding, securing the book to the sides ; cover¬ 
ing the sides and back with leather, muslin, or 
paper, as the case may be ; tooling and lettering; 
and, finally, edge-gilding. Books may be full bound, 
i. e..with the back and sides leather; or half-bound, 
that is, with the back leather and the sides paper 
or cloth. 

“ About three months after his engagement with De la 
Roche, Faraday quitted him and bookbinding together.” 
—Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., xii. 351. 


bpok’-case, s. [Eng. book; case.] A case fur¬ 
nished with shelves for holding books. 

“ . . . that celebrated Treatise on Death which, dur¬ 
ing many years, stood next to the Whole Duty of Man in 
the bookcases of serious Arminians.” — Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvii. 

bpoked, pa. par. & a. [Book, v.] 
tbpok'-er-jf, s. A bookstore. 

*bpok'-ful, a. [Eng. book; ful(l).] Full of un¬ 
digested knowledge derived from books. 

“ The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read, 

With loads of learned lumber in his head.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, pt. iii., 63, 

bpok'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Book, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of making into a book or anything simi¬ 
lar. [II. Agric.] 

2. The act of recording in a book. 

_*[[ The booking: The act of recording in the ses¬ 
sion-book previous to the publication of banns of 
marriage. 

“It was agreed that the booking should take place on 
the approaching Saturday.” —The Entail, p. 230. (.Jamie, 
son.) 

II. Agric.: The arrangement of tobacco-leaves in 
symmetrical piles, the stems in one direction, leaf 
upon leaf, forming a book. 

booking-office, s. (English.) Equivalent to the 
American “ Ticket office.”' 

Railway and other traveling: 

(1) An office in which records are made, in a book, 
of baggage temporarily deposited, a ticket or brass 
tag (called a “check”) being given to enable the 
owner to reclaim his own. 

(2) More loosely: An office at which tickets, 
entitling a passenger to ride to certain places, are 
obtainable, even though his name is not booked. 

bpok’-ish, a. [Eng. hook; -ish.] 
fl. In a good sense: Learned. 

“ I’m not bookish, yet I can read waiting-gentlewoman 
in the scape.” — Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iii. 3. 

2. Acquainted with books but woefully deficient 
in knowledge of men. 

“Whose bookish rule hath pulled fair England down.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., i. 1 . 
bpok’-Ish-ljf, adv. [Eng. bookish; -ly .] After 
the manner of a bookish person. 

“While she [Christina, Queen of Sweden] was more 
bookishly given, she had it in her thoughts to institute an 
order of Parnassus.” — Thurlow: State-Papers, ii. 104. 

bpok’-ish-ness, s. [Eng. bookish; -ness. ] The 
propensity to study, or the habit of studying books. 
Generally in a less contemptuous sense than book¬ 
ish (q.v.). 

bpok’-keep-er, s. [Eng. book; keeper .] One 
who, as accountant, secretary, or clerk, keeps 
books, making the requisite entries in them day by 
day. 

“ Here, brother, you shall be the bookkeeper ; 

This is the argument of that they shew.” 

Kyd: Spanish Tragedy. 

bpok'-keep-Ing, s. [Eng. book; keeping.] 

1. Arithm. <& Comm.: The art of keeping books 
in which pecuniary transactions are so unremit¬ 
tingly and so accurately entered that one is able at 
any time to ascertain the exact state of his financial 
affairs, or of any portion of them, with clearness 
and expedition. The art, in a certain undevel¬ 
oped state, must have existed from immemorial 
antiquity, but it received such improvement and 
impulse at Venice as to make that comparatively 
modern city to be considered its birthplace. The 
first known writer on bookkeeping was Lucas di 
Borgo, who published a treatise on the subject in 
Italian in 1495. It is generally divided into book¬ 
keeping by single and bookkeeping by double entry. 
In the former every entry is single, i. e., is placed to 
the debit or credit of a single account, while in the 
latter it is double, that is, it has both a debtor and 
creditor account. In other words, by. single entry 
each transaction is entered only once in the ledger, 
and by double entry twice. Bookkeeping by single 
entry is imperfect, and is scarcely fitted even for 
very limited establishments. Bookkeeping by 
double entry being first practiced in Venice, Genoa, 
and the adjacent towns, is often called the Italian 
method. In bookkeeping by double entry all trans¬ 
actions inward fall under four heads: cash, 
bills, book-debts and stock. There are, moreover, 
a cash-book, a bill-book, a book for book-debts— 
called the ledger—and a book for the record of 
stock, that is, stock on hand. There are various 
other books in a large establishment. In smaller 
establishments it is enough to have a cash-book, a 
day-book, a journal and a ledger. It is in the 


ledger that the elaborate classification of all trans¬ 
actions is entered. The ability to make out a 
balance-sheet is much increased by the. simple de¬ 
vice of making impersonal entries, that is, entering 
cash, iron, &c., as if they were mercantile traders, 
and grouping a number of articles together under 
the heading sundries. Then there are accounts of 
the form sundries debtor to cash, or cash debtor to 
sundries. If a merchant have purchased iron, what 
he has paid for it is debited to iron, which is ex¬ 
pected to meet it when the metal is disposed of, and 
so with every other expense incurred by the firm foi 
purposes of business. [Bill-book, Cash-book, Dav- 
book, Ledger.] 

2. Sarcastically: The practice of not returning 
books which one has borrowed. (Colloq.) 
*bpok’-land, *bock’-land, s. & a. [Bockland.] 
bpok’-less, o. [Eng. book; -less.] Without book. 
Used — 

(a) Of persons: 

“. . . Why with the cit, 

Or bookless churl, with each ignoble name, 

Each earthly nature, deign’st thou to reside?” 

Shenstone: Economy, pt. i. 

( b) Of things: 

“ Your flight from out your bookless wilds would seem 
As arguing love of knowledge and of power.” 

Tennyson: The Princess. 

bpok'-ma-ker, s. [En g.book; maker.] 

1. A betting man, one who keeps a book in which 
bets are entered. 

2. Sometimes applied to the author, compiler or 
manufacturer of books. 

bpok'-mak-Ing, s. [En g.book; making.] 

1. The art, practice, or occupation of making 
books. 

“He [Adam Smith] had bookmaking so much in his 
thoughts, and was so chary of what might be turned to 
account in that way, that he once said to Sir Joshua 
Heynolds, that he made it a rule, when in company, never 
to talk of what he understood.”— Boswell: Life of Johnson, 
iv. 24. 

2. The act, practice, or occupation of noting down 
bets in books. 

bpok'-m?tn, s. [Eng. book; man.] A man whose 
occupation is the study of books. 

“This civil war of wits were much better used 
On Navarre and his bookmen; for here ’tis abused.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor's Lost, ii. 1. 

tbpok’-mate, s. [Eng. book; mate.) One who is 
mate with one or more others at books; a school¬ 
fellow. 

“A phantasime, a Monarcho, and one that makes sport 
To the prince and his bookmates.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 1. 

tbpok’-mind-ed, a. [En g.book; minded.] Hav¬ 
ing a mind which runs much upon books, loving 
books. 

tbpok'-mlnd-ed-ness, s. [Eng. bookminded; 
-ness.] The quality of having a mind which highly 
values books or their teachings. 

bpok'-sel-ler, s. [Eng. book; seller.] One whose 
occupation it is to sell books. He is the medium 
between the publisher, on the one hand, and the 
individual purchaser, on the other. Many book¬ 
sellers have commenced by selling books only by 
retail, then they have ventured on publishing one or 
two, and, guiding their business with signal ability, 
have ultimately developed into extensive publishers. 
The extensive publishing house of J. B. Lippincott 
& Company, of Philadelphia, is one of the notable 
American instances of such a course. 

“. . . the lad’s master was a bookseller and book¬ 
binder.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), xii. 349. 

bpok’-sel-llfig, s. [Eng. book; selling.) The act 
or occupation of selling books. It is at present 
divided into several sections—( 1 ) publishing, ( 2 ) 
wholesale bookselling, (3) retail bookselling, (4) 
trade in old or second-hand books, and (5) trade in 
periodicals. [Publishing.] 

bpok-shop, s. [Eng. book; and shop.] A shop 
where books are sold. 

bpok'-slide, s. [Eng. book; slide.] A slide which 
can be moved laterally so as to reach a support at a 
second end without losing the first one. It is then 
available as a shelf for books. 

bpok-st&ll, s. [Eng. book; stall.] A stall or 
temporary wooden table or shed in the street, rail¬ 
way stations, &c., designed to accommodate books 
offered for purchasers. 

bpok’-stand, s. [Eng. book; and stand, s. (q.v.)] 
1„ A stand of whatever kind, on which a book or 
books may rest. 

2. A bookstall. [Bookstall.] 

bpok’-stSne, s. [Bibliolite.] 
tbpok’-store, s. [En g. book; store.] A store for 
selling books. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, campl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore. wolf. work, who, sbn; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. ®e, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





bookworm 


569 


boord 


book -worm, s. [Eng. book; worm.'] 

1. Lit.: Any “worm” or insect which eats holes 
in books. 

“My lion, like a moth or bookworm , feeds upon nothing 
but paper, and I shall beg of them to diet him with whole¬ 
some and substantial food.”— Guardian. 

2. Figuratively: 

(а) One always poring over books. (With only 
slight contempt.) 

“Among those venerable galleries and solitary scenes 
of the university, I wanted but a black gown and a salary 
to be as mere a bookworm as any there.”— Pope: Letters. 

(б) A reader who, always operating upon books, 
can appreciate little or nothing about them but the 
paper on which they are printed and the covers 
in which they are bound. (As a rule used con¬ 
temptuously.) 

todol (1), s. [Bowl (1).] 

bool (2), s. & a. [From Ger. bilgel=a hoop (?).] 
As substantive: Anything hoop-shaped. Spe¬ 
cially — 

Of a key: The rounded annular part of a key, 
by means of which it is turned with the hand, 
bool (3), s. & a. [Buhl.] 
bool-work, s. [Buhl-work.] 

♦boolde, a. [Bold.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
*bdold'-ly, adv. [O. Eng. boold, and -ly.] 
[Boldly.] {Romauntof the Rose.) 

♦boole, s. [Bull.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
boo-ley, s. [Ir. buachail; Gael. buachaille= a 
cowherd. From oo= a cow, and gille, giolla= boy. 
In Wei. bugal=bugeiluor, bugeilydd=& shepherd, a 
herdsman; Arm. bugel, bugul.] An Irish nomad; 
one who, Tartar-like, is member of a horde continu¬ 
ally moving from place to place, subsisting mean¬ 
while on the milk derived from the cattle which 
they drive. 

“ All the Tartarians, and the people about the Caspian 
Sea, which are naturally Scythians, live in hordes ; being 
the very same that the Irish booties are, driving their 
cattle with them, and feeding only on their milk and 
white meats.”— Spenser. 

boom, *bom’-men, V. i. [From Dut. bommen— to 
sound like an empty barrel. Compare A. S. bymian 
=to sound or play on a trumpet; from byme= a 
trumpet. Boom is evidently imitated from the 
sound.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To make a deep hollow sound, as— 

(1) A cannon. 

“ The ball beyond their bow 
Booms harmless.”— Byron: Corsair, iii. 15. 

(2) The ocean. 

(3) The bittern. 

“ And the bittern sound his drum, 

Booming from the sedgy shallow.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 31. 

2. To swell with a certain hollow sound. 

“ Booming o’er his head. 

The billows clos’d; he’s numbered with the dead.” 

Young. 

II. Naut. : To rush with noise. 

1[ To come booming. Of a ship : To make all the 
sail which she can, in which case she makes a cer¬ 
tain amount of noise in cutting through the water. 

boom (1), s. [From boom, v. (q. v.) In Wei. 
bwmp=bympian=a hollow sound (Bump) ; bimnbwr 
=a murmur, a roar.] A deep hollow sound like 
that of a cannon, the ocean, or the voice of the 
bittern 

“ Hark ! ’tis the boom of a heavy gun. 

Mackenzie: Fair Maid of Cabul. 
boom (2) {Eng.), *bOlme (O. Scotch), s. & a. 
[Dut. boom — a tree, a pole, a bar, beam, or boom; 
Sw. bom= a bar; Dan. bom= a bar to shut a passage, 
a barricade, a turnpike, a boom; Ger. baum — (1) a 
tree, (2) a beam, (3) a bar, a boom.] [Beam.] 

A. As substantive: 



1. Nautical: 

* 1 . A boom, a waterman’s pole. (0. Scotch.) 

2. A beacon consisting of a pole with bushes, 
>askets, or other conspicuous thing at the top, set 
ip ip a river 
>r harbor, and 
lesigned to 
nark where 
he channel is 
ufficiently 
leep to admit 
he passage of 
essels. 

3. A long 
.ole or spar 
un ou t f or 
he support of 
, sail. Spe- 
ially— 

( 1 ) A spar 

or extending the foot of a fore-and-aft sail. 


1 . Main Boom. 2. Studding-sail 
Boom. 


“ The boom on which a fore-and-aft sail is stretched is 
commonly provided with jaws, which partially encircle the 
mast, and are held to it by a half-grommet strung with 
balls of hard wood to avoid friction.”— Knight: Bract. 
Diet. Meehan. 

(2) A spar rigged out from a yard to extend the 
foot of a studding-sail. 

“The fore and main lower yards, and the fore and main 
topsail yards have studding-sail booms. Each is secured 
by boom-irons on its yard, and is named from the studding- 
sail whose foot it stretches. The heads of the studding- 
sails are bent to Btudding-sail yards, which are slung 
from the studding-sail booms and the fore and main top¬ 
gallant yard-arms. The stays of these booms are called 
guys. The ring-tailed boom is rigged out like a studding- 
sail boom at the end of the spanker-boom.”— Knight: 
Pract. Diet. Meehan. 

(3) Plur. (the Booms): The space on the spar- 
deck, between the fore and main masts, where the 
boats and spare spars are stowed. 

II. Marine Fortif.: A chain or line of connected 
spars stretched across a river or channel to obstruct 
navigation, or detain a vessel under the fire of a 
fort. 

“A boom across the river! Why have we not cut the 
boom in pieces?” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

III. Lumbering: A spar or line of floating timbers 
stretched across a river, or inclosing an area of 
water, to keep saw-logs from floating down the 
stream. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or connected with 
a boom. 

boom (3), s. [17. S. Colloq.] A sudden rise in the 
market value of real estate, stocks or commodities; 
an enthusiastic popular movement in favor of any 
person, cause or thing; as, a real estate boom, a 
political boom ; a boom in sugar. 

As verb transitive: To promote the cause or 
interest of any person or thing with great enthusi¬ 
asm ; as, to boom town lots, or boom a candidate 
for Congress, 
boom-irons, s. 

Naut.: Aflat iron ring on the yard, through which 
the studding-sail boom travels when being rigged 
out or in. There being more than one the word is 
often in the plural. One boom-iron, called the yard¬ 
arm iron, is fixed at the end of the yard, and another 
iron, called the quarter-iron, is placed at three- 
sixteenths of the length of the yard from the outer 
end. 


boom-jigger, s. 

Naut.: A tackle for rigging out or running in a 
topmast studding-sail boom. 

boom-sheet, s. 

Naut.: A sheet attached to a boom. 



boom -er-ang, s. [Native Australian word.] A 
missile weapon invented and used by the native 
Australians, who are generally deemed the lowest 
in intelligence of any 
tribe or race of man¬ 
kind. It is a curved 
stick, round on one 
side and flat on the 
other, about three feet 
long, two inches wide, 
and three-quarters of 

an inch thick. It is Boomerang, 

grasped atone end and 

thrown sickle-wise, either upward into the air, or 
downward so as to strike the ground at some dis¬ 
tance from the thrower. In the first case it flies 
with a rotary motion, as its shape would indicate, 
and after ascending to a great height in the air, it 
suddenly returns in an elliptical orbit to a spot near 
its starting-point. On throwing it downward to the 
ground, it rebounds in a straight line, pursuing a 
ricochet motion until it strikes the object at which 
it is thrown. The most singular curve described by 
it is when it is projected upward at an angle about 
45°, when its flight is always backward, and the 
native who throws it stands with his back to the 
object he intends to hit. {Knight.) 
boom'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Boom, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 


“ Forsook by thee, in vain I sought thy aid, 

When booming billows closed above my head.” 

Pope. 

C. As substantive: The act of emitting a deep 
hollow sound or roar ; also the sound thus emitted, 
“. . . the distant booming of cannon was heard 

. . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

boom'-kln, s. [Bumkin {Naut.).] 
boon (1) {Eng.), boon, ♦bfine, *been {Scotch), s. 
[Gael. & Ir. bunach = coarse, low; from bun = a 
stump, a root; Wei. bon= stem, base, or stick.] The 
refuse from dressed flax. The internal woody por¬ 
tion or pith of flax, which is disorganized by rett ing, 
the binding mucilage being softened by fermenta¬ 


tion. The boon is partially removed in grassing, 
and together with the shives is completely elim¬ 
inated from the hair or fiber in the subsequent 
operations of braking and scutching. 

boon (2), *boone, ♦bowne, ♦bone, s. [Icel. b6n= 
a boon ; Sw. &Dan. bbn; A. S. bin—a prayer.] 

*1. A prayer, a petition, an entreaty to God or man. 

“ He seyde, ‘ Brother Gamelyn, aske me thy boone, 

And loke thou me blame but Igrauntesone.’ ” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 153-4. 

2. A favor. (With the sense partly derived from 
French bon=g ood, advantage, profit.) ( Skeat .) 
[Boon, a.] 

“ Vouchsafe me, for my meed, but one fair look ; 

A smaller boon than this I cannot beg.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, v. 4. 

*3. A service done by a tenant to his lord, 
boon-dinner, s. The dinner given on the harvest- 
field to a band of reapers. {Scotch.) 

“The youths and maidens—gathering round a small 
knoll by the stream, with bare head and obedient hand, 
waited a serious and lengthened blessing, from the good- 
man, of the boon-dinner.”—Blackwood Magazine, July, 1820, 
p. 375. 

♦boon (3), s. The same as Bone (q. v.). {Prologue 
to the Knightes Tale, 546.) 

♦boon (1), a. [Bound.] 

fboon (2), a. [From Fr. bon = good.] Kind, 
bountiful. 

“ Satiate at length, 

And heighten’d as with wine, jocund and boon, 

Thus to herself she pleasing.y began.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. ix. 

IT Used specially in the phrase aboon companion. 
“To one of his boon comjianior.s, it is said, he tossed a 
pardon for a rich traitor across the table during a revel.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

♦boonde, pret. of v. [Bind.] 

♦boond'-man, s. [Bondman.] 

♦boone (l),s. [Boon.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*b6one(2),s. [Bone.] {Wycliffe (Purvey): Matt. 
xxiii. 27.) 

boon'-er-most, a. [Scotch boonmost, with er, 
the sign of the comparative, interpolated.] Upper¬ 
most. [Boonmost.] 

“Wi’ his neb boonermost.” 

Jacobite Relics, i. 25. 

boonk, s. [Imitated from the sound of its 
boom (?).] The Little Bittern, Botaurus minutus 
boon -most, a. [From boon, a contracted form 
of boven = A. S. bufan, bufon = above; and Eng. 
most.] Uppermost. 

“ TIT unchancy coat, that boonmost on her lay.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 60. 

boon-sl-late, s. A mixture of silicate of soda 
and bones finely ground; used in the place of hard¬ 
wood and ivory in making clocks, canes, &c. 

bo -ops, s. [From Gr. bous, genit. boos= a bullock, 
an ox, a cow, and ops or <5ps=an eye, the face. Com¬ 
pare also hoop is= ox-eyed. ] 

Ichthyol.: A genus of brilliant-colored fishes 
belonging to the family Sparidae. Most of them 
inhabit the Mediterranean. 

♦boor (1), s. [Boar.] 

“ Ne hound for hert, or wilde boor, or deer.” 

Chaucer: Legende of Goode Women; Dido. 

boor (2), fbeuir, s. [Dut. boar— a peasant, a coun¬ 
tryman; A. S. ge-bdr=a dweller, a husbandman, a 
farmer, a countryman, a boor {Bosworth). From 
Dut. bouu>en= to build, till, or plow ; A. S. buan=to 
inhabit, dwell, cultivate, or till.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A cultivator of the soil, without reference to 
the question whether or not he is refined in his 
manners. 

“’Twas with such idle eye 
As nobles cast on lowly boor 
When, toiling, in his task obscure, 

They pass him careless by.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, i. 16. 

2. A cultivator of the soil, with the imputation 
that he is unrefined. 

“ To one well-born, th’ affront is worse and more, 
When he’s abused and baffled by a boor.” 

Dryden. 

II. Fig.: Any unrefined or unmannerly person, 
whether he cultivate the soil or not. {Trench.) 

“ The bare sense of a calamity is called grumbling; and 
if a man does but make a face upon the boor, he is pres¬ 
ently a malcontent.” — L’Estrange. 

♦boord {Eng.) , boord {Scotch), s. [Board.] 

1. Old English: 

“ Byfome him atte boord deliciously.’ 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 10,393. 

2. Scotch: 

“ When thowes dissolve the snawy hoord, 

An’ float the jinglin’ icy-boord.” 

Burns: Address to the Veil. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, pell, chorus, phin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph — f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?in. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dpi. 









boorde 


570 


boot-tree 


♦bborde (1), s. [Board.] 

“ Boorde. Tabula, mensa, asser.”—Prompt. Parv. 
♦boorde (2) , s. [Bourd.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
♦boorde, v. t. [Board, v.] To accost. (Spenser: 
Fairy Queen , II. iv. 24.) 

♦boo rde-knyfe, s. [O. Eng. 6oorde=board, and 
?mj//e=knife.] A table-knife. 

Boordeknyfe. Mensacula , • . .”— Prompt. Pa:-v. 

♦boor-don, v. i. [Bourden.] 

♦boore, s. [Boar.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
boor -Ick, s. [Bourack.] 

b6or'-Isb, a. [Eng. boor; -ish.] Clownish, 
unmannerly, rude, uncultivated. 

“Therefore, you clown, abandon—which is, in the 
vulgar, leave—the society—which, in the boorish, is com¬ 
pany—of this female.”— Shakesp.: As You Like It, v. L 
boor-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. boorish; -ly.\ In a 
boorish manner, clownishly, coarsely. (Used gener- 
i\lly of the manners, rarely of the person.) 

** A healthy body with such limbs I’d bear 
As should be graceful, well proportion’d, just, 

And neither weak, nor boorishly robust.” 

Fenton: Martial , bk. x., Ep. 47. 

b6or'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. boorish; -ness.] The 
quality of being boorish; coarseness of manners, 
or rarely of the person. 

tb6or’-tree, boor -trie, s. & a. [Bourtree.] 
♦boos. s. TBoss.l 



bansts=a barn.] 

1. Gen. : A stall for a cow or ox. 

2. Spec.: The upper part of the stall where the 
fodder lies. 

boo§e, v. i. [Booze.] 
b6o§'-er, s. [Boozer.] 

*boo§-om, s. [Bosom.] 

boost, pret.ofv. [Bus.] Behooves, must needs. 
{Scotch.) 

“Or, faith! I fear, that wi’ the geese, 

I shortly boost to pasture.’.’ 

Burns: A Dream. 

♦boost, 8. [Boast.] (Romaunt of the Bose.) 

boost, s. [Bijist.] 

bdost, v. t. To lift or push, from behind, one who 
Is endeavoring to climb. 

♦boos’-ton, v. i. [Boast, v.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
♦b6o§'-^, a. [Boozy.] 

b6ot (1), *boote, *bote {Eng.), bote, bfite 
(Scotch), s. [A. S. b6te, bdtan = a boot, remedy, 
amends, atonement, offering assistance, compensa¬ 
tion, indemnity, redress, correction, cure ( Bos - 
worth) ; Goth, bota - boot, advantage, good; Dut. 
boete— profit, gain, advantage; boete — penitence, 
fine, mulct; Sw. 6of=remedy, cure, penance; Dan. 
bod = penitence; Dan. bytte = barter, exchange, 
truck; O. Sax. buota; (N. H.) Ger. busze- atone¬ 
ment, expiation; O. H. Ger. puoz, puoza .] [Boot, 
».,1.] , 

*1. Help, cure, relief. 

“Ich haue bote of mi bale.” 

William of Palerne, 627. 

« God send every trewe man boote of his bale.” 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 13,409. 

2. Anything given in addition to what is stipu¬ 
lated ; something given to make a better bargain; 
a balance of value in barter. 

“I’ll give you boot, I’ll give you three for one.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, iv. 5. 

“ K. Rich. Norfolk, throw down, we bid; there is no 
boot.”— Shakesp.: King Richard II., i. L 

3. Profit, gain, advantage. 

“ Give him no breath, but now 
Make boot of his distraction.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iv. 1. 

♦4. Booty, of which it seems to be a contraction. 

« And thou that art his mate make boot of this.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., iv. 1. 

IT (1) Grace to boot : God be gracious to us. 
(Shakesp.: Wint. Tale, i. 2.) 

(2) Saint George to boot: St. George be our help. 
(Shakesp.: Richard III., v. 3.) 

(3) To boot: In addition to, besides; over and 
above what is bargained for. 

“ Canst thou, O partial sleep, give thy repose 
To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude, 

And in the calmest and most stillest night, 

With all appliances and means to boot, 

Deny it to a king ?” ... 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ill. 1. 

(4) To the boot. (Scotch.) The same as to boot 

(Eng.). 

“ . . . a panegyric upon Alice, who, he said, was both 
canny and fendy ; and was, to the boot of all that, the best 
dancer of a strathspey in the whole strath.”— Scott: Wav- 
erley, ch. xvlii. 


boot (2), *b 00 te, *bote, s. & a. [Fr. botte =a 
boot, a bunch, a bundle, a heap, a barrel, butt, &c.; 
Prov., Sp. & Port, bota—a leather bottle, a butt, 
a boot; Ital. botte—a cask, a vessel, boots (Butt). 
In Gael. bbt= a boot; Wei. botas, botasan, botasen— 
a buskin, a boot, but probably these are from Eng¬ 
lish.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of an article of dress or what relates to it: 

(1) Of things: One of a pair of coverings for the 
lower extremities of the body, differing from shoes 
in reaching a greater or lesser distance above the 
ankle. 

“ Shew’d him his room, where he must lodge that night, 
Pull’d off his boots, and took away the light.” 

Milton: On the University Carrier. 

IT A knight of the boot: A sarcastic appellation 
for a sporting gentleman of position in rural soci¬ 
ety, but unrefined, who goes out booted to hunt 
and, still booted, enters the drawing-room after 
his hard ride. 

“ These carpets so soft to the foot, 

Caledonia’s traffic and pride 1 
Oh spare them, ye knights of the boot, 

Escaped from a cross country ride 1” 

Cowper: Gratitude. 

( 2 ) Of persons (pi.): One whose business it is to 
black the boots of the guests at a hotel. 

2. Of a boot like instrument of torture: An 
instrument of 1 orture used in the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries with the view of extorting 
confessions from accused persons. 

(a) Generally plural (boots, *bootes): 

“Lastly, he (Doctor Fian, alias John Cunningham) was 
put to the most severe and cruell paine in the world, called 
the bootes, who after he had received three strokes,” &c.— 
“ Then was he with all convenient speed, by command¬ 
ment, convaied againe to the torment of the bootes, wherein 
he continued a long time, and did abide so many blowes 
in them that his legges were crasht and beatin together 
as small as might bee, and the bones and flesh so bruised 
that the bloud and marrow spouted forth in great abun¬ 
dance ; whereby they were made unserviceable forever.”— 
Newes from Scotland, declaring the damnable Life of Doctor 
Fian, 1591. 

(b) Sometimes in the singular: 

“. . . those fiery Covenanters who had long, in defiance 
of sword and carbine, boot and gibbet, worshiped their 
Maker after their own fashion in caverns and on mountain 
tops.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

II. Technically: 

1. Boots and shoes: The covering for the feet and 
lower part of the legs. 

2. Coach-making: 

(1) The space between the coachman and the 
coach. 

(2) The part in front and rear of a coach immedi¬ 
ately adjacent to where the receptacles for baggage 
exist. 

TT Trench quotes an example from Reynolds’ God's 
Revenge against Murther, bk. i., hist. 1, to show that 
the “ boot,” now ordinarily abandoned to servants 
and other persons of humble rank, was formerly 
the chosen seat of the more dignified passengers. 

(3) The receptacle for baggage, &c., at either end 

° 3f Liquor traffic: A leathern case in which to put 
a filled bottle, so as to guard against accident when 
corking it. 

4. Farriery: Protection for the feet of horses 
enveloping the foot and part of the leg. A con¬ 
venient substitute for swaddling or bandaging. 
Such boots are used on the feet of horses while 
standing in a stable. A sort fitting more closely 
are employed in varicose veins, splint, speedy cut, 
strain, and other diseases of horses’ legs and feet. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to, or in any way 
connected with, a boot. (See the compounds sub¬ 
joined.) 

boot-calk, s. A spur for the boot-sole, to prevent 
the wearer from slipping on ice. In some parts of 
the country such an appliance is called a boot- 
clamp, or simply a clamp. 

boot-channeling, a. Making or tending to 
make a channel in the sole of boots. 

Boot-channeling machine: A machine for making 
the slit in a sole to sink the sewing-thread below 
the surface. It consists of a jack on which the 
boot is held, an inclined knife gauged in depth, and 
a guide which causes the knife to make its incision 
at an equal distance from the sole-edge all round. 

boot-clamp, s. 

1. A device for holding a boot while being sewed. 
It consists of a pair of jaws, between whose edge 
the leather is gripped, and which are locked to¬ 
gether by a cam, or by a cord which leads to a 
treadle. 

2. [See Boot-calk.] 

boot-crimp, s. [Probably so named because 
formerly the leather made a series of “crimps” or 
folds over the instep.] A tool or a machine for giv¬ 
ing the shape to the pieces of leather designed for 
boot uppers. 


Boot-crimping machine: A machine in which the 
crimping is performed in succession upon a number 
of leather pieces cut to a pattern. 

boot-edge, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: The edge of a boot. 

B. As adjective: Anything pertaining to or oper¬ 
ating on such an edge. 

Boot-edge trimmer: A machine which acts in con¬ 
nection with a guide to pare smoothly the edges of 
boot-soles. It is a machine substitute for the edge- 
plane. 

boot-grooving, a. Grooving, or designed to 
groove, a boot. . 

Boot-grooving machine: A machine for making 
the groove in a shoe-sole to sink the sewing-threads 
below the surface. A channeling-machine. 

boot-heel, s. & a. 

A. As substantive : The heel of a boot. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or operating upon 

the heel of a boot. . , 

Boot-heel cutter: A machine for cutting the lifts 
for making boot-heels. 

boot-holder, s. A jack for holding a boot either 
in the process of manufacture or for cleaning. 

bOOt-hOOk, s. A device for drawing on boots and 
shoes, consisting essentially of a stout wire bent 
into a rectangularly hooked form and provided with 
a handle. 

boot-hose, s. Stockings to serve for boots. 

“His lacquey, . . . with a linen stock on one leg and 

a kersey boot-hose on the other, gartered with a red and 
blue list.”-— Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. 

boot-jack, s. A board with a crotch to engage the- 
heel of a boot while the boot is being pulled off. 
boot-lace, s. The lace of a boot, 
boot-last, s. The same as boot-tree (q. v.). 
boot-lick, s. A lickspittle; a toady, 
boot-making, s. Making or designed to be used: 
in making boots. 

Boot-making machine: A machine for making 
boots. , 

IT “ Machines for making boots are adapted for 
specific parts of the operation; such as heel-ma¬ 
chines, which include cutters, randing, heel-cutt ing , 
heel-trimming and heel-burnishing machines. There 
are upper-machines, which include crimping, turn¬ 
ing, seam-rolling and trimming machines; sole- 
machines, which include cutting, channeling, bur¬ 
nishing, and pegging machines; lasting machines, 
for drawing the upper portion of the boot firmly 
on to the last; pegging-machines, pegging-jacks, 
for holding boots while being pegged ; and crimp¬ 
ing-machines, for stretching and pressing into shape- 
leather for uppers. Besides these there are numer¬ 
ous hand-tools, such as burnishers, edge-planes, and 
shaves, pegging-awls, etc.” ( Knight: Pract. Diet. 
Mechanics.) 

boot-pattern, s. A templet made up of plates- 
which have an adjustment on one another, so as to- 
be expanded or contracted to any given dimensions 
within the usual limits of boot sizes. It is used in 
marking out shapes and sizes on leather ready for 
the cutter. 

boot-rack, s. A rack or frame to hold boots, 
boot-seam, s. The seam of a boot. 

Boot-seam rubber: A burnishing tool for flatten¬ 
ing down the seam where the thicknesses of leather 
are sewed together. This is usually a hand-tool, 
but sometimes is a machine in which a boot-leg 
for instance, is held on a jack while the rubber 
either a roller or a burnisher, is reciprocated upon 
the seam. 

boot-shank, s. & a. 

1 . As subst.: The shank of a boot. 

2. As adj.: Designed to operate upon the shank' 

of a boot. , 

Boot-shank machine: A tool for drawing the 
leather of the upper or boot-leg over the last into 
the hollow of the shank. 

boot-stretcher, s. A device for stretching the- 
uppers of boots and shoes. The common form is a 
two-part last, divided horizontally and having a 
wedge, or a wedge and screw, to expand them after 
insertion in the boot, 
boot-topping, s. 

Naut.: The operation of scraping off grass, bar¬ 
nacles, &c., from a vessel’s bottom, and coating it 
with a mixture of tallow, sulphur and rosin. 

boot-tops, s. The top part of a boot, especially 
the broad band of bright-colored leather round the 
upper parts of top-boots. 

boot-tree, s. An instrument composed of two 
wooden blocks, constituting a front and a rear por¬ 
tion, which together form the shape of the leg and 
foot, and which are driven apart by a wedge intro¬ 
duced between them to stretch the boot. The foot- 
piece is sometimes detachable. It is called also a 
boot-last. 


fat, fare, amidst, what, fiui father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, ’ wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





boot-ventilator 


571 


bopeep 


boot-ventilator, s. A device in a boot or shoe 
*or allowing air to pass outwardly from the boot so 
as to air the foot. It usually consists of a perfo¬ 
rated interior thickness, a space between this and 
the outer portion, and a discharge for the air 
through some part of the said outer portion above 
the water-line. 

♦boot (3), s. [Boat.] 

“Boot. Navicula, scapha, simba.” — Prompt. Paw. 
boot (1), ♦boote, *bOte, V. t. & i. [From Eng. boot, 
s., or from A. S. bdt. [Boot.] In Moeso-Goth. 
botjan= to boot, advantage, profit; batan=to be 
useful, to boot; A. S. betan= to make better, to im¬ 
prove, to amend; O. S. buotian; leal, bcetd; Sw. 
bbta=to fine, to pay a fine; Dan. bodeaude=to rem¬ 
edy; Dut. boeten=to atone, to expiate, to mend; 
(N. H.) Ger. bilszen= (1) to repair, to amend; (2) to 
atone; M. H. Ger. bilezen; O. H. Ger. peeozan. ] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To heal, cure, relieve. 

“ He was botycl of mekylle care.” 

Sir Eglamour, 187. 

2. To present into the bargain. 

“ And I will boot thee with what gift beside 
Thy modesty can beg.” 

Shakesp: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 5. 

B. Intrans.: To avail, to be profitable, to be 
attended with advantage, to be of use. 

“ And what I want, it boots not to complain.” 

Shakesp. : Richard II., iii. 4. 

“ What boots the regal circle on his head, 

That long behind he trails his pompous robe?” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, iii. 171. 

“ I saw—but little boots it that my verse 
A shadowy visitation should rehearse.” 

Wordsworth: Ode, January, 1816. 
boot (2), v. i. [From boot (2), s.] To put on 
boots. 

“Boot, boot, master Shallow: I know the young king is 
sick for me. Let us take any man’s horses.”— Shakesp.: 
Henry IV., Pt. II., v. 3. 

boot, *bfit, *boud, *blt {Scotch), *bud, *bode 

(0. Eng.), pret. of v. [Bus.] 

Personal: He or she was under the necessity of. 
(0. Eng. <& Scotch.) 

1. Olid English. 

“ Ne bode I neuer thence go, 

Whiles that I saw hem daunce so." 

Rom. Rose, fol. 113, b. col. L 
‘‘And when he saw him bud be ded.” 

Eng. Met. horn., i. 46. {Jamieson.) 

2. Scotch. 

“ They both did cry to him above 
To save their souls, for they boud die.” 

Minstrelsy Border, iii. 140. 

♦boot -cat cher, *boot-catcher, s. [Eng. boot; 
catcher. ] A servant at an inn, whose special func¬ 
tions were to pull off the boots of travelers and 
clean them. 

“The smith, the sadler’s journeyman, the cook at the 
inn, the ostler, and the bootcatcher, ought all, by your 
means, to partake of your master’s generosity.”— Swift: 
Directions to Servants. 

boot'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Boot, v.] 

“A booted judge shall sit to try his cause, 

Not by the statute, but by martial laws.” 

Dryden. 

TT Booted and spurred : 

1. Lit.: Equipped with boots and spurs previously 
to riding an animal. 

“Dashing along at the top of his speed, 

Booted and spurred on his jaded steed.” 

Longfellow. The Golden Legend, ii. 

2. Fig.: Completely equipped for contemptuously 
domineering over and driving the multitude. 

“He [Richard Rumbold] was a friend, he said, to lim¬ 
ited monarchy. But he never would believe that Provi¬ 
dence had sent a few men into the world ready booted and 
spurred to ride, and millions ready saddled and bridled 
to be ridden.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

♦boo-tee (1), s. [Eng. boot; dimin. suff.-ee.] A 
half boot. 


boo-tee (2), s. [Bengali bootee.'] A white spotted 
Dacca muslin. 

bo-0-te§, s. [From Gr. bootes =a plowman, 
fcodfes=the constellation defined below.] 


> Pi -,7k s 

it 


i- b 


- 


-.v*n r .~;v • • • * « 

: Vv • 

c « * • 

-■ * .heta^rv'. 

' vi v>:; / •; v ■ • W} 


Astron.: One of the ancient Northern constella¬ 
tions. It contains the splendid star Arcturus (q. 
v.), and was often called Arctophylax=the bear- 


ward. If the “Great Bear” be looked on as that 
animal, then Arcturus is its keeper; if as a plow, 
which it so much resembles, then Bootes is its 
plowman who stands behind the implement; if as a 
wagon [St. Charles’ Wain], then Bootes is the 
wagoner. 

“ Now less fatigued, on this ethereal plain 
Bootes follows his celestial wain.” 

Cowper: Trans. Milton; Elegy V., The Approach of 
Spring. 

booth, *boothe, *bothe, s. [In Icel. budh=a 
booth, a shop; Sw. & Dan. bod; (N. H.) Ger. bude, 
baude; M. H. Ger. buode, bude; Gael. buth=a shop, a 
tent; lr. both, boith=a cottage, a hut, a tent; Wei. 
bwth, bythod=a hut, a booth, a cot; Boh. bauda, 
buda; Pol. buda; Russ, budka; Lith. buda; Lett. 
buhda; Mahratta bad — a tent, wall, inclosure. 
Compare also Mahratta and Sansc. bhavana— a 
house.] A temporary house or shed built of boughs 
of trees, wood, or any other slight materials. 

1. Of branches of trees. 

“ . . . saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch 
olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches, 
and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make 
booths, as it is written.”— Nehem. viii. 16. 

2. Of boards, spec., a stall or tent erected at a 
fair. 

“. . . the clamors, the reproaches, the taunts, the 
curses, were incessant; and it was well if no booth was 
overturned and no head broken.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxi. 

booth-age (g,ge aslg),s. [From booth; and 
suff.-ape.] Taxes levied on booths. {Wharton.) 

♦boot -hale, *b6ote -hale, v. t. & i. [From. Eng. 
boot, contraction of booty; and liale= to draw 
away.] To plunder. 

“Whilst the one part of their army went a foraging 
and bootehaling, the other part stayed with Martheisia to 
safeguard the country of Asia.”— Stowe: Memorable Antiq¬ 
uities. Amazones. 

♦boot-ha-ler, s. [Eng. boothal{e); - er .] A robber 
or plunderer. 

“ My own father laid these London boothalers, the 
catch-poles, in ambush to set upon me.”— Roaring Girl, O. 
PI., vi. 103. 

♦bfiot-ha-llng, *boote-ha-ling, pr. par. & s. 
[Boothale.] 

♦booth-yr, s. [From O. Eng. bat, 6 oo#=aboat(?).] 
A small vessel for river navigation. 

“ Boothyr. Potomium, Cath. C. F.” — Prompt. Parv. 

boot -les, s. [Booty.] 

b 6 o t-I-Mn, s. [From Eng. boot; i connective; 
and dimin. suff. -kin.) 

1. Of articles of dress: 

( 1 ) Lit.: A little boot. 

(2) A covering for the leg or hand, used as a cure 
for the gout. 

“ I desire no more of my bootikins than to curtail my fits 
[of the gout].”— H. Walpole. 

2. Of an instrument of torture : An instrument of 
torture, the same as the boot. [Boot.] 

“ He came above deck and said, why are you so discour¬ 
aged? you need not fear, there will neither thumbikin nor 
bootikin come here.”— Walker: Peden, p. 26. 

♦boot'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Boot, u.] 

♦booting-corn, *boting-corn, s. 

O. Law: Rent corn. 

♦boot'-Ing, s. [Booty.] Plunder, booty. 

“ I’ll tell you of a brave booting 
That befell Robin Hood.” 

Robin Hood. { Ritson.) 

boot-leg, s. [From Eng. boot; leg.) Leather 
cut for the leg of a boot. 

boot'-less, *b6ote -lesse, *bote-lesse, a. [From 
boot (1), and suff. -Zess.] Without profit, success, or 
advantage; profitless. 

“ Such euil is not alway botelesse.” 

Chaucer: Troilus, b. i. 

“ Ah, luckless speech, and bootless boast !” 

Cowper: John Gilpin. 

It is sometimes followed by the infinitive. 

“ The blood of ages, bootless to secure, 

Beneath an Empire’s yoke, a stubborn Isle.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 

boot-less-ly, adv. [Eng. bootless; -ly.) 

“ Good nymph, no more ; why dost thou bootlessly 
Stay thus tormenting both thyself and me?” 

Fanshawe: Past. Fid., p. 133. 

boot -less-ness, s. [En g. bootless; -ness.) The 
state of being without profit, success or advantage. 

bdots, s. pi. [Boot.] Used as a name for the ser¬ 
vant in hotels who cleans the boots of guests, etc. 

“He began life as a boots, he will probably end as a 
peer.” — Hood. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shs-n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


Shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


boot-jf, *bOt-Ie, s. [In Icel. byti; Sw. byte- 
track, exchange, barter, dividend, booty, pillage; 
Dan. bytte— barter, exchange, truck; Dut. buit— 
booty, sport, prize; Ger. beute; Fr. butin; Sp. botin 
=. . . booty; Ital. bottino. From Icel. & Sw. 
byta=to change, to exchange, to truck, to shift, to 
divide, to share; Dan. bytte=to change, to make 
exchange, to truck; Dut. buiten=to get booty, to 
pilfer; L. Ger. bitten; (N. H.) Ger. beuten, erbeuten 
=to make booty ; M. H. Ger. bitten, beuten.) 

1. Lit.: That which is seized by plunder or by 
violence. Specially — 

(1) That which is taken by soldiers in war. 

“When the booty had been secured, the prisoners were 

suffered to depart on foot.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

(2) That which a thief or a robber carries off by 
fraud or by violence. 

“They succeeded in stopping thirty or forty coaches, 
and rode off with a great booty in guineas, watches, and 
jewelry.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

IT It is rarely used in the plural. 

“Aut. If I had a mind to be honest, I see Fortune would 
not suffer me: she drops booties in my mouth. I am 
courted now with a double occasion.”— Shakesp.: Winter’s 
Tale, iv. 4. 

2. Fig., in special phrases: 

(a) To play booty: To play dishonestly, with the 
intention of losing a game. 

“ We understand what we ought to do, but when we de¬ 
liberate, w e play booty against ourselves ; our consciences 
direct us one way, our corruptions hurry us another.”— 
V Estrange. 

{b) To write booty: To write in such a way as 
intentionally to fail in gaining one’s professed aim. 

“I have set this argument in the best light, that the 
ladies may not think that I write booty.” — Dryden. 

1[ Precise meaning of booty: Crabb thus distin¬ 
guishes between booty, spoil, and prey: “ The first 
two are used as military terms, or in attacks on an 
enemy; the latter in cases of particular violence. 
The soldier gets his booty; the combatant his spoils * 
the carnivorous animal his prey. Booty respects 
what is of personal service to the captor; spoils 
whatever serves to designate his triumph; prey 
includes whatever gratifies the appetite and is to be 
consumed. When a town is taken, soldiers are too 
busy in the work of destruction and mischief to 
carry away much booty; in every battle the arms 
and personal property of the slain enemy are the 
lawful spoils of the victor; the hawk pounces on his 
prey, and carries him up to liis nest. Greediness 
stimulates to take booty; ambition produces an 
eagerness for spoils; a ferocious appetite impels to 
a search tor prey.” {Crabb: Eng.Syn.) 
*boo-ty-er, s. [Byoutour.] 

♦boowe, s. [Bough.] {Chaucer: Canterbury 
Tales, The Kn. Tale, 2,059.) 

booze, *boo§e, *bou§e, v. i. [From Dut. buizen 
{Mahn); Ger. busen, bausen {Mahn), biichsen; 
from 6 «cAse=box.] [Box.] To tipple, to drink to 

excess. {Vulgar.) 

booz -er, boo§-er, s. [Eng. booz{e); -er.) One 
who tipples or drinks to excess. 

booz -Ing, *boo§'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Booze.] 

“. . . a boozing clown who had scarcely literature 
enough to entitle him to the benefit of clergy.”— Macau¬ 
lay; Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

boozing-ken, s. A slang term for a drinking- 
shop. 

booz -y, *boo§-y, *bou§ -y, a. [From booze, 
v., and suff. -y.) A little intoxicated, somewhat 
elevated or excited with liquor, but not wholly 
under its influence. 

bo-peep', *bo-peepe' *bo-pepe', s. [From bo, 
an unmeaning word, andpeep=look.l 

1. Lit.: A children’s game, in which the perform¬ 
ers look out from behind anything and then draw 
back, as if frightened to show face longer. This is 
done with the intention of impressing each other 
with a moderate amount of fright. It is the same 
as Scotch bokeik and keikbo (q. v.). 

2. Figuratively: 

( 1 ) To rush out of a hiding-place in battle and 
then retreat again promptly in fright. Used— 

(a) Of warriors: 

“Rivers, 

That serve instead of peaceful barriers, 

To part the engagements of their warriors, 

Where both from side to side may skip. 

And only encounter at bopeep.” — Hudibras. 

*(b) Of the devil: 

“ There the devil plays at bopeep, puts out his horns to 
do mischief, then shrinks them back for safety.”— Dryden. 

(2) To appear as if in a place and then withdraw 
from it, leaving spectators deceived. 

“Hesayththat elles we make the angell a Iyer, that 
sayde he is not here, and also that els we make as though 
Chrystes bodye in hys ascencion did not goe vppe in the 
cloude into heauen from the earthe, but onely liydde hym- 
selfe in the cloude, and played bopepe, and taryed beneath 
still.”— Sir T. More: Works, p. 841. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph-£ 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL 

I 







border 


bopyridae 


572 


bo-pfr -l-dse (yr asir), s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
bopyrus (q. v.).l 

ZoOl.: A family of Sedentary Isopod Crustaceans 
of abnormal type, which live in the bronchial cav¬ 
ity, or attached to the ventral surface of shrimps or 
similar animals. 

bo-pyr'-us (yras ir), s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Zodl.: The typical genus of the crustaceous fam¬ 
ily Bopyridee (q. v.). 

bo -quin, s. TSp.] 

Weaving: A coarse Spanish baize. 

*bor(l),s. [Boke.] 

*bor(2),s. [Boar.] 

*bor (3), s. [Bower.] (Far. Eng. Allit. Poems 
(ed. Morris); Pearl , 964.) 

*bor, pret. of v. [Bear.] (Start/ of Gen. and 
Exod., 425.) 

tbor - 3 ,-ble, a. [Eng. bor(e) ; able .] That may 
be bored. 

bor-a’-§bI-o, s. [Sp. borracha=a leathern bot¬ 
tle; 6 orracfto=drunk.] 

*1. A bottle or cask. 

2. A drunkard. 

“How you stink of wine! D’ye think my niece will ever 
endure such a borachiol You’re an absolute borachio.”— 
Congreve. 

bor-a9'-Ic, a. [In Fr. boracique, from Lat. borax, 
genit. boracis.] The same as Boric (q. v.). 
boracic acid, s. 

1. Chem.: An acid, now called Boric Acid (q.v.). 

2. Min.: Sassolite (Dana). Sassoline (Brit. Mus. 
Cat.). [Sassolite.] 

bbr'-a-§Ite, s. [In Ger. borazit; Lat. borax, 
genit. boracis; and suff. -ite, Min. (q. v.)] 

Min.: An isometric tetrahedral mineral; hard¬ 
ness 4.5 when massive, but 7 in crystals; specific 
gravity, 2.9 ; luster, vitreous ; color, white or gray¬ 
ish, yellowish and greenish. It varies from being 
subtransparent to translucent. It is pyroelectric. 
Composition: Boron, 58.45-69.77 ; magnesia, 23.80- 
31.39 ; sesquioxide of iron, 0.32-1.59 ; chloride of mag¬ 
nesia, 9.97-11.75 ; and water, 0-6.20. Boracite is (1) 
ordinarily either crystallized or massive, or (2) it is 
iron-boracite. Found in Germany, France, &c. 
(Dana.) 

bor'-a-cous, a. [From Lat. borax , genit. bora¬ 
cis (q. v.), and suff. -ows.] Consisting in part of 
borax ; derived from borax. 

fbor -age (age as ig) (1), s. [A corruption of 
borax (q. v.).] 

borage-grot, s. 

Numis.: A groat or fourpenny piece of a particu¬ 
lar description, formerly current in Scotland. 

“Item the auld Englis grot sail pass for xvid., the 
borage-grot as the new grot.” 


heart or courage. Again, it has been derived from 
Celtic borrach = a courageous or noble person. Or 
from L. Lat. borra, burra — rough hair, from its 
roughness (Skeat).] [Borage.] 

Bot. (Borage): A genus of plants, the typical one 
of the order Boraginacese (Borageworts). It has a 
rotate calyx, its throat closed with five teeth, 
exserted stamina, with bifid filaments, the inner 
branch bearing the anther. 

Bbr -9.li, s. [See Alborak.] 
bbr’-9-mez, s. The same as Barometz (q.v.). 

bor-as -sus, s. [From Gr. borassos = the fruit of 
a palm-tree.] 

Bot.: A genus of palms, constituting the type of 
the section Boras.se*. It contains the Borassus 
flabelliformis , or Fan-leaved Borassus, or Palm; 
called also the Palmyra or Brab-tree. I grows iu 
the East Indies, rising to the height of about thirty 
feet. It delights in elevated and hilly situations. 
The fruit is about the size and shape of a child’s 
head. Wine and sugar are made from the sap of 
the trunk. 

bor -ate, s. [Eng. bor(ic), and suff. -ate (Chem.).'] 
[Boric Acid.] 

bor-ax, s. [In Fr. borax; Sp. borrax; Ital. bor- 
race; Arab, burag; from baraga—to shine.] 

1. Chem.: Biborate of sodium, sodium pyroborate, 
NaoBiCb. It is found native in Thibet, California, 
and Peru, and is called tincal; it is als 9 obtained 
by boiling the crude Tuscan boric acid with half its 
weight of NaoCoq. It crystallizes at 79° in octo- 
hedra, Na 2 B. 1 C 7 . 5 H 2 O; and below 56° in monoclinic 
prisms, Na 2 Bi 07 . 1 flH 20 . When heated in the air it 
swells up and loses its water, forming a spongy mass. 
The aqueous solution of borax has a slight alkaline 
reaction, turning yellow turmeric paper brown. 

2. Phar.: Borax acts as a mild alkali on the 
alimentary canal and produces diuresis; it has 
a peculiar local sedative action on the mucous 
membranes, and is used as a gargle in aphthous 
conditions of the tongue and throat, and in cases of 
mercurial salivation. It is an antiseptic of no 
mean value, partaking in this respect of the nature 
of Boric Acid (q. v.). 

3. Manuf.: Borax is used in the process of solder¬ 
ing oxidizable metals; being sprinkled over their 
surface it fuses and dissolves the oxide which would 
prevent adhesion. It is used for fixing colors on 
porcelain. 

“ Boras, ceruce, ne oille of tartre noon.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Prol., 630. 

4. Mineralogy: A monoclinic, rather brittle, 
sweetish alkaline mineral, with a hardness of 2-2’5, 
a sp. gr. of 1*716, a vitreous, resinous, or earthy 
luster, a grayish, bluish, or greenish-white color. 
Composition: Boric acid, 36’6; soda, 16’2; water, 
47 2. It has been called tincal, borate of soda, 
chrysocolla, &c. Found first in a salt lake in 
Thibet, and afterward in Ceylon, California, Can¬ 
ada, Peru, &c. 


bor-age (age as ig) (2), s. [In Ger. borago; Dut. 
bernagie; Fr. bourrache; Sp. borraja: Port, borra- 
gem; Ital. borragaine; Pol. borak.] [Borago.] 
Bot.: The English name of the genus Borago. 
[Borago.] The common borage is an exceedingly 
hispid plant, with large, brilliant, blue flowers, 
having their stamens exserted. It was once regarded 
as a cordial; the young leaves may be used as a 
salad or potherb, and the flowers form an ingre¬ 
dient in cool tankards. 


bor-age-worts (age asig), s. pi. [Eng., &c., 
borage, and suffix -worts.] 

Bot.: The English name of the botanical order 
Boraginacese (q. v.). 

bor-ag-in-a- 9 e'- 83 , s. pi. [Lat. borago, gen. 
boraginis, and -acece, nom. fern. pi. of adj. suffix 
-aceus.] 

Bot. (Borageworts): An order of plants placed by 
Lindley under his 48th or Echeal Alliance. They ha ve 
monopetalous corollas, generally with five, but 
sometimes with four, divisions, five stamina, a 
four-parted, four-seeded ovary, producing, when 
ripe, four nuts distinct from each other. Leaves 
generally very rough. While the five stamina 
ally them to Solanacese, Convolvulace®, and other 
allied orders, the four seeds bring them near 
Labiate. They are natives principally of the tem- 

E erate parts of the northern hemisphere. Six 
undred species were known in 1847. The best 
known species of this order are Echium, Pulmon- 
aria, Lithospermum, Mertensia, Borago, Sym¬ 
phytum, Lycopsis, Anchusa, Myosotis, Asperugo, 
Echinospermum, and Cynoglossum. 


bor-a-gin-e-ous, a. [Lat. borago, genit. bor¬ 
aginis, and Eng. suff. -eousi] Pertaining or relating 
to the Boraginacese, or to the structure by which 
ihey are characterized. 

bor-a'-gd, s. [Of doubtful etymology. It has 
been brought from Latin cor = the heart, altered 
into bor, and ago, to bring, meaning the bringer of 


borax beads, s. 

Chem.: “Beads” made of borax. They are used 
in blowpipe analysis to distinguish the oxides of the 
various metals, and to test minerals. A piece of 
platinum wire is bent to form a small loop at one 
end; this is heated to redness and dipped in pow¬ 
dered borax. The adhering borax is heated in the 
flame to drive off the water; it then forms a color¬ 
less transparent bead. A minute fragment of the 
substance to be tested is placed on it, and it is 
heated in the blowpipe flame till it dissolves. It 
gives a characteristic color in the reducing and in 
the oxidizing blowpipe flame. 

Reducing flame: Colorless —Silicates of earth 
metals; AI 2 O 3 , Sn 02 ; alkaline earths, earths, lan¬ 
thanum, and cerium oxides, tan talic acid, manganic 
oxide, didymium oxide. Yellow to brown —Tungs¬ 
tic acid, titanic acid, molybdic acid; and vanadic 
acid, when hot. Red —Suboxide of copper, CU 2 O. 
Green—¥ 02 ®!, uranic oxide, chromic oxide; and 
vanadic acid when cold. Gray —Ag 20 , ZnO, CdO, 
PbO, Bi 2 03 , Sb 2 05 , tellurous salts and NiO. 

Oxidizing flame: Colorless bead —Silicates, alu¬ 
mina, stannic oxide, alkaline earths; AgjO, Ta, 
Niob, Te, salts; titanic acid, tungstic acid,“molyb- 
dic acid, ZnO, CdO, PbO, B 12 O 3 , Sb 2 Os. Yellow to 
brown— Fe 2 03 , uranium oxide; vanadic oxide when 
hot. Red— Fe 2 03 , cerium oxide, and oxide of nickel 
when cold. Violet —Mn salts, didymium oxide ; and 
a mixture of CoO and NiO. Blue —Cobalt oxide 
(CoO), copper oxide (CuO) when cold. Green — 
Chromium oxide (Cr 2 Os), vanadic acid when cold, 
CuO when hot; and Fe 2 03 , containing CuO or CoO. 

bbr-bon'-I-9, s. [From Gaston de Bourbon, 
Duke of Orleans, son of Henry IV. of France, a 
patron of botany.] 

Bot.: A papilionaceous genus of plants contain¬ 
ing about thirteen species, all from South Africa; 
yellow flowers. 

bor'-bor-us, s. [From Gr. borboros= slime, mud, 
mire,] 


Entom.: A genus of two-winged flies belonging to 
the family Muscid*. The species are small insects, 
and frequent cucumber-frames, dung-heaps, and 
marshy spots. 

*bor -bor-ygm, *bor-bor-yg -mus, s. [In Fr. 

borborygme; from Gr. borborygmos—a rumbling in 
the bowels; borboryzd=t o have a rumbling in the 
bowels; from the sound.] 

Old Med.: A rumbling in the bowels. ( Glossog. 
Nov., 2d ed.) 

bor der, s. [From Eng. bore, v.] An instrument 
for boring holes in large rocks in order to blow 
them up. (Stormonth.) 

*borcli, v. t. [Borrow.] (Scotch.) 

:> borch, s. [Burrough.] 

*bord, v. t. [Board, v.] 

*bord(l),s. [Board.] 

*bord (2), s. [From Fr. hord=border.] [Bor¬ 
der.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A border. 

2. Mining: A lateral passage where a shaft inter¬ 
sects a seam of coal. 

IT Monthis bord. [Monthis.] 

*bord(3),s. [Bourd.] 

*bord (4), s. [Burde.] (Scotch.) 

*bord alexander, s. A kind of cloth made at 
Alexandria. (A MS. dated about 1525.) (Jamieson.) 

*bord (5), s. [O. Fries, bord; M. H. Ger. buburh; 
O. Fr. behourd.] A joust, a tournament. 

“ Ful ofte tyme he hadde the bord bvgonne.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Prol., 52. 

bord-age (age as Ig),s. [In Low Lat. borda- 
qium; from 0. Eng. & A. S. bord— a board, and 
Eng., Fr., &c., suff. -age.] 

Naut.: A ship’s side. 

*bord-clothe, *borde-cloth, *burd-cloth, s. 

[O. Eng. bord=h oard, table; and cloth.] A table¬ 
cloth. 

“ Bordeclothe. Mappa, gausape.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*borde (1), s. [Board.] (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, 
ed. Morris ; Cleanness, 470, 1,433, <fcc.) 

*borde (2), s. [Border.] A border. (Sir Gaw. 
and the Green Knight, 610.) 

*borde(3),s. [Bourde.] A jest (?). (Sir Gaw. 
and the Green Knight, 1,954.) 

*bor -del, *bbr-dele, *bor-dell, *bbr-del -16, 
*bur-del'-lo, s. [In. Fr. bordel (Littr6); O. Fr. 
bordell (Kelham); Prov. bordel; Sp. burdel; Ital. 
bordello. From O. & Mod. Fr. bordel, in the sense 
of a hut; dimin. of horde—a. hut or cabin made of 
boards; Prov. borda—a hut.] [Board.] A brothel. 

“From the burdello it might come as well: 

The spittle: or pict-hatch.” 

B. Jonson: Every Man in his Humor, i. 2. 

“ Making even his own house a stew, a bordel, and a 
school of lewdness, to instill vice into the unwary ears of 
his poor children.”— South. 

.fbor -dell-er, *bor-del-er, *bor-dil-lert-Eiigr.), 
b’dr-dell-ar (Scotch), s. [O. Eng., O. Scotch, &c., 
bordel= a brothel, and suff. -er.] A frequenter of 
brothels. 

“He had nane sa familiar to hym, as fidlaris, bordell - 
arts, makerellis, and gestouris.”— Bellend.: Cron., bk. v., 
ch. i. 

*bbr-del'-lo, s. [Bordel.] 

bor'-der, *bor'-doure, *bbr-dure, s. & a. [From 

Fr. bordure (Littr6); from Fr. border= to border, to 
edge ; Low Lat. bordura— a margin. Compare Sw. 
bradd=brim, margin, brink; Dut. 6 oord=border, 
edge, brim, . . .] [Board.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: The brim, edge, margin, 
or boundary line of anything. Spec. — 

1. Of earthenware,, a looking-glass, a picture, <&c.: 
The brim, the margin, the frame, or anything else 
surrounding it. 

“They have looking-glasses bordered with broad bor¬ 
ders of crystal, and great counterfeit precious stones.”— 
Bacon. 

2. Of a garment: The edge or hem, sometimes 
ornamented with needlework, or at least of a diverse 
color from the rest. [Bordure, 1.] 

3. Of a garden, a country, a lake, &c.: Its limit 
or boundary. 

( 1 ) Of a garden: The raised flower or other bed 
surrounding it. 

“All with a border of rich fruit-trees crown’d.” 

Waller: On St. James' Park. 

(2) Of a country: Its confine, its limit, its bound¬ 
ary line, or the districts in the immediate vicinity. 

“Slowly and with difficulty peace was established on 
the border."- — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

(3) Of a lake: Its bank or margin. 

“ It was situated on the borders of an extensi re but 
shallow lake, . . . ”— Darwin: Voyage round the Worla 
(ed. 1870), ch. vi., p. 114. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
«»x wore, wplf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 



border-ax 


573 


bore 


( 1 ) Urabb thus distinguishes between border , 
edge, rim or brim, brink, margin, and verge: “ Of 
these terms, border is the least definite point, edge 
the most so ; rim and brim are species of edge; mar¬ 
gin and verge are species of border. A border is a 
strip, an edge is a line. The border lies at a cer¬ 
tain distance from the edge; the edge is the exterior 
termination of the surface of any substance. What¬ 
ever is wide [thick] enough to admit of space round 
its circumference may have a border; whatever ta¬ 
pers to a narrow extended surface has an edge. Many 
things may have both a border and an edge; of this 
description are caps, gowns, carpets, and the like ; 
others have a border but no edge, as lands, and oth¬ 
ers have an edge but no border, as a knife or table. 
A rim is the edge of any vessel; the brim is the ex¬ 
terior edge of a cap; a brink is the edge of any 
precipice or deep place; a margin is the border of a 
book or a piece of water; a verge is the extreme 
border of a place.” 

(2) Border, boundary, frontier, and confines are 
thus discriminated; ‘‘These terms are all applied 
to countries or tracts of land.” The “ border is the 
outer edge or tract of land that runs along a coun¬ 
try ; it is mostly applied to countries running in a 
line with each other, as the borders of England and 
Scotland; the boundary is that which bounds or 
limits, as the boundaries of countries or provinces; 
the/rontier is that which lies in the front or forms 
the entrance into a country, as the frontiers of Ger¬ 
many or the frontiers of France; the confines are the 
parts lying contiguous to others, as the confines of 
different states -or provinces. The term border is 
employed in describing those parts which form the 
borders, as to dwell on the borders or to run along 
the borders. The term boundary is used in speak¬ 
ing of the extent or limits of places; it belongs to 
the science of geography to describe the boundaries 
of countries. The f rontiers are mostly spoken of in 
relation to military matters, as to pass the frontiers, 
to fortify frontier towns, to guard the frontiers, or 
in respect to one’s passage from one country to an¬ 
other, as to be stopped at the frontiers. The term 
confines , like that of borders, is mostly in respect to 
two places ; the border is mostly a line, but the con¬ 
fines may be a point; one therefore speaks of going 
along the borders, but meeting on the confines." 
“ The term border may be extended in its appli¬ 
cation to any space, and boundary to any limit. 
Confines is also figuratively applied to any space 
included within the confines, as the confines of the 
grave; precinct is properly any place which is encir¬ 
cled by something that serves as a girdle, as to be 
within the precincts of a court, that is, within the 
space which belongs to or is under the control of a 
court.” ( Crabb: Eng.Syn.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Milling: The hoop, rim, or curb around a bed¬ 
stone or bedplate, to keep the meal from falling off 
except at the prescribed gap. Used in gunpowder 
mills and some forms of grain-grinding mills. 

2. Printing: 

(1) A type with an ornamental face, suitable for 
forming a part of a fancy border. 

(2) Ornamental work surrounding the text of a 
page. 

3. Locksmithing: The rim of a lock. 

4. Weaving: 

(1) That part of the cloth containing the selvage. 

(2) Plur. (Borders ): A class of narrow textile 
fabrics designed for edgings and bindings, such as 
galloons and laces. 

5. Her.: Of the form bordure (q. v.). 

B. As adjective: In any way connected with the 
borders. [See the compounds.] 

“ With some old Border song, or catch.” 

Wordsworth: Fountain. 

1[ Compounds of obvious signification: Border- 
guard {Lewis: Ear. Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. ii., § 30, 
vol. ii., 144); border-line, border line {London Times, 
March 28, 1877); border-song, border song [B.], 
border-stream {Byron: Lara, ii. 13). 

border-ax, s. A battle-ax in use on the border 
land between England and Scotland. 

“ A border-ax behind was slung.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 5. 

fborder-day, s. The day or era when the borders 
were in their glory, that is, when they figured in 
poetic lays, but would not have stood well in agri¬ 
cultural statistical returns had these been then in 
existence. 

“Was not unfrequent, nor held strange, 

In the old Border-day." 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 7. 

border-pile, s. 

Hydraulic Engineering: An exterior pile of a 
coffer-dam, &c. 

fborder-pipe, s. 

Music: A pipe designed to be blown in border 

wars. , , . , , 

« Through the dark wood, m mingled tone, 

Were Border-pipes and bugles blown.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 13. 


border-plane, s. 

Joinery: A joiner’s edging-plane, 
border-stone, s. The curbstone of a well or 
pavement. 

border-tide, s. A particular tide or season in 
border history. 

“ Demands the Ladye of Buccleuch, 

Why, ’gainst the truce of Border-tide, 

In hostile guise ye dare to ride.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 19. 

bor'-der, *bor-der-yn, v. i. & t. [From Eng. 
border, s. (q. v.) In Fr. border; Sp. bordar —to 
border, to edge.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Of things material: To confine upon, to be con¬ 
tiguous to, to have the edges of one thing in close 
proximity to those of another. (Followed by on or 
upon.) 

“ It bordereth upon the province of Croatia, . . .”— 
Knolles. 

2. Of things immaterial: To approach closely to. 
“ All wit which borders upon profaneness, . . 

Tillotson. 

B. Transitive: 

1. Of a garment, dbc.: To adorn with a border 
ornamented or otherwise. 

2. Of a country: 

(1) Of the relation of one place to another: To 
reach, to touch, to confine upon, to be contiguous 
or near to. 

“. . . those parts of Arabia which border the sea 
called the Persian Gulf.”— Raleigh. 

(2) Of the relation of a traveler to a tract of coun¬ 
try : To keep near a boundary line. 

“ His chief difficulty arose from not knowing where to 
find water .in 'the lower country, so that he was obliged 
to keep bordering the central ranges.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xvi. 

*bor-dere, s. [Bordyoure.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
bor -dered, *bor-dyrde, pa. par. & a. 

I. Ordinary Language: (See the verb.) 

II. Bot.: A term applied to one color surrounded 
by a border or edging of another. 

bor’-der-er, s. [Eng. border, v.; and suff. -er.] 
The dweller on the border or frontier of a country. 

“National enmities have always been fiercest among 
borderers.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

bor-der-ing, s. A narrow strip of wall-paper 
for ornamenting the upper part of the walls of a 
room. 

bor-der-ing, pr. par. & a. [Boeder, v.] 

“ . . . oft on the bordering deep.” 

~ Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

bor -der§, s.pl. [Boeder.] 

*bord-felawe, s. [O. Eng. 6 ord=board, and felawe 
= a fellow, companion.] A companion, associate. 

“Thei youen to him bordfelawis thretti.”— Wycliffe: 
Judges xiv. 11. 

bor -dlte, s. [From BordoS, one of the Faroe 
Islands; and suffix -ite {Min.) (q.v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Okenite (q. v.). It is milk- 
white, fibrous in texture, and very tough. From 
BordoS. [See etym.] 

bord-land, s. [En g.bord; land.] Land which 
a lord keeps in his own hand for the maintenance 
of his “ board,” i. e., of his table. {Bracton, Whar¬ 
ton, dbc.) 

*bord-less, *bord-lees, a. [O. Eng. bord = 
board, table, and hence food; and suffix -Zess.] 
Foodless. {Piers Plowman.) 

bord'-lode, s. [Eng. bord— board; and lode- 
load.-] 

Old Scots Law: The same as bordage. 
bord -man, s. [O. Eng. 6 orcZ=board; and Eng. 
man.] 

Old Law: A tenant of bordland, who supplied 
his lord with provisions. [Boedland.] 

bord'-rag, s. [Contracted from bordraging 
(q.v.).] A border raid, a “bordraging,” ravaging 
of border lands. 

*bord-ra-£mg, s. [O. Eng. bord= border, and 
raging.] A border raid, a “ bordrag.” 

“Yet oft annoyd with sondry bordragings, 

Of neighbor Scots, and forrein Scatterlings.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 63. 

*bor -dun, s. [From Fr. bourdon; Ital. bordone.] 
A pilgrim’s staff. 

“. . . In pilgrimes wedes 
He bar a bordun I-bounde with a brod lyste.” 

Piers Plow.: Vis., vi. 7-8. 

bor -diire, s. [Fr. bordure.] [Boeder.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: An old form of border, s. (q. v.) 
A hem or border. 

“. . . hem or bordure of these clothes, . . .” 

Chaucer: Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 6, line 50. 



II. Heraldry: The border of an escutcheon. It 
occupies one-fifth of a shield. It has various signifi¬ 
cations. 

1. It may be the mark of a 
younger branch of a family. 

2. If charged, it may refer to 
maternal descent. This espe¬ 
cially obtains in ancient ar¬ 
mory. 

3. It may stand for “ border 
company,” which should be 
composed of sixteen pieces, 
and may imply either augmen¬ 
tation or, in recent heraldry, 
illegitimacy. 

4. It may be an ordinary 
charge. 

If In blazoning coats of an- 

placed over all ordinaries except the chief, the quar¬ 
ter, and the canton. It has no diminutive, but may 
at times be surmounted by another of half its width. 
When a bordure is bezant6, billett6, or has similar 
markings, the number of bezants or billets, unless 
otherwise mentioned, is always eight. {Gloss, of 
Her.) 

*bor'-dyn, *boor'-don, *bour'-don, v. i. [Bour¬ 
don.] To play, joke. {Prompt. Parv.) 

*bor'-dy-oure, *bor'-dere, s. [From O. Eng. 
bourdyn (q. v.).] 

“ Bordyoure, or pleyare ( bordere, P.). Lusor, joculator.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

bore, *bor-i-en, *bor-in, *bor-yn, y. t. & i. [A. S. 

borian=tof>ore : Icel. bora; Sw. borra; Dan. bore; 
Dut. boren; (N.H.) Ger. bohren; O. H. Ger. poran, 
poron; Lat. foro = to bore. Skeat suggests also a 
connection with Gr. phar, in pharanx — a ravine, 
and pharynx=the pharynx, the gullet.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To perforate or make a hole through any¬ 
thing. 

(1) To perforate, to make a hole through any 
hard substance by means ot an instrument adapted 
for the purpose. Used — 

(a) Of the action of a gimlet drilling holes in. 
wood, or an analogous but more powerful instru¬ 
ment wrought by machinery perforating iron. 

“ A man may make an instrument to bore a hole an 
inch wide, or half an inch, not to bore a hole of a foot,”—- 
Wilkins. 

“ Mulberries will be fairer if you bore tin, trunk of the 
tree through, and thrust into the places bored wedges of 
some hot trees.”— Bacon. 


{b) Of the action of a borer perforating the strata 
of the earth in search of coal or other valuable 
minerals, for scientific investigation of the succes¬ 
sion of strata, or for any purpose. 

“I’ll believe as soon 

This whole earth may be bored, and that the moon 
May through the center creep.” 

Shakesp.: Mid. Night’s Dream, iii. 2. 

(c) Of the action of a woodpecker’s bill, the jaws 
of an insect, or any similar instrumentality. 

(d) Of an energetic person piercing through or 
penetrating a crowd. 

“Consider, reader, what fatigues I’ve known, 

What riots seen, what bustling crowds I bor’d, 

How oft I cross’d where carts and coaches roar’d.” 

Gay. 

(2) To hollow out by means of boring. 

“ Take the barrel of a long gun, perfectly bored, . . .” 
—Digby. 

(3) To make way by piercing or scraping out 

“These diminutive caterpillars are able, by degiees, 

to pierce or bore their way into a tree, with very small 
holes; . . .”— Ray. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To weary one out by constant reiteration of a 
narrative or subject in which one has but slender 
interest; to fatigue the attention, to weary one. 

*(2) To befool, to trick. 

“I am abused, betrayed; I am laughed at, scorned, 
Baffled and bored, it seems . . .” 

Beaumont rf- Fletcher. 


B. Intransitive: 

Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally : 

(1) By omitting the objective after the transitive 
verb: To pierce by boring; as, “the auger bores 
well.” 

(2) In its nature intransitive: To be pierced or 
penetrated by a boring instrument; as, “ the wood 
is hard to bore." 

2. Fig.: To push forward. 

“ Nor southward to the raining regions run, 

But boring to the west, and hoVring there, 

With gaping mouths they draw prolific air.” 

.. Dry den. 

bore, pret. ofv. [Bear, v.] 

“This bore up the patriarchs . . .’’—Tillotson (3d 
ed., 1722), vol. i., ser. xiv. 


boil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion - shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. - bel, del. 






bore 


574 


boring* 


•bore, pa. par. [Bobn.] 

* ‘AllasI’ seyde this frankleyn, ‘ that ever was I bore f ” 

Chaucer: C. T., 201. 

bore (1) (Eng.), bore, *boir, *bor (Scotch), s. 
[From bore, y. In A. S. bor=( 1) a borer, a gimlet, (2) 
a lancet, a graving iron; Sw. borr=an auger, a gim¬ 
let; Dan. bor, boer= a gimlet; Dut. boor=a wimble, 
a drill; Ger. bohr—an auger; bohrloch= bore, auger- 
hole.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) The instrument with which a hole is bored; 
a borer. [See etym.] 

“So shall that hole be fit for the file, or square bore.” — 
Moxon. 

(2) A hole made by boring. Used — 

(a) Gen.: Of the hole itself, without reference to 
its size. 

“ Into hollow engines long and round, 

Thick ramm’d, at th’ other bore with touch of fire 

Dilated, and infuriate.” Milton: P. L., bk. v : 

(b) Spec.: Of its size or caliber. 

“And ball and cartridge sorts for every bore.” 

Dryden. 

“ It will best appear in the bores of wind instruments; 
therefore cause pipes to be made with a single, double, 
and so on, to a sextuple bore, and mark what tone every 
one giveth.”— Bacon. 

(3) A hole made in any other way. Spec.— 

(a) A small hole or crevice; a place used for 
shelter, especially for smaller animals. 

“A sonne bem ful bright 
Schon opon the quene 
At a bore.” 

Sir Tristrem, p. 152. 

“Schute was the door: in at a boir I blent.” 

Police of Honor, iii. 69. 

' n And into hols and bors thame hyd.” 

Burel: Pilg. (Watson’s Coll.), ii. 23, 24. (Jamieson.) 

(b) A rift in the clouds; a similar open space 
between trees in a wood. (Scotch.) 

“ When, glimmering through the groaning trees, 

Kirk-Alloway seem’d in a bleeze ; 

Through ilka bore the beams were glancing.” 

Bums: Tam O’ Shanter. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of things: Importance. 

“I have words to speak in thine ear will make thee 
dumb; yet are they much too light for the bore of the 
matter.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 6. 

(2) Of persons or things: A person who wearies 
one by perpetually calling when there is no time to 
receive visitors, or by harping on a subject in which 
one has no interest, or in some similar way. Also a 
thing similarly wearisome. 

3. In special phrases: 

IT (1) A blue bore: An opening in the clouds when 
the sky is thick and gloomy. 

“This style pleased us well. It was the first blue bore 
that did appear in our cloudy sky.”— Baillie: Lett. i. 171. 

*(2) The bores of hearing: The ears. 

“ For mine’s beyond beyond—say, and speak thick; 

Love’s counselor should fill the bores of hearing.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbel., iii. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Metallurgy: 

(1) A tool bored to fit the shank of a forged nail, 
and adapted to hold it while the head is brought to 
shape by the hammer. The depression in the face 
of the bore is adapted to the shape required of the 
chamfered under part of the head. 

(2) The cavity of a steam-engine cylinder, pump- 
barrel, pipe, cannon, barrel of a fire-arm, &c. In 
mechanics it is expressed in inches of diameter; in 
cannon formerly in the weight in pounds of solid 
round shot adapted thereto, but since the introduc¬ 
tion of modern rifled ordnance of the breech load¬ 
ing pattern, the bore of cannon is always expressed 
in inches of diameter or in the equivalent of inches. 

(3) The capacity of a boring tool, as the bore of 
an auger. 

2. Music: The caliber of a wind instrument, as the 
bore of a flute. 

bore ( 2 ), s. [Icel. bdra— a wave, a billow caused by 
wind (Wedgwood and Skeat); N. & M. H. Ger. bor; 
O. H. Ger. por=height, top. Remotely connected 
with A. S. beran, beoran= to bear.] 

Physic. Geog. & Ord. Lang.: 

1. A tidal wave running with fearful height and 
velocity up various rivers. In India it occurs on 
’the Ganges and the Indus, but, according to an 
“ Anglo-Burman,” is nowhere better seen than in 
the Sittang between Rangoon and Moulmein in the 
Eastern Peninsula. [Eagbe, Hygbe.] 

2. Less properly: A very high tidal wave, not, 
however, so abrupt as in No. 1, seen in the English 
Channel, the Bay of Fundy, <fcc. (Dana.) 

♦bore (3), s. [Boak.] (Piers Plow. Vis., vi. 31.) 

*b<5re (4),s.&a. The “bourtree” (q. v.). (Tusser.) 


fbor'-e-g,l, a, [In Fr. borial; Sp. boredl; Port. 
voreal; Ital. boreale ; Lat. borealis; from Boreas 
(q. v.).] Northern. 

“ Crete’s ample fields diminish to our eye. 

Before the boreal blasts the vessels fly.”— Pope. 

boreal pole, s. The north-pointing pole of the 
magnet. 

Boreal Province. 

ZoOloay : The second of eighteeri provinces within 
which Mr. S. P. Woodward distributed sea and 
fresh-water mollusca. The Boreal Province extends 
across the Atlantic from Nova Scotia and Massachu¬ 
setts to Iceland, the Faroe and Shetland Islands, 
and along the coast of Norway from North Cape to 
the N aze. Seventy-five per cent, of the Scandinavian 
shells are common to Britain, and more than half 
of the sea-shells found on the coast of Massachu¬ 
setts, north of Cape Cod, occur also in the North 
Sea. Some of the principal species are Teredo 
navalis, Pholas crispata, My a arenaria, Saxicava 
rugosa, Tellina solidula, Lucina borealis, Astarte 
borealis, Cyprina islandica, Leda pygmea, Nucula 
tenuis, Mytilus edulis, Modiola modiolus, Pecten 
islandicus, Ostrea edulis, Anomia ephippium, Tere- 
bratulina caput-serpentis, Ehynconella psittacea, 
Chiton marmoreus, Dentalium entale, Margarita 
undulata, Littorina grcenlandica, Natica helicoi- 
des, Scalaria grcenlandica, Fusus antiquus, Fusus 
islandicus, Trophon muricatus, Trophon clathratus. 
Purpura lapillus, Buccinum undatum. Several 
genera are now living on the coast of the United 
States which only occur fossil in England, as Glyci- 
meris, Cardita, &c. (S'. P. Woodward: Mollusca.) 

Bor’-e-as, s. [In Fr. Boi-ie; Sp. & Port. Bdreas: 
Ital . Borea; all from Lat. Boreas; Gr. Boreas—(\) 
the North-wind, (2) the North. According to Max 
Muller, Boreas is probably=the wind of the mount¬ 
ains, from Gr. boros, another form of oros = a 
mountain.] The North-wind, chiefly poetic. 

“ The blustering Boreas did encroache, 

And beate upon the solitarie Brere.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., ii. 

“Never Boreas’ hoary path.” 

Bums: To Miss Cruikshanks. 
*bor-eau (eau as 6 ), s. [Fr. bourreau.'] An exe¬ 
cutioner. [Bubio.] 

bore-cole, s. [From bore (1) ; and cole (q. v.).] A 
loose or open-headed variety of the cabbage (Bras- 
sica oleracea). It is also frequently known in 
ordinary language as sprouts, 
bored, pa.par. [Boee, v. t.] 
bore'-dom, s. A condition or place where one is 
subjected to being bored. 

“ Some, stretching their legs, presented symptoms of 
an escape from boredom.” — Disraeli. 

*bor'-ee, s. [In Ger. borSe, from Fr. bourr£e=the 
North-wind, from the wild and stormy movement 
which is characteristic of it ( Mahn ).] A kind of 
dance, of French or Spanish origin. 

“ Dick could neatly dance a jig, 

But Tom was best at borees.” — Swift. 

boreen, s. [Ir.] 

In Ireland: A bridle-path. 

“ A little further on branched off suddenly a narrow 
bridle-path, or boreen, as it is called in this part of the 
country.”— Dublin Daily News, Nov. 3, 1880. 

bbr'-el, s. [Boebell.] 
borel folk, *borel-folk, s. [Bobbell-folk.] 
*bore-lych, a. [Buely.] (Sir Gaw. and the 
Green Knight, 766.) 

*bor'-en, pa. par. [Bobn.] 

bor’-er, s. [Eng. bor(e); -er. In Ger. bohrer .] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of living beings: A person who or a living being 
which bores. [II. Zool .] 

2. Of things: An instrument used for boring. 

“The master-bricklayer must try all the foundations 

with a borer, such as well-diggers use to try the ground.” 
— Moxon. 

II. Technically: 

1. Zoology: 

(1) A name for a worm-like fish, the Myxine 
qlutinosa, called also the Glutinous Hag and the 
Blind-fish. 

(2) A name sometimes given to Terebella, a 
genus of Annelids. 

2. Coopering: A semi-conical tool used to enlarge 
bung-holes and give them a flare. 

If Analogous instruments, used in some other 
trades, are called by the same name, 
bor-eth-yl, s. [Eng., &c., bor (on); ethyl .] 

Chem.: B(CoEA 3 . It is formed by acting on 
boric ether ^HslsBO;; (a thin, limpid, fragrant 
liquid, boiling at 119°, decomposed by water), with 
zinc ethyl. Borethyl is a colorless, pungent, irritat¬ 
ing, mobile liquid, sp. gr. 0’696, and. boiling at 95°. 
It is insoluble in water, takes fire in the air spon¬ 
taneously, burning, with green smoky flame. It 
unites with ammonia. 


*bore-tree, s. [Bouetbee.] 

*bor-ewe, s. [Bobeow.] 

*bor-ew-yng, pr. par., a. & s. [Boebowing.] 

(Proverbs of Hendyng, 194.) 

*borg, s. [Bobotjgh.] 

♦bor-gage, s. [From Eng. borg= a town, and 
gage= a pledge.] A tenement in town held by a 
particular tenure. 

“ Ne boughte none Borgages • beo ye certeyne.” 

Piers Plow. Vision, iii. 77. 

*bor'-gen, pa. par. [Beegen.] 

“ Into saba to borgen ben.” 

Story of Oen. <fr Exod., 2,686. 

*bor-ges, *bor-geys, s. [Bubgess.] (Ear. 
Eng. Allit. Poems; Patience, 366.) (Sir Ferumbras, 
ed. Ilerrtage, 444.) 
borgll, s. [Bobeow, ,s.] (Scotch.) 

*borgh, v. t. [Bobeow, v.] (Scotch.) (Balfour: 
Pract., p. 340.) (Jamieson.) 

*borghe (1), s. [Bobotjgh.] (Piers Plow. Vis., 
ii. 87.) 

*borghe (2) (Eng.), borgh (Scotch), s. [A. S. 
borh, genit. borges=(l) a security, a pledge, loan, 
bail, (2) a person who gives security, a surety, bonds¬ 
man, or debtor; Dut. borg— a pledge.] [Bobeow, a.] 
A pledge ; a surety. (Piers Plow. Vis., vii. S3.) 

IT ( 1 ) Lattin to borgh: Laid in pledge. 

“ . . . to have bene lattin to borgh to the saide Alexr. 

. . .”— Acts, Audit A. 1482, p. 100. 

(2) To strek, or stryk, a borgh: To enter into 
suretyship or cautionary on any ground. 

“ Quhare twa partiis apperis at the bar, and the tane 
strek a borgh apone a weir of law,” Ac.— Ja. I. 

1|t bor-gOun, v. i. [Buegeon.] (Ear. Eng. Altlit. 
Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1,042.) 

*bor-goune, *. [Buegeon.] (Allit. Poems; De¬ 
cline of Goodness, 1,042.) 

bor-ic, a. [In Fr. borique. From Eng., &c., 
bor (on), and suff. -ic.] 
boric acid, boracic acid, s. 

1. Chem.: Boric acid, or orthoboric acid, B(OH) 3 , 
is formed by dissolving boron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ) in 
water. It occurs in the steam whicli issues from 
volcanic vents in Tuscany called suffioni. or fuma- 
roles. These are directed into artificial lagoons, the 
water of which becomes charged with boric acid, 
and it is obtained from it by evaporation. Boric 
acid is supposed to be formed by the action of water- 
on BN (nitride of boron), which is decomposed by 
it into boric acid and ammonia. Boric acid crys¬ 
tallizes out in six-sided laminae, which are soluble 
in hot water and in alcohol; it forms salts and 
borates, which are very unstable, as Mg " 3 (B 03) 2 
(magnesium ortboborate), being a tribasic acid. 
Its solution in alcohol bums with a green-edged 
flame. Boric acid turns litmus paper brown, even 
in the presence of free hydrochloric acid; the brown 
color thus formed is turned a dirty blue by caustic 
soda. Pyroboric acid, ^BiCb, is obtained by heat¬ 
ing for a long time the crystals of orthoboric acid at 
140° C. Its chief salts are borax, Na 2 B 4 07 , sodium 
pyroborate, and Ca’B^Cb, calcium pyroborate, 
which occurs as the mineral borocalcite. Metaboric 
acid, B 'O(OII), is formed when boric acid is 
heated to 100 °; it is a white powder. Its salts 
are called metaborates; as, barium metaborate, 
Ba "(BO' 2 ) 2 ; and calcium metaborate, Ca'(B 0 2 ) 2 , a 
white powder precipitated when CaCL is added to 
a solution of borax; the calcium salt is soluble in 
acetic acid, and in NH 4 CI . 

2 . Min.: A mineral, called also Sassolite (q. v.). 

3. Pharm.: Boric acid is a most valuable antisep¬ 
tic, and is particulaily useful as a dressing for a 
wound from which it is probable pyaemia will result. 
It has a very marked effect in subduing the attacks 
of disease germs on the mucous membranes of the 
body, and used in due season will avert many evil 
consequences arising from contact with bacilli. 

bor-ick-ite, s. [From Boricky, who analyzed 
it.] 

Min.; A reddish-brown opaque mineral of waxy 
luster, occurring reniform or massive. It contains 
phosphoric acid, 19‘35-29'49; sesquioxide of iron, 
52-29-52-99; water, 19-06-19'96; lime, 7‘29-8T6; and 
magnesia, 0-0"41. It occurs in Styria and Bohemia. 
(Dana.) 

bor-Il-la, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Metal.: A rich copper ore in dust, 
bbr'-ing, *bor'-ynge, *bor'-i-inde, pr. par., cl. 
&s. [Boee, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act, operation, or process of perforating 
wood, iron, rocks, or other hard substances by 
means of instruments adapted for the purpose. 
Borynge or percynge. Perforacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; 

■A A VWA 1 f VTT A mIv 1 1 g L A n a n • VV, » 4- A A 11 All 1* A ll t All T* "V* 4% 1 A 4*11 IT* 4" V “ — 


'Aube, i«-w, iftic, tAUJ.iu.0u, wii.au, ian, laiuci, wo, wov, vumyi, **vi, uaaoao, ^Jiiic, pit, bile, Sir, 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe - e; 


ey = a. 


go, pot, 
au = kw. 




boring 


575 


borough 


2. A place made by boring, or where boring oper¬ 
ations are in progress. 

3. PI.: Chips or fragments which drop from a 
hole which is in the process of being bored. 

boring and tenoning machine, s. 

Wheel wrighting: A machine adapted to bore the 
holes in the fellies and to cut the tenons on the ends 
of the spokes, 
boring-bar, s. 

Metal-working: 

1. A bar supported axially in the bore of a piece 
of ordnance or cylinder, and carrying the cutting- 
tool, which has a traversing motion, and turns off 
the inside as the gun or cylinder rotates. 

2. A cutter-stock used in other boring-machines, 
such as those for boring the brasses of pillow- 
blocks. (Knight.) 

boring-bench, s. 

Wood-working: A bench fitted for the use of 
boring machinery or appliances. [Bench-drill.] 
boring-bit, s. A tool adapted to be used in a 
brace. It has various forms, enumerated under the 
head of Bit (q. v.). 
boring-block, s. 

Metal-working: A slotted block on which work to 
be bored is placed. 

boring-collar, s. A back-plate provided with a 
number of tapering holes, either of which may be 
brought in line with a piece to be bored and which 
is. chucked to the lathe-mandrel. The end of the 
piece is exposed at the hole to a boring-tool which 
is held against it. (Knight.) 

boring-faucet, s. One which has a bit on its end 
by which it may cut its own way through the head 
of a cask. 

boring-gage, s. A clamp to be attached to an 
auger or a bit-shank at a given distance from the 
point, to limit the penetration of the tool when it 
has reached the determinate depth, 
boring-instruments, s. [Boring-machines.] 
boring-lathe, s. A lathe used for boring wheels 
or short cylinders. The wheel or cylinder is fixed on 
a large chuck screwed to the mandrel of a lathe. 

boring-machines, s. pi. Machines by which 
holes are made by the revolution of the tool or of 
the object around the tool, but not including the 
simple tool itself. Thus an auger, gimlet, awl, or 
any bit adapted for boring, independently of the 
machinery for driving it, would not be a boring- 
machine. A brace is on the dividing line, if such 
there be, but is not included under the term boring- 
machines. 

boring mollusca, s. The principal boring mol- 
lusca are the Teredo, which perforates timber, and 
Pholas, which bores into c halk, clay, and sandstone. 
These shells are supposed to bore by mechanical 
means, either by the foot or by the valves. But 


♦bor-lych, a. [Burlt.] (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems 
(ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,488.) 

*bormyn, v. t. [Burn.] 

“ Bormyn or pulchyn’ (bornyn, K. P. boornyn, H.). 
Polio, Oath..”— Prompt. Parv. 

born, borne, *bor'-en, *bor'-un, *bore, *jf-bbre, 

pa. par. [Bear, u.] 

I. Of bom and the other forms given above: 


Brought into the world, brought into life, brought # or Protection" 
forth, produced. (Used either of the simple fact ,, pr ° . ° n 

a i • '. , a , i • , . . , H cx ioi nod ii/1 


tween red and brown, the streak pale grayish-black, 
slightly shining. Composition: Copper, 50-71; sul¬ 
phur, 2T4-28‘24: iron, 6’41-18’3. It is a valuable ore 
of copper found in this country and in almost every 
other quarter of the globe in which copper ore 
exists. It is colloquially called “ horseflesh ore.” 

*bOrn'-shet, *borne'-shet, s. [From Ger. borg- 

E reventer, and schatz= . . . tax; schatzung; 
'ut. schattung=taxation, tax (?).] A composition 


from being plundered by an army. 


of birth or of the circumstances attendant upon it.) 

1[ ( 1 ) Formerly all the foregoing forms were used 
except born, which is modern. 

“ For he was ybore at Rome, . . .”— Rob. Glouc., p. 90. 

“ How he had lyued syn he was bore.” 

Robt. Manning of Brunne, 5,646. 

“ Whanne Jhesus was borun in Bethleem, . . — 

I Vycliffe (Purvey), Matt. ii. 1. 

( 2 ) Now born alone is used, complete distinction 
in meaning having been established between it and 
borne II. (2). 

“ These six were born unto him in Hebron.”—1 Chron. 
iii. 4. 

IT Special phrase. Born again: Caused to un¬ 
dergo the new birth; regenerated, transformed in 
character, imbued with spiritual life. 

II. Of the forms borne and *bom: Carried, sup¬ 
ported, sustained. 

IF *(1) Formerly: Of the form born, now quite 
obsolete in this sense. 

to have born up and sustained themselves so 


He joined with Holke, being both as Simeon and Levi 
—exacting great contribution, and borneshets, or compo¬ 
sitions, pressing an infinite deale of money out of the 
Duke of Saxon’s hereditary lands.”— Monro: Exped., pt. 
ii., p. 154. 

*bor -nfn, v. i. [0. Fr. burnir =to burnish,] 
[Burn, v .] To burnish. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bor-nyst, pa. par. [Burnished.] (Ear. Eng. 
Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 77.) 
bor-o-cal’-glte, s. [Eng., &c., boro(n); calcite.] 
Min.: The same as Boronatrocalcite and Ulexite 
(q. v.).^ 

bor-on, s. [From borax (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A triatomic element, symbol B. Atomic 
weight 11. It occurs in nature cqmbined in the form 
of boracic acid B(OH )3 and its salts. Boron is 
obtained by fusing boric trioxide B 2 O 3 with sodium. 
It is a tasteless, inodorous, brown powder, a non¬ 
conductor of electricity; it is slightly soluble in 
water, permanent in the air: burnt in chlorine gas 
it forms boron chloride BCI 3 , a volatile, fusing 


long under such fierce assaults, as Christianity hath liquid, boiling at 18'23, sp. gr. 1'35 ; it is decomposed 


done ?”— Tillotson (3d ed., 1722), vol. i., ser. xx. 

(2) Now: Only of the form borne. 

“From a rock of the ocean that beauty is borne~ 

Now joy to the house of fair Ellen of Lorn !” 

Campbell: Glenara. 

borne-down, a. Depressed in body, in mind, or 
in external circumstances. (Used of individuals 
or of collective bodies.) 

“. . . opprest and borne-down churches.”— Pet. North 
of Irel. Acts Ass. 1644, p. 216. 

*lj|brne, s. [A. S. burna; Dut. borne=a stream, a 
spring.] [Burn (2).] A stream; the Scotch call 
a “burn.” 

“ Ynder a brode banke, bi a homes side, 

And as I lay and lened and loked in the wateres.” 

Piers Plow. Vis., Prol., 8, 9. 

*borned, *bornyd, pa. par. [Bornyn.] Bur¬ 
nished. (Chaucer.) 

“Sheldes fresshe and plates homed bright.” 

Lydgate: Story of Thebes, 1,123. 

Gold bornyd: Burnished with gold. 

bor'-neene, s. [Eng., &c., Borne(o); -ene.] Cam¬ 
phor oil of Borneo, CioHkj. An oily liquid extracted 


by water into boric acid and hydrochloric acid. 
When amorphous boron is heated with aluminium 
the boron dissolves in it, and separates out as the 
metal cools. The aluminium is removed by caustic 
soda. It crystallizes in monoclinic octohedra, 
which scratch ruby and corundum, but are 
scratched by the diamond; the sp. gr. is 2 ’ 68 . 
Heated in oxygen it ignites, and is covered with a 
coating of brown trioxide. Amorphous boron, fused 
with nitrate of potassium, explodes. Boron forms 
one oxide B 0 O 3 , obtained by heating boric acid to 
redness; it “forms a glassy, hygroscopic, transpar¬ 
ent solid, volatile at white heat. It dissolves 
metallic oxides, yielding colored beads (see Borax- 
beads). Boron unites with fluorine, forming a color¬ 
less gas BF 3 , having a great affinity for water. It 
carbonizes organic bodies; 700 volumes are soluble 
in one volume of water, forming an oily, fusing 
liquid. Amorphous boron combines directly with 
nitrogen, forming boron nitride BN, a light amor¬ 
phous white solid which, heated in a current of 
steam, yields ammonia and boric acid. 

bor-o-na-tro cal -$Ite, s. [Eng., &c., boro(n); 

natro(n): calcite.] 

Min.: The same as Ulexite (Dana) (q. v.). 

bor-O'-ni-g,, s. [Named after Francis Borone, an 


smooth valves and a small foot, and have a limited 
power of movement—(the Saxicava is even fixed in 
its crypt by a byssus)—so they have been supposed 
either to dissolve the rock by chemical means, or 
else to wear it away with the thickened anterior 
margins of the mantle. The boring mollusks have 
been called 11 stone-eaters” (lithophagi) and • wood- 


from the Dryabalanops camphora, and isomeric 

cue loot or oy me valves, nut, ... ,, » .. t t* „„ uui-v -in-ij., s. pi auicu »uei r i sums jjuiulc, an 

c a v? ^a nd^U n gu 1 hi a^ °w h ic fl 3 ’ at t a ck° ^the 1 hardest Horn oU 0 /vaTerian by destructive distillation L^vlderln GreeceY^’ Sibth ° rp ’ the botanist and 
marble and t£?shells of other mollusca!. have msoiubie in water, and has the t Bot \. A genus of plants belonging to the order 

odor 01 turpentine. Rutaceee (Rueworts). The species are pretty little 

Bor ’-ne-d, s. &a. [From Brunai, the local name Australian plants, flowering all the year, and gen- 
for the capital of the kingdom of Borneo proper.] erally sweet-scented. 

A. As substantive: An island, about 800 miles long bor-O-Sil'-l-cate, s. [Eng., &c., boro(n); sili- 
by 700 broad, in the Eastern Archipelago, between cate.] 

7° 4' and 4° 10' S. lat. and 108° 50' and 119° 20' E. long. Borosilicate of lime: A compound consisting of a 

eaters ”^x^iopfc^aqi),^ndsome a tleast are obliged to co ® nefted^ffBoS^^ ! “ ^ '"m&T Thfslm^s Datolite (q.v.). 

swallow the material produced by their operations, connecteu wir h *r'-fin«rh fll *hor-ow *hnr-row (ah Qilen+l 

though they derive no nourishment from it. No Borneo camphor, a. A gum, called also Bor- Mr owhW'borow, 

boring mollusk deepens or enlarges its burrow after neol (q. v.). hor ewe, ^borw, borwe, ^Dorwgh horgh, 

attaining the full growth usual to its species. The bor-neol, s. [From Borne(o), and (alcoh)ol.] 8 .&a. [A. S. birh • ilmt. S' dat. bur la ' eeuiu 
animals do great injury to ships, piers an break- chem.: Bomeol, or Borneo campnor, CioH^OH), plurai burga=\l) a town, S city; (2) a fort, a cas- 
twaters. ... . , . , . , is found in the trunks of a tree growing in Bor- tie; (3) a court, a palace, a house; burg—a hill, a 

boring-rod, s. An instrument used m Doring ior neo, the Dryobalanops camphora. It nas been citadel; burgh, burig, burug, buruh, bureg=a city; 
water, &c. [Boring-machines.J prepared by the action of sodium or of alcoholic burh— a hill; Icel. borg=a fort, a borough; Sw. <k 

j boring-table, s. The platform of a boring- potash on common camphor. Borneol is a monad Dan. borg =a castle, a fort, a strong place; O. S. 

'machine on which the work is laid. alcohol, forming ethers. When heated with RC1 burg; Dut. &. Ger. burg—a castle, a stronghold; M. 

in a sealed tube C 10 II 17 CI (camphyl chloride) is H. Ger. burc; O.H.Ger. puruc, pure: Goth. baurgs; 

formed. By heating bomeol with P 9 O 5 it is con- T -■*- 1 -- 5 ’ 

verted into a hydrocarbon bomeene (CioHik) . Bor- 
neol forms small transparent crystals, smelling.like 
camphor and pepper; melting at 198°, and boiling 
at 212°. Its alcoholic solution is dextrorotary 


boring-tool, s. 

Metal-working: A cutting-tool placed in a cutter- 
|head to dress round holes. 

*borith, s. [Buryt.] (Bailey.) 
bbrk-hau'-§I-Sl, s. [Named after Moritz Bork- 


Lat. burgus=a castle, a fort; Macedonian byrgos; 
Gv. pyrgos—a tower, especially one attached to the 
walls of a city; plural —the city walls with their 
towers; phyrkos =same meaning. From A. S. beor 
gan=( 1 ) to protect, ( 2 ) to fortify; beorh, beorg=a 


hausen a German’ who published a botanical work Heated with nitric acid it is converted into ordinary hill; Moeso-Goth. bairgan=to hide, preserve, keep; 

IT d HpCll, j IP hnivrtQ — a m <AY1 TVf.tt 1T1 • frOT bkOVn — a mnnnfni'r, 


i pot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
.Asteraceee (Composites) and the sub-order Liguli- 
florre (Oichoraceee). The three best known of the 
genus are the species B. feetida, B. taraxafolia, and 
B. setosa. They are not common, and no special 
'interest attaches to them. 

1 bor-la'-§I-a, s. [From the Rev. Dr. Borlase, 
F. R. S., an English naturalist and antiquarian, 
born in CornwaH, England, on February 2,1695, and 
died there August 31,1772.] . 

Z 06 I.: A Ribbon Worm, belonging to the family 
Nemertidfe. It is found on the sea-coast of Europe, 
is of nocturnal habits, and attains the length of 
fifteen feet. 


camphor. 

bor'-ne-§Ite, s. [From Borneo (q.v.).] 

Chem.. O.N.C7H14O6, a crystalline substance melt¬ 
ing at 175°. It is found in Borneo caoutchouc. 

bor'-nlne, s. [In Ger., &c., bornine; from Yon 
Born, an eminent mineralogist of the eighteenth 
century.] 

Min.: A mineral, called also Tetradymite (q. v.). 
*born'-Ifig rod, s. [Boning Rod.] 
bor'-nlte, s. [In Ger. bornit. Named after Yon 
Born.] [Bornine.] 

Min.: An isometric, brittle mineral, occurring 
massive, granular, or compact. The hardness is 3, 
the sp. gr. 4’4-5’5, the luster metallic, the color be¬ 


bairgs = a mountain; Ger. berg — a mountain! 
(Berg.) Compare also Mahratta, &c., pQor, pUr— 
a town, a city.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. In England; 

1. Formerly : 

(1) Gen.: A town, a city. 

“ Notheles thanne thai prikede faste, tilthay wer passed 
the borwgh.”—Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 1,767. 

IT In this sense it might be used of foreign towns 
and cities. 

“ Sithen the sege and the assaut watz sezed at Troye 
The borgh brittened and brent . . .” 

Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, i. 2. 


bbil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, 
-cia’n, -tian = sh 9 . 11 . -tion, -sion = shun; -tfon, 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




borrowstoun 


borough 


576 


*(2) Spec. : A walled town or other fortified place, 
also a castle. 

2. Now : A town, corporate or not, which sends a 
burgess or burgesses to Parliament. 

“ For you have the whole borough, with all its love- 
makings and scandal-mongeries, contentions and con¬ 
tentments.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. 9. 

II. In Scotland ( the form burgh being generally 
used): 

1. An incorporated town. 

8. In the same sense as I. 2. 

III. In Ireland: The same as in England. 

“. . . all the cities and boroughs in Ireland.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

IV. In the United States : An incorporated town 
or village, especially in Connecticut and Pennsylva¬ 
nia. 

B. As adjective : Pertaining or belonging to, or in 
any way connected with a borough. [See the sub¬ 
joined compounds.] 

borough English, borough-english, s. [Called 
English (as opposed to Norman) because it came 
from the Anglo-Saxons, and borough because preva¬ 
lent in various ancient boroughs (Blackstone) .] A 
custom existent in some places in England by which 
on the death of a father the youngest son inherits the 
estate to the exclusion of his older brothers. Simi¬ 
larly, if the owner die without issue, his youngest 
brother obtains the property. ( Blackstone : Comm., 
i., Introd., § 3; Cowel, &c.) 

“ . . . and therefore called borough-english.”-Black- 
stone: Comment., Introd., § 3. 

*bor'-ow (1), s. [Borough (1).] A borough, a 
city. 

*bor'-OW (2), *bor-owe, s. [Borrow, s.] ( Spen¬ 
ser : Moth. Hub. Tale, 851.) 

*bor'-6w-en, *bor-6w-^n, v. t. [Borrow, u.] 
( Prompt. Parv.) 

*bor'-ow-er, s. [Borrower.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
*bor -ow-yng, s. & a. [Borrowing.] 
bor-ru, *bor-radh, s. [From Dan. 6ergr=a 
strong place (?).] [Borough (1)0 
Archceol. : A term used in the Highlands of Scot¬ 
land for a congeries of stones covering cells. They 
have been supposed to be burial-places of heroes 
or skulking places of robbers, but were more prob¬ 
ably receptacles for plunder. [Bourach, Brugh.] 
“ Borra, or borradh, is also a pile of stones, but differs 
from a cairn in many respects, viz., in external figure, 
being always oblong, in external construction, and in its 
size and design.”— Statist. Acc. Scotland, x iv. 527. Kelpel- 
ton: Argyleshire. 

bor'-rach (ch guttural), s. [Bourach.] 
bor -ra'-§hI-o, bor-a'- 9 hi-o, s. [From Sp. bor- 
racha= a leathern bottle; Ital. borracia= (1) coarse, 
bad stuff, (2) a vessel for wine in traveling.] [Bor- 
achio.] 

bor'-ral, s. & a. [So called because boys bore it 
for their popguns.] 

borral-tree, s. The “Bourtree” ( Sambucus 
nigra). [Bourtree.] 

“ Bound the auld borral-tree, 

Or bourock by the burn side.” 

Brownie of Bodsbeck, i. 216-17. 

*bor -rel, *bor'-ell, *bor'-rell, s. & a. [Old Fr. 
burel=& kind of coarse woolen cloth; Low Lat. 
burellus= the cloth now described. Compare Fr. 
bure,burat=dragget; Prov. 6wrei=brown.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Of fabrics (generally of the form borel): 

(11 A coarse woolen cloth of a brown color. (Chau¬ 
cer.) , 

(2) A light stuff with a silken warp , and woolen 
woof. (Fleming.) 

2. Of the wearer of such fabrics : 

(1) One of the inferior order of peasantry ; a rustic. 

(2) A layman as distinguished from a clergyman. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Made of coarse cloth. 

2. Belonging to the wearer of such cloth, viz., to 
one of the peasant class; rude, rustic, clownish. 

“How be I am but rude and borrell.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., vii. 

3. Belonging to a layman, 
borrel-folk, borel-folk, s. pi. 

1. Rustic people. 

2. The laity as opposed to the clergy. [Bueel- 
cleek.] 

“Our orisouns ben more effectuel, 

And more we se of goddis secre thinges 

Than borel folk, although that thay ben kinges.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,451. 

borrel-man, s. An uncultivated peasant. 

Bor'-rel-ists, s. pi. [From Borrel, the founder 
of the sect.] 


Ch. Hist.: A Christian sect in Holland who reject 
the sacraments and other externals of Christian 
worship, combining this with austerity of life. 

bor'-rer-il, s. [Named after Mr. William Borrer, 
F. L. S., an eminent cryptogamic botanist.] 

Bot.: A genus of Lichens containing species which 
grow on trees or on the ground, and are branched, 
bushy, or tufted little plants, one species farina¬ 
ceous. 

bor-rer-I-a, s. [Borrera.] 

Bot.: A genus of Cinchonads, of which one spe¬ 
cies, Borreria ferruginea and B. podya, both from 
Brazil, yield a bastard ipecacuanha. 

*bor'-row (1), *bor'-rowe, *bor -ow, *bor -owe, 
*bor-ewe, *bor-we, *borw, *borh, *borgh, 
*borghe (Eng.), borow, *borwch, *borwgh, 
*bowrch, *borgh, *borch (Scotch), s. [A. S. borh, 
genit. borges = ( 1 ) a security, pledge, loan, or bail, 
( 2 ) a person who gives security, a surety, bondsman, 
or debtor (Bosworth); Sw. borgen= bail, security, 
surety; Dan. & Dut. 6 orr/=pledge, bail, trust, credit; 
Ger. 6 orr/=credit, borrowing.] 

1. Of things: 

(1) A pledge, a surety. 

“ And thar till into borwch draw I 
Myn herytage all halily. 

The king thocht he was traist Inewch 
Sen he in bowrch hyslandis drewch.” 

The Bruce (ed. Skeat), bk. i., 625-28. 

“ This was the first source of 6hepheards sorowe, 

That now nill be quitt with baile nor borrowe.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., v. 

(2) The act of borrowing or taking as a loan. 

. “ Yet of your royal presence I’ll adventure 

The borrow of a week.” 

Shakesp..- Wint. Tale, i. 2. 

2. Of Beings or persons: A surety, a pledge, a bail; 
one who stands security. 

“ He that biddeth borroweth, & bringeth himself in 
det, 

For beggers borowen euer, and their borow is God 
Almighty, 

To yeld hem that geueth hem, & yet usurie more.” 

Piers Plow., fol. 37* b. 

“ But if he liue in the life, that longeth to do wel, 

For I dare be his bold borow, that do bet wil heneuer, 

Though dobest draw on him day after other.” 

Ibid., fol. 47, b. (Jamieson.) 

T[ Special phrases: (1) Have here my faith to 
borwe: Have here my faith for a pi edge. (Chaucer.) 

(21 Laid to borwe: Pledged. (Chaucer.) 

(3) St. John to borrowe; Sand Johne to borowe, 
or to borch: St. John be your protector or cautioner; 
St. John be or being your security. 

“ Thar leyff thai tuk, with conforde into playn, 

Sanct Jhone to borch thai suld meyt haille agayn.” 

Wallace, iii. 336. 

bor' -row', bor'-row-plt, s. A place of storage 
for material to be used elsewhere; as, a bank of sand 
for use in raising or repairing a railway bed. 

bor'-row, *bor'-rowe, *bor-owe, *bor-we, 
*bor-ow-en, *bor’-wyn, *bor'-ewe, *boriwen, 
*bor'-o-wyn (Eng.), bor-row, *borw, *borch, 
*borgh (Scotch), v. t. [A. S. borgian=to borrow, to 
lend ( Somner); lcel. & Sw. borga; Dan. borge; Dut. 
& Ger. borgen— to take or give upon trust. From 
A. S. borg=a. loan, a pledge.] [Borrow, s.] 

1. Of giving security: 

1 To give security for property. 

“ Thare borvryd that Erie than his land, 

That lay into the kyngis hand.” 

Wyntoun, vii. 9, 315. 

2. To become surety for a person. 

“ Gif any man borrowes another man to answere to the 
soyte of any partie, either he borrowes him, as haill 
forthcummand borgh, . . . then aught he that him 

borrowed there to appeare, and be discharged as law will.” 
— Baron Courts, c. 38. 

II. Of asking in loan: 

1. Lit.: To ask and obtain money or property 
upon loan, with the implied intention of return¬ 
ing it in due time. 

(1) Of money: 

“ . . . the government was authorized to borrow two 
millions and a half.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

(2) Of property: 

“Then he said, Go, borroxv thee vessels abroad of all 
thy neighbors.”—2 Kings iv. 3. 

IT In Exod. xi. 2, “ . . . let every man borroiv 
of h is neighbor, and every woman of her neighbor, 
jewels of silver, and jewels of gold,” the translation 
is incorrect. The marginal rendering ask is accurate. 
The Hebrew verb is sliaal, the ordinary one for ask, 
in the sense of request to be given, and is rendered 
ask in Psalm ii. 8, “ Ask of me, and I shall give thee 
the heathen for thine inheritance,” &c., and desired 
in 1 Sam. xii. 13, “ Now, therefore, behold the King 
whom ye have chosen, and whom ye have desired.” 


2. Fig.: Of taking without the obligation, or in 
some cases even the possibility, of returning what 
is appropriated. Used — 

(a) In an indifferent sense. 

“ These verbal signs they sometimes borrow from others, 
and sometimes make themselves.”— Locke. 

“While hence they borrow vigor: . . .” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Autumn. 

(b) In a bad one. 

“ Forgot the blush that virgin fears impart 
To modest cheeks, and borrow’d one from art.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

Hence (c) not to borrow is more honorable than 
to do so. 

“ It gives a light to every age, 

It gives, but borrows none.” 

Cowper: O. II.; The Light and Glory of the Worn, 

“ Itself a star, not borrowing light, 

But in its own glad essence bright.” 

Moore: Fire-Worshipers. 

*bor-row (2), s. [Borough (1).] 
borrow-mail, s. [Burrow-mail.] 
bor’-rowed, pa. par. & a. [Borrow, v.] 

As participial adjective: 

1. Obtained on loan. 

“ . . . on a borrowed horse, which he never returned.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

2. Not genuine; hypocritical. 

“Look, look, how listening Priam wets his eyes, 

To see those borrow’d tears that Sinon sheds!” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece, 1548-49. 

borrowed days, s. [Borrowing Days.] 

“ March said to Aperill, 

I see three hogs upon a hill; 

But lend your three first days to me, 

And I’ll be bound to gar them die. 

The first, it sail be wind and weet; 

The next, it sail be snaw and sleet; 

The third, it sail be sic a freeze, 

Sail gar the birds stick to the trees. 

But when the borrowed days were gane, 

The three silly hogs came hirplin hame.” 

Gloss, to Compl. of Scotland. (Jamieson.) 

bor -row-er, *bor’-5w-er, *bor'-ware, s. [Eng. 

borrow; -erf] 

*1. One who is bound for another; a security, 
a bail. 

“ Borware (borower, P.). Mutuator, C. F. sponsor, 
Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

2. One who borrows; one who obtains anything 
on loan. In this sense it is opposed to lender. 

“. . . an indispensable compensation for the risk 
incurred from the bad faith or poverty of the state, and 
of almost all private borrowers, . . .”— J. S. Mill: Polit¬ 

ical Economy (1848), vol. i., bk. i., ch. xi., § 3, p. 207. 

3. One who adopts what is another’s, and uses it 
as his own. 

“ Some say that I am a great borrower; however, none 
of my creditors have challenged me for it.”— Pope. 

*bor-row-gange, *bor'-row-gang, *borghe- 
gang, s. [A.S.6or/i=apledge, asurety (Borrow,s.), 
and O. Scotch gange =the act or state of; from Sw. 
suff. -g&na, as in edg&ng =the taking of an oath.] 
A state of suretyship. 

“ The pledges compeirand in courts, either they confes 
their borrowgange (cautionarie) or they deny the same.” 
— Reg. Maj., iii., ch. 1, §8. 

*bor'-row-hQOd, s. [Eng. borrow, and suff. -hood 
=state of.] The state or condition of being 
security. 

bor'-row-Ing, *bor-wyng, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Borrow, t>.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial ad¬ 
jective: In senses corresponding to those of the ; 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of obtaining on loan;- 
the act of taking or adopting what is another’s as 
one’s own. t 

borrowing days, *borouing dais, s. pi. Th& 
last three days of March (old style), which March 
was said to have borrowed from April that he might 
extend his power a little longer. He had a delight 
in making them stormy. [Borrowed Days.] 

“. . . because the borial blastis of the thre borouing 
dais of Marche hed chaissit the fragrant flureise of euyrie 
frute tree far athourt the feildis.”— Compl. of Scotland, 
p. 58. 

“ His account of himself is, that he was born on tlie 
borrowing days; that is, on one of the three last days of 
March, 1688, of the year that King William came in, 

. . . ”— P. Kirkmichael: Dumfr. Statist. Acc., i. 57. 

b6r'-rbw§-toun, bor'-6ugh’§ town, s. & a. 

[Eng. borough’s; town.] 

A. As subst.: A royal burgh. 

“. . . like the betherel of some ancient borough's 
town summoning to a burial, . . .” —Ayrs. Legatees, 

p. 26. 

B. As adj.: Of or belonging to a borough. 

“ . . . borrowstoun kirks being always excepted.”— 
Acts Charles I. (ed. 1814), vi. 142. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cfir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




577 


bosom-barrier 


bort 


bort, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Sw. bort— away, 
hence, avaunt.] 

Lapidary work: Small fragments split from dia¬ 
monds in roughly reducing them to shape, and of 
a size too small for jewelry. Bort is reduced to 
dust in a mortar, and used for grinding and polish¬ 
ing. • 

*bor’-un, pa. par. [Born.] ( Wycliffe (Purvey): 
Matt. ii. 1.) 

bor'-ur-et, s. [From Eng., &c., bor{on ), and suff. 
-uret.\ 

Chem.: A combination of boron with a simple 
body. 

*borw, *borwe, v. t. [Borrow, v.] ( Piers Plow.: 
Vis.,v. 257.) 

*borw, s. [A. S. beorh— (1) a hill, a mountain. 

(2) a fortification, (3) a heap, burrow, or barrow.] 
“Fast byside the borw there the barn was inne.’’ 

William of Palerne, 9. 

*bor -wage, s. [O. Eng. borw{e), and suff. -age.] 
Suretyship, bail. 

“ Borwage (borweshepe, K. borowage, P.). Fidejussio, 
C. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 

*borwch, s. [Borrow, s.] 

*bor'-we, s. [Borrow, s.] A pledge, a security. 
“When ech of hem hadde leyd his feith to borwe.” 

Chaucer: C. T.; The Knights Tale (ed. Morris), 764. 

“ Borwe for a-nothire person, K. borowe, H. P. Fide¬ 
jussor, sponsor." — Prompt. Parv. 

*bor'-wen, pa. par. [Bergen.] Preserved, 
saved. 

“ . . . ben borwen, and erue, thurg this red.” 

Story of Gen. <3k Exod., 3,044. 

*bOr'-we-shepe, s. [O. Eng. borwe , and suff. 
-shepe=ship.] Suretyship. ( Prompt. Parv ) 

*borwgh, s. [Borough ( 1 ).] A town. ( Sir 

Ferumb., ed. Herrtage, 1767.) 

*bor'-won, v. t. [From borwe (q. v.).] To bail; 
to stand security for. 

“ Borwon owt of preson, or stresse (borvyn, H. borwne, 
P.). Vador, Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

*borw -ton, s. [From O. Eng. borw{e) = a borough, 
and ton=& town.] A borough town. 

“Hitysnogt semly forzoth, in cyte ne in borwton .”— 
Piers Plowman. 

*bor -wyn, v. t. [Borrow, «.] 

*bor’-wynge, pr. par., a. & s. [Borrowing.] 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

*bor'-yn, v. t. [Bore, v .] {Prompt. Parv.) 

*bbr-yhge, pr. par., a. & s. [Boring.] {Prompt. 
Parv.) 

*bOS, *bus, pres, indie, of v. [Behove.] Behoves. 
“ Me bos telle to that tolk the tene of my wylle.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 687. 

*bOS, a. & s. [Boss.] 

bos, s. [Lat. bos, genit. bows^an ox, a bull, a cow. 
In Fr .boeuf; Walloon bollf; Pro v.bov, buou; Mod. 
Sp. buey; O. Sp. boy; Port, boi; Ital. bove; Bas 
Bret, bit; Gr. bous, gen. bdds: which Donaldson 
thinks an imitation of the sound of bellow, and akin 
to Gr. boao = to bellow. Bous would therefore be= 
the bellowing beast. But with g substituted for b 
(a not uncommon change) bous is—Lett, gohic, Zend 
g&o, Mahratta gaya, Sansc. gd.] [Beef, Cow.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Lit.: A yearling calf. 

*2. Fig.: An overgrown sucking child. ( Halliwell: 
Cont. to Lexicog.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Zodl.: The typical genus of the family Bovidte, 
and the sub-family Bovina. Bos taurus is the com¬ 
mon ox; B. Scoticus, either a variety of the former, 
or a distinct species, is the Chillingham ox, of which 
a few individuals still exist in a half-wild state. B. 
Indicus is the Zebu or Brahminy bull. 

2. Palceont.: In the Upper Pliocene Mammalia of 
France the genus Bos makes its appearance under 
the form of Bos elatus. In the Upper Pliocene Mam¬ 
malia of Italy Bos etruscus occurs. Among the 
Early Pleistocene Mammalia of Britain are the 
Urus {B. primiqenius); it still exists in the Mid. 
Pleistocene and in the Late Pleistocene. Among 
the Prehistoric Mammalia is found B. longifrons of 
Owen, and among the Historic Mammalia intro¬ 
duced is the “Domestic Ox of Urus type.” about 
A. D. 449. {Prof. Boyd Dawkins, Q. J. Geol.Soc., 
vol. xxxvi (1880), pt. i., pp. 379-405.) Professor Daw¬ 
kins thinks that the B. longifrons was the ancestor 
of the small Highland and Welsh breeds of domes¬ 
tic cattle. {Ibid., xxiii. (1867), p. 184.) 

bo -§a, bou -za, s. [Turk, bdzah; Pers. bOzd, 
bozah .] A drink used in Turkey, Egypt, &c. It is 
prepared from fermented millet-seed, some other 
substances being used to make it astringent. 

*bosarde, s. [Buzzard.] 


tbos'-cage, *bos-kage, s. [In Mod. Fr. bocage- 

§ rove, coppice; O. Fr. boscage, boscaige, boschage; 

p. boscage; Prov. boscaige; Low Lat. boscaqium= 
a thicket.] [Bosky.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: Wood, woodlands, spec., under¬ 
wood, or ground covered with it; thick foliage. 

“ The sombre boscage of the wood.”— Tennyson. 

II. Technically: 

*1. Old Laiv: Food or sustenance for cattle fur¬ 
nished by bushes or trees. {Cowel, Burn, &c.) 

Painting: A representation of land studded 
with trees and bushes, or shaded by underwood. 

“ Cheerful paintings in feasting and banqueting room3, 
graver stories in galleries, landskips, and boscage, and 
such wild works, in open terraces or summer houses.”—- 
Wotton. 

bos -chas, s. [Lat. boscis; Gr. boskas=& kind of 
duck.] 

Ornith.: A genus of ducks, containing the Mal¬ 
lards and Teals. 

*bose, *boce, *boos, *booc, s. [From A. S. bds, 
b6sig=& stall, a manger, a crib, a booze.] A stall 
for cattle. 

“ Booc or boos, netystalle (boce, K. bose, netis stall, H. P.). 
Boscar, Cath. bucetum, presepe.” — Prompt. Parv. 

bo§'-e-<j., s. [In Dut., Dan., & Sw. bosea; Fr. 
bos6. Commemorating Ernst Gottlieb Bose, a Ger¬ 
man, who published a botanical work in 1775, and 
Caspar Bose, who sent forth one in 1728.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Chenopodiaceoe (Chenopods). Bosea Yervamora, 
or Free Golden-rod, is an ornamental shrub from 
the Canary Islands. 

bos-el'-ii-phus, s. [From Lat. hos=anox (Bos), 
and Gr. elaphos= a deer.] 

Zool. ; A genus of ruminant mammals belonging 
to the family Antilopid®. Boselaphus areas is the 
Eland Antelope. [Antelope, Eland.] 

bosh.s. [Etym. doubtful. Wedgwood says it is 
of quite recent origin, and is from Turkish bosh- 
empty, vain, useless, curiously agreeing with Scotch 
tos.s=hollow. Mahn suggests comparison with 
Prov. Eng. bosh= a dash or show, and with Ger. 
bosse=a joke, a trifle. Ital. bozzo— a rough stone; 
bozzetto=a rough sketch.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

jl. East Anglian dialect: A dash, a show. 

*2. Outline, figure. 

“A man who has learned but the bosh of an argument, 
that has only seen the shadow of a syllogism.” — Student, 
ii. 287. 

3. Empty talk, nonsense, folly. 

II. Comm.: A trade name for a mixture of butter 
and prepared animal fats, exported from Holland, 
and sold as a cheap genuine butter. It is a com¬ 
pound analogous to butterine, although differing 
in manner of preparation, and usually contains 
about 40 per cent, of butter. 

bo'-Shah, s. [Turk, boshah .] 

Weaving: A Turkish-made silk handkerchief. 

bosh bok, s. [From Dut. bosch= wood, forest; 
and 6 ofc=goat.] The name of an antelope found In 
South Africa. 

bosh e§, s. [From Ger. bdschung=& slope.] 
Metallurgy: The sloping sides of the lower part 
of a blast-furnace, which gradually contract from 
the belly, or widest part of the furnace, to the 
hearth. 

*bos -Ine, s. [O. Fr. bosine, busine; Lat. buccina 
= a crooked horn or trumpet.] A trumpet. {Ayenb., 
137.) 

bo§-jem-an-Ite, s. [From the Bosjeman river 
in South Africa, a cave in the vicinity of which 
stream is covered by the mineral to a depth of six 
inches.] 

Min.: A mineral occurring in silky, annular, or 
capillary crystals, as also in crusts of inflorescence. 
It tastes like alum. Composition : Sulphuric acid, 
35*85—36’77; alumina, 10*40-11*52; protoxide of iron, 
0-1*06; protoxide of manganese, 2*12-2*5; magnesia, 
3*69-5*94; lime, 0-0*27; soda, 0-0*58; and water, 
44*26-46. In addition to South Africa it is found in 
Switzerland, California, &c. {Dana.) 

*bOSk, v. t. [Busk.] {Allit. Poems: Deluge, 351.) 

tbosk, *boske, *busk, s. [In Prov. bosc; Sp. & 
Port, basque; Ital. bosco; Low Lat. boscus, buscus 
= a thicket, a wood. Cognate with Fr. bois= a wood. 
In Ger. busch, bosrh; Dut. bosch=a wood, a forest; 
O. Icel. busier, buski; Dan. busk.) [Bush.] A bush, 
a thicket, a small forest. 

“ Meantime, through well-known bosk and dell, 

I’ll lead where we may shelter well.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 16. 

*bOSke-adder, s. An adder, serpent. {Wick 
liffe: Exod. iv. 3.) 


bos-ket, bos-quet (que as ke), bus-ket, s. 

[Fr. & Prov. bosquet; Ital. boschetto. Dimin. of 
Prov. bosc; Ital. bosco.] 

Hortic.: A grove, a compartment made by 
branches of trees regularly or irregularly disposed. 

bosk-i-ness, s. [En g. bosky; -ness.] The quality 
or state of being bosky or wooded. {Haivthorne.) 

bosk'-jf, a. [Eng. bosk; -y. In Fr. bosquet .] 
Bushy, woody, covered with boscage or thickets. 

“ And with each end of thy blue bow dost crown 
My bosky acres, and my unshrubb’d down.” 

Shakesp.: Temp., iv. L 
“ Well will I mark the bosky bourne.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 21. 

bp§ -6m, *bd'-§ome, boo -§6m, *bo-§em, *bo- 
§um, s. & a. [A. S. b6sm = (1) the bosom, (2) 
(chiefly in compos.) a fold or assemblage of folds in 
clothes; Fries, bosm; Dut. boezem; (N. II.) Ger. 
busen; M. H. Ger. buosen; O. H. Ger. puosam.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The breast of a human being, male or female, 
but more usually of the latter. 

“ Therefore lay bare your bosom." 

Shakesp.: Mer of Fere., iv. 1. 

( 2 ) The portion of the dress which covers the 
breast. 


“ Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his 
hand into his fcosom; and when he took it out, behold, his 
hand was leprous as snow .”—Exodus iv. 6. 


2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of the breast viewed as the seat of emotions, 
such as the appetites, desires, passions; the appe¬ 
tites, inclinations, or desires themselves. 


( the appe¬ 


al 


ar,ii 


ii. 1. 


pt. iii. 
go pas- 


_ (a) Of the breast viewed as the see ‘ 
tites, the desires or anything similar. 

— ■ “ Our good old friend, 

Lay comforts to your bosom, . f. 

Shakesp 

“ The meanest bosom felt a thirst fo’ 

Thomson; J 

( 6 ) Of the breast viewed as the.# 
sions; the gratification of the pass? 

“And you shall have your bosom or 
Grace of the duke, revenges to j- 
And general honor.” * ,. 

Shakesp.: Meas. for 'Meets., Iv. 3. 

“ Anger resteth in the bosom of fools.”— Eccles. yii. 9. 

(c) Of the breast viewed as the seat of tenderness 
or affection; the affections them'selves. 

“Their soul was poured out into their mother’s bosom.” 
— Lamentations ii. 12. 


, r/eicl) 

brF 


“ To whom the great Creator thus reply’ll: 

O Son, in whom my soul hath chief delight, 

Son of my bosom, Son who art alone 
My word, my wisdom, and effectual might.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iii. 

(2) Of the breast viewed as the repository of 
secrets ; secret counsel or intention. 

“ She has mock’d my folly, else she finds not 
The bosom of my purpose.” 

Beau. & Fletch.: Wit at sev. W., ii., p. 271. 

“If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding 
mine iniquity in my bosom."—Job xxxi. 33. 

(3) Of anything which incloses a person or thing, 
specially in a loving manner, as an object of aff ection 
can be clasped to the breast. Inclosure, embrace, 
compass. 

“. . . they which live within the bosom of that 

church . . — Hooker. 

(4) Of any close or secret receptacle, as the bosom 
of the earth, the bosom of the deep. 

“A fiery mass of Life cast up from the great bosom of 
Nature herself.”— Carlyle: Heroes, leet. ii. 

*(5) Of a bay. 

“Thar is, with an ile invironvt on athir part 
To brek the storme and wallis of every art 
Within, the wattir in ane bosum gais.” 

G. Doug.. Virgil, xviii. 8. 

(6) (By metonymy) Of a bosom-friend. 

“ Hor. Whither in such haste, my second self? 

Andr. I’ faith, my dear bosom, to take solemn leave 
Of a most weeping creature.” 

First part of Jeron. (O. FI.), iii. 67. 

II. Milling: A recess or shelving depression 
round the eye of a mill-stone. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to or connected with the literal 
human breast. 

2. Pertaining to the human breast in a figurative 
sense ; confidential, completely trusted. 

bosom-barrier, s. A barrier against brutality 
produced by the emotions of the human bosom. 

“ Who through this bosom-barrier burst their way. 
And, with revers’d ambition, strive to sink?” 

Young: Night, 5. 


bfnl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh$m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

’37 




bosom-cheat 


578 


bossy 


bosom-cheat, s. One clasped affectionately to 
the bosom, but all the while a cheat. 

“ A pleasing bosom-cheat, a specious ill, 

Which, felt the curse, yet covets still to feel.” 

Parnell: The Pise of Woman, 

bosom-child, s. A very dear child. 

‘‘Dear bosom-child, we call thee.” 

Wordsworth: To Sleep. 

bosom-folder, s. A plaiting machine or device 
for laying a fabric in flat folds, suitable for a shirt- 
bosom. {Knight.) 

bosom-friend, s. [Eng. bosom; friend. In Dut. 
boezem-vriend.] A friend so much loved as to be 
welcomed to the bosom. 

“A bosom-secret and a bosom-friend are usually put 
together.”— South, vol. il., Ser. 2. 

bosom interest, *bosome-interest, s. The in¬ 
terest which lies closest to the heart. 


“No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive 
Our bosom interest; go pronounce his present death, 
And with his former title greet Macbeth.” 

Shakesp .; Macbeth, 1. 2. 

bosom lover, *bosome-louer, s. One so loved 
as to be clasped to the bosom. 

“ Which makes me think that this Antonio 
Being the bosom lover of my lord, 

Must needs be like my lord.” 

Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice, iii. A 

bosom-secret, s. A secret locked or hidden 
within the bosom. 


“ And must he die such death accurst, 

Or will that bosom-secret burst?” 

Scott • Lord of the Isles, v. 26. 

(See also example under bosom-friend.) 

bosom-serpent, s. A person taken affectionately 
to the besom, who, in return, inflicts upon it an 
anvenome ound. 

“A iom-serpent, a domestic evil, 

A ght-invasion, and a mid-day devil.” 

Pope . Januarg and Map, 47, 48. 
ive, s. One taken to the bosom, but all 
lave. 

irn tyrants, from the light of heaven 
heir bosom-slaves, meanly possess’d 
-, lifeless, violated form.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring. 

?. The vice which one clasps to 
..which he loves with intense love; 
the easily besetting sin. 

“ . . . they foolishly imagine that inclination end 
jdas to another sin will be excuse enough for their dar¬ 
ling, and bosom-vice.” — Hoadly: Of Acceptance, Ser. 7. 


bosonr 
toe wh> 


ocsoni- 

ais i'osom 


bOS’-&m, v. t. [From bosom, s. (q. v.)] 

1. To hide “ in the bosom," in a figurative sense, 
i.e., within the thoughts. 

“ Bosom up ny counsel, 

You’ll find it wholesome.” 

Shakesp.: Benry VIII., L L 

2. To hide among material things which will con¬ 
ceal the secreted object from view. (Used specially 
of trees or shrubs thickly surrounding a house ox 
other edifice.) 


“More pleased, my foot the hidden margin roves 
Of Como, bosom’d deep in chestnut groves.” 

Wordsworth. Descriptive Sketches, 

bps’-omed, pa.par. & a. [Bosom, v.] 


“ Or from the bottoms of the bosom’d hills, 

In pure effusion flow.” 

Thomson■ Seasons, Autumn. 
ops -om-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Bosom, v.] 

*b5 -s6n, s. [Corrupted from boatswain (q. v.).] 
boatswain. 


“The barks upon the billows ride, 

The master will not stay; 

The merry boson from his side 

His whistle takes, . . Pope. 

boss (1), *bosse, *bos, *boce, s. [In Fr. bosses 
s. boss, bunch, lump, knob, swelling, relievo: Prov. 
o-ossa; Ital. bozza —a swelling. In Dut. 6os=bunch, 
tuft, bush. Mahn, Wedgwood and Skeat all con¬ 
nect it with N. H. Ger. bozzen —to beat; M. H. Ger. 
:• Ozen; O. H. Ger. pQsan, pozjan .] [Boss (2).] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Anything protuberant: 

(a) Gen.: A part rising in the midst of any 
material body. 

“ Boce or boos of a booke or other lyke (booce, H.). 
Turgiolum, Ug.”— Prompt. Parv. 

{b) Spec.: An ornamental stud; a shining prom¬ 
inence raised above that in which it is fixed. (Used 
frequently of the prominence on the middle of a 
shield.) 

“Thus as he lay, the lamp of night 
Was quivering on his armor bright, 

In beams that rose and fell, 

And danced upon his buckler’s boss.” 

Scott: Bridal of Triermain, iii. 2. 


IT The boss of a bridle. 

“ This ivory, intended for the bosses of a bridle, was 
laid up for a prince, and a woman of Caria or Mseonia 
dyed it.”— Pope. 

(2) A ball, or some such ornament. 

“The Mule all deckt in goodly rich aray. 

With bells and bosses that full lowdly rung, 

And costly trappings that to ground downe hung.” 

Spenser: Moth. Hub. T., 582-1. 

(3) Anything thick: A thick body, whether pro¬ 
tuberant at one part or not. 

“ If a close appulse be made by the lips, then is framed 
M ; if by the boss of the tongue to the palate near the 
throat, then K.V — Bolder. 

(4) A conduit, a projecting pipe conveying water. 

“Stowe tells us that Bosse alley, in Lower Thames 

Street, was so called from ‘ a bosse of spring water, con¬ 
tinually running, which standeth by Billinsgate against 
this alley.’ Lond. p. 104. This bosse must have been 
something of a projecting pipe conveying the water [a 
conduit].”— Mares. 


2. Figuratively: 

IT A silver shield with boss of gold: The daisy, the 
silver shield being the white florets of the ray, and 
the boss of gold the yellow florets of the disk, which 
in the aggregate constitute a convex knob. {Poetic.) 


“The shape will vanish, and behold! 

A silver shield with boss of gold.” 

Wordsworth: To the Daisy 

II. Technically: 

1. Machinery: 

(1) An elevated or thickened portion, usually 
around an aperture. 

(2) A swage or stump used in shaping sheet-metal. 

2. Arch.: In Gothic architecture, the protuber¬ 
ance in a vaulted ceiling formed by the junction 
of the ends of several 

ribs, and serving to 
bind them together; 
usually elaborately 
carved and orna¬ 
mented. 

3. Masonry: 

(1) A mortar-bucket 
elung by a hook from 
the round of a ladder. 

(2) A short trough 
for holding mortar, 
hung from the laths, 
and used in tiling a 
roof. 

4. Saddlery: The 
enlargement at the junction of the blouCh cf a 
bridle-bit with the mouthpiece. 

5. Ordnance: A plate of cast-iron secured to the 
back of the hearth of a traveling-forge. 

6. Bookbinding: A metallic ornament on a book 
side to receive the wear. 



boss-fern, s. 

Bot.: A book-name for various species of Neph.ro- 
dium. {Britten <& Holland.) 

♦boss (2), *bos, *bois, *boiss, *boqe, a. & a. 
[From Eng. boss (1) (<j. v.). Wedgwood suggests 
comparison with Bavarian buschen, boschen, bossen 
=to strike so as to give a hollow sound; Dut. 
bossen; Ital. bussare=to knock or strike.] 

A. As adjective (of the forms boss, bos, and bois): 

1. Hollow. 

“And persit the bois hill at the brade syde.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 15, 34. 

“And bos buckleris couerit with corbulye.” 

Ibid., 230, 23. 

IT A boss window: A large window, forming a 
recess; a bow window. 

“. . . in the bos window, . , .”— Pitscottie: Chron., 
p. 235. 


“Into the boss window, . . .”— Ibid. (ed. 1768), p. 153. 

2. Empty. (Lit. or fig.) 

“Or shou’d her paunch for want grow boss.” 

Morison: Poems, p. 38. 

“He said, he gloom’d, and shook his thick boss head.” 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 285. 

3. Resonant; sounding in a hollow manner. 

‘“A boss sound,’ that which is emitted by a body that 
is hollow.”— Jamieson. 


B. As substantive (of the forms boss, boiss, and 
boce); 

1. Gen. (of the forms boss and boce): Anything 
hollow. 

“The Houlet had sick awful cryis 
Thay correspondit in the skyis, 

As wind within a boce.” 

Buret; Watson’s Coll., ii. 25. 

2. Spec, (of the forms boss, boiss, and boce): 

(1) Lit. Of things: 

(a) A small cask. 

“ . . . twa chalder of mele—out of a boce, thre chal- 
der of mele out of his girnale; thre malvysy bocis, price 
of the pece, viijs. vj d.”—Aot. Dom. Cone., A. 1489, p. 129. 
(Jamieson.) 


(b) A bottle of the kind now called a "grey¬ 
beard ; ” a bottle made of earthenware or of leather. 

“Thair is ane pair of bossis, gude and fyne, 

Thay hald ane galloun-full of Gaskan wyne.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 7L 

(c) The bQss of the body: The forepart of the body, 
from the chest to the loins. 

> (d) The boss of the side: The hollow between the 
ribs and the haunch. (Jamieson.) 

boss (3),s. [From Dut. 6aos=master,or one who 
beats another: O. H. Ger. pOsan, pozjan ; M. H. 
Ger. bbzen; N. H. Ger. bozzan, all=to beat.] 

A. Lit,: The master, superintendent, or overseer 
of an estate or business enterprise. (First used in 
this country by negroes, but now acclimated.) 

B. Fig.: The leader or dictator of a political 
party, tne idea being that he is the strongest man 
politically, and can beat all others in an elective 
contest. 

1[ The word is often used as a verb transitive in 
senses corresponding to those of the substantive; 
e. g. 

“General Mahone is the boss of *he Readjuster party; 
he knows it, and will not neglect his opportunity, fie 
will not only boss the party, but will boss every job they 
undertake either in the national congress or in the state 
legislature.” —Richmond (Va.) Dispatch. 

■fb8ss, *bo§e, *booce, v. t. [From boss (l), * 
(q. vA ; O. H. Ger. bozen, possen= to beat.] 

1. To beat out, to render protuberant. 

“To booce or &oce out as workemen do a nolowe thynga 
to make it seem more apparent to the eye.” — Palsgrave. 

2. [See IT Boss (3) e.] 

bos’-Sfige, 8. [Fr. bossage; from bosse =a boss, a 
protuberance.] 

Architecture: 

1. Projecting stones, sucb as quoins corbels, 
roughed out before insertion, to be finished in situ , 

2. Rustic work, consisting of stones which seem 
to advance beyond the plane of a building, by 
reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings. 
These are chiefly in the corners of edifices, and are 
called rustic quoins. 

♦bossche, s. [Bush.] ( Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herr* 
tage), 2,887.) 

♦bosse, s. [Boss.] 

bSssed, pa. par. & a. [Boss, e.J 

As adjective: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Fuvuished with bosses artificially 

made. 

“Fine linen, Turkey cishions boss’d with pearl.” 

Shakesp.: Tam. of the Shrew, ii. L 

2. Bot.: Rounded in form and with an umbo o: 
boss more or less distinctly projecting from its 
center, so as to make it resemble many ancient and 
modern shields. Example, the typical genus of 
fungi, Agaricus. 

3. (Usually in composition with a precedent 
adverb—such as well, etc.) Supervised; overseen— 
as, a “ well-bossed job." 

bos-si-se-fi, s. [Named after M. Boissieu-Lam- 
artine, who accompanied La Perouse in his voyage 
round the world.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the sub¬ 
order Papilionacese. The species are ornamental 
shrubs from Australia and Van Diemen’s Land. 
bSs -siffg, pr.par., a. & s. [Boss, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective : (See the verb.) 

C. As substantive. Porcelain-making t 

1. The act of ground-laying the surface of porce¬ 
lain in an unfinished state, to form a basis of adher¬ 
ence for the color, which is deposited by pencil, by 
cotton-wool, or by stencil, according to the mode. 

2. The substance laid on in the ground-laying 
described under 1. It is a coat of boiled oil to hold 
the color. The oil is expelled by the heat of the 
enamel-kiln, and the color vitrified. Tho bossing ie 
laid on with a hair-pencil, and leveled with a boss 
of soft leather. 


*bos-sive, a. 

formed. 


[Eng. boss; -ive.'] Crooked, de- 


“Wives do worse than miscarry, that go their full time 
of a fool with a bosstve birth.”— Osborne: Advice to his 
Son (1658), p. 70. 

*boss'-ness, s. [Eng. boss; -ness.) Hollowness, 
emptiness. 

bos’-sy, a. [Eng. boss; - y .] Furnished with a 
boss or bosses, studded. Used— 

1. Of a shield. 


A wood of spears stood by, that, fix’d upright.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. x., 173, 174. 

2. Of sculpture. 

“Nor did there want 

Cornice or freeze, with bossy sculptures graven ” 

„ , , , Milton: P. L., i. 716. 

3. Of anything else. 

“The wat’ry juices of the bossy root [the turnip!.”— 

Dyer: Fleece. 


•fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
.or, wore, wplf, wSrk, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




bost 

•bost, *bds'-ten, v. i. [Boast.] ( Chaucer: Leg- 
tnde of Goode Women.) 

*bost, s. [Boast, s.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 

♦bQs'-ter, *bds'-tur, *bos'-tare, *bos-towre, s 
{Boaster.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 

bos-trich’-i-dae, s. pi. [From Lat., &c. bos¬ 
trichus 'q, v.).] 

Entorn.: A family of Coleoptera (Beetles) of the 
section Pentamora. The genera most familiar in 
temperate climates are Bostrichus, Tomicus, Hyles- 
inus, Scolytus, and Hylurgus. 

bos’-trl-chus, s. [From Lat. bostrichus; Gr. 
bostrychos, as subst.=(l) a curl or lock of hair, ( 2 ) 
anything twisted or wreathed, (3) a winged insect. 

Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera (Beetles) belong¬ 
ing to the family Xylophagi. The species are found 
on old trees, in which the larvse of these insects 
construct burrows just under the bark, feeding as 
they proceed upon the woodymatter. Three species 
commonly known are: Bostrichus dispar, domes- 
ticus, and capucinus. 

*bos-trjf-chIte, s. [Lat. bostrichites; Gr. bos- 
trychites=a precious stone, now unknown.] [Bos- 

TKICHUS.] 

Old Lapidary work: A gem in the form of a lock 
of hair, (Ash.) 

*bost-wys, a. [Wei. bwystus= brutal, ferocious.] 
Rough, fierce. (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris): 
Pearl, 814.) [Boistous.J 
*bo -§um, s. [Bosom.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bos'-vel, s. [Etym. doubtful. Can it be the 
proper name Boswell slightly altered?] A species 
of Crowfoot (Ranunculus'). (Dr Johnson.) What 
species it is has not been ascertained. 

bOS-wel'-li-R,, s. [Named after Dr. John Boswell, 
of Edinburgh, Scotland,] 

Bot.: A fine genus of terebinthaceous trees belong¬ 
ing to the order Amyridaceee (Amyrids). They have 
a five-tootiled calyx, five petals, ten stamina, a tri¬ 
angular three-celled fruit with winged seeds. The 
leaves are compound. Boswellia thurifera, called 
also B. serrala, furnishes the resin called Olibanum 
[Olibanum], which is believed to have been the 
frankincense of the ancients [Frankincense.] It 
is found in India, as also is B. glabra, the resin of 
which is used instead of pitch. The products of 
the entire genus are more or less used in pharmacy. 

tbo§-well-I§m, s. [From James Boswell of 
Auchinleck in Ayrshire, Scotland; born in Edin¬ 
burgh, October 29, 1740; published his celebrated 
Life of Johnson in 1790, and diec May 19, 1795.] 
Biography written with the enthusiasm for its sub¬ 
ject and the photographic accuracy of delineation 
which constitute so marked a feature of Boswell’s 
Life of Johnson. 

*bOt, pret. of v. [Bite.] Bit, cut. 

“Tlio that swerd wer god it noght lie bot . . .”—Sir 
Ferumb. (ed. Rerrtage), 589. 

*bot(l),s. [Boot (1).] 

“ Bryng bodworde to bot blysse to vus alle.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness., 473. 
*bOt (2), s. [A. S. £>eof=threat, promise.] 

“Loke ye bowe now bi bot, bowez fast hence.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems: Cleanness, 944. 

bot (3), bott, s. & a. [From O. Eng. 6 ot=bit, pret. 
of bite.] 

A. As substantive (generally plural): The larvae 
of the bot-fly and other species of CEstrus. [Bot¬ 
fly.] 

”... bis horse . . . begnawn with the bots .”— 
Shakesp.: Tam. of Shrew, iii. 2. 

“. . . to give poor jades the bots.” — Ibid., 1 Hen. IV., 
ii. 1 . 

IT Bots on it: An execration. (Shakesp.: Per., 

ii. 1 .) 

B. As adjective: Producing the larvae called bots. 

bot-fly, s. 

Entomology: 

1. Singular: One of the names given to any spe¬ 
cies of the genus CEstrus, or even of the family 
CEstridae. These insects are sometimes called also 
Breeze-flies, Brize-flies, and Gad-flies, the last of 
these names not being a properly distinctive one, 
for it is applied also to the Tabanidee, a totally dis- 
t inct family of dipterous insects. The bot-fly, which 
has attracted most notice, is Gasterophilus equi, 
ofcen called the gad-fly of the horse. It is a downy 
two-winged fly, which in August deposits from 50 to 
100 eggs on the legs, the back of the neck, and other 
parts of a horse accessible to the animal’s tongue. 
Slightly irritated by them the horse licks the part 
affected, with the effect of bursting the egg and 
transferring the minute larvae to its mouth, whence 
they make way to the stomach and grow to be an 
inch long. They are ejected with the food, spend 
their chrysalis state in the earth or dung, and 
emerge perfect insects but with no proboscis capa¬ 
ble of being used for feeding purposes. It is not 


579 

food they require, it is to propagate their species 
and die. A similar insect is CEstrus hemorrhoidalis. 
Sheep, oxen, &c., have parasites of an analogous 
kind. [Breeze-fly, Beize, Gad-fly, (Estrida:, 
CEstrus.] 

2. Plural: The English name for the family of 
CE strides. 

bot (4). A colloquial expression for the English 
Board of Trade unit of Electrical Supply. It is 
formed of the initials of the words “Board of 
Trade.” 

♦bot, conj. St prep. [But.] (Morte Arthure, 10; 
The Bruce, v. 91.) 

IT Bot and, botand: As well as. 

“ I hav a bow, bot and a vyse.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), v. 695. 
Bot gif: [Bot if.] 

Bot if: Unless, except. 

“ Bot if ye bothe for-thynk hit sare . ”— Sir Ferumb. 

(ed. Herrtage), 319. 

bot-al-ljick-lte, s. [From the Botallack mine 
in Cornwall, England, where it occurs.] 

Min-: A variety of Atacamite occurring in thin 
crusts of minute interlacing crystals closely invest¬ 
ing killas. (Dana.) 

bot-an-Ic, *bot-an-ick, a. St s. [In Fr. botan- 
ique; Sp., Port., & Ital. botanico; Lat. botanicus; 
Gr. botanikos—of herbs.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to plants or to the 
study of them. 

“. . . that ancient botanic book mentioned by 
Galen.”— Cudworth: Intell. Syst., p. 326. 

*B. As substantive: The same as Botanist (q. v.). 
“ That there is such an herb, ... is by all botanies 
or herbalists, I have seen, acknowledged.”— HI. Casaubon: 
Of Credulity, &c., p. 80. 

botanic-drawing, s. The art of representing 

E lants for scientific study. To enable the figures to 
e used for the purpose now mentioned, every effort 
must be put forth to insure accuracy in the deline¬ 
ations, &c. Microscopic representations of the 
fully-expanded flower and of the fruit when ripe, or, 
if possible, of the organs of fructification at suc¬ 
cessive stages of development, should be super- 
added to render the drawing complete. (Bindley.) 

botanic-garden, s. A garden laid out for the 
scientific study of botany. Sometimes the several 
plants are arranged, to a certain extent, according 
to their places in the natural system, and, in any 
case, opportunity is obtained for seeing the plants 
pass through their several stages, and obtaining 
their flowers, fruit, &c., to anatomize and to figure. 

botanic physician, s. A physician whose reme¬ 
dies consist chiefly of herbs and roots. Akin to an 
herbalist; but many herbalists have had no medical 
education, while any proper “ physician ” has en¬ 
joyed that advantage. 

bot-an -i-cal, a. [Eng. botanic;-al.) The same 
as Botanic (q. v.). 

“. . . the earliest botanical researches of Sloane.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

“The lilies of the field have a value for us beyond 
their botanical ones.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., 
v. 104. 

botanical-geography, s. A comparison of the 
plants of different regions of the globe, showing 
the range and distribution of each. [Phyto¬ 
geography.] 

bot-an-i-csil-ly, adv. [Eng. botanical; -ly.] 
After the manner adopted in botany; as botanists 
are accustomed to do. (Ash.) 

“ Your man of science, who is botanically or otherwise 
inquisitive.”— London Daily News, August 18, 1869. 

fbot-an'-ics, s. [In Sw., Dan., & Ger. botanik; 
Fr. botanique=bot&ny; Sp., Port., & Ital. botanica 
=botany; Lat. botanicum= a herbarium (?).] The 
same as Botany (q. v.). 

bot-an-ist, s. [Fr. botaniste.] One who collects 
and scientifically studies plants. 

IT For the names of various botanists see the arti¬ 
cle Botany (Hist.). 

“ Thus botanists, with eyes acute 
To see prolific dust minute, 

Taught by their learn’d northern Brahmen 
To class by pistil and by stamen. 

Produce from nature’s rich dominion 
Flow’rs polyandrian, monogynian, 

Where embryon blossoms, fruits, and leaves 
Twenty prepare, and one receives.” 

Jones: The Enchanted Fruit. 

bot -R,n-Ize, v.i. [In Ger. botanisiren; Fr .botan- 
iser; Gr. botanizd= to root up weeds; from botane= 
an herb.] [Botany.] To collect plants with the 
object of examining them scientifically. 
bot-q.n-1 z-lng, P r • par., a. & s. [Botanize.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 


botany 

C. As subst.: The act or operation of collecting, 
and afterward scientifically examining, plants. 

*bot -R, no, s. [Fr. boutant=& kind of stuff made 
at Montpelier. (Jamieson.) ] A piece of linen 
dyed blue. (Scotch.) 

“ Botanos or peeces of linnin litted blew, the peece— 
iii. 1.” — Rates, A. 1611. 

“ Botanoes or blew lining.”— Bates, A. 1670. 

*bot-Rn-ol- 6 -ger, s. [From Gr. botanologed=to 
gather herbs. Now superseded by botanist (q. v.).] 

“. . . that eminent Botanologer, . . .” —Browm 

Garden of Cyrus. 

*bot-Rn ol -6-gjf, s. [Gr. botanologeO=to gather 
herbs.] A discourse regarding plants. (Bailey.) 
Now superseded by the term botany (q. v.). 

bot -Rn o-man-q^, s. [In Gr. botanomanteia; 
ho fane=grass, fodder, and to cmfeia=divination.] 
Divination by means of herbs, especially by means 
of sage (Salvia) or by fig-leaves. The inquirer 
wrote his name and the question he wished 
answered on the leaves. Afterward he exposed 
these to the wind, which blew some of them away. 
Those which remained were then collected, and the 
letters written on each were placed together, so as, 
if possible, to bring coherent sense out of them, and 
any sentence constructed out of them was supposed 
to be the reply sought for. 

“. . . the numberless forms of imposture or igno¬ 
rance called kapnomancy, pyromancy, arithmomancy, 
libanomancy, botanomancy, keptolomancy,” &c.— Smith. 
Diet, of the Bible, i. 442. 

bot'-an-y, s. & a. [Gr. 6 otane=grass-fodder : 
bosko— to feed, to tend cattle or sheep.] 

A. As substan.: The science which treats of 
plants. It embraces a knowledge of their names, 
their external and internal organizations, their 
anatomy and physiology, their qualities, their uses, 
and their distribution over the world, with the 
laws by which this distribution is regulated, or 
the geological occurrences by which it has been 
brought about. 

History: From the remotest antiquity plants 
must have been at least looked at, and to a certain 
extent studied; and it is reported in Scripture 
regarding Solomon, that “he spake of trees, from 
the cedar tree that is in Lebanon even unto the 
hyssop that springeth out of the wall ” (1 Kings iv. 
33). If his sayings on that subject were put in writ¬ 
ing they have perished. The first important scien¬ 
tific notices regarding plants which have reached 
our time are in Aristotle’s Inquiries Concerning 
Animals, about B. C. 347. Theophrastus, who suc¬ 
ceeded him in B. C. 324, gave great attention to 
plants, knowing, however, it is said, only about 355. 
Pliny, among the Romans, was also interested in 
botanical study, as in natural history generally. 
The Arabs gave some attention to botany; but up 
to the year A. D. 1231, according to Sprengel, only 
about 1,400 plants were known. After the revival of 
letters, Conrad Gesner, who died in 1565, collected 
materials and made drawings for a history of 
plants. Matthew Lobel, a Dutchman at the court 
of Queen Elizabeth, attempted a natural classifica¬ 
tion of plants, and some of his orders are still 
retained. Ceesalpinus, a Roman physician, attached 
to the court of Pope Sextus VI., made various 
botanical discoveries. About A. D. 1650, the micro¬ 
scope began to be used for the examination of 
plants. Grew and Malpighi flourished in the same 
century ; and in 1686 Ray published the first volume 
of his Systerna Plantarum. About 1735, Linnaeus 
gave to the world his celebrated 8ysterna Naturae., 
the botanical portion of which contains his artifi¬ 
cial system, which is, even now, obsolescent rather 
than obsolete. As a rule, his cl asses were founded 
on the number, position, &c., of the stamens, and 
his orders on the number and character of the pis¬ 
tils. He founded twenty-four classes, viz., ( 1 ) 
Monandria, (2) Diandria, (3) Triandria, (4) Tetran 
dria, (5) Pentandria, ( 6 ) Hexandria, (7) Heptan 
dria, ( 8 ) Octandria. (9) Enneandria, ( 10 ) Decandria 
( 11 ) Dodecandria, ( 12 ) Icosandria, (13) Polyandria 
(14) Didynamia, (15) Tetradynamia, (16) Monadel 
phia, (17) Diadelphia, (18) Polyadelphia, (19) Syn 
genesia, (20) Gynandria, ( 21 ) Monoecia, (22) Dioecia, 
(23)‘Polygamia, and (24) Cryptogamia. (See these 
words for further details, and for the orders into 
which the several classes are divided.) Besides 
his artificial system of classification Linnaeus at¬ 
tempted a natural one. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de 
Jussieu published his Genera Plantarum, in which, 
following in the direction in which Lobel, Ray, and 
Linnaeus himself had led, he elaborated a natural 
system, the essential features of which are still 
retained. In Lindley’s Vegetable Kingdom, pub¬ 
lished in 1867, the classification is as follows : Class' 
I. Thallogens, II. Acrogens, III. Rhizogens, IV. 
Endogens, V. Dictyogens, VI. Gymnogens, and 
VII. Exogens. 

Modern botany, or phytology, as it is sometimes 
called, comprises a number of subordinate sciences. 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, qhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?i3t. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shRn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, del. 





bothemles 


Botany 


580 


Lindley,_ in the main following Decandolle. 
divided it into Organography, or an explanation of 
the exact structure of plants; Vegetable Physiol¬ 
ogy, or the history of vital phenomena which have 
been observed in them; Glossology, formerly called 
Terminology, or a definition of the adjective terms 
used in botany and phytography, or an exposition 
of the mips to be observed in describing and nam¬ 
ing plants. ( Introd. to Bot., 3d ed., 1839, Pref.) All 
these are introductory to Systematic Botany, which 
is the classification and description of the several 
classes, orders, families, genera, species, varieties, 
&c., of plants in regular arrangement. 

Thom<§, author of the recognized text-book of 
botany in use in the technical schools of Germany, 
divides the science into—I. Morphology, or the 
Comparative Anatomy of Plants; II. Physiology, 
which is concerned with their vital phenomena; 
III. Botanical Geography; IV. Paleeophytology: 
V. Vegetable Palaeontology; VI. Classification of 
Plants; and VII. Practical or Applied Botany. 

Robt. Brown, jr., in his Manual of Botany , pub¬ 
lished in 1874, divides it into—I. General Anatomy 
or Histology of Plants: 1. Organography, 2. Mor¬ 
phology, 3. Organogenesis, 4. Phytotomy; II. Physi¬ 
ological Botany; III. Vegetable Chemistry; IV. 
Nosology, or Vegetable Pathology; V. Teratology, a 
’Study of abnormalities; VI. Taxology, Taxonomy, 
Classification, or Systematic Botany: 1 . Termin¬ 
ology, 2. Glossology; VII. Phyto-geography; VIII. 
Paleeo-phytology, Geological Botany, Vegetable 
Palaeontology, or Fossil Botany: IX. Medical 
Botany; X. Agricultural Botany; XI. Horticultural 
Botany; and XII. Industrial Botany. (See these 
terms. See also Plant, Vegetable Kingdom, &c., 
&c.) 

B. As adjective: In which good botany exists, in 
which interesting plants abound. [Botany-bay.] 
Botany Bay, s. & a. [So called from the number 
of new plants discovered there when Captain Cook’s 
party landed in 1770.] 

A. As substantive : An inlet of the sea five miles 
long and broad, about seven miles north of Sidney 
Heads in New South Wales. 

B. As adjective: Growing at or in any other way 
connected with Botany Bay. (See the compounds 
which follow.) 

Botany-Bay Oak: Casuarina. A genus of trees, 
nat. order Casuarinacece. The red wood of the 
trees is used for cabinet work. Also called Beef- 
ivood. 

Botany-Bay Kino: A gum which exudes from the 
bark of an Australian tree, Eucalyptus resinifera, 
and other species of the genus. It is an astringent. 
It has properties like those of Catechu or Kino, and 
is used in pharmacy, etc., for the same purposes as 
are the two drugs mentioned. 

Botany-Bay Tea: The English name of the Smi- 
lax glycyphylla , an evergreen climbing-plant, with 
three-nerved leaves, and petioles with tendrils. 

bo-tar'-go, s. [Sp. botarga=a kind of pantaloons, 
the dress of harlequin ; harlequin himself; a sort of 
sausage. Contracted from 6 ofalarga=alargeleather 
bag.] A relishing sort of food, being a sausage 
made of the roes of the mullet fish, and eaten with 
oil and vinegar. It is much used on the coasts 
of the Mediterranean as caviar is in Russia as a 
14 relish ” for food and an incentive to drink. 

*iT The French editor of Rabelais says— 

“ In Provence, they call botargues the hard roe of the 
mullet, pickled with oil and vinegar. The mullet (muge) 
is a fish which is catched about the middle of December; 
the hard roes of it are salted against Lent, and this is 
what is called botargues, a sort of boudins (puddings), 
which have nothing to recommend them but their excit¬ 
ing of thirst.” 

“ Because he was naturally phlegmatic, he began his 
meal with some dozens of gammons, dried neats’ tongues, 
botargos, sausages, and such other forerunners of wine.” 
— Ozell: Rabelais, b. i., ch. 21. 

“ Botargo, anchovies, puffins too, to taste 
The Maronean wines, at meals thou hast.” 

Heath: Clarastella, in Hey wood’s Quintess. of Poetry, 
vol. ii., p. 16. (Nares.) 

bo-ta'u-rus, s. [A contraction of Bos taurus, the 
scientific name of the bull, which the several species 
of botaurus remotely resemble in voice.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the family 
Ardeidte or Herons, and the sub-family Ardeinas or 
True Herons. It contains the Bitterns. [Bittern.] 
♦bot -curd, s . [From the French bastarde = a 
demi-cannon or demi-culverin; a smaller piece of 
any kind ( Cotgrave Q.] A kind of artillery used in 
the time of James V. 

“ Two great cannon, thrown-mouthed Mow and her Mar¬ 
row, with two great Botcards.” — Pitscottie, p. 143. ( Jamie¬ 

son .) 

botgh (1), *boccL in, ♦bocch-yn, *bocch-en, 
v. t. [In Dut. botsen = to knock, dash, strike 
against, clash with; from O. L. Ger. botzen— (1 j to 
strike or beat, ( 2 ) to repair.] 

1 . Lit.: To patch in any way. (Wy cliffe: 2 Chron. 
sxxiv.) 


2. Fig.: To put together clumsily. 

“ Go with me to my house, 

And hear thou there how many fruitless pranks 
This ruffian hath botch’d up, that thou thereby 
Mayst smile at this.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iv. 1. 

“ And botch the words up fit to their own thoughts.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 6. 

bot$h (2), v. t. [From botch (2), s. (q. v.)] To 
mark with botches. 

“ Young Hylas, botch’d with stains too foul to name. 
In cradle here renews his youthful frame.” 

Garth. 

bot$h (1), *b 0 t$he (1), s. [From botch, v. (q. v.)] 

1. A patch. 

2 . A part of any work ill-finished, so as to appear 
worse than the rest. 

“ With him, 

To leave no rubs or botches in the work, 

Fleance, his son, must embrace the fate.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. L 

3. A part clumsily added. 

“ If both those words are not notorious botches . . .” 
— Dryden. 

“ A comma ne’er could claim 
A place in any British name; 

Yet, making here a perfect botch, 

Thrusts your poor vowel from his notch.” 

Swift. 

botgh ( 2 ), ♦botghe ( 2 ), *bohche, *bocche, 
♦boche, *boshe, s. [Fr. bosse; O. Fr. boce=( 1) the 
boss of a buckler; (2) a botch, a boil.] A swelling 
of an ulcerous character, or any thing similar on the 
skin ; a wen, a boil. 

“ Bohche, sore ( botche, P.). Ulcus, Cath.”— Prompt. 
Pare. 

“ Botches and blains must all his flesh imboss, 

And all his people.” Milton: P. L., bk. xii. 

botghed (1), *b6tght, pa.par. [Botch (1), v.] 

“ I see, I see, ’tis counsel given in vain, 

For treason botcht In rhyme will be thy bane.” 

Dryden: Absalom & Achitophel, pt. ii. 
botghed (2), pa. par. [Botch ( 2), v.] 
♦botghe’-ment, *b69h'-ment, s. [Eng. botches 
botch (l) = a patch; and Eng., &c., suff. -ment.) 

“ Bochment (fiotchement, P.) Additamentum ampliflca- 
mentum, . . — Prompt. Parv. 

botgh'-er (1), *b6t9h’-ar, *bot9h’-are, *boch- 
chare, s. & a. [Eng. botch (1), v.; -er.] 

A. As substantive: A mender of old things, espe¬ 
cially clothes; an inferior kind of tailor. 

“ Botchare of olde thinges, P. Resartor .”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

“ Botchers left old cloaths in the lurch, 

And fell to turn and patch the church.” 

Hudibras. 

“ . . . abotchePs cushion, . . .”— Shakesp.: Coriol., 
ii. 1 . 

B. As adjective: Bungling, unskillful. 

“ Bochchare, or vnerafty ( botchar, P.). Iners, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

botgh'-er (2), s. [Eng. botch (2), s., from the 
spotted appearance of the skin.] A young salmon; 
a grilse. 

“ Formerly grilse, or botchers, were far more plentiful 
than they have been since the passing of the Fishery 
Laws .”—London Times, August 26, 1876. 

botgh-er-ly, a. [Eng. botcher; -ly.) Like the 
work of a botcher; patched in a clumsy way; blun¬ 
dered. 

“Publishing some botcherly mingle-mangle of collec¬ 
tions out of other.”— Hartlib.: Transl. of Comen., 1642, 
p. 30. 

bot<)h-er-f , s. [En g. botcher; -y.) The results 
of botching, clumsy workmanship. 

“If we speak of base botchery, were it a comely thing 
to see a great lord, or a king, wear sleeves of two parishes, 
one half of worsted, the other of velvet ?”—World of 
Wonders, 1608, p. 235. 

botgh’-ifig (1), pr. par., a. & s. [Botch, ( 1), v.] 
A.&B. Aspr.par. dtparticip.adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As substantive: The act of mending old 
clothes; the act of bungling. 

“Nor is it botching, for I cannot mend it.” 

Browne: Britannia’s Pastorals, b. i. s. 
botgh-Ifig (2), pr. par. [Botch (2), v.] 
fbotgh'-jf, a. [Eng. botch ( 2 ); -j/.] Marked with 
botches. 

“ And those boils did run ? say so : did not the general 
run then ? were not that a botchy core.”— Shakes.: Trail, 
and Cress., ii. 1. 

-bote (1), *bOt {Eng.), bote, *bute (Scotch), s. 
[Boot (1), s.] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. (See boot.) 

2 . A remedy. 

“ And be borrugh for his bale, and biggen hym bote 

And so amende that is mysdo and euermore the 
better.” Piers Plow.: Vis., iv. 89, 90. 


3. Restoration, amendment. 

“And do bote to brugges * that to-broke were.* 11 
Piers Plow.: Vis., vii. 


4. Safety. 


“ Bote of (or,T.) helthe. Salus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

5. A savior, the Savior. 

“Bot ther on com a bote as-tyt.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris), Pearl, 645. 
II. Law: An Anglo-Saxon term, still in use,, 
meaning necessaries required for the carrying on of 
husbandry. The corresponding word of French 
origin is estovers or estouviers, from estoffer=to 
furnish. Such necessaries in certain cases may be 
taken from the estate of another. There are many 
kinds of bote. Thus house-bote is a sufficient allow¬ 
ance of wood to repair or to burn in the house. If 
to burn, it is afire-bote. So plow-bote and cart-bote 
are wood to be employed in making and repairing 
all instruments of husbandry; and hay-bote or edge- 
bote is wood for repairing hay-edges or fences. [So© 
also Kin-bote, Man-bote, Theif-bote.] 

*bote (2), s. [Boot (2).] 

“Bote for a mannys legge ( bote or cokvr, H. coker, P.) 
Bota , ocrea — Prompt. Parv . 


♦bote (3),s. [A. S. bodian= to command, to an¬ 
nounce; 6 od=command.] A message. 

“Oharlis sent to thee [this sond; thou ne ge(te)st nor 
othre bote.”—Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 401. 

♦bote (4),s. [Boat.] ( Spenser: F. Q., III., viii. 
21 .) 

♦bote, *bo -ten, v. t. [From bote (1), s. (q. v.) 
In Sw. bota.) To boot, to amend. 

♦bote. pret. of v. [A. S. bdt, pret. of bitan— to 
bite.] feit. 


. . . that he bote his lippes.” 

Piers Ploiv.: Vis., v. 84. 


♦bote, conj. [But.] 

♦bote-yif, conj. But if, except that. 

♦bo'-tel (1), *bot-elle (1), s. [Bottle.] ( Prompt 
Parv.) 

*bot-el (2), *bot-elle (2), s. [O. Fr. botel.) A 

bundle, a feed of hay. [Bottel (1).] 

“ Botelle of hey. Fenifascis.” — Prompt. Parv 
*bot'-el-er, s. [Butler.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
♦bote -less, *bote’-lesse, a. [Bootless.] 
♦bote-man, s. [Boatman.] ( Spenser : F. Q., II 
xii. 29.) 

*bot-en-en, V. t. [Botnen.] (Piers Plow.: Vis~ 
vi. 194.) 

*bot'-er-JJ,S, v. [Buttress.] (Piers Ploiv.: Vis., 
v. 598.) 

♦bo t-er-us, s. [Buttress.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bOte-rel, s. [O. Fr, boterel .] A toad. 

“ . . namore thanue the boterel.” 

Ayenbite, p. 187. 

♦bote-roll, *bot te-roll, *baute-roll, s. [Ety 
mology doubtful.] 

Her. : The same as crampet (q. v.). 

*bot-er-ye, s. [Buttery.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 

* Boterye. Celarium, boteria, pincernaculum (promp 
tuarium, P.).”— Prompt. Parv. 


*bot-ew, s. [From O. Fr. boteau.) A kind of 
large boot. 

“ Botew. Cotumus, botula, crepita.” — Prompt. Parv. 

both, *bothe, *boatbe, *bathe, *bethe, *bo 
then, *bo-thene, ♦bo-thyn (Eng.), baith, 
♦bathe, *bayth, *baid (Scotch), pro., a. & conj 
[In Icel. bathir, bcethi; Sw. b&da; Dan. baade. 
Moeso-Goth. bajoths; Dut. & (N. H.) Ger. beide; O 
H. Ger. ptde.) Two taken together. 

IT It is opposed to the distributives either=one o> 
two, and neither= none of two. (Prof. Bain.) 

A. As pronoun: 


“ During his ride home, he only said, wife and bairr 
baith; mother and son baith —Sair, sair to abide !” —Scott 
Guy Mannering, ch. ix. 


B. As adjective: . 

“Both the proofs are extant.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives 
v. 5. 


C. As conjunction (followed by and): It is a 
conjunction with a certain disjunctive force, i. e„ 
separating the two conjoined members and bring¬ 
ing each into prominence. 

“ . . . so that all they which dwelt in Asia heard the' 
word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks.” — Acts 
xix. 19. 


“ That bothe his soule and eek hemself offends.” 

Chaucer: C. T 3,067. 
“ That are both his and mine.” 

Shakesp.; Macb., fii. 1. 

♦bothe, s. [Booth.] 

*bot'h-em, s. [Bottom.] 

*both'-em-les, a. [Bottomless.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, dire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu-kw 





bothen 


581 


bottle-ale 


*both'-en, s. [Cf. A. S. Z>oZ/ 4 eu=rosemary; darnel 

{Somner ).] 

Bot.: A composite plant, Chrysanthemum sege- 

turn. 

IT White bothen, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. 
both-er (Eng.), both-er, *bath -er (Sc.), v. t. 
& i. [Etymology doubtful. Wedgwood derives 
it from Dut._ bulderen— to rage, to bluster. Mahn 
and Skeat. with more probability, suggest Ir. buaid- 
hirt=vex ation, trouble: buaidhrim— to vex, to dis¬ 
turb.] 

. A. Trans. : To tease, to vex, or annoy one by mak¬ 
ing continual noise, by dwelling on the same subject, 
by continued solicitation, or in any other way. 
‘With the din of which tube my head you so bother. 
That I scarce can distinguish my right ear from 
t’other.” Swift. 

B. Intrans.: To make many words. 

1 The auld guidmen, about the grace, 

Frae side to side they bother.” 

Burns: The Holy Fair. 

both -er, s. [From bother, v. (q. v.)] The act of 
rallying, or teasing, by dwelling on the same sub 
ject. (Colloquial.) 

bo-ther-a'-tion, s. [From Eng. bother , and suff. 
- ation .] The act of making bother, 
bo th-ered, pa. par. & a. [Bother, d.] 
bo th-er-ihg, pr. par. [Bother, v.) 

*b0th-ie, s. _ (Scotch.) A booth, a cottage, a 
hovel (usually in the agricultural districts), in 
which rights of occupation seem to be about equal¬ 
ly exercised by man and beast, and no attempt is 
made at privacy for the opposite sexes. 

1 bothie-system, s. _ A term used in the British 
newspapers in discussing the degraded condition of 
the agricultural population in some districts, the 
iphrase arising from the conjunction of affairs de¬ 
scribed in the preceding article. 

*bothil, s. [Bothtjl.] 

*bothne, *both-ene, s. [Low Lat. bothena=a. 
Jbarony, or territory ; Arm. bot = a tract of land.] 

’ 1. A park in which cattle are fed and inclosed. 
(Skene.) 

2. A barony, lordship, or sheriffdom. 

“ It is statute and ordained, that the King’s Mute, 
that is, the King’s court of ilk Bothene, that is of ilk 
echireffedome, salbe balden within fourtie daiea.”— Skene: 
Assis. Reg. Dav. 

*both'-6m, *bot h-um, *both-e-um, s. [From 
Fr. Z>owfon=button, bud, germ.] [Button.] A bud, 
particularly of a rose. 

“Of the bothom the swete odor.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

“That nyght and day from hir she stalle 
Bothoms and roses over alle.” Ibid. 


*bot h-on, v. t. [Button, v.] 

“ Bothon clothys ( botonyn, K. boton, P.). Botono, flbulo.” 
— Prompt. Pare. 

both-ren-chy'-ma, s. [From Gr. bothros= a pit, 
and enghyma=an infusion; enghed= to pour in ; en 
and cheo= to pour.] 

Bot.: Pitted tissue, called also porous tissue or 
basiform tissue, or dotted ducts, and by Morren 
Taphrenchyma. It consists of tubes which, when 
viewed under high microscopic power, seem full of 
holes, which, however, are only little pits in the 
thickness of the lining. It is of two kinds, articu¬ 
lated and continuous bothrenchyma. The former is 
well seen when its tubes are cut across in a cane or 
other woody-looking endogen; the latter consists 
of long, slender, interrupted pitted tubes, found 
often in connection with spiral vessels in the roots 
of plants. What Bindley called granular woody 
tissue he ultimately reduced under the second of 
these types of bothrenchyma. 


both-rl-O-peph'-al-iis, s. [From Gr. bothrion- 
a small kind of ulcer, dimin. of bothros—n hole, a 
pit, and kephale=the head.] ,, , 

ZoOl.: An intestinal worm belonging to the class 
Scolecida, and the order Teeniada or Lestoidea. 
Bothriocephalus latus is the Russian tapeworm. 

both-ro-den’-dron, s. [From Gr. bothros=a pit, 
and dendron= a tree.] , , . ,, 

Palceont.: A tree with dotted stems found in the 
coal measures. 

*bo th-ul,*bo th-ie, *bo th-el, bud-die, s. [But. 

buidel—& purse, because it bears goals or a old ins — 
gold coins : qulden, a punning allusion to its yellow 
flowers. Cfe Wei. Z>ofZieZZ=rotundity; a bottle, a 
blister 1 

Bot. :"An old English name for the plant genus 

Chrysanthemum. . 

y Chrysanthemum segetum is still called buddle 
in feast Anglia. 

“ Bothel, buddle, chrysanthemum Bothul, bothel, vac¬ 
cinia.”—Prompt. Parv. 

*both-um, s. [Bottom.] 

*bo'-tle, s. [Booty.] _ 


♦bot-Il-er, *bot-lere, s. [Butler.] (Chaucer: 
C. T., 16,620.) (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bot-inge, pr. par. & s. [Boot (1), v.] 

*bot-less, *bute-lesse, a. [Bootless.] 

*bot-me (1), s. [Bottom.] 

“ Botine, or fundament ( botym, P.). Basis.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

“And in the pannes botme he hath itlaft.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,219. 

*bOtme (2), s. [O. Fr. bouton, boton—& button, a 
ball.] 

“ Botme of threde infra in Clowchen, or clowe (botym, 
P.).”— Prompt. Parv. 

*botme-les, a. [Bottomless.] 

*bot-nen, v. t. [Boten, Boot ( 1 ), u.] To better, 
to cure, to amend, to repair. 

“Blisful for thei were botned.” 

William of Paleme, 1,055. 

♦bot'-ninge, pr. par. & 8. [Botnen.] 

A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. Assubst.: Amendment, healing. 

*b8t-6me, s. [Bottom.] 

•bot-on, s. [Button.] 

♦bot-on, *bot-on-yn, v. t. (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bOt-owre, s. [Botaurus.] A bittern. 

•* Botowre, byrde ( botore, K. P.) OnoorootUvs, tmtoriu* 
0. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 

b8t’-rQpb-ls, s. [From Gr. botrys=* a duster or 
bunch of grapes, ophis—a gerpent (?).] 

Bot.: A genus of Ranunculace® (Crowfoots), 
allied to Cimicifuga and Actma. Its roots are usea 
ai ad antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake. 

bot-ry ch'-I-iim, s. [Gr. botrys — a bunch of 
grapes, to which the branched clusters of capsules 
bear some resemblance.] 

Bot.: A genus of ferns 
belonging to the order 
Ophioglossacese (Adder’s 
Tongues). The capsules, 
which are sub-globose 
and sessile, are clustered 
at the margin and on one 
side of a pinnated rachis; 
the frond is pinnate, with 
lunate pinnee and forked 
veins. Botrychium luna- 
ria, or Common Moon* 
wort, occurs in dry moun¬ 
tain pastures in Europe. 

B. virginicum, an Amer¬ 
ican species, is called the 
Rattlesnake. Fern, from 
its growing in such places 
as those venomous rep¬ 
tiles frequent, 
bot-ryl'-li-dse, s. pi. 

From Mod. Lat. botryllus 
q. v.).] 

ZoQl.: A family of molluscoids belonging to the 
order Ascidise, and containing the compound Ascid- 
ians, that is, those which, united together by their 
mantles, rise generally in stellate form round a 
common canal. All are marine. 

bot-ryl'-liis, s. [Mod. Lat. dimin. formed from 
Gr. bot.rys=a cluster of grapes.] 

Zodl.: A genus of molluscoids, the typical one of 
the family Botryllidee (q. v.). The individuals are 
of an ovoid form, but are united in radiated 
bunches. They are found on seaweeds, &c. 

bot-ry -o-gen, s. [From Gr. botrys=a cluster of 
grapes, and gennad=to beget, to engender.] 

Min.: A monoclinic, translucent mineral, with a 
hardness of 2-2’5, a sp. gr. of 2.039, a vitreous luster 
and hyacinth-red as the normal color, though yellow 
specimens also occur. Composition: Sulphate of 
protoxide of iron, 19; Sulphate of ferric sesquioxide, 
48.3; water, 32’7=100; or sulphuric acid, 36'53-37’87; 
sesquioxide of iron, 24’77-26’50; magnesia, 5*69—8'95; 
lime, 0’91-2’76, and water, 30-90. It occurs in a cop¬ 
per mine at Fahlien, in Sweden. (Dana.) 

bot-ry-61d', a. [From Gr. botrys= a cluster of 
grapes, and eidos=iorm, shape.] In form resem¬ 
bling a bunch of grapes. 

“ The outside is thick set with botryoid efflorescences, 
or small knobs, yellow, bluish and purple, all of a shining 
metallic hue.”— Woodward. 

bot-ry-oi'-dal, a. [Eng. botryoid; -al (Min., 
c&c.).] The same as botryoid (q. v.). (Phillips.) 

bot-ry’-8-lite, s. [In Ger. botryolith, botriolit. 
From Gr. botrys= a cluster of grapes, and lithos=a 
stone.] 

Min.: A variety of Datolite or Datholite (q. v.). 
It is so called from the botryoidal surface of its 
radiated columnar structure. It is found atArendal, 
in Norway. 

bot-ry-ta'-§e-99, s. [From Mod. Lat. botrytis 
(q. v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suffix - acece .] 



Botrychium, 

1. Botrychium lunaria. 2. 
Barren pinnule. 3. Por¬ 
tion of fertile pinnule. 


Bot.: A division of fungi containing the species 
popularly called Blights and Mildews. The sub¬ 
order is named also Hyphomycetes (q. v.). 

bo-tryte', s. [In Ger. botryt, from Gr. botrys=a 
cluster of grapes, and suffix -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 
Min.: The same as Botryogen (q. v.). 
bo-try'-tls, s. [From Gr. botrys= a cluster of 
grapes. 

Bot.: A genus of fungi, with clusters of minute 
globular seeds or seed-vessels. They grow on rotten 
herbaceous stems, decaying fungi, living leaves, 
and similar localities. The muscadine disease 
which destroys so many silk-worms is caused, by 
one species, Botrytis bassiana. B. infectans, which 
causes the potato disease, is now removed to the 
genus peronospora (q. v.). (Treas.of Bot.) 

bots, s. pi. [Bot.] 

*bott, *botte, conj. [But.] (Morte Arthure.) 

bott, bot, s. & a. [Bot.] 
bott-hammer, s. 

Flax-w or king: A wooden mallet with a fluted 
face, used in breaking flax upon the floor to remove 
the boon. 

*botte (l),s. [Bat.] 

*botte (2),s. [Boat.] 

bot'-tel (l),s. [O. Fr. hotel, dimin. of botte=& 
bunch or bundle; Gael, boiteal .] A bundle of hay, 
(Star month.) 

*bot-tel (2), s. [Boutel.] 

*botte-ler, s. [Butler.] 

*botte ral, s. 

Her.: [Boteroll.] 

Bott -ger, s. & a. [The person referred to was a 
Saxon manufacturer, by whom the ware called 
after him was first made.] 

A. As subst.: The person alluded to in the ety¬ 
mology. 

B. As adj.: Made by Bottger. 

Bottger-ware, s. The white porcelain of Dres 

den. Made originally by Bottger, of Saxony, in 
imitation of the Chinese. It is now made in the 
old castle, once the residence of the Saxon princes, 
at Meissen on the Elbe, fifteen miles below Dres¬ 
den. 

bot’-tlng, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Metallurgy: The act of restopping the tapping 
hole of a furnace after a part of its charge has been 
allowed to flow therefrom. The plug is a conical 
mass of clay on the end of a wooden bar. 

bot -tle ( 1 ), *bot'-telle, *bot'-elle, *bofr-el, s, 
& a. [In Sw. butelj; Icel. pytla; Ger. & Fr. bou- 
teille; Gael, botul; Wei. potel (these two last being 
from Eng. (?),’ Norm. Ft. butuille; Prov. botella; 
Sp. botella, botilla=a bottle ; botija= an earthenjar; 
Port, botelha; Ital. bottiglia; Low Lat. buticula, 
botilia, puticla: Mahratta boodhule, boodhula—a 
leathern bottle.] [Boot (2),s.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: A vessel with a relatively small neck 
adapted to hold liquids. The first bottles were of 
leather (Josh.ix.4). Such leathern bottles are men¬ 
tioned by Homer, Herodotus, and Virgil, as being 
in use among the Greeks, Egyptians and Romans, as 
they still are in Spain, Sicily, Africa, and the East. 
Earthenware bottles followed (Jer. xiii. 12); these 
are generally furnished with handles, and eve called 
flasks. Modern bottles are chiefly of glass, and 
glass bottles have been found at Pompeii. They 
are blown into the requisite shape, the whole pro 
cess of manipulation being divided among six per 
sons. 

“ Botelle vesselle. IIter, obba.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ The shepherd’s homely curds, 

His cold thiu drink out of Ms leather bottle 
Is far beyond a prince’s delicates.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. III., ii. 5. 

“He threw into the enemy’s ships earthen bottles filled 
with serpents, wMch put the crew in disorder.”— Arbuth- 
not: On Coins. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Anything like a bottle. 

H Blue Bottle: [Bluebottle.] 

White Bottle: A plant, Silene inflata. 

2. As much liquor as can be held in one bottle. 

“ Six bottles apiece had well wore out the night.’* 

Burns: The Whistle. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to such a vessel, or 
anything similar. (See the compounds.) 

* bottle-ale, s.&a. 

A. As substantive: Bottled ale. 

“ Selling cheese and prunes, 

And retail’d bottle-ale ” 

Beaum. <£■ Piet.: Captain. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to bottled aie. 

“ The Myrmidons are no bottle-ale houses.’’— Shakesp.. 
Twelfth Night, ii. 3. 


&6II, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, 


$ell, chorus, $hin, benph; 
-sion = shiin; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del 





582 


bottom 


bottle-boot 


bottle-boot, s. A leathern case to hold a bottle 
while corking. 

bottle-brush, bottle brush, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: 

1. Gen.: A brush with which to clean bottles, or 
anything similar. 

2. Bot.: A plant , Equisetum arvense. ( Prior.) 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to such a brush. 
Bottle-brush Coralline, Bottle brush Coralline. 
ZoOl.: A coralline, Thuiaria Thuia. It has a 

waved stem, with the branches dichotomously di¬ 
vided, the cells adpressed or imbedded in the sides 
of the branches. It is upward of a foot high, 
bottle-brushing, a. & s. 

Bottle-brushing machine: A device for cleansing 
the interior of bottles. The brushes, fixed on a 
rotating shaft, are inserted into the bottles, and 
rotation imparted by means of the treadle. The 
operator may take a bottle in each hand, cleansing 
two at once. 

bottle-bump, s. The Bittern. ( Ogilvie.) 
bottle-case, s. & a. 

A. As subst.: A case for bottles. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to such a case. 

Bottle-case loom: A machine in which the wicker 

cover is placed upon demijohns and carboys. This 
is, however, done almost entirely by hand, and is 
the work of a basket-maker. 

bottle-charger, s. An apparatus for charging 
bottles with an aerated liquid under pressure, as, 
for instance, with water impregnated with car¬ 
bonic acid, and a graduated amount of syrup with 
flavoring, the various compounds thus treated 
being known as soda-water, pop, etc. 

bottle-companion, s. A companion over the 
bottle ; a companion who drinks with one. 

“Sam, who is a very good bottle-companion, has been 
the diversion of his friends.”— Addison. 

bottle-faucet, s. A faucet adapted to the uses of 
a bottle. Sometimes it has a threaded hollow stem 
to transfix the cork. 

bottle-filler, s. An apparatus for 
filling bottles. [Bottling-machine.] 
bottle-fish, s. 

Ichthyol.: A fish, Saccopharynx 
amoulaceus, like a leathern bottle, 
with a very long linear tail. The 
bottle-like portion of the animal can 
be inflated, 
tbottle-flower, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Centaurea cyanus. 

bottle-friend, s. A “ drinking 
friend,” whose attachment to one is 
manifested chiefly by drinking with 
him. 

bottle-glass, s. The glass of which 
bottles are made. It is composed of 
sand and alkali. 

bottle-gourd, s. 

Bot.: A gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris, 
called also the White Pumpkin. The Hindoos culti¬ 
vate it largely as an article of food. There are several 
varieties. One is the Sweet Bottle-gourd; another 
is used as a buoy in swimming across Indian rivers, 
transporting baggage, &c. 

bottle-green, s. A dark shade of green, the color 
of green glass, 
bottle-head, s. 

ZoSl.: A Cetacean, HyperoOdon bidens, called 
also the Bottle-nosed whale, or Bottlenose (q. v.). 

bottle-holder, s. 

1. Of persons: 

(1) Lit.: One who holds a bottle to refresh a 
pugilist, to whom he is second or supporter. 

(2) Fig.: Any one who seconds another in an 
enterprise. 

2. Of things: An adjustable tool for grasping the 
bottle by its base while finishing the top. 

bottle-imp, s. 

1. An imaginary imp inhabiting a bottle. 

"... the letter would poison my very existence, like 

the bottle-imp, until I would transfer it to some person 
truly qualified to receive it.”— De Quincey: Works (2d 
ed.), i. 106. 

2. An amusing toy used to illustrate the pressure 
of liquids, specific gravity, etc. It is a hollow 
figure, which may be made to dance up and down 
in a bottle of water by the operator pressing upon a 
diaphragm of skin or bladder with which the wide 
mouth of the receptacle is covered. So called 
because of the rapidity with which it obeys the 
slightest pressure on the cover. 

bottle-jack, s. 

1. Culinary apparatus: A roasting-jack of a 
bottle shape, suspended in front of a fire, and giv¬ 



Bottle- 

Faucet. 


ing a reciprocating rotation to the meat which de¬ 
pends therefrom. It is operated by clock-work 
mechanism. 

2. A form of lifting-jack, so called from its resem¬ 
bling a bottle in shape. 

bottle-maker, bottle maker, s. A maker of 
bottles. 

bottle-molding, s. 

Glass-making: The act or art of molding glass. 
The process is adopted with most kinds of mer¬ 
chantable bottles of staple kinds. The bulb of glass 
on the end of the blow-tube is partly expanded, and 
then placed between the parts of an iron mold 
which is open to receive it. The parts are closed 
and locked, and the bulb then expanded by the 
breath to completely fill the mold. 

bottle-nose, bottlenose, s. A Cetacean, the 
Bottle-nosed Whale {HyperoOdon bidens), very de¬ 
structive to food fishes, and of comparatively little 
economic value itself. It is the pet aversion of 
fishermen. 

bottle-nosed, a. Having a nose narrow at the 
base and protuberant toward the apex. 

“ Oh, mistress ! I have the bravest, gravest, secret, sub¬ 
tile, bottle-nosed knave to my master, that ever gentleman 
had.”— Marlowe: The Jew of Malta, iii. 3. 

Bottle-nosed Whale. [Bottle-nose.] 
bottle-pump, s. A device for withdrawing the 
fluid contents of a vessel without pouring. This is 
done by compressing an elastic bulb, which drives 
air into the bottle, expelling the liquid through the 
pipe and nozzle. 

bottle-rack, s. A rack for storing bottles. The 
rests are so arranged that by inserting the bottles 
alternately neck and butt, a greater number may be 
stored within a given space. The hinged frame is 
for the purpose of securing the bottles in place 
during transportation. 

bottle-screw, bottlescrew, s. A corkscrew. 

"A good butler always breaks off the point of his bottle- 
screw in two days, by trying which is hardest, the point 
of the screw or the neck of the bottle.”— Swift. 

bottle-stone, bottlestone, s. 

Min.: A variety of Obsidian (q. v.). (Brit. Mus. 
Cat.) 

bottle-stopper, s. A device for closing the 
mouths of bottles. It usually consists of a cork,with 
sometimes a means of holding it in place against 
the pressure of the bottle’s contents. In some 
cases a composition is substituted for the cork. 

Tbottle-swagger, s. Swagger produced by im¬ 
bibing the contents of the bottle. 

“When at his heart he felt the dagger, 

He reel’d his wonted bottle-swagger.” 

Burns: Tam Samson’s Elegy. 

bottle-tit, S. 

Ornith.: A name for a bird, Parus caudatus. 
[Bottle-Tom.] 
bottle-tom, bottle tom, s. 

Ornith.: One of the names for a bird, the Long¬ 
tailed Tit-mouse ( Parus caudatus.) [Bottle-tit.] 
bottle-washer, s. A device for cleansing the in¬ 
terior of bottles. One who washes bottles. 

If Chief cook and bottle-washer [colloquial]. One 
who assumes to be the most important personage 
in any gathering, enterprise or undertaking. 

*bOt'-tle (2), *bot'-el. s. [From O. Fr. botel: 
dimin. of botte=a bunch, a bundle; Wei. potel .] 
[Bottle (2), v.~\ A bundle of hay or straw. 

“ Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle of hay: 
good hay, sweet hay, hath no fellow.”— Shakesp.: Mids. 
Night’s Dream, iv.T. 

bot -tle (1), v. t. [From bottle (1), s.] To put 
into a bottle, to inclose or confine within a bottle. 

“When wine is to be bottled off, wash your bottles im¬ 
mediately before you begin, but be sure not to drain 
them.”— Swift. 

bot'-tle (2), v. t. [From bottle (2), s. In Fr. bot- 
teler— to bind hay ; Wei. potelu .] To make up straw 
in small parcels or “ windlins.” (Scotch.) 
hot -tied (1), pa. par. [Bottle (1),u.] 

“There, prison’d in a parlor snug and small, 

Like bottled wasps upon a southern wall.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

hot-tied (2). pa. par. [Bottle (2), u.] 
bottled-type, s. Type wider at the bottom than, 
at the top. 

bot-tllng (1), pr.par., a. & s. [Bottle (1), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& participial adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or operation of pouring 
into a bottle, or inclosing within a bottle. 

“ ... . and inspected, 

At annual bottlings, corks selected.” 

T. Warton: Progr. of Discontent. 
bottling-machine, s. A machine for filling bot¬ 
tles and corking them. 


bottling-pliers, s.pl. Pliers specifically adapted 
for fastening wires over the corks and necks of bot¬ 
tles and for cutting off the surplus, 
bot -tling (2 ),pr. par., a. & s. [Bottle (1), u.] 
*bot-tock, s. [Buttock.] 
bot-tom, *bot-t6me, *b6t’-ome, *bot-Im, 
*bot -ym, *bot'-em, *bot-un, *bot -um, *bo - 
them, *bo -thorn, *bo -thum, *bot-me (Eng.) y 
bot-tom, *bod -dum (Scotch), s. & a. [A. S ,botm= 
a bottom; I cel. & O. Icel. botn; Sw. botten; Dan- 
bund: O. Dan. bodn; O. S. bodom; Dut. bodem; (N- 
H.) Ger. boden; M. H. Ger. bodem; O. H. Ger. 
podum, podam; Gael. bonn= a sole, a foundation 
Ir. bonn= the sole of the foot; Wei. 6on=stem, base, 
stock; Fr. fond; Sp. & Ital. fondo; Port, fundo; 
Lat. fundus=the bottom of anything; Gr. pythmen 
=the bottom of a cup. of the sea, or of anything, 
the same as bythos=tao depth; Mahratta bdod= 
the bottom of anything. Skeat cites Vedic Sanscr. 
b itd/ma=depth.] [Fundament.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Gen.: The lowest part of anything. 

“ . . . at the bottom of the altar.”— Lev. v. 9, 

*] In this sense it is opposed to the top. 

“And the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the- 
top to the bottom.” — Mark xv. 38. 

2) Specially: 

a) The circular base of a cask, of a cup, saucer, 
or other vessel. 

“. . . barrels with the bottoms knocked out. . . 

— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

“But, said the guide, it will do if taken up and put into 
a vessel that is sweet and good; for then the dirt will sink, 
to the bottom, and the water by itself come out more 
clear.”— Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii. 

(b) The bed or channel of the ocean, a lake, a 
river, or the situation of the water immediately in 
contact with it. 

“ . . . now it is impossible on a moderately shallow 
bottom, which alone is favorable to most living creatures.” 
— Darwin: Voyage round the. World (ed. 1870), ch. xvi., 
p. 345. 

(c) The lowest part of a valley, a dale, a hollow, 
low ground. 

“ Broun muris kythit thare wissinyt mossy hew, 

Bank, bray and boddum blanschit wox and bare.” 

Doug.- Virgil, 201,7. 

“A narrow brook, by rushy banks conceal’d, 

Buns in a bottom, and divides the field.” 

Cowper: Needless Alarm. 

(d) The seat, the hips, the fundament. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of things material: 

(a) A ship, used by metonomy for the hull in- 
distinction from the masts. 

“My ventures are not in one bottom trusted; 

Nor to one place.” Shakesp.: Mer. of Ven., i. 1. 

“A bawbling vessel was he captain of. 

With which such scathful grapple did he make 
With the most noble bottom of our fleet.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, v. 1. 

(b) A ball of thread wound up together. 

“ This whole argument will be like bottoms of thread 
close wound up.”— Bacon. 

“Silkworms finish their bottoms in about fifteen days.”' 
— Mortimer. 

(2) Of things not material: 

(a) That on which anything rests. In the example 
the metaphor corresponds to— 

“ So deep, and yet so clear, we might behold 
The gravel bottom, and that bottom gold.” 

Dryden: Death of a very young Gentleman, 35, 36. 

(b) The foundation, the groundwork, the most 
important support. 

“ On this supposition my reasonings proceed, and can¬ 
not be affected by objections which are far from being 
built on the same bottom.” — Atterbury. 

(c) The deepest part. 

“I do see the bottom of Justice Shallow.”— Shakesp.: 
Hen. IV., Pt. II., iii. 2. 

“His proposals and arguments should with freedom be 
examined to the bottom.” — Locke. 

(d) The real support, the prime mover. 

“ He wrote many things which are not published in his 
name; and was at the bottom of many excellent counsels, 
in which he did not appear.”— Addison. 

(e) A bound or limit beneath or in any direc¬ 
tion. 

“But there’s no bottom, none, 

In my voluptuousness.” Shakesp.: Macb., iv. 3. 

(/) A hazard, chance, or adventure; in metaphor, 
that of embarkation on board a ship. [See (1) a.] 
“He began to say, that himself and the prince were too 
much to venture in one bottom." — Clarendon. 

“We are embarked with them on the same bottom., and 
must be partakers of their happiness or misery.”— Spec¬ 
tator. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




bottom-bed 

(3) Of a horse: Power of endurance. 

3. In special phrases: 

(1) At bottom: 

(a) Lit.: At the bottom of any material thing. 

“A drawer it chanced at bottom lined.” 

Cowper: The Retired Cat. 

(b) Fig.: Fundamentally, on looking how a super¬ 
structure of character, argument, &c., is based. 

. “ Over this argument from experience, which at bottom 
is his argument.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d. ed., iii. 54. 

(2) Bottom of a lane: The lowest end of a lane. 

C Johnson .) 

(3) Bottom of beer: The grounds or dregs of beer. 
(Johnson.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Fort.: A circular disc with holes to hold the 
tods in the formation of a gabion. 

2. Shipwrighting: The planks forming the floor of 
a ship’s hold. 

3. Ordnance: One of the plates upon which grape 
or canister is built up into a cylinder suitable for 
loading into the gun. Cast-iron tops and bottoms 
for grape ; wrought-iron for canister. 

4. Mining (pi. bottoms): The deepest workings. 

5. Metallurgy (pi. bottoms): Heavy and impure 
metallic products of refining, found at the bottom 
of the furnace in some of the stages of the copper- 
smelting processes. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the lowest part of 
anything in a literal or figurative sense. > 

bottom-bed, s. 

_ Geol.: The lowest stratum of the base of a forma¬ 
tion ; often used in the plural for a series of basal 
strata. 

bottom-discharge, s. & a. 

Bottom-discharge water-wheel: A turbine from 
which the water is discharged at the bottom instead 
of at the sides. 

bottom-fringe, s. A fringe at the bottom of a 
curtain, a cloud, or anything. (Lit. dt fig.) 

“. . . as roof, the azure Dome, and around me, for 
walls, four azure-flowing curtains—namely, of the Four 
azure Winds, on whose bottom-fringes also I have seen 
gilding.”— Carlyle • Sartor Resartus, bk. ii. f ch. ix. 

bottom-glade, s. A glade in the lower part of a 
valley, a dale. 

“ Tending my flocks hard by i’ the hilly crofts. 

That brow this bottom-glade . . 

Milton: Comics. 

bottom-grass, s. The luxuriant grass growing 
in a bottom or glade. 

“ Sweet bottom-grass and high delightful plain.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 236. 

bottom-heat, s. Artificial temperature beneath 
the surface of the soil in a forcing-house. 

bottom-land, s. Alluvial land of which a bottom 
is composed. 

bottom-lift, s. 

Mining: The deepest lift of a mining-pump, or 
the lowest pump, 
bottom-plate, s. 

Printing: A plate of iron belonging to a printing 
press, on which the reciprocating bed is fixed. 

bottom-rail, s. 

Arch.: The lowest horizontal rail of a frame 
door. 

bottom-rock, s. Geol.: A bed or stratum of 
rock which underlies the geological formation of a 
particular locality. 

bottom-tool, s. 

Wood-turning: A turning-tool having a bent-over 
end, for cutting out the bottoms of cylindrical 
hollow work. 

fbot'-tom, v. t. & i. [From bottom , s. (q. v.) In 
Dut. bodemen= to put a bottom to a cask.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To base, to build up. Accompanied by on. 
(Lit. <& fig.) 

“Pride has a very strong foundation in the mind; it is 
bottomed upon self-love.”— Collier. 

“The grounds upon which we bottom our reasoning are 
but a part; something is left out which should go into the 
reckoning.”— Locke. 

“Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle.”— 
Atterbury. 

2. To put a bottom upon a cask, into a chair, &c. 

*3. To twist upon a “ bottom ” or ball. (Lit. 

&fig-) 

“Therefore, as you unwind her love from him, 

Lest it should ravel and be good to none, 

You must provide to bottom it on me.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Verona, iii. 2. 

B. Intrans.: To have as a bottom or basis; to 
rest upon as its ultimate support. 

“Find out upon what foundation any proposition 
advanced bottoms: and observe the intermediate ideas by 
which it is joined to that foundation upon which it is 
erected.”— Locke. 


583 

IT Machinery: Cogs are said to bottom when their 
tops impinge upon the periphery of the co-acting 
wheel. A piston which strikes or touches the end of 
its cylinder is said to bottom. 
bot'-tomed, pa. par. & a. [Bottom.] 

A. As past participle: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective: Having a bottom of 
a particular character; as, a flat-bottomed boat, a 
cane-bottomed chair. 

“ There being prepared a number of flat-bottomed boats, 
to transport the land forces under the wing and protection 
of the great navy.”— Bacon. 

bot'-tom-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bottom, v. 
(q- v.)] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial ad¬ 
jective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive : 

1. Civil engineering : 

(11 The foundation of a road-bed. 

(2) The act of laying a foundation for a road. 

2. Railroad engineering: Ballasting beneath and 
around ties. 

bottoming-hole, s. 

Glass-making: The open mouth of a furnace at 
which a globe of crown glass is exposed during the 
progress of its manufacture, in order to soften it 
and allow it to assume an oblate form. 

bot’-tom-less, a. [Eng. bottom, and suff. -less. 
In Sw. bottenlbss; Dan. bundlos; Dut. bodemloos; 
Ger. bodenlbs. ] 

Strictly: Without bottom; or, more loosely, 
fathomless in depth, though really having a bottom. 
Used — 

(1) Less fig.: Of places or things conceived of as 
without bottom, or as fathomless. 

“ . . . the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless 
pit . . .”— Rev. xi. 7. 

“ Wickedness may well be compared to a bottomless pit, 
into which it is easier to keep one’s self from falling, 
than, being fallen, to give one’s self any stay from falling 
infinitel y.”— Sidney. 

“. . . but all, were it only a withered leaf, works 
together with all ; is borne forward on the bottomless, 
shoreless flood of Action, and lives through perpetual meta¬ 
morphoses.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. ii. 

_ (2) More fig.: Of anything infinite in degree, in 
time, or both, even though not closely resembling a 
pit, a vessel, or an ocean. 

“ Him the Almighty Power 
Hurl’d headlong flaming from th’ ethereal sky 
To bottomless perdition.” Milton: P. L., bk. 1. 

bot’-tom-ry, *bot’-tom-ree, s. & a. [From Eng. 
bottom, and suff. -ry. In Sw. bodmeri; Dan. bod- 
merie; Dut. bodemery; Ger. bodmerei .] 

A. -4s substantive. Comm. & Naut. Law: A con¬ 
tract by which the owner of a vessel borrows money 
on the security of the bottom or keel, by which, a 
part being put for the whole, is meant the ship 
itself. [Bottom, s.. A., 2 (a).] If the ship be lost 
the lender loses all his money. If, on the contrary, 
it returns in safety, he receives back the principal, 
with interest at any rate which may be agreed upon 
between the parties, and this was allowed to be the 
case even when the usury laws were in force. Bot¬ 
tomry is sometimes corrupted into bummaree. (See 
the compounds.) 

“A capitalist might lend on bottomry or on personal 
security; but, if he did so, he ran a great risk of losing 
interest and principal.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

B. As adjective: Relating to such a contract. 

bottomry-bond, bottomry bond, s. The bond 
described under Bottomby, A. 

bottomry contract, s. The same as Bottomey- 
bond (q. v.). 

*b6t'-toned, *bot'-oned, a. [Old form of but¬ 
toned. See also Bottonv.] 

Her.: Having bottonies, buttons, round buds, or 
knots, generally in threes. Essentially the same as 
trefiled, i. e., trefoiled. 

bot'-ton-y, *bot'-6n-e, *bot’-ton-e, s. [From O. 
F. botond (Mod. Fr. boutonnC) = 
furnished with buttons or buds; 

O. Fr. boton = button, a bud; 

Mod. Fr. bouton .] [Button.] 

Her.: A bud-like projection, 
of which in general three are to¬ 
gether. They may be seen in the 
cross bottony, which is a cross 
each of the four extremities of 
which terminates in three bud- Cross Bottony. 
like prominences. They present 
a certain remote resemblance to the leaf of a tre¬ 
foil plant, 
botts, s. [Bot, s.] 

bot'-ul-l-form, a. [ From Lat. botulus = a 
sausage, and forma— form, shape.] Sausage-shaped. 
(Henslow.) 


boudoir 

♦bot'-fim, *bot'-une (T), s. [Bottom.] (Prompt. 

Parv.) 

*bot-un, s. [Button.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bo'-tun, v. t. [Boot, v.; Bote, v.] (Prompt. 

Parv.) 

*bot -ure (1), s. [Buttee.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bot-ure (2), s. [Botauhus.] A bittern. (Morte 
Arthure, 189.) 

*bot’-ur-flye, s. [Butteefly.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bot-wrythe, *bot e-wright, s. [From O. Eng. 
5of=boat, and vj>ri/t/4e=wright.] A shipbuilder, a 
shipmaster. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bot-wyn, s. [Button.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bot- ym, s. [Bottom.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bot-yn, v. t. [Boot, v. ; Bote, p.] (Prompt. Parv.} 
*bot-ynge, s. [Booting.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bot-yr, s. [Buttee.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
bough, *bouche, *bouge, *bowge, *budge, 
[Fr. 6owc7ie=mouth, . . . aperture.] 

1. Ord. Lang. <& Law. (Of all the forms given): 
An allowance of food or drink, specially of the 
kind described in the phrase which follows. 

“ . . . that brought bouge for a country lady or two, 
that fainted, he said, with fasting.”— B. Jonson: Masque 
of Love Rest., vol. v., p. 404. 

IT In the ordinances made at Eltham, in the 17th 
of Henry VIII., under the title Bouche of Court, the 
queen’s maids of honor were to have “ for theire 
bouch in the morning, one chet lofe,_ one manchet, 
two gallons of ale, dim’ pitcher of wine.” P. 164. 

Bouch, Bouche of Court. fBouche in Court: An 
allowance of meat or drink to a servant or attend¬ 
ant in a palace. (Minsheu <& Kersey .) A certain 
allowance of provision from the king to his knights 
and servants who attended him on a military ex¬ 
pedition. ( Wharton.) 

“They had bouch of court (to wit, meat and drink), and 
great wages of sixpence by the day.”— Stowe: Survey of 
London, bl. 1., 4to, sign. 0. c., 2. 

“. . . with a good allowance of dyet, a bouche in 
court as we used to call it.”— Puttenham: Art of English 
Poesie, bk. i., ch. xxvil. (Nares.) 

2. Tech. (Of the form bouche only): 

Ordnance: A cylinder of copper in which the vent 

of a piece of ordnance is drilled. It has an exterior 
screw-thread cut on it, so that it may be removed 
when the vent becomes worn, and a new bouche sub¬ 
stituted, 

bou-chet (f silent), s. [Fr. bouchet.] 

Hort.: A kind of pear. 

*b6u'-Qbing, s. [Bushing.] 

Mech.: The gun-metal bushing of a block-sheave 
around the pin-hole. 

*b 0 ucht (1), *bOUght, v. t. [Icel. buhta; Ger. 
bilcken=to bend, to bow, to stoop.] To fold down. 
(Jamieson.) 

boucht (2), v. t. [From boucht—a fold.] To 
inclose in a fold. 

*boucht (1),’"bought (1), subs. & adj. [Bight.] 

(Scotch.) 

boucht-knot, s. A running knot; one that can 
easily be loosed, in consequence of the cord being 
doubled. 

boucht (2), bought (2), s. [Bught.] A sheep- 
fold. (Scotch.) 

*bOUCht’-Ihg (ch guttural), pr. par. [Boucht.] 
bouchting-blanket, s. A small blanket, spread 
across a feather-bed, the ends being pushed in 
under the bed at both sides. 

bouchting-time, boughting-time, s. That 
time in the evening when the ewes are milked. 

“ O were I but a shepherd swain ! 

To feed my flock beside thee, 

At boughting time to leave the plain, 

In milking to abide thee.” 

Katherine Ogie: Herd’s Coll., i. 246. 
bouck, v. t. [Buck.] 
bouck’-Ing, s. [Bucking.] 

♦boud, pret. ofv. [Boot.] Were fated. 

“ To save thir souls, for they boud die.” 

Border Minstrelsy, iii. 140. ( Jamieson .) 

*bOud, *bowde, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A 
weevil breeding in malt. 

“ Bowde, malte-worme (boude of malte . . .) Gurgu- 
lio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

boudoir (pron.bood'-war), s. & a. [Fr. boudoir t 
from bouder =to manifest chagrin to.] 

A. As substan.: An elegant cabinet connected 
with the apartments of a lady to which she may 
retire when she wishes to be alone. 

B. As adjective: Fitted for a boudoir; such as are 
seen in ladies’ boudoirs. 

“. . . in her graceful treatment of little boudoir 
subjects, . . .”—London Times, Oct. 30, 1875. 



boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, glim, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f 
-cian, -tian = shan. -ticn, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 




bouel 


584 


boulevard 


*bOU-el, *bou-ell, *bou-elle, s. & v. [Bowel.] 
*bOUf. s. [Beef.] {William of Palerne,!, 849.) 


bou-gle, s. [From Fr. bougie= 3. wax candle, a 
bougie; Prov. bogia; Sp., Port., & Itai bugia— a 
wax candle; so called from Bougie, „ town of 


Bot.: A genus of Nyctaginaceee ( Nyctagos). 
'They are natives of the tropics and sub-tropics of 
'(both hemispheres, although they have been trans¬ 
planted to hothouse and gardens in the milder 
temperate climates. 


„ _, _, _ , .. ender 

cylinder, designed to be introduced into the urethra, 


nected with Sw. bullra=to make aloud noise, to 
thunder; Dan. buldre=to racket, rattle, make a 
noise, to chide, to bully; Dut. bulderen=to bluster, 
rage, or roar. From Sw. butter— noise ; Dan. bulder 
=noise, tumbling noise, bustle, brawl. So called 
from the noise which boulders make when rolled 


rectum, or esophagus, in order to open or dilate it over a rocky or pebbly beach by a stormy sea or a 
in cases of stricture or other diseases. It is formed river in flood.] 


either solid or hollow, and is sometimes medicated. 
It was. originally made of slips of waved linen, 
coiled into a cylindrical or slightly conical form by 


bou-gar§, s. pi. [From A. S. bugan, be6gan= to rolling them on a hard, smooth surface. Bougies 
bend. Or from Lincolnshire dialect bulkar=a for surgical purposes are said to have been invented 
beam.] [Balk.] Cross spars, forming part of the by Aldereto, a Portuguese physician. They were 
roof of a cottage, used instead of laths, on which first described in 1554 by Amatus, one of his pupils, 
wattling or twigs are placed, and above these sods, The slenderer forms of bougies are adapted for 


and then the straw or thatch. 

“ With bougars of barnis thay beft blew cappis, 

Quhill thay of bernis made briggis.” 

Chi', Kirk, st. 14. 

bouge, bowge, v. i. [Bulge.] To swell out. 

“Their ship bougecl . . .”— Hackluyt. 

bouge (1), *bowge, s. [Compare Fr. bouge=a 
middle of a barrel or cask.] 

Naut.: A rope fastened to the middle of a sail to 
make it stand closer to the wind. 

bouge (2), s. [Budge.] ( B. Jonson: Masques of 
Court.) 

*bouge (3), *bowge, s. [0. Fr. boge, bouge; Lat. 
bulga.] [Bulge.] A swelling, a heap. 

“ Bowge. Bulga.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*bou -ger-on, s. [Fr. bougiron.] A sodomite. 

“If ther be castel or citee 
Wherynne that ony bougerons be.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

bou -get, s. [From Fr. bougette=& budget, a 
small bag; dimin. of bouge— a budget, a bag.] 

[Budget.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A budget. 

“With that out of his bouget forth he drew 

Great store of treasure, therewith him to tempt.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. x. 29. 

II. Her.: The representation of a vessel for car¬ 
rying water. 

bough {gh silent), *bughe, *boe, *bowe, *bouh, 

*boghe, *bogh, *bog, s. [A. S. bog= an arm, a 
-shoot; boh~ an arm, a back, a shoulder, a branch, 

-a bough; C. Icel. bogr— the shoulder of an animal, 

. . .; Sw. bo 3 =the shoulder; O. H. Ger. puac= the 
shoulder. Skeat points out its affinity to Gr. 
,pechys=the forearm, and Sansc. bdhus— the arm.] 

A large arm or branch of a tree. 

1. Literally: 

“ Every soldier was to put a green bough in his hat.”— 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Figuratively: 

“A11 the fowls of heaven made their nests in his boughs, 
and under his branches did all the beasts of the field 
•bring forth their young.” — Ezek. xxxi. 6. 

*boughen, v. i. & t. [Bow, r.] 

bought, *boughte (pron. bat), pret. & pa. par. 
of buy (q. v.). [In Dut. bocht.] 

“ Like Dian’s kiss, unasked, unsought, 

Love gives itself, but is not bought.” 

Longfellow: Endymion. 

IT Bought and sold note. 

Among brokers: A note rendered to a party with 
whom the broker has made a financial transaction, the verb.) 
.giving particulars of the purchase or sale, as ~ 
entered in his books. 

bought (1), a. [Boucht.] 


the urethra, the larger for the rectum, vagina, and 
esophagus. 

IF An armed bougie is one with a piece of caustic 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: A large, roundish, smooth stone, 
bearing marks of abrasion and transport. 

II. Geol.: A large, rounded block of stone, which, 
whether lying loose on the surface of the ground or 
imbedded in the soil, is of different composition 
from the rocks adjacent to which it now rests, and 
must, therefore, have been transported from a 
lesser or greater distance. From the last-mentioned 
facts, boulders are often called erratic-blocks or, 


,, - — one vv x uu. lv vi vuuemo WVUJ.UU10 OlO UlbCU L-ailCU Of / UlL VLJC tvtf Ulf 

faxed at its extremity. When an instrument such simply, erratics. [Boulder-formation, Boulder- 
as is described supra is made of metal and is inflex- period.] 
ible it is called a catheter or sound (q. v.)—the 
former if hollow and the latter if solid. 


♦bou’-goun, s. [Etym. unknown.] Some kind of 
musical instrument. 

“ Symbalez and sonetez . . . and bougounz.” 

Allit. Poems.- Cleanness, 1,416. 
bo u-Il-li, s. [From Fr. bouillir=to boil.l Meat 
stewed with vegetables. {Mesle.) 

bo U-Il-lon, s. [Fr., from bouillir= to boil.] 


B. As adjective: Marked by the presence of boul¬ 
ders ; acting as boulders do. 

boulder-clay, s. A clay stratified or unstrati¬ 
fied, belonging to the boulder formation (q. v.). 

boulder-formation, boulder formation, s. 

Geol.: A formation consisting of mud, sand, and 
clay, more frequently unstratified than the reverse, 
generally studded with fragments of rocks, some of 
them angular, others rounded, with boulders scat- 


.!• Ord. Lang.: Broth, soup, which contains no tered here and there through the mass. As much 
visible ingredients save the clear liquid. of the material has been transported from a greater 

2 . Farriery: A fleshy excrescence on a horse’s or less distance, it is sometimes called drift. The old 

name diluvium, being founded on now-abandoned 
hypotheses, has become obsolete. [Diluvium.] 
The formation exists only from the poles to about 
40° of latitude, unless where the Alps or other high 
mountains in warmer climes have originated boul¬ 
der formation of their own. The nearer the poles 
one travels the larger are the erratic boulders. The 
rocks on which they rest are furrowed and scored 
with lines, as if ice with stones projecting from its 
surface had heavily driven over them. [Glacia- 


foot. {Buchanan.) 

*bouk (1) (0.Fnc/.), bouk, bulk (Scotch), s. [Icel. 
bukr= the body; from bulka— to swell.] [Bouke, s. ; 
Bulk, v. & s.. Bilge, Billow 7 , Bulge.] 

1. The body. 

“The clothred blood for any leche-craft 
Corrumpeth, and is in his bouk i-laft.” 

Chaucer: C. T.; The Knights Tale, 1887-8. 

2. Bulk. {O.Eng.) {Chaucer.) 


bouk (2), s. [Buck (2), s.] A lye for cleansing or tion.] Fossils, where* thoy exist,"indicate a" very 
whitening foul linen. cold climate. [Boulder-period.] 

bouk ( 1 ), v. i.^[BuLK, v.] boulder-head, s. 

bouk [2), *bou-ken, v. t. [From bouk (2), s. Hydraulic Engineering: A work of wooden 
fq. v.)l .to dip or steep foul lmen in a lye ; as, “ to stakes to resist the encroachment of the sea. 
bouk claise. (0. Eng. & Scotch.) r> . ... , 

„ . . f. . , 1 , boulder-paving, s. Paving with round, water- 

th ® lr , n ! cks , and blanching worn boulders, set on a graded bottom of gravel, 

poultices ; or had them boukit an graithed—as house- , & 

wives are wont to treat their webs in bleaching.”— Glen- bOUlder-period, boulder period, S. 

fergus^iii. 84. {Jamieson.) Geol.: The period specially characterized by the 

*bouke, s. LA. S. buc =a solitary and secret place, scattering over all the colder parts of the world of 
the belly (Somner) ; Sw. buk; Dan. bug; Dut. bulk- erratic blocks or boulders, many of them t.rans- 


the belly.] [Bouk (1), s.] A solitude' 

“ Under the bowes thei bode, thes barnes so bolde, 

To byker at thes baraynes, in boukes so bare.” 

Sir Oawan and Sir Gal., i, 4 . 

bouk -ing, *bouck -lug, pr.par., a. & s. [Bouk 
( 2),u. Boucking.] 

As substantive: A placing in lye. 

bouking-washing, s. Bucking; a washing in 
lye. [Boukit-washing.] 

“. . . and she and I will hae' a grand bouking-wash- 
.”— Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xvii. 


tng, 

bou'-klt, bow -kit, pa. par. & a. 

(Scotch.) 

A. As past participle: Bulked out; swollen 


[Bulked.] 
(See 
[Lit- 


*bOUght (2) (gh silent), s. [In Dut, bogt; Sw., 
Dan. & L. Ger. bugt= a bend, a turning, a coil.] 
[Bight.] 

1. A twist, a link, a knot. 

“Immortal verse, 

Such as the melting soul may pierce, 

In notes, with many a winding bought 
Of linked sweetness, long drawn out.” 

Milton: V Allegro. 

2. A flexure. 


ported by ice. It comprehended specially the 
Pleistocene period, but extended into the Post¬ 
pleistocene. It is now generally called the Glacial 
Period (q. v.). 

“ . . . in the southern hemisphere the Macrauchenia, 
also, lived long subsequently to the ice-transporting 
boulder-period."—Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed 
1870), ch. viii., p. 174. 

boulder-wall, s. 

Masonry: A wall made of boulders or flints set in 
mortar. 

boul-der-mg, a. [Scotch and Eng. boulder; 
-tng.] A term used only in the subjoined com¬ 
pound. 

bouldering-stone, s. 

Metal-working: A smooth flint stone, used by 
cutlers to smooth down the faces of glaze polishers 
and emery-wheels. 

*boule, s. [Bowl.] 

*bou-le'-na, s. or interj. [Bowline.] 
cheer, signifying “ Hale up the bowlines.’ 
to Complaynt of Scotland .) ( Jamieson .) 

j T ane of the marynalis began to hail and to cry, 
and ai the marynalis ansuert of that samyn sound—Bou- 
lena, boulena. ’—Compl. of Scotland, p. 62. {Jamieson.) 


A sea 
(Gloss. 


B. As participial adjective: Bulky, large 
tle-boukit, Muckle-boukit.] 

“In hir bowkit bysyme, that hellis belth 
The large fludis suppis thris in ane swelth.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 82, 15. 

*bouk’-sum, a. [Buxom.] 

*bouk'-y, a. [Bulky.] 

boul, bdol, bfile, s. [Bool ( 2 ).] Anything hoop¬ 
shaped. 

To come to the hand like the boul of a pint stoup • 

_ JBgg "-] 

"Th. II.,.,. „f th. Joint. 1 . not ,h, .... in ... P h.„„ °‘ *“ the hand ot a tippler, (fftea. to Complaynt of SeS.f M?re p'robati, 
as in other quadrupeds, but nearer unto those of a man : bOU-lan ger lte, s. [in Ger. boulangerit, from bowdme, ?. e., the rope fastened to the middle 

the bought of the fore-legs not directly backward.”— Boulanger, a French mineralogist.] part of the outside of a sail. 

Browne: Vulgar Errors. Min.: A mineral (3PbS.SboS;i) existing in nln- “Thun the J -a TT 

3. Tlie part of a sling which contains the stone. mos . e crystalline masses, as also granular and com- sail bouiene.»-Co mp L ofsLlald^ 7 62 ° Ut maD6 

. ^ ^ , pact. Its hardness is 2*5-3, its sp. gr. 5*75-6; its F 

bought, boucht (gh, ch guttural), v. t. [From luster metallic; its color bluish lead-gray. Com- j 1 ! sueat), fbou'-lette, s. [From Fr. 

bought, s. (q. v.)] To inclose in a fold. (Used of pos.: Sulphur, 18 - 2; antimony, 23’1; lead, 58 , 7=100 cowiet— ( 1 ) a bullet, . . . (2) . . . , ( 3 ) se e 

swes for milking.) Found in France, Germany, Bohemia and Tuscany' de £ ] , ’ ’ 

“ At milking beasts, and steering of the ream, Embrithite and Plumbostib are considered by Dana uTV# 1 ® fe J tl 9 cl F or Pastern-joint of a horse 

And bouchting in the ewes, when they came hame.” as identical with Boulangente. tio D6nt torwarcl > bein g out of its natural posi- 

R°ss: Helen ore, p. 31. boul'-den, pa. par. [Bolden (2).] Swelled, in- ^ 

bought'-Ing, pr.par. & a. [Bought.] flated. Hofi i e n r ^p d V s ‘ ; ^ Fr- boulevar d, boulevart =( see 

boughting-time, s. [Bouchting-time, s.j t tl W" d 8 +l b6 « ^dgwood derives baludrte; Itll 

*bnno-b-tw rTn , this from the Sw. dialectic word bullersten=the wyrkI arao, Ger. bollwerk.] [Bul- 

KiJ >aW ^ rom bought larger kind of pebbles, as opposed to klappersten= 1 Orininallv ■ TIia l, nT ;, A f i f „ 

R. My.)] Bending. _ _ the on,,. With this Ste.t J2L. Cop- 

*a„e, fiat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there* pine ifft ^ 7 ^ ^-i-— 

or, wore, wp If, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, ' unite,' cur, rfile, fil!; ^ g6 ’ ? 6t ’ 

. oynan. to, oe - e; ey = a. qu = kw. 








bound 


boulimy 


585 


2. Noiv: A promenade planted -with trees sur¬ 
rounding a town; or, by an extension of the signi¬ 
fication, a fine broad street planted with trees 
running through the middle of a town usually 
smoothly paved or graded and intended as a drive 
for pleasure vehicles only. 

*bou’-l!m-f , s. [Bulimv.] 

*boult, *boulte, v. t. [Bolt (1), v.] 

*bo ult-gd, pa.par. & a. [Bolted (1).] 


“He has been bred i’ the wars 
Since he could draw a sword, and is ill school'd 
In boulted language; meal and bran together 
He throws without distinction, ...” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., iii. L 

*boul-tel, s. [Boutell.] 

*boul-tell, a. [Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from 
O. Fr. boulletie=a combat, a joust. (Jamieson.)] 
Used in tournaments (?). 
boutell raines, s. pi. Bridle-reins of some kind. 

“ Boultell raines, the peece, is.”— Rates, A. 1611. 
bo ul-tln, *b0'ul-tme, s. [Perhaps a corrup¬ 
tion of boulting, s., from boult— to shoot forth; Fr. 
bouter .] [Bowtell.] 

Arch.: 

1. A convex molding, 
whose periphery is a quar¬ 
ter of a circle, next above 
the plinth in the Doric and 
Tuscan orders. 

2. The shaft of a clust¬ 
ered column or pillar. 

[Boultel.] 

♦bo ult ing, pr.par. & a. 

[Bolting (1).] 

♦boulting-hutch, s. [Bolting-hutch.] 

♦boun, *boune, *bown, *bowne (Eng.), *boun, 
♦boune, *bown, *bowne, *bone (Scotch), a. [From 
Icel. 6 tttnn=prepared, ready, pa. par. of bfia = to 
prepare.] 

1. Prepared, ready. 

"... aboute sexti thousand, 

Alle boun to batayle, . . .” 

William of Palerne, 1,087-8. 



Boultin. 


“The squire—to find her shortly maks him bown.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 93. 


(2) Of a person knocking at a door. 

“Just as I was putting out, my light, another bounces as 
hard as he can knock.”— Swift. 

(3) Of the throbbing of the heart. 

“ The fright awakened Arcite with a start, 

Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart.” 

Dryden: The Fables; Palamon and Arcite, bk. i. 

2. To spring suddenly forth, even when there is no 
collision with anything. 

“ Nay, master, said no' I as much when I saw the por- 
pus how he bounced and tumbled f ”— Shakesp.; Pericles, 

li. 1. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To be strong, bold, or, if the female sex, over- 
masculine. (Used only in the pr. par.) [Bouncing.] 

2. To boast. (Colloquial.) 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

(2) Specially: 

f (a) To threaten, to bully. 

(b) To utter falsehood, as boasters are continually 
tempted to do when sounding their own praises. 

bounce, s. [Dan. bums=a. bounce; Dut. bons=a 
bounce, a thump (indicated from the sound).] 
[Bounce, v.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A sudden and heavy blow or thump; a knock 
at a door. 

“ When blustering Boreas tosseth up the deep, 

And thumps a louder bounce, . . .” 

Ford: The Lover’s Melancholy, i. 1. 

“ I heard two or three irregular bounces on my land¬ 
lady’s door, and on the opening of it . . .”— Addison. 

(2) A sudden crack, the noise of an explosion. 

“ Two hazel nuts I threw into the flame, 

And to each nut I gave a sweetheart’s name ; 

This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz’d 

That in a flame of brightest color blaz’d.” Gay. 

(3) A sudden spring. (Generally followed by out.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A threat. (Eng. Colloquial.) 

(2) A lie suddenly, boldly flung forth. (Eng. Col¬ 
loquial.) 

II. Technically: The large spotted Dog-fish, Scyl- 
lium Catulus. 


Reddy boun: A tautology; for boun=ready. 

“ Go warn his folk, and haist thaim off tie toun. 

To kepe him self I sail be reddy boun.” 

Wallace, vii. 258. MS. 

2. Prompt, obedient. (Morris.) 

3. Finished. 

“With gentyl gemmez an-vnder pyght, 

With bantelez twelue on basyng boun.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris), Pearl, 991-2. 

Bound, in the expression “ bound for a place,” 
Is a corruption of O. Eng. boun. [Bound.] 

♦boun, *boune, *bou-nen, *bounne, bowne, v.i. 
&t. [From boun, a. (q. v.)] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To prepare, make ready. 

2. To hasten. 

“Now bownes the bolde kyngewith his besteknyghtes.” 

Morte Arthure, 3,591. 

3. To depart, to go. 

“ And then the kynge kenely commandyde hys knyghtez 
ftor to bvde with their blonkez and bowne no forthyre.” 

Morte Arthure, 935-6. 

B. Transitive: 

1 . To prepare, make ready. 

“ To boune mo bernes.” 

Joseph of Arimathie, 472. 

2. (Reflexively): To prepare one’s self. 

“ To bataile he bounnez hym . . .” 

Morte Arthure, 783. 

bounge, *bounghe, *bounse, *boun-sen, *bun- 

sen v. t. & i. [Dut. bonzen— to bounce, to dismiss; 
L der. bunsen^ to knock or to fall with a hollow 
noise; H. Ger. bumsen (same meaning); burns, 
interj.=bounce. Imitated from the sound of a 
knock, blow, or fall.] [Bounce, s. Bump.] 

f A. Trans.: 

1 . To drive suddenly and forcibly against any¬ 
thing ; to beat violently. 

“ And wilfully him throwing on the gras 
Did beat and bounse his head and brest ful sore.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xi. 27. 

2. To forcibly eject one from a room or other 
place; to abruptly discharge one from employment. 
[T 7 . S. Colloq.) 

To get the grand bounce: To be peremptorily dis¬ 
missed from office or employment. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To knock against anything so as to make a 
sudden noise. Used — 

( 1 ) Of one beating himself or another. 


boung’-er, s. [Eng. boune(e);-er.] A boaster; 
one who, speaking of his exploits, so exaggerates as 
to be chargeable with lying. (Johnson.) 

If In this country an unprovoked lie is, by chil¬ 
dren, characterized as a bouncer, which word among 
them carries the idea of the most extreme moral 
turpitude. 

boung'-Ihg, pr. par. & a. [Bounce, v.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

“ Their wealth the wild deer bouncing thro’ the glade.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 17. 

B. As adjective: Healthy,strong, robust; if of the 
feminine sex, then over-masculine in aspect or 
manner. 

“ Forsooth, the bouncing Amazon.” 

Shakesp.: Mid. Night’s Dream, ii. 1. 

Bouncing Bet: A plant, the common Soapwort 
(Saponaria officinalis). 

♦bou'n-glng-ly, adv. [Eng. bouncing; -ly.] With 
vain boasting, so as to make an unfounded asser¬ 
tion. 

“Pighius said, bouncingly, the judgment of the apos¬ 
tolical see, with a council of domestic priests, is far more 
certain than the judgment of an universal council of the 
whole earth sans pope.”— Barrow: On the Pope’s Suprem¬ 
acy. 

bound (1), *bounde, s. [In Mod. Fr. borne- a 
limit. From Norm. Fr. bunde, boune, bonne—a 
bound, a limit; O. Fr. bonde, bonne , bodne; Low 
Lat. bodina, bodena, bonna; Arm. boun—a bound¬ 
ary, a limit; boden, bod= a tuft, a cluster of trees 
which may be used to mark a boundary. Cf. also 
Wei. bonn— stem, base, stock ; Gael. bonn= a sole, a 
foundation, bottom, base.] A boundary, a limit, 
a confine, Used —- 

1. Lit.: Of material limits : 

(a) Set up or conventionally arranged by man. 

“ The princes of Judah were like them that remove the 
bound.” — Hos. v. 10. 

“Assyria, and her empire’s ancient bounds.” 

Milton: P. R., bk. ill. 

(b) Prescribed by God in nature. 

“He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the 
day and night come to an end.”— Job xxvi. 10. 

“ On earth’s remotest bounds how welcome here!” 

Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, pt. l. 21. 

2. Fig.: Of limits not formed by any material 
thing: 

“And hast thou cross’d that unknown river 
Life’s dreary boundt” 

Burns: Elegy on Captain M. H^.Merson. 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, ?ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, »tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion. -§ion - zhun. -tious, -cious, 


*| Crabb thus distinguishes between bounds and 
boundary: “ Bounds is employed to designate the- 
whole space including the outer line that confines', 
boundary comprehends only this outer line. Bounds 
are made for a local purpose; boundary for a polit¬ 
ical purpose. The master of a school prescribes the 
bounds beyond which the scholar is not to go ; the 
parishes throughout England have their boundaries 
which are distinguished by marks; fields have like¬ 
wise their boundaries, which are commonly marked 
out by a hedge or a ditch. Bounds are temporary 
and changeable ; boundaries permanent and fixed: 
whoever has the authority of prescribing bounds for 
others, may in like manner contractor extend them 
at pleasure; the boundaries of places are seldom 
altered, except in consequence of great political 
changes. In the figurative sense bound or bounds is 
even more frequently used than boundary: we speak 
of setting bounds or keeping within bounds. But, to 
illustrate a boundary: It is necessary occasionally 
to set bounds to the inordinate appetites of the best 
disposed children, who cannot be expected to know 
the exact boundary for indulgence.” (Crabb: Eng. 
Syn.) 

bound ( 2 ), s. [From Bound (2), v. (q. v.)] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A leap, a spring, a jump. 

“ Al), all our own shall the forests be, 

As to the bound of the roebuck free.” 

Hemans: Song of Emigration. 

2. A rebound; the leap of something flying back 
by the force of the blow. 

“ These inward disgusts are but the first bound of this- 
ball of contention.”— Decay of Piety. 

II. Technically: 

1 . Dancing: A spring from one foot to the other. 

2. Mil.: The path of a shot comprised between 
two grazes. [Ricochet-fieing.] 

bound (1), *bdwnd, v. t. [From bound (1), s. 
(q. v.) 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To limit, to terminate. Used of limits — 

( 1 ) Produced by material obstacles preventing- 
extension. 

“ Of that magnificent temple which doth bound 
One side of our whole vale with grandeur rare.” 

Wordsworth: Farewell. 

(2) Produced by obstacles to extension or ad 
vancement not of a material character. 

“ Thus heaven, though all-sufficient, shows a thrift 
In his economy, and bounds his gift.” 

Dryden: Eleonora, 75-76. 

“ Vast was his empire, absolute his power. 

Or bounded only by a law.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

2. To indicate the boundaries of. 

II. Geom.: In the same sense as No. 1. 

“ That which bounds a solid is a superficies.”— Euclid, 
bk. xi., def. 2 . 

*[j Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs 
to bound , to limit, to confine, to circumscribe, to 
restrict: “The first four of these terms are em¬ 
ployed in the proper sense of parting off certain 
spaces. Bound applies to the natural or political 
divisions of the earth: countries are bounded by 
mountains and seas; kingdoms are often bounded 
hy each other.” “Limit, applies to any artificial 
boundary: as landmarks in fields serve to show the 
limits of one man’s ground from another; so may 
walls, palings, hedges, or any other visible sign, be 
converted into a limit, to distinguish one spot from 
another, and in this manner a field is said to be 
limited, because it has limits assigned to it. To 
confine is to bring the limits close together, to part 
off one space absolutely from another; in this man¬ 
ner we confine a garden by means of walls. To cir¬ 
cumscribe is literally to surround; in this manner 
a circle may circumscribe a square. There is this 
difference, however, between confine and circum¬ 
scribe, that the former may not only show the 
limits, but may also prevent egress and ingress; 
whereas the latter, which is only a line, is but a 
simple mark that limits. From the proper accepta¬ 
tion of these terms we may easily perceive the 
ground on which their improper acceptation rests: 
to bound is an action suited to the nature of things 
or to some given rule; in this manner our views 
are bounded by the objects which intercept oui 
sight: we bound our desires according to prin¬ 
ciples of propriety. To limit, confine, and circum¬ 
scribe, all convey the idea of control which is more 
or less exercised . . . Inasmuch as all these 
terms convey the idea of being acted upon involun¬ 
tarily, they become allied to the term restrict , 
which simply expresses the exercise of control on 
the will: we use restriction when we limit or con¬ 
fine, but we may restrict without limiting or 
confining: to limit and confine are the acts of things 
upon persons, or persons upon persons; but restrict ' 
is only the act of persons upon persons ... 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f,. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 


























bound 


586 


bountifully 


Bounded is opposed to unbounded, limited to 
extended, confined to expanded, circumscribed to 
ample, restricted to unshackled.” ( Crabb: English 
Synon .) 

bound (2), v. i. & t. [From Fr. bondir =to leap; 
O. Fr. bondir, bundir— to resound; Prov. bondin= 
to resound; from Lat. bombito —to buzz, to hum; 
bombus=& humming, a buzzing.] [Bombtjs.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Of man or the inferior animals: To leap, 
jump, to spring, to move forward by a succession of 
leaps. 

“ Whom my fond heart had imagined to itself 
Bounding from cliff to cliff amidst the wilds.” 

Hemans: The Siege of Valencia. 

“ Now, while the birds thus sing a joyous song, 

And while the young lambs bound 
As to the tabor’s sound, 

To me alone there came a thought of grief.” 

Wordsworth: Intimations of Immortality. 

2. Of things: 

(1) To rebound. 

“ And the mighty rocks came bounding down 
Their startled foes among.” 

Hemans: Song of the Battle of Morgarten. 

(2) To throb, run. 

“My mother’s blood 

Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister 
Bounds in my father’s.” 

Shakesp.: Troil. & Cress., iv. 5. 

B. Transitive: To make to bound. 

“ If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for 
her favors . . .”— Shakesp.: Hen. V., v. 2. 

“ Whose veins bound richer blood than Lady Blanch?” 

Ibid. King John, ii. 1. 

bound (1), *bond {Eng.), bound, bund (Scotch), 
pret., pa. par. & a. [In A. S. & Dan. bunden; Dut. 
qebonden: Ger. verbunden; Goth, bundans. 1 
[Bind.] 

A. As preterite o/bind (q. v.). 

“. . . and laid the wood in order and bound Isaac his 
eon . . .”— Gen. xxii. 9. 

B. As past participle and participial adjective of 
bind, v. (q. v.): 

1. Gen.: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

“ Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in 
heaven . . .”— Matt, xviii. 18. 

2. Abnormal: Pregnant. 

“ Ful priuely vnknaw of ony wicht 
The woman mydlit with the God went bound." 

Doug.: Virgil, 281, 41. 

3. Spec. (pa. par.): Under legal or moral obliga¬ 
tion to do something; or, more rarely, to abstain 
from doing it. 

“ . . . they no longer thought themselves botmd to 
■obey him.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

“ . . . I shall not consider you as bound to any at¬ 
tendance . . . ”— Ibid., ch. xxiv. 

4. In compos.: It is often used in composition, as 
ice-bound, rock-bound, weather-bound, &c. (q. v.) 

bound-stane, s. [Bounding-stone.] 

bound (2), a. [Developed from boun (q. v.).] 

1. Of persons: Prepared or ready, and intending 
to go. 

“A chieftain, to the Highlands bound, 

Cries, ‘Boatman, do not tarry!’ ” 

Campbell: Lord Ullin’s Daughter. 

2. Of things: In process of being directed toward. 
(Used specially of ships voyaging to any particular 
port or homeward.) 

“ Eager, with tearful eyes, to say farewell to the May- 
Flower, 

Homeward bound o’er the sea, and leaving them here 
in the desert.” 

Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standisli, v. 

bou'nd-ur-y, s. & a. [From Eng. bound; -ary.'] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

fl. Literally. Of things material: 

(1) A visible mark indicating the limit. 

(2) The limit thus marked; the line separating 
two districts, territories, countries, &c. [Boundary- 
line.] 

“That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of 
Louth and Meath, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xvi. 

IT Often in the plural. 

“ Had ravaged Ulster’s boundaries, 

And lighted up the midnight skies.” 

Campbell: O’ Connor’s Child, xii. 

2. Fig. Of things not material: Whatever sepa¬ 
rates or discriminates between two immaterial 
things. 

“ Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our 
thoughts.’ ’— Locke. 

1[ For the distinction between bounds and bound¬ 
ary see bound, s. 


II. Geom.: The extremity of anything. It is 
called also a term. (Euclid, bk. i., def. 13.) A figure 
is that which is inclosed by one or more boundaries. 
(Ibid., def. 14.) 

B. As adjective: Marking a limit. 

boundary-line, s. 

Shipbuilding: The trace of the outer surface of 
the skin of a ship on the stem, keel, and stern-post. 
It corresponds with the outer edge of the rabbet in 
those parts of the structure. 

♦bounde, *bonde, s. [A. S. bunda.] A man 
bound to an estate, a serf. (Arthur db Merlin, 691.) 
[Bonde.] 

bou nd-ed, pa. par. [Bound (1), v.] 

bou nd-en, *bon -den, pa. par. & a. [A pa. par. 
of bind (q. v.). A. S. bunden= knit; forbunden— 
united, joined, allied, obliged, bound, engaged. In 
Dan. bunden = bound, tied, fastened; Dut. ge- 
bonden.] 

A. As past participle: 

1. Bound. 

“ Gamelyn stood to a post bounden in the halle.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 888. 


2. Bound, obliged; under obligation. 

“I rest much bounden to you j fare you well.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, i. 2. 


B. As participial adjective: Bound to ; to which 
one is bound. (Now chiefly or only in the expres¬ 
sion “ bounden duty.”) 

“ . . . their bounden duty of gratitude for the mercy 
shown them.”— Arnold: Hist. Rome, vol. iii., ch. xlv., p. 291. 


bou nd-$n-ly, adv. [Eng. bounden: -ly.] Duti¬ 
fully, in a dutiful manner; so as to admit and act 
upon obligation. 


“ Your ladishippes daughter, most boundenly obedient.” 
-Transl. of Ochin’s Sermons (1583), Epist. Dedicat. 


bou'nd-er, *bou nd-iire, s. [Eng. bound; -er.] 

1. Of beings or persons (of the form bounder): A 
being or a person who bounds or limits anything. 

“Now the bounder of all these, is only God himself; 
who is the bounder of all things.”— Fotherby: Atheomas- 
tix, p. 274. 


2. Of things (of the forms bounder and *bound- 
ure): A boundary. 

“The boundure of Alexander’s march into India being 
in the tract obscure .”—Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 254. 


* “ Kingdoms are bound within their bounders, as it were 

in bands ; and shut up within their limits, as it were in 
prison.”— Fotherby: Atheomastix, p. 274. 

bou nd-ifig (1 ),pr.par. & a. [Bound (1), u.] 

“Deep woes roll forward like a gentle flood, 

Who being stopp’d, the bounding banks o’erflows.” 

Shakesp.: Tarquin <& Lucrece. 

bou nd-Ing (2), pr. par., a. & s. [Bound (2), v.] 

bounding-stone, s. A stone to play with. It is 
called also a bound-stone. (Lit. &fig.) 

“ I am past a boy ; 

A scepter’s but a j>lay-thing, and a globe 
A bigger bounding-stone." Dryden. 

bou nd-less, a. [Eng. bound, and suff. -less= 
without.] Without bounds; limitless. Used— 

1. Of space or anything measurable by actual 
space. 

(1) Strictly. Of space or the universe: Without 
any bounds. 

“Are there not balms 
In nature’s boundless realm.” 

Hemans: The Vespers of Palermo. 

(2) Loosely: Of anything vast in extent, though 
really limited. 

“ Or British fleets the boundless ocean awe.” 

Dryden: Epistle to Dr. Charleton, 26. 

2. Of things immaterial or abstract, not measur¬ 
able by actual space. 

(1) Of time. 

“ Though we make duration boundless as it is, we can¬ 
not extend it beyond all being. God fills eternity, 
. . .”— Locke. 

(2) Of power, the human desires, or anything. 

“ Boundless rapacity and corruption were laid to his 
charge.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

“ The news was received in London with boundless exul¬ 
tation.”— Ibid., ch. xviii. 

IF Crabb thus distinguishes between boundless, 
unbounded, unlimited, and infinite: “ Boundless, 
or without bounds, is applied to infinite objects 
which admit of no bounds to be made or conceived 
by us. Unbounded, or not bounded, is applied to 
that which might be bounded. Unlimited, or not 
limited, applies to that which might be limited. 
Infinite, or not finite, applies to that which in its 
nature admits of no bounds. The ocean is a bound¬ 
less object so long as no bounds to it have been dis¬ 
covered ; desires are often unbounded which ought 
always to be bounded; and power is sometimes 
unlimited which is always better limited; nothing is 
infinite but that Being from whom all finite beings 
proceed.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 


bou nd-less-lf, adv. [Eng. boundless; -ly.] 
Limitlessly; so as not to be confined within any 
bounds. 

** . . . can your constitution be so boundlessly amor¬ 
ous . . — Marston: The Fawn , D 42 (1606). 

bou nd-less-ness, s. [Eng. boundless; -ness.] 
The quality of being boundless, i. e., without 
bounds; limitless in any respect. 

“God has corrected the boundlessness of his voluptu¬ 
ous desires by stinting his capacities.”- South. 

♦bound-stone, s. [Eng .bound inds tone.] 

1. A boundary mark. 

2. A bounding-stone (q. v.). 

*boune, a. [Boun.] 

*boun'-sen, v. [Bounce, u.] 

♦bount, v. i. [Bound (2), v.] (Scotch.) To spring 1 
to bound. 

“As bounting, vp mounting, 

Aboue the fields so fair.” 

Burel: Pilg., Watson’s Coll., ii. 40. 

♦bount'-e, *bount -ee, *bount'-Ie, *bownt'-e, 

s. [Bounty.] Worth, goodness, kindness. 

“He had feyle off full gret bounte." 

Barbour, ii. 228. 

bount-e-ous 
*bont'-y-vese, 

-ows.] Full of 
ous, munificent. (Chiefly poetic or rhetoric.) 

“Bontyvese ( bountyuous, P.) Munificus, liberalis, lar. 
gus." — Prompt. Parv. 

Used — 

1. Of persons. 

“ Bounteous, but almost bounteous to a vice.” 

Dryden: Eleonora, 86. 

2. Of God or of nature. 

“Every one, 

According to the gift which bounteous nature 

Hath in him closed.” Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 1. 

3. Of anything emanating from the bounty of a 
being or of a person. 

“This was for you a precious greeting, 

For both a bounteous, fruitful meeting.” 
Wordsworth: The White Doe of Rylstone, ch. vii. 

bount’-e-ous-ly, *bount'-e-ouse-lye,adv. [Eng. 

bounteous; -ly.] In a bounteous manner, gener¬ 
ously, liberally, largely. 

“He bounteously bestow’d unenvy’d good 
On me.” Dryden. 

fbount’-e-ous-ness, *bount-y-uous-nesse, 
*bont-^-vas-nesse, s. [Eng. bounteous; -ness.] 
The quality of being bountiful; liberality, munifi¬ 
cence. 

“ Bontyvasnesse {bountyuousnesse, P.) Munificentia, 
liberalitas, largitas.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ To thy blest hand, and bounteousness of mind. 

Has giv’n extensive powers, unslacken’d rein.” 

^ Boyse.- Ode. 

*bount-eth, s. [Bountith.] 

*bount-e-vous, a. [Bounteous.] (Lydgate: 
Story of Thebes, 1,372.) 

*bount-!e, s. [Bounte, Bounty.] 
bount-i-ffil, a. [Eng. bounty; ful(l) .] Full of 
bounty, liberal, generous, munificent, bounteous. 
Used— 

I. In an active sense: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Of persons. 

“With him went Spragge, as bountiful as brave.” 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, 694. 

(2) Of God. 

“ God, the bountiful Author of our being.”— Locke. 

2. Fig. : Of nature or anything personified. 

“He that hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed; for he 
giveth of his bread to the poor.” — Prov. xxii. 9. 

IF Sometimes the thing given is preceded by of 
and the recipient of the gift by to. 

“ Our king spares nothing to give them the taste of that 
felicity of which he is so bountiful to his kingdom.”— 
Dryden. 

II. In a passive sense: Liberally supplied, given, 
or furnished; as in such an expression as “ there 
was a bountiful supply of dainties.” 

bount’-I-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. bountiful ; -ly.] In 
a bountiful manner, bounteously, liberally, abun¬ 
dantly, largely. Used — 

1. Of alms given by man. 

“ And now thy alms is giv’n, 

And thy poor starveling bountifully fed.” 

Donne. 

2. Of large blessings bestowed by God. 

“. . . for the Lord hath dealt bountifully with thee.” 
— Psalms cxvi. 7. 

3. Of similar blessings unconsciously bestowed by 
anything in nature. 

“ It is affirmed that it never raineth in Egypt; the 
river bountifully requiting it in its inundation.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 


, *bount-y-uous, bount -e-vous, 

a. [From O. Eng. bounte; and suft 
bounty, liberal, beneficent, gener; 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bountifulness 


587 


bourignionism 


bount-I-fiil-ness, s. [Eng. bountiful; -ness.] bdu'-quet-In, s. [Fr. bouquet in, probably at first 
The quality of being bountiful; liberality, gener- boucestain, dirnin. oibouc = a he-goat. (Littr&.)\ 
osity.munificence. A ruminating 

2 rlr e !* g ii eUrich9d ia e7erything t0 a11 bountifulness."- “ 

* Lor. XL. a. merly plentiful in 

♦bount-X-hQod, *bdunt-I-head, *b6unt-y-hed, the Alps and other 
♦bount T-hed, *b6unt'-I-hede, s. [Eng. bounty; mountains of Eu- 
Und suff. *hood or - head ,; O. Eng. hede.~\ Goodness, r °P e * but has, by 
•virtue, generosity. reason of. rolent- 

„ .... . .. , loss pursuition by 

How shall fraile pen, with feare disparaged, hunters, become 

Oonceive such aoveraine glory and great bountyhedT almost extinct. It 
^ s P enser: F - Q-> n - x- 2. Jg remarkable for 

♦bount’-Ith, *bount'-eth, s. [Bounty.] (O. its long backward- 
Eng. dt Scotch .) A bounty given in addition to curved horns, 
stipulated wages: something given as a reward for 
service or good offices. 


“From heights 
browsed by the 

“• • • my curse, and the curse of Cromwell, go wi’ ye, oteeKn « — rmnnhe/i- 
If ye gi’e them either fee or bountith . . ."—Scotti %'hendrir ° P M 
Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. viiL 



bou nt-y, *bou'nt-ee, *bount-e', *bownt-S\ s. 

& a. [InFr. goodness, kindness, benignity. 

From Norm. Fr. bountee , bountez=goodness (Kel- 
hani) ; O. Fr. bonteit; Prov. bontat: Sp. bondad; 
Port, bondade; Ital. bontd ,," Lat. bonitas—good¬ 
ness ; fconus=good.] 

As substantive: 

I, Ordinary Language ; 

1. Goodness, excellence, kindness, beneficent feel- 


Bouquetin. 


♦bour, s. [Bow¬ 
er.] ( Chaucer: C. 

T., 301.) 

*b 6 ur’- 9 ,ch (1), 8 * [Boueock.] 

1. An inclosure. 

2. A cluster of trees. 

b6u'r-g,ch (2), *bor’-r!j,ch, s. [Gael, buarach 
(see def.); from t>war=cattle.] A band put round 
a cow’s hinder legs at milking. 

♦b6uT'-(lCh, v. i. [From bourach (1), s. (q. v.)] 


ing in the abstract or in general; the quality of To crowd together confusedly, or in a mass, 
i- j (Scotch.) 

♦bour -age (age as Ig), s. [Borage.] (Min- 
8heu.) 

bour-bee, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The spotted 
Whistle fish or Weasel fish. 

BduT-bon, 8. & a. [Fr. Bourbon , the name given 
in 1642 to the island mentioned under A., previously 
called Mascarenhas, or Mascareigne. Bourbon was 
given to it in honor of the royal Bourbon family of 
France.] 

A. As substantive. Geog.: An island in the South 
Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, the capital of 
which, St. Denis, is in la-t. 20° 51' 43" S., and long. 
55° 30’ 16" E. 

B. As adjective: Growing in the island described 
under A., or connected with it. 

Bourbon palm, s. 

Bot.: The English name of a genus of palms, 
Latania, ranked under the section Borassese. Two 
species, the L. rubra, or Red, and the L. borbonica. 


being kind. 

* In world nis non so wyter mon 
That al hire bounte telle con.” 

Spec. Lyr. Poetry (about 1300), Alysoun, 29, 30. (Spec. 

Ear. Eng., Morris & Skeat, pt. ii.) 

2. Such oeneficent feeling carried into action, 
specially m the direction of alms-giving; the act of 
giving money or other favors graciously or munifi¬ 
cently ; an act of kindness, generosity, liberality, 
munificence. 

“For (as I seide) loo, that was she, 

That dide to me so gret bounte." 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

3. That which is given liberally or munificently. 

Alms, a donation of money, or anything similar, 
the result of generosity. 

“To worth or want well-weigh’d be Bounty given.” 
s Pope: Mor. Ess., iii. 229. 

II. Technically: A grant or benefaction from 
the government to those whose services directly or 
indirectly benefit it, and to whom, therefore, it 
desires to accord some recompense, or at least 
recognition. 

Law, Comm., & Polit. Econ.: A premium paid by uw UUUI 0 . 
government to the producers, exporters, or import- partment of Puy de DSme, in France.] 
ers of certain articles, or to those who employ ships Min.: A variety of Melanterite. It i 

in certain trades. This is done either with the view ... . . 

of fostering a new trade during its infancy, or of 
protecting an old one which is supposed to be of 
special importance to the country. 

In 1890 Congress passed an Act providing for a 
premium to be paid to the producers of cane, beet 
and sorghum sugar by way of bounty. This bounty 
was in the nature of a contract (made with each and 


PycblDO) tliU J-J • I CHJ / LA/ y Ui dllU lllC J _/• U\J I UL/1 ill 210 i 

or Common Bourbon Palm, have been introduced country. 


♦bourd-Ing, *bour-dyng, pr.par. & s. [Bourd, 

v.] 

A. Aspr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: A joke; sport. 

“ And ef te in her bourdyng that baythen in the morn.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Or. Knight, 1,404. 

*bourd-ly, adv. [0. Eng. bourd ; -lyJ] In a play¬ 
ful, joking, or trifling manner. 

“ Bourdly. Nujaciter."—Ortus Vocab. in Way. 

bour-don (1), a. [Fr.] A staff. (Chaucer.) 

bour -don (2), a. [Fr. bourdon—a humming of 
drone of a bagpipe; Lat. burdo=a drone-bee.] 

Music: 

1. A pedal stop on a pipe organ. 

2. A bass reed on a cabinet organ, with something 
of the character of the organ bourdon. 

*3. A drone bass like that produced by a bagpipe 
or by a hurdy-gurdy. [Burden.] 

♦bour'-don (3),a. [Sp. bordon= a kind of verse, a 
refrain ; Gael, btirdan.] [Burden.] The burden of 
a song. 

B6ur -don (4), a. & a. [Named after Mr. Bourdon 
of Paris, who invented the barometer described 
below in 1849.] 

A. As substantive: The inventor mentioned in the 
etymology. 

B. As adjective: Invented by him. 

Bourdon barometer, a. A barometer consisting 
of an elastic flattened tube of metal bent to a 
circular form and exhausted of air, so that the ends 
of the_ tube separate as the atmospheric pressure 
is diminished, and approach as it increases. The 
Bourdon is commonly known as the metallic baram- 
eter, although the aneroid is also metallic, and 
both holosteric. 

♦bour-don-asse, s. [Comp. Low Lat. burdones, 
pl.=pilgrims’ staffs.] A kind of ornamented staff. 

*boure (1), s. [Bower.] [Sir Ferurnb. (ed, 
Herrtage), 1,336.] 

boure (2),s. [Derivedfrom bourde=a jest (q.v.).] 

A jest. (Scotch.) 

“ Off that boure I was blyth; and baid to behald.” 

Houlate, i. 7, V. the v. 

♦bourg, s. [Borough.] A city. 

“ For the bourg watz so brod and so bigge alee.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,377. 

bourge-ois (1) (pron. bourj-wa), s. & a. [From 

Fr. bourgeois—a citizen.] 

A. As subst.: A French citizen; a citizen of any 


into hothouses in Britain. 

Bou r-bon-ze3 ma-chine, s. [Machine.] 
bo ur-boul-ite, s. [From Bourboule, in the de- 


is a friable, 

greenish mineral, partly soluble in water. Compo¬ 
sition: Sulphuric acid, 35 , 22-38'04; sesquioxide of 
iron. 5‘08—8’25 ; protoxide of iron, 12'99-16 - 08; and 
water, 12 , 99-40’80. (Dana.) 

♦bourd, *bourde *borde, s. [ From O. Fr. 
bourde=a jest, pleasantry; supposed to be a con¬ 
traction of bohort—a mock tournament, knightly 

--exercise; from O. hr. bot = a blow, a stroke, and 

every person in the Un ® " nrnv ;,i; Tur horde—a barrier, the lists. (Skeat, in Chaucer: 

cultivation of such varieties ot sugar) providing M f T f , ftioss VI A iest, ioke ieer. 

that, in the event their produce attained a given of Lawes ' ,J J ’ 3 ’ 3 ’ 

standard of saccharine strength, they should 'uock, sport, 
receive the bounty provided therefor by the appro- 


1. Old English: 

“ Whan Gamelyn was i-set in the justices stede, 
Herkneth of a bourde that Gamelyn dede.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 851-2. 

2. Scotch: [Boure.] 

“. . . ane o’ the mason-callants cut a ladle on to 
have a bourd at the bridegroom, . . .”— Seott: Anti¬ 
quary, oh. iv. 

bounty -jumper, s. A term used during the civil \ 0 o 0 Sf,%T.!’- drn ’^^ 


priation from the Treasury. This Act greatly stim 
ulated the sugar producing industry of the country, 
and large amounts of money have been invested, 
and a larger amount of sugar has been produced in 
the United States during the years that have fol¬ 
lowed the passage of the Act than in any equal 
period in the history of the country. 


war in this country to denote one who enlisted 
in the U. S. military service to secure the bounty 
paid by the government for volunteers, and then 
deserted. Some of these enterprising individuals 
carried on a regular business of enlisting in one 
place under a certain name, hurrying to the front, 
receiving the bounty, deserting at once upon its 
receipt, and reappearing in some other place under 
a different name, only to re-enlist and repeat the 
process. The risks were great, but as the bounty 
was in some cases quite large, the practice found 
many votaries. 

bou -qnet (quet as ka), s. [Fr. bouquet=(l) a 
thicket, a clump or plantation of trees, (2) a posy 
of flowers. The same as bosquet; Prov. bosquet: 
Sp. bosquete; Ital. boschetto; Low Lat. boscum.j 
[Bosk.] 

1. A nosegay, a bunch of flowers. 

2. An agreeable perfume, emanating from flowers, 
wine, or essence. 


“ Boordon, or pleyyn’ (bordyn, P.) Ludo, jocor .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“ Be wary then, I say, and never gie 
Encouragement, or bourd with sic as he.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 175. 

♦bourd (2), v. t. [Booed, v .] To accost. 

♦bourde, s. [Board.] (Morte Arthure, 730.) 
♦bourde-ful, a. [O. Eng. bourde, and full. - ] 
Playful, joking. 

“ This is vndurstondun of a dedly leesing, 

Not of a bourdeful leesing.” 

Wycliffe: Wisdom, v. 11. 

♦bour’-der, *bour'-dour, s. [ From O. Eng. 
bourd; -er.] A jester, a joker. (Euloet.) 

♦bourdes, s., sing, not pi. [O. Fr. behordes, pl.= 
a tournament. Skeat, however, thinks that like 
many other war terms it may be of Teutonic origin.] 
“ For he was atte a bourdes ther bachilers pleide.” 

William of Paler lie, 1,477. 


B. As adj.: Pertaining to such a citizen. 

“ To get out of one rank in society into the next above 
it is the great aim of English bourgeois life.”— J. S. Mill: 
Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), vol. i., bk. i., ch. xi., § 4, p. 208. 

bour’-gedis (2), bur’-geois, s. [Ger. bourgeois, 
boraois.borgis. Probably from some French printer 
called Bourgeois. [Bourgeois (1).] 

Printing: A size of type between brevier and long 
primer. Brevier, 108 ems to the foot; bourgeois, 
96 ems to the foot ; long primer, 86.4 ems to the foot, 
according to the international “point” system ol 
type making—bourgeois having 9-point body. 

bourge-oi-sie (pron. bourj’-wa-ze), s. [Fr. 
bourgeoisie=tveedon\ of a city; citizens; body of 
the citizens.] The citizens taken collectively. 

“The Commons of England, the Tiers-Etat of France, 
the bourgeoisie of the Continent generally.”—J. S. Mill; 
Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), Prelim. Remarks, p. 22. 

tbour -geon, *bur'-gen, *bur’-g9&n, v. i. [From 
Fr. bourgeonner = to bud ; from bourgeon (q. v.); 
from Arm. brousa, bronsa= to bud.] To sprout, to 
bud, to put forth branches. 

“ Heaven send it happy dew. 

Earth lend it sap anew. 

Gaily to bourgeon, and broadly to grow.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 19. 

bour -geon, bur'-geon, s. [From Fr. bourgeon 
=a bud; Arm. brous. brohsa=& oud: brousen, brah- 
sen—a single bud. (Mahn.)) A bud. 

“Furthermore looke what is the nature that forked 
trees have in their boughes, the same hath the vine in her 
eyes and burgeons .”— Holland: Plinie, bk. xvi., ch. 30. 

♦bou’r-ie, s. [Burrow.] A hole made in the earth 
by rabbits, or other animals that hide themselves 
there; a burrow. 

“ . . . faire hunting of ottars out of their bouries." 
— Monroe: Isles, p. 39. (Jamieson.) 

bou-rign T-6n-l§m (g silent), s . [Named from 
Mdme. Antoinette Bourignon, daughter of a Lille 
merchant. She was born in 1616, was physically 
ugly to the last degree, but very eloquent. She 
published twenty-two volumes. Poiret, a French 
Protestant divine, wrote her life.] 

Theol. (& Ch. Hist.: A system of doctrine emanat¬ 
ing from Mdme. Bourignon, mentioned in the 
etymology. She denied the permission of sin and 


boil, boy; 

-cian, -tian - sb?.n 


pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph — f. 
-tion, -sion = shun; -[ion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bcl, 






bourn 


588 


boviculture 


condemnation tor it, attributed to Christ a twofold 
human nature, one produced by Adam, the other 
born of the Virgin Mary, and believed that nature 
corrupt. She denied the decrees of God, believed 
in the existence of a good, and of an evil spirit in 
every man before he was born, attributed toman an 
infinite will, and considered that perfection was 
attainable. 

bourn (l),b6urne, s. [Fr. 6ornev=limit; fromO. 
Fr. bodne; Low Lat. bodina.] [Bound.] Abound, 
a limit. 

1. Literally: Used either of the sea or of a line on 
land marking the boundary of a country. 

“ And where the land slopes to its wat’ry bourn, 

Wide yawn6 a gulf beside a ragged thorn.” 

Cowper: Needless Alarm. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of the world unseen. 

“ The undiscover’d country from whose bourn 
No traveler returns.”— Shalcesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. 

(2) Of intellect, emotion, or anything. 

“I’ll set a bourn how far to be beloved.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop., i. 1. 

“To make the doctrine of multiple proportions their 
intellectual bourne.” — Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), 
vii. 136. 

♦bdurn (2), s. [Burn (2).] 

♦bourne, *burne, s. [Barn (2), Bairn.] A man. 
“ Where wystez thou euer any bourne abate 

Euer so holy in hys prayere.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 617-18. 

bourn '-less, a. [Eng. bourn; and suffix -less.] 
Without a bourne, without a limit. 

bour-n6n-ite, s. [Named after its discoverer, 
Count Bournon, a mineralogist.] 

Mineralogy: 

1. An orthorhombic, brittle, opaque mineral, of 
hardness, 2*5—3; sp. gr., 5*7—5*9; metallic luster, 
with color and streak gray, or iron black. Compos.: 
Sulphur, 17 - 8-20 - 45; antimony, 23‘79-29'4; lead, 
38.9-42 88; and copper, 12‘3-15T6. First found at 
Endellion, at Wheal Boys, in Cornwall, England, 
whence it was originally called by Count Bournon 
Endelleine. It has since been found in Germany, 
Austria, and Italy, as well as in Mexico and South 
America. 

2. Bournonite of Lucas: A mineral, called also 
Fibrolite (q. v.). 

b6ur-non-it nick-el glanz, s. [From Ger. 
bournonit [Bournonite] ; nickel, and glanz='Eng. 
glance (2 ), s. (q. v.)] 

Min.: A variety of Ullmannite from the Harz 
mountains. 

bbur-nouse', s. Same as Burnoose (q. v.). 

bour-pck, b6ur'-uch, bow-rpck, bour'-Ick, s. 

[A. S. beorh=a hill, a mountain, and dimin. suffix 
-ock; Sw. borg= a castle, a fort.] 

1. A confused heap. 

“ ‘ About this bit bourock, your honor,’ answered the un¬ 
daunted Edie; ‘ I mind the bigging o’t.’ ”— Scott: Anti¬ 
quary, ch. iv. 

2. An inclosure. (Used of the little houses which 
children build for play, particularly those made in 
the sand.) 

“We’ll never big sandy bowrocks together.”— Ramsay: 
Scotch Prov., p. 75. {Jamieson.) 

3. A cluster, as of trees. 

“ My trees in bourachs owr my ground 
Shall fend ye frae ilk blast o’ wind.” 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 32. {Jamieson.) 

bour -rg,n§, s. [From Russ, borei = the north- 
wind.] The name given to the fierce snowstorms 
that blow from the northeast over the steppes of 
Russia. ( Stormonth.) 

bourse, *burse, s. [Fr. bourse; Prov. borsa; Sp. 
bolsa; Ital. borsa; Ger. bdrse; Lat. byrsa; Gr. 
byrsa — the skin stripped off a hide, a cow’s skin, 
the skin of a live animal.] An exchange where mer¬ 
chants, bankers, &c., meet for the transaction of 
financial business. (Used specially of the Stock 
Exchange of Paris.) 

bour-tree, *boor-tree, *bore-tree, *boun- 
tree, *bower'-tree, s. [On the English border 
called burtree. Skinner thinks it means bore-tree, 
i. e., that it can easily be bored into a hollow tube, 
the pith being extracted.] The elder-tree ( Sambucus 
■nigra). (Scotch.) Formerly it was much planted 
in hedges of barn-yards. 

“The Sambucus nigra (elder tree, Eng.) is no stranger 
in many places of the parish. Some of the trees are very 
well shaped, and by the natural bending of the branches 
cause an agreeable shade, or bower, exhibiting an exam¬ 
ple of the propriety of the name given to that species of 
plant s in Scotland, namely the Bower-tree.” — P. Killearn: 
Stirl ng Statis. Acc., xvi. 110-11. 

“Sambucus nigra, Bourtree or Bore-tree. Scot. Aust.”— 
Lighrfoot, p. 1,131. 

“Or, rustlin’, through the boortries cornin’.” 

Burns: Address to the Beil. 


bourtree-bush, s. A very common Scottish desig¬ 
nation for the elder. [Bourtree.] 

“ We saw—one hut with a peat-stack close to it, and one 
or two elder, or, as we call them in Scotland, bourtree 
bushes, at the low gable-end .”—Lights and Shadows, p. 178. 

bourtree-gun, s. A pop-gun made by boring out 
the pith of an elder bough, and fitting it with an 
air-tight piston. It is charged with wads of wet 
paper. 

*bou§e, *bowse, v. t. & i. [Booze, v.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To drink. 

“ Then bouses drumly German water.” 

Burns: The Twa Dogs. 

2. To hoist, to raise up, to lift up, to heave. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . as we used to bouse up the kegs o’ gin and 
brandy lang.syne, . . .”—Scott: Antiquary, ch. viii. 

B. Intransitive: To drink deeply. 

“ There let him bouse, and deep carouse, 

Wi’ bumpers flowing o’er.” 

Bums: Scotch Drink. 

*bou§e(l),s. [Booze.] (Spenser: F. Q.) 
bOU§e(2),s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Mining: A name given in the north of England to 
lead ores. 

*bou§ -ing, pr. par. & a. [Booze.] 
*bousing-can, s. [Boozing-can.] 
bous-sin-gaul-tite, s. [From J. B. Boussin- 
gault, a French geologist and scientific traveler.] 
Min.: A sulphate of ammonia with part of its 
alkali replaced by magnesia. It occurs about the 
boric acid fumaroles of Tuscany. (Dana.) 
*bous'-ter, s. [Boester.] 

♦bous-tous, *bous-touse, fbous-ti-ous, a. The 
same as Boistous (q. v.). (Morte Arthure, 2,175.) 
(Sir David Lyndesay, 5,597.) 

bou-stroph-e -don, a. & s. [Gr. boustrophedon, 
adv.=turning, like oxen in plowing; bous= an ox, 
and strepho=to twist, to turn.] 

A. As adj.: Containing writing of the kind 
described under B. 

“ . . . he [Prof. Sayce] regarded as written in the 
usual boustrophedon manner which the Hittites affected. 
First came the animal’s head, . . .”— Times, Oct. 6, 
1880. The Hittite Inscriptions. 

B. Assubst.: Writing first from left to right and 
then from right to left, as cattle plowed successive 
furrows in a field. The early Greek writing was of 
this kind. 

*bou§ -y, a. [Boozy.] 

“Each bousy farmer with his simp’ring dame.” 

King. 

bout, bought, s. [From Dan. bugt=a bend, a 
turn. A different spelling of bight (q. v.).] 

1. Gen.: A turn ; as much of an action as is per¬ 
formed at one time without interruption; a single 
part of any action carried on at successive inter¬ 
vals. (Johnson.) 

“A weasel seized a bat; the bat begged for life: says 
the weasel, I give no quarter to birds; says the bat, I am 
a mouse; look on my body: so she got off for that bout .”— 
L’ Estrange. 

Used — 

(1) Of the extent of ground mowed while the 
laborer moves straight forward. (Scotch.) 

(2) Of as much thread, or anything similar, as is 
wound on a clew while the clew is held in one posi¬ 
tion. (Scotch.) 

2. Spec.: A contest, challenge, or assault of any 
kind. Used — 

(1) Of a drinking challenge, or of a sitting to¬ 
gether for drinking purposes. 

“Many a wassail bout 
Wore the long winter out.” 

Longfellow: The Skeleton in Armor. 

(2) Of a contest by word of mouth, or by means 
of material weapons. 

“ We’ll let Tallard out. 

If he’ll take t’other bout.” 

Swift: Jack Frenchman’s Lamentation. 

(3) Of an assault, whether by man or by the 
forces of nature. 

“Speak on our glens in thunder loud. 

Inured to hide such bitter bout, 

The warrior’s plaid may bear it out.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 3. 

(4) Of a game. 

“The play began; Pas durst not Cosma chace, 

But did intend next bout with her to meet.” 

Sidney. 

bout, *bOWt, v. t. [From bolt, v. Or connected 
with Fr. bouter— to put, arrange, . . . drive; Sp. 
botar=(v. i.) to rebound, (v. t.) to turn or drive 
out.] To spring, to leap. 

‘Judge gin her heart was sair; 

Out at her mow it just was like to bout.” 

Ross. Helenore (1st ed.), p. 17. (Jamieson.) 


♦bout (1), prep. [Contracted from about.] 

“ Deepe busied bout worke . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., Ill- iii. 14. 

♦bout (2), *boute, prep. [A. S. 6ufan=without.j 1 
Without, excluding. (O. Eng. <£ Scotch.) [But.] 

“And boute eny liuing lud left was he one.” 

William of Palerne, 211 

“Thou art the life o’ public haunts: 

Bout thee, what were our fairs and rants? ” 

Burns: Scotch Drink. 

♦bou -tade, s. [Fr. boutade =a flight of genius, a 
whim, freak, or fancy. A word formed, according- 
to Littre, in the sixteenth century, from the Sp. and 
Ital. bortee, from borter, being the old form. In 
Prov., Sp. & Port, botar; Ital. buttare; from Ger. 
boszen= to strike.] A caprice, whim, or fancy. 

“His [Lord Peter’s] first boutade was to kick both their 
wives one morning out of doors, and his own, too.”— Swift: 
Tale of a Tub. 

bou'-t&nt, s. [Arcboutant.] 

♦boute-feu, s. [Fr. boute feu— (1) ( Ordnance) a 
linstock, (2) (jig.) an incendiary, a firebrand; from 
bouter = to thrust, and feu= fire.] An incendiary ; a 
firebrand. 

“Animated by a base fellow, called John a Chamber, a 
very boutefeu, who bore much sway among the vulgar, 
they entered into open rebellion.”— Bacon. 

“ Beside the herd of boutefeus. 

We set on work within the house.” 

Hudibras. 

bou -tel, bot'-tel, s. [Bowtel.] 
bout -gate, s. [Eng. (a)bout; gate.] 

1 ..Lit.: A circuitous road, a way which is not 
direct. (Scotch, from about, and gait—way.) 

“ Nory, wha had aye 

A mind the truth of Bydby’s tale to try. 

Made shift by bout gates to put aff the day. 

Til night sud fa’ and then be forc’d to stay.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 79. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A circumvention, a deceitful course. (Scotch.) 
“. . . that the boutgates and deceites of the hearte ot 

man are infinite; . . . ”— Bruce: Eleven Serm. (1591), 

sign. T., 2, a. 

(2) An ambiguity, or an equivocation, in dis¬ 
course. 

“. . . yea, eyther in answere, or oath, to his judge or 
superior, that hee may vse a boutgate of speach (amphibo- 
login), whether through a diverse signification of the 
word, or through the diverse intention of the asker, . . .” 
— Bp. Forbes: Eubulus, pp. 118-19. 

♦bou-ti-sale, s. [From Eng. booty, and sale.] A 
sale of booty; a sale at a cheap rate, as booty, or 
plunder is generally sold. 

“To speak nothing of the great boutisale of colleges 
and chantries .”—Sir J. Hayward. 

bouts-rinffis (pron. bfi’-rim-a), s. [Fr. bout= 
end, and rtm^=rhymed, rime—a rhyme.] The last 
words or rhimes of a number of verses given to be 
filled up. 

♦bouv'-rage, s. [From 0. Fr. bovraige, bevraige .] 
[Beverage.] Drink, beverage. 

“. . . to pay for foreign bouvrage which supplant® 
the consumption of the growth of our own estates.”— 
Culloden Papers, p. 184. 

♦bouwen, v. t. & i. [Bow, t;.] 

♦boux-ome, *boux-vme, a. [Buxom.] 
*boux-om-ly, adv. [Buxomly.] 
bouz'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Boozing.] (Spenser.) 
bouzing-can, s. A drinking can. 

“ And in his hand did beare a bouzing-can.” 

Spenser: F. Q., L iv. 22. 

b5-vate, s. [Low Lat. bovata ,* from Class. Lat. 
bos; genit. 6ow's=anox.] 

O. Law and Measures: An ox-gang, as much land 
as an ox can plow in a year, fifteen acres. [Ox- 
gang.] 

♦bov'-e-se, s. pi. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis= an 
ox; and fern. pi. suft. -ece.] 

Zobl.: The typical division of the sub-family Bov¬ 
inas. It contained the oxen proper and other cattle. 

Bovey-coal, s. 

Geol.: “Coal” or rather lignite from Bovej 
Tracy. It belongs to the Miocene period, and that 
subdivision of it called on the Continent Aqui- 
tanian. There have been found in it the fruits of a 
pine (the Sequoia Couttsice), parts of the leaf of a 
palm (Sabal major ), and other fossils. ( Quart. Jour. 
Geol. Soc., vol. xvixi. (1862), p. 369, &c.) 

fbov -l-cul-ture, s. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis 
=an ox, a bull, a cow; and cultura= tilling, culti¬ 
vating, tending; cultum, supine of colo =to till, cul¬ 
tivate, tend.] The breeding and tending of cattle 
for food; the occupations of the cattle-breeder, the 
grazier, and the butcher. 

“ . . . between the old epoch of boviculture and the 
new .”—Daily Telegraph, Dec. 4, 1876. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, dire, unite cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 



bovid 


589 


bow 


fbSv -id, a. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis= an ox.] 

ZoOl.: Pertaining to the family Bovid.ee, i. e., to 
the ox and its allies. [Bovnxas.] 

bov -l-dae, s. pi. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis—aa 
ox ; and fern. pi. suff. -doe.] 

*!• Formerly: A family of ruminating animals, 
containing not merely the oxen, but many other 
animals now jjlaced in other families. It was sub¬ 
divided into Bovina, Cervina, GirafHna, Moschina, 
and Camelina. 

. 2. Now: A family of ruminating animals, consist¬ 
ing of species with simply rounded horns, which are 
not twisted in a spiral manner. There are no 
lachrymal sinuses. It contains the genera Bos, 
Bison, Bubalus, &c. Ovibos (Musk-ox), generally 
ranked under Bovidae, is by some placed with the 
Ovidte. 

3. Palceont.: The oldest known are various species 
of Bos, Hemibos, and Amphibos in the Upper 
Miocene of India. The genera Bos and Bison are 
found in the Pliocene. For the order in which the 
several species of the former genus appear see Bos 
(Palceont.). 

*bOV'-i-form, a. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis— an 
ox ; and forma=toTm, shape.] Of the form of an ox. 
(Cudicorth.) 

bo'-vlne, a. [In Fr. bovine; from Lat. bovinus.J 
Pertaining to oxen. (Barrow.) 

bo-vis -ta, s. [A barbarous name formed by Dil- 
lenius, from the Ger. bofist—a puck-fist or puck- 
ball.] 

Bot.: A genus of fungi, of the order Gasteromy- 
•cetes or Lycoperdaceae. Bovistagigantea (Gigantic 
Bovista) has a pileus eighteen, twenty, twenty-three 
or even more inches in diameter. 

bow (l),*bowe, *bow'-en, *bouwe, *bow-yn, 
'“bo -gen, *bu-wen, *bu-gen, v. t.& i. [A. S. bugan, 
bigan, bedgan=to bow, to bend, to stoop, to give 
way, to recede, to avoid, flee, submit,or yield (Bos- 
worth); Icel. beygja—to make to bend; Sw. bGja— to 
bend; Dan. bGie; But. buigen: Ger. biegen, beugen; 
O. H. Ger- biugan, piocan; Goth, biugan. Skeat 
connects it with Sclav, beg a=to flee; buati— to ter¬ 
rify ; Lat. fugio— to flee; Gr. pheugo—to flee; Sansc. 
bhug, bhug&mi=to bend.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To incline, to cause to bend, to turn. 
(Often with down.) 

“Our bolde kynge bowes the blonke be the bryghte 
brydylle.’’ Morte Arthure, 2,251. 

Specially: 

(1) Of things: To cause to deviate from straight¬ 
ness, to make crooked or curved. 

“ We bow things the contrary way to make them come to 
their natural straightness.”— Bacon. 

(2) Of persons: To incline the head or body in 
token of reverence, submission, or condescension. 

“The whole nation bowed their necks to the worst kind 
of tyranny.”— Prescott. 

“ And Abraham bowed down himself before the people 
of the land.”— Gen. xxiii. 12. 

“ Christiana at this was greatly abashed in herself, and 
bowed her head to the ground.”— Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii. 

“Bow the knee.”— Gen. xli. 43. 

“Lord, bow down thine ear, and hear.”—2 Kings xix. 16. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To turn, to incline, to exercise strong influ¬ 
ence in changing the disposition or procedure. 

“ For troubles and adversities do more bow men’s minds 
to religion.”— Bacon. 

“ Not to bow and bias their opinions.”— Fuller. 

(2) To depress the soul, the spirits, the courage, 
&c. 

“ Fear bowed down his whole soul, and was so written in 
his face that all who saw him could read.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Gen.: To bend, to suffer flsxuie, to stoop spon¬ 
taneously or under pressure. (Used of persons, of 
animals, or of things inanimate. Often followed 
by down.) 

“ . . . likewise everyone that boweth down upon his 

knees to drink.”— Judges vii. 5. 

“ They stoop, they bow down together; they could not 
deliver the burden.”— Isaiah xlvi. 2. 


2. Specially. Of persons: 

(}) To stoop, to incline the head or body for the 
sake of expressing respect or veneration for. (Lit. 
dt fig.) 

“ Rather let my head 

Stoop to the block, than these knees boio to any, 

Save to the God of heaven and to my king.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. I'/., Pt. II., iv. 1. 

(2) To bend one’s steps or one’s way, to go, to 
walk. 

“ Doun after a strem that dryly halez, 

I bowed in blys. bred ful my braynez.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems led. Morris); The Pearl, 125-26. 


(3) To bend to, to obey; to acquiesce in. 

“ They had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 66. 

“I bow to heaven’s decree.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage. 

bow (2), v. t. [From Eng. bow (2), s., in the sense 
of an instrument for setting the strings of musical 
instruments in vibration.] To play with a bow. 

“. . . also, that where no directions are given, the 
passage should be bowed, that is, the notes should be 
alternately played by an up and down bow.”— Stainer & 
Barrett: Diet. Mus. Terms, p. 61. 

bow (1), s. & a. [From bow, v. (q. v.)] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Of things: 

(11 A curve, bending, or zigzag in a street. 

(2) PI. (bows): Sugar tongs. (Scotch.) So called 
probably from their being bent. 

2. Of persons: An act of reverence or acquiescence 
made by bending the body. 

“Some clergy, too, she would allow. 

Nor quarrel’d at their awkward bow.” — Swift. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or consisting of a 
curve, bending or zigzag in a street; curved, 
crooked. 

T[ In composition usually pronounced bow. 

bow-back, s. An arched or crooked back. 

“ On his bow-back he hath a battle set 
Of bristly pikes, that ever threat his foes.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 619-20. 

bow-bent, a. Crooked. 

“ For once it was my dismal hap to hear 
A sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age, 

That far events full wisely could presage.” 

Milton: College Exercise. 

bow-file, s. A curved file; a riffler. 

bow-kail, s. & a. [Bow refers to thecirculai 
form of the plant, and kail is Scotch for cabbage.] 

A. As substantive: Scotch for cabbage. 

“Poor ha^rel Will fell aff the drift. 

An’ wander’d thro’ the bow-kail. 

An’ pou’t, for want o’ better shift, 

A runt was like a sow-tail, 

Sae bow’t that night.” 

Burns: Halloween. 

B. As adjective: Of or belonging to cabbage. 

“Poor Willie, wi’ his bow-kail runt. 

Was brunt wi’ primsie Mallie.” 

Burns: Halloween. 

bow-leg, s. A crooked leg. 

“ Who fears to set straight, or hide, the unhandsome 
warpings of bow-legs f" — Bp. Taylor: Artificial Handsome¬ 
ness, p. 60. 

bow-legged, a. Having crooked legs. 

bow-pen, s. A metallic ruling-pen, which has 
the part intended to hold the ink bowed out to the 
middle. 

bow-pencil, s. A form of compasses of the 
smaller kind, which are capable of delicate adjust¬ 
ment for describing minute circles and arcs of small 
radius. The mode of adjustment is similar to the 
bow-pen. A black-lead pencil pared down to a 
small size, or the lead from a pencil, is clamped in 
the socket, and is advanced as it wears or is shaved 
away in sharpening. 

bow-window, s. [A corruption of bay-window .] 
A bowed window; a window so shaped as to be bent 
or bowed. 


bow (2), *bowe, *bouwe, s. & a. [A. S. boga= (1) 
bow, an arch, an arched room, a corner, a bending, 
a band, (2) anything that bends, a horn, a tail ; from 
bigan =to bond (Bow, v.). In Icel. 6of/i=a blow; Sw 
bdge; Dan. bue; Dut. boog; (N. H.) Ger. bogen; O. 
II. Ger. bogo, pogo. ] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of various instruments: 

(1) An instrument for propelling an arrow. 
[II., 1.] 

“ . . . t ake, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and 
thy bow.” — Gen. xxvii. 3. 

Boives and billes: A phrase used by the English 
in former times, for giving an alarm in their camp 
or military quarters. 

“The Inglische eoutdearis war all asleip, except the 
watch, whiche was sklender, ana yit the schout ryises, 
Bowes andBillisl Bowes and Billis! whiche is a significa- 
tioun of extreim defense, to avoyd the present danger in 
all tounes of ware.”— Knox, p. 32. “To your bows and 
battle-axes.” (Jamieson.) 

(2) An appliance for playing a musical instru¬ 
ment. [II. 3.] 

(3) A yoke for oxen, an ox-bow. 

“ As the ox hath Mb bow, sir, the horse his curb, and the 
falcon her bells, so man hath his desires.” —Shakesp.: As 
You Like It, iii. 3. 


2. Of anything arched like a bent bow: 

(1) The rainbow. 

“ I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token 
of a covenant between me and the earth.”— Gen, ix. 13. 

(2) Anarch; a gateway. (Scotch.) 

“ And first in the Throte of the Bow war slayne, David 
Kirk, and David Barbour, being at the Proveistis back.”— 
Knox: Hist., p. 82. 

“ The horsemen and sum of those that soul! have put 
ordor to utheris, overode thair pure brethrein at the 
entres of the Netherbow (i. e., the lower arch).”— Ibid., 
p. 190. 

(3) The arch of a bridge. (Scotch.) 

“ The falline downe of the three boiois of the brig of Tay 
be the greit wattir and of Lowis Yairk on the 20 of Decem- 
bir in anno 1573.”— MS. quoted, Muses Threnodie, p. 81. 

3. Of anything looped, or doubled: The doubling 
of a string in a slip-knot. Johnson thinks that this 
may be a corruption of bight. 

“ Make a knot, and let the second knot be with a bow." 
— Wiseman. 

4. Of a measure of distance: The length of an 
ordinary bow, which was used in ascertaining the 
distance from a mark in taking aim. 

“ No, no, Kate, you are two bowes down the winde.” 

li. Greene, in Harl. Mis., viii. 384. (Nares.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Archery: An instrument for projecting an 
arrow. It consists of a strip of wood or other 
material, the ends connected by a string. The bow 
is bent by retraction of the string, and the recoil 



1. Cross-bow and Arrow. 2. Long-bow and Arrow. 


imparted to the latter projects the arrow. In its 
simple state, and when large enough to be used for 
military purposes or for destroying large animals, 
it is known as the long-bow; when mounted trans¬ 
versely in a stock, it is a cross-bow. The former is 
exclusively adapted for shooting arrows; while 
bolts, or even round projectiles, may be thrown by 
the latter. (Knight.) [For the history of bows and 
arrows see Archery. See also Arrow.] 

2. Hat-making: A piece of elastic wood, six feet 
long, and having a catgut string stretched between 
its extremities. 

The vibrating 
string operates 
upon the felting- 
liair on a grid 
called a hurdle, 
lightens up the 
fibers, assembles 
them into a bat, 
and drives out the 
dust. [Bowing.] 

3. Music: An 
appliance with 
which the strings 
of certain musical 
instruments of 
the viol class are 
set in vibration. It 
consists of a num¬ 
ber of long horse- 
hairs stretched 
upon an elastic rod, which are tightened by a nut 
and screw. It was originally curved, whence its 
name. The old form is still seen in the rebeck or 
rebal of Algeria. 





Various Forms of Bows. 


“ Their instruments were various in their kind; 

Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind.” 

Dryden: The Flower and the Leaf, 357. 

4. Drawing: An elastic slip for describing curves; 
an arcograph. 

5. Machinery: An elastic rod and string for giv¬ 
ing reciprocating rotation to a drill. [Bow-drill.] 

6. Husbandry: The bent piece which embraces 
the neck of an ox, the ends coming up through the 
yoke, above which they are fastened by a key. 

7. Saddlery: The arched forward part of a sad¬ 
dle-tree which straddles the horse’s back. 

8. Vehicles: A bent slat to support the hood, can¬ 
opy, cover, or tilt of a vehicle; otherwise called a 
slat. 

9. Weapons: The arched guard of a sword-hilt or 
of the trigger of a fire-arm. 

10. Lock-making: The loop of a key which receives 
the fingers. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, Dench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, =§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shfis. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 

















bow-backed 


590 


boweled 


11. Naut. : An old nautical instrument for taking 
angles. It had one large graduated arc of 90°, three 
vanes, and a shank or staff. 

12. Masonry: A projecting portion of a building 
of circular or multangular plan. The bow-windows 
of English domestic architecture are known as 
oriels. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bow in any of 
the foregoing senses. (See the subjoined com¬ 
pounds.) 

H Obvious compound: Bow-making. (Stainer dt 
Barrett: Mus. Diet., p. 61.) 

bow-backed, a. Having a back bent like a bow. 

bow-bearer, s. 

1. Generally: The bearer of a bow. 

2. O. Eng. Law: An under-officer of a forest, who 
looked after trespasses affecting “ vert or venison.” 
( Cowel, die .) 

bow-boy, s. The boy bearing a bow, Cupid. 

“ . . . with the blind bow-boy’s butt-shaft.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet., ii. 4. 

bow-case, s. A cover or case for a bow. 

bow-compasses, s. 

Mathematical instruments: An instrument for 
drawing curves of large radius. It consists of a 
pliable strip which is bent by screws to any curve. 
An arcograph. 

* bow-draucht, *bow draughte, *boghe- 

draghte, s. A bow shot; the extent of an arrow’s 

flight. 

‘‘With strengthe thay reculede that host a-back ; more 
than a boghe-draglite.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,040. 

bow-drill, s. A drill operated by means of a 
bow, the cord of which is given one or more turns 
around the handle of the drill, and alternate revo¬ 
lution in opposite directions imparted to it by 
alternately reciprocating the bow backward and 
forward. 

bow-hand, s. 

1. The hand that holds the bow, the left hand. 

“ Surely he shoots wide on the bow-hand and very far 
from the mark.”—Spenser: On Ireland. 

IT To be too much of the bow-hand, or to be much of 
the bow-hand: To fix it in any design. 

“ Ric. I hope so, 

I am much o’ the bow-hand else.” 

Beau. & Flet.: Coxcomb, i. 1. 

2. Music: The hand that holds the bow; also a 
term used in describing the power and skill with 
which a player on a bow instrument produces his 
tone. ( Stainer dk Barrett.)', 

bow-instruments, s. 

Music: A term including that class of stringed 
instruments which are played by means of a bow. 
The violin, violoncello, double bass, &c. 

bow-iron, s. 

Vehicles: The staple on the side of a wagon-bed 
which receives the bows of the tilt or cover. 

bow-length, s. The same as Bow (2), s., A., I. 4 
(q. v.). ( Nares.) 

bow-pin, s. 

Husbandry : A cotter or key for holding in place 
the bow of an ox-yoke. 

bow-saw, s. A saw having a thin blade, kept 
taut by a straining frame in the manner of a bow 
and string. A sweep-saw or turning-saw. [Frame¬ 
saw, Drug-saw.] 

“Axes, eitch, drug-saw, bow-saw, &c.”— Depredations on 
the Clan Campbell, p. 52. 

bow-shot, s. [Bowshot.] 
bow-string, s. [Bowstring.] 
bow-suspension, s. & a. 

Bow-suspension truss: A bow-shaped beam used 
to strengthen a girder beam, 
bow-wood, s. [So called because the Indians use 
it for making bows.] 

Bot.: The Osage Orange, Maclura aurantiacea, a 
North American tree, first found in the country of 
the Osage Indians. It is frequently kept dwarf and 
used as a hedge-plant. Its fruit has somewhat the 
appearance of an orange, but is inedible. 

bow(3),s. [From Icel. bdgr; Dan .bov; Svr.bog; 
Dut. boeg .] [Bough, Bowline, Bowsprit.] 

1. Naut. db Ord. Lang.: The stem or prow of a 
vessel, the more or less rounded anterior extremity 
or fore-end of a ship or boat. 

j[ Sometimes in the plural. 

it On the bow: On the part of the water or land 
within 45° on either side of a line drawn from stem 
to stem, and produced till it reaches the horizon. 

H (1) A bold bow: A broad bow. {Johnson.) 

(2) A lean bow: A narrow, thin bow. {Johnson.) 

2. Fig.: The oarsman who pulls the oar nearest 
the bow. 


bow-chaser, s. 

Naut.: A long-ranged rifled cannon mounted for¬ 
ward on modern warships, having a range of fire of 
one-fourth of the horizon, but intended mainly for 
firing straight ahead at an object in pursuit of 
which the cruiser may be engaged, 
bow-fast, s. 

Naut.: A hawser at the bow, whereby a ship is 
secured alongside a wharf or other object. 

bow-grace, bow-grease, s. 

Naut.: A fender made of junk and ropes, lapping 
around the bow as a protection against floating ice. 
It is called also bongrace. 

bow-grease, s. 

Naut.: A corruption for bow-grace (q. v.). 

bow-lines, s. 

Shipbuilding: Curves representing vertical sec¬ 
tions at the bow-end of a ship. 

bow-oar, s. 

1. The oar nearest the bow of a boat. 

2. The same as Bow (3), 2. 

bow-piece, s. A piece of ordnance carried at the 
bow of a ship. 

bow-timbers, s. pi. 

Shipbuilding: The timbers which go to form the 
bow of a ship. 

*bOw(4),s. [Bought.] {Piers Plow.: Vis., 32.) 

bow-a-ble, a. [Eng. bow, v., and suff. -able.] 
Capable of being bent, flexible, pliable, yielding, 
influenced without much difficulty. 

“ If she be a virgin, she is pliable or bowable .”— 
Wodroephe: Fr. Oram. (1623), p. 323. 

*bow'-all, «• [The same as Bole (1), s.] A 
square aperture in the wall of a house for holding 
small articles. 

*bdw'-alle, s. [Bowel.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*bOW'-g,l-jfn, v. t. [Bowel, v.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*bOW-sjl-ynge, pr. par.&s. [Boweling.] 

*bow -and, *bow-ande, a. [A. S. bugende— bow¬ 
ing.] [Bowing.] 

1. Of things: Bowed, crooked. 

“ The bowand axis, helmes with hye crestes.” 

Doug .: Virgil, 211, 32. 

2. Of persons: Bowing, obedient. {Robert of 
Brunne, 5,836.) 

♦bow'-^t, s. [Bowet.] 

*bow -bert, *bow’-bard, a. & s. [Etym. doubt¬ 
ful. Cf. Scotch bumbard= indolent, lazy ; bumbart 
=a drone, a driveler.] 

A. As adjective {of the form bowbert): Lazy; 
inactive. 

“ Of thayr kynd thame list swarmis out bryng, 

Or in kames incluse thare hony clene— 

Or fra thare hyff togiddir in a rout 
Expellis the bowbert best, the fenyt drone be.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 26, 36. 

B. As substantive (o/ the form bowbard): A das¬ 
tard ; a person destitute of spirit. 

“ That ye sal euer sa dullit and bowbardis be, 
Vnwrokin sic iniuris to suffir here?” 

Doug.: Virgil, 391, 12. 

*bow -den, pa. par. [Bolden.] {Scotch.) 
bow -dl§h-l-a> s. [From Bowdich, who was born 
at Bristol, England, in 1790, went to Cape Coast 
Casde in the West of Africa in 1814, commenced an 
exploration of that continent in 1822, and died 
J anuary 10, 1824. ] 

Bot. : A gunes of Papilionace®. The species are 
trees, with alternate, unequally pinnated leaves. 
Bowdichia yirgilioides, which has fine blue flowers, 
is common in Brazil. Its bark is known as Alcorno 
Bark. 

*bowe (1), s. [Bough.] 

1. A bough. {Morte Artlmre, 1,711.) {Prompt. 
Parv.) 

2. PI.: The shoulders. 

“Seyne bowes of wylde bores with the braune lechyde.” 

Morte Arthure, 188. 

*bowe (2), S. [BOW (2), S.] 

bowed {Eng.), bow’d, bOW’t {Scotch), pa. par. 
& a. [Bpw, v.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Bent. 

“ . . . bowed down by terror . . .” — Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. Crooked. {Scotch.) 

“ An’ pou’t, for want o’ better shift, 

A runt was like a sow-tail, 

Sae bow’t that night.” 

Burns: Halloween. 

II. Arch.: Arched, curved. It is called also 


bow -el, *bow -elle, *bow-gflle, *b<5w'-&l$ 
*bou-el, *bow -3,1-y, *baw'-el-ly (pi. bowels), s.. 
[From O. Fr. boel (m.), boelle (f.) (Mod. Fr. boyau); 
Prov. budel; Ital. budello; Low Lat. botellus= a. 
bowel; Class. Lat. botellus=a little sausage, dimin. 
of botulus= a sausage.] 

tl. Sing.: One of the intestines of man or the 
inferior animals, an entrail. (Used chiefly in med¬ 
ical works and in composition.) 

“. . . retaining the mass longer in its passage' 
through the bowel . . .” — Cycl. Pract. Med., iv. 670. 

“ Bowalle, or bowelle ( bowaly, K. H. bawelly, P.) Viscus.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

II. Plural {bowels ): 

1. Lit.: The intestines or entrails of man or of 
the inferior animals. 

“ He smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and 6hed out 
his bowels.” —2 Sam. xx. 10. 


2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of the human emotions: 

(а) The seat of pity or tenderness. 

“ . . . for his bowels did yearn upon his brother.”— 

Gen. xliii. 30. 

“ But whoso hath this world’s goods, and seeth his 
brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compas¬ 
sion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?”— 
1 John iii. 17. 

(б) Pity, tenderness, compassion. 

“ For my Master, you must know, is one of every tender 
bowels, especially to them that are afraid; . . .”— 

Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii. 

“ . . . having no bowels in the point of running in 
debt, or borrowing all he could.”— Clarendon: 

(2) Of thinas physical: The inner part, or the 
midst of anything. (Used specially in the phrase, 
“ The bowels of the earth.”) 

“. . . and pouring war 
Into the bowels of ungrateful Rome.” 

Shakesp.: Cor. iv. 6. 

“And rush’d into the bowels of the battle.” 

Ibid., Hen. VI., Pt. I., i. 1. 

“ . . . the bowels of the mountain.”— Addison. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the bowels ; affect¬ 
ing the bowels, 
bowel-complaint, s. 

Med.: Disease of the bowels causing diarrhoea. 

bowel-galled, a. 

Farriery: A term applied to a horse when the' 
girth frets the skin between the elbow of the fore¬ 
legs and the ribs. 

bowel-hive, bowel hive, bowel-hyve, s. & a. 

[From Scotch hives (pi.)=an eruption. (Hive.) So 
called because those afflicted with the disease have 
often a swelling in the side.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. An inflammation of the bowels, to which chil¬ 
dren are subject. According to some, it is owing to 
what medical men call intussusception, or to one 
part of the intestines being inverted; others give a 
different account of it. 


“. . . and the rickets in children, which they call the 
bowel-hyve." — Pennecuik: Tweeddale, p. 7. 

“ The disease, called, by mothers and nurses in Scot¬ 
land, the bowel-hive, is a dangerous inflammatory bilious 
disorder; and when not soon relieved, very frequently 
proves fatal. It is brought on by disorders of the milk, 
by exposure to cold, and living in low, cold, damp situ¬ 
ations.”— Curtis: Medical Observ., p. 187. 

2. The same as Bowel-hive Grass (q. v.). 

B. As adjective: Of use in the disease described 
under A. 

Boivel-hive Grass: 

Popular Bot.: A plant, Alchemilla arvensis. It is 
not of the grass family, but allied to the Rosace®, 
though very different in appearance. 

*bOwel-prier, s. One who prys into the bowels 
of animals, slain as sacrificial victims, for the pur¬ 
pose of divination. 

“ And verily, Homer seemeth not to be ignorant of this 
difference whereof we speak; for of diviners and sooth¬ 
sayers, some he calleth oionopolous, i. e., augurs, that 
is to say, authors or observers of birds; others hiereis, that 
is to say, bowel-priers, that spie into the inwards of sacri¬ 
fices.”— Holland: Plutarch, p. 995. 

bow -el, v. t. [From boivel, s. (q. v.)] To take 
the bowels from, to disembowel; to eviscerate. 

“ Bowaylyn' , or take owte bowalys. Eviscero, Cath.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

fbow-eled, pa. par. & a. [Bowel, v.j 

A. As past participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As adjective: Hollow, like the interior of the 
abdomen with the bowels removed (?). Or having 
on its walls bowel-like veins. 

“ But, to the bowel’d cavern darting deep, 

The mineral kinds confess thy mighty power.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. ' qu = kw! 




boweling 


591 


bowl 


tbow'-sl-Ing, *bow'-kHfnge, pr. par. & s. 
[Bowel, t>.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: The act of disemboweling or 
removing the bowels. 

‘‘ Bowalynge. Evisceracio, exenteracio.” — Prompt. Parv. 
bow-el-less, a. [Eng. bowel; suff. -less.] With¬ 
out bowels, in a figurative sense, i. e., destitute of 
compassion. 

“Miserable men commiserate not themselves; bowel¬ 
less unto others, and merciless unto their own bowels.”— 
Browne .• Chr. Morals, i. 7. 

bow -el§, s. pi. [Bowel, s.] 
bow -en-Ite, s. [From Bowen, an American 
mineralogist, who first described it in 1822.] 

Min.: A variety of Serpentine. It is apple-green 
or greenish-white in color, and akin to Nephrite. 

bow-er (1), *bowre ; *bour, *boure, s.&a. [A.S. 

bur= a bower, a cottage, a dwelling, an inner room, 
a bedchamber, a storehouse ( Somner ) (Bosworth); 
O. S. & Icel. bUr ; Sw. bur=a cage, a bower; Dan. 
buur=a cage, a pitfall to catch birds; N. H. Ger. 
bauer= a cage; M. H. Ger. bilr; O. H. Ger. pilr. 
From A. S. buan—to inhabit, to dwell, to cultivate, 
to till; Moeso-Goth. bauan— to dwell.] 

A. As substantive: 

*1. Originally: A chamber. 

“ Bowre, chambyr. Thalamus, conclave.’’ — Prompt. Parv. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ And othre maydens elleune; burdes brighte on boure; 
xv. thar were of hem ful euene; duellyng in that 
toure.” Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 1,336-7. 

(2) Spec. : A lady’s chamber; a retired chamber, 
such as ladies were wont to possess. 

“ Resoundis thro baith palice, boure, and hall.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 472, 44. 

2. Next: 

(1) A cottage. 

“ Courtesie oft-times in simple bowres 
Is found as great as in the stately towres.” 

Transl. of Arist., xiv. 62. 

(2) Any residence. 

“ Like Mars, god of war, inflamed with ire, 

I forced the Frenchmen t’ abandon their bowers.” 

Mir. for Magistrates, p. 282. 

3. Now: 

(1) Lit.: An arbor, a shady retreat in a garden 
made by bending and twining branches of trees 
together. 

(2) Fig.: A blissful place, blissful circumstances. 
“There’s a bower of roses by Bendemeer’s stream.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh. 

“On steady wings sails through th’ immense abyss, 
Plucks amaranthine joys from bowers of bliss.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

IT A bower differs from an arbor in this respect, 
that the former may be either round or square, 
whereas the latter is long and arched. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bower in any of 
the senses of the substantive. 

bower-birds, s. pi. 

Ornith.: The name given to certain birds of the 
genera Ptilorrhynchus and Chlamydera, which are 
ranked under the family Sturnidae (Starlings). 
They are found in Australia. The English name is 
given because these birds are in the habit of build¬ 
ing bowers as well as nests. The best known species 
is Ptilorrhynchus holosericus. 

bower-cod, s. The smallest of the cod family of 
fishes. It is called also Power-cod. ( Rossiter.) 

bower-eaves, s.'pi. The projecting cavity of 
interlaced branches in an arbor. 

“Lookout below your bower-eaves.” 

Tennyson: Margaret, 5. 

bow -er (2), boo -er, s. [Bowyer.] (Scotch.) 
(Acts Chas. I. (ed. 1814), v. 540.) 

*bow-er (3), *bowr, *bowre, s. [From boiv= to 
bend; and suff. -er.\ 

Anat.: One of the muscles which move the 
shoulder. 

“His rawbone armes, whose mighty brawned bowrs 
Were wont to rive steele plates, and helmets hew.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 41. 

bow’-er (4), s. & a. [From boiv (3).] 

A. As subst. Naut.: An anchor cast from the bow 
of a vessel. 

B. As adj.: Cast from the bow. 
bower-anchor, s. [Eng . bower; anchor. InDut. 

boeyanker .] The seme as bower (4), s. (q. v.) 

bow'-er (5), s. [Derived from Eng. boor (q. v.).] 

bower-mustard, boor’s mustard, s. A plant, 
Thlaspi arvense. It has been used in the pharmacy 
of several countries as an ingredient of a counter 
irritant plaster—the best known of which class of 
preparations in this country is the Sparadrap au 
Thlaspi. 


♦bow -er (6), s. [Bowess.] 
bower, *bowre, v. t. & i. [From bower (1), s. 
(q- v.)] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. Of the form bowre: To inhabit, to dwell in, to 
nestle in. 

“ Spredding pavilions for the birds to bowre.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. x. 6. 

f2. Of the form bower: 

(1) Lit.: To embower, to inclose and shade with 
branches or foliage. 

“ Know ye it, brethren! where bower’d it lies 
Under the purple of southern skies ?” 

Hemans: A Voyager’s Dream of Land. 

(2) Fig.: To inclose. 

“ Thou didst bower the spirit of a fiend 
In mortal paradise of such sweet flesh.” 

Shakesp.; Romeo and Juliet, iii. 2. 

B. Intrans.: To grow, to dwell upon, to repose 
upon. 

“ Which though it on a lowly stalke doe bowre.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. i. 4. 

Bow -er-ban-ki-?,, s. [From Mr. J. S. Bowerbank, 
an eminent naturalist, who flourished in the middle 
of the 19th century.) 

ZoOl.: A genus of Ascidioid Polyzoa, belonging to 
the family Vesiculariadte. B. imbricata is found 
abundantly on the chains of vessels, 
bdw -ered, pa. par. & a. [Bovee, v.] 
fbow-er-ing, pr. par. & a. [Bower, t\] 

“ He keeps a garden where the spices breathe, 

Its bowering borders kiss the vale beneath.” 

Parnell: The Gif t of Poetry. 

fbow'-er-^, a. & s. [From Eng. bower; - 2 /.] 

A. As adj.: Full of bowers, abounding in bowers, 
characterized by the prevalence of bowers. 

“ More happy! laid where trees with trees entwin’d 
In bowery arches tremble to the wind.” 

Broome: Epist. to Mr. E. Fenton. 

“ Landskips how gay the bow’ry grotto yields, 

Which thought creates, and lavish fancy builds!” 

Tickell. 

“Distracted wanders now the bowei-y walk.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring, 616. 

Spec.: Pertaining to or having the characteristics 
of the Bowery, a street of New York City; swagger¬ 
ing, bullying. 

B. As subst.: 

*1. A farm with its buildings. 

2. A well-known street in New York City. 

■fbbw'-ess, *bdw-er, *bow -et, s. [From A. S. 
btian= to dwell. So called because it still dwells in 
the nest, and is not yet a “ brancher.” (Mahn.) Or 
(?) from 6ow)=bougli, from)the young birds being 
just able to get on to the boughs.] 

Falconry: A young hawk when it begins to get 
out of the nest. It is called also bowet. 
bow -et (1), s. [Bowess.] 

bow-et (2), *bOW-ett (O. Eng.), s. A lantern. 
[Buat.] (Scotch.) 

bowge (1), v. i. [Bouge.] To swell out. [Bulge.] 

bowge (2), v. t. [Bilge.] To cause to bilge, to 
perforate ; as, to bowge a ship. 

“So offensive and dangerous to bowge and pierce any 
enemie ship which they do encounter.”— Holland. 

bowge, s. [From Lat. bulga.] A leathern knap¬ 
sack. 

‘‘Bowge. Bulga.” — Prompt. Parv. 
bow -ger, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The puffin, or 
coulter-neb; a bird, Alca arctica (Linn.). 

“The Bowger, so called by those in St. Kilda, Coulter 
Neb, by those on the Farn Islands, and in Cornwall, Pipe, 
is of the size of a pigeon.”— Martin: St. Kilda, p. 34. 

♦bow'-gle, *bu-gill, s. [O. Fr. bugle; Lat. bucu- 
lus=a young bullock, a steer. Dimin. of bos— an 
ox.J A wild ox. (Scotch.) 

“And lat no bowgle with his busteous hornis 

The meik pluch ox oppress, for all his pryd.” 

Dunbar: Thistle and Rose, st. 16. 

bdw-ie, *bow -y, s. [Fr. buie= a water-pot, a 
pitcher (Cotg.).] 

1. A cask with the head taken out. (Scotch.) 

“ God knows, our bowies, and our pipkins, and our 
draps o’ milk, and our bits o’ bread, are nearer and dearer 
to us than the bread of life.”— Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, 
ch. xiv. 

2. A small washing-tub. 

“ Item, ane gryt bowie, ourgilt.—Item, ane gryt watter 
pott.—Item, ane gryt boivy.” — Coll, of Inventories, 71, 72. 

3. A milk-pail. 

“To bear the milk bowie no pain was to me, 

When I at the bughting forgather’d with thee.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 105. 

bow'-ie, a. [Named after Col. Rezin Bowie, its 
inventor.] 


bowie-knife, s. A weapon formerly used in tht 
south and southwest parts of the United States. 
It is a long-bladed sheath knife, double edged near 
the point, and is still in use as a hunting-knife. 

bow-ing (1), pr. par., a. & s. [Bow, n.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of bending, causing to 
stoop, or stooping. 

“ . . . was that himself should obtain grace by the 
bowing of his knees to God.”— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. v., 
ch. lxvi.. § 9. 

bow'-ing (2), s. [From 6ota (2) (q. v.).] 

1. Music: 

(1) The actor art of managing the bow in play¬ 
ing on stringed instruments so as not only to bring 
out the best tone the instrument is capable of, but 
also so to phrase the passages played that the best 
possible character may be imparted to the music. 
(Stainer & Barrett.) 

(2) The particular manner in which a phrase or 
passage is to be executed, and the sign by which 
such a manner is usually marked. (Grove: Diet. 

Music.) 

2. Hat-making: A mode of separating the fila¬ 
ments of felting-fur, and distributing them lightly 
in an openwork frame, called a basket. The oval 
sheet of fur thus obtained is worked by pressure, 
and a rubbing, jerking motion, which causes the 
fibers to interlace (felt), so that the sheet of nap¬ 
ping can be handled and shaped by the succeeding 
processes. (Knight.) 

bow'-lng-ly, adv. [Eng. bowing; -ly.~\ In a bow¬ 
ing manner, so as to bend. (Huloet.) 

bowk, v. i. & t. [Bole, Belch.] To belch. 

bowk, bouk, s. [Bulk.] Bulk, body. (O. Eng. 

<& Scotch.) 

“. . . and down fell the burdane wi’ a’ his bowk 
abune me.”— Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxiv. 

♦bbwk'-Ing, s. [Bucking.] The process of boil¬ 
ing in an alkaline solution in a kier. 

bowl (1), *bolle, s. & a. [A. S. bolla= any round 
vessel, cup, pot, bowl, or measure; Icel. bolli; O. 
Dut. 6oiZe=bowl; O. H. Ger. polla; Gael. bol. Akin 
to bowl (2) (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A hollow vessel for holding liquids. It is 
shaped like the lower part of a cone reversed in 
position. Its depth is less in proportion to its 
width than is the case in a cup, which it also, as a 
rule, exceeds in size. [Wassail-bowl.] 

“ Where wine and spices richly steep, 

In massive bowl of silver deep.” 

Scott: Marmion, i. 30. 

2. The hollow part or concavity of anything. 
Used for the hollow part or concavity— 

*(1) Of a scale. 

“ Bolle of a balaunce, or skole (scoole, H.). Laiix, Cath.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

t(2) Of a spoon. 

“ If you are allowed a large silver spoon for the kitchen, 
let half the bowl of it be worn out by constant scraping.” 

—Swift. 

(3) Of a pipe. 

“ And whenever the old man paused, a gleam 
From the bowl of his pipe would awhile illume 
The silent group in the twilight gloom.” 

Longfellow: The Building of the Ship. 

*(4) Of a basin or fountain for containing water. 

“But the main matter is so to convey the water, as it 
never stay either in the bowl or in the cistern.”— Bacon. 

II. Scripture: The calyx of a flower or its repre¬ 
sentation in architecture. 

“ Three bowls made like unto almonds, with a knop and 
a flower in one branch ; and three bowls made like al¬ 
monds in the other branch.”— Exod. xxv. 33. 

B. As adjective: Designed for the manufacture 
of bowls. 

bowl-machine, s. A machine for making wooden 
bowls. 

bowl (2), *bowle (Eng.), bool (Scotch), s. & a. 
[From Fr. boule = a ball, a bowl, a globe, a sphere, 
amarble, ataw; Prov., Sp., & Port, bola; Dut. bol, 
Lat. bulla=(l) a bubble, (2) a boss.] [Boil, Bowl 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: A ball of any material for rolling alon» 
a level surface in play. 

“ As bowls go on, but turning all the way.”— Herbert. 

“ Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground, 

I’ve tumbled past the throw.” 

Shakesp..- Coriol., v. 2. 

“ Madam, we’ll play at bowls.” 

Ibid., Richard II., iii. 4. 


b6il, b<Sy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$L 




592 


bowl-alley 

2. Spec.: A marble or taw for playing with. 

(1) Sing.: A single marble. 

(2) Plural: 

(a) Marbles taken collectively. 

( b ) The game of marbles. 

II. Tech. Knitting-machine: A roller or anti¬ 
friction wheel, on which the carriage traverses. 

B. As adjective: Designed for bowls, in which 
bowls are played. 

*bowl-alley, s. [Bowling-alley.] {Earle: 
Microcosmographia.) 

bowl, *bow-lyn, v. t. & i. [From howl (2), s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To roll as a bowl. 

2. To pelt with anything rolled. 

“ Alas ! I had rather be set quick i’ the earth, 

And bowl’d to death with turnips.” 

Shakesp.: Mer. Wives, iii. 4. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To roll a ball or bowl on a level plane. 

2. To play a game at bowls. 

“ Challenge her to bowl.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 1. 

3. To move along smoothly and rapidly like a bowl 
or ball. (Generally followed by along.) 

C. In special phrases. Cricket: 

1. To bowl, v. t. & i.: To deliver the ball at the 
striker’s wicket. (See example under bowler.) 

2. To bowl, or bowl out, v. t.: To put out the 
striker by bowling down his wicket. (For example 
see bowler.) 

*b6w'-lg.nd, a. [From Teut. bogkelend, pa. par. 
of bogkelen (?)=to bend us a bow {Jamieson)A 
Hooked, crooked. 

“With handis like to bowlancl birdis clews. ” 

Doug.: Virgil , 74, 52. 

*bowl -der, s. [Boulder.] 

*bowlder-wall, s. [Boulder-wall.] 
bSwled, pa. par. & a. [Bowl, v.] 
bo wl-er, s. [Eng. bowl; -er.] 

1. Gen.: One who plays at bowls. 

“ Who can reasonably think it to be a commendable 
calling, for any man to be a protest bowler, or archer, or 
gamester, and nothing else?”— Bp, Sanderson: Serm., 
p. 217. 

2. Cricket: One who delivers the ball or bowls. 

“ Five bowlers were engaged . . . who bowled 68 

overs and three balls for 72 runs .”—London Times, August 
26, 1875. 

fbow -less, a. [Eng. bow, and suff. dess.] With¬ 
out a bow. 

*bow-lie, *bow -ly, *boo -lie, a. [In Ger. buck- 
■eltg>=:crook-backed, humpbacked ; Dan. bugle, bule 
= a swelling, a tumor.] Crooked, deformed. 

That duck was the first of the kind we had ever seen ; 
and many thought it was of the goose species, only with 
short bowly legs.”— Ann. of the Par., p. 131. 

bowlie-backit, boolie-backit, a. Humpbacked. 
(Often used of one whose shoulders are very round.) 

bow-line,*bow -ling (F)io.).bou'-lene(ScofcA), 

-s. & a. [From Eng. bow, and line {ling is simply a 
corruption of line); Icel. bdglina = bowline ; Sw. 
boglina, bolina ; Dan. bouline, bougline; Dut. 
boelijn, boeglijin; Ger. boleine; Fr. bouline; Sp., 
Port. & Ital. bolina.] 

A. As substantive: 

Nautical: 

*1. Originally: Tlie lino of the bow or bend. 

*2. Next: A slanting sail to receive a side wind. 

3. Now: A rope fastened to the middle part of the 
mtside of a sail, and designed to make the sail 

Aland sharp or close to the wind. It is fastened 
to three or four parts of the sail, which are called 
the bowling-bridles (q. v.). 

if On a bowline: Sailing close, or close-hauled to 
the wind. 

B. As adjective: Designed for a bowline, used 
in connection with a bowline, or in any other way 
pertaining to a bowline. 

bowline-bridle, s. 

Naut.: The span which connects 
the bowline to several cringles on 
the leech of a square sail, 
bowline-knot, s. 

Naut.: A peculiar knot by which 
the bowline-bridles are fastened to 
the cringles. 

bow-ling, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Bowl, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle 
and participial adjective: in senses Bowline-knot, 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of throwing bowls or playing at bowls. 

2. The act of delivering a ball at cricket. 

3. The “long-bowling ” described by Strutt is evi¬ 
dently the game now called skittles. {Nares.) 


fate, fat, 
nr, wore. 


bowling-alley, s. A covered space for playing 
at bowls when an open area or green could not 
be obtained. 

bowling-green, s. A green, or level piece of 
greensward or other ground, kept smooth for 
bowlers. 

”... and, on fine evenings, the fiddles were in 
attendance, and there were morris dances on the elastic 
turf of the bowling-green.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

bowling-ground, s. Ground for bowling. A 
more general word than bowling-green. 

“That (for six of the nine acres) is counted the subtlest 
bowling-ground in ail Tartary.”— B. Jonson: Masques. 

*bOwlne, pa. par. The same as bolne (q. v.). 
bowl§, s.pl. [Bowl (2). 1 

bow-man (1), s. [Eng. bow (2),s.; and man.] One 
who shoots with a bow, an archer. 

“The whole city shall flee, for the noise of the horse¬ 
men and bowmen.” — Jer. iv. 29. 

bow'-msm (2),s. [Eng. boiv (3), s.; and man.] 
The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat. 

If Bowman's root: 

Bot.: (1) An onagraceous plant, Isnardia alter- 
nifolia. 

(2) A rosaceous plant, Gillenia trifoliata, com¬ 
mon in this country. 

fbown, fbowne, *bdwune, a. [Boun, a.] 

fbown, fbowne, fboun, *bon, v. t. & i. [From 
bown, boun, a. (q. v.)] [Boun, Bown.] 

A. Trans.: To prepare. (Not extinct, but still 
used in poetry referring to bygone times.) 

If Sometimes it is reflective. 

“ Before some chieftain of degree, 

Who left the royal revelry 

To bowne him for the war.” 

Scott: Marmion, v. 20. 

B. Intrans.: To hasten, to hurry. 

“ So mourned he till Lord Caere’s band 
Were bowning back to Cumberland.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, y. 30. 
*bdwnd, v. i. [From O. Eng. bown, v.=to pre¬ 
pare.] To lead by a direct course. 

“And taught the way that does to heaven bownd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 67. 
*bownde, s. [Bound (1), s.] 

“ Bownde, or marke. Meta, limes.” — Prompt. Parv. 
bow-net, bow net, s. [Eng. bow; net. From 
A. S. boganet; from boga= a bow, an arch; and wet.] 
A kind of wicker basket, with another one inside it, 
used for catching lobsters and crawfish. There is a 
lip to prevent the return of the entrapped crusta¬ 
ceans. It is called also a bow-wheel. These nets 
are used almost exclusively in England, but have 
served for models for the potnots and creels in use 
along the coasts of the southern Atlantic states, 
and in some of the rivers of the same section for 
the capture, not only of crustaceans, but of some 
species of riverfish, as catfish, etc. The usual 
method is to bait the bottom of the net with some 
odoriferous bait, and the fish enter, but are pre¬ 
vented returning by an extension inward of the 
circular edges of the trap. 

*bbwn-te, s. [Bounty.] {Barbour: The Bruce, 
viii. 23.) 

*bOWr, s. [From Eng. bow= to bend, and suffix 
-er.] The muscle which bends the shoulder; a mus¬ 
cle of the shoulder. [Bower (3).] 

*bowre, s. [Bower.] 

*b6w'-r\ig-ie, s. [From the French bourgeois.'] 
Burgesses, tlie third estate in a Parliament or Con¬ 
vention. 

“ Assemblit ther clerk, barown, and bowrugie.” 

Wallace, viii. 4, MS. (Jamieson.) 
*bows, s.pl. Sugar-tongs. [Bow.] 
bow§e, *b6u§e, v. i. [Booze.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: To booze, to bouze, to carouse. 
[Booze.] 

2. Naut.: To pull, to haul, to haul upon. 

IT (1) To bowse away: To pull all together. 

(2) To bowse upon a tack: To pull in a particular 
direction. 

bow-shot {Eng.), *bdw'-schote {Scotch), s. 
[Eng. bow; shot. In Dut. boogsehot.] The distance 
which an arrow propelled from a bow traverses 
before coming to the ground. 

. . and sat her down over against him a good way 
off, as it were a bowshot — Gen. xxi. 16. 

“Three bowshots far, 

Paused the deep front of England’s war.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles , vi. 13. 

bdw -§le, a. [From Fr. bossu = humpbacked, 
hunchbacked.] Crooked. 

bow -sprit, bolt-sprit, s. [In Sw. bogsprbt; 
(N. H.) Ger. bugspriet, bogspriet: L. Ger. bogspret; 
Dut. boegspriet, from 6oegr=the bow of a ship, and 
spriet= Eng. sprit. Boltsprit is corrupted from 
bowsprit. In Johnson’s time, however, it was the 
more common form of the word.] 


bowsy * 

Naut.: A spar projecting forward from the bows 
of a vessel. It supports the j ib-boom and flying j ib- 
boom, and to the bowsprit and these spars the 



Bowsprit. 

fore-stay, fore topmast-stay, &c., are secured. It is 
tied down by the bobstays and by the gammoning. 
It is stayed laterally by the bowsprit-shrouds. It 
rests upon the stem and the apron. The part which 
rests on the stem is the bed ; the inner part from 
that point is the housing; the inner end is the heel; 
the outer end the head or bees-seating. The gam¬ 
moning is the lashing by which the bowsprit is 
secured to the knee of the head. The martingale 
[Martingale] is a spar depending from the bow¬ 
sprit end, and is used for reeving the stays. The 
heel-chain is for holding out the jib-boom, and the 
crupper-chain for lashing it down to the bowsprit. 
The bowsprit has heel, head, fiddle or bees, chock, 
gammoning, bobstays, shrouds, martingale, and 
dolphin-striker. Bowsprits are standing, that is, 
permanent, as in large vessels or sloops; or run¬ 
ning-in bowsprits, as in cutters. 

*bbws-sen, v. t. [Booze.] To drench, to soak. 
“The water fell into a close walled plot; upon this wall 
was the frantic person set, and from thence tumbled 
headlong into the pond; where a strong fellow tossed him 
up and down, until the patient, by foregoing his strength, 
had somewhat forgot his fury: but if there appeared 
small amendment, he was bowssened again and again, 
while there remained in him any hope of life for recov¬ 
ery.”— Carew: Surv. of Cornw. 

bow-ster, bow'-st^r, s. [Bolster.] {Tarras: 
Poems, p. 74.) 

’’’boW'-Sting, s. [From Eng. bow; and Scotch 
sting.] A pole to be used as a bow. 

“Valit f i. e. , picked] bowstingis, price of the scoirvi lb. 
Scottis money.”— Aberd. Beg., A. 1551, v. 21. 
bow-string, & a. [Eng. bow; string.] 

A. As subst.: The string of a bow. 

1. Literally: 

“Sound will be conveyed to the ear by striking on a 
bowstring, if the horn of the bow be held to the ear.”— 
Bacon. 

“The bowstring twang’d; nor flew the shaft in vain.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xi., 481. 

2. Figuratively: 

“He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid’s bowstring, and 
the little hangman dare not shoot at him.”— Shakesp.: 
Much Ado, iii. 2. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the string of a bow, 
resembling the string of a bow. (See the com¬ 
pounds.) 

bowstring-bridge, s. 

Arch.: A bridge in which the horizontal thrust of 
the arch or trussed beam is resisted by means of a 
horizontal tie attached as nearly as possible to the 
chord-line of the arch, 
bowstring-girder, s. 

Arch.: An arched beam resisting thrust; a hori¬ 
zontal tie resisting tension and holding together 
the ends of the arched rib ; a series of vertical sus¬ 
pending bars by which the platform is hung from 
the arched rib; and a series of diagonal braces 
between the suspending bars. 

bowstring-hemp, s. [So called because the 
fibers of the leaves are used for bowstrings by the 
natives of the country where they grow.] 

Bot.: An English name for Sanseviera, a genus of 
Liliaceee. It is called also African Hemp. The 
species are stemless perennials, with whitish or 
yellowish green clusters of flowers. They are found 
in Africa and Southern Asia. Sanseviera Roxburgh- 
iana is the Moorva or Marvel of India, the fibers of 
which are used in the manufacture of string. 

bow'-strlfig, v. t. [From bowstring, s. (q.v.)] To 
strangle by means of a bent bow, the string of which 
is placed around the neck of the prisoner in a loop. 
The flexure of the bow is then relieved, and the ten¬ 
sion on the string strangles the unhappy victim, 
fbow'-strlfiged, pa. par. & a. [Bowstring, i\] 

A. As past participle. (See the-Verb.) 

B. As participial adjective: Furnished with a 
bowstring. 

*bow'-sum, a. [Buxom.] 

*bbw'-sum-nes, *bow -sun-es, s. [Buxomness.] 
bow -§y, a. [Bousy.] 


fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gb, pot, 
w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw 








593 


box-beam 


bowt 


Dtf^t (1), bowtt, s. [Bolt.] A bolt. (Scotch.) 

„ ■ • • ail< i sex irne bowttis.” — Inventories, A. 1580, 

p. oUU. 

“ A fool’s bowt is soon shot.”— Ramsay: 8. Prov., p. 10. 
(Jamieson.) 

bowt (2) v s. [Bout (1).] As much worsted as is 
wound upon a clue, while the clue is held in one 
position. 

“ Bowt of worsted.”— Abend. Reg. 
bow t, pa. par. [Bowit.] (Burns; Halloween.) 

bdw'-tel, bow'-tell, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Com¬ 
pare Fr. bouteille= bottle.] 

Architecture: 

1. Generally of the form bowtel: The shaft of a 
clustered pillar; a shaft attached to the jambs of 
a door or window. 

2. Generally of the form bowtell: A plain circular 
molding. 

bow -ting, a. [From bcmt (1) (q. v.).] 

bowting-claith, s. Cloth of a thin texture. 
[Bolting-cloth.] 

bow -wpod, s. [Eng. bow; wood.) 

Bot.: (1) Centaurea nigra, (2) Centaurea scabiosa. 
{Ger. App.) 

bow -wow, s. & a. [Imitated from the barking 
of a dog.] 

A. As substantive ; 

1. The sounds emitted by a dog in barking. 

2. A highly expressive but ludicrous appellation 
for the dog itself. 

“ Nor some reproof yourself refuse 
From your aggrieved bow-wow.” 

Cowper: On a Spaniel called Beau; Beau’s Reply. 

B. As adjective: Relating to the sounds emitted 
by a dog, or to anything similar. 

IF Philol. The bow-wow theory of the origin of 

S uage: A ludicrous name given by Prof. Max 
er to the philological theory that the several 
languages, or at least the primitive one, originated 
from the imitation of the sounds emitted by animals, 
or the other sounds of nature. He shows that while 
there wa3 undoubtedly such an origin to a few 
words, cuckoo, for instance, the immense majority 
of the I vocables in every known language had a 
different origin. Another theory, that which teaches 
that the original words were interjections, is 
similarly derided as the pooh-pooh theory. [Pooh- 
pooh.] (Science of Lang. (1861), p. 344, &c.) 

bow'-yer, *bow-yere, *bower, s. & a. [From 
Eng. bow, and suffix -yer, the same which exists in 
lawyer. ] 

A. As substantive: 

1. An archer, one who uses the bow as his weapon 
of war or for amusement. 

“ Bowyere ( bowyere, P.) Arcuarius, arohitenens, Diet.” 
—Prompt. Parv. 

2. One whose trade it is to make bows. 

“Good bows and shafts shall be better known to the 
Commodity of shooters; and good shooting may, per¬ 
chance, be more occupied, to the profit of all bowyers and 
detachers.”— Ascam. Toxophilus. 

3. Bowyer's mustard: [A corruption of Boor’s 
Mustard.] A plant, Thlaspi arvense. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Of a single person: Skilled in archery. 

“ Call for vengeance from the bowyer king.” 

Dry den: Homer’s Iliad, i. 

2. Of aggregations of persons: Consisting of 

archers. 

"When, with his Norman bowyer band, 

He came to waste Northumberland.” 

Scott: Marmion, ii. 15. 

box (1), v. t. & i. [In Icel. byxa; Dut. boksen. 
Skeat considers this to be from Dan. baske—to beat, 
strike, or cudgel; Sw. basa= to baste, to whip, to 
beat, to flay, to lash. He considers it another form 
of pash.] [Box (1), s., Baste, Pash.] 

A. Transitive. Of persons: To strike with the 
clenched fist. 

“Cleopatra was in such a rage with him, that she flew 
upon him, and took him by the hair of the head, and 
boxed him well-favoredly.”— North. Plutarch, p. 783. 
( Richardson .) 

B. Intransitive: 

1 . Of persons: To engage in a pugilistic en¬ 
counter. 

"And tells them, as he strokes their silver locks, 

That they must soon learn Latin, and to box.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

2. Of animals: To strike with the paw. 

“A leopard is like a cat; he boxes with his forefeet, as a 
jat doth her kitlins.”— Grew. 
b5x (2), v. t. [From box (2), s. (q. v.)] 

1 . To inclose in a box 


2. To inclose or confine in anything box-like. 

“Box’d in a chair, the beau impatient sits. 

While spouts run clatt’ring o’er the roof by fits.” 

Swift. 

3. To furnish with boxes: as, “ to box a wheel.” 

4. To wainscot, to panel with wood. (Scotch.) 
(Jamieson.) 

IF (1) To box a tree: To make an incision into it 
with the view of obtaining its sap. 

(2) To box off: To divide into tight compartments. 

box (3), v. t. [From Sp. boxar— to compass 
about.] 

Nautical: 

1. To turn the head of a vessel to larboard or star¬ 
board by bracing the headyards aback. 

2. To name all round. (Only in the phrase which 
follows.) 

IF To box the compass: To name the points of the 
compass in their order all round. 

box (1), *boxe (1), s. [From box (1), v. (q. v.) In 
Dan. bask= a stripe, a blow; Sw. bas= a whipping, a 
beating, a flogging.] [Box (1).] A blow given with 
the hand. (Much used formerly in the phrase, 
“box of the ear;” now, “ box on the ear” is the 
expression employed.) 

“For the box o’ the ear that the prince gave you, he gave 
it like a rude prince.”— Shakesp.: 2 Hen. IV., i. 2. 

“ There may happen concussions of the brain from a 
box on the ear.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

box (2), *boxe (2),.s. & a. [A. S. bux, £>o*=the 
box-tree (Somner); Dut. boks; Get. bucks; Lat. 
bux us, buxum; Gr. puxos—t\ic box-tree, spec., the 
pale evergreen species.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Ord. Lang. & Bot.: The English name of Buxus, 
a genus of plants belonging to the order Euphor- 
biacese (Spurgeworts). The common box-tree is 
Buxus sempervirens. In its wild state it is a small 
tree. It is found all over the world in some form of 
species. It is an evergreen. A dwarf variety of the 
box is used as an edging along walkways in gardens. 
The leaves of the box are said to be poisonous to 
camels; the seeds have been used in intermittent 
fevers and some other diseases. [Buxus.] 

2. Ichthyol.: A fish of the family Sparidse. 

IF (1) Bastard box: A Milkwort, Poly gala chamce- 
buxus. 

(2) Dwarf box: The small variety of the box, 
familiar in the gardens of this country, used for 
edgings. 

(3) Graybox: The name given in the Australian 
colony of Victoria to a myrtaceous plant, Eucalyp¬ 
tus dealbata. 

(41 Ground box: The same as Dwarf Box (q. v.). 

(5) Prickly box: An abnormal liliaceous plant, 
Ruscus aculeatus. It grows in Epping Forest, Eng¬ 
land. 

(6) Red box: The name given in New South Wales 
to Lophostemon australis. 

(7) Spurious box: The name given in Victoria to 
Eucalyptus leucoxylon. (See also Queensland and 
Tasmanian.) 

B. As adjective: Consisting of box, made of box, 
resembling box. 

box-berry, s. A name given in the United States 
to the checker-berry or wintergreen tree. 


box-elder, box elder, s. The English name of 
Negundium, a genus of plants belonging to the 
order Aceracese (Maples). It resembles Acer, but 
has pinnate leaves. The Ash-leaved Box-elder, 
Negundium americanum , rises to the height of 
thirty-five feet, and is an ornamental tree, 
box-head, s. 

Typography: A heading in tabular work, which 
is rectangular and surrounded on its four sides by 
rules; it is generally indicative of one of the main 
divisions of the subject on which figures are given, 
having subordinate heads grouped under it. 

box-holly, box holly, s. A name for Ruscus 
aculeatus. [Prickly Box.] 
box-slip, s. 

Carpenter's tools: A slip of box inlaid in the 
beechwood of a tongueing, grooving, or molding 
plane, in order that the edge or the quirk may 
possess greater durability. The edges and quirks 
are rabbets or projections, which act as fences or 
gages for depth or distance. (Knight.) 

box-thorn, s. The English name of Lycium, a 
genus of Solanacese (Nightshades). They are orna¬ 
mental plants. The willow-leaved species^ Lycium 
barbarum, so called because it comes from Barbary, 
is valuable for covering naked walls or arbqrs. The 
European box-thorn, L. europceum, which is spiny, 
is used as a hedge-plant in Tuscany. The small 
shoots are said to be eaten in Spain with oil and 
vinegar. 

box-tree, *box-tre, s. The same as Box (2), A. 
(q. v.) 

“ On a tall box-tree spyd the god of love/’ 

Fawkes . Bion , Idyl. 2. 


box (3), *boxe (3), *boyste, s. &a. [A. S. box=a. 
box, a small case or vessel with a cover: Dut. bus= 
a box, an urn, the bowel of a gun; (N. H.) Ger. 
biichse; M. H. Ger. bilhse; O. H. Ger. buhsa, puhsa; 
Low Lat. buxis; Class. Lat. puxis, pyxis: Gr. puxis 
=a box of boxwood, or a box in general.] [Pyx.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

. 1. Lit.: A case made of wood, card-board, metaL 
ivory, or any other material, and generally provided 
with a lock. It is used to hold articles securely 
and in order, and keep them from dust. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ Box or boyste.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ About his shelves 
A beggarly account of empty boxes.” 

Shakesp.: Rom. & Jut., v. 1. 

IF For boxes of various kinds, see ballot-box, hat- 
box, &c. 

i2) Specially: 

(a) A case or receptacle into which money is put 7 
more fully called a money-box. 

“ So many moe, so everie one was used, 

That to give largely to the boxe refused.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale, 1223-4. 

(b) The case in which a mariner’s compass is pro¬ 
tected from injury. 

2. Figuratively: 

t(l) Gen.: A small house. (Somewhat contemptu¬ 
ously.) 

“Tight boxes neatly sash’d and in a blaze 
With all a July sun’s collected rays.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

(2) Spec. (Shooting-box, Hunting-box, Fishing- 
box) : A small house to be occupied during the 
shooting, hunting, or fishing season. 

3. In Theaters , Opera-houses, <&c.: 

(1) Originally: 

(a) Sing.: A space partitioned off and holding a 
certain number of sitters. It is still used in the 
same sense in the expressions private-box, opera- 
box, stage-box. 

(b) Plur.: The aggregate of the partitioned off 
spaces described under (a). 

“ She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring; 

A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing.” 

Pope: Epist. to Mrs. Blount, 58. 

(c) The occupants of the portion of a theater 
described under (a). 


“ ’Tis left to you: the boxes and the pit 
Are sovereign judges of this sort of wit.” 

Dryden. 

(2) Now: A part of a theater which they occupy, 
or even a part of a theater in which the seats are 
not partitioned off. 

II. Technically: 

1. Machinery: 

(1) A journal-bearing. It usually consists of two 
brasses with semi-cylindrical grooves; one piece 
rests upon the journal, which lies in the other 
piece. [Cab-axle, Pillow-stock.] (Knight.) 

(2) A chamber in which a valve works. 

(3) [Stuffing-box.] 

2. Hydraulics: 

(1) A pump-bucket; a hollow plunger with a lift¬ 
ing-valve. , 

(2) The upper part of a pump-stock. 

3. Locksmithing: The socket on a door-jamb 
which receives the bolt. 

4. Drainage: A drain with a rectangular section. 

5. Tree-tapping : A square notch cut into a sugar- 
tree to start and catch the sugar-water, or sap. It 
is considered more wasteful of the timber than tap¬ 
ping with the gouge or the auger. (Knight.) 

6. Weaving: 

(1) The pulley-case of a draw-loom on which rest 
the small rollers for conducting the tail-cords. 

(2) The receptacle for the shuttle at the end of 
the shed. 

7. Printing: A compartment in a “ case ” appro¬ 
priated to a certain letter. 

8. Founding: A flask or frame for sand-molding. 

9. Vehicles: 

(1) The iron bushing of a nave or hub. 

(2) The driving-seat of a coach or close carriage; 
also called box-seat. 

10. Vise-making: The hollow screw-socket of a 
bench-vise. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to, consisting of, or 
resembling a box in any of the above senses. 

Box and tap (Machinery): A device for cutting 
wood screws for carpenters’ benches, clamps, or 
bedstead-rails. 

box-beam, s , 

Metal-working: A beam of iron plates secured by 
angle-iron, and having a double web forming a celL 
[Girder]. 


tXSil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = L 

-cian, -tian = sh$n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l. 

38 



box-bed 


594 


boy-bishop 


box-bed, s. 

1. A bed, in which the want of roof, curtains, &c., 
is entirely supplied by wood. It is inclosed on sides 
except in front, where two sliding panels are used 
as doors. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

“Their long course ended, by Norna drawing aside a 
eliding panel, which, opening behind a wooden, or box- 
Oed, as it is called in Scotland, admitted them into an 
ancient, but very mean apartment.”— Scott: The Pirate, 
ch. xxxviii. 

2. A bed resembling a scrutoir or chest of drawers, 
in which the mattress and bed-clothes are folded 
up during the day. It is called also a folding-bed or 
bureau-bed. 

box-car, s. 

Railroad Engineering: A closed car intended for 
freight. 

box-coupling, s. A metal collar or small box 
used to connect two pieces of machinery. (Rossiter.) 

box-drain, s. 

Hydraulic Engineering: An underground drain 
built of brick and stone, and of a rectangular sec¬ 
tion. 

box-frame, s. 

Carpentry: A casing behind the window-jamb for 
counterbalance-weights. 

box-girder, s. 

Arch.: An iron beam made of boiler-plate, the 
four sides riveted to angle-iron. 

. box-iron, s. A hollow smoothing-iron, heated by 
a hot iron within. 

box-keeper, s. The attendant in a theater who 
admits to the boxes. 

box-key, s. An upright key used for turning the 
nuts of large bolts, or where the common spanner 
cannot be applied. 

box-lobby, s. The lobby leading to the boxes in 
a theater, 
box-lock, s. 

Locksmithing: A rim-lock fastened to the side of 
a door without mortising. 

box-making, a. Making or designed to make a 
box. 

Box-making Machine, s. 

Machinery: A machine in which the bottom, 
side, and end pieces are set in place and their nails 
driven by advancing punches, which sink them into 
place. 

box-metal, s. An alloy of metals used for bear¬ 
ings. Its formulae differ. The most usual one in 
this country is Babbitt’s, which comprises copper, 
zinc and tin ; another consists of copper, 32; tin, 5. 
Strubing’s box-metal is of zinc, 75; tin, 18; lead, 4’5; 
antimony, 2'5. 
box-opener, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A person who opens boxes. 

2. Carp.: A tool with a forked claw and a hammer¬ 
head, for tearing open boxes by lifting their lids, 
drawing nails, &c. Some combination tools have 
also a pincher and screw-driver. 

box-plaiting, s. A device to fold cloth alter¬ 
nately. The fold is so formed, that it is caught and 
secured by the needle-thread, and the material is 
moved along by the feed for a new plait, 
box-scraper, s. 

Carp.: A tool for erasing names from boxes. It 
is a mere scraper with an edge presented obliquely, 
or, as in the example, works after the manner of a 
spoke-shave. 

box-setter, s. 

Wheelwrighling: A device for setting axle-boxes 
in hubs so as to be perfectly true. 

box-sextant, s. 

Mathem. Instruments: A small sextant inclosed 
in a circular frame. Used principally for triangu¬ 
lating in military reconnaissance, &c. 
box-slaters, s.pl. 

Ord. Lang. & Zo6l.: An English name for Idothea, 
a genus of isopodous crustaceans. (Nicholson.) 

box-staple, s. 

Carp.: The box or keeper on a door-post, into 
which is shot the bolt of a lock. 

box-strap, s. 

Machinery: A flat bar, bent at the middle, to con¬ 
fine a square bolt or similar object. 

box-tortoise, s. [So named because the animal 
can withdraw the head and limbs within its box¬ 
like shell.] 

Zobl.: A land turtle. 

box-turning, a. Turning, or designed to turn 
anything. 

Box-turning Machine, s.: 

Turnery : A lathe specifically adapted for turning 
wooden boxes and lids, for matches, spices, or other 


matters. Such lathes have convenient chucks, rests 
for the side-turning and for the bottoming tool 
which gives the flat bottom, 
boxed (1 ),pa. par. [Box (1), «.] 
boxed (2),pa.par. & a. [Box (2), v.~] - 
boxed-shutter, s. A shutter which folds into 
boxes on the side of the opening or in the interior 
face of the wall. (Ogilvie.) 
box-en, a. [A. S. buxen.] 

1. Of box; consisting naturally of box. 

“An arbor near at hand of thickest yew, 

With many a boxen bush, close dipt between.” 

Cowper: Anti-Thelyphthora. 

2. Made of box. 

“As lads and lasses stood around, 

To hear my boxen hautboy sound.”— Gay. 

3. Resembling box. 

“Her faded cheeks are changed to boxen hue.” 

Dry den: Ceryx and Alcyone. 

box'-er (1), s. [Eng. box; -er. In Dut. bokser.] 
One who boxes ; one who fights with his fists. 

“ Thrice with an arm, which might have made 
The Theban boxer curse his trade.” 

Churchill. The Ghost, b. iv. 

box'-er (2), s. [From Col. Boxer, R. A., Superin¬ 
tendent of the Laboratory at Woolwich [England] 
Arsenal, who invented the diaphragm shrapnel in 
1852.] [Diaphkagm Shbapnel.] 

boxer-shrapnel, s. 

Ordnance: A shrapnel as modified by the succes¬ 
sive improvements made on it by Col- Boxer, the 
shrapnel-shell for breech-loading and muzzle-load¬ 
ing guns. 

“ In firing the subsequent twelve rounds of boxer-shrap¬ 
nel their destructive effect was fully shown, especially 
upon two targets, which were nearly destroyed.”— London 
Times, August 26, 1875. 

box -haul, v. t. [From box, and haul. (So called 
because, in carrying out the evolution, the head 
yards are braced aback.)] 

Naut.: To make a ship wear or veer short round 
on the other tack. 

box -haul-ing, pr. par. & s. [Boxhaul.] 

Naut.: The art or method of making a vessel 
change from one tack to the other by bracing the 
yards aback. 

box'-mg (1), pr. par., a. & s. [Box (1), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: The act of fighting with the 
fists. 

boxing-match, s. A match between two persons 
who fight each other with fists, 
box'-ing (2), pr. par., a. &s. [Box (2), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of inclosing in a box, or confining in 
any way. 

*2. The act of cupping a patient. 

“ Boxing or cupping, . . .”— Castell of Health, 1595. 
( Halliwell: Contrib. to Lexicog.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Joinery: The casing of a window-frame into 
which inside shutters fold. 

2. Shipwrighting: The scarf-joint uniting the stem 
with the keel. 

3. Carpentry: 

(1) Wainscoting. 

(2) The fitting of the shoulder of a tenon in the 
surface of the timber, which is mortised for the 
reception of the tenon. 

4. Tree-tapping: A mode of cutting a deep and hol¬ 
low notch into sugar or pine trees to catch the flow. 
The notch differs in the respective cases, but in 
each a piece is boxed out, and the process thus dif¬ 
fers from the boring or tapping of the maple and 
from the hacking of the pine. 

If PI. (boxings). Boxings of a window: Two 
cases, one at the right, the other at the left side 
of a window, into which boxed-shutters are folded. 

Boxing-day, Boxing Day, s. The 26th of Decem¬ 
ber, the day after Christmas, unless when Christ¬ 
mas falls on Saturday, in which case Boxing-day is 
on Monday 'following. Boxing-day i$ purely Eng¬ 
lish, and is so called because on that day, throughout 
Great Britain, almost every person of any position 
is applied to by postmen, newspaper-boys, errand- 
boys, tradesmen, and others with whom he may 
have had dealings during the year, for “ Christmas- 
boxes,” that is, small Christmas gratuities in 
acknowledgment of any services which they may 
have rendered, beyond those which he was entitled 
to claim, or any care they may have shown in doing 
their ordinary duty. The custom is spreading in 
the great cities of this country. 


Boxing-nigbt, Boxing Night, s. The night suc¬ 
ceeding “Boxing-day,” the night in most years of 
the 26th of December. It is the special night at 
English theaters for the production of the Christ¬ 
mas pantomimes. 

*box-um, *boxome, a. [Buxom.] 

*box-um-ly, adv. [Buxomly.] (William of 
Palerne, 332.) 

*box-um-nes, s. [Buxomness.] 

box'-wpod, s. & a. [Eng. box (2), s., and wood.] 

A. As substantive: The wood of the box-tree. It 
is very hard and smooth, and is not liable to warp ; 
hence it is used extensively by turners, engravers, 
carvers, flute-makers, cabinet-makers, &c. 

]f (1) American boxwobd: A plant, Cornus florida. 

(2) Jamaica boxwood: Tecomapentaphylla. 

B. As adjective: Made of boxwood; resembling 
boxwood. 

boy (1), *bdye, *b6ie,s. & a. [From E. Fries, boi, 
boy= a boy; O. Dut. 6oe/=a boy (Mod. Dut. boef—a 
knave, a rogue, a convict); lcel. b6fi= a knave, a 
rogue; (N. H.) Ger. bube= a boy, a lad; M. H. Ger. 
buobe,pube; Lat. pupus= a boy, a child. Cf. Sw. 
pojke= a boy; Dan. poj— a smutty boy. Cf. also 
Arm. bugel, bugul=a child, a boy-Gael. bucach=a 
boy; Wei. bachgen; Pers. batch; Hindust. bachchx 
=a child.] [Pupil.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A male child from birth to the age of puberty, 
especially if he has passed beyond the age of in¬ 
fancy ; a lad. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and 
girls playing in the Btreets thereof.”— Zech. viii. 5. 

(2) Spec.: A page, a young servant. (Often in a 
somewhat unfavorable sense.) 

“’Mong boys, grooms, and lackeys.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., v. 2. 

2. The term is sometimes used of a man. (Com¬ 
mon in Ireland.) 

“And rent on rode with boyez bolde.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 808. 

(1) In affectionate familiarity. Thus seamen are 
often addressed by their captain, or soldiers by their 
leader when going into action, as “ boys.” 

“Then to sea, boys, . . .”— Shakesp.: Tempest, ii. 2. 

(2) In contempt for a young man, the term being 
intended to reflect upon his immaturity of charac¬ 
ter or of judgment. 

“ Auf. Name not the god, thou boy of tears! 

Cor. Boy! O slave! 

Boy! false hound! 

If you have writ your annals true, ’tis there 
That, like an eagle in a dove-cot, I 
Flutter’d your Volscians in Corioli. 

Alone I did it. Boy!" Shakesp.: Coriol., v. 6. 

“Men of worth and parts will not easily admit the 
familiarity of boys, who yet need the care of a tutor.”— 
Locke. 

II. In special expressions or phrases, such as — 

(1) Angry boy: The same as Roabing Boy (q. v.). 

“Sir, not so young, but I have heard some speech 

Of the angry boys, and seen ’em take tobacco.” 

Ben Jonson: Alchem., iii. 4. 

(2) Roaring boy: One of a set of lawless young 
men who, during the reign of James I., took a pleas¬ 
ure in committing street outrages, like the Mohawks 
of a somewhat later time. They were called also 
angry boys, terrible boys, angry roarers, &c. 

“The king minding his sports, many riotous demeanors 
crept into the kingdom; divers sects of vicious persons, 
going under the title of roaring boys, bravadoes, roysters, 
&c., commit many insolencies.”— Wilson: Life of Jas. I. 
(Nares.) 

(3) Terrible boy: The same as Roaking Boy (q. v.). 

“The doubtfulness of your phrase, believe it, sir, would 

breed you a quarrel once an hour with the terrible boys." 
— Ben Jonson. Epiccene, i. 4. 

(4) Bowery boy: An habitu§ of the Bowery, a well 
known streetofNew York City; a young man hav¬ 
ing the characteristics of Bowery street; a swag¬ 
gerer ; a bully ; a flashy young man. 

(5) The Old Boy : Satan. 

(6) Peep-o'-day boys: A band of Irish insurgents, 
who in the year 1774, and later, terrorized the coun¬ 
try. They took their names from the fact that they 
generally made their raids at daybreak in search of 
arms. 

(7) Boy's Mercury: The female plant of Mercu¬ 
rl alls annua. 

B. As adjective: Being a boy; in any way per¬ 
taining or relating to a boy. 

“The pale boy senator yet tingling stands.” 

Pope: Dune lad, iv. 147. 

boy-bishop, s. 

Ecclesiol.: A very youthful functionary in the 
Mediaeval Church, chosen in some, if not in all, 
cathedrals on the 6th of December (St. Nicholas’- 
day), and retaining office till Innocent’s-day, the 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



boy-blind 


28th of the same month. St. Nicholas was said to 
Lave bean deeply pious, even from infancy. He 
Was, therefore, held up as a model for imitation by 
boys. The boy-bishop elected on his day was chosen 
by the suffrages of children. Once appointed, he 
nad to hold up the state of a bishop answerably, 
with a crozier or pastoral-staff in his hand and a 
miter upon his head.” He was attended by a dean 
and prebendaries, also children. Puttenham de¬ 
scribes him as “ a bishop who goeth about blessing 
and preaching with such childish terms as maketh 
the people laugh at his foolish counterfeit 
speeches.” He was called also a barne-bishop. 
(Old Eng. barne is the same as the Scotch bairn, 
meaning a child.) [Nick.] 

•boy-blind, a. Blind as a boy, undiscerning. 
‘‘Put case he could be so boy-blind and foolish.” 

Beaum. & Flet.: Love*s Pilgrimage. 

boy’s play, *boyes-play, s. Play such as boys 
engage in, trilling. 

“ You shall find no boy's play here.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., v. 4. 

*boy (2), s. [Bow.] A bow. (Chevy Chase, 60.) 
boy, v. t. [From boy, s. (q. y.)] 

1. To treat as a boy. (Beaum. & Flet.: Knight of 
Malta, ii. 3.) 

2. To act as a boy, in allusion to the practice of 
employing boys to act the parts of women on the 
early English stage (?). Founded only on the sub¬ 
joined example. 

“ Antony 

Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see 
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 

Schmidt, in his Shalcespeare Lexicon, considers the 
word boy as forming, with Cleopatra, a compound 
noun, giving this explanation, “I shall see some 
boy performing the part of Cleopatra as my high¬ 
ness.” , 

3. To get with male child. [Girl, v.] 

*boy'-age (age asig), s. [Eng. boy; -age.] Youth, 
boyhood. 

boy'-ar, bbi'-ar, s. [Russ, bojarin; O. Slav, bol- 
jarin, boljar = a nobleman; from b.olli = great, 
illustrious (Mahn).]^ 

In Russia: A Russian nobleman, a person of rank, 
a soldier; what in England would be called a baron. 

boy -au (au as 5), s. [Fr. boyau=( 1) a gut, (2) 
a narrow house, an apartment, (3) see def.] 

Fortif.: A trench of zigzag form, to avoid an 
enfilading fire, leading from one parallel of attack 
to another, or to a magazine or other point. Such 
trenches are often called boyaus of communication. 

boy'-cott, v. t. [Named from Captain Boycott, 
of Lough Mask House, in Mayo, Ireland, land agent 
in 1880 to Lord Erne, an Irish nobleman. The for¬ 
mer gentleman having given offense about agrarian 
matters to the people among whom he lived, during 
the land-agitation of 1880-1, no one would gather in 
his crops. The case being reported in the Press, 
about sixty Orangemen, belonging to the north of 
Ireland, each man carrying a revolver, organized 
themselves into a “ Boycott relief expedition,” as if 
the captain had been a beleaguered British camp in 
Afghanistan or Zululand. The Government gave 
them a strong escort of cavalry, besides foot-soldiers 
and constabulary, artillery also being added on the 
return journey. The crops were gathered in and 
sent away, and the captain himself brought off to 
a region of greater security.] To put a person out¬ 
side the pale of the society, high and low, amid 
which he lives, and on which He depends ; socially 
to outlaw him, to refuse to sell to, and decline to 
buy from him; to refuse to work for or to employ 
him. 

“They advise that men who pay full rents shall be boy¬ 
cotted: nobody is to work for them, nobody is to sell them 
anything, nobody is to buy anything of them.”— Scotsman, 
Dec. 4, 1880. 

boy'-cott, s. & a. [From Captain Boycott. ] [Boy¬ 
cott, V.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The land-agent mentioned in the etym. of boy¬ 
cott, v. (q. v.) 

2. The act of “boycotting.” [Boycotting.] 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to Captain Boycott, 
or arising out of the boycott case. 

“ The boycott police-tax will be levied . . . ”—London 
Echo, Nov. 25, 1880. 

boy'-cot-ted, pa. par. & a. [Boycott, v.] 

bdy’-COt-ter, s. [From Eng. proper name Boy¬ 
cott, and suffix -er.] One who takes part with 
others in boycotting. 

boy-cot-ting, pr. par. & s. [Boycott, «.] 

A. As pr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: The act of socially outlawing one. 
[Boycott, v.] 


595 

b«5y'-c8t-tl§m, s e [Eng. proper name Boycott; 
-ism. J The methods peculiar to boycotters. 

*bdy -de-kyn, s. [Bodkin.] (Chaucer: C. T., 
3,958.) 

bo -yer, s. [Fr. boyer; Dut. boeijer; Ger. bojer; 
from boje= a buoy, which these vessels were used 
for laying.] [Buoy.] 

Naut.: A Flemish sloop with a castle at each 
end. 

*boy'-er-y, s. [From Eng. boy; -ery . ] Boy¬ 
hood. 

“They called the children that were past infancy two 
years, Irene: and the greatest boys, Melirenes: as who 
would say, ready to go out of boyery. The boy who was 
made overseer of them was commonly twenty years of 
age.”— North: Plutarch, p. 42. 

boy'-hQOd, s. [From boy, and suffix -hood.'] The 
state of being a boy; the time of life at which one 
is appropriately called a boy. 

If Johnson, quoting an example from Swift, says, 
“ This is, perhaps, an arbitrary word.” It is now 
firmly rooted in the language. 

*boy-is, s. pi. [In O. Fr. buie= a fetter; Ital. 
boia. J Gyves. 

“In prresoune, fettered with boyis sittand.” 

Barbour: The Bruce, x. 763. 

boy'-ish, a. [Eng. bony; -ish.] Characteristic of 
a boy; suitable to a boy; puerile, trifling. 

“ Is his a boyish fault, that you should deem 

A whiping, meet and ample punishment?” 

Beaumont: Psyche, c. 13, s. 239. 
boy’-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. boyish; -ly.] In a boy¬ 
ish manner; as a boy is accustomed to do. (John¬ 
son.) 

boy'-lsh-ness, s. [Eng. boyish: -ness.] The 
quality of being boyish; the behavior of a boy, 
puerility. (Johnson.) 

*b6y'-i§m, s. [Eng. boy; -ism.] Puerility. 

“He had complained he was farther off by being so 
near, and a thousand such boyisms, which Chaucer 
rejected as below the subject.”— Dryden: Pref. to Fables. 

Tboy'-kin, s. [Eng. boy; and dim. suff. -Tcin.] 
A little boy. (Used as a term of affection.) 

“Where’s my boykin?” 

Brome: New Academy, i. 1. 

Boyle’s law. [Law.] 

boy ’-quell-er, s. A subduer of boys; a boy-killer. 
(Shakesp.) f 

fboy-ship, s. [Eng. boy; and suffix -ship.] A 
dignified title of mock, respect for a boy. 

“ Or must his boy ship prey 
On all our seniorities?” 

Beaumont: Psyche, i. 85. 

*boyste, s. [Boist.] 

*bdy-st6n, v. t. [O. Eng., from boist.] 

O.Med.: To use a cupping-glass. [Bledynge 
Boyste.] 

“ Boyston. Scaro , ventoso — Prompt. Parv. 

*boys'-tous, *bous-tous, *boystoyse, a. [Bois- 

TOUS.] 

*bdy-stous-nesse, *boys-towes-nesse, s. 

[Boistousness.] 

“ Boystowesnesse ( boystousnesse , P.). Ruditas — 

Prompt. Parv. 

*boys-tows, a. [Boistous.] 

“ Boystows. Rudis." — Prompt. Parv. 

*boystows garment, s. A cloak for rainy 
weather. 

“Boystows garment: Birrus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*b<5ys-trous, a. [Boisterous.] 

Of a club: Rough, rude. 

“ His boystrous club, so buried in the grownd.” 

Spenser.: F. Q., I. viii. 10. 

*boy-ul, s. [Bothul.] 

“ Boyul or bothul, herbe or cowslope (bothil, H., boyl, 
P.). Vaccinia, C. F., menelaca, marciana, C. F.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

*boz-zom, *boz-zum, s. [Eng. bosom (?).] A 
name for two allied plants. 

1. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. 

2. Yellow bozzum (Chrysanthemum segetum). 

Bp. An abbreviation for Bishop. 

Br. 

Chem.: The symbol formed (from the two initial 
letters of the word) for the element Bromine. 

tbrab’-ble, v. i. [From Dut. brabbele‘n= to sput¬ 
ter, to speak hastily.] To quarrel, to wrangle. 

“ This is not a placn 
To brabble in; Calianax, join hands.” 

Beaum. & FI.: Maid’s Tragedy. 

brab'-ble, s. [From brabble, v. (q. v.)] A 
quarrel, a clamorous dispute, a wrangle, a broil. 

“ Here in the streets, desperate of shame and state, 

In private brabble did we apprehend him.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, V X. 


brace 

*brab'-ble-ment, s. [Eng. brabble; -ment.l A 
noisy dispute, a quarrel, a broil. [Brabble, s.J 

“. . . or make report of a quarrel and brabblement 
between him and another, . . . ”— Holland: Plutarch, 
p. 44. 

fbrab'-bler, s. [Eng. brabbl(e); -er.] A quarrel¬ 
some, noisy fellow. 

“We hold our time too precious to be spent 
With such a brabbler.’’ 

Shakesp.: King John, V. 2. 

tbrab’-bling, *brab'-lyng, pr. par., a. & «. 

[Brabble, p.] 

A. & B. As present participle <& particip. adj.: 
In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“If brabbling Makefray, at each fair and ’size. 

Picks quarrels for to shew his valiantize.” 

Bp. Hall: Satires, iv. 4. 

C. As substantive: The act of engaging in noisy 
wrangling; a quarrel, a broil. 

“ I omit their brabblings and blasphemies.” 

Sir J. Harington: Treatise on Play, about 1597. 

tbrab’-bllng'-ly, *brab’-llng-l^, adv. [Eng. 
brabbling; -ly~] In a brabbling manner; quarrel¬ 
somely, contentiously. 

“. . . yet we wil deale herein neither bitterly nor 
brablingly, nor yet be carried away with anger and heate: 
though he ought to be reckoned neither bitter, nor 
brabler yt 6peaketh ye truth.”— Jewell: Defense of the 
Apologie, p. 44. 

br^-be -jum, bra-be'-i-um, s. [In Fr. brabei;. 
Port, brabyla; Gr. brabeion=& prize in the Grecian' 
games, which the elegant racemes of flowers are 
worthy to have been.] 

Bot.: African Almond, a genus of plants belong¬ 
ing to the order Proteacem (Proteads). Brabejurn 
stellatum, the common African Almond, is a tree, 
about fifteen feet high, from the Cape of Good , 
Hope. The colonists call the seeds wild chestnuts. 
They roast and eat them. 

*bracc, *brac, s. [A. S. gebrcec; O. Icel. brakf 
O. H, Ger. gebreh.] A breaking, crashing, a noise 
thence resulting, or simply a noise. (Ormulum, 
1 , 118 .) 

brac’-cate, a. [From Lat. braccatus, bracatus= 
wearmg trousers.] 

Ornith.: Furnished with feathers, which conceal 
the feet. 

bra§e, s. & a. [In Fr. brace, brasse = a fathom; 
bras= an arm ; brace — an arm, as of the sea; a lance 
(Kelham); Prov. brassa, also brasse, brase, braise,\ 
brache=an armful, an embrace, a fathom; Sp. & 
Port, braza. = a fathom; Lat. brachia = the two 
arms extended; brachium— an arm.] 

A. -4s substantive: - ' 

I. Ordinary Language : 

*1. An arm of the sea. 

“ The brace of Seynt George that Is an arm of the sea.’' 

— Mawhdeville, p. 126. 

*2. A measure of length, perhaps a fathom. 

“ A tombe of speckled stone a brace and a half high.”— 
Hakluyt: Voyages, ii. 211. 

,3. That which supports anything, or holds it’ 
tightly together. 

“Brace, or (of, P.) a balke. Uncus, loramentum, 0. F.” 

—< r-Prompt. Parv. 

(!) Any armlike support of a material structure. 1 
[Clasp.] 

(2) A cord or ligament keeping anything in a state 
of tension, or preventing anything from slipping 
down. 

(а) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ The little bones of the ear-drum do in straining and 
relaxing it, as the braces of the war-drum do in that.”— 
JDerham . * 

(б) Spec, (pi): Two straps to keep trousers up; ; 
suspenders, gallowses.” 

*4. That which defends any person or thing, 
armor. (Spec., for the arms. 

1 “Keep it, my Pericles; it hath been a shield 

'Twixt me and death (and pointed to this brace).’’ > 
Shakesp..- Pericles, ii. 1. 

5. A pair, referring primarily to the two arms. 
[See etym.] 

“Brace of howndys.”— Prompt. Parv, 

’ (1) The word is greatly used in this sense by 
sportsmen when speaking of the number of birds’ 
shot, in which case brace is used either as singular 
or plural. 

“He is said, this summer, to have shot with his own 
hands, fifty brace of pheasants.”— Addison. 

(2) Sometimes employed of men, but then con-, 
temptuously. 

6. The state of being held tightly together; tight¬ 
ness, tension. 

“ The most frequent cause of deafness is the laxness of, 
the tympanum, when it has lest its brace or tension 
Holder. 


ill, boy; pout, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
ian, -tian = shgm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 


bdil 

-cian 




brace-drill 


596 


brachial 


7. The state of being defended as if by armor; 
warlike preparation. 


“ So may he with more facile question bear it, 

For that it stands not in such warlike brace." 

Shakesp.: Othello, i. 3. 

II. Technically: 


1. Carpentry: 

(1) A diagonal stay or scantling, connecting the 
horizontal and vertical members of a truss or frame, 
to maintain them at a prescribed angular relation. 

(2) PI. ( braces ) : The timbers of a roof which 
serve to “ strut ” or prop the “ backs ” or principal 
rafters into which tne upper ends are framed. 

2. Cabinet-making: A stay for a trunk-lid or simi¬ 
lar duty. 

3. Shipwrighting: One of the eye-bolts on which 
the hooks of the rudder are secured; the gudgeons 
or googings. 

4. Naut.: A rope passing from the end of the yard 
to another mast, and serving to trim the yards fore 
and aft. 

5. Music: 

(1) One of the cords of a drum by which the heads 
are stretched. 

(2) A vertical line, usually a circumflex, coupling 
two or more staves together, and designed to indi¬ 
cate that the music thus connected is to be per¬ 
formed simultaneously by instruments, voices, or 
the two hands of one playing such an instrument as 
the pianoforte. 

6. Boring-tools: A revolving tool-holder, one end 
of which is a swiveled head or shield, which rests 
in the hand or against tjje chest of the operator; at 
the other end is a socket to hold the tool. Called also 
a stock, more particularly in metal-working. The 
various kinds of brace in this sense are the angle- 
brace, which is a comer-drill, the crank-brace, the 
hand-brace, and the lever-brace. They may be held 
in the hand or made to act by machinery. 

7. Vehicles: 

(1) An iron strap passing from the head-block, 
behind and below the axle, and forward to another 
portion of the running-gear. 

(2) A jointed bar by which the bows of a carriage- 
top are kept asunder, to distend the carriage-top 
cover. 

(3) A thick strap by which a carriage-body is sus¬ 
pended from O-springs. 

8. Printing: 

(1) A printer’s sign; a crooked line connecting 
several words or lines. In poetry a triplet is occa¬ 
sionally so marked. Johnson gives the following 
instance— 


“ Charge Venus to command her son, 

Wherever else she lets him rove, j 

To shun my house, and field, and grove: > 

Peace cannot dwell with hate or love.” ) Prior. 

(2) The stays of a printing-press, which serve to 
keep it steady in its position. 

9. Mining: The mouth of a shaft. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a brace in any of 
the foregoing senses, 
brace-drill, s. 

Metal.: A boring-tool snaped like a brace, the 
rotation being communicated by the revolution of 
the handle. 

brace-pendant, s. 

Naut.: A short pendant from the yard-arms, to 
hold tne brace-block. 

*brace-piece, s. The mantle-piece. [Scotch.) 

“. . . the shelf below the brazen sconce above the 

brace-piece." — Ayrs. Legat., p. 283. 

brage, *bra'-gin, *bra-gyn, v.t. [From brace, 
8. (q. v.); O. Fr. bracier.j 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Of things material: To make taut or firm 
by braces. 

“ Bracyn, or sette streyte. Tendo."—Prompt. Parv. 

(1) Of wooden beams or anything similar: To 
support, to prop. 

(2) Of defensive armor for the body: To fasten 
tightly on; to make to embrace the body. 

“Since he braced rebel’s armor on.” , 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, iii. 5. 

“ But for helmets braced and serried spears !” 

Hemans: Siege of Valencia. 

(3) Of offensive weapons or equipment for the 
body: To fasten on tightly. 

“ And some who spurs had first braced on.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 21. 

(4) Of a drum: To make tense ; to strain up. 

“The tympanum is not capable of tension that way, in 

■uch a manner as a drum is braced.” — Holder. 

(5) Of the yards of a vessel. [II. 2., Naut .] 

2. Figuratively: 

♦G) Of a person or an animal: To embrace, to 
encompass. 

“ For bigge Bulles of Basan brace him about.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., ix. 


(2) Of a place personified: [Corresponding to I., 
1. (2).] To cause to embrace, to make to surround, 
to place around. 

“Mont Blanc is monarch of mountains, 

They crown’d him long ago, 

On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds, 

With a diadem of snow. 

Around his waist are forests braced." 

Byron: Manfred, i. 1. 

(3) Of the nerves, or of the mind, as depending on 
them. [Corresponding to I. 1 (3).] To render 
tense, to impart vigor to. Used — 

(a) Of the nerves. 

“ Ne were the goodly exercises spar’d, 

That brace the nerves, or make the limbs alert.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 9. 

(b) Of the mind as dependent on the nerves. 

“ And every moral feeling of his soul 

Strengthen’d and braced, by breathing in content.” 

Wordsworth; Excursion, bk. i. 

“ . . . more salutary bands which might perhaps 

have braced his too delicately-constituted mind into 
steadfastness and uprightness.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xv. 

(c) Yet more fig.: Of the “nerves” of a govern¬ 
ment or other collective body. 

“In truth to brace anew the nerves of that paralyzed 
body would have been a hard task even for Xiinenes.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

II. Technically: 

1. Carpentry , Joinery, &c.: To affix “ braces” to 
beams ; to hold them together, or support them. 

2. Naut. {of the yards): To move around by means 
of braces. 

“Then the yards were braced, and all sails set to the 
west-wind.” 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, v. 

IT (1) To brace about: To turn the yards round 
with the view of sailing on the contrary tack. 

(2) To brace in: To haul in the weather braces, 
so as to bring the yard more athwart ship. 

(3) To brace sharp: To cause the yards to have 
the smallest possible angle with the keel. 

(4) To brace to: To check or ease off the lee 
braces, and round in the weather ones, to assist in 
tacking. 

(5) To brace up: To haul in the 
lee braces, so as to bring the yard 
nearer the direction of the keel. 

braged, pa.par. & a. [Brace, v.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: (See the verb.) 

II. Her.: Interlaced. 

brage’-let (1), s. [In Sp. braza- 

lete; Port, bracelete; Ital. brae- 
cialetto; all from Fr. bracelet, prop¬ 
erly brachelet; dimin. of O. Fr. Braced. 
brachile ( Kelham); Low Lat. brach- 
ile=a.n armlet, from brachium—fhe arm.] [Braces, 
Bkachiae.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. A 
“bracer.” [Bkacee.] 

2. An ornament for the wrist, generally worn by 
ladies. It is distinguished from an armlet, the lat¬ 
ter, as its name implies, being worn on the arm and 
not on the wrist. 

“With bracelets of thy hair . . ."—Shakesp.: Mid. 
Nighfs Dream, i. 1. 

“ With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery.”— 
Ibid.: Tam. of Shrew, iv. 3. 

“Bugle bracelet, necklace amber.”— Ibid.: Winter’s Tale. 
iv. 4. 

II. Technically: 

1. Scripture: 

(1) As worn by men: 

(a) An armlet worn as the symbol of sovereign 
power. The Heb. word is etsadhah, from tsaadh— 
to ascend. [Armlet.] 

“ . . . and I took the crown that was upon his head, 
and the bracelet [armlet] that was on his arm . . .”— 

2 Sam. i. 10. 

(b) As the rendering of the Hebrew word pathll 
from pathal— to twist together. Gesenius and 
others believe it to mean a string by which a seal 
ring was suspended. 

“And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelets . . .”— 
Gen. xxxviii. 18. 

“. . . the signet, and bracelets, and staff.”— Ibid. 25. 

(2) -4s worn on the wrist by women for ornament: 

(a) The rendering of the Hebrew word tsamid, 

from tsamad= to fasten, to bind together. 

“I put the earring upon her face, and the bracelets 
upon her hands.”— Gen. xxiv. 47. 

“ . . . bracelets, rings, earrings.”— Numb. xxxi. 50. 

“And I put bracelets upon thy hands . . ."—Ezek. 
xvi. 11. 

(6) The rendering of the Hebrew word Sherah= a 
chain, from sharar=to twist, to twist together; to 
be strong. 

“The chains, and the bracelets, and the mufflers.”— 
Isaiah iii. 9. 


(c) The rendering of the Hebrew word chhachht 
which Gesenius thinks means in the example a 
clasp, buckle, or pin for holding a lady s dress 
together. 

“ . . . and brought bracelets, and earrings, and rings, 

and tablets, all jewels of gold.”— Exod. xxxv. 22. 

2. Her.: The same as barrulet (q. v.). 

*brage'-let (2), s. [From Low Lat. bracelus = a 
hound [Brache], and -let, dimin. suffix.] A hound 
or beagle of the smaller or slower kind. ( Wharton.) 

bra-ger, *bra'-ser, s. [From brace, v. (q. v.) 
In Sw. brassar.j 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: That which braces anything up, a 
bandage. 

2. Spec.: A defense for the arm, a brassart (q. v.). 

“ Thorowe bracer of browne stele and the hryghte 

. mayles.” Morte Arthure, 4,247. 

“ Brasers burnyste boistet in sondrye.” 

Ibid., 1,859. 

3. Slang: Applied to a drink of spirits; a dram. 

II. Old Medicine: 

1. A cincture, a bandage. 

‘(When they affect the belly, they may be restrained bj 
a bracer, without much trouble.”— Wiseman. 

2. A medicine of constringent power. 

bra-ge§, s. pi. [Brace, s.] 

brage-iip', v. i. To call up one’s energies or 
power of endurance; to nerve one’s self against 
despondency, disappointment, or disaster. 

brach, *brache, s. [In Dut. brak; (N. H.) Ger. 
brack, brache; O. H. Ger. brueco; Fr. braque— a 
brach, a setting dog, a setter; a blunderer, a giddy 
person; Prov. brae; Sp .braco; Ital. & Low Lat. 
bracco= a setting dog. Cf. Scotch rache=a dog that 
discovers and pursues his prey by the scent; Icel. 
racke= a keen-scented dog.] 

1. Originally: A bitch hound, a female hound. 

“ There are in England and Scotland two kinds of hunt¬ 
ing dogs, and nowhere else in the world; the first kind is 
called a raclie, and this is a foot-scenting creature both 
of wild-beasts, birds, and fishes also which lie hid among 
the rocks. The female hereof in England is called a 
brache; a brache is a mannerly name for all hound- 
bitches.”— Gentleman’s Recreation, p. 28. {Jamieson.) 

“Truth’s a dog must to kennel; he must be whipped 
out, when Lady the brach may stand by the fire and 
stink.”— Shakes.: Lear, i. 4. 

2. Afterward: A kind of dog pursuing its prey by 
the scent. 

"Braches bayed therefore and breme noyse maked.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Green Knyght, 1,142. 

“ Brach Merriman, the poor cur is emboss’d ; 

And couple Clowder with the deep-mouth’d brach." 

Shakesp.: Tam. of Shrew, Indue., L 

*brach’-ell, s. [From brach (q. v.).] A dog; 
properly, one employed to discover or pursue game 
by the scent. (Jamieson.) 

“ About the Park thai set on breid and lenth. 

A hnndreth men chargit in armes strang, 

To kepe a hunde that thai had thaim amang ; 

In Gillisland thar was that brachell brede 
Sekyr off sent to folow thaim at flede.” 

Wallace, v. 25. MS. (Jamieson.) 

brach-el-yt'-ra, s. pi. [From Gr. brachus— 
short, and elytron=a cover; one of the two wing- 
cases of a beetle. [Elytron.] Animals with short 
wing-cases.] 

Entom.: A large group of beetles characterized 
by having the elytra so short that they do not 
nearly cover the abdomen. Some make them a 
subsection of Pentamera ; the tarsi of most, though 
not all, of the genera being five. Others, we think 
more justly, consider them a section by themselves, 
connecting the Coleoptera with the Dermaptera 
(Earwigs). The Brachelytra have large membran¬ 
ous wings folded under the small elytra. They fly 
well. They are sometimes called Cocktails, from a 
habit they have of setting up their tails in a threat¬ 
ening attitude when menaced. The families are 
Pselaphidse, Tachyporidte, Staphylinid®, Stenidee, 
and Omalid® (q. v.). 

*brach'-en, s. [Bracken.] 

*brach'-et, s. [O. Fr. bracket; dimin. of braque .] 
[Brach.] Abound. 

“ Brachetes bayed that best, as bidden the maysterez.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Green Knyght, 1,603. 

brach -1-al, a. [In Fr. brachial; from Lat. 
brachialis=ol or belonging to the arm ; brachium; 
Gr. brachion= the arm.] 

1. Science generally: Pertaining to the arms, or 
to one of them. 

IT (1) The brachial artery: 

Anat.: The portion of the axillary artery between 
the shoulder and the elbow. 

(2) The brachial plexus: [From Lat. plexuses. 
fold.] 



f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rdle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 








brachiate 


597 


brachyura 


Anat.: The j unction of the first dorsal and the 
lower cervical nerves from which those of the arm 
issue. 


2. Bot.: Measuring twenty-four inches long, or 
what is conventionally assumed to be the length of 
the arm. ( Lihxlley.) 

brach'-i-g.te, a. [From Lat. brachiatus— with 
arm-like branches; brachium: Gr. brachidn= the 
arm.] 

Bot.: Presenting a certain resemblance to the 
extended arms of a man ; that is, having horizontal 
branches standing forth nearly at right angles to a 
stem, and which, moreover, cross each other alter¬ 
nately ; having opposite branches decussate. ( Lind- 
ley, c&c.) 

brach-In'-l-das, s. pi. [From brachinus (q. v.).] 

Entom.: A family of predatory beetles belonging 
to the section Truncatipennes. 

brach-I'-nus, s. [From Gr. broxhuno — to 
shorten.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles, the typical one of the 
family Bracliinid® (q. v.). The species have their 
head and thorax comparatively narrow. Their 
chief peculiarity is a power which they possess of 
expelling from their hinder extremity a pungent 
acrid fluid with a loud report. Hence Latreille 
called them Bombardiers, or Bombardier Beetles. 
[Bombardier.] 

bracb-I-6-nse -a, s. [From brachionus (q. v.).] 

ZoOl.: A family of animalcules belonging to the 
class Rotifera. 


brach-T'-on-us, s. [From Gr. brachion, genit. 
brachionos= an arm.] 

ZoOl.: The typical genus of the family Brachi- 
on®a (q. v.). It has a single eye, a furcate foot or 
tail, a smooth shell with six short spines in front. 
The family is to be found all over the world. 

brach-I-op -O-da, s. [From Gr. brachidn=the 
arm, and oblique cases of pous, podos—a foot. Ani¬ 
mals with arm-like feet. The reference is to two 
long ciliated arms developed from the sides of the 
mouth, which are used to create currents in the 
water and bring food within reach of their mouth.] 

ZoOl. & Palceont.: One of the great classes into 
which the molluscous sub-kingdom of the animal 
kingdom is divided. The Brachiopoda are bivalves, 
with one shell on the back of the animal, and the 
other in front; these are called dorsal and ventral 
valves. The two valves are never equal in size. 
They differ from the Conchifera (called also Lam- 
elli branchiata ), or ordinary bivalves, in uniformly 
having one side of the same valve symmetrical with 
the other. In technical language, the Brachiopoda 
are inequivalve and equilateral, while the True Bi¬ 
valves are equivalve and inequilateral. The organ¬ 
ization of the Brachiopoda is inferior to that of the 
True Bivalves. They are attached to bodies by a 
pedicle which passes as the wick does in an antique 
lamp, whence the older naturalists called them 
“ Lamp-shells.” The shell is lined by an expansion 
of the integument or mantle. They are very im¬ 
portant in a geological point of view, existing from 
the Cambrian rocks till now; but culminating 
apparently both in generic and specific develop¬ 
ment in the Silurian. In 1875 above 1,800 fossil spe¬ 
cies were known. In 1879 Dr. Alleyne Nicholson made 
a much higher estimate, considering that nearly 4,000 
extinct species had been described. The recent 
species are comparatively few. They are all marine, 
occurring chiefly in the deep sea. The families are— 
(l)Terebratulid®, (2)Spiriferid®, (3)Rliynconellid®, 
(4) Orthid®, (5) Productid®, (6) Craniad®, (7) Dis- 
cinid®, and (8) Lingulid® (q. v.). (Woodward <& 
B. Tate.) 

A slightly different classification ranges the 
Brachiopods in two sub-classes— 

(1) Inarticulata or Tretenterata: Fam. (1) Crani- 
adffl, (2) Discinid®, (3) Lingulid®. 

(2) Articulata: Fam. (1) Terebratulid®, (2) 
Rhynconellid®, (3) Theciid®, (4) Spinfend®, (5) 
Pentamerid®, (6) Strophomenid®, and (7) Pro¬ 


ductid®. 


brach'-I-o-pode, s. [Brachiopoda.] A mollusk 
belonging to the class Brachiopoda (q. v.). 

H The age of brachiopods: The Silurian period. 
brach-I-op-o-dous, a. [Eng. brachiopod(e) ; 
-ows.] [Brachiopoda.] 

1. Having arm-like feet. 

2. Pertaining to the Brachiopoda. 
brach'-I-um, s. [Lat., an arm, particularly the 

forearm, from the hand to the elbow. In Gr. 
brachion.'] „ ... 

Bot.: An eU, ulna, twenty-four inches, considered 
to be the average length of the arm in men. 

Brach -man (1), (ch silent), s. [Bramin.] 

Brach -mg.u (2), (ch silent), s. [Brahman.] 
brach-jf-cat-a-lec -tic, s. [Lat. brachycatalec- 
ticum; from Gr. brachykatalelctos, as adj.=ending 
with a short syllable, .short by a foot; brachys= 
short, and katalektikos = leaving off, stopping.] 
[Catalectic.] 

Greek and Latin Prosody: A verse wanting a 
foot; a verse wanting two syllables to complete it. 


brach-f-geph - 9 , 1-1 C, a. [From Gr. brac.hys= 
short, and kephalikos = pertaining to the head; 
kephale— the head.] 

Anthropol.: Having a short head. The term was 
introduced by Retzius. 

“. . . those [crania] exhumed from the Drift, and 
belonging to the brachycephalic type.” — Darwin: Descent 
of Man, vol. i. (1871), pt. i., ch. iv., p. 125. 

brach-y-geph'-al-^, s. [From Gr. brachykeph- 
alos— (1) short head, (2) a certain fish.] 

Anthropol.: Shortness of head. It is opposed 
to dolichocephaly. 

“ Welcker finds that short men incline more to brachy- 
oephaly, and tall men to dolichocephaly, . . .”— Dar¬ 
win: Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), pt. i., ch. iv., p. 148. 

brach-yg'-er-a, s. pi. [Gr. brachys= short, and 
keras= a horn. Shorthorned animals.] 

Entom.: A sub-order of Diptera, consisting of 
two-winged flies with short “horns” or antenn®, 
having only three joints, the last one commonly 
with a long bristle. It contains seven families— 
CEstrid®, Muscid®, Dolichopid®, Syrphid®, There- 
vid®, Leptid®, Stratiomyd®, Bombyliid®, Anthra- 
cid®, Acrocerid®, Empid®, Hybotid®, Asilid®, 
Mydasid®, and Tabanid®. (See these terms ; also 
Brachystoma, Notacantha, and Tanystoma.) 
The sub-order Brachycera includes the greater part 
of the Dipterous order. 

brach-yg'-er-iis, s. [Gr. 6mcht/s=short, and 
keras= a horn. Animals with short “horns” or 
antenn®.] 

Entom.: A genus of Curculionid® (Weevils) con¬ 
sisting of wingless, very rough insects, living on the 
ground. They occur in Africa and the South of 
Europe. 

brach-y-chi-ton, s. [From Gr. brachys= short, 
and chiton= an undergarment..] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Sterculiad® (Sterculiads). It consists of trees 
found in the more tropical parts of Australia. 
Brachychiton acerifolium is called the Flame-tree, 
its red flowers having an aspect like flame when 
viewed from a little distance. The aborigines make 
fishing-nets from its bark. B.populneum is used 
for a similar purpose, besides which its seeds are 
eaten. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

brach-y-co-me, s. [From Gr. brachys= short, 
and fco»ie=the hair.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants. Tribe, Subuli- 
flor®. Brachycome. iberidifolia is the Swan River 
Daisy. 

brach-y-dl-ag'-on-al, s. [Gr. brachys= short, 
and Eng. diagonal (q. v.).] 

Geom.: The shortest of the diagonals in a rhom¬ 
bic prism. 

“. . . the shorter lateral or brachydiagonal . . . 
the longer lateral or macrodiagonal [of a rectangular 
prism with replaced edges and angles].”— Dana: Mineral¬ 
ogy (5th ed.), Introd., p. xxv. 

brach-y-glot'-tis, s. [From Gr. brachys= short, 
and glottis= the glottis, the mouth of the windpipe.] 
Bot.: A genus of composite plants allied to 
Senecio. The leaves of Brachyglottis Forsteri, 
called by the natives of New Zealand Puka-Puka, is 
used by them for paper. 

*brach-yg-raph-er, s. [In Ger.br achy graph: 
from Gr. brachys= short, and grapho=to write.] A 
shorthand writer. 

“ At last, he asked the brachygrapher, whether he wrote 
the notes of that sermon, or something of his own concep¬ 
tion.”— Dayton: Notes on D. Quixote, i. 8. 

*brach-yg'-raph-y, s. [In Ger. brachygraphie; 
from Gr. bracliys= short; and f/rap/i,e=del meat ion, 
writing.] Shorthand writing, stenography. 

“ All the certainty of those high pretenders, bating 
what they have of the first principles, and the word of 
God, may be circumscribed by as small a circle as the 
creed, when brachygraphy had confined it within the com¬ 
pass of a penny.”— Glanville. 

brach-yl'-o-gy, s. [In Gr. brachylogia= brevity 
in speech \ br achy logeo = to be short in speech; 
brachys— short, and logos= a word, speech.] 

Rhet.: Brevity of speech,_ expression of one’s 
meaning in few words ; laconic speech, like that of 
the ancient Spartans. 

H Brachylogy of comparison: A figure of speech 
used principally by the Gre^k poets, but also found 
more or less in all languages, in which the objectof 
comparison is not compared with the proper corre¬ 
sponding object, but is directly referred to the 
thing or person of which that object would be, if 
expressed, the attribute. Thus in the lines— 

“ They for their young Adonis may mistake 
The soft luxuriance of thy golden hair,” 
the hair is compared directly with Adonis. The 
figure is also known to grammarians as comparatio 
compendiaria. 

brach-y'-o-pa, s. [Gr. brachys=short, and ops, 
or dp.s=the eye, the face, the countenance.] 

Entom.: A genus of two-winged flies of the family 
Syrphid®. 


brach-y-o-pi -na, s. [From brachyops (q. v.).] 
Palceont: A tribe or a family of the Amphibian 
order Labyrinthodontia. It has a parabolic skull, 
and the orbits oval, they being central or anterior. 
The genera are Brachyops, Micropholis, Rhino- 
saurus, and Bothriceps. [Brachyops.] 
brach'-y-ops, s. [From Gr. 6?-ac/i?/.s=short, and 
ops or dps— the eye, face, countenance.] 

Palceont.: A genus of Labyrinthodonts, the 
typical one of the family Brachyopina. The only 
known species, Brachyops laticeps (Owen), is from 
rocks of probably Triassic age at Mangali, in 
Central India. 

*brach-y-pod-I'-nse, s. [From Gr. brachys= 
short; and pous, podos= a foot.] Short-footed. 

Ornith.: The name given by Swainson to a sub¬ 
family of his Merulid® (Thrushes). It was called 
from the typical genus Brachypus, but Brachypus 
having been previously assigned to a genus of 
lizards, the ornithological terms Brachypodin® and 
Brachypus are now disused. Brachypus has also 
been used for a molluscous and for a coleopterous 
genus. 

brach-y-po-di-urn, s. [From Gr. brachys— 
short, andpows, genit. podos = a foot, in allusion to 
the short stalks of the spikelets.] 

Bot.: A genus of Graminace® (Grasses), of which 
the English book-name is False Brome Grass. The 
species are numerous, nearly every temperate 
climate having a representative. The two best 
known species are Brachypodium sylvaticum, and 
B. pinnatum. The family type can be found in the 
domestic oat of this country. 

brach-yp'-od-ous, a. [From Gr. brachys- short, 
and pous , genit. podos= a foot.] 

Bot.: Having a short “ foot ” or stalk, 
brach-yp'-ter-ae, s. [From Gr. brachypteros^ 
short-winged; brachys^ short, and pteroeis—iea.th- 
ered, winged ; from pteron= a wing.] 

Ornith.: Cuvier’s name for the diving birds now 
ranked under Colymbid®, Alcad®, and their allies. 

brach-yp'-ter-ous, a. [From Gr. brachypteros 
=short-wmged.] [Brachyptera.] Short-winged. 
(Brande.) 

brach-yp-ter-yx, s. [From Gr. brachys= short; 
and pteryx— a wing; from pteron- a wing.] 

Ornith.: Horsfleld’s name for a genus of Ant- 
thrushes (Formicarinoe), in which the wings are so 
short as to render flight short and feeble. Brach- 
ypteryx montana, the typical species, is found in 
Java. It is the Mountaineer Warbler of Latham, 
brach-y-pus, s. [Brachypodina;.] 

Ornith.: The typical genus of the family Brach¬ 
ypodin® (q. v.). 

brach-y-se’-ma, s. [From Greek brachys= short; 
and sema= a sign, a banner. So called because the 
vexiilum or standard is very short.] 

Bot.: A genus of papilionaceous plants. Brach- 
ysema latifolium is a handsome climber from 
Australia. 

brach-y-stel -ma, s. [From Gr. brachys= short, 
and stelma=a. girdle, a belt.] 

Bot.: A genus of Asclepiadace® (Asclepiads). 
The edible roots of various species are used in 
South Africa as a preserve. 

brach-ys'-to-chrone, s. [InFr. brachystochrone ; 
Gr. brachistos= shortest, and chronos= time.] 

Geom.: The curve of quickest descent, i. e., the 
curve starting from a given point in which a body, 
descending by the force _ of gravity, will reach 
another point in the curve in a shorter time than it 
could have done had it traversed any other path. 
The curve in question is the cycloid (q. v.). 

braclL-ys'-to-ma, s. [From Gr. brachystomos= 
having a narrow mouth; brachys= short, and stoma 
=the mouth.] 

Entomology: 

1. A tribe of dipterous insects oelonging to the 
sub-order Brachycera (q. v.). It is so named 
because the proboscis is short. The tribe contains 
the families Dolichopid®, Syrphid®, Therevid®, 
and Leptid® (q. v.). 

2. Brachystoma of Meigen: A dipterous genus of 
the division Tanystoma. 

brach-yt'-el-e§, s. [Gr. brachyteles — ending 
shortly; brachys=short, and telos=end, extremity, 
referring to the small development of the thumb.] 
ZoOl.: Spix’s name for a genus of American monk¬ 
eys, which he separates from Ateles. 

brach-y-ty -pous, a. [From Gr. brachys—short, 
and typos—a blow, the impression of a blow, a type; 
typto— to strike.] 

Min.: Of a short form. 

brach-y-iir s. [From Gr. brachys= short, and 
o«r« = the tail.] 

ZoOl.: A sub-order of Decapodous Crustaceans, 
containing those families in which the abdomen is 
converted into a short-jointed tail folding closely 
under the breast. The common edible crab (Can¬ 
cer pagurus) is a familiar example of this structure. 


bbll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, gbin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph - £, 
-cian, -tian - shau. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. -- bgl, del. 




brachyurous 


The sub-order contains four families: (1) Oxysto- 
mata, (2) Oxyrhynchaor Maiad®, (3) Cyclometopa 
or Cancerid®, and (4) Catometopa or Ocypodid®. 

brach-y-iir -ous, a. [Brachyura.] 

1. Gen: Short-tailed. (Pen Cycl.) 

2. Spec.: Pertaining to the Brachyura or short- 
tailed Crustacea. [Brachyura.] 

bra'-$ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Brace, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As adjective: Imparting tone or strength. 

“ I found it clear and strong—an intellectual tonic, as 
bracing and pleasant to my mind as the keen air of the 
mountains was to my body. "—Tyndall; Frag, of Science, 
tii. 41. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of bracing; the state of 

oeing braced. . . • 

2. Kngin.: Any system of braces; as, the “bracing 
of a truss. ’ 

bracing-ehain,- s. 

Vehicles: The chain which ties together the sides 
of a wagon, to prevent the load from breaking them 
apart. (Used especially in wood and freight wag¬ 
ons.) 

brack, s, [Icel. & Sw. brak; Dan. brcek=a. 
brake, a break, a chink, a fissure; Dut. braok= a 
breaking, a burglary, a break. Cf. A. S. brecan= to 
break, to bruise ( Somner ).] A breach, a break, a 
flaw, a broken part. 

“The place was but weak, and the bracks fair; but the 
defendants, by resolution, supplied all the defects.”— 
Hayward. ' 

“Letthem compare my work with what is taught in 
the schools, and if they find in theirs many bracks and 
short ends, which cannot be spun into an even piece; 
. . ."—Digby. 

brack-en, fbrach'-en (ch guttural). *braik -In, 
*br£ck-en, *breck-an (Scotch), *brak-en, 
*b r a k - a n, 

*brak-ane (0. 

Eng.), s. & a. 

[From A. S. 
bracu, genit. 
sing, and nom. 
pi. brace an 
(Skeat). In 
Sw. brdken= 
fern; Icel. 
bralcne — fern; 

Dan. bregne= 
fern, brake.] 

[Brake (2), s.J 

A. As sub 
stantive: 

I. Gen,: A 
fern of any 
kind. (O.Eng. 



Bracken (Pteris Aquilina). 


“ As best, byte on the bent of braken & erbes.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1675. 

2. Spec.: The name uniformly given in Scotland 
to the common fern elsewhere known as Brake, 
Pteris Aquilina. [Brake (2).] 

“Amongthe brackens on the brae.” 

Burns: Halloween. 

But when the bracken rusted on their crags.” 

Tennyson: Edwin Morris. 

“ The heath this night must be my bed, 

The bracken curtain for my head.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 23. 

B. Asadj.: Consistingof the “bracken” or brake 
fern. 

“ The bracken bush sends forth the dart.” 

Scott: Lady ol the Lake, v. 9. 

brack'-et, s. & a [From O. Fr. braquet, dimin. 
of brache; Lat. brachium=arm (Mahn ). From Fr. 
braque= a mortise for holding things together (Cot- 
grave <& Wedgwood, with whom Skeat hesitatingly 
agrees).] 

A. As substantive: 

1, Carpentry, etc.: 

(1) A cramp-iron holding things together. 
(Wedgwood.) 

“ This effect was aided by the horizontal arrangement 
upon brackets of many rare manuscripts.”— De Quincey: 
Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 239. 

(2) A lateral projection from a wall, post, or 
standard, to strengthen or support another object. 
Of the parts of a bracket— a is 
the sole, b the wall-plate, c the 
rib, d a snug or flange. This 
description of support is also 
adapted for shelves, coves, sof¬ 
fits and seats. 

“Let your shelves n laid upon 
brackets, being about two feet wide, 
and edged with a small lath.”— Mortimer. 

2. Gas or lamp fitting: 

(1) A projecting device for supporting a lamp. 

(2) A gas-fixture projecting from the face of a 

wall. 



Bracket. 


598 

3. Architecture: 

(1) An ornament in the shape of a console stand¬ 
ing isolated upon the face of a wall. 

(2) A support placed beneath the eaves, or the 
projection at the gable of a building. Its full 
name is a roof-bracket. [Bracketed.] 

4 . Ship-building: A timber knee in a skip’s frame 
supporting the gratings. > 

5. Machinery: 

(1) Gen.: Various kinds of brackets are used 
in machinery, such as shafting-brackets, pendent 
brackets or hangers, wall-brackets, 'wall-boxes, and 
pedestal brackets. 

(2) Spec. In steam-engines: 

(a) 'The pieces by which the boiler of a locomotive 
, is maintained in position, 

(b) The places which hold and guide the slide- 
bars. 

6. Ordhdnce: 

(1) The cheek of a mortar-bed. 

(2) The carriage of a ship’s or casemate gun. 

7. Printing (pi.): The signs or marks which 
follow [ ]. They are used to inclose a word or 
sentence of explanation, reference, etc. 

“ At the head of each article, I have referred, by figures 
included in brackets, to the page of Dr. Lardner’s volume, 
where the section, from which the abridgement is made, 
begins.”— Paley-. Evidences, pt. ii., ch. vi. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or consisting of a 
bracket in any of the foregoing senses. 

bracket-crab, s. A hoisting apparatus designed 
for attachment to a post, wall, &c. 

bracket-light, s. A gas-light projecting from a 
side wall. 

bracket-sbelf, s. A form of console for support¬ 
ing a pier-glass or other object, 
bra’ck-et, v.t. [From bracket, s. (q. v.)] 

1. To place within brackets, to connect by brackets. 
[Bracket, s., 7.] (Barker.) 

2. To couple names with a bracket in a list of 
successful candidates, to denote equal merit. 

bra’ck-et-ed, pa. par & a. [Bracket, v.] 

1. Ord. Lana: (See the verb.) 

2. Arch.: The bracketed style is one of which 
brackets are a prominent feature. 

bra'ck-et-ifig, pr. par. & s. [Bracket, v.] 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive: A skeleton support for mold¬ 
ings. 

brack Tsh, a. [From Ger. brack; Dut. brak = 
brackish.] 

Of water: Partly fresh, partly salt, as fresh water 
becomes when it flows over saline soil or the sea 
obtains occasional access to it. 

“As springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish 
though they be, 

So midst the wither’d waste of life, those tears would 
flow to me.” Byron: Stanzas for Music . 

brack'-ish-ness, s. [From Eng. brackish; -ness.] 
The quality of being brackish, the quality of being 
partly fresh and partly salt. 

“ All the artificial strainings hitherto leave a brackish¬ 
ness in salt water that makes it unfit for animal uses.”— 
Cheyne. 

bracks, s. [Braxy.] A disease of sheep, 
brack-y, a. [From Ger. brack.) [Brackish.] 
Brackish. 

“ The bracky fountains.”— Drayton: Polyolb., song xi. 
bra'-con, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Fr. braconner 
=to poach.] 

Entom.: A genus of Ichneumons, with a hiatus 
between the mandibles and the clypeus, and a 
lengthened ovipositor. [Braconid^j.] 
bra-con'-l-dae, s. pi. [From bracon (q. v.).] 
Entom.: A family belonging to the Ichneumon 
tribe of Hymenoptera. Typical genus, Bracon (q.v.). 

bract (Eng.), brac'-te-a (Lat.), s. [In Ger. 
bracktei; Fr. bractfe. From Lat. bractea= a thin 
plate of metal or gold-leaf.] 

1. Bot.: A leaf growing upon the flower-stalk. 
Those which occupy this situation have, as a rule, 
a different size, form, and 
appearance from the ordi¬ 
nary leaves. There are 
cases, however, in which it 
is difficult to decide to 
which of these a particular 
foliaceous expansion is to 
be referred, and at times a 
yet greater uncertainty pre¬ 
vails as to whether one of 
those situated close to the 
flower is a bract or a sepal. 

The involucre in composite 
plants, the great spathe in 
\race®, the pale® of 
grasses, the scales of cat¬ 
kins, &c., are all bracts. 

2. Zodl.: A part of a hydrozoOn, somewhat resem¬ 
bling tfip bract of a plant. [Hydrophyllia.] 



bradypodidae 

brac : -te-al, a. [Lat. bractealis — of metallic 
plates; from bractea (q. v.).l 

1. Pertaining to a bract. (Brande.) 

2. Furnished with bracts. (Brande.) 
brac’-te-srte, a. & S. [Lat. br'acteatus— covered 

. with gold plate; from bractea (q. v.).] 

A. As adjective. In j3ot.: Furbished with bracts, 
(Brande.) 

B. As substantive: A Silver coin formerly current 
in Scotland. 

brae-ted, a. [Eng. bract; -ed.] 

Bot.: Furnished with bracts or with a bract. 
brac’-te-O-lsB, s. pi. [Plural of Lat. bracteola 
=a thin leaf of gold; dimin. of bractea (a. v.).] 
Bot.: Small bracts. 

braC-te-ol-ate, a. [From Lat. bracteol(a) ; and 
Eng. suff. -ate.) [Bracteole.] 

Bot.: Furnished with small bracts or bractlets. 
Applied especially to involucres, which have an 
outer row of such foliaceous appendages. (Lind- 
ley .)^ 

brac'-te-ole, s. [From Lat. bractCola; dimin. of 
bractea (q. v.).] 

Bot.: A small bract, a bractlet. 
bract-less, a. [Eng. bract; and suff. -less.] 

Bot.: Devoid of bracts. 

bract'-let. s. [From Eng. bract; and dimin. 
suff. -let.) A small bract. Used specially of the 
exterior bracts of an involucre. When these exist 
it is then said to be bracteolate at the base. (Lind- 
ley.) 

♦bra-gyn, v. t. [Brace, v.] 

“ Bracyn, or sette streyte. Tendo.” — Prompt. Parv. 
brad, a. & in compos, (compar. *brcedder, 
*bradar). [A. S. 6rdd=broad, large, vast (Bos- 
ivorth); as, Bradford=the broad ford; Bradgate — 
the broad gate.] Broad. [Broad.] (O. Eng. dt 
Scotch.) 

A. As a separate word: 

“ Quhen thai war passit the watir brad.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), iii. 467. 

“ And wele bradar thar-efter soyn.” 

Ibid., iv. 128. 

B. In compos.: (See etymology.) 

brad, *brod, *brode, s. & a. [Icel. broddr—eaiy 
pointed piece of iron or steel; Sw. brodd— a frost 
nail, a blade; Dan. brodde= a spur, au ice spur, a 
frost nail. Cf. also A. S. brord—( 1) a prick or point, 
the first blade or spire of grass or corn, an herb 
(Somner), (2) a sword; Dan. braad= a prick, a 
prickle, a thorn, a sting; brod= a prick, a thorn, a 
sting.] [Brod, v. & s.; Bristle. 1 

A. As substantive: 

1. A thin, square-bodied nail which, instead of a 
head, has a lip or projection on one side only. 
Brads are used to floor rooms with. They are about 
the size of a tenpenny nail. ( Johnson, dtc.) 

“ Brode, hedlese nayle . . .”— Prompt. Parv. 

2. A small round, pointed nail, varying in length 
from a half-inch to 1% inches, and used in the con¬ 
struction of light packing boxes, and also in shoe¬ 
making for nailing on soles and heels. 

B. As adjective: Designed to act upon the nail 
described under A, or in any way pertaining or 
relating to it. 

brad-awl, s. 

Joinery: A small boring-tool with a chisel-edge. 
Used for opening holes for the insertion of nails. 

brad-setter, s. 

Joinery: A tool which grasps a brad by the head, 
and by which it is driven into its appointed place. 

*brade (1), v. t. & i. [From A. S. bregdan, bridan 
= to weave, . . . to gripe, lay hold of, draw, take 
out.] 

A. Trans.: To draw. (Used specially of pulling 
out a knife or sword.) [Braid, v.] 

“ Wyndyr his hand the knyff he bradit out.” 

Henry the Minstrel: Wallace, bk. i., 2, 25. 

B. Intrans.: To extend. 

“ He were a bleaunt of blwe, that bradde to the erthe.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight (ed. Morris), 1,928. 
*brade (2), *brad, v. t. [From A. S. brcedan= to 
roast; Dut. braden; O. H. Ger. bratan; (M. H.) 
Ger. braten= to roast.] To roast. 

“ The king to souper is set, served in halle, 
***** 

Briddes branden, and brad, in bankers bright.” 

Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. 1. 
Trade, a. [Braid, a.; Broad.] (Ear. Eng. 
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris; Pearl, 138.) 

*bra'-dit, pa. par. [Brade.] 
bra-doon, s. Same as Bridoon (q. v.). 
brad-y-pod'-i-dae,s. pi. [From bradypus (q.v.).] 
Zodl.: A family o: mammals belonging to the 
order Edentata. It contains the Sloth and its allies. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr?, Syrian, ae, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu’-kw! 








Itfadypods 

<brad'-^-pod§ (Eng.), brad-y-pod '-Q.(Mod:Lat.), 

i.pl. [From Gr. 6radypoits=slow of foot: bradys— 
slow, and potts, podos= a foot.] 

Zodl.. Slow-footed animals. Blumenbach’sname 
for an order of mammalia, containing the genera 
Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, Manis, and Dasypus. 
Cuvier substituted. the term Edentata, from the 
absence in these animals of incisor teeth. 

brad'-y-pus, s. [Mod. Lat. bradypus; from 
Class. Gr. bradypous= slow of foot.] [Bradypods.1 

1. Zobl.: A mammalian genus, the typical one of 
the family Bradypodidte (q. v.). It contains the Ai, 
or Common Sloth ( Bradypus tridactylus ), and other 
species. 

2. Paldeont.: Various genera and species of the 
family are found in South America. They are 
gigantic as compared with the modern sloths. The 
most notable are Megatherium , Mylodon , Scelido- 
therium , and in the Post-Pliocene of North America 
Megalonyx. (See these words.) 

brae, *bray, *bra, s. & a. [Etymology doubtful. 
Probably from Gael, braigh— top, summit. Cf. 
braigheath=a mountaineer; brigh = a heap, a pile; 
bruthach=an acclivity, an ascent, a steep, a hillside, 
a precipice; Wei. bre—a peak, a mountain, a hill. 
But cf. likewise Dan. braad =sloping, declining, 
steep; brat= steep; as also Eng. brow (q. v.) ; A. S. 
brcew,breag.] (Scotch.) 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. An acclivity, a slope, an incline, a steep bank; 
whether constituting— 

(1) The side of a hill. 

“ Entryt in ane narrow place 
Betuix a louchside and a bra." 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), iii. 109 

(2) The bank of a river. 

“ Endlang the vatter than yeid he 
On ather syde gret quantite: 

He saw the brayis hye standand 
The vatter holl throu slike rynand.” 

The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vi, 75-8. 

2. A hill. 

“ . . . twa men I saw ayont yon brae." 

Boss: Helenore, p. 60. (Jamieson.) 

3. The upland, hilly, or highland parts of a coun¬ 
try. Used— 

(1) As a separate word (chiefly in the plural): 

“ Thin Reb said he tried him with Erse, for he cam in 
his youth frae the braes of Glenlivat—but it wadna do.”— 
Scott: Antiquary, ch. ix. 

(2) In compos.: As Braemer. 

II. Figuratively: Used of the hill of fame. 

“Should I but dare a hope to speel, 

Wi’Allan or wi’Gilbertfleld, 

The braes of fame.” 

Burns: To William Simpson. 

B. As adj.: Of or belonging to a “ brae ” in any of 
the foregoing senses. 

brae-face, s. The front or slope of a hill. (Scotch.) 

“ If a kill be built to a brae-face, or the side of a rock, it 
pan have but three vents.”— Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 194. 

brae-bead, s. The summit of a hill. (Scotch.) 

“All the boys of Garnock assembled at the brae-head, 
which commands an extensive view of the Kilmarnock 
road.”— Ayrs. Legatees, p. 282. 

brae-laird, braes-laird, s. A proprietor of 
land on the southern declivity of the Grampians in 
Scotland. (Scotch.) 

“In Mitchell’s Opera, called ‘The Highland Fair,’ a 
Braes Laird is introduced as the natural and hereditary 
enemy of a Highland chieftain.”— Note from Sir Walter 
Scott, in Jamieson. 

brae-side, *brae syd, s. The declivity of a hill. 

(Scotch.) 

“Ane company of fresch men cam to renew the battell, 
taking thair advantage pf the brae syd." — Pittscottie : 
Cron., p. 105. 

brae'-man, bray'-man, s. [Scotch brae ,* and 
Eng. man.] One who inhabits the southern side of 
the Grampian Hills. (Scotch.) 

“Humanity strongly invites you to know 
The worm-wasted braeman’s fate, laid in yon grave.” 

I-ain : Mountain Muse, p. 70. (Jamieson.) 

*bra-en-gel, s. [Brangill.] (Scotch.) 

brag, *brag'-gen, v. i. & t. [Wei. bragio=to 
brag; brae- boastful; Ir. bragaim=I boast; Gael. 
brag air eachd= empty pride, boasting. (Skeat.)] 

A. Intransitive: 

\. To boast, make ostentatious pretences, swag- 

gei 

“ He bosteth and braggeth with many bolde othes.”— P. 
Plowman, 8 595. 

“ Thou coward ! art thou bragging to the 6tars ?” 

Shakesp.: Midsum. N. Dream, iii. 2. 

(a) With of before the object. 

“ Verona brags of him 
To be a virtuous and well-govern’d youth.” 

Shakesp.: Bom. andjul., L 6. 


599 


■ (b) On was frequently, though improperly, used 
for of. 

“Yet lo ! in me what authors have to brag on, 
Reduc’d at last to hiss in my own dragon.” 

Pope: Dunciad, iii. 285. 

*2. To sound, make a loud noise. 

“ Whanne the voyce of the trompe . . . in your eerie 
braggith ai the puple shal cry with moost out-crye.”— 
Wickliffe: Joshua, vi. 5. 

“o . . the child brags in her belly already; ’tie yours." 
— Shakesp . • Love’s Labor Lost, v. 2. 

B. Transitive: 

1. To blow loudly. 

“ The Bretones boldely braggene theire tromppez."— 
Morte Arthure, 1,484. 

*2. To praise anything excessively or ostenta¬ 
tiously. 

“You shall have a lame jade, bridle and brag it up and 
down Smithfield.”— Nashe: Plain Percival. 

3. To reproach, upbraid. 

“ Kyle-Stewart I could hae bragged wide, 

For sic a pair.” 

Bums: The Auld Farmer's Salutation. 

brag, *bragg, *bragge, s.,a.&adv. [Beag,v.] 

A. As substantive ; 

1. A boast, an ostentatious pretense. 

“A kind of conquest 

Caesar made here ; but made not here hie brag 
Of ‘came,’ and ‘saw,’ and ‘overcame.’” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 1. 

*2. The thing or matter boasted of. 

“Beauty is nature’s brag." 

Milton: Comus, 745. 

3. A game at cards. 

“ But the late Reverend Doctor Robert Douglas, minis¬ 
ter of Galashiels, assured the author, that the last time 
he saw Andrew Gemmells he was engaged in a game at 
brag with a gentleman cf fortune, distinction, and birth.” 
— Scott: Advt. to Antiquary, p. viii. 

B. As adjective: 

1. In a bad sense: Boastful. 

‘‘Hi schulde nought beren hem so bragg." 

Piers Plowman’s Crede, 706. 

2. In a good sense: Brave. 

“. . . boldest and braggest in armes.” 

William of Paleme (ed. Skeat), 3,048. 

C. As adverb: 

1. Boastingly. 

“Hy schulde nought beren hern so bragg ne fbelden] 
so heyghe.” Piers. Plow. Crede, 706. 

2. Proudly, conceitedly. 

“ Seest howe brag yond Bullocke beares. 

So smirke, so smoothe, his pricked eares ?” 

Spenser: The Shep. Cal., ii. 

*brag'-an<je, s. [From Eng. brag, s., and suff, 
- ance .] Boasting, arrogance. 

bra-gan'-ti-a, s. [Named after the Duke of 
Braganza.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the natural 
order Aristolochiacere (Birthworts). Braaantia 
tomentosa, a species growing in Java, is very bitter, 
and is used in that island as an emmenagogue. The 
roots of B. Wallichii, rubbed up with lime-juice, 
are used in the West of India as an appliance in 
snake bites. The common Virginian Snakeroot, A. 
serpentaria , is the most prominent American repre¬ 
sentative of the species. It is stimulant, tonic, 
diaphoretic and diuretic in its action. It had once 
a great reputation as a cure for snake bites. 

*brag'-<it, s. [Bkagget, s.] 
brag-ga-d6'-$I-o, *brag-ga-do-chi-6, s. [Brag, 
v. A word invented by Spenser (Skeat).] 

1. As a proper name (of the forms Braggadocio 
and Braggadochio): The name given by Spenser to 
one of his imaginary knights, “ Sir Braggadochio,” 
who is always boasting of the heroic deeds he has 
done and intends to do, but is all the while a coward 
at heart. 

“ Shee, that base Braggadochio did affray, 

And made him fast out of the forest ronne ; 

Belphcebe was her name, as faire as Phoebus sunne.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III., v. 27. 

2. As a common noun (of the forms braggadocio 
and braggadochio): A cowardly boaster. 

“Elevated to office, whether the office be a clerkship in 
the Customs or a Captaincy-General, he becomes forth¬ 
with a braggadocio, self-asserting, and insolent, often 
grasping and extortionate .”—London Times, June 2, 1879. 

brag'-gard, s. [Braggart.] 

brag’-g3,rd-I§m, s. [Eng. braggard; -ism.'] 
Boastfulness, bragging. 

“Why, Valentine, what braggardism is this ?”— Shakes¬ 
peare: Two Gent., ii. 4. 

fbrag -gart, *brag'-gard, s. [From Eng. brag; 
and suffix -art, -ard. J 


bragly 

A. As subst.: A bragger, boastful fellow. 

“ Who knows himself a braggart. 

Let him fear this, for it will come to pass, 

That every braggart shall be found an ass.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, iv. 3. 

11 ... a shallow braggart conscious sincerity.”—C«n> 
lyle: Heroes, Hero-worship, Lect. ii. 

B. As adj.: Given to bragging; boastful, vain¬ 
glorious. 

“ The King with scorn beheld their flight. 

‘Are these,’ he said, ‘our yeomen wight ? 

Each braggart churl could boast before, 

Twelve Soottish lives his baldric bore !’ ” 

Scott: The Lord of the Isles, vi. 24. 

brag-gart-ly, adv. [Eng. braggart; -ly.] Likw 
a braggart, boastful. 

“A proud, vainglorious and braggartly spirit.”- -Cftop- 
man.- Homer, bk. iii. 

bragged, pa. par. & a. [Brag, v.] 

A. As pa. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As adj.: Boasted, vaunted. 

“ Auf. Wert thou the Hector 
That was the whip of your bragg’d progeny, 

Thou shouldst not ’scape me here.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 8. 

brag’-ger, s. [En g. bragg; -er.] One who brags; 
a vain, ostentatious pretender; a braggart. 

“ A bretoner, a braggere, Abosted Piers.”— Langland : P. 
Plowman, 4,104. 

“ Such as have had opportunity to sound these braggers 
thoroughly, by having sometimes endured the penance of 
their sottish company, have found them in converse 
empty and insipid.”— South. 

*brag-ger-y, s. [En g. bragger; -y.] Vain show, 
pomp. 

“All the nobles of the Erenche courte were in garmentes 
of many colors, so that they were not knowen from the 
braggery." — Hall: Henry VIII., an. 12. 

*brag'-get, ^brag-gat, *brag-at, *bra-got, 
bra-gett, *bra-ket, s. [Wei. bragot=& kind of 
mead;Cornish bregaud; Ir. bracat; Wei. brag; Gael. 
& Ir. braich= malt, fermented grain. Connected 
with brew, A. S .bredivan (Skeat).] A kind of mead; 
a liquor made of honey and ale fermented, with 
spices, &c. 

“ Bragett, drynke ( bragot or braket, K. H. P.) MellU 
bi'odium, bragetum — Prompt. Parv, 

“ Hir mouth was sweete as bragat is or meth. 

Or hoord of apples, layd in hay or beth.” 

Chaucer; The Miller’s Tale , 3261-62. 

brag-glng, *brag'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Brag, v. ] 

A. & B. Aspr.par. & part, adj.: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Boasting, arrogance. 

“Howbeit he nothing at all ceased from his bragging, 
but still was filled with pride, breathing out fire in his 
rage against the Jews, and commanding to haste the 
journey.”—2 Maccabees, ix. 7. 

2. Loud blowing, noise. 

“ Thair wes blaving of bemys, braging and beir.” 

Gaw. and Got., ii. 13. 

hrag'-glhg-ly, adv. [Eng. bragging; -ly.] In 
a bragging manner, boastfully, ostentatiously. 

“None bewail more braggingly Germanicus’ death in 
outward show than such as in their hearts are most glad.” 
— Greneway: Tacitus ; Annales, p. 58. 

brag'-gir, s. . [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Gael, braigh- 
the top. tne summit, or braigh, v.=to give a crack¬ 
ling sound; Dan. brage=to crack, to crash, brag. 
bragen=crac\i, crash, crackling noise.] The old 
name given in the island of Lewis, one of the Brit¬ 
ish Western Isles, to the broad leaves of the Alga 
Marina (now supposed to be Fucus nodosus). 

“They continue to manure the ground until the tenth 
of June, if they have plenty of Braggir, i. e. the broad 
leaves growing on the top of the Alga Marina."—Martin 
West. Isl., p. 54. 

*brag'-ihg, s. [Bragging, s.] 

bra-gi’te, s. [From Bragi, an old Scandinavian 
deity (?) ; and suff. -He (Min.) (q. v.).l 

Min.: Bragite of Forbes and Dahll. Probably 
altered Firein. It occurs imbedded in orthoclase in 
Norway and Greenland, Or a variety of Ferguson- 
ite (q. y.). 

brag'-less, a. [Eng. brag; -jess.] Without 
boasting or ostentation. 

“ Dio. The bruit is, Hector’s slain, and by Achilles. 

Ajax. If it be so, yet bragless let it be ; 

Great Hector was a man as good as he.” 

Shakesp.: Troil. and Cress., v. 9. 

*brag -ly, adv. [Eng. brag; -ly.] In a manner 
worthy of being boasted of, finely. 

“ Seest not thilk hawthorn studde, 

How bragly it beginnes to budde. 

And utter his tender head ?” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., iii. 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





bragwort 


600 


oraid 


brag'-w5rt, breg-wort.s. [Bragget.] Mead, 
a beverage made from the aregs of honey. 

“ To learn that the Scottish bregwort, or mead, so plen¬ 
tiful at a harvest supper, is the self-same drink with 
which the votaries of Kimmon cheered themselves may 
well alarm a devout mind,” &c. — Blackwood’s Mag., Jan., 
1821, p. 405. 

Brah-mg., *Bra-mg, fBrah'-mgn, s. [Ger., 
&c., Brama, Brahma; in Mahratta and the modern 
languages of India, Brahmd, from Sanscrit Brah¬ 
man , not Brahmdn— a member of the Hindoo sacred 
caste; but (1) 7Vewf.=force, power, will, wish, the 
propulsive force of creation; (2) Masc.: (a) Self; 
(6) The being Brahma (see def.). ( Max Miiller: 
Chips from a German Workshop , vol. i. (1867), pp. 
70-1.).] 

Hindu Mythol.: The first person of the Hindu 
triad, the others being Vishnu and Siva. Speaking 
broadly, the first is the Creator, the second the 
Preserver, and the third the Destroyer. The first is 
scarcely worshiped, except at Pokher, in Ajmere, 
and Bithoor in the Doab, the residence of the 
infamous Nana Sahib. He is represented as a man 
of a red color, with four faces. He has in general 
four hands, in one of which he holds a portion of 
the Vedas, in one a lustral vessel, in one a rosary, 
and in one a sacrificial spoon. For the present state 
of his worship see Brahmanism. 

“When Brama’s children perish’d for his name.” 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, pt. i. 
Brah'-mg (2), s. A a. [Brahmapootra.] 
Brahma-fowl, s. [Brahmapootra-fowl.] 

Brah man, Brah-mm, *Bra-min, *Brach- 
man, s. & a. [In Sw. &c ., Bramin; Ger. Bramine, 
Brachmane; Fr. Bramin, Bramine, Bracmane : Sp. 
& Port. Bramin, Bramine, Brachmane; Ital. 
Bramino; Lat. pi. Brachmanae , Brachmanes; Gr. 
Brachmanes; Mahratta Brdhman; Sanscrit Brah¬ 
mdn, not Brdhman= Brahma (q. v.)=a member of 
the sacred caste, from i?rdAwa/i,=Brahma (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Originally: One of the Aryan conquerors of 
India who discharged priestly functions, whose 
ascendency, however, over his fellows was intellect¬ 
ual and spiritual, but not yet political or supported 
by the caste system. 

2. Now: One of the four leading castes of India, 
the others, theoretically at least, being Kshatryas 
[Warriors], Vaisyas (Merchants), and Sudras 
(Laborers), not reckoning outcasts beyond the pale. 
[Caste.] [For the rise of the Brahmans see Brah¬ 
manism.] The Brahmans in many places at present 
are about a tenth part of the community. They 
are the most intellectual of all castes, having great 
mental subtlety. They are admirably adapted for 
metaphysical speculation and for mathematical 
reasoning; but throughout their vast literature 
they have almost uniformly told monstrous myths 
in lieu of history. Nor do they care much for 
natural science. [Brahmanism.] 

“. . . the 1 Em gunge of the Brahmens.” [Sic, illustrat¬ 

ing one form of the pi. of Brahman, now generally dis¬ 
used.—E d.]— Mill: Hist. Brit. India, i. 334. 

“The worshipers of Agni no longer form a distinct 
class, a few Agnihotra Brahmans, who preserve the family, 
may be met with.”— H. H. Wilson: Religion of the Hindus. 

B. As adjective: In anyway pertaining to a mem¬ 
ber of the caste described under A. 

If Brahmana beads, Brahman's beads: A name 
given in India to the corrugated seeds of Elseo- 
carpus, used by the Brahmans and others as 
necklaces. They are sometimes worn as beads by 
children in East London, having been brought 
from India by seafaring relatives or friends. . 

Brahman bull, Braliminy bull, s. The Zebu, 
a variety of the Bos taurus, or Common Ox. It is 
distinguished by having a large fatty hump on its 
shoulders. Divine honors are paid to it in India, 
and it is deemed an act of piety to turn one loose in 
the streets, without any provision for its main¬ 
tenance. It therefore helps itself from green¬ 
grocers’ stalls or from gardens. It is not, as a rule, 
dangerous to pedestrians, but at times has warlike 
encounters with its humped compeers, besides sys¬ 
tematically persecuting all cattle destitute of a 
hump. It is unpopular with those who are not of 
the Hindoo faith, but they dare not for their lives 
openly injure it. 

Brah'-mgn-i, s. A female Brahman; the wife of 
a Brahman. Also written Brahminee. 

Brah'-man-ic, Brah'-mln-Ic, a. [From Brah¬ 
man, Brahmin, and suff. 4c. In Fr. Brahmanique.'] 
Pertaining to Brahmans or to Brahmanism. 

”... the corruption of the Brahminic religion.”— 
Mosheim: Ch. Hist., trans. by Murdoch, ed. 1865, p. 716. 
(Note.) 

“The earlier systems of brahmanic philosophy.”— Max 
Muller: Chips from a German Workshop, vol. i. (1867), p. 

226. 

Brab-man -i-cal, Brah-mln'-I-cgl, a. [From 
Brahmanic, Brahminic; -al.~] The same as Brah¬ 
manic (q. v.). 


Brah'-man-I§m, Brah'-mIn-I§m, s. [From Eng., 
&c., Brahman, Brahmin, and suff. -ism. In Ger. 
Bramanism; Fr. Brahmanisme .] 

Theol., Hist., & Phil.: The system of religious 
belief and practice introduced and propagated by 
the Brahmans. This greatly varied with the lapse 
of ages, but to every successive form of it the name 
Brahmanism may be applied. 

The earliest inhabitants of India seem to have 
been mainly Turanians. [Turanian.] When, at a 
very remote period of antiquity,_ these entered the 
peninsula, an Aryan nation or tribe existed in Cen¬ 
tral Asia, northwest of India, speaking a language 
as yet unrecognized, which was theparent of nearly 
all the present European tongues, our own not 
excepted. At an unknown date a great part of this 
Aryan nation migrated to the northwest, and set¬ 
tled in Europe, the remainder taking the contrary 
direction, and entering Indiaby thewayof the Pun- 
jaub. [Aryan.] Admiring the glorious Eastern 
sky, they applied to it, and to the elements of 
nature, glowing adjectival epithets; these gradu¬ 
ally became abstract substantives, then the quali¬ 
ties expressed were personified, and gods ruling 
over the several elements were recognized. Thus 
the sky was first called Deva v adj.=:(l) bright, then 
(2) brightness, next (3) the Bright God; or, if the 
adjectival meaning be retained. Divine. This is 
the familiar Lat. De?ts=God. Similarly Dyaus = 
the sky, is Gr. Zeus, genit. Dios, from Dis, Latin 
Dies piter = Jupiter. Other divinities worshiped 
were, Agni=&re (Lat. ignis), Surya=the sun, Ushas 
=the dawn [Gr. eos], Marut— storm (Lat. Mars), 
Prithim= the earth, Mp=the waters, Nadi=the 
rivers, Varuna=the sky [Gr. ouranos ], Mitra— the 
sun, and Indra= the day. These gods are invoked 
in the 1,017 hymns of the Rig- Veda, the oldest Aryan 
book in the world. Dr. Haug, of the Sanscrit Col¬ 
lege at Poonah, thinks the oldest of these may have 
been composed and uttered from 2400 to 2000 B. C., 
or at least from 2000 to 1400 B. C. Max Mtiller, the 
translator of the Rig-Veda, more moderately dates 
most of them between 1500 and 1200 B. C., believ¬ 
ing the collection to have been finished about 1100 
B. C. [Rig-Veda, Veda.] 

Whilst the Aryans were in the Punjaub a religious 
schism took place amongst them, and a large num¬ 
ber of them left India for Persia with feelings so 
bitter that wbat their former friends left behind 
called gods they transformed into demons. The 
venerable Deva= God, was changed into datva= an 
evil spirit. Iran (Persia) was the place to which the 
seceders went, and there their faith developed into 
Zoroastrianism (q. v.). (See also Zend-avesta.) 

The Rig-Veda was followed by three more, the 
Yajur-veda, the Sdma-veda, and the Atharoa-veda, 
each with a Sanhit. or collection written in poetry, 
and Brahmanas and Sutras, prose compositions; 
but these are not so valuable as the Rig-Veda for 
tracing the old beliefs. 

From about 1000 to 800 B. C. collections were being 
made of the old sacred literature. From about 800 
to 600 B. C. the Brahmanas were composed (Dr. 
Haug thinks between 1400 and 1200 B. C.). Then 
the Sutras (exegeticalcompositions), which follow, 
make Brahmanas as well as Mantras divine. 

The exact date of the two great epic poems—the 
Ramayana and the Mehabharat—is unknown; but 
the former is believed to be the older. By the time 
that it appeared the constellation of Vedic gods 
had set, and one of deified heroes was arising or had 
arisen. Rama, the deified King of Ayodhya (Oude), 
the hero of the former poem, is still extensively 
worshiped, along with Hunooman, the monkey god- 
and Krishna, the hero of the Mahabharat. 

During the period of the Brahmanas, the Brah¬ 
manic priesthoodhadarisento greatpower; during 
that of the Sutras they were in quiet enjoyment of 
their caste dignity. By the sixth century Buddha 
had arisen to preach the equality of all castes, and 
his system was dominant in India from about 250 
B. C. till 750 A. D., that is, for a thousand years. 
[Booddhism.] 

When Brahmanism reasserted its sway the Hindoo 
triad of gods—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva—had 
arisen (see these words). Nay, Brahma had become 
almost obsolete, and the respective advocates of 
Vishnu and Shiva were at variance. Between the 
twelfth and the sixteenth centuries monastic re¬ 
formers formed sects, some Vishnuvite, others 
Sivaite. New sacred books, called, however, Pur- 
anas (meaning old), are penned to advocate the 
tenets of conflictingsects, and, though contradicting 
each other, were accepted as divine. The Moham¬ 
medan invasion somewhat repressed their quarrels. 
[Puranas.] At present, the worship of Vishnu 
under the forms of Krishna and of Rama, and of 
Siva under that of the Lingam with the veneration 
of Sukti, the power and energy of the divine nature 
in action ;to which must be added the adoration of 
Hunooman, Rama’s friend; and in many places of 
aboriginal Turanian gods, are the most prevalent 
forms of popular Hinduism. Reformers are falling 
back on the Vedas, and Christianity obtains con¬ 
verts from it in every part of the land. 


Brah'-man-Ist, s. [From Eng., &c. Brahman I 
and suff. - ist. ] A professor of the Brahmanic faith 
[Brahmanism.] 

“Berghard, in his ‘Physical Atlas,’ gives the following 
division of the human race according to religion . . . 
Brahmanists . . . 13'4 per cent.”— Max Miiller: Chips 
from a German Workshop, vol. i., p. 215. (Note.) 

Brah-mg-poo'-trg, Brah-mg-pfi’-trg, s. A a. 
[Sansc. Brahma (1) (q. v.)., and pootra, putra = * 
son.] 

A. Asmbst. (Geog.): A very large river, rising 
in southwest Thibet and falling into the Bay of 
Bengal. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the river described 
under A. 

Brahmapootra or Brahma-fowl, s. A variety oi 
poultry, so called from their being supposed to have 
been imported from the neighborhood of the Brah¬ 
mapootra river. 

Brah-mln-ee, s. [Eng., Ac ., Brahmin;-ee.] A 
female Brahman. 

Brah'-mln-ess, s. [Eng., Ac., Brahmin; -ess.] A 
female Brahman, a Brahminee. 

Brah-mo-sa-maj, s. [Hind.=worshiping assem¬ 
bly.] A theistic sect founded in Hindostan in 830 
as a protest against idolatry. 

braid (1). *braide, *brayde, *brai'-den, *brei’- 
den (Ena.), braid, *brade, *brayd (Scotch), v.t. 
A i. [A. S. bredan= to bend, fold, braid, knit, gripe, 
lay hold of, draw, drive, or take out or away (Bos- 
worth); bregdan — to bind, knit, vibrate, or draw 
forth (Bosworth); 0. Icel. bregdha, brigdha=(l) to 
braid with, (2) to broider; (inf.) = to start quickly; 
O. Fris. breida, brida' O. L. Ger. bregdan; O. fi. 
Ger. brettan. ] 

A Transitive: 

*1. Of sudden movement (see O. Icel. bregdha): To 
draw out quickly. (Used of the unsheathing or 
brandishing of a sword or similar weapon.) 

“Then this byrne braydet owte a brand.”— Anturs of 
Arthur, x. 

“ Wndyr his hand the knyff he bradit owt.” 

Wallace, i. 223. (M. S.) 

Tf It is sometimes used reflexively. 

To braid one's self: To depart quickly. [B., 1.1.1 

“Hee bredde an ai on his barm and braides him than.” 

Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 1,004. 

*11. Of more or less circular movement: To turn 
about, to turn round. 

“ Ane Duergh braydit about, besily and bane, 

Small birdis on broche, be ane brigh fyre.” 

Gawan and Gol., i. 7. ( Jamieson . 

*111. Of movement taking the form of assault: To 
attack, to assault. (Ruddman & Jamieson.) 

*1F To braid down: To throw down, to beat down. 
(Skeat.) 

“ To the erth he brayd him downe.” 

Ywaine and Gaw., 3,248. 

IV. Of the interwinding of things together: 

1. To weave or entwine together; to twine, to 
twist, to plat. 

“ . . . and the nicest maiden’s locks 
Less gracefully were braided.’’ 

Wordsworth: Excur., bk. vi. 

2. To intertwine or interlace around anything. 

“This hall, in which a cnild I played, 

Like thine, dear Redmond, lowly laid. 

The bramble and the thorn may braid: 

Or, passed for aye from me and mine, 

It ne’er may shelter Rokeby’s line.” 

Scott: Rokeby, v. 1L 

*B. Intransitive (of rapid movement): 

1. To move quickly; to take a series of long steps 
in rapid succession. 

“ And as he bradis furth apouu the bent.” 

Doug.- Virgil, 381, 24. 

“Syne down the brae Sym braid lyk thunder.” 

Evergreen, ii. 183, st. 7. 

2. To rush. 

“ As bliue with his burnes he braide into prese, 

And demened him dou tili with dentes ful rude.” 

William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 3,848-45. 

3. To awake, to spring; to start, to start up. 

“Than the burde in her bed braide of hur slepe, 

And whan shee wakyng was shee wondred in liert.” 

Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 724-5. 

4. To break out; to issue with violence. 

“And all enragit thir wordis gan furth brade.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 112, 29. 

Furth at the ilk porte the wyndis brade in ane 
route.” Ibid., 15, 35. 

“ On syde he bradis for to eschew the dynt.” 

Ibid., 142, 3. (Jamieson.) 

5. To cry out. 

“ Right in his wo he gan to braide.” 

Chaucer: Dreme, 662. 


filte, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pbt* 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; m^te, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw< 



braid 


601 


brain 


jT (1) To braid up the head: To toss the head as a 
high-mettled horse does, to carry the head high. 

“Iwald na langer beir on brydil, bot braid up my 
heid; 

Thair micht no mollat mak me moy, nor hald my 
mouth in.” Dunbar: Mait. Poems , p. 5. 

(2) To braid up the burde: To put up the leaves 
of the table (?). A phrase used by James I. ( Jam¬ 
ieson.) 

braid (2), v. i. [Breed, v. i.] 
braid *braide, *brayde, s. [From A. S. bragd, 
bregd; O. Icel. bragda, bragth= a sudden motion, 
trick, sleight, look, or expression.] [Braid, v. (q. v.)J 
*1. Of sudden motion, or of anything sudden : 

1. A sudden motion, a start, a rush, a charge, a 
sally. 

“ Go we ther-for with strengthe of liond; we willen make 
a braide.” Sir Penumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,122. 

2. An assault, a thrust, aim to strike ; an attack, 
an invasion. 

. If the Scottis kyng mistake in any braide, 

Of treson in any thing, ageyn Henry forsaid.” 

R. Brunne, p. 138. 

“Syne to me with his club he maid ane braid." 

Doug.: Virgil, 451, 41. {Jamieson.) 

3. A reproach, a taunt, upbraiding. 

“ And grieve our soules with quippes and bitter braids.” 

Rob. E. of Huntingd., bl. 1., 1,601. 

4. Sudden fate. 

“ By-thenk ye wel of that brayde, that touchede duke 
Myloun.” Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 2,008. 

5. A moment of time. 

IT At a braid , At a brayde: At a start, at once. 
“And vche best at a brayde ther hym best lykez.” 
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 539. 
In a brayd: In a moment. 

“ Baltazar in a brayd bede vus ther-of.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,507. 

6. Agrimace. 

“ And grymly gryn on hym and blere, 

And hydus braydes mak hym to fere.” 

Richard Rolle de Hampolle, 2,226-7. 

7. The cry of a young child when newly born. 

II. Of something woven: 

1. Gen. : Twist, plaiting. 

“ Nor braids of gold the varied tresses bind. 

That fly disorder’d with the wanton wind.” 

Pope: Sappho andPhaon, 85-6. 

“ Then hasten we, maid, 

To twine our braid.” 

Moore: L. R., Light of the Haram. 

*2. Spec.: 

(1) Braided gold. 

“In the fvrst a belt of crammassy hernessit with gold 
& braid.” — Inventories, p. 8. {Jamieson.) 

(2) A narrow woolen fabric used for binding, 
♦braid (1), a. & s. [From A. S. bragd, bregd— 

deceit, fiction; Icel. brOjgdh= fraud, deceit; from 

A. S. bredan=to weave, ... to draw (as into a 
net).] [Braid, s.] 

A. As adjective : Deceitful. 

“ Since Frenchmen are so braid, 

Marry that will, I live and die a maid.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, iv. 2. 

B. As substantive : Deceit, anything deceitful. 

“Dian rose with all her maids 
Blushing thus at love his braids.” 

Greene: Never too Late, 1,616. 

♦braid (2), *brade, a. [A. S. breed — broad.] 
[Broad.] 

1. Broad. 

“ ‘Ay, 7 /e might have said in braid Scotland, gude-wife,’ 
added the fiddler.”— Scott: Red-gauntlet, let. x. 

2. Plain, intelligible. 

“And yit forsoith I set my besy pane, 

(As that I couth) to make it brade and plain.” 

Doug.: Virgil, Pref. 5, 4. 

braid-band, a. [Broad-band.] 
braid-cast, adv. [Broadcast.] 

♦braid, *brade, adv. [Broad.] Widely. 

“ The heuinly portis cristallyne 
Vpwarpis brade, the warld till illumyne.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 399, 25. 

braid'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Braid.] 

“ Of mantles green, and braided hair.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 4. 

“ Golden tresses wreathed in one, 

As the braided streamlets run!” 

Longfellow: Maidenhood. 

bra'id-er, s. [Eng. braid; -er.] 

1. Gen. : That which braids. 

2. Spec. : A sewing-machine attachment provided 
with an opening to guide and lay a braid on the cloth 
under the action of the needle. The braid-guiding 
opening may be in the presser and in advance of 
the needle-hole, or in the cloth-plate, or in a sep¬ 
arate attachment secured to the cloth-plate. 


braid-ihg, pa. par., a. & s. [Braid, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & part, adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 


C. As substantive: 


1. The act of making braids. 

2. Braids taken collectively, 

“ A gentleman, enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur 
collars, and braiding, . . . ”— Thackeray. {Goodrich & 
Porter.) 

braiding-machine, s. 

Mach.: A machine in which a fabric is made by 
the laying up of three or more threads by a plaiting 
process. Mechanism guides the thread-holding bob¬ 
bins in a serpentine course, to interlace the threads. 

braid-nes, s. [Broadness.] 

Braid-6-man -cy, s. A name sometimes applied 
to the manipulations indulged in by hypnotic opera¬ 
tors when exercising their influence upon a subject. 
The term arose from the fact that Mr. Braid, of 
Manchester, England, was one of the most expert 
early authorities on hypnotism. 


bra -le, bray’-ie, a. 

Eng. -y.] 

1. Sloping." 

2. Hilly. 


[Scotch brae ; suffix -ie = 


*braie, *bral'-In (1), v. t. [Bray.] 

*brai'-in (2), v. [Bray (2), v.] 

braik, v. [Cf. Dut. brcecekluest=nansea, qualm; 
braakdrank= vomit.] To vomit. {Scotch.) 

“ Sche blubbirt, bokkit, and braikit still.” 

Lyndsay: S. P. R., ii. 87. 


♦braik (1), s. [Probably the same as Eng. brag, s. 
(q. v.) Or from Icel. braka=to make a noise.] A 
threat. (Scotch.) 

“ All thocht with braik, and boist, or wappinnis he 
Me doith awate, and manace for to de.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 374, 32. 
braik (2), s. [Break.] (Scotch.) 


braik (3), s. [O. Sw. braatca, from braaka, v.= 
to break.] (Jamieson.) [Brake (1), s.] 

1. A kind of harrow. (Scotch.) 

“ While new-ca’d kye rowte at the stake, 

An’ pownies reek in pleugh or braik.” 

Burns: Epistle to J. Lapraik. 

2. An instrument used in dressing hemp, &c, 
♦braik-in, s. [Bracken.] 

*braik -lt, a. [From Ir. breac, hrefc=speckled, 
pied, motley.] Speckled. (Scotch.) 


brail, *brayle, s. [From O. Fr. braiel, braiol, 
braioele, braieul=a band placed round the 
breeches; O. Fr. braie, braye =breeches; Prov. 
bray a; Sp. & Port, bray a; Ital. braca; from Lat. 
braca (sin g.),bracce (pl.)=breeches.l [Breeches.] 

1. Falconry: Apiece of leather with which to bind ' 
up a hawk’s wing. 

2. Naut. (pi. brails): Ropes used to gather up the 
foot and leeches of a sail, preparatory to furling. 

IT The brails of a gaff-sail are for hauling the 
after-leech of the sail forward and upward, previous 
to furling: toward the head ( peak-brails); neck 
( throat-brails); and luff (foot-brails). The lee- 
brails are hauled upon in furling. 

brail' v. t. [From brail, s. (q. v.)] 

1. Falconry: To fasten up the wing of a bird, to 
confine it from flight. (Lit. dk fig.) 

“ By Hebe fill’d ; who states the prime 
Of youth, and brails the wings of time.” 

Urania to the 0. 

2. Naut.: To haul up into the brails, to truss up 
with the brails. (Followed by up.) 

“ Cheerily, my hearties ! yo heave ho ! 

Brail up the mainsail, and let her go.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, v. 

brain, *braine, *brayn, *brayne, s. & a. [A. S. 

broegen, bragen, bregen; Dnt. brein; O. Dut. 
bregen; O. Fries, brein. Cf. Gr. bregma, bregmos, 
brechmos, brechma=the upper part of the head.] 

A. As substantive: 


I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: The soft mass contained within the 
cavity of the skull, the encephalon. [II., 1.] 

“ Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain." 

Shakesp.: Macb. ii. 1. 

(1) In this sense it may be used in the plural, 
when the brains of different individuals, human or 
animal, are compared to each other. 

“ . . . at no period of life do their brains perfectly 
agree.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), n*- 1, 
ch. i., p. 3. 

(2) When only one individual is referred to. 

“Voices were heard threatening, some that his brains 

should be blown out, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xii. 


2. Figuratively: The intellect. 

“. . . the brain devise laws . . 

Shakesp.; Mer. of Ven., L 2. 

U In this sense used also in the plural. 

“. . . to beat this from his brains, . . .” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., iii. 2. 

IT To cudgel the brains: To stimulate the faculty 
of attention, with the view of solving an intellectual 
difficulty which could not be satisfactorily disposed 
of in one’s ordinary listless mental state. 

II. Technically: _ 

1. Anat.: That part of the nervous system con¬ 
tained within the cranium, or encephalon, the 
central part of the nervous system, composed of 
the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata 
(q. v.). It is formed by the continuity of the fibers 
of the spinal cord upward to the cephalic centers. 

IT (1) Compar. Anat.: The center of the nervous 
system in the lowest of the animals which possess a 
brain is in the form of a double cord ; a step higher, 
and knots or ganglia are developed on one extrem¬ 
ity of the cord. Such is the rudimentary structure 
of brain in the lowest vertebrata. In the lowest 
fishes the anterior extremity of the double cord 
shows a succession of five pairs of ganglia; in the 
higher fishes and amphibia the first two become 
fused into a single ganglion ; then follow only three 
pairs of symmetrical ganglia. This carries us up 
in the animal scale to mammalia (q. v.); for in¬ 
stance, in -the dog and cat we find a single gang¬ 
lion, cerebellum, then three pairs following each 
other, and the primitive ganglia of opposite sides, 
at first separate, become united by means of trans¬ 
verse fibers, commissures. (commissura=a joining), 
for associating in function the two symmetrical 
portions. Hence the deduction that the brain in 
the lower animals consists of primitive cords, prim¬ 
itive ganglia upon these cords, and commissures 
which connect the substance of adjoining ganglia 
and associate their functions. 

(2) Human Anatomy: 

(a) In the fcetus: In the human foetus, the earli¬ 
est sign of the spinal cord is a pair of minute lon¬ 
gitudinal filaments side by side; on the anterior 
extremity of these five pairs of minute swellings are 
seen, not in a straight line, as in fishes, but curved 
on each other to correspond with the future cran¬ 
ium. The posterior pair soon become cemented on 
the middle line, forming one; the second pair also 
unite; the third and fourth, at first distinct, are 
soon veiled by a lateral development arching back¬ 
ward to conceal them; and the anterior pair, at 
first small, become less and almost lost in the 
development of the other pairs; so that the archi¬ 
tecture of the human brain is the same as that 
of the lower animals, but progressive. [Archen¬ 
cephala.] 

(b) In the adult: In the adult the primitive cords, 
described under 2 (a), have become the spinal cord, 
at the upper extremity they separate under the 
name of crura cerebri; the first pair of ganglia, 
developed from the primitive cords, have become 
the cerebellum; the second pair (the optic lobes of 
animals) become the corpora quadrigemina of 
man; the third pair, the optic thalami, and the 
fourth, the corpora striata, are the basis of the hem: 
ispheres, which, the merest lamina in the fish, have 
become the largest portion, the cerebrum, of the 
brain in man; the fifth pair (olfactory lobes), so 
large in the lowestforms, dwindle into the olfactory 
bulbs of man. The brain is composed of fibers or 
fasciculi ranged in some parts longitudinally, in 
others interlaced at various angles by cross fibers, 
and connected and held together by a delicate areolar 
web, which is the bond of support of the entire organ. 
It is enveloped by three lining membranes, the dura 
mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater (q. v.). 
The brain substance is of two kinds, differing in 
density and color, a gray or cineritious or cortical 
substance, and a white or medullary substance. The 
gray substance forms a thin lamella over the entire 
surface of the convolutions of the cerebrum, and of 
the laminae of the cerebellum, hence it has been 
named cortical; but it is likewise found in the cen¬ 
ter of the spinal cord through its entire length, 
thence through the medulla oblongata, crura 
cerebri, thalami optici, and corpora striata ; also in 
the locus perforatus, tuber cinereum, commissura 
mollis, pineal gland, pituitary gland, and corpora 
rhomboidea. As clearly shown by Dr. Sieveking, 
there is a peculiar property in the ivhite matter of 
the brain, namely, the great elasticity of the medul¬ 
lary substance, and the resiliency afforded by this is 
the counterpoise of the rigid structures enveloping 
the brain, and which do not, as erroneously sup¬ 
posed, remove it entirely from the influence of 
atmospheric pressure. 

The microscopic elements of the brain are white 
nerve-fibers from s r> to ti4ms of an inch in diam¬ 
eter ; gray nerve-fibers, one-half or one-third less 
than the white in diameter (Heule); nerve-cells, 
between sin and jjsn of an inch in diameter; and 
nerve-granules, between Wro and X nhms of an inch 
in diameter, with a variable number of pigment- 


b<Jil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, deL 





brain-born 


brake 


602 


granules. The division of nerves into cranial and 
spinal is purely arbitrary, for with respect to origin, 
all but the first (the olfactory) proceed from the 
spinal cord or its immediate prolongation into the 
brain. 

The weight of the human brain, according to 
Soemmering, is 2 lbs. 5)4 oz. to 3 lbs. 1 oz. 7 drs.; Dr. 
Aitken says from 30 to 52 ounces, with a bulk of 
from 65 to 84 cubic inches. Dr. John Reid states 
that there is an average difference of 5 oz. 11 drs. in 
favor of the male brain. According to Soemmering, 
the largest brain of a horse is 1 lb. 7 oz.; that of an 
elephant dissected by Sir Astley Cooper had a 
weight of 8 lbs. 1 oz.; and Rudolphi found that of a 
common whale ( Balcena mysticetus), 75 feet long, to 
weigh 5 lbs. 10)4 oz. 

The average sp. gr. of healthy brain is 1'036; mean 
of gray matter, l - 034; of white, 1'041. Its blood sup¬ 
ply is derived through the pia-mater membrane. 

2. Chem.: The chemical constituents of the brain 
are albumen; fatty matter, including two acid 
compounds containing a large amount of phos¬ 
phorus, from eight to ten parts in 1,000, or one- 
twentieth to one-thirtieth of the whole solid matter: 
also salts, and from four-fifths to seven-eighths or 
water. 

3. Physiol.: The organ for manifestation of the 
intellectual faculties, such as the emotions, the 
passions, and volition, and also of sensation. 
The evolution of nerve-force connected with mind 
emanates directly from the hemispherical ganglia. 
The spinal cord, by its connection with the brain, 
is the essence of combined movements. The brain 
alone furnishes conditions necessary for intelli¬ 
gence; the spinal cord for movement; and together 
they connect the balancing and co-ordination of 
motor and sensific power. 

4. Path.: The chief diseases of the brain are—ab¬ 
scess of the organ, aphasia (in which the anterior 
lobes are affected, with difficulty of expressing 
thought), apoplexy (q. v.), brain fever, cancer, con¬ 
cussion and compression, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, 
hysteria, headache, induration, insanity, paralysis, 
softening, sunstroke, and tumors (q. v.). 

B. As adjective: Relating to the brain in any of 
the foregoing senses. (See the compounds which 
follow.) 

“([Obvious compound: Brain-development. (Dar¬ 
win: Descent of Man , pt. i., vol. i.) 

brain-born, a. Generated by one’s own brain or 

mind. 

“ Each hath his pang, but feeble sufferers groan 
With brain-born dreams of evil all their own.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, ii. 7. 

brain-bred, a. Engendered in or sprung from 
the brain. 

‘‘ love’s brain-bred girie.” — J. Taylor: Works (1630), p.lll. 

brain-case, s. The part of the skull which en¬ 
cases the brain. 

♦brain-child, s. An idea. 

“ A brain-child of my own.”— B. Jonson: New Inn, i. 1. 

brain-fever, s. A term in common use for in¬ 
flammation of the lining membranes of the brain, 
meningitis ; or of the brain itself, cerebritis. These 
are generally found in conjunction, seldom separate, 
and are termed phrenitis or encephalitis. Often 
associated (a) with tuberculosis, or scrofula ; some¬ 
times (6) with gout, rheumatism, or syphilis: in 
the first instance generally in the case of children 
and delicate young females, in the others chiefly in 
adult males; very frequently, also, from injury, or 
as a consequence of previous diseases. Brain-fever 
is characterized by violent headache, intolerance of 
light, excitement, extreme sensitiveness, hyperaemia, 
delirium, convulsions, and coma. These are the 
symptoms of cerebral irritation , which is often 
followed by cerebral depression. So real is the 
delirium that it cannot be distinguished from true 
perceptions. 

brain-pan, s. The same as Bkaxn-case (q. v.). 
[Brainpan.] 

♦brain-wood, a. [Brainwood.] 

brain-worm, s. (Fig.) A worm infesting the 
brain. (Used in controversy contemptuously of an 
adversary.) (Milton: Colasterion.) 

brain-wright, s. One who thinks or devises for 
another. (Halliwell: Cont.toLex.) 

brain, v. t. [From brain , s. (q. v.)] 

1. Lit.: To dash out the brains. 

“ There thou may’st brain him.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 2. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To defeat. (Used of a purpose, &c.) 

“That brained my purpose.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, v. 1. 

(2) To conceive in the brain, to understand. 

“ Tongue and brain not.”— Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 4. 

brained, p. a. Possessed of brains. (Shakesp.) 


braindge, v. i. [Etym. doubtful.] To rush rashly 
forward. 

“ Thou never braindg’t, an’ fetch’t, an’ fliskit, 

But thy auld tail thou wad hae whiskit.” 

Bums: Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare Maggie. 
brain-Ish, a. [Eng. brain; -ish.) Brainsick. 

“In this brainish apprehension, kills 
The unseen good old man.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 1. 

brain-less, *brain'-lesse, *brain’-les, a. [Eng 
brain, and suff. -less.] Without intellect, dull, 
stupid. (Fig.) 

“If the dull brainless Ajax come safe off.” 

Shakesp.: Troil., i. 8. 

brain -pan, *brain-panne, s. [Eng. brain: 
pan.) The pan-like cavity, in other words the skull 
containing the brain. 

“ . . - my brain-pan had been cleft.”— Shakesp.t 

2 Hen. VI., iv. 10. 


brain-sick, a. [A. S. brcegen-sedc .] 

1. Of persons: Of diseased brain or mind; not 
quite in one’s mind, with the intellect touched; 
flighty, one-sided, injudicious. 

“What! more fools still! Be ruled by me and go back, 
who knows whither such a brainsick fellow will lead 
you?”— Bunyan: P. P., pt. i. 


2. Of things: The product of a diseased brain or 
mind. 


“ Because Cassandra’s mad ; her brainsick raptures 
Cannot distaste the goodness of a quarrel.” 

Shakesp.: Troil., ii. 2. 


brain'-sick-ly, adv. [Eng. brainsick; -Ip.] In 
a brainsick manner, in such a way as one of diseased 
brain or mind might be expected to do; with lack 
of sound judgment. 

“You do unbend your noble strength, to think 
So brainsickly of things.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. 2. 



brain-sick-ness, *brain'-sick-nesse, s. [Eng. 

brain; sickness .] Sickness, or any affection of the 
brain, accom¬ 
panied by more 
or less of mental 
disease. 

“. . . brainsick- 
nesse they entitle 
promptitude, 
quicknesse, and 
celeritie.’ — Hol¬ 
land: Plutarch, p. 

77. ( Richardson .) 

brain' - stone, 

s. [Eng. brain; 
stone.] 

Zool.: A name 
for the genus of Brainstone. 

corals called by 

naturalists Meandrina, in which the surface resem¬ 
bles the convolutions or meanderiugs of the human 
brain. 


♦brain -wood, *brayn-wod, a. [O. Eng. brayn; 
Eng. brain; wod, ?cood=mad.] Mad, out of one’s 
mind. 


“ Than brayde he braynwod.” 

William of Palerne, 2,096. 

brain'-f, a. [U. S. colloq.] Intellectual; hav¬ 
ing a well-developed and active brain. 

•[braird, v. t. [From braird, s. (q. v.)] To spring 
up as seeds. (Ogilvie.) 

♦brais, v. t. [From Fr. 6ras=the arm.] [Em¬ 
brace.] To embrace. 

“ And leif ane uthir thy baggis to brais.” 

Dunbar: Bannatyne Poems, p. 56, st. 8. 

brai§e, s. [Braize.] 

braife, v. t. [Fr. braiser= to bake.] To cook in 
a braising-pan. 

brai§’-mg, s. & a. [Braise, v.] 

Cookery: A term given to a process of cooking 
meat, which combines the advantages of baking 
and stewing. Properly speaking, it is performed in 
a braising-pan, which is a stew-pan with a closely- 
fitting lid constructed to hold live embers, so that 
the meat can be cooked from above and below 
simultaneously, though it is often done in an ordi¬ 
nary sauce-pan kept tightly closed. 

braising-pan, s. A pan for cooking meat as 
described in Braising (q. v.). 

brait, s. [Cf. Wei. brith, m., braith, f.=mixed, 
motley, pied, speckled; Ir. breaih, breag= fine, 
comely (Mahn.).] 

Jewelry : A rough diamond. 

♦braith, a. [O. Icel, brdthr=swUt, headlong, 
furious; O. Sw. brather; Sw. br&d; Dan. brad.] 
Violent, severe. 

“Throuchthe braith blaw, all byrstyt owt of blud; 

Butless to ground he smat him quhar he stud.” 

Wallace, xi. 171, MS. (Jamieson.) 


♦braith -full, ♦breith-ful, a. [Scotch braith = 
breath (?); and Eng. suffix -ful(l).] Sharp, violent. 

"In sum thegreyf and iredyd fast habound, 

Rasyt wyth braithfull stangis full unsound.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 379, 22. 

♦braith'-lf, *braith'-lle, a. & adv. [O. Icel. 
bradhligr; Scotch braith=breath ; and -lie— Eng. 
suffix -ly.] 

A. As adjective. Of wind: Violent. 

“This goddes went, quhare Eolus the kyng 

In gousty cauis, the windis loud quhisling 

And braithlie tempestis, by his power ref ranys.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 14, 46. 

B. As adverb: Violently, with great force. 

‘ Wness a word he mycht bryng out for teyne; 

The bailfull ters bryst braithly fra hys eyne.” 

Wallace, vi. 208, MS. Also iii. 375. (Jamieson.) 

braize (Eng.), braise, braze (Scotch), s. [A. S. 
beers, bears— a perch, a wolfish or voracious fish 
(Somner); Sw. braxen=a bream; Dan. & Dut. bra- 
sem—a. bream ; Ger. brassen=a bream.] 

1. English (of the form braize): Braize, the name 
of the Pagrus genus of fishes, and specially of the 
species Pagrus vulgaris, or Common Braize, called 
also the Becker, the Pandora, and the King of the 
Sea-breams. It belongs to the family Sparidee. It 
frequents the waters of the warmer portions of the 
temperate zones. 

♦brak, pret. of v. [A. S. brcec, pret of brecan.] 
r BREAK, v.] Broke. 

“ I trow at Troye whan Pirrus brak the wal.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Man of Lawes Tale , 288. 

♦brak, s. [From Dut. braak= a breaking; O. Icel* 
brak = breaking, uproar.] An outbreak, uproar, 
riot. 

“ Ane uther sorte startis up faithles, every year em- 
brayssing with great brak the faith of the starkast party.” 
— N. Winyett; First Tractat. Keith’s Hist., App., p. 208. 

♦brake, pret. ofv. [Break, v.] 

"... he brake his mind to his wife and children.”— 
Bunyan: P. P., pt. i. 

brake (1), break (Eng.), braik, break (Scotch), 
s. & a. [In (N. H.) Ger. brache; L. Ger. 6rake=an 
instrument for breaking flax ; Dut. 6raak=breaking, 
burglary, brake. From Dut. breken; Ger. brechen— 
to break.] [Break, v.J 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Originally: An instrument or machine to break 
flax or hemp. It is toothed. 

“ When it is dry enough, break it with your breaks, and 
afterward rub and scutch it.”— Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 362. 

2. A cross-bow. 

“And summe scholde schete to the frensche rout with 
gunnes and bowes of brake.” — Sir Ferumbras, 3,263. 

“ Not rams, nor mighty brakes, nor slings alone.” 

Fairf.: Tasso, xviii. 43. Also Bt. 64. 

3. An instrument of torture. 

“Had I that honest blood in my veins again, queen, 
that your feats and these frights have drained from me, 
honor should pull hard ere it drew me into these brakes. 
— Beau. & Fletch.: Thierry Theod., v. i. 

4. The handle of a ship’s pump. 

5. A baker’s kneading-trough. 

6. A sharpbit or snaffle, a horse-bit. 

7. A machine in which horses unwilling to be shod 
are confined during the operation. 

(1) Lit. Of horses: In the foregoing sense. 

(2) Fig. Of persons: A restraint, a curb of any 
kind upon liberty, tne appetites, the passions, &c. 
(or this may be the figurative sense corresponding 
to I., 6.) 

“ Who rules his rage with reason’s brake.” 

Turbervile. 

“ Drest, you still for man should take him, 

And not think he had eat a stake, 

Or were set up in a brake.” B. Jonson. 

8. A large and heavy kind of harrow, chiefly used 
for breaking rough ground. (Scotch.) 

“ A pair of harrows, or brake for two horses, on the best 
construction, 1795, £2 2s.; 1809, £4.”— Wilson: Renfr., p. 87. 

II. Technically: 

1. Machinery : 

(1) The kneading-machine used by bakers. It 

consists, in some cases, of a pivoted lever operating 
on a bench. ft 

(2) Any other machinery for effecting the same 
purpose. 

(3) A friction-strap or band applied on the per¬ 
iphery of the drum of a hoisting-machine, crane, or 
crab. 

2. Hydraulics: The extended handle of a fire- 
engine or similar pump, by which the power is 
applied. (Used especially of an extended handle 
at which a row of men can work together.) 

3. Vehicles: 

(1) A vehicle for breaking horses, consisting of 
the running-gears, and a driver’s seat, without any 
carriage-body. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or- wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, efir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 







bramble 


brake-beam 


603 


(2) A rubber pressed against the -wheel of a 
vehicle to impede its revolution, and so arrest the 
descentof the vehicle when going down hill. 

(3) The part of a carriage by which it is enabled 
to be turned. The fore-carriage. 

.4. Railroad engineering: A contrivance for stop- 
P m £ the motion of a car-wheel by friction applied 
thereto. Railway brakes are of various kinds, 
there are hand-brakes, air-brakes, &c. 

A hand-brake is put in action by a winding drum 
connecting chains and levers, tne power of the 
brakesman being applied to a hand wheel in the 
carriage. The air or atmospheric brake operates 
by means of compressed air. It can bring a train 
running forty-five miles an hour to a standstill 
within 250 feet. 

5. Basket-making: An iron crotch with a sharp- 
edged, re-entering angle, adapted to peel the bark 
from osiers drawn therethrough. 

B. As adjective: Adapted to, pertaining to, or in 
any way connected with a brake, 
brake-beam, s. 

Vehicles: The transverse beam connecting the 
shoes of opposite wheels. A brake-bar. 

brake-block, s. 

Railroad engineering: The block attached to the 
brake-beam and holding the shoe or rubber. 

brake-shoe, s. That part of a brake which is 
brought in contact with the object whose motion is 
to be restrained. 

brake-sieve, s. 

Minina: A rectangular sieve operated by a forked 
lever or brake, from which it is suspended in a cis¬ 
tern of water for the agitation of comminuted ore. 
The meshes are of strong iron wire % of an inch 
square. The brake is supported by a rolling axis. 

S Jigger. ] The poorest light pieces are cuttings, 
’ieces of poor, sparry, heavy ore are chats, 
brake-wheel, s. 

1. Railroad engineering: The wheel on the plat¬ 
form or top of a carriage by which the brakes are 
put in action. 

2, Machinery: A wheel having cams or wipers to 
raise the tail of a hammer-helve. 

brake (2), s. &a. [L. Ger. brake— brake, brush¬ 
wood; connected with Ger. brache= fallow-ground; 
Dut. braak (adj.) = fallow Dan. 6rafc=fallow, un¬ 
plowed; and, perhaps, with Dan. bregne = fern- 
brake. Cf. also Wei. brwg, brygan=gvowth, brake; 
Arm. brdk, brw< 7 =lieath, heather; Ir. & Gael, fraoch 
=heath; Prov. 6rw=heath.] [Bracken.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A thicket of brushwood or fern ; a place over¬ 
grown with prickly or thorny shrubs, with brush¬ 
wood or with fern. 

(1) Literally: 

(a) Overgrown with prickly or thorny shrubs, as 
brambles and briars, or with brushwood. [Cane- 
brake.] 

“ That seem’d to break from an expanding heart: 
‘The untutor’d bird may found, and so construct, 
And with such soft materials line, her nest, 

Fix’d in the center of a prickly brake.’ ” 

Wordsivorth: Excursion, bk. v. 

(ft) Covered with a growth of the fern described 
under 2. 

“ And now at distance can discern 
A stirring in a brake of fern ; 

And instantly a dog is seen 
Glancing from that covert green.” 

Wordsworth: Fidelity. 

(2) Fig.: Trials, difficulties, afflictions. 

“If I’m traduc’d by tongues, which neither know 
My faculties nor person: let me say, 

’Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake 
That virtue must go through.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., i. 2. 

2. The English name of Pteris, a genus of ferns 
belonging to the order Polypodiacese. [Pteris.] 
It is so called from growing abundantly in such 
brakes as those described under No. 1. The com¬ 
mon brake, called, more especially in Scotland, the 
bracken, is very abundant in woods and on heaths, 
and constitutes quite a feature of the scenery in 
such localities. It forms an excellent covert for 
game, and where deer exist they love to be among 
it. The country people believe that, taken medici¬ 
nally, it will destroy worms, and that to lie upon 
it will cure the rickets in children. Its astringent 
quality has led to its employment for dressing and 
preparing chamois leather, and the ashes are useful 
in the manufacture of soap and glass. It is some¬ 
times spelled also brakes. 

“Motley accoutrement—or power to smile 
At thorns, and brakes, and brambles—and in truth, 
More ragged than need was.” 

Wordsworth: Nutting. 

U Brake of the ivall: A local name of the fern 
Polypodium vulgare. 

I] Rock brakes: A name of the Parsley Fern, Allo- 
sorus crispus. 


brake-fern, s. 

1. Pteris aquilina. 

2. Any other fern. {Ray.) 

brake-nightingale, brake nightingale, s. A 

book-name for the Nightingale {Philomela lus- 
cinia). [Nightingale.] 

♦brake, *brak, a. [Dan. & Dut. brak; Ger. 
brack.) Brackish ; somewhat salt. 

“ The entrellis sik fer in the fludis brake. 

In your reuerence I sail flyng and swake.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 136, 29. 

♦brake-biishe, s. [Eng. brake; O. Eng. bushe.) 
A brake of ferns. 

“ Brakebushe, or fernebrake. Filicetum, filicarium, UG. 
infllax.” — Prompt. Parv. 

brake'-hop-per, s. [Eng. brake; hopper .] A 
book-name for Sibilatrix, a genus of birds. 

H Sibilom Brakehopper: A book-name for a bird, 
the Grasshopper Chirper {Sibilatrix locustella). 

brake -man, brake’s-man, s. [Eng. brake , v.; 
man.) 

1. Ord. Lang.: A man whose business it is to put 
on the brake, when it is required, in railway travel¬ 
ing. 

2. Mining: The man in charge of the winding- 
engine. 

*brak-en, *brak-in, s. [Bracken.] 

♦brak-ene, *brakenesse, s. [Brake (1).] A 
baker’s pounding or crushing instrument. 

“Bray, or brakene. Baxteris instrument. Pinsa, C. F.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

*brak'-et, *brag-get, s. [Bragget.] A sweet 
drink made of the wort of ale,honey, and spices. It 
is called also bragwort. 

“ Hir mouth was swete as braket or the meth, 

Or hord of apples, laid in hay or heth.” 

Chaucer: C. T.j Miller’s Tale. 

“ One that knows not neck-beef from a pheasant, 

Nor cannot relish braggat from ambrosia.” 

Beaum. & FI.: Little Thief. 

brak -Ing, pa. par. & s. [Brake, «.] 

A. As present participle : (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive: 

Flax-manufacture: An operation by which the 
straw of flax or hemp, previously steeped and 
grassed, is broken, so as to detach the shives or 
woody portion from the hair or useful fiber. [Flax- 
brake.] 

braking-machine, s. A machine for braking 
flax or hemp, after rotting, to remove the woody 
portion and pith from the fiber. 

brak-y, a. [From Eng. brak{e); -y.) 

1. Lit.: Thorny, prickly, brambly; overrun with 
brushwood and fern. 

2. Fig.: Choked up with other and rougher 
things; left in obscurity, hidden from view. 

“ Redeem arts from their rough and braky seats, where 
they lie hid and overgrown with thorns, to a pure and 
open light, where they may take the eye, and may be 
taken by the hand.” —Ben Jonson. 

*brak-yn, v. t. [Break, u.] 

“ Brakyn’ a-sunder cordys and ropis and other lyke. 
Rumpo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

♦bra-kyn, v. i. [O. Dut. broken; O. I cel. brake t.] 
To vomit. 

“Brakyn, or castyn, or spewe. Vomo, Cath. evomo .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

♦bra-kynge, pr.par. & s. [Brakvn.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. Assubst.: The act of vomiting. 

“ Brakynge, or parbrakynge. Vomitus, evomitus .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

♦braid, pa. par. [From Sw. pr&ld= bedecked; 
prdla= to cut a figure, to boast.] Decked, dressed; 
a term used of a woman, who is said to be— 

“Rycht braivlie braid.’’ 

Maitland Poems, p. 319. 

♦bral-len, v. i. [Brawl, v.) {Town. Mysteries.) 

bra’-ma (1), s. [Lat. brama.) 

Ichthyol.: A genus of spiny-finned fishes belonging 
to Cuvier’s family Squanjipennes, meaning Scaly- 
finned fishes, now called Chsetodon tides. It contains 
but one species, the Brama Raii, which is common 
in the Mediterranean, whence an occasional strag¬ 
gler finds its way to the British seas. 

♦Bra’-ma. (2), s. [Brahma.] 

Bra'-mah, s. & a. [From Mr. Joseph Bramah, 
who was born at Stainborough, in Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land, on April 13, 1749, and died December 9, 1814. 
See A.] 

A. Assubst.: Mr. Bramah, who invented the 
Bramah-lock, the Bramah-press, &c. 

B. As adj.: Invented by Mr. Bramah. 


Bramah-lock, s. A lock patented by Bramah.m 
England (1784 and 1798), having a number of slides 
which are adjusted in the manner of tumblers, by 
means of a stepped key. so that the slides of un¬ 
equal length shall be brought into a position where 
their notches lie in the same plane, that of the 
locking-plate. [Lock.! 

Bramah-press, s. A machine designed to turn 
to account Pascal’s Law [Law] of the equality of 
pressure in a mass of liquid, by using water under 
pressure to produce a mighty force. It was pat¬ 
ented by Mr. Bramah in 1796. It is called also the 
Hydraulic or Hydrostatic Press. It consists essen¬ 
tially of a large, very strong cylinder, in the collar 
of which a cast-iron piston or ram works water¬ 
tight. Above the ram is a movable cast-iron plate, 
and at some distance higher a fixed one, both being 
kept in their places by four strong columns. The 
portion of the cylinder beneath the ram is full of 
water, and is connected by a pipe with a small 
forcing pump. When the latter is put in action it 
compresses the water in it, and that pressure 
transmitted by the pipe to the large cylinder in 
which the ram works, acts equally on every part of 
it [Pascal’s-law], with the practical effect of 
enormously increasing the original force. Thus, if 
the diameter of the piston in the forcing-pump is 
an inch, and that of the ram in the cylinder four 
feet, then the pressure on the latter is (12x4) 2 = 
2,304 times greater than that exerted by the former. 
Goods to be pressed—bales for cloth, for instance, 
or hay, are placed on the lower or movable plate, 
and are forced up against the fixed one. The por¬ 
tions of the Menai tubular bridge over the Menai 
str ait, i n Wales, were raised to their positions by 
meansbf a powerful Bramah-press. 

bra-ma-the'r-I-um, s. [From Brama, old spell¬ 
ing of Brahmah (q. v.); Gr. therion=wild animal.] 

Zool. & Palceont.: A genus of Antilopidee, consist¬ 
ing of a gigantic species with four horns. It is 
allied to Sivatherium, which also is four-horned. 
Both occur in the Upper Miocene, or Lower Plio¬ 
cene beds of the Sewalik hills in India, 
bra-man-tip, s. 

Logic: A mnemonic word denoting a syllogism of 
the fourth figure, with two universal affirmative 
premises and a particular conclusion. 

bram'-ble, *brem-bil {Eng.), bram-ble, bram- 
mle, bram-mles {Scotch & O. Eng.),s. & a. [A. S, 
bremel, brember, brcembel, brembel={\) a brier, a 
blackberry bush, a bramble, a mulberry; (2) a tor¬ 
menting ( Bosworth ). In Sw. brombdr= a black¬ 
berry; Dan. bramber: Dut. braam; L. Ger. brum- 
mel-beere; (N. H.) Ger. brombeere; O. H. Ger. 
bramal, br&ma, f., bramo, m.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of plants: 

(1) Generally: 

(а) The blackberry or any allied plant. [II. 1. 

Bot.J 

“ Doth the bramble cumber a garden ? It makes the 
better hedge; where if it chances to prick the owner, it 
will tear the thief.”— Greer: Cosmologia Sacra, bk. iii., 
ch. 2. 

(б) The common dog-rose, Rosa canina. [Bram¬ 
ble-flower.] 

(2) Fig.: Any thorny shrub. 

“ The bush my bed, the bramble was my bow’r, 

The woods can witness many a woful store.” 

Spenser. 

2. Of animals: The same as brambling and bram¬ 
ble-finch (q. v.). 

II. Technically: 

1. Botany: 

(1) The blackberry, Rubus fruticosus, or any 
closely allied species of the same genus. The shrub 
now mentioned runs into a number of well-marked 
varieties. The species are numerous. The rasp¬ 
berries are associated with the brambles in the 
same genus Rubus. 

H Blue bramble (so called from the blue broom on 
the fruit): A book-name for Rubus ccesius. {Britten 
& Holland.) 

Heath bramble: Rubus ccesius. {Lyte.) 

Mountain bramble: Rubus Chamcemorius. {Treas¬ 
ury of Bot.) 

Stone bramble: A book-name for Rubus saxatilis. 
{J. Wilson.) {Britten & Holland.) 

(2) The fruit of the bramble, called also black¬ 
berry. 

t(3) A book-name for the whole genus Rubus, 
though it contains the raspberry as well as the 
bramble. 

2. Scripture: 

1. The rendering of Heb. at ad, translated bramble 
in Judges ix. 14, 15, and thorns in Psalm lviii. 9. 
The former passage shows that it was little regarded, 
the latter that it was thorny and used as fuel. Atad 
is supposed to be the same as Arab. ausuj=a. kind 
of buckthorn, and is probably a rhamnaceous plant, 


bdll, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, Jem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-cia’n, -tian = than, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, £c. = bel, del. 




bramble-bonds 


604 


brancher 


Zizyphus spina Christi, because it is thought that 
from it was made the crown of thorns, which for 
purposes of insult and torture was placed around 
the forehead of Christ immediately before his cru¬ 
cifixion (John xix. 2, 5). 

(2) The rendering of the Heb. chhoah in Isaiah 
xxxiv. 13, probably a thorny tree or shrub of the 
genus Prunus. 

(3) [Bramble-bush (2).] 

B. As adjective: Consisting of or pertaining to 
the Blackberry ( Rubus fruticosus) or any allied 
species of the genus. (See the compounds.) 

bramble-bonds, s. pi. “Bonds” or bands made 
of the long shoots of the bramble. They were 
formerly used for thatching roofs. ( Ogilvie .) 

bramble-bush, s. [In Ger. brambeer-buschfi, 

1. Ord. Lang. & Bot.: The same as Bramble 
(q. v.). 

2. Scrip.: The rendering, in Luke vi. 44, of the 
Greek word batos = a bramble-bush. ( Liddell & 
Scott.) 

bramble-finch, s. The same as Brambling 
(q. v.). 

bramble-flower, *bramble-flour, s. 

1. The flower of a bramble, Rubus fruticosus. 

*2. The dog-rose, Rosa canina. 

“The bramble-flour that berest the red hepe.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,676. 

bramble-loop, s. The loop or curve made by the 
stem of a bramble when the extremity of the long 
and feeble branch has rooted itself in the ground. 

“We have heard of cows that were said to be mouse- 
crope, or to have been walked over by a shrew-mouse (an 
ancient way of accounting for paralysis), being dragged 
through the bramble-loop . . . ”— Prof. Backman, in 

Treas. of Bot. (article Rubus). 

bramble-net, s. A net to catch birds. 

fbram'-bled, a. [Eng. brambl(e); -ed.] Thickly 
-rown over with brambles. 

“Beneath yon tower’s unvaulted gate, 

Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor.” 

T. Warton: Ode iii. 

bram-bllng, *bram'-line, s. [From A. S. 
bremel (?).] A bird, Fringilla mont ifring ilia, called 
also Bramble, Bramble-finch, Mountain-finch, and 
Mountain-chaffinch. [Mountain-finch, Fringil¬ 
la.] 

+bram -biy, a. [Eng. brambl(e); -y.'] Full of 
brambles. 

“ Hark, how they warble in that brambly bush, 

The gaudy goldfinch, and the speckly thrush.” 

A. Phillips, Past. 4. 

♦brame, s. [Cf. O. Eng. breme = severe, sharp; 
A. S. bremman=to rage, to roar.] Sharp passion. 

“But that shee still did waste, and still did wayle, 

That, through long languor and hart-burning brame, 
She shortly like a pyned ghost became.” 

Spenser: F. Q., HI., ii. 52. 

bra -mi-3,, s. [From brami, the local name of 

the plant.] 

Bot.: A genus or sub-genus of plants belonging 
to the order Scrophulariaceae (Figworts). Bramia 
serrata has a slimy penetrating odor. It is used in 
Brazil in the preparation of bark for rheumatic 
patients. (.Bindley.) 

tBra -mln (1), tBra'-min-ee, s., &c. [Brahman, 
Brahhinee, &c.] 

Bra’-min (2), Brack -man (cli silent), s. [InGer. 
(sing.) Brachmane, Bramine; Lat. Brachmanus 
(pi. Brachmani); Pali Brahmana; O. Pali Bam- 
hana ; Bahmana, Babhana. 1 An ancient Indian sect 
mentioned by the Hindoo Buddha, the Greek his¬ 
torian Arrian, and the Latin father Ambrose, and 
generally identified by the classic writers with the 
Gymnosophists. It is matter of dispute whether 
they were identical with the members of the Indian 
sacerdotal caste now universally known as Brah¬ 
mans or were of Buddhistic origin. Col. Sykes 
strongly maintained the latter view. ( Journal Roy. 
Asiat. Soc., vol. vi., p. 361, &c.) 

bran, *branne, *bren, s. [From Fr. bran=( 1) 
the thicker part of the husk of ground corn, (2) 
sawdust, (3) fcecal matter; O. Fr., Pr. & O. Sp. 
6ren=bran; Low Lat. brannum, brennium, bren; 
Wei., Ir. & Gael. 6rcm=bran, husk; Arm. brenn .] 

1. Lit.: The skins or husks of ground maize, 
wheat, rye, or other grain, separated from the flour. 
The nutritive value of these husks increases as we 
proceed from the outside of the grain toward the 
interior. The outer skin, or coarse bran, is very 
indigestible, owing to the presence of a layer of 
silica.. The inner skins, called pollards, are more 
nutritious, containing from 12 to 15 per cent, of 
nitrogenous matter, and from 20 to 30 per cent, of 
starch. Unless, however, they are ground very 
finely, they are apt to set up irritation of the bowels 
and diarrhoea. Though rich in nitrogen, bran 
appears to possess but little nutritive power. It 
may be of uso to those who are well fed, and need a 
laxative, but to the poor who need nourishment it 


is of very little use. It is, however, of some com¬ 
mercial value, being largely employed in the feeding 
of horses and cattle, and in brightening goods 
during the processes of dyeing and calico-printing. 

“ The citizens were driven to great distress for want of 
victuals; bread they made of the coarsest bran, . . . ”— 
Hayward. 

2. Figuratively: 

“Nature hath meal and bran, contempt and grace. 

I’m not their father; . . .” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

bran-duster, s. 

Milling: A machine in which the bran, as turned 
out of an ordinary bolt, is rubbed and fanned to 
remove as much as possible of the flour which yet 
adheres to it. 

bran, adv. [A contraction from brandf] (Used 
only in the expression bran-neiv.) 

H Bran-new, i. e., brand-new: The brand was the 
fire, and brand-new was newly forged, fresh from 
the fire. It was equivalent to Shakespeare’s fire- 
new. (Trench: English Past <& Present, pp. 179, 180.) 

“ . . . a pair of bran-new velveteens, instead of his 
ancient thicksets.”— Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. i. 

*branc, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A linen vest¬ 
ment like a rochet, formerly worn by women over 
their other clothing. (Ogilvie.) 

*branc'-ard, s. [Fr. brancard— a litter, the shafts 
of a vehicle.] A horse-litter. 

“ The gentleman . . . proposed, that he would either 
make use of a boat to Newport or Ostend, or a brancard 
to St. Omer’s.”— Life of Lord Clarendon, iii. 891. 

branch, *branche, *braunch, *braunche, s. & a. 

[From Fr. branche; Prov. branca (f.), and brenca 
(m.); Ital. branca; Low Lat. branca= the claw of 
a predatory animal; Wallachian brence=a forefoot; 
Arm. brank= a branch; Corn. brech= an arm; Wei. 
braich=( 1) an arm, (2) a branch, (3) a verse.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A shoot of atreeor otherplant, especially 
one from the main boughs, which again divides into 
minor branches or branchlets. 

“ Branche of a tre. Palmes, 0. F. (ramus, ramusculus, 
P.).”— Prompt. Parv. 

“And then he pearcheth on some braunch thereby.” 

Spenser: The Fate of the Butterflie. 

“ By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their hab¬ 
itation, which sing among the branches.” — Ps. civ. 12. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) Of things material: 

(а) Anything extending like the branch of a tree 
from a central column or other support, as the 
divisions of a chandelier or anything similar. 

“And six branches shall come out of the sides of it: three 
branches of the candlestick out of the one side, and three 
branches of the candlestick out of the other side.”— Exod. 
xxv. 32. 

(б) Anything joining another one, to which it is 
subordinate. 

(1) A chandelier, perhaps viewed as connected 
with, and subordinate to, the roof from which it 
hangs. 

(ii) A river tributary to a larger one; a vein, 
artery^ or anything similar joining another larger 
than itself; a tributary, an affluent. 

“If, from a main river, any branch be separated and 
divided, then, where that branch doth first bound itself 
with new banks, there is that part of the river, where the 
branch forsaketh the main stream, called the head of the 
river.”— Raleigh. 

“His blood, which disperseth itself by the branches of 
veins, may be resembled to waters carried by brooks.”— 
Ibid. 

IT In rural districts of the eastern portion of this 
country small streams and brooks are known uni¬ 
formly as branches or runs. 

(iii) A subsidiary line of railway. 

(iv) A division of a stag’s antler. 

(2) Of things immaterial or abstract. Spec.: 

(a) Of human or other descent. 

(i) Any part of a family descending in a collateral 
line. 

“ His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock 
planted in Somersetshire, took to wife the widow.”— 
Carew. 

(ii) Offspring. 

“ Great Anthony! Spain’s well-beseeming pride, 

That mighty branch of emperors and kings.” 

Crashaw. 

(b) A part of a whole, a section or division of a 
subject, or anything similar. 

“ It will be desirable to begin with this branch of the 
subject.”— Lewis: Astron. of the Ancients, ch. i. § 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: One of the divisions into which a stem 
separates. Many names are applied to different 
modifications of branches, and it is on the character 
of the branches sent forth that the classification of 
plants into trees, shrubs, under-shrubs, and herbs, 
at least in part, depends. [See these terms.] 


2. Arch.: Arches in Gothic vaults, constituting 
diagonals to other arches arranged in the form of 
a square, and themselves forming a cross. 

3. Fortification: 

(1) The wing, or long side of a horn or crown 
work. 

(2) One of the parts of a zigzag approach. 

4. Blacksmith's work: One of the quarters or sides 
of a horseshoe. 

5. Harness-making: One of the levers attached to 
the ends of the stiff bit of a curb-bit, and having 
rings pr loops for the curb-chain, the check-straps, 
and the reins. [Curb-bit.] 

6. Mining: A small vein which separates from the 
lode, sometimes reuniting. A leader, string, or rib 
of ore running in a lode. 

7. Hydraulics: The metallic piece on the end of a 
hose to which the nozzle is screwed. 

8. Gas-fixtures: A gas-burner bracket. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the arm of a tree, 
or to the projecting part of anything. 

branch-chuck, s. 

Turning: A chuck having four branches, each of 
which has a set screw whose end may be made to 
impinge upon the object. 

branch-leaf, s. A leaf growing on a branch. 

branch-line, s. A subsidiary line of railway. 

branch-peduncle, s. A peduncle growing from 
a branch. 

branch-pilot, s. A pilot who (in this country) 
holds a public commission, known as a branch com¬ 
mission. 

branch-spine, s. 

Bot.: A spine on the branch of a plant, such as in 
the sloe, as distinguished from a leaf-spine, of 
which an example 
is presented by the 
holly thorn. 

branch-work, s. 

[ Branched-work.] 

“Beneath, branch- 
work of costly 
sardonyx, 

Sat smiling, babe 

inarm.” Tennyson: The Palace of Art. 

branch, v. i. & t. [From branch, s. (q. v.) ] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Lit. Of trees: To separate into actual branches. 

“ . . . therefore those trees rise not in a body of any 

height, but branch near the ground. The cause of the 
py ramis is the keeping in of the sap, long before it branch, 
and the spending of it when it beginneth to branch, by 
equal degrees.”— Bacon. 

2. Fig.: To separate into divisions. Used— 

(1) Of material things. Spec., of a stag's horns: 
To separate into antlers. 

(2) Of things immaterial or abstract: 

“. . . that would best instruct us when we should, or 
should not, branch into farther distinctions.”— Locke. 

IT To branch out: 

(1) Lit. Of trees: To separate into branches. 

(2) Figuratively: 

(a) Of things material: To separate into divisions 
widely apart. 

“ The Alps at the one end, and the long range of 
Appenines that pass through the body of it, branch out 
on all sides, into several different divisions.”— Addison. 

(b) Of speaking or writing: To be diffuse, through 
not confining one’s self to the salient points of a 
subject. 

“I have known a woman branch out into a long disserta¬ 
tion upon the edging of a petticoat.”— Spectator. 

B. Transitive: 

*1. To adorn with needlework, representing the 
branches of trees. 

“ In robe of lilly white she was arayd, 

That from her shoulder to her lieele downe raught; 
The traine whereof loose far behind her strayd, 
Braunched with gold and perle most richly wrought.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 19. 

2. To part anything into divisions of branch-like 
form. 

“ . . . and are branched into canals, as blood is.”— 
Bacon. 

branched, pa. par. & a. [Branch, v .] 

1. Ordinary Language: (See the verb.) 

2. Bot.: Separating into many branches of some 
size. If they are small the term used of the plant 
is ramulose. 

branched-work, s. 

Arch.: Carved or sculptured branches or leaves 
in monuments or friezes. 

bran ch-er (1), s. [Eng. branch; -er.] 

1. That which shoots out into branches. (See 
example under No. 2.) 



Branch-spine. 


f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wqlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, 6e = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



brancher 


605 


brand 


2 . One who develops fruitful progress in various 
directions. 

“If their child be not such a speedy spreader and 
brancher, like the vine, yet he may yield, with a little 
longer expectation, as useful and more sober fruit than 
the other.”— Wotton. 

bran'Qh-er (2), s. [Fr. brancliier .] 

Falconry: A young hawk. 

“I enlarge my discourse to the observation of theeires, 
the brancher, and the two sorts of lentners.”— Walton. 

branch’-er-y, s. [From Eng. branch', -er; -y .] 
Bot.: The ramifications of the vessels dispersed 
through the pulpy part of fruit. 

bran'-chi- 3 ,, s. [In Fr. branchies. From Lat. 
branchia=a gill of a fish; pi. branchice=the gills of 
a fish ; Gr. branghion= a nn; pi. branghia= the gills 
of a fish.] 

ZoOl.: The gills of fishes and various other inhab¬ 
itants of water. They are the apparatus for 
enabling the animal to extract oxygen from the 
water, instead of being dependent on the atmos¬ 
phere for that life sustaining element. 

bran'-chl-al, a. [In Fr. branchial; Mod. Lat. 
branchialis; from Lat. branchia; Gr. branghia= 
the gills.] 

Zobl.: Pertaining to the gills of a fish or other 
aquatic animal. 

IT (1) Branchial arches : Four bony arches which 
bear the branchiae in fishes; they are connected in¬ 
teriorly with the hyoid arch, and above are united 
with the base of the skull. 

(2) Branchial hearts: Two contractile dilatations 
situated one at the base of each gill in the cuttle¬ 
fishes. 

“. . , the circulation is aided by two additional 
branchial hearts in the cuttle-fishes.”— Woodward: Mol- 
lusca (1851), p. 30. 

(3) Branchial sac: A series of quadrangular 
meshes fringed with vibratile celia in tunicated 
mollusks. It is for respiration. 

(4) Branchial sinuses: Two longitudinal sinuses 
in the Tunicated Mollusks, one along the htemai 
and one along the neural side of the branchial sac. 

bran'-chi-a-ta, s. pi. [From Lat. branchiae; 
Gr. branghia= gills.] 

ZoSlogy: 

1. A primary division of the vertebrated sub¬ 
kingdom. It contains the Fishes and Amphibia. 
It is contradistinguished from Abranchiata, which 
comprises Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. 

2. A division of Annelids, containing the Tubicola 
(Tubeworms), and the Errantia (Sandworms). 

3. A name sometimes given to the division of 
Gasteropodous Mollusks, now commonly denomin¬ 
ated Branchifera, or Branchiogasteropoda (q. v.). 

“Here the stem is usually divided after a certain dis¬ 
tance, and ramified into smaller sub-divisions called 
branches, and these again into branchiata and twigs.”— 
R. Brown; Manual of Botany (1874), p. 72. 

bran'-chi ate, a. [From Lat. branchiae; Gr. 
branghia=gUls.] 

Zobl.: Having gills. (Index to Dallas' 1 Nat. Hist.) 
If The Branchiate, or Branchiferous Annelida, 
consists of two orders, the Tubicola and the Erran¬ 
tia. The Abranchiate Annelids, distinguished from 
the former, are also divided into two—The Suctoria, 
or Leeches, and the Scoleana, or Earthworms. 
{Dallas: Nat. Hist., pp. 94, 95.) [Branchiferous.] 

bran-Chlf-er-SJ,, s. [From Lat. branchioe=gi]ls, 
and/ero=to bear. Gill-bearing animals.] 

ZoOl. In some classifications: An order of gasterop¬ 
odous mollusks, including all the species breathing 
by gills, while the air-breathers are ranked under 
the Pulmonifera, or lung-bearing mollusks. The 
Branchifera are divided into two sub-orders, the 
Opisthobranchiata and the Prosobranchiata (q. v.). 

“ The gasteropods form two natural groups, one breath¬ 
ing air (pulmonifera) and the other water {branchifera).” 
— Woodward: Mollusca, p. 98. 

bran-chif-er-ous, a. [In Fr. branchifbre. See 
branchifera , and suff. -ous.] 

ZoOl.: Having branchiae, breathing by gills. 
[Branchiate.] 

“The developments of the branchiferous gasteropods 
may be observed with much facility in the common river 
snails (Paludina).”— Woodward: Mollusca, p. 98. 

fbranch'-i-ness, s. [From Eng. branchy, and 
suff. -ness.] The quality of being branchy, the 
tendency to divide into branches, or the aspect 
presented when such division has taken place, 
branch. '-ing, pr. par. & a. [Branch, v.] 

« Environ’d with a ring of branching elms.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. i. 

“ The swift stag from under ground 
Bore up his branching head.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 

“Wide o’er his isles the branching Oronoque 
Rolls a brown deluge, . . .” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Summer. 


brafi-chl-o-gas-ter-op'-od-a, s.pl. [From Gr. 

branghia=gi\ls, gaster=the belly, and podes, pi. of 
poits=a foot.] 

ZoOl.: A name sometimes given to those gasterop¬ 
odous mollusks which breathe by gills. ( Huxley: 
Classification of Animals. Glossary.) It is the 
same as branchifera (q. v.). 

bran-chl-op'-od-h, s. pi. [From Gr. branghia- 
gills, and podes, pi. of pous—a foot.] Having bran¬ 
chiae attached to the feet. 

Zoology: 

1. Cuvier’s first order of the sub-class Entom- 
ostraca. The genera included under it, such as 
Cyclops, Cypris, Apus, Limnadia, Branchipus, &c., 
are now generally ranked under several orders, 
viz., Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Phyllopoda. Milne 
Edwards places them under two, the Phyllopoda 
and the Cladocera. [See these terms.] 

2. A division or “legion ” of the sub-class Entom- 
ostraca. It includes the order Cladocera, Phyl¬ 
lopoda and Trilobita, perhaps with Mesostoma. 

bran-Chi-6-pode, s. [In Fr. branchiopode .] 
[Branchiopoda.] 

ZoOl.: An animal belonging to the old order 
Branchiopoda. 

bran-chi-op -6-dous, a. [From Eng. branchi- 
opod{e), and suff. -ous.] 

Zoology: 

1. Having branchi® attached to the feet. 

2. Pertaining to the branchiopoda. 

bran-chi-os -te-gal, a. [In Fr. branchiostige; 
from Gr. branghia= gills, and stegos=a roof; from 
stego= to cover closely; suff. -al.l 
ZoOl.: Pertaining to the membrane covering the 
gills. 

IT Branchiostegal rays. Ichthy.: Parts of the 
hyoid apparatus supporting this membrane. {Hux¬ 
ley : Classification of Animals, Gloss.) 

bran-chi-os-tege, s. 

Ichthy.: The membrane or carapace covering the 
gills ( branchice ) of a fish or crustacean. It lies be¬ 
neath the operculum, and is supported by rays or 
lamin® to which the name branchiostege is also 
applied. 

bran-chi-os-te-gl {Mod. Lat.), bran-chi-os- 
te-gans {Eng.), s.pl. [From Gr. branghia= gills, 
and stegos= a roof; from stego=to cover closely.] 
Ichthy.: An old order of fishes with free branchi® 
and a cartilaginous skeleton. It was suppressed by 
Cuvier. {Griff.: Cuvier, vol. x., p. 19, and note.) 

bran-chi-os -te-gite, s. The large flap of the 
carapace which covers the branchice or gills of a 
crustacean, as the lobster or crayfish. 

bran-chi-os-te-gous, a. [From Gr. branghia 
=gills, stegos= a roof, and Eng. suff. -ous.] 

ZoOlogy: 

1. Covering the gills. [Branchiostegal.] 

2. Possessed of a membrane covering the gills. 

bran-chl-OS -tom-g,, s. [In Fr. branchiostome. 
From Gr. branghia=gUls ] and stoma= the mouth.] 
Ichthy. r Costa’s name for the very anomalous 
genus of fishes now called Amphioxus (q. v.). 

branychl-ot -o-ca, s. pi. [From Gr. branghia= 
branchia ; and tokos = bringing forth, birth; tikto 
=to bring forth.] 

ZoOl.: The name given by Professor Owen to a 
division of the Yertebrata comprehending the Ba- 
trachia and other Amphibia. He called them also 
Dipnoa (q. v.). 

bran-chi-pod'-id-se, s.pl. [From Gr. branghia 
=gills ; pous, genit. podos=a foot; and Lat. fern. pi. 
suff. -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of Entomostraca belonging to the 
order Phyllopoda. It contains the genera Branchi¬ 
pus and Artemia. 

bran'-chi-pus, s. [From Gr. branghia = gills, 
and pous=a foot.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of small Entomostraca, the typical 
one of the family Branchipodid®. Branchipus stag- 
nalis is usually to be found in ditches of stagnant 
water. 


bran'-chi-reme, s. [From Lat. branchiae— gills, 
and remus=an oar.] 

ZoOl.: An animal which has legs terminating 
in a bundle of setiform branches, constituting a 
respiratory ap¬ 
paratus. 

bran-chlte, 
s. [Named after 
Prof. Branchi, 
of Pisa.] 

Min.: A vari¬ 
ety of Haitite. 

It is colorless and translucent, and is found in the 
brown coal of Mount Yasa, in Tuscany. 



Branchireme (Chirocephalus 
Diaphanus). 


branQh'-less, a. [From Eng. branch, and suff. 

■less.] 

1. Lit.: Without branches. 


2. Fig.: Without any valuable product; naked. 

“ If I lose mine honor, 

I lose myself; better I were not yours. 

Than yours so branchless.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop., iii. 4. 

branch -let, s. [From Eng. branch, and -let, a 
diminutive suffix.] A small branch. {Crabb.) 

branph-y, *braunch-y, a. [Eng. branch; -y.] 
Full of branches, widely spread. 

“ Undir al braunchy tree.”— Wycliffe: 4 Kings, xvii. 10. 

“ The fat earth feed thy branchy root.” 

Tennyson: The Talking Oak. 

*bran-corn, s. [Eng. bran{d); corn.] The smut 
in wheat, probably the fungus called Vstilago 
segetum. [Brand, s. I., 5.] 
brand, *brond, *broond, s. [A. S. brand, brand 
— a burning; bdernan, byrnan — to burn ; Icel. 
brandr={ 1) a brand, (2) a sword-blade; O. fi. Ger. 
brant; Ft. fbrand=a large sword wielded by both 
hands; Prov. bran, branc; Ital. brando; Dut., Dan., 
& Sw. brand= a fire-brand.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A piece of wood burnt or partially burnt, a bit 
of wood intended for burning. 

“Thetaylis of hem he wyuede tothetaylis, and broordis 
he boored in the myddil.”— Wycliffe: Judges xv. 4. 

“Recalled the vision of the night, 

The hearth’s decaying brands were red, 

And deep and dusky luster shed.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 34. 

2. Used for a staff or stick, generally. 

“ In pensive posture leaning on the brand, 

Not oft a resting-staff to that red hand.” 

Byron: The Corsair, i. 6. 

3. A mark made by or with a hot iron. (Used to 
mark criminals to note them as such and infa¬ 
mous.) 

“ Clerks convict should be burned in the hand, both 
because they might taste of some corporal punishment, 
and that they might carry a brand of infamy.”— Bacon. 

4. A mark burnt in upon or affixed to goods to 
denote their quality: hence, generally, used as 
equivalent to quality, class. 

“ The most favorable report that can be made is, that 
makers of the best brands of finished iron would not 
accept lower prices than the trade scale.” —Mining Review, 
Oct. 17, 1860. 

5. A disease in vegetables by which their leaves 
and tender bark are partially destroyed, as though 
they were burnt; called also burn. 

IT “Brands” are the same as blights, and pro¬ 
duced chiefly by Mucorace® and similar fungi. 
[Blight.] 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A stigma, a mark of disgrace. 

“ Where did his wit on learning fix a branu, 

And rail at arts he did not understand ?” 

Dryden. 

“ By what strange features vice has known, 

To single out and mark her own ! 

Yet some there are, whose brows retain 
Less deeply stamped her brand and stain.” 

Scott: Rokeby, iii. 15. 

2. A sword, from its bright, flashing appearance. 
(Obsolete, except in poetry.) 

“ With this brand burnyshyd so bright.” —Townley Myst., 

p. 216. 

“He laught out his brond.” 

William of Paleme, 1,244. 
“Thou, therefore, take my brand, Excalibur.” 

Tennyson. Mart d’ Arthur. 

*3. A thunderbolt. 

“The sire omnipotent prepares the brand, 

By Vulcan wrought, and arms his potent hand.” 

Qranville. 

brand-goose, brent-goose, s. A kind of wild 

fowl {Anser torquatus) , less in size than a common 
goose, having its breast and wings of a dusky red 
color. 

brand-iron, brandiron, branding-iron, s. 

1. An iron instrument used for branding or mark¬ 
ing anything. 

“Marks e’en like branding iront to thy sick heart 
Make death a want, as sleep to weariness ? ” 

Hemans; Siege of Valencia. 

2, The same as Andiron (q. v.). 
brand-new, a. [Brandnew.] 

brand, *bran -di-en, *brond-yn, *bron-nyn, 
v. t. [Brand, s. In O. Dut. branden.] 

1. Lit.: To burn a mark into a person, animal, or 
thing with a hot iron; to burn a person or thing 
with a hot iron so as to produce a mark or depres¬ 
sion. 

“ Bronnyn {brondyn, P.) wythe an yren. Cauteriao.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“Several women were sent across the Atlantic, after 
being first branded in the cheek with a hot iron.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 


b<Sil, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 
-clan, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 



branded 


606 


brangle 


2. Fig.: To mark as infamous, to stigmatize, to 
impute anything to, with a view to rendering any 
one infamous or odious. 

“Our Punic faith 

Is infamous, and branded to a proverb.” 

Addison. 

“Would do the heart that loved thee wrong. 

And brand a nearly blighted name.” 

Byron• Remember Him whom Passion’s Power. 

*brand'-ed (1), *brand -It, pa.par. & a. [Etym. 
doubtful.] According to Jamieson, having a bor¬ 
der or margin, bordered; but is not the meaning= 
made red, or reddish-colored ? 

“ Here belt was of blunket, with birdes f ul bolde, 
Branded with brende golde, and bokeled ful bene.” 

Sir Gawan and Sir Got., ii. 3. 

brand'-ed (2 ),pa. par. & a. [Brand, v.] 

1. Marked with a branding-iron, stamped. 

2. Of a reddish-brown color, as though singed by 
fire. A branded bull is one that is almost entirely 
brown. 

“ When they saw a branded serpent sprawl 
So full amongst them from above, and from Jove’s fowl 
let fall.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Iliad, xii. 217, 218. 

“’Twixt the Staywood-bush and Langside hill, 

They stealed the broked cow and the branded bull.” 

Minstrelsy of the Border, i. 233. 

*brande-lede, *bran’-lede, *bran'-let, s. 

[Brander. ] 

“ Brandelede ( branlet , K., branlede, or Keuet, P. ). 
Tripes.’’ — Prompt. Parv. 

*brand'e-let, *brandellet, s. [Probably a dimin. 
of brand.] Some part of the arms or accounter- 
ments of a knight, perhaps a short sword. 

“And also his brandellet bon.”— R. Cceur de Lion, 322. 
*brand'-en, pa. par. [Brander, «.] Grilled. 

brand -er, *brand'-reth, s. [A. S. brandreda’ 
O. Icel. brandreidli; Dan. brandrith = brand-iron.] 

1. Generally: 

(1) One who brands. 

(2) That with which anything is branded, a brand¬ 
ing-iron. 

2. Spec.: A trivet or iron used as a stand for a 
vessel over a fire; also, in Scotland, a gridiron. 

“ Til this Jak Bonhowme he mad a crown 
Of a brandreth all red hate.” 

Wyntoun, viii. 44, 41. 

fbrand’-er, v. t. [Brander, s.] To broil on a 
gridiron, to grill. (Scotch.) 

brand -led, a. [Brandy, s.] Mixed or concocted 
with brandy. 

brand'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Brand, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive : 

1. Literally: The act of marking with a brand¬ 

ing-iron. This penalty was inflicted, for various 
offenses, on offenders who had once been allowed 
benefit of clergy. . 

2. Figuratively : The act of marking with infamy, 
stigmatizing. 

*brandirne, fbrandiron, s. [A. S. brandisem; 
M. H. Ger. brantizen .] A roasting iron, a gridiron. 
(Huloet.) 

brand'-Ish, *braund-ish, *braund-ise, 
*braund-ysch, v. t. & i. [Fr. brandir; pr. par. 
brandissant; O. Fr. brand—a. sword. Brand.] 

A. Transitive: ^ 

1. Literally : To wave or flourish about. 

“Then fierce iEneas, brandishing his blade, 

In dust Orsilochus and Crethon laid.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iiiad, bk. v., 1. 669-70. 
“He brandishes his pliant length of whip 
Resounding oft, and never heard in vain.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iv. 

2. Figuratively: To flourish about, display osten¬ 
tatiously, parade. 

“ He who shall employ all the force of his reason only 
in brandishing of syllogisms, will discover very little.”— 
Locke. 

B. Intransitive: To be flourished about or waved. 

“Above the tide, each broadsword bright 
Was brandishing like beam of light.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, vi. 18. 

brand'-Ish, s. [Brandish, v.] A flourish, wav¬ 
ing. 

“ I can wound with a brandish and never draw bow for 
the matter.”— B. Jonson: Cynthia’s Revels. 

brand'-Ished, pa. par. & a. [Brandish, v.j 
“ Brave Macbeth, 

Disdaining fortune, with his brandish*d steel. 

Like valor’s minion, carved out his passage.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 2. 


brand -Ish-er, s. [Eng. brandish ; -er.] One who 
brandishes or flourishes about. 

“But their auxiliary bands, those brandishers of 
speares 

From many cities drawn are they, that are our hin- 
derers, 

Not suffering well-rays’d Troy to fall.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Iliad, bk. ii. 

brand'-Ish-Ifig, s. [Brandish, m.] 

1. Ord. Lang l: The act of flourishing or waving 
about. 

2. Arch.: A name given to open carved work, as 
of a crest, &c. 

brand'-l-slte, s. [In Ger. brandisit. Named 
after Clemens Grafen von Brandis, of the Tyrol.] A 
mineral—a variety of Seybertite. It occurs in hex¬ 
agonal prisms, yellowish-green or reddish-gray. 
*bran'-dis-sen, v. t. [Brandish.] 
*bran-dis-sende, pr. par. [Brandish, v .] 

*bran -die, *bran-le, v. t. & i. [Fr. brandiller= 
to shake, waver.] 

1. Transitive: To shake, move, or confuse. 

“It had like to have brandled the fortune of the day.”— 
Bacon. 

2. Intransitive: To be shaken, moved, or affected 
with fear; to be unsteady. 

“Princes cannot be too suspicious when their lives are 
sought; and subjects cannot be too curious when the state 
brandies.” — Ld. Northampton: Proceed, against Garnet, 

sign. G. g. b. 

brand’-Ung, *. [Eng. brand ; and dimin. suffix 
-ling.] A small, red-colored worm, used as a bait in 
fishing, so called from its color. 

“ The dew-worm, which some also call the lob-worm, and 
the brandling, are the chief.”— Walton. 

brand-new (ew as u), brand new (Eng.), 
brand new, brent new (Scotch), a. [Eng. brand, 
s., and new.] So new that the marks of manufac¬ 
ture have not worn off ; perfectly new. (Commonly 
but improperly, pronounced as if bran-new.) 

“ Waes me, I hae forgot, 

With hast of coming aff, to fetch my coat. 

What sail I do ? it was almaist brand new.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 53. 

IT This term is also used in provincial English. In 
Scotch it is sometimes written brent new. 

“ Nae cotillion brent new frae France.” 

Bums: Tam O’ Shanter. 

*brand-reth, *brand'-rette, *brand'-rlth (1), 
s. [Brander.] 

brand'-rlth (2), s. [Apparently a formation from 
the following word.] A fence or rail round the 
opening of a well. (Provincial.) 

*bran'-dur, s. [Branded, a.] A border. 

“ His brene, and his basnet, burneshed ful bene ; 

With a brandur abought, al of brende golde.” 

Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal. ( Jamieson .) 
bran'-dy, *brand -wine, *bran -dy-wlne, s. & 
a. [In Fr. brandevin; Gael, (from Eng.) brann- 
daioh; Sw. branvin; Dan. brrasndeviin; Ger. brand- 
wein, branntwein. The first part is from. Sw. 
branna; Dan. brcende; Dut. branden, all=to burn, 
to distill. Sw. brand=b rand, fire-brand ; Dan., Ger. 
&Dut. brand=fire, burning, conflagration. [Brand, 
v. & s.] The second part is from Fr. & Sw. vin; 
Dan-tun; Ger. mi ein; Dut. wyn.] [Wine.] 

A. As substantive: 

1, Formerly . (Of the forms brandywine and 
brandwine, etymologically meaning burnt or dis¬ 
tilled wine.) [Brandy-wine.] 

2. Now. (Or tho form brandy, being the adjective 
in the foregoing compound dissevered from its 
associate wine, and made to stand alone as a sub¬ 
stantive.) A spirit produced by the distillation of 
both white and red wines, prepared chiefly in the 
south of France. A brandy highly esteemed is that 
of Cognac, which is obtained by distilling white 
wines of the finest quality. An inferior kind of 
spirit is frequently prepared from the “ marc ” of 
grapes and the refuse of wine vats. When first dis¬ 
tilled it is as colorless as alcohol, and continues so 
if kept in bottles or jars. When stored in casks, 
however, it acquires from the wood a pale amber 
tint, and in this state is sold as pale brandy. The 
dark color of brown brandy is produced artificially, 
to please the public taste, by means of a solution of 
caramel, and this is frequently added in excess to 
give a rich appearance to a brandy of low quality. 
A large proportion of the brandy sold in this coun¬ 
try is simply raw grain spirits flavored and colored. 
The spirit is imported into France, where it is 
redistilled and converted into French brandy. 
Brandy improves in flavor by being kept, but loses 
in strength. Genuine Cognac brandy has always 
been both costly and difficult to obtain in this coun¬ 
try (the more so on account of the high import tariff 
collected thereon), the price for the liquor reaching 
$20 or more per gallon. Of late years the develop¬ 
ment of viticulture in the western states, particu¬ 
larly in California, has enabled American enterprise 


to produce a brandy that is everywhere a formidably 
rival to the French article, and for purity and excel¬ 
lence infinitely preferable to the compounded and 
“ doctored” spirit for which we have been accus¬ 
tomed to pay so high a price. Genuine brandy 
consists of alcohol and water, with small quantities 
of oenanthic ether, acetic ether, and other volatile 
bodies produced in the process of fermentation. 
The value of brandy as a medicine depends on the 
presence of these ethers and other volatile prod¬ 
ucts ; when, therefore, it is adulterated with raw 
grain spirit and water, the amount of these ethers 
is so reduced that the brandy becomes almostvalue- 
less for medical purposes. Imitation brandy is 
prepared either by flavoring highly-rectified spirit 
with essence of Cognac or by distilling the spirit 
with bruised prunes, acetic ether, argol, and a little 
genuine brandy, and adding to the distilled spirit 
tincture of catechu and spirit-coloring. This is said 
to be greatly improved by keeping. The strength 
of brandy as sold varies. 

B. As adjective: Consisting of or containing 
brandy, resembling brandy, designed for the saleof 
brandy, or in any way pertaining o* relating to it- 
(See the compounds.) 

brandy-ball, s. A sweetmeat; pieces of taffy 
filled with brandy, 
brandy-bottle, s. 

1. Lit.: A bottle full of brandy, or designed to 
hold brandy. 

2. Fig.: A name for the common yellow water- 
lily, Nuphar lutea. 

“ Flowers large, Bmelling like brandy, which circum¬ 
stance, in conjunction with the flagon-shaped seed-vessels, 
has led to the name brandy-bottle.” — Hooker 6t Arnott: 
Brit. Flor. (ed. 1855), pp, 15, 16. 

brandy-fruit, s. Fruit preserved in brandy or 
other alcoholic spirit. (Ogilvie.) 

brandy-pawnee, s. [From Eng. brandy; and 
Hind, pdnee, pani = water.] Brandy and water. 
(Anglo-Indian?) 

*brandy-shop, s. A shop for the sale of brandy, 
a liquor-shop, a public-house. 

“ Forgets his pomp, dead to ambitious fires, 

And to some peaceful brandy-shop retires ; 

Where in full gills his anxious thoughts he drowns. 

And quaffs away the care that waits ou crowns.” 

Addison: The Play House. 

brandy-sling, s. A drink compounded of 
brandy, sugar, lemon and cracked ice; it is some¬ 
times flavored with liqueur Benedictine. 

brandy-snap, s. A thin, wafer-like gingerbread 
biscuit. 

brandy-wine, s. [The original form in which the 
word brandy appeared in the English tongue.] 
Brandy. [Brandy, etym., A. 1 .] 

“It has been a common saying, A hair of the same dogj 
and thought that brandy-wine is a common relief to 
such.”— Wiseman. 

*brane, s. [Bran.] 

*brane-wod, s. [This has still been generally 
rendered brain-mad, from O. Eng. wood=mad. But 
it seems naturally to signify wood for burning, from 
En g. brand; and wood?] For the definition see the 
etymology. 

“ Quhyn they had beirit lyk baitit bullis, 

And brane-wod brynt iu bailis.” 

Clir. Kirk, st. 22. 

*bran-glll, *braen-gel, s. [Fr .branle; O. Fr. 
bransle= *' a brawl©, or daunce, wherein many men 
and women, holding by the hands, sometimes in a 
ring, and otherwhiles at length, move all together .’ 1 
(Cotgrave.)] [Bransle, Braul.J 

1. (Of the form brangill): A kind of dance. 

“Vpstert Troyanis, and syne Italianis, 

And gan do doubil brangillis and gambettis.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 476, 1. 

2. (Of the form hraengel): A confused crowd. 

“Well, you see how the’re sparkin’ along the side o’ 

that greeu upwith, an’ siccan a braengel o’ them too.”— 
St. Patrick, ii. 91. (Jamieson.) 

bran'-gle, s. [Fr. branle; or perhaps only a 
variant of wrangle (q. v.).] A dispute, quarrel, 
litigation. 

“The payment of tithes is subject to many frauds, 
brangles, and other difficulties, not only from papists and 
dissenters, but even from those who profess themselves 
protestants.”— Swift. 

bran'-gle, *bran'-gll, v. t. & i. [Fr. branler, 
brandiller—to shake, move.] [Brandle, v.’| 

A. Trans.: To shake, applied to the mind; to con¬ 
found, to throw into disorder. 

“Thus was the usurper’s [E. Balliol’s] faction brangled, 
then bound up again, and afterward divided again by 
want of worth in Balliol their head.— Hume: Hist. Doug., 
p. 64. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To menace, to make a threatening appearance. 

“ With ane grete spere, quharewith he feil mischeuit, 
Went brangland throw the feild all him allone.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 347, 10. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
7 >r, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try. Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. 411 = kvi 



branglement 


2. To shake, vibrate. 

“ The scharp point of the brangland spere 
Throw out amyddis of the scheild can schere.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 334, 16. 

3. To wrangle, squabble, dispute. 

“ Thus wrangled, brangled, jangled they a monish, 
Only on paper, pleading all in print.” 

Browning: Ring and Book, i. 241. 
tbran -gle-ment, s. [Eng. brangle ; -merit.'] A 
brangle, a squabble. 

“ Where Yarrow rows among the rocks, 

An’ wheels an’ boils in mony a linn, 

A blithe young shepherd fed his flock, 

Unused to branglement or din.”— Hogg. 
tbran -gler, s. [Eng . branal(e) ; -er.] One who 
brangles; a quarrelsome, litigious person. 

. j ", ' an< ^ poor young gentleman (who was hab- 
lted. -like any prince), banished from his own land, was 
nr8t drawn into a quarrel by a rude brnngler, . . . ”— 
Seott: Monastery , ch. xxviii. 

*brah'-gllhg, pr.par., a. & s. [Brangle, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

“Whenpolite conversing shall be improved, company 
will be no longer pestered with dull story-tellers nor 
brangling disputers.”— Swift. 

C. As substantive: Quarreling, squabbling. 

“ Noise and norton, brangling and breval.” 

Pope: Dunciad, ii. 230. 

branit, pa. par. [Brawned.] (Scotch.) 

brank (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Bot. : An old name for the buckwheat, Fagopyrum 
esculentum. 

“ Buckwheat, or brank, is a grain very useful and advan¬ 
tageous in dry barren lands.”— Mortimer. 

brank (2), s. [Brank, a.] In some parts of 
England and Scotland, a kind of bridle, a scolding- 
bridle, an instrument used for the punishment of 
scolds. It consisted of a headpiece, which inclosed 
the head of the offender, and a sharp iron, which 
entered the mouth and restrained the tongue. 

_ braiik'-ur-slne, *branc'-ur-slne, *bran ke 
ur-syne, s. [In Er. brancursine, branque-ursine, 
branche-ursine ; Ital. brancorsina; Sp. & Port. 
branca ursina; from Low Lat. branca= a claw, and 
Class. Lat. ursina , nom. fern, of ursinus=of or be¬ 
longing to a bear; ursus—a bear, because its leaves 
are supposed to resemble the claws of a bear. In 
Ger. barenklau=a bear’s claw.] 

Botany: 

1. Bear’s-breech, a species of Acanthus. 

“Acanthus is called of the barbarus wryters branca 

ursina, in English branke ursyne.” — Turner: Herbal. 

2. An umbelliferous plant, Heracleum sphondyl- 
ium. It is common in Europe. 

♦branle, s. [Bransel.] 

bran'-lin, bran -ling, bran'-let, bran'-Iede, 
bran-nock, s. [Probably so named from the red¬ 
dish-brown color.] [Branded, B., 2.] A fish, the 
Salmo salmulus, also called the Samlet (q. v.). 
(Scotch.) [Parr.] 
bran'-ning, s. [Bran, s.] 

Dyeing: Preparing cloth for dyeing by steeping 
in a vat of sour bran-water. 

bran -nock, s. [Eng. brand= of a reddish-brown 
color, and dimin. suffix -ocfc.] The same as the 
Branlin (q. v.). 

bran'-njf, a* [Bran, s.] Having the appearance 
of bran ; containing an admixture of bran. 

“It became serpiginous, and was, when I saw it, covered 
with white branny scales.”— Wiseman. 

♦bran-sel, *bransle, fbranle, s. [Brangill.s.] 
A kind of dance. 

“Now making layes of love and lovers paine, 

Bransles, Ballads, virelayes and verses vaine.” 

Spenser. F. Q., III. x. 8. 

“The Queen commands Lady Fleming to tell her where 
ahe led the last branle.” — Scott: Abbot, ch. xxxi. 

brant (1), s. [Properly from brand , in the com¬ 
pound brand-fox. In Ger. brandfuchs ; Dut. brand- 
vos ; Dan. brandraeve ; Sw. brandrdf, so called from 
its reddish-brown color.] [Branded (2), 2.] A spe¬ 
cies of fox, Vulpes alopex, smaller than the common 
fox, Vulpes vulgaris. It is a native of Sweden. 

“ I have given you roe and reindeer, 

I have given you brant and beaver.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, i. 

brant (2), a. & s. [Branded (2), 2.] 

A. Asadj.: The same as Branded (2), 2 (q. v.). 
A reddish brown. 

B. Assubst.: The Brant-fox (q. v.). 
brant-fox, s. [Brant (1), «.] 
brant (3), s. & a. [Brent.] 


607 

brant-goose, s. [Brent-goose.] 
brant (4), a. &s. [Brent, a.] 

A. Asadj.: Steep, precipitous. 

“A man may . . . cit on a brant hill cide.”— Ascham: 
Toxophilus. 

B. As subst.: In East Yorkshire, England: A 
steep hill. (Prof. Phillips: Rivers, dtc., of York¬ 
shire, p. 262.) 

bran -tail, s. [ From the color of the tail. 
Branded (2), 2.] A provincial name for the Bed- 
start, Phcenicura ruticilla. [Redstart.] 

♦brant -ness, s. [Eng. & Scotch brant ; -ness.] 
Steepness. 

fbran-u-lar, a. [Brain.] Pertaining to the 
brain, cerebral. 

♦branyd, a. [Brained, a.] Full of brains. 

“ Branyd, or full of brayne. Cerebrosus, cerebro ple- 
nus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*bras, s. [Brass.] 

“ Bras (Brasse P.). Es.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ At after souper goth this noble kyng 

To see this hors of 6ms, with al his route.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10616-17. 

“ Of irin, of golde, of siluer, and bras.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod., 467. 

*bras-pott, brass-pot, s. A brazen pot. 

“ Bras-pott. Emola, Brit.”— Prompt. Parv. 
♦bras-and, pr.par. [Brase, v.] Embracing. 

“ Heccuba thidder with her childer for beild 
Ran all in vane and about the altare swarmes, 
Brasand the god-like ymage in thare armes.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 56, 22. 

♦brase, *brass, v. t. [Fr. 6ras=the arm; (em)- 
brasser= to (em)brace.] [Brace, «.] 

1. To bind, to tie. 

“ Eurill (as said is) has this iouell hint, 

About his sydis it brasin, or he stynt.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 289, 12. 

2. To bind at the edge, to welt. 

♦bra§e, s. [O. Sw. brasa; O. Dut. brase= a live 
coal.] A live coal. (Ant. Arthur, xv. 6.) 

*brased (1), *brasit, *brazed, pa. par. & a. 
[Brase, u.] Bound, welted, braced. 

“ Syke giftis eik he bad bring with him syne, 

Hynt and deliuerit from the Troiane rewyne, 

Ane ryche garment brasit with rich gold wyre.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 33, 31. 
♦brased (2), a. [Brass.] Brazen. 

“ Brasyn (brased, P.). Ereus, eneus.” — Prompt. Parv. 
♦bra-sell, s. [Brazil (1).] 

“ Brasell, tre to dye with, bresil.” — Palsgrave. 

*bra'-§on, *bra'-syn, a. [Brazen, a.] 

‘‘Brasyn’ (brased P.). Ereus, eneus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ He removed the high places, and brake the images, 
and cut down the groves, and brake in pieces the brasen 
serpent that Moses had made.”—2 Kings, xviii. 4. 

♦braseris, *brasaris, s. pi. [O. Fr. brassart, 
brassal, from 6ras=the arm.] Vambraces, armor 
for the arms. [Bracer.] 

“ Quhen this was said he has but mare abade 
Tua kempis burdouns brocht, and before thayme laid 
With all thare harnes and braseris by and by.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 141, L 

brash (1), a. [Compare Ger. & Dut. barsch= 
sharp, tart, impetuous; Sw. & Dan. barsk; L. Ger. 
bask, basch.] Hasty in temper, impetuous, reck¬ 
less. [TJ. S. Colloq.] 

brash (2), a. [Bret, bresk, &rwsfc=fragile, brittle.] 
Fragile, brittle, frail. 

♦brash (1), *brasche, s. [Brash, v.; Breach, 
s.; Bresche.] 

1. Literally: 

(1) An attack, a military assault on a place. 

“Thraise at the bak wall wes the brasche they gaue.”— 
Sege Edinb. Castel. Poem, 16th cent., p. 292. (Jamieson.) 

(2) A sudden illness. (Burns.) 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) Am effort. 

“The last brashe was made by a letter of the prime 
poet of our kingdoms .”—Muses Thren., Int., p. viii. 
(Jamieson.) 

(2) A transient fit of sickness. 

“ . . . but he hadna the saving gift, and he got two 
terms* rent in arrear. He got the first brash at Whitsun¬ 
day put ower wi’fair words and piping; . . .”— Scott: 

Red-gauntlet, let. xi. 

If Possibly this use of the word may be from 
another root. 

brash (2), s. [From brash (2), a. Cf. also Fr. 
brbche= breach.] 

Geology: , 

1. As an independent word: A provincial English 
word applied to the mass of broken and angular 


brass 

fragments lying above most rocks, and evidently 
produced by their disintegration. It is called also 
rubble. 

“ . . . but it [the alluvium] often passes downward 

into a mass of broken and angular fragments derived 
from the subjacent rock. To this mass the provincial 
name of “rubble” or “brash” is given in many parts of 
England, . . .”— Lyell: Man. of Geol. (ed. 1852), ch. vii. 

2. In compos,: The word cornbrash is used for the 
upper division of the Lower Oolite, which consists 
of clays and calcareous sandstones passing down¬ 
ward into the forest marble. [Cornbrash.] 

brash'-y (1), *bra'ush-Ie, a. [From brash, s., 
and suffix -y.] 

1. Stormy. 

“We’ve brush’d the beat this monie a speat 
O’ braushie weather.” 

Rev.J.Nicol. Poems, i. 114. (Jamieson.) 

2. Delicate in constitution, subject to frequent 
ailments. (Scotch.) 

brash-jf (2), s. [Brash (2),s.] Full of rubble, 
composed of rubble. 

bra -§i-er (1), bra'-zl-er, s. [Fr. brasier=a fire 
of live coals; Sp. brctsero; from Fr. braise^ burning 
cinders; Prov. &. Sp. brasa: Ital. bracia, brascia, 
bragia; O. Ger. bras=Gre; Sw. brasa=live fire; O. 
Scand. brasa=to solder. Cf. also Gael. brath= con¬ 
flagration. (Littrd.)] An open pan for burning 
wood or coal. 

“It is thought they had no chimneys, but were warmed 
with coals on brasiers.” — Arbuthnot. 

bra -§i-er (2), ♦bra’-sl-ere, *bra'-sjf-ere, s. 

[Brazier, 2 .] 

“ Brasyere. Erarius.” — Prompt. Parv. 
bra'-§il, s. & a. [Brazil.] 
bra'-§ll-et-to, s. [Braziletto.] 
bra-§il -ln, s. [Brazilin.] 
brass, *brasse, *bras, *breas, ♦bres, s. & a. 
rA. S. braes (Somner); Lith. waros=brass (Mahn) ; 
0. Icel. 6 ? - os=solder, especially that used in the 
working of iron ( Wedgioood). From Icel. brasa= to 
harden by fire; brasa= to flame; Dan. brasa= to 
fry; possibly connected with Sansc. bhrajj= to fry 
(Skeat). Cf. Wei.pres; Ir.p?-as; Gael. prais; Com. 
brest, which, however, may be from the English.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The compound metal, consisting of an alloy 
of copper and tin, described under II. 1. 

f(2) Any article made of brass, a brass fitting. 
(Generally in the plural.) 

“The very scullion who cleans the brasses.”—Hopkin- 
son. (Goodrich Jb Porter.) 

(3) A monumental brass. [II. 3.] 

“ If not by them on monumental brass.” 

Thomson• Liberty, v. 

(4) Money, both in Old English and in modem 
slang, on account of the use of the metal in the 
coinage. [Tin, Coppers.] 

“And bere here bras at thi bakke, to caleysto selle.” 

Piers Plow.: Vis., iii. 195. 

2 . Figuratively: Hardness, the typical quality of 
the metal. It is frequently in the Bible mentioned 
along with iron in a similar sense, as in the fol¬ 
lowing cases— 

(1) Strength for defense or attack. 

“ I will make thine horn iron, and I will make thy hoofe 
brass: and thou shalt beat in pieces many people . . 

—Micah iv. 13. 

(2) Obstinacy in wickedness. 

“ They are all grievous revolters, walking with slanders: 
they are brass and iron; they are all corrupters.”— Jer. 
vi. 28. 

(3) Effrontery, impudence, shamelessness ; incap¬ 
ability, like that of brass, either to yield or to 
change color in circumstances where an ordinary 
being composed of flesh and blood would do so. 

“ Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck 
is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass.”—Isa. xlviii. 4. 

”... his forehead of brass and his tongue of venom 
. . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

II. Technically: 

1. Metal.: An alloy of copper and zinc. 

(1) In ancient times: It is said that when the 
Roman consul Mummius, after capturing the cel¬ 
ebrated Grecian city of Corinth, barbarously burnt 
the place to the ground, in B. C. 146, various metals, 
fused in the conflagration, became united into a 
compound or alloy, called from the circumstances 
now stated Corinthian brass. This is often sup¬ 
posed to have been the first discovery of brass itself, 
but Assyriologists consider it to have been men¬ 
tioned in cuneiform inscriptions, both Chaldean 
and Assyrian. 

. (2) In modern times: Before zinc was obtained in 
its metallic form brass was manufactured from 
calamine (native carbonate of zinc) mixed with 


•Will, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




brass-band 


608 


bratchart 


copper and charcoal. Even now this process is 
easier than the direct fusion together of the two 
metals. The proportion of copper and zinc vary 
Ordinary brass is a yellow alloy of copper and 
twenty-eight to thirty-four per cent, of zinc. The 
density of cast brass is 7'8 to 8'4; that of brass wire 
8'54. It is harder and yet more fusible than copper, 
more sonorous and a worse conductor of heat. It 
may be turned upon a lathe. It is extensively used 
for candlesticks, handles of doors, the framework 
of locks, mathematical instruments, &c., while in 
the state of wire it is much used in pin-making. 
[Dutch Gold.] 

2 .Scripture: The Heb. word for “brass” is 
nechhosheth, from nachhash=to shine. The metal 
thus designated evidently occurs in nature, for it is 
dug out of hills (Deut. viii. 9) and “ molten out of 
the stone” (Deut. xxxiii. 25), which the artificial 
alloy, brass, never yet has been. Iu most parts of 
the Old Testament “brass” should be altered into 
“ copper,” though occasionally in the later books of 
the Old Testament it may be bronze. In the New 
Testament, in 1 Cor. xiii. 1, and Rev. ix. 20, the 
rendering is chalkos=( 1 ) copper, ( 2 ) bronze; while 
in Rev. i. and ii. it is chalkolibanon, probably= 
frankincense of a deep color. 

3. Arch, (pi): Monumental engravings on brass 
plates let into slabs in the pavements of ancient 
churches, representing the effigies, coats of arms, 
&c., of illustrious personages. (Gloss, of Arch.) 

4. Mach.: A pillow, bearing, collar, box, or bush 
supporting a gudgeon. The name is applied from 
its being sometimes of brass, 
though in various instances it 
is of bronze. 

5. Mining: Iron pyrites. The 
name, which is a misnomer, is 
given from the luster, which 
resembles that of brass. 

B. As adjective: Consisting 
more or less of brass; brazen, 
resembling brass, in any way 
pertaining or relating to brass. 

1] Compounds of obvious sig¬ 
nification : Brass-bound (Car¬ 
lyle: Sartor Besartus, bk. ii., 
cn. v.); brass-hoofed (Pope: 

Homer's Iliad, xi. 19); brass- 
paved (Spenser: F. Q., I. iv.17); 
b r a s s - studded (Longfellow: 

Courtship of Miles Standish, 
iv.) ; brass-throated (Longfel¬ 
low: The Spanish Student, iii. 

1); brass-visaged (Ben Jonson: 

Every Man out of his Humor). 

brass-band, s. 

1. Literally: 

(1) Gen.: A band of musicians performing upon 
instruments of brass. 

(2) Spec.: 

(a) The smaller variety of the military band, 
employed chiefly in cavalry regiments, on account 
of the greater ease with which brass instruments 
can be played on horseback. Those used are var¬ 
ious : cornets, saxhorns, euphoniums, one or more 
bombardons, &c. (Grove.) 

(b) One of the divisions of the “wind” of a full 
orchestra, consisting of trumpets, horns, trombones, 
and occasionally an ophicleide. [Band.] 

2. Figuratively. In political controversy, con¬ 
temptuously : A party or a section of a party acting 
noisily in concert. 

brass-foil, s. Very thin beaten sheet-brass, 
thinner than latten. It is called also Dutch gold. 



Monumental 

Brass. 


brass-furnace, s. A furnace for fusing the 
metallic constituents of brass. These are melted in 
crucibles, the copper being first melted, and the 
zinc then added piecemeal, as it is vaporized by an 
excess of heat. The molding-trough is on one side 
of the pouring or spill-trough, and the furnace is on 
the other. There is a core-oven, heated by the fur¬ 
nace, and serving to dry the cores for the faucets or 
other hollow articles which are cast. 

brass-powder, s. A powder made of brass, or 
anything resembling it. Two kinds are made. 

1. Red-colored: Ground copper filings or precipi¬ 
tated powder of copper with red ocher. 

2. Gold-colored: Gold-colored brass or Dutch leaf 
reduced to powder. 

IT They are mixed with pale varnish, or else they 
can be applied by dusting over a surface which has 
been previously covered with varnish. 

brass-rule, s. 

Printing: Brass strips, type-high, used by print¬ 
ers for cutting into lengths to separate advertise¬ 
ments and columns; also for page-rules and table¬ 
work (technically known as rule and figure work). 

brass, v. t. [From brass, s. (q. v.)] 

Metallurgy: To give a brass coat to copper. 

*bra's-sage, s. [O. Fr. brassage.'] A fine formerly 
levied to defray the expense of coinage. 


bra s-surt (pi. brassarts), s. [Fr. brassard.'} 
[Bracer.] Plate armor for defense of the arm, 
reaching from the shoulder to the elbow. 

bra s-sate, s. [From Eng. brass(ic); -ate.} A 
salt of brassic acid (q. v.). 

brasse, s. [A transposition of barse. Cf. L. Ger. 
brasse; H. Ger. brassen — the bream. (Mahn.)} 
[Bream.] 

Ichthy.: A kind of perch, Lucioperca. 
brassed, pa. par. & a. [Brass, v.} 
bras -sel-ly, s. & a. [Derived from Eng. bachelor.} 
brasselly-buttons, s. [Derived from bachelor's 
buttons (Lychnis diurna ).] ( Sibthorp .) 
bras’-se§, s. pi. [Brass.] 
bra's-set, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A casque or 
head-piece of armor. 

bras-sl-a, s. [Named after Mr. Brass, a gardener 
who collected seeds and plants in Africa for Kew 
Garden.] 

Bot.: A genus of Orchids, consisting of four spe¬ 
cies growing on trees. The flowers are large, and 
colored pale-yellow, with brown spots. 

bras -sic, a. [From Lat. brassica (q. v.), and 
Eng. suff. -ic.} 

brassic acid, s. Brassic acid or erucic acid, 
C 22 H 43 O 2 . Au acid extracted from colza oil by 
saponification. It is solid at ordinary temperatures, 
but melts between 30° and 32° C. It crystallizes from 
an alcoholic solution in beautiful long needles. 
Brassic acid occurs also in the oil of white mustard 
and of rape. 

bra's-si-c<i, s. [Lat. brassica; Celt, bresic = a 
cabbage.] 

Bot.: A genus of cruciferous plants containing 
several well-known culinary herbs. There are numer¬ 
ous well-known species, among which as the most 
familiar may be mentioned Brassica oleracea (Sea 
Cabbage), the original of the cabbage of our gar¬ 
dens [ Cabbage ] ; B. monensis, the Wall-flower 
Cabbage; and the B. campestris, or Common Wild 
Navew. The B. napus, the Rape or Cole-seed, and 
the B. rapa, or Common Turnip, have here and 
there rooted themselves spontaneously, thus pro¬ 
ducing in many a belief that they areindigenous in 
localities in which they did not originally exist. 
The colza of the Dutch is B. campestris; B. proecox 
is the Summer Rape of the Germans; and B. elongata 
is cultivated in Hungary for its oil. The various 
cultivated species, as a rule, require a loamy soil, 
well manured, and with plenty of water. [Brassi- 
cacea, Brassicida.] 

“ They adorned him [the poet laureate] with a new and 
elegant garland, composed of vine-leaves, laurel, and 
brassica, a sort of cabbage!”— Pope- Of the Poet Laure¬ 
ate. 

bras-sic-a-ce-ae, s. pi. [From Lat. brassica, 
and fem. pi. adjectival suffix -acece.} 

Bot.: An order of plants more generally called 
Cruciferae (Crucifers). It is placed by Lindley 
under his Cistal Alliance. The sepals are four, the 
petals four, cruciate; the stamens six, two shorter 
than the other four. Ovary superior, with parietal 
placentae. Fruit, a silique or silicule one-celled or 
spuriously two-celled, seeds many or one. It con¬ 
stitutes Linnaeus’. order Tretradynamia. Lindley 
divides the order into five sections — Pleurorhizeae, 
Notorhizeae, Orthoploceae, and Diplecolobeae. The 
Brassicaceae or Crucifers are one of the most im¬ 
portant orders in the whole vegetable kingdom. 
About 1,730 species are known. Their chief seat is 
in the temperate zones. Among the well-known 
plants ranked under the order may be mentioned 
the wall-flower, the stock, the water-cress and other 
cresses, the cabbage, the turnip, &c. 

bras-slg'-l-dse, s.pl. [FromLat. brassica (a. v.).] 
A family of cruciferous plants of the sub-order or 
section Orthoploceae. Type, Brassica (q. v.). 

bras'-si-dse, s. pi. [ From Mod. Lat. brassia 
(q. v.).] A family of Orchids. Typical genus, Bras¬ 
sia (q. v.). 

[brass-l-ness, s. [Eng. brassy; -ness.] The 
quality of being brassy. 
brass'-Ing, pr.par. & s. [Brass, v.} 

Metallurgy: The art of giving a brass coat to cop¬ 
per. 

bras-smith, brass-smith, s. [Eng. brass; 
smith.} A smith working in brass. 

“Has he not seen the Scottish brassmith’s Idea . . 
—Carlyle: Sartor Besartus, bk. ii., cli. iv. 

brass'-vis-aged, a. Brazen; bold-faced, 
brass -work, s. [Eng. brass; work.} Work in 
brass. 

“. . . old oak carvings, brass-work, clocks and 
candelabra, chairs,” &c. — Times, Sept. 9, 1876. (Advt.) 

[brass-y, a. [Eng. brass; -y,} 

1. Lit.: Resembling brass. 

“ The part in which they lie is near black, with some 
sparks of a brassy pyrites in it.”— Woodward. 


2. Figuratively: 

(1) Hard as brass; unfeeling. 

“ Losses, 

Enow to press a royal merchant down, 

And pluck commiseration of his state 

From brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint.” 

Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice, iv. L 

(2) Impudent. 

*brast, *braste, *brasten, *brastyn,v. [Burst, 

v.] To burst. (Prompt. Parv.) 

“ But with that percing noise flew open quite or brast.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 4. 

“ Mycht nane behald his face, 

The fyrie sparkis brasting from his ene.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 399, 44. 

*brast, pa. par. & a. [Burst, pa. par.} 

“’Mid wounds, and clinging darts, and lances brast , 
And foes disabled in the brutal fray.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, i. 78. 

♦brastle, v. i. [A. S. brastlian, barstlian; M. H. 
Ger. brasteln= to crack, crackle.] To crack, to 
make a crackling noise, to be broken. 

“ Sceldes brastleden, helmes tohelden.”— Layamon, 
iii. 94. 

*brast-ynge, pr. par. [Brast, v.} (Gaw. Doug., 
39.) 

*bra-§y-ere, s. [Brazier (2).] (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bra-syle, s. [Brazil (1).] ( Prompt. Parv.) 

*bra'-§yn, pa. par. & a. [Brazen.] 

brat (1), *bratt, s. [Wei. brat- a rag, pinafore; 
Gael, brat; Ir. brat= a mantle, cloak.] 

1. A cloak, mantle. 

“ Ne had they but a shete 
Which that they might wrappen hem in a-night, 

And a bratt to walken in by daylight.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,347. 

2. An apron, pinafore. (Provine. & Scotch.) 

“To mak them brats, then ye maun toil and spin, 

Ae wean fa’s sick, ane scads itsell wi’ broe.” 

Allan Ramsay: Gent. Shepherd. 

3. Clothing generally. (This seems merely to be 
an oblique sense of the same word, as used to 
denote an apron which covers the rest of one’s 
clothes.) (Scotch.) 

“ He ordinarily uses this phrase as a proverb, that he 
desires no more in the world, but a bit and a brat; that is, 
only as much food and raiment as nature craves.”— 
Scotch Presb. Eloq., p. 36. 

“ God bless your Honors a’ your days, 

Wi’ sowps o' kail and brats o’ claise.” 

Burns.- Earnest Cry and Prayer. 

4. Scum. It does not necessarily signify refuse; 
but is also applied to the cream which rises from 
milk, especially of what is called a sour cogue, or 
the floatings of boiled whey. 

“ Brat, a cover or scurf.”— Statist. Acc., ccv. 8, N. 

H The bit and the brat: Food and raiment. 
(Scotch.) 

brat (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Said by some to 
be the same as brat ( 1 ), but probably the same as 
brood.] 

I, Literally: 

1. A child, originally not used contemptuously. 

“O Israel ! O household of the Lord ! 

O Abraham’s brats! O brood of blessed seed ! 

O chosen sheep that loved the Lord indeed !” 

Gascoigne: De Profundis. 

“ I shall live to see the invisible lady, to whom I was 
obliged, and whom I never beheld since she was a brat in 
hanging sleeves.”— Swift. 

2. A child, said contemptuously. 

“ This brat is none of mine ; 

Hence with it, and, together with the dam, 
Commit them to the fire.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iL 8. 

“I give command to kill or save, 

Can grant ten thousand pounds a year, 

And make a beggar’s brat a peer.”— Swift. 

3. The young of any animal; offspring. 

“Jupiter summoned all the birds and beasts before 

him, with their brats and little ones, to see which of them 
had the prettiest children.”— L’Estrange. 

II. Figuratively : Offspring, produce. 

“ The two late conspiracies were the brats and offspring 
of two contrary factions.”— South. 

brat (3), s. [Etymol. doubtful. Possibly a short¬ 
ened form of brattice .] _ 

In Coal-mining: A thin stratum of a coarse mixt¬ 
ure of coal and carbonate of lime or pyrites, fre¬ 
quently found lying at the roof of a seam of coal. 

♦bratph'-urt, s. [The same as Brachell (q. v.), 
or formed direct from Fr. brache= a hound.] A 
whelp; the young of an animal. 

“ That bratchart in a busse was born ; 

They fand a monster on the morn. 

War faced than a cat.” 

Montgomerie: Watson’s Coll., iii. 12. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, ,wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try. Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



















bratchel 


609 


brave 


*brat§ll'-el, s. [A dimin. formation from Bkake, 
8. (q. v.)] The husks or refuse of flax. ( Scotch .) 

“ She could not help expressing her unfeigned pity for 
the Lowlanders, whom, what are called flax-mills and 
fulling-mills, precluded from all the social delights of 
beating and skutching, the blaze of a bratchel , and above 
all, the superlative joys of a waulking.”— Clan-Albin, 


brat-ful, a. [In Sw. brdddful— brimful, from 
brddd =a brim. O. Eng. bretful , brerdful , from 
brerd= brim.J [Beetful.] Brimful. 

** Til heor Bagges and heore Balies weren bratful Icrom- 
IIle t• ,, Piers Plow.: A. Prolog ., 41. 


♦brath, *brothe, a. [O. Icel. bradhr= impetu¬ 
ous, eager.] Impetuous, nasty, eager. 

“The riche mann iss brath and grimme.”— Ormulum, 

1164. 


♦brath, *brathe, s. [O. Icel. bradh— violence.] 
wrath, fierceness. 


u In the brath of his breth that brennez all thinkez.” 

Allit. Poems: Cleanness , 1. 916. 


*brath -ly, *brothe'-ly, 
[Brath.] Eagerly, hastily. 


*brothe'-lych, 


adv. 


4. Fury; violent attack. 

“ Or silly sheep, wha bide this brattle 
O’ winter war, 

And through the drift, deep-lairing sprattle. 
Beneath a scaur.’ 1 

Burns: Winter Night. 

bratt'-ling, pa. par. & a. [Brattle, v.] Noisy; 
creating a noise. 

“A brattlin band unhappily 
Drave by him wi’ a binner, 

And heels-o’er-goudie coupit he.” 
Christmas Ba’ing, Skinner’s Misc. Poet., p. 127. 

*brau'-l-tie, s. [Fr. braverie.'] [Bravity.] 

1. A show, a pageant. 

“ All curious pastimes and consaits 
Cud be imaginat be man, 

Wes to be sene on Edinburgh gaits, 

Fra time that brauitie began.” 

Burel: Entry Q. Anne, Watson’s Coll., ii. 6. 

2c Finery in dress or appearance. 

“ Syne she beheld ane heuinly sicht, 

Of Nymphs who supit nectar cauld; 

Whois brauities can scarce be tauld.” 

Burel: Entry Q. Anne, Watson’s Coll., ii. 7. 


“Brathly thai this werk bigan Cursor Mundi, 2240. 

brat -tach, s . [Gael, bratach , bruttach .] A 
banner, a flag, an ensign, colors. 

“It is natural I should like the Buthvens, the Lindsays, 
the Ogilvys, the Oliphants, and so many others of our 
brave and noble neighbors, who are sheathed in steel of 
my making, like so many Paladins, better than those 
naked, snatching mountaineers, who are ever doing us 
wrong, especially since no five of each clan have a rusty 
shirt of mail as old as their brattach.” — Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth, ch. vi. 

brat'-tige, s. [O. Eng. bretage , bretctsce , brutashe , 
&c.; O. Fr. bretesche =a wooden outwork.] [But- 
tress, Bret- 
tice, Bret- 

ASCE.] 

Mining: A 
planking on the 
inside of a mine 
shaft or gallery. 

“ As everybody 
knows by this 
time, the work¬ 
ings of the Hart¬ 
ley Mine were 
reached by a 
single shaft, the 
diameter of which 
was 12ft. For 
purposes f ven¬ 
tilation tins was 
divided into two 
equal parts by a Brattice, 

wooden partition, 

called in mining language a brattice , which ran down it 
from top to bottom .”—London Times, Jan. 28, 1862. 

brat'-ti-giiig, s. [Brattice, s.] 

1. The act or operation of putting up brattices. 

2- Brattice-work, brattices. 

“A telegraphic message, sent last night to The Times, 
stated that a fall in the shaft on Saturday night had pre¬ 
vented the sinkers going on with the removal of the ruins 
of the bratticing.”—London Times, Jan. 21, 1862. 

brat'-tish-ihg, s. [Brattice, s.] Brattice work; 
a crest of open carved work on the top of a shrine. 

♦brat-tie, *brat'-tyl, v. i. [Probably onomato¬ 
poeic : as rattle (q. v.), but compare brastle above.] 

1. To make a clashing or clattering noise; to run 
tumultuously. 

« Branchis brattlyng, and blaiknyt schew the brayis 
With hirstis harsk of waggand wyndil strayis.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 202, 28. 

2. To advance rapidly, making a noise with the 
feet. 



*braul, *brawl, s. [O. Fr. bransle= u a totter, 
swing, shake, shocke . . . also a brawle or daunce. 

( Cotgrave .) Brangill, s.] A kind of dance. 

“It vas ane celest recreation to behold ther lycht 
lopene, galmouding, stendling bakuart and forduart, 
dansand basedansis, pauuans, galyardis, turdions, braulis 
and branglis, buffons, vitht mony vthir lycht dansis, the 
quhilk are ouer prolixt to be rehersit.”— Compl. S ., p. 102. 

“Menstrel, blaw up ane brawl of France; 

Let se quha hobbils best.” 

Lindsay: S. P. Repr., ii. 201. 

“ Moth. Will you win your love with a French brawl f 
Arm. How meanest thou, brawling in French?” 

Shakesp.: L. L. Lost, iii. L 

*braun, s . [Brawn.] 

♦braunche, *brawnche, s. [Branch.] 

*braunched, a. [Branch, s.] 

ii Braunched as a tree, branchu.” — Palsgrave. 

♦braunchi, *braunchy, a. [Branchy.] 

*braun-dise, v. i. [Brandish, v.] To fling or 
prance about (as a horse). 

“ That hee nas loose in no lime ludes to greeue, 

To byte ne to braundise ne to break no wowes.” 

Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 1121-22. 

bra'un-lte, s. [From Mr. Braun, of Gotha. 
(Dana.)] 

Min .: A native sesquioxide of manganese, Mn 2 O 3 . 
It is crystallized or massive, in the former case 
tetragonal. Hardness, 6-65; sp. gr., 4*75-4*82; lus¬ 
ter, sub-metallic color, and streak dark brownish 
black. Composition: Protoxide of manganese, 86*95; 
oxygen, 8*08-9*85; baryta, 0*24-2*25; silica, a trace, 
8*63; and water, 0*95-1*00. 

*braush-ie, a. [Brashy, a.] Stormy. 

br^-va'-do, bra-va'-do, *bra-vade', s. [Sp. & 
ltal. bravata; Fr. bravade.] [Brave.] An inso¬ 
lent menace; defiance; boastful behavior. 

“The steward departed without replying to this bra¬ 
vade, otherwise than by a dark look of scorn.”— Scott: 
Abbot, ch. xxxi. 

“ The English were impatient to fall on. But their 
general had made up his mind, and was not to be moved by 
the bravadoes of the enemy or by the murmurs of his own 
soldiers.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

brave (Eng.), brave, braw, bra (Scotch), a. [Fr. 
6 mve=brave, fine, gay; compare Gael, breagh = 
fine.] 

1 . Daring, courageous, high-spirited, fearless. 

“None but the brave deserve the fair.” 

Dry den: Alexander’s Feast , 1.15. 

“ Best with the brave, whose names belong 
To the high sanctity of song!” 

Hemans: Wallace’s Invocation to Bruce . 


“Daft lassie, when we’re naked, what’ll ye say, 

Griff our twa herds come brattling down the brae, 

And see us sae?” Ramsay: Poems, ii. 75. 

brat'-tle, *brat-tyl, s. [Brattle, v .] 

1 . A clattering noise, as that made by the feet of 
horses when prancing, or moving rapidly. (Rudd.) 

“Now by the time that they a piece had ta’en. 

All in a brattle to the gate are gane.” 

Ross: Helenore , p= 96. 

“ Thou need na start awa sae hasty, 

Wi’ bickering brattle.” 

Bums: ToaMouse a 

2. Hurry; rapid motion of any kind. 

“ Bauld Bess flew till him wi’ a brattle, 

And spite of his teeth held him 

Close by the craig.” Ramsay: Poems r L 26L 

3. A short race. 

“ The sma’ droop-rumol’t, hunter cattle, 

Might aitlins waur’t thee for a brattle; 

But sax Scotch miles thou try’t their mettle, 

An’ gar’t them whaizle.” 

Burns: Auld Farmer’s Salutation, 


2. Gallant, noble. 

“I’ll prove the prettier fellow of the two, 

And wear my dagger with a braver grace .” 

Shakesp.: Mer. of Ven., iii. 4. 

“ And where full many a brave tree stood, 

That used to spread its boughs and ring.” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, vii. 

3. Showy, grand, gaudy, gay. 

“ Rings put upon his fingers, 

And brave attendants near him when he wakes; 
Would not the beggar then forget himself ?” 

Shakesp.: Tam. of the Shrew, Induct., i. 

“Nearer and nearer as they bear, 

Spears, pikes, and axes flash in air. 

Now might you see the Tartans brave , 

And plaids and plumage dance and wave.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 16. 

4. Excellent, fine. (It appears to be used simply 
to express excellence or pre-eminence in any point 
or quality in men or things.) 

“Cel. O, that’s a brave man, he writes brave verses, 
6peaks brave words, swears brave oaths, and breaks them 
bravely, quite traverse, athwart the heart of his lover, as 


a puisny tilter, that spurs his horse but on one side, 
breaks his staff like a noble goose; but all’s brave that 
youth mounts, and folly guides. Who comes here?”— 
Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 4. 

5. Handsome. 

“Ason was bora to him called Absalom, who was the 
bravest man perhaps in the world; he was a man of the 
greatest perfection from the crown of his head unto the 
sole of his foot.”— Dickson: Sermons, p. 109. 

6. Pleasant, agreeable. 

“ O Peggy, dinna say me na ; 

But grant to me the treasure 
Of love’s return; "tis unka bra’, 

When ilka thing yields pleasure.” 

A. Nicol: Poems, 1739, p. 27. 
“It being a brave day I walked to Whitehall.” 

Pepys: Diary . 

“‘A fine evening, sir,’ was Edward’s salutation; *Ow, 
ay, sir, ’ee bra’ night,’ replied the lieutenant, in broad 
Scotch of the most vulgar description.”— Scott: Waverleyj 
ch. xxxix. 

7. Stout, able-bodied. 

“ Five bonnie lasses round their table, 

And seven braw fellows, stout an’ able.” 

Burns: A Dedication to Gavin Hamilton . 

IT A word which came originally from the Romance 
languages, entering English in the 16th century* 
while the corresponding term in German, brav , 
entered that language in the 17th century. (From 
the Select Glossary , p. 24.) 

brave, s. [Brave, a.] 

1. A brave person, a chief. (Used especially 
among our Indians.) 

“ Came to parley with Standish, and offer him furs as a 
present; 

Friendship was in their looks, but in their hearts 
there was hatred. 

Braves of the tribe were these, and brothers gigantic 
in stature.” Longfellow: Miles Standish, vii. 

*2. A hectoring, bullying fellow. 

“ Hot braves like thee may fight, but know not well 

To manage this, the last great stake .”—Dry den. 

♦3. A boast, brag, challenge, defiance. 

“ And so in this to bear me down with braves, 

’Tis not the difference of a year or two.” 

Shakesp.: Tit. And . ii. 1* 

♦4. Bravado. 


“ To call my lord mayor knave: 

Besides, too, in a brave.” 

Wilts: Recreation, 1654. 

brave, v. t. & i. [Brave, a.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To defy, challenge, dare, set at defiance. 

( 1 ) Of persons. 

“ Sure I shall see yon heaps of Trojans kill’d, 

Rise from the shades, and brave me on the field.’ 5 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxi., 1. 64, 65u 

(2) Of things personified. 

“ Where braving angry winter’s storms, 

The lofty Ochils rise.” 

Burns: Where Braving Angry Winter’s Storms. 

“But no man had in larger measure that evil courage 
which braves and even courts disgust and hatred.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

*2. To risk, venture on. 

“In braving arms against thy sovereign.” 

Shakesp.: King Richard II., ii. 3. 

*( 1 ) To present a boastful show of. 

“Both particular persons and factions are apt enough 
to flatter themselves, or, at least, to brave that which they 
believe not.”— Bacon. 

*(2) To make fine or showy, to adorn, set off. 

“ Gru. Face not me: thou hast braved many men; brave 
not me; I will neither be faced nor braved. I say unto 
thee, I bid thy master cut out the gown, but I did not bid 
him cut it to pieces. Ergo, thou liest.”— Shakesp.: Tam* 
ing of the Shrew, iv. 3. 

*(3) To give courage to, encourage. 

B. Intransitive: To swagger about, show off. 

“ As at Troy most dastards of the Greekes 

Did brave about the corpes of Hector colde.” 

Spenser: Ruines of Rome. 

H Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs to 
brave , to defy , to dare, and to challenge : “ We 

brave things ; we dare and challenge persons ; we 
defy persons or their actions: the sailor braves the 
tempestuous ocean, and very often braves death 
itself in its most terrific form: he dares the enemy 
whom he meets to the engagement; he defies all his 
boastings and vain threats. . . . Brave and defy 
are dispositions of mind which display themselves 
in the conduct; dare and challenge are modes of 
action; we brave a storm by meeting its violence, 
and bearing it down with superior force; we defy 
the malice of our enemies by pursuing that line of 
conduct which is most calculated to increase its 
bitterness. To brave conveys the idea of a direct 
and personal application of force to force ; defying 
is carried on by a more indirect and circuitous 


btfll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 





















braved 


610 


brawl 


mode of procedure: men brave the dangers which 
threaten them with evil; they defy the angry will 
which is set up to do them harm. To dare and 
challenge are both direct and personal; but the 
former consists either of actions, words, or looks; 
the latter of words only. . . . Daring arises from 
our contempt of others; challenging arises from a 
high opinion of ourselves: the former is mostly 
accompanied with unbecoming expressions of dis¬ 
respect as well as aggravation; the latter is mostly 

divested of all angry personality.We 

dare only to acts of violence; we challenge to any 
kind of contest in which the skill or the power of 
the parties are to be tried.” ( Crabb: Eng. Synon .) 

braved, pa. par. & a. [Brave, u.] 

brave '-ly, adv. [Eng. brave; -lyl\ 

1. In a good sense: In a brave manner; coura¬ 
geously, valiantly, nobly. 

“Becord it with your high and worthy deeds; 

’Twas bravely done, if you bethink you of it.” 

Shakesp..- Much Ado about Nothing, v. L 
“ Gone they are, bravely, though misled, 

With a dear father at their head ! ” 

Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, c. 2. 

2. In a bad sense: 

*( 1 ) Ostentatiously, defiantly. 

“. . . broke forth in a courageous couplet or two 
apon Sir Kichard Blackmore: he has printed it with his 
name to it, and bravely assigns no other reason, than that 
the said Sir Kichard has abused Dr. Swift.”— Pope: Let¬ 
ter to Jervas (1716). 

*( 2 ) Gaudily, finely, gaily. 

"And she . . . decked herself e bravely to allure the 
eyes of all men that should see her.”— Judith x. 4. 

tbrave -ness, s. [Eng. brave; -ne.%'.] The qual¬ 
ity of being brave; bravery. 

bra v-er-y, *bra'v-er-ie, s. [Eng. brave; -ry. 
Fr. braverie .] 

I. Literally: 

1. In a good sense: The quality of being brave; 
sourage, valor, high spirit, fearlessness. 

“ Juba, to all the bravery of a hero, 

Adds softest love, and more than female sweetness.” 

Addison. 

“ Bemember, sir, my liege, 

The natural bravery of your isle.” 

Shakespeare. 

2. In a bad sense : 

*(1) The act of braving, bravado; false assump¬ 
tion of real bravery. 

“ In which time one Tait, a follower of Cesford, who as 
then was of the Lord’s party, came forth in a bravery, and 
called to the opposite horsemen, asking if any of them 
had courage to break a lance for his mistress ; . . .”— 
Spotswood, p. 287. 

“ Some of his soldiers, however, who observed him 
closely, whispered that all his bravery was put on.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

*(2) Showiness, gaudiness, splendor. 

“ If he [the good yeoman] chance to appear in clothes 
above his rank, it is to grace some great man with his 
service, and then he blusheth at his own bravery.” — 
Puller: Holy State, bk. ii., ch. 18. 

“. . . . there the Ionians, with their wives and 
children, and all their bravery, congregated periodically 
from their different cities to glorify him.”— Grote: Hist, 
of Greece (1846), vol. i., pt. i., ch. i., p. 62. 

*(3) Ostentation, show. 

“ I’ll court his favors : 

But, sure, the bravery of his grief did put me 

Into a towering passion.” Shakesp. ■ Hamlet, v. 2. 

" Let princes choose ministers more sensible of duty 
than of rising, and such as love business rather upon con¬ 
science than upon bravery." — Bacon. 

*(4) Fine dress. 

”... my estate, I wot not how, hath of late been 
somewhat insufficient to maintain the expense of those 
braveries, wherewith it is incumbent on us, who are 
chosen and selected spirits, to distinguish ourselves from 
the vulgar.”— Scott: Monastery, ch. xvi. 

*(5) A showy person. 

11 A man that is the bravery of his age.”— Beaumont db 
Fletcher. 

II. Fig.: Applied to fine diction or ornate lan¬ 
guage. 

“ In the present cause, we must not be pleased or put off 
with the buskry or bravery of language. Clothed and 
adorned with the busk and bravery of beautiful and big 
Words.”— M‘Ward: Contendings, pp. 324, 356. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between bravery, 
courage , and valor: “Bravery lies in the blood; 
courage lies in the mind: the latter depends on the 
reason; the former on the physical temperament: 
the first is a species of instinct | the second is a vir¬ 
tue : a man is brave in proportion as he is without 
thought; he has courage in proportion as he rea¬ 
sons or reflects. Bravery seems to be something 
involuntary, a mechanical movement that does not 
depend upon one’s self; courage requires convic¬ 


tion, and gathers strength by delay; it is a noble 
and lofty sentiment: the force of example, the 
charms of music, the fury and tumult of battle, the 
desperation of the conflict, will make cowards 
brave; the courageous man wants no other incen¬ 
tives than what his own mind suggests. . . . It is 
as possible for a man to have courage without 
bravery as to have bravery without courage: Cicero 
betrayed his want of bravery when he sought to 
shelter himself against the attacks of Cataline; he 
displayed his courage when he laid open the trea¬ 
sonable purposes of this conspirator to the whole 
senate, and charged him to his face with the crimes 
of which he knew him to be guilty. Valor is a 
higher quality than either bravery or courage, and 
seems to partake of the grand characteristics of 
both; it combines the fire of bravery with the 
determination and firmness of courage: bravery _ is 
most fitted for the soldier and all who receive 
orders; courage is most adapted for the general 
and all who give commands; valor for the leader 
and framer of enterprises, and all who carry great 
projects into execution: bravery requires to be 
guided; courage is equally fitted to command or 
obey; valor directs and executes. Bravery has 
most relation to danger; courage and valor include 
in them a particular reference to action: the brave 
man exposes himself; the courageous man advances 
to the scene of action which is before him; the 
valiant man seeks for occasions to act. The three 
hundred Spartans who defended Thermopyl® were 
brave. Socrates drinking the hemlock, Rogulus 
returning to Carthage, Titus tearing himself from 
the arms of the weeping Berenice, Alfred the Great 
going into the camp of the Danes, were courageous. 
Hercules destroying monsters, Perseus delivering 
Andromeda, Achilles running to the ramparts of 
Troy, and the knights of more modern date who 
have gone in quest of extraordinary adventures, 
are all entitled to the peculiar appellation of 
valiant." (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

brav’-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Brave, v.] 

f A. & B. As pr. par. db participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those or the verb. 

“ Barbarossa sent a braving letter to Saladin, . . .”— 
Fuller: Holy War, bk. v., cli. 13. 

“ The Florentines and Senoys are by the ears; 

Have fought with equal fortune, and continue 
A braving war.” 

Shakesp..- All’s Well that Ends Well. i. 2. 

*C. As substantive: Bravado, boast, show. 

“ With so proud a strain of threats and bracings.” 

Chapman. 

brav’-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. braving, a.; - ly .] In 
a braving manner; defiantly. 

“ Bravingly, in your epistle to Sir Edward Hobby, you 
end thus.’-’— Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist, p. 49. 

*brav’-I-ty, *brav’-l-tle, s. [Old Fr. bravetd] 

1. In a good sense: Courage; bravery. 

“ Let us put on courage in thir sad times ; brave times 
for the chosen soldiers of Jesus Christ to shew their cour¬ 
age into ; offering brave opportunities for shewing forth 
the bravity of spirit in suffering.”— Ja. Welwood’s Letter, 
Walker’s Remark. Pass., p. 23. 

2. In a bad sense: An outward show; pomp. 

bra’-vo (l),s. [Ital. bravo.] A bandit, an out¬ 
law, an assassin. 

“ For boldness like the bravoes and banditti, is seldom 
employed, but upon desperate services.”— Government of 
the Tongue. 

“ The bravo was sent to the Tower.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. vi. 

IT At first, while as yet not naturalized, it had the 

lural bravi. The bravi at first were men whose 

erce instincts and the inadequacy^ the civil lavte 
led them to avenge wrong, real or imaginary, with¬ 
out recourse to legal process. Gradually a com¬ 
munity of sentiment induced fraternity, and they 
became an oath-bound organization, which, even 
down to the present day, exists in Sicily, Calabria, 
and the wilder parts of Italy. The different rami¬ 
fications of the bravi flourished under various 
names and were transplanted to foreign soils with 
Italian emigrants—a melancholy proof of which was 
afforded by the killing of Chief of Police Hennessey, 
and the subsequentmassacreof the suspects of this 
crime in the city jail in New Orleans, La., a few 
years ago, the branch of the organization to which 
it was claimed the assassins belonged being called 
“The Mafia.” The bravi have often been the sub¬ 
ject of literary composition in both the Old World 
and the New and their praises have been sung and 
they have likewise been denounced under various 
names. They are at one time characterized as the 
product of the mala vita of Italy, and at another, 
they are commended as highly as John Hampden, 
for their courage in resisting what they think wrong. 

“Hired fencers, called bravi, . . .”— Morison: Itiner¬ 
ary, pt. 2, p. 25. ( Trench • On some Def. in our Eng. Diet., 
p. 29.) 

Nares has the plural bravoes. 


bra -VO (2), s. [Bravo, interj.] A cheer, a hurrah. 

bra -VO, interj. [Ital. bravo (m.), brava (f.) = 
brave.] Excellently ! well or bravely done ! 

Music: Well or bravely done. An exclamation of 
applause, which from Italy, its native land, has 
made way into this country, and has become 
thoroughly naturalized. For a female performer 
literary accuracy requires that it should be brava, 
and for more than one performer bravi. 

bra-vfi’-ru, s. & a. [Ital. bravura; Fr. bravoure 
=spirit, bravery.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit. In music: An air requiring great skill 
and spirit in its execution, each syllable being 
divided into several notes. It is distinguished from 
a simple melody by the introduction of florid pas¬ 
sages. (Stainer db Barrett.) A style of both music 
and execution designed to task the abilities of the 
artist. (.Grove.) 

“ The duet in which Mary obtains the King’s promise 
to befriend Clifford contains a bravura for Miss Pyne 
which is very pleasing, . . — London Sat. Review 
Dec. 14, 1861. 

2. Fig.: A lively display. 

“. . . and you, I, and a few others, who have wit. 
nessed his [Coleridge’s] grand bravuras of display, were 
to have the usual fortune of ghost-seers, . . .”— De 

Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 50. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or connected with 
the execution of a bravura. 

“His trai'um powers are of the most surprising sort, 
and as a concerto player he has an aplomb and fire 
almost phenomenal.”— Cornhill Mag., Jan., 1867, p. 35. 

braw, bra’, a. [Brave, «.] 

braw-warld, a. (Scotch.) Showy, gaudy. 

“ . . . these fine gallants, with their golden chains 
and looped-up bonnets, with braw-warld dyes and devices 
on them.”— Scott: Quentin Durward, ch. iii. 

*braw-den, pa. par. [Broider.] Embroidered. 

*braw-der-er, s. [Broiderer.] An embroid¬ 
erer. 

*braw-en, pa. par. [A. S. brotven, pa. par. of 
breowan=to cook, brew (?).] Cooked. 

“For fault of cattle, corn and gerse. 

Your banquets of most nobility 
Dear of the dog brawen in the Merse.” 

Polwart’s Flyting, Watson’s Coll., iii. 9,10. 

brawl, *brall, *brawl-yn, v. i. & t. [Brawl, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

*1. To be fn or fall into confusion. 

“ The Erie with that, that fechtand was, 

Quhen he hys fayis saw brawland sua. 

In hy apon thaim gan he ga.” 

Barboi.r, xii. 132. MS. 

2. To quarrel noisily and tumultuously. 

“What nedys the to bralle.” 

Towneley Myst., p. 150, 

“ Brawlyn’, or strywen’. Litigo, jurgo. Quere plura in 
stryven.”— Prompt. Pam'. 

*3. To contend, to strive. 

“ Aganys him to brawle. . . .” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), i. 573. 

4. To create a disturbance, especially in any con¬ 
secrated ground or building. [Brawling, C. 2 .] 

f5. Of running water, to make a noise, to babble. 

“As he lay along 

Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out 
Upon the brook that brawls along this wood.” 

Shakesp. • As You Like It, iL L 

“So through the Plymouth woods John A1 den went on 
his errand. 

Crossing the brook at the ford, where it brawled ovei 
pebble and shallow.” 

Longfellow: Miles Standish, iiL 

*B. Reflexive : To boast, brag, show off. 

“Evere ware thes Bretons braggers of olde! 

Loo! how he brawles hyme for hys bryghte wedes.” 

Morte Arthure, 1,349. 

*C. Trans.: To cry or clamor down, overpower b| 
noise. 

“Their battering cannon charged to the mouths. 

Till their soul-fearing clamors have brawl’d down 
The flinty ribs of this contemptuous city.” 

Shakesp.. K. John, iL 1. 

brawl (1), s. [Wei. brawl, brol=a boast; brolio= 
to boast, vaunt: bragal=to vociferate; Dut .brallen 
= to brag, boast; Dan. bralle =■ to prattle, jabber. 
Probably brawl is a frequentative of brag (Skeat). 1 
A noisy quarrel, a disturbance, a tumult. 

“He findeth, that controversies thereby are made but 
brawls; and therefore wisheth, that in some lawful assem 
bly of churches, all these strifes may be decided.”— 
Hooker. 

“. . . in a moment a brawl began in the crowd, none 
could say how or where.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 

or. wore, wplf, w5rk, who, son; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, je, ce = e; ey = a. ' qu = kw 




brawl 


611 


braying 


brawl (2), s. [O. Eng. brangill, braul; Fr. branle; 
O. Fr. bransle, from bransler = to totter ; Mod. Fr. 
branler.] An old round dance in which the per¬ 
formers joined hands in a circle; a country dance. 
[Braul.] 

“ Then first of all he doth demonstrate plain 
The motions seven that are in nature found, 

Upward and downward, forth, and back again. 

To this side, and to that, and turning round; 
Whereof a thousand brawls he doth compound, 
Which he doth teach unto the multitude, 

And ever with a turn they must conclude.” 

Sir John Davies: Orchestra (1607). 
“’Tis a French brawl, an apish imitation 
Of what you really perform in battle.” 

Massing. Picture, ii. 2. 

♦brawl (3), *broll, *brole, *brol, s. [Low Lat. 
brollus, brolla .] A child, progeny. 

“ The leeste brol of his blood.” 

Langland: Piers Plow., 1,767. 

“ And for the delight thou tak’st in beggars 
And their brawls.” Jovial Crew (O. PI.), x. 857. 

brawl -er, *brawl-ere, s. [Eng. brawl; -er.] One 
who brawls, a noisy wrangler, a quarrelsome fel¬ 
low. 

“ Brawlere. Litigator, litigiosus, jurgosus.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

‘ ‘ To speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers, but gentle, 
showing all meekness unto all men.”— Titus iii. 2. 


brawl'-Ing.pr. par., a. & s. [Brawl, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle db participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“It is better to dwell in a corner of the house-top, than 
with a brawling woman and in a wide house.”— Prov. 
xxv. 24. 

‘‘Whether in after life retired 
From brawling 6torms.” 

Tennyson: Ode to Memory. 

C. As substantive: Noisy or tumultuous wrang¬ 
ling, a disturbance. 

“ Brawlynge. Jurgium, litigium.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“She troubled was, alas! that it might be, 

With tedious brawlings of her parents dear.” 

Sidney. 

fbrawl-Ing-ly, adv. [Brawling, a.] In a 
brawling or quarrelsome manner. 

brawn, *braun, *braune, *brawne, s. [O. Fr. 

braon=& slice of flesh; O. H. Ger. brdto, prdto, 
accus. brdton; M. H. Ger. brdte— a piece of flesh; 
O. H. Ger. pratan; Ger. braten—to roast, boil.] 

*1. Muscle. 

u Brawne of mannys leggys or armys.. Musculus, lacer- 
tus, pulpa, O. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“And hadde a noble visage for the noones, 

And formed wel of brawnes and of boones.” 

Chaucer: Legende of Qoode Women; Dido. 


*2. Muscular strength. 

“The boist’rous hands are then of use, when I 
With this directing head those hands apply, 
Brawn without brain is thine.” Dryden. 


♦3. It is applied to the arm, the calf of the leg, 
<fec., from their being so muscular. 

« Yit, thocht thy braunis be lyk twa barrow trammis, 

Defend the, man-” 

Lyndsay: Works (Chaim, ed.), ii. 193. 

4. The flesh of a boar. 


“ Brawne of a bore. Aprina." —Prompt. Parv. 

“ The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at 
which time it is best to geld him or sell him for brawn." 
—Mortimer. 

IT It was also used generally for flesh of any 
animal. 

“ Brawne of a checun, H. cheken, P. Pulpa, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“Take braune of capons or hennes, . . ."—Liber 

Cure Cocorum, p. 12. 

5 . The flesh of a boar salted and preserved. 

“ Biforn him stont the braun of toskid swyn.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 11,566. 


“ Christmas puddings, brawn, and abundance of spir¬ 
ituous liquors, . . ,—Q. Eliot: Silas Manner. 

* 6 . A boar. 

“ Brokbrestede as a brawne, with brustils ful large.” 

Morte Arthure, 1,094. 


brawn, v. t. [Brawn, s.] 

* 1 . To make muscular, to strengthen. 

«Custom and long continuance in slavery have so 
hardened and brawned their shoulders, [that] the yoke 
doth not wring them so much.”— Fuller: Holy War (1639), 
p. 178. 

2. To salt or preserve the flesh of a boar, 
♦brawn-fall’n, a. Having the muscles fallen 
away ; shrunk in the muscles; enfeebled. 

“ The brawn-fall’n arms and thy declining back 
To the sad burthen of thy years shall yeald.” 

Drayton: Pastorals, Eel. 3. 


♦brawnqb -ftg, s. [Brandishing.] 

“ Brawndyschynge ( brawnchyng, K.). Vibracio .”— 

Prompt. Parv. 

♦brawn -dish, *brawn -dysch, *braundesche, 
♦braundesebyn, v. t. [Brandish.] 

♦brawn -dysqh-ynge, s. [Brandishing.] 

“Brawndyschynge (brawnchyng, K.). Vibracio ."— 
Prompt. Parv. 

♦brawned, a. [Brawn, s.] Brawny, muscular. 

“ His rawbone armes, whose mighty brawned bowrs 
Were wont to rive steele plates, and helmets hew, 
Were clene consum’d.”— Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 4L 
brawn -er, s. [Eng. brawn; -er.] A boar killed 
and prepared for the table. 

“ Then if you would send up the brawner head, 
Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread.” 

King. 

brawn -i-ness, s. [Eng. brawny; -ness.'] 

1. Literally: The quality of being brawny; mus¬ 
cular strength. 

“ He was rather below the middle stature, but the 
breadth of his shoulders, length and brawniness of his 
arms, . . .”— Scott: Fair Maid of Perth, ch. ii. 

2. Figuratively: Applied to the mind—strength, 
force, power. 

“ This brawniness and insensibility of mind, is the best 
armor against the common evils and accidents of life.”— 
Locke. 

brawn -y, a. [Eng. brawn; -y.] 

1. Ord.Lang.: Muscular, full of muscle; strong, 
hardy. 

“Whose brawny shoulders, and whose swelling chest, 
And lofty stature, far exceed the rest?” 

Pope.- Homer’s Iliad, iii. 291-2. 

“Thither the brawny carpenters repair.” 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, 142. 

2. Med.: For definition see example. 

“The pain [in phlegmonous erysipelas] is severe and 
accompanied with a sensation of burning heat, while in 
consequence of the effusion which takes place on the sub¬ 
cutaneous cellular membrane, the affected parts commu¬ 
nicate a peculiar feeling, which has been expressed by the 
term brawny.” — Cycl. Pract. Med., ii. 107. 

brawny-built, a. Of muscular build. 

“Broad-backed, and brawny-built for love’s delight.” 

Dryden: The Hind and Panther, iii. 

brax -y, brax-e§, brSx -it, bracks, s. & a. 

[Possibly contracted from A. S. brcecseocnes=the 
“ breaking ” sickness, the falling sickness, epilepsy; 
from fcrcec=broke, past tense of brecan= to break; 
Gael. bragsaidh=braxy. Cf. also A. S. 6 roc=dis- 
ease, affliction, misery; and Gael. 6 reac=small-pox.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A disease in sheep. This term is frequently 
applied to totally different disorders, but the true 
braxy is undoubtedly an intestinal affection, at¬ 
tended with diarrhoea and retention of the urine. 
After some young sheep have been weaned, they are 
apt to gorge themselves with grass, turnips, &c.; this 
produces a kind of colic, which usually ends in 
death. Again, when a lean flock of sheep is placed 
suddenly on rich food, or on coarse pasture of an 
indigestible nature, irritation and inflammation of 
the bowels set in, and this frequently proves fatal. 
In both cases the sheep are said to die of braxy. 
The duration of the disease is very short, in some 
cases terminating fatally in twenty-four hours. 

H Dumb braxy: The dysentery in sheep. 

“The dumb braxy .... is distinguished from 
sickness by the season of the year in which it appears and 
by dysentery in the common form of a bloody flux.”— 
Ess. Highl. Soc., iii. 416. ( Jamieson .) 

2. A sheep which has died of braxy. 

“ While Highlandmen hate tolls and taxes; 

While moorlan’ herds like guid fat braxies.” 

Burns: Epistle to William Simpson. 

3. The mutton of such a sheep. 

B. As adjective: Of or belonging to a sheep which 
has died of braxy. 

T[ Braxy-mutton: The flesh of a sheep which has 
died of braxy. As the duration of the disease is 
very short, it may be assumed that the structures 
of the body have not been affected by it, and that 
the disease has been limited to the intestines. 
Every part of the sheep therefore may be eaten, 
except the liver, the kidneys, and the intestines. 

bray (1), *brayn, *bray-yn (1), v. t. [O. Fr. 
breier, brehier; Fr. broyer; (M. II.) Ger. brechen— 
to break small, pound. Cognate with A. S. brecan 
= to break.] 

1. Lit.: 

(1) To pound, or grind small, to beat fine. 

** Brayyn, or stampyn in a mortere, Tero. Brayyn, a9 
baxters her pastys ( brayn. vide in knedying, K.) Pinso, 
Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ I’ll burst him; I will bray 
His bones as in a mortal.”— Chapman. 


*(2). To break hemp or flax with a brake. 

“I bray in a brake, as men do hempe. Jebroye.” — 

Palsgrave. 

2. Fig.: To divide into minute parts; to investi¬ 
gate closely or carefully. 

“. . . how the savor of the word is more sweet, 
befeng brayed, and more able to nourish, being divided by 
preaching, than by only reading proposed.”— Hooker: 
Eccl. Pol., bk. v., ch. xxii., § 12. 

bray (2), ♦brayne, *bray -yn (2) (Eng.), bra 
( Scotch ) ,v.i.& t. [O. Fr. braire; Low Lat. bragire 
=to bray; bragare= to cry as a child. A Celtic 
word; compare Welsh bragal=to cry out; GaeL 
bragh= an explosion. (Skeat.)] 

A. Intransitive: 

1 . To make a loud, harsh noise, like an ass. 

“ Brayyn in sownde ( brayne in sowndynge, P.) Barrio, 
Oath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass? or loweth 
the ox over his fodder?”— Job vi. 5. 

2. To make any harsh, discordant noise. 

“ Arms on armor clashing, bray’d 
Horrible discord.” Milton: P. L., bk. vi., 209. 

“Till the huge bolts rolled back, and the loud hinges 
brayed.” Scott: The Vision of Don Roderick, v. 12. 

*3. To make a noise, cry out. 

“ She cried and braide right lowde.”— Merlin. 

“ The horryble tyrant with bludy mouth sal bra.” 

Doug.: Virgil, xxii. 13. 

B. Transitive: 

fl. To utter harshly, or loudly. 

“ The kettle-drum and trumpet thus bray out 
The triumph of his pledge.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 4. 

*2. To cry out at, to upbraid. 

*3. To gasp out. 

“ Braies out her latest breath, and up her eies doth 
seele.” Spenser: F. Q., II. i. 38. 

♦bray (1), s. [Bray (1), v.] A pestle. 

“ Bray, or brakene, baxteris instrument. Pinsa, 0. F." 
— Prompt. Parv. 

bray (2), s. [Bray (2), ?;.] 

1. The harsh noise of an ass. 

“ Of peace or ease to creatures clad as we, 

Meantime, noise kills not. Be it Dapple’s bray, 

Or be it not, or be it whose it may.” 

Cowper: The Needless Alarm. 

*2. A noise, crying out. 

“So gret bray, so gret crieyng.”— Alisaunder, 2,175. 

f3. Any harsh, discordant sound. 

“ Boist’rous untun’d drums. 

And harsh resounding trumpets’ dreadful bray.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 3. 

bray (3), *braye, s. [Brae.] (Scotch.) (Bar¬ 
bour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vi. 77.) 

“On that steep bray Lord Guelpho would not then 
Hazard his folk.” Fairfax: Tasso, ix. 96. 

♦bray (4), s. [In Mid. Eng. fausse braye, from 
Fr. fausse braie — a low rampart encircling the body 
of a place. Cf. also Scotch brae.] [Braie.] 

Fort.: A tower or blockhouse in the outworks- 
before the port. 

“Order was given that bulwarks, brays, and walls, 
should be raised in his castles and strongholds on the 
sea-side.”— Ld. Herbert: Hist. K. Henry VIII., p. 28. 

♦brayde, s. [Braid, s.] 

♦brayde (1), v. t. [Braid (1), v.] (Sir Gaw. and 
the Gr. Knight (ed. Morris), 1,609.) 

♦brayde (2), v. t. [Braid, s.] To upbraid. 

“I brayde or lay the wyte of any faute to a mane 
charge. Je reprouche.” — Palsgrave. 

bray -er (1), s. [Bray (1), v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who brays or beats in a 
mortar, &c. 

2. Printing: A wooden muller used on the ink- 
table to temper the ink. 

bray'-er (2), s. [Bray (2), v.] One that brays 
like an ass. 

“ ‘Hold,’ cry’d the queen, ‘A cat-call each shall win; 
Equal your merits! equal as your din! 

But that this well-disputed game may end, 

Sound forth, my brayers, and the welkin rend.” 

Pope: The Dunciad, b. ii. 

bray -er-a, s. [From Dr. Brayer, a French phy¬ 
sician, who discovered the valuable qualities of the 
plant.] 

Bot.: A genus of Rosacese. Bray era anthelmin- 
tica is a tree indigenous to Abyssinia. It has been 
used as remedy for tapeworm and with good effect. 
It is called Cusso, Cabotz, or Kousso. The dose of 
the fluid extract is one tablespoonful, repeated in 
six hours. 

bray-Ing ( 1 ), *bray-ynge ( 1 ), pr. par., a. & s. 

[Bray (1), v.] 


btfil, bdy; pout, J<5wl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
wCian, -tian =» shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




Brazil 


braying 


612 


A. & B. As pr. par <Sk particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: The act of pounding or 
grinding small. 

“ Brayynge, or stampynge. Tritura." — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Woolen Manufacture: The process of pound¬ 
ing and washing woven cloth in scouring-stocks, to 
remove the oil applied preparatory to carding; and 
also soil acquired in the course of manufacture. 

bray '-mg (2), *bray-ynge (2), *bray-indvi, s. & 
a. [Bray (2), v.~\ 

A. As substantive: 

1. The act of making a harsh noise, as of an ass. 

“ Brayynge yn sownde. Barritus, C. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 

2. The harsh noise or bray as of an ass. 

“This bird is commonly called the jackass penguin, 
from its habit, while on shore, of throwing its head back¬ 
ward and making a loud strange noise, very like the 
braying of an ass.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World 
(ed. 1870), ch. ix., p. 199. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Making a harsh noise like an ass. 

“ For while he spake a braying ass 
Did sing most loud and clear.” 

Cowper: John Gilpin. 

2. Making any harsh noise. 

“ The braying trumpet and the hoarser drum, 

Unite in concert with increased alarms.” 

Byron: Elegy on Newstead Abbey. 
*braying-ropes, s. pi. Part of the harness of a 
horse. ( Halliwell.) 

*brayle, s. [Brail.] 

bray -men, s.pl. [From Scotch bray, the same 
as Scotch brae (q. v.).] The name given to those 
who inhabit the southern declivity of the Grampian 
hills. {Jamieson.) 

*brayne (1), v. t. [Brain, v. f.] 

*brayne (2), v. t. & i. [Bray (2), v.~\ 

*brayne, *brayn, *brane, s. & a. [Brain, s. & a.] 

A. As substantive : 

“ ‘Nay, by God! ’ sayde they, ‘thy drynk is not good, 

It wolde make mannes brayne to lien in his hood.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 593-4. 

“ Collyn, I see, by thy new taken taske. 

Some sacred fury hath enricht thy braynes.’’ 

Spenser: F. Q. (Verses.) 

B. As adjective: Mad, furious. 

“ He waxis brane in furoure bellical, 

So desirus of dedis marcial.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 398, 16. 

*brayned, *bray'-nfd, a. [Brain, v. t.] 

*brayne-pan, s. [Brain-pan.] ( Spenser: F. Q., 
VII. vi. 30.) 

*brayn-ihg, pr. par. [Braining.] 
*brayn'-isshe, a. [Brainish.] 

“ Braynisshe, hedy, folisshe, selfe-wylled. Testu ."— 
Palsgrave. 

*brayn'-les, a. [Brainless.] 

“ Bruynles. Incerebrosus.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*brayn-wod, *brayne-wode, a. [O. Eng. brayn, 
6rawc=brain, and rood, wode= mad)] (O. Eng. <& 
Scotch.) “Brain mad”—t. e., mad, furious, in a 
state of fury. 

“Than brayde he brayn-wod and alle his bakkes rente.” 

William of Palerne, 2,096. 

“ He swa mankyd, as brayne-wode. 

Rest fast with the stwinpe the blode 
In-til Willame Walays face.” 

Wyntoun, viii. 13, 5L 

*brayn’-yd, pa. par. [Brained.] 

“ Braynyd, orkyllyd. Excerebratus.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*brayn -yn, v. t . [Brain, v.] 

‘ Braynyn’ (brayne, P.). Excerebro.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*brayn'-yhge, pr. par. & s. [Braining.] 

“ Braynynge, or kyllynge. Excerebracio.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

*braysfce, v. t. & i. [Braste. ] To burst. ( Duke 
Rowlande and Sir Ottuell, 986.) 

*bra -zars, s. pi. Armor for the arms. [Bra- 
seris.] 

braze, s. [Braise.] A roach. 

braze, v. t. [From brass, s. In Fr. braser.l 

1. Literally: 

(1) To fix or solder in with an alloy of brass and 
zinc. 

“ If the nut be not to be cast in brass, but only hath a 
worm brazed into it, this niceness is not so absolutely 
necessary, because that worm is first turned up, and bowed 
inlo the grooves of the spindle ; and you may try that 
before it is brazed in the nut.”— Moxon. 

(2) To cover or ornament with brass. 

“ Full on the lance a stroke so justly sped, 

That the broad falchion lopp’d its brazed head.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xvi. 144-5. 


2. Fig.. To harden, to be hardened. 

“ I have so often blushed to acknowledge him, that now 
I am brazed to it.”— Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 1. 

“ If damned custom hath not braz’d it so, 

That it is proof and bulwark against sense.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 4. 

bra'-zen, bra'-sen, a. [A. S. brcesen, bresen= 

(1) brazen, made of brass, (2) strong, powerful. 
( Bosworth.)~\ 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Made in whole or in part of brass. 

“. . . inscribed on brazen tablets . . .”— Lewis: 
Ear. Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. v., § 7, vol. i., p. 147. 

2. Fig. (chiefly in poetry): 

(1) Of an instrument resounding like brass: Loud, 
making noisy clangor. 

“ With loud and dissonant clangor 

Echoed the sound of their brazen drum from ceiling 
and casement.” Longfellow: Evangeline, i. 4. 

(2) Of the larynx or “throat ” in A domineering 
man: No more feeling than a trumpet vvnuld do 
the nature or effect of the sounds which t sends 
forth. ( Contemptuously.) 

“ I mourn the pride 

And avarice that makes man a wolf to man : 

Hear the faint echo of those brazen throats, 

By which he speaks the language of his heart.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iv. 

(3) Of the sounds sent forth by an instrument of 
brass: Loud, boisterous. 

‘ ‘ Trumpeters, 

With brazen din blast you the city’s ear ; 

Make mingle with your rattling tabourines.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., iv. 8, 

(4) Of the forehead: As unabashed as if made 
of brass; possessed of effrontery, impudent, im¬ 
modest. 

“ Talbot continued to frequent the court, appeared 
daily with brazen front before the princess whose ruin he 
had plotted, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

T[ The real adjective brazen is now more rarely 
used than it once was. _ It is being gradually dis¬ 
placed by the substantive brass used adjectively. 
The same process is at work with golden, beechen, 
&c. 

II. Scripture & Theology: In the earlier part of 
the Old Testament, brazen, in the authorized ver¬ 
sion, means made of copper; in some of the later 
parts it may mean made of bronze. Nowhere, 
apparently, in the Old Testament does it signify 
made of what we now call “ brass.” [Brass.] Con¬ 
nected with the Jewish tabernacle and the worship 
there offered there were “ brasen ” (or copper) ves¬ 
sels and utensils, as “brasen” censers (Num. xvi. 
39), pots (Lev. vi. 28), a “ grate of network” (Exod. 
xxvii. 4, xxxv. 16, xxxviii. 4), rings (ibid, xxvii. 4), a 
laver (ibid. xxx. 18). (See also brazen-altar, brasen- 
sea, and brasen-serpent.) 

If (1) Brazen age. 

Myth.: The third of the four ages into which his¬ 
tory was fancifully divided, each marking a new 
stage in the progress of degeneracy [Age.] 

(2) Brazen altar, brasen altar. 

Jewish worship: (a) Connected with the taber¬ 
nacle: An altar of “ shittim wood,” overlaid with 
plates of brass (copper?). 

( b ) Connected with the temple: An altar of burnt- 
offering, all of brass (bronze or copper?). 

(3) Brazen dish. 

Mining: The standard after which other “ dishes ” 
are constructed. Its dimensions are 28 x4 x6', and 
it serves as a gauge for all other ore measures, 
which are called “dishes” by miners. 

(4) Brasen sea. 

Jewish worship: A large reservoir or tank of 
“brass” (bronze or copper?), connected with Solo¬ 
mon’s temple, containing at the lowest estimate 
about 16,000 gallons. (1 Kings, vii. 26; 2 Chron. iv. 5.) 

(5) Brasen serpent. 

Jewish History and Theology: A serpent of 
“ brass ” (copper?), placed upon a pole and elevated 
in the sight of the Jewish people in the wilderness, 
that those bitten by fiery serpents locking at it in 
faith might be cured. (Num. xxi. 9.) Jesus draws 
a parall n between the lifting up of the serpent 
(upon a pole) and His own lifting up (upon the 
cross), as the objectof faith for the attainment of 
eternal life. (John iii. 14,15.) 

brazen-browed, a. Having a forehead as inca¬ 
pable of blushing as if it were composed of brass ; 
shameless, impudent. 

“Noon day vices, and brazen-browed iniquities.” 

Browne: Chr. Mor., i. 35. 

brazen-clawed, a. Having claws of brass, or as 
capable of inflicting injury as if one had such claws. 
“ Demons produce them doubtless, brazen-claw’d.” 

Cowper: Needless Alarm. 

brazen-colored, a. 

Of the clouds: Of the color of brass ; brassy. 

The clouds return into the hues of night, 

Save where their brazen-colored edges streak 

The verge where brighter morns were wont to break.” 

Byron: Heaven and Earth, i. 3. 


brazen-face, s. An impudent person, one inca¬ 
pable of being put to shame. (Vulgar.) 

“ Well said, brazen-face t hold it out.” 

Shakesp.: Merry Wives, iv. 2. 

brazen-faced, a. As incapable of feeling abashed 
or blushing as if the face were of brass. 

“What a brazen-faced varlet art thou, to deny thou 
knowest me !”■— Shakesp.: Lear, ii. 2. 

brazen-headed, a. Hating a head or top liter¬ 
ally of brass. 

“ O’erthwarted with the brazerv-headed spear.” 

Tennyson: CEnone. 

brazen-imaged, a. Resembling a brazen image 
in being manufactured by man. 

“ She-wolf ! whose brazen-imaged dugs impart 
The milk of conquest yet within the dome.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 88. I 

bra'-zen, v. t. [From brazen, a. (q. v.)] Impu¬ 
dently to maintain. (Generally followed by it out y 
the matter out, or some such expression.) 

“ When I reprimanded him for his tricks, he would talk 
saucily, iye, and brazen it out.” — Arbuthnot. 

tbra-zen-ly, adv. [Eng. brazen; -ly.'] In a 
brazen manner; shamelessly, impudently. 

. the newest Flagellants’crusade . . . which 

brazenly capers about.”— Times, December 19, 1880. ( Karl 

Blind: The Jews in Germany. ) 
fbra'-zen-ness, s. [Eng. brazen; -ness .] The 
quality of being brazen. 

*1. Of being made literally of brass, or of appear¬ 
ing like brass. (Johnson.) 

2. Of manifesting brazen impudence. (Johnson.) 

bra'-zi-er (l),s. [Brasier (1).] A pan to hold 
live coals. 

bra -zi-er (2), fbra -§I-er, *brasyere, s. [From 

A. S. broesian= to mix, cover, or counterfeit with 
brass ; Eng. suffix -er.l An 
artificer who works in brass. 

“ Brasyere. E r ar i u s . ”— 

Prompt. Parv. 

“The halfpence and farth¬ 
ings in England, if you should 
sell them to the brazier, you 
would not lose above a penny in 
a shilling.”— Swift. 

bra-zIT (1), bra§-il', 

*bra-syle, s. & a. [Fr. br6- 
sil; Prov. brezilh; Sp. bra- 
sil; Ital, brasile. From Fr. 
braise=burning cinders, the 
wood called in Fr. brisil 
being flame-colored. It is 
not derived from Brazil, the country in South Amer¬ 
ica, having had the name, which occurs in Chaucer 
and other writers, before the discovery by Euro- 
eans of the western continent. The reverse process 
as taken place: the country has been called from 
the wood, not the wood from the country.] [Bra¬ 
zil (2) .1 

A. As substantive: 

Bot., Comm-, &c.: A kind of wood used for dyeing, 
and extensively imported from the West Indies, 
Brazil, and other tropical countries. The best qual¬ 
ities of it are said to be produced by Ccesalpinia 
echinata. Other kinds are derived from the C. bra- 
siliensiS' and C. crista. The former has timber which 
is elastic, tough, and durable, and which takes a 
fine polish. It is of a fine orange color, full of resin, 
and yields by infusion a fine, full tincture. 

“Him nedeth not his colour for to dien 
With Brasil, lie with grain of Portingal.” 

Lines in the MS. of Chaucer’s C. T., in which the Nun’s 
Priest’s Tale is Jollowed by that of the Nun. ( Tyrwhitt.) 

“ Brasyle. Gaudo, Dice., vel lignum Alexandrinum.” — 
Prompt. Parv. (about A. D. 1440.) 

IT Both the foregoing examples are earlier than 
the discovery of Brazil, the country. [Brazil.] 

B. As adj.: Containing or constituting the wood 
described under A. 

brazil-wood, s. The same as brasil (1) A. (q. v.) 
Bra zil' (2), s. & a. [In Sw., Dan. & Ger. Brasil- 
ien; Dut. Brazilie; Fr. Brlisil; Sp. & Port .Brasil, 
Brazil; Ital. Brasile. From brazil (1) (q. v.).j 
[Brazil-wood.] The United States of Brazil. 

A. As substantive: 

Geog.: A country which was first sighted by the 
Portuguese Admiral Pedro Alvarez de Cabral, on 
May 3,1500; some time later became a Portuguese 
colony, and on Oct. 12,1822, was declared an inde¬ 
pendent State. It was erected into an empire by the 
abdicant King of Portugal and continued this form 
of government until Oct. 1891, when Dom Pedro, the 
reigning monarch, abdicated and a republic was 
formed. The career of the young republic has been 
very stormy, a revolution breaking out in behalf of 
the royal family in 1893, the movement being headed 
by several prominent naval and army officers—the 



Brazier (1). 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw* 







Brazil-nuts 


613 


bread 


two most prominent being Admirals Mello and Da 
Grama. This country was forced to take part in the 
lighting, in order to protect American interests, 
Commodore Benham firing on the insurgent fleet. 
Brazil is situated in the great eastern angle of South 
America, between lat. 4° 30' N. and 33° 40' S., and 
long. 34° 49 and 72° W., and contains an area of 
about 3,275,326 square miles, and a population of 
about 15,000,000. 

B. As adj.: Of or belonging to the country de¬ 
scribed under A. 

Brazil-nuts, s. pi. 

Bot., Comm.. < fee.; The seeds of a Brazilian tree— 
the Bertholletia excelsa. It belongs to the order 
Lecythidaceee. The “ nuts ” or seeds are largely 
exported from Para, whence they are sometimes 
called Para-nuts. They are edible, besides which 
they yield on pressure an oil used by watchmakers 
and artists. 

Brazil-tea, s. 

Bot., Comm., <&c.: A tree—the Mate (Ilex Para¬ 
guay ensis), the leaves of which are used in South 
America as a substitute for Chinese or Indian tea. 

Brazil-wood, s. 

Bot., Comm., &c.: A name often given to the dye- 
wood brasil ( 1 ), which occurs in the country of 
Brazil, though it is not from it that the name was 
originally derived. [Beazil, (1), etym., def., &c.] 

braz-U-et -to, s. [In Ft. brisilette; Port . brasil- 
ete; dimin. of brasil (q. v.). 

Bot.: An English name of Ceesalpinia, a genus of 
leguminous plants constituting the typical one 
of the sub-order Csesalpinieee. The N arrow-leaved 
Braziletto, C. sappan, furnishes the sappan-wood 
used in dyeing red. [Sappan.] C. sepiaria, the 
Mysore Thorn, is so spinous that it constitutes an 
impenetrable fence. Hyder Ali planted it around 
fortified places. It is a scandent shrub. There are 
other species from the East or West Indies or South 
America. 

It>razillett 0 -W 00 d, s. The wood of Ceesalpinia 
brasiliensis. It is used for cabinet work. 

BrSL-zir-T-^n, a. & s. [In Ger. brazilianisch; Fr. 
BrSsilien (s. & a. m.), BrSsilienne (s. & a. f.).] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to Brazil. 

B. As substantive: A native of Brazil. 

“ In the land of the Brazilians.” — Darwin: Voyage 
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xxi., p. 498. 

bra zil-ln, s. [From Brazil, and suff. -in.'] 

Chem.: A coloring matter, C 22 H 20 O 7 , found in 
Brazil-wood. It crystallizes in yellow prisms, which 
give a crimson color to a solution of ammonia. 
Brazilin is converted by nitric acid into styphnic 
acid, or trinitroresorcin, C 6 H(NC> 2 ) 3 (OH) 2 . 

braz -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Beaze, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: (See the verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

Metal.: The act of soldering together the surfaces 
of iron, copper, brass, &c., with an alloy composed 
of brass and zinc, sometimes with the addition of a 
little tin or silver. The surfaces to be united must 
be rendered perfectly clean and bright. The alloy, 
in granular form, is usually wetted with ground 
borax and water, dried, the pieces placed in contact 
and exposed to the heat of a clear forge-fire, causing 
the solder to flow between them. This may be 
assisted by the use of a soldering-iron. {Knight.) 

brea<jh, *brea?he, *bre<jhe {Eng.), *brache 
\Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. brice, bryce, brece, gebrice = 
a breaking; Sw. brack=& breach; Dan. brdk; Dut. 
breuk; Ger. bruch -a breaking, a rupture; Fr. bris 
=a breaking; brbche (see A., I., 3 d) ; Sp. & Port. 
brecha; Ital. breccia. Beeccia, Beeak.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of breaking, or of breaking out. 

(1) The act of breaking. 

(a) A material thing: 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

(ii) Spec.: The breaking of a wave right over a 
¥0SSe l, 

(b) Anything immaterial: 

“ From the possible breach of such an oath.”— Scott: 
Rob Roy, Introd. 

(2) The act of breaking out; an assault. 

“ The Lord had made a breach upon TJzza.”—1 Chron. 
xiii. 11. 

“ This breach upon kingly power was without prece¬ 
dent.” —Clarendon. 

2. The state of being broken. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ Could never keep these boys away from church, 

Or tempt them to an hour of Sabbath breach .’ 

Wordsworth: The Brothers. 


(2) Spec.: Bereavement. \ 

3. That which is broken. Spec.: 

(1) Of things material: 

(а) The shattered portion of a dilapidated house ; 
the ground after an earthquake, or anything similar. 

“ The priests had not repaired the breaches of the 
house.”—2 Kings xii. 6. 

“Thou hast made the earth to tremble; thou hast 
broken it; heal the breaches thereof; for it shaketh.”—• 
Psalm lx. 2. 

( б ) A broken limb, or anything similar. 

“ Breach for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth.”— Lev. 
xxiv. 20. 

t(c) An opening in a coast; a cliff, or anything 
similar. 

“ Till full he dashes on the rocky mounds, 

Where, thro’ a shapeless breach, his stream resounds.” 
Burns: Written with a Pencil; Falls of Fyers. 

{d) A hole, chasm, or rent in a fortification, made 
by battering guns, or anything similar, for the pur¬ 
pose of giving entrance to a storming party. 

“Crowds of sailors and camp followers came into the 
city through the breach.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

(2) Of things immaterial or abstract: 

{a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ A wholesome tongue is a tree of life; but perverseness 
therein is a breach in the spirit.” — Prov. xv. 4. 

( 6 ) Spec.: Broken friendship ; difference between 
people mutually alienated; quarrel. 

“To finish it; that so untimely breach 
The Prince himselfe halfe seemed to offend.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 68. 

If The metaphor being that of a broken bone; the 
expression “ to heal a breach ” is common. 

II. Laic: 

(1) Breach of close, i. e., of what is inclosed in 
fact or in the eye of the law. The entry into another 
man’s land. {Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 
xii.) 

(2) Breach of covenant: The violation of a written 
agreement. {Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. ix.) 

(3) Breach of duty: Violation of the duty incum¬ 
bent upon one rightly to discharge the functions 
imposed upon him by the office or trust which he 
holds. {Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii.; ch. ix.) 

(4) Breach of the peace: Off enses against the pub¬ 
lic, involving personal violation of the peace, or 
incitement or provocation to others to do so. 
{Blackstone : Comment., hk. iv., ch. xi.) 

(5) Breach of pound: The act of breaking into a 
pound, or any similar place, to rescue one’s cattle 
or other property there inclosed. {Blackstone: 
Comment., bk. iii., ch. ix.) 

(6) Breach of prison: Escape of a prisoner from 
prison by breaking the building, or in any other 
way. {Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. x.) 

(7) Breach of promise : 

(a) Gen.: Violation of one’s pledged word, espe¬ 
cially if the promise be written down. 

{b) Spec.: Breach of promise of marriage. An 
action lies for it on the part of either man or woman, 
though, as a rule, only the latter is believed to be 
substantially injured or deserve damages. 

( 8 ) Breach of trust: The violation of one’s duty as 
trustee, or anything similar. 

T[ Grabb thus distinguishes between breach, break, 
gap, and chasm: “The idea of an opening is common 
to these terms, but they differ in the nature of the 
opening. A breach and a gap are the consequence 
of a violent removal, which destroys the connec¬ 
tion; a break and a chasm may arise from the 
absence of that which would form a connection. A 
breach in a wall is made by means of cannon; gaps 
in fences are commonly the effect of some violent 
effort to pass through ; a break is made in a page of 
printing by leaving off in the middle of aline; a 
chasm is left in writing when any words in the sen¬ 
tence are omitted. A breach and a chasm always 
imply a larger opening than a break or gap. A gap 
may be made in a knife; a breach is always made in 
the walls of a building or fortification; the clouds 
sometimes separate so as to leave small breaks; the 
ground is sometimes so convulsed by earthquakes 
as to leave frightful chasms. Breach and chasm are 
used morally ; break and gap seldom otherwise than 
in application to natural objects.” {Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

B. As adjective: Designed for breaking through 
the wall of a fortification. (See the compound 
which follows.) 

breach-battery, s. 

Mil.: A battery erected for the purpose of breach¬ 
ing the wall of a fortification. 

breach, v. t. [From breach, s. (q. v.) Originally 
to break and to breach were but different ways of 
spelling the same word. ( Trench: English Past 
and Present, p. 65)] To make a breach, i. e., a hole 
or gap in the wall of a fortification, in a reef of 
rocks at sea, or anything similar. 

“Moreover, in an atoll once breached on opposite sides, 
from the likelihood of the oceanic and tidal currents 
passing straight through the breaches, . . .”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xx., p. 477. 


fbreaQh -ful, a. [Eng. breach; ful{l).] Filled 
with breaches. 

tbrea§h-y, a. [Eng. breach; -y.] Tending or 
prone to make breaches in fences, walls, or anything 
similar. 

bread (1), *breed, *bred, *brede {Eng.), bread, 
breid, bred, brede {Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. bread , 
breod— a bit, a fragment, bread; O. S. brdd; Icel. 
braudh: Sw. & Dan. brod; Dut. brood; Ger. brod, 
brot. From A. S. bre6wan= to brew {Bosworth). 
From that verb or better from A. S. breotan; imp. 
breat ( Mahn ).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Wheat or other grain, moistened, kneaded 
into dough, baked and made into loaves. [II.] 

“And thor-in bread and other meten.” 

Story ofOen. and Exod., 2,079. 
‘‘Bred, and a fetles with water fild.” 

Ibid., 1,225. 

“Item, bread, a halfpenny.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

2. Fig.: Food in general. 

(1) Means of supporting life ; maintenance, liveli¬ 
hood. 

“ Give us this day our daily bread.” — Matt. vi. 11. 
“Besides, the man’s poor, his orchard’s his bread.” 

Cowper: Pity for Poor Africans. 

(2) Manna. 

“ And gavestthem bread from heaven for their hunger.” 
— Neh. ix. 15. 

(3) A kind of food on which bees feed. [Bee- 
beead.] 

3. In special phrases: 

fl) Bread and cheese, bread-and-cheese: 

(a) Lit. 

{b ) Fig.: The young leaves and shoots of the Haw¬ 
thorn {Crataegus oxyacantha) , which are some¬ 
times eaten by children in spring. 

’2) Bread and milk, bread-and-milk: 

a) Lit. 

b) Fig.: A plant, Cardamine pratensis. 

3) Bread and salt: 

a) Lit. 

b ) Fig.: Oaths were formerly sworn by them, 
perhaps as symbolizing the necessaries of life. 

“I will trust him better that offereth tosweare by bread 
and salt than him that offereth to sweare by the Bible.”— 
B. Rich: Descr. of Ireland, p. 29. 

(4) Bread and water: The necessaries of life. 

“ . . . and He shall bless thy bread, and thy water ."— 
Exod. xxiii. 25. 

(5) Bread and wine: The elements in the Holy 
Communion. 

“She swore by bread and wine she would not break.” 

Shakesp. dt Flet.: Two Noble Kinsmen, iii. 5. 

( 6 ) Cuckoo 1 s bread: A plant , Oxalis Acetosella. 

(7) Tartar bread: The fleshy root of a plant, 
Crambe tatarica. 

( 8 ) To be in bad bread: To be in a plight or 
dilemma. Probably it meant originally to be on 
short allowance. 

II. Technically: 

1. Baking: Loaves or cakes made from the flour 
of wheat, rye, or some other grain, and baked. 

(1) Hist.: The art of baking bread is very ancient. 
It was known to the Egyptians, the Hebrews, the 
Greeks, the Romans, and other nations. In England 
bread was made with yeast in 1634. Machinery was 
used in its production in 1858. Aerated bread was 
made in 1859 in England, having been in use in this 
country some years earlier. 

(2) Modern process of manufacture: There are 
twokindsof bread, leavened and unleavened. Leav¬ 
ened, or fermented bread, is prepared by mixing to¬ 
gether certain quantities of flour, warm water, salt 
and yeast, or leaven. After the lapse of some time fer¬ 
mentation sets in, and the dough, or sponge as it is 
called, becomes permeated with carbonic acid gas, 
a small quantity of alcohol being also formed. As 
soon as the mass is in a brisk state of fermentation, 
fresh portions of flour and water are added, and the 
whole thoroughly mixed or kneaded. The dough is 
next cut and shaped into loaves, and these, after 
being left for about two hours, during which they 
swell to nearly double their size, are then ready for 
the oven. The heat of the oven checks the fer¬ 
mentation and expels all the alcohol, and most of 
the carbonic acid gas. 

The art of bread-making consists in producing a 
light, porous crumb, and a pale-colored crust. The 
crumb should consist of dextrine, starch, gluten, 
and from 35 to 40 per cent, of water. The crust 
should consist almost entirely of dextrine. 

Leaven, which is now seldom used in this coun¬ 
try, is a mixture of flour, potatoes and water, kept 
in a warm place till it begins to ferment. 

Unleavened, or unfermented bread, is of two 
kinds. In the one, flour and water only are used, 
and this produces a heavy and compact bread. In 


boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia’n, -tian = shan- -tion, -sion — shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




bread-artist 


614 


breaK 


the other, an acid and a carDonate are added for the 
purpose of disengaging carbonic acid gas, which, in 
imitation of yeast, raises the dough and renders the 
bread light and porous. The substances used are 
carbonate of ammonia or carbonate of soda, in 
combination with hydrochloric or tartaric acids. 
None of these ingredients are deleterious; but by 
far the best is carbonate of ammonia, as it is 
entirely driven off in the oven. 

Aerated bread is prepared by forcing pure car¬ 
bonic acid gas into the dough contained in a strong 
iron vessel. When this carbonated dough is intro¬ 
duced into the oven the gas expands and escapes, 
leaving the bread light and porous. Graham bread 
is ordinary white bread with from 15 to 20 per cent, 
of fine bran. 

Whole meal bread, made from unsifted ground 
wheat, is the only true Graham bread, being'richer 
in nutrients than white bread. The amount of 
nitrogenous matter in white bread varies from 5 to 
8 per cent., while in whole meal bread it rises to 14 
per cent. 

Brown bread is bread made of a mixture of 
wheaten, or rye flour, and Indian corn meal. It is 
sometimes sweetened. 

“Pumpernickel” is a German cant name for 
schwarz 6 rod=black bread, made o'f rye flour and 
flavored with anise or fennel seeds. It is the com¬ 
mon bread of the mass of the German speaking 
peoples. 

The adulteration of bread may be carried on to a 
large extent. The quality of a loaf is very fre¬ 
quently judged by its whiteness; when, therefore, 
an unscrupulous baker has used an inferior or dam¬ 
aged flour, he finds that by adding alum or sulphate 
of copper, he is able to produce a loaf equal in 
whiteness to one made from the finest flour. These 
two substances are, however, dangerous adulter¬ 
ants. They not only render the bread indigestible, 
but when taken into the system for any length of 
time, are apt to disorder the stomach and produce 
various diseases. It should also be remembered 
that sulphate of copper is a poison. 

Boiled rice, beans and potatoes are also fre¬ 
quently used to adulterate bread. They are harm¬ 
less in themselves, but are added for cheapness, and 
to increase the weight of the loaf, these substances 
retaining more water than wheat flour. In a recent 
experiment, it was proved that when half-a-pound 
of rice flour was substituted for half-a-pound of 
wheat flour in a two-pound loaf, the loaf was found 
to contain five per cent, more moisture than that 
found in a loaf made from pure wheat flour. [Shxp- 
BKEAD, CA89ADA-BREAD.] 

2. Theology: 

(1) The first of the two elements in the com¬ 
munion. 

IT To break bread: To partake of the communion. 

“ And upon the first day of the week, when the disciples 
came together to break bread, Paul preached unto them.” 
—Acts xx. 7. 

(2) With reference to the descent of manna in the 
wildemess. Christ or His death accepted by faith 
as the spiritual nourishment of the soul. 

“I am the bread of life.” —John vi. 35. (See the whole 
passage, 31-58.) 

3. Zodl.: Crumb of bread sponge. [Crumb.] 

B. As adj.: Consisting of or resembling bread, or 
in any way pertaining or relating to it. 

bread-artist, s. A contemptuous appellation 
for one whose thoughts are exclusively occupied 
with the routine of labor for his daily bread. 

“Here, circling like the gin-horse, for whom partial or 
total blindness is no evil, the Bread-artist can travel con¬ 
tentedly round and round, still fancying that it is forward 
and forward.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iv. 

bread-crumb, s. A fragment of the soft part of 
bread; spec., if broken off from the rest. 

"... my supper ( bread-crumb boiled in milk).”— 
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. ii. 

bread-fruit, s. & a. 

A. As subst.: The fruit of the tree described be¬ 
low. It is about the size and shape of a child’s 
head. The surface is reticulated; the skin is thick, 
the eatable part lying between it and the core. The 
latter is snow-white, and about the same consist¬ 
ence as new bread. It is first divided into three or 
four parts, and then roasted, or it may be taken 
boiled, or fried in palm oil. It is extensively used 
in the South Sea Islands and elsewhere. 

B. As adj.: Producing the fruit described under A. 

Bread-fruit tree: The English name of Artocar- 

f ius incisa, a tree of the order Artocarpacese. 
Artocarpus.] It has pinnatifid leaves with sinu- 
ations, while the allied Jackfruit, Artocarpus in- 
tegrifolia, as its name imports, has them, as a rule, 
entire. Some, however, think the two species not 
properly distinct. For the fruit of the bread-tree 
see above. [Bread-fruit.] The wood is useful; 
the inner bark may be made into cloth; the male 
catkins serve for tinder, and the juice for birdlime, 
or as a cement for broken crockery. The tree grows 


in the South Sea Islands and in the East._ Indies. 
From the former place it was introduced into the 
West Indies in 1793, and thence to South America. 
[Blighia, etym.] 

bread-knife, s. A knife for cutting bread. 

♦bread-lepe, s. [A. S. bread, and leap= a bas¬ 
ket.] A bread-basket. 

“ . . . me drempte ic bar bread-lepes thre.”— Story of 
Gen. & Exod., 2,078. 

bread-making, a. Making or designed to be 
used in making bread. 

Bread-making machine: A machine in which flour 
and water are mixed and kneaded. In some ma¬ 
chines of this character the dough is rolled flat and 
cut into loaves, which are laid aside to rise before 
baking. [Bread.] 
bread-nut, s. 

Bot.: The English name of Brosimum, a genus of 
plants doubtfully placed at the end of the Urtica- 
cese (Nettleworts). The fruit of the Brosimum Ali- 
castrum, or Jamaica bread-nut, tastes like chestnut, 
and. has been used to sustain negroes and others 
during times of scarcity 

bread-rasp, s. A rasp used by bakers in remov¬ 
ing the burnt crust of loaves and rolls, especially of 
French . oils. 

bread-room, s. 

Naut.: A “room,”or portion of the hold of a 
ship separated from the rest, and designed to fur¬ 
nish a place for the bread and biscuit on board. 

bread-root, s. 

Bot.: The English name of the Psoralea esculenta, 
a papilionaceous plant with quinate leaves and 
dense axillary spikes of flowers. It is found in the 
Rocky mountain regions. Its roots are sweet and 
nutritious, and are eaten like potatoes. 

bread-slicer, s. The same as bread-knife (q. v.). 

fbread-study, s. An appellation for a profes¬ 
sion, calling, or occupation, viewed as a means of 
gaining a livelihood. 

“Is it not well that there should be what we call Pro¬ 
fessions, or Bread-studies ( Brodzwecke ), preappointed 
us?”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iv. 

bread-stuff, s. The materials used in making 
bread. 

tbread-tree, s. 

1 . The same as bread-fruit tree (q. v.). 

2. The name given in North Australia to Gardenia 
edulis, called also Alibertia edulis. 

♦bread , in compos. [Broad.] (O. Scotch.) 

♦bread (1),«. t. [Braid.] To braid, to embroider, 
to twist. 

“ Then, taking thrise three heares from off her head, 
Them trebly breaded in a threefold lace.” 

Spenser: F. Q., TTT ii. 60. 

♦bread (2),v. t. [A. S. brcedan, aebrcedan; Sw. 
breda; I)an. brede; Ger. breiten .] To make broad, 
to extend, to spread. 

♦bread'-chlp-per, s. [Eng. bread; chipper .] 
One who chips bread; a baker’s servant; an under 
butler. 

“No abuse, Hal, o’ my honor; no abuse. Not to dis¬ 
praise me, and call me pantler, and breadchipper, and I 
know not what?”— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., ii. 4. 

tbread'-corn, *bred-corne, s. [Eng. bread; 
corn. In Ger. brodcorn.) Corn or grain of which 
bread is made. Spec., corn to be ground into bread- 
meal for brown bread. (Skeat.) 

“ There was not one drop of beer in the town; the bread 
and breadcorn sufficed not for six days.”— Hayward. 

“ And hange myn hoper at myn hals instead of a 
scriffe ; 

A bushel of bredcome brynge me ther inne.” 

Piers Plowman: Vis., vi. 63-4. 

♦bread -ed, pa. par. & a. [Braided.] 

“ Her golden lockes she roundly did uptye 
In breaded tramels, that no looser heares 
Did out of order stray about her daintie eares.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ii. 15. 

fbread -en, a. [Eng. bread; -en.] Made of bread. 

bread-less, a. [Eng. bread: anilsuff. -less—with¬ 
out.] Without bread; not having been able to obtain 
bread. 

“ Plump peers, and breadless bards alike are dull.” 

P. Whitehead: State Dunces. 

♦bread -lin-gis, adv. [Scotch bread=broad, and 
suff. - lingis .] Broadwise, with the flat end of a 
sword or other weapon. 

“. . . and straik ane of them breadlingis with his 
sword.”— Bannatyne’s Journal, p. 173. 

breadth, * bredethe, *bredth, * bredthe, 
♦breed, *breede, *brede, s. & a. [A. S. breedo, 
breedu; from 6rdd=broad. In Sw. bredd; Dan. 
brede; Dut. breedte; Ger. breite: Moeso-Goth. 
braidei .] [Broad, a.; Bread (2), v.\ 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. Of things material: The width of any 
surface or solid, as contradistinguished from the 
length of the former and the length and thickness 
of the latter. In general it differs from length by 
being less in amount than it, and from thickness by 
being more, or by being on the. surface while thick¬ 
ness is represented by a certain amount of depth. 
[Handbreadth.] 

“ That he destroied this lond in brede & in length.” 

R. Brunne, p. 4L 

“. . . & the length was as large as the bredth of it, 

. . . & the leght and the bredthe, & the heygthof it wer 
equall .”—Bible (1551), Apocalypse, exxi. 

"... that a man myght nat se the bredethe of an 
acre of land fro hym.”— Berners: Froissart. Cronycle , 
vol. i., ch. 131. 

“ A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the 
breadth thereof.”— Exod. xxx. 2. 

2. Pig. Of things not material: 

(1) Gen.: Mentally conceived of as vast in literal 
breadth. 

“ . . . the breede, and the lengthe, and the highnessq 
and the depnesse • . .”—Wycliffe (Purvey): Eph. lii. 18. 

“ May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the 
breadth, and length, and depth, and height; and to know 
the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, . . 
Ephes. iii. 18, 19. 

(2) Spec. Of a doctrine or statement: Absence 
of careful limitation. 

II. Technically: 

1. Shipwrighting: The thwart measure of a ship 
at any designated place. The beam is the extreme 
breadth; that is, at the widest part. 

2. Painting: “Breadth” of effect, or simply 
“breadth,” is the quality of giving prominence to 
the leading features of a painting by colors mass¬ 
ively laid on, bright lights, dark shadows, and 
similar effects, rather than crowding the canvas 
with a multiplicity of less important details. 

B. As adjective: Of or belonging to the width of 
anything; marking the width. 

breadth-line, s. 

Shipwrighting: A line of the ship lengthwise, fol¬ 
lowing the curve indicated by the ends of the tim¬ 
bers. 

fbreadth’-less, a. [Eng. breadth; and suff. -less.} 
Without breadth. 

“ The term of latitude is breadthless line.” 

More: Song of the Soul, ii. 2. 

bread'-wln-ner, s. [Eng. bread; winner .] 

1. Lit. (of persons): One who, by means of his 
labor, wins bread. Specially used of a father win¬ 
ning “ bread” for his wife and children. 

“We were saddled with his family, which was the first 
taste and preeing of what war is when it comes into our 
hearths, and among the breadwinners.” — Ann. of the Par., 
p. 162. 

f2. Fig.: Any instrument of a profession, by the 
use of which one earns a sustenance. (Jamieson.) 

“ ‘I’se gang hame—and then get my breadwinner’ [he 
meant his fiddle].”— Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. 
xxiv. 

break, ♦breake, *breke, *brek-en, *bree-ken, 
*brak-yn,*brek-yn (pret. broke, t brake,*brec,*brek, 
*brak, *brac, *brcec: pa. par. broken, ibroke, *brok, 
*ibroken), v. t. & i. [A. S. brecan, pret. broec, gebreec, 
pa. par. brocen, gebrocen=(l) to break, vanquish, 
overcome, weaken, open, move, excite, produce; ( 2 ) 
to sail (Bosworth); O. S. brecan; Icel. braka, braka; 
Sw. braka, brdka; Dan. breekke: Dut. breken, ver- 
breken; O. Fries, breka; Moeso-Goth. brikan; Ger. 
brechen— to break, brocken =to make into crumbs; 
O. H. Ger. prechan; Lat .frango, from the root frag 
[Fragment]; Gr. rliegnumi=to break. Cf. also 
ereiko =to rend, to shiver; Sansc. bhrag, prag=to 
break; Heb. paraq =to break. Break was mani¬ 
festly imitated from the sound of wood, or some 
other material substance, in process of being fract* 
tured. Break was originally the same word as 
breach, and it is cognate with wreck.) [Breach. 
Wreck.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally. With a material thing for an object: 

1. To cause any material thing to separate into 
two or more fragments by means of a blow or other 
violence applied to it which overcomes its cohesion. 

(1) To do so by the hand or by an instrument 
which produces an irregular fracture instead of a 
cut. 

“The voice of the Lord breaketh the cedars; yea, the 
Lord breaketh the cedars of Lebanon.”— Ps. xxix. 5. 

IT It may be used also of anything composed of 
separate portions or atoms more loosely cohering 
than is the case in a material thing of ordinary 
tenacity. 

“. . . the Puritan warriors . . . never failed to 
destroy and break in pieces whatever force was opposed 
to them.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, \mite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




break 


615 


break 


(2) To do so by means of an instrument causing a 
clean cut instead of a fracture. [See C. 3. To break 
a deer.] 

2. To burst open anything closed or obstructed by 
applying force to it, to clear a passage, to make a 
hole through anything. 

“Into my hand he forced the tempting gold, 

While I with modest struggling broke his hold.” 

Gay. 

** 0 could we break our way by force !”— Milton. 

3* Of the bones and joints: To break the bones or 
to dislocate the joints. [See C. To break one's arm, 
leg, dfcc.] 

4. Of a blow , a foiling body, &:c.: To intercept, to 
arrest the descent or the progress of, to mitigate 
the severity or lighten the effects of a fall. (Lit. <& 

fig-) 

“As one condemn’d to leap a precipice, 

Who sees before his eyes the depth below, 

Stops short, and looks about for some kind shrub 
To break his dreadful fall.” Dry den. 

44 She held my hand, the destin’d blow to break, 

Then from her rosy lips began to speak.” Ibid. 

# 5. Of light: To penetrate, to pierce, to diffuse 
itself among. 

44 By a dim winking lamp, which feebly broke 
The gloomy vapor, he lay stretch’d along.” 

Dryden. 

II. Figuratively: To tame, to subdue, to teach to 
obey, to render more or less docile or manageable. 

1. With one of the inferior animals for its object: 

44 To break the stubborn colt, to bend the bow.” 

Dryden. 

“Such a horse is well broken; . . — Darwin: Voyage 

round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii., p. 153. 

IT In this sense often followed by in, especially 
when used of a horse as yet untamed. [See break- 

in.] 

2. With man for its object: 

(1) To tame, to subdue. 

44 Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute ? 
Why, no ; for she hath broke the lute to me.” 

Shakesp.: Tam. of the Shrew , ii. L 

IT Often followed by of in such an expression as to 
14 break a person of a habit.” 

(2) To dismiss from office. 

44 1 see a great officer broken — Swift. 

(3) To render bankrupt. 

44 Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks.** 

Dryden. 

44 A command or call to be liberal, all of a 6udden im¬ 
poverishes the rich, breaks the merchant, and shuts up 
every private man’s exchequer.”— South. 

3. With an immaterial thing for its object: 

(1) Of the health or strength: To impair, to shat¬ 
ter. [0.14(2) (&).] 

“Have not some of his vices weaken’d his body, and 
broke his health ?”— Tillotson. 

(2) Of the will or the temper of one of the inferior 
animals, or of man: 

44 Behold young Juba, the Numidian prince, 

With how much care he forms himself to glory, 

And breaks the fierceness of his native temper.” 

Addison. 

“ For to bend and break the spirits of men gave him 
pleasure ; . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

(3) Of the heart, the feelings, or emotions: 

“I’ll brave her to her face, 

I’ll give my anger its free course against her; 

Thou shalt see, Phoenix, how I’ll break her pride.” 

Philips. 

t(4) Of the “ brains ” or intellect: To injure, to 
weaken. 

44 If any dabbler in poetry dares venture upon the 
experiment, he will only break his brains.”— Felton. 

(5) Of the voice: [B., II. 4.] 

(6) Of any immaterial thing capable of violation: 
To violate, to infringe; to act contrary to. Used 
specially — 

(а) Of hours. 

44 Lovers break not hours, 

Unless it be to come before their time; 

So much they spur their expedition.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Verona, v. 1. 

(б) Of promises, vows, contracts, or anything 
similar. 

44 When I break this oath of mine.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 2. 
u . . . and I said, I will never break my covenant with 
you.”— Judg. ii. 1. 

(c) Of laws, human or Divine. 

44 Unhappy man! to break the pious laws 
Of nature, pleading in his children’s cause.” 

Dryden. 

( 7 ) Of any immaterial thing capable of having its 
continuity interrupted: To interrupt for a greater 
or less length of time. Used of — 

bfill, b<5y; pout, jtfwl; cat, 

-cian, -tian = shgm. -tion. 


(a) 


W 


(c) 


Peace. 

Did not our worthies of the house, 

Before they broke the peace, break vows?” 

Hudibras. 

Sleep. 

44 Some solitary cloister will I choose, 

Coarse my attire, and short shall be my sleep, 
Broke by the melancholy midnight bell.” 

Dryden. 

Speech, or the voice. 

44 Break their talk, Mistress Quickly; my kinsman shall 
speak for himself.”— Shakesp.: Mer. Wives, iii. 4. 

44 The father was so moved, that he could only command 
his voice, broke with sighs and sobbings, so far as to bid 
her proceed.”— Addison. 

(d) Silence. 

“The poor shade shiv’ring stands, and must not break 
His painful silence, till the mortal speak.”— Tickell. 

A fast. [Breakfast.] 

Company or companionship. 

44 Did not Paul and Barnabas dispute with that vehe¬ 
mence, that they were forced to break company.”— Atter- 
bury. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of material things : 

(1) To separate into two or more portions, gen¬ 
erally with some suddenness and noise, in conse¬ 
quence of force applied to produce the rupture. 

44 . . . and like a glass 
Did break i’ the rinsing.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., i. 1. 

(2) To open, as an abscess does when it is about to 
discharge pus. 

44 Some hidden abscess in the mesentery breaking some 
few days after, was discovered to be an aposteme.”— Har¬ 
vey. 

(3) To curl over and fall to pieces, as a wave upon 
the sea-shore. 

44 At last a falling billow stops his breath, 

Breaks o’er his head, and whelms him underneath.” 

Dryden. 

44 . . . that tumult in the Icarian sea, dashing and 
breaking among its crowd of islands.”— Pope. 

(4) To burst as a storm, rain, thunder, &c. 

44 Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break.* 9 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 2. 

44 The clouds are still above; and, while I speak, 

A second deluge o’er our heads may break.” 

Dryden. 

(5) To appear with suddenness, vehemence, or 
noise, or with a combination of these. 

44 It is your banner in the skies 
Through each dark cloud which breaks.** 

Hemans: Owen GlyndwP s War-Song. 

(6) To make way with force and noise. 

“Where the channel of a river is overcharged with 
water more than it can deliver, it necessarily breaks over 
the banks to make itself room.”— Hale. 

2. Of the morning, the day, &c.: To dawn; to 
open. 

(1) Of the literal morning. 

“The day breaks not, it is my heart.”— Donne. 

44 See heav’n its sparkling portals wide display. 

And break upon thee in a flood of day.” 

Pope: Messiah, 97. 

(2) Fig.: Of the morning of knowledge, of pros¬ 
perity, &c. 

44 Ere our weak eyes discerned the doubtful streak 
Of light, you saw great Charles’ morning break.” 

Dryden: To Sir Robert Howard. 

3. Of sleep: To depart. 

44 . . . and his sleep brake from him.”— Dan. ii. L 

4. Of human action or agency: To come forth 
with suddenness, and, perhaps, with noise; to issue 
vehemently forth. 

44 Whose wounds, yet fresh, with bloody hands hestrook. 
While from his breast the dreadful accents broke.” 

Pope. 

5. Of darkness (lit. or fig.): To dissipate, to break 

up. 

44 At length the darkness begins to break; and the 
country which had been lost to view as Britain reappears 
as England.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

6. Of the human heart: To sink into melancholy, 
if not even to die of sorrow. 

44 A breaking heart that will not break.” 

Tennyson: The Ballad of Oriana. 

7. Of man himself or other living beings: 

(1) To give way suddenly by the pressure of exter¬ 
nal force. 

44 . . . wherein whoso will not bend must break .**— 
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. ii. 

(2) To fade, to decay, to decline in health and 
vigor. 

44 See how the dean begins to break; 

Poor gentleman! he drops apace.”— Swift. 


(3) To become bankrupt. 

44 1 meant, indeed, to pay you with this ; which, if, like 
an ill venture it come unluckily home, I break , and yon, 
my gentle creditors, lose.”— Shakesp.: 2 Hen. IV., Epi¬ 
logue. 

44 He that puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimee 
break, and come to poverty.”— Bacon. 

44 Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall, 

For very want he could not build a wall.” 

Pope: Mor. Ess., iii. 823. 

(4) To commence words or action with some sud¬ 
denness, vehemence, and noise. 

44 Every man, 

After the hideous 6torm that follow’d, was 
A thing inspir’d; and, not consulting, broke 
Into a general prophecy.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., i. L 

II. Technically: 

1. Cricket. Of a ball: To twist, generally from 
the off side of the wicket. 

2. Billiards: 

(1) To make the first stroke in a game. [C. 39.] 

(2) The balls are said to break well or badly for a 
player, according as after a stroke they fall into a 
favorable or an unfavorable position for the player’s 
next stroke. 

3. Horse-racing ; In a trotting-race a horse is said 
to break when he alters his pace, even for a moment, 
into a gallop. 

4. Music (of a boy's voice): To lose the power of 
uttering “ childish treble ” notes and begin to emit 
instead of these manly tenor, baritone, or bass. 

C. In special phrases and compounds: In some of 
which break is transitive, while in others it is intran¬ 
sitive. 

1. Break your spectacles: [A translation of the 
French name Casse-lunettes.] A vulgar name for a 
plant, the Bluebottle or Cornbottle ( Centaurea 
Cyanus). 

2. To break a bottle: To open a full bottle; espe¬ 
cially when it is meant only to take out part of its 
contents. Hence, a broken bottle , one out of which 
part of its contents has already been taken. 

3. To break a deer, to break a stag: To apportion 
the body of a slaughtered deer among the men and 
animals held to be entitled to share in it. 

44 Or raven on the biasted oak, 

That watching, while the deer is broke* 

His morsel claims with sullen croak?” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 5. 

4. To break a jest: To crack a jest or joke; to 
utter a jest unexpectedly. 

44 You break jests as braggarts do their blades, which, 
God be thanked, hurt not.”— Shakesp.: Much, Ado about 
Nothing, v. 1. 

5. To break a journey: To intermit it; tempo¬ 
rarily to rest from it. 

44 . . . or by the Stokes Bay route, breaking the 
journey at Basingstoke, Winchester, Gosport, or Ryd© 
going or returning.” —London Times, Sept. 8, 1876. 

6. To break a lance: To enter the lists for a tour¬ 
nament, or more serious combat. (Lit. & jig.) 

44 What will you do, good gray-beard? break a lance, 

And run a tilt at death within a chair?” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., iii. 2, 

*7. To break a parle: To open a parley. 

“Rome’s emperor, and nephew, break the parle.** 

Shakesp.: Tit. Andron., v. 3. 

8. To break a stag: [To break a deer.] 

9. To break a word: To utter a word; to make 
disclosure. 

44 Dro. E. A man may break a word with you, sir, and 
words are but wind; 

Ay, and break it in your face, so he break it not 
behind.” Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iii. L 

10. To break across: 

Tilting: Through unsteadiness or awkwardness 
to suffer one’s spear to be turned out of its direction 
and to be broken across the body of an adversary 
instead of by the prick of the point. (Nares.) 

44 One said he brake across , full well it so might be.” 

Sidney: Arcadia, bk. iii., p. 278. 

11. To break away: To escape from the control of 
the bit. Used — 

(1) Lit.: Of a horse. 

44 He break away, and seek the distant plain? 

No. His high mettle, under good control.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

Or (2) Fig.: Of a man. 

44 Fear me not, man, I will not break away.** 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iv. 4. 

12. To break bulk (Eng.); to break buik, bouk, or 

boivke. 

(1) Nautical , <&c.: 

(a) To destroy the record or bulk of a cargo or a 
load by removing a portion of it; to unpack the 
goods for the purpose of selling any portion of 
them. 

“Accusit—for brakyng of bouk within this havyne, & 
laying certane geir on land.”— Aberd. Reg., A. 1545, v. 19. 


jell, chorus, jhin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; 
= zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 





break 


616 


break 


t6) To transfer in detail, as from boats to carts. 

*(2) O. Laic: The separation of goods in the 
hands of a bailee. This rendered him liable to a 
sharge of felony. ( Wharton.) 

13. To break cover: 

Of game: To break forth or rise from protecting 

cover. 

14. To break down, v. t. & i .: 

(1) Trans .: So to assail, batter, or strike a struct¬ 
ure that it falls. 

(a) Literally: 

“. . . and brake down the walls of Jerusalem.”— 
Jer . xxxix. 8. 

(b) Figuratively: 

“This is the fabric which, when God breaketh down, 
xione can build up again.”— Burnet: Theory. 

(2) Intransitive: 

(а) Lit . .* To break and fall, to be disabled. 

(б) Fig .: To fail in an enterprise, to give way, to 
be weakened or impaired. 

“ One breaks down often enough in the constitutional 
aloquence of the admirable Pym, with his ‘seventhly and 
lastly.’ ”— Carlyle: Hero Worship, Lect. v. 

15. To break forth: 

(1) Followed by upon, or standing alone: To rush 
out upon; to make an assault of any kind. 

“ . . . lest the Lord break forth upon them.”— Exod. 

xix. 22. 

(2) Followed by into, or standing alone: 

(а) Of persons, or of things personified: Suddenly 
to utter words, or perform actions. 

“. . . break forth into singing, and cry aloud, thou 
that didst not travail with child .”—Isaiah liv. 1. 

“ Break forth into singing, ye mountains .”—Isaiah 
xliv. 23. 

(б) Of things: Suddenly to issue forth; to rush 
out; suddenly to become visible or audible. ( Lit. 
dbfig.) 

“Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake forth, 
as if it had issued out of the womb ?"—Job xxxviii. 8. 

“Then shall thy light break forth as the morning.”— 
Isaiah lviii. 8. 

16. To break from: To break or go away from a 
person or thing with some degree of vehemence or 
deterrain a tion. 

How didst thou scorn life’s meaner charms, 

Thou who couldst break from Laura’s arms.” 

Roscommon. 

“This custom makes bigots and sceptics, and those 
£hat break from it are in danger of heresy.”— Locke. 

17. To break ground: 

(1) Ordinary Language: 

(a) Lit .; To loosen the cohesion of the particles 
©f the vegetable soil by plowing it up, to plow. 

“When the price of corn falleth, men generally give 
aver surplus tillage, and break no more ground than will 
serve to supply their own turn.”— Carew. 

( b ) Fig.: To make a first rough commencement of 
an inquiry or project. 

S Technically: 

) Fortif.: To open the trenches or begin the 
works of the siege. 

(b) Naut.: To bring the anchor up from the 
ground in which it is infixed. 

18. To break in, v. t. & i. 

S Transitive: 

) Of a window, a door , dbc.: To drive in by 
violence. 

(b) Of a horse: To tame, to teach obedience to. 
(2) Intransitive: 

(a) Of persons: To enter without proper intima¬ 
tion of one’s coming, to intrude upon. (Lit. & fig.) 
“This, this is he; softly awhile, 

Let us not break in upon him.” 

.Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

“ The doctor is a pedant, that, with a deep voice, and a 
magisterial air, breaks in upon conversation, and drives 
down all before him.”— Addison. 

(b) Of things: Irresistibly to enter the mind. 
Used spec .— 

(i) Of light: To illuminate. (Lit dbfig.) 

“And yet, methinks, a beam of light breaks in 
On my departing soul.” Addison, 

(ii) Of calamity: Suddenly to affect. 

“ Calamities may be nearest at hand, and readiest to 
break in suddenly upon us, which we, in regard of times 
or circumstances, may imagine to be farthest off.”— 
Hooker. 

(iii) Of “ woman” i. e., womanish feeling , or any - 
thing similar: To overcome, to make way into the 
mind irresistibly. 

“ I feel the woman breaking in upon me, 

And melt about my heart, my tears will flow.” 

Addison . 

19, To break into: 

(1) Lit.: To enter by breaking a hole, or by forc¬ 
ing a passage against any obstruction. 

“. „ . and then break into his son-in-law’s house.”— 
$ Hen „ VI., iv. 7. 

“And they came up into Judah, and brake into it.”—2 
Chron. xxi. 17. 




(2) Fig.: To enter suddenly and irresistibly. 

“Almighty Power, by whose most wise command. 
Helpless, forlorn, uncertain here I stand; 

Take this faint glimmering of thyself away, 

Or break into my soul with perfect day.” 

Arbuthnot. 

20. To break jail: To break out of the jail in 
which one is confined. (Goodrich db Porter.) 

21. To break joints: 

Masonry, bricklaying , dbc.: To lay bricks, shin¬ 
gles, or anything similar, so that the joints in one 
course do not coincide with those in that previously 
deposited. 

22. To break loose: 

(1) To escape from captivity. 

“ Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell, 

Though thither doom’d ? Thou wouldst thyself, no 
doubt, 

And boldly venture to whatever place 

Farthest from pain.” Milton: P. L ., bk. iv. 

(2) To shake off moral or other restraint. 

“ If we deal falsely in covenant with God, and break 
loose from all our engagements to Him, we release God 
from all the promises He has made to us.”— Tillotson. 

23. To break off , v. t. & i.: 

(1) Transitive : 

(а) Lit.: To detach from, as to break a branch 
from a tree or a geological specimen from a rock. 

(б) Fig.: To dissever one thing from another, to 
terminate abruptly. 

“. . . and break off thy sins by righteousness.”— Dan. 
iv. 27. 

“. . . and Porsena, indignant at the treachery of the 
Tarquins, breaks off his connexion with them.”— Lewis: 
Ear. Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. i., § 5, vol. ii., p. 19. 

(2) Intransitive: 

(a) Of things material: To come apart from any¬ 
thing with which it was joined. 

Figurative ly: 

To separate from with violence or effort. 

“I must from this enchanting queen break off.” 

Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., i. 2. 

(ii) To desist abruptly. 

“When you begin to consider whether you may safely 
take one draught more, let that be accounted a sign late 
enough to break off.” — Taylor. 

(iii) To leave off speaking. 

“ Even here brake off and came away.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. III., iii. 7. 

24. To break one's arm: To dislocate or fracture 
one of the bones which form its hard portipn. 

25. To break one's back: 

(1) Lit.: To dislocate, or make an approach to 
dislocating, the vertebree which support it. 

“ I had rather crack my sinews, break my back, 

Than you should such dishonor undergo.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 1. 

(2) Fig.: To disable one’s fortune. 

“ O, many 

Have broke their backs with laying manors on ’em. 

For this great journey.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., i. 1. 

26. To break one's brains: To drive mad. 

“Nor his papers so well sorted as I would have had 
them, but all in confusion, that break my brains to under¬ 
stand them.”— Pepi/s Diary (1661). 

*27. To break or breke one's day: To fail to pay 
upon the stipulated day. 

“ Whan he so trewe is of condicioun 
That in no wyse he breke wol his day.” 

Chaucer: C. T. (ed. Skeat), Group C., 1039-40. 

28. To break one's fast: To eat after a certain time 
of fasting or abstinence. 

“ Now can I break my fast.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent. ofVer., ii. 4. 

29. To break one's head: To break the skin of 
one’s head, or in an extreme sense of the phrase, to 
fracture the skull. 

“ Weak soul! and blindly to destruction led; 

She break her heart! she’ll sooner break your head.” 

Dryden . 

30. To break one's heart: 

t(l) Lit.: To rupture the heart; a rare disease, 
but one which occasionally occurs. 

(2) Fig.: To cause one to die, or at least to give 
way to great depression of spirits by inflicting 
cruelty or being the cause of calamity. Used— 

(a) Of a person: 

“ Were such the wife had fallen to my part, 

I’d break her spirit, or I’d break her heart.” 

Burns: The Henpeck'd Husband. 

(b) Of a body of people taken collectively: 

“ The defeat of that day was much greater than it then 
appeared to be, and it even broke the heart of his army.”— 
Clarendon. 

31. To break one's leg: To dislocate or to fracture 
one or more of the bones of which it is composed. 
(Used non-reflexively or reflexively.) 

“ Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the first, 
and of the other which was crucified with Him.”— John 
xix. 32. 


32. To break one's mind: To open one’s mind, to 
Hake a communication to one. 

“ I, who much desir’d to know 
Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break 
My mind , adventur’d humbly thus to speak.” 

Dryden. 

33. To break one's neck: To dislocate it, to dislo¬ 
cate or start from their relative positions and con¬ 
junction two or more of the vertebrae of the neck. 

“ I had as lief thou didst break his neck as his finger.” 
— Shakesp.: As You Like It, i. 1. 

34. To break one's spirit: To subdue the spirit, to 
cause one to cease from offering resistance. (For 
example, see break one's heart, 2.) 

35. To break open: Successfully to apply force 
with the intention of opening. (Used of a door, of 
a lockfast chest, &c.) 

36. To break out, v. t. & i.: 

(1) Trans.: To break with the effect of making 
any material thing fall or come out, as to break out 
a pane of glass. 

(2) Intransitive: 

(a) Of material things , or of things in the concrete: 
To burst forth; to escape from control; to come 
suddenly forth with more or less of violence, to 
appear suddenly. 

“If fire break out, and catch in thorns . . .”— Exod. 
xxii. 6. 

“The flood breaketh out from the inhabitant; even the 
waters forgotten of the foot .”—Job xxviii. 4. 

“ Observe those stars breaking out over the white sur¬ 
face.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.) iv. 83. 

(b) Of persons: 

(i) To burst through moral restraint. 

(ii) To give way to passion. 

“He thought it sufficient to correct the multitude with 
sharp words, and brake out into this choleric speech.”— 
Knolles. 

(c) Of immaterial things, or of things in the ab¬ 
stract : To come with suddenness and violence. 

“ From whence at length these words broke out.” 

Butler: Hudibras, ii. 740. 

“There being so many ways by which a smothered 
truth is apt to blaze and break out.” — South. 

37. To break sheer: 

Naut.: Of a ship: To sheer clear of its anchor; 
to be forced by wind, wave or current from its posi¬ 
tion. 

38. To break squares: To cause trouble, give 
offense. 

“ Give yourself ten thousand airs, 

That with me shall break no squares.” Swift. 

39. To break the balls: 

Billiards: To lead off, or make the first stroke in 
a game. [II. 2.J 

40. To break the bands tvhich bind one : 

(1) Lit.: To rend asunder such bands. 

(2) Fig.: To cast off restraint or authority. 

“ Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their 
cords from us.”— Ps. ii. 3. 

41. To break the ice: 

(1) Lit.: To fracture actual ice. 

(2) Fig.: To break through icy stiffness; to break 
through reticence or hesitation about speaking of 
a delicate matter, or engaging in a delicate enter¬ 
prise. 

“‘I will not,* said Lochiel, ‘break the ice. That is a 
point of honor with me.’ Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviiL 

42. To break the neck: 

(1) Lit.: To dislocate the neck. [33.] 

(2) Fig.: To destroy. 

If To break the neck of any work: To finish the 
worst or greater part of the task. 

43. To break through , v. t. & i.: 

(1) Transitive: 

(a) Lit. With a material thing for an object: To 
effect a breach through ; to make way through any 
material thing. 

“ The three mighty men brake through the host of the 
Philistines, . . .”—2 Sam. xxiii. 16. 

“ As deer break through the broom.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 18. 

(b) Fig. With a thing not material for the object: 
To burst forth, overcoming all obstacles in the way 
of progress. 

“ Sometimes his anger breaks through all disguises, 
And spares not gods nor men.” Denham. 

( 2 ) Intrans.: (Produced by the omission of an ob¬ 
jective after the transitive verb.) Forcibly to make 
way through anything. 

“ He resolved that Balfour should use his utmost en¬ 
deavor to break through with his whole body of horse.” 
— Clarendon. 

44. To break up, v. t. & i. : 

fl) Transitive: 

(a) To lay open. 

“ Shells being lodged amongst mineral matter, when 
this comes to be broke up, it exhibits impressions of the 
shells.”— Woodward. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or-, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, \inite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




break 


617 


•(6) To commit a burglary. 

“If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that ha 
die. there shall no blood be shed for him.”— Exod. xiii. 2. 


(c) To fracture, and at the same time turn up. 
(Used specially of land when first it is plowed, or 
when it is plowed after it has long lain fallow and 
become hard and not easily penetrable.) {Lit. <£ fig.) 

“ Sow to yourselves in righteousness, reap in mercy ; 
break up your fallow ground.”— Hos. x. 12. 

*{d) To carve. 

(i) Lit.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ Boyet, you can carve ; 

Break up this capon.” 

Shakesp.: Love's Lab. Lost, iv. L 

(ii) Fig. : To examine, to dissect. 

“ An it shall please you to break up this, it shall seem to 
signify.” — Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice, ii. 4. 

*(e) To open an ecclesiastical convention with a 
sermon. 

“ The assembly sate down the twenty-first of November, 
1638, and old Mr. John Bell, minister of the town, did break 
up the assembly.”— Guth. Mem., p. 47. 

(/) To dissolve, to scatter in fragments; to dis¬ 
band. 

“ He threatened, that the tradesmen would beat out his 
teeth, if he did not retire, and break up the meeting.”— 
Arbuthnot. 

“ After taking the strong city of Belgrade, Solyman, 
returningto Constantinople, broke up his army, and there 
lay still the whole year following.”— Knolles: Hist, of the 
Turks. 

{g) To terminate. (Used of household arrange¬ 
ments, &c.) {Lit. & fig.) 

“ He breaks up house, turns out of doors his maid, 
. . . ”— Herbert. 


(2) Intransitive: 

(а) To lose cohesion of its separate parts; to go 
to pieces. (Used of a wrecked vessel, an empire 
becoming reduced to fragments, &c.) 

“. . . they thought—or, at least, their master thought 

—that Turkey was about to break up, . . . ”— London 
Times, Nov. 9, 1875. 

( б ) To cease ; to intermit. 

“It is credibly affirmed, that upon that very day when 
the river first riseth, great plagues in Cairo use suddenly 
to break up." — Bacon: Natural History. • 

(c) To be dissolved, to separate. (Used especially 
of schools.) 

“Our army is dispers’d already: 

Like youthful steers uayok’d, they took their courses, 

East, west, north, south ; or, like a school, broke up.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 

“. . . as soon as the company breaks up, . . .”— 
Watts. 

(d) To begin to give way, fail, be impaired. (Used 
of health.) 

45. To break upon: To come suddenly and vio¬ 
lently. 

“. . . that those rays . . . may be permitted to 

enter the eye, and to break upon the retina without pro¬ 
ducing the least luminous impression.”— Tyndall: Frag, 
of Science (3ded.), ix. 234. 

46. To break upon the wheel: To punish by stretch¬ 
ing a criminal upon the wheel, and breaking his 
bones with bats. 

47. To break with: _ 

*( 1 ) To make a communication to; to open one s 
mind to. 

“Stay with me awhile, 

I am to break with thee of some affairs 
That touch me near.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Ver., iii. 1. 


( 6 ) To oreak, to bruise, to squeeze, to pound, and 
to crush are thus discriminated: “ Break always 
implies the separation of the component parts of a 
body; bruise denotes simply the destroying the con¬ 
tinuity of the parts. Hard, brittle substances, as 
glass, are broken; soft, pulpy substances, as flesh 
or fruits, are bruised. The operation of bruising is 
performed either by a violent blow or by pressure; 
that of squeezing by compression only. Metals, 
particularly lead and silver, may be bruised; fruits 
may be either bruised or squeezed. In this latter 
sense bruise applies to the harder substances, or 
indicates a violent compression; squeeze is used 
for soft substances or a gentle compression. The 
kernels of nuts are bruised; oranges and apples are 
squeezed. To pound is properly to bruise in a 
mortar so as to produce a separation of parts ; to 
crush is the most violent and destructive of all 
operations, which amounts to the total dispersion 
of all the parts of a body. What is broken may be 
made whole again ; what is bruised or squeezed may 
be restored to its former tone and consistency ; 
what is pounded is only reduced to smaller parts 
for convenience; but what is crushed is destroyed.” 

(c) The following is the distinction between to 
break, to burst, to crack, and to split: “Break 
denotes a forcible separation of the constituent 
parts of a body. Burst and crack are onomatopelas, 
or imitations of the sounds which are made in 
bursting and cracking. Splitting is a species of 
cracking that takes place in some bodies in a 
similar manner without being accompanied with 
the noise. Breaking is generally the consequence 
of some external violence; everything that is ex¬ 
posed to violence may, without distinction, bo 
broken. Bursting arises mostly from an extreme 
tension; hollow bodies, when over filled, burst. 
Cracking is caused by the application of excessive 
heat, or the defective texture of the substance: 
glass cracks; the earth cracks; leather cracks. 
Splitting may arise from a combination of external 
and internal causes; wood in particular is liable to 
split. A thing may be broken in any shape, form, 
and degree; bursting leaves a wide gap; cracking 
and splitting leave a long aperture, the latter of 
which is commonly wider than that of the former.” 
{Orabb: Eng. Synon.) 

break, *brake, *brek, *breke, s. & a. [A. S. 

gebrec, gebrcec, gebrece=& breaking, crash, noise. 
In Dut. break; Sw. brott; Dan. brud; Ger. brechen, 
bruch.~\ [Break, v .] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Oi'dinary Language: 

1. The act of breaking. 

(17 Lit.: The act of breaking any material thing. 

(2) Figuratively: 

(а) The act of breaking anything not material; a 
breach. 

( б ) The act of breaking forth. 

IT The break of day. 

“Sleep—and at break of day I will come to tfiee 
again!” Wordsworth: Pet Lamb. 

2. The state of being broken. 

“Our reformed churches agreeing soundly in all the 
substantial! points of faith, & without break of commun¬ 
ion, . . .”— Forbes: Defence, p. 5. 

3. The portion of anything broken through. 

(1) Lit. Of things material: 

(a) Gen.: An opening, passage, gap, or hole 
through anything. 

“ . . . through the breaks and openings of the woods 

that grow about it.”— Addle : i. 

“ . . . the currents in the transverse breaks which 
connect the longitudinal channels, . . .” — Darwin: 

Voyage round the World (ed. 187D), ch. xv., p. 32. 


t(2) To intimate dissent from an opinion, or from 
those holding it. 

“ . . . and would break with any church in the world 

upon this single point; and would tell them plainly, if 
your religion be too good to be examined, I doubt it is too 
bad to be believed.”— Tillotson (3d ed., 1722), vol. i., ser. iv. 

(3) To quarrel with ; to cease to bo friendly with. 

“Can there be anything of friendship in snares, hooks, 
and trepans ? Whosoever breaks with his friend upon 
such terms, has enough to warrant him in so doing, both 
before God and man.”— South. 

If ( a ) Crabb thus distinguishes between to break, 
to rack, to rend, and to tear: “ The forcible division 
of any substance is the common characteristic of 
tnese terms. Break is the generic term, the rest 
specific: everything racked, rent, or torn is broken, 
but not vice versa. Break has, however, a specific 
meaning, in which it is comparable with the others. 
Breaking requires less violence than either of the 
others: brittle things may be broken with the 
slightest touch, but nothing can be racked without 
intentional violence of an extraordinary kind. 
Glass is quickly broken; a table is racked. Hard 
substances only are broken or racked; but every¬ 
thing of a soft texture and composition may be rent 
or torn. Breaking is performed by means of a 
blow; racking by that of a violent concussion ; but 
rending and tearing are the consequences of a pull.” 


(b) Specially: 

(1) A kind of furrow in plowing. 

“The field which is designed for bear gets two furrows ; 
the one a break, the other clean.”— Surv. Banff's., App., p. 
37. 

(ii) Of a hill: A hollow part. [In Icel. brecka is 
= a declivity.] 

(iii) A division of land in a farm. {Scotch.) 

“They shall dung no part of their former crofting, till 

these four new breaks are brought in. Let them give ten 
or twelve bolls of lime to each acre of their oat-leave 
break." —Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 216. 

(iv) Of a figure drawn: An interrupted portion. 
“The surrounding zones likewise show traces, as may 

be seen in the drawing (fig. 53), of indentations, or rather 
breaks, . . .”— Darwin: Descent of Man (1871), pt. ii., 
ch. xiv., vol. ii., p. 136. 

(v) Of anything written or printed: A line to 
mark that the sense is suspended or that something 
is omitted. 

“All modern trash is 

Set forth with num’rous breaks and dashes.’* 

Swift. 

(2) Fig. Of things not material: A pause, an 
interruption. 

“ Thy constant flow of love, that knew no fall. 

Ne’er roughen’d by those cataracts and breaks 
That humor interposed too often makes.” 

Cowper: On the Receipt of my Mother' c Picture. 


b6il, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, $hin, bench; GO 0 ^ gem; thin, $his; 
-cian„ -t.ian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = xhun. -tious, -ciouc, 


break-joint 

4. That which breaks. [II. 10,11.] 

5. An irrelevant, thoughtless, embarrassing or 
improper speech or action. 

If An individual is said to make a 11 bad break" 
when he is guilty of improper behavior. {U. S. 
Colloq.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Cricket: The twist of a ball as it is bowled, 
generally spoken of a twist or turn from the off side. 

2. Billiards: A player’s turn in the game; also 
the number of points scored by a player contin¬ 
uously without a miss. 

3. Flax manufacture: An instrument for taking 
the rind off flax. (It is also written brake and 

braik.) 

4. Agric. <& Mach.: The same as break-harrow 
(q. v.). 

5. Naut.: A sudden change of level, as of a deck. 
The break of a poop-deck is where it ends forward. 

6 . Arch.: A projection or recess from the surface 
or wall of a building. 

7. Baking: A wooden bench on which dough is 
kneaded by means of a lever called a break-staff. 
The weight of the person, often in a sitting posture, 
is thrown upon the staff, which moves in a semi¬ 
circular orbit around the bench, keeping up a 
saltatory motion by its flexibility and the dancing 
action of the operator. By this means the dough 
is worked up very dry, and makes the best kind of 
crackers. 

8 . Fortif.: A change from the general direction of 
the curtain near its extremity in the construction 
with orillons and retired flanks. [Brisure.] 

9. Geol.: A “ fault,” or rather a dislocation in 
which there is a very great upcast or downcast. 

“ To describe faults of this kind we want some new tech¬ 
nical word. They are neither anticlina's nor synclinals, 
nor are they faults in the technical sense of the word. The 
work break, if geologists would consent to use that word 
technically, might perhaps serve for their designation.”— 
Prof. Sedgworth, in Q. J. Geol. Soc., viii. (1852), pt. i. 39. 

10. Printing: The piece of metal contiguous to 
the shank of a type, so called because it is broken 
off in finishing. [See also I. 3.] 

11. Telegraphy: An apparatus to interrupt or 
change the direction of electric currents. It is 
called also a rheotome or a commutator. 

12. Engineering: The same as Brake (q. v.). 

13. Railway carriages, vehicles, die.: A break-van 
(q. v.). 

14. Music. 

(1) Of the human voice: The point of junction in 
the quality of tenor, soprano and alto voices. A 
genuine bass voice has no break. The lower range 
is called voce di petto, or chest voice; the upper, 
voce di testa, or head voice ; and the place of junc¬ 
tion is called the break. {Stainer di Barrett.) 

(2) Of the clarionet: An interruption in the tone 
of the instrument between b flat and b natural. 

(3) Of an organ stop: The sudden alteration of 
the proper scale-series of the pipes by returning to 
those of an octave lower in pitch. {Stainer di Bar¬ 
rett.) 

(4) Of the scale of a piano: The points at which 
in the construction of a modern piano are left in¬ 
tervals between the strings ; they are usually two in 
number, dividing the scale into three parts—bass, 
middle, and treble. Below the second break the 
strings are not dampered, i. e., furnished with felt 
blocks to prevent vibration after the finger is lifted 
from the key, the treble string being too short to 
need dampers. 

break-down, s. 

1. Lit.: The state of being broken and falling 
down. (Used of a coach or anything similar.) 

2. Fig.: The failure of anything. 

3. Tech.: A kind of dance of a boisterous char¬ 
acter specially in favor with negroes. 

break-liarrow, s. A large harrow. {Scotch.) 

“Then harrow again with a break-harrow, or larger 
harrow than ordinary, and spare not.”— Maxwell: Sel. 
Trans., p. 249. 

IT It is called more simply a break, or brake. 
[Brake.] 

break-in, s. 

Carp.: A hole made in brickwork with a ripping 
chisel, and designed to be a receptacle for the end 
of a beam or anything similar. 

break-iron, s. 

Carp.: The iron screwed on the top of a plane-bit 
to bend upward and break the shaving. Its edge 
is from A: to ^ of an inch from the edge of the 
cutting-bit. 

break-joint, s. A structure in which the joints 
of the parts or courses are made to alternate with 
unbroken surfaces, as in the continuous railroad 
rail, in bricklaying, shingling, and numerous other 
mechanic arts. 

break-line, s. Print.: The last line of a para¬ 
graph, when containing blank space. 

:;in, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = chus. -ble, -die, £c. = b?l, doL 





618 


‘oream 


break-up 


break-up, s. The act of breaking up, the state of 
jpeing broken up. 

“The break-up and densidation of both of these.”— 
Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxiii., pt. i., 410. 

brSak'-a-ble, a. [Eng. break , and suff. -able.] 
Able to be broken. ( Cotgrave .) 


br6ak'-age (age as lg), s. [Eng. break , and 
Eng., &c., suff. - age. ] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

' 1. The act of breaking anything. 

“ In all the sports of children, were it only in their wan¬ 
ton breakages and defacements, you shall discern a crea¬ 
tive instinct.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. ii. 

2. The state of being broker. 

“. . . though no doubt the degradation of a lofty 
cliff would be more rapid from the breakage of the fallen 
fragments.”— Darwin-. Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. ix., 

p. 286. 

3. Damage done to crockery or other goods by 
being broken in transitu. 

4. A money compensation for such damage. 

II. Naut.: The leaving of empty spaces in stow¬ 
ing the hold. {Smyth.) 

break'-er, *brek'-er, *br§k-ere, s. [Eng. 
break; -er. In M. H. Ger. brechcere .] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. One who breaks anything. 

(1) Lit.: One who breaks any material thing. 

(a) As an independent word. 

“The breaker is come up before them: they have broken 
up, and have passed through the gate, . . .”— Micah ii. 

(b) Often in composition ; as, “an image-hreafcer.” 

(2) Fig.: One who violates a promise, a law, 
human or divine, or anything not made of matter. 
(Often also in composition; as, “ a law-breaker 

“ a Sabbath-frreafcer.”) 

“ . . . if thou be a breaker of the law, . . .”— Rom. 
ii. 25. 

“Without understanding, coven.utu-oreafcers, . . .”— 


2. {Chiefly in compos.): An animal which breaks 
anything. [Bone-breaker.] 

3. An inanimate thing which does so. 

4. A crested wave broken into foam while pass¬ 
ing over a sand-bank, or flinging itself with fury on 
tne shore. (Generally in the plural.) 

“01d6ailors were amazed at the composure which he 

S reserved amidst roaring breakers on a perilous coast.”— 
lacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 

5. A pier or some similar structure placed in a 
river to prevent the ice from injuring the supports 
of the arches. 


II. Technically: 

1. Naut.: A small cask for ship’s use. Employed 
for bringing water aboard in boats, or for contain¬ 
ing the water required for a boat’s crew absent from 
the vessel on duty. The gang-cask is kept on deck, 
and contains the drinking-water for the ship’s com¬ 
pany, being replenished from day to day from the 
tanks. {Knight.) 

2. Flax-manufacture: The first carding-machine 
which operates upon the parcels of tow from a 
creeping-sheet. The finisher is the final carding- 
machine, and operates upon a lap formed of slivers 
of lime. {Knight.) 

break-fsist, *breke’-fast, s. & a. [Eng. break; 
fast.) 

A. As substantive : 


I. Literally: 

1. The act of breaking a fast, that is, of eating 
after having been for some time without food. 
Specially the first meal in the day. 

“ . . . while my wife and daughters employed them¬ 
selves in providing breakfast, . . .”— Goldsmith: Vicar 
of Wakefield, ch. iv. 

2. The time when the first meal of the day is 
eaten. 

3. That which is eaten when the fast is broken. 

(1) At the first meal of the day. 

“A. good piece of bread would be often the best break¬ 
fast for my young master.”— Locke. 

(2) At any meal which breaks the temporary fast 
of a man or an animal. 

“ Had I been seized by a hungry lion, 

I would have been a breakfast to the beast.” 

Shakesp..- Two Gent, of Verona, v. 4. 


II. Fig.: That which satisfies one’s appetite, 
desire or aspiration of the human soul at the com¬ 
mencement of one’s career. [Corresponding to 3 


( 2 ).] 

“Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.”— 


Bacon. 


B. As adjective: Pertaining to the first meal of 
the day, or to the time or place where it is eaten. 

“ One morn he came not to her hand 
As he was wont to come, 

And, on her finger perch’d, to stand 
Picking his breakfast crumb.” 

Cowper: Epitaph on a Redbreast. 

“ Breakfast time, however, is always a cheerful stage of 
the day; . . .”— DeQuincey: Works, 2ded., i. 96. 


breakfast-parlor, s. A parlor designed for the 
accommodation of a family at breakfast. 

“ How jocund was their breakfast-parlor, fann’d 
By yon blue water’s breath.” 

Campbell: Theodric. 

break-fast, v. i. & t. [Eng. break; fast.] 

A. Intrans.: To eat the first meal in the day. 

“He breakfasted alone; . . .”— DeQuincey: Works, 
2d ed., i. 165. 

IB. Trans.: To provide or furnish with the first 
meal in the morning. {Milton.) 
break'-fast-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Breakfast.] 
A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Gen.: The act of taking tne first meal in the 
das’. 

2. Spec.: The act of doing so as one of an invited 
breakfast-party. 

“No brealcfastings with them, which consume a great 
deal of time.”— Lord Chesterfield. 

break-ing, *break'-yng, *brek’-^ng, pr. par., 
a. & s. [Break, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

" As if it bore all peace within, 

Nor left one breaking heart behind !” 

Moore: The Fire-Worshippers, 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of an act: 

(1) The act of fracturing anything. 

“And breaking of windows, which, you know, maketh 
breaches ?”— Swift: The Famous Speech-Maker. 

(2) The act of coming forth suddenly. 

“And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man 
with him until the breaking of the day.”— Gen. xxxii. 24. 
“Until thobreaking of the light.” 

Tennyson: To - 

*(3) The act of vomiting. 

“ Brakynge or parbrakynge. Vomitus, evomitus .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

2. Of a state: The state of being broken or fract¬ 
ured. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ Therefore this iniquity shall be to you as a breach 
ready to fall, swelling out in a high wall, whose breaking 
cometh suddenly at an instant.”— Isaiah m. 13. 

(2) Spec.: Bankruptcy. 

II. Woolen manufacture: A process in the wor¬ 
sted or long-wool manufacture. The combed slivers 
are laid upon a traveling-apron and joined endwise, 
to make continuous lengths. 

breaking-down, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: The act of fracturing and 
crushing downward. 

B. As adjective: Fracturing and making to fall; 
rolling so as to consolidate. [ Breaking-down roll¬ 
ers.] 

Breaking-down rollers: 

Metal.: Rollers used to consolidate metal by roll¬ 
ing it while hot. 
breaking-engine, s. 

Machinery: The first of a series of carding- 
machines, to receive and act on the lap from the 
lapper; it has usually coarser clothing than the 
finishing-cards. [Carding-machine.] 
breaking-frame, s. 

Worsted-manufacture: A machine in which sliv¬ 
ers of long-stapled wool are planked or spliced 
together and then drawn out to, say. eight times 
their original length. The slivers are made by hand- 
combs, and taper toward each end. Each is laid 
lapping half its length upon the preceding sliver, 
and the passage between rollers of gradually in¬ 
creasing speed attenuates the sliver. {Knight.) 
breaking-in, s. 

1. The act of bursting suddenly in upon. {Lit. & 

fig-) 

“They came upon me as a wide breaking in of waters : 
. . — Jobxx.x. 14. 

2. The act or process of taming a young horse. 

breaking-joint, s. 

Arch.: The same as Break-joint (q. v.). 
breaking-machine, s. 

Flax-manufacture: A machine for shortening 
flax-staple, to adapt it to be worked by a certain 
kind of machinery. Long-flax or long-line becomes 
cut-flax or cut-line. The machine is also known as 
a cutting-machine or flax-breaker. 

breaking-out, breaking out, s. The act of 
suddenly breaking forth or appearing. 

“. . . letters informing Mm of the breaking out 

of scarlet fever among his children.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., xi. 314. 


break-man, s. [Brakeman.] 

break-neck, *breake'-neck, s. & a. [En# 

break; neck.] 

*A. As substantive: 

1. A fall by which the neck is broken. 

2. A precipice fitted to break the neck of any one 
who falls over it. {Lit. &fig.) 

“ I must 

Forsake the court; to do ’t or no, is certain 
To me a breakneck.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 2 

B. As adjective: Fitted to break the neck; in 
which the neck is likely to be broken. 

“ Alas, and the leaps from raft to raft were too often of 
a breakneck character; . . .”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, 
bk. iii.. ch. ix. 

“ TMs way the chamois leapt: her nimble feet 
Have baffled me ; my gains to-day will scarce 
Repay my break-neck travail.” 

Byron: Manfred, i. 2. 

*break-prom-i§e, s. [Eng. break; promise.) 
One who habitually breaks his promise. 

“ I will think you the most pathetical break-promise and 
the most hollow lover.”— Shakesp.: As You Like It, iv. 1. 

break-share, s. [A corruption of braxy (?) 
(q. v.).] Diarrhoea in sheep. {Ogilvie.) 

break-stone, s. [The Eng. translation of Lat. 
saxifraga=a plant, anciently supposed to dissolve 
“stones”— i.e., calculi in the bladder.] 

1. Pop. Bot.: Any plant of the genus Saxifraga 
(Saxifrage). {Prior.) 

2. Pimpinella Saxifraga. {Prior.) 

3. Alchemilla arvensis. {Prior.) 

4. Sagina vrocumbens. {Prior.) {Britten & Hol¬ 
land.) 

*break-vow, s. [Eng. break; vow.] One who 
habitually breaks any vows which he may make. 
“That daily break-vow, he that wins of all, 

Of kings, of beggars, old men, young men, maids.” 

Shakesp. : King John, ii. 2. 
break -wa-ter, s. & a. [Eng. break; water.] 

A. As substantive : % 

Ord. Lang. <& Hydra,ul. Engineering: A pier, wall, 

mole, sunken hulk, or anything similar, placed at 
the entrance of a harbor, at the exposed part of an 
anchorage, or in any such situation, with the view 
of deadening the force of the waves which roll in 
from the ocSan. There are several notable break¬ 
waters in this country—one of the longest and most 
notable being that in Lake Michigan protecting 
the harbor of the city of Chicago. It is peculiar in 
its construction, being built perpendicularly and 
encased with wooden beams. The Delaware break¬ 
water, in Delaware bay, is built with sloping sides, 
being much broader at its base than on top. Other 
notable breakwaters are those at Cherbourg, 
France, and Plymouth, England. The Chicago 
breakwater, at the time of its construction, was 
considered a novel feat of engineering. [Mole (2).] 
“The heaviest vessels were therefore placed on the left, 
highest up the stream, to form something of a breakwater 
for the smaller craft crossing below.”— Arnold: Hist, of 
Rome, vol. iii., ch. xliii., p. 77. 

“ . . . at low water its summit is left dry, and itr 
might then be mistaken for a breakwater erected by 
Cyclopean workmen.”— Darwin: Voya,ge round the World 
(ed. 1870), ch. xxi., p. 498. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the structure de¬ 
scribed under A. 

breakwater-glacis, s. 

Hydraulic Engineering: A storm pavement. The 
sloping stone paving next the sea in piers or break¬ 
waters. 

bream, *brem, *breme, s. [Fr. brbme; Provinc. 
Fr. brdme; O. Fr. bresme ; L. Lat. bresmia, braxi- 
mus; Sw.braxen; Dan. & Dut .brasem; O. L. Ger. 
bressuno; (N. H.) Ger. brassen; M. H. Ger. brahsem, 
brasme, prahse,prahsme ; O. PI. Ger. brachse, brah- 
sina, brahsema .] [Bars, Basse.] 

Ichthyology <& Ordinary Language: 

1. Spec. • The Carp Bream, Abramisbrama. Itisof 
a yellowish-white color, which changes, through 
age, to a yellowish-brown. The sides are golden, 
the cheeks and gill-covers silver-white, the fins 
light-colored, tinged, the ventral one witli red and 
the others with brown. It is found in deep watera 
and lakes. It is sought after by anglers, who, hoW» 
ever, consider the flesh insipid. 

“ And many a rem and many a luce in stewe.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Prol., 350 

“The bream, being at full growth, is a large fish.”— 
Walton: Angler. 

2. Gen.: The English name of the several fishes 
belonging to the family Cyprinid® and the genus 
Abramis. The best known species are: (1) the 
Bream or Carp Bream {Abramis brama), already 
described (seel); (2) the White Bream, or Bream- 
flat {A. blicca ); and (3) the Pomeranian Bream 
{A. Buggenhagii) . The species are found in this 
country and in Europe, but are of little value as 
food. 

3. [Sea-bream.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, welf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. * qu = kw.’ 




bream 


619 


breast 


brSam, tbrSom, v. t. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. 
Ger. bremien— to burn. (Ma/m.)] To burn ooze, 
seaweed, &c., from the bottom of a vessel. 

bream '-mg, pr.par. & s. [Bream, «.] 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive: 

Naut.: The act of cleansing the ooze, shells, sea¬ 
weed, &c., from the bottom of a ship by a flashing 
• fire and scraping. 

fbrear, fbreare, s. [Brier.] 

“ . . . by a narrow way, 

Scattred with, bushy thornes and ragged breares.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 35. 

breard, s. [Breer (2).] 

1. Sing.: The first appearance of grain. 

2. PL: The short flax recovered from the first 
tow by a second hackling. The tow, thrown off by 
this second hackling, is called backings. 

“ To be sold, a large quantity of white and blueftreards, 
fit for spinning yarn, 4 to 6 lib. per spindle .”—Edinburgh 
Evening Courant, Sept, i, 1804. 

breas'-klt, s. [Brisket.] 

breast, *breaste, *brest, *breste, s. & a. [A. 

p. bredst= the breast, the mind; O. Sax. briost; Icel. 
brjdst; Sw. brdst; Dan. bryst; Dut. borst; Moeso- 
Goth. brusts (pi.) ; Ger. brust. From A. S. berstan= 
to burst; O. Sax. brestan.~\ [Burst, v.] Hence the 
breast is the part which bursts out, that is, swells 
out beyond the parts around. 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) Sing.: The forepart of the human body in 
either sex between the neck and the upper part of 
the abdomen ; also the analogous part in animals. 
“Sal gliden on hise brest nether.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 370. 

“ • • . but smote upon his breast , saying, God be 

merciful to me a sinner.”— La. xviii. 13. 

■ (2) Plur.: The mammee, paps, or protuberant 
glands existing in the female sex of man and the 
higher animals, and in a rudimentary state also in 
the male sex. They are designed for the secretion 
of milk. 

“. . . or why the breasts that I should suck .”—Job 
iii. 12. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of symbols or associations directly connected 
with the human breast: 

*(a) Of the breast viewed as essential to good sing¬ 
ing : A musical voice ; voice in general. 

“Pray ye stay a little ; let’s hear him sing, he has a fine 
breast.” — Beaum. & Flet.- Pilgrim, iii. 6. 

“Which said queristers, after their breasts are changed, 
&c.”— Strype: Life of Abp. Parker, p. 9. 

IT To have a good breast: To have a good voice; 
to be a good singer. 

“In singing, the sound is originally produced by the 
action of the lungs; which are so essential an organ in 
this respect, that to have a good breast was formerly a com¬ 
mon periphrasis, to denote a good singer.”— Hist, of 
Music, vol. iii., p. 466. (Fares .) 

( 6 ) Of the breast viewed as the seat of the emotions, 
of the appetites, of conscience, of courage, dkc. 

(1) As the seat of the emotions in general. 

“ If happiness hae not her seat 
And center in the breast.” 

Burns: Epistle to Davie, y. 
/‘Needless was written law, where none opprest; 

The law of man was written in his breast.” 

Dryden: Ovid. 

(ii) As the repository of secrets. 

If To make a clean breast : 

(a) To confess all that one has kept secret about 
anything that he has been charged with, or which, 
without being accused, he still feels constrained to 
reveal; to make a full and ingenuous confession. 

“ . . . to make a clean breast of it before she died.” 
— Scott: St. Ronan’s Well, ch. xxxviii. 

(b) To tell one’s mind bluntly or without circum¬ 
locution. 

“To speak truth I’m wearying to mak a clean breast wi’ 
him and to tell him o’ his unnaturality to his own dooh- 
ter .”—The Entail, iii. 101. 

(2) Of remoter resemblances to the human breast: 
The surface of the earth, or anything similar. 

“ Upon the breast of new-created earth 
Man walk’d.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

“So have ye seen the fowler chase, 

O’er Grasmere’s clear unruffled breast.” 

Wordsworth: Blind Highland Boy. 

II,. Technically: 

1. Machinery, dtc.: 

(1) The part of an object against which the 
breast pushes in some machines, such as the breast- 
drill, breast-plow, &c. 


(2) A bush connected with a small shaft or spin¬ 
dle. 

2. Agric., &c.: The forward part of a plow’s 
mold-board. 

3. Metal., dtc.: The front of a furnace. 

4. Sheet-iron Ware: As applied to milk-cans, cof¬ 
fee and tea pots, and similar articles, this word 
denotes the bulging or rounded top which inter¬ 
venes between the lid or cover and the cylindrical 
portion which forms the body of the vessel. 

5. Vehicles: The middle, swell, or bulge of a nave 
or hub. 

6 . Hydraul. : The curved wall up to which the 
floats of a water-wheel work, and which prevents, 
as far as possible, the waste of water. 

7. Carp.: The lower side of a hand-rail, a rafter, 
the rib of a dome or of a beam. 

8 . Architecture: 

(1) That portion of a wall between the window 
and the floor. 

(2) That portion of a chimney between the flues 
and the apartment. 

9. Mining: The face of a coal-seam at which a 
miner is working. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the breast in any 
of the foregoing senses. (See the subjoined com¬ 
pounds.) 

breast-band, s. 

Saddlery: A band passing across the breast of a 
draught animal, and to which the traces or tugs are 
attached. It is a substitute for a collar. 

breast-be8.ni, s. 

1. Shipwrighting: A beam at the break of a 
quarter deck or forecastle. 

2. Weaving: The cloth-beam of a loom. 

3. Railroad, Engineering: The forward transverse 
beam of a locomotive. 

breast-beating, s. The act or practice of beat* 
ing the breast. [Lit. & fig.) 

“. . . breast-beating, brow-beating (against walls), 
lion-bellowings of blasphemy and the like, stampings, 
smitings, breakages of furniture, if not arson itself t”— 
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. vi. 

breast-board, s. 

Rope-making: A loaded sled to which are attached 
the end yarns at the foot of the walk. As the yarns 
are twisted into a strand they become shorter and 
draw the sled toward the head of the walk, the load 
on the sled maintaining the necessary tension. The 
yarns are usually shortened one-third by the twist¬ 
ing, and lose about thirty per cent, in so doing. The 
twist is, however, necessary, to give the requisite 
rigidity, to prevent the fibers sliding on each other, 
and to partially exclude wet. The addition of tar 
increases the power of excluding water. 

*breast-bundle, *brest-bundel, s. A girdle or 
band for the breast. 

“ Whether foryete shal the . . . wommau spouse of 
Mr brest-bundel.” — Wyckliffe-. Jer. ii. 32. 

breast-casket, s. 

Naut.: The largest and longest caskets, i. e., a 
sort of strings placed in the middle of the yard. 
[Casket.] 

breast-chain, s. 

Saddlery: A chain reaching between the hame- 
rings, its loop passing through the ring of the 
neck-yoke, to support the tongue. In carriage- 
harness the tame is destitute of the rings, ana the 
strap is passed around the lower part of the collar. 
[Neck-yoke.] 

breast-collar, s. 

Harness: A pulling strap which passes around 
the breast of the horse; a substitute for a collar, 
which encircles the neck and rests against the 
shoulders. In some cases the breast-strap is pad¬ 
ded, and the two pieces are connected by a snap. 
A plate upon it holds the breast-rings and tug- 
buckle pieces. 

breast-deep, a. Sunk so deeply that water, 
snow, earth, or whatever else the person is in, 
reaches as high as his breast. 

“ Set Mm breast-deep in earth, and famish him; 

There let Mm stand, and rave and cry for food.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., v. 3. 

breast-drill, s. 

Metal-working : A drill-stock operated by a crank 
and bevel-gearing, and having a piece against which 
the workman bears his breast when engaged in 
drilling. 

breast-fast, s. [Breastfast.] 

breast-harness, s. 

Saddlery: A horse-gear arranged to pull by a 
band in front of the breast, instead of a collar. 

breast-height, s. 

Fortif.: The interior slope of a parapet. 


breast-high, a. So high as to reach the breast 
of a person in it. (Used of a wall, &c.) Corre¬ 
sponds to Breast-deep (q. v.). 

“The river itself gave way unto her, so that she was 
straight breast-high.” — Sidney. 

“ Lay madam Partlet basking in the sun, 
Breast-high in sand.” Dryden: Fables. 

breast-hook, s. [Breasthook.] 
breast-knees, s. Timbers placed in the forward 
part of a vessel across the stem to unite the bows 
on each side. ( Stormonth .) 

breast-line, s. The rope connecting the pon¬ 
toons of a military bridge in a straight direction. 

breast-locks, c. pi. The part of the mane of a 
lion or other animal hanging down from the breast. 

“ And as a lyon sculking all in night, 

Farre off in pastures ; and come home, all dight 
In iawes and breast-locks, with an oxes blood, 

New feasted on Mm.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Odyssey, b. xxii. 

breast-moldings, s. pi. 

Carp.: Window-sill moldings; panel moldings 
beneath a window. 

breast-peat, s. A peat formed by the spade 
being pushed into the earth horizontally. 

“ A perpendicular face of the moss [is] laid bare, from 
which the digger, standing on the level of the bottom, 
digs the peat, by driving in the spade horizontally with 
Ms arms; this peat is designed breast-peat.” — Agr. Surv. 
Peeb., p. 208. 

breast-plate, s. [Breastplate.] 
breast-plow, s. 

Agricult.: A shovel whose handle has a cross¬ 
piece applied to the breast, and used for paring 
turf or sods. 

breast-pump, s. 

Surgical ( also knoivn as antlia lactea or antlia 
mammaria) ’ A pump having a cup adapted to fit 
over the nipple, in order to withdraw milk from the 
mamma when this cannot be effected in a natural 
way. 

breast-rail, s. [Breasteail.] 
breast-strap, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: 

Saddlery: A strap passing from the hame-rings 
or from the gullet of the collar, to support the 
tongue or pole of the vehicle. 

B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a strap. 
Breast-strap harness: 

Saddlery: That which has a strap around the 
breast instead of a collar. The breast-collar is 
supported from the withers, and at its rear ends 
receives the tug-straps. Other forward attach¬ 
ments are made to the breast-straps, which are 
connected to the neck-yoke or tongue. 

Breast-strap slide: 

Harness: An iron loop which slips on the breast- 
strap, and takes from the latter the wear of the 
ring on the end of the neck-yoke. The ends of the 
breast-strap are passed through the rings on the 
harness. 

breast-summer, s. 

Carpentry . 4 beam inserted flush with the house- 
front which it supports, and resting at its ends 
upon the walls and at intermediate points upon 
pillars or columns. Common in store fronts. Writ, 
ten also, but incorrectly, bres-sumer, brest-summer. 
[Bressomer.] 
breast-wall, s. 

Masonry: 

1. A wall built breast-high. 

2. A wall erected to maintain a bank of earth in 
position, as in a railroad cutting, a sunk fence, &c. 

breast-wheel, s. & a. 

A. As subst.: A wheel to which the water is 
admitted about on a level with the axle, and main¬ 
tained in contact with it by a breasting, or casing, 
which incloses from 60° to 90° of the periphery of 
the wheel. The wheel may have radial or hollow 
buckets. The peripheral inclosure is sometimes 
called breasting or soleing, and the casing at the 
ends of the wheel is called shrouding. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to such a wheel. 
Breast-wheel steam-engine: A form of rotary 

steam-engine in which a jet of steam is made to im¬ 
pinge upon the floats of a wheel rotating in an 
air-tight case. The first steam-engine of this class 
was one of the earliest on record, 
breast-wood, s. 

Horticulture: The shoots of fruit-trees which 
grow out from the front of the branches trained on 
espaliers or against walls, 
breast, v. t. & i. [From breast, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Transitive: 

fl. Lit.: To place the breast of one person against 
that of another one, or against that of an animal. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - ukun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. — bel, del. 



breastbone 


620 


breathe 


( 1 ) In the foregoing sense. 

(2) To mount a horse by applying a person’s 
breast to the side of the horse, in order to get on. 

2. Fig. : To oppose breast to breast, or breast to 
any obstacle opposed to one’s progress. 

‘ * The hardy Swiss 

Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes.” 

Goldsmith. 

“Isle of the free ! ’twas then thy champions stood, 
Breasting unmoved the combat’s wildest flood.” 

Bemans • Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy. 

B. Intransitive: 

Of a horse : To spring up or forward. The use of 
the word is derived from the action of a horse’s 
breast when he leaps forward. {Scotch.) 

“ Thou never lap, and sten’t, and breastit, 

Then 6tood to blaw.” 

Burns■ The Auld Farmer's Salutation. 
breast-bone, s. [Eng. breast ; bone .] The bone 
in which the ribs terminate in front, what is called 
anatomically the sternum. 

“ The belly shall be eminent, by shadowing the flank, 
and under the breastbone.” — Peacham. 

breast'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Breast, v.] 

A. As pa. par.: (See the verb). 
tB. As adjective: 

In compos. : Having a breast of a particular char¬ 
acter, as well-breasted, single and double-breasted, 
&c. (Used of persons or things.) 

“Singing men well-breasted.” — Fidd.es: Life of Card. 
fVolsey, App. p. 128. 

breast -fast, s. [Eng. breast; fast .] 

Naut. : A large rope to affix a ship by her side to 
a quay or to another vessel. 

breast'-hook, s. [Eng. breast; hook.] 

Naut.: A thick piece of timber shaped like a 
knee, which is placed across the stem of a vessel to 
unite the bows on either side, and strengthen the 
whole forepart. 

breast-ie, s. [Eng. breast , and Scotch and O. 
Eng. dimin. suff. -ie=Eng. -y.] A little breast. 
(Scotch.) 

-“Oh, what a panic’s in thy breastie /” 

Burns: To a Mouse. 

breast-mg, pr. par., a. & s. [Breast, r.] 

A. & B. Aspr.par. and adjective: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Mill. : The curved masonry against which the 
shuttle side of a breast-wheel works, and which 
prevents the water from slipping past the wheel. 

2. Paper-making : The concave bed against which 
the wheel of a rag-engine works; between the two 
is the throat. [Rag-engine.] 

breast -knot (k silent), s. [Eng. breast; knot.] 
A knot or bunch of ribands worn by women on the 
breast. 

“Our ladies have still faces, and our men hearts; why 
may we not hope for the same achievements from the 
influence of this breastknotl” — Addis. Freeh. ' 

breast-pin, s. [Eng. breast; pin.] A pin worn 
on the breast to fasten the dress, for ornament or 
for both ; a brooch. 

breast'-plate, s. [Eng. breast; plate.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally. Of plates of a material kind: 

(1) Of men: 

(a) Armor in the form of a metallic plate worn 
upon the breast. 

“’Gainst shield, helm, breastplate, and, instead of those, 
Five sharp smooth stones from the next brook he 
chose.” Cowley. 

(b) Such a plate, not for defense but for symbolic 
purposes, on the breast of the Jewish high priest. 
It was made of richly-embroidered cloth, set with 
four rows of precious stones each engraved with the 
name of one of the twelve tribes. ( Exod . xxviii. 
J5-29, xxxix. 8-21.) 

“And he put the breastplate upon him; also he put in 
the breastplate the Urim and the Thummim.”— Lev. viii. 8. 
12) Of animals: 

(а) A plate upon the breast of the apocalyptic 
locusts. 

“And they [the locusts] had breastplates, as it were 
breastplates of iron.”— Rev. ix. 9. 

( б ) A plate of shell covering the breast of a tor¬ 
toise or other chelonian reptile. 


2. Fig. Of defense not material: Means of defense 
against spiritual assault. 

“ . . . having on the breastplate of righteousness.”— 
Ephes. vi. 14. 

II. Boring instruments: A plate which receives 
the hinder end of a drill, and by which pressure is 
applied. Formerly held against the breast, it still 
retains its name, even when otherwise supported. 
[Breast-drill.] 

breast-plow, s. [Eng. breast; plow.] A plow 
driven by the breast, used for paring turf. 

“ The breastplough, which a man shoves before him.”— 
Mortimer. 

breast -rail, s. [Eng. breast; rail.] 

Arch., Naut., &c.: The upper rail on a balcony, or 
on the breastwork of the quarter-deck of a vessel, 
or any similar place, 
breast -rope, s. [Eng. breast; rope.] 

1. Naut.; The same as breast-band (q. v.). 

2. Plural: Those ropes in a ship which fasten the 
yards to the parrels, and, with the parrels, hold the 
yards fast to the mast. (Harris.) 

breast -work, s. [Eng. breast; work.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A rude fieldwork thrown up as high as 
the breast, or any height, for the purpose of defense; 
a parapet. [II. 1.] 

“ Sir John Astley cast up breastworks, and made a 
redoubt for the defense of his men.”— Clarendon. 

2. Figuratively: 

“ In fact, this watery breastwork, a perpendicular wall 
of water carrying itself as true as if controlled by a 
mason’s plumb-line.”— De Quincey: Works (2ded.), i. 103. 

II. Technically: 

1. Fortif.: A hastily-constructed parapet made of 
material at hand, such as earth, logs, rails, timber, 
and designed to protect troops from the fire of an 
enemy. 

2. Arch. The parapet of a building. 

3. Ship-building: A railing or balustrade standing 
athwartships across a deck, as on the forward end 
of the quarter-deck or roundhouse. The beam sup¬ 
porting it is a breastbeam. 

breath, *breeth, *brethe, *breth, s. [A. S. 
brtieth; O. H. Ger. pradan.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

(i) Of man and the other animal creation: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The air drawn in and expelled by the lungs in 
the process of respiration. [II. 1. ] 

“ Brethe. Anelitus, alitus, spiramen.” — Prompt. Parv. 
“O messager, fulfild of dronkenesse. 

Strong is thy breth, thy lymes faltren ay.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6191-92. 

(2) The act or power of breathing, or of respira¬ 
tion. 

“He giveth to all life, and breath.” — Acts xvii. 25. 

(3) A single respiration: hence used figuratively 
for an instant. [2(3).] In abreath= atoneandthe 
same time, together. 

“You menace me, and court me, in a breath.” 

Dryden. 

*(4) An odor, smell, exhalation. 

“ The brethe of the brynston bi that hit blende were.” 

Allit. Poems: Cleanness, 1. 967. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Life ; that which gives or supports vitality or 
inspiration in anything. 

“ That hadde his breth almost bynomen.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

“ Quench, oh quench not that flame! It is the breath of 
your being. 

Love is life, but hatred is death.” 

Longfellow: Children of the Lord’s Supper. 

(2) Time for breathing {lit. or fig .), a respite, 
pause. 

“Give me some breath, some little pause, my lord, 
Before I positively speak.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. 2. 

(3) The duration of a breath, an instant. [1(3).] 

(4) Words, language, anything uttered. 

“Evil was this world’s breath, which came 
Between the good and brave!” 

Bemans: The Kaiser’s Feast. 

(5) Mere air; emptiness. 

“ Vows are but breath, and breath a vapor is.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s L. Lost, iv. 3. 

“ Covenants being but words and breath have no force 
i oblige.”— Bobbes: Leviathan. 


“While staying in this upper region, we lived entirely 
upon tortoise-meat; the breastplate roasted (as the Gau- 
chos do carne con cuero) with the flesh on it is very good.” 
— Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xvii., 
p. 377. 

(c) A leathern band worn round the neck of a 
horse, attached to the head of the saddle and to the 
saddle-girths. (Used only for riding purposes.) 


*(6) Rage, fury. 

“His brode eghne 

That fulle brymly for breth brynte as the gledys.” 

Morte Arthure, 116. 

(7) Opinion, sentiments; tendency of thought. 
For it seems often merely to respect a partial ex¬ 
pression of one's mir d. ‘ ‘ I wad fain hear his breath 
about this business.” (Scotch.) 


(ii) Of nature: 

1. Lit.: Air gently in motion; a very slight breeze. 

“ Anon out of the north est the noys bigynes, 

When bothe brethes con blowe vpon bio watteres.” 

Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 1. 138. 

“Not a breath of wind; a solemn stillness; all nature 
fast asleep.”— S. Smith: Letters, No. 256. 

2. Figuratively: 

“. . . and at the same time open, as it were, a win¬ 
dow to the outer world through which an occasional breath 
of every day English sentiment might flutter the self¬ 
absorption of university life.”— London Times,Bov. 17,1877. 

II. Technically: 

1. Physiol.: For details regarding the organic 
machine on the action of which breathing depends, 
see Lungs. For the process of breathing itself see 
Respiration. From 350 to 400 cubic feet of air are 
drawn into the lungs in 24 hours. The air expired 
is different, both in volume and composition, from 
that which was respired. Each hour an adult man 
takes in 450 to 550 grains of oxygen, and emits in the 
same period about 632 grains of carbonic acid, 
about 45 to 50 grains of nitrogen, and 9,720 grains of 
watery vapor. Henco a continued supply of fresh 
air, laden with oxygen, is needful to maintain life. 
For the want of it, out of 146 prisoners shut up in 
the “ Black Hole ” of Calcutta, which was not a 
hole at all but only a room -too small for its occu¬ 
pants, 123 perished in eight hours, as did 260 out of 
300 Russian prisoners confined in a cave after the 
battle of Austerlitz. [Air.] 

2 . Music: The signs to mark where breath is to 
be taken are—’ * y. (Grove.) 

III. In special phrases: 

1. Below one's breath: The same as under one's 
breath. 

2. In breath. 

(1) Breathing, alive. 

“When your first queen’s again in breath.” 

Shakesp: Winter *s Tale, v. 1. 

(2) Able to breathe. 

“ I am scarce in breath, my lord.”— Shakesp.: King 
Lear, ii. 2. 

3. Out of breath: Breathless, exhausted. 

4. Under one's breath: Very quietly, in fear. 

“The result of the adventure used to be spoken of 

under our breath and in secret.”— B. Miller: Schools and 
Schoolmasters, p. 69. 

5. With bated breath: In a humble, subservient 
voice. 

“ Shall I bend low, and in a bondman’s key, 

With bated breath, and whispering humbleness.” 

Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice, i. 3. 

6 . Breath of Life: The soul. 

“Yet one doubt 

Pursues me [Adam] still, lest all I cannot die: 

Lest that pure breath of life, the spirit of man 

Which God inspired, cannot together perish 

With this corporeal clod.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, x. 782-791. 

7. To take one's breath (lit. or fig.) : To pause, to 
recover one’s self. 

8 . To catch one's breath. To prevent one from 
breathing freely. 

9. To hold one's breath: To be eagerly expectant. 

breath-figure, s. A figure produced by the 

breath, after a coin or anything similar has been 
laid upon a plate of smooth metal or glass. The 
figure is that of the coin. Electricity may have to 
do with its production. 

breath-giver, s. He who gives life, or the 
power of breathing; God. 

“ Peace, wicked woman, peace vnworthy to breath, that 
doest not acknowledge the breath-giver; most vnworthy 
to haue a tongue, which speakest against him, through 
whom thou speakest.”— Sidney: Arcadia, p. 263. 

breath'-a-ble, a. [Eng. breath(e); -able.] That 
may be breathed, fit to be breathed. 

“The expulsion of carbonic acid from the blood, and 
the taking in of an equivalent amount of oxygen from 
the air, go on so long as the air is breathable.” — Cornhill 
Magazine, 1862, p. 485. 

tbreath'- 3 ,-ble-ness, s. [Eng. breathable; -ness.] 
The quality of being breathable, or fit to be 
breathed. 

breathe, *breath, *brethyn, *brethe, v. i. <fc t. 

[Breath, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally. Of beings: 

1. To inhale or exhale air, to respire. 

“Whil yit thou art aboue and brethest.” — Wycliffe: 
Ecclus. xxxiii. 21. 

“ Brethyn, or ondyn. Spiro, anelo, aspiro.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

|2. To have the power of respiration, to live. 

“. . .. he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed 
all that breathed, as the Lord God of Israel commanded.” 
Joshua x. 40. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who son; mute, cub, cure- unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



breathed 


621 


breccia 


II. Figuratively: 

Of persons: To take breath, to recover one’s 

self. 

** He presently followed the victory so hot upon the 
Scots, that he suffered them not to breathe , or gather 
themselves together again.”— Spenser. State of Ireland. 

2. Of things: 

( 1 ) To pass as air, to be exhaled. 


“ Shall I not, then, be stifled in the vault, 

To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet , iv. 3. 

(2) To live; to be actively in motion. 

“Deep thoughts of majesty and might 
For ever breathing there.” 

Hemans • Eryri Wen. 

B. Transitive: 

1. With a cognate object: 

I. Literally: To inhale or exhale. 

‘ Glad are they who therein sail, 

Once more to breathe the balmy gale.” 

Wilson: Isle of Palms , iii. 208. 

II. Figuratively: 

1 . To emit as a breath, to set in motion softly; to 
exhale, to be redolent of. 

(1) Of air or wind. 

“Place me where winter breathes his keenest air.” 

Cowper • Table Talk • 

(2) Of music. 

“ And, as I wake, sweet music breathes 

Milton: II Penseroso. 

(3) Of odors. 

“His altar breathes 

Ambrosial odors and ambrosial flowers.” 

Milton: P. L ., bk. iL 

2. To declare or express. 

(1) By speech. 

(а) In a bad sense: To threaten. 

“ Some recommended caution and delay; others breathed 
nothing but war.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxvi. 

( б ) Of prayers or vows: To utter softly. 

“I have toward heaven breathed a secret vow.” 

Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice , iii. 4. 

(2) By outward signs. 

“ And his whole figure breathed intelligence.” 

Wordsioorth: Excursion , bk. 1. 

3. To set in motion or act upon with the breath. 


“ They breathe the flute or strike the vocal wire.” 

Prior. 

ii. With an object not cognate: 

1. Literally: 

L To give time or rest for breathing to. 

“After him cante spurring hard 
A gentleman, almost forspent with speed, 

That stopp’d by me to breathe his bloodied horse.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., i. L 

2. ( Reflexively ): To take recreation; to take exer¬ 
cise. 

“ I think thou was created for men to breathe them¬ 
selves upon.”— Shakesp.: All 1 s Well , ii. 3. ( Nares .) 

“. . . they had also of auncient time divers other 
Manor houses of lesse cost and capacitie, planted in divers 
parts of this country, in which they used to breathe them¬ 
selves.”— Lambarde: Peramb. of Kent, p. 239. 

3. To put out of breath; to exhaust. 

“Christian began to pant, and said, *1 dare say this is 

a breathing hill.’ ”— Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. To allow to rest for a time. 


“ Tho, when no more could nigh to him approch. 

He breath 1 d his sword, and rested him till day.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. xi. 47. 

2 . To give air or vent to. 

“She sunk down at her feet in fits, so that they were 
forced to breathe a vein.”— Richardson: Clarissa, vol. viii., 
lett. 29. 

C. In special phrases: 

1. To breathe again: 

(1) Lit.: To take breath afresh. 

(2) Fig .: To recover one’s senses or courage, to 
be relieved in mind. 

2. To breathe out: 

(1) Lit .; To emit as breath. 

“She is called, by ancient authors, the tenth mase, and 
jy Plutarch is compared to Caius, the son of Vulcan, who 
breathed out nothing but flame.”— Spect. 


(2) Figuratively: 

\a) To exhale. [B. i. II. 1.] 

“Whan thei shuld brethen out ther soulis in the bosom 
af ther modris.”— Wycliffe: Lament., ii. 12. 

(b) To utter threateningly. [B. i. II. 2 (1).] 

“ So desperate thieves, all hopeless of their lives, 
Breathe out invectives ’gainst the officers.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., i. 4. 


“And Saul, yet breathing out threatenings and slaugh¬ 
ter . «, —Acts ix. 1. 

3. To breathe into: To cause to pass into as a 
breath. 

“ He breathed into us the breath of life, a vital active 
spirit; . . "—Decay of Piety. 


*4. To breathe after: To aspire to, aim at. 

“ We disown ourselves to be his creatures, if we breathe 
not after a resemblance to him in what he is imitable.”— 
Chamock: Discourses , ii. 259. 

5. To breathe one's last: To die 
breathed, pa. par. & a. [Breathe, v.] 

1. Gen.: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

“ Each heart shall echo to the strain 
Breathed in the warrior’s praise.” 

Hemans: The Crusaders 1 War-Song. 

II. Specially: 

*1. FuH of breath; having good breath or wind; 
stout. 

“Thy greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags.”— 
Shakesp.: Tam. of Shrew, Induct., ii. 

2. Wanting in breath; out of breath. 

“ Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret-room, a little 
breathed by the journey up.”— Dickens: Bleak House. 

*breathe'-man, *brethe-man, s. [Eng. 
breathe; -man.] One who blows a horn, trumpet, 
&c. 

“ Bremly the brethemen bragges in troumppes.” 

Morte Arthure, 4,107. 

breath-er, *breth-ere, s. [Eng. breath(e); -er.] 

1. Literally; 

fie One who breathes, or lives. 

“ When all the breathers of this world are dead, 

You still shall live.” Shakesp.: Sonnets, 8L 

*2. One who utters or publishes anything. 

“ Saul, yit brethere, or blowere, of manassis and betyng, 
or sleyng, into disciplis of the Lord, cam nygh to the 
princes of prestis, and axide of hem epistlis into Damaske, 
to synagogis.”— Wycliffe: Acts ix. 1. 

“ No particular scandal once can touch. 

But it confounds the breather. 11 

Shakesp>.: Meas.for Meas., iv. 4. 

II. Figuratively : 

fl. An inspirer; one that animates or infuses by 
inspiration. 

“ The breather of all life does now expire.’ 

Norris. 

2. That which puts out of breath or exhausts. 

“ It’s a breather. 11 —Dickens ; Dombey and Son. 

3. An exercise gallop, to improve the wind. 
*breath -fill, a. [Eng. breath; ful(l ).] 

1. Literally: Full of breath or wind. 

“ And eke the breathfull bellowes blew amaine, 

Like to the Northmen winde, that none could heare.” 

Spenser: F. Q., TV. v. 38. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Full of odor. 

“ Fresh Costmarie, and breathfull Camomill.” 

Spenser: Muiopotmos, 195. 

(2) Full of life; living. 

breath -ihg, *breth-inge, *breth-ing, *breth- 
ynge, pr.par ., a. & s. [Breathe.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <fr participial adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ But, oh ! the life in Nature’s green domains, 

The breathing sense of joy ! where flowers are spring¬ 
ing.” Hemans: The Release of Tasso. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

( 1 ) The act or process of inhaling and exhaling 
breath; respiration. 

“ The laborious breathing necessary in high regions 
would, we have some reason to believe, increase the size 
of the chest.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. 

vi., p. 198. 

(2) The breath. 

“’Tis her breathing that perfumes.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. 2. 

(3) Air in gentle motion; a very light breeze, a 
breath of air. 

“ No gentle breathings from thy distant sky 
Came o’er his path, and whisper’d ‘Liberty l 9 91 

Hemans: Elysium . 

“ Vast as it is, it answers as it flows 
The breathings of the lightest air that blows.” 

Cowper: Retirement. 

(4) Exercise taken to promote ease of respiration. 

“ Here is a lady that wants breathing too.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, ii. 3. 

(5) A breathing-place, a rent. 

“ The warmth distends the chinks, and makes ^ 

New breathings whence new nourishment she takes.” 

Dryden. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) An aspiration or earnest desire, accompanied 
by secret prayer for anything. 

“Thou hast heard my voice; hide not thine ear at my 
breathing , at my cry.”— Lam. iii. 56. 


(2) Any gentle influence or inspiration as '‘the 
breathings of the spirit.” 

(3) Utterance, publicity by word of mouth. 

“ I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop ., L 8. 

II. Technically: 

fl) Grammar: 

(а) Aspiration; the sound produced by the use of 
the letter h. 

( б ) Greek Grammar: A mark placed over the 
initial vowel of a word to denote aspiration. There 
are two kinds: the rough breathing {spiritus asper ), 
indicated by a turned comma (‘), signifies that the 
vowel is to be pronounced as if preceded by the 
letter h; the smooth breathing (spiritus lenisL indi¬ 
cated by a comma over the vowel (’), signifies the 
absence of any aspirate. 

( 2 ) Hunting: This word, applied to the stag, has 
the same meaning as at gaze. [Gaze, s.] 

breathing-place, s. 

1. An outlet or vent for breathing or the passage 
of air. 

2. A place for taking breath; a pause. 

“ That cassura, or breathing-place, in the midst of the 
verse, neither Italian nor Spanish have, the French and 
we almost never fail of.”— Sidney; Defence of Poesy. 

breathing-pore, s. 

Bot.: A pore in the cuticle of plants. 

breathing-space, s. Room or time for breath 
ing, or recovering one’s self. {Lit. & fig.) 

‘‘There the passions, cramp’d no longer, shall have 
scope and breathing-space. 11 

Tennyson: Locksley Hall. 


breathing-time, s. A time or space for recover¬ 
ing one’s breath {lit. dtfig.); a pause; relaxation. 

“ This breathing-time the matron took; and then 
Resumed the thread of her discourse again.” 

Dryden: The Hind and Panther, iii. 
“We have grown wise enough to shrink from unneces¬ 
sary interference in foreign brawls; and it behoves us to 
turn this happy breathing-time to the best account.”— 
Daily Telegraph, Nov. 1, 1865. 


breathing-while, s. The space of time in which 
one could take a breath; a moment, an instants 
[Breath, 4.] 

“Bud and blasted in a breathing-while. 19 

Shakesp.: Venus & Adonis, 1,142. 

breath-less, a. [Eng. breath; -less.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Wanting in breath ; out of breath. 

“Urging his followers, till their foes, beset, 

Stand faint and breathless , but undaunted yet.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage. c. L 

2 . Bead, lifeless. 

“Defends the breathless carcass on the ground, 
Furious he flies, his murderer to engage.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, xvi. 381-3. 

3. Attended with exhaustion or want of breath. 

“How I remember that breathless flight.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend , iv. 

II. Figuratively: Excited, eager; holding one’s 
breath in anxiety or eagerness. 

“And inspiration beams upon his brow. 

While, thronging round him, breathless thousands 
gaze.” Hemans: The Abencerrage , iL 


breath-less-ljf, adv. In a manner indicating 
exhaustion or want of breath. 

breath -less-ness, s. [Eng. breath; -less; -ness.] 
The state of being breathless, or out of breath. 


“MethinksI hear the soldiers and busie officers when 
they were rol ling that other weighty stone (for such we 
probably conceive), to the mouth of the vault with much 
toil and sweat and breathlessness , how they bragged of 
the sureness of the place.”—Bp. Hall: Works, ii. 276. 

*breatli-$r, a. [Eel g. breath; -?/.] FuH of air or 
wind, windy. 

“Lightning is less flamy and less breathy. 11 —Swan. 
Speculum Mundi (1635), p. 186. 


brecc'-Ht (cc as 9 I 1 ), s. [Ital. breccia; Fr. 
br&che={l) a breach, ( 2 ) a fragment.] 

1. Building , Comm., &c.: A kind of marble com¬ 
posed of a mass of angular fragments, closely 
cemented together in such a manner that when 
broken they form br&ches or notches. 

2. Geol.: The word has now a more extended 
signification. It signifies a rock composed of angu¬ 
lar as distinguished from rounded fragments united 
by a cement of lime, oxide of iron, &c. The frag* 
ments of course are derived from pre-existing rocks. 
Presumably these are not fai oft, for if the frag¬ 
ments had been transported from a distance by 
water, their angles would have been rounded off. 
There are quartsite breccias, ferruginous breccias, 
volcanic breccias, bone breccias, &c. 


‘ . . . faced with barricades of limestone rock, inter¬ 

mixed with huge masses of breccia, or pebbles imbedded 
in some softer substance which has hardened around 
them like mortar.”— Scott: Rob Roy , ch. xxxii. 

i noticed that the smaller streams in the Pampas were 
paved with a breccia of bones.”— Darwin: Voyage round 
the World (ed. 1870), ch. vii., p. 134. 


ofiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, ^ chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
~cian, -tian = shgm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c . = b$l, dfL 





brecciated 


622 


breech-sight 


brecc'-l-a-ted (ccas§li),a. [Breccia.] Abound¬ 
ing in breccia: consisting of angular fragments 
cemented together. 

“There are many points in Auvergne where igneous 
rocks have been forced by subsequent injection through 
clays and marly limestones, in such a manner tnat the 
whole has become blended in one confused and brecciated. 
mass.”— Lyell: Princ. ofGeol., iii. 259. 

brecc-I-5- (cc as §h), pref. [Breccia.] Of, 
belonging to, or in part consisting of a breccia. 

breccio-conglomerate, s. 

Petrol.: A rock consisting partly of angular and 
partly of rounded materials. ( Rutley.) 

♦brech, s. [Breach, Breech.] 

*breche, s. [Breech, Breach.] 

♦breck, *brack, s. [Breach.] 

1. A gap in a hedge. {Bailey.) 

2. A piece of uninclosed arable land; a sheep- 
walk. 

*br§ck'-en, s. [Bracken.] 

*bred, *breid, s. [Bread.] 

1. Bread. 

“ Bred, kalues fleis, and flures bred, 

And buttere, hem tho sondes bed.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod.., 1,013-14. 
“Quhow understand ye that is writtin be S. Pauli, We 
ar mony ane breid and ane body?”— N. Winyet: Ques¬ 
tions; Keith’s Hist., App., p. 232. 

2. A loaf or mass of bread by itself, whether large 
or small. (The term is still vulgarly used by bakers 
in this sense.) {Scotch.) 

“Quhy use ye at your Communion now four, now thre 
coupis, and mony breidisf ” — N. Wit yet: Questions; Keith’s 
Hist., App., p. 232. 

If It is sometimes distinguished by its relative 

size. 

“Imprimis, daylie xiiij gret bred. To the lavander iij 
gret bred. Summa of bred, lix gret bred.” — Royal House¬ 
hold: Chalmers’ Mary, i. 178, 179. 

♦bred-wrigte, s. [O. Eng. 6red=bread, and 
wright (q. v.)=a maker.] One who makes bread, a 
baker. 

“Quath this bred-wrigte, ‘ 1 itheth nu me.’ ” 

Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,077. 
bred, pa. par. & a. [Breed, u] 

A. & B. As pa. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“Their malice was bred in them.”— Wisdom, xii. 10. 

“Not so the Borderer:— bred to war, 

He knew the battle’s din axar.” 

Scott: Marmion, v. 4. 

IT Often in composition. [Half-bred, Ill-bred 
Well-bred.] 

bred-sore, s. A whitlow. 

bred'-ber-glte, s. [From Bredberg, a Swedish 
mineralogist. J 

Min.: A variety of garnet described by Dana as 
Lime-magnesia Iron-garnet. It is from Sala in 
Sweden. 

*bredde, pret. & pa. par. [Breed.] Bred, gen¬ 
erated. {Prompt. Parv?) 

“ It wirmede, bredde, and rotede thor.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod., 3,342. 
♦bred-dit, pa. par. or a. [Braided.] Covered, 
as though with embroidery. 

“The durris and the windois all war breddit 
With massie gold, quhairof the fynes scheddit.” 

Palice of Honor, iii. 68. (Edin. ed., 1579.) 
*brede (1), v. t. & i. [Breed.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*brede (2), v. i. [A. S. brcedan= to extend, spread; 
or perhaps=breed, grow.] [Breed, v., B., 3, (2).] 
To spread out, to extend, 

“ And blomys bricht besyd thame bredis.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), xvi. 68. 
♦brede (3), *breden, v. t. [A. S. brcedan.) To 
roast, burn. 

“ His flsesce he gan breden.” — Layamon, iii. 31. 
“Man and housthei brent and bredden.” — Arthour and 
Merlin, p. 270. 

♦brede (4), *breid, v. [Breed, n.] To resemble, 
brede (1), s. [Braid, s.] A braid, a piece of 
braiding or embroidery. 

“In a curious brede of needlework, one color falls away 
by such just degrees, and another rises so insensibly, 
that we see the variety, without being able to distinguish 
the total vanishing of the one from the first appearance 
of the other.”— Addison. 

“Half-lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede.” 

Tennyson: Princess, vi. 118. 

♦brede (2).s. [A. S. brerd=a. brim, ... a 
shore, a bank.] A limit. 

“The burne blessed hym belyue & the bredez passed.” 

Gaw. & the Or. Knight, 2,071. 
♦brede (3), pa. par. & s. [A S. 6rce<Je=roasted 
meat {Somner).] Roast meat. 

“Sum as brede brochede, and bierdez thame tournede.” 

Morte Arthure, 1,052. 


♦brede (4), *bred, s. [Bread.] 

♦brede-huche, *bredhititbe, s. A lump of bread. 

“ Brede-huche (bredhitithe, P.) Turrundula, lIG. in 
turgeo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

♦brede (5),s. [A. S. bred—a plank, a board.] A 
small table. 

“ Brede, or lytylle borde. Mensula, tabella, asserulus.” 
—-Prompt. Parv. 

♦brede-chese, *bred-chese, s. [Provinc. Eng. 
of Eastern counties bred= a braid used to press 
curd for cheese; or bred= a braid-platter; chese= 
Eng. cheese.] A cheese freshly taken from the 
press or served on a “bred,” or broad platter. 
{Way.) 

“ Bredechese (bredchese, P.). Jumtata (Junctata, P.).”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

♦brede ( 6 ), s. [Breadth, Broad.] Breadth. 

“Thebriggeys . . . on brede fourty fete.” 

Sir Ferumbras, 1,688. 

“Brede or squarenesse, croissure.” — Palsgrave. 
♦bredir, s. pi. [Brother.] Brethren. 

♦bredis, s. pi. [Jamieson says this is certainly 
the same with in brede as used by Chaucer, which 
Tyrwhitt renders abroad. Thus brondyn in bredis 
is “branched out.” But it appears more probable 
that the MS. has been mis-read, and that we should 
read broudyn in bredis— embroidered, as with 
braids.] [Brede ( 1 ), s.] 

“The birth that the ground bure was brondyn in 
bredis. 

With gerss gay as the gold, and granis of grace.” 

Houlate, 1. 3. MS. 

♦bredthe, s. [Breadth.] Breadth. 

“ Bredthe of anythyng, largeur.” — Palsgrave. 
*bred-yn (1), v. t. [Breed.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*bred-yn (2), V. t. [Broaden.] {Prompt. Parv.) 

♦bred-ynge (1), pr. par. & s. [Breed, p.] 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

♦bred-ynge (2), pr. par. & s. [Bredtn (2.).] 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

♦bred-ynge (3), pr. par., a. & s. [Braiding.] 
{Prompt. Parv.) 

bree (1), brie, brew, broo {Scotch), s. [A. S. 
briw ; Dut. brij ; Ger. brei; O. H. Ger. bri, brio; M. 
H. Ger. bri, brie.) [Brew ( 1 ), s.] 

1 . Broth, soup. 

“ The priest said grace, and all the thrang fell tee. 

And ply’d their cutties atthesmervy bree.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 116. 

“ Good beef and mutton to be broo, 

Dight spits, and then laid the rosts to.” 

Sir Egeir., p. 66. 

2. Juice, sauce. 

3. Water, the sea; moisture of any kind. 

“ Brent in the bre with the breme lowe.” 

Destruct. of Troy, 12,514. 

“ A’ ye douce folk, I’ve borne aboon the broo, 

Were ye but here, what would ye say or do! ” 

Burns: The Brigs of Ayr. 

♦bree (2), *broo, s. [A corruption of O. Fr. 
brigue; O. Eng. brige— contention, quarrel.] Hurry, 
bustle, tumult. 

“ Nae doubt, when ony sic poor chiel’ as me 
Plays tricks like that; ye’ll, in a hurry, see 
It thro’ the parish raise an unco bree.” 

Shirref. Poems, p. 67. 
bree (3), s. [Bre.] The eyebrow, 
breea, s. [Bray (3), s.] 

In East Yorkshire : The bank of a river. {Prof. 
Phillips: Rivers, &c.,of Yorkshire, p. 262.) 

breech (pron. brlijh), breoh, *brek, *breke, 
♦brygh (both sing, and plur.), *bryghe (sing.), 
breeches (pi.) (pron. brlgh -e§ {Eng.), breek§, 
breik§ (pi.) {Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. brdc, bree (pi. 
br&c, brcec) =breeches, trousers, a girdle; O. Icel. 
brdk (pi. breekr) ; O. Dan. brog ; Dut. broek; O. 
Fries, brtlc ; M. H. Ger. bruoch; 0. H. Ger. pruoh; 
Provinc. Fr. brougues; Lat. braca , bracca (sing.), 
bracce , braccce (pi.), all=trousers, breeches; Gael. 
briogais; It. brog.] [Brogue.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: ■ 

(1) A garment worn to cover the lower part of the 
body; drawers. (Originally used of the dress of 
women as well as of men, but now confined to the 
latter.) 

(a) Very rarely in the singular. 

“ The wommen weren breech as well as men.”— Maunde- 
ville: Voiage, p. 250. 

“ That you might still have worn the petticoat, 

And ne’er had stol’n the breech from Lancaster.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., v. 5. 


( 6 ) Now only in this sense in the plural. — 

“. . and shall have linen breeches upon their loins -, 

they shall not gird themselves with anything that causeth 
sweat.”— Ezek. xliv. 18. 

“ Young, royal Tarry Breeks.” — Burns: A Dream. 

“ . . . stoles, albs ; chlamydes, togas, Chinese silks, 
Afghaun shawls, trunk-hose, leather breeches , Celtic phil- 
ibegs . . Carlyle': Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. v. 

T[ The Jewish priests wore linen breeches (Exod. 
xxviii. 42, xxxix. 28; Levit. xvi. 4). In classical times 
breeches were worn only by the non-Roman and non- 
Grecian nations. 

(2) Sing.: The hinder part of the person covered 
by the trousers. {Hayward.) 

2. Figuratively: 

( 1 ) The hinder part of anything. [II. 1.] 

(2) Used, in the sense of authority, rule, superior¬ 
ity, especially in the phrases to have the breeches, 
to wear the breeches. 

“ Terentia being a most cruel woman, and wearing her 
husband’s breeches.” — North: Plutarch (Cicero). 

“ Come, Lopez, let’s give our wives the breeches, too, 
For they will have ’em.” 

Beaum. & Fletcher: Women Pleased, v. 3. 

II. Technically: 

1. Fire-arms and Ordnance: The rear portion of 
a gun; the portion behind the chamber. 

2. Shipbuilding: The outer angle of a knee-tim¬ 
ber ; the inner angle is the throat. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a breech ip any of 
the senses given under A. 
breech-band, s. 

Harness: The same as breeching, s. (2) (q. v.). 

breech-belt, *breche-belt, *brek-belt, s. A 

belt or girdle used to sustain the breeches; a waist- 
belt. 

“His breche-belt all tobrast.” 

Hunttyng of the Hare, 205. 

breech-block, s. A movable piece at the breech 
of a breech-loading gun, which is withdrawn for the 
insertion of a cartridge and closed before firing, to 
receive the impact of the recoil. [Fire-arm.] 

breech-girdle, *brech-gurdel, ♦brech-gerdel, 
♦breek-girdille, *breg-gurdel, *brich-gerdel, 
♦brek-gurdel, *bre-gurdel, *bri-gurdel, *bry- 

f yr-dyll, s. [Eng. breech; O. Eng. brech, breche, 
c.=breech, and girdle .] 

1. The same as breech-belt. 

“Small trees that ben non byere than a mannes breek- 
girdille.” —Maundeville, p. 50. 

“Jeremie’s brech-gerdel rotede bezide the wetere.”— 
Ayenbite of Inwit (ed. Morris), p. 205. 

2. The waist, the middle. [Breggurdel.] 
breech-loader, s. Afire-arm in which the charge 
is introduced at the rear instead of at the muzzle. 
The use of breech¬ 
loaders goes back to 
the sixteenth century; 
indeed, it is probable 
that that form of arm 
is about as old as the 
muzzle-loader. In the 
modern form, however, 
it is of quite recent 
introduction. Breech of a Breech-loading 

“Another and still more Shot-gun. 

important lesson of the 

present war is found i— the use at once of intrenchments 
and breech-loaders.” — London Times, Dec. 12, 1877. 

breech-loading, a. Made to be loaded at the 
breech. 

Breech-loading gun or cannon: A gun or cannon 
made to be loaded at the breech instead of the 
muzzle. 

Breech-loading rifle: A rifle made to be loaded at 
the breech. 

breech-pin, s. 

Fire-arms: A plug screwed into the rear end of a 
barrel, forming the bottom of the charge-chamber. 
Otherwise called a breech-plug or breech-screw. 

breech-screw, s. 

Fire-arms: The plug which closes the rear end of 
the bore of a fire-arm barrel. The parts are known 
as the plug, the face, the tenon, the tang, and the 
tang-screw hole. 

breech-sight, s. 

Fire-arms: The hinder sight of a gun. In. con¬ 
junction with the front sight it serves to aim the 
gun at an object. It is graduated to degrees and 
fractions, their length on the scale being equal to 
the tangents of an arc having a radius equal to the 
distance between the front and rear sights. The 
front sight is merely a short piece of metal screwed 
into the gun, usually at the muzzle, but sometimes 
between the trunnions, or on one of the rimbases, 
with its upper edge parallel to the bore of the gun. 
The rear sight may be detached, having a circular 
base fitting the base of the gun, or may slide througfi 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir r rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 






breech-wrench 

a slotted lug, and be retained at any given height by 
a set screw. The breech-sight, the tangent scale 
and the pendulum are merely different forms of this 
device. 

breech-wrench, s. 

Fire-arms: A wrench used in turning out the 
breech-pin of a fire-arm. 

.-reeQh (or asbrl$h), v. t. [From breech, s. (q. v.)] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To put into breeches. 

2. To whip upon the breech. 

II. Technically: 

Of a gun: To fit with a breech; to fasten with 
breeching (q. v.). 

bree§hed (or as bri$hed) {Eng.), breeked 
(Scotch). [Beeech, «.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

(1) Wearing, or having on breeches. 

“But I can perceive that the idea, romantic as it is, is 
strongly felt by the blue-coated, red -breeked creatures, 
who are wanted just now to reinforce the maimed armies 
of the Emperor.”— London Daily News, September 3, 1870. 

(2) Put into breeches ; hence grown up. 

(3) Whipped on the breech. ( Beaum. <& FI.) 

*2. Figuratively: Covered, hidden. 

“There, the murderers, 

Steep’d in the colors of their trade, their daggers 
Unmannerly breech’d with gore.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. 3. 

II. Technically: 

Of guns: Having a breech. 

*bree§h-er, s. [ Breech; -er .] 

1. One who breeches. 

2. One who flogs on the breech. 

“ Fesseur. A whipper, scourger, breecher.” — Cotgrave. 

breeches (pron. brigh'-e§), s. pi. [Beeech.] 

breeches-bible, s. A name given to a bible 
printed in 1579, and so called from the reading of 
Genesis iii. 7 : “theysowed figge-tree leaves together 
and made themselves breeches. 1 ' As a matter of 
fact, this bible has no more distinctive right to the 
name than Wyckliffe’s version, in which the same 
words are also found. 

breegh-Ing (or as brigh-mg), pr. par., a. & s. 
[Beeech, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: The act of whipping on 
the breech ; the state of being so whipped. 

“ Memorandum, that I owe Anamnestes a breeching ."— 
Brewer: Lingua, iii. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Ordnance: A rope secured by a thimble to the 
breeching-loop of a ship’s gun, and attached by its 
ends to ring-bolts on each side of the port-hole, 
serving to limit the recoil of the gun when fired. 
The breeching-loop occupies the place of the ordi¬ 
nary cascabel. 

The portion which comes behind the 


623 

3. To produce, bring into existence. 

“ Ther I was bred, also that ilke day, 

And fostred in a rock of marble gray.’” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,081-2, 

II. Figuratively : 

1. To educate, instruct, form by instruction. 

“ Charged my brother to breed me well.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, i. 1. 

“ To breed up the son to common sense, 

Is evermore the parent’s least expense.” 

Dryden: Juvenal. 

2. To rear up. 

“ Ah wretched me ! by fates averse decreed 
To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed." 

Dryden. 

3. To raise or continue a breed. 

“ We breed the sheep and we kill it.” 

Coleridge: The Friend, p. 118. 

4. To produce, give birth to. 

(1) Of material things: 

“ That ever Home should breed thy fellow.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, v. 3. 

“. . . the worthiest divine Christendom hath bred 
for the space of some hundreds of years.”— Booker. 

(2) Of immaterial things: To occasion, cause, give 
rise to, originate. 

“ Thy love excedeth 
Mesure, and many a peine bredeth." 

Gower: Conf. Aman., i. 60. 

“ The danger hid, the place unknowne and wilde, 
Breedes dreadfull doubts. Oft fire is without smoke.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 12. 

5. To be the birthplace of. 

“ The imperious seas breed monsters.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

“ It bred worms and 6tank .”—Exodus xvi. 20. 

6 . To contrive, plot, hatch. 

“ My son Edgar ! Had he a hand to write this ? a heart 
and brain to breed it in t ”— Shakesp..- Lear, i. 2. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To bear, give birth to young. 

“ To sitten and soupen . . . 

And breden as burghe swyn.” 

Langland: Piers Plow., 1,075. 

“ Here nothing breeds." 

Shakesp.: Titus And., ii. 3. 

2. To raise or continue a breed or kind. 

“ Choose the kind of animal that you wish to breed 
from.”— Gardner. 

3. To have birth, be procreated or produced. 

(1) Of animate beings: 

“ To the harte and to the hare 
That baedus in the rise.” 

Avowing of Arthur II. 

(2) Of inanimate things: 

“ Blosmes bredeth onthebowes.”— Wright: Lyric Poems, 
p. 45. 

II. Figuratively : 

1 . To be the birthplace or origin of living things. 
(Compare our expression to become alive with.) 

“It L manna] wirmede, bredde and rotede .”—Story of 
Gen. and Exod., 3,342. 

2. To take its origin or cause from, arise, be pro- 


breedling 


2. Harness: „ . ^ 

buttocks of a horse, and enables him to hold back dimed, or originated from, 
the vehicle in descending a hill. It is called also a 
breech-band. 

3. Furnace: A bifurcated smoke-pipe of a furnace 
or heater. 

breeching-hook, s. 

Vehicles: A loop or hook on the shaft of a car- 


“ Heaven rain grace 
On that which breeds between them.” 

Shakesp..- Tempest, iii. X. 

If To breed of, to breid of, to braid of: 

1 . To resemble. 

‘ Ye breed of the miller’s dog, ye lick your mouth or the 


“Ye breed o’ thegowk, ...” Ibid, p. 35. 

2. To appear, to be manifest. 

“ Sum schames to ask as braids of me.” 

Dunbar: Bannatyne Poems, p. 46, st. 3. (Jamieson.) 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between the verbs to 
breed and to engender :—“ To breed is to bring into 


riage for the attachment of the strap of the breech- poke be ope.”— Ferguson: Scotch Proverbs, p. a 

ing. by which the horse bears backwardly against - ' ' ' ’ " - 

theload in descending a hill. 

breeching-loop, s. 

Ordnance: The loop of the cascabel in ships’ 
guns, through which the breeching goes to prevent 
the recoil. 

breed, *brede, *breden, *bredvn, *breede, ,v. t. 

& i. [A. S. br6dan = to nourish, keep warm ; Dut. 
broeden =to brood, broeijen=( 1) to hatch, incubate, 

(2) to brew; O. H. Ger. pruatan; Ger. hrilten; Wei. 
brwd=hot> warm; brydicLW —to neat, inflame; Lat. 
fovere =to cherish, nourish,] The word is closely 
connected with brew (q. v.). 

A. Transitive: 

1. Literally: 

1 To procreate, generate, beget. 

+(1) Of human beings; 

“ Moght we any barnes brede.” 

Cursor Mundi, 2,945. 

(2) Of animals: To beget, generate, bring forth. 

(3) Of fowls: To hatch. 

« Bredyn’ or hetchyn’, as byrdys. Pullifleo."—Prompt. 

Par v. 

2. To cause to exist. 

“If the sun breed maggots in a dead do g.”—Shakesp.: 

Hamlet, ii. 2. 


35. 


breed (2), s. [Beeed, u.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A subdivision of species; a class, a caste, a kind 
“Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, 

and rams of the breed of Bashan.”— Deut. xxxii. 14. 

“The greater number of men were of a mixed breed, 
between Negro, Indian, and Spaniard.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. iv., p. 71. 

2. A family; a generation (generally contemptu¬ 
ously). 

“A cousin of his last wife’s was proposed; but John 
would have no more of the breed.” — Arbuthnot: Hist, of 
John Bull. 

3. Offspring. 

“Since that the truest issue of thy throne 
By his own interdiction stands accursed, 

And does blaspheme his breed.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3. . 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. Produce of any kind; result, increase. 

“For when did friendship take 
A breed for barren metal of his friend?” 

Shakesp..- Mer. of Venice, i. 3. 

*2. The act of breeding; a brood. 

“ She lays them in the sand, where they lie till they are 
hatched; sometimes above an hundred at a breed.”—* 

Grew. 

*breed (3), *bread, *breede, *brede, *breid, s, 

[Beeadth.1 

1 . Breadth, width. 

“Within the temple of mighty Mars the reede? 

A1 peynted was the wal in length and breede." 

Chaucer: C. T., 1971-72. 

2. A breadth of cloth, woolen or linen. (Scotch.) 
“Of claith of silver—contening threttie lang breiddis, 

sevin schort breidis, four lang and small breidis, and tua 
small and schort breidis.” — Inventories, A. 1578, p. 211. 
“Ye maun sleeve-button’t wi’ twa adder-beads; 

Wi’ unchristened fingers maun plait down the 
breeds.” 

Remains Nithsdale and Galloway Song, p. 111. 

(Jamieson .) 

breed -er, s. [Beeed, v. t.] 

I. Literally: 

1. That which breeds or produces young. 

“You love the breeder better than the male.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1. 

“ Get thee to a nunnery; why would’st thou be a breeder 
of sinners?”— Shakesp..- Hamlet, iii. 1. 

2. A female that is prolific, and good at breeding. 
II. Figuratively: 

fl. That which produces anything, the cause or 
origin. 

“ Give sentence on this execrable wretch, 

That hath been breeder of these dire events.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., v. 3. 
“Time is the nurse and breeder of all good.” 

Ibid..- Two Gent, of Ver., iii. L 

2 . One who devotes himself to the breeding and 
rearing of stock. 

“ Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always 
accompanied by an elongated head.”— Darwin: Origin of 
Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 11. 

f3. The person or country which gives birth to and 
rears anything. 

“Time was, when Italy and Home have been the best 
breeders and bringers up of the worthiest men.”— Ascham: 

Schoolmaster. 

breed-lng, *bred-ynge, *brod-ynge, pr. par., 

a. & s. [Beeed, t\] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive : 

I. Literally: 

1 . The act of procreating or giving birth to. 

2. The science of raising or continuing a breed or 
kind. 

“It would indeed have been a strange fact, had atten- 


existence by a slow operation; to engender is to be tion not been paid to breeding, . . .” Darwin: Origin 


the author or prime cause of existence. So, in the 
metaphorical sense, frequent quarrels are apt to 
breed hatred and animosity. . . . Whatever 

breeds acts gradually; whatever engenders pro¬ 
duces immediately as cause and effect. Unclean¬ 
ness breeds diseases of the body ; want of occupation 
breeds those of the mind; playing at chance games 
engenders a love of money.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

*breed-bate, s. A quarrelsome person, one who 
causes quarrels and disturbances. 

“No tell-tale, nor fio breed-bate." — Shakesp.: Merry 
Wives, i. 4. 

♦breed (1), *brede, s. [Beead.] 

“ And straw her cage faire and soft as silk. 

And geve hem sugre, hony, breed, and mylk.” 

Chaucer. 10,927-8. 

“ Sufficiantly al his lyvyng, 

Yit may he go his breed begging; 

F o dore to dore, he may go trace.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 


of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 34. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Education, nurture, rearing. 

“ She had her breeding at my father’s charge.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, ii. 3. 
“Why was my breeding order’d and prescrib’d.” 

Milton- Agonistes. 

2. Manners, deportment, education. 

. . and his name was Mr. Brisk; a man of some 
breeding, and that pretended to religion, . . .”— Bunyan: 
P. P., pt. ii. 

“ Politely learn’d, and of a gentle race, 

Good breeding and good sense gave all a grace.” 

Cowper. Hope. 

tbreed -ling, s. (Eng. breed; -ling.] An inhab¬ 
itant of the Fens ( Lincolnshire, England. 

“ In that dreary r< ,ion, covered by vast flights of wild 
fowl, a half savage population, known by the name of the 
Breedlings, then led an amphibious life.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xi. 


bfill, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 
-clan, -tian = sh 3 . 11 . -tion, -sion = shun; 


§hin, jench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f. 
-tion. -gion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dpi. 






breem 

*breem, *breeme, a. & adv. [Bkeme, a.] 

“ That foughten breeme, as it were boores tuo; 

The brighte swerdes wente to and fro.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,701-2 

bree§e, s. [Beeeze (3), s.] 

♦breeste, s. [Beeast.] 

“ Breeste of a beste. Pectus .”— Prompt. Pare. 

♦breeste-bone, s. Breast-bone. 

“ Breeste-bone. Torax, I’G. in torqueo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

breeze (1), *brize, s. [Fr. brise; Sp. brisa; Port. 
briza = the northeast wind ; Ital. brezza = a cold 
wind.] 

1. Lit.: A gentle gale, a light wind. 

“We find that these hottest regions of the world, seated 
ander the equinoctial line, or near it, are so refreshed 
with a daily gale of easterly wind, which the Spaniards 
call breeze, that doth ever more blow stronger in the heat 
of the day.”— Raleigh. 

“His voice was steady, low, and deep, 

Like distant waves when breezes sleep.” 

Scott: Rokeby, vi. 19. 

+2. Fig.: A slight quarrel or disturbance. 

1] Crabb thus distinguishes between breeze , gale, 
blast, gust, storm, tempest, and hurricane. All these 
words express the action of the wind in different 
degrees and under different circumstances: “A 
breeze is gentle ; a gale is brisk, but steady ; we have 
breezes in a calm summer’s day; the mariner has 
favorable gales which keep the sails on the stretch. 
A blast is impetuous: the exhalations of a 
trumpet, the breath of bellows, the sweep of a vio¬ 
lent wind, are blasts. A gust is sudden and vehe¬ 
ment: gusts of wind are sometimes so violent as to 
sweep everything before them while they last 
Storm, tempest, and hurricane include other par¬ 
ticulars besides wind. A storm throws the whole 


624 

3. Blown upon by breezes, open, exposed to the 
breezes. 

“The seer, while zephyrs curl the swelling deep, 

Basks on the breezy shore, in grateful sleep, 

His oozy limbs.” Pope. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Soft and gentle, like a breeze. 

“ How shall I tell thee of the startling thrill 
In that low voice, whose breezy tones could fill.’ 

Hemans. A Spirits Return. 

2 . Lively, full of life and activity; fresh, brisk. 
[U. S. Colloq.] 

♦bref-li, *breve-ly, adv. [Beiefly.] 

♦breff-nes, s. [O. Eng. 6 re/=brief; -ness.] Brev¬ 
ity, shortness. ( Coventry Mysteries , p. 79.) 

♦breg-aunde, s. [Beigand.] (Morte Arthure, 
2,096.) 


breke 

2. Intrans.: To write, to commit to writing. 

“ Glaidlie I wald amid this writ haue breuit.” 

Palice of Honor, m. 92. 

♦breif, s. [Beeef, Beief, *.] 

*breird, s. [A. S. brerd — an edge, border.] 
[Beeed.] The surface, the uppermost part, or top, 
of any thing, as of liquids. 

“We beseech you therein to perceive and take up the 
angrie face and crabbed countenance of the Lord of hosts, 
who has the cup of his vengeance, mixed with mercy and 
justice, in his hand, to propine to this whole land ;— of the 
which the servants of his own house, and ye in special!, 
has gotten the breird to drink.”— Declaration, &c., 1596. 
(Melville’s MS., p. 279.) 

♦breird'-Ing, s. [Beeee, v., Beeee (2), s.] Ger¬ 
mination. (Used metaphorically in relation to 
Divine truth.) 

“I find a little breirding of God’s seed in this town.”— 


atmosphere into commotion; it is a war of the [Beegge, v.J 


elements, in which wind, rain, and the like, conspire 
to disturb the heavens. Tempest is a species of 
storm which has also thunder and lightning to add 
to the confusion. Hurricane is a species of storm 
which exceeds all the rest in violence and duration. 
. . .”— [Crabb: Eng.Synon.) 

breeze (2), s. [O.Fr. brese ; Fr. braise=cinders.] 

1. Brick-making : Refuse cinders used for burning 
bricks in the clamp. 

“ Here the rubbish is sifted and sorted by women and 
children, and the ashes called ‘ breeze 1 are sold by the 
defendant to be used in brickmaking.”— London Echo, 
Dec. 9, 1879. 

2. Small coke {in this sense used in the plural ). 


*breger, s. [0. Fr. brigueur=a quarrelsome, con- Rutherford: Lett., pt. i., ep. 73. 
tentious, or litigious person ; O. Fr. 6 ri§rue=conten- brels'-lak-Ite, s. [Named after Breislak, an 
tion.] [Beige.] A quarrelsome or litigious per- Italian geologist, who was born of German parent- 
son ; one given to broils and bloodshed. a ge at Rome in 1748, and died on Feb. 15, 1826.] 

Min.: A woolly-looking variety of aluminous 
pyroxene. It is called also Cyclopeite. 

♦breith, a. [Beight.] 

“ The breith teris was gret payn to behald, 

Brvst fra his eyn, be he his tale had tald.” 

Wallace: viii. 1370, MS. 

brelt-haup-tlte, s. [InGer. breithauptit. Named 
after the Saxon mineralogist Breithaupt.] 
Mineralogy: 

1. An opaque, hexagonal, brittle mineral, called 
also Antimonial Nickel, Antimoniet of Nickel, and 
Hartmannite. The hardness is5’5 ; the sp. gr., 7’541; 
the luster metallic, the color copper-red inclining to 
violet. Composition: Antimony, 59’706-67’4; nickel, 
27-054-28-946; iron,0-842-0-866; andgalena, 6-437-12.357. 
Occurs at Andreasberg, in the Harz Mountains, 
and has appeared crystallized in a furnace. 

2. The same as Coveliite (q. v.). 


‘ Sic men than, ye ken than, 

Amangs our seifs we se, 

As bregers and tygers, 

Delyts in blud to be.” 

Burets Pilgrim, Watson 1 s Coll., ii. 46. 

♦bregge, v. t. [A contracted form of abregge— 
abridge.] To shorten, abridge. 

“ Tho daye 3 hadden be breggid.” — Wickliffe: Matt. 
xxiv. 22. 

♦breg-gere, s. [Beegge, v .] An abridger, short¬ 
ened 

“ Breggere of wordus.”— Wickliffe: Pref. Epist., i. 72. 
*breg-gid, pa. par. [Beegge.] 

♦breg-ging, *breg-gyng, pr. par., a. & s. 


A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : (See the verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of abridging, shortening, 
or contracting. 

“The Lord God of oostis schal make an endyng and a 
breggyng. 11 — Wickliffe: Isa. x. 23 (Purvey). 

♦breg-gur-del, ♦bry-gyr-dyll, s. [Beeech- 
giedle.] 

1 . The waist-belt. 

2. The waist, the middle. 

“Into the breggurdel him gerd ."—Sir Ferumbras, 2,448. 

breg -ma, s. [Gr.bregma=tho top of the head; 
from brecho= to be wet or soft, because the bone in 
that part is longest in hardening. In Fr. bregma .] 


♦breith -ful, a. [Bbaithful.] 

“ All kynd of wraith and breithfull yre.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 428, 7. 

bre-jeu -ba, s. [From a Brazilian Indian dialect.] 
One of the names given by the Brazilian Indians to 
a kind of cocoa-nut, called by them also the Airi, 
from which they manufacture their bows. 

♦brek, s. [Beeach, s., Beeak, u.] 

I. Literally: Breach in a general sense. 

That the said maister James walde not mak him sub- 


‘ The manufacture of the small coke called breezes.”— immediately over the forehead, where the parietal 


, ‘ ~ ~ - __ UqqTi mat tne saia maister dames waiae noi mss nuu suo- 

Anat.:' The _ sinciput, or uppe r pa t of t head tennent to him of the said landis, nor enter him tharto, 


Ure. 

breeze-oven, s. 

1 . A furnace adapted for burning coal-dust or 

2. An oven for the manufacture of breezes or small 
coke. 

breeze (3), *bree§e, s. [A. S. brimsa; Dut. 
brems; Ger. bremse ; O. H. Ger. brSmo ; from O. H. 
Ger. breman= to hum. Skeat says the original form 


bones are joined. 

bre'-hon, *bre-hoon, s. & a. [Irish breathamh, 
breitheamh=a judge.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The ancient, unwritten law of Ireland, answer¬ 
ing to English common law. It was abolished in 
the reign of Edward III. 

2. Among the ancient Irish, an hereditary judge. 

As for example, in the case of murder, the Brehoon that 


of the word must have been brimse .] A gad-fly. is theyr judge, will compound betweene the murderer and 
BEIZE ] the frendes of tlie party murthered.”— Spenser: State of 


‘Yon ribaudred nag of Egypt,— 

The breese upon her, like a cow in June, 

Hoists sail and flies.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., iii. 10. 
“A fierce loud buzzing breese, their stings draw blood, 
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood.” 

Dryden. 

breeze-fly, s. [Beeeze (3).] 
fbreeze, v. i. [Beeeze (1), s.] To blow gently or 
moderately. 

“ For now the breathing airs, from ocean born. 

Breeze up the bay, and lead the lively morn” 


the frendes of the party murthered” 
Ireland. 


The Brehons were, in North Britain and Ireland, the ___ 

judges appointed by authority to determine, on stated — Balfour 1 s Pract., p. 643. 
times, all the controversies which happened within their __ . . 

respective districts. Their courts were usually held on 1L F iguraiivety. 
the side of a hill, where they were seated on green banks 
of earth. The hills were called mute-hills. The office 
belonged to certain families, and was transmitted, like 
every other inheritance, from father to son. Their stated 
salaries were farms of considerable value. By the Brehon 
law, even the most atrocious offenders were not punished 
with death, imprisonment or exile; but were obliged to 
pay a fine called Eric. The eleventh or twelfth part of 
Barlow. this fine fell to the judge’s share; the remainder belonged 

ir In nautical pltrme, to Irccte up=to be e i» to S'’hu'SlS« P "iC 


& tharfore he aucht nocht to pay the said soumez becauss 
of the&refc of the said promitt.”— Act. Dom. Cone., A. 1491, 

p. 228. 

(1) Wattir brek : The breaking out of water. 

“ The burne on spait hurlis doun the bank, 
Vthir throw ane wattir brek, or spait of flude, 
Kyfand vp rede erd, as it war wod.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 49, 18. 

(2) Brek of a ship : The breaking up of a vessel, 
from its being wrecked; also, the shipwreck itself. 

“ Gif it chance ony ship of ather of the parties afoirsaid 
sufferand shipwrak to be brokin, the saidis gudis to be 
saiflie keipt to thame be the space of ane yeir, from the 
newis of the shipwrak, or brek of the ship to be comptit.” 


blow freshly. 

“ It was very dark, the wind breezing up sharper and 
sharper, and cold as death.”— Daily Telegraph, Jan. 10, 
1881. 

fbreeze'-less, a. [Eng. breeze; -less.] Undis¬ 
turbed by any breeze; still, calm. 

“Yet here no fiery ray inflames 
The breezeless sky.” 

W. Richardson: Poems. 

“ A stagnate breezeless air becalms my soul.” 

Shenstone: Poems. 

breez'-jf, o. [Eng. breez{e); - 2 /.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Rising into a breeze; gently moving. 

“ The budding twigs spread out their fan, 

To catch the breezy air.” 

Wordsworth: Lines Writ en in Early Spring. 

2. Ruffled by breezes. 

“ Oh how elate was I, when, stret h’d beside 
The murmuring course of Arno s breezy tide.” 
Cowper: Translations of the Latin Poems of Milton: On the 
Death of Damon. 


Macpherson: Critical Dissertations, D. 13. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining or relating to the laws or 
magistrates mentioned under A. 

*breid, v. t. & i. [Bbaid.] 

♦breid, *brede, s. [A. S. breedu = breadth.] 
[Beeadth, Beoad.] Breadth, width. 

“ And all this warld off lenth and breid, 

In xij yher, throw his douchty deid.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), i. 631-32. 

On breid: In breadth. 

“ That folk our-tuk ane mekill feld 
On breid, quhar mony [a schynand] scheld.” 

Barbour: The Bruce \e d. Skeat), xii. 43940. 

♦breif, *breve, *breue, *brew, v. t. & i. [Brief, 

v-] 

1 . Trans.: To compose. 

“ Quhen udir folkis dois flattir and feny6, 

Allace ! I can bot ballattis breif.” 

Dunbar: Bannatyne Poems, p. 65. 

“ And in the court bin present in thir dayis, 

That ballatis breuis lustely and layis.” 

Lyndsay: Warkis, 1592, p. 185. 


1. Quarrel, contention of parties. 

“It is to be provided for remede of the gret brek that is 
now, & apperand to be, in diuerss partis of the realme; 
and specially in Anguse betuix the erle of Buchane & the 
erle of Eroule & thar partijs.”— Pari. Ja. III. 1478, ed. 1814, 

p. 122. 

2. Uproar, tumult. 

“ For all the brek and storage that has bene.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 467, 21. 

♦brek, *breke, v. t. & i. [Beeak, v.] To break. 

“ Syne gert brek doune the wall.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), ix. 322. 

T[ To brek aray: To break the ranks or line. 

“ Luke he in no vay brek aray.” 

Barbour: The Bruce, xii. 217. 

♦brek'-und, pr. par. [Beeak, v.] Breaking, 
{Barbour: The Bruce, iii. 699.) 

♦brek-ben-ach, s. [Gael. bratach=a banner; 
f>eanm«eftte=blessed; Lat. benedictus .] A partic¬ 
ular military ensign. 

“ The Laird of Drum held certain lands of the Abbot of 
Arbroath for payment of a yearly reddendo, et ferendo 
vexillum dicti Abbatis, dictum Brekbenach, in exercitu 
regis.”— Old Chart. 

♦breke, *breken, *brekyn, v. t. & i. [Beeak, v.] 

" Brekyn or breston (brasten P.). Frango.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

♦breke, s. [Beeak, s., Beeach, s.] The act of 
breaking; a breach, fracture. 

‘‘Breke or brekynge Ruptura,fractura.” — Prompt. Parv. 


fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, amidst, 
WQlf, w5rk, 


what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
wh6, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur. rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




brekil 


625 


brest 


*brel£'-Il, a. [Brittle.] 

*brek'-lesse, a. [O. Eng. 6rek=breeches, and stiff. 
'lease—less= without.] Without breeches, naked. 

“ He bekez by the bale-f yre, and breklesse hyme semede.” 

Morte Arthure, 1,048. 

*brek’-yl, a. [Brittle.] (Prompt. Parv., p. 177.) 

*brek-ynge, s. [Breaking, s.] A breaking, 
fracture. 

" Brekynge. Fraccio.” — Prompt. Parv. 
bre-luche’, s. [Fr. breluche .] A French floor¬ 
cloth of linen and worsted. 

*brem'-bll, *brem-ble, *brem'-mil, *brem- 
ber, s. [Bramble.] A briar, a bramble. 

“ Brembil and thorn it sal te yeild.” 

Cursor Mundi, 924. 

*breme, *breem, *breeme, *brim, *brime, 
*brym, *bryme, a. & adv. [A. S. brSme, bryme= 
famous, notable; bremman — to roar, rage; Dut. 
brommen; M. II. Gev.briinmen; O. H.Ger breman: 
Lat. fremo; Gr. bremo all=to roar, rage.] 

A. As adjective: 

1 . Famous, splendid, widely spoken of. 

“Thilke feste was wel breme 
For ther was alle kunnes gleo.” 

Florice and Blauneh, 792. 

2. Fierce, furious, raging. 

“ Of the breme bestes that beres ben called.” 

William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1699. 

3. Sharp, severe, crueL 

“ But eft, when ye count you freed from feare, 

Comes the breme Winter, with cnamfred browes.” 

Spenser: The Shep. Cal., ii. 
“Or the brown fruit with which the woodlands teem; 
The Bame to him glad summer or the winter breme." 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 7. 

4. Full, complete. 

“ Vchonez blysse is breme & beste.” 

Ear. Eng. All it. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 863. 

B. As adverb: Boldly, loudly. 

*breme, s. [Bream.] 

"Breme, fysche. Bremulus." — Prompt. Parv. 

*breme-ly, *brem-l 7 , *brem-lich, *brim-ly, 
*brym-ly, *bremli, *brem-lych, adv. [O. Eng. 
breme , a.; -ly.) Furiously, fiercely. 

“ Bremly his bristeles he gan tho arise.” 

William of Palerne, 4,342. 

“. . . his brode eghne, 

That fulle brymly for breth brynte as the gledys.” 

Morte Arthure, 116. 

Bre'-men, s. & a. [From Bremen, a city in Ger¬ 
many.] 

Bremen-blue, s. A pigment made of carbonate 
of copper, alumina and carbonate of lime. 

Bremen-green, s. A pigment akin in composition 
to Bremen-blue. 

*brem-myll, s. [Bramble.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*brem-stoon, *brem-ston, s. [Brimstone.] 

“ And evermore, wher that ever they goon, 

Men may hem knowe by smel of bremstoon.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,812-3. 

♦bren, *brin, *bryn, s. [Bran.] 

In stede of mele yet wol I geve hem bren.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,051. 

*< Bren, or bryn, or paley. Cantabrum, furfur, Cath.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*bren, *brenn, *brenne, *bren-nyn, *brin, v. t. 

& i. [Burn, v.] To burn. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“The more thine herte brenneth in fier.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

“ Closely the wicked flame his bowels brent." 

Spenser: F. Q., III. vii. 16. 

♦brend, *brende, *brent, pa. par. & a. [Bren, v.) 

1. Lit.: Burnt. 

“ Brent child of fier hath mych drede.” 

Chaucer: The Romaunt of the Rose. 

2. Fig.: Burnished so as to glow like fire. 

“Branded with brende gold, and bokeled ful bene.” 

Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. 3. 

*brend-fier-rein, s. Rain of burning fire. 

“ Sone so loth wit of sodome cam 
Brend-fier-rein the burge bi-nam.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,110. 

*brene (1), S. [A. S. bryne-a burning.] Burning 
fire. 

“ . . . bol of brene on-tholyinde.” 

Dan Michel, in Spec. Ear. Eng. (Morris & Skeat), pt. ii., 
p. 100, line 56. 

*bren'-e (2), bren'-ie, s. [Birnie.] Corslet, 
habergeon. 

“ With his comly crest, clere to beholde; 

His brene and his basnet, burneshed ful bene.” 

Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. 4. 


*breng-en, v. [Bring.] 

*brenn, v. [Bren, d.] 

bren-nage, s. [O. Fr. brenage, brenaige; Low 
Lat. brennagium, branagium .] [Bran.] 

Old Late: A tribute paid by tenants in feudal 
times to their lord in lieu of bran, which they were 
bound to furnish for his hounds. 

*bren-nand, *brin-nand, pr. par. & a. [Bren- 
ning.] 

*bren-nar, s. [Bren, p.] One who sets on fire or 
burns anything, 

“ Brennar, or he that settythe a thynge a-fyre. Com¬ 
bustor.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*brenne, v. t. & i. [Bren, p.] 

“ In culpouns well arrayed for to brenne." 

Chaucer: The Knightes Tale, 2,868-9. 

*bren'-ning, *bren-nyng, *bren’-nynge, 
*bren-nand, *brin'-nand (North), pr.par., a. &s. 
[Bren, p.] 

A. &B. As present participle <& participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“Of brennyng fyre a blasyng bronde.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

C. As substantive : 

1. Lit.: The act of burning, the state of being 
burnt. 

“ As doth a wete brond in his brennyng.” 

ChaucerC. T., 2,339-40. 

f2. Fig.: The state of earnest desire. 

“ The lasse for the more wynnyng, 

So coveit is her brennyng.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

*bren'-nlng-ly, *bren -nyng-ly, *bren -nyng- 
XL, adv. [Old Eng. brenning; -ly.) Hotly, fiercely, 
strongly. 

“ Love hath his firy dart so brenningly 

Ystiked thurgh my trewe careful hert.” 

Chaucer: The Knightes Tale, v. 1,566. 
*bren-ston, *brun'-stone, s. [Brimstone.] 
brent, *brant, a. [A. S. brand = steep, high • O. 
Icel. brattr; Sw. brant, bratt; Dan. 6 rat=steep.] 

1. Literally: 

*1. Steep, high, precipitous. 

“Hyghe bonkkez and brent.” — Sir Gawaine, 2,165. 

“ The grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonderfully.” 
— Ascham: Lett, to Raven. 

2. Straight, unbent. 

“My bak, that sumtyme brent hes bene, 

Now cruikis lyk ane camok tre.” 

Maitland: Poems, p. 193. 

II. Fig.: Now in Scotch applied especially to the 
forehead, in the sense of high, smooth, unwrinkled. 
“Your locks were like the raven, 

Your bonnie brow was brent.” 

Burns: John Anderson, my Jo. 
brent-brow, s. A smooth, unwrinkled brow, 
brent-browed, a. Having a smooth brow, un¬ 
wrinkled by care or age. 

*brent, *brente, *brende, pret. of v., pa. par. & 
a. [A. S. bernan, brennan=to burn.] [Brend, 
Burn, Burnt.] 

A. As pret. of v.: Burnt. (Lit. dbfig.) 

“Of cruell Juno the drede brent her in wart.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 84, 6. 

B. As past participle and adjective: 

1. Lit.: Burnt, baked. 

“ A wal imade of brent tile.”— Trevisa, i. 221. 

2. Fig.: Burnished. 

“The borgh watz al of brende golde bryght.” 

Allit. Poems, Pearl, 988. 

*brent, s. [Icel. 5randar=pillar.] According to 
Jamieson a door-post. 

“ ' I wad gie a’ my lands and rents 

I had that ladie within my brents;’ 

‘ Keep still yere lands, keep still yere rents; 

Ye hae that ladie within yere brents.’ ” 

Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 216. 

brent-goose, s. [Brant-goose.] 

*brent-new, a. [Brand-new.] (Scotch.) 

“Warlocks and witches in a dance: 

Nae cotillon brent-new frae France.” 

Burns: Tam O’Shanter. 

bren’-tl-de§, s. pi. [From Med. Lat. brentus, 
and pi. suff. -ides.) 

Entom.: A family of beetles belonging to the 
section Rhynchophora, and the sub-section Rec- 
ticornes. They resemble Curculionidm (Weevils), 
but have straight and moniliform antennae. They 
are long, with long snouts. 

bren’-tus, 8, [From Gr. brenthos— an unknown 
water bird of stately bearing; brenthuomai= to 
cock up one’s nose.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles, the typical one of the 
family Brentides (q. v.). 


*bren’-y, s. [Birnie.] 

*bren-y-ede, *bryn-y-ede, a. [From O. Eng 
brene , breny= a cuirass. Birnie.] Armed with or 
wearing a cuirass. 

“I salle to batelle the brynge, of brenyede knyghtes.” 

Morte Arthure, 316. 

*breord, s. [Breed.] 

*breost, *brest, *breest, s. [Breast.] 
*breost-bane, s. [Breastbone.] 
*breost-broche, *breest-broche, s. [O. Eng. 

6 reos(=breast,and 6 rocAe=brooch.] A brooch worn 
on the breast. 

“The breest-broche of dow thou shalt make with werk of 
dyuerse colors.”— Wicliffe: Exod. xxviii. 15. 

*breost-plate, s. [Breastplate.] 

*breothan, v. i. [A. S. abreotan, abreottan, abre- 
othan— to bruise, break or destroy.] To fall, to 
perish. (Layamon, 5,807.) 

*bre-phot-ro-phy, s. [Gr. brephotropheion = a 
nursery or hospital for children; brephos= a child; 
tropheion—a nursery, place for learning; trepho = to 
rear, nurse.] A nursery cr hospital for children. 

breq-uet’-^hain, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. 
O. Fr. braque=the claw of a crab, j [Bracket.] A 
chain for securing the watch in the vest pocket to a 
button or button-hole of the vest. 

*brerd (1), s. [Etymology doubtful. (?) A. S. 
brerd .] According to Jamieson, the whole sub¬ 
stance on the face of the earth; but it may be a 
copyist’s error for t>reid=broad. 

“ I will uoght turn myn entent, for all this warld brerdP 
Gawan and Gol., iv. 7. 

*brerd (2), *brerde, *breord, *brurd, s. [A. a 

brerd= the edge, side; O. H. Ger . brart, brort. Cf. 
braird .] An edge, margin, or brim of a vessel, &c. 

“He made to it a golduu brerde.” — Wickliffe: Exod 
xxxvii. 11. 

*brerd-ful, *breord-ful, *brurd-ful, a. [0. 

Eng. brerd, and suffix/ul(l).] [Bretpul.] Full or 
filled to the brim. 

Er vch bo thorn watz brurdful to the boukez eggez.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems • Cleanness, 383. 
*brere, v. i. [Breer, v.] 

*brere, s. [Briar.] 

“ Brere, or brymmeylle (bremmyll, or brymbyll, P.)- 
Tribtilus, vepris.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*bres, s. [Brass.] 

*bresche, s. [Breach, s.] A breach. 

“The bresche was not maid so grit upoun the day, bot 
that it was sufficiently repaired in the night.”— Knox 
Hist., p. 226. 

*brese, s. [Breeze (3).] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*bre-sed, a. [Cf. Scotch birs= bristle.] Rough 
like bristles. 

“Bende his bresed broyez, bly-cande grene.” 

Gaw. A’ the Gr. Knight, 305. 
*bre'-sen, v. [Bruise, v .] 

*bress, s. [Brace.] The chimney-piece, the back 
of the fireplace. 

“The craw thinks its ain bird the whitest; but fora’ 
that, it’s as black’s the back o’ the bress.” — The Entail, it 
277. 

*bress, s. pi. [Bristle, s.] Bristles. 

“As bress of ane brym bair his berd is als stiff.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 48. 
*bres'-sle, s. [Etymology unknown. Compare 
Braize.] A fish, supposed to be the Wrasse, or Old 
Wife, Labrus tinea (Linn.). (Jamieson.) 

“Turdus vulgatissimus Willoughbaei; I take it to be 
the same our fishers call a bressie, a foot long, swine¬ 
headed, and mouthed and backed; broad-bodied, very fat, 
eatable.”— Sibb., Fife, 128. 

bres'-som~er, bres -sum-er, brest -sum-mer, 
breast -sum-mer, s. [Eng. breast, and summer; 
Fr. sommier= a rafter, a beam.] [Summer (2), s.] 
A beam supporting the front of a building t &c., 
after the manner of a lintel. It is distinguished 
from a lintel by its bearing the whole superstruct¬ 
ure of wall, &c., instead of only a small portion ovel 
an opening; thus the beam over a common shop¬ 
front, which carries the wall of the house above it, 
is a bressumer; so, also, is the lower beam of the 
front of a gallery, &c., upon which the front is sup¬ 
ported. 

*brest, *brast, *brestyn, pret. ofv. & pa. par. 

[Brest, v.] Burst, dashed, broken away. 

“ With the cloudis, heuynnys, son and dayis lycht 

Hid and brest out of the Troianis sycht; 

Derknes as nycht beset the see about.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 15, 46. 

*brest, *breste, *brast, *brist, *brast-en, v. t, 

& i. [A. S. berstan .] [Brist, Burst, p.] 

I. Trans.: To break to pieces, destroy, burst. 

“ The wyn shal breste the wynvesselis.”— Wycliffe: Mark 
ii. 22. (Purvey.) 

"Breste downe (brast, P.). Stemo, dejicio, obruo.” — 
Prompt. Parv. 

“ Breste clottys as plowmen. Occo.” — Ibid. 


bdll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shtin. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

40 



brest 


626 


breviature 


ii. Intransitive: 

1. To burst, break to pieces. 

“ So wolde God myn herte wolde brest.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,685. 

2. To break out. {Lit. &fig.) 

“ Brestyn owte. Erumpo, eructo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ When they shall see the elect so shining in glorie, 
they shall brest forth in crying, Glorie, glorie, glorie, and 
nothing shall be heard but glorie euer more.”— Bollock: 
On 2 Thes., pp. 32-3. 

brest (1), breast, s. [Breast, s.] 

Arch.: That portion of a column called also the 
torus, or tore. 

brest-summer, s. [Bressomkr.] 

*brest(2),s. [Burst.] {Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; 
Cleanness , 229.) 

*brest (3),s. [FromDan. 6n3sf= default {Way).] 
Want. 

“ Brest or wantyngeof nede (at nede ; P.). Indigencia.” 
—Prompt. Parv. 

♦breste, v. [Brist.] 

*brest-yn, v. t. & i. [Brest, v.] 

*brest-ynge, pr. par., a. & s. [Brest, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of bursting, dashing down, 
or breaking in pieces. 

“ Brestynge, supra in brekynge.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ Brestynge downe. Prostracio, consterncicio.” — Ibid. 
bret, s. [Burt.] A fish of the turbot kind; also 
called burt or brut. 

“Bret, samon, congur, sturgeoun.” 

Book of Nurture, 683. 

*bret-age (age as ig), s. [Bretasce.] 

Her.: Having embattlements on each side, 
bre-t&gnes'(pron. bre-tanz ), s. [Fr.] A linen 
fabric, named from Bretagne (Brittany), where it is 
manufactured. 

*bre-tasce, *bre-taske, *bre-tage, *bri-tage, 
*bru-tage, *bre-tays, *bre-tis, *bret-tys, *bry- 
tasqe, *bru-taske, s. [O. Fr. breteche, bretesque, 
bertesche; Ital. bertesca, baltresca; Sp. & Port, ber - 
tresca; L. Lat. bretechia , breteschia, bertesca .] A 
battlement, rampart. 

“Bet rax of a walle {bretasce, K. bretays, A. P.). Pro* 
pugnaculum.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Atte laste hii sende 
A1 the brutaslce withoute.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 636. 

*bre-tas-ing, *bre-tas-ynge, s. [Bretasce.] 
A battlement, rampart. 

*bre-tex ed, a. [O. Fr. bretescher; Ital. berte- 
scare =to embattle.] Embattled. 

“Every tower bretexed was so clene.”— Lydgate ( Way). 
*bret'-ful, *bret-full, a. [Properly brerdful= 
full to the brim ; A. S. 6rerd=brim, edge; and Eng. 
full.] Full to the brim, perfectly full. [Brerdful.] 
“His wallet lay before him in his lappe, 

Bretful of pardons come from Rome all hote.” 

Chaucer: Prol. C. T., 689. 
“With a face so fat, as a full bleddere, 

Blowen bretful of breath.” 

Piers Plowman’s Crede, 1. 442. 

♦breth, *brethe, s. [A. S. breeth.] [Breath.] 

1. Lit.: The breath. 

2. Fig.: Rage, wrath. 

“I see by my shaddow, my shap has the wyte 
Quhame sail I bleme in this breth, a besum that I be? ” 
Houlate, i. 6. MS. 

♦breth -e-llfig, *brith-e-]lng, s. [O. Eng. 
brothel, and dimin. suff. -ling.'] A low fellow. 

“Thral vnbuxsum, Atheling britheling.” — Old Eng. 
Miscell. (ed. Morris), p. 184. , 

♦bre-then, *bre -thyn, v. t. &i. [Breathe.] 
♦breth’-ir, *breth-er, *breth'-ere, breth¬ 
ren, s. pi. [Brother.] Brothers. 

“Tho brethere seckes hauen he filt.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,213. 

“ Twa brethir war [into] that land, 

That war the hardiest off hand.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), iii. 93. 

♦breth-Ir-hode, *breth’-ur-hede, *breth'-er- 
hede, s. [Brotherhood.] 

“ Or with a brethurhede be withholds ; 

But dwelte at hoom, andkepte wel his folde.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 613-14. 

♦breth-ly, adv. [From O. Eng. breth; and Eng. 
suffix -ly.] Angrily. 

“Ffro the wagande wynde owte of the weste rysses, 
Brethly bessomes with byrre in berynes sailles.” 

Morte Arthure, 3,660-1. 

breth-ren, s.pl. [Brother, Brethir.] 

“ Peace be to the brethren , and love with faith, from 
God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.”— Ephes. 
Vi. 23. 


Brethren in White: 

Ch. Hist. [White Brethren.] 

Brethren of A lexius: 

Ch. Hist.: A sect in the fourteenth century, the 
same as Cellites (q.v.). {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, 
xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 36.) 

Brethren and Sisters of the Community: 

Ch. Hist.: A name given to the laser of the Fran¬ 
ciscan sect, as distinguished from the Brethren of 
the Observation, who were the stricter Franciscans. 
{Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 24.] 
Brethren of the Free Spirit: 

Ch.Hist.: A sect which first attracted notice m 
the eleventh century. By Mosheim it is identified 
with the Paulicians and the Albigenses^the Beghar- 
dse, the Beghinro, the Adamites, and Picards. In 
the thirteenth century they spread themselves over 
Italy, France and Germany. They are alleged to 
have derived their name from Rom. viii. 2-14, and 
to have professed to be free from the law. They are 
charged with going to prayer and worship in a state 
of nudity, and were treated with great severity both 
by the Inquisition and by the Hussites. {Mosheim: 
Ch. Hist., cent, xi., pt. ii., ch. v.; cent, xiii., pt. ii., 
ch. v.; cent, xv., pt. ii., ch. v., § 2.) 

Brethren of the Holy Trinity: 

Ch. Hist.: A fraternity of monks who lived in the 
thirteenth century. {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, 
xiv.) 

Brethren of the Observation: 

Ch. Hist.: The stricter Franciscans, or Regular 
Observantines. [Brethren of the Community.] 
{Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 34.) 
Brethren of the Sack: 

Ch.Hist.: A fraternity of monks who lived in the 
thirteenth century. {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, 
xiii., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 19.) 

♦Bret'-on-er, *Bri'-ton-ere, s. [Eng. Briton; 
-er.] A native of Britain or Brittany, a Breton. 

“ A Bretoner, a bragger.”— Langland: Piers Plow., 4,104. 

♦Brets, *Bret'-tys, *Brits, s. pi. [A. S. bryttas, 
brittas= Britons.] Britons, the name given to the 
Welsh, or ancient Britons, in general; also, to those 
of Strathclyde, as distinguished from the Scots and 
Piets. 

“ Of langagis in Bretayne sere 
I fynd that sum tym fyf thare were: 

Of Brettys fyrst, and Inglis syne, 

Peycht, and Scot, and syne Latyne.”_ 

Wyntoun: Cron., i. 13, 41. 

brett, s. [Britzska.] A short term for britzska, 
a four-wheeled carriage having a calash top and 
seats for four persons in addition to the driver. 

*bret-tene, *bret-tyne, v.t. [Brittene.] 
bret -tlpe, s. [Brattice, s.] 

Min.: A vertical wall of separation in a mining- 
shaft which permits ascending and descending 
currents to traverse the respective compartments, 
or permits one to be an upcast or downcast shaft, 
and the other a hoisting shaft; otherwise written 
brattice. Also a boarding in a mine, supporting a 
wall or roof. 

*bret-tyne, v. t. [Brittene.] 

*bret-tys, s. [Bretasce.] A battlement. 

“And dwris and wyndowys gret alsua, 

To mak defens and brettys.” 

Wyntoun, viii. 26, 233. 

♦breuk, s. [Apparently the same with bruick 
(q. v.).] A kind of boil. 

“ She had the cauld, but an’ the creuk, 

The wheezlock an’ the wanton yeuk ; 

On ilka knee she had a breuk.” 

Mile aboon Dundee, Edin. Mag., June, 1817, p. 238. 

breun’-ner-Ite, s. [Named after M. Breuner.] 
Min.: A variety of Ankerite {Brit. Mus. Cat.). 
The ferriferous variety of Magnesite {Dana). It is 
called also Brown-spar. It is found in the Tyrol, in 
the Hartz, &c. 

♦breve, a. [Brief, a.] 

“Withinne this breue tretis.”— The Booke of Quinte 
Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 1. 

“Jesu spak with wordis breue.” — Hymns to the Virgin, 
p. 56. 

breve, *breyfe, s. [Breif, Brief, s.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: A writ, a summons, a proclamation. 

“ His breyfe he gert spede for-thi 
Til swmmownd this Ballyole bodyly.” 

Wyntoun, viii. 10, 37. 

2. Spec.: A brief from the Pope; an episcopal 
letter or charge; a letter of indulgence. 

“The breve rather than the bull should have larger dis¬ 
pensation.”— Lord Herbert: Hist, of Hen. VIII., p. 227. 

“Neither the popes themselves, nor those of the court, 
the secretaries and dataries, which pen their bulls and 
breves, have any use or exercise in Holy Scripture.”— 
Bishop Bedell: Letters, &c., p. 366. 


II. Technically. 

1. Music: A note or character of time, equal to 
two semibreves or four minims. It was formerly 
square in shape, but is now oval. It is the longest 
note in music. 

“Yes, and eyes buried in pits on each cheek, 

Like two great breves as they wrote them of yore.” 

B. Browning. 

2. Printing: A mark [-—] used to designate a short 
syllable or vowel. 

♦breve, v. t. [Breif, v., Breve, s.] To tell, nar¬ 
rate briefly or shortly. 

“ As hit is brewed in the best boke of romaunce.”— Sir 
Gaw. & the Gr. Knight, 2,521. 

*breve -l^, adv. [Briefly.] 

“A tretice in Englisch breuely drawe out of the book.' 
— The Book of Quinte Essence, p. L 
♦breve -ment, s. An account. 

♦brev-en, v. t. [Lat. brevis.] To shorten, ab¬ 
breviate. 

*brev’-er, s. An account. {Ord. and Regulations, 
p. 70.) 

brev'-et, *bre-vette, s. & a. [In O. Fr. brievet, 
a dimin. form of breve. ] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Generally: 

*(1) A little breve or brief. 

“He bonched hem with his brevet.” 

Langland: Piers Plow., prol. 72. 

“I wol go fecche my box with my brevettes.” 

Ibid., xiv. 65. 

(2) An authoritative order or document conferring 
a title, dignity or rank. 

“ The brevet or privilege of one of the permitted num¬ 
ber consequently brings a high price in the market.”— 
J. S. Mill: Economy (ed. 1848), vol. i., bk. ii., ch. ii., § 7, 
p. 277. 

2. Specially: An honorary rank in the army. If 
the individual receiving it is a member of the regular 
army of the United States, the commission must 
emanate from Congress and pass through the hands 
of the President and Secretary of War: if he be a 
member of the national guard of one of the States 
he receives his commission from the governor of 
the State by virtue of authority vested in that 
functionary by the laws and constitution of the 
State. 

B. As adjective: 

Mil.: Conferring or carrying with it an honorary 
rank or position, 
fbrev'-et, v. t. [Brevet, s.] 

Mil.: To grant an honorary rank or position to. 

“ A brevet rank gives no right of command in the par¬ 
ticular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs.”— 
Scott. 

fbrev'-et-gy, s. [Brevet, s.] 

Mil.: An honorary rank or position; the state of 
holding a brevet rank. 

♦bre-vet-owre, s. [O. Eng. brevet little brief, 
and suffix -owre—our= Eng. -er.] A carrier of let¬ 
ters or briefs. 

“ Breuetowre. Brevigerulus, Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 
*brev-i-all, s. A breviary. ( Wright .) 

bre'-vi-3,-ry, s. [Lat. breviarium; Fr. briviaire : 
Ger. brevier; from Lat. brevis= short.] [Brief, a.] 
*1. Lit.: An abridgement, epitome. 

“Cresconius, an African bishop, has given us an abridge¬ 
ment, or breviary thereof.”— Ayliffe. 

2. Eccles.: A book containing the daily services of 
the Roman Catholic and Greek churches. 

“ My only future views must be to exchange lance and 
saddle for the breviary and the confessional.”— Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth, ch. xvii. 

*bre'-vl-at, *bre-vi-ate, s. [Breviate, v.] 

1. An epitome, compendium. 

“It is obvious to the shallowest discourser, that the 
whole counsel of God, as far as it is incumbent for man 
to know, is comprised in one breviat of evangelical truth.” 
—Decay of Piety. 

2. A service in the Roman Catholic Church, ac¬ 
cording to the breviary. 

“Wearied with the eternal strain 
Of formal breviats, cold and vain.” 

Hogg: Queen’s Wake. 

*bre'-vl-ate, v. t. [Lat. breviatus, pa. par. of 
breviare = to shorten; from brevis — short.] To 
abridge, shorten, abbreviate. 

“ Though they breviate the text, it is he that comments 
upon it.”— Hewyt: Funer. Serm., 1658, p. 92. 

*bre'-vl-a-tiire, s. [Low Lat. breviatura = a 
shortening; from breviatus, pa. par. of breviare; 
brevis— short.] 

1. A shortening, an abbreviation. 

2. A note of abbreviation. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
qr, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw,. 




brewsterlinite 


brevicite 


627 


brev'-i-§Ite, s. [From Brevig in Norway, where 
it occurs.] 

Min. : The same as Natrolite (q. v.). 
bre-vier, s. [Probably from having been em¬ 
ployed in the printing of breviaries. Ger. brevier .1 
Printing: A size of type between bourgeois ana 
minion. Bourgeois, 96 ems to the foot; brevier, 108 
ems to the foot; minion, 123.4 ems to the foot, accord¬ 
ing to the standard lately adopted by typefounders, 
known as the “ point system.” 


This line is printed in brevier type. 

brev-I-llfi -gui-g., s. pi. [From Lat. brevis = 
short, and lingua—a. tongue.] 

Zodl.: A tribe or section of Lacertilia (Lizards) 
having their tongues short. They are called also 
Pachyglossa. Example, the Geckos and Agamids. 

tbre-vil - 6-quence, s. [From Lat. breviloquentia 
=brevity of speech, breviloquens—speaking briefly, 
brevis (mas. and fem.), breve (n.)=short, and loquor 
=to speak.] Brevity of speech. {Maunder.) 

brev-i-ma’-nu, usedasadv. [Lat. brevi (ablat. 
sing. fem. of brevis)= short, and manu (ablat. sing, 
of manus)=SL hand. Lit., with a “ short hand.”] 
Scots Law: Summarily. (Used of a person who 
does a deed on his own responsibility without legal 
authorization.) 

fbrev'-i-ped, a. & s. [In Fr. brSvipbde, from Lat. 
brevis^shovt, and pes, genit. pedis= a foot.] 

A. As adjective: Having short “feet,” meaning 
legs. 

B. As substantive: 

Of birds: A short-legged bird. (Smart.) 
fbrev-1-pen, s. [From Lat. brevis = short, and 
jpenna= a feather, in pl.=a wing.] 

Of birds: A short-winged bird. Example, the 
Ostrich. 

brev-i-pen-na -tas, s. pi. [From Lat. brevis = 
short, and pennatus—teatheied, winged; penna =a 
feather, a wing.] 

Ornith.: A family of Natatorial Birds, containing 
the Penguins, Auks, Guillemots, Divers, and Grebes. 

brev-i-pen -nate, a. [From Lat. 6reuis=short, 
and pennatus = feathered, winged, from penna = a 
feather, a wing.] 

Ornith.: Short-feathered, short-quilled. ( Brande.) 
brev-I-pen-na -te§, s. pi. [Beevipennate.] 
Ornith.: Short-winged birds. 


brev-I-pen’-ne§, s. [In Fr. br6vipenne, from 
Lat. brevi8= short, and penna=a feather, a wing.] 
Ornith. : The name given by Cuvier to a family of 
birds, which he classes under Grallee, from the 
typical families of which, however, they differ in 
having wings so short as to prevent them flying. 
Example, the Ostrich and its allies. 

brev-I-ros-trate, a. [Lat. 6revis=short, and 
rostratus= beaked. ] 

Omit. : Having a short bill. 


brev’-i-ty, s. [In Fr. fbriviti ; Sp. brevidad; 
Port, brevidade ; Ital. brevita; from Lat. brevitas= 
shortness, from brevis=short.) 

+1. Gen.: Shortness, “as the brevity of human 
life.” 

I 2. Spec.: Conciseness of statement in words or 

r ritten composition. 

“Virgil, studying brevity, and having the command of 
his own language, could bring those words into a narrow 
compass, which a translator cannot render without cir¬ 
cumlocutions.’ ’ —Dry den. 

“ . . . brevity is the soul of wit.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, ii. 2. 


brew (as brfl), *brue, *brew-en, *brou-en, v. t. 

&i. [A. S. bredwan; Dut .brouwen; Icel. brugaa; 
Dan. brygge; Sw. brygga; O. H. Ger. pruwan ; Ger. 
brauen .] 

A. Transitive: 


1. Literally: 

*1. To cook. , , 

2. To prepare a liquor from malt and hops, or 
other materials, by a process of boiling, steeping 
and fomenting. [Beewing, II. 1.] 

“ Who so wicked ale breweth, 

Full ofte he mot the worse drinke.” 

Gower, i. 334. 

3. To convert into a liquor by such processes. 

“ I boughte hir barly malte : she brewe it to selle.” 

Langland: Piers Plowman , v. 219. 

4. To prepare, concoct. 

« Take away these chalices. Go brew me a pottle of sack 
finely.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, iii. 5. 

II. Fig.: To contrive, plot, set on foot, foment. 
“Hys wyf . . . brewed the childys deth.”— Seven 
Sages, 1,284. 

“ Thy doghtur bryht as blome, 

That brevtyd hath all thys care.” 

Le Bone Florence, 686. 


B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To perform the duties or acts of a brewer. 

“ I keep his house; and 1 wash, wring, brew, bake, 

scour, dress meat and drink, make the beds, and do all 
myself.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, i. 4. 

2. Fig.: To be set on foot, started, preparing. 

“ Your bailie now brewys.” 

Townley Mysteries, p. 314. 

“Here’s neither bush nor shrub, to bear off any weather 
at all, and another storm brewing.” — Shakesp.: Tempest, 
ii. 2. 

*brew, *brewe, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A kind of 
bird. 

“ Ourlewe, brewe, quayle, . . .”— Boke of Kerning, in 
Babees Book, p. 271. 

brew (as brfl) (1), s. [Beee.] Broth, soup. 

brew (as brfl) (2),s. & a. [Beew, v .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A manner.or process of brewing. 

2. A product of the process of brewing, anything 
brewed or concocted. 

“ Trial would be made of the like brew with potato 
roots, or burr roots, or the pith of artichokes, which are 
nourishing meats.”— Bacon. 

B. As adjective: In composition. 

brew-house, *brewhous, s. A house or place 

where brewing is carried on. 

“ In al the toun nas brewhous ne taverne 
That he ne visited with his solas, 

Ther as that any gaylard tapster was.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,334. 

brew-kettle, s. The kettle or vessel in which 
the wort and hops are boiled in the process of 
brewing. 

*brew-lede, s. The leaden cooling vessel used in 
brewing. 

tbrew-age (pron. brfl'-ig),s. [Eng. brew; and 
suff. -afire.] A mixture, a concoction of several 
materials, drink brewed. 

“ The infernal brewage that goes round 
From lip to lip at wizard’s mysteries.” 

Beddoes: The Bride’s Tragedy, v. 4. 

brewed (ew as fl), pa. par. & a. [Beew, d.] 

“ Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver !” 

Milton: Comus. 

brew -er, *brew-ere, *breow-ere (ew as fl) , s. 
[Eng. brew; -er.] One whose calling or occupation 
is to brew malt liquors. 

“In the years 1851 and 1861 the cowkeepers and milk- 
sellers amounted to 14,386 and 17,964; . . . maltsters 
(masters and men), 10,566 and 10,677 ; brewers (masters 
and men), 17,380 and 20,352.”— English Census Report for 
1861, vol. iii., 37. 

brew-er-jr (ew as fl), s. [Eng. brew; -ery .] A 
place where malt liquor is brewed, a manufactory 
of malt liquor. 

“ . . . and particularly of the concerns of the brew¬ 
ery, . . .”— Boswell: Life of Johnson. 

*brew-et, s. [Beewis.] 

brew’-Ing (Eng.), brew-ln’ (Scotch) (ew asfl), 
pr. par., a. & s. [Beew, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

“ He saw mischief was brewin’ .” 

Burns: The Ordination. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1) In the same sense as II. 1 (q. v.). 

2) The quantity of malt liquor brewed at one 
operation. 

“A brewing of new beer, set by old beer, maketh it work 
again.”— Bacon. 

*2. Fig.: The act of mixing different things 
together. 

“ I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such 
a brewing and sophistication of them they make.”— Hol¬ 
land. 

II. Technically: 

1. Liquor manufacture: The art of making malt 
liquor. This term is also applied to the first opera¬ 
tion of the distiller, viz., the extracting of the wort 
from grain, malt, or any other saccharine substance. 

(1) History: According to Herodotus, the Egyp¬ 
tians made wine from barley. The Greeks learned 
the process from them, and, according to Xenophon, 
used a barley-wine. Tacitus informs us that beer 
was a common beverage among the Germans, and 
Pliny adds that it was so among all the nations of 
Western Europe. 

(2) Modern methods of operation: There are six 
operations in brewing, viz., grinding or crushing, 
mashing, boiling, cooling, fermenting and cleans- 

fi) Grinding: The malt or corn is bruised or 
crushed by smooth metal rollers, and left in a heap 


for a few days before brewing, by which it becomes 
mellow, and is more easily exhausted by the water 
in the mashing. 

(ii) Mashing: The crushed or bruised malt is now 
thrown into the mash-tub, and water added at a 
temperature of from 158° F. to 172° F. After a mac¬ 
eration of three or four hours, assisted during the 
first half hour by constant stirring, the liquid por¬ 
tion is strained off through finely-perforated plates 
in the bottom of the mash-tub, into the.underback, 
and pumped into the copper. In mashing, the aim 
of the brewer is, not only to dissolve out the sugar 
in the malt, but also to cause the so-called diastase 
contained in the malt to act on the starch and con¬ 
vert it into sugar. If the heat of the mash-liquor 
stands below 140° F., the diastase will be inactive; 
if above 185° F., it is apt to be destroyed. A medium 
temperature of 165° F. is found to be the most suit¬ 
able for mashing. 

(iii) Boiling: As soon as all the wort is collected in 
the copper, the hops are added, and the whole 
boiled for about three hours. The object of boil¬ 
ing is to coagulate and precipitate the excess of 
albumen present, and to extract the aromatic oil 
and bitter of the hop. 

(iv) Cooling: In order to prevent as much as pos¬ 
sible the formation of acid, it is necessary to cool 
the wort as quickly as possible. This is done by 
exposing it to a current of air in large shallow ves¬ 
sel, or running it over refrigerating pipes. 

(v) Fermenting or fermentation: As soon as the 
temperature has fallen to 60° F. the wort is run into 
the fermenting vats, and yeast added. In about 
four hours fermentation begins, and is allowed to 
continue for forty-eight hours, when the yeast is 
skimmed off and the beer run into large casks. 
Fermentation is the most delicate operation of the 
brewer, as on it chiefly depends the quality and 
condition of the beer. His aim is, not to decompose 
all the sugar in the wort, but to leave a sufficiency 
to give body to the beer and keep up the evolution 
of carbonic acid gas. 

(vi) Cleansing: The ordinary practice in cleans¬ 
ing is to run the liquid from the fermenting vats 
into a series of casks placed with their bung-holes 
slightly inclined, so that the yeast still generated 
may pass over into vessels placed to receive it. The 
object of cleansing is to check the action of the 
yeast. When sugar is used it is dissolved in the 
copper. The finished beer varies in specific gravity 
from 1,002° to 1,030°, and contains from four to 
twenty-four per cent, of proof spirit, together with 
a sugar, called maltose, dextrine, coloring matter, 
and various salts. 

2. Naut.: A collection of dark clouds portending 
a storm. 

brewing-tub, s. A tub for brewing. 

“ . . .we shall then have the loan of his cider-press 
and brewing-tubs for nothing.”— Goldsmith: Vicar of 
Wakefield, ch. xvii. 

*brewis, *brouwys, *browesse, *brewet, s. 

[A. S. briw, briwes= brewis, the small pieces of meat 
in broth, pottage, frumenty (Somner, Bosworth); 
(N. H.) Ger. brei— pottage; M. H. Ger. brt, brie; O. 
H. Ger. pri, prlo; from A. S. bre6ivan=to brew.] 
[Beew, Beee, Beose.] 

1. Broth; liquor in which beef and vegetables 
have been boiled. (Eng. <& Scotch.) 

“ What an ocean of brewis shall I swim in I” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Dioclesian. 

"... there bubbled on the aforesaid bickering fire 
a huge pot, or rather caldron, steaming with beef and 
brewis; while before it revolved two spits.”— Scott: Bride 
of Lammermoor, ch. xii. 

2. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat pottage, 
made of salted meat. 

*brew’-ster, *brefi'-ster, *brewe-stere (ew 
as fl), s. [Eng. brew; and O. Eng. fem. term. - ster .] 

1. Feminine: A female brewer. 

“Bakers, Bochers, and Breusters monye.” 

Piers Plowman: Vis., Prol. 98. 

2. A brewer of the male sex, or without reference 
to sex at all. ( Trench.) 

If It is still used in the north of England. 

brew-ster-Ite (ew asfl), s. [Named after Sir 
David Brewster, the eminent natural philosopher, 
with suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A monoclinic mineral with a hardness of 
4‘5-5; a specific gravity of 2’432y2’453; a luster pearly 
on some faces and on others vitreous, a white color 
and weak double refraction. Composition: Silica, 
53’04-54’32; alumina, 15’25-17’49; sesquioxideof iron, 
O’OS-O’29; baryta, 6'05-6'80; strontium, 8'32-9'99; lime, 
O'80-1’35, and water, 12'58-14'73. It is found atStron- 
tian, in Argyleshire, Scotland; at the Giant’s Cause¬ 
way, in Antrim, Ireland; in the Isle of Staffa, and 
on the continent of Europe. (Dana.) 

brew-ster-ll-nite, brew ster'-line, brew- 
sto -line (ew as fl), s. [Named after Sir David 
Brewster. The second part may be from Lat linea 
=line, or Gr. linon—fl ax, a flaxen end, a thread; 
suffix-ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 


tofill, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cia’n, -tian = sham -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion -- zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





brexia 


628 


Min.: A new fluid of unknown composition, first 
found by Sir David Brewster, and occurring' in the 
cavities of various crystals in Scotland, Brazil and 
Australia. 

brex -I-{L, s. [From Gr. brexis=& wetting, brecho 
= to wet, possibly because the fine large leaves 
afford one a protection against rain.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Brexiacese (Brexiads). The species are Mada¬ 
gascar trees, commonly called by gardeners Theo¬ 
phrastus. They have firm, spiny, or entire leaves, 
and axillary green flowers. 

brex-I-a’-ge-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. brexia 
(q. v.), fern. pi. adjectival suffix -acece.] 

Bot.: Brexiads, an order of plants placed by 
Lindley under his Forty-third or Saxifragal Alli¬ 
ance. He distinguishes them as Saxifragal Exo¬ 
gens, with consolidated styles and many-leaved 
calyx, alternate leaves, and non-albumen. 

brex -I~ad§, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. brexia (q. v.), and 
Eng. pi. suffix -ads. 1 

Bot.: The English name of the order Brexiaceee 
(q. v.). 

*br@y, v. t. [A. S. bregean, bregan= to frighten.] 
To terrify. 

“ Bot a serpent all wgly, 

That breyd thame all standand thare-by.” 

Wyntoun, vi. 4, 36. 

♦breyde, v. t. [Braid (1), v.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*brey-dyn, v. t. [Braid (1), v .] To upbraid. 
( Prompt. Parv.) 

*breyel, s. [Brothel.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*breyfe, s. [Breve, s.] 

*breythe, v. i. [Braid (1), u.] To rush. 

“And breythed uppe into his brayn and blemyst his 
mynde.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,421. 
brez'-I-lin, s. [Brazilin.] The same as Bra- 
zilin (q. v.). 
brl -3-r, s. & a. [Brier.] 
briar-rose, s. [Brier-rose.] 
briar-tootb, s. [Brier-tooth.] 

[Bri-ar-ean, a. [From Lat. Briareius = per¬ 
taining to Briareus, and Eng. suffix -an.] 

1. Class. Myth.: Pertaining to Briareus, a son of 
Ccelus and Tellus, or of iEther and Tellus, who had 
a hundred hands and fifty heads. 

2. Ord. Lang.: Having a hundred hands, 
bribe, *brybe, s. [O. Fr. bribers, present, gift.] 
*1. Robbery, plunder. 

“Brybery, or brybe. Manticulum.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. A reward or consideration of any kind given or 
offered to any one corruptly, with a view to in¬ 
fluence his judgment or conduct. 

‘‘Olo. Who can accuse me? wherein am I guilty? 

York. ’Tis thought, my lord, that you took bribes of 
France, 

And, being protector, stay’d the soldiers’ pay ; 

By means whereof, his highness hath lost France.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. 

tbribe-devouring, a. Eager for bribes. 
*bribe-pander, s. One who procures bribes, 
■[bribe-worthy, a. Worthy of a bribe; worth 
* fibing. 

bribe, *brybe, *bry-bf n, v. t. & i. [0. Fr. briber.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To plunder, pillage, rob, or steal. 

“ Ther is no theef withoute a lowke 
That helpeth hym to wasten and to sowke 
Of that he brybe kan, or borwe may.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,417. 

“ Brybyn. Manticulo, latrocinor.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. To give or offer to any person a reward or con¬ 
sideration of any kind, with a view to influence his 
judgment or conduct; to hire for a corrupt purpose; 
to secure a vote by illegal or corrupt means. 

“Or would it be possible to bribe a juryman or two to 
starve out the rest.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

3. To influence or bring over to one’s side in any 
way. 

“How pow’rful are chaste vows! the wind and tide 
You brib’d to combat on the English side.” 

Dryden. 

B. Intrans.: To offer or give bribes. 

“The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe.” 

Prologue to Good-natured Man. 

[bribe-able, bri-bable, a. [Eng. bribe: and 
able.] Capable of being bribed; open to a bribe. 

“Can any one imagine a more dangerous and more 
bribable class of electors?”— Edwards: Polish Captivity, 
c. 9. 

[brl’-bee, s. [Bribe, s.] One who receives a bribe. 
“ . . . were scheduled as bribees without being exam¬ 
ined.” —The Boston Election. Times, March 30, 1876. 

■[bribe -less, a. [Eng. bribe, and suff. -Zess.] 
Free from bribes; incapable of being bribed. 


*brlb -en, v. t. or i. [Bribe, v.] 
brlb -er, *brib-our, *bryb-our, *bryb-oure, 
*brey-bowre, s. [O. Fr. bribeur— a beggar, a scrap- 
craver, also a greedy devourer; briber = to beg; and 
this from bribe={l) a lump of bread given to a beg¬ 
gar {Cotgi .), (2) a present, a gift; briba (anc. MSS.) 
=bullet; from Welsh briiv=a morsel, a fragment.] 
*1. A thief, robber, plunderer. 

“ Alle othere in bataille beeth yholde brybows, 

Pilours and pyke-herneys, in eche parshe a-corsede.” 

Langland• P. Plowman, xxiii. 263. 
“Who saveth a thefe when the rope is knet, 

With some false turne the bribour will him quite.” 

Lydgate. 

*2. A low, beggarly fellow. 

“That pedder brybour, that scheip-keipar, 

He tellis thame ilk ane caik by caik.” 

Bannatyne Poems, p. 171, st. 7. 

3. One who offers or gives bribes. 

*4. He who or that which in any way influences or 
tries to influence corruptly or wrongfully. 

“Affection is still a briber of the judgment; and it is 
hard for a man to admit a reason against the thing he 
loves; or to confess the force of an argument against an 
interest.”— South. 

brlb’-er-^, *bri’-ber-Ie, *bryb’-er-f, s. [Eng. 
bribe; - ry .] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Robbery, theft, plunder. [See quotation under 
Bribe, s., 1.] 

2. The act or practice of bribing, or of giving or 
offering bribes ; the act of receiving bribes. 

“ For the congregation of hypocrites shall be desolate, 
and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery.” — Job 
xv. 34. 

II. Law: In this country the term bribery is ap¬ 
plied to an attempt to corruptly influence, by means 
of offers of reward, the course of legislation, the 
result of an election, the verdict of a jury, the 
decision of a magistrate, &c. It is not necessary to 
constitute an indictable offense that the bribe be 
accepted. The tender of the bribe is the essence of 
the crime. If a bribe be offered a witness to swear 
falsely the crime is not bribery, but is merged into 
subornation of perjury. The penalty for bribery is 
fine or imprisonment, or both. 
brib'-Ifig, pr. par., a. & s. [Bribe, n.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: The act of giving or offering a 
bribe, bribery, 
bric-a-brac, s. <fc a. [Fr.] 

A. As subst.: Fancy ware, curiosities, knick- 
knacks. 

“I’ve no taste for bric-a-brac.” — Cornhill Mag., January, 
1867, p. 117. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or containing curiosi¬ 
ties, knick-knacks, &c. 

“ The old china, the lace and glass, were all for sale. In 
fact, the chief show house in Brock was a bric-a-brac shop. 
Finally, she took us into a room and introduced us to 
‘Mign Yader.’ ” —Daily Telegraph, January 6, 1866. 

*briche, *bruche, s. [Breach, s.] A breach, 
rupture. 

*brictie, *bryche, a. [A. S. brice, bryce — 
fragile.] Weak. 

“ Now ys Pers bycome bryche. 

That er was bothe stoute and ryche.” 

Robert of Brunne. 

♦bricht, *bryclit {ch guttural), a. & s. [Bright.] 
TI Used substantively for a young woman, strictly 
as conveying the idea of beauty. 

“ Wallace hyr saw, as he his eyne can cast, 

The prent off luff him punyeit at the last, 

So asprely, throuch bewte off that brycht, 

With gret wness in presence bid he mycht.” 

Wallace, v. 607, MS. 

brick (1), *brique, s. & a. [O. Fr. brique = (1) a 
fragment, (2) a brick; O. Dut. brick, bricke = a 
fragment, bit; brick, brijck—a. tile, brick. Com¬ 
pare A. S. brice, bryce ~ brittle, a breaking, from 
brecan= to break.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A mass of clay and sand dried in the sun, tem¬ 
pered, and burned in a kiln, made in a rectangular 
shape, and used in building. [II. 2.] Bricks well 
made, well dried and well burned are almost imper¬ 
vious to the changes of the weather, and the subtle 
influences of the atmosphere. There are bricks in 
some houses and public buildings in Europe, still in 
good condition, that are seven hundred years old. 

“ Ye shall no more give the people straw to make brick, 
as heretofore: let them go and gather straw for them¬ 
selves.”— Exod. v. 7. 

“ Not a brick was made but some man had to think of 
the making of that brick." — Carlyle: Heroes and Hero- 
worship, lect. v. 


brick-clay 

(2) Bricks collectively, as a material. 

“ Augustus was accustomed to boast that he had found 
his capital of brick, and that he had left it of marble.”— 
Gibbon: Decline and Fall, i. 44. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A species of loaf, so called from its shape 
somewhat resembling a brick. It is applied to 
bread of different sizes; as, a penny brick, a three¬ 
penny brick, a quarter brick, i. e. a quartern loaf. 

“ . . . a penny brick, on which we made a comfortable 
meal.”~Smollet: Roderick Random. 

(2) A good fellow. {Colloquial.) 

“ He’s a dear little brick." — Thackeray. 

(3) In this country the gold and silver of the 
mines are made up in the form of bricks, and are 
known as gold or silver bricks. 

(4) Brick in his hat, used of a person intoxicated. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: A molded and burned block of tempered 
clay. The word is also applied to the block in its 
previous conditions as a molded plastic mass, and 
as a dried block in which the water hygrometric- 
ally combined with the clay is driven off. When 
this condition is accepted as a finality, the block so 
dried is an adobe. The burning of the previously 
dried brick drives off the chemically combined 
water, and forever changes the character of the 
mass. An adobe may become re-saturated with 
water, and resume its plasticity; a brick may 
become rotten and disintegrated, but not plastic. 
Air-brick is an iron grating the size of a brick, or a 
perforated brick, let into a wall to allow the pas¬ 
sage of air. Arch-brick usually means the hard- 
burned,'partially vitrified brick from the arches of 
the brick-clamp in which the fire is made and main¬ 
tained. A brick made voussoir-shaped is known as 
a compass-brick. A capping-brick is one for the 
upper course of a wall; clinker, a brick from an 
arch of the clamp, so named from the sharp glassy 
sound when struck; a coping-brick, one for a coping 
course on a wall; feather-edged brick, of prismatic 
form, for arches, vaults, niches, etc.; fire-brick, 
made of intractable material, so as to resist fusion 
in furnaces and kilns; hollotv-brick, with openings 
for ventilation; stocks, a name given to the best 
class of bricks, and also locally to peculiar varie¬ 
ties, as gray-stocks, red-stocks, etc.; pressed brick, 
another name for that class of stock brick, in which 
the process of manufacture has been to largely 
reduce the bulk of the plastic material by hydraulic 
pressure before burning, giving to the completed 
brick a smooth surface and great density of body. 
Pecking, place, sandal, semel brick, are local terms 
applied to imperfectly burned or refuse brick. 
Bricks vitrified by excess¬ 
ive heat are termed burr- 
bricks or burrs. 

2. Hist.: Bricks were 

manufactured at a re¬ 
mote period of antiquity 
by the Egyptians, the 
Babylonians, the Assyr¬ 
ians, &c., and some of 
them, being inscribed 
with written characters, 
have been of priceless 
value in conveying his¬ 
toric facts to the present 
age. About A.D. 44, bricks Bricks, 

were made in England by 

the Romans, and in A. D. 886 by the Anglo-Saxons 
under King Alfred. Under Henry VIII. and Queen 
Elizabeth the manufacture greatly flourished. The 
size was regulated by Charles 
I.in 1625. 

3. Her.: A charge resem¬ 
bling a billet, but showing 
its thickness in perspective. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining 
to bricks or brickwork. 

brick-ax, s. 

Bricklaying: An ax with 
two ends, which are presented 
like chisels. It is used in 
chopping off the soffits of 
bricks to the saw-kerfs, which Brick-ax. 

have been previously made 

in the brick to the required depth, in order to pre 
vent the brick from spalling. 

brick-bat, s. [Brickbat.] 

brick-built, a. Built or constructed of brick. 

“ Yet, enter’d in the brick-built town, he try’d.” 

Dryden: Juv. Sat., 10. 

brick-burner, s. One whose trade or occupation 
it is to superintend the burning of bricks in tho 
kiln. 

brick-clamp, s. A stack of bricks in order for 
burning. 

brick-clay, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: Clay used for making brick. 

“I observed it in pits wrought tor tile and brick-clay.” 
— Woodward. 




rate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 














629 


bricol 


brick-color 


2. Geol.: The term brick-clay occurs frequently in 
descriptions of geological formations. Brick-clays 
abound in almost every locality in which the land 
formation has been subject to glacial action. The 
deposit of brick-clays have many modifying char¬ 
acteristics, due to their impregnation, to a greater or 
less extent, with foreign metallic elements. In this 
country the ferruginous clays are the most esteemed, 
owing to the fine color of the brick manufactured of 
them. 

brick-color, brick color, s. & a, 

A. As subst. : The color of brick. [B.] 

B. Asadj.: Dull scarlet mixed with gray, 
brick-dryer, s. An oven in which green bricks 

are dried, so as to fit them for building up in clamps 
or kilns for burning. A series of drying-chambers 
are separated from each other by iron folding-doors, 
through which chambers a railroad track is laid. 
Under one end of the structure is a furnace, and 
hot air of increasing degrees of temperature is 
introduced successively into the separate cham¬ 
bers. (Knight.) 

brick-dust, brickdust, s. Dust made or arising 
from pounded bricks. (Lit. &fig.) 

“This ingenious author, being thus sharp set, got to¬ 
gether a convenient quantity of brickdust, and disposed 
of it into several papers.”— Spectator. 

brick-earth, s. 

1. Ordinary Language: Earth used for brick¬ 
making. 

2. Geology: 

(1) The term is sometimes used in the singular. 

“ From the sub-aSrial conditions under which the brick- 
earth was formed.”— Q. J. Oeol. Soc., xiii. 63. 

(2) PI. (brick-earths): A term specially used of 
two beds or series of beds, the Upper and the Lower 
Brick-earths. The names were given by Mr. Searles 
Wood, jr. The latter are especially interesting. 
They exist in England, near London, at Ilford, 
Gray’s Thurrock, Crayford, Erith, and Wickham. 
Besides freshwater and terrestrial shells, &c., they 
contain no fewer than twenty-four species of mam¬ 
mals, among others the Woif (Canis lupus), the 
Beaver (Castor fiber), and the Wild Cat (Felis 
catus) ; a fossil horse (Equus fossilis), a Hytena 
(Hyaena spelcea) ; and, yet more remarkable, Ele- 
phas antiquus, primigenius and prisons ; Rhinoceros 
tichorhinus, leptorhinus and megarliinus, and Hip¬ 
popotamus major. Prof. Boyd Dawkins considers 
them Pleistocene and Pre-glacial. He believes that 
in a descending order the following is the sequence 
of the several beds: (1) Post-glacial deposits, 
climate severe, but gradually becoming temperate; 
(2) Glacial deposits, climate severe; (3) Lower 
Brick-earths of Thames Valley, climate compara¬ 
tively temperate; (4) Forest bed of Norfolk, climate 
temperate. (Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxiii. (1867 ) 91-109.) 
Mr. Searles Wood, jr., on some points differs from 
Prof. Boyd Dawkins. (Ibid., 394-417.) 

brick-elevator, s. An apparatus for raising 
materials used in construction. Usually endless 
chains are carried over wheels above and below, 
and the material is carried up on boxes supported 
by frames attached to the chains, 
brick-field, s. A field in which bricks are made. 
“ The newer deposits of the brick-field." — Q. J. Geol. Soc., 
xix. 304. 

brick-furnace, s. A furnace for burning bricks. 
In Hoffmann’s annular brick-furnace there is a cen¬ 
tral chimney and removable divisions for separat¬ 
ing the annulus into different chambers. These are 
filled and emptied through doors. The chambers 
being charged with brick, heat is applied to one 
chamber, and the volatile material thence result¬ 
ing is lea through the next one, so as to heat and 
dry the bricks in the next in series. The bricks in 
chamber one being burned, the fire is applied to 
number two, and so on to the end. 
brick-kiln, s. [Brickkiln.] 
brick-layer, s. [Bricklayer.] 
brick-machine, s. A machine for making bricks. 
Many such machines exist diverse in type from each 
\other, patents for their construction, in the aggre¬ 
gate amounting to hundreds, having been taken out 
in the United States or in England, 
brick-maker, s. [Brickmaker.] 
brick-making, s. The operations of brick-mak¬ 
ing may be said to consist in: Preparing the 
brick-earth, tempering, molding, drying, and 
burning. The qualities of bricks may be thus enu¬ 
merated : Soundness, that is, freedom from cracks 
and flaws ; hardness, to enable them to withstand 
pressure and strain; regularity of shape and size, 
to enable them to occupy their proper place in the 
course; infusibility, in those intended for furnace- 
work. Fire-bricks are made from a compound of 
silica and alumina, and the clay owes its refractory 
quality to the absence of lime, magnesium, potash, 
and metallic oxides, which act as fluxes. Hollow 
bricks are made for purposes of warming, ventilat¬ 


ing, and removing moisture from the wall. In some 
cases the hollows form flues, or shafts for venti¬ 
lation, or discharge of dust from the upper stories. 
In other cases the hollows have no mechanical 
function other than to form air-chambers for 
warmth, as it is well known that an imprisoned 
body of air is a very poor conductor of heat. 
(Knight.) 

“. . . a dark grayish-blue clay worked for brick- 
making." — Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxxiv. 826. 

tbrick-mason, s. A bricklayer. (Ogilvie.) 

brick’-mold, s. A box in which clay for bricks 
is molded into shape. It is sometimes of wood 
lined with iron or brass; sometimes it is made of 
sheet-iron in four pieces, riveted together at the 
angles, and strengthened with wood at the sides 
only. 

brick-molder, s. One who molds bricks, 
brick-nogging, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: 

Building: Brick and stud work. [B.] 

B. As adjective: Consisting of brick and stud 
work. 

U A brick-nogging wall or partition is one in 
which the spaces between the timbers or scantling 
are filled up with brick laid in mortar. In a brick- 
nogging partition the wooden portions are called 
nogging-pieces. 

brick-pit, s. A pit from which bricks are dug. 

“The brick-pit at Lexden is situated . . .”— Q. J. 

Geol. Soc., xix. (1863). 

brick-press, s. A kind of brick-machine, which 
effects its object by compressing the bricks into 
shape. [Brick-machine.] 

brick-red, s. Of a reddish color, like that of 
bricks. 

brick-tea, subst. The larger leaves and young 
shoots of the tea-plant first softened by steam and 
then molded into a brick-shaped mass. In Asia 
brick-tea is employed to facilitate commerce, arti¬ 
cles being valued by bricks of tea. 

brick-trimmer, s. [Trimmer.] 

Arch.: A brick arch abutting against a wooden 
trimmer in front of a fire-place, to guard against 
accidents by fire. 

brick-trowel, s. [Trowel.] A trowel used by 
bricklayers. 

brick-truck, s. A truck with wide tires to travel 
over the flat surface of the brick-yard in moving 
brick from the hack to the kiln. 

brick-wall, s. & a. 

A. As subst.: A waU of brick. 

B. As adj.: Consisting of such a wall. 

“And they, that never pass their brick-wall bounds, 

To range the fields, and treat their lungs with air.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iv. 

brick-work, s. 

Bricklaying: The regulation brick is 8£ X 4 X 2J 
inches. Of such, one foot of brick-work (11 bricks 
thick) contains 17 bricks. One foot superficial of 
Flemish bond requires 8 bricks. One cubic foot 
comprises 125 bricks, or 95 pounds of sand, or 135 
pounds of clay, or 126 pounds of common earth. 
One great ton weight (2,240 pounds) comprises 330 
bricks, or 23J cubic feet of sand, or 17£ of clay, or 18 
of earth. One cubic foot of brick-work weighs 120 
pounds ; 1 rod of fresh brick-work (111 cubic yards) 
weighs 35,840 pounds. (Knight.) 

brick-yard, s. A “ yard ” or inclosure, or simply 
a place, in which bricks are made. 

*brlck (2), s. [Corruption of break, s. (?)] 

Brick of land: A division, a portion distinguished 
from other portions. 

“. . . the bricks of land vnderwritten, viz., that 

brick of land lyand north and south . . .”—Acts Pari., 

Jas. V., vii., p. 516. (Jamieson.) 
brick, v. t. [From brick , s. (q. v.) ] 

Building: 

1. To lay or construct with bricks. 

“The sexton comes to know where he is to be laid, and 
whether his grave is to be plain or bricked.” — Swift. 

2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick-wall by smear¬ 
ing a wall with red ocher, cutting divisions in it, 
and filling the latter with plaster. 

brick -bat, s. [From Eng. brick , and bat (1), s.] 
A broken piece of brick. 

“Earthen bottles, filled with hot water, do provoke in 
bed a sweat more daintily than brickbats hot.”— Bacon. 

brick'-Ing, s. [Brick, s.] The imitation of brick¬ 
work on a plastered or stuccoed surface. 

brick-kiln, *bricke-kill, s. [Eng. brick, and 
kiln .] A chamber in which green bricks are loosely 
stacked, with spaces between them for the passage 


of the heat, and in which they are burned by fi*qs 
placed either in arched furnaces under the floor df 
the kiln, or in fire-holes placed in the side walls. 

“Draw thee waters for the siege: fortifie thy strong- 
holdes, goe into clay, and tread the morter: make stro*ig 
the brickekill.” — Nahum iii. 14. (Old Bible.) 

“ Moses took the ashes of the furnace, perhaps the brick¬ 
kiln in which the wretched slaves were laboring, cast them 
into the air, and where they fell the skin broke out in 
boils.”— Milman: Hist, of Jews, vol. i., bk. ii., p. 83. 

brick -lay-er, s. [Eng. brick, and layer.'] A man 
whose trade it is to lay or set bricks. 

“ In the course of a hundred and twenty years, the daily 
earnings of the bricklayer have risen from half a cro •mx 
to four and tenpence.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

brieklayer’s-hammer, s. 

Bricklaying: A tool having a hammer-head and 
a sharpened peen, forming an ax for dressing bridks 
to shape. 

bricklayer’s-hoist, s. A winch and tackle for 
lifting bricks and mortar in building, 
bricklayer’s-itch, s. 

Med.: A disease to which bricklayers are subject, 
caused by the particles of brick-dust entering the 
skin and producing great irritation. 

bricklayer’s-laborer, s. A laborer who assists 
the bricklayer by supplying him with bricks, 
mortar, &c. 

bricklayer’s-trowel, s. [Brick-trowel.] 

brlck-lay-Ing, s. [Eng. brick, and laying .] The 
art or trade of building with bricks, or of laying or 
setting bricks. 

“Who is to judge how much cotton-spinning, or dis¬ 
tributing goods from the stores, or bricklaying, or chim¬ 
ney-sweeping is equivalent to so much plowing?”— J. S. 
Mill: Political Economy (ed. 1848), vol. i., bk. ii., ch. i., § 3, 
p. 246. 

If The implements of tne bricklayer are a trowel, 
for spreading mortar and breaking bricks when a 

E iece smaller than a whole brick is required; a 
ammer, for making openings in the brick-work and 
for driving or dividing bricks, for which purpoaes 
one end is formed like a common hammer, and the 
other is broad and flattened, somewhat after the 
manner of an ax; the plumb-rule, made generally 
of wood, having a longitudinal opening down its 
middle and a plummet suspended from its upper 
end, for carrying walls up perpendicularly j the 
level, consisting of a long horizontal arm, having a 
perpendicular branch carrying a vertical arm from 
which a plummet is suspended ; a large square, for 
laying out the sides of a building at right angles ; a 
rod, usually five or ten feet long, for measuring 
lengths; compasses, for traversing arches ana 
vaults ; a line and line-pins, for keeping the courses 
straight and level as the work progresses; and a 
hod, for carrying bricks and mortar to the work¬ 
man. In this country of late the labor of brick¬ 
laying has been greatly lessened. Bricks and 
mortar are borne from tier to tier of the building, 
not on the shoulders of laborers, but by portable 
elevators. 

*brlc -kle-ness, s. [O. Eng. brickie; -ness.] The 
quality of being brickie or fragile, brittleness. 

brlck-ljf, *brlc’-kle, *bro-kel, *bro-kle, *bru- 
kel, *bru-kle, a. [O. Dut. brokel= fragile, brittle; 

A. S. brice, 6rz/ce=brittle, brecan= to break.] 

1. Lit.: Brittle, fragile, easily broken. 

“The parke oke is the softest, and far more spalt and 
brickie than the hedge oke.”— Harrison: England, p. 221. 

“ But th’ Altare, on the which this Image staid, 

Was, O great pitie ! built of brickie clay.” 

Spenser: Ruins of Time, 498-9. 

2. Fig.: Fickle, variable, uncertain, unsteady. 
“The brickie and variable doctrine of John Calvin in 
his institutions.”— Stapleton: Fortress of the Faith (15654, 
f. 24, b. 

“ . . . when I think how I am to fend for ye now in 
these brickly times.”— Scott: Old Mortality, ch. vii. 

brick-ma-ker, s. [Eng. brick; maker.] One 
whose trade it is to make bricks. 

“They are common in claypits; but the brickmakera 
pick them out of the clay.”— Woodward. 

brick-mak-Ing, a.&s. [Brick-making.] 
brickmaking-machine, s. A machine for mak¬ 
ing bricks. [Brick-machine.] 
brlck-nog-glng, s. [Brick-nogging.] 
brick -work, s. [Brick-work.] 
brick -f, a. [Eng. brick; -y.] Full of or com¬ 
posed of bricks. (Cotgrave.) 
brl-coF, *brl-c61'e, s. [Fr. bricole.] 

Military: 

1. Harness for men employed in dragging lieawy 
guns, when horses, &c., cannot be used or procuseo. 

2. A species of engine of war, the same as a 
springold. 

“Some kind of bricol it seemed, which the English aaid 
Scots called an Espringold, the shot whereof K. Edwand 
the first escaped saire at the siege of Strivelin.”— Oam- 

den: Remaines. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph=£ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl. del. 




630 


bridge 


brict 


♦brict, a. [Bright.] ( Story of Gen. c& Exod., 

1,910.) 

♦brid, *bridde, s. [Bird.] 

“ The king to souper is set, served in halle— 

Briddes branden, and brad, in bankers bright.” 

Sir Oawan and Sir Gal., ii. 1. 
“As briddes doon, that men in cage feeds.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,925-6. 
“With briddes, lybardes, and lyouns.” 

Bomaunt of the Bose. 

“ That me thought it no briddis songe.”— Ibid. 
♦brid-devyner, s. [ O. Eng. brid = bird, ana 
devyner— diviner.] An augur. 

“Sweueneres and brid-devyneres .” — \ \Wickliffe : Jer. 
*xvii. 9. 


♦brid-lime, s. [Bird-lime.] 
brld'-gd, *bride-ale, *bri-del, *bred-ale, *brid- 
a&e, *brid-hale, *bryd-ale, *bruid-ale, s. & a. 

[Properly Eng. bride, and ale; ale being the common 
term for a feast. Compare church-ale , leet-ale, scot - 
ctle, &c.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The nuptial ceremony or festival, mar¬ 
riage. 

“The foie may denes . . . weren beset wythoute uram 
the bredale." — Ayenbite of Inwit (ed. Morris), p. 233. 

“ A man that’s bid to brideale, if he ha’ cake 
And drink enough, he need not vear (fear) his stake.’* 
Ben Jonson: Tale of a Tub, ii. 1. (Nares.) 

2. Fig.: Any union. 

“ Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, 

The bridal of the earth and sky.” Herbert. 

If A craw's bridal: The designation given to a 
flight of crows, if very numerous. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bride, or a 
bridal; nuptial, connubial. 

“And let them eeke bring store of other flowers. 

To deck the bridale bowers.” 

Spenser: Epithalamion, 46-7. 


IT Ordinary compounds are, bridal-bed , bridal- 
cake, f bridal-feast, bridal-flowers, bridal-hymn, 
Bridal-ring, bridal-song, bridal-wreath, bridal-tour, 
etc. 

♦bridal-cheer, *bridale cheare, s. The wed¬ 
ding feast. 

“And askt him where and when her bridale cheare.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. ii. 3. 

bridal-knot, s. The bond of marriage. 

“ Be joy and happiness her lot! 

But she hath fled the bridal-knot.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, iv. 14. 


fbridal-link, s. A bridal-knot, marriage. 

“ The union of our house with thine, 

By this fair bridal-link!” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, ii. 4. 

♦brl-dal'-I-tf, *brl -dal-tee, s. [Eng. bridal; 
-ity.] A bridal, a marriage. 

“At quintin he, 

In honor of this bridaltee, 

Hath challeng’d either wide countee.” 

B. Jonson: Underwoods. 

♦brldde, s. [Bird.] 

*briddes-nest, s. A plant. [Bird’s-nest.] ( Cock¬ 
ayne , iii. 315.) 

♦briddes-tunge, s. A plant. [Bird’s-tongue.] 
( Cockayne , iii. 315.) 

bride, *brid, *brude, *bryde, *burde, *buirde, 

♦berde, s. [A. S. bryd; Icel. brudhr; Dut. bruid; 
Sw. & Dan. brud; O. H. Ger. prut; Ger. braut , all— 
a girl, a bride. Compare JWel. priod; Bret, pried 
=a spouse. (Slceat.)] 

I. Ordinary Language: 


1. Literally: 

*(1) A girl; an unmarried female. [Bird.] 

» “He wayted a-boute 

Tot aue bi-holde that burde, his blis to encrese.” 

William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 683. 


(2) A woman newly married or on the point of 
being married. 

“ Were it better, I should rush in thus. 

But where is Kate? where is my lovely bride t” 
Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. 


2. Figuratively : 

(1) That on which one fixes his affections, and 
which becomes as near and dear to him as a wife. 


“ The youth went down to a hero’s grave, 

With the sword, his bride.” 

Hemans: The Death-day of Korner. 

(2) Applied in Scripture to the Church as the 
bride of Christ, to denote the close union between 
them. 


“ And the Spirit and the bride say, Come.”— Rev. xxii. 17. 
II. Med.: The covering of a small-pox vesicle for 
binding down its center. 

“. . . at the maturation of the pustule the bride 
ruptures.”— Ency. Metrop. (1845.) 


♦bride-ale, s, [Bridal.] 

♦bride-bowl, s. A bowl of spiced ingredients 
formerly handed about with cake at bridals. The 
cake remains; the bowl is obsolete. [Bride-cup.] 
♦bride-bush, s. A bush hung out by the ale¬ 
house at bridals, 
bride’s-cake, s. [Bridecake.] 

*bride-cup, s. The same as Bride-bowl (q. v.). 

“ Get our bed ready, chamberlain; 

And host, a bride-cup; you have rare conceits 
And good ingredients.” New Inn, v. 4. 

bride’s-maid, s. [Bridesmaid.] 
bride’s-man, s. [Brideman.] 

♦bride, v. t. [Bride, s.] To make a bride of, to 
wed. 

“ I knew a man 

Of eighty winters, this I told them, who 
A lass of fourteen brided.” 

Beaum. <& Flet.: Two Nob. Kinsmen. 

bride'-bed, s. [Eng. bride, and bed.] The mar¬ 
riage-bed. 

“ I hoped, thou shouldst have been my Hamlet’s wife; 

I thought thy bridebed to have deck’d, sweet maid. 
And not have strew’d thy grave.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 1. 

bride-cake, s. [Eng. bride, and cake.] The 
cake distributed to the guests at a wedding. 

bride-§ham-ber, s. [Eng. bride, and chamber.] 
The nuptial chamber. 

“ Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long 
as the bridegroom is with them?”— Matt. ix. 15. 

♦brl d-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bride, «.] Made a 
bride; wedded. 

bride-groom, *bride-grome, *brid-gume, 
♦bred-gome, s. [A corruption of A. S. bryd-guma, 
from bryd= bride, and guma—va&n ; Dut. bruide- 
gom; Icel. brudgumi; Sw. brudgumrne; Dan .brud- 
gom; O. H. Ger. brutegomo; Ger. brautigam.\ A 
man newly married or on the point of being married. 

“ The wyse maydines . . . yeden in mid the bred- 
gome to the bredale.”— Ayenbite of Inwit (ed. Morris), 
p. 235. 

“ To decke their Bridegromes posies 
Against the Brydale day, which was not long.” 

Spenser; Prothalamion. 

*brl’-d$l, s. [Bridle, s.] 

“ He strepeth of the bridel right anoon, 

And whan the hors was loos, he gan to goon.” 

Chaucer: The Beeves’ Tale, 4061-62. 

*brlde’-la§e, s. [Eng. bride, and lace.] A kind 
of broad ribbon or small streamer, often worn at 
weddings. 

brl-del-l-A, s. [Named after Prof. Breidel.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Euphorbiacese, and the section Phyllantheee. The 
bark of the Asiatic Bridelias is astringent. 

bride-maid, s. [Eng. bride, and maid.] A 
bridesmaid (q. v.). 

*brlde'-m<m, s. [Eng. bride, and man.] A man 
who attends on the bride and bridegroom at a wed¬ 
ding ; a best man. 

“ My vertuous maid, this day ile be your brideman.” 

Beaum. & FI.: A Wife for a Month, v. 1. 

brlde§'-maid, s. [Eng. bride, and maid.] An 
unmarried woman who attends on the bride at her 
wedding. 

♦brlde'-stake, s. [Eng. bride, and stake.] A 
stake or pole set in the ground, round which the 
guests at a wedding danced, as round a Maypole. 

“ Bound about the bridestake."—Ben Jonson. 
♦bride -wain, s. [Eng. bride, and (?) wain 
(q. v.).l A meeting of the friends and neighbors of 
a couple about to be married, for the purpose of 
raising a little money to enable the young folks to 
commence housekeeping. ( Halliwell: Cont.to Lexi- 
cog.) 

bride -well, s. [Originally a palace or hospital 
built near St. Bridget's or St. Bride's Well; subse¬ 
quently converted into a workhouse.] The name 
is now generally used of a house of correction for 
disorderly persons or criminals; a prison. 

“ guch as in London commonly come to the hearing of 
the Masters of Bridewell.” — Ascham.- Schoolmaster. 

bride-wort, s. [O. Eng. bride, and wort (q. v.). 
So called from its resemblance to the white feathers 
worn by brides (Prior), or perhaps because it was 
used for strewing the houses at wedding festivi¬ 
ties.] Two plants, viz.; 

1. Spircea ulmaria, L. 

2 . Spiraea salicifolia, L. ( Loudon: Arboretum.) 
(Britten & Holland.) 

bridge, *brigge, ♦bregge, *brugge, *brygge 
(Eng.), *brig (Scotch <& North of Eng. dial.), s. & a. 
[A. S . brycg, bricg, bryc , brie, brig; Icel. bryggja, 
bru; Sw. brygga, bro: Dan. brygge, bro; Dut. brug; 
Fries, bregge; (N. & M. H.) Ger. briicke; O. H. Ger. 
priicca.] 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 


x . j-jii.. 

(1) In the same sense as II. 1 (q. v.). 

(2) Anything laid across a stream, gap, or hollow, 
to afford means of passing over. 


“Thai drou it [a tree] then and mad a brig 
Ouer a litel burn to lig.” Cursor Mundi, 8,945. 


2. Fig.: Anything similar to a literal bridge. 

(i) Of the nose: The upper bony part of the 
nose. 


“The raising gently the bridge of the nose, doth pre¬ 
vent the deformity of a saddle nose.”— Bacon. 


(2) To break down a bridge behind one : 

Mil.: To do as described with the view of pre¬ 
venting an enemy from following. It has the addi¬ 
tional effect of preventing one’s self from easily 
retreating again across the water. (Lit. db fig.) 

“ He had broken down all the bridges behind him. He 
had been so false to one side that he must of necessity be 
true to the other.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 


II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: A structure consisting of an arch or 
series of arches supporting a roadway above it, 
designed to unite the two banks of a river or the 
two sides of an open space. 

(1) History of bridges: Bridges seem to have 
existed in China from a period of considerable 
antiquity. The word bridge does not occur in the 
authorized version of the Bible. Temporary bridges, 
for military purposes, were constructed before per¬ 
manent structures for the convenience of the inhab¬ 
itants were erected. The former were often of boats. 
Thus, Cyrus constructed such bridges about 536 
B. Cm Darius Hystaspes about 490, and Xerxes about 
480 B. C. Bridges of stone or brick seem to have 
been first used by the Romans; there were none 
erected in Greece till after the Roman conquest. 
The first Roman bridge is said to have been one 
spanning the Tiber between the Janiculum and the 
Aventine Mountain, built by or under Ancus Mar- 
tius. Now they are universal in properly-civilized 
countries, though in countries of imperfect civiliza¬ 
tion even yet they are few. In India they are not 
numerous, and most of those which exist have been 
erected since the occupation of the country by the 
British. 

Following is a list of the notable bridges of the 
world: 

Trajan’s magnificent bridge over the Danube, 
4,770 feet in length, built A. D. 115. 

London Bridge. One existed at the end of the 
tenth century. One built of wood, 1014. A stone 
bridge, by Peter of Colechurch, begun 1176, was 
finished_1209. The new London Bridge is constructed 
of granite, from the designs of L. Rennie; it was 
commenced in 1824, and completed in about seven 
years, at a cost of $7,290,000. 

The bridge at Burton, over the Trent, was formerly 
the longest bridge in England, being 1,545 feet. It 
is now partly removed. Built in the twelfth cen¬ 
tury. 

The Bridge of the Holy Trinity, at Florence, Italy, 
was built in 1569. It is 322 feet long, constructed or 
white marble, and stands unrivaled as a work of 
art. 

The Rialto, at Venice; is said to have been built 
from the designs of Michelangelo. It is a single 
marble arch, 9814 feet long, and was completed in 

1591. 

The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice, over which con¬ 
demned prisoners were transported from the hall 
of judgment to the place of execution, was built in 
1589. 

Brooklyn Bridge, the largest suspension bridge in 
the world, was commenced, under the direction of 
J. Roebling, in 1870, and completed in about thirteen 
years. It is 3,475 feet long, and 135 feet high. The 
cost of building was nearly $15,000,000. 

The Cantilever Bridge over the Niagara is 
built almost entirely of steel. Its length is 810 feet, 
the total weight is 3,000 tons, and the cost was 
$900,000. 

Tbe Niagara Suspension Bridge was built by 
Roebling, in 1852-55, at a cost of $400,000. It is 245 
feet above water, 821 feet long, and its strength is 
estimated at 1,200 tons. 

The bridge at Havre de Grace, over the Susque¬ 
hanna, is 3,271 feet long, and is divided into twelve 
wooden spans, resting on granite piers. 

Coalbrookdale Bridge, England, was the first cast- 
iron bridge. It was built over the Severn in 1779. 

The Menai Bridge, forming part of the line of 
road between London and Holyhead, having an 
interval of 560 feet between the supporting points 
of suspension. It rests on seven stone arches, 52)4 
feet from one another, and is 100 feet above the level 
of the sea. Designed and executed by Telford, 1825. 

The Tubular Suspension Bridge, over the Menai 
Strait, forming part of Chester and Holyhead Rail¬ 
way, consists of two lines of tubes, each 1.513 feet 


f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bridge-board 

long, supported on three towers, besides the shore 
^pntments. One hundred feet above the sea. Weight, 
10,540 tons. Commenced 1846, finished 1850. 

i y bridge, 10,612 feet, of 85 spans, across the Tay, 
n feT™*'* 16 s ea - Begun 1871, completed 1877. 

Cost $10,7a0,000. Destroyed by a gale 1879. New 
Bridge. 

Clifton Suspension Bridge, at Bristol, England, 
has a span of 705 feet at a height of 245 feet above 
the water. The carriageway is 20 feet wide, and 
the footways 5% feet wide. Cost $500,000. 

rorth Bridge, over the Firth of Forth, near Edin¬ 
burgh. Total length 2,765 yards (114 miles). There 
are two cantilever spans of 1,710 feet each (the 
longest in the world). Fifty-one thousand tons of 
onn^' Extreme height above meanwater level, over 
270 feet. About 25 acres of surface to be painted. Cost 
about $15,000,000. Commenced April, 1883 ; opened 
by Prince of Wales, March 4,1890. 

High Bridge, New York, by which Croton Aque¬ 
duct is carried across Harlem River, is of granite 
throughout. It is 1,450 feet long, 114 feet high, and 
supported on 14 massive piers. 

Victoria Bridge, which spans the St. Lawrence at 
Montreal, Canada. It is tubular, and 9,194 feet, or 
nearly two miles, long. The massive tube through 
which the railway track is laid is 22 feet high and 
16 feet wide. It was formally opened in 1860. The 
total cost of the bridge was $6,300,000. 

The St. Louis Bridge, across the Mississippi River, 
from St. Louis, Mo., to East St. Louis, Ill., is re¬ 
garded as one of the greatest triumphs of American 
engineering. It was designed by James B. Eads, 
and was begun in 1869, and completed in 1874. It 
consists of three spans, resting on four piers. The 
piers are composed of granite and limestone, and 
rest on the bed-rock of the river, to which they were 
sunk through the sand, from 90 to 120 feet, by the use 
of wrought-iron caissons and atmospheric pressure. 
The center spanis 520 feet, and the side ones are each 
500 feet in the clear; each of them is formed of four 
ribbed arches, made of cast steel. The rise of the 
arches is 60 feet, sufficiently high to permit the 
passage of steamboats at all stages of the water. 
The bridge is built with two platforms, the lower 
one containing a double car-track, and the upper 
one two 8-foot footways and a carriageway 30 feet 
in width. It passes over a viaduct of five arches 
(27 feet span each) into Washington Ave., St. Louis, 
where the lower roadway runs into a tunnel 4,800 
feet long, which passes under a large part of the 
city. The total cost of the bridge and tunnel was 
over $10,000,000. 

Besides the bridges here enumerated, there are 
many other notable specimens of bridge architect¬ 
ure in this country, the Mississippi River alone being 
crossed many times from its source to its mouth by 
magnificent structures. 

Over the Ohio river, at the cities of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, and Louisville, Ky., there are several fine 
specimens of bridge building—one at the former 
city for a long time ranking as first among suspen¬ 
sion bridges in this country. The other bridges at 
these points are railway and passenger bridges, of 
the pier-and-girder or pier-and-truss-arch type. 

(2) Construction and parts of a modern bridge: A 
bnc Ige is generally made of wood, of iron, of stone, 
or of brick. The extreme supports of the arches at 
the two ends are called hutments or abutments; the 
solid parts between the arches piers, and the fences 
on the sides of the road or pathway parapets. 

(3) Different kinds of bridges: Among these may 
be mentioned a bascule-bridge , boat-bridge or a 
bridge of boats, bowstring-bridge, chain-bridge, 
draw-bridge, floating-bridge, flying-bridge, foot¬ 
bridge, furnace-bridge, girder-bridge, lattice-bridge, 
pontoon-bridge, raft-bridge, rope-bridge, skew- 
bridge, suspension-bridge, swing-bridge, sivivel- 
bridge, trestle-bridge, truss-bridge, tubular bridge, 
viaduct, weigh-bridge. (See these words.) 

2. Shipbuilding: A partial deck extending from 
side to side of a vessel amidships. It is common in 
steam vessels, affording a convenient station for 
the officer in command, and extends over the space 
between the paddle-boxes. It is also known as the 
hurricane-deck or bridge-deck. 

3. Mining: The platform or staging by which ore, 
limestone, fuel, <fcc., are conveyed to the mouth of a 
smelting-furnace. 

4. Metallurgy, furnaces, boilers, <&c.: 

(1) A lower vertical partition at the back of the 
grate space of a furnace. [W atee-beidge, Hang- 

ING-BEIDGE.] 

(2) The middle part of the fire-bars in a marine 
boiler, on either side of which the fires are banked. 
(Admiral Smyth.) 

(3) The low wall of division between the fuel- 
chamber and hearth of a reverberatory furnace. 

(4) The wall at the end of the hearth toward the 
stack compelling the caloric current in puddling to 
ascend and then descend toward the foot of the 

5. Music: A thin wooden bar placed beneath the 
strings of a musical instrument to elevate them 
above the sounding-board and to terminate at 


631 

one end their vibrating portion. The'tone of an 
instrument is largely influenced by the position of 
the bridge. 

6. Ordnance: The pieces of timber between the 
transoms of a gun-carriage. 

7. Horology: A piece raised in the middle and 
fastened at both ends to the watch-plate, and form¬ 
ing a bearing for one or more pivots. When sup¬ 
ported at one end it is a cock. 

8. Engraving: A board resting on end-cleats, 
used by an engraver to span the plate on which he 
is working, to support the hand clear of the plate. 

9. Electricity: A device used for measuring the 
resistance of an element to an electric circuit. 
[Electeic-beidge.] 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bridge in any of 
the foregoing senses. 

bridge-board, s. 

1. Carp.: A notched board on which the ends of 
the steps (technically the treads and risers) of 
wooden stairs are fastened. It is called also a 
notch-board. 

2. The bridge of a steamboat. [A., II. 2.] 

bridge-equipage, s. An “equipage” designed 

to accompany armies in the field and provide them 
with materials whence to construct bridges across 
any rivers which may impede them in their prog¬ 
ress. 

bridge-gutter, bridged gutter, s. A gutter 
formed of boards covered with lead and supported 
on bearers. 

bridge-head, s. 

Fortif.: A work commanding the extremity of a 
bridge nearest to the enemy; a ttte de pont. 

bridge-islet, s. A portion of land which becomes 
insular at high-water. 

bridge-master, s. One who has charge of a 
bridge, a bridge-warden. 

bridge-over, a. 

Carpent.: A term showing that certain parts lie 
across and rest on others; as, common joists, bridge- 
over binding-joists, &c. 

bridge-pile, s. 

Civil Engineering: A pile driven to support a 
timber of a bridge. 

bridge-rail, s. 

Railroading: A railroad-rail having an arched 
tread and lateral foot flanges. It has heen adopted 
by nearly all well-equipped modem railways. It is 
laid on a longitudinal '.sleeper in cross-ties. Felt 
saturated in pitch, or its equivalent, is placed 
beneath the rail over the sleeper, and gives a cer¬ 
tain resiliency to the track. The other rails are 
known as edge-rails and. foot-rails (q. v.). (Knight.) 

bridge-stone, s. 

1. Masonry: A stone, laid from the pavement to 
the entrance-door of a house, spanning a sunken 
area. 

2. Road-making: A flat stone serving as a bridge 
across a gutter or narrow area. 

bridge-train, s. A military bridge composed of 
portable boats. The same as bridge-equipage, or 
pontoon-bridge or train\( q. v.). A bridge-equipment 
or pontoon-train, consisting of a military bridge 
composed of portable boats. 

bridge-tree, s. 

Milling: The beam which supports the spindle of 
the runner in a grinding-mill. On the upper surface 
of the bridge-tree is the socket of the spindle. The 
bridge-tree is capable of vertical adjustment, to 
vary the relative distance of the grinding-surfaces, 
by moving the runner toward or from the bedstone. 
The adjusting device is called a lighter-screw. 
(Knight.) 

bridge-truss, s. A structure of thrust and 
tension pieces, forming a skeleton beam, in a 
viaduct. It has several varieties: the lattice, the 
arched truss (or combination of arch and truss), the 
deck-truss, in which the road-bed is on the straight 
stringers. (Knight.) 

bridge-ward (1), s. [Eng. bridge, and ward 
(2 ),s.] 

Locksmithina: The main ward of a key, usually 
in the plane of rotation. 

*bridge-ward (2), *brigge-ward, *brigge- 
warde, s. [ Eng. bridge; 0. Eng. brigge, and 
ward (1), s.] 

1. The warden or keeper of a bridge. 

“A geant ys maked brigge-ward” 

Sir Ferumbras, 1,700. 

2. A number of men set to guard a bridge. 

“ That nyght as it ful by cas, 

The brigge-warde foryete was.” 

Sir Ferumbras, 3,559. 


bridle-bit 

bridge, v. t. [From Eng. bridge, s. fq. v.) ] 

1. Lit.: To build a bridge over a river, a valley, 
or road. 

“ Came to the sea: and, over Hellespont 
Bridging Ms way, Europe with Asia joined.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. X. 

2. Fig.: To establish a passage across anything. 

“ Till, bridged with Moslem bodies o’er, 

It bears aloft their slippery tread.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Fire-Worshipers. 

bridged, pa.par. & a. [Beidge, v.] 
bridged-gutter, s. [Bbidge-guttee.] 
bridge -less, a. [Eng. bridge, and suff. -Zess.] 
Without a bridge. (Southey.) 
bridg -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Beidge, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

Carp.: Short cross-pieces connecting adjacent 
floor-joists to prevent lateral deflection. [Chim¬ 
ney.] 

‘I Single bridging has one pair of diagonal braces 
at the mid-length of the joists. Double bridging 
consists of two pairs of cross-braces, dividing the 
joist into three lengths. 

bridging-floor, s. 

Carp.: A floor in which bridging-joists are used 
without girders. 

bridging-joist, s. 

Building: A joist in a double floor, resting upon 
the binder or binding-joist, and supporting the 
floor; a floor-joist. 

bridging-piece, s. 

Carp.: A strut-piece nailed between joists or 
beams, to prevent lateral deflection; a strutting or 
straining piece. 

brldg’-y, a. [Eng. bridg(e); -y.] FuH of bridges. 

(Sherwood.) 

brl-dle, *brl-dell, *brl-del, *bri -dll, *bry- 
dflle, s. & a. [A. S .bridel, bridels, brydel; Icel. 
beisl; Sw. betsel: Dan. bidsel; Dut. breidel; M. H. 
Ger. britel; O. H. Ger. bridel, brittil, priddel; Fr. 
bride; O. Fr. bridel; Prov., Sp. & Port, brida; Ital. 
briglia=a bridle, and predella . . , the reins of 
a bridle.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 1. 

2. Fig.: A curb or restraint of any kind. 

“ . . . that place, which some men fancied to be a 
bridle upon the city.”— Clarendon. 

“ . . . a continual bridle on the tongue.”— Watts. 

II. Technically: 

1. Saddlery: A head-stall, bit, and bearing or rid¬ 
ing rein, completing the head-gear of a horse’s 
harness. The modern bridle of Europe and Amer¬ 
ica consists of the following pieces: The crown- 
piece, the brow-band, the cheek-strap, the throat- 
latch or lash, the rein, and the bit. Sometimes also 
there are a nose-band, blinkers or blinders, and a 
hitching-strap. 

2. Machinery: 

(1) A link attachment, limiting the separation of 
two pieces. 

(2) Of a slide valve: The flanges which keep it in 
place, and serve to guide and limit its motion. 

3. Nautical: 

(1) One of the ropes by which the bowline is fast¬ 
ened to the leech of a sail. 

(2) A mooring-hawser. 

4. Agric.: The piece on the forward end of a 
plow-beam, to which the draft-shackle is attached; 
the clevis; also called the muzzle or plow-head. 

5. Fire-arms: That piece in a gun-lock which 
serves to bind down the sear and tumbler, and pre 
vent their lateral motion. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bridle. (Seethe 
compounds which follow.) 

bridle-bit, s. A bit connected with a bridle. 
Such bits are seen in Assyrian and Egyptian paint¬ 
ings and sculptures, and are subsequently men¬ 
tioned by Xenophon. Bridle-bits may be classed 
under three heads: Snaffles, curb-bits and stiff-bits. 
The snaffle has two bars, jointed together in the 
middle of the mouth, and has rings at the end for 
the rein. It sometimes has cheek-pieces, to keep 
the ring from pulling into the mouth of the animal. 
The curb-bit consists of the following parts: 
Cheek-pieces or branches with eyes for the cheek- 
straps and for the reins, and holes for the curb- 
chain ; a mouth-piece, uniting the cheek-pieces and 
forming the bit proper; sometimes a bar uniting 
the lower ends of the branches; a curb-chain. The 
elastic bit consists of a chain covered by closely 
coiled wire between the bit-rings. Another form of 
elastic bit is made of twisted wire with a soft rub¬ 
ber covering. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, ?ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




bridle-cable 


632 


brigade 


oridle-catole, s. 

Naut.: A cable proceeding from a vessel to the 
middle of another cable which is moored at each 
end. 

bridle-cutter, s. One who makes bridles, spurs, 
&c. 

bridle-hand, s. The hand which holds the bridle 
when one is riding; the left hand. 

“The Gaucho, when he is going to use the lazo, keeps a 
email coil in his bridle-hand.” — Darwin: Voyage round the 
World (ed. 1870), ch. iii., p. 44. 

bridle-maker, s. A maker of bridles. 

bridle-path, s. A path sufficiently wide to allow 
of the passage of a horse, though not of a cart, 
bridle-ports, s. 

Shipbuilding : A port in the bow for a maindeck 
shase-gun; through it mooring-bridles or bow-fasts 
are passed. 

bridle-rein, s. A rein passing from the hand to 
the bit, or from the check-hook to the bit; or, in 
wagon-harness, from the top of the hames to the bit. 

“ Selected champions from the train, 

To wait upon his bridle-rein.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 21. 

bridle-way, s. A horse-track, a bridle-path. 

bri'-dle, *bry’-del-yn, v. t. & i [From bridle , s. 
(q-T.)] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Literally. Of a horse or any similar animal: 

(1) To restrain by means of an actual bridle. 

(2) To furnish or equip with a bridle. 

“ The steeds are all bridled, and snort to the rein.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 22. 

2. Fig. : To curb, to restrain, to govern. 

“ But the thoughts we cannot bridle 
Force their way without the will.” 

Byron: Fare Thee Well. 

B. Intransitive : To hold up the head and draw in 
the chest, as an expression of pride, scorn or resent¬ 
ment. 

“ Dick heard, and tweedling, ogling, bridling, 
Turning short round, strutting, and sideling." 

Cowper: Pairing-time Anticipated. 

IT In this sense it is often followed by up. [Brid¬ 
ling.] 

bridle-in, v. t. To hold in or restrain by means 
of a bridle or curb. {Lit. dbfig.) 

“ I bridle-in my struggling muse, with pain, 

That longs to launch into a bolder strain.” 

Addison: A Letter from Italy. 

bri'-dled, pa. par. & a. [Bridle, v. #.] 

brl’-dler, s. [Eng. bridl(e ); -er.] One who 
Oridles or curbs an animal, a person, or anything. 
{Lit. & fig.) 

“The prelates boast themselves the only bridlers of 
•Chism.”— Milton: Reason of Ch. Gov., bk. i., ch. vii. 

brld’-ling, pr. par., a. & s. [Bridle, v .] 

A. As present participle : In senses correspond¬ 
ing to those of the verb. 

B. As participial adjective: 

“He swells his lifted chest, and backward flings 
His bridling neck between his towering wings.” 

Wordsworth: Evening Walk. 

C. As substantive : The same as bridling-up (q.v.). 

bridling-up, s. The act of proudly rearing the 
head. 

“ By her bridling-up I perceived that she expected to be 
treated hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs. Tran- 
quillus.”— Tatler. 

Brld’-llng-ton (sometimes pron. Bur ’-ling-ton), 
♦Brel’-lihg-t&n, s. & a. [From O. Eng. Brelling 
(etymology doubtful), and ion=town.] 

A. As substantive: 

Geog. : A market town and parish on the sea-coast 
of Yorkshire, England; lat. 54° N. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or found at or in 
the place named under A. 

Bridlington crag, s. 

Geol. : A deposit belonging to the Newer Pliocene. 
It consists of sand and bluish clay with fragments 
of various rocks. It contains mollusks, of which 
four species are extinct, Natica occlusa, Cardita 
analis, Nucula cobboldice, and Tellina obliqua; 
most of the remaining species are arctic shells. _ It 
appears to have been deposited during the period 
of the greatest cold. 

bri’-doon, s. [From Fr. bridon= a snaffle.] 

Saddlery : The snaffle-bit and rein used in Euro¬ 
pean military equipments in connection with a 
curb-bit which has its own rein. 

brief, *breef, *bref, *breve, *breff, a. [O. Fr. 
brief; Fr. bref: Sp., Port. & Ital. breve ; Lat. brevis ; 
Gr. brackj/s=short.] 


A. Of things: 

1. Of language: Short, few, concise. 

“ A play there is, my lord, some ten words long. 
Which is as brief as I have known a play; 

But by ten words, my lord, it is too long, 

Which makes it tedious.” 

Shakesp.: Mid. Night's Dream, V. L 

2. Of time: Short in duration, not lasting. 

“ Brief as the lightning in the collied night.” 

Shakesp.: Mid. Night’s Dream. 
f3. Of length, size, or extent: Short, narrow, con¬ 
tracted. 

“ The shrine of Venus, or straight pight Minerva, 

Postures beyond brief nature.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbel., v. 5. 

B. Of persons: Concise in language; short, abrupt. 
“ To finish the portrait, the bearing of the gracious 

Duncan was brief, bluff, and consequential, . . .”— 
Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xliv. 

If In brief (O. Icel on bref a): Shortly, in short, 
briefly. 

“In brief, we are the King of England’s subjects.” 

Shakesp.: K. John, ii. 1. 

To be brief: To speak briefly or shortly, without 
many words. 

brief, *bref, *brefe, *breve, s. [In Dan. brev; 
O. H. Ger. briaf; O. Fr. bref; Sp., Ital., & Port. 
breve.] [Brief, a.] 

I. Ordinary language: 

*1. A short abstract; an epitome. 

“ I doubt not but I shall make it plain, as far as a sum or 
brief can make a cause plain.”— Bacon. 

“ Each woman is a brief of woman-kind.”— Overbury. 

*2. A writing of any kind. 

“ Bear this sealed brief 
With winged haste to the lord marshal.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., iv. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Eccles.: 

(1) A papal letter or license. 

“ The apostolical letters are of a two-fold kind and dif¬ 
ference; viz., some are called briefs, because they are 
comprised in a short and compendious way of writing.”— 
Ayliffe. 

(2) An episcopal letter or charge. 

“ Then also (if occasion be) shall . . Briefs, Cita¬ 
tions, and Excommunications be read.”— Book of Com¬ 
mon Prayer; Rubric in Communion Service. 

2. Law: 

(a) (See definition in quotation.) 

“A writ whereby a man is summoned to answer to any 
action; or it is any precept of the king in writing, issuing 
out of any court, whereby he commands any suing to be 
done.”— Cowel. 

(b) The abstract of the evidence, &c., given to the 
counsel, to enable them to plead a case. 

“It seems, indeed, from the reports of the trials that he 
did as little as he could do if he held the briefs at all, and 
that he left to the judges the business of browbeating 
witnesses and prisoners.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

*(c) Letters patent, authorizing any charitable 
collection for any public or private purpose. 

“A brief was read in all churches for relieving the 
French Protestants, who came here for protection from 
the unheard-of cruelties of the king.”— Evelyn: Memoirs, 
ii. 262. 

3. Scots Law: A writ directed to any judge ordi¬ 
nary, requiring and authorizing him to hear a case 
before a jury and give sentence thereon. 

4. Music. [Breve.] 
tbrief-man, s. 

1. One who prepares briefs. 

2. One who copies manuscripts. 

fbrief, *breve, v. t. [Brief, a.] To write con¬ 
cisely ; to set forth briefly. 

“ Bot neuer yet in no boke breued I herde 

That euer he wrek so wytherly on werk that he made.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 197. 
brief’-less, a. [Eng. brief, and sufl. -less.] Hav¬ 
ing no briefs; without clients; unemployed. Refer¬ 
ring exclusively to the legal profession. 

brief'-less-ness, s. [Eng. briefless; -ness.] The 
state of being briefless or without clients. 

brief-ly, *bref-ly, *breve-ly, adv. [Eng. 
brief; -ly. J 

1. Of language: In few words, concisely, shortly. 

“ To say brefly.” — Merlin, I., ii. 190. 

2. Of time : Shortly; in or after a short time, 
brief’-ness, *breff-nes, s. [Eng. b-fief; -ness.] 

The quality of being brief or short. Used— 

1. Of language : Conciseness, brevity. 

“ I hope the briefness of your answer made 
The speediness of your return.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, ii. 4. 

2. Of time: Shortness. 

“ We passe ovyr that, breffnes of tyme consyderynge.” 
—Coventry Myst., p. 79. 

3. Of length, size, or extent: Shortness, narrow¬ 
ness. 


brl -er, brl’-ar, *bry -ar, *breere, *brere, s. & 
a. [A. S. br£r= a briar; Ir. briar—a prickle, a thorn, 
a briar, a pin ; Gael, preas, gen. prearis= a bush, a 
shrub, a thicket, a wrinkle, a plait; Wei. prys, 
prysys= covert, brushwood.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Gen.: A thorny or a prickly shrub, without 
precisely indicating the species. 

“ But that that is brynginge forth thornes and breris is 
repreuable . . .’ — Wicliffe Ebrewis, ch. vi. 

“What subtle hole is this, 

Whose mouth is cover’d with rude-growing brierst” 
Shakesp.: Titus Andron., ii. S. 

(2) Spec.: The same as II. Bot., 1. 

“From off this brier pluck a white rose with me.” 

Shakesp.: Ren. VI., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

2. Fig.: Anything sharp or unpleasant to the 
feelings. 

“ . . . leaue vs, your friendes, in the briers and betray 
vs, . . .”— Stow: Edward VI. (1552. ) 

“ . . some harsh, ’tis true, 

Pick’d from the thorns and briers of reproof.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

II. Technically: 

Bot.: Various species of roses of larger growth. 
Spec., the Dog-rose (Rosa canina). (Treas. of Bot.) 

IT 1. Slightly scented brier, or briar: Rosa inodorct. 
(Hooker & Arnott.) 

2. Small-flowered siveet brier, or briar: Rosa 
micrantha. 

3. True sweet brier, or briar: The Eglantine ( Rosa 
rubiginosa). 

B- As adjective: Pertaining to’anyof the plants 
described under A. 

brier-bush, *bryer-bushe, *brere-bushe, s. 

1. Rosa canina. 

2. Rosa arvensis. 

brier-rose, briar-rose, s. A rose ( Rosa canina). 
(Spec, on the Eng. border.) 

“ For, from their shivered brows displayed. 

Far o’er the unfathomable glade, 

All twinkling with the dew-drop sheen, 

The briar-rose fell in streamers green.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 11 

brier-scythe, s. 

Agric.: A stout, short-bladed scythe in a nearly 
straight handle, used for cutting down brambles 
and the like. 

brier-tooth, a. Resembling the teeth of a brier 
leaf. 

Brier-tooth saw: A saw whose interdental spaces 
are deeply depressed by oblique filing on alternate 
sides. [Gullet-saw.] 

tbrier-tree, s. A rose ( Rosa canina). 

brl’-ered, a. [Eng. brier; -ed.] Set with briers. 
( Chatterton .) 

brl'-er-y, a.&s. [Eng. brier; -y.] 

A. As adjective: Full of briers; thorny. (Lit. & 

fig-) 

“ It taketh no rote in a briery place, ne in marice, 
neither in the sande that fleeteth awaye, but it requireth 
a pure, a trymme and a substauncial grounds.”— Udall: 
James i. 


B. As substantive: A place where briers are grow¬ 
ing. 



*brieve, s. [Brief.] 

brig, s. [Contracted from Eng., &c., brigantine 
(q- v.)] 

Naut.: A vessel with two masts, square-rigged on 
both. [Snow.] 

“. . . though 
the arrival of a 
brig in the port 
was a rare event.” 

— Macaulay: Hist. 

Eng., ch. xii. 

U Hermaphro¬ 
dite brig: A two- 
masted vessel, 
square-rigged 
forward and 
schooner - rigged 
aft. (Totten.) 

brl-ga’de, 
brlg’-g,de, 

*brl'-gad, s. & 

a. [In Sw. bri- 

gad; Dan,,Dut.. Brig. 

Ger. & Fr. bri¬ 


gade ; Sp. bngada= brigade, shelter; Port, brigada: 
Ital. & Low Lat. brigata=a company, a troop, a 
crew, a brigade. From O. Fr. 6ri0we=contention, 
quarrel, dispute, faction ; Ital. briga= trouble, dis¬ 
quiet: Ital. & Low Lat. brigare -to strive, to shift, 
to be busy.] ^ 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try ; Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw 









brigade-major 


633 


brighten 


A. As substantive: 

1. U. S. Mil.: A portion of an army, whether 
infantry, cavalry, or artillery, consisting of two or 
more regiments, under the command of a brigadier- 
general. A division consists of two or more brigades 
under the command of a major-general; and an 
army corps , or corps d’ armAe, the largest division 
of our army, consists of two or more divisions, and 
is commanded by a major-general. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) An aggregation, meeting, or union of several 
hosts as for warfare. {Poetic.) 

“Thither, wing’d with speed, 

A numerous brigade hasten’d; as when bands 
Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe arm’d.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. i. 

(2) A similar gathering of females intending to 
make a conquest of human hearts. 

“ Then say what beauteous general wilt thou choose, 

To lead the fair brigade against thy rebel foes ?” 

Hughes: Cupid's Review. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to some kind of 
brigade, like one of those described under A. 

“ Brigade depots are to be considered a portion of a 
force to be inspected, ... ”—The Queen's Orders and 
Regulations (1873), § 5. 

brigade-major, s. 

Mil.: A staff officer attached to the brigade to 
assist the officer by whom it is commanded, 
bri ga de, v. t. [From Eng., &c., brigade, s. 

(q.- v.)] 

Mil.: To form into one or more brigades. 

“It [brevet rank] gives precedence when corps are 
brigaded." — James: Mil. Diet. (4th ed.), p. 61. 

brl-ga'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Brigade, v.] 
brig-a-dier', s. [In Dan. brigadeer; Fr. brig¬ 
adier; Port, brigadeiro; Ital. brigadiere .] 

Mil.: An abbreviation of brigadier-general (q. v.). 
It is in common use in the armies of modern civil¬ 
ized nations, the forces being divided into brigades 
in charge of brigadiers. 

“. . . to raise the best officer in the Irish army to the 
rank of Brigadier.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

brigadier-general, s. 

Mil.: A military officer of intermediate rank, 
between a major-general and a colonel. 

bri-ga -dihg, pr. par., a. & s. [Brigade, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb). 

B. Asadj.: Pertaining to the formation of men 
into brigades. 

“ . . . regiments finding their way on to the ground 
as they mustered, with seemingly small attention to the 
brigading regulations prescribed in the War-office mem¬ 
orandum .”—London Daily News, July 24,1871. 

C. Assubst.: The act of forming men into brig¬ 
ades. 

*brlg'-g.n, s. [Brigand.] 

♦brig-an-gie, s. [Brigand.] Robbery, depre¬ 
dation, violence. 

“. . . thair be way of hame sukkin, brigancie and 
forthocht fellony, maist vyldlie, vnmercifullie and 
treasounablie slew and murtherit him, . . . ”—Acts 
Ja. VI., 1584 (ed. 1814), p. 305, 
brig -and, *breg-aund, *brig-an, *brig'-ant, 
*. [Fr. brigand; Low Lat. brigans—a light-armed 
soldier; Ital. brigante, pr. par. of brig are — to 
strive; briga; O. Fr. 6?'if/n,e=strife.] 

*1. A light-armed soldier. 

“ Bekyrde with bregaundez of fesse in tha laundez.” 

Morte Arthure, 2,096. 

Besides two thousand archers, and brigans, so called 
In these days of an armor which they wore named brig- 
andines.”— Holinsh., ii., N n, 6 b. 

2. A robber, a bandit, an outlaw. 

“ Lure on the broken brigands to their fate.” 

Byron: Lara, ii. xi. 

brig -and-age (age as lg), s. [Fr. brigandage= 
robbery; from brigand.'] The practices of brig¬ 
ands ; robbery, theft. 

“ . . . which not only brings them to neglect their 
proper trades . . . but in time inevitably draws them 
on to robbery and brigandage.” — Warburton: Alliance of 
Ch. and State (1st ed.), p. 129. 

♦brig-and-er, ♦brjfg-and-er, s. [Brigandine 
(2).] 

“Heanone apparaylled hym with the knyghtes appa- 
rayll, and dyd on hym his bryganders." — Fabyan, bk. vii., 
p. 623. 

tbrig -and-ess, s. [Eng. brigand; and fern. suff. 
-ess (q. v.).] A female brigand. 

“ These brigandesses have an average of eighteen crimes 
against them in common with the men .”—Pall Mall 
Gazette, May 12, 1865. 

♦brig -{jmd-ige, s. [Brigand.] Brigandage, 
♦brig-and-ine (l),s. [Brigantine.] 


brig'-and-lne (2) , *brig-and-er, s. [ Fr. brig¬ 
andine ; Ital. brigantina ; from O. Fr. brigand; Low 
Lat. brigans—a light-armed soldier.] [Brigand, 
BrIKC ANETYNE. ] 

1. A coat of mail composed of light, thin jointed 
scales ; also a coat of thin, pliant plate-armor. 

“They have also armed horses, with their shoulders and 
breasts defenced; they have helmets and brigandines.” — 
Hakluyt: Voyages, i. 62. 

“Nor waving plume, nor crest of knight: 

But burnished were their corselets bright, 

Their brigantines, and gorgets light, 

Like very silver shone.” 

Scott: Marmion, v. 2. 

2. A jacket quilted with iron, much worn by 
archers during the reign of Elizabeth and James I. 

*brig'-iind-i§in, s. [Eng. brigand, and suff. -ism 
(q. v.).] Brigandage. 

♦brig-ant, s. [Brigand.] 

*brig -ant-Ine, (l),s. [Brigandine (2).] 

“ Their defensive armor was the plate-jack, hauberk, or 
brigantine.”—Scott: Note to Marmion, st. iii. 

brig -ant-ine (2), s. [Fr. brigantin; Ital. brigan- 
tino= a pirate-ship: Sp . bergantin.] [Brigand.] 

*1. A pirate- 
ship. 

“The brigan¬ 
tines of the rov¬ 
ers were numer¬ 
ous, no doubt; 
but none of them 
was large.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxv. 

2. A two-mast¬ 
ed vessel brig- 
rigged on the 
foremast, but 
having no 
square sails on 
the after or 
mainmast. 

♦brig’ - bote, 

♦brug-bote, s. [O. Eng. 6n'sr=bridge, and bote 
(q. v.).] (For def. see the quotation.) 

“ Brig-bote, or brugbote, signifies a tribute, contribu¬ 
tion or aid toward the mending of bridges, whereof 
many are freed by the king’s charter, and hereupon the 
word is used for the very liberty or exemption from this 
very tribute.”— Blount: Olossographia. 

♦brige, *bryge, s. [O. Fr. brigue; Ital. briga; 
Sp. & Port, brega— a dispute, quarrel.] A quarrel, 
a contention. 

“Myne adversaries han bygonne this debate and 
brige." Chaucer: Melibceus, p. 187. 

♦brig-gen, *breg'-gen, v. t. [Lat. breviare; Fr. 
( a)br6ger .] [Abridge.] To shorten, abridge, cut 
short. 

“He wild haf brigged the fals leue and enoure.”— Lang- 
toft: Chronicle, p. 247. 

♦brigge-ward, *brigge-warde, s. [Bridge- 
ward.] 

bright (gh silent), *briht, *bricht, *brict, 
*brigt, *brith, *brit, *bryght, *bryht, *bryth, 

a., adv. & s. [A. S. beorht; O. Sax. berht; Goth. 
bairhts; Icel. bjartr; O. H. Ger. pSraht ; M. H. Ger. 
bSrht — shining. Cognate with Sansc. bhraj— to 
shine; Lat. flagro=to flame, blaze (Skeat).] 

A. As adj. {Of all the foregoing forms): 

I. Literally: 

1. Shedding light, luminous, clear; opposed to 
dark. 

“ She saw therinne a lithful schier 
Also brith so it were day.” Havelock, 588. 

“ As the sonne with his bemys qwhan he is most bryth.” 

Coventry Mysteries, p. 117. 

2. Radiant, reflecting light, shining; opposed to 
dull. 

“Now I am a devylful derke 
That was en aungelle bryght.” 

Coventry Mysteries, p. 21. 

“. . . a presence bright 

Returns to her.” 

Wordsworth: The White Doe of Bylstone, iv. 

3. Clear, pure, transparent. 

“ Bonkez bene of beryl bryght•” 

Allit. Poems; Pearl, 110. 
“From the brightest wines 
He’d turn abhorrent.” Thomson. 

4. Unclouded, clear. 

“And why they pine beneath the brightest skies.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Winter. 

“The evening bright and still.” 

Pope: Satires, iii. 138. 

5. Resplendent with beauty or charms. 

“How fareth that byrde bryght?” 

Erie of Tolouse, 843. 

“ O Liberty, thou goddess heav’nly bright.” 

Addison. 


6. Gay; of brilliant colors. 

“Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew.” 

Pope: Spring, 3L 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Cheerful, gay, happy. 

“ Bright hours atone for dark ones past.” 

Moore: Lalla Roohk; The Fire-Worshippers. 

“To-day the grave is bright for me.” 

Tennyson: In Memor., 73. 

2. Witty, clever, highly accomplished. [In this 
country the word is used especially to indicate the 
promise that is manifest in the young. A “ bright ’’ 
boy, refers not so much to what he is, as to what he 
gives promise of being.] 

“ Great in arms, and bright.” 

Anonymous. 

“If parts allure thee, think how Bacon shin’d, 

The wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind.” 

Pope: Ess. on Man, iv. 282. 

*3. Clear, plain, evident. 

“That he may with more ease, with brighter evidence, 
and with surer success, draw the learner on.”— Watts: 
Improvement of the Mind. 

*4. Distinct, clear, audible. 

“God sente a steuene brigt and heg.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,780. 

5. Illustrious, noble, celebrated. 

“ This is the worst, if not the only stain 

I’ th’ brightest annals of a female reign.” 

Cotton. 

B. As adv. {Of the forms bright, brighte, and 
brihte): Brightly. 

“ Than sulde we brighte sen 
Quilc yure sal God quemest ben.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,763. 

The moon shines bright.” 

Shakesp.: Mer. of Ven., v. L 

C. As subst. {Of the forms bright, brigt, and 
briht): 

1. Brightness. 

“ Swilc the sunnes brigt 

Is more thanne the mones ligt. 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 143. 

“ Drawn round about thee, like a radiant shrine, 
Dark with excessive bright Thy skirts appear.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. iii. 

2. A plant, Ranunculus ficaria, L., called by Ger- 
arde Chelidonia. {Britten & Holland.) 

If Obvious compounds are bright-brown, bright- 
burning. bright-colored, bright-eyed, bright-faced, 
bright-green, bright-haired, bright-hued, bright-red, 
bright-shining; also bright-dyed, and bright-tinted 
{Carlyle). The following are less frequent— 

bright-curling, a. Shining with bright curls. 

“. . . bright-curling tresses.” 

Longfellow:• The Children of the Lord’s Supper. 

bright-harnessed, a. Wearing bright or shin¬ 
ing armor. 

“And all about the courtly stable 
Bright-harness’d angels sit in order serviceable.” 

Milton: Ode on the Nativity. 

bright-studded, a. Studded brightly, as the sky 
with stars. 

“ Bright-studded to dazzle the eyes.” 

Cowper: Gratitude. 

♦bright {gh silent), *briht, v. t. [Bright, a.] 
To make bright or clear. {Lit. & fig.) 

“ AI is ase nout ayean luue, thet schireth and brihteth 
the heorte.”— Ancren Riwle, p. 384. 

“The sun brightis all the bnrghe, and the brode valis.” 

Ifestr. of Troy (ed. Donaldson and Panton), 814. 

Bright’s-disease, s. [Named after Dr. Bright.] 
[Albuminuria.] A granular disease of the cortical 
portion of the kidneys, so called because it was first 
diagnostically described by Dr. Robert Bright, an 
English physician. It is first emphasized by the 
secretion of urine containing a large amount of 
albumen, and this symptom is followed by other 
complications, usually in rapid sequence. The 
most commonly observed pathological effects are 
dropsy, ureemia, and in some cases petrifaction of 
the kidneys and ureters. It is uniformly fatal, no 
remedies known seeming to. have .more than a 
slightly palliative effect upon it. It is aggravated, 
and indeed, in the opinion of some physicians, 
induced by indulgence in alcoholic drinks, and sim¬ 
ilar errors of diet. 

bright {gh silent), *brih-ten, v. t. & i. [A.S. 

beorhtan, brihtan.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To make gradually bright or clear (frequently 
followed by up.) 

“Full fain was he when the dawn of day 

Began to brighten Cheviot gray.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 24. 

“ The purple morning, rising with the year, 

Salutes the spring, as her celestial eyes 
Adorn the world, and brighten up the skies.” 

Dryden. 



bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
'dan, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious -- shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 











brightened 634 brim 


2. To cause to shine or sparkle. 

“And tears bedew’d and brighten'd Julia’s cheek.” 

Campbell: Theodric. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To make bright or cheerful, as though by 
removing or dissipating the shadows of care or 
trouble; to relieve from gloom. 

“ Hope elevates, and joy 
Brightens his crest.” Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 
*2. To make clear or plain; to explain. 

“ This word is deosk, auh nime the gode yeme hu ich 
hit wulle ou brihten.” — Ancren Riwle, p. 148. 

3. To make illustrious. 

“ There were two honors lost; yours and your son’s. 
For yours, the God of heaven brighten it.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 3. 

“ The present queen would brighten her character, if 
she would exert her authority to instil virtues into her 
people.”— Swift. 

f4. To make less dark or grievous; to alleviate. 
“An ecstacy, that mothers only feel, 

Plays round my heart, and brightens all my sorrow.” 

Philips. 

+5. To make sharp or witty, to enliven. (Gener¬ 
ally with up.) 

“ Yet time ennobles or degrades each line; 

It brighten’d Graggs’, and may darken thine.” 

Pope: Satires, iv. 45. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To become gradually bright or clear; to clear 

np- 

“ The flowers begin to spring, 

The skies to brighten, and the birds to sing.” 

Pope: Spring, 72. 

2. To become spirited, lively, cheerful, or less 
gloomy. 

(1) Of persons (generally applied to the counte¬ 
nance) : 

“ On me she bends her blissful eyes 

And then on thee; they meet thy look 
And brighten like the star that shook 
Betwixt the palms of paradise.” 

Tennyson: In Memor. 

(2) Of things (applied to style of language): 

“ How the style brightens, how the sense refines.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 421. 
bright-ened (gh silent), pa. par. & a. 
[Brighten.] 

A. & B. As past participle and participial adject¬ 
ive: In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ Thus I presumptuous: and the Vision bright, 

As with asmile more brightened thus replied.” 

Milton: P. L. viii. 368. 

bright-en-Ing ( gh silent), pr. par., a. & s. 
[Brighten.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial ad¬ 
jective: In senses corresponding to those of the 

Verb. 

“Enid listen’d brightening as she lay.” 

Tennyson: Enid, 733. 

“ You cannot shut the windows of the sky, 

Through which Aurora shews her brightening face.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 3. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of making bright or clear. 

2. The process or state of becoming bright or 

clear. 

brlght'-lf (gh silent), *bright-like, *briht- 
liche, *bright-liche, *brigt-like, adv. [Eng. 
bright; -ly .] 

I. Lit.: Brilliantly, splendidly, clearly. 

“ Safely I slept, till brightly dawning shone 

The morn, conspicuous on her golden throne.” 

Pope. 

" Its battled mansion, hill and plain, 

On which the sun so brightly shone.” 

Scott: Rokeby, ii. 28. 

II. Figuratively : 

*1. Clearly, audibly. 

“ Tho so spac God brightlike 
That alle he it herden witterlike.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 8,491. 
*2. Plainly, clearly, perfectly. 

“ Thenne schule ye al this brihtliche understonden.” 

Ancren Riwle, p. 154. 

t3. Cheerfully, gaily. 

“ He faced this morn of farewell brightly.” 

Tennyson: Enoch Arden, 183. 

IT Obvious compound: Brightly-colored (Darwin). 
brightly-beaded, a. Having a bright or gleam¬ 
ing point. 

“ Thus below 

A well-joyn’d boord he laide it, and close by 
The brightly-headed shaft.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxi. 

bright -ness (gh silent), *brlght'-nes, *briht'- 
nes, *briht-nesse, *bricht-nesse, *brict-nesse, 

*brit-nesse, s. [A. S. bryhtnesse, beorhtnesse. ] 


I. Lit.: The quality of being bright; luster, bril¬ 
liancy, clearness. 

“ A gold ring that wit brightness scain.” 

Cursor Mundi, 3,320. 

“A sword, by long lying still, will contract a rust, 
which shall deface its brightness.” — South. 

til. Figuratively: 

1. Cheerfulness, comfort. 

“ Vex’d with the present moment’s heavy gloom, 

Why seek we brightness from the years to come?” 

Prior. 

2. Sharpness, acuteness. 

“The brightness of his parts, the solidity of his judg¬ 
ment, and the candor and generosity of his temper, dis¬ 
tinguished him in an age of great politeness.”— Prior. 

II Crabb thus distinguishes between brightness, 
luster, splendor, and brilliancy: “Brightness is the 
generic, the rest are specific terms: there cannot be 
luster, splendor, and brilliancy without brightness; 
but there may be brightness where these do not 
exist. These terms rise in sense; luster rises on 
brightness, splendor on luster, and brilliancy on 
splendor. Brightness and luster are applied prop¬ 
erly to natural lights; splendor and brilliancy have 
been more commonly applied to that which is arti¬ 
ficial : there is always more or less brightness in the 
sun or moon • there is an occasional luster in all the 
heavenly bodies when they shine in their unclouded 
brightness; there is splendor in the eruptions of 
flame from a volcano or an immense conflagration; 
there is brilliancy in a collection of diamonds. 
There may be both splendor and brilliancy in an 
illumination: the splendor arises from the mass 
and richness of light; the brilliancy from the variety 
and brightness of the lights and colors. Brightness 
may be obscured, luster may be tarnished, splendor 
and brilliancy diminished. The analogy is closely 
preserved in the figurative application. Brightness 
attaches to the moral character of men in ordi¬ 
nary cases, luster attaches to extraordinary in¬ 
stances of virtue and greatness, splendor and 
brilliancy attach to the achievements of men. Our 
Savior is strikingly represented to us as the bright¬ 
ness of His Father’s glory, and the express image 
of His person. The humanity of the English in the 
hour of conquest adds a luster to their victories 
which are either splendid or brilliant, according to 
the number and nature of the circumstances which 
render them remarkable.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

bright -some (ah silent), a. [Eng. bright , and 
suff. -some (q. v.).] Bright, clear. 

“Let the brightsome heavens be dim.” 

Marlowe: Jew of Malta, ii. 2. 

*brIght-some-ness, *bright’-s6me-nes (gh 

silent), s. [Eng. brightsome; -ness.'] The quality of 
being brightsome; brightness. 

“So that by the brightsomenes of the gold the flowers 
appeared so freshely that they semed as they were growyng 
in dede.”— Hall: Chronicle; Hen. VIII., anno 19. 

*bri-gose, *bry-gOOS, a. [Low Lat. brigosus; 
Ital. brigoso; from Low Lat. fertgra=strife, conten¬ 
tion.] [Brige.] Contentious, quarrelsome, tend¬ 
ing to cause contention. 

“ Brygous, or debate-maker. Brigosus.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

“Which two words, as conscious that they were very 
brigose and severe (if too generally taken, therefore), he 
softens them in the next immediate words by an apology.” 
— Puller: Moderation of the Ch. of Eng., p. 324. 

*brigte, adv. [Bright.] Clearly. 

*brigt-like, adv. [Brightly.] (Story of Gen. 
and Exod., 3,491.) 

*brigue, s.. [Fr. brigue; Ital. & Low Lat. briga; 
Sp. bre< 7 a=strife, contention; Gael. & Ir. bri, brigh 
=anger, power.] [Brige.] Solicitation, canvass¬ 
ing for power or office, emulation. 

“The politicks of the court, the brigues of the car¬ 
dinals, the tricks of the conclave.”— Ld. Chesterfield. 

*brigue, v. i. [Fr. briguer; Ital. brigare; Sp. 
bregar— to contend, strive.] To solicit, canvass, 
strive for. 

“ You may conclude, if you please, that I am too proud 
to brigue for an admission into the latter.”— Hurd. 

tbrig-ulng (u silent), pr.par., a. & s. [Brigue, v.] 

A. &B. As pr.par. and particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: Canvassing, soliciting. 

“ Briguing, intriguing, favoritism, . . .”— Carlyle: 

Fr. Revol., bk. v., ch. 5. 

*brik, *brike, s. [A. S. brie- a fracture, break¬ 
ing. [Breach, s.] A breach, violation of, or in¬ 
jury done to anyone. (Scotch & O. Eng.) 

“That sum men and women professing monastik lyfe, 
and vowing virginitie, may efter marry but brik of con¬ 
science.”— N. Winyet: Quest. Keith, App., p. 228. 

*brik-cane-tyne, s. [Brigandine (2).] A very 
curiously-corrupted spelling of brigandine. 

“ Assignis continuacioun of dais to prefthat the said 
Schir Mongo haid the brikeanetynes contenit in the sum- 
mondis, & the avale,” &c.— Act. Dom. Cone., A. 1489, p. 
132. 


*brike, s. [Brik.] A breach, fracture, 
brll, s. [Cf. Dut. bril; Ger. brille—spectacles.] 
The merry thought of a fowl. (Scotch.) 

“Os, quod vulgo bril appellatur, adeoiin hacavecum 
pectore connexum est, ut nulla vi avelli queat.”— Sibb. 
Scot., p. 20. 

brill, prill, s. [From provinc. Eng. pearl(?).] 
Ichthyol.: A flat-fish, Pleuronectes rhombus, resem¬ 
bling the turbot, but inferior to it in flavor, besides 
being smaller in size. It is common in the markets. 

brll-lante (pron. brll-lyan'-ta), adv. [Ital. & 
Fr. brillante .] 

Music: Brilliantly; in a showy, sparkling style. 
(Stainer and Barrett.) 

brll’-li-g,nge, bril-li^tnge, brll'-lI-An-gf, 
brll'-lian-gjf, s. [From Eng. brillian(t),-ce; -oy .] 

1. Lit. (Of material things): The state or quality 
of being brilliant, luster. 

2. Fig. (Of things not material): 

“. . . all those striking events which give interest 
and brilliancy to the Roman history, particularly in the 
pages of Livy.”— Lewis: Ear. Rom. Hist., ch. iv. 

“ . . . fertility of thought and brilliancy of diction 
. .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

“ Often also our talk was gay ; not without brilliancy, 
and even fire.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iii. 

IT For the distinction between brilliancy, bright¬ 
ness, luster and splendor see Brightness. 

bril'-ll-ant, brll'-li^nt, a. & s. [In Sw. bril- 
jant, s.; Dan. brilliant, s.; Ger. brillant, s.; Sp. & 
Ital, brillante, a. & s.; Fort, brilliants , a. & s.; Fr. 
brillant, s., and brillant, pa. par. of briller ; Prov. & 
Sp .brillar; Port, brilhar; Ital. brillare—to shine. I 
From Lat. herillus,beryllus; Gr .beryllos.] [Beryl.] 

A. As adjective: \ 

1. Literally. (Of anything material capable of 
reflecting light): Shining very brightly, emitting 
splendent rays, sparkling, highly lustrous. 

“ Replete with many a brilliant spark.” 

Dorset. 

2. Figuratively. (Of things not material): Lus¬ 
trous, shining, sparkling, fitted to excite admira¬ 
tion. 

“ Cornbury was not a man of brilliant partB . . — 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

(1) Lit.: The same as II. 1. 

*(2) Fig.: A person of illustrious reputation. 

“ In deference to his virtues, I forbear 
To shew you what the rest in orders were ; 

This brilliant is so spotless and so bright, 

He needs not foil, but shines by his own proper 
light.” Dryden. 

II. Technically: 

1. Diamond-cutting: A diamond of the finest cut, 
consisting of lozenge-shaped facets alternating with 
triangles. The variations are known as the half 
brilliant, the full brilliant, the split or trap brilliant 
the double brilliant or Lisbon cut. [ Cutting-gems.' 
A diamond cut as a brilliant has two truncated, 
portions, one above and one below the girdle, which 
is at the largest circumference. The upper portion, 
which projects from the setting, is called the bizet, 
and is one-third the whole depth of the gem. The 
remaining two-thirds are embedded. They are 
called the culasse. (Knight.) 

2. Printing: A very small type, smaller than dia¬ 
mond. 

3. Fabric: A cotton fabric woven with a small 
raised pattern, and printed or plain. 

4. Pyrotech.: A form of pyrotechnics for making 
a bright light. The filling is gunpowder 16 and 
steel-filings 4; or gunpowder 16, and borings 6. 

brll'-ll-jint-ly, adv. [En g. brilliant; -ly.] In a 
brilliant manner, lustrously, shiningly. (Lit. <&fig.) 

“No other large Irish town is so well cleaned, so well 
paved, so brilliantly lighted .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng. 
ch. xvi. 

brll'-li-?int-ness, s. [Eng. brilliant; -ness.) The 
quality of being brilliant, luster, splendor. (Johni 
son.) 

brlll§, s. [Cf. Ger. brille; Dut. bril=a pair of 
spectacles (Mahn).] The hair on the eyelids of af 
horse. (Bailey.) 

brim, *brlmme, *brym, *brymme, s. [A. S, 
brim; Icel. brim = surf; M. H. Ger. brem; Ger. 
brame, brame=a border. From Sansc. bhram-to. 
whirl; M. H. Ger. bremen-( 1) to roar, (2) to border;' 
Lat./remo=to roar.] 

I. Lit.; The edge or border of anything. TJsedh 
1. Of a stream: A bank or shore. 

“A balgh bergh bi a bonke the brymme bysyde.” 

Sir Gawaine, 2,172. 

“Not lighter does the swallow skim 
Along the smooth lake’s level brim.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 15. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 




brim 


635 


2. Of a fountain: The edge or brink. 

“It told me it was Cynthia's own, 

Within whose cheerful brims 
That curious nymph had oft been known 
To bathe her snowy limbs.” Drayton. 

3. Of any vessel: The upper edge. 

“ Thus in a bason drop a shilling, 

Then fill the vessel to the brim.” Swift. 

“ Froth’d his bumpers to the brim.” 

Tennyson: Old Tear, 19. 

4. Of the horizon: The margin. 

“ As the bright sunne, what time his fierie teme 
Towards the westeme brim begins to draw.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. ix. 35. 

5. Of a hat: The edge or leaf. 

“ . . . seeing that his hat 
Was moist with water-drops, as if the brim 
Had newly scoop’d a running stream.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. 1. 

6. Of a pit: The edge or side. 

“ He his ne to the brimme 
Hath leide.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., ii. 293. 

*11. Fig. : The edge or brink of anything; as, the 
brim of the grave , but in this sense we now use 
brink. 

“ I was in the very pangs of death and brought downe 
to the very brimme of the grave.”— Hall: On Hard Texts 
(1633), p. 211. 

♦brim (1), a. [A. S. brime, bryme=ia.mons, cel¬ 
ebrated.] Well-known, spoken of, public. 

“ That thou dost hold me in disdain, 

Is brim abroad, and made a gibe to all that keep this 
plain.” Warner: Albion’s England. 

♦brim (2), *brym, *bryme, *breme, a. [Bbeme.] 

1. Raging, swelling, (Applied to the sea.) 

“ The yeir of God i. M. iiii. c. lxxxvi yeris certaine 
marchandis wer passand betuix Forth and Flanderis 
(quhen hastelie come sic ane thud of wynd) that sail, mast 
and taikillis wer blawin in the brym seis, throw quhilk 
the schip beleuit nocht bot sicker deith.”— Bellend.: 
Cron., bk. viii. ch. 20. 

2. Fierce, violent. 

“ The brim battil of the Harlaw.”— Evergreen, i. 90. 

3. Stern, rugged. (Applied to the countenance.) 

“ But this sorrowfull boteman with bryme luke, 

Now thir, nowthaire within his weschell tuke.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 174, 20. 

4. Denoting a great degree either of heat or of 
cold, as we say, “ a fierce heat.” 

“ Yulcanis oistis of brym flambis rede 
Spredand on bred vpblesis euery stede.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 330, 48. 

tbrlm (1) ,v.t.& i. [Bbim, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

(1) To fill to the brim; to fill to overflowing. 

“ This said, a double wreath Evander twin’d : 

And poplars black and white his temples bind : 
Then brims his ample bowl.” Dryden. 

“ Arrange the board and brim the glass.” 

Tennyson: In Mentor., 106, 16. 

“ A beaker brimm’d with noble wine.” 

Ibid.: Day Dream, 66. 

(2) To skirt; to coast along near. 

“ Where I brim round flowery islands.”— Keats. 

B. Intrans.: To be full to the brim, or to over¬ 
flowing. (Seldom used except in the present par¬ 
ticiple.) 

“ The brimming glasses now are hurl’d 
With dire intent.” Philips. 

tbrlm (2), *brime, *brimen, *brimmen, v. i. 

[M. H. Ger. brimmen; O. Icel. brima .] 

1. To be fruitful, to bear fruit. 

“ God biquuad watres here stede, 

And erthe brimen and beren dede.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 117. 

2. To be maris appetens. 

“ The sonner wol thei brimme ayein, 

And bringe forth pigges moo.” 

Palladius, iii. 1,070. 

♦brlm'-ell, a. [Etymology doubtful; ? A. S. 
bryme= fierce.] Rough, boorish (?). 

“ Laith we war, but owther offens or cryme, 

Ane brimell body suld interstrike my ryme.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 19,12. 

♦brim-fill, v. t. [Eng. brim; and fill.'] To fill 
(to the brim or to overflowing. (Lit. & fig.) 

“His damnation will be the sooner wrought up, the cup 
of his iniquity brimfllled.” — Adams: The Blacke Devill, 
1615, p. 71. 

♦brim-filled, pa.par. [Bbimeill.] 

♦brim-fir, *brim-fire, s. [Either an error for 
brinfire= burning-fire, or=wild-fire, i. e., brimstone, 
from A. S. bryme, br6me= fierce, wild.] 

“ For mannes sinne thus it is went, 

Brent vnth. brimfir, sunken and shent.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 754. 


brlm -ful, a. [Eng. brim , and ful(l).] 

1. Lit.: Full to the brim, overflowing. 

“ The good old king at parting wrung my hand, 

His eyes brimful of tears.” Addison: Cato. 

“ Her brimful eyes that ready stood. 

And only wanted will to weep a flood.” 

Dryden: Sigismonda and Guiscardo, 681, 682. 

2. Fig. (of the feelings, <£c.): 

(1) Overflowing, full. 

“ My heart 

Brimful of those wild tales.” 

Tennyson: Dream of Fair Women, 182. 
*(2) Completely prepared; in full and complete 
number. 

“ Our legions are brimful, our cause is ripe.” 

Shakesp : Julius Caesar, iv. 3. 
tbrlm'-ful-ness, s. [Eng. brimful ; -ness.] The 
quality or state of being brimful; complete fulness. 
“ The Scot on his unfurnish’d kingdom 
Came pouring, like a tide into a beach, 

With ample and brimfulness of his force.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., i. 2. 

brim-less, a. [Eng. brim; less.] Without a brim; 
having no brim. 

“They [the Jews] wear little black brimless caps, as the 
Moors red.”— L. Addison: State of the Jews, p. 10. 

♦brlm'-ly, ♦brym'-ly, a. & adv. [Bbim.] 

A. As adjective: Fierce. 

“ That brymly best so cruell and unryd.” 

Songs and Carols (ed. Wright), p. 26. 

B. As adverb: 

1. Fiercely. 

“ His brode eghne 

That fulle brymly for breth brynte as the gledys.” 

Morte Arthure, 116. 

2. Clearly, distinctly. 

“ A man sees better, and discerns more brimly his col¬ 
ors.”— Puttenham: The Art of Poetry, p. 256. ( Trench on 
some def. in our Eng. Diet., p. 18.) 
brimme, a. [Bbeme.] 
fbrlmmed, a. [Bbim.] 

1. Having a brim or edge. (Obsolete except in 
compounds, as broad-brimmed, wide-brimmed, nar¬ 
row-brimmed, &c.) 

2. Full to the brim or edge, almost overflowing. 

“ May thy brimmed waves for this 
Their full tribute never miss.” 

Milton: Comus. 

♦brim-men, v. i. [Bbim (2), v.] 
brlm’-mer, s. [Eng. brim: -er.] 
fl. A glass or drinking vessel filled to the brim, a 
bumper. 

“ Round to his mates a brimmer fills.” 

Scott: Marmion. 

“When healths go round, and kindly brimmers flow.” 

Dryden. 

*2. A hat. 

“ Now takes his brimmer off.” 

Brome: Songs, 1661 ( Nares .) 
brlm’-mlng, a. [Bbim, v.] 

1. Lit.: Filled to the brim. 

“ And twice besides her beestings never fail 
To store the dairy with a brimming pail.” 

Dryden. 

“ I loved the brimming wave that swam 
Thro’ quiet meadows round the mill.” 

Tennyson: The Miller’s Daughter. 

2. Fig.: Overflowing. 

“Her eyes . . . were all brimming over with tears.” 
— Kingsley: Water Babies, ch. vi. 

♦brims, *brim'-sey, s. [A. S. brimse; O. Dut. 
bremse.] [Beeese.] A gad-fly. 

brim-stone, *brem’-ston, *brim -ston, ♦brim- 
stane, *brim -stoon, *brin-stan, *brum-ston, 
♦brun -stane, *brym-stoon, s. [O. Icel. brenni- 
steinn, from brenna=to burn, and steinn— a stone; 
Sw. brannsten.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Burnt-stone, sulphur. 

“ It rayned fire fra heven and brunstane.” 

Hampole: Prick ofConsc., 4853. 

“ The whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and 
burning.”— Deut. xxix. 23. 

If Vegetable brimstone: The inflammable spores 
of two flowerless plants, Lycopodium clavatum and 
Lycopodium Selago. These are used in the manu¬ 
facture of fireworks. (Treas. of Bot.) 

2. Entom.: A species of butterfly, so called from 
its bright canary or brimstone color, the Bhodocera 
Rhamna. 

“ It is very interesting to watch the female Brimstone 
hovering about the hedge.”— Newman: Brit. Butterflies, 

p. 147. 

brimstone-butterfly, s. [Beimstone, 2.] 
brimstone-match, s. A match the tip of which 
is steeped in sulphur. 

“The vapor of the grotto del Cane is generally supposed 
to be sulphureous, though I can see no reason for such a 
suppositional put a whole bundle of lighted brimstone 
matches to the smoke, they all went out in an instant.”— 
Addison on Italy. 


bfiil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


brine-pit 

brimstone-moth, s. A species of moth, Rumia 
cratcegata, one of the Geometers. It derives its 
name from its bright yellow color. 

“ The curious twig-like caterpillars of the Brimstone 
Moth.” — Coleman: Woodlands, Heaths, &c., p. 112. 

brimstone-wort, s. [So called from “ its yellow 
sap or liquor, which quickly waxeth hard or ary, 
smelling not much unlike brimstone” (Coles); or 
from the sulphureous odor of the leaves (Skinner, 
Prior.) (Britten & Holland) .] The plant Peueed- 
anum officinale. 

*brlm'-st6n-lsh, a. [Eng. brimston(e); -ish .] 
Somewhat resembling brimstone in nature or ap¬ 
pearance. , ( 

brim -st6n-f, a. [Eng. brimston(e); -y.] Full of 
or resembling brimstone; sulphureous. 

“This continual fiery or brimstony spirit.” 

Tryon: Way to Wealth, p. 72. 
♦brln, *brin-nen, v. t. & i. [Btjbn, v.] (Scoteh.l 
brln (1), s. [From Dan. & Sw. bryn; O. IeeJ. 
6rw«.=the eyebrow.] The eyebrow. (Prompt. Parv.) 

brln (2), s. [Etymology unknown.] One of the 
inner radiating sticks of a fan. The outermost 
ones, which are larger and longer, are called pan¬ 
aches. 

♦brlnch, V. t. [Etym. doubtful.] To drink to, in 
answer to a pledge; to pledge. 

“ I carouse to Prisius and brinch you.” 

Lilly: Mother Bombie. 

brln'-ded, a. [A variant of branded (q. v.). 
Icel. 6rondot<r=brindled, brandr= a flame, brenna 
=to burn; A. S. byrnan, brinnan—to bum.] Of 
different colors, streaked, spotted. 

“Thrice the brinded cat hath mew’d.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. L 

“My brinded heifer to the stake I lay.” 

Dryden. 

fbrln’-dle, a. & s. [A shortened form of brindled 
(q. v.).] 

A. As adjective: Brindled. 

“The first a brindle, the second a yellow.” 

Miss Mitford: Our Village, I., 65. 

B. As substantive: The state of being brindled, 
spottedness. 

“A natural brindle.” — Richardson: Clarissa. 
brindle-moth, s. A name applied to several 
kinds of moths, from their streaked and spotted 
appearance. The best known is, perhaps, the 
Brindle Beauty, Biston hirtaria. 

brln-died, a. [An extended quasi-diminutive 
form of brinded. (Skeat.)] 

“ Where mountain wolves and brindled lions roam.” 

Pope: Odyssey, x., 242. 

“ And there the wild-cat’s brindled hide 
The frontlet of the elk adorns.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 27. 
brine, *briyn, *bryne, s. [A. S. bryne; O. Dut. 
brijn; Dut. 6rem=brine, pickle.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: Water strongly impregnated with salt. 

“ Bryne of salt. Salsugo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“A mariner . . . with incrusted brine all rough.” 

Cowper: Odyssey, xxiii., 278. 

2. Spec.: 

(1) The sea, the ocean. 

“Not long beneath the whelming brine, 

Expert to swim, he lay.” 

Cowper: The Castaway. 

“ Lashed into foam, the fierce conflicting brine 
Seems o’er a thousand raging waves to burn.” 

Thomson. 

♦(2) Applied to tears, from their saltness. 

“What a deal of brine 

Hath wash’d thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 8. 
♦II. Fig.: Unfruitfulness, barrenness. 

“ He shall dwelle ... in the lond of briyn and 
vnhabitable.”— Wicliffe: Jer. xvii. 6. 

brine-evaporator, s. An apparatus for evapo¬ 
rating brine so as to produce salt. 

brine-gauge, s. An instrument for testing the 
amount of salt in a liquid. [Salinometeb.] 
brine-pan, s. The pan or vessel in which the 
brine is kept while being evaporated in the process 
of manufacturing salt. 

“ A minute crustaceous animal ( Cancer salinus) is said 
to live in countless numbers in the brine-pans at Lymime. 
ton.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ca. 
iv., p. 67. 

brine-pit, s. 

1. Literally: A pit or receptacle in which brine is 
collected, a brine-well. 

“ The salt which was obtained by a rude process from 
brine pits was held in no high estimation.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

*2. Figuratively: 

“ And made a brine-pit with our bitter tears.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., iii. L 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = t 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 





brine-pump 


636 


bringingup 


brine-pump, s. 

Marine engineering: A pump for changing the 
water in the boilers, so as to prevent an excess of 
saturation of salt. 

brine-shrimp, brine-worm, s. A small ento- 
mostracan, Artemia salina, living in brine-pans 
or salt-pans. [Artemia.] 

“The little creature is a sort of shrimp, and is com. 
monly known as the brine-shrimp."—Gosse: Rom. of Nat. 
Hist., p. 74. 

brine-spring, s. A spring of water saturated 
with salt. 

“The brine-springs of Cheshire are the richest in our 
country.”— Lyell: Princ. of Geol., ch. xvii. 

brine-valve, s. 

Boilers: A blow-off valve; a valve which is opened 
to allow water saturated with salt to escape from a 
boiler. 

brine-worm, s. [Brine-shrimp.] 

fbrlne, v. t. [Brine, s.] To steep in brine, to 
pickle, cure. 

“ Some corneth, some brineth." — Tusser. 

*brin'-fire, s. [Brimeire.] (Story of Gen. and 
Exod., 1,163.) 

bring, *breng, *briiige, *bringen, *bryng, 

•brynge (pret. brought, *brohte, *brogt, *brogte, 
*brocte: pa. par. brought, *brogt), v. t. [A. S. 
bringan; Dut. brengen: Goth, briggan; O. H. Ger. 
pringan; Ger. bringen .] 

I. Of material things: 

1. To bear, carry, convey to the place where the 
speaker is, or is supposed to be ; as opposed to tak¬ 
ing to another place. 

“ The trumpery in my house, go, bring it hither.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. 1, 

2. To lead, conduct. (Used of persons.) 

(a) Lit.: To a place or person. 

“I’ll bring you where you shall hear music.”— Shakesp.: 
Two Gent., iv. 2. 

II To bring forward on a journey: To help on; 
to conduct. 

“Whom if thou bring forward on their journey after a 
goodly sort, thou shalt do well.”— John iii. 6. 

(b) Fig.: To a mental state. 

“ Sithen ghe brocte us to woa, 

Adam gaf hire name eua.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1. 237. 

3. To carry in one’s own hand, or with one’s self 
or itself. 

TI Followed by the preposition to (of the place or 
person to which or to whom the thing or person is 
carried or conducted). Before a person the preposi¬ 
tion is usually omitted. 

“Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread in thine 
hand.”—1 Kings xvii. 1L 

4. To attract, draw with it. 

“ The water ascends difficultly, and brings over with it 
■ome part of the oil of vitriol.”— Newton: Optics. 

5. To induce, persuade, prevail on. (Fig.) 

“ I cannot bring 

My tongue to such a pace.’’—Shakesp.: Coriol., ii. 3. 

IT Also used refiexively. 

“ It seems so preposterous a thing to men to make 
themselves unhappy in order to happiness, that they do 
not easily bring themselves to it.”— Locke. 

II. Of immaterial things: 

1. To procure; cause gain for one. 

“ There is nothing will bring you more honor and more 
ease, than to do what right in justice you may.”— Bacon. 

2. To cause to come. Especially in such phrases 
as the following— 

“. . . which bringeth their iniquity to remembrance.” 
Ezek. xx ix. 16. 

“ But those, and more than I to mind can bring." 

Dryden. 

IT Frequently with back. 

“ Bring back gently their wand’ring minds.”— Locke. 

3. To lead by degrees, draw, guide. 

“ The understanding should be brought to the difficult 
and knotty parts of knowledge by insensible degrees.”— 
Locke. 

III. In special phrases : 

1. To bring about: 

(1) To cause to change from the party of one’s 
opponents to one’s own party. 

“ Now my new benefactors have brought me about. 

And I’ll vote against peace, with Spain or without." 

Swift: An Excellent New Song. 

(2) To cause, effect, bring to pass. 

“ It enabled him to bring about several great events, for 
the advantage of the public.”— Addison: Freeholder. 

*(3) To complete. 

“ How many hours bring about the day, 

How many days will finish up the year, 

How many years a mortal man may live.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., ii. 5. 


*2. To bring again: To bring back. 

“ The Lord said, I will bring again from Bashan ; I will 
bring my people again from the depths of the sea.”— 
Psalms lxviii. 22. 

f3. To bring down: 

(1) Lit.: To cause to make a literal descent. 

“ So he brought down the people unto the water.”— Judg. 
vii. 6. 

(2) Fig.: To humble, abase. 

“And I will tread down the people in mine anger, and 
make them drunk in my fury, and I will bring down their 
strength to the earth.”— Isaiah lxiii. 6. 

4. To bring forth: 

(1) To bear, produce, give birth to. (Lit. & Jig.) 

“ . . . thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by 

year.”— Deut. xiv. 22. 

“ The good queen, 

For she is good, hath brought you forth a daughter.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, ii. 3. 

(2) To lead out, deliver. 

“ And Moses said unto God, Who am I, that I should go 
unto Pharaoh, and that I should bring forth the children 
of Israel out of Egypt ?”— Exodus iii. 11. 

5. To bring forward: 

(1) To produce. 

(2) To assert, produce as a statement. 

(3) To hasten, promote, forward; as, to bring for¬ 
ward the harvest, or the business. 

6. To bring home: 

(1) Ordinary Language: 

(a) Literally: 

(1) Gen.: To bring to one’s house. (Used specially 
of a bride.) 

*(ii) Spec.: To bring into the world, to give birth 
to. 

“Margaret, our young queine, broucht home ane sone.” 
Pitscottie: Cron., p. 266. 

(b) Fig.: To prove conclusively. 

“ Several prisoners to whom Jeff reys was unable to bring 
home the charge of high treason were convicted of misde¬ 
meanors, and were sentenced to scourging not less terrible 
than that which Oates had undergone.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., i. 649. 

(2) Naut.: To bring home the anchor=to work in 
the cable and raise the anchor to its position at the 
side of, or on, the ship. 

7. To bring in: 

(1) To produce, afford a return. 

“The sole measure of all his courtesies is, what return 
they will make him, and what revenue they will bring 
him in.” — South. 

*(2) To gain over. 

“ Send over into that realm such a strong power of men 
as should perforce bring in all that rebellious rout and 
loose people.”— Spenser: Ireland. 

(3) To introduce into a legislative body. 

“It was resolved that a Resumption Bill should be 
brought in." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

141 To return a verdict. 

(5) To introduce. 

“ Since he could not have a seat among them himself 
he would bring in one who had more merit.”— Tatler. 

8. To bring off: 

(1) To procure an acquittal; clear; make to 
escape. 

“ Set a kite upon the bench, and it is forty to one he’ll 
bring off a. crow at the bar.”— L’Estrange. 

(2) To accomplish, to cause to happen. 

9. To bring on : 

(1) To cause, give rise to. 

“And poverty brought on a pettish mood.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

(2) To hasten, further, forward. 

“ ilel. Yet, I pray you : 

But with the word the time will bring on summer.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, iv. 4. 

10. To bring out: 

t(l) To show, prove. 

“Another way made use of to find the weight of the 
denarii, was by the weight of Greek coins j but those 
experiments bring out the denarius heavier.”— Arbuthnot. 

*(2) To expose, make manifest. 

“ Bring out his crimes, and force him to confess.” 

Dryden. 

(3) To introduce into society. 

“Begg’d to bring up the little girl, and * out,’ 

For that’s the phrase that settles all things now.” 

Byron: Don Juan, xii. 31 

(4) To publish. 

11. To bring over: To convert to one s side. 

"The protestant clergy will find it, perhaps, no difficult 

matter to bring great numbers over to the church.”— Swift. 

12. To bring under: To subdue. 

“ That sharp course which you have set down, for the 
bringing under of those rebels of Ulster, and preparing a 
way for their perpetual reformation.”— Spenser: State of 
Ireland. 

13. To bring to: 

(1) Ord. Lang.: To resuscitate, revive. 


(2) Naut.: To check the course of a ship; to lie to, 
“ We brought-to in a narrow arm of the river.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viL p. 136. 

14. To bring up: 

S Ord. Lang.: 

) To educate, rear. 

“They frequently conversed with this lovely virgin, 
who had been brought up by her father in knowledge.”— 
Addison: Guardian. 

(b) To raise, start; as, “ to bring up a subject." 

(c) To cause to advance, bring forward. 

Bring up your army.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 2. 

(d) To lay before a meeting; as, “ to bring up a 
report.” 

(e) To reject food from the stomach; to vomit. 

(2) Naut.: To cast anchor. 

If To bring up the rear: To come last. 

15. To bring word: To bring intelligence of any¬ 
thing. 

“ And Benaiah brough t the king word again, saying, 
Thus said Joab, and thus he answered me.”—1 Kings, ii. 30. 

If (1) Other special applications of the word are 
bring to book [Book]; bring to pass [Pass]; bring 
tojustice=to charge, bring to trial; to bring down 
the house=to be enthusiastically received; bring to 
nought—utterly destroy; bring to reason^induce 
one to listen to reason; to be brought to bed, brought 
abed= to be delivered of a child; to bring a person 
on his way, or to bring him onward— to accompany 
him. 

(2) Crabb thus distinguishes between to bring, to 
fetch and to carry: “To bring is simply to take 
[an object] with one from the place where one is; to 
fetch is to go first and then bring it; to fetch, there¬ 
fore, is a species of bringing. Whatever is near at 
hand is brought; whatever is at a distance must be 
fetched: the porter at an inn brings a parcel, the 
servant fetches it. Bring always respects motion 
toward the place in which the speaker resides; 
fetch, a motion both to and from; carry, always a 
motion directly from the place or at a distance 
from the place. . . . Bring is an action per¬ 

formed at thr option of the agent; fetch and carry 
are mostly done at the command of another. 
Hence the old proverb, ‘ He who will fetch will 
carry,' to mark the character of the gossip and tale¬ 
bearer, who reports what he hears from two persons 
in order to please both parties.” (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

brlng-er, *brlng-are, s [Eng. bring; -er.] 
He who, or that which, brings anything. 

“ Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news 
Hath but a losing office.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., i. 1. 
“Is he not an eye to us all ; a blessed heaven-sent 
Bringer of Light ?”— Carlyle: Heroes, lect. iii. 

bringer-in, s. He who, or that which, brings in 
or introduces. 

“Lucifer is a bringer-in of light; and therefore the 
harbinger of the day.”— Sandys: Christ’s Passion; Notes, 
p. 79. 

bringer-out, s. He who brings forward, leads 
out, or publishes. 

“ Sold. Mock not, Enobarbus. 

I tell you true; best you safed the bringer- 

Out of the host.” Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., iv. 8. 

bringer-up, s. One who rears or educates. 

“Italy and Rome have been breeders and bringers-up 
of the worthiest men.”— Ascham: Schoolmaster. 

brlng-lng, *bryng’-^nge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Bring.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <£ partic. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive : The act of conveying, carry¬ 
ing, or fetching. , 

bringing-forth, s. 

1. The act of bearing or being delivered of. 

*2. That which is brought forth or uttered. 

“Let him be but testimonied in his own bringings- 
forth, and he shall appear to the envious a scholar, a 
statesman, and a soldier.”— Shakesp.: Meas. for Meas^ 
iii. 2. 

bringing-to, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: The act of carrying or conveying to. 

2. Spec.: The act of resuscitating, or bringing 
back to consciousness. 

II. Naut.: The act of checking the course of a 
vessel. 

Bringing-to bolt: A screw-bolt or forelock-bolt 
used in keying up a structure. 

bringing-up, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: Education, rearing. 

2. Printing : The operation of overlaying, under¬ 
laying, or cutting portions of woodcuts, so as to 
equalize the impression by giving proper promi¬ 
nence to the dark and light portions. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, -what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, wh*. son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




brinie 


bristled 


*brln'-ie, s. [Birnie.] 

fbri-nl-ness, s. [Eng. briny; -ness.] The qual¬ 
ity of being briny; saltness. 

brl’n-Ish, a. [Eng. brin(e); - ish .] Somewhat 
briny; haying the taste of brine. 

“To hear and see her plaints, her brinish tears.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. III., iii. 1. 
“The restless groans, brinish tears.”— Bunyan: Pil¬ 
grim's Progress, pt. 2. 

tbrln-ish-ness, s. [Eng. brinish; -ness.] The 
quality of being brinish; a tendency to saltness.— 
(Johnson.) 

brin-jal, brin jail, s. [From Arab, bydendjan 
=the egg-plant. ( Forskhal.)) The name given in 
parts of India to the fruit of the egg-plant ( Solanum 
melongena). 

brln-ja'r rle, *bln-ja r-ry, ben-ja’r-jf, ban- 
Ja T-f, bun-jar-ee, s. [From Hind, bonjara , ban- 
jari. ] 4 grain-merchant. ( Anglo-Indian.) 

brin'-jar-ee, s. An East Indian variety of grey¬ 
hound, said to be the best hunting-dog in India. 

brink, *brinke, *bryhke, *brenke, s. [Dan. & 
Sw. brink—on edge; Icel. brekka= a slope; Wei. 
bryncu— a hillock.] 

1. Lit. : An edge, margin, or border, as of a preci¬ 
pice, or pit, or river. 

“ Beside the brink 
Of haunted stream.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 

2. Fig.: The edge, verge. 

“ To misery’s brink." 

Burns: To a Mountain Daisy. 

H The brink of the grave: The verge or point of 
death. 

“The old man stood . . . upon the brink of the 
grave.” — Robertson: Sermons. 

♦brink -ful, a. [Eng. brink; ful(l).] Full to the 
brink or brim ; brimful. 

♦brlnt, pa. par. & a. [Burnt.] 

♦brlnt-stone, *brln-stane, s. [Brimstone.] 
brl'-ny, a. [Eng. brin(e); -y.] Full of brine; 
excessively salt. 

“ Fool that he was ! by fierce Achilles slain, 

The river swept him to the briny main.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, ii. 1064-5. 

bri -o-nine, s. [Bryony.] The active chemical 
principle extracted from bryony, 
bri -on-jf, s. [Bryony.] 

♦brise, v. t. [Bruise.] 

brl-sln -ga, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. Mod. 
Lat. brissus.) 

ZoOl.: A genus of Star-fishes, the typical one of 
the family Brisingidse (q. v.). The only species 
found in the Norwegian seas that resembles the 
fossil Protaster. 

brl-slii -gl-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. brisinga, 
and Lat. fern. pi. suffix -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of Asteroideae (Star-fishes), with 
long and rounded arms and two rows of ambulacral 
feet; the ambulacral grooves not reaching the 
mouth. 

brisk, a. [Wei. brysg = nimble, quick; Gael. 
briosg; Fr. brusque.) Lively, animated, active. 
Used — 

1. Of persons: 

(1) Active, lively. 

“Shaftesbury’s brisk boys.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
eh. xv. 

(2) Gay, sprightly. 

“A creeping young fellow, that had committed matri¬ 
mony with a brisk, gamesome lass, was so altered in a few 
days, that he was liker a skeleton than a living man.”— 
V Estrange. 

2. Of things: 

*(1) Yivid, bright. 

“Objects appeared much darker, because my instru¬ 
ment was overcharged; had it magnified thirty or twenty- 
five times, it had made the object appear more brisk and 
pleasant.”— Newton . 

(2) Gay, lively. 

“ These most brisk and giddy-paced times.”— Shakesp.: 
Twelfth Night, ii. 4. 

(3) Excited, sharp, rapid. 

“Christian had the hard hap to meet here with Apol- 
lyon, and to enter with him into a brisk encounter . . .” 
— Bunyan: P. P-, pt. ii. 

(4) Clear, sharp. 

“The air was brisk.” —Disraeli: Venetia, ch. ii. 

(5) Fresh, moderately strong. (Used of the wind.) 
“With fair weather and a brisk gal e.”—Voyages, ch. vii. 

Powerful, active. 

Our nature here is not unlike our wine: 

Some sorts, when old, continue brisk and fine.” 

Denham. 

orisk-ale, s. Ale of a superior quality. ( Halli- 
well.) 


637 


brisk-awakening, a. Awakening sharply or 
quickly. 

“ First to the lively pipe his hand addresst, 

But soon he saw the brisk-awakening viol.” 

Collins ■ The Passions. 

brisk-looking, a. Having a brisk or bright and 
animated appearance, 
fbrisk, *briske, v. t. & i. [Brisk, a.] 

A. Trans. : To exhilarate, enliven, animate. (Gen¬ 
erally with up.) 

“I will suppose that these things are lawful, and some¬ 
times useful and necessary for the relief of our natures: 
for the brisking up our spirits.”— Kitlingbeck: Sermons, 
p. 223. 

“I like a cupp to briske the spirits.” 

Feltham: Resolves. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To prepare one’s self briskly, or with animation 
and speed. 

“ Susan brisked up a little for the occasion.”— A. Trol¬ 
lope: Tales of all Countries. 

2. To come up quickly. 

♦brisked, a. [Eng. brisk, v. t.] Exhilarated, 
enlivened. 

“ Such a vast difference there is in the arteries newly 
brisked in the fountain, and that in the veins lowered 
and impoverished with its journey.”— Smith: On Old Age, 
p. 109. 

brlsk'-et, s. [O. Fr. brischet, bruschet ( Skeat ) ; 
Bret. bruched=the breast. The word is evidently 
connected with breast.] That part of the breast of 
an animal which lies next to the ribs, the breast. 

“ See that none of the wool be wanting, that their gums 
be red, teeth white and even, and the brisket skin red.”— 
Mortimer. 

“An’ spread abreed thy weel-fill’d brisket.” 

Burns: The Auld Farmer’s Salutation. 

brisket-bone, s. The breast-bone, 
brlsk-ly, adv. [Eng. brisk; -ly.) In a brisk or 
lively manner; actively. 

“We have seen the air in the bladder suddenly expand 
itself so much and so briskly, that it manifestly lifted up 
some light bodies that leaned upon it.”— Boyle. 

brisk -ness, s. [En g. brisk; -ness.] 

1. The quality of being brisk. 

2. Liveliness, quickness, activity. 

“ Some remains of corruption, though they do not 
conquer and extinguish, yet will slacken and allay the 
vigor and briskness of the renewed principle.”— South. 

3. Liveliness of spirits, gaiety. 

“But the most distinguishing part of his character 
seems to me to be his briskness, his jollity, and his good 
humor.”— Dry den. 

♦brlsk-y, a. [Eng. brisk; - y. ] Brisk. 

“ Most brisky juvenal and eke most lovely Jew.” 

Shakesp.: Mid. Night’s Dream, iii. L 

♦brisle, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

♦brisle dice, s. A kind of false dice. 

“ Those bar size aces ; those brisle dice. Clown. ’Tis 
like they brisle, for I’m sure theile breeds anger.” 

Nobody and Somebody, 4to, G. 3 b. (Nares.) 
brl§'-mack, s. [Etym. unknown. Probably 
Scandinavian.] One of the English names for a 
fish, the Common Tusk ( Brosmus vulgaris). 

brls -sal, a. [Fr. brt siller = to break, to shiver.] 
Brittle. 

♦brissed, pa.par. [Bruised.] 
brls'-sel, v. t. [BirSle, u.] To broil, 
brissel-cock, s. A turkey-cock. 

♦bris-sen, v. t. [Bruise.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
brls'-sl-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. brissue 
(q. v.).] 

ZoOl.: A family of Echinoidea, more generally 
called Spatangidae. Their English name is Heart- 
urchins. 

♦brls-sour, *bris-soure, *brys-sure, s. [Fr. 
brisure=& broken piece.] 

1. A shaking, contusion, collision. 

“Brisyng, or brissoure, K., bryssynge, or bryssure, H. 
Quassatio, contusio, collisio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. A sore, a chap. 

brls’-siis, s. [From Gr. brissos, bi'yssos=a kind 
of sea-urchin. (Aristotle.)] 

ZoOl.: The typical genus of the family Brissidas 
(q. v.). 

*brist, *bryst, v. [Burst.] 
brls'-tle ([ silent), ♦bros-tle, *brus-tel, *brys- 
tel, *brys-tylle, ♦brus-tylle, *burs-tyll, s. [A.S. 

byrst=a bristle, with dimin. suffix, -el; put. borstel; 
Icel. burst; Sw. & Ger. borste , all=a bristle.] 

1. Ord. Lang. : A short, stiff, coarse hair, particu¬ 
larly of swine. 

“Two boars whom love to battle draws, 

With rising bristles, and with frothy jaws.” 

Dryden: Palamon Arcite, ii. 204, 205. 

IT To set up one’s bristles: To show pride or 
temper. 


2. Pot,: A species of pubescence on plants, re¬ 
sembling stiff, roundish hairs or bristles. Example, 
the stem of the Viper’s Bugloss ( Echiurn vulgare). 

if Compounds of obvious signification: Bristle- 
armed, bristle-backed, bristle-bearing, bristle-brush, 
bristle-like, bristle-shaped. 

bristle-fern, s. A modern book-name for a spe¬ 
cies of fern, Trichomanes radicans. 

bristle-grass, s. A species of grass, Agrostis 
setacea. 

bristle-moss, s. A species of moss, Orthotricum 

striatum. 

bristle-pointed, a. 

1. Ord. Lang.: Having sharp points like bristles. 
“As bristle-pointed as a thorny wood.” 

Marlowe: 1 Tamburlaine, iv. 1. 

2. Bot.: Terminating gradually in a very fine 
sharp point; setose. 

brls'-tle (t silent), v. t. & i. [Bristle, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

fl. Lit.: To cause to stand up, as the bristles on 
a swine. 

“Poor Stumah! whom his least halloo 
Could send like lightning o’er the dew, 

Bristles his crest, and points his ears.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 17. 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) To raise, as in pride or rage. 

“ His heart bristled his bosom.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Iliad, i. 192. 

H Sometimes with up. 

“Which makes him prune himself, and bristle up 
The crest of youth.” Shakesp,: 1 Henry IV., i. 1. 

(2) To cover as with bristles, to surround for pro¬ 
tection. « 

‘‘Bristle yourselves around with cannon.” — Carlyle- 
French Revolution, pt. ii., bk. iii., ch. 4. 

If To bristle a thread: To fix a bristle to it. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To stand erect as bristles on a swine. 

“ His hair did bristle upon his head.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 16. 

2. To stand thick and close together, as bristles do. 
“A forest of masts would have bristled in the desolate 

port of Newry.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

3. To be thickly covered, to abound in. (Gener¬ 
ally of something rough or horrible.) 

(1) Of material things: 

“ The land soon bristled with castles.”— Freeman: Norm. 
Cong., ii. 193. 

(2) Of immaterial things: 

“ The twilight bristles wild with shapes.” 

Mrs. Browning: Dreams of Exile. 

4. To show pride and indignation, or defiance. 
(Generally with up.) 

“The glover’s youthful attendant bristled up with a 
look of defiance.”— Scott: Fair Maid, ch. i. 

brls-tled (t silent), *brls-teled, *brls-tlede, 

pa. par. & a. [Bristle, v. t .] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Covered with thick hairs or bristles. 

“ With his Amazonian chin he drove 
The bristled lips before him.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., ii. 2. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Standing erect as bristles. 

“ Pard, or boar with bristled hair.” 

Shakesp.: Mids. Nights Dream, ii. 2. 

(2) Thickly covered as though with bristles. 

“ Flashing with steel and rough with gold, 

And bristled o’er with bills and spears.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 14. 



Bristled. 

I. Section of Psiadia coronopus, showing bristle recep¬ 

tacle. 2. Stalk of Echiurn. 3&4. Plain and jointed 
bristles from Echiurn and the root of a fern. 

II. Bot .: Echinate, covered with a kind of pubes¬ 
cence or stiff hairs resembling bristles. 

“ The ears are bristeled or bearded.”— Lyte, p. 505. 


bfili, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, <jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
•cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$L 





bristleworts 


638 


brize 


brls’-tle-'worts (t silent), s. pi. [From Eng. 
bristle, and wort (q. v.).] 

Bot.: Lindley’s name for the endogenous order 
Desvauxiacoce (q. y.). 

brls’-tll-ness {t silent), s. [Eng. bristly; -?iess.] 
The state of being bristly or covered with bristles. 

brls’-tllng (t silent), pr. par. & a. [Beistle, 
v. i.) 

1. Standing erect as bristles. 

“ With chatt’ring teeth, and bristling hair upright.” 

Dryden. 

“ Erect and bristling like a cat’s back.”— Hazlitt. 

2. Thickly covered. [Beistle, II. 2.] 

“ Renowned throughout the world for its haven bristling 
dth innumerable masts.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ii. 415. 

3. Thick, close, rough. 

“ His bristling locks of sable, brow of gloom, 

And the wide waving of his shaken plume.” 

Byron: Lara, I. xi. 

bris'-tly, (f silent), a. [Eng. bristl(e); -y.~] 

I. Ord. Lang.: Thickly covered with bristles; 
rough, hairy. 

“A yellow lion and a bristly boar.”— Pope: Thebais. 

“ If the eye were so acute as to rival the finest micro- 
icope, the sight of our ownselves would affright us; the 
smoothest skin would be beset with rugged scales and 
bristly hairs.”— Bentley. 

II. Natural Science: Echinate, furnished with 
numerous bristles, as the fruit of the Common 
Chestnut (Castanea vesca). 

“ Thus mastful beech the bristly chestnut bears, 

And the wild ash is white with bloomy pears.” 

Dryden. 

“ The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat bristly, 
which may help to preserve the dew.”— Bacon. 

Brls'-tol, *BrIs -tow, *Bric’-stow, s. [Etymol¬ 
ogy doubtful. Probably from A. S. brie =a oreak ? a 
breach, and stow—a place; a free rendering of its 
former name, viz., Wei. Caer Odor, from caer=wall, 
fort, city, and O. Wei. odor—a break, a breach.] 
Geog.: A city and seaport of England on the 
Avon, mainly in Gloucestershire, but partly also in 
Somersetshire. From this city numerous cities, 
towns and villages in this country have taken their 
name. 

Bristol-board, s. A kind of thick pasteboard, 
with a very fine and smooth, sometimes glazed, sur¬ 
face. Specially used by architects and artists for 
drawing purposes, and by printers for printing 
cards, etc. 

Bristol-brick, s. A material used for cleaning 
steel, originally manufactured at Bristol, and made 
in the form of a brick. 

Bristol-diamond, *bristow-diamond, s. A spe¬ 
cies of rock-crystal, sometimes colored, sometimes 
transparent. Specimens of the latter kind have 
frequently considerable beauty^ only inferior to 
diamonds. It is found chiefly in the St. Vincent 
rocks near Bristol, and is also known as Bristol- 
stone. 

‘‘Such bastard pearles, Bristow diamonds, and glasse 
bugles are these poore pedlars, like pety-chapmen, f aine 
to stuffe their packets with.”— Gataker on Transubstantia- 
tion, 1,624, p. 65. 

Bristol-stone, s. The same as Bristol-diamond 
(q. v.). 

“Although in this ranke but two were commonly men¬ 
tioned by the ancients, Gilbertus discovereth many more, 
as Diamonds, . . . Chrystall, Bristoll stones.” — Browne: 
Vulg. Errors, p. 78. 

Bristol-water, s. The water from certain springs 
at Clifton, a suburb of Bristol, England, greatly in 
use for diseases of the lungs and consumption. It 
is tepid, and contains iron in combination with sul¬ 
phur. 

♦brls -tow, a. & s. [Beistol.J 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to or brought from 
Bristol. 

B. As substantive: A crystal set in a ring. 

“. . . the brooch of Rob Roy’s wife, the Scottish 
Amazon. Its circle appears to be of silver, studded with 
what was once the vogue, bristow.” — Edin. Ev. Cour., 22d 
Oct., 1818. 

brls -lire, s. [Fr. brisure= a fracture, a broken 
piece; briser— to break.] 

In Fortification: Any part of a rampart or para¬ 
pet which deviates from the general direction, 
bris-wort, brI'§e-wort, s. [Beuisewoet.] 

1. Symphytum officinale, L. ( Cockayne, iii. 316.) 

2. Beilis perennis. {Ibid.) 

*bris’-yng, *brys-synge, s. [Beuising.] 

“ Brisyng, or brissoure K.; bryssynge or bryssure H. 
Quassatio, contusio, collisio.” — Prompt. Parv. 
brit (1), brltt, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Ichthy.: A fish of the herring kind, Clupea min¬ 
ima, found in great quantities, in some seasons, on 
the eastern coast of New England. 

“The pilchards were wont to pursue the brit, upon 
which they feed, into the havens.”— Carew. 


♦Brit (2), 3. [A. S, bryt—a Briton.] A Briton. 

Brit-sin, *Pry-dhain, s. [Lat. Britannia; 
from Celt, brith, hrit=painted. (Camden.)) Orig¬ 
inally the words Britain and Brittany were almost 
interchangeable terms. The island comprising 
England, Scotland and Wales. 

“ He [Henry VII.] was not so averse from a war but that 
he was resolved to choose it, rather than to have Britain 
[meaning what we call Brittany—the ancient Armorica] 
carried by Prance, being so great and opulent a duchy 
and situate so opportunely to annoy England either for 
coast or trade.”— Bacon: Hist, of King Henry VII. 

♦Britain-crown, s. A gold coin worth about 
five shillings=$1.20 of U. S. money. ( Snelling: 
Coins , p. 24.) 

*Brit-ain-er, s. [Eng. Britain; -er.] A native 
of Britain. 

“The Britainers, Hollanders, and from the Azores 
Islands.”— Peacham. 

Bri-tan’-nl-a, s. [Lat.] Britain. 

Britannia metal, s. 

Comm.: An alloy of brass, tin, antimony, and 
bismuth. It is used to make cheap spoons and 
teapots. 

“ Britannia metal, which has almost superseded pew¬ 
ter, and is undoubtedly far more beautiful, as in appear¬ 
ance it nearly approaches silver, is composed of 3 A cwt. 
of best block tin, 28 lbs: of martial regulus of antimony, 
8 lbs. of copper, and 8 lbs. of brass.”— Wright: Scientific 
Knowledge (1846), p. 60. 

Brl-tan’-nlc, a. [Lat. britannicus^pertaming 
to Britain.] Of or pertaining to Britain, British. 

“. . . having first well nigh freed us from Anti- 
Christian thraldom, didst build up this Britannic Em¬ 
pire to a glorious and enviable height, with all her 
daughter-islands about her.”— Milton: Reform, in Engl. 

♦britch, s. [Beeech.] 

brite, bright, v. i. [Beight, a.] To become 
bright or pale in color. (Said of barley, wheat, or 
hops, when they grow over-ripe.) 

*brith, a. [Beight.] 

brith'-er, s. [Beothee.] Scotch for brother. 

♦brith -er-en, s.pl. [Beothee.] A form of the 
plural of brother. 

BrIt-I-§Ism, s. A form of speech, or word or 
phrase peculiar to and characteristic of the British 
people. The word was coined by an American 
writer in an article answering one from Richard 
Grant White, in which the latter criticised Ameri¬ 
can phraseology, denominating our peculiarities of 
speech “Americanisms.” As an example: 

Americanism: _‘“Git!’ said the man with the gun. 

‘“You bet!’ said the burglar. 

“And he dusted.” 

Briticism: “ ‘ Go off now, or I’ll fire,’ said the English¬ 
man. 

“ ‘ All right, mister, I’ll go,’ said the thief. 

“And he went away.” 

Brlt'-Ish, *Brit’-tish, a. & s. [A. S. bryttisc; 
bryt—a Briton.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Of or pertaining to Britain. 

“Imploring Divine assistance, that it may redound to 
His glory, and the good of the British nation, I now 
begin.”— Milton: Hist, of England, bk. i. 

“The British cannon formidably roars.” 

Dryden: Threnod. Augustaiis. 

2. Of or pertaining to the language of the ancient 
inhabitants of Britain, or Welsh. 

“ What I here offer to the public, is an explication of 
the antient British tongue, once the common language of 
Britain, and still preserved in the principality of Wales.” 
— Richards: Brit. Diet. Preface. 

‘‘Iren. The Gaulish speech is the very Brittish, the 
which was very generally used heere in all Brittayne be¬ 
fore the coming in of the Saxons; and yet is retayned of 
the Walshmen, the Oornishmen, and the Brittons.”— Spen¬ 
ser: State of Ireland. 

B. As substantive : 

The British: The inhabitants of Britain. 

British-gum, s. A substance of a brownish color, 
and very soluble in cold water, formed by heating 
dry starch at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. 

British-tea, s. A kind of “tea” made from 
elm loaves. 

British tobacco, British herb tobacco. A 

plant, Tussilago farfara. 

*brit-nen, *bret-nen, *bret-tene, *bret- 
tyne, *brut -nen, *brut'-ten-en, *bryt-tyne, v.t. 
[A. S. brytnian .] To cut in pieces, break. 

“ Sythen he britnez out the bra wen in bryght brode 
cheldez.” Sir Gawaine, 1611. 

“The doughti duk . . . bet adoun burwes 
And brutned moche peple.” 

William of Palerne, 1073. 


Brit -OH, a. & s. [A. S. Bryten, Pry (on= Britain.) 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to or inhabiting Brit¬ 
ain ; British. 

“I’ll disrobe me 

Of these Italian weeds, and suit myself 
As does a Briton peasant.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. L 

B. As substantive: A native of Britain. 

“ He hath done no Briton harm.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, y. 6. 

“Aspiring, thy commands to Britons bear.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. i 

brltt, s. A species of fish. [Beit.] 

brit -tie, ♦bretil, *brickle, *brekyll, *britel, 
♦brotel, *brutel, *brotul, a. [From A. S. bredtan 

=to break; Icel. brjdta; Sw. bryta— to break.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: Liable to break or be broken, frag¬ 
ile. 

“The bretil vessel, forsothe, in the which it is sothun, 
shall be broken.”— Wyclif, Levit. vi. 22. 

“If the stone is brittle, it will often crumble, and pass 
in the form of gravel.”— Arbuthnot. 

2. Figuratively: Not lasting, fickle, uncertain, 

“A brittle glory shimeth in this face: 

As brittle as the glory is the face; 

For there it is, crack’d in a hundred shivers.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., iv. L 

II. Metal.: This term is applied to those metals 
which are not malleable. Arsenic, antimony, bis¬ 
muth and manganese are, among other metals, 
distinguished by this character. 

brittle silver ore, s. A mineral called also 
Stephanite (q. v.). 

_ brittle-star, s. The name of a long-rayed star¬ 
fish (Ophiocoma rosula). It is applied also to other 
starfishes of the order Ophiuroidea (q. v.). 

tbrlt'-tle, v. t. [From brittle, a. (q. v.)] To 
render friable. 

“Early in the spring harrow it, to mix the clay brought 
to top (which will be brittled by the winter frosts) with 
the ashes, . . .”— Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 109. 

fbrlf-tle-l^, adv. [Eng. brittle; -ly.) In a brit¬ 
tle manner, so as easily to break. (Sherwood.) 

brlt-tle-ness, *brot'-el-nesse, s. [Eng. brittle ; 
•ness.) The quality of being brittle, fragility; tend¬ 
ing to break easily. Used — 

1. Literally : 

“ . . . in the tempering of steel, by holding it but 
a minute or two longer or lesser in the flame, give it 
very differing tempers, as to brittleness or toughness.”— 
Boyle. 

2. Figuratively: Uncertainty, fickleness. 

“ Swich fyn hath fals worldes brotelnessel” 

Chaucer: Troilus, y. 6. 

“A wit quick without brightness, sharp without brit¬ 
tleness.” — Ascham: Schoolmaster. 



brlt’-tle-worts, s. pi. [Eng. brittle , and wort 
(q.v.).] 

Botany: 

1. The English name given by Lindley to the 
order Diatomacese (q. v.). 

2. A name for Nitella, two genera of Charace®. 
[Chaeace.®.] ( ThomS: Bot., trans. by Bennet, pp. 
292-3.) 

brit z-ska. s. [Russ, britshka; Pol. bryczlca, 
dimin. of bryka = a freight-wagon.] A traveling 
carriage with a 
calash top. It is 
so constructed as 
to give space for 
reclining while 
traveling. 

“In the evening 
I set out ... in 
Sir Charles’ Eng- 
lish coach; my 
britzka followed 
with servants.”— 

Sir R. Wilson: Pr. 

Diary, 1813, ii. 66. 

Britzska. 


*brix'-len, v. t. r O. Icel. brigsla .] To reprove 
(Ear. Eng.Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, iii. 345.) (S‘rat 
mann.) 


brl za, s. [Sp. & Ital. briza; Fr. brize; Gr. briza 
=some kind of grain. Either (1) Old Aiolic for 
rhiza, a root, or (2) britho, to be heavy, ... to I 
incline or droop to one side, as the delicately-sus-, 
pended spikelets do.] Quaking-grass. A genus of 
grasses with panicles consisting of awnless spike- 
lets much compressed laterally, and cordate-deltoid 
in form. 


*brlze, s. [In Ger. bremse.] The breeze, breeze- 
fly, or gad-fly. [Beeeze.] 

“ A Brize, a scorned little creature, 
Through his faire hide his angrie sting did threaten.” 

Spenser: Visions of the World’s Vanitie, ii. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; 


marine; go, pot, 
ey = a. qu = kw 








broach 


639 


broad-cast 


br 6 a$h ( 1 ), broo9h, *brd9he, *broch, s. [O. F. 

broche; Mod. Fr. broche= a spit; Low Lat. brocca— 
a pointed stick, from broccus— a sharp tooth or 
point.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Anything pointed, as a spit. [Tubn-beoach.] 

“Broche or spete, when mete is vpon it, P. Verutum." 
— Prompt. Parv. 

“ He was taken into service to a base office in his kitchen : 
so that he turned a broach , that had worn a crown.”— 
Bacon: Henry VII. 

*2. A pin. 

“ Ande now stondes a deuylle at myne hede, with a longe 
broche, and puttes it in atte crowne of myne hede; ande 
anothire deuylle at my fete, with anothere longe broche, 
ande puttes it in atte sonles of my. fete; ande when they 
mete togedre at myn herte, I shalle deye.”—Gesfa Roma- 
norum, p. 407. 

*3. A wooden pin on which yarn is wound. 
(Scotch.) 

“ Hir womanly handis nowthir rok of tre 
Ne spyndil vsit nor brochis of Minerve 
Quhilk in the craft of claith making dois serve.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 273, 18. 

*4. A spur. 

*5. A spire or steeple. (Still in use 
in some parts of England, where it is 
used to denote a spire springing from 
the tower without any intermediate 
parapet. [Spike.] The term “ to 
broche ” is also used in old building 
accounts, perhaps for cutting the 
stones in the form of voussoirs and 
rough-hewing.) 

“There is coming home stone to the 
broach ten score foot and five.”— Acts re¬ 
lating to the Building of South Steeple, &c., 

1500-18; Archceol., vol. x., pp. 70-1. 

“In one houres space ye broch of the 
steple was brent downe to ye battle- 
mentes.”— Archceol., vol. xi., pp. 76-7. 

*6. A clasp used to fasten a dress, 
so called from the pin which formed 
a part of it. [Bkooch.] 

7. A jewel, ornament, or clasp, not 
necessarily used for fastening. 

[Bkooch.] 

“ A peire of bedes gaudid al with grene : 

And theron heng a broch of gold ful schene.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 160-61. 

“ Of broches ne of rynges.” 

King Alisaunder, 6842. 

II. Technically: 

*1, Thatching: A sharp-pointed pin of wood used 
by thatchers to secure the gavels or layers of straw. 

“ Broche for a thacstare. Firmaculum." — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Candle-making: The sharp-pointed ridge of 
wire on which short pieces of candles were stuck. 

*3. Liquor-traffic: An instrument for tapping 
casks. 

4. Hunting: A start of the head of a young stag, 
growing sharp like the end of a spit. (Johnson.) 

*5. Music: A musical instrument, the sounds of 
which are made by turning round a handle. (John¬ 
son.) 

6. Embroidery: An instrument used by embroid¬ 
erers. 

7. Watchmaking, dbc.: A tapering steel tool of 
prismatic form, the edges of which are used for 
reaming out holes. It is in use among watchmak¬ 
ers, dentists, and carpenters. When smooth, it is 
called a burnisher. 

8. Locksmithing: That pin in a lock which enters 
the barrel of the key. 

9. Mason-work: A narrow pointed iron instrument 
in the form of a chisel, used by masons in hewing 
stones. It is called also a puncheon. (Jamieson.) 

broach-post, s. 

Carpentry: A king-post. 

♦broach-turner, *broche-turner, s. [Tuen- 
beoach.] A turnspit. 

“ As the broche-turner that sitteth warme by the fyre 
may let the spitte stands, and suffre the meate to burne.” 
— Sir T. More: Works, p. 649. 

broa§h, *broche, *brochyn, v. t. [Beoach, s.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

*1. To spit, transfix on any sharp instrument. 

“He felled men as one would mow hay, and sometimes 
broached a great number of them upon his pike, as one 
would carry little birds spitted upon a stick.”— Hakewill. 

*2. To spur a horse. 

“ Ther lances alle forth laid, and ilk man broched his 
stede.” Robert ofBrunne, p. 305. 

3. To tap a cask. 

“ Brochyn’, or settyn a vesselle broche ( a-broche, K. P.) 
Attamino, clipsidro, KYLW ."—Prompt. Parv. 

“Barelle ferrers they brochede, and broghte theme the 
wyne.” Morte Arthure, 2,714. 


II. Figuratively: 

*1. To pierce; shed, as blood; allow any liquid 
to flow. 

“Cade. Brave thee! ay, by the best blood that ever was 
broached." — Shakesp.: 2 Henry VI., iv. 10. 

[2. To open, produce. 

“ I will broach my store, and bring forth my store.”— 
Knolles. 

3. To vent, make public ; start a subject; publish. 

“ This error, that Pison was Ganges, was first broached 
by Josephus.”— Raleigh. 

*4. To commence, set on foot. 

“ And afterwardes they gan with fowle reproch 
To stirre up strife, and troublous contecke broch." 

Spenser: F. Q., IH. i. 64. 

B. Technically: 

1. Naut. : To turn a vessel to windward. 

“Then broach the vessel to the westward round.” 

Falconer: Shipwreck. 

2. Masonry : To indent the surface of a stone 
with a “ broche ” or puncheon; to rough-hew. 
[Beoach, s., II. 9; Beoached.] 

broaQhed, pa. par. & a. [Beoach, v.] 
broached-stones, s. pi. 

Masonry : Stones rough-hewn, as distinguished 
from ashlar, or squared and smoothed stones. 

broached-work, s. 

Masonry: Work rough-hewn, as distinguished 
from ashlar work. 

br6a§h’-er, s. [Eng. broach , v.; -erf] 

I. Lit.: 

I. He who, or that which, broaches. 

*2. A spit. 

“On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they 
turned.” Dryden: Homer; Iliad, i. 

II. Fig. : One who makes public or divulges any¬ 
thing ; one who starts or first publishes. 

“The first broacher of an heretical opinion.”— L’Es¬ 
trange. 

brda 9 h'-ing, *broch-inge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Beoach, v .] 

A. <fc B. As present participle and participial 
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. Ord. Lang. : The act of broaching or tapping. 

2. Masonry : The act of cutting or rough-hewing. 

“To hewinge, brochinge, and scaplyn of stone for the 

chapel, 3s. 4d .”—Chapel Bill, Durham Castle, 1544. 

II. Fig.: The act of publishing or divulging. 

broaching - thurmal, broaching - thurmer, 
broaching - turner, s. A chisel for executing 
broached-work. (Ogilvie.) 

broad, *brood, *brod, *brad, *brode, a., s. & 
adv. [A. S. brad ; Icel. breidhr ; Sw. & Dan. bred ; 
O. H. Ger. preit; Ger. breit.'] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

I. Widely spread; extended in breadth; wide. 

“Brode or large of space. Spaciosus." — Prompt. Parv. 

“And in his hond a brod myrour of glas.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 10,395-6. 

*2. Fully opened, full-blown. 

“For brode roses, and open also.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

3. Extending far and wide. 

“So when the Sun’s broad beam has tir’d the sight.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, Epistle ii., 253, 254. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Open; not hidden or concealed; fully exposed 
or developed. 

“Now when broad day the world discovered has.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. iii. 21. 

2. Large, wide, extensive. 

“ Cunning, which has always a broad mixture of false¬ 
hood.”— Locke. 

3. Taken as a whole, not minutely examined in 
detail; general. 

“On the broad basis of acknowledged interest.”— 
Froude: Hist. Eng. (1858), vol. iv., p. 204. 

*4. Bold, free. 

“ Who can speak broader than he that has no house to 
put his head in?”— Shakesp.: Timon, iii. 4. 

5. Broadly marked, plain, strong. 

“. . . his broad Scotch accent.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. viii. 

6. Coarse, obscene (said of language or actions). 

“ If open vice be what you drive at,. 

A name so broad we’ll ne’er connive at.” 

Dryden. 


IF Broad as long: Equal upon the whole. 

“For it is as broad as long whether they rise to others 
or bring others down to them.”— L’Estrange. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Naut.: A term for a fresh-water lake, in con¬ 
tradistinction to rivers or narrow waters. 

2. Wood-turning: A bent turning-tool, or one 
formed of a disc with sharpened edges secured to a 
stem. It is used for turning down the insides and 
bottoms of cylinders in the lathe. 

C. As adverb: In such a phrase as broad awake= 
thoroughly awake. 

“ I have been broad awake two hours and more.” 

Shakesp.: Tit. And., ii. 2. 

IT Obvious compounds are broad-backed, broad¬ 
breasted, broad-brimmed, broad-chested, broad- 
fronted, broad-headed, broad-horned, broad-should¬ 
ered, broad-spread, broad-spreading, broad-tailed, 
broad-wheeled, broad-winged. 

broad-arrow, *brode arow, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A broad-headed arrow. 

“And ten brode arowis hilde he there.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

2. Technically: The mark cut or stamped on all 
English government property and stores. It was 
the cognizance of Henry, Viscount Sydney, Earl of 
Romney, Master-general of the ordnance, 1693-1702, 
and was at first placed only on military stores. It 
is also the mark used in the Ordnance Survey to 
denote points from which measurements have been 
made. [Akkow, Bboad.] 

broad-ax, s. 

1. Gen.: An ax with a broad edge. 

*2. Spec.: A broad-edged military weapon, a 
battle-ax. 

“He [the Galloglass, or Irish foot-soldier] being so 
armed in a long shirt of mayle down to the calfe of his 
leg, with a long broad-ax in his hand.”— Spenser: On Ire¬ 
land. 

broad-band, braid-band, s. Corn laid out in 
the harvest-field on the band, but not bound. 

Tl 1. Lying in broad-band: Lying opened up to 
dry when wet with rain. 

2. To be laid in broad-band: 

(1) Lit. Of corn: To be laid open. [1.] 

(2) Fig.: To be fully exposed. 

“ . . . the very evill thoughts of the wicked shal be 
spread out and laide in broad-band before the face o,.' 
God.”— Boyd: Last Battell, p. 643. ( Jamieson .) 

broad-based, a. Having a broad or firm base or 

foundation. (Lit. or fig.) 

“ Broad-based flights of marble stairs.” 

Tennyson: Recol. of the Arabian Nights, 88. 

“ Which kept her throne unshaken still 
Broad-based upon her people’s will.” 

Ibid: To the Queen. 

broad-bean, s. A well-known leguminous plant, 
Faba vulgaris. Known in this country as the Lima- 
bean. 

broad-bill, s. 

Ornithology: 

1. A species of wild 
duck, Anas clypeata. 

The shoveler. 

2. The Spoon-bill, 

Platalea leucorodia. 

fbroad - blown, «• 

Fully-blown, full' 
blown. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ His face, as I grant, 
in spite of spite, 

Has a broad-blown 
comeliness, red and 
white.” 

Tennyson: Maud, xiii. 1. 

“ With all his crimes broad-blown, as fresh as May.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 3. 

broad-bottomed, a. Having a broad bottom. 

“. . . in some of the level, broad-bottomed valleys.”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. ix., p. 197. 

♦broad-brim, broadbrim, s. 

1. A hat with a broad brim. 

“ . . . half-buried under shawls and broadbrims." — 

Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. ix. 

2. By metonomy, a Quaker, from the broad- 
brimmed hats worn by them. 

“ . . . this, added to the rest of his behavior, in¬ 
spired honest Broadbrim with a conceit.”— Fielding: Tom 
Jones, p. 832. 

broad-cast, broadcast (Eng.), braidcast 

(Scotch), s., adv. & a. 

♦A. As substantive: The act or process of scatter¬ 
ing seeds by throwing them from the hand as one 
advances over a field, in place of sowing them in 
drills or rows. 



Broach. 



Broad-bill. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 





broadcloth 


640 


brocello 


B. As adverb: 

1. Lit. : So as to scatter seeds in all directions. 

2. Fig.: Widely spread, scattered freely or indis¬ 
criminately. 

“For sowing broadcast the seeds of crime.” 

Longfellow : Golden Legend, v. 

C. As adjective: Cast in all directions, in place 
of being sowed in drills. (Lit. di fig.) 

If Broadcast sower. Agric.: A machine for sowing 
seeds broad-cast, 
broad-cloth, s. & a. 

A. As subst. : A kind of fine woolen cloth, ex¬ 
ceeding twenty-nine inches in width. 

B. As adj. : Made of broad-cloth. 

“ Or else, be sure, your broacl-cloth breeches 
Will ne’er be smooth, nor hold their stitches.” 

Swift. 

broad-gauge, s. 

(1) The distance, 4 feet 814 inches, between the 
lines of track on the standard or broad-gauge rail¬ 
roads in the U. S. in contradistinction from the 
narrow-gauge, which is anything less than 4 feet 814 
inches in width. 

The narrow-gauge has been extensively used in 
constructing lines in the mountainous country of 
the western part of the U. S., also in lumber and 
logging localities. 

broad-glass, s. Glass in large sheets for cutting 
into panes. 

broad-halfpenny, s. [Bord Halfpenny.] 
( Wharton.) 

♦broad-head, s. The head of a broad-arrow, 
broad-leaf, s. A tree, Terminalia latifolia, a 
native of Jamaica. The wood is used for staves, 
scantlings, and shingles. It is sometimes mistaken 
for the almond-tree, from the similarity of the 
fruit. 

broad-leafed, a. [Broad-leaved.] 
broad-leaved, a. 

1. Lit. : Having broad leaves. 

“Narrow and broad-leaved Cyprus grass.”— Woodward: 
On Fossils. 

2. Fig. : Having a broad brim ; broad-brimmed, 
♦broad-mouthed, a. 

1. Lit.: Having a broad mouth. 

2. Fig. : Chattering, talking freely or coarsely. 

“ Had any broad-mouthed, sland’rous villain said it.” 

Southerne: Disappointment, i. L 
broad-open, a. Wide open. 

“ To walk with eyes broad-open to your grave.” 

Dryden. 

broad-pennant, s. A swallow-tailed tapering 
flag at the mast-head of a man-of-war. It is the dis¬ 
tinctive sign of a commo¬ 
dore. 

broad-piece, s. An ob¬ 
solete English gold coin 
in use before the guinea. 

“. . . those who mut¬ 
tered that, wherever a broad- 
piece was to be saved or got, 
this hero was a mere Euclio, 
a mere Harpagon.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., eh. xiv. 

broad-seal, s. The au¬ 
thoritative seal of any 
nation or state, especially 
the Great Seal of England. 

“ Is not this to deny the king’s broad-seal ?” 

Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist, p. 61. 
"Under whose [the chancellor’s] hands pass all charters, 
commissions, and grants of the king, corroborated or 
strengthened with the broad-seal.” — Jus Sigilli, p. 3. 

broad-seal, v. t. 

1. Lit. : To seal with the Great Seal. 

2. Fig. : To seal, to assure. 

“Thy presence broad-seals our delights for pure.” 

B. Jonson: Cynthia’s Revels. 

broad-seed, s. The English name of Ulosper- 
mum, a genus of umbelliferous plants. The solitary 
species is from Barbary. 
broad-set, a. Thickly, strongly framed, 
broad-sheet, broadsheet, s. The same as 
Broad-side, 3 (q. v.). 

“. . . and oral recitation anticipated the advent of 
the broadsheet and the book.”— Skeat: Introd. to Chaucer 
(ed. Bell). 

broad-side, broadside, s. 

1. The side of a ship as contra-distinguished from 
its bow and stem. 

“ The vessel northward veers 

Till all its broadside on its [the whirlpool’s] center 
bears.” Falconer: Shipwreck, c. i., 296. 

2. A volley fired simultaneously from all the guns 
on one side of a ship of war. 

“The crash reverberates like the broadside of a man- 
of-war through the lonely channels.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the TFoWd(ed. 1870), chap, xi., p. 216. 



3. A publication consisting of one large printed 
sheet constituting but a single page or leaf. 

“ Broadsides of prose and verse written in his praise 
were cried in every street.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

♦broad-sighted, a. Having a wide view. 

tbroad-speaking, a. 

1. Speaking broadly or coarsely; using coarse or 
obscene language. 

“The reeve and the miller are distinguished from each 
other, as much as the lady prioress and the broad-speak¬ 
ing, gap-toothed wife of Bath.” — Dryden. 

2. Speaking with a broad accent. 

♦broad-spoken, a. Broad-speaking; using 

coarse or obscene language, 
broad-stone, broadstone, s. 

Masonry: An ashlar. 

broad-sword, broadsword, s. 

1. A sword with a broad blade. 

“ From his belt to his stirrup his broadsword hangs 
down.” Scott: Rokeby, v. 20. 

j"2. By metonomy, those soldiers who were armed 
with broadswords'. 

“ The whole number of broadsivords seems to have been 
under three thousand.”— Macaulay . Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 


broad-tool, s. 

Masonry: A stone-mason’s chisel, which has an 
edge 3(4 inches wide. It is used for finish-dressing. 
Tools used for the preliminary rougher work are 
the point or punch, the rush-tool, and the boaster 
(q. v.). 

broad-way, s. A wide, open road or highway. 

broad-wise, broadwise, adv. In the direction 
of the breadth, as contra-distinguished from length¬ 
wise, in the direction of the length. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ If one should with his hand thrust a piece of iron 
broadwise against the flat ceiling of his chamber.”— 
Boyle. 

“ Too much of him longwise, too little of him broad¬ 
wise, and too many sharp augles of him anglewise.”— 
Dickens: Our Mutual Friend, i. 151. 

broad -on, v. i. & t. [Broad, a.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1, Lit.: To become broader, to spread. 

“ Low walks the sun and broadens by degrees.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 

2. Fig.: To widen out, become more diffused or 
extended. 


“ His principles broadened and enlarged with time; and 
age, instead of contracting, only served to mellow and 
ripen his nature.”—S. Smiles: Self-Help, p. 18. 

“ Where Freedom broadens slowly down 
From precedent to precedent.” 

Tennyson: Works (Strahan, 1872), p. 262. 

tB. Transitive: To render broader. 

broad -^n-lng, pr.par. & a. [Broaden, v. if] 

“ When, lo ! her own, that broadening from her feet 
And blackening, swallow’d all the land.” 

Tennyson: Guinevere. 

fbroad'-ish, a. [Eng. broad , and suffix -ish.] 
Somewhat broad. 

“ The under part of the tail is singularly variegated 
white and black, the black in long, broadish, streaks.”— 
Russell: Acc. of Indian Serpents, p. 27. 

broad'~l3f, adv. [En g. broad; -ly.] 

1. Lit.: In a broad manner; widely. 

“ Great Alphaeus floud, 

That broadly flows through Pylos fields.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Iliad, v. 

2. Fig.: Plainly, openly. 

“ Oustine has spoken out’more broadly.” — Burke: Pres. 
State. 

broad-ness, *brood-nesse, s. [Eng. broad; 
•ness.] 

♦1. Literally: The quality of being broad; 
breadth. 

“ Thei stigeden vp on the broodnesse of erthe.” 

Wycliffe: Apoc., xx. 8. 

“. . . thre bredis in braidnesse, . . . ” — Invento¬ 
ries, A. 1562, p. 160. (Jamieson.) 

2. Fig.: Coarseness; or, specially, indelicacy of 
statement or allusion. 


“ I have used the cleanest metaphor I could find, to pal¬ 
liate the broadness of the meaning.”— Dryden. 


brob, s. [Cf. Gael. brog=a probe, a poker.] 


Carp.: A pecu¬ 
liar form of spike 
driven alongside a 
timber which 
makes a butt-joint 
against another, 
to prevent the for¬ 
mer from slipping. 
(Knight.) 

Brob-dlg-nag'- 



Brobs. 


I 


I-kH, a. [From Brobdignag, the name of an imag¬ 
inary place in Swift’s Gulliver's Travels, where 
everything was of a gigantic size.] 

“ Even the equestrian statue of the Iron Duke has little 
human specks of figures standing out black against the 


evening sky, under the horse’s girth, like a Brobdignagian 
field-marshal among a crowd of cockney Lilliputians.”— 
London Daily Telegraph, May 30,1864. 

♦bro’-bil-lande, pr. par. or a. [Comp. Ital. 
borbogliare: Sp. borbollar; Port, borbulhar — to 
burble, bubble.] Weltering. [Burble.] 

“ Many a balde manne laye there swykede, 
Brobillande in his blode.” 

MS. Line. A i. 17, f. 115 (Halliwell). 

♦broc (1), s. [A. S. broc (?).] A menace (?). 

“ This was hire broc.” — Layamon, 21,029. ( St rat mart n. ) 
♦broc (2), s. [Brook.] 

♦broc (3), s. [Breach, s.] A rupture. 

♦broc (4), s. [Brock.] A badger, 
broc skynne, s. A badger’s skin. 

“ . . . that wenten aboute in broc skynnes and 

skynnes of geet, . . .”— Wycliffe (Purvey): Heb. xi. 37. 

bro-cade, ♦bro-ca'-do, s. [Sp. brocado.] 

1. A kind of silken stuff, variegated or embossed 
with gold or silver flowers or other ornaments. Tha 
manufacture of brocades was established at Lyons 
in 1757. 

“ In this city [ Ormus ] there is very great trade for all 
sorts of spices, drugges, silke, cloth of silke, brocado, and 
divers other sortes of marchandise come out of Persia.”— 
Hakluyt: Voyages, ii. 216. 

“ . . . alt the finest jewels and brocade worn by 

duchesses at the balls of St. James’s and Versailles.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

2. In India : A cloth of gold and silver. 

brocade-shell, s. A variegated species of shell. 
Conus geographicus. 

bro-ca -ded, pa. par. & a. [Brocade, s.] 

♦1. Drest in brocade. 

f2. Worked in the style of brocade. 

“A brocaded petticoat was stained.”— Johnson: Rambler, 
No. 157. 

♦bro-ca'-do, s. [Brocade.] 

broc'-age, ♦brok -age (age as lg), s. [Broke, v. 
Brokerage.] 

1. The management of any business by means of 
an agent. 

“He woweth hire by mene and by brocage, 

And swor he wolde ben hir owne page.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,375. 

2. Agency for another. 

“ I entremet me of brocages; 

I make pees and mariages.” 

Chaucer: Rom. of Rose, 8,971. 

“ So much as the quantity of money is lessened, so 
much must the share of every one that has a right to this 
money be the less ; whether he be landholder, for his 
goods, or laborer, for his hire, or merchant, for his 
brocage.” — Locke. 

3. The gain got by acting as agent. 

“Hemade small choyce; yet sure his honestie 
Got him small gaines, but shameless flatterie, 

And filthie brocage, and unseemly shifts.” 

Spenser: Moth. Hubb. Tale, 849-51. 

4. The price or bribe paid unlawfully for any 
office or place of trust. 

“ After some troubles in the time of King Richard H. 
it was enacted, that none shall bee made justice of the 
Peace, for any gift, brocage, favor, or affection.”— Lam- 
bar de: Eirenarcha, ch. vi. 

♦broc -kle, ♦brok'-a-ly, s. [Break,?;.] Broken 
fragments, broken meat. 

“ Brocale, or lewynge of mete ( brokaly of mete, P.) 
Fragmentum, Comm.”— Prompt. Parv. 

broc'-ard, s. [Perhaps from Brocardica, Brocar- 
dicorum opus, a collection of ecclesiastical canons 
by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, who was called by 
the Italians and French Brocard. (Heyse.)] A prim 
ciple or maxim ; a canon. 

“ The scholastic brocard, which has been adopted as the 
tenth counter-proposition, is the fundamental article in 
the creed of that school of philosophers who are called 
‘the sensualists.’”— Ferrier-. Metaph., p. 261. 

broc'-k-tel, broc-gt-tel'-lo, s. [Sp. brocatel; 
Fr. brocatelle ; Ital. brocatello .] 

1. A kind of coarse brocade, generally made of 
cotton and silk, or sometimes of cotton only, and 
used for tapestry, linings of carriages, &c. 

“ The Vice-Chancellor’s chair and desk, . . . covered 
with brocatelle (a kind of brocade) and cloth of gold.”— 
Evelyn: Memoirs, ii. 43. 

2. A kind of clouded marble, called also Sienna 
marble. The full name is Brocatello de Sienna. It 
is yellow-veined or clouded with bluish red, some¬ 
times with a tinge of purple. 

broc-cel-lo, s. [From Fr. brocatelle.] 

Fabrics : A light, thin, silky stuff, used for lining 
vestments. (Ogilvie.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, pot* 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, dire, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 













broccoli 


64 L 


brog 


broc'-co-li, s. [Ital. broccoli— sprouts; pi. of 
broccolo—a sprout.] A culinary herb, the Brassica 
oleracea; a variety of the common cabbage, var. 
botrytis. 

“ Broccoli—Brassica cymosa.—The Brassica Pompeiana, 
aut Cypria, was a cauliflower or broccoli, according to 
Dodonaeus, p. 552: ‘The third kind of white colewurtes is 
very strange, and is named Flowrie or Cypresse Colp- 
wurtes. It hath grayishe leaues at the beginning lyke to 
the White Colewurtes, and afterwarde in the middle of 
the same leaues, in the steede of ye thicke cabbaged, or 
lofed leaues, it putteth forth many smal white stemmes, 
grosse and gentle, with many short branches, growing for 
the most part al of one height, thicke set and fast throng 
togither. These little stemmes so growing togither, are 
named the flower of these Colewurtes. 1 There are white, 
green, and purple broccoli; of the former, the varieties 
are numerous, and every year brings forth a new one. 
The leaves of broccoli are of a deeper green, and the 
heads of a less pure white, than those of cauliflowers.”— 
Delamer: The Kitchen Garden, p. 63. 

broch-an (1), *brachan, s. [G-ael.&Ir. brochan; 
Wei. brwchan.) Thick gruel, porridge. It differs 
from crowdie in being boiled. [Crowdie.] 

“When the cough affects them they drink brochan 
plentifully, which is oatmeal and water boiled together, 
to which they sometimes add butter.”— Martin: West. Isles, 
p. 12. 

broch-an (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] An ar¬ 
ticle of Highland equipment (?). 

“. . . basket hilts, Andra-Ferraras, leather targets, 
brogues, broclian, and sporrans?”— Scott: Bob Boy, ch. 

xxiii. 

bro'-chan-tlte, s. [From Brochant de Yilliers, 
a French mineralogist.] 

Min. : An orthorhombic transparent or translu¬ 
cent mineral, with its hardness, 3’5-4; its specific 
gravity, 3’78-3’90 ; its luster vitreous, pearly, on one 
cleavage face. Composition: Sulphuric acid, 15’8- 
19'71; oxide of copper, 62'626-69T ; oxide of zinc, 
0-8T81; oxide of lead, l‘03-l - 05. It is found in all 
portions of the world. It can be produced _ arti¬ 
ficially. Dana makes two varieties—(1) Ordinary 
Brochantite, (2) Warringtonite, with which Torong- 
nartine may be classified. (Dana.) 

*bro§he, s. [Bboach, s. Beooch.] A spit. 

“. . . carry that ower to Mrs. Sma’ trash, and bid her 
fill my mill wi’ mishing, and I’ll turn the broche for ye in 
the meantime; and she will gie ye a gingerbread snap for 
your pains.”— Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xii. 

bro-phe, a. [Fr. brochS, pa. par. of brocher= to 
embroider.] 

. . blak velvet broche with gold.”— Inventories, A. 

1561, p. 147. (Jamieson.) 

broche-goods, s. pi. 

Fabric : Goods embroidered or embossed. 
*br5§he, v. t. [Bboach, v.] 

1. To pierce, spur. 

“Then he broched his blonke, opon the bent bare.” 

Ywaine and Gawaine. 
“And hasteliche ys swerd adrow; and aye til him a gos. 
To han i-broched Boland thorw; a caste tho his porpos.” 

Sir Ferumbras, 3,389. 

2. To stitch. 

*bro 9 hed, pa. par. & a, [Beoached.] 
bro-phette', s. [Fr. brochette=a skewer.] 

In Cookery: A particular method of cooking 
chickens. 

*br6ph -ihg, *brd 9 h'-yhg, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Broaching.] 

brocht (ch guttural), s. [Perhaps from break, v., 
or cf. Wei. broch = . . . froth, foam.] The act 
of vomiting. 

“ Ben ower the bar he gave a brocht, 

And laid among them sic a locket, 

With eructavit cor meum.” 

Leg. Bp. St. Androis, Poems 16 th Cent., p. 313. 

brocht (ch guttural),pref. &pa. par. [Bkought.] 
broph'-fire, s. [Fr. brochure = a pamphlet; 
brocher—to sew, stitch.] A small pamphlet, con¬ 
sisting of a few leaves of paper stitched together. 

brock, *brok, v. t. [From break, v. or s. (?).] To 
cut, crumble, or fritter anything into small shreds 
or fragments. (Jamieson.) 

brock (1), *brocke, *brok, *brokk, s. [A. S. 
broc; Wei. broch; Gael. broc=& badger. Probably, 
as suggested by Wedgwood, from Gael, breac, Wei. 
brech— spotted, variegated. Compare Dan. broc= 

a badger, bro^e^variegated.] 

1. A badger. 

“ Brolc, best K. brocke. Taxus, Castor.”—Prompt. Parv. 
“ Bores and brockes that breketh adown myne hegges.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, vi. 31. 

“ The thummart, wil’-cat, brock, and tod.” 

Burns: The Twa Herds. 

2. A brocket. [Brocket.] 

*brock-breasted, *brok-brestede, a. Having 
a breast spotted or variegated like a badger. 

“ Brok-brestede as a brawne, with brustils fulle large.” 
—Morte Arthure, 1,095. 


*brock-skin, *brock-skynne, *brokskynne, s. 

A badger-skin. 

“Thei wenten aboute in brokskynnes [broclcskynnes P.], 
and in skynnes of geet, nedy, angwysschid, turmentid.” 
■— Wycliffe: Hebrews xi. 37. 

*brock (2), ;,! brok, s. [From Ger. brocke— a frag¬ 
ment.] A fragment of any kind, specially of meat. 
(Scotch.) 

“ The kaill are sodden, 

And als the laverok is fast and loddin. 

When ye half done, tak hame the brok.” 

Bannatyne Poems, p. 160, st. 10. 
“I neither got stock nor brock ( i. e., neither money nor 
meat).”— Kelly: Scotch Proverbs. 

*brock(3),s. [Beugh.] 

*brock'-ed, *brock'-it, a. [Beock (1).] Yarie- 
gated, spotted. 

“. . . and I wad wuss ye, if Gowans, the brockit cow, 
has a quey, that she suld suck her fill of milk.”— Scott: 
Heart of Mid-Loth., ch. xxxix. 

*brock -el-hempe, s. [From Eng. brock, and 
hemp.] The same as Beooklime (q. v.). 

brock-et, *brock'-it, *brok-it, s. [O. Fr. 

broc art.] 

1. Orel. Lang.: A red deer, two years old, accord¬ 
ing to some, but according to others, a stag three 
years old. 

“Heirdis of hertis throw the thyck wod schaw, 

Bayth the brokittis, and with brude burnist tyndis.” 

Doug . : Virgil, Prol. to bk. xii. 

2. ZoSl.: Major Hamilton Smith, an? English 
naturalist, called the Subulonine group of his iarge 
genus Cervus Brockets, instancing the Pita Brocket 
(Cervus rufus), the Apara Brocket (C. simplicicor- 
nis), and the Bira Brocket (C. Nemorivagus) , all 
from Brazil. 

*brock’-ish, a. [Probably only a variant of 
blockish (q. v.).] Beastly, brutal. 

“ Brockish boors.”— Hale . 
brock-it, a. [Brooked.] 

*brockle, *brokele (Eng.), brocklie, a. 

[Brittle, a.] 

“Of brokele kende.”— Shoreham, p. 3. 
‘bro-cour, s. [Broker.] 

“His brocours that renne aboute.” 

Gower, ii, 274. 

fbrod, v. t. [Prod, v .] 

I. Lit. : To prick, spur. 

“ And passand by the plewis, for gadwandis 
Broddis the oxin with speris in our handis.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 299, 26. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To pierce. 

" His words they brodit like a wumil, 

Frae ear to ear.” 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 82. 

2. To incite, to stimulate. (Used of the mind.) 

“ Hundreth versis of Virgil, quhilkis he markis 

Aganis Bomanis, to vertew thame to brod.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 159, 22. 

*brod (1), *brode(l), s. [Bead.] 

“ Brode hedlese nayle. Clavus acephalus."—Prompt 
Parv. 

*brod (2), s. [Prod, s.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A goad, a spur. 

“Fling at the brod was ne’er a good ox.”— Kelly. Scotch 
Proverbs. 

2. A stroke with a goad, spur, or any other sharp- 
pointed instrument. 

“Ane ox that repungnis the brod of his hird he gettis 
doubil broddis.” — Compl. of Scotl., p. 43. 

II. Fig.: An incitement, an instigation. 

“ Bridellis hir sprete, and as him lest constrenis, 

From hyr hart his feirs brod withdrawyng.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 166, 22. 

*brod(3), *brode (2), s. [Brood.] 
brod-hen, s. [Brood-hen.] 
brod-sow, brod sow, s. [Brood-sow\] 

*brod (4), *brodde, s. [Board, s.] 

1. A board. 

“ . . . be copyit and aflixt vpoun ane brod, . . — 

Acts Ja. VI., 1598 (ed. 1814), p. 174. 

2. An escutcheon on which arms are blazoned. 

“ Other abuses in hinging of pensils and brods, affixing 
of honors and arms, hath crept in .”—Acts Ass. 1643, p. 171. 

3. The vessel for receiving alms in churches, most 
probably from its being formerly a circular board, 
hollowed out so as to resemble a plate. (Jamieson.) 

brod-den, v. i. [From brod, s.=brood, s. (q. v.)] 
To sprout. (Ormulum, 10,769.) (Stratmann.) 
brod’-dit, pa. par. & a. [Brod (1), v.] (Scotch.) 
As adjective: Sharp-pointed. 


broddit aitis, s. pi. Bearded oats (?). [Beod.J 
“. . . lxvi. bolle of clene broddit aitis, . . .' w — 1 
Act. Audit., A. 1478, p. 63. 

broddit staff, s. A staff with a sharp point at 
the extremity. (GH. Sibb.) Also called a pike-staff. 
The same as Broggit-staff (q. v.). 

*brode, a. St.adv. [Beoad.] 

A. As adjective: Broad. 

“ The brode ryver som tyme wexeth dreye.” 

Chaucer; The Knightes Tale, 3,026-7. 

B. As adverb: 

1. Broadly, plainly. 

“ . . . but now brode sheweth the errour, . . .” 
Chaucer: Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 49, line 1,296. 

2. Broadly, wide awake. 

“ For though ye looke neuer so brode, and stare.” 
Chaucer: C. T.; The Chan. Yem. Tale (ed. Skeat), 1,420. 

*brode (1), s. & a. [From bord (q. v.).] 
brode-halfpenny, s. [Bord-halfpenny.] 

(Wharton.) 

*brode, v. t. [From O. Eng. brode= broad, a. 
(q. v.)] To publish abroad. 

“ Too bidden them battle, and brodes in haste 
For to lache hym as lorde, . . .” 

Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 122-3. 

*brode(2),s. [Brood.] 

‘‘Brode of byrdys. Pullificacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*brod-e-kin, s. Fr. brodequin; Sp. borcegin; 
O. Dut. brosekin; dimin. of broos = a buskin; Lat. 
6 ?/rs«—leather.] A buskin or half-boot. 

“ . . . instead of shoes and stockings, a pair of bus¬ 
kins or brodekins.” — Echard: Hist, of Eng., ii. 836. 

*bro-del, s. [Brothel.] 

*br6de-quln, s. [The same as brodekin.] 
*bro-der, v. t. [Broider.] 

*brod-er-ed (Eng.), *brod-er-rit (O.Scotch),pa. 
par. & a. [Broidered.] 

“ With brodered workes .”—Bible (1551), Judges v. 30. 
“Item, ane gown of cramasy sating, broderrit on the 
Belf with threidis of gold, . . .”— Inventories, A. 1542, 

p. 80. 

*brod-er-ie§, s. pi. [Fr. broderie= embroidery, 
embellishment.] 

Music: Ornaments wherewith to cover a simple 
melody. 

bro-dl-ae -a, s. [Named after James Brodie, 
Esq., a Scottish botanist.] 

1. A genus of Iridacese or Irids. Brodicea excoides 
is an ornamental Chilian plant. 

2. A genus of Liliaceae or Lilyworts, apparently 
belonging to the section Ilemerocall idese. The 
species are curious little plants with blue flowers, 
from Georgia and Chili. 

*brod-i-en, v. t. [Braid, v.] 

*brod-Tn-stare, *brod-m-ster, s.i [From O. 
Eng. brodien —to braid, to embroider, and fern. suff. 
-ster.] An embroiderer. 

“ Certane werklumes for ane brodinstare.” — Coll. Inven¬ 
tories, A. 1578, p. 238. 

“Item, ten single blankettis quhilkis servit the beddis 
of the brodinsters, quha wrocht upoun the great pece of 
broderie.”— Ibid., p. 140. 

*bro-dir, ,s. [Brother.] (Scotch.) 

brodir- dochter, s. [Brother - daughter.] 

(Scotch.) 

*brod'-mell, brod male, s. [From A. S. brod= 
brood, and O. Ger. mael =a consort, an associate 
(?).] Brood (?). 

“ Ane grete sow ferryit of grises thretty hede, 

Tigging on the ground milk quhite, al quhite brod 
male, 

About hir pappis soukand.” Doug.. Virgil, 81, 16. 
*bro-dyn, v. [Brood.] 

“ Brodyn, as byrdys (and fowles, P.). Foveo, fetifico, C. 
F. in alcyon.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*bro-dynge, s. [Brooding.] 

“ Brodynge of byrdys. Focio, Oath, (focacio, P.).”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*bro-dyr, *bro-dyre, s. [Brother.] 
tbrog, .s. [A variant of 6rod=prod.] A pointed 
steel instrument used by joiners to make holes in 
wood for nails, a brad-awl. 

“The young preacher, who was present in Mr. Shirra’s 
pew, was prayed for as a promising laborer in the vine¬ 
yard, but, withal, as much in need of a thorough hand¬ 
ling in regard to style and manner, the modus operandi 
in reference to which being suggested in the following 
petition, delivered with great fervor;—‘But oh! please 
tak a brog and prod him weel, and let the wind out o’ 
him.”— Ramsay: Recollections, Ser. ii., p. 59. 

tbrog, v. t. [Brog, s.] To pierce, stab, prod. 

“ ‘And to see poor Grizzy and Grumbie,’ said his wife, 
‘turning back their necks to the byre, and routing while 
the stony-hearted villains were brogging them on wi’ 
their lances.’ ”— Scott: Monastery, ch. iii. 


b611, b 6 y; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 M 11 , bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?lst. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d§l. 

’ 41 





642 

broil, *broille, *broyl-yn, *bro-ly-yn, v. t& i. 

[Etym. doubtful. Perhaps a frequentative form 
from Gael. bruich=to boil, seethe. (Skeat.) ] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To cook by roasting over hot coals, or on 
a gridiron. 

“ Brolyyn’, or broylyn’. Ustulo, ustillo, torreo, Cath.”-— 
“ D’ye think I was born to sit here brogging an elshin Prompt. Parv. 
through bend-leather.”—Scoff; Heart of Mid-Lothian, “ Some on the fire the reeking entrails broil.”—Dry den, 
ii* . < JT The difference between frying and broiling lies 

C. .ds subst.: The act of pricking with a sharp- in the fact that in the former operation a frying-pan 
pointed instrument. with hot grease is used, while in broiling a gridiron 

brog'-gle. v. i. [A frequentative formation from ®r pan and no grease is used. , ... 

broq (q. v.).1 To sniggle or fish for eels. ( North .) 2. Fig.: To heat greatly, to affect strongls' with 

brogue, *brog, S . [Ir. & Gael. brog= a shoe.] teat. .(Said especially or.thesun, and used almost 


brogans 

brog'-an§, s. [Bbogue.] A kind of strong, 
coarse shoe; a brogue. 

*brog -ger, s. [Bodgek.] A dealer in corn, 
brog-glng, pr. par., a. & s. (Scotch.) [Bkog, 
v. & s.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. d partic. adj.: (See the verb.) 


1. A coarse, rough shoe. 

“ I thought he slept; and put 
My clouted brogues from off my feet.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

“A peasant would kill a cow merely in order to get a 
pair of brogues.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. An accent; such a manner of pronunciation 
as would be used by the wearers of brogues. 

“The Irish brogue , then the most hateful of all sounds 
to English ears.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

brogue-maker, s. One who makes brogues. 

fbrogue, v. i. [Bbogue, 2.] To utter in a brogue. 

“There Paddy brogued ‘By Jasus!’ ” 

Byron: The Vision of Judgment, 59. 

♦brfiid, *browd, v. t. [Beaid, Beoedeb.] To 

plait the hair. 

*brbid -ed, *brow-did, pa. par. & a. [In old 
editions of the Bible for broidered (q. v.).] 

“Hire yolwe heer was browdid in a tresse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1051. 


exclusively in the pr. par.) [Beoiling, pr. par.] 
B. Intransitive : 

1. Lit. : To perform the operation described under 

A. 1. a _ 

“He cowde roste, sethe, broille, and frie. 

Chaucer: C. T., 385-6. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To be in the heat, to be subjected to heat. 

“Where have you been broilingf— 

-Among the crowd i’ the abbey.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iv. 1. 

*(2) To be heated with passion or envy. 

“ So that her female friends, with envy broiling.’' 

Byron: Beppo, v. 69. 

brdiled, *broyl-yd, pa. par. & a. [Bkoil, v.] 
Cooked over hot coals. 

" Broylyd mete, or rostyd only on the colys. Frixum, 
frixatura.” — Prompt. Parv. 

br<5il'-er, s. [Eng. broil ; -er.] 

I. Literally: 


1. One who broils, or cooks meat by broiling. 

„ .,, , ., , , . ,, , _ 2. That on which food is cooked over hot coals; a 

“Not with broided haire, or gold, or pearles, or costly g r j r 2i r0 n. 

aray.’—1 Timof/iy, ii. 9. . Q . *11. Figuratively: One who raises broils, or quar- 

*br<5id-er, *brod-er, r. t. [Fr. broder; Sp. & rels< [B ^ OIL s i 
Port, bordar=to embroider, literally to work on the L ’ . . , 

edge, to hem; Fr. bord= the edge.] [Embboidee.] “What doth he but turn broiler and boutefeu, make 

1. Lit.: To embroider, ornament with needle¬ 
work. Trench says that this word was never used 
for plaiting the hair till our translators introduced 
it into the authorized version of the Bible, 1 Tim. u. 

9. (English Past and Present, p. 198, note.) 

2. Fig.: To cover as though with embroidery. 

“ Under foot the violet, 

Crocus and hyacinth, with rich inlay 
Broider’d the ground.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, ok. !▼« 

tbr6id’-ered, pa. par. & a. [Beoidee.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Covered with embroidery, embroidered. 

“. . . another stripped me of my rags, and gave me 

this broidered coat which you see.”—Bunyan: The Pil¬ 
grim's Progress, pt. i. 

“With broider’d scarf and gem-bestudded mail.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage, c. 3. 

2. Worked in embroidery or needlework. 

“In hosen black, and jerkins blue, 

With falcons broider’d on each breast.” 

Scott: Marmion, L 8. 

til. Fig.: Adorned with fine figures of speech. 

“ Had she but read Euphues, and forgotten that accursed 
mill and shieling-hill, it is my thought that her converse 
would be broidered with as many and as choice pearls of 
compliment, as that of the most rhetorical lady in the 
court of Eeliciana.”— Scott: Monastery , ch. xxix. 

*brdid'-er-er, s. [Beoidee, u.] One who em¬ 
broiders or works in embroidery. 

“There mote he likewise see a ribbald train 
Of dancers, broiderers, slaves of luxury.” 

West: On the Abuse of Traveling. 

*brdld-er-y, s. [Eng. broider; -y; Fr. broderie.] 

1. Lit.: Embroidery, ornamental needlework. 

“Her mantle rich, whose borders, round. 


A deep and fretted broidery bound.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 3. 

2. Fig.: Any ornamental covering resembling em 
aroidery. 

“Rare broid’ry of the purple clover.” 

Tennyson: A. Dirge, 6. 


new libels against the church, <fcc.”— Hammond: Serm., p, 
644. 

br6il'-mg, *broly-ynge, *broyl-inge, pr. par-, 
a. & s. [Beoil, v.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Cooking over hot coals, or on a gridiron. 

2. Fig.: Heating excessively. 

“As dry as three months of a broiling sun could make 
them.”— Sherard Osborn: Quedah, ch. xviii. 

C. As substantive: The act or process of cooking 
over hot coals, or on a gridiron. 

“ Brolyynge, or broylinge, K. Ustulacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 
brdir-ler-Ie, s. [Fr. brouillerie — confusion.] 
[Beulyie.] A state of contention. 

“. . . have cast themselves, their country, and all 
into confused broillerie, . . .”— Hume: Hist. Douglas, 
p. 92. (Jamieson.) 

*brok (1), s. [A. S. broc; O. Icel. brokkr. 

1. Lit.: A poor inferior kind of horse. 

“ This carter, smoot and cryde as he wer wood, 
‘Haytl brok, haytl stot.’”— Chaucer: C. T., 7,124. 

2. Fig.: An old sword or dagger. (Ash.) 

*brok (2), s. [Bbock.] A badger. 

*brok (3), s. [A. S. brace: Icel. broke. From Eng. 
brook, v.=to use, to enjoy.] Use. ] 

*brok (4), s. [Beook, s.] 

*brok (5), s. & v. [Beock, s. &v.] A fragment. 
(Scotch.) 

*brok’-age (age as Ig), s. [Bbocage.] 
*bro'-kar, s. [Beokee.] (O. Scotch.) 

*brok-doI, a. [A variant of 5rofceZ=brittle.j 
“ Brokdol, or frees (brokyl or fres, H. brokill or feers, 
P.) Fragilis.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*broke, s. [Beook, s.] 

br5ke, v. i. [Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from 
O. S. brouken; A. S. brucan=to have the use of a 
thing. Compare Dan. brug— use, custom, trade, 
business. (Skeat.) Some authorities say from O. 


broken-backed 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of material things : 

(1) Of land: 

(а) Opened up with the plow. 

(б) Disconnected. 

“ On the two great continents in the northern hemi¬ 
sphere (but not in the broken land of Europe between 
them), we have the zone of perpetually frozen undersoil 
in a low latitude.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 
1870), ch. xi., p. 249. 

(c) Hough, intersected with hills and small val 

*(2)' Of animals: Weakened, enfeebled. 

“ More especially amongst broken and failing groups 
of organic beings.”— Darwins Origin of Species (ed. 1859), 
ch. xiv., p. 460. 

(3) Of food, dc.: Meat that has been cut up: 
fragments of meat. Also applied to fragments of 
food of any kind, not necessarily meat. 

“And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took 
up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets full.’ — 
Matt. xv. 37. 

Similarly remnants of beer were formerly called 

broken-beer. 

2. Of immaterial things : 

(1) Crushed in spirit. 

(a) Of persons: 

“ . , . reduced in numbers and broken in. spirit.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

(b) Of the heart, dc.: 

“ A broken and a contrite heart.”— Psalms 1L 17. 

(2) Uttered disjointedly, ejaculated, uttered in e 
broken voice. 

“ Broken prayers to God, that He would judge him and 
this Cause.”— Carlyle: Heroes, Beet. vi. 

3. Of promises, laws, dc.: Violated, unfulfilled-, 
unobserved. 

“ God pardon all oaths that are broke to me I” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., iv. L 

4. Of weather: Rough, unsettled. 

“The weather proved broken and rainy.”— Scotts Anti 
quary, ch. xxxvii. 

5. Of health: Weakened, failing. [Beoken-down.] 

B. Technically: 

1. Comm.: Bankrupt. 

"... and whether Lintot be not yet broke?’ — Pope' 
Letter to Jervas (1714). 

“ But he is abroad; the place is to be sold. 

John. Oh, lies. He was not broken.” 

Tennyson: Walking to the MaH, 

2. Music: 


-v,..,,,; „ co BY hmuiller—to iumble Fr. brocanter-to buy; L. Lat. a6rocator=a broker: 
brffil, *hreu.ii s . [O.Fr. brouiUer-t a Gum oie brogger =a badger, or bodger, a dealer in com. j 

trouble, disorder,^ confound, ^mar,^ b_y ^mingling Tn „ r± or midcile-man for others. 


together, &c. (Cotgrave.) 
origin. Compnr© Gr3.©l» bvo'ighiQcidii —bnstl©* con* 
fusion, turmoil; broiglich— noise, bawling, confus¬ 
ion, tumult. Also Wei. broch=din, tumult, &c. 
Probably from the same root as brawl. (Skeat.) J 
A tumult, disturbance, contention. 

“Say to the king thy knowledge of the broil. 

As thou didst leave it.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, 1 . 2. 

“ Stop, or all will fall in broil.” 

Ibid.: Coriolanus, ill 1. 


those fiends whom blood and broils delight.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 46. 


Probably of Celtio To act as agent or mi. 

“He does indeed, 

And brokes with all that can, in such a suit. 
Corrupt the tender honor of a maid.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, iii. 5. 

“Prithee, what art thou? or whom dost thou serve or 
broke for?”— Brome: City Wit, ii. 2. 
brok en, *broke, pa. par. & a. [Beeak, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: Parted into two or more pieces or 
fragments. 

“’Twas neither broken wing nor limb.” 

Burns: Epistle to J. Rankine. 


1) Of a cadence : Interrupted. 

2) Of chords: Arpeggio. 

3) Of time: Unobserved, nnkept. 

“ Ha, ha ! keep time: how sour sweet music is, 

When time is broke, and no proportion kept!” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., v. 6. 

(4) Arranged for several instruments. 

“ And so, likewise, in that music which we call broken, 
music or consort-music, some consorts of instruments are 
sweeter than others, a thing not sufficiently yet observed.” 
— Bacon: Works (ed. 1765), vol. i. 

(5) Played on harps, guitars, or lutes, because the 
sounds of these instruments cannot be sustained at 
will. (Stainer d Barrett.) 

3. Painting. Of colors: Those produced by the 
mixture of different pigments. 

4. Arith. Of a number: A fraction. 

5. Dioptrics: The line into which an incident ray 
is “broken” or refracted in crossing the second 
medium. 

6. Naut. Of water: The contention of currents 
in a narrow channel. Also, the waves breaking on 
or near shallows, choppy water. 

7. Mil.: Ca=hiered. 

8. Bot. Of a whorl: Not on the same plane, but 
constituting part of an exceedingly short spiraL 
(Treas. of Bot.) 

9. Comp. Grammar: Not distinct in sound ot 
value. 

“ . . . exhibit the greatest proclivity toward the use 
of these broken vowels.”— Beames: Comp. Gram. Arycm 
Lang, of India, vol. i. (1872), ch. ii., p. 141. 

10. Of language: Not fluent, ungrammatical. 

“ Break thy mind to me in broken English.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., v. 2. 

broken-backed, *broke bakkyde,*broke-bak, 

a. 

1. Ord. Lang.: Having a broken back, crippled. 
(Lit. d fig.) 

“ Broke bakkyde. Gibbosus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ God save you alle, lordynges, that now here be ! 

But broke-bak scherreve, evel mot thou the!” 

Chaucer: C. T., 713-14. 

“ A few even sprawl-out helplessly on all sides, quite 
broken-backed and dismembered.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resar- 
tus, bk. i., ch. iv. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ therepine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. ’ wore, wQlf, work, who, s&n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw. 




broken-bellied 


643 


bromic 


2. Naut.: The state of a ship so loosened in her 
frame by age, weakness, or some great strain from 
grounding amidships, as to droop at each end, caus¬ 
ing the lines of her sheer to be interrupted, and 
termed hogged. (Smyth.) 

fbroken-bellied, a. 

1. Lit.: Ruptured. 

2. Fig.: Defprmed, corrupted. 

“ Such is our broken-bellied age, that this astutia is 
turned into versutia; and we term those most astute which 
are most versute.” —Sir M. Sandys: Essays, p. 168. 

broken-down, a. Which has failed or become 
useless from breaking down, either literally or from 
disease or other cause. 

“ I left Osbaldistone Hall on the back of a broken-down 
hunter, with ten guineas in my purse.”— Scott: Rob Roy, 
ch. ii. 

broken-footed, a. Haying deformed or crippled 
feet. 

I “Ora man that is broken-footed or broken-handed.”— 
Lev. xx i. 19. 

broken-handed, a. Crippled in the hand. (See 
quotation under broken-footed.) 

broken-hearted, a. Having the spirits broken 
or crushed through grief or anxiety. [Beoken, A., 
11 . 2 ( 1 ) ( 6 ).] 

“He hath sent me to bind up the broken-hearted .”— ■ 
Isa. lxi. 1. 

broken-legged, *broke-legged, a. Having the 
leg or legs broken or crippled. 

“ If he be blynd or broke-legged .” 

Langland: Piers Plowman, 4,088. 

tbroken-man, s. An outlaw, bankrupt. 

broken-matter, s. Print.: Pages of type dis¬ 
tributed and somewhat intermingled. 

broken-space, s. & a. 

IT Broken-space saw: A fine hand-saw. 

broken-spirited, a. Having the spirits crashed 
by fear or trouble; broken-hearted. 


*3. An agent generally, a go-between, 

“. . . a person who had long acted as a broker be¬ 
tween Jacobite plotters and people who dealt in cutlery 
and firearms.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

*4. A match-maker, a pimp, a pander of either 
sex; a bawd, a procuress. 

“ Of brokaris and sic baudry how suld I write? 

Of quham the fylth stynketh in Goddis neis.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 96, 51. 

5. One who deals in old or second-hand goods. 

brok’-Sr-age (age as i g), s. [Eng. broker; and 
suffix -age (q. v.).] 

*1. The business or profession of a broker. 

2. The pay or commission received by brokers. 

“The compensation, which they allow in this plan to 
their masters for their brokerage, is, that if (after deduct¬ 
ing all the charges, which they impose) the amount of 
the sales should be found to exceed two shillings and two 
pence for the current rupee of the invoice account, it 
shall be taken by the Company.” — Burke; Works, vol. ii., 
p. 72. 

*brok'-er-ly, a. [Eng. broker; -ly.] Like a 
broker; hence, mean. 

“We had determin’d that thou shouldst ha’ come, 

In a Spanish suit, and ha’ carried her so; and he, 

A brokerly slave, goes, puts it on himself.” 

Ben Jonson: Alchemist, iv. 4. 

*brok'-er-y, *brok’-er-xe, s. [Eng. broker;-y.] 
The business or pursuit of a broker, brokerage. 

“ Let them alone for me, 

Busie their brains with deeper brokerie.” 

Bp. Hall: Sat. ii. 2. 

“More knavery, and usury, 

And foolery and brokery, than dogs-ditch.” 

Beaum. & Flet.; Tamer Tamed. 

♦brok-11, a. [Beittle.] 

♦brok'-Ing, a. [Bboke, v.] 

1. Practiced by brokers, pertaining to brokers. 

“ Redeem from broking pawn the blemish’d crown. 

Wipe off the dust that hides our scepter’s gilt.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., ii. 1. 

2. Acting as a broker. 


brd'-m&n-Il, s. [Prom Eng. brom(ine); and 
Port. ami=indigo.] 

Chem.: An aromatic compound called also Tetra- 
bromoquinone CoBr.^ or O—C—C—Br 


O—C—C—Br 



It is prepared by heating one part of phenol 
CeH 5 (OH) with ten parts of bromine, three parts of 
iodine and water to 100°. It crystallizes in golden 
yellow scales, which are sparingly soluble in carbon 
disulphide. 


brom -ar-gyr-Ite, s. [In Ger. bromargyrit; Eng., 
&c., brom(ine\; Gr. argyros=silver; ana suff. -ite 
(Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: The same as bromyrite (q. v.). 
bro’-mate, s. [Eng. brom(ine); -ate (Chem .).] 
[Bromic Acid.] 


bro-ma-tol -o-gy, s. [From Gr. broma, genit. 
bromatos= that which is eaten, food, meat; and 
logos=a. discourse.] A discourse, dissertation, or 
treatise on ailments. 


brom'-ben-zene, s. [Eng., &c., brom(ine); ben¬ 
zene .] 

Chem.: A compound called also phenyl-bromide 
CeHsBr. It is a liquid boiling at 154°, obtained by 
the action of daylight on a mixture of bromine and 
benzene; also by the action of PBr 5 , phosphous 
pentabromide on phenol CgHaCOH). 

*brome (1), s. [Beoom.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
brome (2), s. & a. [In Fr. brome. From Gr. 
bromos=a. kind of oat.] [Beomus.] A word used 
in the compound which follows, 
brome-grass, s. 

Bot.: The English book-name for the genua 

Bromus (q. v.). 

bro-mel -l-a, s. [In Fr. bromilie. Named after 
Bromelius, who published a Gothic flora.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Bromeliace® (q. v.). 


" Humbled and broken-spirited, yet glad tbat they had 
come off so well, they stole forth through the crowd of 
stern fanatics.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

broken-stowage, s. 

Naut.: The space in a ship not filled by her cargo. 
( Wharton.) 

broken-twill, s. 

Fabrics: A variety of twill or textile fabrics. 

broken-winded, a. [Beokenwinded.] 

fbrok’-en-ly, adv. [Eng. broken; -ly.] 

1. Not continuously, interruptedly. 

“ Sir Richard Hopkins hath done somewhat of this 
kind, but brokenly and glancingly."— Hakewill. 

2. In a broken or crushed state, broken-hearted. 

And thus the heart will break, yet brokenly live on.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilg., iii. 32. 

3. In broken language; not fluently. 

“King. —O fair Katharine, if you will love me soundly 
With your French heart, I will be glad to hear you con¬ 
fess it brokenly with your English tongue.”— Shakesp.: 
Hen. V., v. 2. 

fbrok'-en-ness, s. [Eng. broken; -ness.'] The 
Quality or state of being broken. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“Those infirmities that are incident to them [the teeth] 
whether looseness, hollowness, rottenness, brokenness."— 
Bmith: Old Age, p. 85. 

“ It is the brokenness, the ungrammatical position, the 
total subversion of the period that charms me.”— Gray: 
Letter to Mason. 

brok-en-wind, s. [Eng. broken; wind.] 

Farriery • A disease of the organs of respiration 
in horses, commonly produced by the rupture of 
the lung cellular tissue. Emphysema, (q.v.) 

brok-en-wlnd'-ed, *broke-wInd-ed, a. 

1. Farr.: Suffering from broken wind; affected 
in the organs of respiration. 

2. Fig.: Dull, heavy. 

“ Brokewinded murmurs, howlings, and sad grones.” 

May: Lucan, bk. v. 

brok'-er, s. [In Fr. brocanteur.] [Beocage.] 

1. One who acts in business for another, a middle¬ 
man, agent, or commissioner. 

" Brokers, who, having no stock of their own, set up 
and trade with that of other men; buying here, and sell¬ 
ing there, and commonly abusing both sides to make out 
a little paltry gain.”— Temple. 

2. One who deals in merchandise or securities, 
acting as agent between the seller and the buyer, or 
between the importer and the consumer. [Stook- 
bbokee.] 


“Adie, a drab, and filthy broking knaves.” 

Marston: Sc. of Villanie. 

♦brokke, v. i. [Etymology doubtful. Compare 
Scotch brok; O. H. Ger. brochon; Ger. brocken.] 
To sing, carol. 

“ Aye the crokkere to brokke.” — Shoreham, p. 106. 

♦brok-kette, *brok'-Itt (pi. brokkettis, brokittis), 
a. [Beocket.] A red deer two years old. (Doug.: 
Virgil, 402,19.) 

♦brdk'-klng, pr. par. & a. [Brokke, u.] Qua¬ 
vering, throbbing. 

" He singeth brokking as a nightingale.” 

Chaucer: The Miller’s Tale, v. 3,377. 
♦brok-lembe, s. [A corruption of brooklime 
(q. v.).] 

*brok-yll, a. [Brittle.] 

*brok-ynge, pr. par. & s. [Bbook, v.] 

A. As present participle. [See the verb.] 

*B. As substantive : Digestion. 

“ Brokynge of mete and drinke.”— Prompt. Parv. 

♦brol, *broll, *brolle, s. [Low Lat. brollus, 
broUa=poor, miserable, contemptible.] A brat. 

“ Of that beggares brol an abbot schal worthen.” 

Piers Plowman’s Crede, 1,941. 

" The leeste brol of his blood a barones piere.” 

Langland: Piers Plowman, 1,767 

*brol-y-yn, v. [Broil, «.] 

♦brol-y-ynge, s. [Broiling, s.] 

♦brom, 8. [Beoom.] 

brom-a$’-et-ij,te, s. [Eng., &c., br<m(ine); ace¬ 
tate.] A salt of bromacetic acid. 
br8m-g,-cef-Ic, a. [Eng. brom(ine), and acetic .] 
bromacetic acid, s. An acid obtained from a 
mixture of crystallizable acetic acid and bromine 
in the proportion of equal equivalents, introduced 
with a sealed tube, and heated in an oil bath to 
150* C. Its salts are called bromacetates. 


bro-mel-I-a'Hje-se, s.pl. [From Lat., &c., 6ro- 
melia (q. v.); and Lat. fern. pi. adjectival euff. 

-acece.] 

Bot.: Bromelworts, an order of endogenous 
plants, placed by Dr. Lindley under his Narcessal 
Alliance. The calyx is sometimes herbaceous-look¬ 
ing, but sometimes colored. Petals, three, colored; 
stamina, six or more; ovary, three-celled, many- 
seeded, as is the fruit, which is capsular or succu¬ 
lent. The stem is wanting or, if present, very short. 
Sometimes it consists of fibrous roots, consolidated 
round a slender center with rigid channeled leaves 
spiny at the edge or point. The fruit is sometimes 
eatable. Lindley estimated the known species at 
170, all American. They have been introduced into 
Africa, the East Indies, and elsewhere. The well- 
known pineapple is the Bromelia Ananas. [An¬ 
anas, Pineapple.] Ropes are made in Brazil from 
another species of the same genus. All the species 
of Bromeliace® can exist without contact with 
the earth; they are therefore suspended in South 
America in houses, or hung to the balustrades oi 
balconies, whence they diffuse fragrance abroad. 

bro'-mel-worts, s. pi. [From Lat. bromellioi 

and Eng. wort.] 

Bot.: The English name given by Lindley to the 
natural order Bromeliace®. 

brom'-hy-drIn§, s. pi. [From Eng., &c., bras 
m(ine); hydr(ate); and suff. -in (Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: Haloid ethers formed by replacing the 1, 
2 or 3 (OH) radicals in the triatomic alcohol glyc¬ 
erin by Br. Monobromhydrin C^BrCHTOH)*- 
CH 2 (OH), an oily liquid boiling at 130%obtained by 
the action of HBr on glycerin CaH 5 (OHj 3 . Symmet¬ 
rical Dibromhydrin, CH 2 Br'CH'(OH)'CH 2 Br, a 
liquid boiling at 219°, obtained by the action ol 
bromine on monobromhydrin. Unsymmetrical Di¬ 
bromhydrin CH 2 BrCHBr’CH 2 (OH), boiling at 212* 
by the action of bromine on allyl alcohol (CHv= 
CH—CHoTOEQA Tribromhydrin or Allyltribromida 
C^Br'CHBr’C^Br, a crystalline substance melt¬ 
ing at 16°, and boiling at 220*; it is obtained by tha 
action of excess of bromine on allyl iodide. [ChLob- 
hydrins. 


br5-mg.l, s. [Eng., &c., brom(ine); al(dehyde).] 
Bromine, from aldehyde. 

Chem.: Also called Tribromaldehyde CBrs'CO’H, 
obtained by the action of dry Bromine on absolute 
alcohol. It is a liquid boiling at 172”, and unites 
with water to form a solid hydrate which melts at 
43°. It is decomposed by alkalies into formic acid 
HCO’OH, and bromoform CHBr 3 . It unites with 

hydrocyanic acid, forming CBr 3 ’CH<Qjg which, by 

the action of acids, is converted into tribromolac- 
tic acid CBr 3 - CH(OH) - CO’OH. By the action of 
nitric acid on Bromal it yields tribromacetic acid 
CBr 3 -COOH. 


bro’-mlc, a. [From Eng., Ac., brom(ine), and 
suff. -ic.] Pertaining to bromine; having bromine 
in its composition, 
bromic acid, s. 

Chem.: HBr0 3 . A monobasic acid, forming 
salts called bromates. When bromine is dis¬ 
solved in caustic potash a mixture of bro¬ 
mide and bromate of potassium are obtained, 
which can be separated by crystallization. 
3Br2+6KHO=5KBH-KBr0 3 -|-3H20. Free bromic 
acid can be prepared by passing chlorine into bro¬ 
mine water, Br2+ 5 Cl2-bH2O=2HBrOg-[-10HCl. The 
acid is best obtained by decomposing potassium 


bdil, bdy; pout, Jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-dan, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -siou3 = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 



bromic 


644 


brondyron 


bromate by argentic nitrate acid acting on 
the resulting argentic bromate by bromine, 
5AgBr O 3 + 3 Br 2 +3 H 2 O = 5AgBr-f6HBrOg. Bromic 
acid is a strongly-acid liquid, reddening and then 
bleaching litmus paper. On concentration at 100° 
it decomposes into bromine and oxygen. It is 
decomposed by sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), sulphide of 
hydrogen (H 2 S), and by hydrobromic acid (HBr). 
Bromates are with difficulty soluble in water, and 
are decomposed on heating into oxygen and bro¬ 
mides. 

bromic silver, s. 

Min.: The same as Bromyrite and Bromargyrite 
(q. v.). 

bro'-mlde, s. [Eng. bromine); -ide {Chem .) 
(q. v.).] 

Chem.: A combination of bromine with a metal 
or a radical. Bromides are soluble in water, except 
silver and mercurous bromides; lead bromide is 
very slightly soluble. They are detected in analy¬ 
sis by the following reactions: Argentic nitrate 
ives a yellowish precipitate of AgBr, insoluble in 
ilute nitric acid, and soluble in strong ammonia. 
Chlorine liberates bromine, and, if the liquid is 
shaken up with ether, a yellow ethereal solution 
floats on the liquid. Heated with sulphuric acid 
and MnC> 2 , bromides yield vapors of Br, which 
turns starch yellow. 

If Bromide of silver, Bromid of silver : 

Min.: The same as Bromyrite (q. v.). 
bro'-min-a-ted, a. [Eng. bromin(e); -ated.) 
Made to have bromine in the composition. 

. water and its chlorinated and brominated con¬ 
geners.”— Fownes: Chem. (ed. 1873), p. 944. 

bro -mlne, s. [From Gr. bromos—a. stink; Mod. 
Lat. bromium .] 

1. Chem.: A non-metallic element. Symbol, Br; 
atomic weight, 80. Bromine was discovered in 
1826 by Balard in the salts obtained by the evap¬ 
oration of sea-water. Bromine is liberated from 
the sodium and magnesium salts by the action 
of free chlorine, and is separated by ether, which 
dissolves the bromine. This red-colored solution is 
removed, saturated with'potash, -evaporated, and 
heated to redness, and the bromide of potassium is 
heated with manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid. 
The bromine is liberated in the form of a deep-red 
vapor, which condenses into a dark, reddish-black 
liquid. Specific gravity, 2 - 97; it boils at 63°; its 
vapor density is 5’54 times that of air. It has an irri¬ 
tating smell, and when inhaled is poisonous. It dis¬ 
solves in thirty parts of water, and the solution has 
weak bleaching properties. Bromine and hydrogen 
do not unite in the sunlight, but do when they are 

assed through a red-hot porcelain tube, forming 
ydrobromic acid (HBr), which is also obtained by 
the action of phosphorus and water on bromine. It 
is a colorlesSj fuming gas, which liquefies at 73°, 
very soluble m water. The concentrated solution 
contains 47’8 per cent, of HBr, it boils at 126°, and 
has powerful acid properties; it neutralizes bases, 
forming bromides and water. Hypobromous acid, 
HBrO, is only known in solutions; it has bleach¬ 
ing properties. Bromine can displace chlorine from 
its compounds with oxygen, while chlorine can 
liberate bromine from its compound with hydrogen. 
Free bromine turns starch yellow. 

2. Pharm.: Bromine has been applied externally 
as a caustic, but rarely. Its chief officinal prepara¬ 
tions are bromide of ammonium, useful in whoop¬ 
ing-cough, infantile convulsions, and nervous 
diseases generally; and bromide of potassium, now 
very extensively used, especially in epilepsy, hys¬ 
teria, delirium tremens, diseases of the throat and 
larynx, bronchocele [Goiteb], enlarged spleen, 
hypertrophy of liver, fibroid tumors, &c. Also, as an 
antaphrodisiac, for sleeplessness, glandular swell¬ 
ings, and skin diseases. Its alterative powers are 
similar to but less than that of the iodides. Its 
preparation is the same as iodide of potassium, 
substituting an equivalent quantity of bromine for 
iodine—6KHO + Brg = 5KBr + KBrOs + 3 H 2 O. It 
has a pungent saline taste, no odor, and occurs in 
colorless cubic crystals, closely resembling the 
iodide. As a hypnotic its usefulness is much in¬ 
creased by combining it with morphia or chloral 
hydrate. 

*brom -lng-hAm, s. & a. [A corruption of Birm¬ 
ingham.] [Beummagem.] 

*Bromingham groat: Counterfeit money. 

“In other places whole lines are bodily transferred and 
portional parts of lines minted into spurious Broming- 
ham groats, as counterfeit money was called in those days.” 
— Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, pt. ii. (Note.) 

bro-mlte, s. [In Ger. bromit; Eng., &c., bro- 
m(ine), and -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] The same as Bro¬ 
myrite and Bromargyrite (q. v.). 

brom-llte, s. [From Bromley Hill, near Alston, 
in Cumberland, where it occurs; suif. -ite {Min.) 
(q.v.).] 

Min.: An orthorhombic, translucent mineral, with 
hardness 4-4 - 5, specific gravity 3‘71-3'72, luster vitre¬ 
ous. It is colorless, snow-white, grayish, pale cream- 


colored, or pink. Composition: Carbonate of baryta, 
60’63-65'71; carbonate of lime, 30'19-34’29; carbonate 
of strontia, 0-6.64; and carbonate of manganese 
0-9T8. It is found near Hexham, in Northumberland, 
and in Cumberland (etym.). It is called also Alsto- 
nite (q. v.). 

bro-mo-ar-gen'-to-type, s. [Eng. bromo; from 
bromine (q. v.); Lat. argentum, and Gr. typos— 
type.] 

Photog.: A photographic agent of very delicate 
action made by nitrate of silver, bromide of potas¬ 
sium, and again nitrate of silver, brushed over 
paper. 

bro-mo-form, s. [From Eng., &c., brom(ine), 
and formiate), from Lat. formica—an ant.] 

Chem.: Bromoform CHBrj, or Tribromometliane. 
It is a heavy volatile liquid, obtained by adding 
bromine to a solution of caustic potash in ethyl 
alcohol. It boils at 152°. Heated with caustic 
potash, it is converted into potassium bromide and 
potassium formate. 

bro-mo-qui-none, s. [Eng., &c„ bromine, and 
quinone.) [Beomanil.] 

*brom'-p-ret, s. [Beomide.] 
bro -mus, s. [In Fr. brome; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
bromo; Lat. bromos; Gr. bromos= a kind of oat, 
obvena salinad] 

Bot.: Brome-grass. A genus of grasses having 
two unequal glumes and two herbaceous glumelles, 
the outer one bifid and with an awn from below the 
extremity. The seeds of Bromus mollus, or Soft 
Brome-grass, when eaten by man or the larger ani¬ 
mals, produce giddiness, and they are said to be 
fatal to poultry. B. secalinus, or Smooth-rye 
Brome-grass, is common in rye and wheat-fields. 
When the seeds are accidentally ground with the 
flour, they impart a bitter taste to bread, and are 
narcotic like the seeds of Lolium temulentum. 

brom’-yr-Ite, s. [From Fr. bromure d'argent= 
bromuret of silver, i. e., a combination of bromine 
and silver.] 

Min.: An isometric yellow, amber, or green 
splendent mineral, with a hardness of 2-3 and 
specific gravity of 5-8'6, consisting of bromine 4-2’6, 
and silver 5-7‘4, from Mexico and Chili. It is the 
same as bromargyrite, bromic silver, or bromide of 
silver (q. v.). 

*bronphe, s. [Beanch.] 

bron-chl, s. pi. [Latinized word, from Gr. 
bronghia=the bronchial tubes.] 

Anatomy: 

1. Gen.: Any of the air-passages, great or small, 
in the lungs. 

“Thus a bronchus of the size of a straw . . . ”— Dr. 
C. J. B. Williams, in Cycl. P. M., art. Bronchitis. 

2. Spec.: The two great tubes into which the 
trachea divides beneath, just before entering the 
lungs. 

brofi -chl-a. fbron'-chl-se, s. pi. [In Fr. 
bronches; Med. Lat. bronchiee. From Gr. bronghia, 
the bronchial tubes; bronghos, the trachea, the 
windpipe. Akin to branghion—a fin, pi. the gills of 
fishes.] 

Anat.: The bronchial tubes, the numerous rami¬ 
fications into which the two bronchi divide within 
the lungs. 

broil-chi-Al, a. [From Gr. bronghia= the bron¬ 
chia (q. v.).] 

Med.: Belonging to the bronchus, or to the bron¬ 
chia (q.v.). 

Bronchial respiration of Andral and La6nnec=a 
whiffling sound, sometimes rising nearly to a 
whistle, which is heard in the respiration at a cer¬ 
tain stage of pneumonia. It resembled the sound 
produced by blowing through a crow’s quill. {Dr. 
C. J. B. Williams, Cycl. P. M., art. Pneumonia.) 

Bronchial tubes: The same as the bronchia 
(q-vL 

bron-chlc, *bron'-chick, a. [From Gr. bronghos 
= the windpipe, and Eng. suffix -ic.] Bronchial; 
pertaining to the bronchi. 

broh-cM ec - tgi-sis, s. [From Gr. bronghos = 
the windpipe, and ektasis = extension ; ekteino = to 
extend; ek=out, and teino=bo stretch.] 

Med.: Dilatation of the bronchi. [Beonchi.] The 
most important forms are:—(1) The general or uni¬ 
form, with cylindrical or fusiform dilatation of a 
tube, or several tubes ; (2) Thesaccular } or ampullary 
[Ampul], in which there is abrupt dilatation of a 
tube at a particular point or points. The breath and 
sputum are fetid, and general health impaired, fol¬ 
lowed by lung consolidation, ulceration, abscess, or 
gangrene. Death may result from exhaustion, but 
recovery may take place by formation of a sort of 
fibrous capsule, or from penetration of the pleura 
and thoracic walls and discharge of the contents 
outward. Bronchiectasis is not uncommon, and is 
of interest and importance on account of its alliance 
with some forms of phthisis. 

bron-chl-tis, s. [Gr. bronghia = the bronchia, 
or bronghos=th.e bronchus or windpipe (q. v.), and 
Gr. itis {Med.), denoting inflammation.] 


Med.: Inflammation of the air-tubes leading to 
the pulmonary vesicles, accompanied by hoarseness, 
cough, increase of temperature, and soreness of the 
chest anteriorly. The natural mucous secretion is 
at first arrested, but increases afterward, and is 
altered in quality, becoming more corpuscular. Its 
forms are: (1) Acute bronchitis, (a) of the larger 
and medium-sized tubes; ( 6 ) capillary bronchitis, 
and bronchitis of the tubes generally—the peri¬ 
pneumonia notha of the older writers. (2) Chronic 
bronchitis. (3) Plastic bronchitis. (4) Mechanical 
bronchitis, such as knife-grinder’s disease—carbona¬ 
ceous bronchitis or black phthisis. (5) Bronchitis 
secondary to general diseases, such as measles or 
typhoid fever. ( 6 ) Bronchitis secondary to blood 
diseases. (7) Syphilitic bronchitis. All varieties 
are generally preceded by feverishness, but oftener 
by “a cold in the chest.” The uneasy sensations 
begin about the region of the frontal sinuses, pass¬ 
ing from the nasal mucous passages, trachea, and 
windpipe to the chest, with hoarseness, cough, and 
expectoration ; but in capillary bronchitis the cough 
is dry and without expectoration. In acute cases the 
sputum is first thin, then opaque and tenacious, 
lastly purulent; the breathing is hurried and labo¬ 
rious, the pulse quickened, and the skin dry. The 
danger increases in proportion as the finer bron¬ 
chial tubes become involved, and instead of the 
healthy respiratory sound we have sharp, chirping, 
whistling notes, varying from sonorous to sibilant. 
The sharp sound is most to be feared, as arising in 
the smaller tubes; the grave, sonorous notes origin¬ 
ate in the larger tubes. Spitting of blood sometimes 
occurs, and in severe cases persons actually die 
suffocated from the immense quantity of mucous 
thrown out, obstructing the tubes and causing col¬ 
lapse of the vesicular structure of the lungs. The 
ratio of the respiration to the pulse is high, going 
up to 60 or even 70 in the minute, with a pulse- 
rate of 120 or 130. Chronic bronchitis, or bronchial 
catarrh, is extensively prevalent, especially among 
the aged, recurring once or twice a year in spring or 
autumn, or both, till it, becomes more or less con¬ 
stant all the year round. For chronic bronchitis the 
resinous oils are the best remedies. Five drops of 
oil of Eucalyptus on a cube of sugar three or four 
times daily will do much to ameliorate the recur¬ 
rent paroxyms. In acute attacks a physician had 
best be at once consulted, 
broh'-cho, s. The same as Bronco. 
bronch - 6 -$ele, s. [In Fr. bronchocele . From Gr, 
bronghokele= a tumor in the throat, goiter; from 
bronghos=the windpipe, and kele= a tumor.] 
Medical: An indolent tumor on the forepart of 
the neck, caused by enlargement of the thyroid 
gland, and attended by protrusion of the eyeballs, 
ansemia, and palpitation. [Exophthalmic Goitee. J 

bronch-6'-ph6n-ic, a. [Eng. bronchophon{y); 

-ic .] 

Med.: Pertaining to bronchophony (q. v.). 

“ . . . the bronchophonic resonance.”— Cyclop. Pract. 

Med., iii. 423. 

brohch oph on-y, s. [In Fr. bronchophonies 
Gr. bronghos=the windpipe, and phone = a tone, a 
sound, the voice.] 

Med.: .The natural sound of the voice, or pectoral 
vocal resonance, over the first divisions and sub¬ 
sequent larger subdivisions of the trachea — the 
larger bronchial tubes. The French word bronch- 
ophonie, from which the English bronchophony 
was derived, was first introduced by Lahnnec.. 
Bronchophony is different from pectoriloquy (q.v.). 

bronch-o T pneu-m6-nI-a, s. [From Gr. bronghos 
=the windpipe, and pneumonia = a disease of the 
lungs ; pneumon= the lungs; pneo fut. pneusomai— 
to blow, to breathe.] 

Med.: Inflammation of the substance of the lung 
[Pneumonia] associated with inflammation of the 
air-tubes. [Beonchitis.] 

bronch-or-rhce s. [In Fr. bronchorh&e. From 
Gr. bronghos^the windpipe; and rheo, fut. rlieu- 
somai— to flow.] 

Med.: Excess of the serous liquid thrown out in 
bronchitis, especially in chronic diseases. 

bronch-6-t6me L s. [From Gr. bronghos = the 
windpipe, and tome= a cutting.] 

Surg.: A knife used for broncnotomy, now called 
tracheotomy. 

*bronch-ot-6-my, s. [In Fr. bronchotomie. 
From Gr. bronghos=the windpipe; and tome a cut¬ 
ting, from temno=to cut.] An obsolete term for 
tracheotomy (q. v.). 

bronch'-us, s. [Gr. bronghos = the trachea the 
windpipe.] 

Med.: The sing, of bronchi (q.v.). One of the 
two great tubes into which the trachea divides 
beneath. 

*brond, *bronde, s. [Beand, s.] 
bron'-co. broh'-cho, s. [Sp. = crusty; sturdy; 
morose.] A small sturdy horse of western United 
States and Mexico. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot„ 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



brondiron 


645 


brood 


♦brond -ir-on, s. [From O. Eng. 6 rcmd=brand 
.11. 2.), and Mod. Eng. iron.] A sword. 

“ But with stout courage turnd upon them all, 

And with his brondiron round about him layd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. iv. 32. 

*bron-dyde, pa. par. [Beondyn, Beonnyn.] 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

*bron-dyn, v. t. [Beonnyn.] ( Prompt. Paw.) 
*bron-dyn, a. [From Fr. brande= heath, furze, 
gorse, poor land.] Branched. (Scotch.) 

“ The birth that the ground bure was brondyn in bredis.” 

Houlate, i. 3. 

*bron-dynge, pr. par. & s, [Beonnyn, Beondyn, 
Beand, v .] (Prompt. Parv.) 

brondynge yren, s. [Beanding-ieon.] (Prompt. 

Parv.) 

bron'-gie, s. Etymology doubtful, probably Ice¬ 
landic.] The name given in the Shetland Islands 
to a bird, the Common Cormorant (Phalacorax 
carbo). 

bron -gnar-tlne (gn silent), s. [From Alexandre 
Brongniart.] [Beongniaedite.] 

Min.: A variety of brocbantite (q.v.). Itisfound 
in Mexico. 

bron-gnl-ar-dlte (gn silent), s. [From Alexan¬ 
dre Brongniart, the very eminent mineralogist and 
zoologist, nay, even “the legislator in fossil zool¬ 
ogy,” born in Paris in 1770, died October 14, 1847; 
surf, -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: An isometric, grayish-black mineral with 
metallic luster, having a hardness of about 3, and 
a specific gravity of 5’95. Composition: Sulphur, 
19T4-19'38; antimony, 29’75-29‘95; silver, 24’46-25’03; 
lead, 24’74-25’05; besides copper, iron and zinc. 
Occurs in Mexico. 

bron'-gni-ar-tlne, bron -gni-ar-tin (gn silent), 
8 . [In Ger. brongniartin. From Alexandre Bron¬ 
gniart.] [Beongniaedite.] 

Min.: The same as Glauberite (q. v.). 
*bron'-n^n, *bron-dyn, v. [Beand, v.] (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

bron§e, v. t. [From Icel. 6 rimi=inflammation; 
Mceso-Goth. brunsts— a burning, conflagration. Cf. 
also Ital. bronzino= sunburnt (?).] To overheat 
one’s self in a warm sun, or by sitting too near a 
strong fire. (Scotch.) 

♦bron-ston, s. [Beimstone.] 

*bront, pa. par. [Bbunt, Buent.] (Scotch.) 
(Doug.: Virg., 257,11.) 

*bront, s. [Beand.] (Sir Gaw., 1,584.) 

bron-te'-i-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bronteus 
(q- y.), and suff. -idee.] 

Paloeont.: A family of Trilobites, containing only 
the genus Bronteus (q. v.). 

bron'-tern, s. [From Gr. bronte= thunder.] A 
brass vessel in the basement below a stage, used to 
produce an imitation of thunder. 

bron’-te-iis, bron-te§, s. [From Gr. brontes= 
Thunderer, one of the three Cyclopes.] 

Palceont.: A Devonian trilobite, with a broad, 
radiating, fan-like tail. Type of the family Bron- 
teidse (q. v.). 

bron-tol-6-gy, s. [In Ger. brontologie; fromGr. 
6 ron<e=t,hunder, and logos . . . discourse.] A 
discourse or treatise upon thunder. 

bron-to ther -i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
brontotherium (q. v.), and Lat. fem. pi. suff. -idee.] 
Palceont.: A family of ungulate mammals belong¬ 
ing to the order Perissodactyla, formed for the 
reception of the large North American Miocene 
Mammals, with toes in number like those of the 
Tapir, while in other characters these animals are 
like the elephant. The family was founded by 
Professor Marsh. 

br3n-to-ther’-I-um, s. [From Gr. 6 ronfe=thun¬ 
der, and fherion—a wild animal.] 

Palceont.: The typical genus of the Brontotherid® 

(q- v.). 

bron-t&-z 6 '-um, s. [Latinized from Gr. bronte= 
thunder, and zoon=& living creature.] 

Palceont.: A genus of animals founded on the 
largest footprints in the Triassic Sandstones. 

*bron-ys, *broun-ys, *brown-is, s. pi. [From 
Fr. branded heath, furze, gorse, <fcc.] Branches, 
boughs. 

“ Of sowpill wandis, and of brounys sere.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 362, 7. 

“ Bronys of the olyue twistis.” 

Ibid., 402, 6. 

“ Brownis, . . —Palice of Honor, Prol., st. 9. 
bronze, s. & a. [In Sw. & Dut. brons; Ger. 
bronze; Dan., Fr., & Port, bronze: Sp. bronce: Ital. 
bronoo; Low Lat. bronzium. Muratori and Dlez 
derive this from Ital. 7mmez«a=swarthiness; brun- 
azzo=brownish, swarthy; t»rww,o=brown.J 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) An alloy of copper and tin. [In the same 
sense as II. 1 (q. v.).] 

“As monumental bronze unchanged his look.” 

Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 23. 

(2) A statue or a figure in relief cast in bronze. 

“ How little gives thee joy or pain: 

A print, a bronze, a flow’r, a root, 

A shell, a butterfly can do ’t.” Prior. 

“. . . old Roman and French bronzes, . . .”— Lon¬ 

don Times, September 9, 1876. Advt. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) The color of bronze, brown. [Beonzed.] 

*(2) Brazen effrontery, impudence. 

“Imbrown’d with native bronze, lo! Henley stands 

Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands.” 

Pope: Dunciad, iii. 199. 

II. Technically: 

1. Metal., Archceol., <& Hist.: An alloy composed 
of copper and tin, sometimes with a little zinc and 
lead. 

(1) Archceol. db Hist.: Bronze was in use in ancient 
China, Egypt, Assyria, Europe and Mexico. The 
tin used in parts of the Eastern world was brought 
from Cornwall or from the peninsula of Malacca. 
[Beonze age.] 

(2) Characters, properties, and uses: Bronze, as 
already stated, is an alloy of copper and tin. It is 
harder and more fusible than copper itself. The 
proportions of the two constituents vary according 
to the purpose for which the alloy is produced. _ It 
oxidizes very slowly, even when the air is moist, 
which renders it well adapted for statues and simi¬ 
lar works of art. 

2. Cotton manufacture: One style of calico-print¬ 
ing peculiar rather from the character of its colors 
than from any specific novelty in treatment. 

B. As adjective: Made of bronze, characterized 
by the presence of bronze in a literal or figurative 
sense. 

bronze age, s. 

1. Archceol.: The age of bronze, the second of 
three ages believed by MM. Nilsson, Steenstrup, 
Forchhammer, Thomsen, WorsSse, and other Dan¬ 
ish archaeologists, to have followed each other in 
the peninsula of Jutland and elsewhere in the fol¬ 
lowing order: (1) The stone age, (2) the bronze age, 
and (3) the iron age. During the first stone, or 
sometimes bone, was used for weapons or imple¬ 
ments, the working of metal being as yet unknown. 
Then weapons were made of bronze, the method of 
alloying the two metals having_ been discovered, 
but that of working in iron being undiscovered. 
Finally iron took the place of bronze. These views 
have been generally adopted by geologists and 
archaeologists, though some believe an age of 
copper to have intervened between those of stone 
and bronze. The allegation that the use of stone 
came first;, that of bronze next, and that of iron 
last is not inconsistent with the fact that all still 
exist contemporaneously in portions of the world.. 

During the age of bronze the oak was the domi¬ 
nant tree in Denmark, the Scotch-fir, now extinct 
in that country, having flourished during the earlier 
part of the stone age; while the beech was, and 
remains, the characteristic tree of the iron age. 
Lake-dwellings of the bronze period have been 
found in western and central Switzerland, and one 
has been discovered in the lake of Constance. 
Geologically even the stone ege belongs only to the 
recent period. (Lubbock, Lyall, &c.) 

2. Fig.: The Age of Bronze: The unheroic age of 
impudence, the age wanting in veneration for what 
is good and great, the groveling age. 

If Byron has a poem called “ The Age of Bronze,” 
or Cowmen seculare et annus haud mirabilis. 
bronze-liquor, s. 

Chem.: A solution of chloride of antimony and 
sulphate of copper used for bronzing gun-barrels. 

bronze-powder, s. Finely pulverized metal, or 
powder having a metallic base, applied to the sur¬ 
face of paper, leather, and other materials, for 
imparting a metallic color and luster. 

bronze, v. t. [From Eng. bronze, s. (q. v.) In 
Sw .bronsera; Dut, bronzen; Ger. bronziren; Fr. 
bronzer; Port, bronzear.] 

1. Lit.: To give metals a luster resembling that 
of bronze. [Beonzing.] 

2. Fig.: To brazen, to render hard or unfeeling. 

“ Art, cursed art, wipes off the indebted blush 

From nature’s cheek, and bronzes every shame.” 

Young: Night Th. 5. 

“The lawyer who bronzes his bosom instead of his fore¬ 
head.”— Scott, in Goodrich and Porter. 

bronzed, pa. par. & a. [Beonze, v. t .] 

If Bronzed-skin: Addison’s disease. Disease of 
the supra-renai capsules, with discoloration of the 
skin, extreme prostration, loss of muscular power, 


and failure of the heart’s action. Death occurs in 
from one year and a half to four or five years, from 
asthenia, with every sign of feeble circulation, 
anaemia, and general prostration. The discolora¬ 
tion of the skin is characteristic, and covers the 
whole body, especially the face, neck, and arms, 
bronz-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Beonze, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The process of giving a bronze-like 
or antique-metallic appearance to the surface of 
metals. The processes vary; they may be classed 
as coating with a melted alloy ; coating with a 
metal in paste, solution, or vapor; corrosion ; coat¬ 
ing with a gum, application of bronze-powder, and 
painting. 

bronzing-machine, s. A machine for bronzing 
wall-paper or printed sheets. 

bronz -Ite, s. [In Ger. bronzit. Named from the 
pseudo-metallic luster, which somewhat resembles 
that of bronze.] 

Mineralogy: 

1. The ferriferous variety of Eustatite found at 
Cape Lizard, in Cornwall, in Moravia. 

2. A variety of diallage (q.v.). 

3. The same as Seybertite (q.v.). 

bronz’-y, a. [En g. bronz(e);-y,] Bronze-like. 
broo(l),s. [Beee.] Broth, juice, 
broo (2), s. [Etymology doubtful, but probably a 
Scotch form of brew (q.v.).] Opinion founded od 
report; favorable opinion. 

broogh, *broghe, s. [In Fr. broche= a broach, a 
knitting-needle, a task; O. Fr. broche=a lance, a 
needle, a packing-needle (Kelhcim); Prov., Sp. & 
Port, broca; Ital. & Low Lat. brocca: Ital. brocco 
— a peg, a stump of a tree: Class. Lat. brochus, 
6 rocc/iMS=projecting (used of teeth); Wei. procio= 
to thrust, to stab; procian= a thrust, a stab; Gael- 
brog= a probe, a poker.] [Beoach, s. ; Peog.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Lit.: 

*(1) A sharp point. (Skeat.) 

*(2) A pin. (Skeat.) 

*(3) A spear. 

“ Breme was the broche in the brest pan.” 

Destr. of Troy, 10,870. 

(4) An ornamental clasp, with a pin, for fastening 
the dress. It is called in the Bible an ouch (q.v.). 

“ Her golden brooch such birth betray’d.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, i. 19. 
*2. Fig. : Ornament. 

“ Laer. I know him well, he is the brooch, indeed, 
And gem of all the nation.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 7. 

II. Painting: A painting all of one color, as in 
sepia or india-ink. 

broogh, v. t. [From brooch, s. (q.v.].] To adorn 
as with a brooch. 

“ Not the imperious show 
Of the full-fortuned Csesar ever shall 
Be brooch'd with me.” 

Shakesp.: Ant, & Cleop., iv. 15. 
brooghed, pa. par. & a. [Beooch, v. t.] 
brood (1), *brod, *brode, *brud, s. [A. S. brdd 
=that which is bred; from A. S. br£dan= to breed; 
Dut. broed; M. H. Ger. bruot; Ger. brut= a brood.] 
[Beeed.] 

1. Literally : 

*1. The act of breeding or hatching. 

“ Erode of byrdys. Pullificatio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Offspring, progeny. 

(1) Of birds. 

“ Ich not to hwan thu breist thi brod.” 

Owl and Nightingale, 1,631. 

“iElian discourses of storks, and their affection toward 
their brood.” — Brown: Vulgar Errors. 

*(2) Of other animals. 

“ The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood.” 

Wordsworth. 

(3) Of human heings, but generally only used in 
contempt. 

“ To that noble brood 
Of Priamus his blood.” 

Trevisa: Polychron., i. 395. 

3. That which is bred, a species generated, a 
breed, a race. 

( 1 ) Of birds and other animals, &c. 

“Among hem [beasts] al the brood is liche to the same 
kynde.”— Trevisa: Polychron., ii. 201. 

*( 2 ) Of human beings. (Most frequently in an 
unfavorable sense.) 

“ Who yet will shew us good ? 

Talking like this world’s brood. 

Milton: Translations, Psalm iv. 
t(3) Generally of anything generated or produced 

“ Have you forgotten Lybia’s burning wastes, 

Its barren rocks, parch’d earth, and hills of sand. 
Its tainted air, and all its broods of poison?” 

Addison. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-eian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d$L 



brood-hen 


646 


broom-tops 


4. A hatch, the number hatched at one time. 

“ A hen followed by a brood of ducks.”— Spectator. 

H. Figuratively: 

tl. The act of brooding over anything. 

O’er which his melancholy sits on brood.” 

ShaJcesp.: Hamlet, iiL 1. 

t2. The produce, offspring. 

“ Such things become the hatch and brood of time.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., iii. 1. 

f3. A number, hatch. 

“A new brooa of false witnesses, among whom a villain 
named Dangerfield was the most conspicuous, infested 
the courts.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

brood-hen, s. A hen inclined to sit, or kept for 
Bitting on eggs. 

“ The auld broodrhen." — Scott: Bride of Lammer., ch. vii. 

brood-hen star, s. An old name for the constel¬ 
lation Ursa Major. 

“This constellation [Great Bear] was also formerly 
Called the Brood-hen in England.”— Penny Cyclop., vi. 610. 

brood-mare, s. A mare kept for the purpose of 
breeding from. 

“I’ll gie ys Dumple, and take the brood-mare mysell.” 
—■Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xxv. 

# brood-sow, *brod-sow, s. A sow which has a 
litter. ( Polwart.) 

brood-stock, s. Stock or cattle kept for breeding 

from. 

tbrood (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Any hetero¬ 
geneous mixture among tin or copper ore, as mun- 
dick, black-jack, &c. 

brood, v. i. & t. [Brood, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 


I. Literally: 

*1. To sit as a hen on eggs. 

“ Dove-like sat’st brooding on the vast abyss, 

And mad’st it pregnant.” Milton: P. L., i. 21. 
f2. To breed. 

“ The happy birds, that change their sky 
To build and brood.” 

Tennyson: In Memor., cxv. 16. 

3. To cover for protection, as a hen covers her 
chickens with her wings. 

“ They breed, they brood, instruct, and educate.” 

Dryden. 

til. Figuratively: 

1. To settle down, envelop, cover. 

“ Above him broods the twilight dim.” 

Tennyson: Two Voices, 263. 

2. To meditate long and anxiously, to be engrossed 
In thought or study. 

“ When with downcast eyes we muse and brood.” 

Tennyson: Early Sonnets, i. 

(1) Generally with on before the subject medi¬ 
tated upon. 

“ When I would sit, and deeply brood 
On dark revenge, and deeds of blood.” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 6. 

(2) Frequently with over. 


“ The mind that broods o'er guilty woes.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

*B. Transitive: 

it. Literally: To sit upon, as a hen on eggs. 

II. Figuratively : 

*1. To cherish, brood over, meditate anxiously 
and long over. 


“You’ll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne.” 

Dryden. 

*2. To produce, bring into operation. 


“ Hell and not the heavens brooded that design.” 

Fuller: Worthies, iii. 362. 

*brood, *broode, *brode, a. & adv. [Broad.] 

“ Crist spak himself ful broode in holy writ.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 739. 

*brood-axe, s. [Broad-ax.] 

“ Brood-axe, or exe. Dolabrum.” — Prompt. Pare. 
brood'-ed, a. [Brood, a.] Anxiously meditated 

on. 

“ In despite of brooded watchful day, 

I would into thy bosom pour my thoughts.’’ 

Shakesp.: K. John, iii. 3. 

♦brood’-ful, *brode'-ful, a. [Eng. brood; ful(l ).] 
Fruitful, prolific. 

“Thai schepe brodeful.”—Early Eng. Psalter. Psa. 
cxliii. 13. 


brood’-ing, *bro’-dynge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Brood, v.} 

A As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Broody, inclined to sit. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of hatching or sitting on eggs. 

* Brodynge of byrdys. Focio.”—Promp t. Parv. 

Z. Fig.: The act of meditating on or plotting 
anything. 


*brood-ness, *brood'-nesse, s. [Eng. brood; 
- ness .] The act of breeding. 

“ And he seide to Gad, Gad is blessid in broodnesse.” — 
Wycliffe: Deut. xxxiii. 20. (Purvey.) 

brood'-j?, *brud-y, *br6od -le, a. [Eng. brood; 
•y. A. S. brodige =brooding. ] 

1. Lit.: Inclined or ready to sit on eggs. 

“. . . breeds of fowls which very rarely or never 
become ‘broody,’ that is, never wish to sit on their eggs.” 
—Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. vii., p. 216. 

2. Fig.: Sullen, morose; inclined to brood over 
matters. ( Provincial.) 

brook, *brooke, *brouke, *broke, *bruk-en, 
*bruc (Eng.), bruk, brwk (Scotch), v. t. & i. _ [A. S. 
brucan=to use, eat, enjoy, bear, discharge, lulfill; 
Sw. bruka—to use of, to cultivate, to use, to be 
wont; Dut. gebruiken= to use, spend, enjoy: Icel. 
bruka; Goth. brukjan= to use, to partake of; (N. H.) 
Ger. brauchen, gebrauchen ; M. H. Ger. brUchen; O. 
H. Ger. prUhhan, prUchan; Lat. fruor—to enjoy.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To use. 

“ So mote I brouken wel min eyen twey.” 

Chaucer: The Nonnes Prestes Tale, v. 16,306. 

*2. To continue to use, to enjoy, to possess. 

“He sail nocht bruk it but bargane.” 

Barbour: The Bruce, v. 236. 

“ . . . Robert Steward suld be 
Kyng and brwk [all] the Rialte.” 

Ibid., xx., 131-2. 

*3. To retain on the stomach. (Used of food and 
drink.) (Prompt. Parv.) 

4. To endure, to stand, to support, to put up with, 
to tolerate, to submit to, to be submissive under. 
Used — 

(1) Gen.: Of anything unpleasant. 

“ A thousand more mischances than this one 
Have learned me to brook this patiently.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent., V. 3. 

(2) Spec.: Of an affront. 

B. Intrans.: To endure. [A. 4.] 

“. . . he could not brook that the worthy prince 
Plangus was by his chosen Tiridates preferred before 
him.”— Sidney. 

brQok, *broc, *brok, *broke, s. &a. [A. S. br6c , 
brooc; Dut. broek= a marsh, a pool; 0. H. Ger. 
pruoch: Ger. bruch= a marsh, a bog; A. S. brecan= 
to break, from the fact of the water breaking out 
or forcing its way through the earth.] 

A. As subst.: A small stream, a rivulet. 

“Ther goth a brook, and over that a brigge.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,920. 

“Ill habits gather by unseen degrees, 

As brooks make rivers, rivers run to seas.” 

Dryden: Ovid. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to a brook; growing in a 
brook. 

IT Obvious compound: Brook-side. 
brook-betony, s. A plant, Scrophularia aqua - 
tica. 

brook-owzel, s. One of the English names for a 
bird—the water-rail (Rallus aquaticus). 

brook-tongue, s. [A. S. brocthung .] A plant— 
the Cicuta virosa. (Cockayne.) 

tbrQOk-?,-ble, a. [Eng. brook; able.) Able to be 
borne or endured. 

brOOk'-bean, s. [From Eng. brook; bean.'} A 
name for the Menyanthestrifoliata, the Buck-bean, 
or Marsh-trefoil, a plant of the order Gentianaceee, 
or Gentianworts. * 
brpoked (1), pa. par. [Brook, v.] 
brooked (2),brooket, brukit, bruket, broukit, 
a. [In Dan. 6ror/et=variegated, speckled, check¬ 
ered, spotted.] (Scotch.) [Brock ] 

1. Of persons: Partly clean, partly dirty. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“The bonie bruket lassie.”— R. Bums: Betters. 

(2) Of a child which has wiped tears off its face 
with a dirty hand. 

“Cried, Let me to the brooket knave.” 

Cock: Simple Strains. 

2. Of sheep: Streaked or speckled in the face. 
(Jamieson.) 

brook’-Ie, a. & s. [From brooked (2) (q. v.).] 
(Scotch.) 

A. As adj.: Dirtied with soot, sooty. 

B. As subst.: 

1. A ludicrous designation for a blacksmith, from 
his face being begrimed. 

“The blacksmith niest, a rampan chiel. 

Cam skelpin thro’ the breem; 

The pridefu’ tailor cockit’s ee, 

Ban’t Brookie as wanwordy.” 

Tarras; Poems, p. 66. 

IT Hence the term is applied to Vulcan. 

2. A designation given to a child whose face is 
streaked with dirt. 


brook'-Ite, s. [Named after Mr p. J. Brooke, 
an English crystallographer and mineralogist; 
suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A native form of titanic oxide, Ti 02 . It is 
trimetric, brittle, and has a hardness of 5’5-6; spe¬ 
cific gravity, 4’12-4’23. Composition : Titanic acid, 
94’09-99’36; sesquioxide of iron, l’36-4’50; alumina, 
0-0’73, &c. It is found in this country, in Wales, in 
Sicily and on the continent of Europe. 

brpok'-let, s. [Eng. brook, and dimin. suff. -let.} 
A little brook or stream. 

“Stood in her holiday dress in the fields, and the wind 
and the brooklet 

Murmured gladness and peace, God’s peace.* 

Longfellow: The Children of the Lord’s Supper. 

brpok-lime, s. [From Eng. brook, and A. S. lim 
=that which adheres, cement.] The English name 
of a Veronica or Speedwell, Veronica beccabunga. 
The leaves and stem are glabrous and succulent; 
the latter is procumbent at the base, and rooting; 
The flowers are in opposite racemes. The flowers 
are generally bright blue, but in one variety they 
are pink or flesh-colored. The plant is common in 
ditches and watercourses. It is sometimes used as 
a spring salad. 

brpok'-mlnt, s. [A. S. brocminte, broemynte.} 
The Water-mint, Mentha hirsuta, or aquatica. 

brpok'-weed, s. [From Eng. brook; weed.} The 
English name of Samolus, a genus of plants some¬ 
what doubtfully referred to the order Primulaceae 
(Primworts). The capsule is half inferior, and 
opens by valves. The stem is eight or ten inches 
high, with racemes of numerous small white flow¬ 
ers. 

*brpok’-jf, a. [Eng. brook; -y.} Abounding in 
brooks. 

“Lemster’s brooky tract.”— Dyer. 

*broom, v. t. [Bream, v. A] 

broom, *broome, *brome, *brom, s. & a. [A. S. 

brdm; O. Dut. brom; Dut. brem; Ir. brum.} 

A. As substantive: 

1. The English name of a common shrub, Saroth- 
amnus, formerly Cytisus scoparius, and of the 
genus to which it belongs. It has large, beautiful 
yellow flowers. [Broom-tops. 1 

If (1) Butchers* Broom: The English name for the 
liliaceous genus Ruscus, and specially for the 
Ruscus aculeatus. 

(2) Irish Broom: Sarothamnus patens, a native of 
Spain and Portugal. 

2. A besom for sweeping, so called because it is 
occasionally made of broom, though other material 
is often employed. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the plant described 
under A. or to a besom. (See the compounds which 
follow.) 

broom-corn, s. A name for two plants of the 
order Grammaceae (Grasses). 

1. Sorghum vulqare. Its panicles are made into 
brooms for sweeping and into clothes-brushes. 

2. Sorghum saccharatum, of which a species of 
molasses or syrup is made. 

Tf Broom-corn, Seed-stripper: A machine like a 
flax-ripple, for removing the seed from broom-com. 
It is like a comb, over which the corn-brush is 
thrown, and the seeds stripped off by pulling the 
brush between the teeth. 

broom-cypress, s. 

Bot.: A name given to the plant-genus Kochia, 
which belongs to the order Chenopodiaceoo (Cheno- 
pods). 

broom-grove, s. A grove composed of late 
broom; a place overgrown with broom. 

broom-handle, s. & a. 

Broom-handle machine: A lathe with a hollow 
mandrel and internal cutters. The stick is passed 
longitudinally through the mandrel and rounded 
through its length. 

broom-head, s. A clasp or cap for holding the 
bunch of broom-corn, so that a worn stump may be 
removed and fresh brush substituted. 

broom-plant, s. 

Her.: “ Planta genista.” 

broom-sewing, a. Sewing or designed to sew 
brooms. 

Broom-sewing machine: A machine for pressing a 
bunch of broom-corn into shape for a broom, and 
sewing it in its flattened form, 
broom-tops, s.pl. 

Pharm.: The fresh and dried tops of Cytisus 
scoparius (Common Broom). There are two officinal 
preparations; the decoction (Decoctum scoparii ), 
consisting of a pint of distilled water to an ounce of 
the dried tops; and the juice (Succus scoparii), 
made of three ounces of the fresh expressed juice to 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw! 




broom-tree 


647 


brother-warden 


a pint of rectified spirits. They are valuable diu- 
retics, especially in cardiac dropsies. Scoparine 
and Sparteia are the two active principles; the 
action of Sparteia is analogous to that of Conia 

(q.v.)- 

*broom-tree, s. A broom shrub. 

“ Ye schulen be as broom-trees ."— Wickliffe; Jer. xlviii. 6. 
(Purvey.) 

broom'-Ifig, s. [Breaming.] 

Naut.: The same as Breaming (q. v.). 

tbrbom -land, s. [En g. broom; land.] Land on 
which broom grows or adapted for its growth. 

“ I have known sheep cured of the rot, when they have 
not been far gone with it, by being put into broomlands.” 
— Mortimer. 

brbom'-rape, s. [Eng. broom; rape.] 

Ord. Lang, dt Bot.: The English name of Oro- 
banche, a genus of plants constituting the typical 
one of the order Orobanchacese (Broom-rapes). All 
are parasitic on other plants. They grow upon 
furze, broom, a galium, on thymus, a centaurea, a 
icris, on clover, milfoil, on hemp-roots, &c. Some 
roomrapes confine themselves to a single genus or 
even species of plants, while others range over a 
considerable variety. The Greater Broomrape, one 
of the eleven which grows on leguminous plants, 
especially on furze, broom, and clover, is so destruc¬ 
tive to the last-named genus of plants in Flanders 
that it prevents many farmers from attempting 
their cultivation. The Tall Broomrape ( Orobanche 
elatior), though preferring Centaurea scabiosa, also 
attacks clover, as does the Lesser Broomrape 
(Orobanche minor). 

br6om-staff, s. [Eng. broom, - staff.] A broom¬ 
stick. 

“They fell on; I made good my place; at length they 
came to the broomstaff' to me : I defied ’em still.”— 
Shakesp.: Henry VIII., v. 4. 

broom -stick, s. [Eng. broom; stick.] Tbe stick 
which serves for a handle to a broom. 

“At the cry of ‘ Rescue,’ bullies with swords and cud¬ 
gels, and termagant hags with spits and broomsticks, 
poured forth by hundreds.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

tbroom -f, a. [Eng. broom; -y.] 

1. With much broom growing upon it. 

“ If land grow mossy or broomy, then break it up again.” 
— Mortimer. 


bros -l-mum, s. [From Gr. bros('mos=eatable; 
brosis= eating; bibrosko=to eat.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants doubtfully referred to the 
order Urticaceaa (Nettleworts). It contains Brosi- 
mum alicastrum , the Bread-nut of Jamaica (q. v.), 
B. Galactodendron, the Cow-tree of South America, 
&C. [COW-TREE.] 

bro§'-mi-us, s. [Latinized from brismak, the 
Shetland name of the Torsk (?).] 

Zopl.: A genus of fishes belonging to the family 
Gadidse. There is a single dorsal fin, which is 
long, as is the anal one; the ventral fins are small 
and fleshy, and there is but one barbule to the 
mouth. 

bros'-slte, bros’-Ite, s. [From the Brossa valley 
in Piedmont.] 

Min.: A columnar variety of ferriferous Dolomite. 
*bros-ten, *bros-tyn, pa. par. & a. [Burst.] 

“Thatyet aswowne lay, bothe pale and wan: 

For with the fal he brosten had his arm.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,826-7. 
*brostyn man, s. A man ruptured. 

“ Brostyn man, yn the cod. Herniosus, C. F.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

*bro-sure, s. [Brisure.] A fracture, breaking; 
a part broken off. 

bro§'-y, bro§'-ie, a. [From Scotch brose; -y .] 

1. Semifluid. 

2. Bedaubed with brose or porridge. 

“ Out o’er the porritch-pingle takes a sten, 

Laying the brosy weans upo’ the floor 

Wi’ donsy heght.” Davidson: Seasons, p. 28. 

brosy-faced, a. A term used of the face when 
very fat and flaccid. (Scotch.) 

, “ A square-built, brosy-faced girl.”— St. Johnstoun, i. 240 
*bros-yn, v. t. [Bruise, v.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
bro-te-kin, bro'-ti-kin, s. [Fr. brodequin .] 
[Brodekin, Buskin.] 

Generally pi.: Buskins; a kind of half-boots. 
(Scotch.) 

“For I can mak schone, brotekins and buittis.” 

Lindsay: S. P. R., ii. 237. 

“ A pair of brotikins on his feet, to the great of his 
legs.”— Pitscottie, p. 111. 

*brot-el, a. [Brittle.] 

*brot-el-ness, *brot-el-nesse, s. [Brittle¬ 
ness.] 


2. Pertaining to broom ; derived from broom. 

“ The youth with broomy stumps began to trace 
The kennel edge, where wheels had worn the place.” 

Swift. ( 

broo§e (1), brfi§e, brui§e, s. [From Moeso- 
Goth. bruthe; Ger. braut=a bride (?).] 

1. A race at country weddings, who shall first 
reach the bridegroom’s house on returning from the 
church. 

“At brooses thou had ne’er a fellow.” 

Burns: Auld Farmer’s Salutation. 

2. Hay contest. 

“ To think to ride, or run the bruise 
Wi’ them ye name.” 

R. Oalloway: Poems, p. 156. 

*br 6 o§e (2), s. [Brose.] 

♦broost, s. [The same as O. Eng. brast, s. = a 
burst (?).] A burst (?), a spring. 

“ The yaud she made a broost, 
i Wi’ ten yauds’ strength and mair.” 

Auld Gray Mare. Jacobite Relics, i. 71. 

broS -CUS, s. [From Gr. bibrosco=to eat.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the fam¬ 
ily Harpalidse. Broscus cephalotes is found on the 
sea-coast. It is from nine lines to an inch in length. 
Its elytra are nearly smooth. When captured it 
feigns death. 

bro§e, *brew-is, *brow-esse, *browes, *brow- 

yce, s. & a. [From Gael. 6ro#7i,as=brose.] 

A. As substantive: 

*1. A kind of food which is fat or greasy. (O.Eng.) 
“ Browesse (browes , H. P.). Adipatum, G. F.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

“. . . browesse made with bread and fat meat. v — 
Huloet. 

“ That tendre browyce made with a mary-boon.” 

Lydgate. Order of Fooles. (Way.) 

2. A kind of pottage, made by pouring boiling 
water on oatmeal; stir-about. (Scotch.) 


broth (pron. brath), *brothe, s. [A. S. & Icel. 
brodh; O. H. Ger. pr6t; M. H. Ger. brOt; Ger. geb- 
raude, all=broth; A. S. bre6wan= to cook, to brew.] 
. The liquor in which flesh has been boiled; a kind of 
‘ thin soup. 

“ Brothe. Brodium, liquamen, C. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 

*brothe, *broth, a. [Braith.] Angry, fierce. 
(Sir Gaw., 2,233.) 

broth-el, *bord'-el, *brod-el, s. [According to 
Wedgwood, a form of O. Eng. bordel; but Skeat 
points out that the original phrase was not a brothel, 
but a brothel-house , and considers brothel—a prosti¬ 
tute, and derived from A. S. abrodhen— degenerate, 
base.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A prostitute, a debauchee. 

“Stynt, brodels, youre dyn.”— Towneley Myst., p. 142. 

2. A place of resort for prostitutes ; a bawdy-house. 

II. Law: In the Middle Ages brothels were al¬ 
lowed in England in certain places, especially in 
Southwark, London, but they were legally sup¬ 
pressed by a proclamation in the 37th year of Henry 
VIII. To keep a brothel is now an offense at com¬ 
mon law. 

In the United States, brothels, or, as they are here 
more commonly called, bawdy-houses or houses of 
ill-fame, are deemed common nuisances, and the 
keepers of them may be fined and imprisoned. 

*brothel-haunting, a. & s. 

A. As adjective: Frequenting brothels; dissi¬ 
pated. 

B. As substantive: The act or practice of fre¬ 
quenting brothels; dissipation. 

brothel-house, *brodelhouse, s. A brothel. 

“ They [the monkes] wrought off great wickednesse, and 
made those endwares little better than brodel-houses, 
especially where nunries were far off.” — Holinshed: Desc. 
of England, ch. xiii. 

brothel-keeper, brothel-monger, s. One who 

keeps a brothel; a pimp. 


B. As adjective; 

1. Pertaining to brose; fitted for making brose. 
[Brose-meal.] 

2. Suitable for taking brose. [Brose-time.] 
brose-meal, s. Meal of pease much parched, 
brose-time, s. Supper-time. 

*brd'-§en, a. [From Old Eng. brasten.] [Beast.] 
Burst. 

*bro-sen, v. t. [Bruise.] 


broth-el-er, s. [Eng. brothel; -er .] A fre¬ 
quenter of brothels; a dissolute, abandoned fellow. 
“Gamesters, jockeys, brothelers, impure.” 

Cowper: The Task , bk. ii. 

broth-$l'-ry, *broth-el-rie, s.- [Eng. brothel; 
•ry.] 

1. Prostitution, lewdness. 

“ Shall Furia brook her sister’s modesty, 

And prostitute her soul to brothelry?" 

Marston: Scourge of Vill., i. 3. 


2 . Obscenity. 

“With brothelry, able to violate the ear of a pagan.”— 
B. Jorison: Fox, Dedication. 

*brothe-ljf, *broth-ly, *brothe-liche, *brothe- 
lych, adv. [Braithly.] 

1. Hastily, quickly. 

2. Fiercely, violently. 

“ Thay wer brothely broght to Babiloyn, 

Ther bale to suffer.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1,256. 

broth'-er, *bro-der, *bro-dire, *bro-dyr. 
*broith-er, *broth-ir, *broth-ur, broth-re, 
*broth-yr (plur. *brodhru, *brothre, *brothren, 
brethren, brothers ), s. [A. S. brodhor , brodlier; dat. 
s. bredher; nom. plur. brodhru; O. Icel. brddhar; 
O. Fris. brother, brtider; O. H. Ger. bruodar; Goth. 
brdthar; Dan. broder; Gael. & Ir. brathair; Wei. 
brawd, plur. brodyr; Lat. frater; Gr. phrater : 
Sansc. bhrdti. From a root bhar =to bear (Skeat).] 

I. Literally: A male kinsman born of the same 
father and mother as is the individual to whom the 
relationship refers. 

IT The term is also frequently applied to men who 
have only one parent in common, but, strictly 
speaking, such are only half-brothers. 

‘‘Brodyr by the modyr syde onely (alonly by moder, P.) 
Germanus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

II. Figuratively: 

1 . One closely resembling or nearly akin to 
another in manner or character. 

“ He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him 
that is a great waster.”— Prov. xviii. 9. 

2. One closely connected with another, an asso¬ 
ciate, one of the same community. [Brother-in¬ 
arms.] 

“The peers, however, by sixty-nine votes to fourteen, 
acquitted their accused brother.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xix. 

IT In these senses the plural was formerly in the 
forms brethren and brothers, but the latter is now 
used almost exclusively. 

3. In theological language: Man in general, our 
fellow-men. 

“ Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the 
patriarch David.” —Acts ii. 29. 

*4. In the Bible and elsewhere brother is fre¬ 
quently applied to persons of a more distant degree 
of relationship. [Brother-bairn.] 

“ Because thou art my brother, shouldest thou therefore 
serve me for nought?”— Gen. xxix. 15. 

IT In these uses the plural is brethren only. 

“Is not this the carpenter’s son? is not his mother called 
Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, 
and Judas?”— Matt. xiii. 55. 

brother-angel, s. An angel viewed as akin to a 
person whom it is designed extravagantly to com¬ 
pliment. 

“ Thy brother-angels at thy birth 

Strung each his lyre, and tun’d it high.” 

Dryden: To the Memory of Mrs. A. Killigrew, 44-5. 

brother-bairn, s. The child of an uncle. (Used 
to denote the relation of a cousin.) (Scotch.) 
[Brother, II. 4.] 

“Sir Patrick Hamilton was brother-german to the 
Earl of Arran, and sister and brother-bairn to the king’s 
majesty.”— Pitscottie (ed. 1720), p. 104. 

IT There was a corresponding word sister-bairn 
(q. v.). 

brother-beast, s. One of the bestial fraternity 
viewed in its relation to another. 

“ And like the sheep, his brother-beast, is slain.” 

Dryden: The Fables, Palamon and Arcite, bk. i. 

brother-brutes, s. Brutes to which man is akin. 

“ No arts had made us opulent and gay; 

With brother-brutes the human race had graz’d.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 51. 

brother-daughter, s. A niece. (Scotch.) 

brother-german, brother-germain, s. A full 
brother. 

IT See the example under brother-bairn . 

brother-in-law, s. The brother of one’s hus¬ 
band or wife; a wife’s brother, or a sister’s husband. 

“ His brother-in-law, the foolish Mortimer.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., i. 3. 

brother-love, s. The love shown by a brother; 
brotherly love. 

“ With a true heart 
And brother-love I do it.” 

. Shakesp.: Henry VIII., v. 3. 

“ The City of Brotherly Love ”—Philadelphia, Pa. 

brother-son, s. A nephew. (Scotch.) 

brother-uterine, s. One born of the same 
mother but of a different father. 

brother-warden, s. A warden acting as one’s 
colleague. 

“Ill could the haughty Dacre brook 
His brother-warden’s sage rebuke.” 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 3L 


bdil, boy; p6ut, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




brother 


648 


browless 


bro^h'-er, v. t. [From brother, s. (q. v.)] To 
admit to a state, and to the privileges, of brother¬ 
hood in any corporation or society; or to make the 
mirthful imitation at a convivial party of the 
ceremonies of initiation into such a body. 

brSth'-er-hpod, *br!th-er-hod, *brlth-er-hed, 
*br5th-er-heed, s. [A. S. brdthorhdd .] 

*1. The state of being a brother. 

(1) The state of being a brother in the literal 
sense; a son of the same immediate parent as 
another. 

(2) An association of men of the same profession, 
society, fraternity, religious profession, or religious 
order. 

"... in pitee, love of brotherhod, and in love of 
brotherhod charite.”— Wycliffe (Purvey), 2 Pet., i. 7. 

“ There was a fraternity of men-at-arms called the . 
brotherhood of St. George.”— Davies. 

(3} The relationship of a member of the human 
family at large, viewed as a child, with the rest of 
mankind, of one common Father. 

“ To cut the link of brotherhood, by which 
One common Maker bound me to the kind.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iii. 

2. The love thence resulting. 

"... finds brotherhood in thee no sharper spur.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 3. 

tbr<Hh-er-kIn, s. [From brother, s., and dimin, 
suff. -kin. In Ger. brilderchen .] A little brother. 
(Carlyle.) 

br6th'-er-less, a. [Eng. brother, and suff. -less.] 
Without a brother. 

‘‘Cain. Who makes me brotherless?” 

Byron: Cain, iii. 1. 

broth -er-llke, a. [Eng. brother; like.'] Like a 
brother, what might be expected of a brother. 
“Welcome, good Clarence; this is brotherlike.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., v. 1. 

fbroth'-er-ll-ness, s. [Eng. brotherly; -ness.] 
The quality of acting to one like a brother. (Dr. 
Allen.) 

broth -er-ly, a. & adv. [Eng. brother; -ly.] 

A. As adj. : Like that of a brother ; natural or 
becoming to a brother. 

“ Upon whose lapse, or error, something more 
Than brotherly forgiveness may attend.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

B. As adv.: After the manner of a brother. 

“ Of the men he had loved so brotherly.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 20. 

*broth-er'-rede, *broth'-er-red-Ine, s. [A. S. 
brdthorrceden.] Fraternity. (O. Eng. Horn., i. 41.) 
(Ayenb., 110.) 

broth'-ihg, pr.par. & a. [Brothe.] 

“ The callour wine in cave is sought, 

Mens brothing breists to cule.” 

A. Hume: Chron. S. P., iii. 389. 
brot-U-lU, s. [From Gr. brotos=gore (Agassiz).] 
Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the 
Gadidae, or cod family. B. barbatus, the only known 
species, is from the Antilles. 

*brou'-age, s. [Salt Brouage.] (Scotch.) 
*brou§h, s. [Brooch.] (John of Trevisa, 1,387.) 
*brouded, *browded, pa. par. & a. [Browdtn, 
v. ; Broider.] Embroidered. (Chaucer.) 

*broud-Ster, s. [From Fr. broder, to embroider, 
and O. Eng. fern, suffix - ster .] An embroiderer. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . harness-makers, tapesters, broudsters, taylors.” 
— Pitscottie, p. 153. 

♦brouet, s. [O. Fr. brouet .] Pottage, caudle. 
(Prompt. Parv.) [Brewet.] 
brou-ette', s. [Fr. brouette.] A small two¬ 
wheeled carriage or frame, contrived by Dupin 
about A. D. 1671. 

brougham (pron. brom or brfi'-am), s. [Origin¬ 
ally from Fr. brouette, named after Lord Brougham, 
who was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, September 
19, 1778, and died at Cannes, in the south of France 
May 7,1868.] 

Vehicles: A two-wheeled closed carriage with a 
single inside seat for two persons, or a four-wheeled 
close carriage with two seats, each adapted for two 
persons. The seat for the driver is elevated. 

brought, *broughte (pronounced brat), *brogt, 
♦brogte, *brout, pret. & pa. par. [Bring.] 
♦brouke, *brouk-en, v. t. [Brook, u.] ( Chaucer: 

C. T.; The Nonnes Priestes Tale, 479.) 
brou'-kit, a. [Brooked (2).] (Scotch.) 

*broun, a. & s. [Brown.] (Sir Gaw., 1,162.) 
♦bround, s. [Brand.] (Sege of Melayne (ed. 
Herrtage), p. 126,1. 671.) 
brouse, browse, s. [Etymol. unknown.] 

Metal.: Partially reduced lead ore mixed with 
6lag and cinders. 


Of things: To bend the brow down 


brOffs-Son-et -9,, s. [Named after P. N. V. Brous- 
sonet, a naturalist who traveled in Barbary, and 
published a work on fishes in 1782.] 

Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Urticaceee (Nettleworts). Broussoneia papyrifera 
is the paper-mulberry. It has 3-5 lobed leaves. 

[Paper-mulberry.] There is another species of “It was, indeed, painful to be daily browbeaten by an 
the genus, B. spatulata, or Entire-leaved Brous- enemy.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 


2. Fig. 
upon (?). 

“Half God’s good sabbath, while the worn-out clerk 
Browbeats his desk below.” 

Tennyson: Early Sonnets II. (To J. M. R.) 

brow -beat-en, pa. par. & a. [Browbeat.] 


soneta. 

*brous -tare, s. [Browster.] (Scotch.) 

*brout, pret. &pa. par. [Brought.] 
tbrouze, *brouys, s. [Browze, s.] 

♦bronze, v. i. [Browze, v.] 
brow (1), *browe, s. & a. [A. S. bru- a brow, an 
eyebrow, an eyelid. Cf. also &n«ca=the eyelashes; 
O. S. braha; Icel. bra, brim, bryn; Dut. braauw; 
Goth, brahw: N. H. Ger. braue, braune; M. H. Ger. 
brci, br&we; O. H. Ger. pra, pr&wa; O. Fr. bre; Ir. 
bra,brai; Ir. & Gael, abhra; Arm. abraht; Pol. 
brwi; Russ, brov'; O. Slav, br’v'; Gr. ophrys—th.& 
eyebrow; Sansc. brhtl.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. More or less literally (of the human body ): 

(1) The prominent ridge over the eye with the 
hair upon it; the orbital arch. 

“ . . . the right arched beauty of the brow, ...” 
— Shakesp.: Mer. Wives, iii. 3. 

(2) The hair covering the arched prominence 
above the eye. [Eyebrow.] 

“’Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair.” 

• Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 5. 

(3) Sing, or pi. : The forehead. 

“ . . . she kissed his brow, his cheek, his chin.” 

Shakesp.: Venus <£- Adonis, 59. 

“ With myrtle wreaths my thoughtful brows inclose.” 

Dryden: Ovid’s Amours, bk. i., eleg. i., 33. 

(4) The countenance generally. 

“ To cloak offenses with a cunning brow.” 

Shakesp.: Lucrece, 749. 

2. Figuratively (of anything) : 

(1) Aspect, appearance. 

“ This seeming brow of justice, . . .” 

Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., iv. 3. 

(2) The projecting edge of a cliff or hill. 

“Yon beetling brow.” 

Scott: Rokeby, ii. 15. 

To knit the brow : To frown, to scowl. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to the brow in any of 
the foregoing senses. 

brow-ague, s. 


brow -beat-Iiig, pr. par., a. & s. [Browbeat.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of abashing a person 
by insolent words or looks. 

“ What man will voluntarily expose himself to the 
imperious browbeatings and scorns of great men?”— 

V Estrange. 

brow-den (1), brow -din (1), a. [From Eng, 
brood (?).] Fond, warmly attached to. 

“ As scho delyts into the low, 

Sae was I browdin of my bow.” 

Cherrie and Slae, st. 13. 

“ We are fools to be browden and fond of a pawn in the 
loof of our hand.”— Rutherford: Letters, P. i. Ep. 20. 

*brow-den (2), pa. par. or a. [Browdyn.] (See 
example under broivdyd.) 

*brow-der-er, *brow -der-ere, s. [Broiderer.] 

“ Browdyoure (brotcderere). Intextor, frigio.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

♦brow'-dln (2), a. [From hrowd?/n=embroidered 
(q. v.).] Embroidered in a ludicrous way— i. e., 
clotted, defiled, foul, filthy. 

“His body was with blude all browdin.” 

Chr. Kirk, st. 18. 

♦brow -dln-ster, *brow -din-star, s. [In Dan. 

brodere= to embroider; fern. suff. -sfar=Eng. -ster.\ 
An embroiderer (male or female). 

“. . . the bromiinstaris that wrochtupoun thetapes- 

trie of the crammosie velvois.”— Collect, of Inventories, 
A. 1561, p. 150. 

♦brow -dln-ster-schlp, s. [From Scotch brow- 
dinster; suffix -schip= Eng. suffix -ship.] The pro¬ 
fession of an embroiderer. 

“ . . . the office of browdinsterschip, and keping of 
his hienes wardrop.”— Acts Ja. VI., 1592 (ed. 1814), p. 608. 

♦brow-dyd, pa. par. [Browdyn, v.] 

“ Browdyd, or ynbrowdyd (browdred, or browden, P.) 
Intextus, acupictus, 0. F. frigiatus, Ug.”-— Prompt. Parv. 


♦brow -dyn, v. t. [A. S. bregdan= to braid, pa. 
par. brdden, brogden .] To embroider. 

“‘ u " . . # “ Browdyn’, or imbrowdyn’ (inbrowdyr, P.) Intexo.C.F. 

Med.: A disease, called also liemicrania, or rai-Wf r i g i 0 , Vg. in frigid.”—Prompt. Parv 
— It is a combination of neuralgia. with * br0 w'-d?n, pa. par. [Broider, „.] Embroid¬ 
ered. 

“Scepter, ryng, and sandalys, 

Browdyn welle on Kyngis wys.” 

Wyntoun, vii. 8, 446. 

♦brow -dyne, pa. par. [A. S. brcedan— to make 
broad, to extend, to expand.] Displayed, un¬ 
furled. 

“ Thai saw sa fele browdyne baneris, 


graine 

headache, paroxysmal, and confined to one side of 
the head or brow. The eyes are extremely sensitive 
to light and the ears to sound, the pulse very slow. 
Common in childhood, with a tendency to diminish 
after middle age. Women are more usually affected 
than men. It is often due to mental excitement. 


brow-antler, s. 

deer’s head. 


The first start that grows on a 


brow-band, s. 

Saddlery : A band of a bridle, headstall, or halter, 
which passes in front of a horse’s forehead, and has 
loops at the end through which the cheek-straps 
pass. 

brow-bound, a. Bound as to the brow; crowned. 

“Was brow-bound with, the oak.” 

Shakesp..- Coriolanus, ii. 2. 
brow-sick, a. Sick as to the brow. 

“But yet a gracious influence from you 
May alter nature in our brow-sick crew.” 

Suckling. Prologue of the Authors, 
brow (2), s. [From brew (q. v.). (Jamieson.)] 
An opinion. (Scotch.) [Broo(2),s.] 

1[ 1. An ill brow : An opinion preconceived to the 
disadvantage of any person or thing. 

2. Nae brow : No favorable opinion. 

“I hae nae broxo o’ John; he was wi’ the Queen whan she 
was brought prisoner frae Carberry.”—Mary Stewart: 
Hist. Drama, p. 46. 

brow, v. t. [From brow, s. (q. v.)] To be at the 
edge of; to bound, to limit. 

“Tending my flocks hard by, i’ th’ hilly crofts 
That brow this bottom glade.”— Milton: Comus. 
brow-al’-H-R, s. [Namedafter John Browallius, 
Bishop of Aboa, who wrote a botanical work in 
1739.] 

Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Scrophulariacese (Figworts). The species are hand¬ 
some plants with blue flowers. They are natives of 
South America. 

brow -beat, v. t. [From brow, and beat.] 

1. Lit. Of persons : To beat down the brow, or 
make one abashed by dogmatic assertions or stern 
looks. 

“The bar and the bench united to browbeat the unfor¬ 
tunate Whig.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. v. 


Standaris and pennownys.” 

Barbour, xi. 464, MS. 
♦brow -d^ng, s. [Browdyn, v.] Embroidery. 
“Of goldsmithrye, of browdyng, and of steel.” 

Chaucer : The Knightes Tale , 1,640. 

♦brow'-dy-oure, s. [0. Eng. browdy(n); and 
suff. -oure=or, -er.j 

“ Browdyoure (browderere, P.). Intextor, C. F. frigio. 
Oath. Ug.”— Prompt. Parv. 

browed, a. [Eng. brow; -ed.] 

In compos.: Having a brow as described in the 
word preceding it, as dark-browed, low-browed. 
♦brow-esse, s. [Brewis, Brose.] 

“ Browesse (browes, H. P.). Adipatum, C. F.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

♦brow -ett, s. [Brewet, Brewis.] Pottage. 

“ Broweit. Brodiellum.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*br<5w"-In, pa. par. [Brew, v.] Brewed. 

“ . . . to haue bakin breid, browin aill.”— Acts Marv. 
1555, ed. 1814, p. 495. 

♦brow-Is, s. pi. [Brol.] Brats. (Scotch.) 

“. . . his dame Dalila, and bastard browisf” — X. 

Winyet's First Tractat, Keith's Hist., App., p. 206. 

♦brow -Itt, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Wei. briwod 
—driven snow.] A silver-bellied eel. ( HaUiweUt: 
Cont. to Lexicog.) 

♦brow'-ken, v. t. [Brook, v.] 

“ Wei browken they hire service or labor.” 

Chaucer: Prol. to Legende of Goode Women. 

brow-less, a. [Eng. broiv; -less.] Without 
shame. 

“ So browless was this heretic [Mahomet], that he was 
not ashamed to tell the world, that all he preached was 
sent him immediately from heaven.”— L. Addison: Life of 
Mahomet, p. 84 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ce, ce = e; ey = a. qu = :;w! 




brown 


649 


browse 


brown, *browne, *broune, *broun, *brfln, 

\>.,adv. & s. [A. S. 6 ?'u?i= brown, dark, dusky; Icel. 
hrunn; Sw. brun: Dan. bruun; Dut. bruin; O. 
Fries. brUn; (N. H.) Ger. braun; M. H. Ger. brdn; 
O. H. Ger. prim; Fr. & Proy. brun; Sp., Port. & 
Ital. bruno; Low Lat. brunneus. From A. S .bryne 
=a burning; Icel. 6 rttni=burning.] [Buen, u.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Of the color produced when cer¬ 
tain substances—wood or paper, for example—are 
scorched or partially burned. 

“ I like the new tire within excellently, if the hair were 
a thought browner.” — Shakesp.: Much Ado, iii. 4. 

“ Land of brown heath and shaggy wood.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 2. 

II. Technically: 

. 1- Optics: Brown is not one of the primary colors 
in a spectrum. It is composed of red and yellow, 
with black, the negation of color. 

2. Bot.: A genus of colors, of which the typical 
species is ordinary brown, tinged with grayish or 
blackish. The other species are chestnut-brown, 
deep-brown, bright-brown, rusty, cinnamon, red- 
brown, rufous, glandaceous, liver-colored, sooty, and 
lurid. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot. (3d ed., 1839), 
p. 478.) 

IT Brown gum-tree. [Gum-teee.] 

3. Zdol.: Brown Bee-hawk. [Bee-hawk.] 

B. As adverb: Into a brown color. 

If 1. To boil brown. [To play brown."] 

2. To play broivn: A phrase used of the broth-pot 
when the contents are rich. It is the same as to 
boil broivn. 

“ Yere big brose pot has nae played broivn.” 

Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 102. {Jamieson.) 

0. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The color described under the 
adjective broivn. 

‘‘The browns of a picture often present the appearance 
of the bloom of a plum.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d 

ed., vii. 146. 

2. Painting: The chief browns employed as pig¬ 
ments are Terra di Sienna, Umber, and Bistre. 

brown-bess, s. The name familiarly given in 
England to the smooth-bore, flint-lock, musket in 
use until the percussion fire-lock was introduced 
there in 1839. So designated from the brown color 
of the barrel, produced by oxidization. At first the 
musket barrels were kept bright. It weighed 12 
lb., and carried a leaden bullet of fourteen and a 
half to the pound. 

brown-bill, brownbill, s. A kind of halberd 
formerly used as an offensive weapon by the English 
foot soldiers. Called brown from its being generally 
left rusty, and thus distinguished from the black- 
bill which was painted black ; the edge in both cases 
was kept sharp and bright. The brown rusty sur¬ 
face, which was possibly oiled, corresponds to the 
“ browning ” of modern rifle barrels. 

“ And brown-bills, levied in the city, 

Made bills to pass the grand committee.” 

Hudibras. 

brown-bread, s. [Skeat thinks it uncertain 
whether it is from brown or bran.] [Beead.] 

brown-bugle, *browne-begle, s. A plant, Ajuga 
reptans. [Ajuga.] 

brown-coal, s. [Named from its brown or brown¬ 
ish-black color. In Ger. braun-kohle.] A variety of 
Lignite (q. v.). 

brown-cress, s. A plant, the Water-cress (Nas¬ 
turtium officinale). 

brown-eagle, s. A name for the Golden Eagle 
(Aquila chrysaetus). 

brown-gannet, s. A bird (Sula fusca ) from the 
South Seas. It is called also the Brown-gull or 
Booby. 

brown-glede, s. A name for the Ring-tailed Har¬ 
rier ( Circus cyaneus). 

brown-gull, s. [Beown-gannet.] A name for 
the Brown-gannet. 

brown gum-tree, s. The English name of an 
evergreen tree, the Eucalyptus robusta, from New 
South Wales. 

i brown hematite, brown htematite, s. [H^ma- 

TITE.] 

Min.: (1) Limonite (q.v.). (2) GOthite (q. v.). 

brown iron-ore, brown iron-stone, s. 

Min.: ( 1 ) Limonite (q.v.). (2) Gothite (q. v.). 

brown-kite, s. A name for the Ring-tailed Har¬ 
rier ( Circus cyaneus). 

brown-lizard, s. An eft, the Triton vulgaris. It 
is not properly a lizard. 

brown man of the moors, or muirs, s. An im¬ 
aginary being supposed to frequent moors; a dwarf; 
a subterranean elf. 

brown-mint, s. A plant, Mentha viridis. 


brown-ochre, s. 

Min.: A variety of Limonite (q. v.). 
brown-owl, s. A name given to the Tawny Owl 
(Syrnium stridula ), called also the Ivy Owl. 

brown-paper, s. A coarse variety of wrapping 
paper made from unbleached material, such as 
junk, hemp, the refuse of flax, &c. 

brown-pink, s. A vegetable yellow pigment 
forming one of the yellow lakes. ( Ogilvie.) 

brown-red, s. Dull red, with a slight mixture 
of brown. 

brown-rust, s. A kind of rust made by or con¬ 
sisting of a small parasitic fungus, which converts 
the farina of cereal plants into a brown powder. 

brown sandpiper, s. One of the English names 
for a bird, the Dunlin (Tringavariabilis or alpina). 

brown-spar, s. [In Ger. braunspath.] 
Mineralogy: (1) A variety of Chalybite. (2) A 
variety of Magnesite. (3) Ferriferous Dolomite. It 
graduates into Ankerite (q. v.). (See also Brossite 
and Tharandite.) (4) A variety of Ankerite (q. v.). 

brown-stout, s. A superior kind of porter. 

brown-study, brownstudy, brown study, s. 

A study of a gloomy complexion, in which the 
individual is absent in mind and absorbed in medi¬ 
tations, and these of a profitless character. 

“ They live retired, and then they doze away their time 
in drowsiness and brown-studies.” — Norris. 

‘‘Faith, this brown study suits not with your black.” 

Case alter’d, iv. 1. 

brown-ware, s. 

Pottery: A common variety of ware, named from 
its color. 

brown, *broun, v. t. & i. [From brown, a. (q. v.) 
In Ger. braunen; Fr. brunir; Ital. brunire.] 

I. Trans.: To make brown. 

II. Intrans.: To become brown. 

“Whan note brouneth in haselrys.”— Alisaunder, 3,293. 
*browne, *brow-yn, v. t. [Beew, v.] To brew. 
“Browne ale, or other drynke (brwyn, K. P. bruwyn, H. 
browyn, W.). Pandoxor.” — Prompt. Parv. 

brown -e-g,, s. [Named after Dr. Patrick Browne, 
who in 1756 published a Natural History of Ja¬ 
maica.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the legu¬ 
minous order and to the sub-order Ceesalpinieee. 
Brownea coccinia (the Scarlet Brownea) is a splen¬ 
did evergreen tree from the West Indies. 

tbrowned, pa. par. & a. [Bkown, v. #.] 

Brdwn -x-an, a. [From Dr. Brown, discoverer 
of the “ Brownian motion” (q.v.).] Pertaining to 
the Dr. Brown mentioned in the etymology. 

Brownian motion, Brownian movement, s. A 
rapid whirling motion seen in minute particles of 
matter, whether vegetable or mineral. Its origin is 
obscure. It is sometimes ealled molecular motion. 

“ Filippi proved him wrong, and showed that the motion 
of the corpuscles was the well-known Brownian motion.” 
— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., xi. 305. 

brown’-Ie, brown -y, *broun -y, s. [From Eng. 
brown, and suff. -y, as opp. to fair;- y.] 

Scotch Mythology: 

1. In Shetland: An imaginary being, to whom evil 
properties were attributed. 

“ Not above 40 or 50 years ago, almost every family had 
a Brouny or evil spirit so called, which served them, to 
whom they gave a sacrifice for his service.”— Brand: De¬ 
scrip. Zetland, p. 112. (Jamieson.) 

*2. In other parts of Scotland: A domestic spirit 
or goblin, meager, shaggy, and wild, till lately sup¬ 
posed to haunt many old houses, especially those 
attached to farms. He was the Robin Goodfellow 
of Scotland. In the night he helped the family, 
and particularly the servants, by doing many pieces 
of drudgery. If offered food or any other recom¬ 
pense for his services, he decamped and was seen no 
more. The diffusion of knowledge has been more 
potent in its operation, and the “brownie” may 
now be reckoned almost an extinct species. [Bawsy- 
beown.] 

“ All is bot gaistis, aud elrische fant.asyis, 

Of brownyis and of bogillis full this buke.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 158, 26. 

“. . . one might almost believe in brownies and 

fairies, Lady Emily, when your ladyship is in presence.” 
— Scott: Waverley, ch. lxxi. 

Brownies. A series of quaint little figures whose 
antics create great amusement for childrcm drawn 
or originated in their present form by Palmer Cox. 

brownie’s stone, s. An altar dedicated to a 
brownie. 

“Below the chappels there is a flat thin stone, pall’d 
Brownie’s stone, upon which the antient inhabitants 
offered a cow’s milk every Sunday.”— Martin: West. 
Islands, p. 67. 


brown-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Beown, «.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ben.: The act or process of making anything 
brown. 

2. Spec.: A process by which the surfaces of gun- 
barrels and other articles made of iron may acquire 
a shining black luster. This may be effected by 
chloride of antimony or in other ways. One recipe 
for browning gun-barrels is to mix sulphate of cop¬ 
per 1 oz., sweet spirit of niter 1 oz., with a pint of 
water. (Knight.) 

browning-liquid, s. The same as Beonzing- 
liquid (q. v.). 

brown-ish, a. [Eng. brown; -ish.] Somewhat 
brown. [Beowny.] 

“ A brownish gray iron-stone, lying in thin strata, is 
poor, but runs freely.”— Woodward. 

Brown'-i§m, s. [From Robert Brown [1. Ch. 
Hist.], and Eng., &c., suffix -ism.] 

1. Ch. Hist.: The scheme of church government 
formed by Robert Brown about A. D. 1581. He con¬ 
sidered that each congregation of Christians should 
be self-governing, and should be exempt from the 
jurisdiction of Bishops or of Synods. He was in favor 
of the election by each congregation of a pastor, 
but allowed others than him to preach and exhort. 
Propagating these views in England he met with so 
much opposition that he removed to Holland, but 
ultimately he returned to England and conformed 
to the Established Church. His views, slightly 
modified by Robinson, are those of the Independ¬ 
ents or Congregationalists. [Congeegation ag¬ 
ism.] 

“ That schism would be the sorest schism to you; that 
would be Brownism and Anabaptism indeed.”— Milton: 
Reason of Ch. Gov., B. i. 

2. Med.: The views of John Brown, founder of 
the medical system called after him Brunonian 
(q. v.). 

Brown-ist, s. [From Robert Brown [Beownism], 
and Eng., &c., suit, -ist.] 

1. Ch. Hist.: A follower of Robert Brown, men¬ 
tioned above. The Brownists soon became extinct 
in Holland and in England, but the Congregation¬ 
alists, who hold similar views, are a flourishing 
sect. 

2. Med.: A follower of Dr. John Brown. 

“ I had as lief be a Brownist as a politician.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 2. 

brown-ness, s. [Eng .brown; -ness.] Thequality 
or state of being brown. 

“ . . . that lovely, indeed most lovely, brownness of 
Musidorus’ face.”— Sidney. 

brown -wort, s. [Eng. brown; wort. In Dut. & 
Ger. braunwurtz .] Various plants, viz: (1) The 
Penny-royal (Mentha Pulegium). (2) Asplenium 
ceterach. (3) Scrophularia aquatica. (Turner & 
Johnson.) (4) Scrophularia nodosa. (Lyte <& John¬ 
son.) (5) Prunella vulgaris. (Cockayne.) (Britten 
<& Holland.) 

“ Brownworte herbe (brother wort, P.) Pulio, peruleium 
(puleium, P).”— Prompt. Parv. 

*brdwn-y, a. [Eng. brown; -y.] Somewhat 
brown. v 

“ His browny locks did hang in crooked curls.” 

Shakesp.: Lover’s Complaint. 

brow -post, s. [Eng. brow; post.] 

Carp.: A beam which goes across a building. 

brow§e, browze, *brou§e, *brouze, *brooze, 

v. t. & i. [From O. Fr. brouster=to browse; Sp. 
brosar= to brush ; N. H. Ger. brossen=to sprout; M. 
H. Ger. brozzen; O. H. Ger. prozzen; Arm. brousta 
=to eat, to graze. From O. Fr. bross, brcmst.] 
[Bkowse, s.J 

A. Transitive: To nibble or eat off the tender 
shoots of trees or shrubs, as deer, goats, and 
similar animals do. 

“ . . . the fields between 
Are dewy-fresh, browsed by deep-udder’d kine.” 

Tennyson: The Gardener’s Daughter* 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Of the higher quadrupeds: To feed upon the 
tender shoots of trees or shrubs. [A.] 

“Wild beasts there browze, and make their food 
Her grapes and tender shoots.” 

Milton: Translat. of Psalm Ixxx. 

|2. Of man: To feed upon. 

“There is cold meat i’ the cave; we’ll browse on that.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 6. 

brow§e (1), s. & a. [From O. Fr. brost, broust=& 
sprout, a shoot; Sp. broza= dust that falls from 
worm-eaten wood; M. H. Ger. brosz; O. H. Ger. 
broz; Arm. brous, broils.] 


b<SIl, b<Sy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 




browse-wood 


650 


bruit 


A. As subst.: The tender shoots of trees and 
shrubs, regarded as food on which certain animals 
browse or feed. 

“ Astonish’d how the goats their shrubby browse 
Gnaw pendent.”— Philips. 

B. As adj.: Suitable for browsing upon, 
browse-wood, s. The same as A., brushwood. 
br<Sw§e ( 2 ),«. [Brouse.] 

brow§'-er, s. [Eng. brows[e); -er.] An animal 
which browses. 

brow§'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Browse, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

‘"The browsing camels’ bells are tinkling.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

C. As substantive : 

1. The act of nibbling or eating off the tender 
shoots of shrubs and trees. 

2. A place adapted for browsing, or where it takes 

place. 

“. . . for groves and browsings for the deer , . .” 
—Howell: Lett., i. ii. 8. 

browst, *browest, s. [From A. S. bre6wan=to 
brew.l 

1. The act of brewing. 

2. That which is brewed. 

(1) Lit.: As much as is brewed at one time. 

“. . . * a sonr browst o’ sma’ ale that she sells to folk 
that are ower drouthy wi’ travel to be nice’ . . .”— 
Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xli. 

(2) Fig.: The consequences of one’s conduct. 
(Generally in a bad sense.) 

IT An ill browst: Evil results of improper conduct. 

*brows'-ter, *brows'-tare, *brous'-tare, s . & a. 
[Brewster.] A brewer. (O. Eng. & Scotch.) 

browster wife, s. A female ale-seller, especially 
in a market. 

“ But browster wives and whiskey stills.” 

Bums: Third Epistle to John Lapraik. 
*broy -d^n, pa. par. [Braid, v.] Ensnared, 
entangled. 

“ Broydyn (broyded, P.) Laqueatus.” — Prompt. Pam. 

*broy-lyd, pa. par. [Broiled.] 

“ Broylyd. Ustulatus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

Brfi’-Qe-U, s. [Named after James Bruce, the 
Abyssinian traveler, who was bom at Kinnaird in 
Stirlingshire, Scotland, on December 14, 1730; was 
consul-general in Algiers from 1763 to 1765, traveled 
in Abyssinia from 1769 to the end of 1770, and died 
at home on April 27,1794.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Xanthoxylacese (Xanthoxyls). The green parts of 
Brucea sumatrana are intensely bitter. B. anti- 
dysenterica contains a poisonous principle called 
Brucia (q. v.). The bark of another species is bit¬ 
ter, and has qualities like those of Quassia Sima - 
rouba. B. ferruginea is from Abyssinia. 

♦bruche (1), s. [Broche, Brooch.] (Morte 
Arthurs, 3,256.) 

♦bruche (2), s. [Breach.] 

brfi'-chus, s. [From Lat. bruchus; Gr. broukos 
or brouchos=a. wingless locust, which the modern 
bruchus is not.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the sec¬ 
tion Tetramera, and the family Rhyncophora or 
Curculionidse. The antennae are fourteen-jointed, 
and are filiform, serrate, or pectinated, not genicu- 
lated as in the more normal Curculionidse. It 
contains small beetles which deposit their larvae in 
the germs of leguminous plants, and when hatched 
devour their seed. Bruchus Pisi is destructive to 
the garden-pea. 

brfi -§Ine, brff'-9l-gi, s. [In Ger. brucin. Named 
from the plant Brucea antidysenterica, from which 
it is derived.] 

Chem.: (C 22 H 2 QN 2 O 4 ). An alkaloid found along 
with strychnine m nux vomica, also in false Angus- 
tura bark. Brucine is a tertiary base; it is more 
soluble in alcohol and water than strychnine, and 
is less bitter and poisonous. It forms crystalline 
salts, and turns a bright red color when moistened 
with nitric acid. 

Brfi -§ite, s. [In Ger. brucit. Named after Dr. 
Bruce of New York, editor of the New American 
Mineralogical Journal .] 

Mineralogy: 

1. A rhombohedral translucent or subtranslucent 
sectile mineral, with broad, often tubular crystals, 
foliated, massive, or fibrous, with the fibers elastic. 
Hardness, 2*5; specific gravity, 2*35-2*46. Luster 
between waxy and vitreous, but on a cleavage face 
pearly, and on the fibrous variety silky; colors 
white, grayish, bluish, or greenish. Composition: 
Magnesia, 62*89-70; oxide of iron, 0-5*63; water, 29*48- 
31*43, &c. Found in this country, at Sumaness in 


Unst, the most northern of the Shetland Isles, Scot¬ 
land, in Sweden and in the Ural Mountains. Yariety 
1, foliated; var. 2 {Nemalite) , fibrous. {Dana.) 

2. The same as Chendrodite. 

bruck'-it, a. [Brooked.] 

bruck-le, a. [Brickle, Brittle.] {Scotch.) 
{Scott: Waver ley, ch. lxvii.) 

*bruck’-ly, a. [Eng. bruckl{e) ,* and suffix -y.) 
Brittle. {Halliwell: Contrib.to Lexicog.) 

Brfick’-ner-el-llte, s. [Named after the chemist 
and mineralogist Bruckner.] 

Min.: A mineral separated from the yellowish- 
brown “ brown coal ” of Gesterwitz. It crystallizes 
in white needles from an alcoholic solution. Com¬ 
position : Carbon, 62 * 61; hydrogen, 9*56; oxygen 
27*83=100. {Dana.) 

*brud, *bruid, *brude, s. [Bird, Bride.] 
*brud-ale, s. [Bridal.] 

*brud'-er-It, a. [From Scotch brodir=a brother.] 
[Brother, s.] Fraternized. 

“ Sen thay are bowit and bruderit in our land.” 

Siege Edin. Castel. Poems, 16th. Cent., p. 289. 

*brfid’-er-maist, a. [From Scotch brodir = 
brother, and moist=most.] Most brotherly; most 
affectionate. {Scotch.) 

“ Quhais faythful brudermaist freind I am.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 92. 

*brud-gume, s. [Bridegroom.] 
brud'-y, a. [Broody.] {Scotch.) 

*brue, s. [Bree.] 

*brug, *brugge, s. [Bridge.] {William of 
Palerne, 1,674.) 

brugh, *brogh, *brock, *brough, burgh, s. 
[Burgh.] {Scotch.) 

1. An encampment of a circular form. 

2. The stronger kind of “ Piets’ houses,” chiefly in 
the north of Scotland. 

"We viewed the Peehts’ Brough, or little circular fort.” 
— Neill’s Jour., p. 80. 

3. A burgh. {Scotch.) 

“ In some bit brugh to represent 
A bailie name?” 

Bums: Epistle to J. Lapraik. 

4. A halo round the sun or moon. 

“ For she saw round about the moon 
A mickle brough.” 

The Farmer’s Ha’, 28. {Jamieson.) 
brug^man'-Si-a, s. [Named after Professor S. J. 
Brugmans, author of botanical works, one of which 
was published in A. D. 1783.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Solanacese (Nightshades). Brugmansia arborea, or 
the Downy-stalked Brugmansia, is a small ever¬ 
green tree about ten feet high, with large corollas 
protruding from a spathe-like calyx nearly four 
inches long. The flowers are pale yellow outside 
and white within. They are so fragrant that one 
tree will perfume the air of a large garden. The 
tree grows in Chili. 

bru-gui-e’-ra, s. [From Bruguifere, a French 
botanist.] 

Bot. : A genus of Rhizophoracese (Mangroves). It 
consists of trees, natives of the East Indies, the 
wood of which is used as an astringent, as also for 
dyeing black. < {Treas. of Bot.) 

*bruick, v. t. [Bruik, Brook.] 

♦bruick, *bruik, s. [Icel. bruk= a tumor.] A 
kind of boil. {Scotch.) 

“ Brukis, bylis, blobbis, and blisteris.” 

Roull’s Cursing, Gl. Compl., p. 330. 

“ To heal bmick, byle, or blister.” 

Polwart: Flyting. Watson’s Coll., iii. 11. 

♦bruik, *bruick, v. t. [Brook, a.] 
bruil'-zie (z silent), s. [Brulyie.] 

brfl'-in, s. [The name of the bear in the notable 
beast epic of the Middle Ages, termed Beineke 
Fuchs {Reynard the Fox). {Trench: English Past 
and Present , p. 61.) Bruin the animal was from 
Dut. 6rwm=brown, implying that the animal was 
of that color.] [Brown.] A familiar name given 
to a bear. 

“ Meanwhile th’ approach’d the place where Bruin 
Was now engag’d to mortal ruin.” 

Butler: Hudibras, I., ii. 131-2. 

brfii§e, *broos-en, ♦broy-sen, *bre-sen, *bri- 
sen, v. t. [From O. Fr. brusser, brussier, bruser, 
briser=to break, to shiver; Mod. Fr. briser; A. S. 
brysan—to bruise ( Somner ). Skeat thinks Somner 
invented this word. Gael, bris— to break.] To 
crush, indent, or discolor by the blow of something 
blunt and heavy. 

1. Of the human or animal body. {Lit. & fig.) 

“ Fellows in arms, and my most loving friends, 
Bruised underneath the yoke of tyranny.” 

Shakesp. : Richard III., v. 2. 


2. Of stones, icood, grain and other seeds, <&c. .* Tc 
beat into pieces, to grind down. 

“ As if old chaos heav’n with earth confus’d. 

And stars with rocks together crush’d and bruts d. 

Waller. 

brfii§e, s. [From bruise , v. (q. v.) In Ger 

brausche.] 

1. The act of bruising. 

“ One arm’d with metal, th’ other with wood. 

This fit for bmise, and that for blood.” 

Hudibras. 

2. A contusion, an injury to, and discoloration on 
the body of a sentient being by the blow of somo 
thing blunt and heavy. 

(1) Literally : 

"... the sovereign’st thing on earth 
Was parmaceti for an inward bruise.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., l. 3. 

(2) Figuratively: 

« To bind the bmises of a civil war.”— Dryden. 

brfii§ed, pa. par. & a. [Bruise, v. #.] 

“With bruised arms and wreaths of victory.” 

Shakesp,: Tarquin and Lucrece. 

brfii'-§er, s. [Eng. bruis{e) ,* -er.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons: One who bruises. Spec., a pugilist 
(Vulgar.) 

“Be all the bmisers cull’d from all St. Giles’.” 

Byron: The Curse of Minerva. 

2. Of things: That which bruises or crushes. 

II. Among Opticians: A concave tool used in 
grinding lenses or the speculums of telescopes. 

brfii§e-wort, *brfii§e’-worte, *brfise-w5rt, 
♦bris'-wort, *brooze-wort, s. [Eng. bruise , and 
wort.) Various plants— 

1. The Common Comfrey {Symphytum officinale). 
(Cockayne.) 

2. The Daisy (Beilis perennis). 

“The leaves stamped taketh away bruises and swellings 
if they be laide thereon, whereupon it was called in olde 
time bmiseworte." —Gerarde: Herbal, p. 512. 

3. The Common Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). 
(Britten <& Holland.) 

brfii§’-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Bruise, v. t .] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 

•verb. 

“ They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow.” 

Dryden. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: The act, operation, or process of 
injuring and" discoloring the skin of a sentient 
being, or of crushing an inanimate body to powder, 
by a blow from a heavy and blunt instrument; the 
state of being so bruised. 

II. Leather Manufacture: The act of extending 
and rubbing on the grain-side of curried leather 
after it has been daubed, dried, grained, and 
rubbed with a crippler. 

bruising-machine, s. 

Agric.: A machine for bruising rough feed to 
make it more palatable and digestible for stock. 

bruising-mill, s. 

Milling: A hand-mill in which grain for feed, 
malt for brewing, and flax-seed for pressing, are 
coarsely ground. 

bruit, *brute, s. [Fr. bruit= noise, disturbance, 
. . . rumor, fame; Prov. briut, briuda; Sp. & 
Port, ruido; Ital. bruito ,* Low Lat .brugitus; Arm. 
brad; Wei. &rud=chronicle, surmise, conjecture; 
broth, brwth=stir, tumult; Gael. bruidhneach= 
talkative, babbling, loquacious, broighleadh — 
bustle, confusion.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: 

*1. Noise, tumult. 

“Than aroos soche brut and soche noyse.” 

Merlin, iii. 574. 

f2. Rumor, report. 

“ A bruit ran from one to the other that the king was 
slain.”— Sidney. 

“Upon some bruits he apprehended a fear, . . .”- 
Hayward. 

“ And therefore being inform’d by bruit 
That Dog and Bear are at dispute.” 

Butler ; Hudibras, I. i. 721-2. 

II. Med.: The name given to various murmurs or 
sounds heard during auscultation, such as cardiac 
bruit, placental bruit. 

brfiit, v. t. [From bruit, s. (q. v.) In Fr. bruire 
=to roar, rattle, or peal; 6bruiter— to make public; 
Prov. brugir, bruzir; Ital. bruire=to bustlo, to rum¬ 
ble; Low Lat. brugire— to rustle, roar, or rattle. 
Skeat suggests also Gr. brychaomai — to roar.] To 
rumor, to report, to noise abroad. 

"... and thy wild name 
Was ne’er more bruited in men’s minds than now.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iii. 37. 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, welf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bruited 


651 


brush-shaped 


brfiit'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bruit, v. £.] 
brfi.it -ing, pr. par. [Bruit, v. f.] 

*brfik, *bruken, v. [Brook, v.] 

*bruk, *bruke, s. [Lat. bruchus; Gr. brouchos; 
Ital. bruco.\ A locust. 

“ is bruk in his kynde. that is the kynde of locust or 
ithaue wenges.”— Wickliffe; Lev. xi. 22. 

*brfi. -ket, *brfi. -kit, a. [Brooked (2).] 
*brfi-kil, *bru-klll, *bru-kyl, *bro-kyll, 
*brok -lie, a. [Brickle, Brittle,] 
*bruk-II-nesse, *bruk-le-nesse, *brok-il- 
ness, s. [Brickleness, Brittleness.] 
brfil'-ye, brfil-yie, brfil-zie (z silent), s. 
[From Fr. brouiller=tomix confusedly; se brouiller 
=to grow dark, ... to quarrel.] A brawl, broil, 
fray, or quarrel. (Scotch.) 

“ . . . like a proper lad of his quarter’s that will not 
cry barley in a brulzie.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. xlii. 

*brul -ye, *brul-yie, v. t. [From Fr. bruler= to 
burn.] Broiled, scorched, 

“ Within with fyre, that thame sa brulyeit.” 

Barbour. The Bruce, iv. 151. 

brill-yie-ment, bruil-lie-ment, s [From 
Scotch brulyie, and Eng. suff. -merit.] 

1. The same as Brulyie (q. v.). 


f2. 


“ And quat their brulxjiement at anes.” 

Ramsay. Poems, i. 260. 


A battle. 


“ An hundred at this bruilliement were killed.” 

Hamilton. Wallace, p. 45. 

brfil-zie, s. [Brulyie.] (Scotch.) 

Brfi.-mai re, s. [Fr. Brumaire; from bruma=tho 
winter solstice.] The name adopted in October, 1793, 
by the French Convention for the second month of 
the republican year. It extended from October 
23d to the 24th of November, and was the second 
autumnal month. 


tbrti'-mal, a. [In Fr. brumal; Ital. brumale; 
from Lat. brumalis = pertaining to the winter sol¬ 
stice ; from bruma.] [Brume.] Pertaining to winter; 
winterly. 


“About the brumal solstice, . . .”— Brovma: Vulgar 
Errors, bk. iii., ch. x. 

tbrfime, s. [From Fr. brume = mist, fog; Sp. & 
Port, bruma = a fog at sea ; Ital. bruma = winter; 
Lat. bruma= (1) the shortest day in the year, (2) the 
winter.] Mist, fog, vapor. (Longfellow.) 

Brum-ma’-gem, s. & a. [The word Birmingham 
altered.] 

A. As subst.: An imitation or counterfeit article. 

B. Asadj. Of goods: Imitation, counterfeit. 
brfi.-m.oiis, a. [Lat. bruma= the winter season.] 

Pertaining to winter; hence foggy; misty; as, a 
brumous climate. 


*brfin, brdne, a. [Brown.] 

*brune, s. [Burn, s.] 

*brune, a. [Brown.] 

brfi-nel, s. [From Mod. Lat. brunella, prunella .] 
[Prunella.] (Britten & Holland.) 

*bril'-nen, v. t. [From O. Eng. brun = brown.] 
[Brown.] To become brown. 

brfi-net'te, *bur-nette, s. [Fr. brunette, from 
brun= brown.] A girl or woman of a dark com¬ 
plexion, eyes and hair. 

brfi-net'te, a. [Brunette, s.] Dark-hued; hav¬ 
ing the characteristics of a brunette. 

Brfin-hU'-da, s. [A Scandinavian female name.] 
Astron.: An asteroid, the 123d found. It was dis¬ 
covered by Peters on July 31,1872. 


Bril n- 1 - 9 ., s. [Named after Cornelius Brun, a 
traveler in the Levant and Russia about the end of 
the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth 
century.] . 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Bruniace® (Bruniads). The species are small, 
pretty, evergreen, heath-like shrubs or under-shrubs 
from the Cape of Good Hope. 


brfin-i-a'-ge-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. brunia 
4q. v.) ; and fern. plur. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: An order of plants classed by Lindley under 
his 55th, or Umbellal Alliance. They have a five- 
cleft calyx, five petals, five stamina, inferior fruit, 
two or one-celled, with seeds solitary or in pairs. 
Leaves small, imbricated, rigid. Appearance heath¬ 
like. Nearly all from the Cape of Good Hope. 
(Lindley.) [Brunia.] 

*brun'-ied, a. '[From bruny; -ed.] Clothed 
with a coat of mail, protected against attack. 

brun'-i-on, s. [From Fr. brugnon; Ital. brugna, 
prugna .] [Prune.] . , . ,, , 

Hort.: A nectarine, a novel variety of the peach 
fruit. 

Brun'-ner’s-glands, s. [Gland.] 


brfi-no'-ni-a, s. [Named after Robert Brown, the 
celebrated botanist, who was born at Montrose in 
1773, and died in London in 1858.] 

Bot.: The typical genus of the order Brunoniaceee 
(q. v.). The species are scabious-looking blue-flow¬ 
ered Australian herbs. 

brfi-nd-ni-a -ge-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bru- 
nonia (q. v.); and fern. plur. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: Brunoniads, an order of plants placed by 
Dr. Lindley under his 48th or Echial Affiance. The 
ovary is superior and one-celled, with a single erect 
ovule. The fruit is a membranous utricle. The 
leaves are radical and entire, the flowers are blue; 
they are collected in heads surrounded by enlarged 
bracts. Two species are described, both from Aus¬ 
tralia. 

brfi-n 6 -ni-ad§, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. brunonia 
q. v.); and plur. suffix -ads. ] 

Bot.: The English name given by Lindley to the 
order Brunoniaceee (q. v.). 

brfi-no'-ni-g.il, a. [Named after Dr. John 
Brown, who was born at Dunse in 1735, and died in 
London in 1788.] Pertaining to or emanating from 
the person mentioned in the etymology. 

Brunonian theory. 

Med. ; A theory or rather hypothesis, according to 
which the living system was regarded as an organ¬ 
ized machine endowed with excitability, kept up by 
a variety of external or internal stimuli, that ex¬ 
citability constituting life. Diseases were divided 
into sthenic or asthenic, the former from accumu¬ 
lated and the latter from exhausted excitability. 
[Sthenic, Asthenic.] Darwin, author of the 
Zoonomia, adopted the theory with enthusiasm, 
and Rasori introduced it into Italy, where it flour¬ 
ished for a time, and then had to be abandoned, as 
it ultimately was everywhere. 

Brfin§-fer-§I-a, s. [Named after Otho Brunsfels 
of Mentz, who in 1530 published figures of plants.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Solanacese or Nightshades. The species are hand¬ 
some tropical shrubs, with neat foliage and showy 
white or purple flowers. They come from the West 
Indies. 

*brun-stone, *brun'-ston, *brun-stoon (O. 
Eng.), brun-stane (Scotch), s. & a. Brimstone, 
sulphur. [Brimstone.] 

brunstane-match, s. A match dipped in sulphur. 
(Scotch.) 

*brun-ston-y, a. [Brunston.] Of or resembling 
brimstone. 

“ Thei that saten on hem hadden fyry haberiouns, and 
iacynctines and brunstony.” — Wickliffe: Apoc. ix. 17. 

Brun§'-wick, s. & a. [Seedef.] 

A. As subst. : A city and duchy in Germany. 

B. Asadj.: Pertaining to this city or duchy. 

Brunswick-black, s. A composition of lamp¬ 
black and turpentine, used for imparting a jet 
black appearance to iron articles. 

Brunswick-green, s. [Eng. Brunswick, and 
green. In Ger. Braunschweiger-griin. So called 
because it was first made in Brunswick by Graven- 
horst.] A green pigment, prepared by exposing 
copper turnings to the action of hydrochloric acid 
in the open air. It is a pale bluish green, insoluble, 
cupric oxychloride, CuOL'SCuOyH^O. 

*brun -swyne, s. [O. Eng. 6 rwn=brown, and 
swu/ne=swine.] A porpoise. 

“ Brunswyne, or delfyne. Foca, delphinus, suillus, 
Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

brunt, s. [Icel. bruna=to advance with the heat 
of fire; brenna= to burn.] 

1. A violent attack, a furious onset. 

] “ Brunt. Insultus, impetus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

IT Now only used in the phrases: the brunt of the 
battle— the heat of the battle, the place where it 
burns most fiercely; and the brunt of the onset or 
attack. 

“ These troops had to bear the first brunt of the onset.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

*2. A blow, attack. (Lit. dk fig.) 

“ And heavy brunt of cannon-ball.” 

Hudibras, pt. i., ch. 2. 

“Thy soul as ample as thy bounds are small, 

Endurest the brunt, and darest defy them all.” 

Cowper■ Expostulation. 

|3. A contact or conflict with. 

“ Our first brunt with some real affair of common life.” 
—Isaac Taylor. 

*brunt, *brun-tun, v. i. [Brunt, s.] To make 
a violent attack, to rush upon. 

“ Bruntun, or make a soden stertynge (burtyn, P.) 
Insilio, Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

brunt, pret. of v., pa. par. & a. [Burn, Burnt.] 
Scotch for did burn, Burnt. 


*bru-ny, *bruni, *brunie, *brenie, *brem. 
*brini, *burne, s. [Birnie.] A corslet, a breast¬ 
plate. 

“ He watz dispoyled of his bruny.” 

Gaw. & Green Knight, 860 

*brurd (1), s. [Brood.] 

*brurd(2),s. [Brerd.] 

*brurd-ful, a. [Brerdful.] 

*brus, v. [Brusch.] 

*brus, s. [From O. Scotch brus, brusch (q. v.).j 
Force, impetus. 

“ And with his brus and fard of watir broun, 

The dykys and the schorys betis doun.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 55, 34. 

*brusch, *brus, V. t. & i. [From Ir. and GaeL 
bris=> to break, or from Eng. bruise (q. v.).j 

A. Trans. (Of the forms brusch and brus) : Ta 
force open, to press up. 

“Wpe he stwrly bruschyd the dure, 

And laid it ilatlyngis in the flure.” 

Wyntoun, v. 93. 

B. Intrans. (Of the. form brusch) • To burst forth, 
to rush, to issue with violence. 

“The how cauerne of his wounde ane flude 
Furth bruschit of the blaknit dedely blude.” 

Doug.. Virgil, 303, 10. 

*brusch-alle, *brush-a-ly, s. [Fr. broussailles 
=brushwood.] [Brush, s.] Brushwood. 

“ Bruschalle ( brushaly , K.) Sarmentum, Cath. ramentum, 
Ug. in rado, ramalia, arbustum.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*bruse, v. & s. [Bruise.] 

“That, through the bruses of his former fight, 

He now unable was to wreake his old despight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. i. 89. 

bruse, bruise, s. [Broose.] (Scotch.) 

IT To ride the bruse: 

1. To run a race on horseback at a wedding. 

2. To strive, to contend in anything. 
*brfi§e-wort, s. [Bruisewort.] 

brush (1), *brusche, *brusshe, s. [O.Fr. brace, 
broche, brosse = brushwood; Low Lat. brustia, 
bruscia = underwood, a thicket. Compare M. H. 
Ger. broz= a bud; Fr. 5rowssaiffes=brushwood.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) Brushwood, underwood. 

(2) An instrument for cleaning clothes, &c., by 
sweeping up or away particles of dirt, dust, &c. 
Probably from the original implements having been 
made of twigs or brooms. 

“ Wyped it with a brusshe.” — Langland; Piers Plow., bk. 
xiii., 400. 

(3) The pencils used by painters. 

“ Artists, attend—your brushes and your paint— 

Produce them—take a chair—now draw a saint.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

IT To gie a brush at any kind of work, to assist by 
working violently for a short time. (Scotch.) 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) An attack, assault. 

“And tempt not yet the brushes of the war.” 

Shakesp.: Trail, and Cress., v. 3. 
(2) A slight skirmish. 

“ He might, methinks, have stood one brush with them, 
and have yielded when there had been no remedy.”— 
Bunyan: P. P., pt. i. 

II. Technically: 

1. A portion of an electro-magnetic machine, 
which, like a brush of bristles, projects, and coming 
in contact with the bearings of the journals of the 
armature, communicate the current to that part of 
the mechanism. 

2. The bushy tail of a fox. 

“As if he were a hunted fox, beginning to droop his 
brush.” — Macmillan’s Mag., Aug., 1862, p. 280. 

TT Obvious compound: Brush-maker. 
brush-apple, s. The name given in Australia to 
Achras australis. (Treas. of Bot.) 

brush-cherry, s. The name given in Australia 
to Trochocarpa laurina. (Treas. of Bot.) 

brush-hat, s. A hat in which the surface is con¬ 
tinually brushed by a hand-brush during the process 
of sizing, so as to bring a nap to the surface, 
brush-puller, s. 

Agric.: A machine for pulling up brushwood by 
the roots. 

brush-scythe, s. A long-handled bill for cutting 
hedges, brushwood, &c. 

brush-shaped, a. 

1. Corresponding to Lat. muscariformis : Shaped 
like a brush—slender, and terminated by a tuft of 
long hair. Example, the style or stigma of nu¬ 
merous composite plants. 

2. Corresponding to Lat. aspergilliformis. [As- 

PERGILLIFORM.] 


bfiil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, £em; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
«ian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d$L 




brute 


brush-turkey 652 


brush-turkey, s. 

Ornith.: A large gregarious species of bird, Tal- 
legalla Lathami. It is an inhabitant of Australia. 
It makes its nest in large mounds of brushwood, 
which it collects, and from which it takes its name. 

brush wattle-bird, s. The Wattled Honey- 
eater, Anthochcera carunculata, one of the Meliph- 
aginse. It is a native of Australia. , 

brush-wheels, s. pi. 

1. Toothless wheels used in light machinery for 
driving other wheels by the contact of anything 
brushlike or soft, as bristles, cloth, &c., with which 
the circumferences are covered. 

2. Revolving brushes used by turners, lapidaries, 
silversmiths, &c., for polishing. 

♦brush (2), s. [Breeze (2), s.] A locust. (Wick- 
liffe: Isa. xxxiii. 4.) 

brush, *brusche, v. t. & i. [Brush, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To sweep or remove dust or dirt from anything 
by means of a brush. 

“ The robes to kepe well, and also to brusche them 
clenly.”— Babe.es Book (ed. Furnivall), p. 180. 

“He brushes his hat o’ morning.”— Shakesp.: Much Ado, 
iii. 2. 

2. To remove with a light touch as with a brush; 
to sweep off. 

“And from the boughs brush off the evil dew.” 

Milton. 

3. To touch lightly or quickly, as in passing. 

“High o’er the billows flew the massy load, 

And near the ship came thund’ring on the flood. 

It almost brush’d the helm.”— Pope. 

*4. To paint or make clean, as with a brush; to 
decorate, renovate. 

“ I have done my best to brush you up like your neigh, 
bors.”— Pope. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To set in motion or move as a brush; to cause 
to pass lightly. 

“A thousand nights have brush’d their balmy wings 

Over these eyes.”— Dryden. 

IT To brush up or brush down: To tidy, make neat 
and clean. To brush aside: To remove from one’s 
way. To brush away: To remove. 

“ A load too heavy for his soul to move, 

Was upward blown below, and brush’d away by love.” 

Dryden: Cymon and Iphigenia, 228, 229. 

2. To thrash, beat. 

“ . . . and yet, notwithstanding, they had their coats 
soundly brushed by them.”— Bunyan: P. P., pt. i. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To move quickly by touching, or almost touch¬ 
ing, something in passing. (Generally with the 
prep, or adv. by.) 

“Nor took him down, but brush’d regardless by.” 

Dryden. 

2. To pass lightly over, to skim. 

“ And brushing o’er, adds motion to the pool.” 

Dryden. 

T[ To brush along: To succeed, fare (colloquial). 
To brush against: To touch, or come in contact 
with lightly. 

brush-a-ly, s. [Bruschalle.] 
brushed, pa. par. & a. [Brush, «.] 
brush'-er, s. [Eng. brush; -er.] One who uses 
a brush. 

brush’-i-ness, s. [Eng. brushy; -ness.'] The 
quality of being brushy; roughness. 

“Considering the brushiness and angulosity of the 
parts of the air.”— II. More: Immort. of the Soul, b. iii., 
Ax. 81. » 

brush'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Brush, v.] 

A. &B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of removing dirt or dust by 
means of a brush. 

brushing-machine, s. 

1. Hat-making: A machine for brushing hats to 
remove the dust after pouncing, or to lay the nap 
smoothly. 

2. Woolen manufacture: A machine used to lay 
the nap on cloth before shearing. It has a cylinder 
covered with brushes. 

3. Flax manufacture: A machine for scutching 
flax, in which the beaters are superseded by stiff 
brushes of whalebone. 

brush-Ite, s. [Named after Prof. G. J. Brush, 
suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A monoclinic transparent or translucent 
mineral, on some faces of its crystals pearly, on 
others vitreous, and on others splendent. Hard¬ 
ness, 2-2’5; specific gravity, 2*208. It is colorless to 


pale yellowish. Compos.: Phosphoric acid, 39*95- 
41*50; lime, 32*11—32*73; water, 25*95-26*33, &c. It is 
found among the rock guano of Aves Island and 
Sombrero in the Caribbean Sea. (Dana.) 

brush-like, a. [Eng. brush; like.] Like a 
brush. 

brush-wood, s. & a. [Eng. brush, and wood.] 
[Brush, s .] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Brush, underwood, low, scrubby thickets. 

“ The brushwood of the mountain of Somma was soon 
in a flame.”— Herschel: Pop. Lectures, p. 27. 

2. Small branches cut for firewood, &c. 

“Her scanty stock of brushwood, blazing clear.”. 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iv, 

*B. As adjective: Rotten, useless. 

‘What safety from such brushwood helps as these?” 

Dryden: Religio Laid. 

fbrush-y, a. [Eng. brush; -y.] Resembling a 
brush; rough, shaggy. (Boyle.) 

*brus-it, pa. par. [Low Lat. brusdus, brustus= 
ornamented with needle-work.] 

“ With nedil werk brusit riche and fyne.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 298,13. 

♦brusk, a. [Brusque.] 

brusque (pron. brusk), a. [Fr. brusque—rade\ 
Ital. ftntsco=sharp, sour.] Rough, rude, blunt, 
unceremonious. 

“The speech verged on rudeness, but it was delivered 
with a brusque openness that implied the absence of any 
personal intention.”— G. Eliot: Felix Holt , p. 61. 

brusque-ness, *brusk'-ness, s. [Eng. brusk, 
brusque; -ness.] The quality of being brusque; 
bluntness of manner. 

*brussch-et, s. [Dimin. of brush (q. v.). Cf. Fr. 
6 rwsc=butcher’s-broom.] A thicket, underwood. 

“ And in that ilke brusschet . . .” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 34, 1. 800. 

Brus’-sel§, s. [The capital of Belgium.] 
Brussels-carpet, s. [Carpet.] 

Brussels-lace, s. A kind of lace made originally 
at Brussels. 

“ No, let a charming chintz, and Brussels-lace.” 

Pope: Mor. Ess., Ep. i. 

Brussels-point: Brussels-lace with the network 
made by the pillow and bobbins. 

Brussels-ground: Brussels-lace with a hexagonal 
mesh, formed by plaiting and twisting four flaxen 
threads to a perpendicular line of mesh. 

Brussels wire-ground: Brussels-lace of silk with 
the meshes partly straight and partly arched. 

Brussels-sprouts, s. pi. The small sprouts or 
heads, each a perfect cabbage in miniature, spring¬ 
ing from the stalks of a species of cabbage. They 
were originally brought from Belgium. 

*brust, *brusten, inf. & pret. of v., pa. par. & a. 
[Burst.] 

“ Low i’ the dust, 

An’ screechin’ out prosaic verse, 

An’ like to brustt” 

Burns: Earnest Cry and Prayer. 

“ Eftsoones shee grew to great impatience, 

And into termes of open outrage brust.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. i. 48. 

♦brust (1), s. [Breast.] 

♦brust (21, s. [A. S. byrst— loss; 0. H. Ger. brust 
=fracture.] Damage, defect. (Layamon, 1,610.) 

♦brus-tel, *brus-*cle, *brus-tyl, *brus-tylle, s. 
[Bristle, s.] A bristle. 

“ Brustyl of a swyne, K. P. Seta.” — Prompt. Parv. 
♦briis'-tle, *brus-tel, v. i. [A. S. brastlian.] 
[Brestle.1 

1. To make a crackling noise; to crackle. 

“ He writeth with a slepy noise, 

And brustleth as a monkes poise, 

Whan it is throwe into the panne.” 

Gower: C. A., ii. 93. 

2. To rise up against one fiercely; to bustle. 

“ ’Sbud I’ll brustle up to him.” 

Otway: The Atheist, 1684. 

♦brust-ling, pr.par., a. & s. [Brustle, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of making a crackling noise; 
a crackling, rustling. 

♦brusur, *brusure, s. [Brisure.] A fracture, 
a breaking of anything. 

“ Brusur for brusur, eye for eye.”— fVicliffe: Levit. xxiv. 
20. 

♦brut, v. i. [Fr. brouter ; O. Fr. br ouster A 
[Browze.] To browze, graze. (Evelyn.) 

brfi’-ta, s. [Lat. bruta , n. pi. of adj. brutus= (1) 
heavy, unwieldy; (2) dull, stupid, also irrational.] 
Zodl.: Linnseus’ name for the second of his seven 
orders of the class Mammalia. He includes under 
it the genera Elephas, Trichechus, Bradypus, Myr- 
mecophaga, Manis, and Dasypus. 


♦bru-tag, *bre-tage, s. [Fr. breteche.] A para¬ 
pet of a wall, a rampart. 

“ Trwe tulkkes in toures teueled wyth-inne, 

In bigge brutage of borde, bulde on the walles.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,189-90. 

brfi -tal, ♦brfi-tall, a. [In Dan., Ger., Fr. and 
Port, brutal; Sp. brutal, Ital. brutale— fierce; all 
from Lat. brutus.] [Bruta.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to the inferior animals. 

“To me so friendly grown above the rest 
Of brutal kind . . .”— Milton: P. L., bk. ix. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) Of persons: Having a disposition like that of 
the inferior animals. 

a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

b) Spec.: Fierce, cruel. [Brutality.] 

“ By brutal Marius and keen Sylla first.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iii 

(2) Of character, action, or conduct: Character¬ 
istic, or which might have been expected from 
brutes rather than from men; resulting from un¬ 
governed passion or appetite. 

(3) Of the manners: Unrefined. 

“His brutal manners from his breast exil’d.” 

Dryden: Cymon and Iphigenia, 218-19. 

“ See how the hall with brutal riot flows.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt., v. 160; 

brfi'-tal-I§e, v. t. [Brutalize.] 

tbrfi'-tal-l§m, s. [Eng. brutal; -ism.] Brut3 
ity. 

brfi-tal'-I-ty, s. [From Fr. brutaliU. In Daff 1 
brutalitet; Ger. brutalitat; Sp. brutalidad; Pori 
brutalidade; Ital. brutalita.] Resemblance to th' 
brutes in disposition or conduct. Used — 

Specially: 

(1) Of violence, cruelty, or inhumanity. 

II The brutality of an animal, a bull for instance, 
when one intrudes upon the field in which it is 
grazing, manifests itself in three respects—it takes 
offense when no insult was intended; secondly, it 
would not have mind enough to appreciate or even 
comprehend any explanation or apology were one 
offered it; and finally, in its criminal code there is 
but one penalty for even trifling offenses—death. 
Those men who act similarly may justly be called 
brutal, and their conduct brutality. 

(2) Insensibility to shame ; indecency. 

“These Epicureans . . . discovering in their writ¬ 
ings, as well as throughout all their lives, mere beastly 
brutality.” — Holland: Plutarch, p. 907 

brfl-tal-I-za-tion, tbrfi-tal-i-§a'-tion, s. [Eng. 

brutaliz(e) ; -at ion .] The act of making brutal; 
the state of being made brutal 

brfi'-tal-ize, bru'-tal-I§e, v. t. & i. [Eng. bru¬ 
tal; -ize; Fr. brutaliser— to treat brutally.] 

A. Trans.: To render brutal. 

“ Strange ! that a creature rational, and cast 
In human mold, should brutalize by choice 
His nature.” Cowper: The Task, bk. i. 

B. Intrans.: To become brutal. 

“... he mixed, in a kind of transport, with his 
countrymen, brutalized with them in their habit and 
manners.”— Addison. 

brfi'-tal-Ized, brfi'-tal-i§ed, pa. par. or a. 
[Brutalize.] 

brfi'-tal-Iz-ing, brfi'-tal-Ig-Ing, pr. par., a. 
& s. [Brutalize.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: Brutalization. 

brfi -tal-ly, adv. [Eng. brutal; -ly.] In a brutal 
manner; cruelly or indecently, as a Drute rather 
than a man might be expected to do. 

“Mrs. Bull aimed a knife at John, though John threw 
a bottle at her head, very brutally indeed.”— Arbuthnot. 

brfite, a. & s. [Fr. brut (m.) and brute (f.) (adj.), 
and brute (s .); Prov. brut; Sp., Port. & Ital. bruto; 
Lat. brutus=(l) heavy, unwieldy, immovable, (2) 
dull, stupid; Gr. 6?*itfa/s=weighty, heavy; brithb— 
to be heavy or weighed down; barys= heavy; baros 
=weight.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Inanimate, unconscious. 

“ . . . not the sons of brute earth, . . 

Bentley. 

(2) Pertaining to the inferior animals; irrational. 

“. . . which exalts 
The brute creation to this finer thought.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring. 

2. Fig.: Bestial; resembling the inferior animals, 
or some of them. 

(1) In violence or cruelty. 

‘‘Brute violence, and proud tyrannic pow’r.” 

Milton. 


fate, fat, fare, gtmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wqlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, fill; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






brute 


653 


bryophyilum 


.(2) In inability to appreciate the higher emo¬ 
tions ; unpolished. 

“One whose brute feeling ne’er aspires 
Beyond his own more brute desires.” 

Scott: Marmion, ii. 22. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: Any one of the inferior animals. 

“Made nothing but a bmte the slave of sense.” 

Cowp er: Progress of Error. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A man of coarse character, or deficient in 
sense or culture ; an ignoramus. 

“And get the brutes the power themsels, 

To choose their herds.” 

Burns: The Twa Herds. 

“ While brawny brutes in stupid wonder stare.” 

Byron: The Curse of Minerva. 

(2) The brutal part of the nature. 

“ Again exalt the brute and sink the man.” 

Burns: Stanzas. (The Prospect of Death.) 

IT Compound of obvious signification: Brute-like. 
*brute, s. [Bruit.] 

♦brute, v. t. [Bruit, v.] 

“This, oncebruted through the army, filled them all 
with heaviness.”— Knolles. 

♦bru-tel, a. [Brittle.] 

♦bru-tel-nesse, s. [Brittleness.] 

brfl te-ly, adv. [Eng. brute; -ly.] Violently, 
like a brute ; rudely, impetuously. {Milton.) 

♦bru-ten, v. t. [From A. S. brytan— to break, 
breotan= to bruise, to break; Sw. bryta; Dan. 
bryde .] To break to pieces. 

“. . . setten al on fure 

And do bruten alle the burnes, that be now ther-inne.” 

William of Palerne, 3,759-60. 
*brfl te-ness, s. [En g. brute; -ness.] 

1. Brutality. 

“ Thou dotard vile, 

That with thy bruteness shendst thy comely age.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IL viii, 12. 

2. The state of being brute, or inanimate. 

“ The bruteness of matter.”— Emerson. 
tbrht'-I-fy, v. t. [Lat. brutus; i connective; and 
facio— to make.] To make brutal. 

“. . . am I then brutifledt” — Congreve. 

“ Hopeless slavery effectually brutifles the intellect.”— 
J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), vol. i., bk. ii., ch. v., § 2, 
p. 295. 

♦bru-til, a. [Brittle.] 

brh t-ish, a. [Eng. brut(e) ; -ish .] 

1. Pertaining to the inferior animals; animal, 
bestial. 

“ Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train, 

With monstrous shapes and sorceries abus’d 

Fanatic Egypt, and her priests to seek 

Their wand’ring gods disguis’d in brutish forms.” 

Milton: P. L. 

2. Resembling some, or the generality of the 
inferior animals; manifesting animal rather than 
distinctively human characteristics. 

(1) In a coarse organization leading to cruelty or 
inhumanity: Rough, brutal, ferocious, cruel, inhu¬ 
man. 

“ Brutes, and brutish men, are commonly more able to 
bear pain than others.”— Grew. 

(2) In the undue or unseasonable indulgence of 
the appetites: Gross, carnal, indecent in conduct. 

“ As sensual as the brutish sting itself.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 7. 

“... he staggers to his table again, and there acts 
over the same brutish scene.”— South. 

(3) In dullness or stupidity: Dull, stupid, sense¬ 
less, 

“ Every man is brutish in his knowledge.”— Jer. x. 14. 

(4) In absence of knowledge or refinement: Igno¬ 
rant, uncivilized. 

“ They were not so brutish, that they could be ignorant 
to call upon the name of God.”— Hooker. 

tbrht-Ish-ly, adv. [Eng. brutish; -ly .] In a 
brutish manner, after the manner of a brute rather 
than a man, with cruelty, indecency, stupidity, or 
brutal ignorance. 

. and afterward are carried brutishly into all 
palpable impiety.”— Bp. Hall: Cont. Golden Calf. 

fbrftt'-fsh ness, s. [Eng. brutish; -ness.) The 
quality of being brutal, resemblance to the inferior 
animals in some marked respects; auimality, bru¬ 
tality, savageness. 

“All other courage, besides that, is not true valor, but 
brutishness.” — Sprat. 

tbrht’-Ifm, s. [Eng. brut{e); -ism.) A quality 
or the qualities or characteristics of a brute. 
♦brut-nen t v. t. [Britnen.] 


brutte, v. i. & t. [Browse, v.] 

A. Intrans.: The same as browse (q. v.). 

“ What the goats so easily brutted upon.” 

Evelyn: Acetaria, after sect. 82. 

B. Transitive: 

“ The cow bruts the young wood.” — Grose. 
♦brut-ten, v. t. [A. S. bryttan; O. Icel. brytja. 
Rob. Manning: Hist. Eng. (ed. Furnivall), 244,10.) 
Stratmann.) ] To break. 

♦brut-ten-et, pa. par. [A. S. bryttan, bryttian ; 
Sw. bryta; Dan. bryde= to destroy; A. S. brytse— a 
fragment; En g. brittle.] Destroyed, slain. 

“ The emperor entred in a wey euene to attele 
To haue bruttenet that bor and the abaie seththen.” 

Will iam of Palerne, 205-6. 

brut'-tmg, pr. par. & s. [Brutte.] 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive : The act of browsing, 

“ Of all the foresters, this [horn beam] preserves itself 
best from the bruttings of the deer.”— Evelyn, i. vi. 2. 

brfi-tum ful-men, a. [Latin. Literally, a 
senseless lightning-flash or “thunderbolt.”] A 
threat which has a formidable sound, but ends by 
doing no damage. 

*brux-ie, v. t. [A. N. brixla = to reprove, to re¬ 
proach.] To upbraid, to reprove. 

“Thenne a wynde of goddez worde efte the wyghe 
bruxlez.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 345. 

♦bruy'-dale, s. [Bridal.] 

*bruze, v. t. [Bruise.] (Spenser: F. Q., III., ix. 
19.) 

bry-g,, s. [Lat. brya; Gr. brya = a shrub, one 
of the tamarisks, Tamarix gallica , africana, or 
orientalis.) 

Bot.: A genus of papilionaceous plants. Brya 
elenus is the Jamaica or West Indian Ebony-tree. 
[Ebony.] The rough, twiggy branches are used for 
riding-whips. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

bry-a-ce-se, s. [From Mod. Lat, bryum (q. v.); 
and fem. piur. adj. suffix -acece.] 

Botany: 

1. Gen.: Urn-mosses, a natural order of Muscals, 
distinguished by having the spore-cases valveless, 
with an operculum without elaters. Lindley enum¬ 
erated forty-four genera and, with a query, 1,100 
species as belonging to the order. They are found 
in all humid climates, but abound in the temperate 
rather than in the polar regions. [Bryum.] 

2. Spec.: A large group of acrocarpous mosses 
having a double row of teeth, the inner united at 
the base by a common plicate membrane. It con¬ 
stitutes part of the order Bryaceee. [No. 1.] (Treas. 
of Bot.) 

♦br^be, v. & s. [Bribe.] 

♦bryche, a. [A. S. 6?-^ce=liable to break.] Frail, 
vain (Grein) reduced, poor (Morris A Skeat). 

“Now ys Pers bycome bryche, 

That er was bothe stoute and ryche.” 

Robert of Brunne, 5,821-22. 

*bryd, *brydde, s. [Bird.] ( Prompt. Parv., Ac.) 
♦bryde, s. [Bride.] (Chaucer: C. T., 9,764.) 
♦bryde-lyme, s. [Birdlime.] 

*bry-del-yn, v. t. [Bridle, v.] 

♦bry-dille, *bry'-dylle, s. [Bridle, 8.] 
(Prompt. Parv.) 

♦bryge, s. [Brigue.] Debate, contention. 

“ Bryge, or debate ( bryggyng, K.) Briga, discensio.” 
— Prompt . Parv . 

♦brygge, s. [Bridge.] (Prompt. Parv.) 

♦bryg-gyng, s. [Brigue.] Debate, contention. 
(See example under bryge.) 

♦bryght, *bryghte, *bryht, a. [Bright.] 
(Prompt. Parv., Ac.) 

♦bryghte-swerde, s. A bright sword. 

“ Bryghte-swerde. Splendona.” — Prompt. Parv. 
♦bry-gows, s. [Low Lat. &rtgwsws=quarrelsome; 
briga= quarrel, contention.] 

“ Brygows, or debate-makar. Brigosus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

♦bry-gyr-dyll, *breke-gyr-dle, s. [O. Eng. & 
Scotch breek— breeches; and gyrdle— a girdle.] A 
girdle round the middle of the body. 

“ Brygyrdyll. Lumbare, renale.” — Prompt. Parv. 
♦bryl-lare, s. [From O. Eng. bryllyn (q. v.); 
and 0. Eng. stiff. -are=- -er.] One who drinks to 
a person’s health, or who gives a toast. 

“ Bryllare of drynke, or schenkare (drinkshankere, P.) 
Propinator, propinatrix.” — Prompt. Parv. 

♦bryl lyn, v. t. [From A. S. byrlian- to drink; 
byrle—a cup-bearer.] To give a toast, to drink to 
one’s health. 

“ Bryllyn’, or schenk drynke. Propino.” — Prompt. Parv. 


♦bryl-lynge, pr. par. & s. [Bryllyn.] 

“ Bryllynge of drynke (of ale, K.) Propinacio.” — Prompt 
Parv. 

*bry-loek, s. [Gael, braoilag, breigh'lac.] The 
whortleberry, or Vaccinium vitis idcea. (Scotch.) 

“Here also are everocks, resembling a strawberry, and 
brylocks, like a red currant, but 60 ur.”— Po.pers Antiq. 
Soc. Scotl., i. 71. 

*brym, *bryme, a. [Brim (2), a.] 

“ Brym, or fers. Ferus, ferox.” — Prompt. Parv. 
♦brym-ble, *brym-byll, s- [Bramble.] ( Huloet.) 

{Prompt. Parv.) 

♦brym-ly, adv. [O. Eng. brim; and Eng. suffix 
•ly.] Fiercely, keenly. (Wall., vii. 995.) 

♦brymme, a. & adv. [Brim, a. & adv.] 

“Ther were, and also thisteles thikke, 

And breres brymme for to prikke.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose 

♦brymme, s. [Brim.] A flood, a river. 

“A balgh bergh bi a bruke the brymme bysyde.” 

Sir Gaw., 2,172. 

*bryn, *brin, *birn, v, t■ [Burn, v.) To burn. 
“And gert his men bryn all Bowchane 
Fra end till end, and sparyt nane.” 

Barbour, ix. 296. 

♦bryne (1), s. [Brine, s.] 

“ Bryne of salt. Salsugo, Oath. 0. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 
*bryne ( 2 ), s. [Sw. 6 ry?t=brim, edge, surface; 
O. Icel. brim (sing.); brynn (plur.).] 

‘‘Bryne, or brow of the eye. Supercilium.” — Prompt. 

Parv. 

♦bryng, *brynge, *bryng-en, *bryng-yn, v. t- 

[Bring, v.] (Prompt. Parv., Chaucer , &c.) 
♦bryng-are, s. [Bringer.] 

“ Bryngare. Allator, lator.” — Prompt. Parv. 
♦brynke, s. [Brink.] 

♦brynne, s. [Bran.] 

“ Brynne of corn, K. Cantabrum, furfur” — Prompt 

Parv. 

♦bryn-ston, *bryn-stane, *brynt -stane, & 

[Sw. braensten.] [Brimstone.] 

“Quhill all inuiroun rekit lyke bryntstane.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 62, 14 
♦bryn-ye, s. [Brene, Birnie.] 

♦bryn-yede, a. [Brenyede.] 
bry-ol'-o-glst, s. [From Gr. bryon=& kind of 
mossy seaweed; logos= a discourse; and suffix -ist.] 
One who makes a special study of mosses. 

bry-Ol-6-gf, s. [From Gr. bryon — a kind of 
mossy seaweed, and7ofiros=a discourse.] The depart¬ 
ment of botany which treats of the Bryaceee (Urn- 
mosses) . 

bry -on-y (Eng.), bry-on'-i-g, (Lat,),s. [In Dut. 
& Fr. bryone; Ital. brionia; Lat. bryonia: Gr. hry¬ 
vnia, bryone, bryo—to be full of, to swell or teem 
with.] 

I. Of the form bryony: 

1. Ord. Lang.: A plant, Bryonia dioica. It has a 
large root, white and branched. Its stem is long 
and weak, with tendrils which enable it readily to 
cling to bushes in the hedges and thickets where it 
grows. The inflorescence consists of short axillary 
racemes of whitish dioecious flowers with green 
veins. The berries are red. The plant abounds in 
a fetid and acrid juice. 

2. Bot.: The English name of the genus Bryonia, 
[II.] 

II. Of the form bryonia: 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Cucurbitacese (Cucurbits). (For Bryonia dioica, 
the Red-berried Bryony, see 1.1.) B. alba, or Black- 
berried Bryony, which grows on the continent of 
Europe, is by some believed to be only a variety of 
the dioica. Several other species are found in the 
East Indies. 

V (1) Black Bryony: Two plants— 

(a) Tamus communis. (Prior.) 
f (b) Actcea spicata. (Lyte.) 

(2) Red Bryony : Bryonia dioica. (Lyte.) (Prior.) 

(3) White Bryony: Bryonia dioica. (Lyte.) 
(Prior.) 

III. Of both]forms. Pharm.: An eclectic medicine, 
much used in this country. 

bry-o-phjfr-lum, s. [Gr. bryd^to be full of, to 
swell, to burst forth, and” phyllon= leaf. So named 
because if the leaves are laid upon damp earth 
they will put forth roots and grow.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Crassulace® (Houseleeks). There are eight stam¬ 
ina and four ovaries. Bryophyilum calycinum, the 
Large-cupped Bryophyilum, has succulent, oval, 
crenate leaves, and long, pendulous, cylindrical 
flowers. Its native country is the East Indies* 
whence it has been carried to other places. In 
Bermuda, where it is naturalized and grows abun¬ 
dantly, it is called Life-plant. 


btfil, b<5^; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect. Xenophon. e?ist. ph = £ 

-clan, -tian = shaa. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious — shus. -bie, -die. &o. = bgl, d«L 



buccaneer 


bryozoa 


654 


bry-fr-zo'-a, s. [Gr. bryon— moss, and zoon~ 
animal.] 

ZoOl.: The name given by Ehrenberg to a class of 
molluscoid animals, the peculiarities of which had 
been previously observed by Mr. J. V. Thompson, 
who had called them Polyzoa (q. v.). 
bry-6-zo-on, s. [Bryozoa.] 

Zo6l.: Any species belonging to the class Bryozoa 
(q. v.). 

*bryr -ie (yr as iir), s. [A. S. bryrdan= to prick, 
goad, infuriate (?).] Madness. (Scotch.) 

IT Lyle bryrie: Equivalent to the vulgar phrase, 
“like daft/’ 

“ For if I open wp my anger anes— 

My tongue is lyk the lyons; vhair it liks, 

It brings the flesh, lyk bryrie, fra the banes.” 

Montgomery: Poems, p. 94. (Jamieson.) 

*bryste, v. i. [Burst, v.] 

*brys'-tflie, s. [Bristle.] 

“Brystylle, or brustylle (burstyll, P.). Seta.” — Prompt. 
Parv 

*brys-yde, a. [A. S. brysan.] [Bruise, v.] 

“ Brysyde (brissed, P.). Quassatus, contusus.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

bry’-tasque, s. [From O. Fr. britask=a fortress 
with battlements ( Kelham); “ a port or portall of 
defense on the rampire or wall of a town.” ( Cot' 
grave. )] A battlement. 

“ And the brytasques on the tour an heye . . .” 

Sir Perumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 105, 1. 3,315. 

*bryt-tene, *bryt-tyne, v. t. [Britnen.] 

*bryt'-tlynge, pr. par. [A. S. bryttan= to break; 
Sw. bryta; Dan. bryde .] Breaking up, cutting up. 
“ To the quyrry then the perse went to se the bryttlynge 
off the deare.” Chevy Chase. 

bry'-um, s. [Gr. bryon= a kind of mossy sea¬ 
weed.] 

Bot.: A genus of mosses, the typical one of the 
family Bryacese (q. v.). 

*bry -ze, s. [Brize, Breeze.] 

IT For omitted words commencing *bry- see the 
spelling bri-. 

bu, bue, v. i. [From the sound.] To emit the 
sound which a call does. (Scotch.) 
bu, boo, s. [From Wei. bo= a scarecrow.] 

1. A sound meant to excite terror. (Scotch.) 

“Boo is a word that’s used in the North of Scotland to 

frighten crying children.” —Presbyterian Eloquence, p. 138. 

2. A bugbear, an object of terror. (Presbyterian 
Eloquence, p. 138.) 

bu-kOW, s. [From bu, and Scotch how, cow=a 
goblin.] 

1. Gen.: Anything frightful, as a scarecrow. 

2. Spec.: A hobgoblin. (Scotch.) 

bu-man,s. A goblin, the devil. (Scotch.) [Bu-kow.] 
bu-at, boo-it, bou-at, bow-at (Scotch), bow-et 
(2), bow-ett, s. [Fr. boete = a box; Low Lat. 
boieta.] 

1. Lit.: A hand-lantern. 

“ Bowett or lanterne. Lucema, lantema.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

2. Fig.: The moon. 

“ He muttered a Gaelic curse upon the unseasonable 
splendor of M’Farlane’s buat.” — Scott: Waverley, ch. 
ixxviii. 

bub (1), bob, s. [From Eng. bob= to beat. Cf. 
Gael, bobgournach —a blast.] A blast, a gust of 
severe weather. 

“ Ane blusterand bub, out fra the north braying, 

Gan ouer the foreschip in the bak sail ding.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 16, 19. 

bub (2), s. [Etymology doubtful. Probably 
connected with bubble, from the bubbling or foaming 
of the liquor.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A cant term for strong malt liquor. 

2. Distilling: A substitute for yeast, employed, by 
the distiller. It is prepared by mixing meal* or 
flower with a little yeast in a quantity of warm 
wort and water. 

*bub, v. t. [A contracted form of bubble (q. v.).] 
To bubble, throw up bubbles, foam. 

‘ { Rude Acheron, a loathsome lake to tell, 

That boils and bubs up swelth as black as hell.” 

Sackville: Induct. Mir. for Magistrates. 

bu’-bi}.l-ine, a. [From Mod. Lat. bubalus (q. v.), 
and Eng. suffix -ine.~\ Pertaining or relating to the 
bubalus or buffalo. 

“The Bubaline group.” — Griffith: Cuvier, iv. 378. 
*bu'-balle, s. [Lat. bubalus .] An ox. (Douglas.) 
bu'-bgl-us, s. [Lat. bubalus; Gr. boubalos= a 
kind of African stag or gazelle.] 

Zodl. Buffaloes: A genus of Bovidte (Oxen), to 
which belong (Bubalus bubalis) the Common Buf¬ 
falo, and (Bubalus Caffer) the Cape Buffalo. [Buf¬ 
falo.] 


bub-ble, s. [Sw. bubbla; Dan. boble; Dut. bobbel 
=a bubble; bobbelen — to bubble; Ger. bubbeln, 
poppeln; Mahratta budhbudha; Pali bubbulakam, 
bubbulam—a bubble, a blister, a pimple.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A small bladder or vesicle of liquid filled 
with lir. 

2. Figuratively: 

fl. Anything unsubstantial or unreal; a false or 
empty show; mere emptiness. 

“ Seeking the bubble reputation, 

Even in the cannon’s mouth.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 7. 

“At manhood’s touch the bubble burst.” 

Scott: Bokeby, v. 18. 

f2. A cheat, a fraud, a swindling project. 

“In truth, of all the ten thousand bubbles of which 
history has preserved the memory, none was ever more 
skillfully puffed into existence.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxiv. 

*3. A person cheated or victimized by some 
swindling speculation ; a gull. 

“ Cease, dearest mother, cease to chide; 

Gany’s a cheat, and I’m a bubble." — Prior. 

*11. Leveling: The bubble of air in the glass 
spirit-tube of a level. 

bubble and squeak, s. A mixture of meat, 
greens and potatoes, which have been already 
cooked, fried up together. 

bubble-company, s. A sham company promoted 
for purposes of fraud and cheating. 

“ Bubble-companies for trading with the antipodes have 
been the rage before.”— Edinburgh Review, Jan., 1865, 
p. 231. 

bubble-shells, s. pi. A name for the shells of the 
family Bullidee (q. v.). 

bubble-trier, s. An instrument for testing the 
delicacy and accuracy of the tubes for holding the 
spirit in leveling-instruments. 

bub -ble, v. i. & t. [Bubble, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: To rise up in bubbles. 

“ The same spring suffers at some times a very manifest 
remission of its heat, at others as manifest an increase of 
it; yea, sometimes to that excess, as to make it boil and 
bubble with extreme heat.”— Woodward. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. To run along with a gentle gurgling noise. 

“ Not bubbling fountains to the thirsty swain.” 

Pope: Pastorals; Autumn, 43. 

*2. To make a gurgling or warbling sound. 


Med.: Hardening and enlargement of lymphatio 
glands, generally the inguinal, as in the Oriental 
or Levantine plague, syphiloid, gonorrhoea, &c., 
always, unless dissipated by medical interference, 
followed by suppuration. In cases of true infecting 
syphilis a suppurating bubo is a rare complication, 
although induration of the glands in the later forms 
of the disease is almost invariably present. 


bu'-bd (2), s. [From Lat. bubo, genit. bubonis=- 
an owl, specially the long-horned owl (Strix bubo) 
(Linnaeus). Cf. Gr. buas, buza=the eagle-owl.] 
Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the family 
Strigidse, or Owls. They have a small ear aperture, 
two large feathered tufts like horns on the sides of 
the head, and the legs feathered to the toes. Bubo 
maximus is the Eagle Owl, or Great Owl. It is a 
native of Europe. The corresponding American 
species is Bubo virginianus. 

bu’-bon, s. [In Fr., Sp. <k. Ital. bubon; from Lat. 
bubonium; Gr. boubonion= a plant, Aster atticus, 
useful against a boubon=a swelling in the groin. 
This, however, has no affinity to the botanical genus 
bubon.] 

Bot.: A genus of umbelliferous plants from South¬ 
ern Europe, the Cape of Good Hope, and elsewhere. 
B. galbanum furnishes the drug called by that name, 
[Galbanum:. ] In parts of the East B. macedonicum 
is put among clothes to imbue them with scent. 

bu-bon'-ic, a. [From Gr. boubdn= ... a bubo, 
and Eng. suit. -ic. J Of which buboes or swellings 
are a feature. 

1[ Bubonic Plague. [Plague.] 
bu-bon-in-se, s. pi. [From Lat. bubo, genit. 
bubonis, and pi. fern. suff. -ince.] 

Ornith.: A sub-family of Strigidse (Owls). It con¬ 
tains the Horned Owls. [Bubo.] 


bu-bon'-o-pele, s. [Gr. boubonokele; from hour 
bdn=iho groin, and kele= a tumor.] 

Med.: Incomplete inguinal hernia, or rupture. 
bu-br6-m.il,, s. [Gr. bous=an ox; brdma=food, 
as if producing food fit for cattle.] 

Botany: Bastard cedar. A genus of plants be¬ 
longing to the order Byttneriacose (Byttneriads). 
B. guazuma is the Elm-leaved Bastard Cedar. [Bas¬ 
tard Cedar.] 

bu'-buk-le, s. [Corrupted from Eng.,&c. bu(bo ), 
and (car)bu(n)cle.j A red pimple. 

“His face is all bubukles, and whelks and knobs.”— 
Shakesp.; Hen. V., iii. 6. 

bu'-bu-lln, s. The name of a substance existing 
in the dung of certain beasts, which is copiously 
precipitated by metallic salts, tincture of galls, and 
alum, and therefore employed in the application of 
cow-dung to calico printing. 


“ At mine ears 

Bubbled the nightingale.”— Tennyson. 

*B. Transitive: 

Fig.: To cheat, swindle. 

“ ’Tis no news that Tom Double 
The nation should bubble." — Swiftt Ballad. 

bub'-bler, s. [Eng. bubbl(e); -er .] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: A cheat, a swindler. 

“. . . the great ones of this part of the world; above 
all, the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, 
directors, governors, treasurers, etc., etc., etc., in scecula 
soeculorum." — Pope: Letter to Digby (1720). 

2. Ichthyol.: A kind of fish found in certain rivers 
of America, so called from the peculiar noise it 
makes. 

bub’-bllhg, *bub-blyng, *byb-blyng, pr. par., 
a.&s. [Bubble,!).] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 

verb. 

“The crystal treasures of the liquid world, 

Through the stirr’d sands, a bubbling passage burst.” 

Thomson: Autumn. 

C. As substantive : 

1. The act of making a gurgling noise. 

*2. The act of dabbling in the water. 

“ Bubblyng or bybblyng in water, as duckes do. ArnphU 
bolus.” — Huloet. ( Wright .) 

bub’-bly, a. [Eng. bubbl(e); -(l) y.] Full of 
bubbles. 

“ They would no more live under the yoke of the sea, or 
have their heads washed with this bubbly spume.”— Nashe: 
Lenten Stuff (1599), p. 8. 

bub’-by (1), s. [Cf. Prov. Ger. biibr ; O.Fr. poupe ; 
Prov. popa; Ital. poppa = a woman’s breast, a teat 
(Mahn ).] A woman s breast. (Vulgar.) 

tbub'-by (2), s. [A corruption of brother.'] 
Brother. A word applied to small boys. ( U. S. Col¬ 
loquial.) (Goodrich <& Porter.) 

bu’-bo (1), s. [In Fr. & Sp. bubon; Port, bubao; 
Ital. bubbone; Low Lat. bubo; Gr, boubdn= the 
groin.] 


bfi-car-a-man'-gite, s. [From Bucaramanga, 
where it was found.] 

Min.: A resin resembling amber in its pale-yellow 
color; specific gravity about 1 . Composition: Car¬ 
bon, 82.7; hydrogen, 10’S; oxygen. 6'5=100. 

buc’-cal, a - [In Fr. buccal; Port, bocal. From 
Lat. bucca=the cheek when puffed out by speak¬ 
ing, eating, &c.) 

Anat.: Pertaining to the cheek. 

IF (1) Buccal artery: A branch of the internal 
maxillary artery. 

(2) Buccal glands: Small glands situated under 
the cheek, which secrete saliva. 

buc-can-eer', bu-can-eer', bu-cau-ier’, s. 
[In Dut. boekaneer; Fr. boucanier = a buccaneer; 
Fr. boucaner — to cure flesh or fish by smoking it. 
From Caribbee Indian 6 ottcan=flesh or fish thus 
prepared.] 

*1. Gen.: The name given in the West Indies to 
any one who cured flesh or fish in the way described 
in the etymology. This was done continually by the 
men described under 2 . 

2. Spec.: An order of men, not quite pirates, yet 
with decidedly piratical tendencies, who, for nearly 
two hundred years, infested the Spanish main and 
the adjacent regions. A bull of Pope Alexander 
VI., issued in 1493, having granted to Spain all lands 
which might be discovered west of the Azores, the 
Spaniards thought that they possessed a monopoly 
of ail countries in theNew World, and that they had 
a right to seize, and even put to death, all interlopers 
into their wide domain. Enterprising mariners 
belonging to other nations, and especially those of 
England and France, naturally looked at the case 
from quite an opposite point of view, and considered 
themselves at liberty to push their fortunes within 
the prohibited regions. Being cruelly treated, 
when taken, by the Spaniards, their comrades made 
reprisals, and a state of war was established be¬ 
tween the Spanish governments in the New World 
and the adventurers from the Old, which continued 
even when the nations from which they were drawn 
were at peace in Europe. The association of bucca¬ 
neers began about 1524, and continued till after the 
English revolution of 1688, when the French 
attacked the English in the West Indies, and the 
buccaneers of the two countries, who had hitherto 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or. wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



buccaneer 


655 


buckacy 


been friends,' took different sides, and were sepa¬ 
rated forever. Thus weakened, tney began to be 
suppressed between 1697 and 1701, and soon after¬ 
ward ceased to exist, pirates of the normal type to 
a certain extent taking their place. The buccaneers 
were also called “filibustiers,” or “filibusters a 
term which was revived some years ago in connec¬ 
tion with the adventures of “General” Walker in 
Spanish America. [Filibuster.] 
buc-can-eer', biic-an-eer', v. i. [From Eng., 
&c., buccaneer , s. (q. v.)] To act the part of a buc¬ 
caneer ; to be a more respectable pirate. 

buc-can-eer’-ing, buc-g,n-eer'-mg, pr. par., a. 
&s. [Buccaneer, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

i C. As substantive: 

1. The act of doing as the historical buccaneers 
did. [Buccaneer, s.] 

2. The act of committing semi-piracy, or piracy 
outright. 

tbuc-§el-la'-tion, s. [In Fr. buccellation; from 
Lat. buccella, buccea=a small mouthful, a morsel; 
6 wcca=cheeks, mouthful.] The act of breaking 
into large pieces. 

fbuc’-gln-al, a. [From Lat. buccina— a crooked 
horn or trumpet, as distinguished from tuba= a 
straight one.] 

1. Shaped like a trumpet. ( Ogilvie .) 

2. Sounding like a horn or trumpet. ( Christian 
Observer.) 

buC -§In-a-tor, s. & a. [In Fr. buccinateur. 
From Lat. buccinator=one who blows the trumpet; 
buccino=to blow the trumpet; buccina—& crooked 
horn,or trumpet.] [Buccinal.] 

A. As substantive: 

Anat.: The trumpeter’s muscle, one of the maxil¬ 
lary group of muscles of the cheek. They are the 
active agents in mastication, and are beautifully 
adapted for it. The buccinator circumscribes the 
cavity of the mouth and, aided by the tonguej keeps 
the food under the pressure of the teeth; it also 
helps to shorten the pharynx from before backward, 
and thus assists in deglutition. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or analogous to a 
trumpeter. 

IT Buccinator muscle: The same as A. (q. v.) 
biic-gin-l-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. buccinum 
= a whelk (q. v.), and plur. adj. suffix -idee.] 

Z 06 I.: A family of mollusks belonging to the 
order Prosobranchiata, and the section Siphono- 
stomata. They constitute part of Cuvier’s Bucci- 
noida. They have the shell notched in front, or 
with the canal abruptly reflected so as to produce 
a varix on the front of the shell. The leading 
genera are Buccinum Terebra, Ebuma, Nassa, Pur¬ 
pura, Cassis, Dolium, Harpa, and Oliva. 

buc'-gin-um, s. [From Lat. buccino.] [Buc¬ 
cinal.] 

ZoOl.: The typical genus of the family Buccinid© 
(q. v.). In English they are called Whelks, which 
are not to be confounded with the Periwinkle, also 
sometimes called whelks. Buccinum undatum is 
the Common Whelk. 

2. Palceont.: Species of the genus exist in the 
cretaceous rocks, but it is essentially tertiary and 
recent. 

buc-co, s. [From Lat. bucco= one who has dis¬ 
tended cheeks.] 

Ornith.: The typical genus of the family Buc- 
conidse, or the sub-family Bucconin© (q. v.). They 
belong to the Old World, though closely analogous 
genera are in the New. 

biic-con-l-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bucco 
(q. v.); and fem. plur. adj. suffix -idee.'] 

Ornith.: A family of birds, sometimes called from 
the stiff bristles around their bills Barbets, and 
sometimes denominated Puff-birds, from the puff ed- 
out plumage. They have been placed as a sub¬ 
family Bucconin®, under the family Piciche (Wood¬ 
peckers), as a sub-family of Aicedinid©, and as 
a family under the order Scansores. The genus 
called Bucco by Linnaeus and Cuvier is the same as 
Capito of Vieillot. [Barbet (1).] 
buc-con'-l-nse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bucco; 

and fem. plur. adj. suff.-iwoe.] 

Ornith.: A sub-family of birds. [Bucco, Buc- 
conid^:.] 

btL-§er-l?iS, s. [From Bucellas , a Portuguese 
village fourteen miles north of Lisbon.] A white 
wine, somewhat resembling hock, the produce of 
a peculiar kind of vine cultivated in Portugal. A 
genuine Bucellas should contain not more than 26 

E er cent, of proof spirit. It is one of the most 
ighly-prized of the white wines of Spain, and is 
rarely met with in a pure state outside of the imme¬ 
diate vicinity of its manufacture, the demand for it 
instigating adulteration. 


bu-gen-taur, s. [From Gr. 6 ows=an ox; and 
kentauros— a centaur, a monster of double shape, 
half man and 
half horse.] 

1. Class, my- 
thol.: A mon¬ 
ster, half ox 
and half man. 

2 . The state 
barge of Ven¬ 
ice. 

bk-ger’-i- 
dse, s.ph [Bu- 

CEROTLDJS.J 

bu-ger-os, 

s. [Lat. bu - Bucontaur. 

cerus; Gr . bou- 

keros— having the horns of a bullock, ox-horned: 
bous= an ox, and keras= a horn.] 

Ornith.: Hornbills, the typical genus of the family 
Bucerotid®, or Bucerid© (q. v.). The best known 
species is Buceros galeatus. 

bu-ger-ot'-I-dse, bu-ger -i-dse, s.pl. [From Lat. 
buceros, and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ornith.: Hornbills, a family of conirostral birds. 
They have a huge bill, surmounted by a casque. 
The plumage is greenish black. They are found in 
the tropics of the Old World, and especially in the 
Atlantic and African islands. 

Bp-chan-a -m-a, s. [Named after Dr. Buchanan 
Hamilton, a well-known Indian botanist.] 

Bot.: A genus of Anacardiacese (Anacards). Bu- 
chanania latifolia is a large Indian tree, the kernel 
of the nut of which is much used in native con¬ 
fectionery. It abounds in a bland oil. A black 
varnish is made from the fruits. The unripe fruits 
of B. lancifolia are eaten by the natives of India in 
their curries. 

buch-an-Ites ( ch guttural), s. pi. [Named after 
their founder.] An extraordinary sect of fanatics, 
founded by one Lucky Buchan in the west of Scot¬ 
land in 1783. They appear to have lived in the 
grossest immorality, and they gradually diminished 
in number, the last member of the sect dying in 
1846. ( Chambers' Encyclopaedia.) 
bfi'-chol-zite, s. [In Ger. bucholzit.] 

Min.: A variety of fibrolite (q. v.). It is found in 
the Swiss and Austrian Tyrol. 

bucht (ch guttural), s. [Bought, s.] (Scotch.) A 
bending, a fold, a pen in which ewes are milked. 
buch-u,s. [Bucku.] 

*buch'-y-ment, s. [From Fr. embRche; O. Fr. 
embusche, embosche=ambush, and Eng. suif. -ment.] 
Ambush. 

“ Y leuede yond on a buchyment; sarasyns wonder fule.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), i. 798. 
bu’-gid-a, s. [From Gr. bous=an ox, and eidos= 
form. So named because the ripe fruit is shaped 
like the horn of an ox.] 

Bot .: Olive Bark-tree, a genus of plants belonging 
to the order Santalace® (Sandal-worts). Bucida 
buceras is the Jamaica Olive Bark-tree, which grows 
in the island just named in low swampy places, is 
an excellent timber tree, and has bark much valued 
for tanning. 

buck (1), s. [A. S. bdc=a beech-tree ; Icel. & Sw. 
bok; Dut. beuke; Russ, buk; Ger. buche.] [Beech.] 
A beech-tree. (Scotch.) 

“There is in it also woodes of buck, and deir in them.” 
— Descr. of the Kingdom of Scotland. 

buck-finch, s. One of the English names for the 
chaffinch, Fringilla ccelebs. 

buck (2), *bukke, s. [A. S. bucca= a he-goat, a 
buck; buc=a stag, a buck; Icel. bukkr= a he-goat; 
bokki=( 1) a he-goaL,(2) a dandy; Sw. bock; Dan. 
buk; Dut. bok; (N. H.) Ger. bock; M. H. Ger. boc; 
O. H. Ger. poch; Low Lat. buccus; Fr. bouc; Prov. 
boc: Sp. boque; Ital. becco; Arm. buch; Corn, byk; 
Wei. bwch, bouch; Ir. boch, poc; Gael, boc, buic; 
Hind, bakrd (m.), bakri (f.)=a goat; Mahratta 
bukare (n.), bakara (m.), bakari (f.).] 

1. Lit. • Of the inferior animals: 

( 1 ) A he-goat. [Burke.] 

(2) The male of the fallow deer. 

“Bucks, goats, and the like, are said to be tripping or 
saliant, that is, going or leaping.”— Peacham. 

(3) The male of various other mammals more or 
less analogous to the foregoing. Spec., the male of 
the sheep, the hare, and the rabbit. 

“Thesame gentleman has bred rabbits for many years, 
and has noticed that a far greater number of bucks are 
produced than does.”— Darwin: The Descent of Man, vol. i., 
pt. ii., ch. viii., p. 305. 

2. Fig. Of man: 

(1) A gay, dashing young fellow. 

“ Again, wert not thou, at one period of life, a Buck, or 
Blood, or Macaroni, . . .”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, 
bk. i., ch. ix. 

(2) An adult male Indian or negro. 



buck (3), s. A Western term used in card-playing, 
a corruption of book (of cards). 

“ Ante and pass the buck.” — Mark Twain: Roughing It. 

buck’s-beard, s. 

1. An unidentified plant. (Mctscal.) 

2. A plant, Tragopogon pratense. 
buck’s-horn, s. A name sometimes given to the 

plant genus Rhus. 

buck-jumper, s. An epithet for a kicking horse, 
used in the Western states and Australia. 
*buck(4),s. [Buik, Bouk, Bulk.] The body, a 

carcass. (Scotch.) 

“. . . sic derth is rasit in the cuntrie that ane mut¬ 
ton buck is deirar and far surmountis the price of ane 
boll of quheit.”— Acts Ja. VI., 1592 (ed. 1814), p. 677. 

buck (5), s. & a. [In Sw. byk" Dan. byg; (N. H.) 
Ger. bauche, beuche: Fr. bu 6 e; Prov. & Sp. bugeda; 
Ital. bucato. From Ital. bucare— to pierce holes in; 
buca — a hole, because the ashes are strained 
through a pierced dish (LittrS, &c.); from Gael. 
f>oq=moist, soft, tender (Wedgwood), from Ir. buac 
=lye; Gael. buac — dung used in bleaching the 
liquor in which cloth . . . linen in the first 
stage of bleaching. (Skeat.)] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The liquid in which linen is washed. , 

“ Buck! I would I could wash myself of the buck! I war¬ 
rant you, buck; and of the season too it shall appear.”— 
Shakesp.: Merry Wives, iii. 3. 

2 . The clothes washed in such a liquid. 

“ . . . she washes bucks here at home.”— Shakesp.: 

Henry VI., Pt. II., iv. 2. 

IT To beat a buck: To beat clothes at the wash. 
[Bucking.] 

“ If I were to beat a buck I can strike no harder.” 

Massinger: Virgin Martyr, iv. 2. 
II. Tech. Sawyer's xvork and carpentry: A frame 
of two crotches to hold a stick while being cross¬ 
cut. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to a buck in any of the 
foregoing senses. 

buck-basket, s. A basket to hold linen about to 
be washed. 

“They conveyed me into a buck-basket.” — Shakesp.: 
Merry Wives, iii. 5. 

buck-board, s. 

Vehicles: A plank bolted to the hind axle and to 
a bolster on the fore axle, being a cheap substitute 
for a bed-coupling and springs. (Knight.) 
buck-saw, s. 

Carp.: A frame saw with one extended bar to 
form a handle, and adapted to a nearly vertical 
motion in cross-cutting 
wood held by a saw- 
buck. 

buck-wagon, buck- 
waggon, s. 

Vehicles: A rude 
wagon formed of a sin¬ 
gle board resting on the 
axle-trees, and forming 
by its elasticity a 
spring-seat for the 
driver. 

*buck-washing, s. 

The act of washing dirty linen, a laundering. 

“ You were best meddle with buck-washing.”—Shakesp .. 
Merry Wives, iii. 3. 

buck (1), *bouk-en, *buk-ken, v. t. [In Sw. 

by lea; Dan. byge; (N. H.) Ger. bouclien, bauchen, 
beuchen; O. Fr. buer.] [Buck (5), s.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . Literally: To wash clothes. 

“Alas, a small matter bucks a handkerchief.” 

Puritan, Sh. Sup., ii. 640. 

2. Figuratively: To soak or deluge with rain. 

“. . . fell such plente of water that the grounde wag 
therewith bucked and drowned.”— Fabyan: Chron., i. 243. 

II. Mining: To break or pulverize. (Used of 
ores.) 

buck (2), v. i. [From buck (2), s. (q. v.)] 

1. To copulate as bucks and does. 

2. To kick or jump about. (Said of horses.) 
buck (3), v. i. [Bolke, Belch.] To gurgle. 

IT To buck out: To make a gurgling noise like 
that of liquids issuing from a straight-necked 
bottle. (Jamieson.) 

buck'-aHjy, buck'-g,-sie, *buk-ke-sy, s. [From 
Fr. boccasin—a kind of fine buckram resembling 
taffeta . . . callimanco. (Cot grave.)) 

Fabrics: A species of buckram or callimanco. 

“ Five quarters of buckacy, for a doublate to littill Bell, 
10s.”— Acct. John Bishop of Glasgow, Treasurer to K. James 
III., A. 1474. 



boil, b<5y; pout, jdwl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian -- shan. -Mon, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - b?l, del. 












buckbean 


656 


buckler 


-bean, *buck’-bane, *bog-bean, s. [In 
Ge,. ..ucksbohne; Dut. bocksboonen. From Eng. 
bog,bean; bntcf. 

Dan. bukke, blad 
=goat’s leg. J 
Orel. Lang. <& 

Bot.: The Eng 
lish name of 
Meny anthes, a 
entis of plants 
elonging to the 
order Gentiana- 
cese [Gentian- 
worts). Specially 
the name oiMeny- 
anthes trifoliata, 
called also Marsh 
Trefoil. It has 
densely - creeping 
and matted roots, 
ternate leaves, 
and a compound Buckbean. 

raceme or thyrse i. Plant and flower, 
of white flowers, 2. Section of corolla, 

tipped externally 

with red, and beautifully-fringed within with white 
thread-like processes. An infusion of its leaves is 
bitter, and is sometimes given in dropsy and rheu¬ 
matism. In Sweden two ounces of the leaves are 
substituted for a pound of hops. In Lapland the 
roots are occasionally powdered and eaten. 

bucked, pa. par. [Buck (1 & 2), v.] 

biick'-et, *bok-et, s. & a. [A. S. buc— a bucket, a 
flagon, a vessel or water-pot, a pitcher; Gael. 
bucaid. Cf. also Fr. baquet—a. tub, a washing-tub, 
a trough.] [Back.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: In the same sense as II. 1 (q. v.) 

II. Technically; 

1. A vessel of wood, leather, or any suitable ma¬ 
terial, provided with a handle, and adapted for 
holding or carrying water or other liquid or solid 
material, or being hauled up. 

2. Water-wheels: The vane or float of a water¬ 
wheel. 

3. Hydraulic Engineering: The scoop of a dredg¬ 
ing-machine, which has usually a hinged bottom, 
closed while raising mud, and then opened to 
deposit the load. 

4. Naut.: A globe of hoops covered with canvas, 
used as a recall signal for whale-boats. ( Kniglit.) 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bucket in the 
foregoing senses. 

IT Compound of obvious signification; Bucket¬ 
making. 

bucket-engine, s. 

Hydraul. Engineering: A series of buckets at¬ 
tached to an endless chain, which runs over 
sprocket wheels. It is designed to utilize a stream 
of water which has a considerable fall but only a 
moderate quantity of water, 
bucket-book, s. 

Sugar Manuf.: A device for holding a bucket 
against a tree to catch sugar-maple sap. 

bucket-shop, s. Any place other than a com¬ 
mercial exchange where betting on current prices 
of stocks, grain, &c., is carried on in a small way: 
where deals in grain are made by “ the bucketful” 
or in smaller quantities than usual on a board of 
trade. 

bucket-valve, s. 

Steam-engines: The valve on the top of an air- 
pump bucket. 

bucket-wheel, s. 

Hydraul. Engineering: An ancient device for 
raising water. It consists of a wheel, over which 
passes a rope having pots or buckets, which dip 
into the water of the well and discharge their con¬ 
tents at the surface. It is used also in grain 
elevators and in carburetors. {Knight.) 

buck’-et-ful, s. [Eng. bucket; ful{l).] As much 
of anything as will fill a bucket. 

buck -eye, s. [Eng. buck, and eye.] The Ameri¬ 
can horse-chestnut tree, the JEsculus ohioticus of 
botanists. Its fruit, root, and leaves are all said to 
be poisonous to men and animals. (Lindley: Veg. 
King. (1847), p. 384.) 
buck-horn, s. [Buck’s-hoen.] 
buck -ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Buck (1), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: • 

*1. Ord. Lang.: The act of washing dirty clothes. 
This was formerly done by beating the clothes in 
water on a stone with a pole flattened at the end. 
( Nares .) 

“Here is a basket, he may creep in here; and throw foul 
linen upon him, as if i t were going to bucking.” — Shakesp.: 
Mer. Wives, iii. 3. 


II. Technically: 

1. Bleaching: The act of soaking cloth in a lye. 
This alternates with crofting, i. e., with exposing 
the cloth on the grass to air and light. 

2 . Mining: The act of breaking up masses of ore 
by means of hammers. 

bucking-iron, s. 

Mining: A massive hammer used in breaking up 
masses of ore. 

bucking-keir, s. An apparatus for removing the 
dirt and grease from linen or cotton by boiling it 
with lime in a pan. 

bucking-plate, s. The miner’s table on which 
ore is broken. 

*bucking-stool, s. A washing-block. 

“ . . . no bigger than a toad upon a bucking-stool .”— 
Gayton: Notes on Don Quixote, bk. iii., ch. iii. 

buck'-ing, pr.par. [Buck (2), v.] 
fbuck’-Isb, a. [Eng. buck; -ish.] Pertaining to 
a “ buck ” in a figurative sense, that is, to a gay and 
frivolous young man. {Grose.) 

fbuck’-Ism, s. [Eng. buck; -ism.] The quality 
of a buck. {Smart.) 

buck-land-Ite, s. [Named after the very emi¬ 
nent geologist. Dean Buckland, who was born at 
Axminster, in Devon, England, in 1784, was reader 
in mineralogy, and in 1818 reader in geology in 
Oxford University; in 1818 became F. R. S., was 
twice President of the Geological Society, and died 
in 1856.] 

Min.: Two minerals— 

1. Bucklandite of Hermann: A variety of Epidote. 

2. Bucklandite of Levy: A variety Allanite ( Dana), 
called Orthite in the British Museum Catalogue. 
The former authority terms it anhydrous Allanite. 
It is found at Arendal, in Norway. 

buck'-le ( 1 ), *boc-le, *bok-ele, *bek-ille, 
*bok-ylle, *bo-cul, *bok-ulle, s. [0. Fr. bocle; 
Fr. boucle=the boss of a shield, a ring ; 0. Sp. bloca ; 
from Low Lat. bucula—the boss of a shield; a 
dimin. of bucca— the cheek.] A link of metal, witl 
a tongue or catch, made to fasten one thing to 
another. 

“ Bocle or boculle {bocul, bokyll, or bocle). Pluscula.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“ Fifti bokelis of bras.” — Wycliffe: Exod. xxxvi. 18. 
{Purvey.) 

IT From a very early period buckles have been 
marks of honor and authority. [See 1 Macc. x. 89.] 
“Ribands, buckles, and other trifling articles of apparel 
which he had worn, were treasured up as precious relics 
by those who had fought under him at Sedgemoor.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

If Compound of obvious signification: Buckle- 
maker. 

buckle-chape, s. 

Saddlery : The par t by which the buckle is secured 
to the band. 

buckle-tongue, s. The tongue or catch of a 
buckle. 

buck'-le (2), s. [Buckle (2), v.] 

I. Literally: 

I. A bend, a bow, a curl. 

* 2 . The state of the hair crisped and curled; a 
curl. 

“ The greatest beau was dressed in a flaxen periwig ; the 
wearer of it goes in his own hair at home, and lets his wig 
lie in buckle for a whole half year.”— Spectator. 

II. Fig.: A distorted expression. 

“ ’Gainst nature armed by gravity, 

His features too in buckle see.”— Churchill. 

buck'-le (l), *bok-el, *bok-el-yn, v. t. & i 
[Buckle (1), s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit. To fasten with a buckle. 

“ Bokelyn, or spere wythe bokylle. Plusculo — Prompt. 
Parv. 

“ Took from the nail on the wall his sword with its 
scabbard of iron, 

Buckled the belt round his waist, and frowning 
fiercely, departed.” 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Stand ish, iv. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1 To confine. 

“ How brief the life of man 
Runs his erring pilgrimage^ 

That the stretching of a span 
Buckles in his sum of age.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 2. 
*2. To join in battle. 

“ The lord Gray, captain of the men at arms, was for¬ 
bidden to charge, until the foot of the avantguard were 
buckled with them in front.”— Hayward. 

3. To join in matrimony. {Scotch.) 

“ Soon they loo’d, and soon ware buckled, 

Nane took time to think and rue.” 

Macneill: Poems, i. 10. 


B. Reflex.: To set ones self to do anything; tc 
prepare to do anything. (A metaphor taken from 
the buckling on of armor.) 

“ The Sarazin, this hearing, rose amain, 

And, catching up in hast liis three-squared shield ^ 
And shining helmet, soone him buckled to the field.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. vi. 41. 

C. Intransitive: 

1. To be joined in matrimony, to wed, to be mar¬ 
ried. {Scotch.) 

“May, though it is the sweetest month in a’ the year, is 
the only month that nobody in the north country ever 
thinks o’ buckling in.”— Reg. Dalton, iii. 163. 

“ Is this an age to buckle with a bride?”— Dryden. 

2. To join in a contest with, to engage. 

“ In single combat thou shalt buckle with me.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., i 2. 

3. To apply one’s self to any work; to set to. 

“This is to be done in children, by trying them, when 

they are by laziness unbent, or by avocation bent another 
way, and endeavoring to make them buckle to the thing 
proposed.”-— Locke. 

1[ To buckle to: To be married, to wed. 

“ To her came a rewayl’d draggle, 

Wha had bury’d wives anew, 

Ask’d her in a manner legal, 

Gin she wadna buckle too.” 

Train: Political Reveries, p. 64. 

buckle-tbe-beggars, s. One who marries others 
in a clandestine and disorderly manner. {Scotch.) 

buck’-le (2), v. t. & i. [Fr. boucler— to buckle, to 
ring, to curl.] 

A. Trans.: To bend, put out of shape, crinkle up. 
“ Supposing, therefore, a ship to be plated on the Lord 

Warden style, then even a single cannon-shot that pierced 
and buckled a slab would compel the removal (for repairs) 
of a mass weighing over seven tons, and costing nearly 
£300, . . . ”— London Daily Telegraph, Aug. 10, 1864. 

B. Intrans.: To bend, bow, get out of shape. 

“ The wretch, whose fever-weaken’d joints, 

Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., ii. L 
“ Go buckle to the law.”— Dryden. 

buck -led ( 1 ), *boc-lyd, *bok-eled, *buc-lede, 

a. par. & a. [Buckle (1), v.] Fastened with a 
uckle. 

“ Boclyd as shone or botys (bokeled, P.). Plusculatus.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“ Now han they buclede shoon.”— P. Ploughman's Crede, 
(ed. Skeat), 695. 

buck-led (2 ),pa. par. & a. [Buckle (2), v.] 
buckled-plates, s. pi. 

Arch.: A form of iron plates for flooring, having 
a slight convexity in the middle, and a flat rim 
round the edge called the fillet. They are usually 
square or oblong, and are laid upon iron beams or 
girders, the convexity being placed upward. 

buck'-ler (1), s. [Buckle, v.] One who buckles, 
buck-ler (2), *boc-el-er, *bok-el-er, *boc-ler, 
s. [0. Fr. bocler; Fr. bouclier, so named from the 
bocle or boss in its center {Skeat); or perhaps from 
its being worn buckled on the left arm.] 

1. Ordinary Language : A kind of shield, anciently 
made of wicker-work, and covered with skin or 
leather. 

“ With good swerd and with 
bocler by her side.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,016. 

“One laced the helm, an¬ 
other held the lance; 

A third the shining buck¬ 
ler did advance.” 

Dryden: The Fables; Pala- 
mon and Arcite, bk. iii. 

IF 1. To give the bucklers, 
to yield the bucklers: To 
yield. 

“ I give thee the bucklers.” Buckler. 

Shakesp.: Much Ado, v. 2. 

2. To lay down the bucklers: To cease to contend. 
“ If you lay down the bucklers, you lose the victory.” 

Every Woman in her Humor. 

3 To take up the bucklers: To contend. 

“ Charge one of them to take up Ihe bucklers 

Against that hair-monger Horace.” 

Decker: Satiromastix. 

II. Technically: 

1 . Palceont.: The anterior segment of the cara¬ 
pace or shell in trilobites. {Dana.) 

2. Nautical: 

(1) Blur.: Two blocks of wood fitted together to 
stop the hawse-holes, leaving only sufficient space 
between them for the cable to pass through, and 
thereby preventing the vessel from taking in much 
water in a heavy head-sea. They are also called 
riding or blind bucklers. {Smyth.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
or, wore, wplf, work, wh6, s&n; mute, cub, cure, \inite, cur, rule, fail; try, Syrian, se. ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ au’ = kw’. 









657 


buckler-beak 


bud 


(2) Sing.: The lower half of a divided portlid, or 
shutter. 

If Compounds of obvious signification: Buckler - 
head, buckler-headed. 

buckler-beak, s. 

Palceont.: A name sometimes given to a fish 
which has a beak-shaped upper jaw. It is a Juras¬ 
sic Ganoid, allied to Lepidosteus, but having a 
homocercal tail. 

buckler fern, buckler-fern, s. 

Bot.: A modern book-name for the fern-genus 
Lastrea. 

buckler-mustard, s. The English name of Bis- 
cutella, a genus of cruciferous plants. They are 
small annual or perennial hispid plants, with bright 
yellow flowers of no great size. [Biscutella.] 

buckler-shaped, a. 

Bot.: Of the appearance of a small round buck¬ 
ler. The term is akin in meaning to lens-formed, 
but differs in implying that there is an elevated rim 
or border. 

buckler-thorn, s. A plant, the same as Christ’s- 
thorn ( Paliurus aculeatus). 

buck'-ler, V. t. [From buckler, s. (q. v.)] To 
defend as with a buckler. {Lit. <& fig.) 

••I’ll buckler thee against a million.” 

Shakesp.: Tam. of Shrew, iii. 2. 

“ Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right, 

Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree?” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., iii. 3. 

btlck’-lers, s. pi. [Buckler, s.] 

bilck-ling (1), *buck-el-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Buckle (1), v .] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive : 

1. The act of fastening with a buckle; the state of 
being so fastened. 

‘‘At buckling of the faulchion belt!” 

Scott: Marmion, vi. 12. 

2. The act of engaging in a contest. 

“ . . . it was set up at the first bucketing.” — Holland: 
Livy, bk. viii., ch. 38. 

buck'-llfig (2 ),pr. par., a. & s. [Buckle (2), v.) 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: Bending, bowing, causing to get out of 
shape. 

“ . . . the danger of a plate dropping off is propor¬ 
tional to the buckling power which breaks the screws or 
bolts .”—London Daily Telegraph, August 10, 1861. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of bending or putting out 

of shape. . . . 

2. Tech.: The act of twisting or warping; the 
state of being twisted or warped. 

“ In fact, however, the tendency to twist or warp techni¬ 
cally called buckling."—Herbert Spencer: Psychol., vol. ii. 

buck'-mast, buck mast, s. [From Scotch buck 
=the beech-tree, and mast; and A. S. maeste=tood, 
specially that on which animals are fattened, such 
as acorns, berries, and nuts {Lye). In Ger. buch- 
mast .] The mast or fruit of the beech-tree. {Skin¬ 
ner.) 

buck-ra, «• & «• [Calabar-negro, buckra = a 
demon, a powerful and superior being. ( J. L. Wil¬ 
son.) ( Mahn .)] 

A. As subst.: A white man. (Negro-English, 
whether African or American.) 

B. Asadj.: White. {Bartlett.) {Goodrich & Por¬ 
ter.) 

buck-ram, *bok-er-am, s. & a. [In Fr. bougran; 
0. Fr. boucaran; Prov. bocaran; Ital. bucherame; 
M. H. Ger. buckeram, buckeran, buggeram; Low 
Lat. buchiranus, boquerannus, boquena — goat’s- 
skin. From Fr. bouc= a he-goat, or, in the opinion 
of some, derived by transposing the letter r from 
Fr. bouracan, baracan, barracan — barracan; 
strong, thick camlet.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: A kind of strong linen cloth, stiff¬ 
ened with gum or glue, in order to keep it in the- 
form intended, used by tailors and stay-makers. 

{Lit. & fig.) 

“ Our men. in buckram shall have blows enough. 

And feel they too ‘are penetrable stuff.’ ” 

Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

+ 2 . Bat. {PI. Buckrams): Two plants; (1) Wild 
Garlic {Allium ursinum); (2) Cuckow pint {Arum 
maculatum). {Ger. Appendix.) 


B. As adjective: 

1. Lit. {of things): Consisting of the fabric de¬ 
scribed under A. 

“ I have peppered two of them; two, I am sure, I have 
paid; two rogues in buckram suits.”— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., 
Pt. I., ii. 4. 

2. Fig. {of persons): Starched, stiff, precise, for¬ 
mal, trim. 

“ A few buckram bishops of Italy, and some other 
epicurean prelates.”— Fulke against Allen, p. 30L 

“ One that not long since was the buckram scribe.” 

Beaum. <Sk Flet.: Span. Curate. 
buck'-ram, v. t. [From buckram, s. (q. v.)] To 
stiffen by means of buckram. {Cowper.) 
buck'-shish, bfick'-sheish, s. [Baksheesh.] 
bucks'-horn, tbuck'-horn, *bukes borne, 
s. & a. [From Eng. buck's (possess, case of buck), 
and horn.) 

A. As substantive: 

I. Of plants: 

1. Senebiera Coronopus. 

“ Bukes horns, or els swynes grese (grass), and has lenes 
slaterde as an hertys home, and hit groyes gropyngbe 
the erthe. And hit has a letell white floure and groyes in 
the ways.”— M. S. Bodl., 356 Cockayne, iii. 316. ( Britten & 
Holland .) 

2. Lycopodium clavatum. (Local.) 

3. Plantago coronopus. 

4. Plantago maritima. 

5. The English name of a plant—the Lobelia 
coronopifolia, from the Cape of Good Hope. 

B. As adj.: Resembling the horn of a buck, or 
resembling, in some particular or other, the more 
typical of the plants now described. 

If Buckshorn plantain: [So called because the 
deeply-cut leaves somewhat resemble the horns of a 
buck.] 

1 . The ordinary English name of a plant— Plant¬ 
ago coronopus — which has linear pinnatifid or 
toothed leaves, and slender cylindrical spikes of 
flowers. It is not uncommon on sterile soils, espe¬ 
cially near the sea. 

2. A name for an allied plant— Plantago maritima , 
the Sea-side Plantago. 

buck-shot, s. [From Eng. buck, and shot.) A 
kind of leaden shot larger than swan-shot. About 
160 or 170 of them weigh a pound. They are specially 
designed to be used in hunting large game, 
buck'-skin, s. & a. [Eng. buck; -skin.) 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

(1) The skin of a buck. 

(2) Anative of Virginia. {Burns.) 

2. Leather Manufact.: A kind of soft leather, 
generally yellow or grayish in color, prepared orig¬ 
inally by treating deer-skins in a particular way, 
but now in general made from sheep-skins. This 
may be done by oil, or by a second method, in which 
the skins are “ grained,” “ brained,” and “ smoked.” 
(For details, see Knight's Diet. Meehan.) 

B. As adj.: Made of the skin of a buck. 

“ . . . a pair of buckskin breeches.”— Tatler, No. 42. 
♦buck-some, a. [Buxom.] 

♦biick'-some-ness, s. [Buxomness.] 
buck-stall, *buck'-stal, s. [Eng. buck; and 
stall (q. v.).] A toil or net to take deer. 

“ Knit thy torne buck-stals with well-twisted threds, 

To be forsaken ?” Brown: Brit. Past., ii., p. 108. 
btick'-tborn, s. [Eng. buck, and thorn.) 

Ord. Lang. & Bot.: The English name of Rham- 
nus, a genus of plants, the typical one of the order 
Rhamnacese (Rhamnads). The berries of the com¬ 
mon species are black,nauseous, and, as the specific 
name Bhamnus catharticus imports, highly cathar¬ 
tic ; they afford a yellow dye when unripe, as the 
bark of the shrub does a green one. They are sold 
as “ French berries.” The alder buckthorn, again, 
has dark purple purgative berries, which, in an 
unripe state, dye wool green and yellow, and when 
ripe bluish gray, blue, and green. The bark dyes 
yellow, and, with iron, black. Of the foreign spe¬ 
cies, the berries of the Rock-buckthorn, or Rhamnus 
saxatilis, are used to dye the Maroquin or Morocco- 
leather yellow, whilst the leaves of the Tea-buck¬ 
thorn, R. thezans, are used by poor people in China 
as a substitute for tea. The species best known to 
the pharmacopoeia of this country is the R. pur- 
shiana, otherwise called Cascara sagrada. [Rham¬ 
nus.] 

buck -tooth, *buk-tfith, s. [Eng. buck; tooth.) 
Any tooth that juts out from the rest. 

buc'-kfi, buch'-u, ibfic’-u, s. [Caffre (?).] A 
South African name for several species of Barosma, 
especially B. crenata, crenulata, and serratifolia. 
They belong to the order Rutacese and the section 
Endiosmese. They have a powerful and usually 
offensive odor, and have been recommended as 
antispasmodics and diuretics. 


buck'-um-wood, s. [Bukkum-wood.] 

buck-wheat, *bock-wheat, s. & a. [From O. 
Eng. buck— beecn, which the “ mast ” of its triangu¬ 
lar seed resem¬ 
bles. In Dan. 
boghvede; Dut. 
bockweit; Ger. 
buchweizen.) 

A. As substan¬ 
tive. 

Ord. Lang. <& 

Bot.: A plant, 
the Polygonum 
Fagopyrum. In 
the United 
States its flour 
is extensively 
used as a break¬ 
fast dish in the 
shape of buck¬ 
wheat cakes. 

Its native coun- Buckwheat, 

try is Asia, 
where it is extensively cultivated as a bread com. 
In Europe its flowers are employed in the making of 
bread, cakes, etc., and its seeds for feeding horses 
and poultry. 

B. As adj.: Resembling buckwheat; designed to 
grind buckwheat. 

buckwheat huller, s. 

Grinding: A form of mill, or an ordinary mill 
with a particular dress and set of the stones,adapted 
to remove the hull from the grains of buckwheat. 

buckwheat-tree, s. The English name of Mylo- 
carpum, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Ericaceae (Heathworts). The Privet-like Buck¬ 
wheat-tree, Mylocarpum ligustrinum, is a native of 
Georgia. 

buck-jf, buck-ie, *buk’-ky, s. [From Lat. 
buccinum (q. v.), or from Ger. bilcken—to bow, to 
bend.] 

1. Lit.: Any spiral shell. 

“ Triton, his trumpet of a Buckie.” 

Muse’s Threnodie, p. 2. 

“ Cypraea pecticulus, or John o’ Croat’s bucky, is found 
on all the shores of Orkney.”— Neill: Tour, p. 16. 

Specially: 

( 1 ) The whelk {Buccinum undatum). 

(2) The periwinkle {Turbo littoreus). 

“And there will be partans and buckies.” 

Kitson: S. Songs, i. 211. 

IT (1) The dog-bucky {Purpura lapillus). 

(2) The roaring-buckie {Buccinum undatum). 

2. Fig.: A perverse or refractory person. 

“ Gin ony sour mou’d girning bucky 
Ca’ me conceity keckling chucky.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 350. 

IT (1) A deevil's bucky or buckie: A person with a 
moral twist in his nature. 

“ ‘It was that deevil’s buckie, Callum Begg,’ said Alick.*’ 
— Scott: Waverley, ch. lviii. 

(2) A t.hrawn bucky: The same as No. 1 , but more 
emphatic, thrawn meaning twisted. 

♦bucled, a. [Buckle.] 

bu-col'-lc, bn-col’-ick, a. & s. [In Fr. buco- 
lique, a. & s.; Sp. & Port, bucolico, a .ibucolica, 
s. f.; Ital. buccolico, a., buccdlica, s. f. From Lat. 
bucolicus; Gr. boukolikos= pertaining to shepherds, 
pastoral; boukolos=& cowherd, a herdsman ; bous= 
an ox, and koleo (in compos, only)=to . . . tend, 
to take care of.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to the life and occupations 
of a shepherd; pastoral, rustic, often with the im¬ 
putation of deficiency in' intelligence, culture, and 
refinement. 

tB. As substantive : 

1 . A pastoral poem. 

“Theocritus and Moschus had respectively written a 
bucolic on the deaths of Daphnis and Bion.”— Notes on 
Milton’s Smaller Poems. 

2. The writer of a pastoral poem. 

“ Spenser is erroneously ranked as our earliest English 
bucolic." — War ton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 51. 

bu-col -l-cal, a. [From Eng. bucolic, a., and 
suffix -al.) The same as bucolic, a. (q. v.) 

“Old Quintilian, with his declamations, 
Theocritus with his bucolical relations.” 

Skelton: Poems, p. 19. 

bud (1), *budde, s. [From Wei. 6 «dd=profit 
gain (?) {Jamieson). Or from A. S. b6t=a. . . . 
remedy, . . . compensation. {Skinner.)) A gift, 
spec, a bribe. 

“Thay pluck the puir, as thay war powand hadder; 

And taks buds fra men baith neir and far.” 

Priests of Peblis, p. 24. 




bbil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cia'n -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 

42 




bud 


658 


buddlea 


bud (2), *budde, s. [Apparently from Dut. hot = 
a bud, an eye, a shoot; butz— a core. [Fr. bouton = 
a button, a bud, a germ.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1 (q. v.). 

“. . . every tree displays the same fact, for buds 
must be considered as individual plants.”— Darwin: Voy¬ 
age round the World, ix. 203. 

2. Fig.: The germ of anything. 

“ Boys are, at best, but pretty buds unblown.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot. (A Bud or Leaf-bud): The germ of future 
leaves which arises from a node immediately above 
the base of a leaf, or, in other words, from the axil 
of a leaf. Any one appearing in a different situation 
is regarded as. latent or adventitious. A bud con¬ 
sists of scales imbricated over each other, the outer 
series being the hardest and thickest, as being 
designed to afford protection to those within 
against the weather. In the center of the scales is 
a minute but all-important cellular axis, or growing 
point, whence the future development is to take 
place. 

“Buds are distinguished into stem-buds (plumules), 
leaf-buds, and flower-buds.”— Thome: Struct. & Physiol. 
Bot. (transl. by Bennet), 3d ed., 1879, p. 82. 

2. Zo6l.: A protuberance, or gemmule, on polypes 
and similar animals, which ultimately develops 
into a complete animal. 

bud-scales, s.pl. 

Bot.: Scales protecting buds which persist through 
the winter. They are dry, viscid, covered with 
hairs, or smooth. 

bud (1), v. t. [From bud (1), s. (q. v.)] (Scotch.) 
To bribe. 

“ I have nothing that can hire or bud grace, for if grace 
Would take hire, it were no more grace.”— Rutherford’s 
Letters, 86. 

bud (2), *bud'-dun, v. i. & t. [From bud (2), s. 
(q. v.) In Dut. botten .] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Lit. (of plants): To put forth buds. 

“The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new, 

And love is loveliest when embalmed in tears.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 1. 

2. Fig. (of animals or of anything): 

(1) To begin to grow. 

“There the fruit, that was to be gathered from the con¬ 
flux, quickly budded out.”— Clarendon. 

(2) To be blooming. 

B. Transitive: [Budding, C. 1.] 

bud (3), bude, v. impers. Behooved. 

“ When first this war i’ France began, 

Our blades bude hae a meddlin’ hand.” 

Hogg: Scot. Pastorals, p. 15. 

bud'-dSd, pa. par. & a. [Bud, v .] 

*bud'-der, s. [Eng. bud; -er .] That which buds; 
a plant, a flower. 

“Now while the early budders are just new.” 

Keats: Endymion, i. 4. 

Bfid -dha, s. [Pali 6oodd/to=known, understood, 
possessing knowledge, enlightened,wise-; Booddha— 
the personage described in this article. Sometimes 
the word is spelled with one d , but this is erroneous, 
Boodh in Sanscrit being=not the religious teacher 
but the planet Mercury.] 

1. Gen.: A man possessed of infinite or infallible 
knowledge (Childers) ; a deified religious teacher. 
There was said to be a series of them, a number 
having come and gone before Gautama, the person¬ 
age described under No. 2. When no Buddha is on 
earth, the true religion gradually decays, but it 
flourishes in pristine vigor when a new Buddha is 
raised up. He is not, however, entitled at once to 
that honorable appellation ; it is only after he has 
put forth arduous exertions for the faith that he 
attains to Buddhahood. Most of the Buddhas pre¬ 
ceding the personage described under No. 2 appear 
to have been purely fabulous. His immediate pre¬ 
decessor, Kasyapa or Kassapo, may have been a real 
person. 

“ . . . Sakya Muni, who is usually looked upon as the 
founder of Buddhism; but so far from this being the cast 
Sakya Muni was the fourth Buddha of the actual age or 
second division of the Kappo.”— Col. Sykes in Jour. Asiat. 
Soc. (1841), vol. vi., p. 261. 

2. Specially: A distinguished personage of Aryan 
descent, whose father was king of Kapilavastu, an 
old Hindu kingdom at the foot of the Nepaulese 
mountains, about 100 miles north of Benares; he 
was of the Sakhya family, and the class of the 
Gautamas, hence his distinguished son was often 
called Sakhya Muni or Saint Sakya, and Gautama 
or Guadama. The Chinese call him Fo, which is 
the name Buddha softened in the pronunciation. 
The Aryan invaders of India looked down with con¬ 
tempt upon the Turanian inhabitants of that land, 


and to keep their blood uncontaminated developed 
the system of caste. Buddha, whose human sym¬ 
pathy was wide-reaching, broke through this old 
restraint, and though he was himself an Aryan, 
preached the equality of races, a doctrine which 
the oppressed Turanians eagerly embraced. By the 
common account he was bora in B. C. 622, attained 
to Buddhahood in 580, and died in 543, or in the opin¬ 
ion of some in B. C. 477, and other years than these, 
such as 400 B. C., or even lower, have been con¬ 
tended for. Buddha became deified by his admiring 
followers. Those images of an Oriental god made 
of white marble, so frequently seen in museums 
and even in private houses, are representations of 
Buddha. 

Bfid-dha-hood, s. [Sansc. Booddha; and Eng. 
suff. -hood.'] The state of a Buddha. 

Bfid -dha-Ship, s. [Sansc. Booddha; and Eng. 
suff. -ship.) The degree or condition of a Buddha. 

Bfid-dhi§m, s. [Sansc. & Pali Booddha (Bud¬ 
dha), and Eng. suff. - ism .1 

Theol., Phil. & Hist.: The system of faith intro¬ 
duced or reformed by Buddha. [Buddha.] In its 
origin Buddhism was a reaction against the caste 
pretensions of the Brahmans and other Aryan 
[Aryan] invaders of India, and was therefore emi¬ 
nently fitted to become, as it for along time was, the 
religion of the vanquished Turanians [Turanian. 1 
As might have been anticipated, the equality of all 
castes was, and is. one of its most fundamental 
tenets. [Caste.] Another tenet is the deification 
of men who, when raised to Buddhahood, are called 
Buddhas. Professors of the faith enumerate about 
one hundred of these personages, but practically 
confine their reverence to about seven. Preeminent 
among these stands Buddha himself. Personally, 
he never claimed divine honors. It was his dis¬ 
ciples who first entitled him Sakya Muni, i. e., Saint 
Sakya. (For other names, such as Gautama, &c., 
given to him, see Buddha.) As Gautama, though 
adored as superhuman, is, after all, confessedly only 
a deified hero, it has been disputed whether his fol¬ 
lowers can be said to admit a Supreme Intelligence, 
Governor of this and all worlds. In philosophy, they 
believe the universe to be a may a, an illusion or 
phantom. The later Brahmanists do the same; but 
in the opinion of Krishna Mohun, Banergea, and 
others, these latter seem to have borrowed the tenet 
from the Buddhists rather than the Buddhists from 
them. Of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, 
those which Buddhism most closely approaches 
are the Sankhya iphilosophy of Kapila and. the 
Yoga philosophy of Patanjali. Buddhism enjoins 
great tenderness to animal life. The felicity at 
which its professors aim in the future world is 
called Nirvfina, or, more accurately, Nibbanam. It 
has been disputed whether this means annihilation 
or blissful repose. Mr. Robt. Csesar Childers, in his 
dictionary of the Pali language, uses strong argu¬ 
ments in favor of the former view. Buddhism was 
attended by an enormous development of monasti- 
cism. 

The language in which Gautama or Buddha 
taught was the Magadhi or Pali, the language of 
Magadha, now called Bahar or Behar. [Pali.] It 
was a Prakrit or Aryan vernacular of a province, 
but has now been raised to the dignity of the Bud¬ 
dhist sacred tongue throughout the world. Gau¬ 
tama’s followers believe that his sayings were noted 
down in the Tripitaka, or “Three Treasuries of 
Discipline, Doctrine and Metaphysics,” which con¬ 
stitute the Buddhist scriptures. What their real 
ago is has been a matter of dispute; the discovery 
by General Cunningham, in 1874, of allusions to 
them in the Bharhut Sculptures , which are of date 
third century B. C., is in favor of their genuineness 
and antiquity. [Buddhist Architecture.] This 
work is in Pali; the Sanscrit Buddhist books dis¬ 
covered by Brian Hodgson in Nepaul are much 
more modern, and present a corrupt form of Bud¬ 
dhism. 

The first general council of the Buddhist Church 
was held at Rajagriha, the capital of the Magadha 
kingdom, in B. C. 543; the second at Yesal (Alla¬ 
habad [?], or a place near Patna) about B. C. 443 or 
377 (?), and a third at Pataliputra (Gr. Palibothra 
=modern Patna), on the Ganges, in B. C. 307 or 250. 
This last one was called by Asoka, an emperor rul¬ 
ing over a great part of India, who had been con¬ 
verted to Buddhism, and is sometimes called the 
Constantine of that faith, having established it as 
the state religion of his wide realm. He sent mis¬ 
sionaries into Western, Central andSouthem India, 
and also to Ceylon and to Pegu. Buddhism was 
dominant in India for about 1,000 years after its 
establishment by Asoka. Then, having become 
corrupt and its vitality having decayed, reviving 
Brahmanism prevailed over it, and all but extin¬ 
guished it on the Indian continent, though a modi¬ 
fication of it, Jainism, still exists in Marwad and 
many other parts. It.has all along held its own, 
however, in Ceylon. On losing continental India, 
its missionaries transferred their efforts to China, 
which they converted, and which still remains 


Buddhist. The religion of Gautama flourishes also 
in Thibet, Burmah and Japan, and is the great 
Turanian faith of the modem as of the ancient 
world. [Buddhists.] [Brahmanism.] 

The Rev, G. Smith points out resemblances 
between Bdddhism and Roman Catholicism (these, 
it may be added, were first discovered by the Jesuit 
missionaries, who were greatly perplexed by them): 
“ There is the monastery, celibacy, the dress and 
caps of the priests, the incense, the bells, the rosary 
of beads, the lighted candles at the altar, the same 
intonations in the services, the same ideas of pur¬ 
gatory, the praying in an unknown tongue, the 
offerings to departed spirits in the temple.” The 
closest similarity is in Lamaism, an amplification 
of Buddhism in Thibet. [Lamaism.] But most of 
the resemblances are ceremonial; there is no close 
similarity in doctrine between the two faiths. 

“ There is also something stronger than a presumption 
of the existance of Buddhism previous to Sakya Muni’s 
ministry.”— Col. Sykes in Jour. Asiat, Soc., vi. 261. 

Bfid -dhist, a. & s. [Sansc., Booddha, Eng., Bud- 
dh(a), and Eng. suff. - ist.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Buddha 
or to Buddhism. 

“ Besides the Buddhist Scriptures, which are the oldest 
Buddhist writings extant, . . .”— Times, December 2,1876. 

B. As substan.: One professing the Buddhist 
faith. The Buddhists are not less than from 350 
to 455 millions in number, and constitute between 
one-fourth and one-third of the human race. 

Bfld—dhis-tic, a. 

Bfld’-dhistic architecture. A style of archi¬ 
tecture characteristic of the Indian or other Bud¬ 
dhists. There is no known specimen of architecture 
in India, the date of which carries us beyond the 
third century before Christ. When the curtain 
rises the architecture visible is Buddhist. In 250 
B. C. the great emperor Asoka introduced the first 
great era of Indian architecture, that of the Bud¬ 
dhists proper. Up to this time all erections had 
been wood; with him the use of stone commenced. 
He engraved edicts, enjoining tenderness and hu¬ 
manity to animals, on lats (pillars) [Lat], in Cut¬ 
tack, Peshawur, and Surastra, in theDhun or Dhon, 
and other parts of the Himalayas and Thibet. He 
built innumerable topes (mounds). [Tope.] No 
built temples or monasteries of Buddhist origin 
have come down to our times, if indeed any ever 
existed; but multitudes of rock-cut temples and 
monasteries assembled in groups have been found 
in Behar, Cuttack, the Bombay presidency, and 
elsewhere. Those of Behar, which are cut in gran¬ 
ite, are the oldest, and it is frombihar=a monastery, 
that Behar itself is called. Those of Cuttack fol¬ 
lowed. Those of the Bombay presidency, embrac¬ 
ing nine-tenths of the whole, were the last; they 
are cut in amygdaloidal trap. The Buddhist archi¬ 
tecture, though essentially independent, yet showed 
a tinge of Greek influence. It originated the Jaina 
system of architecture. [Jaina Architecture.] 
(Fergusson.) 

bud'-dlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Bud (2), v.] 

A. & B. As pr.par. dt particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“’Tis true your budding Miss is very charming.” 

Byron: Beppo, 39. 

C. As substantive : 

1. Hortic.: The operation of grafting a bud from 
one plant upon the stock of some nearly-allied spe¬ 
cies. A bud, with the leaf to which it is axillary, 
is cut with a sharp knife from the stem on which it 
grew. It is inserted into an incision shaped like a 
capital T (t) in the stock of the allied tree, and 
then tied round by a ligature of matting. 

2. A variety of fissure. [Gemmiparity.] (Rossiter.) 

H The so-called budding of yeast: A continual 

formation or sporidia, under special circumstances, 
in yeast. (Thom 6 .) 

bud-ding-knife, s. A knife used in the opera¬ 
tion of budding. 

bud-die, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. Ger. but- 
teln, biltteln—Ui shake. (Malm.).] 

Mining: An oblong, inclined vat, in which 
stamped ore is exposed to the action of running 
water, that the lighter portions may be washed 
away. There are trunk-buddies or German chests, 
stirring-buddies, nicking-buddles or sleeping-tables, 
and buddle-holes or sluice-pits. 

bud-dle, v. i. [From buddle, s. (q. v.)] 

Mining: To wash ore. 

budd -le-a, budd-lel-fi, s. [Named after Adam 
Buddie, a discoverer of localities for many rare 
plants.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Scrophulariaceao (Figworts). The species are ever¬ 
green or deciduous shrubs from this country, Africa 
or Asia. Buddlea Neemda is one of the most beauti¬ 
ful plants in India. B. alobosa, from Chili, is also 
highly ornamental. Fully sixty species of Buddlea 
are known. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rllle, fill; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw, 



buffalo 


huddling 


659 


bud -dliiig ,pr.par.&s. [Buddle, v.] 

A. As pr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: 

Mining: The act of separating ore from the refuse 
by means of a stream of water passing down an 
inclined trough or cistern. 

*bude, v. t. [Bid, v.] To offer. 

“How answerest thou a iantail womman, that budeth 
the no wronge.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 1,235. 

♦bude, *budde, s. [Bowd.] 

“ Budde, flye.”— Prompt. Parv. 

♦bu-del, s. [Beadle.] 

bude-light (gh silent), s. [From Bude, in Corn¬ 
wall, England, where Mr. Gurney, the inventor of 
the light, lived.] An oil or gas burner supplied with 
jet of oxygen gas; the flame is very brilliant. 

budge, *b 0 udge, v. i. [Fr. bouger=to stir; Prov. 
bolegar — to disturb one’s self ; Ital. bulicare = to 
bubble up; From Lat. bullire = to boil. (Sfceat.)] 
To stir; to move from one’s place. 

“I thought th’ hadst scorn’d to budge 
For fear.” Hudibras. 

budge (1), s. [O. Fr. boulge; Fr. bouge= a budget, 
vallet, or travelmg-bag; Lat. bulga= a little bag; 
irom Gael, bolg, builg = a bag, budget.] A bag or 
sack. 

budge-barrel, s. 

Milit.: A small barrel, used for carrying powder 
from the magazine to the battery in siege or sea- 
coast service. The head was formed by a leather 
hose or bag, drawn close by a string, so as to protect 
the powder from danger of ignition by sparks. 

budge (2) ( Eng .), *buge {Scotch), s. & a. [Etym. 
doubtful, but probably connected with Fr. bouge— 
a budge, a wallet.] [Budge (1), s.] 

A. As substantive: A kind of fur made of lamb¬ 
skin with the wool dressed outward ; formerly com¬ 
monly worn as a trimming to cloaks, &c. {Lit. <& 
fid-) 

“ Item, ane nycht gown of lycht tanny dalmes, lynit 
with blak. buge.” — Inventories, A. (1542), p. 78. 

“ A happy sight! rarely do bude and budge 
Embrace, as do our soldier and the judge.” 

Oayton: Fest. Notes, iv. 15, p. 251. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Literally: Working budge-fur, alluding to the 
lambskin fur worn by those who had taken degrees. 
“O foolishness of men! that lend their ears 
To those budge doctors of the Stoic fur.” 

Milton: Comus. 

*2. Figuratively: Looking learned, or like a doc¬ 
tor ; scholastic, stem, severe. 

“The solemn fop; significant and budge.” 

Cowper: Conversation. 

♦budge-bachelors, s. pi. A company of men 
dressed in long gowns lined and trimmed with 
budge-fur, who formerly accompanied the Lord 
Mayor of London in his inaugural procession. 

♦budge-face, s. Well-furred— i. e., well-bearded 
face (?) or solemn face (?). ( Nares .) 

“ Poor budge-face, bowcase sleeve, but let him passe.” 

Scourge: III., X. 

♦budge (3), s. [Etymology doubtful. Perhaps 
connected with O. Fr. bougeon—a bolt or arrow with 
a large head.] A kind of bill; a warlike instrument. 
“Nane vyle strokis nor wappinnis had thay thare, 
Nouthir spere, budge, staf, pol-ax, swerd, nor mace.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 354, 2L 

♦budge'-ness, s. [Eng. budge; -ness.] Sternness, 
severity. 

“ A Sara for goodnesse, a great Bellona for budgenesse .” 
— Stanyhurst, citedby Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 40L 
budg -er, s. [Eng. budg{e); -er.] One who budges. 
“Let the first budger die the other’s slave.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 8. 

budg -er-ow, budg -er-o, s. [A native word.] 

1 . A large Bengal pleasure-boat. 
j-2. A vessel called also a buggalow (q. v.). 
budg'-et, *bow-get, ♦bou-get, s. [Fr. bougette 
= a little coffer or trunk, diminutive of Fr. bouge— 
a budget, wallet, or great pouch {Cotgrave); O. Fr. 
boulge; from Lat. bulga—a little bag; from Gael. 
bolg, builg—a bag, budget.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A little bag, generally of leather. 

“His budget, often filled, yet always poor, 

Might swing at ease behind his study door.’ 

Cowper: Charity , 

2. Fig.: A store, stock. 

“It was nature, in fine, that brought off the cat, when 
the fox’s whole budget of inventions failed him.”— 
X’ Estrange. 

II. Technically : 

1. Political Economy: The annual statement rel¬ 
ative to the finances of a country, made by the 
proper financial functionary, in which is presented 


a balance-sheet of the actual income and expendi¬ 
ture of the past year, and an estimate of the income 
and expenditure for the coming year, together with 
a statement of the mode of taxation proposed to 
meet such expenditure. 

2. Her. Water-bouget: A water-bucket. 

3. Tiling: A pocket used by tilers for holding the 
nails in lathing for tiling. 

budg’-y, *budg-Ie, a. [Eng. budg{e ) ; -?/.] Made 
of or resembling budge, well-furred— i. e., well- 
bearded. 

“On whose furr’d chin did hang a budgie fleece.” 
Thule, or Virtue’s Historie, by F. R. 1598, sign. R. 2. b. 
tbud'-let, s. [Eng. bud, and dimin. suff. -let."] A 
little bud. 

“We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from 
another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets 
which are its offspring.”— Darwin. 

Bud-ne i-AH 3 , Bud-use '-sms, s.pl. [Named after 
Simon Budny. who was deposed from the ministry 
in 1584, though afterward restored to office.] 

Ch. Hist.: A Unitarian sect, followers of Budny 
see etymology), who in the 16th century flourished 
or a time in Russian Poland and Lithuania. {Mo- 
sheim: Ch. Hist., cent, xvi., § iii., pt. ii., ch. iv.) 

*bud’-t 3 ,-kar, s. [0. Scotch bud = a gift, and 
tahar= taker, receiver.] One who takes or receives 
a bribe. 

bud -y-te§, s. [From Gr. boudoutes=the wagtail.] 
Ornith.: A genus of birds, family Sylvidee and 
sub-family Motacillinse. Motacillinse may be raised 
into the family Motacillidee. 

♦bue-gle, s. [Bugle (2).] 

*bu-en, v. [Be.] To be. 

“ Forte bueii, hire owen make.” 

Specim. Ear. Eng. Lyric Poetry (1300). (Morris & Skeat.) 
buf, baf, s. [Etymology doubtful. Ct. buff (1), 
and Scotch baff.] An expression of contempt for 
what another has said. 

“ Johann Kmnox ansuerit maist resolutlie, buf, baf .”— 
Nicol Bur tie, F. 128, b. 

♦buff (1), *buffe, s. [Ital. buff a— a puff; O. Fr. 
{re)bouffer=to repulse, drive back; Norm. Fr. 
buffe= a blow ( Kelham ).] A blow, a buffet. 

“ Yet so extremely did the buffe him quell, 

That from thenceforth he shund the like to take.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. xi. 24. 

buff (2), *buffe, s. & a. [A contraction of buffle— 
a buffalo.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A buffalo. 

“We saw many Buffes, Swine, and Deere .”—Purchast 
Pilgrimage, bk. v., c. 5. 

2. A kind of leather prepared from the skin of the 
buffalo. 

“ Costly his garb—his Flemish ruff 
Fell o’er his doublet, shaped of buff.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 16. 

3. Applied also to the leather prepared from the 
skins of other animals, as elks and oxen, and even 
of man, in the same manner as buff-leather proper. 

“A fool of a colder constitution would have staid to 
have fleadthe Piet, and made buff of his skin.”— Addison: 
Spectator, No. 43. 

IT A thick tough-felted material of which military 
belts were made was also called, probably from the 
color, buff. 

*4. A military coat made of buff-leather. 

“ A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough; 

A wolf, nay worse, a fellow all in buff.” 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iv. 2. 

5. A color intermediate between light pink and 
light yellow. 

+ 6 . The bare skin. To be in buff— to be naked. 

II. Technically: 

1. Medical: A gray coat or crust, called buffy- 
coat, found on blood drawn from a vein during the 
existence of intense inflammation, pregnancy, and 
specially in pleurisy. [Buefv-coat.] 

2. Mech.: A slip, a lap, wheel, or stick covered 
with buff-leather, used in polishing. 

“The points are then set and the needles polished, 
being held in the hand after the manner of pointing, and 
rotating on a wheel covered with prepared leather, which 
is called a buff.” — Marshall: Needle-making, p. 34. 

3. Military: 

*(1) Sing. : The beaver of a helmet. 

“They had helmets on their heads fashioned like wild 
beasts’ necks, and strange bevers or buffes to the sama.L 
Holland: Livy. 

(2) PI. {the Buffs ): A name given to the third 
British regiment of the line from the color of their 
facings. 

“ The third regiment, distinguished by flesh-colored 
facings, from which it had derived the well-known name 
of the Buffs, had, under Maurice of Nassau, fought not 
less bravely for the delivery of the Netherlands.”— Ma- 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 


B. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Made of buff-leather. 

“. . . wearing the buff coat and jackboots of Q 
trooper.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

2. Of the color described in A., I 5. 

♦II. Figuratively: Firm, sturdy. 

“And for the good old cause stood buff, 

’Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff.” 

Butler: Hudibras. 

II Obvious compound: Buff-colored. 

buff-belt, s. A soldier’s belt, made of buff-leather. 

buff-coat, s. A military coat made of buff-leather. 

“ The rest of his dress was a loose buff-ccat, which had 
once been lined with silk and adorned with embroidery 
but which seemed much stained with travel, and damagea 
with cuts, received probably in battle.”— Scott: Abbot, ch. 
xx. 

buff-hide, s. Buffalo hide or buff-leather. 

buff-jerkin, s. A leathern waistcoat, one of a 
buff color, worn by sergeants and catchpoles, and 
used also as a military dress. 

“ O heavens, that a Christian should be found in a buff- 
jerkin I Captain Conscience, I love thee, captain.”— 
Malcontent (O. PI.), iv. 91. 

buff-leather, s. A strong oil-leather prepared 
from the hide of the buffalo, elk, or ox. Formerly 
it was largely used for armor. It was said to be 
pistol-shot proof, and capable of turning the edge 
of a sword. It was tanned soft and white. Its 
place is now filled by the leather of cow-skins for a 
common, and of the buffalo or bison of this country 
for a superior article. It is still, however, much 
used in the saber, knapsack, and cartridge-box belts 
of armies, as well as occasionally to cover the buffers 
and buff-wheels of the cutler, lapidary, and polisher. 

buff-stick, s. [Buff (2), s., II. 2 .] 
buff-wheel, s. 

Polishing: A wheel of wood or other material, 
covered with leather, and used in polishing metals, 
glass, &c. 

buff (3), s. [Etymology doubtful.] Nonsense, 
foolish speech or writing. 

“ Or say it only gi’es him pain 
To read sic buff.” 

Shirref: Poems, p. 3381 

buff (4), s. [From Eng. buff, v. (q. v.) (?).] A 
term used to express a dull sound. 

buff (5), *buffe, s. [Etymology doubtful. Buf.] 

Buffe ne baff: Neither one thing nor another; 
nothing at all. 

“Acertaine persone being of hym [Socrates] bidden 
good speede, saied to hym againe neither buffe ne baff 
[that is, made him no kind of answer]. Neither was 
Socrates therewith any thing discontented.”— Udall: 
Apophth., fol. 9. 

H To hen, or know, neither buff nor stye : To know 
nothing. The phrase is used concerning a sheepish 
fellow, who from fear loses his recollection. 

“ Who knew not what was right or wrong, 

And neither buff nor sty, sir.” 

Jacobite Belies, i. 80. 

buff (1) , *boffen, *buffen, v. i. & t. [Fr. boufferj 
O. Fr. buffer: Sp. & Port, bufar; Ital. buff are—to 
puff; M. H. Ger. buffen; Ger. puffen =to puff, pop, 
strike; Dan. puff e=to pop. Essentially the samf 
word as puff (q. v.).] 

♦A. Intransitive: To puff, blow; hence, to stam¬ 
mer or stutter. 

“ Renable nas he noght of tonge, ac of speche hastyf, 
Boffyng and meste wanne he were in wraththe otha. 
in stryf.” Bobert of Gloucester, p. 4l4 

B. Transitive: To strike, beat. 

“A chield wha’ll soundly buff out beef; 

I meikle dread him.” 

Burns: The Twa Herds. 

TT 1. To buff corn: To give grain half thrashing. 
A field of growing corn, much shaken by the storm, 
is also said to be buffed. 

2. To buff herring: To steep salted herrings in 
fresh water, and hang them up. 

buff (2), v. i. [Probably a variant of puff (q. v.).l 
To emit a dull sound, as a bladder filled with wind 
does. 

“ He hit him on the wame a wap, 

It buft like ony bledder.” 

Ch. Kirk, st. 11. 

IT To buff out: To laugh aloud. 

buf-fsi-lo, *buf-fa-loe, :K buf-fo-lo, *buf-fle, 
♦buffe, s. &a. [In Sw. & Dut. buffel; Dan. bbffel; 
Ger. buffel; Fr. buffle; Sp., Port. & Ital., buffalo; 
Pol. bawdl; Bohem. biewol; Lat. bubalus: Gr. 
boubalos=a species of African antelope, probably 
Antilopus bubalus of Linnaeus. 


boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = sh?in. -tion, 


§ell, chorus, ghin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




660 


buffalo-berry 


buffy-coat 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The European bison. [Bison.] 

“ . . . those neat, or buffles, called uri, or bisontes.” 
—Holland: Pliny, pt. 11, p. 823. (Trench.) 

“ Become the unworthy browse 
Of buffaloes, salt goats, and hungry cows.” 

Dryden. 

2. An ox-like animal, with long horns, ungainly 
aspect, and fierce countenance, domesticated in 
India and southern Asia generally, whence it has 
been introduced into Egypt and the south of 
Europe. The domestic buffalo is descended from 
a wild one still found in the Indian jungles. It is 
the Bubulus bubalis of zoologists. 

2. Any analogous species. Spec. (1) The Cape 
Buffalo ( Bos coffer), a native of Southern Africa, 
fierce and dangerous to those who molest it, or even 
intrude upon its haunts. (2) The bison of this 
country. 

II. Technically: 

1. Zobl.: The English name of the genus Bubalus 
(q. v.). 

*2. Her. ( Of the form buff aloe): Anamegivenby 
some of the older writers on heraldry to the com¬ 
mon bull. 

3. Cotton manuf.: A hamper of buffalo-leather 
used in a factory to convey bobbins from the 
throstle. 

B. As adj. : Used as food by the buffalo; derived 
from the buffalo, or in any way pertaining to it. 

buffalo-berry, s. A plant— Shepherdia argentea. 

buffalo-clover, s. The English name of a plant 
—the Trifolium pennsylvanicum. It is so called 
because it covers the great plains of the west where 
the “ buffalo,” or more properly the bison, feeds. 

buffalo-grass, s. 

1. A grass, Sesleria dactyloides. 

2. The same as buffalo-clover (q. v.) 

buffalo-robe, s. The skin of the bison or buffalo 

with the hair still upon it. 

*buff-ard. s. [O. Fr. bouffard; from bouffer .] 
[Buff, v.] A foolish, silly fellow. 

“ Yet wol she take a buffard riche of gret vilesse.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems, p. 32. 


3. A refreshment bar. 

II. Music: An organ-case, a keyboard-case. 
C Stainer <& Barrett .) 

buff et, *bof-et-en, *buffet-yn, v. t. & i. [Buf¬ 
fet, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To strike with the hand, especially on the 
cheek. 

“ Ha buffeted the bretoner aboute the cheekes.”— Lang- 
land: Piers Plow., 4,148. 

“Ah ! were I buffeted a day, 

Mock’d, crown’d with thorns, and spit upon.” 
Cowper: Olney Hymns, xliii.; Prayer for Patience. 

2. Fig.: To strike or beat in contention, to con¬ 
tend against. 

“ The torrent roar’d, and we did buffet it 
With lusty sinews, throwing it aside.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, i. 2. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To box, contend, strike. 

2. Fig.: 

( 1 ) To smite the mind or heart. 

“ Our ears are cudgell’d ; not a word of his 
But buffets better than a fist of France.” 

Shakesp.: King John, ii. 1. 

(2) To make one’s way by struggling or con¬ 
tention. 

“ Strove to buffet to land in vain.” — Tennyson. 

(3) To struggle, contend. 

“ Year after year the old man still kept up 
A cheerful mind, and buffeted with bond, 
Interest, and mortgages ; at last he sank.” 

Wordsworth: The Brothers. 

buff-et-ed, pa. par. & a. [Buffet, v.] 
fbuff-et-er, s. [Eng. buffet; -er.] One who 
buffets. (Johnson.) 

buff-et-ing, *buf-fet-ynge, *bof-et-ynge, pr. 
par., a. & s. [Buffet, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& partic. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of striking. 

“ Buffetynge. Alapacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ Bofetynge. Alapizacio." — Ibid. 


buffle-head, s. One who has a large head, like a 
buffalo; a heavy, stupid fellow. 

buffle-headed, a. Having a large head, like a 
buffalo; heavy, stupid, 
buffle-hide, s, The hide or skin of a wild ox. 
*buf-fle, v. i. [A variant of baffle (q. v.).] Te 
puzzle, to be at a loss. 

“This was the utter ruin of that poor, angry, buffing, 
well-meaning mortal, Pistorides, who lies equally unde* 
the contempt of both parties.”— Swift. 

bfif-fo, s. [Ital. buffo. Essentially the same word 
as buffoon (q. v.).] A comic singer or actor in an 
opera. 

“ By one of these, the buffo of the party.” 

Byron: Don Juan, iv. 81. 

bfif-fon, *buf-foon, s. [Ital. buffo=a humorous 
melody.] A pantomime dance. 

“ Braulis and branglis, buffoons, vitht mony vthir lycht 
dansis.”— Compl. S., p. 102. 

bfif-fon-I-U, bfi-fb'-ni-u, s. [Named after Count 
Buffon, the well-known naturalist.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Caryophyllacero (Cloveworts). The sepals are four, 
as are the petals and stamina. The capsule is one- 
celled, two-valved, two-seeded. 

buf-foon', s. [Sp. bufon; Fr. bouffon; Ital. bufo, 
bufone, from Ital. buffa= a trick, joke; Sp. bufa= a 
scoffing, laughing; Ital. buffare=to joke, jest, orig. 
to puff out the cheeks, in allusion to the grimaces 
of the jesters ( Skeat ) ; or from buff— a blow, because 
they amused the spectators by buffing or cuffing 
each other ( Mahn).\ 

1. A man whose profession it is to amuse spec¬ 
tators by low antics and tricks ; a jester, a clown, a 
mountebank. 

“ No prince would think himself greatly honored, to 
have his proclamation canvassed on a public stage, and 
become the sport of buffoons."—Watts. 

“. . . part squandered on buffoons and foreign court¬ 
esans.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2 . One who makes use of indecent raillery. 

*3. Buffoonery, scurrility. 

“ Closed with mummery and buffoon." 

4. Applied to animals, a mimic. 

Next her the buffoon ape.” 

Dryden: Hind & Panther, i. 39. 


buf-fel, s. [Buffalo.] A duck—the Buffel’s- 
head, i. e., Buffalo’s head duck (Anas bucephala),a 
bird with a head looking large on account of the 
fullness of its feathers. It is found, in winter, in 
the rivers of North and South Carolina. 

buff-er, s. [O. Eng. buff = to puff, blow, strike, 
stammer.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. One who stammers or stutters. 

“Thetunge of buff ere s swiftli shal speke and pleynly.” 
— Wickliffe: Isaiah xxxii. 4. 

■\2. A foolish fellow. [Buffard.] 

II. Engineering: A cushion or mechanical appa¬ 
ratus formed with a strong spring to deaden the 
concussion between a body in motion and one at 
rest. Buffers are chiefly applied to railway car¬ 
riages, there being two at each end. 

buffer-spring, s. That which gives resiliency to 
the buffer, and enables it to moderate the jar inci¬ 
dent to the contact of two carriages or trucks. 

buff’-et (1), *boff-et, *bof-et, *boff-ete, s. [O. 
Fr. bufet= a blow on the cheek; buffer , bufer= to 
strike, puff; Sp. & Port, bofetada. The word is 
radically the same with bobet (q. v.), and is closely 
allied to the Gael, boc; Wei. 6ocA=cheek; Lat. 
buccal] 

I. Literally: 

I . A blow with the fist, especially a box on the 
ears. 

“ He had not read another spell, 

When on his cheek a buffet fell.” 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 10. 

*2. A blast of a trumpet, &c. 

“ They blwe a boffet in blande that banned peple.” 

Allit. Poems: Cleanness, 885. 

II. Fig.: Hardships, trials. 

“A man that fortune’s buffets and rewards 
Has ta’en with equal thanks.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

buff-et(2), buff-et', *bof-et, *buff-ett, *boff-et, 
s. [Fr. buffet; O. Fr. bufet; Ital. biiffetto; Sp. 
bufete; Low Lat. bufetum=a cupboard.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A three-legged stool. 

“ Bofet, thre fotyd stole (boffet stole, P.) Tripos .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

2. A cupboard or sideboard, movable or fixed, for 
the display of plate, china, &c. 

“ The rich buffet well-color’d serpent’s grace, 

And gaping Tritons spew to wash your face.” 

Pope: Mor. Ess., iv. 163. 


2. A blow, a buffet. 

“ From the head these hysterick buffetings descended, 
and were plentifully bestowed upon the members.”— War- 
burton: Doct. of Or ace, i. 122. 

*buff-et-yn, *bof-et-yn, v. t. [Buffet, u.] 
buf-fle, buf-fle, a. [Fr. bouffb = blown up, 
swollen, pa. par. of bouffer (t.) = to blow, (i.)=to 
blowup.] Fat, puffed up. (Applied to the face.) 
*buf-fil, *buff-Ill, a. & s. [Buffle.] 

A. As adj.: Of or belonging to the buffalo, made 
of buffalo’s hide; buff. 

“ Belts called buffll belts, the dozen iii. s.”— Rates A. 1611. 

B. As subst.: A buffalo’s hide; also, buff in color. 
“ Hingers of buffl.1,’’ &c. — Rates A. 1611. (Jamieson.) 
*buff-m, s. & a. [Probably so called from re¬ 
sembling 6 ujf-leather.] 

A. As subst.: A kind of coarse stuff, used for 
gowns. 

B. As adj.: Made of this coarse stuff. 

“My young ladies 

In buffin gowns, and green aprons! tear them off.” 

Massing.: City Mad., iv. 4. 

If The stage direction says, that they come “in 
coarse habits, weeping.” ( Nares .) 

*buff"-ing, pr. par. & a. [Buff, v.] 
buffing-apparatus, s A mechanical contrivance 
for deadening the shock of a collision between rail¬ 
way carriages, consisting of powerful springs in¬ 
closed in a case, the springs being compressed at 
the time of collision by a rod attached to them, 
which, proceeding outward, is terminated by cush¬ 
ions called buffers, placed there to receive the first 
impact. [Buffer.] 

Buffing and polishing machine: A machine hav¬ 
ing a wheel covered with what is technically known 
as buff-leather, though not usually made of buffalo- 
hide. The leather holds the polishing material, 
crocus, rouge, &c. 

buffing-block, s. The part of a buffer which 
receives the concussion in railway coaches. 

*buff -le, *buffll, *bufle, s. [Fr. buffle=& buffalo.] 

[Buffalo.] 

1. Lit. : A buffalo. 

2. Fig.: A stupid fellow. 

3. A common North American duck (Bucephala 
albeola), so called from the apparent largeness of 
its head, caused by an extraordinary fullness of 
feathers. Also called buffle-head, dipper, buffle- 
duck, buffle-headed duck, spirit-duck, buffle-duck, 
and. butter ball. 


buffoon-like, re. & adv. Like a buffoon. 

*buf-fdon', v. t. & i. [Buffoon, s.] 

A. Trans.: To make ridiculous. 

“ Religion, matter of the best, highest, truest, honor, 
despised, buffooned, exposed as ridiculous.”— Glanville■ 
Serm., ix. 343. 

B. Intrans.: To act or play the part of a buffoon. 

buf-foon -er-y, s. [Fr. bouffonerie.] 

1. The art or profession of a buffoon. 

2. Indecent or low jests and tricks; scurrility. 

“The carnival was at its height, and so 
Were all kinds of buffoonery and dress.” 

Byron: Beppo, v. 21. 

buf-foon'-Ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Buffoon, i\] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db participial adj.: (Seethe 
verb.) 

“ Let not so mean a style your muse debase, 

But learn from Butler the buffooning grace.” 

Sir W. Soame’s and Dryden’s Art of Poetry. 

C. As subst.: The act of behaving like a buffoon, 
buffoonery. 

“Leave your buffooning and lying: I am not in humor 
to bear it.”— Dryden: Amphitryon. 

tbuf-foon'-Ish, a. [Eng. buffoon; -isA.] Like 
buffoon. (Blair.) 

tbuf-f6on'-I§m, s. [Eng. buffoon; and suffix 
-ism.] The conduct or procedure of a buffoon, buf¬ 
foonery. (Minsheu.) 

fbuf-foon'-Ize, v. i. [From Eng. buffoon, s., and 
suffix -ize.] To play the buffoon. (Minsheu.) 

*buf-foon-iy, re. [Eng. buffoon; -It/.] Like a 
buffoon, characteristic or suitable for a buffoon; 
low, scurrilous. 

“Such men become fit only for toys and trifles, fot 
apish tricks and buffoonly discourse.”— Goodman: Wtnt 
Ev. Conference, p. 1. 

buffs, s. pi. [Buff (2), s., II. 3.] 

buff-wheel, s. An emery-wheel; also called 

glazer. 

biif -if, a. [From buff, a. & s. (q. v.)] 

. Med.: Of a buff color; consisting of what is med¬ 
ically called buff (q. v.). 

buffv-coat, s. A layer of fibrine at the top of the 
coagulum, formed on blood drawn from the veins 
of a patient during severe inflammation, and espe¬ 
cially during pleurisy. The term buffy is applied 
to it because the red corpuscles being of heavier 
specific gravity fall to the bottom, leaving the 
lighter-colored on the top. The buffy-coat varies 
from less than one line to one or two inches in thick¬ 
ness. It is called also buff and size. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, 
Or, wore, wolf, work, 


what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camol, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
who, son; mute, cub, dire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try. Syrian, se. ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw.’ 




bufo 


661 


bugloss 


btL'-fO, s. [Lat. bufo—a. toad.] bug -bear, s. & a. [From Eng. bug (l) = an object 

Zopl.: A genus of Batrachians, the type of the of terror (q. v.) , and 6ear=the animal so called.] 
family Bufonidce ( q. v.). The body is inflated, the A. As substantive: A specter or hobgoblin; any 
skin warty, the hind feet of moderate length, the frightful object, especially one which, being boldly 
jaws without teeth, the nose rounded. At least confronted, vanishes away. [Bug (1).] {Lit. & fig.) 

“ Invasion was the bugbear with which the court tried 


twenty species are known. [Toad.] 

bfi-fo-m- 3 ,, s. [Buffonia.] 

bu-fon -i-d£e, s. pi. [From Lat. bufo=a toad, 
and fem. pi. suffix -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of Batrachians. They are distin¬ 
guished from the Pipidae by their possessing a well- 
developed tongue, and from the Ranidae (Frogs) by 
the absence of teeth. 

bu-fon-ite, s. [Lat. bufo= a toad.] Literally 
, toad-stone; a name given to the fossil teeth and 
palatal bones of fishes belonging to the family of 
Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains occur 
abundantly in the odlitic and chalk formations. 
The term bufonite, like those of “ serpents’ eyes,” 
“ batrachites,” and “ crapaudines.” by which they 
are also known, refers to the vulgar notion that 
those organisms were originally formed in the 
heads of serpents, frogs, and toads. 

bug (1), bugge, s. & a. [In Dan. bceggeluus= 
(bug-louse) = the insect called a bug; Wei. bwg=a 
hobgoblin ; bwgan= a bugbear, a hobgoblin ; bwgwth 
= to threaten, to scare, from bw= a threat, terror, 
a bugbear; Ir. & Gael. bocan= a bugbear; Ir. pucka 
= an elf, a sprite, Puck ( Shakesp.: Midsummer 
Night's Dream, ii. 1, 40, 148; iv. 1, 69; v. 438,442). 
Cf. Mahratta bagUl= a bugbear, a boggle.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Of terrifying objects: An object of terror, a 
bugbear (q. v.). {Lit. & fig.) 

“ Matrimony hath euer been a blacke bugge in their sin- 
agoge and churche.”— Bale: Votaryes (Pref.). {Richard¬ 
son.) 

2. Of insects, whether contemptible or annoying: 

(1) Of contemptible insects: Any insect of diminu¬ 
tive size, or in other ways contemptible. 

(2) Of annoying insects: The bed-bug (Cimex 
lectularius) . [1I.J Its unattractive form and man¬ 
ner of life are too well known to require descrip¬ 
tion. The eggs, which are white, are deposited in 
the beginning of summer. They are glued to the 
crevices of bedsteads or furniture, or to the walls 
of rooms. Before houses existed, the bug probably 
lived under the bark of trees. 

(3) Any similar insect. 

“ Yet Jet me flap this bug with gilded wings, 

This painted child of dirt which stinks and stings.” 

Pope: Frol, to Satires, iii. 309. 

II. Zoology: 

1. The English name of the genus Cimex, to which 
the bed-bug [A. I. 2 (2)] belongs. 

2. The English name of the family Cimicidee, of 
which Cimex is the type. 

3. The English name of the sub-order Heteroptera, 
one of two ranked under the order Hemiptera or 

Most of the species essentially resemble 


to frighten the nation.” — Macaulay: Hist. Png., ch. xxiii. 
B. As adjective : Terrifying. 

“ . . . such bugbear thoughts.”— Locke. 
bug-b§ar, v. t. [From bugbear, s. (q. v.)] To 
frighten with idle phantoms. {Abraham King.) 

“ To the world no bugbear is so great 
As want of figure, and a small estate.” 

Alex. Pope. 

♦buge (1), s. [Bough.] {Story of Gen.andExod. 
2,060.) 

♦huge (2), s. [Budge, s.] 
bug’-ga-low, s. [Mah. bagala.) 

Naut.: An East India coasting-vessel or pleasure- 
boat, german to the yacht of this country, with one 
mast and a lateen sail, which navigates the Indian 
seas from the Gulf of Cutch. It was in existence as 
early as the time of Alexander the Great. [Budge- 
bow.] 

♦bugge, s. [Bug (1), s.] A bugbear. [Boggarde.] 
*bug-ge, *bug-gen, v. t. & i. [A. S. byegan, 
byegean.) [Buy.] To buy. 

“ Ac vnder his secret seel treuthe sent hem a lettre 
That they sliulde bugge boldely.” 

Piers Plowman: Vis., vii. 24. 

bug'-ger, s. [Fr. Bougre, bougr6={i) {Bouqre ), 
the name of certain so-called heretics, the Bulgar¬ 
ians or Paulicians, some of whom passing into 
Western Europe were supposed to have originated 
or become identified with the Albigenses. (2) One 
guilty of sodomy. No proof exists of the truth of 
the imputation conveyed in the etymology that 
members of the Bulgarian sect were ever guilty of 
the crime against nature.] [Paulician.] 

1. One guilty of buggery (q. v.). 

2. A low, vile wretch. 

biig -ger-y, s. [From O. Fr. bougrerie, bogrerie 
=heresy.j [Bugger.] Sodomy. (Blackstone.) 

bug’-gl-ness, s. _ [Eng. buggy; suffix -ness.) The 
condition of being infested with bugs, 
bug -gy, a. [Eng. bug; -y.] Infested with bugs, 
bug'-gy, s. & a. [Etymology doubtful.] 

A. As substantive : 

Vehicles: A light four-wheeled vehicle, having a 
single seat. The top, when it has one, is of the 
calash kind. In this case it is commonly known as 
a top-buggy. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
buggy-boat, s. A boat having a provision for the 

attachment of wheels, so as to be converted into a 
land vehicle, 
buggy-cultivator, s. 

Agriculture: A machine called a cultivator, hav¬ 
ing wheels and a seat so that the person may ride. 

buggy-plow, s. A plow having usually several 
plows attached to a single frame, and having a seat 


Rhyncota._ * 

the bed-bug, except that they have wings. Some 

suck the blood of animals, and others subsist on j or plowman, who rides and drives, 
vegetable juices. Not a few species are beautiful, 
but many have the same unpleasant smell which 
emanates from the bed-bug. 

III. Electricity: Any fault or defect in the opera¬ 
tion of an electrical apparatus. 


B. As adjective: Pertaining to bugs, designed to 
destroy bugs. 

If Obvious compounds: Bug-destroyer, bug- 
powder. 

bug-agaric, s. An agaric or mushroom which 
used to be smeared over bedsteads to destroy bugs. 
(Prior.) 

bug (2), *bouge, s. & a. [Budge.] 
bug-skin, s. A lamb’s skin dressed. 

“. . . ane hundreth bug skinnes . . — Act. Dom. 

Cone. A. 1491, p. 199. 

♦bug, a. [Big.] {More: Song of the Soul, pt. ii., 
bk. ii., ch. iii., § 63.) 

bug'-&-bO, s. [From Eng. bug (1), (q. v.) ; and bo 
(q. v.).] A bugbear. 

“For all the bugaboes to fright you.”— Lloyd; Chit Chat. 
f Richardson .) 

biig'-<j.-§Ine, s. [From Fr. boc.casin=a kind of 
fine buckram resembling taffeta, also callimanco. 
(Cotgrave.) A name for calico. [Buckasy.] 

“Bugasines or callico 15 ells the piece—4s.”— Rates, 

A. 1670. 


buggy-top, S. 

Vehicles: The calash top of the single-seated 
vehicle known as a buggy. 

*bughe, s. [Bough.] 

bught {gh guttural), s. [Bought.] A pen in 
which ewes are milked. 

bught {gh guttural), v. t. [From bught, s. (q. v.)] 
To collect sheep into the pen to be milked, 
bu’ght-in (gh guttural), pr.par. & a. [Bught, v.) 
bughtin-time, s. Scotch for the time of collect¬ 
ing the sheep in the pens to be milked. 

“ When o’er the hill the eastern star 
Tells bughtin-time is near, my jo.” 

Burns: My ain kind dearie, O! 

♦bu'-gl-grd, s. [From Ital. bugiardo — a liar; 
from bugiardo=ia\se.) A liar. 



Bugle. 

(Grove's Diet, of 


bfi'-gle (2) (Eng.), bu -gle, *bu'-gil, *bu’-gm 
(Scotch), s. & a. [A contraction of bugle-horn=tho 
horn of a bugle, i. e., of the wild-ox so called. 
[Bugle (1).] ( Skeat .)] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Gen. Of things bent or curved: Spec .— *(1) The 
head of a bishop’s croziejr, (2) the handle of a ket¬ 
tle, (3) the handle of a basket. 

2. Of musical instruments : 

(1) Literally: 

(a) A small hunting-horn. [Bugle-HORN.] 

“Or hang my bugle in an invisible baldric.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado, i. L 

(b) A treble instrument 
of brass or copper, differ¬ 
ing from the trumpet in 
having a shorter and more 
conical tube, with a less 
expanded bell. It is 
played with a cupped 
mouth-piece._ In the orig¬ 
inal form it is the signal- 
horn for the infantry, as 
the trumpet is for the cavalry. 

Music.) 

“ Oar bugles sang truce for the night-cloud had low¬ 
ered.” Campbell: The Soldier’s Dream. 

“ Blow, bugle, blow; set the wild echoes flying.” 

Tennyson. 

(2) Figuratively: The shrill sounding wind. 

“ Sa bustuouslie Boreas his bugill blew 

The dere full derne doun in the dalis drew.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 281, 17. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

If Compounds of obvious signification: Bugle- 
blast (Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 4); bugle-call 
(Scott: War Song of the Royal Edinburgh Light 
Dragoons); and bugle-clang (Scott: Rokeby, vi. 34). 

bugle - coralline, s. Fareimia fistulosa, a 
zoOphyte of the family Flustradee. Itis dichotomous, 
the joints lengthened, cylindrical, with lozenge¬ 
shaped impressed cells. Its height is from two to 
three inches, its diameter the twentieth of an inch 
or less. 

bugle-horn, s. [Eng. bugle-horn. In Ger. mil. 
biigel-horn. Originally the Horn of the bugle-ox.] 

1. The musical instrument described above. 

*2. A horn of a similar shape used for quaffing 
wine. 

“And drinketli of his bugle-horn the wine.” 

Chaucer: The Frankleiner Tale, 11,565. 

♦bugle-rod, s. A bishop’s crozier. ( Stainer dt 
Barrett.) 

bu’-gle (3), *bue-gle, s. [Low Lat. bugolus= an 
ornament, stated by Muratori to have been worn by 
the ladies of Placentia, A. D. 1388. ( Wedgwood.) 
Ger. biigel= a bent piece of metal or wood. Skeat 
considers bugle a dimin. from M. H. Ger. bouc, bouch 
=an armlet; A. S. beag—an armlet, neck ornament, 
&c.] 

A. As substantive: A long, slender glass bead; 
sometimes arranged in ornamental forms and at¬ 
tached to various articles of ladies’ wearing apparel- 
“ I wonne her with a gyrdle of gelt 
Embost with buegle about the belt.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., ii. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Literally: Consisting of glass beads. [A.] 

“ Bugle bracelet, necklace amber, 

Perfume for a lady’s chamber.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iv. 4 (Song). 

2. Figuratively: 

“’Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair. 

Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream, 

That can eutame my spirits to your worship.” 

Ibid.: As You Like It, iii. 6. 

bugle-lace, s. Apparently a kind of lace resem¬ 
bling bugle-beads. 


bu’-gle (4), s. [Apparently derived from Lat. 
bugillo or buqula, this again being a contracted 
diminutive of buglossurn, which the plant fairly 
“ Like an egregious bugiard, he is here quite out of the resembles.] 

nth.”— Hacket: Life of _Archbishop Williams, pt. i.^p. i. The English name of Ajuga, a genus of plant* 

belonging to the order Lamiacem, or Labiates. 


truth. _ _ _ 

71. ( Trench: On some Deficiencies in our Eng. Diet., p. 63.) 

*bug-larde, s. [From Wei. bwg, bwgan= a hob¬ 
goblin.] The same as Bug (1) (q. v.). 

“ Bugge or buglarde. Maurus, Ducius.” — Prompt. Parv. 

bu gle (1), *bu-gel, *bu-gele, *bu-gill, ♦bou¬ 
gie, *bOW-gle (Eng.), boo-gle (North of England 
dial.), *bOW-gle, ♦bow-gill (Scotch), s. [From 
O. Fr. bugle; Lat. buculus=a young bullock or 
steer; bucula= a heifer.] A kind of wild ox. 


w . _ m He beareth azure, a buffe. Or some call it a bugill, and 

bug -b 2L 116 (l),s. [From Fug. and bcine.j A describe it to be like an oxe.” — R. Holme: Acad., II. ix., 

name given in this country to Cimictluga, a plant p 170 
of the order Ranunculaceee (Crowfoots). It 
called in England bugwort. 

bug'-bane (2),s. [Avariation of bog-bean (q. v.).] deer.] Deut.x iv) 4, 5.”— Phillips: florid of Words. 


[Ajuga.] 

2. The same as Bugle-weed. 

bugle-weed, s. The name given in this country 
to a labiate plant—the Lycopus virginicus. 

bu’-gloss, s. & a. [In Fr. buglos; Ital. buglossa; 
Lat. buglossos or buglossa = a plant, the Anchusa 
italica (?),' Gr. bouglossos; from bous= an ox, and 

? idssa=tne tongue, which the long, rough leaver 
aintly resemble.] 

A. As substantive: 

“ These are the beastes which ye shall eat of, oxen, shepe, Old. Lang. <& Bot.. A name for several plant* 

and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle [now rendered fallow- belonging to the order Boraginaceae (Borageworts). 


Spec- 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, 


$ell, chorus, 
-sion = shun; 


$hin, 

-tion, 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. deb 






bukk 


bugloss 


662 


1. Echium vulgare. [ Viper's bugloss .] 

2. Lycopsis arvensis, more fully called the Small 
or Wild Bugloss. It is very hispid and has bright 
blue flowers. 

3. An Alkanet ( Anchusa officinalis ). 

4. Helminthia echiodes. (Britten & Holland.) 

TT Viper's Bugloss : [So called from being of old 
believed to be of use against the bite of serpents.] 
The genus Echium. The E. vulgare , or Common, 
and the E. violaceum , or Purple-flowered Viper’s 
Bugloss, occur in Britain. The latter is a rare 
plant found in Jersey, while the former is not un¬ 
common, Its stem is hispid with tubercles, and its 
large blue flowers, with protruding stamina, are 
arranged in a compound spike or panicle. 

B. As adjective: [Bugloss Cowslip.] 
bugloss cowslip, s. 

1. A plant, Pulmonaria officinalis. 

2. Pulmonaria angustifolium. 

bug'-wort, s. [Eng. bug; and A. S. wyrf=wort, 
an herb.] The English name of Cimicifuga, a genus 
of plants belonging to the order Ranunculacese, or 
Crowfoots. [Cimicifuga.] It is called also Snake- 
eoot (q. v.). 

Bfihl, s. & a. [Named from Andr6 Buhl or Boule, 
an Italian, who was born in 1642. He died in 1732; 
lived in France in the reign of Louis XIV., and 
made the work since called after him.] Unburnished 
gold, brass, or mother-of-pearl, worked into pat¬ 
terns for ornamenting furniture. Set as an orna¬ 
ment into surfaces of ebony or dark wood, or 
tortoise-shell. 

buhl-saw, s. A saw resembling a frame or bow¬ 
saw in having the thin blade strained in a frame. 

buhl-work, s. Artistic work in dark-colored tor¬ 
toise-shell or wood, inlaid with brass and orna¬ 
mented with the graver, 
buhr, s. [Burr.] 
biihr-stone, s. [Burrstone.] 

*buick, pret. [Beck, «.] Conrtesied. 

“The lass paid hame her compliment and buick." 

Ross: Helenore, p. 66. (Jamieson.) 
♦buige, v. i. [A. S. bugan=to bond.] To bow. 

“I hate thraldome, yet man I bulge and bek.” 

Arbuthnot: Maitland Poems, p. ISO. (Jamieson.) 

*buik, *buke, pret. [A. S. bdc, pret. of bacan= to 
bake.] Baked. 

“Wald hald one boll of flour quhen that echo buik." 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 73. (Jamieson.) 

buik, buke, s. [Book.] A book. (Scotch.) 

The buik : The Bible. 

To take the buik : To perform family worship, 
buik-lare, s. Book-learning. (Scotch.) 

buik-leard, book-lear’d, a. Book-learned. 
(Scotch.) 

“I’m no book-leapd.” 

A. Nicol: Poems, p. 84. (Jamieson.) 

build, *beld-en, *blld-en, *buld-en, *bulld'- 
On, *bylde (u silent), (pret. and pa. par. *builded, 
built, *bult, *bulte), v. t. & i. [O. Swed. bylja=to 
build; bol, bble=a house; Dan. bol; Icel. bble—a. 
farm; byle, bceli—a. house; A. S. bold= a house.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To erect an edifice on the ground by uniting 
various materials into a regular structure. 

“He bildede a citee.”— Wickliffe: Genesis iv. 17. 

2. To construct or frame a fabric of any kind. 
“The desirability of building rigged turret ships for 

sea-going purposes.”— Brit. Quarterly Rev., January, 1873, 

p. 112. 

“ The earlier voyagers fancied that the coral-building 
animals instinctively built up their great circles to afford 
themselves protection in the inner parts.”— Darwin: Voy¬ 
age round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xx., p. 466. 

3. To construct a nest. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To construct, frame, or form. 

“The Lord God bildede the rib . . . into a woman.** 
— Wickliffe: Genesis ii. 22. (Purvey.) 

2. To raise or bring into existence anything on 
any ground or foundation ; to found. 

“Love built on beauty, soon as beauty, dies.”— Donne. 
|3. To compose, put together. 

“Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme.” 

Milton: Lycidas, v. 1L 

*4. To strengthen, establish, conform (frequently 
with the adverb up.) 

(1) Of persons: 

“ I commend you to God, and to the word of His grace. 
Which is able to build you up." — Acts xx. 32. 

(2) Of things: 

“The Lord doth build up Jerusalem.”— Ps. cxlvii. 2. 

*B. Reflexively : To establish, strengthen. 

“ Building up yourselves on your most holy faith. — 
Jude 20. 


C. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To exercise the art or science of a builder or 
architect. 

“To build, to plant, whatever you intend, 

To rear the column, or the arch to bend.”— Pope. 

2. To construct a nest. 

“ Bryddez busken to bylde." 

Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, 609. 

“ Sparrows must not build in his house-eaves.” — 
Shakes}).: Meas. for Meas., iii. 2. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To ground one’s self on ; to depend, rest on. 
“Some build rather upon the abusing of others, and 
putting tricki upon them, than upon soundness of their 
own proceedings.”— Bacon. 

*2. To live dwell. 

“Brittenes the baronage, that bieldez tharein.”— Morte 
Arthure, 1241. 

IT Crabb th as distinguishes between to build, to 
erect, and to instruct: “The word build by dis¬ 
tinction expresses the purpose of the action; erect 
indicates the mode of the action : construct indicates 
contrivance in the action. Wnat is built is em¬ 
ployed for the purpose of receiving,_ retaining, or 
confining; what is erected is placed in an elevated 
situation ; wbat is constructed is put together with 
ingenuity. All that is built may be said to be 
erected or coi'etructed ; but all tbatis erected or con¬ 
structed is not said to be built; likewise what is 
erected is mostly constructed, though not vice versa. 
We build from necessity; we erect for ornament; 
we construct for utility and convenience. Houses 
are built, monuments erected machines are con¬ 
structed. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 
build, *bild, *buld, *bylde, s. [Build, v.] 

1. The form, style, or mode of construction; 
figure. 

*2 A building, edifice, structure. 

“ Bryng me to that bygly bylde. 

Early Eng. Allit. Poems: Pearl, 962. 
build -er, s. & a. [Eng. build; -er .] 

A. As subst.: One who builds. 

“ But what we gain’d in skill we lost in strength. 

Our builders were with want of genius curs’d.” 

Dryden: Epistle to Mr. Congreve, 12, 13. 

B. As adj. : Fitted for building; of use in building 
“ The builder Oake, sole king of forrests all.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I., i. 8. 

IT Used largely in composition, as boat-builder , 
carriage-builder, &c. 

builder’S-jack, s. A kind of scaffold which is 
supported on a window-sill and against the wall, 
and extends outwardly, to enable a workman to 
stand outside while repairing or painting. 

build-Ing, *beld-inge, *bild-inge, *bild-ynge, 
*buld-inge, pr.par., a. & s. [Build, v.] 

A. & B. Aspr. par. & partic. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of constructing or erecting. 

“ In buyldynge thei spende it.”— Langland: P. Plowman, 
10,274. 

“ Busy with hewing and building." 

Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, viii. 

2. The art, science, or profession of a builder. 

3. That which is built; a fabric, an erection, an 
edifice. 

“ Among the great variety of ancient coins which I saw 
at Rome, I could not but take particular notice of such as 
relate to any of the buildings or statues that are still 
extant.”— Addison. 

building-block, s. 

Shipbuilding: One of the temporary structures 
resting upon the slip and supporting the keel of a 
ship while building. 

building-lease, s. A lease of land for a term of 
years, the lessee covenanting to erect certain build¬ 
ings upon it. 

building-mover, s. A heavy truck on rollers or 
wide track-wheel, used in moving houses. 

building-place, s. A place in which to build a 
nest; a nesting-place. 

“A small green parrot ( Conurus murinus), with a gray 
breast, appears to prefer the tall trees on the islands to 
any other situation for its building-place." — Damoin: 
Voyage round the World (new ed., 1870), ch. vii., p. 138. 

building-permit, s. An official authorization to 
erect a building within the corporate limits of a 
city or town, a feature pertaining uniformly to 
municipal governments in this country, 
building-slip, s. 

Shipwright ing : A yard prepared for shipbuilding, 
building-society, s. A joint stock benefit 
society, for the purpose of raising by periodical 
subscriptions a fund to assist members in obtain¬ 


ing small holdings of landed property and houses, 
which are mortgaged to the society till the amount 
of the shares drawn on shall be fully repaid with 
interest. Called also building and loan association. 

*build'-ress, s. [Eng. builder ; and fem. suff. -ess.] 
A now obsolete feminine form of builder. 

“ Sherah, the daughter of Ephraim the younger, the 
greatest buildress in the whole Bible.”— Fuller: A Pisgah 
Sight of Palestine, pt. i., bk. 2, c. 9. (Trench, on Some Def. 
in our Eng. Diet., p. 19.) 

*buile, v. t. & i. [Boil.] 

built, *bult, pa. par., a. & s. [Build, v.] 

A. & B. As pa. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. (Lit. & fig.) 

“He is tall, well and athletically built.” — Daily Tele¬ 
graph, December 1, 1865. 

*c. As substantive: 

1. The form, style, or general figure of a structure 
(now replaced by build). 

“ As is the built, so different is the fight.” 

Dryden. 

2. A species or class of construction. 

“There is hardly any country which has so little ship¬ 
ping as Ireland; the reason must be, the scarcity of tim¬ 
ber proper for this built.” — Temple. 

IT Used largely in composition, as brick-built, 
clinker-built, half-built, &c. 
built-beam, s. 

Carp. : A beam or girder formed of several pieces 
of timber, fitted and bolted, or strapped together, 
in order to obtain one of a greater strength than is 
usually obtainable in one balk of timber. (Gwilt.) 
built-rib, s. 

Carpentry : An arched beam made of parallel 
plank laid edgewise and bolted together. 

built-up. a. A term used of masts made of 
pieces and nooped; and of cannon having an inner 
core and outer reinforcements, 
biiird'-ljr, a. [Burdly.] (Scotch.) 

*buise, s. [Etym. doubtful. From O. Eng. 
f>w?/s7i=bush (?).] A bush, a tree (?), a gallows. 

To shoot the buise : To be hanged. 

*buissh, s. [Bush.] (Chaucer.) 

*buist (1), *buste, *boost, *booste, *boyste, s. 

The same as boist (2), s. (q. v.)] 

1. Lit.: 

(1) A box. 

“ The Maister of the money sail answer for all gold and 
siluer, . . and put it in his buist." — Ja. II., Pari, 1451, 

c. 33, 34 (ed. 1566). 

(2) £ brand or mark set upon sheep or cattle by 
their ovmer. (Scott.) 

2. Fig. . The distinctive characteristic of a fra¬ 
ternity. 

“ He is not of the brotherhood of St. Mary’s—at least h 
has not the buist of these black cattle.”— Scott: Monastery, 
ch. xxiv. 

buist (2), s. [The same as Eng. busk (?) (Scotch).') 
An article of female dress, intended to give fullness 
to the figure. 

buist, v. t. [From buist (1) s. (q. v.)] 

1. To box, in the sense of inclosing in a box or 
shutting up. (Generally with up.) 

“This barme and blaidry buists up all my bees." 

Montgomerie: MS. Chron. S. P., iiL 600. 

2. To brand or mark sheep or cattle. 

*buist-ows, a. [Boistous.] 

*buit, s. [Gael. buite=a firebrand (Shaw); Ir, 
f>rwte=fire (Lhuyd and O'Brien). (Jamieson.)) A 
match for a firelock. 

“. . . there were no lighted buits among the mas 
quetry.”— Gen. Baillie: Letter, ii. 275. 

*buith, s. [Booth.] A shop. (Scotch.) 
bfiith-hav-er, s. [From Scotch buith=a booth; 
Eng. have, and suffix -er.) A keeper of a booth or 
shop. 

*bfiif-Ing, s. [Booty.] (Scotch.) 

“Ransounes, buitinges, raysing of taxes, impositions."" 
—Acts Ja. VI. (1572), c. 60. ' 

*buk (1), s. [Buck (2).] (Prompt. Parv .) 
buk (2), buke, s. [Book.] (Scotch.) 
buke-muslin, s. [Book-muslin.] 
buk'-g.-sy, buk'-ke-sy, s. [Buckasie.] 
*buk-hid, buk-hud, s. [From Sw. bock—a buck, 
a he-goat; hufvud=head.) A game, probably 
blindman’s buff. 

“ So day by day echo plaid with me buk hud." 

Bannatyne MS. Chron. S. P. iii. 237. (Jamieson.) 

*bukk, v. t. _ [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Ger. bocken = 
to butt.] To incite, to instigate. 

“ Sym to half bargain culd not blin 
But bukkit Will on weir.” 

Evergreen, ii. 181, st. 12. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fS.ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try. Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bukke 


663 


bulksomness 


♦bukke, s. [Buck (2).] 

♦bukkes-horne, s. A buck’s horn. 

IT To blowe the bukkes home: To employ one’s self 
fn any useless amusement. 

buk'-kum, s. [Bukkum or wukkum, name of the 
wood in some of the languages of India.] 
bukkum-wood, s. The wood of Ccesalpinia Sap- 
pan. It is used as a dye-stuff, 
buk'-sheesh, buk-shish, s. [Bakshish.] 

*buk -sum, *buk-s6me, *bouk -sum, ♦bulk- 
some, a. [Buxom.] 

♦bul (1), s. [Bole.] 

♦bul (2)., s. [Bull.] 

bul(3),s. [Heb. & Phen. Bul—(1) rain, (2) the 
rainy month ; from yabal= to flow copiously.] The 
eighth month of the Jewish year. (1 Kings vi. 38.) 

bulb, s. & a. [In Fr. bulbe; Sp., Port. & Ital. 
bulbo ; from Lat. bulbus; Gr. bolbos—a certain bulb¬ 
ous plant.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In the same sense as II. 1. (q. v.) 

2. A protuberance shaped more or less like a bulb, 
as the bulb of a chronometer. 

“If we consider the bulb or ball of the eye.”— Ray. 

II. Technically: 

1. Botany: A scaly body, formed at or beneath 
the surface of the ground, sending roots downward 
from its lower part 
and a stem up¬ 
ward from its cen¬ 
ter. It propagates 
itself by developing 
new bulbs in the 
axils of the scales 
of which it is 
formed. There are 
two kinds of bulbs: 

(1) a tunicated 
bulb, literally a 
coated bulb, that 
iSj a bulb furnished 
with a tunic or cov¬ 
ering of scales, the 
outer series of 
which is thin and 
membran o u s, ex¬ 
ample. the onion; 
and (2) a naked 
bulb, or one in 
which the outer 
scales are not mem¬ 
branous and united 3. Scaly bulb, Lily (L.candidum). 
but distinct and 4. Section of ditto. 

fleshy like the in¬ 
ner ones, example, the lilies. The so-called solid 
bulb of the crocus is, properly speaking, not a bulb 
at all, but an underground stem with buds upon it, 
technically called a corm [Corm], whereas a proper 
bulb is analogous not to an underground stem but 
to a bud only. 

2. Hort.: Bulbs placed in water tend to rot; they 
flourish best when fixed in very light soil or even in 
the air an inch above water, into which their roots 
enter. They should have abundance of light. 

B. As adjective: [Bulb-tuber.] 
bulb-tuber, bulbo-tuber, s. A corm. 

bulb, v. i. [From bulb, s. (q. v.)] To take or 
possess the form of a bulb. 

“Bulbing out in figure of a sphere.” 

Cotton: Wonders of the Pealce (1681), p. 11. 

bulb-a'- 9 e- 0 us, a. [From Lat. bulbaceus.] Per¬ 
taining to a bulb, bulbous. 

bulb -3,r, a. [Eng. bulb; -ar.] Pertaining to the 
“bulbus ” specially so called— i. e., to the Medulla 
oblongata. 

bulbar paralysis, s. Myelitis bulbi acuta, acute 
inflammation of the medulla oblongata, with diffi¬ 
culty of swallowing and speaking, and considerable 
affection of the extremities. The chronic form is 
characterized by muscular paralysis of the tongue, 
soft palate, lips, pharynx and larynx, which derive 
their nervous supply primarily .from the bulbus, 
from atrophy of the gray nuclei in the floor of the 
fourth ventricle. (Erb. Ziemssen: Cyclop, of Pract. 
of Med., London, 1878.) 

bulbed, a. [Eng. bulb: and suffix -ed.] Having 
the figure of a bulb, swelling into a sphere at the 
lower part. 

tbfil'-ber-ry, bfill'-ber-ry, s. [From bull (1), 
and berry. 1 The fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus. 
[Bilberry.] 

bulb-lf-er-ous, a. [In Fr. bulbifbre. From 
Lat. bulbus (q. v.), i connective, /ero=to bear, and 
Eng. suff. -ous.] 

Botany: Bearing bulbs. Example, Globba mar- 
antina. 



Bulbs (reduced). 


1. Tunicated bulb, Hyacinth. 

2. Section of ditto. 


bul-bll (Eng.), bul-bll-lus (Mod. Lat.), s. 

E From Class. Lat. bulbulus, dimin. of bulbus—a 
iulb.] 

Botany: The same as Bacillus (q. v.). (Lind- 
Icy.) 

bul-bl'-ne, s. [Gr. bolbos= a certain bulbousplant 
much prized in Greece.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Liliacese (Lilyworts), and the section Anthericese. 
The species, which are all ornamental, are common 
in flower-gardens. 

bulb'-let, s. [From Eng. bulb, and dimin. suff. 
-let.) 

Bot.: A small bulb growing above ground on 
some plants, and which ultimately drops off, and, 
rooting itself in the ground, becomes a new plant, 

bulb'-ose, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital., bulboso; 
from Lat. bulbosus .] The same as Bulbous (q. v.). 

bulb -ous, a. [In Fr. bulbeux.] 

Of plants, roots , <Sbc.: Having a bulb, consisting of 
a bulb. Example, Cyperus. 

bfil'-bfll, s. [Pers. bulbul=a bird in voice like 
the nightingale.] The Indian name of any bird 
belonging to the Pycnonotinae, a sub-family of Tur- 
didte, or Thrushes. The bulbuls are admired in the 
East for their song, as are the nightingales. Some 
species are found in Africa. Pycnonotus jocosus, 
which can be easily tamed, is kept for this end, and 
P. hoemorrhous for fighting purposes. 

“. . . the Bulbuls (Pycnonotus hoemorrhous), which 

fight with great spirit, . . — Darwin: The Descent of 
Man, vol. i., pt. ii., ch. xiii., p. 41. 

“ The peaceful sun, whom better suits 
The music of the bulbul’s nest.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Fire-Worshippers. 

bulb'-ule, s. [From Lat. bulbulus—a little bulb; 
dimin. of bulbusi]- 
Botany: 

1. A little bulb. 

2. One of the little seeds growing along the shoots 
of plants. 

bul'-card, s. [Etym. doubtful.] One of the 
English names of a fish, the Smooth Shan (Pholis 
Icevis). 

♦bul'-Chin, s. [Dimin. of Eng. bull (q. v.). Really 
a double dimin., being a contraction of bullockin .] 
A young male calf. 

“And better yet than this, a bulehin two years old, 

A curl’d pate calf it is, and oft might have been sold.” 

Drayton: Polyolb., S. xxi., p. 1,050. 

♦bulde, pret. ofv. [Built, Build.] 

“ Of Cadmus, the which was the furst man 
That Thebes bulde, or first the toun bygan.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,549-50. 

♦biild'-rie, s. [O. Eng. buld(e)= build, and suff. 
-rie=-ry.] Building, method of building. 

“This muldrie and buldrie 
Wes maist magnificall.” 

Burel’s Pilg. Watson’s Coll., ii. 36. 

♦bfile(l),s. [Bull.] 
bflle (2), s. [Bool.] (Scotch.) 
bulge, bilge, s. [From Sw. & Dan. bOlg =the 
belly ; A. S. bcelg, belg =a bulge, budget, bag, purse, 
belly; Gael. 6ofsr=belly.] [Belly.] 

1. The protuberant part of a cask. 

2. The flat portion of a ship’s bottom. 

If The same as Bilge, s. (q. v.) 

bulge, v. i. [From O. Sw. bulgja— to swell out; 
A. S. belgan .] 

1. To jut out; to be protuberant. 

“The side, or part of the side of a wall, or any timber 
that bulges from its bottom or foundation, is said to bat¬ 
ter, or hang over the foundation.”— Moxon: Mech. Ex. 

2. To take in water, to leak. 

“ Thrice round the ship was tost, 

Then bulg’d at once, and in the deep was lost.” 

Dryden. 

“And scattered navies bulge on distant shores.” 

Broome. 

bulg -et, *bul-yet, s. [O. ¥r. boulgette=a mast, 
a point, a budget, bag, a pouch (?).] A bag or 
pouch (f). 

“Coffenis, bulyettis, fardellis, money, jewellis,” &c.— 
Keith: Hist., p. 217. 

“Brekis the cofferis, boullis, packis, bulgettis maillis.” 
— Balfour: Pract., p. 635. ( Jamieson .) 

bulge -ways, s.pl. [Bilgeways.] 
bulg’-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bulge, v.] 

“ . . . the oddest mixture of these plants and bulg¬ 
ing rocks. . . . ”—Arthur Young. 
bu-llm s. [Bulimy.] 

bu-llm -d-lus, s. [From Lat. bulimus (q. v.); 
and dimin. suffix -ulus.] 

ZoOl.: A sub-genus of Bulimus (q. v.). Above 
three hundred species are known. 


b<511, boy; pout, j<5wl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


bfl-lIm-uS, s. [From Lat. bulimus: Gr. boulimos 
= (1) extreme hunger, (2) weakness of the stomach, 
fainting; bous=an ox, and limos= hunger, famine.] 

Zodl.: A large genus of mollusks, family Helecid® 
(Land-snails). The shell is oblong or turreted, with 
the longitudinal margins unequal. The animal is 
like that of Helix. The genus is widely distributed. 
The European species are mostly small, but Buli¬ 
mus ovatus of South America is six inches long. In 
1875 the known recent species were 1,120, the fossil 
thirty, the latter from the Eocene upward. 

“ The tropical bulimi cement leaves together to protect 
and cement their large bird-like eggs.”— Woodward: 
Mollusca, p. 15. 

bu'-llm-y, bofi'-llm-y, bu-lim-I-a, s. [From 

Gr. boulimia— ravenous hunger.] [Bulimus.] 

♦I. Ord. Lang. (Of the forms bulimy and bou- 
limy): 

1. Lit.: The same as II. 

2. Fig.: Insatiable desire for anything. 

“ It stretches out his desires into an insatiable bou- 
limy.” — Scott: Serm. (1687), Works, ii. 75. 

II. Med. (Chiefly of the form bulimia): A most 
inordinate appetite utterly disproportioned to the 
wants of the body ; the stomach is greatly enlarged, 
hanging down like a pouch. This affection is very 
rare. 

bulk (1), *bolke (Eng.), bouk, buik (Scotch), s. 
[Icel. bHlki=a heap ; Dan. bulk= a lump; O Sw. bolk 
= aheap; Wei. bwlg= a swelling. Connected with 
bulge (q. v.).] 

I. Lit.: Magnitude of material substance; mas3, 
size, extent. 

“ Bulk without spirit vast.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. The extent or importance of immaterial things. 

“ Things, or objects, cannot enter into the mind as they 
subsist in themselves, and by their own natural bulk pass 
into the apprehension.”— South. 

2. The gross, the main body or part, the majority. 

“ These wise men disagreed from the bulk of the 
people.”— Addison: Freeholder. 

3. The main part of a ship’s cargo; as, to break 
bulk, is to open the cargo. 

*4. A part of a building jutting out; a stall. 

“ Clambering the walls to eye him : stalls, bulks, win¬ 
dows.” Sliakesp.: Coriol., ii. L 

*5. The body. 

“ My liver leaped within my bulk.’’ — Turberville. 

“ He raised a sigh so piteous and profound 
As it did seem to shatter all his bulk 
And end his being.” Shakesp.: Ham., ii. I. 

bulk-head, s. 

1. A partition made across a ship, whereby one 
part is divided from another. 

“The creaking of the masts, the straining and groaning 
of bulk-heads, as the ship labored in the weltering sea, 
were frightful.”— W. Irving: Sketchbook, p. 18. 

2. A wood or stone construction designed to pre¬ 
vent earth or water from falling or flowing into the 
space protected by a bulk-head. 

3. Bulk-headline: A line a given distance from 
the shore, beyond which it is not permissible to 
build a dock, according to the rules of the War De¬ 
partment at Washington, under the charge of the 
secretary of which such matters are. 

bulk (2), s.. [A. S. bolca= a balk, beam, stem of a 
ship, ridge; 0. H. Ger. pi. balkun (Morris.) .] The 
stern of a ship. 

♦bulk (1), v. i. [Bolk, Belch.] To belch. 

♦bulk (2), *bulk-yn, v. i. [Bulge, v.] To bend, 
bow. 

“Bowyn’, or lowtyn’ (lowyn, bulkyn, or bowyn, H. P.). 
Inclino.” — Prompt. Parv. 

bulk'-er (1), s. [Eng. bulk; - er .] 

Naut.: A person whose business it is to ascertain 
the bulk or capacity of goods, so as to fix the 
amount of freight or dues payable on them. 

“ From humble bulker to haughty countess.” 

Shadwell: The Scowrers, I. i 

bulk'-er (2), s. [Probably from balk, s.] Abeam 
or rafter. (Provincial.) 

bulk'-I-ness, s. [Eng. bulky; -ness.] The qual¬ 
ity of being bulky; greatness in bulk. 

“ Wheat, or any other grain, cannot serve instead of 
money, because of its bulkiness, and change of its quan¬ 
tity.”— Locke. 

♦bulk’-ing, *bulk'-ynge, *bnlk-ynge, s. 

[Belching.] 

♦bulk'-som-ness, s. [Eng. bulk,som(e), and suff. 
-ness.] Bulkiness, size. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = £. 

-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$L 




664 


bull 


bulky 


fculk'-jf, a. [Eng. bulk; -y.~\ Of great bulk or 
dimensions; large. 

“ Latreus, the bulkiest of the double race, 

Whom the spoil’d arms of slain Halesus grace.” 

Dryden. 

As these despatches were too bulky to be concealed in 
the clothes of a single messenger, it was necessary to 
employ two confidential persons.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xv. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between bulky and 
massive “ Whatever is bulky has a prominence of 
figure; what is massive has compactness of matter. 
The bulky, therefore, though larger in size, is not so 
weighty as the massive. Hollow bodies commonly 
have a bulk; none but solid bodies can be massive. 
A vessel is bulky in its form; lead, silver, and gold, 
massive." (.Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

bull (1), *bulle, *bul, *boole, *bolle, *bule, 
♦bole, s., v. t. <& a. [In O. Icel. boli; Dan. bulle; 
Dut. bul, in compos, bulle: O. Dut. bulle, bolle; 
Ger. bulle; Ir. bolan= a full-grown cow; boloa— a 
heifer; Wei. bwld; Lith. bullus; Lett, bollis; Slav. 
vol: Bohem. wole; Pol. wol. From A. S. bellan= to 
bellow, roar, or bark (Somner). Or from Celt, buile 
=fine, large, comely, beautiful.] [B. 2, If.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The male of the bovine mammal (Bos taurus) 
of which the cow is the female. 

“Dew-lapp’d like bulls, whose throats had hanging at 
’em 

Wallets of flesh?” Shakesp.: Tempest, Hi. S. 

(2) The male of any other bovine mammal. 

“ Pliny’s Ethiopian bull with blue eyes might refer to 
this species, . . . ”— Griffith: Cuv., iv. 401. 

(3) The male of some other large mammals; the 
ulephant, for instance. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Scripture: A rough, fierce, cruel man. 

“ Many bulls have compassed me; strong bulls of Bashan 
have beset me round.”— Ps. xxii. 12. 

(2) Literature: One whose aspect and procedure 
somewhat suggest those of a bull. 

IT John Bull: A satirical personification of the 
English people, derived from Arbuthnot’s History of 
John Bull. Some points of resemblance between Mr. 
Bull and the quadruped after which he is named 
may be indicated. Compared with the slimmer 
natives of southern climes, he is a massive, and even 
ungainly, animal; certain spectacles, especially if 
defiantly presented, powerfully excite him, and 
when danger is in his path his general practice is to 
shut his eyes and run forward. 

if To take the bull by the horns: Boldly, if not even 
rashly, to attack a difficulty, regardless of the con¬ 
sequences which will result from failure. 

II. Technically : 

1. Zoology: [A. 1.] . , 

2. Astron.: The constellation Taurus (q. v.). 

“ And the bright Bull receives him.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring. 

3. Stock Exchange: One who operates in expecta¬ 
tion of the rise of stock, and, perhaps to render his 
speculation profitable, takes means with others, if 
he can, to help them up, even as a bull tries to fling 
people in the air with his horns. His natural and 
unceasing foe is called a bear. [HeAB (1), s., II. 1.] 

B. As adjective: In compos .— 

1. Specially: 

(1) Pertaining to the quadruped defined under A. 

(2) Male, as opposed to female. [Bull-calf.] 

2. Gen.: Large ; as, bull-head, bulrush. 

H A writer in All the Year Bound for June 5, 1880, 
considers that bull in this sense is not from bull the 
animal, but from Oelt. buile = fine, large, comely, 
beautiful. He thinks it has this meaning in the 
words bull-dog, bull-rush, bull-frog, bull's-eye, bull¬ 
finch, bull-trout, bull-beggar, bull-fly, bull-weed, bull- 
wort and bull-speaking, in the epithet John Bull, 
and in the American salutation “ Bully (i. e., fine) for 
you.” 

Tf Compound of obvious signification : Bull-bear¬ 
ing (Shakesp.: Troil. & Cres., ii. 3). 

bull, v. t. To operate on exchange in such a man¬ 
ner as to raise the price of stocks, &c. 

bull-baiting, *bull bayting, s. The baiting of 
a bull; the setting dogs upon a bull to harass it. In 
Queen Elizabeths time, and subsequently, it was a 
common amusement. 

“Entertained the people with a horse-race or bull-bait¬ 
ing! ”— Addison. 

bull-bat, s. [So named (1) from a booming sound 
which it makes in the air when flying, and (2) from 
the resemblance of its flight to that of a bat.] A 
name given in this country to a bird, the American 
Goat-sucker (Caprimulgus americanus.) 

bull-bee, s. The same as Bull-fly (q. v.). 


bull-beef (pi. bull-beeves), s. Beef derived from 
a buH. It is coarse in character. 

“ They want their porridge and their fat bull-beeves.’’ 

Shakesp.: 1 Hen. VI., i. 2. 

bull-brier, s. A species of large brier (S. Pseudo 
China) growing in many parts of North America, 
from the root of which the Indians obtain a farina¬ 
ceous substance, used by them in making bread. 
Called also Bamboo-brier and China-brier. 
bull-calf, s. 

1. Lit.: A he-calf, a male calf. 

2. Fig.: A stupid fellow, 
bull-doze, s. [Bulldoze.] 

bull-faced, a. Having a face like a bull; large¬ 
faced. 

bull-feast, s. The same as Bull-fight. 

“ Victorious still in bull-feast, or in fight.” 

Scott: The Vision of Don Roderick, 30. 

bull-fight, s. A barbarous amusement of great 
antiquity, having been practiced by the Egyptians, 
by the Thessalians, and others, but now associated 
chiefly with Spain, into which it seems to have been 
first introduced by the Moors. [Bull-baiting.] 
bull-finch, s. [Bullfinch.] 
bull-fish, s. One of the names for the Great 
Seal (Phoca barbata). It is not a fish, but a mam¬ 
mal. 

bull-fly, s. An unidentified insect; also called a 
bull-bee. (Phillips: World of Words.) 

bull-frog, s. 

1. Gen.: Any frog which croaks with a deep 
rather than a sharp sound. 

“The bull-frog’s note from out the marsh, 
Deep-mouth’d arose, and doubly harsh.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 33. 

2. Spec.: Some American frogs. 

(1) A species of frog (Rana pipiens) found in 
Carolina and the parts adjacent, which has a voice 
not unlike that of a bull. It is six or eight inches 
long, by three or four broad, without the legs. It 
swallows ducks and young goslings whole. It is 
difficult to catch from its length of leap, besides 
which it is generally left unharmed because it is 
said to purify rather than to pollute the waters in 
which it lives. (2) Rana ocellata. (3) Rana clam- 
itans. (4) Rana grunniens. 

bull-grape, s. The English name of a plant, the 
Vitis rotundifolia , a North American species of the 
vine genus with polished reniform cordate-toothed 
leaves. [Bullet-geape.] 
bull-grass, s. A grass, Bromus mollis, or some 
other species of Bromus. 
bull-bead, s. 

1. Lit.: Various fishes having large heads, Spec.: 

(1) The River Bull-head, a spiny-finned fish Cottus 
gobio. It is called also the Miller’s Thumb and the 
Tommy Lugge. It has a broad and flat head, the 
preopercle with one spine, the body dusky clouded 
with yellow, the belly whitish. Its length is about 
four inches. The bullhead in this country is con¬ 
founded with the catfish (q. v.). 

(2) The fish-genus Aspidophorus, of the same 
family Triglidee. Aspidophorus europceus is the 
armed bull-head. 

(3) A name given to several species of plover, the 
black-bellied and the golden. 

2. Fig.: A stupid person, a blockhead, 
bull-headed, a. Having a head like a bull’s; 

determined, perverse, stubborn; persistent in hav¬ 
ing one’s own way, right or wrong. 

bull-hide, s. The hide of a bull, a shield made 
of bull-hide. 

bull-hoof, s. A plant of the Passion-flower 
order, Murucuja ocellata. 

bull-nose, s. & a. 

Bull-nose ring: A hook whose knobs enter the 
nostrils and clamp the dividing cartilage or septum 
of the nose. It is used to lead vicious or obstinate 
bulls, and occasionally to fasten or hitch them, 
bull-nut, s. A large kind of hickory nut. 
bull-of-the-bog, s. The bittern (Scotch, specially 
of Liddesdale). 

“ . . . the deep cry of the bog-blitter, or bull-of-the-bog, 
a large species of bittern.”— Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. i. 

bull-rush, s. [Buleush.] 

bulls - and-cows, s. [So called because the 
spadices, which are sometimes dark-red and some¬ 
times pale-pink or nearly white, give an idea of 
male and female (Prior).] The flowers of the 
Cuckow-pint (Arum maculatum). 
bull’s-eye, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The eye of a bull. 

2. Fig.: A dark lantern with a thick glass reflector 
on one side. 


II. Technically: 

1. Nautical: 

(1) A small pulley of hard wood, having a groove 
round the outside and a hole in the middle, answer¬ 
ing the purpose of a thimble. 

(2) A bulb or thick disc of glass let into a ship’s 
side or deck. 

(3) One of the perforated balls on the jaw-rope 
of a gaff. 

2. Target practice: The center of a target. 

3. Glass-making: The central boss which is at¬ 
tached to the bunting-iron or pontil, in the opera¬ 
tion of making crown-glass. 

4. Optical instruments: 

(1) The lens of a dark lantern. [I. 2.] 

(2) A plano-convex lens, used as an illuminator 
to concentrate rays upon an opaque microscopic 
object. 

5. Confect.: A kind of large round balls made of 
coarse sugar. 

Bull’s-eye cringle: 

Naut.: A wooden ring or thimble used as a cringle 
in the leech of a sail. 

bull’s-bead, *bullis bead, s. The head of a 
bull. 

U It has been asserted and again denied that in 
the old turbulent times in Scotland the presentation 
of a bull’s head to a person was the signal for his 
execution or for his assassination. 

"... efter the dinner was endit, once all the deli¬ 
cate courses taken away, the chancellor (Sir William 
Crichton) presentit the bullis head befoir the earle of 
Douglas, in signe and toaken of condemnation to the 
death.”— Pitscottie, p. 405. 

bull’s-horn, s. & a. 

Bull's-horn coralline: [So named because the 
shape of the cells is like a bull’s horn.] A zoOphyte 
of the family Cellariad®. It is the Eucratia lori- 
cata. It is branched subaltemate, has the cells 
conical, with a raised orifice, beneath which is a 
spinous process, 
bull’s-nose, s. 

1. Lit.: The nose of a bull. 

2. Carp.: A term sometimes applied to the angle 
formed by the junction of two plane surfaces. 

bull-terrier, s. A variety of dog, a cross-breed 
between the bull-dog and terrier. 

bull-trout, s. An English name for Salmo eriox, 
called also the Gray-trout, and the Round-tail. It 
is a British fish. 

bull-weed, s. A plant, the Black Centaury (Cen- 

taurea nigra). 

bull-wort, s. [Prior thinks this should bepooh 
wort, from growing near pools. This is doubted by 
Britten and Holland.] 

Botany: 

1. A name for the Scrophularia genus of plants. 

2. An umbelliferous plant, Ammi majus. 

bull, (2) *bulle, s. [In Fr. & Ger. bulle; Ital. 
bulla, bolla. From Low Lat. bulla = a seal or 
stamp, a letter, an edict, a roll; Class. Lat. bulla— 
(1) a bubble, (2) a boss, a knob, a stud.] 

I. Ecclesiastical: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The seal appended to the edicts and briefs of 
the pope. 

(2) A letter, edict, brief, or rescript of the pope 
sealed with such a seal. Such a writing is issued 
by the pope to the large portion of Christendom of 
which he is the head, to convey to the churches inti¬ 
mations of his will. 

“ . . . by publishing that very noted decree, the Bull 
TJnigenitus.”— Moslieim: Ch. Hist. 

The value of the discovery of America to Spain 
was seriously jeopardized by the existence of papal 
bulls authorizing discoveries, and conferring title 
in 1452, 1454, 1479 and 1481 on Portugal; and the 
claims of this power were so technically strong 
that on the familiar principle of “ a hair of the dog 
that bit him,” another bull had to be issued to 
protect Spain; and the famous line of demarka- 
tion from north to south pole was drawn by Pope 
Alexander VI. on May 4,1492. 

So strong still remained the technical claims of 
Portugal, that it was not till 1750 that the details 
of a controversy, interesting but fit only for a 
larger history than this, were finally arranged. 

Up to the time of the discovery of America, it 
will be remembered, the influence of the pope had 
been paramount and almost universally recognized 
in international affairs. The law of nations was, 
in effect, a code of morals demanding for its inter¬ 
pretation and enforcement a spiritual arbiter. 

This arbiter, apart altogether from the spiritual 
authority he claimed and exercised, was at least 
an acceptable witness to priority of enterprise and 
to the subsequent title by discovery—a title which, 
though in the case of most nations, owing to negli¬ 
gence in perfecting it by occupation, is the most 
precarious of titles, has always been urged with 
remarkable persistence even as collateral to papal 
authority. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, welf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bull 


665 


bulling 


It may, indeed, be contended that title by dis- bul-l&r-y (1), s. [In Fr. bullaire; Low Lat. bullet-extractor, s. A pair of pincers with 
coyer y arose originally from the recognition ex- bullarium ; from bulla=& bull.] [Bull (2), .s.] A projecting claws, adapted to imbed themselves in a 

tended papal authorization and ratification ; but collection of papal bulls. bullet so as to draw it from its bed and extract it. 

a ^.. a . 7 ^er period the nations of Europe ceased to “The whole bull is extant in the bullary of Laertius When closed, these form a smooth, blunt surface, 

solicit bulls, and set up title by discovery on their Cherubinus.”— South: Sermons, v. 224. like a probe, and are opened against the bullet so as 

own authority. *biir-lar-v (2) <? TEtvm doubtful 1 A bucket to spread apart the vessels which might oppose the 

. The more recent and important papal documents of Y J 6t — - '• 

issuing from the Vatican have taken the form of °f bnne. (IFTiai fon.) 

encyclical letters addressed to the whole Catholic Dul -late, a. [Lat. bullatus is either fleeting like 
church through the pastors and bishops. These a bubble or inflated like one.J 

encyclicals have attracted the attention of millions Bot.: Blistered, puckered. (Used when the paren- 
of thoughtful minds from the fact that they have ? h y ma of a leaf is larger than the area in which it 
npt dealt with dead issues, but the living interests ls formed.) 

~ ' * ' ' bull -dog, s. & a. [From Eng. bull, and dog.'] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Ord. Lang, & Zool.: A variety of the common 
dog, Cams familiaris, variety taurinus, sometimes 


of the hour. Notably among these is the remark¬ 
able encyclical of Pope Leo XIII. on “ The Labor 
Question,” 1892. 

2. Fig. In ridicule of the papal edicts described 
under No. 1. (2): A one-sided statement with an 
aspect of cleverness, but in which there is an 
absurdity unperceived by the speaker which ren¬ 
ders the sentence ridiculous. (Often used with the 
word Irish prefixed.) 

II. Technically: 

1. History: 

(1) An imperial edict. 

IT Golden bull: So named from its seal, which 
was of gold. 

(2) . An edict sent forth by the Emperor Charles 
IV. in 1356, containing an imperial constitution 
which became the fundamental law of the German 
empire. » 

2. Law: To procure, publish, or put in use a 
papal bull was made treason. (28 Hen. VIII., c. 
16; 13 Eliz., c. 2 ; and 7 Anne, c. 21.) 

bfill (3), s. & a. [Etym. doubtful. From bull (2) 
( Johnson). From Eng. bold (Skinner) (?).] 

bull-beggar, bull-begger, s. A kind of hob¬ 
goblin used to frighten children with. 

“A scarebug, a bullbegger, a sight that frayeth and 
frighteth.”— Coles, 469 b. 

“These fulminations from the Vatican were turned 
into ridicule ; and as they were called bull-beggars, they 
were used as words of scorn and contempt.”— Ayliffe. 

bull (pron. bill), v. i. [From bull, s. (q. v.).] 

Of a cow: To take the bull. 

bul’-lSL, s. [Lat. bulla—a bubble.] 

1. Zodl.: A genus of mollusks called from the 
thinness of their shells bubble-shells. The shell is 
oval, ventricose, convoluted externally, or only 
partially invested by the animal. The animal has 
a large cephalic disk bilobed behind; the lateral 
lobe is much developed. It occurs in temperate 
and tropical seas from twenty-five to thirty 
fathoms. Over fifty recent species are known and 
seventy fossil, the latter from the Oolite onward. 
( Woodward <tb Tate.) 

2. Med.: [Bull^:.] 

bul'-lape, *bol'-a<?e, *bol'-las, *bol'-as, s. & a. 

[In Mod. Norm. Fr. beloce; O. F. beloce ( Littr6 ): 
from Ir. bulos= a prune; Gael, bulaistear (Skeat ).] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The fruit of the tree described under 2. 

“ Bolas frute {bollas, P.). Pepulum, mespilum, Kylw. 
Cnth.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ Bolaces and blake-beries that on breres growen.” 

William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1,809. 

2. The English name of a tree, the Prunus com¬ 
munis, var. insititia. It is akin to the var. 
spinosa (the sloe], but differs in having the 
peduncles and underside of the leaves pubescent 
and the branches slightly spinous, whereas the 
spinosa has the peduncles glabrous, the leaves ulti¬ 
mately so also, and the branches decidedly spinous. 

“In October, and the beginning of November, come 
services, medlars, bullaces; roses cut or removed, to come 
late.”— Bacon: Essays; Of Gardens. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

bullace-plum, s. The name of a fruit. 

If The Jamaica Bullace-plum: The fruit of Mali- 
cocca biguga. 

bullace-tree, *bolas tre, s. [Bullace, 2.] 
“Bolas tre. Pepulus." — Prompt. Parv. 

bul’-la-dse, s. pi. [Bullid^:.] 

bul’-lae, s. pi. [Lat. bulla={l) a bubble, (2) a 
boss, knob, or stud)] Blains, or blebs. 

Med: Miniature blisters, or blebs. They are 
larger than vesicles, with a large portion of cuticle 
detached from the skin and a watery transparent 
fluid between. The skin beneath is red and in¬ 
flamed. 

bul-lan’-tic, a. & s. [Fr. bullantique; from Lat. 
bulla=a bull.] [Bull (2).] 


retraction. 

bullet-hook, s. A hook-ended tool for extract¬ 
ing bullets. An iron bullet-hook was disinterred at 
Pompeii in 1819 by Dr. Savenko, of St. Petersburg. 

bullet-ladle, s. A ladle for melting lead to run 
bullets. 

bullet-making, a. Making, or designed to be 
used in making bullets, as bullet-making machine. 

bullet-mold, s. A mold for making bullets. 
It is an implement opening like a pair of pincers, 


called variety molossus, from Molossia (Southern having jaws which shut closely together, and a 
Epirus or Lower Albania), where similar dogs are spherical or other shaped cavity made by a cherry- 
said anciently to have existed. The bulldog has a reamer, with an ingate by which the melted lead is 
thick, short, flat muzzle, a projecting underjaw, poured in. 

thick and pendent lips, a large head a flat forehead, bullet-probe, s. A sound for exploring tissue to 
a small brain, half-pricked ears, a thick and strong fi„d the situs of a bullet. It is usually a soft 
Its courage and tenacity 


body, but of low stature, 
of hold are well known. 

2. Bot. ( pi. Bulldogs): The name of a plant, 
Antirrhinum majus. {Pratt.) 

3. Metal.: A very refractory, gray, lustrous sub¬ 
stance used for the lining of puddling furnaces. It 
is obtained by roasting the top cinder (principally 
ferrous silicate) for several days in kilns, the sili¬ 
cate is oxidized, and fusible silicious slag separates 
from the infusible bulldog. 

B. As adjective: Resembling that of a bulldog. 
[A, 1.] 

“ . . . that bulldog courage which flinches from no 
danger, however terrible, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxi. 

bull-doze, v. An Americanism, signifying to 
over-awe, to terrify, to silence by threats. In 
Louisiana, about 1876, it was alleged that the 
negroes were “ bulldozed ” by the whites, by which 
they were prevented from exercising the elective 
franchise. 

*bulled, a. [Bolled (q. v.).] Swelled or em¬ 
bossed. 

“ And hang the bulled nosegays ’bove their heads.” 

B. Jons.: Sad Shep., i. 3. 

bul'-len, s. [Cf. Wei. bulion =the seed-vessel of 
some plants.] The awn or chaff from flax or hemp. 

bul'-len, a. [From Eng. bull, a.=large. Or from 
bullion.] 

bullen-nail, s. 

Upholstery: An upholsterer’s nail, with around 
head, a short shank, turned and lacquered. 

*bul'-ler, v. i. & t. [From Sw. bullra=to make a 
noise ; Dan. buldre=to racket, rattle, make a noise; 
Dut. bulderen —to bluster, rage or roar; Sw. buller; 
Dan. bulder= noise, tumbling noise.] [Bouldek.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To emit such a sound as water does, when 


usually 

steel wire with a bulbous extremity. 

bullet-proof, a. Strong enough to prevent its 
being penetrated by a bullet. 

bullet-screw, s. A screw at the end of a ramrod 
to penetrate a bullet and enable the latter to be 
withdrawn from the piece. [Ball-screw.] - 
bullet-shell, s. An explosive bullet for small- 
arms. In experiments made with them at Enfield 
in 1857, caissons were blown up at distances of 2,000 
and 2,400 yards; and brick walls much damaged at 
those distances by their explosion. [Bullet.] 
bullet-tree, s. [Bully-tree.] 
bullet-wood, s. The wood of the Bully, or Bullet- 
tree No. 1 (q. v.). 

bul'-le-tin, s. [In Ger. bulletin; Dut. & Fr. bulle¬ 
tin; Ital. bullettino=a bill, a schedule; from bul- 
letta =a ticket, a warrant; dimin. of bulla, bolla= 
an edict of the pope.] 

1. A brief narrative of facts issued for the infor¬ 
mation of the public after a battle, during the 
sickness of a distinguished personage, or in any 
similar circumstances. 

“ Lord Beaconsfield’s condition had not improved since 
the issue of the last bulletin.”—Daily News, March 31,1881. 

2. A public announcement of news recently ar¬ 
rived, or anything similar. 

3. A periodical publication reporting the proceed¬ 
ings of a society. 

bul-let'-stane, s. [Eng. bullet; Scotch stane. A 
round stone. {Scotch.) 

bull -finch, bul'-finch, s. [Eng. bull; finch.] A 
well-known bird, the Pyrrhula vulgaris [Pyrr- 
hula], locally known as the Norskpipe, the Coal- 
hood. the Hoop, or the Tony Hoop, the Alp, and 
the Hope. In the male the head, the part sur¬ 
rounding the bill, the throat, and the tail are 
lustrous black ; the nape, the back and the should- 


±. 1 V, CiUlL DUl/U Cl l * i 1 V.l do Will.' I UUCO, VVUCU 1 llII ' I '' . I 'll "I." , ‘ 1 ’' — w I", . ' I ' I *-, w -mil 

rushing violently into any cavity, or forced back ers bluish-gray; the cheeks, neck, breast, the fore 


again. 

“Fast bullerand in at euery rift and bore.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 16, 64. 

2 To make a noise with the throat when it is being 
gargled with a liquid, or when one is in the agonies 
of death. 

“ . . . quhare the kyng was lyand bullerand in his 
blude.”— Cron. B. vi., c. 14. 

B. Trans.: To impart the impetus which is at¬ 
tended by or produces such a sound. 

*bul'-ler, *bul-loure, s. [From buller, v. (q. v.) .] 
{Scotch.) A loud gurgling noise. 

buller-flsll, s. One of the English names of a 
fish—the Common Gunnel {Gunnellus vulgaris). 

bul'-let, s. & a. [Fr. boulet, dimin. of boule —a 
ball; from Lat. bulla (q. v.) .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A small ball. 

2. Of firearms: 

*(1) A cannon ball. 


part of the belly and the flanks red ; the rump and 
the vent white. A pinkish-white bar runs trans¬ 
versely across the wing. Its length is about 6% 
inches. The female is less brightly colored. It 
feeds on pine, fir, and other seeds, on grain, on ber¬ 
ries, on buds, &c. Its nest is usually of moss, the 
eggs, generally four, bluish-white, speckled and 
streaked with purplish or pale-orange brown at the 
thicker end. Its song is much prized. It is often 
domesticated. It is found in many lands. 

“The blackbird whistles from the thorny brake. 

The mellow bull-finch answers from the groves.” 

Thomson: Seasons. 

IT Pine Bullfinch: A name for the Pine Grosbeak 
{Pinus enucleator). 

bul -ll-dse, tbfil -la-dse, s. [From Lat. bulla 
(q. v.), i connective, and fern. pi. suff. -dee.] 

Zodl.: A family of mollusks, the second of the 
section Tectibranchiata, of the family Opistho- 
branchiata. They have thin, globular, convoluted 
shells without an operculum. The animal more or 


Bullet. 


A. As adjective: Pertaining to or used in apos¬ 
tolic bulls, as bullantic letters. [B.] {Fry.) „_,_„__ 

B As substantive: Capital letters used in papal a bullet on the end of one leg to set in a hole. The 
b u ii s . same as Cone-compasses and Club-compasses 


rhP .“v-t;-— vi c i „ a A. less invests the shell. The head is in the form of 

(2) A ball, generally of lead, made to fit the be re a s iugi e or lobed disk, frequently with its lateral 
a rifle or musket, and designed to be propelled j 0 b es mU ch developed. It contains the genera 

Bulla, Akera, Aplustrum, &c. It has existed since 
the deposition of the Lower OOlites. 

bull'-Ied, pa. par. & a. [Bully, v. t.] 

bul'-li-mon-y, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A plant, 

Polygonum Fagopyrum. {Gerarde.) 

bull'-mg (l),s. [From bull, s. (q.v.).] 

On the Stock Exchange: The system of contracting 
to take stock at a specified future time, making it 
one’s interest during the interval to raise its value. 

bull'-ing (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Blasting: Parting a piece of loosened rock from 
its bed by means of exploding gunpowder poured 
into the fissures. 


of _ PH __ _ 

thence with great force as an offensive instrument 
or weapon. Bullets are now 
usually cylindrical, with coni¬ 
cal or conoidal points. 

II. Technically: 

1. Military: [I. 2.] 

2. Her.: A name sometimes 

f iven to the ogress or pellet. 

Gloss, of Her.) 

B. As adjective: (See the com¬ 
pounds.) 

bullet-compasses, s. pi. A 

pair of scribing compasses with 



bdil, boy; pout, J<Jwl; cat, gell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, egist. ph - f. 
-cia’n, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 







’bullion 


666 


bum 


■bull-I-bn (1), *bfiH'-y6n, s. & a. [From Low 
Lat. bullio, gemt. bullionis = (1) the ebullition of 
boiling water, (2) a mass of gold and silver; from 
bullare=to stamp, to mark with a seal.] [Bulla.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

*1. {Of the forms bully on and bullion): A stud, a 
boss, a globular hollow button; a series of copper 
plates put on the breastleathersor bridles of horses 
for ornament. 

“The claspes and bullions were worthe a M. pounde.” 

Skelton: The Crown of Laurel. 

*2. A kind of dress. 

*3. Coin not allowed to pass, or not current at the 
place where it is tendered. 

“. . . and our coin is bullion in foreign dominions.” 
— Locke: Further Considerations. 

4. Uncoined gold and silver in bars or in the mass. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

If U. S. standard bullion contains 900 parts of 
pure gold or pure silver and 100 parts of copper al¬ 
loy. The coining value of an ounce of pure gold is 
$20.67183, and the coining value of an ounce of 
standard gold is $18.60465. The coining value in 
standard silver dollars of an ounce of pure silver is 
$1.2929, and the coining value of an ounce of stand¬ 
ard silver is $1.1636. [Coinage, Seigniorage.] 

*(2) Spec.: Pure gold. 

“Theroiall riches and exceeding cost 
Of every pillour and of every post, 

Which all of purest bullion framed were.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. i. 32. 

5. Metallic, as contradistinguished from paper 
money. 

II. Technically: 

1. Coinage. [I. 3 & 4.] 

2. Goldsmith-work: 

(1) A showy metallic ornament or metal-covered 
fringe; if genuine, of gold or silver, but sometimes 
a mere colorable imitation in baser metal. 

(2) A form of heavy-twisted fringe, the cords of 
which are prominent, as the strands of a cable. 
Bullion-fringe for epaulets is made of silk covered 
with fine gold or silver wire. 

3. Glass-making: The extreme end of the glass 
bulb at the end of the blowing-tube. The bulb hav¬ 
ing assumed a conical form is rested on a horizontal 
bar called the bullion-bar , to assist in bringing it to 
the spherical form. {Knight.) 

B. As adjective: 

Of coin: 

1. {Lit. or fig.): Not now current. 

“Words whilom flourishing 
Pass now no more, but banished from the court. 
Dwell with disgrace among the vulgar sort; 

And those which eld’s strict doom did disallow, 

And damn for bullion, go for current now.” 

Sylvester: Divine Works of Du Bartas; Babylon 

2. Pertaining to uncoined gold and silver, or to 
metallic money. 

If Obvious compounds: Bullion-bar, bullion- 
fringe. 

bull’-I-6n (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A wild plum, 
a large sloe ( Wright), Prunus insititia (?). (Britten 
& Holland.) 

bull'-i-on-er, s. A dealer in bullion. [Bullion 
(l),q. v.] 

btill'-l-on-ist, s. [From Eng. bullion, and suff. 
-?st.] An advocate for a metallic currency, or for the 
limitation of a paper one to an amount which 
renders it always convertible into gold. 

bul’-ll-rag, *bu.r-ly-rag, v. t. [Provinc. Eng. 
balarag {Lye); from lcel. baid, bol= a curse, and 
raegia=to reproach {Lye; also Jamieson).) To 
rally in a contemptuous way; to abuse one in a 
hectoring manner. {Scotch.) 

“Thegudeman bullyragged him sae sair, that he begude 
to tell his mind.” — Campbell, i. 331. 

fbull'-Ish, a. [Eng. bull (2); suff. -ish.) 

Of a statement or argument: Containing a bull; 
having in it a blunder. 

“A toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek- 
stone, and as bullish." — Milton: Animadv. Rem. Defence. 

tbull'-Ist, s. [From Eng., &c., bull (2), and suff. 
•ist : Ger, bullist; O. Fr. bullisie .] A writer of papal 
bulls. 

• . penitentiaries, proctors in the court eccle- 
siastical, dataries, bicllists, copyists.”— Harmar: Tr. of 
Beza’s Sermons, p. 134. 

*bdll-1’-tion, s. [From Lat.. bullitum, sup. of 
bullio, or bullo= to bubble, to be in a state of ebulli¬ 
tion.] The same as Ebullition (q. v.). 

•‘There is to be observed, in these dissolutions, which 
will not easily incorporate, what the effects are, as the 
buUition, . . — Bacon. 

bdl'-lSck, *bul-lok, *bul-loke, s. & a. [A. S. 
bulluca—a. bullock. Bullock is a dimin. of bull 

(q. v.).] 


A. As substantive: A young bull. 

“. . . one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambe 
of the first year; . . — Numb. xxix. 8. 

B. As adjective: Drawn by bullocks; as, bullock- 
carriage, bullock-cart, bullock-wagon. 

“ . . . it was in so bad a state that no wheel vehicle, 
excepting the clumsy bullock-wagon, could pass along.”— 
Darwin. Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. ii., p. 26. 

bullock’s eye, s. 

1. Lit.: The eye of a bullock. 

2. Bot.: A plant, Sempervivum tectorum. 

bullock’s heart, s. 

1. Lit.: The heart of a bullock. 

2. Bot.: The fruit of a tree, Anona reticulata. 

bul'-ly (l),s. & a. [Probably from Dan. buldre 
=to racket, make a noise, chide, and scold or bully ; 
Sw. bullra— to make a noise; Dut. bulderen= to 
bluster, rage, or roar. [Boulder.] Cognate also 
with bull (1).] 

A. As substantive : 

*1. A brisk, dashing fellow. 

“I love the lovely bully." 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv. L 

2. A noisy, insolent man, who habitually seeks to 
overbear by clamor or by threats. 

“. . . he became the most consummate bully ever 
known in his profession.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

B. As adjective: Brisk, dashing. {Vulgar.) 

“Bless thee, bully doctor!”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, 

ii. 3. 

IT Among the most usual compounds are: Bully- 
boy, bully-monster, bully-rook {Shakesp.: Merry 
Wives, i. 3; ii. 1). 

bul’-ly (2), s. & a. [Probably a corruption of 
bullet ,] 

bully-tree, s. [Probably a corruption of bullet- 
tree .] 

Botany: 

1. According to Sir R. Schomburgk the name 
given in Guiana to a species of Mimusops, one of 
the Sapotacese (Sapotads). The fruit is about the 
size of a coffee-berry, and tastes delicious. The 
wood is solid, heavy, cross-grained, and durable. 

2. A name given in the West Indies to the species 
Bumelia, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Sapotaceee (Sapotads). [Bumelia.] They have fine 
leaves, but their flowers possess little attraction. 
Bumelia ingens is the Bastard, and B. nigra the 
Black Bully-tree. 

3. The Jamaica Bully-tree, Lucuma mammosa, is 
also a Sapotad. Its fruit is egg-shaped, from three 
to five inches long, and has been called Marmalade 
or Natural Marmalade. 

bul'-ljf, v. t. & i. [From bully, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Trans.: To attempt to overbear by clamor, 
insult, or threats. 

“ The Jacobites, who hated Smith and had reason to 
hate him, affirmed that he had obtained his place by 
bullying the Lords of the Treasury, and particularly by 
threatening that, if his just claims were disregarded, he 
would be the death of Hampden.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., 
ch. xi. 

B. Intrans.: To act as a bully, to behave with 
noise, insolence, and menace. 

“ He fawned, bullied, and bribed indefatigably.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

bul’-l]f-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bully, v. f.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of attempting to over¬ 
bear by means of noise, insult, or menace. 

*bul’-lyn, v. i. & t. [Boil, i\] ( Prompt „ Parv.) 

bully-rpok, s. A bully. 

“ What says my bully-rook t ”— Shakesp. 

bul’-rush, bfill'-rush, s. & a. [From Eng. bull, 
a.=large; and rush.) 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ord. Lang, and Botany : 

1. In the singular: 

(1) A name sometimes given to the botanical 
genus Typha, called also Cat’s-tail or Reed-mace 
(q. v.). [See also Typha.] 

(2) The name of the genus Scirpus, called also 
Club-rush. Specially used of the species Scirpus 
lacustris, Lake Club-rush. [Club-rush, Scirpus.] 

2. In the plural. {Bulrushes or Typhads): The 
name given by Dr. Lindley to the order of plants 
called Typhacese. 

II. Scrtpture and Botany: The bulrush of Script¬ 
ure is the translation of two distinct Hebrew words, 
agmon, possibly an Arundo or some similar genus, 
in Isaiah lviii. 5, and gome, evidently the Papyrus 
nilotica (Ex. ii. 3. Isaiah xviii. 2). 


B. As adjective: Resembling any of the plants 
described under A. 

If Bullrush pencillaria : The English name of a 
grass, P. spicata, from India. 

bul’-rush-worts, s. pi. [From Eng. bulrush, 
and worts.) 

Bot. : Lindley’s name for the Typhacese (q. v.). 

fbulse, s. [From Port, bolsa- a purse, a bag.]. A 
purse, a bag. (Used only of a receptacle for dia¬ 
monds.) 

“. . bulses of diamonds and bags of guineas.”-- 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

*bul'-stare, v. t. The same as Bolt (2), v 
*Bulte, v. (q. v.) {Prompt. Parv.) 

*bult, *bulte, pret. & pa. par. [Build, «.] 

*bulte, *bult'-en, v. t. [From Sw. bulta =to 
beat.] [Bolt (2).] {Chaucer: C. T.) 

*bult-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bulte, v.] 

*bulted bread, s. The coarsest bread. (Whan 

ton.) 

*bul’-tel, s. [Low Lat. bultellus .] [Bolt, vJ 

1. A bolter or bolting-cloth. 

2. The bran after sifting. 

bult'-er, *boult’-er, *bolt’-er, *bult’-ure. 
*bult-ar, s. [From O. Fr. bulter—a bolter oi 
sieve.] [Bolter.] 

1. The bran or refuse of meal after it is dressed. 

2. The bag in which it is dressed. 

3. {Of the form bulter): A deep-sea line. 

*bult’-ure, *bult’-ar, s. [From O. Eng. bulte, 
and suff, -ure, -ar=modern Eng. -er.) One who or 
that which bolts. [Bolter (2).] 

*bult’-yd, pa. par. [Bulte.] {Prompt. Parv.) 
*bult’-ynge, pr.par., a.Sts. [Bulte, v.] {Prompt 
Parv.) 

bfil'-wark, s. [Dan. bulvcerk; Sw. bolverk; Dut. 
& Ger. bollwerk; from Dan. bul— a stump, log, and 
rcerfc=work.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit . : A rampart or fortification, properly o*ie 
made of stumps of trees, &c.; a bastion. 

“They oft repair 

Their earthen bulwarks ’gainst the ocean flood.” 

Fairfax. 

2, Fig. : Any shelter or screen against an enemy. 
“Our naval strength is a bulwark to the nation.”— 

Addison. 

II. Naut.: That part of the sides of a ship which 
rises above the level of the upper deck. 

“Like leviathans afloat, 

Lay their bulwarks on the brine.” 

Campbell: Battle of the Baltic, 2. 

bfil’-w^trk, v. t. [Bulwark, s.] To fortify; to 
secure with bulwarks. 

“ And yet no bulwark 1 d town, or distant coast, 
Preserves the beauteous youth from being seen.” 

Addison. 

*bul'-yette, s. [Bulget.] 

*bfil’-yie-ment, s. [Habiliment.] {Scotch.) Ha¬ 
biliments; specially such as constitute part of a 
military equipment. 

“ Gird on their bulyiement and come alang.” 

, Ross: Helenore, p. 121. 

bum, v. i. [In Dut. bommen— to sound like an 
empty barrel; 0. Dut. bom =a drum. Imitated from 
the sound.] To make a humming noise. {Chiefly 
Scotch.) Used — 

1. Of bees. 

“ Shall let the busy, grumbling hive, 

Bum o’er their treasure.” 

Bums: To William Simpson. 

2. Of the confused hum of a multitude. 

“For English men bum there as thick as bees.” 

Hamilton: Wallace, bk. x., p. 253. (Jamieson.) 

3. Of the drone of a bagpipe. 

“ At glomin now the bagpipe’s dumb 

Whan weary owsen hameward come ; 

Sae sweetly as it wont to bum, 

And Dibrachs skreed.” , 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 24. 

bum (1), s. [In Dut. bomme. Contr. of Eng. 
bottom.) The buttocks. ( Vulgar.) [Bum-bailiff, 
etym.] 

bum (2), s. St a. [From bum, v. (q. v.)] 

A. As substantive: A humming noise, the sound 
emitted by a bee. 

“. . . I ha’ knowne 

Twenty such breaches piec’d up, and made whole. 
Without a bum of noise.” 

B. Jonson: Magnetic Lady; Works, ii. 49. 

B. As adjective : Emitting a humming sound, 
bum (3), s. An Americanism. The name giveo 

to a bar-room loafer; a vagabond. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, ’pot* 
wore, wolf, work, who, s&n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






bum-clock 


667 


bunch-backed 


bum-clock, s. A humming beetle which flies in 
the summer evenings. Probably it is what ento¬ 
mologists call Geotrupes stercorarius. 

“ The bum-clock humm’d wi’ lazy drone.” 

Burns: The Twa Dogs. 

*bum, prep, with pro. [Contracted from Eng. 
by my.] 

♦bum troth. By my troth. 

“ No, bum troth, good man Grumbe, his name is Ste- 
phano.”— Damon and Pythias , 0. PI., i. 211. 

^♦bum-ladie. By my lady, i. e. t by the Virgin 

“Nay, bum-ladie, I will not, by St. Anne.” 

Promos and Cassandra, iv. 7. ( Nares .) 

bu-mas -tu§, s. [From Gr. boumasthos, boumas- 
{p®~a kind of vine bearing large grapes; bous=& 
bullock or ox, a cow, and mastos— a breast, spec, the 
swelling breast of a woman. Named from being 
large like a cow s nipple.] 

Palceont.: A sub-genus of Silurian Trilobites 
ranked under the genus lllrenus. The IUcenus (Bu- 
mastus) barriensis is from Barr, in Staffordshire, 
England. It is called the Barr Trilobite. 

bum'-bai-liff, s. [Generally believed to be a cor¬ 
ruption of bcnmd bailiff, but Todd and Skeat think 
bum V3=bum (1) (q. v.), and that it was applied 
by the common people contemptuously to the func¬ 
tionary,as implying that he caught those of whom 
he was in pursuit by the hinder part of their gar¬ 
ments. Hall and Wharton think it is from bum (2) 
— a humming, droning, or dunning noise.] An 
under bailiff, employed to dun and arrest one for 
debt. 

“ Go, Sir Andrew, scout me for him at the corner of the 
orchard, like a bumbailiff.” — Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 4. 

bum-baized, bum'-bazed, bom-bazed, a. 
[From Scotch bum, v., and bazed (q. v.).] Amazed, 
confused, stupefied. 

“ Conscience ! if I am na clean bumbaized —you, ye 
cheat, the wuddy rogue . . .”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxiii. 
bum'-bard (1), s. & a. [Bombard, s. & a.] 
bum -bard (2), bum'-bart, s. & a. [From Ital. 
bombare — a humble-bee. ( Jamieson .)] [Bombus, 
Bumbee.] 

A. As substantive [of the form bumbart): Adrone, 
a driveler. 

“An bumbart, ane dron bee, ane bag full of fleume.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 48. 

B. As adjective {of the form bumbard): Indolent, 
lazy. 

“Mony sweir bumbard belly-huddroun.” 

Dunbar: Bannatyne Poems, p. 29, st. 7. 

♦bum -bast, s. [Bombast.] 

♦bum-bast, v. t. [Bombast, v.] To stuff out, to 
pad out. {Gascoigne: The Steel Glass, 1,145.) 

bum’-baze, v. t. [From Dut. bommen= to resound 
as a barrel, and verbazen= to astonish, to amaze.] 
To stupefy ; to confuse. 

“ By now all een upon them sadly gaz’d, 

And Lindy looked blate and sair bumbaz’d.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 85. 

bum’-bazed, pa. par. [Bumbaze.] {Scotch.) 
bum'-bee, s. [From bum, v. or s., and bee.] A 
humble-bee. {Lit. <& fig.) 
bumbee-byke, s. A nest of humble-bees. 

“ Auld famyear stories come athwart their minds, 

Of bumbee-bykes.” Davidson: Seasons, p. 5. 

bum-be -lo, bum-bo -lo, s. [Cf. Ital. bombola 
=a pitcher.] A thin, spheroidal glass vessel or 
flask with a short neck, used in the sublimation of 
camphor. 

“In a large chemical factory near Birmingham the 
camphor-refining room contained about a dozen sand 
baths . , . each containing about ten bumboloes.” — 
Tomlinson, in Goodrich & Porter. 

♦bum’-ble, v. t. & i. [From Lat. bombito; O. Dut. 
bommelen= to buzz or hum.] To make a humming 
noise like the humble-bee or the bittern. {Chaucer.) 
[Bum, t\] 

“As a bitour bumbleth in the mire.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,554. 

bum-ble, *bom'-bell, *bum’-mll, *bum’-mle, 

6. [From bumble, v. (q. v.)] 

1. A wild bee. {in Galloway.) 

2. [Bummle.] 

bumble-bee, s. A humble-bee, Bombus terrestris, 
or any of its congeners. Sometimes the Bumble or 
Humble-bees are elevated into a family, Bombidae. 

bum -ble-ber-rjf, s. [A combination of Eng. 
bramble, with berry.] The fruit of the bramble, 
Rubus fruticosus. (Britten & Holland.) 

bum'-ble-klte, s. The fruit of the bramble, 
Rubus fruticosus. {Britten <& Holland.) 

bum -boat, s. [From Eng. bum (1), and boat. So 
called from its clumsy form.] 

Naut.: A boat used to carry provisions to vessels. 


bu-mel-I-a, s. [Lat. bumelia; Gr. boumelia— a 
large kind of ash.] 

Bot.: A genus of trees belonging to the order 
Sapotacese (Sapotads). Bumelia nigra has a bitter 
and astringent bark, which is used in fevers. 
B. retusa has a milky fruit. The fruit of B. lyci- 
odes, partly sour, partly sweet, is useful in diar¬ 
rhoea. [Bully-tree.] 

bum'-kln, boom'-kln, s. [From Eng. boom, and 
dimin. suff. -kin.] 

Nautical: 

1. A boom on 
each side of the 
bow, to haul 
thefore-tackto. 

2. A boom on 
the quarter for 
the standing 
part of the 
main-brace. 

3. A boom 
over the stern 
to_ extend the 
mizzen. 

b um-1 e r , 
bum’-mel-er, 
s. [From Scotch 
bummil,v.; -er.] 

A blundering 
fellow. {Jamieson.) 

bum-ling, s. [From Lat. bombilo= to hum.] 
[Bumble, u.] The humming noise made by a bee. 
(Scotch.) 

♦bumme, v. t. [Probably from Wei. bwmp— a hol¬ 
low sound; Dut. bommen— to sound hollow; bom= a 
drum (Skeat), referring to the sound made with the 
lips. Cf. Eng. boom (q. v.).] To taste. 

“The best ale lay in my boure or in my bedchambre; 

And who-so bummed ther-of boughte it ther-after.” 

Piers Plowman, v. 222-3. 

bum’-mers, s. pi. [From 6«m=to hum.] A play 
of children. {Scotch.) 

bum-mil, v. t. & i. [From bumble, v. (q.v.)] 

A. Trans.: To bungle. 

“ ’Tis ne’er be me 
Shall scandalize or say ye bummil 
Ye’r poetrie.” 

Ramsay: Poems, 11, 330. 

B. Intrans.: To blunder. 



B. Intransitive: To strike against anything, to 
bob up and down. 

“ And thumping and plumping and bumping and jump¬ 
ing.” Southey: Cataract of Lodore, p. 77. 

fbump (2 )jV.t. [Boom (l),s.] To make a loud 
booming noise, to bumble. (Said only of the bit¬ 
tern.) 

“ And as a bittour bumps within a reed.” 

Dryden: Wife of Bath’s Tale, 194. 

bump’-er, s. [A corruption of bombard, s., I. 3.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A glass filled to overflowing. 

“ The purple bumper trembling at his lips.” 

Cowper: Hope. 

“ One of those nobles swallowed so many bumpers that 
he tumbled into the turf fire.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xvii. 

II. Technically: 

1. Naut.: Logs of wood placed over a ship’s side 
to keep off ice. 

2. Rail.: A projecting head at the end of a rail¬ 
way-car, to receive or deliver the impact when cars 
come together, and, by transferring the force to a 
spring, moderate the force of the collision; a buffer. 

If A bumper game: One in which the scoring is 
all on one side. 

bump'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Bump, v.\ 

bumping-post, s. 

Railway Engineering: A timber or set of timbers 
at the termination of a railway track, to limit the 
motion of the train in that direction. 

bump-kin, *bum'-kin, s. [A word of doubtful 
origin. Skeat and Mahn consider it the same as 
boomkin= a small boom or luff-block, and hence, 
metaphorically, a wooden-headed fellow, a block¬ 
head.] [Boomkin.] A country lout; an awkward 
clumsy, thick-headed fellow. 

“’Twas April, as the bumpkins say.” 

Cowper: Raven. 

♦bump-kln-ljf, a. [Eng. bumpkin; - ly .] Like a 
bumpkin, having the manners of a bumpkin, 
clownish. 

“Who, aiming at description, and the rustic wonder¬ 
ful, gives an air of bumpkinly romance to all he tells.”— 
Richardson: Clarissa. 

.fbun (1), *bunne (1), s. [A. S. bune-a hollow 
pipe, a cup.] The inner part or core of the stalks 
of flax. (Still in use colloquially.) 


bum-mlng, bum -mln’, pr. par. & a. [Bum, v.] 

bum’-mle, s. [From bummle, v. (q. v.)] A 
blunderer. {Scotch.) 

“O fortune, they ha’e room to grumble! 

Had’st thou ta’en aff some drowsy bummle, 

Wha can do nought but fyke an’ fumble.” 

Burns: On a Scotch Bard. 

♦bum’-myn, *bum-byn, *bom'-bon, v. t. [Imi¬ 
tated from the sound.] To hum as a bee. ( Prompt. 
Parv.) 

bump (1), s. [Bump (1), v.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A thump, a blow. 

“ Those thumps and bumps which flesh is heir to.” 

Th. Hook: Gilbert Gurney, i. 5. 

2. A swelling, a protuberance. 

“It had upon its brow 
A bump as big as a young cockerel’s stone.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 3. 

II. Technically: 

1. Phrenology: A protuberance on the cranium, 
believed by phrenologists to be associated with dis¬ 
tinct faculties or affections of the mind. 

2. Boating: In college races the boats are not 
started in line, but at certain intervals in succession, 
in the order of their ‘ 1 place on the river.” When any 
boat succeeds in overtaking the one immediately in 
front, and runs into it with its bow, it is said to bump 
it, and the two boats change places in seniority. 

bump-supper, s. A supper given in one of the 
colleges to celebrate the boat of that particular col 
lege having bumped its predecessor in the races, 
and thus gained a step toward “the head of the 
river.” 

bump (2), s. [Boom(1),s.] The loud booming 
noise of the bittern. 

“ The bitter with his bump. 

The crane with his trump.” 

Skelton: Poems, p. 227. 

bump (1), v.t. & i. [Wei. bwmp= a lump ;pwmpio 
= to bump, bang; Ir. & Gael, beum—a blow.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Gen.: To strike forcibly against anything, to 
beat, thump. 

“ I bumped the ice into three several stars.” 

Tennyson: The Epic. 

2. Spec. {Boating): To effect a bump. 


“Ryse, or bunne, or drye weed. Calamus.” — Prompt. 

Parv. 

bun (2), *bonne, *bunn, *bunne (2),s. [O.Prov. 
Fr. bugne=a kind of fritters; Fr. bigne—a swelling; 
Sp. buhuelo=a sort of sweetbread. Compare O. H. 
Ger.bungo=a bulb; Eng. bunch.] A small cake of 
sweet bread. 

“Bunne, brede. Placenta.” — Prompt. Parv. 

fbun (3), *bwn, s. [Gael. 6nn=bottom, founda¬ 
tion ; Ir. bon, bun— the bottom of anything.] [Bum.] 
(Scotch.) (Lyndsay: Works, p. 208. A. Scott: 
Poems, p. 50.) (Jamieson.) 

♦bun, a. [Boun, a.] Heady, prepared. 

“ Fodder and hai thou sal find bun.” 

Cursor Mundi, 3,317. 

bunch, *bonche, *bunche, s. [Icel. bunki=a 

heap, pile; O. Sw. bunke; Dan. bunke; Dut. bonken 
=to beat.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

tl. A lump, a knob, a prominence. 

“ Mid brode bunches on heore bak.”— Mapes, p. 344. 
“They will carry their treasures upon the bunches of 
camels.”— Isa. xx x. 6. 

2. A cluster of several things of the same kind 
growing naturally together. 

“For thee, large bunches load the bending vine.” 

Dryden. 

3. A number of things tied together. 

“ If I fought not with fifty of them, I am a bunch of 
.radish.”— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

“ A bunch of ponderous keys he took.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 12. 

4. A tuft or little bundle of things fastened in a 
knot or bow. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mining: A miner’s term for an irregular lump 
of ore—more than a pocket, and not so much as a 
continuous vein. _ A mine is said to be bunchy, 
when the yield is irregular—sometimes rich, some¬ 
times poor. 

2. Flax Manufacture: Three bundles, or 180,000 
yards, of linen yarn. [Bundle.] 

bunch-backed, *bunchbacked, a. Having a 

prominence on the back; humpbacked. 

“ To help thee curse that poisonous bunch-back?d toad." 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 8. 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -oious, -sious = shiis. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, dsl. 














bunkum 


bunch 

•(bunch, *bunch'-on, *bun-sen, v. t. & i. 

(Bunch, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To beat, bump. 

“ Bunchon. Tundo, trudo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“He buncheth me and beateth me.”— Palsgrave. 

2. To tie up or form into a bunch or cluster. 

B. Intransitive: To grow or form into a cluster or 
bunch; to swell out, or grow into a protuberance or 
bulb. 

“ It has the resemblance of a champignon before it is 
opened, bunching out into a large round knob at one end.” 
— Woodward. 

bunch-I-ness, s. [Eng. bunchy; -ness.] The 
quality of being bunchy. 

tbunph -lng, *bunch'-Inge, *biinch'-yhge, pr. 
par., a. & s. [Bunch, v.] 

A. & B. As pr.par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

*1. The act of beating. 

“ Bunchinge. Tuncio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. The act of forming into a bunch, 
ibiinch'-y, a. [Hug. bunch; -y.) 

1. Ord. Lang.: Forming a cluster or bunch; 
humpy, swelling. 

“ He is more especially distinguished from other birds, 
by his bunchy tail.”— Grew. 

2. Mining: [See Bunch, B.] 

huh-CO, bun'-ko, v. t., a. & s. [From the name of 
an old swindling game of chance.) 

A. As verb transitive: To swindle ; to cheat; esp., 
to swindle by means of an ingenious device. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to. or connected with, a 
bunko swindle; as, a bunko “ steerer,” or agent. 

C. Assubst.: The name of an old unfair game of 
chance. 

♦bun'-combe, a. & s. [Bunkum.] 

bund, *bun’-din,*bun'-dyn (Scotch), *bun'-dyn 
(0. Eng.), pa. par. & a. [Bind, v.] 
bund-sack, s. A person of either sex engaged to 
be married. (Scotch.) (Vulgar.) (Jamieson.) 

bund, a. [Bound, o.] Ready, prepared; bound 
for. (Scotch.) 

bund, s. [A native word.) 

In India: An embankment. 

♦bund’-el-et, s. [0. Eng. 5twdeZ=bundle, and 
dimin. suff. -et.) A little bundle. 

“ A bundelet of myrre my lemmau is to me.”— Wycliffe: 
Song of Solomon, i. 12. 

bun'-der, s. & a. [Hind, bundar, from Arab. 
bandar=a city, an emporium, a port, a harbor, a 
trading town (Catafago).] 
bunder-boat, s. The surf-boat of the Malabar 
coast of India. 

bun'-dle, *bun-del, *bun-delle, s. [A. S. byndel, 
dimin. of bund= a bundle, things bound together; 
bindan= to bind up; Dut. bondel; Ger. bund el.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A number of things bound together. 

“ Observe the dying father speak, 

Try, lads, can you this bundle break ?” 

Swift: The Fagot. 

(2) A roll, a package, a parcel. 

(3) Printing: Two reams of paper. 

2. Fig.: A collection, a number. 

“So that this and the whole bundle of those following 
sentences may be applied.”— Milton: Eikonoklastes, 

II. Flaxmanuf.: Twenty hanks, or 60,000 yards, 
of linen yarn, 
bundle-pillar, s. 

Arch. : A column or pier with others of smaller 
dimensions attached to it. 
bun'-dle, v. t. & i. [Bundle, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To tie up in a bundle or parcel. 

“ As if a man in making posies, 

Should bundle thistles up with roses.”— Swift. 

2. Fig.: To heap together roughly. 

“ We ought to put things together as well as we can, 
doctrinee causa; but, after all, several things will not be 
bundled up together, under our terms and ways of speak¬ 
ing.”— Locke. 

IT To bundle off: To start any one off hurriedly. 
To bundle up: To pack up hurriedly. 

+B. Intransitive: 

1. To prepare for departure; to pack up. 

2. To sleep together without undressing. (Ap¬ 
plied to the custom of a man and woman so doing.) 
( W. Irving.) 


668 


bun’-died, pa. par. & a. [Bundle, v.] 

“ By tricks and lies as numerous and as keen 
As the necessities their authors feel; 

Then cast them, closely bundled, every brat.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. ii. 

bund-ling, pr.par. & a. [Bundle, v.] 

bundling-machine, s. A machine for grasping 
a number of articles into a bundle ready for tying. 
Machines of this character are used for fire-wood, 
asparagus, and many other things sold in tied 
bundles. 

bundling-press, s. A press in which hanks of 
yarn are pressed into cubical packages for trans¬ 
portation, storage, or sale. 

♦bune, s. [A. S. bune (Somner).] [Bun (1).] A 
reed, a pipe, a flute. (Prompt. Parv.) 

bung (1), *bunge, s. & a. [Wei. bwng—(V) a hole, 
(2) a bung; O. Gael, buine = a tap, a spigot; Ir. 
buinne = a tap. Cf. O. Dut. bonne = a bung, stop¬ 
ple ; O. Fr. bonde = a bung.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: [II. 1.] 

“Bunge of a wesselle, as a tonne, barelle, botelle, or 
othere lyke. Lura.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ After three nights are expired, the next morning pull 
out the bung, stick, or plug.”— Mortimer. 

2. Fig.: Applied— 

(1) To the landlord of a public house. (Slang.) 

(2) To a sharper or pickpocket. (Slang.) 

“Away, you cut-purse rascal! you filthy bung, away!” 

Shakesp.: 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 

(3) To a pocket or a purse. (Slang.) (Wares.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Coopering: A stopper for the large opening in 
the bulge of a cask called the bung-hole. 

2. Pottery: A pile of seggars forming a cylindrical 
column in a kiln. 

3. Shoemaking: The instep of a shoe. (Scotch.) 
(Jamieson.) 

B. As adj.: Tipsy, intoxicated. (Scotch.) 

“ But changed her maid when bung.” 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 268. (Jamieson.) 

bung-borer, s. 

Coopering: A conical auger for reaming out a 
bung-nole. 

bung-cutter, s. A machine for cutting bungs. 
There are four forms: The annular borer, a lathe 
which turns the circular bung, a cylindrical saw, 
and a descending tubular knife. 

bung-fu’, a. Quite intoxicated. (Scotch.) (Vul¬ 
gar.) (Picken: Poems, 1785, p. 52.) 

bung-hole, s. The hole in a cask through which 
it is filled, and which is then stopped up with a 
bung. 

“ To what base uses we may return, Horatio! Why may 
not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till he 
find it stopping a bung-hole f” — Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. i. 

bung-starter, s. 

Coopering: A stave shaped like a bat or a mallet, 
which, applied to either side of the bung, causes it 
to start out. 

bung-vent, s. A passage for admitting air 
through the bung of a cask, to allow a free flow of 
liquid from the tap. 

♦bung (2),s. & a. [Imitated from the sound. In 
Ger. bunge^a drum.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The sound emitted when a stone is forcibly 
thrown from a sling. 

2. The act of throwing a stone from a sling. 

B. As adjective: Humming. (See the com¬ 
pound.) 

bung-top, s. A humming-top. 

bung, v. t. [Bung, s.] 

1. Lit.: To close, stop with a bung. 

“They bung up the said vessels, and give them vent 
sometimes.”— Markham: Country Farm. 

2. Fig.: To close up, stop in any way. 

“ If Konaldos had heard these speeches from the poor 
knave, he had bunged up his mouth, that he should not 
have spoken these three years.”— Shelton: Don Quixote. 

bun'g-a-low, s. [From Bengali bdngld; Mah- 
ratta bangala. 1 The name applied to the kind of 
houses erected by Europeans in India. They are 
generally of one story, and with the roof thatched, 
the ceiling being often of white-washed cloth. 
They are not well adapted for defense against a foe. 

bung’-le, v. t. & i. [Etymology doubtful. Skeat 
suggests bongle, bangle, a formation from bangand 
=to strike often or clumsily. Cf. Sw. bangla=to 
work ineffectually. Mahn says a dimin. of Prov. 
Ger. bungen=to beat.] 


A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To botch; mend clumsily. 

“ They make lame mischief, though they mean it wellj 
Their inf rest is not finely drawn, and hid, 

But seams are coarsely bungled up, and seen.” 

Dryden. 

2. Fig.: To manage clumsily or awkwardly, to 
spoil. 

“You have bungled this business.”— Thackeray: Adv.of 
Philip, i. 240. 

B. Intransitive: To mismanage, botch, act clum¬ 
sily or awkwardly. 

“ I do not use to bungle.” — Beaum. &Flet.: Maid’s Trag., 
iii. 1. 

buiig'-le, s. [Bungle, v.] A botching, awkward 
mismanagement; clumsiness. 

“ Errors and bungles are committed when the matter is 
inapt or contumacious.”— Ray on the Creation. 

bung’-ler, s. [Bungle, v.] One who bungles; a 
botcher, a clumsy fellow. 

“Hard features every bungler can command; 

To draw true beauty shows a master’s hand.” 

Dryden: Epistle to Mr. Lee, 63,54. 

bung -ling, pr.par., a. & s. [Bungle, v.] 

A. & B. Aa pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“He must be a bungling gamester who cannot win.”— 
Macaulay. 

“Name it not faith, but bungling bigotry.” 

Dryden: Hind & Panther, i. 141. 

“ When men want light 
They make but bungling work.”— Dryden. 

C. As substantive: A botching, clumsy or awk¬ 
ward performance. 

bung -llng-ly, adv. [Eng. bungling; -ly.] In a 
bungling manner; clumsily, awkwardly. 

“ To denominate them monsters, they must have had 
some system of parts, compounded of solids and fluids, 
that executed, though but bunglingly, their peculiar func¬ 
tions.” — Ben tley. 

bun-go, S. [PUNGY.] 

Boat.: A kind of canoe used by the native Indians. 

bun -ion (ion as yun), fbun’-yon, *bun’-I-an, 
*bun'-ne-an (Eng.), biin'-yan (Scotch), s. [In 
Ital. bugnone, buano=a round knob or bunch, a 
boil or blain ; O. Fr. bugne, bune, buigne—a swell¬ 
ing; Icel. bunga — an elevation, a convexity. 
(Sfcea#.)] 

Med.: An enlargement and inflammation of the 
joint of the great toe. (Lit. db fig. ) 

“He was not aware that Miss Mally had an orthodox 
corn or bunyan that could as little bear a touch from the 
royne slippers of philosophy . . .”— Ayrs. Leggt M 

p. 198. (Jamieson.) 

bu-nl-um, s. [Lat. bunion; Gr. bounion=proh- 
ably the earth-nut; from bounos= a hill, because the 
plant grows in hilly situations.] 

Botany : A genus of umbelliferous plants. Bunium 
fiexuosum is the Common Earth-nut. What was 
formerly called B. bulbocastanum is now removed 
to the genus Carum (q. v.). [Eabth-nut.] 

bunk, s. [Sw. bunke= a flat-bottomed bowl; Dan. 
bynke=a meal-tub.] [Bung.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A wooden case or box, which serves 
for a seat in the daytime and a bed at night. 

2. Naut.: One of a series of berths arranged in 
vertical tiers. (Chiefly, but not exclusively, Ameri¬ 
can.) 

“But the rooms are divided by upright boards into 
bunks, and the berths are in pairs, one above the other.” 
—Times, May 21, 1874. The Emigrants’ Depdt at Blackmail. 

bhnk'-er (Eng.), bunk’-er, bunk'-art (Scotch), 
s. [Bunk.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of the forms bunker, bunkart. 

(1) A bench, or sort of long low chests that serve 
for seats. 

(2) A seat in a window, which also serves for a 
chest, opening with a hinged lid. 

“A bunker, a window-seat.”— Sir J. Sinclair: Observa¬ 
tions, p. 169. 

2. Of the form bunker only (Eng.): A large bin or 
receptacle for anything; for example, coals. 

II. Technically : 

1. Naut.: A space in steamers below decks for the 
accommodation of coal. 

2. In the game of golf: An obstacle. 

bun'-ko, s., v. t. & a. [Bunco.] 

bun-kum, bun-combe, s. [From Buncombe, a 
county in the western part of North Carolina. 
When, in the Sixteenth Congress of the United 
States, the “ Missouri Compromise ” was being dis¬ 
cussed, Felix Walker, the member for part of North 
Carolina, persisted in speaking when the House 
was impatient to vote. He was implored to desist. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son’ mute, cub, cure, nnite, cur, rllle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



bunn 


669 


but would not, declaring that he must make a 
speech for Buncombe, meaning for his constituents 
in that then uncelebrated region. ] A term applied 
to the subject matter of magniloquent, irrelevant 
speeches. 

tbunn, *bunne, s. [Bun.] 

bun'-nerts, s. [From Sw. bjbrn— a bear, and 
Eng. wort. In Sw. bjbrn-ram, and in Ger. bdren- 
klau, are names of this plant, and are=the bear’s 
paw.] The same as Bunnle (q. v.). 

bun'-ny, s. [Gael, bun, a stump.] A familiar 
name for a rabbit, especially in the southern por¬ 
tions of the United States. 


bfint'-er (2), s. & a. [From Ger. bunt = parti¬ 
colored, variegated, pied, motley.] 

A. As substantive: The same as Bunter Sand¬ 
stone (q. v.). 

“ Many plants have been obtained from the ‘ hunter,' 
especially conifers of the extinct genus Voltzia.”— Lyell: 

Man. Geol. (1th ed.), ch. xxii. 

B. As adjective: Variegated; pertaining to the 
hunter and sandstone. 

bunter sandstone, s. [Ger. hunter sandstein.] 

Geol.: One of the three great divisions of the 
Triassic formation. It is the lowest, i. e., the oldest 
of the series. It corresponds to the Gres bigarrS 
(variegated freestone or grit) of the French. In 
the Hartz it is more than 1,000 feet thick; in 
„ - — , , , „ - „ , ,. Cheshire and Lancashire, England, about 600. The 

. Z °M, • Kowalewsky s name for one of two sections footprints of old called Chirotherium, now known buoy; rope.] 
of the Artiodactylate Mammalia. It is so called to be Labyrinthodont, are found in the Bunter: the Naut.: Tl 


bfin'-o-donts, bfin-o don'-ta, s. pi. [From Gr. 
bounos=a hill, a height, a heap, a mound, and 
odoMS=genit. odontos= a tooth.] 


buphaga 

II. Naut.: A floating body anchored or fastened 
in the vicinity, and employed to point out the posi¬ 
tion of anything under 
water, as a ship’s 
anchor, reef, shoal, or 
danger of any kind. 

Buoys, in general, are 
divided into three 
kinds: the cask-buoy, 
the can-buoy, and the 
nun-buoy (q. v.). (See 
also sp a r-b v. o y.) 

[Bepl-buoy, Whist¬ 
ling-buoy.] 

B. As adjective: (See 
the compounds.) 
buoy-rope, s. [Eng. 


because the teeth have tuberculated crowns. It 
contains the families Hippopotamid® and Suidse. 

( Nicholson: Zobl.) 

Bfin’-sen, s. & a. [From Herr Bunsen, professor 
of chemistry at Breslau.] 

Bunsen-battery, Bunsen’s battery, s. 

Electricity : A modification of the Grove-battery, 
plates or bars of gas-coke being used instead of 
platinum. The electro-motive force is slightly less 
than that of the Grove-battery. 

Bunsen’s burner, s. [Burner.] 

Bunsen’s photometer, s. [Photometer.] 

bfin'-sen-Ite, s. [From Professor Bunsen of 
Breslau, who observed artificial crystals of the min¬ 
eral.] r 

Min.: An octohedral translucent mineral of a 
vitreous luster and pistachio-green color, a pure 
protoxide of nickel, found in Saxony. 

bunt (1), s. [A corruption of bent (Skinner).] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Gen.: A swelling part, an increasing cavity. 

“The wear is a frith, reaching slopwise through the 
ooze, from the land to low water mark, and having in it a 
bunt or cod, with an eye-hook, where the fish entering, 
npon the coming back with the ebb, are stopped from 
issuing out again, forsaken by the water, and left dry on 
the ooze.”— Carew. 

2. Spec.: A swelling arising from a blow. 

II. Ordinary Language , Botany, <tbc.: 

1. A weed, a herb. ( Halliwell: Contr.to Lexicog.) 

2. Two fungi, 


; the 

plants are chiefly ferns, cycads, and conifers, 
bunt-ing (1), pr. par. & a. [Bunt, v.] 

bunting-iron, s. 

Glass-making: The glassblower’s pipe, 
bunt-ing (2), *bunt'-ynge *bount'-ing (Eng.), 
bunt-lin (Scotch), s. & a. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. 
Bret, bounta, bunta=to pusn, knock, or shove; 
Eng. dial. bunt= to shove, to push with the head. 
Cf. Wei. buntin= the rump ; buntinog = large-but- 
tocked ( Skeat, <&c.). From Ger. bunt= variegated, 
motley, because it is covered with a great many 
small black spots like grains of millet (?). Cf. 
bunt-drossel= a redwing (Mahn) .] 

A. As substantive: The Common Bunting. 

I. Ord. Lang.: A bird, Emberiza miliaria. 
[II. 1.] 

“ Buntynge byrde. Pratellus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“I took this lark for a bunting.” — Shakesp.: All’s Well, 
ii. 6. 

II. Ornith.: The English name of Emberizinee, a 
sub-family of Fringillidee (Finches). 

The birds of the genus Plectrophanes are some¬ 
times called Lark-buntings. [Lark-bunting.] 

B. As adjective : Resembling some of the species 
described under A., specially the first. 

bunting-crow, s. One of the names for the 
Hooded Crow (Corpus cornix). 

bunting-lark, s. One of the English names for a 
bird, the Common Bunting (Emberiza miliaria). 



*(1) A pirfEM, Lycoperdon bovista. bunt ing (3), fbun -tihe, s. [Etym. doubtful. In 

(2 ) Tilletia cartes, which attacks the cars of j) u t_ bont (s.) = fur, printed cotton, (a.)=parti- 
wheat, completely filling the grains with a black, colored, motley. Mahn derives bunting from Ger. 
foetid powder. 1 his powder is a mass ot spherical, variegated; Wedgwood from Eng. Somerset 

dial, bunt— to sift; Bret. bounta=to push, knock, 



Spores of Bunt (Magnified 
200 Diameters). 


This powder is a mass of spherical, 
reticulated spores, which, when crushed, give out a 
most disagreea¬ 
ble smell. It, was 
formerly called 
Uredo fcetida, or 
stinking-rust. 

Bread made from 
flour containing 
this fungus has a 
disagreeable fla¬ 
vor and a dark 
color. Such 
flour, however, is 
said to be some¬ 
times used in the 
manufacture of 
gingerbread, the 
molasses effect¬ 
ually disguising 
the flavor. The 
presence of bunt 
is readily de¬ 
tected by the 
microscope. 

III. Naut.: The middle perpendicular portion of 
a sail. 

bunt-lines, s.pl. [Buntline.] 

bunt (2), s. [Provinc. Scotch bun= the tail or 
brush of a hare. Cf. Ir. bon, bun; Dan. bund — 
the bottom of anything (Jamieson). Cf. also bundt 
=bundle, . . . bottleof hay,faggotof branches.] 
The tale or brush of a hare or rabbit. 

“ . . . a strolling hound 
Had near hand catch’d me by the bunt. ” 

The Hare’s Complaint, A. Scott’s Poems, p. 79. 

bunt, v. i. [From bunt (1), s. (q. v.)] To swell 
out; as, the sail bunts out. 

bunt'-er (1), s. [Cf. bunt (1), s. (q. v.)] 

1. Spec.: A cant term for a woman who picks up 
rags about the streets. 

“Punks, strolers, market dames, and hunters.” 

Hudibras Redivivus (1707). ( Halliwell: Cont. to Lex.) 

2. Gen.: Any low, vulgar woman. 

“Her two marriageable daughters, like hunters, in 
stuff gowns, are now taking sixpennyworths of tea at the 
White-conduit House.”— Goldsmith : Essays, Ess. 15. 


shove.] 

Ord. Lang. & Fabric: A thin woolen stuff of 
which flags are made. (Used also for a display of 
flags.) 

“ The bridges, the private houses had broken out in 
bunting.”—Daily News, Sept. 24, 1870. 

bunt'-lin, s. [Bunting.] (Scotch.) 

bunt'-llne, s. & a. [From Eng. bunt=the cavity 
of a sail, and. line.] 

A. As substantive: ’ 

Naut.: One of the ropes attached to the foot-rope 
of a sail, which passes in front of the canvas, and is 
one of the means of taking it in, turning it up for¬ 
ward so as to spill the wind and avoid bellying. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to such a rope. 

buntline-cloth, s. 

Naut.: The lining sewed up a sail under the bunt¬ 
line, to prevent the rope from chafing the sail. 

bun'-wand, bune-wand, s. [From Eng. dial. 
&iTO=the inner part of flax, the core, and Eng. 
ivand (Jamieson).] A plant, Heracleum sphondy- 
lium. 

*bun-wede, s. [Binweed.] 

1. Senecio Jacobcea. (Jamieson.) 

2. Polygonum convohmlus. 

*bun-yon, s. [Bunion.] 

*buothe, pi. of a. [Both.] 

budy (u silent), s. & a. [In Fr. bou6e; Norm. Fr. 
hole; Sp. boy a; Port, boia; Sw. boj; Ger. boje, boie; 
M. H. Ger. boije. From Dut. boei= a shackle, fetter, 
a handcuff, a buoy. Cf. Sw. boj a— fetters, irons; 
Dan. boie= bilboes; Fr. bov&e; Ital. bove=an ox, 
fetters, shackles; Low Lat. boia= a fetter, a clog; 
Lat. boice, plur.=a coHar. A buoy then is that 
which is fettered.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 

2. Fig.: Anything that supports a person or his 
hopes. 


Naut.: T'h e rope 
which fastens a buoy to Buoys, 

an anchor. 

buoy-safe, s. A metallic body divided into com¬ 
partments, by which it is braced, and having water 
tight doors opening to the inside. The buoy has 
an encircling armor of cork, 
buoy (u silent), v. t. & i. [From buoy, s. (q. v.)] 
A. Transitive: 

1. To place a buoy upon, to mark as with a buoy. 
(Lit. dbfig.) 

“ . . . not one rock near the surface was discovered 
which was not buoyed by this floating weed.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xi., p. 239. 

2. To cause to keep afloat, or to ascend, to bear 
up. (Lit. & fig.) (Often followed by up.) 

“. . . wherever there was heat enough in the air to 
continue its ascent, and buoy it up.”— Woodward: Nat. 
Hist. 

*B. Intrans.: To rise to the surface, or at least to 
rise. (Fig.) 

“ For rising merit will buoy up at last.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 461. 

buoy-age (u silent), (age as ig), s. [Eng. buoy; 
and Eng., &c., suff. -age.) 

1. The act of providing buoys. 

2. Buoys taken collectively, a series of buoys used 
to render the entrance into a port more safe, or for 
any similar purpose. 

fbu6y"-an?e, buoy’-an-?^ (u silent), s. [From 

Eng. buoyan(t), and suffix - cy .] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. Of material things: Tendency to rise to 
the surface of water or other liquid, or of the air or 
other gas. 

2. Fig. Of things not material: Lightness, ten¬ 
dency to rise or to sink. (Often used of the temper¬ 
ature or the spirits.) 

II. Nat. Phil.: The buoyancy of a material sub¬ 
stance depends on the relation between its specific 
gravity on the one hand and that of the volume of 
the fluid which it displaces. 

buoy’-ant (u silent), a. [From Eng. buoy, and 

suffix -ant.] 

1. Lit. Of a liquid or gas: 

(1) Tending to rise to the surface of a liquid or 
gas. 

(2) Tending to buoy up a particular thing placed 
in it. [2(2).] 

2. Fig. Of things not material: 

(1) Tending to rise instead of sinking. 

“ And days, prepared a brighter course to run, 
Unfold their buoyant pillions to the sun!” 

Hemans: Dartmoor . 

‘ ‘ His once so vivid nerves 
So full of buoyant spirit.” 

Thomson: Autumn. 

(2) Fitted to sustain or even to raise up anything 
in contact with it. 

“ . . . the weight of thirty years was taken off me 
while I was writing. I swam with the tide, and the water 
under me was buoyant." — Dryden: Eleonora, Dedication. 

buoy’-ant-ly (u silent), adv. [Eng. buoyant; 
-ly.] In a buoyant manner. (Coleridge.) 
buoyed (u silent), pa. par. & a. [Buoy, v .] 
buoy'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Buoy, v.] 
bu -pal-us, s. [From Gr. boupalis = wrestling 
like a bull, hard struggling, from 6ous=an ox . . . 
bull, and pale— wrestling.] 

Entom.: A genus of Lepidoptera, family Geo- 
metrid®. Bupaluspiniarius is the Bordered White 
Moth. It flies during the daytime in the vicinity of 
pine trees, on which its larvae feed. 

bu’-phaga, s. [From Gr. bouphagos=ox-ea.ting; 
bous=&n ox, andp7i,agrem=to eat.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, the typical one of the 
sub-family Buphagin® (q. v.). Buphaga africana 


bdil bdy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, £em; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. pk = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 







buphagidae 

fc the African Ox-pecker, so called because, sitting 
on the backs of cattle^ it picks out the bot-flies 
which annoy them. It is found in Senegal, as well 
as in Southern Africa. 

bu-phag'-i-dse, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. buphaga 
(q. v.)., and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ornith.: In some classifications a family of Con- 
irostral birds; in others it is reduced to a sub¬ 
family of Sturnidse. [Buphagin 2 E.] 
bu-phag-I-nse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. buphaga 
(q. v.)., and fem. pi. adj. suff. -ince.] 

Ornith.: A sub-family of Sturnidse (Starlings). 
Type, Buphaga (q. v.). 

buph-thal'-mum, s. [In Fr. bufthalme; Sp. & 
Ital. buftalmo; Lat. buphthalmum; Gr. bouphthal- 
mon= ox-eye, probably an anthemis or a chrysan¬ 
themum ; bous= an ox, and ophthalmos=eye.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants belonging to 
the sub-order Tubulifloree. 

bu-plefir’-um, s. [In Fr. bupleire; Sp.buplero; 
Port, & Ital. bupleuro; Russ, buplewr; Lat. bu- 
pleuron; Gr. boupleuron; bous=ox , and pleuron—a 

Bot.: Hare’s-ear. A numerous genus of umbel¬ 
liferous plants with simple leaves. 

bu-pres'-tid-ae (Lat.), bu-pres-tid-^ng, s. 
[From Mod. Lat. buprestis (q. v.).] 

Entom.: A family of insects, section Pentamera, 
sub-section Sternoxi. They are akin to the Elater- 
idse, or Click-beetles, but cannot leap like them. 
They are splendidly colored, green being the most 
common hue, after which follow blue, red, gold, and 
copper. More than 500 species are known. 

bu-pres’-tls, s. [From Gr. bouprestis= a poison¬ 
ous beetle (the Spanish fly ?), which, eaten by cattle 
in their grass, makes them swell up and die, from 
bous= ox, and pretno— to blow up.] 

Entom.: The typical genus of the family Bupres- 
tidae (q.v.). The Buprestis of modern entomologists 
is not identical with that of the etymology. 

♦bur (1), *burre, *bir, *birre (Eng.), *byr 
(Scotch), s. [Icel. byr= a tempest; Sw. & Dan. bbr— 
a wind. Cf. Wei. 6i<r=violence, rage.] 

1. A wind. 

“ The bur ber to hit [the bote] baft.” 

Allit. Poems: Patience, 148. 

2. Force. 

“. . . no buerne might ffor the birre it abide.”— 
Wycliffe (Purvey): Lu. viii. 33. 

3. A blow, an assault. 

“ And I shal bide the first bur, as bare as I sitte.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Green Knight, 290. 

bur (2), s. & a. [In Fr. bourre = wadding; Ital. 
borra=hair to stuff saddles. From Gael, borr— a 
knob, bunch, or swelling.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of anything annular: 

(1) Artificial : The broad ring of iron behind the 
place for the hand on a tilting spear. (Holmes, 
Nares, and Skeat.) 

“He thryst hymsself wyth the myght that he had vp to 
the bur of King Arthur’s spere.” —Le Morte If Arthur. 
Spec. Ear. Eng. Lit. (1394-1579) (ed. Skeat). 

(2) Natural: 

(a) The rough annular excrescence at the root of 
a deer’s horn. (Nares.) 

(b) A halo round the moon. 

2. Of anything knobbed or projecting: The lobe 
of the ear. 

3. Of anything swelled, though irregular in form: 
The sweetbread or pancreas of the sheep or any 
other of the inferior animals. 

II. Technically: 

1. Weapons: [1.1.] 

2. Tools: 

(1) A triangular chisel. 

(2) A fluted reaming-tool. 

(3) A dentist’s instrument of the nature of a drill, 
but having a serrated or file-cut head, larger than 
the shank. 

3 MctcHiYievy * 

(1) A small circular saw or toothed drum used on 
a mandrel placed between the centers of a lathe. 

(2) A wheel with thin plates or projections in¬ 
clined to the axis of the bur in a knitting-machine, 
and used to depress the thread between the needles 
and below the beards; it is then called a sinker. It 
becomes a knocker-off when it raises the loops over 
the top of the needle. [Sinker.] 

4. Metallurgy, <£c.: 

(1) A roughness left on metal by a cutting tool, 
such as a graver 'or turning-chisel. The bur of a 
graver is removed by a scraper; that of a lathe-tool 
by a burnisher or in the polishing process. A bur is 
purposely made on a currier’s knife and a comb- 
maker’s file, and in each case constitutes the 
cutting edge. 

(2) A planchet driven out of a sheet of metal by a 

punch. 


670 

(3) A washer placed on the small end of a rivet 
before the end is swaged down. 

(4) The jet, sprue, or neck on a cast bullet. 

5. Brick-making: A clinker, a partially vitrified 
brick. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bur in any of the 
foregoing senses. 

bur-chisel, s. A triangular chisel used to clear 
the corners of mortises. 

bur-cutter, bur-nipper, s. 

Metal.: A nipper for cutting away the flange 
from a leaden bullet. 

bur-drill, s. A drill with an enlarged head used 
by operative dentists. 

bur-gauge, s. 

Metal.: A plate perforated with holes of grad¬ 
uated sizes, whose numbers determine the trade 
sizes of drills and burs. 

*bur (3), s. [Derived from bird (?).] 

*bur-bolt, s. A bird bolt. (Ford.) 

*bur(4),s. [Bower.] (Ormulum, 3,323.) 
*bur(5),s. [In Icel. bara; O. Ger. bare; Dut. 
6aar=awave.J [Bore (2), s.] A high tidal wave. 
“ The bur ber to hit baft that braste alle her gere, 

Then hurled on a hepe the helme and the sterne.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 148. 

bur (6), burr (1), *burre, *borre, s. & a. [Sw. 

kardborre= a burdock; borre— an echinus, a sea- 
hedgehog; Dan. horre=abur. Fick and Skeat cite 
Gr. berron, beiron= rough, rugged. ( Hesychius .)] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. Of fruits: 

(1) Gen.: Any prickly or spinous fruit, calyx, or 
involucre. 

“ Burre. Lappa, glis.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ And fast like burres they cleife baith ane and all, 

To bald, O God, thy word and vs in thrall.” 

Poems of the Sixteenth Century, p. 97. 

(2) Spec.: The involucres of the burdock, which 
are covered with hooked scales. [Burdock.] 

"... its heads of flowers [those of the burdock] 
under the name of burs, . . .”— Treas. of Bot. (ed. 1866), 
i. 86. 

2. Of plants: 

(1) The burdock. 

“ Rough thistles, kecksies, burs, . . .”— Shakesp.i 

Hen. V., v. 2. 

(2) A thistle, Carduus lanceolatus. (Scotch.) 

(3) The English name of a grass, Cenchrus lap- 
paceus. It is a native of India. 

II. Fig. : A person whom, or a thing which, one 
cannot easily shake off. 

“I am a kind of burr; I shall stick.”— Shakesp.: Meas. 
for Meas., iv. 3. 

B. As adjective: Of or belonging to a bur in any 
of the senses given under A. 

bur-bark, s. [Named from the hooked fruits.] 
The fibrous bark of Triumfetta semitriloba. 
bur-flag, s. A plant, Sparganium ramosum. 
bur-marigold, s. 

Bot.: A book-name for Bidens tripartita. 
bur-parsley, s. [So called from resembling 
parsley, and from having prickly fruit.] The Eng¬ 
lish name of Caucalis, a genus of umbelliferous 
plants. The Small Bur-parsley, Caucalis dancoides, 
is common in a chalky soil in cornfields, 
bur-reed, s. 

Bot.: An English book-name of Sparganium, a 
genus of plants belonging to the order Typhacea 
(Typhads or Bulrushes). 

bur-thistle (Eng.), bur thristle (Scotch), s. 
A thistle, Carduus lanceolatus. 
bur-weed, s. [Burweed.] 
bur (7), s. & a. [From bore (q.v.).] 
bur-tree, s. The same as Bore-tree — i. e., 
Sambucus nigra. 

*bur-al, a. [Bokrel.] 

biir'-a-tlte, s. [Named by Delessert after a 
mineralogist Burat.] 

Min.: A doubtful variety of Aurichalcite. It was 
called Lime-aurichalcite, but the lime is from an 
adventitious source. It is found in France, in 
Tuscany, and in the Altai mountains. 

bur-ble, *bur'-bel-^n, *bur’-bldn, v. i. [Cf. 
Dut. borrelen= to bubble. Perhaps imitated from 
the sound.] 

1. To bubble up, to froth up. (O. Eng.) 

“ Burblon as ale or other lykore (burbelyn, P.). Bullo.” 
— Prompt. Pary. 

2. To purl. 7 

fbur'-bling, pr.par. & a. [Burble, v.] 

“ Throw burbling brookes, or throw the forest grene.” 

Hudson: Judith, p. 60. (Jamieson.) 


burden 

bur-bit, bur-bolt, s. [Fr. barbote; from barbe— 
a beard.] A fresh-water fish (Lota vulgar is) of the 
family Gadidee. In some places it is called the Eel- 
pout, its lengthened form resembling that of the 
eel, and the Coney-fish, from hiding itself under 
stones like a rabbit. [Lota.] 

♦bfir'-bulle, *bur’-byll, s. [From burble (q.v.).] 
“ Burbulle or burble (burbyll, P.). Bulla, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

♦bur-byll, v. i. [Burble.] 

♦burch (pi. burch-is), s. [Burgh, Borough.] 
(Barbour: Bruce (ed. Skeat), iv. 213.) 

♦bur-cniht, s. [O. Eng. (mr=bower,. and cniht— 
knight.] A chamberlain. (Layamon, ii. 372.) 
burd (1), *burd, *burde (O. Eng.), s. [Bird.] 
burd (2), s. [Birth.] 

♦burd (3), *burde (1), *boord, s. [Board.] 

1j Burdis (pi.), in the following example, is= 
movable tables. 

To lay burdis dovm: To set aside the tables when 
a feast is over. (Skeat.) 

burd'-!l-lane, s. [Scotch 6«rcf=bird, and alane 
=alone.J The only child left in a family. (Scotch.) 

burd-claith, s. [From burd (3), and Scotch 
claith.j A tablecloth. 

“ Aft for ane cause thy burdclaith needs nae spredding. 
For thou has nowther for to drink nor eit.” 

Dunbar: Evergreen, ii. 68, st. 20. 

*burde, impers. v. [O. Icel. byrjar; Dan. bOr.\ 

1. Pres.: Behooves, is fitting. 

“ A nobill suerde the burde not wolde.” 

Roland and Ottuell (ed. Herrtage), 1,263. 

2. Past: Ought, behooved. 

“Me thynk the burde fyrst aske leue.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 316. 

♦burde (1), s. [Board (3).] 

♦burde (2), s. [From Dan. borde= border.] A 
border, a strip. [Borde (2), s.] 

“ And of ane burde of silk, richt costlie grein.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 70. 

♦burde (3), s. [Beard.] (King Alisaunder, 
1,164.) 

♦burde (4), s. [Burd, Bird.] 

1. A bird. 

2. A woman, a lady. Spec., a maiden, a damsel. 

“ But geten of a-noother gome ■ in that gaye burde.'’ 

Alisaunder, 670. 

IT Burde no barne: Neither maid nor man. 

“He fond there burde no barn ’ in that bour thanne." 

William of Palerne, 1,971. 

bfir-de-lais, s. [Fr. bourdelais, bourdelois, 
bourdelai; from Bourdeaux; Lat. Burdigala— a 
French commune and city, the latter on the Gar¬ 
onne.] [Burlace.] A kind of grape. (Johnson.) 

bur-del'-lo, s. [Bordel.] 
bur'-den (l),tbur’-then, *bur-don, *bur-doun, 
♦bir-thun (Eng.), bur-den, *bir-ding (Scotch), s. 
[A. S. byrdhen, berdhen, byrden=a burden, load, 
weight, or faggot: Icel. byrdhr, byrdhi; Sw. bbr da; 
Dan. byrde; M. Dut. borde; Goth, baurthei; (N. 
H.) Ger. biirde; O. H. Ger. burdi. From A. S. 
beran; O. S. beran; Dut. baren; Goth, bairan; 
Ger. gebaren. ] [Bear.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Gen.: Anything material which is borne or 
carried. 

“ . . . and bear no burden on the sabbath day.”— 

Jer. xvii. 21. 

(2) Spec.: Anything material which is heavy, and 
therefore difficult to be carried or sustained by the 
person or thing supporting it. 

“ Did here the trees with ruddier burdens bend.” 

Pope: Essay on Man, iii. 203. 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) Anything not material which is difficult or 
grievous to bear or to be borne, or is tedious to the 
mind. 

(a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ So you, great Lord, that with your counsell sway 
The burdeine of this kingdom mightily.” 

Spenser: F. Q.. Verses. 

(b) Specially: Childbirth. 

“Thou hadst a wife once, call’d j9Emilia, 

That bore thee at a burden two fair sons.” 

Shakesp.: Com. of Errors, v. L 

(2) A prophetic utterance directed against a 
country. “ The burden (Heb. massa=a load . . . 
an oracle against a place) of Babylon” (Isaiah 
xiii. 1); “the burden (Heb. massa) of Moab” (Ibid. 
xv. 1). 

IT Possibly it should be arranged under burden 
(2), but see the Hebrew words. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son- mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; trji, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





burden 

II. Technically: 

1. Naut.: The tonnage or carrying capacity (by 
weight) of a vessel. 

2. Metallurgy : The charge of a furnace. 

3. Mining: The tops or heads of stream work, 
which lie over the stream of tin. 

4. Logic. Of proof: Logical obligation. 

. Burden of proof (Lat. onus probandi): The log¬ 
ical obligation to prove an assertion. This naturally 
falls upon the person who makes the assertion, not 
on his opponent. 

bur -den(2), bur -then, *bour-don, *bur-done, 
*bur-doun, *bor-doune, s. [From Fr. bourdon- 

(1) the pipe which makes the bass sound in an 
organ; (2) a church-bell (LittrA); Pro v.bordos; Sp. 
bordon; ltal. bordone; Gael. bUrdan ; Low Lat. 
burdo. (Littri, dtc.).\ 

Ordinary Language and Music: 

1. Of the form burdoun: The drone of a bag-pipe. 
(.Scotch.) (Ruddiman .) 

2. Of all the forms: 

(1) The chorus or refrain of a song. 

“The awful burthen of the song— 

Dies irse, dies ilia.’’ 

Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 81. 

(2) The chorus; the tune sung as an accompani¬ 
ment to a dance when there were no instruments. 

“ Foot it featly hear and there; 

And, sweet spirits, the burthen bear.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2. 

“ Belike it hath some burden then.” 

Ibid., Two dent, of Ver., i. 2. 

■^bdr-den (3), *bur -doun, s. [From Fr. bourdon 
=a pilgrim’s staff; Prov. bordo; Sp. burdo; ltal. 
bordone: Low Lat. bordonus, bordo, burdo, burdus 
(Littr6).] A prilgrim's staff. 

“ I fonde hym cruel in his rage, 

And in his honde a gret burdoun." 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

bur-d^n, btir'-then, v. t. [From burden (1), 
s. (q. V.)] 

1. Lit.: To lay a heavy material load upon. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To lay upon one anything immaterial, which 
is difficult to be borne. 

“ For I mean not that other men be eased, and ye 
burdened." —2 Cor. viii. 13. 

“ Burdening the heart with tenderness.” 

Hemans: Come Home. 

t(2) To lay the responsibility for an act upon a 
person or party. 

“ It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell and his 
party.”— Coleridge. 

*bur’-den- 3 ,-ble, a. Fag. burden; able. Burden¬ 
some. 

“ They were but silly poor naked bodies, burdenable to 
the country, and not fit for soldiers.”— Spalding, i. 291. 
bur-dened, pa. par. & a. [Burden, v.] 
fbur'-den-er, s Eng. burden; -er.] One who bur¬ 
dens. 

fbur -den-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Burden, v.] 

*bQr -den-ous, *bur-then-ous, a. [Eng. bur¬ 
den ; and suffix -ous. 

1. Of things: Constituting a burden, grievous to 
be borne, burdensome. (Lit. dt fig.) • 

“ His burthenous taxations notwithstanding.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., ii. 1. 

2. Of persons: So idle or useless that it is a griev¬ 
ance to nave to support him. 

“ But to sit idle on the household-hearth, 

A burdenous drone; to visitants a gaze.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

burd -en-seck, s. [Berthinsek.] (Scotch.) 
biir-den-some, fbur'-then-s6me, a. [From 

Eng. burden; and suffix -some.] Constituting a 
material or an immaterial burden, onerous, griev¬ 
ous, forming an incubus upon. 

“. . . . burdensome to himself, and almost useless 
to his country.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

“ The decay’d 
And burthensome.” 

Wadsworth: Excursion, bk. v. 

tbur’-den-some-ly, adv. [Eng. burdensome; 
-ly.] In a burdensome manner. (Dr. Allen.) 

tbur -den-some-ness, *bur'-den-some-nesse, 
8. [Eng. burdensome; -ness.] The quality of being 
burdensome, heaviness, weight, 
bur -det,s. [Named after Sir William Burdett. 
Fabric: A cotton stuff. 

bur -dock, s. [Eng. bur, and dock.] The Eng¬ 
lish name of Arctium, a genus of plants belonging 
to the order Asteracese (Composites), and the sub¬ 
order Tubuliflorse. The common burdock, Arctium 
lappa, is well known. 

*bur-don, *bur-doun, *bur-downe, s [Burden 

(3).] A pilgrim’s staff. 


671 

*biir'-doun, s. [Burden (2).] The drone of a 
bagpipe. (Scotch.) 

*bur-dour, s. [Bordyoure.] A jester. 

“ . . . to make gamen and glee 
Burdours in to the haulle thay brynge.” 

Roland and Ottuell (ed. Heritage), 34. 
*bur-down, s. [Burden (1), s.] 

“ I take two burdowns charge fro the lond.”— Wickliffe; 
4 Kings, v. 17. 

*bur'-dyn, a. [From A. S. b6rd= a board; and 
- 2 /w=Eng. -f it.] 

Of boards: Wooden. 

“ Burdyn duris and lokis in thair ire, 

All werkof tre thai brynt wp in a fyr.” 

Wallace, iv. 509. MS. 

*bur-dynge, pr. par., a. & s. [Bordyn.] 

A. & B. As pr.par. & participial adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: Joking, merriment. 

“ Ne in thy burdynge say.” 

Sege of Melayne (ed. Heritage), 1,419. 
bfire, pret. of v. [Bear, d.] (Scotch.) 

“ Aft bure the gree, as story tells.” 

Burns: To William Simpson. 
ba ’-reau (eau as o) , s. [Fr. bureau= a writing- 
table or desk, an office, the people engaged in such 
an office; from bureau^ drugget, Low Lat. burel- 
lum, such writing-tables being at first covered with 
this kind of cloth.] 

1. A desk or writing-table with drawers for 
papers; a chest of drawers with a writing-board. 

“ For not the desk with silver nails, 

Nor bureau of expense, 

Nor standish well japann’d, avails 
To writing of good sense.” Swift. 

IT It is used analogously for a chest of drawers, 
even without such a board, especially one of an 
ornamental character. 

2. Now: 

(1) An office in which such a bureau is used; an 
office where business is transacted. 

(2) The occupants of such an office; the officers 
working in an office, especially a state one, under a 
chief. 

(3) A subordinate department of the Government; 
as, the Pension bureau, in the Interior Department 
of the United States. 

bureau-system, s. Government by a bureau, 
bureaucracy. 

bu-reauc'-ra-$ 3 f (eauc as oc), s. [Fr. beaureau- 
cratie; from Fr. bureau, and Gr. krateo= to be 
strong; fcrafo,9=strength.] Government by depart¬ 
ments of state, acting with some measure of inde¬ 
pendence of each other, instead of government by 
the heads of those departments acting as a cabinet 
on their joint responsibility. 

“ Free the citizen from monopoly and the tutelage of the 
bureaucracy, . . . ” — London Times, Oct. 30, 1875. 

fbu-reau-crat-Ic (eau as 6), a. [From Fr. 
bureaucratique .] Pertaining or relating to, or con¬ 
stituting a bureaucracy. ( Westm. Rev.) 

bu-reauc-ret-ist (eauc as oc), s. [From Fr. 
bureaucrat; -ist .] One who advocates bureaucracy, 
or supports it when in existence. 

*bur'-el, *bur -eil, a. [Borrel.] 
bur-ette, s. [From Fr. burette—a. cruet, a small 
decanter, a crystal bottle or flask ; dimin. off buire— 
flagon.] 

Chem. & Phar.: A small, graduated glass tube 
with a small aperture and a stop-cock, used in 
pharmacy or in the laboratory for measuring or 
transferring small quantities of liquid. It was in¬ 
vented by Gay-Lussac. 
bflrg(l),s. [Borough.] 

As an independent ivord: 

1. A city. (Story of Gen. and Exod., 812.) 

2. A small walled town or place of privilege. 
(Wharton.) 

IT The names of various continental cities, towns, 
districts, or territories end in burg. These are often 
anglicized by appending a final h; as, St. Peters- 
burgh, tAeckleuburgh Square, 
burg-grave, s. [Burgrave.] 
burg (2), s. [From A. S. burg=a hill, a citadel 
(?).] [Berg.] (See the phrase which follows.) 

IT A burg of ice: 

Among tvhale-fishers; A field of ice floating in the 
sea. (Scotch.) 

bur'-gam-ot, s. The same as Bergamot (q. v.). 
bur'-gan-et, *bur-gant, s, [Burgonet.] 
*burge, s. [Burg.] 

*burge-folc, s. Townsfolk. (Story of Gen. and 
Exod., 1,854.) 

bur-gee, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

1. Comm.: A kind of small coal suitable to be 
burned in the furnaces of engines. 

2. Naut.: A flag ending in two points. It is used 
in cutters, yachts, and merchant vessels. 


burghership 

bur -gein, v. i. [Burgeon, v.] 

bur -gedis, bour-gedis, bour'-£e<51se, s. 

[Bourgeois.] 

Printing: A size of type. [Bourgeois.] 

*bur-ge6n, *bur'-gein, *bur -ryn, *bur-gjfn, 
*bur-gion (O. Eng.), *bur-geoun (O.Scotch), v. t. 
[Bourgeon, v.] (Spenser: F. Q., VII. vii. 43.) 

“ Burgyn or burryn as trees. Germino.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*bur -geoun, s. [Bourgeon, s.] (Douglas: 
Virgil, 116, 5.) 

bur'-gess, *bur'-gesse, *bur-geis, *bur'-geys, 

*bor'-geys (plur. burgesses, *burgeyses, *burgeiss, 
*burgeys), s. [O. Fr. tmrgeois; from Low Lat. tar- 
aensis= a citizen; Fr. bourg; ltal. borgo— a city.] 
[Borough, Burgh.] 

1. Gen.: An inhabitant of a borough. 

IT A burgess of a borough corresponds with the 
citizen of a city. 

“ Burgeys. Burgensis." — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Specially: 

(1) The freeman of a borough, one who possesses 
a tenement in a borough. 

“ That barouns, burgeys, and bonde, and alle other 
burnes.”— Wm. of Palerne, 2,128. 

(2) A leading craftsman in a guild or trade be¬ 
longing to a borough. 

“ Wei semed eche of hem a fair burgeys." 

Chaucer: C. T., 371-2. 

(3) A member of the corporation, the latter con¬ 
sisting of a mayor and burgesses. 

“ He was welcomed at the North Gate by the magis¬ 
trates and burgesses in their robes of office.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

*(4) A borough magistrate. 

t(5) A member of the English Parliament for a 
borough. 

bur -gess-ship, s. [Eng. burgess; andsuff. -sfctp.] 
The office of a burgess. 

“ One of our burgess-ships is vacant by the promotion of 
Sir Heneage Finch.”— Smith: Lett, to Bathurst, Warton’s 
Life of Bathurst, p. 174. 

burgh (pron. burru), *burghe, s. [A. S. burh.] 

[Borough.] The same as Borough (q. v.). 

“And byde with my balde mene within the burghe 
ryche.” Morte Artliure, 1,968. 

TT (1) The spelling borough is the common one in 
England, whilst burgh is that which chiefly obtains 
in Scotland. Examples— Scar-borough, Vdin-burgh. 

(2) A burgh of barony, in Scotland, is a certain 
tract of land created in a barony by the feudal 
superior, and placed under the authority of magis¬ 
trates. 

(3) A royal burgh in Scotland is a corporate body 
created by a charter from the crown. There is a 
convention of royal burghs. 

*burgh-breche, s. 

Old English Law: A fine imposed upon the inhab¬ 
itants of a town for a breach of the peace. 

burgh-folc, s. People of a town. ( Layamon , L 
416.] 

burgh-master, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: The same as Burgomaster (q. v.). 

2. Mining: A barmaster or bailiff who lays out 
the “ meers ” for the workmen. 

*burgh-yat, s. A town gate. (Layamon, ii.317.) 

burgh'-?Q, a. [Eng .burgh; -al ■] Pertaining to a 
burgh. 

*burgh-bote, *burg-bote, s. [A. S. burh-b6t; 
from burh = an English town, a city; and bdt = 
boot, remedy, atonement, compensation.] [Boot(1).] 
Old Law: A contribution toward the expense of 
building or repairing castles or walls for the 
defense of a town, 
burgh’-er, s. [Eng. burg; -er.] 

L Ord. Lang.: The inhabitant of a burgh, espe¬ 
cially if he is a freeman of the place. 

In South Africa the term is applied to the Boer 
citizen soldiery. 

“. . . and the burghers, or inferior tradesmen, 
who from their insignificancy happily retained, in their 
socage and burgage tenures, some points of their ancient 
freedom.”— Blackstone: Comment, bk. iv., ch. 33. 

2. Church Hist. & Ecclesiol.: A former subdivi¬ 
sion of the Scottish Secession Church. The Seces¬ 
sion, which originated through the withdrawal of 
Ebenezer Erskine and some other ministers from 
the Scottish establishment in 1732, split into two in 
1747, part having felt free to take, whilst others 
refused what they deemed an ensnaring burgess 
oath. They reunited in 1820 under the name of the 
Associate Synod, and joining with the “Relief” 
[Relief] in 1847, formed the United Presbyterian 
Church. 

burgh'-er-shlp, s. [Eng. burgher; -ship.] The 
position and privileges of a burgher. 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



burghman 

♦bftrgh-man, s. [O. Eng. burgh — borough, and 
man.] A burgess. 

*burgh'-m6te, s. [Buegmote.] 
tbfirg -bold-er, s. [Boesholdee.] The same 
as Boesholdee (q. v.). 

bftrg'-l 9 ,r, *burg'-lay-er, *bourg'-lair *burg - 

lar er, s. [In Norm. Fr. burgessour; from Fr. 
bourg — a borough (Boeough, Buegh), and O. Fr, 
laire, lairre, leire, Here (Mod. Fr. larron ) = a thief; 
Prov. laire, lairo, lairon; Sp. ladron; Port, ladrao; 
Ital. ladro; from Lat. latro = a hired servant, a 
mercenary soldier, a freebooter. One guilty of 
house-breaking; one who commits the crime of 
burglary. 

1. Literally: 

“ The definition of a burglar, as given by Sir Edward 
Coke, is ‘ he that by night breaketh and entereth into a 
mansion-house with intent to commit a felony.’ ”— Black- 
stone: Commentaries, bk. iv., ch. 24. 

2. Figuratively: 

“Love is a burglarer, a felon.” 

Hudibras, ii. 1. 

burglar-alarm, s. A device to be attached to a 
door or a window, to make an alarm when it is 
opened from without. 

Burglar-alarm lock: A lock so constructed as to 
sound an alarm if it is tampered with. 

*burg-lar'-I-{in, s. [From Eng. burglary, and 
suff. -aw.] One who commits burglary. 

burg-lar’-l-OUS, a. [From Eng. burglary , and 
suff. -ows.] Pertaining to burglary ; involving the 
crime of burglary. ( Blackstone.) 

bffrg-lar’-l-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. burglarious ;-ly.~\ 
After the manner of a burglar; with the intention 
of committing a burglary. 

burg'-l^ir-f, s. [Eng burglar; -y. In Norm. Fr. 
burgerie.] 

1. Law & Ord. Lan.: The crime of breaking into 
an inhabited house, a church, or the gates of a 
town by night with the intention of committing a 
felony. 

“ Burglary, or nocturnal housebreaking, burgi latro- 
ciniivm, which by our ancient law is called hame-secken, as 
it is in Scotland to this day, . . .”— Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment., bk. iv., ch. 16. 

2. Ord. Lang. Fig.: To steal from a man’s mind 
or heart. 

“To pilfer away his thoughts, his affections, his pur¬ 
poses, may well be deemed a worse sort of burglary or 
theft, than to break open doors, to rifle trunks, or to pick 
pockets.”— Barrow, vol. i., Ser. 21. 

burg -mote, *burgh'-mote, s. [From A. S. 
burgh, and mdt= a moat, an assembly.] A court of 
a borough. 

“ The king sent a notification of these proceedings to 
each, burgmote, where the people of that court also swore 
to the observance of them.”— Burke: Abridg. Eng. Hist. 

burg-6-mas-ter, s. [From Dut. burgemeester. 
In Sw. borgmdster; Dan. borgemester; Ger. biirger- 
meister; Fr. bourgmestre; Norm. Fr. bourchemester; 
Sp. burgomaestre; Port, burgomestre; Ital. borgo- 
mastro; From Dut. burge; Low Lat. burghus=& 
borough (Buegh) , and Dut. meester, Eng. master 
(q. v.).] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A burgh-master, the chief magis¬ 
trate of a municipal town in Holland, Switzerland, 
and Germany. 

“ . . . and that great body of citizens which was ex¬ 
cluded from all share in the government, looked on the 
Burgomasters and Deputies with a dislike . . .”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Ornith.: An arctic gull. Larus glaucus. 
bur'-gon-et, bur'-gan-et, s. [From O. Fr. 

bourguignote. So called because the Burgundians 
(O. Fr. Bourguignons ) were the first to wear it. In 
Sp. borgohota; Ital. borgognotta.) A helmet or 
steel cap, worn chiefly by foot soldiers; a Spanish 
morion. 

“This day I’ll wear aloft my burgonet.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Hen., VI., v. 1. 

Bur’-gos, s. & a. [Burgos, a city and province of 
Spain. 

Burgos lustre: Double sulphide of gold and potas¬ 
sium. ( Rossiter.) 

bur’-gout (out as ff) (Provinc. Eng. bur-good), 
s. [Etym. doubtful. From Wei. bur-ym—yeast, and 
cawl, gawl=cabbage, gruel (?).] A kind of oatmeal 
porridge or thick gruel used by seamen. 

bfir-grave, s. [In Sw. borggrefve; Dan. borg- 
greve; Dut. burgaraaf; Ger. burggraf; M. H. Ger. 
burcgr&ve; Low Lat. burggravius; from Ger. burg 
=a fortress, and graf, M. H. Ger. gr&ve, 0. H. Ger. 
grdvo=a count.] 

*1. Originally: The commandanc of a fortified 
town. 

2. Then: The head of such a town and the adja¬ 
cent domain, with the right of transmitting it to 
his descendants. 

“Foure marquesses, foure landgraves, foure burgraves, 
foure earles, Ac .’’—Bale: Acts of Eng. Votaries, pt. ii., 
sign. B, 8, b. 


672 

fbur-gra'-vl-ate, s. [In Fr. burgraviat.] The 
office, position, or dignity of a burgrave. 

*burgt, s. &a. [Bueg.] (Story of Gen. andExod., 
727.) 

*burgt-folk, s. Townfolk, townspeople. ( Story 
of Gen. and Exgd., 1,063.) 

bur-gul'-ll-pm, s. [A corruption of Burgundy 
(q. v.), and conjectured to be a term of contempt, 
invented upon the overthrow of the Bastard of 
Burgundy in a contest with Anthony Woodville, m 
Smithfield, in 1467 ( Nares ).] A bully, a bragga¬ 
docio (?). 

“ When was Bobadill here, your captain? that rogue, 
that foist, that fencing burgullian.” — B. Jonson: Every 
Man in his Hu., iv. 2. 

Bur-gun'-dl-p.n, a. & s. [From Eng. Burgundy, 
and suff. -an. In Ft. Bourguignon.j [Buegundy.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Bur¬ 
gundy. 

B. As substantive : A native of Burgundy. 

Bur’-gun-dy, s. & a. [In Sw. bourgogne; Ger. 
burgunder=a kind of wine (def. 2). From Sw., 
Dan., & Ger. Burgund; Dut. Bourgondie; Fr. 
Bourgogne=a country (def. 1).] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Geog. (Burgundy ): An old province of France, 
inhabited originally by a Germanic people, who 
invaded and settled in it in Roman times. The 
capital was Dijon. It now forms the Departments 
of C6te-d Or, SaOne-et-Loire, Ain, and part of Yonne. 

2. Ord. Lang. (Burgundy): The finest 9 f all the 
French wines', the produce of vines cultivated in 
the COte-d Or, a portion of the ancient province of 
Burgundy. The most noted of the red wines of 
Burgundy are Richebourg and Chambertin. The 
white wines are less celebrated. 

B. As adjective: Pertaining to or brought from 
the place indicated under A. 1. 

Burgundy-hay, s. A plant, Medicago sativa- 
Burgundy-pitch, s. 

1. Bot., Chem. <& Comm.: Pix Buraundica, the 
resinous exudation of the stem of the Spruce-fir, 
Abies cxcelsa or Pinus Abies, melted and strained. 
It is got from Switzerland, but seldom genuine. It 
is hard and brittle, opaque, of a dull reddish-brown 
color, empyreumatic odor, and aromatic taste. It 
gives off no water when heated, is not bitter, and is 
free from vesicles. It consists chiefly of resin and 
a little volatile oil, whence its odor. The resin 
resembles that of turpentine. 

2. Pharm.: Offic. prep., Emplastrum picis, pitch- 
plaster. It acts externally as a slight stimulant to 
the skin. It enters also into the composition of 
the iron-plaster. 

Burgundy wine, s. The same as Buegundy, 2 
(q. v.). 

*bur-gyn-ynge, *bur-gynge, pr. par. &s. [Bue- 

GEON, V.] 

“ Burgynynge ( burgynge, K. P.). Oermen, pullulacio ”— 
Prompt Parv. 

*bflrh, s. [From A. S. burg, burgh.] 

I. As an independent ivord: 

1. A city. 

2. A castle, house, or tower. 

II. In compos.: A defense; as Cuthfmrfc=eminent 
for assistance. (Gibson.) 

*burh-man, *burh-mon, s. A citizen, towns¬ 
man. 

*burh-town, s. [Boeotjgh-town.] 

*burh-wall, s. A town wall. 

*bur’-i-al, *bur’-I-all, *bur’-I-el, *bir’-I-el, 
*bur’-y-ei, *bur’-y-el§, *bur -I-$l§, (bur as ber), 

s.&a. [En g.bury; -al; A. S. birgels—a sepulcher; 
birgen, byrgan, byrgen — a burying, a burial, a 
tomb; O. S. bargisli = a sepulcher. From Eng. 
bury; A. S. byrian, byrgian, birian, burian = to 
bury.] [Buey.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary language: 

*1. Originally. (Of the forms buriels, buryels, 
biriel, buriall): A tomb, a burying-place. 

“ . . . that bilden sepulcris of profetes and maken 
faire the birielis of iust men.”— Wycliffe. (Purvey), Matt. 
xxiii. 29. 

2. Now. (Of the form burial): The act of burying, 
the state of being buried, interment, sepulture. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ . . . the duke take order for his burial." 

Shakesp.: Richard III., L 4. 

(2) Spec.: The act of placing anything under earth 
or water. 

“ We have great lakes, both salt and fresh; we use them 
for burials of some natural bodies; for we find a difference 
of things buried in earth, and things buried in water.”— 
Bacon. 


burin 

II. Technically: 

1. Archceol. <& Hist.: Most nations have selected 
burial as the best method to dispose of their dead 
the practice of burning them on a funeral pile, prev¬ 
alent to a limited extent among the Greeks and the 
Romans and nearly universal among the Hindoos, 
being the exception and not the rule. About 1860 (?) 
B. C. Abraham buried Sarah. The Egyptians, and, 
at least, in some special cases, the Jews, embalmed 
their dead (Gen.1.3,26; Johnxix.39.40). [Embalm¬ 
ment.] In Europe, according to Sir John Lubbock, 
interments in which the corpse is in a sitting or 
contracted posture belong to the stone age, those in 
which it has been burnt and only the ashes interred 
to the bronze age, and those in which the corpse lies 
extended, presumably to the age of iron. During 
the first French Revolution a proposal was made to 
adopt the process of cremation, but it failed. The 
project was revived on the continent during this 
century, and recommended in England in 1873 by Dr. 
Henry Thompson, but as yet it has met with little 
acceptance from the public. In 1875 Mr. Seymour 
Hadden advocated the “ earth to earth ” system of 
sepulture, and in the same year wicker coffins were 
exhibited at Stafford House, but this innovation, 
too, has as yet been unpopular. 

Several crematories are in operation in the United 
States, the best known of which are those at St. 
Louis, Mo., Albany, N. Y., Fresh Pond, N. Y., and 
Chicago, Ill. 

2. Law: In 1693, 1733 and 1783 Acts were passed in 
England imposing a tax on burials, but it has been 
long since repealed. A felo de se or suicide was for¬ 
merly buried in the highway with a stake driven 
through his body, and all his goods and chattels were 
forfeited to the king. (Blackstone, bk. iv., ch. 14.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

*j[ Obvious compound: Burial-plain. 
burial-aisle, s. An aisle in which a body has 
been interred. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ Looks he also wistfully into the long burial-aisle of 
the Past.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. xi. 

burial-board, s. A board of persons appointed 
to regulate burials. 

burial-case, s. A mummy-shaped form of coffin, 
alleged to be an improvement on the ordinary one 
in the lids, in having glass over the face, in the 
means of fastening, in hermetical sealing, and in the 
complete isolation of the body from air by envelop¬ 
ing the corpse in a resinous or other air-excluding 
compound. 

burial-ground, s. Ground set apart or used for 
the interment of the dead. 

1. Literally: 

“ Their mingled shadows intercept the sight 
Of the broad burial-ground outstretched below.” 

Scott: Don Roderick. 

2. Figuratively: 

“ . . . we at the time exclaimed that it was the 

burial-ground of all the goats in the island.”— Darwin- 
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii., p. 168. 
burial-place, s. A place for burying the dead. 

IT A more general word than burying-ground. 
When one is interred in a church or committed to 
the deep the church or the ocean-bed is to him a 
burial-place, but it is not the burial-ground in 
which he sleeps. The Romans interred their dead 
outside the cities ; the early Christians imitating 
them in this respect. Then the latter began to 
bury around their churches. Haydn makes the 
first Christian burial-place be instituted in 596, 
burial in cities in 742, in consecrated places in 750, 
and in churchyards in 758. 

“ At rest on the tombs of the knightly race, 

The silent throngs of that burial-place.” 

Hemans: The Lady of Provence, 

burial-service, burial service, s. 

The funeral service conducted at the interment of 
the dead. 

bur-led (bur as ber), pa.par. & a. [Buey.] 
*bur -i-el (1) *bur’-i-els, s. [Bueial.] 
*bur’-I-el (2), s. [From Fr. burell; Low Lat. 
burellus .] A coarse and thick kind of cloth (?). 
[Boeeel.] 

“Item, three bannurs [banners] for the procession, 
and two buriels with their brists with a bairns cap for the 
crosse.”— Inventory of Vestments, A. 1559; Hay’s Scotia 
Sacra, p. 189. 

bur’-I-er (bur as ber), s. [Eng. bury ; -er.] Om 
who buries, one who performs the act of interment 
(Lit. dtfig.) 

“ And darkness be the burier of the dead.” 

Shakesp. ; 2 Hen. IV., i. 1. 
*bur’-i-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Bueying.] 
bur’-in, *biir’-me, s. [Fr. burin; Sp. buril, 
Port, boril; Ital. bulino, borino; from Ger. bohren; 
O. H. Ger. poron=to pierce.] 

1. Engraving: The cutting-tool of an engraver 
on metal; a graver. 

“Who indeed handled the burin like few in. these 
cases.” —Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. iii. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



burinesse 


burn 


2. Masonry : A triangular square-shaped steel 
tool whetted off obliquely at the end, so as to 
exhibit a diamond. It is shaped like a graver, and 
is used by the marble-worker. 

♦bur-i-nesse, *bur-i-naesse, s. [A.S. bebyrig- 
«iss.] Burial. ( Layamon, 25,852.) 

bu'-ri-on, s. A species of house-sparrow having 
a red breast. It is found in California. 

bur’-iown-ynge, pr.par. [Burgeon, v.] Spring¬ 
ing up, germinating. (Lit. di fig.} 

“ • . • that no roote of bitterness® buriownynge 
vpward lette, and many ben defouled bi it .” — Wycliffe 
(Purvey) ; Heb. xii. 15. 

fburk, *burke, v. t. [From Burke, an Irishman, 
who, when popular prejudice against allowing 
human corpses to be dissected had run up their 
price to a high figure, tried to make a living by 
luring the unwary into his house and suffocating 
them, to sell their bodies to the doctors. After he 
had admittedly made away with fifteen people in 
this manner, he was executed in Edinburgh on 
January 28,1829.] 

1. Lit.: To smother or suffocate after the manner 
adopted by Burke. [See etym.] 

2. To kill a person for the purpose of selling his 
body for dissection. 

3. Fig.: Quietly to put out of existence, as a par¬ 
liamentary motion or anything similar, making as 
little noise as possible over the transaction. (Inele¬ 
gant.) 

tburked, pa. par. & a. [Burk.] 
tburk'-Ing, pr.pa. [Burk.] 

tburk'-I§m, s. [From the Burke mentioned in 
burk (etym.), and Eng. suff. -ism.) The system of 
procedure which justly doomed Burke to death and 
infamy. (Wharton.) 

burl, *burle, s. [In Fr. bourre, bourlet , bourrelet 
=flocks or locks of wool, hair, &c., used for stuffing 
saddles, balls, &c. ( Cotgrave ) ; Fr. of Languedoc 
bourel, bourrel=a flock or end of thread which dis¬ 
figures cloth (Wedgwood); Sp. borla= a tassel, a 
bunch of silk, gold or silver.] A knot or lump in 
thread or cloth. 

burl (1), v. i. & t. [From Low Ger. burreln .] 

*A. Inirans.: To boil, to welter. 

“ Burland yn hys owne blode .”—Erie of Tolous, 98. 

B. Trans.: To cause to boil, to whirl. 

“Thou, Winter, burling thro’ the air 
The roaring blast.” 

Burns: Elegy on Captain M. Henderson. 

burl (2), v. t. [From burl, s. (q. v.)] 

1. To dress cloth by fulling it. [Burling.] 

2. To pick knots, loose threads, &c., from cloth, 
so as to finish its manufacture. 

bfir’-la§e, s. [Corrupted from Eng. burdelais.] 
A kind of grape. (Johnson.) 

*bur-la-dy, interj. An oath, a corruption of by 
our Lady. 

bur-lap, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Fabric : A coarse, heavy goods for wrapping, made 
of jute, flax, manilla, or hemp. 

*bur-law, *bir'-law, *byr -law, s. & a. [The 
original form of by-law (q. v.); Icel. bcejarlog= a 
town-law, from 6cer=a town, h5gr=law.] (For def. 
see the example.) 

“Laws of Burlaw ar maid & determined be consent 
of neichtbors, elected and chosen be common consent, in 
courts called the Byrlaw courts, in the quhilk cognition 
is taken of complaintes, betuixt nichtbour & nicht- 
bour. The quhilk men sa chosen, as judges & arbitrators 
to the effect foresaid, ar commonly called Byrlaw-men.” 
Skene: Burlaw. 

burled, pa. par. & a. [Burl, v.] 
bur'-ler, s. [Eng. burl; -er.] One who burls 
cloth. [Burl, v.] (Dyer.) 

bur-lesque (que as k), fbur-lesk, a. & s. 
[From Fr. burlesque; Ital. burlesco. In Dan. bur- 
lesk, a. & s.; Ger. burlesk, a.; burleske, s.; Sp. bur¬ 
lesco, a. & s.; Port, burlesco; from Sp. & Port. 
burlar; Ital. burlare=to jeer, to banter; Port. & 
Ital. burla= mockery, raillery.] 

A. As adj.: Mocking, jocular, ludicrous, calcu¬ 
lated and intended to excite laughter. 

o > _ writing burlesque farces and poems.”— Macau¬ 
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Verbal language or a literary or other compo¬ 
sition in which a subject is treated in such a way as 
to excite laughter. This may arise from the nature 
of the subject chosen or from the manner of treat¬ 
ing it. 

“ . . . epistles much resembling burlesques of those 

sublime odes in which the Hebrew prophets foretold the 
calamities of Babylon and Tyre.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xvii. 

2. The act of turning anything into ridicule. 
“Their chief pastimes consisted in the burlesque of 

their gravest convictions.”— Skeat: Intvod. to Chaucer. 


673 

bur-les que (que as k), v. t. & i. [From bur¬ 
lesque, a. & s. (q. v.)] 

A. Trans.: To treat anything in a ludicrous way, 
to parody. 

“Prior burlesqued, with admirable spirit and pleas¬ 
antry, the bombastic verses . . . "—Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxi. 

B. Intrans.: To comment with ridicule. 

“Dr. Patrick joins hands with them in burlesquing 
upon the doctrine.”— Du Moulin: Adv. of the Ch. of Eng. 
towards Rome (1680), p. 81. 

bur-les'qued (qu as k), pa. par. & a. [Bur¬ 
lesque, v .] 

bur-lesqu er (qu as k), s. [From Eng. burlesque, 
v.; and suffix -er.J One who burlesques. 

bur-lesqu ing (qu as k), pr. par., a. & s. [Bur¬ 
lesque, i;.] 

bur-let, s. [Fr. bourlet, bourrelet =“ a wreath, or 
a roule of cloth, linnen, or leather, stuffed with 
flockes, haire, &c. . . . also, a supporter (for a 
ruffe, &c.) of satin, caffata, &c., and having an edge 
like a roule.” (Cotgrave.).] A standing or stuffed 
neck for a gown. 

“A lang taillit gowne of layn sewit with silver & quhit 
silk, laich neccat [necked] with burlettis.” — Inventories, 
A. 1578, p. 219. (Jamieson.) 

{ bur-let-ta, s. [Ital. burletta.) A comic opera, 
arce interspersed with songs, what the French 
call a vaudeville. 

“The curtain dropped, the gay burletta o’er.” 

Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

*bur-liche, a. [Burly.] 
bur-lie, s. [Burlaw.] 

*burlie-bailie, s. 

Scots Law: An officer employed to enforce the 
laws of the Burlaw-courts. 

“ Jud tuk him for a burlie-bailie.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 636. (Jamieson.) 

bur-li-ness, s. [Eng. burly; -ness.] The quality 
or state of being burly. 

*bur-ling, pr. par., a. & s. [Burl, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. Assubst. Woolen manufacture: A process in 
which woolen cloth is examined for rents, flaws, 
knots, defective yarns, &c., a deficiency being made 
good with a needle, and offensive matters removed. 
This is done after scouring and before fulling, 
burling-iron, s. 

Woolen manufacture: A sort of pinchers or nip¬ 
pers, used in burling cloth. 

burling-machine, s. A machine for removing 
knots and foreign matters projecting from the sur¬ 
face of woolen cloth before fulling. 

bur'-lins, s. [Etymology doubtful. From burn 

(1).] The bread burnt in the oven in baking. 
(Scotch.) 

bur'-ly, *boor-ly, *boore-ley, *bor-lic, *bur-li, 
*bur-liche, *bur-lyche, *bure-lyche, *buir-lie, 
a. [From Eng. boor; and like. Cf. also O. Eng. 
burle= a knot or lump (Mahn). From Gael. & Ir. 
borra= a knob, a bunch, grandeur (Skeat).] 

I. Of persons: 

1. In a good sense: Tall, stately, grand. 

“ Of Babyloyne and Baldake the burlyche knyghtes." 

Morte Arthure, 586. 

2. In a slightly bad sense: Great of bulk, over¬ 
grown, and probably boisterous in manners. 

“ And some ascribe the invention to a priest 
Burly and big, and studious of his ease.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. i. 

*11. Of the inferior animals: Stately, fine in 
aspect, splendid. 

“ Andalle the burliche birdes that to his boure lengez.” 

Morte Arthure, 2,190. 

*111. Of things: Great, large, huge. 

“ Wallace gert brek thai burly byggyngis bavld, 
Bathe in the Merss, and als in Lothiane.” 

Wallace, viii. 402. MS. 

bur-man'-m-A, s. [Named after Nicholas Laur¬ 
ent Burman, who was born at Amsterdam in 1734, 
and died in 1793.] 

Bot.: A genus of endogens, the typical one of the 
order Burmanniace® (q. v.). The species, few in 
number, are natives of Asia, Africa and the warmer 
parts of this country, one, however, extending as 
far north as Virginia. 

bur-man-nl-a’-$e-3e, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
burmannia (q. v.); and Lat. fern. plur. adj. suff. 
-acece.] 

Bot.: Burmanniads, an order of endogenous 
plants, placed by Lindiey under the alliance Orchi- 
dales. They have regular flowers with three to six 
distinct stamens, consisting of a tubular perianth 
with six teeth and a three-cleft style, an inferior 


three-celled ovary, with numerous minute seeds. 
They are herbaceous plants with blue or white 
flowers, nearly all found in the tropics. 

bur-man'-nl-ad§, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bur¬ 
mannia ; and suffx -ds.J 
Bot.: Lindley’s name for the Burmanniace®. 
*bur'-may-den, s. [A. S. bur= a bower, and 
maghden=& girl.] A “ bower-maiden ’’—that is, a 
chambermaid. 

burn (1), *burne, *ber-nen, *baer-nen, *brenne, 
*bren-nen (Eng.), burn, *byrne, *brenn, *brin, 
*bryn (Scotch), v. t. & i. [A. S. byrnan, birnan, ber- 
nan, bcernan, brennan; O. S. brinnan, brennian; 
Icel. brenna; Sw. brdnna, brinna; Dan. brdnde; 
Dut. branden; O. Dut. bernen; Goth, brinnan, 
(ga)brannjan; (N. H.) Ger. brennen; O. H. Ger. 
prinnan .] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To consume more or less completely by means 
of fire. 

“. . . thou shalt burn their chariots with fire”— 
Joshua xi. 6. 

(2) More or less to scorch or injure by means of 
fire, as to burn meat in roasting it, to burn one’s 
clothes at the fire. 

(3) To subject to the action of the sun’s or sim¬ 
ilar heat, without actual contact with fire. [Sun¬ 
burnt.] 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To create a sensation of heat in the human 
frame by something eaten or drunk, or by the in¬ 
flammatory action of fever, or of the artificial cau¬ 
tery. 

t(2) To cause to suffer in any enterprise or action. 
[C. 3.] 

(a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“ It seems our people were so ill burnt, that they had no 
stomach for any farther meddling.”— Baillie: Lett., ii. 
396. 

t(6) Spec.: To overreach, to cheat, to defraud, 
to swindle. 

II. Technically: 

1. Surgery: To cauterize with actual fire or by 
caustic. 

“ A fleshy excrescence, becoming exceeding hard, is 
supposed to demand extirpation, by burning away the 
induration, or amputating.”— Sharp: Surgery. 

2. Chem.: To combine with oxygen. 

3. Engin.: The same as to burn together. [C. 5.] 

4. Lime manufacture: To calcine calcareous sub¬ 
stances as shells, that they may be subsequently 
pulverized. 

5. Pottery: To subject pottery with colors im- 
ressed to the action of fire, to fix the pattern by 
eat. 

6. Charcoal manuf.: To expel the volatile ele¬ 
ments from wood to reduce it to charcoal. 

7. Brick manuf.: To bake dry, or to harden, by 
means of fire. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To be on fire, to flame. 

“. . . the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not 
consumed.”— Exod. iii. 2. 

(2) To emit light, to shine. 

“ And sacred lamp in secret chamber hide, 

Where it should not be quenched day or night, 

For feare of evil fates, but burnen ever bright.” 

Spenser: F. Q„ X. xii. 87. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of feeling or emitting heat: 

(а) To feel a sensation of heat in the physical 
frame. 

(б) To be under the influence of passion, affection,, 
or desire. 

i) Of anger or hatred. 

ii) Of affection or desire. 

“ She burns, she raves, she dies, ’tis true ; 

But burns, and raves, and dies for you.” 

Addison. 

If Sometimes it is followed by with. 

“Raleigh, the scourge of Spain, whose breast with all 

The sage, the patriot, and the hero burn’d." 

Thomson: Seasons; Summer. 

(c) To flame or glow as that passion, affection, or 
desire itself. 

"... shall thy wrath burn like fire?” —Psalms lxxxix 
46. 

(d) To carry passion into action with destructive 
effect. 

“The nations bleed where’er her 6teps she turns, 

The groan still deepens, and the combat burns.” 

Pope. 

(2) Of shining or emitting light: To shine, to. 
sparkle. 

“ Oh prince; oh wherefore burn your eyes? and why? ” 

Rowe. 


bffll, bby; pout, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = sham. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del* 

’ 43 




burn 


674 


burning 


II. Technically. Children's games: To be near 
the concealed object of which one is in quest. It is 
generally worded “ You are a burning." 

“ I flatter myself that I burn (as children say at hide- 
and-seek, when they approach the person or thing con¬ 
cealed) : yes. I do flatter myself that I burn in the conclu¬ 
sion of this paper.” — Blackw. Mag., Jan. 1821; p. 355. 
(Jamieson .) 

C. In special compounds and phrases: 

1. To burn a bowl: 

Games: To displace a bowl accidently while the 
game of bowls is being played. (Ogilvie.) 

2. To burn daylight: To lose one’s time. 

3. To burn one's fingers: 

(1) Lit.: To do so literally. 

(2) Fig.: To hurt oneselr by meddling with some¬ 
thing dangerous, as with financial speculation, 
quarrels not belonging to one, &c. 

4. To burn out, v. t. & i.: To flame or bum as long 
as combustible material is accessible, and then to 
expire. 

it To be burnt out means (1) to be compelled by 
fire to quit a place, ( 2 ) to be completely burnt. 

5. To burn together, or simply to burn. 

Metal.: To fuse two surfaces of a metal together 
by pouring over them some of the same metal in a 
melted state. 

6 . To burn up, v. t.: 

(1) Wholly or almost wholly to consume. 

“O that I could but weep, to vent my passion ! 

But this dry sorrow burns up all my tears.” 

Dryden. 

(2) To expel the sap or moisture from a plant and 
thus cause it to wither. 

♦burn (2), v. t. [Burnish, v.] To burnish, 
burn (1), *burne, *brene, *brune {Eng.), *burn, 
♦birn, *birne (Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. bryne. In 
Icel. brunt. ] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Sing.: Any burnt mark upon the flesh or skin. 
Spec.: 

(1) An injury to the flesh produced by the opera¬ 
tion, in most cases accidental, of fire. A burn is 
produced by a heated solid, a scald by a heated 
fluid. 

(2) A brand or burnt mark intentionally made 
upon the noses or other portions of the bodies of 
sheep, to mark their ownership. 

“ Fourscore o’ breeding ewes of my ain him. ” 

Gentle Shepherd, iii. 2. 

if Skin and birn: The whole number of people 
connected with anything, the whole of anything. 

2. Plur. (Of the form birns): Boots, the stronger 
stems of burnt heath, which remain after the 
smaller twigs are consumed. 

“And some wore toasting bannocks at the birns.” 

Pennecuik: Poems (1715), p. 25. (Jamieson.) 

B. As adjective: (See some of the compounds.) 
burn-airn, s. An iron instrument used for im¬ 
pressing letters or other marks on sheep. (Scotch.) 

burn-grenge, s. One who sets fire to barns or 
granaries. (Scotch.) 

“A bum grenge in the dirk.” 

Colkelbie Sow, F. i. v. 92. 

burn-wood, s. Wood for fuel. (Scotch.) 

♦burn (2), *burne, s. [A. S. beorn= a warrior, a 
chief.] A man, a knight, a noble. [Bairn.] 

“. . . but hath him bore so buxumly . that ich 
burn him preyseth, & vch a burn of this world . wor- 
chipeth him one .”—William of Palerne, 510-11. 

“ Now blysse burne mot the bytyde.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems: The Pearl, 897. 

burn (3), s. & a. [A. S. burne=a bourn, a stream, 
a fountain, a well; Icel. brunnr; Ger. brunnen=a 
fountain, a spring.] A bourn, water, a rivulet, a 
stream. [Bourn.] 

“Whare three lairds’ lands met at a burn.” 

Burns: Halloween. 

If Burn in the names of English and Scotch towns 
implies that the latter are near a stream, as Black¬ 
burn, Bannockburn. It corresponds to the more 
common English word bourne, as Eastbourne. 

burn-brae, s. The acclivity at the bottom of 
which a rivulet runs. (Scotch.) 

bu.rn - 9 .-ble, a. [Eng. burn, v.; and suffix -able.] 
Able to burn or be burnt. ( Cotgrave.) 

♦burne (1), *buyrne, s. [Bairn.] A child, a 
man. 

♦burne (2), s. [Birnie.] 

burned (l), burnt, *berned, *barnde, *brend, 
♦brende, *brent (Eng.), burnt, brunt, *bront, 
♦brende, *brent (Scotch), pa. par. & a. [Burn, v. ; 
Burnt.] 

♦burned ( 2 ), *bourned, ♦borned, *brenned, 
*brend, *brende, pa. par. & a. [Burn (2), «.] 
Burnished. 

“ Wrought al of burned steel, . . .” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,985. 


bur -ner, s. [Eng. burn; -er. In Ger. brenner, 
verbrenner.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of persons: One who bums any thing or person. 

2. Of things: A thing which does so. (Often used 
in composition, as a gas-burner.) 

II. Technically :' 

1. Lighting: 

(1) The part of a lighting apparatus at which 
combustion takes place. 

(2) The corresponding portion of a gas-heater or 
of a gas-stove. 

2. Chem. : [Bunsen’s Burner.] 

If Bunsen's Burner: [Named from Herr Bunsen, 
professor of chemistry at the University of Breslau.] 

Chem.: A Bunsen’s burner consists of a jet sur¬ 
mounted by a wide brass tube, at the bottom of 
which are several holes for the admission of air. 
The air and gas mix in the wide 
tube in such proportion that 
they burn with a non-luminous 
flame. The flame has the follow¬ 
ing structure. It consists of (1) 
a dark cone a, consisting of cold 
unbumt coal-gas, mixed with 62 
per cent, of air. (2) The flame- 
mantle b, composed of burning 
coal-gas mixed with air. (3) A 
luminous point c, seen only when 
the air-holes at the base of the 
lamp are partly closed; the area 
of this zone may be regulated by 
opening or shutting the holes to 
a greater or less extent. The 
flame of a Bunsen’s burner: 

(1) At a low temperature, is 
suitable for observing the flame 
colorations of volatile sub¬ 
stances. 

(2) At the highest temperature, 

is suitable for fusions at high temperatures. 

_1f The lower oxidizing flame is suitable for oxida¬ 
tion of substances in borax or other beads. 

The lower reducing flame is suitable for reductions 
on charcoal, and for fusing borax or other beads in 
the reducing flame. 

The upper oxidizing flame (obtained by admitting 
the maximum of air) is suitable for oxidation at 
lower temperatures than are found at ( 2 ) (q. v.). 

The upper reducing flame is suitable for reduc¬ 
tions, and possesses greater reducing power than 
the lower reducing flame already mentioned. 

bur -net (1), a. & s. [From Fr. brunette=& dark 
brown stuff formerly worn by persons of quality; 
Low Lat. bruneta, brunetum; from Fr. brun— 
brown.] [Brown, Brunette.] 

A. As adj.: Of a brown color. 

" Sum peirs, sum pale, sum bumet, and sum blew.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 106. 

B. As subst.: A brown color. 

“ Burnet coloure. Bumetum.”—Prompt Pam. 



Bunsen’s Burner. 


burnet-moth, s. 

Ord. Lang. <& Entom.: The name for the genus of 
Hawkmoths called Anthrocera; or by some Zygsena. 
Anthrocera Flipendulce is the Six-spot Burnet-moth. 
The six spots, which are on the superior wings, are 
red, while the rest of the wings are green. It is 
common in England in June. Its caterpillar, which 
feeds on the plantain, trefoil, dandelion, &c., is 
yellow, spotted with black. A. Loti is the Five-spot 
Burnet-moth. It is less common. The caterpillar 
feeds on honeysuckle, bird’s-foot, trefoil, &c. 

bur’-net (2), s. & a. [From Eng. burn, v. ( 1 ), or s. 
(1), because the root of the Poterium (def.) is acrid 
or pungent in taste.] 

A. As substantive: 

Ord. Lang. <& Bot.: The English name for Poter¬ 
ium, a genus of plants belonging to the order 
Rosaceee (Roseworts). It is also called Salad-bur- 
net and Lesser Bumet. The Common, or Garden 
Salad-humet (Poterium sanguisorba) is a herba¬ 
ceous plant one or two feet high, with pinnate 
leaves and dull purplish flowers. The leaves taste 
and smell like cucumber, and are eaten in salad. 
The Muricated Bumet, or Salad-burnet (A. muri- 
catum), has larger fruit than the former, to which 
it is closely allied. It is not common. There are 
other species. The Great Burnet is Sanguisorba 
officinalis. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

burnet-bloodwort, s. A plant, Sanguisorba 

officinalis. 

burnet-ichneumon, s. 

Entom.: An ichneumon, the larva of which preys 
upon the caterpillar of the Bumet-moth. 

burnet-rose, s. A book-name for Rosa spinosis- 
sima. 

burnet-saxifrage, s. A book-name of Pimpi- 
nella, a genus of umbelliferous plants, of which the 
Common Burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga) 


and the Greater Burnet-saxifrage (P magna) are 
species. The former is frequent, the latter inclin¬ 
ing to rare. The root of the common species is 
acrid, and is used as a masticatory in toothache, 
also as an external application to remove freckles, 
and in gargles to dissolve viscid mucus. 

♦bur-nette’, s. [Burnette.] 

“In mournyng blak, as bright bur nett es.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

bur-net-tlze, v. t. [Named after Burnett, who 
patented the process in 1837.] To use a certain 
process to prevent decay in wood and fibrous fab¬ 
rics. [Burnettizing.] 

bur'-net-tlz-ing, pr.par. & s. 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive: A process for preventing decay 
of wood and fibrous materials or fabrics. The wood 
or fiber is immersed in a solution of chloride of 
zinc, 1 pound; water, 4 gallons for wood, 5 gallons 
for fabrics, 2 gallons for felt, contained in a wooden 
tank. Timber is saturated two days for each inch 
of thickness, and then set on end to drain for from 
two to fourteen weeks. Cotton, yams, cordage, 
and woolens are immersed for forty-eight hours. 
(Knight.) 

bur'-ne-win, s. [From Eng. burn; Scotch e= 
the, and ?cm=wind. Burn the wind.] A ludicrous 
appellation fov a blacksmith. 

“ Then Bumewin comes on like death 
At eVry chaup.” 

Burns: Scotch Drink. 

bur'-nle, fbur’-ny, s. [From Scotch burn = a 
stream, and diminut. suff. -ie=little.] A little 
“ bum, bourne, or stream. (Scotch.) 

“ Ye burnies wimplin’ down your glens, 

Wi’ toddlin din.” 

Burns: Elegy on Captain Mathew Henderson. 

burn'-lng, *bren'-nlng, *bern-inde, pr. par 
a. & s. [Burn, «.] 

A. As present participle: In senses corresponding 
to those of the verb. 


B. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Flaming. 

“Thus once, when Troy was wrapped in fire and smoke, 
The helpless gods their burning shrines forsook.” 

Dryden: To the Lord Chancellor Hyde. 

2. Hot. 

“ I know that from thine agony 
Is wrung that burning rain.” 

Hemans: The Vaudois Wife. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of the body: Producing or feeling a sensation 
of bodily heat. 

“ Her burning brow, or throbbing breast.” 

Hemens: Tale of the Secret Tribunal. 

2. Of the heart or the emotions: 


“ . . . that burning shame 

Detains him from Cordelia.” 


Shakesp.: Lear, iv. 3. 

3. Of the utterance of the lips, or of the pen, or of 
anything similar: 

“Every burning word he spoke.” 

Cowper: Boadicea. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language. 


1 . & 2 . The act or operation of consuming by fire, 
or the state of being so consumed. 

"... burning for burning, wound for wound,. . .** 
— Exod. xxi. 25. - 


3. Fire, flame. (Lit. or fig.) 

(1) Literally: 

“ In liquid burnings, or on dry, to dwell. 

Is all the sad variety of hell.” Dryden., 

(2.) Figuratively: 

“The mind surely, of itself, can feel notra of the bum, 
ings of a fever.”— South. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(1) Maliciously to burn a house, li'arn, &c., ia 
felony. [Arson.] 

(2) Burning was once itself a penalty, 

la) Burning in the hand: [Branding.] 

(b) Burning alive: Women were formerly burned 
alive in England for treason, as men were for the 
crime against nature, and under Edward I. for 
arson. It was also the punishment during the fif¬ 
teenth and sixteenth centuries for so-called heresy; 
the first person who thus suffered being Sir William 
Sawtre, priest of St. Osyth, London, 12 th February, 
1401. The cruel practice reached its consummation 
in Queen Mary’s reign (1553-8), during three years 
of which 277 persons, most of them religious reform¬ 
ers, were consumed at the stake. (Blackstone: Com¬ 
ment. : dtc.) 

2. Metal-working: Joining metals by melting their 
adjacent edges, or heating the adjacent edges and 
running into the intermediate space some molten 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, ctir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




burning-bush 

petal of the same kind. It differs from soldering 2. Fig. 
in this: In burning a heat is required sufficient to develop 
melt the original metal, and a flux is seldom used. 

In soldering a lower heat is used and a more fusible 
metal employed, assisted by a flux. ( Knight.) 

3. Ceramics: The finalheating of clay ware, which 
changes it from the dried or biscuited condition to 
the perfect ware. The glaze or enamel is applied to 
the baked ware, and is vitrified in the burning. 

(Knight.) 

burning-bush, burning bush, s. 

1. Lit.: The bush of Exod. iii. 24. 

2. Botany: 


675 

To shine forth, to grow, to spread out, to 

“ Ere Juno burnish’d, or young Jove was grown.” 

Dry den. 

" To shoot, and spread, and burnish into man.” Ibid. 
tbur'-nish, s. [From Eng. burnish, v. (q.v.) In 
Fr. brunts sure.) Polish, gloss. (Lit. dkfig.) 

“ The burnish of no sin.” — Crashaw: Poems, p. 126. 

burnish-gilding, s. 

Gilding: A process for gilding and burnishing 
picture-frames, &c. 

bur-nished, *bur-njfscht, *bur'-neschte, 


(1) The Artillery plant, Pilea serpyllifolia, an *bur-nist, *bur-nyst, *bur-neste, *bur -nyste. 


urticaceous species. 

(2) Euonymus atropurpureus, and E. americanus. 

(3) Dictamnus fraxinella , a garden plant, which 
is said to give off so much essential oil that if a 
light be brought near it it will ignite. 

burning-glass, s. 

1. Lit. Optics: A convex lens of large size and 


pa. par. & a. [Burnish, v.] 

“ He Trulla loved, Trulla more bright 
Than burnish’d armor of her knight.”. 

Butler: Hudibras, 1. ii. 365-6. 

biir’-nish-er, s. [From Eng. burnish ; -er.] In 
Fr. brunisseur .] 

1. Of persons: One who burnishes anything. 

2. Of things ( Engraving , Bookbinding, Gilding, 


short focus, used for causing an intense heat by tf- c .): A tool for smoothing or pressing down sur- of a knob 
concentrating the sun’s rays on a very small area, faces to close the pores or obliterate lines or marks. II. Technically: 

I he larger the circular area of the lens and the The engraver’s burnisher is made of steel, elliptical , The waste nr i 

smaller the area of the spot on which the concen- f n cross-section, and coming to a dull point like a waste pi 

trated rays fall, the greater is the effect produced. pro be. Some burnishers are made of the canine 

Concave mirrors have been used for similar pur- teeth of dogs. Burnishers of bloodstone are used for 

poses, and are also called burning-glasses. Their putting gold-leaf on china-ware. Agate burnishers 
power was known to Archimedes, and it is myth- are used by bookbinder rrVl “ »iMor’a hnmiohBr is 

| ^ agate or porphyry. 

bur-nish-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Burnish, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & part, adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act or operation of polish 


burring-wheei 

*bur-nys, v. t. [Burnish.] 

*bur-nyste, pa. par. & a. [Burnished 1 
♦burowe, s. [Borough, Burgh.] 
bOrr v. i. [Imitated from the sound.] To make 
a guttural sound in which r is prominent, -S is doD« 
in portions of Britain. 

“ And Johnny burrs, and laughs aloud. 

Whether in cunning or in joy 
I cannot tell.” Wordsworth: Idiot Boy. 

burr (1), s. [From the.verb or from the sound.] 
Guttural pronunciation in which r is unduly promi¬ 
nent. 

“ From that river [Tweed] southward, as far I believe 
as Yorkshire, the people universally annex a guttural 
sound to the letter r, which in some places goes by the 
name of the Berwick burr.” — P. Coldstream: Bern. 
Statist. Acc., iv. 420. 

burr (2), ♦burre, s. [Bur.] 
burr (3), bur, s. [Bur (2), s.] 

I. Ordinary Language, <&c.: Anythingia iheform 


ically stated that by their aid he burned a fleet in 
the harbor of Syracuse, 214 B. C. Their powers 
were increased by Settalla; Tschirnhausen, 1680; 
Buffon, 1747 ; and Parker and others more recently. 
The following experiments were made about 1800, 
with, a lens or burning-glass which cost $3,500, and 


refuse of raw silk. 

2. A vitrified brick, 
burr-pump, s. 

_„„ *___, „ , . Naut.: A form of bilge-water pump in which a 

are used by bookbinders. The gilder’s burnisher is cup-shaped cone of leather is nailed by a disk (burr) 

on the end of a pump-rod, the cone collapsing as 
it is depressed, and expanding by the weight of the 
column of water as it is raised. It is called also 
bilge-pump. 

burr (4), bfihr, s. [From O. Eng. bur= a whet¬ 
stone for scythes.] The same as Burr-stone or 


is h : lv ,> b( T n tbe la [£° st °, ve r ma £e\ 113 wa f ing metal, or anything similar, by friction; the state Buhr-stone. [Buer-stone.1 

cr^lrl TO i a rtf IV1 a n Lx an 7io -wrh r\ lx if ('hino and pi • !• l_3 _ _ _ _ _ L . . 


sold to Capt. Mackenzie, who took it to China, and 
left it at Pekin. 


38TANCES FUSED. 

WEIGHT. 

TIME. 

Pure gold .... 


grains 

4 seconds 

Silver. 

. 20 

C( 

3 “ 

Copper . 


<< 

20 “ 

Platina. . 

. 10 

ft 

3 “ 

Cast iron (a cube). 

. 10 

It 

3 “ 

Steel. 

. 10 

ii 

12 “ 

A topaz . 


n 

45 “ 

An emerald . 

. 2 


25 “ 

A crystal pebble . 

. 7 

a 

6 “ 

Flint . 

. 10 


30 “ 

Cornelian . 

. 10 

a 

75 “ 

Pumice stone . 

. 10 

a 

24 “ 


of being so polished. 

burnishing-machine, s. A machine for giving 
a polish by compression. Such are the machines 
for burnishing paper collars and boot-soles. 

burnishing-stone, s. [Eng. burnishing; -stone. 
In Ger. brunirstein .] A stone used for burnishing. 
[Burnisher, 2.] 


Metallic buhr: A grinding plate of metal made as 
a substitute for the real buhr-stone, and used for 
some coarse work, such as grinding corn for stock. 

burr millstone, buhr millstone, s. The same 

as Burr-stone, Buhr-stone (q.v.). 

burr-stone, buhr-stone, s. The name given tc 
certain siliceo-calcareous rocks, coarse, flinty, and 


-- w * v 1 — - _1 OOl. lIUlll OU-IVUV/ OUXVIAi OV UO lOVIVO) OUU1CO) 111 1_L . auu 

bur’-ndose, bur'-nos, s. [Fr. houmous, burnous; cavernous, like coarse chalcedony. Their cellular 


Green wood takes fire instantaneously, water boils 
Immediately, bones are calcined, and things not capable 
Of melting at once become red-hot, like iron. 

2. Fig.: Anything which produces the heat of 
passion. Spec., love. 

** Dazzling and rich, as through love’s burning-glass.” 

Moore: Veiled Prophet of Khorassan. 

burning-house, s. 

Metal.: A miner’s term for a kiln or roasting- 
furnace, in which volatile mineral matters are 
8 xpelled, as the sulphur from tin pyrites; a kiln. 

burning-mirror or reflector, s. 

Optics: A concave mirror, or a combination of 
plane-mirrors, so arranged as to concentrate the 


Port, albernos; Sp. al-bornos; 
al-bornos .] An upper cloak or 
garment with a hood on it, 
worn by the Moors and the 
Arabs. 

“, . . a cloak of sufBcient 
weight as well as compass, or an 
Arab’s burnoose . . . —Pe 
Quincey: Works, 2nd ed., i. 132. 

*burn'-rope, s. [Corrup¬ 
tion of Eng. burden and rope.] 
A rope for carrying a burden 
of hay or straw. 

burnt (Eng.), brunt 
(Scotch), pa. par.&t a. [Burn, 
v., Burned.] 

U III burnt: Having suf¬ 
fered severely. [Burn, v., A., 
1 . 2 ( 2 ).] 

Claret 


from Arab, burnus 


H The term burnt is used 
similarly of other liquors. 


plane-mirrors, so arrangeu as to cuncenuiaLo uuo v,,,-™* claret a 

rays of the sun into a focus and thus produce heat. “ r *PJL olclrel '> 

Its operation is the same as that of a convex lens. ' - 

If Archimedes is stated to have burnt the Roman 
fleet of Marcellus before Syracuse, by concentrating 
on them the force of several large burning-mirrors. 

[Burning-Glass.] 

burning-nettle, s. Urtica urens or TJrtica 
pilulifera. 

burning-on, s. 

Metal.: A process of mending castings by uniting 
two fractured portions, or by attaching a new piece 
to a casting. 

♦burning thorny-plant, s. 

*Bot. or Ord. Lang.: A species of Euphorbia. 



texture renders them suitable for millstones. The 
separate blocks which are hooped together to form 
a buhr-stone are known as panes. The best, which 
are of a whitish or cream color, are from the Upper 
Fresh-water beds of the Paris basin, which are of 
Eocene age. So are those of South America,whilst 
the buhrs of Ohio, Washington, and other parts of 
North America, come from much older rocks, 
bur’-ra, s. [Hindustani.] 

In India: Great, as opposed to c/iofa=small, 
(Continually used by natives in their intercourse 
with Europeans.) 

bur’-rg,S, a. [Etymology doubtful.] 
burras-pipe, s. A tube to contain lunar caustic 
or other corrosive. 

bur’-rel, s. [O. Fr. & Prov. burel; Sp .buriel; 
from O. Lat. burnis= red, reddish.] A sort of pear, 
otherwise called the red butter-pear, from its 
smooth, delicious, and soft pulp. (Phillips.) 

burrel-fly, s. [So called from the color. An 
insect, the breeze-fly.] 

burrel-shot, s. [So called either from annoying 
the enemy like a burrel-fly, or, more probably, from 
Fr. bourreler —to sting, to torture. (Mahn.).\ 
Projectiles: A medley of shot, stones, chunks of 
iron, &c., to be projected from a cannon at short 


burnt ear, s. 

Bot: A disease in grain Burnoose, 

caused by a fungus, Vredo 1L ^ w 

car bo , which coversthe seed-coat with a black dust, ran g 0 • emergency shot; langrel 
while leaving the interior apparently uninjured, „ rRopnirT ^ 1 

but abortive. bur " rel - a * IH 0EEEL > a -I 

burnt-offering, burnt offering, s. [Eng.&wrnf; burrelley.s. An old term in husbandry. 
offering. In Ger. brandopfer .] “The inferior land, besides the outfields, was denomi- 

Scrip <& Theol.: One of the sacrifices divinely nated faughs, if only ribbed at midsummer; was called 
enjoined on the Hebrew Church and nation. It is one fur ley, if the whole surface was plowed; or barrel 
called in their language olah, or olah, from the IfV where there was only a narrow ridge plowed, and a 
, * root ahxb = to ascend, because, being wholly con- large steipe or^aulk of barren land between every ridge ” 

bur-nish, *bur’-ms, *bur-nisch, ♦bur-nys, S umed, all but the refuse ashes wa« regarded as Agr. Surv. Aberd., v . 235 . 

v. t. & i. [From Fr. brunissant, pr. par. of hrunir-- ascending in the smoke to God. In the New Testa- bur -ring, pr. par. & s. LBurr, v. t.J 

to make brown, from brown.] [Burn (2),v.J men ^ it is called holokautoma^ meaning a whole- ^ s present participle and participial 

A Transitive: ournt offering, an offering wholly burnt. In the adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 

1 * Of thin us* Vulgate it.is called holocaustum, which has the V erb. 

(il To polish by rubbing, to render smooth, same meaning. [Holocaust.] Stated burnt-o er- c. As substantive. Woolen manufacture .- A pro- 

bright and glossy? ln ^ s were Presented daily, every Sabbath, at the cesg . Q the manufaoture of wool by which burs ^ nd 

orignD auu, gruoDy . __ _ new moon . a t the three great festivals, on the hay „_,___ 1 


2. Of persons: To wash or scrub clean. 

“ Thenne watz her blythe barne burnyst so clene.” 
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,085. 

B. Intransitive: 

1 . Lit.: To become bright or glossy. 


* I’ve seen a snake in human form, 
All stained with infamy and vice. 
Leap from the dunghill in a trice. 
Burnish and make a gaudy show, 
Become a gen’ral, peer, and beau.” 


Swift. 


in the furnace. (Scotch.) machine and precedes carding, 

“. . . that their be strikin of the vnee of brintsiluer, hnrring-c-n w 1 A serrated wheel or Kin rift 

0 d b i566 e0UU0fthatfyne8 ’ ’ * '" ACU Ja " ’ ’ ’ whRh wfrks Tn a bflrring-mlchffie to seize the 

ea ' , . . „ fibres of wool and draw them away from the burs, 

burnt-up, a. [Eng. burnt, a., and up,&av. ] L - wb i cb cannot pass the opening through which the 
pletely scorched so as to render destitute of verd- gaw works< 

U “Leaving Santiago we crossed the wide burnt-up plain burring-wheei, s. A circular or annular wheel 
on which that city stands.” — Darwin : Voyage round the with serrated periphery, used in burring wool or 
World (ed. 1870), ch. xv., p. 314. _ ginning cotton. _ 


thin, this; sin, 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist, ph = f. 


t)6il boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; ... . , . , 

-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = bgl, del. 



















burriour 


676 


burtynge 


♦bhr'-rl-our, *bGr-I-or, *bur'-rI-o, *bur'-I-o, 
*bor-eau' (eau as 6 ), s. [Fr. bourreau.'] An exe¬ 
cutioner. 

“ Sum burriouris ye sail gar come yow to.” 

Clariodus, MS. Gl. Compl. 

bur'-rock, s. [From A. S. beorg, beorh, burg—& 
hill; and Eng. dim. suffix -ock.] 

Hydraulic Engineering: A small weir or dam in 
a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish-traps 
are placed. 

bur'-row, * bur'-rowe, * burwe, * burwhe, 
*burwth, *borwgh, s. [A. S. beorh.] [Borough.] 

*1. A place of shelter. 

“ Fast byside the borwgh there the barne was inne.” 

Wm. of Palerne, 9. 

* 2 . A borough town. 


“ Burwthe towne (burwth K., burwe H., burrowe P.). 
Burgus." — Prompt. Parv. 

3. A hole in the ground made by a rabbit or other 
small mammal to serve as its abode. 

“. . . they will out of their burrows like conies after 
rain.” — Shakesp.: Cor., iv. 6. 

IT Burrow of habitation: 

ZoOl.: The name given by Nicholson to the tem¬ 
porary hole or burrow of an annelid. ( Nicholson: 
Palceont., i. 317.) 

burrow-duck, s. One of the names of a duck, 
the Sheldrake, Tadorna vulpanser. 

bur’-row, v. i. & t. [From burrow, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Intrans.: To excavate a hole in the ground, to 
serve as a place of concealment or as a special 
abode. (Used most frequently of rabbits.) 

“ On Yarrow’s banks let herons feed, 

Hares couch, and rabbits burrow l" 

Wordsworth: Yarrow Unvisited. 


tB. Trans.: To dig, to excavate. 

*bur-rowe (1), s. [Burrow.] 

*bur'-rowe ( 2 ), s. [From burr ( 1 ) (q. v.) (?). 
( Way .)] 

‘‘Burwhe, sercle ( burrowe , P.). Orbiculus, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

bur-rowed, pa. par. & a. [Burrow, u.] 
bur’-row-er, s. One who burrows; specifically, 
an animal which excavates and inhabits a burrow 
in the earth. 

bur'-row-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Burrow, v .] 

“ In South America, a burrowing rodent, the tucotuco, 
or Otenomys, is even more subterranean in its habits than 
the mole.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. v., 

p. 137. 

burrowing-owl, s. 

Ornith.: An owl, the Athene cuniculoria. In the 
West Indies these birds dig burrows for themselves, 
in which they form their nests and deposit their 
eggs, while in the western part of the United States 
they occupy the holes of the prairie dogs jointly 
with the dogs. 

bur-ry, a. [From Eng. 6 wrr=the prickly spine 
of the burdock.] 

Bot.: Covered with stiff hooked prehensile hairs, 
like those of the burdock. 

“Indian mallow with an elm-leaf and single seeds 
armed with three burry prickles.”— Philip Miller: Gar¬ 
dener’s Dictionary (ed. 8, 1768), 12 I 4. 

bur’-sa, s. [From Lat. bursa; Gr. byrsa= a hide 
stripped off, a wine-skin.] 

Med.: A cavity interposed between surfaces which 
move on each other, as between the integument and 
front of the patella (knee-cap), containing fluid. 
There are two varieties, Bursae mucosae and Syn¬ 
ovial bursae. 

bur-sal'-o-gy, s. [From Lat. bursa; Gr. byrsa= 
a hide stripped off, a wine-skin, the skin of a live 
animal; and logos —sl discourse.] 

Med.: A discourse or treatise concerning the 
Bursa mucosa. 

bur’-sar, s. [From Low Lat. bursarius=(l) a 
treasurer, (2) a bursar; from bursa= a purse; Gr. 
6yrsa=the skin stripped off a hide.] 

1. A treasurer. 

If Originally bursar and purser were but different 
methods of writing the same word. {Trench.) 

“The name of bursar, or bursarius, was anciently given 
to the treasurer of an university or of a college, who kept 
the common purse of the community.”— Univ. Glasgow, 
Statist. Acc., xxi.; App., p. 18. {Jamieson.) 

2. A resident at a university who has for his com¬ 
plete or partial support a bursary. [Bursary.] 

bur’-sar-shlp, bur’-ser-ship, s. [From Eng. & 
Scotch bursar, and Eng. suff. -ship.] The office of 
a bursar. 

“ . . . but the contriving of a bursership of twenty 

nobles a year, . . .”— Hales: Rem., p. 276. 

bur-sar-y, s. [From Low Lat. bursaria.] [Bur- 
sar.1 

1. The treasury of a college or a monastery. 

2. An exhibition in a university. The word is 
much used in Scotland in connection with Aberdeen 


University, where many bursaries exist. Of these a 
large number are given by open competition, while 
the. remainder are bestowed by presentation on 
various grounds. In some places merit bursaries 
are called scholarships, and the name bursary is 
limited to those given by presentation. 

“ . . . and appoint the rent to be paid annually as a 
bursary to the student whom they have chosen, . . .”— 
P. Dron: Perths. Statist. Acc., ix. 480. 

“There are four bursaries at the King’s college of 
Aberdeen for boys educated here.”— Statis. Acc. of Scot¬ 
land, xvii. 433. 

*burse {Eng.), *burse, burss {Scotch), s. 
[Bourse.] 

1. {Of the forms burse and burss): A bursary, an 
endowment given to a student in a university. 

“ That nane sail bruik ane burss in ony facultie bot 
for the space of foure yeiris.”— Acts Jas. VI. (1579), ed. 
1814, pp. 179-80. 

2. {Of the form burse): 

TT In the Elizabethan time, and for a certain 
period afterward, two London burses figure in 
English literature, as “Britain’s Burse” or simply 
the Burse, which was the New Exchange in the 
Strand. After the Royal Exchange was opened in 
1571, the former became the Old Exchange. 

“She says, she went to the burse for patterns, 

—You shall find her at St. Kathern’s.” 

Boaring Girl (O. PI.), vi. 81. 

“ Afer hath sold his land and bought a horse, 
Wherewith he pranceth to the royal Burse.” 

Wit’s Becreations (1663), Epigr. 106. {Nares.) 
*burs’e-hold-er, s. [Borsholder.] 

*bur-sen, *bur-sin, pa. par. [Burst, pa. par.] 
{Scotch.) 

bur-ser-a, s. [Named after Joachim Burser, a 
friend of Caspar Bauhin, and professor of botany at 
Sara, in Naples.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Burseracese, now again suppressed. [Bur- 
seracetE.] The Burser a gummifera of Jamaica is 
an evergreen tree, rising to the height of twenty 
feet. It has unequally pinnate leaves and axillary 
racemes of flowers. It abounds in a watery bal¬ 
samic fluid, which. becomes thicker by exposure to 
the air. The Toot is said to possess the same prop¬ 
erties as quassia. The South Americans, who call 
it Almacigo, plant it for hedges. 

bur-ser-a’-9e-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bursera 
(q. v.).] 

Bot.: An order of plants constituting part of the 
old order of Terebinthacese, or Terebinths, which is 
now divided into several distinct ones. Some again 
suppress the Burseracese, as Lindley does, reducing 
them under his Amyridacete (Amyrids). 

bur-slc’-\i-late, a. [From Low Lat. bursa= a 
purse, -ulus, dimin. suffix, and Eng. suffix -ate.] 
Shaped like a little purse. 

bur-si-form, a. [From Low Lat. bursa=a purse, 
and format form, shape.] Shaped like a purse, 
subspherical. {Nicholson.) 

burst, *berst’-en, *bras’-ten, *bros’-ten, 
*brest-en, v. t. & i. [A. S. berstan, brestan (pret. 
bearst, burston, borsten); 0. S. brestan; O. I cel. 
bresta; Sw. brista; Dan. briste; Dut. bersten; O. 
Fris. bersta; Ger. bersten; M. H. Ger. bresten; O. H. 
Ger. prestan; Gael, bris, brisd= to break.] 

A. Transitive: 

* 1 . To break. 

“. Brasten, supra in breken, P.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“You will not pay for the glasses you have burst.” 

Shakesp.: Tam. Shrew, Induct. 1. 

“ . . . and then he burst his head for crowding among 
the marshal’s men.”— Ibid., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. 

2. To break, to rend asunder with suddenness and 
violence; to force open with suddenness and vio¬ 
lence. 

“ Bursting their waxen bands.” 

Cowper: Transl. of Milton. On the Death of Damon. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To break, to fly open, to open. 

(1) To fly open with violence, suddenness, and 
noise; to explode. 

“No—though that cloud were thunder’s worst. 

And charged to crush him—let it burst!” 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth, 21. 

(2) To do so without these accompaniments; as, 
“the tumor burst." 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To rush with suddenness and energy or force; 
to rush in, out, or away from. 

(a) Of persons: 

“ When bursts Clan-Alpine on the foe.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 23. 

(b) Of things: 

“ And tears seem’d bursting from his eye.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 3. 

“ Had from their sheaths, like sunbeams, burst.” 

Moore: L. B.; The Vire-Worshipers. 


(2) To be subjected to sudden and powerful im¬ 
pression upon the senses, or yield to sudden and 
overpowering emotion. 

“ He burst into tears . . .”— Carlyle: Heroes, Leot. iv. 
burst (1), *burst-en {Eng.), burst, burs-ten, 
*bftr'-sen, *bur-sln {Scotch), pa. par., a. & s. 
[Burst, v. t.] 

A. & B. As pa. par. <£ particip. adj. {Of all the 
forms): In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

*TI A burst man, a bursten man: A man affected 
by the disease called hernia or rupture. 

C. As subst. {Of the form burst): A sudden and 
violent breaking forth of anything, as of thunder, 
speaking, passion, tears, &c. 

“ What is known at Kirkwall as a burst of razor or 
spout-fish ( Solen siliqua) commenced on an extensive 
scale last Sunday morning on the Broadbay Sands.”—■ 
Weekly Scotsman, February 2, 1881. 

“ The snatches in his voice. 

And burst of speaking, were as his: I am absolute, 
’Twas very Cloten.” Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

burst (2), s. [A. S. byrst— a loss, a defect.] An 
injury. {Wright.) 

*burst'-en-ness, s. [From *bursten, pa. par. 
(q. v.); and Eng. suff. -ness.] The state of having a 
rupture, the state of being affected with hernia. 
[Hernia.] 

burst'-er, s. & a. [Eng. burst; -er.] One who or 
that which bursts. {Cotgrave.) 

burster-bag, s. 

Ordnance: A bag to hold the charge designed to 
burst. 

burst'-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Burst, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act, operation, or process 
of flying asunder, or rushing with suddenness and 
violence. 

bursting-charge, s. 

1. Mining: A small charge of fine powder, placed 
in contact with a charge of coarse powder or nitro- 
leum to insure the ignition of the latter. It is 
usually fired by voltaic means. 

2. Ordnance: The charge of powder required for 
bursting a shell or case-shot; it may be poured in 
loose, or placed in a burster-bag. 

burst -wort, s. [Eng. burst, and wort; A.. S. wyrt 
=a herb, a plantj A name sometimes given to the 
botanical genus Herniaria or Rupture-wort; all the 
English names referring to the fact that the species 
were supposed to be of use in the disease called 
rupture or hernia. [Herniaria.] It belongs to the 
Illecebraceee (Knotworts). [Rupture-wort.] 
*burt, *bur-ton, v. t. [Cf. Eng. butt (q. v.).] To 
butt like a ram, to make an indentation of anything. 
{Huloet.) 

burt, *birt, *bret, *brut, s. [Of. Norm. Fr. 
bertonneau {Malm) .] Aflat fish of the turbot kind. 

biir'-tah, s. The flesh of the Suleah, a fish allied 
to the Shark. It is considered a great relish in 
Bengal. 

*bur'-ter, s. [From O. Eng. burt, v. (q. v.) ; and 
Eng. suff. -er.] An animal which butts with its 
forehead or its horns. 

“ Burtare, beste {burter, P.). Cornupeta.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

*burth, *burthe, s. [Birth.] {Chaucer: 
Boethius.) 

*burth-tide, s. The time of birth. 

*burthe-time, *burtyme, s. Birth. 

“ From owre Lordes burthe-time to the worldes ende.”— 
B. of Gloucester, p. 9. 

*burth-tonge, s. Native tongue. {John o) 
Trevisa.) 

bur -then, s. [Burden.] 

H For the compounds burthenous, burthensome, 
burthensomeness, &c., see burdenous, burdensome 
burdensomeness, &c. 

*bur’-ton, v. t. [Burt, v. (q. v.)] 
bur'-ton, s. [Cf. O. Eng. burton v.] 

Naut.: A peculiar style of tackle. It has at least 
two movable blocks or pulleys and two ropes. The 
weight is suspended to a hook-block in the bight of 
the running part. 

burton-tackle, s. The tackle described under 
burton (q. v.) ; an arrangement of pulleys. 

*bur-tre, *bur-tree, s. [Bourtree. 

*burt-ynge, pr.par. & s. [Burt, v. (q. v.)] 

A. As pr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: The act of butting or pushing at 
with the horns. 

“ Burtynge. Cornupetus.” — Prompt. Parv. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, chr, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw, 



hurw 


677 


bushel 


♦burw, *burwgh, s. [A. S. burh=(l) a town, a 
city; (2) a fort, a castle; (3) a court, a palace.] 
[Borough.] 

1. A town. 

"... but bet a-doun burwes <S brutned moche peple.” 
— William of Paleme, 1,073. 

2. A castle or large edifice. 

3. A convent. 

“ For one buldeth a burw, a brod and a large, 

A churche and a chapaile with chambers a-lofte.” 

Piers Plow. Crede, 118-9. 

♦burwgh mayden, s. A “bower maiden,” an 
attendant. 

“ . . . but on of hire burwgh maydenes that she loued 
most.”— William of Paleme, 3,071. 

bfir'-weed, s. [Eng. bur; weed.] 

1. A plant, Xanthium strumarium. 

2. A plant, genus Sparganium. 

bur -^ (ur as er), *bur-ye, *bur-i-en, *bir-ye, 
*bir-ie, *ber-ye, v. t. [A. S. byrgan, byrigean, 
closely allied to A. S. bergan = to protect. ( Mahn 
<Sk Skeat .)] 

1. Lit.: To place the body of a deceased or even a 
living person under the ground, rubbish, the water 
of the ocean, or anything similar. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

(2) Spec.: To commit the body of a deceased 
person to the grave or to the ocean, with the appro¬ 
priate ceremonies; to inter. 

“ . . . Go up, and bury thy fathex-, . . .”— Gen. 1. 6. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To place anything in the ground. 

“ To bury so much gold under a tree.” 

Shakesp.: Titus. Andron., ii. 3. 

(2) To hide or conceal under heaps of anything. 

“ That is the way to lay the city flat, 

And bury all.” Shakesp.: Coriol., iii. 1. 

(3) Refiexively or otherwise: To place in retire¬ 
ment or in an obscure position, involving death to 
one’s influence and name. 

“ And, seeking exile from the sight of men. 

Bury herself in solitude profound.” 

Cowper: Truth. 

(4) To cause to forget, also to forget; to get rid 
of, to hide. 

“When he lies along, 

After your way his tale pronounced, shall bury 
His reasons with his body.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., v. 6. 

tbur-y (1), s. [Burrow.] 
tl. A burrow. 

“ It is his nature to dig himself buries, as the coney 
doth; which he doth with very great celerity.”— Grew. 

*2. A receptacle for potatoes. ( Contr. to Lexicog.) 
bur'-y (2) (ur as er), *ber'-^, s. & in compos. 
[Borough.] A borough. (Used chiefly in the names 
of places.) 

♦bur-yed (ur as er ),pa. par. [Buried.] 
*bur-y-el (ur as er), s. [Burial.] 

bur'-jMng (ur as er), *bur-y-inge, *bur-y-yng, 
pr. par., a. & s. [Buev, u.] 

A. & B. As present participle <& participial adjec¬ 
tive : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act or operation of inter¬ 
ring the dead ; the state of being interred. 

“ . . . she is come aforehandto anoint my body to the 
burying.” — Mark xiv. 8. 

T[ Obvious compounds: Burying-ground, burying- 
place. 

burying-beetles, s. 

Entom.: The English name for the beetles of the 
genus Necrophorus. They belong to the family 
Silphidee. Some are beautiful, having two orange- 
colored bands across the elytra. They receive their 
name from a practice they have of burying the car¬ 
casses of moles, mice, or other small quadrupeds to 
afford nutriment to their larvte. 

*buryt, *borith, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A 
plant, Saponaria officinalis. ( Bailey: Diet., 1736.) 

♦bus (1), *buss, s. [Bush.] (Doug.: Virgil, 232, 

16 .) 

♦bus (2), s. [Buss (1), s.] 

fbus (3), s. [Contr. for omnibus.] An omnibus. 
( Colloquial.) 

♦bus, *buse, v. impers. [Contracted from be¬ 
hooves.] Behooves, must. 

• < Then sal ye say, nedes bus me take.” 

F. M., Rom. i. 46. (Jamieson.) 

bus -bar, n. A copper conducting rod or bar used 
in electric-power stations to receive the current 
from all the generators. 

bus-au’n, biis-a in, biiz-a in, s. [Cf. Eng.,&c., 
bussoon (q. v.).] A reed-stop on the organ. 
(Stainer dt Barrett.) 


♦bus-cayle, *bus-kayle, s. pi. [O. Eng. busk. 
From Sw. buske=a bush, and -ayle=-al (?).] 
Bushes. 

“ On blonkez by yone buscayle, by yone lythe stremez.” 

Morte Arthure, 896. 

“ In the buskayle of his ways, on blonkkes fulle hugge.” 

Ibid., 1,634. 

♦busch (1), *busche, v. i. [Busk (1), v.] 

♦busch (2) (pret. buschyt), v. i. [Cf. O. Fr. embus- 
cher— to set an ambush. From Ger. busch= a bush.] 
[Bush, Ambush.] To lay an ambush. 

“ The oet he maid in gud quyet to be, 

A space fra thaim he buschyt prewale.” 

Wallace, viii. 688, MS. 

♦busch (3), *busche, *buschen, v. i. [Buske, v.] 
(William of Paleme, 173.) 

♦busch, s. [Buss (1).] (Pari., Jas. III., A. 1471.) 
*busch-el, *buscb -elle, s. [Buschel.] 
♦bfische-ment, s. [Bushment.] 

“ Buschement or verement. Cuneus, 0. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 
*busch-en, v. i. [Busk, i\] To go. 

“ Til hit big was and bold ' to buschen on felde.” 

William of Paleme, 173. 

♦busch-ope, s. [Bishop, s.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
♦buse, v. impers. [Bus, v. impers .] 

♦buse-mare, *buse-mere, s. [Bismake.] Blas¬ 
phemy. 

bfish (1), *bushe, *busshe, *busch, *buysh, 
♦buysch, *bosshe, *busk, *buske (Eng.), bfish, 
♦buss, *bus (Scotch), s. & a. [In Fr. buisson—a 
bush, a thicket; Sp. & Port, bosque; Ital. bosco= 
a wood; Ger. busch; Dnt.bosch; Dan. busk; Sw. 
buske. Skeat considers that the word is of Scan¬ 
dinavian origin, the Fr., Ital., and similar forms 
being from the Teutonic.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A thicket, a wood, a grove, a forest, a place 
overrun with shrubs. 

“ Ther as by aventure this Palamon 
Was in a bush that ne man might se 
For sore afered of death was he.” 

Chaucer: C. T.; The Knightes Tale, 1,519. 

IT This sense, or one akin to it, is still common 
among Australians and Canadians. 

2. A single shrub with numerous and close-set 
branches. 

“ And stud intill a busk lurkand.” 

Barbour: The Bruce, vii., 71. 

“ And the Angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a 
flame of fire out of the midst of a bush: and he looked, and 
behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not 
consumed.”— Exod. iii. 2. 

If To beat about the bush: To take circuitous 
methods of hinting at one’s meaning in a matter of 
special delicacy, instead of blurting out one’s 
desires and intentions in a way to startle and repel. 
The metaphor is taken probably from sportsmen 
beating about bushes to start game. 

*3. The branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus) hung 
out in front of a tavern to indicate that liquor was 
sold inside. 

“ If it be true that good wine needs no bush, ’tis true 
that a good play needs no epilogue.”— Shakesp.: As You 
Like It, Epil. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot., Hortic., die.: A perennial ligneous plant 
(usually with several stems issuing from its root), 
which in its normal or natural state of growth does 
not attain a girth of more than six inches, and in 
consequence does not furnish timber. The same as 
a shrub. 

*2. Hunting: The tail of a fox cut off as a trophy 
of victory. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

If Compound of obvious signification: Bush- 
exploring (Cowper: Task, bk. vi.). 

bush-bean, s. The kidney bean or French bean, 
Phaseolus vulgaris. 

bush-beater, s. One who beats among the cover 
to rouse game, 
bush-ereepers, s. pi. 

Ornith.: The English name of the Uncotillinae, 
a sub-family of the Sylviadte. These birds have 
sharply-conical bills and long; pointed wings. They 
are usually diminutive in size, active in habits, 
have a twittering note, and build their nests in 
thickets, solitary bushes, or trees.. They are found 
in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, some of 
them, however, being migratory, 
bush-extractor, s. 

Husbandry : An implement for pulling out bushes 
and grubs. It is of the nature of a claw-bar or 
cant-hook, or a pair of claws. 


bush-fighting, s. Irregular warfare in a woody 

country. 

bush-grass, s. 

Bot.: A grass, Calamagrostis Epigejos. 
bush-harrow, s. 

Agric., etc.: An implement consisting of a mm. 
her of limbs or saplings confined in a frame and 
dragged over ground to cover grass-seed, 
bush-quails, s. pi. 

Ornith.: The name given to the Turnicidse, a 
family of gallinaceous birds, found in Europe, 
Asia, Africa, and Australia, 
bush-ranger, s. [Bushranger.] 
bush-scythe, s. 

Agric., dtc.: A stout short scythe for cutting 
brush and briers, 
bush-shrikes, s. pi. 

Ornith.: The English name of the Thamno- 
philinee, one of the two sub-families of the Laniid® 
(Shrikes). They have the upper mandible of the 
bill straight, and arched only at the tip, whereas it 
is curved in theLaniinee. The typical genus, Tham- 
nophilus, is a native of this country; the rest belong 
chiefly to the Old World. 

bush-syrup, bush syrup, s. A saccharine fluid 
obtained in the Cape Colony from the flowers of 
Protea mellifera. 

♦bush-tree, s. A shrub, the Common Box, Buxus 

sempervirens. 

bush-whacker, s. A name given during the Civil 
War to a sort of guerrilla of the South, analogous to 
the northern and western “ bummers ” and “ Jay- 
hawkers ” of that time. 

bfish (2), s. & a. [From Fr. bouche=a mouth 
(Knight); fromDut. bus—a box (Skeat) .] 

A. As substantive: The metal box in which the 
axle of a machine works. (Skeat.) A bearing for 
a spindle or arbor, as in the case of the wooden 
chocks; called also followers, which surround the 
spindle within the eye of a bed-stone, and form the 
upper bearing of the spindle. A piece of metal or 
wood inserted into a plate to receive the wear of a 
pivot or arbor. A thimble, sleeve, or hollow socket 
placed in a hole in a plate or block, and adapted to 
receive a spindle, gudgeon, or pivot. It forms a 
lining for a bearing-socket. (Knight.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
bush-hammer, & 

Masonry: 

1. A mason’s large breaking-hammer. 

2. A hammer for dressing millstones. The steel 
bits are usually detachable from the sockets of the 
heads, to enable them to be dressed on a grind¬ 
stone. 

bush-metal, s. 

Metallurgy: Hard brass, gun-metal (q. v.). 

♦bfish (1), v. t. & i. [From bush, s. (q. v.)] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To furnish with a bush. 

2. To support with bushes. 

3. To usq a bush-harrow upon. 

B. Intrans.: To grow thick. [Chiefly in the pr, 
par. bushing ( 1 ) (q. v.).] 

bfish (2], v.t. [From bush (2), s. (q. v.)] 

Of the wheels of carriages: To inclose in a case or 
box, to sheathe. 

bfish’-§hat, s. [From Eng. bush, which the 
species, not excepting the so-called stonechat, fre¬ 
quent; and suffix -chat.] 

Ornith.: A name given by Macgillivray to hia 
genus Fruticola. 
bfish-con, s. [Sp.] 

77. S. Min.: A searcher or prospector for ore 
♦bushe (1), s. [Bush (1).] 

♦bushe (2), s. [Buss.] 

♦bushe-fishing, s. [Buss-fishing.] 
bfish-el, *bussh-el, ♦bush-ell, *bous-sel, s. & a, 
[In Fr. & Nor. Fr. boisseau; Low Lat. bustellus, bus- 
sellus, bissellus, bustula, buxula. From Low Lat, 
buza, buta=a vat, a large brewing vessel (Du 
Cange); or from O. Fr. boissel, boucel; Prov. bossel; 
Ital. botticello-a small barrel; O. Fr. boiste, boist= 
a box.] [Box.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 2. 

“ Gif us a busshel whet, or malt, or reye.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,327-8. 

2. Fig.: A large quantity, without precisely indi¬ 
cating how much. (Lit. dk fig.) 

“ The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures 
with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the 
number of pieces.”— Dryden. 


boil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = sh3.11. -tion, -sion = shun; 


$hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d©L 




bushel-breeches 


678 


busk 


II. Technically: 

1. Vehicles. Of a cart-wheel ( plur. bushels): Irons 
within the hole of the nave, to preserve it from 
wearing. ( Johnson.) 

2. Weights and Measures: A measure of capacity 
used for corn or what is called dry measure. It 
contains thirty-two quarts, eight gallons, or four 
pecks. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
Compounds of obvious signification: Bushe 

full , bushel-maker, bushel-making. [ Measures, 
Weights.] 

bfish-elman, s. A term used in the United 
States for a tailor’s assistant in the repair of gar¬ 
ments; also called busheler. 

bfisll'-el-age (age as lg), s. [Eng. bushe and 
sufE. -age.'] A duty on commodities estimated by 
their bushel bulk. 

bilsh'-et, s. [Dimin. of Eng. bush ( v.).] 

1. A small bush. ( Glossog. Nov., 2d ed 

2. A wood. [Busket, Bosket.] 

“ Near Creek, in a bushet or wood on a hill far from 
the way-side.”— Ray: Rem., p. 251. 

3. A common. 

"We rode through a bushet, or common, called Rodwell 
Hake.”— Ray: Rem., p. 153. 

bfish-I-ness, s. [Eng. bushy; -ness.] The quality 
of being bushy. (Johnson.) 
tbtlsh-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Bush (1), v.] 

As participial adj.: Spreading ush-like; becom¬ 
ing bushy. 

“ The roses bushing round 
About her glow’d.’ Milton: P. L. 

“The bushing alders form’d snady scene.” 

Pope: Odyssey. 

bflsh'-Ing, pr. par. & s. | Bush (2), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. tfc participial adj.: (See the 

verb.) 

C. As subst.: A lining for a hole. Often called a 
bush (q. v.). 

bash’-man, s. [Eng. bush; man.] 
fl. Gen. (Ord. Lang.): A man who habitually 
resides among bushes. 

2. Spec. (Ethnol., pi. bushmen ): A tribe of men, 
diminutive in size and very far behind in culture, 
who exist in South Africa, and have not met with 
kind treatment either from the other dark races of 
the district or from the European settlers. 
*bfish'-ment, *bfishe-ment, *bfisshe-ment, s. 
A contracted form of abushment— embushment 
q. v.).] A thicket, a bushy place, a clump of 
bushes. 

" Princes thought how they might discharge the earth 
of woods, briars, bushments, and waters, to make it more 
habitable and fertile.”— Raleigh. 

bfish-ran-ger, s. [Eng. bush; ranger.] One 
who ranges through the bush, especially for preda¬ 
tory _ purposes, bushrangers often being escaped 
convicts. (Anglo-Australian.) 

btlsh'-ran-glng, s. [Eng. bush; ranging .] The 
act or practice of ranging through the "bush.” 
(Anglo-Australian.) 

bfish'-if, a. [Eng. bush; -y. In Sw. buSkig; Dan. 
busket; Ger. buschig, gebiischig.] [Bosk.] 

1. Of literal bushes or vegetation of a similar 
character: 

(1) With many branches, but not tall enough to 
constitute a tree; shrubby, thick. 

“ Of stone, and ivy, and the spread 
Of the elder’s bushy head.” 

Wordsworth: The White Doe of Rylstone, i. 

(2) Full of bushes, studded with bushes, over¬ 
spread with bushes. 

"... spaces which were generally bushy . . .”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii., 167. 

2. Of anything thick, like a bush: Thick, like a 

bush. 

"... with a thick, bushy beard . . .”— Addison. 

bus-led (us as Iz), *bes-yed, pa.par. [Busv,u.] 

*bus-i-hede, *bis-y-hed, *bys-i-hede, s. [O. 
Eng. ths?/=Eng. busy; and O. Eng. hede= Eng. 
hood.] The state of being full of business or care. 

“ Alle the bisyhedes and the greate niedes of the 
wordle.”— Ayenbite, p. 164. 

bus'-I-ly, *bus-y-ly, *bus-i-li, *bis-i-ly, *bes- 
1-ly, *bus-i-liche (us as Iz), adv. [Eng. busy; -ly.] 

1. In a good sense: 

(1) Laboriously. 

“ . . . & wyth beaten blod busily anoynted.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1446. 

(2) Eagerly, carefully. 

"... Debated busyly about tho giftes.” 

Sir Gaw., 68. 

"Bi-thought hire ful busily, howe best were to werche.” 

William of Palerne, 650. 


Industriously. 

"... how busily she turns the leaves.” 

Shakesp.: Tit. Andron, iv. 1. 

In a sense not so good: Curiously, inquisitively. 

“ Or if too busily they will inquire 
Into a victory which we disdain.”— Dryden. 

business (pron. blz'-nes), *bus-I-nesse, *bus- 
f -nesse,*bus-y-nes (us as Iz),*bls-y-nesse, *bis- 
I -nesse, *bes-i-nesse, s. & a. [Eng. busy; -ness.] 

As substantive: 

1. Subjectively: 

fl. The state of being industriously engaged. 

“ The fantasy and the curious busynesse 
Fro day to day gan in the soule impresse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 9,451-2. 

T To do business; to be in active business: To 
apply one’s self steadily to any work. 

“ The pilours diden businesse and cure.” 

Chaucer: The Knightes Tale, 149. 

“ We don’t believe that any man in this country had 
enough money 126 years ago to live on without being in 
‘active business.’ The business men of those days were 
accumulating the fortunes that their sons had enough to 
do in caring for .”—New York Sun, Dec. 24, 1893. 

2. The state of being anxious; anxiety, care. 

3. The act of engaging industriously in certain 
occupations. 

(1) The act of forming mercantile or financial 
bargains. More generally an abundance of such 
acts done by separate individuals. 

“ Apparently business was partial in the Discount Mar¬ 
ket .”—Daily Telegraph, October 8, 1877. 

( 2 ) The act of engaging in serious work, as dis¬ 
tinguished from mere pastime. 

“ Pastime and business both it should exclude.” 

Ccwper: Progress of Error. 

II. Objectively : That with which one is engaged; 
that about which one is or should be busy or 
anxious. Specially — 

1 . A multiplicity of affairs. [IF 1 .] Specially mer¬ 
cantile transactions, commercial intercourse. 

2. A single affair or transaction. 

“You are so much the business of our souls, ... — 
Dryden. 

IF In this sense it may have a plural. 

“. . . so full of businesses . . .”— Shakesp.: All’s 
Well, i. 1. 

3. An affair of honor, a duel. (Affectedly.) 

“ For that’s the word of tincture, the business. Let me 
alone with the business. I will carry the business. I do 
understand the business. I do find an affront in the busi¬ 
ness.”—Masque of Mercury, &c., vol. v., p. 431. 

4. A calling or occupation ; also special province, 
sphere or duty. 

“ The great business of the senses being to take notice of 
what hurts or advantages the body.”— Locke. 

"... the management of a wine and spirit business, 
or other position of trust .”—London Times. November 18, 
1878. 

5. Legitimate occupation. 

"What business has a tortoise among the clouds?”— 
V Estrange. 

6 . That which requires to be done, an object. 

“ . . . a perpetual spring will not do their business; 
they must have longer days, a nearer approach of the 
sun.”— Bentley. 

*1. Labor and endeavor. 

“ To drawe folk to heven by fairnesse, 

By good ensample, this was his busynesse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Prologue, 520. 

IF Special phrases: 

1. A man of business: A man naturally gifted 
with capacity, adaptation, and love for managing a 
great commercial enterprise, a department of the 
political government, or anything similar. 

"He was one of the most skillful debaters and men of 
business in the kingdom.”— Macatday: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

2. To do the business for one: To kill one, destroy 
or ruin one, that being the most serious thing which 
can be done to him. (Colloquial.) 

3. That’s business: An Americanism expressive of 
faith in the honest intention of another to do serious 
work. 

4. To have no business in a place or to do anything: 
To have no occupation calling one thither, or no 
obligation or even right to do the thing. 

(1) Lit.: Of persons. 

(2) Fig.: Of things. 

“ A frown upon the atmosphere. 

That hath no business to appear 
Where skies are blue and earth is gay.” 

Byron: The Prisoner of Chillon, x. 

*T (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between business, 
occupation, employment, engagement , and avoca¬ 
tion : “ Business occupies all a person’s thoughts, as 
well as his time and powers; occupation and em¬ 
ployment occupy only his time and strength; the 
first is mostly regular, it is the object of our choice; 


the second is casual, it depends, on the will of 
another. Engagement is a partial employment, 
avocation a particular engagement: an engagement 
prevents us from doing anything else; an avocation 
calls off or prevents us from doing what we wish. 
. . . A person who is busy has much to.attend 
to, and attends to it closely: a person who is occu¬ 
pied has a full share of business without any pres¬ 
sure ; he is opposed to one who is idle; a person 
who is employed has the present moment filled up ; 
he is not in a state of inaction; the person who is 
engaged is not at liberty to be otherwise employed; 
his time is not his own; he is opposed to one at 
leisure.” 

(b) Business, trade, profession, and art are thus 
discriminated: "These words are synonymous in 
the sense of a calling, for the purpose of a liveli¬ 
hood : business is general, trade and profession are 
particular; all trade is business, but all business is 
not trade. Buying and selling of merchandise is 
inseparable from trade; but the exercise of one’s 
knowledge and experience, for purposes of . gain, 
constitutes a business ; when learning or particular 
skill is required, it is a profession; and when there 
is a peculiar exercise of art, it is an art; every 
shop-keeper and retail dealer carries on a trade; 
brokers, manufacturers, bankers, and others carry 
on business; clergymen, medical, or military men 
follow a profession; musicians and painters follow 
an art.” 

( c ) The following is the distinction between busi¬ 
ness, office, and duty: “Business is what one pre¬ 
scribes to one’s self; office is prescribed by another; 
duty is prescribed or enjoined by a fixed rule of 
propriety; mercantile concerns are the business 
which a man takes upon himself; the management 
of parish concerns is an office imposed upon him 
often, much against his inclination; the mainten¬ 
ance of his family is a duty which his conscience 
enjoins upon him to perform. Business and duty 
are public or private; office is mostly of a public 
nature: a minister of state, by virtue of his office, 
has always public business to perform ; but men in 
general have only private business to transact; a 
minister of religion has public duties to perform in 
his ministerial capacity; every other man has per¬ 
sonal or relative duties, which he is called upon to 
discharge according to his station.” (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon .) 

business-like, a. Like business, with proper 
accuracy, with attention to details, and a careful 
adaptation of means to the end aimed at, such as is 
seen in men expert in business, and is one of the 
most important elements in their success. 

“There is no need, however, that it should diminish 
that strenuous and business-like application to the matter 
in hand, . . . ”—J. S. Mill: Political Economy (1848), 
vol. i., bk. i., ch. vii., § 3, p. 125. 

busk ( 1 ), *buske, *busk -y, *bosk, *buscli, 
*busche (Eng.), *busk (Scotch), (pret. buskit), v.t. 
& i. [Icel. btiask — to prepare one’s self; from bda 
— to prepare.] [Boun.] (Skeat.) 

A. Transitive: 

1. To prepare, to make ready. 

2. To dress, to array. 

“Thou burne for no brydale art busked in wedez.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems: Cleanness, 142. 

3. To fasten. (Used of an article of dresa.) 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . . cockemony she had busked on her head at 

the kirk last Sunday.”— Scott: Old Mortality, ch. v. 

B. Reflexive: 

1. To prepare one’s self. 

“He buskyt hym . . . .”— Barbour: The Bruce (ed. 
Skeat), i. 142. 

“ All thay buskede tham fit to bere, 

Helme and hawberke, schelde and spere.” 

Roland and Ottuell (ed. Herrtage), 43. 

2. To go, to hurry. 

“ . . . . The Iustices somme 

Busked hem to the boure . . . .” 

Piers Plow., iii. 13, 14. 

C. Intransitive: 

1. To get ready. 

“ The king busket and mad him yar.” 

Barbour: The Bruce, viii. 409. 

2. To begin. 

“Than hamvardis buskit he to fair.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vii. 492. 

3. To direct one’s steps toward a place, to go. 

“And buskit theddirward but bard.” 

Barbour: The Bruce, x. 404. 

4. To brush about, to hurry about, to hurry, to 
hasten. 

“ Than bad he a baroun buske to here chamber.”— Will¬ 
iam of Palerne, 1,968. 

*F To busk or buske of: To hurry from. ( Wm. of 
Palerne, 1,653,1,997.) 

*biisk ( 2 ), v. [Etym. doubtful.] To pulverize, as 
fowls do in tho dust. (Halliwell: Cont. to Lexicog.) 


(ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute. cub. cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. », ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





679 


bustle 


busk 


♦busk (1), s. [From Eng. busk (1), y. (q. v.)] 

1. Lit..' Dress. 

2. Fig*: Decoration. 

“ ■ • . the busk and bravery of beautiful and big 
words . . — M’ Ward: Contendings, p. 356. 

busk (2), *buske (1), s. & a. [Fr. busc.~\ 

A. As substantive: A stiffening bone or plate in a 
corset, to maintain its shape and prevent its gather¬ 
ing in folds and wrinkles around the waist. The 
busk is made of wool, steel, brass, whalebone, or 
vulcanite. 

“ Her long slit sleeves, stiffe buske, puffe verdingall.” 

Marston: Scourge, ii. 7. 

E. As adjective: (See the compound.) 

♦busk-point, s. The lace, with its tag, which 
secured the end of the busk. 

♦busk (3), *buske (2), s. [Low Lat. boscus, buscus 
=a bush.] [Bush.] A bush. 

“ And stud intill a busk lurkand.” 

Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vii. 71. 

“And range amid the buskes thy selfe to feede.” 

Davison: Poetical Bhapsodie (1611), p. 39. 
♦busk-ad-dre, *bosk-ed-dre, s. [From busk (3); 
and adder. ] An adder, a snake. 

“Be it turned into a boskeddre.” — Wycliffe: Exodus 
vii. 9. 

*bus’-kayle, s. [Buscayle.] 

busk'-ed {Eng.), busk'-It {Scotch), pa. par. & a. 
[Busk, u.] 

“ Th[er]e were beddes busked • for eny burn riche.’* 
William of Palerne, 3,196. 
“Nae joy her bonnie buskit nest.’’ 

Burns: Epistle to William Creech. 
tbusk'-ed, a. [From busk (3),s.] Wearing a busk. 
{Pollok.) 

♦busk -er, s. [0. Eng. & Scotch busk, v.; -er.] 
One who dresses another. 

“Mistress Mary Seaton . . . is praised, by the queen, 
to be the finest busker, that is, the finest dresser of a wom¬ 
an’s head of hair, that is to be seen in any country.’’— 
Knolly: Lett. Chalmers’ Mary, i. 285. 

♦busk’-et, s. [Fr. bosquet=& grove, a thicket.] 
[Bosket, Bosquet.] A small bush or branch with 
flowers and foliage. {Spenser: Shep. Cal., v.) 

♦busk’-le (1), a. [From busk (1), and suff. -it.) 
Fond of dress. 

“ . . . kintra lairds, an’ buskie cits, 

A’ gather roun’ some sumphs.” 

Tarras: Poems, p. 136. 

♦busk’-ie (2), a. [Bosky.] 

tbus-kin, *bus-kyn, s. [Etym. doubtful. In 
Dut. broos= a buskin ; O. Dut. brosekin; Fr. bottine, 
brodequin= (1) an ancient boot, which covered the 
foot and part of the leg; (2) a boot worn by actors 
in comedies; Sp. borsegui; Ital. borzacchino. Re¬ 
motely from Low Lat. byrsa; Gr. byrsa= a hide, 
leather. Skeat considers that it may be cognate 
with brogue .] 

1. A boot covering the foot and the lower part of 
the leg, so as to defend it against mud, thorns, &c. 

(1) As worn by men. 

“The hunted red deer’s undressed hide 
Their hairy buskins well supplied.” 

Scott: Marmion , v. 5. 

(2) As worn by women. 

“My Mary’s buskins brush the dew.” 

Scott: Glenfinlas. 

*2. A similar boot worn among the ancients by 
actors in tragedy. Sometimes it had thick cork 
soles so as to make the wearer look taller than he 
really was. 

(1) Lit.: In the foregoing sense. 

“In her best light the comic muse appears, 

When she with borrow’d pride the buskin wears.” 

Smith. 

(2) Fig.: Tragedy. 

“ Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here. 

No greater Jonson dares in socks appear.” 

Dryden. 

fbus'-klned, a. [Eng. buskin; -ed.] Provided 
with or wearing buskins, tragic. 

“ Ennobled hath the buskin’d stage.” 

Milton: Pensoroso. 

*busk-lng, pr. par., a. & s. [Busk, n.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive : 

1. Dressing, manner of dressing. {Skeat. j 

“. . . either a stoninglie busking or an ouerstaring 
frounced hed.”— Boger Ascham: The Schoolmaster, bk. i. 

2. Headdress or other dress or decoration. 

“ That none weare upon their heads, or buskings, any 
feathers.”— Acts Ja. VI., 1621, c. 25, § 2. 
busk'-lt, pa. par. & a. [Busk (1), v.~\ {Scotch.) 


♦busk -rf, s. [From busk (1), v.; and suffix -ery. 
The same as Busk ( 1 ), s.] 

1. Dress. 

2. Decoration, outward show. {Lit. <& fig.) 

“. . . put off with the buskry or bravery of words, 
when the thing itself is lost and let go, . . .”— M' Ward: 
Contendings, p. 324. 

*busk’-y, *busk'-ie (2), a. [Bosky.] The same 
as bosky, i. e., woody, shaded with woods. 

“How Moodily the sun begins to peer 
Above yon busky hill.” 

Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., v. 1. 

fbuss (1), *busse, *basse, s. [In Sw. puss -a 
puddle, a plash, a smack, a kiss; O. H. Ger. bus; 
Fr. baiser, s.; Sp. beso; Port, beijo; Ital. bacio; Lat. 
basium; Gael, busag—a smacking kiss; 6 ws=the 
mouth; Wei. 6 «s=the lip. Perhaps imitated from 
the sound.] A smacking kiss. 

*1. Originally: Of the form basse, from Fr. baiser. 

2. Then: Of the forms busse, buss, from the Teu¬ 
tonic. 

“But every Satyre first did give a busse 
To Hellenore: so busses did abound.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IH. x. 46. 

buss (2) {Eng.), buss, *busse, *busshe, *busch, 
♦buscbe {Scotch), s. [In Dut. buis; Ger. base; O. 
Fr. busse; Prov. bus; Low Lat. bussa, busa.] 

*1. Originally: A large vessel, wide, capacious, 
and well adapted for stowage. 

“Ane busche quhilk was takinbethe Franchemen.”— 
Aberd. Reg., A. 1538, v. 16. 

*2. Then sometimes: A hulk. 

“Hulks or busses . . .” — Howell: Letters (1650). 

( Halliwell: Contr. to Lexicog.) 

3. Afterward and now: A two-masted fishing- 
vessel of from fifty to seventy tons burden, with a 
cabin at each end. It is employed chiefly in the 
herring fishery. 

“ . . . to drive the Dutch whalers and herring busses 
out of the Northern Ocean.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xix. 

buss-fishing {Eng. <& Scotch), *bushe-fishing 
(O. Scotch), s. The act of fishing in busses. 

“ That there be no bushe-flshing betwix the ylands and 
the mayne land . . .”— Acts Cha. I., ed. 1814, V. v. 238. 

buss (3), s. [Bush, s.] 

1. Lit.: A bush. 

“I like our hills an’ heathery braes, 

Ilk burdie, buss, an’ burnie.” 

Picken: Poems, ii. 163. 

2. Fig .: Shelter. 

“ My trunk of elid, but buss or bield. 

Sinks in Time’s wintry rage.” 

Burns: The AuldMan. 

buss (4), S. [Bus (3).] 

fbuss (1), *basse, v. t. [From buss (1), s. (q. v.) 
In Sw. bussa; Provinc. Ger. bussen; Fr. baiser; 
Norm. Fr. beser; Sp. besar; Port, beijar; Ital. 
baciare; Lat. basio.) [Buss, s.] 

1. Lit.: To give a smacking kiss to. (Now vulgar, 
but not so formerly.) 

“. . . that I lye bassing with Besse.”— Sir T. More: 
Works, p. 557. ( Bichardson .) 

“ Come, grin on me, and I will think thou smilest, 

And buss thee as thy wife.” 

Shakesp.: K. John, iii. 4. 

2. Fig.: To come in close contact with. 

“ Yond towers, whose wanton tops do buss the olouds.” 

Shakesp.: Troil. <& Cress., iv. 5. 

“ Thy knees bussing the stones, ...” 

Ibid., Coriol., iii. 2. 

♦buss (2), v. t. [Buss (3), s.] To place in am¬ 
bush. 

“Saladyn priuely was bussed beside the Horn.” 

B. de Brunne, p. 187. 

♦bussche'-ment, *busse’-ment, *busche- 
ment, ♦buysche'-ment, s. [Bushment.] Ambush. 

“ Leulyn in a wod a bussement he held.” 

B. Brunne, p. 242. 

♦bussh'-op, s. [Bishop.] 

♦bus -sie, a. [Bushy.] 

buss -Ing, *bass -lng, pr. par. &s. [Buss, u] 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive: The act of kissing with a 
smacking sound. 

“ Kissing and bussing differ both in this. 

We busse our wantons, but our wives we kiss.” 

Herrick: Works, p. 219. 

♦buSS’-lng, s. [From Eng. bushing (q. v.), or 
from Ger. busch =a bundle, a fardel (?).] Covering. 

“ The folk was fain 
To put the bussing on thair theis.” 

Bedsquair: Evergreen, ii. 230. 

♦bust (1), s. [Buist.] {Scotch.) 

1. A box. .... 

2. A tar mark upon sheep, generally the initials 
of the proprietor’s name. 


bust (2), s. [In Ger. biiste ; Fr. buste ; Prov. bust ; 
Sp. & Port, busto; from Ital. &usto=bust, stays, 
bodice; Low Lat. bustum=the trunk of a body 
without the head. Mahn thinks that it is from Ger. 
hrttsf=breast.] [Bkeast, Busto.] 

Ordinary Language <& Sculpture: 

1. A statue of the upper part of the body, i. e., the 
head, shoulders, and breast, without the arms. 

“ His library, where busts of poets dead 
And a true Pindar stood without a head, 
Received of wits . . .” 

Pope: Prologue to Satires, 235. 

2. The chest or thorax of the human body, the 
trunk, more specifically the portion of the human 
body between the head and the waist; whether— 

(l) In the actual person. 

Or (2) in a statue. 

♦bust, v. t. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. bustle, v.] 

To beat. 

“ Beateth the and busteth the as his ibohte threl.” 

Halt Meidhenhad, p. 81. 

bus'-t&m-Ite, s. [Named after Mr. Bustamente, 
its discoverer, and suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Rhodonite (q. v.). Dana 
makes it the equivalent of his calciferous Rhodon¬ 
ite. It is grayish-red in color. 

bus -tard, s. [In Fr. outarde; Provinc. & O. Fr. 
bistarde, bostarde, boustarde; Prov. austarde; Sp. 
avutarda; Port, abetarda, betarda: Ital. ottarda ; 
from Lat. avis tarda {Pliny)=slow bird.] 

Ornith.: The name of a genus of European birds, 
the Otis, which is the typical one of the family 
Otitidae. [Otis, Otitid^:.] The Great Bustard 
{Otis tarda), the Little Bustard (O. tetrix), and 
Macqueen’s Bustard (O. Macqueeni) are the best 
known species. The Great Bustard was formerly 
common in Wiltshire and in Norfolk, England. It 
has the plumage on the back of a bright-yellow 
traversed by a number of black bars, the rest of the 
plumage being grayish. It runs and flies well. It 
is still common on parts of the European Continent. 
The Little Bustard (O. tetrix) is a Mediterranean 
bird. It is brown dotted with black above, and 
beneath is whitish. The male has a black neck 
with two white collars. 

TT Thick-kneed bustard: One of the English names 
for a bird, the Common Thick-knee {Oidicnemus 
Bellonii). 

*bus -te-ous, *bus’-ti-ous, a. [Bustuous.] 

♦bus-tine, a. [Corrupted from Eng. fustian, or 
from Fr. buste=‘ l the long, small, or sharp-pointed, 
and hard-quilted belly of a doublet.” ( Cotgrave .) 
{Jamieson.)) Fustian, cloth. 

“Neat, neat she was, in bustine waistcoat clean.” 

Bamsay: Poems, ii. 70. 

bus-tie, *bus-tel {t silent), *bus -le, *bus’-kle, 
♦buss-kle, v. i. & t. [Bustle is probably from Icel. 
bustla=to bustle, to splash about in the water; and 
buskie from A. S. bysgian — to be busy. {Skeat, 
Mahn, <fic.)] 

A. Intransitive: 

1, In a good sense: To be active. 

“ Come, bustle, bustle; caparison my horse.” 

Shakesp.: Bich. III., v. 3. 

2. In a slightly bad sense: To move about in a 
fussy manner; to go hither and thither with agita¬ 
tion, and generally with unnecessary noise or stir. 

“Wherefore now began the bisshopes to busskle and 
bear rule.”— Joye: Expos, of Daniel, ii. 

“ Awing the world, and bustling to be great!” 

Granville. 

“Of idle busy men the restless fry 
Run bustling to and fro with foolish haste. 

In search of pleasures vain that from them fly.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 49. 

tB. Transitive: To cause to move about with 
unnecessary noise or stir; to jostle, to push about. 

bus'-tle (1) (f silent) {Eng.), bus'-sle {Scotch), 
s, [From bustle, v. (q. v.) In Icel. bustl=a bustle, 
the splashing about of a fish.] The act of hurrying 
about with much noise, generally to an unnecessary 
extent; stir, agitation, tumult. 

“The bustle of the mariners, 

In stillness or in storm.” 

Wordsworth: The Blind Highland Boy. 

IT Crabbthus distinguishes between bustle, tumult 
and uproar: “ Bustle has most of hurry in it; 
tumult most of disorder and confusion; uproar 
most of noise: the hurried movements of one, or 
many, cause a bustle; disorderly struggles of many 
constitute a tumult; the loud elevation of many 
opposing voices produces an uproar. Bustle is fre¬ 
quently not the effect of design, but the natural 
consequence of many persons coming together; 
tumult commonly arises from a general effer¬ 
vescence in the minds of a multitude; uproar is the 
consequence either of general anger or mirth. A 
crowded street will always be in a bustle; contested 
elections are always [not even in the olden time 


toflil, b<Sy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious -- shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 




bustle 


680 


but 


^always,’ and now under the ballot rarely] accom¬ 
panied with a great tumult; drinking parties make 
a considerable uproar , in the indulgence of their 
intemperate mirth.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

bus’-tie (2) (t silent), s. [Etymology doubtful. 
Perhaps connected with bust (q. v.).] A pad or 
cushion, formerly worn by ladies beneath their 
dress to expand their skirts behind, and relieve the 
wearer of part of their weight. It was called also a 
bishop. 

tbus'-tler ( t silent), s. [Eng. bustle; -er.] One 
who bustles; an active, stirring man. 

“Forgive him, then, thou bustler in concerns 
Of little worth, an idler in the best.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi. 

buS'-tllhg (t silent), bus’-tel-^ng, pr. par., a. 
& s. [Bustle, v.] 

*bus’-to (pi. bustoes), s. [Ital. busto.\ [Bust, s.] 
A bust ( prose and poetry). 

“ ... b. vestibulo supported with pillars, with some 
antic bustoes in the niches.”— Ashmole, Berk. iii. 115. 

“Worn on the edge of days, the brass consumes 
The busto molders, and the deep-cut marble, 
Unsteady to the steel, gives up its charge.” 

B. Blair: The Grave. 

*bus-tu-ous, *bus-te-ous, *bus-ti-ous, *bous- 

tous, s. [Boistous.] Large in size; strong, power¬ 
ful ; terrible, fierce ; rough, unpolished, boisterous, 
rude. ( Dunbar: The Thrissel and the Rose, 5; 
Doug.: Virgil, 131,27; Lyndsay: Warkis (1592), p. 
167.) 

*bus’-tu-ous-ness, s. [Boistousness.] (Scotch.) 
(Jamieson.) (Doug.: Virgil, 374,45.) 

bus’-y, *bus'-ie, *bus'-i (us as Iz), *bes’-y, 
*bes’-i, *bis'-y, *bis'-i (Eng.), bus'-jf, *biz’-zy 
(Scotch), a. [A. S. bysig, bisig, bysi (Somner); Dut. 
bezig .] [Business.] 

1. Of persons, or of the inferior animals: Occu¬ 
pied so that the attention is fixed on what is being 
done; occupied, with much work to be done. 

(1) Occupied at the time to which attention is 
being directed. 

“Gude ale keeps me bare and bizzy, 

Gaurs me tipple till I be dizzy.” 

Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 90. (Jamieson.) 

“Sir, my mistress sends you word 

That she is busy and she cannot come.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, v. 2. 

(2) Troublesome; vexatiouslymeddlesome. 

“The Christians, sometimes valiantly receiving the 

anemy, and sometimes charging them again, repulsed 
the proud enemy, still busy with them.”— Knolles : His¬ 
tory of the Turks. 

(3) Habitually occupied, with only necessary 
remission ; bustling, active, industrious. 

(a) In a good or in an indifferent sense: Occu¬ 
pied. 

“. . . or the controversy of opinions, wherein the 
b-usy world has been so much employed.”— Temple. 

(b) In a bad sense : Fussy, meddling. 

“ On meddling monkey, or on busy ape.” 

Shakesp. : Mid. Night’s Dream, ii. L 

2. Of things personified: At work temporarily or 
habitually. Used— 

(1) Of the hands, feet, &c., or other material 
instruments of man’s action. 

“ Display with busy and laborious hand 
The blessings of the most indebted land.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

(2) Of the powers or faculties of the human mind. 
“ This busy pow’r is working day and night.” 

Davies. 

(3) Of such abstract conceptions as rumor, scan¬ 
dal, science, culture. 

“ Rumors strange, 

And of unholy nature, are abroad, 

And busy with thy name.” 

Byron: Manfred, iii. 1. 

If Compounds of obvious signification: Busy¬ 
looking (Pope), busy-minded. 

bus'~y (us as Iz), *bus-i-en, *bis-i-en (pret. 
busied), v. t. & i. [From busy, a. (q. v.) A. S. bys- 
igan, bysgian .] 

A. Trans.: To make or keep busy, to engage, to 
employ industriously or with unremitting attention. 

“Laverd ftisied es of me.”— E. Eng. Psalter: Ps. xxxix. 18. 

IT It is followed by with, in, about, amid, &c., or 
by an infinitive. 

“Be it thy course to busy giddy minds 
With foreign quarrels.” 

Shakesp.: 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4. 

v - . . busied with dice and claret, love letters and 
challenges.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

“The learning and disputes of the schools have been 
much busied about genus and species.”— Locke. 

1[ It is often used reflexively. 

“ For the rest, it must be owned he does not busy him¬ 
self by entering deep into any party.”— Swift. 


*B. Intrans.: To be active, to be much engaged. 

“Martha bisyede aboute moche seruyce.” — Wicklitfe: 
Luke x. 40. 

“Naf I now to busy bot bare thre dayez.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 1,066. 

bus’-y-bod-y (us as iz), s. [Eng. busy; body.) 
A person at a certain period or habitually engaged 
with things with which he has no duty or no clear 
call to intermeddle. (Used of either sex.) 

“And withal they [the younger widows] learn to be idle, 
wandering about from house to house, and not only idle 
but tattlers also, and busybodies, speaking things which 
they ought not.”—1 Tim., v. 13. 

“ William thought him a busybody who had been prop¬ 
erly punished for running into danger without any call 
of duty.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

bus’-y-bod-y-isjm, s. The habit of intermeddling 
in affairs with which one has no concern. 

“The most common effect of this mock evangelical 
spirit, especially with young women, is self-inflation and 
busybodyism.” — Coleridge. 

bus -y-ing (us as iz), pr . par. [Busy, v.] 

*bus-y-ship, *bis-i-scbipe, *bes-i~ship, s. [O. 
Eng. bisiy &e#£=Eng. busy , and suffix -ship.'] Busi¬ 
ness, exercise. 

“ Licomliche bisischipe is to lutel wurth.”— Ancren 
Riwle , p. 384. 

but (l), *butte, *bute, *bot, *bote, *buton, 
*bOUte, *buten, prep., conj., adv. & s. [A. S. biitan, 
buton, btitun, bilta, bate, as prep.=without, except; 
as conj.=unless, except, save, but (Bosworth), from 
A. S. be, Eng. bi— by, titan, iife=without, beyond; O. 
Sax. bititan, bRtan. [Out.] In Dut. &wifen=with- 
out, out, besides, except.] 

A. As preposition: 

Tl Technically it is one of separation or exclusion. 
(Bain: Higher Eng. Gram.) Its signification is 
excepting. 

1. Except, unless, besides, save. 

“ . . . and we have no objection but the obscurity of 
several passages by our ignorance in facts and persons.” 
— Swift. 

2. Except with, unless with, without. 

“‘Touch not the cat but a glove;’ the motto of the 
Macintoshes.” (Jamieson.) 


B. As conjunction: 


I. Ordinary Language: 

H Technically it is a co-ordinate conjunction of 
the division called adversatives, and the subdivision 
arrestives, that is, it is a conjunction in which the 
second sentence or clause is in opposition to the one 
preceding it, and arrests an inference which that 
first sentence or clause would else have suggested. 
(Bain: Higher Eng. Gram.) Its significations 
are: 

1. Properly or strictly: 

(1) Yet still, notwithstanding which, contrary to 
what might have been expected. 

IT It expresses that the inference which would 
naturally be deduced from the first of the two 
clauses which it couples together cannot legiti¬ 
mately be drawn, there being a disturbing element 
which destroys its validity. 

“The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, 
but war was in his heart; his words were softer than oil, 
yet were they drawn swords.”— Psalms, lv. 21. 

f (2) Excepting that, except that, unless that, were 
it not that, had it not been that. 

If Properly it is an ellipsis for but that. 

“And, but my noble Moor 
Is true of mind, and made of no such baseness 
As jealous creatures are, it were enough 
To put him to ill thinking.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 4. 


(3) Except, unless, otherwise than, otherwise 
than that. 


“ I should sin 

To think but nobly of my grandmother.” 

Shakesp..- Temp.,i. 2. 


“ Who shall believe 

But you misuse the reverence of your place?” 

Ibid.: 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 

2. More loosely: Yet, still, however, added to 
which; as a complementary statement to which. 

IT In the second sense it is used, though there is 
no disappointment of expectation with regard to 
the inference derivable from the first clause. 

(1) Yet, still, however, nevertheless. 


“ ... he [Naaman] was also a mighty man in 
valor; but he was a leper.”—2 Kings, v. 1. 


(2) Added to which, as a complementary state¬ 
ment to which. 

“ By the blessing of the upright the city is exalted; but 
it is overthrown by the mouth of the wicked.”— Prov. 
xi. 11. 

IT In the foregoing example there is an opposition 
between the words exalted and overthrown, and 
between upright and wicked, but the second clause, 
taken as a whole, is complementary and not anti¬ 
thetical to the first. 


(3) Without this consequence following. 

“ Frosts that constrain the ground, 

Do seldom their usurping power withdraw. 

But raging floods pursue their hasty hand.” 

Dryden. 

(4) Than. 

“ The full moon was no Booner up and shining in all its 
brightness, but he opened the gate of Paradise.”— 
Guardian. 

(5) Therefore, but that, that, for anything other¬ 
wise than that. 

“ It is not therefore impossible but I may alter the 
complexion of my plays.”— Dryden. 

“. . . many looking but he should have died.”— 
Spalding, i. 18. (Jamieson.) 

*(6) Provided that. 

“But onlych he haue the crystendom.” 

Robt, of Brunne, 5,764. 

II. Technically: 

*1. Logic: The connecting word which introduced 
the minor term of a syllogism. 

“God will one time or another make a difference be¬ 
tween the good and the evil. But there is little or no 
difference made in this world; therefore there must be 
another world, wherein this difference shall be made.”— 
Watts: Logic. 

IT The word but in such a case being useless, ami 
even incorrect, is omitted by Whately and other 
modern logicians. 

“All wits are dreaded; some who are admired are wits; 
therefore some who are admired are dreaded.”— Whately: 
Logic, II., iii., § 5. 

2. Math.: As assumed or formally proved. 

“ . . . therefore the side DB is greater than the side 
BC; but DB is equal to BA and AO.”— Simson: Euclid, bk. L, 
prop. 20. 

C. As adverb: 

*1. Without. 

“Whose wule mei beon buten.” — Ancren Riwle, p. 418. 

2. Not more than, only. 

“ . . . there is but a step between me and death.”— 
1 Sam. xx. 3. 

D. As substantive: 

1. The word but or the idea which it expresses. 

“If they [a man’s virtues] be like a clear light, emi¬ 
nent, they will stab him with a but of detraction.”— FeL 
tham, pt. i., Res. 50. (Richardson.) 

2. A hindrance, an impediment. (Jamieson.) 

E. In special phrases and compounds: 

1. But-and, but and, botand, bot and, conj. [0. 
Eng. but, bot, &c.] Besides. 

“ Or I sail brenn yoursel therein 
Bot and your babies three.” 

Edom o’ Gordon, Percy’s Reliques, i. 88. 

2. But for: Without, had it not been for. 

“Rash man, forbear! but for some unbelief, 

My joy had been as fatal as my grief.”— Waller. 

3. But-if, bot if, but if, but gif, bute if: Unles% 
except. 

“But gif he wold in ani wise . him-self schewe 
formest.”— William of Palerne, 939. 

“ I cannot gif you that pre-emynence and place, but gif 
I knew some excellent godlie learning and gude lyfe in 
you mair than all the anceant Doctouris.”— Kennedy of 
Corsraguell in Keith’s Hist., App., p. 197. (Jamieson.) 

4. But persaving: Without being seen. 

“ Thai set thair ledderes to the wall, 

And but persaving, com vp all.” 

Barbour: Bruce, xviL 91-2. 

5. But that, bote that, bute that, buttan tliatt, buton 
that: Unless, except. 

“ He wolde al his kinelond selten on heore lond, bute 
that he ideoped weore king of than lond e.”—Layamon. 
iii. 252. ' 


6. But yet: Yet, still, notwithstanding, stated 
more emphatically. 


“ But yet, Madam- 

I do not like but yet; it does allay 
The good precedence; fie upon but yett 
But yet is as a gaoler, to bring forth 
Some monstrous malefactor.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop., ii. 8. 

but-and, prep. [But, E (1).] 
but-if, conj. [But, E (3).] 


wuvw. fj i CLCoiy. ex, o. L-L IU111 xA. O. UUUIT^ 

buton, butun (prep.) =without, except. From pre- 
fix be and iitan= without, beyond.] 

A. As prep.: Toward the outer partof the house. 
“ Lifts up his head, and looking butt the floor.” 

Ross: Helenore, first ed., p. 74. 
“Flaught bred upon her but the house he sprang.” 

Ibid., p. 76. 

B. As adverb: 


1. Toward the outer apartment of a house. 

“ And but scho come into the hall anone; 

And syne sho went to se gif ony come.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 70. 


fate, fat, fare, umidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, si're, sir, marine; gd, pot, 

or. wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




but 


681 


butene 


2. In the outer apartment. 

“ . . . to the berms fer but sweit blenkis I cast.” 

Dunbar; Maitland Poems, p. 63. (Jamieson.) 

IT But-and-ben, a.: Outside and inside ; pertaining 
to the two rooms of a two-roomed cottage. 

C. As substantive: The outer room in a two- 
roomed cottage. It is the kitchen, while the “ ben ” 
(be-in), or inner room, is the parlor. [Ben.] 
(Scotch.) 

“ Mony blenkis ben our the but [that] full far sittis.” 

Dunbar; Maitland Poems, p. 62. (Jamieson.) 
but (3), s. & a. [Butt.] The thick end of any¬ 
thing. [Butt.] 

i but-end, butt-end, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

\ 1. Lit.: The thick end of anything; thus [)io butt- 
tend of a musket or rifle is the end opposite to the 
'.muzzle. 

{ “Another had rudely pushed back a woman with the 
but end of his musket.”— Macaulay. Hist. Png., ch. xi. 

*2. Fig.: The most important portion of anything. 
“ Amen; and make me die a good old man! 

That is the butt-end of a mother’s blessing.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., ii. 2. 
II. Gardening: In a similar sense. 

IT The but end of a tree: The part of the stem 
nearest the root; the part at which the lowest meas¬ 
urement is taken. 

but-hinges, s. pi. [Butt Hinges.] 

*but (4), s. [Dut. bot: Sw. butta; Ger. butt.'} The 
pecten or scallop-shell. [Butt (6).] 

“ But, fysche. Pecten.” — Prompt. Parv. 
but (1 ),v.t. [Contracted from Eng. abut or Fr 
abouter.] To abut. 

*but (2), v. impers. [Boot, v. impers.} 
but-al-an-Ine, s. [Eng., &c., but(yl) ; alanine.} 
Chem.: Amidoisovaleric acid CfjHgfNHAC^ or 
(H 3 C) 2 CH.CH(NH 2 ).OC(OH). It occurs in the pan¬ 
creas of the ox._ It can be formed by heading bro- 
moisovaleric acid with ammonia. It crystallizes in 
shining plates, which can be sublimed. It is soluble 
in alcohol and in water. 


bu'-tane, s. [From Eng., &c., butyl; suff. -ane.} 
Chem.: A compound, also called Tetrane, C 4 H 10 . 
It exists in two modifications: (1) Normal Butane, 
CH 3 .CH 2 .CH 2 .CH 3 or Diethyl, a paraffin hydrocar¬ 
bon occurring in petroleum, also obtained by heat¬ 
ing ethyl iodide with zinc in sealed tubes to 100°. It 
is a colorless gas which may be condensed into a 

liquid boiling atl°C. (2) Isobutane, CH 3 —CH < 

is obtained from tertiary butyl alcohol by convert¬ 
ing it into tertiary butyl iodide and acting on that 
with nascent hydrogen. It is a gas which liquefies 
at 17°. 

bfit 9 h-er, *bo§h'-er, *bo<;h'-ere, *bow 9 h-er, 
*bOU$ll'-er, s. & a. [Fr. boucher; Prov. bochier; 
Ital. beccaio, beccaro; Low Lat. bocherius = (1) a 
killer of goats, (2) a butcher generally. From O. 
Fr. boc; Fr. bouc; Ital. becco — a goat, a buck.] 
[Buck (2), s.] 

A. As substantive: 

1 . Lit.: One who makes a livelihood by killing 
sheep, oxen, and other animals, and selling their 
flesh as human food. 

“The barbor and the bowcher, and the smyth.” 

Chaucer; C. T., 2,027. 

“Bochere. Carnifex, macellarius.” — Prompt. Parv. 

41 The captains were butchers, tailors, shoemakers.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

2. Fig.: A person of sanguinary character; a man 
delighting in bloodshed. 

* 1 w . now fastened on the prince who had put down 
the rebellion the nickname of Butcher." — Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xiii. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

butcher-bird, s. 


Ornithology: 

1. Sing.: A shrike. [2 PI.} 

2. Plural (butcher-birds): 

(1) One of the English names of the genus Lanius. 
The species are so denominated because they 
cruelly impale on a thorn the small birds, small 
quadrupeds, insects, and worms on which they feed. 
They are also called shrikes. 

(a) The Great Gray Butcher-bird, or Shrike (Lan¬ 
ius excubitor). 

(b) The Bed-backed Shrike or Butcher-bird (Lan¬ 
ius collurio 1 . 

(c) The Woodchat Shrike (Lanius rutilus.) Lan- 

ius, Shrike.] _ .. 

(2) A name for the True Shrikes, or Lammas, the 
first sub-family of Laniadae. [Laniine, Shrikes.] 


butcher-broom, s. The same as Butcher’s- 
broom (q. v.). 


butcher-knife, s. A knife for cutting meat. 
The tang of the blade is usually riveted between 
two scales, which form the handle, 
butcher-meat, s. [Butcher’s-meat.] 
*butcher-row, s. A row of shambles. 

“How large a shambles and butcher-row would such 
make!”— Whitlock: Manners of the Eng., p. 97. 
*butcher-sire, s. One who kills his child. 


“ Or butcher-sire that reaves his son of life.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 766. 
butcher s-broom, s. [So called because the 
green shoots of the plant were formerly used by 
butchers to sweep their blocks.] The English name 
of the Ruscus, a genus of plants belonging to the 
order Liliaceee (Lilyworts), and the section Aspar- 
agoeo. It has a rigid branched stem, very rigid and 
pungent, with ovate, acuminate leaf-like expansion, 
with a solitary inconspicuous white flower on their 
upper surface. This is succeeded by a red berry 
almost as large as a cherry. The tender shoots are 
sometimes gathered by the poor in spring and eaten 
like asparagus. 


butcher’s-meat, butcher-meat, s. Such ani¬ 
mal food as a butcher deals in, beef, mutton, lamb, 
&c., as distinguished from fish, fowl, shellfish, and 
such like. 


butcher’s prick-tree,s. Two plants—(1) Rham- 
nus frangula, (2) Euonymus europceus. 

tbutcher-work, s. _ The work of _ a butcher. 
(Contemptuously applied to slaughter in war.) 


“ That those who loath alike the Frank and Turk, 
Might once again renew their ancient butcher work.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, ii. 67. 

bfitfjh’-er, v. t. [From butcher, s. (q. v.)] 

fl. Lit.: To kill an animal, in butcher fashion, 
for food, 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To put a human being to death with sangui¬ 
nary and remorseless cruelty. 

“ . . . to strip and butcher the fugitives who tried to 
escape by the pass.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

(2) To destroy (anything). 

“And shamefully by you my hopes are butcher’d.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 3. 


bfitgh’-ered, pa. par. & a. [Butcher, v.} 
bfitQh'-er-ing.pr.iJar., a. & s. [Butcher, «.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The trade of a butcher. (Lit. 
dfcfig.) 

“ Six thousand years are near hand fled, 

Sin’ I was to the butch’ring bred.” 

Burns: Death and Doctor Hornbook. 


butchering-tool, s. A contemptuous appella¬ 
tion for a sword. 


“But as yet, though the soldier wears openly, and even 
parades, M 3 butchering-tool, nowhere, far as I have trav¬ 
eled, did. the schoolmaster make show of his instructing- 
tool.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iii. 

•bfit9h'-er-li-ness, s. [Eng. butcherly; -ness.} 
The quality of being butcherly or resembling a 
butcher. (Johnson.) 

fbfitfjh'-er-ly, *b009h’-er-ly, a. [Eng. butcher; 

- ly .] 

1. Of persons: Butcher-like, sanguinary, cruel. 

2. Of things: 

f(l) Subjectively: As if inspired by a butcher; as 
if one were being butchered. 

“There is a way, which brought into schools, would 
take away this butcherly fear in making of Latin.”— 
Ascham. 

(2) Objectively: Butcher-like, cruel. 

“ What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly, 

This deadly quarrel daily doth beget !” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. III., ii. 5. 

bfit9h’-er-y, *b09h'-er-y, *b09h’-er-ie, s. [Eng. 
butcher; -y. In Fr .boucherie.} 

I. Literally: 

I. The procedure of a butcher in killing animals 
for food. 

11 Yet this man, so ignorant in modern butchery, has 
cut up half an hundred heroes, and quartered five^or 
six miserable lovers, in every tragedy he has written.”— 
Pope. 

*2. A slaughter-house, a place where animals are 
killed or human beings in large numbers put to 
death. 

“ This is no place ; this house is but a butchery; 

Abhor it, fear it, do not enter it.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 3. 

II. Figuratively: Cruel and remorseless slaughter 
of human beings, especially on an extensive scale. 

“I did suborn 

To do this ruthless piece of butchery." 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. 3. 

“The butchery was terrible.”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., 
ch. xii. 


*bute, v. t. [From Icel. & Sw. byta= to change, to 
exchange, to truck, to shift, to divide, to share; 
Dan. bytte=to exchange; Dut. buiten= to pilfer, to 
get booty.] [Boot ( 1 ), v.; Booty, Buiting.] 
(Scotch.) 

*0. Scots Law: To divide for a prey. (Used spe¬ 
cially of prizes at sea.) 

“ . . . to bute and part the prizes takin ather in thair 
presence or absence.”— Balfour: Pract., p. 636. 

*bute, pret. ofv. [Beat, «.] Beat. 

“By that he hauede y-blowe a blaste, 

On the toun thay bute tabours f aste, and made noyse 
horryble.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,895-96. 

*bute, s. [Boot (1), s. From bute, v.] 

1. Remedy, help. (Rowlande and Ottuell (ed. 
Herrtage), 495.) 

2. Booty. 

“ And gif it beis mair, it sail remane to bute and part¬ 
ing.”— Balfour: Pract., p. 640. 

*bute, prep. & conj. [But.] 

bute if, conj. [But if.] 

bu'-te-a, s. (Named after the late John, Earl of 
Bute, a munificent patron of botany.] 

Bot.: A genus of papilionaceous plants, consist¬ 
ing of trees and scandent shrubs. Butea frondosa 
(Downey-branched Butea) is a large tree called in 
India pullus, whence the name Plassy, the locality 
of the celebrated battle on June 23,1757, which laid 
the foundation of the British Indian empire. It 
has large axillary and terminal racemes of deep- 
red downy flowers, which dye cotton cloth, pre¬ 
viously impregnated with a solution of alum, or of 
alum and tartar, a fine yellow color. They are used 
also as a discutient to indolent tumors. The gum 
lac of commerce comes from the same tree. 


*bute'-ing, pr.par. & s. [Bute, v .] 

A. As present participle : (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive : 

1. The act of dividing goods captured; the state 
of being so divided. 

“. . . the haill richt that thay sail haue to the said 
prize, and buteing of gudis, . . — Balfour; Pract., 
p. 638. 

2. The goods divided. 

“Of all pillage, the capitane, the master, &c., gettis n& 
part nor buteing, bot it sail be equallie dividit amang the 
remanent of the companie marineris that mak watch, and 
gangis to the ruder."—Balfour: Pract, p. 640. 

bute-lang, s. [From O. Scotch bute= a butt, and 
lang=long, length.] The length or distance between 
one butt, used in archery, and another. 

“As his maiestie wes within tua pair of butelangis to 
the towne of Perth, . . . ”—Acts Ja. VI., 1600 (ed. 1814), 
p. 203. 

*bute'-lesse, *bote’-lesse, a. [Bootless.] 

(Morte Arthure, 981 & 1,014.) 

*bu’-ten, prep. & adv. [A. S. biitan.} About. 

“ Those buten noe long swing he dreg.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod 566. 

bu'-tene, s. & a. [Eng. but(yin), and -ewe, a term¬ 
ination used for hydrocarbons having the formula 
CnH2'n.] 


A. As substantive : 

Chem.: An organic, diatomic, fatty radical, CjHs’, 
called also Butylene, Quartene, and Tetrene. There 
are three modifications of it, having the form¬ 
ula C t H 8 . Normal Butene, CH 8 —CHo—CH=CH 2 ; 
Pseudo-butene, CH 3 —CH=CH—CH 3 ; Iso butene, 

|$>c = ch 2 . 

Normal-butene is produced by the chemical action 
of alcoholic potash upon primary-butyl-iodide 
(CH 3 —OH 9 —CHj—CH 2 I), or by the action of zinc 
ethideZn(C 2 H 5 )2 on brom-ethene (CH 2 =CHBr). It 
is a gas at ordinary temperatures; at 10 ° it is con¬ 
densed into a liquid. 

Pseudo-butene is formed by the chemical action 
of alcoholic potash on a pseudo - butyl - iodide 
(CH 3 —CH 2 —CHI—CH 3 ). It boils at 3°. It can also 
be obtained by the decomposition of amyl alcohol 
at red heat. 

Iso-butene is formed by the action of alcoholic 
potash and tertiary-butyl-iodide, or by the elec¬ 
trolysis of isovaleric acid. It boils at 6°. It is 
absorbed by strong H 2 S 04 ; on diluting with water 
and distilling, tertiary-butyl-alcohol is obtained, 
C(CH 3 ) 30 H. The di-bromides of the three isomeric 
butenes, C 4 H 8 Br 2 , boil—normal at 160°, iso at 159°, 
and pseudo at 149°. 

B. As adjective: (See the compound.) 

butene glycols, s. pi. Chemical compounds, 
C 4 H s (OH) 2 , called also butylene alcohols and 
nuartene alcohols. They are diatomic alcohols. 
Six are theoretically possible. The following have 
been examined: 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b@l, del. 




buteo 


682 


butt 


1. Normal Butene G'ycol: 

CH 3 =CH(OH)--CH 2 -CH 2 (OH). Formed by leav¬ 
ing a cold mixture of acetic aldehyde and dilute 
hydrochloric acid for a few days, when aldol, the 
aldehyde of butene glycol, is formed; this is treated 
with sodium amalgam. It is a thick liquid, boiling 
at 204°. By oxidizing with chromic acid mixture it 
is converted, first into crotonic aldehyde, then into 
acetic and oxalic acids. 

2. Ethyl Glycol: 

CH 3 —CH 2 —CH(OH)—CHo(OH), obtained from 
normal butene bromide by saponification with 
•caustic potash. It is a viscid liquid, boiling at 192°. 
By rapid oxidization it is converted into oxalic acid, 
but by dilute nitric acid into glycollic and glyoxylic 
•acids. 

3. Isobutene Glycol: g®Q > C(OH)—CH 2 (OH), or 

dimethyl glycol. It is prepared by heating isobutene 
bromide for several days with potassium carbonate. 
It boils at 178°. Oxidized by potassium permang¬ 
anate into carbonic and acetic acid. 
bu'-te-O, s. [Lat. buteo= a buzzard.] 

Ornith.: A genus of raptorial birds, the typical 
one of the sub-family Buteoninee. The American 
turkey-buzzard, Cathartes aura, is the best known 
species of bird bearing the name of buzzard in this 
country but does not belong to this genus. / 
bu-te-o-nl -nse, s. pi. [From Lat. buteo=a b‘ 
zard, and f. pi. suff. -ince.) 

Ornith.: A sub-family of Falconidse, containing 
the Buzzards. It is placed near the Aquilinee 
(Eagles), and has a certain remote affinity to the 
Vulturidae (Vultures). [Buzzard.] 

*but-er, s. [Bitteen.] (Scotch.) 

*buth, *buthe, 1, 2, and 3 pers. pi. pr. indie, of v. 
[Ben.] Are. 

“ Me buth here in this hour but our selue tweyne. - ’ 

William of Paleme, 4,447. 

“[4] if thay two ne buth noght bolde! aghen me to 
fighte on stoure.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 4, 1. 100. 
*buths-carle, s.pl. [A. S. butse-carl= a sailor.] 
O. Law: Mariners, seamen. (Selden: Mare Clau¬ 
sum, 184.) ( Wharton.) 

but'-ler, *but'-tel-ar, *bu'-tel-er, *bot'-tel- 
er, *bot -il-er, *bot'-el-er, *bot-ler, s. [Fr. 
bouteiller; Norm. Fr. butuiller; Prov. boteillier; 
Sp. botillero: Ital. bottigliere; Low Lat. buticular - 
ius. From Fr. bouteiHe; Norm. Fr. butuille—a 
bottle.] [Bottle.] 

*1. A cup-bearer. 

“ This buteler Ioseph sone for-gat.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,092. 

Botlere ( boteler, P.). Pincema, promus, propinator, 
acaliculis, Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“. . . and thou shalt deliver Pharaoh’s cup into 
his hand, after the former manner when thou wast his 
butler."—Gen. xl. 13. 

2. An officer in the houses of monarchs, noblemen, 
and wealthy individuals generally, whose special 
function it is to take charge of the beer, wine, and 
other liquors, and also of the plate. As it would be 
injudicious to trust these to an inferior menial, the 
butler in many cases is the head servant in the 
house. 

“This letter, nothwithstanding the poor butler’s man¬ 
ner of writing it . . .”— Spectator. 

biit'-ler-age (ageaslg), s. [Eng. butler, and 
suff. -age.) An ancient hereditary duty belonging 
to the crown. It was the right of taking two tuns of 
wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or 
more into England. This right, which is mentioned 
in the great roll of the Exchequer in 8 Richard I., 
Was commuted under Edward I. for a duty of two 
shillings on every tun imported by merchant 
strangers. The proceeds were given to the king’s 
butler, whence the name butlerage. It was called 
also prisage of wines. ( Blackstone: Comment., bk. 

i. ch. 8.) 

“These ordinary finances are casual or uncertain, as 
be the escheats, the customs, butlerage, and impost.”— 
Bacon. 

but'-ler-ship, *but’-tel-lg,r-sh$fppe, s. [Eng. 
butler, and suff. -ship.) The office or functions of a 
butler. 

. . and restored the chiefe buttelar vnto hys but- 
telarshyppe.” — Bible (1551), Gen. xl. 

“And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership 
again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh’s hand.”— Gen. 
xl. 21. 

but-ment, s. [Contr. from Eng. abutment (q.v.).] 
Architecture: 

1. The buttress of an arch; the supporter, i. e., 
the part which joins it to the upright pier. [Abut¬ 
ment.] 

2. The mass of stonework at the extremities of a 
bridge to give lateral support to its arches, or sup¬ 
port to the ends of the beams if the bridge be a 
wooden one. 


butment-cheek, s. 

Carp.: The part of a mortised timber surrounding 
the mortise, and against which the shoulders of the 
tenon bear. 

bu-to-ma’Hje-as, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. buto- 
mus (q. v.), and fern. pi. suff. -acece.) 

Bot.: Butomads, an order of plants placed by Dr. 
Lindley under his seventeenth or Alismal alliance. 
The sepals are three, generally herbaceous. The 
petals are three, colored, and petaloid, being gen¬ 
erally purple or yellow. The flowers are in umbels. 
There are three, six, or more ovaries distinct, or 
united into a single mass. The seeds are numerous 
and minute. The leaves, which are very .cellular, 
have parallel veins, and often a milky juice. The 
species are found in marshes in tropical America 
and in Europe. Dr. Lindley estimated their num¬ 
ber at seven, in four genera. 

bu'-tum-ad§, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. butomus 
(q. v.), and Eng. pi. suff. -ads.l 

Bot.: Lindley’s name for tne order Butomacese 
(q. v.j. 

Uu-t6m-us, s. [In Fr. butome; Sp. & Ital. bu- 
tomo; Gr. boutomos; boutomon; from bous= an ox, 
and temno=to cut. So called because the sharp 
leaves cut the mouths of oxen which feed upon 
them.] 

Bot.: Flowering-rush, formerly called also Water- 
gladiole, or Grassy-rush. A genus of plants, the 
typical one of the order Butomacese. It has nine 
stamina, a very unusual number, and six capsules. 
It is a highly ornamental plant, with the leaves, 
which are all radical, two or three feet long, and 
an umbel of many rose-colored flowers. 

butt (1), but, s. & a. [Fr. bout; O. Fr. bot— an 
end.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: The end, the furthest limit of 
anything. 

II. Technically: 

1. Tools, weapons, etc .: 

(1) Gen.: The hinder, larger, or blunter end or 
an object; as of a gun, a connecting-rod, a crow¬ 
bar, &c. 

(2) Spec.: The shoulder-end of a gun-stock cov¬ 
ered with a heel-plate. 

2. Tanning, etc.: 

(1) The thick part of an ox-hide. 

(2) PI. (butts): Those parts of the tanned hides 
of horses which are under the crupper. (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compound.) 

butt-end, s. [But-end.] 

butt (2), s. in compos. [From butt (1), v. = to 
abut.] An abuttal. 

If Butts and bounds: The abuttals and boun¬ 
daries of land. (Holloway.) 

“ But or bertel or bysselle (berselle, P.) Meta ."— 
Prompt. Parv. 

1. Joinery, &c.: 

(1) The end of a connecting-rod against which 
the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib. 

(2) The end of an object where it comes squarely 
against another. 

(3) A joint where the ends of two objects come 
squarely together without scarfing or chamfering. 

2. Shipbuilding: The meeting-joint of two planks 
in a strake. The joint between two strakes is a 
seam. 

3. Door-hinges: A form of door-hinge which 
screws to the edge of a door, and butts against the 
casing, instead of extending out across the face of a 
door, like the strap-hinge. It consists of two ob¬ 
long plates, one edge of each of which is dentated 
to fit its fellow, a pintle traversing each interlock¬ 
ing portion to form a joint. [Butt-hinge.] 

4. Fire-engines: The standing portion of a half¬ 
coupling at the end of a hose. 

butt-chain, s. 

Saddlery: A short chain, two of which reach from 
the leather tugs to the single-tree, to each end of 
which they are hooked. 

butt-hinge, but-hinge, s. A hinge formed of 
two plates and interlocking projecting pieces which 
are connected by a pintle. 

butt-howel, s. 

Coopering: A howeling-adze used by coopers. 

butt-joint, 8. 

Carp.: A joint in which the pieces come square 
against each other, endwise. In ironwork the parts 
are welded, and the term is used in contradistinc¬ 
tion to a lap-joint or weld. 

butt-weld, s. 

Forging: A weld in which the edges are square- 
butted and jammed against each other, and then 
welded; a jump-weld. 


butt (3), s. & a. [From Fr. but= a butt, a mark, 
aim, a laughing-stock; butte—& hillock, a mark, a 
mound of earth, point, aim, goal, butt.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A place or person aimed at. 

(1) Lit.: A place on which a mark is placed to be 
shot at; a target. [II., 1.] 

Often in the plural, referring to a line of marks 
to be aimed at rather than a single one. 

“But chief, beside the butts, there stand 
Bold Robin Hood and all his band.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 22. 

*f[ A butt’s length: The distance at which the butt 
is from the person aiming at it. 

2) Figuratively: 

a) A place which one aims at reaching. 

“ Here is my journey’s end, here is my butt. 

The very sea-mark of my utmost sail.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. 

(b) A person or persons viewed as an object for 
angry attack, or for ridicule. 

“ The papists were the most common-place, and the butt 
against whom all the arrows were directed.”— Clarendon. 

“ Finds thee, at best, the butt to crack his joke on.” 

Pope: Satire, 1,740. 

2. Ground appropriated for practising archery. 

3. A piece of ground which in plowing does not 
form a proper ridge, but is excluded at an angle; a 
piece of land in any way disjoined from the rest. 

“And that other rig or butt of land of the samelyandin 
the ffield called the Gallowbank, or the taill or south end 
thereof .”—Act Chas. II. (ed, 1814), viii. 295. 

IT Hence a small piece of land is sometimes called 
the butts. 

II. Technically: 

Rifle and Artillery Practice: 

1. A target. 

2. A wooden structure consisting of several thick¬ 
nesses of boards, separated by small intervals for 
the purpose of ascertaining the depth of penetra¬ 
tion of bullets. 

3. A frame of iron and wood, representing a large 
section of armor-plating, and moored in position 
for determining the destructive power of shot, 
shell, and given charges of powder. 

4. A mound of earth to receive the bullets in the 
proof of gun-barrels. 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

*butt-sbaft, *but-shaft, s. A kind of arrow, 
used for shooting at butts; formed without a barb, 
so as to stick into the butts, and yet be easily 
extracted. (Nares.) 

“The very pin of bis heart cleft with the blind bow- 
boy’s butt-shaft.” — Shakesp.: Bom. & Jul., ii. 4. 

“Cupid’s butt-shaft is too hard for Hercules’ club.”— 
Shakesp.: Love’s Labor Lost, i. 2. 

butt (4), s. [From butt (1), v.=to strike as a ram 
does; Fr. botte= a blow in fencing with a foil or 
sword; Sp. & Port, bote —sl thrust, a blow, a re¬ 
bound ; Ital. botta= ... a blow, a stroke; botto 
= a stroke, a blow.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act or operation of aiming a blow. 

2. A blow given by a ram, or other animal, with 
its forehead. 

*11. Fencing: A stroke given in fencing. 

‘ ‘ If disputes arise 

Among the champions for the prize, 

To prove who gave the fairer butt, 

John shews the chalk on Robert’s coat.” 

Prior. 

butt (5), s. [Fr. botte—a boot, a vessel, a butt; 
O. Ft. bout, bous, bouz; Sp. bota= a leather bottle, 
a butt, a boot; Ital. botte= a cask, a vessel, a boot.] 
[Boot, s.] 

1. Of wine: A cask containing 126 gallons. 

“ . . . he, being adjudged for a traitor, was privily 

drowned in a butt of malmsey.”— Fox: Acts and Monu¬ 
ments (ed. Cattley), vol. iii. p. 755. 

2. Of beer: A vessel containing 108 gallons. 

3. Of currants: A vessel containing from 15 to 22 
cwt. 

butt (6), *butte, *but, s. [In Sw. butta— a tur¬ 
bot; Dut. bot; Ger. biitt, butte—a flounder.] 

1. (Of the form but): A pecten, a scallop-shell (?). 
“ But, fysche. Pecten." — Prompt. Parv. 

*2. (Of the form butte): A turbot (?). (Havlok the 
Dane, 759.) (Herbert Coleridge.) 

3. (Of the form butt): A name given at Yarmouth, 
England, to the flounder (Platessa flesus). 

butt (1). *butten, *button, v. i. & t. [Norm. Fr. 
buter; O. Fr. boter=to push, to strike; Sp. botar— 
to rebound; Port, botar— to throw; Ital. buttare= 
to throw.] 


f&te, fat, fare, amidst, ■what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile. full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. q.u = kw. 



butt 


683 


butterfly 


A. Intrans.: To strike against with the forehead, 
as a ram or a bull does. 

“For bigge Bulles of Basan brace hem about, 

That with theyr homes butten the more stoute.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., ix. 

“He seeks the fight; and, idly butting, feigns 
His rival gor’d in every knotty trunk.” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Spring. 

B. Trans.: To strike with the forehead, as a ram; 
to drive. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ Come, leave your tears; a brief farewell;—the beast 

With many heads butts me away.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 1. 

butt (2 ),v.i. [Contracted from abut, v. (q. v.)] 
To abut, to join at the extremity or at the side, to 
be as a boundary to. 

“ And Burnsdale then doth butt on Don’s well-watered 
land.” Drayton. 

but'-ted, pa.par. [But (1), v. f.] 

but-ted, a. [From but (2), v.) 
but-ter (1), *but'-tere, *but'-tlre, *but’-ture, 
*but'-tyr, *but -ere, *bot-ure, *bot-ere, *bot-yr, 
s. & a. [A. S. butere, butyre, but era; Fries, butere; 
Dut. boter: Ger. butter; Fr. beurre; Prov. buire, 
boder; Ital. burro; Lat. butyrum, butyron, butu- 
rium; Gr. boutyros= (1) butter, (2) a kind of salve; 
bous=an ox, bullock, or cow, and fyros=cheese.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: 

(1) In the same sense as II. 1 (q. v.). 

“Boture ( botyr, K.). Butirum.” — Prompt. Pari. 

(2) The butter of Scripture: In most cases curdled 
or inspissated milk. 

“And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he 
had dressed, and set it before them . . .”— Gen. xviii. 8. 

2. Fig.: A substance resembling butter in con¬ 
sistency, or in any other obvious quality. [II. 2.] 

II. Technically: 

1. Dairy-work, Comm,., &c.: The fatty portion of 
milk or cream solidified by churning. In the mak¬ 
ing of butter, the cream is collected from time to 
time and kept in covered jars. When a sufficient 
quantity of cream has been obtained, it is trans¬ 
ferred to a chum, or other suitable apparatus, and 
kept constantly agitated, until the butter forms. 
In order to preserve the flavor and color, it is 
important that the agitation should be as regular 
as possible, and that the temperature in the chum 
should never exceed 64° Fahr. As soon as the 
churning is finished, the butter is thoroughly 
washed with cold water to free it from the adhering 
butter-milk, and a small quantity of salt, not ex¬ 
ceeding 2 per cent., is worked into it. 

Pure butter should consist entirely of milk fat, 
with a small and variable quantity of water; but in 
the process of manufacture it is found impossible 
to exclude altogether the other constituents of the 
milk. We find, therefore, in genuine butter, from 
0.8 to 2.0 per cent, of caseine, or curd, and a trace of 
milk sugar. The “fat” of butter consists of the 
glycerides of the insoluble fatty acids —stearic, 
palmitic, and oleic—in combination with from 5 to 
7 per cent, of the glycerides of the soluble or vola¬ 
tile fatty acids, principally butyric. The charac¬ 
teristic taste and smell of butter are chiefly due to 
the presence of these volatile acids. 

For many years it was held by chemists of consid¬ 
erable repute that milk fat was similar in every 
respect to pure beef and mutton fats, and that there 
were no means of detecting foreign fat, when added 
to butter. The whole subject has been thoroughly 
investigated by various chemists, and two methods 
of examination have been devised. One of them is 
based on the fact that the amount of the insoluble 
fatty acids in butter is less than that found in the 
other animal fats, and that these fats are almost 
devoid of the soluble fatty acids. The other method 
consists in determining the specific gravity of the 
butter fat, at a temperature of 100° Fahr. The esti¬ 
mation of the insoluble fatty acids is a tedious 
process, attended with difficulty, and requiring 
great care. On the other hand, the specific gravity 
of the butter fat can be ascertained with ease and 
rapidity by any chemist of ordinary skill. Each of 
these methods is valuable in itself, but when taken 
together they render the detection of fat adulterants 
comparatively easy. 

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF BUTTER AND OTHER ANIMAL 
FATS. 


Description of 
Sample. 

Per cent, of insol¬ 
uble fatty acids. 

Specific Gravity 
at 100° Fahr. 


86 to 88 

911 to 913 


95-8 

902-8 


95-9 

903 7 


95-2 

903-8 





Butter is an article of food very frequently adult¬ 
erated, the chief adulterants being water, curd, and 
prepared animal fats. The quantity of water in 
butter should never exceed 15 per cent. In some 


cases a3 much as 30 per cent, has been found. Curd 
is sometimes used to increase the bulk and weight 
of the butter; any excess above 4 per cent, should be 
considered an adulteration. Animal fats, as the 
fat of beef, mutton, and pork, are prepared on a 
large scale and sold under the names of “butter- 
ine,” “ oleo-margarine,” &c. These are frequently 
added to butter to the extent of from 50 to 70 per 
cent. [Buttebine.] So long as the fats used are 
pure and good, and the purchasers know that they 
are not buying butter, but a mixture of butter and 
fat, there can be no objection to its sale; but when 
this mixture is sold as genuine butter, at a genuine- 
butter price, the seller renders himself justly liable 
to the penalties prescribed by law. An excessive 
quantity of common salt is sometimes added to 
butter for the purpose of causing it to absorb and 
hold more water. Fresh butter should not contain 
more than 2 per cent, of salt, whilst salt butter 
should never exceed 6 per cent. 

2. Botany: 

Butter and eggs: Several plants, the flowers of 
which are of two shades of yellow; spec., (1) Nar¬ 
cissus pseudonarcissus; (2) N. incomparabilis; (3) 
N. biflorus; (4) N. poeticus; (5) the double-flowered 
variety of N. aurantius; and (6) Linaria vulgaris, 
with other plants of which the name butter and 
eggs is known only locally. ( Britten <& Holland.) 

3. Vegetable Chem.: A name given to certain con¬ 
crete fat oils, which continue of a butyraceous 
consistence at ordinary temperatures. 

(1) Butter and Tallow: A greasy juice found in 
various parts of the butter and tallow tree, but 
specially in the fruit. 

IT Butter and Tallow Tree: The Pentadesma buty- 
racea, a Sierra Leone tree belonging to the order 
Clusiaceee, or Guttifera, It has large handsome 
flowers, and opposite coriaceous leases with par¬ 
allel veins. [ (1).] 

(2) Butter of Cacao: A concrete oil, obtained from 
the seeds of Theobroma cacao. 

(3) Butter of Canara: A solid oil, obtained from 
the fruits of Vateria indica, and called Piney-tal- 
low. 

*4. Inorganic Chem.: Old names for various 
chemical compounds, specially for chlorides. They 
were so-called from their soft butyraceous consist¬ 
ence. 

1[ (1) Butter of Antimony: Sesquichloride of anti¬ 
mony, terchloride of antimony. [Antimony.] 

2) Butter of Arsenic: Sesquichloride of arsenic. 

3) Butter of Bismuth: Chloride of bismuth. 

4) Butter of Sulphur: Precipitated sulphur. 

(5) Butter of Tin: Sublimated muriate of tin, 
protochloride of tin. 

(6) Butter of Zinc: Chloride of zinc. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

butter-ball, s. 

1. A species of small duck (Charitonetta albeola). 
Called also buff el duck. 

2. A small portion of butter served in the form 
of a ball at the dining table. 

butter-bird, s. A name given in Jamaica to the 
Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus.) 

butter-boat, s. A small vessel for holding melted 
butter at table. 

“ Nae doubt it was for fear of the soup, and the butter¬ 
boats, and the like.”— Scott: St. Ronan’s, ch. xxii. 

butter-bur, s. [So called because the country 
housewives used to wrap their butter in the large 
leaves of these plants.] The English name of Petas- 
ites, a genus of Composites. The Common But¬ 
ter-bur (Petasites vulgaris) is a rank weed growing 
commonly in wet meadows and by roadsides. The 
root creeps to a distance. The pale flowers, which 
appear before the leaves, are attractive to bees. 
The leaves are very large. 

butter-dock, butter dock, s. A plant, Rumex 
obtusifolius. 

butter-fish, s. [So called from a copious mucous 
secretion on its skm.] 

Ichthyol.: The Spotted Gunnel (Muroenoides gut- 
tatus). 

butter-jags, s. pi. Two plants: (1) Lotus comic- 
ulatus, (2) Medicago falcata. 

butter-mold, s. 

Husbandry: An implement by which pats of but¬ 
ter of a given size are shaped and printed for 
market. (Knight.) 

butter-print, s. A piece of carved wood, used 
to mark butter. It is called also a Butter-stamp. 

“ A butter -print in which were engraven figures of all 
sorts and sizes, applied to the lump of butter, left on it 
the figure.”— Locke. 

butter-scotch, s. A kind of candy composed 
mainly of butter and sugar. 

butter-stamp, s. The same as Butter-print 
(q. v.). 

butter-tongs, s. An implement for cutting and 
transferring pieces of butter. 


fbutter-tooth, s. An incisor tooth, 
butter-tree, s. 

Bot.: A name given to several trees belonging to 
the order Sapotaceee. . 

1. Indian Butter-tree (Bassia butyracea). It is 
called also the Phulwara. It is a native of Nepaul 
and the Almorah hills. A white fatty substance is 
pressed from its seeds. It can be burnt, makes good 
soap, and is used to adulterate ghee, to dress the 
hair, and as an application in rheumatism. The 
juice of the flowers furnishes a kind of sugar. 

2. The African Butter-tree, or Shea-tree (Bassia 
Parkii). It produces the galam-butter mentioned 
by Mungo Park. The “ butter ” is a white fatty sub¬ 
stance extracted from the seeds by boiling them in 
water. It is an important article of commerce at 
Sierra Leone. 

butter-worker, s. 

Agric.: An implement for pressing and rolling 
butter to free it of the buttermilk. It may be a 
fluted roller working in a bowl or on a board, or a 
conical roller on a slanting board, which permits 
the buttermilk to run off. (Knight.) 

*but-ter (2), s. [Bittern.] (Scotch.) (Jamie¬ 
son.) 

butter-bump, s. The bittern, 
biit'-ter (3), s. [Butt, u.] 

Wood-working: A machine for sawing off the 
ends of boards, to render them square and to 
remove faulty portions. 

biit'-ter, v. t. [From Eng. butter, s. (q. v.) In 
Ger. buttern; Fr. beurrer.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: To spread with butter. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) With "bread” for the object: To make any 
thing in one’s lot more platable. 

U To butter both sides of one's bread: To attempt 
to obtain advantages from more sides than one. 

“Upon all topics; ’twas, besides, his bread, 

Of which he butter’d both sides ; ’twould delay.” 

Byron: The Vision of Judgment, 96. 

(2) With a person for the object: To flatter, to 
coax. (Vulgar.) 

*11. Gaming: To increase the stakes every throw 
or every game. (A cant term.) [Buttering.] 
*but-ter-aced, a. [Buttressed.] 

“Imbattalled, vaulted, and chareroofed, sufficiently 
butteraced, . . .” — A Journey through England (1724). 
( Halliwell: Contrib. to Lexicog.) 

but-ter-ciip, but-ter-ciips, s. [Eng. butter; 
cup.) [Butterflower.] A name given to the 
Ranunculus genus, and specially to Ranunculus 
acris, R. bulbosus, R. repens, R. ficaria, and R. 
auricomus. (Britten <& Holland, cfee.) 

Water Buttercup: Two plants: (1) Ranunculus 
aquatilis, (2) Calthapalustris. 

biit'-ter-fllp, s. One of the names of a bird, the 
Scooping Avocet (Recurvisostra avocetta). 

but -ter-flow-er, s. [Eng. butter; flower. So 
called, apparently, because ignorant people once 
thought that the yellow color of butter arose from 
the cattle eating these plants, which they never do. 
(Curtis.)) 

1. Gen.: The same as buttercup; the popular 
English name of the plants belonging to the genus 
Ranunculus. 

2. Specially: 

(1) One of the names popularly given to a plant, 
the Ranunculus bulbosus, or Bulbous Crow-foot. 
It is called also Buttercups, King’s-cups, and, by 
Shakespeare, Cuckoo-buds of yellow hue. It flow¬ 
ers in May, and may, without digging for its root, 
be accurately identified by observing that the seg¬ 
ments of its calyx are reflexed, whereas in R. 
repens, often confounded with it, they are tolerably 
erect. 

“ The watered meadows are yellow with butterflower*? 
— Aubrey: Nat. Hist, of Wilts. (Britten & Holland.) 

(2) Ranunculus acris. 

(31 R. repens. 

[41 R. ficaria. 

(5) R. auricomus. 

Great butterflower: A ranunculaceous plant 
(Caltha palustris). 

but -ter-fly, *but’-ter-flle, *bot-ur-flye, s. <x a. 

[Eng. butter; fly; A. S. buter-fiege (Somner); buttor- 
fleoge; Dut. boter-vliege (Skeat); Ger. butterfliege. 
Why so called is not certain. It may be from 
appearing at the beginning of the season for butter, 
or because some species are yellow, or because the 
droppings of some are butter-like.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 

2. Fig.: A person who is dressed attractively, but 
is shallow in intellect and of no perceptible use to 
society. 

“The fops are painted butterflies .” 

Pope: To Moore, the Worn Doctor, 17. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 5011, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = sh9.11. -tion. -sion = shun; 


$hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious =« shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 
















butterfly-cock 684 button-bung 


II. Entom.: The English name for any species of 
the Diurnal Lepidoptera, or Rhopalocera. The 
anten n no end in a club; the wings in repose are 
generally quite upright, and there are no bristles on 
the hinder pair. They fly by day, while their allies 
the Hawk-moths do so by twilight, and the Moths 
by night. Before coming to the perfect state they 
exist first as the caterpillar, and afterwards in the 
chrysalis state. Butterflies exist in all climates 
except those marked by extreme cold; the tropical 
species are, however, most numerous, besides being 
the largest in size and, as a rule, the brightest in 
coloring. The Butterflies, or Diurnal Lepidoptera, 
are divided into four families: Papiliomdee, Nym- 
phalidse, Lycsenidse, and Hesperidee (q. v.). 

B. As adj. : (See the compounds.) 

butterfly-cock, s. A valve having two semi¬ 
circular wings pivoted on a central cross-bar. A 
butterfly-valve. 

butterfly-fish, s. [Named from the color.] A 
name for a fish, the Ocellated Blenny ( Blennius 
ocellar is). It has the dorsal fin bilobate. Its 
anterior lobe is elevated and marked with a round 
and black spot, surrounded with a white circle and 
a black one. It is found on the English coast. 

butterfly-net, s. A net of very fine gauze, at¬ 
tached to a handle, and used by entomologists for 
capturing butterflies, moths, &c. 

butterfly-nut, s. 

Mach.: A nut having two wings attached, so that 
it may be easily turned by hand. 

butterfly orchid, s. 

Bot.: A common book-name for two varieties of 
orchids, viz.: (1 ) Habenaria chlorantha; (2) Haben- 
aria bifolia. 

butterfly-plant, s. 

Botany: 

1. The name of an Orchid ( Oncidium papilio) 
brought from Trinidad. It is so called because its 
large yellow and red blossoms, poised on slender 
footstalks so as to vibrate with every breath of 
wind that blows, resemble butterflies hovering on 
the wing. 

2. The Indian Butterfly Plant, Phalcenopsis ama- 
bills, of Lindley, not of Blume, is another Orchid. 
It is a very beautiful epiphyte. 

butterfly-shaped, a. 

Bot.: Somewhat resembling the aspect of a but¬ 
terfly on the wing. Used especially of the corolla, 
in what have been called, from the same cir¬ 
cumstances, papilionaceous flowers. [Papiliona¬ 
ceous.] 

butterfly-shell, s. Any shell of the genus 
Voluta. 

butterfly-valve, s. A double clack-valve, each 
leaf of which is hinged to a bar crossing the pas¬ 
sage-way. There are butterfly pump-valves and 
butterfly throttle-valves. 

butterfly-weed, s. A plant {Asclepias tuberosa). 

but'-ter-ine, s. [From Eng. butter, and suff. -ine.] 
A substance prepared in imitation of butter from 
animal or vegetable fats. The fat is first freed from 
ail impurities, and by heat converted into oleine. 
The oleine is then transferred to a churn containing 
a small quantity of milk, and churned into butter- 
ine. Lastly-, it is colored, in imitation of butter. 
Freshly prepared, it is sweet and palatable, and 
when spread on bread or cold toast, is but slightly 
inferior to a fair quality of butter The process has 
attained such perfection in the matter of manufact¬ 
ure in the United States that it takes an expert to 
distinguish it from genuine butter, and laws have 
been passed compelling tradesmen to label each 
package containing it so that none can be deceived. 
[Butter.] 

but'-ter-ing {Eng.), but-ter-in’, pr. par. & s. 

[Butter, i>.] 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

“ It is a fine simile in one of Mr. Congreve’s prologues, 
which, compares a writer to a buttering gamester, that 
stakes all his winning upon one cast: so that if he loses 
the last throw he is sure to be undone.”— Addison. 

B. As substantive : Flattery. 

but'-ter-is, s. _ [From Fr. boutoir—a tool used by 
curriers and farriers ; Prov. boutevan ( ?) .] 

Farriery: A knife with a bent shank, used by 
blacksmiths to pare the hoofs of horses. It has a 
blade like a chisel, and is operated by a thrust 
movement, the handle resting against the shoulder. 

but-ter-man, s. [Eng. butter; man.] A man 
who sells butter. 

but-ter-milk, s. [Eng. butter' milk. In Gr. 
buttermilch.] That part of the milk which remains 
when the butter is extracted. 

“A young man, fallen into an ulcerous consumption, 
devoted himself to buttermilk .”— Harvey. 


buttermilk ore, s. 

Min.: Dana’s rendering of the German term 
Buttermilcherz, a mineral, the same as Cerargyrite 
(q- v.). 

but-ter-nut, s. [Eng. butter; nut.] The English 
name of on American tree, called also the Oil-nut 
and the White Walnut. It is the Juglans cinerea. 
It has oblong, lanceolate, serrate leaflets, downy 
beneath. The petioles are viscid and the fruit 
oblong ovate. It grows to the height of thirty feet. 
The North American Indians use the nuts as cathar¬ 
tics. The bark is used, as is the bark of several 
other species of the juglans, in the economy of the 
housewife as a dyeing agent. 

but-ter-weed, s. [Eng. butter; weed.] A com¬ 
posite plant, Erigeron canadensis. 

but-ter-wlfe, s. [Eng. butter; wife.] A woman 
who sells butter. [Butterwoman.] 

♦but’-ter-wom-an, s. [Eng. butter; woman.] A 
woman who sells butter. [Butterwife.] 

“ Tongue, I must put you into a butter-woman's mouth, 
...” Shakesp. : All’s Well, iv. 1. 

but -ter-wort, s. [From Eng. butter, A.S. butere, 
and A.S. wyrt= wort, an herb, a plant. The leaves 
coagulate milk, like rennet.] 

Botany: 

1. Sing.: The English name of Pinguicula, a 
genus of plants constituting the typical one of the 
order Lentibulariacete (Butterworts). The Com¬ 
mon Butterwort has the leaves, which are thick 
and greasy to the touch, all radical. The flowers 
are in single-flowered scapes, purple in color, with 
a spur. The capsule is one-celled. There are other 
well-known species of the genus, as for instance 
the Large-flowered {pinguicula grandiflora), the 
Alpine {P. alpina ), and the Pale (P. lusitanica). 
The alpine one has yellowish flowers. 

2. Blur.: Lindley’s name for the order Lentibu- 
lariacese. The type is Pinguicula. [See 1.] 

but'-ter-y, a. & s. [Eng. butter; - y .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Having the appearance of butter. 

2. Possessing the qualities of butter. 

" Nothing more convertible into hot cholerick humors 
than its buttery parts.”— Harvey. 

B. As substantive : 

1. A room in which butter, milk, &c., are kept; a 
pantry. 

2. The room in which provisions are kept. (Now 
chiefly at colleges, and universities.) 

“ Now sought the castle buttery.” 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 8. 

but'-ting, *but-tinge, pa. par. & s. [Butt, p.] 

A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. Assubst.: The act of striking. 

“ Buttinge with sharpe speres.”— Havelok, 2,820. 

butting-joints, s. 

Carp.: The same as butt-joint (q. v.). 
butting-machine, s. 

Machinery: A machine having planing-cutters on 
the face of a disc-wheel, and used for smoothing, 
cornering, or rounding the ends of joists or small 
timbers used in the frames of agricultural imple¬ 
ments, etc. The stuff is laid alongside to fence or 
gage, and is fed up endwise to the cutter, 
butting-ring, s. 

Vehicles: A collar on the axle against which the 
hub butts, and which limits. the inward movement 
of the wheel, as the linch-pin or axle-nut does the 
outward. 

butting-saw, s. A cross-cut saw attached to a 
stock at one end, and used for butting logs on the 
carriage of a saw-mill. 

*butt-ne’r-i-a, s. [Byttneria.] 
*butt-ner-i-a’- 5 e-ae, s. pi. [Byttneriaceje.] 
but'-tock, *but-tocke, *but-tok, *but’-toke, 
*bot-tok, *b 0 t 70 k, s. & a. [From Eng. butt (1), s., 
and dimin. suff. -ock.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang, {generally in the pi. buttocks): The 
rump, the protuberant part behind. 

“ The tail of a fox was never made for the buttocks of an 
ape.”— VEstrange: Fables. 

2. Shipbuilding: The round-in, overhanging part 
on each side and in front of the rudder; terminat¬ 
ing beneath by merging into the run. 

B. As adj. : (See the compounds.) 
buttock-lines, s. pi. The curves shown by a 

vertically longitudinal section of the after-part of a 
ship’s hull, parallel to the keel. A similar section 
forward exhibits the bow-lines, and a continuous 
section through the whole length of the ship the 
buttock and the bow-lines. 


*bUttOCk-mail, s. A fine imposed on any one 
convicted of fornication, in lieu of his sitting on 
stool of repentance. 

“. . . yer butock-mail, and yer stool of repentance.” 
Scott: Waverley, ch. xxx. 

but-t6cked, *but'-tockt, a. [Eng. buttock; -ed.] 
In compos.: Having buttocks of a particular type. 
“ . . . sharp rumped and pin buttockt also.”— Holland: 
Plinie, xxix. 6. 

but-ton, *bot-hum, *bot-on, *bot-vn, *bot- 
wyn, *bot-wn, *bot-un, s. & a. [From Fr. bouton— 
a bud, a button {Littre) ; Norm. Fr., Prov. & Sp. 
boton; Port, botao; Ital . bottone. Cf. Gael, (from 
Eng. putan; Wei. botwm. From Fr. bouter—to put, 
to thrust; Norm. Fr. botier— to put.] 

A. As substantive: 

fl. A bud; spec., a small bud. 

“ The canker galls the infants of the spring 
Too oft before their buttons be disclosed.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 3. 

“ Fair from its humble bed I reared this flow’r, 

Suckled, and cheer’d with air, and sun, andshow’r; 

Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread, 

Bright with the gilded button tipt its head.” 

Pope: Dunciad, iv. 408. 

2. A knob or protuberance fastened to another 
body. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense, 

“ We fastened to the marble certain wires, and a button.” 
Boyle. 

S Specially: 

) A knob on a cap. {Lit. <£- fig.) 

“ On fortune’s cap we are not the very button.” — Shakesp.; 
Hamlet, ii. 2. 

(6) A catch to fasten the dress. It fits into a but¬ 
ton-hole. (The most common sense of the word.) 

[II., 1.] 

‘‘Botwn ( botun, P.) Boto, fibula, nodulus, PICT.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“Pray you, undo this button.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3. 

“One button of gold thread.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng* 
ch. v. 

TT Not worth a button: Not of any value. 

“ And once but taste of the Welse mutton, 

Your Fnglis sheeps not worth a button.” 

Witt’s Recreations, 1654. 

f3. A name for the sea-urchin {Echinus). 

II. Technically: 

1. Button-manufacture: A small circular disk or 
knob of mother-of-pearl, horn, metal, or other mate¬ 
rial, with a shank or perforations through its cen¬ 
ter for attachment to an object, and made to fit 
into a hole formed in another one for its reception, 
the two fastening the objects together. Its chief 
use is to unite portions of a dress together. The 
ancient method of fastening dresses was by means 
of pins, brooches, buckles and tie-strings. Buttons 
of brass are found on dresses of the 16th century. 
Gilt buttons were first made in 1768, and those of 
papier m&ch6 in 1778. 

2. Carpentry , etc.: 

(1) A small piece of wood or metal, swiveled by a 
screw through the middle, and used as a fastening 
for a door or gate. 

2. A knob on a sliding bolt. 

3. Metallurgy: A globule of pure metal formed in 
the cupel by fusion. 

4. Harness. The button of the reins or bridle: A 
leathern ring with the reins passed through which 
runs along the length of the reins. 

5. Music: 

(1) Of an organ: A small round piece of leather 
which, when screwed on the tapped wire of a 
tracker, prevents it from jumping out of place. 

(Stainer <& Barrett.) 

(2) Of an accordion: One of the keys of the first- 
made accordions. {Stainer & Barrett.) 

6. Bot.: [Batchelor’s Buttons.] (See also the 
subjoined compounds.) 

B. As adj.: (See the subjoined compounds.) 
Compounds of obvious signification: Button • 
maker, button-manufacturer. 
button-and-loop, *button and loop, s. 

Naut.: A short piece of rope, having at one end a 
walnut knob crowned, and at the other end an eye. 
It is used as a becket to confine ropes in. {Ogilvie.) 

button-blank, s. A circular blank cut out of 
any material and designed to be fabricated into a 
button. 

button-brace, s. A tool for making buttons. 
The handle is like the common brace; the bit has 
cutters, but no router, and removes a circular blank 
or planchet of bone, pearl, wood, or whatever the 
material may be; an annular bit operating like a 
crown-saw or trephine. 

button-bung, s. [From Eng. button, and bung= 
a cant term for a pocket or purse.] A stealer of 
buttons. {An Age for Apes.) 


fate, fat. Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s8n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, .se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



button-bur 

*button-bur, s. A plant— Xanthium Strumarium. 
(Johnson: Mercurius Botanicus.) 

button-bush, s. The Cephalanthus occidentalis, 
a plant belonging to the order Cinchonace® (Cin- 
chonads). It is a bushy shrub, with leaves either 
simply opposite or in whorls of three, and yellowish- 
white flowers in globular heads. 

button-flower, s. The English name of Gomphia, 
a genus of plants belonging to the order Ochnace® 
(Ochnads). It has very beautiful flowers, with 
serrated, shining leaves and long spikes of brilliant 
yellow flowers. Two species have been introduced 
from Jamaica. 

button-hole, s. [Buttonhole.] 

button-hook, s. A hook for grasping a button 
below the head, in order to draw it through the 
button-hole and fasten it. 

button-key, s. A spring loop, the free ends of 
which, being passed through the shank of a button, 
expand so as to hold the loop in position and keep 
the button in place. A piece of coiled wire, making 
two or more turns, is also used for this purpose. It 
is called also a button-fastener. 

button-lathe, s. A machine for cutting round 
disks for buttons. The material consists of plates 
of horn, bone, ivory, wood, mother-of-pearl, &c. 

button-loom, s. 

Weaving: A loom for weaving button-blank cov¬ 
erings. 

button-mold, s. A disk of bone, wood, or metal, 
to be covered with fabric to form a button. 

button-riveting, a. Riveting, or designed to 
rivet, a button. 

Button-riveting machine: A tool for fastening 
buttons to garments by swaging down on the back 
of the washer the end of the rivet which forms the 
shank of the button. 

button-tool, s. A tool for cutting out buttons or 
circular blanks for them. 

button-tree, s. 

Bot.: The English name of Conocarpus, a genus 
of plants belonging to the order Combretace® 
(Myrobalans). The species are trees or shrubs from 
the tropics of both hemispheres. 

button-weed, s. 

Botany 


1. The English name of Spermacoce, a genus of nonconformity. 


685 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: A hole, slit, or loop made in the 
dress for the reception or a button. 

“ Without black velvet breeches, what is man? 

I will my skill in buttonholes display.” Bramston. 
*1f To talce one a buttonhole lower: To speak to 
one without ceremony (?). (Schmidt.) 

‘‘Let me take you a buttonhole lower.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost. 

II. Hort.: A small bouquet of flowers designed to 
be worn in the buttonhole. 

B. Asadj.: (Seethe compounds.) 

C. As verb transitive : 

To buttonhole: 

To take one by the buttonhole; to take one aside 
and endeavor to influence him; as to buttonhole a 
voter. 

buttonhole-cutter, s. A device on the shears 

E rinciple, specially adapted for cutting button- 
oles. 

buttonhole sewing-machine, s. A sewing-ma¬ 
chine specially adapted for working buttonholes. 

buttonhole-scissors, s. A pair of scissors hav¬ 
ing an adjustability for length of cut, for the 
purpose of cutting buttonholes, 
but-tons, s. A boy page. (Dickens.) 

*but'-tour (tour as tfir), s. [Botaurus, Bit¬ 
tern.] A bird, the Bittern (Ardea stellaris). 

but-tress, *but-ter-esse, *but-rasse, *bot- 
er-ace, *bot'-er-as, s. [Cf. Norm. Fr. britask= a 
fortress with battlements; bretage= a battlement 
(Kelham); O. Fr. breiesque (Cotgrave), bretesche 
(Skeat ).] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 1, the word being 
properly a technical one. 

“Botevas of a walle. Machinis, muripula, muripellus, 
fultura.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ When buttress and buttress, alternately, 

Seem framed of ebon and ivory.” 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 1. 

2. Fig.: Legal, moral, or any other support or 
prop to that which without it would be deficient in 
stability. 

“ It will concern us to examine the force of this plea, 
which our adversaries are still setting up against us, as 
the ground pillar and buttress of the gopd old cause of 


butyrite 


butyl alcohols, s. pi. 

Chem.: C 4 Hi 0 O=quartyl alcohols, or tetryl alco¬ 
hols. Four alcohols having this formula are 
known, two primary, one secondary, and one ter¬ 
tiary; they are metameric with ethylic ether. They 
are, (1) Normal Butyl Alcohol, or Propyl Carbinol, 
(CH 2 .CH 2 .CH 3 

C < H 2 (2) Isobutyl Alcohol, or Isopro- 

( OH. ( CH(CH 3 ) 2 

pyl Carbinol, C < H 2 (3) Secondary Butylic 

(OH. fr-'pl 

Alcohol, or Methyl-ethyl Carbinol, Cw p-j 2 5 , 

[OH 

C 4 H fi (OH) 4 , and (4) Tertiary Butyl Alcohol, or 


Trimethyl Carbinol, C ) OH. 

butyl aldehyde, s. 

Chem.: CH 3 .CH 2 .CH 2 .CO.H. It is obtained by 
distilling a mixture of butyrate and formate of 
calcium. It boils at 75°. By the action of iodine 
and phosphorus it is converted into normal butyl 
iodide, and by that of nascent hydrogen into nor¬ 
mal butyl alcohol. Butyl, or butyric aldehyde, 
heated with alcoholic ammonia, forms dibutyral- 
dine, Ci 8 H 17 ON, which distilled yields paraconine. 

butyl carbinol, s. 

Chem.: [Amtl Alcohol.] 

bu-tyr-g,-mide, s. [Eng., &c., butyl, and amide 
(q. v.).J 

Chem.: C 4 H 7 O.NH 2 is a crystalline compound 
which melts at 115°, and boils at 216°. 

bu-tyl -a-mine, s. [Eng. butyl; amine.] 

Chem.: C 4 H 11 N, or C 4 H 9 ) 

H > N. There are a Normal 
H ) 

Butylamine, CH 3 .(CH 2 ) 3 .NH 2 ; an Isobutylamine, 
CH(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 .NIl 2 ; a Secondary Butylamine, 

>CH.NH 2 ; and a Tertiary Butylamine, or 
Katabutylamine, (CH 3 ) 3 .C.NH 2 . 

bu’-tyl-ene, s. [From Eng., &c., butyl, and suff. 

-ene.\ 

Chem.: The same as Butene (q. v.). 


bu-tyr a-$e-ous, a. [In Fr. 
Lat. butyrum= butter, and suff. 
the consistency of butter. 


butyracS. From 
-aceus.] Having 


plants belonging to the order Cinchonace® (Cin- 
chonads). The species are inconspicuous weeds, 
growing in cultivated grounds in the East and West 
Indies, &c. 

2. A common name for Diodia, also a Cmchonad. 


occidentalis. [Button- 


button-wood, s. 

1 . The Cephalanthus 
BUSH.] 

2. A common name for the genus Platanus, con¬ 
taining the true plane-trees. 

3 . A colloquial name (used principally in Vir¬ 
ginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky) given to any • d 

kind of hardwood used in the construction of to- algles to the wllf to 
bacco “ caddies. .- 

but'-ton (1), *but-ten, v. t. [From Eng. button, 
s. (q. v.) In Gael, (from Eng.?) putanaich^Fr 
boutonner,' Sp. abotonar; Port, abotoar; 
abbottonare.] 

A. Transitive: 


II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: A pier or lean-to pillar on the exterior 
of a wall, to enable it to withstand an interior 
thrust, as in the case of a retaining or breast wall. 
IT Flying Buttress: 


A buttress which is in 
the form of a section 
of an arch, springing 
from a wall or pillar. 

2. Fortif.: A count¬ 
erfort or sustaining 
wall or pillar, built 


1 , x 1 r. 

Ital. 


1. Literally: 

I. To fix with a button, or with a row of buttons; 
having the coat buttoned. 

“ An honest man, close button’d to the chin.” 

Cowper; An Epistle to Joseph Bill. 

*2. To dress, to clothe. 

“ He gave his legs, arm, and breast to his ordinary 
servant, to button and dress him.”— Wotton. 

II. Figuratively: 

fl. To fasten around as with buttons. 

^Sometimes it is followed by tip. 

“ One whose hard heart is button’d up with steel.” 

Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, iv. 2. 

|2. To gather one’s thoughts together- to place 
defenses in front of or around one. 

If Sometimes it is used reflexively. 

« . . the first mad paroxysm past, our brave Gne- 

schen collected his dismembered philosophies, and but¬ 
toned himself together.”— Carlyle: Sartor Besartus, bk. 
ii., ch. vi. 

but'-ton (2) ,v.t.& i. [Butt (1) , v.] To drive or 
cast forth. 

<* Button or caste forthe (butt, P .) Pello.”—Prompt. Parv 

but -toned, *but'-tened, pa. par. & a. [But¬ 
ton, v. t.] 

but -ton-bole, s. a. & v. t. [Eng. button; hole.] 


bu'-tyr-ate, s. [From Lat. butyr(um); and Eng., 
&c., suff. -afe.J [Butyric Acid.] 

bu-tyr-el'-lite, s. [From Lat. butyrum— butter, 
and dimin. suff. -ellum, with Eng. suff. -ite (Min.) 
(q. v.). 

Min.: An acid hydrocarbon, called also Bog- 
butter and Butyrite. Its consistency is like that of 
the substance after which it is named. It crystal¬ 
lizes in needles. It is soluble in alcohol or ether. 
Its color is white. Composition: Carbon, 75 - 0; 
hydrogen, 12‘5; oxygen, 12'5=100. It is derived 
from the Irish peat bogs. (Dana.) 

bu-tyr'-ic, a. [Lat. butyr(um); and Eng. suff. 
- ic .] Connected with butter (q. v.). 
butyric acid, s. 

Chem.: CiHgOj. 

( CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 

Normal Butyric Acid: C-fO’ 

( OH 

=propyl formic acid, or ethyl acetic acid. Obtained 
by the oxidation of normal butyl alcohol with 
chromic acid; also by the action of alkalies on 
normal propyl cyanide, or by the action of hydriodic 
acid on succinic acid; also by saponification of 
butter which contains tributyrin; and by the fer¬ 
mentation of sugar in contact with putrid cheese 
and chalk, calcium lactate is first formed which 
decomposes into butyrate, which is then distilled 
with sulphuric acid. Butyric acid is a colorless 
liquid, boiling at 164°. Its salts are called butyrates, 
and are soluble in water, By oxidation with nitric 
acid it yields succinic acid. Isobutyric acid, 
C4H 8 0 2 + 3 0 yields H 0 O+C 2 H 4 
( CH(CH 3 ) 2 
(CO.OH ) 2 c \ 0“ 

( OH 

or dimethyl-acetic acid, obtained by oxidizing 
isobutyl alcohol, or by the action of alkalies on 
isopropyl cyanide. It is a colorless liquid, boiling 
at 154°. Both these acids form fragrant ethers with 
ethyl. 

- _ „„ , IT Butyric acid has an odor of rancid butter. It 

If The term butty was often used in connection j s f oun d i n sweat, urine, and other fluids, and as a 
with an arrangement, now illegal and obsolete, by neu tral fat, in small quantities in milk. It is the 

which workmen were remunerated by tneir em- - a - 

ployers, partly in articles furnished from certain 

stores and only partly in money. _ mu t. 

bu -tyl, s [From Gr. boutyron,boutvros= butted b * tyrlc etheT ’ s ' The same as Ethyl butyrate 
and hyle= . . . matter as a principle of being.] 1 _ 

Chem.: An organic monad fatty radical, having bu'-tyr-lte, s, [From Lat. butyr(um), and suff. 
the formula (C 4 H 9 )'; also called Quartyl, or Tetryl, -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

from its containing four carbon atoms. Min . .* The same as Butyrellite (q. v.). 



Flying buttresses. 


which it forms a re¬ 
vetment. [Counter¬ 
fort.] 

but-tress, v. t. 

[From buttress, s. 

(q. v.)] To support 
hy a buttress, to prop. 

(Lit. & fig.) 

If Sometimes, 
though rarely, fol¬ 
lowed by up. 

“. . . the remain¬ 
der are in quite angular 
attitudes, buttressed up by props (of parentheses and 
dashes), . . . ”— Carlyle: Sartor Besartus, bk. i., ch. iv. 

biit'-tressed, pa. par. & a. [Buttress, v.] 

“ Fain would he hope the rocks ’gan change 
To buttressed walls their shapeless range ” 

Scott: The Bridal of Triermain, iii. 3. 

butts, s. pi. [Butt.] 

but'-ty, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

1. Of persons: The deputy acting for another. 
(Wharton.) A partner in work. (Local.) 

2. Of things: Whatever is held in common. 
(Wharton.) 


=Isopropionic formic acid , 


chief product of the second stage of lactic fermenta¬ 
tion. [Dextrose.] 


bffii, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, 
-cian, -tian = sh?in. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

,-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bfl, del. 













blizzard 


butyrone 


686 


tm -t^r-one, s. [Lat. butyrum, and Eng., &c M 
Vet one. j 

Chem.: A ketone of the fatty series, also called 
dipropyl ketone, CO" j 0H2 CH3’ ^ ^oils 
144°, and, by the action of 2 oxidizing agents, it is 
converted into butyric acid, CH 3 .CH 9 .CH 2 .CO.OH, 
and propionic acid, CH 3 .CH 2 .CO.OH. It can be 
obtained by the dry distillation of calcium butyrate. 

bu'-tjfr-ous, a. [From Lat. butyrum=hvAter, 
and Eng. suff. -ous.j Having the properties of 
butter. 


“ Its oily red part is from tlie butyrous parts of chyle.” 

Floyer. 

bux-bau'-mi-a, a. [Named after John Christian 
Buxbaum, a German who published a botanical 
work on Asia Minor in 1728.] 

Bot.: A genus of mosses containing a solitary 
species ( Buxbaumia aphylla), so like a fungus that 
it might be easily mistaken for one. 

IT Buxbaumia is by some made the type of an 
order, Buxbaumiaceee. 

bux -e-Ous, a. [From Lat. buxeus=(\) of box¬ 
wood; (2) of the color of boxwood; buxus— the box- 
tree.] Pertaining to the box-tree. 

bux'-om (1), *bux'-6me, *buck'-s6me, *bux- 
um, *box-ome, *box-some, *bo-som, *boc-sum, 
*boux-some {Eng.), *bousum, *bowsom (Scotch), 
a. [A. S. bocsum, bdhsom= obedient, flexible, tract¬ 
able, buxom ( Somner). In Dut. buigzaam; Ger. 
biegsam, beugsam= pliant, flexible. From A. S. 
bilgan, be6aan= to bow, bend, stoop, give way, sub¬ 
mit, yield.] 

1. Of persons, whether male or female, but spec, the 
latter: 

*(1) Pliable, compliant, obedient to those to whom 
obedience is due, polite or courteous to those who 
can claim no more than these. 

“ For who can be so buxom as a wyf ? 

Who is so trewe and eek so ententyf.’ 

Chaucer: C. T., 9,163-4. 

IT In this sense often followed by to. 

“ To make thee buxom to her lawe.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose. 

“. . . to make them more tractable and buxome to 
his government . . .”— Spenser : State of Ireland. 

*(2) Merry, blithe, gay, lively. 

“ Sturdy swains, 

In clean array, for rustic dance prepare, 

Mixt with the buxom damsels hand in hand.” 

Philips. 

*(3) Wanton, jolly. 

“ She feign’d the rites of Bacchus! cry’d aloud, 

And to the buxom god the virgin vow’d.”— Dryden. 

(4) Stout, besides being rosy with health; 
healthy, hearty. 

“ Which made thy closet much frequented 
By buxom lasses.” Swift: Horace, bk. ii., ode i. 

*2. Of animals: Meek, tractable, docile; essen¬ 
tially the same sense as 1 ( 1 ). 

“ And bene of ravenous Wolves yrent, 

All for they nould be buxome and bent.” 

Spenser: Shep. Cal., ix. 

“ So wilde a beast so tame ytaught to bee, 

And buxome to his bands is joy to see.” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale, 625-6. 

*3. Of inanimate things: 

*(1) Yielding. 

“ And therewith scourge the buxome aire so sore, 
That to his force to yielden it was faine.” 

Spenser; F. Q., I. xi. 37. 
”... then with quick fan 
Winnows the buxom air.”— Milton: P. L., bk. v. 

*(2) Lively, fresh, brisk. 

“ Bardolph a soldier, firm and sound of heart, 

And of buxom valor.”— Shakesp.: Hen. V., iii. 6. 

(3) Rosy, or cheerful. 

“ Fm born 

Again a fresh child of the buxom morn, 

Heir of the sun’s first beams.” Crashaw. 


(4) Lavish, prodigal; opposed to penurious. 
“There buxom Plenty never turns her horn.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. i. 

*bux-om-iy, *bux’-um-ly, *bux'-um-ll, *box’- 

um-ly (compar. buxumlier), adv. [Eng. buxom', 
- ly.~\ In a buxom manner. 

1 . Obediently; reverently. 


2 . 


“ And they with humble herte ful buxomly, 
Hnesliag upon thir knees ful reverently, 

Him thankeii c. 11 ” Chaucer: C. T., 8,062. 

“ And netheless full b^acomly 
He was redy to do that she bad.” 

Cower: bk. vii. 

Civilly. 

“And louted to the ladies, and to the lord 
Buxumli as any best, bi any resoun scfcula. ' 

William of Palerne, 3,716-17. 


“For-thi me [bi-]houes the buxumlier me bere.” 

Ibid., 723-4. 

3. Wantonly, amorously. (Johnson.) 


bux -6m-ness, *bux -om-nes, *bux'-um-nesse, 
*bux -um-nes, *bux -som-nesse, *buck-some- 
ness, *bdw'-s6me-nesse, *bough-some-nesse, 
*boc-sum-nesse (Eng.), *bow'-su-nes (Scotch), 
s. [A. S. bocsumnes (Somner), biihsomnes= obedi¬ 
ence, pliantness, buxomness.] The quality of being 
buxom in any of the senses of that word. Specially — 

*(1) Obedience, pliableness. 

“ Buhsomnesse or boughsomnesse. Pliableness or bow- 
somenesse, to wit, humbly stooping or bowing doune in 
sign of obedience. Chaucer writes it buxsomnesse .”— 
Verst eg an: A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence. ( Rich¬ 
ardson .) 

“ But on the other part, if thou by vertuous liuing and 
buxumnes, giue him cause to loue thee, . . ”— Vices: 

Instruction of a Christian Woman, bk. ii., ch. 2. 

*(2) Wantonness, amorousness. 

(3) Healthiness, heartiness. 

bux’-us, s. [In Ger. buchs; Fr. buis; Sp. box; 
Ital. busso; Pol. bukspan; Lat. buxus or buxum; 
Gr. pyxos .] 

Bot.: Box-tree, a genus of plants belonging to the 
order Euphorbiacese (Spurgeworts). It contains 
three species, Buxus sempervirens, or the Common 
Box [Box-tree] ; B. balearica, or the Minorca Box; 
and B. chinensis, or the Chinese Box. [Box.] 
buy, *bye, *bie, *beye, *bey-en, *beg-gen, 
*big-gen, *beg-gin, *bug-gen (pret. bought [pron. 
b&wt), boght, boghte, bouhte, bohte) (Eng.), buy, 
*by (pret. bocht) (Scotch), v. t. & i. [A. S. bycgan, 
bycgean, bicgan, bicgean, gebicgan (pret. bdhte, 
gebdhte)=to buy; O.S. buggean; 0. L. Ger. buigean; 
Moeso-Goth. bug j an.} 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To purchase, to acquire an article or 
property of any description, or the right and title 
to it by giving for it a sum which the owner is will¬ 
ing to accept as an equivalent for what he surren¬ 
ders. Such a purchase may be with ready money 
or on credit. 

“ Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou wilt 
sell thy necessaries.”— Benjamin Franklin. 

2. Fig.: To acquire for some consideisation any 
real or imagined advantage. 



“ Buy the truth, and sell it not; . . . ”— Prov. xxiii. 
23. 

“ . . . means are gone that buy this praise.”— 
Shakesp.: Tim., ii. 2. 

*(&) To exact atonement for. (King Horn, 912.) 
(Herbert Coleridge.) 

(2) With a person or persons for the object: To 
bribe, to gain over. 

“Judges and senates thou canst buy for gold.” 

Pope: Ess. on Man, iv. 187. 

B. Intrans.: To make a purchase or purchases, to 
deal. 

“I will buy with you, Bell with you, talk with you, walk 
with you.”— Shakesp.: Mer. of Ven., i. 3. 

C. In special phrases and compounds: 

1. To buy in: 

(1) Of stock, <&c.: To purchase it in any partner¬ 
ship. 

(2) Of an article offered at an auction: To buy it 
for the vendor, and temporarily withdraw it from 
sale, when a price deemed too low is bidden for it. 

2. To buy off: 

( 1 ), Lit. With a person for the object: To induce 
one, by a pecuniary or other consideration, to desist 
from opposition to, or join in forwarding the proj¬ 
ects of, the buyer. 

*(2) Fig. Of conscience: To offer some consider¬ 
ation to induce the inward monitor to acquiescence 
in an act or in conduct against which it had pro¬ 
tested. 

“What pitiful things are power, rhetoric, or riches, 
when they would terrify, dissuade, or buy off conscience!” 
— South. 

3. To buy on credit: To buy, with a promise of 
paying at a future time. 

4. To buy out: 

*(1) To cause to cease to act against one. 

“ Dreading the curse that money may buy out." 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 1. 

IT To buy out the law: To quit the penalty of the 
law. (Schmidt.) 

*(2) To redeem. 

(a) Generally. 

“And not being able to buy out his life.” 

Shakesp.: Com. of Err., i. 2. 

(b) Of a soldier out of the army. 

(3) To substitute one’s self for another person in 
a partnership by purchasing his shares or interest 
in the concern. 

5. To buy the refusal of anything: To give money 
for the right, at a future time, of purchasing it for 
a fixed price. 

To buy up: A more emphatic expression for to 
buy. (Gsed specially when the whole supply of a 
commodity is purchased for speculative purposes.) 


*buye, v. t. & i. [A contracted form of O. Eng. 
abiggen or abyen; A. S. abicgan, abycgan — to buy 
again, to pay for, to recompense.] To suffer or have 
to pay for. ( Chaucer, <£c.) 

buy’-er (uy as I), *by -er, *bl'-er, *blg’~ger, s. 
[Eng. buy; -er.] 

1. Gen.: One who buys, a purchaser. 

“ It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer . . .”— 
Prov. xx. 14. 

*2, Spec.: A redeemer. (Herbert Coleridge.) 
buy'-Ing, *bl’-yng, pr. par., a. & s. [Buy, v.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of purchasing. 

“ . . . to have the advantage in the buying of them.” 
— Golden Boke, i. 26. 

“. . . all buyings and sellings . . .”— Holland; 

Plinie, xxxiii. 3. ( Richardson .) 

*buyrde, s. [Bird.] 

*buyrne, s. [Burne.] A man. (Ear. Eng. Allit. 
Poems: Patience, 340.) 

*buysch, s. [Bush (1),s.] (Wycliffe (Purvey), 
Mark xii. 26.) 

*buysch’-el, s. [Bushel.] (Wycliffe (Purvey), 
Luke xi. 33.) 

*buy’-stous, a. [Boistous, Bustous.] Rough, 
rude, strong. 

“ And no man putteth a clout of buystous clothe into an 
o.de clothing . . .”— Wycliffe (Purvey), Matt. ix. 16. 

fbuzz, fbuz, interj. [A sibilant sound.] An 
utterance to command silence. 

“ Pol. The actors are come hither, my lord. 

Ham. Buz, Buz!" Shakesp. Hamlet, ii. 2. 

buzz, fbuz (Eng.), bizz, fby§§e (Scotch), v.i.&t. 
[Imitated from the sound. In Ital. buzzicare— to 
sneak away, to whisper.] 

A. Intrans.: To make a sound, partly like a hum, 
pai tiy as if the letter z, or as if two z’s, were being 
pronounced. Used — 

1. Of the hum of bees, wasps, some flies, and sim¬ 
ilar insects. 

“ Like a wasp it buzzed and stung him.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, iii. 

" As bees bizz out wi’ angry fyke 
When plundering herds await their byke.” 

Burns: Tam O’Shanter. 

f2. Of the whispering by human beings, singly or 
in numbers. 

“ Through his teeth he buzzed and muttered 
Words of anger and resentment.” 

Longfellow: Song of Hiawatha, xvii. 

f3. Of things inanimate, as the waves of the sea. 
[Buzzing, a.] 

B. Trans.: To whisper; to spread abroad secretly. 

“ Where doth the world thrust forth a vanity. 

That is not quickly buzz’d into his ears.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., ii. L 

“ I will buz abroad such prophecies, 

That Edward shall be fearful of his life.” 

Ibid.: 3 Henry VI., v. 6. 

buzz, s. & a. [From buzz, v., or imitated from 
the sound.] 

A. .4s subst.: A hum attended with a hissing 
sound, as if the letter z or s were being continuously 
pronounced. Used— 

( 1 ) Of insects. 

“The buzz of an insect.”— Taylor: New Zealand. 
t( 2 ) Of the hum of crowds. 

“ With Midas’ ears they crowd: or to the buzz 
Of masquerade unblushing.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. V. 

“ I found the whole room in a buzz of politics.”— 
Addison. 

B. As adj.: (See the compound.) 

buzz-saw, s. [Named from the buzzing sound 
produced by the rapidity of revolution.] A circular 
saw. 

*buz-zg,rd (1), s. [From buzz, and suffix -ard.] 

1. Lit.: A buzzing insect. Specially — 

( 1 ) A lamellicorn beetle [Beetle], or a fly. 

"Pet. Shouldbe! should—buzz! 

Kath. Well ta’en, and like a buzzard." 

Shakesp.: Tam. of Shrew, ii L 
T[ As blind as a buzzard: As blind as such a 
beetle. (Nares.) 

(2) A kind of hawkmoth—“ the buzzard moth” 
(q. v.). (Nares.) 

“O owle! hast thou only kept company with bats, 6u*- 
zards, and beetles?”— Gayt.: Fest. Notes, p. 188. 

*2. Fig.: Any person wanting in foresight. 

“Those blind buzzards who, in late years, of willful 
maliciousness, would neither learn themselves, nor could- 
teach others, anything at all.”— Ascham. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, fcJLb, cure, n”^te. effr *-flle, full; try, Syrian, as, ce = e; ey qu = kw% 



buzzard 


buz-zg,rd (2), *buz-ard, *bus-zarde, *biis- 
sarde, *bu-sard, *bus-arde, *bos-arde, s. & a. 

lln O. Dut. buizert; Ger. bussaar, buszaar; Ital. 
bozzagq; Prov. buzart, buzac; Nor. Fr. buzac =a 
kite; Fr. busard; O. Fr. buzart, busart; suffix -art, 
appended to Fr. buse; Low Lat. busio; Class. Lat. 
buteo= a buzzard (not butio, which is=the bit¬ 
tern).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: The bird or birds described under II. 1. 

“ Bosarde, byrde. Capus, vultur." — Prompt. Parv. 

*2. Fig.: A bird or any person or thing of inferior 
gifts or character. 

II Between hawk and buzzard: Between a good 
and a bad thing, with some relation to each other, 
i “ ‘ Between hawk and buzzard ’ means, between a good 
thing and a bad of the same kind; the hawk being the 
true sporting bird, the buzzard a heavy, lazy fowl of the 
same species, buteo ignavus, the sluggish buzzard.”— 
Comenii Janua, Lond., ed. 1662, § 146. 

II. Zoblogy: The English name of the Buteo, a 
genus of birds, and specially of three species. These 
are— 

1. The Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes aura). This 
enus is more a carrion vulture than a raptorial 
ird, like some of the other genera described be¬ 
low. They are natives of our Southern states, 
where they are very useful as scavengers, and are 
so much appreciated in this regard that in most of 
the states they are protected by law. In conse¬ 
quence they grow quite tame, and in some places 
may be considered almost a domesticated fowl. 
They are about the size of a common turkey, and 
the species gets its name from a distant resem¬ 
blance between the two. They are of a dirty black 
color, and are from 25 to 36 inches long, having an 
immense span of wing (proportionate), being re¬ 
markable for their powerful and graceful flight. 
Its nest is a mere hollow in the ground with a ram¬ 
part of loose dead branches around it. These birds 
may be seen by hundreds in one locality, hovering 
over and lighting upon the carcass of a dead animal. 
They are rarely found north of Pennsylvania. 

2. The Brown Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris), called 
also the Glead, Glede, Glade, Kite, or Puttock. The 
male is deep-brown above, the margins of the 
feathers paler, the under parts yellowish-white with 
brown spots, the lace with brown and pale bands. 
The female is deep brown above and below, with 
whitish streaks on the throat, and spots of the 
same color on the breast. It feeds on small mam¬ 
malia, birds, lizards, worms, and insects. It makes 
its nest in trees and ledges of rock. 

3 The Bough-legged Buzzard ( Buteo lagopus), 
which is feathered to the toes. 

H Bald-buzzard: One of the names for the Fishing 
Osprey ( Pandeon haliaetus). 

Capped-buzzard: [Honey-buzzard.] 
Honey-buzzard: The English name of a predatory 
bird, the Perm's apivorus, called also the Beehawk, 
or the Brown Beehawk. [Honey-buzzard.] 
Moor-buzzard: The Marsh-harrier {Circus cerugi- 
nosus). 

*B. Asadj.: Senseless, stupid. 

“ Those who thought no better of the living God, than 
of a buzzard idol.”— Milton: Eiconoclastes, ch. i. 

“ Thus I reclaimed my buzzard love to fly 

At what, and when and how, and where I choose.” 

Donne: Poems, p. 47. 

buzzard-cock, buzzard cock, s. The male of 
the buzzard. 

. “ Sometimes he’ll hide in the cave of a rock, 

Then whistle as shrill as the buzzard cock.” 
Wordsworth: Address to a Child During a Boisterous 
Winter Evening. 

buzzard-moth, s. A kind of Sphinx or Hawk- 
moth. ( Nares.) 

buz’-zhr-det, s. [Eng. buzzard, and suffix -et. In 
Ger. buszaar .] 

Ornith.: A bird of prey resembling the common 
buzzard in most respects, except in having slightly 
longer legs. 

*buz'-zer, s. [Eng. buzz, and suffix -er.] 

1. A whisperer. 

“ And wants not buzzers to infect his ear 
With pestilent speeches of his father’s death.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 5. 

2. An electric device which gives an alarm or call 
produced by a rapid vibration of electric make- 
and-break mechanism, which is often magnified by 
inclosure in a resonance chamber, resembling a 
bell, but which is not struck or touched by the vi¬ 
brating parts. Sometimes a square wooden box is 
used as a resonance chamber. 

buz-zing, pr. par., a. &s. [Buzz, v .] 

A. & B. As pres. par. <& participial adjective: 
(See the verb.) 


687 


C. As subst.: A buzz, whispering; talk in an 
undertone. 

“ A buzzing of a separation 
Between the king and Katharine?” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., ii. 1. 

t buz'-zing-ly, adv. [Eng. buzzing; -ly .] Buz¬ 
zing in manner; in a low tone. 

*bwnte, s. [Bounty.] {Scotch.) {Barbour: 
Bruce , x. 294.) 

*bwrgh, s. [Borough, Burgh.] 

by, *bl, *be, prep., adv. & in compos. [A. S. be, 
bi, big= (1) by, near to, to, at, in, upon, about, with; 

(2) of, from, about, touching, concerning; (3) for, 
because of, after, according to; (4) beside, out of 
{Bosworth); O. S. & O. Fries, bi, be; Dut. bij; Goth. 
& 0. H. Ger. bi; (N. H.) Ger. bei; Dan. (in compos, 
only) bi.) [Be, prep.; Bi.] 

A. As preposition: 

1. Of place: 

(1) Near, not far from, beside, in proximity to, 
whether the person or thing referred to be as near 
another, be at rest or in motion. 

“ They passed by me.” ^-Shakesp.: Troilus, iii. 3. 

“ There is a light cloud by the moon.” 

Byron: Siege of Corinth, 21. 

(2) On, upon. (Used often in such phrases as by 
sea, bi land, by water.) {Bacon, Pope, Dryden, 
cfcc.) 

“ I would have fought by land, where I was stronger.” 

Dryden. 

IT E. by N., according to the compass card, means 
east but slightly round to the north. 

2. Of time: 

(1) During, throughout the continuance of. 

“ . . . have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacri¬ 

fices by the space of forty years in the wilderness?”— Acts, 
vii. 42. 

(2) In. 

“ . . . that he could not do it by day, that he did it 
by night.” — Judges, vi. 27. 

IT By the morwc : In the morning. {Chaucer.) 

(3) Not later than, by the time of. (Followed by 

a substantive.) , 

‘ ‘Hector, by the fifth hour of the sun, 

Will with a trumpet, ’twixt our tents and Troy, 
To-morrow morning call some knight to arms.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus & Cressida, ii. 1. 

IT Often used in the phrases by this time, by that 
time, by to-morrow, dtc. 

*(4) By the time that. (Followed by the clause 
of a sentence.) 

“ By thir words were said, his men were so enraged.”— 
Pitscottie, p. 31. 

(5) After, succeeding. 

“ Thus year by year they pass, and day by day.” 

Dryden. 

3. Of agency, conjoint agency, causation, and in¬ 
strumentality. 

(1) Of agency: Noting the agent by whom or by 
which anything is done. 

‘‘By Hector slain, their faces to the sky, 

All grim with gaping wounds our heroes lie.” 

Pope: Iliad, xix. 201-2. 

(2) Of conjoint agency or action: By aid of, by 
conjoint action of. 

“ The sons of Abraham by Keturah.”— Gen. xxv. (title.) 

(3) Of causation: Noting the cause by which any 
effect is produced. 

“ Fissures near Serocarne, in Calabria, caused by the 
earthquake of 1783.”— Lyell: Prin. of Geol., ch. xxix. 

(4) Of instrumentality: Noting the instrument or 
means by which anything is done. 

“ . . . and the brasen altar shall be for me to inquire 
by.” —2 Kings, xvi. 16. 

“Such a danger England and Holland might lawfully 
have averted by war.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

Tf Of the part in relation to the whole: 

“ He tok his chylde by the hande.”— Isumbras, 325. 

T[ Regarding the distinction between with and 
by, Johnson says that by is commonly used after 
a verb neuter, while with would be put after an 
active one. Blair says both these particles express 
the connection between some instrument, or means 
of effecting an end, and the agent who employs it; 
but with expresses a more close and immediate con¬ 
nection, by a more remote one. We kill a man with 
a sword; he dies by violence. The criminal is bound 
with ropes by the executioner. In a passage of Dr. 
Robertson’s History of Scotland, we are told that 
when one of the old kings was making an inquiry 
into the tenure by which his nobles held their lands, 
they started up and drew their swords ; “ By these, 
said they, “we acquired our lands, and with these 
we will defend them.” {Blair: Lectures on Rheto¬ 
ric and Belles Lettres, ed. 1817, vol. 1., p. 233.) 


by 

4. Of the effect of causation: Used to denote ground 
of judgment or comparison in reasoning back from 
effect to cause, in constructing an d posteriori argu¬ 
ment, in reasoning from a fact or occurrence to any 
similar one. 

“ By this I know that thou f avorest me.”— Psalms, xli. H, 

5. Of relation with respect to number or magnu 
tude: 

(1) Measured by, estimated by. 

“ Bullion will sell by the ounce for six shillings and fiva 
pence unclipped money.”— Locke. 

(2) By the magnitude or number of. 

“ Meantime she stands provided of a Laius, 

More young and vigorous too by twenty springs.” 1 

Dryden.. 

(3) Of addition to: Besides, over and above; in* 
Scotch foreby. {Scotch.) 

“ . . . she [the ship] wasted all the woods in Fife, 
which was oak-wood, by all timber that was gotten out of 
Norroway.”— Pitscottie: Cron., p. 107. 

(4) In succession to, after, following. 

“ The best for you is to re-examine the cause, and to try 
it even point by point, argument by argument.”— Hooker . 

*(5) In the case of. 

“ Als it fales bi a tre.”— Psalms, i. 3. 

“ So faleth it by a ryotous servaunt.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,406. 

6. Of specification: In specification of. (Used in 
naming one, or doing anything similar.) 

“ Greet the friends by name.”—3 John, 14. 

7. Of taking of oaths and of adjuration : 

“Swear not at all; neither by heaven, for it is God’s 

throne, nor by the earth.”— Mat., v. 34-5. 

“I adjure thee by the living God.”— Ibid., xxvi. 63. 

8. Of duty, conduct, or action toward: 

“ He had discharged his duty by them.”— Macaulay: Hist, 
Eng., ch. xv. 

9. Of accordance ivith: According to, noting per* 
mission or conformity. 

“It is excluded. By what law? of works? Nay; but by 
the law of faith.”— Rom., iii. 27. 

10. Of preference for: Beyond, above, more than, 
in preference to. {Scotch.) 

“For thow may rew by all the rest.” 

Davidsone: Schort Discurs., st. 7. {Jamieson.) 

*11. Of absence of or contrariety to, implying the 
passing of anything by: Without, without regard 
to, contrary to. {Scotch.) 

“ . . . tuik him to be hir husband, by the adwyse and. 
counsall of the lordis, for they knew nothing thairof a. 
long time thairefter.”— Pitscottie: Cron., p. 284. 

*12. With regard to, with reference to. {Scotch.) 

“ I speake not this by English courtiers.” 

George Gascoigne, 763. 

*13. Against, 

“ I know nothing by [Kev. Yer. against ] myself.”-*. 
1 Cor. iv. 4. 

B. As adverb: 

1. Near; situated or temporarily resting in prox* 
imity to. 

“ . . . I also was standing by, and consenting unta 
his death . . .”— Acts xxii. 20. 

2. Near, passing near; moving past; past. 

“ I did hear 

The galloping of horse; who was’t came by! ” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 1. 

3. Aside, beside. 

*4. Though a certain contingency take place, as. 
“ I carena by ”=1 don’t care, though I agree to your 
proposal. {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 

C. In special phrases: 

1. By and by, by-and-by , adv. & s. : 

(1) As adverb: 

*{a) Of place: Hard by. {Chaucer.) 

*{b) Of numbers, or of a plurality of persons or 
things: 

(i) From time to time. 

“ By and by. Sigillatim.” — Prompt. Parv. 

IT “The Medulla renders sigillatim [(?) sing ilia- 
tim or singulatim ], fro seel to seel.” {Harl. MS., 
2,257.) {Way.) Probably sigillatim is a mistake for 
singulatim. 

(ii) One by one, singly. 

“ Nature did yeeld thereto; and by-and-by 
Bade Order call them all before her Majesty.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VII. vii. 27. 

(c) Of time: 

*(i) At once, as soon as possible, quick, immedi¬ 
ately. 

“ I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the. 
head of John the Baptist.”— Mark vi. 25. 

IT In the Greek of this verse, by and by is ex autes 
= at the very point of time ; at once ; from ex antes 
tes horas= from this very time. {Trench.) 


“ But here, where murder breathed her bloody steam; 
And here, where buzzing nations choked the ways.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 142. 


todiil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, <jell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL 




*>.y 


688 


by 


(ii) After a short time; after a time. As Trench 
well shows, the tendency of mankind to procrasti¬ 
nation has altered the meaning of this phrase from 
“at once, immediately,” to “ after a time.” 
t (2) As subst.: The future. 

“In the sweet by and by, 

We shall meet on that beautiful shore.” 

Sankey: Hymn 9. 

2. By himself or herself (Eng.); By himsell or her- 
sell (Scotch), ady. phrase. 

(1) Alone. 

“Solyman resolved to assault the breach, after he had, 
by himself, in a melancholy mood, walked up and down in 
his tent.”— Knolles: History of the Turks. 

U The expressions by one's self, by itself, have a 
similar meaning. 

(2) Beside himself or herself; destitute of reason, 
insane. 

♦3. By one's mind or minde: Deprived of reason. 
"... hot raged in furie as if they had beine by 
thair myndis.” — Pitscottie: Chron., p. 416. 

f4. By that: By the time that. 

“ . . . thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun 
goeth down .”—Exodus xxii. 26. 

5. By the head, a.: 

Naut.: Having the bow lower in the water than 
the stern. 

6. By the lee: 

Naut.: So far fallen off from her course that the 
wind takes the sails on the wrong side. 

7. By the run, adv.: 

Naut.: Altogether; in the phrase “ To let go by 
the run”=to let go altogether, instead of slacking 

off. 

8. By the stern: 

Naut.: Having the stern lower in the water than 
che bow. 

9. By the way: 

t(l) In coming along the way. 

"... See that ye fall not out by the way.” — Gen. 
civ. 24. 

(2) In passing. (Used to introduce an incidental 
remark.) 

“ . . . and one that is your friend: I oan tell you that 
by the way . . .” — Shakesp.: Merry Wives, i. 4. 

10. To come by, v. t.: To gain possession of, to 
obtain. 

“. . . everything that he ca.i come by . . .” 

Shakesp.t Two Gent., iii. 1. 

11. To do by: To do to one; to behave to one. 

“I would not do by thee as thou hast done.”V 
Byron: On Hearing that Lady Byron ""os III. 

12. To set by, v. t.: To value. 

13. To stand, by, v. t. & i.: 

(1) Trans.: To render one countenance by delib¬ 
erately standing by his side on a trial. 

“Now, brother Richard, will you stand by us ? 

Glouc. Ay, in despite of all that shall withstand you.” 

Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iv. 1. 

(2) Intrans. (Naut.) : To be in readiness. 
*by-C0ming, s. The act of passing by or through 

a place. 

“He had gottin in Paris at his by-coming Bodin his 
method of historie . . . ”— Melvill: Diary (Life of A. 
Melville, i. 429.) ( Jamieson.) 

♦by-common, a. Beyond common; what is un¬ 
common. 

“They were represented to me as lads by common in 
capacity.”— Ann. of the Par., p. 253. 
by-east, adv. Toward the east. 

♦by-going, s. The act of passing. 

“ In our by-going, being within distance of cannon to 
the towne.”— Monro: Exp., pt. ii., p. 15. 
by-hand, adv. Over. [Hand.] 

♦by-lyar, s. [Eng. & Scotch by; and Scotch lyar 
=wlio lies down.] A neutral. 

“Item, In caise it beisinquyred of all By-lyars, and in 
speciall of my Lord of Huntlie in the Northe.”— Knox, 
222. 

*by-ordinar, adv. More than ordinary. (Scotch.) 
by-past, by-passed, a. Passed by; past. 

“ To put the by-pass’d perils in her way.” 

Shakesp.: Lover’s Complaint. 

“ . . . for these three hundred years by-past . . .” 

— Cheyne. 

by-product, s. Something produced in the 
course of manufacture, secondarily, or in addition 
to the principal product; as coal-tar is a by-product 
in the manufacture of gas from coal. 

by-west, adv. 

1. Lit.: To the west of. 

♦2. Fig.: Beyond the power of. 

•‘Whereupon grew that by-word, used by the Irish, that 
they dwelt by.west the law, which dwelt beyond the river 
of the Barrow.”— Davies: On Ireland. 


by (1), bfe, s. & a. [From Eng. by, pref. &c. 
(q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: A subordinate object; any¬ 
thing not. the main aim, but taken incidentally. 
Specially in the phrases— 

1. By the by, adv. phrase. 

(1) Meanwhile. 

“ So, while my lov’d revenge is full and high, 

I’ll give you back your kingdom by the by.” 

Dry den: Conq. of Granada, 

(2) By the way (half figuratively). 

“ This wolf was forced to make bold, ever and anon, with 
a sheep in private, by the by.” — VEstrange. 

(3) By the way (quite figuratively), in passing, 
incidentally. 

♦2. In the by, adv.: Not as one’s main object, inci¬ 
dentally, as a subordinate aim. 

“They who have saluted her [Poetry] in the by, and now 
and then tendered their visits, she hath done much for.” 
— B. Jonson: Discoveries. 

*3. Upon the by, on the by, adv.: Incidentally. 

“ In thiB instance, there is upon the by, to be noted the 
percolation of the verjuice through the wood.”— Bacon: 
Nat. Hist. 


B. As adj.: Aside, apart. Used— 

(1) Of roads, lanes, paths, dtc.: Out of the main 
thoroughfares. 

(2) Of incidental remarks, &c.: Out of the main 
thread of a speech or discourse. 

(3) Of purposes or aims: Secret, unavowed, 
crooked. 

IT Compounds of obvious signification: By¬ 
passage, by-place, by-purpose. 

tby-bidder, s. One who bids at an auction on 
behalf of the owner or of the auctioneer, with the 
view of running up the price. 

by-blow, s. 

1. A blow which strikes a person or thing against 
whom or which it was not aimed. 

“. . . how also with their by-blows they [Christian 
and Apollyon] did split the very stones in pieces.”— 
Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. 2. 

2. A bastard. 

♦by-business, s. A business which is not ono’s 
leading occupation. 

♦by-coffeehouse, s. A coffeehouse situated out 
of the main thoroughfares. 

“ I afterward entered a by-coffeehouse, that stood at the 
upper end of a narrow lane.”— Addison. 


♦by-concernment, s. 

1. Gen.: A subject of concern or thought which is 
not one’s main occupation. 


“ Our plays, besides the main design, have underplots 
or by-concernments, or less considerable persons and 
intrigues, which are carried on with the motion of the 
main plot.”— Dryden. 

*2. Spec.: The underplot in a play. 


by-corner, s. A private corner; an obscure cor¬ 
ner. 


“In by-comers of 

This sacred room, silver, in bags heap’d up.” 

Massinger: City Madam. 


by-dependence, s. An accessory circumstance. 

“These, 

And your three motives to the battle, with 
I know not how much more, should be demanded; 
And all the other by-dependencies.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 6. 
♦by-design, s. An incidental design. 

“And if she miss the mouse-trap lines, 

They’ll serve for other by-designs.” 

Hudibras. 


♦by-drinking, s. Drinking between meals. 

“You owe money here besides, Sir John, for your diet 
and by-drinkings.” — Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3. 


fby-end, s. Private interest; secret advantage. 
“All people that worship for fear, profit, or some other 
by-end. ”— L’ Estrange. 

IT One of Bunyan’s characters in the “ Pilgrim’s 
Progress ” is called By-ends. 

“ They overtook one who was going before them, whose 
name was By-ends.” — Bunyan: P. P., pt. i. 


by-gate, bye-gate, *byget, s. A byway. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . seikand refugis and bygets.” — J. Tyrie: Refuta¬ 
tion of Knox’s Answer, Pref. 7. 

“ Aff to the Craigs, the hale forenoon, 

By a’ the bye-gates round and round, 

Crowds after crowds were flocking down.” 

Mayne: Siller Gun, p. 31. 

♦by-hours, s. pi. Hours or time not allotted to 
regular work. 

“. . . who, it was thought, might give the necessary 
repairs at by-hours. These by-hours, however, seldom 
occurred.”— Agr. Surv. 


♦by-interest, s. Interest apart from that of the 
community in general; private interest. 

“Various factions and parties, all aiming at by-interest, 
without any sincere regard to the public good.”—After- 
bury. 

by-lane, s. A lane not leading to any public 
place, and therefore but little traversed. 

“She led me into a by-lane, and told me there I should 
dwell.”— Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 504. 

♦by-matter, s. A matter distinct from the chief 
one on hand. 

“I knew one that when he wrote a letter, he would put 
that which was most material into the postscript, as if it 
had been a by-matter.” — Bacon. 

by-name, byname, s. 

1. An additional name. 

“ . . . that suffisaunce power noblesse reuerence and 
gladnesse ben only dyuerse bynames.” — Chaucer ; Boethius 
(ed. Morris), p. 84, 1. 2,333. 

2. A nickname. 

by-name, v. t. To nickname. 

“Robert, eldest son to the Conqueror, used Bhort hose, 
and thereupon was by-named Court-hose, and shewed first 
the use of them to the English.”— Camden. 

by-path, *bypathe, s. 

1. Lit.: A private or unfrequented path. 

“ Bypathe. Semita, orbita, callis, C. F., trames, U. G.~— 
Prompt. Parv. 

2. Fig.: Indirect means. 

“ HeaVn knows, my son. 

By what by-paths and indirect crook’d ways 
I met this crown.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., iv. 5. 

by-play, s. 

Drama: 

1. A play apart from and going on simultaneously 
with the main one. 

2. The play of feature or gesture used by actors 
when not speaking or engaged in the principal 
business of the scene. 

♦by-respect, s. A private end, aim, or purpose. 
“ Augustus, who was not altogether so good as he was 
wise, had some by-respects in the enacting of this law; 
for to do anything for nothing was not his maxim.” 
— Dryden. 

by-road, s. A road little frequented, as not lead¬ 
ing to any important place, or as not the most 
important one leading to a place. (Lit. <& fig.) 

“ Through slipp’ry by-roads, dark and deep, 

They often climb, and often creep.”— Swift. 

by-room, s. A room opening out of another. 

“ Do thou stand in some by-room, while I question my 
puny drawer.”— Shakesp .: Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

by-speech, s. An incidental speech different 
from the main one. 

“ . . . their common ordinary practice is to quote by- 
speeches, in some historical narration or other, and to use 
them as if they were written in most exact form of law.” 

— Hooker. 

by-stander, s. [Bystander.] 
by-street, s. An obscure or unfrequented street. 
“ He seeks by-streets, and saves th’ expensive coach.” 

Gay. 

by-stroke, s. A casual or insidiously-inflicted 
stroke. [By-blow.] 

by-time, s. Time not required for one’s primary 
work ; odds and ends of time. (Scotch.) 

by-turning, s. A turning or current of road 
away from the main one. 

“The many by-tumings that may divert you from your 
way.”— Sidney: Defense of Poesy. 

by-view, s. A private or self-interested view, 
aim, or purpose. 

“No by-views of his own shall mislead him.”— Atter- 
bury. 

by-walk, s. 

1. Lit.: A walk away from the main one; aD 
obscure or unfrequented walk. 

“The chief avenue ought to be the most ample and 
noble ; but there should be by-walks, to retire into some 
times for ease and refreshment.”— Broome. 

2. Fig.: An unavowed aim or purpose. 

“ He moves afterward in by-walks, or underplots, as 
diversions to the main design, lest it should grow tedious, 
though they are still naturally joined.”— Dryden. 

by-way, s. [Byway.] 
by-wipe, s. A side stroke of raillery. 

“ Wherefore that conceit of Legion with a by-wipe t”-. 
Milton: Animadv. Rem. Defense. 

by (2), s. & suff. [Dan. by- a city, town, or 
borough ; Sw. by= a village, a hamlet.] 

A. As subst. (as an independent word): A town. 
(Cursor Mundi.) (Skeat.) [Bylaw.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wqlf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, full; trf, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw, 



by 

B. .4s siijf.; A termination of various towns in 
tagland, originally Banish, or at least named by 
™ anes 7 as I) erb y, Appleby, Naseby. 

” trench says that in Lancashire, one of the 
mief seats of Banish immigration, nearly a fourth 
)r the towns and villages have this ending; while 
n Hampshire and other places, uninvaded by the 
Banes, the termination by is almost unknown. 
< Trench: The Study of Words.) 

by, prefix. [Bi as a prefix; be as a prefix.] A 
number of words have passed through three stages, 
r irst they have been spelled with by, then with bi, 
an< / lAiaoy with be ; as byhynde, bihynd, behind. 

_As Bi: Compounds of A. S. bi not found under bi 
should be looked for under be. They may exist also 
as oy, as byse, bise , besee. 

As Be: The chief articles on the following com¬ 
pounds of by^ bi , or will be found at be: *By- 
cause (=because); *bycom 1 *bycome , *bycorn , *by- 
corne, *bydaffe, *byfcille, *byfyl, *byget, *bygyle, 
Hrygonne, *bygonnen (pa. par.=begun) ; *bygyn, 
ibygynne, *bygynner, *bygynnyng, *byhest, *byheste, 
byhete (v. t.=behight) ; *byholde, *byhote (v.= 
behott ; behote), *byhyght (=behight); *byhynde 
( — behind), *byjape, *bykenne (=bekenne, 2), *by- 
Jcnowe, *byknowen (=beknow), *byloved (=beloved), 
bylyve, *bylyue (=belive), *bymene ( = bemenc, 
bemoan), *bymoorn, *bymorne, *bymurne, ( = be- 
mourn), *bynethe, *bynethen, *bynythe (=beneath), 
*byquethe ( = bequeath), *byraft (= bereft), *by- 
reyne ( = berain), *byschrewe ( = beshrew), *by- 
schine (=beshine), *byse (=besee), *byseeh, *byseche, 
*byseme (=beseem), *byseye, *byset, *byside, *by- 
smolce, *bysoughte (=besought), *byspotte (= bespot), 
*bysprent, *bystowe ( = bestow), *bystrood ^be¬ 
strode), *byswyke (=beswike), *bysyde (=beside), 
*bytake,bythuixte (=betwixt), *bythought, *bytide, 
*bytok, *bytoke, *bytraie (=betray), *byt raised, 
*bytrende, *bytwene (=between), *bytwixe, *by- 
twixen, *bytwyste, *bytyde (=betide), *byivayle, 
*byweyle (— bewail), *bywave, *bywepe, *byweop 
(=be weep), *byivreye (=bewray), *bywreyinge ( = 
bewraying). 

♦by (1 ),v.t. [But.] (Acts, Mary, 1563.) (Chaucer.) 
♦by (2), v. i. [A. S. bedn=to be.] [Be, v.} To be. 
“ . . . to moche slac and wylles-uol ssel by."—Dean 
Michel of Northgate, Sermon on Matt. xxiv. 43. Spec. Ear. 
Eng. (Morris and Skeat), pt. ii. 

♦by , part of an interj. [Bye.] 

♦by -ar, s. [Buyer.] (Scotch.) 
by -ard,s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Mining: A leather breaststrap used by miners in 
hauling the wagons in coal-mines. 

*by -^re, s. [Buyee.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*by-giss, s. [Bias.] ( Tillotson .) 

♦by-bill, s. [Bible.] A large writing, a scroll 
so extensive that it may be compared to a book. 
(Queen Mary: 2d Letter to Bothivell.) (Jamieson.) 

♦by’-calle, v. t. [0. Eng. prefix 6^=bi or be, and 
calle-call.] To call, to arouse. [Bicalle.] 

“Neuer the less cler I yow bycalle.’ 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 913. 
*by -calt, pa. par. [Bycalle.] 

“Out of that caste I watz bycalt." 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; The Pearl, 1,163. 
♦by -case, adv. [Eng. by, and case (q. v.).] By 
chance. 

♦byc-k 9 ,r, v. i. [Bickee, v.} 

♦by -clyppe, *by-clappe, v. t. [Beclip.] (Chau¬ 
cer.) 

♦byd, *bydde, ♦byde, v. t. & i. [Bid (1), v.} 

♦b^d -dyng, *bfd -dinge, pr. par. & s. [Bid 

<DJ 

♦byde, v. i. [Bide, Bid, v .] (Spenser: Shep. 
Cal., x.) 

♦bydene, *by-dene, *bidene, adv. [Perhaps 
from But. bij dien- (1) by that, thereby, (2) forth¬ 
with.] 

1. Quickly. 

“ Doun the bonke con boghe bydene.” 

The Pearl, 196. 

2. At once, besides. 

“And other doghty men bydene.” 

Laurence Minot; Political Songs, B. 54; Spec. Ear. Eng. 
(Morris & Skeat), pt. ii. 

*by-dol-ven, pa. par. [A. S. 6edoZ/en=buried, 
from bedelfan =to dig in or around.] Buried. 

. . and found here a gobet of gold bydoluen. 

Chaucer: Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 151, 4,348. 
♦by -dfng, pr. par. [Biding.] 
bye, adv. & a. [From by, prep. & adv. (q. v.)] 
Near. (Scotch.) 
bye-wash, s. 

Hydraulic Engineering: A channel to divert past 
a reservoir water of streams which would otherwise 
flow into it, and which are impure or otherwise 
undesirable. The outlet of water from a dam; a 
waste. Called also a by-lead and a diversion-cut. 


689 


bye (1), s. [From by, prep. & adv.] 

Cricket: A run obtained when the ball has passed 
the longstop without being touched by the striker. 
[Longstop, Leg-bye.] 

bye(2),s. & a. [By (1), s. & a.] 

♦bye (3), *bee, s. & in compos. [A. S. by, bye— a 
dwelling, a habitation; from buan— to inhabit, to 
dwell.] 

A. As an independent word (of the form bye): 
[By.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A dwelling, a habitation. (Gib¬ 
son.) 

2. Game-playing: The place occupied by an indi¬ 
vidual player in some games. 

B. In compos, (of both forms'): A habitation; as, 
bying, i. e., a dwelling-house. (Wharton.) 

♦bye (4), *boye, s. [Etymology doubtful. It 
may be simply Eng. boy. ] An ox-driver. 

“ Bye or boye. Bostio, U. G.”— Prompt. Parv. 

♦bye, part of an interj. [Eng. be, with, you.} A 
word used only in the subjoined salutation. 

Good-bye, good-by. [Good—God ; bye, by— be with 
you.] God be with you. 

♦bye (1), v. t. [Contracted from ciby.} [Abie 
( 2).] To pay for, to suffer, to expiate, endure. 

“ Thou, Porrex, thou shalt dearly bye the same.” 

Ferr. and Porr., 0. PI., i. 140. 

♦bye (2), v. t. [Buy, v.] (Wycliffe [Purvey], 
Matt. xiv. 15.) 

♦byear, s. [Biek.] A bier. (Chevy Chase, 111.) 

*by-efthe, s. [Behoof, s.] (Rob. of Gloucester, 
p. 354.) 

♦byeth, pi. of pres, indie., also imperat. pi. of v. 
[A. S. beotli .] 

1. Are. 

“ Ine the bokes byeth y-write all the zennen of men.”— 
Dean Michel of Northgate; Sermon on Matt. xxiv. 46 (A. D. 
1340). 

2. Be ye. 

“ Byeth sleghe an waketh ine youre bedes.”— Ibid., 44. 
Spec. Ear. Eng. (Morris and Skeat), pt. ii. 

♦by-fore, *by-forn, *by-forne, ♦by-for-en, prep. 
& adv. [Befoke.] 

“ Byforn hem all e.”—Chaucer: C. T., 5,434. 

♦byg, v. t. [Bigg, v.} (Barbour: Bruce, v. 453.) 

♦by-get, v. t. [Beget.] To get. 

“ For when he hath oht bygeten.” — Proverbs of Hendyng, 
221. 

♦bygge, *byg-gyn, v. t. [Bigg, v.} 

“Byggyn’, or byldyn. Edifico.” — Prompt. Parv. 

♦bjfg-gyd, pa. par. [Bygge.] 

*bf g'-gyng, *bjfg'-gynge, *byg-yng, pa. par., 
a. & s. [Bygg.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt a.: (See the verb.) 

C. As subst.: Building. 

“That tham thoghte that alle the byggynge brake.” 

Sege of Melayne (ed. Herrtage), 467. 

♦byghe, s. [A. S. bedh, bedg=ring, collar, diadem.] 
A crown. 

" Thy heued hatz nauther greme ne gryste, 

On arme other fynger, thaz thou ber byghe.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 465-6. 

*by-ghyte, s. [Beget.] (Rob. of Gloucester, 
p. 388.) 

*byg’-ly, a. [Big, a.] Great, strong. 

“ Bryng me to that bygly belde.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 963. 

♦by-go, *by-gon, a. [From Eng. by, and go.] 

1. (Of the form by go): Ruined, deceived. 

“ Many ys the manlich man, that thorw womman ys 
bygo.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 68,1. 2,013. 

2. (Of the form bygon) : Overrun, covered. 

“A messager til him to schape, 

For al the contre wyth-outen lys so full bygon wyth 
enymys, 

That non ne schold hem scape.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 108, 1. 3,428-30. 

by-gone (Eng.), *by -gane, a. &s. [Eng.by; 
gone.} 

A. As adj.: Gone by. 

“ Tell him, you are sure 
All in Bohemia’s well; this satisfaction 
The bygone day proclaim’d.” 

Shakesp.i Winter 1 s Tale. i. 2. 

B. As subst. (pi. bygones, Eng.; byganes, Scotch); 
Things past, and spec, of offenses against the 
state, lovers’ quarrels, and arrears of money owed. 

(1) Let bygones be bygones: Let the past be 
forgotten. 


bymole 

(2) Byganes suld be byganes: The past should not 
be brougnt up against one (1.) 

“Ye see, I spoke to them mysell, and tauld them 
byganes suld be byganes . . .”— Scott; Heart of Mid- 
Lothian, ch. xvii. 

*by-gonne, pret. &pa. par. [Begun.] 

“ Ye knowe wel that myne adversaries han bygonne this 
debate and brige by here outrage.”— Chaucer: The Tale of 

Melibceus. 

*by-gyns, s. pi. [Beguin.] An order of quasi¬ 
religious women not bound by vows. (Chaucer.) 

♦b^-hate, v. t. [From O. Eng. prefix by = prefix 
be or bi (q.v.), and Eng. hate, y„] To hate. 

“ This is to seyn that it was he byhated of alle folk.” 

Chaucer: Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 75, 1. 2,051. 
♦by-hirne, v. t. [From A. S. prefix by : bi, and 
hirne — a corner.] To hide in a corner, conceal. 
“That thei may hententhey holden, byhirneth it sone.” 

Piers Plowman Crede, 642. 

♦by-hod, *by-hede, v. imper. [A contracted 
form of behooved. Cf. O. Eng. bud = behooved.] 
Behooved. 

“ . . . and that so foule and so felle that fight hym 
byhode.” Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 717. 

*by-hynde, *by-hyn-den, prep. & adv. [Be¬ 
hind.] 

♦by-inge, pr. par. & s. [Buying.] 

*by-knyf, *by-knife, s. [From A. S. 6t/=beside, 
and cnif= a knife.] A knife worn at the side, a dag¬ 
ger. (Scotch.) 

“With that his byknife furth hes tane.” 

Leg. Bp. St. Androis, Poems, 16th Cent., p. 323. 

*by-lafte, pret. & pa.par. of v. [A. S. belifan— to 
remain.] (Sir Ferumbras, 1,595.) 

*by-lave, v. t. [O. Eng. by, and lave (q. v.).] To 
wash, smear over. 

“ Naked and bylaued myd blode.”— O. Eng. Miscell. (ed. 
Morris), p. 140. 

by -law (Eng.), bir'-law, bur -law (Scotch), s. 
[Icel. bcejar-ldg; Sw. bylag; Dan. bylov— the com¬ 
munity of a village. From Icel. beer, byr (genit. 
bcejar) = a. town, a village ; Sw. & Dan. by— a village, 
a city, town, or borough.] [By.] 

1. An organic law or regulation made by the mem¬ 
bers of a corporation for the better government of 
their body. The power to make bylaws is usually 
conferred by express terms of the charter creating 
the corporation, though when not expressly granted, 
it is given by implication, and it is incident to the 
very existence of a corporation. When there is an 
express grant, limited to certain cases and for cer¬ 
tain purposes, the corporate power of legislation is 
confined to the objects specified, all others being 
excluded by implication. 

2. A rule or regulation adopted by a society for 
the government of its members. 

♦byld, v. t. [Build.] 

♦bylde, s. [From build, s. (q. v.)] A building. 

“ Quen such ther cnoken on the bylde.” 

Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 727. 
♦byle, v. t. [Boil, v.} 

♦byle, s. [Boil, s.] 

♦by-leeve, s. [Belief.] Belief, creed. (Chaucer.) 

*by-leve (1), *by-leue, v. i. [A. S. belifan=to 
be left, to remain.] [Beleif (2), v.} To stay, to 
remain. 

“ The kynge byleues there still.” 

Sege of Melayne (ed. Herrtage), 207. 
*by-leve (2), V. t. & i. [Believe.] 

♦by-leyn, pa. par. [Belay, v.] 

♦byl-len, *bol-lyn, v. t. & i. [From bylle—hiU 
(1), s. J To peck with the hill. 

“ Bollyn’ or jowyn’ wythe the bylle as byrdys ( byllen or 
jobben as bryddys, K. iobbyn with the byl, H. P.) Rostro.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

♦byl-lerne, s. [Billurs.] 

“ Byllerne, watyr herbe. Berula, C. F.”— Prompt. Parv. 
♦byl-lyn, v. t. & i. [From bylle=bUl (1).] To 
dig with a mattock. 

“ Byllyn with mattokys.” Ligonizo, macro, Cath.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*by-loke, v. t. [From O. Eng. prefix by, and 
loke— to look.] To look after, to take care of. 

“ . . . and before al thyng bad me kepe thys, and 
faste hit her by loke.”—Sir Ferumbras, 2,127. 

♦by-lf n ne, *bliime, *blynne, v. t. [A. S. blin- 
nan= to re:’t, cease, leave off ; from blin— rest, inter¬ 
mission.] To delay. 

“ They hyeden faste, wold they nought bylynne, 

Til they come to the gate, ther Gamelyn was inne.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 553-4. 

♦by-mole, v. t. [Cf. A. S. m&l — a spot, stain.] 
To stain, disgrace. 

“ Shal nevere cheeste bymolen it.”— P. Plow., 8,946. 


bdil, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cia'n, -tian = shjjin. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dcL 

* 44 




bvnd 


690 


byttneria 


*bynd, *bynde, *bynden, v. t. [Bind.] 

“ Whateuer thou shalt bynde vpon erthe shal be 
bounden and in heuenes.”— Wickliffe: Matt. xvi. 19. 

*bynd-ynge, pr. par. & s. [Binding.] 

*by-nempt, pa. par. [Beneme.] Named, ap¬ 
pointed; promised. 

*bynge, v. i. [Beenge.] (Scotch.) 

*bynk, s. [Benk.] (Scotch.) (Barbour: Bruce, 
vii. 258.) 

*bynne, prep. [A. S. 6innan=within.] Within. 

“ That the burne bynne borde byhelde the bare erthe.” 

Allit. Poems; The Deluge, 452. 
*by-nome, *by-no-men, pa. par. [Bynyme, 
Benim.] Taken from or away. 

“ Huntynge or haukynge if any of hem use, 

His boste of his benefys worth bynome hym after.” 

Piers Plow., iii. 311-2. 

“. . . for shrewes were bynomen hem so that thei 
ne myghten nat anoyen or don harme to goode men.”— 
Chaucer; Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 124, 1. 3,527. 

*by-nyme, v. t. [Benim.] To deprive, to take 
away. 

“ . . . ne fortune may not bynyme it the, . . — 

Chaucer; Boethius, p. 43, 1. 1,117. 

*by -pas-sing, s. [Eng. by; passing.] Lapse. 

“ And giff they faill at the bypassing of everie ane of 
the saidis termes, to denunce and eschete.”— Acts Ja. 
VI., 1621 (ed. 1814), p. 603. 

*byp'-ti-git, pa. par. [Baptized.] (Scotch.) 
(Houlate, ii. 4, MS.) (Jamieson.) 

*by’-quide, s. [Bequest.] (Rob. of Gloucester, 
p. 384.) 

*byr, s. [Bur (t). ] 

by r (pron. bQr), prep.&pron. [Contraction for 
by our.] A word or words used only in the sub¬ 
joined phrase. 

By'r lakin: By our lady (i. e., by our lady kin). 

“ By’r lakin, a parlous fear.” 

Shakesp.: Mid. Night's Dream, iii. 1. 

*by-rad, pret. of v. [A. S. rcedan = to advise, 
determine.] Determined, resolved, self-advised. 

“ Anon he was byrad, 

To werk that he hem lad 

For nyht nolde he nout wonde.” 

Spec, of Lyric Poetry, Parable of the Laborers, 22-4. 

*byrche, s. [Birch.] 

“ Byrche, tre. Lentiscus, cinus.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*byrd, v. impers. [Icel. byrja—to behoove.] Tt 
behooved, it became. 

“ And said, thaim byrd on na maner 
Dreid thair fais ...” 

Barbour: Bruce, vi. 316. 

byre, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A cow-house. 

“. . there is not a farmer but shall sing well-a-wa 
over a burnt barnyard and an empty byre.” — Scott: Rob 
Roy, ch. xxxii. 

*by-reve, *by-raefe, v. t. [Bereave.] 
*byr-law-man, s. [Birlieman, Burlaw.] 

*byr-ler, s. [O. Eng. birle=U> pour out.] One 
who serves out drink, a butler. 


*byrn, *byrne, v. t. [Burn (1), p.] To bum. 
(Barbour: Bruce, xvii., 431, 525.) 

*byrn-y, *byrn-ie, s. [Birnie.] (Barbour: 
Bruce, 11,352.) 


byr'-rhl-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. byrrhus 
(q. v.).] 

Entom.: A family of insects, often termed, from 
their roundish or oval shape, Pill-beetles. With the 
Histeridee, they constitute the tribe Helocera of the 
pentamerous Coleoptera. 


byr -rhus (yr as ur), s. [From Lat. birrus= a 
cloak for rainy weather. From Gr. pyrrhos = 
yellow.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles, the typical one of the 
j family Byrrhidee. They are nearly globose insects, 

‘ which, when alarmed, pack their legs away into 
'cavities on the lower part of the body and counter¬ 
feit death. 

byr-son -lm-g, (yr as ur), s. [From Gr. byrsa= 
fa hide, and suff. nimos (?).] 

. Bot,.: A large genus of plants, belonging to the 
order Malpighiacese (Malpighiads). The bark of 
Byrsonima Cuminghiana, a small tree found in 
Panama, &c., is used in skin diseases, the wood for 
building purposes, and the small acid berries are 
eaten. The bark of B. spicata is the Muraxi bark 
■of Brazil, used in that country for tanning. A col¬ 
oring matter from it is used in the Indies as a dye¬ 
stuff ; the berries are eaten, and are said to be good 
in dysentery. The roots and branches of B. verbas- 
cefolia are used in Brazil and Guiana for washing 
ulcers. (Treas.of Bot.) 

*byrth, s. [Birth.] Size, bulk, burden, burthen. 
(Scotch.): (Doug.: Virg., 131,27.) 


*by-run, *bi-run, a. & s. [Eng. by; run.] 
(Scotch.) 

A. As adj.: Past. 

‘‘Byrun annuel restand awand.”— Aberd. Reg. 

“ Birun rent.”— Ibid. 

B. As subst. (pi. byrunis): Arrears. 

“The Maister or Lord may not recognose the lands for 
the byrunis of his fermes.”— Skene: Index, Reg. Map, vo. 
Maister. 

*bys, s. & a. [Byss.] 

“ This wommon woneth by west, 

Brihtest vnder bys.” 

Specimens of Lyric Poetry: A Plea for Pity, 37-8. 
*bjfsch -op-hood, s. [Bishophood.] 

“ Of theordinaunce of byschophood.” — Wickliffe: 1 Tim., 
Prologue. 

bys -Im, *bis-some, *bus'-some p *bw -some, 
s. [Besom.] 

1. (Of the last three forms): 

(1) Anything shaped like a besom or broom, spec., 
a comet. 

“ . . . A comet of that kind which the Astronomers 

call kbgon, the vulgarS a firie Bissome, shined the whole 
months of November, December and January.”— Spots- 
wood, p. 94. 

“It was callit, The fyrey Bnssome." — Knox: Hist., p. 92. 
M. S., i., bwsome. (Jamieson.) 

(2) A woman of bad character (contemptuously). 

2. (Of the form bysim): A woman of bad character 
(contemptuously). 

*by-skorne, s. [O. Eng. by, and sfcorn«=scorn.] 
A disgrace. 

“Broghte to byskorne and bysmere.”— Trevisa, i. 179. 

*bys-mare, *bys-mere, s. [Bismare.] 

*by smot-er-ud, a. [Besmotred.] (O. Eng.) 
Smutted. (Chaucer: C.T.,16.) 

*bys-ning, s. [Icel. bysn = a prodigy; bysna = 
to portend.] A monster. 

“ . . . Yone lustie court will stop or meit, 

To justifie this bysning quhilk blasphemit.” 

Palice of Honour, ii. 7 (ed. 1579). 
*bys-om, a. [Bisson.] Blind. 

“ The bysom ledys the blynde.” — Reliq. Antiq., ii. 239. 
*by-spell, s. [A. S. bigspell = a parable, story, 
fable, comparison, proverb, example. ( Bosworth .)] 
A proverb. 

*byss, *bisse, s. [From Lat. byssus (q. v.).] 
Flaxen or silky-looking cloth. 

“ Bisse, fine white, whether it be silk or lynen.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Table for Expounding Words in Genesis. 

b^s-sa'-ge-ous, a. [Mod. Lat. byssaceus, from 
Lat. byssus (q. v.), and Lat. suffix -aceus.] Divided 
into fine, entangled fibers, like those of wool. 
Example, the roots of some fungi. 

*bjfsse, v. [Bizz, v .] (Scotch.) (Doug.: Virg., 
257,16.) 

*bys-shop-pyng, pr. par. & s. [O. Eng. bysshop 
= bishop. Bishop, p.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: Confirmation. 

“ Bysshoppyng of chyldren, confirmation ."— Palsgrave. 
bys -si, s. pi. [Lat. byssi, pi. of byssus .] [Bys¬ 
sus.] 

Bot.: A name formerly employed to designate 
certain cryptogamous plants of low organization, 
now separated and ranged according to their sev¬ 
eral affinities. 

bfs -sine, *bys-syn, *bis-sen, a. & s. [From 
Lat. byssinus; Gr. byssinos=made of fine fiax or 
linen.] [Byssus.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Made of fine flax. 

2. Having a flaxen or silky appearance. 

B. As subst.: Fine linen. [Bies.] 

“ And it is youun to hir that sche kyuere hir with white 
bissyn schynynge, for whi bissyn is iustifiyngis of 
seyntis .”—Wicliffe (ed. Purvey) : Apocal. xix. 8. 

bys'-soid, a. [Gr. (1) byssos [Byssus], and (2) 
eidos= appearance.] 

Bot.: Having a fringed appearance, with the 
threads or fascicles unequal in length. 

bys'-so-lite, s. [In Ger. bissolith; Gr. (1), byssos 
[Byssus]; and (2) lithos=a stone. Named on ac¬ 
count of the flaxen appearance of its asbestiform 
and fibrous varieties.] 

Min.: A variety of Dannemorite (Dana). The 
same as Tremolite (Brit. Mus. Catal.). [Danne¬ 
morite, Tremolite.] 

*bys-sop, s. [Bishop.] 

“ Byssopes and abbates.”— Rob. of Gloucester, p. 376. 
bifs'-sus, s. [Lat. byssus; Gr. byssos=( 1) a fine 
yellowish fiax; (2) the linen made from it; Heb. 
butz= fine white linen (1 Chron. xv. 27, &c.); from 
b <itz=to be white.] 


*1. Ord. Lang.: Linen. 

“ The line called byssus [is] the fine lawne or tiffani® 
whereof our wives and dames at home set so much store 
by for to trim and decke themselves.”- Hollond: Plinie , 
bk. xix., ch. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Zodl.: The flaxen or silky-looking fibers by 
which mollusks of the genus Pinna and the family 
Mytilidae attach themselves to rocks, stones, or 
other bodies. 

“Pinna L . . . Foot elongated, grooved, spinning a 

powerful byssus, attacked by large triple muscles to the 
center of each valve. . . . The byssus has sometimes- 
been mixed with silk, spun, and knitted into gloves, &cff 
— Woodward: Man. of the Mollusca (1851), p. 264. 

2. Bot.: The stipes of certain fungi. [Byssi.] 

*3. Min.: An old name for asbestos. 

*bys-sym, s. [Bysym.] 

*bys-syn, *bys-yyn, v. t. [Etym. doubtful. Per¬ 
haps from the noise made.] To lull asleep, to 
soothe. (Prompt. Parv.) 

*bys-synge, *bys-ying, pr. par. & s. [Byssyn, p.] 

A. As present participle: Lulling, designed to 
lull, sootning. 

IT Byssynge songys: Lullabies, c r adle songs. 

“ Byssynge songys (byssing , H.). Fascinnina, C. F, 
nenia, Cath.”— Prompt. Parv. 

B. As substantive: The act of lulling. 

“ Byssynge of chyldrne ( bysying, H.). Sopicio, C. F.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*by-stad, pa. par. [Bestad, Bestead.] Situ¬ 
ated. 

“As men that ben hungry, and mow no mete fynde, 
And ben harde bystad under woode lynde.” 

Chaucer; C. T., 669-70. 

by'-stand-er, s. [Eng. %=near; stand, v.; and 
sutt. -er.] One standing near when anything is being 
done; an onlooker, a spectator, as opposed to an 
actor in any event. 

“This dastardly outrage roused the indignation of the 
bystanders."—Macaulay.- Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

♦by-stole, pa. par. [Eng. pref. bi, and stolen 
stolen.] [Steal.] Stolen, escaped. 

“An now compth on of hem prykyng, 

Fram the othre y-sent to Chailis kyng, 

And ys bystole awaye.” 

Sir Ferumbras (ed Herrtage), p. 121, 3,875-76. 

*by-stride, v. t. [Bestride.] 

“ He stede bystrod.” — R. Cceur de Lion, 475. 
*by-sulpe, v. t. [From O. Eng. prefix by, and O, 
Eng. sulp, sulpe, sulue— to defile, to soil; M. H. 
Ger. besulwen; Provinc. Ger. sulpern=to defile 
(Morris).] To defile. 

“ The venym and the vylanye and the vycios fylthe, 
That bystilpez mannez saule in vnsounde hert.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 57-45. 

*bys-y-hede, s. [From O. Eng. bysy— busy, and 
suff. -hede=suS. -hood.] “ Busyhood,” continual 
care. 

“Vor zothe yef he hym a lyte of his bysyhede wyth- 
draghth.”— Dean Michel of Northgate: Sermon on Mattheic 
xxiv. 43. 

*byt (1), 3 pers. sing. pres, indie, of v. [Byd, Bid.) 
Bids. (Chaucer.) 

*byt (2), byt-en, v. [Bite, p.J 
*byt, s. [Bite, s.] 

*by-taughte, *bf-taghte, *by-taht, pret. of v. 
[Betaught, pret. of O. Eng. betech.] 

*byte, a. [From A. S. bita— a biter, a fierce 
animal, a wild beast.] Fierce. 

" Thy prayer may hys pyte byte. 

That mercy schal hyr craftez kythe.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris): Pearl, 355-6. 

*by-thenk, v. t. [Bethink.] To repent. (Ear. 
Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 582.) 

*by-tokne, v. t. & i. [Betoken.] 

*by-tok-nyng, s. [Bytokne.] A token. 

“ In bytoknyng of trawthe, bi tytle that hit habbez.” 

Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 626. 
*by-toure, s. [Bittern.] A bittern. (Chaucer.} 

by -town-Ite, s. [From Bytown, in Canada, 
where it was first found; suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 
Min.: A variety of Anorthite (q. v.). It is a 
greenish-white mineral resembling felspar. 

bftt-ne'r-I-Sb butt-ne r-I-a, s. [Named after 
David Sigismond Augustus Buttner, professor of 
botany at Gottingen, who published a botanical 
work in 1750.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants constituting the typical 
one of the order Byttneriacese (q. v.). The species 
are curious rather than ornamental herbaceous 
plants. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, fatl <•; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





byttneriacese 


691 


cabal 


bytt-ner-I-a'-ge-se, tbuct-ner-I-a’-$e-3e, s. pi. 
[From Mod. Lat. byttneria (q. y.).] 

Bot.: An order of plants placed by Lindley under 
his Twenty-eighth or Malval alliance. They resem¬ 
ble the Sterculiads, to which they are allied in 
having two-celled anthers, and in other respects, 
but differ in having a part of the stamens sterile 
and small petals bagged at the base. The species 
mostly come from the West Indies, a few are East 
Indian or Australian, and one is from Persia. Lind¬ 
ley estimated the known species at 400. 

*byt-ylle, s. [Beetle.] 

“ Bytylle, worme. Buboscus.” — Prompt. Parv. 
by -way, *bl'-wey, s. [Eng. by, and way.] 

1. Lit.: A secluded or unfrequented way; a way 
aside from the main one. 

“Night stealths are commonly driven in byways, and 
by blind fords, unused of any but Buch like.”— Spenser: On 
Ireland. 


2. Fig.: A secret method of doing anything; an 
unavowed aim or purpose, or method of reaching 
a® object. 

“A servant, or a favorite, if he be in want, and no other 
apparent cause of esteem, is commonly thought but a 
byway to close corruption.”— Bacon. 

*by-welde, v. t. [Bewield.] To wield one’s 
self, i. e., to have free and full power over one’s self. 

“ And at leysere horn ageyn resorte, 

Whan he myght bywelde hym at his large." 

John Lydgate (B): The Story of Thebes, 1,366-7. 


*by-went, a. [Eng. by= past, and went.] 

Of time: Bygone, past. 

“ Considder of Romanis, in all their time by-went." 

Bellend.: Prol. T. Liv., vL 

*by-weve, v. t. [A. S. biwevan.] [Beweve.] To 
entwine, to inlay. ( Rowland. <& Ottuell, ed. Herrtage, 
1 , 202 .) 

b^'-word, *bI -word, s. [Eng. by; word.] 

1. A common saying, a proverb. (Generally in a 
bad sense.) 

“. . . a mere byword of contempt.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. The object of such a saying, the individual 
whose speech or action has originated or given cur¬ 
rency to the common saying. 

“ And now am I their song, yea, I am their byword .”— 
Job. xxx. 9. 

*byye, *by -fn, v. t. [But, v.] 

*by-jfnge, pr. par. [Buying.] 
bjf-za nt, s. [Bezant.] 

By-zan -tian, a. [Lat., <fcc., Byzanti(um) =the 
city (Byzantine), and suff. -an.] Pertaining to 
Byzantium. 

Bjfz-gn-tlne, By-zan -tine, a. & s. [In Ger. 

byzantinisch; Fr. byzantin; Lat. Byzantinus. 
From Lat. Byzantium ; Gr. Byzantium. 

From a probably mythic Byzas, a Megarian, said to 
have been its founder.] 


A. As adj.: Pertaining to Byzantium, a Doric- 
Greek city on the European side of the Bosphorus, 
alleged to have arisen about B. C. 656. A new and 
more magnificent quarter, added by Constantine 
between A. D. 328 and 330, was called Constantinople, 
and occupied the site of part of the modem Turkish 
city. 

IT (1) B yzantine architecture : 

Arch.: The style of architecture prevalent at 
Byzantium while it was the capital of the Greek 
empire in the East. The Byzantine churches are 
usually built in the form of a Greek cross, the 
center being covered by a large cupola, and the four 
arms or projections by semicupolas. The arches 
are generally semicircular, but sometimes segmental 
or horse-shoe shaped. The capitals, which taper 
downward, are square blocks, ornamented with foli¬ 
age or with basket-work. The masonry is varied by 
horizontal and sometimes by vertical lines of bricks, 
besides which tiles, arranged so as to constitute the 
Greek letter gamma, or other figures, are often 
found on the exterior of the building. Interiorly, 
there is fine Mosaic ornamentation. The moldings, 
which have a bold projection, with the angles 
roundedoff, areornamented with foliage, and some¬ 
times also with morocco or painting. A zigzag orna¬ 
ment with stiff foliage may be seen under the eaves 
and elsewhere. The apse is continually present. The 
Byzantine style of architecture has been divided 
into three periods—the first from the time of Con¬ 
stantine to that of Justinian in the middle of the 
sixth century; the second extends to the eleventh 
century; and the third to the conquest of Constan¬ 
tinople by the Turks in 1453. Few specimens of the 
first period remain ; many of the second and third 
do so, the former being considered pure Byzantine, 
the latter Byzantine mingled with Italian, from the 
influence produced by Venice. [See Gloss, of Archi¬ 
tecture (Oxford, 1845).] 


(2) Byzantine historians : 

Hist. : N umerous historians proper, and chron¬ 
iclers who lived in the Byzantine empire between 
the fourth and fifteenth centuries A. I)., and wrote 
its history. The most celebrated was Procopius, of 
Caesarea. 

B. As subst.: The same as bezant, bizant, byzant. 
[Bezant.] 

IT If any obsolete words have been omitted in by, 
their modern spelling will probably be found at hi, 
be, or bu. 

IT A list of words in which by is a prefix has been 
given. The following more simple words have the 
modern spelling bi, at which they may be found 5 
Examples: *bycche, *bycke (=bitch), *byde, *bygs 
(=big), * by Ice, *bykere, s. (^bicker, s.), *bykker, 
*bykkir, *byker, *bykkyr, v. (=bicker, v.): *byl, 
*bylle (=bill), bynde, s. (=bind), *bynae, s. (=bing 
(2), s.), *byrde (=bird), *byrk (=birk) (Scotch), 
*byrle (=Sirl, 1 ), *byrthe, *byschop (= bishop), 
*byschypryche (= bishopric), *bysme (= bism, 
Scotch ), *bysqicyte (=biscuit), *bysshope (^bishop), 
*bysshoperike (=bishopric), *byte (=bite), *bytt ( = 
bit, s.), *byttyr (=bitter), *bytterly (^bitterly), 
*byttyrnesse (=bitterness), *byttyrswete ^bitter¬ 
sweet), *bytyn (—bite), *bytynge (^biting). 

(2) A very few others are found with the spelling 
be. Examples: *bynggere (=benger), *bytylle (= 
beetle). 

(3) Sometimes the old by becomes bu in a modern 
word. Examples: *byrdune, *burdene (=burden), 
*byryele (=burial), *byrgyn, *byryyn (=bury), 
*byryyd (=buried), *byschelle, *bysshel (=bushel), 
*bysy (=busy), bysily (=busily), *bysinesse ^busi¬ 
ness) . 


IN Anglo-Saxon was taken 
directly from the Latin alpha* 
bet, the source, it is believed, 
whence it has passed into 
various languages. In Eng¬ 
lish words immediately de¬ 
rived from Anglo-Saxon, the 
c of the Anglo-Saxon often 
becomes k in English, as A. S. 
cyng= Eng. king; A. S . cyn— 
Eng. kin, or kindred. Some¬ 
times the A. S. c becomes (f in 
English, as A. S. cwen= Eng. queen. At others it is 
changed into ch, as A. S. cihf=Eng. child. (See 
Bosworth: A. S. Diet.) In Modern English c has 
two leading values. Before i and e it is sounded as 
s (examples: certain, cincture), and before a, o and 
u as k (examples: cat, cost, curtly). It is mute 
before k, as trick. 

C. As an initial is used: 

1. In Chronol.: Chiefly for Christ, as B. C.=(Be¬ 
fore Christ). 

If In the ambiguous letters A. C., C may be (1) 
Christ, and A. C.==After Christ. Or it may be (2) 
Christum, and A. C.—ante-Christum, before Christ; 
or (3) Christi, and A. C.=Anno Christi, the year of 
Christ. See also A as an initial. 

2. In Music : For counter-tenor, or contralto. 

3. In University degrees: For Civil, as D. C. L.= 
Doctor of Civil Law. 

C. As a symbol is used: 

1. In Numer. : For 100. Thus CII is=102, CC=200, 
CCC=300, CCCC=400. 

If C in this case is the initial of Lat. centum= 100. 

2. In Chem.: For the element carbon, of which it 
is also the initial letter. 

3. In Music: 

(1) For the first note of the diatonic scale, corre¬ 
sponding to do of the Italians. 

(2) For the natural major mode, that in which 
no sharps or flats are employed. 

(3) For common or four-crotchet time. 

4. In Biblical Criticism : For the Ephraem manu¬ 
script of the Greek New Testament, A being the 
Alexandrian manuscript, B the Vatican manu¬ 
script, D the manuscript of Beza, and the Hebrew 
letter Aleph, the Sinaitic manuscript. [Codex.] 

C barre. [Fr.] 

Music: The term for the time indicator. C with 
a dash through it. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

C Clef. [Fr.] 

Music: The clef showing the position of middle 
C, in which are written the alto, tenor, and (in old 
music) other parts. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

C dur. [Ger.] 

Music : C major. ( Stainer & Barrett.) 

C moll. [Ger.] 

Music : C minor. 

ca’ (1), v. t. [Call.] To call. (Scotch.) 

“It's unco' silly—the neighbors ca 1 me a Jacobite—but 
they may say their say, . . .”— Scott: Waverley, ch. 
lxiii. 



ca’(2 ),v.t. [Catch.] To drive. (Scotch.) 

"... and the young lad9 haena wit eneugh to OCT 
the cat frae the cream.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxxiv. 

Ca' the shuttle : Scotch for drive the shuttle. 

“ . . . it suld be done and said unto him, even if he 
were a puir ca’ the shuttle body.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. 
xxvi. 

ca’ (1), s. [Call.] A motion, direction. (Scotch.) 
Y Ca ’ o’ the water: The motion of the waves as 
driven by the wind, as the ca’ o’ the water is west~ 
the waves drive toward the west. (Jamieson.) 
ca’ (2), s. [Caw.] 
ca’-throw, s. 

1. Disturbance. (Scott.) 

2. Prevention. (Scott.) 

Ca. 

Chem. : The symbol for the element calcium. 

*ca, *co, *coo, *ka, *kaa, *koo, s. [A. S. cea; O. 
H. Ger. caha; Dan. kaa; Sw. kaja. ] A crow or 
chough, a jackdaw. [Caddow.] 

“ A ka. Monedula.” — Cath. Angl. in Prompt. Parv. 

ca'-a-bg, ka-a-bg, ka-g-bgb, ka-bgh", s. 

[Arab. ka'bah= a square building; ka'b— a cube.] 
The Mohammedan temple at Mecca, especially a 
small oratory within, adored by Mohammedans as 
containing the black stone said to have been given 
by an angel to Abraham on the occasion of building 
the original Caaba. The Caaba is described by 
Burton, who visited Mecca, disguised as a Mussul¬ 
man pilgrim, as an oblong massive structure, 
eighteen paces in length, fourteen in breadth, ana 
from thirty-five to forty feet in height. It was 
entirely rebuilt in A. D. 1627. It is of gray Mecca 
stone in large blocks of different sizes, joined 
together in a very rough manner with bad cement. 

ca'-gm, s. [Wei. cawnen—a reed; cawn— reeds, 
stalks.] 

Weaving : The weaver’s reed; the sley or slaie. 
ca -gm-Ing, s. [From Technical Eng. caam 
(q.v.).] The setting of the reed by the disposing of 
the warp threads. 

*caas (1), s. [Case (1).] (Chaucer.) 

*caas (2), s. [Case (2).] (Chaucer.) 
cg-a-ti -gug, s. [Native name.] A Brazilian 
name for a plant, the Moschoxylon catigua, a plant 
of the Meliaceae or Meliad order. It dyes leather 
bright yellow. 

cab (l),s. [Abbreviation of cabriolet (q. v.).] 

1. A covered public carriage having two or four 
wheels, and drawn by one horse. Cabs were first 
used for hire in London in 1823. 

If In a Hansom cab the driver’s seat is behind, not 
in front. 

2. The covered part at the rear end of a locomo¬ 
tive which protects the engineer and fireman, and 
shields the levers, &c. 

If Obvious compounds: Cab-driver, cab-fare, cab- 
horse, cab-man, cab-stand, cfcc. 

cab (2), s. [Heb. qab=a hollow or concave 
(vessel); from quabab=to render hollow.] A Jewish 
measure of capacity, mentioned only in 2 Kings vi. 
25. The Rabbins make it £ of a seah or satum, and 
fy of an ephah. This would equal two and five- 
sixths pints of American corn measure. 

cab, v.t. [Cab(1),s.] To travel in a cab, as in 
the popular phrase, “ Do you mean to cab it 
*cab-age, s. [Cabbage.] 

cg-bal', s. [In Ger. cabala; Fr. cabale— a club or 
society. Cognate with Heb. cabala, and, perhaps, 
Eng. cavil (q. v.).] 

1. A small number of persons closely united for 
some purpose, and not making their proceedings 
public. At first not necessarily in a bad sense. 

“ She often interposed her royal authority to break the 
cabals which were forming against her first ministers.”— 
Addison. 

2. A junto, a small number of persons in secret 
conclave carrying out their purposes in Church and 
State by intrigue and trickery. This bad sense was 
acquired in the time of Charles II. of England. 
(See the example.) 

“ During some years the word cabal was popularly used 
as synonymous with cabinet. But it happened by a whim¬ 
sical coincidence that in 1671, the Cabinet consisted of 
five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up 
the word cabal, Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, 
and Lauderdale. These ministers were therefore emphat¬ 
ically called the Cabal; and they soon made the appella¬ 
tion so infamous that it has never since their time been 
used except as a term of reproach.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng ^ 
ch. ii. 

“In dark cabals and nightly juntos met.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 54. 

3. Intrigues, secret machinations. 

“The numerous members of the House of Commons 
who were in town, having their time on their hands, 
formed cabals, and heated themselves and each other by 
murmuring at his partiality for the country of his birth.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f, 
-cian, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 












cabal 


692 


cabin 


ca bal, v. i. [In Ger. cabaliren; Fr. cabaler.) 
To join a cabal, to intrigue secretly with others in 
the hope of gaining some coveted object or end. 

“. . . that the men who held those offices were per¬ 
petually caballing ugainst eaoh other.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. si. 

cab -a-la> cab -bal-ah, kab'-bgil-gth, s. [In Ger. 
cabbala; Fr. & Ital. cabala; all from Heb. qabala 
= (1) reception, (2) a doctrine derived from oral tra¬ 
dition; qibbel, peel of an obsolete root qabal= to 
receive, to accept a doctrine.J 

1. Historically • A system of Jewish theosophy, 
bearing a certain similarity to Neo-Platonism. Its 
founders are considered by Dr, Ginsburg to have 
been. Isaac the Blind and his disciples Ezra and 
Azariel of Zerona, who flourished between A. D. 
1200 and 1230. It was designed to oppose the philo¬ 
sophical system of Maimonides. The cabala repre¬ 
sented God, called Ain Soph, meaning Without End 
or Boundless, as being utterly inconceivable. He 
has become known, however, by means of ten intel¬ 
ligences, named Crown, Wisdom, Intelligence, Love, 
Justice, &c., whom he has brought into being, and 
by whom he created and now governs the world. 

2. Popularly: An occult system of doctrine, some¬ 
thing hopelessly mystical and unintelligible. 

“Eager he read whatever tells 
Of magic, cabala, and spells, 

And every dark pursuit ailied.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 6. 

cab’-g.l-I§m, cab’-bal-i§m, s. [Eng. cabal{a); 
•ism. In Ger. cabbalism .] The system of Jewish 
belief called cabala (q. v.). 

“Vigorousimpressions of spirit, ecstasies, pretty alle¬ 
gories, parables, cabbalisms.” — Spencer: On Prodigies, 
p. 287. 

cab'-al-Ist, s. [Eng. cabal(a) ; -ist. In Ger. cab- 
balist ; Fr. cabaliste; Ital. cabalista.] 

1. One who professes acquaintance with and faith 
in the Jewish mystic doctrines of the Cabala. 

“ Not thine, immortal Neufgermain ! 

Cost studious cabcUists more time.”— Swift. 

f2. A factor or broker in French commerce. 
( Wharton.) 

cab-a-lis'-tlc, *cab-a-lis'-tick, cab-a-list’-I- 
C§.1, a. [Eng. cabalist; -ic, - ical . In Ger. cabba- 
Hstisch; Fr. cabalistique ; Ital. cabalistico.'] 

1. Pertaining to the cabala. 

2. Mystical, mysterious, occult; hard to be under¬ 
stood, like the cabala. 

“The letters are cabalistical, and carry more in them 
than it is proper for the world to be acquainted with.”— 
Addison. 

“He taught him to repeat two cabalistic words, in 
pronouncing of which the whole secret consisted.”— Spec¬ 
tator. 

cab-all st-I-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. cabalistical; 
-ly .] After the manner of the cabala ; in an occult 
manner; mystically, unintelligibly. 

■“ Rabbi Elias—from the first verse of the first chapter 
bf Genesis, where the letter aleph is six times found, cab- 
alistically concludes that the world shall endure just six 
thousand years; aleph in computation standing for a 
thousand.” —Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 123. 

*ca'b-a-llzec, *ab -bal-lze, v. i. [Eng. cabal(a) ; 
■ize.J To speak, write, or believe like a cabalist. 

“Here St. John seems to cabbalize, as in several places 
of the Apocalypse, that is, to speak in the language of 
the learned of the Jews.”— More: Myst. of Godliness, i. 8. 

tca-bal'-ler, s. [Eng. cabal; -er. In Fr. co- 
baleur .] One who joins in a cabal; one who se¬ 
cretly intrigues with others to gain a certain end. 

“Cautious in the field, he shunn’d the sword, 

A close caballer, and tongue-valiant lord.” 

Dryden. 

tcab’-Stl-lme, a. [From Lat. caballinus=per- 
taining to a horse; caballus— a pack-horse, a nag, a 

F ony; Gr. kaballes= a nag. Cf. also Sp. caballo ; 
tal. cavallo; Fr. cheval= a horse; cavale= a mare; 
Ir. capall; Rus. kobila, kobiela=a mare.] Pertain¬ 
ing to a horse. 

Caballine Aloes: Horse Aloes (Aloe caballina). 
[Aloes.] 

fca-bal’-ling, pres. par. & a. [Cabal, v.] Join¬ 
ing a cabal, intriguing secretly with others. 

“ What those caballing captains may design 
I must prevent, by being first in action.” 

Dryden. 

*e$L-bal'-Hst, s. [Eng. cabal; -ist.] One who 
cabals, a caballer, intriguer. 

“ We now see plainly that the caballists of this business 
have, with great prudence, reserved themselves until due 
preparations should be made for their design.”— King 
Charles I.’s Answer to Propositions by both Houses of 
Parliament, ed. 1642, p. 11. 

*ca-ban, *ca-bane, s. [Cabin.] 
ea'b-il-ret, s. [Fr.] A public-house, an ale¬ 
house. 

"... passing by some cabaret or tennis-court where 
his comrades were drinking or playing . . . ”— Bram- 

holt against Hobbes. 


*ca-barr, s. [Gabebt.] (Scotch.) A lighter. 
(Spalding.) 

ca~ba S SOU, s. [French.] A French name for 
a mammal, the Giant Tatoa, or Armadillo (Dasypus 
iganteus). It is the largest of the Armadillos, 
eing sometimes three feet long without the tail, 
cab-back, s. [Kebbuck.] (Scotch.) 
cab-bage (1), *cab’-age (age as ig), *cab- 
bysshe, *cab-bldge, s. [O. Fr. choux cabus=a cab- 
bidge (Cotgrave); O. Fr. cabus, cabuce — round- 
headed, great-headed. Indirectly from Lat. caput 
—head; Ital. capuccio=a little head; latugga-ca- 
pitccia=cabbage-Iettuce. (Skeat.)] 

1. Gardening: Specially those garden varieties of 
the Brassica oleracea which have plain leaves and 
“ hearts,” but sometimes employed in a more gen¬ 
eral sense for the genus Brassica itself. 

“Good worts! good cabbage.” — Shakesp.: Merry Wives of 
Windsor, i. 1. 

“The leaves are large, fleshy, and of a glaucous color; 
the flowers consist of four leaves, which are succeeded by 
long taper pods, containing several round acrid seeds. 
The species are, cabbage. Savoy cabbage. Broccoli. The 
cauliflower. The musk cabbage. Branching tree cabbage 
from the sea-coast. Colewort. Perennial Alpine colewort. 
Perfoliated wild cabbage, &c.”— Miller. 

2. Ordinary Language: 

(1) In the same sense as 1. 

(2) The huge terminal bud of some palm trees. 
“Their ‘cabbage’ (that of the trees of Saguerus sac- 

char ifer) is moreover eatable, like that of the West Indian 
Cabbage-palm (Areca oleracea ), whose huge terminal bud 
is known by this name.”— Bindley: Veg. King. (ed. 1863), 137. 

If Brazil Cabbage: An aroid plant, Caladium 
sagittifolium. 

Dog's cabbage: A plant—the Thelygonum Cyno- 
crambe —which belongs either to the Chenopodiacero 
or the Urticaceee. Though subacid and somewhat 
purgative it is occasionally used as a potherb. 

St. Patrick's Cabbage: One of the names of the 
Saxifraga umbrosa, the London-pride, or “ None-so- 
pretty, called St. Patrick’s, because it is a native 
of Ireland. 

The Skunk Cabbage: An orontiaceous plant, the 
Symplocarpus fact ulus. 

If See also Sea-cabbage. 

cabbage-bark, s. Bark resembling cabbage. 
Cabbage-bark tree: The Worm-bark, Andira iner- 
mis, a leguminous plant of the jsub-order Ccesal- 
piniece. 

cabbage-beetle, s. [Cabbage-flea.] 
cabbage-butterfly, s. (1) Pontia brassicce, t(2) 
P. Rapce. 

cabbage-eater, s. He who or that which eats 
cabbage. 

“Lymnocharis, one who loves the lake. 

Crambophagvs, cabbage-eater.” 

Pope: Battle of the Frogs and Mice. (Names of the Mice.) 

cabbage-flea, s. 

Entom.: The name sometimes given to a small 
leaping beetle, the Altica, or Haltica consobrina, 
the larvae of which destroy seedling cabbages, as 
those of the allied species, A. nemorum, do young 
turnips. [Altica.] 

cabbage flower, s. The flower of the cabbage. 

“ Yet the pistil of each cabbage-flower is surrounded not 
only by its own six stamens, but by those of the many 
other flowers on the same plant.”— Darwin: Origin of 
Species (ed. 1859), ch. iv., p. 99. 

cabbage-lettuce, s. A variety of lettuce, with 
leaves forming a low, full head like a cabbage. 

cabbage-moth, s. A moth of the family Noc- 
tuidae (Mamestra brassicce). 
cabbage-net, s. A small net to boil cabbage in. 
cabbage-palm, s . [Cabbage-tbee.] 

“Here the woods were ornamented by the cabbage-palm, 
one of the most beautiful of its family.”— Darwin: Voyage 
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. ii., p. 25. 
cabbage-rose, s. The Rosa centifolia. 

“ . . . one of which afforded a most accurate if not 
picturesque view of Margate, while the other glowed with 
a huge wreath of cabbage-roses and jonquils.”— Disraeli: 
Henrietta Temple, bk. vi., ch. x. 

cabbage-tree, s. 

1. The English name for the palm-genus Areca, 
and specially for the A. oleracea, the cabbage-palm 
of the West Indies. It is so called because the bud 
at the top of its stem is like a cabbage, and the 
inner leaves which form this bud are eaten like the 
vegetable now mentioned, though the removal of its 
bud for the sake of these leaves is the destruction 
of the magnificent tree. 

2. A garden name for Kleinia nervifolia, a com¬ 
posite plant. 

Australian cabbage-tree: A palm-tree—the Cory- 
ha australis. Its leaves are made into hats, bas- 
ets, &c. 

Bastard cabbage-tree: Andira inermis, a legum¬ 
inous plant of the sub-order Csesalpiniese. 


cabbage-wood, s. 

1. Eriodendron anfractuosum, a tree belonging to 
the Bombacese, a family of the Sterculiace®. or 
Sterculiads. 

2. The wood of the cabbage-tree. 

“ Cabbage-wood ... is sometimes used in ornamental 
furniture; but does not answer very well, as the ends of 
the fibers are too hard and the medullary part is too soft 
for holding glue. The surface is, also, very difficult to 
polish, and cannot be preserved without varnish. The 
trunk, after the center part is rotted out, forms a dura¬ 
ble waterpipe.”— Waterston: Cyclopaedia of Commerce. 

cabbage-worm, s. 

Entom.: The caterpillar, or larva of several 
species of moths or butterflies, especially that of 
the Pontia, or Pier is brassicce, which attacks cab¬ 
bages. [Cabbage-buttebflt.] 
cab-bage (age as Ig) (2), s. [Fr. cabas—a 
basket.] Cant word for the shreds and clippings 
made by tailors. 

“ For as tailors preserve their cabbage, 

So squires take care of bag and baggage.” 

Second Part of Hudibras (spurious), p. 66: 1663. 

cab’-bage (age as Ig) (1), cab -bldge, v. i. [From 
the substantive.] To form a head like that of the 
cabbage. 

“Cabusser, to cabbidge; to grow to a head, or grow 
round and close together as a cabbage.” — Cotgrave. 

“To make lettuce cabbage, they transplant it, taking 
care during the great heats to water it; otherwise, in¬ 
stead of poming, it runs to seed.”— Rees.- Cyclopaedia. 

cab-bage (age as Ig) (2), v. t. [Fr. ca6asser=to 
put into a basket; cabas= a basket.] 

A cant term among tailors: To steal a portion of 
the_ cloth used when a tailor is cutting out some 
article of dress. 

“ Your tailor, instead of shreds, cabbages whole yards of 
cloth.”— Arbuthnot. 

cab'-baged (age as Ig), pa. par. & a. [Cab¬ 
bage, v.] 

cab -bag-Ing (ag as Ig), pr. par. & s. [Cab¬ 
bage, v .] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: The act or process of forming a 
head like that of a cabbage. 

“ Cabbaging , among gardeners, is sometimes used to 
denote the knitting and gathering of certain potherbs 
into round bunched heads; in which case it amounts to 
the same with what Evelyn calls poming, pommer, q. d. 
appling or growing applewise.”— Rees: Cyclopaedia. 

cab'-bg,-la, s. [Cabala.] 

cab’-ble, v. t. [Contracted from scabble (q. v.) 
(?).] To break up into pieces. [Cabbling.] 
cab'-bled, pa. par. & a. [Cabble, v.] 

cab’-bier, s. [Cabble.] One who breaks up the 
iron in the process of cabbling. 

cab'-bllng, pr. par. & s. [Cabble, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive : 

Metal.: A colloquial teim among metallurgists, 
also called “scabbling.” “Finery,” that is the 
cast or pig iron, after it has been subjected to the 
influence of the refinery, is smelted with charcoal; 
it is then worked up with iron bars into a large ball 
of 2-2(4 cwt., which is afterward hammered into 
a flat oval from 2-4 inches thick; this is allowed to 
cool, and then the process of cabbling commences, 
which is simply breaking up this flat iron into small 
pieces. These pieces are again heated almost to 
fusion, hammered, and drawn out into bar-iron. 

ca-be'-cg,, s. [Port, cabeca .] 

Fabrics: The finest kinds of India silk, as dis. 
Anguished from the bariga, or inferior kind; 
cabesse. (Simmonds.) 

*ca-bel, s. [Cable.] 

ca'-beld, pa. par. [Cabled.] (Scotch.) 

ca-ber, s. [Cabie.] 

*1. A rafter, a joist. 

2. A long pole. (Used specially in the game of 
tossing the caber.) 

ca-ber-e-a, s. [Etymology unknown.] A genus 
of Infundibulate Polyzoa (Bryozoa) of the sub¬ 
order Cheilostomata, and family Cabereadae. 

ca-ber-e’-a-dse, s. (Cabere(a); fem. pi. suff. 
-adce.] A family of Infundibulate Polyzoa, dis¬ 
tinguished by the unjointed polypidom, the narrow 
branches, the cells in two or more rows, with vibra- 
cula (whips) or sessile aviculariee at the back. 
(Griffith <& Henfrey.) 

cab’-I-ai. s. [Brazilian cabiai.] Buffon’s name 
for a South American mammal—the Capybara. 
[HYDEOCHAIEtTS CAPYBABA.] 

cab-In, *cab~an, *cab-ane, s. [Fr. cabane; 
Wei., Ir. & Gael. caban= a booth, cabin, dimin. of 
cab= a booth.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



693 


cabin-boy 


cable 


1. A little hut or house; a small cottage. 

“Caban, lytylle howse.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ Grope into a cabane.” —P. Plowman, 1,739. 

“ . . on the south side of the ford were a few mud 

cabins and a single house built of more solid materials.” 
— Macaulay Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Any temporary shelter or dwelling-place. 

" Some of green boughs their slender cabins frame, 

Some lodged were Tortosa’s streets about.” 

Fairfax. 

*3. A little room. [Cabinet.] 

“ So long in secret cabin there he held 

Her captive to his sensual desire.”— Spenser. 

4. A compartment or small room in a ship. 

“Give thanks you have lived so long, and make your- 
solf ready in your cabin for the mischance of the hour, if 
it so hap.”— Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 1. 

“Men may not expect the use of many cabins, and 
safety at once, in the sea service."— Raleigh. 

cabin-hoy, s. A boy whose office it is to attend 
in the cabin or elsewhere on the officers of a ship. 

"... two weatherbeaten old seamen who had risen 
from being cabin-boys to be admirals.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xv. 

*cabin-mate, s. One who shares the same cabin 
with another. 

“His cabin-mate, I’ll assure ye.” 

Beaum. & FI.: Sea-voyage. 

*cab'-in, v. i. & t. [From cabin, s.] 

I. Intrans.: To live in a cabin, or in some 
similarly humble dwelling. 

“I’ll make you feed on berries and on roots, 

And feed on curds and whey, and suck the goat, 

And cabin in a cave.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., iv. 2. 

II. Trans:. To confine closely, as in a cabin or 
ceil. {Lit. & fig.) 

“They feel themselves in a state of thraldom, they 
imagine that their souls are cooped and cabined in, unless 
they have some man or some body of men dependent on 
their mercy.”— Burke: Speech at Bristol in 1780. 

cab -med, pa. par. & a. [Cabin, v.] 

tA. As pa. par.: Confined closely, as in a cabin 
or small cell. 

“I’m cabin’d, cribb’d, confin’d, bound in, 

To saucy doubts and fears.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4. 

“Though from our birth the faculty divine 
Is chain’d and tortured— cabin’d, cribb’d, confined, 
And bred in darkness.” 

Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 127. 

B. As adjective : 

1. Containing or furnished with cabins. 

*2. Pertaining to a cabin. 

“ The nice morn, on the Indian steep, 

From her cabin’d loophole peep.”— Milton. 

Cab -I-net, s. [In Ger. cabinet. From Fr. cabi¬ 
net, dimin. of cabane= a hut; Sp. gabinet; Ital. 
gabinetto.) 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) A little hut or cottage. 

“ Hearken awhile, from thy greene cabinet, 

The rurall song of careful] Colinet.” 

Spenser: Shepherd’s Calendar, xii. 

‘ Their groves he feld; their gardins did deface; 

Their arbers spoyle; their Cabinets suppresse.” 

Ibid.: F. Q., II. xii. 83. 

*(2) A closet, a small room. 

“At both corners of the farther side, let there be two 
delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly hanged, 
glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola in the 
midst, and all other elegancy that may be thought on.”— 
Bacon. 

*(3) A private room, used for consultations, &c. 

“You began in the cabinet what you afterward prac¬ 
ticed in the camp.”— Dryden. 

(4) A piece of furniture, containing drawers or 
compartments in which to keep curiosities and 
other articles of value. 

“ In vain the workman shew’d his wit. 

With rings and hinges counterfeit, 

To make it seem, in this disguise, 

A cabinet to vulgar eyes.”— Swift. 

(5) A receptacle in a printing office in which cases 
for job type are arranged after the manner of slid¬ 
ing drawers. 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) Any place of rest or shelter. 

“ To! here the gentle lark, weary of rest, 

From his moist cabinet mounts up on high.” 

Shakesp..- Venus and Adonis. 

(2) Any thing in which articles of value are pre¬ 
served. 

“Who sees a soul in such a body set, 

Might love the treasure for the cabinet.” 

Ben Jonson. 


“Young ladies and young gentlewomen too 
Do no small kindness to my Pilgrim show; 

Their cabinets, their bosoms, and their hearts, 

My Pilgrim has; ’cause he to them imparts 
His pretty riddles in such wholesome strains.” 

Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii. Introd. 

II. Tech.: A kind of deliberative committee of 
the executive. It consists of the principal members 
of the Government. The cabinet of the President 
of the United States is composed of the heads of the 
several administrative departments of the Gov¬ 
ernment. These heads of departments are termed 
members of the cabinet. They are: 1. The Secre¬ 
tary of State. 2. The Secretary of the Treasury. 3. 
The Secretary of War. 4. The Secretary of the 
Navy. 5. The Secretary of the Interior. 6. The 
Postmaster-General. 7. The Attorney-General. 8. 
The Secretary of Agriculture. 9. The Secretary 
of Commerce and Labor. 

“ The cabinet council, shortly termed the cabinet, forms 
only part of the ministry or administration. . . . Its 
[the privy council’s] duties of advising the crown and 
conducting the government of the country, are almost 
* exclusively performed by the principal ministers of state, 
who form another section of it called the cabinet council. 
This is so termed on account of its being originally com¬ 
posed of such members of the privy council as the king 
placed most trust in, and conferred with, apart from 
others, in his cabinet, or private room. Speaking consti¬ 
tutionally, however, there is no difference between a cabi¬ 
net and a privy councillor.”— A. Fonblanque, Jun.: How 
we are Governed, let. 6. 

“ Few things in our history are more curious than the 
origin and growth of the power now possessed by the cab¬ 
inet. From an early period the kings of England had 
been assisted by a privy council, to which the law assigned 
many important functions and duties. During several 
centuries this body deliberated on the gravest and most 
delicate affairs of state. But by degrees its character 
changed. It became too large for dispatch and secrecy. 
The rank of privy councillor was often bestowed as an 
honorary distinction on persons to whom nothing was 
confided, and whose opinion was never asked. The 
sovereign, on the most important occasions, resorted for 
advice to a small knot of leading ministers. The advan¬ 
tages and disadvantages of this course were early pointed 
out by Bacon, with his usual judgment and sagacity; but 
it was not till after the Restoration that the interior coun¬ 
cil began to attract general notice. During many years 
old-fashioned politicians continued to regard the cabinet 
as an unconstitutional and dangerous board.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

cabinet-edition, s. An edition of a small neat 
size. 

“ He is, indeed, a walking cabinet-edition of Goethe, in 
all the externalities of manner and style; elevating neat¬ 
ness almost into sublimity; witching prettiness that it 
looks like beauty.”— Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 1. 

cabinet-file, s. 

Cabinet-making and Joinery: A smooth, single¬ 
cut file, used in wood-working. 

cabinet-maker, s. One whose trade it is to make 
cabinets or receptacles for curiosities and valua¬ 
bles. Also applied more widely to a maker of 
household furniture in general. 

“The root of an old white thorn will make very fine 
boxes and combs, so that they would be of great use for 
the cabinet-makers, as well as the turners and others.”— 
Mortimer. 

cabinet-making, a. & s. 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the making of 
household furniture. 

B. As substantive: 

*1. The making of cabinets in a political sense. 

“ Excepting for cabinet-making, I doubt 
For that delicate purpose, they’re rather worn out.” 

Moore: Twopenny Post-bag, Sale of the Tools. 

2. The trade or business of a maker of household 
furniture. 

cabinet-meeting, s. A meeting of the Cabinet 
for consultation. 

“ A Cabinet-meeting was hastily called yesterday morn¬ 
ing, presumably for the purpose of considering the 
Hawaiian matter.”— New York World. 

cabinet-organ, s. 

Music: A superior class and size of reed organ, 
cabinet-picture, s. Properly small valuable 
pictures or paintings from the old masters, on cop¬ 
per, panel, and canvas; such as, from their size and 
value, would be preserved in cabinets. _ Any picture 
or painting of a small size. Also applied to photo¬ 
graphs of a size larger than cartes-de-visite, and 
enerally to anything of value of a small, neat size, 
tted for preservation in a cabinet. {Lit. & fig.) 
♦cabinet-secret, s. A close secret. 

“ And if all that will not serve our turn, but we must 
press into his cabinet-secrets, invade the book of life, and 
oversee, and divulge to all men abscondita Domini Dei 
nostri , then are God’s mercies unworthily repaid by us, 
and those indulgences which were to bestow civility upon 
the world, have only taught us to be more rude.”— Ham¬ 
mond: Works, vol. iv., p. 629. 


cab'-l-net, v. t. [Cabinet, s.] To inclose as in 

a cabinet or casket. 

“ This is the frame of most men’s spirits in the world; 
to adore the casket, and contemn the jewel that is cabi- 
neted in it.”— Hewyt: Serm., p. 87. 

cab’-in-ing, pr. par. & a. [Cabin, v.] 

cab -ir, kab’-Ar, keb-bre, s. [From Wei. ceibre, 
ceibren=a rafter; Ir. ccebar=a coupling; Gael. 
cabar= a pole, lath.] {Scotch.) 

1. A rafter. 

2. The transverse beams in a kiln on which grain 
is laid to be dried. 

tCg,-bI-re’-an, fCab-lr'-i-bn, a. & s. [Cabibi.] 

A. As adjective: Pertaining to the Cabiri or their 
worship. 

B. As substantive: One of the Cabiri. 

Ca-bl -rl, s. pi. [Gr. kabeiroi. Strabo says that 
the name came from Mt. Cabeirus, in Berecynthia.l 

Ethnic. <& Class. Myth.: Certain Pagan deities or 
whom very little is known. They were supposed to 
have considerable influence over storms of the sea. 
They were specially worshiped in Samothrace, 
Lemnos, Imbros, and the Troad. 

Cgt-bi'-ric, a. [Cabibi.] Of or pertaining to 
the Cabiri or their worship. 

*Ca-bI-rit’-Ic, a. [Cabibi.] The same as Ca- 
bieic. 

ca'-ble, *ca -bel, *ca -belle, *ca'-bulle, *ca'- 
byl, s. & a. [0. Fr. cabel, caable, chaable; Fr. 
cable: Low Lat. caplum; Lat. capio= to take hold 
of; M. Gr. kaplion; Dut., Dan., Sw. & Ger. kabel .] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Nautical, in Telegraphy , &c.: 

1. A strong, thick rope, exceeding ten inches in 
circumference, originally only made of hemp, but 
now also of iron or copper wire, or most commonly 
of iron links. A rope less than ten inches in circum¬ 
ference is called a hawser. 

If Hemp is laid up right-handed into yams. Yams 
are laid up left-handed into strands. Three strands 
are laid up right-handed into a hawser. Three 
hawsers laid up left-handed make a cable. {Knight.) 

(1) The rope or chain to which a ship’s anchor is 
attached. [Chain-cable.] 

“Cable, or cabulle ( cabyl , orschyproop, A.P.). Curcula ,“ 
&c.— Prompt. Parv. 

“ Cachen vp the crossayl, cables thay fasten.” 

Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 102. 

(2) The wire rope used for the support of suspen¬ 
sion bridges. 

(3) The wire rope used for submarine telegraphs. 

2. A nautical measure of distance=120 fathoms, or 
720 feet, by which the distances of ships in a fleet 
are frequently estimated. This term is often 
misunderstood. In all marine charts a cable i 3 
deemed 607’56 feet, or one-tenth of a sea mile. In 
rope-making the cable varies from 100 to 115 fathoms; 
cablet, 120 fathoms; hawser-laid, 130 fathoms, as 
determined by the Admiralty in 1830. {Smyth.) 
According to Ure, a cable’s length is 100 to 140 
fathoms in the merchant service ; in the Royal Navy 
four cables are employed, each of 100 fathoms, two 
cables being attached end to end. 

II. Mechanical Engineering: The subterranean 
wire rope used for the purpose of moving the kind of 
street cars commonly called cable cars or grip cars. 

“Another very serious phase of the cable system is in the 
fact that by far the greater per cent, of the initial power 
is required to simply haul the cable without cars attached, 
or when the cable is a little worn it is easily overloaded." 
—Chicago Herald, January 1, 1894. 

III. In Architecture: 

1. A wreathed or torus convex molding made 
in the form of a rope. [Cable-molding.] 

2. A mold- J 

ing represent¬ 
ing a cable or 
spiral scroll. 

II Cable is 
used in many 
nauticalphras- 
es, e. g.: 

1. A shot of 
cable : Two 
cables spliced 
together. 

2. To bend 

the cable: To 
make it fast to Cable-molding, 

the anchor. 

3 To bit the cable: To fasten it round the bits. 
[Bit.] 

4. To drag the cable: Said of a ship when the cable 
fails to hold it securely, owing to roughness of 
weather. 

5. To fleet the cable: To allow it to surge back on 
the whelps of the capstan or windlass, as the cable 
climbs on to the larger part of the cone. 

6. To heckle the cable: [To serve the cable .1 
[Cackle (2), v.] 

7. To pay out the cable: To let it run out. 




IXJil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, {ell, chorus, {hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious =vshus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




cable-bends 


694 


cacao 


8. To pay the cable cheap: To let it run out fast; 
to hand it out apace. 

9. To plait the cable: To serve it. 

10. To serve the cable: To bind it round with ropes, 
canvas, &c., so as to prevent it from being galled in 
the hawser. 

11. To slip the cable: To let it run out. and leave 
it, when there is no time to weigh anchor. 

12. To splice the cable: To join the ends of two 
cables, or of a broken cable, by working the strands 
into one another. In the case of iron cables the 
splice is effected by means of shackles. 

13. To veer the cable: To let more out. 

14. To worm the cable: To fill the spiral crevices 
between the lays with strands. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

IT Compounds of obvious signification: Cable- 
length , cable-maker. 

cable-bends, s. pi. Two small ropes for lashing 
the end of a hempen cable to its own part, to secure 
the clinch by which it is fastened to the anchor- 
ring. (Smyth.) 

cable-bit, s. [Bit.] 

cable-bitted, a. So bitted as to enable the cable 
to be nipped or rendered with ease. 

cable-buoy, s. A buoy or cask used to keep a 
rope cable to prevent it from being cut in rocky 
anchorages. Also used to support the end of a 
broken cable, to assist in recovering it. 

cable-cane, s. A species of Palm, Calamus 
mdentum , a native of the East Indies, Cochin- 
china, &c. 

cable-car, s. A car used for intramural trans¬ 
portation in our larger cities, the motive power of 
which is a wire cable, forming an endless belt, that 
is dragged through a subterranean channel, over 
pulleys, by powerful stationary engines at some 
point along the 1 ine, generally where two loops of 
the rope meet. The cable, by reason of its great 
weight and liability to accident, is divided into 
sections (each consisting of an endless belt), espe¬ 
cially if the line of direction of the road be changed 
to an angle equal to or greater than 90°. 

“ Cable-cars and horse cars dart, this way and that way, 
to the imminent danger of life and limb, to say noth¬ 
ing of impeding all sorts of traffic incident to so large and 
active a city as Chicago is to-day .”—Chicago Herald, 
January 1, 1894. 

cable-gram, s. [Cablegram.] 

cable-grip, s. A grip or clamp acting on the 
cable rope, and used for controlling the movement 
of cable-cars. 

cable-gripper, s. 

Naut.: A lever compressor over the cable-well, by 
which the cable is stopped from running out. 

*cable-hatband, s. Twisted gold or silver cord 
worn as a hatband. 

“. . . more cable till he had as much as my cable- 
hatband to fence him.”— Marston; Ant. & Mellida , ii. 1. 

cable-hook, s. 

Nautical: 

1. A hook for attachment to the messenger by 
which the cable is hauled in on a man-of-war, or 
other ship having a large number of hands; without 
having recourse to the capstan. It may also be 
attached to a hawser, underrunning the cable. 

2. A hook by which a cable is handled. Each 
seaman has a hook in lighting-up the cable or 
packing in tiers. 

cable-laid, a. Twisted in [the manner of a rope 
or cable, in which each strand is a hawser-laid rope. 

cable-molding, s. [Cable, A. 2.] 

cable-nipper, s. 

Naut.: A device serving to bind the messenger to 
the cable, and composed of a number of rope-yarns 
or small stuff marled together. (Knight.) 

*cable-rope, s. 

Naut.: A thick, strong rope, a cable. 

cable-shackle, s. 

Naut.: A D-shaped ring or clevis, by which one 
length of cable is connected to another, or, upon 
occasion, the cable connected to an object such as 
the anchor-ring. (Knight.) 

cable-sheet, sheet-cable, s. The spare bower 
anchor of a ship. 

cable-stage, s. The place in the hold or cable- 
tier for coiling ropes and hawsers. 

cable-stopper, s. 

Naut.: A device to stop the playing-out of the 
cable. 

cable-tier, s. 

Nautical: 

1. That part of the deck where the cables are 
stowed. 

2. The coils of a cable. 


cable*tire, s. 

1. Naut.: The coils of a cable. 

2. Mech.: Any large rope used in raising weights, 
as in pulleys, cranes, etc. 

3. Arch.: A molding of a convex form at the 
back of the flutes, representing a rope or a staff 
laid in a flute. 

4. Milit.: The large rope used in dragging guns. 

cable-well, s. 

Naut.: The part of the ship where the cable is 
coiled away. 

ca -ble, v. t. & i. [Cable, s.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. Naut.: To fastener secure with a cable. 

2. Arch.: To fill the flutes of columns with cable¬ 
molding. 

3. Teleg.: Now very frequently used, especially in 
this country, in the sense of to send a message by 
the submarine telegraph cable. 

“ Had Messrs. cabled the refusal of the 

order, or even written by return mail, there could have 
been no possibility of any misunderstanding.”— London 
Daily News, Sept. 19, 1873. 

II. Intrans.: To send a message by the subma¬ 
rine telegraph cable. 

“ Mr. . . . cables to-day that large numbers of Eng¬ 

lish proxies will be revoked and new ones given in his 
favor.”— London Daily Telegraph, Dec. 31, 1880. 

ca -bled (Eng.), ca -beld (Scotch), a. [Cable, s.] 

*1. Naut.: Fastened or secured to a cable. 

“Cautious approaching, in Myrina’s port 
Cast out the cabled stone upon the strand.” 

Dyer: Fleece, ii. 

2. Arch.: Filled with cable-molding, as the flutes 
of columns. 

3. Teleg. Of a message: Sent by the submarine 
telegraph cable. 

4. Her.: The same as Cablee (q. v.). 

“Cabled, in Heraldry, is applied to a cross formed of 
the two ends of a ship’s cable; sometimes also to a cross 
covered over with rounds of rope; more properly called a 
cross corded.”— Bees: Cyclopaedia. 

cabled-columns, s. 

Arch.: Columns, the flutes of which are filled with 
cable-molding. 

cablee, a. [Fr. cable.) [Cabled; 4.] 

Her.: Applied to a cross in coat-armor, composed 
of two cable ends. 

ca -ble-gram, s. [A coined 
word, formed on the sup¬ 
posed analogy of anagram, 
chronogram, &c. From Eng. 
cable, and Gr. gramma= a 
writing, message, graphb=to 
write.] A message sent by 
the submarine telegraph 
cable. 

“A. cablegram from New York 
states that the steamer Scandi¬ 
navia collided with the 
Thiorva.”— London Standard, 

April 12, 1880. Cablee. 

ca -blet, s. [Eng. cabl(e) 
and dimin. suff. -et; or Fr. cablot .] A little cable; 
one less than ten inches in circumference; a tow- 
rope. 

“ Cablet, in 6ea-language, denotes any cable-laid rope 
under nine inches in circumference.”— Bees: Cyclopaedia. 

ca -bllng, s. [Cable, u.] 

Architecture: 

1. The act of filling up the flutes of columns with 
cable-molding. 

2. The same as cable-molding. 

*cab'-llsh, s. [O. Fr. chablis.] Brushwood, 
branches blown down by the wind. 

cab-man, [Eng. cab, and man.] A driver of 
a cab. 

cabob, v. t. [Cabob, s.] To roast, as a cabob. 

ca bob , s. [Pers. cobbob= roasted meat.] 

1. A small piece of meat roasted on a skewer. (So 
called in Turkey and Persia.) 

2. A leg of mutton stuffed with white herrings and 
sweet herbs. (Sir T. Herbert.) 

cg.-bO Che (1), s. [From Fr. cabas=a wicker- 
basket, an old and paltry carriage.] Things per¬ 
taining to a chariot. 

“ Cdboche. Currulia.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*ca-bo phe (2), s. [Fr. caboche= a large head.] 
The Bullhead, or Miller’s-thumb; also applied to 
the tadpole. 

“ Nomina piscium . . . Hie (sic) caput, a caboche. 
Hie capito, a bulhede.”— Nominate (? loth century); 
Vocabularies in Library of National Antiquities. (Wright.) 



ca-bo phed, ca-bos hed, ca-boss ed, a. [Fr. 

caboche—a large head; O. Fr. cqp=head; Lat. 
caput .] 

Heraldry: Beasts’ heads, borne full-faced, and 
without any part of the neck visible. 

“ Caboched, caboshed or ca bossed ... is where the 
head of a beast is cut off behind the ears by a section 
parallel to the face; or by a perpendicular section, in 
contradistinction to couped, which is done by a horizontal 
line; besides that it is further from the ears than caboss- 
ing. The head, in this case, is placed full-faced, or 
affrontde, so that no part of the neck can be visible. This 
bearing is by some called Trunked.”— Bees: Cyclopaedia, 

ca-bo'-phon, s. [Fr. cdbochon, from caboche— 
head.] A method of cutting precious stones, 
cab -O-cle, s. [A Brazilian word.] 

Min.: A doubtful mineral, of a pale or dark brick- 
red color, resembling red jasper. Dana calls it 
“ Hydrous Phosphate of Alumina and Lime.” It is 
found in rolled pebbles with the diamond sand of 
Bahia. 

cab -ok, s. [Kebbuck.] 
ca-bom -ba, s. [Etymology unknown.j 
Bot.: A genus of aquatic plants, with shield-like 
floating leaves, and finely-cut submerged ones, like 
the Ranunculus aquatilis and its allies. It grows 
in this country, and is the type of the order Cabom- 
bacese. 

C«i-boni-ba'-§e-se, s. pi. [Named from the typi¬ 
cal genus cabomba (q. v.), fem. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 
Bot.: An order of water-plants, placed by Lindley 
in his 31st or Nymphal alliance. They have 3-4 
sepals, 3-4 petals, 6-13 stamina, and 2-18 carpels, 
distinct from each other, with fine seeds. Only two 
genera are known, Cabomba and Hydrapeltis. The 
species are three, and are found in this country and 
in Australia. They are sometimes called Water- 
shields. 

ca-boo se, cam-boo se, s. [Dut. kombuis = a 
cook’s room. The origin is doubtful. Dan. kabys; 
Sw. kabysa: L. Ger. kabuse, kabiise=a little room 
or hut. Allied to Wei. ca6=hut, and Eng. booth; 
Ger. bilse; Low Lat. busa. (Malm .)] 

1. Nautical: 

(1) The cook’s house, or galley, on the deck of a 
ship. 

(2) A box covering the chimney in a ship. 

2. Rail. Engineering: A car attached to the rear 
of a freight train fitted up for the accommodation 
of the conductor, brakesman, and chance passen¬ 
gers. 

ca b-os, s. [Fr. caboclie=a large head.] 

ZoOl.: A species of eel-pout, about two feet long, 
ca'-botz, s. [An Abyssinian word.] The Cusso 
or Kousso. [Bravera.] 

ca-brer'-Ite, s. .[From the Sierra Cabrera, in 
Spain.] 

Min.: A mineral of a pearly luster, and translu¬ 
cent, apple-green color, resulting from the altera¬ 
tion of arsenids of nickel and cobalt. Composition : 
Arsenic acid, 42.37 ; protoxide of nickel, 20.01; oxide 
of cobalt, 4.06; magnesia, 9.29; water, 25.80. It is 
found in the Sierra Cabrera, in Spain. (Dana.) 

fcab-rI-6 le, fcab-rI-6-le t (et as a), s. [Fr. 
cabriolet, dim. of cabriole = a caper, a leap, from 
the fancied friskiness and lightness of the car¬ 
riage; Ital. capriola= a caper, caprio=a wild goat. 
(Skeat .)] A covered carriage, drawn by two horses; 
now contracted into cab (q. v.). 

“ In those days men drove gigs as they since have driven 
stanhopes, tillburys, dennets, and cabriolets, and I rather 
piqued myself upon my ‘turn-out.’ ’’—Theodore Hook: Gil¬ 
bert Gurney, vol. ii., ch. i. 

Cab'-rlt, s. [Sp .cabrito, a kid.] The American 
antelope, or pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). 
[Pronghorn Antelope.] 
cab -lire, s. [Brazilian name.] 

Zotil.: The name of a small Brazilian bird of the 
owl kind, very beautiful and very easily tamed. It 
is of a brown color, variegated with white, and is 
feathered down to its toes. 
ca-burn§, s. pi. [Probably from cable.] 

Naut.: Small lines made of spun yarn, to bind 
cables. 

“Caburns, in sea-language, denote small lines made of 
spun yarn, wherewith to bind cables, seize tackles, and the 
like.”— Bees: Cyclopcedia. 

C3,-ca -li-a, s. [Gr. kakalia— coltsfoot.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants of the sub-order 
Tubuliflorse, and the family Senecionese. They are 
perennials, and have some of them fleshy stems and 
dingy leaves. Those of C. procumbens are eaten by 
the Chinese, and those of C. ficoides by the natives 
of Cape Colony. 

ca-ca -o, s. [A Mexican word, cacauatl, adopted 
from the Spanish.] 

1. The specific name of the Theobroma cacao, the 
tree from the seeds of which chocolate is prepared. 
It is a native of tropical America. 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, pnite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




































cacao-mill 

2. The seeds of the Theobroma cacao mentioned 
above. They are called also Cocoa (q. v.). 

IT Wild, cacao: A plant, Herrania purpurea. 

cacao-mill, s. 

Grinding: A mill for grinding the nut of the Theo¬ 
broma cacao, to reduce it to the condition of flake 
cacao. It differs from chocolate in being ground 
with a portion of its hull, instead of being carefully 
hulled before grinding. It is mixed in the hopper 
with flour, sugar, &c., and passed through a number 
of steel mills resembling paint-mills, by which the 
nut is reduced and the ingredients intimately incor¬ 
porated therewith by means of friction, heat, and 
the oil evolved from the nut. 

cacao-nuts, s. The fruit of the Cacao-tree, from 
which chocolate is made. 

I cacao-tree, s. [Cacao.] 

*ca c-a-tor-y, a. [Lat. caco= to go to stool.] 
Attended with diarrhoea, 
cacatory-fever, s. 

Med.: An intermittent form of fever, accompanied 
with looseness of the bowels, and sometimes with 

gripes. 

Ca-cat'-U-a, s. [Imitated from the note of the 
birds.] [Cockatoo.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, the typical one of the 
sub-family Cacatuinee. Cacatua galerita is the 
Great Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, and C. sulphurea, 
the Small Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. 

cac h-tu’-ln-se, s. pi. [From cacaiua (q. v.), and 
fern. pi. adj. suff. -mas.] 

Ornith.: A sub-family of Psittacidee (Parrots), 
containing the Cockatoos. The nead is furnished 
with an erectile crest, and the tail is broad and even. 
They are found in the Eastern Archipelago and Aus¬ 
tralia. 

•cagche, v. t. & i. [Catch.] 

cage, *cais, s. [In Fr. cas, from Lat. carus= 
chance.] Chance, accident. (Scotch.) 

If In cace: By chance. 

each ’- 3 ,-lot, s. [Fr. cachalot; Dut. Jcazilot; Lan. 
kaskeloi; Sw. kaselot; Ger. kaschelot .] 

1. A cetacean of the family Balaenidse. It is the 
Physeter macrocephalus, called also the Sperm or 
Spermaceti Whale. The male is from forty-six to 
sixty, or even seventy feet long: the female from 
thirty to thirty-five. It is black, becoming whit¬ 
ish below. The cachalots feed chiefly on squids or 
cuttle-fishes. They are gregarious, and go in what 
the fishermen call schools, sometimes with as 
many as 500 or 600 individuals. There are two 
kinds — female schools and schools of males not 
fully grown. With each female school are from one 
to three large bulls, or, as the whalers call them, 
schoolmasters. The cachalot inhabits the Northern 
seas, but straggles through a great part of the 
ocean. 

2. The Mexican Sperm-whale ( Catodon Colneti), 
found in the North Pacific, the South Seas, and the 
Equatorial Ocean. 

3. The South Sea Sperm-whale, found, as the 
Came imports, in the Southern Ocean. 

IT Cachalots or Sperm-whales is the book-name 
Cor the family Physeteridee (q. v.). 
cach- 3 -ra-do, s. [Sp.] A kind of Spanish linen, 
•caghche, v. t. [Catch, v .] 

caghe, s. [Fr. cache=a hiding-place; cacher— to 
hide.] A hiding-place, specially a hole dug in the 
ground in Northern regions; in which to deposit 
provisions for safety for a time, when it is incon¬ 
venient to carry them. 

*caghe (1), v. t. [Cadge.] 

•cache (2), v. i. [From O. Fr. cachier= to agitate, 
to expel.] To wander, to go astray. (Scotch.) (Rauf 
Coilyear.) 

ca-chec-tlc, *ca-chec-tick, ca-chec -ti-cal, 
a. [Fr. cachectique; from Lat. cachecticus; Gr. 
kachektiko8=pertaining to, having cachexy.] In an 
ill condition of body ; affected with cachexy. 

“ Young and florid blood, rather than vapid and cachec- 
tical.” — Arbuthnot: On Air. 

“ The crude chyle swims in the blood, and appears as 
milk in the blood, of some persons who are cacheetick.” — 
Flayer: Animal Humors. 

•caghe-pol, s. [Catch-poll.] 

•cagh-ere, s. [Catcher.] 

*cagh-er-el, s. [O. Fr. cachereau; Low Lat. 
icacherellus=a. catch-poll.] A catch-poll. 

“ Ayeyn this cachereles cometh, thus I mot care." 

Wright: Political Songs, p. 151. 

cagh-et’ (et as a), s. [Fr. cachet; from cacher= 
to hide.] A stamp, seal of a letter. 

Lettre de cachet: A letter signed with the secret 
.seal of the King of France, giving a warrant for the 
imprisonment of any person without trial. It was 
formerly much abused, being resorted to for the 


695 

purpose of imprisoning any one who gave offense 
to the king or his ministers. Lettres de cachet were 
swept away during the revolution of 1789. 

ca-cheu -ta-lte, s. [From Cacheuta, in the 
province of Mendoza, in Chili, where it occurs.] 
Min.: A variety of Clausthalite. (Brit. Mus. 
Catal.) 

ca che? -i-a (Lat.), ca -che?-y (Eng.), s. [Fr. 
cachexie; Lat. cachexia; Gr . kachexia; kake, fern, 
of kakos= bad, and hexis= habit.] 

Med.: This is a peculiarly bad or unhealthy state 
of the body, which occurs in certain malignant and 
formidable diseases, as cancer, tuberculosis v con¬ 
sumption), syphilis, intermittent fever (ague), ex¬ 
cessive use of alcohol, &c., and is characterized by 
wasting of the body, pinched and anxious expres¬ 
sion of countenance, sallow complexion, and great 
exhaustion. 

“ The defects of digestion are the principal cause of 
scurvy and cachexy.” — Bp. Berkeley: Siris, § 96. 

each -I-bOU, s. & a. [A West Indian word.] 

Bot.: A West Indian name for the Bursera gum- 
mifera. [Bursera.] 

cachibou resin, s. A gum-resin obtained from 
Bursera gummifera, a plant belonging to the Amy- 
ridacese. 

fcach-In-na -tion , s. [Lat. cachinnatio, from 
cachinno= to laugh aloud.] Loud laughter. 

“ Haste what they could, this long-legged specter was 
still before them, moving her body with a vehement 
cachinnation, a great unmeasurable laughter.”— Satan’s 
Invisible World Discovered, para. 4. (1685.) 

fcach-m’-na-tor-y, a. [Lat. cachinno= to laugh 
loudly.] Attended with loud laughter. 

“ On which timely joke there follow cachinnatory buzzes 
of approval.”— Carlyle: French Revolution, pt. i., bk. iii., 
ch. iv. 

*cach-in’-nus, s. [Latin.] Loud laughter; gig¬ 
gling. 

“ Thus neither the praise nor the blame is our own, 

No room for a sneer, much less a cachinnus; 

We are vehicles, not of tobacco alone, 

But of anything else they may choose to put in us.” 

Cowper: From a Letter to the Rev. Mr. Newton. 

cach-ir-i, s. [Native word.] A fermented 
liquor made in Cayenne from the root of the man¬ 
ioc, and resembling pear cider. 

each 6 -long , s. [Fr. cacholong; from Cach. the 
name of a river in Bucharia, and cholon= a Calmuc 
word for stone; Tartar and Calmuc, kaschtschilon= 
beautiful. In Ger. kascholong. 1 
Min.: An opaque or milk-white, sometimes pale 
yellow, chalcedony; a variety of opal. 

ca-ghou', s. [Fr.] A confection for sweetening 
the breath. 

cach -rjfs, s. [Gr. kachrys= (1) parched barley; 
(2) the capsules of rosemary; (3) or catkins of 
amentaceous trees.] A genus of umbelliferous 
plants. The Cossacks are said to chew the seeds of 
C. odontalgica, that the salivation thus produced 
may allay the pains of toothache, 
ca-ghfi -gha, s. [Spanish.] 

1. An Andalusian dance, closely resembling the 
Bolero. 

2. The music for the same, in 3-4ths time. 

“ Viet. That thou mayst dance before them ! 

Now viva lacachucha!” 

Longfellow: The Spanish Student, i. 3. 

ea-ghfin -de, s. [Spanish.] An aromatic medici¬ 
nal lozenge, highly esteemed in India as an anti- 
spasmodic. 

ca-giq ue (que as k), s. [Sp. cacique .] [Ca- 
zique.] 

•cack’-er-el, *cack'-rell, s. [From Eng. each; 
-er ; with the dimin. suff. -el.) A fish, the flesh of 
which is said to have laxative properties. 

“ A cackrell, so called, because it maketh the eater 
laxative.”— Nomenclator, 1585. ( Nares.) 

“ Fish, whose ordinary abode is in salt waters, namely 
porpoise, cockerel, skate, soles, &c.” — Sir T. Herbert. 

cack-le (1), v. i. [Dut. kakelen; Sw. kackla; 
Dan .keegle; Ger. gackern, all=to cackle, gaggle. 
The word is onomatopoetic. Compare A. S. ceahhe- 
tan=to laugh loudly. (Skeat .) ] 

I. Literally: 

1. To make a noise like a goose ; to gaggle. 

“ The nightingale, if she should sing by day, 

When every goose is cackling, would be thought 
No better a musician than the wren.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, v. 1. 

2. To make a noise as a hen or other fowl. 

” Sometime cacleth as a hen.” 

Gower: Conf. Aman., ii. 264. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To chatter. 

” Howe these women cackyll.” — Palsgrave. 

“ Rob the Roman geese of all their glories, 

And save the state by cackling to the Tories.” 

Pope: Dunciad, i. 192. 


cacodyl 

2. To laugh, giggle, chuckle. 

“Nic grinned, cackled, and laughed, till he was like to 
kill himself, and fell a frisking and dancing about the 
room.”— Arbuthnot: Hist. John Bull. 

t cack -le (2), v. t. [Keckle, v .] 

Naut.: To protect a cable with an iron chain. 

‘‘It is expedient, in this case, to cackle or arm the cables 
with an iron chain.”— Anson: Voyages, bk. ii., ch. i. ( p. 
162 . 

cack -le, s. [Cackle ( 1 ), v .] 

I. Lit.: The noise made by a goose, or by a hen 
after laying her egg, by a crane, &c.; gaggling. 

“The craing and cackling of hens.”— Holland ■ Plu¬ 
tarch, p. 507. 

“ The goose let fall a golden egg 
With cackle and with clatter.” 

Tennyson• The Goose. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. Idle talk, chattering. 

2. Silly laughing, giggling. 

cack'-ler, s. [Cackle, v._, 

1. Lit.: * fowl that cackles. 

2. Fig, Of a person: A tell-tale, chatterer. 

+cack -llng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cackle, v .] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those or the 
verb. 

“ The trembling widow, and her daughters twain, 

This woful cackling cry with horror heard, 

Of those distracted damsels in the yard.” 

Dry den: Cock & Fox, 718. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of crying like a goose; the noise 
made by a goose or other fowl. 

2. Fig.: Idle talk, chattering. 

“ Yes, ’tis the game: I will take no notice of ye, 

But if I do not fit ye, let me fry for’t. 

Is all this cackling for your egg?” 

Beaum. & FI.: Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1. 

cackling-cheat, s. A hen. (Beaumont db 
Fletcher.) 

ca-co’-a, s. [Cacao.] 

cac- 6 -chym -i-a (Lat.), cac-o-chym'-y (Eng.), 
s. [ In Fr. cacochymie; from Gr. kakochymia; from 
kakos= bad, and chymidF= a state of the humors: 
from c/iymos=huinor, juice.] A diseased state 01 
the body, arising from the bad condition of the 
humors. 

“ Strong beer, a liquor that attributes the half of its ill 
qualities to the hops, consisting of an acrimonious fiery 
nature, sets the blood, upon the least cacochymy, into an 
orgasmus.”— Harvey. 

tcac-o-chym-ic, *cac-6-chym'-Ick, fcac-6- 
chym -1-C3I, a. [Cacochymy.] Having the humors 
corrupted; dyspeptic. 

“ It will prove very advantageous, if only cacochymic, to 
clarify his blood with a laxative.”— Harvey: On Consump¬ 
tion. 

“ • . this is to be explained by an effervescence 
happening in a particular cacochymical blood/’— Floyer: 
On the Humors. 

cac-o-de-mon, *cac'-6-dEe-mon, s. [FromGr. 
kakos=evil, and daimon=a demon.] 

1. Lit.: An evil spirit, a demon, a devil. 

“The prince of darkness himself, and all the 'co- 
demons, by an historical faith, believe there is a God.” 
—Howell: Lett., ii. 10. 

2. Fig.: A person or an animal of demoniacal 
character. 

“ Q. Mar. Hie thee to hell for shame, and leave this 
world, 

Thou cacodcemon! there thy kingdom is.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. III., i. 3. 

“ Nor was the dog a cacodcemon, 

But a true dog.” Hudibras, pt. ii., ch. 8. 

cac-o-de mo'-ni-al, a. [From Eng., &c., cacode- 
mon, and suff. -al.) Pertaining to an evil spirit in 
the literal or in the figurative sense. (Skelton: Why 
Come ye not to Court.) 

cac-o-dox -1-C3I, a. [Gr. kacodoxia— perverted 
opinion.] Of the nature of heterodoxy; heretical 1 
pertaining to cacodoxy. 

cac-o-dox-y, s. [Gr. kafcos=bad, and doxa= 
doctrine.] False doctrine ; heterodoxy; heresy. 

cac - 6 -dyl, cak-o-d^le, s. [Gr. kakodes = ill¬ 
smelling, froni fcafcos=bad, odme=smell, and hule— 
matter as a principle of being.] 

Chemistry: Arsendimethyl Cacodyl As 2 (CH 3 ) 4 
is a colorless transparent liquid, boil- _ , CHi 
ingatl70°. It takes fire in the air, ~ 4 s< CH 3 
and is obtained in an impure state by 
distilling equal weights of potassium J CHo 
acetate and arsenious oxide. It is As< CH 3 
called Cadets' Fuming Liquid or Alkarsin. It 9 
vapor is very poisonous. The chloride, iodine, and 
cyanide are known. 


todil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = Shan- -tiom -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun, -tious, -cious, -sious -- shus. -ble, -die &c. = hcl, dcL 




/ 


cacodylic 


696 


cade 


cac-o-dyl'-lc, cak-o-dyl-Ic, a. [From Eng 1 . 
cacodyl; suff. -icf] Consisting to a greater or 
lesser extent of cacodyl, pertaining to cacodyl. 

cacodylic acid. s. [Cacodyl.] 

cac-ee-con’-o-mjf, $. [Gr. kalcos—bad, and oikon- 
omia= economy.] Bad government;, maladminis¬ 
tration. 

cac-6-e'-the§, s. [Gr, kakoeth.es — ill-disposed, 
from kakos= bad, and ethos= a disposition.] 

1. An ill and irrepressible propensity or habit. 
{Chiefly used in the phrase cacoethes scvibendi— 
an itch for writing books.) 

“Juvenal terms [this distemper] a Cacoethes, which is 
a hard word for a disease called in plain English, ‘The 
itch of writing.’ This Cacoethes is as epidemical" as the. 
small-pox, there being Very few who 1 are not seized with 
it some time or other in their lives.” — Spectator, No. 582. 

2. Med. A bad quality or disposition in a dis¬ 
ease ; a malignant ulcer. 

cac-6-gas’-tric, a. [Gr. &aX-os=bad, and gaster— 
the stomach.] Pertaining to a disordered stomach ; 
dyspeptic. 

cac-o-gen-e-sis, s. [Gr'. kakos—htitt, and gene- 
sis= generation.] An abnormal birth. 

cac-og’-raph-f , * cac-og-raph-le, s. [Fr. 

cacographie ; from Gr. fc«fcos=bad, and graphe — 
writing.] Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. 

“ The orthography or cacography, style and manner of 
the English language in the reigns of Henry V. and VI. 
are very remote from the mock Saxon of Rowley.”—Wai- 
poliana, i. xxxv. 

“ . . . his elefk used a certain kinde of cacographie, 
that admitted a multitude of superfluous letters.”—-Comi¬ 
cal History of Francion (1655). 

cac-ol -6-gy, s. [Fr. cacologie; from Gr. kakos 
=bad, and logos= a word, speech.] The use of bad 
or incorrect and improper words ; a bad choice of/ 
words. 

cac-6-phon’-Ic, *cac-&-ph5fl'-i-cal, a. [Eng. 

cacop>hon(g) ; suff. -ic, -icalf] Pertaining to cac¬ 
ophony ; uncouth, harsh-sounding, cacophonous. 

cac-o-phon-l-oiis, a, [Eng. cacophon(y); 
-tows.] Cacophonous. 

tcac-oph'-on-ous, a. [Gr. kakophtmos= having 
a bad voice or sound; kakos= bad, phd«e=voice, 
sound.] Ill-sounding, harsh, uncouth. 

fcac-oph’-on-y, s. [In Fr. cacophonie; from 
Gr. kakophonia= an ill sounding; from kakos= bad, 
ill, and phonia—a sound or sounding ; from phone = 
a voice, sound.] 

1. Music: A discord; a combination of discordant 
sounds. 

2. Bhet. : A rough, discordant style, arising from 
the Use of harsh-sounding letters or words. 

“But these things shall lie by, till you come to carp at 
’em, and alter rhymes, and grammar, and triplets, and 
cacophonies of all kinds.”— Pope, To Swift, April 2, 1733. 

3. Med. } An unhealthy state of the voice. 

cac-o-tech’-ny, s. [Gr. kakotechnia = an ill 
state of art; from kakos= bad, ill, and technia= art, 
craft; from techne— art.] A bad or depraved state 
or style of art. 

cac-ot-roph-y, s. [Fr. cacotrophie; from Gr. 
hakotrophia= ill nourishment; from kakos=huA, ill, 
and trophia=the act of nourishment; trophe— 
nourishment-] 

Med.: Bad or defective nourishment. 


caG-ox -ene, cac-ox -en-Ite, s. [In Ger. kak- 
oxen. From Gr. kakos— bad, evil, oxus = sharp, 
. . . pungent, acid. Cf. also kakoxenos= . . • 
inhospitable ; suffix -ene; -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min. : A mineral, supposed to be an iron-wavel- 
lite. It occurs in radiated tufts of a yellow or 
brownish-yellow color, becoming brown on expos¬ 
ure, at the Arbeck mine in Bohemia. Compos.: 
Phosphoric acid, 9 - 20-25'71; sesquioxide of iron, 
36’32-41‘46; alumina, O-lO’Ol; lime, 0-1T; silica 
0-8'90; hydrofluoric acid, 18'98-32'83. 

Cac-ta - 9 e-se, s. pi. [Named from the Cactus 
(q. v.).] 

Bot. : Indian Figs, an order of exogenous plants, 
placed by Lindley under his fifty-second alliance, 
the Cactules. The sepals and petals are numerous 
and confounded with each other. The stamina are 
indefinite, the ovary fleshy, inferior, one-celled; the 
fruit succulent, one-celled, many seeded. The 
flowers are sessile, and usually last only one day or 
night. The leaves are generally wanting, but an 
in xperienced observer might mistake for them the 
usually angular foliaceous stems. The Cactace® 
are natives of this country, whence they have been 
imported into the warmer parts of the Eastern hem¬ 
isphere.. About 800 are known. The fruit of some 
species is refreshing and agreeable^ that of others 
insipid. The juice of Mammillaria is slightly sickly, 
being at the same time sweet and insipid. The fruit 
of Opuntia stains red the urine of those who eat it. 
Many of the Cactacese are of very abnormal forms. 


cac-ta'-qe-Ous, a. [Cactace.®.] Pertaining to 
the Cactacese. 

cac-ta'-le§, s. pi. [From Lat. cactus (q. v.), and 
pi. adj. suff. -ales.J Lindley’s fifty-second alliance 
of plants. It stands between Myrtales and Gros- 
sales, and belongs to the fourth sub-class, or Epigy- 
nous Exogens. 

Cac-t&s, s. [Lat. cactus; Gr. kaktos = a prickly 
plant.] 

Bot.: An old and extensive genus of Linneeus, in 
four sections; (1) The Echinomelocacts; (2 & 3) 
Cerei of two kind's; and (4) Opunti®. . It is now 
broken up into a number of genera. It is still pop¬ 
ularly used as the designation of nearly the whole 
of the Cactace®, to which order, moreover, it has 
given its name. Cacti are sometimes called Melon 
Thistles. 

Hedgehog cactus: A designation of the genus 
Eehinocactus. 

Leaf cactus: The Epiphyllum. 

Melon thistle cactus: The Melocactus. 

Nipple cactus : The Mammillaria. 

If The Hindoos compare Europeans in the East to 
the species of Cactus (Opuntia Dillenii), which 
they know best. 

The plant, though now seen all over India, un¬ 
doubtedly came at first from a foreign and a distant 
country. It grows very extensively, in the western 
and southwestern part of the United States and 
all over tropical America, usually on arid lands. 



Indian Cactus. 


Once rooted in a place, it spreads so widely abroad 
that it is difficult to get it out again, and it is be¬ 
lieved to impoverish the land of which it takes 
possession. It is of so abnormal a type that none 
but itself can be its parallel. An unpleasant feature 
about it is that from whatever side you approach it, 
you are met in all directions by fixed bayonets. 

*ca-cfl’-mln-ate, v. t. [Lat. cacumino; from 
cacumen (genit. cacuminis)=a top, an apex.] To 
make sharp or pyramidal; to reduce to a point or 
an apex. 

cad (1), s. [A short form of cadet (q. v.).] A low, 
vulgar fellow. 

If The word was formerly specially applied to the 
conductor of a bus. In a wider sense it is used as a 
synonym for the English term “ snob.” 

cud (2), s. [Cade (2),s.J 

C<ld (3), s. [An abbreviation of caddis (q. v.).] 

cad-bait, s. The larva of the caddice-fly, which is 
largely used as bait by anglers. 

“, . . this is the moment when the large fish come to 
the surface, and leave their cad-bait search and minnow¬ 
hunting .”—Sir H. Davy: Salmonia, Second Day. 

cad'-a-ba, *• [From Arab. kodhab =the name of 
one of the species of the genus.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Capparidace®. 
The species are found in Africa, India, and Aus¬ 
tralia. The foot of Cadaba indica is said to be 
aperient and anthelmintic. (Lindley.) 

*cad-as, s. [Caddis (2).] 

fcad-as -ter, cad-a's-tre, s. [Fr. cadastre .] 

Laic: An official assessment of the value of real 
property for the purposes of taxation. 

fcad-as'-trul, a. [Cadastr(e); -ah] Pertaining 
to a cadastre, or to real estate. 


fcad-av'-er, s. [Lat. cadaver; from cado— t© 
fall.] A corpse, a carcass. 

“ Who ever came 

From death to life ? Who can cadavers raise ? ^ 

Thus their blasphemous tongues deride the truth. 

Davies: Wit’s Pilgrimage, v. 2. b. 

CUd-av -er-Ic, a. [Cadaver.] Pertaining to or 
resembling a corpse ; cadaverous. 

“ Cadaveric softening of the stomach is not uncommonly 
found when death has occurred suddenly from an acci¬ 
dent, soon after a meal, and when the body hae hoc n kept 
in a warm situation.”— T. H. Tanner: Manual of Med. (ed. 
1861), 418. 

cad-av'-er-lne, s. [Cadaver.] A slightly toxic 
ptomaine (C 5 H 14 N 2 ) occurring in decomposing- 
animal tissues and cultures of the comma-bacillus. 

cad-av'-er-Ize, v. t. [Eng. cadaver (ous) ; -ize.J 
To cause to become cadaverous. 

cad-av-er-Iz-a'-tiGU, s. [Eng. cadaveriz(e); 
-ation. J The process of becoming cadaverous. 

C^d-av'-er-ous, a. [Lat. cadaverosns = of or 
pertaining to a corpse; cadaver— a corpse.] 

1. Of or pertaining to a corpse or a carcass. 

2. Having the qualities of a corpse or a carcass. 

“The urine, long detained in the bladder, as well a« 
glass, will grow red, foetid, cadaverous, and alkaline. 
The case is the same with the stagnant watei'3 of hydrop¬ 
ic a 1 persons.”— Arbuthnot: On Ailments. 

cstd-av er-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. cadaverous; -ly.J 
In a cadaverous manner or form. 

■fcad-av'-Sr-OUS-nesS, s. [Eng. cadaverous ,7 
-ness'.] The quality or state of being cadaverous. 

cad -die, cad'-le, s. [Cad, Cadet.] A persons 
a young fellow; a person of inferior rank. 

“E’en cow© tire caddie! 

And send Mm to his dicing-box 
An’ sportin’ lady.” 

Burns: Earnest Cry and Prayer . 

cad-dls (1), cad'-des (2), cad -di§e. s. [In Ger. 
kader, kaderle .] The larva of the caddis-fly, a 
species of trichopterous - 

insect^genus Pliry- 

“He loves the mayfly, Caddis-worm, 

which is bred of the cod- 

worm, or caddis; and these make the trout bold and lusty.’ 
— Walton: Angler. 

caddis-fly, caddice-fly, s. Any insect of the 
genus Phryganea, or of the family Phryganeid®, 
or the order Trichoptera, after it has reached th® 
perfect state. 

caddis-shrimp, s. 

Zobl.: A small crustacean, Cerapus tubular is, 
(Rossiter .) 

caddis-worm, s. The larva of the caddis-fly. 
[Caddis, Caddis-fly.] 

cad'-dls (2), s. [Ir. & Gael, cadas, cadan= cotton, 
fustian; Wei. cadas=& kind of stuff or cloth; Fr. 
cadis, caddis^ serge, woolen cloth.] A kind or 
worsted lace or ribbon. 

“ Cadas. BombiciniumJ’ — Prompt. Parv. 

“He hath ribbons of all the colors i’ the rainbow; 
inkles, caddisses, cambrics, lawns; why, he sings ’em over 
as if they were gods or goddesses.”— Shakesp.: Winter's 
Tale, iv. 4. 

caddis-garter, s. A garter made of caddis. 

“Wilt thou rob this leathern jerkin, crystal-button, 
not-pated, agate-ring, puke-stocking, caddis-garter, 
smooth-tongue, Spanish-pouch.”— Shakesp : 1 Henry IV., 
ii. 4. 

fcad'-dow, *cad-aw, *cad-dawe, *ca-dowe, 
*kid-daw, s. [Gael, cadhag. cathag .] A jackdaw, 
a chough. 

“ Cadaw, or keo, is chowghe (cadowe, or koo, K. P. K® 
H.). Monedula.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“A caddow, a jackdaw; Norf.; In Cornwall they call the. 
guilliam a kiddaw.” — Ray. 

cad-djr, s. [Malay, kati-a. catty or weight, 
whereof 100 = a pillul, or 13514 lbs. avoirdupois 
(Skeat). Dimin. of cade (1) (Mahn).~\ A small box 
in which tea or manufactured tobacco is packed 
and kept. 

“Tea caddy, a tea-chest, from the Chinese catty, the 
weight of the small packets in which tea is made up.”— 
Wedgwood: Dictionary of English Etymology. 

fcade, a. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. coddle* 
Delicate, soft, domesticated, brought up by hand. 

“He brought his cads lamb with him.”— Sheldon- 
Miracles of Anticlu, 224. 

*cade, v. t. [Cade, a.] To bring up tenderly 
and delicately; to coddle. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who. son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, fill; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 












cade 


697 


cadie 


cade (1), s. & a. [Fr. cade; Lat. cadus ; Low Lat. 
cada— a cask.] A barrel of 500 herrings or of 1,000 
sprats 

■‘Cade of lierynge (or spirlinge, K. P.), or other lyke. 
Cada, laeista." — Prompt. Paw, 

“Cade. We, John Cade, so termed of our supposed 
father,— 

Dick: Or rather, of stealing a cade of herrings.” 

Shakesp ..- Henry VI., Pt. II., iv. 2. 

cade-oil, s. 

Med.: A name given to an oil much in use in some 
parts of France and Germany. It is supposed by 
some to bo the pisselceum of the ancients, but im¬ 
properly ; it is made of the fruit of the oxycedrus, 
which is called by the people of these places, cada. 
{Chambers.) 

cade-worm, caddice-worm, case-worm, s. 

[Caddis.] 

tcade (2), *cad, s. [Cade, a.] A pet lamb brought 
up by hand. 

il Hec cenaridj a cad.”— Wright: Vocabularies, p. 219. 

ca'-den§e, ca-den-gy, s. [Fr. cadence= el fall¬ 
ing ; Lat. cadentia, neut. pi. of pr. par.; from cado 
=to fall; Sp. & Port, cadencia; Ital. cadenza .] 

*1. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: The act of falling or sinking; the state of 
having set. 

“ Now was the sun in western cadence low 
From noon.” Milton: P. L., x. 92. 

2. Fig . : The act or process of passing from one 
subject or thought to another. 

“The cadence or manner how Paul falls into those 
words.”— Hammond: Works, iv. 687. 

II. Technically : 

1. Rhetoric: 

(1) The fail or sinking of the voice in singing or 
speaking, especially at the end of a sentence. 

"The length of the verse keepeth the eare too long from 
his delight, which is to heare the cadence or timeable ac¬ 
cent in the ende of the verse.”— Puttenham: Art of Poesy, 
bk. ii., p. 60. 

"... for it is inconceivable how much weight and 
effectual pathos can be communicated by sonorous depth 
and melodious cadences of the human voice _o sentiments 
the most trivial .”—De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., 

p. 100. 

(2) The modulation of the voice generally, spe¬ 
cially in reading or speaking. 

(а) Of human beings: 

“Listen’d intensely; and his countenance soon 
Brighten’d with joy; for murmurings from within 
Were heard — sonorous cadences! whereby 
To his belief, the monitor express’d.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

(б) Of animals: 

“Around him feeds his many-bleating flock, 

Of various cadence.” 

Thomson: Seasons; Spring, 833. 

(3) The rhythm or flow of language, a kind of 
blank verse or poetic prose. 

“ Bookes, songes, and dities, 

In rime, or else in cadence.” 

Chaucer: House of Fame, 627. 


“ The cadency of one line must be a rule to that of the 
next; as the sound of the former must slide gently into 
that which follows.”— Dryden. 

(4) The modulation of any tone or sound. 

“How soft the music of those village bells, 
Falling at intervals upon the ear 
In cadence sweet, now dying all away, 

Now pealing loud again, and louder still.” 

Cowper: Task, vi. 8. 


2. Mil.: A regularity and uniformity of pace in 
marching. 

"Elizabeth kept time to every cadence with look and 
finger.”— Scott: Kenilworth, ch. xvii. 


3. Music: 

(1) Spec.: A close, the device which m music 
answers the use of stops in language. The effect is 
produced by the particular manner in which certain 
chords succeed one another, the order being gen¬ 
erally such as to produce suspense or expectation 
first, and then to gratify it by a chord that is more 
satisfying to the ear. They are commonly divided 
into three kinds: the perfect cadence (again sub¬ 
divided into authentic and plagal), the imperfect 
cadence , and the interrupted cadence. {Grove.) 

(2) Gen.: The closing phrase of a musical compo¬ 


sition. 


“A strain of music closed the tale, 

A low, monotonous funeral wail, 

That with its cadence, wild and sweet, 

Made the long Saga more complete.” 
Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn, Interlude. 


4. Her.: The various steps in the descent of a 
family; the distinction of houses. 

-j- 5 . Horsemanship: (For definition see example.) 
“ Cadence is an equal measure or proportion which a 
horse observes in all his motions, when he is thoroughly 
managed.”— Farrier’s Dictionary. 


*ca-den$ed, a. [Cadence, s.] 

1. In cadence, regulated, in measure. 

“A certain measured, cadenced step, commonly called a 
dancing step, which keeps time with, and as it were beats 
the measure of, the music which accompanies and directs 
it, is the essential characteristic which distinguishes a 
dance from every other sort of motion.”— A. Smith: On the 
Imitative Arts. 

2. Sung or written in cadence. 

“ These parting numbers, cadenc’d by my grief.” 

Philips: To Lord Carteret. 

ca-den-5jf, s. [Cadence.] 

*ca -dene, s. [Fr. cadbne; Sp. cadena ; O. Fr. 
cadbne; Fr. chaine; Lat. catena— a chain, from the 
chain-like appearance of the warp.] An inferior 
description of Turkey carpet. 

ca-dent, a. & s. [Lat. cadens, accus. cadentem , 
pr. par. of cado— to fall.] 

A. As adjective: 

*1. Ordinary Language: Falling, dropping. 

“ With cadent tears fret channels in her cheeks.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 4. 

II. Technically: 

*1. Music : In cadence; regulated, in measure. 

2. Astrol. : Applied to a planet when it is in a 
sign opposite to that of its exaltation. 

3. Geol. : The tenth of the fifteen series of beds 
into which Professor Rogers subdivides the palaeo¬ 
zoic strata of the Appalachian chain. It corre¬ 
sponds in age to the Lower Middle Devonian rocks 
of the British Isles. 

B. As substantive : 

Geol. : The series of rocks described under A., 

II. 3. 

cg,-den -zg,, s. [Ital. cadenza.) [Cadence.] 

Music : A flourish of indefinite form introduced 
upon a bass note immediately preceding a close. 

C!ld-e t, s. [Fr. cadet= a younger brother ; Prov. 
Fr. capdet , from Lat. capitulum—a little head; the 
eldest son being called the caput , or head or the 
family.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: 

(1) A younger brother, the youngest son. 

“ Joseph was the youngest of the twelve, and David the 
eleventh son, and the cadet of Jesse.”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

(2) The younger of two brothers in a gentleman’s 
family. 

“Walter Buck was a cadet of the house of Flanders.”— 
Sir G. Buck: Hist, of Richard III., p. 68. 

2. Mil. : Formerly a volunteer who served in the 
army, with or without pay, with the chance of gain¬ 
ing a commission. Now applied to students at mil¬ 
itary or naval academies, colleges, and schools. 

3. Spec. U. S. Military and Naval Cadets: The 
United States Military Academy, at West Point, was 
founded by act of March 16, 1802, constituting 
the corps of engineers of the army, a military 
academy with fifty students or cadets, who were to 
receive instruction under the senior engineer officer 
as superintendent. Later acts established pro¬ 
fessorships of mathematics, engineering, philos¬ 
ophy, etc., and made the academy a military body, 
subject to the rules and articles of war. In 1815, a 
permanent superintendent was appointed, and a 
year later an annual board of visitors was provided 
for, to be named by the president, the speaker of 
the house, and the president of the senate. In 1843 
the present system of the appointment of cadets 
was instituted, which assigns one cadet to each 
congressional district and territory in the union, to 
be named by the representative in congress for the 
time being, and ten appointments at large, specially 
conferred by the president of the United States. 
The number of students is thus limited to 312. A 
large proportion of those appointed fail to pass the 
examination, and many others to complete.the 
course, the proportion being stated at fully_one-half 
hitherto. The course of instruction requires four 
years, and is largely mathematical and professional. 
The discipline is very strict, even more so than in 
the army, and the enforcement of penalties for 
offenses is inflexible rather than severe. Appointees 
to the military academy must be between 17 and 22 
years of age, at least five feet in height, and free 
from infirmity, and able to pass a careful examina¬ 
tion in various branches of knowledge. Each 
cadet admitted must bind himself to serve the 
United States eight years from the time of admis¬ 
sion to the academy. The pay of cadets is $540 per 
year, with no allowance for rations. 

The United States Naval Academy was opened 
October 10,1845, and the credit of its foundation is 
attributed to Hon. George Bancroft, then secretary 
of the navy under President Polk. The course of 
instruction, designed to train midshipmen for the 
navy, at first occupied five years, of which three 
were passed at sea. Various, changes have been 
made in the course of instruction, which was made 
seven years in 1850, four years in 1851, arid six years 


(the last two of which are spent at sea) March 3, 
1873, where it now remains. The Naval Academy, 
first located at Annapolis, Maryland, was removed 
to Newport, R. I., in May, 1861, but re-established at 
Annapolis in September, 1865, where it now is, occu¬ 
pying lands formerly known as Fort Severn.. The 
academy is under the direct care and supervision of 
the navy department. There are to be allowed in 
the academy one naval cadet for every member or 
delegate to the House of Representatives, appointed 
at his nomination, one for the District of Columbia, 
and ten appointed at large by the president. The 
number of appointments which can be made is 
limited bylaw to twenty-five each year,named by 
the secretary of the navy after competitive exami¬ 
nations, the cadets being from 14 to 18 years of age. 
The successful candidates become students of the 
academy, and receive the pay of naval cadets—$500 
per annum. Cadets who graduate are appointed in 
the order of merit to the lower grades of the line 
and engineer corps of the navy and of the marine 
corps as fast as vacancies occur. But such appoint¬ 
ments cannot be made in excess of vacancies, and 

g raduates who receive no appointments get an 
onorable discharge with one year’s sea pay. The 
course of instruction is thorough, Involving a close 
pursuit of mathematics, steam engineering, physics, 
mechanics, seamanship, ordnance, history, law, etc. 

cgL-de't-shlp, s. [Eng. cadet; -ship.) The rank 
or position of a cadet. 

cad'-ew (ewasu) (1), s. [A corruption of cad¬ 
dis.) A caddis-worm. 

*cad-ew (2), s. [Caddow.] 
cadge, s. [Cadge, v.] 

1. A circular frame on which falconers carried 
hawks for sale. 

2. A frame or board on which hawkers and 
peddlers carried their goods. 

3. The trade of begging. (Scotch.) 

*cadge (1), *catche, V. t. [Etym. doubtful.] To 
bind, edge. 

“ I cadge a garment, I set lystes in the lynyng to kepe 
the plyghtes in order.”— Palsgrave. 

cadge (2), (Eng.) *cache, *caieh (Scotch), v. t. 
& i. [Probably the same as O. Eng. cacche = to 
drive.] [Catch, «.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To carry a load. 

“Another Atlas that will cadge a whole world of inju¬ 
ries.”— Optic Glass of Humors, 1,607. 

2. To beg. (Slang.) 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. To carry goods, or travel about as a hawker or 
peddler. 

2. To beg, seek for in any mean or low manner. 
(Slang.) 

“ Now, about what I call cadging for news .”—London 
Daily News, March 23, 188L 
cadg'-er, s. [Cadge, v.] 

1. A carrier; huckster. (Scotch.) 

“ But ye ken cadgers maun aye be speaking about cart- 
saddles.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxvi. 

2. A beggar, a tramp ; a poor wretch. (Slang.) 

“To be cut by lord or cadger.” — Hood: Miss Kilmansegg. 
cadg -l-ly, adv. [Scotch cadgy; -ly.) In a lively, 
merry manner. (Scotch.) 

“My daughter’s shoulders he gan to clap, 

And cadgily ranted and sang.” 

Ramsay: Tea-Table Miscellany. 

cadg-i-ness, *caid-gl-ness, s. [Scotch cadgy; 
-ness.] Gaiety, wantonness. (Scotch.) 

cadg'-y, *caidg-y, *eaig-y, *cai-gie, *cad-y, 
*kead-ie, a. [Derived by Jamieson from Dan. 
Icaad= wanton ; but perhaps it is=Eng. catchy, and 
is from catch in the sense of hastening, hurrying, 
and hence lively.] Lively and frisky; wanton. 
(Scotch.) 

“ . . . ye nar saw him sae cadgy in your life.”— Scott: 

Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xii. 

ca'-di, s. [Turk.] An officer among the Turks 
and Persians answering to our magistrate. 

“In Persia, the cadi passes sentence for a round sum of 
money.”— Ld. Lyttelton. 

cad'-ie, cad -die, s. [A corrupted form of either 
cadger or cadet (q. v.).] (Scotch.) 

1. Spec.: A porter, a messenger ; one who gains a 
livelihood by running errands, or delivering mes¬ 
sages. In this sense, the term was appropriated to 
a society in Edinburgh, instituted for this purpose. 
(Jamieson.) 

“The cadi.es are a fraternity of people who run errands. 
Individuals must, at their admission, find surety for their 
good behavior. They are acquainted with the whole 
persons and places in Edinburgh; and the moment n 
stranger comes to town, they get notice of it.”— Arnot: 
Hist. Edin., p. 503. 

“A tattered cadie, or errand-porter.”— Scott: Heart of 
Mid-Lothian, oh. xxi. 


tioi], boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


§hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = £. 
-sious = situs, -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




Cadillac 


698 


caesious 


2. Gen.: A low, poor fellow. 

“A prosperity of which every Scotchman, from the peer 
to the oadie, would partake.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. 

xxiv. 

cgt-dil'-lac, ca-dil-leck, s. [From Cadillac, a 
town in the Department of the Gironde, in France.] 
A kind of pear. ( Wright.) 

cad'-jli, s. [A corruption of a native word.] 
[Cashew.] 

Bot.: The native name for the Anacardium Occi¬ 
dent ale, a tree, a native of South America. It is 
commonly called Cashew-tree (q. v.). 

cadjii gum, s. A gum obtained from the Ana¬ 
cardium occidentale. 
cad -lock, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Bot.: Three plants—(1) Sinapis arvensis, (2) S. 
nigra , (3) Brassica Napus. No. 1 is sometimes called 
Rough Cadlock, and No. 3 Smooth Cadlock. 

Cad-me-g,n, Cad mae -an, a. [Lat. Cadrneius= 
pertaining to Cadmus, the mythical founder of 
Thebes.] Of or belonging to Thebes, Theban. 

“In Theban games the noblest trophy bore, . . . 
And singly vanquished the Cadmcean race.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, xxiii. 788. 
Cad’-ml-um, s. [From Lat. cadmia {Pliny); Gr. 
kadmeia, kadmia= calaminej an ore of zinc.] 

Chem.: A diatomic metallic element, discovered 
in 1818; symbol, Cd; atomic weight, 112; specific 
gravity, 8 ' 6 ; melting point, 315°, boils at 860°. Cad¬ 
mium is a white, ductile, malleable metal. It 
scarcely tarnishes in the air; it burns when heated 
in the air, forming a brown oxide, CdO. It dis¬ 
solves readily in nitric acid; it decomposes water at 
red heat. Its vapor density is 3'9 compared with 
air. Cadmium is found in some zinc ores; when 
these are distilled it rises in vapor before the zinc 
does so. It also occurs in the form of sulphide in 
greenockite. Cadmium is easily separated from 
zinc by passing HS 3 into their solution in HC1; the 
cadmium is precipitated as yellow sulphide, CdS. 
Cadmium can be separated from copper in analysis 
by dissolving their sulphides in nitric acid and add¬ 
ing ammonia in excess, filtering off oxides of other 
metals; then potassium cyanide is added till the 
precipitate first formed redissolves, then H 2 S gas is 
passed through the liquid, from which it throws 
down the cadmium as sulphide, 
cadmium-blende, s. 

Min.: The same as Greenockite (<!• v.). For¬ 
merly called also Sulphuret of Cadmium. 

cadmium-yellow, s. A pigment, consisting of 
cadmium sulphide. [Cadmium.] 
cad’-ouk, cad -douck, s. [Fr. caduc; Lat. cadu- 
Vs=falling; cado= to fall.] A casualty; forfeited 
r escheated property. 

“As their service to his Majestie was faithfull and 
kt-yall, so his Majestie was liberall and bountifull, in ad¬ 
vancing them to titles of honor; as also in bestowing on 
them cadouks and casualties, to inrich them more than 
others,” &c. — Monro: Exped., pt. ii., p. 123. 

*cad-owe, s. [Caddow.] 

“ Moreover this bird [the crow] only feedeth her young 
oadowes for a good while after they are able to flie.”— 
Holland: Plinie , bk. x., ch. 12. 

cad -ran§, s. [In Fr. cadran, from Lat. quad- 
vans, as pr. par.=agreeing, as s.=iof anas; l of 
anything. ] 

Lapidary ' Work: An instrument for measuring 
the angles in cutting and polishing gems. It is 
sometimes called an angulometer. The gem is 
cemented on to the end of a rod clamped between 
jaws, and a small graduated disk enables the angle 
to be marked. 


“ Some of these are perennibranchiate, retaining the 
branch!a? through life; others lose the branchiae, be¬ 
coming thus caducibranchiate.” — Nicolson: PaUxont., ii. 

175. 

C{i-du'-$i-t]r, s. [Fr. caducitS; from Low Lat. 
caducitas; from Lat. caducus=ial\ing; cado =to 
fall.] Feebleness, weakness. 

“ An heterogeneous jumble of youth and caducity ."— 
Lord Chesterfield. 

ca-du -cous, a. [Lat. caducus= falling; cado— 
to fall.] 

Bot.: Dropping off; falling off quickly, or before 
the time, as the calyx of a poppy dr the gills of a 
tadpole. 

*ca-du'ke (Eng.), *ca-duc (Scotch), a. [ Fr. 
caduc; from Lat. caducus= falling; cado=to fall.] 
Failing, perishable. 

“All their happiness was but caduke and unlasting.”— 
Hicks: Lucian. 


cad'-jf, a. [Cadgy.] (Scotch.) 

$se'-C$Q, s. [From Lat. ccecum (q. v.), and Eng. 
suff. -oi.] Terminating blindly, i. e., in a closed 
end; pertaining to the caecum. 

9 Se’- 9 i-g,S, s. [Gr. kaikias —the northeast wind.] 
A northeast wind. 

“ Now from the north, 

Boreas’ and Ccecias, and Argestes loud, 

And Thracias, rend the woods, and seas upturn." 

Milton: P. L„ x. 669. 

9 se- 9 l-gen'-I-se, s. pi. [Lat. ccecMs=bfind; genitus 
=brought forth, pa. par. of gigno=to beget.] _ 

Entom.: A suh-tribe of insects, order Hemiptera. 
The species are generally bright-scarlet with black 
spots. 

9 ae- 9 ll'—I-gu, 9CS-9ll -l-a, s. [Lat. caecilia—a kind 
of lizard, probably the blindworm (q. v.); caecus= 
blind.] 

1. ZoOl.: A genus of serpent-shaped amphibians, 
the type of the family Cseciliadse (q. v.). 

2. Ichthy.: A name used by some authors for the 
fish more usually known by the name of the Acus. 
It is common in the Mediterranean, and is called 
by the Venetian fishermen Biscia, that is, Viper- 
fish. 


9ae-9il’-I-3,-dse, «• pi- [From Mod. Lat. ccecilia 
(q. v.).] , 

ZoOlogy: Cwcifians, serpent-shaped amphibians. 
They belong to the order Gymnophiona. The young 
have internal branchi®, while the adults breathe 
by lungs. Of the genera, Cwcilia is found in India, 
Africa and South America; Siphonops and Rhina- 
tremia in America; and Epicrium in Asia. None 
have been found fossil. 


908 - 9 lT-I- 3 ,n§, s. pi. [From Lat. caecilia; Eng. 
pi. suff. -ans.l 

ZoGl.: The English name for the family Cwciliad® 
(q. v.). 


* 9 Se - 9 lt-as, s. [Lat. coecitas = blindness, from 
ccecMS=blind.] 

Med.: Blindness. 

9 Ee-cum, s. [Neut. of Lat. ccecMs=blind, invisi¬ 
ble.] 

1. Anat.: The beginning of the great gut, com¬ 
monly called the blind-gut, because it is perforated 
at one end only ; it is the first of the three portions 
into which the intestines are divided. 

2. ZoOl. & Palceont.: A genus of mollusks, by 
some considered to be the type of the family C®cidi®, 
hut generally placed under the family Turritellidiw. 
The species are recent or tertiary, commencing in 
the Eocene period. 


»ca -due, a. [Caduke.] 

*cad-u -car-jf, a. [Lat. cad?-tcus= falling; cado— 
to fall.] 

1. Old law: Relating to escheat, forfeiture, de¬ 
fault, or confiscation. 

“Being ultimus lucres, and therefore taking by descent, 
In a kind of caducary succession, . . .”— Blackstone- 

Comment., vol. ii., ch. 15. 

2. The same as Caducous (q. v.). 

cg.-du'-9e-g.n, a. [Caduceus.] Pertaining to the 

caduceus of Mercury. 

ca-du -9e-us, s. [Lat. caduceus, or caduceum.] 

1. Gen. : A herald’s staff. 

2. Spec. : The winged staff of Mercury, borne by 
him officially as messenger of the “ gods.” 

“. . . and Mercury, lose all the serpentine craft of 
thy oaduceus, if ye take not that little less than little wit 
from them that they have! ”— Shakesp ..- Troil. <fr Cres., ii. 3. 

cg.-du- 91 -braii '-chl-ate, a. [ From Lat. caducus 
—inclined to fall easily, falling, and branchice= the 
gills of a fish.] [Branchia.] 

ZoOl. : Having a want of permanency in their 
gills, having gills which fall off before maturity 
is reached. Example, frogs. It is opposed to per- 
enni-branchiate. 


9ae -lum, s. [Lat. caelum—a. chisel or burin of a 
sculptor or engraver, a graver; from ccedo=to fall, 
. . . to cut.] 

Ccelum sculptoris: The sculptor's tool. 

Astron.: One of Lacaille’s constellations. 

9se-nanth -I-um, s. [From Lat. ccenn or coma— 
dinner, supper; and anthium= Mod. Lat. dimin. 
from Gr. anthos =a blossom, a flower.] 

Bot.: A kind of inflorescence seen in the fig-trees 
(Ficus) in Dorstenia and Ambora. ( R. Brown.) 

ca'-er, in compos. [Wei. = a wall, a fort, a city.] 
A town, a city, as Caerleon. 

9se’-re-ba, s. [Etymology doubtful. Agassiz calls 
it “ a barbarous word.”] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, the typical one of the 
sub-family Cwrebin® (q. v.). 

9 aer-e-bi'-li3e, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. ccereba 
(q. v.), and fem. pi. suff. - inoe .1 

Ornith.: A sub-family of the Promeropid®, or 
Sun-birds. 

*9ser'-ule, *9er -ule, a. [From Lat. cceruleus= 
azure blue.] Azure blue. [Cerulean.] 

“Whose ccemle streame, rombling in Pible stone.” 

Spenser: Virgil’s Gnat. 


*9ser-u-les’-9ent, 9er-ii-les'-9ent, a. [Formed 

by analogy as if from Lat. ccprulesco, from cceruleus 
=azure blue, - and Eng. suff. -escent.) Becoming 
more or less sky-blue. 

9se-sal-pin -l-g,, s. [Named after Andreas Csesal- 
pinus, chief physician to Pope Clement VIII., in. 
the latter part of the sixteeth century.] 

Bot.: The typical genus of the leguminous sub¬ 
order Cwsalpinie® (q. v.). They are trees or shrubs,, 
with showy yellow flowers, ten stamina, and bipin- 
natifid leaves. About fifty species are known. The- 
intensely astringent Coesalpinia coriaria has leg¬ 
umes which contain so much tannin that they are- 
valuable for tanning purposes. They are known in 
commerce asDividivi, Libidivi, or Libidibi, and! 
come from the West Indies and South America. C- 
crista, also West Indian, C.echinata, from Brazil, 
and other species, produce valuable red, orange,, 
and peach blossom dyes. The wood of the latter, 
given in powder, is tonic. C. brasiliensis, which,, 
however, is not from Brazil, and is now called Pel - 
lophorum Linncei, is said to produce the Brazil¬ 
wood of commerce. [Brazil-wood.] C. Sappan v 
from India, furnishes the Sappan-wood. [Bukkum- 
wood, Sappan-wood.] An oil is expressed from the 
seeds of C. oleosperma and other species. The roots; 
of C. Nuga and C. Moringa are diuretic ; the seed* 
of C. Bonducella are intensely bitter. Several Chi¬ 
nese species bear soap-pods, that is, pods which 
may be used as a substitute for soap. (Lindley: 
Treas. of Bot., &c.) 

9se-sal-pln-I-e’-ae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. Coe¬ 
salpinia (q. v.); pi. fem. adjectival suff. -ece.] 

Bot.: One of the great sub-orders into which the 
Leguminos® are divided. They have an irregular 
flower, but not at all so much so as the Papilio- 
naceee. The petals are spreading, the stamens adhere 
to the calyx. They are mostly ten in number, 
though in rare cases less than five. They have 
purgative qualities. They constitute a notable and 
attractive feature of the vegetation in tropical 
countries. Lindley divides them into eight tribes r 
(1) Leptolobie®, (2) Eucwsalpinie®, (3) Cassiese, 
(4) Swartsie®, (5) Amherstiew, ( 6 ) Bauhinie®, (7> 
Cynometre®, ( 8 ) Dimorphandre®. 

Qse-§ar'-I-?m (1), a. [From Lat, Ccesarianus , 
Ccesarms=pertaining to C®sar, i. e., spec., to Caius-. 
Julius C®sar.] Pertaining to any of the Cmsars, 
and especially to the great Caius Julius C®sar. 

9 se -§ar-I-g,n (2), 9e-§ar-I-an, a. [From. Lat- 
caesura = a cuttings an incision ; or possibly th» 
same as (1); see def.] Involving the act of cutting, 
specially in the operation described under the com¬ 
pound terms. 

caesarian operation, s. 

Surgery and Midwifery: The most serious opera¬ 
tion in midwifery, and only resorted to in extreme, 
cases, to save life ; as, for example, when a woman, 
fully pregnant dies suddenly, by accident or other¬ 
wise, the child being still alive in utero; or when, 
by reason of deformity, the birth cannot take place- 
naturally or with the aid of ordinary obstetrical 
instruments, per naturales vias. The operation 
consists in making an incision in the abdomen and 
removing the child with the contents of the womb 
en masse, and then sewing up the wound thus made- 
in the usual way. As might be expected, the dan¬ 
ger is very great to the living mother. Certain 
cases, however, have survived the operation—some 
have even gone through a repetition of it, and the- 
number of successful cases is happily increasing- 
owing to the improvements in modern surgery, par¬ 
ticularly in the knowledge of the correct use of 
antiseptics, as the great danger lies in septic®mia 
ensuing. The Cwsarian operation is of very ancient 
origin, being known to the Greeks and called by 
them hysterotomotoke. The Romans also practiced 
it, and it was considered by them a fortunate cir¬ 
cumstance to be so born. According to Pliny, Scipio 
Africanus was delivered in this way (Auspicating 
enecta matre nascuntur sicut Scipio Africanus prior 
natus). This author, with others, also asserts that 
the name of Cmson, afterward C®sar, was first given 
to those thus born (Quia coeso matris utero in lucem 
prodeunt). It is more probably, however, from Lat- 
coesaries= a head of hair. 

93 e'-sl-g., s. [In honor of Frederico C®sio, am 
Italian naturalist.] 

Bot.: A genus of filaceous plants, belonging to- 
the order Antherice®. 

93 e'-sI- 5 , s. [Named after Frederico C®sio.] 

Ichthyol.: A genus of acanthopterygious fusiform 
fishes, having the dorsal and anal spines much 
larger than the others, and their base thickly cov¬ 
ered with small scales. Family, Ch®todonidw. 

9 se'-si- 0 us, a. [Lat. coesms=bluish-gray. (Used 
generally of the eyes.)] 

Bot.: Bluish-gray, lavender color. Akin to glau¬ 
cous, but greener. (Lindley.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; ixf, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kW 





caesium 


caime 


699 


$<B -§I-um, s. [From Lat. ccesius — bluish-gray, 
sky-colored.] 

Chem.: A monad metallic element; symbol, Cs., 
at. weight 133. It was discovered in 1860 by spec¬ 
trum analysis in mineral waters and in several 
minerals, as mica, felspar, &c., also in the ashes of 
plants. It is separated by the greater insolubility 
of the double chloride with platinum. The hydrate 
is a strong base. Caesium carbonate can be sepa¬ 
rated from rubidium carbonate by its solubility in 
absolute alcohol. Caesium gives characteristic blue 
lines in its spectrum. 

gaes-plt'-6§e, a. [From Mod. Lat. coespitosus; 
Class. Lat. ccespes (genit. ccespitis) = a turf, a sod.] 
Bot.: Growing in tufts. 

gses -pit -R-l0§e, a. [From Lat. ccespes (genit. 
ccespitis) =a turf, a sod; dimin. suffix -ul; and Eng. 
suffix -ose, from Lat. -ostts.] 

Growing in small tufts 
forming dense patches, as 
the young stems of many 
plants. 

gaes-tus, fges-tus, s. 

[Lat. ccestus = cestus.] A 
boxing-glove. 11 w a s of 
leather, in certain cases 
loaded with lead or iron. 

“Theprizes next are order’d 
to the field, 

For the bol d champions who 
the ccestus wield.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, xxiii. 

763-4. 

gae-su-ll-a, s. [Lat. ccesws=beaten.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, consisting of a single 
species, C. axillaris , a native of India. It is a small 
weed, growing in moist places, and has purple or 
white florets. 

gse-siir a, gae-giir -a, *gaeg-iire, *gea -giire, s. 

[In Fr .ensure; Sp. & Ital. cesura; Lat. caesura—& 
cutting off, from ccedo—to cause to fall, to fall, to 
cut.] 

*1. Ord.Lang.: Of the forms ceasure and caesure. 

“ Vulgar languages that want 
Words and sweetnesse, and be scant 
Of true measure, 

Tyran rime hath so abused. 

That they long since haue refused 
Other ceasure.” 

B. Jonson: A Fit of Rime against Rime. 

“ And I beyond measure, 

Am ravish’d with pleasure, 

To answer each ceasure.” 

Drayton: Third? Nymphal. 

II. Prosody: A pause in a verse. If in all cases 
such a rest for the breath occurred only at the 
termination of the several words, a painful sense of 
monotony would be experienced ; hence the caesura, 
as a rule, cuts off the last syllable from a word, 
and on the syllable so separated the stress is laid. 
In the line— 

“ Arma vl | rumquS ca | nO Tro | jse qul | 
primus ab | oris,” 
no is the caesura. 

In the following lines from Milton’s Paradise 
Lost , bk. ii: 

“ Orcus | and Ha [ des, and | the dread | ed name 
Of Dem | ogor | gon; Ru | mour next | and Chance, 
And Tu | mult and | Confu | sion, all | embroil’d, 

And Dis | cord, with | a thou | sand va | rious mouths,” 

des, gon, mult, and cord are the chief caesuras. 

gae-giir'-aed, a. [From Lat. caesura, and Eng. 
suff. -ed.] Pronounced with a caesura, slowly 
drawled. 

“No accents are so pleasant now as those, 

That are ccesura’d through the pastor’s nose.” 

Brome: A Satire on the Rebellion. 

gae-sttr -al, ge-siir -al, a. [From Lat. caesura 
(q. v.), and Eng. suff. -ah] Pertaining to a caesura, 
produced by a caesura, 
gae-ter-Is par-I-bus, used as adv. [Lat.] 

Logic and Ord. Lang.: Other things being equal. 
“ These characters are all cceteris paribus, in an inverse 
relation to one another.”— Todd dt Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. i., ch. 7, p. 190. 

*caf, *cof, *kof, *kafe, a. [A. S. caf .] Quick, 
eager. {Bel. Antiq., i. 212.) ( Stratmann .) 

ca'f-e, s. [Fr. caf&={ 1) a coffee-bean, (2) the tree 
which produces it, (3) the beverage formed from it, 
(4) a coffee-house.] A coffee-house enlarged by 
American usage to include restaurants of all de¬ 
scriptions. 

caf'-fa, *• [Nativename.] 

Fabrics: A kind of painted cloth goods manufact¬ 
ured in India. 

caf-fe -Ic, a. [Fr. caff; and Eng. suffix -ic.] Per¬ 
taining to or derived from coffee, as caffeic acid. 


caf-fe-Ine, s. [From Fr. caff= coffee ; and Eng. 
suffix -me.] 

Chem.: CgHioN^. The same as Theine (q. v.). 
A feeble organic base occurring in tea, coffee, and 
the leaves of Guarana officinalis and Ilex para- 
uensis. A decoction of tea is mixed with excess of 
asic lead acetate, filtered, then H 2 S is passed in to 
precipitate the excess of lead, filtered, evaporated, 
then neutralized by ammonia; the caffeine crystal¬ 
lizes out on cooling. It forms tufts of white silky 
needles ; it has a bitter taste; it forms double salts 
with platinum and gold chlorides. It is a methyl 
substitution compound of theo-bromine, and is used 
as a nerve sedative and a hypnotic. 

ca f-fer, s. [Caffre.] 

caffer-bread, caffir-bread, s. A name given in 
South Africa to various cycadaceous trees, of the 
genus Encephelartos; the pith of the trunk and 
cones of which are used as bread by the Caffres. 
( Lindley , die.) 

ca f-fre, kaf-fre, caf-fer, a.&s. [From Arab. 
kafir— infidel, i. e., not Mohammedan.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to a series of tribes woolly¬ 
headed but not of the proper negro race, inhabiting 
the southeast of Africa. 

B. As subst.: A person belonging to the series of 
tribes described under A. 

ca f-ll-a, caf-Il-la, ka f-Il-a, s. [Arab.] A 
company of traveling merchants; the name applied 
in North Africa to what in parts of Asia is called a 
caravan. 

ca f-tan, s. [From Fr. captan; Russ, cceftan; 
Turk, qaftdn .] A Turkish or Persian vest or gar¬ 
ment. 

caf'-taned, a. [Eng., Russ., &c., caftan; Eng. 
suffix -ed.] Clothed in a caftan. {Sir Walter Scott.) 

*cag(l),s. [Keg.] {Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, 
ch. xlv.) 

*cag (2), s. [Etym. unknown.] The thread wound 
round every hank or skein of yarn, cotton, &c., to 
keep each separate. It is also called helching. {Hal- 
liwell: Contr. to Lexicog.) 

cage, s. & a. [O. Fr. cage; Lat. cavea= a hollow 
place ; from cavus=■ hollow. ] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Generally: 

I. An inclosed place in which birds or animals are 
kept. It is generally of wire, though sometimes of 
wicker, slats, splints, or strips of metal. 

“ Ase untowe bird ine cage." 

Ancren Riwle, p. 102. 

*2. A small place of confinement for malefactors. 
“His father had never a house but the cage.” — Shakesp.: 
Hen. VI., Pt. II., iv. 2. 

“ A market-place, or cage ’ dickens: Pickwick. 

II. Specially: 

1. Carp.: An outev wont of timber inclosing 
another. Thus the cage of a stair is the wooden 
inclosure that encircles it. {Gwilt.) 

2. Mech.: Something placed over a valve to keep 
it secure in its place. Spec.: 

(1) A skeleton frame to confine a ball-valve 
within a certain range of motion. 

(2) An iron guard placed over an eduction-open¬ 
ing to allow liquid to pass while retaining solids 
from escaping. 

3. Mining: 

(1) A cage-like structure in which miners stand 
while being raised from or lowered into a mine. 

(2) The trundle-v heel of a whin on which the 
rope is wound. It is called also a drum or a turn- 
tree. 

4. Microscope: A minute cup having a glass bot¬ 
tom and cover, between which a drop of water 
containing animalculae may be placed for examina¬ 
tion. 

B. As adjective: (See the compound.) 
cage-bird, .s. A bird kept, or suitable to be 

kept, in confinement. 

“They will here learn what the German naturalist, 
Bechstein, the greatest of authorities upon the natural 
history and treatment of cage-birds, has written.”— 
Translation (edited by G. H. Adams) of Bechstein’s Hand¬ 
book of Chamber and Cage-birds, preface. 

cage, v. t. [Cage, s.] To shut up in a cage or 
other place of confinement. 

“The goodly members . . after they had caged 
him awhile, at last set up a mock court of justice.”— Dr. 
M. Griffith: Sermon (1660), p. 25. 

caged, pa. par, & a, [Cage, v.] Imprisoned or 
shut up in a cage; confined, cramped. 

“ Like an eagle caged , it had striven, and worn 
The frail dust, ne’er for such conflicts born.” 

Hemans: The Indian City. 

“He swoln, and pamper’d with high fare, 

Sits down, and snorts, cag'd in his basket chair.” 

Donne. 


[cage -ling, s. [Eng. cage, and dimin. suff. -ling.’] 
A little or young cage-bird. 

“As the cageling newly flown returns.” 

Tennyson: Vivien. 

*cag-gen, v. t. [Cadge.] 

tcag -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cage, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of shutting up in a 
cage. 

cag -It, s. [Probably a corruption of a native 
term.] 

Ornith.: A parrot of a beautiful green color. It 
is a native of the Philippine Islands. 

cag-mag, kag -mag, s. & a. [A corruption of 
Gael, cagnadA=mastication, chewing, gnawing; 
cagainn=to chew.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A tough old gander or goose. 

“Superannuated geese and ganders called the oag- 
rnags.” — Pennant: Tour in Scotland, p. 10. 

2. Any poor meat. {Vulgar.) 

B. As adjective: Trumpery, worthless. 

“ No kagmag wares are sold.”— Temple Bar, vol. X., 
p. 185. 

ca-gui (gui as gwe), s. [A native name.] 

Zobl.: A monkey of Brazil, of which there are two 
species: one, the larger, also called Pongi, the other 
not exceeding six inches in length. 

♦cahgh -are, s. [Catcher.] 

*cah gh-pelle, s. [Catch-pole.] 

*cah gh-ynge, pr. par. & s. [Catching.] 
*ca-hier (bier as e-a), s. [Fr. cahier; O. Fr. 
caier, quayer; Sp .cuaderno; Ital. quaderno; Low 
Lat. quaternus=tour each.] [Quire.] 

1. A number of sheets of paper loosely put 
together; a quire. 

2. The report of a committee; a memorial. 

ca -boots, s. Colloquial term, implying associ¬ 
ation or partnership, sometimes in a questionable 
way, as “Johnson and Wilson were in cahoots to 
rob Anderson.” 

*ca -boun, s. [From the Honduras name of the 
tree.] 

Bot. & Comm.: A palm tree, Attalea Cahune, a 
native of Honduras. 

cahoun-nuts, s. pi. The fruits of the cahoun. 
They yield a valuable oil. 

*ca-hute, s. [Fr. cahot= “ the jumpe, hop, or 
jogge of a coach, &c., in a rugged or uneven way” 
(Cotgrave); hence, an uneven or winding way.] 
A twisting, turning. 

“Neuer sa feile cahutis and wayis.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 66, 22. 

caib, s. [Gael. ceibe= a spade.] The iron em¬ 
ployed in making a spade or any such instrument. 

“ This John Sinclair and his master caused the smith to 
work it as ( caibs ) edgings for laboring implements.”— 
P. Assint, Sutherl. Statist. Acc., xvi. 201. 

C 9 .-ic',s. [Caique.] 

*caige-<i-ble, a. [Caseable.] What may hap¬ 
pen, possible. 

“I believe that no man can say, it is bot caiceable to ana 
man to fall in ane offence. For it becumes ane that hea 
fallen in error, to becum penitent, and amend his lyfle,” 
&c. — Pitscottie: Cron., p. 115. 

♦caiche, s. [Caitche.] 

caick -ling, pr. par. & s. [Cackling.] 

“ . . . less caickling wad serve ye on sic a gravami- 
nous subject.” — Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xi. 

♦caidge, v. i. [Caige.] 

*ca idg-I-ness, s. [Cadginess.] 

*ca idg-y, *ca i-gle, a. [Cadgy.] 

♦caige, *caidge, v. i. [Cadgy.] To be wanton, 
to wax wanton. 

*caik, s. [Cake.] {Scotch.) 

♦caik-bakster, s. [Scotch caifc=cake, bakster— 
baker.] A biscuit-baker. {Aberd. Reg., A. 1551, v. 
21.) 

call, s. [Kail.] 

cail-liach, s. [Gael, cailleach.] An old woman, 
a hag. 

“The cailliachs (old Highland hags) administered 
drugs, which were designed to have the effect of phil¬ 
tres.” — Scott: Rob Roy, Introd. 

cg.-!'-ma-can, ca-i-mai-kln, s. [Turk.] A 
Turkish governor of a town, 
cai -man, s. [Cayman.] 

ca'-l-mfi, s. [Turk.] A Turkish caim6 varies in 
value from fifty to one thousand piastres, and can 
be offered in payment of taxes. It thus resembles 
one of our exchequer bills. 



Csestus. 


bdil. boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, gbin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d§l. 





caimed 


700 


cake 


C&imed, pa. par. & a. [Combed.] {Scotch.) 
cp.-in'-c<i, ca-Mn -ca, s. [A Brazilian word.] 
Botany: 

1. A Brazilian plant ( Chiococca densifolia), the 
root of which furnishes caincic acid. 

2. The drug derived from it. 

cgL-in'-olc, a. [From Brazilian cainca , and suf¬ 
fix -*c.] Pertaining to cainca, existing in cainca 
or caincic acid. 

ca’-ing, pr. par. & a. [Ca’, v.] 
ca’ing-whale, s. Scotch for calling-whale. 
Cain-ite§, s.pl. [Named after Cain, the eldest 
son of Adam. {Gen. iv.)J 
Hist.: A small gnostic sect of the second century. 
They appear to have held that the God of the Jews 
was a rebel against the true God, and honored the 
memory of Cain, Korah, Dathan, and others for 
resisting Him. They cannot have been even a 
semi-Christian sect, if it is true, as has been stated 
of them, that they had deep respect also for the 
traitor Judas. {Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, II., pt. 
ii.,cap.5.) 

cai-ni-to, s. [Native name.] 

Bot.: Chrysophyllum cainita, the Star-apple of 
the West Indies, a plant belonging to the order 
Sapotacese. [Chrysophyllum.] 

tcain o zo'-ic, a. [Gr. kainos = new, recent; 
zoe = iife.] 

Geol.: The same as Tertiary (q. v.). 

cai oph or-a, «• [Gr- kaio=to burn; phero— to 
bear.] 

Bot.: A genus of loasads, distinguished from its 
congeners by having on the calyx ten spirally- 
arranged ribs; the divisions of the corolla notched 
at the tip or with three teeth; style or appendage 
on the ovary single, bifid at the end, the two pieces 
approximate. The species are herbaceous, natives 
of Peru and Chili, of branched or climbing habits, 
and bearing numerous stinging hairs, from which 
they derive their name. 

*caip (1), s. [A. S. cofa— a cove, a cave, a cham¬ 
ber.] A coffin. [ Henrysone .] 

*caip (2), s. [Sw. kaffa= a cloak.] 

*caip (3), s. [Cope, s. & a.] 

•caip, v. t. [Cope, v.] 

ca-i que (que as k), s. [Turk.] A kind of boat 
used upon the Bosphorus. 

"Glanced many a light caique along the foam, 

Danced on the shore the daughters of the land.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilg., ii. 81. 
*cair, *kair, v. t. [A. S. cerran, cirran; O. L. 
Ger. keran; O. H. Ger. cherren; O. Fris. kera=to 
drive away. Chare.] To drive backward and 
forward. 

*cair, s. [Care.] , 

cair-weeds, s. pi. Weeds of care; i. e., mourning 
weeds. 

*cair, a. [Ker.] Left. (Used of a hand.) 
*cair-handit, a. Left-handed. {Scotch.) 
♦ca’ir-ban, s. [Cf. Gael, cairbhinn—a. car-case.] 
The basking shank, 
caird, s. [Ir. ceard.'] 

1. A tinker. 

“ Her charms had struck a sturdy caird, 

As weel as poor gutscraper.” 

Burns: Jolly Beggars. 

2. A sturdy beggar. 

*caire, V. t. [A. S. cerran—to turn, to avert, to 
pass over or by.] To return, to travel, to go. 

(Morte Arthure, 5,184.) 

cairn, s. [Ir., Gael. & Wei. carn= a rock; Gael. 
cam; Wei. caran— to pile up, heap together.] 

*1. A heap of stones erected by the early innab- 
itants of Great Britain,_ probably as sepulchral 
monuments over those slain in battle. 

“Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn." 

Campbell: Glenara. 

2. A similar heap piled up as a landmark, or to 
protect articles deposited under them. 

"Hark, from yon misty cairn their answer tossed.” 
Scott: The Vision of Don Roderick, Introd., v. 7. 

3. A heap of loose stones piled as a memorial of* 
some individual or occurrence. 

“. . . nor has the world a scene that would console 
me for the loss of the rocks and cairns, wild as they are, 
that you see around us.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxxv. 

“ A cairn is a heap of stones thrown upon the grave of 
one eminent for dignity of birth, or splendor of achieve¬ 
ments.”— Johnson: Jour, to the Western Islands. 

Cairn'-gorm, s. & a. [Gael., &c., carn=& rock, 
and porm=azure, or sea-green color.] 

A. As substantive: A mountain in Banffshire, 
Scotland. 

B. As adjective: (See the compound.) 


Cairngorm-stone, s. A mineral; a variety of 
quartz of a smoky yellow to smoky brown, and often 
transparent, but varying to brownish-black, and 
then nearly opaque in thick crystals. The color is 
probably due to titanic acid, as crystals containing 
rutile are usually smoky. It is extensively used 
among all classes in Scotland for ornaments of 
various kinds. 

ca'ir-ny, a. [Scotch cairn; -y.] Abounding with 
cairns, or heaps of stones, 
cairt, s. [Chart.] {Scotch.) 

1. A chart. 

2. PI.: Card. 

cair-tare, s. [From Scotch cairt; and suff. -are 
—er.] A player at cards. {Knox.) 

*cai-§er, *cay’-§er, s. [Czar.] 
cais'-son (kas'-un), s. [Fr. caisson, from caisse 
■=a case, chest.] 

^1* .Zl ’t'tl'itcbvy * 

(1) A wooden chest to hold ammunition ; formerly 
applied to the ammunition-wagon itself. 

(2) A wooden box containing shells and loose 
powder, which was buried in the ground and ignited 
by means of a fuse when the enemy was,passing 
over it. {Fougasse.) 

2. Engineering: A wooden case or frame sunk in 
the beds of rivers, &c., to keep out the water 
during the laying of the foundations of a bridge, 
&c. It is constructed of strong timbers, firmly and 
closely joined together. 

The modern form of caisson has compressed-air 
chambers into which the workmen are admitted 
through suitable air-locks (q. v.). 

3. Arch.: The sunk panels of various geometrical 
forms symmetrically disposed in flat or vaulted 
ceilings, or in soffits generally. 

4. Naut.: A frame, or flat-bottomed boat, used in 
the dockyards, instead of flood-gates, tor getting 
ships in and out. 

*cait, v. i. [Cate, v.] 

caitche, caxche, s. [Dan. ketser— . . . bat¬ 
tledore, racket.] A kind of game with the hand¬ 
ball. {Jamieson.) 

caith-ie, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A large¬ 
headed fish, Lophius piscatorum. 

*cai-tif-d6m, s. [M. Eng. caitif; -dom.] The 
state of being a captive; captivity. 

“It is led into caitifdom.” — Wycliffe: Ezek. xxv. 3. 
cai’-tiff, *cai’-tif, *ca’-tif, *cai-tef, *cay-tif, 
*cay'-tive, *cay-tyff, *kai'-tef, s. & a. [O. Fr. 
caitif; Fr. cMtif; Ital. cattivo; from Lat. captivus 
— a captive, a poor ; mean person. In derivation, 
from the same Latin root as captive, the only dif¬ 
ference in the process of transmission being that 
captive came directly from the Latin into the 
English, while caitiff arrived circuitously through 
the medium of the Norman-French.] 

A. As substantive: 

*1. A captive, without any reflection on the moral 
character of the person who has lost his liberty. 

“ Aristark, myne evene caytyf (concaptivus metis, Vulg.) 
greeteth you wel.”— Wycliffe: Col., iv. 10. {Trench: Select 
Glossary, pp. 28-9.) 

f2. A mean, despicable wretch; a cowardly fellow. 

“ O the pernicious caitiff! 

How came you, Cassio, by that handkerchief 
That was my wife’s?” Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. 
“They were either patricians high in rank and office, 
or caitiffs who had long been employed in the foulest 
drudgery of faction.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

B. Asadj.: Mean, cowardly, despicable. 

“Huge nombers lay 

Of caytivt wretched thralls, that wayled night and 
day.” Spenser: F. Q., I. v. 49. 

“ Menaced, <\nd wept, and tore his hair, 

And curs6^ their caitiff fears.” 

Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 81. 

*cai'-tiff-ly, *cai;-tif-li, *ca-tife-ly, adv. 
[Eng. caitiff; - ly .] Like a caitiff ; in a mean, cow¬ 
ardly manner. 

“ Think ze na lak and schame into your mynd, 

To do sa grete outrage to strang Enee, 

In his absence thus catifely to flet ” 

Douglas: JEneados, bk. ix., p. 806. 

*cai'-tif-ness, *ca-tj?f-nes, s. [M. Eng. caitif; 
-ness.] Captivity. 

“The day is commen of catyfnes.” — Towneley Hyst., 
p. 315. . 

*cai'-tive, a. [Caitiff.] 

“ For that caitive folk to prai.”— Cursor Mundi, 1,827. 
*cai-tive, *cay-tive, v. t. [Caitiff.] To en- 
sl ave. 

“To Sathan caytiuende the soules.”— WycliffeJer., 
prol., p. 343. 

ca-ja-niis, ca-jan, s. [From Malay catjang, 
the name of one of the species.] A genus of papil¬ 
ionaceous plants of the tribe Phaseoleee and sub¬ 


tribe Cajanea?. They are shrubs with trifoliolata 
leaves. C. indicus, the Dhal, Dhor, or Urhur, from 
the East Indies, is now cultivated in warm coun¬ 
tries. The variety bi-color is called in Jamaica the* 
Congo-pea, and the variety flavus the No-eye Pea. 

ca-ja-put, ca-je-put, s. [Cajuput.] 

ca jo le, v. t. & i. [0. Fr. cageoler— (1) to chatter 
like a bird in a cage, (2) to chatter idly; cage= a 
cage.] 

A. Transitive: To coax, allure, or deceive by 
flattery. 

“They whose chief pretense is wit, should be treated as 
they themselves treat fools; that is, be cajoled with 
praises.”— Pope: Letter to Trumbull (1713). 

“The prisoners then tried to cajole or to corrupt Bil- 
lop.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

B. Intransitive: To deceive, coax by flattery. 

“ My tongue that wanted to cajole 
I try’d, but not a word would troll.” 

Rymer. 

ca-jo led, pa. par. & a. [Cajole, u.] 

ca-jole -ment, s. [Eng. cajole; -ment.’j The 
act of cajoling, cajolery. 

Cil-jol'-er, s. [Eng. cajol{e); -er.] One who 
cajoles; a coaxer, wheedler, allurer by soft words 
or flattery. 

“ Cajoler, that confident in thy face, 

I would to God thou born hadst never been.” 

Hobbes: Homer. 

ca-jol -er-y, *ca jol -ler-ie, s. [Fr. cajollerie= 
idle talk, chatter.] The act of cajoling, coaxing, 
wheedling; deceitful persuasion. 

“ To heare one of those infamous cajolleries." — Evelyn: 

Liberty. 

“Such cajoleries would perhaps be more prudently 
practiced than professed.”— Burke: Letter to Richard 
Burke, Esq. 

C(H61'-Ing, Pf. par., a. & s. [Cajole, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ After a cajoling dream of good fortune.”— Smollett: 
Regicide. 

C. As substantive: Cajolery. 

ca-jfi -put, ca-ju-pu-ti, s. & a. [For etym. see 
quotation.] A tree, Melaleuca minor, of the order 
Myrtacese. It is a native of the Moluccas. 

“This tree was described by Rumphius under the 
names of arbor alba minor, cajuputi, daun kitsjil, and 
cajit-kilan. It has got its name from its color kayuputi, 
which signifies white wood, and hence its appellation, as 
given to it by Rumphius, arbor alba. Cajuput oil is 
usually imported in green glass bottles; . . . its color 
is green; ... it is transparent, liquid, of a strong 
penetrating smell.”— Pereira: Elements of Materia Medica. 

cajuput-oil, cajeput-oil, s. A very liquid, vola¬ 
tile oil, having a pungent camphoraceous odor, and 
capable of dissolving caoutchouc. It is used medic¬ 
inally as a stimulant and antispasmodic. 

cake {Eng.), cake, caik (Scotch), s. & a. [Icel. 
& Sw. kaka= a cake ; Dan. kage; Dut. koek= a cake, 
dumpling; Ger. kuchen—a. cake. All from Lat. 
coquo= to cook. (Skeat.)j 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. A small mass of dough baked. 

‘‘Cake. Torta, placenta, colirida, C. F., Libum .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“ Ye shall offer up a cake of the first of your dough for 
an heave offering.”— Num. xv. 20. 

2. A kind of bread, compounded with fruit, &c. 

“ A bokeler hadde he madehym of a cake.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 668. 

*[ In Scotland applied specially and particularly 
to a cake of oatmeal. 

“ The oat-cake, known by the sole appellative of cake, is 
the gala bread of the cottagers.”— Notes to Pennecuikta 
Descr. Tiveedd., p. 89. 

3. A kind of food for horses and cattle, composed- 
of linseed. 

“ How much cake or guano this labor would purchase 
we cannot even guess at.”— Ansted: Channel Islands, p. 
467 . 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Anything resembling a cake in form; flat, and 
rising to only a little height. 

“ There is a cake that groweth upon the side of a dead 
tree, that hath gotten no name, but it is large, and of a 
chestnut color, and hard and pithy.”— Bacon: Natural 
History. 

2. Coagulated or congealed matter. 

“ Yet when I meet again those sorcerers’ eyes, 

Their beams my hardest resolutions thaw, 

As if that cakes of ice and July met.” 

Beaum. & Fletch. -. Martial Maid. 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt, 
or. wore, wplf. work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, os = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



cake-basket 


701 


calamite 


Tf My cake is dough; My plan has failed. 

“ My cake is dough, but I’ll in among the rest, 

Out of hope of all, but my share of the feast.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, v. 1. 

“Steward! your cake is dough as well as mine.” 

B. Jonson: The Case is Altered. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
cake-basket, s. A basket or tray for cakes. 
”... a pierced cake-basket, date 17G8, 28 ounces; 
another, date 1759,27ounces.” — Times, Oct. 30,1875. (Advt.) 

*cake-bread, *cakebreed, s. A cake. 

“Thai eten calves flessh and calcebreed.'” 

P. Plowman, 11,271. 

cake-cutter, s. 

Baking: A device for cutting sheets of dough into 
round or ornamental forms, as heart-shaped, &c. 

cake-mixer, s. 

Baking: A device for incorporating together the 
ingredients of cake, 
cake-urchins, s. pi. 

ZoOl.: Sea-urchins (Echinoidoa), of a form more 
irregular than the typical Echinidse. 

cake-walk, s. An exhibition of graceful walking 
peculiar to the colored people of the southern part 
of the United States, in which a large cake is 
awarded as a prize to the couple regarded as the 
most graceful walkers. 

cake (1), v. t. & i. [Cake, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To form into a cake, to coagulate. 

*2. Fig.: To harden in heart. 

B. Intrans.: To become coagulated, or formed 
into a cake. 

“This burning matter, as it sunk very leisurely, had 
time to cake together, and form the bottom, which covers 
the mouth of that dreadful vault that lies underneath it.” 
— Addison: Travels in Italy. 

Cake (2), v. i. To cackle as geese. 

If In the north of England geese are said to cake 
and hens to cackle. {Todd, from Ray & Grose.) 
caked, pa. par. or a. [Cake (1), v.] 
Caked-breast, s. A colloquial name for mastitis, 
or “ broken breast,” which has arisen from the 
common idea among old women that the cause of 
the inflammation in the mamma of a nursing 
mother is the caking or curdling of the milk. 

ca'-klle. s. [In Fr. caquille; from Arab, kakile 
—a kind of sea-rocket.] 

Botany: A genus of cruciferous plants, the type 
of the tribe Cakiline®. They have short, angular, 
two indehiscent, one-seedod joints, the upper one 
having an upright sessile seed, and the lower an 
abortive or pendulous one. 

cak-il-i-dse, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. cakile 
(q. v.), and Class. Lat. fern, ph adj. suff. -idee. ] 

Bot.: A family of Crucifer®, tribe Pleurorhize® 
{Bindley). The same as Cakilineje. {Hooker <£ 
Arnott.) 

cak-ll-I-ne'-se, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. cakile (q. 
▼.), and Class. Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -inecei] 

Bot.: The same as Cakilida: (q. v.). 
cak'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cake, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par, dt particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: The act or process of coagu¬ 
lating or forming into a hard mass. 

cak -6-dyle, s. [Cacodyl.] 
cak-o-dyl-Ic, a. [Cacodylic.] 
cal, s. [Etym. unknown.] A Cornish miner’s 
name for Wolfram, an ore of Tungsten. It is found 
in the bryle and backs of lodes, and is of the color 
of old iron. 

cal’-g-ba, s. [Port, ccdaba.] 

Bot.: A. tree, Calophyllum calaba. [Calophyl- 
ETTM.] 

Cal'-St-bar (1), s. & a. [A West African word.] 

A. As substantive : 

Geog.: A region on the west coast of Africa, in 
tho vicinity of the old and new Calabar rivers. 

B. As adj.: From or pertaining to the region 
described under A. 

Calabar-bean, s. Physostigma venenatum, a 
leguminous plant, called also the Ordeal-bean. In 
trials for witchcraft the accused person has to 
swallow the poisonous seeds. If he vomit, he is 
reputed innocent; if he do not vomit, and m conse¬ 
quence dies, this is held to be proof positive of 
guilt. 

ca.r-g.-bar (2), s. [O. Fr. calabre - the fur of 
the squirrel described under the compound.] 

calabar-skin, s. The skin of the Siberian squir¬ 
rel, used in the manufacture of muffs and trim¬ 
mings. _ 



*cal’-g,-baS, s. [Etym. doubtful.] An early 
light form of musket which came in use in 1578. 

cal'-g-bash, s. [Sp. calabaza—a gourd, a pump¬ 
kin, which the fruits superficially resemble.] 

1. A tree, the Crescentia Cujete, the typical one of 
the order Crescentiace®, or Crescentiads. It is a 
tree about thirty feet high, found in some places 
wild, in others cultivated, in the West Indies and 
other tropical 
parts of Amer¬ 
ica. Its flow¬ 
ers arc varie- 
gated with 
green, purple, 
red, or yellow; 
its leaves are 
narrowly ellip¬ 
tical. Its fruits 
are oval or 
globular, and 
are so hard 
externally 
that where 
they grow they 
are used as 
h o u s ehold 
utensils, such 
as basins, 
water - bottles, 
and even kettles. They are not easily broken by 
rough usage or burnt by exposure to fire. The pulp 
is purgative, and considered useful in chest dis¬ 
eases ; when roasted, it is employed as a poultice 
for bruises and inflammations. 

2. The fruit of the above tree, which is inclosed 
in a shell used by the natives of the Caribbee 
Islands for drinking-cups, pots, musical instru¬ 
ments, and other domestic utensils. 

3. A cup or utensil made of the shell inclosing 
the fruit of the above tree. 


Calabash. 


calabash-nutmeg, s. The Monodora myristica, 
a tree of the order Anonace®, introduced into 
Jamaica probably from Western Africa. The fruits 
resemble small calabashes; hence the name. It is 
called also American nutmeg, or Jamaica nutmeg, 
calabash-tree, a. [Calabash.] 

Sweet Calabash: The Passiflora maliformis. 
cal'-g-boose, s. [Sp. calabozo—a dungeon.] A 
city prison; a local jail. 

cg.l-a. de, s. [Fr. calade; from caler= to lower; 
Sp. & Port, calar; Ital. calare; Lat. chalo; Gr. 
chald= to slacken, let down.] 

Horsemanship: The slope of a riding-ground, 
down which a horse is ridden in a gallop to teach 
him how to ply his haunches, 

cal-a-de'-ni-g, s. [Gr. fcaZos=beautiful; aden— 

Bot.: "2. genus of Australian plants, belonging to 
the order Orchidace®, or Orchids. The flowers are 
covered in a very remarkable way with glandular 
hairs, which have suggested the name. 

cal-g-dl-e'-te, s. [From caladium, with fem. pi. 
suff. -ece.] 

Bot.: A family of plants belonging to the natural 
order Aroide®, or Aracese. The genera have the 
stamens and pistils numerous, contiguous, or sep¬ 
arated by the rudimentary bodies; spadix usually 
naked at the point and the cells of the anthers with 
a very thick connective. 

egl-a'-di-um, s. [Etymology unknown. The 
name was first introduced by Rumphius.l 
Bot.: A genus of endogenous plants, the typical 
one of the family Caladie® (q. v.). They are culti¬ 
vated in greenhouses here, and flourish in warmer 
parts of the world. The leaves of Caladium sagii- 
tifolium are boiled and eaten as a vegetable in the 
West Indies. The rootstocks or rhizomes of others 
are eaten there and in the Pacific, the process of 
cooking destroying the dangerous acridity. 

*ca-lad-rie, s. [Sp. calandria, caladre; Ital. 
calandra; Gr. kalandra. ] A bird, either a jay or a 
lark. 

“ A cormeraunt and a caladrie . . . ”— Wycliffe: Deut. 
xiv. 18. 

cg-la -lte, s. [Lat. callais; Gr. kalais or kallais 
=a topaz or chrysolite.] 

Min.: The same as Turquois (q. v.). 
cal-am-a-gro S-tiS, s. [Lat. calamus= a reed; 
agrostis= a grass.] , , . ... 

Bot.: A genus of the grasses belonging to the 
Arundinace®, or Reed family. Two species, 
Calamagrostis epigejos and C. stricta, are used as 
diuretics and emmenagogues. 

cal-a-man'-co, s. [Low Lat. calamancus, 
calamacus, calamantus; Mod. Gr. kamelaukion— 
a head-covering of camels’ hair; Sp. calctmaco; rr. 
calmande ,* Ger. kalmank: Dut. kalmink, kalemmk.] 
Comm.: A kind of woolen stuff made m the 
Netherlands, which has a fine gloss, and is 


checkered in the warp, so that the checks are 
seen on one side only. It was fashionable in Addi¬ 
son’s time. 

“ He was of a bulk and stature larger than ordinary, 
had a red coat, flung open to show a gay calamanco waist¬ 
coat.”— Tatler. 

cal-g-man-der, s. [Cokomandel.] 
calamander-wood, s. “A valuable furniture 
wood from India and Ceylon, of a hazel-brown color 
with black stripes, very hard in texture; called also 
Coromandel wood.” {Simmonds.) 

cal'-g-mar-y, s. [From Lat. calamus; Gr. 
kalamos —a reed, a cane; an object made of reeds, 
a pen. ] 

Zoblogy: 

1. The English name of the cephalopodous genus 
Loligo, and specially of the Loligo vulgaris, or 
Common Calamary. 

2. PI.: The English name for the Cephalopod 
mollusks of the family Teuthid®. The shell con¬ 
sists of an internal expansion or “pen,” with a 
central shaft and two lateral wings The species 
are called also Squids. [Teuthidai.] 

ca-lam'-bgc, s. [O. Fr. calambac, calambouc; 
Sp. calambac, calambuco; Port, calamba, calam - 
buco: from Pers. kalambak — a fragrant kind of 
wood.] 

Bot.: Aloes-wood, the product of a tree growing 
in China and some of the Indian isles. It is of 
a very light, spongy texture, containing a soft, 
fragrant resin, which is chewed by the natives. 
[Agalloch, Aloes-wood.] 
cg-lam -bour, s. [Calambac.] 

Bot.: A species of Calambac, less fragrant, and 
of a dark, mottled color; much used by cabinet¬ 
makers. 

tcal-am-if-er-ous, a. [Lat. calamus ^a reed; 
fero =to bear.] Bearing reeds, reedy. 

cal -g-mine, cal-g-min ar -is, s. [ In Ger. 
galmei. From Low Lat. calaminaris, in the term 
lapis calaminaris, a former name for this mineral. 
Lat. calamus=:a reed, in allusion to the stalactitic 
form of one variety ; or more probably a corruption 
of Lat. cadmia, cadmea; Gr. kadmeia; kadmia— 
calamine.] 

Min.: A transparent or translucent brittle ortho¬ 
rhombic mineral, of a vitreous or even adamantine 
luster, its color white yellowish or brown, its hard¬ 
ness 4’5-5, its specific gravity 3'16-3 - 90. It possesses 
double refraction. Composition: Silica, 23‘2-26 - 23; 
oxide of zinc, 62 - 85-68 - 30; and water, 4'4-10‘8. It is 
a native carbonate of zinc, ZNCO 3 . It is often 
associated with Smithsonite. [Smithsonite.] It 
is found in this country, in Scotland,Wales, England, 
and on the continent of Europe. Dana makes three 
varieties: 1. Ordinary ( 1 ) In crystals ( 2 ) Mammil¬ 
lary or Stalactitic, the latter including Wagite. 
2 . Carbonated. 3. Argillaceous. {Dana, c 6 c.) 
*Earthy calamite: [Hydkozincite.] 
cal-g-mlnt {Eng.), cal-g-min -thg {Lat.), s. 
[Lat. calamintha; Gr. kalaminthe; kalaminthos— 
catmint, mint; kala, fem. of .Eol. adj. 7jatos=beauti¬ 
ful ; andmintha, minthe,mintho$—mint.~] [Mentha, 
Mint. ] 

Botany: 

1. {Of the form Calamintha): A genus of labiate 
plants, tribe Melisse®. Among the species may be 
named Calamintha officinalis, C. clinopodium, and 

C. acinos. 

2 . {Of the form Calamint): Tho English name of 
Calamintha officinalis. It is a perennial plant, with 
o’ ate leaves and secund cyrues. 

*cal'-g-mlst, s. [Lat. calamus=a reed,] One 
who plays upon a pipe or reed instrument. 

*cal-g-mis'-trate, v. t. [O.Fr. calamistrer; Lat. 
calamistratus, pa. par. of calamistro =to curl tho 
hair; calamister, caAarnistrum—a curling-iron; cal - 
amus= a reed.] To curl or frizzle the hair. 

“ Which belike makes our Venetian ladies, at this day, 
to counterfeit yellow hair so much; great women to cala- 
mistrate and curl it up, to adorn their heads with span, 
gles, pearls, and made-flowers; and all courtiers to affect 
a pleasing grace in this kind.”— Burton: Anat. of Mel.. 
p. 469. 

*cal-g-mis-tra'-tion, s. [Calamistbate.] The 

act or process of curling the hair. 

“Those curious needle-works, variety of colors, jewels 
—embroideries, calamistrations, ointments, &c., will 
make, the veriest dowdy otherwise, a goddess.”— Burton: 
Anat. of Mel., p. 475. 

cal-g-mis’-trum, *.; pi., cal-a-mis-trg. [Lat. 
Calamistrum=a hair-curling tube.] Biol.: One of 
the curved movable spiues occurring on the hind 
legs of certain spiders, used in arranging the silk 
into a web as it issues from the spinnerets. 

cal-g-ml te, fcal -g-mlt {Eng.), cal-g-ml -tej 
{Lat.), s. [Fr. calamite; Lat. calamus =a reed.] 

1. Bot. <& Palceont.: A coal fossil plant recurring 
in the form of jointed fragments, formerly cylin¬ 
drical, and perhaps hollow, but now crushed and 


bdll, boy; p6ut, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, 
- cian, -tian = shgu. -tion, -sioa = shun; 


chin bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph — f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, d§L 






calamitous 


702 


calcareo-barite 


Battened. The stems are branched, and there ap¬ 
pears to have been a distinct wood and bark. Both 
stems and branches are ribbed and furrowed. Some 
refer the numerous species of Calamites to Equise- 
tace®, but the presence of wood and bark has led 
others to place them among the Dicotyledons. 

"Calamites are the stems of fossil Equisetace®.”—• 
Thome (transl. by Bennet) (1879), p. 322. 

*2. Min.: An obsolete name for Teemolite. 

C9.-lam'-It-OUS, a. [Fr. calamiteux; Lat. cal- 
amitosu8=full of calamity or misery; calamitas = 
calamity, misery.] 

1. Objectively: Causing distress or unhappiness; 
attended with misery; unhappy, wretched 
“Meanwhile abridged 
Of daily comforts, gladly reconciled 
To numerous self-denials, Margaret 
Went struggling on through those calamitous years.’* 
Wordsworth; Excursion, bk. L 
“And he in that calamitous prison left.” 

Milton• Samson Ayonistes, 1,480. 

*2. Subjectively: Wretched,unfortunate;involved 
in calamity. 

“ This is a gracious provision God Almighty hath made 
in favor of the necessitous and calamitous.” — Calamy. 

cgi-lam-It-ous-l^, adv. [Eng. calamitous , -Z?/.] 
In a calamitous or wretchedly unfortunate manner 
or state. 

'•. . these negotiations, which have resulted so 

calamitously.” — London Daily News, July 20, 1870. 

tea-lam-It-ous-ness, s. [Eng. calamitous; 
-ness.] The state of being in calamity; misery, 
Wretchedness. 

ca-lam-It-^, s. [Fr. calamity; Lat. calamitas, 
the origin of which is uncertain, but generally sup¬ 
posed to be calamus=u reed.] 

1. That which causes extreme misfortune, misery, 
or distress. 

‘ Another ill accident is drought, and the spindling of 
the corn, which with us is rare, but in hotter countries 
common; insomuch as the word calamity was first divided 
from calamous, when the corn could not get out of the 
stalk.”— Bacon. 

2. The state of extreme misery or distress. 

“. . . for yet my prayer also shall be in their >.u,4U.«*- 
ttics.” — Psalms cxli. 5. 

This infinite calamity shall cause 

To human life, and household peace confound.” 

Milton: P. L., x. 907. 

cal-am-6-den’-dron, s. [Gr. kalamos=a reed, 
and dendron=a tree.] 

Bot. <& Paloeont.: A doubtful genus of fossil plants 
found with Calamites, and by some believed to be 
identical with it, while others maintain them to be 
different. 

cal-am-O-dy-ta, s. [From Gr. kalamos= a reed, 
and dytes=a diver, from dyo— to sink, to get into.] 
Ornith.: A genus of insessorial birds, belonging to 
the sub-family Sylvin®, or True Warblers. Cal- 
amodyta arundinacea is the Reed-Warbler, which 
supports its nest by the help of three or four reed 
stems. 

cal- 9 ,-moph-Il-us, s. [Gr. kalamos=a reed; 
phileo= to love.] 

Ornith.: A genus of Parid®, Calamophilus biar- 
micus {Yarrell), and C. Bar ns biarmicus {Pennant), 
is the Bearded Tit. 

cgd-am'-pel-Is, s. [Gr. fcaZos=beautiful; amp el is 
= a vine.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, natives of China, belong¬ 
ing to the order Bignoniace®. [Ecceemocaepus.] 

cal-a-mus, s. [Lat. calamus; Gr. kalamos= a 
reed or cane.] 

1. Scripture: A sort of reed or sweet-scented 
wood, mentioned in Scripture with the other 
ingreaients of the sacred perfumes. It is a knotty 
root, reddish without and white within, which puts 
forth long and narrow leaves, and is brought from 
the Indies. The prophets speak of it as a foreign 
commodity of great value. These sweet reeds have 
no smell when they are green, but when they are 
dry only. Their form differs not from other reeds, 
and-their smell is perceived upon entering the 
marshes. 

“Take thou also unto thee principal spices of pure 
myrrh, of sweet cinnamon, and of sweet calamus.” — 
Exodus, xxx. 23. 

2. Music: A reed-flute. Probably a simple rustic 
instrument like our oaten-pipe. But some suppose 
it to have been similar in construction to the 
syrinx, or pan-pipes, and to have been/synonymous 
with arundo. From calamus is derived the post- 
classical calamaulos , a flute made of reed, whence 
calamaulis, kalamaules and kalamauletes, a player 
on reed-pipes; hence, too, chalameau, schalmey, 
ihawm, the precursor of the modern clarionet, one 
of the registers of which is still said to be of chala¬ 
meau tone. {Stainer cfc Barrett.) 


3. Botany: 

(1) A fistular stem without any articulation. 

(2) A genus of palm trees. Upward of 80 species 
are known, nearly all from Southern Asia. Cala¬ 
mus rotang, C. rudentum, C. verus, C. viminalis, 
furnish the rattans or canes used for the bottoms of 
chairs and couches, and C. Scipionum the Malacca 
canes employed in walking. 

calamus arom- ticus, s. 

1. Popui. Bot.; A plant, Diotis maritima. 

2 Popui . Bot. & Comm.: Acorns calamus. 
calamus-scriptorius, s. [Lat. scripforms—per¬ 
taining to writing or a writer; scribo= to write.] 
Anat.: A canal at the bottom of the fourth ven¬ 
tricle of the brain, so called from its resemblance 
to the calamus scriptorius, or writing-pen of the 
ancients. 

tcg.-lan’-d6, pr. par. [Ital. calando, pr. par. of 
calare= to decrease, lower.] 

Music: Gradually diminishing in loudness and 
rapidity; becoming softer and slower. 

cg,-la n-drg,, s. [Ital. calandra; Fr. calandre; 
Sp. calandria; Low Lat. calandra; Gr. kalandra= 
a kind of lark.] 

1. Ornith.: A species of lark, Melano corypha ca¬ 
landra, with a thick bill, the upper part of the body 
of a reddish brown spotted with black. It is larger 
than the skylark. 

2. Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects of the 
family Rhyncophora, one species of which, C. gran- 
aria, the Corn-weevil, in its larva state, is very 
destructive to com. Another species, C. oryzce, 
attacks rice. 

c9,-la u-dre, csi-la n-der, s. [Caxandea.] 
C9~lan-drln-I-a, s. [Named in honor of J. C. 
Calandrini.] 

Bot.: A genus of South American plants, belong¬ 
ing to the order Portulace®. They are chiefly 
natives of California and South America, 
ca-la n-drone, s. [Ital. calandra=a wood-lark.] 
Music: A small reed instrument of the shawm or 
clarionet character, with two holes, much used by 
the Italian peasantry. {Stainer <5k Barrett.) 
*C 9 -la'H-gay, s. A species of white parrot. 
C9l-an'-the, s. [Gr. kalos— beautiful; anthos= 
a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of herbaceous orchids, the type of 
the order Calanthide®. They are natives of the 
East Indies and Madagascar ; a few are American. 
About thirty species are known. The flowers are 
white, lilac, purple, or copper-colored. 

ca-lan-thld'-e-se, s. pi. [ Calanthe , andfem.pl. 
suff. -tdece. J 

Bot.: A family of orchideous plants. 
cal -9-pItte, s. [Malay caZappa=thecacao-tree.j 
A small, stony concretion sometimes found in the 
pulp of the cocoanut. Also called cocoanut-pearl. 
C 9 -la p pa, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Zobl.: A Fabrician genus of decapod Crustaceans. 
Tribe, Brachyura. It is composed of the single 
species Calappa granulata. 

ca-la sh, *ca-le che, s. [Fr. caliche; Ger. 
kalesche, from Russ. koliaska= a calash carriage.] 

1. A light pleasure or traveling carriage, with 
low wheels, having a top or hood removable at 
pleasure. 

“ Daniel, a sprightly swain, that 
nsed to slash 

The vig’rous steeds that drew 
his lord’s calash.” — King. 

•’ The ancients used calashes, 
the figures of several of them 
being to be seen on ancient mon¬ 
uments. They are very simple, 
light, and drove by the traveler 
himself.”— Arbuthnot: On Coins. 

2. The hood of a carriage. 

*3. A hood for a lady’s head, 

made of silk, supported with . 

hoops of cane or whale- Calash, 

bone, and projecting considerably over the face. 
{Latham.) 
calash-top, s. 

Vehicles: A folding leather top, with bows and 
joints; sometimes called a half-head. 

ca la'-ta, s. [Ital.] An Italian dance in two- 
fourths time, of a sprightly character. {Stainer db 
Barrett.) 

ca-la’-the-9, s. [Gr. kalathos= a basket, from 
their being woven in baskets {Craig), or from the 
form of the stigma {Loudon) .] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Marantace®, the Cann® of Jussieu. The species 
are natives of tropical America, and several are in 
cultivation for the sake of their handsome foliage. 

ca-la’th-I-an, s. [Lat. calathiana = the blue 
violet.] A term used only in the subjoined com¬ 
pound. 


calathian-violet, s. 

Bot.: A plant so called (GentianapneumonaniheX 
“ It is called Viola autumnalis, or autumnal violet, and 
seemeth to be the«amethat ValeriusCorduscalleth Pneu 
monanthe, which he says is named in the German tongu-i 
Lungen Blumen, or lung-floure ; in English, Autumn Bel 
floures, Calathian Violets, and of some Hurvest-bels.”— 
Gerarde: Herball, p. 438, ed. 1633. 

cal-a-thl d-I-um, ca-la-thl-um, s. [Gr. kai- 
athos—a basket.] 

Bot.: A name given by some continental botanists 
to an umbel, in which all the flowers are sessile. 
{Craig.) 

ca-lath’-I-form, a. [Lat. calathus; Gr .kalathos 

— a basket.] 

Bot.: Having the form of a basket; basket¬ 
shaped, cup-shaped. 

cal-a-th6-de§, s. [Gr. kalathos — a basket; 
eidos= appearance, likeness.] 

Bot.: A genus of Ranunculace®, comprising a 
single species, Calathodes palmata, from Sikkim. 
It is a perennial herb, with large terminal and 
solitary flowers; petals none. 

cal'-a-thus, s. [Lat. calathus; Gr. kalathos—a 
basket.] 

*1. A kind of hand-basket, made of light wood or 
rushes. Used by women sometimes to gather flowers, 
but chiefly, after the example of Minerva, to put 
their work in. It was narrow at the bottom and 
widening upward. 

2. Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects of the 
tribe Carabid®. 

ca-la V-er-Ite, s. [From Calaveras, where it is 
found.] 

Min.: A telluride of gold, from the Stanislaus 
mine, Calaveras Co., California. It occurs massive 
without crystalline structure; color, bronze yellow ; 
streak, yellowish gray; brittle. Compos.; Tellu¬ 
rium 55‘53, gold 44'47. 
ca 1-ca dls, s. [Arab.] 

Med.: A name given by the Arabs to white vitriol 
or to some white vitriolic mineral. 

cal -caire, s. [Fr., as a.=calcareous, limy; ass. 
s=a calcareous rock.] 

Geol.: A word used in English only in the two 
subjoined terms. 

calcaire grossier, s. [Fr, grossier = thick, 
coarse.] 

_ Geol.: A rock or stratum consisting of a coarse 
limestone often passing into sand. It occurs in the 
Paris basin, and is used as a building stone. It is 
of Middle Eocene age. It abounds in shells, espe¬ 
cially species of Cerithium. In other parts there is 
Miliolite Limestone, consisting of millions of micro¬ 
scopic foraminifera. (Lyell.) 

calcaire siliceux, s. [Fr. sZZicewx=siliceous, 
flinty.] 

Geol.: A compact siliceous limestone associated 
with the Calcaire Grossier, and coeval with it. 

cal-can'-e-al, «• [From Mod. Lat. calcaneum 
(q. v.), and Eng. suffix -al.l Pertaining to the cal¬ 
caneum or bone of the heel. 

cal-can’-e-um, s. [From Lat. calx (genit. 

calcis).] 

Anat.: The bone of the tarsus which forms the 
prominence of the heel or the hock. {Huxley.) 

cal -car (1), s. [Lat. calcaria = a lime-kiln; 
calcarius —pertaining to lime; calx (genit. calcis), 

- lime.] 

1. Glass-making: A name given to a small fur¬ 
nace in which the first calcination is made of sand 
and potash, for the formation of a frit, from which 
glass is made. [Feitting-fuenace.] {Ure.) 

2. Metal.: An annealing arch or oven. {Knight.) 
cal'-car (2), s. [Lat. calcar = a spur; from calx 

(gen. calcis ) = the lieel.] 

Bot.: A spur, a projecting hollow or solid process, 
from the base of an organ, as in the flowers of 
Larkspur and Snapdragon ; such flowers are called 
calcarate, or spurred. {Balfour.) 
cal -car-ate, a. [Calcar (2); - ate ,] 

Bot.: Spurred [For definition see Calcae (2),s.] 
“ By the irregular development of one or more sepals 
the spurred ( calcarate) calyx cf Larkspur and of Indian 
Cress is produced.” — Balfour: Botany , p. 202. 

cal-car'-e-a, a.. [Lat. calcaria, nom. pi. of a. 
calcarius = pertaining to lim;.] 

Zobl.: The same as Calc^eongle (q. v.). 

cal-car'-e-o, only in compos. [Eng. calcareo{us) 
(q.v.).] 

calcareo-argillaceous, s. 

Min.: Consisting of or containing calcareous and 
argillaceous earths. 

calcareo-barite, s. 

Min.: A white barite from Strontian, in Argyle- 
shire, containing, probably as mixture, 6’6 ; r 
cent, of lime and some silica and alumina. 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try ; Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw'. 





calcareo-bituminous 


703 


calcitrate 


calcareo-bituminous, a. 

Min. : Consisting of or containing calcareous and 
(bituminous earths. 

calcareo-silicious, a. 

Min.: Consisting of or containing calcareous and 
*ilicious earths. 

calcareo-sulphurous, a. 

Min.: Consisting of or containing calcareous and 
ssulphurous earths. 

cal-car -e-ous, a. [Lat. calcarius = pertaining 
to lime ; calx (genit. calcis) =lime.] 

1. Min.: Consisting of or containing carbonate of 
lime ; of the nature of limestone. 

2. Geol.: Calcareous rocks are generally of ani¬ 
mal origin. They consist of fragments of shells, 
corals, encrinites, or of globigerinae, and other for- 
•aminifera. Even when so wholly crystalline that 
no traces of old organisms can be detected, there is 
reason to believe that these previously existed and 
have been destroyed by metamorphic action. 

calcareous barytes, s. 

Min.: A variety of barytes, with an abnormal 
•quantity of carbonate of lime in its composition. 

calcareous earth, s. [In Fr. terre calcaire; Ger. 
Jcalkerde .] A term commonly applied to lime in 
■any form, but properly to pure lime. It is also fre¬ 
quently applied to marl, and to earths containing a 
considerable proportion of lime, 
calcareous marl, s. 

Min.: A soft, earthy deposit, often hardly at all 
•consolidated with or without distinct fragments of 
shells ; it generally contains much clay, and gradu¬ 
ates into a calcareous clay. (Dana.) 

calcareous spar, s. 

Min.: Calcite, crystallized native carbonate of 
lime, of which there are many varieties. The usual 
composition is carbonic acid 44 - 0, lime 56‘0, but it 
•often contains impurities, upon which depend the 
colors assumed by the crystal. Carbonates of lime 
are widely distributed in nature, as marbles, chalk, 
-&C. [ICELAND-SPAR, MARBLE.] 

calcareous sponges, s. pi. An order of sponges— 
the Calcispongise (q. v.). 

calcareous tufa, s. 

Min.: A term applied to varieties of carbonates 
of lime, formed by evaporation of water containing 
•that mineral in solution, occurring in fissures and 
caves in limestone rocks, and near springs, the 
water of which is impregnated with lime. 

cal-car'-e-ous-ness, s. [Eng. calcareous; -ness.] 
The quality of being calcareous, or partaking of 
the nature of limestone. 

cal-C<ir-if -er-ous, a. [Lat. ca.learia—a lime¬ 
kiln ;/ero=to bear.] Producing lime, calciferous. 

cal-ca r-I-form, a. [Lat. calcar=spur ; forrruf, 
=form, appearance.] 

Bot.: Shaped like a calcar, or spur; spur-shaped. 
cal-c^ir-I'-na, s. [Lat. calcar= a spur; neut. pi. 
adj. suff. - ina .] One of the Rotaline Foraminifera. 
It is coated with exogenous shell growth, as gran¬ 
ules, spires, &c. Shell thick. Common in several 
tertiary strata, and living abundantly in the Medi¬ 
terranean and other warm .seas. ( Griffith <& 
Henfrey.) 

cal-ca-val-la, s. [Port.] A kind of superior 
sweet wine from Portugal. 

cal-cje-a'-ted, a. [Lat. calceatus, pa. par. of 
calceo- to shoe; calceus=a shoe.] Furnished with 
shoes, shod. 

called, a. [Lat. calcealus= shod.] 

1. Gen.: Wearing shoes or boots, not sandals. 

2. Spec.: Pertaining or belonging to that branch 
of the Carmelite Order, which did not accept the 
reform of St. Teresa. [Discalced.] 

“ Subject to the Father-General of the cnlced Carmel¬ 
ites.”— Miss Lockhart: Life of St. Teresa (Note 0.). 

cal-ge -don, s. [Calcedony.] A foul vein like 
calcedony in some precious stones. (Ash.) 

cal-96 -don-ic, cal-fje-do'-ni-an, a. [Lat. cal- 
cedonius = a calcedony.] Pertaining to, or of the 
■nature of calcedony. 

*cal-$e -don-f, s. [Chalcedony.] 
cal-ge -l-form, a. [Lat. calceus=a shoe; forma 
= form, shape.] 

Bot.: The same as Calceolate (q. v.). 
cal- 9 e -6-1(1, s. [Lat. calceolus = a little shoe or 
Clipper; calceus=a shoe.] _ 

ZoOl.: A genus of brachiopod moflusca, of the 
family Orthidse, the bivalve shell of which is some¬ 
what slipper-shaped. It is fossil only, being found 
in the Devonian rocks. 

cal-9e-6-lar'-I-ti, s. [Lat. calceolarius= a shoe¬ 
maker, from calceolus= a little shoe, a slipper; cal- 
ceus=a shoe.] 


Bot. & Hortic.: A well-known and beautiful 
genus of plants—order Scrophulariacete. The re¬ 
semblance to a shoe is in the bilabiate corolla of the 
best known species, the elongated lower lip of 
which is inflated and turned down. The stamens 
are only two. The species, which are numerous, 
come from South America, chiefly from the western 
slope or side of the Andes. The greater number 
have yellow flowers, others are purple, while ina 
few the two colors are intermingled. The roots of 
Calceolaria arachnoida are collected in Chili, 
where they are called relbun, and are used for dye¬ 
ing woolen cloth crimson. Various calceolarias are 
cultivated in this country. 

cal-9e'-b-late, a. [Lat. calceolus= a little shoe, 
a slipper, and Eng. suff. -ate.] 

Bot.: Having the form of a shoe or slipper. Ex¬ 
amples, the petals of the orchid Cypripedium and 
the Calceolaria, or Slipper-plant. 
cal -9e§, cal -?es, s. pi. [Calx.] 
cal -9IC, a. [From Lat. calx (genit. calcis) =lime, 
and Eng. suff. -ic.] Pertaining to or composed in 
whole or in part of lime, as calcic carbonate, calcic 
oxide. 

cal-clf-er-ous, a. [Lat. calx (genit. calcis) = 
lime, chalk ; fero— to bear.] 

Min.: Containing or producing calcite or car¬ 
bonate of lime. 

cal-9if-ic, a. [Eng. calc if(y); -ic.] Calcifer¬ 
ous, calcic. (Huxley: Physiol., ch. 12.) 

tcal-9if-I-ca -tion, s. [Lat. calx (genit. calcis ) 
=lime ; facio= to make.] The process of being con¬ 
verted into a stony substance containing lime. 

“ . . . and it seems probable that the solid mass of 

fully formed bone is formed by the calcification of this 
tissue.”— Cai'penter: Principles of Physiology, p. 203. 

cal -91-fIed, pa. par. or a. [Calcify.] 

“ Calcified teeth are peculiar to the vertebrates, and may 
be defined as bodies primarily, if not permanently, dig. 
tinct from the skeleton, consisting of a cellular and tubu¬ 
lar basis of animal matter containing earthy particles, a 
fluid, and a vascular pulp.”— Owen: Anat. of Vertebrates. 

teal '-91-form, a. [Lat. calx (genit. calcis) = lime; 
forma= form, appearance.] In the form of chalk or 
lime. 

cal -91-fy, v. t. [Lat. calx (genit. caZeis)=lime ; 
facio (pass. jto)=to make.] To convert into lime. 

“Were this sheath actually dentinal in tissue and 
united to the jaw-bone, the resemblance to the Lepido- 
siren would be closer; but it is never calcified, and is shed 
during the progress of the metamorphosis.” — Owen: Anat. 
of Vertebrates. 

cal-9i-man'-glte, s. [From Lat. calcium; Eng. 
mang(anese), and suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: The same as Spartaite (q. v.). 

cal -91-mIlie, s. [Lat. calx (genit. calcis) =lime.] 
White or colored wash for walls (usually made of 
ground anhydrous or calcined gypsum) much finer 
than common whitewash. Various coloring sub¬ 
stances are used. 

car-91-mIne, v. t. [Calcimine, s.] To wash 
over with calcimine; as, “ to calcimine walls.” 

tcal-91-na-ble, a. [Eng .calcin(e); -able.] Capa¬ 
ble of being calcined ; that may be calcined. 

“Not fermenting with acids, and imperfectly calci- 
nable in a great fire.”— Hill: Fossils, Of Granite. 

ca.r-9ln-a.te, v. t. [Low Lat. calcinatus, pa. 
par. of calcino= to calcine. ] To calcine. 

“ . . . first, it indurateth, then maketh fragile, and 
lastly it doth calcinate.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

cal-9in-a -tion, *cal-9ln-a-cioun, s. [Low Lat. 
calcinatus, pa. par. of calcino= to calcine.] 

1 . The operation of expelling from a substance by 
heat, either water or volatile water combined with 
it. Thus, the process of .burning lime, to expel the 
carbonic acid, is one of calcination. The result of 
exposing the carbonate of magnesia to heat, and 
the removal of its carbonic acid, is the production 
of calcined magnesia. The term was, by the earlier 
chemists, applied only when the substance exposed 
to heat was reduced to a calx, or to a friable 
powder, this being frequently the oxide, of a metal. 
It is now, however, used when any body is subjected 
even to a process of wasting. (Ure.) Marble, lime¬ 
stone, and chalk, which are all carbonates of lime, 
are deprived of their carbonic acid and water by 
calcination. It also deprives copper and other ores 
of their sulphur, the sulphurets being oxidized and 
sulphuric acid being disengaged and volatilized. 

“Oure fourneys eke of calcinacioun.” 

Chaucer: C. '/., 12,732. 

“Adustion causeth blackness and calcination white¬ 
ness.”— Bacon: Works (ed. 1765), vol. i., ch. xi. 

2. The operation of reducing a metal to an oxide; 
oxidation. 

*3. The result of the process of calcining. 


calcination-pot, s. A sort of crucible used for 
preparing animal charcoal. 

teal - 91 -na-tor-y, s. [Low Lat. c« Ic in a toriurn.] 
A vessel or crucible used in calcination. 

cal ~ 9 ine, v. t. & i. [Fr. calciner; Low Lat. cal- 
cino; Lat. calx (genit. calcis) — chalk.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To reduce to a powder. 

“ Moses, with an actual fire calcined, or burnt the golden 
calf unto powder.”— Sir T. Browne: Religio Medici. 

“The turf being, as it were, calcined by the scorching 
hoofs of their diabolical partners.”— Scott: Black Dwarf, 
ch. ii. 

2. To reduce a metal to an oxide; to oxidize. 

*3. To utterly consume. 

“This earth at last shall be calcined.” 

H. More: Enthus. Triumph. 

*11. Figuratively: To consume. 

“Youby a chaste chimicke Art, 

Caloine fraile love to pietie.” 

Habington: Castara. 

B. Intransitive: To be reduced to a powder; to 
become calcined. 

“. . . in a very strong heat, calcining without 

fusion.”— Newton: Optics. 

cal -clned, pa. par. & a. [Calcine, u.] 

1. Reduced to a powder. 

“ Antimony calcined or reduced to ashes.”— Browne. 
Vulgar Errors. 

2. Oxidized. 

“When a decoction of meat is effectually screened 
from ordinary air, and supplied solely with calcined air, 
putrefaction never sets in.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 
3d ed., xi. 301. 

tcal- 91 -ner, s. [Calcine.] 

1. Gen.: One who, or that which, calcines. 

2. Spec.: A calcining or roasting furnace. 

cal- 91 -ning, *cal- 9 en-ynge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Calcine, u.J 

A. & B. As pr. par. <£ partic. adj.: In senses cor. 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of reducing to a pow¬ 
der ; calcination. 

“In amalgamynge and calcenynge .” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,699. 

calcining-furnace, s. A large reverberatory 
furnace, having a Are at one end. two chimneys at 
opposite corners, four doors at which the operation 
is observed, the rabbles introduced, and the mate¬ 
rial withdrawn, and hoppers above by which the ore 
is introduced. 

cal- 91 -nI -tre, s [Lat. calx (genit. caZcis)=lime, 
and nitre (q. v.).] 

Min.: The same as Nitbocalcite (q. v.). 

*cal -^in-Ize, v. t. [Calcine.] To calcine. ( Syl¬ 
vester : Du Bartas.) 

cal-cI- 6 - 9 e-le's-tIte, s. [Lat. calcius= pertain, 
ing to lime ; calx (genit. calcis) =lime; coelestis, ce. 
lestis= heavenly, sky-blue; ccelum= heaven.] 

Min.: A variety of Celestite (q. v.), containing a 
large proportion of lime. 

cal- 9 l- 6 -fer'-rite, s. [Lat. ca(cms=pertaining 
to lime; calx (gen. calcis) =lime ; ferr(um) = iron; 
suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).] 

Min.: A sulphur, yellow or yellow mineral, from 
Battenberg, in Bavaria. Specific gravity, 2'52- 
2'529. Composition: Phosphoric acid, 34’01; sea- 
quioxide of iron, 24 - 34; alumina, 2'90; magnesia. 
2 - 65 ; lime, 14'81; hydrogen, 20’56. 

cal- 91 -spon -gi-se, s. pi. [From Lat. calx (genit 
cafcis)=lime, and spongia=a sponge.] [Sponge.] 

1 . Zobl.: Calcareous sponges. One of the leading 
divisions of Spongida (sponges), the others being 
Keratoda (horny sponges), Silicispongi® (siliceous 
sponges), and Myxospongire (sponges with neither a 
homy nor a siliceous skeleton). The living species 
of calcareous sponges have a skeleton composed hi 
spicula of lime, and are generally free and inde. 
pendent of each other. 

2. Palceont.: What fossil genera should be 
referred to this group has not yet been finally deter- 
mined. 

cal -clte, s. [Lat. calx (genit. calcis) = chalk, 
and suff. -ite (q. v.).] Crystallized carbonate of 
lime. [ICELAND-SPAR.] 

cal- 91 -tra -p?,, s. [From Mod. Lat. calcitrapa', 
Gael. calg=a bristle, and Eng. trap.] [Caltrop.] 

Bot.: A name for the Star-thistle, Centaurea 

calcitrapa. 

cal - 91 -trate, v. t. & i. [0. Fr. calcitrer; Lat 
calcitro= to kick, from calx (genit. calcis) = a heel.] 
To kick, to spurn. (Cotgrave <& Cockeram.) 


boil, b< 5 y; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, dcL 




calcitration 


704 


calculus 


cal-§x-tra'-tion, s. [From Eng. calcitrate (q.v.), 
and suit. - ion >3 The act of kicking. 

car-QX-um, s. [From Lat. calx (genit ,calcis) = 
lime.] 

Chem. : A dyad metallic element. Symbol, Ca: 
atomic weight, 40; specific gravity, P57. Obtained 
by Davy by decomposing the chloride by electricity ; 
also by heating the iodide with sodium iu a closed 
vessel. Calcium is a brass-yellow, ductile, mallea¬ 
ble metal, which oxidizes in damp air: it decom¬ 
poses water, and dissolves easily in dilute acids. 
Heated in the air, it melts at red heat, and burns 
with a bright orange light. Calcium occurs in 
nature chiefly as a carbonate, silicate, and sul¬ 
phate. Calcium oxide. CaO, called also Lime, is 
obtained by heating tne carbonate of calcium to 
redness. It is a white, earthy, infusible powder, 
phosphorescent at high temperatures; it is strongly 
alkaline, and readily absorbs carbonic anhydride. 
It unites vigorously with water, throwing out great 
heat, and forms a hydrate, CaO^O, which is slightly 
soluble in cold water; it is used in medicine as lime- 
water. Impure lime mixed with sand forms mortar. 

Calcium sulphate, CaSO*, found as hydride as 
gypsum, CaSOpMRO, and selenite and alabaster. 
The water is given oil by heating it, and a white 
powder is left, which dissolves in 500 parts of cold 
water. Mixed with water, it sets in a hard sub¬ 
stance: it is used under the name of plaster of Paris 
for making casts of medals and statues, &g. _ 

Calcium carbonate, CaCOg, forms the chief con¬ 
stituent of limestone, marble, chalk, &c. It occurs 
crystallized as calc-spar and aragonite. Calcium 
carbonate is insoluble in water, but is dissolved by 
water containing carbonic acid gas; it is deposited 
from this solution by boiling, hence boiler deposits. 

Calcium phosphates occur in the bones of animals 
and are native in Apatite. [Phosphates.] Calcium 
chloride, CaCl 2 , is obtained by dissolving the car¬ 
bonate in hydrochloric acid. It crystallizes in 
white prismatic crystals; it is very deliquescent. 
Fused calcium chloride is used to dry gases, &c. It 
absorbs ammonia gas. 

Calcium fluoride, CaFlg, occurs as fluor spar. 

Calcium sulphides and phosphides have been 
obtained. Salts of calcium are not precipitated 
by HjS, either in an acid or alkaline solution. 
Alkaline carbonates and ammonia carbonate give 
a white precipitate insoluble in excess; oxalate of 
ammonia gives a white precipitate from a neutral 
solution; the precipitate is not soluble in acetic 
acid. A solution of sulphate of calcium gives no 
precipitate. The chloride gives an orange-red flame 
with alcohol. The spectrum of calcium gives sev¬ 
eral characteristic lines, especially an orange-red 
and a green line. Chloride of lime, or bleaching 
powder, is a mixture of calcium chloride and cal¬ 
cium hopochlorite. 

Calcium Arsenate {Min.) is = Pharmaeolite ; 
Calcium Borosilicate = Datholite; Calcium Car - 
b.onate— (1) Oalcite, (2) Aragonite; Calcium Colum- 
bate={ 1) Microlite, (2) Azorite; Calcium Phosphate 
— Apatite; Calcium Silicate = (1) Wollastonite, (2) 
Okenito; Calcium Sulphate =Selenite ; and Calcium 
Tw 7 iSrstafe=Scheelite, all which see. 

calcium-carbide, s. A compound of calcium 
and carbon (CaC 2 ) discovered by Henry Moisson, a 
French chemist, in 1894, while experimenting with 
an electric furnace. It is a powder of a grayish 
color, which, when subjected to the action of water, 
rapidly generates acetylene (q. v.), the lime being 
precipitated. 

calcium-light, s. The Drummond or oxyhydro- 
gen light, in which streams of oxygen and hydrogen 
are directed and inflamed upon a ball of lime 
whose incandescence gives a very vivid and bril¬ 
liant light. [Drummond-light.] {Knight.) 

tcal- 9 lv’-or-Ous, a. [From Lat. calx (genit. 
calcis) =limestone, lime, and voro= to devour. 

Bot Eating into or corroding a limestone rock. 
{R. Brown, 1874.) 


CaLco-graph'-i-cal, a. [From Eng. calco- 
graph{y) ; -icalf] Pertaining to calcography (q.v.). 

cal-cog'-raph-y, s. [Gr. kalkos = brass and 
graphe = a writing, drawing, from grapho = to 
^rite.] The art of engraving on brass. 

cal-cour'-an-lte, s. [From Ger. calcouranit, 
Tcalk-uranit: Icalk = chalk, and uranit = uranite 
(q. v.)h] 

Min. : The same as Autdnite (q. v.). 


calc'-§in-ter, s. [Ger. fcaZh=chalk, and sinter 
=dross.] The incrustations of carbonate of lime 
upon the ground; or the pendulous conical pieces, 
called stalactites, attached to the roofs of caverns, 
&c. {Ure.) 

calc'-spar, s. [Ger. 7;a?7c=chalk, and Eng. spar 
(q.v.)] Crystallized carbonate of lime or calcite. 
[Calcareous-spar. ] 

calc’-tfiff, s. [Ger. fcesZfc=chalk, and fwjf=tufa 
(q. v.).] A formation of carbonate of lime from the 
deposits of springs, &c. [Calcareous-tufa.] 


I calc-U-la-bil'-x-ty, s. [Eng. calculate); abil¬ 
ity .] Possibility or capability of being calculated, 
estimated, or provided for. 

calc'-u-la-ble, a. [Fr. calculable.] Capable of 
being calculated. 

I have made every calculable provision.”— W. Taylori 
Monthly Mag . 

calc -u-lar-y, a. & s. [Lat. calcularius, from 
calculus=& little stone; calx={l) lime, chalk; ( 2 )| 
a pebble.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to or caused by the dis¬ 
ease of stone in the bladder. 

“ Motion was tedious and noxious to him, by reason of 
his calculary infirmity and corpulency.”— Bp. Gauden; 
Life of Bp. Brownrigg, 1660, p. 218. 

B. As subst.: A mass of small stony lumps found 
in the pear and other fruits. 

cal-cul’-a-graph, s. An instrument employed 
in longdistance telephony for registering the time 
a lino is in continuous use. 

calc'-u-late, v. t. & i. [Lat. calculatus, pa. par. 
of calculo=to reckon by means of pebbles; from 
calculus=a. little stone, a pebble; dimin. of calx— 
(1) lime, chalk; (2) a stone, pebble. In Fr. calculer ; 
Sp. calcular; Ital. calculare.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

I. To compute, to reckon up in number. 

“If, in calculating the numbers of the people, we take 
in the multitudes that emigrate to the plantations.”— 
Goldsmith: Essay x. 

*2. To divine or prognosticate by the situation of 
the planets at a certain time. 

“A cunning man did calculate my birth.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. II., iv. 1. 
“Who were there then in the world, to observe the 
births of those first men, and calculate their nativities?”— 
Bentley. 

II. Figuratively: To arrange or adjust for a pur¬ 
pose. (Seldom used except in the pa. par.) 

“I calculate my remedy for this one individual kingdom 
of Ireland.”— Swift: Modest Proposal. 

B. Intransitive: 

1 . To make calculations; prognosticate. 

“ Why all these fires, why all these gliding ghosts, 
Why old men fool and children calculate ?” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, i. 3. 

2. To form one’s opinion on; to reckon or depend 
on; to expect. ( Colloquial , and chiefly American.) 

if Generally used with the prep, on before the 
matter on which the opinion is formed, 
calc'-u-la-ted, pa. par. & a. [Calculate, v.] 
“Caesar . . . did set forth an excellent and perfect 
kalendar, more exactly calculated, than any other that was 
before.”— North: Plutarch, p. 612. 

calc -\i-la-ting (l),pr.par., a.&s. [Calculate, 

v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“With his cool, calculating disposition, he easily got 
the better of his ardent rival.”— Godwin; St. Leon. 

C. As substantive : The act or process of comput¬ 
ing, reckoning, or estimating. 

calculating engine, s. The same as Calcula¬ 
ting Machine (q.v.). 

“ Such are the facts which, by a certain adjustment of 
the calculating engine, would be presented to the ob¬ 
server.”— Babbage: Ninth Bridgewater Ti'eatise, ch. ii, 

calculating machine, s. A machine for making 
arithmetical calculations with speed and accuracy. 
The simplest one is the abaous (q.v.). The best 
known of such machines is thatwhich Babbage was 
employed by the British Government to construct. 
He began the work in 1821, and continued it for 
about twelve years, till 1833, at an expense of £15,000, 
after which it was abandoned. The part completed 
is preserved in the library of King’s College. The 
machine and its operations are too complex to be 
described here. [Comptometer.] 
*calc'-u-la-tlng ( 2 ), a. [Lat. calculus=& stone, 
pebble.] _ Turning into, or forming into a calculus 
or stone in the bladder. 

tcalc’-U-la-ting-lf, adv. [Eng. calculating (1); 
-lyf] In the manner of one calculating; by way of 
calculation. 

calc-u-la'-tion, s. [Lat. calculus—a. small stone 
a pebble, because pebbles were of old used in this 
country, as they still are among some uncivilized 
tribes, as aids in counting; Eng. suff. -ation.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of calculating, reckoning, or comput¬ 
ing in numbers. 

“One Bartholomew Scullet . . . hath by calculation 
found the very day.”— Raleigh: Hist, of World, bk. iii., 
ch. 25. 

“And, leaving it to others to foretell, 

By calculation sage, the ebb and flow.” 

Wordsworth; Excursion, bk. vi. 


2. The result of an arithmetical computation or 
reckoning. 

“If we suppose our present calculation, the Phoenix 
now in nature will be the sixth from the creation.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. The act or process of estimating the force and 
result of circumstances. 

2. The result of such estimation; the opinion 
formed of circumstances. 

“ The fate of the Triennial Bill confounded all the cal¬ 
culations of the best informed politicians of that time.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

calc-U-la-tlve, a. [Formed by analogy of 
other adjectives from an imaginary Lat. calcula- 
tivus: from calcultis=;i pebble, stone.] Pertaining 
to calculation; involving calculation. 

“Persons bred in trade have in general a much better 
idea, by long habits of calculative dealings, . . 
Burke; On the Popery Laws. 

calc'-u la-tor, *calk-e-la-tour, s. [Fr. calcu- 
lateur; Lat. calculator— one who reckons; calculus 
=a pebble, stone.] 

I. Ordinary Language {of persons): 

1. One who reckons or computes by numbers; a 
computer. 

*2. One who prognosticates by astrology. 

“. . . catkelatours and astronomye.”— Wycliffe: Select 
Works, p. 408. 

3. One who estimates the force or effect of causes ; 
one who calculates results. 

“Ambition is no exact calculator. Avarice itself does 
not calculate strictly when it games.”— Burke: On Shorten¬ 
ing the Duration of Parliaments. 

II. Technically {of things): 

_1. An arithmometer or calculating machine for 
simple mathematical operations, the most improved 
form being the comptometer (q. v.). 

2. A kind of orrery (q. v.) invented by Ferguson, 
calo’-u-la-tor-y, a. [Lat. calculatorius=per- 

taining to calculation; calculus= a pebble, stone.] 
Pertaining to calculation. 

“ That other calculator-y or figure-casting astrology 
. . . ”— Hail: Cases of Conscience. 

*calc'-ule, s. [Lat. calculus=& pebble used in 
counting.] Reckoning, computation, calculation.] 
“The general calcule, which was made in the last per¬ 
ambulation, exceeded eight millions.” — Howel; Vocal 
Forest. 

*calc'-ule, *cal’-cu-len, *cal'-kyll, cal’-kil, 
*cal'-cle, v. t. [Fr. calculer; Lat. calculo= to calc¬ 
ulate; from calculus=& pebble used in counting.] 
[Calculate.] To calculate, compute. 

“Full subtilly he calculed all this.” 

Chaucer: Frankl. Tale. 

*calc-uled, *cal'-kled, *cal-kiled, pa. par. or 
a. [Calcule, «.] 

“ Astromomyers al so aren at ere whittes end 
Of that was calculed of the clymat the contrarye they 
fyndoth.” Piers Ploughman, p. 291. 

calc'-vi-ll, s. pi. [Calculus.] 

*calc-u-lmg, cal'-ku-lfnge, *kal-ku-l£ng&, 

pr. par., a. & s. [Calcule, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As substantive: The act of calculating; calcu¬ 
lation. 

“When this kalkas knew by calculynge." 

Chaucer: Troilus , i. 71. 

*calC'-\i-lose, *calc'-u-l 0 us, a. [Lat. calculosus. 
=full of pebbles or stones; calculus= a pebble, a. 
stone.] 

1. Od. Lang.: Full of stones, stony, gritty. 

“ The feldes calculose, eke harde and drie.” 

Palladius, ii. 40. 

2. Medicine: 

(1) Affected with stone in the bladder; suffering 
from calculus. 

“ I have found, by opening the kidneys of a calculous 
person, that tho stone is formed earlier than I have sug¬ 
gested.”— Sharp. 

(2) Of the nature of a calculus. 

“The volatile salt of urine will coagulate spirits of 
wine: and thus, perhaps, the stones or calculose concretions, 
in the kidney or bladder, may be produced.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

calc'-u-liis, s. [In Yr.calcul; Sp. calculo; Port. 
calculaQao=the mathematical calculus; calculo=n 
calculus {in Med.): Ital. calcolo, or calculo; all 
from Lat. calculus={l) a small stone or pebble, (2) 
a stone in the bladder, (3, 4, &c.) a stone used for 
voting or one for reckoning, &c. ] 

1. Amona the old Romans: A stone used for voting. 
At trials white and black stones were thus employed, 
the white expressing a vote for acquittal and the 
black for condemnation. 

2. Med.: The medical term for what is popularly 
known as stone. Calculi vary iu size from a pin’s 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pht” 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = kw 




cald 


calendar 


705 


head to a pigeon’s egg, and even larger, and weigh 
from a few grains to several ounces. They derive 
their special name and character as well from the 
organs of the body in which they are found as from 
the constituents of which they are composed. Thus, 
for example, a calculus found in the kidney or 
ureter is called renal, in the bladder vesical, and so 
on; but, according to its chemical composition, it 
would also be called either ( 1 ) uric (lithic) acid 
calculus, or ( 2 ) oxalic (mulberry) calculus, or ( 3 ) 
phosphatic calculus. Calculi derived from the bile 
are also found in the gall-bladder, and in the biliary 
and intestinal ducts, where they receive the name 
of gall-stones, or biliary calculi. Those found in 
the salivary glands are called salivary calculi. 

3. Math.: Any branch of mathematics which may 
involve or lead to calculation. In this sweeping 
sense it embraces the whole science, with the excep¬ 
tion of pure geometry. Thus there may be a calculus 
of functions, a calculus of variations, &c., but the 
leading divisions of the subject are the Differential 
and the Integral Calculus. 

Caculus of functions: The calculus in which what 
is sought is the form of a function, and not its 
value in any particular case, nor the condition 
under which it may have a particular value. 

Calculus of variations: A method in which the 
laws of dependance, binding together variable 
quantities, are themselves subject to change. 

The Differential Calculus is a method of investi¬ 
gating mathematical questions by measuring the 
ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called 
differentials. [Dlffebential.] 

Imaginary Calculus: A method of investigating 
the nature of imaginary quantities required to ful¬ 
fill apparently impossible conditions. The result 
proves that all absurdities in geometry may be ulti¬ 
mately resolved into attempts to measure a straight 
line in a direction different from that of its length. 

The Integral Calculus reverses the process which 
obtains in the differential calculus; that is, it 
reasons out from the ratio of the indefinitely small 
changes of two or more magnitudes, the magni¬ 
tudes themselves; or, as it is technically stated, 
from the differential of an algebraic expression it 
finds the expression itself. [Integbal.] 

*cald, a. & s. [Cold.] {O. Eng. <& Scotch.) 

“ Thy corse in clot mot ccilder keue.” 

Ear. Eng. AUit. Poems-, Pearl, 320. 

csil’-der-a, s. [Sp.] A Spanish term for the 
deep caldron-like cavities which occur on the sum¬ 
mits of extinct volcanoes. ( Stormonth.) 

cal'-der-Ite, s. [Apparently from the proper 
name Calder, and suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A doubtful mineral from NepauL, said by 
Dana to be nothing but massive garnet. Some 
authorities, however, recognize it as as a special 
variety of garnet. 

cald -rife, a. [Cauldeife.] {Scotch.) 

cal -dron, caul -dron, *cau -dron, s. [O. Fr. 

caldron , caudron , chauldron; from O. Fr. caldaru; 
Lat. caldaria=caldron ; calidus=hot; from caleo= 
to be hot: Sp. calderon; Ital. calder one!) A large 
kettle or boiler. 

“ And he struck it into the pan, or kettle, or caldron, 
or pot; . . .”—1 Sam. ii. 14. 

“ The limbs yet trembling, in the Caldrons boil.” 

Dry den: Virgil; ASneid, i. 296. 

*cale (1), s. [Kail, Kale.] 

*cale (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] Some kind 
of serpent. 

“A feolle worm, cales and manticores.” 

King Alisaunder, 7,094. 

C&l'-e-Sb s. [Gr. kalos= beautiful.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants, containing 
upward of thirty species, natives of Mexico and 
Brazil. They are herbs or small shrubs. C. zacate- 
chichi, a Mexican species, is known there by the 
name of Juralillo, and is said to contain, in a fresh 
state, a considerable quantity of camphor. The 
leaves of C.jamaicensis are said to be powerfully 
bitter, and steeped in wine or brandy are used as a 
stomachic in the West Indies. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

cal-e-a-na, s. [Gr. &aZos=beautiful.] 

Bot.: A name applied to a few brown-colored ter¬ 
restrial orchids, natives of N ew Holland. They are 
noticeable for their lip, which is posticous, peltate, 
unguiculate, and highly irritable. In fine weather 
or when undisturbed this lip bends back and leaves 
the column uncovered; but if it rains, or the plant 
is jarred, down goes the lip over the column, which 
it boxes up securely. 
cal-§che',s. [Calash.] 

a. & s. [Lat. Caledonia= Scot¬ 
land.] 

A. As adjective: Of or pertaining to Celedonia, 
the ancient name of Scotland. 

B. As substantive: A native of Caledonia; a 
Scotchman. 


cal-ed-on-ite, s. [In Fr. calddonite; Eng. Cal- 
edonfia); -ite {Min .).] 

Min.: A mineral consisting of carbonate of cop¬ 
per and sulphate and carbonate of lead. It is 
found in minute bluish-green crystals, in associa¬ 
tion with other ores of lead. It is orthorhombic, 
rather brittle, translucent, and of a verdigris or 
bluish-green color. Specific gravity, 6 - 4. Com¬ 
position : Sulphate of lead, 55‘8; carbonate of lead, 
32'8; carbonate of copper, 1T4. {Dana.) 

cal-e-duct, s. [Calidtjct.] 

tcal-p-fa'-§i-cnt, a. & s. [Lat. calefaciens, pr. 
par. of calefacio=to make hot; calidus= hot; facio 
= to make.] 

A. Asadj.: Causing or exciting heat or warmth. 

B. Assubstan.: A medicine or preparation calcu¬ 
lated to produce heat or warmth, 

tcal-e-fac'-tion, s. [Fr. calif action: Lat. cale- 
factio=a making hot or warm ; calidus= hot; factio 
=a making; from/aeio= to make.] 

1. The act or process of making anything hot or 
warm. {Lit. & fig.) 

“ . . . by a motion contrary to that of calefaction, by 
which the internal parts are called outwards.”— Hobbes. 

“. . . thou seekest in humility to be enabled to a 
devout luster and calefaction of others.”— Waterhouse: 
Apology for Learning, 1653, p. 135. 

2. The state or condition of being hot or warm. 
{Lit. & fig.) 

“As [if] the remembrance of calefaction can warm a 
man in a cold frosty night.”— More: Philos. Poems, ch. 2. 
Pref. 

cal-e-fac'-tlve, a. [Formed by analogy from 
Lat. calefactus, pa. par. of calefacio= to make hot.] 
Having the property of exciting heat or warmth. 

“ Calefactive, lucid, and penetrating the elementary 
matter.”— Hale: Prim. Orig. 

eal-e-fac'-tor, s. [Lat. calefactor— he who or 
that which makes hot: Fr. cal&facteur.] 

1. Gen.: Anything which excites warmth or heat. 

2. Spec.: A kind of stove. (Tozer.) 

tcal-e -fac'-tor-y, a. & s. [Lat. calefactorius; 
from calefacio= to make hot.] 

A. As adj.: Producing heat or warmth; commu¬ 
nicating heat. 

“These calefactory engines they popped down under 
their stalls, . . — London Daily Telegraph, Jan. 11,1866. 

B. As substan.: A place or room for producing 
heat or warmth: a vessel in which to heat things. 
UsA.) 

tcal'-e-fy, v. i. & t. [Lat. calefto—to become hot; 
calidus=hot; fio=to become.] 

A. Intrans.: To become or be made hot; to be 
heated. 

“ Crystal will calefy unto electricity.”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

B. Trans.: To heat, make hot or warm. 

*cal'-em-bourg, s. [Of uncertain origin; derived 

probably from a German count named Kahlemberg, 
celebrated for his blunders in French. Or from the 
“Jester of Kahlemberg,” whose name was Wigand 
von Theben, a character introduced in “ Tyll Eulen- 
spiegel,” a German tale. {Brewer: Phrase and 
Fable.)] A pun. 

cal'-en-dg,r, *cal'-en-dere, *kal'-en-dar, *kal’- 
en-der, s. & a. [Lat. calendar ium—an account- 
hook of interest kept by money-lenders, so called 
from the interest being due on the calends (Lat. 
calendce), or first of each month.] [Calends.] 

A. As substantive: 


I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A register or list of the days of the year, 
according to its divisions into days, weeks, and 
months, showing the various civil and ecclesiastical 
holidays, festivals, &c. 

“ Cursed be the day when first I did appear; 

Let it be blotted from the calendar.” 

Dryden: Palamon dfc Arcite, ii. 90. 

“ What hath this day deserved ? what hath it done, 
That it in golden letter should be set 
Among the high tides in the calendar f" 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 1. 

*(2) An almanac. 

* ‘ Give me a calendar. 

Who saw the sun today?” 

Shakesp.: Rich. III., v. 3. 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) An artificial almanac. 

“ Do you, for your own benefit, construct 
A calendar of flow’rs, pluck’d as they blow.” 

Wordsworth. Excursion, bk. vi. 


(2) A list or register, a roll. 

“ . . . the care I have had to even your content, I 
wish might be found in the calendar of my past endeav¬ 
ors.”— Shakesp.: All’s Well, i. 3. 


(3) A compendium, an abstract, or epitome. 

“ Indeed, to speak feelingly of him, he is the card os- 
calendar of gentry, for you shall find in him the continent 
of what part a gentleman would see.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, 
v. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. A catalogue or abstract of state papers. 

2. Law: A list or register of cases to be tried in a 
court of law; a register of the names of prisoners. 

“ The usuage is for the judge to sign the calendar, or 
list of all the prisoners’ names.”— Blackstone: Comment 
bk. iv., ch. 30. 

“ Rhadamanthus, who tries the lighter causes below, 
leaving to his two brethren the heavy calendars . . .”— 
Lamb: Last Essays of Elia. 

3. Astron. <& Chron.: The Roman calendar is said, 
to have been introduced by Romulus about 738 B. €., 
and modified by Numa Pompilius about 713 B. C. 
In 46 B. C., Julius Csesar, giving effect to the calcu¬ 
lations of Sosigenes, an Alexandrian mathematician 
and astronomer, reformed the calendar, and intro¬ 
duced the Julian style, by which the year was made 
to consist of 365 days, with 366 every fourth or leap 
year He commenced it also with January 1st, the 
adjustment producing one year of confusion, which 
contained 445 days. Had the solar year consisted of 
365 days, 6 hours, the Julian calendar would have 
been perfect; but its real length is 365 days, 5 hours, 
48 minutes, 45[4 seconds. The operation of the odd 
minutes and seconds continued during the next 
fifteen centuries, having again deranged the calen¬ 
dar ten days. Pope Gregory XIII. made A. D. 1582 
consist of 355 days only, and otherwise adjusted the 
calendar. Roman Catholic countries at once adopted* 
the reform. Protestant states one after another 
followed the example, while Russia and the Greek 
Church conserved the old Julian arrangement. 
When the new style was adopted in England by 
Act of Parliament in 1752, eleven days required to 
be struck out, the 3d of October being called th©' 
14th. From this time the difference began between 
new and old style. To prevent further derangement 
the Gregorian arrangements provide that only one 
in four of the years ending centuries shall be leap 
years; thus the years 1700 and 1800 were not leap 
years, nor will 1900 be, but 2000 will. 

As a result of the different arrangements made 
and the final disposition of the matter, the following 
facts have been qbserved: 

The 1st of April and the 1st of July in any year, 
and in leap year the 1 st of January, fall on the same 
day of the week. 

The 1st of September and the 1st of December in> 
any year fall on the same week day. 

The 1st of January and the 1 st of October in any 
year fall on the same week day, except it be a leap 
year. 

The 1st of February, of March, and of November 
of any year fall on the same day of the week, unless 
it be a leap year, when Jan. 1 , April 1 , and July 1 
fall on the same week day. The 1st of May, 1 st of 
June, and 1st of August in any year never fall on 
the same week day, nor does any one of the three 
ever fall on the same week day on which any other 
month in the same year begins, except in leap year, 
when the 1 st of February and the 1st of August fall 
on the same week day. 

To find out on what day of the week any date of. 
the 19th century fell, divide the year by four and let 
the remainder go. Add the quotient and the year 
together, then add three more. Divide the result 
by seven, and if the remainder is naught March 1 . 
of that year was Sunday; if one, Monday; if two, 
Tuesday; and so on. 

For the 18th century do the same thing, but add 
four instead of three. For the 20th century add 
two instead. 

Christmas of any year always falls on the same 
day of the week as the 2d of January of that year 
unless it be a leap ;year, when it is the same week 
day as the 3d day of January of that year. 

Easter is always the first Sunday after the full 
moon that happens on or next after March 21. It 
cannot occur earlier than March 22 or later than 
April 26 in any year. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

calendar-clock, s. A clock which indicates not 
merely the hour and minute of the day, but also the 
day of the week and month, and in some cases even 
the year and the phases of the moon. 

calendar-month, s. A month which, if it be 
January, has 31 days, if February, has 28 or 29, if 
March, has 31, &c. 

cal'-en-dar, v.t. [Calendae, s.] To register: 
set down in a list. Especially said of inserting in 
the Calendar of Saints. 

“ Than many just and holy men, whose names 
Are register’d and calendar’d for saints. ’ 

Tennyson: St. Simeon Stylites. 

“ Twelve have been martyrs for religion, of whom ten 
are calendared for saints.”— WaterhouseApol. for Learn¬ 
ing, 1653, p. 237. 


U 611 , boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-clan, -tian = shgm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = hcL d?L 

45 




calendarial 


706 


calice 


fcal-en-dar -I-al, a. [Calendar, s.] Of or 
pertaining to a calendar, 
cal -en-dar-Ing, pr. par., a. &s. [Calendar, u.] 
A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
•Verb. 

C. As substantive: The act of registering or 
Inserting in a calendar or list. 

*cal'-en-der-y, a. [Lat. calendarius=oi or per¬ 
taining to a calendar.] Pertaining to or contained 
in the calendar. 

*c5,l’-ende, s. [Calends.] 
cal'-en-der, v. t. [Calender ( 1 ), s.] To smooth 
«loth, linen, &c., by pressing, so as to give it a glaze 
or gloss. (Johnson.) 

cal'-en-der (1), s. [Fr. calandre; Low Lat. 
calendra; from cylindrus; Gr. kylindros—B. cylin¬ 
der, roller; Fr. calendrer; Port. calandrar= to 
smooth or calender cloth.] 

1. A press or machine in which cloth or paper is 
smoothed and pressed for the purpose of giving it a 
glaze or gloss. 

2. A calendrer; a person whose occupation is 
that of working on the machine described in ( 1 ). 

“ And my good friend the calendrer 
Will lend his horse to go.” 

Cowper: John Gilpin. 

cal-en-der (2), *kal'-en-der, s. [Etym. doubt¬ 
ful.] One of an order of dervishes among the 
Mohammedans. 

“ Thirty nobles in the habit of pilgrim kalenders."—Sir 
Thomas Herbert: Travels, p. 70. 

♦cal'-en-der (3), s. [Calandra.] A weevil, 
cal-en-dered, pa. par. & a. [Calender, v.] 
cal’-en-der-er, s. [Calendrer.] 
cal'-en-der-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Calender, v.] 
A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In a sense 
corresponding to that of the verb. 

C. Assubst.: The act or business of a calendrer; 
the act or process of passing cloth or paper through 
a calender, in order to give them a smooth or glazed 
surface. 

calendering-machine, s. A machine between 
the loaded rollers of which cloth or paper in process 
of being calendered is passed, to give it the requisite 
finish and luster. 

cal-en-dog -raph-er, s. [Lat. calendarium= a 
calendar, and Gr. grapho=to write, compose.] One 
who writes or draws up calendars or almanacs. 

“ This is that eclipse which Dr. Pell sent word of to the 
eociety, that Eichstadins himself, and almost all calendog- 
raphers had skipped over.”— Boyle: Works, vol. vi., p. 154. 

cal'-en drer, cal'-en-der-er, s. [Fr. calan- 
dreur .] One whose business or profession it is to 
calender cloths. (Johnson.) 

C^l-en-drl-ca.1, a. [M. Eng. calendr(e)= a cal¬ 
endar ; suff. -ical.\ Relating to or characteristic 
of a calendar. 

cal-end§, *cal-ende, ka-lends, ka'-lendis, 

8. pi. [Lat. calendce; from an old verb calo— to 
call; Gr. kaleo; A. S. calend.j 
I. Literally: 

1. The first day of each month in the Roman cal¬ 
endar. 

“ Calendis (Calende, J.). Calende.” — Prompt. Parv. 
“Another division of their months into ide*, nones, 
end calends, . . .”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

2. Applied by Wycliffe to the Jewish feast of the 
New Moon. 

“Loo ! kalendis ben to-morwe.”— Wycliffe: 1 Kings 12 . 5. 
*11. Fig.: The first or beginning of anything. 

“ Nowe of hope the kalendis begynne.” 

, Chaucer: Troil., ii. 5. 

If To fix anything for the Greek Calends: To post¬ 
pone it indefinitely; the term calends not being 
used among the Greeks. In naming the day of the 
month the Romans did not count straight forward, 
■but backward; thus, they did not say the 25th or 
26th of June, but the 6 th or 5th day before the 
calends of July. 

ca-len’-du-lSl, s. [Lat. calendce, from their flow¬ 
ering almost every month.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, of which Calendula offi¬ 
cinalis, the Garden Marigold, is a species. They 
are showy plants, and are in some places used in 
cookery. Distilled water or vinegar was formerly 
made from the flowers, and they are still sometimes 
used to adulterate saffron. 

ca-len -du-llne, ca-len’-du-lln, s. [Lat. calen¬ 
dula .] 

Chem.: A gum extracted from the marigold. 
*ca-lenge, *ca-lengen, v. t. & i. [Challenge, v.] 
cal -en-tiire, s. [Fr. calenture: Sp. calentura— 
heat, fever; from calentar= to heat; Lat. caleo= to 
be hot.] A distemper occurring in warm climates, 


and peculiar to natives of colder regions, in which, 
according to Quincy, sailors imagine the sea to be 
green fields, and will throw themselves into it. 

“So by a calenture misled, 

The mariner with rapture sees, 

On the smooth ocean’s azure bed, 

Enameled fields and verdant trees.” Swift. 

ca-lep'-ter-jfx, s. [Gr. fcalos=beautiful; pteryx 
=a wing.] 

Entorn.: A genus of Neuropterous insects belong¬ 
ing to the family Libellulid®. Calepteryx virgo is 
a beautiful species, with its body of a steel blue 
color, and a large dark patch on its wings. It is 
found in Britain. 

ca-les -$en§e, s. [Lat. calescens, pr. par. of 
calesco= to grow warm, an inchoative form from 
caleo= to be hot.] Increasing heat, growing warmth. 

*cal-ewe, s. [From A. S. cafw=bald.] [Callow.] 
A bald pate, a shaveling. 

“Out! what hath the caletce ido, what hath the cal ewe 
ido.” 

Robert of Gloucester, 89. (Spec. Ear. Eng. (Morris A 

Skeat), pt. ii.) 

tcale-weis, s. [O.Fr. caillouet.'] A kind of pear. 
(Chaucer.) 

calf ( 1 ), *kalf,*kelf (pi. calves) ((silent),s. & a. 
[A. S. cealf; Dut. & Sw. half; Dan. kalv; Ger. 
kalb .] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The young of a cow. 

“The colt hath about four years of growth; and so the 
fawn, and so the calf.” — Bacon: Natural History. 

(2) The young of other mammals,(as the elephant, 
rhinoceros, &c. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) In contempt: 

(a) A silly person, so called because the calf is 
not remarkable for intelligence. 

“ Some silly doting brainless calf, 

That understands things by the half.” 

Drayton: Nymp. 

(b) A coward. 

(c) A person fond of drinking milk. (Colloquial.) 

(2) Geog.: A Norwegian name, also used in the 
Hebrides, for islets lying off islands, and bearing a 
similar relation to them in size that a calf does to 
a cow, as “ the Calf of Man,” “ the Calf at Mull.” 
(Smyth.) 

(3) Script. “ Calves of the lips": Sacrifices,prob¬ 
ably of thanksgiving, offered to God as calves were 
in Jewish worship. Or possibly actual sacrifices 
vowed by the lips. 

“ Turn to the Lord, and say unto Him, Take away all 
iniquity, and receive us graciously: so will we render the 
calves of our lips.”— Hosea xiv. 2. 

II. Book-binding: A fine leather made of the hide 
or skin of a calf, much used in the binding of books. 

B. As adjective: (Seethe compounds.) 

If Compound of obvious signification: Calf-like. 

calf-bound, a. 

Bookbinding: Bound in calf-skin leather. 

“I have been toiling and moiling lately, for a purpose, 
among dusty old bookstall treasures, and assiduously col¬ 
lected as many tattered, dog’s-eared, once calf-bound 
volumes as I could find of the British essayists of the 
eighteenth century.”— Sala: Secret of Muley Mogrebbin 
Beg. 

calf-country, s. The place of one’s nativity. 
It is called also Calf-ground. (Scotch.) 

calf-ground, s. The same as Calf-country. 

(Scotch.) 

calf-love, s. & a. (Scotch.) 

A. As subst.: Love in the stage of a calf, that is, 
an attachment formed before reason has developed. 

B. As adj.: Of or belonging to the kind of affec¬ 
tion described under A. 

calf s-foot, *calfes-foot, s. 

Bot.: A name applied to the Arum maculatum, 
in allusion to the shape of the leaf, and its appear¬ 
ance in calving-time. 

“The common cuckow pint is called in Latin, Arum; 
. . . in Low Dutch, kalvsfoet; in French, pied d'veau; 
in English, cuckow pint and cuckow pintle, wake robin, 
priest’s pintle, aron, calfesfoot, and rampe, and of some 
scratchwort.”— Gerarde: Herball , p. 834 (ed. 1633). 

Calfs-foot jelly. Calf s-feet jelly: A kind of animal 
jelly, made from the feet of calves, boiled gently 
for six or seven hours, to which are subsequently 
added sugar, sherry, brandy, whites of eggs, the 
rind and juice of lemon, with a little isinglass. 

calf-skin, calf s skin, s. & a. 

A. As substantive : 

1. Ord Lana.: The skin of a calf. 

2. Tech.: The same as Calf ( 1 ), II. 

“A duodecimo of ‘precious conceits,’ bound in calf¬ 
skin— I know the man well; does he not dress decently, 
Pelham?”— Lytton: Pelham. 


B. As adj.: Foolish. (The term was so applied 
because fools kept for diversion in great families 
were often dressed in coats of calf’s skin, with 
buttons down the back. ( Nares .) 

“His calf’s-skin jests from hence are clear exiled.” 

Prol. to Wily Beguiled. 

calf-snout, calves’ snout, s. Two plants: (1) 
Antirrhinum Orontium, (2) A. majus. 

calf-ward, s. A small inclosure for rearing 
calves. (Scotch.) (Burns.) 

calf (2) (l silent), s. Icel. kalfi ; Ir. & Gael. 
kalpa; Dut. half.) 

The calf of the leg: The protuberant hinder por¬ 
tion of the leg below the knee, formed by the power¬ 
ful muscles designed to move the feet. 

“ Into her legs I’d have love’s issues fall, 

And all her calf into a gouty small.” Suckling. 

“ The calf of that leg blistered.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 
*cal'-fat, v. t. [O. Fr. calfater .] To calk a 
ship. 

cal-i-an'-rid-se, s. [Callianrida.] 
Cal-l-a’-tour, s. St a. [Native name (?).] 
caliatour-wood, s. A kind of wood used for 
dyeing. It is brought from India, and by some 
is identified with red sandal-wood. 

Cal’-i-ban, s. [The name of a character in 
Shakespeare’s Tempest, his distinguishing features 
being roughness, almost amounting to savageness.] 
A savage, a boor. 

" To the most of men this is a Caliban, 

And they to him are angels.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2. 

cal’-I-ber, cal'-I-bre, s. & a. [Fr. calibre; Ital. 
calibro. The origin of the word is uncertain. Littr 6 
suggests Arab. kalib= a form, mold; Pers. kdlab.) 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The internal diameter or bore of a gun or tube 
of any sort. 

If Caliber is expressed in three ways: (1) by the 
diameter in inches, as, an 8 -inch gun, a 10 -inch 
cylinder; ( 2 ) by the weight of the shot adapted to 
the bore, as, a 6 -pounder, a 12-pounder gun; (3) by 
the hundredths of an inch expressed decimally, as, 
carbines and rifles of ’44, ’50, "55 inch caliber. 

“ It is easy for an ingenious philosopher to fit the caliber 
of these empty tubes to the diameter of the particles of 
light.”— Reid: Inquiry, c. vi.,§ 19. 

(2) The diameter of a ball or shot. 

2. Fig.: Compass or extent of mind; mental 
capacity. 

“Coming from men of their calibre, they were highly 
mischievous.”— Burke. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mil.: The diameter of the bore of a gun in 
inches. In rifled ordnance, measured across the 
“ lauds,” or spaces between the grooves. 

2. Horology: 

(1) The plate on which the arrangement of the 
pieces of a clock is traced, the pattern plate. 

(2) The space between two plates of a watch 
which determines the features of the movement. 
(Knight.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

caliber-compass, s. 

1. A form of calipers adapted to measure the size 
of bores. 

2. A form of compasses adapted to measure shot 
and shell. (Knight.) 

caliber-rule, s. A gunner’s instrument, contain¬ 
ing a scale for ascertaining the weight of a ball 
from its diameter, and vice versa. [Caliper.] 
tcal’-I-bered, a. [Caliber.] Of a certain cali¬ 
ber or diameter. 

tcal-I-brate, v. t. [Caliber.] To determine the 
caliber of a tube. 

fcal-I-bra-tion, s. [From Fr. calibre^ bore, and 
Eng. &c., suff. - ation .] The act of measuring the 
caliber or bore of a tube. 

2. The determination by experiment or calculation 
of the value of the readings of an instrument, such 
as a galvanometer or eudiometer. 
cal'-I-bre, s. [Caliber.] 
cal’-I-cate, a. [Calycate.] 

♦cal-lee, *cal-is, *cal-iz, s. TFr. calice; Lat. 
calix (genit. calicis ).] [Chalice.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A cup, a chalice. 

“There is a natural analogy between the ablution of 
the body and the purification of the soul; between eating 
the holy bread and drinking the sacred calice, and a 
participation of the body and blood of Christ.”— Taylor. 

“The crouchen, the calices, the creyme.”— Ayenbite, 
p. 41. 

2. Z 06 I. : A cup-shaped depression which contains 
the polype of a coralligenous zoophyte, or actino- 
zoOn. (Nicholson.) 


late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, welf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




caliciese 


Calixtines 


707 


C«J. I 19 i e-se,s.pZ. [Calicium; fem.pl. suff.-eo\] 
Bot.: A family of gymnocarpous lichens, charac- 
xenzcd by their circular or globular, more or less 
stalked apothecia, furnished with special excipu- 
ium, and filled with a compac pulverulent mass. 
cgt-li§ -i-um, s. [Lat. calix.] 

Bot. ; A genus of gymnocarpous lichens, the typical 
■one of the family Calicie®, containing a large num¬ 
ber of species growing upon bark, old palings, or 
■epiphytically on other lichens. The spermatia, pro¬ 
duced in the spermogonia, are stick-shaped, and 
curved; the spores are double, and six or eight exist 
in each long tubular theca. (Griffith & Henfrey.) 

Cal -1-cle, s. [Lat. caliculus, dim. of calix = a 
cup.] A small cup-shaped cell. 

" Surface [of corals] covered with calicles, or prominent 
polyp cells about a line in diameter.”— Dana: Man. of 
Geology, § 1. 

cal -I-co, *cal -ll-co, *cal -ll-coe, s. & a. [Fr. 
calicot. So called because brought to Europe at 
first from Calicut, on the Malabar coast.] 

A. As substantive: 

Cotton cloths, having colored patterns printed on 
them. These cloths are coarser than muslin. In 
England calicoes include shirtings, &c., of a superior 
white cloth. Though early calico-printing is asso¬ 
ciated with India, yet other oriental nations were 
acquainted with the art, as were the Mexicans. It 
came from Asia into Europe. About the close of the 
seventeenth century Augsburg was one of its chief 
seats. A Protestant refugee from France, who had 
to leave that country on account of the revocation 
■of the edict of Nantes, introduced it into England 
about 1696. It is now one of our great staple manu¬ 
factures. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
calico-printer, s. One whose business or occu¬ 
pation it is to print calicoes. 

“ Suppose au ingenious gentleman should write a poem 
ot advice to a calico-printer . . .” — Tatler, tHo. 3. 

calico-printing, s. The business or art of print¬ 
ing or impressing figured patterns on calicoes in 
mordants or colors. 

“The first record of calico-printing as an art is that of 
Pliny.”— Ure: Diet, of Arts, <ttc. 

cal-i-co-phor -i-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. calyx, 
and Or. phoreo= to bear.] 

Z 06 I.: A family of Hydrozoa, with cup-shaped 
swimming organs. 

♦cal-Ic-rat, s. [According to Jamieson from 
Callicrates, a Grecian artist, who, as we learn from 
Pliny and Aelian, formed ants, and other animals, 
of ivory, so small that their parts could scarcely be 
discerned.] An ant or emmet. 

“The Calicrat that lytle thing, 

Bot and the honny bie.” 

Burel: Pilg. ( Watson’s Coll.), ii. 26. 

cal-lc'-p-la, s. [Dimin. of Mod. Lat. calix= a 
cup.] 

Bot.: “ A little calyx.” Various bracts in unison 
at the base of the calyx proper. Example, Fragaria, 
Malva. (R. Brown, & c.) 

cal-Ic -p-lar, s. [Lat. calicularis; from calix 
fgenit. calicis) = a cup.] Cup-shaped. 

“Even the autumnal buds, which await the return of the 
eun, do after the winter solstice multiply their calicalar 
leaves.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors, pt. ii., ch. 3. 

tcal-lC-p-lAr-ly, adv. [Eng. calicular; -ly.] 
In manner or shape of a cup. (Dana.) 

cal-Ic -u-late, a. [Lat. caliculus=a little cup; 
calix= a cup.1 

Bot.: (For definition see quotation.) 

“When the tracts are arranged in two rows, and the 
outer row is perceptibly smaller than the inner, the invo¬ 
lucre is sometimes said to be caliculate, as i n Sen ecio .'' - 
Balfour: Botany, p. 175. 

♦cal -Id, a. [Lat. calidus=hot; caleo=to be hot.] 
Hot, burning. 

cal-id-e-d, s. [Gr. fcaZos=beautiful;eidos=form, 
appearance.] TT . , , 

Entom.: A genus of Hemiptera, of an elegant 
elongated shape, and bright metallic coloring. 
Family, Pentatomid®. 

♦cal-Id -l-ty, s. [Lat. caliditas, from calidus— 
hot; caleo= to be hot.] The quality or state of 
being hot; heat. 

“ . . . the potential calidity of many waters.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

CA-lid -rls, s. [Etymology unknown.] 

Ornith.: A genus of grallatorial or Wading birds, 
•family Charadriadee. It contains the Sanderling 
(Calidris arenaria). 

tcal'-i-duct, *cal-e-duct, s. [In Fr. caliduc; 
Lat. call, stem of c&lidus— hot, and ductus=a lead¬ 
ing, conveying; duco—to lead, convey.] A pipe 
used for the conveyance or transmission of heat. 

“ Since the subterranean caliducts have been intro¬ 
duced.”— Evelyn. 


*c 5 /-lif, *ca -liffe, ca-liph, *ca'-liphe, s. 

[Caliph.] 

“ Ayein the caliphe of Egipte.” 

Gower: C. A., i, 246. 

cal -if-ate, s. [Caliphate.] 

Cal l-for-nia, s. [Possibly from the Arabic 
khalafa— to succeed.] One of the States of the 
U. S. A., nicknamed “ the Golden State.’ It is 
bounded W. by the Pacific ocean, N. by Oregon, E. 
by Nevada and Arizona, S. by the Mexican Territory 
of Lower California. Area, 158,360 square miles. 
The climate is much milder than in the same lati¬ 
tude on the Atlantic border, and the various agri¬ 
cultural and horticultural products of temperate 
and semi-tropic climates are produced in abund¬ 
ance. Its mineral wealth is very great, its gold 
mines being among the most important in the 
world. The principal cities are San Francisco, Los 
Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, the capital, San 
Jose, and San Diego. 

cal-I-ga'-tion, s. [Lat. caliqatio = darkness, 
from caligo= to obscure, make dark.] Darkness, 
obscurity. 

“ Instead of caligation, or dimnes9, we conclude a cecity, 
or blindness.”— Brown. 

calHg-I dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. caligus, and fem. 
pi. suff. -idee (q. v.). 

ZoOl.: A family of entomoitracous Crustaceans, 
characterized by the presence of a shell resembling 
an oval or semi-lunar shield. They have twelve 
feet and two inferior antennae. 

teal-ig -In-OUS, a. [Lat. caliginosus = dark ; 
caligo=t o obscure, make dark.] Dark, obscure, 
full of darkness. 

“ It is filled with such a thick and caliginous air, that 
the ground cannot be seen.” — Ricaut.: Greek Church, p. 66. 

teal-ig -In-ous-ljf, adv. [Eng. caliginous ; -ly.] 
In a dark manner, darkly, obscurely. 

tcal-ig-in-ous-ness, s. [En g. caliginous; -ness.] 
The quality of being caliginous ; darkness, obscur¬ 
ity. (Bailey.) 

ca-ll -go, s. [Lat. caZtgo=darkness.] 

Med.: A disease of the eye, attended with dimness 
of sight or blindness, of which there are various 
kinds; C. lentis, or true cataract; C. cornea, or 
opacity of the cornea; C. pupilla, blindness from 
an obstruction in the pupil; C. humorum, blindness 
from a fault in the humors of the eye: C. palpe¬ 
brarum, blindness from disorder of the eyelids. 
[Cataract.] 

cal-I-graph-Ic, a. [Calligraphic.] 
cal-ig'-rjiph-ist, s. [Calligraphist.] 
cal-ig -raph-y, s. [Calligraphy.] 
cal -I-gus, s. [Lat. caligo=shade, darkness.] 
ZoOl.: A genus of Crustaceans, the typical one of 
the family Caligidte. The head is in the form of a 
large buckler; antenn® small, flat and two-jointed. 
There are four species known, which are found on 
the brill, cod, 
mackerel,plaice, 

<fcc. 

cal -Im’-er-Is, 
s. [Gr. halos = 
beautiful, meros 
= a part., divis¬ 
ion.] 

Bot.: The gen¬ 
eric name of 
plants belonging 
to the composite 
order, having 
the flowers in 
heads, those at 
the c i r cumfer- 
encein one row, 
strap - like, the 
heads sur¬ 
rounded exter¬ 
nally by two to 
four rows of 
nearly equal 
scale-like leaves, 
species are perennial herbs, natives of middle and 
northern Asia. (Treas. -/ Bot.) 

cal-In, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A metallic 
compound of lead and tin of which the Chinese 
make tea-canisters, &c. 

cal-I-oP-6-gy, s. [Gr. kalia= a dwelling and 
•ology.] That department of ornithology which 
treats of birds’ nests. 

♦cal-ion, *cal-i-oun, *cal-yon, s. [O. Fr.ccwZ- 
lau,caillo; Port, calhao.] A stone or flint. [Cal¬ 
yon.] 

cal'-I-pash, s. [Fr .carapace; Sp. galapago=a 
fresh-water tortoise.] That part of a turtle next to 
the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance 
of a dull greenish tinge. 



1. Flower of Calimeris. 2. Fruit 
of ditto. 


The fruit is flat and hairy. The 


cal-I-pee, s. [Calipash.] That part of a turtle 
which belongs to the lower shell, containing a gelat¬ 
inous substance of a light yellowish color. 

“ Instead of rich 6irloins we see 
Green calipash and yellow calipee." 

Prologue to the Dramatist. 

cal-i-per (pi. calipers), s. [Caliber.] 
caliper-compasses, s. Compasses with bowed 



Caliper-compasses. 



legs, used for measuring the internal or external 
diameter of any round body. 

caliper-square, s. A square having a graduated 
bar and adjustable jam or jams. 

ca -liph, *ca-llphe, ka -liph, s. [Fr. calife= 
a successor of the Prophet: Arab, khalifah—a suc¬ 
cessor, khalafa=to succeed.] [Calif.] The title 
assumed by the successors of Mahomet. 

cal-Iph-ate, car-Iph-$,t, *cal-If-ate, *kal- 
If-ate, s. [Fr. calif at.] 

1. The office or dignity of a caliph. 

“The former part of this period may be called the era 
of the grandeur and magnificence of the caliphate.” — 
Harris: Philolog. Inq. 

2. The palace of a caliph; the seat of government 
of the caliphs. 

“ Emerged, I came upon the great 
Pavilion of the Caliphat.” 

Tennyson: Recol. of Arabian Nights. 

cal-i-phrur-I-a, s. [From Gr. ka los =be a u u f u 1, 
and phrourion=a watch, fort.] 

Bot.: A genus of Amaryllids, forming a link 
between Eurycles and Griffinia, and consisting of a 
single species, C Hartwegiana, a native of New 
Grenada. 

tea '-liph-ship, s. [Eng. caliph, and suff. -ship.] 
The dignity or rank of a caliph; the reign or a 
caliph. 

cal-lp-plc, a. [From Calippus, the person men¬ 
tioned iri the definition.] Pertaining to or invented 
by Calippus, an Athenian astronomer. 

calippic-period, s. A cycle of seventy-six years, 
proposed by Calippus, as an improvement on that 
of Meton, which was one of nineteen years. This 
cycle, according to its proposer, would bring round 
the new and full moon to the same day and hour, 
cal-is-then-Ic, a. [Callisthenic.] 
cal-is-then -Ics, s. [Callisthenics.] 
♦cal-I-ver, *ca'-lee-ver, *cal'-ie-ver, s. [Cali¬ 
ber.] A hand-gun ; a musket. 

“The negroes . . . discharged calieuers at vs.”— 

Hakluyt, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 34. 

“ . . . such as fear the report of a caliver worse than 

a struck fowl or a hurt wild-duck.”— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., 
Pt. I., iv. 2. 

ca-lix, ca'-lyx, s. [Lat. calix.] 

Bot.: The outer envelope or protective covering 
of a flower. [Calyx.] 

“The calyx is the outer covering, formed of whorled 
leaves called sepals.”— Balfour: Botany, p. 186. 

*c$t-lix-tin (1), s. [Named after the founder of 
the sect.] 

Eccles. Hist.: A follower of George Calixtus, a 
celebrated Lutheran divine, and professor at Helm- 
stadt, Brunswick, who died in 1656. He opposed 
the opinion of St. Augustine on predestination, and 
endeavored to form a union among the various 
members of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and 
Reformed Churches. (Staunton.) 

♦ca-lix -tin (2), s. [Calixtines.] 

Cal -ix-tlne§, s. pi. [From Lat. calix= a cup 
which the sect or party wished restored to the peo¬ 
ple in the Lord’s Supper.] 

Ch. Hist.: A Christian sect in Bohemia, the more 
moderate of the two great sections into which the 
Hussites were divided in 1420. Unlike the Taborites 
—the other and extremer section — they did not 
seek to subvert the constitution and government of 
the Church of Rome, but demanded (1) the restora¬ 
tion of the cup to the people in the celebration of 
the Supper; (2) the preaching (of the Gospel in 
primitive simplicity and,purity; (3) the separation 
of the priests from secular, and their entire devotion 
to spiritual, concerns; and,(4) the prevention or 
punishment, by lawful authority, of “ mortal ” sins, 
e. g., simony, debauchery, &c. The council of Basle, 
in 1433, to end the disastrous Bohemian war, invited 
envoys from the Hussites. Procopius Rasa—their 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, 


gell, chorus, ghin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -gion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, ag; 
zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





calk 


708 


call 


leader since tho death of the famous John Ziska in 
1424—and others appeared, but the effort failed. 
Afterward the council sent JEneas Sylvius into Bo¬ 
hemia. He, by conceding the use of the cup to the 
Oalixtines, reconciled them to the Church of Romo 
[Hussites.] 

calk (1), *calke, caulk (Z silent), v. t. [0. Fr. 
cauquer ; Lat. calco= to tread, press down, tread in; 
from calx (gonit. caZcis) = tho heel. Cf. lr. calcadh— 
driving, caulking; cailcaim= to harden, fasten; cal- 
cain— a caulker; Gael. caZc=to caulk, drive, ram; 
cu'Laire— a driver, hammer.] To fill the seams or 
leaks of a vessel with oakum, to prevent the water 
from penetrating into the ship. 

“ The caulking of Seuill ia so substantially done that in 
one day one calker doeth not thoroughly calke past one 
yarde and an halfe in one searne, or two yards at the 
most.”— Hakluyt: Voyages, xii, 864. 

calk (2) (l silent), v. t. [Lat. calx (genit. calcis) 
= a heel, hoof.] 

Farriery: To furnish the shoes of horses with 
sharp points or projections; to rough horses’ shoes. 

*calk(3),*calke, *calk'-en, *calk'-yn (l silent), 
v. t. & i. [Calculate.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Ord, Lang.: To calculate. 

“ Calkyn, Calculo .”— Prompt. Parv. 

2. Astrol.: To work out by calculation, to prog¬ 
nosticate. 

“Two priests also, the one hight Bolenbroke, 

The other Southwell, clerks in conjuration, 

These two chaplaines were they that undertoolce 
To cast and calke the king’strue constellation.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 320. 

B. Intrans.: To calculate, prognosticate. 

11 He calketh vpon my natyuyte.”— Horman; Vulgaria. 
tcalk (4), caique (l silent), v. t. [Fr. calquer; 
from Lat. calx (genit. calcis) —chalk.] [Calking 
( 2), s.] 

calk (1) (Z silent), s. [Calkin.] 

“ Where would the poor horse be without the ‘ calks ’ on 
the hind feet?”— London Daily Telegraph, Jan. 17, 1861. 

calk-sharpener, s. An instrument for sharpen¬ 
ing horse-shoe calks. [Calking-tongs. ] 
calk-swage, s. A swage (q. v.) for forming horse¬ 
shoe calks. 

calk (2) (l silent), s. [Cauk.] 

*calke (l silent), s. [Chalk.] ( Prompt . Parv.) 
calked (1), *calkt (Z silent), pa. par. &. a. [Calk 
(1), «.] 

1. Lit. : Having the seams stopped with oakum. 

“A gallant ship . . . well calk’t.” 

Ileywood. Maid of the West, iv. 

2. Fig.: Closely fastened or stopped up in any 
way. 

“The windows close shut, and calked.” 

11. Jonson: Silent Woman, i. 1. 

Calked (2) (Z silent),pa. par. & a. [Calk (2), u.] 
Farriery: Having the shoes furnished with sharp 
points of iron to prevent slipping on ice, &c. 

*calked (3) (Z silent), pa. par. & a. [Calk (3), 
■w.] Calculated; prognosticated. 

calk -er (1), caulk -er (Z silent) {Eng.) , cawk -er 
(Scotch), s. [Eng. calk; -er.) 

1. Lit. : One whose trade it is to calk. 

“ The ancients of Gebal and the wise men thereof were 
in thee thy calkers.” — Ezek. xxvii. 9. 

2. Fig. : A dram of spirits taken by a habitual 
drinker. 

“ Wi’ here tak’ a caulker, and there tak’ a horn.” 

Scotch Songs, iii. 89. 

3. Shoemaking: A semicircular iron ring nailed 
to the bed of a boot or shoe to make it wear longer. 

*calk’-er (2) (Z silent), s. [Calk (2), v.] A 
calkin. 

*ealk'-er (3) (Z silent), s. [Calk (3), v .] One 
who calculates or prognosticates; a calculator, an 
astrologer. 

“ Fyrst the eleccyon of their monstrouse Pope, the next 
yeare after was taken clerely from the common people by 
the clergy, and gyuen to hys owne famylyars; which 
an A after were call ithe oMiege of calkers, cardynallis 
I shcul 1 say.”— Bale. Actes of Englysh Votaries, pt. ii., ch. 
ii. (Rich. ) 

♦cal-VIl, *cal-kyll, *cal-cle, *cal'-cule, 
*car- T ;ule, *kal -cule, v. t. & i. [Fr. calculer; Lat. 
calcul .] [Calculate.] 

I. Trans.: To calculate, to reckon. 

“ E. calcleth the ages of the world by thowsendes ”— 
Tree is a, ii. 237. 

II. Intransitive: 

1. To calculate by means of numbers. 

" By this you may calkilt what twa thousand futemen 
and thre hundretht horsemen will take monethlie, whiche 
is the least number the Lords desyris to have furnesat at 
this tyme.”— Lett. H. Balnavis, Keith's Hist., App., p. 44. 


2. To prognosticate, calculate by the stars, 

“ X calkyll as an astronomer doth whan he castesth a 
fygure, je calcule.” — Palsgrave. 

calk'-In, calk-yn (Z silent), s- [Calk (2), v .] 

Farriery: A sharp iron point or projection placed 
in the shoe of a norse to prevent his slipping. 
[Roughing, s.] 

“ Causyng a smyth to shoe three horses for him con- 
trarily, with the calkyns forward, . . — Holinshed: 
Hist, of Scotl., sign. U, 3 b. 

“ . . . above all, that the system of adding calkins to 
the heels, particularly the fore ones, should be entirely 
discontinued, as they must be highly destructive to feet 
and legs .”—London Daily Telegraph, Jan. 17, 1881. 

calkin-pin, s. A very large pin. It is sometimes 
corrupted into corking-pin. (Todd.) 

calk'-ing (1), *caulk'-Ing (Z silent), pr. par., a. 
& s. [Calk, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In the sense 

of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act or process of stopping the 
seams of a ship with oakum; the trade of a calker. 

“ The shippe of what burthen souer shoe bee must giue 
a carena, as they call it in the Spanish tongue, which is 
in English, she must be thoroughly calked, and fortified, 
as well with, carpenters to set knees into her, and any 
other tymbers appertaining to the strengthening of a 
shippe, as with caulking; which is to put occum into her 
sides.”— Hackluyt . Voyages, vol. iii., p. 864. 

calking-anvil, s. A blacksmith’s anvil, adapted 
for turning over, forming, and sharpening horse¬ 
shoe calks. 

calking-chisel, s. A chisel for closing the 
seams between iron piates 

calking-iron, s. An iron instrument resembling 
a chisel, but with a blunter edge, used by calkers to 
drive the oakum into the seams of a ship. 

“ So here some pick out bullets from the side; 

Some drive old oakum through each seam and rift; 

Their left hand does the callcing-iron guide, 

The rattling mallet with the right they lift.” 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, cxlvi. 

calking-tongs, s. pi. An implement for sharpen¬ 
ing the calks of horse-shoes. [Calk-shaepeneb.] 

calk-Ing (2) (Z silent), s. [Calk (4), v.] A term 
in painting, used where the back side is covered 
with black lead, or red chalk, and tho lines traced 
through on a waxed plate, wall, or other matter,by 
passing lightly over each stroke of the design with 
a point which leaves an impression of the color on 
the plate or wall. (Chambers.) 

*calk'-Ing (3) (Z silent), pr. par., a. & s. [Calk 

(3),p.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& par. adj.: In the same 
sense as the verb. 

“A king he was, and to king Turnus deere his callcings 
kest, 

But not with calking craft could he his plague be- 
twitch that day.” 

Phaer: Translation of Virgil, ix. (Rich.) 

C. As subst.: The act of calculation. 

*calk -yn, *calk'-en (Z silent), v. t. [Calk (3),v.] 

call (l), *calle, *cal-len, *kal-len, v. t. & i. 

[A. S. ceallian; Icel. & Sw .kalla; Dan. kalde; O. 
H. Ger. challon; M. H. Ger. kallen= to call, speak 
loudly. Cognate with Gr. geryo= to speak, pro¬ 
claim, not with Gr. kaleo= to call ( Skeat ).] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Literally: 

jT. To utter aloud. 

“ He callez a prayer to the hyghe prynce for pyne.” 

E. E. Allit. Poems: Patience, 411. 

“Nor parish clerk, who calls the psalm so clear.” 

Gay. 

2. To summon before one, or to one’s presence; 
send for, or command one’s attendance. 

“ And it shall come to pass, when Pharaoh shall call you, 
and shall say, What is your occupation?”— Gen. xlvi. 33. 

If Sometimes with two objects, by the omission 
of the prep, to before the person calling. 

“And King David said, Call me Zadok the priest, and 
Nathan the prophet, and Benaiali the son of Jehoiada. 
And they came before the king.”—1 Kings, i. 32. 

3. To arouse, awake, bid to arise ; as, “ caZZme in 
the morning.” (Colloquial.) 

4. To convoke, summon an assembly. 

“ The king being informed of much that had passed 
that night, sent to the lord mayor to call a common 
council immediately.”— Clarendon. 

5. To read the roll or list of members of a council, 
&c.; to call over. 

*6. To invite, request one’s attendance. 

“And both Jesus was called, and his disciples.”— John, 
ii. 2. 


II. Figuratively: 

1. To summon or exhort to any moral duty. 

“ . . . they shall call the husbandman to mourning:, 

. . — Amos v. 16. 

2. To appoint or designate for any office or posi¬ 
tion, as by divine authority. 

“ Separate ine Barnabas and Paul for the work where-' 
unto I have called them.”— Acts xiii. 2. 

*3. To bring into public view ; declare, point onL. 

“ See Dionysius Homer’s thoughts refine, 

And call new beauties forth from ev’ry lino.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, G66. 

4. To designate, give a name to. 

“Jacob calde that stede Betel.”— Gen. d- Exod., 168L 

“ The grete sikenesse that men caller the fallyngto 
evylle.”— Mandeville, p. 140. 

5. To reckon, consider, count, attribute a qual¬ 
ity to. 

“’Tis phrase absurd to call a villain great.” 

Pope: Essay on Man, jv. 230. 

“ Misty with tender gloom, I call'd it naught 

But the fond exile’s pang, a lingering thought.” 

Hemans; The Forest Sanctuary. 

6. To address in contempt (only in the phrase, 1/P 
call names= to abuse). 

“ Deafness unqualifies men for all company, except; 
friends; whom I can call names, if they do not speafc 
loud enough.”— Swift to Pope. 

7. To invoke, appeal to. 

“ I call God for a record upon my soul.”—2 Cor., i. 23L 

*8. To invite, demand. 

“ His gardens next your admiration call.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, iv. 113. 

9. To summon to one’s aid. 

“Be not amazed ; call all your senses to you.”— Shakesp 
Merry Wives, iii. 3. 

B. Reflex.: To summon, exhort one’s self. 

" Call yourselves to an account, what new ideas, whafc 
new proposition or truth, you have gained.”— Watts. 

C. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To cry out or aloud; to address in a loud voice.. 

“And the seventh day he called unto Moses out of the* 

midst of the cloud.”— Exod. xxiv. 16. 

“ Cheerily called the cock to the sleeping maids of the- 
farm-house.” Longfellow : Evangeline, i. 5. 

2. To cry loudly, with the view of securing the? 
attendance or presence of an inferior. 

‘‘Calls my lord?”— Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iv. S. 

3. To invoke; appeal for help or relief. (Gener¬ 
ally with the prep, to, on, or upon.) 

“ Upon her knees she gan down falle, 

With humble hert, and to him calle .” 

Gower: C. A., i. 148u 

“ Bothe holyche to Borne the parties cald." 

Langtoft (ed. Hearne), p. 208. 

‘ Call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver the**, 
and thou shalt glorify me.”— Psalm 1. 15. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To address an exhortation or appeal to. 

‘ ‘Unto you, O men, I call.” — Prov. viii. 4. 

2. To invite. 

“When twilight call’d unto household mirth. 

By the fairy tale or the legend old.” 

Hemans: The Spells of Home. 

*3. To summon or exhort to any moral duty. 

“ In that day did the Lord God of hosts call to weeping; 
and to mourning.”— Isaiah xxii. 12. 

4. To pay a short visit. (Colloquial.) Originally’ 
the meaning no doubt was that the visitor signal¬ 
ized his presence by a call; but the phrase is now 
used very widely and freely. Thus we speak of 
ships calling at or off a port; we call on or in un a 
person, or at a place. [ Call at, call in on, call on. t 
call off.] 

“ Say the neighbors when they call.” 

Tennyson: Amphion, 5* 

D. In special phrases: 

1. To call again: 

(1) To call a second time. 

*(2) To revoke, draw back. 

“ Calle ageyn thin oth.”— Langtoft, p. 215. 

2. To call at: To make a short stop on its way. 
(Said of ships.) 

“ These steamers only call at Halifax, sailing from V to 
toria Docks.”— London Times, Jan. 8, 188L 

3. To call away : To turn aside, divert. 

4. To call back: To revoke, withdraw. 

“He . . . will not call back his words.”— Isaiah xxxi. 2. 

5. To call down: 

(1) To pray for. 

“ Calling down a blessing on his head.” 

Tennyson; Enoch Arden, 324. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





call 


709 


call 


42) To imprecate. 

4. To call for: 

(1) Literally : 

(а) To require or desire the attendance (of per- 
«®ns). 

“ Madam, his majesty doth call for you, 

And/or your grace; and you, my noble lord.” 

Shakesp..- Richard III., i. 3. 

( б ) To order, give an order for a thing to be sup¬ 
plied ; to demand. 

“ Call for pen and ink to show our wit.” 

Pope: Satires, v. 180. 

“ So they called for rooms, and he showed them one.”— 
IBunyan ■ P. P., ii. 

(2) Figuratively : 

f(a) To desire anxiously; wish for. 

“He commits every sin that his appetite calls for.” — 
Sogers. 

(f>) To demand; need. 

“All that the contest calls for; spirit, strength.” 

Cowper.- Task, v. 376. 

(c) To call at or make a visit to any place, in 
order to fetch away a person or an article; as, I will 
<callfor her, or for a parcel. ( Colloquial .) 

7. To call forth: To summon into action. 

(1) Of persons: 

“Are you call’d forth from out a world of men, 

To slay the innocent?” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 4. 

42) Of things: 

“ Till kings call forth the ideas of your mind.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, iv. 616. 

5. To call in: 

i 1) To summon to one’s aid or counsel. 

“He fears my subjects’ loyalty. 

And now must call in strangers.” 

Denham: Sophy. 

<2) To collect; withdraw from circulation. 

“If clipped money be called in all at once.”— Locke. 

(3) To demand back money or other things lent. 

"Horace describes an old usurer as so charmed with the 

{pleasures of a country life, that, in order to make a pur¬ 
chase, he called in all his money.”— Addison: Spectator. 

(4) To revoke, withdraw an authority or license. 

(5) To pay a short visit (with the preps, to, at, of 
places, on, of persons. 

“That I might begin as near the fountain-head as pos¬ 
sible, I first of all called in at St. James's.”— Addison. 

“We called in at Morge, where there is an artificial 
jport.”— Ibid.: On Italy. 

9. To call in doubt: To dispute the accuracy or 
authenticity of a statement. 

10. To call in question: 

*( 1 ) To be interrogated or put on one’s trial re¬ 
garding anything. 

“Of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called 
Hn question.”—Acts xxiii. 6. 

(2) The same as to call in doubt. 

11. To call off: 

<1) Transitive: 

i(a) Lit.: To withdraw, remove. 

“Then by consent abstain from further toils, 

Call off the dogs, and gather up the spoils.” 

Addison: Transformation of Actccon. 

<&) Fig.: To draw one’s attention away. 

^Drunkenness calls off the watchmen from their towers; 
and then evils proceed from a loose heart, and an untied 
tongue.” — Taylor: Holy Living. 

(2) Tntrans.: To make a short visit to. (Said of 
ships making a brief stay at any port on their way, 
to receive or disembark passengers or goods. It 
differs from call cit* in tiiat the ship does not 
actually touch the place mentioned, but comes to 
anchor a little off .) (Call at.] 

12. To call on: 

(1) To invoke. 

“The Athenians, when they lost any men at sea, went to 
the shores, and calling thrice on their names, raised a 
-cenotaph, or empty monument, to their memories.”— 
Broome: On the Odyssey. 

(2) To solicit for a favor. 

“ I would be loath to pay him before his day. What need 
I be so forward with him, that calls not on me?”— 
Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., V. 1. 

( 3 ) To demand an account or explanation from. 

“ Call on him for it.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., i. 4. 

44 ) To pay a short visit to anyone. 

“I’ll call on you.” 

Shakesp.: Timon, i. 2. 

13. To call out: 

< 1 ) To call loudly; ejaculate. _ 

(2) To summon into active service. 

"When their sov’reign’s quarrel calls ’em out, 

His foes to mortal combat they defy.” 

Dryden: Virgil; Georgic, iv. 319. 

“The territorial reserve, comprising men from thirty 
to forty years, is to be called out at once.”— London Daily 
'Telegraph, March 31, 1881. 


(3) To challenge to a duel. 

14. To call over: To recite a roll of names or a list 
of items. 

“ . . . to call over the names of the competitors in 
business-like fashion.”— London Daily Telegraph, Jan. 6, 
1881. 

15. To call over the coals: To reprove, find fault 
with. ( Colloquial.) 

16. To call the jury : 

Laic: To call over jurymen in the order in which 
their names have been drawn out of a box. The 
full twelve are sworn unless they are objected to, 
or, for some reason, allowed exemption. 

17. To call the plaintiff: 

Law: To demand that a plaintiff who is with¬ 
drawing from an action shall appear by himself or 
by counsel, to go on. If he do not he is nonsuited, 
his case is at an end, the defendant obtaining costs; 
but the plaintiff may prosecute again, which he 
could not have done had a verdict been given 
against him. 

18. To call to account: To demand an account 
from. [Account.] 

19. To call to mind: 

f(l) To bring to the recollection of another; to 
remind another of a thing. 

(2) To bring to one’s own recollection, to remem¬ 
ber. 

20. To call to order : 

(1) To open a meeting. 

(2) To intimate to any person or persons at a 
meeting that ho is or they are transgressing the 
rules of debate, or otherwise disturbing the prog¬ 
ress of business. 

21. To call to the bar: To grant license to practice 
as an attorney in any court of law. [Bar, s.J 

“ A year or two before 

Call’d to the bar.” Tennyson. Enoch Arden. 

22. To call up: 

(1) Of persons: To bring to the presence of one. 
{Lit. <& fig.) 

“ Or call up him that left half told 

The story of Cambuscan bold.” Milton. 

(2) To bring to one’s remembrance; produce as 
evidence. 

“ Why dost thou call my sorrow up afresh? 

My father’s name brings tears into my eyes.” 

Addison: Cato, i. 4. 

“ Ask now of history’s authentic page, 

And call up evidence from every age.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

(3) To summon to arise. 

“ The salutations of the morning tide 
Call up the sun: those ended, to the hall 
We wait the patron, hear the lawyers bawl.” 

Dryden: Juvenal, i. 

(4) Financial: To require the payment of install¬ 
ments of a loan subscribed to. [Call, s.] 

“ It is not contemplated to call up more than £2 per 
share.”— London Daily Telegraph, Dec. 4, 1880. 

23. To call upon: 

(1) To invoke, appeal to. 

“ In my distress I called upon the Lord, and cried to my 
God.”—2 Sam. xxi i. 7. 

(2) To pay a visit to. 

“At that place call upon me.” 

Shakesp..- Meas. for Meas., iii. 1. 

24. To call upon a prisoner: 

Law: To invite an accused person, who has been 
found guilty, to say why judgment should not be 
given against him. 

call-me-to-you, s. A plant, the Viola tricolor. 
(Coles, dtc.) 

call (2), ca’, v. t. & i. [Etymology doubtful.] 
(Scotch.) 

A. Transitive: 

1. To drive. 

“ Gert call the wayn.’deliuerly.” 

Barbour: Bruce, x. 227. 

2. To search by traversing. 

“ I’ll caw the haill town for’t.”— Jamieson. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To submit to be driven. 

2. To strike (followed by at). 

call (1), *cal, s. [Call, u.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A loud cry, a shout, an ejaculation. 

“. . . they gave but a call, and in came their master.” 
— Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. i. 

2. A loud noise of any kind. 

“ The silver trumpet’s heavenly call 
Sounds for the poor.” Cowper: Truth, 349. 

3. A summons by word of mouth. 

14 When thay knewen his cal that thider com schulde.” 

Ear. Eng. All it. Poems: Cleanness, 61. 

“ He knocked fast, and often curst and sware. 

That ready entrance was not at his call.” 

Spenser : F. Q., I. in. 16. 


4. Any instrument used to summon people to¬ 
gether. [B. 2, 3, 4, 6.] 

5. An invocation or prayer for help or relief. 

“Hear thy suppliant’s call.” 

Pope: Dunciad, iv. 403. 

“But death comes not at call, justice divine 
Mends not her slowest pace for prayers or cries.” 

Milton: P. L., x. 858. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A divine summons to any office or duty. 

“Yet he at length, time to himself best known, 

Rememb’ring Abraham, by some wond’rous call, 
May bring them back repentant and sincere.” 

Milton: P. L., iii. 434. 

“ Impious preach his word without a call.” > 

Pope: Dunciad, iv. 94. 

2. A summons or invitation from a congregation 
to undertake the duties and responsibilities of min¬ 
ister. 

“The call is unanimous on the part of the parishioners 
—areal harmonious call, Reuben.”— Scott: Heart of Mid 
Lothian. 

"... had he not accepted a call to Northampton, 
his services would have been eagerly welcomed . . .”— 
The [English] Baptist, Dec. 31, 1880. 

3. An impulse or inclination toward anything. 

“ A terrier of the hills, 

By birth and call of nature pre-ordained 
To hunt the badger, and unearth the fox.” 

Wordsworth : Prelude, bk. v. 

4. An obligation, need. 

“ Walker was treated Jess respectfully. William thought 
him a busybody who had been properly punished for run¬ 
ning into danger without any call of duty, . . .”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

5. A public claim or demand for material help; 
a requisition. 

6. A demand, claim. 

“ Dependence is a perpetual call upon humanity . . .” 
— Addison: Spectator. 

*7. A business, profession. (Calling is now the 
more usual word.) 

“And like a primitive apostle preached; 

Still cheerful, ever constant to his call.” 

Dryden: Character of a Good Parson, 129. 

8. Power, authority, option. 

“ Oh, Sir 1 I wish he were within my call or yours.” 

Denham. 

9. A short visit. 

10. The daily attendance of a tradesman to solicit 
orders, &c. 

“Dependent on the baker’s punctual call." 

Cowper: Task, i. 244. 

11. The reading over of the roll or list of members 
of any council, &c. 

B. Technically: 

1. Hunting: A lesson blown on the horn to 
encourage the hounds. 

2. Mil.: A term for the variations of certain 
musical notes played on a trumpet or bugle, or a 
special sort of boat upon the drum, each call being 
the signal for a definite duty. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

3. Naut.: A whistle or pipe used by the boat¬ 
swain or his mate to summon sailors together. 

4. Fowling: An artificial note or cry to imitate 
that of birds, and act as a decoy. 

“ For those birds or beasts were made from such pipes 
or calls, as may express the several tones of those creatures, 
which are represented.”— Wilkins: Mathematical Magic. 

5. StocTcbrolcing: 

(1) (See definition below.) 

“‘Options’ are resorted to in nearly every kind of 
shares, and might be used in all. They consist in either 
what is called a ‘put and call,’ or a ‘put’ or ‘ call.’ A 
‘put and call’ is when a person agrees to give a certain 
sum for the choice of buying or selling a certain amount 
of stock at a certain time, the price and date being there 
and then fixed. A ‘ put ’ is where the money is given for 
the option of only selling stock; and a ‘ call’ where the 
party reserves to himself the right of buying, price and 
date being in both cases agreed upon, and the ‘ option ’ 
money paid at the time of the agreement.”— Public 
Opinion (London). 

(2) A requisition for the payment of installments 
of a loan to which one has subscribed. 

“No calls will be made without two clear months’ 
notice; nor will any call exceed $10 per share, and at least 
three months shall intervene between the making of 
calls.”—London Daily Telegraph, Dec. 4, 1880. 

6. Music: A toy instrument made by winding a 
narrow tape round two small oblong pieces of tin, 
so that one fold of the tape may be set in vibration 
when blown through. The call is used by men who 
work the drama of “Punch and Judy.’’ (Stainer 
& Barrett.) 

7 . Law: 

(1) A license or authority to practice as a bar¬ 
rister in any court of law. 

“ The first brief after your call to the bar . . .”— 

Macmillan’s Magazine, June, 1861, p. 203. 

(2) The ceremony or epoch of election. ( Wharton.) 

(3) The number of persons elected. (Wharton.) 


Mil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-clan, -tian - shan. -tion, 


$ell, chorus, 
-sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 





call-bell 


C. In special phrases: 

1. A call to arms: An alarm. 

2 A call of the house: A calling over a list of names 
of the members of either house of congress, or of 
any legislative body. 

“ By a rising vote of 58 to 124 the house decided not to 
consider the resolution. The yeas and nays were then 
demanded. The call of the house developed the presence 
of 240 members.”— Washington dispatch in The Chicago 
Record, Jan. 6, 1894. 

3. At one's call (frequently also, at one's beck and 
call ).* Subject to one, under his orders. 

4. At call: Money is said to be deposited at call 
in a bank when it.can be withdrawn at any moment 
without any previous notice being given, as in the 
case of money on deposit. [Deposit.] 

5. Within call: Sufficiently near to hear the voice 
of one calling. 

“ I saw a lady within call." 

Tennyson: Dream of Fair Women, 85. 

call-bell, s. 

1. A small stationary hand-bell. 

2. An electric bell (rung by pressing a button) to 
call the attention of a person at a distance. 

call-bird, s. A decoy-bird. [Decoy, s.] 

“ The birdcatcher who lays his nets most to the east, 
is sure of the most plentiful sport, if his call-birds are 
good.”— Goldsmith: Nat. Hist., vol. 5., ch. 1. 

*call-b 00 k, s. A muster-roll, 
call-boy, s. A boy whose duty it is to call actors 
when their turn comes to appear on the stage. 

call-button, s. A button used for ringing an 
electric call-bell. The button is provided with a 
spring, so that when pushed in and released it 
springs back. Thus the electric circuit is closed 
only as long as the button is pressed. 

call-note, s. The note used by birds in calling 
to each other. 

“. . . but the actual song, and even the call-notes, 
are learnt from their parents or foster parents.”— Dar¬ 
win: The Descent of Man (1871), pt. i., ch. ii., vol. i, p. 55. 

call (2), s. [Etymology doubtful, but perhaps 
the same word as Call (1), s.] A brood of wild 
ducks. ( Halliwell.) 
call (3), calle, s. [Caul.] 

“ Then, when they had despoyld her tire and call." 

Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 46. 

Call (4), caw, s. [From call (2), V. (q. v.).] 
Motion. (Used specially in the phrase “ caw of 
the water ”=motion of the water, driven or acted 
on by the wind.) 

cal'-lg,, s. [Gr. fcaios=beautiful.] 

Bot.; A genus of plants of the order Aracese. The 
species are perennials. They are natives of North 
America and Northern Europe. They are herba¬ 
ceous marsh plants. The most familiar of the spe¬ 
cies is the beautiful calla lily. 

cal-lae -as, s. [From Gr. kallaion= a cock’s comb. 
Cf. also kalais, kallais= a precious stone of a green¬ 
ish blue.] [Calais.] 

Ornith.: The typical genus of the family Callsea- 
tin® (q. v.). Callceas cinerea is the New Zealand 
Crow. It is greenish-black, but with a small bright- 
blue wattle on each side of the head. (Dallas.) 

cal-lse-a-tl'-nse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. callceas, 
and fern. pi. suff. -ince.J 

Ornith.: A sub-family of crows containing the 
Tree Crows. 

cal -la-In-lte, s. [Lat. callaina= a precious 
stone (? turquois) (Pliny), and suff. -ite (A/m.).] 
Min.: A massive, translucent mineral of apple- 
green to emerald-green color, spotted or lined 
whitish and bluish. Specific gravity 2*50-2*52. 
Composition: Phosphoric acid, 42*39; alumina, 
30*75; water, 26*86. (Dana.) 

ca.l -l3.-Ite, s. [Lat. callais (Pliny), suff. -ite 
(Min.).] 

Min.: The same as Turquois (q. v.). 
cal'-l?,n, cal'-lant, s. [Gael. aallan=a youth, 
stripling.] A boy, a lad. (Scotch.) 

u Guidwife, could you lend this gentleman the guid- 
man’s galloway, and I’ll send it ower the Waste in the 
morning wi’ the callant.” — Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xxii. 
•*' In days when mankind were but callans 
At grammar, logic, an’ sic talents, 

They took nae pains their speech to balanoe, 

Or rules to gi’e.” 

Burns: To Wm. Simpson. Postscript, 
‘calle, s. [Caul.] A caul. 

‘‘Maulde the huuve or calle maker mayteneth her wisely; 
she selleth dere her calles or huues.”— Caxton: Bokefor 
Travellers. 

called, pa.par. & a. [Call, v.] 

cal-le'-I-da, s. [Gr. kallos= beauty, and eidos— 
form, appearance.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects belong¬ 
ing to the tribe Camivor®. 


710 

call-er (1), s. [Call, v.] He who or that which 
calls. 

cal-ler (2), s. [From call (2), v.] One who 
drives cattle or horses under the yoke. (Scotch.) 
(Barry.) 

cal-ler, *cal-lar, *cal-lour, *caul'-er, a. 
[Icel. kaldr= cool.] [Cool.] (Scotch.) 

1. Cool, fresh, refreshing. 

“The callour are, penetratiue and pure.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 201, 37. 

“ I walked forth to view the corn, 

An’ snuff the caller air.” 

Burns: Holy Fair. 

2. Freshly caught, fresh, not having been long 
kept. 

“The recent spreith and fresche and callour pray.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 235, 44. 

“ However, I hae some dainty caller haddies, . . — 

Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxxix. 

*cal'-let, *cal'-lat, s. [Gael. caile=“ a girl, hus- 
sey, quean, strumpet; Fr .caillette, femme frivole et 
babillarde. (Diet. Bangued.) The French uses the 
quail as the type of an amorous nature. ‘ Chaud 
comma une quaille.’ ” (Cotgrave.) Caille-coiff&e= 
a woman. The Slavonic languages have the same 
metaphor. Boeh. korotwicka= a little partridge, 
and also a prostitute. ( Wedgwood: Dictionary of 
English Etymology.) Nares thinks it is from one 
Kitty Callot, a gipsy.] 

1. A common woman, a prostitute. 

“To make this shameless callet know herself— 
Helen of Greece was fairer far than thou.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. III., ii., 2. 

2. A scold, an abusive woman. 

“ A callat 

Of boundless tongue, who late hath beat her husband.” 

Shakesp.: Wint. Tale, ii. 3. 

*cal’-let, v. i. [Callet, s.] To scold, use abusive 
language. 

“ To hear her in her spleen 
Callet like a butter-quean.” 

Brathwait: Care’s Cure in Panedone (1621). 

cal-ll-an-as-sa, s. [Gr. kallos = beauty, and 
anassa= a queen.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of decapod crustaceans. 

cal-ll-an -dr?,, s. [ Gr. kallos = beauty; aner, 
genit. andros=& stamen.] 

Bot.: A beautiful genus of leguminous plants 
peculiar to this country. A few are herbs not more 
than a foot high, but the greater number are shrubs 
or small trees. The corollas are small, and hidden 
by the very numerous long filaments of the stamens, 
which are almost always of a beautiful red color. 
Many of the species are in cultivation as hot-house 
plants. More than sixty species are known, all 
more or less ornamental. (Treas. of Bot.) 

cal-ll-can-thus, s. [Gr. fccdZos=beauty; kanthos 
= a spine or thorn.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the sub-family 
Acanthurin®. They have the head sloping, caudal 
spines, two on each side; ventral fins immediately 
under the pectoral; caudal fin large, lunated, and 
the points attenuated. (Oraig.) 

cal-ll-car -pa, s. [Gr. kallos= beauty; kalos— 
beautiful; and karpos— fruit.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the order Yerbenace®. 
The species are shrubs, from the tropical and sub¬ 
tropical districts of America and Asia. The bark 
of Callicarpa lanata has a peculiar sub-aromatic 
and slightly bitter taste, and is chewed by the Cin¬ 
galese when they cannot obtain betel leaves. The 
Malays reckon the plant diuretic. (Bindley.) 

cal-H^'-er-us, s. [Gr. fca?Zos=beauty, and keros 
= a horn.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera. 

cal-li-chro-ma, s. [Gr. kallos = beauty, and 
chroma— color.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, of the 
family Longicornes. Callichroma moschata, is of a 
beautiful metallic-green color. It has a musky odor. 

cal'-ll-chrus, s. [Gr. kallos = beauty; chrysos=z 
gold.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the order Silurid®, 
with large depressed heads. 

tcal-lich'-thys, s. [Gr. kallichthys— a beautiful 
fish ; from kallos = beauty; kalos = beautiful; and 
ichthys= a fish, a “ beauty fish.”] 

Ichthy.: A genus of Silurid®. The species live in 
rivers and streams, migrating to others overland if 
the first become dry. 

*cal'-li-co, s. [Calico.] 

cal'-lld, a. [Lat. callidus.] Shrewd, cunning, 
crafty. 

cal-lld -e-a, s. [From Gr. kallos = beauty, and 
eidos=ioTm, appearance.] 

Entom.: A genus of bugs, order Hemiptera, tribe 
Scutata. They are golden green in color. 


calling 

cal-ll-dl'-ng,, s. [Gr. kallos = beauty; eidos — 
form, appearance.] . 

Zool.: A genus of Rotatoria, belonging to the fam¬ 
ily Pliilodin®a. They are aquatic. The eye-spots are> 
absent; the rotatory organ is double, and not fur¬ 
nished with a stalk; the foot is elongate, forked, 
and with four accessory horn-like processes. 

cal-lld -I-ty, s. [ Lat. calliditas - cunning, 
shrewdness; caliidus=cunning, shrewd.] Cunning, 
shrewdness. 

“ Her eagle-ey’d callidity, deceit. 

And fairy faction rais’d above her sex, 

And furnished with a thousand various wiles,” 

Smart; The Hop Garden. 

cal-lld'-l-um, s. [Gr. kallos= beauty, and eidos= 
appearance.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, of the 
family Cerambycid®. The larva of Callidium Ba- 
julus lives on fir timber. Some of the species are 
very destructive to fences, ships, houses, &c. 

‘cal -lid-ness, s. [Eng. callid: -ness.] Cunning, 
shrewdness. 

*cal-lI-fac-tion, s. [Califaction.] 
cal-llg -on-um, s. [Gr. kallos— beauty; gony— a 
knee, a joint.] 

Bot.: A genus of plant shrubs belonging to the 
Polygonace®. They are leafless plants, with small 
flowers. The branches are jointed, dichotomous. 
The fruit is a large, four-cornered nut. The root of 
Calligonum Pallasia, a leafless shrub found in the 
sandy steppes of Siberia, furnishes from its roots, 
when pounded and Soiled, a gummy, nutritious 
substance like tragacanth, on which the Calmucks 
feed in times of scarcity, at the same time chewing 
the acid branches and fruit to allay their thirst. 
(Bindley * Veg. Kingd.) 

cal-ll-graph , s. The name given to a mechan¬ 
ical device for printing, much used in this country 
in business letter-writing; a species of type-writing 
machine. It is operated by means of a key-board, 
as are most of the devices of this nature. [See 
Typewrites.] 

cal-llg -raph-er, s. [Gr. kalligraphos=& fine or 
beautiful writer; kallos— beauty; kalos= beautiful, j 
One who writes a fine or beautiful hand. 

cal-11-graph-Ic, *cal-ll-graph'-Ick, *cal-li- 
graph -I-cal, a. [Gr. kalligraph(os)=a fine writer, 
and Eng. suff. -ic, -ical.] Of or pertaining to callig¬ 
raphy, or fine handwriting. 

“At the end is an inscription importing the writer** 
name, and his excellence in the calligraphic art.” — War- 
ton: Hist, of E. P. 

cal-llg'-raph-lst, s. [Gr. kalligraph(os) =a fine 
writer, and Eng. suff. -ist.] One who writes a beauti¬ 
ful hand; a calligrapher. 

cal-llg'-raph-y, cal-Ig-raph-^, s- [Fr- callig¬ 
raphic', Gr. kalligraphia; from _ kallos = beauty, 
fcoe?os=beautiful, and graphe = writing, grapho— to- 
write.] Beautiful or fine handwriting. 

“My caligraphy, a fair hand, 

Fit for a secretary.” 

Ben Jonson: Magnetic Lady, iii. 4. 

cal-ll-man-co, s. [Calamanco.] 
cal-li-mor-pha, s. [Gr. kallos, and morphea 
form.] 

Entom.: A genus of lepidopterous insects belong¬ 
ing to the Nocturna (Moths), and the family Litho- 
siid® of Stephens. Callimorpha Jacobcea i? the- 
Pink Underwing, a very beautiful moth, havinj* tile- 
upper wings greenish-black with two pink spots hud 
a dash of pink, the lower ones almost entirely pink ; 
head, thorax, abdomen, and legs black. Expansion 
of wings, 1V% inches. Larv® found in June, feeding 
on Senecio Jacobcea (Ragwort), and S. vulgaris: 
(Groundsel). 

call-Ing, ‘call-jrng, ‘call -jfnge, pr.par., a. & 
s. [Call, u.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the- 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Biter ally : 

1. A crying out loudly ; a cry, a shout. 

“ Callynge or clepynge, Vocacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*2. A proclamation. 

“ Thurgh the cuntre of Caldee his callyng con epryng.” 

E. E. Allit. Poems: Cleanness, 1362. 

3. The cry of animals. 

“Where he had herd . . . the callynge of the oxen, 
at the plowghe.”— Maundeville, p. 184. 

4. The act of summoning; a summons. 

“What, stand’ st thou still, and hear 1 at such a calling.”— 
Shakesp.: Henry IV.Pt, I. ., ii. 4. 

*5. An invitation. 

“Callynge or clepynge to mete. Invitacio.” — Prompt 
Parv . 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or^ wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



calling-crabs 


711 


calm 


6. The act of convoking an assembly, (Generally 
vyith the adv. together .) 

“A Bill for the frequent calling and meeting of Parlia¬ 
ments.”— MacaulayHist. Eng., ch. xx. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A divine or preternatural summons to any office 
or duty. 

“ Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy call¬ 
ing.” —2 Tim., i. 9. 

“Niebuhr regards Manlius as one of those strong- 
minded men who have received a calling to be the first 
among their country men.”— Lewis: Credibility of the Early 
Roman Hist. (1856), ch. xiii., pt. i., § 4, vol. ii., p. 370. 

2. That duty or position to which one is called; 
one’s occupation or profession, implying that every¬ 
one who discharges the functions of any profession 
or vocation in the world has a call or summons, we 
presume a divine one, to undertake it, or he could 
not have succeeded in doing so in an efficient 
manner. 

"... should be permitted, on taking the Oath of 
Allegiance, to resume any calling which he had exercised 
before the Revolution.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

IT In this sense it is even loosely applied to other 
than human beings. 

“One English fireship had perished in its calling.” — 
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

*3. Position, rank. 

“ I am more proud to be Sir Rowland’s son, 

His youngest son, and would not change that calling 
To be adopted heir to Frederick.” 

Shakesp.: 4s You Like It, i. 2. 
*4. The persons of any occupation or profession. 

“It may be a caution to all Christian churches and 
magistrates, not to impose celibacy on whole callings." — 
Hammond. 

*5. One’s name, title, or designation. 

IT For the meanings of the noun in combination 
with the various adverbs and prepositions, see the 
verb. 

calling-crabs, s. pi. [So named because they put 
out one of their claws, which is proportionately 
very large, as if they beckoned another animal to 
come to them, their real intention however being to 
threaten it if it venture to approach.] The name 
given to crustaceans of the genus Gelasimus. They 
belong to the tribe Brachyura (Short-tailed Crusta¬ 
ceans), and the sub-tribe Catometopa, sometimes 
made a family Ocypodid®. 

calling-hares, s. pi. A name given to the ro¬ 
dents of the family Lagomyd®, and specially of the 
typical genus Lagomys. They do not differ to any 
great extent in size, and there is no visible tail. 
They are found in North America, Russia and 
Siberia. ( Nicholson .) 

cal-li-6-don, s. [Gr. hallos = beauty; odous, 
genit. odontos= a tooth.] 

Ichthyol.: A genus of Chmtodontid®, in which 
the mouth is obliquely vertical, the profile obtuse, 
and the caudal fins enormous and truncate. 

cal-ll-6-n^m-I'-nae, s. pi. [ Callionymus , one of 
the genera.] 

Ichthyol.: A sub-family of the Gobidse, or Gobies, 
in which the head and body are depressed, and the 
ventral fins distinct and very large. 

cal-ll-on-fm-us, s. [Gr. fcaBos=beauty; onoma 
= a name.] . „ , ... 

Ichthy.: The Dragonets, a genus of fishes of the 
family Gobidw, or Gobies, the typical one of the 
sub-family Callionymin®. The anterior dorsal fin, 
supported by a few setaceous rays, is frequently 
very elevated; the second dorsal and anal are 
elongated. 

C al-lI-6-pe, s. [Lat. Calliope; Gr. kalliope= 
the beautiful-voiced; kallos= beauty; ops, genit. 

° P lfAfwth?;’i'he chief of the Muses, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne (Memory), who presided 
over eloquence and heroic poetry. She was the 
mother of Orpheus. . , , , 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the twenty-second found. 

It was discovered by Hind, on the 16th of Novem¬ 
ber, 1852. „ l_.il •, v 1 , 

3. Music: A senes of steam whistles, pitched to 
produce musical notes, grouped together and oper¬ 
ated by a key-board. The instrument is much in 
evidence in the traveling circus of this country, and 
is sometimes placed on steamboats for the delec¬ 
tation of passengers and the astonishment of the 
natives along shore. It is an American device. 

cal-ll-pep'-la, s. [Gr. kallypeplos = beautifully 
robed.] An American genus of crested quails of 
the subfamily Odontophorinse (q.v.). The best- 
known species is the scaled or blue quail, 
cal -llp-ers, s . [Calipees.] 

“ Callipers measure the distance of any round, cylin- 
dric conical body ; so that when workmen use them, 
they open the two points to their prescribed width, and 
turn so much stuff off the intended place, till the two 
points of the callipers fit just over their work.”— Moxon: 
Mechanical Exercises. 


cal-li-sau-rus, s. [Gr. hallos, and sauros = a 
lizard, a saurian.] 

Zo6l.: A genus of the great-bellied or frog-lizards, 
Agamid®. It contains the C. draconoides of Blain- 
ville. 

cal-lls-theh-ic, eal-Is-then'-ic, a. [Gr. hal- 
listhenes=adorned with strength; kallos= beauty; 
fcaZos=beautiful, fine; sfhewos=strength; Fr . callis- 
thenie. ] Pertaining to callisthenics. 

cal-lls-then -ics, cal-Is-then'-ics, s. pi. [Gr. 
kallisthenes = adorned with strength; hallos — 
beauty; sthenos =strength.] The art or science of 
healthful exercise for the body and limbs, to pro- 
moto gracefulness and strength. 

cal-lls'-tus, s. [Gr. hallistos, super, of halos= 
beautiful.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, belong¬ 
ing to the family Carabid®. It is a beautiful beetle 
of about a quarter of an inch long, with a greenish" 
black head, a reddish-yellow thorax, and yellow 
elytra with six reddish-black spots. 

cal-ll-tham'-ni-on, s. [Gr. hallos — beauty; 
thamnion= a little bush; thamnos=a bush.] 

Bot.: A genus of Ceramiace® (Florideous Algee), 
containing a large number of species, some com¬ 
mon, many rare. The favelke are naked, and the 
tetraspores are tetrahedrally arranged. {Griff. <& 
Henfrey.) 

cal'-li-thrlx, s. [Gr. hallos, and thrix, genit. 
fric/i. 08 =hair.] 

Zo&l.: The Cercopithecus sabceus, or Green 
Monkey, a species very common in menageries. 

cal-lit-rlch-a-ge-se, s. pi. [Eng. callitriche, and 
noin. fem. pi. suff.-acece.] 

Bot.: The Starworts, a genus of small aquatic 
plants, with simple entire opposite leaves and mi¬ 
nute unisexual axillary flowers. The genus has been 
most frequently associated with other minute 
flowered aquatic plants, under Haloragea, but, 
more recently, it has been proposed, upon more 
plausible grounds, to consider it as a much-reduced 
aquatic Euphorbiacea. C. aquatica is common in 
our ponds and still waters, and is found in most 
parts of the world. 

cal-llt'-rlch-e, s. [Gr. hallos, and thrix, genit. 
tricho8= hair.] 

Bot.: Water Starwort, a genus of aquatic plants, 
the typical one of the order Callitrichace® (q. v.). 

cal-ll -tris, s. [Corrupted from Gr. kallistos= 
most beautiful, superlative of fcahjs=beautiful.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, natural order Conifer®. 
Callitris quadrivalvis is believed by Lindley to 
furnish sandarach. Consequently it is called the 
Sandarach-tree. It is from Barbary, where its 
hard and durable mahogany-like wood is exten¬ 
sively used in the construction of mosques. 

cal-o ma-nl-?,, s. [Gr. halos= beautiful, and 
mania— madness.] Pathol.: Beauty madness; a 
monomania in which the patient imagines herself 
to be endowed with extraordinary grace and beauty. 

cal-15-rhyn’-chus, s. [Gr. hallos= beauty, rhyn- 
chos=a snout.] 

Ichthyol.: A genus of fishes having the snout ter¬ 
minating in a fleshy lobe, which curves over in front 
of the mouth, and caudal fin surrounding the sides 
of the tail, which is pointed. 

cal-los -I-ty, s. [Fr. callositS; Lat. callositas.) 
A kind of swelling or hard skin on any part of the 
body; preternatural hardness of skin, such as is 
caused by hard labor. 

“ The surgeon ought to vary the diet of his patient, as 
he finds the fibers loosen too much, are too flaccid, and 
produce funguses; or as they harden, and produce callos» 
ities; in the first case, wine and spirituous liquors are 
useful, in the last hurtful.”— Arbuthnot: Chi Diet. 

cal-16 -SO, in compos. [From Lat. callmus = witli 
a hard skin ; callum=hardened skin.] \N ith a hard 
skin. 

calloso-serrate, a. 

Bot.: Having serratures which are also callosi¬ 
ties. ( Treas. of Bot.) 
cal-lo-sd -mg, s. [Calosoma.] 
cal-lo't, s. [Calotte.] 
cal -lour, a. [Caller, a.] 

cal -lous, a. [Fr. caffewa;=thick or hard-skinned; 
Lat. callosus, from callus, callum= a hard skm; 
calleo=to have a hard or thick skin.] . 

1. Lit.: Having the skin or outer covering hard¬ 
ened; indurated. 

“ In progress of time, the ulcers became sinuous and 
eallous, with induration of the glands.”—W iseman. 

2. Fig.: Unfeeling; hardened in feeling. 

«... duped into the belief that divine grace had 

touched the most false and callous of human hearts. — 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

cal'-lous-ljf, adv. [En g. callous; -ly-] In a cal¬ 
lous manner. {Lit. <& fig.) _ 


cal -lous-ness, s. [Eng. callous; -ness.] 

1. Lit.: The state of having the skin or outer 
covering hardened; induration of the fibers. 

“ The oftener we use the organs of touching, the more 
of these scales are formed, and the skin becomes the» 
thicker, and so a callousness grows upon it.” — Cheyene. 

2. Fig.: The state of being hardened in feeling ; 
insensibility. 

“ . . . but there were instances when this seeming- 
callousness struck the observer as being inexpressibly- 
shocking.” —London Daily Telegraph, Jan. 28,1881. 

teal-low, *cal-u, *cal-ugh, *cal-ewe, *cal- 
ouwe, a. [A. S. calu; Dut. haal; Sw. leal; Ger. 
hahl; Sp., Port., & Ital. calvo, all^bald, from Lat- 
calvus .] 

*1. Bald. 

“A man of whos heed heeris fleten awei is calu.” — 
Wycliffe: Levit., xiii. 40. {Purvey.) 

2 . Unfledged, destitute of feathers. 

“ The egg, that soon 

Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed 
Their callow young.” Milton: P. L., vii. 420. 

“ The callow throstle lispeth.” 

Tennyson: Claribel. 

cal-lu-ng, s. [From. Gr. hallynd—to make beau¬ 
tiful.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Ericace® (Heaths). 
Calluna vulgaris, sometimes called the Ling, is the- 
Common Heath or Heather. Ornamental varieties 
are sometimes grown in gardens, in which it forms, 
an excellent edging for flower-pots. Its twigs are* 
also made into brooms. The plant is astringent, 
and is employed both by laundrymen and dyers, 
and the flowers are very attractive to bees. 

fcal -lus, s. [Lat. callus= a hard or thickened- 
skin.] 

1. Med.: Any unnatural hardening of the skin, 
arising from friction or pressure. 

“A callus extending up the forehead.” — Pennant: 
ZoOlogy, ii. 494. 

2. Anat.: An osseous formation serving to join, 
the extremities of broken bones. 

3. Bot.: A leathery or hardened thickening on a. 
limited portion of an organ. 

calm, calme {l silent), a. & s. [Fr. calme; Prov- 
chaume=a resting-time for flocks; O. Fr. chaumer 
=to be at rest; Low Lat. cauma— heat of the sun; 
Gr. kauma=great heat; kaio= to burn; Sp., Port. 
& Ital. calma; Dut .halm. The radical meaning i» 
thus a rest during the heat of the day.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Of the elements: Still, quiet, serene; undia. 
turbed by any wind or other cause. 

“ As the wilde wode rage 
Of windes maketh the see salvage, 

And that was calme bringeth into waive,” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., iii. 230. 

“ The seas waxed calm.” 

Shakesp.: Com. of Errors, i. L 

2. Of human beings: Quiet in manner or temper¬ 
ament ; unexcited in gesture or language. 

“ And, not dispraising whom we praised (therein 
He was as calm as virtue), he began 
His mistress’ picture.” Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 5. 

“ Tamed are the warrior’s pride and strength, 

And he and earth are calm at length.” 

Hemans: Alaric in Italy. 

3. Of things: Undisturbing, quieting, soothing, 
quiet in tone or language. 

“ All is calm in this eternal sleep.” 

Pope: Eloisa to Abelard, 313. 

“ . . . ’mid the calm, oblivious tendencies 
Of nature, . . .” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Of the elements: Stillness, quiet. 

“ And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm.” 

— Mark iv. 39. 

“ A motion from the river won 
Ridged the smooth level, bearing on 
My shallop thro’ the star-strewn calm.” 

Tennyson: Recol. of the Arabian Nights. 

2. Of human beings: Quietness in temperament 
or actions, serenity. 

“ Our bloods are now in calm." 

Shakesp.: Troil. & Cress, iv. L 

3. Of things generally: Quietness, peacefulness, 
freedom from disturbance. 

“ Thy life a long dead calm of fix’d repose.” 

Pope: Eloisa to Abelard, 251. 

II. Meteor, db Hydrol.: In the same sense as B. 1. 
A part of the Atlantic immediately north of the 
equator, intermediate between the regions swept 
by the north-east and south-east trade winds, is 
called the Region of Calms. It varies in extent and 
position, being affected by the annual course of that 


boy: pout jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, ?hin, ‘bench; go, gem, thin, this; 
-cia’n, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -clous. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-sious = shixs. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del- 






calm-browed 


712 


calosoma 


-sun. The calm within the area is not perpetual; 
it is disturbed for a brief period every day by a 
passing squall. 

Blair thus discriminates between tranquillity, 

f \eac u and calm: Tranquillity respects a situation 
ree from trouble, considered in itself; peace , the 
same situation with respect to any causes that 
might interrupt it; calm with regard to a disturbed 
situation going before or following it. A good man 
cnjcvs tranquillity in himself, peace with others, 
and calm after the storm. (Blair: Led. on Rhetoric 
and Belles Lettres (1817), vol. i., p. 231.) 

cairr-browed, a. With a brow undisturbed by 
care or excitement. 

calm weather, *calme wedyr, s. A calm at sea, 
a dead calm. 

“ Calme wedyr Malacia, calmacia, C. F.”— Prompt. 
Pare. 

calm, *calme (7 silent), %. i. & t. [Calm, s.] 
Intrans.: To become quiet, or still. 


calm’-y (l silent), a. [Eng. calm; -y.] Calm, 
peaceful, quiet. 

“Six calmy days and six smooth nights -we sail.” 

Pope; Homer's Odyssey, bk. xv., 511. 

cal-o'-tjer-a, s. [Gr. ka7os=beautiful; keras= a 
horn.] 

Bot.: A genus of Clavariei (Hymenomyatous 
Fungi), differing from Clavaria in the subcarti- 
laginous texture and viscid hymenium. C. visgosa, 
which occurs on decayed pine stumps, is one of the 
most beautiful fungi. (Griffith & Henfrey ) 

cal-o-chor'-tus, s. [Gr. halos- beautiful, chortos 
— grass.] 

Bot.: A genus of beautiful bulbous plants, order 
Liliace®. They are natives of Colombia, Mexico, 
&c. They have tunicated bulbs, and produce rigid 
ensiform leaves, and an erect scape, supporting a 
few large showy flowers, which are racemosely 
arranged, and remain open for several days. Calo- 
chortus venustus is one of the handsomest. (Treas. 
of Bot.) 


caloric engine, s. The name given by Ericsson 
to his hot-air engine. 

caloric paradox, s. The assumption by drops 
of water, when thrown on a hot metallic surface, of 
the spheroidal form, each liquid spheroid, being 
surrounded by an atmosphere of its own vapor, 
which prevents it from being properly in contact 
with the metal. It is called also Leidenfrost's phe¬ 
nomenon. 

fcal or-itj’-l-ty, s. [Lat. calor (genit. caloris) = 
heat; Eng. suff. -ity.) A faculty in living beings of 
developing heat to resist external cold. (Dana.) 

calor'-I-duct, s. [Lat. calor (genit. caloris j = 
heat; ductus=a leading, a duct; duco= to lead.] 
A pipe or passage for conducting heat. 

cal -6-rie, s. [Fr.] The same as calory (q. v.}. 

tcal-br'-I-fer, a. [Lat. calor (genit. caloris) — 
heat; fero=to bear, carry.] Carrying or conduct¬ 
ing heat. 


Than gan it to calme and clere all aboughte.” 

Deposit, of Rich. II., p. 27. 

B. Transitive: 

1. Of the elements: To render still or quiet. 

2. Of human beings: To pacify, appease, soothe, 
tree from excitement. 

“ To calme the tempest of his troubled thought.” 

Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 3. 

** * Oh, calm thee. Chief!’ the Minstrel cried.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 13. 

calm'-a-tive, s. & a. 

1. As substantive: Any medicine or agency for 
soothing or calming the nerves; an anodyne or 
hypnotic. 

2. As adjective: Having a tendency to soothe or 
■c aim. 

calmed (l silent), pa.par. & a. [Calm, v.~\ 
calm'-er (l silent), s. [Eng. calm; -er.] He who 
or that which calms or quiets; a soother, a sedative. 

“Angling was, after tedious study, a rest to his mind, 
a cheerer of his spirits, £, diverter of sadness, a calmer of 
unquiet thoughts, a moderator of passions, a procurer of 
contentedness.”— I. Walton: Complete Angler. 

*ealm'-er-age (age as i&), a. [Cammeraige.] 
Of or belonging to cambric. 

“ Ane stick of calmerage claitht.”— Aberd. Reg. 

calmes, caums (pron. cam§), s. pi. [Etym. 
■doubtful. Jamieson suggests Ger. quernen, beque- 
men— to fit, prepare.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A mold; a frame, for whatever purpose. Thus 
it is used for a mold in which bullets are cast. 

"Euerie iandit man within the samin, sail haue an 
hagbute of founde, callit hagbute of crochert, with thair 
calmes. bullettis and pellokis of leid or irne, with pouder 
connenient thairto, for euerie hundreth pnnd of land, 
that he hes of new extent.”— A-.tc o. V., 1540, c. 73, ed. 
1566, c. 194. 

2. A name given to the small cords through which 
the warp is passed in the loom. Synon. with heddles 
(q. v.), 

Ii. Fig.: Csed to denote the formation of apian 
or model. 

“The matter of peace is now in the caulms; i. e., they 
are attempting to model it.”— Baillie's Lett., ii. 197. 

If Caum, sing., is sometimes used, but more rarely. 
Anything neat is said to look as if it had been 
“ casten in a caum.” (Scotch.) 

*cal-mewe, s. [Colmose.J 
calm '-lug (l silent), pr. par., a. & s. [Calm, u.] 
A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb, 

C. Assubst.: The act of quieting or making calm, 
calm'-lj? (l silent), adv. [Eng. calm; -ly.j In a 
•calm or quiet manner. Said — 

1. Of the elements: 

" In nature, things move violently to their place, and 
talmly in their place; so virtue in ambition is violent, in 
authority settled and calm.”— Bacon. 

2. Of human beings: 

"Calmly he looked on either life.” Pope: Epistles, x. 7. 
"Is it some yet imperial hope, 

That with such change can calmly cope ?” 

Byron: Ode to Napoleon. 

calm '-ness (7 silent),*. [Eng. calm; -ness.) The 
«tate of being calm. Said — 

" Of the elements: 

“ Calmness silver’d o’er the deep.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, x. 108. 

2- Qf human beings: 

“Defend yourself 
By calmness or by absence.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., iii. 2. 

"Could this mean peace ? the calmness of the good ! 

Or guilt grown old in desperate hardihood V’ 

Byron: Lara, i. 24. 


Cal-6-den'-dron, s. [From Gr. fca7os=beautiful, 
and dendron— a tree.] 

Bot.: A genus of Hu face® (Rueworts). Caloden- 
dron capense is a tree with beautiful flowers and 
leaves, a native of the Cape of Good Hope. 

cal-o'-der-a, s. [Gr. 7sa7os=beautiful; deros= a 
skin.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, belong¬ 
ing to the family Staphylinid®. 

cal-o-dra'-con, s. [From Gr. 7to7os=beautiful, 
and drakon—dragon . ] 

Bot.: A genus of Liliace®. Calodracon Jacquinii, 
sometimes called Dracaena ferrea and terminal is, is 
often seen in hothouses, where it is prized for its 
bright red leaves. Other species are cultivated for 
their variegated leaves. 

cgt-loe'-nas, s. [Gr. halos = beautiful, and 
oinas, rock-pigeon.] A genus of pigeons contain¬ 
ing but one species (Caloenas nicobarica), inhabit¬ 
ing India. It possesses plumage of brilliant colors. 
*cal-og'-raph-y, s. [Caligraphy.] 
caT-O-mel, s. [In Fr. calomel; Ger. kalomel; 
from Gr. k.dos=good, beautiful, and me7as=black; 
from the qualities and color of the ASthiops min¬ 
eral, or black sulphuret of mercury, to which the 
name was originally applied.] 

1. Pharm.: Mercury sub-chloride, Hg 2 Cl 2 - For 
its preparation see mercury. It is insoluble in 
water, and blacked by ammonia. It is used in liver 
complaints, and in any of the complaints for which 
mercury internally administered, is indicated. 
Care should be exercised in its use, as it is likely to 
induce salivation. It should be tested to see if it 
contains any mercuric chloride (corrosive subli¬ 
mate), which is soluble in boiling water. 

“ Ha repeated lenient purgatives with calomel, once in 
three or four days.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

2. Min.: A translucent or subtranslucent mineral, 
consisting of chlorine, 1ST, and mercury, 84’9=100. 
The hardness is 1’2, the specific gravity, 6'4S, the 
luster adamantine, tne color white gray or brown. 
It occurs in Germany, Austria, aud Spain. (Dana.) 

cal-o-phyl'-lum, s. _[f romGr. fca7os=beautiful, 
and phyllura, a Latinized form of Gr. phyllon = 
a leaf. Named from the shining loaves, marked by 
fine transverse veins.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Clusiacese (Guttifers). Sepals, 2-4; petals, 4; stam¬ 
ina, many ; style, 1; stigma, peliate-lobed. Flowers 
in racemes, sometimes unisexual. About twenty- 
five species are known, mostly from the eastern 
hemisphere, though a few are from the western 
world. Calophyllum Calaba is the Calaba-tree of 
the West Indies and of Brazil. [Calaba.] C.ino- 
phyllum, from the East Indian and Malayan regions, 
is a large tree sometimes 100 feet high. Its timber 
is used for masts and spars. A greenish-colored 
rosin from the trunk constitutes a kind of tacama- 
hac. Its seeds furnish a dark-green, thick, sweet- 
scented oil, used in India to burn and in medicine. 
O. tomentosum, of Ceylon, also furnishes timber and 
oil. C. Tacamahaca, on the Isle of Bourbon and 
Madagascar, and C. brasiliense, in Brazil, also yield 
resin. The fruits of C. spurium, of Malabar, and 
C. edule and Madruno, of South America, are 
eaten. 

cal-or'-es-§en§e, s. [Formed from Lat. calor— 
heat, on analogy of calescence, &c.] The change of 
invisible into visible heat. 

"... for the new phenomena here described I have 
proposed the term calorescence.” — Tyndall; Frag, of Sci¬ 
ence, 3d ed., viii. 8, p. 192. 

cal-or'-Ic, s. & a. [In Fr. calorique; Lat. calor 
—warmth, heat, glow; from caleo=to be warm or 
hot.] 

A. Ms subst.: The principle of heat, the natural 
agency by which heat is produced. 

‘‘Caloric expands all bodies.”— Henry. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the principle of heat or 
the natural agency which produces it. 


tcal-or-If’- 1 -g.nt, a.. [Lat. calor (genit. caloris) 
=heat; facio (pass. fio)= to make, cause.] Heating, 
calorificient. 

cal-or-if'-Ic, *cal-or-if-Ick, a. & s. r In Fr. 

calorifique; from Lat. calorificus; from calor 
(genit. caloris) =heat, facio (pass. fio)=to make, 
cause.] 

A. As adj.: Having the property or quality of 
producing heat; heating. 

“ A calorific principle is either excited within the heated 
body, or transferred to it, through any medium, from 
some other.”— Grew. 

*B. Assubst.: An apparatus for conveying or con¬ 
ducting heat in houses, Ac.; a hot-water apparatus. 

*cal-or-lf -i-cal, a. [Eng. calorific; -a7.] Cal¬ 
orific. 

fcgil-or-ifT-ca'-tion, s. [Eng. calorific; -ation.) 
The production of heat, especially animal heat, in 
bodies. 

cal or-I-fi? -l-ent, s. [Lat. calor (genit. caloris) 
=heat; faciens (genit. facientis), pr. par. of facio— 
to make.] _ Having the power or property of causing 
or producing heat; heating. 

cal-or-if'-Ics, s. [Calorific.] The science 
which treats of appliances for producing or com¬ 
municating heat. 

cal-or-im-e-ter, s. [Fr. calor imbtre; from Lest. 
ca7or=warmth, heat, and Gr. metron—a measure.] 
An instrument for measuring the quantity of heat 
which a body 
parts with or 
absorbs when its 
temperature 
sinks or rises 
through a cer¬ 
tain number of 
degrees, or when 
it changes its 
condition. An 
i c e - c alorimeter 
was invented by 
Lavoisier and 
Laplace. It is 
now superseded 
by the mercury- 
calorimeter of 
Favre and Sil- 
bermann, which 
is a very delicate instrument. It is essentially a 
thermometer with a very large bulb and a capil¬ 
lary tube. (See Atkinson: Ganot's Physics; Heat., 
ch. ix.) 

cal-or-i-met -ri c, a. [Eng. calorimetr(y); -xc.] 
Of or pertaining to calorimetry. 

cal-or-im-et-rf, s. [Lat. ca7or=warmth, heat, 
and Gr. metron— a measure.] The measurement of 
caloric in the way described under Calorimeter 
(q. v.). (See Atkinson: Ganot's Physics; On Heat, 
ch. ix. Calorimetry.) 

C3.1-or-i-mo'-tor, s. [Lat. calor (genit. caloris) 
=heat, and motor= a mover; moveo—to move.] A 
galvanic instrument for evolving caloric. 

*ca'-lor mor'-dtc- 3 .n§, s. [Lat. calor = heat; 

mort7iccwis=biting; mordico— to bite.] 

Med.: An old term for the almost burning heat 
of the skin in ardent fevers, which cause: an 
unpleasant sensation on the lingers aftec touch tog 
the patient. (Hooper.) 
cal 6 ry, s. [Lat. calor— beat.] 

Ploys : The unit of heat, being the quantity of 
beat necessary to raise the temperature of a kilo¬ 
gram of water one degree centrigrade. 

cal-5-SO -mil, s. [Gr. halos =beautiful, sorna =a 

body A 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects of the 
family Carnivora ana tribe Carabidcc 



Mercury-calorimetCr. 


Tate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
cr, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, enh, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 







calver 


calostigma 


713 


*Cal- 0 -Stlg mat, s. [Gr. kaZos=beautiful ; stigma 
=a stigma.] 

Bot.: A genus of Asclepiadace®, consisting of 
three species of climbing shrubs, natives of Brazil. 
The calyx is five-parted, corolla bell-shaped, and 
the elongated projecting stigma has a prominent 
apex. 

cal-o-tham -nus, s. [From Gr. A;aZos=beautiful, 
and thamnos= a bush, a shrub.] 

Bot.: A genus of Myrtace®. Various beautiful 
species grow in Australia. 

cal'-6-thrix, s. [Gr. fcaZos=beautiful; thrix= 
hair.] 

Bot.: A genus of Oxillatori® (Confervoid Algee), 
growing in tufts, the filaments forming a branched 
frond, by lying in apposition. C. mirabilis is a 
rare freshwater species found on mosses in small 
streams, teruginous green, growing blackish. 

ca-lot’-rop-is, s. [Gr. kalos = beautiful, and 
tropis= a keel, from the shape of the flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of Asclepiads, consisting of three 
species, which form shrubs or small trees, and are 
natives of the tropics of Asia and Africa. Their 
flowers have a somewhat bell-shaped corolla, ex¬ 
panding into five divisions. Calotropis gigantea, 
the largest of the genus, forms a branching shrub 
or small tree about fifteen feet high, with a short 
trunk four or five inches in diameter. Its flowers 
are of a pretty rose-purple color. Cloth and paper 
have been made from the silky down of the seeds. 
The bark of the roots of several of the species 
furnishes the substance called vmdar, which is 
used in India as a diaphoretic. The juice has been 
found very efficacious in the cure of elephantiasis, 
in syphilis, and anasarca. From the bark of the 
plant is made a substance called Muclarine (q. v.). 
The bark of the young branches also yields a val¬ 
uable fiber. The leaves warmed and moistened 
with oil are applied as a dry fomentation in pains 
of the stomach; they are a valuable rubefacient. 
The root, reduced to powder, is given in India to 
horses. An intoxicating liquor, called Bar, is made 
from the mudar by the hillmen about Mahabulesh- 
war, in the Western Ghauts. 

CA-lo tte, cg,-lote, *cal-lot', s. [Fr. calotte = a 
cap.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A cap or coif worn by ecclesiastics in France. 

“We 

That tread the path of public businesses 
Know what a tacit shrug is, or a shrink, 

The wearing the oallot, the politic hood, 

And twenty other parerga.” 

B. Jonson: Magn. Lady, i. 

*2. Anything shaped like a cap; the hilt of a 
sword. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: A concavity in the form of a cap or 

niche, lathed and plastered, serving to diminish 
the height of a chapel, alcove, or cabinet, which 
otherwise would appear too high for the breadth. 
( Gwilt .) , 

2. Math.: The section of a sphere having a circle 
for its base. 

cal-6-type, s. [From Gr. halos = beautiful, 
and typos — a blow; an impression.] 

Photog.: A process invented by Fox Talbot, by 
which paper saturated with iodide of silver is 
exposed to the action of light, the latent image 
being subsequently developed and fixed by hypo¬ 
sulphite of soda. 

*cal -ouwe, a. [Callow.] 

fca-loy -ers, *ca-log'-er-i, s. pi. [Fr .caloyer; 
from Mod. Gr. kalogeros - a monk; Gr. kalos = 
beautiful, good ; geron, M. Gr. geros = an old man.] 
Ch. Hist.: Monks of the Greek Church, who re¬ 
sided chiefly on Mount Athos, and were celebrated 
for their extreme austerity. 

“ Here dwells the caloyer, nor rude is he, 

Nor niggard of his cheer.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, ii. 49. 

Calp, s. [Etym. doubtful. Probably derived from 
Wei. calch = lime.] 

Chem.: A sub-species of carbonate of lime of a 
bluish-black color with a streak of white; it is 
intermediate between compact limestone and marl, 
cal'-pac, s. (For def., see quotation.) 

“ The calpac is the solid cap or center part of the head 
dress; the shawl is wound round it, and forms the tur¬ 
ban.”— Byron: Note in the Giaour. 

“ Angel of Death ! ’tisHassan’s cloven crest! 

His calpac rent—his caftan red.” 

Ibid.: The Giaour. 

♦caique (l silent), v. t. [Calk.] 

♦calqu'-ing (l silent), s. [Calking.] 
cal -say, s. [Causeway.] 

cal.-shle, a. [Perhaps from Icel. kalsa= to de¬ 
ride.] Crabbed, perverse, cross. (Scotch.) 
♦cal-sounds, s. [Calzoons.] 


♦cal -stocke, s. [Custock.] 

cal-stron-ba r-Ite, s. [Eng., &c. cal(cium), 
stron(tia), barite .] 

Min.: A variety of Barite, found in New York. 
*cal -sy-ddyne, s. [Chalcedony.] 

cal'-tha., s. [Contracted from Gr. kalathos=a 
goblet, on account of the form of the corolla.] 

Bot.: A genus of herbaceous plants belonging to 
the Ranunculace®, distinguished from Ranunculus 
by the absence of a green calyx, and from Helle- 
borus by the absence of tubular petals. Caltha 
palustris, the Marsh Marigold, is a stout herbaceous 
plant with hollow stems, large glossy roundish 
notched leaves, heart-shaped at the base, and con¬ 
spicuous bright yellow flowers, each of which is 
composed of five roundish petals or sepals. ( Treas. 
of Bot.) 

cal -trap, cal-throp, cal-trop, s. [A. S. col- 
trceppe=a thistle; Fr. cZiausse-frape=star-thistle; 
Ital. calcatreppo, calcatreppolo= star-thistle; from 
calcare= to tread, &ndtribolo=a star-thistle, a steel- 
trap ; Lat. tribulus=a caltrop, a thistle.] 

1. Mil.: An instrument also called “crows-feet,” 
formed of four iron spikes, three inches long, joined 
together at their bases, so that, when thrown down, 
one point always stands upward. Used to obstruct 
the advance of cavalry and increase the difficulty 
of a ford. 

“The ground about was thick sown with caltrops, which 
very much incommoded the shoeless Moors.”— Dr. Addi¬ 
son: Account of Tangier. 

2. Her.: [Cheval-traps.] 

3. Bot.: The common name for Tribulus. 

Water Caltrops: A common name for Trapa. 

*cal-trap-pyn, v. t. [From caltrap, caltrop, s. 
(q. v.).] To catch with a hook. 

“ Caltrappyn. Hamo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

ca-lum-ba, ca-lum-bo, ca-lom-ba, co- 
lom'-bp, s. [j Kalumb, the native name.] 

Med.: The root of a plant, Menispermum palma- 
turn, a native of Mosambique, having a very bitter 
taste, and used as a tonic ana antiseptic. 

American calumba: The roots of Frazer a Wal- 
teri, a North American biennial. It is a mild tonic 
usually very grateful to the stomach. ( Lindley.) 

ca-lum'-bine, s. [Eng. calumb(a), suffix -ine 
(Chem.).) 

Chem.: The bitter principle extracted from the 
root of the Menispermum palmatum. 

ca-lum'-bo, s. [Calumba.] 

cal -u-met, s. [Fr. calumet, from Lat. calamus= 
a reed; Fr .chalumeau; 0. Fr. chalemel, from Low 
Lat. calamellus= a little reed.] A kind of pipe for 
smoking used by the North American Indians. The 
bowl is generally of stone, and the stem is orna¬ 
mented with feathers, &c. The calumet is the 
emblem of peace and hospitality. To refuse the 
offer of it is to make a proclamation of enmity or 
war, and to accept it is a sign of peace and friend¬ 
ship. 

*cal -um-ner, s. [Eng. calumn(y); -er.] A cal¬ 
umniator. 

“ To the calumners of Lysimachus he promlseth he will 
not recriminate.”— Christian Religion’s Appeal to the Bar 
of Reason, ii. 38. (Latham.) 

cal-um -ni-ate, v. t. & i. Lat. calumniatus, 
pa. par. of calumnior= to slander; calumnia=a 
slander; from calueo= to deceive. 

A. Trans. : To misrepresent falsely and malici¬ 
ously the words or actions of another; to slander, 
to accuse falsely. 

“He falls again to his old trade of downright calumni¬ 
ating our doctrine.”— Bishop Patrick: Answer to the Touch¬ 
stone, &c., p. 199. 

tB. Intrans.: To spread calumnies about; to 
make false charges. 

“ Created only to calumniate. 

Was Cressid here? ” 

Shakesp.: Troil. & Cress., v. 2. 

cal-um'-nl-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Calumniate.] 

cal-um -m-a-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Calumni¬ 
ate.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: Slandering. 

“ Love, friendship, charity, are subjects all, 

To envious and calumniating time.” 

Shakesp.: Troil. & Cress., iii. 3. 

C. Assubstan.: The act of slandering; slander, 
calumny. 

cal-um-ni-a-tion, s. [Lat. calumniation a 
slandering; from calumnior=to slander; calumnia 
= a slander.] The act of spreading a false and ma¬ 
licious misrepresentation _ of any person’s actions 
or words ; a false and malicious slander. 

“ That which we call calumniation, is a malicious and 
false representation of an enemy’s words or actions, to 
an offensive purpose.”— Ayliffe. 


cal-um-ni-a-tor, s. [Lat. calumniator; from 
calumnior ;.] One who willfully spreads any false 
and malicious calumny or misrepresentation of the 
actions or words of another; a slanderer. 

“This, I know, you will laugh at as well as I do; yet I 
doubt not but many little calumniators and persons of 
sour dispositions will take occasion hence to bespatter 
m.e.”^-Pope: Letter to Addison. 

cal-um-ni-a-tor-^, a. [En g. calumniator; -y.] 
Pertaining to or containing slander; slanderous. 

“Upon admission of this passage, as you yourselves 
have related it in your calumniatory information.”— Mon¬ 
tagu: Appeal to Caesar, p. 17. 

cal-um-ni-ous, a. [Fr. calomnieux .] Falsely 
and maliciously misrepresenting one’s words or 
actions; slanderous, calumniating. 

“Virtue itself ’scapes not columnious strokes.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 3. 

“ . . . warrants were out against him on account of a 
grossly calumnious paper of which the government had 
discovered him to be the author.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. v. 

cal-um'-ni-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. calumnious; -ly.J 
In a calumnious manner; after the manner or a 
calumniator. 

“ Dealing in the case so insincerely, and calumniousty, 
in their informations.”— Montagu: Appeal to Caesar, p. 26. 

♦cal-um'-ni-ous-ness, s. [Eng. calumnious ; 
-ness.] Calumny, slander. 

“The bitterness of my stile was plainness, not calumni¬ 
ousness.” — Bp. Morton: Discharge of Imputations, &c., p. 
227. 

cal'-um-ny, s. [Fr. calomnie; Lat. calumnia= 
a false accusation; from calueo= to deceive.] A 
false and malicious misrepresentation of the words 1 
or actions of another; slander, a false charge. 

“ Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, 

Thou shalt not escape calumny.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. 

T[ It is frequently followed by upon. 

“ It is a very hard calumny upon our soil or climate, to 
affirm, that so excellent a fruit will not grow here.”— Sir 
W. Temple. 

cal-iir-us, s. [Gr. fcalos=beautiful, oura =a 
tail.] 

Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the 
Trogon family, and tribe Fissirostres. The head is 
surmounted by an elevated crest, and the tail- 
covers excessively developed. 

cal-va'-ri-SJt., s. [Calvary.] 

Anat.: That portion of the cranium, or skull, 
which is above the orbits, temples, ears, and occipi¬ 
tal protuberance. Sometimes also called calva¬ 
rium. 

Cal-va-ry, s. [From Lat. calvaria, \calvarium 
=the skull; calva= the bald scalp; caZirus=bald, 
without hair. Calvary (Luke xxiii. 33), is the 
rendering of the “ Hebrew,” i. e., the Aram®an word 
Golgotha=the place of a skull. Cf. Matt, xxvii. 
33, Mark xv. 22, John xix. 17.] The English desig¬ 
nation of the spot upon which the crucifixion of 
Jesus Christ is recorded as having taken place. 

calvary-cross, s. 

Her. : A charge representing the cross on Mount 
Calvary, with three steps, supposed to imply the 
three Christian graces, Faith, Hope, and Charity. 

calve (l silent), v. i. &t. {[Eng. calf ; Dut. kab 
ven ; Dan. halve; Sw. kalfva; Ger. lealben.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Lit. : To bring forth a calf; to bear young. 
(Said of a cow.) 

“ Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow caU 
veth, and casteth not her calf.”— Job xxi. 10. 

*j[ Applied also to other animals. 

“Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the* 
rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds dn 
calve?” — Job xxxix. 1. 

*2. Figuratively : 

(1) To bring forth, bear. (Applied even to inani¬ 
mate things.) 

“ The grassy clods now calv’d: now half appear’d 
The tawny lion, pawing to get free 
His hinder parts.” Milton: P. L., bk. vii. 

(2) Of icebergs : To break off from a glacier which 
has reached deep water. 

*B. Trans.: To bear; to bring forth. (Appliea 
contemptuously or reproachfully to human beings.) 

“ I would they were barbarians, as they are, 

Though in Borne litter’d ; not Romans, as they are not. 

Though calved in the porch o’ th’ capital.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., iii. 1. 

cal -ver, cal-vur, v. t. & i. [Etymology doubt¬ 
ful. Wedgwood suggests Scotch callour or callar— 
fresh.] 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = sh?in. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





calver 

A. Trans.: To cut salmon into thin slices, while 
Sresh, and then pickle these. 

* Calvur as samoon, or othyr fysshe.”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ My foot-boy shall eat pheasants, calvered salmons.”— 
Ben Jonson: Alchemist, ii. 1. 

"Provide me then chines fried, and the salmon 
ealver’d.” — Killigrew. Parson’s Wedding (1664). 

B. Intrans.: To bear being so sliced and pickled. 
“His flesh [the grayling’s], even in his worst season, is 

so firm, and will so easily calver, that in plain truth he 
is very good meat at all times.” — Cotton: Complete 
Angler. 

calv -er (l silent), s. [Eng. calve, v.; and suff. 
-er.] A cow with calf. (Scotch.) 

cal’-ver-ed, pa. par. or a. [Calver, «.] Sliced 
and pickled. 

1[ Calver’d salmon is a dainty celebrated by all 
our old dramatists. “ May’s Accomplished Cook,” 
if that be sufficient authority, gives an ample 
receipt for preparing it. It is to be cut in slices, 
scalded with wine and water and salt, then boiled 
up in white-wine vinegar, and set by to cool; and so 
kept, to be eaten hot or cold (p. 354). It now means, 
in the fish trade, only crimped salmon. ( Nares .) 

“ Great lords, sometimes, 

For a change leave calvered salmon, and eat sprats.” 

Massinger: Guardian, iv. 2. 

"... but even Prince George, who cared as much for 
the dignity of his birth as he was capable of caring for 
any thing but claret and calvered salmon, submitted to be 
Mr. Morley.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 
cal-ver-keys (eys as es), s. [Culverkeys.] 
calves ( l silent), s. pi. [Calf.] 

“ Like heifers, neither bulls nor calves.” 

Lloyd: Charity; A Fragment. 

calves-foot, s. [Calf’s foot.] 
calves-snout, s. 

Bot.: A plant, so called from a fancied resem¬ 
blance to the snout of a calf— Antirrhinum, better 
known as Snap-dragon, or Toad-flax. 

calves-tongue, s. 

Arch.: A sort of molding, usually made at the 
caps and bases of round pillars, to taper or hance 
the round part to the square. 

cal'-Vllle, s. [French, from Lat. calvus = bald, 
smooth-skinned.] A kind of apple. 

calv'-ing (i silent), pr. par., a. &s. [Calve, v. #.] 
A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of giving birth to a calf. 

"I heard of late of a cow in Warwikshire, which in six 

yeeres had sixteen calfes; that is, foure at at once in three 
calvings, and twise twins . . .”— Holinshed: Descript, 

of Engl., bk. iii., ch. 1. 

2. Naut.: 

Of icebergs: The act of breaking or the state of 
being broken off a glacier when the latter reaches 
deep water. Glaciers tend to form on mountain 
tops when the temperature is low enough for the 
purpose. Then they gradually descend, new glacial 
material behind pressing them down. On reaching 
the ocean they are pushed into it, and finally they 
calve or give birth to icebergs, which have an inde¬ 
pendent existence of their own. 

Cal -vin-ifin, s. [Fr. calvinisme. From John 
Calvin, the celebrated reformer, born at Noyon, in 
Picardy, July 10,1509; died May 27,1564. For fur¬ 
ther details see definition.] 

1. Theol.: The tenets of the above-mentioned John 
Calvin. Sometimes the term Galvanism compre¬ 
hends his views regarding both theological doctrine 
and ecclesiastical polity; at others it is limited to 
the former, and specially to his views on the doc¬ 
trines of grace. These are sometimes called the five 
points of Calvinism, or, more briefly, the five points; 
but this latter curt appellation is not sufficiently 
specific, for the rival system of Arminianism was 
also presented by the Remonstrants at the Synod of 
Dort in five points. Those of Calvinism are the 
following: 1. Original Sin; 2. Total Depravity; 3. 
Election, or Predestination; 4. Effectual Calling; 5. 
Final Perseverance of the Saints. (For the rival 
Arminian five points see Arminian.) Augustine, 
Bishop of Hippo, who was born in 354, and died in 
430, held theological views essentially the same as 
those afterward promulgated by Calvin. In addi¬ 
tion to what may be called the doctrines of grace, 
Calvin held the spiritual presence of Christ in the 
Holy Eucharist, but not the doctrine of consubstan- 
tiation. He was thus essentially Zwinglian, and not 
Lutheran. 

2. Eccles.: Calvin’s views of Church government 
were essentially what are now called Presbyterian. 
He held also that the Church should be spiritually 
independent of the State, but was willing that the 
discipline of the Church should be carried out by 
the civil power. This last opinion, followed to 
its logical conclusion, involved him in heavy 


714 

responsibility for the death of his Socinian antago¬ 
nist Servetus, the capital punishment of whom for 
alleged heresy was approved of not merely by Cal¬ 
vin, but by the other reformers, not excepting the 
gentle Melanchthon. No one in those days seems to 
have clearly understood religious liberty. 

3. Ch. Hist.: The work which first made this sys¬ 
tem known to the world was Calvin's Institutes of 
the Christian Religion , published in 1536. In August 
of the same year he visited Geneva, and, at the 
earnest request of Farel, its leading reformer, made 
it his residence. In 1538 both were expelled from 
the city, when Calvin, going to St.rasburg, originated 
the French church there on the model which he 
deemed scriptural. In 1541 he was invited back to 
Geneva, and returning to it was the leading spirit 
there till his death, in 1564. Various Protestant 
churches adopted Calvin’s theological views with 
his ecclesiastical polity; thus Knox carried both of 
these to Scotland, where the first Presbyterian 
General Assembly was held in 1560. 

Bishop Burnet states that the 17th article of the 
Church of England is framed according to St. 
Augustine’s doctrine, which, as stated, is essentially 
Calvinistic. The early reformers of the English 
Church, mostly held his views of the doctrines of 
grace, which prevailed to the end of Queen Eliza¬ 
beth’s reign. Afterward they imperceptibly de¬ 
clined. When the rival system of Arminius was 
brought to trial at the Synod of Dort, in Holland, 
in 1618, the English clerical representatives gave 
Calvinistic votes, notwithstanding which Arminian¬ 
ism took deep root in the English as in various 
other churches. Archbishop Laud was its warm 
friend and advocate, as were the High Church 
party generally, while Low Churchmen continued 
Calvinistic, a generalization which still remains 
fcorrect. The ecclesiastical polity of Calvin was 
embraced by the Puritan party, but never had a 
majority of the< English people in its favor, and an 
attempt in the early days of the Long Parliament 
to set it up, though under the control of the civil 
government, was successful only to a limited extent, 
and for a brief period of time. Most of the clergy¬ 
men whom the passing of the Act of Uniformity, in 
1662, dissevered from the Church, were Calvinists. 

Of the two great English revivalists of the 
eighteenth century, Whitfield was Calvinistic [Cal¬ 
vinistic Methodists], and Wesley Armmian 
[Wesleyan]. 

cal’-Vin-Ist, s. [Fr. calviniste .] A follower of 
Calvin ; one who adopts the theological teaching of 
Calvinism. 

“ The Calvinist is tempted to a false security, and sloth; 
and the Arminian may be tempted to trust too much to 
himself, and too little to God.”— Burnet on the Articles, 
Art, 17. 

cal-vln-ls -tic, *cal-vln-ls'-tlck, *cal-vln-is- 
ti-cal, a. [Eng. calvinist; -ic, -teal.] Pertaining to 
Calvin or Calvinism. 

"... the petty states and republicks abroad, where 
the calvinistic discipline was adopted.”— Warton: Hist, 
of Eng. Poetry, ii. 458. 

Calvinistic Methodists, s. pi. 

Ch. Hist. & Ecclesiol.: A section of the Metho¬ 
dists, distinguished by their Calvinistic sentiments 
from the ordinary Wesleyans, who are Arminian. 
Wesley and Whitfield, the colleagues in the great 
evangelistic movement which did so much spirit¬ 
ually and morally to regenerate England in the 18th 
century, differed with regard to the doctrines of 
grace, Wesley being Arminian, and Whitfield Cal¬ 
vinistic ; the latter revival preacher may be looked 
on as the father and founder of Calvinistic Meth¬ 
odism. Other names, and specially that, of Mr. 
Howell Harries, of Trevecca, should bementioned in 
connection with it. In its distinctive form it dates 
from 1725, but did not completely sever its connection 
with the English Church till 1810. In government 
it is now Presbyterian. Its great seat is Wales. 

cal'-vin-Ize, v. t. [Eng . Calvin; -ize.] To con¬ 
vert to Calvinism. 

calv'-Ish ( l silent), a. [Eng. calf; -ish.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to or like a calf. 

2. Fig.: Silly, stupid. 

“Hewasholden unworthy to be made a parish-priest, 
as having made a calvish answer.”— World of Wonders 
(1608), p. 240. 

“ You seem like to Waltham’s calf, that went nine miles 
to suck a cow; and when he came thither, the cow proved a 
bull; perhaps in your calvish meditation you thought, for 
your pains in advertising the picture-mother, to have 
sucked her dug.”— Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist, p. 14L 
cal-vlt-l-es, s. [Latin, from calwis=bald.] 
Physiol.: The term for the want or loss of hair, 
more particularly on the sinciput; baldness. 

cal’-vlt-y, s. [Fr. calvitie; Lat. calvities .] 
Baldness; absence of hair. [Calvities.] 
calx, s. [Lat. calx, genit. calcis. ] 

1. Glass-making: Broken or refuse glass, which is 
restored to the pots. 


calycophoridae 


2. Chem. & Min.: A kind of ashes or fine powder, 
remaining from metals, minerals, &c., after they 
have undergone calcination by the violent action 
of fire, and have lost all moisture. 

“Gold, that is more dense .than lead, resists peremp¬ 
torily all the dividing power of fire; and will not be 
reduced into a calx , or lime, by such operation as 
reduces lead into it.”— Digby. 

Calx viva: Quicklime, or lime in its most caustic 

Caix extincta: Slacked lime, or lime that has 
been quenched with water after it has been burnt. 

Calcis aqua, or liquor: Limewater; a solution of 
lime in water. 

cal-y-canth-a'-ije-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
calycanthus; and fem. pi. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: An order of Rosal Exogens consisting of 
two genera. The species, which are shrubs, bear 
delightfully fragrant flowers, thrive in open loamy 
soil, and are propagated by layers. 

cal-y-can-them-y, s. [From Gr. kalyx, genit. 
kalykos—SL calyx, and anthemoeis= flowery. J I he 
conversion wholly or partially of sepals into petals. 
(R. Brown, 1874.) 

cal'-y-canths, s. pi. [Calycanthus.] 

Bot.: Lindley’s English name for the Calycan- 
thaceee. 

cal-y-canth-us, s. [Gr. kalyx= a cup, a calyx, 
and anthos= a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
family Calycanthace®. It consists of shrubs with 
opposite, oval, or ovate-lanceolate entire leaves, 
generally rough on the surface. There are but two 
species. C.floridus (Carolina All Spice) is a native 
of the Carolinas; C. abai, or Nobai (Japan All 
Spice), a native of Japan. 

cal-y§-er-a’-§e-se, s. pi. [Calycer(a), and fem. 
pi. suffix -acece.] 

Bot.: A natural order of gamopetalous calyciflor al 
dicotyledons included in Lindley’s Campanal affi¬ 
ance. Herbs with alternate leaves, without sti¬ 
pules, and with flowers collected in beads; calyx 
superior, of five unequal divisions; corolla regular, 
funnel-shaped, with a five-divided limb; stamens, 
five thin filaments united, as well as the lower part 
of the anthers; ovary one-celled, style smooth, 
stigma capitate. The order occupies an inter¬ 
mediate space between Composites and Dipsacaceoe, 
and comprises about twenty species, all natives of 
South America. 

cal-^Q'-er-?,, s. [Gr. fcalos=beautiful; keras=& 
horn.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Calycerace®. They are small annual of 
perennial herbs, from four to eight inches high, but 
possess little interest for any but the botanist. 
cal'-y- 9 e§, s.pl. [Calyx.] 

cal-^§-I-fl6'-rse, s. pi. [Lat. calyx (genit. 
calycis), and flos (genit. floris)— a flower. 

Bot.: A sub-class of exogenous or dicotyledonous 
plants, characterized by having both calyx and 
corolla, petals separate and stamens attached to 
the calyx. 

tcal-^ 9 -I-flo -rous, a. [Calyciflor.®.] 

Bot.: Of or pertaining to the Calyciflor®. 
cal-y9'-I-form, a. [Lat. calyx (genit. calycis), 
forma=iovm, shape.] 

Bot.: In the form of a calyx ; an epithet applied 
to the involucrum when it has the appearance of a 
calyx. 

cal-^'-9in-3.1, cal'-5f-9lne, a. [Lat. calyx 
(genit. calycis)—& case, a bud; Grj kalyx= a seed- 
vessel, a calyx ; suff. -al.] 

Bot.: Of or belonging to a calyx; in the form of 
a calyx; an epithet applied to the scales or thorns 
which are on the calyx. 

cal-]f 9 -I-um, s. [Gr. kalykion= a little cup, from 
the appearance of the reproductive organs.] 

Bot.: A genus of Lichens belonging to the tribe 
Coniothalme®. 

tcal'-y-cle (cle as cel), s. [Lat. calycuius, dim. 
of calyx (q. v.).l 

Bot.: A row of small leaflets placed at the base of 
the calyx on the outside. A partial involucre con¬ 
taining but one, or perhaps two flowers. [Caly- 
cule.] 

fcal'-^-cdid, a. [From Gr. kalyx—a. calyx, and 
eidos=form.] 

Bot.: Calyx like. 

fcal-y — c6id-e-0us, a. [Gr. kalyx —& calyx; 
eidos=form, appearance.] 

Bot.: Having the form or appearance of a calyx, 
cal-yc-o-mls, s. [Gr. kalos= beautiful; kome= 
haii-.] 

Bot.: A genus of C-unoniace®, now called Acro- 
phyllum (q. v.). 

cal-y-coph-or’-I-dse, s. pi. [From Gr. kalyx, 
genit. kalykos—a cup, and phoreo=to bear, to 
carry.] 


■fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



calyculate 

1. ZoOl.! An order of Siphonophora (Oceanic 
Hydrozoa). They are so called because their swim¬ 
ming organs are cup-shaped. Example, Diphyes. 

2. Palceont.: Being soft-bodied, they have left no 
traces of themselves which have yet been detected 
in the rocks. 

cal-yc -p-late, cal'-y-cled, a. [Lat. calyculus, 
dim. of calyx (q. v.)] [Caliculate.] 

tcal -y-cule, s. [Lat. calyculus, dim. of calyx 
(Q- v.).] 

Bot.: A little calyx. A bundle or row of small 
bracts, which forms a verticil immediately beneath 
the calyx, and resembling an exterior calyx ; exam¬ 
ple, the Pink. In the Potentilla the calycule is 
formed by the stipules united two by two, which 
are a dependence of the sepals. 

cal-ym -e-ne, s. [Gr. kalymma= a veil, a cover¬ 
ing; kalypto= to veil, cover.] 

Palceont.: A genus of fossil Trilobites, occurring 
in the Silurian rocks. They appear to have pos¬ 
sessed the power of rolling themselves up into a 
ball, as some recent allied genera do, for the pur¬ 
pose either of safety or of concealment. Calymene 
Blumenbachii is the well-known Dudley Trilobite. 

cal-y-men -l-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cal- 
ymene (q. v.), and pi. suff. -idee.] 

Palceont.: A family of Trilobites. [Calymene.] 
cal -y-on, s. [Calion.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: A hard, round stone. (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

2. Masonry: Flint or pebble stone used in build¬ 
ing walls. 

cal-y-phy -om-y , s. [From Gr. kalyx, genit. 
kalykos= a calyx, andp7i«/o=to bring forth, to pro¬ 
duce.] 

Bot.: Abnormal adhesion of the calyx, to the 
corolla. ( R. Brown, 1874.) 

cal-^P -so, C$l-yp -so, s. [ Gr. kalypsis= a 
covering, kalypto— to cover, conceal.] 

1. Mythol.: The goddess of silence, daughter of 
OceanusandTethys, and Queen of Ogyia, who tried 
by every art to detain Ulysses on his way home from 
Troy. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the fifty-third found. It 
was discovered by the astronomer Luther, on the 
■1th April, 1858. 

3. Bot.: A genus of Orchids, found in this country. 
Calypso borealis is the most beautiful of northern 
orchids. It is a tuberous terrestrial plant, with 
one leaf and one flower only. The rose-colored 
flower appears at the end of a slender sheathed 
stem. The leaf is thin, many nerved, either ovate 
or cordate. (Treas of Bot.) 

C 3 . 1 -fp'-t§r, s. [Calyptra.] 
cal-^p-to-blas'-tlc, s. [From Gr. kalyptos = 
•covered, and blastos=& sprout, shoot, or sucker.] 
ZoOl: Pertaining to those Hydrozoa in which 
the nutritive or generative buds are provided with 
an external protective receptacle. (Allman.) 
calyptoblastic hy droids, s.pl. 

ZoOl: The hydroids above described. It compre¬ 
hends the Sertularians and the Campanularians. 

cg.l-jfp'-to-Hte, s. [Gr. kalyptd=to hide, con¬ 
ceal; suff. -life (Min.) =Gr. lithos— a stone.] 

Min.: The same as Zircon (q. v.). 
cal-^p-to-rhlfn -chus, s. [Gr. kalypto=to hide; 
rhynchos—a beak, or snout.] 

Ornith.: A genus of ',irds of the Psittacidse or 
Parrot family. 

cal-jfp -tra, a. [Gr. kalyptra; from kalypto= to 
hide, cover.] 

Botany: . 

1. Gen.: A hood-like body connected in some 
plants with the organs of fructification. It exists 
in some flowering plants and in mosses. Used 
specially for— 

(1) A number of bracts united to cover the flower. 
Example, Pileanthus. 

(2) A lid or operculum to the stamens. It may be 
made of consolidated sepals or petals. Examples: 
Eucalyptus, Eudesmia. 

2. Spec.: The hood of an urn-moss, covering the 
"top of the theca like a cup. 

cal-^p-trse a, s. [Lat. calyptra; Gr. kalyptra 
= a hood, covering.] ...... 

ZoOl.: A genus of Gasteropods, furnished with a 
patelliform shell, to the cavity of which a smaller 
conical one adheres, like a cup in a saucer. It is 
the typical genus of the family Calyptrseidse. The 
species are called Cup-and-Saucer Limpets. Tate 
estimates the known recent species at fifty and the 
fossil at thirty one, the latter from the chalk, if 
not from the carboniferous formation on till now. 
They are called Bonnet Limpets. 

cal-jrp-trEe -l-dffl, s. pi. [From calyptrce(a), 
and fern. pi. suff. -idee. ] 

ZoOl.: A family of Gasteropods comprising, 
■among other genera, Calyptrsea and Crepidula of 
iamarck. 


715 

Cal-fp-tran'-theg. s. [From Gr. kalyptra — a 
cover, as of a quiver (?), a woman’s veil, and anthos 
= a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of Myrtacese. The species are 
American. The flowers of Calyptranthes aromatica 
might be used for cloves. 

cal-yp -trate, a. [Lat. calyptra; Gr. kalyptra; 
and Eng. suff. -ate.] 

Botany: 

1. Gen.: Having a veil or covering lik a calyptra 
or hood. 

“Such a calx is operculate or calyptrate.” — Balfour: 
Botany, p. 184. 

2. Of a calyx: Bursting on one side at the period 
of falling. Example, Eschscholtzia. (Lindley.) 

cg,l-yp -tri-form, a. [Lat. calyptrci= a hood; 
forma— form.] 

Bot.: Having the form or appearance of a calyp¬ 
tra or hood. 

ca-ly-safj'-Qi-on, s. [From Gr. kalyx= a calyx, 
and sakkion= a small bag.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Clusiaceae (Gut- 
tifers). Only known species, Calysaccion longifo- 
lium. It is from India and China. The flower buds 
are very fragrant. They are used in India for dye¬ 
ing silk yellow and orange. 

cal-ys-te'-gi-a, s. [Gr. kalyx= a calyx, and stege 
= a covering.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the order Convolvu- 
lacese, containing about twelve or fourteen species. 

ca -lfx, s. [Lat. calyx; Gr. kalyx, strictly=any 
covering, but used only of flowers and fruits, i. e. 
(1) a seed vessel,! (2) the calyx or cup of a flower; 
from kalypto— to cover, to conceal.] 

1. Bot.: The outermost integument of a flower, 
consisting of several verticillate leaves, either 
united by their margins or distinct, usually of a 
green color and of a ruder and less delicate texture 
than the corolla. (Link, Lindley, e&c.) When only 
one series of floral integuments is present, that 
single one is considered as a calyx, and not as a 
corolla. The divisions of a calyx are called sepals. 
A superior or adherent calyx is one not able to be 
separated from the ovary ; an inferior or free one is 
actually separate. A calyceolate calyx is one sur¬ 
rounded at the base by a ring of bracts. The term 
testivation (q. v.) may be used of a calyx as well as 
of a complete flower. A calyx is not the same as a 

erianth, the latter being a calyx and corolla com¬ 
ined, as in a tulip or an orchid, and not a solitary 
calyx. A common calyx is called an involucre 
(q. v.). 

2. ZoOl.: The cup-shaped body of a Crinoid or 
that of a Torticella. 

♦cal -zoon§, ♦cal'-sounds, s. [O. Fr. calgons; 
Fr. calegon, calegons; Ital. calzoni; Sp. calzones, 
augment, of Ital. calzo; Sp. calzas; Fr. chausse— 
hose, stockings, from Lat. calceus= a shoe, calx—a 
heel.] Drawers. (Sir T. Herbert.) 

“ The next that they weare is a smocke of caflico, with 
ample sleeves, much longer than their armes; under this, 
a paire of calsounds of the same, which reach to their 
ancles.”— Sandys: Travels, p. 63. 

cam, *kam, *kamme, a., adv. & s. [Gael., Ir., <fe 
Wei. cant=crooked. [Camber.] 

A. As adjective : 

1. Lit.: Crooked, curved. 

2. Fig.: Crooked in temper, perverse, cross, peev¬ 
ish. (Provincial.) 

*B. As adv.: Wrong, out of the right course. 

“This is clean kam. — 

Merely awry.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 1. 

“Against the wooll, the wrong way, cleane contrary, 
quite kamme.” — Cotgrave. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The projecting part of a wheel or curved plate, 
so shaped as to cause an eccentric or alternating 
motion of any required velocity or direction in 
another piece pressing against it. 

2. A ridge or mound of earth. ( Provincial.) 

(Wright.) 

cam-ball, s. & a. 

H Cam-ball valve: A valve acted upon by a cam 
on the axis of a ball-lever, so that, as the float in a 
cistern, the cam may press against the stem of the 
valve and close it, preventing the ingress of water, 
cam-gear, s. & a. 

1[ Cam-gear wheeling: 

Mach.: A certain arrangement of gearing. 

cam-shaft, s. 

Mach.: A shaft having cams or wipers for raising 
the pestles of stamping-mills. It is called also a 
tumbling-shaft or wallower. (Knight.) 

cam-wheel, s. 

Mach.: A wheel so constructed as to move eccen¬ 
trically, and cause an alternating or reciprocating 
motion in another part of the machine. 


camber-beam 

♦cam, pret. of v. [Come.] (0. Eng. & Scotch.) 
Came. 

1. Old English: 

“Tho cam the thridde dais ligt.” 

Story of Gen. & Exod., 114. 

2. Scotch: 

“ The poor Hieland body, Dugald Mahoney, cam here 
a while syne.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. lxiii. 

♦cam -a~ca, s. [Low Lat. camoca, camaca; O. 
Fr. camocas; Mod. Gr. kamouchas .] A kind of fine 
cloth. 

“Your curtaines of camaca.” 

Squire of Low Degree, 836. 

*ca-mail', s. [Ital. camaglio .] 

♦I. Ord. Lang.: A camel. 

II. Technically: 

1. Fabric: A capuchin, or short cloak, sometimes 

made of fur, but probably originally of camel’s 
hair. - — 

2. Mil. (Ancient Armor): A neck guard of chain- 
mail which was added to the bascinet, or head- 
piece, in the time of Edward III. 

Cam-al-du -len-si-an§, s. pi. [From Camaldoli 
or Campo Malduli, a desert spot on the lofty heights 
of the Apennine chain of mountains.] 

Ch. Hist.: A monastic fraternity founded in 1023 
by Romuald, an Italian, at the place described in 
the etymology. It still flourishes, especially in 
Italy. Some are coenobites and others eremites. 

♦cam'-a-mel, *cam'-a-melle, *cam'-9.-mile, 
*cam'-ma-myle, s. [Camomile.] 
cam-ar-a (1), s. [From Gr. kamara— anything 
with an arched cover, a vaulted chamber.] 

1. Bot.: A carpel. 

2. Comm.: The hard, durable timber of Dipteryx 
odorata, a leguminous plant, a native of Guiana. 
(Treas. of Bot.) 

cam'-ar-a (2), s. [Native Guiana name.] The 
same as Ackawar Nutmeg. It is produced by Acro- 
diclidium camara, a species of the Laurel order. 
It is considered in Guiana to be one of the most 
efficacious remedies in colic, diarrhoea, and dysen¬ 
tery. It is a powerful astringent, and has been 
used with great success in the treatment of mucous 
discharges. 

*cam-a-ril'-la, s. [Sp. camarilla=& little room, 
dim. of camara= a chamber.] 

1. The audience chamber or private room of a 
king. 

2. A band or company of conspirators ; a cabal, a 
clique. ( Wright.) 

cam-ar-len -go, s. [Sp. camarlengo= a chamber- 
lain (q.v.).] A high functionary chosen when the 
decease of a Pope is expected not to be far distant, 
to govern the church during the interregnum, and 
to see that irregular practices and all foreign or 
personal influence shall be excluded from the elec¬ 
tion. 

“If the Camerlengo has only moderate abilities, he is 
greater than the Pope, tor he can make the Pope.”— Lon¬ 
don Times, September 28, 1877. 

ca mas'-sI-?L, s. [From North American Indian 
quamash, the name of the plant.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Liliaceee. The 
bulbs of Camassia esculenta are eaten by the North 
American Indians. 

cam'-a-yefi, cam -a-Defi, s. [Cameo.] 

1. [Cameo.] 

2. Painting: A term used where there is only one 
color, and where the lights and shadows are of gold, 
wrought on a golden or azure ground. This kind of 
work is chiefly used to represent bassi relievi. 

camb(l),s. [Comb.] 
camb (2), s. [Cambium.] 

cam-baye§, s. pi. [From Cambay, formerly an 
important seaport, on the gulf of the same name in 
India, lat. 22° 21 N., long. 72° 48 E.] 

Fabrics: Cotton cloth made in Bengal, Madras, 
and other parts of India. (Knight.) 

cam'-ber (1), s. [O. Fr. cambre = crooked. CL 
cam, a.] 

1. (See the example.) 

“ Camber , a piece of timber cut arching, so as a weight 
considerable being set upon it, it may in length of time 
be induced to a straight.”— Mox. Mech. Exer. 

2. Arch.: An arch on the top of an aperture or on 
the top of a beam. 

3. Nautical: 

(11 The curve of a ship’s plank. 

(2) The part of a dockyard where cambering is 
performed. 

(3) A small dock in navy yards, for the conven¬ 
ience of loading and discharging timber. 

camber-beam, s. 

Arch.: That which forms a curved line on each 
side from the middle of its length. All beams should, 
to some degree, be cambered, if possible; but the 


b<nl b6y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, benqh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-cian, -tian = sham, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 






camber-keeled 


716 


camelina 


cambered beam is used in flats and church plat¬ 
forms, wherein, after being covered with boards, 
these are covered with lead, for the purpose of dis¬ 
charging the rain-water. 

camber-keeled, a. Having the keel slightly 
arched upward in the middle of the length, but not 
actually hogged, 
camber-slip, s. 

Bricklaying : A strip of wood with one edge 
curved equal to a rise of one inch in six feet. It is 
used for sinking the soffit lines of straight arches to 
give them a slight rise that they may settle straight. 

*cam'-her (2), s. [Chamber.] 

*camber-maid, s. A chambermaid, 
cam'-ber, v. t. & i. [Camber, s.] 

1. Trans. : To make a beam camberwise or arch¬ 
ing. 

2. Intrans. : To bend or curve camberwise. 

cam'-bered, pa. par. & a. [Camber, s.] Arched, 
curved. {Totten.) 

cam'-ber-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Camber, «.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst. : The act of making a beam cambered 
or arched. 

cam -bi-al, a. [Low Lat. cambialis; from cam- 
bio— to exchange.] Pertaining or relating to ex¬ 
change. 

cam -bi-form, a. [From Lat. cambium (Camb), 
and/or»ia=form, shape.] 

IT Cambiform tissue: 

Bot. Physiol.: Narrow,.thin-walled, elongated 
succulent cells often found in connection with sieve 
tubes in the structure of plants. They are called 
also permanent cambium. {Thom6.) 

fcam'-bist, s. [Fr. cambiste ; Sp. & Ital. cam- 
bista; from Lat. cambio= to exchange.] One skilled 
in the science of exchange; a bill-holder; a money¬ 
changer. 

“ . . . cambist is not only a word of legitimate deriva¬ 
tion, but is also a term much wanted in the English 
language, as there is none other to express the same 
meaning except Exchange, which seems too general and 
indefinite.”— Kelly: Universal Cambist (pref. 1811). 

.cam'-bis-try, s. [Eng. cambist; - ry .] The 
science of exchange of moneys, &c. 

cam'-bl-um, s. [Lat. c«m6mm=exchange, bar¬ 
tering; from cambio— to exchange, barter.] 

Bot. : The viscid substance which appears, in the 
spring, between the wood and bark of exogenous 
trees when the new wood is forming, and again dis¬ 
appears as soon as the wood is completely formed. 
It re-appears whenever the plant is again called 
into growth, as at midsummer, in those species 
which shoot twice a year. 

cambium-sheath, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: An annular layer of formative 
tissue separating the very young cortex of a plant 
from the subjacent tissue. {Thom6.) 

*cam’-blet, s. [Camlet.] 
cam-bd'ge, s. [Gamboge.] 
cam-bo'-gi-g,, s. [Cambodja, or Cambodia, in 
the Eastern Peninsula, from which much of the 
gamboge of commerce is obtained.] 

Bot. : An old genus of plants, order Clusiaceee 
(Guttifers). It is now merged in Garcinia (q. v.). 

*cam-bok, s. [Cammock.] 
cam-boo se, s. [Caboose.] 
cam-bra’-slne, s. [Cambric.] A sort of fine 
linen resembling cambrip, made in Egypt. 

Cam'-bray, fCam'-brai, s. & a. [Altered from 
Camaracum, the Roman name of the city.] 

A. As subst.: A city of France, department of the 
Nord, lat. 50° 10 N. and long. 3° 14 E. 

B. As adj. : Brought from or in any other way 
pertaining to the city described under A. 

Cambray-stone, s. 

Min. : A name for Moss Agate, or Mocha-stone. 

cam'-brel, *cam'-mer-ell,s. [Camber.] Apiece 
of bent wood, by which butchers hang up carcasses 
of slaughtered animals. 

Cam'-bri-an, a.&s. [Lat. Cambria= Wales.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ord. Lang.: Of or belonging to Wales. 

“ Him answer’d then his loving mate and true, 

But more discreet than he, a Cambrian ewe.” 

Cowper: The Needless Alarm. 

II. Geol.: Of or belonging to the series of rocks 
described under B. II. (See the terms Cambrian 
formation, group, or system.) 


B. As substantive: 

*1. Ord. Lang.: A native of Wales. 

II. Geology: 

1. Formerly: In 1835 Sedgwick gave this name to 
some much-disturbed and apparently unfossilifer- 
ous old strata, until then known as “ Grauwacke,” 
which he had traced out in Cumberland and North 
Wales. Just previously, Murchison had fixed the 
term “Silurian” to a series of fossiliferous deposits 
in Shropshire and Wales, known by him afterward 
as the Ludlow, Wenlock, Llandovery, Caradoc, 
Llandeilo, and Lingula groups. These were all 
regarded as younger than, and lying above, Sedg¬ 
wick’s “Cambrian” series; the position, however, 
of the Bala limestone (equivalent to the “Caradoc 
Sandstone” of Shropshire) was mistaken, and con¬ 
sequently the boundary-line provisionally fixed by 
the two observers was misplaced. Fossils charac¬ 
teristic of the “Silurian” were afterward found in 
strata thus placed in the “Cambrian” series, and 
hence the latter name became limited to the lowest 
beds. This nomenclature was generally adopted, 
until Sedgwick, renewing his work, criticized it. A 
better knowledge of the fossils has of late modified 
the classification, as given below. 

2. Now: As defined by Hicks and others, the 
Cambrian is a thick series of slates, schists, sand¬ 
stones, and conglomerates, with both intruded and 
intercalated igneous rocks, linked by similarity of 
fossils, and older than the Silurian series. They 
are found in Wales and elsewhere, contain many 
Trilobites and Brachiopods, with other fossils, and 
are known as: 1. Tremadoc Slates (uppermost); 2. 
Lingula-flags ; 3. Menevian-beds , and 4. Longmynd 
group, consisting of Harlech grits and Llanberris 
slates. The Geological Surveyors (following Mur¬ 
chison) limit the term to the Longmynd Group ; but 
others (after Sedgwick) include all Murchison’s 
“ Lower Silurian ” (Bala and Llandeilo groups) in 
the “ Cambrian.” 

Cambrian formation: 

Geol.: The series of rocks described under B. II. 
Cambrian group : 

Geol.: Lyell’s name for the Cambrian rocks be¬ 
longing to what is more commonly termed the 
Cambrian formation, the word group in this sense 
now tending to obsolescence. 

Cambrian system: The same as Cambrian forma¬ 
tion and Cambrian group (q. v.). 

cam'-bric, *cam -brick (1), s. & a. [In Dut. 
kamerijek; Ger. kammertuch: Fr. toile de Cambrai; 
from Cambray, a town in France, where it was 
originally made.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A kind of very fine white linen cloth. 

“He hath ribbons of all the colors of the rainbow; 
inkles, caddises, cambrieks, and lawns.” — Shakesp.: Win 
ter’s Tale, iv. 3. 

2. A fabric consisting of hard-spun cotton yarn, of 
various colors, in imitation of linen cambric. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or made of the material 
described in A 1. 

“ And cambric handkerchiefs reward the song.”— Gay. 
*cam'-brlck (2), s. [Cammock.] 
cam-bur -a, Cham -bur-p, s. [Brazilian cham- 
buru .] 

Bot.: A plant, Carica digitata , order Pa pay acese 
(Papayads). It is regarded, where it grows, as a 
deadly poison. 

cam’-buy, s. [A Brazilian word.] The native 
name of a fruit derived from a species of Eugenia. 
It is said by Von Martins to be excellent for 
desserts. 

Cam'-den-I-an, a. [From William Camden, 
founder, in 1622, of the Professorship mentioned in 
the example.] Founded by Camden. 

“ He was Camdenian Professor of Ancient History in the 
University of Oxford.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

cam'-dfi-I, s. [From Gael, cam— crooked, and 
dw&A=black.] A kind of trout. {Jamieson.) 
came, pref. of v. [Come.] 
came (l),s. [Comb.] 
came (2), a. [Cames.] 

cam'-cl, *cam-eil, *cam-ail, *eham-ayle, 
*cham-el, *cham ail, *cham-elle, *cam-elle, 
*kam-el, s. & a. [O. Fr. charnel, camel; Sp. & Ital. 
camelo; Gael .camhal; Lat:. camelus; Gr. kamelos; 
from Heb. gimel; Arab, jamal.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: The name given to two animals, 
the Camelus dromedarius and C. bactrianus [Cam- 
eltjs], the former generally called the Arabian 
Camel, or simply the Camel, and the latter the 
Bactrian Camel. 

1. The Arabian species, which has but one hump 
on its back. Of this there are two varieties: Vari¬ 
ety 1 is large and full of flesh, and able on an emer¬ 
gency to carry burdens of 1,000 lbs. weight, though 
500 or 600, or at most8001bs., are a more appropriate 


load. The soft-cushioned foot is admirably adapts© 
to support the animal in traversing the desert, an<£ 
its stomach can be converted into watertamts. 
from which a supply of the precious fluid can be- 
obtained when the animal has no. other method or 
slaking its thirst. So admirably is it adapted for 
the arid wastes, that it has been called the ship of 
the desert. Variety 2 is leaner and of a smaller size. 
It is often called the Dromedary (from Gr. drom_ctS‘ 
=running), the name being given because of it*, 
swiftness. It is unfit to bear heavy burdens, but 
will go one hundred miles a day. It is generally 
used for riding by men of quality. 

2. The Bactrian species, which is stouter and mere 
muscular than the Arabian Camel, from which ifc 
differs in having two humps on its back. 

“Him and Ms men and hire kamel.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,398- 
“ Camelle or cham'elle.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Camels have large solid feet, but not hard. Camelm 
will continue ten or twelve days without eating or drink¬ 
ing, and keep water a long time in their stomach, £ae~ 
their refreshment.”— Calmet. 

II. Technically: 

1. Naut. {PI.): Hollow cases of wood, construct©*® 
in two halves, so as to embrace the keel, and lay 
hold of the hull of a ship on both sides. They ar@ 
first filled with water and sunk, in order to be fixed 
on. The water is then pumped out, when the ves¬ 
sel gradually rises, and the process is continued! 
until the ship is enabled to pass over a shoal or sill. 
Similar camels were used at Rotterdam about 169(1. 

2. Stocking frames: A bar mounted upon four 
wheels, and capable of being drawn forward and! 
backward through a small space. Upon it am* 
mounted the jacks with their springs, and the slur- 
bar upon which traverses the slur by which the- 
jacks are actuated successively. {Knight.) 

B. As adjective : (See tho compounds). 

If Compounds of obvious signification: Camel- 
backed, camel-hide. 

camel-back, s. The name given to a species of 
locomotive engine in use upon some of our Eastero 
railways, particularly among the Appalachian 
mountains. They are a powerful, compound typeof 
machine, and are used principally for heavy freight' 
traffic. The name camel-back is applied on account: 
of the contour of the upper portion of the engine, 
camel-bird, s. A name given to the ostrich, 
camel-insects, s. pi. A name sometimes give© 
to the insects of tho genus, Mantis (q. v.). 
camel-locusts, s. pi. The same as Camei> 

INSECTS (q. V.). 

camel’s-hair, camel-hair, *ca,mel-hare, s. & a.. 

*A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lana.: The hair of a camel. 

2. Fabric: A rough fabric made of the hair of » 
camel. 

“Wit catnelhare was he decide.”— Metrical Homilies, 

p. 10. 

B. As adj.: Made of the hair of a camel. 

“Bees will act like a camel-hair pencil.”— DaruH-ms 
Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. iv., p. 97. 

camel’s-hay, s. 

Bot.: A kind of sweet-smelling rush—the Andre* 
pogon schcenanthtis —growing in Eastern countries, 
camel’s-thorn, s. 

Bot.: A plant , Alhagi Camelorum. 
ca-me-le-oa, s. [Chameleon, j 
cameleon-mineral, s. [Chameleon-mineral.]! 

cam-el-I-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. camelus (q. v.), 
and fern. pi. suffix -idee.] 

1. Zool.: A family of Ruminants, containing th® 
Camels and Llamas. The dentition differs from 
that of the typical Ruminantia. In the upper jaw 
there are three teeth on each side in front separated 
by slight intervals. There are a conical incisor, a 
canine, and a premolar. Then after a gap the rest 
of the molars follow. There are no horns. The 
lower surface of the foot is applied to the ground. 
There are two toes inclosed h skin, and the hoofs 
are reduced almost to the ska of nails. There are- 
two recent genera—Camelus in the eastern hemis¬ 
phere, Auchenia in the western. 

2. PaloRont.: Various extinct genera ofCameiid®' 
have been found in the Lower Miocene and in the- 
Pliocene of North America. In the eastern world, 
no species has been found earlier than the Upper 
Miocene (?) of the Sewalik hills on the flanks of the 
Himalayas. It is a genuine Camelus, C. sivalensis- 

cam-el-I'-na, s. [Lat. From Gr. chamai=on the 
ground, and lmon=Hax.] 

Bot.: A small genus of cruciferous plants (Bras- 
sicacese), containing two or three European and 
North American species. They are dwarf annual or 
perennial herbaceous plants, with stem-clasping: 
leaves, and terminal racemes of yellow flowers. 
I ho most interesting species is the Camelina sativet. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire sir marine- ^5 

ox, wore, wplf, work, who, pin; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, m, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = fcwr! 






cameline 


717 


cameronian 


sometimes called Gold of Pleasure. It is cultivated 
*f©r the fiber and oil obtainable from its seeds. By 
^pressure they yield a clear yellow-colored oil. some¬ 
thing like linseed-oil, and the residual cake has 
ibeen recommended as food for cattle. The fiber is 
9iBed in many parts for making brooms. 

cam'-e-line, a. & s. [O. Fr. cameline; Fr. came- 
Mn; Ital. camellino; Low Lat. camelinus= pertain¬ 
ing to a camel; camelus— a camel.] 
tA. As adj.: Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
samel. 

*B. As subst.: A coarse fabric, made originally of 
©amel’s-hair. [Camlet.] 

“ Dame Abstinence streyned, toke on a robe of came¬ 
line.” Rom. of Rose, 7,366. 

cam-el-i'-ne-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. came- 
Sina , and fem. pi. suffix -ece.] The same as Came- 
linidse (q. v.). ( Hooker & Arnott.) 

cam-el-I’-ni-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. came- 
Una. and fem. pi. suffix -idee.'] 

Bot.: A family, sub-tribe, or sub-section of the 
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae (Crucifers), and the tribe 
«or section Notorhizeae. [Cameline*.] 

*ca-me’-li-on, s. [Eng. camel, and lion.] Appar¬ 
ently used for Camelopard (q. v.). 

“ Camelion, that is, a beest lijk a camele in the heed, in 
■She bodi to a paard.”— Wickliffe: Deut. xiv. 6. 

ca-mel'-li a, s. [From Camelli, a Jesuit, by 
whom the flower was introduced from the East.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants, order Ternstrbmiaceee 
CTheads). It is very near akin to Thea, which con¬ 
tains the tea plant; indeed, some botanists combine 
-the two genera into one. The native countries of 
■the Camellias are the eastern side of the Himalaya 
mountains, Cochin-China, China, Japan and the 
Eastern Islands. 

camelopard (pron. cam -el-lep'-ard), s. [From 
Eat. camelus — a camel; and pardus — a panther. 
He is so named because he has a neck and head like 
-a camel; he is spotted like a pard, but his spots are 
white upon a red ground. ( Trevoux .)] 

Zobl.: A name sometimes given to the Giraffe, 
Camelopardalis Giraffa. [Camelopardalis, Gi¬ 
raffe.] 

cam-el-6-par -dal-is, cam-el-6-par’-daLus, s. 
^Camelopard.] 

1. Zobl. {of the form Camelopardalis): The typical 
-genus of the family Camelopardalidse (q. v.). 

2. Astron. {of the form c a m elopa rdalus): The Cam¬ 
elopard, a northern constellation, first so named by 
Hevelius. A straight line, drawn from Capella to 
the pole-star, passes through its center. 

cam-el-6-par -del, s. [From Eng. camelopard, 
and suff. -el.] 

Her.: An imaginary animal, being a Camelopard 
with two straight horns, more prominent than those 
■of the real Camelopard (the Giraffe). 

cam-el-o-par-dl-dte, cam-el-o-par-dal’-I-dse, 
a. pi. [From. Mod. Lat. Camelopardalis (q. v.), 
ana fem. pi. suff. -idee.] 

1. Zobl.: A family of Ruminants, containing only 
.-one known species, the Camelopardalis Giraffa. 
The dentition is the same as in the Deer. [CAMEL- 

cOPARDALIS.] 

2. Palceont.: Some species of the Camelopardalis 
S>ccur in Miocene rocks in the Old World. 

cam’-e-lot, s. [Camlet.] 

ca-nie -lus, s. [Lat., from Gr. kamelos.] 

1. Zobl.: A genus of mammals, the typical one of 
Ihe family Camelidse (q. v.). The species differs 
•from those of Auehenia in having the toe separate, 
smd in possessing one or two humps on its back. 
JAuchenia.] There are two species, Camelus drom- 
«e darius , the Dromedary or Arabian Camel, and C. 
i>a,ctrianus, or the Bactrian Camel. [Camel.] 

2. Palceont.: [Camelid*.] 

ca-me-nes, s. Logic: A mnemonic word to 
^express a syllogism in the fourth figure, having one 
smiversal affirmative and one universal negative 
jpremise and a universal negative conclusion. 

cam -e-6, ca-mai-eu, ca-may-eu (eu asu),s. 
& a. [Ital. cammeo, cameo: Fr. camfe, camaieu, 
teamayeu ,* O. Fr. camaheu ,* from Low Lat. cama- 
fiutus, camahotus= cammceus altus: cammceus, from 
ai hypothetical Lat. camma, cama—gemma—a gem; 
Fr. gemme; O. Fr. game and gemme; hutus, hotus 
—Ft. haut; Lat. alius. {Mahn .)] 

A. As substantive: 

T. Ordinary Language: 

1. A precious stone carved in relief, such as the 
■rtmyx or agate. The stone used should have two or 
snore layers of different colors, and the art con¬ 
sists in cutting away portions of the stone so as to 
expose these different colors in the various parts of 
■the work to which they are appropriate. Shells, 
especially the strombus or stromb shell, a genus of 
-wing shells, are frequently used for the same pur- 
ipose. 

« will call the attention of our readers to the 
tforms of engraving entitled camaieu. and intaglio. ... 


We refer our readers to Winkelman’s interesting account 
of the celebrated cameos which are handed down to us. 
. . .”—Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 1. 

II The accent is rarely on the second syllable. 

“ Each nicer mold a softer feature drinks, 

The bold cameo speaks, the soft intaglio thinks.” 

Darwin: Botanic Garden. 

*2. Any carved work in low relief. 

II. Painting. [CAMArEU (2).] 

B. As adj.: Salient as opposed to intaglio. 

cameo-incrustation, s. A bas relief cast of a 
bust or of a medal inclosed within a coating of 
white flint-glass. It was first introduced by the 
Bohemians. 

cam’-e-6-type, s. [Eng .cameo; type.] 

Phot.: A small vignette daguerreotype for mount¬ 
ing in a jewel case like a cameo. 

cam’-er-?L (1), s. [Ital. kamera— a chamber; Lat. 
camera —sl vault; Gr. kamara, anything with an 
arched cover, ... a vaulted chamber.] [Cham¬ 
ber.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Any instrument having a dark 
chamber, and especially the camera-obscura and 
the camera-lucida (q. v.). 

2. Law: A judge’s chamber. 

Y To hear a cause in camera: To hear a cause 
privately in the judge’s own room instead of in 
open court. 

3. Naut.: A kind of ship used in the Black Sea. 

camera-lucida, s. [In Ger. kamera lucida; 

from Lat. camera (q. v.), and lucida= containing 
light, full of light, bright; opposed to obscura— 
dark.] An instrument invented by Dr. Woolaston 
in 1804 or 1807, and subsequently improved by Pro¬ 
fessor Amici, of Modena. Its design is to produce 
on a plane surface such a representation of a land¬ 
scape, an object of natural history, or other visible 
thing, as may enable one to delineate it with 
accuracy. In Dr. Woolaston’s instrument there is 
a glass prism of such a form that its base or its 
apex (it is the same with both) has the following 
angles: 90°, 67£, 135°, and 67]. An object placed at 
a proper distance, in a horizontal^ direction, from 
one of the planes inclosing the right angle, will 
send forth rays, which in their passage through the 
prism will be twice totally reflected, and finally 
reaching the observer’s eye, placed near one of the 
acute angles and looking downward, will enable it 
to see the object of which it is in quest depicted on 
a surface placed in proper focus beneath. It is dif¬ 
ficult for the eye, however, to take in both the figure 
and the point of the pencil at the same moment. 
In Professor Amici’s instrument, designed to cure 
this defect, there is a rectangular glass prism with 
one of the perpendicular faces turned, as in the 
former case, to the object which is designed to be 
depicted, while the other is at right angles to an 
inclined plane of glass. The point of the pencil is 
seen distinctly through the inclined glass plate,.and 
there is every facility for tracing the picture. 

camera obscura, s. [In Ger. kamera obskura; 
Fr. chambre obscure; Ital. camera oscura. From 
Lat. camera (q. v.), and obscura, f. adj.=obscure, 
dark.] An instrument of which, as the name im¬ 
ports, the essential feature is a dark chamber. It 
was invented, according to some, by Friar Bacon, 
about the 13th century; but is generally attrib¬ 
uted to Baptista Porta, who published a work at 
Antwerp in 1560 in which it was described. If in the 
window of a chamber from which light is every¬ 
where rigidly excluded a hole is made, about an 
inch in diameter, the rays streaking in will depict 
on the opposite wall a rude picture of the moving 
panorama seen in the street*or any other objects 
which may rest or pass before it. The delineation 
is, however, very shadowy, but may be made better 
defined by placing a double convex lens in the aper¬ 
ture and a sheet of paper in proper focus for the 
picture. The lens will reverse the figures, which 
may he put right again by making the rays fall on 
a mirror at an angle of 45°. Brewster discovered 
that the im¬ 
ages became 
very bright 
b y receiving 
them on the 
silvered back 
of a mirror. In 
the room now 
described are 
all the essen- 
ti al s o f a 
cam era ob- 
scura ; and all 
that is need¬ 
ful is to imi¬ 
tate the pro- Camera Obscura. 

cedure now 

described in an artificial “camera or room 
made small enough to be portable. For the walls 
may be substituted a rectangular wooden box, 
formed of two parts sliding in each other, like the 
joints of a telescope, so as to adjust the focus to 


bodies more or less distant. A tube with a lense is 
fixed in one sid of it, and is turned to the object 
to be represented. The rays entering fall on a mir¬ 
ror sloped at an angle of 45°, which reflect them 
upward to the observer’s eye. It is convenient that 
they may be made to pass through a horizontal 
plate of glass, on which tracing paper may be 
placed so as to enable one to draw the figure if he be 
so disposed, but now this is generally done not by the 
hand but by photography (q.v.). A lid to the. box 
is of use in ridding the observer of superfluous light. 
The improvement in cameras has kept pace with 
rogress in photography. Numerous inventions 
ave had their origin in this country, particularly 
in the line of perfected cameras for tourists, all of 
which are constructed with a view to facilitate the 
process of quick-exposure or instantaneous photog¬ 
raphy. Of this class of instruments the best known 
among us is the Kodak (q. v.). 

There are other forms of camera. One with a 
triangular prism which acts both as condensing lens 
and mirror, and casts downward on a table or screen 
a representation of the surrounding scene or land¬ 
scape. Such an instrument placed on a hill in a 
city, and so adjusted that more or less distant 
objects may be brought into focus, presents a beau¬ 
tiful panorama of the streets with their moving 
population, 
camera-stand, s. 

Phot.: A frame on which the camera rests, and 
which is adjustable to vary the height, horizontal 
resentation, or inclination of the optic axis as may 
e required. 

*cam -er-ade, *cam-er-a'-db, s. [Fr .camarade: 
Ital. & Sp. camerada, from earnera= a chamber.] 

t Comrade.] One who occupies the same chamber; 
ience, a companion, an associate, especially in 
arms. 

“ Comrades with him, and confederates in his design.” 

— Rymer. 

cam-er-al-Is'-tlc, a. [Fr. camfralistique; Ger. 
earneralistik, from Low Lat. cameralista= a money¬ 
changer, financier, from Low. Lat. camera—a vault, 
treasury; Lat. earnera= a chamber.] Pertaining to 
finance or the public revenue. 

cam-er-al-!s -tics, s. pi. [Cameralistic.] The 
science of public finance, or the raising and dispo¬ 
sition of taxes and public revenue. 

cam-er-ar’-I-a, s. [Named after J. Camerarius, 
a botanist of Nuremberg, who died in 1721.] 

Bot.: A genus of handsome flowering shrubs, 
order Apocynaceee. Cameraria latifolia is the Bas¬ 
tard Manchineel-tree. It is so called from possess¬ 
ing properties like those of the True Manchineel 
(Hippomane Manchinella) , which is of the Euphor- 
hiaceous order. 

cam'-er-ate, v. t. [Lat. cameratus, pa. par. of 
camero— to vault; camera—& vault, chamber.] 

*1. Arch.: To build in the form of a vault, to arch 
over or ceil. 

f2.. Zobl. {of shells ): To divide into a series of 
chambers by transverse partitions. 

cam-er-a-ted, a. [Lat. cameratus.] 

*1. Arch.: Built in the form of an arch or vault, 
ceiled over. 

f2. Zobl. {of shells) : Divided into a series of cham¬ 
bers by transverse partitions; chambered. 

“ The camerated and siphoniferous structure of one of 
its constituent parts.”— Owen: Comp. Anat., lect. xxiii. 

cam-er-a’-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cameeate, «.] 
A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

*C. As subst.: The act of building in the form of 
a vault, or of arching over and ceiling a compart¬ 
ment. 

cam-er-a '-tion, s. [Lat. cameratio, from camero 
=to arch.] A vaulting or arching over, the con¬ 
structing of a vault or arch. 

“We have shewed their use where two arches intersect, 
which is the strongest manner of cameration.” — Evelyn: 
On Architecture. 

*cam'-er elle, s. [Low Lat. camerella, dim. of 
earnera= a chamber.] A little chamber, a closet. 

“ A earner elle; camerella.” — Cathol. Anglicum. 
cam-er-6 -nl-an, a. & s. [Called after the Rev. 
Richard Cameron, a noted Scotch Presbyterian 
Covenanter and field preacher, who, entering the 
little town of Sanquhar, in Dumfriesshire, on June 
22, 1680,, boldly issued a proclamation renouncing 
his allegiance to Charles II., and declaring him 
deposed for breach of covenants, tyranny, and other 
alleged crimes- Mr. Cameron was killed in a con¬ 
flict with the military at Airdsmoss, in Kyle, and 
those with him slain, taken, or dispersed. His 
followers became a separate denomination soon 
after the revolution of 1688, and developed into the 
Reformed Presbyterians.] [Reformed Presby¬ 
terians..] 



Mill, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-eian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d?L 















camery 


718 


camp-fever 


A. As adj. : Pertaining to or in any way connected 
with the afore-mentioned Richard Cameron or his 
followers. 

Cameronian regiment: The 26th of the British 
army. [B.] 

“ The Earl of Angus was able to raise a body of infantry, 
which is still, after the lapse of more than a hundred and 
sixty years, known by the name of the Cameronian Regi- 
ment.”—Macaulay: Mist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

B. As substantive: 

Ch. Hist.: A follower of the Rev. Richard Cam¬ 
eron. At the time of his death, his adherents had 
not separated from their Presbyterian brethren. 
They did so, however, after the. Revolution of 1688, 
and became a distinct denomination. Though in 
certain respects they disapproved of the settlement 
then made, yet they considered it a vast improve¬ 
ment on that of the preceding Stuart dynasty, and 
gave it active support. The government of William 
and Mary, in consequence, when in some danger 
from the Jacobites, raised two regiments from the 
Cameronians, one of which Ghat mentioned above), 
still remains part of the British army. [Camer¬ 
onian Regiment.] For the subsequent history of 
the Cameronians, see Reformed Presbyterians. 

tcam'-er-y, s. [Etymol. unknown.] 

Farriery: The frounce, a disease in horses. 

came§, s. [Etym. doubtful; perhaps from cam, 
a. (cp v.)] Small slender rods of cast lead used in 
glazing, twelve or fourteen inches long, of which, 
when drawn separately through a species of vise, 
forming a groove on each side of the lead, the gla¬ 
ziers make the patterns for receiving the glass of 
casements, and for stained-glass windows. ( Gwilt.) 

*Cfi-me§e', s. [Camis.] 

“ Oh! who is more brave than a dark Suliote, 

In his snowy camese and his shaggy capote ? ” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, ii. 72. 

cam'e-ster, *keme-ster, s. [From Scotch came 
i=a comb, and suffix -ster.) A wool-comber. {.Bal¬ 
four.) 

♦cam -i-on, s. [Fr.] 

Mil.: A small three-wheeled cart drawn by two 
men, formerly used to convey ammunition. 

*cam’-Is, s. [Sp. camisa; Ital. camicia; Fr. 
chemise; from Low Lat. camisia— a shirt or thin 
dress.] [Chemise.] A light thin dress of linen. 

“All in a camis light of purplesilke.” 

Spenser: F. Q., Y. v. 2. 

*cam'-I-sade, *cam-I-sa'-dd, s. [Fr. camisade , 
from O. Fr. camise— a shirt.] 

Military: 

1. A shirt or white dress worn by soldiers so that 
they might recognize each other in a night assault 
or sally. 

2. A night assault or surprise, in which the sol¬ 
diers wore their shirts over their armor. 

“ Sit in your shirtsleeves, as if meditating a camisade.” 
— De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), ii. 230. 

“They had appointed the same night, whose darkness 
would have increased the fear, to have given a camisado 
upon the English.”— Hayward. 

*Cam-i-sa rd§, s. [Fr. camisade, from O. Fr. 
camise; Low Lat. camisia .] A sect of French 
Huguenots, who in their war against Louis XIV. 
wore their shirts over their armor. 

cam'-Is-a-ted, a. [Lat. camisa= a shirt.] Hav¬ 
ing the shirt outside the other dress. 


cam -mas, *cam’-as, s. [Probably a native name 

(?).] 

Bot.: An esculent plant, Camassia esculenta, of 
Northwestern America, the bulbs of which are eaten 
by the natives. 


*cam'-mede, *cam -myd, a. [Cam, a.] Having 

a crooked or flattened nose; pug-nosed. 

‘‘Cammyd or short nosyd. Simus.” — Prompt. Pare 

cam-med-nesse, *cham-myd-nesse, s. [From 
Mid. En g.cammyd, and suff. -nes.se.] The quality 
of possessing a short nose. 


“ Chammydnesse (cammednesse, P.). Simitas.” — Prompt. 
Pare. 


*cam'-mer-age, *cam'-or-age (age as lg), 
*cam-roche, s. [From cambray .] [Cambric.] 
Cambric. (O. Scotch.) 

♦cammes, s. [Cames.] (O. Scotch.) 

cam -mock, *cam'-mlck, *cam-m6ke, s. [A. S. 

cammoc; Gael. cam= crooked.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A crooked stick. (Scotch.) 

II. Botany: The name given to several plants, 
enumerated below. 

1. The Rest-harrow, Ononis arvensis , a plant char¬ 
acterized by its long, crooked and strong roots. 
[Rest-harrow.] 

2. Hypericum perforatum. (Britten <& Holland.) 

3. Achillea millefolium. (Britten & Holland.) 


cammock-whin, s. Ononis arvensis. 

*cam-mus, a, [Camous.] 

tcam'-no§ed, a. [Eng. cam, and nosed.] Flat¬ 
nosed, pug-nosed. (Scotch.) 

*cam-ok, a. [Cam (1).] Crooked. (Scotch.) 
[Camy.J 

cam-omille, *cam'-o-mill, cham’-o-mlle, 
*cam -mo-myle, *cam’-6-myle, *cam'-a-mel, s. 
[In Dan. kameelblomst, Tcamille; Dut. & Ger. kam- 
ille; Fr. camomille; Low Lat. camomilla; from 
Gr. chamai-melon = earth-melon. So called from 
the smell of its flower.] The common camomile, 
Anthemis nobilis. [Anthemis.] 

II 1. Blue Camomile: Aster trifolium. 

2. Dog’s Camomile: (1) Anthemis cotula, (2) Ma¬ 
tricaria inodora, (3) Anthemis arvensis. 

3. German Camomile: 

Pharm.: The flower-heads of Matricaria chamo- 
milla. 

4. Purple Camomile: (1) Aster Tripolium, (2) 
Adonis autumnalis. 

5. Red Camomile: Adonis autumnalis. 

6. Roman Camomile: Anthemis nobilis. 

7. Scotch Camomile: 

Pharm.: Anthemis nobilis. 

8. Unsavory Camomile (Unsavory is here = with¬ 
out smell): Matricaria inodora. 

9. White Camomile: Anthemis nobilis. 

10. Wild Camomile: Various species of Anthemis. 

Camomile goldins: A plant, Matricaria inodora. 

cam-or-oche, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. A. S. 

cammec, cammoc, cammic, cammuc =madder-weed, 
bog fennel, red harrow.] [Cammock.] A plant, 
Pontentilla anserina. (Prompt. Parv., p. 204.) 

tea mor -rI§m, s. [Cf. Wei. camoresgyn = to 
usurp.] The usurpation of the authority of law by 
an organization which should be subject to it; com¬ 
plete paralysis of the law so that it forbears even 
to demand obedience. 


Cfi-mi se, s. [Camis, Chemise.] 

cam-let, *cam'-e-lot, s. & a. [Fr. camelot; Sp. 
camelote; ltal. cambelotto; O. Ital. camelotto; 
from Lat. camelus; Gr. kamelbte (dora) = camel’s 
skin or hair; kamelos— a camel.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Rough cloth made of camel’s hair. 

2. A rough fabric composed of wool and cotton, 
or hair and silk, with a wavy or variegated surface. 

“. . . some finer weave of camelot, grogram, or the 
like; . . .”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

B. As adj.: Made of the material described 
under A. 

“They were all in white camlet cloaks.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

cam'-let-ed, *cham-let-ed, o. [Eng. camlet; 
-ed.) Wavy, streaked, or variegated like camlet. 
(Herbert.) 

“The paper become sleek and chamletted or veined in 
such sort, as it resembles agate or porphyry.”— Sir T. Her¬ 
bert: Trav., p. 294. 

*cam’-llne, s. [Camelina.] 

Bot.: Withering’s name for Camelina sativ a (q. v.). 

*cam'-ma-myld, s. [Camomile.] Camomile. 
(O. Scotch.) 

“The clavyr, catcluke, and the cammamyld.” 

Gawain Douglas, 116. 


“ It is not too much to say that law is not so much suc¬ 
cessfully resisted as that it is too completely paralyzed to 
demand obedience . . . But the triumph of camorrism, 
that is the proper word, is complete.”— R. Bagwel: Letter 
from Clonmel in the London Times, January 6, 1881. 

ca-mod-fle t (t silent), s. [Fr. camouflet — a 

whiff.] 

Fortif.: A small mine, with a 10-lb. charge, placed 
in the gallery of a defensive mine to blow in that of 
a besieger. 

*ca'-mous, *ca-mois, *ca-mus, *cam’-mus, 
*ca-moys, a. [O. Fr. camus; Ital. camuso. Cf. 
cam, a.] Flat, squat. (Applied only to the nose.) 

“ Round was his face, and camois was his nose.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,932. 

“ Many Spaniards . . . have not worn out the camoys 
nose unto this day.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*ca’-moused, *ca'-mused, a. [Mid. Eng. camous; 
-ed.) Flattened (applied only to the nose); pug- 
nosed. 

“Though my nose be camus'd, my lips thick.” 

^ B. Jonson: Sad Shepherd. 

*ca'-mous-ly, adv. [Mid. Eng. camous; -ly.) So 
as to be flattened; awry. 

“Her nose some dele hoked, 

And camously croked.” 

Skelton: Poems, p. 124. 

cam'-o-vyne, *cam-o-wyne, s. [A corruption of 
Eng. camomile (?).] 


1. Anthemis nobilis. 

2. Anthemis cotula. (Scotch.) (Jamieson ) 

TT Dog's Camovyne: “Weak-scented Feverfew”— 
either Matricaria inodora or M. chamomilla. 

camp, s. [A. S. camp; Fr. camp; Ital. & Sp. 
campo; Lat. campus^ a held.] 

I. Ordinary Lang uage: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) A field, a plain, a level surface. 

(2) The same as II. 1. 

“ . . . shall one carry fortn without the camp.” — Lev. 
xvi. 27. 

“ Beyond the limits of his camps and fortresses he could 
scarcely be said to have a party.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. i. 


*(3) A division of a settlement. 

“And the children of Israel shall pitch their tenta^ 
every man by his own camp . . — Numb. i. 52. 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) Applied to any level surface, even to the sea, 
as a plain. 

“ To search all corners of the watery camp." 

Sylvester: Du Bartas. 

*(2) The army or number of persons encamped 
together in tents or other temporary lodgings. 

“Both camps approach, their bloody rage doth rise.” 

Sylvester: Du Bartas. 

“ Dismiss thy camp." — Marlowe: Mass, at Paris, ii. 6. 


*(3) An army in the field. 

"... and in this situation, carrying more show 
than real force with it, the camp arrived at Bernice.”— 
Hume: History of England, v. 319. 

(4) Military service, “ the field.” 

*(5) A multitude, a host. 



II. Technically: 

1. Mil.: The space occupied by an army halted 
with tents pitched. 

. (1) Old British Camp: A camp not angular occur¬ 
ring in England is, as a rule, of British origin ; on© 
with angles is presumably Roman. 

(2) Old Roman Camp: A Roman encampment 
was, as a rule, a square, each side of it 2,150 Roman 
or 2,077)4 English feet. Each of the sides had a 
gate. The principia, or principal street, ran from 
side to side, not 
quite bisecting 
each of them. 

In the rear of it 
was another 
one parallel to 
the first. Be¬ 
hind this, part 
of the allied 
forces were en¬ 
camped. In the 
center, between 
the two streets, 
were the quar¬ 
ters of the pree- 
tor command¬ 
ing and his 
staff. Between 
the principia 

and the front of _ _ 

the camp the plan of old Roman Camp, Ar¬ 
il o d y of the doch, Perthshire, Scotland, 
troops were en¬ 
camped. A street called quintana ran parallel to 
the others through the center of this main part of 
the camp, and five streets crossed it at right angles- 

(3) Modern Camps: If not near the enemy, in¬ 
fantry are distributed on dry ground, the cavalry 
near water, the artillery near good roads, the hos¬ 
pital and transport in rear. If near the enemy, 
they are arranged in order of battle. An intrenched, 
camp is one surrounded by earthworks. A Jlyinqr 
camp is one to be occupied for a very brief period. 
A camp of instruction is one formed for the recep¬ 
tion of troops to be maneuvered. 

2. Agric.: A mound of earth under which pota¬ 
toes and other vegetables are stored, as a protec¬ 
tion against frost. 

IT Compounds of obvious signification: Camp- 
bedstead, camp-boy, camp-fire, and camp-followers. 

camp-bed, s. A small light cot or bedstead, 
generally of iron, for the use of military men or 
travelers. 


camp-ceiling, s. 

Arch.: A ceiling in which the marginal portion is 
sloping, following the line of the rafters, while the 
mid-portion is level. 

camp-chair, s. A form of folding chair adapted 
to be carried by a pedestrian, or packed away in an 
ambulance or wagon when on the march. [Fold¬ 
ing-chair.] 
camp-fever, s. 

Med.: The name popularly given to all thos© 
forms of fever which occur during a campaign, 
when large bodies of men are camped out and hud¬ 
dled together in a limited space, without a proper 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 



































camp-fight 


719 


regard to the laws of sanitation and to the neces¬ 
sary supply of pure air, water, and food. The fever 
most likely to occur under such circumstances 
would be typhus, malignant, and common typhoid, 
intermittent (ague), dysentery, diarrhoea, &c. 

camp-fight, s. The decision of any dispute by 
combat; a trial by arms. 

“ For their trial by camp-fight , the accuser was, with the 
peril of his owu body, to prove the accused guilty.”— 
Hakewill. 

camp-follower, s. One who follows an army 
without being in the service ; as a sutler, &c. 

camp-itch, s. A species of itch prevalent among 
bodies of men who come in intimate contact. It is 
supposed by some authorities to gather intensity as 
it rages, growing upon that on which it feeds. It is 
occasioned by the entrance beneath the skin of a 
minute animal parasite, the Acarus scabiei. The 
best remedy is iron internally (where indicated), and 
sulphur flour, in grease of some kind, well rubbed 
in the skin. 

camp-kettle, s. An iron or tin kettle used by 
soldiers when camping out. 

camp-kit, s. A box, with its contents, for con¬ 
taining soldiers’ cooking and mess utensils, such as 
the camp-kettle, plates, &c. 

camp-meeting, s. A meeting held in the open 
air or in a tent for religious purposes. 

camp-mill, $. A mill adapted for the use of an 
army, to grind grain on the march or in camp. It 
is carried on a wagon or running-gears, and is some¬ 
times driven by the wheels in traveling; sometimes 
by a sweep operated by horses or men after the 
wheels are anchored or sunk in the ground, 
camp-sheeting, s. 

Hydraulic Engineering: A piling erected at the 
foot of an embankment to prevent the out-thrust or 
the washing by the current or waves. It consists of 
guide-piles exteriorly, against which, are placed 
wale-pieces, which are horizontal timbers. Within 
these are driven vertical planks of the nature of 
pile-sheeting. 

camp-stool, s. A chair whose frame folds up 
into a small compass for convenience of packing or 
carriage. Camp-stools were know in ancient Egypt, 
and were constructed in a manner similar to ours. 

camp-stove, s. A light sheet-iron stove, specially 
arranged with a view to portability, and adapted 
for heating a tent or hut, and for cooking purposes. 

camp-table, s. A table adapted to fold into a 
small space for transportation. 

camp-vinegar, s. A mixture of vinegar with 
cayenne pepper, soy, walnut catchup, anchovies, 
and garlic. 

camp (1), v. t. & i. [Camp, s.]. 

A. Trans.: To lodge an army in tents. 

“ Now troops can be landed at the port in the morning, 
and camped here ere darkness falls.”— London Daily Tele¬ 
graph, March 23,1881. 

B, Intransitive : 

1. Lit.: To pitch tents; to lodge in tents. 

“We boldly camp'd beside a thousand sail.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xviii., 306-7. 

IT To camp out: To lodge in a tent away from 
houses in the open country. 

*2. Fig.: To rest. 

“ The great grasshoppers, which camp in the hedges in 
the cold day.”— Nah. iii. 17. 

*camp (2), *camp-yn, *kempe, *kampyn, v. i. 

[A. S. campian; O. Fris. kampa , kempa; Ger. 
kampfen; Dut. kampen; O. H. Ger. kamfjan,kem- 
fan.] [Champion.] 

1. To contend, strive. 

“ No kynge vndire Cristefmay kempe with hym one.” 

Morte Arthure, 2,631. 

2. To romp. (Scotch.) 

3. To play football. 

“ Campyn, kampyn. Pedipilo.”—Prompt. Parv. 
*camp-ball, s. A foot-ball, 
cam-pagn'-a (pagna as pan-ya), s. [Ital. 
campagna; from Lat. campania .] [Campaign.] 

1. Gen.: An open, level tract of country. 

2. Spec.: The level district in Italy near Rome, 
[Champaign.] 

cam-pagn-ol (pagnol as pan-yol), s. [Fr. 

campagnol; from campaigne — field; Ital. cam- 
pagnuolo .] 

Zobl.: A small species of mouse, called also the 
Meadow-mouse, Arvicola arvalis or agrestis, which 
is very destructive to roots and seeds in fields and 
gardens. 

eam-paign' (g silent), cam-pain', s. [Fr. cam¬ 
paigne; Sp. campa-ha; Ital. campagna; Lat. 
campania .] , , . 

*1. Ord. Lang,: A large open tract of country 
without hills. 

2. Mil.: Those operations of armies which ter¬ 
minate in a decisive result, after which follows a 


temporary cessation of hostilities or the conclusion 
of peace. 

“ For I am sure I am fitter to direct a campaign than to 
manage your Houses of Lords and Commons.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

3. Metal.: The period during which a furnace is 
continuously in operation. 

4. Political: The period antecedent to an election, 
during which the candidates take the field, meet¬ 
ings are held and speeches delivered. The imagery 
of all such contests is taken from the battlefield. 

fcam-paign' (g silent), v. i. [Campaign, s.] To 
serve in the field with an army. 

“ . . . the officers who campaigned in the late rebel¬ 
lion . . . ”— Sir B. Musgrave : History of the Irish 

Rebellion, p. vi. 

cam-paign'-er (g silent), s. [Eng. campaign; 

-er .] One who serves in a campaign, a soldier. 

“ Both horse and rider were old campaigners." — Smol¬ 
lett: Expedition of Humphry Clinker. 

cam-paign'-Ing (g silent), pr. par . &s. [Cam¬ 
paign, v .] 

A. As pr. par. (See the verb.) 

B. Assubst.: The act of serving with an army in 
the field. 

cam-pa'-na, s. [Low Lat. campana =a bell. In 
Sp. & Ital. the flower is also called campana , from 
the shape of the flowers.] 

1. Ord. Lang.; Abell, especially one for a church. 

2. Bot.: The pasque flower. 

“ Campana here he crops, accounted wondrous good.” 

Drayton: Polyolb., s. 13. 

cam -pii-nal. a. & s. [From Low Lat. campana 
=a bell; and suff. -ah] 

A. As adjective: 

Bot.: Pertaining to the genus Campanula, as, 
“ the Campanal alliance.” 

B. As subst. (PI. Campanals): The English name 
given by Lindley to his alliance Campanales (q. v.). 

cam-pan-a -le§, s.pl. [From Low Lat. campana 
=a bell; and pi. m. or f. suff. -ales.] 

Bot.: Campanals, an alliance of plants, epigy- 
nous Exogens, containing dichlamydeous monopet- 
alous flowers and an embryo with little or no 
albumen. Lindley places in it the orders. Cam- 
panulace®, Lobeliace®, Goodeniace®, Stylidiace®, 
Yalerianace®, Dipsace®, and Asterace® (q. v.). 
team-pa ne, s. [Lat. campana—a bell.] 

Her.: A bell, or bell-shaped vessel borne on coat- 
armor. 

fcam-pa ned, a. [Lat. campana =a bell.] 

Her.: Furnished with or bearing bells, 
cam-pan-e -ro, s. [From campana.] 

Zo6l.: A bird, a native of Brazil. 

team-pan.'-I-form, a. [Lat. campana=a bell; 
forma=form, shape.] 

Bot.: Bell-shaped; an epithet applied to flowers 
which resemble a bell in shape. 

cam-pan-ile, s. [Ital. & Low Lat. campanile 
= a bell-tower, steeple ; campana=& bell.] A tower 
for the reception of bells, principally used for 
church purposes, but now sometimes for domestic 
edifices. The campanile at Cremona is very cele¬ 
brated, being 395 feet high. That at Florence, by 
Giotto, is 267 feet high, and 45 feet square. The 
most remarkable of the campaniles is that at Pisa, 
commonly called the “ Leaning Tower.” It is 
cylindrical in form, and surrounded by eight sto¬ 
ries of columns, placed over one another, each 
having its entablature. The height is about 150 
feet to the platform, whence a plumb-line lowered 
falls on the leaning side nearly thirteen feet outside 
the base of the building. (Gwilt.) 

cam-pan-il'-I-form, a. [Ital. campanilla =a 
little bell; dimin. of Lat. campana—a bell; forma 
=shape, form.] Bell-shaped. 

cam-pan-ol'-o-gist, s. [Eng. campanolog(y); 
-isf.] One skilled in the science of campanology or 
bell-ringing. 

cam-pan-ol'-o-gy, s. [Lat. campana=a bell, 
and Gr. logos=a treatise, discourse.] The science 
of bell-ringing; a treatise on bell-ringing. 

cam-pan-fi-la, s. [Low Lat. campanula=a 
little bell, dim. of campana=a bell.] 

Bot.; The Bell-flower, so called from the shape ot 
its flowers. An extensive genus of herbaceous 
plants, giving the name to the order Campami- 
lacew. Campanula rapunculus, Rampion, lsmuch 
cultivated for the roots, which are boiled tender 
and eaten hot with sauce, or cold with vinegar and 
pepper. The best known species is C. rotundifolia, 
the Harebell, or Blue-bell of Scotland. A blue ink 
is made of its juice. Campanula glauca is said by 
the Japanese to be a tonic. 

cam pan-u-la -§e-se, s. pi. [Lat. campanula , 
and fern. pi. suff. - acece .] 


w<5il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-cian, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious. 


camphic 

Bot.: A natural order of plants, chiefly natives ot 
this country, of the north of Asia 'and Europe. 
More than 200 species of this family are known. 

cam-pan-u-lar -i-a, s. [Low Lat. campanula 
=a little bell.] 

Zobl.: A genus of corals of the family Oampanu- 
lariad®, in which the polypi assume a bell shape. 

cam-pan-u-lar-I-a-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat» 
campanularia , the typical genus, and fem. pi. suff. 
-adee.] 

Zobl.: A family of marine Polypi belonging to the 
order Hydroida. Cells terminal, stalked campanu- 
late; polypes with a large trumpet-shaped probos¬ 
cis. There are six genera. (Griff. & Henfrey.) 

cam-pan-u-lar'-i-da> •■?. pi- [From Mod. Lat„ 
campanularia (q. v.), and neut. pi. suff. -da.] 

Zobl.: An order of hydroid Zoophytes. They are 
closely allied to the Sertularida, but their hydro- 
thecw, with their containing polypites, are sup¬ 
ported on conspicuous stalks, and are terminal, 
while those of the Sertularida are sessile or sub- 
sessile and placed laterally. Nicolson thinks the 
two orders not properly distinct. 

cam-pan -u-late, a. [Low Lat. campanulatus, 
from campanula—a little bell, dim. of campana=a 
bell.] 

Bot.., etc.: Having the shape or form of a bell, 
bell-shaped. 

cam-pan-u-ll'-ng,, s. [Low Lat. campanula=a 
little bell; neut. pi. suff. -ina.] 

Zobl.: A genus of marine Polypi, the typical one of 
the family Campanulinid®. There are three species. 
Stem simple or branched rooted; cells pointed 
above; polypes cylindrical, with webbed tentacles. 
Reproduction by free medusa webs, single in each 
capsule. (Griff. <fb Henfrey.) 

cam-pan-u-lin -i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 

campanulina, the type ; and fem. pi. suff. -idee.] 
Zobl.: A family of marine Polypi with ovato- 
conic cells, stalked; polypes long, cylindrical, with 
a small conical proboscis. 

Campbellites (cam -bel-Ites), s. pi. [See def.l 
The followers of Rev. John McLeod Campbell, ot' 
Dumbartonshire, who was deposed from the Church 
of Scotland, May 24, 1831, for teaching the univer¬ 
sality of the Atonement. He established a church 
at Glasgow in 1833. The name is sometimes errone¬ 
ously applied to the church founded in this country 
by Thomas and Alexander Campbell, and by its- 
members called Christians, Christian Church, or 
Disciples of Christ (q. v.). 

camp-geil'-Iiig, s. [Mid. Eng. cam=crooked, 
curved, and ceiling.] 

Arch.: A ceding whose form is convex inwardly. 
Cam-pe’a-ghjf, cam-peagh-y, s. & a. [From 
the Gulf of Campeachy, in Mexico, whence the wood 
is imported.] 

campeacby-wood, Campeche-wood, s. The- 
red dye-wood better known by the name of Log¬ 
wood, obtained from the Hcematoxylon Campechia- 
num. 

cam-pe -phg,g-g,, s. [Gr. kampe—a caterpillar; 
phagein— to eat.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the Lani- 
ad® or Shrike family. It is the typical one of the- 
sub-f amily Campephagin® (q. v.). 

cam-pe-pha-gl-nse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
(from Gr.) campephaga (q. v.), and Lat. fem. pi. 
suff. -ince.] 

Ornith.: A sub-family of Ampelid® (Chatterers). 
They are found chiefly in the warmer parts of the- 
Old World. 

fcamp-er (l),s. [Camp (1), v.] One who encamps-' 
or lodges in a tent in the field. 

camp -er (2), *cam-par, s. [Camp (2), vA A, 
football-player. 

cam-pes -tral, *cam-pes-tri-an, a. [O. Fr. 

campestre; Fr. champStre; from Lat. campestris= 
pertaining to the field; campus— the field.] Grow¬ 
ing in the fields or country, wild. 

“ The mountain beech is the whitest; but the campes¬ 
tral, or wild beech, is blacker and more durable.”— 
Mortimer. 

cam -pbate, s. [Eng. camph(ic), and suff. -ate.] 
Cliem.: A salt formed by the union of camphic 
acid with a base. [Camphic Acid.] 

cam-phen e, cam-phi ne, s. [Eng. camph(or), 

and suff. -ene (Chem.)7] 

Cliem .:■ CioIIi6*. A crystalline hydrocarbon, ob¬ 
tained by the action of sodium stearate or acetate 
on a solid compound of HC1 and turpentine. 

camphene-lamp, s. A lamp in which camphene 
is burned. 

*cam -pher-ie, s. [Comfrey.J 

cam -phic, a. [Eng. camph(or); -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to camphor. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del 




camphic 720 campylopterus 


'camphic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 10 H 1 GO 2 . Obtained by heating camphor 
■with alcoholic soda solution in sealed tubes to 170” 
-180° along with camphol. The solution is neutral¬ 
ized with H 2 SO 4 , dissolving out the sodium cam- 
phate with alcohol, evaporating and adding H 2 SO 4 
which precipitates the camphic acid, which is in¬ 
soluble in water but soluble in alcohol. Its salts 
are called camphates. 
cam-phin e, s. [Camphene.] 

cam'-phdid, s. [Eng. camph(or) ; -oid.] A sub¬ 
stitute for collodion, composed of a solution, one in 
40, of pyroxylin, in equal parts, by weight, of cam¬ 
phor and absolute alcohol. It is used as a vehicle 
for applications to the skin, and dries rapidly, leav¬ 
ing an elastic, opaque film, not easily washed off. 

cam'-phol, s. [From Low Lat. camphora=ci\m- 
phor, and oleum—oil.'] 

Chem.: CjoHjffOH). A monatomic alcohol; there 
are several modifications, distinguished by their 
action on polarized light, as, Borneo camphor or 
.Borneol, obtained from dryobalanops camphora, 
dextro 34 - 4°. Another dextro, 44'90, is formed to¬ 
gether with camphic acid by the action of alcohol 
potash on common camphor. A third dextro, 4'5°, 
by distilling amber with potash. A fourth, called 
Isevo-camphol leevo, 33‘40, is found in the alcohol 
obtained by the fermentation of madder-root sugar. 
Dextro-rotary camphol forms small transparent 
-colorless hexagonal prisms, which melt at 198" and 
•distill at 212 °; soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble 
in water. Lsevo-rotary camphol forms a crystal¬ 
line white powder slightly soluble in water. Cam¬ 
phol distilled with P 3 O 5 gives a hydrocarbon, 
C 10 H 15 . Boiled with nitric acid it is reduced to 
common camphor, giving off two atoms of H. 

cam -phol-ate, s. [From Eng., &c., camphol, 
•and suff. -ate (Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: Camphor fused with potash unites 
directly with it and forms potassium campholate, 
<l 10 H I 7 KO 2 . 

eam'-phor, *cam'-phire, s. & a. [In Sw. & But. 
kamfer: Dan. kampfer; Ger.kampher; Wei. cam- 
phyr; Fr. camphre; Sp. canfor, canfora, alcanfor; 
Port, alcanfor, camphora; Ital. & Low Lat. can¬ 
fora; O. Ital. cafura; Gr. (from Arab.) kaphoura. 
Cf. also Gr. karpion— an Indian tree; Arab. & Pers. 
kafra; Malay kapur; Hindust. k&pura; Sansc. kar- 
phra. ] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: The substance described 

nnder II. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: [See 2 Chem.] 

If Borneo or Sumatra Camphor: A kind of cam¬ 
phor made from Dryobalanops aromatica or Dry¬ 
obalanops camphora, a genus of the order Diptera- 
ce® or Dipterads. It differs from ordinary camphor 
in having six-sided crystals. 

2. Chem.: CioHugO. It is called also Laurel Cam¬ 
phor. Camphor is obtained by distilling with water 
the leaves and wood of the camphor-tree, Camphora 
officinarum, formerly called Laurus camphora. It 
is a solid white volatile crystalline mass, tough and 
difficult to powder, has a peculiar odor; thrown on 
water it revolves and is slightly soluble. It is very 
soluble in alcohol, ether, and strong acetic acid. 
It has a dextro-rotary action on polarized light. 
Many essential oils deposit an inactive variety. 

3. Comm.: Most of the camphor of commerce 
comes from F ormosa. It is used to preserve natural 
history collections and clothes in drawers from the 
ravages of insects. 

4. Pharm.: A powerful diffusible stimulant and 
antispasmodic, very useful, combined with extract 
of henbane, in genito-urinary irritation. It enters 
into union with opium, as a sedative, under the 
name of compound tincture of camphor or paregoric. 
It is useful in adynamic fevers, and has been em¬ 
ployed in the treatment of hysteria, epilepsy, 
chorea, and whooping-cough and externally, as a 
stimulant to stiff and painful parts, as a liniment. 
Officinal preparations: Aqua camphor®, linimen- 
tum C., linim. C. comp., spiritus camphor®, and 
tinctura camphor® composita. Camphor is a poison 
to the lowest forms of animals and plants. It is 
antiseptic. In large doses it lowers the pulse and 
temperature, and produces headache, sickness, 
coldness of the extremities, feeble circulation, 
unconsciousness, and even death. Undiluted it is a 
powerful irritant to mucous membranes and raw 
surfaces. “ An artificial camphor can be made by 
passing hydrochloric acid gas through volatile oil 
of turpentine” ( Garrod ). _ The virtue imputed to it 
of preventing infectious diseases is not founded on 
correct observation. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
camphor-gland, s. 

Bot.: The gland in the camphor-tree which se¬ 
cretes the substance after which it is named. 


camphor-ice, s. A preparation used as an ap¬ 
plication to chapped skin, the formula for which is 
given in the National Formulary under the title of 
ceralum camphorce compositum. 

camphor-oil, s. An aromatic oil obtained from 
the Dryobalanops before mentioned. It has been 
used for scenting soap. 

camphor-tree, s. A tree belonging to the order 
Laurace®, which furnishes camphor. It is the 
Camphora officinarum. It has ribbed leaves, nine 
stamens, and four-celled anthers. It grows in For¬ 
mosa. The chopped branches of the tree are boiled 
in water, the 
camphor being 
deposited after 
a time and then 
sublimated in 
order to re¬ 
move its impuri¬ 
ties. There are 
two sorts of this 
tree: one is a 
native of the isle 
of Borneo, from 
which the best 
camphor is 
taken, which is 
supposed to be a 
natural exuda¬ 
tion from the 
tree, produced 
in such places 
where the bark Branch of the Camphor-tree, 
of the tree has 

been wounded or cut. The other sort is a native of 
Japan, which Dr. Kempfer describes to be a kind of 
bay ; bearing black or purple berries, from whence 
the inhabitants prepare their camphor, by making a 
simple decoction of the root and wood of this tree, 
cut into small pieces; but this sort of camphor is, 
in value, eighty or a hundred times less than the 
true Bornean camphor. (Miller.) 

fcam’-phor, *cam'-phire, v. t. [Camphor, s.] 
To impregnate or combine with camphor, to wash 
with camphor. 

cam -phor-a, s. [Camphor.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Laurace®. Cam¬ 
phora officinarum is the Camphor-tree or Camphor 
Laurel. [Camphor-tree.] 
cam-phor-a-ge-ous, a. [Eng. camphor, and 
-aceoMS.J Of the nature of or containing camphor. 

cam-phor-ate, v. t. [Camphorate, a.] To 
impregnate, combine, or wash with camphor. 

cam -phor-ate, a. & s. [Eng. camphor, and 
suff. -ate (q, v.). In Sp. alcanfor ado.'] 

A. Ms adjective: Impregnated or saturated with 
camphor, camphorated. 

“By shaking thesaline and camphorate liquors together, 
we easily confounded them into one high-colored liquor.” 

-— Boyle. 

B. As substantive: [Camphoric Acid.] 

cam -phor-a-ted, *cam-phlr-a-ted, pa. par. 
or a. [Camphorate, v.] Impregnated or combined 
with camphor. 

cam-phor -Ic, a. [From Eng., &c., camphor, and 
suff. -ic.] Pertaining to camphor; occurring in or 
derived from camphor, 
camphoric acid, s. 

Chem.: C 10 H 16 O 4 . Formed by the action of hot 
nitric acid on camphor. Camphoric acid is slightly 
soluble in cold water; it crystallizes in small color¬ 
less needles. By distillation it yields a colorless 
crystalline substance, camphoric anhydride or 
oxide, C 10 HUO 3 . Calcium camphorate, by dry dis¬ 
tillation, yields a ketone volatile oil called Phorone, 
C 9 H u O. 

cam-phor-o§'-ma, *. [From Mod. Lat. cam¬ 
phora, and Gr. osme=smell.] 

Bot.: A genus of Chenopodiace®, the plants of 
which have a smell like that of camphor. All are 
found in Asia, except one on the Mediterranean. 

cam'-phyl, s. & a. [Eng. camphor, and suffix -yl; 
from Gr. hule— . . . matter, as a principle of 
being.] 

Chem.: A monad radical (CioH 17 )'. [Borneol.] 

camphyl chloride, s. 

Chem.: CioHjeHCl. A crystalline l®vo-rotary sub¬ 
stance, isomeric with the hydrochloride of turpen¬ 
tine oil. It is prepared by heating camphol in a 
sealed tube with HOI. 

camp’-Ing (1), *camp’-ynge (1), pr.par., a. & s. 
[Camp (1), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“I, Ms despiteful Juno, sent Mm forth 
From courtly friends, with camping foes to live.” , 
Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, iii. 4. 


C. As substantive: 

1 . The act of pitching a camp. 

2. The act of lodging temporarily in a tent or in 
the open air. 

camp -ing ( 2 ), *camp- 3 ?hge ( 2 ), pr. par., a. &s. 

[Camp (2), i>.J 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the, 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: Foot-ball, or any similar sport. 

camp-i on, *cam'-pI-oun, *cam'-pf-on, s. 

[Champion.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A champion. 

“Quhen dangeir oocurrit, thay refusit na maner of 
besines nor laubour that mycht pertene to forsy campi- 
onis.” — Bellend.: Descr. Alb., c. 16. 

2. Botany: 

(1) A book-name for various species of Lychnis. 
Prior thinks the name was given because the plant 
was used in chaplets with which champions at the 
public games were crowned. 

( 2 ) A name for various species of Silene. 

(3) A name for the Cucubalus baccifer, a silena- 
ceous plant. 

Lychnis chalcedonica. is the Campion of Con¬ 
stantinople ; L. Githago is the Corn Campion ; L. 
Flos-cuculi, the Meadow Campion ; Silene acaulis, 
the Moss Campion ; Lychnis diuma, the Red Cam¬ 
pion ; L. coronciria, the Rose Campion, and L. ves- 
pertina, the White Campion. 

cam-po-de-a, s. [FromGr. kampe— a bending, 
a joint; and pous, genit. podos= a foot (?).] 

Entom.: A genus of Thysanura. The insects, like 
their allies the Lepism®, live under stones and in 
other dark places. Sir John Lubbock thinks it a 
modern representative of an ancient type form from 
which the higher insects originally took their rise. 
(Nicolson : Zool.) 

cam-poph'-I-lus, cam-peph'-I-lus, s. [Gr. 

kampe = a caterpillar, and philos = loving.] A genus 
of large woodpeckers, of which the ivorybiff ( C . 
principalis) is a well-known American species. 

camp-to-ger’-cus, s. [Gr. kamptos— bent, curved; 
fceWcos=atail.] 

Zobl.: A genus of Entomostraca, of tne order 
Cladocera, and family Lynceid®. There is only 
one species, Camptocercus macrouros. Carapace 
striated longitudinally, slightly sinuated and cili¬ 
ated on the anterior margin; beak rather blunt. 
It is aquatic. (Griff. <£* Henfrey.) 

camp-tot-ro-pal, a. [Gr. kamptos = curved, 
bent, and trope= a turning, a turn. ] 

Bot.: For definition and example see Campulit- 
ropous. 

camp-tfi -11-con, s. [FromGr. kampto=to bend, 
curve ; oule=a wound scarred or skinned over, and 
eikdn= image.] 

Fabrics: A compound used as a substitute for 
carpet or oil-cloth. It is made by a combination of 
powdered cork and the poorer qualities of india- 
rubber, and is painted or ornamented on the surface 
like oil-cloth. It is not suitable for chambers, as 
being a good conductor of heat, and feeling as cold 
to the bare feet as wood or oil-cloth. It may be 
employed for cleaning knives, which is done by 
covering a strip of wood with it; then sprinkling 
the surface with the cleaning powder, and rubbing 
on the knife. The surface does not wear away, and 
the result is very satisfactory. 

camp - y - 1IV - r6 - pous, cam-py-llt -ro-pal, 
cam-py-lot -ro-pous, a. [Gr. fca?up 2 /ios=curved, 
and trope= a turning.] 

Bot.: Having the ovule so bent or curved that the 
micropyle, chalaza, and hilum are near each other. 

“Such, ovules are called campylotropal or campylotro- 
pous, when the portions either side of the line of curvature 

are unequal, or camptotropal when they are equal.”_ 

Balfour: Botany, p. 236. 

camp -y, a. [Camp (2), v.] 

1 . Brave, heroical. 

2. Ill-natured, quarrelsome. 

camp-yl-Ite, s. [Gr. kampylos=bent, crooked, 
curved, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Mimetite or Mimetesite. Dana 
places it under his third variety, i. e., that contain¬ 
ing much phosphoric acid. 

camp-yl-o-dis'-cus, s. [Gr.. kampylos=cuTved, 
bent; diskos—n disk.] 

Bot.: A genus of Diatomace®, with frustules 
single, free, disk-shaped ; the disk curved or twisted 
(saddle-shaped); furnished with mostly radiate 
markings, frequently interrupted. They are aquatic 
and marine. Smith describes nine species. (Griff. 
<& Henfrey.) 

eamp-yl-op'-ter-us, s. [Gr. kampylos= curved; 
pteron= a wing.] 

Zobl.: A genus of birds, of the family Trochilid®, 
or Humming-birds. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, fill; try-, Syrian, re, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 






campylospermate 


721 


canaigre 


camp - ^1 - 6 - spermate, *cam -.pyl - 6 - spSr'- 
2QOUS, a. [Gr. fcciTOpyfos=curved , sperma=a seed.] 
Bot.: Having the edges of the seed curved so as 
to form a channel or groove, as in some umbellifer¬ 
ous plants. 

camp-y-lot -ro-pal, a. [From Gr. kampylos— 
bent, crooked, and tropos= a turning, and Eng. suff. 

- al .] The same as Oampylotropous (q. v.). 

camp-y-lot'-ro-pous, a. [From Gr. kampylos= 
bent, crooked, and tropos = a turn, a direction.] 
[Campueitropous.] 

Bot.: A term used of an axis of an ovule when, in 
place of being straight, it is curved down upon 
itself to such an extent that the formam almost 
touches the hilum. Example, the Mignonette, 
camp -y-lus, s. [Gr. kampylos =crooked, bent.] 
Entomol.: A genus of coleopterous insects of the 
tribe Elateridse. 

*camp-yon, s. [Campion, Champion.] 
cam'-scho, cam-schol, a. [Etymology doubt¬ 
ful. Cf. cammts .] 

1 . Crooked. 

“ The hornyt byrd quhilk we clepe the nicht oule, 
Within hir cauerne hard I schoute and youle, 
Laithely of forme, with crukit camscho beik ; 

TJgsum to here was hir wyld elrisohe shreik.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 202, 2. 

2. Ill-humored, contentious, crabbed; denoting 
crookedness or perverseness of temper. 

cam-shach-le, cam-shauch-le {ch guttural), 
v. t. [From Scotch cam — crooked, and shauchle 
(q. v,).] To distort. 

II Shauchle is to distort in one direction, cam- 
shauchle in two. 

cam -stea-ry, cam’-ste-rie, cam -stai-rie, a. 
[Gael. comhstri= striving together.] Froward, per¬ 
verse, unmanageable. 

“ . . . lies a camsteary chield, and fasheous about 
marches.”— Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. 1. 

cam-stone, s. [Etymol. of first syllable doubt¬ 
ful. Cf. Gael., &c. cam— bent, and Eng. stone.'] 

1 . Common compact limestone, probably of a 
white color. 

“ At the base of the hill, immediately after the coal is 
cut off, you meet with several layers of camstone (as it is 
termed with us), which is easy [easily] burned into a 
heavy limestone.”— P. Campsie: Stirlings. Statist. Acc., 
xv. 327. 

2. White clay, somewhat indurated, 
cam-strud'-geous, a. [Probably from the same 

as Camsteary.] Perverse, unmanageable. {Scotch.) 
*ca-mus, s. [Camis.] 

“And was yclad, for heat or scorching air, 

All in silken camus, lily white, 

Purfled upon with many a folded plight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., H. iii. 26. 

ca'-mus, ca-muse, a. [Camous.] 

-"•‘ca'-mused, a. [Camoused.] 

“ She was camused.” — Gower: C. A., ii. 210. 
cam -WQOd, s. [From the native word kambi .] 
A wood produced by a leguminous plant, Baphia 
nitida. It is a dyewood, used with alum and tartar 
as a mordant; but the color is not permanent. It 
is employed for dyeing bandana handkerchiefs, the 
hue being deepened by the addition of sulphate of 
iron. Turners use it for making knife-handles, and 
cabinet-makers for ornamental knobs to furniture. 
Camwood is called also Barwood and Ringwood. 

“A red dyewood first brought from Africa by the Portu¬ 
guese. It is principally obtained from the vicinity of 
Sierra T.eono, where it is called kambi ; whence its name 
of cam or kamwood has obviously been derived. The col¬ 
oring matter which it affords differs but little from that 
of ordinary Nicaragua wood.”—McCulloch: Dictionary of 
Commerce. 

*cam’-y, a. [Cam, a.; -y.] Crooked, rugged. 

“Of camy ege and holtis fare to se.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 237,1. 

can, *con, *conne, *cun, *kan {pres.), could, 
♦couth, *kuth, *couthe, *kuthe, v. t. & i. [A. S. 

cunnan-{\) to know, ( 2 ) to be able, which has the 
present tense as follows: ic can, thu canst, he can, 
we, ye, they cunnon; in the past tense the forms are 
cudhe in the sing., and cudhon in the plur., whence 
comes the modern could, the l in which is a pure 
blunder, and has been inserted from a supposed 
analogy with would and should, in which the l 
belongs to the root. Icel. kenna: Swed. kdnna; 
Dan. kiende; Dut. kennen; O. H. Ger. kunnan; M. 
H. Ger. kunnen; Ger. kennen. The root of the word 
is the same as that of Gr. gignosko, and Lat. noscere 
=to know, and the Eng. ken and know.) 

*A. Transitive: 

*1. To know. 

“ He was litel worthe, and lesse he cowd." 

Chaucer: Troilus, il. 5. 

“ She could the Bible in the holy tongue.” 

Ben Jonson: Magnetic Lady, i. 1. 

“And can you these tongues perfectly ?” 

Beaum. & Flet.; Coxcomb. 


IT In this sense we have the phrases to can thanks, 
con ihonke= to acknowledge or recognize one’s obli¬ 
gation, to render thanks to another, and to can 
maugre, the reverse in meaning=to feel no indebt¬ 
edness, or almost to owe a grudge to another. 
[Maugre.] (Compare the German dank wissen; 
the French savoir gr6; and the Lat. gratiasmem- 
inisse.) 

“I con the grete thonke.” — William of Palerne, 207. 

“I can thee thanlce that thou canst such answeres 
deuine.”— XJdall: Roister Doister, p. 17. 

*2. To havo the power of, to be able to do. 

“ To change the will 
Of Him who all things can.” 

Milton: P. L., Xi. 310. 

“The queen of love her favor’d champion shrouds 
(For gods can all things) in a veil of clouds.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. iii., 1.166-7. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To know how, to be able; to have the power, 
either physically or morally, of doing anything. 
Used— 

(1) With a following infinitive to express the act, 
the power of dping which is claimed. 

“ They conne nought here shippes stere.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., i. 69. 

“He lies down when I sit, and walks when I walk, which 
is more than many good friends can pretend to.”— Pope: 
Letter to H. Cromwell. 

_ ‘I Can is frequently used in an elliptical construc¬ 
tion, as in “he will do all that he can,” where the 
verb do is to be understood after can. 

*(2) Absolutely. 

“In evil, the best condition is not to will; the second, 
not to can.” — Bacon. 

*2. To know, understand, be skilled in. 

“ Thy wif hath this day spoken with a man that can of 
nigromancye.”— Gesta Romanorum (ed. Herrtage), p. 2. 

|3. Used as a simple auxiliary verb, with the 
force originally of began, but eventually coming to 
mean simply do, did. 

“Thus sayd Ilioneus and thus can he ceis.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 30, 37. 

^[ I can away with a thing=I can put up with it. 
“I can away with a thyng, I can abyde it, Je puis durer. 
I can away with this fare.” — Palsgrave. 

‘‘He can away with no company, whose discourse goes 
beyond what claret and dissoluteness inspire.”— Locke. 

*can (1), *cann, s. [Can, v .] 

1. Knowledge, skill! 

“Thae auld warld foulks had wondrous cann 
Of herbs that were baith good for beast and man.” 

Ross: Helenore (Song), p. 15. 

2. Power, ability. 

“But if my new rock were cutted and dry. 

I’ll all Maggie's can and her cantraps defy.!’ 

Ross: Helenore (Song), p. 134. 

can (2), *canne, *kan, s. & a. [A. S. canna, 
canne: Dut. kan; Icel. & Sw. kanna; Dan. kande; 
O. H. Ger. channa; M. H. Ger. & Ger. kanne, all=a 
can, tankard, or measure. Possibly brorowed from 
Lat. canna; Gr. kanne= a reed. If so it must have 
been borrowed at a very early period. ( Skeat .)] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Generally: 

*(1) A vessel, made of any material, for bolding 
water. 

“ There weren sett sixe stonun Cannes.” — Wycliffe: John 
ii. 6. {Purvey.) 

(2) Now, a vessel made of metal, generally tin. 

“I hate it as an unfilled can.” 

Shakesp.Twelfth Night, ii. 3. 

“ Fill the cup and fill the can.” 

Tennyson: Vision of Sin, 95. 

2. Spec.: A measure for liquids. {Jamieson.) 
{Scotch.) 

“ The corn teind, when commuted, is paid in butter 
and oil, in the proportion of about three-fourths of a can 
or gallon of oil.”— Edmonstone: Zetl. i. 163. 

II. Carding: The tin cylinder which receives a 
sliver from the carding-machine. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
can-buoy, s. 

Naut.: A small buoy employed to mark out shoals 
and rocks. It is sometimes spelled cone-buoy, and 
as the shape is that of a cone, it is possible that this 
is the correct spelling. 

can-cart, s. A lightly framed two-wheeled ve¬ 
hicle supporting a large can for containing milk, 
&c. 

can-frame, s. 

Cotton Manuf.: A cotton-roving machine, in 
which the “roving” is received into cans. [Can- 
roving Frame.] 


can-hook, s. A rope with hooks at each end 
for raising casks by the projecting ends of the 

staves. 

can-knife, s. A knife for cutting open the lids of 
tin cans. [Can-opener.] 

can-opener, s. An implement for opening cans 
containing fruit, oysters, &c. 

can-roving, a. 

Cotton Manuf.: Designed to manufacture “rov¬ 
ing” (q. v.). 

Can-roving machine or frame: 

Cotton Manuf.: A machine or frame for giving 
sliver a slight twist, so as to constitute it a “ rov¬ 
ing,” which is coiled up in a regular manner within 
a can. 

can (3), s. [An abbreviated form of Cantel 
( q. v.).] A broken piece of earthenware. 

can-a-£,n-Ite (1), a.&s. [Canaan; -ite.] 

1. Asadj.: Pertaining to or of the land of Canaan. 

2. Assubst.: A native of the land of Canaan. 

can-a'-an-Ite ( 2 ), s. [See def.] 

Min.: A grayish-white or bluish-white rock, oc¬ 
curring with dolomite in Canaan, Connecticut, and 
referred to as massive scapolite by some authors, is 
massive whitish pyroxene, a mineral common in 
crystals in the dolomite of the region. {Dana.) 

can-a-an-It'-Ish, a. [Eng. Canaanit{e); -ish .] 
Of or pertaining to Canaan. 

*ean-g,'-cle, s. [Low Lat. canicella .] A little 
box or chest. 

“ The coperounes of the canacles that on the cuppe 
reres.”— Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems ( Cleanness ), 1461. 

Can’-a-dsi, s.& a. [Etym. doubtful; said to be 
from Sp. aca= hither, here, and nada=no thingness, 
nothing. When the Spaniards had searched in the 
region unsuccessfully for gold they were wont to 
exclaim, Aca wada=there is nothing here. When 
the French next presented themselves in quest of 
the precious metals, the Indians, wishing to dis¬ 
courage them from settling, used the same Spanish 
words— Aca nada, which they mistook for the name 
of the country. Objections to this explanation will 
at once suggest themselves. More probably Canada 
is from some Indian word.] 

A. As substantive: 

Geog.: A widely-extended region on the north or 
left bank of the St. Lawrence River and its great 
lakes. The country is said to have been discovered 
by Giovanni and Sebastian Gabot in 1497. The 
French assumed nominal possession of it in 1525, 
but did not establish the first permanent settlement 
in it till 1608. In 1759, Quebec, the capital of Can¬ 
ada (Lower Canada) 
and in 1763 the whole 

to the English by the Treaty of Paris. In 1867, 
Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec), 
with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, were united 
into a Dominion, to which it is expected that other 
provinces will yet adhere. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

Canada-balsam, s. A pale balsam, resin, or oleo- 

resin, obtained by incision from a Canadian tree, 
the American Silver-fir, sometimes called the Balm 
of Gilead Fir {Abies balsamea). Canada-balsam is 
of the consistence of thin honey, drying slowly by 
exposure to the air into a transparent adhesive 
varnish. It is used to mount objects for the micro¬ 
scope and for other optical purposes. Thus, when 
it is sought to cut thin a piece of fossil wood, or 
anything similar, so as to subject it in favorable 
circumstances to microscopic examination, it is 
affixed to a more massive body by Canada-balsam. 

Canada-ri.ee, s. A grass, Zizania aqxiatiea. 

Canada-tea, s. A plant, Gaultheria procumbens. 
It is of the Heath family. 

Can-a -dl-an, a. & s. [From Eng., &c., Canada, 
and Eng. suffix -ian.) 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to or in any way connected 
with Canada. 

*[I Canadian region : 

Zobl. <& Bot.: The sixteenth of the twenty-seven 
geographical land regions, established to indicate 
the distribution of land and fresh-water shells. The 
botanical regions of Prof. Schouw are almost the, 
same. ( Woodivard: Mollusca.) 

B. As subst.: A native of Canada. 

Canadian-soldier, s. A name given in the U. 8. 
to a species of May-fly {Ephemera Canadensis), 
from the fact that it comes in swarms across the 
lakes from Canadian territory and descends on the 
lower lake cities, where it perishes, under the glare 
of the electric lights, in countless hosts. See 
Ephemera. 

ca-nai'-gre, s. A plant indigenous to the arid 
plains of western Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. 
For years it has been used by the Mexicans as a 


, was taken by General Wolfe, 
territory was formally ceded 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shim; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b§l, del. 

46 




canail 


722 


cancel 


medicine and for tanning. The commercial parts 
of the plant are its tuber-like roots. In habit of 
growth it is very like the sweet potato. These roots 
vary in weight from a few ounces to a pound. 

can-ail', can-allle, s. [Fr. canaille — the viler 
part of the people ; O. Fr. kienaille, chienaille; Sp. 
canalla; _ Port, canalha; Ital. canaglia, canagli- 
accia, originally like cani di caccia— a pack of 
hounds.] 

1. The rabble, the mob, the dregs or scum of the 
people. 

2. “Shorts,” low grades of flour, 
can’-fi-kin, s. [Dimin. of can (2 ),s. (q. v.)] A 

little can or cup. 

“ And let me the canakin clink, clink ; 

And let me the canakin clink.” 

Shakesp.i Othello, ii. 3. 

Cfi-nal' (1), fcan-nfil, s. & a. [Fr., Sp., & Port. 
canal; Dut. Jcanaal; Ital. canalo; Lat. canalis— a 
channel, trench, conduit.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. An artificial water-course or channel, espe¬ 
cially used for the passage of boats. 

“ The walls, the woods and long canals reply.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, iii. 100. 

“ Turn away 

The boat-head down a broad canal.” 

Tennyson; Arab. Nights, 25. 

*2. Any channel or means of communication. 

II. Technically: 

1. Hydraulic Engineering: In the same sense as 

2. Hist.: The Egyptians very early mado a canal 
connecting the Nile and the Red Sea. It was 
reopened by Pharaoh Necho about 605 JB. 0., and at 
intervals by others after him. Most of the ancient 
nations had canals. The great canal of China was 
constructed partly in the seventh and partly in the 
ninth century, A. D.; it is 825 miles long. The first 
known English canal was cut by the Romans at 
Caerdike. The Trent and the Wit ham wore joined 
in 1134, and the Bridgewater canal was commenced 
in 1759. The Caledonian canal was projected in 
1803, but not opened till 1822. The Erie canal was 
begun in 1817 and completed in 1825. The Amster¬ 
dam, or Great North Holland canal, was completed 
in 1825. It is 125 feet wide at the water surface, 88 
feet and 7 inches wide at the bottom, and has a 
depth of 20 feet; it extends from Amsterdam to the 
Helder, 51 miles. The Languedoc, or Canal du Midi, 
connecting the Atlantic with the Mediterranean, 
was completed in 1861; its length is 148 miles; it 
has more than 100 locks and about 50 aqueducts, 
and its highest part is 600 feet above the sea ; it is 
navigable for vessels of upward of 600 tons. The 
Suez canal, connecting the Mediterranean and the 
Red Sea, was opened on November 17, 1869. Its 
length is 99 miles, with a width of 327 feet for 
77 miles, and 196 for the remaining 22 miles. Its 
depth is 26 feet. Its success suggested the project 
of cutting through the isthmus joining North and 
South America. This undertaking, begun by the 
renowned engineer of the Suez canal, M. do Lesseps, 
was, after a prosecution to a stage near completion, 
temporarily abandoned in the year 1892, as a result 
of a terrific scandal, in which nearly every func¬ 
tionary connected with the enterprise was involved. 
In June, 1902, Congress authorized the purchase of 
the French company’s property for $40,000,000, and 

E rovided for the completion of the canal by the U. 

. government provided the French company could 
give title and the Colombian government were 
willing to give the U. S. control of the necessary 
tract of land. The great Manchester ship canal, 
extending from Eastham (the head of naviga¬ 
tion of the Mersey river near Liverpool) to Man¬ 
chester, England, was formally opened January 
1,1894. The Corinth ship canal across the Isthmus 
of Corinth was formally opened by King George of 
Greece Aug. 6 , 1893. It is nearly 4 miles long, 80 
feet 8V4 inches wide, 24 feet 8 inches deep, and cost 
$15,000,000. June 20, 1895, the great Baltic and North 
Sea canal was formally opened by the German 
emperor in presence of a navy representing all 
nations. Work began on the great Chicago drain¬ 
age canal September 7,1892, and was completed by 
January 18,1900. The main channel is 29 miles long, 
of whicli’about 9 miles was cut through solid rock. 
The total length of the waterway is 42 miles. In 
rock the minimum depth of the channel is 22 feet, 
with a width of 160 feet on the bottom in rock, which 
makes it the largest artificial channel in the world. 

3. Anat.: A duct in the body for the passage of 
liquids or solids. 

“ In the cells of the Brain, and C.annal* of the Sinewes 
. . .”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., No. 30. 

4. Zodlogy: 

(1) A channel or groove into which the aperture 
of carnivorous univalve mollusks is produced. In 
distinction from this, vegetable feeding univalves 
have the aperture of the shell entire. 


(2) A channel in some actinozoa. 

(3) A channel or tube in some sponges. Such 
tubes are of two kinds, incurrent or afferent canals, 
and excurrent or efferent canals. 

5. Bot. {of the petal of a floiver): A canal leading 
to the central cell of the archegonium. 

If (1) Air-breathing cells: The name given by 
Meyen and Leitgib to lacunae in cellular tissue pro¬ 
duced simply by the amplification of the intercellu¬ 
lar spaces, and the separation of the cells without 
tearing. 

(2) Intercellular canals: Canals arising from the 
spaces left between cells which do not completely 
touch each other. (R. Brown.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

Compound of obvious signification: Canal-boat. 

*canal-bone, *cannel-bone, *canel-boon 
{Eng.), *cannell-bayne {Scotch), s. The collar¬ 
bone. 

“ Withouten hoole or canelboon.” 

Chaucer: Book of Duahess, 94J.. 

“ Wallace returned besyd a burly ayk. 

And on him set a fellone sekyr straik ; 

Baith cannelt-bayne and schuldir blaid in twa, 
Throuch the mid cost the gud suerd gart he ga.” 

Wallace, v. 823, MS. 

canal-lift, s. A hydro-pneumatic elevator for 
raising boats from one level to another. 

canal-lock, s. [Lock.] 

♦can -fil (2), s. & a. [Cannel.] 

♦canal-coal, s. [Cannel-coal.] 

“ Even our canal-coal nearly equals the foreign jet.”— 
Woodward. 

*can-fil-lc-fi-la, s. [Lat.] The Dog-star, 
can-fil-ic-fi-late, can-al-ic-fi-lat-ed, a. 
[Lat. caniculatus = channeled ; from caniculus, 
dimin. of canalis=a. channel.] 

1. Bot.: Channeled, having a longitudinal groove 
or furrow, 

“ Not unfrequently the upper surface is somewhat 
channeled ( canaliculate ).” — Henfrey: Botany, p. 48. 

2. Zoblogy: Having a groove or gutter, occurring 
in different parts of certain spiral univalves, in 
zoophagous mollusca, fitted for the protrusion of 
the long cylindrical siphon possessed by these ani¬ 
mals. 

“A buccinum of the canaliculated kind.”— Da Costa: 
Conchology, p. 289. 

fcfi-nal-l-za'-tion, s. [Eng. canaliz{e); -ation .] 
The act or process of cutting a canal through. 

fcan-fi-llze, v. t. [Eng. canal; -ize.] To make 
a canal through, to intersect by a canal. 

“ Having successfully canalized one isthmus, ... he 
has undertaken a similar work across the Atlantic.” 
— Graphic, Jan. 1, 1881. 

can-al-yie, can-nail-yie, s. [Fr. canaille .] The 
rabble. {Scotch.) 

“ The hale cannailyie, risin, tried 
In vain to end their gabblin.” 

Nicol: Poems, i. 37. 

Cfi-nard', s. A false report; a silly rumor. 

The word was coined from the French co,nard= 
a duck, and arose from the story of cannibalism 
among a flock of ducks, who ate one of their num¬ 
ber each day until at last they were reduced to one 
individual, the survivor having thus, it was argued, 
eaten all his companions. The story was the “rage” 
in Paris for a time, and afterward when any mar¬ 
velous recital was heard, the auditor would shrug 
his shoulders and exclaim, “ C’est une canard! ” 

can-fir-I’-na, s. [From Eng., &c., Canary= the 
islands where the plant grows [Canary], and fem. 
sing, suff. -ina.) 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Campanulaceae. 
Canarina campanula is said to be eatable. {Lind- 
ley.) 

can-ar -1-um, s. [From Lat. canarius, as a.= 
pertaining to dogs; as s.=a kind of grass, from 
canis= a dog.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Amyridace®. The 
gum of Canarium commune has the same properties 
as Balsam of Copaiva. The nuts are eaten in the 
Moluccas and Java, but are apt to bring on diar¬ 
rhoea. An oil is expressed from them, used at 
table when fresh and burned in lamps when stale. 
(Lindley .) C. strictum is the White Dammar-tree of 
Malabar. [Dammar.] 

Cfi-nar'-y, *ca-na -ra, s. & a. [From the Canary 
Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, said to be so named 
from the size of the dogs (Lat. canes) there bred.] 
A. As substantive: 

fl. A light kind of sweet wine, also called Sack 
(q. v.). 

“ Farewell, my hearts; I will to my honest knight Fal- 
staff, and drink canary with him.” — Shakesp.: Merry 
Wives of Windsor, iii. 2. 


IT In this sense seldom in the plural. 

“ But, i’ faith, you have drunk too much canaries 
. . .”— Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 4. 

*2. A kind of dance or romp. 

“. . . make you dance candry, 

With sprightly fire and motion.” 

Shakesp.; All’s Well, ii. 1. 

3. A common cage-bird, Carduclis canaria, much 
valued for its singing. It is usually of a light-yel¬ 
low color, and was first brought from the Canary 
Islands in the sixteenth century, but now is bred 
extensively in various countries. 

4. A pale-yellow color like that of the bird. [3.] 
B. As adjective: 

1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands. (See- 
compounds below.) 

2. Of a pale-yellowish color, 
canary-bird, s. [Canary, I. 3.] 

“ The canary-bird is now so common, and has contin¬ 
ued so long in a domestic state, that its native habits as 
well as its native country, seem almost forgotten.”— Gold~ 
smith: Animated Nature, bk. iv., ch. 4. 

canary-creeper, s. A garden name for Trovoeo- 
lum aduncum, commonly but wrongly called T. 
canariense. It is cultivated in gardens. 

canary-finch, s. The same as Canary-bird 
( q. v.). 

canary-grass, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Phalaris canariensis, chiefly culti¬ 
vated at Sandwich, in Kent. Canary-seed, the grain 
of the canary-grass, is much used as food for sing¬ 
ing-birds, 
canary-seed, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: The seeds of Canary-grass (q. v.). 

2. Botany: 

(1) The same as Canary-grass (q. v.). 

(2) Plantago major, or Waybred. {Britten <& 
Holland.) 

canary-wood, s. The timber of Persea indica 
and P. canariensis, from South America. It is 
a sound, light, orange-colored wood, used for cab¬ 
inet-work, musketry, and turning. {Weale: Diet, 
of Terms.) 

*ca-nar -y, v. i. [Canary, s., 2.] A cant word, 
which seems to signify to dance, to frolic. 

“. . . jigg off a tune at the tongue’s end, canary to 
it with your feet, humor it with turning up your eyelids.” 
— Shakesp.: Love’s Lab. Lost, iii. 1. 

ca-nas -ter, ka-nas'-ter, s. [Sp. canasta= a 
basket.] A particular kind of tobacco, so called 
from the rush baskets in which it was originally put 
up in in this country, specially for exportation. 

can'-$cl, v. t. [Fr. canceler; Low Lat. cancello 
=to obliterate by drawing lines across in lattice-’ 
form; from cancellus= a grating; pi. cancelli—lat- 
tice-work.J 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) To fence in, to inclose or surround with a 
fence or railing. 

“Casting up a bank of sand, or canceling, and railing 
it with posts.”— Fuller: Pisgah Sight, bk. iv., ch. 3. 

(2) To obliterate any writing by drawing the pen 
through it. 

“Delivering it up to be canceled; that is, to have line® 
drawn over it in the form of lattice work or cancelli; 
though the phrase is now used figuratively for any man¬ 
ner of obliteration or defacing.”— Blackstone: Comment. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To obliterate, wipe out, annul. 

“The end of life cancels all Bands.”— Shakesp.: Hen. TV.,. 
Pt. I., iii. 2. 

“ Retreat 

Cannot indeed to guilty man restore 
Lost innocence, or cancel follies past.” 

Cowper.- Task, iii. 678. 

*(2) To exclude as by a fence, to shut out. 

“ The other sort ... by doom canceled from- 
Heaven.”— Milton: P. L., vi. 379. 

II. Technically: 

1. Math.: To strike out equal factors. 

2. Printina: To condemn one or more pages of a 
book after they have passed through the press, sub¬ 
stituting others in their places. 

“ The booksellers agreed ... to have the leaf can¬ 
celed.” — Boswell: Life of Johnson, ii. 377. 

IT For the distinction between cancel, obliterate, 
expunge, blot out, rase or erase, and efface, see Blot 
Out. 

can'-§el, s. [O. Fr. chancel; Lat. cancelli— cross¬ 
bars, lattice-work.] [Chancel.] 

*1. Ord. Lang,: A boundary, bar, limit. 

“Where spirit desires an enlargement beyond the can¬ 
cels of the body . . .”— Jeremy Taylor: Life of Christ, 
pt. 3., sect. 13, § 9. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot„ 
or. wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, c&b, cure, finite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw». 



canceled 


723 


candescent 


II. Printing: 

1. The act of canceling one or more pages during 
their passage through the press. 

“Sand me down a whole set of the sheets that I may see 
what cancels are necessary.”— Southey; Letters. 

2. The pages canceled. 

can’-geled, can'-gelled, pa. par. & a. [Can¬ 
cel, v.j 

can-gel-Ing, can’-gel-lliig, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Cancel, n.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of obliterating, annuling 
or abolishing. 

canceling-press, s. A press having a plunger 
which defaces a printed stamp. These presses are 
usually worked by a blow or by a lever. 

canceling-stamp, s. A press for defacing 
printed stamps, to prevent their re-use. [Cancel- 
ING-PBESS.] 

can-gel-lar'-e-an, a. [Lat. cancellarius.} The 
same as Cancellaeeate (q. v.). 

can-gel-lar'-e-ate, a. [Lat. cancellarius—{ 1) a 
doorkeeper, (2) a secretary, (3) a chancellor.] 
[Chancellob.] Of or pertaining to a chancellor 
or his office. 

can-gel-lar-I-a, S. [Lat. cancellarius; from 
eancefii=lattice-work.] 

Zo6l.: A genus of univalve Testacea, belonging 
to the family Muricidse. and Swainson’s sub-family 
Scolyminee, in which the shell is turbinate, scab¬ 
rous and generally reticulated, the spire and aper¬ 
ture nearly equal, and the body ventricose. Tate in 
1875 estimated the known recent species at seventy- 
one, and the fossil ones at sixty, the latter from the 
Upper Chalk till now. 

can'-gel-late, a. [Lat. cancellatus, pa. par. of 
cancello= to make like a lattice; cancelli= cross¬ 
bars, lattice-work.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Inclosed by a fence. 

II. Bot: Consisting of a network of veins; lattice¬ 
like. 

*can-gel-late, v. t. [Cancellate, a.] To 
inclose with a fence, shut in. {Lit. & fig.) 

“This act was like to cancellating . . . the holy 
mysteries.”— Taylor: Great Exemplar, Disc. 18. 
can -gel-la-ted, pa. par. & a. [Cancellate, v.} 
*1. Ord. Lang.: Inclosed with a fence, shut in. 

II. Technically: 

1. Zodl.: Cross-barred; marked with cross lines 
like lattice-work. 

“ The tail of the castor is almost bald, though the beast 
is very hairy; and cancellated, with some resemblance to 
the scales of fishes.”— Grew. 

2. Anatomy: Open or cellular, as some porous 
bones, owing to some intersecting plates. 

fcan-gel-la'-tion, s. [Fr. cancellation^ a can¬ 
celing; Lat. cancellations, making of a boundary, 
or lattice-work.] 

1. Law; A canceling. According to Bartolus, an 
expunging or wiping out of the contents of an 
instrument, by two lines drawn in the manner of a 
cross. {Ayliffe.) 

“. . . which enactment excludes the mode which 
was sanctioned by the former law of Cancellation or strik¬ 
ing the will through with a pen.” — Lord St. Leonards: 
Property Law, p. 146. 

2. Math.: The process of striking out common 
factors, as in the divisor and dividend. 

can-gel-li, s. pi. [Cancellus.] 
can -gel-lous, a. [Cancellus.] 

Anat.: Having an open or porous structure, cel¬ 
lular. {Owen.) 

carL-gel -lus, s. [Lat. cancellus (pi. cancelli) = 
an inclosure of wood, a railing, lattice, or anything 
similar, by which a place is inclosed or protected.] 
1. Arch, {generally in the pi. cancelli): 

(1) Latticed windows made with cross-bars of 

wood, iron, lead, &c. . 

(2) The rails or balusters inclosing the bar of a 
court of justice or the communion table of a church. 

*2. Law: Lines drawn across a will or other legal 
document with the intention of revoking it. ( Whar¬ 
ton.) ... , ... 

3. Anat.: A reticulated structure existing in 
bones. 

“In the cancelli of bones there is a 1 arge deposit of fat.” 
—Todd & Bowman; Physical Anat., vol. i., ch. 3., p. 80. 

fcan'-gel-ment, s. [Eng. cancel; -ment.} The 
act of canceling, cancellation. 

can -ger, *can-cre, *can'-ker, *can-kyr, *kan- 
kir, s. & a. [Fr .cancre; Ital. cancro; Sp. & Lat. 
cancer— a crab.] [Cankeb.] 


A. As substantive: 

!.• Ord. Lang.: Chiefly in the sense II. 4 

II. Technically; 

1. Zodl.: A genus of Crustaceans, the typical one 
of the family Canceridee (q. v.). Cancer pagurus is 
the common edible crab or this country, It is found 
in suitable localities along our shores, multitudes 
being caught annually for the market. It casts its 
shell between Christmas and Easter. 

2. Palceont.: A cancer appears in the Cretaceous 
period, and others exist in the Tertiary. 

3. Astron.: The Crab, the fourth of the twelve 
signs of the zodiac. It is one of Ptolemy’s constel¬ 
lations. It denotes the northern limit of the sun’s 
course in summer, and hence is the sign of the sum¬ 
mer solstice. The sun enters it on June 21 st. 

“When, now no more th’ alternate Twins are fir’d. 
And Cancer reddens with the solar blaze, 

Short is the doubtful empire of the night.” 

Thomson. 

IT Tropic of Cancer: [Teopic.] 

4. Med.: A malignant growth which is found in 
different parts of the human body, having a tendency 
to spread more or less rapidly and ultimately to 
terminate in death. Cancer is an inherited disease, 
and its growth is in all probability due to some 
peculiar morbid material separated from the blood, 
and which is constantly being renewed. Two kinds 
of cancer are usually described, viz., schirrus or 
hard cancer, and medullary or soft cancer* but 
there are several varieties of the latter. Hard can¬ 
cer occurs most frequently in the female breast, 
axilla, parotid gland in the neck, and in the rectum. 
Soft cancer affects for the most part the internal 
organs, as the liver, spleen, kidneys, stomach, &c.; 
but there is scarcely any organ or tissue of the 
body which may not become the seat of this form 
of the disease. Hard cancer rarely occurs until 
after forty years of age, and is usually slow in its 
progress. < Soft cancer, on the other hand, is most 
common in early life, and generally runs a very 
rapid course. Cancers may, under certain circum¬ 
stances, be removed by surgical operation, but they 
are almost certain to return. 

“ Canker, sekenesse. Cancer.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“The word of him crepith as a kankir.” — Wickliffe; 
2 Tim., ii. 17. 

“ Any of these three may degenerate into a schirrus and 
that schirrus into a cancer.’’ — Wiseman. 

*5. Bot.: A plant, perhaps the same as Cancer- 
wort (q. v.). 

“ To seeke th’ hearbe cancer, and by that to cure him.” 
—Great Britaines Troye, 1609. {Wright.) {Britten <Se 
Holland.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) , 

cancer-cell, s. A cell characterized by a large 
nucleus, bright nucleolus, and the irregular form of 
the cell itself; found in many malignant tumors, 
cancer-powder, cancer powder, s. 

Pharm.: Martin’s cancer-powder, once famous in 
this country, is believed to have consisted of an 
orobanchaceous plant, Epiphegus virginiana , with 
oxide of arsenic. 

cancer-root, s. A name given to various oro¬ 
banchaceous plants. Specially: (1) Epiphegus. 
[Cancee-powdee.] (2) Conopholis. (3) Aphyllon 
uniflorum, sometimes called Orobanche uniflora. 
{Treas. of Bot.) 

*cancer-wort, *cancerwoort, s. [Eng. cancer, 
and wort (q. v.).] 

Bot.: A plant, Linaria spuria, L. [Cankee- 
wobt.] 

can'-ger-ate, v. i. [Lat. canceratus, pa. par. 
of cancero= to grow into a cancer.] To become can¬ 
cerous, to canker. 

“ But striking his fist upon the point of a nail in the 
wall, his hand cancerated, he fell into a fever, and soon 
after died on’t.”— L’Estrange. 

*can -ger-a-ted, pa. par. or a. [Cancebate, v.} 

“ Nature seemed to make a separation between the 
cancerated and sound breast, such as you often see where 
a caustic hath been applied.”— Boyle: Works, vol. vi., 
p. 647. 

can-ger-a-tion, s. [Eng. cancerat{e); -ion.] 
The act or state of growing into a cancer, or of 
becoming cancerous. 

can-ger-l-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. cancer (q.v.), 
and fern. pi. sutf. -idce.l 

Zodl.: The typical family of the brachyourous 
(short-tailed) crustaceans. They are sometimes 
called Cyclometopa (circular foreheads). [Oan- 
CEB.] 

can'-ger-ous, a. [Eng. cancer; -ous .] Having 
the nature or qualities of a cancer. 

“ How they are to be treated when they are strumous, 
schirrous, or cancerous, you may see in their proper 
places.”— Wiseman. 

fcan'-ger-ous-ljT, adv. [Eng. cancerous; -ly.\ 
In the manner of a cancer, cancer-like. 


tcan-ger-ous-ness, s. [Eng. cancerous; -ness.} 
The quality or state of being cancerous. 

can'-ger-wort, s. [Eng. cancer, and wort (2) 
(q.v.).] [Cankebwoet.] 
can-gil -lg,, s. [Lat. cancelins=lattice-work.] 
Zodl.: A genus of univalves, in which the spira 
and aperture are of nearly equal length; the whorls 
crossed by transverse linear ribs, crossed with 
transverse striae and bands. They belong to the 
sub-family Mitranae, and family Volutidse or Vo¬ 
lutes. 

*can’-cred (cred as kerd), pa. par. & a. [Can- 
kee.] 

“ That conning Architect of cancred guyle, 

Whom Princes late displeasure left in bands.” 

Spenser: F. Q., H. i. 1. 

tcan'-crl-form, a. [Fr. cancriforme ; from Lat. 
cancer (genit. cancris)—a crab, cancer; and forma 
=form, shape.] 

1. Having the form of or resembling a crab. 

2. Having the appearance or qualities of a cancer, 
can-crine, a. [Canceb.] Having the form or 

nature of a crab; crab-like. 

can -crln-Ite, s. [From Lat. cancer (genit. can- 
cris)= a crab, and suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).T 
Min.: A mineral closely resembling Nephelite, 
and probably identical with it in atomic ratio. It 
is found at Miask, in the Urals, and is of a citron- 
yellow, whitish or pale-yellowish color. It is in 
luster sub-vitreous and transparent. Specific 
gravity, 2 - 42-2’5. Hardness, 5-6. {Dana.) 

can-crdid, a. Like a cancer or crab; of the 
nature of a cancer or crab. 

can-crd -ma, s. [In Lat. carcroma, canceroma, 
and the corruption carchrema; in (ir. karkinoma 
means a cancer, the disease; but here cancroma is 
simply from cancer— a crab, and means crab-eater, 
as does the French name for the genus Cancroma— 
Crabier, but it is supposed to be a mistake that the 
known species eat crabs.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the sub¬ 
family Ardeinse. [Boat-bill.] 
cand, s. A miner’s term for fluorspar, 
can-da, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Zodl.: A genus of infundibulate polyzoa, of the 
sub-order Cyclostomata, and family Cellularidae. 

cand-a-vaig, s. [Gael. ceann=head, and dub- 
hach=a black dye; foul salmon being called “black 
fish.”] A salmon that lies in the fresh water tiH 
summer, without going to the sea, and, of conse¬ 
quence, is reckoned very foul. 

“We have a species of salmon called by the country 
people candavaigs.” — A. Birse: Aherd. Statistical Acct.. 
ix. 109, N. 

*can -del, s. [Candle.] 

*candel-staff, *candelstaf, s. A candlestick. 
“To be brought forth out of th eoandelstaf.” — Wickliffe: 
Exod. xxv. 33. 

can-de-la'-brum, s. [Lat. candelabrum, *can- 
delaber, *candelabrus=a candlestick, a chandelier, 
from candela=a candle.] Alamp-stand. Its tripedal 
form among the ancients is believed to have been 
derived from the shape of its predecessors—braziers 
or basins for holding fuel, mounted on tripods. 
Among the Greeks and Romans they were highly 
ornamental, and made of bronze and marble. They 
survived until lately in the branched sticks for the 
candles whereby halls and stately dinner-tables 
were illuminated. {Knight.) 

candelabrum-tree, s. A tree {Pandanus can¬ 
delabrum). 

*can’-den-gy, s. [Lat. candentia .] 

1. Lit.: A white heat. 

2. Fig.: Excessive heat, fervor. 

“Have you not made a sad division here—your paper 
bewraying so much candency for the one, and coolness 
in the other ?”—Me Ward: Contendings, p. 181. 

caiA-dent, a. [Lat. candens, pr. par. of candeo 
=to shine, to glow, to burn, to be white-hot.] 

1. Lit.: In a state of the greatest heat, next to 
fusion; white-hot. 

“If a wire be heated only at one end, according as that 
end is cooled upward or downward, it respectively ac¬ 
quires a verticity, as we have declared in wires totally 
candent.” — Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

2. Fig.: Hot, impassioned. 

“Some men . . . are keen and candent against any 
who will do this .”—Me Ward: Contendings, p. 170. 

can'-der-os, s. [Lat. candidus= white; ros={ 1) 
dew, (2) any liquid distilling in drops.] An East 
Indian resin of a semi-transparent white color, 
from which small ornaments and toys are some¬ 
times made. 

*can-des'-gent, a. [Lat. candescens, pr. par. of 
candesco-to become white-hot; frequent, of candeo 
=to be white-hot.] The same as Incandescent 
( q. v.). 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, epst. ph - f. 

-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



Candia 


724 


candleberry-tree 


Can-di-a, s. The name given sometimes to the 
Isle of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea. The island 
is 135 miles long and from 6 to 30 miles broad, and. 
has a population of 15,000. It is under the dominion 
of Turkey. [Crete.] 

*can'-di-cant, a. [Lat. candicans, pr. par. of 
candico= to be whitish; candeo= to be white.] Be¬ 
coming white; whitish. 

can -dld, a. [Fr. candide=(l) white, bright, (2) 
innocent, upright, &c.; Lat. candidus = white, 
bright, clear ; candeo— to be bright or white.] 

I. Lit.: White. 

“Sending Him back to Pilate in a white or candid 
robe.”— Jackson: On the Creed, bk. viii. 

“The box receives all black; but poured from thence, 
The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence.” 

Dry den: Ovid; Metamorphoses xv. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of persons: Frank, fair, ingenuous, open. 

“ Laugh where we must, be candid where we can, 

And vindicate the ways of God to man.” 

Pope: Epistle i. 15. 

2. Of things: Fair, unbiased, 
can-di-date, s. [Lat. cawdidaius=white-robed; 

candidus= white. The term was applied because of 
the fact that men seeking office in ancient Rome 
clad themselves in a white toga. ( Trench: On the 
Study of Words , p. 193. V] One who proposes him¬ 
self for or solicits an office or appointment. 

“Three States would have left the Democratic candidate 
in a minority of one vote.”— Times, Nov. 13, 1876. 

1. Generally used with the prep, for before the 
office or position sought. 

“One would be surprised to see so many candidates for 
glory.”— Addison. 

* 2 . Sometimes with the prep. of. 

“ While yet a young probationer, 

And candidate of heav’n.”— Dryden. 

*can-di-da-ted, a. [Candidate.] Raised to or 
made fit for the position of a candidate. 

“Without quarreling with Rome, we can allow this 
purgatory, to purify and cleanse us, that we may be the 
better candidated for the court of Heaven and glory.”— 
Feltham: Resolves, ii. 57. 

can -di date-ship, s. [Eng. candidate; -ship .] 
The position or state of being a candidate; candi¬ 
dature. 

can-di-dat-iire, s. [Fr. candidature: Low Lat. 
candidatura, from candidus= wh ite. ] The same as 
•Candidateship (q. v.). 

“The birth of a son and heir to the throne of Italy has 
.caused the candidature of the Duke of Aosta for that of 
Spain to be revived.”— London Daily News, November 22, 
1869. 

can-di-da'-tus, s. [Lat.] A candidate. 

“ Be candidatus, then, and put it on, 

And help to set a head on headless Rome.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, i. 2. 

can'-dld-ly, adv. [Eng. candid; -ly.l In a can¬ 
did manner, openly, frankly, ingenuously. 

“We have often desired they would deal candidly with 
us.”— Swift. 

can-did-ness, s. [Eng. candid; -ness.] The 
quality of being candid, frankness, openness of 
heart. 

“The candidness of a man’s very principles, and the 
sincerity of his intentions.”— South: Sermons, ii. 454. 

can -died, *can -dyed, a. [Eng. candy.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Converted into sugar or candy. 

2. Preserved in sugar. 

‘ Lick up the candy’d provender.” 

Butler: Hudibras, IU. i. 402. 

“ Candied apple, quince and plum.” 

Keats: Eve of St. Agnes. 

3. Coated or covered over with sugar, or some 
material to represent sugar. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. Covered with any white substance resembling 
sugar. 

“Will the cold brook. 

Candied with ice, caudle thy morning taste. 

To cure thy o’er-night’s surfeit?” 

Shakesp.: Timon, iv. 3. 

2. Having its falseness covered over or hidden 
with flattering and deceptive words ; honied. 

“Why should the poor be flatter’d? 

No, let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp, 

And crook the pregnant hinges of the knee 
Where thrift may follow fawning.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

candied-peel, s. Preserved lemon or citron peel, 
used in pastry and confectionery. 

tcan'-di-fy, v. t. & i. [Lat. candifico= to make 
white• candidus — white; facio (pass, fio) = to 
make.] 


A. Trans.: To make white, to whiten. candle-mold, s. A mold for making candles 

r , ... , , The Sieur le Brez of Paris is said to have been the 

E. Intrans.: To become white. inventor of molding candles. At the present day, 

can'-dite, s. [From the town of Candy.] candle-molds are usually made of pewter or tin ; in 

Min.: Also called Ceylonite, a variety of Spinel some cases glass has been employed. They may be 
(q. v.). It is found at Candy, in Ceylon. Its color inserted m a wooden frame, the upper part of which 
is dark green to black, mostly opaque or nearly so. serves as a trough ; or several molds may be per- 
Specific gravity=3’5-3'6. (Dana.) 

can-di-te er, s. [Etym. doubtful.] cylindrical tube having a conical tip, with a circu- 

Fort.: A protection for miners, consisting of brush- lar aperture through which the double wick is 
wood, &c. drawn, by means of a hooked wire, allowing the 

- , ^ c o , p „ ,-t loop to project a little beyond the open end of the 

can die, ‘ Can-dll, ' p a R delle, s. & a. [Lat. mcdd . while the other end of the wick projects be- 
ca.ndela—(l) white wax-light, (2) any taper; candeo yond and closes the ape rture in the conical tip. 
—to be white.] Sticks or wires are passed through the loops, their 

A. As substantive: ends resting on the edges of the mold-frame. The 

I. Literally: mold is placed open end up, and the melted tallow 

i’ * v i, .n., poured into the trough by means of a ladle. When 

!• A .l}&ht made of a wick of cotton or other sufficiently hard, they are withdrawn by means of 
m 3 .terial enveloped in prepared wax or tallow. _ the wires stic ^ s p / ssing through the loops. 


IT Candles are primarily divided into dipped or 
mold candles, sometimes called dips and molds 
according to the method of their manufacture. 
N amed from the materials employed in their con¬ 
struction, they are paraffine, spermaceti, composi¬ 
tion, stearine, tallow, palm-oil, or wax candles. 

“ Her eyen two were cleer and light 
As ony candelle that brenneth bright.” 

Romaunt of the Rose. 

“ Candles for an illumination were disposed in the win¬ 
dows.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

2. Electricity: The unit of illuminating power; 
a carbon, as the Jablochkoff candle. 

*11. Fig.: Anything which affords light. 

“ The spirit of man is the candle of the Lord, searching 
all the inward parts of the belly.”— Prov. xx. 27. 

(1) Applied to the stars. 

“ Night’s candles are burnt out.” 

Shakesp.: Rom. & Jul., iii. 5. 

( 2 ) Used for the spirit of man ; life. 

“ Out, out, brief candle! 

Life’s but a walking shadow.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 5. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

Compounds of obvious signification: Candle- 
flame, candle-light. 

candle-bomb, s. A small glass bubble filled 
with water, which, if placed in the flame of a candle, 
bursts by the expansion of the steam generated 
from the inclosed water. 

candle-coal, s. [Cannel-coal.] 

“At Blair—beds of an inflammable substance, having 
some resemblance of jet, here called candle-coal, or light 
coal; much valued for the strong bright flame which it 
emits in burning.”— P. Lesmahagoe: Stat. Acc., viii. 424. 

candle-dipping, a. Designed to dip candles. 

Candle-dipping machine: A frame by which a 
large number of dependent wicks are dipped into a 
cistern of melted tallow and then lifted out of it, 
the process being repeated until a sufficient thick¬ 
ness of tallow has accumulated on the wick. 

candle-ends, s. 

1. Lit.: The short pieces or remains of bumed- 
out candles. 

*2. Fig.: Anything which will last but a very 
short time. 

“ Onr lives are but our marches to our graves, . . , 
We are but spans, and candles ends.” 

Beaum. <& Fletch.: Hum. Lieutenant. 

candle-fir, s. Fir that has been buried in a 
morass, moss-fallen fir, split and used instead of 
candles. 

“ Fir, unknown in Tweeddale mosses, is found in some 
of these, [of Carnwath, Lanarkshire] long and straight, 
indicating its having grown in thickets. Its fibers are so 
tough that they are twisted into ropes, halters, and 
tethers. The splits of it are used for light, by the name 
of candle-fir.” — Agr. Surv. Feeb. 

candle-fish, s. A small fish peculiar to our Pa¬ 
cific coast. It is so oily that when dried and a wick 
is drawn through it, it will burn like a candle. It 
is allied to the Smelt family. 

candle-holder, s. 

1. Lit.: One who or that which holds or supports 
a candle. 

*2. Fig.: An assister. 

“I’ll be a candle-holder, and look on.” 

Shakesp.: Rom. & Jul., i. 4. 

candle-match, s. 

Mining: A match made of the wick of a candle— 
or a piece of greased paper—formerly used for 
blasting. ( Weale: Diet, of Terms.) 

*candle-mine, s. 

Fig.: A mine or lump of tallow or fat; a fat 
lump. 

“You whoreson candle-mine.”—Shakesp.: Henry IV., 
Pt. II., ii. 4. 


candle-nut, s. The fruit of the Candleberry- 
tree. . 

Candle-nut tree: The Candleberry-tree. 

“The candle-nut tree grows in the Polynesian Islands.” 
— Simonds: Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom. 

*candle-quencher, *candel-quencher, s. An 

extinguisher. 

“ Candel-quenchers ... be thei maad of moost pnyr 
gold.”— Wickliffe: Exod. xxv. 38. 

candle-rush, s. The common rush, Juncus com¬ 
munis, so called from its pith being used for mak¬ 
ing rushlights. 

candle-shears, s.pl. Snuffers. 

“ Candle-sheares, the dozen pair xxx s.”— Rates, A. 161L 

candle-snuff, *candlesnuffe, s. The snuff or 
wick of a candle. 

“The fungous excrescence growing about the candle- 
snuffe.” — Holland: Plinie, bk. xxviii., ch. 11. 

candle-snuffer, s. An instrument for cutting off 
the snuff or wick from candles. 

“I snuffed the candles, and, let me tell you, that, with¬ 
out a candle-snuffer, the piece would lose half its embel¬ 
lishments.”— Goldsmith: Essays, vi. 

*candle-snyting, *candylsnytynge, s. The act 
of snuffing a candle ; a candle-wick. 

“ A candyIsnytynge; licinus, licinum.” — Cathol. Anglicum 
(ed. Herrtage). 

candle-stuff, candlestuff, s. Grease, tallow, or 
other kitchen stuff from which candles may be made. 

“By the help of oil, and wax, and other candlestuff, the 
flame may continue and the wick not burn.”— Bacon. 

candle-tree, *candel-treow, s 

*1. Ord. Lang.: A candlestick. 

2. Hot.: A tree, Parmentiera cerifera. It is of the 
crescentiad order, that to which the Calabash-tree 
belongs. 

“Here we may take notice of the candletrees of the 
West Indies, out of whose fruit, boiled to a thick fat con¬ 
sistence, are made very good candles.”— Ray: On the Crea¬ 
tion, pt. ii. 

Candle-tree oil: Oil made from the fruit of the 
Caudle-tree. 

candle-waster, s. 

Fig.: Applied in contempt to a spendthrift, a 
drunkard, or a poor scholar. 

“ Patch grief with proverbs; make misfortune drunk 
With candle-wasters.” Shakesp.: Much Ado, v. L 

candle-wick, *candylweke, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: The wick of a candle. 

“Why doth the fire fasten upon the candle-wickf” — 
Bunyan: P.P., pt. ii. 

*2. Bot.: A plant, Verbascum Thapsus, Great Mul¬ 
lein, used for wicks of candles. 

can-dle-ber-ry (1), s. The fruit of Aleurites tri¬ 
loba (the Candleberry-tree). So named because the 
kernels, when dried and stuck on a reed, are used 
by the Polynesians as candles. Called also candle- 
nut (q. v.). 

Can-dle-ber-ry (2), s. & a. [Eng. candle, and 
berry.] 

A. Assubst.: The same as Candleberrt-myrtle 
( q. v.). 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

candleberry-myrtle, s. 

Bot.: A shrub, a native of this country, Myrica 
cerifera. Natural order, Myricaeese. It is also 
called the Wax-myrtle. Other species of Myrica 
are also sometimes termed Candleberry Myrtles. 

candleberry-tree, s. 

Bot.: A tree, Aleurites triloba , natural order, 
Euphorbiacete, the nuts of which are commercially 
called candle-nuts, and furnish a greenish-colored 
wax when put into hot water. 


fate, fat, 
ox, wore. 


fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, 
wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot, 
qu = kw. 




candlemas 


cane 


can'-dle-mas, *candelmesse, *condel-messe, 

s. [A. S. candel-mcesse; from candel, and moesse= 
mass.] The feast of the Purification of the Blessed 
Virgin, February 2d; so called from being formerly 
celebrated with processions and shows of candles. 
It was instituted in the sixth century, during the 
reign of Justinian, and came in lieu of the Roman 
festival of Lupercalia, which had been also celebrat¬ 
ed in the month of February, and with candles. 

“Come Candlemas nine years ago she died.” — Gay. 

“In Scotland, the period in contracts of landlord and 
tenant is often dated from Lammas or Candlemas ."— 
Lewis; Astron. of the Ancients (ed. 1862), ch. i., § 6, p. 29. 

candlemas-bells, s. A plant, Galanthus nivalis, 
the Snowdrop. ( Gloucester.) (Britten & Holland.) 

♦candlemas crown, s. A badge of distinction, 
for it can scarcely be called an honor, conferred, at 
some grammar-schools, on him who gives the high¬ 
est gratuity to the rector, at the term of Candle¬ 
mas. (Scotch.) 

“The scholars . . . pay ... a Candlemas gra¬ 
tuity, according to their rank and fortune, from 6s. even 
as far as 5 guineas, when there is a keen competition for 
the Candlemas crown. The king, i. e., he who pays most, 
reigns for six weeks, during which period he is not only 
entitled to demand an afternoon’s play for the scholars 
once a week, but he has also the royal privilege of remit¬ 
ting punishments.”— P. St. Andrews, Fife Statistical Ac - 
-count. 

can-dle-stick, *can-del-stikke, *can-del- 
stik, *can-del-stykke, s. [Eng. candle and sficfc.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: The stand or apparatus for hold¬ 
ing or supporting a candle. 

“ Candelstykke. Candelabrum, lucemarium." — Prompt. 
Parv. 

“And the table and all his vessels, and the candlestick 
and his vessels, and the altar of incense.”— Exod. xxx. 27. 

II. Technically: 

1. Jewish Archceol.: A golden candelabrum di¬ 
verging above into three branches on each side, six 
in all, was part of the furniture of the tabernacle. 
(Exod. xxxvii., 17-24.) Its appropriate situation 
was in the tent of the congregation, opposite to the 
table on the south side of the tabernacle. (Ibid., 
xl. 24.) 

2. New Test. (Fig.): A church, specially applied 
to one of the seven churches of Asia. 

“ . . . and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest 
are the seven churches.”— Rev. i. 20; see also ii. 1, 5. 

3. Bot.: Various plants with more or less remote 
resemblance to a candlestick. Spec. — 

(1) Lady's Candlestick: A plant, Primula elatior. 

(2) Devil's Candlestick: A plant, Nepeta gle- 
chorna. 

can-dle-WQOd, s. [Eng. candle; ivood .]_ The 
name of a tree, Gomphia guianensis, found in Ja- 
maica. 

*can'-doc, *can-dock, s. [Eng. can, and dock 
(q. v.). Of. Ger. kannenkraut (iif.=can-weed) = 
horse-tail or marsh horse-tail.] 

Botany: 

1. A plant or weed growing in rivers, Nymphcea 
alba, from the half unfolded leaves floating on the 
water being supposed to resemble cans. 

2. Nuphar lutea, so called from its broad leaves, 
and the shape of its seed-vessel like that of a can 
or flagon. (Britten & Holland.) 

“. . . the water-weeds, as water-lilies, candocks, 

reate, and bulrushes.”— Walton. 

can’-dor, can-dour, s. [Lat. candor= white¬ 
ness ; candeo= to be white.] _ . 

*1. Lit.: The state of being white; whiteness. 

2. Fig.: Frankness; openness of heart. 

“Such was their love of truth. 

Their thirst of knowledge, and their candor, too!” 

Cowper: Task , ii. 544. 

cand-roy, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A machine 
used in preparing cotton cloths for printing. It 
spreads out the fabric as it is rolled round the lap¬ 
ping roller. 

can’-djf, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. “ se candir-to candie 
or grow candide, as sugar after boyling ” (Cot- 
grave) ; Ital. candire - to candy ; candi = candy; 
zucchero candi =sugar-candy; Arabic & Pers. qand— 
sugar; qandah= sugar-candy; quandi—sugared.) 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To preserve with sugar, to sugar, to coat 
over with crystallized sugar (most commonly used 
in the pa. par.). 

“They have in Turkey confections like to candied con- 
serves.”— Bacon . 

♦II. Figuratively: 

1. (Applied to frost): To cover over with congela¬ 
tions, to crystallize. 

“Th’ excessive cold of the mid air anon, 

Candies it all in balls of icy stone.” 

Du Bartas, Day 2. 


725 

2. To coat over or incrust with any foreign sub 
stance. 

“I have seen . . . a skull brought thence, which was 
candied over with stone, within and without.”— Fuller: 
Worthies, ii. 500. 

3. To sweeten; cover over any bitterness or un¬ 
pleasantness. 

“ This candied bitterest tortures with delight.” 

Beaum. & Flet.; Psyche, s. 198. 

*B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To become coated with sugar. 

2. Fig.: To become congealed, 
candy-broad-sugar, s. Loaf or lump sugar, 
can-dy (1), fkhan-dy, s. [Tamil and Malay- 

alam kandi; Mahrat.ta khandee; from Sansc. khand 
=to divide, to destroy.] A weight in use in India— 
at Madras, 500 lbs.; at Bombay, 560 lbs. 

can -dy (2), s. & a. [Fr. candi, sucre candi; Sp. 
candi, azucar cande; Ital. candi or zucchero candi; 
from Arab, and Pers. qand— sugar, sugar-candy; 
from Sans. kharda= a piece of sugar, khand= to 
break.] 

A. Assubst.: allized sugar, made by boiling 

sugar or syrup Sv .al times to render it hard and 
transparent. 

“ Like flies o’er candy 
Buzz round.”— Byron; Don Juan, xii. 32. 
*B. As adj. (Fig.): Candied over externally; 
sweetened or smoothed over. 

“ Why, what a candy deal of courtesy 
This fawning greyhound then did proffer me !’* 
Shakesp.; 1 Henry IV., i. 3. 

can -dy (3), s. & a. [From Candia or Crete, a 
well-known island in the Mediterranean; south-east 
of the Morea.] 

candy-mustard, s. The same as Candy-tuft 
(q. v.). (Britten & Holland.) 

candy-tuft, s. A name applied to several species 
of Iberis (q. v.). The name was originally given to 
the I. umbellata, first discovered in Candia. 
can -dy-iiig, pr. par., a. & s. [Candy, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act or process of becoming can¬ 
died or crystallized. 

cane (1), *canne, s. & a. [Fr. canne; O. Fr. 
canes (pi.)= woods; canez, canes, keynes — oaks 
(Kelham): Wei. cawnen= cane, reed; Sp. & Port. 
cane; Ital. & Lat. canna; Gr. kanna, kanne= a reed 
or cane, or anything made from it; Arab, qandt; 
Heb. qdneh. See II. 2.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. A name given to various plants with reedy 
stems. [II. l.j 

1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

2) Specially: 

a) The rattan (Calamus rotang). [Calamus, 
Rattan.] 

( 6 ) The sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum). 

“ Has God then given its sweetness to the cane, 
Unless His laws be trampled on—in vain ?” 

Cowper: Charity, 190. 

2. Anything made of small plants with reedy 
stems. 

(1) A lance or dart of cane. 

“ Judge-like thou sitt’st, to praise or to arraign 
The flying skirmish of the darted cane.” 

Dry den: Conquest of Granada, Pt. I., i. 1. 

(2) A slender walking-stick, thicker than a switch 
and more slender than a staff. 

“With cane extended far I sought 
To steer it close to land.” 

Cowper: The Dog and the Water Lily. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot. & Com.: A name for various endogenous 
plants of thin but tenacious woody stem. These 
belong chiefly to the orders Grammace® and Palm- 
ace®. For different kinds of “ canes,” see bamboo, 
rattan, reed, suggr-cane, &c. 

2. Script.: The “sweet!cane” of Scripture, Heb. 
qaneh (Isaiah xliii. 24); qaneh hattob lit.=the good 
cane (Jerem. vi. 20), is probably a grass, Andropogon 
calamus aromaticus, which is a native of India. 

“ Thou hast bought me no sweet cane with money . . 

— Isa. xliii. 24. 

“To what purpose cometh there to me incense from 
Sheba, and the sweet cane from a far country.”— Jer. 
vi. 20. 

IT The same word, qaneh, is translated calamus in 
the Song of Solomon iv. 14, and Ezekiel xxvii. 19, 
and may be the above-mentioned Andropogon; or, 
if not, then Acorus calamus (q. v.). The calanius of 
Exodus xxx. 23 is in Heb. qeneh bosem, qeneli being 
the constructive state of qaneh. It may be Acorus 
calamus. The reed of Isaiah xxxvi. 6 is also qaneh, 
and may not be limited to one species. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


3. Weights <& Meas,: A measure of length used in 

some parts of Europe. At Naples it is 7.feet 3% 
inches : at Toulouse, 5 leer SVs inches, and in Prov¬ 
ence 6 feet 5!4 inches. _ , 

4. Hydraul.: A device ror raising water. [Hy¬ 
draulic Cane.] 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or resembling the cane; 

consisting of canes. 

cane-apple, s. A plant, Arbutus Unedo. 
cane-brake, s. 

1. Lit.: A brake or thicket composed of cane;what 
is called in India bamboo-jungle, or anything simi¬ 
lar, (Chiefly American.) 

2. Bot. & Ord. Lang.: The English name of the 
genus Arundinaria. 

cane-chalr, s. A chair constructed entirely of, or 
having its seat alone made of rattan (Calamus 
rotang), either in its integral form or riven in 
splints. The latter are plaited together after the 
fashion of a loose-woven web or wicker work to form 
the seat, back, &c., of the chair. 

cane-gun, s. A weapon comprising a gun-barrel 
with its discharging devices, arranged within the 
shaft of a cane so as to present the appearance of 
an ordinary walking-stick. (Knight.) 

cane-harvester, s. A machine for cutting sugar¬ 
cane or sorghum in the field. Essentially, it differs 
but little from the Corn-harvester (q. v.). 

_ cane-hole, s. A hole or trench on sugar planta¬ 
tions, in which canes are planted, 
cane-juice, s. The juice of the sugar-cane. 

“The first of these writers [Lucan] in enumerating 
Pompey’s eastern auxiliaries, describes a nation who 
made use of the cane-juice as a drink.”— Grainger: Sugar- 
Cane, bk. i., note. 

Cane-juice bleacher: An apparatus for decoloriz¬ 
ing cane-juice by means of sulphurous acid vapor. 
(Knight.) 

cane-knife, s. A knife like a sword or Spanish 
machete, used for cutting standing cane. It has a 
blade from 18 to 24 inches long, and is made in 
various patterns for the Southern or South Ameri¬ 
can market. (Knight.) 

cane-mill, s. A machine for grinding sugar-cane 
or sorghum-stalks. 

cane-polisbing, a. Polishing or designed to 

polish canes. 

Cane-polishing machine: A machine for polishing 
the hard siliceous cuticle of rattan-splints after 
they are split and rived from the cane. [Rattan, 
Cane-working Machine.] 
cane-press, s. 

Sugar-making: A machine for pressing sugar- 
canes. In that of Bessemer there is a plunger 
reciprocating in a trunk into which the cane is in¬ 
troduced transversely. At each stroke of the 
plunger a length of cane is cut off, and jammed 
against the mass of cut cane, which is ultimately 
drawn out at the open end. 
cane-scraper, s. 

Chair-making, dtc.: A machine for cutting away 
the woody fiber from the back of a splint of rattan, 
to make it thin and pliable. (Knight.) 
cane-splitter, s. 

Chair-making, dtc.; A machine for cutting and 
riving splints from rattan. [Cane-working Ma¬ 
chine.] 

cane-stripper, s. 

Sugar-making : A knife for stripping and topping 
cane-stalks. 

cane-sugar, s. [Sugar.] 

cane-sword, s. A long dagger inserted into a 
walking-cane, the handle of the cane forming the 
hilt of the dagger, and the body of the cane serving 
as a sheath or scabbard. [See Sword-cane.] 
cane-trash, s. Refuse of sugar-canes or macer¬ 
ated rinds of cane, reserved for fuel to boil the cane- 
juice. 

cane-working, a. Working or designed to work 
cane. 

Cane-working machine: 

Chair-making, <&c.: A machine for working cane. 
(Used specially of cane-splitters, planers, scrapers, 
shavers dressers, reducers, and polishers.) (Knight.) 

cane (2), cain, kain, s.&a. [From Low Lat. 
canum, cana=tribute ; Gael. cea?m=the head.] 

A. As subst.: A duty paid by a tenant to his land¬ 
lord in kind. (Jamieson.) 

B. As adj.: Designed to be given to a landlord, as 
cane-cheese, cane-fowls. [Cain, Canage.] 

cane, v. t. [From cane (1 ),s. (q. v.)] 

1. Of a chair, die.: To affix rattan to suitable 
parts of if. 

2. Of a person: To beat with a cane or thin stick. 
“ Or would it tell to any man’s advantage in history that 

he had caned Thomas Aquinas.”— De Quincey: Works (ad. 
1863), vol. ii. p. 93. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = b$l, del. 




caned 


726 


canker 


Caned (1), pa. par. & a. [Cane, v.] 
caned (2), a. [Lat. canus= white, from the color 
of the mold.] Molded or turned sour. (Applied to 
vinegar or ale.) 

11 Caned, Acidus.” — Cathol. Anglicum (ed. Herrtage). 

*can-el ( 1 ), *can-ele, *can-elle, *can-ylle, s. 
[Fr. cannelle; Sp .canela; Ger. kaneel; Dan. kanel; 
probably from Lat. canalis, from the hollowness of 
the stalks.] Cinnamon. 

“In Arabia is store mir, and canel.” — Trevisa, i. 99. 
*can-el (2), *chan-elle, s. [Canal.] 

“ Canel or chanelle. Canalis.'’—Prompt. Parv. 

*canel-bone, *canelboon, s. [Canal-bone.] 
cg,-nel'-lg,, s. [Lat. dim. of canna= a reed, from 
the shape of the rolled-up bark.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, belonging to the order 
Guttiferse, but of which the affinities are so doubt¬ 
ful that it has been made the type of a distinct 
order, Canellacete (q. v.). They are ornamental 
shrubs or trees. Canella alba is a common West 
Indian aromatic evergreen shrub. It is called also 
Wild Cinnamon, 
canella alba, s. 

Bot. & Com.: The botanical and commercial name 
of a cheap aromatic bark, chiefly obtained from 
the Bahamas. ( Craig.) 

canella-bark, s. 

Bot.: The bark of Canella alba. [Canella.] It 
is called in the Bahamas White-wood Bark, from 
the color of the trees from whicli it has been 
stripped. It yields by distillation a warm aromatic 
oil, which is_ carminative and stomachic. In the 
West Indies it is often mixed with oil of cloves. 
( Bindley , dtc.) 

canella de chevro, s. The Brazilian name for 
an oil distilled from the fruit of Oreodaphne opifera, 
a lauraceous tree growing abundantly in South 
America between the Oronoko and the Parime 
rivers. The oil is limpid and volatile,of a yellow wine 
color, an aromatic acrid taste, and a smell as if old 
oil.of orange-peel had been mingled with that of 
rosemary. An oil which gushes copiously from the 
tree itself when incisions are made into it, is con¬ 
sidered to be a powerful discutient. 

can-el-la-pe-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. canella 
(q. v.), and fern. pi. suff. -acece.) 

Bot.: A family of plants established by Von Mar- 
tius, though not universally accepted by other 
botanists. Calyx leathery, of three imbricated 
sepals; petals five, twisted in cestivation; stamens 
about twenty, united into a column, with the 
anthers sessile on the outside; ovary one-celled, 
with two or three ovules. Of doubtful affinity. 
Probably akin to Bixacese. ( Lindley , dfcc.) [Can¬ 
ella.] 

can-el-le-a’-pe-oiis, a. [Lat. canella; Eng. adj. 
suff. -aceous.} 

Bot.: Pertaining to the order of plants of which 
Canella is the type. ( Craig.) 
ca -ne§, s. pi. [Lat. canis— a dog.] 
canes venatici, s. pi. _ [Lat. canes = dogs; 
t’enafici=pertaining to hunting; venor— to hunt.] 
Astron.: The Greyhounds, the name of two 
northern constellations, in which Hevelius, by 
whom it was formed, reckoned twenty-five stars, 
but the British catalogue only ton. 

fca-nes §ent, a. [Lat. canescens; pr. par. of 
canesco= to become white, caneo— to be white.] 
Become white in color, assuming a white color, 
♦can-e-vas, s. [Canvass.] 

“ On the floor y-cast a canevas 

Chaucer: C. T 12,866. 

cang, s. [Chinese.] A wooden collar, generally 
of fifty to sixty pounds weight, worn around the 
neck as a legal punishment in China. It is called 
also kea. (Sir George Staunton , J. F. Davis , c&c.) 
can -gan, s. [Chinese.] 

Fabrics: Chinese coarse cotton cloth. It is in 
pieces six yards long, nineteen inches wide, and has 
a fixed currency value. {Knight.) 
can-gi -C 3 L, s. & a. [A Brazilian word. ] 
cangica-wood, s. Called also Angica. It is of a 
rose-wood color, and is imported from Brazil in 
trimmed logs, from eight to ten inches in diameter. 
As a variety in cabinet work small quantities of 
this wood are employed. ( Ure.) 

can -gle (fir silent), v. i. [Perhaps a variant of 
jangle , or from Gael. cainguam=to argue, plead.] 
To quarrel, argue, dispute. 

‘ ‘Ye cangle about uncoft kids.”— Ramsay: Scotch Prov., 

p. 81. 

cang'-ler, s. \_Cangl(e); -er.] Ajangler. (Scotch.) 
cangue (ue silent), s. [Chinese hang—to bear, 
and kia= a yoke or wooden collar.] A portable pil¬ 
lory used in China for the punishment of convicts, 
petty offenders sometimes being required to wear it 
for a period of ninety days, during which time they 
are utterly unable to help themselves. 


cgn-Ic’-u-lg., can -Ic-ule, s. [Lat. canicula; 
dim. of canis=a dog.] 

Astron.: The constellation known as the Dog- 
star, the principal star in which, Sirius, rises heli- 
acally between the 15th of July and 20th of August. 

“Among all these inconveniences, the greatest I suffer 
is from your departure, which is more afflicting to me 
than the canicule.” — Addison. Letter in the Student, ii. 89. 

cgn-Ic’-ti-lar, a. [Fr. caniculaire; Lat. canicu¬ 
la,r is; from canicula= a little dog; dimin. of canis 
= a dog.] Of or pertaining to Canicula, or the Dog- 
star. 

canicular days, s.pl. The dog-days—the period 
during which the dog-star rises and sets with the 
sun, viz., July to August. In old, and indeed till 
comparatively recent times, the great heat, and the 
consequent diseases which are prevalent at this time 
of the year, were popularly ascribed to the influence 
of this star. 

“ In regard to different latitudes, unto some the canicu¬ 
lar days are in the winter, as unto such as are under the 
equinoctial line; for unto them the dog-star ariseth when 
the sun is about the tropic of Cancer, which season unto 
them is winter.”— Browne; Vulgar Errors. 

canicular year, s. The Egyptian year, com¬ 
puted from one heliacal rising of the dog-star to 
another. 

can -i-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. canis= a dog, and 
fem. pi. suff. -idee. ] 

1. Zo6l.: A family of mammals belonging to the 
order Carnivora, and the section Digitigrada. The 
muzzle is more or less pointed, the tongue smooth, 
and the claws non-retractile, the last-named char¬ 
acter distinguishing it from the Felidse. The fore 
feet have five toes each, and the hind ones four. 
Molar teeth, or f-?. The carnassial has a heel or 

rocess. It contains the Dogs, Wolves, Foxes, and 
ackals. It is akin to the Hysenidse (q. v.). 

2. Palceont.: Canidse have been found in the 
Eocene, but this may not have been the first, appear¬ 
ance of the family in geological time. There are 
fossil as well as recent genera known. 

can-le, can'-nie, a. [Canny.] Gentle, mild; 
dexterous. 

“ Then cannie, in some cozie place, 

They close the day.” 

Burns: To James Smith. 

♦CA-nT-ngl, a. [Lat. caninus.'] The same as 
Canine (q. v.). 

“Too much caninal anger . . .”— Fuller. 
eg-nine, a. & s. [Fr. canin; Lat. caninus=per- 
taining to a dog; canis= a dog.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Of or pertaining to dogs, having 
the nature or qualities of a dog; dog-like. 

“A kind of women are made up of canine particles: 
these are scolds, who imitate the animals out of which 
they were taken, always busy and barking, and snarl at 
every one that comes in their way.”— Addison. 

“Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild 
canine animals, to improve the breed.”— Darwin: Origin 
of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 34. 

2 .Med.: Unnatural, insatiable. 

“ It may occasion an exorbitant appetite of usual 
things, which they will take in such quantities till they 
vomit them up like dogs; from whence it is called 
canine.”—Arbuthnot. 

B. Assubst.: A canine-tooth. 

“The more perfect quadrupeds have three sorts of 
teeth, termed incisors, canines, and molars. . . . The 
canines follow the incisors, and occupy an intermediate 
station between them and the molars ; they are only 
employed in tearing or holding ; hence they are chiefly 
confined to quadrupeds who live upon animal matter, 
and are wanting in the herbivorous ruminants, to whom, 
in fact, they are unnecessary.”— Swainson: Natural His¬ 
tory of Quadrupeds, § 71. 

canine-letter, s. The letter r, from its sound, 
canine-madness, s. [Hydeo»uobia.] 
canine-teeth, s. pi. 

Anat.: The sharp-pointed teeth on each side, 
between the incisors and bicuspids, so called from 
their resemblance to those of a dog. 

can -Ing (1), pr. par. & s. [C-ane, u.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: The act of flogging with a cane; 
the strokes given. 

*can'-ing (2),*can -ynge, s. [Lat. camts=white.] 
[Caned (2), a.) The act of becoming sour or 
molded; the state of being molded. 

Canynge of ale: Acor. ( Cathol. Anglicum, ed. 
Herrtage.) 

can'-I-ple, s. [A corruption of Fr. canif; Port. 
canivele= a pen-knife ; and Eng. suff. -pie.) A small 
knife or dagger. ( Ogilvie.) 


ca -nis, s. [Lat.] 

1. Zobl.: A genus of mammals, having six upper 
fore-teeth and six lower, tusks solitary, and grinders 
six or seven. It includes the Common Dog (Canis 
familiaris), with all his varieties, as Spaniel, 
Hound, Greyhound, Pointer, Setter, Retriever, &c. 
(see these words), the Wolf (Canis lupus) , and the 
Jackal (Canis aureus). The Fox is often named 
Canis vulpes, but now more frequently Vulpes vul¬ 
garis. The genus canis is spread over the whole 
world. 

2. Palceont.: It is difficult to distinguish the 
genera of Canidse in a fossil state. The typical one, 
Canis, seems to exist in the Miocene, and abounds in 
the Pliocene of this country. 

canis-major, s. [Lat.=the greater dog.] 

Astron.: A constellation in the southern hemi¬ 
sphere, consisting, according to the British Cata¬ 
logue, of thirty-two stars. Within its limits shines 
the brightest fixed star in the whole heavens, Sirius, 
the “Dog-star.” [Siitrus.] 
canis-minor, s. [Lat.=the lesser dog.] 

Astron.: Another southern constellation, consist¬ 
ing, according to Ptolemy, of only two stars. Its 
chief star is Procyon (q. v.), which is of the first 
magnitude. 

can'-Is-ter, s. [Fr. canastre; Lat. canistrum; 
from Gr. kanastron=a basket of reeds; kanne— a 
cane, a reed.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A small basket, originally made of reeds. 

“White lilies in full canisters they bring, 

With all the glories of the purple spring.” 

Dry den: Virgil: Eel. ii. 61. 

2. A metal box or case. 

“ The glittering canisters are heap’d with bread. 

Yiands of various kinds invite the taste.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. vii., 235-6. 

3. A tin or jmetal box or case for holding tea, 
coffee, &c. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mil.: Metal cases containing lead or iron 
bullets, which burst after leaving the guns. [Case- 
shot.] 

“ A masked battery of canister and grape could not 
have achieved more terrible execution.”— Disraeli: Co?t- 
ingsby, bk. iv., ch. xiv. 

*2. Cooper aye: An instrument used by coopers in 
racking off wine. (Phillips.) 

*3. Weights and Measures: A quantity of tea, 75 
to 100 lbs. weight. (Phillips.) 
canister-shot, s. [Canisteb, B. 1.] 

can -ker, *can -ere, s. & a. [Fr. chancre; Lat. 
cancer = a crab.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

(1) A cancer, an eating or corroding ulceration, 
especially in tne mouth. 

(2) Anything material which eats away or cor¬ 
rodes. [Cankeb-wobm.] 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) Anything which corrupts or consumes. 

“O, that this good blossom could be kept from can- 
kers I" — Shakesp..- Hen. IV., Pt. II., ii. 2. 

“It is the canker and ruin of many men’s estates, 
which, in process of time breeds a public poverty.”— 
Bacon. 

(2) Rust. (Wright.) 

(3) A mental wound or sore. 

“ . . . heal th’ inveterate canker of one wound 

By making many.” Shakesp.: King John, v. 2. 

(4) Corruption, virulence. 

“As with age his body uglier grows, 

So his mind with cankers.” 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. 1 (in some editions). 

“ Banish the canker of ambitiouB thoughts.” 

Ibid.: Henry VI., Pt. II., i. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. The same as Cankeb-wobm (q. v.). 

“. . . in the sweetest, bud 
The eating canker dwells.” 

Shakesp.; Two Gent., i. 1. 

2. Botany: 

*(1) Rosa canina, the Dog-rose. 

“ I had rather be a canker in the hedge than a rose in 
his grace.”— Shakesp.; Much Ado, i. 3. 

(2) Papaver rheeas, the Red Field-poppy, from its 
red color and its detriment to arable land. 

(3) Leontodon taraxacum, Dandelion. [In Dut. 
Cancker-bloemen .] (Britten <& Holland.) 

(4) A toadstool. (Wright.) 

(5) A fungus growing on and injuring trees. 
[Caecinoma.] 

“ The calf, the wind-shock, and the knot, 

The canker, scab, scurf, sap, and rot.”— Evelyn. 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rflle, full; try ; Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



canker-bloom 


727 


cannibal 


3. Farriery: 

(1) A disease of the horse’s foot, of ten incurable, 
generally originating in a diseased thrush. It con¬ 
sists of a fungous excrescence with fibrous roots. 

(2) A disease in the ears of dogs. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
canker-bloom, s. 

-Bof. •’ The Dog-rose or Wild-brier. [Canker, B., 
2 (1) • J 

*canker-blossom, s. A worm or caterpillar 
eating away fruit, &c. (Lit. A: fig.) 

“ O me! you juggler! you canker-blossom! 

You thief of love; what, have you come by night?” 

Shakesp..- Mid. Night’s Dream, iii. 2. 
canker-fioWer, s. A plant, Rosa canina. ( Hey - 
wood: Love's Mistress, 1636.) (Britten dt Holland.) 
*canker-fly, s. 

Entom.: An insect feeding on fruit. 

“ There be of flies, caterpillars, canker-flies, and bear 
flies.”— Walton: Angler. 

canker-fret, s. 

1 . Copperas. 

2. An ulcer or sore in the mouth, 
canker-nail, s. A strip of flesh torn back above 

the root of a finger-nail; a hang-nail. 

canker-root, s. A plant, the Common Sorrel. 
{ Nemnich.) 

canker-rose, s. Two plants, (1) Papaver Rhceas 
and (2) Rosa canina. 

canker-worm, s. 

1. Lit. Entom.: A caterpillar, especially that of 
the Geometer moths. 

“And I will restore to you the years that the locust hath 
eaten, the canker-worm, and the caterpillar, . . . ”— 
Joel ji. 25. 

“ The canker-worms upon the passers-by, 

Upon each woman’s bonnet, shawl, and gown.” 
Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; The Poet’s Tale. 

2. Fig.: Anything which corrupts or corrodes. 

“A huffing, shining, flatt’ring, cringing coward, 

A canker-worm of peace, was raised above him.” 

Otway: The Orphan, i. 2. 

can -ker, v. t. & i. [Canker, s.J 
tA. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To corrode, consume, or eat away as rust. 
“ Your gold and silver is cankered; and the rust of them 
«hall be a witness against you, . . . ”—James v. 3. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To corrode, corrupt, undermine. 

“Restore to God his due in tithe and time. 

A tithe purloin’d cankers the whole estate.” 

Herbert. 

.2. To pollute, infect. 

“. . . an overgrown estate, that is cankered with the 

Acquisitions of rapine and exaction.”— Addison. 

tB. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To become cankered, to be eaten away by 
rust, as by a canker. 

“Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding; 
„ . . ”— Bacon. 

2. Fig.: To become corrupt. 

“As with age his body uglier grows, 

So his mind cankers." 

Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. 1. 

*cail -ker-bit, a. [Eng. canker, and 6 it=bitten.] 

1. Lit.: Touched or eaten with canker. 

2. Fig.: Consumed away by anything venomous 

•or slanderous. . 

“Know, thy name is lost, 

By treason’s tooth baregnawn and cankerbit." 

Shakesp.: Lear, v. 3. 

can -kered, *can -ker-rit, pa. par. or a. [Can¬ 
ker, v.] 

1 . Lit.: Eaten away with canker. 

*2. Fig.: Envenomed, cross, peevish, perverse. 

“ Nor 6atisfyit of hir auld furie nor wroik, 

Rolling in mynd full mony cankerrit bloik.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 148, 4. 

“. . . a will ! a wicked will; 

A woman’s will; a canker’d grandam’s will !” 

Shakesp.: King John, ii. 1. 

“ The cankered spoil corrodes the pining state, 
Starved by that indolence their mines create.” 

Cowper: Charity, 68. 

cah-kered-1^, *can-kard-lf, adv. [Eng. 
cankered; -ly.~\ Venomously, spitefully. 

“ Our wealth through him waxt many times the worse, 
So cankardly he had our kin in hate.” 

Mir. for Mag., p. 401. 

can -ker-Ing, pr.par. & a. [Canker, u.] 

A. As pr.par.: (Seethe verb.) 

tB. As adj.: Corroding, consuming, destroying. 

“ And in each ring there is a chain; 

That iron is a cankering thing.” 

Byron; The Prisoner ofChillon, 2. 


can-ker-oiis, a. [En g. canker; -ows.] 

1. Lit..: Eating or corroding as a canker. 
t2. Fig.: Consuming, destroying, wearing out. 

“ Another species of tyrannic rule, 

Unknown before, whose cankerous shackles seiz’d 
The envenom’d soul.” Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv. 
can-ker-weed, s. [Eng. canker; weed.] A 
name sometimes given to various composite plants, 
specially to (1) Senecio Jacobcea, (2) S. sylvaticus, 

(3) S. tenuifolius. 

can-ker wort, can-§er-wort, s. [From Eng. 
canker and wort: A. S. wyrt, wurt = an herb, a 
plant.] Several plants, viz : 

1. (Of the single form Cankerwort): Leontodon 
Taraxacum. 

2. ( Of both forms): 

(1) Linaria spuria. (2) L. Elatine. (Britten <& 
Holland.) 

can'-ker-y, *can'-kry, a. [Eng. canker; -y.] 

I. Lit.: Of the nature of or resembling a canker. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Worn, eaten away, as though by a canker. 

“ It [the MS.] had the plain mark of age, the ink being 
turned brown and cankry.” — Wogan, in Burton’s Genuine¬ 
ness of Lord Clarendon’s Hist., p. 140. 

2. Peevish, perverse, cantankerous, 
can-krl-en -i-a, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Bot.: A genus of Primulacese, consisting of a 
single species from Java—a beautiful Alpine plant, 
with erect radical leaves, often half a foot in diam¬ 
eter, verticillate nodding flowers, and erect fruit. 
(Treas. of Botany.) 

can -na, (1), s. [Lat. canna; Gr. kanna, kanne = 
a reed.] 

Botany: 

1. Sing.: A genus of plants belonging to, if not 
even typical of, the endogenous order Marantaceee. 
[Canwacea:.] They have beautiful red or yellow 
flowers. Canna indica is the Indian shot or Indian 
bead, a native of Asia, Africa, and America; it is 
common and in flower most of the year in Indian 
gardens. The seeds have been used as a substitute 
for coffee, and they moreover furnish a beautiful 
but not a durable purple. A kind of arrowroot is ex¬ 
tracted in the West Indies from a species believed 
to be C. Achiras. The fleshy corms of some cannas 
are said to be eaten in Peru, and according to Von 
Martius those of C. aurantiaca glauca and others 
are diuretic and diaphoretic, acting like orris-root. 

2. PI.: Jussieu’s name for an old endogenous 
order of plants, now separated into two, viz., Zingi- 
beracese and Marantace® (q. v.). 

tean -na (2), s. & a. [Contracted from Scotch 
cannach (q. v.).] 
canna-down, s. [Cannach.] 

can -nit, v. [Eng. & Scotch can; Scotch na= 
not.] Can not, or cannot. (Scotch.) 

“Troth, Sir, I canna weel say — I never take heed 
whether my company be lang or short, if they make a 
lung bill.”—Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xxxii. 

lean -na-bic, a. [Lat. cannahii—hemp.] Of or 
pertaining to hemp. 

cannabic-composition, s. 

Arch.: A composition, the basis of which is 
hemp, amalgamated with a resinous substance, 
prepared and worked into thick sheets. From it 
ornaments in high relief are formed by the pressure 
of metal disks, and are less than half the weight of 
papier m&chb. It is thin and elastic, and adapted 
for walls of houses. It will stand a blow of a ham¬ 
mer, or the effects of weather, and admits of being 
painted, varnished, or gilded. 

*can -n^-bie, s. [Canopy.] 

“ Item, ane cannabie of grene taffetie, freinyeit with 
grene, qukilke may serve for any dry stuill or a bed.”— 
Inventories, A. 1561, p. 138. 

can-ng,-bin-a'-$e-8e, s. pi. [From Lat. cannabis 
=hemp, and fem. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: Hempworts, an order of plants, of the 
Ortical alliance. They have a solitary suspended 
ovule, and a hooked exalbuminous embryo with a 
superior radicle. They inhabit the temperate parts 
of the eastern hemisphere. Only two genera are 
known, Cannabis or Hemp, and Humulus or Hop. 
(Lindley.) 

can'-n3.-blne, a. & s. [Lat. cannabinus= pertain¬ 
ing' to hemp; Gr. kannabinos, from kannabis= 
hemp.] 

*A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to hemp; hempen. 
B. As subst.: A narcotic gum resin obtained from 
the hemp (Cannabis sativa). 

can-na-bls, s. [Lat. cannabis; Gr. kannabis= 
hemp.] 

1. Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
Canna bin ace®. Cannabis sativa is the Common 
Hemp. It is a native of India and Persia. The 
dried plant or portions of it are sold in the bazaars 


of India, under the names of Gunjah or Bhang, and 
are used by the natives as stimulants and intoxi¬ 
cants ; the former is smoked like tobacco, the latter 
is pounded with water, so as to make a drink. 
[Hemp, Biiang.] 

2. Pharm.: [Hemp.] 

can-na'-ge-se ( Agardh ), can-ne-se (R. Brown), 
s. pi. [From Lat. canna (q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. 
suff. -acece or ece.] 

Bot.: An order of endogenous plants, now more 
commonly called Marantaceee (Marants) (q. v.). 

can'-nach, s. [Gael, canach=cat’s tails; moss- 
crops.] 

Bot.: Cotton-grass (Eriopliorum vaginatum). 
(Linn.) 

‘‘Cannach is the Gaelic name of a plant common in 
moory ground, without leaf or lateral outshoot of any 
kind, consisting merely of a slender stem supporting a 
silky tuft, beautifully white, and of glossy brightness.”— 
Mrs. Grant: Poems, N. p. 115. 

*can'-nse, s. pi. [PI. of Lat. canna= a reed, a 
cane. Canna, Cane.] 

Bot.: [Canna (1),2. pi.) 

can-nagh, con-nagh, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A 
disease to which hens are subject, in which the 
nostrils are so stopped that the fowl cannot breathe, 
and a horn grows on the tongue; apparently the 
Pip. (Scotch. ) 

can -nas, can'-nes, s. [Canvas.] 

“ A puff o’ wind ye cudna get, 

To gar your cannas wag.” 

Poems in the Buchan Dialect, p. 10. 
canned, a. [Eng. can, s.] Preserved or packed 
in cans or tins. 

“ We have many eminent native firms of preparers of 
‘tinned’ and ‘canned’ provisions.”— London Daily Tele¬ 
graph, October 16, 1880. 

*can -nel (1), s. [Channel.] 

can -nel (2) (Eng.), can-nell (Scotch), s. & a. 
[Eng. canhel is a corruption of candle.] 

cannel-coal, candle-coal (Eng.), cannell- 
coal, candle-coal (Scotch),s. 

Min.: A variety of the species called by Dana 
Mineral Coal. It is bituminous and often cakes. It 
has little luster ; its color is dull bluish or grayish 
black. On distillation it furnishes forty to sixty-six 
per cent, of volatile matter. It is used for the man¬ 
ufacture of oils. Parrot-coal and Horn-coal are 
essentially the same as Cannel-coal. (Dana.) 

*can'-nel (3), s. [Canel, s.] 

“ Aromaticks, of cannel, cardamoms, clowes, ginger,” 
Ac.— St. Germain: Royal Physician, p. 50. 

cannel-waters, s. pi Cinnamon-waters. 

“ Aqnavitae with castor, or tryacle-water— cannel- 
water, and celestial water.”— St. Germain: Royal Physi¬ 
cian, p. 50. 

can -nell, s. [Canal.] 
cannell-bayne, s. [Canal-bone.] 
can yne-quin, s. [Local oriental name.] A kind 
of white cotton cloth made ii the East Indies, 
about eight ells long. 

can'-ner-y, s. A place where fruits, meats, &c., 
are canned. 

can -net, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Her.: A charge in coats of arms in which ducks 
are represented without beaks or feet. 

can'-nl-bal, *can-i-bal, s. & a. TSp. canibal, 
a corruption of Caribal= a Carib. Probably the 
form of the word has been influenced by the Lat. 
canis= a dog; caninus= pertaining to a dog, as de¬ 
scriptive of or applicable to the low or revolting 
practice of cannibalism. ( Trench: On the Study of 
Words, p. 136-7.)] 

A. As subst.: One who eats human flesh, a man- 
eater ; an anthropophagite. 

“The Caribes learned to be men-eaters or canibals.” — 
Hackluyt: Voyages . iii. 576. 

“The cannibals that each other eat; 

The anthropophagi.”— Shakesp..- Othello, i. 3. 
“There is an island in the Gulf of California, not more 
than sixty miles from the Mexican mainland, which is 
inhabited by the remnants of a race of giant cannibals. 
This startling discovery was made by a West Coast nat¬ 
uralist early in 1891, and has since been confirmed both 
by United States and Mexican explorers. Some of them 
are over seven feet in height. The island upon which, 
they were found is known as the Island or Isle of Leri. 
There is every evidence of cannibalism among them.”— 
St. Louis Republic. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Of or pertaining to a man-eater. 

*2. Fig.: Applied to anything exceedingly bar¬ 
barous or revolting. 

“ . . . but cannibal terror has been more powerful 
than family influence.”— Burke: On a Regicide Peace. 
Let. 2. 


5)611, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 



cannibalism 


can'-nl-bg.l-l§in, s. [Eng. cannibal; and suff. 
Asm (q. v.M 

1. Lit.: The act or practice of eating human 
flesh; man-eating. 

“ The Scythians esteem cannibalism a sober and relig¬ 
ious custom.”— Christian Religion’s Appeal to the Bar of 
Reason, ii. 37. {Latham.) 

2. Fig.: Barbarity, atrocities. 

“Unless a warm opposition . . . to the spirit of pro¬ 
scription, plunder, murder, and cannibalism, be adverse 
to the true principles of freedom.”— Burke. 

can'-nl-bgl-ly, adv. [Eng. cannibal; - ly.] In 
the manner of or like a cannibal. 

“ Had he been cannibally given, he might have broiled 
and eaten him too.”— Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 6. 

can.'-Ill-kin, s. [Dim. of Eng. <fe Scotch can, s. 
(q. v.)] A drinking vessel. (Scotch.) (Poems of 
mh Cent.) 

can -ni-ly, adv. [Scotch canny , cannie; -ly.] 
Skillfully, cautiously, dexterously. 

“ . . . whereas, if he had had a wee bit rinnin ring 
on the snaffle, she wud ha’ rein’d as cannily as a cadger’s 
pownie.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. xlvii. 

can'-nl-ness, s. [Scotch canny; -ness.] 

1. Caution, forbearance, moderation in conduct. 

“ He is not likely to carry himself with any canniness in 
time coming.”— Baillie: Letters, i. 66. 

2. Crafty management. 

“When the canniness of Rothes had brought in Mont¬ 
rose to our party, his more than ordinary and civil pride 
made him very hard to be guided.”— Baillie: Letters, ii. 92. 

*can'-nip-er, s. [A corruption of callipers .] Cal¬ 
lipers. 

“ The square is taken by a pair of cannipers, or two 
rulers clapped to the side of a tree, measuring the dis¬ 
tance between them.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

can'-nle, s. [Candle.] (Scotch.) 

“. . . in a grand chamber, a’ hung wi’ black, and 
lighted wi’ wax cannie.” — Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxvi. 

can'-non (l),s. & a. [Trench thinks it was de¬ 
rived from Gr. kanna= a reed or cane, to which the 
hollowness and .comparative straightness of can¬ 
non give some resemblance. He points out that the 
word rohr, in German, also first signified a cane or 
reed, but was afterward applied also to the barrel 
of a gun. ( Trench: On the Study of Words , p. 191.) 
A doublet of Oanon (q. v.). (Rfceaf.)] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A tube. [Canon.] 

2. A piece of ordnance. [II.] 

“ If I say sooth, I must report they were 
As cannons overcharged with double cracks,” 

Shakesp ..- Macbeth, i. 2. 

“ Then banners rise, and cannon- signal roars.” 

Scott: The Vision of Don Roder ick, v. 56. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mil.: A conical tube of iron, brass, or steel for 
discharging projectiles. Its external parts are 
called cascabel, first re-enforce, second re-enforce, 
chase, muzzle. It is supported on carriages by short 
arms on each side, forming part of the gun, called 
trunnions. The bore may be cylindrical or cham¬ 
bered, smooth or rifled. It may be loaded at breech 
or muzzle. It was first introduced in Europe in the 
fourteenth century; made of longitudinal iron bars 
hooped with rings; charge contained in a separate 
chamber placed in a socket in the breech; shot of 
lead, iron, or stone. Used by Edward III,, atCalais, 
1346; by Venetians, at Chioggia, 1366; in the field at 
Cressy, 1346; at Bruges, by the Gantois, 1382; and at 
Constantinople, by Turks, in 1394. Brass guns, 
introduced in the fifteenth century, as the “ Messen¬ 
ger,” at Aberystwith, throwing a 30-lb. shot; the 
“ King’s Daughter,” atHarlech, one of 451bs. Mons 
Meg, at Edinburgh, caliber twenty inches; the 
Great Gun of Ghent, twenty-six inches; the English 
guns at Mont S. Michel, fifteen inches and nineteen 
inches, are bombards of this period. Designations 
of guns: Cannon Royal, Bastard Cannon, Half 
Cartliam, Culverins. Demy-Culverins,Basilisk, Ser¬ 
pentine, Aspik, Dragon, Syren, Moyens, Rabinet, 
Falcon, Falconet, and Saker; the last three for field 
service. Sixteenth century: hollow bronze and iron 
guns first cast in England (1521 and 1547 ); made very 
long and charged with meal-powder; portable 
“ hand-cannon” and small breech-loaders, as the 
“Paterara,” still used; seige-guns threw a 7914-lb. 
shot. Seventeenth century: lighter field-guns and 
cartridges invented; Custavus Adolphus employed 
copper guns covered with leather or rope. Eight¬ 
eenth century: guns cast solid and then bored; 
carronades introduced. Nineteenth century: Rifled 
field-guns first employed, in 1859; since then rifling 
applied to all calibers. [Gun.] 

2. Mach.: A metallic nub or sleeve, fitted to 
revolve on a shaft, or with it. 

3. Printing: A large size of type, used for bills, 
posters, &c. [Canon, 3.] 


728 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

cannon-ball, s. 

Mil.: Applied generally to all iron projectiles fired 
from smooth-bore ordnance. They consist of solid 
and hollow cast-iron shot, steel or wrought-iron 
shot, grape, case, sand shot, common shells, dia¬ 
phragm shrapnel shells, improved shrapnel shells, 
Martin’s shells, carcasses, light balls (ground and 
parachute), and smoke balls. Stink balls and pois¬ 
oned balls were formerly used by barbaric nations. 

“Like feather-bed ’twixt castle wall, 

And heavy brunt of cannon-ball.” 

Butler: Hudibras. 

Cannon-ball tree: 

Bot.: A name given to a South American tree— 
Couropita guianensis —from the large size and glob¬ 
ular shape of its fruit. It belongs to the order 
Lecythidacese. The fruit is vinous and pleasant 
when fresh, but emits an intolerably offensive odor 
when in a state of decay. It is known in Cayenne 
as the “Abricot Sauvage,” i. e., Wild Apricot. The 
shells are used as drinking uten.sils; the seeds are 
eaten by monkeys, 
cannon-bone, canon-bone, s. 

Farriery: 

1. The metacarpal bone, between the knee and 
fetlock j oint of the fore-leg. 

2 . The metatarsal bone, between the hock and fet¬ 
lock joint of the hind-leg. 

*cannon-bullet, s. A cannon-ball. 

“ The fixt stars are so remote from the earth, that, if a 
cannon-bullet should come from one of the fixt stars with 
as swift a motion as it hath when it is shot out of the 
mouth of a cannon, it would be 700,000 years in coming to 
the earth.”— Locke: Elements of Natural Philosophy, c. 3. 

cannon-casting, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Casting or designed to cast cannon. 

B. As subst.: The art or operation of casting a 
cannon. The molds for brass cannon are formed 
by wrapping a long taper rod of wood with a pecul¬ 
iar soft rope, over which is applied a coating of 
loam, which, as the work proceeds, is dried over 
a long fire, a templet being applied to form the 
proper outline. This model is made about one- 
third longer than the gun is to be. It is next, when 
dry, blackwashed, and covered with a shell of loam 
not less than three inches thick, secured by iron 
bands, which is also carefully dried. The model is 
next removed by withdrawing the taper rod and the 
rope, and extracting the pieces of loam. The parts 
for the cascabel and trunnions are formed upon 
wooden models, and then attached to the exterior 
of the shell; handles, dolphins, or ornamental fig¬ 
ures, are modeled in wax, and placed on the clay 
model previous to molding the shell, from which 
they are melted out before casting. The melted 
metal is then admitted to the bottom of the mold 
through two gates, one on each side, or in some sim¬ 
ilar way. Cannon are made solid, and are then 
bored by being made to revolve around a drill. 

cannon-clock, s. 

Ordnance: A cannon with a burning-glass over 
the vent, so as to fire the priming when the sun 
reaches the meridian. Such pieces were placed in 
the Palais Royal and in the Luxembourg, at Paris. 

cannon-lock, s. 

Ordnance : A contrivance placed over the touch- 
hole of a cannon to explode the charge. 

cannon-metal, s. The same as Gun-metal 
(q. v.). 

cannon-mouth, s. 

Saddlery: A round but long piece of iron, a part 
of the bit, designed to keep the horse in subjection. 
[ Canon-bit.] 

cannon-pinion, s. 

Horol.: A squared tubular piece, placed on the 
arbor of the center-wheel, and adapted to hold the 
minute-hand. 

cannon-proof, s. & a. 

*A. As substantive: A state of safety from cannon- 
shot ; hence, generally, safety. 

“ If I might stand still in cannon-proof, and have fame 
fall upon me, I would refuse it.”— Beaum. & FI.: King and. 
no King. 

B. As adj.: Proof against the attacks of cannon. 

cannon-shot, s. 

*1. A cannon-ball. 

“ He reckons those for wounds that are made by bullets, 
although it be a cannon-shot.” — Wiseman: Surgery. 

2. The distance to which a ball can be projected 
from a cannon. 

cannon-stove, s. 

Heating apparatus: A cast-iron stove, somewhat 
cannon-shaped, the lower portion, or bosh, forming 
the fire-pot, and the upper a radiating surface. It 
has no flues proper, but the stove-pipe stands upon 
the top, encircling the thimble. 


canny 

can'-non (2),*can'-nom, s. [Derived from the 

Fr. carambole .] 

Billiards: A stroke in which the player’s ball 
touches each of the other two balls in succession. 
[Cakroh.] 

*can'-non (1), v.t. & i. [Cannon (1), s.] The- 
same as to Cannonade (q. v.). 
can’-non (2), v. i. [Cannon (2), s.] 

Billiards: To make the stroke described under 
Cannon (2),s. 

can-nQn-a'de, s. [Fr. canonnade, from canon.], 
A continued discharge of cannon-balls against a 
town, fortress, &c. 

“ A cannonade was kept up on both sides till the even¬ 
ing.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 
c&n-non-a de, v. t.&i. [Cannonade, s.] 

I. Trans.: To attack or batter with cannon, to 
discharge cannon against. 

til. Intrans.: To discharge cannons or heavy 
artillery. 

“Both armies cannonaded all the ensuing day.”— 
Tatler. 

can-non-a'-ded, pa. par. or a. [Cannonade, u.J 
can-non-a -ding, pr. par., a. & s. [Cannon¬ 
ade, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <£ particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ The Duke of Savoy lost no time, but continued can¬ 
nonading the place, while the fleet came up to bombard 
it.”— Burnet: Own Time, an. 1707. 

C. As subst.: The act of discharging cannon, a 
cannonade. 

can-non-e er, *can-non-ie r, s. [Fr. canonnier, 
from canon.] The gunner or artilleryman who 
manages the laying and firing of a cannon. 

“It is an old tradition that those that dwell near the 
cataract of Nil us are struck deaf; but we find no such 
effect in cannoniers, nor millers, nor those that dwell 
upon bridges.”— Bacon: Works; Nat. Hist., cent, iii., 
§ 276, p. 194. 

can'-non-e er-Ing, s. [Cannoneer, s.] The 
act or science of shooting with a cannon, bombard¬ 
ing. 

“ The present perfection of gunnery, cannoneering, 
bombarding, mining, and all these species of artificial,, 
learned, and refined cruelty.”— Burke; Vindic. of Nat. 
Society. 

toan'-non-ing, s. [Cannon, v.] 

1. Lit.: A loud noise caused by cannon. 

2. Fig.: Any loud noise, as of cannon. 

“Nay, the loud cannoning of thunderbolts, 

Screeking of wolves, howling of tortuPd ghosts, 
Pursue thee still.” Brewer: Lingua, i. 1. 

*can-now, *can-nowe, s. [Canoe.] A canoe. 

“ They have abundance of monoxylos or cannows, which 
pass through narrow channels.”— Randolph: State of the, 
Morea, p. 15 (1686). 

“A boat like the cannowes of Inae.” 

W. Browne: Britannia’s Pastorals, i. 2. 

can’-nu-lg,, s. [Lat. cannula=u little pipe or- 
tube; dimin. of canna= a cane, a pipe.] 

Surgery: A small tube introduced by means of a 
stilette into a cavity or tumor to withdraw a fluid. 

can -nu-lar, a. [Lat .cannula.] Of or pertain¬ 
ing to a tube or pipe; tubular. 

can-ny, can'-nie, *can-na, *kan-ny, a.& adv. 
(Scotch.) [Can, v.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Of persons: 

1. Knowing, wise, far-seeing. 

“ I trust in God, to use the world, as a canny or cunning 
master doth a knave-servant.”— Rutherford: Lett., P. L, 
ep. 11. 

2. Attentive, wary, skilled. 

“His wife was a canna body, and could dress things- 
very weel for ane in her line o’ business.”— Tales of my 
Landlord, ii. 107. 

3. Possessed of knowledge supposed by the super¬ 
stitious to proceed from a preternatural origin, 
possessing magical skill. 

“He gave these persons to understand that his name 
was Elshender the Recluse; but his popular epithet soon 
came to be Canny Elshie, or the Wise Wight of Muckle- 
stane-Moor.”— Tales of my Landlord, i. 89. 

4. Fortunate, lucky. (Used in a superstitious 
sense.) 

If In this sense frequently used negatively, and 
applied to a person or thing with whom it is as well 
not to have anything to do. 

“ She fley’d the kimmers ane and a’,— 

Word gae’d she was na kanny.” 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 272. 

II. Of things: 

1. Prudent, cautious, wise. 

“The Parliament is wise, to make in a canny and safe- 
way, a wholesome purgation, that it may be timeous.”— 
Baillie: Lett., ii. 138. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot„ 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, os = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 


1 



canon 


canny-rnoment 


729 


2. Artful, crafty. 

“ Mr. Marsnall, the chairman, by canny conveyance, 
•got a sub-committee nominate according to his mind.”— 
Haillie; Lett., ii. 67. 

3. Fortunate, lucky. 

“ Now by a kanny gale, 

In the o’erflowing ocean spread their sail.” 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 324. 

U See also I. 4. 

4. Safe, not dangerous; not difficult to manage. 
Thus “a canny horse” is one that may be ridden 
with safety. 

“ Ye ne’er was donsie 
But harnely, tawie, quiet, an’ cannie, 

An’ unco sonsie.” 

Burns: The Auld Farmer’s Salutation. 

B. Asadv.: In a canny manner; cautiously, pru¬ 
dently. 

“Speak her fair and canny, or we will have a ravelled 
hasp on the yarn-windles.”— Scott: The Pirate, ch. v. 

“There—that will do!— canny now, lad— canny now.” —- 
Ibid.: Antiquary, ch. vii. 

canny-moment, cannie moment, s. The desig¬ 
nation given to the time of fortunate child-bearing; 
otherwise called “ the happy hour.” 

“Ye’ll be come in the canny moment I’m. thinking, for 
the laird’s servant—rade express by this e’en to fetch the 
howdie, and he just staid the drinking o’ twa pints o’ 
tippeny, to tell us how my ledcly was ta’en wi’ her pains.” 
— Scott: Guy Manner ing, ch. ii. 

canny-wife, cannie wife, s. A common desig¬ 
nation for a midwife. 

“The canny wives came there conveen’d, 

All in a whirl.” 

Forbes: Dominie Deposed, p. 36. 

can-njf-ness, s. [Canniness.] 

*ca-noa, s. [Obsolete form of Canoe (q. v.).] 

ca-noe’, *ca-noa, *can-now, *can-nowe, s. &a. 

[Sp. canoa, probably a West Indian or Caribbean 
word.] 

A. As substantive: 

1 . Originally: A kind of boat in use among unciv¬ 
ilized nations. It is made either of the trunk of a 
tree hollowed out, or cf pieces of bark or hide 
joined together. Some of the larger size carry sails, 
but they are generally propelled with paddles. The 
North American Indian made his canoe of cedar- 
wood covered with an unbroken sheet of the bark 
of the white birch. The Indians of the plains used 
buffalo-hide. In the wooded regions devoid of 
birch the canoe was a shaped and hollowed log, 
which was probably the primeval form throughout 
the world. The canoes of the Feejees are double, 
of unequal size, the smaller serving as an outrigger. 
Large ones are 100 feet in length. Captain Cook 
estimated the naval force of the Society Islands at 
1,700 war-canoes, manned by 68,000 men. 

"In a war against Semiramis they had four thousand 
monoxyla or canoes of one piece of timber.”— Arbuthnot: 
On Coins. 

2. Now: A very little boat, narrow in the beam, 

propelled by paddles. It is generally of wood, but 
may be of galvanized iron, caoutchouc, and even of 
paper. One form of gentleman’s canoe is about 13 
foetlong, 26 inches wide, 12 inches deep, and has a 
“ comber ” of two inches. The opening in the deck 
in which the voyager places himself is 4 feet long 
and 1 foot 8 inches wide. A canoe for two persons, 
sitting face to face, should be about two-thirds 
larger. Mr. McGregor traveled in the Rob Roy 
•canoe about 3,000 miles. The favorite type of canoe 
in New York is called a Nautilus (q. v,). ( Knight , 

<&c.) 

3. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

canoe-birch, canoe birch, s. A kind of birch— 

Betula papyracea. 

canoe-wood, canoe wood, s. A magnoliaceous 
Vant—the Tulip-tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera). 

ca-noe, v. i. [Canoe, s.] To row or paddle in a 
canoe. 

ca-noe'-ing, pr. par. & s. [Canoe.] 

A. As. pr. par.: In the same sense as the verb. 

B. As subst.: The act or science of rowing or 
paddling a canoe. 

ca-noe'-lst, s. [Eng. canoe, and suff. -ist (q. v.).] 
One who rows or paddles in a canoe. {American.) 

cg.-noe -m 3 ,n, s. One who rows a canoe. 

*can-ois, a, [Canous.] 

can'-on (1), s. & a. [Lat. canon: Gr. kandn={ 1) 
•a straight rod or bar, (2) a rod used in weaving, (3) 
a rule or level used by masons in building. Meta¬ 
phorically a rule as for the guide of conduct. In 
the ecclesiastical writers the books received as the 
rule of faith and practice ; kane or kanne= a reed or 
cane.] [Cannon.] 


A. As substantive: 

X. Ordinary Language: 

1. A rule, a regulation, a law. 

“What is it, for example, that constitutes the difference 
between a fiction which observes all the canons of proba¬ 
bility . . . and a true narrative?”— Lewis: Credibility 
of the Early Roman History (1856), ch. xiv. 

(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

(2) Spec.: A rule in ecclesiastical matters. 

2. That which is established by rule. [II. (i) 1 

( 1 ).] 

3. A person bound by rule. [II. (i) 2 (1).] 

II. Technically: 

(i) Ecclesiol., Ch. Hist., die.: 

1. Of things: 

(1) The ordinances made by ecclesiastical councils 
for the regulation of religious matters. [Canon- 
law.] 

(a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense. 

“By an ancient canon, those who ministered at the 
altars of God were forbidden to take any part in the 
infliction of capital punishment.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxii. 

*{b) Spec.: The rules and regulations laid down 
as the rule of life for those clergy who reside in 
community. 

*(2) The list or catalogue of saints. 

S Of the mass: 

) A rule instituted by Gregory the Great, pro¬ 
viding for the celebration of the mass with more 
splendid accompaniments than had hitherto been 
in use. 

“The new mode of administering the Lord’s Supper, 
magnificently and with a splendid apparatus, or the 
Canon of the Mass as it is called, was an institution of 
Gregory the Great; or if it will be more satisfactory, he 
enlarged and altered this old Canon.”— Mosheim: Ch. Hist. 
(ed. Murdock), Cent. VI., pt. ii., ch. iv., § 3. 

*( 6 ) A portion of the service of the Mass, known 
as the secreta. It begins with the words, “ Te 
igitur ,” &c. 

2. Of persons: 

(1) In the Church of Borne: A member of an order 
of religious persons intermediate between the 
regular monks and the secular clergy. The canons 
lived together, ate at the same table, joined in 
united prayer at stated hours, but did not take 
vows like those of the monks, besides which they 
officiated in certain churches. Chrodegang, Bishop 
of Metz, about the middle of the eighth century, is 
said to have instituted the order. At first the 
members were called Fratres Dominici (tbe Lord’s 
brethren), but afterward canons. Lewis the Meek 
caused rules to be drawn up for their guidance by 
the Council of Aix-la-Chapelle, A. D. 817, and insti¬ 
tuted an order of canonesses. Having become 
corrupt, efforts for their reformation were made by 
Nicolaus II. in the Council at Rome, A. D. 1059. 
About the same time, some canons influenced by 
Ivo, afterward Bishop of Chartres, renounced pri¬ 
vate property, and became virtual monks. Hence 
arose the distinction between seculai and regular 
canons, the former obeying the rule of Nicolaus II. 
and the latter following that of Ivo. Ivo’s rule 
being almost the same that St. Augustine had 
before introduced in his see, the regular canons 
were often called Canons under the rule of St. 
Augustine, or simply Canons of St. Augustine. In 
the twelfth century mutual jealousy created a long 
and bitter controversy between the monks and the 
canons. An effort was made in the 17th century to 
restore the monastic and semi-monastic orders to 
their pristine purity, and the Reformed Canons 
regular of St. Augustine arose. Three other regular 
orders were abolished in 1668 by Pope Clement IX. 
{Mosheim.) 

(2) In the Church of England: A certain digni¬ 
tary in cathedral churches; a residentiary member 
of a cathedral chapter. 

“ Swift much admires the place and air, 

And longs to be a canon there. 

A canon 1 that’s a place too mean: 

No, doctor, you shall be a dean. 

Two dozen canons round your stall, 

And you the tyrant o’er them all.”— Swift. 

The name Cannon Street in London, having 
reference to the cathedral chapter of St. Paul’s, is 
an indication of the identity of the two words can¬ 
non and canon. . 

(ii) Biblical Criticism and Church History: Those 
books of Scripture which are received as inspired 
and canonical, as distinguished from the apoc¬ 
rypha. [II.1.] 

“ Canon also denotes those books of Scripture, which 
are received as inspired and canonical, to distinguish 
them from either profane, apocryphal, or disputed books. 
Thus we say, that Genesis is part of the sacred canon of 
the Scripture.”— Ayliffe: Parergon Juris Canonici. 

If It is also applied to any one of the received 
books of the Old or New Testament. 

1. Old Testament Canon: The ancient canon of 
the Old Testament is ordinarily attributed, on the 


authority of Jewish Talmudic tradition, to Ezra 
(Esdras of the Apocrypha), and the most modern 
research admits that he at least took the first step 
in the work by lending strong public sanction to 
the Pentateuch, and giving it increased currency 
(Ezra vii. 6 ,10,11; Neh. viii. 1-8,13-18 ; 1 Esdr. viii. 
3, 7, 9,19, 23; ix. 39, 40, 42, 45, 46 ; 2 Esdr. xiv. 21, 22, 
25, 26). 

A great addition to this first canon seems to have 
been made by Nehemiah, of whom it is said in 2 
Macc. ii. 13, “ The same things also were reported in 
the writings and commentaries of Neemias, and how 
he, founding a library, gathered together the acts 
of the kings and the prophets, and of David, and 
the epistles of the kings concerning the holy gifts.” 
By these designations probably were meant the 
books from Joshua to 2 Kings, inclusive, the four 
greater and most of the minor prophets, with some 
of the Psalms. 

A third canon seems hinted at in 2 Macc. ii. 14: 
“ In like manner also Judas gathered together all 
those things that were lost by reason of the war we 
had, and they remain with us.” By Judas is meant 
Judas Maccabseus. His canon seems to have added 
Proverbs, the Song of Solomon, Daniel, some of 
the Psalms, &c., or, speaking broadly, the books 
called Kethubim in Hebrew, or in Greek Hagi- 
ographa. Doubts about the canonicity of parts of 
Ezekiel, and the whole of Ecclesiastes, Canticles, 
Esther, and Proverbs, were not set at rest till a 
decision in their favor was obtained from the Jew¬ 
ish Synod of Jabneh, or J amnia, about A. D. 90. 
Josephus soon afterward arbitrarily fixed the Old 
Testament books at twenty-two, to make them agree 
in number with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, 
and the Talmud at twenty-four, because that is the 
number of the Greek alphabet. All the thirty-nine 
books in our modern Bibles found a place, separate 
or combined, in those enumerations. Jerome also, 
like Josephus, made twenty-two, a number which 
the Council or Carthage, A. D. 397, much enlarged 
by taking in the Apocrypha. [Apocrypha.] 

2. New Testament Canon /The germ of what after¬ 
ward became the New Testamentcanon was in exist¬ 
ence when the Second Epistle of Peter was written 
(2 Pet. iii. 15,16). About A. D. 144 the “ heretic ” 
Marcion came from Pontus to Rome, bringing with 
him a collection of sacred books, viz., the Gospel of 
St. Luke and ten Pauline epistles, those of Timothy 
and Titus being omitted. According to Dr. Samuel 
Davidson, the idea of an inspired New Testament 
canon and of a Catholic church came into existence 
together about 170 A. D. The canon which then 
grew up consisted of two parts, the Gospel [Gr. to 
euangelion ], and the Apostle [Gr. ho apostolos], the 
former containing the four gospels, the latter the 
Acts of the Apostles, thirteen epistles of St. Paul, 
one of St. Peter, one of St. John, and the Revela¬ 
tion. The canon of Muratori, about the same date, 
differs in omitting 1 Peter and including 2 and 3 
John, as also Jude. Irenaeus, Clement of Alexan¬ 
dria, and Tertullian, had all their separate canons. 
Origen, about A.D. 254, recognized three classes of 
books—those generally admitted, those not authen¬ 
tic and those doubtful. Similarly Eusebius, A. D. 
340, divided the sacred writings into throe classes— 
those generally received [Gr. homologoumenal and 
those controverted [Gr. antilegomena], and those 
heretical. The canon of the New Testament, in the 
form in which we now have it—except, that the 
Apocalypse was ignored—was settled by the Council 
of Laodicea, A. D. 367, and confirmed by the 14th 
Council of Carthage, A. D. 397, one of the members 
present at which being the celebrated Augustine. 
{Dr. Samuel Davidson: Canon, die.) [Bible.] 

(iii) Law: 

1. Eccles. Law: [Canon Law.] 

2. English Civil Law: A rule. Used specially in 
the expression Canons of Inheritance, which are 
the rules regulating the descent of real property 
when the owner or “purchaser” dies intestate. 
The Act of Parliament determining such cases is 
3 and 4, Win. IV., c. 106. {Wharton.) 

(iv) Music: A species of musical composition, 
written according to strict rule (hence the term), 
in which the different voices take up the same 
melody, one after another, either at the same or at 
a different pitch. 

“A canon at the unison becomes a round, if the ante¬ 
cedent has a cadence before the entry of the consequent.” 
—Stainer dt Barrett. 

(v) Printing: A size of type equal to 4 lines pica, 
probably so called from having been first employed 
in printing the canons. It is used for posters and 
handbills. 

(vi) Math.: 

1. A general rule for resolving all problems of the 
same kind. 

2. A set of mathematical tables, as “ a canon of 
logarithms,” “ a canon of sines,” &c. 

(vii) Surg.: An instrument used in binding up 
wounds. 

(viii) Farriery: Canon-bone. [Cannon-bone.] 

(ix) Mech.: The part of a bell by which it is sus¬ 
pended ; otherwise called the ear. 


fodil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




canon-bitt 


730 


canor 


S. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

♦canon-bitt, s. That part of the bit which is 
placed in the horse’s mouth. 

“A goodly person, and could manage fair 
His stubborn steed with canon-bitt . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. vii. 37. 

canon-law, s. The body of ecclesiastical law as 
laid down by the canons. 

“This is mere moral babble, and direct 
Against the canon-laws of our foundation.” 

Milton: Comus, 808. 

' History of the Canon Law: 

(1) Before the Reformation: A community, civil 
or religious, no sooner comes into existence than 
it requires rules for its government, and those first 
formed require to be modified and developed and 
added to during the whole period that the com¬ 
munity exists. Hence the first germs of the canon 
law are to be sought for in apostolic times, while 
its complete development took place at the period 
when the power of the papacy reached its height. 
The oldest canons are called Apostolic canons 
(q. v.). The canons of the Councils of Nice (A. D. 
325), Constantinople (A. D.381), Ephesus (A. D. 431), 
and Chalcedon (A. D. 451), obtained civil sanction 
by decree of Justinian. Till the twelfth century 
the canon law consisted mainly of these canons 
collected, together with the capitularies of Charle¬ 
magne and the decrees of the popes, from Siricius, 
A. D. 398, to Athanasius IV., A. D. 1154. In A. D. 
1114 Ivo, Bishop of Chartres, commenced to collect 
the decrees made by popes and the cardinals; 
Gratian, a Benedictine monk, methodized the col¬ 
lection, and published it in 1150. There followed 
the Decretals of Gregory IX., in A. D. 1234. [De¬ 
cretal.] Next came the “Sext” of Boniface VIII., 
A. D.1298 [Sext], the Clementines or Constitutions 
of Clement V., A. D. 1308 [Clementine], and the 
Extravagants of John XXII., A. D. 1317. [Extrava¬ 
gant.] These, with some more recent “ Extrava¬ 
gants, constitute the “ Corpus Juris Canonici ” 
(The Body of Canon Law). Some lawyers grad¬ 
uated in canon and others in civil law, while not a 
few did so in both. As the fully-developed canon 
law greatly exalted the ecclesiastical over the civil 
power, it was never very cordially accepted by the 
English Parliament, and there was a national canon 
law composed of legatine and provincial constitu¬ 
tions. 

(2) Since the Reformation: By 25 Hen. VIII., c. 19, 
repealed by 1 Phil, and Mary, c. 8 , but re-enacted by 
1 Eliz., c. 1, a revision of canon law was ordered, and 
only those parts of it were left binding which were 
not repugnant to the common or statute law. In 
the 27th year of Henry VIII., degrees in canon law 
were abolished, not however by Parliament, but by 
mandate. In 1603, under James I., certain ordi¬ 
nances analogous to canons were enacted by the 
clergy, but never received the sanction of Parlia¬ 
ment. It has therefore been adjudged that where 
they introduce anything new they are not binding 
on the laity. 

canon-lawyer, s. One skilled in or practicing 
canon-law. 

canon-type, s. [Canon, II. v.] 

*canon-wise, a. One learned in ecclesiastical 

law. 

”... reviled and ruffled by an insulting and only 
oanon-wise prelate . . .” — Milton: Of Reformation in 
England, bk. i. 

*can'-on (2), s. [Cannon.] 
cafion (3) (pron. can-yon), s. [Spanish.] A 
mountain gorge, a defile. 

can -bn-ess, s. [Fr. chanoinesse; Low Lat .can- 
onissa; from canon, and fern. sufi. -fs.sa.] A woman 
who holds a canonry, or is a member of an order of 
canons. 

"There are, in popish countries, women they call secular 
canonesses, living after the example of secular canons.”— 
Ayliffe. 

*cg.-no -nl-sil, a, [Canon.] Canonical. 
cst-non’-Ic, ca-non- 1 -cg.l, *can-on-ique’, a. 

[Fr. canonique; Eng. canon; -tc,-ical .] 

1. Pertaining to or according to the canons. 

“ With neither hands, nor feet, nor faces. 

Put in the right canonic places.” 

Moore: Twopenny Postbag. 

2. Constituting or contained in the canon of Holy 
cripture. As a distinctive term applied to the 

received Scriptures, first used by Origen, Opp. v. 3, 
p. 36 (ed. de la Rue). ( Trench: On the Study of 
Words, p. 96.) 

“Public readings there are of books and writings, not 
canonical, . . .”— Hooker. 

3. Fixed or regulated by the canons. 

“His Christian church—imposed the obligation of can¬ 
onique hours • . .”— Donne: Letters. 

4. Spiritual; ecclesiastical. 

“. . . to whom they swore canonical obedience.”— 
Ayliffe. 


canonical books, or scriptures, s. pi. Those 

books which compose the canon of Scripture. 

canonical epistles, s. pi. Those epistles of the 
New Testament which are called catholic, or gen¬ 
eral. 

canonical hours, s. pi. Stated hours of the day 
appointed and set apart by the canons for devotional 
exercises. They are: Matins, Lauds,Sexts, Nones, 
and Vespers. (See these words.) 

♦canonical letters, s. pi. Letters which for¬ 
merly passed between the orthodox clergy, as testi¬ 
monials of their faith, to keep up the Catholic 
communion and to distinguish them from heretics. 

canonical life, s. The rule of life prescribed for 
the ancient clergy who lived in community. 

canonical obedience, s. The submission due 
from the inferior clergy to their ecclesiastical 
superiors. * 

canonical punishments, s.pl. Those spiritual 
punishments which the Church may inflict, a 3 
excommunication, degradation, penance, &c. 

♦canonical sins, s. pi. 

In the Ancient Church: Those for which capital 
punishment was inflicted, as idolatry, murder, 
adultery, heresy, &c. 

ca-non-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. canonical; -ly.] 

*1. According to or in a straight line. 

“I defy him to go on coolly, critically, and canonically 
planting his cabbages one by one in straight lines.”— 
Sterne: Trist. Shandy. 

2. In a canonical manner; according to the 
canons or canonical law. 

“ It is a known story of the friar, who on a fasting day 
bid his capon be carp, and then very canonically eat 
it.”— Government of the Tongue. 

ca-non-I-cal-ness, s. [Eng .canonical; -ness.] 
The quality of being canonical or in accordance 
with canonical law. 

“How then is the Church an infallible keeper of the 
canon of Scripture, which hath suffered some books of 
canonical Scripture to be lost? and others to lose for a 
long time their being canonical, at least, the necessity of 
being so 1 esteemed, and afterward, as it were by the law 
of Postliminium hath restored their authority and canoni¬ 
calness unto them.”— Chillingworth: Religion of Protest¬ 
ants, pt. i., ch. 8. 

c9.-non-I-c9.l5, s. pi. [Canonical.] The full 
robes of a clergyman, as appointed by the canons. 

c9.-non-I-c9.te, s. [Fr. canonicat; Low Lat. 
canonicatus .] The dignity or office of a canon; a 
canonry. 

“The church, willing to testify the high opinion she 
entertained of his merit, presented him with a canonicate 
in the cathedral of Paris.”— Berington: Abelard, p. 18. 

can-on -I- 51 , s. pi. [Lat. canonicus; from canon 

=a rule.] 

Music: A name given to followers of the Pythago¬ 
rean system of music, as opposed to Musici, the 
followers of the Aristoxenian system. [Pythago¬ 
reans.] (Stainer dk Barrett.) 

can-on-l 9 ’-I-ty,s. [Fr . canonicitS.) The quality 
of being canonical or in accordance with the 
canons; canonicalness. 

“The canonicity, that is, the divine authority, of the 
books of the New Testament, . . . ”— Newman: Devel¬ 
opment of Christian Doctrine, bk. iii., § 4. 

can-on-I§-a-tion, s. [Canonization.] 

can -on-Ist, s. [Fr. canoniste.) A professor of 
canon-law. 

“ Of whose strange crimes no Canonist can tell 
In what commandment’s large contents they dwell.” 

Pope: Satires of Dr. Donne, Sat. ii. 43-4. 
“Among the priests who refused the oaths were some 
men eminent in the learned world, as grammarians, 
chronologists, canonists, and antiquaries.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

can-on-ls'-tlc, a. [Eng. canonist, sufiF. -ic.] Of 
or pertaining to a canonist. 

“They became the apt scholars of this canon istio exposi¬ 
tion.”— Milton: Tetrachordon. 

*can-bn-Is -tre (tre=ter), s. [Eng. canonist; 
-re=-er.] A canonist. 

“Caton and Canonistres counseillen us to leve.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 4,793. 

can-on-iz-a'-tion, can-on-I§-a'-tion, s. [Fr. 

canonisation ; Ital. canonizzazione; from Low Lat. 
canonizo= to canonize. ] 

1. The act of canonizing or enrolling any person 
in the canon or list of saints. In the Roman Cath¬ 
olic Church this is preceded by beatification. The 
practice of giving saintly honors to deceased Chris¬ 
tians arose among the common people. In the 9th 
century some restraint was put upon it by the 
ecclesiastical councils. The first instance of the 
enrollment by the Roman bishop of a deceased per¬ 
son among uhe saints was that of Udalrich, Bishop 


of Augsburg, by John XV., in A. D, 993. In tho 
third Lateran Council, A. D. 1179, the right of con. 
ferring such honor was limited to the Pope. 

“ It is very suspicious, that the interests of particular* 
families, or churches, have too great a sway in canonizas 
tions.” — Addison. 

u Even at the canonization of a saint, • • ” Milh 

Liberty , ch. ii. 

2. The state of being canonized. 
can'-bn-Ize, can'-bn-I§e, v. t. [Fr. canoniser ; 
Sp. canonizar; Ital. canonizzare ; Low Lat. canon * 
izo— to enroll in a canon or list; canon—a. list, 
register.] 

I. Literally. 

I. To enroll any person in the canon or list of 
saints ; to declare any person a saint. 

”... would give my frank consent to his being 
canonized.” — Scott: St. Ronan’s Well, ch. xxvi. 

*2. To install in any ecclesiastical dignity or 
office. 

“ Thus was the pope canonized 
With great honor, and intronized.” 

Gower: Conf. Amant., i. 254. 

♦3. To rate as highly as if included in the canon 
of Scripture. 

“ Bathsheba was so wise a woman, that some of her 
counsels are canonized for divine.”— Bishop Hall: David’s 
End. ( Latham .) 

II. Figuratively: To raise to the highest rank of 
honor and glory. 

“. . . fame, in time to come, canonize us.". 

Shakesp.: Troil. dt Cres., ii. 2. 

can-bn-Ized, can-bn-I§ed, *can-on-yz-yds,, 

pa. par. & a. [Canonize.] 
can -on-iz-er, can’-6n-i§-er, s. [Canonize.] Ha 
who canonizes, or raises any person to the rank of a 
saint. 

can-on-iz -ing, can-on-i§ -ing, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Canonize.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of tho verb. 

C. Assubstan.: Canonization. 

“ If the people resolve to take him sainted at the rat® 
of such a canonizing, I shall suspect their calender more 
than the Gregorian.”— Milton: Answer to Eikon Basilike . 

can'-on-ry, s. [Eng. canon, and suff. -ry (q. v.).J 
The dignity, position, or emoluments of a canon; 
an ecclesiastical benefice in a cathedral or col¬ 
legiate church. {English.) 

“ Bishops must therefore be allowed to keep their see® 
in Scotland, in order that divines not ordained by Bish¬ 
ops might be allowed to hold rectories and canonries in, 
England.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

fcan'-bn-shlp, s. [Eng. canon, suff. ship (q. v.).J 
The same as Canonry. (English.) j 

“ As a canonship is given by the giving of a book, . . .” 
— Baxter: Inf. Baptism, p. 322. 

can -b-pled, *can- 0 -pyed, a. [Canopy.] Cov¬ 
ered with a canopy. (Lit. dk fig.) 

Cli-no -pus, s. [Lat. Canopus (Pliny); Gr. kand- 
bos (Ptolemy).] The name of a city in Egypt. 

Astron.: The name given to the bright star in thy 
constellation Argo. It is Alpha Argo navis. It i* 
situated in the rudder of the imaginary ship. 

“ Lamps which outburn’d Canopus.” 

Tennyson: D. of F. Women , 146. 

can’-b-py, s. [Ital. canopi; O. Fr. canopSe; Fr. 
canap6 = a. tent, canopy; Lat. canopeum; Gr. 
konopeon = a bed with curtains to protect from 
mosquitoes, &c.; konops = a mosquito.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A covering of state over a throne or bed, 

“ There William and Mary appeared seated under a 

canopy.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Applied to the heavens or the clouds. 

“ The cloud canopy above us may be thick enough to 
shut out the light of the stars.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., i. 8. 

(2) Applied to any natural arch or covering. 

“. . . through the high canopies of trees.”— Pop«r 
Letter to Digby, Oct. 10. 

II. Arch.: An ornamental arched or roof-like 
projection over a niche oi doorway, especially ia 
Gothic architecture. 

“Theentrances are decorated with richly carved pillars 
and canopies.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

can'-o-p^, v. t. [Canopy, s.] To cover as with* 
canopy. (Lit. & fig.) 

“ When lofty trees I see barren of leaves, 

Which erst from heat did canopy the herd.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets. 

fcan'-b-p^-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Canopy, v.] 
♦can'-or, s. [Lat. canor = a melody; cano—Ut 
sing.] A melody, or sweet singing. (Blount: Glosso* 
graphia.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; W3, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



canorous 


731 


canted 


ca-nor'-OUS, a. [Lat. canorus= singing, musi¬ 
cal; cano— to sing.] Tuneful, musical, melodious. 

“ Birds that are most canorous, and whose notes we 
most commend, are of little throats, and short.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

ca-nor-OUS-ly, adv. [Eng. canorous; -ly.] In 
a tuneful or musical manner, melodiously. (H. 
More.) 

ca-nor-ous-ness, s. [Eng. canorous; -ness.) 
The quality of being tuneful or musical, melodious¬ 
ness. 

ca-no'-tl-er, s. [Fr.] A canoeman. 

*ca -nous, ♦ca-nos, *can-ois, a. [Lat. canus= 
■white.] Hoary, gray. 

“-Ynfrendlye eild has thus bysprent 

My hede and haffettis baith with canous hair.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 141, 29. 

cause, v. i. [Icel. kallza— to scold, abuse. Com¬ 
pare Gael. cainnteach= peevish.] To speak in a 
pert and saucy style, as displaying a great degree 
of self-importance. (Scotch.) 

can-sie, can-shie, a. [Canse.] Cross, ill- 
humored, saucy. (Scotch.) 

♦can-stick, s. [An abbreviation of candlestick 
(q-v-).] A candlestick. 

“ I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., iii. 1. 

♦can-stow, pr. of v. [A contracted form of canst 
tho-u.) Canst thou. 

“ Allas ! Constaunce, thou ne has no champioun, 

Ne fighte canstow nat, so welaway!” 

Chaucer: C. T., 5,051-2. 

cant (1), *cante, s. & a. [Dut., Dan.,& Sw. kant 
=a border, edge, margin; Ger. kante— a corner.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A slope, declivity. 

“ Ynder the cants of a hille.” 

Sege of Melayne, 1495. 

2. An inclination, slope. 

“ The helm had been lashed with a small cant to lee¬ 
ward.” — London Daily Telegraph, Jan. 28, 1881. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: An external angle or quoin of a build¬ 
ing ; a bevel, a chamfer, an arris. 

“The first and principal person in the temple was 
Peace; she was placed aloft in a cont.”— B. Jonson: Coron. 
Entertainment. - 

2. Naut.: 

(1) A cut made in a whale between the neck and 
fins, to which the cant-purchase is made fast for 
the purpose of turning the animal round in the 
process of flensing. 

(2) A piece of wood laid upon the deck of a ves¬ 
sel, to support the bulkheads. 

8. Coopering: One of the segments forming a 
side-piece in the head of a cask. 

4. Shipbuilding : The angle, as of the head of a 
bolt. A bolt with a hexagonal or octagonal head is 
said to be six or eight canted. 

5. Gearing: A segment of the rim of a wooden 
cog-wheel. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

cant-blocks, s. pi. 

Naut.: Large purchase-blocks, used by whalers 
to cant the whales round during the process of 
flensing. 

cant-board, s. A division in the conveyer-box of 
a flour-bolt, to separate the different qualities of 
flour or offal. 

cant-chisel, s. A long and strong chisel with the 
basil and a rib on one side. 

cant-falls, s.pl. 

Naut.: The ropes and blocks used by whalers to 
al.ng- the animal to the side of the vessel. 

cant-file, s. A file having the shape (ff an obtuse- 
angled triangle in its transverse section; used in 
filing the inner angles of spanners and wrenches 
for bolts with hexagonal and octagonal heads, 
cant-hook, s. 

Naut. : A lever with a hook at one end, for raising 
heavy articles. 

cant-molding, s. 

Arch. : A molding with beveled instead of curved 
surfaces. 

cant-purchase, s. 

Naut. : This is formed by a block suspended from 
the mainmast head, and another block made fast to 
the cant cut in the whale. 

cant-ribbons, s. pi. 

Naut.: Those ribbons or painted moldings along 
a ship’s side which do not lie horizontally or level. 

cant-robin, s. 

Bot.: The dwarf dog-rose, with a white flower. 
(Scotch.) 

boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat.l 9 ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


cant-spar, s. 

Naut.: A hand-mast pole fit for making small 
masts or yards, booms, &c. 

cant-timbers, s. pi. 

Naut.: Timbers at the ends of a vessel rising 
obliquely from the keel; the upper ends of those on 
the bow are inclined to the stern, as those in the 
after-part incline to the stern-post above. The for¬ 
ward pair of cant-timbers are called the knight- 
heads, and form a bed for the reception of the 
bowsprit. The timber at the extreme angle is built 
in solid, and is called the dead-wood. 

Cant (2), s. & a. [Lat. cantus= a singing, a song, 
from canto=a. frequent, form of cano =to sing.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. A monotonous whining; the whine of a beggar. 

2. A whining or hypocritical pretension to good¬ 
ness ; hypocritical sanctimoniousness. 

“ * Clear your mind of Cantl' Have no trade with Cant." 
— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-worship, lect. v. 

“Roundheads freed 
From cant of sermon and of creed.” 

Scott: Rokeby, iii. 12. 

3. Hypocritical talk of any kind. 

“But the Dutch are too shrewd to listen to the mis¬ 
chievous cant which the spirit of conquest borrows from 
what is called the doctrine of nationalities.”— London 
Times, Nov. 11, 1876. 

4. The special phraseology or speech peculiar to 
any profession, trade, or class. 

“Immorality has its cant as well as party.”— Goldsmith: 
The Bee, No. viii.; Augustan Age of England. 

“One plotter used the cant of the law.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ivi. 

5. A slang j argon. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to, containing, or of the 
nature of cant. 

“ The affectation of some late authors, to introduce and 
multiply cant words, is the most ruinous corruption in 
any language.”— Swift. 

“ She answered in the same tone of under-dialogue, 
using the cant language of her tribe.”— Scott: Guy Man¬ 
ner ing, ch. iv. 

♦cant (3), s. [Probably from Fr. quant—how 
much; Ger. gant= an auction.] An auction. 

“ Numbers of these tenants, or their descendants, are 
now offering to sell their leases by cant, even those which 
were for lives.”— Swift. 

cant (4) , s. [Cantbip.] An old trick, a juggle. 
“ Superstition holes peept thro’, 

Made by nae mortal’s han’s. 

Experiencing plans 
O’ auld cants that night.” 

D. Anderson: Poems, p. 81. 

♦cant, *kant, *kaunt, a. [Probably connected 
with can, ken, and the same as canny (q. v.).] 

1. Fierce. 

“ For to assege yone castel 
With cant men and cruel.” 

Gaw. <£• Golagras, ii. 2. 

2. Sprightly, lively, fresh. 

“ Ane young man stert in to that steid 
Als cant as ony colt.” 

Peblis to the Play, st. 6. 

Cant (1), v. t. [Dan. kantre— to cant, upset; Ger. 
kanten, kantern=- to cant, tilt.] [Cant (1), s.] 

1. To incline or place on the edge, to tilt. 

2. To give a sudden impulse to as to anything 
standing on its edge; to throw with a jerk or sud¬ 
den force. 

“ The sheltie ... at length got its head betwixt its 
legs, and at once canted its rider into the little rivulet.” 
— Scott: The Pirate, ch. xi. 

IT To cant over: 

(1) Trans.: To turn over; to overturn. 

(2) Intrans.: To fall over, to fall backward, espe¬ 
cially if completely overturned. (Jamieson.) 

cant (2), v. t. & i. [Lat. canto, frequent, of cano 
=to sing. Cant and chant were originally the same 
word. (Trench: On the Study of Words, p. 157.)] 
[Cant (2), s.] 

A. Transitive: 

♦1. To sing. [Chant, v.) .... 

*2. To repeat in a monotonous and whining voice. 

“Walking and canting broken Dutch for farthings.” 

Shirley: Gamester, iii. 3. 

3. To use the special phraseology of any trade, 
profession, or class. 

“Of all the cants which are canned in this canting world, 
the cant of criticism is the most tormenting.” Sterne: 
Trist. Shandy. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. To sing. 

“ Sweet was the sang the birdies plaid alang, ^ 
Canting fu’ cheerfu’ at their morning mang. 

Ross: Helenore, p. 59. 

$hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


2 . To use any slang jargon; to use technical terms 
affectedly. 

‘ The Doctor here, 

When he discourseth of dissection, 

Of vena cava and of vena porta, 

The meserseics and the mesentericum, 

What does he else but cant ! or if he run 
To his judicial astrology, 

And trowl the trine, the quartile and the sextile, &o. 
Does he not cant 1 who here does understand him ? ” 
Ben Jonson: Staple of News, iv. 1. 

3. To talk or whine hypocritically. 

can -tSL-bank, s. [Lat. canto, frequent, of cano 
=to sing, and Ital. bancor a bench.] One who sings 
on a bench; a ballad-singer. 

cant (3), v. i. [An abbreviated form of canter 
(q. v.).] Tocanter. (Scotch.) 

♦cant (4), v. t. [Cant (3), s.] 

1. To sell by auction. 

“ Is it not the general method of landlords to wait tha 
expiration of a lease, and then cant their land to the 
highest bidder ?”— Swift: Against the Power of Bishops. 

2. To bid a price for anything at an auction. 

“ Two monks were outvying each other in canting tha 
price of an abbey.”— Swift: Hist. Eng., Reign of W. II. 

♦cant (5), *cant-jfn, v. t. [Cant ( 1 ), s.] To 
break up into fragments, to divide, to share. 

“Cantyn or departyn. Partior.” — Prompt. Parv. 

Can-tab, s. [An abbreviated form of Canteu- 
brigian (q. v.).] 
can-ta'-bi-le, adv. [Ital.] 

Music: In an easy, flowing style. 

Can-ta'-brl-?,n, a. [Lat. cantaber=an inhabi¬ 
tant of Cantabria, the ancient name of the north 
part of Spain.] Of or pertaining to Cantabria. 

Can-ta'-brlg'-I-an, a. & s. [Lat. Cantabrigian 
Cambridge.] 

A. As adj.: Of or relating to Cambridge or its 
University. 

B. As subst.: A native or a resident of Cambridge. 
(Applied especially to members of that U niversity.) 

♦can-tail-lie, s. [Fr. chanteau, chantel.) [Can- 
tee.] A comer-piece. 

“ Item, ane bed maid of crammosie velvot enriched 
with phenixes of gold and teares, with a litle cantaillie 
of gold.”— Inventories, A. 1561, p. 135. 

fcant-a-li-ver, s. [Cantileveb, s.] 
can'-ta-lon, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Fabric: A species of woolen stuff. 
cant’-g.- 16 upe, cant-a leup, s. [Fr. canta¬ 
loupe ; Ital. cantalupo, so called from the castle of 
Cantalupo in the Marca d’Ancona, in Italy.] A 
kind of small, round, ribbed muskmelon. 

“ An acre well planted will produce 400 bushels of canta- 
leups.’ ’ — Gardner. 

can-tafi'-ker-ous, a. [Etymology doubtful, but 
possibly from O. Eng. contek= strife, quarrel.] Dis¬ 
agreeable, quarrelsome, crotchetty. (Colloquial.) 
can -tar, can-ta'-rd, s. [Sp.] 

1 . A weight in use in Europe and the East, vary¬ 
ing considerably in different countries. At Rome 
it is 75 lbs.; at0airo,45 lbs.; in Sardinia, nearly 44 
lbs.; and in Syria, about 500 lbs. 

2. A Spanish liquid measure, ranging in capacity 
from two to four gallons. 

can-tar’-e (e as a), v. t. [Ital.] To sing, 
cantare di maniera, cantara di manierata. 
phrase. [Ital.j To sing in a florid or ornamental 
style. (Stainer cfc Barrett.) 

*cant -3i-rlde, s. [Cantharides.] 

can-ta’-ta, s. [Ital. cantata—a song; Low Lat. 
cantata=a chant, an anthem.l A poem or dramatic 
composition set to music, with solos and choruses. 

“ A cantata consisted originally of a mixture of recita¬ 
tive and melody, and was given to a single voice, but the 
introduction of choruses altered the first character of 
the cantata, and gave rise to some confusion in the man¬ 
ner of describing it.”— Stainer db Barrett. 

♦can-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. cantatio = a singing; 
canto=to sing.] The act of singing. 

“Cantation, singing or enchanting."— Blount. 

can-ta-tor'-e, s. [Ital.] 

Music: A male singer. (Stainer db Barrett.) 
cant’-A-tor-jf, a. [Lat. cantator; -y.) Con 
taining or pertaining to cant or affectation, 
cant-ed (1), a. [Cant (1), s.] 

1. Sloping, slanting. 

2. Having an angle. [Cant (1), II. 4.] 
cant-ed (2), pa. par. or a. [Cant (2), v.] 
canted column, s. 

Arch.: A polygonal column; one whose flutes are 
formed in cants instead of curves. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 





canted 


732 


cantillate 


canted molding, s. 

Arch.: A molding -which has angular turns, but 
no quirks or circular work. 

canted pillar, canted post, s. One from -which 
the angles have been removed, or are absent. 

canted wall, s. One which forms an angle with 
the face of another wall. 

can-tee n, s. [Fr. caniine= a bottle-case, can¬ 
teen; Ital. cantina= a cellar; O. Fr. cant, Ital. & 
Sp. canto=& corner.] [Cant(1),s.] 
fl. A bottle or vessel used by soldiers for carrying 
liquor for drink. 

“. . . the canteens were opened; and a tablecloth was - 
spread on the grass?’— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. A chest or box in which the mess-utensils are 
carried for officers of the army; a mess-chest. 

3. The place in a garrison in which drink is sold 
to the soldiers; a suttling-house. 

"... the king of France established a sufficient 
number of canteens for furnishing his troops with to¬ 
bacco.”—-Rees.- Cyclopcedia. 

canteen-sergeant, s. A non-commissioned offi¬ 
cer in charge of the canteen. 

”... the pay and position of non-commissioned 
officers of the army appointed to be canteen-sergeants.” — 
London Daily Telegraph, Feb. 7, 1881. 

*can-tel,t\ [Cantle, v.] 

*can -tpl (1), can'-telle, s. [Cantle, s.] 

*can -tel (2), s. [Cant, s.] Jamieson gives this 
word as meaning a trick, a juggle, but in the quota¬ 
tion it is evidently a misprint or misreading for 
cautel (q. v.). 

“With castis and with cantelis.” 

Houlate, iii. 2. 

can’-te-lein, s. [From Lat. cantilena— an old 
song, gossip.] 

1. Properly: An incantation. 

2. A trick. 

cant’-el-efip, cant-el- 6 up, s. [Cantaloupe.] 

*can-tel mele, adv. [Mid. Eng. cantel, and A. S. 
null—a bit.] In bits, bit by bit. 

“Men gete it now by cantelmele.” — Caxton: Book of Cu r- 
tasye, 409. 

can -ter (1), s. [An abbreviation of Canterbury. 
Canterbury gallop or Canterbury paces were 
phrases applied to the easy, ambling pace at which 
prilgrims went to the shrine of St. Thomas h Becket 
at Canterbury.] An easy gallop. 

“ The canter is to the gallop very much what the walk is 
to the trot, though probably a more artificial pace.”— 
Youatt: The Horse; On Draught, p. 547. 

cant-er ( 2 ), s. [Cant (2 ), s.] One who cants; a 
hypocritical talker about religious subjects. 

“ Nor is her talent lazily to know, 

As dull divines, and holy canters do.” 

Oldham: On Presenting a Book to Cornelia. 
cant'-er, v. t. & i. [Canter (1), s.] 

A. Trans.: To cause a horse to move in an easy 
gallop. 

B. Intrans.: To ride at a canter or an easy gallop. 
“Forthe rest, he loved trotting better than cantering, 

. . —Sir E. L. Bulwer: Pelham, ch. xlii. 

Cant'-er-hur-jf, s. & a. [From the name of the 
early inhabitants of Kent. It was known under the 
Saxons as Caer Cant.] 

A. As subst.: The capital of Kent, seat of the 
Metropolitan See of all England. The first Arch¬ 
bishop of Canterbury was St. Augustine, A. D. 597, 
and one of the most celebrated was Thomas k Becket, 
who was murdered in the cathedral, 1170. It was to 
his shrine (demolished 1538) that the celebrated 
Canterbury pilgrimages were made. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
Canterbury-bell, s. 

Botany : 

1. The common name for Campanula medium, L. 

2. Campanula trachelium, L. 

3. Cardamine pratensis, L. 

Canterbury tale, s. 

Originally: A tale told to relieve the weariness 
and monotony of a journey, so named from the cel¬ 
ebrated tales told by the pilgrims in Chaucer’s Can¬ 
terbury Tales. 

cant-ered, pa. par. [Canter, v.] 
cant'-er-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Canter, p.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& partic. adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of riding at a canter. 

can-tha-pleu’-rg,, s. [Gr. akantha = a spine; 
pleura= the side.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of Mollusca. belonging to the 
Cyclobranchia, or Chitons, in which the mantle is 
rough, with movable spines, prickles, setaceous 
hairs, or granules; plates of the shell the same as 
in Chiton. {Craig.) 


can-thar-el-lus , s. [Mod. Lat. equivalent of 
the plant.] The scientific name of the Chantarelle 
(q-j.). 

can-thar'-i-dae, s. pi. [Lat. canthar(is), and 
suff. -idee.'] 

Entom.: A family of Coleoptera, distinguished by 
the hooks of the tarsi being deeply cleft; the head 
is unusually large, wide, and doubled behind. 
can-thar'-l-de§, s. pi. [Cantharis.] 
fcan-thar-ld'-I-an, a. [Eng. cantharid(es); 
-ian .] Of or pertaining to cantharides; hence, blis¬ 
tering, powerful. 

can-thar'-l-dine, can-thar'-i-din, can-thar'- 
I-dene, s. [Eng. cantharid(es): suff. -in, -ine 
{Chem.).] 

Chem.: The active principle extracted from can¬ 
tharides. Its formula is C 5 H 12 O 2 . It is soluble in 
chloroform. 

can'-thar-Is (pi. can-thar'-l-de§), s. [Lat. 

cantharis, genit. cantharidis; Gr. kantharis, genit. 
kantharidos.] 

1. Entom. (Sing.): The Spanish-fly or Blister 
Beetle-fly, Cantharis vesicatoria, a coleopterous 
insect, the typical one of the family Cantharidw. 
They are collected principally in Hungary, Russia, 
and the south of France, and are imported in cases 
of 100 to 175 pounds weight. In several parts of 
England they have become so naturalized as to be 
almost native. They are about eight lines long; 
the elytra are a fine green color. They have a dis¬ 
agreeable odor and a burning taste, and contain a 
crystalline substance, Cantbaridine (q. v.). 

“The flies, cantharides, are bred of a worm, or cater¬ 
pillar, but peculiar to certain fruit trees.”— Bacon: 
Natural History. 

2. Pharm. (PI. Cantharides): The insects de¬ 
scribed under 1 . Externally used as a rubefacient in 
the form of a liniment, also as a vesicant in the 
form of the common blister. They are applied to 
diseased and painful j oints, also in cases of pleuritis, 
pericarditis, pneumonia, and other internal inflam¬ 
mations. Internally they are given in chronic 
affections of the nervous system, especially of the 
spinal cord. They have also a diuretic action. They 
have, among the ignorant, acquired a great reputa¬ 
tion as an aphrodisiac. But if they have such an 
effect it is (outside of their diuretic action) simply 
irritation, which will result in strangury and inflam¬ 
mation. They should never be administered except 
by a physician. 

*can'-thar-us, s. [Gr. kantharos.] 

1. A fountain or cistern in the porches of ancient 
churches, in which persons washed their hands on 
entering. 

2. Ichthy.: A genus of spiny-finned fishes, family 
Sparidae. Cantharus griseus is commonly called the 
Black Bream, or the Black Sea-bream. 

can-the-der-mis, s. [Gr. akantha = a spine; 
derma= the skin.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the order 
Plectognathes, having the body covered with 
minute spines or prickles, exclusive of the larger 
ones on the tail. (Craig.) 

can-the-rin’-e§, s. [Gr. akantha=a spine; rhis, 
genit. rhinos— the snout.] 

Ichthy..: A genus of cheliform fishes, with smooth 
or granulated bodies, belonging to the family Balis- 
tidae. 

can -thi. Plural of canthus. 
can-thl-tis, s. [Eng. canthus; -itis .] Inflam¬ 
mation of the canthus. 

can-thid'-o-mus, s. [ Gr. akantha = a spine; 
domos=a. house.] 

Zobl.: A sub-genus of turbinated Univalves,belong¬ 
ing to the sub-family Melanianse, in which the spine 
is generally short, the whorls coronated with spines 
or marked with longitudinal ribs, the base obtuse. 

can-thi-gas'-ter, s. [Gr. akantha = a spine; 
gaster =thebelly. ] 

Ichthy.: A genus of cheliform fishes, belonging to 
the family Balistidae and order Plectognathes. The 
muzzle is much prolonged, and the belly covered 
with spines. (Craig.) 

can-thi-lep'-te§,s. [Gr. afcem£Aa=aspine; leptos 
=little.] 

Ichthy.: The Mail-cheeks, a genus of fishes having 
the bones of the head greatly developed, and gen¬ 
erally terminating in large spines; scales rough and 
prickly, pectoral fin highly developed, and the gill¬ 
opening much contracted. (Craig.) 

can thl-rhynch'-us, s. [Gr. akantha—a spine; 
rhynchos= a snout.] 

ichthy.: A genus of fishes, belonging to the family 
Agonidse, having very long, linear bodies, the snout 
armed with two spines, and the body covered with 
smooth plates. (Craig.) 

can'-thi-um, s. [Latinized from canti, the Mala¬ 
bar name of the plant.] 

Bot.: Agenusof Cinchonaceae, consisting of spiny, 
rigid plants, with solitary fragrant white flowers. 


The fruit is a two-celled berry. Canthium parvi- 
florum, an Indian plant, makes good fences, while 
the leaves are occasionally added to curries; but 
they have also medicinal properties. (Treas. of 
Botany.) 

cS.nth’- 0 -phrys, s. [Gr. akantha—& spine; ophrys 
=the eyebrow.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, belonging to the family 
Cobitidae, having a movable prickie reposing in a 
groove beneath the eye and the mouth furnished 
with cirri. (Craig.) 

can-tho-plas’-tic, a. [Canthoplasty.] Per¬ 
taining to canthoplasty. 

can -tho-plas-t^, s. [Gr. kanthos=the angle of 
the eye, and plassein—to form.] Surg.: Cutting 
of the outer canthus to increase the size of the 
palpebral fissure. 

canth-or-bis, s. [Gr. akantha = a spine; Lat. 
orb is=an orb.] 

Conchol.: A genus of shells belonging to the 
Trochinfe, or Tops, in which the operculum is 
shelly, the aperture very oblique, broad, and nar¬ 
row, the basal whorl much flattened. (Craig.) 

can-thus, s. [Lat. from Gr. kanthos .] The cor- 
ner of the eye, where the upper and under eyelids 
meet. The internal is called the greater, the exter¬ 
nal the lesser canthus. (Quincy.) 

can-ti -ci (ci as tsche), s. pl. [Ital.] Another 
name for the Laudes spirituali, or songs sung in the 
old Romish church in praise of God, the Blessed 
Virgin and Saints, and Martyrs. (Stainer <& Bar¬ 
rett.) 

can-tick, s. & a, [From cant, s. (1) (?)] A word 
used only in the compound which follows, 
cantick-quoin, s. 

Naut.: A triangula r block of wood, used in chock¬ 
ing a cask, to keep it rrom rolling when stowed. 

can'-ti-cle, s. [Lat. canticulus = a little song, 
dimin. of cantus = a song; canto — to sing.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) A little song, a short hymn. [II. 1.] 

”... expressed by Moses in his canticles.” — Bacont 
Holy War. 

*(2) A canto, or division of a poem. 

2. Fig.: Used of the songs of birds. 

“ Where robins chant their Litanies, 

And canticles of joy.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, v. 

II. Ecclesiastical: 

1 . Certain detached psalms and hymns used in 
the service of the Anglican Church, such as the 
Venite exult emus, Te Deum laudamus, Benediciie 
omnia opera, Benedictus, Jubilate Deo, Magnificat, 
Cantate Domino, Nunc dimittis, Deus misereatur, 
and the verses used instead of the Venite on Easter- 
day. 

2. PI.: A name applied to that book of the Old 
Testament also known as theSongr of Solomon (q. v.). 

*can-ti-cum, s. [Latin.] 

1. Gen.: A song. 

2. Spec.: A song in the Roman comedy accom¬ 
panied by music and dancing. Sometimes one 
person sang the song while another went through 
the appropriate gesticulation. (Stainer dt Barrett.) 

can-til-e-na, s. [Lat. cantilena , a frequent 
form of cantxis.] 

1. An oft-repeated, old song. 

2. In mediaeval music, singing exercises, in which 
were introduced all the intervals of the scale, &e. 

3. In old church-song the plain-song or canto- 
fernio sung in unison by one or more persons to an 
organ accompaniment. 

4. A ballad. (Stainer <& Barrett.) 
cant-I-le-ver, fcant-a-li-ver, s. [Eng. cant= 

an external angle, and lever (q. v.).] A piece of 
wood, metal, or stone framed into the front or other 
sides of a house, to sustain the molding and eaves 
over it. (Moxon: Mechanical Exercises.) The canti¬ 
lever has been utilized in the construction of rail¬ 
road bridges and structures of a similar character. 
The first instance of the application of this mechan¬ 
ical form of support is described below: 

The Cantilever Bridge which spans the Niagara 
river just over the head of the Whirlpool Rapids 
and in full view of the cataract, is the first bridge 
of the kind ever built. It is constructed entirely of 
steel. Its essential principle is that of a trussed 
beam supported at its center on a steel tower, the 
landward end being securely anchored. The canti¬ 
lever arms meet each other at the center of the 
bridge. The total length of the bridge is 895 feet; 
height of clear span above the river, 245 feet; length 
of clear span across the river, 500 feet; height of 
steel towers, 130 feet; length of cantilevers, 375 and 
395 feet; total weight resting on columns, 1,600 tons. 
There is a double railroad track over the bridge. 

can -ti-lie, adv. [From Scotch cantu, and suff. 
-lie=-ly.] Cheerfully. 


fate, fat, fare, tunidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit* sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw’ 



cantillation 


733 


canvas 


can-til-la'-tion, s. [Lat. cantillatio— chanting, 
from cantillo —to chant.J Chanting or intoning; 
declamation in a singing style, applied to a method 
of reading the Epistles and Gospels in the church. 

can’-ting (l),pr.par., a. & s. [Cant ( 1 ), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of inclining tilting, or 
placing on the edge. 

2. Arch.: The cutting away of an angular body at 
one of its angles, so that its horizontal section be¬ 
comes thereby the portion of a polygon of a greater 
number of sides whose edges are parallel from the 
intersection of the adjoining planes. 

canting-wheel, s. A star-wheel for an endless 
chain. The cogs are canted; that is, the comers 
are cut off. [ St ar-wheel . ] 

cant-mg (2 ),pr.par., a. & s. [Cant (2), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: 

I. Ord. Lang.: (In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb.) 

“ Pleased at heart because on holy ground, 
Sometimes a canting hypocrite is found.” 

Cowjter: Truth, 2B3. 

“ The poor man weeps—here Gavin sleeps, 

Whom canting wretches blam’d.” 

Bums: Epitaph, for Gavin Hamilton, Esq. 

II. Her.: Canting arms are the same as Allusive 
or Punning arms. [Allusive.] The French call 
them Armes Parlantes. (Gloss, of Her. (Oxford, 
Parker), 1847.) 

C. Assubst.: The act or practice of making use 
of cant; hypocrisy ; sham goodness. 

“ It has been held by some, that the art of canting is 
ever in greatest perfection, when managed by ignorance; 
which is thought to be enigmatically meant by Plutarch, 
when he tells us, that the best musical instruments were 
made from the bones of an ass. The art of canting consists 
in skillfully adapting to whatever words the spirit deliv¬ 
ers, that each may strike the ears of the audience with its 
most significant cadence.”— Swift: On the Mechanical 
Operation of the Spirit. (Latham.) 

cant'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. canting; -ly.] In a 
canting, hypocritical manner, or voice. 

“I dread nothing more than the false zeal of my 
friends, in a suffering hour, as he [Whitfield] cantingly 
expresses it .”—Trial of Mr. Whitfield’s Spirit (1740), p. 40. 

*cant'-ing-ness, s. [Eng. canting; •ness.'] The 
quality of being canting; hypocritical pretense to 
goodness; cant. 

can-tl'-no, s. [Italian; Fr. chanterelle .] The 
smallest string upon the violin; the E string. 
(Stainer db Barrett.) 

*can’-tion, s. [Lat. cantio = a singing, song; 
cano=to sing.] A song or enchantment; a sorcery 
or charm. (Blount: Glossographia.) 

“ In the eyght 2Eglogue the same person was brought 
in, singing a Cantion of Colins making.”— Spenser: Shep. 
Cal., x., Glossary. 

*can’-tle, *can’-tele, *can'-ter, *kan-tell, s. 

to. Fr. cantel; Sp. cantillo; dimin. of O. Fr. cant— 
a corner.] [Cant (1), s.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

( 1 ) A small corner or fragment, a little piece, a 
bit. 

“Cantel of what ever hyt be. Quadra, minutal.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“ A cantel of kynde witt, here kynde to save.” 

Piers Plowman, p. 238. 

“ Scar. The greater cantle of the world is lost 
With very igrorance.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 8. 

(2) The back part of the head. (Scotch.) 

2. Saddlery: The upwardly projecting portion at 
the rear part of a saddle. [Pommel.] 

*can'-tle, *can’-tel, *can'-tlle, v. t. [Cantle s.] 
To cut up into pieces; to divide. 

“ For four times talking, if one piece thou take, 

That must be cantled, and the judge go snack.” 

Dry den: Juvenal, vii. 

cant’-let, s. [Eng. cantl(e), and dimin. suffix 
- et. ] A small piece or fragment. 

“Huge cantlets of his buckler strew the ground." 

Dryden: Ovid; Metamorphoses xii. 

Cant'-ling, s. [Eng. cantl(e), and dimin. suff, 
-ling.) [Cantle, s.l 

1. Ord. Lana.: The act of cutting into small 
pieces ; a small piece. 

2. Brickmaking: The lower of two courses of 
burnt brick which inclose a brick-clamp. 

*cant'-ly, adv. [Mid. Eng. cant (3); - ly .] 

Fiercely, proudly. 

“ Oomen into Cagent cantly and kene.”— Minot, p. 20. 

can-to, s. [Ital. canto; Lat. comfMS=singing, a 
■song; cano=to sing.] 


1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A song, a ballad. 

2. One of the principal divisions of a poem. 

“ And sends his goods to market—all alive! 

Lines forty thousand, cantos twenty-five!” 

Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 
II. Music: The upper voice-part in concerted 
music, so called because it usually has the melody 
or air. (Stainer db Barrett.) 

Canto a capella: [Ital.] Sacred music; cantore 
di cappella, the prsecentor. (Stainer db Barrett.) 

canto fermo, s. [Ital.] The plain ecclesiastical 
chant used in cathedral music. 

canto piano, s. [Ital.] Plain chant. (Stainer 
<& Barrett.) 

canto primo, s. [Ital.] First soprano. (Stainer 
db Barrett.) 

canto recitativo, s. [Ital.] Declamatory sing¬ 
ing; recitative. (Stainer db Barrett.) 

canto ripieno, s. [Ital.] Additional soprano 
chorus-parts. [Ripieno.] (Stainer dk Baryett.) 

canto secondo, s. [Ital.] Second soprano. 
(Stainer & Barrett.) 

can-ton (1), s. [Fr. canton —sl corner or cross¬ 
way in a street; also a canton= a hundred (Cot- 
grave); Ital. cantone=SL canton, a district; Sp. 
canton=a comer, canton; Low Lat. cantonum— a 
region, district, from canto— (1) a squared stone; (2) 
a district, province. Compare cantle and cant.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A corner, an angle; or an angular piece of 
anything. 

“ In a canton of the wall . . . there is a clift in the 
rocke.”— Sandys: Travels, p. 191. 

“ . . . made the inclosure of the Colledge dispropor- 
tional, wanting a canton upon that quarter, . . 
Craufurd; Univ. Edin., p. 129. 

2. A comer of a shield. [II.] 

*3. A piece, division, or portion of anything. 

“ There is another piece of Holbein’s in the Stadthousa, 
of about three or four foot square, in which, in six several 
cantons, the several parts of our Savior’s Passion are 
represented with a life and beauty that cannot be enough 
admired.”— Bishop Burnet: Travels, p. 255. 

4. A small portion or division of land. 

“ That little canton of land called the English Pale.”— 
Davies: Ireland, p. 228. 

5. A small district, constituting a distinct govern¬ 
ment ; a clan. 

“ The same is the case of rovers by land ; such, as yet, are 
some cantons in Arabia, and some petty kings of the 
mountains adjacent to straits and ways.’’ — Bacon: Holy 
War. 

IT Applied specially to the political divisions of 
Switzerland. 

“ The Swiss citizen may pass freely from Canton to Can¬ 
ton, and can claim political rights in the Canton of his 
adoption.”— Brit. Quart. Review (1873), p. 318. 

II. Technically: 

1. Her.; One of the honorable ordinaries. A small 
division in the corner of a shield. It generally 
occupies the dexter comer, and is less than a quarter 
of the shield. When it is in the left side of the 
shield it is called a canton sinister. 

2. Arch.: A salient comer formed of a pilaster or 
quoins which project beyond the general faces of 
the wall. 

canton-flannel, s. Cotton cloth upon which a 
nap is raised in imitation of wool, 
canton’s phosphorus, s. [Phosphorus.] 
*can-ton (2), s. [Canto.] A canto. 

“Write loyal cantons of contemned love.” 

Shakesp.: Twefth Night, i. 5. 

can-ton, v. t. [Canton, s.] 

*1. To divide into parts. 

“Families shall quit all subj'ection to him, and canton 
his empire into less governments for themselves.”— Locke. 

f2. To billet soldiers; to provide with quarters, 
fcan'-ton-al, a. [Canton, s.] Of or pertaining 
to a canton; of the nature of a canton. 

“ While ordinary Federal legislation cannot touch the 
Cantons, ordinary cantonal legislation can touch the 
communes.”— Brit. Quart. Review (1873), p. 317. 

can’-toned, a. [Canton, v.] 
fl. Ord. Lang.: Divided; distributed into dis¬ 
tricts. 

“ The late king of Spain, reckoning it an indignity to 
have his territories cantoned out into parcels by other 
princes, . . — Swift. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: An epithet for a building, the angles of 

which are adorned with columns, pilasters, rustic 
quoins, &c. _ 

2. Her.: [Fr. cantonnS.] Applied to a shield in 
which the four cantons or spaces round a cross or 
saltier are filled up with any pieces. 


*can-ton-er, s. [Eng. canton; and suff. -er.] 
One who resides in a canton, an inhabitant of a 
canton. (Hacket: Life of Williams.) 
*can'-t6n-mg, pr. par., a. & s. [Canton, u.] 

A. & B. As present participle and participial 
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the 
verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of dividing, or distributing into dis¬ 
tricts. 

2. The act of billeting soldiers. 
can-ton-Ite, s. [From the Canton mine in 

Georgia where it is found.] 

Min.: A variety of Covellite occurring in cubes 
and with a cubical cleavage. 

can'-ton-Ize, v. t. [Eng. canton; -ize.] To 
divide into cantons. 

“Thus was all Ireland cantonized among ten persons of 
the English nation.”— Davies: On Ireland. 
can'-ton-ment, s. [Eng. canton; -ment.] 

1. Sing.: A lodging. 

“ There were no cities, no towns, no places of canton¬ 
ment for soldiers.”— Burke: Abridg. of Eng. Hist. 

2. Plural: Quarters for soldiers. Troops during 
prolonged operations, when not in close proximity 
to the enemy, and not in regular camp or bivouac, 
are often distributed among villages, which are 
then called cantonments. 

“ The British army had taken up its cantonments with 
their right at Guarda their left extending toward the 
Douro and the advanced posts on the Coa.”— Wellington: 
Desp., 1811. 

can-too n, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Fr. can- 
tonnidre= an additional curtain over bed furniture.] 
A. substantial material of the nature of fustian, 
with a fine cord on one side and a surface of satiny 
yarns on the other. 

fcan’-tor, s. [Lat. cantOr= a singer, from cano— 
to sing.] 

1. Gen.: A singer. 

2. Spec.: The precentor of a choir. 

canf-red, *cant-ref, s. [Wei. cant= a hun¬ 
dred ; Lat. centum; and Wei. tre or tref— a dwelling- 
place.] A division of land; a hundred. [Hundred, s.] 
“ The king regrants to him all that province, reserving 
only the city of Dublin, and the cantreds next adjoining.” 
— Davies: On Ireland. 

can -trip, can-trap, *can-traip, s. [Etym. 

doubtful. Jamieson suggests that it is a word 
taken from juggling, from cant— to turn over, and 
raip— a rope. Webster says from Icel., O. Dan. & O. 
Swed. ,gan=witchcraft, and Icel. trapn =trampling, 
Cf. Eng. trap.] (Scotch.) 

1. A spell, incantation, charm, bewitchery. 

“ Tak heed the auld Whig deevil played him nae can- 
trip.” — Scott; Waverley, ch. xxix. 

2. A trick, a piece of mischief, 
cantrip-time, s. The season for practicing 

magical arts. 

“I mauna cast thee awa on the corse o’ an auld carline, 
but keep thee cozie against cantrip-time.” — Blackw. Mag. 
(August, 1820), p. 513. 

can tu-ar, a. [An abbreviation for Cantuarensis 
=pertaining to Canterbury.] Thus the present 
primate signs himself “ A. C. Cantuar.” 

can'-ty, s. [Cant(a); -y.] Lively and cheerful. 

(Scotch.) 

“ Their house is muckle enough, and decking time’s 
iye canty time.”— Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. 1. 

“ Then at her door the canty dame 
Would sit, as any linnet gay.” 

Wordsworth: Goody Blake and Harry Gill. 
Ca-nuek, s. A Canadian. 

can -p-la, s. [Lat. cannula, dim. of canna—n 
pipe, a tube.] A little pipe or tube. [Cannula.] 

“ In order to guard against the access of atmospheric 
air, we used to draw off the matter by means of a canula 
and trocer, such as you see here, consisting of a silver 
tube with a sharp-pointed steel rod fitted into it, and pro¬ 
jecting beyond it.”— Lister, quoted in Tyndall’s Frag, of 
Science (3rd. ed.), xi., 317. 

can-fin', kan-6on’, s. [Turk.] 

Music: An .'nstrument strung with cat-gut, in 
form like a dulcimer, with which the women in the 
harems accompany their singing. The sound is 
brought out by means of plectra—thimbles made of 
tortoiseshell pointed witlicocoanut wood, and worn 
upon the ends of the fingers. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

If A modification or this instrument (strung with 
wire) is to be found in the Zither, a German device, 
and a still further modification and improvement in 
an instrument, manufactured in New York, called 
the auto-harp. In thelatter instrument, by means of 
depressible dampers, the thirds and other tonal sub¬ 
divisions can be effected. Both these are played as 
the original instrument, with plectra, 
can’-vas, s. [Canvass.] 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dgl, 



canvasado 


734 


cap 


*can-vas-a -do, s. [Etym. unknown.] A kind 
of stroke or thrust in fencing. ( Locrine.) 

can'-vass, v. t. & i. [In O. Fr. canbasser, cana- 
basser= to search or sift out]. [Canvas, 8.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

*1 To toss in a blanket. 

*2. To have carnal intercourse with. ( Shakesp .: 
Henry IV., Pt. II., ii. 4.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To sift or examine thoroughly. 

“Most delicately hour by hour 
He canvass’d human mysteries.” 

Tennyson: A Character. 

2. To debate, discuss. 

“He did believe that such a thing was possible, and 
when he canvassed it in his mind, he trembled, and 
looked over his shoulder.” Marryat: Snarley-yow, vol. 
ii., ch. iii. 

3. To scrutinize. 

4. To solicit the votes or support in one’s candi¬ 
dature for any office or dignity. 

*5. To seek the accomplishment of any object or 
desire. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To solicit any office or dignity. 

“Elizabeth being to resolve upon an officer, and being, 
by some that canvassed for others, put in some doubt of 
that person she meant to advance, said, she was like one 
with a lanthorn seeking a man,”— Bacon. 

2. To solicit orders for goods. 

“Wanted, a man . . . to canvass for subscriptions.” 
— London Daily Telegraph, Jan. 29, 1881. 

can -vgtss, *cane-vas, can-vas, s. & a. [Fr. 

canevas; Ital. canavaccio; Sp. canamazo; Low 
Lat. canabacius= hempen cloth, canvas. From Lat. 
cannabis; Gr. kannabis — hemp; Sansc. cana = 
hemp.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A kind of coarse unbleached linen cloth, used 
in old times for sifting, now for sails, tents, paint¬ 
ings, &c. Canvas for sails is made from 18-24 inches 
wide, and numbered 0 - 8 , No. 0 being the thickest. 
A bolt is 39-40 yards long, and weighs 25-48 lbs. 

“ The mullok on an heep iswoped was, 

And on the floor yeast a canevas.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,866. 

“ By glimmering sails and walls of canvas led.” 

Tennyson. 

(2) A clear, unbleached cloth, woven regularly in 
little squares, used for tapestry work. 

2. Figuratively: 

*( 1 ) A thorough examination or sifting of a sub¬ 
ject, as though through a sifter, the bottoms of 
which were originally made of canvass. [Compare 
with Bolt.] 

“ I deem it worthy the canvass and discussion of sober 
and considerate men.”— Dr. H. More: Pre-existence of the 
Soul, preface. 

(2) The act or process of soliciting for votes or 
the sale of any article of merchandise, by canvass¬ 
ing or personal solicitation. 

“He must go through all the miseries of a canvass, 
must shake hands with crowds of freeholders or free¬ 
men.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

II. Technically: 

1 . The sails of a ship. 

“ With such kind passion hastes the prince to fight, 
And spreads his flying canvass to the sound.” 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, cix. 

“ In the north her canvas flowing.” 

Tennyson • Captain, 27. 

2. A tent, in the expression “ under canvass.” 

“ I should enjoy the prospect of being on horseback 
and under canvass again.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 

XV. 

3. The ground of a picture; the picture itself. 

(а) Literally: 

“ From her the canvass borrows light and shade.” 

Cowper: Charity, 107. 

“ The fantastic peaks bathed, at sunrise and sunset, 
with light rich as that which glows on the canvass of 
Claude.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

( б ) Fig.: A mental picture. 

“ History is not a creed or a catechism; it gives lessons 
rather than rules; it does not bring out clearly upon the 
canvass the details which were familiar to the ten thou¬ 
sand minds of whose combined movements and fortunes 
it treats.” — Newman: Development of Christian Doctrine, 
introd., p. 7. 

If To get or receive the canvas: To be dismissed. 
Compare the modern slang “ to get the sack.” 

“ I lose my honor if the Don receives the canvas .”— 
Shirley: Brothers, ii. p. 14. ( Nares .) 


B. As adj.: Made of canvass. 

“ Your white canvas doublet will sully.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

" Their canvass castles up they quickly rear, 

And build a city in an hour’s space.” 

Fairfax. 

K Compounds of obvious signification: Canvas- 
cutter, canvas-stretcher. 

canvas-back, s. 

Ornith.: A species of duck, Fuligula or Aythya 
valisneria. It is a great favorite with huntsmen in 
this country. It lives mainly on a species of wild 
celery, which makes its flesh a great delicacy. It 
derives its Dame from the speckled feathers on the 
back. 

canvas-backed, canvass-backed, a. Having 

a back of the texture or color of canvass. 
Canvas-backed duck: [Canvas-back.] 
*canvass-climber, s. A name applied to a 
sailor, from his having to climb aloft. 

^ “A sea 

That almost burst the deck and from the ladder-tackle 
Wash’d off a canvass-climber.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, iv. 1. 

canvas-frame, s., 

Calico-printing: A diaphragm of canvas in a 
paint-vat used in a certain process of calico-print¬ 
ing. The color is admitted by a stop-cock below, 
and up to the level of the canvas. 

can -vgissed, pa. par. & a. [Canvass, v.] 
can -vas-ser, s. [Canvass, v.] 
fl- One who canvasses or examines thoroughly 
into a subject. 

2. One who scrutinizes the returns of votes at an 
election. 

3. One who solicits votes. 

4. One who solicits orders for goods, books, &c. 
can -vas-slng, pr. par., a. & s. [Canvass, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <£■ partic. adj.: In senses 

corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive : 

1. Literally: 

|1. The act or process of sifting any subject. 

2. The act of soliciting votes. 

“ . . . on this occasion the canvassing was eager.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

*11. Fig.: The act of making a trial of. 

“ I invited the hungry slave sometimes to my chamber 
to the canvassing of a turkey pie, or a piece of venison, 
. . . ”—Return from Parnass us. (Latham.) 

tcan'-]r, a. [Eng. can{e); -?/.] 

1. Full of canes. 

2. Consisting or made of canes. 

“Where Chineses drive 
With sails and wind their cany wagons light.” 

Milton: P. L., iii. 439. 

can-yon, s. The same as canon (q. v.). 
can'-zon -a, can'-zone,s. [Ital. canzona. ] 

1. A short song, in which the music is of much more 
importance than the words. It is one of the ancient 
forms of measured melody, and when the older 
writers employed it, it was usually made the vehi¬ 
cle for the display of skill and contrivance in the 
treatment of the phrases in fugal imitation. A sec¬ 
ondary meaning of the word, scoffing or banter, 
perhaps accounts for the use of a form in which a 
musical imitation or mocking was shown. 

2. In the early part of. the last century the word 
was used to describe an instrumental composition, 
similar to the sonata as then known. ( Stainer & 
Barrett.) 

can-zon-et', s. [Ital. canzonetta, dimin. of can¬ 
zone, canzona (q. v.).] 

Music.: A short song, one brief compared with 
the sacred airs of the oratorio, or with the aria of 
the Italian opera. 

“You find not the apostrophes, and so miss the accent: 
let me supervise the canzonet.” — Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s 
Lost, iv. 2. 

caoinan, s. [Ir.] A funeral song (Keeners). 
{Stainer & Barrett.) 

ca 6 ut-$hln, s. [From Eng., &c., caoutch{ouc), 
and suff. -in (Chem.).) 

Chem.: C ] 0 H 16 . An aromatic hydrocarbon, boil¬ 
ing at 171°, obtained by the destructive distillation 
of india-rubber. 

caout-chouc, s. [A South-American-Indian 
word.] 

1. Bot.: India-rubber, so called because its pri¬ 
mary use was, and is, the removal of pencil marks 
from paper. It is an elastic, gummy substance, con¬ 
sisting of the inspissated juice of various more or 
less milky species of plants. _ The greater part of 
the caoutchouc of commerce is the product of four 
euphorbiaceous trees, Siphonia elastica, from 
French Guiana, S. braziliensis, lutea, and brevifolia 


from Brazil. It is furnished also by Ficus elastica , 
sometimes called by way of pre-eminence the India- 
rubber tree. It is derived also from some arto- 
carpads, specially Castilloa. elastica, and some 
Apocynace®, notably Urceola elastica. It exists to 
a certain extent in most milky plants. 

2. Comm.,manuf., dtc.: Caoutchouc was first ex¬ 
ported to Europe early in the eighteenth century. 
Dr. Priestly pointed out that it might be used to 
rub out pencil marks, crumb of bread having been 
previously employed for that purpose. In 1791 
Samuel Piat obtained a patent for making water¬ 
proof fabrics by a caoutchouc dissolved in spirits of 
turpentine. Hancock, in 1823, and Macintosh fol¬ 
lowed in the same direction. Mr. Chas. Goodyear 
invented the vulcanizing process, which by com¬ 
pounding with it a small amount of sulphur ren¬ 
ders it as hard as horn, and well adapted for vari¬ 
ous purposes to the arts. 

IT Mineral Caoutchouc: 

Min.: A name for Elaterite (q. v.). 

caout'-phou-pln, (a silent), s. [From Eng., &c., 
caoutchouc, and suff. -in ( Chem.).'] 

Chem.: A volatile, oily liquid obtained by the 
destructive distillation of caoutchouc, which dis¬ 
solves caoutchouc easily. It consists of two hydro¬ 
carbons, caoutchin, Ck>Hi 6 , boiling at 171°, and 
Isoprene, CsHg, boiling at 37°. 

cap (1), *cappe, s. & a. [A. S. cceppe; Low Lat. 
cappa= a cape, a cope; Dut. kap; O. H. Ger. chap- 
pa; Ger. kappe; Icel. kapa; Ital. cappa; Sp. & 
Port, capa; Fr. cape, chape— a cloak. From Lat. 
capio— to receive, contain.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

I. Literally: 

(1) An article of dress used to cover the head. 

"Thei usen nouther cappe ne hood.”— Maundeville, p. 

247. 

“It was Eyvind Kallda’e crew 
Of warlocks blue, 

With their caps of darkness hooded!” 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; The Musician’s 
Tale, v. 

(2) Any covering, as the cap of a gun, &c. [II., 1.] 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) The highest of anything. (Of things and per¬ 
sons.) 

“ Thou art the cap of all the fools alive.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iv. 3. 

(2) The mark or ensign of any dignity. 

“Henry the fifth did sometimes prophesy, 

If once he came to be a cardinal, 

He’d make his cap coequal with the crown.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., v. 1. 

(3) A mark of respect or reverence shown by un¬ 
covering the head. [Cap, u.] 

“Should the want of a cap or a cringe so mortally dis¬ 
compose him, as we find afterward it did.”— L’Estrange. 

II. Technically: 

1. Gunnery: 

(a) Cap of a cannon: A piece of lead placed over 
the vent to keep the priming dry. [Apkon.] (For¬ 
merly in this sense of smaller arms.) 

(b) Cap of a gun or pistol {Mod.): A small cop¬ 
per cylinder lined at the head with explosive mat¬ 
ter, placed on the nipple of the piece, and exploded 
by the descent of the hammer. 

“One ball struck the cap of his pistol.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Her. (cap of maintenance): The cap of state 
carried before the sovereign at his coronation. It 
is also sometimes used as a bearing in a coat of 
arms. 

3. Nautical: 

(1) A square piece of wood placed over the head 
or upper end of a mast. 

(2) Cap of a block: A semicircular projection 
from the sides and round the ends of a block above 
the pins. 

(3) A covering of tarred canvas at the end of a 

rope. . s 

4. Arch.: The uppermost part of any assemblage 
of principal parts. It is applied to the capital of a 
column, the cornice of a room, the capping or upper¬ 
most member of the surbase of a room, &c. 

5. Bot.: The convex top of an agaric or fungus, in 
general shaped like a plate or bonnet. 

IT Friar's cap: Aconitum Napellus. 

Soldier’s cap: The same as Friar's cap (q. v.). 

Turk's cap: 

(1) Aconitum Napellus. 

(2) Lilium Martagon. 

6 . Agric. {the cap of a flail): The band of leather 
or wood through which the middle-band passes. 

“Cappe of afleyle. Meditentum.” — Prompt. Parv. 

7. Bee-keeping: An extra box or case put upon 
the top of a hive, which the bees are encouraged to 
fill with honey. 

8. Carpentry: 

(1) The lintel of a door or window-frame. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, were, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw! 





capapie 


735 


capaciousness 


(2) A beam joining the tops of a row of posts in 
a frame; a plate. 

(3) The hand-rail of a stairs or balustrade. 

9. Engineering: The horizontal beam connecting 
The heads of a row of piles of a timber bridge. 

10. Paper-making: A size of paper. Flat cap is 
14 by 17 inches; double cap is 17 by 28; foolscap and 
legal cap are of various sizes, from 7% by 12 to the 
size of a flat cap sheet folded, 8 % by 14; foolscap is 
folded on the long edge, and legal cap on the top or 
short edge. 

11 . Millwrighting: The movable upper story of a 
•windmill. 

12. Bookbinding: The covering of a head-band or 
the envelope of a book while binding. 

13. Horology: The inner case which covers the 
movements of some forms of watches. It is now 
nearly discontinued. 

14. Machinery: 

(1) The tire of lead and tin on the periphery of a 
glazing-wheel. 

(2) The upper half of a journal-box. The lower 
half is the pillow. [Pillow-block. J 

(3) The iron-banded piece on the end of a wooden 
pump-rod or pitman by which it is connected with 
a working-beam. 

If To set one's cap at: To take measures to gain 
the affections of a man. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

cap-a-pie, *cap-a-pe, adv. [O. Fr. de cap a pit 
—from head to foot; FT. de pied en cap =from foot 
to head.] From head to foot; completely. 

“ A figure like your father, 

Armed at point exactly, cap-a-pe.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 2. 

“ A woodlouse, 

That folds up itself in itself for a house, 

As round as a ball, without head, without tail, 
Inclos’d cap ope in a strong coat of mail.” 

Swift. 

■cap-box, s. A box in which to keep caps or bon¬ 
nets ; a bonnet-box, a band-box. 
cap-case, s. [Capcase.] 
cap-ful, cap full, s. [Capful.] 
cap-making, s. 

1. The art or trade of making caps or hats. 

“ It is worth our pains to observe the tenderness of our 
kings to preserve the trade of cap-making . . .’’—Fuller: 
Worthies; Monmouthshire. 

2. The art or trade of making percussion-caps, 
cap-merchant, s. The purser of a ship, 
cap-out, v. 

To drink cap-out: In drinking to leave nothing in 
the glass or vessel. 

“ Drink clean cap-out, like Sir Hildebrand.”— Scott; Rob 
Roy, ch. xxix. 

cap-paper, s. 

(1) A kind of coarse brownish paper, used by 
grocers and others in which to wrap up sugar, &c. 

“ Having, for trial sake, filtered it through cap-paper 
there remained in the filter a powder.”— Boyle. 

(2) A kind of writing paper. Ruled with blue 
lines and folding on the back it is foolscap; with 
red lines to form a margin on the left hand, and 
made to fold on the top, it is legal cap. 

(3) A size of paper from 714 by 12 inches to 814 by 
14. [Cap ( 1 ), s., II. 10.] 

cap-peak, s. A peak or projecting piece in front, 
of a cap, usually made of leather, and intended to 
shade the eyes, as well as for facility in removing 
the cap from or placing it on the head. 

cap-pot, s. 

Glass-making: A covered glass pot or crucible. 

cap-scuttle, s. 

Naut.: A framing composed of coamings and 
head-ledges raised above the deck, with a top 
which shuts closely over into a rabbet, 
cap-sheaf, s. The top sheaf of a stack of corn, 
cap-shore, s. 

Naut.: A supporting spar between the cap and 
the tressel-tree. 

cap-square, s. 

Mil.: A strong piece of plate iron, covering the 
trunnion of a gun and keeping it in its place, 
cap-stone, s. [Capstone.] 
cap (2), s. [Cup, s.] 

1. A vessel. 

"It is observed, that a barrel or cap, whose cavity will 
contain eight cubical feet of air, will not serve a diver 
above a quarter of an hour.”— Wilkins. 

2. Applie 1 especially in Scotland to— 

(a) A wooden bowl for containing food, whether 
solid or fluid. 

“Meilde may fa’ between the cap and the lip.”— Ram¬ 
say: Scotch Prov., p. 63. _ 


(b) The cell of a honeycomb. 

(c) Plur.: The combs of wild bees. 

To kiss caps with one: To drink out of the same 
vessel; as, “Iwadna kiss caps wi’ sic a fallow.” 
{Scotch.) 

cap-ambry, s. A press or cupboard, probably for 
holding wooden vessels used at meals. 

“ . . . they brake down beds, boards, cap ambries, 
glai windows,” &c. — Spalding, i. 157. 

cap-full, cap-fou, cap-fu, s. The fourth part 

of a peck. 

cap (1), v. t. & i. [Cap (1), s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To form'the cover to anything; to spread over. 

"The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth 
cartilaginous substance, serving both to strength and 
motion.”— Derham. 

“ These instruments consist of the hypapophyses of the 
seven or eight posterior cervical vertebrae, the extremities 
of which are capped by a layer of hard cement, . . .”— 
Owen: Anatomy of Vertebrates. 

+2. To put a cover on anything. 

*3. To take the cap from another. 

"If one, by another occasion, take anything from an¬ 
other, as boys sometimes use to cap one another, the same 
is straight felony.”— Spenser: On Ireland. 

4. To salute by taking the cap off. The uncovering 
of the head as a token of reverence and respect. 

“He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks for a 
favor he never received, deserveth rather to be blamed for 
want of wit, than to be praised for store of manners.”— 
Thomas Fuller. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To render complete; to consummate. 

2. To match ; to produce or bring forward in emu¬ 
lation. (Compare Dan. kuppe — to contend with, 
rival.) 

“Where Henderson, and th’ other masses. 

Were sent to cap texts, and put cases.” 

Butler: Hudibras. 

" . . . there being little need of any other faculty 
but memory, to be able to cap texts .”—Government of the 
Tongue. 

IF To cap verses: To compose or recite a verse 
beginning with the final letter of one composed by 
the preceding speaker. 

“ Now I have him under girdle, I’ll cap verses with him 
to the end of the chapter.”— Dryden: Amphitryon. 

*B. Intransitive: 

1. To take off the cap in salutation. [A., I. 4.] 

“ Three great ones of the city, 

In personal suit to make me his lieutenant, 

Oft capp’d to him.” Shakesp.: Othello, i. 1. 

t2. To collect money for the huntsman in his cap 
after the death of a fox. 

♦cap (2), v. i. [Lat. capio= to seize.] 

1. To seize by violence ; to lay hold of what is not 
one’s own; to arrest. 

2. Used especially in the sense of seizing vessels 
in a privateering way. 

“In Scotland some private persons made themselves 
rich by caping or privateering upon the Dutch, . . .” 
— Wodrow: Hist., i. 220. 

3. To entrap, to ensnare. 

“Twelve shillings you must pay, 

Or I must cap you.” 

Beau, d- Flet.: Knight of Burning Pestle, iii. 

•cap (3), v. t. & i. [Fr. cap; Lat. caput= the head.) 

A. Trans.: To direct the course of anything, to 
steer. 

B. Intrans.: To direct one’s course. 

“ Thair may cum 6tormes, and caus a lek, 

That ye man cap be wind and waw.” 

Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 133. 

ca-pa-bil’-i-ty, s. [Eng. capable, and suff. -if?/.] 

1. The quality or state of being capable, capacity. 

“ Sure he that made us with such large discourse, 

Looking before and after, gave us not 

That capability and godlike reason 

To rust in us unus’d.” Shakesp.: Ham., iv. 4. 

“To find by study of yourself, and of the ground you 
stand on, what your combined inward and outward 
Capability specially is.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., 
ch. iv. 

2. Used in the plural in the sense of— 

(1) Attainments, mental qualifications, or ability. 

(2) The power of being converted or applied to 
any use or object. 

“He was immensely 6truck with Hauteville, particu¬ 
larly with its capabilities. It wr.. a 6uperb place, and 
might be rendered unrivaled.”— Disraeli: Young Duke, 
bk. i., ch. vi. 

cap-a ble, a. [Fr. capable; Lat. capability 
able or fit to contain; capioy to take hold.] 


I. Lit.: Able or fit to contain or receive in. 

t(a) Sometimes with the infinitive. 

“When w consider so much of that space, as is equal 
to, or capable to receive a body of any assigned dimen¬ 
sions, . . .’’—Locke. 

( 6 ) Generally with the prep. of. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Of the mind, intellect, &c.: 

(1) Fi or qualified for any particular thing; 
intelligent. 

“ Achil. Come, thou shalt bear a letter to him straight. 

Ther. Let me bear a: other to his horse ; for that’s the 
more capable creature.”— Shakesp.: Troil. < 1 * Cress., iii. 3. 

“To say, that the more ocpabl;, or the better deserver, 
hath such right to govern, as he :nr,y compulsorily bring 
under the less worthy, is idl .”— Bacon. 

(2) (With the prep, of): Having intellecturl 
power or capacity; able to comprehend; qualified 
or fitted for any act. 

“ But at what time a man may be said to have attained 
so far forth the use of reason, as sufficeth to make hi a 
capable of those Laws, whereby he is then bound to guidf 
his actions.”— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. i., ch. vi., § 6. 

“ He k as capable of writing an heroic poem as making 
a fervent prayer.”— Guardian, No. 3. 

*2. Of inanimate things: Intelligent, able to un¬ 
derstand. 

“ Look you, how pale he glares; 

His form and cause conjoin’d, preaching to stones, 

Would make them capable.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 4. 

3. (With the prep, of): 

(1) Able or fitted to comprehend anything by the 

senses. 

“ Tet went she not, as not with such discourse 
Delighted, or not capable her ear 
Of what was high.” Milton: P. L., bk. viii. 

*( 2 ) Susceptible, subject to. 

“ The soul, immortal substance, to remain 
Conscious of joy, and capable o/pain.”— Prior. 

•(3) Ready or willing to receive or be subject to. 

“ W T hat secret springs their eager passions move, 

How capable of death for injured love !” 

Dryden: Virgil; JEneid, v. 9. 

4. Legally qualified or competent; free from legal 
impediment or disqualification. 

“ Of my land, 

Loyal and natural boy ! I’ll work the means 
To make thee capable.” Shakesp.: Lear, ii. 1. 

tcap'-a-hle-ness, s. [Eng. capable; -ness .] The 
quality or state of being capable; capability, ca¬ 
pacity. 

“ The efficacy of these does not depend upon the mere 
opus operatum; but upon the capableness of the subject.” 
— Killingbeck: Sermons, p. 322. 

tcsi-pag'-I-fy, v. t. [Lat. capax (genit. capacis) 
= that which can hold or contain, capable.; capio 
= to seize, take, and facio (passive fio) = to make.] 
To render capable or fit, to qualify. (Used either 
with an infinitive following, or with the prep, for.) 

“ . . . thereby capacifying us to enjoy pleasantly and 
innocently all those good things the Divine goodness 
hath provided for, and consigned to us.”— Barrow (ed. 
1741), vol. i., Ser. 1. 

C&p-a -cious, a. [Lat. capax (genit. capacis) = 
able to hold or contain; capio = to take, hold; Ital. 
capace .] 

1. Lit. {of material things): Containing or able 
to contain much; wide, large, extensive. 

“ It is provided with a very good and capacious har¬ 
bor.”— Anson: Voyages, ix. 129. 

“. . . to the world’s 
Capacious field forth went the adventurer.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

IT Sometimes with the prep of. 

“Posts capacious of the frame I raise.” 

Pope: Odyssey, xxiii. 201. 

2. Fig. ( of immaterial things): Comprehensive, 
extensive, liberal. 

“ . . . I have ever perceived that where the mind was 
capacious, . . . ”— Goldsmith: Vicar of Wakefield, ch. xv. 

cg,-pa-cious-ly, adv. [Eng. capacious; -ly.\ 
In a capacious manner; to a capacious degree; 
largely, freely. 

fca-pa -cious-ness, s. [Eng. capacious; -wess.] 
The quality of being capacious, or capable of con¬ 
taining ; capacity, extent. 

“A concave measure, of known and denominate capacity, 
serves to measure the capaciousness of any other vessel.” 
— Holder-. On Time. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between capacious¬ 
ness and capacity: “ Capacity is an indefinite term 
simply designating fitness to hold or receive; but 
capaciousness denotes something specifically largo. 
Measuring the capacity of vessels belongs to the 
science of mensuration ; the capaciousness of rooms 
is to be observed by the eye. They are marked by 


fodill, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, <jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, tbis; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
■^cian, -tian = shjin. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = hel, deL 




capacitate 


736 


caper 


the same distinction in their moral application: 
men are born" with various capacities; some are 
remarkable for the capaciousness of their minds.” 

( Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

ca-pa$’-l-tate,t>. t. [Formed from Lat. capax 
(genit. capacis) =capacious, on the analogy of En¬ 
glish verbs formed from Latin past participles in 
-atus.l To make capable of or for anything; to 
qualify, to render legally competent. 

“ By this instruction we may be-papacitated to observe 
those errors.”— Dryden. 

IT Frequently with the prep. for. 

“These sort of men were sycophants only, and were 
endued with arts of life, to capacitate them for the con¬ 
versation of the rich and great.”— Tatler. 

ca-pa§'-T-ta-ted, pa. par. & a. [Capacitate.] 
Rendered capable or competent; qualified. 

“ . . . he is fully capacitated and enabled to be our 
advocate with the father, . . . ”— Bp. Beveridge, vol. 1., 
Ser. 69. 

tcg,-pa 9 -i-ta'-tion, s. [Capacitate.] The act 
of rendering capable or qualified ; a qualification. 
cg,-pa5'-I~tjf, s. [Fr. capacity; Lat. capacitas 
acc. capacitatem) =power of receiving, from capax 
genit. capacis) — able to receive or contain; capio 
=to receive, to contain.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

I. Power of receiving, holding, or containing; 
capaciousness. 

“ There is a certain Degree of Capacity in the greatest 
Vessel, . . .”—Sir W. Temple: Essay on Learning. 

“Space, considered in length, breadth and thickness, 
I think, maybe called capacity.” — Locke. 

*2. Vacant space, hollow. 

“There remained, in the capacity of the exhausted 
cylinder, store of little rooms, or spaoes, . . .”— Boyle. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Mental or intellectual receiving power; ability 
of mind to receive. 

“ . . . which requires the duty of a soldier, and the 
capacity and prudence of a general.”— Dryden: Juvenal 
( Dedication). 

2. (Followed by the prep, for): Fitness or ability 
to receive. 

“ Distinguish’d much by reason, and still more 
By our capacity for grace divine.” 

Cowper: Task, bk. vi., 1. 603 

3. Power, ability. 

“ . . . a virtuous disposition, a capacity to discharge 
the duties of our places, a due qualification to enjoy the 
happiness of the other world .”—Barrow (5th ed., 1741), 
vol. i., Ser. 1. 

4. A state or condition of fitness or preparation for 
any act. 

5. A position or condition of being; a character, 
rank, or degree. 

“A man that served them in a double capacity, to teach 
and cobbe.”— Butler: Iludibras, pt. ii., c. 2, 1. 432. 

“ You desire my thoughts as a friend, and not as a mem¬ 
ber of parliament; they are the same in both capacities.” 
—Swift. 

B. Technically: 

1. Chem.: (For definition see example.) 

“The thermal capacity of a body at a stated tempera¬ 
ture is the limiting value of the mean thermal capacity as 
the range is indefinitely diminished.”— Everett: The C. O. 
S. System of Units (ed. 1875),ch. ix., p. 40. 

2. Electrostatics and Electro-magnetics: (For defi¬ 
nition, see example.) 

“The capacity of a conductor is the quotient of the 
quantity of electricity with which it is charged by the 
potential which this charge produces in it.”— Everett: 
The C. G. S. System of Units (ed. 1875), ch. xi., p. 64. 

3. Physics: Power of holding or retaining, as the 
capacity of a body for heat. 

4 .Math.: Volume, content. [Content.] 

5. Naut. : The tonnage or burden of a ship. 

6. Law: Competency; the state of possessing 
the fitness or qualification necessary to do any legal 
act or to hold any office. Ability or fitness to do 
or to receive, to sue or to be sued. 

“Persons attainted of felony or treason have no capac¬ 
ity in them to take, obtain or purchase, save only to the 
use of the king.”— Bacon. 

“The ecclesiastical court is the judge of every testa¬ 
tor’s capacity.” — Blackstone: Comment. 

V For the distinction between capacity and 
capaciousness see Capaciousness. 

ca-pade', cap’-a-dos, s. [Fr. cap-a-dos=a cape 
or covering for the back.] A hood or close cap. 

ca-par'-i-son, s. [O. Fr. caparasson; Sp. capar- 
azon=a cover for a saddle or coach ; from capa= a 

cloak.] 


I. Literally: 

1. A cloth or covering spread over the trappings 
or furniture of a horse; a horse-cloth; also the 
bridle, saddle, and housing of a charger. 

“ Tilting furniture, emblazoned shields, 

Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds. 

Bases and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights 
At joust and tournament; then marshaled feast 
Served up in hall.” Milton: P. L., ix. 85. 

*2. Applied to fine dress worn by human beings. 

“ My heart groans beneath the gay caparison.” 

, Smollett. 

“ With dye and drab I purchas’d this caparison.” 

Shakesp; Winter’s Tale, iv. 2. 

*11. Fig. : Applied to the retinue or attendants of 
a noble. 

“ O general, 

Here is the steed, we the caparison.” 

Shakes}): Coriolanus, i. 9. 

ca-par -i-son, v. t. [Caparison, s.] 

1. To cover with caparisons. 

*2. To dress finely or pompously, or simply to 
dress. 

“ Don’t you think, though I am caparisoned like a man, 
I have a doublet and hose irf my disposition ? ”— Shakesp.: 
As You Like It, iii. 2. 

ca-par’-i-soned, pa. par. & a. [Caparison, p.] 
Covered with or wearing caparisons. 

ca-par-i-son-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Caparison, 
v •] 

A. cc B. Ms pr. par. <£ particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of dressing with caparisons. 
*cap-bar, *cap'-barre, s. [Eng. cap (for 
capstan), and bar; Mid. Eng. barre. ] A capstan 
bar. 

“Serving of schippis (with capbarres.” — Aberd. Reg., 
Cent. 16. 

cap-case, s. [Eng. cap, and case.] 

1. A box or case in which to keep hats or bonnets. 
*2. A small chest or traveling case. 

“He asked his wife whether she shut the trunks and 
chests fast, whether the capcase be sealed, and whether 
the hall door be bolted.”— Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 116. 

cape (1), s. & a. [Fr. cap= a promontory, cape; 
Ital. capo=& head, from Lat. caput—a head.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A headland, a promontory; a piece of land 
extending some distance into the sea. 

“ From Gothland to the cape of Fynestere.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 410. 

“ The parting sun, 

Beyond the earth’s green cape and verdant isles 
Hesperian, sets.” Milton: P. L„ viii. 631. 

IF A cape ending in an acute angle is often called 
a point. 

2. Applied more especially to the Cape of Good 
Hope, whence— 

3. A kind of light wine made at the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

r cape-aloes, s. An inspissated juice, obtained 
chiefly from the Aloe spicata and Commelini, grow¬ 
ing wild at the Cape of Good Hope. 

cape anteater, s. A mammal ( Orycteropus ca- 
pensis). 

cape jasmine, s. A very fragrant plant, Gar¬ 
denia florida, order Cinchonacese. 
cape marmot, s. A mammal ( Hyrax capensis). 

cape region, s. 

Zobl. (Of Mollusca) : The fourth of twenty-seven 
land regions, containing a species of land and fresh 
water mollusca peculiar to it or peculiarly grouped. 
( Woodward.) 

cape-weed, s. 

Bot. : Boccella tinctoria, a dye lichen, obtained 
from the Cape de Verd Islands. ( Treas. of Botany.) 

cape (2), s. [O. Fr. cape: A. S. cceppe; Low Lat. 
capa; Sp. & Port, capa; Ital .cappa; Icel. Tcdpa; 
Sw. kapa, kappa ; Dan. kaabe, kappe; Dut. kap: 
Ger. kappe. Originally the same word with cap and 
cope .] A kind of small cloak covering the shoul¬ 
ders ; also the neck-piece of a cloak. 

“Tai. With a small compass’d cape; 

Gru. I confess the cape.” 

Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 

cape (3), s. [Cope.] 
cape-stane, s. ( Scotch .) 

1. Lit. : A cope-stone; keystone. 

2. Fig. : The finish, the completion. 

“ Our bardie’s fate is at a close. 

Past a’ remead; 

The last sad cape-stane o’ his woes. 

Poor Mailie’s dead!” 

Burns: Poor Mailie’s Elegy. 


cape (4), s. [Lat. cape; imper. of capio= to take* 
to seize.] 

Eng. Law: A judicial writ relative to a plea of 
lands and tenements, so named from its first word. 

caped (1 ),pa. par. &, a. [Caf(2),v.] Seized or 
captured by pirates. 

“The late author of Jus Maritimum, c. 4, of Piracy, 
shows that the buyers of caped goods in England are not 
liable in restitution; but our countryman, Wellwood, in 
his Sea-Laws, c. 25, Of things taken on the Sea, shows a 
decision to the contrary; but it is in 1487, near 200 years 
old.”— Fountainhall: Decisions, i. 80. 

caped (2), a. [Cape (2), s.] Having a cape' 
attached; wearing a cape, 
cap -el (3), s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Min.: A kind of stone, consisting of blended 
quartz, schorl, and hornblende. 

cap-e-lan, cap'-e-lin, s. [Fr. capelan, caplan; 
Sp. capelan .] 

Ichthy.: A small species of fish of the trout family, 
Mallotus villosus, found ou the coast of Newfound¬ 
land, and used as a bait for cod and other fish. 

ca-pel'-la, s. [Lat. capella= a little goat, dim. 
of caper= a goat.] 

1. Astron.: A star, remarkable for its brilliancy, 
in the constellation Auriga. In this country it is 
circumpolar, passing very near the horizon when 
lowest in the north, and almost overhead when 
highest in the south. Capella is called also Alpha 
Aurigse. It is a double star with parallax. {Prof. 
Airy: Popular Astron.) 

2. Archaeology: 

(1) An oratory for religious worship. 

(2) A chest for holding relics or anything similar. 
*cap'-el-lane, s. [Chaplain.] 

cap -el-let, cap-e-let, cap'-u-let, s. [Fr. cap - 
elet.j 

Farriery: A sort of swelling resembling a wen, 
growing on the heel of the hock of a horse, and on 
the point of the elbow, probably caused by bruises 
and lying down. 

cap-el-li -na, s. [Sp.] The bell or cover of the- 
pile of amalgam bricks ( pina ) in the Spanish 
process of separating the mercury from the metal. 

ca-pel’-lone, s. A silver coin of Modena, of the? 
value of 6 cents. 

ca'-per, v. i. [According to Skeat a shortened 
form of capreoll (q. v.), from Ital. capriolare= to 
leap about as goats or kids ; capriolo=a kid, dim. 
of caprio— a wild goat; Lat. capra= a she-goat; 
caper—a he-goat; Gr. kapros= a boar.] 

1. To dance or skip about, to cut capers. 

“The truth is, I am only old in judgment; and he that, 
will caper with me for a thouand marks, let him lend me 
the money, and have at him.”— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., 
i. 2. 

2. To dance. (Said contemptuously.) 

‘ The stage would need no force, nor song, nor dance, 
Nor capering monsieur brought from active France.” 

Rowe: Ambitious Stepmother. (Prol.) 
ca'-per (2), s. [O. Fr. capriole; Ital. capriola; 
Low Lat. capriola, dimin. of capra— a she-goat.] 
[Caper, i*.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A frolicsome leap or spring, a skip, antics. 
“Flimnap, the treasurer, is allowed to cut a caper, on 

the strait rope, . . .”— Swift: Gulliver’s Travels. 

2. Strange or ridiculous conduct or actions. 

3. The proper caper: The right thing to do; th» 
correct style. 

“We, that are true lovers, run into strange capers.’’— 
Shakesp.: As You Like It, ii. 4. 

II. Fig.: A start or leap of the heart for joy. 

“ My bosom underwent a glorious glow, 

And my internal spirit cut a caper.” 

Byron: Don Juan, x. 8. 

caper-cutting, s. Cutting capers, frolicsomei 
[Cut, u.] 

“ I am not gentle, sir, nor gentle will be. 

Till I have justice, my poor child restored, 

Your caper-cutting son has run away with.” 

Beaum. <& Flet.: Love’s Pilgrimage, ii. 1. 
ca'-per (3), s. [Etym. unknown.] (See extract.) 
• “She gave the deponent a dram, and gave him bread, 
butter, and cheese, which they call a caper.” — Trials of the 
Sons of Rob Roy, p. 107. 

ca'-per (4), s. & a. [0. Fr. capre, cappre; Fr. 
capre ; Lat. capparis, from Gr. kapparis= the caper- 
plant, from Pers. kabar— capers. (Sfceaf.)] 
t. A. Ms substantive : 

1. Botany: 

(1) A plant, Capparis spinosa, belonging to the 
natural order Capparidacese. It grows freely in the 
south of Europe. 

( 2 ) The flower-buds of the plant described in (1), 
which are largely used in sauces and pickles. They 
are pickled in vinegar, and are extensively exported 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot„ 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



caper-bean 


737 


capital 


from Sicily and the south of France. The flower- 
buds of the Zygophyllum fabago, or Bean-caper, 
are often used as a substitute. 

(3) The American Nasturtium fruit, which is 
extensively pickled and sold under the name capers. 
They are the product of that species of the family 
known as Tropceolum majus, and have a warm pun¬ 
gent flavor said by some to resemble that of the 
cress. 

“ We invent new sauces and pickles, which, resemble the 
animal ferment in taste and virtue, as mangoes, olives, 
and capers.” — Floyer: On the Humors. 

2. Comm.: A kind of tea. [Caper-tea.] 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

IT Obvious compound: Caper-sauce. 

Wild Caper: A plant, Euphorbia lathyris. Its 
seeds are purgative. 

caper-bean, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Zygophyllum fabago. [Capeb (4), 

s. (2)] 

caper-bush, s. 

Bot: The same as Capeb-SPUBGE. ( Wight.) 

caper-spurge, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Euphorbia lathyris , sometimes 
called Caper-bush. It is used as a purgative. 

caper-tea, s. A kind of black tea-shrub, of 
which the Caper-congou and Scented Caper are two 
varieties. 


cap-i-ai, s. [Cabiai.] 

ea'-pi-as, s. [Lat. capias— you may take or 
seize; pr. subj. 2 pers. sing, of capio= to take, to 
seize. ] 

Law: A writ of several sorts: (11 capias ad re¬ 
spondendum , to answer the plaintiff in a plea of 
debt, trespass, or the like; (2) capias ad satisfacien¬ 
dum , to satisfy the plaintiff after judgment in his 
favor; (3) capias on mesne process, under which, 
on an affidavit of debt being filed, a man’s person 
could be arrested until payment was made or bail 
given. This last is now abolished except in cases 
where the creditor has good reason to believe that 
the debtor is about to leave the state to defeat col¬ 
lection, or has secreted assets to the same end; or 
if the debt was made by virtue of false representa¬ 
tions as to solvency of the debtor; or if fraud in any 
way has been practiced upon the creditor. The 
element of fraud is the essence of the procedure. 

capibara, s. The same as Capybara (q. v.). 

capie-hole, s. A game at marbles, in which, as a 
rule, three holes are made in the ground, and the 
players, each in turn pitching or rolling his marble, 
tries to be the first to put it in succession into the 
three holes. The game is known in this country as 
“knucks,” the player failing to successfully gain 
the three holes having, as a forfeit, to allow his 
clenched knuckles to be a target for a shot with a 
marble from each of his successful fellows. Win¬ 
ning out is technically called “ going gumbo.” 


2. Anat.: Very fine, or minute as hair; applied to 
the minute vessels by which the arteries and veins 
communicate with each other. 

“Ten capillary arteries in some parts of the body, as in 
the brain, are not equal to one hair; and the smallest 
lymphatic vessels are an hundred times smaller than the 
smallest capillary artery.”— Arbuth: On Alim. 

3. Surg.: Applied to a linear fracture of the skull, 
unattended with any separation of the parts of the 
injured bones. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Anat.: One of the very fine minute vessels or 
tubes connecting the arteries and veins. 

“. . . entering the minutest capillaries, and dislodg¬ 

ing obstructions.”— Bishop Berkeley. Further Thoughts on 
Tar- Water. 

2. Bot.: The Maidenhair Fern, Adianturn capillus- 

veneris. 

capillary attraction, s. 

Nat. Phil.: The molecular attraction or repulsion.. 
specially the former, which takes place when one 
end of a tube of slender bore is immersed in a fluid. 
In the case supposed the flujd ascends it to a con¬ 
siderable height. Capillary attraction aids the 
passage upward of sap in the vessels of plants. It 
may be gravity acting at minute distances. 

capillary-filter, s. A simple mode of freeing 
water of its larger impurities by means of a cord of 
loose fiber, such as cotton candle-wick. 


caper-tree, caper tree, s. 

In New South Wales: A tree, Busbeckia (or Bus- 
beckea) arborea of Endlicher, not of Martius. 
Order, Capparidacese. 

cap-er-cail-zie, cap-er-cal -i, cap-er-cail- 
ye, cap-er-kal-ly, cap-er-calze, s. [From 
Gael. cabar=a branch, and caolach= a cock. ( Jam¬ 
ieson. ) Or from Gael. capull-coille= the great cock 
of the wood ; (lit.) the horse of the wood, from Gael. 
capull= a horse, and coill, coille= a wood. ( Skeat .)] 
Ornith.; The Wood-grouse, Mountain Cock, or 
Cock of the Woods—a species of grouse, Tetrao 
urogallus, of large size, formerly indigenous in the 
Highlands of Scotland, but which became extinct, 
and had to be reintroduced from _ the Scandinavian 
Peninsula, where it is abundant in the pine forests, 
feeding on the seeds. The general color is black 
and green, with white marks on the wing and tail. 

“ Money vthir fowlis ar in Scotland, quhilkis ar sene in 
na vthir partis of the warld, as capercailye, ane fowl mair 
than ane rauin, quhilk leiffis allanerlie of barkis of 
treis.”— Bellend: Descr. Alb., c. 11. 

ca'-per-er, s. [Eng. caper, v.; -er.] One who 
capers about, or performs antics. 

“The tumbler’s gambols some delight afford; 

No less the nimble oaperer on the cord.” 

Dry den: Juvenal, xiv. 

Ca’-per-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Capeb, v.) 

A. & B. As present participle and participial ad¬ 
jective : In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of catting capers or antics. 
Ca-per'-na-ite, s. An inhabitant of Capernaum, 
an ancient city of Palestine. 

Ca _ per-na-it -ic, a. Of or pertaining to the Ca- 
pernaites ; as, the doctrine held by the Capernaites 
( John 6:52), that the body and blood of Christ are 
materially present in the Eucharist, is called by 
Lutherans a “ Capernaitic error,” 

cap-er-n6i'-ted-ness, s. [Scotch capernoited; 
and Eng. suff- -ness.) Obstinacy, perversity. (Dr. 
Chalmers.) (Longmuir’s Jamieson.) 

cap-er-noi-tie, eap-er-noi-ted, a. [Perhaps 
from Icel. kappi=a strife, a quarrel; nyta—to use.] 
Crabbed, irritable, peevish. (Scotch.) 

“I thought I shou’d turn capernoited .” 

Hamilton: Ramsay’s Poems, ii. 336. 

cap-er-noi-tie, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The nod¬ 
dle, the head. 

“ His capernoitie’s no oure the bizzin’ yet wi’ the sight 
of the Loch fairies.”— Saint Patrick, iii. 42. 

If Perhaps the seat of peevish humor, 
cap-er-oil-ie, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Bot.: Heath pease, Orobus tuberosus, Linn.; the 
Knapparts of Mearns, and Carmele, or Carmylie of 
the Highlands of Scotland. 

capes, 8.pi. [Etymology doubtful. Perhaps the 
pi. of Cape (2), s.] Flakes of meal which come from 
the mill when the grain has not been thoroughly 
dried. They are generally mixed with the seeds 
for the purpose of making sowens, or flummery. 
(Scotch.) 

cap'-ful, s. [Eng. cap and/uZ(Z).] 

1. Lit.: As much as would fill a cap. 

2. Fig. • A little quantity, a little. 

“I was whistling to Saint Antonio 
For a capful of wind to fill our sail.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, v. 


*cap-il, *cap-ul, *cap-ulle, *cap-ylle, s, 

[Caple.] 

“To kepe him and his capil out of the slough; 

And if he falle fro his capil eftsone . . .” 

Chaucer: Maunciple’s Tale, prol. 16,996-7. 

cap-il-la'-§e-ous, a, [Lat. capillaceus— hairy, 
from capillus=a hair.] 

Bot.: Thread-like, capillary. 
cap-il-la -§e-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. capillaceous; 
- ly. ] In a thread-like or capillary manner, 
capillaceously-multifid, a. 

Bot.: Divided into many slender hair-like seg¬ 
ments. 

cap -Il-laire, s. [Fr. capillaire= maiden hair; 
strop de capiZ/atVe=capillaire, from Lat. capillaris 
=pertaining to hair, hairy; from capillus=a hair.] 
I. Ordinary Language : 

1. A kind of syrup prepared from the Maidenhair. 
It is pectoral and slightly astringent, but a strong 
decoction made from it is, according to Ainslie, a 
certain emetic. 

2. Any syrup flavored with orange-flower water. 

“ The term Maidenhair or Capillary has been applied 
to several species of fern whioh have been used in medi¬ 
cine. . . . The syrup sold in the shops under the name 

of cappillaire is nothing but clarified syrup flavored with 
orange-flower water.”— Pereira: Materia Medica and Ther¬ 
apeutics. 

II. Bot.: The Maidenhair Fern, Adianturn capil- 
lus-veneris. [Capillary, B. 2.] 

^ca-pil -la-inent, s. [Fr . capillament; Lat. ca- 
pillamentum, from capillus= a hair.] 

1. Bot.: A small fine thread or hair growing up 
in the middle of a flower; a filament. 

2. Anat.: One of the fine fibers or filaments of 
the nerves. 

“ The solid cap Moments of the nerves.”— Bishop Berks- 
ley.- Siris, § 224. 

*ca-pil-lar, a. [Lat. cappillaris= hairy; capil- 
lus= a hair.] Capillary or hair-like. 

ca-pil-lar-im’-e-ter, s. [Eng. capillary, and 
meter.) An instrument for testing the quality of 
oils by indicating the quantity which falls from a 
given-sized point under certain circumstances of 
temperature, &c. 

cap-il-lar'-i ty, s. [Fr. capillarity, from Lat. 
cap i 11 oris= pert a inin g to the hair; capillus= a hair.] 
In the theory of capillarity, the mean curvature of 
a surface at a given point is the arithmetical mean 
of the curvatures of any two normal sections 
normal to each other. If 4 stands for length, then 
its dimensions are %. (Everett: The C. G. S. System 
of Units, ed. 1875, ch. i., p. 7.) 

ca-pIl'-lRr-y, a. & s. [In Fr. capillaire, from 
Lat. capiZZaris=pertaining to the hair; capillus— a 
hair.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Pertaining to or resembling hair. 

2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: Resembling hair, hair-like, having the 
form of a hair. Strictly the twelfth part of a line 
broad. „ , - .. 

II Capillary implies greater firneness and delicacy 
than filiform (q.v.). 

“ Capillary or capillaceous plants, are such as have no 
main stalk or stem, but grow to the ground, as hairs on 
the head.”— Quincey. 


capillary-multifid, a. 

Bot.: The same as CAPiLLACEOUSLY-MTTLTiFrD 
(q. v.). 

capillary-pyrites, s. 

Min.: The same as Millerite (q. v.). 
capillary-repulsion, s. 

Nat. Phil.: The cause which determines the- 
descent of a fluid in a capillary tube, below the> 
level of the surrounding fluid, when the tube is 
dipped in that fluid. It is the opposite to capillary 

attraction. 

capillary system, s. 

Anat.: The system or series of minute tubes 
described under capillary vessels (q, v.). 

capillary vessels, s.pl. 

Anat.: Vessels of hair-like minuteness, into 
which both the arteries and the veins divide, thus 
giving rise to the distinction of arterial and venous 
capillaries. The arteries which afford a channel to 
the blood immediately on its departure from the 
heart are large in breadth and capacity, but they 
divide again and again, as a tree does into branches, 
till they terminate in minute tubes of ^th to- 
T^riuth of an inch in diameter. Fitting most closely 
to the mouth of these are the venous capillaries, 
which unite into larger and larger veins, as stream¬ 
lets do to constitute a river. The action of the capil¬ 
laries can be well seen under a powerful micro¬ 
scope in the partly transparent foot of a frog. 

*cap-il-la -tion, s. .[Lat. capillatio; from 
capillus=ha\r .] A hair-like filament or tube; a. 
capillary-vessel. 

CR-pil'-lI, s. pi. [Capillus.] Biol.: The haira 
on the front and top of an insect’s head. 

CR-pil'-lI-ciil-tiire, s. [Lat. capillus= hair, and 
C'uZZwa=culture.] Treatment for the growth and 
restoration of the hair. 

ca-pil-li-fo'-li-us, a. [Lat. capillus= hair, and 
folium=leat.] Bot.: Having the leaves hair-like. 

fca-pH’-li-form, a. [Lat. capillus = hair; 
/or?)ia=form. shape.] Having the form or shape of 
a hair. 

cap-il-lit -I-um, s. [Lat. capillus= a hair.] 

Bot.: Entangled filamentary matter in fungals 
bearing sporidia. (Treas. of Bot.) 

fcap-il'-lose, a. & s. [Lat. cqpiZZosws=hairy ; 
capillus— hair.] 

A. As adj.: Hairy, covered with hair. 

B. As subst.: 

Min.: The same as Millerite (q. v.). 

CR-pil'-liis, s. ; pi. capilli. [Lat. capillus^ hair.}■ 
A hair; the hair of the head. 

cap -Il-mute, s. [Caplemute. ] 
ca-pis -trate, a. [Lat. copistratrum=& collar.] 
Hooded; banded. 

C?i-pls'-trum, s. [Lat.=a collar, a band.] 

Surg.: A bandage, used chiefly in cases of injury 
or fractures of the lower jaw. 

cap -i-tal, a. [Fr. capital; Ital. capitale; Lat. 
capZZa7Zs=pertaining to the head; caput (genit. 
capitis) = a head.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

*1. Of or relating to the head. 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; 

47 


Chin bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e ? ist. ph = f- 
-tion, -§ioa = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d§l* 





capital 


738 


capitol 


2. Applied to letters of a larger size and differ¬ 
ent form, which are placed at the head of a book, a 
•chapter, or a sentence. 

“The first is written in capital letters, without chapters 
or verses.”— Grew: Cosmologia Sacra. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of or pertaining to the head or chief town of a 
country or kingdom; metropolitan, chief. 

2. Applied to circumstances of any kind involving 
■or affecting life. 

*3. Important in the highest degree; chief, prin¬ 
cipal, essential. 

4. Excellent; good or fine in the highest degree. 
“Those who were on the ground had the pleasure of 
witnessing some capital play, . . . ”—London Daily 
Telegraph, Feb. 13, 1881. 

B. Technically: 

1. Comm . (Capital stock): The sum of money 
raised by the joint contributions of the partners in 
a company, to be employed in the business of that 
company. 

2. Fortif. (Capital line): An imaginary line divid¬ 
ing any work into similar and equal parts. 

3. Law: 

(1) Of crimes: Criminal in the highest degree. 
Affecting the head, i. e., the life of any person; in¬ 
volving in old times the loss of one’s head. 

“ Edmund, I arrest thee 
On capital treason.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3. 

(2) Of the punishment, involving the loss of one’s 
head or life. 

“ Due by the law to capital punishment.” 

Milton: Sams. Agon., 1,225. 

"The abolition of capital punishment would not cause 
more murders.”— Times, May 3, 1864. Mr. Bright’s Speech. 

4. Printing (Capital letters ). [Capital, s., A. 

1.3.] 

capital offense, s. Crime involving capital 
punishment. 

capital punishment, s. The penalty of death, 
cap'-i-tal, *cap-i-tale, *cap-i-tel, s. [O. Fr. 

chapitel, capitel; Sp. & Port, capitel; Lat. capitel- 
lum=a little head; dimin. of caput—a head.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. In the same sense as B. 1 (q. v.). 

2. The head or chief city of any country or king¬ 
dom ; the metropolis. [II. 2.] 

“ Pandsemonium, the high capital 
Of Satan.” Milton: P. L., i. 756. 

3. A letter of a larger size than, and of a different 
form from, those ordinarily used; a capital letter. 
[B. 6.] 

*4. A heading or chapter of a book; a section. 
[Capitle.] 

“ Holy St. Bernard hath said in his 69th capital . . .” 
— Scott. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Applied to the political views or opinions, 
which form, as it were, the capital on which a poli¬ 
tician trades. Thus the Republicans make political 
capital out of the errors of the Democrats, and vice 
versa. 

2. The inhabitants of the chief city of any country. 
“The general opinion, at least of the capital, seems to 

have been that Burnet was cruelly treated.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

B. Technically: 

1. Arch.: The head or upper portion of a column. 



Capitals. 


' “ The pilers ... with har base and capitate.”—Land 
of Cockayne, 69. 

“ You see the volute of the Ionick, the foliage of the Cor¬ 
inthian, and the uovoli of the Dorick, mixed, without 
any regularity on the same capital.” — Addison: Travels in 
Italy. 


2. Fortif.: An imaginary line bisecting the salient 
angle, formed by the intersection of two projecting 
lines of parapet, of a fortification. 

_3. Polit.Econ.: The surplus of individual or na¬ 
tional wealth which remains after current neces¬ 
sities have been met. It consists of what are 
popularly called savings. It is available for the 
employment of new labor, and if this be done judi¬ 
ciously, it will produce a further surplus; or, in 
other words, the capital will increase. In every 
well-ordered community it tends to do so indefi¬ 
nitely. Capital and labor mutually require each 
other, and are not natural foes but natural friends. 

4. Commerce, &c.: 

(1) The stock or fund employed in any trade or 
manufacture. 

In commerce, as applied to individuals, it is 
those objects, whether consisting of money or other 
property, which a merchant, trader, or other person 
adventures in an undertaking, or which he con¬ 
tributes to the common stock of a partnership. (2. 
Bouv. Inst. n. 1458.) 

(2) The fund of a trading company or corpora¬ 
tion. It is generally called capital stock. 

5. Distilling: The head of a still. 

6. Printing: A large or upper-case letter. 
fcap'-I-taled, a. [Capital, «.] Having a capi¬ 
tal or capitals. 

cap'-l-tal-l§m, s. [Eng. capital, and suff. ism. J 

1. The state of possessing capital. 

2. The power or influence of concentrated capi¬ 
tal. 

3. The system or policy which promotes the con¬ 
centration of the control of capital. 

cap'-I-tal-lst, s. [Eng. capital; -ist. Fr. capi¬ 
talist .] One who has capital; one who has 
accumulated wealth or capital. 

“The strength which is derived from the confidence of 
capitalists . . — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 

“ I take the expenditure of the capitalist, not the value 
of the capital, as my standard.”— Burke. 

cap-l-tgL-lls'-tlc, a. [Eng. capitalist, and stiff. 
-ic.] Pertaining to or favoring capital or capital¬ 
ism. 

cap-i-tal-i-za-tion, cap-i-tal-L§a’-tion, s. 

[Capitalize.] 

1. The act of converting into capital. 

“ The demand for a capitalization of income points to 
that side of the grievance.”— London Times, Jan. 22, 1856. 

2. The act of estimating or assessing an income 
or annual payment at its capital value. 

*3. The use of capital letters in printing or writ¬ 
ing. 

cap -i-tal-lze, cap'-I-tsil-I§e, v. t. [Eng. capital, 
and suff. -ize (q. v.).] 

1. To convert into capital. 

2. To estimate or assess the capital value of an 
income or annual payment. 

“As to the project of capitalizing incomes, that is 
another affair, . . .” —London Times, Jan. 22, 1856. 

*3. To make use of capital letters in printing or 
writing. 

cap'-i-tal-Ized, cap’-i-tal-I§ed, pa. par. & a. 
[Capitalize.] 

cap'-i-t&I-ly, adv. [Eng. capital; - ly .] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Excellently, finely. 

“Miss Baillie’s play went off capitally here.”— Scott: To 
Mr. Morritt. 

f2. Law: In a capital manner; in a manner 
involving capital punishment. 

“ If any man swore by the king’s head, and was found 
to have sworn falsely, he was punished capitally.” — 
Bishop Patrick: Paraphrases and Commentaries on the 
Old Testament; Genesis xliii. 15. 

tcap'-i-tal-ness, s. [Eng. capital; -ness.) The 
state or quality of being capital; excellence, pre¬ 
eminence. 

cap'-i-tan, s. [Captain.] 
capitan-pacha, captain-pasha, s. The title 
of an admiral in the Turkish navy. 

*cap -i-tane (I), s. [Lat. captio= a taking; capio 
=to take, to seize.] The act of seizing; a seizure 
or capture. 

“ Sone efter the faderis [the Senate] convenit, and fell 
in gyndry communicationis concernyng the capitane of 
Caratak.”— Bellendene: Cron., bk. iii., ch. 16. 

*cap'-i-tane (2),s. [Captain.] 

*cap'-i-t^n-ry, s. [Mid. Eng. capitan= captain, 
and suff. - ry .] The office or dignity of a captain, 
captainship. 

cap-i-tate, a. [Lat. capitatus=ha\ing a head, 
headed; caput (genit. capitis) = a head.] 

Bot.: Pin-headed, or terminating in a rounded 
head, as the stigma of a primrose, or as certain 
hairs. Also, growing in heads or terminal close 
clusters, as the flowers of composites. 

“They are capitate, having a distinct rounded head.” 
Balfour.- Botany, p. 31. 


cap-i-ta'-tion, s. & a. [Fr. capitation; Lab 
capitatio= a numbering by heads; caput—a head.] 

A. As substantive: 

*1. The act of numbering by heads. 

2. A tax or fee paid for each head; poll-money. 

“ He suffered for not peforming the commandment of 
God concerning capitation; that, when the people were 
numbered, for every head they should pay unto God a 
shekel.”— Brown. 

B. Asadj.: Paid by the head or polls. (See the 
compounds.) 

capitation-grant, s. A grant of a certain sum 
of money made by government for each person ful¬ 
filling certain specified conditions; as, for instance, 
a grant paid to volunteers, proportioned to the 
amount of heads—that is, men—they can muster 
who have rendered themselves efficient. 

capitation-tax, s. A tax paid for each head or 
person; a poll-tax. 

“The Greeks pay a capitation tax for the exercise of 
their religion.”— Guthrie. 

♦cap -ite, a. [0. Fr. cappette= a little hood.] 

*capite bem, s. [Bern is from O. Fr. berne= u a 
hood or mantle such as ladies weare” ( Cotgrave ).] 
A kind of cloak or mantle, as would seem, with a 
Bmall hood. 

“Item, be Androu Balfoure, fra Will, of Kerkettil, two 
elne and ane halve of blak, for a clok and capite hern for 
the Queen, price elne 36 s. sum 4: 10: 0.”— Borthwick: 
Brit. Antiq., p. 138. 

cap-it'-el-late, a. [Lat. capitellum=a little 
head, dim. of caput= ahead.] 

Bot.: The diminutive of capitate (q. v.). Ter¬ 
minating in very small heads. 

*cap -I-tle, *cap-i-tele, *cap-y-tle, *chap-i- 
tele, *chap-y-tylle, s. [O. Fr .capitel; Sp. capi- 
tulo; Ital. capitolo; Lat. capitulum, dim. of caput 
= ahead.] [Capital, Chapter.] 

1. A chapter, or section of a book. 

“Thise byessthe capiteles of theboc uolyinde.”— Ayen- 
bite, p. 1. 

“ Hyt ys wretyn in Genesye, 

In the foure and thyrty chapytylle.” 

Early Eng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), p. 147. 

2. A summary, epitome. 

“ But a capitle on those things that ben seid.”— Wycliffe: 
Heb. viii. 1. 

cap -I-tO, s. [From Lat. caput= head. So named 
from having a large head.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, the typical one of the 
sub-family Oapitoninse (q. v.). The species are 
natives of South America. 

cap -I-t6l, *cap-i-toile, s. [In Fr. capitole , from 
Lat. capitolium, from caput—a head; said to have 
been so called from a human head [caput) found 
when digging the foundations of the fortress of 
Rome, on the hill Tarpeius. Here a temple was 
built to Jupiter Capitolinus. The foundation was 
laid by Tarquinius Priscus, 616 B. C.; the building 
was continued by Servius Tullius; completed by 
Tarquinius Superbus, but not dedicated till 507 
B. C., by the consul Horatius. It was destroyed 
by lightning 183; burnt during the civil wars, 83; 
rebuilt by Sylla, and dedicated again by Lutatius 
Cat.ulus, 69; twice again burnt A. D. 69, 80; rebuilt 
70, 82; sacked by Genseric, June, 455. The Roman 
consuls made large donations to this temple, and 
the Emperor Augustus bestowed on it 2,000 pounds 
weight of gold, of which metal the roof was com¬ 
posed : its thresholds were of brass, and its interior 
was decorated with shields of solid silver. The 
Capitoline games, instituted 387 B. C. to commem¬ 
orate the deliverance from the Gauls, were revived 
by Domitian, A. D. 86. The Campidoglio in Rome 
contains palaces of the senators, erected on the site 
of the Capitol by Michael Angelo soon after 1546. 

1. The citadel of Rome. 

“This Julius to the Capitoile went.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,189. 

“Come to the Capitol.” 

Shakesp..- Julius Ccesar, iii. 1. 

2. The citadel or hall of any city. 

“. . . the Capitol in the center of Richmond. . 

3. Spec.: The building in which the Congress of 
the United States meets. 

The National Capitol.— The southeast corner¬ 
stone of the Capitol was laid September 18, 1793, 
“by Brother George Washington, assisted by the 
Worshipful Masters and Free Masons of the sur¬ 
rounding cities, the military, and a large number of 
people.” The north wing was ready for occupancy 
in 1800, the south wing in 1808; but both were par¬ 
tially destroyed by the British in 1814. The founda¬ 
tion of the main building was laid in 1818 (March 
24), the restoration of the wings having been com¬ 
menced three years earlier; and the whole was com¬ 
pleted in 1827. July 4, 1851, the corner-stone of the 
south extension was laid by President Eillmore, 
and this was finished in 1857. The north extension 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, h§r, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
Or, wore, WQlf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cfir, rfile, full; tr?, Syrian, ss, ce - e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




































capitolian 

-was occupied by the Senate in 1859. The present 
dome, commenced in 1855, was completed eight 
years later, and December 12, 1863, the American 
nag floated from its summit. The cost of the entire 
building has been $13,000,000: main building, $3,000,- 
000; dome, $1,000,000; extensions, $8,000,000; miscel¬ 
laneous items, $1,000,000. The length of the entire 
* ln ^ ls 7^ ^ i n °A es ! its greatest breadth, 

324 feet, and it covers a little over 314 acres. The 
distance from the ground to the top of the dome is 
30714 feet; the diameter of the dome, 13514 feet. 

cap -I-tol'-I-an, a. [Lat. capitolium .] Of or 
relating to the Capitol. The same as Capitoline. 
(Ash.) 

cap -I-to-line, a. [Lat. capitolinus=pertaining 
to the capitol, from capitolium = the capitol,’ Fr. 
•capitolin.') Of or pertaining to the Capitol of Rome. 

capitoline-games, s. pi. Annual games cele¬ 
brated at Rome, originally instituted by Camillus 
m honor of Jupiter, by whom, as was supposed, the 
capitol was saved from the Gauls. 

ca-plt’-o-nl'-nse, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. capito 
<q. v.), and fern. pi. suff. -mce.] 

Ornith.: A sub-family of birds, by some placed 
under the family Picidee (Woodpeckers), while the 
species contained in it are by others arranged with 
‘the Bucconinae, a sub-family of Halcyonid® (King¬ 
fishers). They are often called Barbets. They have 
stout conical bills, bristly at the base, and short 
wings and tails. Found in the hotter parts of both 
hemispheres. 

tcap-It -p lant, a. & s. [Lat. capitulans, pr. par. 
■of capitulo.~\ [Capitulate.] 

A. As adj.: Capitulating. 

B. As subst.: One who capitulates. 

“ Gaining possession of the fortress which the capitu- 
£ants held.” — Alison: Hist. Europe, ch. xxvii., § 99. 

ca-plt-p-lpr, a. [Capitulab, s.] 

1. Eccles.: Of or pertaining to an ecclesiastical 
chapter; capitulary. 

"The high aristocracy of the church from the pope to 
the member of the capitular body.”— Milman. 

“ The capitular authorities got a set of chimes not long 
ago by public subscription .”—London Daily Telegraph, 
2*ov. 23, 1880. 

2. Bot.: Growing in small heads, as the dandelion. 

If Capitular process: 

Anat.: A small process, prominence, or projection 
on a vertebra. 

cp-plt-p-lar, cp-plt -p-lar-y, s. \L&t. capit- 
ulare, capitularium—a collection of small heads or 
sections; capitulum=a little head, dimin. of caput 
= ahead; VT.capitulaire.) 

1. A collection of civil and ecclesiastical laws 
compiled by Charlemagne. 

"That this practice continued to the time of Charle¬ 
magne, appears by a constitution in his capitular.” — Tay. 

2. Any collection or body of laws. 

3. A member of a chapter. 

“ . . . shall bind the chapter itself, and all its mem- 
sere or capitulars.” — Ayliffe: Parergon. 

“ The dean of Strasburg, the capitulars and domiciliars 
capitularly assembled.”— Sterne: Trist. Shandy. 

4. An index. 

cp-plt-p-lar-l-iim, s. [Lat.] [Capitulab, s.] 

cp-plt-fl-lpr-ly, adv. [Eng. capitular; -ly .] 
[Capitulab, a.] In the manner or according to the 
rules of an ecclesiastical chapter. 

“ The keeper, Sir Simon Harcourt, alleged you could do 
nothing but when all three were capitularly met.”— Swift: 
Letter to Mr. St. John. 

*ca-pit -p-lpr-y, a. & s. [Capitulab, a.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ord Lang.: Capitular. 

“ In the register of the capitulary acts of Tork cathedral 
tt is ordered, etc.”— Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 302. 

2. Bot.: Growing in small heads ; capitular. 

B. As substantive: 

Law , cfcc.; 

1. Gen.: A code of laws. 

2. Spec.: The code of laws formed under the first 
two dynasties or races of the French kings. 

jp-plt-p-late, v. i. & t. [Low Lat. capitulo= to 
reduce to heads; capitulum=a little head; caput 
—a head; Ital. capitolare; Fr. capituler .] 

A. Intransitive: 

*1. To enter into an agreement; to combine. 

"The archbishop’s grace of York, Douglas, Mortimer, 
Capitulate against us, and are up.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., iii. 2. 

*2. To reduce articles of a treaty to heads without 
its being implied that the party capitulating is the 
vanquished one, and is arranging about a surrender; 
to enter into an agreement. 

“Gelon, the tyrant, after he had defeated the Cartha- 
genians near to the city Hunera, when he made peace 
with them, capitulated, among other articles of treaty, 
that they should no more sacrifice any infants to Saturn.” 
— Holland: Plutarch's Morals, p. 405. 


739 

3. To surrender or yield on certain conditions 
drawn up under various heads. 

“ But at length the supplies were exhausted; and it was 
necessary to capitulate.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

“ But many of the Irish chiefs loudly declared that it 
was time to think of capitulating.” — Ibid., ch. xvii. 

*B. Trans.: To yield or surrender anything on 
certain stipulated terms. 

C?L-pIt-fl-la -tion, s. [Low Lat. cafoitulatio=a 
reducing to heads; caput= a head.] 

*1. An enumeration or arrangement by heads. 

*2. An agreement reduced to heads, and not 
necessarily implying defeat or inferiority on either 
side; also the heads of such an agreement. 

" Whilst these ambassadors go to and fro, and reason 
upon the capitulations of the desired peace.”— Knolles: 
Hist. Turks, p. 119. 

“In those capitulations of peace. . . I find this ex¬ 
press article.”— Holland: Plinie, bk. xxxiv., ch. xiv. 

3. An agreement to surrender or yield, on cer¬ 
tain terms laid down. 

“ It was not a complete conquest, but rather a dedition, 
upon terms and capitulations, agreed between the con¬ 
queror and the conquered.”— Hale. 

“Then at length a capitulation war concluded.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

ca-plt'-u-la-tor, s. [Low Lat. capitulator, 
from capitulo .] One who capitulates. 

*ce,-pIt'-fl-la-tor-jf, a. [Eng. capitulat(e); -ory .] 
Recapitulating, declaring briefly in heads or sec¬ 
tions. 

“ What pleasure should we take in their tedious gene¬ 
alogies or their capitulatory brass monuments.”— Lamb: 
Blakesmoor in II — shire, p. 414. 

*cap'-lt-ule, s. [Lat. capitulum= a little head; 
caput= a head.] [Capitle.] A little head or sec¬ 
tion ; a summary. ( Wycliffe.) 

cp-plt'-u-lum (pi. ca-plt'-p-lp), s. [Lat. capit- 
ulum=a little head, dimin. of caput= a head.] 

1. Bot.: A thick head or cluster of flowers in a 
very short axis, as a clover-top or dandelion. 

" The capitulum is mostly formed by the floral axis ex¬ 
panding into a thickened mass.”— Henfrey: Botany, p. 78. 

“ The flowers in the capitula of the Composite are 
called florets.”— Ibid., p. 79. 

2. Anat.: A small head or protuberance of a bone, 
received into the concavity of another bone. 

3. ZoOl.: The body of a barnacle supported upon 
a peduncle. It consists of a case composed of 
several calcareous plates, united by a membrane 
inclosing the remainder of the animal. It corre¬ 
sponds to the shell of the Balanoids. 

*4. Mil.: A transverse beam with holes, through 
which the cords passed, by which war engines were 
worked. 

cap-iv-I, s. [Copaiba.] 

cap -le-mute (le as el), cap -Il-mute, cab'-al- 
mute, s. [Mid. Eng. caple, capil. &c.=a horse, &c.; 
andmiife=a debate, judgment.] The legal form or 
action by which the lawful owner of cattle that 
have strayed, or been carried off, proves his right 
to them and obtains restoration. 

cap'-less, a. [Eng. cap, and -less.] Having no 
cap ; destitute of a cap. 

"With arms bare and heads capless.” — London Daily 
News, April 9, 1881. 

*cap-leyne s. [Ger. kaplein= dim. of kapp= a 
cap.] A small helmet. 

“A habergione vndyr his gowne he war, 

A steylle capleyne in his bonnet but mar.” 

Wallace, iii. 88. MS. 

cap-lin (1), cap-ling, s. [A corruption of cape- 
lan (q. v.).] 

Ichthy.: A species of fish. [Capelan.] 
cap-lin (2), cap'-llng, s. [Eng. cap and dim. 
suff. -lin(g).] The cap or couplingof aflail, through 
which the thongs pass which connect the handle 
and swiffle. [Cap(1),s.] 
cap-lin (3), cape-lin, cape-lan, s. [Chaplain.] 
cap'-nlte, s. [FromGr. kapnos=smoke; andsuff. 
-ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: The same as Smithsonite (q. v.). 
*cap'-no-man-gy, s. [Fr. capnomancie; Gr. 
kapnos= smoke; and manfeia=prophecy, divina¬ 
tion.] Divination by means of the motion or ascent 
of smoke. 

“Philosophy will very probably directus to the true 
original of divination by prodigies, and the other species 
thereof, chiromancy, capnomancy, etc.”— Spencer: On 
Prodigies, p. 296. 

cap-no-mor, s. [Gr. fcapnos=smoke, and mora 
or moira= a part, a portion.] An unctuous, color¬ 
less substance, obtained from the tar of wood, 
ca -po, s. [Ital.] 

Tf Da capo: [Ital.] 

Music: A direction to return to the first or other 
indicated movement. ( Stainer <& Barrett.) 


capote 

capo tasto, s. [Ital.=head-stop.] 

Music: A mechanical arrangement by which the 
pitch of the whole of the strings of a guitar is raised 
at once. The capo tasto, or capo dastro as it is 
sometimes called, is screwed over the strings on to 
the finger-board and forms a temporary nut. 
(Stainer db Barrett.) 

ca-poc, s. [Probably a native word.] A kind of 
cotton, so short and fine that it cannot be spun; 
used in India to make mattresses, <fcc. 

ca-poc ’-chl-p, s. [Ital. capocio= a thick head or 
knob.] A blockhead. 

“Alas, poor wretch! a poor capocchiat” — Shakesp.: Troil. 
<£ Cress., iv. 2. 

*ca-poch, *ca-pouch, s. [Sp. capucho; Ital. 
cappuccio; Fr. capuce= a hood, a cape; from Low 
Lat. capucium, a dim. of cappa— a cape, a hood.] 
A hood, a cape. 

ca-poch, v. t. [Capoch, s.] To cover with a 
hood; hence to hoodwink, blind, cheat. Latham, 
however, thinks the meaning to be to strip off the 
hood, and so cheat. 

“ Capoch'd your rabins of the synod, 

And snapt the canons with a why not.’ 

Hudibrap. 

ca'-p6n, *ca-pun, *cha-poun, s. [A. S. capun. 
from Lat. capo; Gr. kapon= a capon; from a root 
kap= to cut; Fr. chapon; Sp. & Port, capon; Dan. 
kapoen; Ger. kapaunf] 

1. Lit.: A cock chicken castrated for the purpose 
of improving his flesh for the table. 

“Item, weapon, 2s. 2d.”— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., ii.4. 

*11. Fig.: A eunuch. (Applied to human beings 
in contempt.) 

“Mome, malthouse, capon, coxcombe, idiot.” 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iii. L 

capon’s-feather, s. 

Bot.: A book-name given to two plants—(1) Col¬ 
umbine (Aquilegia vulgaris); (2) Herb Benet, All¬ 
heal ( Valeriana officinalis). (Britten db Holland.) 

capon’s-tail, *capon’s-taile, s. 

*1. The plant Cetywall (Valeriana pyrenaica }. 
(Turner.) 

“Generally the Valerians are called by one name—in 
Latin, Valeriana; in English, Valerian, Capons-tail, and 
Setwall.”— Gerarde: Herball (ed. 1633), p. 1078. 

2. The herb Columbine. 

Capon’s-tail grass: A species of grass (Festuca 
myurus). 

ca -pon, v. t. [Capon, s.] To castrate, as a 
capon. 

ca'-p6n-et, s. [Eng. capon, and dimin. suffix -et.} 
A young capon. 

ca-pon-I-e re, ca-pon-nl-eTe, s. [Fr. capon- 

nibre; Sp. caponera; It. capponiera. Perhaps allied 
to Fr. caponner= to dissimulate in order to succeed. 
(Mahn.)i 

Fortif.: A covered lodgment, of about four or five 
feet broad, encompassed with a little parapet of 
about two feet high, serving to support planks 
laden with earth. This lodgment contains fifteen 
or twenty soldiers, and is usually placed at the 
extremity of the counterscarp, having little embra¬ 
sures made in them, through which they fire. 
(Harris.) 

If Certain differences in construction give rise to 
the following names: Covered, or casemated capon- 
iere; open caponiere; single, simple, or half capon¬ 
ier e; palisade caponiere. (Knight.) 

ca-pon-Ize, v. t. [Eng. capon, and suffix -ize 
(q. v.).J To castrate, as a capon. 

“ . . . an operator who caponized a young blackbird 
of about six weeks old.”— Barrington: On the Surgery of 
Birds. 

cap-or -gl-an-Ite, s. [From Monte Caporciano, 
in Tuscany, where it is found ; suff. -ite.) 

Min.: A variety of Laumontite (q. v.). It occurs 
in pearly monoclinic crystals of a flesh-red color; 
specific gravity, 2'47; hardness, 2‘5-3'5 ; composition; 
silica, 53 - 0; alumina, 22'7 ; lime, 12 - 4; water, ll - 9. 

tcg,-pot', s. [Fr. capot, ttre capot= to be balked; 
faire capot—to capot; Ger. caput = ruined, broken; 
probably abbreviated from Lat. caput mortuum— 
a dead person or body.] When one player wins all 
the tricks of cards at the game of picquet he has 
effected a capot. 

tc 3 .-pot', v.t. [Eapot, s.] To effect a capot on 
one’s antagonists in picquet. 

“ That last game I had with my sweet cousin, I capotted 
her.”— Lamb: Essays of Elia; Mr. Battle’s Opin.on Whist. 

ca-po te, s. [Fr. & Sp. capote; from Lat. capa=> 
a cloak.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A long cloak or mantle reaching to 
the feet, worn by women. 


todil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian - shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 



capouch 


740 


caprificate 


2. Mil.: A coat with a hood, worn by soldiers, 
sailors, &c. 

“ The cloak of white, the thin capote, 

That decks the wandering Candiote.” 

Byron: The Bride of Abydos, ii. 9. 

*C 3 .-pough, *ca-poch, s. [Capoch.] 

“ He [the youth, Dorothea] wore a little brown capouch, 
girt very near to his body with a white towel.” — Shelton: 
Don Quixote, bk. iv., ch. L 

cap-pa’-dlne, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A sort 
of silk flock or waste obtained from the cocoon 
after the silk has been reeled off, and used for shag 
in making rugs. ( Simmonds.) 

*Cap -pa-d5’-gi-6, *cap-er-doch-y, s. [A cor¬ 
ruption of cappadocia, (Nares.)) An old slang 
term for a prison. 

“ How, captain, idle ? My old aunt’s son, my dear kins- 
man in Cappadocio.” — Puritan. ( Nares .) 

Cap-pagh, s. & a. [From Cappagh, near Cork, 
in Ireland. 

cappagh-brown, s. Manganese brown. There 
are two shades of it, light and dark cappagh browns. 
( Ogilvie.) 

cap-pan'-us, s. [Etymology unknown.] A kind 
of worm, very hurtful to ship’s bottoms, to which 
it adheres. 

cap-par’-e-se, s. pi. [Lat. cappar{is), fem. pi. 
Rdj. suff. -ece.] 

Bot.: A sub-order of the Capparidaceee, compris¬ 
ing those species in which the fruit is a berry. 

♦cap’-par-Id, s. [Lat. capparis (genit. cappar- 
idis ).] 

Bot.: The English form of the name of the Cap¬ 
paridaceee. 

’‘Capparids are chiefly tropical plants.”— Balfour: Bot¬ 
any, p. 402. 

cap-par-i-da'-ge-se, s. pi. [Lat. capparis (genit. 
capparidis ), and fem. pi. suff - acece .] 

Bot.: A natural order of thalamifloral dicoty¬ 
ledons, placed by Lindley in his Cistal alliance. 
They are herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate 
leaves and solitary or clustered flowers. The ovary 
is generally stalked, with parietal placentas and 
reniform seeds. They are akin to Crucifer®. The 
order is divided into two sub-orders—1. Clome®, 
with dry, dehiscent fruit; 2. Cappare®, the fruit of 
which is a berry. The plants are principally 
tropical, and have pungent and stimulant qualities. 
The flower buds of C. spinosa constitute capers. 
[Caper (4),s.] There are thirty-three known genera 
and 355 species. 

cap’-par-is, s. [Lat. from Gr. kapparis.) 
[Caper (4), s.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Capparidacae. It consists of shrubs having 
simple leaves, frequently with two little spines at 
their base, and showy flowers with a four-parted 
calyx, four petals, and numerous stamens. The 
most generally known species is the Capparis 
spinosa, the Common Caper (q.v.), which grows on 
walls, &c., in the south of Europe and Mediter¬ 
ranean regions. Its mode of growth resembles a 
bramble. It is, a stimulant, antiscorbutic, and 
aperient. So also are C. rupestris, a native of 
Greece; C. Fontanesii, from Barbary; and C. 
ceg-yptiaca , from Egypt. The bark of the root of C. 
cynophallophora, amygdalina. and ferruginea 
blisters like cantharides. {Bindley, &c.) C. Sodada 
is one of the characteristic features of thevegetation 
of Africa, from the desert to the Nile. The small 
berries, which have a pungent taste, form an im¬ 
portant article of food, and the roots, when burnt, 
supply salt. It has a narcotic odor, and its acrid 
stimulating fruits are employed by women to pro¬ 
duce fecundity. 

♦cappe, s. [Cap.] 

“ A vernicle hadde he sowed on his cappe. 

His walet lay byforn him in his lappe.” 

Chaucer: The Prologue, 1. 687-8. 

capped, "cap-pyd, pa. par. & a. [Cap. v.] 

“ Cappyd i sappatus.” — Cathol. Anglicum. 

capped quartz, s. 

Min.: A variety of Quartz. (Brit. Mus. Catal.) 

capped rail, s. 

Railroad Engineering: A railroad rail which has 
a steel cap attached to an iron body. It is gener¬ 
ally made by so disposing the steel in a fagot as to 
form the edge of that metal, in rolling. It is other¬ 
wise known as a steel-topped or steel-headed rail. 
(Knight.) [Rail.] 

cap-pel, s. [From Eng. cap (?).] The iron at 
the ends and middle of a horse-tree, whipple-tree, 
or cross-bar, used in plowing or harrowing, into 
which the hooks of the traces are placed. ( Halli - 
well.) 

cap’-pel-Ine, s. [Capleyne.] A small iron skull¬ 
cap worn by archers in the middle ages. (Ogilvie.) 


*cap'-per (1), s. [Cap (2), s.] Apparently cup¬ 
bearer ; a person in the list of the king’s household 
servants. (Pitscottie, ed. 1768, p. 204, in ed. 1814, 
Copperis.) [Copper.] 

cap-per (2), *cap-par, s. [Eng. cap, and suffix 
- er .] One who makes or sells caps. 

“ Cappar, bonnettier.” — Palsgrave. 
cap'-per (3), s. [Apparently from coppe, the last 
portion of ‘A. S. attorcoppe= a spider.] A spider. 
(Scotch.) 

cap'-per (4), s. A decoy bidder at an auction; a 
decoy gambler; a stool-pigeon, 
cap-per-ndit'-y, cap-per-noit-ed, a. [Caper- 

NOITIE.] 

cap'-pie, s. [From Eng. & Scotch cap, and 
dimin. suff. -ie.] 

1. A little cap. 

2. A kind of beer between table-beer and ale, 
formerly drunk by the middle classes, which seems 
to have been thus denominated, because it was 
customary to hand it round in a little cap or 
quaich. It is called also cap-ale. (Scotch.) 

cap -pil-ow, v. t. [A softened form of Dan. kap - 
loeber =to run with emulation, to contest. (Jamie¬ 
son.)) To distance another in reaping. In Rox¬ 
burghshire, one who gets a considerable way before 
his companions on a ridge is said to cappilow them. 
In an old game the following phrase is used: 
“ Kings, Queens, Capilow.” 
cap'-ping (l),pr. par., a. & s. [Cap (1), v .] 

A. & B. Aspr.par. <£ particip. adj.: (See the verb). 
C. As subst.: The act of presenting with caps, in 
sign of a degree having been taken. 

“The ‘capping’ of the medical students of Glasgow 
University took place on Tuesday .”—Weekly Scotsman, 
Aug. 4. 1877. 

capping-off, s. 

Glass-making: The mode of detaching the closed 
end of a blown cylinder by drawing a circle around 
it, bringing it into the shape of an open-ended cyl¬ 
inder ready for splitting longitudinally. (Knight.) 

capping-plane, s. [Cap, u] 

Joinery: A plane used for working the upper por¬ 
tion of staircase-rails. 

cap-ping (2), a. [A corruption of, or perhaps 
rather an early form of, coping (q. v.).] 
capping-brick, s. A coping-brick, 
ca'-pra, s. [Lat. capra— a she-goat; caper (genit. 
capri) — a he-goat.] 

Zobl.: A genus of ruminant mammals containing 
the true goats. There are horns in both sexes, and 
lachrymal sinuses are absent. There is a beard or 
long hair on the throat in both sexes, or in some 
species in the male only. Capra hircus is the 
domestic goat. It is thought to oe a descendant of 
C. cegagrus of Persia and the Caucasus. C. Ibex is 
the Ibex of the Alps, and C. pyrenaica that of the 
Py ren ees. [ Goat . ] 

PalcBont.: Capra has not been found earlier than 
the Post-Pliocene beds. 

cap-rate, s. [FromEng. capr(ic ); andsuff.-afe.] 
[Capric Acid.] 

*cap-rel, s. [A dimin of caper (q.v.).] A caper. 
“ Sik a mirthless musick their minstrels did make, 
While ky cast caprels behind with their heels.” 

Polwart Flyting: Watson’s Coll., iii. 22. 
ca-prel’-la, s. [Latin dimin. of capers a goat.] 
Z 06 I.: A genus of crustaceans, the typical one of 
the family Caprellid® (q. v.). Caprella Phasma is 
the best known species. Phasma is a genus of Man- 
tides, to which these crustaceans present a super¬ 
ficial resemblance, but no real affinity. 

ca-prel -li-dae, s. pi. [From Lat. caprella, and 
fem. pi. suff. - idee .] 

ZoGl.: A family of crustaceans, order Leemodi- 
poda. 

ca-pre'-o-late, a. [In Mod. Lat. capreolatus, 
from Class. Lat. capreolus= a tendril.] 

Bot.: Winding and clasping with tendrils, cir¬ 
rous. 

“Such plants as turn, wind, and creep along the 
ground, by means of their tendrils, as gourds, melons, 
and cucumbers, are termed, in botany, capreolate plants.” 
— Harris. 

*ca'-pre-oll, v. i. [Caper, v.] To caper, to skip 
like a roe. (Sir Philip* Sydney.) 

ca-pre'-o-lus, ca-prae-o-lus, s. [Lat. capr co¬ 
ins—o. kind of wild goat, chamois, or roebuck.] 

1. Zool.: A genus of mammals, family Cervidee. 
Capreolus caprcea is the Roebuck (q. v.). 

2. Palceont.: There is in the Pliocene an extinct 
fossil species allied to the roebuck. 

*3. Bot.: A tendril. 

*cap'-ret, s. [Ital. capretto; dimin. of cappero 
=a goat.] A young goat, a kid. 

“ As capret and hert thou shalt eete.” 

Wy cliffe: Deut., xii. 15. 


cap -rlc, a,. [From Lat. capra— & she-goat \ caper 
= a he-goat.] 
capric-acid, s. 



XIUI1G ACID. a uiuuaiDinio.iucoj --- 

as a glyceride in butter and cocoa-nut oil, in iusei 
oil, and is formed by the oxidation of oleic acres, 
and of oil of rue. It is a colorless crystalline body, 
having a slight odor of the goat. It melts at 28 . 
It is insoluble in cold water, soluble in alcohol amt 
ether. It forms crystalline salts called caprates or 
rutates, sparingly soluble in cold water. 

ca-prlgC-i-o (gc as tch), s. [Ital. capriccio. ]: 
[Caprice.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A caprice. . , ,. „ 

2. Music: A name which has been given at dif¬ 
ferent times to different kinds of musical composi¬ 
tions. Now it is generally applied to a piece- 
composed on original subjects, or to a brilliant 
transcription of one or more subjects by other com¬ 
posers. 

“Will this cappriccio hold in thee, art sure?” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, ii. 3. 

ca-pricc'-i-6-S0 (gc as tch), adv. [Ital. capricc- 
ioso=capricious, bumorsome.] 

Music: Iu a whimsical, humorous manner; after 
the style of a capriccio. 

cgi-pri'ge, *cg.-pri'gh, *ca-pri ch-I-o (ch as 
sh), *ca-prig-I-0, s. [Fr. caprice; Sp. and Port.. 
capricho; Ital. capriccio = shaking in a feverr 
whim, fancy. Probably from capo= head, and rezzw 
=an ague fit (Wedgwood, approved by Skeat), 
though most etymologists derive it from caper, m., 
capra, f.=a goat, in which case it would mean the 
frisk of a goat, a caper.] A whim adopted by a 
sudden change of opinion, and probably to be cast: 
off in a little while for some new one; a freak, a- 
fancy. 

“ Isot that the Former of us all, in this, 

Or aught He does, is governed by caprice.” 

Cowper: Truth, 346. 

IT For the difference between caprice and humor 
see Humor. 


*cap-rich, s. [Caprice.] 

*cap-rI'-gi-o, *cap-rl -chi-o, s. [Ital. cap- 
riccio .] A freak, fancy, caprice. 

“To have viewed the soul stark naked, watched her 
loose iu her frisks, her gambols, her capricios.”—Sterne: 
Trist. Shandy, ch. xxiii. 

cap-ri -cious, a. [Fr. capricieux; Ital. capric ■■ 
cioso, from caprice (q. v.).J Subject to, or full of 
caprice; whimsical, fanciful. 

“ The lower animals are, as we shall hereafter see, 
capricious in their affections, aversions, and sense of 
beauty.”— Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), pt. i.„ 
ch. ii., p. 65. 

If For the difference between capricious and. fan¬ 
ciful see Fanciful. 

cap-ri'-cious-ly, adv. [Eng. capricious; -ly.lt 
In a capricious manner; in caprice; whimsically, 
fancifully. 

“ But on the same continent the species often range.' 
widely and almost capriciously." — Darwin: Origin of 
Species (ed. 1859), ch. xii., p. 384. 

cap-ri’-cious-ness, s. [Eng. capricious; -ness. 
The quality of being capricious, or full of caprice. 

“A subject ought to suppose that there are reasons, 
although he be not apprised of them; otherwise, he musl 
tax his prince of capriciousness, inconstancy, or ill de¬ 
sign.”— Swift. 

Ca -prl-corn, Cap-rl-cor-nus, s. [Lat. capri- 
cornus; from caper = a goat, and cornu= a horn.J 

Astronomy: 

1. The tenth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, 
represented on globes in the form of a goat. It is- 
the first of the winter and fourth of the summer 
signs. 

2. The term is applied also to the part of the 
ecliptic between 270 and 300 E. long. The sun enters 
it about the 21st of December, at the winter solstice. 

“Let the longest night in Capricorn be of fifteen hours,, 
the day consequently must be of nine.”— Notes to Creech’s 
Manilius. 


“ And, what was ominous, that very morn. 

The sun was entered into Capricorn.” 

Dry den: Hind & Panther, iii. 598. 

Tropic of Capricorn: [Tropic.] 
cap’-rld, a. [Lat. caper= a wild goat.] Of or 
pertaining to the goat tribe. 

cap'-ri-dse, s. pi. [Lat. caper (genit. capri) ; 
fem. pi. suffix - idee .] 

ZoOl.: A family of ruminant mammals, of which 
the genus Capra, or goat, is the type. 

tca-prlf-i-cate, v. t. [Lat. caprifico; from 
caprificus — the wild fig; caper — a wild goat; 
ficus = fig.] 

Bot.: To fertilize by the operation known as 
caprification. 


fate, fat, fare, g-midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, s5n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, os — e; ey = a. qu - kw 



caprification 

fcap-rlf-I-ca'-tion, s. [Lat. caprificatio; from 
tzaprificus — a wild fig ; caper = a wild goat; ficus 
— a fig.] A process of fertilizing or accelerating 
•the production of fruit, practiced in the Levant, 
particularly with the wild fig. It consists in sus¬ 
pending on the cultivated fig branches of the wild 
fig, which bring with them a small insect which 
penetrates the female flowers, carrying the pollen 
■of the male flower on its body, or punctures the 
fruit in order to lay its eggs, which hastens the 
ripening, and may be the only effect. The Egyp¬ 
tians pretend to obtain the same result by punct¬ 
uring the eye of the fruit with a needle dipped in oil. 

“The process of caprification being unknown to these 
savages, the figs come to nothing.”— Bruce: Travels, iii. 74. 

ca-prxf-I-cus, s. [Lat., from caper = a wild 
goat; ficus — a fig.] 

Bet.: A plant—the Wild Fig—which, according to 
Theophrastus and Pliny, is a tree of a wild kind 
"which never ripens its fruit, but has the power of 
■conferring on other trees the virtue which it does 
not possess itself. [Caprification.] 

cap'-rl-fole, *cap-ri-fo'-li-um, s. [0. Fr. 

caprifole; Low Lat. caprifolium ; from caper = a 
wild goat, and folium — a leaf.] 

Bot.: The Woodbine, or Honeysuckle ( Lonicera 
Periclymenum) , a climbing shrub, the typical genus 
of the order Caprifoliacete, noted for the very fra- 
■grant clusters of trumpet-shaped, cream-colored 
flowers. [Honeysuckle, Woodbine.] 

“ And Eglantine and Caprifole emong, 

Fashion’d above within their inmost part.” 

Spenser: F. Q., ILL. vi. 44 

cap-rl-fo-ll-a -ge-se, s. pi. [Low Lat. caprifoli 
; fem. pi. suffix -acece.\ 

Bot.: A natural order of plants, the Honeysuckle 
family. They are gamopetalouscalycifloraldicotyl- 
«dons, and are classed by Lindley in his Cinchonal 
alliance. They are shrubs or trees, generally climb¬ 
ing, and are found in the northern parts of America, 
Europe, and Asia. The best known species is the 
■Common Honeysuckle ( Lonicera Periclymenum). 
The Elder, the Guelder Rose, the Laurustinus, and 
"the Snowberry belong to this family, in which there 
are sixteen genera and 230 species known. 

cap-rl-form, a. [Lat. caper = a wild goat; 
forma= form, shape.] Goat-shaped, resembling a 
.goat in shape or appearance. 

ca-prlg-en-ous, a. [Lat. caper= a wild goat; 
gigno (pa. ten. genui'j = to beget, produce.] Begot¬ 
ten by a goat. 

cap-ri-mul’-gid-se, s. pi. [Lat. caprimulgus; 
fem. pi. suffix -idee.] 

Ornith.: The Goatsuckers, or Night-jars, a fam¬ 
ily of birds akin to the Swallows (Hirundinidae) 
and the Swifts (Cypselidae), and constituting with 
them the typical section of the tribe Fissirostres. 
They have large eyes and soft plumage; the bill is 
short, depressed, and very broad, with an extremely 
wide gape. The ears are very large, the wings long 
and pointed, the legs short. The species are widely 
spread over the world. There are three sub-fami¬ 
lies, Caprimulginee, Podagrinae, and Steatorninae 
(q. v.). [CAPRIMULGUS.] 

cap-ri-mul-gi'-nse, s. pi. [From Lat. caprimul¬ 
gus (q. v.), and fem. pi. suff. -wee.] 

Ornith.: The typical sub-family of the family 
• Caprimulgidae (q. v.). They have a very short and 
weak bill, and the middle claw pectinated; the 
precise use of the pectination is matter of dispute. 
For Caprimulgus europceus see Caprimulgus. C. or 
Antrostomus vociferus is the Whip-poor-Will of this 
country, and C. carolinensis the Chuck-Will’s- 
wido^v, the names being imitated from their notes. 

cap-ri-mul'-gus, s. [Lat. caper= a wild goat; 
mulgeo=to milk.] ... 

Ornith.: A genus of buds, the typical one of the 
family Caprimulgidae, and the sub-family Capri- 
mulginee. One species, Caprimulgus europceus, is 
called the Goatsucker, from the old and erroneous 
belief that it sucks goats. Another name given to 
it is Night-jar, from a jarring noise, like that of a 
rapidly revolving spinning-wheel, made by the 
birds when sitting on trees; their note is a different 
one when flying about in search of droning-beetles 
and moths, on which they principally live, and 
which they catch on the wing. They hunt about 
by night, and the wheel-sound, which strikes up 
punctually at sunset, is one of the most notable of 
our ornithological phenomena on summer even¬ 
ings. The bird is also called a Night-hawk, as 
resembling a hawk, or, still better, a gigantic hawk- 
moth, as it hovers on the wing. Other names given 
it are Bull-bat, Night-chum or Fern Owl. 

cap'-rine, a. [Lat. co»mi'us=pertaining to a 
goat; caper = a wild goat.] Of or pertaining to 
goats; goat-like. 

“Their physiognomy is canine, vulpine, caprine." — 
JBishop Gauden: Life of Bishop Brownrigg, p. 236 (1660). 


741 

cap’-rl-6le, s. [Fr. capriole."] 

Horsemanship: A leap in the air without advanc¬ 
ing, but in which the animal jerks out its hinder 
feet. 

IT A capriole is akin to a croupade and a ballot- 
ade, but in the former of these movements the 
horse does not show his shoes, which he does in a 
capriole, and in the latter of them he does not jerk 
out his hinder feet. 

fcap'-rl-ped, a. [Lat. capra= a goat; pes (genit. 
pedis)=a. foot.] Having feet like a goat, goat¬ 
footed. 

cap -ro-ate, s. [From Eng. capro(ic), and suff. 
-ate.] [Capboic Acid.] 

Cil-pro'-Ic, a. [From Lat. capra= a she-goat, 
caper= a he-goat, with allusion to Gr. Jcapros— a 
boar, spec, a wild boar.] 
caproic acid, s. 

Chem.: C6Hi202=C5Hn.C0.0H. A monatomic, 
fatty acid, which occurs as a glyceride in the butter 
of cow’s milk, and in cocoa-nut oil; it is produced 
by the action of alkalies on amyl-cyanide, and as a 
sodium salt by the action of CO 2 on sodium amyl. 
It is a clear oil, specific gravity 0'931 at 15°, boils at 
195°, solidifies at -9°. Its salts are calledcaproates; 
they are soluble and crystallizable. A strong solu¬ 
tion of the potassium salts yields, by electrolysis, 
diamyl Ci 0 H 2 2 . 

cap'-ro-mys, s. [From Gr. kapros= a boar, spec. 
the wild boar, and mys= a mouse.] 

Zool.: A genus of rodent mammals, family Psam- 
moryctidae, or Sand-rats. Some of the species, 
however, inhabit not sand but the branches of 
trees. They are found in South America and the 
West Indies.. Some genera have spines mixed with 
ordinary hairs, and have in consequence been de¬ 
scribed as porcupines. 

ca'-pros, s. [From Gr. Ttapros= a boar.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of spiny-finned fishes, family 
Scomberidae. Capros aper is the Boar-fish, some¬ 
times called Zeus aper. [Eoab-fish.] 

ca'-pry-late, s. [From Eng. capryl(ic), and suff. 
-ate (Chem.) (q. v.).] [Caprylic Acid.] 

ca'-pryl-Ic, a. [Lat. capra— a she-goat; Gr. 
lcapros= a boar, and hyle= . . . matter as a 
principle of being.] 

caprylic acid, s. 

Chem.: CgH;602=C7Hi5.CO.OH. A monatomic, 
fatty acid, which occurs as a glyceride in butter 
and in cocoa-nut oil, also in fusel oil. It is pre¬ 
pared by the saponification of cocoa-nnt oil; its 
baryta salt is less soluble than that of caproic acid. 
Caprylic acid is an unpleasant liquid which solidi¬ 
fies at 12°. It boils at 238°. Its salts are called 
Caprylates. 

cap -sa, s. [Lat.=a case.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Mollusca, placed by Cuvier be¬ 
tween Venus and Petricola, having two teeth on 
the one hinge, and a single but bifid one on the 
other; lunula wanting, shell convex, and the fold 
indicative of the retractor of the foot consider¬ 
able. 

cap-sel'-la, s. [Lat. capsella= a small box or 
coffer.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Cruciferse. Cap- 
sella Bursa pastoris is the Shepherd’s Purse, so 
common at roadsides in this country. 

cap-sheaf, s. The top sheaf; the capping or 
highest part of any structure. 

cap’-sl-gine, s. [Lat. capsic(um ), and suff. - ine 
(Chem.).] 

Chem.: The active principle extracted from the 
capsules of cayenne pepper. It has a resinous 
appearance, and a hot, acrid taste, so pungent that 
if half a grain of it be volatilized in a large room, it 
will cause all who respire the contaminated air to 
sneeze and cough. 

cap'-sl-cum, s. [Lat. capsa— a case; so named 
from the seed-pods.] 

I. Botany: 

1. A genus of plants of the order Solanacese, con¬ 

sisting of annual or biennial plants, bearing mem¬ 
branous pods containing several seeds, noted for 
their hot, pungent qualities. Capsicum annuum, a 
native of South America, furnishes the fruits known 
as chillies. These, as well as the fruits of C. 
frutescens and other species, are used to form 
cayenne pepper. For this purpose the ripe fruits are 
dried in the sun or in an oven, and then ground to 
powder, which is mixed with a large quantity of 
wheat flour. The mixed powder is then turned into 
cakes with leaven ; these are baked till they become 
as hard as biscuit, and are then ground and sifted. 
Cayenne pepper is largely adulterated with red lead 
and other substances. [Cayenne.] (Treas. of 
Bot., &c.) ...... 

2. The fruit-pods of the plants described in 1. 


£>6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


capstan-bar 

H. Pharm.: Capsid Fructus, the dried ripe fruit 
of Capsicum fastigiatum, imported from Zanzibar. 
It is a small, oblong, scarlet, membranous pod, 
divided internally into two or three cells containing 
numerous flat white reniform seeds. It has no 
odor; its taste is hot and acrid. Capsicum fruits 
are used medicinally, in powder or as a tincture, 
externally, or as a gargle in cases of malignant sore 
throat, and internally as a stimulant in cases of 
impaired digestion. 

cap -sill, s. The upper horizontal beam in the 
timber-framing of bridges, viaducts, &c. 

cap-si ze, v. t. & i. [Etymology doubtful. Mahn 
suggests from cap=head, and seize, because it is 
properly to move a hogshead or other vessel for¬ 
ward by turning it alternately on the head. Skeat 
suggests that it is a nautical corruption of Sp. 
cabeccar= to nod one’s head in sleep; from cabeza 
= the head; from Low. Lat. capitium = a cowl, 
hood; Lat. caput—the head. Cf. Sp . capuzar un 
bascel— to sink a ship by the head.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. To upset or overturn any vessel. (Said especially 
of ships.) 

“ It is a pleasant voyage perhaps to float, 

Like Pyrrho, on a sea of speculation; 

But what if carrying sail capsize the boat?” 

Byron: Don Juan, ix. 18, 

2. To upset, overturn any thing or person. 

B. Intrans.: To be upset or overturned. 

cap-si zed, pa. par. or a. [Capsize.] 

cap-sl z-mg, pr. par., a. & s. [Capsize.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db participial adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of overturning or upsetting; 
the state of being overturned or upset. 

"... having reference to the loss of the Ellen South, 
ard and the capsizing of the Liverpool Lifeboat, . . .”— 
London Times, November 6, 1875. (Advt.) 

eap'-stan, s. [0. Fr. cabestan; Sp. cabrestante, 
cabestrante = a capstan ; cabestrar = to tie with a 
halter; Lat. ccipistro= to halter, tie, pa. par. capis- 
trans; capfstrum—a. halter ; capio=to hold, seize.] 

Naut.: A strong, massive apparatus of wood made 
to revolve, and shaped like a truncated cone, and 
having the upper part provided with holes for the 
reception of bars or levers with which to cause it to 
revolve, and thus raise a heavy weight by winding 
a rope round it. It is especially used on shipboard 



Capstans. 


for weighing the anchor. Capstans are single or 
double, according as they have one or two barrels 
upon the same spindle. The double capstan is 
revolved by two sets of men on two decks. They 
are known as “fore” or “aft” capstans, accord¬ 
ing to position. The fore capstan stands about 
midway between the fore and main masts ; the aft 
capstan about the same distance abaft the main¬ 
mast. The drum capstan, for weighing heavy 
anchors, was invented by Sir Samuel Morland about 
1661. 

“The weighing of anchors by the capstan is also new.” 
— Raleigh: Essays. 

1] 1. To man the capstan: To cause the men to 
stand in readiness at the capstan. 

2. To rig the capstan: To fix the capstan-bars in 
their holes in the capstan. 

3. Topaul the capstan: To drop all the pauls into 
their sockets to prevent the capstan from recoiling 
during any pause of heaving. (Smyth.) 

4. To surge the capstan: To slacken the rope 
which is wound round the barrel while heaving to 
prevent it from riding or fouling. (Smyth.) 

capstan-bar, s. A long piece of wood, of the best 
ash or hickory, one end of which is thrust into one 
of the square holes of the drumhead of the capstan, 
like the spokes of a wheel. They are used to neave 
the capstan round, by the men setting their hands 
and chests against them and walking round. 

capstan-bar pin, s. A little iron pin or bolt 
inserted through the ends of the capstan-bars to 
prevent their unshipping. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 












capstan-barrel 


742 


captivate 


capstan-barrel, s. 

Naut.: The main post of the capstan. 

capstan-swifter, s. 

Naut.: A rope passed horizontally through 
notches in the outer ends of the bars, and drawn 
very tight. The intent is to steady the men as they 
walk round when the ship rolls, and to give room 
for a greater number to assist, by manning the 
swifters both within and without. {Smyth.) 


I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A head or chief officer; the headsman of a clan; 
the chief commander of an army. 

“David . . . killed Shophach the captain of the 
host.”—1 CArori. xix. 18. 

“Two brethren were their Capitayns, which hight 
Hengist and Horsus, well approv’d in warre, . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 65. 

2. A subordinate officer in command of any num¬ 
ber of men. 


Cap -stone, s. [Eng. cap (1), s., and stone.] 

*1. Arch.: A coping-stone or coping. [Cope- 
stone.] 

*2. Naut.: A capstan. 

3. Palceont.: A fossil echinite of the genus Con- 
nalus. It derives its name from a supposed resem¬ 
blance to a cap. 

cap'-su-lur, *cap -sy-l&r-f , a. [Fr. capsulaire; 
Low Lat . capsularis, from capsula= a little case; 
dimin. of capsa= a case, chest, or receptacle.] 

Bot., &c.: Pertaining to or resembling a capsule ; 
hollow like a capsule. 

“It ascendeth not directly unto the throat, but ascend¬ 
ing first into a capsulary reception of the breast-bone, it 
ascendeth again into the neck.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

capsular arteries, s. pi. 

Anat.: The arteries of the renal gland, so called 
because they are inclosed in a bag or capsule. 

capsular ligament, s. 

Anat.: A membranous elastic bag or capsule 
enveloping the joints in the animal system. 

cap-sy-late, *cap-su-la-ted, a. [Eng. cap- 
sul{e); -ate.] Inclosed or contained in a capsule, 
or anything resembling a capsule or case, as a wal¬ 
nut in its shell. 

“ Seeds, such as are corrupted and stale, will swim; 
and this agreeth unto the seeds of plants locked up and 
capsulated in their husks.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

cap'-sulo (Eng.), cap'-SU-lU {Lat.), s. [Lat. 
capsula= a little case or receptacle ; dimin. otcapsa 
=a caso or re¬ 
ceptacle ; capio 
=to hold.] 

1. Botany. 

(1) Any dry 
dehiscent seed- 
vessel, internal¬ 
ly consisting of 
one or more 
cells, splitting 
into several 
valves, and 
either discharg¬ 
ing its contents 
through pores 
or orifices, o r 
falling off entiro 
with the seed. 

Capsules are 
distin g u i s h e d 
by the number Capsules. 

of their cells, as 1. Foxglove. 2. Thorn apple 3. Iris. 
unilocular =sin¬ 
gle-celled, bilocular — two-celled, triocular= three- 
celled, &c. 

“On threshing I found tho ears not filled, and some of 
the capsules quite empty.”— Burke: On the Scarcity. 

(2) Applied among fungals to denote certain 
kinds of perithecia or receptacles. 

2. Anat.: A membranous envelope or sac, as the 
capsule of the crystalline lens. 

3. Chemistry: 

(1) A small vessel for containing ores, &c., while 
being washed or melted; a crucible. 

(2) A small shallow saucer, of porcelain, used in 
evaporation. 

4. Med.: A small hollow case of gelatine, to con¬ 
tain a medicine, so as to allow it to be swallowed 
without being tasted. When in the stomach tho 
gelatinous envelope melts, and allows the medicino 
to act. 

5. Comm.: A metallic cap or cover for the mouth 
of a bottle. 

6. Milit.: The shell of a metallic cartridge. 

cap-suled, o. [Capsule.] 

1. Contained in a capsule, 

2. Furnished or protected with a capsule, or 
metallic cap. [Capsule, 5.] 

cap-s^-lot-6-mjf, s. [Lat. capsular a capsule, 
and tomia=& cutting.] Surg.: Incision of the cap¬ 
sule of the crystalline lens in operations for catar¬ 
act. 

cap-tain, *cap-i-tain, *cap-i-tein, *cap-i- 
teyn, *cap-i-thyn, s. [0. Fr. capitain; Fr. Capi- 
taine; Sp. capitan; Ital. capitano; Ger. capit&n; 
Dut. kapitein; from Low Lat. capitaneus, capi- 
tanus=a captain; caput= the head.] 



“ And David numbered the people that were with him, 
and set captains of thousands and captains of hundreds 
over them.”—2 Sam. xviii. 1. 


3. One skilled in war; a general. 

“ Foremost captain of his time.” Tennyson. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mil.: An officer in command of a company of 
infantry, a troop of cavalry or a battery of artillery. 
[Company.] 

“A captain! these villains will make the name of cap¬ 
tain as odious as the word occupy; therefore, captains had 
need look to it.”— Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., ii. 4. 

2. Naval: A captain in the U. S. navy; ranks next 
to a commodore. His rank corresponds to that of 
colonel in the army. 

3. Naut. The master of a merchant ship. 

“ The Rhodian captain, relying on his knowledge, and 
the lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day, through 
all tho guards.”— Arbuthnot: On Coins. 

4. Mining: An overseer or superintendent of a 
mine. 

5. Educ. {Of a school): The head boy of the high¬ 
est class. 

6. Sports: The head or manager of any number of 
persons engaged in any game or sport; as, the cap¬ 
tain of a nine at base-ball; of an eleven at cricket, 
or at foot-ball. 

7. Ichthy.: A name given to the Crooner, Crowner, 
or Gray Gurnard, Trigla Gurnhardus. 

captain-general, s. 

Mil.: Tho general in chief of the military forces 
of a country or province. _ In this country the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States is captain-general of all the 
military forcos of the nation, when in the national 
(active) service. In times of poace tho supremo 
command of the state troops is vested in tho gov¬ 
ernor of each State, who is captain-general thereof. 

“He [the Earl of Marlborough] was declared captain- 
general.” — Burnet: Own Time, an. 1702. 

Civil Government: The title given to colonial 

g overnors of several of tho European nations, nota- 
ly Spain. These functionaries exercise both civil 
and military powers. 

captain-pacha, captain-pasha, s. A Turkish 
high admiral. 

fcap'-tain, a. [Low Lat. capitaneus f= head, 
chief; from caput= head.] Head, chief, superior. 

“ Like captain jewels in the carcanet.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets. 

fcap -taln, V. t. [Captain, s .] To direct the 
movements of, to command, to manage, to act as 
captain of. 

“. . . who will again captain the team.”— London 
Daily Telegraph, March 16, 1881. 

cap -tain-^y, s. [Eng. captain; and suff. -cy 
(q. v.).] The rank or position of a captain ; leader¬ 
ship. 

This [tho Catalan jonquost of Athens] took place under 
tho captaincy of Walter de Drienne.”— Dr. It. O. Latham: 
Nationalities of Europe, vol. ii., ch. ii. 


captaincy-gcneral, captain-goneralcy, o. 

The rank or position of a captain-general. 

^cap'-taiil-ess, s. [En g. captain; and fem. suff. 
-ess.] The now obsolete feminine form of captain. 

“ Dost thou consel me 
From my dear captainess to run away.” 

Sir P. Sidney: Astrophel and Stella, 88. ( Trench: On some 
Def. in Our Eng. Diet., p. 19.) 

fcap -tain-less, a. [Eng. captain; -less.] With¬ 
out a captain or leader; without order or discipline. 
“ But captainless, 

Confusedly they deale . . .” 

Warner: Albion's England, iii. 19. 
*cap-tain-rf , s. [Eng. captain, and suff, -ry 
(q. v.).] The office or dignity of a captain or gov¬ 
ernor over a district; a governorship. 

“ There should be no rewards taken for captaincies of 
counties.”— Spenser: Ireland. 


cap -tain-ship, s. [Eng. captain, and suff. -ship 
(q. v.).] 

1. The rank or dignity of a captain, captaincy. 


“ The lieutenant of the colonel’s company might well 
pretend to the next vacant captainship in tho same regi¬ 
ment.”— Wotton. 


2. The rank or position of a leader. 

“And of our Athens, thine and ours, to take 
The oaptainship 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, v. 2. 


*3. The position of a chief of a clan; a chieftan- 
ship. 

“To diminish the Irish lords, he did abolish their pre¬ 
tended and usurped captainships." — Davies: On Ireland. 

f4. Skill in military science. 

*cap -tate, v. t. [Lat. captatum, sup. of capto= 
to catch after.] To catch, seek after, strive for. 

“ . . . and this to captate a reputation of his love ta» 
scholars.”— Randal Taylor. 

*cap-ta-tion, s. [Lat. captatio =an endeavor to 
catch, a reaching after; capto= to catch.] 

1. The practice of catching at applause or favor; 
flattery. 

2. A captivating quality ; an attraction. 

“I am content my heart should be discovered without 
any of those dresses, or popular captations; which some, 
men use in their speeches.”— King Charles. 

cap -tion, s. [Lat. captio —a seizing, from capio= 
to seize.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

I. Gen.: The act of taking or seizing. 

f2. Spec.: The act of arresting under a warrant. 

“He had been sentenced by letters of horning and cap¬ 
tion (legal writs so called), as well as the seizure of his. 
goods, and adjudication of his landed property.”— Scott: 
Rob Roy, Introd. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. A cavil, objection, fault-finding, quibbling. 

“ It is manifest that the use of this doctrine is for cap¬ 
tion and contradiction.”— Bacon: Advancement of Learn¬ 
ing, ii. 

*2. The heading or title of a chapter of a book ; 
an introduction. 

B. Law: The beginning or heading of a warrant, 
commission, or indictment, which sets forth when, 
where, and by what authority it was taken, found, 
or executed. 

“The caption is no part of an indictment, it is merely 
the style of the court where the indictment was preferred.” 
— Wharton: Law Lexicon. 

enp’-tious, a. [Fr. captieux; Lat. captiosus— 
ready to seize or catch; capto=to seize, catch.] 

1. Ensnaring, insidious, captivating, alluring. 

“She taught him likewise how to avoid sundry captious: 
and tempting questions which were like to be asked of 
him.”— Bacon. 

“Away with despair, no longer forbear 
To fly from the captious coquette.” 

Byron: Hours of Idleness; Reply to some Verses. 

2. Cavilling, fault-finding, censorious; peevish^ 
perverse. 

“A captious question, sir (and yours is one), 
Deserves an answer similar, or none.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium, 903. 

Tf Crabb thus discriminates between captious, 
cross, peevish, fretful, and petulant: Captious; 
marks a readiness to be offended; cross indicates a 
readiness to offend; peevish expresses a strong- 
degree of crossness; fretful a complaining impa¬ 
tience; petulant a quick or sudden impatience. 
Captiousness is the consequence of misplaced pride : 
crossness of ill-humor; peevishness and fretfulness of 
a painful irritability; petulance is the result either 
of a naturally hasty temper or of a sudden irrita¬ 
bility. Adults are most prone to be captious; . . . 
spoiled children are most apt to be peevish; . . „ 
sickly children are most liable to fretfulness ; . . . 
the young and ignorant are most apt to be petulant 
when contradicted ” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

cap -tious-ly, adv. [Eng. captious; -ly .] 

1. In a captious or fault-finding manner; peev¬ 
ishly. 

*2. Insidiously, cunningly. 

“ Use your words as captiously as you can, in your 
arguing on one side, and apply distinctions on the other.” 
— Locke. 

reap -tious-ness, s. [Eng. captious; -ness.] The- 
quality of being captious, or ready to find fault; 
peevishness. 

“Captiousness is a fault opposite to civility; it often, 
produces misbecoming and provoking expressions and 
carriage.”— Locke. 

*cap-ti-vance, s. [Eng. captive, and suff. -anceA, 
Captivity. 

“With that he gan at large to her dilate 
The whole discourse of his captivance sad.” 

Spenser: F. Q., V. vi. 17. 

cap -ti-vate, v. t. [In Fr. captiver; Lat. capti- 
vatus, pa. par. of captivo =to make captive. 

*1. Lit.: To make prisoner, capture. 

“ How ill beseeming is it in thy sex, 

To triumph like an Amazonian trull, 

Upon their woes, whom fortune captivates 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., i. 4. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rille, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




captivate 


743 


Caputiati 


II. Figuratively : 

1. To charm into subjection; to ensnare, to allure. 
“And this I do, to captivate the eye 
Of the fair breeder that is standing by.” 

Shalcesp.: Venus <£• Adonis, 28L 
*2. (With the prep, to) : To enslave. 

“They lay a trap for themselves, and captivate their 
understandings to mistake, falsehood, and error.”— Locke. 

cap'-ti-vate, a. [Lat. captivatus, pa. par. of 
captivo=to capture, make captive.] 

1. Lit.: Made captive, reduced to bondage. 

“Wasted our country, slain our citizens, 

And sent our sons and husbands captivate." 

Shalcesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. I., ii. 3. 

2. Fig.: Ensnared, charmed. 

“ Tush! women have been captivate ere now.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. I., v. 3. 

IT For the distinction between captivate and 
charm, see Charm, v. For that between captivate 
and enslave, see Enslave. 

Cap -tl-va-ted, pa. par. & a. [Captivate, v.] 
*1. Lit.: Made captive, reduced to bondage. 

2. Fig.: Captured, ensnared. 

“I no sooner met it [the widow’s eye], but I bowed like 
a great surprised booby, and knowing her cause to be the 
first which came on, I cry’d like a captivated calf as I was 
—Make way for the defendant’s witnesses.”— Spectator, 
No. 113. 

♦cap'-tl-va-ter, s. [Eng. captivat(e); -er.] One 
who captivates or ensnares. 

“ . . . captivaters of the best of their brethren.”— 
Baxter. 

cap-tl-vat-ing, pr. par. & a. [Captivate, v.] 
*1. Lit.: Making captive, reducing to bondage. 

2. Fig.: Ensnaring, alluring. 

“Conscience, in some awful silent hour, 

When captivating lusts have lost their power . . . 
Reminds him of religion.” Cowper: Hope, 216. 

cap-tl-va -tion, s. [Low Lat. capiivatio; from 
cjptivatus, pa. par. of captivo— to capture, make a 
capture.] The act of making one captive or subject. 
(Bp. Hall.) 

*cap-tlv-aun§e, s. [Captivance, s.] Captivity, 
bondage. 

“At length he spyde whereas that wofull Squyre, 
Whom he had reskewed from captivaunce." 

Spenser: F. Q., III. vii. 45. 

cap -tlve, s. & a. [Fr. captif; Lat. captivus = a 
captive ; from captus, pa. par. of capio = to take.] 
[Caitiff.] 

A. »4s substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. One taken prisoner in war; one reduced to 
Bondage. 

“You have the captives, 

Who were the opposites of this day’s strife.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, y. 3. 
“Thou Timour ! in his captive’s cage— 

What thoughts will there be thine.” 

Byron: Ode to Napoleon. 

IT With the preposition to before the captor or 
person to whom the captive is subject. 

“ If thou say Antony lives, ’tis well, 

Or friends with Csesar, or not captive to him.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. <£- Cleop., ii. 5. 

2. One confined; a prisoner, not necessarily taken 
in war. 

II. Fig.: Captivated, charmed, or ensnared by 
excellence or beauty. 

“My woman’s heart 

Grossly grew captive to his honey words.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. L 

B. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Taken prisoner in war; reduced to bondage. 

2. Confined, imprisoned. 

“But fate forbids; the Stygian floods oppose. 

And with nine circling streams the captive souls in¬ 
close.” Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid, vi. 595. 

3. Prevented from rising in the air by being tied 
to the earth by a rope, as a captive balloon. 

*11. Fig.: Captivated, charmed, entranced. 

“But hold! see foremost of the captive choir, 

The master prophet grasps his full-ton’d lyre.” 

Goldsmith: An Oratorio, A. ii. 

*cap'-tlve, v. t. [Captive, s.] 

1, Lit.: To make captive, to reduce to captivity. 

“Thus when as Guyon Furor had oaptivd." 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iv. 16. 

2. Fig.: To captivate, charm, entrance. 

« Beauty, which captives all things, sets me free.” 

Dryden: To the Lady Castlemaine. 

♦cap'-tlved ,pa. par. & a. [Captive, v.] Made 
captive, brought into captivity. 


1[ In the following example the accent i3 on the 
second syllable, but this is only a rare poetical use. 
“Betrayed, captived, and both my eyes put out.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes, 33. 

cap'-tiv-er, *cap-tiu-er, s. [Eng. captiv(e) ; 
er.] A captor, one who leads into captivity. 
(Scotch.) 

cap-tiv-i-tjf, s. [Fr. captivity ; Low Lat. cap- 
<iihfas=captivity; capio= to take, to seize.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The state of being captive or in bondage or 
servitude to enemies. 

“ . . . Lewis Sforza sold into captivity by his own 
Switzers.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

IT In the Bible specially applied to the carrying 
away of the Jews into servitude by Nebuchadnez¬ 
zar. 

“. . . and I asked them concerning the Jews that 
had escaped, which were left of the captivity, . . .”— 
Nehem. i. 2. 

2. The state of being a prisoner or in confinement. 
“ The gentle birde feeles no captivity 

Within her cage; but singes, and feeds her fill.” 

Spenser: Sonnets, Ixv. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. The state of being in subjection generally. 

“ For men to be tied, and led by authority, as it were 
with a kind of captivity of judgment.”— Hooker. 

IT With the preposition to before the person or 
thing to which one is subject. 

“The apostle tells us, there is a way of bringing every 
thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ.”— Dr. 
H. More: Decay of Christian Piety. 

*2. The state of being in misery or misfortune. 
“And the Lord turned the captivity of Job, when he 
prayed for his friends .”—Job xlii. 10. 

IT For the distinction between captivity and con¬ 
finement, see Confinement. 

cap -tor, s. [Lat. captor; from capio=to take.] 
One who captures. (Johnson.) 

S ’-tur-a-ble, a. [Eng. captur(e) ; able.] 
le to be captured; liable to capture. 

“Instead of Breslau capturable, and a sure magazine 
for us, . . .”— Carlyle: Fred. Great, bk. xx., ch. iii. 

cap'-ture, s. [Fr .capture; Lat. captura ; from 
capio= to take.] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. The act of capturing or seizing. 

“ The great sagacity, and many artifices, used by birds 
in the investigation and capture of their prey.”— Derham. 

2. The thing captured or seized; a prize. 

"As a member of a good English house of business he 
would be a valuable capture." — Times, Nov. 11, 1876. 

II. International Law : The arrest or seizure of 
a person or of ships by an enemy during war. 
[Marque, Privateering.] 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between capture, 
seizure, and prize: “Capture and seizure diner in 
the mode; a capture is made by force of arms, a 
seizure by direct and personal violence. The cap¬ 
ture of a town or an island requires an army; the 
seizure of property is effected by the exertions of 
one individual. ... A capture may be made on 
an unresisting object; a seizure supposes much 
eagerness for possession on the one hand, and 
reluctance to yield on the other. ... A capture 
is general, it respects the act of taking; a prize is 
particular, it regards the object taken and its value 
to the captor; many captures are made by sea 
which never become prizes .” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.) 

Cap’-ture, v.t. [In Fr. capturer; from capture, 
s.] To seize, or make captive. 

"... and how his sword 
Tizona clear’d its way through turban’d hosts, 

And captured Afric’s king3.” 

Hemans: The Siege of Valencia. 

cap’-tpred, pa. par. & a. [Capture, v.] 

“The cat plays with the captured mouse, and the cor¬ 
morant with the captured fish.”— Darwin: Descent of Man 
(1871), pt. ii., ch. xiii., vol. ii., p. 54. 

cap'-tpr-ifig, pr. par., a. & s. [Capture, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of making captive or seiz¬ 
ing; capture. 

*cp-pfi -ccio (cio as tscho; S Utah] A capu¬ 
chin or hood. [Capoch.] 

“ That at his back a broad capucvio had.” 

Spenser: B Q., III. xii. 10. 

cp-pfi ghe, s. [Capoch.] 

*cp-pu’$hed, a. [Eng. capoch, capuche=a hood; 
suff. -ed.] Covered as with a hood; hooded. 

“ They are differently cuculleted and capuched upon 
the head and back.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 


cap'-p-Qhin, s. [Fr. capucin= a monk who wears 
a cowl or hood; capuce , capuchon—a hood, a cowl.] 
I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A female garment, consisting of a cloak and 
hood, made in imitation of the dress of capuchin 
monks, whence its name is derived. 

“The moment we were seated, my aunt pulled off my 
uncle’s shoes, and carefully wrapped his poor feet in her 
capuchin.” — Smollett: Expedition of Humphry Clinker. 

2. One of the order of monks described in II. 

II. Technically: 

1. Ch. Hist.: A branch of the Franciscan order of 
monks, so called from their peculiar capucha or 
cowl—a pointed hood attached to the ordinary 
Franciscan coat, and said to have been worn by 
St. Francis himself. This branch was founded by 
Matthew de Baschi, an Italian, but with him may 
be named the famous Lewis de Fossembrun. The- 
Capuchins sought to restore the original rigor of 
the institutes of St. Francis, which Pope Innocent 
IV. had relaxed by granting the right to possess- 
property to the members of the Franciscan order. 
In 1525 they received the solemn sanction of Pope- 
Clement VII. Because of theirsevere austerity, and 
especially for the innovation of the capuche, they 
were much persecuted by the other Franciscans. 
Bernardo Ochino—their first Vicar-General—be¬ 
came a Protestant, as, afterward, did also their 
third. Eventually, however, they spread in great 
numbers over Italy, Germany, France, and Spain. 
In the seventeenth century they showed much zeal 
in prosecuting missions to Africa. (Mosheim; Ch 
Hist., cent. 16,17.) [Franciscans.] 

“To Capuchins, Carthusians, Cordeliers 
Leave penance, meager abstinence,and prayers.” 

Oldham: Satires upon the Jesuits. 

2. Ornith.: A species of pigeon, a variety of the- 
Jacobin, whose head is covered with feathers, bear¬ 
ing a fancied resemblance to a cowl or hood. 

S.ZoOl.: A species of monkey, Cebus capucinus, a 
native of Guinea, distinguished by having the hair 
on the crown and back part of the head black, 
resembling a monk’s hood or cowl, the remainder 
of the body being grayish. 

cap'-U-§ine, s. [Fr. capuce, capuchon—a hood, 
a cowl, from the shape of the flowers.] 

Bot.: The Nasturtium, 
cap-li-let, s. [Fr. cape let.] 

Farriery: The same as Capellet (q. v.). 
cap'-u-lm, s. [Sp. capulin, capuli.] 

Bot.: A kind of cherry peculiar to Mexico. 
cap-u-161 -dgi, s. [Capulus.] 

Zodlogy: A family of pectinibranchiate Gastero- 
pods, partially separated by Cuvier from the Patel- 
las, which they resemble in having a widely opened, 
scarcely turbinated shell, with neither operculum', 1 
omargination, nor siphon. (Craig.) 
ca'-put, s. [Lat.] 

1. Anatomy: 

(1) The head, or superior part of the body, divided 
into the skull (cranium) and the face (facies). 
The skull consists of the crown ( vertex or fontanella), 
the posterior part (occiput), the anterior part (sin¬ 
ciput), and the lateral parts—the temples (tempora). 

(2) It is also used in the simple sense of top or 
superior part, as caput coli— the head or top of the 
colon, the caecum or blind intestine. 

2. Bot.: The peridium of certain fungals. 

*3. A name formerly given to the council or ruling 
body of the university of Cambridge. (Eng.] 

“ Your caputs, and heads of colleges, care less than any 
body else about these questions.”— Lamb: Essays of Elia. 

Caput Draconis, s. 

Astron.: The Dragon's Head, a star of the first 
magnitude in the constellation Draco. 

Caput Medusae, s. 

Palccont.: A species of Pentacrinite, Pentacrinus 
Caput Medusce. 

*caput mortuum, s. [Lat.=a dead head ; caput 
=head; mortuum—dead, pa. par. of morior=to die.) 

1. Literally: 

O. Chem.: The residuum or faeces remaining after 
distillation or sublimation. 

2. Fig.: A worthless residue. 

“Poetry is of so subtle a spirit, that, in pouring out of 
one language into another, it will all evaporate : and if a 
new spirit be not added in the transfusion, there will 
remain nothing but a caput mortuum." — Denham: Trans, 
of JEneid, Pref. 

caput radicis, s. 

Bot.: The crown of a root; the very short stem, or 
rather bud,which terminates the roots of herbaceous 
plants. 

Ca-pu-tl-a-tl (ti as shl), s. pi. [Mod. Lat. 
caputiati, pi. of caputiatus, a., from Lat. caput= 
the head, so named from their headdress.] 

Ch. Hist.: A Christian sect which arose in Franco 
in the 12th century. They wore on their heads a 


bbil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = E 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL, 



caralluma 


capybara 


744 


leaden imago of the Virgin Mary. They wished 
“liberty,” equality, and the abolition of all civil 
government. Hugo, Bishop of Auxerre, suppressed 
them by military force. ( Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, 
xii., pt. ii., ch. v., § 15.) 

cap-y-ba'-ra, s. [Brazilian cabiai.) 

ZoGl.: The Hydrochcerus capybara , or Water- 
cavy of Brazil, an animal allied to the Guinea-pig. 
It is about three feet in length, and has the general 
appearance of a hippopotamus in miniature. It is 
of the rodent family Cavid®. 

car (1), caer, char, s. [Gael, cathair— a city; 
Wei. & Cornish, caer.] 

1. In Wales: Directly from Wei. caer (see etyrn.). 
A city or town, as Car-diff. 

2. In Scotland: Probably in most cases only indi¬ 
rectly from Wei. caer, through Gael, cathair: A 
fortified place or town. It occurs as the initial 
syllable of many names of places in the west and 
south of Scotland, as Car-stairs, Car-michael, Car- 
laverock, &c. 

car (2), *carre, *char, *chare, *chaar, s. & a. 

[Q. Fr. car; Ft. char; Sw. karra; Dan. karre; Dut. 
Tear; Gael. & Ir. carr; Wei. car; Ital. carro; from 
Lat. carrus= a four-wheeled carriage.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) A chariot. 

“Chare, carrus, quadriga — Prompt. Parv. 

“Made him steygh opon his secound chaar.” — Wycliffe: 
Gen. xli. 43. 

(2) A small two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one 
horse. 

“Did ye not hear it ? No ; ’twas but the wind, 

Or the car rattling o’er the stony street.’’ 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, iii. 22. 

*(3) A sledge, a hurdle. 

"With carres that have no wlieeles that thei clepen 
ecleyes.”— Maundeville: Travels, p. 130. 

*(4) A cart, a wagon. 

“Carre, carte. Carrus, currus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

(5) A carriage constructed with flanged wheels 
for running on lines of rails either of a railway or 
of a tramway. [Cable-car, Horse-car.] 

2. Fig.: Applied poetically to any vehicle of dig¬ 
nity or splendor. 

“ And the gilded car of day, 

His glowing axle doth allay.”— Hilton. 

II. Technically: 

*1. Astron.: A constellation, called also Charles’ 
Wain (or Wagon), and the Great Bear. 

“Ev’ry fixt, and ev’ry wand’ring star 
The Pleiads, Hyads, and the Northern Car." 

Dryden: Virgil; Georgia, i. 210. 

2. Mil.: A small two-wheeled carriage, fitted with 
boxes to contain ammunition, and to carry the 
artillerymen attached to it. 

B. As adj.: (See the subjoined compounds.) 

TT The manufacture of railway cars in this coun¬ 
try has surpassed a like industry anywhere else in 
the world, and we have large establishments de¬ 
voted entirely to the production of sleeping, dining 
and drawing-room cars, to say nothing of others 
building the various forms of freight, refrigerator 
and ordinary passenger cars. This immense me¬ 
chanical industry has given rise to the following 
obvious compounds: Car-axle, car-axle box, car- 
axle box-cover, car-axle lathe, car-basket, car-buffer, 
■car-bumper, car-cab, car-couch, car-coupling, car- 
door lock, car-heater, car-indicator, car-jack, car- 
lamp, car-lantern, car-lounge, car-register, car- 
replacer, car-seat, car-seat arm-lock, car-spittoon, 
car-spring, car-stake, car-starter, car-stove, car- 
truck, car-ventilator, car-wheel, car-wheel f urnace, 
car-window fastening. 

tear, v. t. [Car (2), s.] 

1. To convey in a car. 

2. (With the pronoun it): To travel in a car. 

car, ker, a. [Gael, car (s.) = a twist, a bend; 

(a.)=crooked, bent, unlucky.] Left, applied to the 
band; sinister; fatal. To go a car gate, or a gray 
gate, means, to come to an ill end; to take the left 
hand road, which leadeth to destruction. [Ker.] 

car-handit, a. [Scotch car andkandif=handed.] 
Left-handed, awkward. 

car-sham-ye! An exclamation used at the game 
of shintie, when the antagonist strikes the ball with 
the club in his left hand. 

car-ab-i-dae, s. pi. [Lat. carab (us), andfem.pl. 
suff. -idee (q. v.).] 

Entomol.; A family of predatory coleopterous 
insects, having the antenna! filiform, feelers mostly 
six, thorax flat and margined, and eyes prominent. 
Section Pentamera of Latreille, and sub-section 
Geodephaga of Stephens. They are sometimes 
called Ground-beetles and Garden-beetles. Some 
are large and richly colored. Swainson divided the 
family into five sub-families—Carabid®, Harp- 
alinee, Brachinin®, Scaritinee, and Elaplirin®. 


ca.r-a-bin, s. [Carb, s.] 

*car - 3 ,-bine, s. [Carbine.] 

*car-a-bin-e'er, s. [Carbineer.] 
fcar-a-bdid, a. [Gr. karabos= a beetle; eidos= 
form, appearance.] Pertaining to or resembling 
Carabidse. 

car-a-bus, s. [Gr. karcibos = a kind of beetle; 
Lat. scarabceus.] 

1. Entomology: 

*(1) A very large genus of insects founded by 
Linnaeus, and including nearly the whole modern 
family Carabid®. 

(2) The Crab-beetles, a genus of Coleoptera, the 
typical one of the family Carabid®. The bodies 
are elongated, and of a bronze golden-green, copper, 
or violet color. They are large, fine, active insects 
of highly predatory habits. The genus is not at all 
the same as the Scarabseus, to which the term 
karabos was applied by the Greeks (etym.). 

2. Zo6l.: A species of crab. 

*car-ac, *car-ack, *car-rik, *car-rycke, 
*car-ricke, s. [Fr. caraque; Sp. & Ital. carraca; 
Dut. kraecke; Ger. karrache; from Low Lat .car¬ 
raca.'] 

Naut.: A large ship of burden, formerly used by 
the Portuguese in their trade with the East Indies; 
a galleon. 

“ Carrycke, a great shippe. Caraque." — PaUgrave. 

“ The bigger whale, like some huge carack lay, 

Which wanteth sea-room with her foes to play.” 

Waller: Battle of Summer Islands, 147. 

car-a-cal, s. [Fr. caracal; from Turk, qarah- 
qootag; from qarah= black, and qootag=e. ar.] 

Zool.: A species of lynx, the Felis caracal of 
Linnteus, of a reddish-brown color, with black ears, 
tipped with long black hairs. It is a native of 
Africa, India, Persia, and Turkey. 

“ The caracal has always been considered to be the lynx 
mentioned by the ancients as possessing such wonderful 
power of sight.”— Library Nat. Hist. 

car-g,-ca'-r?i, s. 

Ornith.: The name given to the birds of the sub¬ 
family Polyborinee, which is an aberrant one belong¬ 
ing to the Falconid®, but constituting apparently 
the point of transition to the Vulturid®. They are 
found in South America, and feed on carrion. 

[POLYBORINAh] 

car -a-cole, car’-a-col, s. [Fr. caracole = a 
wheeling about; O. Fr., Sp. & Port, caracal — 
a winding staircase, a snail; Catalan caragol = & 
screw.] 

1. Arch.: A winding or spiral staircase. 

2. Horsemanship: A half turn or wheel made by 
a horse. 

“When the horse advance to charge in battle, they ride 
sometimes in caracoles, to amuse the enemy, and put 
them in doubt.”— Farrier’s Dictionary. 
fear -§,-cole, v. i. [Caracole, s.] 

Horsemanship: To turn or wheel about in cara¬ 
coles, to prance. 

“ Prince John caracoled within the lists at the head of 
his jovial party.”— Scott: Ivanhoe, ch. vii. 

car-ii-cor-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Caracole, v.) 
A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of prancing about; a cara¬ 
cole. 

car-a-col'-lg,, s. [0. Fr., Sp. & Port, caracol = 
a snail.] 

Zool.: A genus of the Lucerninae (Laud-volutes or 
Lamp-snails), in which the aperture of the shell is 
circular, the two lips united, teeth wanting, umbil¬ 
icus open. Family, Limacin®. 

car-a-cdl-y, car-g.-c6-li, s. [Etymology doubt¬ 
ful. Cf. caracole.) An alloy of gold, silver, and 
copper, used for manufacturing inferior kinds of 
jewelry. 

car -a-core, s. [A Bornean word (?).] 

Naut.: A light vessel used by the natives of 
Borneo and the adjacent islands, and by the Dutch 
as a coast-guard vessel in their East Indian posses¬ 
sions. 

*car-act (1), *car-ect, s. [Character.] 

1. A figure, sign, or mark. 

“ Thorugh caractes that Crist wroot, 

The Jewes knewe hemselve giltier than the womman.’ J 

Langland: P. Plowman, 7,600. 

2. A book. 

“ Bede his carect in the wise 
As she him taught.” 

Gower: C. A., ii. 247. 

Car-ji-doc, s. & a. [Wei. Caradoc, the place 
described under A., from Wei. caer = city.] [Car 
(!)•] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Oeog.: The name of certain hills in Shropshire 
(the Caradoc hills). 


2. Geol.: The formation described under B. 

B. As adj.: Found at, belonging to, or in any way 
connected with the place mentioned under A. 1, or 
with the formation described tinder A. 2. 


Caradoc formation, s. 

1. Geol.: The upper, i. e., the more modern, of two 
series of strata into which the Lower Silurian 
Rocks are divided. It consists chiefly of sandstone, 
some years ago estimated at 2,500 feet in thickness, 
abutting against the trappean chain called the 
Caradoc hills. The name Caradoc was first given 
by Sir Roderick Murchison in his “Silurian Sys¬ 
tem.” Sedgwick called it tho Bala formation. It 
is closely allied to the Llandoilo rocks beneath it. 
The Caradoc rocks were deposited in a shallow sea. 

2. Palceont.: About 600 fossils are known in the 
Caradocs ; 146 are Crustacea, 106 of them being pecu¬ 
liar. The Hydrozoa, Cceleuterata, and Echinoder- 
mata are also well represented. The bivalves exceed 
in number those of any known formation below the 
Carboniferous Limestone. 


Caradoc sandstone, s. A sandstone constituting 
the chief rock in the Caradoc formation (q. v.). 

ca-ra fe, ca-raff, s. [Fr. carafe; Ital. caraffa.) 
A decanter; a water-bottle. 

“ A heavy carafe of water is supplied among six guests.” 
—Continental Excursions by Viator Verax. 

IT Frequently pronounced and written croft. 
car-{L-ga'-na, s. [Tartar carachana .] 

Bot.: The Siberian Pea-tree, a genus of 1 egr minous 
Asiatic plants, belonging to the sub-tribe Galege®. 
Flowers solitary or crowded, of a pale-yellow color, 
with the exception of one species, C. jubala, in 
which they are white, tinged with red. C. spinosa 
is a thorny shrub, plentiful in China, about Pekin, 
where the branches are stuck in clay upon the tops 
of walls, in order that the spines may keep olf 
intruders. The bark of C. arborescens is used as a 
substitute for rope, &c. 

*ear'-age (age as ig), s. [Carriage.] 
car-§,g -en-Ine, s. [Eng. caragheen, and suif. 
-ine ( Chem .).] 

Chem.: A mucilaginous or resinous substance, 
obtained from Caragheen-moss. 


car- 51 -gheeu, s. & a. [Cf. Gael. carraig= a rock; 
carraighin=the thick part of buttermilk.] 



caragheen-moss, carrageen-moss, s. 

Bot.: Irish moss, Sphcerococcus (or Chondrus) 
crispus, a species of sea-weed, from which a kind of 
nutritious jelly 
is manufact¬ 
ured. It is of a 
purplish-white, 
nearly trans¬ 
parent color. 

*car-ain, s. 

[Carrion.] 

car- ai-pa, 
s. [Cf. caraipa, 
the Guiana 
nameofearapa 
(q. v.).] 

Bot.: A gen¬ 
us of TernstrO- 
miace®, distin¬ 
guished among 
the group hav¬ 
ing the petals 
contorted, and Caragheen-moss. 

the capsule 

septicidially dehiscent, by its leaves being alternate, 
its stamens usually free, with the anthers glandn- 
liferous at the apex and fixed near the base; and 
by its having two or three pendulous ovules in each 
of the three cells of the ovary. The species, about 
eight in number, grow in tropical America, and are 
trees bearing white-scented flowers. Thecelebrated 
Balsam of Tamacoari is obtained from Caraipa 
fasciculata, and is of great use in the cure of itch, 
a single application curing the most inveterate case 
in twenty-four hours. ( Treas. of Bot.) 


car-al-fi'-ra, s. [The Orinoco name.] A red 
coloring matter, obtained from Bignonia chica. 
[Chica.] 

’’’car-aide, s. [Etymology doubtful; perhaps 
Carol, s.] Perhaps a writing-desk. 


“ Her kysttes and her coferes, her caraldes alle.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Patience , 157. 
car-al -li-gi, s. [Carallie in the Telinga lan¬ 
guage.] 

Bot.: A genus of East Indian plants, belonging to 
the order Rhizophorace®. 


car -al-lme, s. [Fr.] 

Bot.: A plant, Ranunculus glacialis. 
car-al-lu-ma, s. [An Indian native name.] 

Bot.: A genus of East Indian plants belonging „o 
the order Asclepiadace®. The species, which are 
few in number, are fleshy, leafless, herbaceous 
plants. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
<or, wore, wqlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, ynite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





caralyng 


745 


carbamme 


*car -g-lyng, pr. par. & s. [Carolling.] 

“ Fair ladyis in ringis, 

Knychtis in caralyngis, 

Bayth dansis and singis; 

It semyt as sa ."—Houlate, iii. 12, MS. 

car-gm-bo -lg, s. [Port. & Sp. carambola; Mah- 
ratta kurmul.) 

Bot., <£c.: The acutely-angled front of an oxalid- 
aceous tree, Averrhoa carambola. It is very sour, 
but is eaten by the natives of India. The leaves of 
the tree are very sensitive. 

fcar'-am-bole, s. [Fr. carambole .] 

Billiards: The same as a carrorn or cannon (q.v.). 
car-a-meile, s. [Cakmele.] 

car'-g-mel, s. [Fr. caramel; Sp. caramelo; 
from Low Lat. canna mellis, cannamalla=sngaT- 
cane ; from canna= a reed, cane ; mel (genit. mellis) 
=honey.] 

1. Chem.: A mixture of several compounds, 
formed by heating sugar to 210°. Water is given off 
and caramel, a brown substance, remains. It is 
used as a coloring material for spirits, wines, &c. 

“ At a temperature a little above its fusion . . . sugar 
becomes brown, swells up and becomes a black, porous, 
shining mass, which is known as caramel, losing nothing 
but two atoms of water.”— Graham: Elements of Chemistry. 

2. Comm.: A species of confection made of gela¬ 
tine, sugar, and other ingredients, the whole fla¬ 
vored and colored with caramel, usually offered to 
the public in the form of small squares or cubes, 
wrapped in greased paper. 

cg-ra-ng, cg-ran'-ng cg-rau-ng, s. [Sp. 
caratla.] 

1 . A tree, a native of South America. 

2. A resinous gum of an aromatic flavor, ex¬ 
tracted from the tree. It is used as a remedy for 
toothache. 

car -gnx, car -g-nax, s. [Fr.] 

Ichthy.: A fish, a kind of mackerel. The most 
common is Caranx vulgaris, also called the Scad, 
or Horse-mackerel. They are. distinguished by the 
lateral line of the body having a series of scaly 
plates. 

*car-an-ye, s. [Carrion.] 


means all gold, eighteen carat three-quarters gold. 
Fine gold consists of twenty-two carats of pure gold 
and two of alloy. The United States gold coinage 
is in these proportions. A double eagle weighs 516 
grains, 464’4 grains of this being fine gold. 

“A mark, being an ounce Troy, is divided into twenty- 
four equal parts, called caracts, and each caract into four 
grains: by this weight is distinguished the different fine¬ 
ness of their gold; for if to the finest of gold be put two 
caracts of alloy, both making, when cold, but an ounce, 
or twenty-four caracts, then this gold is said to be twenty- 
two caracts fine.”— Cocker. 


(3) A weight used by jewelers in weighing dia¬ 
monds and other precious stones. It equals 3£ 
grains Troy. 

II. Fig.: Fineness, purity. 

“ Thou best of gold, art worst of gold; 

Other, less fine in carat, is more precious.” 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Ft. II., iv. 4. 

car -g-t5e, s. [A native word.] 

Bot.: A West Indian name for Agave americana. 

car-g-van , s. [Fr. caravane; Sp. & Ital. cara- 
vana; from Arab, qairawdn; Pers. kdrwdn, qirwdn 
=a caravan.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A number of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants 
traversing the deserts of Arabia, Africa, or other 
countries, in company for purposes of safety and 
convenience. 


“When Joseph, and the Blessed Virgin Mother, had 
lost their most holy Son, they sought him in the retinues 
of their kindred, and the caravans of the Galilean pil¬ 
grims.”— Taylor. 

2. A large covered cart or wagon, such as those 
used by gipsies, and for the conveyance of beasts of 
a menagerie; also a similar vehicle employed for 
moving furniture. A train or number of such 
wagons. 


*11. Fig.: A flight or number of birds flying to¬ 
gether. 


“ They set forth 

Their airy caravan, high over seas 
Flying.” Milton: P. L., vii. 428. 


*3. A kind of sweetmeat containing caraway- 

seeds. 

“ . . . we are wont to eate carawaies or biskets, or 

some other kind of comfits or seedes togetherwithapples, 
thereby to breake winde ingendred by them; and surely 
it is a very good way for students.”— Cogan: Haven of 
Health (1595). 

“ Nay, you shall see mine orchard, where, in an arbor, 
we will eat a last year’s pippin of my own graffing, with a 
dish of caraways, and so forth . . .”— Shakesp.: Hen. 
IV., Pt. II., v. 3. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
caraway-comfit, s. A comfit or sweet contain¬ 
ing caraway-seed. 

caraway-fruit, s. 

Pharm.: Carui fructus, the dried fruit of Carum. 
carui or Caraway. These seeds (mericarps) are of 
a brown color, slightly curved, with fine filiform 
ridges containing a single vitta in each channel. 
They have a peculiar aromatic odor, and a warm 
taste. The oil is of a pale-yellow color. They are 
used in medicine as an aromatic, stomachic, and 
carminative, in cases of flatulence ; the oil is added 
to purgative medicines to prevent griping. 

caraway-seeds, s. pi. [Caraway, 2.] 
car-g-way§, s. pi. [Caraway, 2.] 

*car-ayn, s. [Carrion.] 
carb, prefix. 

Chem.: Having carbon in its composition. Many 
compounds occur with this prefix. Only the im¬ 
portant substances are here given. 

carb, car-a-bin, s. [Carp, v.) A rawboned, 
loquacious woman. {Jamieson.) 

carb, car-ble, v. i. [Either a variant of Eng. 
carp (q. v.), or from Icel. karp= bragging; karpa= 
to brag, boast.] To cavil, to carp. {Jamieson.) 

car-bgl-lyl'-ate, s. [Eng., &c., carballyl{ic) ? 
-ate {Chem.) (q. v.).] [Carballylic Acid.] 

car-bgl-lyl'-Ic, a. [From Eng., &c .,carb{on); 
ally l; -ic.) 

Chem.: A term used chiefly or exclusively in the 
compound which follows. 


“ Caranye or careyn. Cadaver." — Prompt. Parv. 

car -gp, s. [A Guiana word.] An oil obtained by 
pressure from the carapa (q. v.). 
car’-g-pg, s. [Cabap.] 

Bot.: A small genus of trees with abruptly-pin¬ 
nate leaves, belonging to the order of Meliace® 
(Meliads), and native of tropical America, the West 
Indies and Guinea. Their flowers have a calyx of 
four or sometimes five distinct sepals, and a cor¬ 
olla of the same number of oblong, egg-shaped 
spreading petals. The fruit is large, and contains 
numerous oily seeds, from which is extracted by 
pressure a liquid oil called Carap, or Crab-oil, suit¬ 
able for burning in lamps. The bark of Carapa 
guianensis possesses febrifugal qualities, and is 
also used for tanning. {Treas. of Bot., dtc.) 

car -g-page, fcar -g-pax, s. [Fr. carapace .] 

Zo6l.: A protective shield. Spec.: 

1. The upper shell of crabs, lobsters, and other 

2. The upper half of the immovable case inclos¬ 
ing a tortoise, turtle, or other chelonian. [Calli- 
pash.] 

“This casing is composed of two shields, covered with 
horny plates ; the upper one, which is more or less highly 
arched, is termed the carapace.”—Carpenter: Physiology, 
§ 324. 

3 . The case in which certain infusoria are 
inclosed. 

car-g-piQh'-e-g, .s. [ Carapiche, the native name 

of one of the species.] , , , . . 

Bot.: A genus of flowering shrubs, belonging to 
the Cinchonace®. They are natives of the Carib¬ 
bean Islands. 

car -g-pus, s. [Lat. carabus; Gr. karabos=a 

crab, a crayfish.] , „ , . , , 

Ichthy.: A sub-genus of eel-shaped fashes, includ¬ 
ing such species of the genus gymnotus as have 
long tapering tails, and the body compressed and 
furnished with scales. {Craig.) 

car -gt, *car'-act, s. [Fr. carat; from Arab. 
airrdt = a carat, the twenty-fourth part of an 
ounce; from Gr. keration= the fruit of the locust- 
tree ; Ital. carato; O. Port, quirate.) 


I. Literally: 

*1. The fruit of the Carob-tree, also called carot. 

2 ’ Weights and Measures: 

( 1 ) A weight of 3J grains. 

(2) The twenty-fourth part of an ounce. It is 
used by jewelers to express the fineness of gold, 
the whole mass being supposed to be divided into 
twenty-four parts and said to be so many carats 
fine according to the number of twenty-fourth parts 
of pure gold contained in it. Twenty-four carat 


caravan-boiler, s. A wagon-shaped boiler, 
car-g-van-eer', s. [Eng. caravan; suff. -eer— 
-er.] The driver or conductor of a caravan. 

car-g-van'-ser-y, car-g-van’-ser-g, car-g- 
van -ser-al, s. [Fr. caravanstirail or caravan¬ 
serai; from Pers. k&rwdn-sarai; from k&nodn—a 
caravan; sarai= a palace, large house, or inn.] A 
kind of inn in Eastern countries, where caravans 
put up for the night. 

“For the spacious mansion, like a Turkish Caravan- 
serah, entertains the vagabonds.”— Pope: Letter to Jervas 
(1116). 

“The furniture of this Caravansera consisted of a large 
iron Pot, two oaken Tables, two Benches, two Chairs, and 
a Botheen Noggin.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., 
ch. x. 

car-g-vel, *cgr-vel, car-g-vel'le, s. [Fr. 

caravelle; Ital. caravella; Sp. carabela, a dimin. of 
caraba=a vessel; from Lat. carabus; Gr. karabos= 
(1) a crab, (2) a light vessel.] 

1. Naut. [of the forms caravel and carvel): 

(1) A light, round, old-fashioned ship, with a 
square poop, galley-rigged, formerly used in Spain 
and Portugal. 

“In Turkey, this name [ caravel ] is given to large ships. 
In Portugal it is a small vessel carrying lateen sails. The 
three vessels which composed the expedition of Columbus 
on the occasion of his discovering America were caravels, 
but there is said to be no authentic account of their form, 
size, or rig.”— Young: Nautical Dictionary. 

(2) A small boat employed in the herring fishery 
on the coast of France. 

“ . . . she spreads sattens, as the king’s ships do can¬ 
vas every where, she may spare me her misen, and her 
bonnets, strike her main petticoat, and yet out sail me. I 
am a carvel to her.”— Beaum. & Fletch.: Wit without 
Money, i. 1. 

2. Port, {of the form caravelle): A kind of pear. 

car -g-way, *car-a-waie, *car-rg-way, *car- 

wy, s. & a. [Fr. & Ital. carvi; Sp. carvi and al- 
caravea; from Arab, karwiya, karawiya; from Gr. 
karos, karon; Lat. careum .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. An umbelliferous plant, Carum carui, a bien¬ 
nial belonging to the parsley family. It has a taper 
root like a parsnip, and is cultivated principally in 
Holland and Lincolnshire, England. 

“ Caraway, herbe. Carwy sic scribitur in canipo forum." 
— Prompt. Parv. 

2. The seeds of the plant described in 1. They 
are strongly aromatic, and have a warm, pungent 
taste. They are much used in confectionery, and m 
medicine. [Caraway-fruit.] 


boll, b<5y; pout, jowl; cut, 
-clan, -tian = sbgn. -tion. 


gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


carballylic acid, s. 

Inorganic Chem.: Tricarballylic acid, CeHgOfi = 
(C 3 H 5 ) " (COOH) 3 . Atriatomic, tribasic, fatty acid, 
formed by the action of nascent hydrogen on aco- 
nitic acid, or by the action of alcoholic potash on 
propenyl tricyanide. It forms colorless trimetric 
crystals, soluble in water and alcohol. Its alkaline 
salts, called carballylates, are soluble in water. Its 
melting point is 158°. 

car-bg-mate, s. [From Eng., &e. carbam{ic); 
and -ate {Chem.) (q.v.).] 

Chem.: (CO)''(NH 2 )(ONH 4 ). Ammonium carba¬ 
mate is formed by passing a mixture of perfectly dry 
carbon dioxide and ammonia gas into cold abso¬ 
lute alcohol, and heating the crystalline deposit 
with absolute alcohol in a sealed tube to 100°. The 
liquid, on cooling, deposits ammonium carbamate 
in crystalline lamin®, which, when heated in a 
sealed tube to 140°, split into ammonium carbonate 
and urea. Ammonium carbamate is converted by 
water into acid ammonium carbonate. It can be 
distinguished by its precipitating calcium very 
slowly from a solution of CaCL and ammonia. 

car-bam’-ic, a. [From Eng., &c., carb{on), and 1 
amic (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A term used chiefly or exclusively in the 
compound which follows. 

carbamic ethers, s. pi. 

Chem.: Both acid and neutral ethers are known. 

(1) Acid Ethers: The ethylammonium salt of 
ethylcarbamic acid. (COF’NH^HslONH^CbHs), 
a snow-white powder, is obtained by passing C 0 2 
into anhydrous ethylamine cooled by a freezing- 
mixture. 

(2) Neutral Ethers (called also Urethanes): Ethyl 
carbamate (CO) “N^’OCjHs. It is formed by the 
action of ammonia on alcohol saturated with car¬ 
bonyl chloride, also by aqueous ammonia and ethyl 
carbonate. It forms colorless crystals soluble in 
water. 

car -bg-mlde, s. [From Eng., &c., carb{on), and 
amide (q. v.).] [Urea.] 

Chem.: CN 2 H 40 =N 2 (C 0 ) H 4 . It is produced by 
the action of ammonia gas on carbonyl chloride, or 
upon ethyl carbonate, also by the decomposition 
of oxamide at red heat. Carbamide is decomposed 
by soluble hypobromites and hypochlorites with evo¬ 
lution of nitrogen, as CN 2 H 40 X 03 =C 02 X 2 H 2 0 XN 2 - 

car -bg-mlne, s. [From Eng., <fcc., carb{on), and 
amine.) [Amine, s.l 

Chem.: Isocyanide. These compounds are ob¬ 
tained by distilling a mixture of an alcoholic 
ammonia base and chloroform with alcoholic pot¬ 
ash. They are oily, stinking liquids. The isocy¬ 
anides of plemyl, ethyl, and amyl are known. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c- = bgl, del. 




carbasea 


746 


carbon-printing 


car-ba -se-g,, s. [Lat. carbasus; 6r. karbasos = 
(flax, linen, a sail.] 

Zobl.: A genus of infundibulate Polyzoa of the 
■sub-order Cheilostomata, and family Flustrid®. 
They are distinguished by the expanded, leafy, 
♦flexible, erect polypidoms; cells arranged in many 
tows, on one side only. What was formerly called 
Flustra carbasea is now named Carbasea papyrea. 
iGriffith & Henfrey.) 

car-bg -zo-tate, s. [From Eng., &c., carb(on); 
azot(ic); and suff. -ate.) 

Chem.: A salt of carbazotic acid. 

car-bg,-zot -ic, a. [From Eng., &c., carb(on), 
and azotic (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A term used chiefly or exclusively of the 
compound which follows. 

carbazotic acid, s. [ Carbon , azote= nitrogen.] 

Chem.: Trinitrophenol, Nitrophenisic acid, Picric 
acid, Gr. pikros = bitter, C§H 3 N 3 07 = C6H 2 (N0 2 ) 3 
(OH). Prepared from the impure nitrophenesic 
acid. It is also obtained by the action of nitric 
acid and indigo, silk, wool, resin, &c. It crystallizes 
in yellow crystals, soluble in water, has a very bit¬ 
ter taste, and dyes silk and wool yellow, but does 
not dye cotton, hemp, and flax. Its salts are called 
picrates. Potassium picrate is very slightly soluble 
in water; when heated it explodes with great 
energy. Carbazotic acid is a nitro-substitutiou 
compound of phenol. 

car'-bide, s. [From Eng., &c., carb(on), and suff. 
-ide (Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A compound formed by the union of car¬ 
bon with an element, as iron or hydrogen. 

car -bln, cair-ban, *car-fin, s. (Scotch.) [Gael. 
cairbean. ] The basking-shark, Squalus maximus, L. 

car -bine, car -bine, *car-g,-blne, s. & a. [O. 

Fr. carabin; Fr. carabine; Ital. carabino — alittle 
•gun, corrupted from O. Fr. calabrien, calabrin — a 
light-armed soldier: O. Fr. calabre, caable — an 
engine of war; from Low Lat. chadabula = a cata¬ 
pult; Gr. katabole — a throwing down, destruction; 
kata = down; bole — a throwing; hallo — to throw.] 

A. As substantive: 

Military: 

*1. A musketeer, a carbineer. 

“When he was taken, al] the rest they fled. 

And our carbines pursued them to the death.” 

Kydi Spanish Tragedy. 

2. A short fire-arm, similar in bore and nature to, 
and carrying the same ammunition as, the infantry 
■rifle. 



1 . Carbine. 2 . Carbine-lock. 


. . continued to fly on foot, throwing away car¬ 
bines, swords, and even coats as incumbrances.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

carbine-lock, s. The lock of a carbine. 

“Sling on thy bugle—see that free from rust 
My carbine-lock springs worthy of my trust.” 

Byron: The Corsair, i. 7. 

carbine-thimble, s. A stiff leathern socket, 
■secured to a D-ring on the off-side of the saddle by 
a strap and buckle. It receives the muzzle of the 
horseman’s carbine. 

car-bln-ee r, car-g,-bin-ee r, s. [Fr. cara- 
■binier .] 

Mil.: Formerly applied to mounted infantry 
armed with a short carbine, and intended to fight 
on foot. 

IT Name still retained in England by the 6 th 
Dragoon Guards. 

car-bln-ol, s. [From Lat carbo (genit. car- 
■bonis) (?), and Eng., &c. (alcoh)ol.) 

Chem.: A name given to methyl alcohol, C(OH)H 3 , 
by Kolbe, and the alcohols formed from it, by sub¬ 
stitution of methyl, ethyl, &c., for an atom of 
hydrogen, are named according to the radicals 
which they contain, as Trimethyl carbinol, or Ter¬ 
tiary Quartyl alcohol, C(OH) (CH 3 ) 3 . 

car -bln-fl, s. ![From Eng., &c., carbin(ol), and 
- yl , or carb (chem. pref.).] 

Chem.: The name given to the alcohol radicals of 
the corresponding carbinols, as Dimethyl carbinol 
■C(CH 3 ) 2 H.OH contains the radical Dimethyl-car- 
binyl(C(CH 3 ) 2 H)'. 

♦car -bo, s. [Lat.=coal, from the jet black color 
•of its wings.] 

Ornith. : The Cormorant, an old genus of water- 
ifowl, allied to .the Pelicans, and belonging to the 
sub-family Pelicanin®. [Cormorant.] The Cor¬ 
morant is now generally called Phalacrocorax carbo. 


car-bo-hy -drate, s. [Eng. carbo(n ); - hydrate .] 
Any one of a large group of compounds, containing 
six carbon atoms or some multipie of six, and hy¬ 
drogen and oxygen in t he proportion in which they 
form water: that is, twice as many hydrogen as oxy¬ 
gen atoms. 

car-bo-hy -drous, a. [Eng. carbohydr(ate) ; 
-Oms.] Of the nature of carbohydrate. 

car-bol -Ic, a. [From Eng., &c.carbo(n); (alcoh) 
ol; and Eng. suff. -ic. 1 

Chem.: A term used chiefly or exclusively in the 
compound which follows. 

carbolic acid, s. 

Chem.: CgH 5 ‘OH=Phenyl Alcohol, Phenol, Phenic 
acid, Coal-tar Creasote. Phenol is a secondary 
monatomic aromatic alcohol, obtained by the dry 
distillation of salicylic acid. It is also formed by 
the dry distillation of coal, in the coal-tar oil. 
When pure it forms white deliquescent crystals 
melting at 35° to an oily liquid, which boils at 184°. 
It has a penetrating odor and burning taste; it is 
neutral; it coagulates albumen and has powerful 
antiseptic properties. It is used as a disinfectant, 
and to preserve meat, &c. It dissolves in alkalies, 
forming compounds called phenates. Potassium 
phenate crystallizes in white needles; when it is 
heated with iodides of ethyl, methyl, &c., double 
ethers are formed, as methyl-phenate, CfiHsOCHs. 
Chlorine, bromine iodine, and nitric acid form with 
it substitution compounds. [ Chlorophenesic 
Acid, Carbazotic Acid.] Phenol is benzene with 
one molecule of (OH) substituted for one atom of H. 

car-bon, s. [Fr. carbone: from Lat. carbo= a 
coal.] 

Chem.: A tetrad non-metallic element, symbol C. 
Atomic weight, 12. Carbon occurs in three allo- 
tropic forms—two crystalline (diamond and graph¬ 
ite), and one amorphous (charcoal). Diamond 
crystallizes in forms belonging to the regular sys¬ 
tem. It is transparent, either colorless, or yellow, 
pink, bluej or green. The hardost substance known, 
refracts light strongly, is infusible, but is burned 
into C0 2 in oxygen gas at white heat. Specific 
gravity, 3'5. It is a non-conductor of electricity. 
It is found in gravel in India, Brazil, &c. [Dia¬ 
mond.] Graphite crystallizes in six-sided prisms. 
Specific gravity, 2 - 3. It is gray-black, with a metal¬ 
lic luster. It is a good conductor of electricity. 
Graphite often separates in scales from molten 
iron: it is used for lead pencils; it is often called 
black-lead. [Graphite.] Amorphous carbon occurs 
more or less pure in lampblack, wood charcoal, 
coal, coke, and animal charcoal. Specific gravity, 
from 1'6 to 2. It is porous, absorbs gases, removes 
color from organic liquids, is used as a disinfect¬ 
ant, and burns in the air at red heat, forming C0 2 . 
When boiled with H 2 SOi, it is oxidized to CO, and 
SCL is also formed, which escape in gas used as a 
reducing agent. Carbon forms two oxides with 
oxygen, CO and C0 2 , carbonic oxide and carbonic 
anhydride, 
carbon-battery, s. 

Elect.: [Bunsen-battery.] 
carbon chlorides, s. pi. 

Chem.: Carbon monochloride. This compound 
has been discovered to be hexa-chlor-benzene CfiCle 
by determination of its vapor density. It is 
obtained by passing the vapor of chloroform 
through a red-hot tube. It forms white silky 
needles, melting at 226 . and boiling at 331°. 

Cl-C-Cl 

Carbon-dichloride, C 2 CI 4 = || analogous to 

Cl-C-Cl 

ethene, obtained by passing the vapor of carbon- 
trichloride through a red-hot tube. It is a colorless 
liquid. Specific gravity, P 6 . It boils at 117°. 

Cl Cl 

V 

C-Cl 

Carbon-trichloride, C 2 Cl 6 = I analogous to 
C-Cl 

A 

Cl Cl 

ethane, obtained by placing ethene chloride into a 
glass vessel containing Cl and exposing it to sun¬ 
shine. A white crystalline aromatic substance melt¬ 
ing at 160°, and boiling at 182°. 

Cl 

Carbon-tetrachloride, CCI 4 = Cl—d—Cl, a color- 

di 

less liquid, specific gravity 1'56, and boiling at 77 °; 
obtained by passing the vapor of Cl and CS 2 through 
a red-hot tube, and distilling the liquid formed With 
potash. Also formed by the action of Cl on CH 4 
in direct sunlight. By the action of sodium amal¬ 
gam on its alcoholic solution the atoms of Cl are 
replaced by atoms of hydrogen, 
carbon dioxide, s. 

Chem.: Carbonic acid gas, Carbonic anhydride, 
Carbonic oxide (of some chemists) =C0 2 . Carbon 
dioxide is a colorless gas 1'524 times as heavy as 


air, and 22 times as heavy as hydrogen. It is 
evolved in large quantities from fissures in active 
and extinct volcanic districts. It is given off in 
the process of fermentation, from decaying animal 
and vegetable matter and by animals during res¬ 
piration, and it contaminates crowded rooms. It 
accumulates also in the bottom of pits and wells, 
and forms a great part of the afterdamp or choke- 
damp of coal mines. It is also contained in most 
waters from springs, and water charged with it has 
the power of dissolving carbonates of calcium, 
magnesium, andiron. It is always produced when 
carbonaceous matter is burned in excess of air or 
oxygen. It has an agreeable pungent odor, but it 
cannot be respired, as it produces insensibility and 
death. It extinguishes the flame of a lighted taper. 
At the pressure of 38'5 atmospheres at 0 ° it is con¬ 
verted into a colorless limpid liquid insoluble in 
water, but soluble in ether and alcolbol; it solidifies, 
on exposure to the air, into a snow-white mass, 
which is a bad conductor of heat; when mixed with 
ether it is used as a freezing mixture. Carbon diox¬ 
ide exists in the air, and is decomposed by the green 
leaves of plants, which retain the carbon and liber¬ 
ate oxygen in sunlight. About four volumes of C0 2 
are contained in 10,000 volumes air. The total 
quantity is estimated at about three billions of 
tons. Cold water dissolves about its own volume 
of carbon dioxide, whatever be the density of the 
gas with which it is in contact, the solution reddens 
blue litmus paper, and converts oxides of the alka¬ 
line and alkaline earth metals into carbonates 
(q. v.). Carbon dioxide is contained in aerated 
waters and in sparkling wines. Carbon dioxide 
can be obtained by burning carbon in excess of oxy¬ 
gen ; but bypassing C0 2 over red-hot charcoal it is 
converted into carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide 
is usually prepared by decomposing a carbonate 
with one of the stronger acids, as by the action of 
hydrochloric acid on marble, which gives calcium 
chloride, water, and C0 2 . Carbon dioxide can be 
distinguished hy its giving a white precipitate 
when passed into a solution of lime or baryta 
water, by its quick absorption by caustic alkalies, 
and by its extinguishing the flame of a lighted 
taper. [Carbonate.] Carbon dioxide is decom¬ 
posed by heating potassium in it, forming an oxide 
and liberating carbon. 

carbon disulphide, s. [Bisulphide of Car¬ 
bon.] 

carbon-holders, s. pi. 

Elect.: The fixed clamps for holding the ends of 
the carbons in electric arc lamps. 

carbon-light, s. 

Elect.: The light produced between and upon 
two carbon points, between which passes a current 
of electricity. [Electric Light.] 

carbon monoxide, s. 

Chem.: Carbonous oxide, Carbonic oxide, Car- 
bonyl=CO". Carbon monoxide is a colorless, 
inodorous, tasteless gas, insoluble in water, specific 
gravity 0‘967. It burns with a light-blue flame, 
forming C0 2 . It is intensely poisonous, even when 
mixed with large quantities of air, producing faint¬ 
ness, insensibility, and death. It is formed when 
C0 2 is passed over red-hot charcoal, also by heating 
oxalic acid C 2 H 2 0,(, with sulphuric acid, which 
decomposes it into HjO, C0 2 , and CO. The C0 2 is 
removed by passing the gas through limewater. ~ It 
unites with KHO at high temperatures, forming 
formiate of potassium. It unites with Cl when 
exposed to sunlight, forming phosgene gas COCl 2 . 
Carbon monoxide can also be formed by heating 
powdered ferrocyanide of potassium with ten times 
its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid. Carbon 
monoxide (Carbonyl) in organic chemistry acts as 
a diatomic radical, 
carbon oxychloride, s. 

Chem.: Phosgene gas, Carbonyl chloride, C0C1 2 . 
Obtained by exposing dry CO and Cl 2 to direct sun¬ 
light, also bypassing carbon monoxide into boiling 
antimony pentachloride, and by the oxidation of 
chloroform. It is collected over mercury. It con¬ 
denses into a liquid at 0°. It is decomposed by 
water forming carbon dioxide and hydrochloric 
acid. Treated with dry ammonia gas NH 3 , it forms 
urea CO(NH 2 ) 2 and ammonium chloride, 
carbon-printing, s. 

Photog.: A photographic process introduced by 
Poit§vin in 1855. It is as follows; Paper is coated 
with a compound of bichromate of potassa, gela¬ 
tine, and lamp-black, in cold distilled water; this is 
allowed to dry in a dark room, subsequently ex¬ 
posed between a negative for a few minutes, accord¬ 
ing to the character of the solution and of the 
light, then dissolving off with hot water the parts 
not affected by the actinic action of the light. The 
picture resulting from this treatment is a positive 
print in black and white, of which the shades are 
produced by the carbon of the lamp-black. Poit 6 - 
vin also introduced various colors into the same 
process. Poit 6 vin, later, introduced another process 


date, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
•or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try Syrian, se, ce = e; ey - a. qu = kw’, 









carbon 


747 


carbotriamine 


•for carbon-printing under a positive. The paper is 
(floated in a bath of gelatine dissolved in lukewarm 
•water and colored with lamp-black. Such paper is 
sensitized in a dark room by immersion in a solu- 
'toon of sesquichloride^ of iron and tartaric acid. 
This renders the gelatine insoluble, even in boiling 
water. The sheets are dried and exposed under 
■transparent positives in the printing-frame. The 
parts of the film acted upon by light become 
soluble in hot water, the iron salts, under the influ¬ 
ence of light, being reduced by the tartaric acid, 
restoring the organic matter to its natural solu- 
bility. The sheet is then washed in hot water, 
which removes the ferruginous compound and 
develops the picture. Improvements were subse¬ 
quently introduced by Swann and others. 

If Argentotype is a modified form of carbon pict¬ 
ure introduced by Wenderoth, in which the print is 
backed by a polished plate, to bring up the high 
lights. Johnson proposed tin as a substitute, 
•cheaper andless likely to tarnish. (Knight.) 
carbon sulphochloride, s. 

Chem.: CSCI 2 , a yellow, irritating liquid, decom¬ 
posed by potash into K 2 S, K 0 CO 3 , and CClp It is 
not acted upon by water. It is obtained by the 
action of dry chlorine on carbon disulphide. 

carbon tool-point, s. An application of the 
diamond to mechanical purposes. These points are 
used to point, edge ? or face tools for drilling, ream¬ 
ing, sawing, planing, turning, shaping, carving, 
engraving, and dressing flint, grindstones, whet¬ 
stones, emery, corundum, tanite, or tripoli wheels,, 
iridium, nickel, enamel, crystals, glass, porcelain, 
china, steel, hardened or otherwise, chilled iron, 
copper, or other metals. Twenty-eight forms of it 
are figured in Knight's Practical Dictionary of 
Mechanics. 

car-bo-na -ge-ous, a. [From Lat. carbo (genit. 
carbonis) =charcoal, and Eng. suffix -aceous, from 
Lat. suffix -aceus.] 

Min. <& Geol.: Consisting mainly of carbon, the 
simple element of charcoal. 

If In geology the term is applied to strata wholly 
or in large part formed by the accumulation of 
such vegetable material as sunken forests, massed 
drift-wood, turf, and moss-bogs. Coal, lignite, and 
peat have hydrogen as well as carbon in their com¬ 
position, and often mineral impurities. Anthracite 
and graphite (metamorphosed coal) consist of 
nearly pure carbon. Diamond is pure carbon. 
Bituminous shales, fossil pitch, petroleum, and 
naphtha are some other of the carbonaceous mate¬ 
rials found in the earth. In exceptional cases the 
carbon of carbonaceous rocks may be of animal 
origin, thus the oily matter with which the bitumin¬ 
ous shales of Caithness are impregnated seems to 
have been derived from the decomposition of fossil 
fishes rather than of plants. 

“In India, the great heat of the climate brings into 
play that law already pointed out, by virtue of which the 
■ ordinary food is of an oxygenous rather than of a car¬ 
bonaceous character.”— Buckle: History of Civilization in 
England, p. 63. 

*car-b6-na de, *car-bo-na-do, s. [Fr. carbon¬ 
nade; from O. Fr. carbon; Lat. carbo (genit. car¬ 
bonis) = charcoal.] A piece of fish, flesh, or fowl, 
cut in slices, seasoned, and broiled. 

“If I come in his way willingly, let him make a car¬ 
bonado of me.”— Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., v. 3. 

*car-bo-na-ded, *car-b6-na-doed, pa. par. or 
a. [Cabbonade, v.] 

*car-b6-na'-ding, *car-b6-na'-do-ing, pr. par. 

-& s. [Cabbonado, v.] 

A. As pr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. Assubst.: The act or process of slicing fish, 
Ac., and broiling it over the coals. 

car-bo-na'-do, s. [Cabbonade.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: The same as Cabbonade.. 

2. Min.: Large pebbles or masses of diamonds, 
occasionally 1,000 carats in weight. They consist 
of pure carbon, excepting 0‘27-2’07 per cent. (Dana.) 
A variety of the diamond. (Brit. Mus. Cat.) 

*car-b6-na -do, v. t. [Cabbonado, s.] 

1. Lit.: To cut or slice fish, fowl, &c., and broil 
•them on the coals. 

“A hare dainty carbonadoed-” — Beaum. A Fletcher. 

2. Fig.; To hack, cut to pieces. 

“Draw, you rogue, or I’ll 60 carbonado 
Your shanks.” Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 2. 

car-bo-na r-i§m, s. [Carbonar(i); -ism,.'] The 
principles of the Carbonari. 

car-bo-na'-ro (pi. carbonari), s. [Ital. carbonaro 
— a collier.] A member of a secret association es¬ 
tablished in Italy in the beginning of the present 
■century, with the object of setting up a republic. 
The Carbonari took charcoal [Ital. carbone ] as their 
symbol of purification, and adopted as their motto, 
“Revenge on the wolves who devour the lambs.” 
The origin of the society is uncertain. 


car-bon-g,-ta'-tion, s. [From Eng. carbonate .] 
The process of saturating with carbonic acid gas; 
as is done with purified beet juice in making beet 
sugar. 

car-b6n-ate, s. [From Eng. carbon(ic), and 
suff. -ate (Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: Carbonates are salts. The corresponding 
acid, H 2 CO 3 , is not known in a free state; it may 
be formed when C0 2 is dissolved in water; it is 
dibasic; the carbonates of the alkaline metals are 
soluble in water, and are either acid or neutral 
salts according as one or both atoms of H are re¬ 
placed, as KHCO 3 and K 2 CO 3 . The acid salts are 
often called bicarbonates. The carbonates of the 
other metals are insoluble. Basic carbonates are 
mixtures of carbonates and oxides. Carbonates 
liberate C0 2 when treated with an acid, which may 
be recognized bypassing it into a solution of baryta 
water, in which it throws down a white precipitate 
of BaCC> 3 , soluble in HC1. Carbonic acid may be 
theoretically considered to have this formula and 
belong to the lactic acid series— ( OH 

Civ ] O” 

(OH 

car -bon-a-ted, a. [Caebonate.] 

Chem.: Combined or impregnated with carbonic 
acid. Carbonated water is either pure or holding 
various saline matters in solution, impregnated 
with carbonic acid gas. For general sale in this 
country the water contains a little soda, which be¬ 
ing charged with the gas is called soda and water. 
(Ure: Dictionary of Arts , Manufactures and 
Mines.) 

car-bon-Ic,*car-bon'-ick, a. [Eng. carbon; -ic.] 
Containing carbon, pertaining to carbon. 

“ Com, and particularly wheat, contains more of the 
carbonic principle than grasses.”— Kirwan: On Manures, 
i., § 2. 

carbonic acid, s. 

1. Chem. <& Ord. Lang.: The old but still well- 
known name for what is called by modern chemists 
carbon dioxide (q. v.). 

2, Physiol.: Air exhaled from the lungs is saturated 
with moisture, and, moreover, contains about 4‘35 
per cent, of carbonic acid. The amount is increased 
by active exercise. _ By breathing the same air 
again and again, it is possible to increase the car¬ 
bonic acid to about 10 per cent., but with very 
deleterious effects. Air in which animals had been 
suffocated was found by Mr. Courthope to contain 
12'75 per cent, of carbonic acid, but less than half 
that amount (5 to 6 per cent.) will endanger life. 

Carbonic acid engine: 

1. An engine driven by the expansive power of 
condensed carbonic acid gas. 

2. A machine for impregnating water with car¬ 
bonic acid gas as a beverage. 

3. A form of fire-engine, in which water is ejected 
by the pressure due to the evolution of carbonic 
acid in a closed chamber over water, or in which 
carbonic acid is ejected with the water, to assist 
in extinguishing the fire by the exclusion of oxygen 
from it. 

carbonic oxide, s. The old name for carbon 
monoxide (q. v.). 

car-bon-if-er-ous, a. [Lat. carbo (genit. car- 
bonis)=coa\ ; fero— to bear, produce, and Eng. suff. 
-ous. J 

Geol.: A term applied to the extensive and thick 
series of strata with which seams of palaeozoic coal 
are more or less immediately associated. It is 
applied as well to that great system of formations 
which yield our main supply of coal as to some 
divisions of that system, such as the Carboniferous 
Limestone and the Carboniferous Slates. It is also 
applied to the fossils found in any stratum belong¬ 
ing to the system. 

carboniferous system or formation, s. 

Geol.: The Carboniferous succeeds the old Red 
Sandstone or some other member of the Devonian 
system, and passes upward into the Permian series. 
Its constituent groups vary much in the thicknesses 
of their sandstones, clays, limestones, and coals in 
different parts of the world, according to their con¬ 
ditions of deposition in conterminous seas, estua¬ 
ries, and lagoons. 

Carboniferous fossils comprise labyrinthodont 
and other amphibia; heterocercal fishes of many 
forms; numerous insects, myriapods, and arachnids: 
crustaceans (including the last of the trilobites and 
the euryptends) of all orders except the highest 
decapods: mollusks of all the known orders ;_poly- 
zoa; corals of the “rugose” kind; foramimfera; 
and some plants of the conifer and cycad groups, 
but far more of the fern, equisetum, and lycopod 
orders. 

The Carboniferous Limestone consists of the 
corals, encrinites, shells, and foraminifera of a 
great sea, with muds, sands, and coal-beds on its 
margins, both at first (Tuedian), and afterward 
(Yoredale). These constitute the coal-measures of 
Russia, Styria, Italy, Corsica, the Boulonnais, &c., 
and the Lower Coal-measures of Scotland. 


The Millstone Grit next formed, in shallow water, 
of widespread sheets of sand and shingle, has a few 
scattered fossil plants and shells, and thin seams 
of coal. 

“ Measures ” is a mining term for strata, retained 
for the coal-measures, which consist of numerous 
successive groups of (1) clay, (2) coal, (3) shale, and 
(4) sandstone, each varying from a few inches to 
some feet in thickness. These originated as mari¬ 
time flats with luxuriant jungles, subjected to 
inundations of fresh and brackish waters, with 
mud and sand, and sometimes of sea-water, leaving 
a limestone of sea-shells. 

The thick forests of gigantic lycopods, equisetes, 
and ferns covered their floors with accumulated 
exuviae, and thick layers of each season’s spore-lust. 
Storms tore down the clustered trunks, and covered 
them with the mud and sand of inundations. 
[Coal.] 

The “underclay,” or “seat-earth,” under each 
coal-seam was the soil in which the trees (Sigillaria, 
Lepidodendron, and Calamites) grew, and is a pure 
clay used for firebricks, encaustic tiles, <fec. 

The “roof-shale” over the coal, forming a tough 
roof to the galleries in mining, was brought by 
floods, together with its water-logged fern-fronds 
and trunks and branches of the larger plants. This 
and other shales (“batt,”&c.) contain some beds 
of Anthracosia and other aquatic mollusks, also a 
few land shells, numerous entomostraca, and some 
higher Crustacea, a few arachnids,_ insects, and 
myriapods, with occasional amphibia, and abun¬ 
dant remains of heterocercal fishes. These fossils 
are often imbedded in ironstone, concreted in the 
shales. 

Thick sand-drifts, of frequent occurrence, formed 
the sandstones (“ post,” &c.), containing scattered 
plant-remains. (Prof. T. R. Jones, F. R. 8.) 

car-bon-I-za'-tion, car-bon-I-§a'-tion, s. [Eng. 

carboniz(e); -ation .] The act or process of carbon¬ 
izing, or converting into carbon. (Ure.) 

car'-b6n-Ize, car'-Don-Ige, v.t. [Eng. carbon; 
-ize .] To convert into carbon by the action of fire 
or acids. 


car'-bfcn-Ized, car-b&n-i§ed, pa. par. or a. 
[Caebonize.] 

car'-b&n-Iz-er, s. [Eng. carbonize; -er.] A tank 
or vessel containing benzole or other suitable liquid 
hydrocarbon, and through which air or gas is passed 
in order to carry off an inflammable vapor. [Cae- 
bueetoe.] 

car'-b6n-Iz-Ing, car’-b6n-i§-ing, pr. par., a. 
& s. [Caebonize.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubstan.: The act or process of converting 
into carbon; carbonization. 

carbonizing-furnace, s. An apparatus for car¬ 
bonizing wood, disintegrating rocks, &c. It is 
composed of a furnace or fire-chamber, movable 
upon a stationary frame, both vertically and hori¬ 
zontally, and provided with a nozzle by which the 
flame is directed upon the object. 

car-bon-om’-e-ter, s. [Eng. carbon , o connect¬ 
ive, and meter.] An instrument for detecting the 
presence of an excess of carbonic acid by its action 
on lime-water. 


car’-bon-ous, a. [En g. carbon; -ous.] The same 

as Cabbonic (q. v.). 

car’-bon-jfl, s. & a. [From Lat., &c., carbon = 
charcoal, and Gr. hule= . . . matter as a prin¬ 
ciple of being.] A diatomic radical having the for¬ 
mula CO”. 


carbonyl chloride, s. [Caebon Oxychloeide.] 

car-bo-run’-dum, s. The name given to a newly 
discovered substance, composition yet undeter¬ 
mined. 

“ Incidentally to an attempt to produce diamonds by 
artifice, an American chemist discovered a mineral hith¬ 
erto unknown—the hardest substance in existence with 
one exception. It is called ‘carborundum.’ The inventor 
for making his gems obtained from a concern in Lock- 
port, N. Y., the use of its aluminum-smelting apparatus. 
In reducing that metal electricity is employed, generat¬ 
ing an enormously high temperature. As a chance experi¬ 
ment he put into the furnace a lump of clay together 
with a piece of graphite, which is pure carbon. The 
result was some small wine-colored crystals of rhomboidal 
shape. On examination it was found that they were 
harder than sapphire. Diamond is the hardest of natural 
minerals; sapphire comes next, and then ruby.”— Phila¬ 
delphia Times. 

car-bo-trl'-a-mlne, s. [From Eng. carbo(n); 
Lat. prefix tri= three, and Eng. amine A [Amines.] 

(nh 2 

Chem.: Guanidine, CH 5 N 3 or C 1 V ]NH”. An or- 

(NH 2 

ganic base produced by the action of ammonia on 
chloropicrin, also by heating cyanamide, CH 2 N 2 , in 
alcoholic solution with ammonium chloride. Also 


b6Il, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-cian, -tian - shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 






carbovinate 


748 


card 


by oxidizing guanine with HC1 and KCIO 3 . Guani¬ 
dine forms colorless crystals, forming an alkaline 
solution with water, which absorbs CO 2 . Guani¬ 
dine boiled with baryta water yields ammonia and 
urea. Methyl, phenyl, &c., guanidines are known. 
(See Watts: Diet, of Chemistry.) 

car-bov’-in-ate, s. [From Eng. carbovin(ic ), 
and suff. -ate (CTiem.).] A salt of carbovinic acid. 

car-bo-vin'-ic, a. [From Eng. carbo(n), and 
vinic (q. v.).] 

carbovinic acid, s. The same as Ethyl car¬ 
bonic acid (q. Y.). 

car-b<5y, s. [Probably from Gael. & Ir. carb = a 
basket. Cf. Lat. corbis.\ A large globular glass 
vessel, protected with wicker-work, and used for 
containing sulphuric acid and other corrosive 
liquids. 

“Boil the whole . . set it . . aside in a corked 
carboy before it be bottled. Stir it well, and set it aside 
in carboys.” — Ure .- S. V. Liqueurs. 

car'-bun-ele, *car-bon-cle, char-boii-cle, 
*char-buc-le, *car-boc-le, *char-buk-elle, 
*char-bok-ull, s. [Fr. carbuncle; Ital. carbon- 
colo; Sp.carbonco; Ger. karbunchel; all from Lat 
carbunculus= a little coal, dimin.of carbo— a coal.] 

1. Min.: A precious stone, a variety of garnet, of 
a deep-red color, found in the East Indies. When 
held up to the sun its deep tinge becomes exactly 
the color of a burning coal. In the Middle Ages it 
was popularly supposed to have the power of giving 
out light. It is cut in a form called concave cabo- 
chon. 

“ The stone noblest of alle 
The which that men carbuncle calle.” 

Gower: C. A., i. 57. 

“And they set in it four rows of stones: the first row was 
asardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle . . .” — Exod. xxxix. 10. 

2. Script.: The carbuncle of Exod. xxxix. 10, Heb. 
bareketh, and that of Ezek. xxxviii. 13, Heb. bar- 
kath, is probably the emerald: that of Is. liv. 12, 
Heb. ekdachh, is an unidentified flashing gem. 

3. Med.: A malignant boil or ulcer, forming a 
hard round tumor, and differing from an ordinary 
boil in having no core. 

car-bufi'-cled, s. [Carbuncle.] 

1. Set with carbuncles. 

“An armor all of gold; it was a king’s.— 

—He has deserv’d it; were it carbuncled 
Like holy Phoebus’ car.’’ 

Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop., iv. 8. 

2. Affected or marked with carbuncles; suffering 
from a carbuncle. 

car-bun-CR-lar, a. [Eng. carbuncle; -a?-.] Of 
or pertaining to a carbuncle; of the nature of a 
carbuncle. (Johnson.) 

*C ar-bun -cu - late , a. [Lat. carbunculatus, pa. 
par. of carbunculo=(l) to suffer from carbuncles, 
( 2 ) (of plants) =to be blasted.] 

O. Bot.: Blasted by excessive heat or cold, 
car-bun-cu-la’-tion, s. [Lat. carbunculatio; 
from carbunculo= ( 1 ) to suffer from carbuncles, ( 2 ) 
(of plants) =to be blasted.] The blasting of the 
young buds of trees or plants, either by excessive 
heat or excessive cold. (Harris.) 

car'-bu-ret. s. Same as Carbide. 
ear'by-ret-er. car'-bu-ret-or, s. 
[Carburettor.] I 11 motor vehicles, a chamber 
for changing liquid fuels, such as gasoline, into 
gas or vapor, by a process of evaporation, and then 
mixing this gas or vapor with a proper percentage 
of air to render it suitable for use in operating the 
motor. 

car-bu-rei’-ted, a. [Eng. carburet; -ed.] 

Chem.: Combined with carbon, or holding carbon 
in solution. The gas known among miners as fire¬ 
damp is pure carburetted hydrogen. 

car-by-ret'-tor, car-by-ret'-or, s. [Eng. car¬ 
buret;-or.) 

Chem.: An apparatus for making carburets, 
through which coal gas, hydrogen, or air is passed 
through or over a liquid hydrocarbon, to increase 
or confer the illuminating power. They may be 
said to be of two kinds, though the purpose differs 
rather than the construction: ( 1 ) for enriching gas, 
(2) for carbureting air. The former of the two was 
the primary idea ; the latter was suggested as the 
matter was developed. 

car-by-rl-za'-tion, s. [From Eng. carburet; 
-iz; and - ation .] 

Of iron: The act of combining it with carbon 
with the view of converting it into steel. 

car’-byl, a. [From Eng. carb (on), and Gr. hyle 
= . . . matter as a principle of being.] 
carbyl sulphate, s. [Ethionic Oxide.] 
car-ca-jou, s. [Fr.] 

• Zodl.: The badger, Males labradorica, a native of 
North America; also called the Wolverine (q. v.). 


fear-ca-net’ (Eng.), *car-ca.nt (Scotch), s. [A 
diminutive of Fr. carcan— a chain or collar; Dut. 
karkant; Low Lat. carcannum; Ital. carcarne; (?) 
from Armor, kerchen— the bosom, kelchen— a collar, 
from kelch— a circle.] 

1. A jeweled chain or collar. 

“ Round thy neck in subtle ring 
Make a carcanet ot rays.” 

Tennyson: Adeline, 5. 

2 . .I pendant ornament of the head. 

“ Ypon thair forebrows thay did beir 
Targats and tablets of trim warks, _ 

Pendants and carcants shining cleir.” 

Watson’s Coll., ii. 10. 

car-cyss, car-case, *car-cais, *car-cays, 
*ca,r-keys, *car-kasse, *car-kas, s. & a. [O. Fr. 

car quasse^ 1 a carkasse or dead corps ” (Cotarave) ; 
Fr. carcasse; Ital. carcassa= a bomb, a shell; car- 
casso = a quiver, hulk; Sp. carcasa; Low Lat. 
tarcasius—a quiver; Pers. tarkash— a quiver.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 
f(l) A body. 

“ Lovely her face; was ne’er so fair a creature, 
r or earthly carcass had a heavenly feature.” 

Oldham: Poems. 

IT Now only used in contempt. 

(2) A dead body, a corpse. 

“ Carkeys. Corpus, cadaver.” — Prompt. Parv „ 


“ Could I myself the bloody banquet join ! 

No —to the dogs that carcass I resign.” 

Pope: Homeds Iliad, bk. xxii. 437-8. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) The decayed or ruined remains of anything. 


A rotten carcass of a boat, not rigg’d, 

Nor tackle, sail, nor mast.” 

Shakesp ..- Tempest, i. 2. 


(2) Any rotten or corrupt body. 

“‘Society,’ says he, ‘is not dead : that Carcass, which 
you call dead Society, is but her mortal coil which she has 
shuffled-off, to assume a nobler . . .’ ”— Carlyle: Sartor 
Resartus, bk. iii., ch. v. 



(3) The unfinished framework or skeleton of any¬ 
thing; thus, the carcass of a house=the walls; the 
carcass of a ship=the ribs, with keel, stem, and 
stern-post, after the planks are stripped off. 

II. Mil.: A cast-iron, thick-metalled, spherical 
shell, having three fire-holes. Filled with a com¬ 
position of saltpeter, 
sulphur, rosin, sul¬ 
phide of antimony, 
tallow, and Venice 
tur pentine, which 
burns about twelve 
minutes. Fired from 
smooth-bore guns, 
howitzers and mor¬ 
tars. Used to ignite 
combustible mate¬ 
rials. 

1[ For the distinc¬ 
tion between carcass 
and body, see Body. 

B. As adj.: (See the 
compounds.) 
carcass-flooring, s. 

Carpent.: That which supports the boarding, 
or floor-boards above, and the ceiling below, 
being a grated frame of timber, varying in many 
particulars. (Gwilt.) 
carcass-roofing, s. 


Carcass. 


Carpent.: The grated frame of timber-work 
which spans the building, and carries the boarding 
and other covering. (Gwilt.) 

carcass-saw, s. A kind of tenon-saw. The 
blade is strengthened by a metallic backing, which 
is bent over and closed upon it with a hammer. 
(Knight.) 

*car-cat, *car-kat, car-ket, car-cant, s. 
[Carcaret.] 

1. A necklace. (Scotch.) 

“Thair collars, caveats , and hals beids.” 

Maitland Poe?ns , p. 327. 


2. A pendant ornament of the head. ( Watson: 
Coll.) 

3 . A garland of flowers worn as a necklace. (Dis¬ 
cipline.) (Jamieson.) 

*car-geir, *car-cer, v. t. [Low Lat. carcero. 
Carcer, s.] To imprison. 


“ This Felton had bein tuyse carceired by the Duke [of 
Buckinghame] . . .”— Gordon: Hist. Earls of Sutherl., 
p. 406. 

car -gel, s. The light of a c<.rcel lamp = 9)4 
candle-power. 

carcel-lamp, s. A French lamp, in which the 
oil is raised to the wick by clock-work. It is used 
in lighthouses. 


♦car-gel-age (age as ig), s. [Sp. carcelageg 
Low Lat. carcelagium, carceragium—a prison fee; 
from carcer=a prison.] Prison fees. 

car -ger, s. [Lat. career— a goal, a prison.] A 
prison; a starting-post or goal. 

car -ger-al, a. [Lat. carceralis= belonging to a 
prison ; career—a prison.] Pertaining to, or of the- 
nature of a prison. 

“ Notwithstanding through f auour they were contented, 
that he should be released from his carceral indurance, 
. . .”— Fox: Martyrs; Henry VI., 1. 

car-ger'-U-lar, a. [From Eng. carcerule (q. v.), 
and suff. -ar.] 

Bot.: Of or belonging to a carcerule. ( Bindley.) 
car'-ger-ule, s. [A dimin. from Lat. career.] 
Bot.: An indehiscent many-celled, superior fruit, 
such as that of the linden. Also employed among 
fungals to denote their spore-case. (Treas. of Bot.) 

car-char’-I-as, s. [Gr. karcharias= a kind of 
shark.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of sharks, the typical one of the 
family . Carcharidee. Carcharias vulgaris is th@ 
White Shark, C. vulpes the Fox Shark, C. glaucuB, 
the Blue Shark. 

car-char'-I-dse, s. pi. [From Gr. karchariats— 
a kind of shark, and Lat. fern. pi. suff. -idee.] 
Ichthy.: The most typical family of Sharks, 
placed under the fish-order Selachia and the sub¬ 
order Plagiostomata. They have large triangulat 
sharp teeth, two dorsal fins, both without spines, a 
head of the ordinary form (not hammer-shaped ag¬ 
in the allied family Zygeenidse), and no spiracles. 
[Carcharias.] 

car-char- 6 -don, s. [Gr. karcharos = jagged, 
pointed ; karcharias=a kind of shark; odous, genit. 
odontos=a tooth.] 

Palceont.: Various fossil sharks known by their 
teeth, which have been found in the Eocene of 
Sheppey, as well as in the cretaceous rocks, whiles 
some dredged up by the “Challenger” expeditions 
are believed to be Miocene. 

car-char-op’-sis, s. [Gr. karcharos=) agged, 
pointed; karcharias= a kind of shark, and opsis=& 
face.] 

Geol.: A genus of carboniferous shark-like fishes. 

( Stormonth.) 

car-gin-o -de§, s. [Gr. fcarkmodes=cancerous.] 
Bot.: A term applied to what is commonly called 
canker in trees, which may in general be charac¬ 
terized as a slow decay inducing deformity. Ther 
appearances are very different in different plants, 
and the same plant, as the apple, may even exhibit 
three or four different varieties. 

car-gin- 6 -log-I-cal, a. [Eng. carcinolog(y); 
-ical.] Pertaining to carcinology, 

car-gln-ol'-O-gy, s. [Gr. karkinos=a crab; logos, 
=a treatise, discourse.] The science which treats 
of the crab and other crustaceans. 

car-gin-o-ma, s. [Lat. carcinoma; from Gr, 
karkinoma; from karkinos= a crab, a cancer.] 

1. Med. : A name given to cancer, owing to a cer¬ 
tain resemblance which some forms of the disease 
present to a crab. [Cancer.] 

“ When this process commences it is in that stage which 
has been denominated carcinoma, or cancer.”— Copland: 
Dictionary of Practical Medicine. 

2. Bot.: A disease in trees when the bark sepa. 
rates ; an acrid sap exuding and ulcerating the sur¬ 
rounding parts. 

car-gin-om'-a-tous, a. [Lat. carcinoma; Gr. 
karkinoma, genit. karkinomatos; and Eng. stiff.. 
-ous.] Of or pertaining to carcinoma or cancer, 
(Ash, &c.) 

car-gln-iis, s. [Gr. karkinos= a crab, a cancer.| 

1. Pathol.: A cancer. 

2. Zool.: A genus of short-tailed Crustacea. Car- 
cinus Mcenas is a small crab common around th© 
shores of Britain. It is eaten by the poor, but is not 
equal to the larger crab, Cancer pagurus (q. v.), 

card (1), s. & a. [Er. carte; Ital. & Sp. carta, Ger. 
karte; But. kaart; from Lat. charta; all = paper.j 
A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Gen.: A piece of pasteboard, or material mad® 
of several sheets of paper united. 

(2) Specially: 

(a) A small oblong piece of fine pasteboard, on 
which is printed a person’sname and (sometimes) 
address, to be left by visitors calling at a house. 

“ Our first cards were to Oarabas House. My Lady’s are 
returned by a great big flunky; and I leave you to fancy 
my poor Betsy’s discomfiture as the lodging-house maidi 
took in the cards, and Lady St. Michael’s drives away, 
though she actually saw us at the drawing-room window.’' 
— Thackeray: Book of Snobs, ch. xxviii. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, wliat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, who, son; mute, cut), cure, unite, cur, rale, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw, 




card-cutter 


749 


cardialgia 


W The same as Post-card (q. v.). 

(c) The same as II. 1 (q. v.). 

(d) The programme of any sports, especially races. 

. The card, was a pretty good one, and the stands and 

ssings received a fair amount of patronage.”— London 
Daily Telegraph, May 11, 1881. 

„ < I u 9 er character; synonymous with “ an odd 
fish,” a sly old coon.” 

“ Such an old card as this, so deep, so sly.”— Dickens. 

(/) An attractive feature of any theater, opera, 
or other public entertainment. Common in the 
expression, A drawing card. 

“ During the latter part of last week Miss Amelia 
Clover, who is the best card ‘About Town’ has to offer, was 
out of the cast on account of illness.”— Chicago Tribune 
Jan. 8, 1894. 

IT On the cards: Possible. (Colloquial.) 

2. Fig.: An indicator or guide. 

“On life’s vast ocean diversely we sail, 

Keason the card, but passion is the gale.” 

Pope: Essay on Man, ii. 108. 

(®) To speak by the card: To be very exact or 
careful in one’s words; to speak from official or 
certain information. 

“ How absolute the knave is! we must speak by the card, 
s>r equivocation will undo us.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. L 

(6) That was my best trump card: My best 
chance; the best thing for me to do. 

(c) He had the cards in his own hands: He had 
the advantage, and could do as he liked. 

II. Technically: 

1. Games: One of a number of small oblong 
pieces of thin pasteboard marked with divers 
points and figures, and used in games of chance or 
skill. 

“ Soon as she spreads her hand, th’ aerial guard 
Descend, and sit on each important card.” 

Pope: Rape of the Lock, iii. 82. 

IT Playing-cards were probably invented in the 
East. In Italy they originally bore the name of 
Naibi, and they are still, in Spain and Portugal, 
called Naipes, signifying, in the Eastern languages, 
divination. Cards were first painted by hand. The 
srt of printing cards was discovered in Germany 
between 1350 and 1360. It has been stated that 
■c ards were in use in Spain in 1332. In 1387, John I., 
king of Castille, prohibited their use. In France 
-card-playing was practiced in 1361, and at the end 
of the fourteenth century we find Charles YI. 
amusing himself with cards during his sickness. 
The figures on modem cards are of French origin, 
and are said to have been invented between 1430 
;and 1461. 

2. Naut.: A circular sheet of paper on which the 
■points of the compass are marked. 


“ The very ports they blow, 

All the quarters that they know, 

I’ th’ shipman’s card.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 3. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

Y Compounds of obvious signification: Card- 
basket, card-case, card-making, card-party , card- 
playing, card-rack, card-table. 

card-cutter, s. A machine for reducing card¬ 
board to pieces of uniform and proper size for 
-cards. 

card-grinding, a. (See the subjoined com¬ 
pound.) 

Card-grinding machine: 

Mach.: A machine having a rotary emery-wheel 
revolving in a central position relatively to flats 
.and card cylinders, which are arranged around it. 

card-leaf tree, s. 

Bot.: A West Indian name for Clusia. 

card-maker (1), *cardemaker, s. A maker of 
playing-cards. 

card-match, cardmatch, s. A match made by 
■dipping pieces of card into melted sulphur. 

“ Take care that those may make the most noise who 
have the least to sell; which is very observable in the 
venders of cardmatches.” — Addison. 


card-press, s. 

Printing: A small press adapted for printing 
cards. 


card-sharper, s. One who cheats at cards. 


card-sharping, a. & s. [Eng. card, and sharp, v. 
<(q. v.)] 

1 . As adj.: Cheating at cards. 

2. As subst.: The act or practice of cheating at 


-cards. 


card (2), carde, s. & a. [Ft. carde; Dut. kaard; 
Cler. kctrde; Dan. karde; Sw. car da; Sp. car da; 
Ital. car do; all from Low Lat. cardus; Lat. carduus 
=a thistle, a teasel.] 


A. As substantive: 

*1. Ord. Lang.: The head of the thistle or teasel 
vised for combing wool or flax. 


II. Technically: 

1. Cotton and Wool Manufacture, etc.: 

(1) An instrument for combing wool, flax, or 
cotton, to disentangle or tear apart the tussocks, 
and lay the fibers in parallel order that they may be 
spun. It is a wire-brush in which the teeth are 
inserted obliquely through a piece of leather, or of 
cotton, linen, or india-rubber, which is then nailed 
to a wooden back. 

“ Cards are instruments which serve to disentangle the 
fibers of wool, cotton, or other analogous bodies, to 
arrange them in an orderly lap or fleece, and thereby pre¬ 
pare them to be spun into uniform threads. . . . Cards 
are formed of a sheet or fillet of leather, pierced with a 
multitude of small holes; in which are implanted small 
staples of wire, with bent projecting ends called teeth.”— 
Ure: Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. 

“Carde, wommanys instrument. Cardus, discerpicu - 
lum.” — Prompt. Parv. 

(2) A sliver of fiber from a carding-machine. 

2. Menage: A currying tool formed of a piece of 
card-clothing mounted on a back with a handle, 
and used as a substitute for a currycomb. 

3. Weaving: One of the perforated pasteboards 
or sheet-metal plates in the Jacquard attachments 
to looms for weaving figured fabrics. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

card-clothing, s. The garniture of a carding- 
machine. 

card-maker (2), s. A maker of a carding instru¬ 
ment. 

“ Cardmaker. Cardifactor.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Am not I Christophero Sly, by occupation a card- 
maker.” — Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, Induct. 

card-setting, a. (See the subjoined compound.) 

Card-setting machine: A machine for setting the 
bent wire teeth {dents) in the bands or fillets of 
leather, or alternate layers of cotton, linen, and 
india-rubber, which form the backing of the wire 
brush of the carding-machine. 

card (1), v. i. [Cabd ( 1 ), s.] To play at cards, 
to gamble. 

card (2),*car-dyn, *kar-dyn, v. t. [Card (2), s.] 

I. Lit.: To comb, to disentangle, cleanse, and 
straighten wool or flax with a card. 

“ Cardyn wolle. Carpo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ The while their wives do sit 
Beside them, carding wool.’,’ 

May: Virgil. 


card -board, s. [Eng. card, and board. ] Paste¬ 
board paper stiffened by several layers being joined 
together. Bristol board is all white paper, and is 
made of two or more sheets according to the thick¬ 
ness required. Other qualities are made by inclos¬ 
ing common thick paper between sheets of white 
or colored papers of the required quality. 

cardboard-press, s. A press having a pair of 
rolls adapted to be closed together with great 
force, and used to smooth and polish sheets of card 
passed therethrough. 

card -ed, pa. par. & a. [Card (2), v.] 

*card -er (1), s. [Card (1), v.] One who is 
addicted to card-playing, a gambler. 

“ . . . coggers, carders, dicers, sellers of lands, and 
bank-routs, issewe out of that lake and filthy poddell.”— 
Woolton: Christian Manual, sign. I. vi., 1576. 

card-er (2), s. & a. [Card (2), v.] 

A. As subst.: One who, or an instrument which, 
cards wool. 

* ‘ The clothiers all have put off 
The spinsters, carders , fullers, weavers .’* 

ShakespHenry VIII., i. 2. 

B. As adj.: (See the subjoined compound.) 
carder-bee, s. A social bee, Bombus muscorum, 

found wild in various portions of the temperate 
zone. It is yellow in color. It cards or teases out 
the moss or other material to be used in making its 
nest comfortable. A file of carder-bees stand out in 
a line from their nest; the first takes a piece of 
moss, teases it with its fore legs, then pushing it 
under the body to the next bee. This second one 
picks it up and repeats the process. So does the 
next and the next, till the last of the file pushes the 
carded moss under its body into the nest, 
car -di-A, s. [Gr. kardia= the heart.] 

Anat.: The upper orifice of the stomach, where 
the oesophagus enters it. 

car -di-ac, *car'-dl-ack, *car -di-acke, *car- 
di-ake, car-dl-a-cal, a. & s. [Fr. cardiaque; 
Lat. cardiacus; Gr. kardiakos — pertaining to the 
heart; kardia= the heart.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ord. Lang.: Shaped like a heart. [Cardiac- 
wheel.] 

II. Technically: 

1. Anatomy: 

(1) Of or pertaining to the heart. 


II. Figuratively: 

*1. To clean or clear, to expurgate. 

“ If it be carded with covertise.”— P. Plowman (5628). 

“ This book must be carded and purged.”— Shelton: Don 
Quixote. 

*2. To mix, mingle. 


“These impulses act through the cardiac nerves.”— 
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. 7. 

( 2 ) Of or pertaining to the upper orifice of the 
stomach. 

2. Med.: Applied to medicines which act as stim¬ 
ulants by exciting the action of the heart through 
the stomach; cordial, stimulant. 


“ It is an excellent drink for a consumption to be drunk 
either alone, or carded with some other beer.”— Bacon: 
Natural and Experimental History. 


“ The stomachic, cardiac, and diuretic qualities of 
this fountain . . — Bishop Berkeley: Siris, § 64. 

B. As substantive: 


3. To scold sharply. {Scotch.) 

card'-St-mlne, s. [Gr. cardamine, a dimin. of 
kardamon = water-cress, from the taste of the 
leaves.] 

Bot.: An extensive genus of herbaceous crucifer¬ 
ous plants. Cardamine pratensis, the Cuckoo¬ 
flower or Lady’s-smock, is a common but pretty 
meadow-plant, with large pale lilac flowers. A 
double variety is sometimes found wild. C. hirsuta 
is a common weed everywhere, varying in size, 
according to soil, from six to eighteen inches in 
height. The leaves and flowers of this species form 
an agreeable salad. This species produces young 
plants from the leaves, all that is necessary being 
to place them on a moist grassy or mossy surface. 
Cardamine amara is also not unfrequent. 

card -3 mom, s. [Lat. cardamomum; from Gr. 
kardamomon.') 

1. Bot.: [Amomtjm.] 

2. Comm., <&c.: The aromatic tonic seeds of vari¬ 
ous zingiberaceous plants, as Elettaria carda¬ 
momum, and Amomum cardamomum, which, be¬ 
sides their medicinal use, form an ingredient in 
curries, sauces, &c. 

“The cardamoms of commerce are produced by the 
Alpinia cardamomum, a plant of the order Zingiberaceaa 
(Ginger-worts). In Eastern Bengal the fruit of the A. 
aromaticum is similarly employed.”— Lindl.: Vegt. Kingd. 
(1847), pp. 166-7. 

3. Pharm. (pi. cardamoms): Cardamomum is the 
seed of Elettaria cardamomum, a native of Mala¬ 
bar, an endogenous plant belonging to the order 
Zingiberacese. The dark-colored triangular seeds 
are contained in oblong triangular capsules of a 
light-yellow color. The seeds have a fragrant odor 
and an aromatic taste. They are used in the form 
of tincture as an aromatic stimulant and carmin¬ 
ative, often given with purgative medicines to pre¬ 
vent griping. 


1. Medical: 

(1) A medicine which stimulates by exciting the 
action of the heart through the stomach; a cordial, 
stimulant or tonic. 

(2) A cardiacle. 

“A cardiakylle or cardiake; cardia, cardiaca.” — Cathol. 
Anglicum. 

*2. Bot. {of the form Cardiacke): A plant, Allir 
aria officinalis. 

*cardiac-passion, s. A disorder of the stomach, 
now called syncope (q. v.). 

cardiac-wheel, s. 

Mech.: A heart-shaped wheel, acting as a cam. 
[Hbart-whebl.] 

*car'-di-acke, s. [Cardiac, B. 2 .] 

car -dI- 3 -cle, *car-dy-a-cle, *car'-dl- 3 ~kjflle, 
s. [Cardiac, a.] A disorder or disease of the heart. 

“ Cardyacle. Cardiaca .”— Prompt. Parv. 

“ I have almost y-caught a cardiacle; 

By corpus boones, but I have triacle.” 

Chaucer: The Prologe of the Pardoner, 13,728-9. 

car -dl-a-dse, s.pl. [From Lat. cardi{um), the 
typical genus, and fern. pi. adj. suff. -adce.] 

ZoOl.: A family of the acephalous Testaceae, with 
equivalve, convex, bivalve shells, having salient 
summits _ curved toward the hinge, which, when 
viewed sideways, give them the appearance of a 
heart. {Craig.) [Cardium.] 

fcar-di-ag-raph-^, s. [Gr. kardia= the heart, 
graphe— a writing, treatise; grapho— to write.] 

Anat.: An anatomical description of the heart. 

car-di-al-gI -3 {Lat.), car-dl-al-gjf {Eng.), s. 
[Gr. kardia = heart; algos = pain, from algeo=to 
suffer pain.] 

Med.: The medical term for what is popularly 
known as heartburn, a form of indigestion in which 


■todil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, s Mn . bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist ph = f. 
-■cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 




cardoon 


cardiaigic 


750 


there is excessive acidity and flatulence of the 
stomach, attended frequently with considerable 
pain and discomfort. [Heartburn.] 

“ Cardialgia chiefly occurs during the period of diges¬ 
tion . . .”— Copland■ Practical Medicine ( Indigestion). 

fcar-di-al'-glc, a. [Eng. cardialg{y); •ic .] Of 
or pertaining to cardialgia or heartburn, 
car-di-an'-drg,, s. [Gr. kardia —a heart.] 

Bot.: A genus of Hydrangeace®, consisting of a 
single species from Japan. It is a shrub; the 
anthers are heart-shaped, whence its name. 

car-di-el-c5'-sls, s. [Gr. kardia — the heart; 
ft,e<fcosis= suppuration, ulceration.] 

Med.: Suppuration of the heart. 
car-dl-eiir-y§ -ma, s. [Gr. kardia =the heart; 
e«rys=broad.] 

Med.: A morbid dilatation of the heart. 


car'-di-ngd, *car-den-alle, *car-den-ale, a.&s. 
[Fr. cardinal; Lat. cardinalis; from cardo= a hinge. 
A letter, professing to have been penned by Pope 
Anacletus I., in the first century, but in reality 
forged in the ninth, says: “ Apostolica sedes cardo 
et caput omnium Ecclesiarum a Domino est consti- 
tuta; et sicut cardine ostium regitur, sic hujus S. 
Sedis auctoritate omnes Ecclesi® reguntur”=“ The 
Apostolic chair has been constituted by the Lord 
the hinge and head of all the Churches; and as a 
door is controlled by its hinge, so all Churches are 
governed by this Holy Chair. ’ ’ Pope Leo IX. points 
out the relation in which the word cardinal stood 
to the idea of a hinge: “ Clerici summ® Sedis Car- 
dinales dicuntur, cardini utique illi quo cwtera 
moventur vicinum adh®rentes 1 ’=“The clerics of 
the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubt¬ 
edly adhering more nearly to that hinge by which 
all things are moved.” ( Trench: On the Study of 
Words , 2d ed., pp. 76, 77.)] 

A. As adj.: That on which a thing or matter 
revolves or depends; the most important, chief, 
principal. 

“ . . . holy men I thought ye, 

Upon my soul, two reverend cardinal virtues; 

But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 1. 

B. As substantive : 

1. Church Hist.: The highest dignitary in the 
Roman Catholic Church under the Pope. They are 
seventy in number, in allusion to 
the seventy disciples. sent out by 
Christ and have the right of elect¬ 
ing the Pope. They include six 
cardinal bishops, fifty cardinal 
priests, and fourteen cardinal 
deacons, who constitute the 
sacred college, and are chosen by 
the Pope. The dress of a cardi¬ 
nal is a red cassock, a rochet, a 
short purple mantle, and a red 
hat. Before the reign of Nico¬ 
laus II., in the eleventh century, 
the Roman pontiffs were elected 
by the whole clergy of the city of 
Rome, and by the prominent 
laity—nay, even by the body of 
the citizens. This pontiff trans¬ 
ferred the election primarily to 
the cardinals, the other parties 
signifying their assent, and, 
finally (Alexander III., in the Third Lateran Coun¬ 
cil (A. D. 1179), limited the election to the cardinals, 
two-thirds of whom must vote for the person elected. 
This is the method of election which still prevails. 

“ Cardenale. Cardinalis.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ Good father cardinal, cry thou, amen.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 1. 

*2. Ord. Lang.: A red cloak worn by women, and 
so called from a supposed resemblance in form or 
color to a cardinal’s cape. 

“ Where’s your cardinal ? Hake haste !”— Lloyd. 

“ Wearied of barred plaids, they betook themselves to 
Stirling ones, and now duffle cardinals begin to have the 
ascendant.”— P. Kirkmichael: Banffs. Statist. Acc., xii. 
468. 

*[[ A name given to mulled red wine. 

cardinal-beetle, s. 

Entom.: Pyrochroa coccinea. 

cardinal-bird, s. The same as Cardinal-gros¬ 
beak (q. v.). 

cardinal-flower, s. 

Bot.: (1) Lobelia cardinalis; (2) Cleome cardi¬ 
nalis. 

cardinal-grosbeak, s. 

Ornith.: A bird ( Cardinalis virginianus), a native 
of this country, also called the Cardinal-bird. It 
belongs to the Coccotliraustin® or Grosbeaks, a 
sub-family of the Fringillid®. It is distinguished 
by its bright scarlet plumage and crested head. 
The male has a loud, clear note. It is colloquially 
called the redbird. 



A Cardinal. 


cardinal-numbers, s. pi. The numbers one, 
two, three, &c., in distinction from the ordinal 
numbers first, second, third, &c. 

cardinal-points, s. pi. The four points of the 
compass—east, west, north, and south, 
cardinal’s-cap, cardinal-flower, s. 

Bot.: A plant, the Lobelia cardinalis , so called 
from its resemblance in color to a cardinal’s hat. 

“ The species are: 1. Greater ramjhons, with a crimson 
spiked flower, commonly called the scarlet cardinal’s 
flower. 2. The blue cardinal’s flower.” — Miller. 

cardinal-teeth, s. pi. 

Conchol.: Those teeth placed immediately behind 
the bases, and between the lateral teeth, where such 
exist; central teeth, those immediately below the 
umbo, as in the common cockle, Cardium edulis. 

cardinal-virtues, s. pi. The four virtues of 
prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude. 

*car -din-al-ate, v. t. [Cardinalate, s.] To 
raise to the rank of cardinal. 

“What though it were granted that Panovantan was 
cardinalated by an intruding pope?” — Bishop Hall: 
Honor of Married Clergy, § 20. 

car'-din-gl-ate, s. [Fr. cardinalat; Lat. cardin- 
alatus.] The office or dignity of a cardinal; car- 
dinalship. 

tcar-di n-al-I -tl-g.1, a. [Eng. cardinal; -itial.) 
Of the rank of or pertaining to a cardinal. 

“He raised him to the cardinalitial dignity.”— Wise¬ 
man: Lives of Four Last Popes. 

tear -din-gl-ize, v. t. [Eng. cardinal; -ize.] To 
raise to the office or dignity of cardinal. 

*car’-din-gl-ly, adv. [En %. carnal; -ly.) A cor¬ 
ruption of carnally. 

” Elb. Marry, sir, by my wife; who, if she had been a 
woman cardinally given, might have been accused in 
fornication, adultery, and all uncleanliness there.”— 
Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, ii. 1. 

car'-din-gl-ship, s. [Eng. cardinal; -ship.] The 
office or rank of a cardinal. {Bp. Hall.) 

*car'-dlfig (l),*car’-dyng, pr.par., a.&s. [Card 

(1) , v-] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of playing at cards; gam¬ 
bling. 

“ Carding and dicing have a sort of good fellows also 
going commonly in their company, as blind fortune, 
stumbling chance. &e.” — Ascham: Toxophilus. 

card -Ifig (2), car -dyflge, pr.par., a. & s. [Card 

( 2 ) , v.J 

A. at B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act or process of combing, cleaning, and 
preparing wool, &c., for spinning. 

2. A roll of wool as it comes from the carding- 
machine. 

carding-machiue, s. 

Woolen Manuf.: A machine for combing, cleans¬ 
ing, and preparing wool, hemp, flax, or cotton for 
spinning. In 1748, Lewis Paul patented two differ¬ 
ent machines for carding. They were not brought 
into extensive use; and twelve years afterward 
Hargreaves brought out a similar invention under 
the auspices of Mr. Robert Peel, of Bamber Bridge, 
grandfather of the famous Sir Robert Peel. Ark¬ 
wright subsequently introduced improvements. 
The invention of the carding-machine has been of 
immense importance to this country. 

car-din'-I-a, s. [From Lat. cardo (genit. car- 
dinis)=a hinge.] 

Palceont.: A genus of shells, family Cyprinid®. 
No recent species. Fossil ranging from the Silurian 
to the Inferior Oolite 71, not counting the sub-genus 
Anthracosia, of which there are forty species, ex¬ 
tending from the Upper Silurian to the Carbonifer¬ 
ous period, inclusive. Anthracosia is the “ mussel” 
of the “mussel-band,” which,in some places, con¬ 
stitutes a marked feature of the carboniferous 
strata. {Woodward & Tate.) 

car-dI-6-car -pon, s. [From Gr. kardia= heart, 
and karpos= fruit.] 

Palceont.: A heart-shaped fruit, probably gymno- 
spermous. found in the Carboniferous and Devo¬ 
nian rocks. 

*car-di-og-raph-y, s. [Cardiagraphy.] 

car -di-oid, s. [From Gr. kardia= the heart; and 
eidos=form, appearance.] 

Math.: An algebraic curve, so named by Castel- 
lani, from its resemblance in figure to a heart. 

car-dl-ol'-o-gy, s. [From Gr. kardia = the 
heart; and logos= a discourse, treatise.] 

Anat.: A treatise or discourse on the heart and 
its diseases. 


fc ar-dl-om '-et-ry , s. [From Gr. kardia = tn® 
heart; and metron=a measure.] 

Med.: Heart measurement, the process of ascer¬ 
taining the size or condition of the heart. 

car-di-&-sper'-mum, s. [From Gr. kardia— the' 
heart; and sperma=seed ; so named in allusion to 
the neart-shaped scars on the seed at the point of 
attachment.] . 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the order Sapindace® 
(Soapworts). It consists of a number of climbing 
shrubs, or herbs, mostly annuals, having tendrils 
like the vine. The leaves are twice ternate or very 
compound, and the leaflets vary considerably in 
form. There are upward of a dozen species known, 
the greater number of which are natives of South 
America. The Common Heart-seed {Cardiospermum 
halicacabum) , also called Winter-cherry. or Heart- 
pea, is a widely distributed plant, found in all trop¬ 
ical countries. In the Moluccas the leaves are- 
cooked and eaten as a vegetable, and on the Mala¬ 
bar coast are used with castor-oil, and taken inter¬ 
nally for lumbago, &c. The root is laxative, diu¬ 
retic, and demulcent. {Treas. of Bot.) 

car-di-ot’-o-my, s. [Gr. kardia— a heart; tome 
=a cutting; temno— to cut.] 

Surg.: Dissection of the heart. 

car-di-so'-ma, s. [Gr. kardia=a heart; soma= 
the body.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of decapod crustaceans, belonging 
to the family Brachyura. Cardisoma carnifex is a 
West Indian species of land-crab living in man¬ 
grove swamps, feeding on a species of annona (cus¬ 
tard-apple), but making holes also in graveyards, 
where they can conveniently be reached, to eat the 
bodies. Those which abstain from the latter diet 
are eaten by the West Indians. 

car'-dis'-sg, s. [Gr. kardia=a heart.] 

ZoOl.: A sub-genus of bivalve-shelled mollusca, 
allied to the Cardium; the shell is heart-shaped, 
and excessively compressed; the anterior side trun¬ 
cate and often concave; posterior side rounded 
{Craig.) 

car-dl'-tg,, s. [Gr. kardia— the heart.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of mollusca, belonging to th& 
family Cyprinid®; shell bivalve, cardiform, sub- 
transverse, ribbed ; cardinal teeth, 1 - 0 , or 2-1 ; lat¬ 
eral, 1-1. Recent species known, fifty-four, chiefly 
from tropical seas; fossil 170, from the Triaa 
onward. 

car-dr-tls, s. [Gr. Jcardia=the heart, and med. 
suff. -itis, expressing inflammation.] 

Med.: Inflammation of the pericardium and en¬ 
docardium, the serous membranes which invest tho 
heart and line its cavities. Carditis is usually the 
sequel of acute rheumatism, of which it is a 
dangerous complication, and it is then called 
rheumatic carditis. 

car'-dl-um, s. [Gr. kardia— the heart; from the 
shape.] 

ZoOl.: The Cockle. A genus of testaceous ani¬ 
mals, having the shell bivalve, ventricose, the um- 
bones prominent, the margins crenulated. Cardium 
edule is the Cockle (q. v.); C. aculeatum, the Great 
Prickly Cockle. There are 200 recent species known 
and 300 fossil, the latter from the Upper Silurian 
onward. 

car -dol, s. A pungent, oily liquid, extracted 
from the cashew-nut {Anacardium occidentale). It 
is used for blistering. 

car-d 6 on’, s. [Sp. cardon; Fr. cardon and char- 
don; from Lat. carduus— a thistle.] 

Bot.: A plant, Cynara cardunculus, of the sub¬ 
order Cynarocephal®, resembling the artichoke. 



Cardoon 

L Flowers. 2 . Leaf. 


The blanched leaves and leaf-stalks are eaten in. 
salads. 

“In consequence, there were immense beds of the 
thistle, as well as of the cardoon.” — Darwin: Voyage 
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii., p. 148. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, lather; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





cardow 


751 


careering 


car-dow, cur-dow, v. t. [Jamieson suggests 
rr. cutr— leather, and duire —to fashion, frame.] To 
botch, to mend, to patch, as a tailor. (Used in 
Tweeddale.) 


car -dow-er, s. [Scotch ccurdoiv : -er .] 
or mender of old clothes. 


A botcher 


card -this-tle, *carde'-this-tle (tie as ?1), s. 
LLat. cardu%is=a thistle, and Eng. thistle .] 

Bot.: A plant, Disptsacus sylvestris. ( Byte.) 

car-du-a'-ije-ge, s.pl. [Lat. cardw(tts) = athistle; 
fem.pl. adj. suff.-aceoe.] 

Bot.: The Thistles, a sub-order of asteroid or com¬ 
posite plants, of which the Carduus, or Thistle, is 
the type. 

*car-due, s. [Lat. carduus.'] A thistle, teazle. 

“ A cardue, ether a tasil . . . sente to the cedre of 
the Liban and seide, . . Wyoliffe: 2 Paralip., xxv. 

18. (Purvey. ) 

car dy-e -lls, s. [Lat. carduelis, from carduus 
=a thistle, from its being the food of the bird.] 

Ornith.: A genhs of birds, family Fringillidee, and 
sub-family Fringillin 8 B (True Finches). Carduelis 
elegans is the Goldfinch. It is one of the hand¬ 
somest of birds. [Goldfinch.] C. canaria is the 
Canary-bird [Canary], and C. spinus the Aberde¬ 
vine or Siskin (q. v.). 

car-dun-§er-lus, s. [A dimin. from Lat. car- 
duus.] 

Bot.: A genus of the thistle group of Composites 
Nine species are known, all natives of the Mediter¬ 
ranean district. Some are stemless herbs, others 
grow to a height of from one to two feet. 

car -dd-us, s. [Lat.] 

Bot.: The Thistle, a genus of composite plants, 
comprising numerous species. About 100 species 
are known. Carduus lanceolatus (Spear Thistle), 
is the emblem of Scotland and the badge of the 
clan Stewart. C. marianus is the Holy Thistle. 

carduus benedictus, s. [Lat. benedictus— 
blessed; benedico= to bless.] 

Bot.: A plant, the BlessedThistle (q. v.), so called 
from its supposed extreme efficacy in many dis¬ 
eases. The leaves were used in medicine as a 
stomachic and diaphoretic. 

care, *kare, s. & a. [A. S. cearu, caru; O. S. & 
Goth, kara; O. H. Ger. kara; chara— sorrow, 
lamentation ; M. H. Ger. karn— to lament.] 

A. As substantive: 


( 2 ) He thus discriminates between care, concern, 
and regard: “ Care and concern consist both of 
thought and feeling, but the latter has less of 
thought than feeling; regard consists of thought 
only. We care fora thing which is the object of 
our exertions; we concern ourselves about a thing 
when it engages our attention; we have regard for 
a thing on which we set some value and bestow 
some reflection. Care is altogether an active prin¬ 
ciple ; the careful man leaves no means untried in 
the pursuit of his object; care actuates him to per¬ 
sonal endeavors; it is opposed to negligence. Con¬ 
cern is not so active in its nature; the person who 
is concerned will be contented to see exertions made 
by others; it is opposed to indifference. Regard is 
only a sentiment of the mind; it may lead to action, 
but of itself extends no farther than reflection. The 
business of life is the subject of care; religion is 
the grand object of concern; the esteem of others is 
an object of regard." 

(3) In his view the following is the difference 
between care, charge and management: “ Care will 
include both charge and management; but, in the 
strict sense, it comprehends personal labor; charge 
involves responsibility; management includes regu¬ 
lation and order. . . . Care is employed in menial 
occupations, charge in matters of trust and confi¬ 
dence; management in matters of business and 
experience. The servant has care of the cattle; an 
instructor has the charge of youth ; a clerk has the 
management of a business.” ( Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

(4) For the distinction between care and heed, see 
Heed. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

1[ Compounds of obvious signification: Care- 
crazed, care-defying, care-encumbered, care-killing, 
care-untroubled, care-wounded. 

Care-bed lair: A disconsolate situation; as 
“ lying in the bed of care.” 

“ Her heart was like to loup out at her mou’, 

In care-bed lair for three lang hours she lay.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 56. 

*Care Sunday, s. According to Bellenden, the 
Sunday immediately preceding Good Friday; but 
generally used to signify the fifth in Lent. (Scotch.) 

“Thus entrit prince James in Scotland, & come on Care 
Sunday in Lentern to Edinburgh.”— Bellend.: Cron., xvii. 1. 

care-taker, s. One put in charge of a house or 
other property to take care of it. 

care-tuned, a. Influenced or set in motion by 
anxiety. 


*C. Transitive: 

1. To regard, to care for. (Scotch.) 

“ He will aither have it, or els fight with you—for ne> 
cares jpu not in his just quarrell.”— Pitscottie: Cron., p.301. 

2. To store with care, to preserve carefully. 

“ The way to make honor last is to do by it as men do by 
rich jewels, not incommon them to the everyday eye, but 
care them up, and wear them but on festivals.”— Feltham .- 
Resolves, i. 76. (Latham.) 

care (2), v. t. [Cair.] 

1. To drive. 

2. To rake. 

ciir-e en, *car-i ne, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. canned 
Fr. carUne; Lat. carina — a keel; O. Fr. cariner; 
Fr. cardner — to careen.] 

A. Trans.: To cause a ship to heel over, or lie on. 
one side, so as to show the keel, for the purpose of 
calking, cleaning, or repairing. 

“. . . he could not prevail on them to careen a single- 
ship.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

B- Intransitive: 

1. To perform the operation described in I. 

“ We careen’d at the Marias.”— Dampierr Voyages, v ol. 
ii., c. 13. 

* 2 . To be inclined to one side. 

“The fleet careen’d, the wind propitious fill’d 
The swelling sails.” 

Shenstone: Love and Honor. 
car-een-age (age as Ig), s. [Fr. carinage = 

( 1 ) the act of careening; ( 2 ) a dock or place fop 
careening.] 

1. A place for careening vessels. 

2. The expense of careening vessels. 

car-e ened, *car-i ned, pa. par. & a. [Car¬ 

een, t\] 

“ She’s come to moorage—- 
To lie aside until carin’d.” 

Otia Sacra (Poems), p. 162 : 1648, 

cgr-een’-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Careen, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See tho 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

Naut.: The act or process of causing a ship to ia- 
cline over to one side; the operation of exposing a 
part of a ship’s bottom by a purchase applied to 
the masts to tilt them laterally from the perpendic¬ 
ular. It was careening that upset the “ Royal 
George ” in 1782 at Spithead. 


*1. Sorrow, grief. 

“ Profit of berthe is sorwe and care in lyuynge.”— 
Trevisa, ii. 215. 

“ Hir rewed of hir self ful sare 
And hauid for hir sin slik kare.” 

Metrical Homilies, p. 15. 

2. Solicitude, anxiety, concern. 

“ I can be calm and free from care 
On any shore, since God is there.” 

Cowper: The Soul that Loves God. 

3. Caution, heed (especially in the phrases, to 
have a care, to take care). 

“ My lady prays you to have a care of him.”— Shakesp.: 
Twelfth Night, iii. 4. 

“ King Olaf, have a care!’’ — Carlyle: Heroes and Hero- 
worship, lect. 1 . 

4. Regard, charge, solicitude for, oversight. ‘ 

“ If we believe that there is a God, that takes care of us, 
. . .”— Tillotson. 

"... we, and our affairs, 

Are part of a Jehovah’s cares.” 

Cowper: A Poetical Epistle to Lady Austen. 

5. The object of one’s regard or solicitude. 

“ Flushed were his cheeks, and glowing were his eyes; 

Is she thy care i is she thy care t he cries.” 

Dryden: Virgil; Eel. x. 33. 

“ Our fathers live (our first most tender care), 

Thy good Menoetius breathes the vital air.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xvi. 19. 

6 . It is vaguely used in the sense of inclination or 

desire. . 

IT (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between care, 
solicitude, and anxiety: “These terms express 
mental pain in different degrees; care less than 
solicitude, and less than anxiety. Care consists of 
thought and feeling ; solicitude and anxiety of feel¬ 
ing only. Care respects the past, present, and 
future; solicitude and anxiety regard the present 
and future. Care is directed toward the present and 
absent, near or at a distance ; solicitude and anxiety 
are employed about that which is absent and at a 
certain distance. We are careful about the means; 
solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicit¬ 
ous to obtain a good; we are anxious to avoid an 
evil. The cares of a parent exceed every other in 
their weight. Helias an unceasing solicitude for 
the welfare of his children, and experiences many 
an anxious thought lest all his care should be lost 
upon them,” 


“More health and happiness betide my liege. 

Than can my care-tuned tongue deliver him.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., iii. 2. 

care-worn, careworn, a. Worn out with care; 
anxious. 

“At the helm sat a youth, with countenance thoughtful 
and careworn.” Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 2. 

care (1), *kare, v. i. & t. [Care, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1 . To be troubled, or grieved ; to be in trouble or 
grief. 

“ For hire love y carke aut care.” 

Lyric Poetry , p. 54. 

2. To be anxious or solicitous about anything. 

“Equal in strength; and rather than be less. 

Cared not to be at all.” Milton: P. L., ii. 48. 

“Thinking thus of mankind, Charles naturally cared 
very little what they thought of him.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

3. With for: 

(1) To have a liking, affection, or desire for any¬ 
thing. 

“The remarks are introduced by a compliment to the 
works of an author, who, I am sure, would not care for 
being praised at the expense of another’s reputation. ’— 
Addison. 

“He answers, ‘Well, I care not for it.’ ” 

Tennyson: Aylmer’s Field, 238. 

( 2 ) To take care for, be anxious about. 

"... Kares nought for your kyng.” 

Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 563. 

“. . . not care for us; neither if half of us die, will 

they care for us.”—2 Sam. xviii. 3. 

(3) To be influenced by respect or fear of any per¬ 
son or thing. 

“ . . . Master, we know that thou art true, and carest 
for no man . . .”— Mark xii. 14. 

4. To be inclined or disposed toward anything, to 
be-solicitous or desirous of anything. 

“ Not caring to observe the wind, 

Or the new sea explore.”— Waller. 

“ She cried, ‘I care not to be wife.’ ” 

Tennyson: Elaine, 933. 

*B. Reflexive: To trouble, worry one’s self. 
“Therofne are the nought.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,298. 


ca-re er, s. [Ital. carrier a = a race-course ; Fr. 
carribre = “ an highway, rode or streete; also, a 
careere on horseback.” (Cotgrave.) From O. Fr. 
cariere= a road for carrying; carter = to carry, 
transport in a car; Low Lat. carrus—a car.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*1. A race-course; the course on which a race i» 
run. 

“ They had run themselves too far out of breath to go- 
back again the same career.” — Sidney. 

2. A race, a course, swift motion. 

“ To give the rein, and, in the full career, 

To draw the certain sword, or send the pointed spear.-” 

Prior. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. A rapid course. 

“ What rein can hold licentious wickedness. 

When down the hill he holds his fierce career t” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iii. ‘R. 

2. A course or line of life; conduct. 

'* But know that Wrath divine, when most severe. 
Makes Justice still the guide of his career.” 

Cowper: Expostulation, 715. 

“. . . the new careers which open to the classes- 
which once gave us soldiers and sailors, . . .”— London 
Times, November 11, 1876. 

B. Falconry : A flight or tour of the bird, about 
120 yards ; if it mount higher, it is called a double 
career; if less, a demi-career. 

ca-re er, v. i. [Career, s.] To move or run very 
rapidly. 

“Sounds, too, had come in midnight blast, 

Of charging steeds, careering fast 
Along Benharrow’s shingly side.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, iii. 7. 

ca-re er-ing, ca-re er-In’, pr.par., a., adv. &s, 
[Career, v.] 

A. &B. As pr.par. <& particip. adj.: (See the verb.) 

“ [Their] wings were set with eyes; with eyes the wheels 
Of beryl, and careering fires between.” 

Milton: P. L., vi. 756. 

C. As adv.: Cheerfully. (Scotch.) 

“Syne, wi’ a social glass o’ strunt, 

They parted aff careerin’.” 

Burns: Halloween, 28 


bdil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph=f, 
-cian, -tiafl = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del . 




careful 


752 


cargo 


D. As subst.: The act of moving or running very 
vapidly. 

care-ful, *car'-ful, *care'-fulle, a. [Eng. care; 
■fum.-] . . 

*1. Of things: Causing or accompanied by care, 
trouble, or anxiety. 

“ Thei craked the cournales with carefull dyntes.” 

Alisaunder: Nag., 295. 

“ By him that raised me to this careful height.” 

Shalcesp.: Rich. III., i. 3. 

2. Of persons: 

*(1) Full of care, trouble, or’ concern; anxious, 
■solicitous. 

“He cryed hym after with careful steuen.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 770. 
God kepe the prisoners out of sorwe, for carful thay 
were that day.” Sir Ferumbras, 1,115. 

t(2) With of , for, or to: Anxious, studious, con¬ 
cerned. 

“Behold, thou hast been careful for us with all this 
care; what is to be done for thee?”—2 Kings iv. 13. 

“. . . we are not careful to answer thee in this mat¬ 
ter.”— Dan. iii. 16. 

(3) Watchful, circumspect (with of). 

“It concerns us to be careful of our conversations.”— 
Ray. 

(4) Provident, careful, exact, attentive, heedful. 

“ A careful student he had been 
Among the woods and hills.” 

Wordsworth: Oak and the Broom. 

(1) Crabb thus discriminates between careful, 
•cautious, and provident: “ We are careful to avoid 
-mistakes, cautious to avoid danger, provident to 
avoid straits and difficulties. Care is exercised in 
saving and retaining what we have; caution must 
be used in guarding against the evils that may be ; 
providence must be employed in supplying the good 
or guarding against the contingent evils of the 
future. Care consists in the use of means, in the 
•exercise of the faculties for the attainment of an 
end; a careful person omits nothing. Caution con¬ 
sists rather in abstaining from action; a. cautious 
person will not act where he ought not. Providence 
respects the use of things; it is both care and cau¬ 
tion in the management of property; a provident 
person acts for the future by abstaining for the 
present.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

(2) Careful and attentive are thus distinguished: 
“ These epithets denote a fixedness of mind: we are 
attentive in order to understand and improve; we 
are careful to avoid mistakes. An attentive scholar 
profits by what is told him in learning his task ; a 
careful scholar performs his exercises correctly. 
Attentive respects matters of judgment; care relates 
to mechanical action: we listen attentively; we read 
©r write carefully.” 

care'-ful-ly, *care ful-liche, *car-ful-li, adv. 
[Eng. careful; -ly.] 

*1. In a manner exhibiting care or anxiety. 

“For tbe inhabitant of Maroth waited carefully for 
good . . .”— Mic. i. 12. 

“ Carfulli to the king criande sche saide.” 

Will, of Paler ne, 4,347. 

2. Attentively, heedfully, cautiously, with exact¬ 
ness and care. 

“ Sons, let it be your charge, as it is ours, 

To tend the emperor’s person carefully.'’ 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, ii. 2. 

“ Some hundreds of athletic youths, carefully selected, 
were set apart, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

care’-ful-ness, *care’-ful-nesse, *car-ful- 
nesse, s. \Eog. careful; -ness.] 

*1. Anxiety, solicitude, concern, vigilance. 

“ Carefulnesse. Sollicitude.” — Palsgrave. 

“ The death of Selymus was, with all carefulness, con¬ 
cealed by Ferhates.”— Knolles. 

2. Exactness, attention. 

*car-eine, s. [Carrion.] 

care-less, *care'-lesse, *care'-les, a. [Eng. 

care; and -Jess.] 

1. Of persons: Free from care or solicitude; un¬ 
concerned, heedless, thoughtless. 

• If you return—ah why these long delays? 

Boor Sappho dies, while careless Phaon stays.” 

Pope: Sappho to Phaon, 248-9. 

“ Dry den . . . sighed for the go] den days of the care¬ 
less and good-natured Charles.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. viii. 

'I' With of or about before the object neglected or 
disregarded. 

“ He is held 
In silly dotage on created things, 

Careless of their Creator.” 

Cowper: Task, v. 687. 

" A woman, the more curious she is about her face, is 
commonly the more careless about her house.”— BenJon- 
■eon. 


2. Of things: 

(1) Cheerful, undisturbed. 

“ In my cheerful morn of life, 

When nurs’d by careless solitude I liv’d.” 

Thomson. 

“ To me myself, for some three careless moons, 

The summer pilot of an empty heart.” 

Tennyson: The Gardiner’s Daughter. 

(2) Done or uttered thoughtlessly, or without 
care. 

“ The freedom of saying as many careless things as 
other people, without being so severely remarked upon.”— 
Pope. 

*(3) Not according to art; rude. 

“ He framed the careless rhyme.”— Beattie. 

*(4) Not cared for; neglected. 

“ Their many wounds and carelesse harmes.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. iv. 38. 

H For the difference between careless and indo¬ 
lent, see Indolent. For that between careless and 
negligent, see Negligent. 

careless-ordered, a. Laid out so as to look 
carelessly or negligently arranged. 

“ All round a careless-ordered garden.” 

Tennyson: To Maurice, 15. 

care-less-ly, adv. [Eng. careless; -ly.] In a 
careless manner, without care. ( Waller.) 

care-less-ness, *care’-les-nes, s. [Eng. care¬ 
less; -ness.] The quality of being careless, or 
without care; heedlessness, want of care, negli¬ 
gence. 

“ I who at sometimes spend, at others spare. 

Divided between carelessness and care.” 

Pope: Satires, vi. 291. 

“ And o’er the spot the crowd may tread 

In carelessness or mirth.” 

Byron: And Thou art Dead, as Young as Fair. 

care-lined', a. Marked by lines caused or deep¬ 
ened by care. 

“The hollow, carelined cheek.”— J. Baillie. 

*car-en-<)#, s. [Lat. carentia, neut. pi. of carens, 
pr. par. of careo —to be without, to want.] A want, 
lack. 

“This sense of dereliction and carency of Divine 
favor for the time, it was the Father’s pleasure to have 
it so.”— Bp. Richardson: On the Old Testament, 1655, p. 
185. 

*car-en'e, s. [Low Lat. carena.] [Quarantine.] 
A fast of forty days on bread and water. 

*car'-en-tane, s. [Quarantine.] A papal 
indulgence, multiplying the remission of penance 
by forties. 

“In the church of St. Vitus and Modestus, there are, 
for every day in the year, seven thousand years, and 
seven thousand carentanes of pardon.”— Bp. Taylor: Dis¬ 
suasive against Popery. 

C^-ress', v. t. [Caress, s. In Fr. caresser; Ital. 
carezzareA 

1. Lit. : To fondle, embrace, treat with kindness 
and affection. 

2. Fig.: To court, flatter. 

“ They whom the world caresses most 
Have no such privilege to boast.” 

Cowper: Olney Hymns, xxxviii.; Looking Upward in a 
Storm. 

“All political parties esteemed and caressed him.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii. 

Crabb thus distinguishes between caress and 
fondle: “ Both these terms mark a species of en¬ 
dearment. . . . We caress by words or actions; 
•we fondle by actions only.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

ca-ress’, s. [Fr. caresse =a cheering, cherishing; 
caresser—to cherish, hug, make much of ( Cotgrave); 
Ital. carezza; Low Lat. can tia=dearness, value; 
cams = dear, valuable. Cf. Ir. cara — a friend; 
car aim .—to love.] 

1. Lit. : An embrace, a fondling, an act of affec¬ 
tion and endearment. 

“ He, she knew, would intermix 
Grateful digressions, and solve high dispute 
With conjugal caresses.” 

Milton: Par. Lost, viii. 56. 

“ The common people crowded to gaze on him wherever 
he moved, and almost stifled him with rough caresses.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. Fig ■: Flattery, courting. 

“. . . he exerted himself to win by indulgence and 

caresses the hearts of all who were under his command.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

ca-ressed, pa. par. & a. [Caress, u.] 

ca-ress'-lng, pr.par., a. & s. [Caress, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.; (See the 
verb.) 

“ . . . his caressing manners, his power of insinua¬ 
tion, . . . ”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. xx 


C. As subst.: The act of fondling or embracing; 
a caress. 

cg,-ress'-Ing-lf , adv. [Eng. caressing; -ly.] 1“ 
a caressing or fond manner; fondly, lovingly. 

“ It was evidently a case of love at first sight, for 
she swam about the new-comer caressingly, . . . 
Darwin: Descent of Man (1871), pt. ii., ch. xiv., vol. ii., 
p. 115. 

car-et, s. [Lat. caret; 3d person sing. pres, 
indie, of careo= to be wanting, or lacking.] A .mark 
[a] used to show that some words omitted in the 
line, and inserted in the margin or above the line, 
should be read in that place. 

car-ex, s. [Lat. carex, probably from careo= to 
want, to bo without, from the fact that the upper 
spikes are without seeds.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, of the natural order 
Cyperacese (Sedges). There are numerous species 
found in cold, damp climates, the genus Cyperus 
taking the place of Carex in the tropics. Carices 
are innutritious to cattle. Carex arenaria binds 
together the sand of the sea-shore. Its rootstock, 
with those of C. disticha and C. hirta, is used under 
the name of German sarsaparilla in skin diseases 
and in secondary syphilis, being reputed to be dia¬ 
phoretic and diuretic. The Laplanders protect 
their hands and feet against frost-bites by placing 
the leaves of C. sylvatica in their gloves and shoes. 
The leaves of some species are used for tying the 
hops to the poles in English hop-grounds, and in 
Italy they are placed between the staves of wine 
casks, are woven over Florence flasks, and some¬ 
times used for making chair bottoms. 

car'-ey-a, s. [Named after Rev. Dr. W. Carey, 
of Serampore, an Indian botanist and mission¬ 
ary.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Barringtoniacese or Barringtoniads. The species 
are trees from India and Australia. They have large- 
stalked, serrate, and obovate leaves, large red or 
greenish-yellow flowers, in spikes or corymbs. 
Carey a arbor ea has an eatable fruit, of which, how¬ 
ever, the seeds are suspicious. Its bark is made 
into rough cordage or into slow-matches for fire¬ 
locks. Its wood, which may be polished like mahog¬ 
any, is made into boxes, &c. The bark of C. spheer - 
ica, a Malay species, is also used for cordage. 

*carf, *carfe, v. i. [Carve, v.] 

“ Carf him of fet and honde.”— Robert of Gloucester , 
p. 560. 

carfe, *carffe, s. [Carve, s.] 

*1. A cut, a wound. 

“ When the carffes ware clene.” 

Morte Arthure, 2,712. 

2. A cut in timber, for admitting another piece of 
wood, or any other substance. {Scotch.) 
car-flu, s. [Carbin.] 

*car-fowgh, *car-foukes, s. [O. Fr. carrefor , 
carrefourgs, quarrefour, from Lat. quadrifurcus= 
having four forks or spurs.] [Carfax.] 

1. A place where four roads meet. 

“ No place thei had, neither carfoukes non.” 

Romance of Partenay, 1829. 

2. A place where any number of roads meet. 

“ Than thei enbusshed hem agein a carfowgh of vi. 
weyes.”— Merlin, I. ii. 273. 

car-fud-dle, car-fuf-fle, v. t. [Apparently con¬ 
nected with/uddZe=muddle. Probably ca/r= Scotch 
gar = make, cause.] To disorder, tumble, discom¬ 
pose. {Scotch.) 

car-fud-dle, car-fuf-fle, s. [Carfuddle, Cur- 
fuffle, v.] A tremor, alarm, agitation. {Scotch.) 
“‘Weel, Robin,’ said his helpmate calmly, ‘ye needna 
ut yoursel into ony carfuffle about the matter; ye shall 
ae it a’ your ain gate.’ ”— Petticoat Tales, i. 333. 

*car’-ful, *car-fulle, a. [Careful.] 
car-fum-ish, cur-fum-ish, v. i. & t. [Etym. 
doubtful. The latter part of the word is evidently 
from Er.fumeux (fern./wmewse) =smoky.] {Scotch.) 

1. lntrans.: To diffuse a disagreeable smell. 

2. Trans.: To overcome or overpower with a dis¬ 
agreeable smell. 

*car -ga-son, s. [Sp. cargagon.] A cargo. 

“ My body is a cargason of ill humors.”— Howell: Lett. 

*carge, s. [Charge.] 

“ He had leuer haiff had him at his large, 

Fre till our croun, than off fyne.gold to carge.” 

Wyntoun, viii. 396. , 
car-gll -ll-a, s. [Named after Dr. Cargil, of 
Aberdeen.] 

Bot.: A genus of the ebony family (Ebenaceae), 
natives of tropical Eastern Australia. Two species 
are known; trees with alternate leathery oblong 
obtuse entire leaves. The fruits are abundant, and 
are eaten by the natives. 

car -go, s. & a. [Sp. cargo, carga=& burden, 
freight; Fr. charge; from Low Lat. carrico=U> 
load, from Lat. carrus— a car.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;* ey - a. ’ qu = kw 





cargo-jack 


753 


cariosity 


A. As subst.: A freight; the merchandise or goods in such a manner as to transform the most agreeable 
loaded into and conveyed in a ship. 

“ Thus going to market, we kindly prepare 
A pretty black cargo ot African ware.” 

Cowper. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

cargo-jack, s. 


AW.; An implement like a lifting-jack, but °f Ena Poet iii. Diss p _ 
sometimes used upon its side for stowing heavy , i m 

cargo. carl-cg-tu re, v. t. [Caricature, s.] To repre- 

carffO-DOrt s sent in caricature. 

■.. . , , _ ,, . “He could draw an ill face, or caricature a good one, 

JSaut . * An. opening in the side of vessels having with, a masterly hand .”—Lord Lyttelton. 
two or more decks, through which the lading is 


beauty into the most odious monster.”— Spectator, No. 637. 

"... a hideous caricature of the most graceful and 
majestic of princes, was dragged about Westminster in a 
chariot.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

*2. A parody of a book. 

“ A new exhibition in English of the French caricature Eatitse and Saururm, being of an abnormal or 
of this most valuable biographer . . .”— War ton ■ Hist . aberrant character. If Cannatee be considered a 

sub-class, then its divisions Natatores, Grallatores, 
Easores, Scansores, Insessores, and Raptores, will 


car-l-na’-tse, s. pi. [Lat. f. pi. of carinatus— 
keeled, from carina— a keel.] 

Ornith.: An order of birds classified by Professor 
Huxley. They have the sternum raised into a 
median ridge or keel. To it belong all ordinary 
birds, those ranked under his other two orders, 


received and delivered. It is closed by a shutter, 
and made watertight before proceeding to sea. 

car'-goose, gar-goose, s. [Etym. doubtful. 
Mahn suggests from Gael. & Ir. cir, cior (pron. kir, 
kior=a. crest, comb.] 

Ornith.: A fowl belonging to the Colymbus or 


car-I-ca-tii'red, pa. par. or a. [Caricature, v.] 

car-I-ca-tiir'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Caricature, 
v.] 

A. & B. 

verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or art of representing in nenceupon the~back like 

the keel of a ship 


rank as orders ; if it be called an order, then these 
will be sub-orders. 

car’-In-ate, car’-In-a-ted, a. [Lat. carinatus, 

from carina= a keel.] 


As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 


_ 1. Hot.: Bent or crooked 
like the keel of a ship, as 
the folium and nectarium 
carinatum—a keeled leaf 
and nectary, i. e., having 
longitudinal promi- 


diver family, the Podiceps cristatus or Crested caricature. 

Grebe. It is about the size of a goose. car-I-ca-tiir-1st, s. [Eng. caricature; -is#.] One 

car'-I-a-cou, s. [Native name of a deer in South who caricatures others. 

America.] A name commonly applied to deer of “That circumstance would afford sufficient ground to a 
TUe genus t amicus. professed caricaturist for denying him that fertility 

CJJ.-ri'-fL-CUS, S. A genus of deer smaller than which unquestionably lie possessed, . . .’’—Malone: 
the stag. The common white-tailed or Virginia Life of Dryden, p.492. 

deer of North America is typical of the genus. *car-i-cog-raph-y, s. [Lat. carex (genit. cari- 

?Ar-I-a-m?,, sar-I-a -ma, _*• [Port., from the cis), and Gr. graphe= a writing, treatise, graphb= to 



write.] A discourse or treatise on the plants belong¬ 
ing to the Carex or Sedge genus, 


fig in shape 

caricous tumor, s. 

Med.: A swelling resembling a fig in its shape. 

car-ie, a. [Perhaps the same as Eng. chary .] 
Soft. ( Scotch .) 

*car-ie, *car-i-en, v. [Carry.] 

car’-I-e§, s. [Lat. caries .] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Rottenness, decay, mortification, 
especially that which is peculiar to a bone or the 
teeth. 

“ Fistulas of a long continuance are, for the most part, 
accompanied with ulcerations of the gland, and caries in 
the bone.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 


carillon (pron. car-el-yon), s. 

.ills; 


Brazilian Seriema or Ceriema."] 

Ornith.: A bird, a native of Brazil and Para¬ 
guay, the Palamedea cristata of Gmelin, Dicholop- 
trus cristatus of llliger, and Cariama cristata of 
some other ornithologists. It is of most retired 
habits. It is doubtful to what family it belongs, 
resembling, as it does in various points, the Gralla¬ 
tores, the Struthionidee, and the Gallinaceee. The 
head is crested. 

Car -lb, s. [Sp. carib= a cruel, barbarous man. 

Probably derived from carina, callina, and calli- 
nago, the native name of the race described below.] 

Ethnol.: An American-Indian race formerly in¬ 
habiting a part of the West Indies, but now nearly 
extinct. 

Car-I-bse-an, Car-Ib-be-an, s. [From Sp. 
carib, and Eng., &c., suff. -cean.] Pertaining to 
the Caribs or the region which they inhabited. 

IT Caribcean bark: The bark of a plant, Exostem- 
mafloribundum, one of the Cinchonacese. ( Treas. 
of Bot.) It is also known as Piton bark. 

car -I-boo, car -l-bou, s. [Canadian Fr. cari¬ 
bou .] 

Zodl.: An animal, the Cervus silvestris, or Ameri¬ 
can Woodland Reindeer, the Attehk of the Cree, and 
Tantseeah of the Copper Indians. It is employed 
(jy the Laplanders to draw their sledges. 

“ The caribou deer of America, who have to contend still 
more with deep snow than the reindeer of the old con¬ 
tinent, have their horns broader and better adapted to 
the purpose; besides, both varieties, in addition to these 
natural shovels, have broad feet, not only to sustain them 
better on the snow, but also to clear it away.”— Swainson: 

Natural History of Quadrupeds, g 292. 

car'-I-ca, s. [From Caria, a district of Asia 
Minor, whence it was supposed to have come.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order of Papayads (Papayacese). It contains about 
ten species, all natives of tropical America. They 

are small trees without branches, and with large, _ i _ ___ 

variously-lobed leaves, resembling those of some parts, as that of a glume of 
kinds of palm. They exude an acrid, milky juice Phalaris, &c. 
when wounded. The most remarkable species is the 2. The median ridge on 
Carica Papaya, the Papaw-tree, a small tree, sel- the mericarp of an umbel- 
•dom above twenty feet high, with a stem about a Hferous fruit. {Thome.) 
foot in diameter, tapering gradually to the top, + car-7-nal [Car. 

where it is about four or five inches. The fruit is ■ W r 1 a ’ • - Lt ar 
of a dingy orange-yellow color, oblong, about ten 
inches long by three or four broad. The juice of 
this tree is believed in the West Indies to have the 
remarkable property of rendering the toughestmeat 
tender, and even the flesh of pigs or poultry fed on 
the fruit or leaves is certain to be tender. The ripe 


2. Conchol.: Having a 
longitudinal prominence Carinate, 

resembling a keel. 

car-In'-I-form, a. [Lat. carina= a keel, and 
/orwirt=shape.] Carinated; applied to the keei-iike 
fins of certain fishes. 

car-i-na'-to, a., in compos. [From Lat- cari- 
wafus=keeled.j 

carinato-plicate, a. 

Bot.: So folded that each fold resembles a keel. 


car'-lc-ous, a. [Lat. caric{a) = a fig, and Eng. Example, the peristome of some urn-mosses (Bry- 
suff. -ous.] Of or pertaining to a fig; resembling a ace ®)* 


car In-e -a, s. [Lat. carin{a)= a keel, and neut. 
pi. adj. suff. -eo.] 

Zodl.: A genus of the Cyprseidee or Cowry family, 
in which the shell is oblong; the extremities are 
not produced; the aperture is nearly straight, 
almost central, contracted above, and very effuse 
below; and the lips are equal, the outer being 
slightly toothed. (Craig.) 

car -Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Care, v.~\ 

A. & B. As pr.par. dt particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of taking care, or thought; 
care carefulness. 

_ “It the god of indolence is a mightier deity with you 

2. Bot.: Decay of the walls of the cells and ves- *ban the !° r , one y!®)L“ e ; ’ *^ d 1 won,t dua 

sols. 


[Fr. carillon, 
Lat. quadrilio, 


carrillon=& chime of four bei 
from quatuor=iour.~\ 

1. Bell-ringing: A species of chime, played by 
hand or clockwork on a number of bells, forming a 
complete series or scale of tones or semi-tones, like 
those of the organ or harpsicord. 

“ And every night the dance and feast and song, 

Shared with young boon companions, marked the 
time 

As with a carillon’s exulting chime.” 

Hon. Mrs. Norton: The Lady of Qaraye. 

2. Bot.: Campanula Medium. 
car-I'-na, s. [Lat. carina= a keel.] 

Botany. 


you . . .”—Horace Walpole: Letters, i. 39. 

car-I-nld’-e-a, s. [Lat. carina=a keel; Gr. eidos 
=form, appearance.] 

Zodl.: A genus of univalve Mollusca, belonging to 
the Trochidse or Top-shells. It is placed by Swain¬ 
son next to the Trochus, and is so named from the 
basal whorl being carinated round its circumfer¬ 
ence. (Craig.) 

Cgr-In'-thl-an, a. [From Carinthi(a), and Eng., 
&c., suff. -an.] Pertaining to Carinthia, a duchy of 
the Austrian empire, noted for its mines. 

Carinthian method of smelting silver: 

Metal.: A reduction by the roasting of galena 
with a little silver in it. It was first practiced in 
Carinthia. (Bossiter.) 

car-In’-thln, car-In-thine, s. [From the place 


1. The two partially-united lower petals of papil- where it is found.] [Carinthian.] 


ionaceous flowers; the three anterior in a milk-wort 
or similar flower. Also the 
thin, sharp back of certain 


Pertaining to 
resembling a 


in(a); -al.~\ 
the carina; 
keel. 

“In flowers, such as those of 
the Pea, one of the parts, the 
vexillum, is often large and 



Min.: By some described as a variety of augite. 
or of hornblende, of a dark-green or black color, 
occurring at Saualpe in Carinthia. Specific grav¬ 
ity, 3'08-3T0. A sub-variety of Amphibole (Dana), 
a variety of Hornblende (Brit. Mus. Cat.). Horn¬ 
blende is placed by Dana under his great genus 
Amphibole. 

fear’-l-ole, s. [Fr. cariole; Sp. carriola; Ital. 
carriuola, dimin. of carro; Lat. carrws=a car.] 
[Carry-all.] 


Of papilionaceous 
flower. 

Of Milkwort. 

Of Phalaris. 


---- i ' j folded over the others, giving 

fruit is made into sauce or preserved in ^uga ,a rise to vexillary sestivation, or 
the juice of the unripe fruit is used to remove ^e carina may perform a 
freckles. The leaves are employed as a substitute similar part, and then the 
for soap. C. digitata, a tree which grows in Brazil, aestivation is carinal.” — Bal- 
where it is called chamburu, is regarded almost four: Botany, p. 180. 
with superstitious awe as a deadly poison. car-In-iir -l a, s. [Lat. carin(a) 

car'-I-cg,-tiire, *car-I-cg,-tiir'-g,, s. [Ital. cari- neut. pi. adj. suff. -aria.] 
catura=a satirical picture, one overloaded with Zodl.: A genus of heteropodous Mollusca, having 
exaggeration; from caricare= to load; Low Lat. the heart, liver, and organs of generation covered 
■carrico—to load ; carrus=a. car.] by a slender, symmetrical, and conical shell, the 

1 A drawing or picture of a person in which cer- point of which is bent backward, and frequently 
tain noints are so exaggerated as to give a ludi- relieved by a crest, under the anterior edge of which 
crous effect to the whole. float the feathers of the branchiae. (CraififO It 

“From all these hands we have such draughts of man- belongs to the order ^ 

kind as are represented in those burlesque pictures which family Firolldse. The spec 109 are found far oi 
the Italians call caricaturas: where the art consists in upon the ocean, where they feed upon floating 
preserving, amidst distorted proportions and aggravated medusse and other Acalephie. filgnt are known 
ieatures, some distinguishing likeness of the person, but recent, and one fossil, from the miocene of Turin. 


1. Asmalland 
light open car¬ 
riage, some¬ 
what resem¬ 
bling a calash, 
but having only 
one seat, and 
drawn by one 
horse. 

“A person 
touching the 
keel, and earth only by 



Cariole. 


, the points of contact of the 
wheels of his cariole , may not be sensible to a very con¬ 
siderable vibration, &c.” —S. Laing: Residence in Norway, 
ch. iii. 

2. A covered cart. 

3. A kind of calash. (Knight.) 
car-I-Sp’-sis, s. [Caryopsis.] 

♦car-i-os’-l-tjf, s. [Lat. cariositas, from caries.] 
1 these hands we have such draughts of man- < gDecies^are found "far out [Caries.] The quality or state of being carious or 

represented in those burlesque pictures which ramuy r lroiiase. ine species die luunu wi v u " ofPp P i Pf l with caries 

_ 5-i, _.._ +k„ „,.! n/imn's. i n iinon the ocean, where thev feed upon floating anectea wun canes. 

“ This is too general, taking in all cariosity and ulcers 
of the bones.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 


b<5il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian -tian = sham, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 

48 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 











carious 


carmelite 


cSr'-I-OuS, a. [Lat. cariosus = rotten, trom 
caries.] [Caries.] Affected with caries; rotten. 

“ I discovered the blood to arise by a carious tooth.”— 
Wiseman. 

*car'-I-0us-ness, s. [Eng. carious { -ness.] The 
quality or state of being carious; cariosity, 
car '-Is, s. [Gr. karis= a shrimp, a prawn.] 
Entom. : A genus of round-bodied spiders, belong¬ 
ing to the order Tracheari® and the tribe Acarides. 

C&r-Is'-s^, s. [In Mahratta, korinda. Probably 
from Sanscrit, there being various similar names of 
plants in that tongue.] 

Bot. : A genus of plants, order Apocynace®. Car- 
issa Carandas furnishes a substitute for red currant 
jelly. It is used in India for fences, for which its 
thorny character renders it well adapted. 
*car’-l-ty, s. [Lat. caritas,] 

1. Dearness. 

2. [Charity.] 

•cark (1), *carke, *karke, s. [A. S. cearc, care; 
Icel. kargr.] Care, trouble, anxiety. 

“ Now I see that all the cark 
Shall fallen, on myn heed.”— Oamelyn, 754. 

“He downe did lay 

His heavio head, devoide of careful carlce.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 44. 

Cark (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A load or weight, 
originally of wool, and=40 tod. 

•cark, *carke, *cark-en, v. t. & i. [A. S. (be)car- 
can, (be)cearcian.] 

A. Trans. : To trouble, grieve. 

“Als men wav carked al wit car.”— Metrical Homilies, 
p. xviii. 

“ Thee nor carketh care nor slander.” 

Tennyson: A Dirge, 2. 

B. Intrans. : To be troubled in mind, to be grieved 
or anxious. 

“ She began to carke and care.” 

Squyr of Lowe Degre, 924. 

* What can be vainer, than to lavish out our lives in the 
search of trifles, and to lie carking for the unprofitable 
goods of this world?”— VEstrange. 
cark’- 3 ,-net, s. [Carcanet.] 

•car-kas, *car-keys, s. [Carcass.] 

*cark-et, s. [Carcat.] 

•cark’-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cark, d.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“I do find what a blessing is chanced to my life, from 
such muddy abundance of carking agonies, to states which 
still be adherent.”— Sidney. 

C. As subst.: The act of grieving or causing 
anxiety; the state of being grieved or anxious. 

“ Nothing can supersede our own carkings and contriv¬ 
ances for ourselves, but the assurance that God cares for 
us.” —Decay of Piety. 

car'-kin-ing, s. [Carcat.] A collar. (Scotch.) 
(Eoulate.) 

*carl, *carle, *karl, s. & a. [A. S. ceorl ; Dut. 
karel=ei clown; Dan. & Sw. karl; Icel. karl= a 
man; O. H. Ger. charal ; Ger. kerl.] [Churl.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A man. 

“ The mellere was a stout carl for the nones.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 647. 

If Carl and Cavel: An honest man and a rogue. 
(Proverbial.) (Scotch.) 

2. A rough country fellow; a churl, a boor, a 
gruff old man. 

“Peace, carles, I commaunde.”— Townley: Myst., p. 172. 

3. A kind of hemp. [Carl-hemp.] 

“ The fimble to spin and thb karl for hir seede.” 

Tusser: May’s Husbandry. 

B. As adj. : (See the compounds.) 
carl-cat, s. A male cat. 
carl-crab, *carle-crab, s. 

Zodl. : The male of the Black-clawed crab, Cancer 
pagurus. (Linn.) 

“ Cancer ■marinus vulgaris, the common sea-crab; our 
fishers call it a Partan ; the male they call the Carle crab, 
and the female the Baulster crab.”— Sibb.: Fife, p. 132. 

carl-doddie, s. [Scotch doddie is = bald.] A 
flower stalk of Rib-grass (Plantago lanceolata ). 

carl-hemp, *carle-hemp, *charle hempe, s. 

[Churl-hemp.] 

1. Lit.: The maZe hemp, but the name is curiously 
always given to the female plant of Cannabis sativa. 

“ The male is called Charle Hempe and Winter Hempe ; 
the Female Barren Hempe and Sommer Hempe.”— Ger- 
arde: Herball, p. 572. 

2. Fig.: Used for strength or firmness of mind. 

“Come, Firm Resolve, take thou the van ; 

Thou stalk o’ carl-hemp in man!” 

Burns: To Dr. Blacklock. 


754 


carl’s-cress, carl’s cress, s. The same as 
Churl's cress (q. v.). 

♦carl, *carle, v. i. [Carl, s.] To act as a churl; 
to be gruff or rough. 

“ They [old persons] carle many times as they sit, and 
talke to themselves ; they are angry, waspish, displeased 
with everything.”— Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 59. 

car-le-man'-nl-^,, s. [Named after Dr. C. Leman, 
whose herbarium is now in the possession of the 
University of Cambridge, England.] 

Bot.: A genus of cinchonaceous plants, consist¬ 
ing of a single species, a native of Khasia and the 
Himalayas. It has leaves with saw-toothed mar¬ 
gins and minute stipules; the flower is four-parted, 
with only two stamens. (Treas. of Bot., c tc.) 

car-let, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A three-angled, 
single-cut file or float used by comb-makers. 
(Knight.) 

car'-lie, s. [Dim. of carl (q. v.).] (Scotch.) 

1. A little man. (Cleland.) 

2. A boy who has the appearance or manners of 
an old man. (Gall.) 

car’-lin, car’-line (1), car'-llng (1), s. & a. 
[Feminine of carZe.] 

A. As subst.: A woman of gruff, disagreeable 
manners. (Scotch.) 

“ But what can ail them to bury the auld carlin in the 
nighttime?”— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxvi. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

carlin-heather, s. Fine-leaved heath, Erica 
cinerea (Linn.). It is also called Bell-heather. 

carlin-spurs, s. pi. Needle furze or petty whin, 
Genista anglica (Linn.). 

Carlin-Sunday, s. The second Sunday after 
Easter. (Scotch.) 

carlin-teuch, a. [Scotch carlin, and teuch= 
tough.] As hardy as an old woman. 

car-ll'-ng,, s. [Carline.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants, sub-order 
Tubulifer®, tribe Cynare®, and sub-tribe Carline®. 
Carlina vulgaris is the Carline-thistle (q. v.). C. 
acaulis was formerly used in incantations. Its 
bark abounds in resinous matter, and a strong- 
scented bitter caustic oil, which acts as a drastic 
purgative. C. gummifera, called by the Greeks 
ixia or ixine, has from time immemorial been used 
as an anthelmintic, while its great fleshy roots and 
its flowerheads yield a gum which hardens into 
tears like mastic. The root, when fresh, is said to 
be injurious to man and to the inferior animals, but 
the fleshy receptacles of the flower, preserved with 
honey and sugar, are eaten. (Lindley, c fee.) 

car-line (2), car -6-line, s. [Fr. carlin; Ital. 
carlino; from Carlo (Charles) vI. of Naples.] A 
silver coin until 
recently com¬ 
monly current 
in some parts of 
Italy, It is worth 
about three¬ 
pence half¬ 
penny. 

car-line (3), 
s. & a. [ Carolin- 
us, adj. of Caro¬ 
lus— Charles.] A 
word constitut¬ 
ing the first 
element in the 
subjoined com¬ 
pound. 

car line-this¬ 
tle, s. A kind of 
thistle, Car¬ 
lina vulgaris. 

Named, accord- 1. Plant. 2. Flower from the disk, 
ing to the legend, 

after Charles the Great (Charlemagne), to whom it 
was pointed out by an angel as the cure for a pesti¬ 
lence which had broken out in his army. 

car -line (4), car’-llng (2), s. [Fr. carlingue, 
escarlingue; Sp., Port., & Ital. carlina .] 

Shipbuilding (in the plural): Pieces of timber 
about five inches square, lying fore and aft, along 
from one beam to another. On and athwart these 
the ledges rest., whereon the planks of the deck and 
other portions of carpentry are made fast. The 
carlines have their ends let into the beams, called 
“ culver-tailwise,” or scored in pigeon fashion. 
There are other carlines of a subordinate character. 
(Smyth.) 

carline-knees, carling-knees, s.pl. 

Shipbuilding: Timbers going athwart the ship 
from the sides to the hatchway, serving to sustain 
the deck on both sides. 


car'-llng (3), s. [Etym. doubtful.] The name of 
a Ash (Fife); supposed to be the Pogge, Cottus cata- 
phractus (Linn.). 

“ Cataphractus Shonfeldii, Anglis septentrionalibus, a 
Pogge: I take it to be the fish the fishers call & car ling .”— 
Sibb.: Fife, p. 126. 

car -llng§, s. pi. [Probably from care, and suff. 
-ling.] [Care.] Peas birsled or broiled; according 
to Sibbald, peas broiled on Care-Sunday. 

“ With sybows, and ryfarts, and cartings, 

That are both sodden and ra.” 

Jtitson: Scotch Songs, i. 21. 

•carl’-Ish (.Enq.),*car'-lage, *carl-ich (Scotch), 
a. [O. Eng. carl =churl, and suff. -ish.] Churlish,, 
rough,rude. 

“ But scho can nevir the corchat cleif, 

For harshnes of hir carlich throt.” 

Dunbar: Bannatyne Poems, p. 64- 
“ He woulde not seeme 
Like one of carlish abiecte minde, 

So vyle a thing t’ esteme.” 

Drant.: Horace, bk. i., Sat. 2. 

•carl'-ish-ness, s. [O. Eng. carlish; -ness.]' 
Churlishness. (Huloet.) 

car-lock (1), s. [Fr. carlock; from Russ, kar- 
luck; Pol. karuk.] A sort of isinglass imported 
from Russia. It is prepared from the bladder of the 
sturgeon, and is used for clarifying wine. 

♦car-lock (2), s. [Charlock.] 

*carl'-6t, s. [O. Eng. carl, and dim. suff. -ot= 

-ct .] A cflurl, a rough fellow, a boor. 

“ And he hath bought the cottage and the bounds, 

That the old carlot once was master of.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 5. 

Carl-6-vin’-gl-an, a. [Fr. carlovingien.] Per¬ 
taining to or descended from Charlemagne. 

Carl§’-bad, s. [The name of a town in Bohemia, 
celebrated for its mineral waters.] 

Carlsbad-twins, s. pi. 

Geol.: Large felspar crystals which are por- 
phyritically embodied in a regularly constituted 
rock, as in the granite of Carlsbad in Bohemia, and 
the granite of some other parts of the world. 

car-lR-dov- 1 -cg,, s. [Named after Charles IV. 
of Spain and his queen Louisa.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants placed by Lindley in the 
order Pandanace® (Screw-pines). The species are 
found in the tropical parts of South America. The 
“Panama hats” are made from Carludovicapal- 
mata. 

car-magn-ole (magn-ole as mg,n-y61e), s. 

[From Carmagnola, in Piedmont.] A dance accom¬ 
panied by singing. Many of the wildest excesses 
of the French revolution of 1792 were associated 
with this dance. It was afterward applied to the 
bombastic reports of the French successes in battle. 
The name was also given to a sort of jacket worn 
as a symbol of patriotism. 

car’-man, s. [Eng. car, and man.] A man em¬ 
ployed to drive a cart, or to carry goods in a cart. 

“ Alas! the people curse, the carman swears, 

The drivers quarrel, and the master stares.” 

Pope: Satire, 1740. 

•carme, s. Carmelite.] A carmelite friar. 

“ To the freris gray and Carmes fifty.”— Occleve. 
car'-mel, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A substance used 
by confectioners to cover sweetmeats. 

car’-mele, car-myl-ie, car-a-meil, s. [Gael. 

cairmeal.] Heath peas, a root, Orobus tuberosus 
(Linn.) (Jamieson); Lathyrus macrorrhizus (Brit¬ 
ten <& Holland). 

“We have one root X cannot but take notice of, which 
we call carmele: it is a root that grows in heaths and birch 
woods to the bigness or a large nut, and sometimes four 
or five roots joined by fibers; it bears a green stalk, and a 
small red flower.”— Shaw: App. Pennant’s Tour in Scotland, 
p. 310. 

car-mel-in, a. [Carmelite.] The same as 
Carmelite. 

car -mel-Ite, s. [In Fr. carmSlite= a nun ; carme 
= a monk, named from Mount Carmel in the Holy 
Land, where they were established in the twelfth 
century; suffix -ite.] 

1. Eccles. Hist.: An order of mendicant friais. 
who wear a scapulary, or small woolen habit of 
a brown color, thrown over the shoulders. They 
claim to be in direct succession from Elijah, but 
their real founder was Berthold, a Calabrian, who, 
with a few companions, migrated to Mount Carmel 
about the middle of the twelfth century, and built 
a humble cottage with a chapel, where he and his 
associates led a laborious and solitary life. In 1209, 
Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem, gave the solitaries 
a rigid rule, containing sixteen articles, and enjoin¬ 
ing the most severe discipline. After their estab 
lishment in Europe, their rule was in some respects 
altered, the first time by Pope Innocent IV., and 
afterward by Eugenius IV. and Pius II. The order 



Carline Thistle. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot.,„ 
or, -wore, wqlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 



carmenite 


755 


carnation 


is divided into two branches, viz., the Carmelites of 
the ancient observance, called the moderate or 
mitigated; and those of the strict observance, who 
are known as the barefooted Carmelites. 

2. Hortic.: A sort of pear. 

/-i c , a ;. r ?• [From Carmen island, in the 

trulr of California, where it is found; suffix -ite 
{Min.) (q. v.).] 

. Min.: An impure variety of Chalcocite, contain¬ 
ing much Covellite (q. v.). {Dana.) The same as 
Digenite. 

car-ml-chael'-I-a, s. [Named after Capt. Car¬ 
michael, who published an account of the plants of 
the island of Tristan d’Acunha.] 

Bot.: A genus of New Zealand shrubs belonging 
)to the pea-flowering group of leguminous plants. 
Flowers small, very numerous, pink or lilac, dis¬ 
posed in short racemes. 

. *car-mil-i-ta'-nis, s. pi. [An old form of Car 
i melites .] The same as Carmelites (q. v.). 

*car -min-ate, v. t. [Low Lat. carmino = to 
charm, dispel by charms ; carmen (genit. carminis) 
= a song, a charm.] To drive away or expel wind 
from the stomach. 

“To carminate ventosities.” — Holland. 
car'-min-a-ted, pa. par. or a. [Eng. carmine, 
and suffix -ated.] Pertaining to or made of car¬ 
mine. 

car -min-a-tive, a. & s. [Lat. carminatus; pa. 
par. of carmino=to charm away; carmen =a song, a 
charm.] 

Pharmacy: 

A. As adj.: Having the power or calculated to 
cure colic and flatulency. 

“ Carminative and diuretic 
Will damp all passion sympathetic.”— Swift. 

B. As subst. (pi.): Substances which act as a 
stimulant to the stomach, causing expulsion of flat¬ 
ulence, also allaying pain and spasm of the intes¬ 
tines. They generally contain a volatile oil; most of 
the ordinary condiments, as pepper, mustard, gin¬ 
ger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, oil of peppermint, 
&c., are carminative. They are used in cases of 
distension, and colic of the stomach or intestines 
from flatulence, also as adjuncts to purgatives to 
prevent griping, and to promote digestion in cases 
of atonic dyspepsia. 

“ Carminatives are such things as dilute and relax at 
the same time, because wind occasions a spasm, or con¬ 
vulsion, in some parts.”— Arbuthnot: On Aliments. 

car -mine, s. &a. [Fr. carmin; Ital. carminio; 
from Low Lat. carmesinus—imrplc. ] [Crimson.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Commerce, <&c.: A powder or pigment of a 
beautiful red or crimson color, bordering on purple. 
It is used principally in miniature painting, and is 
very expensive. 

2. Chem.: Carmine is prepared by making an 
aqueous decoction of an insect called Coccus cacti, 
and precipitating the coloring matter by lead ace¬ 
tate, and decomposing the precipitate by H 2 S. This 
is repeated, and it is purified from absolute alcohol. 
Cochineal is impure carmine containing phos¬ 
phates, &c. 

“ Carmine is, according to Pelletier and Caventou, a 
triple compound of the coloring substance and an animal 
matter contained in cochineal, combined with an acid to 
effect the precipitation. . . . There is sold in the 

shops different kinds of carmine, distinguished by num¬ 
bers, and possessed of a corresponding value.”— Ure: Dic¬ 
tionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. 

3. Bot.: The purest red without any admixture. 

B. As adj.: Of the color described in A. 

“. . . a most beautiful carmine- red fibrous matter 
. .”— Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), 
ch. i., p. 14. 
carmine-spar, s. 

Min.: The same as Caeminite (q. v.). 
car-min'-ic, a. [En g. carmin(e);-ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to or prepared from carmine. 

carminic-acid, s. 

Chem.: CuHuOs. It constitutes the coloring 
matter in carmine. 

car'-min-Ite, s. [Eng. carmin{e), and suff. -ite 

^Min. /*An orthorhombic mineral, of a color car¬ 
mine to tile-red, translucent and brittle. It occurs 
at Horhausen in Prussia, with beudantite and 
quartz, in a mine of limonite. Specific gravity, 
4-105; hardness, 2‘5. Composition: Arsenic acid, 
49-11; sesquioxide of iron, 30'29 ; oxide of lead, 24-55. 
car'-mi-ri, s. [From a native word.] 

Zobl.: The name given by Buffon to the Squirrel 
Monkey, the Callithrix scuireus of Cuvier, and Titi 
of Humboldt. It is a native of the banks of the Ori¬ 
noco. 

*car-myl-ie, s. [Carmele.] 
earn, s. [Cairn.] 


cam-tangle, s. The large long fucus, with roots 
not unlike those of a tree, cast ashore on the beach 
after a storm at sea. 

*car-na-eione, s. [A short form of incarnation 
(q. v.).] The incarnation. 

“ These beleuid not in vergyn Mary, 

Ne treuly in Cristis carnacione.” 

Old Eng. Miscell. (ed. Morris), p. 216. 

car-n^t-dlne, s. [A corruption of carnation 
(q. v.).] The Carnation, Dianthus Caryophyllus. 
{Britten & Holland.) 

car -nage (age as lg), s. & a. [Fr. & O. Sp. car¬ 
nage; O. Ital. carnaggio, from Lat. caro (genit. 
carnis) — flesh.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Slaughter, massacre. 

“ During four hours the carnage and uproar continued.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

*2. Dead bodies, corpses. 

“ Soon a multitude of dogs came to feast on the car¬ 
nage." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

TT Crabb thus distinguishes between carnage, 
slaughter, massacre, and butchery: “ Carnage re¬ 
spects the number of dead bodies made; it may be 
said either of men or animals, but more commonly 
of the former; slaughter respects the act of taking 
away life, and the circumstances of the agent; 
massacre and butchery respect the circumstances of 
the objects who are the sufferers of the action; the 
latter three are said of human beings only. Car¬ 
nage is the consequence of any impetuous attack 
from a powerful enemy; soldiers who get into a be¬ 
sieged town, or a wolf who breaks into a sheepfold, 
commonly make a dreadful carnage; slaughter is 
the consequence of warfare ... A massacre is 
the consequence of secret and personal resentment 
between bodies of people . . . Butchery is the 
general accompaniment of a massacre; defenseless 
women and children are commonly butchered by the 
savage furies who are most active in this work of 
blood.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to slaughter or massacre. 

“ But ceased not yet, the hall within, 

The shriek, the shout, the carnage-din, . . 

Scott: Bokeby, v. 36. 

car -119,1, *car-nall, *car-nell, a. [O.Fr. camel; 
Fr. charnel; Sp. carnal; Ital. carnale, from Lat. 
carnalis= pertaining to the flesh; caro (genit. car- 
nis) =flesh.] 

1. Of persons: 

*1. In respect of relationship: Pertaining to the 
flesh or the natural body; connected by birth. 

“Thei were noble knyghtes . . . and many of hem 
carnell frendes.”— Merlin, I. ii. 117. 

*2. In respect of natural disposition or qualities: 

(1) Human, affected with human nature and 
infirmities. 

“For ye are yet carnal: for whereas there is among you 
envying, and strife, and divisions, are ye not carnal, and 
walk as men?”—1 Cor. iii. 3. 

( 2 ) Sensual, lustful, lecherous. 

“This carnal cur 

Preys on the issue of his mother’s body.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., iv. 4. 

II. Of things: 

fl. Pertaining to the human body, natural, human, 
as opposed to spiritual. 

“Thou dost justly require us to submit our understand¬ 
ings to thine, and deny our carnal reason, in order to thy 
sacred mysteries and commands.”— King Charles. 

“ From that pretense 
Spiritual laws by carnal pow’r shall force 
On every conscience.” Milton: P. L., xii. 621. 

2. Fleshly. 

“That myghte have childe withowte carnall knowynge 
of man.”— Merlin, I. ii. 17. 

3. Sensual, lustful. 

“ Not sunk in carnal pleasure; for which cause, 
Among the beasts no mate for thee was found.” 

Milton: P. L., viii. 693. 

carnal-minded, a. Worldly-minded, having 
one’s mind engrossed by things of this world. 

“Abusing the credulous and carnal-minded, thereby to 
be masters of their persons and wealth.”— More: Antid. 
against Idolatry, ch. 10. 

carnal-mindedness, s. The quality or state of 
being carnal-minded. 

“ They made their own virtue their god, which was the 
most cursed piece of carnal-mindedness and idolatry.”— 
Ellis: Knowledge of Divine Things, p. 282. 

tcar'-nal-i§m, s. [Eng. carnal; -ism.] Indulg¬ 
ence of sensual pleasures; carnality. 

car -nal-Ist, s. [Eng. carnal; -ist.] One given 
up to self-indulgence in sensual pleasures. 

“They are in a reprobate sense mere carnalists, fleshly- 
minded men.”— Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 686. 


♦car -ng,l-Ite, s. [Eng. carnal; -ite.] A carnal- 
ist; a worldly-minded person. (Apparently used 
here in a punning sense 1 .) 

“ We feare not what the pope or any other carnalite can 
do against us.”— Anderson: Expos, upon Benedictus (1573), 
fol. 7. b. 

car-naT-l-ty, s. [Lat. carnalitas, from caro 
(genit. carnis) =flesh.] 

*1. The state of having a human body. 
f2. The quality or state of being carnal or sensual. 
“ He did not institute this way of worship, but because 
of the carnality of their hearts, . . .”— Tillotson. 

|3. Fleshly or sensual pleasures, sensuality. 

“An inciter of lust, and the wakener of carnality 
Feltham; Resolves, ii. 36. 

car'-ng,l-Ize, v. t. [Eng . carnal;-ize.] To make 
carnal; to debase by indulgence in carnal desires 
and pleasures, to sensualize. 

“A sensual and carnalized spirit, that understands no 
other pleasures but only those of the flesh.”— Scott: 
Christian Life, i., § 2. 

car-ng.l-Ized, pa.par. or a. [Carnalize.] 

car'-ng,l-llte, s. [In Ger. Carnallit. Named 
after Yon Carnall, of the Prussian mines.] 

Min.: A milk-white mineral from Strassfurt and 
Persia. It is strongly phosphorescent, massive and 
granular. Composition: Chloride of magnesium, 
34 ’20; chloride of potassium, 26'88; water, 33'92 1 .. 

car’-ngl-ljf, adv. [En g. carnal; -ly .] 

*1. According to the flesh, naturally (as opposed! 
to spiritually). 

“ In the sacrament we do not receive Christ carnally,, 
but we receive Him spiritually • . .”— Taylor: Worthy 1 

Communicant. 

*2. In a sensual or worldly manner. 

“ Where they found men in diet, attire, furniture of 
house, or any other way observers of civility and decent • 
order, such they reproved, as being carnally and earthly- 
minded.”— Hooker. 

3. By way of sexual intercourse. 

“ Thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbor’s wife,. 
to defile thyself with her.”— Levit. xviii. 20. 

*4. Humanly, like a man. 

“ So the sense requires; it being spoken carnally, or like > 
a man, to charge God with injustice.”— Translation oj t 
Knatchbull’s Annotations, p. 157. 

*car’-ng.l-ness, s. [Eng, carnal; -ness.'] Car¬ 
nality. {Johnson.) 

*car'-ng,r-dlne, s. [Carnadine.] 

1. O. Bot.; The Carnation. 

2. A carnation color, red. 

“ Grograms, satins, velvet fine, 

The rosy colored carnardine.” 

Any Thing for a Quiet Life. 

car-nar'-i-^., s. [Lat. caro (genit. carnis) =flesh, 
and neut. pi. adj. suff. -aria.] The Latinized form 
of carnassiers (q. v.). 

fcar-nas -sl-al, a. &s. [Lat. caro (genit. carnis) 
=flesh.] 

1. As adj.: Adapted for eating flesh. 

2. As subst.: {Comp. Anat.) A tooth adapted for 
eating flesh. 

car-nas-sl-er§, s. pi. [Fr. carnassier= carniv¬ 
orous, voracious.] 

Z 06 I.: The name given by Cuvier to a large 
assemblage of mammalia subsisting on animal 
food. They are divided into Cheiroptera, Insectiv- 
ora, and Carnivora. The Marsupials were at first 
included by Cuvier, but afterward rejected. 

car’-nat, s. [From Lat. caro (genit. carnis) = 
flesh. So named from its color.] 

Min.: A ferruginous variety of Kaolinite (q. v.>. 
car-na '-tion, s. & a. [Fr. carnation—flash-color ; 
from Lat. carnafio^fleshiness; from caro (genit, 
carnis) =flesh.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Painting: 

(1) Those parts of a picture which represent flesh, 
or are left naked without drapery. 

(2) A flesh-color; the natural color of the flesh; a 
light rosy pink. 

“ ’ A could never abide carnation; ’twas a color he never 
liked.”— Shakesp..- Henry V., ii. 3. 

“Her eyes were of the deepest blue; her complexion of 
the most delicate carnation . . . ”— Sir E. L. Bulwer: 
Pelham. 

2. Bot.: The general name for garden varieties of 
the pink, Dianthus Caryophyllus. 

“ Each flower of tender stalk, whose head, though gay 

Carnation, purple, azure, or specked with gold.” 

Milton: P. L., ix. 429. 

IT Spanish carnation: Poinciana pulcherrima. 

B. As adj.: Of the color described in A 1 (2). 

“How much carnation ribbon may a man buy?”— 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor's Lost, iii. 1. 


b6il, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph.= f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. - b@l,. del. 




756 


carnation-grass 


carol 


carnation-grass, s. 

Bot.: Two plants—(1) Carex glauca, (2) Air a 
ccespitosa. 

carnation-tree, s. 

Hort.: Kleinia neriifolia, a composite plant allied 
to Senecio. 

car-na’-tioned, a. [Eng. carnation; -ed.] Of 
a flesh color; flesh-colored. 

“ Carnation’d like a sleeping infant’s cheek.” 

Byron: Manfred, ii. 2. 

car'-nat-Ite, s. [Named from the Carnatic, 
where it occurs.] 

Min.: A felspar, described by Beudant, occurring 
at the localities of corundum and indianite in the 
Carnatic India ; pronounced by Breithauptand Yon 
Kobell to be labradorite. {Dana.) 

car-na-fl'-ba, s. [The Brazilian name of the 
plant.] A palm-tree, Corypha cerifera, the leaves 
of which yield a Wax used for making candles. 

car -nel (1), car-nell, s. [A dimin. of cam— 
cairn.] A little heap. 

“ In this regioun [Gareoch] is ane carnell of stanis, 
Hand togiddir in maner of ane crouu . . .’’—Bellend: 

Descr. Alb., c. 10. 

car-n?l (2), s. [Kernel.] 

*car-n?l (3), *ker-nel, *ker-nell, *kir-nell, 
s Ttyr-nelle, s. [O. Fr. camel , cr&naux— battle¬ 
ments; Low Lat. quarnellus.] A battlement, ram¬ 
part ; also the embrasure in a battlement. 

“ The camels so stondeth opriht.”— Castel of Love, 695. 

“ And at the kernels be hymen stode.” 

Sir Ferumbras , 3,234. 

carnel-work, s. 

Shipbuilding: The putting together the frame¬ 
work of the vessel—the timbers, beams, and planks, 
ns distinguished from clinch-work. 

♦car-nel, s. [Carnal.] 

‘ .♦oar-neled, *ker-neled, a. [O. Fr. quemeU; 
Fr. crenel6 = protected with battlements; from 
cren«MX=battlements.] 

“ Alle the walles ben of wit . . . and kerneled with 
Christendom.”— P. Plowman, 3,680. 

car-ne-li-an, car-ne-ll- 6 n, s. [Medisev. Lat. 
carneolus; from carneus^ fleshy; caro (genit. car- 
nis) =flesh; Ger. carneol, from its flesh-like color. 
In Fr. cornaline; Port, comelina; Sp. comerina; 
Ital. corniola; from Lat. cOrnu= a horn, from the 
horn-like appearance of the white variety, from 
which it is also called in Gr. onyx—& nail.] [Onyx.] 
Min.: A reddish variety of chalcedony, generally 
of a clear, bright tint; it is sometimes of a yellow 
or brown color and sometimes white. It is largely 
used for engraving seals on. It is found prin¬ 
cipally at Cambay, in Gujerat, India. Composi¬ 
tion : Silica, 97'869 ; peroxide of iron, 0’050; alumina 
0’081; magnesia, 0‘028; potash, 0’0043; soda, G - 075. 

“ The common carnelion has its name from its flesh 
color, which is, in some of these stones, paler, when it 
is called the female carnelion, in others deeper, called 
the male.”— Woodward. 

tcar -ne-ous, a. [Lat. carneus—of or pertaining 
to flesh ; caro (genit. carnis) =flesh.] Consisting of 
or like flesh ; fleshy. 

‘‘In a calf, the umbilical vessels terminate in certain 
bodies, divided into a multitude of carneous papillse.”— 
Bay. 

*carn'-ey, s. [Lat. carneus, from caro (genit. 
carnis) =flesh.] 

Farriery: A disease in horses, in which the mouth 
is so furred that they cannot eat. 

car-nlf-I-ca -tion, s. [Fr. carnification; Lat. 
carnificatio, from carnifico=to make or form into 
flesh; caro (genit. carats]=flesh;/acio=to make.] 
*1. Ord. Lang.: A turning into or forming flesh. 

2 Med. {Carnification of the lung): The term used 
in medical science to describe u solid or fleshy con¬ 
dition of the lung, due to the absence of air. The 
lung of a still-born child is said to be in a state of 
carnification (in this instance called foetal ), be¬ 
cause it has not yet breathed. The test of whether 
or not the child has ever drawn breath is to throw 
the lung into water. If it floats, the child was born 
alive. In criminal investigations important issues 
very often hinge upon this point. In fatal cases of 
whooping-cough the lungs have frequently been 
found collapsed or carnified, owing to death having 
immediately supervened upon a violent expiratory 
paroxysm. 

car -nl-fled, pa. par. or a. [Carnefy.] 

car’-nl-fy, v. t. & i. [Lat. carnifico— to become 
flesh; from caro (genit. carnis) =flesh, and facio 
(pass. fio)= to make.] 

I. Trans.: To form into flesh. 


IT The word rests chiefly if not entirely on the 
authority of Sir Matthew Hale. 

♦car -nll-ate, v. t. [Carnel (3), s.] To embat¬ 
tle. {Harrison: England, p. 206.) 

car -nl-vg,l, *car-na-val, s. [Fr. carnaval'; Ital. 
carneuafe—farewell to flesh or meat; from Lat. 
caro (genit. carnis) =flesh; «aZe=fareWell, imper. 
sing, or valeo= to be strong,’ to be well.] 

1. Lit.: The festival celebrated in Roman Catho¬ 
lic countries, and especially at Rome and Naples, 
with great mirth and freedom during the week 
before the beginning of Lent. 

“ This feast is named the Carnival, which being 
Interpreted, implies ‘farewell to flesh:’ 

So called, because the name and thing agreeing 
Through Lent they live on fish both salt and fresh.” 

Byron: Beppo, vi.i 

2. Fig.: Any time of excess and unrestrained 
license. 

“The whole year is but one mad carnival, . . .’’ — 
Decay of Piety. 

This festival, under the name of the Mardi gras, is 
celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Orleans 

and Mobile. 

car-nIv'-or- 3 ,, s. [Lat. carnivora, neut. pi. of 
earn iuo?-it.s=flesh-devouring; caro (genit. carnis) = 
flesh ; voro= to devour.] 

Zotil.: A principal division of the Carnassiers or 
flesh-eating Mammalia. [Carnivorous.] The name 
is given to those animals, including the feline, 
canine, and ursine families, which have their teeth 
peculiarly fitted for the mastication of animal mat¬ 
ter. The incisors, except in some seals, are generally 
i§, the canines generally ]-]. They are, moreover, 
arger and longer than the incisors. The clavicles 
are rudimentary, or wanting. They are divided 
into two great groups, or sub-orders, one terrestrial 
the other aquatic. The first is the group of the 
Fissipedia, or “ split-feet,”, so called from the 
fact that their feet are divided into well-marked 
toes; the second is the group of Pinnipedia, or 
“fin-feet” (seals, &c.),so called because the toes are 
bound together by skin-forming fins or flappers 
rather than feet. Another classification is into 
three sections or tribes—( 1 ) Pinnigrada, or Pinni¬ 
pedia , examples, the Seals and Walruses. (2) 
Plantigrada example, the Bear, and (3) Digiti- 
grada; examples, the Cat and the Dog. 

car-ni v-or-a 9 -1-ty , s. [Lat. caro (genit. car- 
m's)=flesh; vorax .(genit. voracis) — devouring.] A 
preternatural desire for flesh; greediness, glut¬ 
tony. 

“Mr. Cl eland is at Tunbridge, wondering at the 
superior carnivoracity of our friend.”— Pope: To Gay, vi. 
25. ( Latham .) 

fcar-nl-v'dre, s. [Lat. carnivorous.] A car¬ 
nivorous animal. 

car-nlv'-or-ous, a. [Lat. carnivoi'us; from caro 
(genit. carnis) =flesh, and vmo= to devour.J 

1 . ZoOl.: Eating or living on flesh; applied to 
those animals whose nature it is to live on the flesh 
of other animals. 

“ In birds there is no mastication or comminution of 
the meat in the mouth, but in such as are not carnivor¬ 
ous, it is immediately swallowed in to the crop or craw.” 
—Bay: On the Creation. 

2. Surg.: Applied to those caustic substances 
which are used to eat away or destroy the fungoiis 
excrescences of wounds and ulcers. 

3. Bot.: A term applied to plants belonging to 
the genera Drosera, Pinguicula, Nepenthes, <fcc., 
which appear to have the power of absorbing nitro¬ 
genous substances through their leaves and digest¬ 
ing them within their tissues. 

fcar-nlv-or-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. carnivorous; 
- ly .] In a carnivorous manner, like carnivora. 

fcar-no'se, a. [Lat. carnosus; from caro (genit. 
carnis) =flesh.] [Carnous.] 

1. Ord. Lang.. Of or pertaining to flesh. 

2. Bot.: Fleshy, pulpy, having a fleshy consis¬ 
tence. (Said of fruits, &c.) 

car-no-si, s. pi. [Lat. masc. pi. carnosus= 
fleshy, from caro (genit. carnis) =flesh.] 

ZoOl.: An order of polypi, consisting of the 
species Actinia, Zoanthus, and Lucernaria. They 
are flesh animals which usually fix themselves by 
their base, though some have the power of crawling 
by it, or even detaching it altogether, and swim¬ 
ming or suffering themselves to be carried away by 
the current. 

car-nos'-I-t^, s. [Fr. cam os it 6; Lat. camosi- 
tas, from caro (genit. carnis)— flesh.] 

I. Literally: 


II. Fig. : Fleshiness. 

“ Consciences overgrown with a hard carnosify." 

Spelman. 

car'-nous, *car-no'se, a. [O. Fr. carneux; Fr. 
charneux; Lat. carnosus, from caro (genit. carnis) 
=flesh.J Of or pertaining to the flesh, fleshy, carne¬ 
ous. 

“The first or outward part is a thick and carnous cover¬ 
ing, like that of a walnut . . .”— Browne: Vulgar 

Errors. 

car-ny, v. i. [Etym. doubtful.] To cajole a 
person with soft words. {Smart.) 

♦car'-nyx, s. [Gr. karnyx).'] An ancient Greek 
trumpet of a shrill tone, known afterwards to the 
Celts and Gauls. {Stainer cfc Barrett.) 

car -Ob, s. [Derived from the Gr. keration= a 
little horn; keras— a horn, from the shape of the 
pods.] 

1. Bot.: A tree, the Ceratonia siliqua, a native of 
the Levant. It is an evergreen, and produces long 
horn-like pods 
with a mealy, suc( 
pulp of a sweetish 
used for food fqrh 
and sometimes ev 
human beings, and 1 
St. John’s bread, 
root is purgative, 
fruits of a carob- 
were probably 
“husks ” which the p 
igal in his depre: 
condition would 
have eaten. (Luke 
16.) 

2. Comm., <&c.: 
pods of the tree 
scribed in 1; also ca 
the Algarob 

*3. The same as a carat Carob. 

(q. v.). 

♦c?i-ro che, *ca-rosse, s. [O. Fr. carroche; Fr. 
carosse; Ital. carrozza, from Lat. carrus= a car.] 
A kind of two-wheeled pleasure-carriage. {Albu- 
mazar.) 

♦cu-ro'Ched, *ca-roached, a. [Eng. caroche; 
-ed.] Placed or seated on a caroche. 

“ Then maintaining lier 
Caroached in cloth of tissue.” 

Beaum. & Flet.: Little French Lawyer, i. L 

car-O-COl'-lU, s. [Lat. caro=flesh; Gr. kolle= 
glue.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of land-snails, so named from the 
tenacity with which their fleshy feet adhere to lime¬ 
stone rocks. Woodward makes it a section of Helix. 

♦car-oigne, *car-oine, *car-oyne, s. [Car¬ 

rion.] 

“ The caroigne in the busshe with throte ycorve.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,015. 

car -6l (1), *car-olle, *car-al, *kar-olle, ♦car- 
ole, *car-Owl {Eng.), *car-rale {Scotch), s. [G. 
Fr. carole, carolle: from Bret, koroll = a dance; 
korolla— to dance; Manx carval; Corn, carol; Wei. 
carol= a carol, a song; caroli= to carol; Gael, car- 
ull, cairead=harmony, melody. Gf. Ir. cor=music; 
Wei. eor=a choir, a circle; Gael, car, cuir—a. move¬ 
ment ; Sansc. char—to move. {Skeat.)} 

I. Literally: 



*1. A circle. 

*2. A round dance. 

“Many carollys and great daunsyng.”— Sir Cleges, 103. 

*3. A song sung as an accompaniment to dancing. 

“Alle the dameselles to synge carolles and to go ageina 
hem synginge oute of the town.” Merlin I. ii. 13£ 

4. A song of praise sung at Christmas-tide. It 
originally meant a song accompanied with dancing, 
in which sense it is frequently used by the old 
poets. It appears to have been danced by many 
performers, by taking hands, forming,a ring, and 
singing as they went round. Bishop Taylor says 
that the oldest carol was that sung by the heavenly 
host when the birth of the Savior was announced 
to the Shepherds on the plains of Bethlehem. It is 
probable that the practice of singing carols at 
Christmas-tide arose in imitation of this, as the 
majority of the carols declared the good tidings of 
great joy; and the title of Noels, nowells, or nov¬ 
ellas, applied to carols, would seem to bear out this 
idea. Carol singing is of great antiquity among 
Christian communities, as the carol by Aurelius 
Prudentius, of the fourth century, will show. 
{Stainer & Barrett.) 


II. Intrans.: To form flesh ; toturnnutrimentinto 
flesh. 

“. . . in inferior faculties, I walk, I see, I hear, I 
digest, I sanguify, I carnify.”—Hale: Origin of Mankind. 


Med.: A fleshy’ swelling or excrescence. 

“By this method, and by this course of diet, with 
sudorifics, the ulcers are healed, and that carnosity re¬ 
solved.”—Wiseman. 


“Singers of carrales . . .’’—Acts James VI., 1581. 
c 104. 

“ No night is now with hymn or carol blest.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. 2. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




carol 


757 


*5. A song in general. 

“This carol they began that hoar, 

How that a life was but a flower.” 

Shakesp. ■ As You Like It, v. 3, song. 
II. Fig.: Applied to the songs of birds. 

“And every bird of Eden burst 
In carol, every bud to flower.” 

Tennyson: The Day-Dream'. 

Car'-ol (2), *car'-r6l, s. [Low Lat. carola; 
from Lat. choreola, dimm. of chorus—a. circle or 
round dance.] 

Architecture : 

1. A closet or small cell in a monastery for study. 

2. A bow window ; a seat fitted within the Open¬ 
ing for a window ; a bay-stall. 

car'-ol, *car-o-len, *car-oo-lyn, *car~ole, 
*kar-ole, v, i. & l, [Caeol, s.] 

A. Intransitive : 

1. Literally: 

*1. To dance in a round dance. 

2. To sing in joy and exultation. 

“ Caroolyn, or synge carowlys. Psalmodio — Prompt. 
Porn. 

“ I sawgh hir daunce so comelily, 

Carole and synge so swetely.” 

Chaucer: Boke of the Duchess, 847. 

II. Fig.: Applied to birds, &c., to warble, to 
sing. 

“ The thrush is busy in the wood. 

And carols loud and strong.” 

Wordsworth: The Idle Shepherd Boys. 

*B. Transitive: 

1. To utter joyfully in song. 

“ And carol what, unbid, the Muses might inspire.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 35. 

2. To proclaim or celebrate in song. 

“ For which the shepherds at their festivals 
Carol her goodness loud in rustick lays.” 

Milton: Comus, 847. 


Car-Sl-It'-Ic, a. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Arch. : Ornamented with sculptured leaves and 
branches. 

car '-6l-ling, pr. par., a. 

&s. [Caroling.] 

car-olTIte, s. [Cae- 

EOLITE.] 

car-&l -us, s. [Lat 

Carolus — Charles.] An 
English gold coin current 
in the reign £ of the 
Charleses, value t wonty 
shillings ($4.80), and' sub¬ 
sequently twenty - three 

shillings ($5.52). Carolus, 

when an accept¬ 



ance was presented to him, told down the crowns and Jcarpa= to find fault 1 
Caroluses on his own counter.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., * 

ch. xx. 

car -om, s. [Cabeom.] 
car -o-mel, s. [Caeamel.] 

*car-oome, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A license by 
the Lord Mayor of London to keep a cart. Used 
chiefly about the time of Edward YI. ( Wharton.) 

*cg.r-os se, s. [Caeoche.J 
car'-o-tel, car -6-teel, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Comm.: A measure or weight, varying in value 
according to the commodity sold. Thus, a caroteel 
of mace is about 3 lbs.; that of nutmegs from 6 to 
714 lbs.; and that of currants from 5 to 9 lbs. weight. 

( Crabb .) 

cgt-rot-id, s. [Gr. kardtides =the great arteries 
of the neck; from karoo=I make drowsy, put to 


C3.-r6u§'-er, s. [Eng. carcms(e); -er.] One who 
carouses.; a dissipated fellow.. 

“The bold carouser, and advent’ring dame.” 

Clanville. 

CR,-r6u§'-ing, pr.par., a, & s. [.Carouse,>.J 

A. As pr.par. (See the verb.),] 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or used for. a carouse. 

“ Sit long and late at the carousing board.” 

Cowpef: Truth, 50; 

C. Assubst.: A carouse. 

“ The churches were filled in the morning; the afternoon 
was spent in sport and. carousing.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xi. [.>;■'wiVS 

tcu-rou§ -ing-ly, adv. [Eng. carousing; -ly.) 
In a carousing manner ; like a carouser. 

carp, *carpe, *carpen, *karpe, ii. i. & t. [IceL 


A. Intransitive: 

*1. To speak, to talk. 

“I shalle carp unto the kyng .”—Townley Myst., p. 60. 

[2. To cavil, to find fault. 

“Not only, sir, this your all-licens'd fool, 

But other of your insolent retinue 
Do hourly carp and quarrel, breaking forth 
In rank and not-to-be endured riots.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, 1.4. 

IT Usually followed by at. 

*B. Transitive: 

1. To utter, to speak or tell. 

“With corage kene he carpes thes wordes .”—Morte 
Arthure, 1725. 

2. To censure, find fault with, cavil at. 

“ Which my saying divers ignorant persons, not used to 


neck. The common carotids are two considerable 
arteries that ascend on the fore part of the cervical 
vertebra to the head to Supply it with blood. The 
car-6 -la, s. [Ital.] A dance accompanied by right common carotid is given off from the arteria 
singing, which grew into unenviable notoriety dur- iiinominata; the left arises from the arch of the 


1792 in France, (Stainer <& 
[Named after the Prince of 


ing the Republic of 
Barrett.) 

car-ol'-ath-ine, s. 

Carolath, in Silesia.] 

Min .: An amorphous, subtranslucent mineral 
from the coal-bed of the KOnigin-Louisa mine, at 
Zabize, Upper Silesia. A variety of Allophane 
(q. v.), containing less water. Color, honey to wine- 
yellow ; hardness, 2’5; specific gravity, 1'515. Com¬ 
pos.; Silica, 29‘62; alumina, 47’25; water, 15T0; 
carbon, 1.33; hydrogen, 9’74. (Dana.) 

car -6-lin, s. [Lat. C'aroZus=Charles; the name 
of several German sovereigns.] A gold coin for¬ 
merly current in Germany, and worth about $4.85. 

car-O-ll'-ng, (1), S. [Named after the Princess 
Sophia Caroline, Margravine of Baden, a distin¬ 
guished patroness of botany.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants of the order 
Bombacese, not uncommon in our hot-houses. They 
are natives of tropical America, and are either 
small trees or shrubs, with digitate leaves like the 
chestnut. The large handsome flowers are gener¬ 
ally white, but sometimes deep-rose or scarlet. 
Carolina alba, a native of South America, is a tree 
growing to twenty feet in height, with flowers about 
six inches long. The bark supplies cordage, which 
is strong and durable. [Pachiea.] 

Car-6-lI-na (2),s. [Lat. Carolus^ Charles,] 
Geog. • The name of two of the Southern States, 
called after Charles II. [Noeth Caeolina, South 
Caeolina.] 
caroliua-pink, s. 

Bot.; A. plant, Spigelia maryldndica. Its roots 
are used in medicine as anthelmintics. 

car -ol-ihg, car'-ol-ling, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Caeol, v .] 

A &B. As present participle and participial adjec¬ 
tive: In senses corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of singing carols ; a carol, a 
song of joy and exultation. 

“ And heare such heavenly notes and carolings 
Of God’s high praise.” 

Spenser: Hymne of Hear. Beautie. 

Car-6-lln’-i-an, a. & s. [From Carolina, named 
after Charles; in Lat. Carolus .] 

A. As adjective : 

1. Of or pertaining to the Carolinas. 

“ It is not a song 
Of the Scuppemong, 

From warm Carolinian valleys. ’ 

Longfellow: Birds of Passage-, Catawba Wine. 

2. Of or pertaining to the kings named Charles. 

B. As substantive: A native of North or South 

Carolina. _ _ __ 

b611, boy; p6ut, jowl; cat, 

-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, 


aorta. 

*' The carotid, vertebral, and splenic arteries, are not 
only variously contorted, but also here and there dilated, 
to moderate the motion of the blood.”— Ray: On the 
Creation. 

ca-rot-id-al, a. [Eng. carotid; -q?.] Of or 
pertaining to the carotid arteries ; carotid. 

“ Tho two carotidal, and the two vertebral arteries are 
this golden quaternion.”— Smith: Old Age, p. 220. 

car-0-tin, s. [Lat, carot (a) = a carrot; suff. -in 
(Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A crystalline principle extracted from the 
common carrot, Dancus carota. 
ca-rou §-al, s. [Eng. carous (e); -ah] 

1. A boisterous merry-making; a drinking bout. 

“ Borne of high lineage, link’d in high command, 

He mingled with the magnates of his land; 

Join’d the carousals of the great and gay. 

And saw them smile or sigh their hours away.” 

Byron: Lard, i. 7. 

*2. A game of skill, sport. 

“ This game, these carousals, Ascanius taught, 

And building Alba, to the Latins brought.” 

Dryden: Virgil; JEneid vii. 777. 

[f For the distinction between carousal and feast, 
see Feast, s. 

cg,-rou'§e, *c?t-row se, v. i. & t. 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To drink deeply or freely. 

“ Now hats fly off, and youths corouse, 

Healths first go round, and then the house, 

The brides came thick and thick.” 

Suckling. 

2. Fig.: To make merry. 

“I said, ‘O soul, make merry and carouse, 

Dear soul, for all is well.’ ” 

Tennyson: The Palace of Art: 

*B. Trans .: To drink deeply. 

“To Desdemona hath to-night carous'd 
Potations pottle-deep.” „ 

Shakesp.: Othello, iu 3. 

*C 9 ,-rpU §e, *cg.-row'§e, adv. [Ger. garaus=&\l 
out; qar aus trinken= to drink all Out, to empty the 
glass'.] All put; completely; so as not to leave a 
drop behind. 

c?L-r6u'§e, s. [Caeouse, adv.~] 

1, A drinking bout. 

“ The swains were preparing for a carouse.' S/e rne: 
Trist. Shandy. 

*2. A bumper; a full glass of liquor. 

“ Red Roland Forster loudly cried,; 

‘ A deep carouse to you fair bride! ’ _ . 

Scott: The Lay Qf the Last Minstrel, y\, 8. 

ca-rou §ed, pa. par. & a. [Caeouse, v.] 


goode understandyng.”— Abp. 
of the Sacrament, fol. 100, 

3. To sing (Scotch). (Minstrelsy of the Scottish 
Border.) 

1[ For the distinction between to carp and to cen¬ 
sure , see Censure, v. 

*carp [1 )iS. [Caep, V.] 

1. Power of speech. : 

“ Gef hit hym bi samples, that he ful clanly bienu his 

• carp” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness , 1326. 

2. A speech, a parable. 

“Kryst kydde hit hymself in a carp onez,” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 23'. 

3. One who carps. 

carp (2), s. [O. Fr. carpe; Icel. karfi; O. H. Ger. 
karfo; from Low Lat. carpa.} 



Carp. 

Ichthy.: A fresh-water fish, Cyprinus cyprid 
(Linn.), the type of the family Cyprmidae. It is a 
native of Asia, but has been extensively introduced 
[Caeouse, adv. 1 into Europe and America. It has been widely dis¬ 
tributed in this country by the U. S. fish commis¬ 
sioners. It is often bred in ponds. 

“ Carpe, fysche. Carpus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

1[ The plural is now edrp, the same as the singu¬ 
lar ; but formely carps was used. 

“ A friend of mine stored a pond of three or four acres 
with carps and tepch.”— Sale: Origin of Mankind, 
carp-bream, s. 

Ichthy.: A British fish, Abraviisbrama. [Bebam.] 
car-pa-in, s. Chem.: An alkaloid (Ci 4 H ?7 NQa) 
extracted from the leaves of the carica papaya. It 
is used in the subcutaneous treatment of heart 
disease. 

[carp al, a. [Lat. carpus; Gr. karpos = the 
wrist.] i 

Anat.: Of or pertaining to the wrist. 

Carpal bones: 

Anat.: The bones constituting the wrist. 
*car-pare, s. [Cabpee.] 

Car-pa'-thi-?m, a. [Lat. Carpathes.) 

Geog.: Pertaining to 1 ho Carpathians, a range of 
mountains lying between Poland, Hungary, and 
Transylvania. 

car -pel (Eng.), car-pel'-lum (Lat.), s. [Lat. 
carpellum, from Gr. fcarpos=fruit.] 

Bot.: The.leaf forming the pistil. Several carpels 
may enter into the composition of ope pistil'. , 


§611, chorus, 
-sion 4= shun; 


§hin, 

-tion, 


bench; 

-§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; 
= zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious - shus. -hie, -die. &c. = bcl, del. 









carpellary 758 carpet-sweeper 


car-pel’-lax-jf, a. [Eng. carpel; ■ary.'] 

Bot.: Of or pertaining to the carpels; containing 
carpels. ( Lindley .) 

*carpe-meal8, s. [Etym, doubtful.] A coarse 
cloth, used about the time of James I. (Wharton.) 

♦car-pente, s. [Cabpet.] 

^car-pen-tar-ye, s. [Caepentry.] 

car -pen-ter, *car-ben-tar, s. & a. [0. Fr. car- 

pentier; Fr. charpentier; Sp. carpintero; Ital. 
carpentiere; from LowLat. carpentarius—u wheel¬ 
wright, cartwright; from Lat. carpentum = a 
wagon.] 

A. As subst.: An artificer in wood; one who pre¬ 
pares and fixes the woodwork of houses, ships, &c. 

“ Of his craft he was a carpenter.” — Chaucer: C. T., 3,189. 
“And the Lord showed me four carpenters.” — Zech. i. 20. 

B. As adj.: In compounds like the following 
carpenter-bee, s. 

Entom.: A name applied to several species of 
hymenopterous insects belonging to the order Xylo- 
copa, from the manner in which they construct 
their nests of pieces of decayed wood, &c. They 
are capable, if left unmolested, of scooping the 
rafters out for their cell-chambers to such an extent 
as to make them insecure, 
carpenter-grass, *carpenter-grasse, s. 

Botany: 

1. Prunella vulgaris. 

2. Achillea millefolium. 

“ In some places is called carpenter-grasse; it is good to 
reioyne and soudre woundas.”— The Grete Herball. 

carpenter-herb, carpenter’s herb, s. 

Botany: 

1. Prunella vulgaris. 

2. Ajuga reptans. 

carpenter’s-chisel s. A chisel made of moder¬ 
ately hard steel. Chisels of this type have one plane 
and one beveled edge, and are divided into firmer 
and framing or mortise chisels. 

carpenter’s-clamp, s. A frame in which work, 
such as doors, sashes, shutters, &c., is forced up 
into place, and held while being nailed or pinned. 
Also a kind of vise for grasping several parts and 
holding them while the glue sets, or for other pur¬ 
poses. 

carpenter’s-gauge, s. A scribing tool for depth 
or width, according to the construction and uses. 
It commonly has a point projecting from the shank, 
and a movable head or fence, which is adjusted for 
distance from the point, and secured by a set¬ 
screw. 

carpenter’s-plane, s. A plane of a kind suita¬ 
ble for a carpenter. Such planes are of different 
types, according to the work they are intended to 
perform—as, jack plane, for rough-dressing a sur¬ 
face ; the smoothing-plane, for finishing it off; and 
grooving and molding planes, some of which have 
special names, for making grooves or elevations of 
various forms. [Plane.] 
carpenter’s-plow, s. [Plow.] 
carpenter’ s-rule, s. The instrument by which 
carpenters take their dimensions, and by the aid of 
a brass slide, which makes it a sliding rule, they are 
enabled to make calculations in multiplication and 
division, besides other operations. (Gwilt.) 

carpenter s-square, s. An instrument whose 
stock and blade consists of an iron plate of one 
iece. The leg is eighteen inches long, and num- 
ered on the outer edge from the exterior angle 
•with the lower part of the figures adjacent to tbe 
interior edge. The other leg is twelve inches long, 
is numbered from the extremity toward the angle, 
the figures being read from the internal angle, as on 
the other side. This instrument is not only used as 
a square, but also as a level and measuring rule. 
(Craig.) 

carpenter’s-vise, s. [Caepentee’s-clamp.] 

car-pen-ter'-i- a, s. [Named after Dr. Carpen¬ 
ter.] 

1 . ZoOl.: A genus of Foraminifera allied to Glo- 
bigerina, but ceasing at an early age to grow 
spirally, and then forming expanded tent-like 
chambers, which inclose the first-formed cells, 
attached by the base to shells or corals, and with a 
crater-like common aperture at the apex. Siliceus 
spicules occur in the cells. (Griff. & Henfrey.) 

2. Bot.: A genus of Philadelphace®. The only 
known species is from California. 

car -pen-ter-xng, s. & a. [Caepentee.] 

A. As subst.: The act of following the trade of a 
carpenter; carpentry. 

B. As adj.: Following or practicing the trade of a 
carpenter. 

car -pgnt-r^, *car-pen-tar-ye, *car-pent-rie, 

s. [Eng . carpenter ;-y.~] 


1. The trade or art of a carpenter. 

“It had been more proper for me to have introduced 
carpentry before joinery, . . .”— Moxon: Mechanical 
Exercises. 

“Werkisof oarpentarye, <Sf browdrye, and of werkyng 
withnedlis.” —Wycliffe ■ Exodus, xxxv. 33. 

(2) An assemblage of pieces of timber connected 
by framing or letting them into each other, as are 
the pieces of a roof, floor, center, &c. It is distin¬ 
guished from joinery by being put together without 
the use of any other edge tools than the ax, adze, 
saw, and chisel, whereas joinery requires the use of 
the plane. The leading points that require atten¬ 
tion in sound carpentry are ( 1 ) the quality of the 
timber used; (2) the disposition of the pieces of 
timber, so that each may be in such direction with 
reference to the fibers of the wood, as to be capable 
of performing its work properly; (3) the forms and 
dimensions of the pieces; (4) the manner of fram¬ 
ing the pieces into each other, or otherwise uniting 
them by means of iron or other metal. (Gwilt.) 

“Thei’ maken the werkisof carpentarye, . . .”— 
Wycliffe: Exodus, xxxv. 83. 

“SVN.— Carpenter; joiner. —The carpenter frames and 
puts together roofs, partitions, floors, and other essential 
parts of the building. The joiner only commences where 
the carpenter leaves off, by supplying and fitting stairs, 
cupboards, furniture, and other parts necessary, but not 
essential, to the building.”— Tomlinson. 

carp-er,*carp-are, s. [Eng. carp; -er .] 

1. A speaker, a story-teller, a tale-bearer. 

“ Carpare. Fabulator, garulator, garula.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

2 . One who finds fault; a caviling, captious 
person. 

** I have not these weeds, 

By putting on the cunning of a carper." 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iv. 3. 

car-pe'-§I-um, s. [Gr. karpesion= an aromatic 
wood from Asia.] 

Bot.: A genus of smooth or pubescent erect 
branching shrubs, natives of South Europe, the 
Caucasus, and the Himalayas, of the order Com- 
posit®. Leaves ovate or lanceolate toothed; florets 
in all dull yellow, tubular; achenes beaked, with 
slender furrows, and without pappus. 

car’-pet, *car-pette, *car-pente, *car-pyte, 
s. & a. [O. Fr. carpite= a carpet; Ital. carpita; 
Dut. karpet, from Low Lat. carpita, from carpo— to 
card wool.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A woolen fabric manufactured in patterns 
of various colors. Used — 

(a) For a floor-covering. 

“ Be the Jacks fair within, the Jills fair without, car¬ 
pets laid, and everything in order?”— Shakesp.: Taming of 
the Shrew, iv. 1. 

*(b) For a table-cover. 

'• Private men’s halls were hung with altar-cloths; their 
tables and beds covered with copes, instead of carpets and 
coverlets.”— Fuller: The Church History of Britain, p. vii., 
§ 2, 1. ( Trench : Select Glossary, p. 29.) 

IT The use of rugs is of great antiquity in Egypt, 
India, Chinaj and Babylon. In the East at present 
Persia, Asiatic Turkey, and India are great seats of 
carpet manufacture. Carpets were introduced into 
England during the Crusades, but long afterward, 
indeed even to the time of Queen Elizabeth, the 
floors of palaces, not to speak of inferior habita¬ 
tions, were strewed with rushes. The practice of 
bangingthe walls of palatial edifices with tapestry 
and cloth is older than that of carpeting the floors; 
thus in Hampton Court, built by Cardinal Wolsey, 
the floors are bare, while the walls are covered with 
tapestry. The manufacture of carpets was intro¬ 
duced into France from Persia about A D 1606, and 
workmen from France brought the art to England 
about 1750. Carpets are manufactured very exten¬ 
sively in the Eastern States. The largest industry 
of that kind in the world is at Philadelphia. 

2. Figuratively • 

(1) Anything used for or serving as a carpet. 

“It was in vain that Schomberg tried to teach them to 
improve their habitations, and to cover the wet earth 
with a thick carpet of fern.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xiv. 

(2) Applied to the sward, beds of flowers, or other 
natural covering of the earth. 

“The whole dry land is, for the most part, covered over 
with a lovely carpet of green grass and other herbs/’— 
Bay. 

II. Entom.: An abbreviation for Carpet-moth 
(q. v.). 

To be on (or upon) the carpet (in Fr. sur le tapis): 
To be under consideration; to be an affair in hand. 

“ These three brothers, whose lives are upon the carpet, 
. . — North: Lives. 

To bring on the carpet: To bring under considera¬ 
tion ; to bring forward. 


B. As adj.: Pertaining in any way to a carpet or 
the manufacture of carpets. 

IT For the various descriptions of carpet, see 
Bbussels, Drugget, Felt, Kidderminster, Pile, 
and Rug. 

IT Compounds of obvious signification: Carpet- 
broom , carpet-maker, carpet-loom, carpet-strip. 
carpet-bag, s. & a. 

1. As subst.: Properly a bag made of carpet, but 
applied also to a traveling-bag made of leather or 
other material. 

“Coningsby, who had lost the key of his carpetbag 
. . .”— Disraeli: Coningsby, bk. i., ch. v. 

2. As adjective: 

Carpet-bag Frame. The iron frame which dis¬ 
tends the cloth covering of a traveling-bag or 
satchel. 

carpet-bagger, s. A term for those petty poli¬ 
ticians who, after the civil war, migrated into the 
Southern States for temporary residence and per¬ 
sonal advantage, and whose sole property was the 
carpet-bag or valise they carried with them, 
carpet-beater, s. 

1. Gen. : A man whose trado it is to clean carpets 
by beating. 

2. Spec.: A machine in which carpets are beaten 
and brushed. 

carpet-beetle, s. A common name for the An- 
threnus scrophularice, a beetle of the family Der- 
mestid® tq. v.). Its larv® feed on, and are very de¬ 
structive to, woolen carpets; lienee its name. It is 
not native here, but was recently brought from 
Europe. 

carpet-cleaning s. & a. 

1. As subst.: The act or process of cleaning car¬ 
pets. 

2. As adjective : 

Carpet-cleaning Machine: A brushing-machine 
for carpets, which is unrolled from the beam. 

carpet-dance, s. A dance or a dancing party of 
an unceremonious character, for which the carpet 
is not taken up as for a ball. 

carpet-fastener, s. A scrow-knob and screw- 
socket inserted in the floor with the carpet between 
them. 

carpet-garden, s. A name given to a garden 
laid out with beds of ornamental-leaved plants 
grown in a precise and formal pattern. 

♦carpet-ground, s. Ground smooth and soft as 
carpet. 

“The carpet-ground shall be with leaves o’erspread.” 

Dryden: Virgil; Eel. i. 115. 

♦carpet-knight, s. A knight whose deeds of 
valor are done, not on the field of battle, but in a 
drawing-room. 

“ . . . hold thy valor light 
As that of some vain carpet-knight.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, v. 14. 

carpet-monger, s. The same as Caepet-knighI 

(q. v.). 

"... carpet-mongers, whose names yet run smoothly 
in the even road of a blank verse.” — Shakesp.: Much Ada 
about Nothing, v. 2. 

carpet-moth, s. 

Entom.: The name given to several varieties of 
Geometer moths from the variegated pattern of 
their coloring. 

♦carpet-peer, *carpet-peere, s. A carpet- 
knight. 

“The insinuating curtesie of a carpet-peere.” — Nash: 
Pierce Penilesse (1592). 

carpet-planner, s. One whose trade it is to 
plan or fit carpets to a room, 
carpet-rag, s. & a. 

1 . As subst.: A fragment or strip of carpet. 

2. As adj.: Used for fastening together strips of 
carpet. 

Carpet-rag Looper: A stabbing tool with a large 
eye, to carry one end of a carpet-strip through the 
end of the strip preceding, when one is looped over 
the other, to save the trouble of sewing. 

carpet-rod, s. A brass rod used to keep a stair- 
carpet in its place. [Staie-eod.] 
carpet-snake, s. An Australian snake, so called 
from the variegated pattern of its skin. 

♦carpet-squire, s. A lady’s man; an effeminate 
fellow. 

carpet-stretcher, s. A toggle- jointed frame to 
stretch carpets on floors preliminary to tacking 
down; a tool used in laying down carpets, 
carpet-sweeper, s. 

1. Gen.: One who cleans carpets by sweeping. 

2. Spec.: A mechanical broom for sweeping car¬ 
pets and collecting the dust and dirt in trays. The 
brush-shaft is rotated by a corrugated puHey driven 
by contact with the rubber periphery of one of the 
sustaining wheels. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



carpet-trade 


759 


Carrara-marble 


carpet-trade, s. tcarp-Ing’-lf, adv. [Eng. carping; -Ip.] 

1. The trade or business of making and selling carping or censorious manner; captiously. 


In a 


carpets 

*2. The behavior of a carpet-knight, flattery. 

“This noble duke had no manner of skill in carpet- 
trade.”—Riche: Farewell to Militarie Profession (1681). 

♦carpet-walk, s. A walk over which a carpet is 
laid ; a grass walk, closely mown, and smooth as a 
carpet. 

“Mow carpet-walks, and ply weeding.”— Evelyn. 

carpet-way, s . A soft path. 

■‘To keep rank and file in his march, nor to break 
■order, though all be not carpet-way.” — More. 

carpet-weed, s . 

Bot.: A common name for the genus Mollugo. 

car -pet, v. t. [Carpet, s.] 

I. Literally: 

I. To spread or cover over with carpets. 

“We found him in a fair chamber, richly hanged and 
carpeted under foot.”— Bacon. 

*2. To cover or roll up in carpet. 

“Haidee and Juan carpeted their feet 
On crimson satin, border’d with pale blue.” 

Byron.- Don Juan, iii. 67. 

II. Fig.: To bring upon the carpet; to find fault 
with. 

“ Mr. . . . was received with hoots and groans, and 
he too was carpeted before the Stewards.” — London 
Standard, March 28, 1881. 

car -pet-ed, pa. par. & a. [Carpet, v.] 

1. Lit.: Covered over with carpets. 

“The ladies’ parlors and the carpeted corridors at the 
hotels—I particularize herein, for some of the corridors 
are not carpeted —are veritable hotbeds of flirtation.”— 
London Daily Telegraph, Feb. 9, 1864. 

2. Fig.: Covered with anything as with a carpet. 

“The dryland we find everywhere naturally carpeted 

over with grass, and other agreeable wholesome plants.” 
— Derham. 

car’-pet-lng, pr. par., a. & s . [Carpet, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj. (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: Carpets or other material used for 
covering floors. 

"... the New York papers ask in amazement how 
many miles of carpeting can be bought for 70,0001.”— 
London Daily News, Sept. 20, 1871. 



car-pl'-nus, s. [Lat. carpinus— hornbeam. 
According to Hooker and Arnot, from Celt. car= 
wood, and pin—a. head. In Fr. charme is=the 
hornbeam]. 

Bot.: Hornbeam, a genus of plants belonging to 
the order Corylacese (Mastworts). Carpinus amer- 
icana, is the 
CommonHom- 
beam-tree. It 
is very com¬ 
mon in some 
localities, and 
may be distin- 
guished by 
its beautiful 
doubly serrate 
leaves. The 
wood is white, 
tough, and 
hard, and 
burns like a 
candle. It is 
used in turn¬ 
ery-work for 
implements of 
husbandry, 
cogs of wheels, Carpinus. 

&c. The inner ^ portion of plant in flower. 2. Female 
bark yields a flower. 3. Male flower, 

ye 11 ow dye. 

There are various foreign species, C. Betulus the 
European Hornbeam, C. orientalis, the Oriental 
Hornbeam, and others. 

♦carp'-meals, s. [Etymology unknown.] 

Fabric: A kind of coarse cloth made in the north 
of England. {Phillips.) 

car-po-bal'-sa-mum, s. [Gr. karpos= a seed; 
6aZsamon=balsam.] An aromatic oil obtained by 
pressure from the nuts of the Balsamodendron 
gileadense or opobalsamum. 

car-po-clo’-ni-um, s. [Gr. karpos= fruit, and 
klonion =a young shoot.] 

Bot.: A free case or receptacle of spores found in 
certain algals. 

Car-po-cra -tian, s. [Named after their leader.] 
Ecclesiastical History: A follower of Carpocrates, 
a heretic in the second century, who revived and 
added to the errors of Simon Magus, Menander, and 
other gnostics. He owned, with them, one sole 
id father of all things, 

as well as nature were unknown. The world, 
he said, was created by angels, and he opposed the 
divinity of Christ, accounting him only as a supe¬ 
rior man. {Staunton.) 

car-pod^-e-tus, s. [Gr. fcorpos=fruit; detos= 
bound; deo=to bind.] 

Bot.: A genus of New Zealand shrubs belonging 


Bot.: A term applied to those parts in crypto- 
gamic plants which resemble true fruits without 
being really such; the spores of lichens. {Treas. of 
Bot.) 

car-poph'-g.-ga, s. pi. [From Gr. karpophagos= 
living on fruits; karpos —a fruit, and phago —to 
eat.] | 

Zobl.: A section of the sub-class Marsupialia.l 
Type, the Phalangers (q. v.). *, 

car-poph’-a-gous, a. [Gr. karpophagos=livmg 
on fruits J [Carpophaga.] 

Zobl.: Living on fruits. 

“Thetypical group of the carpophagous Marsupials Is 
that of the Phalangistidee or Phalangers.” — Nicolson: 
Manual ofZool. (ed. 1878), p. 688. 

carp -6-phore, s. [Gr. karjpos=fruit; phoros — 
bearing; phero=to bear.] 

Bot.: A stalk bearing the pistil, and raising it 
above the whorl 
of the stamens, 
as in Passiflora. 

Also applied to 
the stalk between 
the achenes of 
UmbellifersB. 

car-po-pto’- 
sls, s. [Gr. kar~ 
pos= fruit; ptosis 
=a falling ;pipto 
=to fall.] 

Bot.: A term 
applied to the 
sudden falling off 
of fruit after it 
has become well- 
formed and im¬ 
pregnated. It 
may arise from 
more fruit being 
set than the tree 
is capable of nourishing; or the nourishment may 
be too great, from want of root-pruning. It is not 
a case of mere over-ripeness, which can be avoided 
fey early gathering. 

car-po-zl-ma, s. [Gr. fcarpos=fruit, and zyme= i 
ferment.] Bot.: A genus of fermentative micro¬ 
organisms. 

Carpozyma apiculata: A widely diffused alco¬ 
holic ferment found in all kinds of fruits, 
fear-pus, s. [Lat., from Gr. karpos —the wrist.] 
1. Human Anat.: The wrist, so named by anatom- 



Carpophore of Passion Flower. 


car-pet-less, a. [En g. carpet; -less.] Notcov- principle and father of all things, whose name ists, which is made up of eight little bones, of 
erod with carpet. 

car'-pho-lite, s. [Named by Werner in allusion 
to its color; from Gr. karphos= straw; and suff. -ite 
{Min.) (q. v.).l . .... 

Min.: An orthorhombic mineral occurring in radi¬ 
ated and stellated tufts and groups of acicular 
crystals. Hardness, 5‘55; specific gravity, 2‘935. 


different figures and thickness, placed in two ranks, 
four in each rank. They are strongly tied together 
by the ligaments which come from the radius, and 
by the annulary ligament. {Quincy.) 

“ I found one of the bones of the carpus lying loose in 
the wound.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

2. Compar. Anat.: The “knee” in a horse is the 


Color, pure straw-yellow to wax-yellow; opaque, to the order Escalloniaceee. The name is derived analogue of the carpus in man. 


and very brittle. It occurs in the tin mines of 
Schlackenwald. Composition: Silica, 36T5 ; alum¬ 
ina, 28‘67 ; sesquioxide of manganese, 19T6; protox¬ 
ide of iron, 2 - 29; carbon, 0‘27 ; water, 10‘78; hydro¬ 
fluoric acid, 1‘47. {Dana.) 

car-pho-log'-I-g. {Lat.), car-phol'-o-gf {Eng.), 
s. [Gr. karphos= straw, chaff : lego—to pluck, pick.] 
Med. Pathol.: A term for the movements of delir¬ 
ious patients in searching for or grasping at imag¬ 
inary objects, plucking at the bedclothes, &c. 

car-pho-sld -er-ite, s. [Gr. karphos=stravr •, 
sideros— iron; and suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

ell' 


from the fruit being girt round by the calyx. Petals 
five, not overlapping; stigma viscid, fruit leathery 
and succulent. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

car’-po-lite, s. [Gr. karpos= fruit; suffix -lite= 
Gr. lithos=a stone.] Any fruit which by silification 
has become converted into stone. 

car-po-lo-bl-g,, s. [Gr. karpos— fruit: lobos =a 
capsule or pod.] 

Bot.: A genus of shrubs, natives of West Tropical 
Africa, belonging to the Polygalacese, or Milkworts. 


car-quai§e (qu as k), s. [Fr. carquaise, car- 

caise .] 

Glass Manuf.: The annealing arch of the plate- 
glass manufacture, heated by a fireplace called a 
tisar. 

Carr, g. & a. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Eng. car.] 
carr-swallow, s. A tem, Sterna fissipes. 
♦car-rack, s. [Carack.] 

“ . . . the hot breath of Spain, who sent whole arma¬ 
das of carracks to be ballast at her nose.”— Shakesp.: 


♦car’-ract, s. 


Calyx five-leaved, petals five, one keeled and crested _ 

uuu.auuo^u...^ -- .-/-j at the apex; stamens eight, five bearing anthers, Comedy of Errors, iii . 2. 

Min.: A pale or dark straw-yellow mineral from the others sterile. Ovary two-celled; fruit small, oar'-ra-cle s TCarricle 1 
Labrador, occurring in uniform masses and incrus- fleshy, somewhat three-angled. cdr ■ ’ L ,J 

4-1 r, TT o nrlnoco A-A. ,r \ • GTYOr»i f! O. £»T«Vlfv. -no 

cgir-po-log-l-cal, a. [From Eng., &c. car- 
pologiy) ; -ical.) Relating to carpology. {Lindley: 

Introd. to Bot., fck. i., ch. ii.) 

tcar-por-6-gIst, s. [Eng. carpolog{y); -ist .] 

One skilled in carpology. 
car-pol'-o-gy (l),s. [Gr. fcarpos=fruit; logos=a 


tations. Hardness, 4-4‘5 ; specific gravity, 2‘49-2‘5. 
Composition: Sulphuric acid, 25‘52; sesquioxide of 
iron, 40-00; water, 10‘67; sand, 14*78; gypsum, 9‘03; 
and a trace of manganese. {Dana.) 

car-pho-stll'-blte, a. [From Gr. karphos= a 
straw, and Eng. stilbite (q. v.).] . 

Min.: A variety of Thomsomte. It is found m 


[Carat.] 

car’-ri-geen, 


& 


[Cara- 


straw-yeHow reed-shaped crystals at the Berufiord £££ 

m Iceland. (Dana.) _ £ 0 f .. That branch of the science of botany which 


car-pll -i-us, s. [Gr. karpos= fruit.] 

Zobl.: A genus of decapod crustaceans, belonging 
to the order Brachyura, having the front tndent- 
ated, and the shell with an overlapping projection 
or posterior tooth. 

carp'-ing, pr.par., a . <& s. [Carp, v.] 

A. As pr. par. (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Captious, censorious. 

“ This fellow here, with envious carping tongue.” 

Shakesp. : Henry VI., Pt. iv. 1. 

C. As substantive: 

♦1. Narration. (Scotch.) 


Bot.: Tfeat branch of the science < 
treats of the structure of fruits and seeds. 


car-ra-geen, 

GHEEN.] 

carrageen-moss, s. [Caragheen-moss.] 
♦car-raine, s. [Carrion.] 
car-ranch.’-a. s. [The La Plata name of the 
bird. ] 

Ch-nith.: A South American vulture, Polyborus 

brasiliensis. 

Car-ra’-ra, s. & a. [From Carrara, in Tuscany, 
where the quarries are worked.] 

A. Assubst.: The name of the place described in 


car-pol'-o-gy (2), s. [Carphology.] 
car-po-ma'-nl-a, S. [Gr. karpos=truit\ mania 

~Bot7 & A disease in quinces, medlars, pears, &c., th ® etym0 j°® y ' , , , r 

called also Phytolithes, in which the fruit becomes B. As adj.: Produced at Carrara, 
full of gritty matter. Carrara-marble, s. 

car-po-ml'-tra, s. [Gr. fcarpos=fruit; mitra —a j, Lithol. & Building: The name of a species of 

head-band, miter.] white marble, so named from Carrara, Italy, where 

Bot.: A genus of Sporodinacese (Fucoid Algae), it is found in large beds and in a state of perfec- 
consisting of a single rare British species, Carpo- tion. It was called Marmor lunense and ligustrum 
.. .- mitra cabrerce, which is remarkable for the peculiar by the ancients, and differs from Parian marble in 

o 1- rri arr 5i-„5'v,oh 1 i findi-ne- fault • censorious- miter-shaped conceptacle containing the spores, being harder in texture and less bright in color. 

2. The act or habit of finding fault, censorious {Grifflth £ Henfrey ,) 2 . Geol.: Carrara marble is a limestone of Oolitic 

car-po-morph’-h, s. [Gr. karpos=frnit;morphe age, rendered crystalline by metamorphic influ- 
=shape, form.] eace ‘ 


1 Sure, sure, such carping is not commendable.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado, iii. 1. 


h5il, b<5y; pout, j<5wl; cat, $ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 






carnage 

car'-rlage, *car'-Iage, *car-riadge, *car- 

yage, s. & a. [O. Fr. cariage; Low Lat. car- 
iagiurn .] [Car, Carey.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 


760 


carrier 


term; it respects the manner of carrying the body, car'-rick, *carrike, * car-rack, s.Sta. [Cab 

whether in a state of motion or rest; gait is the Ack.] 

mode of carrying the limbs and body whenever we 1. A carack. 

'Jf alk 1S f the r “ anner of carrying the body '■ And now hath Sathanas, anyth he, a tayl 

when we move forward to walk. A person s carriage Broder tl ian a carrike in the sayl.” 

is somewhat natural to him; it is often an indica- Chaucer; The Sompnoures Prol., v. 727a 



A particular kind of knot, used for con- 
a knot formed on 


*(2) That which is carried, such as baggage, fur* \°g gait.ov an unsteady gait; walk is less definite necting hawsers and other ropes; 
nitures, accoutrements. than either, as it is applicable to the ordinary move- a bight by putting the end of a rope over its stand 

"And David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper ™® ntsof men ;there is a good, a bad, or an inditfer- ing part, so as to form a cross; and reeving the end 
’-' ’ ‘ ' " _ — ent walk; but it is not a matter of indifference of the other rope through the hight, up and over 


of the carriage, and ran into the army.”—1 Samuel, xvii. 22. 

**• • he spared the charge of the carriadges, and 
the exactions of the countrey likewise.”— Spenser; Pres¬ 
ent State of Ireland. 

*(3) That in which anything is carried, a vehicle. 

“What horse or carriage can take up or bear away all 
the loppings of a branchy tree at once?”— Watts, 


which of these kinds of walk we have; it is the 
great art of the dancing-master to give a good 
walk. 

( 2 ) For the difference between carriage and be¬ 
havior, see Behavior. 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

. “all the cariage of the londe, that brought , obvious signification: Carriage- 

vitaile.”_ Merlin, L ii. 144. ouiiaer, carriage-horse, carnage-house. 

(4) A vehicle for pleasure or passengers. . carriage-bolt, s. A screw-bolt, with a cham- Lammas, for playing at shinty, on which occasion 

“The Supervisor of Excise who prosecuted said that the fe . bead, square neck, and threaded shank, for they have a feast. {Jamieson.) 

I” ®“ A " usem carnage-building. car'-rl-Cle, cir-rj-Cle, s. [Eng. carriek, ear- 

tJkssanuacft* rach: 

*(5) Any means of conveyance. [Brake.] 

carriage-bridge, s. 

Milit.: A roller bridge to be moved up a glacis, 
and form a bridge from counterscarp to scarp, for 
the passage of the attacking column. 

carriage-coupling, s. 

1 . The coupling of a carriage unites the fore and verb. 

. - „ , - „— hind carriages. It is called the perch or reach in tt Knerialln in 

that, by the carriage away of that, the other cities would, carnages that possess it, but in many modern car- , l nacouana - . . 

without resistance, be yielded.”— Knolles: History ofthe riages is dispensed with, the bed resting on the fore 1. Applied to a person whose mind is in so 

Turks. and hind carriages, forming the only coupling. In abstracted a state, that he cannot attend to what 

t( 2 ) Manners, behavior, deportment. wagons, the coupling is a pole, whose forward end 1S said to him, or to the business he is himself 

“Let them have ever so learned lectures of breeding, j s . held by the king-bolt in the fore-carriage; the engaged in. . , . ,, 

that which will most influence their carriage will be the hind end passes through an opening between the . a wavering state of mind, not fully possess- 

company they converse with, and the fashion of those hind axle and bolster, and the hounds of the hind ln jJ recollection, as the effect of fever, 
about them.”— Locke. axle are fastened to the pole by a pin ”• Elevated in mind, overjoyed at any event, so as 

t( 3 ) Conduct, practices. . 2 - A means of uniting the bed to the fore-car- ? ot ,*? seem in full possession of one’s mental 

oi i , « . , T nage. It usually consists of a kinfr-bolt which faculties: as Jenny s gotten an heirscaip left her, 

T 66,6 ® aff air was decided: I am sorry f orms the pintle on which the fore-carriage turns and she’s just carvyit about it.” Sometimes, carry it 

I can be of no other opinion than yours, as to his whole Iiu i £• iL • , Vf 41 / 14 *® 0 tuinb, . ^ J 

carriage and writings of late n —JPove • Letter to Concireve and toe uttli wheel, which is bolted to keep the ~ _ *. 7 n . . . 

(1714-15) g p Congreve portions from bouncing apart . (Knight.) ^ Carried innubibus. Lit. : Carried in the clouds 

*(4) Management; manner of carrying out or carriage-guard, s. A plate on the bed of a car¬ 
transacting business. riage where the fore-wheel rubs in turning short. 

“The manner of carriage of the business was as if there Carriage-jack, S. A lever-jack, designed to 
had been secret inquisition upon him.”— Bacon; Henry raise the axle so as to lift the carriage off the 
vu " ground for the purpose of removing the wheel from 

the spindle for repair or greasing. [Jack.] 


‘ They are the most useful animals of this country, not 
only affording excellent fleeces and wholesome flesh, but 
serving as carriages over rocks and mountains where no 
Other beast can travel.”— Johnson; Life of Drake. 

( 6 ) The cost of carrying or conveying anything. 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) Conquest, acquisition, gain. 

“Solyman resolved to besiege Vienna, in good hope 


the cross and down through the bight again, on the 
opposite side from the other end. 

carrick-bitts, s. 

Naut.: The bitts which support the windlass; 
the vertical posts or cheeks which support the 
barrel of the windlass. 

*car-rlck-ln’, s. [From Scotch car rick.) A 
meeting among the boys employed as herds, at 


car'-rle.s. [A dimin. of car.) In the Lothians* 
a two-wheeled barrow. (Jamieson.) 

“Alexander then asked a loan of her carrie (two¬ 
wheeled barrow) . . .” — Caled. Merc., 20th July, 1820. 

car -rled (Eng.), car’-ry-It (Scotch), pa par. or 
a. [Carry, v.] 

I. Gen.: In senses corresponding to those of the 


hence, rendered exceedingly elevated in mind or 
spirits; abstracted. 


*(5) Meaning, intent. 

“ As, by the same covenant, 

And carriage of the article design’d.” 

Shakesp.; Hamlet, i. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Vehicles: In the senses I. 1 (3) and (4). Car¬ 
riages of one kind or other have existed from im¬ 
memorial antiquity. One of the earliest forms was 
a bullock carriage, of which some specimens of 
primitive type may yet be seen in India. The sim- 


carriage-lock, s. A fastening for a carriage- 
wheel, to restrain its rotation or impede its free¬ 
dom of movement in descending a hill. 

carriage-lubricator, s. A self-acting appliance 
for lubricating a carriage-wheel box and spindle 
without removing the wheel from the axle. 

carriage-piece, s. 

Carp.: One of the slanting pieces on which the 


Sidei S hold t inl a on steps^of a wooden 


bestrides, holding on by two upright handles, and 
inserting his toes between the wheels and the body 
of the vehicle. The practice of laagering wagons 
was known to the Romans, and is not a modern 
discovery, made by the South African Dutch Boers. 
Horne considers that the making of coaches in 
England commenced in A. D. 1555. Stage-wagons 


string. The upper end rests against the apron- 
piece or pitching-piece, which is secured to the 
joists of the landing. 

carriage-shackle, s. The bar which connects 
the axle-slip to the thill or shaft. 


car'-rl-er, s. [Eng. carry; -er.) 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Gen.: One who or that which carries anything. 
“ You must distinguish between the motion of the air, 

which is but avehiculum causes, a carrier of the sounds, 
and the sounds conveyed.”— Bacon; Nat. Hist. 

2. Specially: 

(1) One whose trade or occupation it is to carry 
or convey goods. 

t “. . . the path was sometimes blocked up during a lon^ 
time by carriers, neither of whom would break the way.” 
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

(2) One who carries a message, a messenger. 

“The welcome news is in the letter found; 

The carrier’s not commissioned to expound; 

It speaks itself.” Dry den: Religio Laid, 367. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law.: Two kinds of carriers are recognized by 
the law, namely, private carriers and common car¬ 
riers. 



2. Military 

(1) The frame on which a gun is mounted and 
carried. [Gun-carriage.] 

“He commanded the great ordnance to be laid upon 
carriages, . . .” — Knolles: History of the Turks. 

*(2) A sword-belt. 

“The carriages, sir, are the hangers.”— Shakesp.: Ham¬ 
let, v. 2. 

3. Carp.: The timber framework on which the 
steps of a wooden staircase are supported 

o 1 " . 


the bed itself. 


goods of some particular person for hire, from one 
, place to another. In such case the carrier incurs 

carriage-step, s. A step, usually on a jointed no responsibility beyond that of any other bailee 
dependent frame, to afford means for mounting for hire, that is to say, the responsibility of ordi- 
mto a carriage. nary diligence.— Story onBailm., Sec. 495. 

carriage-top, s . Common carriers are persons or companies who 

1 . The cover of a carriage. Permanent in coaches; ^° r i 1 ' re ‘i° cal 7 y goods for the general 

double calash in barouches and landaus; calash in ^ < ^ n 11 on |°, p ace . another. A common 

some gigs, buggies, phaetons, &c.; curtained in provlc * e sa ^ e aa ^ suitable con- 

_ _ ambulances and spring-wagons. f auf n ° 1 S ’ r 1 pro . per ? are an A - mana g ernen t> 

jU Drainage:'A. channeTcut for'the "conveyance 2 A shifting-rail on the back and ends of a buggy- bdity f though a ^rolidentS 6 kitorfere^ce^snow 

E water to overflow or irrigate ground; a carrier, seat to make a high-back, or, by removal, a low- ice , g’ re , etc g ) b & e ^immedia e^ oSono ff 

5. Mach.: A portion of a machine which moves back buggy. Carriers are responsible for all losses, except bv 

a 7 , c ” rle f an object; as- carriage-wheel, s. The wheel of a carriage, providential calamity, act of an enemy in time of 

ll ^-carnage of a sawmg-machine. This has usually a hub or nave, spokes, fellies, and war, and fault of the shipper. Carriers mav limit 

(2). The bit-carnage of a boring-machine, which tire. A box fatted m the hub runs in contact with their responsibility by special contract, but they 
rnes the bit and is advanced to the work. the spindle or arm of the axle, and the wheel is cannot free themselves from it wholly nor escane 

held on the spindle by a lmch-pm, nut, or other the duty of ordinary care. If a sender misreorel 
device. -i-i—t- 1 ~- 


carries the bit and is advanced to the work 

(3) The carriage of a mule-spinner, which travels 
toward and from the creel on which the bobbins are 
skewered. 

(4) Of a horizontal shaft: The bearings in which 
it turns. 

IT (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between carriage, 
gait, and walk: Carriage is here the most general 

fate, fat, 
or, wore, 


fcar -riage-a-ble, a. [Eng. carriage; -able.) 

1 . Able to be carried. 

2. Passable by carriages. (Barnes.) 
car -rl-boo, s. [Caribou.] 


fare, amidst, 
wolf, work, 


sent the character or value of the goods sent, the 
carrier is not liable if the goods be stolen. But the 
sender need not disclose the contents of his pack¬ 
age unless asked. Common carriers are responsible 
for the acts of all their agents. Carriers must deliver 
goods m as good order as when received. They may 


what, fall, father; we, wet, here, 
who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, 
se, cs 


sir, 

= e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go. pot, 
qu - kw. 






carrier-pigeon 


761 


refuse to take goods not prepared properiy for carrion-feeder, s. A bird or animal which lives 
shipment. They may demand prepayment of freight, on carrion. 

If P a y able at the end of the route, they may hold “And will not the manner of its descent proclaim 
tile ^ooas until payment is made. Baggage may be throughout the district the whole family of carrion - 
Jx u P.P ai( * fare. feeders , that- their prey is at hand.”— Darwin: Voyage 

Bills of Lading, Shipment Slips, Receipts, etc., round the World (ed. 1870), ch. ix., pp. 186-6. 


usually specify all the conditions on which goods 
are carried, but the law does not sustain all the 
announcements thus made.—2 Kent, 471-492. 

2. Elect.: A proof plane, used to transmit small 
charges of electricity. It consists of a small piece 
of gilt paper, with a non-conducting handle. 

3. Mechanics: 


carrion-flower, s. 

Bot.: (1) A garden name for Stapelia; (2) Smilax 
herbacea. {American.) 

carrion-hawk, s. A carrion-eating hawk, Mil. 
vago leucurus. 

“ The puma, with the condor and other carrion-hawks in 


y , , i l . . -■ ■ _ t JL llo p LX 111 U, Y> X LIXX LiXXO VO 1XUO X UXXVL O U11LIX LILv# # V I. I.LvW/1»O XXI 

(1) A piece fastened by a set screw, or otherwise, its train, follows and preys upon these animals.”— Dar- 


to work in a lathe, and connecting it with the face¬ 
plate ; a dog. 

(2) A distributing roller in a carding machine. 

(3) A rollor between tho drum and the feeding 
rollers of a scribbling-machine for spinning wool. 

(4) A spool or bobbin-holder in a braiding-ma¬ 
chine which follows in the curved path which 
intersects the paths of other bobbins, and thus lays 
up the threads into a braid. {Knight.) 


win: Voyage round tile World (ed. 1870), ch. ix., p. 179. 

carrion-vulture, s. A carrion-eating vulture. 

“ When an animal is killed in the country, it is well 
known that the condors, like other carrion-vultures, soon 
gain intelligence of it and congregate in an inexplicable 
manner.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), 
ch. ix., p. 184. 

car'-rls, s. [Gael, calhbrith, cathbruith=boiled 


4. Drainage: A small channel for the conveyance < cath --pollard, husks; bruilh — boiled.] 

of water. 

5. Ornith.: A carrier-pigeon. 


, s, [A cor- 


“ There are tame and wild pigeons; and of tame there 
are croppers, carriers, runts.”— Walton: Angler. 

carrier-pigeon, s. A name given to a species of 
pigeon, from their being used to convey letters from 
any place to their home, now generally called hom¬ 
ing pigeons (q. v.). 

“Mr. Brent informs me that a friend of his had to give 
up flying carrier-pigeons from France to England, as the 
hawks on the English coast destroyed so many on their 
arrival.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. xi., p. 

862. 

carrier-shells, s. 

ZoOl.; The English name given to the molluscous 
genus Phorus, which is ranked under the family 
Trochidee. The name is given because the Phori 
attach foreign substances to their shells, some pre¬ 
ferring stones and others shells or corals. Hence 
collectors call some of them mineralogists and 
others conchologists. _ Nine recent species are 
known and fifteen fossil, the latter from the Chalk 
or from tho Eocene onward till now. ( Woodward: 

Mollusca, ed. Tate.) 

car -ri-on, *car-oigne, *car-oine, *car-eine, . uol a . Liluul ^ua,n U , 

*car-aine, *car-en, *car-i-on, *car-yon, s. & a. where they were first manufactured, and suff. -ade.J 


Flummery. {Scotch.) 

car-rit§h {sing.), car'-rit§h-e§ (pi.' 
ruption of Eng. catechism.] 

1. Catechism. {Scotch.) 

“ My Mother gar’d me learn the Single Carritch, whilk 
was a great vex . . .”— Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xxxvii. 

2. Often used in the sense of reproof— 

I gae him his carritch: I reprehended him with 
severity. 

car -rol-llte, s. [From Carroll county, Mary¬ 
land, where it is found, and suff. -ite {Min.).] 

Min.: An isometric massive mineral of a light 
steel-gray color, with a faint reddish hue. Hard¬ 
ness, 5 - 5 ; specific gravity, 4 - 85. It is found associated 
with chalcopyrite and chalcocite. Dana thinks it 
may prove to be identical with the Bastnaes linnee- 
ite, both being cupriferous. Composition: Sulphur, 
41 - 93; cobalt, 37’25; nickel, 1*54; iron, 1*26; copper, 
17‘48, with a trace of arsenic. 

car'-rom, s. [Fr. carambole = a carrom.] A 
stroke in billiards in which the cue ball is driven 
(in reflection) against both object balls, or includes 
both object balls and the cushion, in its angles of 
impact. 

*car-ron-ade, s. [From Carron, in Scotland, 


[ 6 . Fr. caroigne; Fr. charoigne; Ital. carogna; Sp. 
carroha; Low Lat. caronia, from Lat. caro=flesh.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Literally: 

*1. A dead body, a corpse. 

“ The caroigne in the busshe with throte ycorve.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,015. 

“They did eat the dead carrions, and one another soon 
jfter, . . .”— Spenser: On Ireland. 

*2. A body of a living person. 

#r depreciation.) 

“ A eely litylle clout for to wrappen in oure careynes .”— 
Maundeville, p. 293. 

3. A carcass ; the flesh of anything not fit for food. 

“ Till, warn’d by frequent ills, the way they found 

To lodge their loathsome carrion under ground.” 

Dryden. 

4. Putrified, rotten flesh. 

“ Stynkand als carayne."—Hampole: Prick of Conscience, 
Y926. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. A worthless person. (Applied in reproaeh or 
contempt.) 

“ Shall we send that foolish carrion, Mrs. Quickly, to 
him, and excuse his throwing into the water 1”—Shakesp.: 
Merint Wives, iii. 3. 

2. Prey, booty. 

“. . . the unclean birds of prey which 6warm 
Wherever the scent of carrion is strong.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Pertaining to carcasses; feeding on carcasses. 

“ Match to match I have encounter’d him, 

And made a prey for carrion kites and crows, 

Ev’n of the bonny beasts he lov’d so well.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. II., v. 2. 

*2. Rotten, putrifying. 

“ That this foul deed shall smell above the earth 
With carrion men, groaning for burial.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Caesar, in. 1. 

carrion-bird, s. Any bird feeding on carrion. 

“ And oft the hateful carrion-bird, 

Heavily flapping his clogg’d wing, 

Which reek’d with that day’s banqueting. 

Moore: Lalla Rookh: The Fire Worshippers. 

carrion-crow, s. 


Mil.: Short cast-iron, smooth-bore guns, made at 
Carron Foundry, having thinner metal than guns of 
similar caliber. They have powder-chambers, but 
no swell to muzzle and no trunnions, being attached 
to the carriage by a bolt passing through a loop on 
the under-side of the piece. Formerly used to 
throw large shot up to 600 yards. 

“ The carronade is a gun of intermediate length and 
weight between the cannon and the howitzer . . . The 
first gun of this nature was cast and constructed, accord- 
(Used in contempt ing to the suggestions of General Melville, at Carron, 
1779.” — Rees: Cyclopaedia) Cannon. 

car-r6n§, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A variety of the 
Wild Cherry or Gean, Prunus Avium. 

*C3,r-ro on, s. [Car.] A rent received for the 
privilege of driving a cart. 

car'-rot, s. & a. [Fr. carotte; Ital. carota; from 
Lat. carota.] 

A. As substantive: 

Bot.: An umbelliferous plant, Daucus carota, the 
esculent root of which is well known. 

‘‘Carrots, though garden roots, yet they do well in the 
fields for seed.”— Mortimer. 

Gandy carrot: Athamanta cretensis. 

Cretan carrot: The same as Candy carrot. 

Deadly carrot: A common name for Thapsia. 
This plant is used in medical practice as a rubefa¬ 
cient plaster. It is excessively irritating. 

Native carrot: A Tasmanian name for the tubers 
of Geranium parviflorum. {Treas. of Bot.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
carrot-head, s. A head with red hair, 
carrot-pow, s. The same as Caeroj-head (q. v.). 

(Scotch.) 

carrot-tree, s. Monizia edulis l an umbelliferous 
plant, somewhat arborescent, which grows on one of 
three uninhabited islands near Madeira. 

tcar’-rfjt-i-ness, s. [Eng. carroty; -ness.] The 
quality or state of being carroty. (Ash.) 

car'-rot-^, a. [Eng. carrot: -y.] Resembling a 
carrot in color (applied to the hair); red. 

*car'-row§, s. pi. [Ir. & Gael. carach= cunning, 
deceitful.] Vagabonds, strolling gamblers. 

“ The carrows are a kind of people that wander up and 


ft 


Ornith.! A bird, a species of the CorvidcB, or down to gentlemen’s houses, living only upon cards and 
Crows, Corvus corone, which feeds on carrion, small dice; who, though they have little or nothing of their 
animals, poultry, &c. It is not uncommon in own, yet will they play for much money. —Spenser. On 
England. Ireland. 


carry 

car-rJP, *car-i-en, *car-ri-en, *car-y, *car-yn, 
*car-ye, *car-rye, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. carier =to 
convey in a cart, from O. Fr. car—a. cart, a car; Fr. 
charier .] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Transitive: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To convey or transport goods on a car or cart, 
or any similar moans of conveyance. 

“ Caryn, or cary. Veho, transveho.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Upon Camay lies and other bestes men caryen here 
merchandise thidre.”— Maundeville, p. 122. 

To convey or bear in any way. 
a) Of material things: 

“The dedo body. . . they carry till they come at 
kaire.”— Gower, i. 248. 

“And devout men carried Stephen to his burial, . . .” 
— Acts, viii. 2. 

( 6 ) Of immaterial things: 

“ Another took the coast road, and carried the intelli¬ 
gence to Russell .”—Macaulay Hist. Eng., ch. xviii. 

(3) To bear about with one. 

“Do not take out bones like surgeons I have met with, 
who carry them about in their pockets.”— Wiseman: 
Surgery. 

(4) To havo attached. 

(5) To convey by force. (Generally with the 
adverbs away or off.) 

“ Go, carry Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet, 

Take all his company along with him.” 

Shakesp. ■ Hen. IV., Pt. II., v. 6. 

( 6 ) To support, sustain, uphold. 

“Warriors carry the warrior’s pall.” 

Tennyson: Ode on Death of Duke of Wellington 6. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Of material things: 

(а) To lead, conduct. 

“. . . he should prevail on them to desert and to 
carry their ships into some French or Irish port.”— Mac¬ 
aulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

( б ) To bear, as trees, plants, &c. 

“ Set them a reasonable depth, and they will carry more 
shoots upon the stem.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

(c) To move or push forward; to extend or con¬ 
tinue in any direction. 

“ His chimney is carried up through the whole rock, so 
that you see the sky through it, . . . ’’Addison: On 
Italy. 

(d) To win or gain after resistance. [B. 2.] 

“ What a fortune does the thick lips owe, 

If he can carry her thus? ” 

Shakesp.: Othello, i. 1. 

(e) To propel, urge, or drive forward. [B, 3.] 

(/) To support, sustain the weight of. [B. 5.] 

(2) Of immaterial things : 

(a) To take or bear with one. 

“If the ideas of liberty and volition were carried along 
with us in our minds, a great part of the difficulties 
that perplex men’s thoughts would be easier resolved.” 

— Locke. 

*(b) To receive, endure, accept. 

“ Some have in readiness so many odd stories, as there 
is nothing but they can wrap it into a tale, to make others 
carry it with more pleasure.”— Bacon. 

(c) To convey annexed to or as a result. 

“The obvious portions of extension, that affect our 
senses, carry with them into the mind the idea of finite.” 

-— Locke. 

*(d) To contain, comprise. 

“He thought it carried something of argument in it, to 
prove that doctrine.”— Watts: On the Mind. 

*(e) To imply, import, convey the idea or impres¬ 
sion of. 

“ It carries too great an imputation of ignorance, light¬ 
ness, or folly, for men to quit and renounce their former 
tenets, presently, upon the offer of an argument which 
they cannot immediately answer.”— Locke. 

*(f) To exhibit outwardly ; to present the exter¬ 
nal appearance of. 

“The aspect of every one in the family carries so much 
satisfaction that it appears he knows his happy lot.”— 
Addison. 

(g) To urge forward with some external or 
internal impulse, to cause to advance. 

“ It is not to be imagined how far constancy will carry a 
man; . . . ’’—Locke. 

“ Ill nature, passion, and revenge, will carry them too 
far in punishing others ; . . .”— Ibid. 

(h) To push forward habits, ideas, arguments, 
&c., in any direction. 

“There is no vice which mankind carries to such wild 
extremes as that of avarice.”— Swift. 

B To transfer, bring forward, as from one page, 
mn, or book to another. [C., 6 ( 2 ).] 

(j) To cause to pass over to another place. 


bdzl, b<Sy; pout, Jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, ghm, bench; 
-cian, -tlan = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, tbis! 
- zhun. -tious, -clous. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




carry 


762 


cart-saddle 


*{k) To trace back the history of anything. 

“ Manetho, that wrote of the Egyptians, hath carried. 
up their government to an incredible distance.”— Hale: 
Origin of Mankind. 

( l) To effect one’s purpose, succeed in completing 
or effecting anything. 

“ Oft-times we lose the occasion of carrying a business 
well thoroughly by our too much haste.”—Ben Jonson: 
Discovery. 

(m) To succeed in bringing into effect or to a suc¬ 
cessful issue against opposition, as a measure in 
Congress, or a motion in debate. [C. 14.] 

“ The friends of Halifax moved and carried the pre¬ 
vious question.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

in) With the pronoun it. 

(i) To gain, prevail. 

“ Are you all resolv’d to give your voices? 

But that’s no matter; the greater part carries it." 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 3. 

*(ii) To behave, conduct oneself. 

“ He carried himself so insolently in the house and out 
of the house, to all persons, that he became odious.”— 
Clarendon. 

*(iii) To present or continue an outward appear¬ 
ance. 

“ My niece is already in the belief that he’s mad ; we 
may carry it thus, for our pleasure and his penance.”— 
Shakesp.: Twelfth Night iii. 4. 

*(o) To transact business, to manage. 

“ And therefore they doe cunningly carrye theyr course 
of government, . . .”— Spenser: Ireland. 

(p) To persuade, influence by words, as “ he car¬ 
ried his audience with him.” 

•II. Reflexive: To jsehave, conduct oneself. 

“ He attended the king into Scotland, where he did 
tarry himself with much singular sweetness and temper.” 
— Wotton. 

III. Intransitive: 

*1 To run or travel about, to wander. 

“ As ancres and heremites 
That holden hem in hir selles 
And coveiten noght in contree. 

To carien about.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 65. 

2. To fetch and bring, as dogs. 

“ Each does her studious action vary, 

To go and come, to fetch and carry." — Prior. 

3. To have a propelling power. [B. 3.] 

B. Technically: 

1. Arith.: To hold over in a calculation a number 
to a higher or lower place in numeration. 

2. Mil.: To gain possession of by attack, as “to 
carry the outworks of a place.” [A. 2 (d).] 

3. Gunnery, archery, <Skc.: 

Intrans.: To have the power of projecting a ball 
to a certain distance. 

“For, on my soul, as far as Amiens 
She’ll carry blank.” 

Beaum & Fletch: Tamer Tamed. 

4. Naut. War: To be armed with, to be provided 
with for offense or defense. 

“It was desired that she could carry thirty-six 68- 
pounder guns.”— Brit. Quart. Review, 1873, p. 105. 

5. Building: To sustain the weight of, support. 

8. Horsemanship: A horse is said to carry well, 

when his neck is arched, and he holds his head 
high; but when his neck is short, and ill-shaped, 
and he lowers his head, he is said to carry low. 

7. Hunting: A hare is said by hunters to carry. 
when she runs on rotten ground, or on frost, and it 
sticks to her feet. 

8. Hawking: A hawk is said to carry, when it 
flies away with the game instead of bringing it to 
its master. 

C. In special phrases: 

1. To carry along, v. t. & i.: 

(1) Trans.: The same as to carry away. ( Collo¬ 
quial !.) 

(2) Intrans.: To fare. 

2. To carry arms {Mil.): 

(1) To serve in the army. 

(2) To hold the rifle in the position for saluting a 
subaltern. Arms so held are said to be “ at the 
carry." 

3. To carry away: 

S Ordinary Language : . 

) Lit.: To carry off forcibly, to abduct. 

“ . . . for he mourned because of the transgression 
»f them that had been carried away." — Ezra, x. 6. 

(b) Figuratively: 

(i) To overcome, overpower. 

“ . . . having an honest and sincere mind, he was not 
so carried away by a popular prejudice.” —Tillotson (ed. 
17221, vol. i. ser. 1. 

(ii) To transport in mind, to lead away. 

“ Ye know that ye were Gentiles, carried away unto 
these dumb idols, even as ye were led.”—1 Cor. xii. 2. 


(2) Naut.: To break or lose a spar, &c., to part a 
rope. 

“We carried away our mizen-mast.”— Byron: Narra- 
five, p. 4. 

*4. To carry coals: To bear injuries. 

“ I advise those who are sensible that they carry coals, 
and are full of ill-will, and entertain thoughts of revenge, 

. . . ”— Whichcot: Sermons. 

5. To carry forth, v. t.: To convey outside. 

“. . . carry forth the ashes without the camp unto a 
clean place.”— Lev. vi. 11. 

6. To carry forward: 

(1) Ordinary Language. 

(a) Lit.: To convey or conduct forward. 

(bj Fig.: To help forward, to promote, advance. 

(2) Book-keeping: To transfer from one page, 
column or book, to its successor. 

“ Four quarterly dividends, at the rate of 10 per cent, 
per annum, have been paid during 1880, beside carrying 
forward a balance to the present year.”— London Stand¬ 
ard, March 5, 1881. 

7. To carry off, v. t.: 

(1) Literally: 

(a) To seize and convey away by force. 

“ . . . the Seres returning, carried off either their 
goods or money, as they liked best.”— Arbuthnot. 

(b) To conduct away by means of a channel. 

(2) Fig.: To kill (said of a disease). 

“ Old Parr lived to one hundred and fifty-three years of 
age, and might have gone further, if the change of air 
had not carried him off." — Sir W. Temple. 

H To carry it off: To bear out, face through. 

“ If a man carries it off, there is so much money saved.” 
—V Estrange. 

8. To carry on, v. t. & i.: 

(1) Transitive: 

(а) To exercise, manage, or conduct. 

“ The internal government of England could be carried 
on only by the advice and agency of English ministers.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

(б) To continue; put forward from one stage to 
another. 

“ . . . begun by our Blessed Savior, carried on by his 
disciples, . . .”— Bishop Sprat. 

(2) Intrans.: To conduct or behave one’s self in a 
particular manner. ( Colloquial .) 

9. To carry out, v. t.: 

(1) Lit.: To convey to a spot outside. 

(2) Figuratively: 

(a) To conduct to an issue; to prosecute a design; 
to complete. 

“ Other duties, however, interfered with the carrying 
out of this intention.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), 
iii.42. 

*{b) To transport. 

“These things transport and carry out the mind.”— Sir 
J. Davis: On the Immortality of the Soul, st. 35. 

10. To carry over, v. t.: 

(1) Ord. Lang.: To gain over to a side, to prevail 
to leave any party and join another. 

“ Marlborough had promised to carry over the army, 
Russell to carry over the fleet.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xxii. 

(2) Stock Exch.: To put off a settlement of an 
account to the next account day. 

“The carrying-over rates were much the same as on 
last occasion, . . .”— London Daily Telegraph, May 12, 
1881. 

11. To carry sail {Naut.): To have the sails spread. 

*12. To carry the colors: 

Mil.: To serve as an ensign. _ 

13. To carry through, v. t. & i.: 

(1) Transitive : 

(a) Lit.: To convey anything through the midst 
of other things. 

(b) Figuratively: 

(i) Of persons: To support or lead to a successful 
end in spite of obstacles or dangers; to suffice for. 

“ That grace will carry us, if we do not wilfully betray 
our succours, victoriously through all difficulties.”— Ham¬ 
mond. 

(ii) Of things: To complete, bring to a successful 
issue. 

*(2) Intrans.: To support to a successful end in 
spite of obstacles or dangers. 

14. To carry one's point: To succeed in one’s ob¬ 
ject. [A. 2 (jw).J 

“They were bent upon placing their friend Littleton 
in the Speaker’s chair; and they had carried their point 
triumphantly.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

15. To carry up: To build, or raise higher. 

16. To carry weight: 

(1) Lit.: To ride or run with a weight on one’s 
back 


or saddle. 

“He carries weight, he rides a race; 

’Tis for a thousand pounds !” 

Cowper: John Gilpin. 


(2) Fig.: To be of importance, to influence. 

TT For the distinction between to carry and to bear, 
see Bear, v. For that between to carry, to fetch, 
and to bring, see Bring. {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

carry-all, s. [A corruption of carriole.'] A light 
four-wneeled carriage drawn by one horse, 
•carry-knave, s. A common prostitute. 

“The superfluous number of all our hireling hackney 
carryknaves.” — Taylor: Works, 1630. (Nares.) 
carry-tale, s. A tale-bearer. 

“Some carry-tale, some pleaseman, some slight zany.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 2. 

tcar’-r^, s. [Carry, v.] 

1. A term used to express the motion of the clouds. 
They are said to have a great carry, when they 
move with velocity before the wind. 

2. The bulk or weight of a burden. 

f3. The position of a musket when under the order 
to carry arms. [Carry, v., C. 2 (2).] 
car'-r]Mrt g, pr. par., a. & s. [Carry, v.] 

A. As pr.par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the conveyance o? 
goods, <fcc. 

C. As subst.: The act or business of conveying 
goods, &c. 

carrying-capacity, s. 

1. The extent of any thing’s ability to carry; as 
the carrying-capacity of a steamboat. 

2. The extent of power possessed by an electric 
conductor for carrying a current without becoming 
unduly heated or fusing. 

cars {pi. car-ses), s. [Cress.] (Gerarde, cfcc.) 
car-sad-dle, s. [Cart-saddle.] 
carse, kerss, s. [Sw. karr= a fen, a marsh.] Low 
and fertile land; generally that which is adjacent 
to a river. {Scotch.) 

“ Tharfor thai herberyd thaim that nycht 
Doune in the Kers.” 

Barbour, xii. 392, 895. MS. 

car -stang, s. [Eng. car, and stang=& pole.5 
The shaft of a cart. {Jamieson.) 

cart, *carte, s. & a. [A. S. crcet; O. Icel. karti, 
kartr; Gael. & Ir. cairt.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Generally: 

*(1) A carriage or vehicle of any sort. 

“There was bought a fourewhelid cart..’’ — Wycliffe: 
3 Kings, x. 29. 

“The Scythians are described by Herodotus to lodg» 
always in carts, and to feed upon the milk of mares.”— 
Temp le. 

(2) A vehicle with two wheels, used for the con¬ 
veyance of heavy or rough goods, and more espe¬ 
cially by farmers; distinguished from a wagon, 
which has four wheels. 

“ He had cartes and waines nimen.” 

Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2,362. 

“ My friend, just ready to depart. 

Was packing all his goods in one poor cart.’’ 

Dryden: Juvenal, iii. 

2. Spec.: A vehicle in which criminals were car¬ 
ried to execution, or at the tail of which they were 
whipped. 

“ Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart, 

And often took leave, but was loath to depart.” 

Prior: The Cordelier. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

TT Compounds of obvious signification: Cart¬ 
horse, cort-load, cart-rut, cart-way, cart-wheel, cart- 
whip. 

cart-band, *carte-band, *carbond, s. A plate 
of iron on a cart; also, the tire of a wheel. 

“A. carte band (carbond A.): Crusta, crustula, diminu- 
tivum — Cathol. Anglicum. 

*cart-body, s. The body or main part of a cart, 
cart-jade, s. A poor, miserable cart-horse. 

“He came out with all his clowns, horsed upon such 
cart-jades, so furnished, I thought if that were thrift, I 
wished none of my friends or subjects ever to thrive.”— 
Sidney. 

cart-rope, s. A strong rope used for fastening a 
load on a cart; hence, any strong rope. 

‘ ‘ Whiplash wel knotted, and cartrope ynough.” • Tusser 
p. 36. 

“ Woe be vnto vayne persones, yt drawe wyckednes vnto 
the, as it were wt a coorde; and synne, as it were with a 
cart-rope." — Bible, 1551. Essay, c. 5. 

cart-saddle, *cart-sadel, *cart-sadle, car- 
saddle, s. The small saddle put on the back of a 
carriage-horse, for supporting the trams or shafts 
of the carriage. 

“ A timmer long, a broken cradle, 

The pillion of an auld car-saddle.” 

Herd. Coll. ii. 143. 

“ Cart-sadle, the commissarie, 

Ourecart shal he lede.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 1,242. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, riile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




cart-spur 


763 


carting 


♦cart-spur, *carte-spurre, s. [ Eng. cart, and 

ipurre —spoor (q. v.).] A cart-wheel rut. 

A Carte spurre; orbita." — Cathol. AngUcum (ed. Herr- 
tage). 

cart-tire, s. The tire of a cart-wheel. 
Cart-way, s. A driveway for a cart. 

cart-wright, *cartewright, s. One who makes 
carts. 


“ A Cartewright; carectareus."—Cathol. AngUcum. 

44 After local names, the most names have been derived 
from occupations or professions; as Taylor, Potter, Smith, 
Cartwright — Camden: Remains . 

cart, *carten, *cartyn, v. t. & i. [Cart, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To carry or convey goods in a cart. 

• “Cartyn, or lede wythe a carte. Carruco."—Prompt. 
Pare. 


*2. To expose in a cart by way of punishment. 

“ Mounts thjfalribunal, lifts her scarlet head. 

And sees pffie Virtue carted in her stead.” 

Pope: Epilogue to the Satires, Dial, i. 149-60. 

“ She chuckled when a bawd was carted." — Prior. 

B. Intrans.: To use carts for carriage of goods. 

“ Oxen are not so good for draught when you have occa¬ 
sion to cart much, but for winter plowing.”— Mortimer: 
Husbandry. 

car-tg,-fll a'-go, car-tg,-phil-a’-go, s. [From 
Lat. carta, and filago.] 

Bot.: Two composite plants—(1) Graphalium syl- 
vaticum, and (2) Filago Gemianica. ( Turner.) 

cart’-age (age as ig), s. [Eng. cart; -age.'] 

1. The act of carting or transporting goods in a 
cart. 


“. . . goods intrusted to his master for cartage to 
the docks, . . .”—London Standard, February 27, 1881. 

2. The money paid for the carting or transporting 
of goods in a cart. 

*3. A cartful, as much as a cart will hold. ( Scotch.) 

“ Ful mony cartage of thare oxin grete 
About the fyris war britnit and doun bet. 

And bustuous boukis of the birsit swine.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 367, 63. 

Tf It is possible that cartage in this instance may 
be a mistake for carcage— carcass. 

carte, s. [Fr. carte; Ital. carta; Lat. carta.] 
[Card.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

♦(1) A card. 

"Then we’ll steek the shop, and cry ben Baby> and take 
a hand at the cartes till the gudeman comes hame.”— 
Scott: Antiquary, ch. xv. 

(2) A bill of fare. 

2. Fencing: A movement of the sword, as tierce 
and carte. [Quarto.] 

“ He thrust carte and tierce uncommonly fierce.” 

Barham: Ingoldsby Legends, p. 68. 

carte-blanche, s. 

Lit.: A blank sheet of paper to be filled up with 
such conditions as the person to whom it is given 
may think proper; hence absolute freedom of action. 

. Lord Grey was armed with what was then called 
a carte blanche to create any number of peers necessary to 
insure its success.”— Disraeli: Coningsby, b. i. ch. ii. 

carte-de-visite, s. 

Phot.: A small likeness affixed to a card, so called 
from photographs of very small size having been 
originally used as visiting cards. 

cart’-ed, pa. par. or a. [Cart, v .] Conveyed or 
transported in carts. 

“Horse and man have to be fed by victual carted hun. 
dreds of miles out of Poland.”— Carlyle: Fred, the Great, 
bk. xviii., ch. 13. 

car’-tel, s. [Fr. cartel; Ital. cartello; Sp. &Port. 
cartel; Low Lat. cartellus, from chartula, dimin. 
olcharta=a writing.] [Chart.] . 

*1. A writing of any sort, more especially a paper 
containing tho heads of an agreement between 
enemies, or stipulations respecting the exchange of 
prisoners. 

" As this discord among the sisterhood is likely to engage 
ta in a long and lingering war, it is the more necessary 
‘.hat there should be a cartel settled among them. — Addi¬ 
son: Freeholder. 

■\2. A challenge to a battle or duel, a defiance. 

u . . . as to perjur'd duke of Lancaster, 

Their cartel of defiance they prefer.” 

Daniel: Civil War. 


cartel-ship, s. , 

Naut.: A ship commissioned in time of war to 
exchange the prisoners of any two hostile powers, 
or to carry a proposal from one to the other; for 
this reason she had only one gun, for the purpose of 
firin'* signals, as the officer who commanded her 

was particularly ordered to carry no cargo, ammu- 

nition, or implements of war. In late wars, how¬ 


ever, the term has been applied to ships of war 
fully armed, but under cartel, carrying commis¬ 
sions for settling peace, as flags of truce. 

*car’-tel, v. t. [Cartel, s.] To send a cartel or 
challenge to; to challenge. 

“ Come hither, you shall cartel him;—you shall kill him 
at pleasure.”— Ben Jonson: Every Man in his Humor, i. 4. 

cart’-er, *cart-are, *cart-ere, s. [Eng. cart; 
•er.] One whose business it is to drive a cart. 

“ Thay seigh a cart that .chargid was with hay, 
Which that a carter drof forth in his way.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,121. 

“It is the prudence of a carter to put bells upon his 
horses, to make them carry their burdens cheerfully.”— 
Dryden: Dufresnoy. 

carter-fish, s. A kind of flat fish, Pleuronectes 
megastoma. 

car-te’§-i-g,n, a.&s. [From Rend Descartes, a 
celebrated French philosopher, who was bom at 
La Haye, in Turaine, on March 31,1596, and died at 
Stockholm, on February 11, 1650, aged 53. 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to Descartes or to his 
teaching; taught by Descartes. 

“The Cartesian philosophy begins now to be almost 
universally rejected, . . .”— A. Smith: Hist, of Astron¬ 
omy. 

B. As subst.: One who adopts the philosophical 
tenets of Descartes. 

cartesian-devil, s. A contrivance to illustrate 
the effect of the compression or expansion of air in 
changing the specific gravity of bodies. It is a 
small glass figure, hollow, and sometimes provided 
with a hollow bulb on its head. This is to be partly 
filled with water, and placed in a tall vessel, 
nearly full of water, and having a piece of caout¬ 
chouc secured tightly over the top. On pressing 
the caoutchouc the air of the vessel will be com¬ 
pressed ; this will compress that within the figure 
or bulb, so admitting more water by a small aper¬ 
ture, and causing the figure to sink. On removing 
the pressure the air in the figure or bulb will ex¬ 
pand, forcing out some of the water, and causing it 
to rise. (Francis.) It is called also a cartesian, 
diver and bottle-imp (q. v.). 

car-te§’-I-?in-i§m, s. [Eng. cartesian; -ism.] 
The system of philosophy taught by Descartes. 
Ren 6 Descartes in his twentieth year resolved as far 
as possible to eliminate from his mind all that had 
ever been taught him by books or by instructors, 
and think out for himself the entire circle of knowl¬ 
edge. _ His first postulate was “Cogito, ergo sum”— 
“I think, therefore I exist.” Inquiring next into 
ideas, which he defined as “all that is in our mind 
when we conceive a thing, in whatever way we con¬ 
ceive it,” he regarded clearness and distinctness as 
the criterion of a true as distinguished from a false 
idea. Of all ideas in the human mind that of a God 
is the clearest, therefore there is a God. As in this 
clear conception of God infinite veracity is attrib¬ 
uted to Him, it is impossible that He could make 
our faculties deceive us in mathematical and meta¬ 
physical demonstrations; these sciences, therefore, 
are trustworthy. The actual existence of the exter¬ 
nal world is proved by the prior truth, the existence 
of God. Creation was and is a manifestation of the 
Divine wifi. 

Descartes revolutionized mathematics, impart¬ 
ing to it a beneficial impulse. He did likewise to 
metaphysics. Among his immediate followers in 
the latter science were Geulincx, Malebranche, and 
Spinoza. A celebrated opponent was Gassendi. 
The method of Descartes was adopted by all the 
philosophers of the rationalistic school who flour¬ 
ished during the latter half of the seventeenth and 
the whole of the eighteenth centuries. In physics 
he discovered the law of the refraction of a ray of 
light through a diaphanous body, but his a priori 
method was not the proper instrument for physical 
investigation, and his researches in that depart¬ 
ment were comparative failures. [Vortex.] 

cart’-ful, *cart’-full, s. [Eng. cart, and ful(l).] 
The quantity which will fill a cart. 

“ The king hath licenc’d certain victuals into the town, 
and wood upon intreaty of the Cardinal Gondii at twenty- 
five crowns the cart-full, and a cow eight.”— Reliquice 
Wottoniance, p. 614. 

car-tha-gm’-1-an, s - & a. [Lat. carthaginiensis 
=pertaining to Carthage ; Carthago (genit. Cartha- 
ginis ).] 

A. As subst.: A native of Carthage. 

B. As adjective: 

Geog.: Of or pertaining to Carthage, a famous 
city on the north coast of Africa, said to have been 
founded by Dido about 869 b. c., and for many years 
the gre t rival of Rome for the supremacy of the 
Mediter: anean. After a protracted struggle, last¬ 
ing from 265 B. C. to 147 b. C., it was finally con¬ 
quered and burnt by Scipio in the latter year. 

carthaginian-apple, s. 

Bot.: Punica granatum, the Pomegranate. 


car -th9,-mine, s. [Mod. Lat. carthamus, and 
Eng. suff. -ine (Chem.). j 

Chem.: C 14 H 16 O 7 . A red coloring matter, insolu¬ 
ble in water, but soluble in alcohol, extracted from 
the flowers of the safflower, Carthamus tinctorius. 

car’-tha-mus, s. [Mod. Lat., from Arab, qurtum, 
qirtim, from Hen. qarthami— bastard saffron.] 

Bot.: A small genus of composite flowers, con¬ 
taining two annual species, of which one, the Saf¬ 
flower plant or Bastard Saffron (Carthamus tinc¬ 
torius), is extensively cultivated in India, China, 
&c., as well as Southern Europe. Under the name 
of Safflower the flowers of this plant are extensively 
imported into this country, principally from India,, 
for the sake of the two coloring matters, yellow ana 
red, contained in them, which are used for dyeing 
silk, &c. Mixed with finely powdered talc it forms 
the weH-known substance known as rouge. It is 
also used to adulterate saffron. According to Col.j 
Sykes the seeds of C.persicus produce a useful oil, 
eatable when fresh. The oil-cake formed from it is 
very nourishing to milch cattle. In times of scarcity 
the seeds themselves are eaten while the leaves of 
the plant are used as greens. 

“ Carthamus, the flower of which alone is used, is an 
annual plant cultivated in Spain, Egypt, and the Levant. 
There are two varieties of it; one which has large leaves, 
and the other smaller ones. It is the last which is culti¬ 
vated in Egypt, where it is a considerable article of com¬ 
merce.”— Brande: Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and 
Mines. 

*car-thoun’, s. [Cartow.] 

Mil.: An ancient gun, weighing 90 cwt., and 
throwing a 48-lb. shot; used in the fifteenth century. 
Also known as the Cannon Royal. 

car-thu’-§I-g,n, a. & s. [Low Lat. fjariustanus , 
Cartusiensis .] 

A. As Adjective: 

Eccles. Hist.: Of or pertaining to a religious 
order founded in A. D. 1086 by Bruno, and named 
from the place of their institution, Chartreux, in 
France. They were remarkable for the austerity 
of their rule, which binds them to perpetual soli¬ 
tude, total abstinence from flesh—even at the risk 
of their lives—and absolute silence, except at cer¬ 
tain stated times. Their habit was white, except 
an outer plaited cloak, which was black. They 
were brought over to England in A.D. 1180 or 1181 
by King Henry II. 

“ Silent he seems externally 
|As any Carthusian monk may be.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv. 

B. As substantive: 

One of the order of monks described in A. 
car ’-til-age (age as Ig), s. [Fr. cartilage, from 
Lat. cartilago .] 

In Animal Physiol.: A texture or substance 
possessed of elasticity, flexibility, and considerable 
cohesive power. Temporary cartilage is present in 
place of bone in very early life, and as development 
goes on ossifies. Permanent cartilage, on the con¬ 
trary, retains its character to the last, never ossify¬ 
ing. It is of two kinds : Articular cartilage, used 
in joints, and membruniform cartilage, employed 
in the walls of cavities. (Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. i., ch. 4, pp. 88—93.) [Fibeo-cartll- 

AGE.] 

“Canals by degrees are abolished, and grow solid ; sev¬ 
eral of them united grow a membrane ; these membranes 
further consolidated become cartilages, and cartilages 
bones.”— Arbuthnot. 

car-tIl-3,-gin -e-I , s. pi. [From Lat. cartilagin* 
eus=g ristly.l 

Ichthy.: The same as Chondropterygh (q. v.). 
car-tll-a-gln’-e-ous, a. [Lat. cartilaginosus, 
from cartilago (genit. cartilaginis ).] Consisting or 
cartilage, cartilaginous. 

“ By what artifice the cartilagineous kind of fishes poise 
themselves . . . is as yet unknown.”— Ray. 

tcar-tll-a-gln-if-i-ca’-tion, s. [Lat. cartilago 
(genit. cartilaginis), and/acio=to make.] The act 
or process of forming into cartilage. 

car-til-ag’-ln-ous, a. [Fr. cartilagineux; Lat. 
cartilaginosus, from cartilago (genit. cartilaginis) .} 

1. Ord. Lang.: Pertaining to, resembling, or con¬ 
sisting of cartilage, gristly. 

“The larynx gives passage to the breath, and, as the 
breath passeth through the rimula, makes a vibration of 
those cartilaginous bodies, which forms that breath into 
a vocal sound or voice.”— Holder: Elem. of Speech. 

2. Ichthyol.: Having the internal skeleton in a 
state of cartilage or gristle, the bones containing 
little or no calcareous matter. (Owen.) 

“. . . the means whereby cartilaginous fishes raise 
and sink themselves in the water, and rest and abide in 
what depth they please, . . .’’—Ray: Creation. 
cart’-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cart, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See tho 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of conveying in a cart. 


b6il bop", pout, jowi; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
^cia’n, -tiLH = sh?tn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bel del 






cartographer 

cart-og -r$ph-er, s. j [Lat. charta = a leaf of 
paper; Fr. carte =a card, a chart; andGr. graphf>= 
to write, engrave.] One who/makes or compiles 

cfcwihibtoiixa joitoais pi eld trios dud ia)aw ai eld 

fcart- 6 -graph-Ic, *cart-&-graph’-i-cal, a. 

[Lat. charta; Fr. car<e=a.card v a chart; Or. graph- 
ikos =Twriting, engraving; grapho,= to write, en¬ 
grave.] Qf or pertaining, to cartography. 

cart- 6 -graph -i-C9.1-l3f, adv. [Hug. cartography 
ical; -by.] According to or by cartography. 

'caft-pg'-raph-J^, s- [Fr. carte —a card, a chart ; 
Lat. charta ,* Gr. charter a sheet of paper \ graphe 
— a writing, a treatise; , grapho '—to write.] The art 
or business ofmaking charts.and maps., 
car ton, s. [Cartoon.] 
carton-pierre, s. , [Fr. pierre-a. stone.] 

1. A species of papier-machri, imitating stone or 
bronze sculpture. It is composed of paper-pulp 
mixed With whiting and glue. It is used for picture- 
frames, statuettes and architectural ornaments. 

\2. Very hard pasteboard, 
car-to-ne'-ma, «• [Gr. kartos — chopped, cut; 
nema=the thread.of a spider’s web.l 
Pot.: The generic flame of one of the spider-worts, 
having the filaments of the stamens without any 
hair. Only one species, Cartonema spicgtum (with 
blue flowers), a native of New Holland, is known. 

car-toon', *car-ton, s. [Sp. carton; Ital. car- 
tone; Fr. carton: from Lat .carta, charta— paper.] 
Painting <& Drawing; 

1. (Of the form Carton): Pasteboard for paper- 
boxes. 

2. A design drawn on strong, large paper, to be 
afterwards traced through and transferred to the 
fresh plaster of a wall, to be painted in fresco. 

3. A design colored for working in mosaic, tapes-’’ 

try, &c. ; -v -j v_-■ $ v i-.j . :• 

“It is with a vulgar idea that the world beholds the 
cartoons of Raphael, and every one feels his share of 
pleasure and entertainment.”— Watts:' fogic. 

4. A drawing of a larger size than usual in a paper 
or periodical. 

car-touch , s. [Fr. cartouche; Ital. cartocqio— 
an angular roll of paper, a cartridge, from cartas 
paper; Lat. carta, charta; Gr. chartes —a leaf of 
paper, j 
1. Military; 

*(1) A wooden case containing bullets formerly 
fired from howitzers. [Cartridge,] 

_*(2) Leather cases, used for conveying ammuni¬ 
tion from the magazine to the gun. 

(3) A cartridge. 

(4) A roll of paper containing a charge. 

*(5) ( Cartouches. Fr.): French military passes, 
once given to soldiers going on furlough. 

2 Architecture: 

1 (1) A name given to the modillion of a cornice 
Used internally. 

(2) A scroll of paper, usually in the form of a 
tablet, for the reception-of an inscription. 

3. E g y p t i a n 
Antiq.: An ellip¬ 
tical oval oh an- 
Ci en t monuments 
and in papyri, con- 
taining hiero¬ 
glyphics. 

“Still a part of it 
[the Rosetta stone] 
vtas deciphered. If 
the reader will refer 
to the plate of it he 
will see two names 
in an oblong inclos- Cartouches, 

ure called a car¬ 
touche.” — Sharpe: Hist, of Egypt. 

cartouch-box, a. The same as Cartridge-box 
( q. v.). 

*car-tOW, s. [Dut. kartouw; Ger. kartann, from 
Lat. quartana , from quatuor — four, from the 
measure of powder used. (Jamieson.).] [Car- 
Thoun.J ; 

“ The earl Marischal sends to Montrose for two car- 
tows .—The earl—had stiled his cartows and ordinance 
just in their faces.”— Spalding, i. 172. 

cart-ridge, *car-trage, s. & a. [A corruption 
of Fr. cartouche .] [Cartouch.] 

A. As substantive: . ., i , V F“ 

Mil.: A case of paper, flannel, parchment; or 
metal, fitting the bore of a gun, and containing an 
exact charge of bnoos 1 *vov « 

powder. It is 
called a ball- 
cartridge when 
it contains a 
projectile, and 
blank when no 
projectile is 
used. For muz¬ 
zle-loading small-arms cartridges consist of paper 
cases to which a leaden bullet is fixed; for breech¬ 
loaders, thin brass or cardboard cases with a metal 





Cartridge. 


764 

disc, containing the detonator at the pase, and a 
hardened bullet or charge of shot (in the cash of 
shot-gun cartridges), choked or crimped in at the 
other; for artillery, serge or silk, separate from 
the projectile, arid cylindrical ih shape. After 
filling, thp mouth is choked, and it is then hooped 
with worsted or braid. :• ; < ' 

“ Our monarch stands in person by, 

His new-o'ast cannons’firmness to explore;, 

The strength of big-corn’d powder loves to try | . , 
And ball and cartrage eorts for every bore.” 

Dry den: Annus Mirab., 149. 

B. As Adjective: (See the compounds.) 

cartridge-bag, s. 

Ordnance: A flannel bag, having a charge of 
powder for a cannon. 

cartridge-belt, s. A belt having pockets fixed 
for carrying ammunition. 

cartridge-box, s, A box or case for the safe 
storage and carriage of cartridges. 

cartridge-filler, s. A device for charging the 
cartridge-cases with the proper quantity of pow¬ 
der. 

cartridge-paper, s. Strong thick paper, such as 
was used for the cases of cartridges. Also used for 
large rough drawings covering a good deal of space. 
It is made in two widths, fifty-four and sixty inches, 
and any length that may b'e required; it is then 
called continuous cartridge. 

cartridge-priming, a. Priming or designed do 
prime a cartridge. 

Cartridge-priming rtiachine; A machine by which 
the fulminate is placed in the copper capsule of the 
metallic cartridge. 

cartridge-retractor, s. That part of a breach- 
loading fire-arm which catches the empty cartridge 
capsule by its flange and draws it from the bore of 
the gun. 

cartridge-wire, s. 

1 . Blasting: The priming wire by which the cart¬ 

ridge is connected with the connecting-wire of the 
voltaic battery. ' 

2. Ordnance: The needle by'which the cartridge 
envelope is pierced that the priming may be con¬ 
nected witb the powder of the cartridge.! 

car’-tu-lar-^, char'-tq-lar-^, s. [Fr. cartu- 
Taire, from Low Lat. cartutqrium, chartularium, 
from charta, carta=paper.) 

1. A register or record of a monastery or church. 

“Entering a memorial of them in the chartuZary or 

ledger-book of some adjacent monastery.” ~Blackstone: 
Commentaries. 

2. An ecclesiastical office! in charge Of public 
records. 

*Car-tuw, s. [Dut. kartouw= a great gun.] A 
great cannon or battering-gun. (Spalding.) 
(Scotch.) [Carthodn, Caetow.] 

♦car-R-eage, s. [Lat; caruc(a)=& plow, and 
Eng. sufE. -age,] 

1. Orel. Lang. : The act of plowing. 

2. O. Law: A tax Or duty imposed on every plow. 

car'-u-cate, s. [Low Lat. carucata, carmcatd, 
from car«ca= a plow.] As much land as could be 
plowed with a single team in a year. 

“The hide was the measure of land in the Confessor’s 
reign; the carucate, that to which it was reduced by the 
Conqueror’s new standard.—Twelve carucates of land 
made one hide.—It [the carucate ] must be various accord¬ 
ing to the nature of the soil, and custom of. husbandry, in 
eyery county.”— Kelham: Domesday Look, p. 168. 

car-um, s. [From Caria, a district of Asia 
Minor, of which it is a native.] 

Bot.: A genus of Apiaceee or Umbelliferse, with 
finely-cut leaves and compound umbels, which in 
the true Garaway have but few bracts surrounding 
them, o! sometimes none at all; petals broad, with 
a point bent inwards; fruit oval, curved with five 
ribs, and one or more channels for volatile oil under 
each furrow. The Caraway, Carurn carui, is culti¬ 
vated in Essex and elsewhere. [Caraway.] C. 
bulbocastanum is called Pignut; its tubers are quite 
wholesome. 

ca-run’-cle (Eng,), ca-run -cu-la (Lat.), s. [Fr. 
caroncule; Lat. caruncula=& little piece of flesh; 
caro (genit. carnis) =flesh.] 

1. Anat.: A small excrescence or protuberance of 
flesh, either natural or morbid. 

“ Caruncles are a sort of loose flesh arising In the urethra 
by the erosion made by virulent acid matter.”— Wiseman. 

2. Bot.: A wart or protuberance round or near 
the hilum of a seed. 

3. ZoGl.: A naked fleshy excrescence on the head 
of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, &c. 

tcg,-rufT-CR-lg.r, a. [Lat. caruncula=& little 
piece of flesh; car-o=flesh.] Pertaining to or of the 
form of a caruncle. 


carve 

«C 9 ,-rua-CR-lai[*I- 3 ., s. [Lat. caruncul(a), and 
neut. pi. adi. stiff. - aria .] i. („v .j>) tool: 

Bot.: A generic name given. to a few plants frqm 
the Cape of Good Hope, separated by HaWorth from 
Stapelia, but with characteristics scarcely sufficient 
to establish a new genus. (Treas. of Botany.) 

ca-run -cu-late, c?i-fufi'-CR-l&-ted, a. [Lat. 

caruncut(a), ari v d Eng. adj. stiff, -ate, -cried.] Af¬ 
fected with a caruncle; having a caruncle; of the 
nature or form of a caruncle j caruncular. ■ > 1 

“ The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also 
remarkable from the wonderful development of the 
carunculated skin about the head.”— Darwin: Origin of 
Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 21. 

cg. ru -to, s. [From the native name.] A. dye 
obtained from the fruit of the Genipa americqna, 
a native plant of British Guiana. It is Of a beauti¬ 
ful bluish-black color. (Ure.) ... 

carve, *ker-vyn, *ker-uen, *kurue, *keor-veh, 

v. t. & i. [A. $.Ceor/an (pt. t. cearf, pa. pat. ce'ar- 
fon, corfen, corvyn); O. Fris. kervef; Dut, kerven} 
Ger. kerben; Dan. karv6; 3 w. karfva.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: . x « 

*1 Lit.: To cut. jyib to! boos oh ionena nexO“ 

“ Kervyn, 6v cutton. Scindo, seco.” — Prompt. Darv. - 
“ The shepheards there robben one another, 

And layen baytes to beguile her brother; 

Or they will buy his sheepe out of the cote, 

Or they will capven the shepheards throte.” 

Spenser: Sliep. Call, ix. 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) To deprive, take away. 

“ His estate fortune fro him edrf.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 15,943. 

*(2) To make into furrows, to wrinkle. 

“ And there the Ionian father of the rest; 

A million wrinkles carved his skin.” 

Tennyson: The Palace of Art. 

*(3) To provide, secure. 

“ He hath been a keeper of his flocks both from the vio. 
lence of robbers, and his own soldiers, who could easily 
have carved themselves their own food.”— South. 

If Frequently with out. . ,1 f 

“ . . . many noble private fortunes were carved out 
of the property of the Crown.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xxiii. * J 'taaf'n 

*(4) To fashion. suomoivwA tnonHytO f 

“With loues thre that square are coruyn.” r rv 
Book of Curtasye, 667. 

“ I have known when he would have walked ten mile 
a-foot to see a good armour; and now will he lie ten 
nights awake, carving the fashion of a new doublet,”— 
Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing, ii. 3. f - 

(5) To force or succeed in making way against 
resistance. 

. “ To such let others carve their way, 

For high renown, or hireling pay .” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

( 6 ) To engrave. 

“ Run, run, Orlando, carve on every tree 
The fair, the chaste, the unexpressive she.” 

Shakesp.: As Ton Like It, iii. 2!. 

II. Technically: 

1. To cut meat at table. . -o ; , : 

“ A capon, the which if I do not carve most curiously, 
says my knife’s naught.”— Shakesp.: Much Ado about Noth¬ 
ing, v. 1. 

2. To cut in wood, s,tone, ivory, or other sub¬ 
stance, as a sculptor. 

(1) Of the thing cut: 

“Had Democrates really carved mount Athos into a 
statue of Alexander the Great, . . • ”— Bentley. 

(2) Of the figure made: 

“ And carved in ivory such a maid, so fair, 

As nature could not with his art compare.” 

Dry den; Pygmalion and. the Statue. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor. 

2. To perform at table the oflBce of supplying the 
company from the dishes. 

“ I do mean to make love to Ford’s wife; I spy enter- 
tainment in her; she discourses, she carves, she gives 
the leer of invitation.”— Shakesp.: Mir. Wives of Wind¬ 
sor, i. 8. 

*11. Fig.: To fashion matters, to arrange. 

“ He that stirs next to carve for his own rage, 

Holds his soul light; he dies upon his motion.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 3. 

*carve, s. [Low Lat. carva; O. Fr. came, car- 
rue, a contracted form of carucate (q. v.1.1 A 
carucate of land. J 

“ As cantreds are diversely estimated, so are also carves 
or plowlaflds.” —Sir J. Ware: On Spenser’s Ireland. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cuh, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu’ = kw! 








cafved 


765 


cascade 


<carved, pn. par;& a. §‘ 6 aeve, v.]' : toto?- f “■.s 9 
;t car -v?l (l),s. [Acontractioij of c&.)4t v ei(ctv;).j 

carvel-built, a. 

■ 1 Niiut.; ‘Said of aship'or boat in whichltheplankfe 
arcj all flush; that is to say, their edges' are 1 all 
rdyed'to each other, and not overlapping, as in 
clmkerwork. ■ ,, i . 

carvel-joint, s. 

Naut .; A flush joint. Used of ships’ titnbers or 
plates. It is opposed to a '• clincher.” 

car -vel (2), s. 1 1 F.iyjn. doubtful.] 1 'The Uffiltk 
marina,ov Sea-blubber. - 

“ The cdWel is a sea-forae, floating upon the surface bt 
the ocean, of a globous form, like so many lines throwing 
abroad her stings, which she can. spread at pleasure, 
angling for Sfnall fishes, which by that artifice she capti¬ 
vates .”—Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 26. 

*car'-r(lteu, pa* pair. & cm [The now obsolete-foym 
,of the pa,paf.<rf ccurve; Mid. Eng. i-carven, .corvyn.] 
Carved. , 

“ Eight to the carven cedarn doors.” 

Tennyson: Reool: of the Arabian 'frights. 

carv-er, *ker-vare, *ker-vere, s. ''[Elag. 

carv(e); -erf] ; . !., K . t 

I . ,Z,iterl0y)' ■' ' 

1. Oh e who carves, or works in tvood; marble, 
ivory, &c.a'sculptor or engraver. 

“ I contreved tooles of carpentrie, of kervires\’ 1 

Langland: P. Plownian} 5(966. 

"The master painters and. the carbefs came.” ■ 

Dry den: Palamoh and Areite, iii. 455. ' 

2. One who Cuts up rnteat at t,able. 

“ Kervare beforne a lorde. EscariuS.” — Prompt. Pari. 

“The carver, dancing round each dish.” 

Dryden: Juvehal, V. 

T A carving knife and fork are often spoken of as 
the carvers. 

' til- Figuratively: 

1. One who arranges matters, apportioning and 
providing at his own discretion!' ’ 

f ‘I have had feeling of iny cousin’s wrongs 
And labored all I could to do him right; 

Bat in this 'kind to come, in braving arms. 

Be his own carver, and cut out his way, 

To find out right with wrong, it may not be.” 

' ■ Shakesp.: Richard’ II, ii. 3. 

2. A contriver, a plotter. 

>“■ AW, hid with art, so well perform'd the cheat, 

It caught the. ca,ryer with his own deceit.” 

Dryden: Pygmalion and the Statue, 17, 18. 
carv-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Carve,. v,] ' 

A. & B. As pr. par. <£ particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: ■ 

1. The act, process, or. art of noting,as, a carver. 
The act, process, or' art of cutting wood into orna¬ 
mental forms by means of chisels, gravers, scorpers, 
•&c. Tlie art is oqo of groat .antiquity. ^ 

“ . . agd in carvivg of wood,, to make any manner 

of cunning work.”— Exod. xx.cv. 33". 

I, 2|, Carved work.? . •, ; V ^ ' 

"They can no more last like the ancients, than, excel¬ 
lent; carvings in woofi like those in, marble andjbrass,”— 
Temple., 

“ Paintings and carvings, which had escaped the, fury 
of the first generation of Protestants, . , !•”— Macaulay: 

Hist. Eng., ch. i. , 

If Obvious cqmpqunds;, Carving-knife, ^cffving- 
fork. 

carving-chisel, s- A chisel having an oblique 
edge, and a basil on ; bqth sides ; a,sJrew-ciiisel. 

carving-machine, s- A machine for roughly 
preparing wood for the carver’s .chisels, gouge^, and 
scorpers. ’ , 

carving-table, s. A table heated with hot water, 
in which are depressions forming pans: to hold 
joints of meat. . : o . ; f 

car'^vlst, s. (A corruption of carry-fist,.] } 
Fdlronry: A haWM of Sufficient hge ; to be: carried 
on the fist or wrist ; a hawlc in its;first year- / 
*car-v&. *car'-vey, *ear'-vie, s. & a. [CaeeA- 
WAY. I 

1. Carraway. 

“ Mix with them two pound of fino flpor, and two.ounce 
ot carry seeds.”— Receipts in- Cookery,fi: 21. V . < < 

2. A confection in which carraway .seeds aret in¬ 
closed. 

V}. ml .- ;the reraaSnider iqf'the two oamees of cyrvey, 

. . .fWJJiabfewA Mag,, OtstofeM-'lSSO, p..l4. : j 

carvy-seed, stoCarravtay-sOed. ,tX (s)* 

“ . t . tfeajt a carviksced yvonlfi sink the spplp , , »■> .” 

Scott: Antiquary, ch. xv. 

car'-y-a, s. [Gr. karya, pi. of karyoil^fr nuj*] 
Bot.: A’ghpus of -North American'pMntsyallied to 
the Walnut, and. belonging to the order JugiaiKla- 
ceae. Baryu alba, is 3 the. common hickory (q. v.). 
The seeds of :Ci qfliaim, with .oil ©f chamomiie,-.are 
useful in colic. { ,, , f 


ear-f-a’-te?, car-f a t-Id-e?, ias pl.fi [Lat Car- 
yates; Gr. kgryatides=viotneix' of (^aiya. Accord¬ 
ing to’,Vitruvius, fr<im ' 1 ' ; 

Uarya, in L, aconirt; 
fyom whence, qt its 
conquest by the 
Greeks, the women 
were led away captive, 
and, to perpetuate 
their slavery, were rep-, ( 
resented in buildings 
as charged With bur¬ 
dens. irl't 

Arch.: Figures of 
females, used instead 
of columns for the-sup¬ 
port of an entablature, 

Male figures in ■ this 
position tahd 1 relation 
are called Atlantes, 

Telamones, or Per¬ 
sians. ‘ '' Catyatide's.’ 

car-y-at -Ic„. , a., 

[Lat. caryat(es); suffix -ip.] Gf or pertaining to 
caryatides., (Pen. Cydl.) . 

car-y-at -ld, a. & s. [Gr . karyaiides.] .. t 

A. As adjective: 

Arch.: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cary¬ 
atid. (Pen. Cycl.) , 

B. As substantive: 

Arch.; A.single female figure susfaifung an entab¬ 
lature. 

CR-ryb -d.q-R, s. [T.at. Cftanybdis.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Medusae, order Acephala. class 
Simplicia, in which no traces of Vessels can be per¬ 
ceived internally. 

car'-f-o-car, a. [Gr. karyon—a nut,] 

Bot.;, One. of two genera, forming the order Rhizo- 



Cavyocar nuciferum, which produces the Souari, or 
Butter-nuts; These nuts are shaped something like 
a kidney, having an exceedingly hard, woody shell, 
inclosing a large White kernel, which has k pleasant 
nutty taste, and yields a bland oil on'pressure. The 
timber also is valuable for ship-building, mill- 
work, &c. 

car-y-o-crl-nP-teg, s. [Gr. karyon ^ a nut; 
krinon =a lily.] ' ] > . . 

Palceont.: A. genus of Crinoidea, or Stone-lilies, 
found in the palaeozoic limestones of this country. 

car--y-6-daph-ne, s. [Gr. karyon ■■ a nut; 
daphne= a laurel.] 

Bot.: A genus of Javanese trees, belonging to the 
Laurel family. The bark of Caryodaphne densi- 
flora is bitter in taste; its leaves are aromatic, and 
used in cases of spasms of the bowels. 

car-y-ll'-o-phR, s. [Gr. karyon—a. nut; loplios 
=the back of the neck, a crest.] 

Bot.: A section of Anchusa, a genus of Boragi- 
naceae, containing A. sempervirens, a plant with a 
salver-shaped corolla, with very short straight tube, 
and the ring at thebase of the huts prolonged on 
the inner side into an appendage. 

car-y-OP-y-sls, s. [Gr. Carpono a nUt, nucleus, 
and h/.s"i.s=dissolution.] The process of cell nuclei 
dissolution. ; \ 

car-y-o-lyt'-lc, a. [Gr. fcary6n=nucleus, and 
bysis=dissolution.] Pertaining to caryolysis. 

car-^-6-phyl-la -Qe-se, s. pi. [Lat. caryophyl- 
l(um )—the clove gilli flower, one Of the species, and 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -aceoe.] 


phyllia expspitosa is a common MediterraneancOTal, 
and at Galleri, near Vizzini, in Siqily, a bed a toot 
and a half thick of the same species occurs .fossil:m 
Newer Pltocene deposits. The genus ranges from 
the Chalk to modern times. / , 

car-y-o ph^l -lic, a. [I.at. carijophylt(um); 
and Eng. suff. -ic (Chem.)'.] 
caryophyllic acid, s. 

Chem.: An acid obtained from the oil of cloves by 
means of alcohol. It is composed of twenty atoms 
of carbon, twelve of hydrogeit, and four of oxygen. 

car-y o-phyl -llne, s. [Lat. caryophyll(uni); 
and Eng. suff. -ine (Otipm .).] . ,-; i f , 

Chem.: CioH 16 0. .A. crystalline substance obtained 
from cloves by means ;of alcohol. , , , w 

car-jf-o phyl -loid, a. ■ [Pn caryophylloide; Gr. 
karyophyllon , andeidos^-form, appearance.] 7 
, Bot.: Resembling tfie Caijyophyllusy pt Glove'.', 
ear-y-o-phyl -lus, s. [Gr. karyon-a nut; phyt- 
lon=>,eL leaf.] j j| i . ; 

car -y-6-plasm, s, [Gr. karyon— nucleus, and 
plasma —toTia.. \ The plasma of a cell nucleus; 
nuolhoplasmi '■ ’ f ’ : " ■ '' \ 

1. Bot. : A genus of Myrtacepe, containing Varyo- 
phyllus aromaticus, the trpe producing: the.well- 
known spice called cloves. It is a handsome eyer- 
green, rising from fifteen to twenty feet high. 
[Clove.] Itgrowsiu the East Indian Islands. The 
trees are how extensively cultivated in the West 
Indies and elsewhere. All part? of the plant are 
aromatic from the presence of a volatile oil., 

2, Pharm. : Cloves, the unexpanded, flowerbed, 

dried, of Caryophyllus aromaticus, or Clove-tree.. 
The clove has a, small tapering,, nail-like, reddish- 
brown body, consisting of a four-toothed calyx, and, 
the unopened corolla. _ > 

If. CaryophylU oZeww, oil .of, cloyes, the essential 
oil distilled from cloves. It is of a light yellow color 
when fresh, gradually becoming brown-red; specific 
gravity, 1’055. It consists of a hydrocarbon CirHm, 
containing in solution eugenic acid CioHioOg, and a 
crystalline body carypphylline (q. v,). Cloves con¬ 
tain tannin, Cloves and the oil are. stimulant, 
aromatic, and carminative, and are _ employed in 
atonic dyspepsia, to allay vomiting in pregnancy, 
and to relieve flatulence ; also the oil is used to allay 
by counter irritation the pain of carious teeth. 

car-y-op-sis, s. [Gy, ,karyon =a hut; apsis— 
appearance.] , 

Bot.: A name applied to dry fruit containing a 
single seed, which is united by all parts with a thin 
pericarp. This fruit has the aspect of a seed ; such 
is the fruit (commonly called seed) in the family of 
grasses. (Balfour.) , 

car-y-O -tR, s. [Gr. karyotos ; phoimx= the date- 
palm; karyon—a nut.] 

TUnf • A tromic irnri 


tribe, with united sepals opposite 1 the stamehfc, 
where the latter are of the same number;) 2. 
Alsinese, theChick-weed tribe, with separate sepals ; 
3. Mollugineee, the Carpet-weed tribe, in which the 
petals are wanting, and the stamens are alternate 
with the sepals when of ; the same number. They 
ari all natives of cold and temperate regions. The 
Clove-pink ( Dianthus Gary op hy l lus) i- the origin of 
all the cultivated varieties qf carnations, picotoe.s, 
bizartes, flakes, &c. There are about 6p genera ana 
1,100 species,■ , j ; x i . . • 

car-^- 6 phyl-la,'- 9 e"Ous, a. .[Lat, caryophyd- 
liume); knd Eiigj adj. suff. -aceous.] 

■ B<ot. : Applied to^ a Corolla whose petals have long 
distinct' ejavys, as in the clove-pink.' 

<i^r-y-6-ph^r-le-ouS, a, [&aiydphyUe : (c$),, and 
Eng. adj-suff. -tots;] v‘.V v. , » 

' Bot.: The sa’mb US CaevOphyllAceOus (q. V,.), 
qar-y-o-pliyr-Il-R, s. [Imt, caryophyilfym); 
nont. pi. adj. suff. -ia ] 

ZoOl. dt Palceont.: A genus of Madrepore Polypi, 
in which the coral is branched, and the stars con¬ 
fined to the; end of the branch. At each star is a 
mouth, surrounded by numerous tentacula ■ Garyo- 


They have flowers of different sexes borne upon .the 
same spike, or sometimes on different spikes. , From 
the flower-spikes of C. urens a large quantity of 'the 
juice called toddy or palm-wine is obtained, find 
this on boiling yields excellent palm-sugar 1 and 
sugar-candy. The sago of commerce is prepared 
from the central or pithy part of the trunk. The 
fiber of the leaf-stalks is used for making ropes, 
brooms, mats, <fcc., and a woolly kind of scurf 
scraped off the leaf-stalk for calking boats. 

*cas, s. [Case.] . : , \ 

ca sa, phr. [An abbreviation of Capias dd sdtis- 
faciendum.] [Capias.] a m ; « 

*ca,s ak-ene, s. [Ital. casachino ;• O. Fr. ca.sa- 
quin.] A kind of snrtout. [Cassock.] . 1 
ca-sa r-ca, s. [Russ, kazarka'; Bashkit kar- 
akas ,] , ; ; . . . . , , 

Ormtli.: A fresh-water fowl of the Duck family 
Anatidte ( fadorna casarcaG called also NuddS’- 
goose. It is a natiye.pf Russia. 

cas'-ca-be!, 's. [Sp. cascabcii cas<jdbillQt= a little 

ball, a button or knob at the end of a cannon. 
Probably a corruption from the Lat, scabillum, 
8cabellum.] 

Mil.: The space between the button or kneb on 
the- roar of a muzzle-loading gun, and the first 

re-enforce or 1. . j>h\» 

greatest cirum- greech t, ; v]*. &;;>’? al 

6SK Eifled 

breeph -loading ( ! \ 1 GZa 

guns have none. 

cas-ca de, si 
f I'r. cascaite; 

Sp. case add? 

ItalA cascdta, 

from cascare= __ 

to fall, from i /sSJe'v 

Lat.ca.,v, . to bo ■ 1 lo fl a! , . : f ' j 

ready to fall, Cascabel. , 

Ttormeado (sn’p. casimn) —to fall; ■ 

I. OiVL Lang.: A fall of water over a precipice: a 
waterfall, a little cataract. If, [j 



bffiil,. boy ; pout, , lowl; cat, ?ell, chorus, 
-cian, ’ -tian soshRn. -itiott, -sioagi sffihU; 


^hin, benefit go, gem; .thiB, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist, ph=;f. 
idtipn,: Ifi-sgiom’s# zhiin. -tious, .-.clous, -sious, shfisi -ble, <fec. = bel, del. 


























cascalho 


766 


case 


II. Technically: 

1. Electricity: 

(а) An electric charge sent through a number of 
Leyden jars in succession, and not simultaneously. 

(б) A series of Leyden jars arranged on insulat¬ 
ing supports for the purpose of charging and dis¬ 
charging. 

2. Pyrotechnics: A device to imitate sheets or jets 
of water. Chinese fire is used. 

cas -C3,-r«L s. [SR=bark.] The bark of the cas- 
cara amarga, a tree native to Mexico, much used 
as an alterative tonic in skin affections. 

cas-cal'-ho, s. [Port.=a chip of stone or gravel; 
op. cascajo, from c«scar=to crack, to break in 
pieces, from Lat. quasso—to break in pieces.] 

Geol.: A deposit of gravel, pebbles, and sand in 
which the Brazilian diamond is commonly found. 

cas-ca-ril-lg,, s. [Sp, cascarilla=& piece of 
thin bark; dimin. of cascara=bark, rind; casca = 
bark for tanning; cascar= to break in pieces.] 

1. Bot.: A genus of Cinchonaceae. 

2. Phar.: The same as Cascarilla bark (q. v.). 

if Mexican Cascarilla: Cascarilla Pseudo-China. 

It is called by the Spaniards Quina blanca. 

cascarilla bark ( Eng .), cascarillse cortex 

{Lat.), s. 

Pharm.: The bark of Croton Eleuteria, or 
Eleutheria, & tree belonging to the order Euphor- 
flaacese. It is a native of the Bahama Islands, being 
^?ost abundant in Eleuthera, one of that group. 
The bark occurs in the market as small quilled 
pieceSj about the size of a pencil, fissured in both 
directions, of a dull, brown color, spotted white 
with lichens. It has a spicy smell and a bitter and 
aromatic taste. It contains a crystalline substance, 
; Cascarilline. It is highly esteemed as an aromatic 
bitter tonic, without astringency, in case of indi¬ 
gestion; also as a stimulant expectorant in chronic 
bronchitis. When burnt it emits a fragrant smell, 
•on which account it has been at times mixed with 
tobacco. 

cas-c$.-rir-llne, s. [From Sp.,&c cascarilla; 
and,Eng.,&c., suff. -ine {Chem.) (q. v.).j 
‘ Chem.: A crystalline substance found in Casca¬ 
rilla (q. v.). 

cas'-co, s. [Sp. =hull of a ship.] A craft used for 
coast and river commerce in the bay and river of 
Manila. It is from 70 to 90 feet in length, and has 
a beam of 10 to 12 feet and draws 2% t° 3 f ee t °f 
water when loaded. It is built of light, tough 
wood, and is hooded with bamboo. The crew num¬ 
bers from 5 to 10 men, and their families live on the 
boat fore and aft. The casco man is the water rat 
of the Philippines. The casco is slow and cumber¬ 
some, and is fast being replaced by lighters. 

case (1), *caas (1), *cas (l),*casse, *kace (l), 
s. & a. [O. Fr. cosse=box, case, or chest, from Lat. 
capio= to hold, to contain.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) That which contains or incloses something 
else; a box, covering, or sheath. 

“ Race or casse for pynnys. Capella.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Other caterpillars produced maggots, that immedi¬ 
ately made themselves up in cases.” — Ray: On the Crea¬ 
tion. 


(2) A box or chest with its contents. 

(3) A couple or set of any article. 

*(4) The framework or carcass of a house. 

“The case of the holy house is nobly designed and 
executed by great masters.”— Addison: On Italy. 

2, Figuratively: 

(1) The body, as that which covers or incloses the 
heart. 


“O cleave, my sides! 

Heart, once be stronger than thy continent, 
Crack thy frail case.” 

Shakesp ..- Antony and Cleopatra, iv. 12. 


(2) The skin. 

“For generally, as with rich furred conies, their cases 
are far better than their bodies, . . .”— Burton: Anat¬ 
omy of Melancholy, p. 474. 

II. Technically: 

1. Printing: A frame containing compartments 
or divisions for type. Each fount of type requires 
two cases, the upper and the lower. The upper 
«ase contains the capital letters, small capitals, 
dotted and accented letters, fractions, and marks 
of reference ; the lower case the small letters, figures, 
marks of punctuation, quadrats, and spaces. 

2. Bookbinding: A cover made ready for its con¬ 
tents—the book. 

3. Masonry: An outside facing of a building, of 
material superior to that of the backing. 

4. Joinery: 

(1) An inclosing frame; as, the sash-casing; a hol¬ 
low box on the sides of the window frame, in which 
the weights work. 


(2) The frame in which a door is hung. 

(3) The inclosure of a stair. 

5. Weaving: The pulley-box of a button-loom. 

6 . Pyrotech.: The paper cylinder or capsule of a 
firework. 

7. Mining: A small fissure which lets water into 
the workings. 

8 . Comm..: The guts of sheep, used as cases or 
covers for sausages. 

“ The agreement was for the purpose of securing to the 
plaintiffs a monopoly of the supply of sheep’s cases, or the 
guts of sheep, for covering sausages in New York and 
Canada.”— London Standard, Sept. 22, 1881. 

IT For the distinction between case (1) and frame, 
see Frame. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

case-bays, s. pi. The joists framed between a 

pair of girders in naked flooring. ( Gwilt.) 

case-bottle, s. 

1. A bottle constructed to fit into a case with 
others. 

“The first thing I did was to fill a large square case- 
bottle with water; and set it on my table, in reach of my 
bed.”— De Foe: Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 
p. 98. 

2. A bottle protected against breakage by a case 
or covering of wickerwork. 

case-charr, s. 

Ichthy.: A species of Salmon, Salmo salvelinus. 
It is called also the Charr, the Alpine Salmon, and 
the Salvellian Charr. 

case-harden, v. t. [Eng. case, and harden .] 

1. Lit.: To harden the outside or case of an iron 
tool, thus converting the surface into steel, while 
the interior still retains the toughness of malleable 
iron. 

“The manner of casehardening is thus: Take cow horn 
or hoof, dry it thoroughly in an oven, then beat it to 
powder; put about the same quantity of bay salt to it, 
and mingle them together with stale chamberlye, or else 
white wine vinegar. Lay some of this mixture upon 
loam, and cover your iron all over with it; then wrap the 
loam about all, and lay it upon the hearth of the forge to 
dry and harden. Put it into the fire, and blow up the 
coals to it, till the whole lump have just a blood-red heat.” 
— Moxon: Mechanical Exercises. 

2. Fig.: To strengthen one’s self, at least out¬ 
wardly, against any influence. 

case-hardened, pa. par. & a. [Case-harden, v.] 

1. Lit.: Having the outside or surface of an iron 
tool hardened, so as to be converted into steel. 

2. Fig.: Strengthened against any external influ¬ 
ence. 

“ Adieu, old fellow, and let me give thee this advice at 
parting; e’en get thyself case-harden’d; for though the 
very best steel may Bnap, yet old iron, you know, will 
rust.”— Guardian, No. 95. 

case-hardening, pr. par., a. & s. [Case- 
harden, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act or process of hardening the out¬ 
side or surface of iron so as to convert it into steel. 

2. Fig.: The act of strengthening against external 
influences. 

case-knife, s. A large table-knife, usually 
carried in the olden time in a sheath or case. 

“ The king always acts with a great case-knife stuck in 
his girdle. . . — Addison: On Italy. 

case-lock, s. A box-lock screwed on to tho face 
of a door. 

case-man, caseman, s. 

Printing: One who works at a case ; a compositor. 
[ Colloquial .] 

case-mated, a. [Casemated.] 

case-paper, s. The outside quires of a ream. 

case-rack, s. 

Printing: A wooden frame to receive printers’ 
cases when not in use. 

case-shot, s. The same as Canister-shot. Com¬ 
mon for smooth-bore guns: a cylinder of tin filled 
with small iron balls packed in sawdust and having 
a wooden or iron bottom; range 300 yards. For 
rifled guns: a number of sand-shot or lead and 
antimony bullets packed, with coal-dust, in a thin 
iron or tin case. It has a wooden top and a 
wrought-iron disc, at the bottom, on which rest 
three curved iron plates, forming a lining to pre¬ 
vent injury to the bore in firing. For spherical case 
(diaphragm, shrapnell, and improved shrapnell), 
see Shells. 

“ In each seven small brass and leather guns charged 
with case-shot.” — Clarendon. 

case-weed, *casse-weed, s. 

Bot.: A cruciferous plant, the Shepherd’s Purse 
{Capsella Bursa-pastoris). 


case-winding, a. Wound or intended to be 
wound up by a case. 

][ Case-winding watch: A watch so constructed 
that the opening of the cover winds up the works. 
It cannot be overwound. Theurer, of Switzerland, 
took out a patent in the United States for a watch 
of this kind in 1866, and Guizot for another in 1870. 
Several other devices of this nature have been 
invented, 
case-work, s. 

Bookbinding : A book glued on the back and stuck 
into a cover previously prepared. 

case-worm, caseworm, s. The same as the 
Caddis (q. v.), so called from the case which it con¬ 
structs for itself. 

“ Cadises, or caseworms, are to be found in this nation, 
in several distinct counties, and in several little brooks ” 
—Floyer. 

case ( 2 ), *caas ( 2 ), *cas ( 2 ), *kace ( 2 ), s. & a. 
[O. Fr. cas; Ital., Sp. & Port, caso; Lat. casus=a 
chance, from cado =to fall.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A chance, accident. 

"Race, happe. Casus." — Prompt. Parv. 

“ Case fell that this kyng . . . was with sickness 

ofsought.”— Alisaunder: Frag. (ed. Skeat), 24. 

2. The condition or state— 

(a) Of things: 

“ There he bileuede mid is ost, betere cas to abide.”— 
Robert of Gloucester, p. 553. 

“ The bird-catchers assert that this is invariably the 
case." — Darwin: The Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. ii., ch. 
viii., p. 259. 

( b) Of persons: 

“ In such caas often tymes they be . . ."—Rugae 

Poeticce, p. 9. 

“. . . If the case of the man be so with his wife, It is 
not good to marry.”— Matt. xix. 10. 

*3. A condition of the body. 

“ . . . our sick were many, and in very ill case." — 

Bacon. 

4. Questions or matters concerning particular 
persons or things. 

“ Well do I find each man most wise in his own case." — 
Sidney. 

5. A question or point to be decided on. [II. 1.] 

“ . . . so bard and perplext a case.” — Tillotson (3d 
ed., 1722), vol. i., ser. ii. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(1) The state of facts juridically considered; as, 
the lawyers cited many cases in their pleas. 

“If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up 
one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study 
the lawyer’s cases . . .”— Bacon: Essays. 

(2) A statement of the facts of any matter sub 
judice, drawn up for the consideration of a higher 
court. 

(3) A cause appointed for trial, whether criminal 
or civil. 

(4) The name of an action in very general use 
which lies for damages where covenant or trespass 
will not lie. 

2. Medicine: 

*(1) The history of a disease. 

(2) A particular instance of any disease. 

“ Chalybeate water seems to be a proper remedy in 
hypochondriacal cases." — Arbuthnot: On Ailments. 

“ Blabbing the case of his patient.” 

Tennyson: Maud, II., v. 37. 

3. Gram.: The different forms assumed by a word 
according to its different relations in a sentence. 
The movable or variable terminations of a noun are 
called its case-endings. In the oldest English there 
were six cases: Nominative, vocative, accusative, 

S enitive, dative, and instrumental. In modem 
Inglish only one case, the possessive (the repre¬ 
sentative of the older genitive), retains a case-end¬ 
ing, but we find traces of others, as in the adverbs 
whilom, seldom, and in the pronoun whom, where 
the m is the relic of the dative ami accusative cases 
in old English. 

III. In special phrases: 

1. In case, *in cas. 

(1) If it should happen that, supposing that, lest. 
“ For in case it be certain, hard it cannot be for them 
to Bhew us where we shall find it . . .”— Hooker. 

*(2) In a fit condition for anything. 

"Thou lyest, most ignorant monster, I am in case to 
justle a constable.”— Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 2. 

*(3) Perhaps. 

2. If case (be): If by chance, supposing. 

3 *Of case, of caise: By chance, accidentally. 

“ Because sic reuersionis may of case betynt.” 

Acts James III. (an. 1469; ed. 1814), p. 96. {Of caise, ed. 
1566.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, pnite, cur, rfile, full; tr?, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



case-book 


767 


casher 


4. *On or upon case, *on cas: By chance. 

5. To put a casefiputte caas: To suppose or pro¬ 
pose an hypothetical instance or illustration of any 
case. 

“ I putte caas that he ha space 
Fforth to precede day by day.’* Lydgate. 

“ Profits it to put an idle case." 

Tennyson: In Mem., xxxv. 18. 

6 . To set case, *sette cas: The same as to put case. 

“ I sette cas that a thefe make an hole in a hous, for to 

take out good .”—Gesta Romanorum (ed. Herrtage), p. 10. 

IT (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between a case and 
a cause: “ The_ case is matter of fact; the cause is 
matter of question; a case involves circumstances 
and consequences; a cause involves reasons and 
arguments; a case is something to be learned; a 
cause is something to be decided. A case needs only 
to be stated; a cause must be defended; a cause 
may include cases, but not vice-versa .” 

( 2 ) For the distinction between case (2) and situ¬ 
ation, see Situation. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

case-book, s. A book in which a medical man 
enters the particulars and history of each case 
treated by him. 

case-ending, s. The inflections by which the 
different cases of a noun, &c., are distinguished. 
[Case (2), A. II. 3.] 

“ The second stage is that in which some words have 
lost their power of being used as nouns or verbs, and can 
only be employed as particles, in which capacity they 
are added to nouns to form case-endings, and to verbs 
to form tense and person endings.”— Beames: Comp. Gram. 
Aryan Lang., vol. i. (1872). Introd., p. 42. 

♦case-putter, s. One who puts forward argu¬ 
ments, a lawyer. 

“ A battered, worm-eaten case-putter .” 

Otway: Soldier’s Fortune, ii. 1. 

case, s. A slang name given, for some inscrutable 
reason, to the American dollar,_ although different 
writers have ascribed many derivations to the word. 
Some trace it Jo the Hebrew kaser= a crown, but 
the better supposition is that it arose among the 
French-speaking negroes of New Orleans, who, ac¬ 
customed to hearing a cash-box called caisse, by 
metonymy applied case to the contents of the box. 
The dollar being the unit of American cash the 
name has naturally been restricted to it. Or it may 
have been applied by the Chinese denizens of our 
western cities in commemoration of their native 
coin—the Cash (q. v.). 
case(l),v. t. [Case, s.] 

I. Literally: 

1 . To encase, put in a case or covering. 

“ The friend with ardour and with joy obey’d. 

He cas’d his limbs in brass . . .” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi., 1. 161-2. 

* You spurn me hence, and he will spurn me hither: 

If I last in this service, you must case me in leather." 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, ii. h 

2. To cover or envelop as a case. 

“ Then comes my fit again; I had else been perfect. 

As broad and general as the casing air.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4. 

3. To cover on the outside; to surround with a 
casing of a material different to that of which the 
interior is composed. 

•• Then they began to case their houses with marble."— 
Arbuthnot. 

*4. To strip off the case or covering; to skin or 
flay. 

“ We’ll make you some sport with the fox ere we case 
hi m .”— Shakesp.: AH’s Well that Ends Well, iii. 6. 

II. Fig.: To cover, hide. 

“ If thou would’st not entomb thyself alive, 

And case thy reputation in a tent.” 

Shakesp: Troil. & Cress., iii. 3. 

♦case (2), v. i. [Case, s.] To put cases; to pro¬ 
pose or suggest hypothetical instances or cases. 

“ They fell presently to reasoning and casing upon the 
matter with him, and laying distinctions before him.”— 
L’Estrange. 

*ca’se-a.-ble, a. [Eng. case; -able.'] Naturally 
belonging to a particular situation or case. 

"Some convulsions he had, where in the opening of his 
mouth with his own hand, his teeth were somewhat hurt. 
Of this symptom, very caseable, more din was made by 
our people than I could have wished . . .’’—Baillie: 
Lett., i. 185. 

cas-e-ar'-l-ft, s. [Named after Casearius, a mis¬ 
sionary at Cochin, who assisted Rheede in the 
Hortus Malabaricus .] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Samydaceee (Sam- 
yds). In Brazil the leaves of Casearia ulmifolia are 
applied to wounds, and as an antidote to the bite 
of serpents, while the juice is drunk by the sick. A 
decoction of the leaves of C. lingua is used inter¬ 
nally in inflammatory disorders and malignant 
fevers. C. astringens is employed as a poultice or 


lotion for badly-healed ulcers. The root of C. escu- 
lenta, an East Indian species, is bitter and purga¬ 
tive ; the foliage is edible. Finally, C. Anavinaa, 
also an Indian species, has very diuretic pulp, 
while the leaves are used in medicated baths. 

ca -se-ate, V. t. [Lat. casews = cheese; -ate.'] To 
become cheese-like. 

ca-s^-a -tion, s. [Eng. caseat(e) ; - tion .] 

1. The precipitation of casein during the coagula¬ 
tion of the miik. 

2. Pathol.: Fatty degeneration of pus, tubercle, 
etc., in which the structure is converted into cheese¬ 
like substance. 

cased, pa. par. or a. [Case, v.] 
ca’-se-Ic, a. TFr. caseique, from Lat. caseus= 
cheese.] Pertaining to cheese. 
caseic-acid r s. 

Chem.: A name given to an acid obtained from 
cheese, the existence, however, of which has been 
denied. 

ca-se-In, ca-sc-Ine, s. [Fr. caseine; Lat. 
caseus =cheese. ] 

Chem.: An albuminoid substance found in milk, 
soluble in alkali. It is coagulated by animal mem¬ 
branes. It dries into a yellow mass, and contains 
less nitrogen than albumin. A similar substance, 
called vegetable caseine or legumin, occurs in peas, 
beans, &c. 

IT Vegetable caseine : A substance essentially the 
same as animal caseine, of which from twenty to 
twenty-seven per cent, occurs in the pea and bean, 
while the seeds of leguminous plants in general 
contain a considerable proportion of it. (Brown.) 

ca-se-in-6-gen, s. [Lat. casews=cheese, and Gr. ‘ 
gennab=to produce.] Chem.: A proteid substance 
occuring in milk. When acted upon by a digestive 
ferment it produces casein. It is analogous to 
fibrinogen. 

c5se'-m5te, ♦cas-a-mat, s. [Fr. casemate ; Sp. 
& Port, casamata : Ital. casamatta, from casa = a 
house, and matto , tern, matta—mad, foolish; also in 
the sense of Eng. ‘‘dummy.’’] 

1. Fortification: 

(1) A kind of bomb-proof vault or arch of stone¬ 
work, in that part of the flank of a bastion next the 
curtain, somewhat retired or drawn back toward 
the capital of the bastion, serving as a battery to 
defend the face of the opposite bastion, and the 
moat or ditch. 

( 2 ) The well, with its several subterraneous 
branches, dug in the passage of the bastion, till 
the miner is heard at work, and air given to the 
mine. (Harris.) 

2. Arch.: A hollow molding, such as the cavetto. 
( Gwilt .) 

casemate-gun, s. 

Mil.: A gun is mounted in casemate when it is 
placed in a protected chamber and fires through an 
embrasure. The construction of the carriage differs 
somewhat from that of the barbette. 

casemate-truck, s. 

Vehicles: A truck for transporting guns, &c., in 
casemate galleries or through posterns. 

case’-ma-ted, a. [Eng. casemat(e); -ed.] Fur¬ 
nished with or formed like a casemate. 

“ Casemated batteries are sometimes used ia the sea 
faces of works.”— Campbell. 

case'-ment, s. & a. [An abbreviation of encase¬ 
ment ; from O. Fr. encasser= to frame, to case; casse 
=a case, a chest.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Properly a small portion of an old-fashioned 
window, made to open on hinges fastened to one 
of its vertical sides, the rest of the window being 
fixed. 

"Why, then may you have a casement of the great cham¬ 
ber window, where we play, open, and the moon may shine 
in at the casement.” — Shakesp.; Mid. Night’s Dream, iii. 1. 

(2) Now applied to the whole window; a window. 
f(3) Sometimes applied to the frame only of a 

window. 

*2. Fig.: Applied to the heart or breast. 

“Thy casement I need not open, for I look through 
thee.” — Shakesp.: All’s Well, ii. 3. 

II, Technically: 

♦1. Mil.: A loop-hole in a wall to shoot through. 
(Coles.) 

2. Carp.: The name given by carpenters to the 
kind of planes called by tradesmen hollows and 
rounds. 

B. As adjective: In the compounds; as, casement- 
curtain, casement-edge. 

■fcase-ment'-ed, a. [Eng. casement; -ed.] Fur¬ 
nished with a casement. 


ca§’-e-ofis, a. [In Fr. casieux; Lat. caseus = 
cheese.] Pertaining to or resembling cheese; con¬ 
sisting of cheese. 

“Its fibrous parts are from the caseous parts of the 
chyle.”— Floyer: On Humors. 

caseous-oxide, s. [In Ger. kdsoxyd.] 

Chem.: A name for a combination of cheese with 
oxygen; also called Aposepidin (q. v.). 

C^s-er'n, s. [Fr. & Ger. caserne: Sp. & Port. 
caserna; Ital. caserina, from Lat. casa =a cottage.] 
A little room or lodgment erected between the ram¬ 
part and the houses of fortified towns, to serve as 
apartments or lodgings for the soldiers of the garri¬ 
son, with beds. (Harris.) 

cas'-e-um, s. [Lat. caseus=:cheese.] The same 
as Caseine (q. v.). 

cash (l),s. & a. [O. Fr. casse—a box, case, or 
chest; Fr. caisse ; Lat. capsa.~\ 

A. As substantive: 

*1. A chest of money-box. 

“ Casse. A box, case, or chest, to carry or keep weares 
in; also a merchant’s cash or counter.”— Cotgrave. 

“This bank is properly a general cash, where every 
man lodges his money.”— Sir W. Temple: United Prov., 
ch. ii. 

“ . . . 2C,OOOZ. are known to be in her cash.” — Win- 
wood: Memorials, iii. 281. 

2 . Properly ready-money; coin or specie. It is 
also applied to valuable securities capable of being 
readily converted into money. 

“ Who sent the Thief that stole the Cash away . . .” 

Pope: Horace, bk. II., epistle ii. 24-5. 

“. . . the minister received only from four to eight 

pounds sterling in cash.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

Cash down: Money paid at the time of mak¬ 
ing a purchase or of closing a bargain. Also called 

spot cash. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between cash and 
money: “ Money is applied to everything which 
serves as a circulating medium ; cash is, in a strict 
sense, put for coin only; bank notes are money , 
guineas and shillings are cash: all cash is therefore 
money, but all money is not cash." (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
Compounds of obvious signification; Cash-box 

cash-keeper. 

cash-account, s. 

1. Bookkeeping: An account In which only cash 
or ready-money transactions are entered. 

2. Banking: An account of advances made to a 
customer on security. 

cash-balance, s. 

Bookkeeping: The amount which stands on the 
debtor side of the cash-account. 

cash-book, s. A book in which is kept a record 
1 of money received or paid out. 

“ The cash-book contains an account of all money trans¬ 
actions. It is kept in a folio form like the ledger, with 
Dr. marked on the left-hand page, and Cr. on the right. 
On the Dr. side is entered all money received; and on the 
Or. all money paid.”— Rees: Cyclopaedia; Bookkeeping. 

“ . . . little that is truly noble can be expected from 
one who is ever pouring on [poring over] his cash-book or 
balancing his accompts.”— Spectator, No. 174. 

cash-giri’, ° r i s ' A messenger employed in large 
retail establishments to carry the money received 
by clerks from customers to a cashier, and bring 
back the proper change. 

cash-credit, s. The privilege of drawing money 
from a bank, on personal or previously deposited 
security; a cash-account. 

cash-price, s. The price of anything when sold 
for cash, as distinguished from the price when sold 
on time. 

cash-register, s. An instrument for registering 
the amount of money paid on every purchase made 
at a store, barroom, restaurant, &c. Its principal 
purpose is to operate as a check upon dishonesty in 
the salesman, barkeeper or cashier. 

cash-sales, s. Sales made for money to be paid 
on a cash basis, as opposed to those on which time 
is allowed. 

cash (2), s. A native Chinese copper or brass 
coin, perforated with a square hole, and strung on 
threads; in value about one mill. 

♦cash (H, v. 1. [A shortened form of cashier 
(q.v.).] [Cass, v.] To disband, dismiss. 

“ And thereupon cashing the greatest part of liis land 
army, he only retained one thousand of the best soldiers." 
—Sir A. Gorges, in Purchas’s Pilgrim. 

cash (2), v. t. [Cash (l),s.] To change or convert 
into cash ; to exchange for money, 
cashed, pa. par. or a. [Cash, v.] 
cash er, s. & a. [Etym. doubtful.] 


hdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL 




casher-box 


768 


cassada-bread 


casher-box, s. 

Glass manufacture: A table covered with coal 
cinders, on which the globe of glass is rested while 
the blowing-tube is detached and a rod attached to 
the other pole of the globe, preparatory to flashing. 
[Crown-glass.] ( Knight .) 

Cfi-Sliew’ (shew as shoo), s. & a. [A corruption 
of acajou , the French form of the native Brazilian 
name acajaiba. ] 

A. As substantive: 

Bot.: The seed of the Anacardium occidentale, a 
tree of the family Anacardiaceee. It is a large tree, 
somewhat like a 
walnut. The fruit 
or nut is kidney¬ 
shaped, of an ash 
color; the shell 
consists of three 
layers, the outer 
and inner of 
which are hard 
and dry, but the 
intermediate 
layer contains a 
quantity of black, 
extremely acrid, 
caustic oil, which 
is destroyed by 
roasting the nuts 
before eating 
them. The oil is 
applied to floors 
in India to protect ~ , 

them from the at- Cashew, 

tacks of white ants. [Anacardium.] 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
cashew-bird, s. The Jamaica name for a Tan- 

ager, Tanagra zena. ( Ogilvie .) 
cashew-nut, s. 

Bot.: The fruit or nut of the Anacardium occi¬ 
dentale. [Cashew.] 

cashew-tree, s. [W. Indian name.] The Acacia 
lortuosa. Its timber is hard and tough. ( Dr . Boyle: 
Descrip. Catalog, of Woods, 1843.) 

cash-hor-nie, s. [Etym. unknown.] A game 
played with clubs by two opposite parties of boys, 
the aim of each party being to drive a ball into a 
hole belonging to their antagonists, while the latter 
strain every nerve to prevent this. {Scotch.) 

cash'-Ie ( 1 ), a. [Icel. fcoes=congeries, whence 
kas-a= to heap, to amass; or perhaps rather allied 
to Icel. karskr, kaskr^ quick, nimble, as radically 
the same with hasky=rank (q.v.). {Jamieson.) Or 
perhaps the same as Catchy (q. v.).] 

1. Luxuriant and succulent. (Spoken of vege¬ 
tables and the shoots of trees.) 

“ Deep down in the sauchie glen o’ Trows, 

Aneth the cashie wad.” 

Ballad, Edin. Mag., October, 1818, p. 328. 

II Thomas of Ercildoune, it is said in an old 
rhyme— 

"-gade down to the cashie wud 

To pu’ the roses bra.” 

Ballad, Edin. Mag., September, 1818, p. 153. 

2. Transferred to animals that grow very rapidly. 

3. Delicate, not able to endure fatigue. 

IT This is only a secondary sense of the term, as 
substances, whether vegetable or animal, which 
shoot up very rapidly and rankly, are destitute of 
vigor. 

4. Flaccid, slabby. (Applied to food.) 
cash’-Ie (2), a. [Perhaps the same as Calshie. 

(, Jamieson .)] 

1. Talkative. 

2. Forward. 

cash-ier’, s. [Fr. caissier; Ital. cassiere, from 
caisse, cassa=cash.] He who has charge of money; 
a cash-keeper; one who keeps the books of cash 
payments and receipts of a firm. 

“If a steward or cashier bo suffered to run on, without 
bringing him to a reckoning, such a sottish forbearance 
will teach him to shuffle.”— South. 

cash-ier’, *casseere, v. t. [Ger. cassiren = to 
cashier, to destroy: Fr. casser=“ to breake, burst 
. . . quash asunder, also to casse, casseere, dis¬ 
charge” {Cotgrave) ; Ital. cassare; Lat. c-asso— to 
bring to nothing, annihilate; cassws^empty, void.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To invalidate, annul, render of none effect. 

“ Seconds in factions manytimes prove principals; but 
many times also they prove cyphers, and are cashiered." 
— Bacon. 

*2. To dismiss from one’s service, discharge. (Of 
persons, as II.) 

“ They have already cashiered several of their followers 
as mutineers.”— Addison: Freeholder. 

*3. To discard, dismiss. (Of things.) 

“ Connections formed for interest, and endeared. 

By selfish views [are] censured and cashiered.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium, 496. 


II. Mil.: To dismiss an officer from service; to 
annul one’s commission. [Generally in a bad sense.] 
“ He had the insolence to cashier the captain of the lord 
lieutenant’s own body guard.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. vi. 

cash-ier ed, pa.par. & a. [Cashier, v.] 
fcash-ier’-er, s. [Eng. cashier (v.); -er.] One 
who cashiers, discharges, or dismisses, 
cash-ier-ifig, pr. par., a. <& s. [Cashier, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (Seethe 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of discharging or dismiss¬ 
ing from service; the state of being discharged or 
dismissed. 

cash'-mg, pr. par., a. & s. [Cash, v.~\ 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act or operation of converting 
into cash; encashment. 

*cash’-llte, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Wei. casglu 
=to collect, casgd=collection.] A mulct. ( Whar¬ 
ton.) 

cash-mar’-Ies, s. pi. [Fr. chassemarie, from 
chasser — to hunt, to drive, and marie — the tide 
. . . fresh sea fish.] Fish-carriers; people who 
drive carts of fish through villages for sale. 

“ Na mulettis thair his cofferis carries, 

Bot lyk a court of auld cashmaries. 

Or cadyers coming to ane fair.” 

Legend Bp. St. Androis; Poems 16 th Cent., p. 328. 
cash’-mere, s. & a. [Named from the country 
whence it is imported.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A material for shawls, of a rich and costly 
kind, made from the fine wool of a species of goat, 
a native of Thibet. 

2. A fine woolen stuff, made in imitation and sub¬ 
stitution of real cashmere. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or composed of the ma¬ 
terials described in A. 

cash-mer-ette’, s. [From Eng., &c., cashmere 
(q. v.), and suff. - ette .] 

Fabrics: A lady’s dress-goods, made with a soft 
and glossy surface in imitation of cashmere. 

Cash-mer’-I-an, a. [Eng. cashmer{e); - ian .] 
Of or pertaining to cashmere. 

ca-shoo’, s. [Fr. cachou, from the Cochin-Chi- 
nese caycauf] The same as Catechu (q.v.). 

cas-im-ir-5-fi, s. [Named after a certain Cas- 
imir Gomez, of whom nothing is known.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Aurantiacese. 
Casimiroa edulis is cultivated in Mexico. The pulp 
is agreeable to the taste, but induces sleep; the 
seeds are poisonous. {Treas. of Bot.) 
cas’-Ing (1), pr. par., a. & s. [Case, v.] 

A. & B. As. pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. The act of inclosing in a case or covering. 

2. A case or covering. 

II. Technically: 

1. Metal-working: The middle wall of a blast¬ 
furnace. Beginning from the inside, we find the 
lining, stuffing, casing, and mantle. [Blast-fur¬ 
nace.] {Knight.) 

2. Shipbuilding: The cylindrical curb around a 
steamboat funnel, protecting the deck from the 
heat. 

3. Blasting: A wooden tunnel for powder-hose in 
blasting. [Hose-trough.] 

*cas’-mg (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from 
Fr. gazon—twd.'] [Cazzon.] Dried cow-dung, used 
as fuel. 

“ God permitted him to take other fuel, namely, cow’s 
dung, dried casings, to bake his bread with.”— Waterland: 
Script. Vindic., iii. 94. 

*cas-i -n6, s. [Ital. casino= a summer-house, a 
small villa; dimin. of casa=a house; Lat. casa=a 
cottage.] A public house or room for dancing and 
music. 

2. A small country , louse or summer retreat. 

3. The same as cassino (q. v.). Casino is the usual 
spelling in this country. 

*cask, *kaske, a. [Icel. karskr, kaskr; Sw. & 
Dan. karsk .] Brave, doughty. 

“ The laddes weren kaske and teyte.” 

Havelok, 1,841. 

*cask (1), s. [Casque.] 

cask (2), *caske, s. [Fr. casque; Sp. & Ital. casco.] 
I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A barrel, a wooden vessel used for inclosing 
liquor or provisions. 

“ The victuallers soon found out with whom they had to 
deal, and sent down to the fleet casks of meat which dogs 
would not touch.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 


If It has cask in a kind of plural sense, to signify 
the commodity or provision of casks. 

“Great inconveniences grow by the bad cask being 
commonly so ill seasoned and conditioned, as that a great 
part of the beer is ever lost and cast away.”— Raleigh. 

2. The quantity contained in a cask. 

*3. A casket. 

“A jewell lockt into the woefullest cask.” — Shakesp.: 
Henry VI., Pt. II., iii. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. In the same sense as 1.1. 

2. Dyeing: One form of steam-apparatus for 
steaming cloths which have been printed with a 
mixture of dye-extracts and mordants, in order_ to 
fix the colors. It is a hollow cylinder, within which 
the cloths are suspended for the application of the 
steam admitted to the interior of the drum. 
{Knight.) 

cask-buoy, s. [Buoy.] ( Knight.j 
tcask, v. t. [Cask, s.] To put into a cask. 

cask’-et, s. [Corrupted from Fr. cassette = a 
casket; dimin. of casse=a box, case; Lat. capsa— a 
chest; capio= to hold, contain. ( Skeat .)] 

I. Literally: 

1. A little chest or coffer, a jewel-case. 

“All, my lord, are ready: 

Here is the key and casket.” 

Byron: Manfred, iii. L 

“Here, catch this casket; it is worth the pains.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, ii. 6. 

2. A coffin. 

“. . . all heads were reverently uncovered as the 
casket was removed from the hearse.”— Evening Telegram, 
April 3, 1893. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. The body, as inclosing the soul. 

“They found him dead, and cast into the streets, 

An empty casket, where the jewel, life. 

By some damned hand was robbed and ta’en away.” 

Shakesp.: King John, v. 1. 

2. The breast. 

“O ignorant poor man! what dost thou bear 
Locked up within the casket of thy breast?” 

Davies. 

‘3. The tomb, as inclosing the body. 

“Mineeye hath found that sad sepulchral rock. 

That was the casket of heav’n’s richest store.” 

Milton: Ode on the Passion. 

cask'-et, v. t. [Casket, s.] To inclose or shut 
up in a casket. 

“ I have writ my letters, casketed my treasure, and given 
order for our horses.”— Shakesp.: All’s Well, ii. 5. 

cas’-pere, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Bot.: A plant— Alliaria officinalis. 
*cas-Ipe-caws, *cas-pi-taws, *cas-pie-laws, 
*cas-chie-lawis, s. [Possibly from Dut. kous; Fr. 
chausse=a. stocking, and Dut. ta«w=lukewarm.} 
An instrument of torture formerly used in Scotland. 
{Longmuir's Jamieson.) 

fcasque (que as k), *cask, s. [Fr. casque: Ital., 
Sp., & Port. casco= a skull, cask, helmet.] Armoi 
for the head, a head-piece. 

“ Old Nestor shook the casque.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. vii. 220. 

“ There came a youth from Georgia’s shore,— 

A military casque he wore.”— Wordsworth: Ruth. 

Tf Obvious compound: Casque-shaped. 
fcasqued (que as k), a. [Casque, s.] Wearing a 
casque. 

“He was clothed in a dragoon’s dress, belted and 
casqued, and about to mount a charger.”— Scott: Anti¬ 
quary, ch. vi. 

tcas-quet-el (quet as ket), s. [Dimin. of 
casque (q. v.).] A light helmet. {Southey.) 

*cass, *casse, s. [Case.] 

*cass, t>. t. [Fr. casser; Ital. cassare; Low Lat. 
casso; either from cassws=empty, or from quasso— 
to shake.] 

1. To render useless; to annul. 

“When this eleccion came to the Pope he cassed it.”- 
Cotgrave: Chronicle, p. 153. 

2. To discharge, release, dismiss. 

“They were cassed and discharged of their militarie 
oath.”— Holland: Amm. Marcellianus. 

“The verb to cass was once naturalized in the English 
tongue, but it is now obsolete.”— Trench: English Past 
and Present , p. 85. 

3. To vanquish, defeat. 

“Of the Yitellians he both cassed and also chasticed 
very many.”— Holland: Suetonius, p. 245. 

“ Thay war cassin, but array, at thair spulye.”— Bellen 
den: T. Livius, p. 21. 

cas’-sfi-dfi, cas’-sfi-do, s. [Cassava.] 
cassada-bread, s. [Cassava-bread.] 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw 




cassakin 


769 


cassino 


cas-s^-mun'-air, s. [An Eastern word. Cf. 
Mahratta katchoramu=A zingiberaceous plant, Cur¬ 
cuma zerumbet, and Krishna tamara—Canna In- 
dica.] 

Phar.: The name of a root brought from the 
East Indias in irregular cut pieces of various 
shapes. The cortical portion is marked with circles 
of a dusky brown; the inuer part is paler and 
unequally yellow. It is warm, bitter, and aromatic, 
and smells like ginger. It is used in hysterical, 
epileptic, and paralytic affections. It is sometimes 
referred to the species Zinziber cassamuniar. 

cas -S^-reep, s. [From Eng., &c ..cassa(va), with 
suff. -reep, of doubtful etym.] The inspissated 
juice of the cassava, which s highly antiseptic, and 
forms the basis of the West Indian pepper-pod. 

*cas'-sate, v. t. [Fr. casser; Ital. cassare; Low 
Lat. casso; from cassus=empty, or qwosso=tobreak 
in pieces.] To render void or null, to abrogate, to 
quash. 


“ This opinion supersedes and cassates the best medium 
we have.”— Ray: On the Creation. 

cas-sa'-tion, s. [Fr. cassation; Low Lat. cas- 
satio, from casso =to quash.] The act of making 
null and void, or quashing. 

IT The Court of Cassation, in France, is the 
Supreme Court of Appeal, so named from its having 
the power to quash [Fr. casser] or alter the decis¬ 
ions of the courts below. 


cas'-sa-va, s. [Fr. cassave; Sp. casabe, cazabe , 
from the native Haytian name, kasabi. ] 

1. Comm., Bot., die.: A purified and nutritious 
fecula (starch) obtained from the roots of some 
euphorbiaceous plants, and 

specially from those of Ja- 
tropha or Janipha manihot, 
and J. loeflingii. 

2. Bot.: A plant, the Man- 
dioc or Manihot, Manihot 
utilissima■ (Jatropha or Ja¬ 
nipha manihot, Linn.) It is 
a native of the warmer parts 
of . this country, where the 
root, after being freed of its 
poisonous juice by pressure, 

&Cy is ground to the., starch 
or flour called cassava, and 
then made into cakes o f 
bread. It is also used as a 
sauce, <> and, mixed with 
molasses, to form an intoxicating drink. Tapioca 
is purified granulated cassava. 



Cassava (1. Flower. 

2. Root). 


cassava-bread, s. Bread made from cassava, 
cassava-plant, s. The same as Cassava (2) 
(q. v.). 

cass'-a-war-jf, s. [Cassowary.] 

*cass-e-done, s. [Chalcedony.] 

“ Item in a box beand within the said kist, a collar of 
cassedonis with grete hingar of moist, twa rubeis, twa 
perns, contanand xxv small cassedonis set in gold.—Item 
a beid [bead] of a cassedone.”—Inventories, p. 9, 12. 

casse-gran'-i-an, a. [Named after a French¬ 
man, M. Cassegrain.] Pertaining to Cassegrain 
taee otvm.), who in 1672 invented the telescope called 
after aim. 


Cassegranian-telescope, s. A form of the re- 

flecting-telescope in which the great speculum is 
perforated like the Gregorian, but the rays converg¬ 
ing from the surface of the mirror are reflected back 
by a small convex mirror in the axis of the tele¬ 
scope, and come to a focus at a point near the aper¬ 
ture in the speculum, where they form an inverted 
image, which is viewed by the eye-piece screwed 
into the tube behind the speculum. 

cas-se’-na, s. The yaupon-tree (Ilex cassine), of 
the southern United States. 

casse’-pa-per, s. [Fr. papier cassi; from casser 
= to break, destroy; Low Lat. casso.] [Cass.] 
Broken paper; the two outside quires of a ream. 

cas-ser'-I-an, a. [From Julius Casserius of 
Padua.] Pertaining to Julius Casserius (see etym.). 
casserian-ganglion, s. 

Anat.: A large semi-lunar ganglion formed by the 
fifth nerve. It is at the point of sub-division into 
the ophthalmic, the superior, and the maxillary 
nerves. 

cas'-se§, cassh’-e§, s. [Cashes.] 
cas'-sl-a, s. & a. [Lat. cassia; Gr. kassia and 
kasia; Ital. cassia; Fr. cosse. For Heb., &c., see 1 
Scripture.] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Scrip., die.: Cassia occurs in the following 

§ laces : ( 1 ) Exod. xxx. 24, where the Heb. is qiddah, 
ept. Gr. ireds, genit. of iris ; (2) Psalm xlv. 8 (Heb. 
9 ), where it is qetsioth, which is the fern. pi. of 
qetsiah, from qatsa= to cut off, to peel off, used of 
bark, Sept. Gr. kasia ; and (3) Ezek. xxvii. 19, where 
it is qiddah (see No. 1). In the Septuagint there is 
a different reading. Qiddah is from qadad — to 


cleave. According to Dr. Royle qiddah was prob¬ 
ably what is now called Cassia-bark (q. v.), and the 
qetsiah the same as Syriac kooshta, Arab, koosh and 
koost x the Aucklandia Costus , a composite plant 
growing near Cashmere, and allied to the Carline- 
thistle. 

“All thy garments smell of myrrh, aloes, and cassia .”— 
Ps. xlv. 8. 

2. Bot.: A genus of plants, order Leguminosae, 
suborder CEesalpinie®, and tribe Cassiese. It has 
five unequal sepals, five petals all yellow, unequal 
in size but not pap- 
ilionaceous, ten 
stamina distinct 
from each other, the 
three lowest the 
longest, the four in- 
termediate ones 
shorter and straight, 
and the remaining 
three sterile or abor¬ 
tive; ovary stalked, 
usually curved, 
leaves simply and 
abruptly pinnated 
with opposite leaf¬ 
lets, generally with 
glands on the pedun¬ 
cles. Between 200 
and 300 species are 
known. They are 
trees, shrubs, or 
herbs. They are 
found in India,Africa 
and the warmer parts of this country. Several 
furnish Senna. [3. Pharm. Senna.] The seeds of 
Cassia Absus, which are very bitter, are brought to 
Cairo from the interior of Africa ; they are called 
Chicin or Cismatan, and are regarded as the best of 
remedies for Egyptian ophthalmia. The bark of 
C. aurata is used in India medicinally, and also for 
dyeing and tanning leather._ The roasted seeds of 
C. occidentalis, which, notwithstanding its specific 
name, is found in the East as well as in the West 
Indies, are used in the Mauritius for coffee, and as 
a remedy in asthma. 

“When, turning round a cassia, full in view, 

Death, walking all alone beneath a yew.” 

Tennyson: Love and Death. 

IT Clove Cassia: 

Comm.: The bark of Dicypellium caryophylla- 
turn, a lauraceous tree from Brazil. 

3. Pharm.: Alexandrian senna consists of leaflets 
of Cassia officinalis, var. lanceolata, and of C. 
obovata. Indian senna consists of leaflets of C. 
officinalis, var. elongata. [Senna.] 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

4. Socially: Cassia is a plant regarded as sacred 
in the tenets of Free Masonry, and whenever a 
brother of the order is interred, sprigs of evergreen, 
(supposed to represent Cassia) are cast into the 
grave. The allusion is to a beautiful legend in con¬ 
nection with one of the ancient princes of the 
order, Hiram Abiff, and also to the evergreen 
memory in which the brother just departed will be 
held. 

cassia-bark: (Eng.), cassia lignea (Lat.),s. 
Pharm.: Cassia-bark, or Chinese Cinnamon, is 
the bark of the Cinnamomum cassias. It is used to 
adulterate Ceylon Cinnamon, which is the inner 
bark of C. zeylanicum. It is detected by its greater 
thickness and roughness, and by having a less 
aromatic odor and taste. These trees belong to the 
order Lauraceas. Dr. Wight has discovered that 
cassia-bark is produced also by several and per¬ 
haps by all the species of Cinnamomum. 

cassia-buds, s. A commercial name for the 
flower-buds of Cinnamomum aromaticum. They 
are used like those of cinnamon and cloves, 
cassia-lignea, s. [Cassia-bark.] 
cassia-oil, s. The same as Oil of Cinnamon. 
It is produced from cassia-bark and cassia-buds. 

cassia-pods, s. pi. The legume of Cathartocar- 
pus ( Cassia ) fistula. 

cassia-pulp (Eng.), cassia-pulpa (Lat.), s. 
Pharm.: The pulp of the pods of Cassia fistula, 
Pudding pipe-tree or Purging Cassia. The pulp 
has a brown-black color, a sweet, disagreeable 
taste, and contains sugar, pectin, mucilage, and a 
bitter substance. It is a slight laxative, but is apt 
'to produce flatulence; it is contained in Confectio 
Sennae. 

cas’-sLda, s. [Lat. cassida= a little helmet, 
dimin. of cassis=a helmet.] 

Entom : A genus of monilicom coleopterous in¬ 
sects, the Tortoise Beetles, in which the body is 
short, oval, and frequently concealed beneath the 
shield of the head and case wings. 

cas-sid'-e-ous, a. [Lat. cassida= a little helmet; 
cassis= a helmet; suff. -eous.] 

Bot.: Having the form of a helmet, as the upper 
sepal in the flower of an aconite. 



Cassia Occidentalis. 


cas-sl-dl -a-dae, s. pi. [Lat. cassida=& little* 
shield.] 

Entom.: A family of monilicom coleopterous in¬ 
sects, the Tortoise or Helmet Beetles. [Cassida.J 
They are of the section Tetramera, and sub-section 
Cyclica. The thorax and elytra are dilated so as to 
constitute a shield, whence their name. The ex¬ 
panded front of the thorax quite envelops the 
head. When captured they feign death. The tail 
of the larvse ends in a fork. 

cas-sid-I -na, s- [From Lat. cassis (genit. cas- 
sidis)— a helmet, ana suff. -ina. J 
Zodl.: A genus of Cursorial Isopod Crustaceans, 
containing the little animals popularly known as 
shield-slaters. 

cas-sld-on-jf, cas'-sld-dine, s. [Fr. cassidoine; 
Low Lat. cacedonius, chalcedonius from Chalce- 
don, a town in Bithynia.] 

Botany: 

1. A species of Lavendula stcechas, or French 
Lavender. 

2. A species of Gnaphalium, Cottonweed, Cud¬ 
weed, or Goldylocks. 

cas-sid’-u-la, s. [Dimin. of Lat. cassis—a 
helmet.] 

Zodl.: The typical genus of the family Cassidu- 
lidae (q. v.). 

cas-si-du'-ll-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cas- 
sidul(a) (q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of Echinida, roundish or oval in 
form, with very fine spines. It is sometimes sepa¬ 
rated into two families, Echinobrissidse and Echino- 
lampadse (q. v.). 

cas-sid-fi-ll -na, s. [From Mod. Lat. cassidul(a) 
= a little helmet, and suff. -ina.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Foraminifera, the typical one 
of the family Cassidulinidee. Cassidulina laevigata 
and crassa are common in England ; they are found 
also fossil with other species from the Miocene 
onward. 

cas-sId-a-Hn'-i-dse, cas-sld-u-lin-i-de-a, s. 
pi. TFrom Mod. Lat. cassidulina (q. v.), and fem. 
pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of Foraminifera, sub-order Per¬ 
forata. 

cas -sle, caz’-zie, s. [O. Fr. casse ,• Ital. cassa; 
from Lat. capsa= a case.] A sort of basket made 
of straw. 

“Neither do they use pocks or sacks as we do; but carry 
and keep their corns and meal in a sort of vessels made of 
straw, called cassies,” — Brand: Orkney, p. 28. 

*cass’-ier, v. t. [Cashier.] 

“Moreour, if the Tartars draw homeward, our men 
must not therefore depart and cassier their bandes, or 
separate themselves asunder.”— Hackluyt: Voyages, vol. i., 
p. 63. 

cass -i-mere, s. [Cashmere. Fv.cassimir; Sp. 
& Ital. casimiro.] A thin, twilled woolen cloth 
used for men’s clothes. Kerseymere is probably a 
corruption. Kersey is a local name for a coarse 
worsted cloth of Scotland and Ireland. (Knight,, 
dtc.) 

cas-sl -nae, s. pi. [Lat. cassis = a helmet, and. 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -ince.] 

Zool.: A sub-family of the Muricidte (Murices), 
the shells of which are large, ventricose, and gener¬ 
ally smooth; spire very short; the base truncate- 
and emarginate, or with recurved channel; inner 
lip toothed and plaited, 
cas-si he, s. [A native name.] 

Bot.: A genus of South African plants belong¬ 
ing to the Celastraceee, or Spindle-tree family. 
Seven species are known. The wood takes a good 
polish, and is particularly adapted for the manu¬ 
facture of musical instruments, 
cas-sln-et te, s. [Sp. casinete; Ger. casinet.] 
Fabric: A fabric made of very fine wool, some¬ 
times mixed with silk or cotton. _ It differs froir 
valentia and toilinette in having its twill thrown 
diagonally. 

cas'-sln-lte, s. [Etym. doubtful. No explana¬ 
tion given by the introducer.] 

Min.: A variety of Orthoclase, of a dull bluish- 
green subtransparent color, and containing minute 
particles bright and hexagonal (hematite?). It 
occurs at Blue Hill, Pennsylvania. (Dana.) 

cas-si'-no, s. [Ital. casmo=a small house, dimin. 
of casa— a cottage; Fr. casin.] A game at cards 
usually played by four persons (although more can 
enter the game), two on each side. In it the ten of 
diamonds, technically called great cassino, or great 
cass., counts two; and little cassino, or little cass., 
the two of spades, counts one. The points possible 
to be scored in one deal (exclusive of sweeps) num¬ 
ber 9. They are: Big cassino, 2; little cassino, 1 ; 
cards, 1 ; spades, 1; each ace, 1 = 4. A sweep is 
counted when a player takes up all the cards on the 
table. The object sought in the game (besides the 
points already enumerated) is to arrange the cards 
on the board in combination so that the sum of the 


$611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shaa. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -$ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 

49 



cassinoid 


770 


cast 


spots on the cards thus combined may equal those 
on one card in the hand of the player, who has the 
right to take as many cards from the board as he 
can thus combine; or he may capture any card from 
the board the counterpart of which he has in hand. 

cas -sin-dud, s. [Named after Cassini, a cele¬ 
brated mathematician.] 

Math.: An elliptic curve, wherein the product of 
any two lines, drawn from the foci to a point in the 
curve, shall be equal to the rectangle under the 
semi-transverse and semi-conjugate diameters. 

cas'-sl-o-ber-rf, s. [Mod. Lat. cassine, from the 
native name, and Eng. berry.'] 

Bot.: The fruit of the Viburnum Icevigatum. 

Cas-sI-6-pe i-u, s. [Gr. Kassiepeia.] 

1. Ancient Myth.: The wife of Cepheus, a myth¬ 
ical king of Ethiopia, and mother of Andromeda. 

2. Astron.: A constellation in the northern hemi¬ 
sphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus. 

cas'-sls, s. [Lat. cassis— a helmet.] 

Zoblogy: 

1. The Helmet-stone, an ochinite, a section of the 
llass of Catacysti. 

2. A ^enus of gasteropodous mollusks, family 
Bucconidee. Their English name is Helmet-shells. 
They are ventricose univalves; the aperture is lon¬ 
gitudinal and sub-dentated, and terminating in a 
short reflected canal. This genus of shells is found 
•both recent and fossil. 

cas-slt-er'-I-a, s. [Gr. kassiteros= tin; Lat. cos- 
siterum.] A genus of crystals, in which there ap¬ 
pears to be an admixture of particles of tin. 

cas-si-ter'-Ite, s. [Gr. kassiteros=tin; suff. -ite 
(Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: SnC> 2 , native stannic dioxide, a tetragonal 
nearly transparent mineral of a brown or black, 
sometimes red, gray, white, or yellow color. Hard¬ 
ness, 6-7 ; specific gravity, 6’4-7T. Composition: 
oxide of tin, 89‘43—95‘26; tantalic acid, 0-2'4; sesqui- 
oxide of iron, l-02-6'63; sesquioxide of manganese, 
0-0’8; silica, 0-6 - 48; alumina, 0-1*20. ( Dana .) 

^cas sl-ter-o-tan -ta-lite, s. [Gr. kassiteros= 
tin, and Eng. tantalite (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Tantalite with stannic acid 
replacing part of the tantalic. 

*cas-sob, s. [Arabic.] 

Chem.: Alkali, or alkaline salt. 

cas-sock, s. [Fr. casaque; Ital. casacca= a 
great coat; from casa=a house, a covering. Cf. 
Gael. casag= a long coat.] 

*1. A soldier’s overcoat. 

*2. A dress of any kind, even for women. 

3. A kind of close-fitting garment worn by clergy¬ 
men, either with or without other robes, and by 
choristers and choirmen under their surplices. 

cas’-socked, a. [Eng. cassock; -ed.] Wearing or 
dressed in a cassock. 

“ A cassocked huntsman and a fiddling priest.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error, 110. 

tcas'-so-let, cas-so-lette, s. [Fr. cassolette.] 
A box made of ivory, &c., with the cover perforated 
to allow of the escape of the odor of perfumery kept 
or placed in it; a censer. 

“ Fresh wood of aloes was sent to burn in the cassolets." 
— Moore: The Fire-Worshippers. (Note.) 

cas-son-a'de, s. [Fr. cassonade ; O.Fr.casson; 
from caisson=a chest; so called from its being im¬ 
ported in large chests or casks.] Cask or raw sugar, 
unrefined. 


*cas-s6 on, s. [Fr. caisson= a chest.] 


Mil.: A kind of ordnance. 

cas-soum -ba, s. [An Amboynan word.] A pig¬ 
ment made by the Amboynians from the burnt cap¬ 
sules of a tree, Sterculia Balanghas. 

cas'-so-war-y, cas-si-6-wg.r-f, s. [In Ger. 

kasuar; Nat. Science Lat. casuarius (Brisson). 
From the Malay name cassuwaris, according to 


Clusius.] A bird, the 
Casuarius galeatus. That 
called in Banda Erne or 
Eume, and hence by the 
Portuguese Emu. It is 
nearly as large as an os¬ 
trich, being about five feet 
high. It has on its head a 
crest helmet, or casque, 
and pendent caruncles 
like those of the turkey. 
Instead of having feathers 
on its wings like the os¬ 
trich, it has stumps some¬ 
what resembling pendent 
hair, and while the ostrich 
has two toes on the feet, 
this has three, with a large 
It is a native of the India 



Head and Foot of 
Cassowary. 


claw on the inner toe. 
a Archipelago, where it 


feeds on fruits, seeds, and leaves, deposits its eggs 
in the sand, and runs with great rapidity when 
pursued. 

“ I have a clear idea of the relation of dam and chick, 
between the two cassiowaries in St. James’s Park.”— 
Locke. 

cas-su-mun'-ar, cas-su-mun'-I-ar, s. [Cassa- 

HTJNAIR.] 

cass-weed, case-weed, casse-weed, s. [Mid. 

Eng. cass = case, and weed.) 

Bot.: A common weed, also called Shepherd’s- 
pouCh (Capsella Bursa-pctstoris). 

cas-sy-tha, s. [From Gr. kasytas; kadytas = 
the dodder plant, which this genus much resembles.] 

Bot.: A genus of'plants, the typical one of the 
order Cassythaceee (q. v.). In parts of Australia 
Cassythas make almost impenetrable thickets; they 
are called Scrub-vines. The drupes of one species, 
Cassytha cuscutiforviis, are eatable. C. filiformis , 
a thread-like leafless parasite, spreading over 
hedges and trees in the Concan and various other 
parts of India, is used by the Hindoos for cleansing 
ulcers, as a hair-wash, and for other purposes. 
(Treas. of Bot., cfec.) 

cas-sy-tha’-$e-£e, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cas¬ 
sytha (q. v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: Dodder-laurels, an order of Exogens, alli¬ 
ance Daphnalia. They have anthers bursting by 
recurved valves, scales instead of leaves, and fruit 
buried in a succulent permanent calyx. Found in 
the tropics. Known genera in 1845 one, species nine. 
(Bindley.) 

cast, *caste, *kest, s. [Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast= 
a throw.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of casting or throwing anything. 

2. That which is thrown. 

“ Yet all these dreadful deeds, this deadly fray, 

A cast of dreadful dust will soon allay.” 

Dry den: Virgil; Georgic iv. 132. 

3. The distance to which anything is or can be 
thrown. 

‘‘And he was withdrawn from them about a stone’s 
cast, and kneeled down and prayed.”— Luke xxii. 41. 

II. Figuratively: 

I. Of the eye: A motion or turn, a glance. 

“ He conueyen him con with cast of his yghe.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems: Cleanness, 768. 

“ They are the best epitomes in the world, and let you 
see, with one cast of an eye, the substance of above an 
hundred pages.”— Addison: On Ancient Metals. 

IT A cast of the eye—a. slight squint. 

*2. Advice, counsel. 

“ This is my cast.”—Coventry Myst., p. 129. 

*3. A plan, design. 

“ Sche knew it bet than he 
What al this quiente cast was for to seye.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3604. 

*4. One’s object or desire, the thing planned for. 
“There is na sege for na schame that schrynkis at shorte, 

May he cum to hys cast be clokyng but coist.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 238, a. 26. 

f5. A short attempt at flight. 

“. . . making short semicircular casts, and all the 
time rapidly vibrating its wings and antenn®.”— Dar¬ 
win: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. ii., p. 36. 

* 6 . Skill, art. 

“ He a wys man wes of cast, 

And in hys deyd wes rycht wyly.” 

Wyntoun, vi. 18. 168. 

*7. A trick, juggle. 

“In come japand the Ja, as a Jugloure. 

With castis, and with cautelis, a quynt caryare.” 

Howlate, iii. 11. 

* 8 . Fashion, form, pattern. 

“To makie a tur after this cast.” 

Florice and Blanchefleur, 338. 

“The whole would have been an heroic poem, but in 
another cast and figure than any that ever had been writ¬ 
ten before.”— Prior. 

f9. A shade, or tendency toward any color; a 
tinge. 

“A flaky mass, gray, with a cast of green, in which the 
talcky matter makes the greatest part of the mass.”— 
Woodward. 

10. A variety of expression. 

“ The native hue of resolution 
Is sicklied o’er with the pale cost of thought.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. 

II. A chance, a venture. [B. 1 .] 

“Were it good, 

To set the exact wealth of all our states 
All at one cast . . .” 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., iv. 1. 

* 12 . A touch, a stroke. 

“ This was a cast of Wood’s politicks; for his informa¬ 
tion was wholly false and groundless.”— Swift. 


*13. Accident, chance, lot, fortune. * 

“What cast has f ashen you sae far frae towns?” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 77. 

“ Black be their oast: great rogues, to say no more.” 

Hamilton: Wallace, p. 823. 

B. Technically: 

1. Gaming: 

(1) The act of throwing dice. 

(2) That which is thrown, a throw. 

“Plutarch just now told me, that ’tis in human life ae 
in a game at tables, where a man may wish for the highest 
cast, . . .” — Pope: Letter to Steele (1712). 

2. Agric.: The act or manner of casting seed. 

“ Some harrow their ground over, and sow wheat or rye 
on it with a broad cast; some only with a single cast, and 
some with a double.”— Mortimer 

3. Hawking: 

*(1) A pair of hawks. 

“A cast of merlins there was besides, which, flying of a 
gallant height, would beat the birds that rose down unto 
the bushes, . . .”— Sidney. 

*(2) A brood or flight of hawks. 

“ Caste of haukes, niee doiseaux.” — Palsgrave. 

(3) The feathers, &c., cast by a hawk. 

4. Metallurgy: 

*(1) The act of taking a mold, a form. 

(2) The mold or form; the thing molded. 

“Take the cast of those dead lineaments.” 

Tennyson: Coquette, iii. 7. 

5. Bee-keeping: A swarm of bees led out by a 
maiden queen. The first swarm of the year in each 
hive is accompanied by the old queen; the second, 
which follows from eleven to thirteen days later, 
takes a maiden queen, and is called a cast. Some¬ 
times a third and even a fourth swarm may follow. 

6 . Theatrical: The allotment of the different 
parts in a play. 

“ The scenic accessories are quite adequate to the occa¬ 
sion, and the general cast is efficient.”— London Daily 
Telegraph, March 28, 1881. 

7. Hunting : The act of causing the hounds to 
sweep round in a wide circle, so as to recover a lost 
scent. 

8 . Fish-trade: A cast of herrings, haddocks, oys¬ 
ters, &c., four in number in Scotland, but three in 
England. 

*9. Baking: A batch of bread. 

“ Out of one bushell of meale . . . they make thirtie 
cast, euerie lofe weighing eighteene ounces.”— Harrison: 
Description of England, p. 168. 

cast, *caste, *cast-en, *kest-en (Eng.), *cas- 
sin, *cais-sen (Scotch), v. t. & i. [Icel. kasta —to 
throw; Sw. kasta; Dan. kaste.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To throw. 

“ They had compassed in his host, and cast darts at the 
people from morning till evening.”—1 Maccabees, vii. 80. 

(2) To place or throw hurriedly. 

“ And he saith unto him. Cast thy garment about thee, 
and follow me.”— Acts xii. 8 . 

(3) To hurl as from an engine. 

“ A gret ston into the town was keste.” 

Rich. Cceur de Lion, 4,116. 

(4) To throw, as a net or snare. 

“ . . . unto a net, that was casf into the sea, and 
gathered of every kind . . .”— Matt. xiii. 47. 

(5) To hurl down from a height. 

“ Bear him to the rock Tarpeian, and from thence 
Into destruction cast him.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., iii. 1. 

( 6 ) To drive by violence, to force. 

“ Pharaoh’s chariots and his host hath he cast into the 
eea.”— Exodus xv. 4. 

(7) To drive by force of weather, to shipwreck. 

“Howbeitwe must be cast upon a certain island.”— 
Acts xxvii. 26. 

(8) To emit, to send out. 

“ This fumes off in the calcination of the stone, and 
casts a sulphureous smell.”— Woodward. 

(9) To throw or place in confinement by superior 
force or authority. 

“John was cast into prison.”— Matth. iv, 12. 

( 10 ) To throw away, as useless or noxious. 

“If thy right hand offend thee cut it off, and cast it 
from thee.”— Matt. v. 80. 

(11) To vomit, eject from the stomach. 

" But some way on her they fuish on a change, 

That gut and ga’ she keest wi’ braking strange.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 66. 

12) To scatter, spread. (Used of sowing seed.) 

13) To throw down, as in wrestling. 

“ Though he took my legs sometime, yet I made a shift 
to cast him.”— Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. 3. 


fate, fat, fare, umidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- g5 psT 
•or, wore, wplf, w6rk, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, c&r, rftle, full; try, Syrian. ®, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 






cast 


771 


cast 


< 14 ) To shed, to let fall, to lose. 

“ The bird of conquest her chief feather cast.” 

Fairfax. 

(15) To cause to fall on or appear at a certain 
spot, to throw by reflection. 

"Inow casf upon the screen before you the beautiful 
stream of green light from which these bands were de¬ 
rived.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), ix. 227. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To turn, to direct (of the sight). 

u Far eastward cast thine eye, from whence the sun, 
And orient science, at a birth, begun.” 

Pope: Dunciad, iii. 73. 

(2) To cause suddenly or unexpectedly to come 
upon a person, to impose. 

“ Content themselves with that which was the irremedi¬ 
able error of former time, or the necessity of the present 
hath cast upon them.”— Hooker. 

(3) To submit, to rest, to refer or resign (with on 
or upon). 


“ Casting all your care upon him, for he careth for you.” 
— 1 Peter v. 7. 

u Cast all your cares on God.” 

Tennyson: Enoch Arden , 222. 


TT To cast one's self upon . 
*(4) To defeat. [II. 3.] 


[B., II. 2.] 


“No martial project to surprise, 

Can ever be attempted twice; 

Nor cast design serve afterward, . 


9» 

Hudibras. 


(5) To ruin, to destroy. [To cast down.'] 
*(6) To surpass, to overcome. 


“In short, so swift your judgments turn and wind, 
You cast our fleetest wits a mile behind.”— Dryden. 


*(7) To turn (tho balance), to influence. 

“ How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious.” 
- South. 


(8) To sum up, to compute, to calculate. [II. 9.1 
“ Peace, brother, be not over exquisite 
To cast the fashion of uncertain evils.” 

MiVvOn: Comus , 360. 

“ I have lately been casting in my thoughts the several 
unhappinesses of life, . . .”— Addison. 

*(9) To contrive, to plan. 

“ The cloister facing the south is covered with vines, 
and would have been proper for an orange house; and 
had, I doubt ncj, been cast for that purpose, . . .”— 
Temple. 

*(10) To divide, arrange, set down. 

“ Alle mans lyfe casten may be 
Principaly in this partes thre.* 

Hampole: Prick of Conscience, 432. 

t(ll) To cause to fall into any state. 

“At thy rebuke both the chariot and horse are cast into 
a deep sleep.”— Psalm lxxvi. 6. 

(12) To mold, to fashion, to frame. [II. 7.] 

“Under this indue nee, derived from mathematical 
studies, some have been tempted to cast all their logical, 
their metaphysical, and their theological and moral learn¬ 
ing into this method.”— Watts: Logic. 

“ That we are bound to cast the minds of youth 
Betimes into the mould of heavenly truth, . . .” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

*(13) To refer to for decision. 

“ If things were cast upon this issue, that God should 
never prevent sin, till man deserved it, the best would sin 
and sin forever.”— South. 

(14) To inflict, to impose. 

“The world is apt to cast great blame on those who 
have an indifferency for opinions, especially in religion.” 
— Locke. 

(15) To shed or throw upon, to reflect. 

“ So bright a splendor, so divine a grace, 

The glorious Daphnis casts on his illustrious race.” 

Dryden: Virgil ; Eel. v. 50. 

*(16) To bind, tie, fasten. 

“ Cast a strait ligature upon that part of the artery.”— 
Ray: Creation , p. 316. 

*(17) To beat up (applied to eggs). 

“For a rice pudding.—When it is pretty cool, mix with 
it ten eggs well cast , . . Receipts in Cookery , p. 7. 

(18) To drop eggs for the purpose of divination; a 
common practice at Hallowe’en. 

“ By running lead, and casting eggs — 

They think for to divine their lot.” 

(Poem in Jamieson .) 

*•(19) To empty (a pond, &c.). * 

II. Technically: 

1. Gaming: To throw (dice or lots). 

“And Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh.”— Joshua 
xviii. 10. 

2. Military: . _ 

*( 1 ) To raise a mound or trench round a besieged 

city. 

“ The king of Assyria shall not come into this city, nor 
6hoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shield, nor 
cast a bank against it.”—2 Kings xix. 32. 


(2) To cashier. 

“You are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more 
in policy than in malice.”— Shakesp.: Othello , ii. 3. 

3. Legal: To condemn, to be defeated in atrial, 
either in a criminal case or in a civil suit. 

4. Farriery: 

(1) To reject as useless. 

(2) To drop, lose (a shoe). 

(3) To throw a horse down by a rope disposed in 
a certain way, for any operation requiring confine¬ 
ment of the limbs. 

*5. Medical: To judge, to diagnose. 

‘‘If thou couldst, doctor, cast 
The water of my land, find her disease, ...” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth , v. 3. 

6. Theatrical: 

(1) To allot the parts in a play. 

“Our parts in the other world will he new cast , and 
mankind will be there ranged in different stations of 
superiority.”— Addison. 

(2) To assign actors to the different characters in 
a play. 

“It might have been cast better at Drury Lane.”— 
Sheridan: Critic , i. 1. 

7. Metallurgy: 

(1) To found, to run into a mold. 

“ The workman melteth a graven image, and the gold¬ 
smith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver 
chains .”—Isaiah xl. 19. 

(2) To form figures by running molten'metal into 
a mold. 

“Which wise Prometheus temper’d into paste, 

And, mixt with living streams, the godlike image 
cast.” Dryden: Ovid’s Metamorphoses, bk. i. 105-6. 

8. Old Physiol.: To bear prematurely. 

“ Thy ewes and thy she-goats have not’cas£ their young.” 
—Genesis xxxi. 38. 

9. Arith . .* To compute, to sum up, to calculate. 
[Cast-up, Cast-off.j 

“ Cast my reckoning, mine host, and let your groom 
lead forth my nag.”— Scott: Monastery, ch. xxix. 

IT Hence, To cast a horoscope=to calculate it. 

10. Nautical: 

(1) To fall off, so as to bring the direction of the 
wind on one side of the ship, which before was right 
ahead. This term is particularly applied to a ship 
riding head to wind, when her anchor first loosens 
from the ground. To pay a vessel’s head off, or 
turn it, is getting under weigh on the tack she is to 
sail upon, and it is casting to starboard or port, 
according to the intention. (Smyth.) 

*(2) To rectify or adjust a compass. 

11. Building: To give a coat of lime or plaster. 
(Scotch.) 

“Our minister theeked the toofalls of the kirk, the 
steeple, and Gavin Dumbar’s isle, with new slate, and kest 
with lime that part where the back of the altar stood, that 
it should not be kent.”— Spalding, ii. 63, 64. 

*12. Falconi'y: 

(1) To let the hawk fly after the quarry. 

(2) To set a hawk on a perch. 

(3) To purge a hawk. 

13. Hunting: To make a cast, when the scent is 
lost. [Cast, s., B. 7.] 

*14. Agric.: To clean threshed corn by throwing 
it from one side of the barn to the other. 

“ Some winnow, some fan, 

Some cast that can, 

In casting provide, 

For seede lay aside.” 

Tusser: Husbandry , ch. xx., st. 8. 

15. Printing: To stereotype. 

B. Reflexive: 

I. Lit.: To throw one’s self. 

“And on the slope, an absent fool, 

I cast me down, nor thought of you.” 

Tennyson: The Miller’s Daughter. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To set or devote one’s self to anything. 

“ Your comaundemente to kepe I cast me forsothe.” 

Destr. of Troy , 6,233. 

2. To yield or submit one’s self (with upon). 

“. . . in making God our friend, and in carrying a 

conscience so clear as may encourage us with confidence 
to cast ourselves upon him.”— Southey. 

C. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To hurry in any direction. 

“To while that kyng Richard was kastand to the toure.” 
— Langtoft , p. 165. 

*2. To consider, to reflect, to plan. 

“The Jewes castiden to sle him, . • — Wycliffe: 

Works , ii. 103. 

“But first he casts to change his proper shape; 
Which else might work him danger or delay. 

Milton: P. L., iii. 634. 


3. To compute, to calculate. [A., II. 9.] 

“ Hearts, tongues, figure, scribes, bards, poets, cannot 
Think, speak, cast , write, sing, number, ho! 

His love to Antony.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 2. 

*4. To suspect, to presage, to expect. 

*5. To vomit. 

“ These verses too, a poison on ’em, I cannot abide ’em; 
they make me ready to cast , by the banks of Helicon.”— 
B. Jonson: Poetaster. 

*6. (Of the weather): To become dull or overcast. 

II. Technically: 

*1. To take a form, by casting or melting. 

“ It comes at the first fusion into a mass that is imme¬ 
diately malleable, and will not run thin, so as to cast and 
mold, unless mixed with poorer ore, or cinders.”— Wood¬ 
ward: On Fossils. 

*2. To warp, to grow out of form. 

“ Stuff is said to cast or warp, when, by its own drought, 
or moisture of the air, or other accident, it alters its flat¬ 
ness and straightness.”— Moxon: Mechanical Exercises. 

3. (Of bees): To swarm. [Cast, s., B. 5.] 

“ When the hive grows very throng, and yet not quite 
ready to cast , the intense heat of the sun upon it, when 
uncovered, so stifles the bees within it, that they come 
out, and hang in great clusters about the hive, which fre¬ 
quently put them so out of their measures, that a hive, 
which, to appearance, was ready to cast, will ly out this 
way for several weeks.”— Maxwell: Bee-master, p. 34. 

D. In special phrases: 

1. To cast about: 

(1) Trans.: To throw about. 

(2) Intransitive: 

(a) Lit.: To ponder, to devise, to plan. 

*(b) Fig.: To turn. 

“. . . the people . . cast about and returned, . . 

— Jer. xli. 14. 

(3) Hunting: To make a cast. [Cast, s ., B. 7.] 

2. To cast anchor: To let fall, to drop. 

“ They let down the boat into the sea, as though they 
would have cast anchor.”—Acts xxvii. 30. 

3. To cast aside: To throw aside as useless or 
inconvenient. 

“ I have bought 

Golden opinions from all sorts of people. 

Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, 

Not cast aside so soon.” Shakesp.: Macb., i. 7. 

4. To cast away: 

(1) Ordinary Language: 

(a) Literally: 

(1) To throw away. 

“ . . . all the way was full of garments and vessels ; 
which the Syrians had cast away in their haste.”—2 Kings 
vii. 15. 

(ii) To lavish, to waste. 

“ France, hast thou yet more blood to cast awayf ” 
Shakesp.: King John, ii. 2. 

(b) Fig.: To dismiss, to reject. 

“And cast our hopes away.”—Lord Dorset. 

“Cast away the works of darkness .”—Book of Comm 
Prayer; Coll. 1st Sunday in Advent. 

(2) Naut.: To shipwreck. (Lit. <£ fig.) 

“ . . . meeting with a storm, it thrust John Thomas 
upon the islands to the South, where he was cast away.”— 
Sir W. Raleigh: Essays. 

*5. To cast baclc: To keep back, to hinder. 

“ Your younger feet, while mine cast back with age 
Came lagging after.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes, 336. 

*6. To cast behind: To reject, neglect, or despise 

“ . . . and cast thy law behind their backs . • .”— 
Neh. ix. 26. 

“ . . . and castest my words behind thee.”— Ps. 1.17. 

*7. To cast beyond the moon: To attempt impossi- 
bilities. 

*8. To cast by: To throw or push aside with neg¬ 
lect or dislike. 

“Old Capulet and Montague 
Have made Verona’s ancient citizens 
Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 1. 

9. To cast count: To make account of, to care for. 
(Scotch.) 

10. To cast down : 

1) Literally : To throw down. 

2) Figuratively: 

a) To deject, to depress in spirit. 

“For thee, oppressed king, I am cast down.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3. 

(6) To hurl from power, to destroy, to ruin. 

“ . . . God hath power to help, and to cast down .”— 
2 Chron. xxv. 8. 

“The stars of human glory are cast down; 

Perish the roses and the flowers of kings.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion , bk. vii. 

11. To cast forth: 

(1) To eject, to throw away. 

“ . . . I cast forth all the household stuff . . .”— 
Neh. xiii. 8. 


b6il, b 6 $; pout, jdwl; cat, jell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, »tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, <fcc. = bjl, del. 




cast 


caste 


772 


(2) To send out, to emit. 

“ He shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots as 
Lebanon .”—Hosea xiv. 5. 

12. To cast in: To throw into the bargain. 

“ Such an omniscient church we wish indeed; 

’Twere worth both Testaments, cast in the creed.” 

Dry den: Religio Laid., 283. 

IT To cast in one's lot with any one: To take the 
same chance, share the fortune of any one. 

“Baxter cast in his lot with his proscribed friends, 

. . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

To cast in one's nose: The same as to cast in one's 
teeth. 

“ I caste in the tethe or I caste in the nose, as one doth 
that reproveth another of a fault.”— Palsgrave. 

To cast in one's teeth: To revile, to abuse any one 
for, to twit. 

e< The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast 
the same in his teeth." — Matt, xxvii. 44. 

13. To cast a traverse: 

Naut.: To calculate and lay off the courses and 
distances run over with the chart. 

14. To castoff. 

(i) Ordinary Language: 

(1) Lit.: To throw off, to put off or aside. 

(2) Figuratively: 

(a) To discard, to reject, to forsake. 

(1) Of persons: 

“ The prince will, in the perfectness of time, 

Cast off his followers. 

Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II., iv. 4. 

(ii) Of things: 

“. . . a whole society of men should publicly and 
^•ofessedly disown and cast off a rule, . . — Locke. 

( b) To free one’s self from the power or influence 

of. 

“ All conspired in one to cast off their subjection to the 
crown of England.”— Spenser: Ireland. 

(ii) Technically: 
t(l) Hunting: 

(a) To let loose, to throw off. 

*( 6 ) To throw off the scent; hence, to escape. 

“ Away he scours cross the fields, casts off the dogs, and 
gains a wood.”— Sir R. L’ Estrange. 

(2) Naut.: To put off from the share by casting 
oil the holding rope or cable. 

(3) Knitting: To slip a stitch off the needle and 
fasten it off • 

(4) Printing: To estimate the amount of printed 
matter a certain quantity of manuscript will make. 

15. To cast on {in knitting): To form stitches on 
the needle at the beginning of the work. 

16. To cast out , v. t. & i.: 

(i) Transitive: 

( 1 ) Lit.: To throw out. 

“. . . and the guard and the captains cast them out, 

. . ”—2 Kings x. 25. 

(2) Figuratively: 

(а) To reject, to turn out of doors. 

“Thy brat hath been cast out, like to itself, no father 
owning it.”— Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iii. 2. 

(i>) To cause to pass out, to expel. 

“. . . he gave them power against unclean spirits, 
to cast them out, . . . ”— Matt. x. 1. 

*(c) To give vent to, to utter. 

“ Why dost thou cast out such ungenerous terms 
Against the lords and sovereigns of the world?” 

Addison: Cato, i. 1. 

(ll) Intrans.: To fall out, to quarrel. 

“ The gods coost out, as story gaes, 

Some being friends, some being faes.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 487. 

17. To cast up, v. t. & i. 

1) Transitively: 
i) Ordinary Language: 
a) To compute, to calculate. 

“ Some writers, in casting up the goods most desirable 
in life, have given them this rank,—health, beauty and 
riches.”— Sir W Temple. 

( б ) To vomit, to eject {lit. & fig.). 

“ Their villainy goes against my weak stomach, and 
therefore I must cast it up.” — Shakesp.: Henry V., iii. 2. 
*(c) To give up, to resign. 

“ I cast up, I forsake a thyng.— T abandonne. She hath 
ben his soverayne lady this tenne yeres, and now he 
casteth her up.” — Palsgrave. 

{d) To upbraid, to cast in one’s teeth. {Scotch.) 
“ For what between you twa has ever been, 

Nane to the other will cast up, I ween.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 115. 

(e) To throw up a scum ; particularly applied to 
milk, when the cream is separated on the top. 
{Scotch.) 

(ii) Printing: The same as to cast off (q. v.). 

(2) Intrans.: To clear up, to brighten. Applied 
to the sky after rain or very lowering weather. 
{Scotch.) 

18. To cast a damp on: To cause discouragement, 
or loss of spirits. 

19. To cast a stone at one: 

Fig.: To renounce all connection with him. 
{Scotch.) 


20. To cast peats or turfs: To dig them by means 
of a spade. {Scotch.) 

“Peats and fire was very scarce, through want of serv¬ 
ants to cast and win them.”— Spalding, i. 16G. 

21. To cast a stack: To turn over a stack of grain 
when it begins to heat, that it may be aired and 
dried. {Scotch.) 

cast, pa. par. & a. [Cast, v.] 

*cast-bye, s. A castaway. {Scotch.) 

“ Wha could tak interest in sic a cast-bye as I am now?” 
— Scott: Heart Mid-Loth., ch. xx. 

cast-iron, s. & a. 

1. Assuhst.: [Iron.] 

2. Asadj.: Very strong, as we say, “a man of a 
cast-iron constitution.” 

cast-me-down, *cast-me-downe, s. A corrup¬ 
tion of Cassidonie (q. v.). Skinner and Prior con¬ 
sider this again a corruption of Stcechas sidonia= 
Stsechas from Sidon, where the plant is indigenous. 

“ Some simple people imitating the said name [cassi¬ 
donie] doe call it Cast-me-downe.” — Oerarde, p. 470. ( Hol¬ 

land & Britten.) 

cast-off, pa. par. or a. Rejected {lit. & fig.) 

“ Cast-off clothes for export.”— London Times, Septem¬ 
ber 7, 1876. (Advt.) 

cast-OUt, pa.par. or a. & s. 

A. & B. /Ls pa. par. or particip. adj.: Expelled, 
rejected (lit. <& fig.). 

C. Assubst.: A quarrel. {Scotch.) 

“ A bonny kippage I would be in if my father and you 
had ony cast out!" — Petticoat Tales, i. 267. 

cast-steel, s.&a. 

A. Assubst.: Blister steel which has been broken 
up, fused in a crucible, cast into ingots, and rolled. 
The blocks of steel are melted in crucibles of refrac¬ 
tory clay, and the molten metal is poured into 
ingot-molds of cast iron. These are opened to let 
out the red-hot ingot, which is then passed to the 
rolls. [Crucible, Ingot-mold.] The process of 
making cast-steel was invented by Benjamin Hunts¬ 
man, of Attercliff, near Sheffield, in 1770. 

B. As adj.: (See the compound.) 

Cast-steel furnace: A furnace in which steel is 
cast. It has a strong wind-draft, and is lined with 
a very refractory composition. Each furnace is 
adapted to contain two crucibles, each of which is 
about two feet high, and holds a charge of thirty 
pounds of blister-steel. The heat generated in the 
cast-steel furnace is said to be greater than in any 
other manufacture. ( Knight , cfee.) 

cast-up, pa. par. or a. [Cast, v., D. 17.] 
cast (2), s. [Caste.]: 

eas'-tack, cas-tock, cus-toc, s. [A corruption 
of Scotch kail= cole (q. v.), and Eng. stock.] The 
core or pith of the stalk of colewort or cabbage. 
{Scotch.) 

“ The swingle-trees flew in flinders, as gin they had been 
as freugh as kail-castacks — Journal from London , p. 5. 

cas-tal -i-an, a. [Fr. castalia= a fountain at 
Mount Parnassus, sacred to the Muses, the waters 
of which were supposed to have the power of inspir¬ 
ing with the gift of poetry those who drank of 
them.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to the fountain named in the 
etymology. 

2. Fig.: Poetical. 

“ True prayer 

Has flowed from lips wet with Castalian dews.” 

Cowper: Task, iii. 251. 

cas-tan -e-a, s. [Lat. casfanea=thechestnut, or 
the fruit of the chestnut-tree ; Gr. kastanos. ] 

Bot.: A genus of trees, order Corylacese (Mast- 
worts) . The barren flowers are in a long cylindrical 
interrupted spike; the fertile ones within a four¬ 
leaved involucre; the nuts 1-2 together within the 
enlarged prickly involucre. Castanea vulgaris is 
the Spanish Chestnut. [Chestnut.] 
cas -ta-net, s. [Sp. castaheta; Fr. castagnette; 
Ital. castagnetta; Port, castanheta, from Ital. cas- 
tagna; Sp. castana; Lat. casta- 
nea=a chestnut, from the resem¬ 
blance to a pair of chestnuts.) A 
small slightly concave, spoon¬ 
shaped instrument of ivory or hard 
wood, of which a pair are fastened 
to the thumb and beaten together 
with the middle finger. Castanets 
were used by the virgins as an ac¬ 
companiment to hymns sung in 
honor of Diana. They are used by 
the Spaniards and Moors as an accompaniment to 
their dances and guitars. They are known also in 
India and Java. 

“ Shame ! shame ! to treat a feeble woman thus ! 

Be you but kind, I will do all things for you. 

I am ready now,—give me my castanets." 

Longfellow: The Spanish Student, ii. 11. 



Castanets. 


“ This use of castanets, or something of the sort,land 
indeed the whole idea of this song or song-dance of women 
without men, is foreign to Homer.”— Gladstone: Homeric' 
Synchronism , pt. i., ch. iv., p. 116. 

cas-tan-6-sper-mum, s. [Gr. kastanon =. a 
chestnut; sperma=a seed.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, so named from the fan¬ 
cied resemblance of the seeds to the edible chestnuts 
of Europe. It comprises only one species,_ and 
belongs to the papilionaceous section of leguminous 
plants. It is found at Moreton Bay, in Queensland, 
Australia, where it grows to a height of from forty 
to fifty feet. The pea-like flowers are produced in 
racemes, and are of a bright yellow color. The 
fruit is a pendulous cylindrical pod, six or eight 
inches in length, and tapering to both ends. It 
generally contains four seeds, rather larger than 
chestnuts, which are roasted and eaten, but are far 
inferior to the European chestnut, and have an 
astringent taste. 

*cas’-tan-y, s. [Chestnut.] 

“Castany ( Chesteyne , P .) frute or tre. Castanea — 
Prompt. Parv. 

cast'~a-way, a. & s. [Eng. cast, and away.] 

*A. Asadj.: Rejected as worthless, useless. 

“ We only prize, pamper, and exalt this vassal and slave 
of death; or only remember, at our castaway leisure, the 
imprisoned immortal soul.”— Raleigh: Hist. 

B. As substantive: 

1. One rejected or forsaken by God, a reprobate. 

“Neither give any leave to search in particular who 

are the heirs of the Kingdom of God, who castaways.”— 
Hooker. 

2. One forsaken or abandoned by man. 

“ Why do you look on us, and shake your head, 

And call us—orphans, wretches, cast-aways t” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., ii. 2. 

*cas-tayne, s. [Chestnut.] 

caste, s. [Fr. caste; Sp. & Port. casta= a race, 
lineage, from Lat. casfits=pure, chaste.] 

1. Literally: An hereditary class of society in 
India, the members of which are theoretically 
equal in rank, and, as a rule, follow the same pro¬ 
fession or occupation. Formerly it was customary 
to add “and in Egypt;” but Dr. Birch, the most 
distinguished Egyptologist of his time, says that 
the Egyptians, strictly speaking, had not castes, 
though the son often succeeded to the office of the 
father. Caste must therefore be viewed in connec¬ 
tion with India chiefly, if not exclusively. There it 
sprung primarily from the distinction of ethno¬ 
logical race and from conquest. 

The aborigines of India seem to have been Tura¬ 
nians. In pre-historic times a second influx of 
Turanians appears to have taken place, the new¬ 
comers conquering the old inhabitants or driving 
them to the nills and jungles. Thus were produced 
two classes, what may be called Turanian caste 
people and Turanian outcasts. Next, but still at a 
remote period of antiquity, say 1700 B. C., or even 
earlier, an Aryan people from central Asia invaded 
the land, and after a struggle, continued for many 
centuries, became dominant nearly everywhere. 
Long before this conquest was effected, three occu¬ 
pations among them had hardened into castes the 
Brahmans or Priests, the Kshetriyas or Warriors, 
and the Yaisyas or Merchants. 

The fourth Hindoo caste, that of the Sudras, or 
Artizans and Laborers, was constituted mainly of 
the Turanian caste-people, while the Pariahs and 
other outcasts and the wild tribes of the hills and 
the jungles are the older Turanian aborigines. 
When the real origin of the four leading castes and 
the outcasts beyond the pale had been forgotten, 
the Brahmans attempted to base the structure of 
society on whatwas alleged to be divine revelation. 
It was gravely asserted that the Brahmans came 
out of the mouth of the Supreme God to instruct 
men, the Kshetriyas from his arms to defend them, 
the Vaisyas from his stomach to feed them, and the 
Sudras from his feet to serve them. 

Buddhism did its best to destroy caste, but after a 
struggle of about 1,250 years (say from 500 B. C. to 
750 A. D.), during 1,000 years of which (from B. C. 
250 to A. D. 750) it was victorious, it had to quit the 
field. [Buddhism.] For the next 300 years caste 
was dominant and tyrannical in a high degree. 
Then the Mussulman conquest began to break its 
power. Now Anglo-Indian influences, political, 
religious, and social, are sapping its authority, 
especially at the Presidency seats. 

Through the long ages during which Indian caste 
has existed, the original four castes have split into> 
an immense multitude, and at present in almost 
any locality from 100 to 200 may be met with. 
Different castes refuse to eat together or to inter¬ 
marry, and as a rule they follow hereditary occupa¬ 
tions, but nature is often too powerful for artificial 
and arbitrary restrictions. [Aryan, Brahmanism, 
Eurasian, Mutiny, Mission.] 

2. Fig.: Any distinct rank or class of society, 
especially if it shut its ranks against the ingress of 
strangers. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wgt, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, were, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




casted 


773 


casting 


IT Caste and rank are not the same, though in 
many cases they interpenetrate and support each 
■•other. The man of highest rank in India is the 
Governor-General, who takes precedence even of 
the highest Hindoo Rajahs (kings); but by caste 
law he is an outcast, not higher than a Pariah. The 
relations between white and dark men, specially if 
the latter be negroes, are essentially caste relations. 
The generality of Americans or Europeans would 
never think of legally intermarrying with negresses, 
regarding them as doomed by their color to be for 
ever the inferiors of the white man. The hereditary 
nobility of Britain are not, strictly speaking, a 
caste, despite their legislative privileges; one born 
a commoner can be created a nobleman, but no 
Sudra can, by any process of creation known to 
man, be made a Brahman. 

“ But to be subjugated by an inferior caste was a 
degradation beyond all other degradation. . . ”— 
Macaulay: Hist, Eng., ch. ix. 

“ Her manners had not that repose 
Which stamps the caste of Yere de Vere.” 

Tennyson: Lady Clara Vere de Vere. 

TT Caste Christians: Hindoo converts who have 
not been required at baptism to surrender their 
castes. The converts of the great missionary, 
Christian Frederick Swartz, who labored in India 
from 1750 to 1798, and those of many of his success¬ 
ors, were caste Christians; but the great majority 
of modern Protestant missionaries insist on caste 
being renounced at baptism; those of the Roman 
Catholic Church, on the other hand, permit it to be 
retained. 

*cast-ed, pa. par. or a. [An improper formation 
from cast, v.j Cast. 

“ When the mind is quicken’d, out of doubt, 

The organs, tho’ defunct and dead before, 

Break up their drowsy grave, and newly move 
With casted slough and fresh legerity.” 

Shakesp: Henry V., iv. 1. 

teas-tel-lan, *cas-tel-laine, *cas-tel-ein, s. 

O. Sp. castellan®: O. Fr. castellain; Fr. ch&telain; 

tal. Castellano; Sp. castellan, from Lat. castellanus 
—pertaining to a castle ; castellum= a castle, a fort; 
dimin. of castrum=& fortified place.] The gov¬ 
ernor or constable of a castle. 

“ Of this castell was castellaine Elda.”— Gower: Conf. 
Amant., i. 184. 

“ These are the rights which belong to Robert Fitz- 
walter, castellan of London.”— Blount: Ancient Tenures, 

p. 116 . 

cas-tel'-lan-y, s. [Low Lat., Ital., & Sp. cas- 
tellania; Fr. chatellenie, from castellanus=peTtam- 
ing to a castle; castellum=a castle, a fort.] The 
lordship or jurisdiction appertaining to a castle. 
{ Kelharn.) 

cas -tel-la-ted, a. [Low Lat. castellatus, pa. 
par. of castello= to fortify; castellum= a castle, a 
fort. ] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Inclosed with a building. 

2. Arch.: Furnished with battlements and turrets 
as the old castles. 

cas-tel-la-tion, s. [Low Lat. castellatio, from 
castello= to fortify; castellum=a fort, a castle.] 
The act of fortifying or making into a castle. 

cas-tel-llte, s. [Fr. castellit.] 

Min.: A variety of Titanite. It is a monoclinic 
mineral, of a vitreous, somewhat adamantine luster, 
and a wine-yellow to wax-yellow color. Hardness, 
5-5-6-0; specific gravity, 3T50. It occurs in the phon- 
•olite of Holenkluk Mountain, and in Sollodiz. 
(Dana.) 

*cas-tel-man, s. [Mid. Eng. castel, and man.] 
A castellan, a governor of a castle. (Scotch.) 

“ 3iff ane burges do ane fault to ony castelman, he sail 
eeik law of him within burgh. Leg. Burg., c. 49.”— Bal¬ 
four: Pract., p. 54. 

cas-tel-nau-dlte, s. [Named after a mineralo¬ 
gist, M. de Castelnau. ( L'Ins itut, 1853, p. 78.)] 

Min.: The same as Xenotime (q. v.). 

*cast’-en, v. & pa. par. [Cast, v.] 

“ Dyverse men divers thinges seyde, 

The argumentes casten up and down.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,631-2. 

cast -er, *cast-ere, *cast-or, s. [Cast, v.] 

I. Generally: 

I . One who casts or throws anything. 

“ If with this throw the strongest caster vie, 

Still, further still, I bid the discus fly.” _ 

Pope: Homer; Odyssey, viii. 231. 

j-2. One who calculates or casts up accounts. 

II. Specially: 

1. Of persons: . . 

( 1 ) One who casts nativities, a fortune-teller. 

“In licnesse of a deuynour and of a fals castere.” — 
Wycliffe: Proverbs xxiii. 7. 

“Did any of them set up for a caster of fortunate 
figures, what might he not get by his predictions?”— 
Addison. 


(2) A gambler; one addicted to throwing dice. 
“The jovial caster’s set, and seven’s the nick, 

Or—done!—a thousand on the coming trick.” 

Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

(3) Metal.: One who makes castings. 

“ Soon after his accession, he issued an order, exempt¬ 
ing from military service all printers, and all persons 
immediately connected with printing, such as casters of 
type, and the like.”— Buckle: History of Civilization in 
England, vol. ii., ch. ii. 

2. Of things: 

(1) A small box in which dice are shaken, and 
out of which they are cast. 

(2) A small vessel or cruet with a perforated top, 
used for sprinkling pepper, spices, &c. [Pepper- 
caster.] 

(3) A stand of cruets, holding salt, pepper or 
vinegar. 

(4) A small wheel attached to the legs of various 
articles of furniture, the axis of which is fixed to a 
swivel, that it may move more easily in any direc¬ 
tion. 

“. . . even the big Mrs. Bagswash rolled herself into 
the hall, like a fillet of veal upon castors, to do me 
honor.”— Theodore Hook: Gilbert Gurney, vol. i., ch. v. 

caster-wheel, s. A wheel adapted to rotate on 
its axis in the stock in which it is journaled, and 
with the stock itself rotating on a vertical axis, 
according to the direction of propulsion of the car¬ 
riage or article to which it is attached. The caster- 
wheel is used as a support to the front parts of 
machines, such as harvesters, gang-plows, spading, 
digging, excavating, and plowing machines, to 
enable them to be steered or to turn short around 
at the end of the row. 

cas-ter, ces-ter, $hes'-ter, s. [A. S. ceaster, 
from. Lat. castrum — a tent; in pl.=a camp.] A 
termination of the names of many places in Eng¬ 
land, as Doncaster, Cirencester, Chichester, showing 
that at one time a Roman camp was there pitched. 

*cas-tl-fi-ca-tion, s. [Low Lat. castificatio= a 
making chaste; castitico=to make chaste; castus= 
chaste ; facio— to make.] Chasteness, purity, chas¬ 
tity. 

“Let no impure spirit defile the virgin purities and 
castifications of the soul.”— Bp. Taylor: Serm. at Golden 
Grove, 1653, p. 226. 

cas'-ti-gate, v. t. [Lat. castigatus, pa. par. of 
castigo= to chasten, chastise; properly, to make 
chaste or pure, from cast ws=chaste, pure.] 

1. Of material things: 

*(1) To make pure, to free from anything hurtful 
or impeding, to amend, to correct. 

“These lower powers are worn, and wearied out, by the 
toilsome exercise of dragging about and managing such a 
load of flesh; whereof being so castigated, they are duly 
attempered to the more easy body of air again.”— Glan- 
ville: Pre-existence of Souls, ch. xiv. 

(2) To chastise, to chasten, to punish. 

'2. Of immaterial things: To correct, chasten. 

“ If thou didst put this sour cold habit on, 

To castigate thy pride, ’twere well.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iv. 3, 
cas-tl-ga'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Castigate, v.] 
cas -ti-ga-ting, pr. par., a. & s. [Castigate, 
v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of chastising or correcting; 
castigation. 

cas-ti-ga-tion, s. [Lat. castigatio=a chasten¬ 
ing, a chastising; castigo=to chasten.] 

*1. The act of making pure, or correcting; emen¬ 
dation, remedy. 

“ The ancients had these conjectures touching these 
floods and conflagrations, so as to frame them into an 
hypothesis for tho castigation of the excesses of genera¬ 
tion.”— Hale. 

2. A punishment, chastening, or correction. (Lit. 
&fig.) 

“ Their castigations were accompanied with encourage¬ 
ments ; which care was taken to keep me from looking 
upon as mere compliments.”— Boyle. 

3. Penance, discipline. 

“ This hand of yours requires 
A sequester from liberty ; fasting and prayer. 

Much castigation, exercise devout.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 4. 

cas-tl-ga-tor, s. [Lat. castigator=(t) one who 
chastises, (2) one who improves or corrects; castigo 
= ( 1 ) to chastise, ( 2 ) to correct.] 

1 . Gen.: One who castigates or chastises. 

*2. Spec.: One who corrects or amends faults. 

“ The Latin castigator hath observed, that the Dutch 
copy is corrupted and faulty here.”— Barneveldt: Apology 
with Marginal Castigations (1618), F. ii. b. 

cas -tl-ga-tor-y, a. & s. [Lat. castigatorius— 
pertaining to castigation; castigo= to chastise.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to or of the nature of 

castigation or punishment, punitive. 

“There were other ends of penalties inflicted, either 
probatory, castigatory, or exemplary.”— Bramhall against 
Hobbes. 


*B. As subst.: An instrument of punishment foi 
scolds; a ducking-stool. 

“For which offense she [a common scold] may be 
indicted; and, if convicted, shall be sentenced to be 
laced in a certain engine of correction called the tre- 
ucket, castigatory, or cucking-stool, which in the Saxon 
language is said to signify the scolding-stool.”— Black- 
stone: Comment., bk. iv., c. 13. 

Cas-tile, s. & a. [Low Lat. Castilia, a province 
of Spain.] 

A. As subst.: The district mentioned in the ety¬ 
mology. 

B. As adj.: Made at, or imported from Castile. 
Castile-soap, s. A kind of fine, highly-purified 

soap, originally made in Castile, from olive oil and 
soda. 

Cas-tll'-I-an, s. & a. [Eng. Castil(e); -ian.; in 
Sp. Castellano .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A native of Castile. 

2. The language spoken in Castile. 

B. As adj.: Of or pertaining to Castile. 
Castilian-furnace, s. 

Metallurgy: A lead-smelting furnace invented by 
an Englishman called Goundry, but which was first 
used in Spain. Its chief peculiarity is the arrange¬ 
ment for running off a constant stream of slag for 
future treatment, the slag running into cast-iron 
wagons, which succeed each other as their prede¬ 
cessors become filled. (Ure.) 
cas'-tll-llte, s. [In Fr. castillit.] 

Min.: A foliated mineral of metallic luster, hard¬ 
ness 3, and specific gravity 5T86—5*241. Composi¬ 
tion : Sulphur, 25’65; copper, 41’11; zinc, 12’09; lead, 
10 - 04; silver, 4 - 64; and iron, 6’49. It occurs in Mexico. 
(Dana.) 

cas-tll-lo-a, s. [From Sp. Castilla, an ancient 
kingdom in Spain.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Artocarpaceee, 
Castilloa elastica contains a milky juice, from 
which caoutchouc is made, 
cast'-lag, *cast-ynge, pr.par., a. & s. [Cast, v.] 
A. As pres, nar.: In senses corresponding to 
those of the verb. 

“ Machometus was a wonderful man and fer castynge 

Trevisa, vi. 23. 

“ Like to casting bees so rising up in swarms.” 

Drayton: Polyolbion. 

*B. As adj.: Flexible. 

“ Castynge as a bowe; flexibilis, vt Arcus mens est flexi- 
bilis ance. velecastynge.”— Cathol. Anglicum. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

( 1 ) The act of throwing anything. 

(2) That which is cast. 

If Used in the plural for old clothes, cast-clothes 
=the perquisite of a nurse or waiting maid, 
(Scotch.)’ 

“ Another said, O gin she had but milk, 

Then sud she gae frae head to foot in silk, 

With castings rare and a gueed nourice fee, 

To nurse the king of Elfin’s heir Fizzee.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 68 . 

2. Figuratively: 

*( 1 ) A forecasting, forethought. 

*(2) A contrivance, a plan, an arrangement. 

“ Distributio is that useful casting of all rooms for 
office, entertainment, or pleasure.”— Sir H. Wotton: Ele¬ 
ments of Architecture. 

(3) The act or process of computing or adding up 
figures, accounts, &c. 

*(4) The act or science of divination. 

*(5) The act of vomiting, vomit. 

“ The hound turnyde agen to his castyng, and a sowe is 
waischen in walewing in fenne.”— Wycliffe: 2 St. Peter, 
ii. 22. 

II. Technically: 

1. Metallurgy: 

(1) The act of forming metal in a mold. 

][ It is believed that the art of shaping metal by 
the hammer, chisel, and graver is older than that 
of casting it in a melted state in a mold. But cast¬ 
ing is of very considerable antiquity, thus the 
golden calf made by Aaron was first “ molten,” i. e., 
melted and then graved (Exod. xxxii. 4,24), and the 
brass (copper or bronze) vessels for Solomon’s 
temple were also cast (1 Kings vii. 46,47). Cast- 
iron statues are mentioned by Pausanias about 
A. D. 120, but nothing else of cast-iron is known 
to have existed in classic times. About A. D. 
1709, John Thomas, a Welsh boy, devised an effect¬ 
ive method of casting iron, and he and his em¬ 
ployer successfully carried out the process (which 
was long kept a secret). It is now one of the great 
industries. [Founding.] 

“ After this manner he made the ten bases; all of them 
had one casting, one measure, and one size.”—1 Kings 
vii. 37. 

“ . . . everything betokens great perfection in the 
casting of metals during the bronze period.”— Kemble. 
Horce Perales, p. 54. 


bgil, btfy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
, cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion - shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del 






casting-bottle 


774 


castor-oil 


(2) That which is cast in a mold. 
2. Nat. Hist.: 

( 1 ) The act of molting. 


*5. A small species of helmet. cast-let, s. [O. Fr. castelet; \ta.\. castellettos 

** Stand fast and wear a castle on thy head . tf diminutive of Fr. Cd8tel = Q. castle, j A little castle* 

Shakesp.: Troilus, v. 2. “There was in it a castlet of stone and brick.”— Leland: 


“ The casting of the skin is, by the ancients, compared 
to the breaking of the secundine, or cawl, but not 
rightly; for that were to make every casting of the skin a 
new birth.”— Bacon: Natural and Experimental History. 

(2) The cast feathers, excrements of hawks, &c. 

3. Bee-keeping: A swarm. [Cast, s., B. 5.] 

4. Building: A coating of lime or plaster. 

5. Joinery: The bending of the surfaces of a piece 
of wood from their original position, either by 
weights, or by unequal exposure to the weather. 

6 . Sculpture: The taking casts of impressions of 
figures, busts, medals, &c. 

7. Pottery: The act of stamping clay ware. Deli¬ 
cate objects, which cannot be readily molded by 
pressing the clay into the mold, are cast by the 
following process: The plaster mold being closed, 
the slip or creamy clay is poured in, and the por¬ 
tion nearest to the mold becomes hardened by the 
absorption of the water by the mold. The fluid 
portion is then poured out, and the mold partially 
dried. A second filling of slip yields another coat¬ 
ing, and the process is repeated as often as may be 
necessary to give the required thickness to the cast¬ 
ing. (Knight.) 

8 . Theat.: The assigning of actors or actresses to 
take a certain part or parts in a play. 

If Casting is used in combination with many prep¬ 
ositions ; as, a casting away, a casting off, &c.; for 
the meanings of all which see the corresponding 
uses of the verb. 

Casting of the heart : A mode of divination used 
in Orkney. 

♦casting-bottle, s. Abottle for casting or sprink¬ 
ling perfume. 

casting-box, s. 

Founding: A flask containing the mold, 
[Flask.] 
casting-ladle, s. 

Founding: An iron vessel with handles for con¬ 
veying molten metal from the cupola and pouring 
it into the mold. 

casting-net, s. A net thrown into the water and 
moved along so as to sweep the bottom. 

casting-off, s. 

Printing: Estimating how many pages a certain 
quantity of copy will make in type. 

casting-press, s. 

Founding: A press in which metal is cast under 
pressure, as in the car-wheel press. 

casting-shop, s. That part of a foundry or 
factory where castings are made. 

casting-slab, s. 

Glass-manufacture: The flat piece on which the 
metal is poured in making plate-glass; the casting- 
table. 

casting-table, s. 

Glass-manufacture: The table in a plate-glass 
factory upon which the molten glass is poured from 
the cuvette, and rolled to a thickness by a roller 
which rests upon the marginal ledges of the table, 
whose height determines the thickness of the plate. 

casting-up, s. A casting or calculating of the 
future. 

casting-voice, casting-vote, s. The deciding 
vote; that given by the chairman or president of 
any assembly when the votes for and against any 
proposition are equal. 

“Not many years ago, it so happened, that a cobbler 
had the casting vote for the life of a criminal, which he 
very graciously gave on the merciful side.”—Addison: 
Travels in Italy. 

casting-weight, s. A weight which turns a scale 
when exactly balanced. 

cas'-tle (t silent), *cas-tel, *cas-telle, *kas- 
tel, *cas-tyl, s. &a. [Da. kastel; Fr. castel; Ital. 
castello; Sp. castillo; Lat. castellum, dimin. of 
castrum—a. fort.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

♦1. A village. 

“ Go ye into the castel which is ayens you.”— Wycliffe: 
Luke xix. 30. 

*2. A tent; in the pl.= a camp. (Compare the 
similar use of the Latin castrum and castra .) 

“And tho fellen doun in middis of her castels.’’ — 
Wycliffe: Ps. Ixxvii. 28. 

*3. A strongly-built car or tower borne on the 
backs of elephants. 

“He make the certeyn men of armes for to gon up into 
eastelles of tree . . . that craftily ben sett up on the 
olifantes bakkes.”— Maundeville, p. 191. 

♦4. A small tower or raised part on the deck of a 
ship. [Forecastle.] 

“ The toppe eastelles he stuffede with toyelys.” 

Morte Arthure, 3,616. 


♦ 6 . A movable wooden tower, used in sieges. 

“ In that same tre castel weren maked stages thre.” 

Sir Ferumbras, 3,265. 

7. A fortified building, residence, or fortress, 
usually belonging to a nobleman or a prince. 

“The house of every one is to him as his castle and 
fortress for his defense against injury and violence, as for 
his repose.”— Coke: Translation of the Old Latin Motto: 
“Et domus sua cuique tutissimum refugium.” 

“Our castle’s strength will laugh a seige to scorn.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth. 

II. Chess: A piece shaped like a tower, otherwise 
called a Rook (q. v.). 

IT Castles in the air; Castles in Spain: Mere 
empty, visionary projects. 

“These were but like castles in the air, and in men’s 
fancies vainly imagined.”— Raleigh: Hist, of the World. 

B. As adj. : (See the compounds.) 

IT Obvious compounds: Castle-barber, castle-bell, 
castle-ditch, castle-gate, castle-hall, castle-roof, cas¬ 
tle-turret, castle-wall, castle-moat, castle-rampart, 
castle-keep, dkc., <&c. 
castle-builder, s. 

1. Lit.: The builder of a castle. 

2. Fig.: One who builds castles in the air; who 
forms imaginary ideas and pictures. 

“The poets — are the greatest castle-builders in the 
world.”— Student, i. 223. 

castle-building, s. 

1. Lit.: The act or operation of building a castle. 

2. Fig.: The act or habit of building castles in 
the air, or of forming fanciful projects and pictures. 

“Castle-building, or the science of aerial architecture, 
is of much too vague a nature to be comprehended in a 
concise regular definition: but, for the sake of custom and 
method, I define it to be the craft of erecting baseless 
fabrics in the air, and peopling them with proper notional 
inhabitants for the employment and improvement of the 
understanding.”— Student, i. 223. 

castle-court, s. The court of a castle. 

“And man and guard the castle-court.’’ 

Scott: The Lord of the Isles, v. 27. 

castle-crowned, a. Crowned or surmounted 
with a castle. 

“ It was my chance in walking all alone, 

The ancient castle-crowned hill to scale.” 

Mir. for Mag., p. 776. 

♦castle-guard, *castle-gard, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: The guard of a castle. 

2. Old Law: A kind of tenure by which the ten¬ 
ant was bound to defend his lord’s castle. [Castle- 
ward. s.,2.] 

“One species of knight-service was castleguard, differ¬ 
ing from it in nothing, but that whoever held by that 
tenure, performed his service within the realm, and with¬ 
out limitation to any certain term.” —Lord Lyttleton. 

♦castle-man, s. A castellan; the constable of a 
castle. 

♦castle-soap, s. [Castile-soap.] 

“I have a letter from a soap-boiler, desiring me to 
write upon the present duties on Castle-soap.” — Addison. 

♦castle-town, *castelltun, s. A fortified town. 

“ He was neh an castelltun.” 

Ormulum, 17,918. 

♦castle-ward, *castel-wart, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: The same as Castle-guard (q. v.). 

“ The castelwartis on the marche.” 

Wyntoun: Chronicle, V III. xxxviii. 129. 

2. Old Law: An imposition laid upon such of the 
king’s subjects as dwell within a certain compass 
of any castle, toward the maintenance of such as 
watch and ward the castle. ( Cowel .) 

♦castle-work, *castelwerk, s. Fortifications, 
battlements. 

“Aoitenobul enclosed comeliche aboute with fyn cas- 
telwerk.” William of Palerne, 2,219. 

cas'-tle (t silent), v. i. [Castle, s.] 

Chess: By a certain move, to protect the king 
with the castle or rook, the latter being moved to 
the side of the king, which is then placed on the 
square on the other side. 

cas'-tled ( t silent), a. [Castle, *.] 

1. Furnished or provided with castles. 

“The horses’ neighing by the wind is blown, 

And castled elephants o’erlook the town.” 

Dryden: Aurungzebe, i. 1. 

2. Fortified, embattled. 

“He fought the Moors—and, in their fall, 

City and tower and castled wall 
Were his estate.” 

Longfellow: Translations; Coplas de Manrique. 

♦cas’-tle-rjf (t silent), s. [Eng. castle, and -ry 
(q. v.).] The government of a castle. 

“The said Robert and his heirs ought to be and are 
chief banner bearers of London in fee, for the castelry, 
which he and his ancestors have, of Baynard’s castle in 
the said city.”— Blount: Anc. Tenures, p. 116. 


Itinerary. 

♦cast'-llng (1), s. [Eng. cast, and dimin. suff. 
-ling.] Anything born before its time; an abortion. 

“We should rather rely upon the urine of a castling’s 
bladder, a resolution of crabs’ eyes, or a second distilla¬ 
tion of urine, as Helmont hath commended.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 


cas’-tling (2), ( t silent), s. & a. [Castle, v .] 

A. As subst.: The act of performing the opera¬ 
tion in chess, described in Castle, v. 

B. As adj.: Performing such an operation. 


cast'-ni-a, s. [An abbreviation for Lat. castanea 
(q. v.).] 

Entom.: A genus of Hawk-moths, the typical one- 
of the family Castniidse (q. v.). The best-known, 
species is Castnia Licus, which is South American. 


cast-ni -I-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. castnia, 
and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idea.] 

Entom.: A family of Hawk-moths (Sphingides), 
one of those connecting the tribe with the Butter¬ 
flies. Swainson and Shuckard call them Moth 
Sphinxes, and say that they fly with great rapidity 
during the heat of the day. [Castnia.] 

cas'-tock, cas -tack, cas-t6c, s. [Castack.] 

1. The core or pith of a stalk of colewort or cab¬ 
bage, 

2. The stems or “ roots ” themselves. 

“ There’s cauld kail in Aberdeen, 

An’ castocks in Struthbogie.” 

Scotch Song. 

cas -tor (1), s. & a. [In Fr., Sp. & Port, castor; 
Ital. castoro; from Lat. castor; Gr. kastor = a< 
beaver. From Sansc. fcosfitrt=inusk.] 

A. As substantive: 


I. Ordinary Language: 
1. Gen.: A beaver. 


“ Like hunted castors, conscious of their store. 

Their waylaid wealth to Norway’s coast they bring.”’ 

Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, xxv. 

*2. Spec.: A hat made of the fur of a beaver. 
(Slang.) 

II. Technically: 

1 . ZoOl.: A genus of Rodent Mammals, containing 
the Beavers. Castor fiber is the common Beaver. 
[Beaver.] 

2. Palceont. [Beaver.] 

3. Pharm.: Castoreum, the dried follicles of the' 
prepuce of the Beaver. The follicles contain a 
dark-colored matter of a peculiar odor. It is used 
in the form of tincture as a stimulant and anti- 
spasmodic in cases of hysteria and epilepsy. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
castor-bean, s. 

Bot.: The bean or seed of the Castor-oil plant, 
Ricinus communis, from which the oil is expressed. 

cas-tor (2), s. & a. [From Agnus castus, the old 
name of the Castor-oil plant.] (For definition see 
etymology.) 


castor-oil, s. 

Pharm.: Ricini Oleum, a thick, viscid, palo oil, of 
a peculiar odor, and slightly acrid taste. It is ex¬ 
pressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the 
Castor-oil plant (q. v.). Castor-oil is soluble in 
alcohol. It is a mild, quick, safe purgative, causing 
only evacuation of the bowels, and is used in cases 
of gastritisj, entritis, and dysentery, or wherever 
there is irritation,or inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the digestive tract. Castor-oil ex¬ 
pressed from the seeds without the aid of heat is 
called “ cold-drawn castor-oil.” It usually gripes 
the patient to an appreci¬ 
able extent, and in admin¬ 
istering it to children it is 
weU to boil it, as the boil¬ 
ing has a tendency to 
mollify the acrid proper¬ 
ties and prevent griping at 
stool. 

Castor-oil plant: 

Bot.: A plant, belonging 
to the order Euphorbi- 
acese, growing in the East 
Indies. The seeds are oval, 
compressed, about the 
size of small beans, of a 
light ash color marbled 
with dark spots and veins. 

It has been introduced in¬ 
to the milder climates of 
this country; in the South- Castor-oil plant, 
ern States being culti¬ 
vated as a garden plant. It is generally called 
Palma Christi=P aim of Christ, in allusion to the- 
fancied resemblance of its leaves to a human hand. 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;’ ey = a. ’ qu = kwJ 





Castor 


775 


cat 


Cas -tor (3),s. [Lat., from Gr. kastor .] 

1 . Old Mythol.: One of the twin sons of Jupiter 
and Leda, the other being Pollux. After their 
death they were placed among the stars, forming 
the constellation now known as Gemini or the 
Twins. 

2. Astron.: One of the two bright stars constitut¬ 
ing the constellation Gemini (the Twins). It is 
Alpha Geminorum. It is a binary star, one of the 
two into which a telescope resolves it revolving 
around the other in about 1,000 years. 

3. Min.: A mineral described at the same time as 
another one named Pollux. [Oastohite. j 

Castor and Pollux, s. 

x. Meteorol.: A fiery meteor, which appears some¬ 
times sticking to a part of the ship, in form of one, 
two, or even three or four balls. When one is seen 
alone, it is called Helena, which portends the 
severest part of the storm to be yet to come; two 
are denominated Castor and Pollux, and sometimes 
Tyndarides. which portend a cessation of the storm. 
( Chambers .) [Corposant.] 

2. Astron.: The name of a constellation, also 
called Gemini, or the Twins. 


cas'-t5r (4), s. [In Fr. castorin; from Lat. castor 

(1) (Q. v.).] 

Fabric: A heavy milled cloth for overcoats. 


cas-tbr’-e-um, s. [Lat., from castor—& beaver.] 
Pharm.: The pharmacopoeial name for the pe¬ 
culiar mucilaginous substance found in the two 
inguinal sacs of the beaver. It is very odorous, 
soft, and almost fluid when first taken from the 
animal, but becomes dry and of the consistence of 
resin. It has an acrid, bitter, and nauseous taste. 


cas-tor’-I-dae, s. pi. [Lat. castor—a beaver; 
fern. pi. sufE. -idee.] 

1. ZoOl.: A family of Rodents, of which the Cas¬ 
tor, or Beaver is the typical genus. They are of 
stout make, possess distinct clavicles, and have five 
toes, those of the hind feet being connected by a 
web or membrane. Genera, Castor and Myopotamus 
(q. v.). 

2. Palceont.: No Castoridae have as yet been found 
earlier than the Miocene. Among the genera two 
contain animals of large size, Trogonotherium and 
Castoroides; the former is Pliocene and Post- 
Pliocene, the latter Post-Pliocene only. 


cas’-tor-In, cas’-tor-Ine, s. [En g.castor; suff. 
An, -ine ( Chem.).) 

Chem.: A crystallizable substance obtained from 
castor by the action of alcohol. 

cas’-tor-Ite, s. [Eng. castor (3), and suff. Ate 
{Min.).) . 

Min : A variety of Petalite (q. v.), occurring m 
Elba in attached crystals; specific gravity, 2'38- 
2*405. Composition: Silica, 78’01; alumina, 18’86; 
lithia, 2'76. ( Dana.) 
cas’-tor§, s. [Caster, II. 2 (4).] 

*cas'-tor-y, s. [Castoreum.] An oil drawn from 
the castoreum, and used in the preparation of 
colors. 

“Polisht yvory 

Whichi cunning Craftesman hand hath overlayd 
With fayre vermilion or pure Castory.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 41. 


*c3,s-tra-me-ta'-tion, s. [Fr.,from Lat. castra 
=a camp; rnetatio-'A measuring; metor= to meas¬ 
ure. ] The art or science of arranging a camp. 

“ Between Chadlington and Saresden is also an unmen. 
tioned camp, either Saxon or Danish, for both are con¬ 
cerned in this question; and their castrametation, even 
under the most practicable and commodious circum¬ 
stances of ground, is sometimes ambiguous.”— Warton: 
History of Kiddington, p. 60. 

“ Plunged, nothing loath, into a sea of discussion, con- 
W ars ... and the rules of castrametation. — 
Scott: Antiquary, ch. i. 


cas’-trate, v. t. [Lat. castratus, pa. par. of 
castro =to geld.] 

I. Lit.: To geld, emasculate. 


“ Origen—having read that scripture, ‘ There be some 
that castrate themselves for the kingdom of God ’ which 
was but a parabolical speech, he did really, and there¬ 
fore foolishly, castrate himself.”— Bishop Morton: Dis- 
charge of five Imputations from the Romish Party , p. loo. 


II. Figuratively: 

*1. To mortify, to deaden, to deprive of power or 
vigor. 

<« Ye castrate the desires of the flesh, and shall obteine 
a more ample rewarde of grace in heaven”—Martin. 
Treatise on the Marriage of Priestes, Y. l. b. lo54. 

2. To expunge obscene passages from a book; to 
expurgate. 

cas’-tra-ted, pa.par. & a. [Castrate, it] 

cas'-tra-tlng, pr.par ., a. & s. [Castrate, r.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) _ 


C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of gelding or emasculating; cas¬ 
tration. 

2. Fig.: The act o> freeing from obscenity; ex¬ 
purgation. 

castrating-clamp, s. A clamp used in confining 
the cords and vessels in the operating of orchotomy 
by excision of the parts, as in the case of the horse. 

cas-tra’-tion, s. [Lat. castratio = a gelding, 
castro=to geld.J 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: The act of castrating. 

“ The largest needle should be used, in taking up the 
spermatic vessels in castration." — Sharp: Surgery. 

“. . . the proportion of males would be somewhat 
greater at birth than at the age of castration." — Darwin: 
Descent of Man (1871), Part ii., ch. viii., vol. i., p. 304. 

2. Fig.: The act of freeing from obscenity; 
expurgation. 

II. Criminal Law: The act of emasculating a 
man upon any other plea than that of a surgical 
necessity is a felony at the common law, and in 
some or the states the penalty is very severe— 
especiaUy if the act be accompanied by force or is 
accomplished by stratagem. It is a mayhem in all 
of the states, even though it be done with the con¬ 
sent of the victim, under any other than conditions 
of necessity. The penalty therefor varies in the 
different states. 

cas-tra'-tor, s. [Low Lat. castrator— one who 
gelds; Lat. castro=to geld.] 

1. Lit.: One who gelds. 

2. Fig.: One who cuts out obscene passages from 
a book; an expurgator. 

*cas’-trel, *casteril, s. [Kestrel.] 

*cas-tren’-si-al, a. [Lat. castrensis= belonging 
to a camp; castra—a. camp.] Of or pertaining to a 
camp. 

“ Sixty miles is the measure of three days’ journey, 
according unto military marches, or castrensial man¬ 
sions.”— Brown: Cyrus’ Garden. 

♦cas-tren’-si-an, a. [Lat. castrensianus= be¬ 
longing to a camp; castra=a camp.] The same as 
Castrensial. 

ca§ a. & s. [Fr. casuel; Ital. casuale; Lat. 
easuaZis=pertaining to chance; c<xsus=chance.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Happening by chance, accidental. 

“ Of the broad vale, casting a casual glance 
We saw a throng of people—wherefore met?” 

Wordsworth- Excursion, bk. ii. 

2. Dependent on chance; uncertain. 

“ The revenue of Ireland, both certain and casual, did 
not rise unto ten thousand pounds.”— Dav.: On Ireland. 

3. Trivial, commonplace. 

The commissioners entertained themselves by the 
fire-side in general and casual discourses.”— Clarendon. 

(1) Crabb thus discriminates between acci¬ 
dental, incidental, casual, and contingent: “ Acci¬ 

dental is opposed to what is designed or planned; 
incidental to what is premeditated; casual to what 
is constant and regular contingent to what is 
definite or. fixed. A meeting may be accidental, 
an expression incidental, a look, expression, &c., 
casual, an expense or circumstance contingent. 
{Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

(2) He thus distinguishes between occasional and 
casual: “ These are Both opposed to what is fixed or 
stated; but occasional carries with it more the idea 
of unfrequency and casual that of unfixedness, or 
the absence of all design. A minister is termed an 
occasional preacher who preaches only on certain 
occasions; his preaching at a particular place on 
a certain day may be casual .” {Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

B. As substantive: 

1. A tramp, a vagrant; one who receives relief 
and shelter for one night in the workhouse of a 
parish to which he does not belong. 

2. A laborer or artisan employed irregularly. 
{Mayhew.) 

casual-ejector, s. 

Legal: A nominal defendant in the action of 
ejectment, who continues such until appearance by 
or for the tenant in possession. (3 Bl. Com. 201.) 

casual- ward, s. A ward or portion of a work- 
house or hospital reserved for the accommodation 
of casual paupers or patients. 

*ca§-p-ar-I-ty. s. [Casualty.] 

c£§'-U-3l-ly, adv. [Eng. casual; -ly.) In a cas¬ 
ual manner; by chance, fortuitously. 

“ Go, bid my woman 
Search for a jewel, that too casually 
Hath left mine arm.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, 11 . 3. 


*ca§’-U- 3 l-ness, s. [Eng. casual; -ness.~\ The 
quality or state of being casual; chance. 

ca§’-3-3l-tf, *cas-u-al’-I-tf, s. [Fr. casualiti, 
Lat. casualis — pertaining to chance; casus = a 
chance.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A chance, an accident, a fortune. 

“With more patience men endure the losses that befal 
them by mere casualty, than the damages which they sus¬ 
tain by injustice.”— Raleigh: Essays. 

2. Chance or accident attended with injury or 
death. (Especially applied to the losses of an army 
in the field.) 

“ It is observed in particular nations, that, within the 
space of two or three hundred years, notwithstanding all 
casualties, the number of men doubles.”— Burnet: Theory 
of the Earth. 

II. Technically: 

Mining: A term applied among tinners to any 
strange matter separated from the ore by washing. 

ca§-u- 3 r-I’-na, s. [So named by Rumphius, 
probably from a fancied resemblance in the foliage 
to the feathers of the Cassowary. {Graham: Flora 
of Bombay.)') 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Casuarinacece (q. v.). 

ca§-u- 3 r-I-na'-$e-ae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
casuarina, and fern. pi. adj. suff. -aceoe.] 

Bot.: An order of abnormal exogens, alliance 
Amentales. Only one genus is known, Casuarina. 
They have a one-celled ovary, one or two ascending 
ovules, and a superior radicle. There are no leaves, 
but in place of them short, toothed, riobed sheaths. 
They are trees like Giant Equiseta (Horse-tails). 
They have closer affinities, however, with Myricaceae- 
or with Conifer®. They occur in Australia, New 
Caledonia, and the Indian Archipelago. They are 
generally called Beefwoods, their timber being of 
the color of raw beef. In Australia they are often 
termed oaks. In Graham’s Flora of Bombay one 
species is called the Cassarina or Tinian Pine. The 
heavy war-clubs of the native Australians are of 
Casuarina. The bark of Casuarina equisetifolia is 
slightly astringent; that of C. muricata is used as 
infusion in India as a tonic. The young cones of 

C. quadrivalvis, when chewed, yield a pleasant 
acid, and are useful to those who cannot obtain 
water. Cattle also are exceedingly fond of them. 
About thirty-two species are known. 
ca§-u-ar’-I-us, s. [Cassowary.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of birds, family Struthionidm 
(Ostriches). Casuarina galeatus is the Cassowary 

ca§’-u-Ist, s. [Fr. casuiste; Lat. casus=a chance.} 
One who studies and settles cases of conscience. 

"Do not flatter yourselves that the ingenuity of law¬ 
givers will ever devise an oath which the ingenuity of 
casuists will not evade.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

*ca§'-u-Ist, v. i. [Casuist, s.] To argue about 
or decide cases of conscience; to act as a casuist. 

“ We never leave subtilizing and casuisting, . . . ” — 
Milton: Doct. and Dis. of Divorce, ii. 20. 

*ca§-U-Ist'-Ic, ca§-u-Ist’-I-C 3 l, a. [Eng. casu¬ 
ist; -ic,-ical.) Of or relating to casuistry, or the 
study of cases of conscience. 

”... surely the practical, casuistical, that is, the- 
principal, vital part of their religion savors very little of" 
spirituality.”— South. 

fcasf-u-lst'-i-cal-ljf, adv. [Eng. casuistical; 
-ly.) In a casuistical manner. 

"... obtained in that house much of that learning, 
wherewith he was enabled to write casuistioally — 
Wood. Athence Oxon. 

ca§’-u-Ist-ry, s. [Eng. casuist; -ry.) The doc¬ 
trine, tenets, or method of a casuist. 

”... that immoral casuistry which was the worst 
part of Jesuitism.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

ca -sus bel'-ll, phrase. [Lat. .casws=a chance; 
and belli (genit. of 6eRwm)=war.] The cause which 
produces, and is held by one side at least, to justify 
war. 

“He did not say what was to be the castis belli or the 
casus armandi.” — London Times, Feb. 2, 1878. 

cat, *kat, s. & a. [A. S. cat; Dut. & Dan. kat; 
Sw. katt; Icel. kOttr; L. Ger. katte; O. H. Ger. & 
Ger. kater; Ger. katze; O. Fr. cat; Fr. chat: Sp. 
gato; Ital. gatto; Gael. & Ir. cat; Wei. cath; Russ, 
kot; Turk, kedi; from Low Lat. catus. ] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) The same as II. 1. 

(2) A handful of reaped grain or straw laid on the 
ground without being put into a sheaf. {Scotch.) 

(3) A small bit of rag, rolled up and put between 
the handle of a pot and the hook which suspends it 
over the fire, to raise it a little. 


b(ul boy; pout, jowl; cat, jell, chorus, §hin, bench; to, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-cia'n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$L 





cat-tree 


cat-and-clay 


776 


2 Fig.: Applied to the common people. 

“’Twas you incens’d the rabble: 

Cats, that can judge as fitly of his worth, 

As I can of those mysteries, which Heaven 
Will not have earth to know.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. ZoOl.: The common name of certain species of 
the genus Felis, a family of Carnivora, in which the 
organs of destruction reach their highest develop* 
ment. They have the following teeth: Incisors, six 
above and six below; canines, two above and two 
below; molars, four above and four below. The 
domestic cat ( Fells domesticus) is divided into 
numerous varieties—the Tabby, the Tortoise-shell, 
the Angora, &c. The Wild Cat ( F. catus) is much 
larger and stronger than its domesticated relative. 

“Thrice the brinded cat hath mew’d.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 1. 

H The cat tribe: The English name for the family 
Feiidse (q. v.). 

*2. Military: 

(1) A shed used for cover for soldiers employed in 
filling up a trench, repairing a breach, &c.; so 
called because the men crouched under it as a cat 
for her prey. 

Castellated Cat: A cat with crenelles or loop¬ 
holes for the discharge of arrows, &c. 

(2) The sapae as Cat-o’-nine-tails (q. v.). 

3. Nautical: 

(1) A ship 
formed on the 
N orwegian 
model, and usu¬ 
ally employed 
in the coal and 
timber trade. 

These vessels 
are generally 
built remark¬ 
ably strong, 
and may carry 
500 tons; or, in 
the language 
of their own 
mariners, from 
twenty to thirty 
keels of coal. A 
cat is distin¬ 
guished by a 
narrow stern, 
proj ecting 
quarters, a deep waist and no ornamental figure on 
the prow. (Smyth.) 

(2) A strong tackle or combination of pulleys, to 
hook and draw up an anchor to the cathead of a 
ship. 

4. Sports: 

(1) A double tripod, having six feet. 

(2) A game, also called “ tip-cat,” and also an 
instrument used in the game. [Cat-stick.] 

IT Cat i’ the hole: The designation given to a game 
especially popular in Fife. 

“ Tine Cat, tine Game. An allusion to a play called Cat 
i’ the Hole, and the English Kit-Cat. Spoken when men 
at law have lost their principal evidence.”— Kelly: Sc. 
Prov., p. 325. 

Cat in the pan: To turn the cat in the pan is to 
make a sudden change of one’s party in politics or 
religion for the sake of being in the ascendant. 

“There is a cunning which we, in England, call the 
-turning of the cat in the pan-, which is, when that which a 
man says to another, he lays it as if another had said it 
to him.”— Bacon. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

Compounds of obvious signification: Cat-eyed, 
cat-like, cat's-meat. 

cat-and-clay, s. [ Colloq.) The materials of 
which a mud-wall is constructed in many parts 
of Scotland. Straw and clay are well wrought 
together, and being formed into pretty large rolls, 
are laid between the different wooden posts, by 
means of which the wall is formed, and carefully 
pressed down so as to incorporate with each other, 
or with the twigs that are sometimes plaited from 
one post to another. 

cat-and-dog, s. 

Cat-and-dog life: One full of quarreling; from 
the usual antipathy between dogs and cats. 

“ I am sure we have lived a cat-and-dog life of it.”— 
Coleridge. t 

cat -band, s. 

1. A bar of iron for securing a door. This name 
is given to the strong hook used on the inside of a 
door or gate, which, being fixed to the wall, keeps 
it shut. 

“He had his entrance peaceably; the ports made open, 
and the cat-bands casten loose.”— Spalding: Troubles, ii. 
159-60. 


2. A chain drawn across a street for defense in 
time of war. 

“ The town of Aberdeen—began to make preparations 
for their own defense; and to that effect began to have 
their cat-bands in readiness, their cannon clear, . . .”— 
Spalding: Troubles, i. 109. 

cat-beam, s. 

Naut.: This, also called the beakliead-beam, is 
the broadest beam in the ship, and is generally 
made of two beams tabled and bolted together. 
(Smyth.) 

cat-beds, s. pi. A child’s game. [Cat’s-ceadle.] 

cat-bird, s. 

Ornith.: A bird (Mimus Carolinensis), belonging 
to the Turdidee, or Thrushes, whose cry resembles 
the mewing of a cat. Very common in this country. 

cat-block, s. 

Naut.: A two or three-fold block, with an iron 
strop and large hook to it, which is employed to cat 
or draw the anchor up to the cat-head, which is 
also fitted with three great sheaves to correspond. 

cat-Chop, s. A plant, Mesambryanthemum feli- 
num. 

cat-cluke, cat-luke, s. [Catcluke.] 
cat-fall, s. 

Naut.: The rope rove for the cat-purchase, by 
which the anchor is raised to the cat-head, or 
catted, 
cat-fish, s. 

Ichthy.: 

1. The Sea-wolf (Anarrhicas lupus) , a native of 
the West Indian seas, so called from its round head 
and large glaring eyes. 

“Lupus marinus Schonfeldii et nostras: our fishers 
call it the sea-cat, or cat-fish." — Sibbald: Fife, p. 121. 

2. A fresh-water fish of different species of the 
genus Pimpelodus, P. catus, the common cat-fish, 
called also horned pout, and bull-head. In the 
western waters of North America it often attains a 
very large size. (S. F. Baird.) 

cat-gold, s. A kind of [mica, having a yellowish 
appearance, somewhat resembling gold. 

cat-harpings, s. pi. 

Naut.: Ropes under the tops at the lower end of 
the futtock shrouds, serving to brace in the shrouds 
tighter, and affording room to brace the yards more 
obliquely when the ship is close hauled. They keep 
the shrouds taut for the better ease and safety of 
the mast. 

cat-haw, s. The fruit of the Hawthorn (Cratae¬ 
gus Oxyacantha). 

cat-head, cathead, s. 

1. Geol.: A local name for a nodule of ironstone, 
containing an organism or a fragment of one. 
[Nodule.] 

“The nodules with leaves in them, called catheads, 
seem to consist of a sort of ironstone, not unlike that 
which is found in the rocks near Whitehaven, in Cumber¬ 
land, where they call them catscaups.”— Woodward: On 
Fossils. 

2. Mining: A broad-bully hammer used by miners; 
a miner’s name for a small capstan. 

3. Naut.: A piece of timber with two shivers at 
one end, having a rope and a block, to which is fas¬ 
tened a great iron hook, to trice up the anchor from 
the hawse to the top of the forecastle. (Sea Dic¬ 
tionary.) 

cat-head stopper, cat-stopper, s. 

Naut.: A piece of rope or chain rove through the 
ring of an anchor, to secure it for sea, or singled 
before letting it go. 

cat-heather, s. A finer species of heath. Erica 
tetralix or E. cinerea, which is low and slender, 
growing more in separate upright stalks than the 
common heath, and flowering only at the top. 

cat hip, cat-hip, s. Two roses, ( 1 ) Rosa spino- 
sissima, (2) R. canina. 
cat-holes, s. 

1. Ordinary Language: 

(1) The name given to the loop-holes or narrow 
openings in the walls of a barn. 

“ ‘He has left the key in the cat-hole;’ to signify that a 
man has run away from his creditors.”— Kelly, p. 145. 

(2) A sort of niche in the wall of a barn, in which 
keys and other necessaries are deposited in the 
inside, where it is not perforated. 

2. Naut.: Two little holes astern above the gun¬ 
room ports, to bring in a cable or hawser through 
them to the capstan, when there is occasion to heave 
the ship astern. (Sea Diet.) 

cat-hook, s. 

Naut.: A strong hook, which is a continuation of 
the iron strop of the cat-block, used to hook the ring 
of the anchor when it is to be drawn up or catted. 



*cat-house, s. 

Mil.: The same as Cat, s., II., 2 (1). 
cat-hud, s. The name given to a large stone, 
which serves as a back to a fire on the hearth, in 
the house of a cottager. 

“The fire, a good space removed from the end wall, was 
placed against a large whinstone, called the cat-hud.”— 
Rem. of Nithsdale Song, p. 259. 

cat-loup, s. Avery short distance as to space; as 
far as a cat may leap. 

“ That sang-singing haspin o’ a callant—and that — 
light-headed widow-woman, Keturah, will win the kirn; 
—they are foremost by a lan gcat-loup at least.”— Blackw. 
Mag., January, 1821, p. 402. 

cat-o’-nine-tails, s. 

1. Lit.: An instrument of punishment formerly 
used for flogging on board ships in the navy. It is 
commonly made of nine pieces of line or cord, 
about half a yard long, fixed upon a piece of thick 
rope for a handle, and having three knots on each 
at small intervals nearest the end. 

*2. Fig.: A corrector, castigator. 

“ You dread reformers of an impious age, 

You awful cat-o’-nine-tails, to the stage.” 

Prologue to Vanbrugh’s False Friend. 

*cat-pipe, s. The same as catcall; an instru¬ 
ment that makes a squeaking noise. 

“ Some songsters can no more sing in any chamber but 
their own, than some clerks can read in any book but 
their own ; put them out of their road once, and they are 
mere cat-pipes and dunces.”— VEstrange. 

cat-posy, s. 

Bot.: The Daisy, Beilis perennis. 

cat-rake, s. 

Mech.: A name for a ratchet-drill. 

cat-rig, s. 

Naut.: A rig which in smooth water surpasses 
every other, but, being utterly unsuited for sea or 
heavy weather, is only applicable to pleasure-boats 
of those who can choose their weather. It allows 
one sail only, an enormous fore-and-aft main-sail, 
spread by a gaff at the head and a boom at the foot, 
hoisted on a stout mast, which is stepped close to 
the stem, 
cat-rope, s. 

Naut.: A line for hauling the cat-hook about; 
also cat-back-rope, which hauls the block to the 
ring of the anchor in order to hook it. 
cat-rushes, s.pl. 

Bot.: A book-name for various species of Equi- 
setum. (Britten <& Holland.) 

cat-salt, s. A beautiful granulated kind of 
common salt, formed out of bittern or leach-brine 
in the salt-works. 

cat-scaup, s. A kind of fossil. The same as 
Cat-head (q. v.). 

cat-ship, s. [Cat, II., 3 (1).] 

*cat-silver, s. 

Min.: An obsolete name for mica. The resem¬ 
blance to silver is in the pseudo-metallic luster, 
while the epithet “ cat” implies that it is not the 
real metal. 

“ Cat-silver is composed of plates that are generally 
plain and parallel, and that are flexible and elastic, and 
is of three 6orts, the yellow or golden, the white or silvery, 
and the black.”— Woodward: On Fossils. 

cat-sloes, s. The fruit of Prunus spinosa. 
cat-squirrel, s. Sciurus cinereus. 
cats-and-dogs, s.pl. 

Bot.: The blossoms of Salix. 
cats-and-keys, s. pi. The fruit of Fraxinus 
excelsior; ash-keys (q. v.). [Cat’s-kets.] 

cat-steps, s.pl. The projections of the stones in 
the slanting part of a gable. 

cat-stick, s. A stick or bat used in the game of 
“Cat.” [Cat, II. 4 (2).] 
cat-stopper, s. 

Naut.: [Cat-head Stoppee.] 

cat-tackle, s. 

Naut.: A tackle to raise the anchor to the cat¬ 
head. 

cat-tail, *cattyle, catalle, s. [Cat’s-tail.] 

“ A cattyle (catalle A.); lanugo, herba est.”—Cathol. 
Anglicum. 

“-Some 

Sovereign places held among the watry train, 

Of cat-tails made them crowns, . . .’’ 

Drayton: Polyolbion, s. 20. 

cat-thyme, s. 

Bot.: Teucrium Marum. 

cat-tree, s. 

Bot.: Euonymus europceus. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire. unite, efir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu - kw! 










cat-whin 


777 


catagmatic 


cat-whin, s. cat’s-pellet, s. A game, perhaps the same as 

Bot.: A name applied to several plants—(1) Rosa tip-cat. 
canina, the Dog-rose; (2) Rosa spinosissima ; (3) “Who beats the boys from cat’s-pellet and stool-ball?” 
Olex nanus; (4) Genista anglica; (5) the herb Set- — Brit. Bellman, 1648, Bari. Misc., vii. 625. 

cat’s-purr, s. 


wall or Valerian (?). (Britten <& Holland.) 

cat-whistlss, s.pl. 

Bot.: A book-name for Equisetum palustre. 

cat-wood, s. 

Bot.: A book-name for Euonymus europceus. 

cat’s-carriage, s. The same play as “King’s- 
cushion” or cat s-cradle (q. v.). 

cat’s-claws, s.pl. 

Bot.: (1) Anthyllis vulneraria, (2) Lotus cornicu- 
latus. 

cat’s-cradle, s. A plaything for children made 
of packthread on one’s fingers, and transferred 
from them to those of another. 


“The whale claims a place among mammalia, though 
we might fancy that, as in the child’s game of caf’s- 

cradle, some strange introsusception had been permitted, arvvmns,\e. - .. - 

tr» makfl it. ro lilr« rat srt nnntrnrr tn tVin animate witV» SIH3.ilGr Bu4.FU.Sll' (4) ACOTtlt'liT\X'iX(Xf)€llltS^ 


Physiol.: A sound in the lungs of man or in the 
heart, like the purring of a cat, heard by means of 
the stethoscope. 

cat’s-skin, s. 

Naut.: A light partial current of air, as with the 
cat’s-paw. 

*cat’s-smere, s. 

Bot.: An old name for a plant, Axungia. (Wright.) 

cat’s-spear, s. 

Bot.: Typha latifolia. (Gerarde.) 

cat’s-tail, *catstaile, s. 

Botany: 

1. The book-name of several plants—(1) Equise¬ 
tum, Horse-tail, various species, especially E. 
arvense, (21 Typha latifolia, (3) Typha minor, or 

“tulr 


*1. Ord. Lang.: A deluge, an inundation. 

“The opinion that held these cataclysms and empf. 
roses universal, was such as held that it put a total con¬ 
summation unto things in this lower world.”— Hale: 
Origin of Mankind. 

2. Geol.: A sudden or violent rush of water, con¬ 
sidered as the efficient cause by which certain 
phenomena have been produced, rather than by the 
gradual action of moderate currents, oi by that of 
ice. 

cat-a-cl$r§'-mal, a. [Eng. cataclysm; -al.) Of 
or pertaining to a cataclysm ; caused by or arising 
from a cataclysm. 

cat-3,-cljrs-mist, s. One who believes in the 
cataclysmal theory regarding certain geological 
phenomena. 

cat -g,-comb (b silent), s. [Fr. catacombe; Ital. 
catacomba; Sp. & Port, catacumba, from Low Lat. 
catacumba =a catacomb, from Gr. fcafa=down, and 
kymbe = a hole, a hollow.] Subterranean cavities 
for the burial of the dead, those near Rome being' 
supposed to be the caves and cells where the primi¬ 
tive Christians hid and assembled themselves, and 


1 ' IvU/lCj COUIC D OX tlHii D XIX LiX UaUSbCUtlUU It U U UOBJi UC1 lit! ItoU. 11 tx 1 i / t\ * "X „ i j T~» 11 , u ^ w 

to make it so like, yet so contrary, to the animals with smaller Bulrush, (4) Aconitum nape l lus. , (5) Phleum where they interred the martyrs; which are accord- 
which it is itself classed.” — Newman: Development of pvater^e^ from the shape of the spike Lty at s-tail ingly visited with devotion. These are the most cele- 


Cfiristian Doctrine , ch. 1. 

cat’s-ear, s. 

Botany : 

(1) A common book-name for Hypochceris radi- 
cat a. (Prior.) 

(2) Antennaria dioica. (Treas. of Bot.) 

cat’s-eye, s. 

1. Bot.: A name applied to several plants—(11 
Veronica Chamcedrys, (2) Veronica Buxbaumii , (3) 
Myosotis sylvatica, (4) Epilobium angustifolium. 
(Britten & Holland.) 

2. Naut.: [Cat-hole.] 

3. Min.: [Ger. katzenauge; Fr. ceil de chat.) A 
phenocrystalline or vitreous variety of quartz. It 
exhibits opalescence, but without prismatic colors, 
especially when cut en cabochon, an effect due to 
fibers of asbestus. The finest specimens are brought 
from Ceylon. Composition 
1*75; lime, 1'25; oxide of iron 

“ Cat’s-eye is of a glistering gray, interchanged with a 
6traw color.”— Woodward: On Fossils . 

cat’s-faces, s. 

Bot.: A name given to the Heartsease. 

cat’s-foot, s. 

Botany: 

(1) Ground Ivy. (Gerarde.) 

“It is commonly called Hedera terrestris, in English 
Ground-iuy, Ale-hoofe, Gill-go-by-ground, Tune-hoofe, 
and Cat’ s-foot.”—Gerarde: Uerball., p. 856 (ed. 1633). 

(2) Nepeta glechoma, from the shape of its leaves. 
(Gerarde.) 

(3) Antennaria dioica, from its soft flower-heads. 
(Prior.) 

cat’s-hair, s. 

(1) The down that covers unfledged birds; pad¬ 
dock-hair. , 

( 2 ) The down on the face of boys before the beard 
grows. (Scotch.) 

cat’s-head, s. 

1. (Sing.) Hortic.: A kind of apple. 

“Cafs-head., by some called the go-no-further, is a very 

large apple, and a good bearer.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

2. (PI.) Bot.: The catkins of Salix caprea. 

cat’s-keys, s. 

Bot.: The fruit of Fraxinus excelsior. 

cat’s-lug, s. 

Bot.: Bear’s-ear, Auricula ursi. (Scotch.) 

cat’s-milk, s. 

Bot.: A book-name for Euphorbia helioscopia. 

cat’s-paw, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . Lit.: The paw of a cat. 


grass], (6) Echium vulgare, (7) Amaranthus cau- 
datus. 

2. The catkins of the hazel or willow. 

3. The catkins of Juglans regia. 

4. A long round substance that grows in winter 
upon nut-trees, pines, <fcc. 

Cat's-tail grass, cats-taile grasse: 

Bot.: A general book-name for Phleumpratense 
and other species. (Britten & Holland.) 

cat, v. t. [Cat, s.J 
Naut.: To bring up to the cat-head, 


brated, but there are many others in various parts 
of the world. The catacombs of Paris are simply 
charnel-houses. The word is also occasionally used; 
in the general sense of an excavated burying-place.- 


adv. Diagonally; catercor- 


cat -a cor-nered, 

nered. (Colloq.) 

cat-a-cous -tics, s. [In Fr. catacoustique, from 
Gr. A-a?«=against, and afcowsfifcos=pertaining to- 
hearing; akouo—to hear.] 

1. Physics: That science which treated of reflected 1 


fall. The cat-stopper is then passed, and the cat- 
block unhooked. (Smyth.) 


TT When the cat is hooked, and cable enough sounds or echoes, 
veered and stoppered, the anchor hangs below the 2. Fortific.: Small galleries which communicate- 
cat-head, swings beneath it; it is then hauled close with a gallery parallel to the covertway. (CVa 66 .) 
up to the cat-head by. the purchase called the cat- C at-a-dl-6p'-tric, cat-a-dl-op-trl-ciil, a. [Fr. 

catadioptrique x from Gr. kafa=against, and diop- 
„ . trikos= pertaining to the dioptra— a leveling staff,- 

- . *cat-g,-bap -tlst, s. [Gr. katabaptistes, from kata from dia= through, and opteos, verb. adj. from 

: bilex, 9o’0; alumina, -down, against, and baptistes=& baptizer; baptizo horao=to look, to see.] [Dioptrics.] 

> 0‘25. = to baptize.] One who abuses or is against bap- Optics: Pertaining to or involving both the reflec- 

tism. tion and refraction of light, as a catadioptric 

“Of these anabaptists, or catabaptists, who differ no telescope, 
more than Bavius and Moevius, Alstedius maketh fourteen catadloptric-light, s. A mode of illumination, 
sorts . ’—Featley: Dippers Dipt, p. 23. f or lighthouses in which reflection and refraction 

ca-tab'- 0 -li§m, s. [Gr. katabole = a throwing are unitedly employed. It was suggested by Robert 
down, and suff. -ism .J Destructive metabolism, in Stevenson in 1834. From their subjecting the whole 
which complex bodies are broken down into simpler of the available light to the corrective action of the 
and simpler waste bodies; opposed to anabolism. instrument, they have been called holophotal lights. 

oof o Kva' O O n I p'-po-m l-J-T* 7-n+ri h Ft o i o — on o Q 


cat-&-dI-6p -tries, s. [Catadioptric.] The 
science which treats of or is connected with the 
use of catadioptric instruments. 

cat -a-drome, s. [Gr. katadromos, from kata= 
down, dromos=& course; dramein, second aorist 


cat-?L-bro'-§a, s. [From Gr. katabrosis=an eat¬ 
ing up, a devouring. So named from the erose ap¬ 
pearance of the glumes.] 

Bot.: Whorl-grass. A genus of Graminacese 
(Grasses). Tribe, Festucese. 

cat-a-CaUS -tlC, ci.&s. [Fr. catacaustique, from infinitive (,ftrecho=to run.]’ 

Gr. katakaustikos, from fcoia=down, and kaustikos l. Ord. Lang.: A race-course. 

=burning; kaio—to bum.] 2. Mech.: A machine for hoisting heavyweights. 

A. As adjective. *Cat'-a-dvipe, s. [Fr. catadupe, catadoupe, from 

atmg to or of the nature of Low Lat. catadupa; Gr. katadoupoi =falling with 
a heavy noise—a term applied to the cataracts of 
the Nile; kafa=down, and doupos =a dead, heavy 


the curve described in B. 
B. As substantive: 
Geom. & Optics: 


1. Sing.: A curve formed by joining the points of 
concourse of several reflected rays proceeding from 
one radiating point. 


sound.] 

1. A cataract or water-fall, especially one of those 
of the N ile. 

2. A person living in the neighborhood of the Nile 


2. PI.: The caustic curves formed by the reflec- cataracts, 
tion of the rays of light. cat'-a-falQue (falque as falk), *cat-g,-far-c6, 

cat-a-chre sis, s. [Low Lat. cafacftresis, r. [Ital. catafalco=a. scaffold, funeral canopy; Sp. 
katachresis—a misuse, from katachres ' cadafalso; O. Fr. escadafaud; Fr. catafalque and 

use; fcafa=back, against, and chresthai-to use.] s r h„f flu d : from O. So. 

Rhet.: The abuse of a trope, when the words are to View 

too far wrested from their native signification; or , . , . , ’ for va i c J. 

when one word is abusively put for another, for scaffold a stage 1 
want of the proper word, as, a voice beautiful to the £ A tem ^ orary g bier or 
ear. (Smith: Rhetoric.) ^ structure of carpentry- 

cat-Ji-clires'-tlc, *cat- 3 L-chres'-ti-cal, «• [D r - work.decoratedwithpaint- 
katachrestikos=o( or pertaining to catachresis.] In ings, <fcc., and used in fu- 


cata- neral solemnities. 

2. A kind of open hearse 
or funeral car. 


2* Fig.’: A dupe used as a tool (in allusion to the the manner of a catachresis, involving 
fable of the monkey who used the cat’s paw to pick chresis ; improper, far-fetched. 

some roasting chestnuts out of the fire). “ A catachrestical and far derived similitude it holds 

“They took the enterprise upon themselves, and made with men, that is, in a bifurcation.”— Browne: Vulgar 
themselves the people’s cat’s-paw. But now the chestnut is Errors. 

taken from the embers, and the monkey is coming in for fcat-a-ClireS'-tlC-al-l^, adv. [Eng. catachres- 
‘V bene&t of the cat’s subserviency. -London Times, J f In a catachrestic manner; in a forced 
July 20,1864. or exaggerated manner. 

II. Nautical: . , “Where, in divers places of Holy Writ, the denuncia- 

( 1 ) A light air perceived at a distance m a calm tion aga i nst gr0 ves is so express, it is frequently to be energy 
by the impressions made on the surface of the sea, taken but catachrestically.” — Evelyn, iv., § 4. cat-afktB^f' _ 1C> a. <£ s 

which it sweeps very gently, and then passes away, cat-a-clel-sis, cat ^dl'-sis, s. [Gr . kataklei- — 

sis=a closing down.] ... , ,. 

Pathol.: A morbid closure of the eyelids by adhe¬ 
sion or by spasm. 

cat’-gi-cly§m, s. [Fr. cataclysme , from Gr. kata- 
clysmos=a deluge, from fcafa=down, and klyzd=to 
wash over.] _ 


WUi-Lix o >> vvii n-v i-. 

being equally partial and transitory. 

(2) A name given to a particular twisting hitch 
made in the bight of a rope, so as to induce two 
bights, in order to hook a tackle on them both. 


cat- 51 -gen'sis, s. 
[Gr. kata— down, and gen¬ 
esis = generation. Biol.: 
Creation by retrograde 
metam< rphosie of energy 
or by the specialization of 


[Fr catugmatique. from 
Gr. kati 



Catafalque. 




|: (3) Good-looking seamen employed to entice 
volunteers. 


tagma= a fracture, from katagnymi—to break; 
kaia—d own, agnymi =to break.] 

A. As adjective: 

Surg.: Having the property or quality of uniting 
or consolidating broken parts or fractures. 


to 611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-c-ian, -tian = sli 5 in. -tion, 


gell, chorus, 
-sion = shun; 


$hin, 

-tion, 


bench; go, gem; thin, 
-§ion = zhun. -ticus, 


this; 

-clous. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £. 
-sious = shiis. -tole, -die, <fcc. = to$l, del- 












catagraph 


778 


cataphonics 


B. As subst.: A medicine having such property or 
-quality. 

♦cat -9,-graph, s. [Gr. katagraphe=a. drawing, 
n delineation; from fcata=down, and araphe— 
a drawing; graphd= to write, describe.] The first 
draught or outline of a picture; also, a profile. 

cat'-a~lan, a. & s. [Catalonia , a district of 
Spain.] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to Catalonia. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: A native of Catalonia. 

2. Blasting: A blast-furnace for reducing iron 
ores, extensively used in the north of Spain, par¬ 
ticularly in the province of Catalonia. It consists 
of a four-sided cavity or hearth, which is always 
placed within a building and separated from the 
main wall thereof by a thinner interior wall, which 
in part constitutes one side of the furnace. The 
blast-pipe comes through the wall, and enters the 
fire through a tuyere which slants downward. The 
bottom is formed of a refractory stone, which is 
renewable. The furnace has no chimneys. The 
blast is produced by means of a fall of water, usu¬ 
ally from 22 to 27 feet high, through a rectangular 
tube, into a rectangular cistern below, to whose 
upper part the blast-pipe is connected, the water 
escaping through a pipe below. This apparatus is 
exterior to the building, and is said to afford a con¬ 
tinuous blast of great regularity; the air, when it 
passes into the furnace, is, however, impregnated 
with moisture. 

ca.t-g.-lec-tic, *cat-a-lec -tick, a. & s. [Lat. 

catalecticus, from Gr. katalektikos— stopping snort, 
from fcato=down, and iefcttfcos=stopping, from lego 
=to stop.] 

A. As adjective : 

Pros.: Stopping short.; used of a rhythm which 
is incomplete by reason of its being short by a syl¬ 
lable (or more) of the full measure. 

“ A stanza of six verses, of which the first, second, fourth, 
and fifth, were all in the octosyllable meter, and the third 
and last catalectic; that is, wanting a syllable, or even 
two.”— Tyrwhitt: On Chaucer’s Versification. 


cat-al-pa, s. [From the native Indian name in 
Carolina, where it was discovered by Catesby in 
1726.] 

Bot.: A genus of Bignoniacese, comprising four or 
five species of trees, natives of North America, the 
West Indies, Japan, and China. They have been 
introduced into Europe, and are cultivated in 
France, Germany, and the south of England. The 
wood is remarkably light, of a grayish-white color, 
and fine in texture. It is capable of receiving a 
brilliant polish, and when properly seasoned is very 
durable. The bark is reputed tonic, stimulant, and 
antiseptic, and the honey from its flowers poison¬ 
ous. A decoction of the pods of Catalpa syringi- 
folia is used in Italy as a remedy for catarrheeal 
dyspnoea and coughs. 

*cat-al§, s. pi. [Cattle, Chattel.] 

Law: Goods and chattels. (Wharton.) 

C3.-tal-y-sIs, s. [Gr. katalysis = a dissolving; 
katalyo= to dissolve; fca£a=down, lyo—to loosen.] 

1. Physics: The effect produced by the presence 
of a substance, which itself undergoes no perma¬ 
nent change, in facilitating a chemical reaction. 

2. Ord. Lang. (Fig.): A dissolution or ending, 
decay. 

“While they were in thoughts of heart concerning it, 
the sad catalysis did come, and swept away eleven hun¬ 
dred thousand of the nation.”— Bp. Taylor. 

cat-a-lys - 6 -type, s. [From Gr. katalysis — a 
dissolving, and typos = a blow; the impress of a 
blow; an outline, a type.] 

Photog.: A calotype process in which the paper 
is first prepared with a syrup of iodide of iron, 
instead of the iodide of potassium. The name was 
given to the process to indicate the supposed fact 
that the gradual self-development of the picture is 
the result of a catalytic action. The true chemical 
reaction is now understood. 

cat-a lyt -ic, a. [Gr. katalytikos , from katalyd= 
to dissolve.] 

Chem.: Of or pertaining to the action or power 
called catalysis; having power to dissolve. 


B. As subst.: A verse which is incomplete, want¬ 
ing a syllable at the end. 

*cat-a-lec'-tics, s. [Gr. katalasso=to exchange; 
from kata= down, back, and allasso= to change.] 
The science of exchanges, now called political econ¬ 
omy. 

Cat-a-lep'-sis, cat-a-lep -sy, s. [Gr. katalep- 
sis= a sudden seizure; from fcata=down, and lepsis 
= a seizing; from lambano=to take, to seize.] 

Med.: A form of mental disorder, akin to hysteria, 
which is characterized by the person affected fall¬ 
ing down suddenly in a state of real or apparent 
unconsciousness, and, save for some occasional mus¬ 
cular twitchings of the face and body, remaining 
rigid and statue-like for a period of time, which 
varies from one minute to some hours or even days, 
and then all at once recovering consciousness as if 
aroused from sleep—as a rule with no bad conse¬ 
quences to follow. Catalepsy almost invariably 
affects hysterical people only, and it is the prolon¬ 
gation of the unconscious condition to some days 
m certain extreme cases which has given rise to the 
fear which some people have of being buried alive 
under such circumstances. 

ca.t-9.-lep-tic, a. [Gr. kataleptikos= liable to 
catalepsy; Zepfifcos=liable to be seized; lambano= 
to seize.] Pertaining to or of the nature of cata¬ 
lepsy ; subject to catalepsy. 

fC9t-al'-0-gIze, v. t. [Gr. katalogizomai — to 
reckon up, to compute; katalogos= a reckoning, a 
catalogue; fcafa=down; logos=a telling; lego= to 
tell.] To enumerate in a catalogue, to catalogue. 
(Coles.) 

caf- 9 -logue (wesilent), *cat-a-log, *cat-log, s. 
[Fr. catalogue; Lat. catalogus, from Gr. katalogos 
=a reckoning, a catalogue; kata= down; logos=& 
telling, an enumerating; lego= to tell.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A list or systematic enumeration 
of articles generally in alphabetical order. 

II. Astron.: A list of stars, with materials 
appended for indicating their latitudes and longi¬ 
tudes, or their declinations and right ascensions. 

catalogue raisonne, s. 

Bibliography: A catalogue of books in which 
they are subdivided and classed according to their 
subjects. 

+cat - 9 -logue (we silent), v. t. [Catalogue, s.] 
To enumerate in a catalogue, to make a list or cat¬ 
alogue of. 

cat'- 9 -log-uer, cat- 9 -log-uist, s. One who 
makes catalogues. 

cat- 9 -log-uer, s.^A person who makes cata 
logues. 



catalytic force, s. 

Physics: That modification of the force of chemi¬ 
cal affinity which determines catalyses. 

“ An interesting class of decompositions has of late 
attracted considerable attention, which, as they cannot 
be accounted for on the ordinary laws of chemical 
affinity, have been referred by Berzelius to a new power, 
or rather new form of the force of chemical affinity, which 
he has distinguished as the catalytic force and the effect 
of its action as catalysis.” — Qraham: Elem. of Chemistry, 
p. 196. 

cat- 9 -mar-an, s. [ Ceylonese native name 
cathd-rnaran=floating trees. (Mahn.)] 

1. A kind of boat, vessel, or, more accurately, 
raft or float used by the Hindoos of Madras, the 
island of Cey¬ 
lon, and the 
parts adjacent. 

It is formed of 
three logs of tim¬ 
ber, secured to¬ 
gether by means 
of three spread¬ 
ers and cross 
lashings through 
small holes. The 
central log is 
much the larg¬ 
est, with a 
curved surface 
at the fore-end, which terminates upward in a 
point. The side logs are very similar in form, 
but smaller, and with their sides straight; these 
are fitted to the central log. The length of the 
whole is from twenty to twenty-five feet. The crew 
consist of two men. In the monsoons, where a cata¬ 
maran is able to bear a sail, a small outrigger is 
placed at the end of two poles as a balance, with a 
bamboo mast and yard, and a mat or cotton sail. 
Frail as such a structure may appear, it can pierce 
through the surf on the beach at Madras and reach 
a vessel in the bay when a boat of ordinary con¬ 
struction would be sure to founder. 

“The catamarans used in the Brazils, and which are 
also common in the East Indies, consist of three logs of 
wood tapered at one end and lashed together. They are 
furnished with paddles, and are said to pull as fast as 
boats, the men being squatted in a kneeling position, and 
managing them with wonderful dexterity in passing the 
surf which beats on the shores. Those used in the Brazils 
also carry sail.”— Young: Nautical Dictionary. 

2. An incendiary raft. Used specially of those 
rafts which on October 2,1804, Sir Sydney Smith in 
vain attempted to use for the destruction of the 
Boulogne flotilla designed by Napoleon I. for the 
invasion of England. 

3. A scolding woman, a termagant. 


Catamaran. 


cat'- 9 -log-uing (u silent), pr.par., a. &s. [Cat- cat-a-me-nl-a, s. [Lat,, from Gr. katamenia= 
Alogue, v.J menses; fcafa=down, men—a month.] 

As subst.: The act of enumerating or setting Med.: The discharge of a sanguineous fluid from 
■ down in a list or catalogue. the womb, which, in the case of healthy women, 


occurs every month. The discharge is due to cer¬ 
tain peculiar changes which take place in the 
Graafian vesicles of the ovaries. It begins at the 
age of puberty, a period which varies under varying 
conditions of climate and civilization, and term¬ 
inates in what is popularly called the “ change or 
time of life,” which occurs usually between the 
ages of forty and forty-nine. The interval between 
these two periods is called the “child-bearing 

E eriod.” The term catamenia, though used largely 
y medical men, is not so well known as another, 
which has exactly the same meaning, viz., menses. 

“ Two ancient Hindoo sages are of opinion, that if the 
marriage is not consummated before the first appearance 
of the catamenia, the girl becomes ‘degraded in rank.’ ” — 
Dunn: On the Unity of the Human Species. 

cat-9-men’-I-9l, a. [Lat. catameni(a); -ah] Of 
or pertaining to catamenia or the menstrual dis¬ 
charge. 

“ The only marked exception occurs in the case of the 
Hindoo females, with whom, on an average, the catamenial 
flux appears about two years earlier than it does among 
other nations.” — Dunn: On the Unity of the Human Species. 

♦cat-a-mint, s. [Catmint.] 
tcat’- 9 -mIte, s [Fr., from Lat. catamitus=a.n 
old form of Ganymedes; Gr. Ganymedes = Gany¬ 
mede, a boy who, for his exceeding beauty, was 
taken up to heaven by Jupiter’s bird, the eagle, and 
made cup-bearer to the chief of the gods.] A boy 
kept for unnatural purposes. 

cat-a-mount-aln, *kat -9-mount-aIn, cat -a¬ 
mount, s. [Eng. cat, and mountain or mount; Sp. 
gato montes— cat of the mountain.] 

Zobl.: The North American tiger, Felis (or Puma) 
Concolor, the Cougar or Puma. 

“ Would any man of discretion venture such a gristle 
to the rude claws of such a katamountainf”—Beaumont 
& Fletcher: Custom of the Country. 

“ The black prince of Monomotapa, by whose side were 
seen the glaring catamountain, and the quill-darting por¬ 
cupine.” — Arb. and Pope: Mart. Scriblerus. 

][ Used as separate words. 

“ As cattes of the mountayn, they are spotted with diverse 
fykle fantasyes.” — Bale: Discourse on the Revelation, p. 2, 
sign. d. vi., 1650. 

cat-an-ad'-ro-mous, cat-an -dro-mous, a. [Gr. 

kata— down, ana = up, and dromos = a running, a 
course; from dramein, second aorist infinitive of 
trecho= to run.] 

Ichthy.: Applied to those fishes which pass onco 
a year from salt water into fresh, and return again 
from the fresh to the salt. 


cat-a-nan'ch-e, s. [Gr. katananke, a strong 
incentive used by Thessalian women in their incan¬ 
tations ; from kata= down, and ananke—necessity. ] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the chicor- 
aceous tribe of compound flowers, distinguished by 
its scariose involucre and the awned chaffy scales 
which crown its fruit. They are principally natives 
of the south of Europe, and have white or blue 
flowers. They are perennials. 

cat -a-pa§m, s. [Gr. katapasma = a sprinkling, 
a powdering ; from katapasso— to sprinkle, to pow¬ 
der, from kata=down, and passo= to sprinkle.] 

Med.: A dry medicine in powders, used for sprink¬ 
ling on ulcers, for absorbing perspiration, &c. They 
were divided into diapasms, empasms , and sym- 
pasms. (See these words.) 

♦cat a-peltic, a. & s. [Gr. katapeltikos= per¬ 
taining to a catapult; katapeltes = a catapult.] 
[Catapult.] 

A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to a catapult. 

B. As subst.: A catapult. 

♦cat-a-pet’-al-ous, a. [Gr. fcota=down, petalon 
=a leaf i and Eng. suff. -ows.] 

Bot.: Having the petals slightly united by their 
inner edge near the base, as in the mallow; a form 
of polypetalous. 

“ If the petals adhere to the 
bases of the stamens so as to 
form a sort of spurious mon- 
opetalous corolla, as in 
Malva and Camellia, such a 
corolla has been occasionally 
called catapetalous, but this 
term is never used, all such 
corollas being considered poly¬ 
petalous.” — Bindley. Introd. to 
Bot., 3d ed., p. 167. 

cat-a-pha -sl-a, s. [Gr. 
kataphasis - affirmation.] Catapetalous. 
Pathol.: A condition of im¬ 
perfect consciousness, in which the patient repeat¬ 
edly utters the same word or words spontaneously, 
or in answer to a question. 

cat-a-phon'-Ic, a. [Fr .cataphonique; fromGr. 
kata— down, back, and phone— a voice.] Of, or re¬ 
lating to, cataphonics. 

cat-a-phon’-Ics, s. The doctrine or science of 
the reflection of sounds, a branch of acoustics. 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g 5 , pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s 6 n; mute, cub, dire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 






cataphora 


779 


catastrophist 


ca-taph-6-TA, s. [Gr. kata=dovm, and phero= 
to bear.] A state of somnolency attended by short 
intervals of imperfect waking, sensation and speech. 

cat'-A-phract, s. [Lat. cataphractes, from Gr. 
kataphraktes = a fully-armed soldier, from kata - 
phrasso— to cover; fca£a=down, quite, phrasso—to 
inclose, to cover.] 

*1. Ordinary Language: 

1. A horse-soldier in complete armor. 

“. . . before him pipes 
And timbrels; on each side went armed guards, 

Both horse and foot; before him and behind, 
Archers, and slingers, catciphracts and spears.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 
*2. Armor, defense. (Lit. dtfig.) 

“ In a battle we fight not but in complete armor. 
Virtue is a cataphract: for in vain we arm one limb, 
while the other is without defense.”— Feltham: Resolves, 
ii. 8. 


II. Technically: 

1. Ichthy.: The armor or plate covering some 
fishes. (Dana.) 

*2. Mil.: A piece of ancient 
armor formed of cloth or 
leather, strengthened with 
iron scales or links, covering 
either a part or a whole of the 
body, and sometimes-the war¬ 
rior’s horse as well. 

cat-gL-phrac'-t&, s.pl. [Cat¬ 
aphract.] 

Ichthy.: A name sometimes 
given to the Triglidse or Gur¬ 
nard family of fishes. [Trig- 
lid a:.] 

cat-a-phrac -ted, a. [Eng. 



Cataphract. 


cataphract; -ed.~] 

Zodl.: Covered with a cataphract, or armor of 
plates, scales, &c., or with hard, bony, or horny skin. 

cat-a-phryg-I-An§, s. pi. [In Lat. cataphryges , 
so named because Montanus and others of their 
leaders came originally from Phrygia.] 

Ch. Hist.: A “heretical” sect which arose in the 
second century A. D. They are said to have fol¬ 
lowed the opinions of Montanus. If their accuser 
may be believed they forbade marriage, baptized 
their dead, and mingled the blood of young chil¬ 
dren with the bread and wine in the Eucharist. 


They were sometimes called simply Phrygians. 

cat-a-ph^l'-l?ir-3?, a. [From Gr. kataphyltos 
=leafy, and Eng. suff. - ary .] Inclosing true leaves. 

If Cataphyllary leaves: Scale leaves. They are 
colorless, yellowish, reddish brown, or rarely green; 
often fleshy, leathery, or membranous, and for the 
most part buried in the ground. (Thom6.) 

*cat-3,-phy§'-Ie-3l, a. [Gr. kata— down, against; 
and Eng. physical (q. v.).] Against nature; infra¬ 
natural. 


“Falling under hyper-physical or cataphysical laws.” 
—De Quincey: Ji.tob. Sketches, I. 337. 


cat-a-pla§m (Eng.), cat-?,-pla§ -mg, (Lat.),s. 
,[Fr. cataplasme; Lat. cataplasnia; from Gr. kata- 
plasma, from kataplasso— to spread over; kata— 
down, plasso= to mold.] , 

Med.: A soft and moist preparation locally ap¬ 
plied as a poultice. The basis is linseed meal, 
which is sometimes mixed with bread or flour, lhe 
most important Cataplasmata are: (1) Cataplasnia 
fermenti (yeast poultice), (2) Cataplasnia lini (lin¬ 
seed poultice), and (3) Cataplasma sinapis (mus¬ 
tard poultice). [Poultice.] 

“I bought an unction of a mountebank. 

So mortal, that but dip a knife in it. 

Where it draws blood, no cataplasm so rare, 
Collected from all simples that have virtue 
Under the moon, can save.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 7. 


cat-^-plec’-tlc, a. LCataplexy.] Pathol.: Of 
the nature of, or pertaining to, cataplexy; sudden 
and overwhelming. 

eat-g,-plel'-lte, s. [In Ger. katapleiit.'] 

Min.: A hexagonal, opaque mineral of a dull, 
weak, vitreous luster, and a light yellowish-brown 
-color. It occurs in the island LarnOe, near previg, 
Norway. Hardness, nearly 6'0; specific gravity, 2'8. 
Composition: Silica, 46’83; zircc.nia, 29'81; alumina, 
0-45; soda, 10-83; lime, 361; sesquioxide of iron, 
J*63 : water. 8‘66. (Dana.) 

cat-a-plex-y, cat'-g.-plex-Is,s. [Gr. kataplex= 
stricken; kata= down, andp(esso=to strike.] 


Pathol.: , 

1. Sudoen prostration by a nervous shock, or by 
the onset of a disease. 

2. Hypnosis. 

cat-ap-to -sls, s. [Gr. kata= down, and ptosis=a 
falling.] Apoplexy. w 

cat'- 9 .-pult(£wp.), cat-a-pul'-ta (Lat.), s. [Low 
Lat . catapulta; from Gr. lcatapeltes= an engine of 
war for hurling heavy stones; kata = down, pallo= 
to brandish, to hurl.] 


*1. An ancient military engine for throwing 
arrows, darts, or stones, consisting of a strong 
wooden framework supporting a bow of wood or 
steel, which was bent by means of a windlass, the 
cord being finally released by a spring. It is said to 
have been invented in 399 B. C. by Dionysius, the 
tyrant of Syracuse. 

“The Syrians invented the catapult.” — P. Holland: 
Plinie, bk. vii., ch. lvi. 

“ The balista violently shot great stones and quarrels, 
as also the catapults.” — Camden: Remains. 

2. A toy made of a forked stick and a strong piece 
of india-rubber, used by boys for shooting small 
stones; a “ grit-slinger,” or “ gravel-shooter.” 

*cat'-a-pul-tier, s. [Eng. catapult; - er .] One 
who worked a catapult. 

“The besiegers . . . sent forward their sappers, 

pioneers, catapultiers.” — Reade: Cloister and Hearth, ch. 
xliii. 

cat'-gir-act, *cat-e-racte, s. & a. [Lat. cata - 
racta; from Gr. katarrhaktes = a waterfall. This, 
according to Mahn, is from Gr. katerrhagen, aorist 
passive of katarregnymi = to break, to dash down; 
or from katarasso= to dash down. (Wedgwood.)) 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A great stream or rush. 

(1) Primarily and specially of water, a great 
waterfall. 

“ For folks that wander up and down like you 
To see an acre’s breadth of that wide cliff 
One roarin g cataract.” 

Wordsworth: The Brothers. 

( 2 ) Of other things, as fire. 

“ What if all 

Her stores were opened, and this firmament 
Of hell should spout her cataracts of fire?” 

Milton: P. L., ii. 176. 

2. Fig.: A great quantity, specially of a voluble 
flow of words. 

“Cataracts of declamation thunder here.” 

Cowper: Task, iv. 73. 

II. Technically: 

1. Surg.: An affection of the sight, in which the 
crystalline lens of the eye is more or less permeated 
by opaq ue matter, and objective vision either wholly 
or partially prevented. Cataract is of two kinds, 
viz., hard and soft. Hard cataract is most common 
among old people. Soft may occur at any age, but 
is found most frequently among children, and espe¬ 
cially among those who have been born with this 
condition; in the latter case it is called congenital 
cataract. Traumatic cataract is so called when it 
is the result of a wound of the lens. Cataract is 
very recognizable in children, in whom it presents a 
bluish-white appearance like milk and water in the 
pupil of the eye; in aged persons the color is much 
darker and less distinct, and therefore more diffi¬ 
cult to see, but a careful examination will detect 
tlio opacity in the lens. Cataract is usually amen¬ 
able to surgical treatment. 

“Saladine hath a yellow milk, which hath likewise 
much acrimony; for it cleanseth the eyes: it is good also 
for cataracts.” — Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

2. Mech.: A kind of water-governor for regulating 
the action of etn engine. ( Weale.) 

B. As adj.: [See the compounds.) 
cataract-knife, si 

Surg.: A small keen-edged knife used in the 
operation of removing cataracts. 

cataract-needle, s. 

Surg.: A pointed instrument used for depressing 
the crystalline lens in the operation of couching. 

cat-ar-ac'-tou3, a. [Eng. cataract; -ous.) Per¬ 
taining io, or of the nature of, a cataract in the eye. 

cat-n-rhln'-n, s. [Gr. kata= down, and rhis, 
genit. rhinos= the nostril. So called from their hav¬ 
ing their nostrils looking downward, as those of 
man.] , , 

ZoOl.: The same as Catakhxne, s. (q. v.) 

cat-a-rhlne, a. & s. [Catarhina.] 

A. As adj.: Having nostrils of the type described 
under B. 

B. As subst. (catarhines, pi.): 

1. ZoOl.: A section or tribe of the order Quadru- 
mana. They have the nostrils oblique, and the 
septum between them narrow, so as to place them 
close together. The section Catarhina contains the 
Apes and the more typical Monkeys of the Old 
World. They are restricted to Asia and Africa, 
with the exception of one species, the Barbary Ape 
( Macacus Inuus), a colony of which inhabits the 
rock of Gibraltar. The other great division of 
monkeys is called Platyrhine (q. v.). 

2. Palccont.: Catarhine Monkeys have been found 

in the Miocene of France and Italy, Greece and 
India, and in the Pliocene of the south of England, 
and in that of Italy. _ 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


cfc-tar’rh, *cat-tare, s. [Lat. catarrhus; from 
Gr. katarrhoos= a flowing down, a catarrh; kata— 
down, rheo— to flow.] 

Med.: A running or discharge which takes place, 
under certain circumstances, from the various out¬ 
lets of the body. When it occurs in the eyes and 
nose it usually receives the name of “ a cold in the 
head” [Cold] ; in the back part of the mouth and 
throat it is called post-nasal and pharyngeal 
catarrh ; in the windpipe and bronchial tubes it is 
called laryngeal and bronchial catarrh; in the 
stomach and alimentary canal it is known as gas¬ 
tric and intestinal catarrh; and, lastly, in the 
bladder, as vesical catarrh. 

cg,-tar'-rh 5 il, a. [Eng. catarrh; suff.-ah] Per¬ 
taining to or arising from a catarrh. 

“ The catarrhal fever requires evacuations.”— Floyer. 

catarrhal-syringe, s. 

Med.: A nasal irrigator or douche as a remedy 
for or alleviator of catarrh. 

cat-ar-rhec -tic, a. [Low Lat. catarrhecticus; 
from Gr. katarregnymi— to break forth; kata- 
down, rhegnymi— to break.] 

Med.: A name given to medicines having power 
to cause the bowels or bladder to act by provoking 
the flow of urine or faeces. 

fca-tar'-rhous, a. [Eng. catarrh; suff. -ous.] 
The same as Catarrhal (q. v.). 

cat-as -pil-Ite, s. [In Ger. kataspilit; from Gr. 
kataspilazo=to spot, to stain, from kata, here 
intensive, and spilazd= to stain, to soil.] 

Min.: An asli-gray pearly mineral, pseudomor- 
phous, after iolite. Composition: Silica, 40'05; 
alumina, with sesquioxide of iron, 28’95 ; magnesia, 
8 - 20; lime, 7‘43; soda,5'25; potassa, 6*90; loss by the 
action of fire, 3’22. Found in Sweden. (Dana.) 

cat-a-stal'-tlc, a. [Gr. katastaltikos=checking ; 
Jfcafa=:down, back, stello=to send, drive.] 

Med.: Applied to medicines which have the prop¬ 
erty of checking evacuation by their astringent or 
Styptic qualities. 

cat-as'-ta-sis, s. [Gr. Icatastasis; from kathis- 
tSmi=to set in order; fcata=down, histemi—to set, 
to place.] 

1. Rhet.: The exordium of a speech; that part in 
which the speaker sets forth the subject-matter to 
be discussed, and the order and manner in which it 
is proposed to be treated. 

2. Med.: The state or condition of a person ; con¬ 
stitution. 

cat as'-terH§m, s. [Gr. katasterismos; from 
katasterizo = to place among the stars; kata — 
down- asterismos=a collection of stars, a constel¬ 
lation ; aster = a star.] 

1 . The act of placing among the stars. 

2. A catalogue of the stars. 

CAt-as'-tom-us, s. [Gr. kata= down, and stoma 
= a mouth.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes allied to the Carps. It 
is of the family Cyprinidse. 

cat-as’-tro-phe, *cat-AS’-troph-y, s. [Gr. 

katastrophe = an upsetting, overthrowing; from 
Jcata =down; strophe—a turning; strepho=to over¬ 
turn, to upset.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Generally: 

(1) The change, or revolution, which produces 
the conclusion or final event of a dramatic piece. 

“ Pat! He comes like the catastrophe of the old 
comedy.”— Shakesp.: Lear, i. 2. 

(2) A final event; a conclusion, generally un¬ 
happy ; a great misfortune. 

“Here was a mighty revolution, the most horrible and 
portentous catastrop he that nature ever yet saw ...” 
— Woodward: Natural History. 

2. Spec.: The name of a game mentioned in 
Arthur Wilson’s Autobiography. (Halliwell.) 

*11. Fig.: The buttocks. (Shakesp.: Hen. IV., 
Pt. II., ii. 1.) 

cat-as-troph-ic, a. [Eng. catastroph(e); ic.] 
Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of a catas¬ 
trophe. 

c&t-as'-troph-ist, s. [Eng. catastropli(e); -fs£.] 
Geol.: One who holds the view that the geological 
changes of the world and the formation of rocks 
have been produced by the action of catastrophes 
or violent physical changes. In France, the distin¬ 
guished geologist, Elie de Beaumont, was a great 
advocate of this theory, and had many followers. 

cat-a-to -iu-a kat-A-to -nl-a. s. [Gr. kata 
down, and fono.s=tension.] Pathol.: A form of 
mental derangement progressing from melancholia, 
successively through mania and stupidity to imbe¬ 
cility and tonic convulsions. 

cat-si-to'-nl-ac.s. [Eng. catatonia; -ac.J 
Pathol.: A person affected with catatonia. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 







cataya 

cat-ay’-*, s. [Brazilian Indian.] 

Bot.: The name given to a plant—a Polygonum, 
an infusion of the ashes of which is used to purify 
and condense the juice of the sugar-cane, and is 
used in enlargements of the colon produced by the 
Jonstipations attendant on debility. 

cat -call, *cat’-cal, s. [Eng. cat, and call.'] 

1. Lit.: A squeaking instrument, formerly used 
in play-houses to condemn plays. 

“ Lift up your Gates, ye Princes, see Mm come ! 
Sound, sound ye Viols, be the Catcall dumb.” 

Pope: Dunciad, bk. i., 301-2. 

*2. Fig.: Applied to those using this instrument. 

“ A young lady, at the theater, conceived a passion for 
a notorious rake that headed a party of catcals.” — Spec¬ 
tator. 

♦cat-call, v. t. [Catcall, s.] To call shrilly. 
“ His cant, like merry Andrew’s noble vein, 

Catcalls the sect to draw them in again.” 

Dryden: Frol, to Pilgrim. 

cat?li, *cacche, *cache, *cacchen, *cachien, 
♦cachyn, *katch, *kacche, *kecchen (past 
tense caught, *caute, *caucht, *caght, *catcht, 
*kaght, *katched, *kaughte, *caht, *cought, *keight 
(Eng.), caucht (Scotch), v. t. & i. [O. Fr, cachier, 
cacier; Fr. cacher; Ital. cacciare; Sp. cazar; a 11= 
to hunt, chase, from Low Lat. cacio— to chase; 
corrupted from *captio, from Lat. capto, a frequent¬ 
ative form of capio— to take, to seize.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) To drive or chase away. 

“Cachyn away (catchinge away, P.). Abigo.” — Prompt. 
Pare. 

“ The Inglis, the hatched out.”— Langtoft, p. 331. 

(2) To lay hold of, to grasp, to seize. 

“ He . . . cachez that weppen.” 

Sir Gawaine, 368. 

“ And when he arose against me, I caught him by his 
beard, and smote him, and slew him.”—1 Sam. xvii. 85. 

“ So saying he caught him up, and without wing 
Of Hippogrif bore through the air sublime 
Over the wilderness and o’er the plain.” 

Milton: P. R., iv. 541. 

(3) To stop or meet anything in progress or motion; 
to be impeded in one’s progress by. 

“ Others, to catch the breeze of breathing air, 

To Tusculum orAlgido repair.” 

Addison: On Italy. 

“ Catching the wind, however, near the Doves, they 
dropped to 32, . . . ”— London Daily Telegraph, March 
28, 1881. 

(4) To seize anything by pursuit. 

” I saw him run after a gilded butterfly, and, when he 
caught it, he let it go again; and after it again; and over 
and over he comes, and up again; and caught it again.”— 
Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 3. 

(5) To take in a snare, to ensnare, to entrap. 

“ This men of this wylde bestes caghte and schete 
ynowe.” Robert of Gloucester, p. 14. 

“ After we had fished some time and catched nothing, 
o . .”—De Foe: Robinson Crusoe. 

( 6 ) To come upon suddenly or by surprise. 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) To reach to, to arrive at. 

“ Till they the haven of Troie caught." 

Gower, II. 387. 

♦(2) To gain, to obtain. 

“ That I may cacche slepe on honde.” 

Gower, II. iii. 

*(3) To meet with, to receive. 

“ In the fyue woundez that Cryst kaght on the croys.” 

Sir Gawaine, 642. 

(4) To seize upon anything eagerly. 

“ Laying wait for him, and seeking to catch something 
out of his mouth, that they might accuse him.”— Luke 

xi. 54. 

(5) To ensnare, to entrap. [Catchpenny.] 

“ And they sent unto him certain of the Pharisees and 
of the Hex'odians, to catch him in his words.”— Mark 

xii. 13. 

( 6 ) To please, to take the affections, to charm, to 
attract. 

“ For I am young, a novice in the trade, 

The fool of love, unpractic’d to persuade, 

And want the soothing arts that catch the fair.” 

Dryden. Palamon & Arcite, iii. 327. 

“Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of 
structure would be necessary to catch the fancier’s eye.”— 
Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 39. 

(7) To win or gain over. 

“ And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from hence¬ 
forth thoushalt catch men.”— Luke v. 10. 

t( 8 ) To seize upon or attack so as to cause 
danger. 

“The fire caught many houses.”— Carlyle: Fred. Great, 

bk.xii., ch. 6. 


780 

(9) To take any disease or receive infection or 
contagion. 

“ Those measles, 

Which we disdain should tetter us, yet 6eek 

The very way to catch them.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 1. 

“Or call the winds thro’ long arcades to roar, 

Proud to catch cold at a Venetian door.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, iv. 36. 

(10) To receive suddenly. 

“The curling smoke mounts heavy from the fires, 

At length it catches flame, and in a blaze expires.” 

Dryden: Palamon <& Arcite, iii. 182. 

(11) To seize the mind, to affect suddenly. 

(12) To receive or admit a feeling. 

“ Presumptuous Troy mistook th’ accepting sign, 

And catch’d new fury at the voice divine.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xv., 438-9. 

“He catches without effort the tone of any sect or party 
with which he chances to mingle.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. ii. 

(13) To hit upon, meet with, encounter. 

“This caught the girl’s eye, and she shivered.”— 
Dickens: Our Mutual Friend, ch. i. 

(14) To overtake (generally with up). 

“Catched in a storm coming back.”— Johnson: Idler, 
No. 33. 

(15) To be in time for; as, “ to catch the train,” 
“ to catch the post.” 

(16) To apprehend with the mind, to understand, 
as “ to catch a person’s words, or his meaning.” 

II. Cricket: 

1. To seize the ball after it has been struck by the 
batsman, and before it touches the ground. [A., I. 

2 ?To put a batsman “ out,” by catching a ball 
struck by him as in 1 . 

“. . . was caught at cover point, having batted 
patiently for nine.”— London Daily Telegraph, Aug. 1, 
1881. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. To hurry to a place. 

“He cached to his cobhous and a calf bryngez.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 629. 

2. To seize, to become fastened or attached sud¬ 
denly; as, “ the lock catches," “ the clothes caught 

in the briars.” 

3. To endeavor to seize. [0.1.] 

*4. To spread epidemically, as by contagion or 
infection. 

“ Does the sedition catch from man to man, 

And run among the ranks ?” Addison: Cato. 

“Thy wit is as quick as the greyhound’s mouth; it 
catches.” — Shakesp.: Much Ado, v. 2. 

IT Only used now in the present participle in this 
sense. 

C. In special phrases: i i 

1. To catch at: ' 

(1) To attempt to seize. (Lit. & fig.) 

“Make them catch at all opportunities of subverting the 
state.”— Addison: State of the War 1 . 

“The youth did ride, and soon did meet 
John coming back amain, 

Wliom in a trice he tried to stop 
By catching at his rein.” 

Cowper: John Gilpin. 

*(2) To guess at. 

“ You may be pleased to catch at mine intent.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., ii. 4. 

2. To catch away: To snatch away, to take away 
suddenly. 

“ Thay caght away that condelstik.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1,275. 

3. To catch up: 

(1) To snatch up suddenly. (Lit. dtfig.) 

“They have caught up every thing greedily, with that 
busy minute curiosity, and unsatisfactory inquisitiveness, 
which Seneca calls the disease of the Greeks.”— Pope. 

(2) To raise up, to lift. 

“. . . he was caught up into paradise, and heard 
unspeakable words, . . .”—2 Cor. xii. 4. 

(3) To overtake. 

(4) To interrupt a person while speaking. 

“You catch me up so very short.”— Dickens: Barnaby 
Rudge, ch. xl. 

4. To catch hold of: To seize, to take hold of, to 
become fastened to. 

“. . . the mule went under the thick boughs of a 
great oak, and his head caught hold of the oak, . . .”— 

2 Sam. xviii. 9. 

5 . To catch as catch may, or can: To seize indis¬ 
criminately. (Used particularly by sporting and 
athletic writers of a haphazard hold in wrestling.) 

“Mine or thine be nothing, all things equal, 

And catch as catch may, be proclaim’d.” 

Beaumont & Fletcher: Loyal Subject. 


catch-basin 

6 . To catch, or catching a Tartar: To be caught 
in the trap one has laid for another; instead of 
taking an enemy, to be taken by him. ( Colloquial .) 

7. To catch a crab: 

Rowing: To let one’s oar get so far below the sur 
face of the water, that the rower cannot recover it 
in time to prevent his being knocked backward. 

“Not a half-mile had been got over before . . . 
caught a crab, and nearly went overboard .”—London Daily 
Telegraph, Aug. 1, 1881. 

8 . To catch on: An Americanism, by which is 
meant to be expressed a full apprehension of a sub¬ 
ject, or the acquisition of knowledge relative 
thereto, as, “I catch on”=I understand; or, “1 
caught on to what he meant ”=I began to have an 
idea of his purpose. 

cat§h, a. & s. [Catch, v.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) The act of seizing or grasping anything; a 
grasp. 

“ Taught by hi9 open eye, 

His eye, that ev’n did mark her trodden grass, 

That she would fain the catch of Strephon fly.” 

Sidney: Arcadia. 

(2) That by which anything is caught, held, or 
fastened. [II. 3.] 

(3) The thing caught. [II. 4.] 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) The posture of seizing, watch. 

“Both of them lay upon the patch for a great action.” 
— Addison: Ancient Medals. 

*(2) The act of taking up quickly one after 
another. [II. 1 .] 

“ Several choirs, placed one over against another, and 
taking the voice by catches anthemwise, give great pleas¬ 
ure.”— Bacon: Essays; Of Masques. 

(3) An advantage seized, a profit. 

“ Hector shall have a great catch, if he knock out youi 
brains; . . .”— Shakesp.: Troll, and Cres., ii. 1. 

*(4) A snatch; fits and starts. 

“ It has been writ by catches, with many intervals.”— 
Locke. 

*(5) A taint, a slight contagion or memory. 

“ We retain a catch of those pretty, stories, and our 
awakened imagination smiles in the recollection.”— 
Glanvill: Scepsis Scientiflca. 

(6) A trap, a snare. (Colloquial.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Music: A part-song, also called a round (q. v.) v 
where each singer in turn catches up, as it were, 
the words from his predecessor, the second singer 
beginning to sing the first line as soon as the first 
has finished it, the third beginning after the sec¬ 
ond has finished it, and so on. Originally the words 
were simple; subsequently it was contrived that by 
the singers catching at each other’s words they 
should completely alter the meaning. Ludicrous 
effects were aimed at, and in tho time of Charles II. 
most of the catches were indelicate. At present the 
difference between tho catch and the round seems 
to be the humorous or fantastic character of the- 
former. 

“He joined in their ribald talk, pang catches with 
them, and, when his head grew hot, hugged and kissed 
them iu an ecstacy of drunken fondness.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

2. Cricket, Baseball, <&c.: The act of seizing the 
ball after it has been struck by the batsman, and 
before it touches the ground; as. a good catch. 

“. . . had several catches missed from Ms bowling, 

. . .”—London Daily Telegraph, Aug. 3, 1881. 

*3. Dress: The eye of a hook or buckle. 

“ A catch. Spinter.” — Withal, 1608, p. 210. 

4. Fishing, &c.: The number taken at one time. 

5. Naut.: A kind of swift-sailing vessel, less than 
a hoy, that will ride on any sea whatever. [Ketch. ] 

“ One of the ships royal with the catch were sent under 
the command of Captain Love.”— Howell: Letters, I. iv. 1. 

6. Mechanics: 

(1) A spring bolt for hinged doors or lids. 

(2) (Plur.): Those parts of a clock or watch 
which hold by hooking. 

7. Rowing: The grip or hold of the water taken 
with the oar. 

" The shallow waters of the Cam, and the many corners 
and turnings of the river, make it very difficult for a crew 
to imitate the catch at the beginning of the stroke . . .” 
— London Standard, March 30, 1881. 

B. Asaclj.: (See the compounds.) 

catch-bar, s. 

Knitting-machine: A bar employed to depress the 
jacks. 

catch-basin, s. 

Drainage: A cistern at tho point of discharge 
into a sewer, to catch heavy and bulky matters 
which would not readily pass through the sewers, 
but which are removed from time to time. (Knight.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, 03 = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




catch-bolt 


781 


catechism 


catch-bolt, s. A cupboard or door bolt -which 
yields to the pressure of closing and then springs 
into the keeper in the jamb. It is usually drawn 
back by a small knob. (Knight.) 

♦catch-cloak, s. A highwayman, a robber, 
catch-club, s. A musical society in England 
meeting together for the purpose of singing catches 
and glees. It was formed in 1761. Among those 
whom it has had as members may be mentioned 
George IV. and William IV. It is still in existence. 

catch-drain, s. An open ditch or drain along 
the side of a hill to catch the surface-water; also a 
ditch or channel at the side of a canal to catch the 
surplus water, 
catch-fake, s. 

Naut.: An unseemly doubling in a badly-coiled 
Tope. 

catch-feeder, s. 

Hydraulic Engineering: An irrigating ditch, 
catch-hammer, catchie-hammer, s. A small, 
light hammer. (Scotch.) 
catch-honors, s. A game at cards, 
catch-line, s. Print: A short line, consisting of 
one or more unimportant words, placed between 
two display lines in job printing. 

catch-meadow, s. A meadow which is irrigated 
by water from a spring or rivulet on the side of a 
hill. 

catch-motion, s. 

Mach.: A motion in a lathe by which speed is 
changed. 

catch-penny, a. & s. [Catchpenny.] 
catch-rogue, s. 

Bot.: The same as Catch-weed (q. v.). 
catch-the-lang-tens, catch-the-ten, #. A 
game at cards; catch-honors, 
catch-water, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Consisting of catch-drains; as, “a 
catch-water system of drainage.” 

B. Assubst.: A catch-drain. 

Catch-water drain: A drain to intercept waters 
from high lands, to prevent their accumulation 
upon lower levels. 

catch-weed, s. 

Bot.: A plant or weed which catches hold of and 
clings to whatever touches it. Specially (1) Cleav¬ 
ers, also called Goose-grass, Robin-run-the-bedge 
•(Galium aparine) (Linn.), and (2) Asperago pro- 
cumbens. 
catch-word, s. 

I. Ord. Lang.: A popular cry; a word or phrase 
adopted by any party for political objects. 

II. Technically: 

1. Printing: The first word on any page of a oook 
or fklS., which was formerly printed or written at 
the foot of the preceding page, as a guide to the 
reader, but lias now fallen into disuse. 

“ John de T&mbaco wrote also a Consolation of Theol¬ 
ogy in fifteen books, 1366. It was very early printed, with¬ 
out name, date, signature, paging, or catch-word.”—Park: 
Note on Wanton's History of British Poetry, ii. 255, sect. 20. 

2. Theatrical: The last word of an actor’s speech, 
which furnishes a guide to his successor; a cue. 

“ Yet more demands the critic ear 
Than the two catch-words in the rear 
Which stand like watchmen in the close 
To keep the verse from being prose.” 

Lloyd: On Rhyme. 

catch-work, s. An artificial water-course or sys¬ 
tem of drainage for irrigating lands lying on the 
slope of a hill; a system of catch-drain, 
catch (2), cutch, s. [Catechu.] 

♦catch (3), s. [Kedge.] 

fcatQh'-a-ble, a. [Eng. catch; - able .] Possible 
or liable to be caught. 

11 xhe eagerness of a knave maketh him often as catch- 
able, as the ignorance of a fool.”— Lord Halifax. 

♦catghed, pret. & pa. par . [An obsolete form 
from catch.) 

A. As pret. of verb: 

“ An’ aye he catch’d the tither wretch, 

To fry them in his caudruns.” 

Burns: The Ordination. 

B. As pa. par.: 

‘‘[They] the dire hiss renewed, and the dire form 
Catched, by contagion; like in punishment, 

As in their crime.” Milton: P. L., x. 544. 

catch-er, *cahchare, s. [Eng. catch; -er .] 

♦1. One who drives away. 

“ Cahchare or dryvare (catcher, P.). Minator, abactor.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

2. One who catches anything. 


*3. That in which anything is caught; a trap. 

“ Scallops will move so strongly, as oftentimes to leap 
out of the catcher wherein they are caught.”— Orew: 
Musceum Reg. Soc. 

*4. One who joins in the singing of a catch. 

“ Where be my catchers f come, a Round.”— Brome.- 
Joviall Crew, iv. 1. 

catgh’-fly, ♦catgh’-flle, s. [Eng. catch , and./L/.] 
Botany: 

♦1. A name bestowed by Gerarde upon Silene 
armeria, which was called Muscipula and Mus- 
caria by old writers. 

“ If flies do light upon the plant . . . they wil 

be so intangled with the limynesse [of the leaves and 
stalks] that they cannot flie away ; insomuch that in some 
hot day or other, you shall see manie flies caught by that 
meanes: whereupon I have called it catchflie, or lime 
woort.” — Gerarde: Herbal, p. 482. ( Britten & Holland.) 

2. A name now generally applied in books to the 
species of Lychnis and Silene. 

catgh-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Catch, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As part. adj.: Infectious. [Catch, v.t., 2 (9).] 

“ Lest his infection, being of catching nature, 
Spread farther.” Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iii. 1. 

C. As subst.: The act of seizing or taking hold of. 

catching bargain, s. 

Law: A purchase made from an expectant heir 
for an inadequate consideration. 

catching-hook, s. A crochet-hook; a crook or 
animal-catching hook. 

catgh’-ment, s. [Eng. catch; -ment.) A surface 
of ground on which water may be caught and col¬ 
lected in a reservoir for irrigation or domestic pur¬ 
poses. 

catgh’-pen-ny, s. & a. [Eng. catch; penny.) 

A. As subst.: Anything worthless, or made to 
catch purchasers. 

B. As adj.: Utterly worthless. (Quar. Rev.) 
catgh’-pole, catgh’-poll, *cahch'-polle, 

♦cache-pol, s. [Eng. catch, and poll= the neck.] 
A bumbailiff, an officer. 

‘‘Mere vermin, worthy to be trapped 
And gibbeted, as fast as catchpole claws.” 

Coicper: Task, ii. 684. 

“Catchpoll, though now it be used as a word of contempt, 
yet, in ancient times, it seems to have been used without 
reproach, for such as we now call sergeants of the mace, 
or any other that uses to arrest men upon any cause.”— 
Cowel. 

catchpole-Ship, s. The office or position of a 
catchpole. 

“This catchpoleship of Zacchseus carried extortion in 
the face.”— Bp. Hall: Works, ii. 386. 

catgh-up, cat'-sup, ketgh'-up, s. [Of doubt¬ 
ful origin, but probably East Indian.] A sauce orig¬ 
inally made from mushrooms or walnuts, but the 
term has been extended to include condiments of a 
like nature using various substances as a base. 

catgh-jf, catgh'-ie, a. [Eng. catch; -y.) 

1. Disposed to take the advantage of another. It 
is sometimes applied to language; but more com¬ 
monly to conduct, as denoting one who is ready to 
circumvent. 

2. Merry, playful. 

3. Difficult, not easy to learn or to execute. (Col¬ 
loquial.) 

cat -clfike, s. [From Eng. cat, and Scotch club 
=to catch as by a hook, or Eng. clutch. In Sw. 
katt-klor= the plant described below; from halt— 
cat, and klor= a claw. So named from the fanciful 
resemblance which the papilionaceous flowers have 

fn q rtql-’q 1 O \X7'C 1 

Bot.: A plant, the Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Lotus cor- 
uiculatus). 

“In battil gers burgeouns, the banwart wyld. 

The clauir, catcluke, and the cammomylde.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 401, 11. 

cate, *cait, v. . [Either from the name of the 
animal, or Sw. fcaaf=lascivious.] To desire the 
male or female. (A term used only of cats.) 

♦cate, s. [Shortened from Mid. Eng. acat, achat; 
from O. Fr. acat; Fr. achat— a purchase; from Low 
Lat. accaptatum, from accapto = to purchase; aa 
= to, capto, frequent, form of capio — to take.] 
[Acate.J A delicacy, food. (Seldom used except 
m the plural.) 

“ . . . even the Christmas-pie, which in its very nature 
is a kind of consecrated cate, and a badge of distinction, 
is often forbidden to the druid of the family.” Tatler , 
No. 255. 

“The plenteous board high-heap’d with cates divine, 
And o’er the foaming bowl the laughing wine ! 

Pope.- Homer’s Odyssey, bk. ix., 9, 10. 


tcat-e-chet’-Ic, cat-e-chet’-I-cal, *cat-e- 
Chet -Ick, a. [Gr. katechetes=an instructor; kat- 
eched =to din into one’s ear, to instruct: kata- 
down, and eche —a sound, a ringing in the ear.] 
Consisting of question and answer, pertaining to 
the catechism. 

“Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing; 
he would ask his adversary question upon question, till he 
convinced him, out of his own mouth, that his opinions 
were wrong.”— Addison: Spectator. 

“ . . . the catechetio instruction of the youth of his 
parish.”— Fell: Life of Hammond, § 1. 


cat-e-chet'-l-cgd-lj?, adv. [Eng. catechetical; 



tcat-e-chet'-Ics, s. [Catechetic.] The science 
or practice of instructing catechetically, or by way 
of question and answer. 

cat-e-chlne, s. [Eng. catech(u), and suff. -ine 
(Chem.) (q. vA.] 

Chem.: C 9 H 10 O 4 . A weak acid extracted from 
catechu by hot water. It crystallizes in colorless 
needles. When heated it yields pyrocatechine, 
C 6 H 6 C> 2 . It gives a green color with ferric salts; 
does not form insoluble compounds with gelatine. 

♦cat’-e-chls, s. [Catechism.] 

“And of thir wellis of grace ye haue large declaratioun 
maid to yow in the third part of this catechis, quhilk 
intraittis of the seuin sacramentis.”— Abp. Hamilton: Cat¬ 
echism (1551), foL 79, b. 

*cat-e-chI-§a'-tion, cat-e-chl-za-tion, s. 

[Low Lat. catechizatio; from catechizo.) The act 
or practice of catechising. 

“ . . . the catecliization of young chaplains in the 
rudiments ol our faith, . . .”— Burnet: Records, pt. ii., 
bk. i., No. 68. Oglethorpe’s Submission. 

cat’-e-chl§e, cat’-e-chlze, v. t. [From Low Lat. 
catechizo—to catechise ; from Gr. katechizo=to cat¬ 
echise, instruct; from katecheo—to din into one’s 
ears ; kata— down, and eche—a sound; echos—a ring¬ 
ing in one’s ears.] 

1. Lit.: To instruct by means of question and 
answer. 

“ . . . his memory was long cherished with exceed, 
ing love and reverence by those whom he had exhorted 
and catechised.’’ — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To question closely, to examine. 

“I’m stopp’d by all the fools I meet, 

And catechis’d in ev’ry street.”— Swift, 

♦2. To chastise, to reprove. 

“ And as it were in catechising sort, 

To make me mindful of my mortal sins.” 

Marlowe: Jew of Malta, ii. 2. 

*cat’-e-chl§e, s. [Catechise, v.] A catechism. 

“ The Articles, Creeds, Homilies, Catechise and Lit¬ 
urgy.”— Gauden: Tears of the Church, p. 55. 

cat'-e-chi§ed, cat’-e-chized, pa. par. or a. 

[Catechise, «.] 

“This is an admirable way of teaching, wherein the 
catechised will at length find delight, and by which the 
catechiser, if he once get the skill of it, will draw out ot 
ignorant and silly souls even the dark and deep points A 
religion.”— G, Herbert: Country Parson, ch. xxi. 

cat'-e-chl§-er, cat-e-chi-zer, s. [Eng. cate- 
chis(e); -er.) One who catechises. 

“ In 1550 he [Jewell] was admitted to the reading of the 
sentences, and during the reign of King Edward VI. be- 
came a zealous promoter of reformation and a preacher 
and catechiser at Sunningwell, near to Arlington, in 
Berks.”— Wood: Athence Oxon. vol. i., p. 169. 

cat-e-chl§-ing, cat'-e-cMz-Ing,pr.par.,a. & s, 
[Catechise, v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. Assubst.: The act or process of instructing 01 
examining by way of question and answer. 

“ O God, defend me! how am I beset! 

What kind of catechising call you this?” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado, iv. 1. 

cat’-e-chigm, s. [Low Lat. catechismus; from 
catechizo.) [Catechise.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A form of instruction, vivd voce, by means ol 
question and answer, especially in the principles ol 
religion; the act of so instructing or being in¬ 
structed. 

“. . . for the first introduction of youth to the 
knowledge of God, the Jews even till this day have their 
catechisms.” — Hooker. 

(2) An elementary book in which the principles 
of religion are familiarly explained by way of 
question and answer. 

“ To say, ay, and no, to these particulars, is more than 
to answer in a catechism.” — Shakesp.: As You Like It, 
iii. 2. 


boil boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph-L 
-cian, -tian = sham -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus, -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgl. 




catechist 


782 


catenulate 


(3) Aliy primer or elementary book of instruction 
in any branch of art or science by way of question 
and answer. 

*2, Fig.: Anything which affords instruction. 

"Hehad no catechism but the creation, needed no study 
but reflection, and read no book but the volume of the 
world.”— South. 


II. Ecclesiol. <& Ch. Hist.: In the same sense as I. 
(2) (q. v.). The first germ whence the idea of a 
Christian “catechism,” formally so called, grew, 
was furnished by St. Paul, when, in 1 Cor. xiv. 19, 
he said “hinakai allous katechesd.” (Authorized 
Version), “ that by my voice I might teach others 
also ” (literally, might catechise others also). The 
first Christian catechisms are said to have been 
composed in the eighth or ninth century. _ Luther 
published a short catechism in 1520, and his larger 
and smaller ones in 1529. The Geneva Catechism 
was sent forth in 1536. The Church of England 
Catechism was first published in 1549 or 1551, but in 
a shorter form than now; the additions which 
enlarged it to its present dimensions being made 
by James I.’s bishops by his order in 1604, and the 
work issued in its complete form in 1612. The 
catechism of the “orthodox” Greek Church was 
published in 1542. In 1566 the Council of Trent pro¬ 
duced a catechism, of course Roman Catholic in 
its teaching; the Rakovian Catechism, which is 
Socinian, was put forth in 1574, and the shorter and 
larger catechisms of the Westminster Assembly of 
Divines, now used in the Church of Scotland and 
other Presbyterian churches, appeared, the former 
in 1647, and the latter in 1648. Catechisms of other 
sects have been published, some of great literary 
merit, among others, a notable specimen being that 
of the M. E. Church. 


cat'-e-chist, s. [Gr. katechistes.] One who in¬ 
structs others, viv& voce, by way of question and 
answer, in the rudiments of religious knowledge. 

“None of years and knowledge was admitted, who had 
not been instructed by the catechist in this foundation, 
which the catechist received from the bishop.”— Ham¬ 
mond: Fundamentals. 

cat-e-chls-tic, cat-e-chls'-tl-cfil, a. [Eng. 
catechist; -ic, -ical.] Of or pertaining to the office 
of a catechist, or to the act of instructing byway of 
question and answer. 

“ S. Oyril was the author of those catechistical sermons 
or institutions which are mentioned by S. Jerome.”— Bp. 
Cosin: Canon of Scripture, § 68. 

cat-e-chls’-tLcal-ly, adv. [Eng. catechistical; 
- ly .] Catechetically; by way of question and an¬ 
swer. 

“ The principles of Christianity, briefly and catechisti- 
cally taught them, is enough to save their souls.”— South: 
Serm. vii. 100. 

cat’-e-Qhfi, s. [Fr. cachou; Ger. katchu; Mod. 
Lat. catechu; from the Cochin-Chinese caycau .] 

1. A gum furnished by the Acacia catechu. It is 
called also Terra Japonica. In the west of India it 
obtains the name of Kutt, and is collected by a 
tribe of people called Kuttoorees. ( Proceed. of 
Bomb. Geog. Society, May, 1838.) 

2. Phar.: Catechu pallidum, or Pale Catechu, is 
an extract from the leaves and young shoots of 
Uncaria gambir; it is prepared at Singapore. It 
occurs in cubical, yellowish-brown, porous pieces, 
with a dull, earthy fracture and a bitter, astringent 
taste; specific gravity, 1‘4. It is soluble in alcohol. 
It consists chiefly of catechin, a white powder melt¬ 
ing at 217% formula CgoHigOs; and of catechu-tannic 
acid, a yellow porous substance, CisHjsOju It is 
soluble in water; on exposure to the air the solu¬ 
tion turns red. Catechu has been used to prevent 
the formation of boiler incrustations. Catechu is a 
very powerful astringent; it is used in diarrhoea 
and in cases of haemorrhage and mucous discharge, 
especially in diseases of the urinary or procreative 
tract. It is chewed, and the juice gradually swal¬ 
lowed in relaxed conditions of the uvula, palate, 
&c. 

“Catechu, absurdly called Terra japonica, ... is 
prepared by boiling the slips of the interior of the wood 
in water, evaporating the solution to the consistence of 
syrup over the fire, and then exposing it to the sun to 
harden. It occurs in flat rough cakes, and under two 
forms. The first, or Bombay, is of uniform texture, and 
of specific gravity 1*89. The second is more friable and 
less solid. It has a chocolate color, and is marked inside 
With red streaks. Areca nuts are also found to contain 
catechu.” — Ure: Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and 
Mines. , 

catechu-tannic, a. An expression used chiefly 
or exclusively in the subjoined compound. 

Catechu-tannic acid: [Catechu, Pharm. ] 

cat-e-Chfi'-Ic, a. [Catechu; -ic.] Of or pertain¬ 
ing to catechu. 


catechuic acid, s. [Catechine.J 

cat-e-chu’-men, s- [Gr. katechoumenos = one 
who is being instructed; from katecheo =to din in; 


kata= down, andec7i.e=a noise, a din.] One who is 
still under instruction in the principles of the 
Christian religion ; a neophyte. 

“ The prayers of the church did not begin in St. 
Austin’s time, till the catechumens were dismissed.”— 
Stillingfleet. 

IT In the first century, according to Mosheim, all 
who professed faith in Christ were immediately 
baptized; but in the second century the practice 
arose of requiring applicants for baptism to submit 
for a time to be instructed as catechumens before 
the initiatory rite was administered to them. While 
they continued in this preparatory state they were 
regarded as the lowest order of Christians. They 
were distinguished from the fideles (or faithful), not 
only by name, but also by their place in the church, 
where they sat in the gallery. They were not 
allowed to assist at the celebration of the Holy 
Communion, but were dismissed after the sermon 
with the words, “ Ite, catechumeni, missa est ”=“ Go, 
catechumens; you are dismissed.” Nor were they 
allowed to vote at meetings. of the church. The 
instructions given them varied according to the 
mental capacity which they severally displayed. 

cat-e-chu'-men-ate, s. [Eng. catechumen; 
-ate.] The state or condition of a catechumen. 

cat-e chu-men'-I-cal, a. [Eng. catechumen; 
•ical.] Of or pertaining to catechumens. 

cat-e-chu'-men-Ist, s. [Eng. catechumen; -ist.] 
A catechumen. 

“. . . those catechumenists spoken of, . . .”— 

Bishop Morton: Catholic Appeal, p. 248. 

*cat-e-cu-mel-yng, s. [Eng. catechume(n); 
dim. suff. -ling.] A young catechumen. 

“ To baptize barnes that ben catecumelynges.” — Lang- 
land: P. Plowman, 6728. 

cat-e’-gor-em, s. [Gr. kategorema.] Categore- 
matic word. 

“Similarly, names are called categorematic words, or 
categorems, because they can be predicated independently 
of any other word. Some logicians would exclude adjec¬ 
tive names from the class of categorems, and reduce the 
latter to substantive names only. ... As a proof of 
this, they say that an adjective cannot stand as subject of 
a proposition unless accompanied by the definite article, 
and in the plural number.”— Shedden: Elements of Logic, 
ch. ii. 

cat-e-gor-e-mat’-ic, a. [Gr. kategorema = a 
predicated [Category.] 

Logic: Capable of being used as a term (used of 
a word). 

fcat-e-gor-e-mat-I-cfil , a. [Eng. categorematic; 
-a%] The same as Categorematic (q. v.). 

“ Can there possibly be two categorematical, that is, pos¬ 
itive substantial infinites?”— Jeremy Taylor: Real Pres¬ 
ence, sec. 11, g 14. 

fcat-e gor-e-mat-l-cal-ljf, adv. [Eng. cate¬ 
gorematical ; -ly.] In a categorematic manner. 

“By this rule it is necessary (against Aristotle’s great 
grounds) that some quantitative bodies should not be in 
a place, or else that quantitative bodies were categoremat- 
ically infinite.”— Jeremy Taylor: Real Presence, sec. 
11, § 29. 

cat-e-gor'-I-cal, a. [Eng. categor{y ); -ical.] 

1. Of or pertaining to a category. 

“ A single proposition, which is also categorical, may be 
divided again into simple and complex.”— Watts: Logic. 

2. Absolute, positive ; not admitting of conditions 
or exceptions. 

“ They could never obtain a categorical answer.”— Clar¬ 
endon. 

cat-e-gor'-I-Cfil-ly, adv. [Eng. categorical ;-ly.] 
In a categorical manner; absolutely, positively, 
expressly. 

“ I dare affirm, and that categorically, in all parts wher¬ 
ever trade is great, and continues so, that trade must be 
nationally profitable.”— Child: Discourse of Trade. 

cat-e-gor'-I-cal-ness, s. [Eng. categorical; 
-ness.] The quality of being categorical, or positive. 

“ The word of Mr. Bayes’s that he has made notorious is 
categoricalness • • — Mai'vell: Works , vol. ii., p. 136. 

cat'-e-gor-Ize, v. t. [Eng. categor{y); -ize.] To 
insert in a category or list; to class. 

Cat’-e-gor-y, s. [Lat. categoria; Gr. kategoria= 
an accusation, a speech; kategoreo = to accuse, to 
affirm, to predicate; kata = against, and agoreud = 
to harangue, to assert; agora= an assembly.] 

1. Logic: One of the predicaments or classes to 
which the objects of thought or knowledge can be 
reduced, and by which they can be arranged accord¬ 
ing to a system. 

“The absolute infinitude, in a manner, quite changes 
the nature of beings, and exalts them into a different 
category.” — Cheyne. 

If Aristotle made ten categories, viz., substance, 
quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, time, 
place, situation, and habit. 


2. A condition, state, class or predicament. 

“ Twelve categories were framed, some of which were se> 
extensive as to include tens of thousands of delinquents; 
and the House resolved that, under every one of these' 
categories, some exceptions should be made.” Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

3. Used to denote a list or a class of persons* 
accused. 

“ Thir noblemen and others should get no pardon, 
whether forfaulted or not—by and attour princes and 
noblemen in England set down in the same category .”— 
Spalding, ii. 261. 

*catel, s. [Chattle.] 

cat-e-lec’-trode, s. [Gr. kata-down, against, 
and Eng. electrode (q. v.).] 

Electro-chem.: The negative electrode or pole ot 
a galvanic battery. [Cathode.] 
cat’-e-nfi, s, [Lat. catena—a chain.] Achainor 
series of things connected with each other. 

"... an undoubtedly logical catena of proposals 
. . .”—London Daily Telegraph, March 14,1877. 

Catena di trilli : [Ital.] 

Music: A chain, or succession, of short vocal or 
instrumental shakes. ( Stainer & Barrett.) 

catenae patrum. 

Ch. Hist.: Lit., chains of the Fathers. A series of 
extracts from commentaries by the Fathers on par¬ 
ticular portions of Scripture. From about the sixth 
to at least the ninth century these almost wholly 
superseded personal effort on the part of professed 
expositors. 

cat-e-nar -I-gn, a. [Lat. catenarius=oi or be¬ 
longing to a chain; catena— a chain.] Of the nature 
of or resembling a chain, 
catenarian-arch, s. 

Arch.: A form of arch, 
the reverse of the curve 
taken by a chain or heavy 
rope when suspended be¬ 
tween two points. ( Cas¬ 
sell’s Technical Educator, 
vol. i., p. 197.) 
catenarian-curve, s. 

Geom. : A curve formed 
by a chain or rope of uniform density, hanging 
freely from any two points not in the same vertical 
line. It is of two kinds, the common, which is 
formed by a chain equally thick or equally heavy 
in all its points; or uncommon, formed by a 
thread unequally thick, that is, which in all its 
points is unequally heavy and in some ratio of the 
ordinates of a given curve. The catenarian curve, 
or catenary, was first observed by Galileo, who pro¬ 
posed it as the proper figure for an arch of equilib¬ 
rium. He imagined it to be the same as the para¬ 
bola. Its properties were first investigated by John 
Bernovilli, Huygens, and Leibnitz. It is now uni¬ 
versally adopted in suspension-bridges. Each wire- 
assumes its own catenary curve, and the cable is 
formed of bunches of « segregated strands. 

“ The back is bent after ;he manner of the catenarian- 
curve, by which it obtains that curvature that is safest for 
the included marrow.”— Cheyne: Philosoph. Prin. 

cat -e-ngr-^, a. & s. [Lat. catenarius—oi or per¬ 
taining to a chain; catena= a chain.] 

A. As adj.: Of the nature of or resembling a 
chain. 

B. Assubst.: A catenarian-curve (q. v.). 
cat'-e-nate, v. t. [Lat. catenatus, pa. par. of 

cateno= to connect by a chain; catena^ a chain; 
O. H. Ger. Mtina, cMtinna; M. H. Ger. Mtenne.] 
To connect by a chain; to join into a continuous 
series. [Bailey.) 

*cat’-e-na-ted, pa. par. or a. [Catenate, v.] 
Connected by a chain; made into a series. 

*cat’-e-na-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Catenate, v,] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

0. As subst.: The act of joining by a chain, or of 
forming into a continuous series. 

cat-e-na’-tion, s. [Lat. catenatio, from catena 
=to chain; catena=& chain.] The act of joining 
into a continuous series; a regular or connected 
series. 

“This catenation, or conserving union, whenever hie 
pleasure shall divide, let go, or separate, they shall fall 
from their existence.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors, 

cat-en’-fi-late, a. [Lat. catenula—a little chain, 
dimin. of catena^ a chain.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Consisting of little links, as in & 
chain. 

II. Technically: 

1. Nat. Hist.: Having on the surface a series of 
oblong tubercles resembling the links of a chain. 

2. Bot.: Formed of parts united end to end like 
the links of a chain. 



Catenarian Arch. 


^ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 03, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw" 





cater 


783 


cathartically 


Ca'-ter (1), v, i. [Catee (1), «.] To purchase 
provisions; to supply food. 

“ He that doth the ravens feed, 

Tea providently caters for the sparrow, 

Be comfort to my age.” 

Shakesp.; As You Like It, ii. 3. 

ca’-ter (2), *ca-tre, v. t. [Catee (2),«.] To cut 
diagonally. 

ca'-ter-cor-nered, a. Diagonal, placed diag¬ 
onally. [Eng. Provinc. ] 

ca -ter (3) , v. i. [Cate, v.] A term applied to a 
female cat, in the same sense with cate : as, “ the 
cat scaterm. 

*ca’-ter (1), *ka-ter, *ca-tour, s. [0. Fr. aca- 
tour y achatour; Fr. acheteur ,* Dut. hater= one who 
buys; L<ow Lat. accciptator , from ctccapto= to pur- 
-cnase.j 

1. Lit. : One who buys or provides food: a ca¬ 
terer. 

“Catov-r of a gentylmans house, despensier ? ”— Pals- 
grave . 

2. Fig. : Anything which provides for another. 

“ The oysters dredged in this Lyner, find a welcomer 
acceptance, where the taste is cater for the stomach, 
than those of the Tamar.”— Carew: Survey of Corn- 
wall. 

ca'-ter (2), s. [Fr. quatre; Ital. quattro: Lat. 
quatuor , all=four; Gr. tettara, tessara; Sansc. 
chatur .] 

1. Gaining : The number four on cards or dice. 

2. Music: The name given by change-ringers to 
changes on nine bells. ( Grove .) 

cater-cousin, s. [Etymol. questioned. Derived 
by some from cater (2), s., from the ridiculousness 
of calling cousin a relation to so remote a degree, 
which is probably correct; by others from cater 
(1), s., as though meaning one connected only 
remotely, as eating together.] 

“His master and he, saving your worship’s reverence, 
are scarce cater-cousins.” — Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, 
ii. 2. 

cat’-er-an, s. [Ir. ceatharnach=a soldier.] A 
freebooter; a Highland or Irish irregular soldier. 

“Alexander ab Alexander proposed they should send 
some one to compound with the caterans.” — Scott: 
Waverley, ch. xv. 

*cat-er-brall, s. [Eng. cater (2), s., and brawl 
(q. v.).] A sort of dance, in which four persons 
took part. 

“Foote fine horne-pipes, jigges and caterbralls.” — 
Davies: An Extasie, p. 94. 

cat'-er-er, s. [Eng. cater , v., and suff. -erf] 
One who caters for others; one whose business or 
office it is to buy provisions for others; a provider. 

“ Let the caterer mind the taste of each guest, 

And the cook in his dressing- comply with their 
wishes.” Benjonson: Tavern Academy. 

cat’-er-ess, s. [Eng. cater, s., and fern. suff. 
-ess.] A female caterer or provider of food, &c. 

“ She, good cater ess. 

Means her provision only to the good.” 

Milton: Comus, 763. 

cat'-er-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Catee, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or business of providing 
food, &c., for others. 

eat’-er-pll-lar, *cat-yr-pel, *cat-yr-pyl-lar, 
•cat-er-pil-ler, s. & a. [From Eng. cates— food, 
and Fr.»z7Zer=to rob, plunder ( Mahn ). A corrup¬ 
tion of O. Fr. chattepeleuse= a hairy cat; primarily 
applied to the hairy caterpillar. ( Skeat .) ] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit. : The larva or larval state of a lepidopter- 
©us insect. Its body has thirteen segments. In 
this state it is like a worm, generally with numer¬ 
ous feet, but sometimes with none. The anterior 
feet are six-jointed; the others, called pro-legs, are 
fleshy and without joints. From the caterpillar 
or larva stage it passes into a pupa, chrysalis, or 
nymph, and lastly it becomes a perfect active 
insect, with wings and antennae. 

“ Catyrpel, wyrm amonge frute. Erugo.” Prompt • 
Parv. 

• “The caterpillar breedeth of dew and leaves; for we 
gee infinite caterpillars breed upon trees and hedges, by 
which the leaves of the trees or hedges are consumed. — 
Bacon. 

*2. Fig. : An extortioner. 

“Near of kin to these caterpillars is the unconscionable 
tallyman.”— Four for a Penny, 1678. ( Harl . Miscell. iv. 
148.) 

II. Botany: 

1. A garden name for Scorpiurus sulcatus. 

“ Our English gentlewomen and others do call it Cater- 
nillers of the similitude it hath with the shape of that 
canker worm called a Caterpillar.”—Gerarde. 


2. PI, ( caterpillars): A name for Myosotis 
palustris. 

B. As adj: Of or pertaining to the larva described 
in A. 

“. . . peculiarities in the silkworm are known to 
appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage.” 
— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 14. 

caterpillar-catcher, s. 

Ornithology : 

1. A bird belonging to the Shrike family, living 
mainly on caterpillars. [Ceblepyeinje.] 

2. A sub-family of Ampelidee (Chatterers), found 
chiefly in the warmer parts of the Eastern hemi¬ 
sphere, though one genus is native in this country. 

caterpillar-eater, s. 

Ornith.: The same as Cateepillae-catcheb 
( q. v.). 

caterpillar-fungus, s. 

Bot.: Various fungals of the genus Cordiceps, 
which grow on the bodies of living caterpillars. 

cat'-er-waul, *cat-er-waw-en, v. i. & t. [From 
Eng. cat, and waul, waw, an imitative word to rep¬ 
resent the noise made by a cat.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To make a noise as cats in rutting time. 

“ The very cats caterwauled more horribly and perti¬ 
naciously there than I ever heard elsewhere.”— Coleridge: 
Table Talk. 

2. To make any harsh or disagreeable noise. 

*B. Trans.: To woo. (Said of cats.) 

“ She licks her fair round face, and frisks abroad, 

To show her fur and to be catterwaw’d.” 

Pope: The Wife of Bath, 146-7. 
cat-er-waul'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Catee- 

WAUL,P.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& partic. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

“ Was no dispute between 
The caterwauling brethren?”— Hudibras. 

C. As subst.: The act of making a harsh, dis¬ 
agreeable noise; squalling. 

“What a caterwauling do you keep here!”— Shakesp.: 
Twelfth Night, ii. 3. 

*cat’-er-y, s. [0. Fr. acaterie.] 

1. A place where provisions are kept. 

2. The office or duty of a caterer. 

cate§, s. pi. [Said to be a contraction of Eng. 
<JeKcates=luxuries, but more probably from 0. Eng. 
acate, achate — provisions.) [Cate.] Provisions, 
food; especially dainties or delicacies. 

“We’ll see what cates you have, 

For soldiers’ stdmachs always 6erve them well.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., ii 3. 
"... for, if the worlds 
In worlds inclos’d should on his senses burst, 

From cates ambrosial, and the nectar 1 d bowl.” 

Thomson: Summer. 

cate§-bse’-a, s. [From Catesby, who wrote on 
the botany of the West Indies.] 

Bot.: A genus of Cinchonads, found in the West 
Indies. The fruit of Catesbcea spinosa is yellow, 
pulpy, and of an agreeable taste. ( Treas. of Bot.) 
cat-gut, s. [Eng. cat, and gut.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: The name given to the material of 
which the strings of many musical instruments are 
formed. It is made from the intestines of the 
sheep, and sometimes from those of the horse, but 
never from those of the cat. {Stainer & Barrett.) 

“ With wire and catgut he concludes the day, 
Quav’ring and semiquav’ring care away.” 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

II. Technically: 

1. Tannery: The string which connects the fly and 
the mandril. 

2. Bot.: Thread fucus, or Sea Laces, Fucusfilum 
(Linn.); Bay of Scalpa, Orkney {Neill: Tour, 
p. 191). 

cath’-il, s. [From the Arabic name k&t, or cafta.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Celastracece. The species are mostly natives of 
Africa, forming small shrubs, sometimes with spiny 
branches. Catha edulis is a native of Arabia, and 
from the leaves the Arabs make a beverage possess¬ 
ing properties analogous to those of tea or coffee. 
Under the name of k&t, or cafta, the leaves form a 
considerable article of commerce among the natives. 
Chewed, they produce wakefulness and hilarity of 
spirits. 

cai-thai’-e,n, a. [Cathay.] Of or pertaining to 
Cathay, or China. 

“ From the destined walls 
Of Cambalu, seat of Cathaian Oham.” 

Milton: P. L., xi. 888. 

Cath’-g.-rine, Cath’-er-Ine, s. & a. [Probably 
from Gr. catharos= clean, pure.] 


A. As substantive: A frequent female Christian* 
name. The name of several saints in the Roman 
calendar. The most celebrated was a virgin of royal 
descent in Alexandria, who publicly confessed the 
Christian faith at a sacrificial feast appointed by 
the emperor Maximinus; for which confession she 
was put to death by torture by means of a wheel 
like that of a chaff-cutter. {Brewer: Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable.) [Cathabine-wheel.] 

If To braid St. Catharine's tresses or hair: To 
live a virgin. 

“ Thou art too fair 

To be left to braid St. Catharine’s hair.” 

Longfellow: Evangeline 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

catharine-pear, s. A variety of pear, small in 

size. 

catharine-wheel, s. [In Fr. roue de Ste. Cath¬ 
erine ; Ger. Katharinenrad.] 

1. Arch.: In mediaeval buildings, a window or 
compartment of a window of a circular form, with 
radiating divisions or spokes. Also called a Rose, or 
Marigold-window. Memorial of St. Catharine’s 
martyrdom. 

2. Pyrotecli.: A kind of firework in the shape of a 
wheel, and made to revolve automatically when 
lighted; a pin-wheel. 

cath'-ar-ist, s. [Low Lat. catharista, from Gr. 
katharos—clean, pure.] One who aimed at or pre¬ 
tended to more purity of life than others around 
him. The term was specially applied in reproach to- 
the Paulicians of the seventh and following cen¬ 
turies. 

“ Catharists — deny children baptism, affirming that 
they have no original sin, and pretending themselves to 
be pure and without sin.”— Pagitt: Heresiography, p. 28. 

cath-ar-i-za'-tion, s. [Gr. katharizo= to cleanse.] 
The art of cleansing thoroughly; the state of being 
so cleansed. {Rossiter.) 

*cath-ar'-ma, s. [Gr. kathair&= to purify, to- 
make clean; katharos= clean, pure.] 

Med.: Anything purged from the body naturally 
or by art. 

cath-ar'-sls, s. [Gr. katharsis= a purifying, a 
making clean; kathairo— to make pure; katharos— 
pure, clean.] 

Med.: Purgation of the excrements or humors of 
the body, either naturally or by art. 

C3,th-ar'-te§, s. [Gr. kathartes= a purifier, a 
scavenger; katharos= pure, dean.] 

Ornith.: A genus of rapacious birds of the family 
Vulturidse (Vultures). They are, with one exception, 
natives of this country. Cathartes aura is the 
Turkey Buzzard or Turkey Vulture. [Cathaetidaj.J 

cgith-ar'-tic, *cath-ar'-tick, a. & s. [Gr. kathar- 
f?fcos=purifying; katharos= pure, clean.] 

A. As adj. {Med.) : Having the property or power 
of cleansing the bowels by promoting the evacua¬ 
tions of excrements, &c., purgative. Cathartics- 
cause increased action of the bowels, that is, au 
unloading of the large and small intestines, with 
more or less alteration in the character of the- 
evacuations. They are employed (1) to unload the 
bowels; (2) to remove irritating matters; (3) to 
cause an increased elimination of secretions from 
the liver, and from the glands of the mucous mem¬ 
brane of the alimentary canal; (4) to unload the- 
veins of the canal, by causing an increased watery 
secretion from the membrane, in cases of congestion 
of the kidneys; (5) to produce counter-irritation, 
and an increased secretion from a large mucous- 
surface,_ to relieve distant parts, as the head, &c. 
Cathartics are divided by Garrod into laxatives, 
simple purgatives, drastic purgatives, hydragogue 
purgatives, saline purgatives, and cholagogue, or 
hepatic purgatives (q. v.). 

“A considerable number of cathartic substances have 
been detected in the blood and secretions.”— Pereira: 
Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, p. 242. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Lit. {Med.): A medicine having a purgative- 
power of promoting evacuation of excrements, &c .: 
a purge, a purgative. 

“ Relate how many weeks they kept their bed, 

How an emetic or cathartic sped.” 

Cowper: Conversation, 316. 

2. Fig.: Anything which purifies or frees from 
impurity or corruption. 

“ Lustrations and cathartics of the mind were sought 
for, and all endeavor used to calm and regulate the fury 
of the passions.”— Decay of Piety. 

cg.th-ar'-tic-al, a. [Eng. cathartic; -al,] The 
same as Oathaetic (q. v.). 

“ Quicksilver precipitated either with gold, or without 
addition, into a powder, is wont to be strongly enough 
cathartical, . . .”— Boyle: Seep. Chym. 

c&th-ar'-tic-gl-ly, adv. [Eng. cathartical; -ly.) 
In the manner of a cathartic. 


bdil boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph -1 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





catkarticalness 


784 


Catholic 


cath-ar'-ti-cel ness, s. [Eng. cathartical; 
•ness.] The quality of being cathartic or purga¬ 
tive. ( Johnson.) 

cath-ar'-tl-dse, s. pi. [From Gr. kathartes 
l(q, v.), andLat. fem. pi. suff. -idee.] 

1 , Ornith.: A family of Raptorial birds, contain¬ 
ing the American Vultures [Gathartes], as dis¬ 
tinguished from the Vulturiase, or Vultures of the 
(Old World. 

2. Paloeont.: Lithornis vulturinus of the London 
,clay (an Eocene formation) belongs to this family. 

cuth-ar-tln~a, ca-thar-tine, s. [Eng. cath - 
,art(ic); suff. -ine (Chem .) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A bitter, nauseous, purgative substance 
.obtained from the leaves of cassia senna, and cassia 
lanceolata. 

cuth-ar-t&-car-pus, s. [Gr. kathartikos= cath¬ 
artic, and fcarpos=fruit; so called from the pulp 
contained in the pods being cathartic.] 

Bot.: Purging Cassia, a genus of leguminous 
trees, with racemes of yellow flowers, the same as 
Cassia, but differing in the long, cylindrical, woody, 
indehiscent pods, which are filled with a soft black 
pulp, used as a gentle laxative in small doses. It is 
a native of the East and West Indies and Egypt, 
where it grows to a height of from forty to fifty feet. 

cath-cart’-I-g,, s. [Named in honor of Mr. Cath- 
,cart, an Indian judge, who investigated the botany 
,of the Sikkim Himalayas.] 

Bot.: A beautiful plant of the Papaveraceae, or 
tPoppy family, having lobed leaves and golden 
drooping flowers. It is covered with soft, yellow 
hairs. It was discovered by Dr. Hooker. ( Treas. 

, of Botany .) 

cath'-ed-rsi, ca-the-dra, s. [Lat. cathedra; 
from Gr. kathedra= a seat; kata= down, and hedra 
= a chair, from hezomai, fut. hedroumai= to sit; 
.Ital. cattedra; 0. Sp. cadera; O. Fr. chayeref] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A chair ; the seat of any person in 
; authority or office, especially the throne of a bishop. 

2. Bot.: A genus of Brazilian trees, belonging to 
the family Olacaceee, having alternate, shortly- 
stalxed, elliptical, leathery leaves, and small axil¬ 
lary clusters of nearly sessile flowers. 

*cath-e-dra'-I-cal, a. [Lat. cathedra, and Eng. 
suff. -ical.) Of or pertaining to a cathedral. 

“The author endeavored to prove them one and the 
same with the cathedraical duty.”— Degge: Parson’s Coun¬ 
seller, p. 284. 

ca-the'-dr^l, s. & a. [Fr. cathedral; Low Lat. 
cathedralis (ecclesia) = (the church) containing the 
bishop’s throne; from cathedra—a. seat, a throne; 
Ital. cattedrale.'] 

A. Assubstan.: The principal church of a prov¬ 
ince or diocese; that in which the archbishop’s or 
bishop’s throne is placed. The throne is usually on 
the south side of the choir. 

“ A gray, old man, the third and last, 

Sang in cathedrals dim and vast.” 

Longfellow: The Singers. 

B. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Of the nature or in the position of a head 
church of a province or diocese; containing the 
archbishop’s or bishop’s throne. This use of the 
word did not arise till the tenth century, and even 
yet it is confined to the Western churches. 

“ A cathedral church is that wherein there are two or 
more parsons, with a bishop at the head of them, that 
do make as it were one body politic.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

2. Pertaining to a church containing a bishop’s 
throne. 

“His constant and regular assisting at the cathedral 
.service was never interrupted by the sharpness of 
weather.”— Locke. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. Ancient, from cathedrals being, as a rule 
ancient; venerable, or it may be with the idea of 
the resemblance of an avenue of trees to the aisle of 
a cathedral. 

“ Here aged trees cathedral walks compose. 

And mount the hill in venerable rows.”— Pope. 

2. Emanating from a bishop’s seat of authority; 
hence, authoritative, official. 

“ What solemnity can be more required for the pope to 
make a cathedral determination of an article?”— Bp. 
Taylor. 

cathedral-church, *cathedrall - church, s. 

The same as Cathedral, A., 1.1. 

“Her body [Mary of Scotland] was embalmed, and 
ordered with due and usual rites; and afterward interred 
with a royal funeral in the cathedral-church of Peter¬ 
borough.”— Camden: Eliz., an. 1587. 

cathedral-music, s. A term applied to that 
music which has been composed to suit the form of 
service used in our cathedrals since the Reforma¬ 
tion. It includes settings of canticles and also of 
anthems. The first writers of this class of music 
were Marbecke, Tallis, Tye and Byrd. The style of 


the earliest cathedral music was formed on the 
model of the Italian motets and other sacred com¬ 
positions, and with the exception of a difference in 
the words was identical with the secular music of 
that period. ( Stainer <& Barrett.) 
cathedral-preferments, s. pi. 

Eccles. Law: All dignifies and offices in a cathe¬ 
dral or collegiate church inferior to that of the 
bishop. They are chiefly deaneries, archdeaconries 
and canonries. ( Stephens, Wharton, die.) 

cathedral-wise, adv. After the manner fol¬ 
lowed in a cathedral. 

“ Two of the best voices came in time enough, and the 
service was performed cathedral-wise, tho’ in a manner, 
to bare walls, with an anthem suitable to the day.”— Guar¬ 
dian, No. 80. 

*cath'-e-dra-ted, a. [Lat. cathedra= a chair, a 
throne.] Pertaining to the chair or office of a teacher 
or professor. 

“If his reproof be private, or with the cathedrated 
authority of a praelector or public reader.”—I Vhitlocki 
Manners of the Eng., p. 385. 

*cath-e-drat’-Ic, s. [From Lat. cathedra; and 
Eng. suff. - tic .] 

Laiv, die.: A sum of two shillings paid by the 
inferior clergy to the bishop. Its more common 
appellation is, however, synodals, from its being 
usually paid at the bishop’s synod. (Burn.) 

cath’-er-Ine, s.& a. [Catharine.] 
catherine-pear, s. [Catharine-pear.] 

“For streaks of red were mingled there, 

Such as are on a Catherine pear. 

The side that’s next the sun.”— Suckling. 
cath'-e-ter, s. & a. [Lat. catheter; Gr. katheter 
=a thing let down or putin, from kathiemi— to send 
down; fcafa=down, and hiemi— to send.] 

A. As substantive: 

Surg.: >A long, hollow, and somewhat curved tube, 
used by surgeons to be introduced into the bladder 
to draw off urine, when the patient is unable to 
pass it naturally. 

“ A large clyster, suddenly injected, hath frequently 
forced thei urine out of the bladder; but if it fail, a 
catheter must help you.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

B. As adj.: (See the compound.) 

catheter-gage, s. 

Surg.: A plate with perforations of a graduated 
size, forming measures for diametric sizes of 
catheters. 

cath-e-tom’-e-ter, s. [Gr. kathetos =perpen- 
dicular; from kathiemi=to let or send down; kata= 
down, and hiemi = to send.] An apparatus for 
measuring minute differences in the heights of 
fluids in vertical columns. It consists of a finely 
graduated scale and a magnifying instrument 
through which the different registrations are read. 

cath’-e-tus, s. [Gr. kathetos = perpendicular, 
from kathiemi=to send or let down; kata— down, 
and hiemi=to send.] 

1. Geom.: A line or radius falling perpendic 
ularly on another; thus the catheti of a right- 
angled triangle are the two sides containing the 
right angle. 

2. Architecture: 

(1) A perpendicular line passing through the cen¬ 
ter of a cylindrical body, as of a baluster or column. 

(2) A line falling perpendicularly, and passing 
through the center or eye of the volute of the Ionic 
capital. ( GwiltO 

3. Optics: 

(1) Cathetus of incidence: A right line drawn from 
a point of the object perpendicular to the reflecting 
eye. 

(2) Cathetus of reflection : A right line drawn from 
the eye perpendicular to the reflecting line. 

(3) Cathetus of obliquation: A right line drawn 
perpendicular to the speculum, in the point of inci¬ 
dence or reflection. (Craig.) 

cath-l-on, s. [Cation.] The electropositive 
ion or element into which the molecule of an elec¬ 
trolyte is decomposed by electrolysis. Also called 
cation and electropositive element. 

— cath-ode, s. [Gr. kathodos = a way down, a 
descent; kata— down, and hodos= a way.] 
Electro-chem.: That part of a galvanic battery by 
which the electric current leaves substances through 
which it has passed, or the surface at which the 
electric current passes out of the electrolyte; the 
negative electrode of a bath, vacuum tube, &c. 

cathode-rays, s. pi. Rays that proceed from the 
cathode in a discharge tube. Like the Roentgen rays 
they have the power of exciting phosphorescence. 

cath’-ol-ic, *cath’-ol-Tck, *cath-ol-yke, a. & s. 
[Lat. catholicus, from Gr. katholikos = universal; 
fcata=down, and / 40 ios=whole.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

*1. Gen.: Universal or general. 


2. Specially: 

(1) Pertaining to or recognized by the whole 
Christian Church. [Catholic Epistles.] 

(2) Orthodox, not heretical or schismatic. 

“. . . the palace of the Catholic King.”— Macaulay: 
Eist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

(3) Pertaining or belonging to tho Roman Gath- 
olic Church or its members. 

“ England might once have been schismatical, she had 
become Catholic when the Bishops deprived by Elizabeth 
had ceased to live.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

fll. Fig.: Liberal, not narrow-minded. 

B. As substantive : 

1. A member of the Christian Church. 

2. Now generally applied to a member of the 
Roman Catholic branch of the Christian Church. 

Catholic Church, s. 

1. Ecclesiol.: (For definition see example.) 

“The first and largest sense of the term Catholic Church, 

is that which appears to be the most obvious and literal 
meaning of the words in the text (Heb. xii. 23 ): ‘ The gen¬ 
era] assembly and church of the first-born which are 
written in heaven;’ that is, the whole number of these 
who shall finally attain unto salvation. Secondly, The 
Catholic or Universal Church, signifies in the next place, 
and indeed more frequently, the Christian Church only: 
the Christian Church, as distinguished from that of the 
Jews and patriarchs of old; the Church of Christ spread 
universally from our Savior’s days over all the world ; in 
contradistinction to the Jewish Church, which was partic¬ 
ularly confined to one nation or people. Thirdly, The 
Catholic Church signifies very frequently, in a still more 
particular and restrained sense, that part of the Universal 
Church of Christ, which in the present age is now living 
upon earth; as distinguished from those which have been 
before, and shall come after. Fourthly, and lastly, The 
term Catholic Church signifies in the last place, and most 
frequently of all, that part of the Universal Church of 
Christ, which in the present generation is visible upon 
earth, in an outward profession of the belief of the Gos¬ 
pels, and in a visible external communion of the word 
and sacraments. The Church of Rome pretends herself 
to be this Whole Catholic Church, exclusive of all other 
societies of Christians.”— Clarke, vol. i., Ser. 62. 

2. Church History: 

(1) Previous to the Ref ormation: Like most other 
words used in ecclesiology, the term Catholic was 
borrowed at first from the New Testaments It 
occurs in some editions of the Greek original— 
including that issued in connection with the recent 
revision—in the titles prefixed to the Epistles of 
James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 John, and Jude [Catholic 
Epistles], and is the word translated “ general” in 
the Authorized Version of the Bible. The first to 
apply it to the^ Church was the Apostolic Father 
Ignatius. When he and his successors used it they 
meant to indicate that the church of which they 
constituted a part comprised the main body of be¬ 
lievers, and was designed, as it was entitled, to be 
universal. In this sense the .Church was opposed to 
the sects and separate bodies of heretics who had 
separated themselves from it and were now outside 
its pale. This is the fourth sense given in the 
example under No. 1. 

When, in the eighth century, the separation be¬ 
tween the Eastern and Western Churches took 
place, the latter retained as one of its appellations 
the term “Catholic,” the Eastern Church being 
contented with the word “Orthodox,” still used by 
the Russian emperors in their politico-ecclesiastical 
manifestoes. [Orthodox.] The history of this 
earlier portion of the Catholic Church will be best 
treated of in the article Christianity (q. v.). (See 
also Greek, Latin, Eastern, and Western.) 

(2) Subsequently to the Reformation: When the 
Protestant churches separated from their commun¬ 
ion with: Rome in the sixteenth century, those 
whom they had left naturally regarded them as 
outside the Catholic pale. They, on the other hand, 
declined to admit that this was the case, and the 
term “Catholic Church” is used in the English 
Liturgy apparently in the sense of all persons mak¬ 
ing a Christian profession. “More especially we 
pray Thee for the good estate of th e Catholic Church 
. .... that all who profess and call themselves 
Christians . . .” (For the history of the Church 
of Rome, see Roman Catholics.) 

Catholic Emancipation Act: 

Hist, db Law: An act passed for the relief of the 
Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom from very 
serious political disabilities, under which they had 
previously labored. It was 10 Geo. IY. c. 7. [Eman¬ 
cipation, Roman Catholics.] 

Catholic epistles, s.pl. 

Canon.: The epistles in the New Testament ad¬ 
dressed not to individual men or to individual 
churches, but to the general body of Christians. 
They are James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 John, and Jude. 

“ Catholic or canonical epistles are seven [five] in num¬ 
ber; that of St. James, two of St. Peter, three [one] of St. 
John, and that of St. Jude. They are called catholic 
because they are directed to all the faithful, and not to 
any particular church; and canonical, because they con- 
tain excellent rules of faith and morality.”— Calmet. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th6re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw. 




Catskill 


catholical 

*ca-thol'-l-cg,l, *cg,-thol -1-cg.ll, a. [Eng. cath¬ 
olic; - al .] 

1. Catholic, universal, general. 

“These catholical nativities were so much believed by 
the ancient kings, saith Haly, that they inquired into the 
genitures of the principal nati under their dominions.” 
— Gregory: Works, p. 31. 

2. Pertaining or belonging to the Christian 
Church. 

3. Pertaining or belonging to the Roman branch 
of the Catholic Church. 

cg,-tll6l'-l-§I§m, s. [Fr. catholicisme.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The quality of being catholic or universal. 

. . holiness and Catholicism are but aifections of 
this church.”— Bishop Pearson: Exposition of the Creed, 

art. iv. 

2. The doctrines or faith of the Catholic Church. 

3. The doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic 
Church. [Roman Catholicism.] 

“The subject then varied to Itoman Catholicism.”— 
Coleridge: Table Talk. 

4. Adherence to the Roman Catholic Church. 

“ . . . all the gipsies I have conversed with, assured 
me of their sound Catholicism.” — Swinburne: Travels 
through Spain, let. 29. 

II. Fig.: Liberality or breadth of sentiment. 
cath-ol-ig'-I-ty, s. [Eng. catholic; -ity.~\ 

I. Literally: 

1. The quality of being catholic; catholic char¬ 
acter. 

“ An appeal to the catholicity of the church, in proof 
that its doctrines are true, is an appeal to the voice of 
the multitude upon a dispute as to truth.”— Newman: 
Christian Doctrine, ch. iv. 

2. The doctrines or faith of the whole Christian 
Church. 

3. The doctrines of the Church of Rome. 

II. Fig.: Catholicism; liberality of sentiments. 
CA-thol'-i-glze, v. t. & i. [Eng. catholic; -ize.'] 

I. Trans.: To make Catholic; to convert to 
Catholicism. 

II. Intrans.: To become Catholic; to be con¬ 
verted to Catholicism. ( Cotgrave.) 

cath'-ol-ic-ljf, *cath'-6l-Ick-ly, adv. [Eng. 
catholic; -ly .] 

*1. Universally. 

“ No druggist of the soul bestow’d on all 
So Catholicly a curing cordial.” 

Sir L. Cary: Elegy on the Death of Donne. 

f2. According to the teaching of the Catholic 
Church. 

cath'-ol-Ic-ness, *cath'-6l-lck-ness, s. [Eng. 

catholic; -ness.] 

*1. The quality of being catholic or universal; 
Universality. 

“One may judge of the catholicness, which Romanists 
brag of, and challenge on two accounts.”— Brevint: Saul 
and Samuel at Endor, p. 10. 

f2. The act or state of holding the doctrines of 
the Catholic Church. 

C9.-ttLor-l-COIl, s. [Gr. katholikon, pharmakon 
or iama = a universal drug or remedy ; katholikos= 
universal, general.] [Catholic.] 

I. Literally: 

Med.: A universal medicine, one supposed to 
have the virtue of purging the body of all ill 
humors. 

“ Meanwhile permit me to recommend, 

As the matter admits of no delay, 

My wonderful Catholicon, ...” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, I. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Any universal remedy; a panacea. 

“Preservation against that sin, is the contemplation of 
the last judgment. This is indeed a catholicon against 
all; but we find it particularly applied by St. Paul to 
judging and despising our brethren.”— Government of the 
Tongue. 

2. A term applied to a dictionary. 

CA-thol'-I-cos, s. [Gr.] [Catholic.] 

Eccles. Hist.: The Patriarch or Head of the 
Armenian Church, who ordains bishops, and conse¬ 
crates the holy oil used in religious ceremonies. 

Cat-II-in-ar'-l-an, a. & s. [Lat. Catilinarius— 
of or pertaining to Catiline, a young Roman noble, 
who conspired against the Republic, and was ac¬ 
cused by Cicero in the famous Speeches In Catil- 
inam, delivered B. C. 65.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to or connected with the 
Catiline named in the etymology. 

“Cicero, in defending himself against the charge of 
having recorded a false report of the oral evidence given 
by the informers to the Senate in the Catilinarian con¬ 
spiracy, . . .’’—Lewis: Cred. of Early Roman Hist. 
(1855), ch. v., § 2, vol. i., p. 137. 

B. Assubst.: A follower or adherent of Catiline. 


785 

cat'-il-in-i§m, s. [Eng. Catilin(e); -ism.] The 
projects or practices of Catiline, the Roman conspir¬ 
ator ; conspiracy. {Cotgrave.) 

cat'-l-on, s. [Gr. kata= down, and idn=going, pr. 
par. of eifhi'= to go.] 

Chem.: An electro-positive substance, which in 
electro-decomposition is evolved at the cathode. 
{Faraday.) 

cat'-kln, s. [Eng. cat, and dimin. suff. -kin, from 
their resembling a cat’s tail; O. Dut. katteken .] 

Bot.: Thepend- 
ulous unisexual 
inflorescence o f 
the willow, birch, 
poplar, and other 
amentiferous 
plants. It differs 
from the spike in 
falling off the 
stem by an artic 
ulation, after its 
temporary office 
as the support 
of the organs of 
reproduction is 
accomplished. 

Also called 
Ament or Amen¬ 
tum (q. v.). 

cat-1111, v. t. 

[Kittle.] To 
thrust the finger forcibly under the ear; a barbarous 
mode of chastising. 

«i To gie one his catlills: To punish him in this 
way. 

cat'-ling, s. [Eng. cat , and dimin. suff. - ling .] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A little cat, a kitten. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: The down or moss growing about walnut 
trees, and resembling the hair of a cat. 

2. Surg.: A sharp-pointed, double-edged knife, 
used by surgeons in amputations of the fore-arm 
and leg for dividing the interosseous ligaments. 

3. Music: 

(1) Used by Shakespeare apparently for catgut 
(q. v.). 

“ But I am sure, none, unless |the fiddler Apollo get 
Ms sinews to make catlings of.” — Shakesp.: Troilus, iii. 3. 

(2) The smallest sized lute-strings. {Stainer & 
Barrett.) 

cat-lin-Ite, s. [Named after Catlin, the cele¬ 
brated American-Indian traveler.] 

Min.: Properly a rock and not a definite mineral 
species. It forms a bed of red clay of considerable 
extent in the Coteau de Prairies, Upper Missouri 
region, and is referred by Hayden to the cretaceous 
formation. Composition; Silica, 48’2; alumina, 
28’2; sesquioxide of iron, 5’0; magnesia, 6’0; lime, 
2’6; sesquioxide of magnesia, 0’6; water, 8’4. 
{Dana.) 

cat'-mint, s. [Eng. cat, and mint. So called 
because it is a favorite food with cats.] 

Bot.: A book-name for two plants. 

1. Nepeta cataria, also called Catnep or Catnip. 
The flowers are white, tinged and spotted with 
rose-color. They are in sub-peduncled, dense, many- 
flowered whorls. The leaves are whitish, pubes¬ 
cent beneath. It is found in hedges and waste 

laces, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil. It 
as a great reputation among old-wives. as the 
basis of a drink for young infants, and is in great 
demand in this country among the newborn and 
colicky population. Its action is antispasmodic, 
carminative and sudorific. 

2. Calamintha officinalis, Calamint. {Britten & 
Holland.) 

cat'-nep, cat'-nip, s. [Eng. cat, and nep, nip— 
to nibble, to eat.] 

Bot.: The same as Catmint (1) (q. v.). 

cat o blep -as, s. [Gr. kata= down, and blep5= 
to look.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Ruminants, with the horns 
curved outward, the base broad, approximating, 
the tips turning downward; neck and throat maned; 
tail hairy as in the horse. The best known species 
is Catoblepas gnu, the Gnu (q. v.). It is from South 
Africa. 

cat-6-ca-la, s. [From Gr. ka(o=down, down¬ 
ward, and fca(os=beautiful. So called from the 
beauty of their under-wings.] 

Entom.: A genus of moths, family Nocturne©. 
Under-wings of rich crimson and red, with a bar of 
intense black. 

tcat-6-cath-ar-tic, *cat-o-cath-ar'-tick, a. 
[Gr. kata =downward, and kathartikos=pniifying, 
purging; kathairo=to purify; fcafftaro 8 =pure.] 
Med.: Purging by causing evacuation by stool. 
*cat’-6-chus, s. [Gr. katochos= holding downj 
katechd= to hold down ; from kata= down, and echo 
=to hold, to keep.] 


Med.: A species of catalepsy, in which the body is 
rigidly kept in an erect posture. 

cat-fl-co'-mg,, s. [Gr. fcata=down, and kome= 
hair, foliage.] 

Bot.: A genus of climbing shrubs, natives of the 
tropical parts of South America, and belonging to 
the Milkwort family. Upward of a dozen species 
are known. The roots of Catocoma floribunda, a 
climber from Brazil, are used in that country 
against snake-bites. 

cat- o-don, s. [From Gr. kat 6 =down, downward, 
and odous, genit. odontos—a tooth.] 

Z 06 I.: An old genus of Cetaceans, founded on the 
specific name of the Physeter catodno of Linnaeus. 
The Cachalot, the same species, is called. Catodon 
macroceplialus in Griffith’s Cuvier; now it is termed 
Physeter macrocephalus. [Catodontida:.] 

cat-6-don’-ti-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cato¬ 
don, andfem. pi. suff. -idee.] 

1. Z 06 I.: A family of Cetaceans containing the 
Sperm Whales. They are sometimes called Physe- 
teridae, Physeter instead of Catodon being made the 
typical genus. There are no baleen-plates, but in 
the lower jaw there are about fifty-four pointed 
teeth. 

2. Palceont.: Their remains occur in the Pliocene, 
if not even in the Miocene beds. 

cat-o-met-o'-pa, s. pi. [From Gr. fca£o=down, 
downward, and metopon= the forehead.] 

Zool.: A family of decapod Crustacea called also 
Ocypodidae (q. v.). 

*cat-6-mdun'-tain, s. [Catamount.] 

ca-to-ni-an, a. [From Lat. Cato (genit. Catonis), 
the Roman Censor, celebrated for his sternness and 
austerity of manners.] Resembling Cato in stern¬ 
ness and inflexibility; austere, stern, grave. 

cat-op-sis, s. [Gr. katopsis; from kata=down, 
and opsis=a looking.] 

Med.: A morbid quickness of sight. 

*cat-op’-ter, *cat-op’-tron, s. [Gr. katopter-a 
spy; katoptron= a mirror; from kata= down, back, 
and horao= to see.] A reflecting optical instrument; 
a mirror. 

cat-op'-trie, *ca-top-tri-cal, a. [Gr. katop- 
trikos= pertaining to a mirror; from katoptron=& 
mirror.] 

Optics: Pertaining to catoptrics, or the laws of 
reflection. 

“A catoptrical or dioptrical heat is superior to any, 
vitrifying the hardest substances.”— Arbuthnot: On Air. 

catoptric cistula, s. 

Optics: A box with several sides, lined with look¬ 
ing-glasses, so as to multiply images of any object 
placed in the box. {Knight.) 

catoptric dial, s. 

Optics: A dial which shows the hour by means of 
a piece of looking-glass, adjusted to reflect the solar 
rays upward to the ceiling of a room on which 
the hour-lines are delineated; a reflecting dial. 

{Knight.) 

catoptric light, s. 

Optics: A mirror, or series of concave mirrors, 
preferably parabolic, by which the rays from one of 
more lamps are reflected in a parallel beam, so 
as to render the light visible at a great distance. 
{Knight.) 

egt-op'-trieg, s. [Catoftbic, a.] 

Optics: That part of optics which treats of reflex 
vision and the laws and properties of reflection. 

cat-op-tro-man-gy, s. [Gr. katoptron= a mir¬ 
ror ; manteia = prophecy, divination; mantis = a 
prophet, a diviner.] 

Antiq.j A species of divination practiced by the 
Greeks, in which a mirror was let down by a cord 
into a fountain in the temple of Ceres, in Achaia, 
into which sick persons looked. If the observer’s 
face appeared in it sickly or ghastly the omen was 
considered unfavorable, and the sick person would 
not recover; but if, on the other hand, it appeared 
fresh and healthy, the omen was considered favor¬ 
able. 

cat-6-stem -ma, s. [Gr. fcata=downward, and 

stemma= a stem, a root/] 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the Tea family, con¬ 
sisting of a single species, Catostemma fragrans, 
which is a tree growing to fifty feet in height. 

cat'-rlck, s. [From Eng. caf=the animal so 
called, and rick, of doubtful etym.] The same as 
Catteb (2), s. (q. v.) 

Cats'-kill, s. 

Geology: The name given by geologists to the 
closing-period of the Devonian age in America. 
Named from the Catskill Mountains, where the 
rocks of this period are quite prominent. 



Catkins. 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 

-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del, 

*50 







catso 


786 


cauf-ward 


*cat-so, s. [Ital. cazzo .] A low fellow, a rogue. 
(Beaum. <& Fletcher.) 

“ These be our nimble spirited catsos.” — B. Jonson: 
Every Man Out of his Humor, ii. 1. 

cat'-stop-per, s. [Cathead-stopper.] 
cat -sup, s. [Catchup, Ketchup.] 

“ And for our home-bred British cheer, 

Botargo, catsup, and caviar.”— Swift. 

cat-te-mun -doo, cat-te-man-doo, s. [Tamil 

or Telugu cattamandoo, cattemundo .] A gum elas¬ 
tic furnished by a plant, Euphorbia antiquorum. 

Cat-ten, a. [Eng. cat; in.\ An expression used 
only in the subjoined compound, 
catten-clover, cat-in-clover, s. The lotus, 
cat-ter, s. [Eng. cat.'] A disease to which the 
roots of the fingers are subject, said to be caused 
by handling cats too frequently. 

cat'-ter-bat§h, s. [Ger. kater= a he-cat; and 
“Tout.” boetse=a quarrel (Jamieson.)] A broil, a 
quarrel; a cat’s quarrel. 

cat-ter-bat’-ter, v. i. [Catterbatch.] To 
wrangle. 

cat’-ter-idge, s. & a. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Wei. 
cateri, caferio=spreading oaks.] A word used only 
in the subjoined compound. 

catteridge-tree, s. A tree, Cornus sanguinea. 
[Cornus.] It grows wild in almost all temperate 
climates, and is commonly called the Dogwood, 
Dogberry, or Hound’s Tree. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

. *cat’-ter-y, s. [Eng. cat; -ery.] An establish¬ 
ment of cats. 

“An evil fortune attended all our attempts tit re-estab¬ 
lishing a cattery.’’—Southey: The Doctor, p. 684. 

cat -tie, *ca-tel, s. & a. [A different form of the 
word chattel. In the pastoral age the wealth of 
any man of substance was naturally estimated by 
the number of cattle that he possessed. Hence the 
word cattle came to mean what we now should call 
a man’s chattels; on the same principle as the Latin 
word pecunia=money, from pecws=cut.tle.] 

A. As substantive: 


a runner disease among cattle in this country, 
which is otherwise known as the “lumpy-jaw,” a 
most virulent and incurable affection. Experiments 
have been time and again ineffectually tried to find 
a cure for this, although large governmental en¬ 
couragement has been offered. A plague broke out 
in 1885 in a dairy at Barnsbury, near London, Eng¬ 
land, and spread rapidly through the country, 
reappearing more than once after being “stamped 
out.” By a return to the Privy Council it appears 
that no fewer than 248,965 cattle had been attacked, 
of which 124,187 had died of the disease, 80,597 had 
been slaughtered, 32,989 had recovered, and 11,192 
had not been properly reported on. [Foot-and- 
mouth Disease, Pleuro-pneumonia.J 

cattle-pump, s. A pump which is operated by 
the cattle coming to drink, either by their weight 
upon a platform or by pressing against a bar which 
gives way before them, they following it around in 
a circular track and operating the piston. (Knight.) 

cattle-range, s. Any open space over which 
cattle may range or feed. 

cattle-stall, s. A means for fastening cattle at 
their mangers or racks other than by halter or tie. 
It usually consists of a pair of parallel vertical 
stanchions, at such distance apart as to admit the 
neck of the animal. One stanchion is movable to 
allow the head of the animal to pass, and is then 
replaced and held by a latch or pin. (Knight.) 

catt’-le-yu, s. [Named by Lindley after William 
Cattley, Esq.] 

Bot.: An extensive genus of orchids, natives of 
Central America and Brazil, where they are found 
on the bark of trees and on rocks. The species bear 
two or more flowers, generally rose-colored, but 
occasionally yellow. 

cat -ty, s. [Malay and Japanese kati=a weight of 
1141b.] [Caddy.] 

1. An East Indian weight, equal to 114 lb. 

2. The Bill-hook or Machete of Ceylon. (Knight.) 

3. A Siamese coin, value about $48.50. Also called 
chang. 

*cat-tylle, *cat-alle, s. [Cat’s-tail.] The plant 
Cat’s-taus. 


I. Literally: 

*1. Property, wealth, goods. 

“ A womman that hadde a flux of blood twelve yeer and 
hadde spended all hir oatel [G-r. bion = life, or living; 
Vulgate: omnem substantiam suam; Auth. Eng. Vers.: all 
her living] in leechis.”— Wycliffe: Luke viii. 43, 44. 

*2. Property consisting of live stock, as distin¬ 
guished from goods. 

“ The first distinction made of live stock from other 
property was to call the former quick cattle.’’ — Sir J. 
Harrington: Epigrams, i. 91. (Trench: Select Glossary, 

pp. 30, 31.) 

IT Afterward the word chattel was introduced for 
property without life. 

3. Beasts of pasture, not wild nor domestic. 

IT The word cattle is generally limited to the 
varieties of the ox and its congeners. 

“And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, 
and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth 
upon the earth after his kind.”— Gen. i. 25. 

II. Fig.: Used in a slighting sense of human 
beings. 

“ Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this 
color.”— Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 2. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

Obvious compounds: Cattle-breeding, cattle- 
dealer, cattle-lifter, cattle-market, cattle-pen, cattle- 
show, cattle-stealer, cattle-tie. 

cattle-feeder, s. An arrangement in a cattle 
stable for supplying the feed in regulated quanti¬ 
ties to the rack or manger. 

cattle-gate, s. [A legal term.] Common for 
one beast. (Wharton.) 

cattle-leader, s. A nose-ring or gripper for the 
septum of the nose, whereby dangerous cattle may 
be fastened and led. (Knight.) 

cattle-plague, s. 

1. Gen.: Any plague by which large numbers of 
cattle are destroyed. Such plagues have existed at 
intervals, more or less, in all countries and in all 
ages. Among the severer visitations in centuries 
preceding the nineteenth may be mentioned a great 
plague which arose in Hungary in 1711, whence it 
spread to other countries, destroying in the next 
three years about one and a half millions of cattle. 
A second visitation, which affected England and the 
West of Europe between 1745 and 1756, caused the 
death of about three millions of cattle. 

2. Spec.: The name given in this country specific¬ 
ally to the disease known as “Texas fever,” the 
scientific name of which is pleuro-pneumonia. Al¬ 
though this pest has from time to time broken out en- 
demically,there has never been any general epidemic 
here, such as has afflicted other countries. The 
appellation “ cattle plague ” is also loosely given to 


“ A Cattylle (catalle A.); lanugo, herba est.” — Cathol. An- 
glicum. 

*ca-ture, s. [Cater, s.] 

“A Cature; Escarius.” — Cathol. Anglicum. 

cat-iir'-i-dae, s.pl. [From Gr. kata= down, and 
oura= a tail ] 

Ichthy.: In Professor Owen’s classification the 
seventh family of his Lepidoganoidei, the second 
sub-order of ganoidean fishes. (Owen: Palaeontoloqv, 
ed. 1860.) 

*cat-iir -us, s. [From Gr. katta= a cat; and oura 
=tail. So called because it has long spikes of flow¬ 
ers, in the aggregate like a cat’s tail.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Euphorbiacese. 
The flowers of Caturus spiciflorus give a tone to the 
stomach, and taken in decoction or conserve, are a 
specific for diarrhoea. The plant is now placed in 
the genus Acalypha. (Lindley.) 

cat-f-og-le, *kat-y-o-gle, s. [Katogle.] In 
Shetland a species of owl. 

“StrixBubo, (Linn.syst.) Katyogle, Great horned Owl.” 
Edmonstone: Zetl., ii. 230. 

*cat-zer-ie, s. [Catso.] Cheating, roguery. 

“ And looks 

Like one that is employed in catzerie 
And crosbiting.” 

Jew of Malta, O. P., viii. 374. 

Cau’-cal-is, s. [From Gr. kaukalis= an umbellif¬ 
erous herb.] 

Bot.: A genus of umbelliferous plants, consisting 
of herbs with multifid leaves. All the species are 
natives of Europe and the temperate parts of Asia 
and Africa. Caucalis daucoides, Bur-parsley, is a 
common British plant, growing in corn-fields in 
chalky districts. None of the species are attractive 
in appearance. 

Cau-ca -§L?tn, Cau-ca'-se-an, a.&s. [Lat. Cau- 
casius. From Mount Caucasus in Asia.] 

A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Mount Caucasus. 

B. As substantive : 

1. Ord. Lang.: An inhabitant of Mount Caucasus 
or the district about it. 

2. Ethnol.: A member of the Indo-European fam¬ 
ily of the human race. 

caucht, v. t. [ Catch.] To catch, to grasp. 
(Scotch.) 

“ And sum tyme wald scho Ascaneus the page 
Caucht in the fygure of his faderis ymage, 

And in hir bosum brace-” 

Douglas: Virgil, 102, 86. 

*cau’-cion, *caw'-cion, s. [Caution.] 

cau -cus, s. [A corruption of calker’s-house= 
a calker’s shed. (Chambers’ Encyc., i. 206.) On 
March 2,1770, a quarrel occurred in Boston between 


the soldiers and some ropemakers, in which the 
latter were overpowered and beaten. The ^eople 
were greatly exasperated at this, and sought oppor¬ 
tunities for retaliation. On the 5th of the same 
month, in a similar' affray, the soldiers fired upon 
the people of the town, killing and wounding 
several. This induced the ropemakers and calkers, 
whose occupations, brought them into contact, to 
form a society, at the meetings of which inflamma¬ 
tory addresses were delivered, and the most violent 
resolutions passed against the British government 
and its agents and instruments in America. The 
tories in derision called these assemblies calkers’ 
meetings, and the term was at length corrupted to 
caucus.] A private meeting of the representatives 
of any political party previous to an election, for 
the purpose of selecting candidates and making 
other arrangements for the promotion of party in¬ 
terests ; or a private meeting of senators or con¬ 
gressmen or legislators for conference during the 
progress of legislation. 

cau'-dal, a. [Lat. cauda= a tail.] Pertaining 
to or of the nature of a tail; tail-like. 

“The male widow-bird, remarkable for his caudal 
plumes, certainly seems to be a polygamist.”— Darwin: 
Descent of Man (1871), pt. ii., ch. viii., vol. i., p. 269. 

cau'-date, *cau’-da-ted, a. [Low Lat. cau • 
datus, from cauda= a tail.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Having a tail. 

“ How comate, caudate, crinite stars are f ram'd, I know." 
— Fairfax: Tasso. 

2. Bot.: Tail-pointed, exceedingly acuminated, so 
that the point is long and weak, like the tail of 
some animals. Examples: the petals of Brassica 
caudata and the calyx of Aristolochia trilobata 
(Lindley.) 

fcau-da’-tion, s. [Lat. cawdafws=having a tail; 
cauda— a tail.] The state or condition of having a 
tail. 

“ He really suspected premature caudation had been 
inflicted on him for his crimes.”— Reade: Never too Late 
to Mend, ch. lxxvi. 

*caude, s. [Etym. unknown.] Apparently used 
in the sense of care. 

“And thou these caudes and labors seriouslie . . .” 

Peele: Epilogue, 1589. 

caude-beck, s. [From Caudebec, a town in 
France, where it was first made.] A sort of light 
hat. 

cau-dex, s. [Lat. caudex, codex.] 

Bot.: The axis of a plant, consisting of stem and 
root. 

“ The stem . . . receives the name of Caudex in 
shrubs.”— Balfour: Botany, p. 35. 

caudex descendens, s. The root, 
caudex repens, s. [Lat. repens— creeping, pr. 
par. of repo= to creep.] A creeping stem, what is 
now called a rhizome. 

cau'-di-cle, s. [A dimin. of Lat. cauda= a tail.] 
Bot.: The cartilaginous strap which connects cer¬ 
tain kinds of pollen masses to the stigma in orchid, 
aceous plants. 

*cau'-di-teer, s. [O. Fr. caudataire— a support 
for a train, a frame.] 

Fortif.: Frames on which to lay fagots or brush¬ 
wood for covering workmen from the effects of an 
enemy’s fire. [Beindage.J 

fcau-dle, *cau’-del, *caw'-delle, s. [O. Fr. 

chaudel; Fr. cliaudeau; from Low Lat. caldellum, 
a dimin. from Lat. calidum, neut. of calidws=hot.] 

1. Lit.: A kind of warm drink, consisting of wine 
beaten up with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. 

“ Cawclelle. Vitellium, caldearium, caldellum.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

“He had good broths, caudle, and sued like; and I 
believe he did drink some wine . . .”— Wiseman: Sur¬ 
gery. 

*2. Fig.: A remedy, a cure. 

“Ye shall have a hempen caudle then, and the help of 
hatchet.”— Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. II., iv. 7. 

*cau -die, v. t. [Caudle, s.] To make into a 
caudle, to act as a caudle to. 

“ Will the cold brook, 

Candied with ice, caudle thy morning taste, 

To cure thy o’ernight’s surfeit?” 

Shakesp.: Timon, iv. 3. 

cau-dron, cau'-drun, s. [Caldron. I A cal¬ 
dron. (Scotch.) 

“An’ aye he catch’d the tither wretch, 

To fry them in his caudruns.” 

Burns: The Ordination. 

cauf (1), s. [Celt, caff, cav; Lat. cavws=hollow; 
or cophinus, from Gr. kophinos= a basket.] 

*1. A chest with holes in the top, to keep fish aliv* 
in the water. (Phillips: World of Words.) 

2. The same as Corve (q. v.). 
cauf (2), s. [Calf. (1).] 
cauf-ward, s. [Calf-ward.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thfire; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go p5t 
©r. wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 




cauff 


causative 


787 


cStuff, i. [Chaff.] 
cauf- ie, s. [Coffle.] 

caught (gh silent), pret.&pa. par. of v. [Catch.] 

A. As preterite; 

“ And caught a young man of the men of Succoth, and 
inquired of him . . . Judg. viii. 14. 

B. As pa. par. & particip. adj.: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

cauk, cawk, s. [The same as Chalk.] 

1. Chalk. 

2. An opaque, compact variety of baryta, or heavy 

spar. 

Caulc and heel: Chalk and red clay. {Scotch.) 

“ 0’ stature short, but genius bright, 

That’s he, mark weel— 

And wow! he has an unco slight 
0’ cauk and keel.” 

Burns: Captain Grose’s Peregrinations. 

cauk (1), v. t. [Calk.] 

*cauk (2), v. i. [Lat. calco= to tread.] To tread, 
to copulate as birds. 

“Whan the pocok caukede therof ich took kepe.” 

Langland: P. Ploioman, xiv. 171. 
cauk'-er, s. [Calker.] 
cauk-Ing, pr.par. & s. [Cauk (l),t\] 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive: 

Joinery: A dovetail, tenon and mortise joint by 
which cross timbers are secured together. It is 
used for fitting down tie-beams or other timbers 
upon wall-plates. 

cauk'-jf, a. [Eng. cawfc or cawk; -y.) Pertain¬ 
ing to or resembling cauk ; chalky. 

u A white, opaque, cauky spar, shot or pointed.”— 
Wood: On Fossils. 

caul, *calle, *kalle, *kelle, s. [0. Fr. cale= a 
bind of little cap; lr. calla= a veil, a hood; 0. Gael. 
call =a veil. ( Skeat .) ] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A net for the hair, worn by women. 

“ On hire hed a comeli cuZZe.” 

King of Tars, 864. 

“ Kelle. Reticulum." — Prompt. Parv. 

“ Her head with ringlets of her hair is crowned; 

And in a golden caul the curls are bound.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid, vii. 1,111. 

*2. Any kind of small net. 

“ An Indian mantle of feathers, and the feathers 
wrought into a caul of packthread.”— Grew: Musoeum. 

II. Technically: 

1. Anatomy: 

(1) The omentum, or adipose membranous in¬ 
tegument of the abdomen, in which the guts are 

inclosed. 

“ And he took all the fat that was upon the inwards, and 
the caul above the liver, . . .”—Lev. viii. 16. 

(2) The amnion, or membrane enveloping the 
foetus, which occasionally is around the head of a 
child at its birth. It was, and to a less extent still 
is, thought to bring luck to its owner, and was 
especially sought after by sailors as a sure preserva¬ 
tive against drowning. According to Chrysostom 
the midwives frequently sold them for ma gic uses. 

“ A person possessed of a caul may knov the state of 
health of the party who was born with it.”— Grose: Popu¬ 
lar Superstitions. 

2. Joinery: A heated board used in laying down 
large veneers. 

caul-work, s. Net-work. 

Cauld, a. [Cold.] Cold. {Scotch.) 

« «It’s ower cauld for my stomach,’ said Dinmont, set¬ 
ting down the glass (empty, however).”— Scott: Guy Man- 
nering , ch. xxxvi. 

cauld caul, v. t. [Etym. doubtful. Jamieson 
suggests’ 11 Teut.” kade= a small bank; Fr. chaussZe 
=“ the banke or damme of a pond or of a river. 
More probably from Gael. clad= a bank, a dyke.] 
Tc lay a bed of loose stones from the channel of the 
nvrr backward, as far as may be necessary, for 
uefending the land against the inroads of the water. 

cauld, caul, s. [Cauld, v.) A dam, an embank¬ 
ment. 

** jjq commanded him to build a cauld , or dam-head, 
across the Tweed at Kelso . . .”— Scott: Lay of the Last 

Minstrel, note. 

cauld'-rlfe, a. [Scotch cauld , and Eng. rife: 
Icel. rj//=prevalent, abounding; Dut. ryk=rich.] 
Chilly; susceptible of cold. {Scotch.) 

ii There’s but cauldrife law-wark gaun on yonder—carnal 
morality, . • •”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xx. 

cauld'-rife-ness, cold'-rife-ness, s. [Scotch 
cauldrife , and Eng. suff. -ness.] 

1. Lit.: Coldness. 

2. Fig.: Want of ardor in a pursuit. 


♦caul-dron, *cau'-dron, *cau-drun, *cau- 
droun, s. [Caldron.] 

“In the cauldron boil and bake : 

Eye of newt, and toe of frog.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 1. 
*caule, s. [Lat. caula.\ A sheep-pen, or fold. 
“A caule, pen, caula.” — Levins: Manip. Vocab. 

caul-er, a. [Caller.] 

cau-ler'-PA, s. [From Gr. fcawios=the stalk of a 
plant, and herpo— to creep.] 

Bot.: A very beautiful genus of green-seeded 
Alges, comprising a very large number of species, 
and assuming very different forms. They are all 
natives of warm climates. They form the principal 
food of turtles, by which they are eaten greedily. 
The nearest approach to the genus on our coasts is 
seen in Codium (q. v.). 

cau-ler-pl -te§, s. [From Mod. Lat. caulerp{a), 
and suff. -ites (q. v.).] 

Palceont.: A genus of fossil fucoid plants found in 
various marine formations. 

Cau-les'-pent, a. [Fr. caulescent; from Lat. 
caulis= a stem, a stalk.] 

Bot.: Provided with an evident stem, as distin- 

f uished from those which have a subterranean one, 
owever short it may be. 

“ Plants with a distinct stem are called caulescent .”— 
Balfour: Botany, p. 36. 
cau-let, s. [Colewort.] 

cau'-li-cle, s. [Lat. cauliculus=a little stem or 
stalk, dimin. of caulis= a stem., a stalk.] 

Botany: 

1. A small stem produced at the neck of a root 
without the previous production of a leaf. 

2. The imaginary space between the radicle and 
cotyledons of an embryo. 

3. The stipe of certain fungals. 
caul’-I-cole, s. [Lat. cauliculus, dimin. oicaulis 
=a stem, a stalk.] 

Arch.: One of the small volutes under the flowers 
on the sides of the abacus in the Corinthian col¬ 
umn, representing the curled tops of the acanthus 
stalk. {Parker.) 

cau-lif-er-ous, a. [Lat. caulis= a stalk, and/ero 
=to beard 

Bot.: Having a stalk; caulescent, 
cflu'-li-flow-er, s. & a. [Lat. caulis={\) a stem, 
a stalk ; (2) a cabbage; and Eng. flower; Ital. cav- 
olofiore; Sp. coliflor.) 

A. As substantive: 

1. Bot.: A garden variety of Brassica oleracea, in 
which the inflorescence, while young, is condensed 
into a depressed, fleshy, esculent head. 

‘ Toward the end of the month, earth up your winter 
plants and sailed herbs; and plant forth your cauliflowers 
and cabbage, which were sown in August.”— Evelyn: Cal¬ 
endar. 

2. Medical: An excrescence, due to venereal dis¬ 
ease, usually appearing upon the prepuce immedi¬ 
ately contiguous to the fossa navicularis. 

B. As adj.: Of or pertaining to, or resembling a 
cauliflower. 

cauliflower-wig, s. A kind of wig, so called from 
its supposed resemblance to that vegetable. 

cau-ll-form, a. [Lat. caulis= a stem, a stalk; 
forma= form, appearance.] 

Bot.: Having the form of a caulis. 

C§,U'-ITne, a. [Lat. caulis=a stem, a stalk.] Of 
or pertaining to a caulis; growing on a caulis or 
stem. 

cau-lls, s. [Lat.] 

Bot.: The stem or ascending axis; a name given 
only to the part, in its customary state, growing in 
the air. 

caulk {l silent), v. t. [Calk.] 

caulk'-Ing (1 silent), pr.par., a. & s. [Caulk, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. -4s adj.: Pertaining to or used in the process 
§f calking. 

“He repaired to Amsterdam, took a lodging in the 
dockyard, assumed the garb of a pilot, put down his name 
on the list of workmen, wielded with his own hand the 
caulking iron and the mallet, fixed the pumps, and 
twisted the ropes.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

C. Assubst.: (See extract.) 

“ Caulking, or calking in shipbuilding [is] the opera¬ 
tion of driving a quantity of oakum, or old ropes un¬ 
twisted and drawn asunder, into the seams of the 
planks.”— Rees: Cyclopaedia. 

*caulme-nes, s. [Calmness.] 

“ Caulmenes. Tranquillitas, intempestas.” — Huloet. 

caul-o-car'-pous, a. [Lat. caulis — a stem, a 
stalk; Gr. fcorpos=fruit.] 

Bot.: Applied to a stem which lives many years, 
repeatedly bearing flowers and fruit, as a shrub or 
tree. 


cau-lop'-ter-is, s. [From Gr. fcaw.'os—a stalk, 
and pteris= a kind of fern.] 

Palceont.: A fossil fern stem occurring in the 
Devonian and Carboniferous strata. 

cau-lo-tre-tus, s. [From Gr. kaulos= a stalkj 
and frefos=bored through.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants called also Schnella. They 
are of the sub-order Csesalpinieee, and the tribe 
Bauhinieae. The leaves of Caulotretus microsta- 
chyus are used, as are those of various Bauhinias in 
Brazil, where they are termed Unha de Boy and 
Oxhoof, as mucilaginous remedies. {Lindley.) 

caum, v. t. [Cam.] To whiten with camstone or 
pipe-clay. 

cau-m^., s. [Gr. kauma= a burning heat; kaio= 
to burn.] 

Med.: Excessive heat of the body, as in fever, 
cau-mat'-lc, a. [Gr. kauma, genit. kaumatos, 
and Eng. suff. -ic.) 

Med.: Of or pertaining to a feverish heat; excess¬ 
ively hot, as in fever. 

caunt-er, caunt'-ing, a. [Contra.] 
caunter-lode, s. 

Mining: A lode which inclines at a considerable 
angle to the other contiguous veins. 

*cau-po -na, v. or interj. [From Fr. a, un coup= 
at once, all together.] A sailor’s cheer on heaving 
the anchor. 

*eau'-pon-ate, v. i. [Lat. cauponattis; pa. par. 
of cauponor=to keep an inn; caupo= an innkeeper; 
caupona= an inn, a shop.] To Keep an inn or a 
victualing house. 

*cau-po-na-tion, s. [Lat .cauponatus; pa. par. 
of cauponor = to keep a shop or inn; caupona— a 
shop, an inn.] Petty dealing; traffic; hence, unfair 
dealing. 

“Without cauponation and adulterization of the word.” 
—Latimer {Trench: Def. of Eng. Diet.). 

*cau'-pon-i§e, V. i. [Lat. caupo (genit. cauponis ) 
= an innkeeper; and Eng. suffix - ise .] To retail 
provisions. 

“ . . . the wealth of our rich rogues, who cauponised 
to the armies in Germany in this last war .”—Warburton 
to Hurd, Lett. 171. 

cau§ -g,-ble, a. [Eng. caus{e); -able.) Capable 
of being caused, effected, or produced. 

“ That may be miraculously effected in one, which is 
naturally causable in another.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

cau§'-g,l, a. & s. [Low Lat. causalis— pertaining 
to cause; causa=a cause.] 

A. As adj.: Relating to causes; implying or con¬ 
taining causes ; expressing a cause. 

“Causal propositions are where two propositions are 
joined by causal particles . . .”— Watts: Logic. 

B. As subst.: A word which expresses a cause, or 
introduces the reason. 

“A peculiar class of causals in Hindi, formed by in¬ 
serting l before the characteristic long vowel.”— Beames: 
Comp. Gram. Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i. (1872), ch. iii., 
p. 240. 

cau-gal-i-tf, s. [Low Lat. causalitas; from 
Lat. causa.) 

1. Ord. Lang.: The agency of a cause; the quality 
or property of causing. 

“ As he created all things, so is he beyond and in them 
all, in his very essence, as being the soul of their causal¬ 
ities, and the essential cause of their existences.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

2. Phrenol.: The supposed faculty of tracing 
events to their causes. 

cau§'-g,l-ly, adv. [Eng. causal; -ly .] Accord¬ 
ing to causes; in the order or series of causes. 

“ Thus may it more be causally made out, what Hip¬ 
pocrates affirmeth.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 
cau§ -al-ty, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Min.: The lighter or earthy parts of ore which 
are carried away by washing. 

TCau§-a'-tion, s. [Low Lat. causatio—a. dispute, 
a controversy ; causor= to dispute.] 

1. The act, power, or process of causing. 

“ Thus doth he sometimes delude us in the conceits of 
stars and meteors, besides their allowable actions, ascrib¬ 
ing effects thereunto of independent causation.” — Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

2. The act or agency by which anything is caused. 
“ He speaks of the point of contact of supernatural 
ower with the chain of causation being so high up as to 
e wholly, or in part, out of sight, . . .”— Tyndall: Frag. 

of Science (3d ed.), iii. 46-7. 

cau§ -?L-tlve, a. [Low Lat. causo= to cause.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Effective as a cause, reason, or agent. 

“ . . . it appeareth to be one of the essential forms 
of things; as that that is causative in nature of a number 
of effects.”— Bacon: On Learning, bk. i. 

2. Expressing a cause, causal. 


b6il boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = i 
'Cia'n, -tian = sh?,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgL 









causatively 


788 


caustic-curve 


T I Gram.: Applied to certain changes of form 
wnereby neuter verbs become transitive (thus raise, 
make or cause to rise), also to the class constituted 
by such change. 

“ Let any Hebrew reader judge whether pihel can prop¬ 
erly be said, in general, to augment the signification, or 
hiphel to be causative." — Student, ii. 308. 

cau§'-a-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. causative; -ly .] In 
a causative manner. 

“ Several conjugations are used very indiscriminately; 
and whether they are to be taken actively, passively, 
causatively, or absolutely, must be determined by the con¬ 
text.”— Student, ii. 308. 

cau-§a -tor, s. [Low Lat. causator, from causo 
=to cause.] He who or that which causes or pro¬ 
duces an effect or result. 

“ Demonstratively understanding the simplicity of per¬ 
fection, and the invisible condition of the first causator, 
it was out of the power of earth, or the areopagy of hell, 
to work them from it .’’—Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

cau§e, s. [O. Fr. cause; Ital. & Sp. causa, from 
Lat. causa.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. That which produces, effects anything; that 
from which anything proceeds or arises, the rela¬ 
tive to effect. 

“ Cause is a substance exerting its power (into act, to 
make one thing begin to be.”— Locke. 

•'‘Remember, Man, ‘the Universal Cause 
Acts not by partial, but by gen’ral laws.’ ” 

Pope: Essay on Man, Ep. iv., 1. 35-6. 

2. A reason; ground or motive of action. [Be¬ 
cause.] 

“ They begynne to declare the cause of her comynge.” 

. Deposit. of Richard II., p. 28. 

“. . . fought against me without a cause.” — Psalm 
jix. 3. 

*3. Sake, interest, advantage. 

“ I did it not for his cause." —2 Cor. vii. 12. 

4. A side or party in a dispute or controversy; a 
principle. 

“ The ryght of hys cause.”—Robert of Gloucester, p. 456. 

“ The minority in both Houses, it was said, would be 
true to the cause of hereditary monarchy.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

t5. A matter in dispute ; a question. 

“The cause was ihandled and itreted bytwene the 
Iorsaide primates.”— Trevisa, ii. 141. 


cause-list, s. 

Law: A printed roll of actions to be tried in the 
order in which they are entered, and with the name 
of the attorneys engaged for each litigant. 
cau§e, v. t. & i. [Cause, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To act as an agent in producing, to effect, to 
bring into existence. 

“ He apologized to those who had stood round him all 
night for the trouble which he had caused.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

2. To produce an effect, to make (with an infini¬ 
tive following). 

“Wilt thou judge them, son of man, wilt thou judge 
them? cause them to know the abominations of their 
fathers.”— Ezek. xx. 4. 

*B. Intrans.: To show cause or reason. 

“ But he, to shifte their curious request, 

Gan causen why she could not come in place.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. ix. 26. 

*([ Crabb thus discriminates between to cause, to 
occasion, and to create: “ What is caused seems to 
follow naturally; what is occasioned follows inci¬ 
dentally ; what is created receives its existence arbi¬ 
trarily. A wound causes pain, accidents occasion 
delay, but bodies create mischief. The misfortunes 
of the children cause great affliction to the parents; 
business occasions a person’s late attendance at a 
place; disputes and misunderstandings create ani¬ 
mosity and ill-will.” ( Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 
cau§ed, pa. par. or a. [Cause, v.] 

“ They caused great joy to all the brethren .”—Acts xv. 3. 
*cau§e'-ful, a. [Eng. cause; -full.] Having a 
sufficient cause, reason, or excuse. 

cau§e'-less, *eau§e'-les, a. & adv. [En g. cause; 
-less.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Having no cause or creative agent, uncreated, 
original, self-existent. 

“ . . . we have our philosophical persons, to make 
modern and familiar things, supernatural and causeless.” 
— Shakesp.: All’s Well, ii. 3. 

“ Reach th’ Almighty’s sacred throne, 

And make his causeless pow’r, the cause of all things, 
known.” Blackmore: Creation. 

f2. Without cause or reason. 

“. . . the curse causeless shall not come.”— Prov. 

xxvi. 2. 


“ O madness of discourse, 

That cause sets up with and against thyself!” 

Shakesp.: Troilus, v. 2. 

*6. An accusation, an indictment, a charge. 

II. Law: A suit, an action, ground of action. 

“ To corte quen thou schal com 
Ther alle oure causez schal be tryed.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 700. 

“Hear the causes between your brethren, . . .”— 
Deut. i. 16. 

III. Special phrases : 

1. Cause of action {Law) : A right to sue. ( Whar¬ 
ton .) 

2. Material cause: That of which anything is 
made. 

3. Final cause: The motive inducing an agent to 
act; the object or purpose for which a thing is done 

•or made. 

4. Efficient cause : The agent effecting or produc- 
idng a result. 

5. Formal cause: The elements of a conception 
Which make a conception or the thing conceived to 
be what it is, or the idea viewed as a formative 
principle and co-operating with the matter. _ 

6. To make common cause with: To join in aims 
or objects with another; to side with and support 
one. 

“Thus the most respectable Protestants, with Elizabeth 
at their head, were forced to make common cause with the 
Papists.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

T[ (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between cause, 
reason, and motive: “ Cause respects the order and 
connection of things; reason the movements and 
operations of the mind; motives the movements of 
the mind and body. Cause is properly generic, rea¬ 
son and motive are specific; every reason or motive 
is a cause, but every cause is not a reason or motive. 
Cause is said of all inanimate objects - reason and 
motive of rational agents. Whatever happens in 
the world happens from some cause, meci-ate or im¬ 
mediate ; the primary or first cause of ail is God. 
Whatever opinions men hold they ought to be able 
to assign a substantial reason for them, and for 
whatever they do they ought to have a sufficient 
motive. As the cause gives birth to the effect, so 
does the reason give birth to the conclusion, and the 
motive gives birth to the action.” {Crabb: Eng. 


^(2) For the difference between cause, s., and case, 
a., see Case, s. 


Alas ! my fears are causeless and ungrounded.” 

Denham. 

*B. As adv. : Causelessly, without cause, reason, 
or excuse. 

“ Ther is on specialy hath don me harme, 

God wote causeles.” Generydes, 723. 

cau§e'-less-ly, adv. [Eng. causeless; -ly.] With¬ 
out a cause or reason. 

“They [sin against the ninth commandment] that 
secretly raise jealousies and suspicion of their neighbor 
causelessly.”—Jeremy Taylor: Rule and Exercises of Holy 
Dying, viii. § 4. 

cfiu§e’-less-ness, s. [En g. causeless; -ness.] The 
quality of being causeless. 

“Discerning and acknowledging the causelessness of 
your exceptions.”— Hammond: Works, i. 196. 

*cau§'-en, v. t. & i. [Cause.] 

cau§'-er, s. [Eng. cause; -er.] He who or that 
which causes anything; the agent by which any 
effect is produced. 

“ You have in that forsworn the use of eyes ; 

And study too, the causer of your vow.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 3. 

cau§e-way, *§au§'-ay, +cau§’-ey, *caws-e, 
*caws-ee, cau§’-way, ^cauge'-way {Eng.), cal- 
sey, cas-ey {Scotch), s. [A popular corruption 
from O. Fr. caucie (chaucib); Fr. chauss6e, from 
Low Lat. calciata (via) = a paved (road); calcio— 
to make up a wall with lime, &c.; calx (genit. 
calcis) =lime.] 

1. Literally 

(1) A way raised above the level of the surround¬ 
ing ground, and paved. 

“ Hoppand on the thak and the causay.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 202, 32. 

“ Whose causeway parts the vale with shady rows, 
Whose seats the weary traveler repose.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, iii. 259. 

(2) A built way across a swamp or the like, and 
supported by an embankment or by a retaining 
wall. It is contradistinguished from a viaduct, 
which is supported by trestle-work, or by arches or 
trusses resting on piers. 

2. Fig. A path or road of any kind. 

“ The Lord our Savior hath cast up such a causway, as 
it were, to heaven, that we may well travel thither from 
all coasts and corners of the earth.”— Simeon Ashe: Fast- 
day Sermon (1642), 


IT Several natural causeways exist in different 
parts of the world, the most noted probably being 
the Giant’s Causeway, in the county of Antrim, 
Ireland. 

fcau§e -way, fcau§-ey, v. t. [Causbway, s.] 

To pave. 

“ These London kirkyards are causeyed with through- 
stanes.”— Scott: Nigel, ch. vi. 

cau§e’-wayed, cau§'-eyed, a. [Causeway, v.] 
Raised and paved. (Said of a street.) (Scotch.) 

“. . . butted bo in her shanks for she gangs on a 
causeway’d street, unless . . .”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. 
xxxvi. 

fcaus'-ey, s. & a. [Causeway, s.] 

T[ To tak the crown of the causey: To appear 
with pride and self-assurance. 

*causey-clothes, s. pi. Dress in which one may 
appear in public. 

“From that day [17th November] to Monday, I think the 
20th, we kept in, providing for causey-clothes.” — Baillie: 
Lett., i. 398. 

*causey-faced, a. One who may appear on the 
street without blushing, or has no reason for shame 
before others. 

*causey-tales, s. pi. Common news; street 

news. 

If Yeneedna mak causey-tales o’t: Do not pub¬ 
lish it. 

*causey-webs, s. pi. A person is said to make 
causey-webs who neglects his or her work, and is 
much on the street. 

fcau§ -ey-er, s. [Causey.] A maker of a cause¬ 
way. 

cau-§id-ic-al, a. [Lat. causidicus=a pleader, 
a lawyer; causa= a cause, a case; dico —to tell, to 
plead.] Pertaining or relating to an advocate, or 
the pleading of causes. 
cau§-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cause, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The actor process of producing or 
effecting anything'; cause, 
caus-son, s. [Cavezon.] 

Horsemanship: A nose-band for breaking-in 
young horses. 

caus’-tlc, *caus’-tick, caus'-ti-cal, a. & s. 
[Lat. causticus; Gr. kaustikos = burning; kaio, 
future kauso =to burn.] 

A. As adjective (of all the forms): 

1. Lit.: Burning hot, corrosive. Applied to a 
medicine or substance which destroys the tissue of 
the animal parts to which it is applied, changing it 
into a substance like burnt flesh, which in a little 
time, with detergent dressing, falls off, and leaves 
a vacuity in the part. 

“Air too hot, cold, and moist, abounding perhaps with 
caustic, astringent, and coagulating particles.”— Arbuth- 
not. 

“ If extirpation be safe the best way will be by caustical 
medicines or escharotics.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

2. Fiq.: Sharp, hitter, cutting. Applied to lan¬ 
guage tull of bitter satire or sarcasm. 

“. . . and mirth he has a particular knack in 
extracting from his guests, let their humor be never so 
caustic or refractory.”— Smollett: Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker. 

B. As substantive (of the first two forms only): 

1. Med.: Any substance which, on being applied 
to the flesh, destroys the animal tissue. Specially, 
a term applied to Nitras argenti, or nitrate of sil¬ 
ver, commonly called Lunar Caustic, which is 
stimulant and sedative in its action rather than 
destructive, except on the mere surface to which it 
is directly applied. The stronger caustics produce 
an eschar, and are therefore called _ escharotics. 
They acc either by their intense affinity for water, 
or by forming compounds with the albuminous sub¬ 
stances, as sulphuric acid, caustic potash, bromine, 
chromic acid, arsenic, nitric acid, hydrochloric 
acid, carbonic acid, glacial acetic acid, chloride of 
zinc, chloride of antimony, nitrate of silver, rod ox 
ide of mercury, sulphate of copper. Caustics are 
employed (1) To destroy poisonous bites of ser¬ 
pents, rabid animals, syphilis; (2) To remove 
exuberant and morbid growths, as excessive granu¬ 
lations, polypi, cancerous deposits, warts, and to 
improve the character of ulcerated surfaces; (3) To 
act on healthy skin, so as to form issues, and to 
open abscesses. 

“ . . . retired to his own lodgings, where he applied 
caustic to the wart.”— Smollett: Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker. 

2. Optics: A caustic curve, 
caustic-curve, s. 

Geom. and Optics: A curve to which the rays of 
light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are 
tangents. [Catacaustic Curve, Diacaustio 
Curve.] 


fate fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot. 
or, wore, wplf, w5rk, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw, 




caustic 


789 


cavalcade 


caustic potash, s. 


Chem.: Potassium hydrate KHO (q. v.). 
caustic soda, s. 

Chem.: Sodium hydrate NaHO (q.v.). 
caus'-tic-al-ly, adv. [En g.caustical; -ly.] 

1. Lit.: In a caustic manner; like a caustic. 

2. Fig.: Bitingly, bitterly, sarcastically. 


caus-tlg -I-tjf, s. [Eng. caustic; -ity.] The 
quality which distinguishes caustic substances; 
that of haying so strong a tendency to combine 
with organized bodies or substances as to destroy 
their texture ; a quality belonging to concentrated 
acids, pure alkalies, and some metallic salts. 


“Causticity, and fluidity, have long since been excluded 
from the characteristics of the class, by the inclusion of 
silica and many other substances in it . ”— J. S. 

Mill: System of Logic, p. 159. 

caus-tic-ness, s. [Eng. caustic; -ness.] The 
quality of being caustic ; causticity. (Scott.) 
caus -tis, s. [Gr. fcaustos=burnt; kaio —to bum.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants of the order Cyperaceae, 
or Sedges. 

*cau'-tel, *cau-tele, *caw-tel, *caw-tele, *cau- 
til, s. [Lat. cautela, from cautus=cautious, wary.] 

1. A trick, stratagem, or piece of cunning. 

“Cavtele, or sleyte. Cautela.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Perhaps he loves you now, 

And now no soil nor oautel doth besmirch 
The virtue of his will.” Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 3. 


2. Caution, wariness. 


“ Cautele. A taking heed. ”— Cockeram. 

*c.au -tel-oiis, *cau -tel-lous, a. [Eng. cautel; 

-OUS.] 

1. In a good sense: Cautious, wary. 

“ Palladio doth wish, like a cautelous artisan, that the 
inward walls might bear some good share in the burden.” 
•— Wotton. 


2. In a bad sense: Treacherous, cunning, tricky. 

“ Ypocritis ben cautellous for to take men in wordis.”— 
Wycliffe: Select Works, i. 223. 

“ Swear priests, and cowards, and men cautelous, 

Old feeble carrions, and such suffering souls.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, ii. L 

*cau-tel-Ous-ly, adv. [Eng. cautelous; -ly.] 

1. In a good sense: Cautiously,, warily. 

“The Jews, not resolved of the sciatica side of Jacob, 
lo cautelously, in their diet, abstain from both.”— 
Browne. 

2. In a bad sense: Treacherously, cunningly. 

“All pretorian courts, if any of the parties be laid 

asleep, under pretense of a retirement, and the other party 
doth cautelously get the start and advantage, yet they will 
set back all things in statu quo prius.” — Bacon: War with 
Spain. 

*cau-tel-ous-ness, s. [Eng. cautelous; -ness.] 
The quality of being cautelous; caution, wariness. 

“ Let it not offend you, if I compare these two great 
Christian virtues, Cautelousness, Repentance.”— Hales: 
Rem. p. 254. 

cau'-ter, s. [Fr. cautbre; Sp., Port. & Ital. cau- 
terio; Lat. cauterium; Gr. ka;uterion~:i branding- 
iron; from kauter= a burner, from kaio = to burn.] 
A searing hot iron; a burning or branding-iron. 

cau -ter-<int, s. [Cauterize.] A cauterizing 
substance, such as caustic. (Landon.) 
c«Lu'-t§ir-I§m, s. \Cauter(ize); -ism.'] 

1. The use or application of cauterants. 

2. A cauterant. 

“ Some use the cauterisms on the legs.”— Ferrand: Lo. 
Melancholy, p. 262. 

cau-ter-I-za'-tion, s. [Fr. cauterisation; Lat. 
cauterizatio; from cauterizo=tx> burn with a brand¬ 
ing-iron.] . . , ., 

Surg : The act of burning; or searing morbid 
flesh with cauterants, or caustic substances. 

“ They require, after cauterization, no such bandage, 
as that thereby you need to fear interception of the 
spirits.”— Wiseman. 

cau -ter-ize, v. t. [Fr. cauteriser; Sp. & Port. 
cauterizar; It. cauterizzare; Lat. cauterizo; from 
Gr. kauteriazd= to burn with a branding-iron; kau- 
terion—s. branding-iron ; kauter— a burner; kaio—to 
burn.] . 

1. Lit.: To burn or sear with cauterants. 

*2. Fig.: Of the heart or conscience, as if “ seared 
with a hot iron,” and so rendered insensible to any 
influence. 

“The more habitual our sins are, the more cauterized 
our conscience is, the less is the fear of hell. Jeremy 
Taylor: Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying, i. 603. 

cau’-ter-Ized, pa. par. or a. [Cauterize.] 

cau'-ter-Iz-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Cauterize.] 

A. & B. Aspr.par. <&partic. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

“No marvel though cantharides have such a corrosive 
and cauterizing quality . . .’’—Bacon: Natural and 

Experimental History. 


C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of burning with caustic. 

2. Fig.: A burning to the heart. 

“For each true word a blister ! and each false 
Be as a caut’rizing to the root o’ the tongue, 
Consuming it with speaking.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, v. 2. 

IT The first folio reads cautherizing. 
cau'-ter-y, s. [Gr. kauterion=a branding-iron, 
from kaid= to burn, to brand.] 

1. An instrument for burning or searing the flesh, 
either with a hot iron, or with caustic medicines. 

“ In heat of fight it will be necessary to have your 
actual cautery always ready, . . .”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

2. The act of cauterizing. 

“Cautery is either actual or potential; the first is 
burning by a hot iron, and the latter with caustic medi¬ 
cines. The actual cautery is generally used to stop 
mortification, by burning the dead parts to the quick, or 
to stop the effusion of blood, by searing up the vessels.”— 
Quincy. 

cau-thee, s. [A word from one of the Hindoo 
languages.] 

Fabrics: A coarse East India cotton cloth, 
cau'-ting, a. [Shortened from cautering (q.v.).] 
cauting-iron, s. 

Farriery: An iron used for cauterizing the flesh 
of horses. 

cau-tion, *cau-ci-on, *kau-cy-on, *cau-ci- 
oun, s. [Fr. caution; Sp. caucion; It. cauzione, 
from Lat. cautio= a taking care, from cautus—care¬ 
ful, cautious, from caveo— to take care, to be 
cautious.] 

1. Security, pledge, guarantee. 

“ Kaucyon they nolde give, ne bidde.” 

K. Alisaunder, 2811. 

“ He that objects any crime, ought to give caution, by 
the means of sureties, that he will persevere in the prose¬ 
cution of such crimes.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

If In this sense the word only survives in Scots 
law, and at the Universities. [Caution-money.] 

*2. A bill, an account. 

“ Take thi caucioun, and sitte soone and write fifti.”— 
Wycliffe: Luke xvi. 6. 

3. Provision or security against danger, &c.; 
prudence, wariness, provident care and heedful¬ 
ness. 

“ In despite of all the rules and cautions of govern¬ 
ment . . .”— L’ Estrange. 

“Schomberg and some other officers recommended cau¬ 
tion and delay.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

4. A warning, advice to be careful and provident. 

“Indulge, my son, the cautions of the wise.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xxiii. 114. 

U Crabb thus discriminates between an admoni¬ 
tion, a warning, and a caution: “An admonition 
respects the moral conduct; it comprehends reason¬ 
ing and remonstrance. Warning and caution 
respect the personal interest or safety in. We 
admonish a person against the commission of any 
offense; we warn him against any danger; we cau¬ 
tion him against any misfortune.” (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

Law: 

Cautio pro expensis: Security for costs or expenses. 
In nearly all the countries of Europe, an alien 
plaintiff, whether resident there or not, is required 
to give caution pro expensis; that is, security for 
costs. In some of the states of this country, when 
such plaintiff has real estate, or a commercial or 
manufacturing establishment within the state, he 
is not required to give such caution. 

caution-money, s. A sum of money deposited 
by a person as security, as by a student on his 
matriculation at the English Universities. 

if To find caution: To bring forward a sufficient 
surety. (Scotch.) 

“ Caution must he found by the defender for his appear¬ 
ance, and to pay what shall be decreed against him.’ — 
Spottisivoode: MS. vo. Cautio. 

To set caution: To give security. (Synon. with 
the preceding phrase.) 

“ He was ordained also to set caution to Frendraught, 
. . .’’—Spalding, i. 45. 

cau -tion, v. t. [Caution, s.] To give a warning 
to, to warn. 

(a) Absolutely: 

“ How shall our thought avoid the various snare?^ 

Or wisdom to our caution’d soul declare . . .” 

Prior. 

(b) With against. (Used principally of persons.) 

“ You cautioned me against their charms, 

But never gave me equal arms.”— Swift. 

cau-tion-g,r-f, a. & s. [Low Lat. cautiono= 
to give security.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Given as a pledge or security. 

“ I am made the cautionary pledge, _ 

The gage and hostage of your keeping it.” 

Southerne. 


b(nl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


2. Containing a caution or yvaming. 

“ Nay, if you look a little farther, you will see that 
these ways are made cautionary enough.”— Bunyan: PiU 
grim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

3. Wary, provident, cautious. 

“Most of the doctrines of the Philosophers are more 
fearful and cautionary than the nature of things re- 
quireth.”— Bacon: Adv. of Learning, bk. ii. 

B. As subst.: A pledge, a security or guarantee, 
cau -tioned, pa. par. & a, [Caution, v.] 
cau’-tion-er, s. [Eng. caution; -er.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: One who cautions or warns 
another. 

II. Scots Law: One who is bound as security for 
the performance by another of a specific act; a 
surety or guarantor. 

“All bandes, acts and obligationes maid or to be maid, 

. . . for the gude rule, quietnesse of the Bordoures and 
Hielandes —sail be extended against the aires and suc- 
cessoures, of their soverties and cautioners.”—Acts Ja. V., 
Pari. 1587, c. 98. 

cau -tion-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Caution, v.] 

A. & B. As pres. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of warning or giving a cau¬ 
tion to another. 

*cau'-tion-Ize, v. t. [ Caution; -ize .] To place 
under security or guarantee, to secure. 

“The captaine of the Janissaries rose and slew the 
Ballur, and gave his daughter in marriage to one Aslan 
Begh, a pretender to the antient inheritance of a bor¬ 
dering province, to cautionize that part .”—Continuation 
of Knolles, 1414. (Latham.) 

fcau'-tion-ry, s. [Eng. caution; -ry.] The act 
of becoming security for another; suretyship, 
guarantee. 

“That the true creditors and cautioners of the saide 
forfaulted persons—should no wayes be prejudged by 
the foresaid forfaulter—anent their relief of their just 
and true ingagements, and cautionries, . . — Acts 

Cha. I., 1814, vi. 167. 

cau'-tious, a. [Lat. ccrat't«=heedful, wary, from 
caveo= to be careful or wary.] Full of caution, 
wary, heedful, careful. 

1. Of persons: 

“ . . . my Lord Clarendon will do well to be cautious 
for the future.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. Of qualities: 

“With cautious reverence from the outer gate, 

Slow stalks the slave, whose office there to wait, . . .” 

Byron: The Corsair, ii. 8. 

If With of before the person or thing to be guarded 
against. 

“ Be cautious of him, for he is sometimes an inconstant 
lover, because he hath a great advantage.”— Swift. 

If (1) Crabb thus discriminates between cautious , 
wary, and circumspect: “These epithets denote a 
particular care to avoid evil; but cautious expresses 
less than the other two; it is necessary to be cautious 
at all times; to be wary in cases of peculiar danger; 
to be circumspect in matters of peculiar delicacy 
and difficulty. . . . A tradesman must be cautious 
in his dealings with all men; he must be wary in 
his intercourse with designing men; he must be 
circumspect when transacting business of particu¬ 
lar importance and intricacy.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

(2) For the difference between careful, cautious , 
and provident, see Careful. 

cau -tious-ly, adv. [Eng. cautious; -ly.] In a 
cautious manner, warily, heedfully. 

“ This well employed, he purchased friends and fame, 
But cautiously concealed from whence it came.” 

Dryden: The Fables; Palamon and Arcite, bk. i. 

“. . . in return for money cautiously doled out, . . .” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

cau -tious-ness, s. [Eng. cautious; -ness.) The 
quality of being cautious; vigilance, circumspec¬ 
tion. 

“ I could not but approve their generous constancy and 
cautiousness.”—King Charles: Eikon Basil. 

ca'-VA, ka'-wa, s. [A Polynesian word.] An 
intoxicating beverage prepared from Macropiper 

methysticum. 

ca-va -di-um, s. [Lat., from cavum cedium = 
the hollow part of a house: cavum, neut. sing, of 
cavus— hollow ; cedium, genit. of cedes= a house.] 
Arch.: An open quadrangle or court within a 
house. Vitruvius describes five varieties — Tits* 
canicum, Corinthium, tetrastylon (with four col¬ 
umns) , displuviatum (uncovered), and testudinatum 
(vaulted). Some authors have made the cavoedium 
the same as the atrium and vestibulum, but they 
were essentially different. (Gwilt.) 

cav -al-cade, s. [Fr. cavalcade = a riding of 
horse. ( Cotgrave .)] A procession or train of men 

on horseback. 

“ Whose loveliness was more resplendent made 
By the mere passing of that cavalcade." 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; Sicilian’s Tale. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, d©L 






cavei 


cavalcade 


790 


*cav'-al-cade, v. i. [Cavalcade, s.] To go or 
ride in procession. 

“He would have done his noble friend better service 
than cavalcading with him to Oxford.”— North: Examen., 

p. 112. 

fcav-al-er -6, cav-a-lier'-o, s. [Cavalier.] A 
quasi-Spanish form of the word cavalier, used gen¬ 
erally with somewhat of a burlesque meaning. 

“Nothing, good monsieur, but to help cavalero Oobweb 
CO scratch.”— Shakesp.: Mid. Night’s Dream, iv. 1. 

cavalero-justice, s. 

“How now, bully-rook? thou’rt a gentleman ; cavalero- 
justice, I say.”— Shakesp.: Mer. Wives of Windsor, ii. 1. 

cav-g,-lier', s. &a. [Ft. cavalier; Ital. cavaliere; 
Sp. Caballero; all from Low Lat. caballarius —a 
horseman, from caballus=& horse.] [Caple.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Generally: 

(1) A knight, a horseman. 

“ Now joy to the crest of the brave Cavalier! 

Be his banner unconquered, resistless his spear.” 

Scott: Rokeby, v. 20. 

(2) A gallant. 

“ For who is he, whose chin is but enrich'd 
With one appearing hair, that will not follow 
These cull’d and choice drawn cavaliers to France ?” 

Shakesp.: Hen. V., iii. Prologue. 

2. Spec.: Applied to themselves by the royalist 
party in the civil war under Charles I. 

“ During some years they were designated as Cavaliers 
and Roundheads. They were subsequently called Tories 
and Whigs; nor does it seem that these appellations are 
likely soon to become obsolete.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. i. 

*11. Fortif.: A work situated behind another, 
over which it has a command of fire. 

“ Our casemates, cavaliers, and counterscarps, 

Are well survey’d by all our engineers.” 

Heywood: Four P’s. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Knightly, warlike. 

*2. Noble, generous, brave. 

“ The people are naturally not valiant, and not much 
cavalier.” — Suckling. 

3. Belonging to the Cavalier or Royalist party. 

“. . . an old Cavalier family, . . .”— Disraeli .• 

Coningsby, bk. iii., ch. iii. 

4. Haughty, disdainful. 

cav-g,-lier'-i§m, s. [En g. cavalier; -ism.] The 
principles or customs of cavaliers. (Scott.) 
cav-g,-lier'-ly, adv. [Eng .cavalier; -ly .] 

1. Lit.: Like a cavalier. 

2. Fig. : Arrogantly, haughtily, as with a sense of 
superiority. 

*cav a lier'-ness, s. [Eng. cavalier; -ness.] 
Arrogance, haughtiness. 

♦cav-gi-li-er -o, s. [Ital.] A cavalier. 

“ In short he was a perfect cavaliero, 

And to his very valet seem’d a hero.” 

Byron: Beppo, v. 33. 

cav -?i-lot, s. [Fr. cavalot.) 

Mil.: An ancient cannon five feet long, throwing 
a 1-lb. ball, with a charge of 1 lb.; range, 900 paces. 

cav -gil-r^, *ca-val-ler-ie, s. [O. Fr. cheval- 
erie; Fr. cavalerie; Sp. caballeria; Ital. & Port. 
cavalleria.) [Cavalier.] 

Mounted soldiery: That part of a military force 
that serves on horseback. 

IF The cavalry of the United States army consists 
of ten-regiments, each containing twelve companies 
or troops. They are really intended (in addition to 
forming a nucleus for organization in case of war) 
to act as mounted police, and while they are thor¬ 
oughly drilled in modern military evolutions for 
their particular branch of the service, they are at 
the same time assimilated as closely to the infantry 
as possible, and are trained to maneuver either as 
mounted cavalry or as foot soldiers. They are 
armed with swords and with breech-loading (gener¬ 
ally repeating) rifles. Of the ten regiments two are 
composed of negroes, commanded by white commis¬ 
sioned officers. They are chiefly stationed in the 
west, garrisoning the forts and stations designed to 
hold the Indians in check. 

Originally cavalry and chivalry were but two 
different ways of spelling the same word. ( Trench: 
Eng. Past and Present, p. 65.) 

*ca-vate', v. t. [Lat. cavatus, pa. par. of cavo= 
to hollow out.] To hollow or dig out; now super¬ 
seded by excavate (q. v.). (Bailey.) 

cav-<i-tm'-a, s. [Ital.] A melody of a more 
simple form than the aria. A song without a second 
part and a da capo. (Stainer <& Barrett.) 
*cuv’-at-lng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cavate, v.) 


A. & B. As pr.par. & par tic. adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of hollowing out or exca¬ 
vating. 

*cav-a’-tion, *cav-a'-zion, s. [Low Lat. cavatio 
= a hollowing or excavating; cavo =to hollow out, 
to excavate.] 

Arch.: The hollowing or underdigging of the 
earth for cellarage or foundations; according to 
Vitruvius it should be the sixth part of the height 
of the whole building. 

cave (1), *kave, s. & a. [Fr. cave; Sp. & Ital. cava 
=a hollow place; from Lat. cavea, from cavus— 
hollow.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. A hollow place or cavern under the earth; a 
subterraneous habitation. 

“Thor he biggede in a cave, the was thor in roche 
graven.” Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,137. 

“ Thou magic lyre, whose fascinating sound 
Seduced the savage monsters from their cave.” 

Cowper: Ode on the Marriage of a Friend. 

*2. Any hollow place or part. 

“The object of sight doth strike upon the pupil of the 
eye directly, whereas the cave of the ear doth hold off the 
sound a little.”— Bacon: Natural History. 

II. Technically: 

1. Geol.: Caves in many cases are scooped out 
by the sea or by the action of inland streams. They 
are most numerous in limestone countries, and are 
of great interest geologically. [Cave-deposits.] 

2. Glass Manufacture: The ash-pit of a glass 
furnace. 

B. As adj. : (See the compounds. ) 

IF Obvious compound: Cave-keeper. 

Tt The best known American cave is the Mammoth 
Cave, in Edmonson County, Kentucky. It is near 
Green River, about six miles from Cave City, and 
twenty-eight miles from Bowling Green. The cave 
consists of a succession of irregul ar chambers, some 
of which are large, situated on different levels. 
Some of these are traversed by the navigable 
branches of the subterranean Echo River. Blind 
fish are found in its waters. Another prominent 
candidate for public notice is the Luray Cave, sit¬ 
uated near the Village of Luray, in Page County, 
Virginia. This latter has been said by some to sur¬ 
pass the Mammoth Cave in almost every particular. 

cave-bear, s. 

Palceont.: Ursusspelceus, a fossil bear, more gigan¬ 
tic than any now known to exist. It is found in 
Post-Pliocene cave-deposits. 

cave-breccia, s. 

Geol.: A breccia, generally of marine origin, fre¬ 
quently met with in caverns at the base of sea-cliffs. 
It often contains organic remains. [Cave-de- 
posits.] 

cave-deposits, s.pl. 

Geol.: Deposits made in sea-caves. Water washed 
in some of the materials which were afterward 
fixed in their place by the formation of stalactite 
pendulous from the roof, and stalagmite rising in 
irregular columns from the floor. According to the 
celebrated chemist Liebig, the vegetable soil above 
the limestone rock, when acted on by moisture and 
air, evolves carbonic acid (carbon dioxide). Fall¬ 
ing rain, becoming impregnated with this chemical 
compound, is capable of dissolving the limestone, 
and subsequently losing by evaporation a portion 
of the carbonic acid, parts with the calcareous mat¬ 
ter, which it leaves in the form of stalactite. The 
dropping of water impregnated with carbonate of 
lime from the tips of the pendulous stalactites, gen¬ 
erates the stalagmites, and hermetically seals the 
aqueous deposits beneath for geological examina¬ 
tion. It is remarkable that, tested by these organic 
remains, caverns do not, as might be anticipated, 
range over a succession of formations; they seem to 
be all but limited to the Newer-Pliocene and Post- 
Pliocene periods. 

cave-dwellers, s. pi. A name given to the pre¬ 
historic people who dwelt in caves. [Troglodyte.] 

cave -earth, s. 

Geol.: A stratum of earth constituting the old 
floor of a cave, previous to the deposition of the 
stalagmite by which, as a rule, it is now covered. 

cave-guarded, a. Guarded or protected in a 
cave. 

cave-hyena, cave-hysena, s. 

Paloeont.: Hycena spelcea, a fossil, a hyena akin 
to H. crocuta of South Africa, of which it may be 
only a variety. 

“The cave-hyena and cave-tige'r are found associated 
with the Ursus spelucus in the caverns.”— Lubbock: Pre¬ 
historic Times, p. 238. 


*cave-keeping, a. Secret, retired from sight, as 
though hidden in a cave. 

“ In men, as in a rough-grown grove, remain 

Cave-keeping evils that obscurely sleep.” 

Shakesp.: Lucrece, 1249-5L 

cave-lion, s. 

Palceont.: A fossil lion, Felis spelcea, akin to if 
not even identical with the F. leo of modern times, 
cave-pika, s. 

Palceont.: A fossil species of Lagomys found in 
Post-Pliocene deposits in Europe, 
cave-rat, s. A species of rat living underground, 
cave (2), s. [Icel. afca/r=:with force.] 

1. A stroke, a push. 

2. A toss. 

cave (1), v. t. & i. [Cave, s.] 

*A. Transitive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: To hollow out. 

“Under a steepe hilles side it placed was, 

There where the moldred earth had cav’d the banke." 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 33. 

2. Tech.: To separate grain from the broken 
straw. 

“ I cave corne. J’escouse le grain.” — Palsgrave. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. To dwell in a cave. 

“It may be heard at court, that such as we 
Cave here, hunt here, are outlaws, . . .” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

+2. To sink or fall down, to give way. 

1[ To cave in: To give way, to yield. (Slang.) 

“A puppy . . . joins the chase with heart and soul, 

but caves in at about fifty yards.”— H. Kingsley: Geoffry 
Hamlyn, ch. xxviii. 

To cave over: To fall over suddenly. (Scotch.) 

“ Sitting down [on] a bedside, he caves back over so 
that his feet stack out stiff and dead.”— Mellvill: MS., 
p. 32. 

To cave the head: To toss it in a haughty or awk¬ 
ward way. 

“ Up starts a priest, and his hug head claws, 

Whose conscience was but yet in dead thraws. 

And did not cease to cave, and paut, 

While clyred back was priekt and gald.” 

Cleland: Poems, p. 66. 

cave (2), v. t. [Ca’.] To drive backward and 
forward; to toss; 

cav'-e-at, s. [Lat. caveat.= let him beware, 3d 
per. sing. pr. subj. of caveo= to beware.] 

I. Technically: 

1. Law: A notice or warning given by any person 
interested to some public officer not to do a certain 
act until the par-ty giving the notice has been heard 
in opposition. 

“ A caveat is an intimation given to some ordinary or 
ecclesiastical judge by the act of man, notifying to him, 
that he ought to beware how he acts in such or such an 
affair.”— Ayliffe. 

2. Patent Laws: A description of some invention 
designed to be patented, lodged in the office before 
the patent right is taken out, operating as a bar to 
applications respecting the same invention from 
any other quarter. 

II. Ord Lang, (fig.): A warning, a caution, a 
protest. 

“As, however, there is scarcely any one of the prin¬ 
ciples of a true method of philosophizing which does not 
require to be guarded against errors on both sides, I 
must enter a caveat against another misapprehension, of 
a kind directly contrary to the preceding.”— J. S. Mill: 
System of Logic, § 3. 

Caveat emptor (Lat.): Let the purchaser beware, 
i. e., let him examine what he is buying before he 
completes the bargain ; in other words, the risk of 
the purchase lies with the purchaser. 

*cav-e-a-tlng, s. [Lat. caveat, and Eng. suff. 
-ing.\ 

Fencing: The act of moving the sword alter¬ 
nately from one side to the other of that of the 
adversary. 

*cav-e- a --tor, s. [Lat. & Eng. caveat; suff. -or.] 
Law: One who enters a caveat, 
cav -el (1), *cav-ell, cav-Ill, s. [A modification 
of Eng. cowl (q. v.). Ci. caplet) Alow fellow. 

“ Ane cavell quhilk was never at the schule.” 

Chalmers: Lyndsay, ii. 60. 

*cav-el (2), *cau'-il, *caf-le, *kav-el, 
*kev-il, s. [Kavel.] 

1. A rod, a pole. (Christ Kirk on the Green.) 

2. A lot. 

“ Syne caflis cast quha sail our master be.” 

Wallace, vii. 378. 

3. The response of an oracle. 

“Quhilis he says, the cauillis of Lida.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 112, 55. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ee, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




cave! 


791 


cavolina 


4. Fortune, lot. 

“I should be right content 
For the kind cavel that to me was lent.” 

Boss: Helenore, p. 128. 

5. A division or share of property; an allotment. 
“They got about 40 chalders of victual and silver sent 

vnt of the bishop’s kavil.” — Spalding, i. 230. 

6. A ridge of growing corn. 

*cav-el, v. t. [Cavel (2), s.] To divide by lot, to 
apportion. 

“The heritors of Don met every fortnight after the 
savelling of the water in April.”— State. Leslie of Powis, 
dfrc., 1805, p. 123. 

*cav-en-ard, s. [Fr. cagnard, caignard, from 
Lat. cani3= a dog.] A rascal, a villain. [Caynard.] 
“Hede, cauenard t 
What dos thee here at this pathe ?” 

Havelok, 2,389. 

ca> -en-dish, s. [Named after Thomas Caven¬ 
dish, the circumnavigator and buccaneer, who died 
in 1592.1 A kind of tobacco softened and pressed 
into cakes. 

cav’-ern, s. & a. [Fr. caverne; Lat. caverna = a 
cavern; cairns—hollow.] 

A. As subst.: A cave or den. 

“Patience whispered the oaks from the oracular caverns 
of darkness.” Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 3. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
tcavern-cell, s. A dwelling in a cavern. 

“And mothers with their infants, there to dwell 
In the deep forest or the cavern-cell.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage. 

fcavern-damp, s. The damp, stagnant atmos¬ 
phere pervading caves. 

“ She fails—she sinks—as dies the lamp 
In charnel airs or cavern-damp.” 

Moore: Lalla Bookh ; Paradise and the Pen. 

cavern-deposits, s.pl. [Cave-deposits.] 
cavern-fern, s. 

Bat.: A book-name for Antrophyum. (Treas . of 
Bot.) 

cav'-erned, a. [Cavern, s.] 
fl. Full of caverns or caves. 

“ The wolves yell’d on the cavern’d hill 
Where echo roll’d in thunder still.” 

Byron: The Siege of Corinth, bk. xxxiii. 
“’Twas seen from Dryden’s groves of oak, 

And seen from caverned Hawthornden.” 

Scott: Last Minstrel, vi. 24. 

*2. Formed in or through a cavern. 

“Now pass’d the rugged road, they journey down 
The cavern’d way descending to the town.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xvii. 236-1. 

*3. Living in caverns. 

“No cavern’d hermit, rests self-satisfy’d.” 

Pope: Essay on Man, iv. 42. 

f4. Found in caverns. 

“And cavern’d gems their lustre throw 
O’er the red sea-flowers’ vivid glow ? ” 

Hemans: A Tale of the Fourteenth Century. 

cav’-er-nous, a. [Fr. cavemeux; Sp. & Ital. 
cavernoso; Lat. cavernosus—tvll of caverns; cav- 
erna= a cavern.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Full of caverns. 

(2) Deep, low down in caverns. 

“. . . scarcely heralded 
By one deep moan, forth from his cavernous depths 
The earthquake burst . . .” 

Hemans: The Vespers of Palermo. 


circle. It is the reverse of the ovolo or quarter- 
round, and is sometimes used in cornices, pedes¬ 
tals, &c. 

“The Roman moldings are all formed of parts of cir¬ 
cles ... is the Cavetto or hollow. This is a quarter- 
round, the curve turning inward.”— Cassell’s Technical 
Educator, vol. iii., p. 199. 

cav'-e-zon, *ca'-ves-son, *cav'-e-son, s. [Fr. 

cavegon, cavesson; Sp. cabezon; Ital. cavezzone— 
a covering for the head; from 0. Fr. chevece; Sp. 
cabeza=heeLd ; Ital. cavezza, for capezza= a halter, 
a bridle, from Lat. caput — head; capistrum = a 
bridle, a halter.] A sort of noseband, sometimes 
made of iron and sometimes of leather or wood; 
sometimes flat and sometimes hollow or twisted; 
which is put upon the nose of a horse, to forward 
the suppling and breaking of him. 

cav’-I-a, s. [Mod. Lat., from the native Brazilian 
name cabiai.) 

ZoOl.: A genus of animals of the class Mammalia, 
order Rodentia, having the foreteeth two-wedged, 
grinders eight, tail and clavicles none. The princi¬ 
pal species are the C. apercea (Guinea-pig), C. aguti 
(Long-nosed Cavy), &c. They are natives of South 
America. 

cav'-I-ar, cav-I-ar -e, s. [In Fr. caviar; Ital. 
caviale; Sp. cabial, cabiar: Romaic, kabiari. The 
etymology is uncertain, but perhaps from Lat. 
garum— sauce or pickle ( Mahn ), or from the Turk. 
havydr or hdvydr=- caviare (Skeat).) 

1. Lit.: The roes of sturgeon and other fish 
caught in the rivers of Russia, dried, salted, and 
eaten as a relish. 

“The eggs of a sturgeon, being salted and made up 
into a mass, were first brought from Constantinople by 
the Italians, and called caviare.” — Grew: Musceum. 

2. Fig.: Anything displeasing or not according 
to the taste. (So used from the fact of the relish 
being seldom appreciated at first use, a liking for 
it being an acquired taste.) 

“. . . for the play, I remember, pleased not the 
million; ’twas caviare tothegeneral.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, 
ii. 2. 

T[ The pronunciation of this word is unsettled. 
It is found variously, as ca-veer’, ca-ve-ar', 
ca-ve-a-re, ca-ve-a'-re, the first being the more 
usual. 

cav’-I-cbrn, s. [Lat. cavws=hollow, and cornu— 
a horn.] 

ZoOl.: Any ruminant animal whose horns are hol¬ 
low and planted on a bony recess of the fronts, as 
the antelope. ( R. Owen.) 

cav-i-cor'-nl-a, s. pi. [Cavicorn.] 

ZoOl.: The typical section of the order Ruminan- 
tia, containing the Hollow-horned Ruminants, 
f Cavicorn .] There are three families, the Anti- 
lopidee, Ovidee, and Bovidae. 

cav'-i-dse, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat .cavia (q. v.), 
and. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.) 

1. Zobl.: The Cavies, a family of Rodents, having 
no clavicles, unguiculate toes, a rudimentary tail, 
and, as a rule, eight rootless molars in each jaw. 
It contains the Capybaras, Agoutis, and Pacas. The 
family is almost exclusively South American. 

2. Palceont.: Species of Cavidae exist in South 
America, in Post-Pliocene beds and caves. 

cav'-ie, s. [A corrupted form of cavalier (q. v. i.j 

“And wheD both houses vote agen, the cavies to be 
gone.” Brome: Songs (1661). ( Halliwell .) 

cav'-il, *cau-yll, *cau-il, *cav-ill, v. i. & t. [O. 

Fr. caviller— to cavil, wrangle, reason crossly {Cot- 
grave); Lat. cavillor=to banter; cavilla, cavillum, 
or cavillus=a. jeering, a caviling ( Skeat ).] 


2. Fig.: Resembling a cavern. 

II. Anat.: With cavities in the anatomical sense. 
In this usage the accent is commonly on the second 
syllable. 

“. . . in the Lamprey the lacteals pass forward, and 

enter the abdominal cavernous sinus beneath the aorta. ” 
—Owen: Anatomy of Vertebrates. 

cav-era'-p-lous, a. [Lat. cavernula, dim. of 
caverna—a cavern; cavus— hollow, and Eng. adj. 
euff. -ous .] Full of little cavities or hollows. 

“Unless poured out in a very liquid state, that is, of 
very great heat, copper will not cast either solid or tena¬ 
cious, but is cavernulous and weak; in its best state it 
seems porous.”— Black: Lectures, iii. 326. ( Latham .) 

cav’-es-on, *cav-es-son, s. [Cavezon.] 

*Cci-ve'-tO, s. [Imper. of v. caveo —to be wary or 
cautious.] Be cautious or wary. 

“ Therefore, caveto be thy counsellor. 

Go, clear thy crystals.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., ii. 3. 

fcav-et'-tS, s. [Ital. cavetto= a hollow, from cavo, 
Lat. caws=hollow.] 

Arch.: A concave molding, the curvature ot 
whose section does not exceed the quadrant of a 


A. Intrans.: To raise empty or frivolous objec¬ 
tions, to argue captiously. 

“ . . . as thou lovest and honor’st arms, 

Let’s fight it out, and not stand caviling thus.” ( 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., i. 1. 


If With at: 

“He cavils first at the poet’s insisting so much upon 
the effects of Achilles’ rage.”— Pope: Notes on the Iliad. 

*B. Trans.: To object to or to find fault with 
frivolously or captiously. 

“Thou didst accept them: wilt thou enjoy the good, 
Then cavil the conditions?” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. x. 

K For the d ifference between to cavil and to cen¬ 
sure, see Censure, v. 

cav’-Il (1), s. [Cavil, v .] A captious or frivo¬ 
lous objection. 

“That’s but a cavil: he is old.”-— Shakesp.: Taming of the 
Shrew, ii. L 


cav -il (2), s. [Kevel.] 

1. Naut.: A large cleat. 

2. Archceol.: A small stone ax with a fiat face 
and a pointed peen. It resembles a jedding-ax. 


1X511, boy; pout, jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-eia'n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


cav’-il-er, s. [Eng. cavil; -er.) A man fond of 
making objections; an unfair adversary; a captious 
disputant. 

“The candor which Horace shews is that which dis¬ 
tinguishes a critic from a cavilei — Addison: Guardian. 

cav -il-ihg, pr. par., a. & s. [Cavil, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ . . . notwithstanding his depreciatory and caviling 

criticism of that great writer.”— Lewis: Cred. Early Roman 
Hist. (1855), ch. vii., § 2, vol. i., p. 246. 

C. As subst.: The act or habit of raising frivolous 
objections. 

cav'-il-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. caviling; -ly.] In a 
caviling or captious manner; captiously. 

*cav'-Il-Ing-ness, s. [Eng. caviling; -ness.) The 
quality of being caviling or captious. 

*cav-il-la'-tion, s. [Lat. cavillatio=the act of 
caviling, from cavillor= to cavil.] A disposition to 
make captious objections ; the practice of objecting 
frivolously or captiously; caviling. 

“I might add so much concerning the large odds be¬ 
tween the case of the eldest churches in regard of 
heathens, and ours in respect of the Church of Rome, 
that very cavillation itself should be satisfied.”— Hook. 

*cav-il-on, *cav-el-loun, s. [Cavil, v.) A dis¬ 
pute. 

“ Asknyghtez in caueloun.” — Sir Gawayne, 683. 
cav-Il-ous, a. [Eng. cavil, and suff. -out 
Fond of raising frivolous or captious objections 
caviling. 

“ Those persons are said to be cavilous and unfaithful 
advocates, by whose fraud and iniquity justice is de¬ 
stroyed.”— Ayliffe. 

cav'-il-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. cavilous; -ly.) In a 
caviling manner, captiously. 

“ Since that so cavilously is urged against us.”— Milton: 
Art. of Peace between the E. of Orm. and the Irish. 

cav'-il-ous-ness, s. [Eng. cavilous; -ness.] The 
quality of being cavilous or fond of raising frivol¬ 
ous objections; captiousness. 

ca-vin (1), s. [Fr.; from Lat. cavws=hollow.] 
Mil.: An old term for a natural hollow large 
enough to shelter troops when attacking a fortress. 
Also a hollow way running round the works of a 
fortified place. 

*ca-vin (2), s. [Convent.] 
cav'-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Cave, v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or process of separating 
short, broken straw from the grain. 

easing-rake, s. A rake for separating the chaff 
iron, the grain when spread on the barn floor. 

cav'-mgs, cav-vin§, s. pi. [Cave, v.) Short 
broken straw raked from the grain. 

cav' -1-tv s- [Fr. cavitS ; Lat. cavitas= a hollow, 
from cavus =hollow-] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

I. A hollow place. 

“ The vowels are made by a free passage of breath, 
vocalized through the cavity of the mouth; the said cav. 
ity being differently shaped by the postures of the throat, 
tongue and lips.”— Holder: Elem. of Speech. 

t2. The stare ot being hollow, 

“ The cavity or hollowness of the place.”— Goodwin. 

II. Anat.: (For definition see extract.) 

“ Cavity ... in Anatomy ... is used to signify 
any excavation or even depression of more than ordinary 
depth, which may exist in or between the solid parts 
Hence we find cavities existing in bones or formed bytha 
junction of one or more bones. . . . But we have like¬ 
wise large excavations whose walls are of a more compli. 
cated arrangement, and which are destined to receive and 
protect those organs which are concerned in the functions 
of innervation, respiration, and digestion . . . namely 
the cephalic or cranial cavity containing the brain, the 
thoracic cavity containing the organs of respiration, and 
the abdominal cavity containing the organs of digestion 
and of the secretion of urine. To this last is appended, 
as a continuation, the pelvic cavity." — Todd: Cyclopaedia 
of Anatomy and Physiology. 

T[ For the difference between a cavity and an 
opening, see Opening, s. 
ca -VO, a. [Ital. cavo=hollow; Lat. cavus.) 
cavo-relievo, s. An Egyptian style of sculptur¬ 
ing, in which the higher relief is only on a level 
with the plane of the stone, the rounded sides of 
the figures being cut into the material. 

cav-o-ll-na, s. [Fr. cavoline; Ital. cavolino=* 
division, because the tentacles are foliated.] 

Zobl.: A genus of nudibranchiate Gasteropoda 
furnished with four tentacula above and two on the 
sides of the mouth, and radiating retiform branchiae 
arranged in transverse rows on the back. It is now 
reduced to a sub-genus of JSolis. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?I 





cavolinite 792 cecidomyia 


Cav-&-li'-nIte, s. [Named after Cavolini, a 
Neapolitan naturalist, with Eng. suff. -tie {Min.) 
(q. 7.).] 

Min.: A variety of Nephilite (q. v.). The longi¬ 
tudinal rifts within give it a silky luster. It is 
from Vesuvius, where it occurs in hexahedral 
crystals with other minerals lining the cavity of a 
geode. 

*ca'-V0us, a. [Eng. cav(e) ; suff. -ows.] Abound¬ 
ing in caves, hollow. 

ca’-Vjr, s. [Mod. Lat. cavia, from Brazil, cabiai.] 
Z 06 I.: A genus of South American Rodents. It 
includes the Guinea-pig {Cavia cobay a). All have 
a short tail, or none at all, and bear a slight resem¬ 
blance to a pig. 

caw (1), v. i. [An onomatopoeic word. Cf. A. S. 
ceo; Dut. ha, kae; Scotch ka— a crow.] To make a 
noise like a rook or crow. 

C&W (2), v. t. [Ca\] To drive, 
caw (1), s. [Caw, v.] The noise or cry made by 
a crow, rook, or raven. 
caw(2),s. [Ca\] 
cawf, s. [Calf.] 
caw-ill, s. [Cavel.] A lot. 
caw'-Ing (1), pr. par., a. & s. [Caw, «.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“The cawing rooks, and sea-mews from afar.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

C. Assubst.: The cry or caw of a crow, rook, or 
raven. 

*caw’-Ing (2), *caw'-yng, pr.par.&s. [Call,u.] 

A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: The act of driving. 

“ The cawyng of wedderis in grit [in flocks] furth of 
the schyir.” — Aberd. Reg., A. 1545, V. 19. 
cawk, s. [Cauk.] v 

*cawk, *cauk, v. i. [Fr. cauquer— “ to trede, as 
a cocke dothe a henne ” {Cotgrave); Lat. calco= to 
tread.] To breed. 

“ Some briddes at the bile thorugh brethyng 
conceyved, 

And some caakede.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 7,292. 

cawk -er, cauk -Sr, s. [Calkek] 

1. The hinder part of a horse-shoe sharpened and 
turned downward, so as to prevent =lippine r on ice- 

2. A dram; a glass of ardent spirits. 

“The magistrates wi’ loyal din, 

Tak aff their cau’kers.” 

Mayne: Siller Gun, p 89. 

ciwk'-mg, s. [Cauking..] 
cawk’-y, a. [Cauky.] 

caw -lie, s. [From Eng. cowl.] A man (in con¬ 
tempt). {Scotch.) 

cawm'-er, v. t. [Calm.] To quiet, to calm, 
cawmys, s. [Calmes.] A mold. 

“ That every merchande—sail bring hame as oft as he 
ealis or sendis his gudis at euery tyme twa hagbutis— 
with powder and cawmys for furnessing of the samin,” 
Ac.— Acts Ja. V., 1535, ed. 1814, p. 346. 

caw-quaw, s. [For etym. see def.] The name 
given by the Cree Indians to the Canada Porcu¬ 
pine {Erethizon dorsatum). 
cax -e§, s. [Cashes.] 

*cax -on, s. [From the name of a celebrated 
maker of wigs.] A wig. 

“The other, an old, discolored, unkempt, angry caxon, 
denoting frequent and bloody execution.”— Lamb: Christ’s 
Hospital i t ve-and-Twen t y Years Ago. 

cax -6u, s. [Sp. caxon= a box or chest, a weight 
of 50 cwt. of ore, augment, of caxa=a chest; from 
Lat. capsa .] A chest of ores of any metal that has 
been burnt, ground, and washed, and is ready to be 
refined. {Chalmers.) 

Cax'-ton, s. [From William Caxton, the intro¬ 
ducer of printinginto England, born in Kent, about 
1412, died at Westminster, 1492. His printing-press 
was in the Almonry at Westminster. Sixty-four 
books are known to have been printed by him. His 
first work was the Recuyell of the Historyes of 
Troye, printed at Cologne about 1476. This was the 
first work printed in the English language.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: The printer named above. 

2. Bibliog.: A book printed by William Caxton. 
Cay, kay, cay'-o {sing.), key§ (pi.), s. [Sp. 

cayos, pl.=shelves, sand-banks, rocks, islets in the 

sea.] [Keys.] 

cay-a-po’-nl-a, s. [Etym. doubtful. Probably 
the name of the plant in one of the Brazilian-Indian 
languages.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Cucurbitace®. 
The species, which are Brazilian, are drastics of 
great energy. 


cay -enne, s. & a. [From Cayenne, in South 
America.] [Capsicum.] 

cayenne pepper, s. The dried powdered fruits 
of various species of Capsicum. Specially those of 
the West Indian Capsicum annuum. 

cay -man, cai -man, s. [From the native word 
in Guiana.] 

Zobl.: A genus of American reptiles, belonging to 
the Crocodile family. It is distinguished from the 
true crocodile by having its feet only half-webbed. 
An alligator. 

“ The slaves, on their arrival from Africa, at sight of a 
crocodile gave it immediately the name of cayman.” — 
Translation of Cuvier’s Regne Animal, Sauri, ix. 196. 

*cay-nard, s. [Cavenaed.] A rascal, a villain. 

“See, olde caynard, is this thin array?” 

Chaucer: Wife of Rath, Prol., 5,817. 

*cay-tlf, a. & s. [Caitiff.] 

*cay'-tlve, a. & s. [Caitiff.] 
ca-zlc', cu~ziq ue (que as k), s. [Sp. cacique, 
from the native Haytian word.] A king or chief 
among some Indian tribes of this country. 

“The principal cazique of the island came to visit 
Cortes, . . .”— Townsend: Conquest of Mexico, i. 15. 

*caz -I-ml, s. [Etym. doubtful.] An old astrolog¬ 
ical term, denoting the center or middle of the 
sun. A planet is said to be in cazimi when not dis¬ 
tant from the sun, either in longitude or latitude, 
above 17 minutes ; or the apparent semi-diameter of 
the sun, and of the planet. Kersey says 17 degrees, 
and the annotator on the Old Plays, who copies 
him, has raised it, by a new error, to 70 degrees. 
{Nares.) 

“I’ll find the cuspe, and Alfridaria, 

And know what planet is in cazimi.” 

Album, O. PI., vii. 171. 

ca'-zo, s. [Sp. cazo=a stew-pan, a saucepan, a 
great spoon.] 

Metal.: A vessel with a copper bottom in which 
ores of silver are treated in the hot process. 

caz’-zle, s. & a. [Cassie.] A sack or net made 
of straw. 

cazzie-chair, s. A sort of easy-chair of plaited 
straw. 

*caz-zon, s. [Ft. gazon=tuTf (Latham).] [Cas¬ 
ing (2), s.] Dried dung of cattle, used for fuel. 
{Provincial.) 

Cd. Chem.: The- symbol for the element Cad¬ 
mium. 

Ce. Chem.: The symbol for the element Cerium, 
ge-an o -thus, s. [Gr. keanbthos = a kind of 
thistle.] 

Bot.: Red-root, a genus of smooth, pubescent, 
shrubby plants, order Rliamnace®, natives of this 
country, with erect branches, and white, blue or 
yellow flowers disposed in terminal panicles, or in 
axillary racemes. In America Ceanotlius ameri- 
canus is generally known by the name of New Jer¬ 
sey tea. the leaves having been formerly used for 
the same purpose as those of the Chinese plant. In 
Canada it is used for dyeing wool a nankeen or cin¬ 
namon color. 

gease, *gessen, *gesen, *geesen, *gegyn, 
*sesse, *seasse, v. i. & t. [0. Fr. cesser; Sp. 
cesar; It. cessare, from Lat. cesso= to go slowly, 
cease, frequent, of cedo= to give way, yield.] 

I. Intransitive: 

1. To come to an end, leave off, give over, desist. 

(1) Absolutely: 

“ Cecyn. Cesso.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ We shalle not seasse, but ding all downe.”— Townley: 
Mysteries, p. 65. 

(2) With an infinitive following: 

“ The stream will cease to flow.” 

Tennyson: All Things will Die. 

(3) With the preposition from: 

“ The lives of all who cease from combat, spare.” 

Dryden. 

2. To be at an end, to exist no longer. 

“ All charite shal cease among the men.” 

Gower, i. 38. 

*3. To become extinct, to pass away. 

“ The inhabitants of the villages ceased, they ceased in 
Israel . . .’’—Judges v. 7. 

4. To rest, leave off for a time, desist from 
“. . . without ceasing'I have remembrance of thee in 
my prayers night and day.”—2 Tim. i. 3. 

II. Trans.: To put a stop to, to end. 

“ But he, her fears to cease. 

Sent down the meek-ey’ d peace.” 

Milton: Nativity, 45. 

Crabb thus discriminates between to cease, 
leave off, and discontinue: “ To cease is neuter; to 
leave off and discontinue are active ; we cease from 
doing a thing; we leave off or discontinue a thing. 


Cease is used either for particular actions or general 
habits; leave off more usually and properly for par 
ticular actions; discontinue for general habits. A 
restless spoiled child never ceases crying until it nas 
obtained what it wants; it is a mark of impatience 
not to cease lamenting when one is in pain. A la¬ 
borer leaves off his work at any given hour. A 
delicate person discontinues his visits when they 
are found not to be agreeable. It should be our 
first endeavor to cease to do evil.. It is never good 
to leave off working while there is anything to do, 
and time to do itin. The discontinuing a good prac¬ 
tice without adequate grounds evinces great insta¬ 
bility of character.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

*gease, s. [Cease, v.] The end, extinction or 
failure. 

“The cease of majesty 
Dies not alone; but, like a gulf, doth draw 
What’s near it with it.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 8. 

geased, pa.par. & a. [Cease.] 
gease'-less, a. [Eng. cease; -less.] Incessant, 
unceasing, unending. 

“Till, ceaseless in its growth, it claim’d to stand.” 
Cowper: On the Ice Islands seen floating in the Gertxar. 

Ocean. 

gease-less-ly, adv. [Eng. ceaseless; -ly.] Un¬ 
ceasingly, incessantly, without ceasing, 
geas'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cease, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. -4s subst.: The act of leaving off, or desisting 
from anything; a stoppage. 

“. . . he did not mean by abrogation a ceasing, but 

an alteration and abatement.”— Warburton: Remarks on 
Occas. Reflect., pt. ii. 

tgea'-siire, s. [Cesuka.] The rhythm of verse. 

“ Divine du Bartas, hid his heavenly ceasures, 

Singing the mighty world’s immortal story?” 

Sylvester: Du Bartas. 

geb-a-dll-la, s. [Cevadilla.] 

*ge-bell, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Music: The name of an air or theme in common 
time of four bar phrases, forming a subject upon 
which to execute “divisions” upon the lute or 
violin. This style of air, although frequently 
found in books for the violin in the 17th century, is 
now obsolete; its principal feature was the alter¬ 
nation of grave and acute notes which formed the 
several strains. {Stainer eSb Barrett.) 

ge'-bl-dae, s. pi. [FromMod.Lat. ceb{us) (q.v.), 
and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.) 

Zobl.: A family of Quadrumana (Monkeys), con¬ 
sisting of species with long and prehensile tails. 
There are 38 teeth, 6 of them in either jaw being 
molars. They have neither cheek-pouches nor cal¬ 
losities. They occur in tropical America. [Cebtjs.] 
ge-bl'-nse, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. ceb{us), and 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -ince.) 

Zobl.: The typical sub-family of the cebidae 
(q. v.). 

ge-brl-on-I-de§, ge-bri-on'-I-dae, s. pi. [From 
cebrio, the typical genus; and Lat. pi. suff. -idee, 
-ides. ] 

Entom.: A family of coleopterous insects, in 
which all the joints of the tarsi are entire, and 
without pellets, and the posterior thighs not larger 
than the others. The European species appear in 
great numbers after heavy rains. {Craig.) 

ge'-bus, s. [From Gr. kebos=a. long-tailed mon¬ 
key.] 

1. Zobl.: A genus of American monkeys, of which 
the type is the Simia apella of Linnaeus. It has 
a short muzzle and prehensile tail, with a facial 
angle of 60°. 

2. Paloeont.: It is found in Post-Pliocene strata 
in South America. 

ceb-y-u-ra, s. The name of a large Brazilian 
tree, the bark of which is used in decoctions for 
baths and fomentations in rheumatism of the limbs 
and cutaneous diseases. Called also Cebipara. 
*gec, *geke, a. [Sick.] 

“ Cec, or seeke. ( Ceke or sekenes.) Inflrmus. eget 
languidus .**— Prompt. Parv. 

$ec -dun, s. [Sequin, Zechin.] An Italian gold 
coin, a sequin. 

“ Here I have brought a bag of bright cecchines. 

Will quite weigh down his plate.” 

Ben Jonson: Fox, i. 1. 

ge-gld-o-my'-i-a, s. [From Gr. kekis, genit. 
kekidos— . . . a gall-nut, and myia= a fly.] 
Entom.: A genus of two-winged flies, Diptera, of 
the family Tipulid®, having the wings resting hori¬ 
zontally with three longitudinal nervures; head 
hemispherical ; antenn® as long as the body, and 
generally 24-join ted, the joints hairy (in females 14- 
jointed); the two basal joints short, legs long; 


ate, fat, fare, g,midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr^, Syrian, as, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw- 



cecilians 


793 


ceiling-joists 


basal joinc of tarsi very short, second long. Steph¬ 
ens enumerates twenty-six species, all of which are 
of small size. Cecidomyia tritici, the Wheat-fly, is 
well known from its attacks on wheat. 

9e-9il'-i-g,n§, s. [Fr. c&cilies , from Lat. coecilia 
= a slow-worm or blind-worm; coecu8=blind.] 

Zobl.: A family and genus of naked vertebrates, 
placed by Linnaeus and Cuvier among serpents, but 
now known to be amphibians. The eyes are ex¬ 
ceeding small, whence the name given to them ; the 
skin is smooth, viscous and striated, with annular 
folds. It is not properly naked, but the scales are 
rery minute and indistinct. All the species are 
natives of warm climates. [C^ciliadje.] 

*9e'-9i-ty, s. [Fr. c&cit£; Lat. ccecifas=bliud- 
ness; coecM,s=blind.] Blindness. 

“They are not blind, nor yet distinctly see; there is in 
them no cecity, yet more than a cecutiency; . . .”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

*9e-cle, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Gael. sgail=a 
cover, a veil, sgaileach=& veil, a curtain.] A can¬ 
opy. ( Weale.) 

9ec'-6-graph, s. [Lat. ccecws=blind; Gr .grapho 
=to write.] A French writing-machine for the 
blind; a chiragon. 

9e-cr6p-i-a, s. [Named after Cecrops, a fabu¬ 
lous king of Athens.] 

Bot.: A genus of large-leaved, soft-wooded milky 
trees, natives of tropical South America, and 
belonging to the order of Artocarpads. More than 
twenty-five species are known. C. peltata, the 
Trumpet-tree of the West Indies, is so called from 
its hollow branches being used for musical instru¬ 
ments, especially a species of drum called by the 
native Indians Amboobas. It grows very rapidly 
and attains a height of upward of fifty feet. The 
wood is very light, and is commonly used in the 
West Indies for making floats for fishing-nets. 

9 e -crops, s. [The fabulous first king of Athens.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of Crustacea, of the order Siphon- 
ostoma, and family Caligina or Caligidee. 

* 9 e-cu -tl-en- 9 y, s. [Lat. ccecutiens, pr. par. of 
ccecutio = to be blind; ccecus = blind.] A partial 
blindness; a tendency to blindness, (see instance 
under Cecity.) 

9 e'-dar, * 9 e-dir, *ce-dre, *se -dyr, s. & a. [A. S. 

ceder-beam, ceder-treow; Sw. ceder, ceder-tr do; 
Dan. ceder tr a; Dut. ceder boom; Ger. ceder; Gael. 
seudar: Wei. cedr; Fr. cbdre; Prov. cedre, sedre; 
Sp. & Port, cedro; Ital. cedra; Lat. cedrus; Gr. 
kedros=( 1) the cedar of Lebanon, (2) a kind of 
juniper.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Scrip. & Bot.: A tree or trees called in Heb. 
erez, from araz, the root of aruz = coiled, com¬ 
pressed. In Sept. Gr. it is kedros. Erez still con¬ 
tinues in the Arab, ctrz, and seems to be a generic 
word, almost like the English cedar , but limited 
apparently to species of the pine family, of which 
several are on Mount Lebanon, the three most nota¬ 
ble being “ the cedar of Lebanon,” pre-eminently so 
called [II. 1], the Deodar [II. 1, and Deodar], and 
the Scotch fir ( Pinus sylvestris). The masts for 
ships spoken of in Ezek. xxvii.5 were probably from 
the Scotch fir; while the tree, of which it is said 
that “his boughs were multiplied and his branches 
became long,” is plainly the typical “ Cedar of 
Lebanon.” The wood of that species is soft, and 
not specially valuable ; and, contrary to the received 
opinion, the erez which furnished the beams, &c., of 
Solomon’s temple, may have been from another 
species of Lebanon pine. 

II. Ord. Lang. & Bot.: The English name given 
to various trees, chiefly of the orders Pinaceae (Con¬ 
ifers) and Cedrelacese (Cedrelads). 

1 . (Of the order Tinacese) : 

(1) The Cedar of Lebanon ( Abies cedrus, often 
called Cedrus Libani). From the allusion to it in 
Scripture it has, for many centuries, been an object 
of interest, and more than one hundred years ago 
Miller thus described it: “It is evergreen; the 
leaves are much narrower than those of the pine- 
tree, and many of them produced out of one 
tubercle, resembling a painter’s pencil; it has male 
flowers, or katkins, produced at remote distances 
from the fruit on the same tree. The seeds are pro¬ 
duced in large cones, squamose and turbinated. 
The extension of the branches is very regular in 
cedar trees; the ends of-the shoots declining and 
thereby showing their upper surface, which is con¬ 
stantly clothed with green leaves so regularly as to 
appear at a distance like a green carpet, and, m 
waving about, make an agreeable prospect. The 
wood of this famous tree is accounted proof against 
the putrefaction of animal bodies. The sawdust is 
thought to be one of the secrets used by the mounte¬ 
banks who pretend to have the embalming mystery. 
This wood is also said to yield an oil, which is 
famous for preserving books and writings; and the 
wood is thought by Bacon to continue above a thou¬ 
sand years sound.'’ 


(2) Various junipers: Spec, (a) the Virginian 
Cedar ( Juniperus virginiana , (6) the Bermuda 
Cedar (./. bermudiana), and (c) the Barbadoes 
Cedar ( J. barbadensis) , &c. 

2. (Of the order Cedrelacese (Cedrelads): Various 
trees. Spec., Bastard cedar=any species of the 
genus Cedrela; Bastard Barbadoes Cedar (C. odo- 
rata); Cedar of Australia ( C. australensis). 

3. Of other orders: Various trees belonging to the 
Meliacese, Byttneriaceae, &c. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or made of the tree 
described under A. 

IT Obvious compounds: Cedar-beam, cedar-like , 
cedar-top. 

cedar-bird, s. 

Ornith.: A species of Chatterer, Ampelis caro- 
linensis, also called the American Wax-wing. It 
derives its name from its partiality to cedars, upon 
the berries of which it is popularly supposed to 
feed. 

cedar-wood, s. 

1. Gen.: The wood of any of the ordinary cedars. 

2. Spec.: A name given in Guiana to an easily 
worked and very aromatic wood, called also Cur- 
ana, Samaria, Acuyari, and Mara. 

9e'-dared, a. [Cedar.] Covered with or full of 
cedars. (Milton.) 

tce'-darn, a. [Eng. cedar, with adj. suff. -(e)n.] 
Made or consisting of cedar, cedrine. 

“Right to the carven cedarn doors.’’ 

Tennyson: Recol. of the Arabian Nights. 

9ede, v. t. cti. [Lat. cedo— to yield, give way; Fr. 
cider.'] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To give up, surrender, yield. 

“By the peace of Paris in 1763, it [Dominica] was ceded 
in express terms to the English.”— Guthrie: Geography. 

2. To acknowledge as due, to ascribe. 

“That honor was entirely ceded to the Parthian royal 
race.”— Drummond: Travels, p. 256 (1754). 

til. Intrans.: To give way, to yield, to pass over to. 

“This fertile glebe, this fair domain, 

Had well nigh ceded to the slothful hands 
Of monks libidinous.” 

Shenstor.e: Ruined Abbey. 

If For the difference between cede and give up see 
Give up. 

9ed'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Cede.] 

*9e-dent, s. [Lat. cedens (genit. cedentis), pr. 
par. of cedo= to yield, surrender.] 

Scots Law: He who assigns or executes a deed 
of assignment. 

“ That na assignatioun or vther euident alleagit, maid 
in defraud of the creditour, salbe a valiable title to per- 
sew or defend with, gif it salbe than instantlie verifiet be 
wreit that the cedent remanis rebell and at the home for 
the same caus vnrelaxt .”—Acts Ja. VI., 1592, ed. 1814, p. 574. 

9e-dll'-lg,, s. [Sp. cedilla; Fr. cidille Ital. zed- 
iglia; dimin. of zeta, the name of the Greek letter 
corresponding to z, from this letter being formerly 
written after the c to give it the sound of s.] s A 
mark (,) placed under the French c, in order to give 
it the sound of s. 

9ed'-lng, pr. par., a. <& s. [Cede.] 

A. & B. As pr. par., & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of yielding or surrendering. 

9e'-drat, s. [Fr. c&drat; Ital. cedrato; from Lat. 

cedrus= a cedar.] 

Bot.: A variety of citron-tree (Citrus medica.) 

9e-dra’-tl, s. [From Gr. fcedros=the cedar-tree.] 
A perfume derived from a variety of the aurantia- 
ceous Lime, Citrus acida. 

9e-dre -la, s. [A dimin. from Lat. cedrus —a. 
cedar.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Cedrelaceae. Cedrela odorata, or Barbadoes 
Bastard-cedar, a native of South America, has wood 
of a brown color, very fragrant, and is imported 
under the name of Honduras, or Jamaica Cedar. 
C. Toona, a native of Bengal, furnishes timber much 
like mahogany. The bark is very astringent, and 
has been found valuable in fevers, dysentery, &c. 
The flowers are used for producing a red dye. The 
bark of C. febrifuga is used against the intermit¬ 
tent fevers of Java. 

9e-drel-a'-9e-ge, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cedrel(a) ; and 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: A natural order of tharmifloral dicotyle¬ 
dons, placed by Lindley in his Rutal alliance. There 
are two sub-orders: 1. Swieteniese; 2. Cedreleee. They 
are natives of the tropics of America and India, and, 
very rarely, of Africa. They are generally very fra¬ 
grant, aromatic, and tonic. Many supply compact 
and beautifully-veined timber, such as the mahog¬ 
any of tropical America (Swietenia mahogani); the 
Satin-wood of India (Chloroxylon Swietenia); the 


Yellow-wood of New South Wales (Oxleya xan - 
thoxyla); the Ked-wood of Coromandel (Soymida 
febrifuga),&c. The barks of Cedrela febrifuga and 
others are used as remedies in intermittent fevers 
and dyspeptic complaints. There are nine known 
genera and twenty-five species. (Treas. of Botany, 
&c.) 

9e-dre -le-se, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cedrel(a), and 
fem. pi. suff. - ece .] 

Bot.: A sub-order of the order Cedrelaceee (q. v.). 

9e’-drin, s. [Lat. cecfrmMs=pertaining to cedar; 
cedrus= a cedar.] 

Chem.: A crystallizable substance extracted from 
cedron by the action of alcohol. It has an intensely 
and persistently bitter taste. 

9e -drine, a. [Lat. cedrinus; from Gr. kedrinos 
=pertaining to cedar; Lat. cedrus; Gr. kedros= 
cedar.] Of or pertaining to the cedar-tree; made 
of cedar. 

9e -drLum, s. [Lat., from cedrus=a cedar.] 

Bot.: The pitch or resin of the great cedar-tree, 
which is used to rub over books and other articles 
to preserve them from moths, bookworms, &c. 

9e'-dron, s. [From Lat. cedrus.] 

Bot.: A tree, Simaba Cedron, a native of the hot¬ 
test parts of New Granada. It yields to alcohol the 
crystallizable substance cedrin. 

9e-dr6n-el’-l5L, s. [From Gr. kedron = the fruit 
of the cedar-tree, and Lat. dimin. suff. -ella.] 

Bot.: A small genus of Labiat®, natives of North 
America and the Canary Islands. They are sweet- 
scented, perennial herbs, or rarely shrubs, with pale 
purplish flowers. 

9e -dry, s. [Eng . cedar ;-y.] Like to or resem¬ 
bling cedar; having the nature or properties of 
cedar. 

“ . . . of a yellow or more cedry color, . . .”— Evelyn: 
ii. 3, § 2. 

* 9 ed'-ule, s. [Schedule.] 

“Having brought up the law to the highest point 
against the viceroy of Sardinia, and that in an extra¬ 
ordinary manner, as may appear unto you by that printed 
cedule I sent you in my last.”— Howell: Familiar Letters, 
1650. 

9 e'-du-ous, a. [Lat. cceduus; from ccedo= to cut 
down, fell.] Fit or suitable to be felled. 

“ These we shall divide into the greater and more 
ceduous fruticant, and shrubby.”— Evelyn: Sylva (Introd.), 
§ 3. 

9 eil, * 9 eelyn, * 9 iel, * 9 iele, *syle, v. t. [Fr, 

ciel=( 1) heaven, (2) a canopy, an inner roof; from 
Lat. caelum— heaven, cognate with Gr. koilos— 
hollow; Low Lat. celo= to arch, cover; Sp. & Ital. 
cielo= heaven, a roof, ceiling.] To overlay or cover 
over the interior roof of a room; to line the top or 
roof. 

“ Ceelyn wythe syllure. Celo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ And the greater house he ceiled with fir-tree, which 
he overlaid with fine gold.”—2 Chron. iii. 5. 

9eiled, pa. par. or a. [Ceil, v.] 

“How will he, from his house ceiled with cedar, be 
content with his Savior’s lot, not to have where to lay his 
head?”— Decay of Piety. 

9eil -ing, pr. par. & s. [Ceil, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The inner roof, or upper horizontal or 
curved surface of an apartment opposite the floor, 
usually finished with plaster work. 

2. Fig.: Applied to any covering, as to the sky as 
the roof of the earth. 

“ O’er heaven’s expanse like one black ceiling spread.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xvi. 355. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: The upper surface of a room. Ceilings 
may be plane, domed, cylindrical or groined, coved, 
<fec. (See these words.) 

2. Shipbuilding: That portion of the inside skin 
of a vessel between the deck-beams and the limber- 
strakes on each side of the keelson. Also called the 
foot-waling. The strakes of the ceiling immediately 
below the shelf-pieces which support the deck- 
beams are called clamps. _ The outside planking is 
distinctively called the skin. 

ceiling-joists, s. pi. 

Carp.: Small beams which are either mortised 
into the sides of the binding-joists, or notched upon 
and nailed up to the under sides of those joists. 
The last mode diminishes the height of the room, 
but is more easily executed, and is by some thought 
not so liable to break the plaster as when the ends 
of the ceiling-joists are inserted into pulley mor¬ 
tises. (Gwilt.) 


boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; 
-nian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -Dion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, 
= zhun. -tious, 


this; 

-cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d®L 






ceilinged 


794 


celestial 


geil-ihged, a. [Eng. ceiling; -ed.) Furnished 
or finished with a ceiling. 

gel-U-don-ite, s. [Fr. cHadonite. In Ger. sela- 
donit, from Fr. celadon—sea-green, from Celadon, 
an insipidly tender person described in the French 
romance of Astr6e. He was named after a mytho¬ 
logical hero in Ovid. Remotely from Gr. keladon= 
sounding with din or clamor ( Littr6).) 

Min.: A soft green greasy mineral. Composition: 
Silica, 53; sesquioxide of iron, 28; magnesia, 2; 
potassa, 10; water,6. Found in amygdaloid rocks 
at Mount Baldo, near Verona. (Dana). 

gel'-un-dlne, s. [Fr. cMUdoine ; Sp., Port., and 
Ital. celidonia; Lat. chelidonia (herba)= (plant) 
pertaining to the swallow, from Gr. chelidonios— 
pertaining to' a swallow ; chelidon= a swallow.] 

Bot.: The common name for Clielidonium, Swal¬ 
low-wort. [Chelidonium.] 

“The swallows use celandine, the linnet "euphragia.”— 
More. 

Brave Celandine: A name invented by Lyte for 
Caltha palustris. (Britten & Holland.) 

Great Celandine: Chelidonium majus. (Lyte.) 
Lesser Celandine: Ranunculus Ficaria. (Lyte.) 
Small Celandine: Ranunculus Ficaria. 

Tree Celandine: Bocconia frutescens. 

gel-a -rent, s. [A coined word of no etym.] 
Logic: A syllogism having the second prop 9 sition 
a universal affirmative, and the other two universal 
negatives, as “no animals are devoid of sense: all 
men are animals: therefore, no men are devoid of 
sense.” 

ge-las-tra'-ge-ae, s. pi. [Lat. celastr(us) ; and 
fern. pi. suff. -acece.) 

Bot.: Spindle-trees, a natural order of calycifloral 

E olypetalous dicotyledons, classed by Lindley in 
is Rhamnal alliance. They are shrubs or small 
trees, and are widely spread. There are two sub¬ 
orders : (1) Euonymeoe, fruit dry and capsular; (2) 
Elceodendrece, fruit drupaceous or cherry-like. 
They are all more or less acrid in their properties. 
They have a beautiful scarlet aril, which is derived 
from the sides of the opening in the seed. The 
wood of the European Spindle-tree is used in the 
manufacture of powder. There are thirty-five 
known genera and 280 species. 

ge-las’-trus, s. [Gr. kelastros—privet or holly.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Celastraceee. Celastrus scandens is a climb¬ 
ing North American shrub, popularly known as 
Bitter-sweet or Wax-work. The seeds possess nar¬ 
cotic and stimulating qualities, while the bark is 
purgative and emetic. The scarlet-coated seed of 
C. paniculatus, a common Brazilian species, yields 
an oil which is used for burning in lamps. All the 
plants are widely spread. 

*ge-la'-tion, *ge-la-tioune, s. [Lat. celatus, 
pa. par. of celo= to conceal.] Concealment. 

“ Neuirtheles he come to the said burght at the saide 
tyme accumpaniit with fivetene hundreth men, to the 
effect he mycht performe his vickit purpoiss foirsaid ; 
and in. occultatioun and celatioune of the premissis,” Ac. 
—Acts Mary, 1567, ed. 1814, pp. 572-3. 

*<jel'-a-tiire, s. [Lat. ccelatura= engraving; ccelo 
=to engrave in relief.] 

1. The art or act of engraving. 

2. That which is engraved or embossed. 

“ These celatures in their drinking cups were so framed, 
that they might put them on or take them off at pleasure, 
and were therefore called emblemata.”— Hackewill: Apol¬ 
ogy, p. 372. 

♦gel'-dom, adv. [Seldom.] (Prompt. Parv.) 
*celdr, *celdre, s, [Chaldee.] 

“ George of Gordoun—occupies a celdre of atis sawyne 
pertenand to Dunmetht and of the Bischoppis land be 
properte.”— Chart. Aberd., fol, 140. 

*gele, v. t. [Fr. celer; Lat. celo= to conceal, to 
hide.] To conceal, to keep secret. 

“ Your counsall celand that ye schaw me; the best coun- 
sall that I can to gif to you, quhen ye charge me. In 
verbo Dei.” — Form. Jurament., Balfour's Pract., p. 23. 

*ger-e-bra-ble, a. [O. Fr. ciUbrable; Ital. 
celebrabile; Lat. celebrabilis .] Fit or worthy to be 
celebrated. 

I “ Hercules is celebrable for hys hard trauaile.” 

Chaucer: Boethius, p. 147. 

gel-e-brant, s. [Lat. celebrans, pr. par. of 
celebro .] One who celebrates or officiates in any 
solemn office; especially applied to the minister 
who administers the Holy Communion. 

“They had their orders of clergy, bishops, priests, and 
deacons; their readers and ministers; their celebrants and 
altars; their hymns and litanies.” — Newman: Develop¬ 
ment of Christian Doctrine, ch. iv., § 2. 

gel'-e-brate, v. t. [Lat. celebratum, sup. of 
celebro = to frequent, solemnize; celeber — fre¬ 
quented, populous.] 


I. Generally: 

1. To perform or keep with solemn rites. 

“Ye shall celebrate it in the seventh month.”— Lev. 
xxiii. 41. 

“ On the feast day, the father cometh forth, after 
divine service, into a large room, where the feast is 
celebrated.” — Bacon. 

2. To commemorate in any set form, either of joy 
or sorrow. 

“ This pause of power ’tis Ireland’s hour to mourn; 

While England celebrates your safe return.” 

Dry den: To the Duchess of Ormond, 93. 

3. To praise, extol, make famous or renowned. 

“ The songs of Sion were psalms and pieces of poetry, 
that adored or celebrated the Supreme Being.”— Addison. 

II. Spec.: To administer the Holy Communion. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between to celebrate 
and to commemorate: “Everything is celebrated 
which is distinguished by any marks of attention, 
without regard to the time of the event, whether 
present or past; but nothing is commemorated but 
what hasbeenpast. Amarriageor a birthday is cele¬ 
brated; the anniversary of any national event is com¬ 
memorated. . . . Celebrating is a festive as well 
as social act; it may be sometimes serious, but it is 
mostly mingled with more or less of gaiety and 
mirth: commemorating is a solemn act; it may be 
sometimes festive and social, but it is always 
mingled with what is serious and may be altogether 
solitary. . . . The Jews celebrate their feast of 
the Passover; as Christians, we commemorate the 
sufferings and death of our Savior, by partaking of 
the Lord’s Supper.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

gel'-e-bra-ted, pa. par. & a. [Celebbate, v.) 

A. As pa. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As adj.: Famous, renowned. 

IT For the difference between celebrated and 
famous see Famous. 

*gel -e-bra-ted-ness, s. [Eng. celebrated; -ness.) 
The quality or state of being celebrated; celebrity, 
fame. (Scott.) 

gel-e-brat-Ing. pr. par., a. & s. [Celebbate, ».] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dfc part. adj.: In senses corre¬ 
sponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of performing with solemn 
rites, or of praising; a commemoration, a cele¬ 
bration. 

“ But this Abuse is not sufficient Reason for us to give 
over the Celebrating of the Memory of such holy Men, as 
the Apostles and Martyrs of Christ were.”— Tillotson (3d 
ed., 1722), vol. i., Ser. xxii. 

gel-e-bra'-tion, s. [Fr. calibration; Lat. cele- 
bratio, from celebro=to frequent, to solemnize.] 

I. Generally: 

1. A solemn performance of any ceremony or rites. 

“He labored to drive sorrow from her, and to hasten the 

celebration of their marriage.”— Sidney. 

2. A commemoration of any occurrence, whether 
of joy or of sorrow. 

“What time we will our celebration keep.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iv. 3. 

3. The act of praising or making famous; praise> 
renown. 

“No more shall be added in this place, his memory 
deserving a particular celebration, than that his learn¬ 
ing, piety and virtue, have been attained by few.”— 
Clarendon. 

II. Spec.: The act of administering the Holy Sac¬ 
rament. 

“During the celebration of this holy sacrament, you 
attend earnestly to what is done by the priest.”— Taylor. 

gel'-e-bra-tor, s. [Lat. celebrator, from celebro .] 
One who celebrates, a praiser, an approver. 

“It [Scripture] has, among the wits, as well celebrators, 
and admirers, as disregarders.” — Boyle: Style of Heb. 
Script., p. 174. 

*gel-eb-ri- 0 us, a. [Lat. celeber, celebris=tam- 
ous, renowned.] Famous, renowned, celebrated. 

“The Jews, Jerusalem, and the Temple, having been 
always so celebrious . . . ’’—Grew. 

*gel-eb’-rl- 0 us-ly, adv. [Eng. celebrious; -ly .] 
In a famous or renowned manner. 

*gel-eb'-rl- 0 us-ness, s. [Eng. celebrious; -ness.] 
The state or quality of being celebrated or famous: 
fame, renown. 

gel-eb-rl-ty, s. [Fr. cilibriU; Lat. celebritas— 
fame, from celeber, cele6ris=famous.] 

*1. The act of celebrating, a celebration. 

“ The manner of her receiving, and the celebrity of the 
marriage, were performed with great magnificence.”— 
Bacon. 

2. The state or quality of being celebrated or 
famous; fame, renown. 

3. A celebrated or renowned person (generally in 
the plural). 


♦gel-e-brous, a. [Lat. celeber, Celebris.) Fam¬ 
ous, celebrated. 

“ From the Greek isles philosophy came to Italy, thence 
to this western world among the Druids, whereof those of 
this isle were most celebrous.” — Howell: Familiar Letters, 
1650. 

*gel’-er, s. [Cellab.] 

* 9 el’-er-ere, s. [Cellarer.] 

“ Celerere of the howse. Cellerarius, promus.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

*gel-er-e§', s. pi. [From pi. of Lat. celer—& light- 
armed horse-soldier.] 

“The king administered justice publicly in the market¬ 
place, accompanied by his body-guard of 300 celeres.” — 
Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. xi., § 1., vol. i., 
p. 415. 

*gel'-er-I, s. [Celery.] 

gel-er'-I-ac, s. [Celery.] A species of parsley; 
also called turnip-rooted celery. 

*ge-ler-I-pe -di-an, s. [Lat. celer (genit. celeris) 
=swift, and pes (genit. pedis) =a foot: Eng. suff. 
-an.) A swift footman. (Cockeram.) 
gel-er-i-ta', con, adv. [Ital.] 

Music: With speed, haste; quickly. (Stainer <& 
Barrett.) 

ge-ler’-I-tjf, s. [Fr. ciliriti; Sp. celeridad; Ital. 
celeritd, from Lat. celeritas— speed, celerity; celer 
= quick, speedy.] Speed, swiftness, velocity of 
motion. Used — 

1. Lit.: Of things. 

“Three things concur to make a percussion great; the 
bigness, the density, and the celerity of the body moved.” 
— Digby. 

2. Fig.: Of the mind, thought, &c. 

“He carried his point with characteristic audacity and 
celerity.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

If For the difference between celerity and quick¬ 
ness see Quickness. 

gel -er-y, s. [Fr. cileri, from Prov. Ital. seleri, 
from Lat. selinon; Gr. selinon— parsley.] 

Bot.: The common English name of Apium grav- 
eolens, a species of parsley. The blanched leaf¬ 
stalk of the cultivated varieties is used extensively 
for salads, &c. In its native sfate the seeds and 
whole plant are acrid and poisonous, and over 
indulgence in the cultivated plant is said to induce 
urinary disorders. 

ge-les-ti-ul, *ge-les-tl-ull, a., s. & adv. [O. Fr. 
cilestiel, from Lat. ca?les£is=pertaining to heaven; 
coelum= heaven.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Pertaining to the spiritual heaven. 

“ Against a solemn day, harnessed at hand, 

Celestial equipage.” Milton: P. L., vii. 208. 

2. Pertaining to the heavens. 

“ There stay, until the twelve celestial signs 
Have brought about their annual reckoning.” 

Shakesp.; Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 2. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Surpassing earthly things in excellence; angelic; 
divine. 


“ Their fortitude and wisdom were a flame 
Celestial, though they knew not whence it came.” 

Cowper: Truth, 632. 

2. Inspired. 

“ Such the bard’s prophetic words, 

Pregnant with celestial fire.” 

Cowper: Boadicea. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Gen.: An inhabitant of heaven. 

“ For who can tell (and sure I feare it ill) 

But that shee is some powre celestiall t” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iii. 44. 

“Thus affable and mild the prince precedes, 

And to the dome th’ unknown celestial lbads.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, i. 166. 

2. Spec.: A native of China. 

*C. As adverb: In a celestial manner; divinely. 

“ In his face 

Youth smiled celestial, and to every limb 
Suitable grace diffused.”— Milton: P. L., iii. 638. 

D. Special phrases: 

Celestial-City: Heaven is so called by John Bunyan 
in his Pilgrim’s Progress. 

Celestial Empire: China; so called because its 
emperors are reputed to receive their authority 
from heaven, and assume the title “ Son of Heaven.” 

If Crabb thus discriminates between celestial and 
heavenly: “ . . . Celestial is applied mostly in 
the natural sense of the heavens; heavenly is em¬ 
ployed more commonly in a spiritual sense. Hence 
we speak of the celestial globe, as distinguished 
from the terrestrial, of the celestial bodies, of 
Olympus as the celestial abode of Jupiter, of the 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rllle, full; try, Syrian, as, oe = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw." 




celestialize 


795 


cellepora 


celestial deities ; but on the other hand of the heav¬ 
enly habitation, of heavenly joys or bliss, of heavenly 
spirits and the like. There are doubtless many 
cases in which celestial may be used for heavenly in 
tne moral sense, but there are cases in which heav- 
enly cannot so properly be substituted for celestial .” 
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

tge-les -ti-al-Ize, V. t. [Eng. celestial , and suff. 
-ize (q. v.).] To make celestial or heavenly. ( Quar. 

pa. par. & a. [Celestialize.] 
tge-les'-tl-al-ly, adv. [En g. celestial; - ly. ] In 
a celestial or heavenly manner ; divinely. 

*ge-les -ti-al-ness, s. [Eng. celestial; -ness.] 
The quality or state of being celestial or heavenly. 

pa. par. & a. [Celestiey.] 
*ge-les -ti-fy, v. t. [Lat. cceZesffs=heavenly, and 
fio= to be made, facia— to make.] To celestialize or 
convert into a heaven. 

Heaven but earth terrestrified, and earth but heaven 
celestified.” — Browne: Vulg. Err., bk. iv., ch. xiii. 

*ge-les tl-fy-ing, pr.par., a.&s. [Celestiey.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of making celestial, 
ge-les'-tin, ge-les’-tlne (1), s. [Celestines.] 
One of the order of monks known as Celestines 
(q- v.)^ 

ge-les'-tlne (2), s. [From Lat. ccelestis=( 1) heav¬ 
enly, (2) sky-blue; Fr. celestine; Ger. cOlestinA 
Min.: Native sulphate of strontia, Sr0.S0 3 . It 
occurs in prismatic or tabular crystals, belonging 
to the rhombic system. Specific gravity, 4. Its 
name refers to the sky-blue color sometimes pre¬ 
sented by it. It is pretty widely distributed. By 
the action of nitric acid it is converted into nitrate 
of strontia, which is used for red-fire in theaters, 
fireworks, &c. It is called also Celestite. 
Ce-les'-tlnes, s." [From Pope Celestine Y.) 
Eccles. Hist.: A monastic order instituted about 
1254 by Pietro di Morone, afterward Pope Celestine 
V. Their first convent was at Morone, in the Apen¬ 
nines of Abruzzo. The order was a reform of that 
of St. Bernard. It became a very rich order both 
in France and Italy. In 1776-8 it was suppressed by 
Pope Pius VI. 

cel'-es-tlte,'s. [From Lat. ccelest(is) — heavenly, 
and Eng., &c., suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: The same as Celestine (q. v.). 
ge-les-to-bar'-Ite, s. [First called baryto-celes- 
tine. Then the relative position of the two words 
in the compound were reversed. From celestine, 
connective, and Eng. barite (q. v.).) 

Min.: A variety of barite containing much sul¬ 
phate of strontian. Found in Switzerland. 

§e-11-ac, *ge -li-ack, a. [Lat. coeliacus, from 
Gr. fcoiZos=hollow, paunch.] Relating to the lower 
belly. In anatomy applied to the arteries and 
nerves thereof. ■ 

“Theblood moving slowly through the celiac and mes¬ 
enteric arteries, produces complaints.”— Arbuthnot: On 
Aliments. 

gel'-i-bag-y, s. [Lat. ccelibatus, from ccelebs= an 
unmarried man, single.] The state of being unmar¬ 
ried, single life. 

*gel-i-bat-aire, s. [Fr.] A bachelor. 

“The despairing celibataire descanted on his whole 
course of love.”— Godwin: Mandeville, ii. 268. 

*gel-I-bat-ar -l-an, s. [Eng. celibat(e), and suff. 
•arian .] A celibate. 

gel'-I-bate, s. & a. [Lat. ccelibatus. Celibacy.] 

A. As substantive: 

*1. Single life, celibacy. 

“ If any persons, convict of this unchastity, are in the 
etate of celibate, they are only chastised with scourges.” 
— L. Addison: Description of West Barbary, p. 172. 

2. One who devotes himself to a single life, a 
bachelor. 

B. As adj.: Unmarried, single. 

*gel-I-bate, v. i. [Celibate, s.] To lead a life 

©f celibacy. 

i “The males oblige themselves to celibate, and their 
multiplication is hindered.”— Graunt. 

(jel'-I-bat-Ist, s. [Eng. celibat{e), -ist .] A cel¬ 
ibate. (For. Quar. Rev.) 

*§el'-l-blte, s. [Lat. ccelebs (genit. ccelibis)— sin¬ 
gle, unmarried.] The same as Celibate, s. 

gel-i-call, a. [Lat. cceRcMS=heavenly; from 
coelum—heaven.] Heavenly, celestial. 

“Furth of his palice riall ischit Phebus— 
Defoundand from his sege etheriall 
Glade influent aspectis celiaall.” 

Douglas: Virgil, Prol., 399, 47. 


5 3l-i-dog-raph-y, s. [Fr. cHidographie, from 

§ r. kelis- a spot, and graplio= to write.] A descrip- 
on or treatise of the spots on the sun/ (Crabb.) 

*gel -I-don-y, *gel'-y-d6n-jf, s. [Chelidonium.] 
Bot.: A plant, Chelidonium majus. (Prompt. 
Parv.) 

gell, *gelle, *geele, s. & a. [0. Fr. celle; Lat. 
cella .] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A small room or apartment in a monastery or 
convent inhabited by a person devoted to religion. 
“A monke of a celle.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 267. 
(2) A small room in a prison or asylum. 

"... regarded as fit only for a cell in Saint Luke’s.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

*(3) A small religious house, attached to a mon¬ 
astery or convent. 

“As loud as doth the chapell belle, 

There as this lord was keeper of the celle.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 172, 

(4) A cottage, or small place of residence. 

“In cottages and lowly cells.” 

Somerville: Epitaph on Hugh Lumber. 

(5) A small cavity or hollow place. 

2. Fig.: A place of existence, a seat. 

“Mine eyes he closed, but often left the cell 
Of fancy, my internal sight.” 

Milton: P. L., viii. 460. 

II. Technically: 

1. Entom.: The compartments of a honey-comb. 

2. Bot.: The substance of plants is not homo¬ 
geneous, but is composed of small structures, gen¬ 
erally indistinguishable by the naked eye; and each 
of those, at least, for a time, is a whole complete in 
itself, being composed of solid, soft, and fluid layers, 
different in their chemical nature, and disposed 
concentrically from without inwards. These struct¬ 
ures are termed cells. For the most part, a group 
of them is in close contact, and firmly united; they 
then form, a cell-tissue. Each cell fulfills its own 
definite part in the economy of the plant, and shows 
a variety in form corresponding to the different 
functions. By far the largest proportion of cells in 
the living succulent parts of plants are seen to be 
made up of three, concentrically-disposed layers: 
first, an outer skin, firm and elastic, called the 
cell-wall or cell-membrane, consisting of a substance 
peculiar to itself. [Cellulose.] The second layer 
is soft and elastic, and always contains albuminous 
matter. [Protoplasm.] And thirdly, the cavity 
inclosed by the protoplasm-sac is filled with a 
watery fluid called cell-sap. 

3. Anat. db Zobl.: A term often applied to any 
small cavity but properly restricted to a micro¬ 
scopical anatomical element with a nucleus cell- 
wall and cell-contents when typically formed. 
(Huxley.) The .animal cell is ordinarily a closed 
sac,, the environing membrane almost always con¬ 
sisting of a nitrogenous compound. The sac gen¬ 
erally contains a liquid or semi-fluid protoplasm, in 
which are suspended molecules, granules, globules, 
or other very minute cells. Along with these are 
nuclei, which again contain nucleoli. [Nucleus, 
Nucleolus.] Cells may be formed from a proto¬ 
plasm existing without the cell orwithin other cells. 
Or they may be made within others by what has 
hence been called an endogenous method or by 
division or in other ways. ( Griffith <& Henfrey.) 

“It is of cells that the tissues are built up and the 
nerves formed. There is no part of the human body in 
which the cell is not seen. All these cells are nucleated 
—have in them a central life-spot, like the yolk of an egg. 
Each cell is born, reproduces itself, dies and is absorbed. 
The maintenance of life and health depends upon the con¬ 
stant regeneration of the cells. When man can control 
the life and death of the cell he becomes the creator.”— 
Prof. Rudolph Virchow, 1902. 

4. Arch., <&C.: 

(1) The space Detween the two ribs of a vault. 

(2) The space inclosed within the walls of an 
ancient temple. 

5. Iron-working: A structure in a wrought-iron 
beam or girder; a tube consisting of four wrought- 
iron plates riveted to angle-iron at the corners. 

6. Elect.: A single jar, bath, or division of a com¬ 
pound vessel containing a couple of plates, say 
copper and zinc, united to their opposites or to each 
other usually by a wire [Galvanic Battery.] 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

cell-contents, s. pi. 

Bot. Physiol.: Substances contained in cells. Of 
solid substances there are pigments, starch, crys¬ 
talline formations, aleurone, and resin; of fluids, 
oil, caoutchouc, viscin, and gut.ta percha, with 
sugar, tannic acid, and inuline dissolved in water. 
(Thomd: Botany, ed. Bennett.) 


cell-division, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: The division of a plant cell into 
two as the plant develops, 
cell-door, s. & a. (See the compounds.) 
Cell-door lock: A prison-door lock, to whose bolt 
no access is possible from the inside, and which may 
fit in a rabbet in the door-jamb, 
cell-family, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: A group of cells genetically and 
organically united. They have originated from a 
single “mother-cell.” (Thom6: Botany , ed. Ben¬ 
nett.) 

cell-fluids, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: The fluids in the cells of plants. 
[ Cell-contents .] 

cell-formation, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: The mode of origin and multiplica¬ 
tion of cells. (Thom6.) 

cell-fusion, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: Cells united into a group the ele¬ 
ments (i. e., the separate cells) of which can still be 
recognized, and still possess a certain individuality. 
(Thomd.) 

cell-membrane, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: [Membrane.] 
cell-sap, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: The watery fluid contained in a 
cell as distinguished from the mucilaginous semi¬ 
fluid protoplasm, 
cell-tissue, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: [Tissue.] 
cell-wall, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: The wall of a cell surrounding its 
cavity. 

H Some of the foregoing words may be used in an 
analogous sense of animal cells. 

gel -la, s. [Lat.] The interior space of a temple. 
*gel -lar, *gel’-er, s, [O. Fr. celier; Lat. cel- 
larium .] 

1. A vault or place underground where liquors 
and stores are kept. 

“ Each band marched to the nearest manse, and sacked 
the cellar and larder of the minister, . . .”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

*2. A case or box; a receptacle for bottles. [Salt¬ 
cellar.] 

“Run for the cellar of strong waters quickly .”—Ben 
Jonson: Mag. Lady, iii. 1. 

gel’-lar-age (age as lg), s. [Eng. cellar, and 
suff. -age.] 

1. That part of a building in which the cellars are 
constructed; cellars. 

“ . . . you hear this fellow in the cellarage, — 
Consent to swear.” Shakesp..- Hamlet, i. 6. 

. 2. The charge made or money paid for the storage 
of goods in a cellar. 

gel’-lar-er, *gel-ler-er, gel'-er-er, s. [Eng. 
cellar; -e?\] The officer in a monastery appointed 
to take charge of the stores; a butler. 

“ Upon my faith, thou art some officer, 

Some worthy sextein, or some celerer.” 

Chaucer: Monk?s Prologue. 

gel-lar-et’, s. [Eng. cellar, and dimin. suff. -et.] 
A small case with compartments for holding bottles. 

(Smart.) 

tgel -lg,r-ing, s. [Eng. cellar; -ing.] Cellarage. 
“. . . a retired and peaceful cottage, situated in a 
delightful sporting country, with attached and detached 
offices, roomy cellaring, and commodious attics.”— Morton: 
Secrets worth knowing, iii. 4. 

gel-lar-ist, s. [Eng. cellar; -ist.] The officer 
in a religious house who had charge of the provis¬ 
ions, &c.; a cellarer. 

tgel -lar-ous, a. [Eng. cellar; -ous.] Belonging 
to a cellar, subterranean, sunk. 

“ A little side-door . . . stood open and disclosed cer¬ 
tain cellarous steps.”— Dickens: Uncom. Traveller, ix. 
gelled, a. [Cell.] 

*1. Confined in a cell. 

“ Celled under ground."— Warner. 

2. Containing one or more cells. 

gel-le-por-a, fcel-ll-por'-a (Mod. Lat.), gel - 
le pore, t§el-li-pore (Eng.), s. [Lat. cella = a 
cell, and porus, Gr. voros= a passage.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of infundibulate Polyzoa, the 
typical one of the family Celleporidse (q. v.l. It is 
distinguished by the massive globose and mcrust- 
ing, or erect and branched calcareous polypidom, 
and the irregularly heaped vasiform cells, vertical 
to the common plane, with a beak on one or both 
sides, furnished with an avicularium. (Griffith cfc 
Henfrey.) 


bfill, bby; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem: thin, this; sin. a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-clan, -tian - shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgL 




cement 


celleporidae 


796 


§8l-l§-por'-I-dge, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat, celle- 
pora (q. y.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of infundibulate Polyzoa, of the 
sub-order Cheilostoma. It contains the single 
genus Cellepora (q. v.). 

gel-lif-er-ous, a. [Lat. cella= a cell; fero— to 
bear.] Having or containing cells. 

gel'-lltes, s. pi. [From Lat. cellita. So called 
from the cells -which they inhabited. ] 

Oh. Hist.: An order of monks who arose at Ant¬ 
werp in the fourteenth century. They were called 
also the Brethren and Sisters of Alexius, whom they 
had for their patron saint. They specially attended 
to the visitation of the sick and dying. They were 
sometimes called Lollards (q. v.). ( Mosheim.) 

gel'-lo (sing.) , gel-11 (pi.), s. [Ital.] An abbre¬ 
viation of violoncello. ( Stainer & Barrett.) 

gell’-U-lur, s. & a. [Fr. cellulaire, from Lat. 
cellula, dimin. or cella= a cell. 

A. As substantive : 

Bot.: A plant having no distinct stem nor leaves, 
but forming a cellular expansion of various kinds, 
which bears the organs of reproduction. 

B. As adj.: Consisting of cells or little cavities, 
cellular-beam, s. An application of wrought- 

iron, in which wrought-iron plates are riveted with 
angle-irons in the form of longitudinal cells, with 
occasional cross struts, 
cellular pyrites, s. pi. 

Min.: A variety of Marcasite. 

cellular quartz, s. 

Min.: A variety of quartz. (Brit. Mus. Cat.) 

cellular system, s. 

Bot. Physiol.: The part of a plant which con¬ 
sists of cells (q. v.) (Bindley, <&c.), or spiral vessels, 
or has a tendency to them, though till lately the 
latter were supposed to be confined to plants of 
higher organization. 

cellular theory, s. A theory according to which 
all the vegetable and animal tissues are derived 
from the union and metamorphosis of primitive 
embryonic cells, 
cellular tissue, s. 

1. Bot. Physiol.: A kind of tissue made of a num¬ 
ber of separate cells of minute bags adherent to¬ 
gether. These, when first formed, are usually 
nearly globular or egg-shaped, but afterward by 
pressure become flattened. It is often called par¬ 
enchyma. 

2. Animal Physiol.: Fibro-cellular connective or 
areolar tissue (q. v.). It is found filling interstices 
between the various organs in man and the verte- 
brated animals. 

gell-U-lar’-e§, s. pi. [PI. of Mod. Lat. cellularis 
= cellular, from Class. Lat. cellars, cell.] 

Bot. : A name given to Cryptograms, from an er¬ 
roneous notion that they are composed entirely of 
cells. Podaxon among fungi, and Conferva Mela- 
gonium among algee, are excellent examples. 

gell-u-lar'-I-u, s. [Lat. cellul(a) = a little cell, 
dimin. of cella; and neut. pi. suff. -aria.) 

ZoOl.: A genus of infundibulate Polyzoa (Bry- 
ozoa), of the sub-order Cheilostomata, and family 
Cellulariadae. It is distinguished by the jointed, 
branched, erect polypidom,witli flatlinear branches, 
the contiguous cells in two or three rows, perforated 
behind, and more than four between two joints, 
and the absence of avicularia and vibracula. (Griff. 
tfc Henfrey.) 

gell-u-lar-I-U-dse, s.pl. [Mod. Lat. cellulari(a), 
and fem. pi. suff. -adee. ] 

Zodl.: A family of infundibulate Polyzoa (Bry- 
ozoa), or the sub-order Cheilostomata. They are 
distinguished by the branched, erect polypidom, 
and the flat linear branches, with the cells in one 
plane. (Griff. <& Henfrey.) 

gell-fl-lar'-i-I, s. pi. [Lat. cellula , dimin. of 
Ccllct* — 3, cfill,J 

Zodl.: A family of Corals, in which each polypus 
is adherent in a corneous or calcareous cell, with 
thin walls. 

gell-fl-la-ted, a. [Lat. cellul(a), and Eng. suff. 
-ated .] Formed or consisting of cells. 

gell’-flle, s. [Fr. cellule, from Lat. cellula , 
dimin. of cellars, cell.] A little cell. 

gell-U-lif-er-Ous, a. [Lat. cellula= a little cell; 
fero= to bear, and Eng. suff. -oris.] Bearing or 
producing cellules or little cells, or cellular tissue. 

S ell-fl-llne, a. [Lat. cellula—a. little cell, and 
. -ine (Chern.).) The same as Cellulose (q.v.). 
gel’-lu-ldid, a. & s. [Lat cellula—a little cell, 
and Gr. etdos=form, appearance.] 
tA. As adjective: 

Nat. Science: Having the form or appearance of 
one or more small cells. 


B. As subst.: An ivory-like compound, which can 
be molded, turned, or otherwise manufactured for 
various purposos for which, before its introduction, 
ivory and bone were employed. The process of 
manufacture is as follows: Paper, by immersion in 
sulphuric and nitric acids, is converted into nitro¬ 
cellulose. This product, after washing and bleach¬ 
ing, is passed througn a roller-mill, with the 
addition or a certain quantity of camphor. Cellu¬ 
loid softens at 176° Fahr., when it can be molded 
into the most delicate forms, to become hard when 
cold. It is very inflammable, unless blended with 
some chemical having an opposite property. 

The word celluloid as applied in :his country to 
this compound is a legally registered trademark. 

gell-U-lose, a.&s. \Lat.cellul(a)=a littlecell; 
cella= a cell, and Eng. suff. -ose.] * 

A. As adj.: Consisting of or containing cells. 

B. As subst.: A substance of general occurrence, 
and constituting the basis of vegetable tissues. 
Its chemical formula is C 24 H 21 O 21 or 2 (Ci 2 Hi 0 Oio) + 
HO. It is in many respects allied to starch, and is 
changed into starch by the unaided action of heat, 
or by sulphuric acid, or caustic potash. Cellulose 
was long considered as peculiar to vegetable tis¬ 
sues, but it has been shown by Schmidt, LOwig. and 
others to exist in the tissues of ascidia and other 
molluscous animals. Pure cellulose is a ternary 
compound of carbon and the elements of water. 

U Cellulose prepared from cocoanut-fiber, and also 
from corn-pith, is used for packing the sides of the 
steel hulls of warships along the water line, to pre¬ 
vent the inflow of water through holes made by pro¬ 
jectiles. The cellulose quickly absorbs enough 
water to expand it sufficiently to stop the leakage. 

ge-lo -sl-g,, s. [Gr. fceleos= burning, from kaio= to 
bum, from the appearance of the flowers.] 

Bot.: A genus of amaranthads, consisting prin¬ 
cipally of tropical annuals. The best known Celosia 
cristata, the Cockscomb of our gardens, has astrin¬ 
gent qualities. 

ge-lot -omy, s. [Fr. celotomie, from Gr. kele= 
a tumor, and tome= a cutting, from temno= to cut.] 

Surg.: An operation for the radical cure or in¬ 
guinal hernia, by ligature of the sac and spermatic 
cord. 

gel-si-a, s. [Named in honor of Dr. Olaus 
Celsius, Professor of Oriental languages in the Uni¬ 
versity of Upsal.] 

Bot.: A small genus of linariads closely allied 
to Verbascum. The species are annuals or bien¬ 
nials, with entire or iunnatifid foliage, and spikes 
of bright yellow mullein-like flowers. 

*gel-Si-tude, s. [Lat. celsitudo— height, from 
eeta.ts=high, lofty.] 

1. Lit.: Height, altitude. 

2. Fig.: Nobility, excellence. 

Qelt (1), Celt (1), s. [Lat. celti; Gr. Jceltoi, kel- 
tai; Wei. celtiad=o~ae dwelling in a covert, an in¬ 
habitant of the woods, from celt= cover, shelter; 
celv= to cover, shelter, akin to Lat. celo (Mahn).) 
[Kelt.1 

Anthrop.: One of an ancient race of Asiatic origin, 
who formerly inhabited a great part of Gaul, Italy, 
Spain, and Britain, and whose descendants still 
occupy the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, 
and part of the North of France. 

gelt (2), celt (2), s. [Lat. celtis=a chisel, per¬ 
haps from being used by the Celts.] 

1 . Tko longitudinal and grooved instrument of 
mixed metal often found in Scotland. 

2. A stone instrument of a wedgelike form found 
in barrows and other repositories of Celtic anti¬ 
quarian remains. 

H Though the primary application of the word 
celt was to the metallic implement, yet the stone 
celt (No. 2) is believed by archaeologists and geolo¬ 
gists to be the older of the two. 

(Jelt-I-ber-I-an, a. & s. [Lat. Celtiber, Celti - 
bericus, from Celtiberia, a district of Spain.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to Celtiberia or its inhab¬ 
itants, the Celtiberi or Celts of the Iberus (Ebro), 
in Spain. 

B. As subst.: A native or inhabitant of Celtiberia. 

gel -tic, Ccl -tic, a. & s. [Lat. celticus; Gr. kel~ 

tikos .] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to the Celts or their 
language. 

B. As subst.: The language of the Celts. 

IT Remains of the Celtic language survive in 
Gaelic, Erse or Irish, Manx, Welsh, and Armorican 
or Breton, 

Celtic architecture, s. 

Arch.: A type of architecture existent in Great 
Britain before the Roman invasion. It is called 
also Druidic, but it is a question whether the 
structures classed under it are all really pre-Roman. 

Celtic pipes, s. [Elfin pipes.] 


gel’-tl-gigm, s. [En g. celtic; -ism.) A customol 
the Celts, or an idiom of their language. 

gel'-tis, s. [Lat. celtis, the name for an African 
species of Lotus.] 

Bot.: A genus of Ulmacese (Elms) known as 
Nettle-trees. The fruit of the European N ettie-tree, 
Celtis australis, is supposed to'be the Lotus of the 
classic nations. The tree grows on both sides of 



Celtis. > 

1. End of branch in fruit. 2. Flower. 3. Flower 
with perianth removed. 

the Mediterranean. The young branches are boiled, 
and the infusion used against dysentery and blen- 
norrhoea. The kernel of the tree furnishes a useful 
oil. The seeds of Celtis occidentalic of America, 
here called the Nettle-tree or Sugar-berry, are 
given in dysentery, while the root, bark, and leaves 
of Celtis orientalis are used in the East against epi¬ 
lepsy. (Bindley, dtc.) 

*ge-lyph-us s. [From Gr. kelyphos=a husk, a 
rind, a pod or shell of a fruit. 

Entom.: A genus of dipterous insects of the fam¬ 
ily Lauscanid®. The antenn® are wide apart, as 
long as the head, stylet rather thick and covered 
with fine hairs ; scutellum convex and covering the 
abdomen. The species have more the appearance 
of little beetles than diptera, owing to the immense 
size of the scutellum. Only two species are known, 
Celyplius obtusus, a native of Java, and C. scut at us, 
a native of the East Indies. 

ge-ment', *gi-ment, *gy-ment, *sy-ment, 
s. & a. [O. Fr. cement; Fr. ciment; Sp. & Ital. 
cimento; Lat. casmentum=coarse stones, rubble, an 
abbreviation of ccedimentum, from ccedo= to cut.] 

A. As substantive : 

I, Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Gen.: Matter with which two bodies are 
joined together. 

“ Thei hadden tiles for stoons, and towgh cley for 
syment.” — Wycliffe: Gen. xi. 3. 

(2) Spec. : [II. 1.] 

2. Fig.: Anything which forms a bond of union 
socially and morally. 

“ For lost, this social cement of mankind 
The greatest empires, by scarce-felt degrees.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. v. 

IT In some of the poets the accent is on the first 
syllable, both in the noun and verb. 

II. Technically: 

1. Building: Of cements there are many varie¬ 
ties, according to the special needs of different 
trades. In building the principal are known as 
Portland and Roman. There are many places in 
this country in which are found the ingredients 
necessary for the manufacture of the various 
cements described below, and many different 
varieties of the article are made. Where Portland 
cement is specified in a building contract the 
imported variety is meant. 

(1) Portland cement was patented in Englau by 
Joseph Aspdin in 1824. It is so called because it 
resembles in color Portland-stone. It Is manu¬ 
factured by calcining a mixture of clayed mud from 
the Thames with a proper portion of chalk. The 
calcined mass is then reduced to a fine powder, and 
intimately mixed with the addition of water. The 
resulting paste is molded into bricks, dried and 
burnt. The heat during the process of calcining 
must be a white heat, otherwise tho carbonic acid 
and water may be expelled without tho reaction 
between the lime and the clay necessary for i he 
production of cement. The material is then 
assorted, all which has been too much or t~o little 
calcined being set aside and pulverized. 

(2) Roman cement is a name given to certain 
hydraulic mortars, varying considerably in their 
chemical composition, though physically possess¬ 
ing the same general character. Lime atone is cal¬ 
cined and ooverdwith sand i 1 vari. us proportions. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian.* se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





cement-ducts 


censor 


797 


Any limestone containing from fifteen to twenty 
per cent, of clay will, when properly prepared, 
form.this cement. Calcine any ordinary clay and 
mix it with two-thirds its quantity of lime, grind 
to powder, and calcine again. The epithet Roman 
is improperly given, since the preparation was 
entirely unknown to the Romans. 

• a) Hydraulic Cement is a kind of mortar used 
m building piers and walls under or exposed to 
water. There are many varieties, one of the best 
being composed of ground Portland-stone aixty-two 
parts, sand thirty-five, and litharge three. 

2 . Glass manufacture: Cement for glass is of 
various kinds, according as it is designed for ordi¬ 
nary or for chemical glasses, for the necks of bot¬ 
tles, tor lens grinders, or for affixing metallic letters 
to plate-glass windows. 

3. _ Gold Mining: Gravel cemented by clay, consti¬ 
tuting an auriferous stratum in Sierra Nevada and 
Placer Counties in California, and in others of the 
western gold fields. 

L Metallurgy: 

(1/’ A brown deposit in the precipitation tank in 
which the soluble chloride of gold obtained by the 
chlorination process is deposited by the addition of 
sulphate of iron to the solution. • 

(2) The material in which metal is imbedded in 
the cementing furnace (q. v.). {Knight.) 

5. Odontology: The tissue which forms the outer 
crust of the tooth. It is less bony than dentine, 
and commences at the cervix or neck of the tooth, 
where the enamel terminates, increasing in thick¬ 
ness to the lower extremities of the root. An 
artificial cement is now much used by dentists in 
filling cavities of carious teeth. 

“ A single tooth may be composed of dentine, cement, 
enamel, and bone: but the dentine and cement are present 
in the teeth of all reptiles.”— Owen: Anatomy of Verte¬ 
brates. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

cement-ducts, s. pi. 

Zo6l.: Ducts opening through the prehensile 
antennee in the Cirripeds. {Darwin.) 

cement-gland, s. 

Zool.: A gland the secretion of which glues down 
the prehensile antennae of the Cirripeds. {Darwin.) 

cement-mill, s. A mill for grinding the septaria 
or stony concretions from which cement is made. 

cement-spreader, s. 

Building: A machine for coating and saturating 
felt or paper with liquid cement for roofing pur¬ 
poses. 

§e ment', v. t. & i. [Cement, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To unite by means of some material 
interposed. 

“Liquid bodies have nothing to cement them.”— Burnet: 
Theory of the Earth. 

2. Fig.: To unite together socially or morally: 

“ But how the fear of us 
May cement their divisions, . . . ” 

Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, ii. L 

*B. Intrans.: To become joined, to join, to 
cohere. 

“ When a wound is recent, and the parts of it are divided 
by a sharp instrument, they will, if held in close contact 
for some time, reunite by inosculation, and cement like 
one branch of a tree ingrafted on another.”— Sharp: 
Surgery. 

*§e-men'-tg,l, a. [Eng. cement; -al. ] Pertaining 
to or composed of cement. 

“ Cemental tubes.”— Oicen. 

*§e-men-ta'-tion, s, [Low Lat. ccementatio, from 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of cementing or of joining 
with cement. 

2. Chem.: A chemical process which consists in 
imbedding a solid body in a pulverulent matter, 
and exposing both to ignition in a metallic or 
earthen case. In this way iron is cemented with 
charcoal to form steel; and bottle-glass with gyp- 
sum powder, or sand, to form Reaumur’s porcelain. 
( Ure: Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and 
Mines.) 

§e-ment.'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Cement, v.] 

cemeuted-back, s.&a. (See the compound.) 

Cemented-back carpet: In forming cemented- 
back carpet a number of warp-threads are arranged 
in a frame, and are brought into a convoluted form 
by means of metallic plates, which are laid strictly 
parallel. The under side of the warps thus doubled 
or folded are then dressed to raise a nap, and this 
surface is then smeared with cement and backed by 
a canvas or coarse cloth. . When dry, the metamc 
strips are removed by cutting the loops, and leaving 
a pile surface, as in the Wilton carpets. 

ge-ment’-er, s. [Eng. cement; -er.] One who, 
or that which cements or joins things together. 
{Lit. &fig.) 

‘ 1 . o language, wbicb was to be tbe great instru¬ 

ment and cementer of society/’— Locke. 


9e-ment'-lng, *ge-men-tynge, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Cement, v .] 

A. &B. Aspr. par. &particip. adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of uniting or joining together. {Lit. di 

fit/-) 

“Oure cementynge and fermentaciouu.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,744. 

2. That which cements or joins. 

cementing-furnace, s. A furnace by which an 

article is packed in the powder of another sub¬ 
stance, and therewith subjected to a continued heat 
below the fusing-point. The article is changed by 
a chemical reaction with the powder. 

(je-men-tr-tious, a. [Lat. coementitius=of or 
pertaining to rubble ; ccementum =rubblc, &c.] Per¬ 
taining to or of the nature of cement or st»cco. 

“ In some parts tbe cementitious work is enforced.”— 
Forsyth: Italy, p. 126. {Latham.) 

fgem-e-ter - 1 -al, a. [Eng. cemetery, and suff. 
-al.] Of or pertaining to a cemetery. 

“Any ameliorations of our present cemeterial system 
being obtainable.”— Haden: Earth to Earth, p. 66 (1675.) 

gem'-e-ter-y, *§ym-y-toyre, s. [Fr. cimHerie; 
Ital. cimeterio; Low Lat. coemeterium, from Gr. 
koimeterion= a sleeping place, a cemetery; koimad 
=to lull to sleep.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A place where the dead are buried, 
a burial-ground not around a parochial or other 
church. [Burial-place.] 

“ That one of tbe cymytoyres was in erles, and tbat other 
in burdegale.”— Caxton: Charles the Crete, p. 243 (ed. 
Heritage). • 

2. Law: In this country cemeteries are usually 
places of sepulture at a convenient distance from 
the centers of population. They are generally the 
property of private corporations, or in rare cases 
are owned by municipal corporations. Lots are 
sold in them either in fee or are leased for a term of 
years. They are governed by boards of directors, 
who act in obedience to their by-laws, made in con¬ 
formity with the statutes of the state in which they 
are located. They are usually under the jurisdic¬ 
tion of. the department of public health of their 
respective commonwealths, and no interments or 
resurrections can take place without a legal permit 
from the proper officer. In England a permanent 
grave can be purchased in a cemetery, whereas it 
cannot be in a church-yard, by reason of the exist¬ 
ence of a national church. 

ge-nan -gLum, s. [Gr. kenos=e mpty; angeion— 
a vessel.] 

Bot.: A genus of Phacidiacei (Ascomycetous 
Fungi) growing upon dead twigs, bursting through 
the hark in the form of little cups or hollow papil¬ 
la. {Griff. & Henfrey.) 

§en'-an-thy, s. [From Gr. fteiw>s=empty, and 
anthos—n blossom, a flower.] 

Bot.: The suppression of the essential organs, 
viz., stamens and pistils, in a flower. {R. Brown, 
1874.) 

*ge-na'-tion, *9ce-na'-tion, s. [Lat. coenatio— a 
meal taking; coena=& meal, supper.] Meal-taking. 

“Tbe summer lodgings regard the equinoxiall meri¬ 
dian, but tbe roomes of coenation in tbe summer, he 
obverts into the winter assent, tbat is south-east.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors, p. 309. 

9e'-na-tor-y, a. [Lat. ceewai!oruis=pertaining 
to a supper; ccena— supper.] Relating to or fit for 
supper. 

“Tbe Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cena- 
tory garment; and the same was practiced by tbe Jews.” 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

9en-chrr-na, s. [From Mod. Lat. cenchris (q. v.), 
and neut. pi. adj. suff. -ina.) 

Zo 6 l.: A sub-family of the Crotalidae. 

*9en'-chris, s. [From Gr. kenghris=(l) a kind of 
bird; (2) a kind of serpent.] 

Zool.: A genus of American serpents, family Cro- 
talidee (Rattle-snakes). [Cenchkina.] 

9en-cras'-tus, s. [Fr. cenchrite; Lat. cenchrus, 
from Gr. fcew.cftros=millet.] A serpent of a greenish 
color, having its speckled belly covered with spots 
resembling millet-seeds. 

9en-98-the -sis, [Gr. koinos^ common, and 
ais(7iesis=feelin_:.J The prevailing conscious state 
of feeling, either pleasurable or painful.. t Cenesthe- 
sis is sometimes termed the ‘sixth sense.” 

9e-no-bite, s. [Lat. ccenobita= living in com¬ 
mon, from Gr. koinos— common, and 6tos=life.] A 
monk living in a community. {Mosheim.) 

9e-no-bIt-ic, *9ce-n6-blt'-ick, *9e-no-bIt'-I- 

cal, a. [Fr. c&nobitique.) 

1. Of or belonging to a cenobite. 

“ . . such as are abstinence from blood, and from 

things strangled, the ccenobitic life of secular persons, 
he.”—Bp. Taylor: Lib. of Prophesying, s. 5. 


bbil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 9 hin, beneh; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


2. Living in community. 

“ They have multitudes of religious orders, black and 
grey, eremetical and cenobitical, and nuns.”— Stilling- 

fleet. 

9 e'-u 6 -blt-i§m, s. [Eng. cenobit{e); -ism.] The 
state of being a cenobite; the belief or practice of a 
cenobite. 

* 9 e'-HO-by, s. [Lat .ccenobium; Gr. koinobion— 
a place were persons lived in society, a convent or 
monastery; 7oumos=common, 7uos=life.] A convent 
or monastery ; a religious community. 

90 nog -g. mous, a. [Eng. cenogam{y) ; -ous.] 
Pertaining to or of the nature of cenogamy. 

9 e-nog-a-my, s. [Gr. koinos— common, and 
gamos= marriage.] The state of having husbands 
or wives in common, as is the case with some primi¬ 
tive tribes. 

9 en-og-o-noiis, a. [Gr, koinos= common, and 
(ionos= generation.] Biol.: Capable of producing 
young by means of eggs at one time, and vivipo- 
rously at another, as the Aphides. 

9 en-S-my’- 9 e,s. [From Gr. kenos=e mpty, and 
mykes= a mushroom.] 

Bot.: An old name for a genus of lichens now 
generally called Cladonia. Cenomyce or Cladonia 
rangifera is the Reindeer Moss. 

9en-6-sphae’-ra, s.; pi. 9 en- 6 -sphse -raa [Gr. 

kenos=evapty, and sphaira= sphere, j Bioi.: The 
lattice-like spherical skeleton of certain radio- 
larians. 

9 §n- 6 -spu -dia, s. [Gr. fcerio. 9 =eropty, and 
s»o 7 ide=zeal.] Pathol..: Mental absorption, of a 
gloomy complexion, or morbid anxiety regarding 
trivial matters. 

9 §r -O-taph, s. [Fr. cenotaphe ; from Gr. kenos— 
empty, and taphos=a tomb.] An emptymonument, 
that is, one raised to a person buried elsewhere. 
{Dryden.) 

t 9 en- 6 -tapb -Ic, a. [Eng. cenotaph; -ic.] Per¬ 
taining to a cenotaph. 

9 e-u 6 -zo -IC, a. [Gr. kainos=new, recent, zoe= 
life.] 

Geol.: Belonging to the tertiary and more recent 
periods; belonging to the age of mammals. {Dana.) 

* 9 ense (2), s. [O. Fr. cense; Fr. cens; Lat. cen¬ 
sus .] 

1 . A rating, rate, or tax. 

“ . . . the cense, or rates of Christendom are raised 
since ten times, yea, twenty times told.”— Bacon. 

2. A census or enumeration of the people. 

3. A condition, rank. 

9 ense, * 9 en-syn, *sense v. t. & i. [Cense (1), s.] 

1. Trans.: To perfume with sweet odors; to scat¬ 
ter incense about. 

“ The Salii sing, and cense his altars round.” 

Dryden . 

2. Intrans.: To scatter incense. 

9 ensed, pa. par. & a. [Cense, v .] 

“Onthe side altar censed with sacred smoke, 

And bright with flaming fires.” Dryden. 

9 ense -ment, s. [O. Fr., from Lat. censeo.] [Cen¬ 
sure.] Judgment. 

9 §u -ser, * 9 en-sere, *sen-sere, s. [Contracted 
from O. Fr. encensier; Low Lat. incensarium =a 
vessel for incense.] 

1. He who censes or scatters incense. 

2. A vessel in which incense is burnt. 

3. A pan or vessel in which anything is burnt, a 
firepan. 

“Here’s snip, and nip, and cut, and slish, and slush, 
Like to a censer in a barber’s shop.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 

9 ens -ing, * 9 en-synge, pr. par., a. <& s. [Cense, 
v-] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of scattering incense. 

“ Censynge. Thurifieatio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

* 9 en -sion, s. [Low Lat. censio.] An assessment, 
rating, or taxing. 

“ God intended this cension only for the blessed Virgin 
and her son, that Christ might be born where he should.” 
—Joseph Hall. 

9 §u -sor, s. [Lat. censor, from censeo— to raft.] 

1 . A public officer or magistrate in Rome, whose 
business was to register the effects of the citizens, 
to impose taxes according to the property held by 
each man, and to superintend the manners of the 
citizens, with power to inflict punishments for 
breaches of morality. 

2. One whose duty it is to inspect and examine 
books, plays, &c., before they are published, to 
secure that they shall contain nothing to offend 
against public morality or decency; an inspector of 
the public press. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph - f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = h?!, d§i. 





censoress 


798 


centenarian 


3. Any person who takes on himself the duty or 5. 
part of a critic. 

4. A public officer in the University of Cambridge, 
whose duty it is to look after the morals of the 
students. At Christ Church, Oxford, there are two 
of the Fellows who have similar duties, and are 
called respectively the Senior and Junior Censor. 

*gen'-sor-ess, s. [Eng. censor; -ess.] A female 
censor. 

“ I am to pass for a censoress now.”— Mad. d’ Arblay: 
Diary, i. 157. 

tgen-sbr-I-al, a. [Lat. censorius=of or pertain¬ 
ing to a censor.] 

1. The same as Censorian. 

“ Whatever may have been the antiquity of these cen¬ 
sorial records, they could not have been handed down in 
censorial families before the year 443 B. C.”— Lewis: Cred. 

Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. v., § 13, vol. i., p. 174. 

2. Censorious, given to censure or captious criti¬ 
cism. 

“ The moral gravity and the censorial declamation of 
Juvenal.”— T. Warton: History of English Poetry, iv. 6. 

gen-sor'-I-an, a. [Lat. censorius.\ Of or per¬ 
taining to a censor or his duties. 

“ The Star-chamber had the censorian power for of¬ 
fences, vnder the degree of capital.”— Bacon: Henry VII., 

p. 64. 

tgen-so r-I-ous, a. [Lat. censorius.] Given to 
censuring or captious criticism, severe. 

IT It was frequently used with of or on (or upon) 
before the thing censured. 

“ A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be censorious of 
his neighbors.”— Watts: On the Mind. 

gen-sbr'-I-oiis-ly, adv. [Eng. censorious; -ly .] 

In a censorious manner, with severity. 

”... speak arrogantly and censoriously both of God 
and men.”— Boyle: Works, ii. 304. 

gen-sor-I-ous-ness, s. [En g.censorious; -ness.] 

The quality of being censorious; a disposition to 
censure or iind fault. ( Tillotson .) 

gen -sor-llke, a. [Eng. censor; like.] Inclined 
to censoriousness, severe. ( Cotgrave.) 
gep-sor-shlp, s. [Eng. censor; -ship.] 

1. The office of a censor. 

“ The establishment of the censorship is referred to the 
year 443 B. C.”— Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. 

T., § 2, vol. i., p. 136. 

j 2. The period during which the office of censor 
was held by any particular person. 

1 ‘‘Itwas brought to Borne in the censorship of Claud¬ 
ius.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

3. The office or position of a censor in a uni¬ 
versity. 

4. Power or practice of superintending, revising, 
•authorizing, or otherwise influencing the printed 
literature of a country, especially that which is 
periodical and political. 

gen'-su-al (s as sh), a. [Lat. censualis= of or 
belonging to a census.] Relating to or containing 
a census. 

“ He sent commissioners into all the several counties of 
the whole realm, who took an exact survey, and described 
in a censual roll or book, all the lands, titles, and tenures, 
"throughout the whole kingdom.”— Temple: Introduct. to 
the Hist, of Eng., p. 255. 

gen'-su-rg-ble (s as sh), s. [Eng. censur(e); 
-able.] Deserving of censure, blamable, blame¬ 
worthy. 

“Many resolutions taken in council were justly censur¬ 
able.” — Burton: Hist. Own Time, an. 1711. 

gen-su-ra-ble-ness (s as sh), s. [Eng. censur¬ 
able; -ness.] The quality of being censurable; 
blamableness. 

“This, and divers others, are alike in their censurable¬ 
ness by the unskilful, be it divinity, physic, poetry, &c.” 

— Whitlock: Manners of the English. 

gen-su-ra-bly (s as sh), adv. [Eng. censur¬ 
able) ; -ly.] In a censurable or blameworthy man¬ 
ner. 

gen-sure (s as sh) (1), s. [Fr. censure; Lat. 
censura=a setting a value on, an opinion; censeo= 
to value, to form an opinion.] 

*1. A judgment or opinion which might be either 
favorable or unfavorable. 

“ Madam, the king is old enough himself 
To give his censure 

Shakesp.: Henr~y VI., Pt. II., i. 3. 

*2. A judicial sentence. 

“ To you, lord governor, 

Remains the censure of this hellish villain." 

Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. 

]3. Revision, recension of the text of a book. 

( Hallam.) 

f4. A spiritual punishment inflicted by an ecclesi¬ 
astical court. 

“Upon the unsuccessfulness of milder medicaments, 

UBe that stronger physic, the censures of the church.”— 
Hammond. 


Blame, reprimand, reproach. 

“ Your smooth eulogium to one crown address'd 
Seems to imply a censure on the rest.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

gen -sure (s as sh), v. t. & i. [Censure, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To form or give a judgment or opinion regard¬ 
ing anything without its being implied that this 
award was unfavorable. 

“ His voyage was variously censured; the Templars whD 
consented not to the peace, flouted thereat . . .”— Ful¬ 
ler: The Holy War., vol. iv., ch. 3. 

IT It is not creditable to man’s candor in judging 
of others that the word censure in process of time 
became limited to the pronouncing of unfavorable 
judgments, these having from the first been so much 
more numerous than favorable verdicts that the 
word censure ceased to be applied to the latter at all. 

*2. To condemn judicially, to sentence. 

“ Has censur’d him 

Already, and, as I hear, the provost hath 
A warrant for his execution.” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, i. 5. 

3. To blame, to find fault with, to reprimand. 

“To censure Homer, because it is unlike what it was 
never meant to resemble, . . .” — Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, 
Postscript. 

*B. Intrans.: To form or give an opinion, to judge 
(followed by on). 

“’Tis a passing shame. 

That I, unworthy body as I am, 

Should censure thus on lovely gentlemen.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Verona, i. 2. 

If (1) Crabb thus discriminates between to cen¬ 
sure, to animadvert, and to criticise: “To censure 
and animadvert are both personal, the one direct, 
and the other indirect; criticism is directed to 
things and not to persons only. Censuring consists 
in finding some fault real or supposed; it refers 
mostly to the conduct of individuals. Animadvert 
consists in suggesting some error or impropriety; 
it refers mostly to matters of opinion or dispute. 
Criticism consists in minutely examining the in¬ 
trinsic characteristics and appreciating the merits 
of each individually or the whole collectively; it 
refers to matters of science and learning. To cen¬ 
sure requires no more than simple attention; its 
justice or propriety often rests on the authority of 
the individual; animadversions require to be accom¬ 
panied with reasons. . . . Criticism is altogether 
argumentative and illustrative. . . .” 

(2) He thus distinguishes between to censure, to 
carp, and to cavil: “ To censure respects positive 
errors, to carp and cavil have regard to what is 
trivial or imaginary; the former is employed for 
errors in persons, the latter fc r supposed defects in 
things. Censures are frequently necessary from 
those who have the authority to use them. . . . 
Carping wad caviling are resorted to only to indulge 
ill-nature and self-conceit. ...” 

(3) The distinction between to accuse and to cen¬ 
sure is thus stated : “ To accuse is only to assert 
the guilt of another ; to censure is to take that guilt 
for granted. . . . An accusation may be false or 
true, a censure mild or severe.” 

(4) For the difference between to blame and to 
accuse, see Blame, v. {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

gen -sured (s as sh), pa. par. &, a. [Censure, r.] 

gen -sur-er (s as sh), s. [Censure, d.] 

1. Gen.: One who censures or blames. 

“ Nay amongst Europeans themselves, Cicero hath 
found many censurers.” — Boyle: Works, ii. 299. 

*2. Spec.: A censor. (Speed: Hist. Grt. Brit.) 

gen-sur-Iiig, P r • par., a. & s. [Censure, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db par ticin. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. Assubst.: The act of blaming or reproaching; 
censure. 

gen'-sus, s. [Lat. census from censeo= to rate, to 
value.] The act of taking the numbers and other 
statistics of the population of any district or 
country, or of the members of any class or denom¬ 
ination. 

“ . . . from the account of the Roman census, . . .” 
— Bentley: Serm., p. 107. 

1. Israelites: The Israelites were numbered by 
Moses 1490 B. C.; and by David 1017 B. C. 

2. In Ancient Rome: The Census was established 
at Rome by Servius, and was held every five years 
in the Campus Martius. Every Roman citizen was 
obliged, on oath, to give in a statement of his own 
name and age, of the names and ages of his wife, 
children, slaves, and freedmen, if he had any. The 
punishment for a false return was that the person’s 
goods should' be confiscated, and he himself 
scourged and sold for a slave. Taxation depended 
upon the result of the Census. 

3. The first Census in the United States was taken 
in 1790; the first in England and Scotland in 1801; 


the first in Ireland in 1813. The custom is to take a 
Census in America and Great Britain every ten 
years. A Census was taken in Florence in 1527, in 
Venice 1584, France 1700, Sweden 1749. The United 
States Census is a very voluminous report, and 
forms a complete record of the progress and con¬ 
dition of the nation in every department of politi¬ 
cal and social economy. Its preparation is in¬ 
trusted to a bureau, the chief of which is an 
important government official. Its preparation 
and publication sometimes consume the entire in¬ 
terval between the taking of two reports. 

gent (1 ),s. [An abbreviation of Lat. centum—a. 
hundred. It is generally a part of a combination or 
phrase, as five per cent.=five by the hundred. In 
“ cent per cent," however, it is a separate word.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A hundred. 

“ And broght with hem many stout cent 
Of greet lordynges.” Octovian, 1463. 

“ The demon makes his full descent 
In one abundant shower of cent per cent.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, iii. 372. 

II. Technically: 

1. A coin, made of copper or copper and nickel, in 
circulation in this country. It is of the value of ten 
mills or the hundredth part of a dollar. 

2. A game at cards, resembling picquet, so called 
because one hundred was the winning number. 

*gent (2), s. [Scent.] 

gen'-tage (age as ig), s. [Eng. cent; -age.] Rate 
by the hundred; rate of interest or commission 
(only now used in the compound per-centage). 

gen -taur, *gen-taure, gen-tau -rus, s. [Lat. 
centaurus; Gr . kentauros.] 

1. Mythol.: A mythical creature, half man, half 
horse, said to have sprung from the union of Ixion 
and a Cloud; the most celebrated was Chiron. 
They inhabited Thessaly, and were also called Hip- 

E ocentaurs. The myth probably arose from some 
erdsman on horseback, who, being seen by indi¬ 
viduals unacquainted with the uses of the horse, 
was supposed to form, together with his steed, one 
integral body. 

“ And of tbe bloodie feast, which sent away 
So many Centaures drunken soules to hell.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. i. 23. 

2. Astron.: A constellation in the Southern Hemi¬ 
sphere. Prof. Airy says that the bright star Alpha 
Centaur i has an annual parallax of 2" (Pop. 
Astron., 6th ed., pp. 195, 196), and that, if this is the 
case, the distance from us is only 200,000 times that 
of the sun (pp. 198, 213, 214). 

gen-tau-re -g, s. [Lat., from Gr. kentaureia— 
relating to a Centaur ; so called because Chiron the 
Centaur was healed by it.] 

Bot. : An extensive genus of Composite plants, 
comprising both annual and perennial, herbaceous, 
or half-shrubby plants, some of them common 
weeds, as Centaurea nigra, the Knapweed of our 
pastures, while a certain number are esteemed bor¬ 
der flowers. Of the annual species one of the most 
remarkable is C. americanus, or Plectocephalus 
americanus of some authors, which has a stout 
erect stem four to five feet high, oblonglanee-shaped 
leaves, and very large capitules of a lilac-purple 
tint. The blue corn bottle is C. cyanus. [Corn- 
bottle.] Centaurea Calcitrapa was once used as 
a febrifuge. 

gen-taur -l-e-se, s. pi. [From Low Lat. cen¬ 
taurea (q. v.), and Class. Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. 
-iece.] 

Bot.: A sub-tribe of composite plants, tribe 
Cynareee. 

*cen -tau-rize, v. i. [Eng. centaur; -ize.] To 
be or act like a centaur; hence, to be a man and 
act like a brute. 

*gen'-taur llke, a. [Eng. centaur; like.] Like 
or resembling a centaur. 

gen-tau-ry, *gen-tor-y, *gen -tor-Ie, s. [Lat. 

centaureum; Low Lat .centaurea: Gr. kentaureion, 
from ke.ntauros=a Centaur, the plant being said to 
have been discovered by Chiron the Centaur.] 

Bot.: A composite plant, Centaurea nigra. [Cen¬ 
taurea.] 

H Corn Centaury: Centaurea Cyanus; Great 
Centaury: (1) Chlora perfoliata, (2) Centaurea 
nigra; Little Centaury: Erythrcea Centaurium; 
More Centaury: The same as Great Centaury 
(q. v.); Sea Centaury: Erythrcea littoralis 
(Scotch); Small Centaury: The same as Little 
Centaury (q. v.); Yellow Centaury: Chlora per¬ 
foliata (Britten db Holland); American-Centaury : 
The English name for the genus Sabbatia, a plant 
of the gentian order. 

gen-te-nar'-I-gn, a. & s. [Lat. centenarius=ot 
a hundred.] 

*1. As adj.: Of or relating to a hundred. 

II. As subst.: A person who has attained the age 
of one hundred years. 


fate, fat. Fare, amidst, -what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, p5t, 

or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, s6n; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = Rw! 



centenarianism 


799 


center-second 


t?en te-nar -I-an-lsjm, s. [Eng. centenarian; 
•ism.] The act or state of attaining the age of one 
hundred years. 

“Patting aside, however, the questionable legends of 
centenarianism, . . .’’—Echo, Aug. 15, 1871. 

*9en-te-nar-I-ous, a. [Lat. centenarius .] Of 
or relating to a hundred, (dsfi.) 

9 en-te -nar-y, 9 en'-ten-a,-ry, 9 en-ten'-nar-jf, 

a. & s. [Lat. centenarius .] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Relating to a hundred; consisting of a hun¬ 
dred. 

2. Recurring once in every hundred years. 

“Centennary solemnities, which returned but once in a 
hundred years.”— Fuller. 

B. As substantive: 

*1. The aggregate of a hundred years; a century. 

“In every centenary of years from the creation, some 
email abatement should have been made.”— Hakewill: On 
Providence. 

2. The celebration of the hundredth anniversary 
of any event. 

*9§n-ten9e, s. [Sentence.] 

9en-ten'-ni-al, a. [Low Lat. centennis; from 
centum— a hundred, and annus= a year.] 

1. Pertaining to a centenary, or hundredth anni¬ 
versary. 

“Her centennial day.”— Mason: Poems. 

2. Recurring once in a hundred years. 

9 en'-ter, 9en'-tre (tre as ter), s. & a. [Fr. 

centre; Sp. & Ital. centra; Lat. centrum; Or. 
kentron=a. prick, a goad, a center; kenteo= to prick, 
to goad.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The middle point, that point from which all 
points on the circumference of any circle, real or 
imaginary, are equally distant. [III. (3).] 

“Thiserthe . . . hath his centre aftre the lawe of 
kinde.”— Gower, iii. 92. 

(2) The middle portion of anything. 

“ The market-place, the middle center of this cursed 
town.”— Shakesp.; Henry VI., Pt. I., ii. 2. 

(3) A point of concentration; the point to which 
all things converge. 

2. Fiquratively : 

(1) The point on which men’s thoughts or minds 
are concentrated; the principal point. 

“ The center of the diplomatic difficulty . . .”— Lon¬ 
don Times, Nov. 13, 1876. 

*(2) The earth. 

“ The heav’ns themselves, the planets, and this center. 
Observe degree, priority, and place.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus & Cressida, i. 3. 

*(3) The soul. 

“ Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, 146, 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Geom., Nat. Phil., dbc.: [1.1.] 

2. Mech.: One of two conical steel pins on a lathe, 
on which the body to be turned is fixed and 
revolves. 

, 3. Building: 

(1) Any timber frame, or set of frames, for sup¬ 
porting the archstones of a bridge during the 
construction of an 
arch. ( Weale.) 

(2) PI. centers: 

The length of 
timber disposed 
in a certain way 
by the process 
called centering. 

(q. v.). 

4. Turnery ( pi . 
centers )The two 
cones with their 
axes horizontally Center of an Arch, 

posited for sus- 

taining the body while it is turned. ( Weale.) 

III. Compound Terms: 

(1) Center of a bastion: 

Mil.: A point in the middle of the gorge of the 
bastion, whence the capital lino commences; it is 
generally at the inner polygon of the figure. 
(James.) 

(2) Center of a battalion on parade : 

Mil.: The middle, where an interval is left for 
the colors. ( James .) 

(3) Center of a circle : 

Geom,: A point within a circle, and so situated 
that all straight lines drawn from it to the circum¬ 
ference are equal to one another. 

(4) Center of a conic section: 

Geom.: The point which bisects any diameter, or 
the point in which all the diameters intersect each 
other. [Nos. 7 & 11.] 


(5) Center of a curve of the higher kind: 

Geom.: The place where two diameters meet. 

(6) Center of a dial: That part where the gnomon 
or style, placed parallel to the axis of the earth, 
intersects the plane of the dial. ( Weale.) 

(7) Center of a hyperbola: 

_ Conic Sect.: The point of bisection of a straight 
line joining the foci. 

(8) Center of a regular polygon: 

Geom.: A point so situated that the straight line 
drawn from it to the several angles of the polygon 
are equal to one another. 

(9) Center of a sphere : 

Geom.: A point within a sphere, so situated that 
all the radii running from it to the circumference 
of the sphere are equal to each other. It is the 
center also of every great circle of the sphere. 

(10) Center of a square: 

Geom.: A point so situated that straight lines 
drawn from it to the several angular points of the 
square are equal to each other. 

(11) Center of an ellipse: 

Conic Sect.: The point of bisection of a straight 
line joining the foci of an ellipse. [No. 4.] 

(12) Center of attack: _ 

Mil.: An attack carried upon a capital in the 
middle, which generally leads to the half moon. 
The term is used when works with a considerable 
front upon three capitals aro used in besieging a 
place. (James.) 

(13) Center of attraction: 

Nat. Phil.: The point to which bodies tend 
through the attraction of gravity. 

1[ The strength of a center, called also the absolute 
force of a center of attraction: The intensity of 
force at unit distance. Attraction being inversely 
as the square of the distance, the strength of a 
L3 

center of attraction is=—L standing for length, and 
T2, 

T for time. (Everett: The C. G. S. System of Units, 
ed. 1875, ch. i., p. 6.) 

(14) Center of buoyancy : 

Ship-building: The same as Center of displace¬ 
ment (q. v.). 

(15) Center of cavity: 

Ship-building: The same as Center of displace¬ 
ment (q. v.). 

(16) Center of conversion: 

Nat. Phil.: A point in a body about which it tends 
to turn, or turns when struck by another body. 

(17) Center of displacement: 

Ship-building: The mean center of the portion of 
the vessel immersed in the water. It is called also 
the Center of cavity, immersion or buoyancy. 

(18) Center of equilibrium in a series of connected 
bodies: 

Nat. Phil.: A point so situated that if it be sup¬ 
ported the whole series of bodies will remain at 
rest. 

(19) Center of forces: 

Nat. Phil.: The point of application of a number 
of forces where they can be counteracted by a single 
force. 

(20) Center of friction: 

Nat. Phil.: The point around which anything 
gyrates. 

(21) Center of gravity: 

Nat. Phil.: A point in any material body or system 
of particles rigidly connected which is so situated 
that if it be supported or fixed the body will remain 
at rest whatever be the position which the body 
itself may occupy at the time. 

(22) Center of gyration: 

Geom.: The point at which, if the whole matter 
in the body were collected, given forces would pro¬ 
duce the same angular velocity of rotation m a 

iven time as they would do if the particles of the 

ody were distributed in their proper places. (Pen. 
Cycl.) 

(23) Center of immersion: 

Ship-building: The same as Center of displace¬ 
ment (q. v.). 

(24) Center of inertia: 

Nat. Phil.: The same as Center of gravity (q. v.). 

(25) Center of magnitude: 

Nat. Phil.: A point in a body equally distant 
from all its external parts. 

(26) Center of motion: 

Nat. Phil.: The point which remains at rest while 
all the other parts move about it. 

(27) Center of oscillation: . . 

Nat. Phil., Pendulum, die.: The point in which 
the whole of the matter must be collected that the 
time of the oscillation may be the same as when it 
is distributed. 

(28) Center of percussion: 

Nat. Phil.: The point at which the force of the 
stroke is the greatest possible. 

(29) Center of position: 

Nat. Phil.: The same as Center of gravity (q. v.). 

(30) Center of pressure: , , , , 

Nat. Phil.: The point at which the whole amount 
of pressure may be applied with the same effect as 
when it is distributed. 



b<5ii, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shgm. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


(31) Center of pressure in a fluid against a plarua: 
Hydrostatics: A point so situated that re will j ust 

sustain a force equal and contrary to the whole 
pressure of the fluid. 

(32) Center of rotation: 

Nat. Phil.: The point around which a body 
rotates, the center of motion of a body. 

(33) Center of spontaneous rotation: 

Nat. Phil: The center around which a body, every 
part of which is free to move, actually does so wnen 
struck by a force not passing through its center of 
gravity. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 
center-hit, s. 

Mech.: An instrument turning on u center, and 
having a projecting conical point. It is used for 
boring circular holes of various diameters, the 
head of the stock is pressed against the breast, and 
the stock itself caused to revolve swiftly by means 
of a handle, 
center-hoard, s. 

Naut.: A board placed amidship in a well which 
extends longitudinally and vertically through the 
keel, and is adapted to be lowered to give a deeper 
draft, in order to avoid leeway and to give the vessel 
greater stability under press of canvas. It is the 
old Dutch lee-board in a central position. A slid- 
ing-keel. 

center-chisel, s. 

Metal.: A chisel used to make a dent at the exact 
center to form a starting-point for the drill, in drill¬ 
ing holes in metal. A pointed cold-chisel, 
center-chuck, s. 

Turning: A chuck which can be screwed on the 
mandrel of a lathe, and has a hardened steel core 
or center fixed on it, and also a projecting arm or 
driver. 

center-drill, s. 

Turning: A small drill used for making a short 
hole in the ends of a shaft about to be turned, for 
the entrance of the lathe-centers, 
center-fire, s. & a. (See the compound.) 
Center-fire cartridge: A cartridge in which the 
fulminate occupies an axial position, instead of 
being around the periphery of the flanged capsule. 

center-gauge, s. A gauge for showing the angle 
to which a lathe-center should be turned, and also 
for accurately grinding and setting screw-cutting 
tools. 

center-lathe, s. 

1. A lathe in which the work is supported upon 
centers at each end; one on the end of the mandrel 
in the head-stock, and the other, the back-center, 
on the axis in the tail-stock. The latter is adjust¬ 
able. 

2. A pole lathe; a lathe in which the work is held 
by centers projecting from two posts, and is driven 
by a band, which passes two or three times around 
it. The band is fastened at its respective ends to a 
treadle beneath the lathe and a spring bar above it. 

center-line, s. 

Shipbuilding: A central, longitudinal, vertical 
section of the hull, 
center-phonic, s. 

Acoustics: The place where the speaker stands in 
making polysyllabical and articulate echoes. 
( Weale.) 

center-phonocamptic, s. 

Acoustics: The place or object which returns the 
voice. (Weale.) 

center-pin, s. The pivot on which the needle 
oscillates in a mariner’s compass. 

center-puna-i, s. 

Joinery: A small piece of steel, with a hardened 
point at one end, used for making a small hole or 
indent. 

center-rail, s. 

Rail. Engineering: A third, or middle, rail placed 
between the ordinary rails of a track, and used on 
inclined planes in connection with wheels on the 
locomotive in ascending or descending the grade. 

center-rush, s. Football: The middle man of 
the line of seven rushers. Also called the snap- 
back. 

center-saw, s. A machine for splitting round 
timber into bolts, instead of riving it, for ax and 
pick handles, and heavy spokes. It has a sliding 
carriage, furnished with center head-blocks, upon 
which the log is placed; and is provided with a dial- 
plate and stops, by which the log can be spaced into 
stuff the desired size. The centers can be adjusted 
up or down, to suit the work. 

center-second, s. A term applied to a watch or 
clock in which the second-hand is mounted on the 
central arbor and completes its revolution in one 
minute. It is more easily read than the ordinary 
second-hand traversing in its own small dial. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 











center-valve 


800 


centrallassite 


center-valve, s. A device in gas-works intended 
to distribute the coal-gas to the purifiers. 

center-velic, s. The center of gravity of an 
equivalent sail, or that single sail whose position 
and magnitude are such as cause it to be acted upon 
by the wind when the vessel is sailing, so that, the 
motion shall be the same as that which takes place 
while the sails have their usual positions. ( Weale .) 
It is called also velic-point. 

center-wheel, s. The “ third wheel ” of a watch 
in some kinds of movements. 

gen'-ter, gen'-tre (tre as ter), v. t. & i. [Cen- 

tee, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

a. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. : To place in the center. 

“ One foot he centered, and the other turned 
Round through the vast profundity obscure.” 

Milton: P. L., vii. 228. 

2. Fig. : To collect or gather at one point; to con¬ 
centrate. 

“ He may take a range all the world over, and draw in 
all that wide air and circumference of sin and vice, and 
venter it in his own breast.”— South. 

“ But here our hopes are centered . . 

Hemans: Stanzas on the Death of Princess Charlotte, 6. 
II. Optics: To grind an optic glass so that the 
thickest part shall be exactly in the center. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Lit. : To be placed or to stand in the center. 

“ As God in heaven 
Is center, yet extends to all, so thou, 

Centring receiv’st from all those orbs.” 

Milton: P. L., ix, 109. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To rest or repose as a body in a state of equi¬ 
librium. 

“ Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, 
error is as wide as men’s fancies, and may wander to 
eternity.” —Decay of Piety. 

2. To be collected to one point, to be concentrated. 

“ Speak, for he can. and none so well as he, 

What treasures center, what delights, in thee.” 

Cowper: Hope, 174. 

gen-tered, gent-red (tered or tred as terd), 

pa. par. or a. [Centek, «.]*» 
gent -er-ing, gent -ring, a. & s. [Cbnteb, «.] 
*A. As adj.: Tending or gravitating toward the 
center. 

“ It was attested by the visible centering of all the old 
prophecies in the person of Christ, . . — Bishop Af¬ 
ter bury. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Building: [Centering.] 

2. Optics: The grinding of an optic glass, so that 
the thickest part will be exactly in the middle. 

gen -ter-ing, s. [Eng. center; -ing.\ The tem¬ 
porary woodwork or framing on which any arch or 
vaulted work is constructed. Also called a Center 

(q. v.). 

*cen-ter -I-ty, s. [Eng. center; -ity.) The qual¬ 
ity or state of being central; centrality. 

“ In every thing compost 
Each part of th’ essence its centerity 
Keeps to itself, it shrinks not to a nullity.” 

More: Song of the Soul, pt. ii., bk. iii., c. 2, s. 20. 

tgen'-ter-ment, s. [Eng. center; vient.) The 
center, the chief point. 

“ They fall at once into that state in which another per¬ 
son becomes to us the very gist and centerment of God’s 
creation.” —Cornhill Magazine: On Falling in Love. 

gen-tes'-i-mal, a. & s. [Fr. centesimal; Lat. 
centesimtts=hundredth; centum= a hundred.] 

A. As adj. : Hundredth, by the hundred, per cent. 
“This centesimal increase is not naturally strange.” — 
Brown: Tracts, p. 40. 

*B. As subst.: A hundredth part. [Centesm.] 

“ The neglect of a few centesimals in the side of the 
lube, would bring it to an equality with the cube of a 
foot.”— Arbuthnot: On Coins. 

♦gen-tes'-I-mate, v. i. [Lat. centesimatus, pa. 
par. of centesimo=to pick out every hundredth man; 
centum=a hundred.] To inflict the punishment of 
centesimation. 

“ Elsewhere we decimate, or even centesimate: here we 
are all children of Rhadamanthus.” —De Quincey: Casu¬ 
istry. 

gen-tes-i-ma'-tion, s. [Lat. centesimo=to pick 
out every hundredth person ; centesimus=ot or per¬ 
taining to a hundred ; centum.—a hundred.] 

Milit. : A mode of punishment for mutiny or 
wholesale desertion, in which every hundreth man 
was selected for punishment. 


gen'-tesm, s. [Lat. centesima (pars) = the 
hundredth (part); centum= a hundred.] A hun¬ 
dredth part or fraction. 

gen-te'- te§. s. [Gr. kentetes—one who pierces.] 
Zool.: A genus of mammals, the typical one of the 
family Centetidae. The nose is large and proboscis¬ 
like, the body covered with hair intermingled with 
short prickles as in the hedgehogs, but they cannot 
like the latter animals roll themselves into a ball. 
They are found in Madagascar. 

gen-te'-tl-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. centet(es) 
(q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.) 

Zodl.: A family of mammals, order Insectivora. 
Genera : Centetes, Solenodon, andGymnura. Found 
in Madagascar, the Eastern Peninsula, and Cuba. 

*gent'-grave, s. [Lat. cenlum= a hundred, and 
Ger. graf—ruler, master.] [Reeve.] A lord or 
ruler of a hundred. 

“He was (per eminentiam) called the Cent grave or 
Lord of the Hundred. ”— Selden: Laws of Engl., pt. i., ch. 25. 
gen'-tl, in comp. [Lat. centum.) A hundred, 
gen-tl-gip'-i-tous, a. [Lat. centiceps (genit cen- 
ticipitis) = hundred-headed; centum=a hundred; 
caput=a head, and Eng, suff. - ous .] Having a 
hundred heads ; hundred-headed. (Smart.) 

gen-tif-id-ouc, a. [Lat. centum = a hundred; 
jjndo= to cut, to divide, and Eng. suff. -ous.) Divided 
into a hundred parts. (Smart.) 

gen-tl-fo-li-ous, a. [Lat. cenfi/oZiws=hundred- 
leaved: cen4«m=a hundred; folium—a leaf.] Hav¬ 
ing a hundred leaves. 

gen-ti-grade, a, [Fr. centigrade; from Lat. 
centum=a hundred, and gradus= a step, a degree.] 
Divided into a hundred degrees. 

centigrade thermometer, s. A thermometer 
graduated on the scale of Celsius, according to 
which the freezing-point ( = 32° Fahrenheit) is 
marked zero, and the boiling-point (=212° Fahren¬ 
heit) 100°. [Thermometer.] 
gen-tl-gram, gen -tl-gramme, s. [Fr. centi¬ 
gramme : centra hundred: gramme=a grain ; from 
Lat. centum — a hundred, and gramma = a grain.] 
[Gram, Gramme.] A measure of weight, being the 
hundredth part of a gramme, and equal to T5433 of 
a grain troy, or T6924 of a grain avoirdupois. 

gen-ti-li-ter, gen-ti-li-tre, s. [Fr. centilitre: 
cent = a hundred; litre = a measure of capacity or 
volume.] A measure of capacity or volume, being 
the hundredth part of a litre , or a little more than 
six-tenths of a cubic inch. 

gen-til-6-quy (quy as kwy), s. [Lat. centum= 
a hundred; loquor = to speak.] A work composed 
by Ptolemy, and so called from its consisting of a 
hundred aphorisms or sayings. 

*■ Ptolomeus, in his centiloquy, attributes all these symp¬ 
toms which are in melancholy men to celestial influences.” 
— Burton: Anat, of Mel., p. 189. 

gen-ti’me, s. [O. Fr. centisme; Fr. centime, from 
Lat. centesimus = of or j>ertaining to a hundred, 
hundredth.] A small French copper coin, the hun¬ 
dredth part of a franc, or one-fifth of our cent. 

gen-tim-e-ter, gen’-tl-me-tre, s. [Fr. centi¬ 
metre, from Lat. ce?ffum=hundred, and met rum—a 
measure.] A French measure of length, the hun¬ 
dredth part of a meter, that is rather more than '39 
of an inch. 

“ The Units Committee of the British Association have 
recommended that all specifications shall be referred to 
the Centimetre, the Gramme, and the Second. The system 
of units derived from these as the fundamental units is 
called the C. G. S. system, and the units of the system are 
called the C. G. S. units.”— Everett: The C. G. S. System of 
Units (ed. 1875), ch. ii., p. 10. 

centimeter-nine s. [Meter-seven.] 
*gen'-tl-ngl, s, [Sentinel.] 

*gen-tin-er, s, [Centeniee.] 
gen -ti-node, *gen'-ti-no-dy , s. [Fr. centinode ; 
O, Fr. centinodie: Lat. centum—a hundred; nodus 
=a knot.] A kind of grass of the genus Illicebrum, 
a purslane-like plant; knotweed. 

tgen'-ti-ped, gen-ti-pede, s. [Fr. centipede; 
Lat. cewhpeda=hundred-footed; from centum—a 
hundred, andpes (genit. pedis) = a foot.] 

Zool.: An articulated animal having, in the popu¬ 
lar estimation, 100 feet, but scientific men do not 
guarantee the number. It is opposed to a millepede, 
i. e., an animal with 1,000 feet, a number no more 
guaranteed than the former. The real distinction 
between them is that the Centipedes have only one 
pair of legs from each ring or “ somite” of the body, 
while in the Millepedes there are to each somite, 
except the anterior five or six, two pairs. The 
Centipedes constitute the order Chilipoda, of the 
class Myriapod a (q. v.). The feet are generally 
from fifteen to twenty pairs, and the joints of the 
antennae not less than fourteen. 


*gen-tlp’-e-dal, a. [Lat. centum = nundred; 
pedalis=ol a foot long, from pes (genit. pedis) =8 
foot.] Of a hundred feet in length. 

*gen-tl-pee, s. The same as Centipede (q. v.). 
gen t-ner, s. [Ger. centner=a hundred-weight; 
from Lat. centenarius= of or pertaining to a hun¬ 
dred; centum= a hundred.] 

1. A weight of one hundred pounds, used m some 
parts of England and Germany. 

“ The Liverpool corn measure of 1001b., called a centner, 
he proposes as the unit of measure.”— Standard, March 
30, 1881. 

2. A weight of a drachm, divided into a hundred 
equal parts. 

gen,-to, *gen-tone, s. [Lat. cento= a garment 
made up of several pieces joined together; patch- 
work.] 

1. A composition consisting of verses or passages 
from different authors arranged in a new order. 

“ Centones are pieces of cloth of divers colors . . . 
Metaphorically it is a poem patched out of other poems 
by aid of verses.”— L. Vives: Augustine’s City of God, bk. 
17, c. 15, note. 

IT Becoming at length naturalized in our tongue, 
it dropped the Latin plural centones and took the 
English one centos in its room. (Trench: On some 
Def. in our Eng. Diet., p. 28.) 

“ From different nations next the centos crowd.” 

Cambridge Scribleriad, bk. ii. 

2. Music: An opera or musical composition made 
up out of selections from other pieces; a musical 
medley. 

*gen-toc'-ti-la-ted, a. [Lat. centum= a hundred; 
oculatus = having eyes, from oculus = an eye.} 
Having a hundred eyes. 

gen’-t6n-l§m, s. [Lat. cento (genit. centonis ) 
and Eng. suff. -ism.) The act or art of making 
up a composition from selections out of other 
authors; compilation. 

gen'-tral, a. [Lat. centralis— pertaining to the 
center, from centrum=the center.] 

1. Relating to the center, containing the center. 

2. Situated in or at the center. 

“ Palmyra, central in the desert . . . fell.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

central artery,s. 

Anat.: That which, given off by the ophthalmic, 
insinuates itself into the optic nerve in its passage 
to the retina. 

central-eclipse, s. 

Astron.: A central-eclipse is when the centers of 
the heavenly bodies, which are affected, exactly 
coincide, or are directly in a line with the spectator, 
central-fire, s. & a. 

*1. As substantive : 

A lchemy: The fire which alchemists formerly im¬ 
agined to be in the center of the earth, the fumes 
and vapors of which, as they supposed, made the 
metais and minerals. 

2. As adjective : 

Gunmaking: Constructed for the use of center- 
fire cartridges. [Center-fire.] 

central forces, s. pi. 

Mech.: The two antagonistic forces (centrifugal 
and centripetal) by whose united action bodies are 
caused to revolve round a central point. 

gen'-tral-i§m, s. [Eng. central; -ism.] Thesame 
as centralization (q. v.). 

tgen'-tral-ist, s. [Eng. central; -isf.] One in 
favor of the policy of centralization. 

gen-tral'-i-ty, s. [Low Lat. centralitas; cen- 
fj-ah'$=pertaining to a center; centrum—a center.] 
The state or quality of being central. 

“ An actual centrality, though as low as next to noth¬ 
ing.”— More: Notes upon Psychozoia, p. 354. 

gen-tral-Iz-a’-tion, gen-tral-Ig-a'-tion, a. 
[Eng. centraliz(e); -ation.) 

1, Ordinary Lang.: The act of making central. 

2. Political: The system or policy of carrying on 
all Government at one central spot instead of 
locally. [Centralism.] 

gen-tral-Ize, gen'-tral-I§e, v. t. [Eng. cen¬ 
tral; -ize.) 

1. Gen.: To make central, to bring to a center. 

2. Spec.: To concentrate in some particular part, 
as an actual or cenventional center (generally ap 
plied to the process by which the municipal or local 
administration of a country is overridden by the 
administration of the court or capital). 

“ . . . his attempt to centralize the power of the gov¬ 
ernment.”— Finlay: Greek Revolution, bk. v., ch. iv. 

gen-tral-las'-slte, s. [From Gr. kentron= a sharp 
point, a center, and allasso= to change.] 

Min.: A white or yellowish-white pearly mineral 
found near Black Rock, at the Bay of Fundy. Com¬ 
pos.: Silica, 5S*86; alumina, 1‘4; magnesia, 0T6: 
lime, 27‘92 : potassa, 0‘59 ; water, 11’42. (DanaO 


tate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot. 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, arlte. cur. rfile, full: try, Syrian, se, <s = e; ey = a. * qu = kw 




centrally 


SOI 


centropogon 


gen -tral-ly, adv. [Eng. central: -ly.) As re¬ 
gards the center; in a central manner. 

gen-tran'-thiis, s. [Gr. kentron=a. spur; anthos 
= a flower.] 

Bot.: Spurred Valerian, a small genus of plants of 
the order Valerianace®, much used for borders in 
gardens. Centranthus ruber grows in a number of 
places apparently but not really wild. It comes 
from the south of Europe and north of Africa. 

gen-tra'-tion, s. [Lat. centrum= a center.] A 
tendency to approach the center. 

“ What needs that numerous Clos’d centration 
Like wastefull sand ytost with boisterous inunda¬ 
tion?” More Song of the Soul. 

gen-trlc, *gen'-trick, gen’-tri-cal, a. & s. 
[Eng. centr(e), and suff. -ic, ical .] 

A. -4s adj.: Placed in the center: central (lit. & 

fig-). 

“ Some, that have deeper digg’d in mine than I, 

Say where his centrick happiness doth lie.” 

Donne. 

B. As subst : A line drawn in a circle. 

“ How gird the sphere 
With centric and eccentric scribbled o’er.” 

Milton: P. L., viii. 83. 

gen’-tri-cal-ljf, adv. [Eng. centrical; -ly.) 
Centrally, in the center. 

gen-tri-cal-ness, s. [Eng. centrical; -ness.] 
The state or quality of being central.] 
gen-trig'-l-ty, s. [Eng. centric; -ity.) The same 
as Centricalness. 

gen-trlf-U-ggil, a. [Fr. centrifuge , from Lat. 
centrum^ the center, and fugio=to fly from.] 

1. Mech.: Having a tendency to or causing to 
recede from the center. [Centrifugal force.] 

“ They described an hyperbola, by changing the centrip¬ 
etal into a centrifugal force.”— Cheyne. 


centrifugal pump, s. The same as Centrifugal 
machine, 1. Hydraul. 

centrifugal tendency, s. A compound term 
designed to express the same idea as the more com¬ 
mon one, centrifugal force (q. v.). 

“ A circular hoop when set to spinning becomes more or 
less elliptic, owing to this centrifugal tendency.” — Prof. 
Airy: Pop. Astron., 6th ed., pp. 241-2. 

“ As the centrifugal tendency is powerfully in operation 
at the equator, but not at all at the poles, the attraction of 
the earth on bodies at its poles is necessarily greater than 
on bodies at its equator. Another cause tends to produce 
the same result, but that the distance between the poles 
and the center of the earth is less than that between the 
equator and that center.”— Prof. Airy: Pop. Astron., 6th 
ed., pp. 240-2. 

gen-trif -p-g^l-ly, adv. [Eng. centrifugal; -ly.'] 

1. Lit.: In a centrifugal manner. 

2. Fig.: Spreading outward. 

“ The British Association then, as a whole, faces phys¬ 
ical nature on all sides and pushes knowledge centrifugally 
outward.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3d ed., vi. 110. 

gen-trip'-e-tal, a. [In Fr. centripbte , from Lat. 
centrum, =center, and peto= to seek.] 

1. Mech.: Having a tendency to or causing to 
approach the center: having gravity. It is the 
opposite of centrifugal (q. v.). 

“ In the same manner the centrifugal force is not a dis¬ 
tinct force in a strict sense, but only a certain result of 
the first law of motion, measured by the portion of cen¬ 
tripetal force which counteracts it.”— Whewell: History of 
Scientific Ideas, i. 285. 

2. Botany : 

(1) An epithet for that kind of inflorescence which, 
like the spike or capitulum, flowers first at the base 
and last at the end or center; called also Indeter¬ 
minate, Indefinite, or Axillary inflorescence. [Cen¬ 
tripetal inflorescence.] 

“ The expansion of the flowers is thus centripetal , that 
is, from base to apex, or from circumference to center.” 
Balfour: Botany (1855), § 331. 


|2. Botany : 

(1) An epithet applied to that kind of inflores¬ 
cence, which, like the cyme, flowers first at the end 
and last at the base; called also Determinate, 
Definite, or Terminal inflorescence. [Centrifu¬ 
gal INFLORESCENCE.] 

“The expansion of the flowers is in this case centrifugal, 
that is, from apex to base, or from center to circumfer¬ 
ence.”— Balfour: Botany (1855), § 332. 

(2) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of 
the fruits. 

centrifugal drill, s. A drill having a fly-wheel 
upon the stock, to maintain and steady the motion 
against the effect of temporary impediments. 

centrifugal filter, s, A filter the cylinder of 
which has a porous or foraminous periphery, and is 
very rapidly rotated on its vertical axis, so as to 
drive off by centrifugal force the liquid with which 
the substance contained in the cylinder is satu¬ 
rated. 

centrifugal force, s. 

Nat. Phil.: The force which impels a revolving 
body from the center to the circumference of its 
orbit. 

11 Prof. Airy objects to the use of the term centrif¬ 
ugal force, saying that there is no force in opera¬ 
tion. He proposes to substitute the expression 
“ centrifugal tendency.” (Prof. Airy: Pop. Astron., 
6th ed., pp. 241-2.) 

centrifugal gun, s. 

Mil.: A form of machine-cannon in which balls 
are driven tangentially from a chambered disk 
rotating at great speed, 
centrifugal inflorescence, s. 

Bot.: An inflorescence in which the terminal 
flower opens first and the lateral ones successively 
afterward. (Figuier: Vege¬ 
table World.) 

centrifugal machine, s. 

1. Hydraul.: A machine 
contrived to raise water by 
meansof centrifugal 
force, combined with the 
pressure of the atmosphere. 

2. Manufac.: A machine 
for drying yarn, cloth, 
clothes, sugar, &c., by cen¬ 
trifugal action. The fiber 
or other material is placed 
in a hollow cylinder 
with a reticulated peri¬ 
phery or wire gauze, and, 
being rotated at a rate of 
from 1,000 to 2,000 revolutions per minute, the water 
flies off by the centrifugal action, and is collected 
by the inclosing cylinder, down which it trickles to 
a discharge-pipe, lr is also found useful in remov¬ 
ing the must from the grape after crushing. 
(Knight.) 



Centrifugal Inflor¬ 
escence—Geranium. 



Centripetal Inflor¬ 
escence—Primula. 


(2) Having the radicle turned toward the axis of 
the fruit. 

3. Osteology: Progressing by changes from the 
exterior toward the center, as the centripetal cal¬ 
cification of a bone. (Owen.) 

centripetal force, s. 

Nat. Phil.: A so-called force which tends to make 
a body move toward a center, 
centripetal inflorescence, s. 

Bot.: An inflorescence in which the lowest flowers 
open first and the main stem continues to elongate, 
developing fresh flowers. 

(Figuier: Veg. World.) 

centripetal press, s. A 

mechanical contrivance for 
pressing inwardly on a ra¬ 
dial line from all directions 
in the common plane. 

(Knight.) 

centripetal pump, s. 

A pump in which the water 
is gathered by revolving 
blades or arms, and drawn 
to the axis from whence the 
discharge tube rises. 

(Knight.) 

centripetal tendency, s. 

Nat. Phil.: A name proposed by Prof. Airy to 
designate what is now commonly called “centrip¬ 
etal force,"’ but properly speaking is not a force but 
a tendency. [Centripetal force.] Centripetal 
and centrifugal tendencies make the planets re¬ 
volve around the sun in their present elliptic orbits. 
If centripetal action ceased, they would fly off into 
space; if centrifugal action tailed longer to operate, 
they would move with continually augmenting 
velocity toward the sun, against which they would 
ultimately impinge, with the supposed effect that 
everything in them combustible would be burnt. 

tgen-trip-e-tal-ly, adv. [Eng. centripetal; -ly.) 
In a centripetal manner; by centripetal force. 

*gen-trlp’-e-ten-gy, s. [Lat. centrum = center; 
petens (genit. petentis), pr. par. of peto = to seek.] 
The quality of having a tendency to approach the 
center. (Month. Bev.) 

gen-tris'-cus, s. [Lat. centriscus; Gr. kentris- 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the family Fistular- 
idee or Aulostomid®, having the head lengthened 
into a very narrow snout, mouth without teeth, gills 
broad and flat, body compressed, belly carinate, 
ventral fins united. (Craig.) Centriscus scolopax 
is the Trumpet-fish or Sea-snipe, called in Cornwall 
the Bello ws-fish. It is about five inches long. Its 
habitat is in the Mediterranean. 

*gen-tr6-bar '-ic, a. [Gr. kentrobarika, the title 
of a book by Archimedes on the finding the center 
of gravity; from kentrobares = gravitating toward 


the center; kentron= center, bare.: = weight, grav¬ 
ity.] Relating to the center of gravity, or to the 
process of finding it. 

centrobaric method, s. 

Math.: A process invented for measuring or deter¬ 
mining the quantity of any surface or solid, by 
considering it as generated by motion, and multi¬ 
plying the generating line or surface into the path 
of its center of gravity. It is sometimes called the 
Theorem of Pappus, and also, but incorrectly, 
Guldinus's properties. 

gen-tro-ger'-cus, s. [Gr. kentron = center, and 
kerkos = tail.] A genus of birds of the grouse fam¬ 
ily, the typical and only species of which is C. uro- 
phasianus, or sage-cock. 

gen-tro-clln’-l-um, s. [[From Gr. kentron= a 
sharp point, a center; kline— a couch, a bed.] 

Bot.: A genu3 of composite plants, with two¬ 
lipped corollas. The four known species are herbs 
or small shrubs found in the Peruvian Andes at an 
elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. They have alternate 
leaves, stalked, toothed, or entire, and covered be¬ 
neath, as well as the stems, with a white tomentum. 
The flower-heads are purple, about an inch in diam¬ 
eter ; the ray florets are few and female. Centro- 
clinium adpressum and C. reflexum are cultivated, 
and produce rose-colored flowers, smelling like haw¬ 
thorn. (Treasury of Botany.) 

gen-tro-le’-pis, s. [Gr. kentron=a spur; lepis= 
a stalk.] 

Bot.: A genus of Desvauxiace®, containing a few 
small tufted sedge-like herbs from Australia and 
Tasmania. Leaves setaceous, all radical; scapes 
short and terminated by a simple spike; glumes two, 
membranous; stamen one; ovaries two to twelve, 
becoming utricles in fruit. (Treas. of Bot.) 

gen-tro-lm'-e-ad, s. [Lat. centrum = center; 
linea= a line.] An instrument for drawing lines 
converging to or passing through a point. 

gen-tro lin'-e-al, a. & s. [Lat. centrum— center; 
linealis= pertaining to a lino, from lineage, line.] 

A. As adj.: An epithet applied to lines converg¬ 
ing to or meeting in a point or center. 

B. As substantive: Acentrolinead. 

gen-tro-lo -bi-um, s. [Gr. kentron=a. spur; lobos 

—a hood, a capsule.] 

Bot.: A genus of leguminous trees from Brazil, 
Guiana, and Venezuela. The leaves are a foot or 
more in length, and clad with a rusty pubescence. 
The pod is the most remarkable part of the plant. 
It is like the fruit of the common maple. It is 
about nine inches in length, the lower or seed-bear¬ 
ing portion globular, and clad with long, straight 
prickles ; the upper or winged portion thin, papery 
in texture, about 214 inches broad, and bearing on 
its back a long, straight, spurred spine, which is the 
hardened style. Centrolobium pardense furnishes 
one of the most esteemed timbers of the Orinoco; 
its color is bright orange while fresh, fading to 
brown after exposure. 

gen-trol’-o-phus, s. [Gr. kentron = a goad, a 

spur; lophos= a crest.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the family Cory- 
phoenides, with elongated bodies, the dorsal fin 
commencing evenly with the pectoral; ventral fin 
small; anal fin half as long as the dorsal; vent cen¬ 
tral ; lateral line prominent. Centrolophus morio 
is the “ Black fish. ” It is intensely black above, 
especially on the fins. It is of a paler color 
beneath. 

*gen'-tr6-nel, s. [A corrupt form of centinel 
(q. v.).] A sentinel. 

gen-tro'-ni-a, s. [Gr. kentron— a spur, from the 
anthers being furnished with a long spur.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the order Melano- 
stornace®, having large purple flowers. 

gen-tro-not -i-nse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cen- 
tronotus, the typical genus; and fem. pi. adj. suff. 
- ince .] 

Ichthy: A sub-family of fishes, of which Centro- 
notus is the type, belonging to the family Zeid® of 
Swainson, or to the Scomberid®. 

gen-tro-no'-tus, s. [Gr. kentron = a goad, a 
spur; notos= the back: so called from the spur-like 
prickle pointing forward on the back.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, family Zeid®, with 
oblong-fusiform bodies; dorsal and anal fins of 
equal length and falcated; caudal fin large and 
forked; scales minute. 

gen-tro-po-gon, s. [Gr. kentron=& spur; pbgon 
—a beard.] 

Bot.: A genus of Lobeliace®, natives of tropical 
America. All the plants are under-shrubs with 
irregular flowers on long axillary stalks. It is 
alleged that the succulent fruit of Centropogon is 
eatable (Lindley), though the Lobeliace® are gen¬ 
erally dangerous. 


1)611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
•clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 




centropoma 


802 


cephalistic 


9 en-tr 6 -p 6 ’-mu, 9en-tr6-po'-mus, s. [Gr. 

kentron =a goad, a spur ; and poma=a lid, a cover.] 
Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the Per- 
cidae or Perch family. Centropomus undecimalis, 
the specific name of which refers to the fact that it 
had eleven rays to the posterior dorsal fin, frequents 
the mouth of some South American rivers. It is 
called by the English-speaking residents the Sea- 
pike, and is eaten. 

§ en-tr o-pr Is -t e §, s. [Gr. kentron =a spur, and 
pristes= a saw, from its saw-like spines.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the Per- 
cidse or Perch family. Centropistes nigricans , one 
of the species called Black Perch or Black Bass, is 
abundant in the rivers of this country, and is 
esteemed for the table. 

9en'-tro-pus, s. [Gr. kentron =a spur; pous =a 
foot.] 

Ornitli.: A genus of birds belonging to the Coc- 
•cyzinte or Hooked-billed Cuckoos. 

9en-tr6-se-le-ni-a, s. [Gr. kentron = a spur; 
<se#ene=the moon.] 

Bot.: A genus of Gesneracete, from British Guiana. 
It consists of but a single plant, which has a short, 
creeping stem, subcordate, petiolate leaves, and 
solitary axillary peduncles. The calyx is five- 
parted, with serrate segments. It is distinguished 
from Nemetanthus, to which it is allied, by the spur 
of the flower, coupled with the habit and the 
toothed segments of the calyx. ( Treas. of Botany.) 

9en-tro-se -m&, s. [Gr. kentron=a spur; sema— 
a mark, a device.] 

Bot.: A genus of leguminous prostrate of twining 
erennial plants, distinguished by having on the 
ack and near the base of the standard a short 
spur. The large and elegant pea-like flowers are 
white, violet, rose, or blue in color, single or in 
axillary racemes. The pods are very narrow, com¬ 
pressed, thickened at both sides, and terminating 
in a long point; in some species they are eight 
inches in length. Upwards of twenty species, all 
peculiar to warmer portions of America, are known. 

9en'-trum, s. [From Mod. Lat. centrum; Gr. 
kentron= a horse-goad, . . . the stationary part 
of a pair of compasses.] 

Anat. <& ZoOl.: A center, applied specially to the 
“bodies” of vertebrates. {Huxley.) The central 
portion or “ body” of a vertebra. [Nicholson.) 
*9en-try, s. [Sentry.] 

“The thoughtless wits shall frequent forfeits pay, 

Who ’gainst the Gentry’s box discharge their tea.” 

Gay. 

9en-tum -vir, (pi. 9en-tum -vir-I), s. [An 
adaptation of Lat. centumviri: centum=a hundred; 
viri, nom. pi. of vir=a man.] 

Bom. Antiq.: One of the centumviri or judges 
appointed by the preotor to decide common causes 
amongst the Romans. They were selected from the 
most learned in the law, and were elected from the 
thirty-five tribes, three out of each tribe, so that 
their number really was one hunded. and five, 
though, for the sake of the round number, called 
centumviri. They were afterward increased in 
number to one hundred and eighty, yet still retained 
their original name. 

9en-tum'-vlr-al, a. [Lat. centumvir alls= per- 
taining to the centumviri.'] Pertaining to the cen¬ 
tumviri or a centumvir. ( Ash.) 

9en-tum'-vlr-ate, s. [Fr. centumvirat; Lat. 
■centumviratus.] The office or position of a cen¬ 
tumvir. 

9en-tun'-cp-lus, s. [Lat.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Primulaceee. Cen- 
,tunculus minimus is the Bastard Pimpernel, an 
annual weed with alternate ovate leaves and sessile 
flowers. A book-name for it is the Small Chaff- 
weed. 

9en’-tfi-pl6, a. [Fr. centuple; Lat. centuplex= 
a hundred-fold: centum= a hundred; plexus , pa. 
par. of plecto =to twist, to weave.] A hundred¬ 
fold. (Ben Jonson.) 

9en-tu'-ple, v. t. [Centuple, a.] To multiply 
or increase a hundred-fold. 

“ Then would he centuple thy former store, 

And make thee far more happy than before.” 

Sandys: Paraphr. of Job. 

9en-tu'-plic-?Lte, v. t. [Lat. centuplicatus, pa. 
par. of centuplico=to make a hundred-fold: centum 
=a hundred; plico=to weave, to twist.] To make 
a hundred-fold, to repeat a hundred times. 

9en-tu'-pli-ca-ted, pa. par. or a. [Centupli¬ 
cate, d.] Made a hundred-fold, repeated a hundred 
times. 

“I perform’d the civilities you enjoyn’d me to your 
friends here, who return you the like centuplicated, . . .” 
— Howell, bk. iv., Let. 2. 

9en-tu'-pli-ca-tmg, pr. par., a. & s. [Centu¬ 
plicate, v.] 


A. & B. Aspr. par. <& partic. adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of multiplying a hundred¬ 
fold. 

9en-tur -I-<jL.l, a. [Lat. ceii#urioits=pertaining 
to a century; centuria=a century; centum^ a hun¬ 
dred.] Pertaining to a century or a hundred. 

( Edin. Cycl.) 

“When the third centurial jubilee of New England 
shall come, who of us will then be living to participate in 
the general joy ?”— J. Woodbridge. 

*9en-tiir'-Uan, s. [Eng. century; -an.] A cen¬ 
turion. (See example under centenier.) 

*9en-tur'-i-ate, v. t. [Lat. centuriatus, pa. par. 
of centurio .] To divide into centuries or hundreds. 
(Coles.) 

9en-tiir'-I-ate, a. [Lat. centuriatus, pa. par. of 
centurio.] Pertaining to, or divided into, centuries 
or hundreds. 

“The centuriate assemblies.” — Holland: Livy, bk. vi., 
ch. xli. 

*9en tur T-a ~t6r, s. [Lat. centurio— to divide 
into centuries or hundreds.] A name given to his¬ 
torians who distinguish times by centuries, which 
is generally the method of ecclesiastical history. 
Used specially of the Magdeburg centuriators— 
viz., Matthias, Flacius, John Wigand, Matthew 
Judex, Basil Faber. Andrew Corvinus, Thomas 
Holthunters, and others, who between _A. D. 1559 
and 1574 published a Church History in thirteen 
volumes, each volume comprising a century. 

“The centuriators of Magdeburg were the first that dis¬ 
covered this grand imposture.”— Ayliffe: Parergon. 

*9en -tu-rie, *9en'-tur-f (1), s. [Centaury.] 
“Of lauriol, century and fumytere.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,449. 

9en-tur -I-6n, s. [Lat. centurio, from centum=a 
hundred.] 

Roman Antiq.: A Roman military officer com¬ 
manding a century or a company of infantry, con¬ 
sisting of one hundred men. He answered to our 
captain. (Matt. viii. 5.) 

*9en'-t\i-rist, s. [Eng. centur(y); -is#.] The 
same as Centuriator (q. v.). 

“You cannot justly join Osiander and the centurists 
with the heathens.” — Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist, p. 

105. r 

9en'-ty-ry (2), s. [Lat. centuria, from centam= 
a hundred.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) An aggregate number of a hundred of things. 

“ And on it said a century of prayers, 

Such as I can, twice o’er, I’ll weep and sigh.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

(2) A period of a hundred years. This is the uni¬ 
formly accepted sense of the word now. Modem 
chronology among Christian nations centers at the 
birth of Christ, and the centuries are numbered 
according to their order either before or after that 
era. As the First or the Nineteenth Century A. D.; 
the First or the Third Century B. C. 

“ . . . though our joys, after some centuries of years, 
may seem to have grown older . . .” — Boyle. 

2. Fig.: Any exceedingly long period of time. 
(Colloquial.) 

“And fair unblemish’d centuries elaps’d, 

When not a Roman bled but in the field.” 

Thomson: Liberty, pt. iii. 

*11. Roman Antiq.: 

1. A division of the Roman tribes for the election 
of magistrates, the passing of laws, &c., on which 
the voting was by centuries. 

2. A company of cavalry; a sub-division in the 
Roman army. 

Centuries of Magdeburg: An ecclesiastical his¬ 
tory arranged m thirteen centuries, compiled by a 
great number of Protestants at Magdeburg. Bacon 
also wrote a work on natural history, under the 
title of Ten Centuries of Natural History, it being 
divided into ten books, each containing one hun¬ 
dred short articles. 

century-plant, s. The American Aloe, Aloe 
americanus, so called from its being formerly sup¬ 
posed to flower only once in each century. 

*ceol, s. [A. S. ceo#=a_ ship.] An initial in the 
names of men, which signifies a ship or vessel, such 
as those that the Saxons lauded in. (Gibson.) 

9e -py, s. [Lat.] 

Bot.: The common Onion, Allium cepa. 

9e-pev'-6r-Ous, a. [Lat cepa=an onion; voro 
=to devour.] Feeding upon onions. 

9eph-a-el -is, s. [Gr. kepliale= head, from the 
flowers being united in heads.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the order Cinchonacese, 
one of the species of which, Cephaelis ipecacuanha, 


a little creeping-rooted Brazilian plant, yields the 
well-known emetic of that name. C. ruellicefolia is 
poisonous, and is used to kill rats and mice. 

9 eph-a-lu-can'-thus, s. [Gr. kephale — head; 
akantha= a spine.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of mail-cheeked fishes belonging 
to the Triglidee or Gurnard family. 

9eph-al-al'-glc, a. &s. [Lat. cephalalgicus ; Gr. 
kephalalgikos: kephale = head; algeo = to pain, to 
suffer pain.] 

A. As adj.: Affected with, suffering from, or pro¬ 
ducing headache. 

B. Ms subst.: A remedy for the headache. 

“. . . cephalalgics, icterics, apoplegmatics, acoustics, 
as their several cases required.”— Swift: Gulliver's Travels. 

9 eph-al-al’-gy (Eng.), ceph-gl-al'-gl-g, (Mod. 
Lat.), s. [Fr. c&phalalgie ;_Qr. kephalalgia=hea&- 
ache: keplmle= head; algeo=to suffer pain.] 

Med.: The pathological name for the headache. 

9 eph-Al-an'-ther-a, s. [Gr. kephale — head; 
anthera= an anther.] 

Bot.: A genus of Orchids, three species of which 
are common in this country, Cephalanthera pattens, 
ensifolia and rubra. They have nearly regular 
white or red half-closed flowers with a saccate 
hypodril. 

9 eph-ul-an’-thl-um, s. [Gr. kephale = head; 
anthos= a flower.] 

Bot.: The head or capitate inflorescence of a com¬ 
posite flower. (Brande.) 

9 eph-al-an'-thus, s. [Gr. kephale= head; anthos 
—a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Cinchonacese, 
called in this country Button-wood. Cephalanthus 
occidentalis is a bushy shrub with leaves opposite, 
or sometimes three in a whorl, and yellowish-white 
flowers in round heads of the size of a marble. It 
is common in swamps from the Carolinas to Can¬ 
ada. The inner bark of the root is an agreeable 
bitter expectorant, and is often taken as a remedy 
in obstinate coughs. 

9 eph-al ar'-I-a, s. [Gr. kephale= the head, from 
the form of the groups of the flowers, and Lat. neut. 
pi. adj. suff. -aria.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the Teazel- 
worts. There are about twenty species known, to be 
found in Middle Europe, North Asia, and the Capo 
of Good Hope. They are mostly perennial herbs, 
a few only being annual. The flowers are white, 
yellow, or lilac. 

9eph-al-as'-pl-d03, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. ceph- 
alaspis (q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Palceont.: A family of fossil fishes, order Gan- 
oidei, sub-order Ostracostei, or Placoderms. They 
commence in the Upper Silurian, but do not attain 
importance till the Devonian period. [Cephal- 
aspis.] 

9 §ph al-as'-pis, s. [Gr. fcep/iafe=head; ctspis= 
a shield.] 

Palceont.: A genus of ganoid fossil fishes found in 
the Old Red Sandstone formation. The cephalic 
shield is prolonged behind into three acute projec¬ 
tions, the two lateral ones produced backward so 
as to make the buckler resemble “ a saddler’s 
knife,” i. e., the instrument with which leather 
merchants and shoemakers cut their leather. The 
species are sometimes called Bucklerheads. The 
most common one is Cephalaspis Lyellii. 

9 eph'-al-ate, s. [Gr. kephale=head.] 

Zobl.: A mollusk having a head. 

9 eph-al-e-my-i'-a, s. [Gr. kephale—head; myia 
= a fly.) 

Entom.: A genus of dipterous insects of the 
family jEstridse, or Gadflies. 

9 eph-al'-fc, * 9 eph-al'-ick, a. & s. [Fr. c6pha- 
lique; Gr. kephalikos = pertaining to the head; 
kephale=the head.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to the head; useful as a 
remedy for pain in the head. 

“Cephalic medicines are all such as attenuate the 
blood, so as to make it circulate easily through the capil¬ 
lary vessels of the brain.”— Arbuthnot: On Alim. 

B. As subst.: A medicine or remedy for pains in 
the head. 

cephalic index, s. 

Anat.,Ethnol., <&c.: The ratio of the transverse 
to the longitudinal diameter ®f the skull. (Ros- 

siter.) 

cephalic snuff, s. 

Pharm.: The name of an errhine powder, the 
chief ingredient in which is asarabacca. (Mayne.) 

cephalic vein, s. A vein running along the arm, 
so called because the ancients used to open it for 
disorders of the head. (Dunglison.) 

t9eph-g,l-is'-tic, a. [Gr. kephale = the head.] 
Belonging to or situated in the head. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fill, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kw! 




cerasin 


cephalitis 


803 


$eph-$,l-I -tls, s. [Gr. kephale— the head, and 
med. suff. -itis (q. v.).] 

Med.: The name given by Linneeus to inflamma¬ 
tion of the brain or its investing membranes. 

§eph-al-i-za -tion, s. [Gr. kephale=the head, 
formed as if from a verb cephalize.\ 

Biol.: A word first used by J. Dana to indicate the 
tendency in certain animals to have their forces 
localized in or near the head. 

“ This centralization is literally a cephalization of the 
forces. In the higher groups, the larger part of the 
whole structure is centered in the head.”— Dana: Crus¬ 
tacea, pt. ii., p. 1,397. 

§eph'-al-0, in comp. [Gr. kephkle=head.] Per¬ 
taining to the brain, 
cephalo-branchiata, s. pi. 

Zobl.: The same as Tubicola (q. v.). 

cephalo-branchiate, a. 

Zobl.: Having branchiae (gills) upon the head. 
Example, the Serpul® in the class Annelida. 

cephalo-extractor, s. 

Obstetrics: An instrument to extract the foetus by 
the head. 

9eph-al'-6d-Ine, a. [From. Gr. kephale= ahead, 
d euphonic, and Eng. suff. -me.] Forming a head. 
(B. Brown , 1874.) 

* 9 eph-al-og-raph-y, s. [Gr. kephale = head; 
logos= a discourse; grapho= to write.] 

Anat.: A description of the head. 
t§eph.-al-6id, a. [Gr. kephale— head; eidos— 
form.] Head-shaped. 

(jeph-al-ol’-o-gy, s. [Gr. kephale—head ; and 
logos= a treatise.] 

Anat.: A treatise on the head. 

9 eph-al-om-e-ter, s. [From Gr. kephale= the 
head, and metron=a measure.] An instrument for 
measuring the size of the foetal head during par¬ 
turition. 

9eph.-al-oph.-or-a, s. pi. [From Gr. kephale= 
the head, and phoreo=to bear 
Zool.: A sub-class of mollusca containing those 
which possess a distinct head. They are called also 
Encephala. 

9eph-al oph -or-ous, a. [From Mod. Lat. ceph- 
alophor(a) , and Eng. suff. -ows.] Pertaining to or 
of the nature of cephalophora. 


9eph-a.r-6-ph.us, s. [Gr. kephale=the head, and 
iop/i.o8=crest.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of Antelopes, peculiar to tropical 
or southern Africa. The males have horns which 
-are short, straight, simple cones, slanting back¬ 
ward, and a long tuft of hair (whence the name) 
directed backward behind the ears. They are 
known as Bush-bucks and there are several species, 
the smallest, the Pigmy Bush-buck, being no bigger 
than a rabbit. 


9eph-g,l-op-od-a (Lat.), 9eph-al-o-pods 
(Eng.), s. [Fr. cSphalopode, from Gr. kephale— 
head, and pous, genit. podos=a foot.] 

1. Zobl.: A class of mollusks, cUaractenzed by a 
distinct head, surrounded by a circle of long arms 
or tentacles, used for crawling and seizing objects. 
It includes the Argonaut, Octopus, Cuttle-fish, &c., 
With the fossil Belemnites and Ammonites. They 
are furnished with two large eyes, and mostly with 
an internal shell. They swim with the head back¬ 
ward. The Nautilus and Spirula form the living 
types of hundreds of species which have become 
extinct, and the remains of which are found in 
great abundance in secondary strata; they occur 
also in the Paheozoic formations. [Ammonite.] 
The Cephalopoda are divided into two orders: 
Dibranchiata, containing those which have two 
branchiae only, and Tetrabranchiata, or those 
which have four branchiae. 

2. Palceoni.: The order Tetrabranchiata comes 
first in time, appearing in the Lower Silurian rocks, 
attaining its maximum in Palaeozoic times, and 
decreasing through Mesozoic and Camozoic periods 
till now its solitary representative is the genus 
Nautilus. The order Dibranchiata began with 
Mesozoic epoch and has since increased, reaching 
its maximum in the present day. ( Nicholson .) 

9eph -al-6-pode, s. [Fr. ciphalopode, from Gr. 
kephale=head, andp<nts=a foot.] 

Zobl.: A mollusk of the order Cephalopoda. 

qeph-al-6-pod-ic, a. [Eng. cephalopod, and 
suff. -ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature of cephal- 


opods. 

Qeph-al-op'-o-dous, a. [Eng. cephalopod, and 
suff. -ows.] The same as Cephalopodic. 

9eph.-9.1-op -ter-a, s. [Gr. kephale= head, and 
pteron—a feather, a wing.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, 

•family Cephaloptend® (q. v., 
is large in size. It occurs in 


, the typical one of the 
I. Cephaloptera giorna 
the Mediterranean. 


9§ph-al-op-ter -i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
cephalopter(a) (q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 
Ichthy : A family of fishes, sub-order Plagiosto- 
mata. The jaws have many small teeth and the 
tail a long barbed spine. The head looks horned 
from its having two small projecting fins; hence 
the name Cephaloptera. 

9§ph-9,1-op -ter-us, s. [Cephalopteka.] 
Ornith.: A genus of the Coracin® or Fruit-crows, 
family Corvid®, having an enlarged crest of feathers 
on the head, which advances in front and over¬ 
shadows the bill. Cephalopterus ornatus is the 
Umbrella-bird of Brazil. 

9eph'-al-ot, s. [Gr. kephale = the head.] Tho 
same as cerebrot (q. v.). 

9eph-al-6-ta -9e-8e, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cephal- 
ot(us), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: The Australian Pitcher-plant, Cephalotus 
follicularis, a curious herb, with radical leaves, 
which is a plant of very doubtful affinity, has been 
considered provisionally as a distinct family under 
this title. It has a very short or contracted stem, 
with spoon-shaped stalked leaves, among which are 
mingled small pitcher-like bodies, places on short 
stout stalks, and closed at the top like the true 
pitcher-plants ( Nepenthes ). These pitchers are of 
a green color, spotted with purple or brown, and 
provided with hairs. 

9eph-aI-0-tax -us, s. [Gr. kephale=a head (re¬ 
ferring to the clusters of the male flowers) ; Lat. 
taxus=& yew.] 

Bot.: A genus of Coniferous plants, belonging to 
the family Taxace®. They are nearly allied to the 
Taxus or Yew in general habit, foliage, and essen¬ 
tial characters. There are four or five species known, 
all from Japan or North China. One, Cephalotaxus 
Fortuni, is frequently found in our collections of 
Conifers. 

9eph-9l-o'-te§ s. [Gr. kephale — a head, ous, 
genit. otos— an ear,] 

Zool.: A genus of mammiferous animals, natural 
order Cheiroptera, with conical head, ears short, 
and tail but little apparent. 

9eph-al-6-th6r -ax, s. [Gr. kephale = head; 
fMra:e=chest.] 

Entom. <& Zobl.: The name given to the first seg¬ 
ment of the Arachnida and Crustacese, consisting of 
the head and chest united. 

9eph'-al-6-t6me ) s. [Gr. kephale = head, and 
fomos=cutting.] 

Surg.: An instrument for cutting into the foetal 
head, to assist its forcible contraction and facilitate 
delivery. 

9 eph-al-ot-om-y, s. [Gr. kephale=head, tome 
= a cutting, temno= to cut.] 

1. Anat.: The dissection of the head. 

2. Midwifery: The removal of the brain of a child 
impacted in the pelvis. 

9eph'-al-6-trIbe, s. [Gr. kepliale= head, tribd= 
to rub away, to crush.] An obstetrical instrument 
used in cephalotomy. 

9eph-al-0t’-rl-chum, s. [Gr. kephale= the head; 
thrix, genit. <ric/io.s=hair.] 

Bot.: A genus of Dematici (hyphomycetous Fungi) 
Cephalotrichum curtum is an extremely, minute 
plant growing upon the leaves of sedges, with scat¬ 
tered, short, brown, erect filaments, bearing some¬ 
what globular heads composed of tufts of forked 
or ternate branches, with one or two. short, acute 
branchlets, slightly scabrous, bearing smooth 
spores. (Griffith dt Henfrey ) 

9eph-al-0 -tus, s. [Gr. kephale- a head.] 

Bot.: A genus of very singular dwarf pitcher- 
plants, of which only one species is known, Cepha¬ 
lotus follicularis, a native of swampy places in 
King George’s Sound. [Cephaeotacea:.] 
t9eph'-al-0us, a. [Gr kephal(e) =he ad ; Eng. 
suff. -ous.) 

Zobl.: Having a head, applied principally to a 
division of Mollusks. the Cephalata, which includes 
the Univalves, &c. (Dana.) 

9eph'-<ll-us, s. [Gr. kephale= the head.] 

1. Ichthy.: A genus of Cod-fishes (Gadidse), in 
which the head is remarkably large, depressed, and 
broad. 

2. Entom.: A genus of dipterous insects. 
(Je'-pheus, s. [Named after the husband of 

Cassiopeia and father of Andromeda.] 

Astron.: A constellation in the northern hemi¬ 
sphere, lying between Cassiopeia and Draco. 
9e'-phus, s. [From Gr. kephen= a drone.] 

Entom.: A genus of Hymenopterous insects, of 
the family Xiphydriid®. Cephus pyc/mceus is com¬ 
mon in flowers, particularly buttercups. 

9 e'-po-l 9 , s. [Lat.=a small onion, a chive.] 
Ichthy.: A genus of anguilliform fishes, order 


Thoracica, having the head roundish, compressed, 
teeth curved; gill-membrane with six rays ; body 
ensiform and naked. 

9 e-pol'-i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cepola, 
and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ichthy.: Ribbon-fishes, a family of fishes in 
which the body is very long, compressed, and 
ribbon-like. Genera Cepola, Gymnetrus Trichiurus, 
&c. 

* 9 er-a'- 9 eous, a. [Lat. cer(a)=wax, and Eng. 
suff. -aceous.] Pertaining to or made of wax; like 
wax in appearance. Specially in botany. (Brande.) 

9 er-a'-di-a, s. [From Gr. keros=bees-wax, and 
aden= a gland.] 

Bot.: Ceradia furcata, a half succulent plant 
from the most barren part of southwest Africa, 
yields African Bdellium. It is a brittle, resinoid 
substance, fragrant when burned, and must not be 
confounded with ordinary Bdellium. 

9 er-a'-go, s. [Lat. cera= wax. Second element 
in the compound unknown.] Bee-bread, a sub¬ 
stance consisting principally of the pollen of 
flowers, and used by bees for food. 

9 er'- 9 -in, 9 er -a-ine, s. [From Lat. cera=wax, 
and Eng., &c., suff. - n, -ine (Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: The part of beeswax which is sparingly 
soluble in alcohol and not saponified by potash. 

9 e-ram-by'- 9 i-d 83 , s. pi. [Lat. cerambyx=a 
kind of beetle; and suff. -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of coleopterous insects, which 
have the head large and vertical, the jaws sharp 
and strong, the tarsi prehensile, and the thorax 
nearly as broad as the body. They live upon solid 
or decayed wood, both in their larva and perfect 
states. 

9e-ram -byx, s. [Lat. cerambyx; from Gr. keras 
= a horn, and ambyx= a cup, from the form of the 
joints of the antennae.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera, or beetles, the 
typical one of the family Cerambycid®. They are 
widely distributed all over the world, but mainly 
in hot countries. The Musk Beetle ( C. Moschatus ) 
is found on willow trees. It has a strong but 
agreeable odor, somewhat resembling that of attar 
of roses. 

9e-ram-I-a - 9 e-se, s. pi. [Lat. cerami(um); fern, 
pi. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: An order of Florideous AIgse. Rose-red or 
purple sea-weeds (one freshwater?) with a filiform 
frond, consisting of an articulated, branching fila¬ 
ment, composed of a single string of cells, some¬ 
times coated with a stratum of small cells. (Griff, 
& Henfrey.) 

9e-ram -1C, a. [Gr. keramikos = pertaining to 
pottery; keramos= a potter.] Of or pertaining to 
pottery, or the art of pottery. 

9e-ram -ic§, s. [Cekamic.] All the varieties of 
baked or burnt clay. It is distinguished from vit- 
rics, in which silex predominates, the result being 
glass. 

9er-am-id -l-um, s. [A dimin. from Gr. ker- 

amion=a pitcher.] 

Bot.: A name given to the globose-ovate or con¬ 
ical capsule of rose-spored Algee. Examples are 
afforded by Laurencia. 

t9er -9-mist, s. [Eng. ceram(ic); ist. ] A maker 
of pottery or earthenware; a potter. 

9er-a'-mi-um, s. [Gr. keramion= a little pitcher, 
from the shape of the capsules.] 

Botany: 

1. A genus of marine, rose-spored Algae belonging 
to the tribe Confervoid®. Several species occur on 
our coasts, Ceramium rubrum being especially 
common. 

2. A synonym of Didymochl®na, a peculiar genus 
of South American Ferns. (Treas. of Bot.) 

9er'-9-puS, s. [From Gr. kems=horn, and apous 
=without foot or feet-.] [Apus.] 

Zodl-. A genus of Amphipodous Crustaceans. 
Cerapus tubularis, the Caddis-shrimp, is found 
among Sertulari® in the sea, near Egg harbor in the 
state of New Jersey. 

9er-ar-gyr-ite, s. [Gr. keras= a horn; argyros 
— silver, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.).] 

Min.: A mineral of a pearl-gray, grayish-green, or 
whitish color; transparent. Composition: Chlo¬ 
rine, 24‘7; silver, 75‘3. It is found principally in 
Peru, Chili and Mexico. 

9er-9-sIn, 9er'-9-sine, s. [Lat. ceras(um)= a 
cherry, and Eng. suff. -in, -ine (Chem.).] 

1 . Chem. : The portion of the gum of the cherry, 
plum, and other trees, insoluble in water. 

2. Min.: 

1) A mineral, the same as Mendipite (q. v.). 

2) Cromfordite (q. v.). 


hAP hov- pout jowl: cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, eifist. ph - f. 

~cian -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = hal, d*L 





cerasmous 


804 


cercopithecus 



Head of Cerastes. 


fger-a-sl'-nous, a. [From Lafc. cerasinus— 
cherry-colored, j 

1. Ord. Lang.: Cherry-colored. 

2. Chem.: Pertaining to cerasin. 
ger-a-site, s. [Lat. ceras(um)=a cherry, and 

Eng. suff, -ite (Min.).] 

Min.: Native muriate of lead, 
ger-as’-te§, s. [Gr. kerastes= horned, from keras 
= a horn.] 

1 .Ord. Lang.: A 
homed serpent, Ceras¬ 
tes hor^idus. 

Scorpion, and asp, and 
amphisbena dire, 

Cerastes horned, hy- 
drus, and elops 
drear.” 

Milton: P. L., x. 525. 

2. ZoOl.: A genus of 
Indian and African vi¬ 
pers, remarkable for 
their fatal venom, and for two little horns or 

f minted bones placed over each eye. They are of a 
ivid gray color, and have a most terrific appear¬ 
ance. The horned viper. 

ge-ras'-tl-um, s. [Gr. keras= a horn, from the 
shape of the capsules.] 

Bot.: An extensive genus of Caryophyllace®, con¬ 
taining small, white-flowered plants, generally 
called Mouse-ear Chickweeds. The petals are 
generally bifid. The number of sepals, petals, and 
stamens varies ; it is generally five in the two for¬ 
mer, and ten in the staminal whorl. 

9er’-Jt-sus, s. [Lat., from Gr. I:erasos= a cherry- 
tree.] 

Bot.: The Cherry-tree, a genus of trees of the order 
Amygdalaceee. Three species are British—(D Cer- 
asus vulgaris, called also Prunus cerasus, the Dwarf 
Cherry; (2) C. Avium, called also Prunus Avium, 
the Gean, and (3) Cerasus Padus, called also Lauro- 
cerasus Padus and Prunus Padus, the Bird Cherry. 
Hooker considers Nos. 1 and 2 mere varieties of 
each other. The first of these is generally supposed 
to have originated the Garden Cherry, and the sec¬ 
ond the Morelia. The leaves, bark and fruit of 
Cerasus Lauro-cerasus (the Common Laurel), and 
the oil derived from them, are virulent poisons, 
owing to the amount of prussic acid which they 
contain. For a similar reason C. capricida, of 
Nepaul, kills, as the Latin specific name imports, 
the goats of that region. C. Padus and C. virginiana 
have the deleterious property in less measure. All 
the species of Cerasus yield a gum analogous to gum 
tragacath. The leaves of Cerasus Avium have been 
used as a substitute for tea. A variety of the same 
tree is used in the Vosges and in the Black Forest 
in the preparation of the liquor called Kirschen- 
wasser. The kernel of C. occidentalis, a West 
Indian species, is employed in flavoring the liquor 
called “ Noyau.” The bark of Cerasus virginiana is 
prescribed as a febrifuge. So also is that of C. capol- 
lim of Mexico. Some of the species are useful as 
expectorants, and are much used in bronchial 
affections. [Celerry.] 

tger-ate, s. [Lat. ceratus, pa. par. of cero = to 
cover with wax ; cera = wax.] A pharmaceutical 
preparation of wax, oil, and some softer substance 
made into a plaster. 

ger-a-ted, a. [Lat. ceratus= waxed, pa. par. of 
cero= to wax; cera=wax.] Waxed, covered with 
wax. (Bailey.) 

ge-ra-tld -I-um, s. [Gr. Ieras=a horn; eidos= 
form, appearance.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Infusoria, of the family Oxy- 
trichina. It is furnished with cilia, horns on the 
fore part of the body, but neither hooks nor styles 
One species, Ceratidium curneatum, Dujardin con¬ 
sidered to have been a mutilated Oxytricha. The 
appearance of horns arises from the anterior part 
of the body being deeply notched. (Griff, dt Hen- 
frey.) 

*<jer'-g.-tlne, a. [From Gr. keratines— the faUacy 
called the horns; keras= a horn.] Sophistical. 

ger- 2 t-tr-te§, ger'-u-tlte, s. [From Gr. keras, 
genit. keratos= a horn, and suff. -ites.] [Ite.] 
Palceont.: A genus of Ammonitid®, with a dis- 
coidal shell, having lobed sutures with the lobes 
oviculated. They exist from the Devonian to the 
Cretaceous formations, being found in Europe and 
India. 

ce-ra'-tl-um, s. [Gr. keration, dim. of keras= a 

horn.] 

Botany: 

1. A genus of Isariacei (hyphomycetous Fungi), 
containing a generally diffused British plant, C. 
hydnoides, which grows on rotten wood, has a tuft of 
white simple or slightly-branched prickle-like proc¬ 
esses, which produce on their surface sterigmata 
(spicules. Berk.) , each of which is surrounded by a 
spore which easily falls off. The whole plant read¬ 


ily collapses into a mucilaginous mass. The cellu¬ 
lar appearance figured by Greville depends on the 
collapsing of the processes. (Griff. <& Henfrey.) 

2. A kind of fruit, placed by Lindley under his 
class Syncarpi. It is superior, has a pericarp dry 
externally, and is dehiscent by valves separating 
from the heplum. 

ge-ra'-to, in compos. [From Gr. keras, genit. 
keratos= a horn.] Provided with a horn or horns. 

cerato-branchial, a. 

Comp. Anat.: A term applied by Prof. Owen in his 
Homologies to the longer bent pieces supported by 
the bones, which form the lower extremities of the 
branchial arches in fishes. 

cerato-glossus, s. 

Anat.: A name for the hyo-glossus muscle, from 
its appearance and insertion into the tongue. 
(Mayne.) 

eerato-hyal, a. Pertaining to the larger of the 
two chief parts of the hyoid bone 
ger-a-to-gele, s. [Gr. keras—a horn; kele= a 
tumor.] 

Pathol.: A term for a hernia of the corner of the 
eye, consisting in the protrusion of the inner layer 
by the pressure of the aqueous humor at some point 
where the outer layer is destroyed by ulceration. 

§er-at -o dus, s. [From Gr. keras, genit. keratos 
=a horn, and odous, genit. odontos=a tooth.] 

1. ZoOl.: A genus of fishes, order Dipnoi. With 
Lepidosiren, till lately placed among the Amphibia, 
it stands in organization as the head of the fishes, 
and constitutes the point of transition between 
them and reptiles. Ceratodus Fosteri is the Aus¬ 
tralian Mud-fish, and there are other recent species. 

2. Palceont.: Agassiz first founded the genus on 
certain horned teeth found in Triassic and Jurassic 
rocks. _ Seventeen types of teeth have since been 
found in Queensland in Australia, and in Central 
India. 

cer-^-t 5 -nl-a, s. [Gr. keration=a little horn; 
dim. of keras= a horn, from the shape of the pods.] 
Bot.: A genus of leguminous plants. Ceratonia 
Siliqua is the St. John’s Bread, or the Carob-tree 
(q. v.). [Carob.] 

ge-ra-to-phyl-la-ge-se, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cer- 
atophyll(um), and Lat. nom. pi. fem. suff. -acece.] 
Bot.: A natural order of plants, consisting of 
floating herbs with whorls of multifid, cellular 
leaves. 

ge-ra-to-phyl-lum, s. [Gr. keras = a horn; 
phyllon= a plant, a leaf, the petals resembling a 
horn in shape.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
Ceratophyllaceee, of which it is the only known 
genus, and has only one known species. C. demer- 
sum (Hornwort) is common in ponds and ditches. 

ger-a-toph'-jf-ta, s. [Gr. keras—a horn; phyton 
=a plant.] A tribe of Corals of the family Corti- 
cati, the internal axis of which has the appearance 
of wood or horn. 

ger'-a-to-tome, s. [From Gr. keras, genit. kera¬ 
tos—a horn, and tomos= cutting.] A knife used in 
dividing the cornea. 

ge-raun'-Ics, s. [Gr. fcemwros=thunder.] 
Physics: That branch of physics which treats of 
heat and electricity. 

ge-raun-Ite, s. [Gr. keraunos= thunder, and 
Eng. suffix -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] A thunder-stone. 
(Cleaveland.) 

ge-raun- 6 -scope, s. [Gr. fceraw?ios=thunder; 
skope o=to view, to examine.] An instrument or 
machinery employed in the ancient mysteries to 
imitate thunder and lightning, 
ger-ber-U, s [Named after Cerberus.] 

Bot.: A genus of poisonous plants of the nat. 
order Apocynace®. They are principally orna¬ 
mental shrubs, and are natives of the Friendly 
Isles, India, &c. The fruit of Cerbera Ahovai is a 
deadly poison. The kernels of C. Manghas are 
emetic and poisonous ; those of C. Odollam lactaria 
and salutaris are believed to be harmless, but it is 
doubtful if they are really so. 

ger-ber'-e-an, ger-ber-I-qn, a. [Cerberus.] 
Of or pertaining to Cerberus. 

(Jer'-ber-us, s. [Lat. Cerberus; Gr. kerberos .] 
Myth.: A three-headed dog, fabled to guard the 
gates of hell, and whose bite was poisonous. 

ger car-i-a, s. [Gr kerkos= a tail; Lat. neut. 
pi. suff. -aria.] Originally considered a genus of 
Infusoria, but since shown to be the second stage 
in the development of a Trematode worm or fluke. 
The body is oblong, depressed, changeable; the 
mouth subterminal, armedorunarmed ; acetabulum 
sub-central; tail filiform, simple, attenuate at the 
apex, deciduous. They are found parasitically on 


the body, or within the intestines, liver, ovaries, 
&c., of Mollusca (Symneeus, Planorbis, &c.), and 
may be obtained by wounding the body in water. 

Cercaria Berninis Spermatozoa, or Spermatic 
Animalcules: Aname given by the older naturalists 
to certain moving bodies found in the seminal ves¬ 
sels iu animals, and even in plants. Ohrenberg 
placed them under the Haustellite Entozoa. They 
are by the mass of biologists not now believed to be 
organisms. [Spermatozoa.] 

ger-car'-I-iin, a. & s. [Gr. kerkos= a tail.] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to the Cercarians. 

B. As substantive : 

ZoOl.: An intestinal animalcule of the shape of a 
tadpole, having its body terminated by a tail-like 
appendage. (Owen.) 

ger-car'-I-form, a. [From Mod. Lat. cercaria, 
and Class. Lat. forma— form.] 

ZoOl.: Formed like the Cercaria. (Huxley.) 

*gerghe, v. [O. Fr. cerche.] [Search.] 
*ger-giour, s. [Fr. chercher—to seek.] [Search.] 
A searcher. 

“ Cerciouris, vesiaris, &c.” — Aberd. Reg. 
ger’-gls, s. [Gr. kerkis= the rod or the comb by 
which the threads of the woof were driven home 
. . . a poplar-tree or the Judas-tree. (See defini¬ 
tion.)] 

Bot.: A common genus of plants. Tribe, Bauhi 
nie®. Cercis siliquastrum is a tree, a native of the 
south of Europe, and of several countries in Asia. 
It is a handsome low tree with a spreading head. 
The leaves are remarkable for their unusual shape; 
they are of a pale, bluish-green color on the upper 
side, and sea-green on the under. The flowers have 
an agreeable acid taste, and are mixed in salads, 
and the flower-buds are pickled. It has received 
the name of the Judas-tree, from the tradition that 
it was upon a specimen of it, near Jerusalem, that 
the traitor Judas hanged himself. 

ger-co-ge-bus, s. [From Gr. kerkos= a tail, and 
kebos=an ape.] 

ZoOl. .; A genus of Quadrumana. Tribe or section, 
Catarhina. Cercocebus sabceus is the Green Monkey 
or Guenon. It comes from Africa, and is not unfre- 
quently seen in menageries. 

ger-co-la-be§, s. [From Gr. kerkos— a tail, and 
labe= a grip or hold.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Rodents, the typical one of tne 
family Cercolabid® (q. v.). The tail is long and 
prehensile. Locality, South America. 

ger-co-la'-bi-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cerco- 
labes, and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of Rodentia, comprising the 
American Porcupines. It is closely akin to the 
Hystricid® or ordinary Porcupines, but the Ameri¬ 
can species climb trees, which their congeners in 
the Old World never attempt to do. 

ger-co-lep'-te§, s. [From Gr. kerkos= tail, and 
lepfos=peeled, husked- . . . fine, thin.] 

_ ZoOl.: The typical genus of the family Cercolep- 
tidee. 

ger-cft-lep'-tl-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cerco- 
lept(es), and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of plantigrade carnivorous mam¬ 
mals. The species are generally called Kinkajous. 
They are small in size and inhabit tropical America. 

ger-com -o-nad§, s. pi. [Cercohonas.] Dujar- 
1ns English name for the genus Cercomonas. 

ger-Com-6-ng.s, s. [Gr. kerkos= a tail; Lat. 
monas=unity, a unit, a monad; Gr. monos. 
[Monad.] A genus of Infusoria, of the family 
Monadina. Body rounded or discoidai, tubercu- 
lated, with a variable posterior prolongation in the 
form of a tail, which is longer or shorter and more 
or less filiform. (Griff. & Henfrey.) 

ger-cop’ I-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cercop(is), 
and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of Homopterous insects, found 
abundantly in grassy places. The larv® have the 
property of producing the frothy substance, like 
saliva commonly known as Cuckoo-spit. The spe¬ 
cies are numerous. 

ger'-co-pls, s. [Lat. cercope= a grasshopper.] 

. Entom.: A genus of Homopterous insects, the typ¬ 
ical one of the family Cercopidse. 

ger-co-pi-the -cus, s. [Gr. kerkos= a tail, and 
pithekos=an ape.] 

ZoOl „• A genus of long-tailed monkeys, having a 
prominent muzzle of about an angle of 60 . cheek- 
pouches, and callosities on the seat. The Cercopi- 
theci belong to the section Catarhina and the sub¬ 
section containing the Baboons; these have a long 
tail and both cheek-pouches andnatesal callosities. 
They are found in Africa. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, vCiire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 






cere 


805 


ceremoniously 


tpere, s. [O. Fr. cere; Lat. cera=;wax.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Wax. 

2. Animal Physiol.: The naked skin which in 
some birds, such as the hawks, covers the base of 
the bill. 


9 er-e'-bric, a. [Lat. cerebr{um) =the brain, and on the tentorium. On the middle line of the corpus 


cere-cloth, s. [Cekecloth.] 
cere, * 9 eare, v. t. [O. Fr. cerer; Fr. cirer; Lat. 
cera=vfa.TL. Cf. Wei. cwyr; Ir. & Gael, ceir; Gr. 
keros, all=wax.] 

1. To wax, or cover with wax. [Cekecloth.] 

2. To wrap up in a cerecloth. 

§e r-e-al, a. & s. [Lat. cerea.Zis=pertaining to 
Ceres, the goddess of corn and tillage.] 


Eng. suif -ic.] Of or pertaining to the brain, 
cerebric acid, s. 

Chem.: A fatty acid, extracted by means of ether 
from the matter of the brain after it has been 
exposed to the action of boiling alcohol. When 
pure it is white and crystalline. 

9er-eb’-ri-form, a. [Lat. cerebrum= the hair, 
and forma=iovm, appearance.] Resembling the 
brain; brain-like. 


callosum is the raphe, a linear depression, and a 
section on each side of it exposes the ventricles 
(q. v.) extending from one end of the hemispheres to 
the other. 

2. Physiol.: According to Dr. Ferrier—(1) The 
anterior portions of the cerebral hemispheres are 
the chief centers of voluntary motion and of the 
active outward manifestations of intelligence. _ (2) 
Individual convolutions are separate and distinct 
centers ; and in certain groups of convolutions are 

x rr i_ii. u- • j localized the centers for various movements— e. g., 

9 er ebrin.s. [Lat. cerebi (um)—the brain, and eyelids, face, mouth, tongue, ear, neck, hand, foot, 

Eng- suif. -in {Chem.).] and tail of animals. (3) The action of the hemi* 

-, — -- Chem.: C17H33NO3, a light amorphous powder, sphere is in general crossed; but certain movements 

a As adi • Of or oertainine- to wheat or other without taste or smell; it swells up like starch of the mouth, tongue and neck are bilaterally co- 

ertin J Pertaining to wUeat or otiicr yllen bolled wlth water, and is converted, by boil- ordinate from each cerebral hemisphere. 

® * mg with dilute acids, into a saccharine substance 

B. As subst. (generally in the plural): Any corn and other products. ( Fownes .) 
or grain used for food. 9 er-e-brl -tis, s. [From Lat. cerebr[um) =the 

§ er_ ~U-<L s. [Lat. neut. pi. of cerealis.\ brain, and-Lat. & Gr. suff. -itis, denoting imflamma- 

*1. i. an Antiq.: The annual feast of Ceres, tion.] 

held on the 19th of April. Med.: Inflammation of the substance of the brain. 

f2. Cereals. Cerebritis may be either acute or chronic. The „„„„„ ~~~ ~- 

cer’-e-a-lin, c. [Fr. c6r6aline; Lat. cereahs=of acute form of the disease runs a very rapid course principally for wrapping up dead bodies, 
or pertaining to Ceres.] . .^ ^ — 


“ Surprise my readers, whilst I tell ’em 
Of cerebrum and cerebellum.” 

Prior: Alma, iii. 155. 

9Sre'-cloth, *sear-cloth, s. [Eng. cere, from 
Lat. cera— wax; and cloth.] Cloth smeared over 
with some glutinous or waxy substance ; used some¬ 
times for covering up wounds and bruises, but 


Chem.: A nitrogenous substance found by M. 


MAge Mouries in bran. 
t9er'-e-bel (Eng.), 


9 er-e-bel-lum (Lat.), s. 


and persistent pain in the head, with some feverish^ ‘ y: ' g ” ' 

ness and vomiting, pallor of the face, low and 9 ere -Clothed, a. [Eng. cerecloth; 
irregular pulse, depresssion of spirits, confusion of Wrapped in cerecloths. 


-ed.] 


[Lat. cerebellum—o. little brain, dim. of cerebrum^ thought, then convulsions, loss of sensation, 
a brain.] paralysis, coma, and death. Chronic cerebritis, to 

1. Anat.: A portion cf the brain situated beneath which the term ramollisement or softening of the 
the posterior lobes of the cerebrum, and about one- brain is frequently applied, is usually of a local or 
seventh the size of the latter, from which it is pro- partial character, and is consequently much 
tected by the tentorium cerebelli. It is composed of slower in its progress. This form of the disease, 


“ Handsomely cereclothed—Sir T. Browne: Hydri(h 
tapliia. 

9ered, pa. par. or adj. [Ceke, v.] (Chaucer.) 
9 ere'-men.t, s. [Lat. cera=wax.] Cloths dipped 
melted wax, with which dead bodies were 


hemispheres, separated on the upper surface by the with a consciousness of the decline, dull and pro- 
superior vermiform process ; on the under surface tracted pain in the head, tingling or numbness in 
there is a deep fissure termed the vallecula or different parts of the body, impairment of the 
valley, corresponding with the medulla oblongata, faculities of sight and hearing, and paralysis 
On making a vertical incision, the arbor vitse cere- slowly increasing. [Bkain-fevek.] 
belli is seen, the white central substance resembling Qer-e-br5, in compos. [From Lat. cerebrum- 
the trunk of a tree with branches, branchlets and fq le bra i n .j Pertaining to the brain, as cerebro- 


leaves. _ Nearer the commissure than to the lateral 
border is a yellowish-gray dentated line, the corpus 
rhomboideum, or ganglion of the cerebellum. The 
cerebellum is associated with the rest of the brain 
by three pairs of rounded peduncles or cords, the 
superior proceeding forward and upward to the 
testes, forming the anterior part of the lateral 
boundaries of the fourth ventricle with the valve 


spinal (q. v.). 

cerebro-spinal, a. 

Anat.: Pertaining to that part of the nervous 
system which consists of the brain and spinal cord. 

The cerebro-spinal axis: The brain and spinal 
cord. Also called the cerebro-spinal centers and 
the cerebro-spinal system . 

9er'-e-broid, a. [Lat. cerebr(um)= the brain; 

Belonging to the 


Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 4. 

9er-e-m6 -ni-al, a. & s. [Fr. c&r&monial; Lat 
ceremonialis, from ceremonia= ceremony. ] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Of or relating to ceremonies, or rites. 

“. . . the ceremonial rites of marriage !” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. 

*2. Fig.: Formal, observant of ceremonies and 
forms. 

“ He moves in the dull, ceremonial track, 

With Jove’s embroidered coat upon his back.” 

Dryden: Juvenal, x. 

B. As subst.: Outward form or rite, especially of 
church worship ; ceremony, formality. 

“ The conference was held with all the antique cere¬ 
monial.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

f9er-e-m6'-ni-al-I§m, s. [ Eng. ceremonial; 


of Vieusseus between them ; the middle, the largest, n , 

are lost in the pons varolii, and the inferior descend Gr eidos=toTm appearance.] 
to the posterior part ot the medulla oblongata, ana brabl- 

form the inferior portion of the lateral boundaries rT , , ,, 

of the fourth ventricle. tQer-e-brop <1 thy, s. [Lat. cerebrum — the 

2. Physiol.: It is connected with the powers of brain, and Gr. pathos= suffering, affection; pascho -ism.] A fondness for or adherence to ceremony and 
motion, and is largest in those animals which = to suffer.] outward form or rites, 

require the combined effort of a great variety of Med.: A hypochondriacal condition verging upon 
muscles to maintain their usual position and insanity, occasionally occurring in those whose 

' brains have been overtaxed. (Dunglison.) 

cerebro-spinal fever, cerebro-spinal menin¬ 
gitis, s. 

Med.: A fever affecting primarily the meninges 
of the brain and spinal cord. Its period of incuba- 


execute their ordinary movements. It does not 
appear to affect voluntary power, or reflex move¬ 
ments, but chiefly combined motor action. Accord¬ 
ing to Dr. Ferrier the cerebellum is the co-ordinat¬ 
ing center for the muscles of the eyeball. In the 


system of phrenologists, first propounded by Gall, tion is from two days to one week. It is usually 
it is the organ of the sexual instinct. characterized by chill, violent head symptoms, stiff- 

t 9 er-e-bel'-lar, 9 er-e-ber-lous, a. [Eng. cere- ness and contraction of the muscles of back of neck. 
bel;-ar.] Of or pertaining to the cerebel, or brain. 9§r -e-brum, 9e-re-brum, s. [Lat. cerebrum= 
9 er-e-bell-i'-tis, s. [Lat. cerebell(um); and suff. the brain.] 

-itis (Med.) (q. v.).] „ . , 

Pathol.: Inflammation of the cerebellum (q. v.). 


cerebri , and 
marking the 
original develop- 
mentof the 


9 er-e-bral, 9er-e-bral, «• [Lat. cerebrum — 
the brain.] Of or pertaining to the brain. 

cerebral ganglia, s. pi. 

Anat.: Nerve centers situated in the head of 
some of the inferior animals, 
cerebral hemispheres, s. pi. 

Anat.: The two hemispheres dividing the upper brain "(qVv.) into 
part of the brain. two symmetrical 

cerebral nerves, s. pi. halves, which 

Anat.: the nerves, twelve in number, running are connected by 
from the brain to the eyes, the nose, the tongue and a broaa band ot 
other parts of the bodily frame 

9 er-e-bral -gi-a. s. [Lat. cerebrum^ the brain, sum . if either 
and Gr algos=p&in.] Pathol.: Pain m the bead, hemisphere be 

The cut through, 


1. Anat.: The higher and front portion of the 
brain, as opposed to the cerebellum, the hinder and 
lower portion. The cerebrum is composed, of a 
number of convolutions externally, and divided 
superiorly by the great longitudinal fissure, con¬ 
taining the falx 



* 9 §r-e-mo-Hi-ar-i-ty, s. [Eng. ceremonial; -ity .] 
The quality of being ceremonial; ceremoniousness. 

f 9 er-e-mo'-ni-al-ly, adv. [Eng. ceremonial; 
-ly . ] According to ordained rites and ceremonies. 

t9er-e-mo-ni-al-ness, s. [Eng. ceremonial; 
-ness.] The quality of being ceremonial or addicted 
to ceremonialism ; fondness for outward form and 
rites. 

*9er’-e-m6n-I-less, a. [Eng. ceremony; -less.] 
Free from ceremony or outward show or pomp; 
simple. 

9 er-e-mo'-m-ous, a. [Eng. ceremony; suff. -oits.] 

*1. Consisting or or conducted with ceremony. 

“ O, the sacrifice, 

How ceremonious, solemn, and unearthly.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iii. 1. 

2. Attentive to outward form. 

“ You are too senseless obstinate, my lord ; 

Too ceremonious, and traditional.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. III., iii. 1. 

3. According to the rules of society; respectful. 

“ Then, let us take a ceremonious leave.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., i. 3. 

4. Formal, precise, exact, punctilious in the 
observance of outward forms. 

(a) Of persons: 

“ The old caitiff was grown so ceremonious.” — Sidney. 

(b) Of things: 

”a. set of ceremonious phrases, . , — Addi¬ 

son: Guardian. 


9 < 3 r -e-brg,l-Ism, s. [Eng. cerebral; -ism.] 

doctrine that mental operations are due to brain center of white ■Rmin of Man 

action, or that thought is a function of the brain. substance will Cereb rum 7 2 . Cerebellum. 

_ be found sur- ^ ... If For the difference between ceremonious and 

tger-e-bral-l-za -tion, s. [Eng. cerebral, and rounded, by a gray border, following the zigzag of formal, see Formal. 

Suff. -ization.'] Enunciation by bringing the tip of the sulci and convolutions. Each hemisphere. is 
the tongue upward against the palate. divided into an anterior, middle, and posterior 

,Sr--«-brate ». i. [Lat. c«*~»=the brain.] 

To have the brain acting. lobe, which lies in the middle fossae of the base 

[ger-e-bra'-tion, s. [Lat. cerebrum-tho brain.] c f the skull, . nd is separated from the posterior at 
Physiol.: The action of the brain. (Dunglison.) the ridge of the petrous bone; the posterior rests 


t9er-e-mo'-ni-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. ceremonious; 
•ly.] In a ceremonious manner; formally, accord¬ 
ing to proper form. 

“ Ceremoniously let us prepare 
Some welcome for the mistress of the house.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, v. 1. 


b 6 il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sm, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph — £ 
•cia’n, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c . = b?l, d$L 







ceremoniousness 


806 


ceromancy 


T$ 8 r-e-md'-ni- 0 us-ness, s. [Eng. ceremonious; 
■ness.'] The quality of being ceremonious or fond of 
outward form and ceremonies; ceremonialism. 

§er'-e-m 6 n-$r, *§er-e-moin, * 9 er'-e-m 6 n-ie, 
* 9 er-I-moin, * 9 er-f-moyn, 9 er'-^-mon-j[, s. 
[O. Fr. cerimonie; Lat. coerimonia.] 

1 . An outward form or rite in religion. 

“ That ye fulfillen the cerymoyns and domes.”— Wycliffe: 
Deut. xi. 82. 

2. The outward forms of state; royal pomp. 

“And what have kings that privates have not too, 

Save ceremony, save general ceremony f 
And what art thou, thou idol ceremony f 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iy. L 
*3. Any thing or observance held sacred. 

“ To urge the thing held as a ceremony .” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, y. L 
*4. A sign, prodigy, or superstition. 

“I never stood on ceremonies. 

But now they fright me.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, ii. 2. 

5. The forms of society; civility, propriety. 


erect plant, and C. fiagelliformis, a creeper, are not 
unfrequentlymet with in gardens. The genus are 
generally useful as cardiac agents and anti-pyretics 
—particularly the Mexican fever-few, C. Bonplandi. 

*9er -foyl, s. [Chervil.] 

“Avance, cerfoyl, herbe Robert.” — Relig. Antiq., i. 55. 

*9§rge, *9ierge, *serge, s. [O. Fr. cerge, cierge, 
sierge; Sp. cirio— a wax taper; Lat. cereus— waxen; 
cera=wax.] A wax taper. 

“Ther brenden cerges inne.” — Havelok, 594. 

*9er-gyn, v. [Search.] 

“Cergyn. Scrutor, rimor.” — Prompt. Parv. 

9 'er -i-a, s. [Lat. cereus=waxen, pliant.] 

Med. Zodl.: An old name for a kind of flat worm 
bred in the intestines. [Taenia.] 

* 9 er'-I-g,l, a. [Cerrial.] Of or pertaining to 
the Cerrus oak-tree. 

*9eriawnt, s. [Sergeant.] 

“ Ceriawnt of mace. Apparitor ”— Prompt. Parv. 

“Ceriawnt. Indagator.” — Ibid. 


“All ceremonies are, in themselves, very silly things; 
but yet a man of the world should know them.”— Lord 
Chesterfield. 

6 . Formality, preciseness, punctilious observance 
of forms. 

If Sometimes personified. 

“ Then Ceremony leads her bigots forth.” 

Cowper: Expostulation, 116. 

Master of the Ceremonies: A person whose duty it 
is to superintend the forms and ceremonies to be 
observed by the persons present on any public 
occasion. 

IT For the difference between ceremony and form 
see Form. 

9er'-e-&-lIte, s. [Cerolite.] 

9er-e-op'-sis, s. [Gr. keras= a horn, and opsis= 
the face.] 

Zodl.: The Pigeon-goose, an Australian genus of 
the Anatidee or Duck family, and the sub-family 
Anserinse, or Geese. Cereopsis Novae Hollandice is 
abundant on the south coast of Australia and the 
adjacent islands. 

*9er'-e-Ous, a. [Lat. cereus, from cem=wax.] 
Waxen, consisting of or containing wax. 

9 er'-er-Ite, s. [From Lat. Ceres (genit. Cereris), 
and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.).] [Ceres.] 

Min.: The same as Cerite (q. v.). (Brit. Mus. 
Cat.) 

<Jer'-e§,s. [Lat.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Roman Mythol.: The daughter of Saturn 
and Ops, and the goddess of Corn and Tillage. She 
is generally represented with ears of com on her 
head, and holding in one hand a lighted torch, and 
in the other a poppy, her sacred flower. 

2. Fig.: Applied to corn. 

“ This ground with. Bacchus, that with Ceres suits, 
That other loads the trees with happy fruits.” 

Dryden: Virgil; Qeorgic i. 81. 
II. Astron.: An asteroid, the first found. It was 
discovered by Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Having 
observed it at Palermo, in Sicily, he called it Ceres, 
after the old tutelary divinity of that island. [I.] 
Under favorable circumstances it has been seen by 
the naked eye as a star of the seventh magnitude, 
but more generally it looks like one of the eighth 
magnitude, only the light has a red tinge, and a 
haze is round the planet as if it had a dense atmos¬ 
phere. 

9 er'-e-us, S. [Lat. cerews=waxen, from the ap¬ 
pearance of the shoots.] 

Bot.: The Torch-thistle, a large genus of plants of 
the order Cactacese, remarkable for their singular¬ 
ity of form, and the beauty of the flowers. Cereus 
giganteus , the 
Suwarrow or 
Saguaro of the 
Mexicans, is the 
largest and 
most striking of 
the genus. It 
rises to the 
height of fifty 
or sixty feet,and 
looks more like 
a candelabra 
than a tree of 
the normal 
type. Other not¬ 
able species are 
C. senilis , the 
long gray bris¬ 
tles of which 
give it the ap- 

E earance of the 
ead of an old gray-haired man. C. grandiflorus is 
the bright flowering Cereus, but there are others 
which also flower at night. C. speciosissimus, an 



Cereus. 


9‘er-lf-er-ous, a. [From Lat. cera= wax, and 
fero= to bear, and Eng. suff. - ous .] 

Bot., <&c.: Producing wax. (R. Brown, 1874.) 

9er'-In, 9er'-Ine, s. [Lat. cera- wax, and Eng. 
suff. -in, -ine (Chem .).] 

1. Chem.: A substance composed of fine crystal¬ 
line needles, deposited while cooling, when wax 
has been boiled in alcohol. It is composed of car¬ 
bon 48, hydrogen 50, and oxygen 2. It forms 70 to 80 
per cent, beeswax. It is white, analogous to wax, 
fusible at 134°F. When treated with caustic alkali 
ley it is converted into margaric acid and ceraine. 

2. Min.: A brownish-black mineral, a variety of 
Allanite (q. v.), found in East Greenland, generally 
massive, and rarely crystallized in' four-sided 
prisms. It is composed of silica 35*4, protoxide of 
cerium 29*9, oxide of iron 25*4, alumina 4*1, lime, 9*2. 
Specific gravity, 3’5-4'0. 

9er -In-ite, s. [From Lat. cera=wax, and Eng. 
suff. -in, -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] [Cerin.] 

Min.: A white or yellowish-white mineral akin 
to Heulandite, but massive with a waxy luster. 
Found in the trap of the Bay of Fundy. 

9er-in-the, s. [Lat. cerinthe , cerintha; Gr. 
kerinthe= the plant called Cerinthe major (see def.). 
Cf. also Lat._ cerinthus; Gr. kerinthos— bee-bread, 
from Gr. kerion= a honey-comb, and anthos— 
flower.] 

Bot.: A small genus of borage-worts. The species 
are mostly European. Two, Cerinthe major and 
minor, have been long cultivated in gardens under 
the name of Honey-wort. 

9er-In'-thi-an§, s. pi. [From Cerinthus , their 
founder, who flourished about A. D. 88 .] 

Eccles. Hist.: A heretical sect, followers of Cer¬ 
inthus, a Jew by birth, who attempted to unite 
the doctrines of Christ with the opinions of the 
Jews and Gnostics. He believed that the Demiurge, 
or Creator of the World, who was not the Supreme 
Being, was also lawgiver of the Jewish nation. He 
having fallen off in character, God sent Christ, an 
eeon, to enter into a certain Jewish man called 
Jesus, to subvert the power of the Demiurge, who, 
irritated, produced the crucifixion. The eeon Christ 
shall again return to the man Jesus, and reign with 
his followers in Palestine for 1,000 years. Cerinthus 
is believed to have been born before the crucifixion 
of Christ, and St. John is said by Ireneeus to have 
written his Gospel in opposition to his doctrines. 
The sect did not continue long. 

9er-I-0-por-a, s. [From Gr. kerion— a honey 
comb, and Lat. porus; Gr. poros=a passage.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Polyzoa or Bryozoa, the typical 
one of the family Cerioporidee. 

9er-I-6-pbr'-l-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. ceri- 
opora (q. v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of Polyzoa or Bryozoa, containing 
species with a solid, simple, or branched coenoecium, 
composed of crowded contiguous cells. (Nicholson.) 

9er -l-ops, s. [From Gr. fceros=beeswax, and dps 
=the eye, the face, the countenance.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the Mangrove family, 
natives of the shores of tropical Asia and Australia. 
They are closely related to the genus Rhizophora. 
The seed has the curious habit of germinating and 
protruding from the fruit while still attached to 
the bough. 

9er'-lph, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Type-founding: One of the fine lines of a letter, 
especially one of the fine cross-strokes at the top 
and bottom of capitals. (Savage.) 

9er i§ e, s. & a. [Fr. cerise—a cherry, from Lat. 
cerasus .] 

A. As subst.: A cherry color, a light bright red. 

B. As adj.: Of the color of cerise. 


9er’-ite, s. [Named by the discoverers after the 
planet Ceres, and suff. -ite (Min.).] 

Min.: A mineral, a siliciferous oxide of cerium, 
of a brown or cherry-red color, slightly translucent, 
and brittle. It is found in Sweden. Composition: 
Silica, 20*4; seria, 73*5; water, 6T. 

9 er-lth'-i- 9 .-dse, 9 <sr-lth -1-1-dae, s. pi. [From 
Mod. Lat. cerithium, and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. 
-ados, -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of gasteropodous mollusks, sec¬ 
tion Holostomata (Sea-snails). The shells are long 
and spiral, with many whorls and horny opercula. 

9er-lth'-l-um, s. [From Gr. keration= a little 
horn, dimin. of keros—a horn.] 

Zodl & Palceont.: The typical genus of the family 
Cerithiadee (q. v.). One hundred and thirty-six 
recent species are known, and 460 fossil, the latter 
from the Trias onward till now. ( Woodward: Mol- 
lusca, ed. Tate.) 

9 er'-l-um, s. [Named by the discoverers after 
C©r©s»] 

Chem.: A metal (Sym. Ce.; At. Wt., 92) found 
with two other metals, lanthanum and didymium, 
in cerite. Powdered cerite is made into a thick 
paste with concentrated sulphuric acid, and heated 
nearly to redness. The mass is then treated with 
water, saturated with H 2 S, filtered, acidified with 
HC1, and precipitated by oxalic acid. This precip¬ 
itate heated in the air to redness gives a brown 
powder of the mixed oxides. Nitric acid dissolves 
the oxides of lanthanum and didymium, and leaves 
the oxides of cerium. The oxides of lanthanum 
and didymium are separated by the repeated crys¬ 
tallization of their sulphates (see Watts’s Diet, of 
Chemistry). Cerium is obtained by reducing its 
chloride with sodium as a gray powder which 
decomposes water slowly. It dissolves in dilute 
acids with evolution of hydrogen. Cerous oxide, 
CeO, obtained by igniting the carbonate or oxalate, 
is a grayish-blue powder, which, in the air, oxidizes 
into ceroso-ceric oxide, CegCh, a yellowish-white 
powder. The salts of the former are colorless, 
those of the latter brown-red or yellow. 

cerium carbonate, s. Min.: Lanthanite(q.v.). 
cerium fluoride, s. Min.: Fluocerite (q. v.). 
cerium phosphate, s. Min.: Churchite (q. v.). 
cerium silicate, s. Min.: Cerite (q. v.). 
*9er’-kll, s. [Circle.] 

9er-ma-ti'-I-dse, s. pi. [From Gr. kermation, 
dimin. of kerma= anything cut small, and Lat. fem. 
pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of Myriapoda, order Chilopoda. 
They have short bodies covered above with eight 
and below with fifteen plates. The legs are long. 

9er-nous, t9er'-nu-ous, a. [Lat. cernuus= 
stooping, bending down.] 

Bot.: Drooping, hanging, pendulous. 
9 er-o-c 6 m'-a, s. [From Lat. cera= wax; o con¬ 
nective, and coma=hair (?).] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleopterous insects of the 
family Cantharidse. About half a dozen species of 
this genus, which is remarkable for the extraordi¬ 
nary antennee of the males, which are short, thick, 
with joints extremely irregular in shape and size, 
the terminal joints forming a large flattened knob, 
have been found. All are European. 

9'er - 5 -graph, s. [Cerography.] A writing on 
wax. 

9er-o-graph'-Ic, *cer-o-graph’-l-cal, a. [Eng. 
cerograph(y); -ic, -ical.] Of or pertaining to cer¬ 
ography. 

9er-og'-r<iph'-lst, s. [Eng. cerograph(y); -ist.] 
One who practices or is skilled in cerography. 

9er-og -raph-y, s. [Gr. kerographia=painting 
with wax ; keros— wax; graphia= writing, painting; 
grapho— to write.] 

1 . The act or art of writing on wax. 

2. The art of engraving on copper covered with a 
thin film of wax, from which stereotype plates are 
taken. (Moxon.) 

9er-o-lite, s. [Gr. keros = wax, and lithos— a 
stone.] 

Min.: A greenish or yellowish-wnite mineral; 
transparent or translucent. Composition: Silica, 
47*34; magnesia, 29*84; water, 21*04; hardness, 2—2*5. 
Specific gravity, 2*3—2*4. Luster vitreous or resin¬ 
ous. It is found at Frankenstein, in Silesia. It 
feels greasy to the touch, whence its name. (Dana.) 

9 er o -ma, s. [Lat. ceroma; Gr. fceroma=oint¬ 
ment for athletes; keroo= to anoint, to wax over; 
fceros=wax.] That part of the ancient gymnasia 
and baths in which athletes used to anoint them¬ 
selves. 

9er-0-man-9y, s. [Gr. fceros=wax, and man- 
teia= prophecy, divination.] A method of divina¬ 
tion, formerly practiced, by dropping melted wax 
into water and observing the figures formed. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thgre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu'=l£w! 




ceroon 


807 


certificate 


tge-roon', s. [Seroon.] A large bundle or pack¬ 
age composed of skins. 

ger- 6 -pe-gI-a, s. [From Gr. fceros=beeswax, 
and pege=a. well, a fountain.] 

Bot.: A genus of Asclepiads (Asclepiadaceee), con¬ 
taining more than fifty species of perennial herba¬ 
ceous plants, natives of India and Africa. They 
have a bulbous root, and short erect or twining 
stems. The calyx is five-parted. Several species 
are employed for food; in some cases the whole 
plant is eaten as a salad, in others the fleshy leaves, 
stems, and tubers are used as pot vegetables. Cero- 
pegia edulis is said to be eaten, whence its specific 
name. 

*geroph-er-a-ry, s. [Lat. ceroferarius, from 
Gr. fceros=wax; pherd=to carry.] 

1. An acolyte, an assistant of lower grade in a 
church j whose office it was to carry the candles in 
any religious procession. ( Thomas Fuller.) 

2. A stand for candles. 

f§er- 6 -pl 9 ,s'-tiC, a. & s. [Fr. ciroplastique; Gr. 
keroplastikos=ot or for modeling in wax: keros— 
wax; piasso=to mold, to model.] * 

A. As adj.: Modeled in wax. 

B. As substantive: 

Sculp.: The art or science of modeling figures in 
wax. 

ger-op-ter-Is, s. [Gr. keros = wax; pteris — a 
fern.] 

Bot.: A name formerly applied to the species of 
Gymnogramma, or Gold and Silver Ferns. 

ger- 6 -sme, ger -o-sln, s. [Lat. cera=wax; Gr. 
keros= wax, and Eng. suff. -ine (Chem .) (q. v.).] 
Chem.: A waxy substance found on sugar-canes. 
It is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 
ger - 6 -tate, s. [Cekotic Acid.] 

♦ger'-ote, s. [Low Lat. cerotum; Lat. ceratum.] 
The same as Cerate (q. v.). 

“ In those which are critical, a cerote of oil of olives, 
with white wax, hath hitherto served my purpose.”— 
Wiseman. 

ger - 6 -tene, s. [Low Lat. cerot(um ), and Eng. 
suff. -ene (Chem.).] 

Chem.: Co 7 H 54 =Cerylene. An olefine hydrocarbon, 
melting at"*57°, obtained by the dry distillation of 
Chinese wax. 

ger-ot'-lc, a. [Low Lat. cerot(um), and Eng. 
suff. -ic.] 
cerotic acid, s. 

C 26 H 53 

Chem.: I A monobasic fatty acid which 

COOH 

crystallizes in small grains, melting at 78°, and dis¬ 
tilling without decomposition ; its salts are called 
cerotates. This acid is the principal constituent of 
cerin, the portion of beeswax which is soluble in 
boiling alcohol, from which cerotic acid may be 
prepared by precipitating with lead acetate, decom¬ 
posing the precipitate with acetic acid, and recrys¬ 
tallizing from boiling alcohol. Also from the dry 
distillation of Chinese wax, which consists of ceryl- 
cerotate. 

ger-ox'-^f-lon, s. [Gr. fceros=wax; xylon= wood, 
& tree .3 

Bot.': A genus of Palmacese (Palms). Ceroxylon 
andicola yields wax, which forms a coating over its 
trunk. 

ger -rl-al, a. [Lat. cerrus; Fr. cerre= a variety 
of oak.] [Cerial.] Of or pertaining to the Cerrus 
or Bitter-oak. 

ger -rls, ger'-rus, s. [Lat. cerrus.] 

Bot.: The Bitter-oak, Quercus cerris. 

*gerss, v. t. [Fr. chercher.] To search. 

“Als at the kingis hienes deput & ordand certane 
oesouris [cersouris] in euirilk toun, quhilk is ane port, 
quhilk sal haue power to cerss the salaris [sailors] & 
passaris furth of the Rome for hauffing furth of money 
be quhat sumeuir persoune spirituale ortemporale, . . .” 
—Acts Ja. IV., A. 1603, Ed. 1814, p. 242. 

*gert, a. [Fr. certes, from Lat. cerfws=certain, 
assure.] Sure, certain. 

ger-tain, *ger-taine, *ger-tayn, *ger-ten, 
*ger-tein, a., adv. & s. [O. Fr. certein; Fr. cer¬ 
tain: Ital. certano; Lat. certus, with suff. -anus. 
Connected with Lat. cerno— to perceive, and Gr. 
krino— to judge.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Objectively: 

1. Sure to happen, inevitable. 

“Virtue that directs our ways, 
Through certain dangers to uncertain praise.” 

Dryden. 

*2. Trustworthy; on which one can depend; reli- 

able. « jf h e my ght on tham troste 

That thei were certayn.” — Langtoft, p. 45. 


3. Fixed, settled, determined beforehand. 

“ You shall gather a certain rate every day.”— Exodus 
xvi. 4. 

4. Indubitable, unquestionable, past doubt. 

“ Those things are certain among men, which cannot 
be denied without obstinacy and folly.”— Tillotson. 

5. Unfailing. 

“I have often wished that I knew as certain a remedy 
for any other distemper.”— Mead. 

II. Subjectively: 

1. Sure, convinced, assured. 

(1) With of. 

“This the mind is equally certain of, whether these 
ideas be more or less general.”— Locke. 

(2) With an infinitive. 

*2. Determined, resolved. 

“ However I with thee have fix’d my lot, 

Certain to undergo like doom of death, 

Consort with thee.” 

Milton: P. L., ix. 952. 

III. Indefinitely: 

1. In agreement with a subst.: Some one. 

“AndJesus answering said, A certain man went down 

from Jerusalem to Jericho, . . .”— Luke x. 30. 

“ After wol I speke in pryvyte 
Of certeyn thing that toucheththe and me.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,493. 

2. Absolutely: An undetermined number or quan¬ 
tity. 

“How bad soever this fashion may justly be accounted, 
certain of the same countrymen do pass far beyond it.”— 
Carew: Survey. 

IT To make certain: To inform. [Lat. certiorem 
facere.] [Ascertain.] 

*B. As adverb: 

1. Absolutely: Certainly, surely, undoubtedly. 

“ I wol telle it non other man, certayn.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,495. 

2. With a prep.: In certain , in certayne, for cer¬ 
tain— certainly, assuredly. 

“ Yet how should I for certain hold, ...” 

Tennyson: The Two Voices. 

*C. As substantive: 

1. Certainty, sure facts. 

“ Wherof the certaine no man knoweth.” 

Gower, i. 8. 

2. A number or amount, either stated or not; a 
quantity. 

“He took with him a certen of his idle companions.”— 
Bale: Acts of Eng. Votaries. 

3. A fixed period or limit. 

“ Every time hath his certein.” 

Gower, iii. 251. 

“After he had contynued a certaine of time.”— Fabian’s 
Chronicle: Hen. VI., p. 461. 

1[ 0/ a certain: Assuredly, certainly. 

“ Of a certain these things are pretty toys.”— Scott: Fair 
Maid, ch. iii. 

U Crabb thus distinguishes between certain, sure, 
and secure: “ Certain respects matters of fact or 
belief; sure and secure the quality or condition 
of things. A fact is certain, a person’s step is sure, 
a house is secure. Certain is opposed to dubious, 
sure to wavering, secure to dangerous. A person is 
certain who has no doubt remaining in his mind; 
he is sure when his conviction is steady and un¬ 
changeable ; he is secure when the prospect of dan¬ 
ger is removed. When applied to things, certain is 
opposed to what is varying and irregular; sure to 
what is unerring; secure is used only in its natural 
sense. It is a defect in the English language, that 
there are at present no certain rules for its orthog¬ 
raphy or pronunciation; the learner, therefore, is 
at a loss for a sure guide. Amidst opposing state¬ 
ments it is difficult to ascertain the real state of 
the case. No one can insure his life for a moment, 
or secure his property from the contingencies to 
which all sublunary things are exposed.” (Crabb: 
Eng. Synon .) 

*ger-tain, *ger-teyne, v. t. [Certain, a.] To 
certify, to inform. 

ger-tain-1^, *ger-taln-liche, *ger-tane-ly, 
*ger-teyn-lie, *ger-ten-lich, adv. [Eng. cer¬ 
tain; -ly.] . 

1. Assuredly, beyond doubt or question, of a cer¬ 
tainty. 

“ Certenlich we be schent. 

Seven Sages, 367. 

“ Certainly he that, by those legal means, cannot^be se¬ 
cured, can be much less so by any private attempt.” Dr. 
H. More: Decay of Christian Piety. 

2. Without fail. 

“And he said, Certainly I will be with thee . . 

Exod. iii. 12. 

ger-tain-ness, s. [Eng. certain; -ness.] The 
quality of being certain; certainty. _ 


b<5il, b6y; pout, jdwl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


ger-taln-t^, *ger-tein-te, *ger-teyn-te, *ger- 
tayn-tye, s. [Eng. certain; -ty.] 

1. The quality or state of being certain or free 
from doubt. 

“ If it myght that weys be brouht to certeynte.” — Lang¬ 
toft, p. 278. 

“In hopeless certainty of mind.” 

Byron: Mazeppa, v. 17. 

2. The quality or state of being fixed. 

3. Assurance, confidence. 

“Forthy may no certeinte be sette upon his jugement.” 

Gower: C. A., i. 43. 

“. . . at a verye venture, soe as it should be harde to 
builde any certayntye of charge to be raysed upon the 
same.”— Spenser: State of Ireland. 

4. A thing certain, sure, or indubitable and unde¬ 
niable. 

“Nay, 'tis most credible; we here receive it, 

A certainty vouch’d from our cousin Austria.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, i. 2. 

IT At a certainty—in a state of confidence or 
assurance. 

“. . . sometimes our way is clean, sometimes foul; 
sometimes up hill, sometimes down hill; we are seldom 
at a certainty.” — Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii. 

Of a certainty: Assuredly, undoubtedly. 
*ger’-te§, *ger'-tys, adv. [Fr. certes, from Lat. 
cerfws=sure.] Certainly, assuredly. 

“ And certes, if it nere to long to heere, 

I wolde han told yow fully the manere.” 

Chaucer: The Knighfs Tale, 877-8. 

“ Certes, who bides his grasp will that encounter rue.” 

Thomson: Castle of indolence, i. 22. 

ger'-thl- 5 t, s. [Lat. certhia; Gr. kerthios= a lit¬ 
tle bird, a tree-creeper. [See def.] 

Ornilh.: The Creeper, or Ox-eye, a genus of birds, 
the typical one of the family Certhidee (q. v.). 
They are noticeable for their color: as Certhia viri- 
dis, the Green Creeper, and C. aurantia, the Orange- 
colored Creeper; and by the shape of the beak: as 

C. falcata, the Sickle-billed Creeper. C. familiar is, 
the Common or Brown Creeper. [Creeper.] 

ger'-thl-dse, ger'-tM-g,-d 8 e, s. pi. [From Lat. 

certhia (q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee. 1 
Ornith.: A family of Tenuirostral birds, with 
long, slender, and slightly arched bills, and short 
legs furnished with strong claws, which enable 
them to creep about upon the trunks and branches 
of trees. Sub-families: Certhinee (Creepersproper), 
Sittinae (Nut-hatches), Troglodytinee (Wrens), Den- 
drocolaptinee (Tree-creepers), Synallaxin®, and 
Furnarinse, or Oven-birds. 

ger-thi-nae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. certhia 
(q. v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -ince.] 

Ornith.: The typical sub-family of the family 
Certhidee (q. v.). 

tger'-tl-fi-?i-ble, a. [Eng . certify;-able.] That 
may or can be certified; reliable. 

ger-tif'-I-cate, s. [Fr. certificat; Ital. certifi¬ 
cate , from Lat. certificatus, pa. par. of certifico=to 
make certain: cerfns=certain; facio— to make.] 

1. Ordinary Language : 

*1. Testimony, witness. 

“ A certificate of poverty is as good as a protection.”— 
L’ Estrange. 

2. A written document certifying the truth of any 
matter, 

“ I can bring certificates that I behave myself soberly 
before company.”— Addison. 

*3. A character. 

“ To obtain the certificate which one of the ancient 
philosophers aspired to, that there was one that knew 
how to hold his peace.”— Bacon: Advt. of Learning, 
bk. ii. 

U A bankrupt's certificate: The document granted 
to a bankrupt, with the consent of his creditors, 
certifying that he has surrendered and made a full 
disclosure of his property. 

A burial certificate: A paper from the last physi¬ 
cian in attendance upon a person deceased, setting 
forth the cause of death, which must, to secure 
such certificate, be natural; for if traumatic the 
physician must refuse to issue the certificate and 
notify the coroner, whose duty it is to inquire into 
the matter. None but a legally qualified physician 
can issue such a paper, and the document is a pre¬ 
requisite to securing a burial permit. The municipal 
laws throughout this country are practically uni¬ 
form on this subject. 

II. Law: A writing made in any court to give 
notice to another court of anything done therein. 

( Cowel.) 

ger-tlf-I-cate, v. t. [Certificate, s.] 

*1. To verify or vouch for by certificate. 

2. To grant a certificate to (generally found in the 
pa. par.) 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgl 






certificated 


cesare 


808 


§er-tif -l-ca-ted, pa. par. or a. [ Certifi¬ 
cate, v.] 

*1. Verified or vouched for by certificate. 

2. Having had a certificate granted, as a certifi¬ 
cated teacher, a certificated bankrupt. 

9 er-tif'-i-ca-ting, pr. par., a. & s. [Certifi¬ 
cate, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act or process of granting a cer¬ 
tificate to a person. 

9 er-tif-i-ca-tion, *<jer-tif-i-ca'-cion, s. [Lat. 

certificatio, from certificatus, pa. par. of certijico— 
to certify: certus = sure, certain ; facio — to make.] 
The act of certifying. 

* 9 er-tlf'-i-ca-tor, s. [Eng. certificate); -or.] 
One who certifies, or vouches for anything. (W. 
Taylor.) 

* 9 er-tif-l-ca-tor-y, s. [Eng. certificator; -y.\ Of 
or pertaining to a certificate; of the nature of a 
certificate. 

9 §r -ti-fled, pa. par. or a. [Certify, v.) 

9 er'-tl-fl-er, s. [Eng. certif(y) • -er .] One who 
certifies or gives a certificate. 

9 er -ti-fy, * 9 er-ti-fie, v. t. & i. [Fr. certifier; 
Sp. certificar; Ital. certificare, from Low Lat. cer- 
tifico= to make certain: certus= certain; facio (pass. 
fio)= to make.] 

I. Transitive: 

I. To make a person certain or assured of any¬ 
thing, to inform. 

“ They schulde write and certifie the Senatoures.”— 
Trevisa, i. 43. 

“The English ambassadors returned out of Flanders 
from Maximilian, and certified the king that he was not 
to hope for any aid from him.”— Bacon. 

If With of before the thing certified to. 

“For to certifie nym of this cas.”— Hampole: Pricke of 
Consc., 6,543. 

*2. To make a thing sure or certain. 

“ This is designed to certify those things that are con¬ 
firmed of God’s favor.”— Hammond: Fundamentals. 

*3. To testify to or vouch for the truth or accuracy 
of any document or statement. 

II. Intrans.: To testify to or vouch for any mat¬ 
ter or statement. 

9 er'-tl-fy-ihg, pr. par., a. & s. [Certify, v.) 

A. & B. Ms pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ Dr. . . . has signed a certificate certifying to the 

insanity of . . .”—London Daily News, November 5, 

1877. 

C. As subst.: The act of testifying or giving a cer¬ 
tificate to the truth or accuracy of any matter. 

9 er-tio-rar -I (tio as shi-o), s. [Low Lat.=to 
be made more certain; inf. pass, certioror, from 
certior, comp, of certus. The word gives the name 
to the writ in which it appears.] For definition see 
extract. 

“ Certiorari. —The name of a writ issued from a superior 
court directed to one of inferior jurisdiction, command¬ 
ing the latter to certify and return to the former the 
record in the particular case.”— Bouvier. 

* 9 er-tio-ra’-ted (tio asshi-o), a. [Lat. certiora- 
tus, pa. par. of certioror=to make certain, to assure, 
to acquaint; certus= certain ; certior, comparative.] 
Informed, assured. 

“I cannot call Master Chiffinch neither, as he is em¬ 
ployed on the King’s especial affairs, as I am this instant 
certiorated from the Court at Whitehall.”— Scott: Peveril, 

ch. xli. 

9 er -t 1 -tu.de, s. [Lat. certitudo, from certus = 
certain.] The quality or state of being certain or 
assured, certainty. 

“. . . but even in these cases the solution can be 
hardly more than conjectural; it cannot presume to the 
certitude of historic truth.”— Milman: Hist, of Jews, 3d 
ed., pref., vol. i., pt. xiv. 

9 er'-ule, 9 er-u’-le-g,n, 9 er-u'-le-oiis, a. [Lat. 
cceruleus — sky-blue.] Of a sky-blue color, sky- 
colored. 

“ This ceruleous or blue-colored sea that overspreads 
the diaphanous firmament.”— Dr. H. More: Conjectura 
Cabalistica, p. 3. 

t 9 er-u'-le-a-ted, a. [As if pa. par. from v. cer- 
uleate—to paint sky-blue.] Painted sky-blue. 

9 'er-u-le-um, s. [Lat. cceruleum= a blue color— 
lapis-lazuli {Pliny). ] For definition see etymol. 

9 er-u-lif'-ic, *ce-ru-lif-ick, a. [From cerule 
(Lat. cceruleus), and facio— to make.] Having the 
power to produce, or producing a blue color. 

“ The several species of rays, as the rubific, cerulific and 
others, are separated one from another.”— Grew. 


9 er '-u-lm, s. [Lat. ccerwZeus=sky-blue, and Eng. 
sulf .-in {Chem.).) 

Chem.: A name given to the coloring matter in a 
salt or substance of an intensely blue coior, obtained 
by dissolving indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid, 
and adding potash to the solution. 

9er-u'-men, s. [Lat., from cera=wax.] 

Physiol.: The wax or wax-like secretion of the 
ear, which is given out by the follicles ranged along 
the inner surface of the meatus auditorius externus. 
[Ear.] 

“When cerumen accumulates and hardens in the ears, 
so as to occasion deafness, it is easily softened by filling 
the meatus with a mixture of olive oil and oil of turpen¬ 
tine.”— Brande, in Todd’s Cyclopcedia of Anatomy and 
Physiology. 

9'er-u-min-if-er-ous, a. [Lat. cerumen (genit. 
ceruminis) ; fero= to bear, and Eng. suff. - ous .] 
Bearing or producing cerumen. 

9er-u -mm-ous, a. [Lat. cerumen (genit. ceru¬ 
minis), and Eng. suff. -ous.) Of the nature of or 
pertaining to the cerumen or wax of the ear. 

ceruminous glands, s. 

Anat.: The follicles, or numerous small glands 
situated ..etween the cutaneous lining and the 
cartilage of the external auditory canal. 

9er-ur'-a, s. [Prom Gr. keras= horn, and oura— 
tail. So named from a horn-like appendage on the 
tail of the larva. ] 

Entom.: A genus of moths, family Bombycidae. 
Cerura vinula is the Puss-moth (q. v.). 

9er’-use, s. [Fr. ceruse; Sp. cerusa; from Ital. 
and Lat. cerussa; fromGr. her, genit. fceros=death, 
poison: from its poisonous qualities.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A name given to white lead or car¬ 
bonate of protoxide of lead. Composition: Oxide 
of lead, 83'58; carbonic acid, 16’42. It is prepared 
from the subacetate of protoxide of lead by a cur¬ 
rent of carbonic acid, on exposing metallic lead in 
minute division to air and moisture; and also by 
the action of the vapor of vinegar on thin sheets of 
lead, by which the metal is both oxidized and con¬ 
verted into a carbonate. Mixed with oil it is used 
in painting, and a cosmetic is prepared from it. 

“A preparation of lead with vinegar, which is of a white 
color, whence many other things, resembling it in that 
particular, are by chymists called ceruse; as the ceruse of 
antimony, and the like.”— Quincy. 

2 . Min.: [Cerussite.] 

cer-used, a. [CEruse.] Washed over or 
treated with a cosmetic prepared from ceruse. 

“ Here’s a color, what ladies cheek, 

Though cerus’d over, comes near it.” 

Beaum. & Flet.: Sea Voyage, 
cer'-u-site, 9e-rus -site, s. [Lat. cerussa= 
white lead; Eng. suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: An orthorhombic mineral, transparent or 
subtranslucent, of a white, gray, or grayish-black 
color, sometimes tinged blue or green by some of 
the salts of copper. Hardness, 3-3’5; specific 
gravity, 6'465-6’480. Composition: Carbonic acid, 
16’5; oxide of lead, 83 - 5. The crystals are thin, 
broad, and brittle. The luster is adamantine or 
vitreous, sometimes pearly. {Dana.) 

9er’-va-let, s. [Stainer & Barrett think it may 
be a dimin. of cervus= a little stag-horn.] 

Music: A short wind instrument, formerly in use 
in France. 

9er-van-te -§i-a, s. [Named in honor of Cer¬ 
vantes, the celebrated Spanish author.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order of 
Sandal-worts. The species are trees or shrubs, 
natives of Peru, having scattered entire simple 
leaves. The fruit of Cervantesia tomentosa is used 
as food in Peru. 

9er-van -tite, s. [From Cervan(tes), in Spain, 
where it is found, and Eng. suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).j 
Min.: An orthorhombic mineral of a sulphur-yel¬ 
low or nearly whitish color. Luster, greasy or 
pearly, bright, or earthy; hardness, 4-5; specific 
gravity, 4’084. Composition: Oxygen, 20’8; anti¬ 
mony, 79’2. It is widely distributed. 

*9er-vawnte, s. [Servant.] 

“ Cervawnte. Servus, vernaculus.” — Prompt. Parv. 
9er’-vl-cal, a. [Lat. cervicalis = pertaining to 
the neck; cervix (geniL cervicis)=t\ie neck.] 

Anat.: Of or pertaining to the neck. 

“ The aorta, bending a little upward, sends forth the 
cervical and axillary arteries . . .”— Cheyne. 

t9er'-vl-9lde, s. [Lat. cervus= a deer, a stag; 
ccedo= to kill.] The act of deer-slaying. 

9er'-vi-c6, in compos. [Lat .cervix (genit. cervi- 
cZs)=the neck.] Pertaining to or connected with 
the neck. 


cervico-branchiata, s. 

Zodl.: An order of Mollusca forming De Blain- 
ville’s sub-class Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita. 
The organs of respiration are situated in a large 
cavity above the neck, and open widely in front. 
Head distinct, with two contractile conical ten- 
tacula; eyes sessile at their external base. It 
includes two families, Ketifera and Branchifera. 

9 er -vl-d 83 , s. pi. [Lat. cervus—a stag; fem. pi. 
suff. -idee.) 

1. Zodl.: A family of mammals. Order, Rumman- 
tia. The males of all the species and also the 
female of the reindeer have antlers, which are 
deciduous, this last character completely distin¬ 
guishing them from the Bovidee (Oxen). The 
antlers also are solid, thus discriminating them 
from the Cavic.ornia. [Cervus.] The species are 
widely distributed and well known. But none are 
found in Africa south of the Sahara or in Australia. 
Genera, Cervus, Capriolus, A Ice, &c. 

2. Palceoni.: It is doubtful if they were in exist¬ 
ence in Eocene times. There is no doubt with 
respect to their existing from the Miocene onward. 

9 er -vlne, a. [Fr. cervin; Sp. & Ital. fiervino, 
from Lat. cermmis=pertaining to stags; cervus=a 
stag.] 

1. Z 06 I.: Of or pertaining to the Cervidae, or Stag 
family of animals ; of the nature of deer. 

2. Bot.: Of a deep, tawny color, such as the dark 
parts of a lion’s hide. 

qer'-vix, s. [Lat.] 

Anat.: The neck ; that portion of the body which 
is between the head and the shoulders, especially 
the back part of the neck. 

cervix-dilator, s. 

Surg.: An instrument which is used for dilating 
the cervix uteri when contracted, particularly the 
internal os. After the point is thrust in, the han¬ 
dles are pressed together, which expands the blades. 

9er -vus, s. [Lat.] 

1. Zodl.: A genus of ruminant animals, the type of 
the family Cervidae. Cervus elaphus. is the Red- 
deer or Stag; Cervus canadensis the Wapiti, to be 
found in the northern states and Canadian prov¬ 
inces. 

2. Palceont.: The genns Cervus is found from the 
Miocene onward. 

*9er'-vy9~a-ble, *9er-vyc-y-a-ble, *cer-vys- 
a-ble, a. [Serviceable.] 

“ Ceruycyable ( ceruysable, P.). Servilis.” — Prompt. Parv, 

“ Ceruycable, or redy alle waye. Obsequius.” — Ibid. 

*ger'-vyge, s. [Service.] {Prompt. Parv.) 

* 9 er'-vylle, v. t. [O. Fr. ceruelle= the brain ; Lat. 
cerebellum.) To dash out one’s brains, to brain. 

“To ceruylle: excerebrare.” — Cathol. Anglicum. 

*cer'-vyl-ler, s. [Mid. Eng. cervyll{e); -er.] 
One who knocks out another’s brains. 

“A ceruyller: excerebrator.” — Cathol. Anglicum. 

9er -yl, 9er'-yle,s. [From Gr. fceros=bees-wax; 
and Eng., &c., suff. -yl, from Gr. hyle= , . . mat¬ 
ter as a principle of being.] 

Chem.: An organic radical, C27H55. 

ceryl cerotate, s. 

Chem.: C-27H55.057^30=Chinese wax. This sub¬ 
stance is produced on certain trees in China by the 
puncture of a species of Coccus. It is a white crys¬ 
talline substance, which melts at 82°, soluble in 
alcohol. By dry distillation it yields cerotic acid 
and Cerylene, C27H54. 

9er'-yl-ene, s. [From Eng., &c., ceryl, and suff. 
-ene {Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: The same as cerotene (q. v.). 

9 er-yl -ic, a. [From Eng., &c., ceryl (q. v.), and 
suff. -ic.] Of or pertaining to ceryl. 

cerylic alcohol, s. 

Chem.: C07H55 (OH)=Cerotic alcohol. Obtained 
by fusing Chinese wax with solid potash, yielding 
potassium, cerotate, and ceryl alcohol. It is a 
waxy substance, melting at 97°; heated with potash 
lime it gives off H, and is converted into potassium 
cerotate. 

*9er-yn, v. i. [Sear.] 

“ Ceryn ana dryyn as trees or herbys. Areo, marceo .”— 
Prompt. Parv . 

*9eryows, a. [Serious.] {Prompt. Parv.) 

9 e-§£f-re, s. [A coined word of no etymology.] 

Logic: A syllogism in which the first and third 
propositions are universal negatives, and the second 
a universal affirmative, as— 

“ E no animal is incorporeal, 

A all angels are incorporeal, 

E therefore no angel is an animal.” 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite. 


camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




cesarean 


809 


cestus 


$e-§ar'-e-g,n, ge-sar -Pan, a. [Cesarian.] 
Cesarean section: [Cesarian Section.] 

“ The Cesarean section is cutting a child out of the 
Womb, either dead or alive, when it cannot otherwise be 
delivered. Which circumstance, it is said, first gave the 
name of Ccesar to the Roman family so called.”— Quincy. 

Cesarewitch, s. [Czarewitch.] 
ges-pi-ti-tious, a. [Lat. ccesp it it ius= of or 
pertaining to turf; coespes (genit. coespitis) —a turf.] 
Resembling turf; made of turf. 

“Breadth of the cespititious ramparts.”— Gough. 
ges -pl-tose, a. [As if from Lat. ccespitosus— 
full of turf ; coespes (genit. coespitis)=a turf.] 

Bot.: An epithet applied to plants 'which grow in 
tufts or patches. 

ges -pl-tous, a. [Same etymol. as cespitose 
(q. v.).] Of or pertaining to turf, resembling turf. 

gess (1), *gesse (1), s. [Derived from assess 
(q. v.).] 

1. Literally (of excess): 

*1. The act of assessing or levying a rate or tax. 

2. The tax or rate assessed. 

“Thelike cess is also charged upon the country some¬ 
times for victualling the soldiers, when they lie in garri¬ 
son.”— Spenser. 

*11. Fig.: Apportionment; hence, due share. 


itself is at rest: intermission is a species of cessa¬ 
tion only for a time or at certain intervals. That 
which ceases or stops is supposed to be at an end; 
rest or intermission supposes a renewal. A cessa¬ 
tion of hostilities is at all times desirable ; to put a 
stop to evil practices is sometimes the most difficult 
and dangerous of all undertakings: rest after 
fatigue is indispensable, for labor without inter¬ 
mission exhausts the frame.” ( Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

ges-sa-vit, s. [Lat.=he has ceased, or omitted; 
third pers. sing. pret. of cesso— to cease.] 

Law: A writ so called. 

“ Cessavit [is] a writ which [gave the lord power to 
recover lands] when a man who held lands by rent or 
other services, neglected or ceased to perform his services 
for two years together, or where a house had lands given 
to it on condition of performing some certain spiritual 
services . . . and neglected it.” — Wharton: Law Lexi¬ 
con. 

ges-ser, s. [Cess (2), «.] 

Law: A neglect to perform the services or pay¬ 
ment for two years, under which lands are held. 
[Cessavit.] 

*ges-si-bH'-i-ty, s. [Eng. cessible; -ity.] The 
quality of yielding or giving way. 

“ If the subject strucken be of a proportionate cessibil- 
ity, it seems to dull and deaden the stroke . . . ” — 

Digby: On the Soul. . 


“I pr’ythee, Tom, beat Cutts’ saddle, put a few flocks in 
the point; the poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all 
cess.’’ — Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., iii. 1. 

cess-payer, s. One who pays cess or county 
rates. 

“ . . . the Court, consisting of one magistrate and 
six cess-payers, only awarded 12s.”— London Daily Tele¬ 
graph, May 11, 1881. 

gess (2),s. [Etym. doubtful. It only occurs in 
the compound cess-pool. Skeat suggests sus-pool= 
hog’s wash, a puddle, a heap of filth; Gael. sos= a 
coarse mess.] 

cess-pipe, s. A pipe for carrying off waste 
water, &c., from a sink or cess-pool, 
cess-pool, *sess-pool, *sus-pool, s. 

1. Lit.: A deep hole or well for sewage to drain 
into. The use of cess-pools, which are a most pro¬ 
lific source of disease, is now forbidden in towns or 
other places where a proper system of drainage by 
water-carriage is provided. 

2. Fig.: Any receptacle of filth. 

“ The cess-pool of agio, now in a time of paper money, 
works with a vivacity unexampled, unimagined; exhales 
from itself sudden fortunes, like Aladdin-palaces.”— 
Carlyle: French Revolution, pt. iii. 

*gess ( 3 ),*gesse (2), s. [Cease.] A ceasing or 
cessation. 

gess (l),v.t. [Cess, s.] To assess, to impose a 
rate or tax on. 

“They came not armed like soldiers to be cessed upon 
me.”— Briskett: Discourse on Civil Life, p. 157. 

*gess (2), *gesse, *gessen, *sessen, v. t. & i. [O. 
Fr. cesser; Ital. & Lat. cesso.] [Cease.] 

I. Trans.: To still, to calm, to cause to be quiet. 

II. Intransitive: 

1 . Ord. Lang.: To cease. . _ 

2. Law: To neglect a legal obligation. [Cessor.J 
*ges -s^.nt, a. [Lat. cessans, pr. par. of cesso=to 

cease.] Intermittent, ceasing, not continuous. 

ges-sa’-tion, s. [Lat. cessatio, from cesso = to 
cease.l 

1 . The act of ceasing, or stopping. 

“ The day was yearly observed for a festival, by cessa¬ 
tion from labor.”—Sir J. Hayward. 

2. The state of being at rest. 

“A long cessation of discourse ensued.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey: bk. xx,, 387-8. 

3 . The end of action; the state of ceasing to be or 
act. 

“The serum, which is mixed with an alkali, being 
poured out to that which is mixed with an acid, raiseth 
an effervescence; at the cessation of which, the salts, of 
which the acid was composed, will be regenerated. 
Arbuthnot: On Aliments. 

4 A temporary suspension of warfare; a truce. 
(Generally in the phrase cessation of arms or hos¬ 
tilities.) 

“ When the succors of the poor protestants in Ireland 
were diverted, I was entreated to give them some respite, 
by a cessation.”—King Charles. 

*r Crabb thus distinguishes between cessation, 
stop rest, and intermission: “To cease respects 
the course of things; whatever does not go on has 
ceased: things cease of themselves: stop respects 
some external action or influence; nothing stops 
but what is supposed to be stopped or hindered by 
another: rest is a species of cessation that regards 
labor or exertion ; whatever does not move or exert 


*ges’-sl-ble, a. [Fr. cessible, from Lat. cessum, 
sup. of cedo= to yield, to give way.] Of a yielding 
quality; giving way. (Digby.) 

ges’-si 6 bo nor -um, s. [Lat. cessio= a yielding 
or giving up ; bonorum=oi goods ; genit. neut. pi. of 
bonus=g ood.] 

Law : A voluntary surrender by a debtor of all 
his property for the benefit of his creditors. 

ges'-sion, s. [Fr. cession ; from Lat. cessio= a 
yielding, a giving up ; from cessum, sup. of cedo= to 
yield, to give up.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of yielding or giving way to force or 
pressure. 

“ Sound is not produced without some resistance, either 
in the air or the body percussed ; for if there be a mere 
yielding, or cession, it produceth no sound.”— Bacon: 
Natural History. 

2. The act of surrendering or giving up property 
or territory. 

“ . . . a cession of Flanders to that crown, in ex¬ 

change for other provinces.”— Temple. 

3. The act of retiring from or abandoning. 

“ The cession of her claims on the earldom of Angus 

. . .”— Froude: History of England, vol. ii., ch. 9. 

II. Technically: 

1. Civil Law: [Cessio Bonorum.] 

2. Eccles. Law: The act of giving; up or vacating 
a benefice by accepting another without a proper 
dispensation. 

*ges-sion-ar, *ges'-sion-are, s. [Cessionary.] 
The person to whom an assignment of property is 
legally made; synonymous with assignee. 

“ Gif ony makis—ane uther cessionar and assignay gen¬ 
eral to all reversiounis pertening to him, and he thair- 
efter mak ane uther assignay in special to ane reversioun 
pertenand to him, the samin special assignatioun is of 
nane avail—in respect of the general assignatioun maid 
of befoir.”— Balfour: Pract., p. 448. 

ges'-sion-gtx-y, a. [Fr. cessionnaire ; Low Lat. 
cessionarius ; from Low Lat. cessiono= to cede, to 
yield; from Lat. cessions, yielding, a giving up.] 
An epithet applied to a bankrupt who has sur¬ 
rendered all his property for the benefit of his 
creditors. ( Wharton.) 

*gess-ment, s. [Eng. cess (1), s ,’ suff. -ment.] 

1. The act of assessing or imposing a rate or tax. 

2. An assessment, rate, or tax. (Johnson.) 

ges-sor (1), s. [Eng. cess (2), v.; suff. -or.] 

Law: He that ceaseth or neglecteth so long to 
perform a duty belonging to him, Rs that by his 
cess, or cessing, he incurreth the danger of law, and 
hath, or may have, the writ cessavit brought 
against him. Where it is said the tenant cesseth, 
such phrase is to be understood as if it were said, 
the tenant cesseth to do that which he ought, or is 
bound, to do. (Cowel.) 

*ges'-sor (2),s. [Cess (!),«.] An assessor. 

“ . , , the corruption of victuallers, cessors, and pur¬ 

veyors.”— Spenser: State of Ireland. 

*ces-siire, s. [Lat. cesso=to cease.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Cessation. 

“ Since the cessure of the wars, I have spent a hundred 
crowns out of purse.”— Puritan, act 1. 

2. Law : The act of ceasing or neglecting to per¬ 
form any duty. [Cessor (1), s.] _ 


bfiil, bby; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shgin. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


gest, s. [Lat. cestus.] [Cestus.] 

1. Lit.: A lady’s girdle. 

2. Fig.: An outward sign or token. 

“ Young Fancy thus, to me divinest name! 

To whom prepar’d and bath’d in heaven, 

The cesf of amplest power is given.” 

Collins: Ode on the Poetical Character. 

ges-tdid, a. & s. [Gr. kestos—a girdle; eidos =* 
appearance, shape.] 

A. As adjective: 

ZoOl.: Pertaining to the CostoidtJa. 

B. As substantive: 

Zobl.: An intestinal worm, belonging to the tribe 
Cestoidea, occurring in the abdomens of fishes and 
birds. 

tges-tdi'-de-SL, s. [Gr. kestos—a. girdle; eidos— 
appearance, shape.] 

Zo6l.: A tribe of intestinal worms, long and slen¬ 
der, like tape-worms. They are now more generally 
called Teeniada (q. v.). 

*ges -ton, s. [Lat. cestus .] A girdle. 
ges-tra -ge-33, s. pi. [Lat. cestr(um); fem. pi. 
suff. -acecB.) 

Bot.: An order of plants, natives of the West 
Indies. The species are shrubs. They are now gen¬ 
erally merged in Solanaceee. [Cestrinee.] 

ges-tra’-gion, s. [A dim. from Gr. kestron— a 
dart.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of cartilaginous fishes, the 
typical one of the family Cestraciontidee (q. v.). 
Only known recent species Cestracion Philippi 
(the Port Jackson shark), having two dorsal fins, 
each furnished with a sharp spine in front; the 
ventral fin between the two dorsals ; caudal fin un¬ 
equally forked. It is sometimes called the Box 
Shark. 

ges-tra-gi-on-ti-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
cestracion, and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ichthy.: In Prof. Owen’s classification a family 
of the Plagiostomi, the only one ranked under the 
sub-order, tribe, or group Cestraphori (q. v.). 

ges-traph'-or-i, s. pi. [From Gr. kestra= a tool 
or weapon, pickax, or poleax; phoreo= to bear.] 

1. Ichthy.: A group, tribe, or section of fisnes, 
order Elasmobranchii, _ sub-order Plagiostomi. 
They have a strong spine in front of each dorsal fin, 
and obtuse back teeth. Only recent genus, Ces¬ 
tracion (q. v.). 

2. Palceont.: The fish species called Ichthyodoru- 
lites belong mainly to this group. They are found 
chiefly in the Palaeozoic rocks. 

ges-trln’-e-se, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. cestr(um) 
(q. v.), and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -inece.] 

Bot. A tribe of plants of the order Solanace®, in 
which the limb of the corolla is plicate, valvate, or 
induplicate in aestivation ; calyx, five-toothed; cor¬ 
olla, funnel-shaped, five-lobed, and regular; sta¬ 
mens, five ; anthers, dehiscing lengthways; ovarium 
on a cupulate disk; pericarp, capsular or baccate. 
(Craig.) 

ges'-trum, s. [Gr. fces£ron=betony.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, Bastard Jasmine, the 
typical one of the order Cestraceae. Cestrum Hedi- 
unda, auriculatum, laurifolium and Pseudoquina 
are bitter febrifuges. Many species of Cestrum, and 
notably C. euanthes Icevigatum, corymbosum, Par- 
qui, and bracteatum are diuretic. They are also 
emollient, and are applied in a fresh state to wounds 
and ulcers to cleanse them, while finally the 
bruised leaves and unripe fruits are used by the 
people of Brazil in liver complaints and in Catarrhus 
vesicce. C. macrophyllum and nocturicum are used 
to poison wild beasts. 

ges-tui, ges-tuy (pron. gest-we), pron. [The 
obj. case of Norm. Fr. cist, cest= Mod. Fr. ce=this 
one.] For definition see etymology. 

cestui que trust, s. 

Law: One in whose trust, or for whose use or 
benefit another man is enfeoffed or seized of lands 
or tenements. 

cestui que use, s. 

Law: One to whose use another man is enfeoffed 
of lands or tenements. 

cestuy qui Vie, s. He on whose life land is held, 
ges -tum, s. [Gr. kestos—a girdle.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Acalepha, tribe Simplicia, fam¬ 
ily Teeniatse, consisting of gelatinous riband-like 
animals several feet in length. Cestum Veneris is 
Venus’ Girdle, found in the Mediterranean. 

ges'-tus (l),s. [Lat. cestus, from Gr. kestos—a 
girdle.] 

Antiquities: . 

1. The girdle of Venus, on which were represented 
all things calculated to excite love. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = £. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dgL 





cestus 


810 


Ceylon-moss 


2. The girdle, full of studs, with which the bride¬ 
groom girded the bride at the wedding, and which 
Be loosed again with his own hands at night. 

3. A thick bandage or gauntlet worn by boxers. 
It was made of leatfier, and frequently loaded with 
iron or lead. 

$es’-tus (2), s. [Cestus.] 

*§e-sun, s. [Season.] 

*ce-sun, v. t. [Seize.] ( Prompt. Parv.) 
§e-§ur'-g,, §e-§iire, s. [Cajsura.] 

§e-§iir'-al, a. [C^sueal.] 

$e-ta'-§e-3., s. [Lat. cete, cetus; neut. pi. suff. 
•acea; Gr. ketos—a. whale.] 

1. ZoOl.: An order of mammiferous animals, which 
have no hind feet. They have the form of fishes, 
with the exception of the horizontal tail, an instru¬ 
ment useful in enabling them to rise speedily to the 
surface of the water for respiration, which they are 
obliged to do frequently, as they breathe with lungs. 
Their blood is warm; they are viviparous, and suckle 
their young. They are divided into the Cetacea her- 
bivora and C. ordinaria, the first comprising the 
manati or lamantins, the halicore or dugongs, and 
stellerus; the latter the whales, dolphins, narwhals, 
porpoises, and cachelots; or the order may be 
divided into two, the Sirenia and Cetacea, in which 
case the latter will comprise the five following 
families: (1) Bahenidee (Whalebone Whales), (2) 
Delphinidse (Dolphins and Porpoises), (3) Catodon- 
tidse (Sperm Whales), (4) Rhyncoceti (Xiphioid 
Whales), and (5) Zeuglodontidse, the last named 
being all fossil. (See these words.) 

2. Palceont.: The Cetacea appear to begin in the 
Eocene, from which they extend onward till now. 

§e-ta'-9e-3.il, a. & s. [Lat. eefaeews=pertaining 
to a whale; cete, cetus= a whale.] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to the Cetacea, 
cetaceous. 


B. As substantive: 

ZoOl.: An animal belonging to the Cetacea. 
§e-ta'-$e-Ous, a. [Lat. cefaceits=pertaining to 
awhale; cete, cetus= a whale.] Of or pertaining to 
the Cetacea ; of the whale kind. 


9e-ta'-§e-um, s. [Neut. sing, of Lat. cetaceus— 
of or pertaining to a whale ; cete, cetus=& whale.] _ 

Pharm.: An oily, concrete, crystalline, and semi¬ 
transparent matter, obtained from the cavity of the 
cranium of several species of whales, but especially 
of the spermaceti whale, Physeter macrocephalus. 

9 e -te (1), s. [Lat., fromGr. ketos= a whale.] 

Zoology: 

1. The whale (q. v.). 

“ This cete thanne hise chaueles luketh.” 

Bestiary in Old Eng. Miscell. (ed. Morris), 513. 

2. In some cLssifications one of two sub-orders of 
Cetacea, the e ther being the Sirenia. 

*9e-te(2),s. [City.] 

9e'-tene, s. [Lat. cet(e), cef(ws)=a whale, and 
Eng. suff. -ene ( Chem .).] 

Chem.: CJ 6 H 32 . An olefine hydrocarbon, boiling 
at 275°. It is a colorless liquid obtained by distill¬ 
ing ethal repeatedly with glacial phosphoric acid. 
It is soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. 



9e-te-o-sau’-rus, s. [Cetiosatjrus.] 
9et'-er-ach, s. [Fr. c6t£rac; Ital. cetracca; a 
name probably of Arabic origin. ( Malm .)] 

Bot.: A genus of polypodiaceous ferns of the 
group Asplenieee, distinguished by having distinct 
simple sori, re¬ 
ticulated veins of 
which the mar- 

f inal veinlets are 
ree, and fronds 
clothed thickly 
with scales. One 
species is a com- 
monish native 
fern, called 
Miltwas te or 1 
Scale-fern. To 
this plant was 
formerly attrib¬ 
uted a _ marvel- 
o u s influence 

over the spleen, 
and Vitruvius 
states that it had 
the effect of de- 
stroying that Ceterach. 

t q f ti U C^ri* t^a n 1- Portion of fertile frond, showing 

„ c hS‘& 3 s, 

upon it. 


*9e-the-grande, *9e-te-grande, s. [Lat. cete= 
whale ; grande= great, large.] The whale. 

“ Cetegrande is a fis, 

The moste that in water is.” 

Bestiary in Old Eng. Miscell., 1. 499. 


9e’-tlC, a. [Lat. cet(e)—a whale, and Eng. suff. 
-ic.] Of or pertaining to a whale. 

cetic-acid, s. 

Chem.: A name given to what was supposed to be 
a peculiar acid resulting from the saponification 
of cetin, but which has been found to be only a 
mixture of margaric acid and cetin. 

*9e'-tl-9lde,s. [Formed from Lat. cet(e) =whale; 
ccedo= to kill, on the analogy of parricide, &c.] A 
whale-killer. ( Southey: Letters, vi. 317.) 

96-tin, 9e -tine, s. [Fr. c&tine, from Lat. cet(e), 
cet(us)= a whale, and Eng. suff. -ine (Chem.).] 

Chem.: The pure, solid, crystalline mass of 
spermaceti. It is seen in beautiful silvery scales. 

(je-ti-o-sau'-ri-an, s. The same as cetiosaurus 
(q. v.). 

9e-tl-6-sau'-rus, 9e-te-o-sau -rus, s. [Lat. cete 
=a whale ; saurus= a saurian.] 

Palceont.: A name given by Owen to a genus of 
fossil Saurians found in the oOlitic and cretaceous 
formations. It belongs to the order Deinosauria. 
Only one species is known. Its height when stand¬ 
ing on all fours must have been ten feet, and its 
length fifty, sixty, or seventy feet. It was herbiv¬ 
orous. 

9e-toch-il'-i-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cetochil(us), 
and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.'] 

ZoOl.: A family of marine Entomostraca, belong¬ 
ing to the order Copepoda. 

9e-toch'-i-lus, s. [Gr. ketos= the whale; chilos— 
food.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of marine Entomostraca (Crusta¬ 
cea), the typical one of the family Cetochilidse. It is 
distinguished by the two small styliform append¬ 
ages to the head, the inferior antennae being two- 
branched, the branches nearly equal, the un¬ 
branched jaw feet, the six-jointed thorax and 
four-jointed abdomen, and the last pair of legs 
being forms like the rest. 

9e-to-log'-I-cal, a. [Eng. cetolog(y); -ical .] Per¬ 
taining to cetology. 

9e-tol'-o-gist, s. [Eng. cetolog(y) ; -isi.] One 
skilled in cetology. 

9e-tol - 0 -gy, s. [Fr. c&tologie , from Gr. ketos— a 
whale; logos= a discourse; lego=t o tell, to speak.] 
The science or natural history of the animals known 
as Cetacea. ( Crabb .) 

9e-t6 -nl-a, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Entom.: A genus of Beetles, the typical one of the 
family Cetoniacke. Cetonia aurata, the Rose-beetle, 
is a beautiful insect, about three-quarters of an 
inch long, of a. bright-green and sometimes coppery 
color. 

. 9e-t5'-nl-<l-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cetonia; and 
Lat. fem. pi. suff. -adee.] 

Entom.: The Floral Beetles, a family of Coleop¬ 
terous insects of great variety and beauty. They live 
and move among trees, plants, and flowers, which 
are their natural food. The antennas are small, ten- 
jointed; basal joints short, the three terminal 
joints comparatively long; thorax triangular ; ely¬ 
tra straight, and obtusely rounded at the apex. It 
is one of the most interesting groups of Coleoptera, 
and all the species have brilliant colors. 

9e-top -sis, s. [Gr. ketos= a whale; ops, genit. 
opsis= a face.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes with oblong, round, 
thick bodies, and short tails; eyes vertical and very 
minute. 

9e-t6t'-6-lite, s. [FromGr. ketos= any sea mon¬ 
ster; ous, genit. dtos=e ar, and Eng. suff. -ite 
(Palceont.) (q. v.).] 

Palceont.: An ear-bone referred to some cetacean 
mammal. Specimens are found in the Red Crag, 
which is of Miocene age. 

9e-trar -I-?L, s. [Mod. Lat., from Lat. cetra, 
coetra=& short Spanish leather shield, from the 
form and leathery quality of the plant.] 

Bot.: A genus of Lichens, tribe Cetrariei. Thal- 
lus bright-broWn, rigid, erect or ascending, divided 
into lacinife, with shining cortical layer ; apothecia 
dull or bright-brown; spermatia cylindrical. The 
three best known species are, Cetraria islandica, the 
well-known Iceland-moss [Carrageen], C. Delisei, 
and C.aculeata. (Griff.& Henfrey.) 

ge-trar'-ic, a. [Mod. Lat. cetrar(ia), and Eng. 
suff. -ic (Chem.).] Of or belonging to Cetraria or 
Iceland-moss. 

cetraric-acid, s. An acid which forms one of the 
components of Cetrarine (q. v.). 

9e-trar'-i-ei, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cetrari(a), and 
Lat. pi. suff. -ei.] 

Bot.: A tribe of Lichens, of the family Lichenacei, 
having the thallus compressed, fruticulose, or mem- 
branously dilated; apothecia on the margins of the 
laciniee or lobes. Genera, Cetraria and Platyoma. 


9et -rar-ine, s. [Mod. Lat. ceirar(ia), and Eng. 
suff. -ine (Chem.).] 

Chem.: The bitter principle of the Cetraria 
islandica, or Iceland-moss, which is a mixture of 
cetraric acid, a fatty acid, and an indistinctly crys¬ 
talline substance, neither acid nor basic, which has 
not been properly examined. 

9 et -\ile, s. [Lat. cetus= a whale; Gr. hyle=. . . 
matter as a principle of being.] 

Chem.: A substance obtained in the state of an 
oxide in spermaceti: its hydrate corresponds to 
alcohol, and is termed ethal, from the first letters in 
ether and afcohol. Cetule consists of thirty-two 
atoms of carbon, and thirty-three of hydrogen. 
9 e'-tus, s. [Lat. cetus, from Gr. ketos—& whale.] 

1. ZoOl.: The whale (q. v.). 

2. Astron.: The Whale, a large constellation in 
the southern hemisphere. It occupies the greatest 
space of any in the heavens, and contains ninety- 
seven stars, of which two are of the second magni¬ 
tude, eight of the third, nine of the fourth, &c. 

9 et'-yl, s. [From Gr. ketos—a sea monster, and 
hyle= . . . matter as a principle of being.] 

Chem.: Organic radical, C 16 H 33 . 

9 e-tyl'-ic, a. [From Eng., &c., cetyl (q. v.), and 
suff. -ic.] Derived from or consisting to a greater 
or less extent of cetyl, 
cetylic alcohol, s. 

Chem.: Ch ; H 33 (OH) = Soxdecyl Alcohol = Ethal. 
Obtained from spermaceti, a crystalline fatty sub¬ 
stance found in cavities in the head of Physeter 
macrocephalus. This substance consists of cetyl 
palmitate C 1 GH 33 .CJ 6 H 31 O 2 , which is converted 
into potassium palmitate and cetyl alcohol by heat¬ 
ing it with solid potash. The cetyl alcohol is dis¬ 
solved out and crystallized from ether. Cetyl 
alcohol is a white crystalline substance which 
melts at 50°. Heated with sodium it forms sodium 
cetylate, G 16 H 33 MO. Heated with potash-lime it is 
converted into potassium palmitate. 

9et-y-wa.ll, set-wall, s. [Cetewale.] Valeri¬ 
ana pyrenaica; some other species of Valerian 
(Britt, & Holland.) 

9 eu-to-rhyii'-chus, s [Gr. keutho=to hide; 
rhynclios=the snout.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects of the 
family Curculionidse. Antenna eleven-jointed; 
basal joint as long as the remainder taken together; 
club ovate; rostrum sometimes long, bent and fili¬ 
form, at other times short and straight; thorax 
attenuated; elytra rounded at extremities, and do 
not entirely cover the abdomen; extremities of tibiae 
without spines. _ The species are very numerous; 
many are exceedingly small in size. Ceutorhynchus 
didymus is abundant on the common stinging- 
nettle. When touched, these little beetles roll 
themselves into a ball, contract the legs, and allow 
themselves to fall to the ground, when they can 
with difficulty be distinguished from the mold. 
Hence they are best captured by sweeping. 

9 ev-a-date, s. [In Fr. civadate, from cevadilla 
(q. v.).] 

Chem.: A term for a combination of cevadic acid 
and a salifiable base. 

9 e-vad'-Ic, a. [From cevad(illa) (q. v.), and 
suff. -ic (Chem.).] Of or belonging to the Veratrum 
sabadilla, or caustic barley. 

cevadic acid, s. An acid obtained by the action 
of potash on the fatty matter of the Cevadilla, or 
Sabadilla plant. 

9 e-V 3 ,d-H'-l 3 ., se-bad-ir- 13 ,, sa-bad-il'-la, s. 
[From the Spianish-Mexican name cebadilla =- a 
little oat; dimin. of cebada= oat.] 

Bot.: A species of Veratrum, the seeds of which 
have become an article of considerable importance 
from their containing a considerable quantity of 
Veratria. [Veratria.] It is a native of Mexico. 
The flowers have a smell resembling that of Bar¬ 
berry. The plant is now called Asagrcea officinalis. 

9 ev - 9 ,-dIne, s. [From Sp. Mexican cebada= an 
oat, and Eng. suff. -ine.] 

Comm.: The starch of barley; the name for hor- 
deine. (Nuttall.) 

* 9 e'-Vil, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Chem.: A Paracelsian name for a certain hard 
substance in the earth, similar to a calculus in 
man, indurated from an earthy tartar by the spirit 
of wine, which is in the liquor of the earth; it is 
stated to be an appropriate remedy against the 
formation of stone or gravel in man. 

Qey’-lon, s. & a. [A corruption of Singhalese 
Sinhala, in the word Sinhala-divipa=the island of 
lions, from Sansc., &c., siwgr7i=alion, the same word 
which occurs in Singapore—the city of lions, and 
as a title of Seikhs and Rajpoots, as Goolab Singh 
=Goolab the Lion, or the Lion-like Goolab.] 
Ceylon-moss, s. The same as Jafna-moss (q. v.) 


fate, f&t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




Ceylonese 

(Jey-lon-e§e', a. & s. [From Eng., &c., Ceylon; 
and suff. -ese. J 

A. 4s adj.: Pertaining to Ceylon. 

B. Assubst.: A native of Ceylon. [Cingalese.] 
§ey -lon-Ite, §ey '-lan-Ite, s. [Fr. ceylanite, 

from Ceylon, where it is found.] 

Min.: A variety of Spinel (q. v.), from Ceylon; 
also called Iron-Magnesia Spinel. Color, dark- 

f reen, brown to black, mostly opaque or nearly so. 
pecific gravity, 3'5-3‘6. 

-fx, s. [The name of a mythic king of Tra- 
chlnia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone. He 
was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of 
Claros. His wife was apprised of her loss in a 
dream, and afterward found his body on the sea¬ 
shore. They were both changed into birds, and 
called Alcyons.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the Alcy- 
onidae or Kingfishers. 

C fa ut, s. A note in the scale of music. 

“ Gamut I am, the ground of all accord, 

A re, to plead Hortensio’s passion, 

B mi, Bianca, take him for thy lord, 

C fa ut, that loves with all affection.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 1. 

C. G. S. An abbreviation of Centimeter-gram- 
second, the three fundamental units used in dynam¬ 
ical and electrical nomenclature; as the C. G. S. 
system. 

chab -a-§Ie, chab -g-§ite, s. [Gr. chabazios= 
one of a number of precious stones mentioned in 
the poem peri lithon = about stones, ascribed to 
Orpheus.] 

Min.: A rhombohedral mineral of a white or flesh- 
red color; luster vitreous, transparent, or trans¬ 
lucent. Hardness, 4-5; specific gravity, 2'08-2'19. 
Composition: Silica, 45'63-52'20; alumina, 17'44- 
21‘87 ; lime, 4 - 24-13'30; soda, 0 - 25-4’07 ; potassa, 0’17- 
3‘03 ; water, 17’98-22’29. It is widely distributed. 

[Fr. chabler^to fasten 


811 

*chad -lock, s. [Caklock.] 

Bot.: A book-name for Sinapis arvensis.' 

Water-chadlock: Nasturtium ampliibium. ( Ger - 
arde.) 

chae-no-plefi-rg, s. [Gr. chaind=to open, and 
pleura =the sides.] 

Bot.: A genus of West Indian shrubs, of the order 
Meelostomaceae. 

Chse-nos -to-mg,, s. [Gr. chaino =to open, to 
gape, and stoma =the mouth.] 

Bot.: A considerable genus of South African 
shrubs, belonging to the order Scrophulariaceee. 
Leaves dentate, opposite ; flowers axillary or race¬ 
mose, pedicellate; calyx five-parted; corolla decid¬ 
uous, funnel-shaped; style simple, stigma sub¬ 
elevate. 

chser-a-do'-di-a, s. [From Qr.chaird =to rejoice; 
second element doubtful.] 


chsetophoridas 


Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, the typical one of the 
order Chsetodontidse. The body is oval; the mouth 
more or less 
pointed; no 
spine on the pre- 
operculum, o r 
prickles before 
the dorsal fin, 
which is single. 

chge-to-don- 
tl-dae, s. pi. 

[Mod. Lat. cfi.ce- 
todon, and Lat. 
fern. pi. suff. 

-idee.] 

1. Ichthy.: A 
family of Acan- 
t h o p t e rygious 
fishes, of great 



Cheetodon Vagabunda. 


Bot.: A genus of endogenous plants, order Ama- variety and beauty, distinguished from the perches 
ryllidace®. A cold infusion of the leaves of Chcera- chiefly by the operculum or gill-cover being without 
dodia chilensis, the Thekel of Chili, is used by the prickles. The snout projects, but the mouth is 
natives as a purgative and diuretic. small, generally with bristle-like teeth ; the body is 

. x . .. compressed and the fins are covered with ctenoid 

chae-ro phyl -lum, s. [Gr. chairo— to rejoice, scales. The Chaetodonts are generally very beauti- 
&nd phy lion —a leaf, from the agreeable smell of the fu] small fishes, bright colored; with vertical black 
leaves.] . . bands. The species mostly inhabit the warmer 


Bot.: Cicely, or Chervil, a genus of umbelliferous 
plants of the tribe Scandicinee. [Cheevil.J 

chser- 6 -pot-g.-mus, cher-S-pot'-a-mus, s. 
[Chcekapotamus.] 

chaer-op-sis, chcer-op -sis, s. [From Gr. choiros 
=a pig, and opsis= aspect.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Pachyderms. Its sole member 
is the small Liberian Hippopotamus (Chceropsis 
Liberiensis) which has only two lower incisor teeth. 
Itcomes, as its specific name suggests, from Liberia, 
in Western Africa. 

chae'-ta, s. [Gr. chaite=long, loose, flowing hair 
. . . a bristle.] 

*1. Anat.: An old term for the hair at the back of 
the head, and about the temples. 

2. Bot.: A bristle. The slender stalk of the spore- 
case of mosses ; also called Seta (q. v.). 

chae-ta-chlne, s. [Gr. c7iatfe=long, loose, flow¬ 
ing hair, a bristle.] 

Bot.: A small spiny genus, belonging to the order 
TJlmacese, natives of South Africa. It differs from 
the elm in not having winged fruits. Leaves smooth 
or downy, oval or elliptical; flowers small and 
green, male and female on the same plant. The 


Chab -leau (eau as 6), s. 

a cable to, to drag.] 

Mech.: A middle-sized rope, used to draw craft 
up a river; a tow-rope. 

Chab -lis (s silent), s. [From the place where it 
is made.] A white wine made at Chablis, a town in 
France. 

cha brae'-g, s. [Named after Chabr6, a botanist 
of Geneva.] i gm&ui u,... wu ^ 

Bot.: A genus of garden plants, order Composites, fruit is a small oval nut about the size of a pea. 
sub-order Labiatifloree. Chabrcea suaveolens grows 
wild in the Falkland Islands. 

Chg-bfik, s. [Hind, chabuk—a. whip.] 

“ . . . ‘ concerning Feramorz, and literature, and the 

ohdbuk, as connected therewith.’ ”— Moore: Lalla Rookh; 

The Light of the Haram. 

§ha§e, v. & s. [Chase.] 

9hack, 9heck, s. [From the sound made by the 
bird.] The Wheat-ear, a bird, Motacilla oenanthe, 

Linn. 

“The White Ear—here denominated the chack, is a 
migratory bird, . . . ”— Barry: Orkney, p. 308. 

9 hack, v. i. & t. 
the sound produced . 

shake the head suddenly and frequently, as a horse fi le Permian period. 

does to avoid the subjection of the bridle. ch£e-t6 blem'-mg, s. [Gr. c7mife=hair, a bristle, 

*chack'-gr-gl-ly, s. [Prob. a corruption of Fr. and 6Zemma=the face, looks; blepo=to look.] 
eschecquer, Eng. checker (q. v.). A. species of cot- Ornith.: A genus of birds, belonging to the Lam- 
ton cloth imported from India ; is in French called fad® or Shrike family, and tribe Dentirostres. 
chacart. ] Apparently some kind of checkered or They are named from the front of the head being 
variegated cloth. protected by strong thick-set bristly hairs. 

“No proud Pyropus, Paragon, chse-toc-er'-os, s. [Gr. chaite—hair, a bristle, 

Or Chackarally, there was none. . , 1 

Watson: Coll., i. 28. and keras=a horn.] , . 

w __ ,, Zodl. & Palceont.: A genus of marine and fossil 

9 hac -mg,, s. [From Hottentot t chackamma, the j) iatomaceffi , having the frustules concatenate; 
_x--- : 1 1 valves equal, sub-cylindrical, with two processes. 


chas-tan'-ther-g, s. [Gr. chaite=& bristle, and 
anthera=an anther.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Composite. 

chse-te'-te§, s. [From Gr. chaite=\ong, loose, 
flowing hair, and suff. -etes. 1 
Palceont.: A genus of “Tabulate” corals, the 
typical one of the family Chaetetidee. It is found 
from the Silurian to the Permian. 

chse-te'-ti-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. chcetetes 
(q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Palceont.: A family of “Tabulate” corals, con¬ 
taining species with a compound corallum of 


bands. The species mostly inhabit the warmer 
parts of the ocean. They are all deep-sea fishes. 

2. Palceont.: A Chaetodont genus, Platax, is 
found in the Eocene tertiary of Mt. Bolca. ( Nich¬ 
olson..) 

chse-to-gas -trg, s. [Gr. chaite=a bristle, a hair, 
and gaster= a belly.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, natives of tropical Amer¬ 
ica, belonging to the order Melastomaceae. It de¬ 
rives its name from the tube of the calyx being 
bristly. 

clise-to-gle-ng, s. [Gr. chaite=& hair, a bristle, 
and glene =the pupil of an eye.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Infusoria, of the family Peri- 
dina. Carapace hispid, or studded with rigid 
spines; no traverse furrow; an eye-spot present; 
organ of motion a flagelliform filament. {Griff. <£ 
Henfrey.) 

clise-tog’-na-tha, s. pi. [From Gr. chaite—long, 
loose, flowing hair, and gnathos=the jaw, the 
mouth.] 

Zodl: The name given by Prof. Huxley to a class 
of anarthrapoda, only one genus of which has yet 
been discovered, viz., Sagitta, or Arrow Worms. 

chae-to'-ml-um, s. [Gr. chaite=a hair, a bristle; 
etymol. of mium doubtful.] 

Bot.: A genus of Perisporiacei (Ascomycetous 
Fungi), having a filamentous mycelium bearing 
superficial roundish or ovate conceptacles clothed 
with hairs, finally opening above and containing 
clavate asci with paraphyses; sporidia simple, 
ovate. The asci in this genus are very delicate, and 
are readily absorbed, so that frequently there is not 
a trace of them, and the sporidia seem naked. 
{Griff. <& Henfrey.) 

chse-tom'-on-gs, s. [Gr. chaite=& hair, and 
monas, as a. =solitary ; ass.=a unit, the ace point 
on a die.] [Monas.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Infusoria, of the family Cycli- 
dina. An oval vibratile organ (whether a flagelli- 


native name of the animal.] 

Zodl.: A baboon, 

Cynocephalus por- 
c a r i us , found in 
South Africa. It is 
dark-colored, tend¬ 
ing to green. These 
animals go in large 
marauding parties 
to rob gardens. 

chac-6, s. [Etym. 
doubtful. Perhaps 

corruptedfromEng., 

&c .,chocolate (q.v.).l 

An unctuous kind of _ , , ... 

earth, which is made into little pats, and eaten with 
chocolate. ( Nuttall .) 

Qhg-co ne, qha-coon', s. [Fr. chacone; Ital. 

ciaconna; Sp. chacona.] . , . . ,. 

Music • A kind of Spanish dance in triple time, 
something like a saraband. It was borrowed by the 
Spaniards from the Moors. 



one on each side, which, in the young state, are very 
short and tubular, forming very long horns as the 
frustules become older; horns subsequently con- 


putrid animal and vegetable infusions; in dead 
bodies of other organisms—Closteria, &c. {Griff. <fk 
Henfrey.) 

chse to-no'-tiis, s. [Gr. chaite=& hair, and notos 

=the back.] 

Zodl.: A genus of microscopic aquatic animals, 
placed by Ehrenberg among the Rotatoria (Roti- 
fera), and by Dujardin with the Infusoria. The 
three or four species are found in fresh water, 
among aquatic plants. Their structure requires 
further investigation. {Griff. <& Henfrey.) 

chse-toph'-or-a, s. [Gr. chaite=a hair; phoros 
= bearing, producing; pherd =to bear, to produce.] 
1 . Bot.: A genus of Chsetophoridie (Confervoid 
Algae), characterized like Draparualdia by setiger- 


Head of Chacma. 


verted into very long, thin, and interwoven siliceous ous branched filaments, but differing from the lat- 
filaments. {Griff. & Henfrey.) ter by the filaments being imbedded in a gelatinous 

. .x r ,-, qt ,j matrix. The Cheetophorae are found in fresh water, 

chse to der mis, s. [Gr. chaite a bristle, a forming little green protuberances on stones, sticks, 
derma—the skm.J jnwWnUlio &c., usually bright green. The zoOspores are formed 

Ichthy.: A genus of Cheliform fishes, e singly in joints, and bear four cilia. {Griff. <& Hen- 

body is entirely covered with sharp prickles inter- 7 ” { 

mixed with soft cili®, or lobed appendages. lam y Zodl.: A sub-class or order of Annelida, com- 

Balistidse, order Plectognathes. prising those in which progression takes place by 

ChEe-to-dis’-Cus, s. [Gr. chaite-a hair, a bristle, means of chitinous setae, or by suctorial disks. Of 
and diskos= a disk.] the former section the Earthworms, Tubeworms, 

Zodl.: A genus of Diatomaceae, having the frust- and Sandworms, are examples; of the latter, the 
ules disk-shaped; valves circular or oval, with Leeches. {Nicholson.) 

radiating dots and a submarginal circle of obtuse chse-to-phor'-I-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. chcevo- 
processes unconnected by means ot special raciiat- p/ lor ( a ) ) and Lat. fem. pi. suff. -idee.] 
ing lines of dots with the center. Bot.: A family of Confervoid Algte growing in sea 

chse-to-don s [Gr chaite= a bristle; odous, or fresh water, invested with gelatine; either fili- 
genit. odontos= a tooth.] _ form or (a number of filaments being connected 

bdH boy- pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph=f. 
-cian. -t'ian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion - shun, -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, Ac. = bgl, d?L 





chsetopoda 


812 


chafing 1 


together) expanded into gelatinous, branched, 
definitely or shapeless fronds or masses. Filaments 
jointed, furnished with bristle-like processes. Fruc¬ 
tification consisting of spores and four-ciliated 
zoOspores, formed out of the contents of the articu¬ 
lation*. (Griff. <& Henfrey.) 

Chse-top'-od-g,, s. pi. [From Gr. chaite— long 
flowing hair, and pous, genit. podos= a foot.] 

ZoOl.: The name given by Prof. Huxley to the 
Annelid order often called Nereida, from the typi¬ 
cal genus Nereis. 

Chae -tops, s. [Gr. chaite= a bristle, a hair, and 
ops=a face.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, belonging to the My- 
otherin® or Ant-thrushes, so named from the bristly 
feathers in front of the face. Order Merulidae. 

chae -top-sis, s. [Gr. chaite= a hair; ops, genit. 
opsis= a face.] 

Bot.: A genus of Mucedines (Hyphomycetous 
Fungi) characterized by erect jointed threads, 
whorled below, above simple and flagelliform, bear¬ 
ing cylindrical spores from the tips of the branch- 
lets. One species only is known, Choetopsis Wanchii. 
(Griff. & Henfrey.) 

chae'-to-piis, s. [Gr. chaite—a. bristle, a hair, 
and pows=a foot.] 

Ornith.: The Francolins, a genus of birds belong¬ 
ing to the Perdicid® or Partridges, so named from 
the tarsus of the male being armed with spurs. 

chae-t6-spSr'-g,, s. [Gr. chaite=a bristle, a hair, 
and spora— a sporule.] 

Bot.: A genus of Algae, of the order Confervoidae, 
so named in reference to the fine capillary divisions 
of the filaments. 

chse-tos'-tfcm-a, s. [Gr. chaite—& bristle, a hair, 
and stoma= a mouth.] 

Bot.: A genus of small, dry, heath-like Brazilian 
shrubs, belonging to the order Melastomace®. 
Stems leafless at base; flowers solitary, rather 
small, purple with yellow anthers. 

chae'-tu-ra,, s. [Gr. chaite—a bristle, and oura= 
a tail.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds of the Hirundinidae or 
Swallow family, so named from the shafts of the 
tail being prolonged into acute points. 

chae'-tp-rus, s. [Gr. chaite— a bristle, a hair, and 
oura= a tail.] 

Bot.: A genus of grasses belonging to the tribe 
Agrostide®. The only species described, Chceturus 
fasciculatus, is a small annual grass, a native of 
Spain. It derives its name from the silky appear¬ 
ance of the panicles. 

*§haf, s. [Chaff.] 

$haf-ant, a. [Eng. chaf(e), and suff. -ant.'] 

Her.: Enraged, furious. (Used of a boar.) 
*chaf-are, s. [Chaffee ( 1 ), s.] 

$hafe, *chaufen, *chauffe, v. t. & i. [0. Fr. 
chaufer; Fr. chauffer, from Low Lat. califico = to 
warm ; Lat. calefacio: calidus = warm; facio — to 
make.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To make warm, to warm. 

“ Charcoal to chaufen the knyght.” 

Anturs of Arthur, TXIV. 

2. To warm or heat by rubbing. 

“ They laid him upon some of their garments and fell 
to rub and chafe him, till they brought him to recover.”— 
Sidney. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. To heat in rage or fury. 

“May view her chafe her waves to spray, 

O’er every rock that bars her way.” 

Scott: Rokeby, ii. 7, 

2. To make angry, to inflame the passion. 

“Her intercession chafd him so.” 

Shakesp..- Two Gent, of Verona, iii. 1. 
*3. To become mixed with by motion, to perfume. 
“Whose scent so chafd the neighbor air, that you 
Would surely swear Arabic spices grew.”— Suckling. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

I. To rub together. 

“Breathed upon the neighboring forest, 

Made its great boughs chafe together.” 

LongfellowThe Song of Hiawatha, i. 
f2. To dash against, to struggle with. 

“From the sound of Teviot’s tide, 

Chafing with the mountain’s side.” 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 14. 

3. To be worn out by friction. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To fume or rage in spirit, to fret. 

“Yet stay within—here linger safe, 

At thee his rage will only chafe.” 

Byron: The Bride of Abydos, ii. 23. 


2. Especially to fret or grieve exceedingly over 
some galling wrong or slight from a superior, which 
one cannot resent openly. 

“ She treated him as an underling; he chafed under the 
treatment, and was often on the point of returning home.” 
— Tyndall: Fray, of Science, 3d ed., xii. 353. 

H For the difference between to chafe and to rub, 
see Rub, v. 

$hafe, s. [Chafe, v.] 

I. Lit.: Heat excited by friction. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Heat of mind, rage, fury. 

“ When Sir Thomas More was speaker of the parlia¬ 
ment, with his wisdom and eloquence he so crossed a 
purpose of cardinal Wolsey’s, that the cardinal, in a 
chafe, sent for him to Whitehall.”— Camden • Remains. 

2. Heat of the passions. 

“ Pan riots now; and from his amorous chafe 
Ceres and Cybele seem hardly 6afe.” 

Cowper: Transl. of Milton; On the Approach of Spring. 

$hafed, pa. par. & a. [Chafe, v.] 

“ Again the TEgean, heard no more afar, 

Lulls his chafed breast from elemental war.” 

Byron: The Curse of Minerva. 

§haf-er (1), s. [Chafe, v.] 

1. One who chafes. 

*2. A saucepan, a pot, a chafing-dish. 

“ ij chafers of brasse, and ij litill brasse pottys.”—Pas- 
ton Letters, iii. 466. 

9haf-er (2), s.&a. [A. S. ceafor , ceafar; Dut. 
Tcever; Ger. kdfer.] 

A. As substantive: 

Entom.: A beetle—one of the Scarabmid®. [Cock¬ 
chafer.] 

B. As adj.: Consisting of the insect described 
under A. 

“ Bound ancient elms, with humming noise, 

Full loud the chafer swarms rejoice.” 

T. Warton: Odes, xi. 

5 haf-er-y, s. [Eng. chafe; -y.] A forge in an 
iron mill, wherein the iron is wrought into complete 
bars, and brought to perfection. (Phillips.) 

9 hafe'-weed, s. [Chaffweed.] 

$haff, *caf, *§haf, s. & a. [A. S. ceaf; Dut. kaf; 
Ger. kaff.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The husks of corn or grasses separated from 
the grain by threshing and winnowing. 

“ We shall be winnow’d with so rough a wind, 

That ev’n our corn shall seem as light as chaff." 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., iv. 1. 

“Theungodly are not so: but are like the chaff which 
the wind driveth away.”— Ps. i. 4. 

(2) Hay and straw chopped up fine for feed for 
cattle. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Anything light and trifling, or of little value; 
refuse. 

“ Art thou a man of gallant pride, 

A soldier, and no man of chaff ? ” 

Wordsworth: Poet’s Epitaph. 

“ Not meddling with the dirt and chaff of nature, 
That makes the spirit of the mind mud too.” 

Beaum. and Flet.: Elder Brother. 

(2) Hence applied to the wicked at the Day of 
Judgment. (Matt. iii. 12.) 

“ At the great harvest, when the archangel’s blast 

Shall winnow, like a fan, the chaff and grain.” 

Longfellow: God’s Acre. 

(3) A joke; banter; the act of quizzing a person. 
(Colloquial.) 

“ Drake’s chaff, if possible, was sharper than his hawk¬ 
like swoop.”— Lucas: Secularia, p. 176. 

II. Botany: 

1. The popular name for the dry calyx, threshed 
or decorticated, of corn and grass called gluma by 
Linn®us. 

2. The scales or bracts on the receptacles which 
subtend each flower in the head of many composite 
plants, as in the sunflower. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

chaff-cutter, s. 

1. A man who cuts chaff for feed for animals. 

. 2. A machine constructed for the purpose of cut¬ 
ting chaff for feed. 

chaff-engine, s. The same as Chaff-cuttee, 2. 

Chaff-flower, s. A book-name for Alternanthera 
Achyrantha. (Treas. of Bot.) 

chaff-halter, s. A lady’s bridle with double 
reins. 


chaff-seed, s. An American name for Schwalbea. 

(Treas. of Bot.) 

$haff, v. t. [Chaff, s.] To banter, to joke. 

“A dozen honest fellows . . . chaffed each other 

about their sweethearts.”— Kingsley: .Two Years Ago, ch. 
xv. 

♦ghaffed, * 9 haved, a. [Chaff.] Mixed with 
chaff, chaffy. 

“With chaved cley the wounde ayein to bynde.” 

Palladius, xii. 2L 

“ Chaffed or myxt wyth chaffe. Paleatus.” — Huloet. 

9haf’-fer, *9haf-far, *9haf-fare, *chafir, 
*9hef-far-en, v. i. & t. [A corruption of O. Eng. 
chapfare: chap=A. S. ceap=a bargain, a price; fare 
=A. S. farn=a journey, business. Cf. Ger. kauffen 
=to buy.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Originally to higgle or dispute in bargain-mak¬ 
ing ; hence, to bargain simply. 

“ It was chosen for cheefe to cheffaren in.” 

Alisaunder: Fragment, 1,210. 

“‘Welcome English!’they said—these words they had 
learned from the traders 

Touching at times on the coast, to barter and chaffer 
for peltries.” 

Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standish, vii. 

2. To talk a great deal and idly, the element of 
bargain-making having disappeared. 

B. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To bargain, to buy; to sell or expose for 
sale. 

“He chaffred Chayres in which Churchmen were set, 

And breach of lawes to privie ferme did let.” 

Spenser: Moth. Hubb. Tale, 1,159. 

II. Fig.: To bandy, to exchange. 

“ Approching nigh, he never staid to greete, 

Ne chaffar words, prowd corage to provoke.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. v. 8. 

9haf'-fer (l),s. [Etym. unknown.] The round- 
lipped whale. 

“Delphinus Orca, (Lin. Syst.) Chaffer-whale, Grampus.” 
— Edmonstone: Zetl., ii. 300. 

9 haf -fer (2) , s. [Chaff, v .] One who banters or 
jokes with another. 

*9haf'-fered, *9haff"-red, pa. par. or a. [Chaf¬ 
fer, v.] Bargained or haggled with; beaten down. 
“ ‘Keserve thy boon, my liege,’ she said, 

Thus chaffered down and limited.” 

Scott: The Bridal of Triermain, ii. 2L 

9 haf-finch, s. [From Eng. chaff, and finch.] A 
European bird, so called because it delights in chaff, 
and is by some much admired for its song. (Phil¬ 
lips : World of Words.) This well known and beau¬ 
tiful bird is locally called spink, beech-finch, pink, 
twink, skelly, shell-apple, horse-finch, scobby, and 
shilfa. It is the Fringilla coelebs of ornithologists. 
It makes a beautiful nest, with four or five eggs, 
bluish-white, tinged with pink and with spots ana 
streaks of purplish red. 

t 9 haff'-less, a. [Eng. chaff; -less.] 

1. Lit.: Without or free from chaff. 

2. Fig.: Free from any worthless qualities. 

“ Made me to fan you thus: but the gods made you, 

Unlike all others, chaffless.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, i. 7. 

9haff -weed, *9hafe-weed, s. [Eng. chaff, and 
weed.] 

Bot.: A popular name for several plants: (1) 
Cudweed, a species of Gnaphalium, Gnaphalium 
sylvaticum; (2) Filago germanica. (Britten & Hol¬ 
land) ; (3) Centunculus minimus. (Britten dt Hol¬ 
land.) 

9 haf'-fy, a. [Eng. chaff; -y.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Like or full of chaff. 

“ If the straws be light and chaffy, and held at a reason¬ 
able distance, they will not rise nnto the middle.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) Light as chaff, worthless. 

“The most slight and chaffy opinion if at a great 
remove from the present age, contracts a veneration.”— 
Olanville. 

(2) Inclined to make fun of another, addicted to 
jokes. 

II. Bot.: The same as Paleaceous (q. v.). 

9 haf -Ing, j?r. par., a. & s. [Chafe, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of rubbing or heating by fric¬ 
tion. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) The act of inflaming the mind or passions. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




chain-inclinometer 


chafing-board 

(2) The state of being inflamed in mind, fretting, 

raging. 

“The inward qiiaflngs and agitations of his struggling 
soul.”— South■ Serm., vol. ix., ser. 1. 

chafing-board, s. 

Naut.: A board fixed to the rigging of a ship to 
prevent chafing. [Chafing-gear.] 

chafing-cheeks, s. pi. 

Naut.: A name given by sailors to the sheaves 
instead of blocks on the yards in light-rigged ves¬ 
sels. 

Chafing-dish, s. A vessel to make anything hot 
in ; a portable grate for coals. 

“. . . chafing-dishes, posnets, and such other silver 
vessels.”— Bacon: Physical Remains. 

chafing-gear, s. 

Naut.: The stuff put upon the rigging and spars 
to prevent their being chafed, such as mats, sinnet, 
spun-yarn, strands, battens, &c. (Smyth.) 

*<jhaf'-let, s. [Contracted from Fr. fchafaud; 
O. Fr. eschafault=a scaffold, with dimin. suff. -let.] 
A small scaffold or platform. (Halliwell: Prince 
Arthur , 1634.) 

*§haf'-ron, §haff -ron, s. [Chamfrain.] Armor 
for the head of a war-horse. 

“With a chafron of steel on each horse’s head, and a 
good knight on his back.”— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xl. 
Cha-gi-ga, s. [Heb. c/i.ac;if/a= festivity.] 

Jewish Antiq.: A festive offering, not less in value 
than 2 meahs (16 grains of com), offered in connec¬ 
tion with the Passover. It was one of two peace- 
offerings. It was generally a sacrificial victim. The 
name does not come from the Bible, but from the 
Talmud. 

“ . . . the remaining sacrifices to be offered during 
the paschal week, and especially of the Chagiga, which 
was to be consumed toward the end of the first feast day.” 
— Strauss: Life of Jesus (trans. 1846), § 121. 

Chag-reen’, s. [Shagreen.] 

Chag-rin', s.& a. [Fr. chagrin=‘‘ carke, melan¬ 
choly, care, thought” ( Cotgrave ), the origin of 
which is unknown, but supposed to be connected 
with shagreen (q. v.)._ According to Trench chagrin 
and shagreen were originally but different spellings 
of the same word. Dryden ridiculed the word, 
showing that it was of recent introduction when he 
wrote. ( Trench: Eng. Past and Present , pp. 44,65.)] 
A. Assubst.: Vexation, mortification, ill-humor. 
“ I grieve with the old, for so many additional incon¬ 
veniences and chagrins, . . .”— Pope: Letters. 

*B. Asadj.: Chagrined, vexed, put out of humor. 
“ Dear, my dear, pity me ; I am so chagrin to-day.”— 
Dryden: Marriage a la Mode, iii. i. 

U For the difference between chagrin and vexa¬ 
tion , see Vexation. 

Qhcji-grm', v. t. & i. [Chagrin, s.] 

A. Trans.: To vex, to tease, to mortify, to put 
out of humor. 

“ Don’t do anything to chagrin her.”— Fielding: Intrig. 
Chamb., ii. 3. 

*B. Intrans.: To be vexed, annoyed, or put out of 
humor. 

“ I would not have your ladyship chagrin at my bride’s 
expression.”— Fielding: Love in Sev. Masques. 
9 h?i-grin’ed, pa. par. or a. [Chagrin, v.] 
Qhail-let-I-a, s. [Named in honor of M. Chail- 
let.] , . , , , 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of the 
order Chailletiaceee. The species are small shrubs, 
and are principally natives of Brazil. The seeds of 
Chailletia toxicaria, a native of Sierra Leone, are 
called by the colonists Ratsbane, and are used for 
poisoning rats. 

Chail-let-I-a’-ge-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
chailleti(a ), and Lat. fem. pi. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: A family of Dicotyledons, consisting of 
shrubs with alternate bistipulate, short-stalked, 
oval, acute, feather-nerved, entire leaves; flowers 
axillary, white, usually with the peduncles adher¬ 
ing to the petioles. There are nearly seventy 
species, natives of the tropics, and distributed into 
four or five genera, of which the principal are 
Chailletia, Moacurra, and Tapura. 

§hain, *§haine, * 9 hayne, * 9 heine, * 9 heyne, 
*$hine (E«p.),* 9 henzie, * 9 henyie (Scotch), s. & a. 
[0. Fr. cadene, chaaine, chaine; Fr. chaine: Ital. 
catena; Lat .catena; M. H. Ger. Miene; O. H. Ger. 
k6tina, chdtinna; Ger. ketten, kette .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

x. Literally: . , , .. . 

(1) A line formed of a series of metal links con¬ 
nected with or fitted into each other, and used for 
various purposes, as of restraint, support, connec¬ 
tion, transmission of mechanical power, &c. 

“ Cheyne. Cathena, boia."—Prompt. Parv. 


813 

(2) A series of links of gold or silver, worn as an 
ornament. 

“And Pharaoh took off his ring, and put it upon 
Joseph’s hand, and put a gold chain about his neck.”— 
Genesis xii. 42. 

(3) (PI.) Fetters, bonds, manacles. 

“Petre was slepinge bitwixe twey knyghtis, boundene 
with twey chaynes.” — Wycliffe: Deeds, xii. 6. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Anything which confines, fetters, or binds. 

“ Rivet the chains of habit.”— Lamb: Elia. 

(2) A state of subjection or moral captivity. 

“ A Briton’s scorn of arbitrary chains.” 

Cowper: Table Talk. 

(3) A series of material things connected with 
and following each other in succession. 

“ The chain of fortifications which Diocletian and his 
colleagues had extended along the banks of the great 
rivers, . . .”— Gibbon: Decline and Fall, ii. 45. 

“ From the chain of Taurus to the shores of the Euxine.” 
— Arnold: Hist. Rome, ch. 35. 

(4) A connected series or line of immaterial things, 
as of events, causes, thoughts, or arguments. 

“Here no chain of succession could be pleaded.”— 
Fuller: Church History, bk. iii. 

II. Technically: 

1. Surveying: Aline formed of a series of iron 
links, used in measuring land. That now used is 
known as Gunter’s chain, from the name of the 
inventor. It is 66 feet long, and divided into 100 
links, each link being equal to 7 - 92 inches. Ten 
square chains are equal to one acre. 

2. Sporting : The trail of an otter. 

3. Naut. (chains, properly chain-wales, or chan¬ 
nels) : Broad and thick planks projecting hori¬ 
zontally from the ship’s outside, to which they 
are fayed and bolted, abreast of and somewhat 
behind the masts. _ They are formed to project the 
chain-plate, and give the lower rigging greater out- 
rig or spread, free from the topsides of the ship, 
thus affording greater security and support to the 
masts, as well as to prevent the shrouds from 
damaging the gunwale, or being hurt by rubbing 
against it. Of course they are respectively desig¬ 
nated fore, main, and mizzen. They are now 
discontinued in many ships, the eyes being secured 
to the timber-heads, and frequently within the 
gunwale to the stringers or lower shelf-pieces above 
the water-way. In the chains applies to the leads¬ 
man, who stands on the channels between two 
shrouds to heave the hand-lead. 

“. . . tossed it into the main chains, to the man who 

had thrown the stern-fast.”— Marryat: Midship. Easy. 

4. Weaving: The warp threads of a web. It is 
called also fitting or hoist, and in the case of silk it 
is denominated organzine. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between a chain, a 
fetter, a band, and a shackle: _ “All these terms 
designate the instrument by which animals or men 
are confined. Chain is general and indefinite; all 
the rest are chains: but there are many chains 
which do not come under the other names ; a chain 
is indefinite as to its make; it is made generally of 
iron rings, but of different sizes and shapes ; fetters 
are larger, they consist of many stout chains; 
bands are in general any thing which confines the 
body or the limbs ; they may be either chains or even 
cords ; shackle is that species of chain which goes 
on the legs to confine them; malefactors of the 
worst order have fetters on different parts of their 
bodies, and shackles on their legs. These terms 
may all be used figuratively. The substantive chain 
is applied to whatever hangs together like a chain, 
as a chain of events ; but the verb to chain signifies 
to confine as with a chain; thus the mind is 
chained to rules, according to the opinions of the 
free-thinkers, when men adhere strictly to rule and 
order; and to represent the slavery of conforming 
to the establishment, they tell us we ar e fettered by 
systems. Band in the figurative sense is applied, 
particularly in poetry, to every thing which is sup¬ 
posed to serve the purpose of a band; thus love is 
said to have its silken bands. Shackle, whether as 
a substantive or a verb, retains the idea of controll¬ 
ing the movements of the person,, not in his body 
only, but also in his mind and in his moral conduct; 
thus a man who commences life with a borrowed 
capital is shackled in his commercial concerns by 
the interest he has to pay, and the obligations he 
has to discharge.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

IT Chain of locks: 

Hydraulic Engineering: A succession of lock- 
chambers, the lower pair of gates of each of which 
(except the lowest) forms the upper pair of gates 
for the chamber below. [Canal-lock.] 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
chain-belt, s. 

1. A chain forming a band or belt for the convey¬ 
ance of power. 

2. A chain covered with piping or overlaid with 
strips to form a round belt. 


bdy; pout, Jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-elan, -tian = shau. -tion, -sion — shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


chain-boat, s. A boat used in harbors for recov¬ 
ering chain-cables and anchors, 
chain-bolt, s. 

1. Naut.: A large bolt to secure the chains of the 
dead-eyes through the toe-link, for the purpose of 
securing the masts by the shrouds. Also the bolts 
which fasten channel-plates to the ship’s side. 

2. Carp.: A bolt having an attached chain by 
which it may be drawn back, falling by its own 
gravity or pushed into place by a spring. 

Chain-bond, s. The tying together of parts of a 
wall by a chain or iron bar built in. 
chain-bridge, s. 

1. A form of ferry-bridge in which the passage is 
made by means of chains laid across the river and 
anchored on each side, and moving over chain- 
wheels on board, driven by engines. [Ferry¬ 
bridge.] 

2. An early form of the suspension-bridge in which 
catenary chains supported the floor. The first was 
erected over the Tees, in 1741. Rods with eyes and 
connecting-links were used by Telford on the Menai 
Suspension Bridge, 1829; steel wires laid up into 
cables are now used. [Suspension-bridge.] 

*chain-bullets, s. pi. [Chain-shot.] 

“My friend and I 

Like two chain-bullets, side by side, will fly 
Thorow the jawes of death.” 

Heywood: Challenge for Beautie, 1636. 
chain-cable, s. 

Naut.: A cable made of iron links. They are not 
new; Caesar found them on the shores of the British 
Channel. Smyth, in his Sailor's Word-Book, says 
that in 1818 he saw upward of eighty sail of vessels 
with them at Desenzano, on the Lago di Garda. 
They have almost superseded hemp cables. They 
are divided into parts fifteen fathoms in length, 
which are connected by shackles, any one of which 
may be slipped in emergency; at each 7(4 fathoms a 
swivel used to be inserted, but in many cases they 
are now dispensed with. Chain-cables are gener¬ 
ally made in lengths of from 12(4 to 25 fathoms; 
each length is usually provided with a swivel. The 
lengths are joined together by shackles (q. v.). A 
c.able’s-length is 100 fathoms of 6‘08 feet each, and 
is one-tentli of a nautical mile. Chain-cables are 
stowed in chain-lockers, generally near the main¬ 
mast, or just before the engine and boiler compart¬ 
ment. 

Chain-cable compressor: A curved arm of iron 
which revolves on a bolt through an eye at one end. 
At the other is a larger eye in which a tackle is 
hooked ; it is used to bind the cable against the pipe 
through which it is passing and check it from run¬ 
ning out too quickly. 

Chain-cable controller: A contrivance for the pre¬ 
vention of one part of the chain riding on another 
while heaving in. 

Chain-cable shackles: Used for coupling the parts 
of a chain-cable at various lengths, so that they 
may be disconnected when circumstances demand i t. 

chain-coral, s. An elegant European species of 
fossil, Catenipora escharoides. 
chain-coupling, s. 

Railroad Engineering: 

1. A supplementary coupling between cars, as a 
safety-device in case of accidental uncoupling of 
the prime connector. 

2. A shaokle for a chain whereby lengths are 
united as in a chain-cable, or a shackle or clevis to 
unite a chain with an object. 

chain-fastening, s. A sailor’s bend, or cable 
mooring. 

chain-gang, s. A gang or number of persons 
chained together, in order to prevent the escape of 
any one. Another mode of accoutering chain-gangs 
is to attach to the ankles of each prisoner a short 
chain, with a heavy iron ball at the end. This is a 
mode of punishment yet in vogue in some of our 
cities, where the gangs are made to clean the streets. 

chain-gear, s. A form of cog-gearing in which 
an open linked chain catches up the cogs or sprockets 
of the wheel, and is the means of motion thereof, oi 
conversely. [Chain-wheel.] 
chain-guard, s. 

Hor.: A mechanism in watches provided with a 
fusee, to prevent the watch being overwound. 

chain-harrow, s. 

Agric.: A harrow for breaking clods, the office ot 
teeth being performed by heavy links of chain, 
chain-hook, s. 

Nautical: 

1. An iron rod with a handling eye at one end and 
a hook at the other for handling the chain-cable. 

2. A cable-stopper which clamps the link of a 
chain between two other links. 

chain-inclinometer, s. A form of level in which 
the inclination of the surveyor’s chain is indicated 
on a scale by the pointer on the end of the level. 

gin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. pn = £ 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, d«L 




chain-knot 


814 


chair-maker 


chain-knot, s. 

1. A succession of loops on a cord, each loop in 
succession locking the one above it, and the last 
one locked by passing through it tne end of the 
cord. 

2. A kind of knot used in splicing. [Knot.] 

3. The loop-stitch of some sewing-machines. 
[Stitch.] 

chain-lifter, s. 

Naut.: A cast-iron grooved rim, with projections, 
situated at the foot of the capstan-barrel, and form¬ 
ing the drum around which the chain-cable is 
wound in weighing anchor, 
chain-locker, s. The same as chain-well (q. v.). 
Chain-locker pipe: 

Naut.: The iron-bound opening or section of pipe 
passing through the deck, and through which the 
chain-cable passes to or from the locker in which it 
is stowed, 

chain-mail, s. A kind of armor made of inter¬ 
laced rings or links. 

chain-molding, s. 

Arch.: A kind of molding used in the Roman 
style, made in imitation of a chain. 

Chain-pier, s. A pier which runs out into the 
sea and is supported by chains like a suspension- 
bridge, 
chain-pin, s. 

Surveying: The wire pin, having a loop at one 
end and pointed at the other, employed by sur¬ 
veyors for marking the termination of each chain 
in measuring distances. 

Chain-pipe, s. An aperture through which a 
chain-cable passes from the chain-well to the deck 
above. 

Chain-plates, s. pi. Plates of iron with their 
lower ends bolted to the ship’s sides under the 
channels, and to these plates the dead-eyes are 
fastened: other plates cap over and secure them 
below. Formerly, and still in great ships, the 
dead-eyes were linked to chain-pieces, and from 
their being occasionally made in one, they have 
obtained this appellation. 

Chain-pore, s. & a. (See the compound.) 
Chain-pore coral: The book-name for the zoolog¬ 
ical genus Catenipora. 

Chain-pulley, s. A pulley having pockets or 
depressions in its periphery, in which lie the links, 
or alternate links, of a chain which passes over it- 
and gives motion thereto, or conversely. 

chain-pump, s. One form consists of an endless 
chain passing around a wheel above and descend¬ 
ing into the water below. In its upward course it 
passes through a vertical tube whose lower end is 
submerged, and at whose upper end the water is 
discharged. Along the chain are round disks or 
buttons, which fit m the bore of the tube, and form 
pistons which elevate the water as the chain as¬ 
cends in the tube. The cellular pumps are of this 
kind, and when packed pistons are used, they are 
termed paternoster pumps, from the resemblance 
of the chain and buttons to the rosary, 
chain-rule, s. 

Arith.: A theorem for solving numerical problems 
by composition of ratios or compound proportion. 

chain-saw, s. 

1. Surg.: A saw whose teeth are jointed links, 
used in making sections in deep-seated places, by 
passing the saw around the bone and then back 
again, so as to give command of both ends to the 
operator, who draws the ends back and forth. 

2. One form of band-saw or scroll-saw is also made 
of separate teeth pivoted or hooked together. 

Cliain-saw carrier: 

Surgery: A hinged and hooked instrument 
whereby the end of the chain-saw, or a ligature, 
hy which the saw may 
be drawn, is passed be¬ 
neath a deep-s eated 
bone, and so far up on 
the other side as to be 
grasped by a forceps. 

chain-shot, s. Two 
balls connected either 
by a bar or chain for¬ 
merly used for cutting 
and destroying the spars 
and rigging of an ene¬ 
my’s ship. Invented by 
Admiral De Witt in 1666. {Knight.) Now disused, 
as barbarous and contrary to national ethics. 

“ In sea fights oftentimes, a buttock, the brawn of the 
l higii, or the calf of the leg, is torn off by the chain-shot, 
nd splinters.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 
chain-slings, s. pi. Chains attached to the 
t,.ing-hoop and mast-head, by which a lower yard is 
hung. Used for boat or any other slings demanded. 



Chain-shot. 


chain-stitch, s. 

1. An ornamental stitch resembling a chain. 

2. (In sewing-machines): A loop-stitch, in con¬ 
tradistinction to a lock-stitch. It consists in loop¬ 
ing the upper thread into itself, on the under side 
of the goods; or using a second thread to engage 
the loop of the upper thread. 

chain-stopper, s. A stopper for a chain-cable 
(q. v.). 

chain-timber, s. 

1. A timber of large dimensions placed in the 
middle of the height of a story, for imparting 
strength. 

2. A bond timber in a wall. 

Chain-top, s. A chain to sling the lower yards 
in time of battle, to prevent them from falling down 
when the ropes by which they are hung are shot 
away. 

chain-towing, s. A method of towing ferry or 
canal boats by means of a chain which is laid in the 
bottom of the watercourse, but with one end on the 
deck of the boat, where it is wound round a wind¬ 
lass as the boat advances. It was first introduced 
by Marshal Saxe in 1732, in France, for transporting 
war material. 

chain-wales, s. 

Shipbuilding: One of the wales or thick planks 
bolted to the ship’s sides and serving for the attach¬ 
ment of the chains to which the shrouds are con¬ 
nected. [Channel.] 

chain-well, s. A receptacle below deck for con¬ 
taining the chain-cable, which is passed thither 
through the deck-pipe. It is also called a Chain- 
locker. 

Chain-Wheel, s. The sprockets on the wheel are 
adapted to receive the links of the chain succes¬ 
sively. The power may be communicated by the 
wheel to the chain, or conversely. 

chain-work, s. 

1. Ordinary Language. 

(1) Work with open spaces like the links of a chain. 

“ Nets of chequer-work, and wreaths of chain-work, for 

the .chapiters which were upon the tops of the pillars.”— 
1 Kings vii. 17. 

(2) Applied to articles of manufacture in which 
cordage or thread is linked together in manner of a 
chain. 

2. Technically: 

(1) Hosiery: (See extract.) 

“ This texture [stocking-knitting] is totally different 
from the rectangular decussation which constitutes cloth, 

. . . for in this . . . the whole piece is composed of 
a single thread united or looped together in a peculiar 
manner, which is called stocking-stitch, and sometimes 
chain-work.” — Ure: Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and 
Mines. 

(2) Naut.: Chains laid over the sides of vessels, in 
order to deaden the effects of shot or shell. 

ghain, *ghaeynyn, v. t. [Chain, s.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To fasten, bind, or connect'with a chain. 

“ These hands are chain’d , but let me die 
At least with an unshackled eye.” 

Byron: Parisina, 17. 

2. To guard with a chain. 

“The admiral seeing the mouth of the haven chained, 
and the castles full of ordnance, and strongly manned, 
durst not attempt to enter.”— Knolles: Hist, of the Turks. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To unite closely and strongly, to attach. 

“ 0 Warwick, I do bend my knee with thine, 

And in this vow do chain my soul to thine.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. Ill,, ii. 3. 

2. To put or keep in subjection, to enslave. 

“ This world, ’tie true, 

Was made for Caesar, but for Titus too ; 

And which more blest? who chain’d his country, say. 
Or he whose virtue sigh’d to lose a day ? ” 

Pope: Essay on Man, iv. 135-8. 

ghained, *chayned, pa. par. or a. [Chain, u. j 

A. As pa. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. Asadj.: Furnished or provided with a chain 
or collar. 

“ Chayned. Torquatus.” — Huloet. 

ghain'-Ihg, *gbayn'-I6g, pr. par., a. & s, 
[Chain, v. ] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of fastening with a chain 
(lit. <& fig.). 

“ The chaynyng and teienge of the grete hound Cerbe¬ 
rus.”— Trevisa, ii. 359. 


2. Sewing and Weaving: A system of loopings on 
a single thread by which stocking-web is formed. 

ghain-less, a. [Eng. chain; -less.] Free from 
chains, unfettered. 

chainless bicycle, s. A bicycle operated by 
means of a shaft and bevel-gear or by any otimr de¬ 
vice excepting that of the .hain a 1 sprocket. The 
first patent on the application of a bevel gear to a 
bicycle was granted in 1885. and by the beginning of 
1898 there had been over 800 patents for chainlesa 
bicycles taken out in the U. S. and England. Two 
popular types of the chainless bicycle are the 
“ bevel-geared ” and the “ pinwheel-geared.” In the 
former type, at the pedals, where the ordinary 
sprocket wheel is located on a chain-bearing wuraL, 
is a small bevel-geared wheel turning another 
right aDgles to it, and fastened to the end of a sma > 
steel shaft. The shaft runs through the center of 
hollow piece of the frame tubing to the axle of tb, 
rear wheel, to which a reverse pair of gears trans 
mits the motion of the pedals. This little shaft is 
mounted at each end on a ball bearing of the lates 
C' instruction and minimum friction. Gear wheels, 
shaft and all are inclosed in a water end dust prooi 
caso, which is filled with oil to make the running 
easy. The driving mechanism of the “pinwheel 
geared ” bicycle consists of three gear wheels ai 
ranged in a row and working on each other. On 
is attached to the pedal shaft like an ordinary i 
sprocket wheel, the second is a large one, which 
reaches nearly to the rear axle, and the third is on 
the rear axle itself. The large middle wheel is 
hollow in the center and is supported on a row of 
balls around the entire inside, giving an extremely 
easy running bearing. This train of gears is all en¬ 
closed in a water and dust proof casing filled with 
oil. This bicycle is not quite so prepossessing in 
appearance as is the bevel-geared machine, on ac¬ 
count of the large middle gear wheel, but is more 
attractive than the chain wheels in use. [Bicycle.] 

tghain'-let, s. [Eng. chain, and dimin. suff. 
-let.~\ A little chain. 

*ghaipes, gha-pis, s. pi. [Cheap.] Price, rate, 
established value of goods. 

“ ‘ The chaipes of the country,’ the ordinary rate, the 
average price . . .”— Gl. Sibb. 

ghair, *ghaier, *ghaiere, *ghayer, *ghaere, 
*ghayre, *ghayere, s. & a. [O. Fr. chaiere,chaere; 
Fr .chaire; Port . cadeira; Wei. cadair, from Lat. 
cathedra^ a chair.] [Cathedral.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A movable seat with a back, intended to 
accommodate one person. 

(2) A kind of carriage. Originally a sedan ; now 
a small carriage for a single person, an invalid ; a 
Bath-chair. 

2. Fig. (Chair or chair-day): The evening or close 
of life. 

II. Technically: 

1. A vehicle for one person, carried by two men. 
[Sedan-chair.] 

2. The seat of the president of an assembly; a 
seat of authority or dignity, as, the chair of state. 

IT To take the chair: To assume the position of 
president of a meeting. 

To put into the chair: To elect as president of a 
meeting. 

3. The position or office of a professor; a profes¬ 
sorship. 

4. Engineer.: An iron block or socket used upor 
railways to support and secure the rails. 

*5. A vehicle drawn by one horse. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

IT Obvious compounds : Chair-back, chair-bottom 
chair-maker. 

Chair-back machines: These machines may b 
band or jig-saws, which cut out the curved back 
piece which is placed on the top of the pillars of 
the chair-back. Molding or rounding machines for 
chair-backs have a holder for the stuff, which ib 
moved against a rotary cutter of peculiar shape, 
the stuff traveling in a prescribed path, so c.s to 
receive the conformation desired. 

chair-bed, s. A bed or chair which folds up or 
down at will so as to be used either as a bed or 
chair. 

chair-board, s. [Chair-rack.] 

Chair-bolt, s. A screw-bolt for fastening down 
rail-chairs to the sleepers. 

chair-maker, s. A maker of chairs. 

Chair-maker's saw: 

1 A diminutive form of the ordinary framepit 
saw. in which the blade is strained by buckles and 
wedges. The work is clamped to the bench while 
sawing. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
nr. wore, wplf, work, wh 3 , son; mute, cub, ciire, pnite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce=e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





chair-organ 


815 


chalcopyrite 


2. A scroll-saw especially adapted for getting out 
chair-stuff, such as backs and legs which have curves 
which cannot be readily bent, or of stuff which can¬ 
not be readily bent to shape. 

chair-organ, s. 

Music: A choir-organ placed in a separate case 
in front of the great organ and at the back of the 
performer. 

chair-rack, s. 

Carpent.: A molding round a room, on which 
the chairs rest so as to keep them from the wall. 

chair-seat, s. The seat of a chair. 

Chair-seat boring-machine: A machine for the 
systematic and rapid boring of the small vertical 
holes in a chair-seat frame, to be occupied by the 
strips of cane or rattan, or the larger holes for the 
pillars and spindles of the back. 

Chair-seat machine: Various machines. Spec., 
a planing one, for rounding out the bottoms of the 
chairs, or one for cutting grooves in the chair-seat, 
chair-spring, s. 

Upholstery: A spring underneath the hinged seat 
of a chair, which gives it a certain resilience, and 
encourages a tilting or rocking motion. 

chair-web, s. A scroll-saw. 

9hair, *<jhayre, v. t. [Chair, s.] 

1. To install. 


“Chayred or stalled, cathedratus.” — Buloet. 

2. To carry about in a chair in triumph; a com¬ 
pliment frequently paid in former times to a candi¬ 
date at an English election by his supporters and 
admirers. 

Chaired, pa. par. or a. [Chair, v.] 

Chair'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Chair, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst. : The act of carrying in a chair. 

§hair'-ni 9 .n, s. [Eng. chair, and man.'] 

1. One who takes the chair at a meeting; the 
president of an assembly. 

“In assemblies generally one person is chosen chair¬ 
man or moderator, to keep the several speakers to the 
rules of order.”— Watts. 

2. The president of a company or society. 

*3. One whose trade it was to carry a sedan-chair, 
or wheel a Bath-chair. 

V The elected chairman or president of the House 
of Representatives is called the Speaker. [Speaker.] 
When the house resolves itself into committee of the 
whole [Committee] the Speaker vacates the chair, 
which is taken by some other member who is called 
the Chairman of Committee. 


Chair -man-ship, s. [Eng. chairman; -ship.] 
The position or office of a chairman ; the time dur¬ 
ing which any one is chairman. 

9hai§e, s. & a. [Fr. chaise =a seat, a chair; a 
Parisian pronunciation of chaire.] [Chair.] 


A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: Alight two-wheeled carriage, to accom¬ 
modate two persons, drawn by one horse, and pro¬ 
vided with a calash top. 

2. Fig.: Any vehicle. 

“Instead of the chariot he might have said the chaise 
of government, for a chaise is driven by the person that 
sits in it.”— Addison. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
chaise-cart, s. A light cart, with springs, used 

for conveying light goods or parcels expeditiously. 

chaise-house, s. A covered place in which to 
keep a chaise; a coach-house. 


chaise-lounge, s. A kind of sofa open at one 
end. ( Ogilvie.) 

*9hai -§el, *chei-sel, *chey-sil, s. & a. [O. Fr. 
chaisel; Fr. cheinsil.] 

A. As subst.: A woman’s upper garment. 

“Pilche and clieisel al bibled.”— Seven Sages, 1819. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
woman’s upper garment. 

“ Yn a chaisel smok Scheo lay.”— Alisaunder, 279. 

“Wond him on o cheysil cloth.”— Passion of the Lord; 
( Old Eng. Miscell.), ed. Morris, p. 51, 1. 510. 

* 9 hais'-ti-fle, v. t. [Lat. castificus =.making 
chaste or pure; c<xsfus=chaste, pure; facio (pass. 
■fto) = to make.] To chastise. 

“ Heirfor to dant thir attemptatis of Inglismen, I 
find na thing sa expedient as to be confiderat with the 
pepil that may chaistifle thame maist esaly. —Bellend.: 
Cron., x. 3. 

9 hak(l),v. t. [Check.] To check. 

9hak (2),u. i. [A word formed in imitation of 
the sound produced by the action.] 


1. To gnash, to snatch at an object with the 
chops, as a dog does. Properly it expresses the 
sound made, “when he misses his aim.” (Rudd.) 
[Chack.] 

2. The sharp sound made by any iron substance, 
when entering into its socket, as of the latch of a 
door when it is shut; to click. 

To chak to: To shut with a sharp sound. 

9hak, s. [Check.] The act of checking, stop. 
*9hak'-er, s. [Checquer.] A chess-board. 

“ Ane auld choker with the men of tabillis thairto.”— 
Aberd. Peg., A. 1541, v. 17. 

*9hak'-Il, s. [Shackle-bone.] The wrist. 

“ Gold bracelets on thair chakils hings, 

Thair fingers full of costly rings.” 

Watson’s Coll., ii. 10. 

*chal'-an-drie, *chal-an-dre, *chal-aun-dre, 

s. [Fr. calandre; Lat. calandrus=& lark.] A sing¬ 
ing-bird, a lark. 

“ Chalandre and wodwale.”— Land of Cokayne, 97. 

chal as -tic, *chal-as'-tick, a.&s. [Gt .chal- 
astifcos=relaxing; chalo= to relax.] 

A. As adj.: Having the property or quality of 
removing stiffness or rigidity of the body. 

B. As subst.: A medicine having the power or 
quality described under A. 

chal-a'-za, chal-a'ze, s. [Gr. chalaza— (1) hail; 
(2) a pimple.] 

1. Hot.: That part of the seed where the nucleus 
joins the seminal integuments; it represents the 
base of the nucleus, and is invariably opposite the 
end of the cotyledons. 

2. Veterinary: A disorder to which swine are 
very subject, which causes the flesh to be full of 
tubercles. 

3. Physiol.: The treddle of an egg, or the knotty 
kind of string at each end, whereby the yelk and 
white are connected together. 

4. Med.: The same as Chalazium (q. v.). 
cha-15.z'-al, a. [Chalaza.] Of or pertaining to 

chalaza. 

chii-laz-i-um, s. [Gr. chalaza=h.aAl (from the 
size and shape).] 

Pathol.: A small tubercle on the eyelid, commonly 
called a stye. 

chal -bot, qha -bot, s. [From Fr. chabot, dimin. 
of ca6 or chab=& head. ( Littrd .)] 

Her.: A name given in blazonry to the fish called 
Bullhead, or Miller’s Thumb. 

chal-can-thite, s. [Gr. chalkos= brass; anthos 
=a flower, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.).] 

Min.: A triclinic mineral; color blue, of different 
shades, sometimes a little greenish ; subtransparent 
or translucent; hardness, 2‘5 ; specific gravity, 2‘213. 
Composition: Sulphuric acid, 32 - l; oxide of copper, 
3T8; water, 36'1. 

chal-ce-don'-ic, a. [Eng. chalcedon(y): -ic .] Of 
or pertaining to chalcedony. (Brande.) 

chal-ced'-on-y, s. [Lat. calcedonius. From 
Chalcedon, Gr. chalkedon; kalkedon, a town in Asia 
Minor.] 

1. Min.: A cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, 
having the luster nearly of wax, and either trans- 

arent or translucent. Color, white, grayish, pale- 
rown to dark-brown or black; tendon-color com¬ 
mon ; sometimes delicate blue. Also of other 
shades, and then having other names. It is a true 
quartz with seme disseminated opal-quartz. Com¬ 
position : Silica, 98'87; sesquioxide of iron, 0 - 53; 
carbonate of lime, 0’62. (Dana.) 

2. Scrip.: It is not quite certain that the chalced¬ 
ony of Rev. xxi. 19 is the mineral now designated 
by that name. The probabilities, however, are in 
favor of its being so. 

“The first foundation was a jasper; the second, a 
sapphire; the third, a chalcedony.” — Rev. xxi. 19. 

Chalcedony of different colors, arranged in 
stripes or layers, is called agate; if the stripes or 
layers are horizontal it is called onyx; chrysoprase 
is green chalcedony, carnelian a flesh-red, and sard 
a grayish-red variety. (See these words.) 

chal-ced-On-yx, s. [Eng. chalced(ony). and 
onyx.) . 

Min.: The name applied to those agates in which 
opaque white chalcedony alternates with the trans¬ 
lucent gray variety. 

chal-ci-dse, chal-cld-i-dse (1), s. pi. [Gr. 
chalkizd=to shine like brass, and Lat. fern. pi. suff. 
-idee.] , . , 

ZoOl.: A family of saurian reptiles, of which 
Chalcis or Chalcides is the type. They nave long 
snake-like bodies. There are, however, foul minute 
feet. All are found in various parts of this country. 
char-9l-de§, s. [Gr. chalkizo=to shine like 

Palceont.: A genus of four-legged saurian reptiles, 
of the family Scincidaa. They are covered with 
rectangular scales. 


ehal-9id'-i-d33 (2), s. [From Gr. chalMzd— to 
shine or ring like brass.] 

Entom.: A family of hymenopterous insects, gen¬ 
erally small in size. Antennas nearly always gen- 
iculated, sometimes pedinated; body and limbs 
ornamented with brilliant metallic colors. Some 
species are wingless. They are parasitical in their 
larva state. 

chal-cl-huitl, s. [Native Mexican name.] 

Min.: A mineral, identified by Pumpelly with 
jadeite (q. v.), and by Blake with turquois (q. v.). 

(Dana.) 

Chal- 9 l -te§, s. [From Gr. chalkites- containing 
copper, coppery.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the Cucu- 
linse, or parasitic Cuckoos, family Cuculidse. They 
are adorned with plumage of a brilliant metallic 
luster. 

chal- 91 -tis, chal- 9 l'-te§, s. [Gr. chalkitis= the 
name of a mineral.] 

Min.: A disintegrating pyrites, iron or copper, 
impregnated with vitriol. (Dana.) 

char-co-9lte, s. [Gr. chalkos= brass; Eng. suff. 
-ite (Min.).] 

Min.: An orthorhombic mineral of a lead-gray 
color, often tarnished with blue or green. Hard¬ 
ness, 2'5-3. Specific gravity, 5'5-5' 8 . It occurs in 
Cornwall, Scotland, and many other localities. 
Composition: Sulphur, 19 00-21'90; copper,71'31- 
79'50 ; iron, O'28-0 49. (Dana.) 

chal-co-dlte, s. [From Gr. chalkoeides = like 
brass or copper, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 
Min.: A variety of Stilpnomelane (q. v.). It con¬ 
sists of minute flexible scales of submetallic luster. 

chal'-cojgraph, s. [From Gr. chalkos= copper, 
and graphe— a drawing or delineation.] An engrav¬ 
ing on copper or brass. 

chal-cog'-raph-er, s. [Gr. chalkographos= an 
engraver: chalkos= brass, copper; grapho= to write, 
to engrave.] One who engraves on brass, copper, 
or other metal. 

fchal-co graph’-ic, a. [Gr. c/i«Zfcos=brass, cop¬ 
per ; tyrap/u/cos=pertaining to writing or engrav¬ 
ing; graphd= to write, engrave.] Pertaining to or 
connected with chalcography. 

“We shall now give the names of chalcographic artists, 
according to the date of their proficiency.”— Encyclopaedia 
Britannica. 

chal-cog'-raph-ist, s. [Eng. chalcograph; -ist .] 
The same as Chalcographer. (Ash.) 

chal-cog-raph-y, s. [Gr. chalkographia—e n- 
graving on brass or copper ; c,halkos= brass, copper; 
graphd= to write, to engrave.] The art or process 
of engraving on brass, copper, or other metal. 

“ Chalcography, or engraving, properly so called, exe¬ 
cuted with a graver.”— Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

chal'-co-llte, s. [From Gr. chalkos= copper, and 

lithos= a stone.] 

Min.: An obsolete and erroneous name given by 
Werner to Torbernite, which is an ore of uranium 
and not of copper. (Dana.) The British Museum 
Catalogue retains it as a recent species, and 
makes it a synonym of Guprouranite (q. v.). 

chal-com'-en-Ite, s. [Gr. chalkos= brass, cop- 
’ per; men— the moon; and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.).] 
Min.: A mineral found in small green crystals in 
the Argentine Republic, associated with selenite 
of lead. It appears to be a new selenite of copper. 
Discovered in April, 1881, by MM. des Cloizeaux and 
Damour. (Athenceum, May 28,1881.) 

chal-co-no'-tus, s. [Gr. c7iaZfcos=brass, copper; 

•nofos=back.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects of the 
family Scarabseidee. 

chal-co-pha'-slte, s. [From Gr. chalkos=cop- 
per; ghasis= an appearance, and Eng. suff. -ite 
(Min!).] 

Min.: The same as Liroconite (q. v.). 

chal-co-phyl-lite, s. [Gr. chalkos=brass, cop¬ 
per \phyllon=a leaf, from the shape of the crystals, 
and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.).] 

Min.: A rhombohedral transparent or translu¬ 
cent mineral, from Cornwall and Saxony, of an 
emerald-green or grass-green color. Hardness, 2'0. 
Specific gravity, 2'4-2'66. Composition: Arsenic 
acid, 17*51—21*27; oxide of copper, 44 - 45-58’0; water, 
21-0-31-19. (Dana.) 

chal-co-py'-rlte, s. [Gr. chalkos= brass, copper; 
and Eng. pyrite (q. v.).] 

Min.: A sulphide of copper and iron containing 
2 of copper, 2 of iron and 4 of sulphur=sulphur, 
34‘9; copper, 34‘6; iron, 30'5. It is of a metallic 
luster, of a brass-yellow color, frequently irides¬ 
cent. It is opaque. Found largely in the Cornwall 
(England) mines, where 150,000-160,000 tons of ore 
are smelted annually. Hardness, 3 - 5. Specific 
gravity, 4’l-4'3. (Dana.) 


b 6 il boy; p 6 ut, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-cia’n, -tian = shs.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




chalk-stone 


chalcopyrrhotite 


816 


chal-c 6 -pyr -rho-tite , s. [From Gr. chalkos= 
copper •pyrrhotes= redness, and Eng. suii. -ite (Min.) 
(Q-v.).J 

Min.: A variety of Pyrrhotite (q. v.). (Brit. Mus, 
Cat.) 

chal-co-sl'yder-lte, s. [From Gr. chalkos— cop¬ 
per; sideros=iron, and Eng. suii. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 
Min. : A variety of Dufrenite (q. v.). (Brit. Mus. 
Cat.) ^ 

*chal’-co-sine, chal -co-site, s. [From Gr. chal- 
kos= copper, and Eng. suff. -ine (Min.).) 

Min.: The same as Copper Glance. 
chal'-co-stib-Ite, s. [From Gr. chalkos—copper ; 
stibi=tin, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: An opaque orthorhombic mineral of a 
metallic luster, and a color between lead-gray and 
iron-gray. Hardness, 3-4. Specific gravity, 4 - 748-5‘Q15. 
Composition: Sulphur, 25‘7 ; antimony, 48’9; copper 
25’4. It occurs atWolfsberg, in the Hartz moun¬ 
tains, and at Guadiz, in Spain. (Dana.) 

chal'-co-trich-rte, s. [Gr. chalkos=bTass, cop¬ 
per ; thrix, genit. <ric/w>s=hair, and Eng. surf, -ite 
(Min.).) 

Min.: A name applied to the hair-like forms of 
red oxide of copper, commonly known as plush 
copper ore- 

Chal-da'-lC, a. & s. [Lat. Chaldaicus = pertain¬ 
ing to Chaldea. ] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to Chaldea. 

B. As substantive: 

1. A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. 

2. The language of the Chaldeans, Chaldee. 
Chaldaic Christians, s. pi. [So named because 

their head church is in what was anciently termed 
Chaldea.] 

Ch. Hist.: The chief name given in the East to 
the interesting sect more commonly known in the 
West as Nestorians. In parts of India they are 
called St. Thomas Christians, from the erroneous 
notion that they were first converted to Christianity 
by the Apostle Thomas. Their patriarch resides in 
a monastery near Mosul, not far from the site of 
ancient Nineveh. Like Nestorius, they attribute to 
Jesus two natures, each with its own personality. 
They reject image worship. In their liturgic ser¬ 
vices they employ the Syriac language. When first 
they arose, in the fifth century, they were persecuted 
by the Eastern Church, but after the rise of the 
Arabian “prophet” they found favor with the 
Mohammedans, whose policy it was to support all 
detached sects against the Catholic Church which 
they feared. Afterward they became so noted for 
missionary work as to elicit the admiration even of 
the historian Gibbon. Within the present century 
they have suffered severely from Mohammedan 
fanaticism. American and other missionaries have 
also diffused Protestantism among them. One of 
these Americans, Rev. Asahel Grant, wrote a book 
which excited some attention, in which he main¬ 
tained that the “Nestorians” were originally of 
Jewish descent, deriving their origin from the ten 
lost tribes. 

tChal-da'-i§m, s. [Eng. Chalda(ic); -ism.] An 
idiom or peculiarity of the Chaldean language. 

Chal-de’-an, a. & s. [Lat. Chaldceus= pertaining 
to Chaldea.] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to Chaldea. 

B. Assubst.: A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. 
Chal'-dee, a. & s. [Lat. C7iaMcews=pertaining 

to Chaldea.] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to Chaldea; Chal¬ 
dean. 

B. As substantive: 

1. A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. 

“. . . Fear not to be the servants of the Chaldees 
. . ”—2 Kings xxv. 24. 

2. The language or dialect of the natives of Chal¬ 
dea. 

“The names of the points or accents are all of a late 
original, all Chaldee, not any Hebrew.”— Br. Walton: 
Considerator Considered, p. 247. 

Chaldee paraphrase, s. Another name for the 
Targum, or which there are three kinds, viz., that 
of Onkelos, that of Jonathan, son of Uzziel, and 
that of Jerusalem. [Targum.] 
gh&l'-der (1), s. [Chaldron.] 

1. An English dry measure of uncertain quantity, 
ranging in different substances from 36 to 70 
bushels. 

2. Naut.: A rudder-band or gudgeon. (Ogilvie.) 
*chal'-de§e, cal -de§e, v. t. [From Eng., &c., 

Chald(ee), and suff. -ese.) To trick, as a Chaldean 
conjuror might do. 

“ He stole your cloak, and picked your pocket, 
Chous’d and caldes’d you like a blockhead.” 

Butler: Hudibras, II. iii. 1009-10. 
chal'-drick, chal'-der (2), s. [Icel. tjaldr= the 
oyster-catcher.] The name given in the Orkney 
Islands to the Sea-pie, Hoematopus ostralegus 
(Linn.). 


Chal-dron, chal'-der (3), s. [O. Fr. chauldron; 
Fr. chaudron.y [Caldron.] 

Comm.: An English dry measure, formerly used 
for any dry goods, but now confined exclusively to 
coal and coke. It varies in value in different 
places. In this country, except in New York, it is 
2,940 lbs. In New York it is 2,500 lbs. 

*ghal-enge, s. & v. [Challenge.] 
chal’-e-pus, s. [Gr. chalepos= savage.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects of the 
tribe Cassidacese. 

ghal-et’ (etas a), s. [French.] A small house 
or villa on a mountain; a Swiss cottage. 

*§half’-er, s. [Apparently a corruption of chaf¬ 
fer n. A chafing-dish. 

“ Item a grete round ball, in maner of a chalfer, of sil¬ 
ver ouregilt.” — Collect, of Invent., p. 10. 

ghal'-ige, *cal-iz, *cal-is, *chal-is, *cal-ice, 
*chal-ys, s. [Fr. & Ital. calice; Sp. caliz, from 
Lat. calix (genit. calicis); Gr. kalyx— a cup.] 

*1. A cup or drinking vessel. 

“ Moyses’took the half parti of the blood and putte it 
into chalices.”— ycliffe: Exod. xxiv. 6. 

2. Specially applied to the “ cup ” used in the 
Holy Communion. 

“ Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, lately a member of the 
High Commission, had charge of the chalice.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

chalice-flower, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. 
ghal-iged, a. [Eng. chalic(e); -ed.) Having a 
cell or cup; formed in the shape of a cup. 

“ His steeds to water at those springs 
On chaliced flowers that lies.” 

Rhakesp.: Cynibeline, ii. 3. 

chal-I-co’-mjfs, s. [Fr.;-.! Gr. chalix, genit. chal- 
ikos— gravel, rubble, and mys= a mouse.] 

Palceont.: A genus of rodents akin to the beavers, 
found in the Miocene and Pliocene beds. 

chal-i-co-ther'-i-um, s. [From Gr. chalix, genit. 
chalikos= gravel, and therion— a wild animal.] 
Palceont.: A genus of ungulated mammals belong¬ 
ing either to the family Anoplotheridse, in which 
case. it is one of the Artiodactyla, or akin to the 
Tapiridte and the Brontotheridee, in which case it is 
one of the Perissodactyla. It occurs in Miocene 
beds in Europe, India, China, and North America. 
Some of the species are as large as a rhinoceros. 
(Nicholson.) 

chaP-i-lite, s. [From Gr. chalix=gravel, and 
lithos=stone.) 

Min.: A compact variety of Thomsonite of a red¬ 
dish-brown color. It occurs at Ballimony, Antrim, 
Ireland. 

chaP-I-mus, s. [Etymology doubtful.] 

Zobl.: A genus of Crustacea of the order Siphon- 
ostoma and family Caligid®, having the fourth pair 
of legs slender, of only one branch, and serving for 
walking; frontal plate with a long and slender pre¬ 
hensile appendage arising from the middle of its 
anterior surface. Chalimus scombri is found upon 
the mackerel, and upon species of Caligus, of which 
it has been supposed to be the young; length, about 
1-6”. (Griffith & Henfrey.) 

chal-i-se'-ma, s. [Gr. chalix= a pebble; soma= 
a body.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the family Balistidse, 
in which the caudal fin is large and doubly lunate, 
and the second dorsal and anal fins falcated. Order, 
Plectognathes. 

ghalk, *calk, *calke (l silent), s. & a. [A. S. 
cealc; O. H. Ger. chalch; Ger., Dan. & Sw. kalk, 
from Lat. calx (genit. calcis) = limestone; Itai. 
calce; Sp .cal; Wei .calck; Fr. chaux.) 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 1. Min. & Chem. 
(q. v.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A score, that being marked up in chalk on a 
slate, door, &c. 

(2) A score or point gained in any game. 

If By a long chalk; by long chalks: By many de¬ 
grees, greatly, far, in allusion to the ancient custom 
of making the merit marks with chalk, before lead 
pencils were so common. (Brewer.) 

“ The Indus ranks foremost by a long chalk."—De Quit- 
cey: Syst. of the Heavens . 

As big as apiece of chalk: Of very uncertain size. 
To know chalk from cheese: To have one’s wits 
about one; to know a worthless thing from a valu¬ 
able one. 

“He knowes chalk from cheese: he knowes on which side 
his bread is buttered.”— Withal: Dictionary, ed. 1634, p. 
670. 

Walk your chalks: [Walk.] 


II. Technically: 

1. Min. <& Chem.: A massive, opaque carbonate of 
lime, of a white, grayish, or yellowish color, with 
an earthy fracture. Specific gravity, l'8-2'8. Dana 
places it along with calcareous marl, under the 
heading soft, compact limestone, constituting his 
twenty-first variety of the mineral species Calcite. 

2. Geology and Palaeontology: 

(1) Spec.: A rock which, when pure, as it often is, 
is made up of the constituents given under II. 1 
Min. (q. v.) A great belt of it crosses England di¬ 
agonally from the eastern to the southern coast, 
and it is impossible to approach London from the 
east, west, north, or south without having chalk 
rocks, at a distance often very limited, beneath 
one’s feet. Their appearance is familiar, owing to 
their being conspicuously displayed in the chalk 
cliffs of Dover, and in various chalk pits in the 
southern counties, on the escarpments on the sides 
of the Northern and Southern Downs [Downs] and’ 
in railway cuttings. The chalk, properly so called, 
consists of the highest portion of the Upper Creta¬ 
ceous System, and is divided into Upper White 
Chalk with Flints and Lower White Chalk without 
Flints. [Flint, Geol.) The larger animal fossils 
of the White Chalk consist of Crinoids and other 
Echinoderms; Cephalopod Mollusks, specially Am¬ 
monites, Baculites, Belemnites; Brachiopods, such 
as Terebratulse, &c.; of other Mollusks, Rudistidee, 
<&c.; of fish, teeth of Cestracionts; of reptiles, 
Pterodactyls, Turtles, and Oviparous Saurians. 
Of the smaller organisms, Globigerinae, and other 
Foraminifers abound; in fact, chalk is mainly com¬ 
posed of these cemented together by a calcareous 
paste. The examination by Sir Leopold McClin- 
tock, Dr. Carpenter, Sir Wyville Thomson, Prof. 
Huxley, Dr. Wallicli, and others, of the Atlantic 
ooze obtained in connection with the laying of the 
telegraphic cable to America, and in the subsequent 
exploratory expeditions of the Porcupine, Chal¬ 
lenger, &c., have shown that the ooze now being 
deposited at a depth of from 5,000 to more than 
15,000 feet in the Atlantic is essentially chalk, with 
Globigerime and other Foraminifers, the former ap¬ 
parently identical with existing species. Most other 
organisms are extinct, though a few are not. This 
discovery does not shorten by an hour the period 
which has elapsed since the chalk first began to be 
formed, but only proves that a process which was 
thought to have terminated or intermitted, still 
goes on. As chalk is a deep-sea formation the vege¬ 
table fossils of the Chalk rocks are unimportant. 

(2) Gen.: The Cretaceous rocks in general, what¬ 
ever their actual composition. [Cretaceous For¬ 
mation of System,] 

3. Comm.: When purified, chalk is called whiting 
and Spanish white. Pure chalk should dissolve 
readily in dilute muriatic acid, and the solution 
should afford no precipitate with water of am¬ 
monia. Chalk is burnt into lime in great quantities, 
in which state it is used as a manure, and for mak¬ 
ing mortar and whitewash. 

“ Chalk is of two sorts; the hard, dry, strong chalk, which 
is best for lime; and a soft unctuous chalk, which is best 
for lands.”— Mortimer. 

Black chalk: A carbonaceous variety of shale. 

Brown chalk: A familiar name for umber. 

French chalk (Min.): [Soapstone.] 

Red chalk: A clay deeply colored with the perox¬ 
ide of iron, of which it generally contains 15-18 per 
cent. 

4. Art: A drawing in chalks=one executed with 
chalk pencils of different colors. 

B. As adjective : 

1. Consisting in large measure of chalk, as a chalk 
down. 

2. Derived from chalk or occurring in it, as a 
chalk flint. 

3. Belonging to the time when the chalk was de¬ 
posited, as the chalk formation. 

IT Obvious compounds: Chalk-hill , chalk-mark, 
chalk-pit, chalk-quarry. 

chalk-bed, s. A layer of chalk. 

chalk-cutter, s. A man who digs up chalk. 

Chalk-drawing, s. A drawing sketched and filled 
in with black or colored chalks. 

chalk-line, s. A cord rubbed with chalk or sim¬ 
ilar material, used by artificers for laying down 
straight lines on the material as a guide for a cut¬ 
ting instrument. 

Chalk-line reel: A spindle or vessel on which a 
chalk line is wound 

chalk-marl, s. 

Geol.: An argillaceous stratum situated just 
under the Lower White Chalk without flints. It 
contains thirty-two species of Ammonites, seven 
peculiar to it. There are also Scaphites, Turrilites, 
&c. 

chalk-stone, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A lump of chalk. 

“Hemaketh all the stones of the altar as chalk-stones 
that are beaten asunder.”— Isaiah xxvii. 9. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 

or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw.’ 




chalk-white 


817 


chamade 


2. Med.: Gouty concretions in tissues and joints, 2. Elections: An objection to a person as not being 
especially of the feet and hands, consisting chiefly of legally qualified to vote- 

sodium urate Cs^^NaC^. They are composed of 3. Law: An exception or objection taken by the 
bundles of crystals of urate of soda, and often attain prosecutor or defendant in a criminal cause against 
to a considerable size, causing much deformity, any person or persons acting as jurors in a cause. 
Chalk stones are the morbid products of the gouty If Challenge to the array: An exception orobjec- 
diathesis ■which in this way seeks to eliminate tion taken against the whole panel of jurors, 
itself. Challenge for cause: An exception or objection 

“ Also, in many gouty persons, but not in all . . . to a juror on certain grounds alleged for suspecting 
what are called chalk-stones form; concretions that look that he favors one side, as distinguished from a 
exactly like chalk collect around and outside the joint principal challenge, in which there is primd facie 


and lying in general immediately below the skin.’ 

Watson: Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic, 
lect. lxxxi. 

chalk-white, *chalkwhit, *chalkwhyghth, a. 

As white as chalk. 

“ Ffayre schetus of sylk chalkwhyghth as the mylk.” 

Degrevant, 1489. 

$halk (l silent), v. t. [Chalk, s.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To rub over with chalk. 

“With new chalk’d bills and rusty arms.” 

Hudibras. 

2. To manure or dress land with chalk. 

“ Land that is chalked, if it is not well dunged, will 

receive but little benefit from a second chalking.” — Morti¬ 
mer. 

II. Figuratively: ^ ... r -.„- ,_ , 

1. To mark or point out; to describe (now only chalonger; O. Sp. calonjar; Ital. calognare , from 
with out). ft Lat. calumnior— to charge falsely, to accuse.] 

“ When now the boy is ripen’d into man, 

His careful sire chalks forth some wary plan. 1 


evidence that this is so. 

Law: Exception to one or more of the jurors who 
have appeared individually. ( Wharton.) 

Peremptory challenge: The right allowed to pris¬ 
oners in certain cases of taking exception or objec¬ 
tion to a certain number of persons as jurors, 
without assigning any reason. 

4. Mil.: The act of a sentry in demanding the 
countersign from any person approaching or at¬ 
tempting to pass his post. 

challenge-blast, s. A blast of a trumpet in 
defiance or challenge to a duel. 

“ The valiant Knight of Triermain 
Hung forth his challenge-blast again.” 

Scott: The Bridal of Triermain, iii. 10. 

9hal-lenge, *calangen, *ghalangen, *cal- 
engen, *§halengyn, *9halange, *calenge, v. t. & i. 

[O. Fr. chalenger , chalengier, calenger, chalongier, 


Byron: Hours of Idleness ; Childish Recollections. 

ft. To make white or pale. 

“ Let a bleak paleness chalk the door.”— Herbert. 

*3. To run up a score. 

“ I . . . shall prosecute you more constantly than a 

city vintner does a country parliament man that chalk'd 
it plentifully last winter session.”— T. Brown: Works, 
i 182. 

9 halked (l silent) , pa. par. or a. [Chalk, v.] 

9halk'-I-ness (l silent), s. [Eng. chalky; - ness .] 
The quality of being chalky or full of chalk. 

9 halk'-Ihg ( 1 ) (Z silent), pr.-par., a. &s. [Chalk, 
v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dk particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of rubbing, marking, or 
dressing with chalk. (See extract under Chalk, v ., 

I. 2.) 

9halk'-ing (2) (l silent), pr. par. [Caulking.] 

9 halk'-jf (Z silent), a. [Eng. chalk; -y .] 

1. Consisting of chalk; full of or white with chalk; 
white. 

“ The roar of the waves breaking on the chalky shore. 

Wordswortht To Liberty, x. L 

2. Impregnated with chalk; containing chalk. 

“Chalky Wey that rolls a milky wave.” 

Pope: Windsor Forest, 346. 

9hal’-lenge, *cal-enge, *9hal-en£e, *9hal- 
aunge, *9hal-eng, s. [O..Fr. chalonge, chalenge, 
calenge; Ital. calogna; O. Sp. calonja, from Lat. 
calumnia=& false accusation.] [Galumnt.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. An accusation, a charge. 

« Ellis thou muste make thy chaleng agens God.”— 
Pecock: Repressor, pt. I., ch. iii., p. 152. 

♦2. A claim, a demand; a wrong or injustice. 

“ The uerthe is chalenge ,”— Ayenbite, p. 84. 


A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To blame, to reprove, to find fault with, to 
accuse. 

“ Chalengyn or vndyrtakyn. Reprehendo, deprehendo.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

“I am chalanged in the chapitre Hous.”— Langland: 
P. Plowman, 2,819. 

*2. To claim as a right or due, to call for, to 
demand. 

“ Chalengyn or cleymyn. Vendico.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ The emperesse to Engelond com, 

To calangy, after hyre fader by ryghte the kynedom.” 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 451. 

3. To invite or defy to a duel. 

4 . To invite or call to a controversy or contest of 

any kind. 

“ Their bugles challenge all that will, 

In archery to prove their skill.” 

Scott; The Lady of the Lake, v. 22. 

5. To dispute the accuracy of a statement or 
document. 

* 6 . To call to the performance of a duty or promise. 
“I will now challenge you of your promise, to give me 
certain rules as to the principles of blazonry.”— Peacham: 
On Drawing. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: To object or take exception to any person 
or persons acting as jurors in a cause. 

2. Mil.: To question or demand the countersign 
from any person approaching or attempting to pass 
a sentry. 

“But, when they nad passed both frigate and block¬ 
house without being challenged, their spirits rose . . .” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

3. Elections: To call in question a person’s legal 
right to vote when offering his ballot at the polls. 

*B. Intrans.: To claim as due or as a right, to 
demand. 

'* Which of you, shall we say, doth love us most ? 

That we our largest bounty may extend 
Where nature doth with merit challenge.’’ 

Shakesp.: King Lear, i. L 

IT For the distinction between to challenge, to 


3 An invitation, defiance, or provocation to a brave, to defy, and to dare, see To Brave. ( Crabb: 
,j ue E _ Eng. Synon.) 

If The issuing of a challenge to a duel with deadly 9 hal'-lehge- 3 -ble, a. [Eng. challenge; - able .] 
weapons, or the carrying of such a challenge to the Capable of being challenged 


party to whom it is addressed, is in the majority of 
our states a serious offense, and is punishable in 
divers ways—in some instances with lisfranchise- 
ment. In some of. the states a prerequisite to 
registration and voting is a subscription on the part 
of the voter to an anti-dueling oath, in which he en¬ 
gages that he has not sent, and will not send, a 
challenge, or in any manner aid, abet or be con¬ 
cerned in a duel. 

4. An invitation or call to a controversy or contest 

of any kind. . , . 

5. The act of disputing the correctness of any 
statement. 

“The proposition ... is liable to strong grounds 
of challenge.’’—Scott: Monastery, Note N. 

6 . The state of being in dispute. 

“ Bringing her title into challenge.” — Scott: Monastery, 
ch. xvi. 

II. Technically: 

1. Huntinq: The cry of hounds on first finding the 
scent of their game. _ 


9 har-lehged, pa. par. or a. [Challenge, ■».] 
9hal'-leng-er, *9hal-eng-ere, s. [Eng. chal¬ 
lenge; -er.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. An accuser. 

“ He schal mak low the false chalengere.” — Wycliffe: 
Psalm xli. 4. 

2. One who invites or defies to a duel. 

“ Why, ’tis a boisterous and cruel style, 

A style for challengers ...” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, iv. 3. 

3. One who invites or defies to a contest or trial 
of strength of any kind. 

“ The impious challenger of Power divine.” 

Cowper: Task, vi. 546. 
*4. One who claims as a right or due. 

“ Edward the Third, he bids you then resign 
Your crown and kingdom, indirectly held 
From him the native and true challenger.” 

Shakesp.: King Henry V., ii. 4. 


*5. One who claims superiority. 

“ Whose worth 

Stood challenger on mount of all the age, 

For her perfections.” Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. «. 

6 . One who objects to or disputes the accuracy of 
any statement or document. 

II. Law: He who takes exception or objects to 
any person or persons acting as jurors in his cause. 

9 hal-leng-Ing, *chal-ang-ynge, pr. par., a, 
& s. [Challenge, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of making use of a chal¬ 
lenge ; accusing, defying. 

“Of chidynge and chalangynge was his chief liflode.” 

Langland: P. Plowman , 2,649. 

t 9 hal’-lls, s. [Comp. Fr. chaly— a stuff made of 
goat's hair.] . 

Fabrics: An elegant, twilled, fine woolen fabric, 
used for ladies’ dresses. Challis was introduced 
about 1832. It was made on a principle similar to 
Norwich crape, but of much finer materials, thinner, 
and softer; it had no gloss^ but was very pliable 
and clothy. The best quality was finished with 
designs and figures. 

chal-yb’-e-an, a. [Fr. chalybe; Lat. chalybeius 
=pertaining to steel, from chalybs; Gr. chalyps, 

f enit. chalybos=steel.'] Pertaining to steel; hence, 
ighly tempered, of the finest quality. 

“The hammered cuirass, 

Chalybean tempered steel, and frock of mail.” 

Milton- Samson Agonistes, 133. 

cha.l-yb -e-3.te, a. & s. [Lat. chalybeius, from 
chalybs; Gr. cbaZyps=steel.] 

A. As adj.: Impregnated with iron or steel; hav¬ 
ing the qualities of steel. 

B. As subst.: Any liquid or medicine impregnated 
with iron or steel. 

“The topical action of these chalybeates is very un¬ 
equal.”— Pereira: Materia Medica and Therapeutics, p. 189. 
T[ Chalybeate spring: 

Med., dkc.: A spring in which iron in some form 
or other is not merely to be found but predominates 
over the mineral constituents associated with it in 
the water. It generally occurs as a protoxide or 
protocarbonate, or sulphate of iron. An acidulo- 
chalybeate spring is one in which there is much free 
carbon dioxide. These springs are numerous in the 
eastern mountain regions of this country. 

Chal -y-blte, s. [In Ger. chalybit. From Lat. 
chalybs; Gr. chalyps, genit. chalybos=. . . steel.] 
Min.: The same as Siderite (Dana.) [Siderite.] 
Cham- 3 , s. [From Lat. chama—a gaping shell, 
a cockle; Gr. cheme={ 1 ) a yawning, a gaping, (2) 
the cockle, from its gaping bivalve shell.] 

ZoOl. dk Palceont.: A genus of mollusks,the typical 
one of the family Chamidee (q.v.). The shell has 
foliaceous valves, the upper one the smaller, one 
valve attached to another body by the left umbo; 
the hinge tooth of the free valve is received 
between two teeth of the other. The chamas are 
found in less 
than 50 fath¬ 
oms deep in 
tropical seas, 
especially 
among coral 
reefs. Fifty 
recent species 
are known, 
and forty fos¬ 
sil, the latter 
from the 
Greensand on¬ 
ward. The still existing Chama giaas sometimes 
weighs 300 lbs. The byssus by which it adheres to 
the rock is so tough that a hatchet is required to 
cut it through. One valve is sometimes used in 
churches as a baptismal font. 

cham-a'-9e-se, s. pi. [From Lat. chama (q.v.), 
and fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Zodl.: Cuvier’s name for the family of Conchifer- 
ous mollusks, of which Chama is the typical genus. 
They are placed by Cuvier between the Mytilaceee, 
or Mussels, and the Cardiace®, or Cockles. [Cham- 
id^;.] 

Cham-a'- 9 e- 3 n§, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. cham- 
acece (q. v.j, and Eng. suff. - ans. ] 

ZoOl.: The English name for the mollusks of 
Cuvier’s family Chamace®, now called Chamid®. 
(See these words.) 

Cham -ade, s. [Fr. & Port, chamade; Ital. 
chiamata, from Port, chamar; Ital. chiamare , from 
Lat. clamo= to call.] 

Military: The beat of a dram or sound of a 
trumpet demanding a surrender or parley. 

“Several French battalions made a show of resistance 
but upon our preparing to fill up a little fosse, in ordei 
to attack them, they beat the chamade, and sent us chart* 
blanche.”— Addison. 



Shell of Chama Macrophylla. 


bdll bdy; pdut, jdwl; cat, gell, chorus, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, dal 


52 




cliamsebatia 


818 


chamber-practice 


Cham-ae-bat'-I- 9 , s. [From Gr. chamai=on the 

f round, in compos, dwarf; and batos=a bramble- 
ush.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, belonging to the Rose 
family, and consisting of a single species, Chamce- 
batia foliolosa, a beautiful Californian shrub, with 
flowers very much like those of the hawthorn. All 
the young parts of the plant are covered with 
small glands, which secrete a resinous fluid, having 
a pleasant balsamic odor. 

Ch.axn-se- 9 yp -9.r-1s, s. [Lat. chamcecyparissos. 
From Gr. chamaikyparissos — a kind of spurge, 
chamai^ on the ground; and kyparissos= a cypress.] 
Bot.: A little group of Conifers, forming a sec¬ 
tion of the genus Cupressus. 

Cham-se-dbr -e-9, s. [From Gr. chamai—on the 
ground, and ddrea= a gift, a present.] 

Bot.: A genus of Palms, containing between 
thirty and forty species. All are natives of tropical 
America. The young unexpanded flower-spikes are 
used by the Mexicans as a vegetable, under the 
name of Tepejilote. 

Cham-se-fis'-tu-l9, s. [Gr. chamai = on the 
ground, dwarf; and Lat. fistula= a pipe, from the 
cylindrical pods.] 

Bot.: A genus of leguminous trees or shrubs, with 
yellow flowers, belonging to the family Cassieee. 

Cham-se-lau-91-a -ge-ae , s. pi. [From Gr. chamai 
= on the earth, on the ground often in compos, for 
low-growing, dwarf; and lauchis— a poplar (not in 
Liddell <& Scott), and Lat. fem. pi. ad], suff. -acece.J 
Bot.: A tribe of Myrtece®, sometimes considered 
as a separate family. They are distinguished by 
their heath-like habit and foliage. The species are 
numerous, all Australian, and distributed into 
fourteen or fifteen genera, of which the principal 
are Calytrix, Lhotskya, Yerticordia, &c. 

cha-mae'-led-6n, s. [From Gr. chamai= on the 
ground, in compos, dwarf; and ledon= an oriental 
shrub, Cistus creticus.] 

Bot.: An obsolete genus of plants, order Erica- 
ce®. Chamoeledonprocumbens is the name given by 
Link to a beautiful Alpine shrub, formerly referred 
to Azalea, but now referred by Hooker, after the 
example of the continental botanists, to Loise- 
leuria. It is a small evergreen creeping shrub, 
found on the mountains of Europe and North Amer¬ 
ica. The leaves are leathery, shining, turned back 
at their edges, and about half-an-inch long. Flow¬ 
ers minute, growing in terminal umbels of a light 
flesh color. Calyx five-parted; corolla campanu- 
late, five-cleft; anthers rounded and opening longi¬ 
tudinally. 

ch9-m8e'-le-6, s. [From Lat. chamceleon.] [Cha¬ 
meleon.] 

1. Zobl.: A genus of Lizards, the typical one of 
the family Chameeleontidee (q. v.). Chamceleo afri- 
canus is the well-known Chameleon (q. v.). About 
17 other species are known. The head is pyramidal, 
the eyes and mouth are large; they have a con¬ 
spicuous neck, a thick body, looking almost hump¬ 
backed, five toes, which, however, are arranged in 
two groups, so as to present a certain resemblance 
to those of a Scansorial bird. [Chameleon.] 

2. Palceont.: The genus seems to have come into 
existence in Eocene times. 

cha-mse-le-on-tl-dae, cham-se-le-on'-I-dae, s. 
pi. [Eng. chameleon; t connective, and Lat. fem. 
pi. suff. -idee.'] 

Zobl.: A family of reptiles, order Lacertilia 
(Lizards). It contains only the typical genus Cha- 
mseleo. 

Ch9-mse'-mel-e§, s. [Gr. chamai= on the ground, 
and melon= an qpple.] 

Bot.: A genus of appleworts, deriving their name 
from their low growth. The genus was founded by 
Lindley to comprehend a dwarf shrub very like 
Box, a native of the sea-ciiffs in Madeira, having 
simple shining evergreen, mostly entire leaves, and 
flowers growing in clusters, which are leafy at the 
base. 

cham-se-ne ’-ma, s. [Gr. chamai=on the ground, 
and nemos= feeding.] 

Bot.: A supposed genus of Leptotricheous Alg®, 
consisting of dusky-colored jointed filaments, form¬ 
ing flocks in various syrups. Doubtless the myeslia 
of some fungi, such as PenicilLium. {Griff, dt Hen- 
frey.) 

cham-se-peu’-ge, s. [Gr. chamai=on the ground, 
andpeuke=a fir.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the Com- 
positw, allied to the plume thistles, Cirsium, on the 
one hand, and to the true thistles, Carduus, on the 
other. Leaves generally lanceolate, smooth, [jut, 
as well as the stem, covered below with a white cot¬ 
tony substance. Flower-heads one to two inches in 
diameter, arranged in corymbs, or long leafy 
racemes; corollas purple or white. There are fif¬ 
teen known species, all "atives of the Mediterranean 
region. 


cham-aA-pit-ys, s. [Gr. chamaipitys= ground- 
pine.] 

Bot.: The herb Ground-pine, a plant of the genus 
Cressa. 

cham-ae-rho-dos, s. [From Gr. chamai =on the 
ground, in compos, dwarf; and rhodon=a rose.] 
Bot.: A genus of the Rose family. The species are 
perennial plants, seldom attaining more than one 
foot in height, and generally having decumbent 
stems furnished with alternate three or four-parted 
leaves, about half an inch long. Flowers small, 
white or purple. The species are found in Siberia, 
Northern China, and Thibet, and also in the Rocky 
Mountains. 

cham-ae-rops, s. [Gr. chamairops=an uniden¬ 
tified plant mentioned by Pliny.] 

1. Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Palmace®. The Dwarf Fan-Palm, so called from 
its low growth. It is the most northerly of the 
Palm genera, and consists of ten or twelve species. 
Chamcerops humilis extends as far north as Nice, 
and the leaves of it are used for making hats, 
brooms, and baskets, and for thatching purposes. 
C. Fortuni, a native of China, furnishes a coarse 
brown fiber used for hats and a waterproof cloth 
called So-e. 

2. Palceont.: A Lower Miocene species ( Cham¬ 
cerops helvetica) has been found in Switzerland. 

cham-se-sci-ad -i-um, s. [Gr. cliamai=on the 
ground, and skiadion— a little shade; skia=a shade, 
a shadow.] 

Bot.: An umbelliferous plant with a fusiform root 
and yellow petals, a native of Caucasus and Cap¬ 
padocia. It is allied to the Trinium, or Earth-nut. 

cham-se-sphssr'-i-on, s. [Gr. chamai=on the 
ground, and spliairion=a little ball.] 

Bot.: The name given to a pigmy plant of the 
composite order found in Western Australia. The 
whole plant is about the size of a pea, and consists 
of a globular dense cluster of white flower-heads 
surrounded by a rosette of narrow leaves a quarter 
of an inch in iength. 

Cham'-9n-l§m, s. [Shamanism.] 
cham'-9-§Ite, s. [From St. Chamas, in the south 
of France (?), and Eng., &c., suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 
Min.: An alloy of iron with 23 per cent, of nickel, 
found in some meteorites. 

gham'-ber, *gham-byr, *gham-bir, *ghaum- 
ber, *9ham-bre, *ghaum-bre, *9hom-bre, 
*gham-er, *ghaum-er, *ghawm-ere, *ghawm- 
byr (Eng.) , *gbawm-er , *ghalm-er ( Scotch) ,s.&a. 
[O. Fr. cambre; Fr. chambre; 0. Sp. cambra; Sp. & 
Port, camara; Ital. camera; Sw. kammer , from Lat. 
camera —a vaulted room.] [Camber (2), s.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

I. Literally: 

(1) An apartment in a house. Now generally 
applied to a sleeping apartment. 

“The chambir was all full of light.”— Gower: C. A., 
i. 102. 

IT Frequently used in the plural. [Chambers.] 
“A bachelor life in chambers.’: — Thackeray. 

(2) The reception-room in a palace; generally 
called the presence-chamber. 

(3) Any hollow space or compartment. 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) The grave, as the resting-place of the dead. 
“The dark caves of death, and chambers of the grave.” 

Prior. 

(2) A residence, a place of abode, a seat. 

“Sche is myrour of alle curtesye, 

Hir herte is verrey chambre of holynesse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 4,586-7. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

*(1) A court of justice. [Star-chamber.] 

(2) A judge’s private room, where he sits to hear 
such causes, and to transact such business as may 
be done out of court. 

2. Ordnance: 

*(1) A kind of short cannon, like a mortar, used 
for rejoicings, &c. 

“ Names given them, as cannons, demi-cannons, cham¬ 
bers, arquebuse, musket, Ac.”— Camden: Remains. 

(2) That part of the bore of a gun in which the 
charge lies. It is constructed rather larger in diam¬ 
eter than the rest, of the bore. 

“The cartridge case is paper instead of serge or flan¬ 
nel, and a blow with the rammer expands the charge 
in the chamber.” — London Daily News, Nov. 20, 1876. 

(3) The place in a mine in which the charge is 
lodged. 

3. Polity & Commerce: 

(1) The place of meeting of a legislative assem¬ 
bly ; hence, the assembly itself. 

“ By a majority of 117 votes the French Chamber of Dep¬ 
uties has passed the Resolution for the appointment of a 
Committee . . .”— London Times, Nov. 16, 1877. 


(2) A place of meeting of any deliberative body. 

][ Chamber of Commerce : A society of merchants 
and traders organized to promote the interests of 
commerce. [Board op Trade.] 

Chamber of Agriculture: A society of persons 
organized to promote the interests of agriculture. 
[Board op Agriculture.] 

4. Anatomy: 

Chambers of the eye: Two spaces between the 
crystalline lens and the cornea of the eye divided 
off by the iris: that before the iris is called the an¬ 
terior chamber, and that behind it the posterior 
chamber. 

“Petit has, from an examination of the figure of the 
eye, argued against the possibility of a film’s existence in 
the posterior chamber.” — Sharp. 

5. Her.: The cylindrical part of ordnance is 
termed a chamber in blazoning a coat of arms, as 
‘ ‘ he beareth argent, a chevron sable, surmounted o ? 
another ermine , between three chambers placed 
transverse the escutcheon of the secord, fired 
proper .” The name Chambers. 

6 . Naut.: Clear spaces between the riders, in 
those vessels which have floor and futtock riders. 

7. Inland Navig. : The space between the gates of 
the locks of a canal in which the boat is placed 
while the water is being raised or lowered. [Lock.] 

8 . Vehicles: An indentation on the inner surface 
of an axle-box, to hold grease. 

9. Chemical Works: An apartment where sub¬ 
limed objects are deposited, as sulphur, lamp¬ 
black, arsenic, zinc-white, mercury, and other con¬ 
densible fumes. 

10. Dyeing: A form of apparatus for steaming 
printed cloths, to fix the colors. [Steam-colors.] 
It is about 12x9 feet, and 9 feet high, the interior 
furnished with frames which run in and out upon 
rollers when the front door is open. The frames 
have cross-rods provided with tenter-hooks for 
suspending the cloths. 

11. Founding: 

(1) The portions of a mold which contain the 
exterior form, and which are closed over the core in 
casting hollow-ware. 

(2) An inclosed space, as the fire-chamber of a 

furnace. » 

12. Hydraul.: The part of a pump in which the 
bucket or plunger works. 

13. Pottery: A bedroom urinal; a pot to receive 
chamber-lye. 

B. As adj. : (See the compounds.) 

^chamber-child, *chamber-chiel, s. A valet, 

an attendant. 

“ The Duke gave his chamber-chiel command, that he 
should drink no wine that night, . . .”— Pitscottie, p. 84. 

chamber-council (l),s. A private or secret coun¬ 
cil. (Nuttall.) 

chamber-counsel, ( 1 ), s. An attorney who 
gives advice privately, or at his chambers, and 
does not appear in court. 

*chamber-counsel (2), chamber-council (2), 

s. A private or secret counsel or thought. 

** With all the nearest things to my heart, as well 
My chamber-councils . . 

Shakesp.: Winter's Tale , i. 2. 

♦chamber-fellow, *chamberfellow, s. One who 

sleeps in the same room ; a comrade. 

“ Thy learned chamber-fellow.” 

B. Jonson: Underwood, vi., p. 366. 

chamber-gauge, s. 

Ord.: A gauge used in verifying the size of a 
howitzer or mortar-chamber. 

chamber-hanging, s. Tapestry or other lining 
of a wall of a chamber. 

“ With tokens thus, and thus ! averring notes 
Of chamber-hanginy, pictures, this her bracelet.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 5. 

chamber-lye, chamber-lie, s. Urine. 

“Your chamber-lie breeds fleas like a loach.” — Shakes*.. 
Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 1. 

chamber-maid, chambermaid, s. 

*1. A maid who attends on a lady when dressing; 
a lady’s maid. 

2 . One who cleans and arranges bedrooms, 
chamber-master, s. A shoemaker who makes 
up his own material at home, and disposes of it to 
the shops. ( Mayhew , in Annandale.) 

chamber-music, s. Vocal or instrumental 
music suitable for being performed in a chamber, as 
distinguished from that adapted for a concert- 
room. 

chamber-organ, s. A small organ suitable for 
use in a private house. 

chamber-pot, s. A vessel for urine and slops. 

[Chamber, II. 13.] 

chamber-practice, s. 

Law: The practice or profession of attorneys who 
advise clients privately in their chambers, but who 
do not appear in court to conduct cases. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wglf, work, who, sin; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu - kw! 





chamber-stead 


819 


chamfret 


♦chamber-stead, s. A place for a chamber. 

” s If love be so dear to thee thou hast a chamberstead.” 
— Chapman: Homer’s Iliad, xiv. 286. 

Chamber-story, s. The story or flat of a house 
on which the sleeping apartments are situated, 
gham'-ber, v. i. & t. [Chambeb, s.] 

*A. Intransitive : 


I. Lit,: To reside in or occupy as a chamber. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To rest, to repose. 

“ You shall no more . . . 

Chamber underneath the spreading okes.” 

Heywood: Golden Age, i. 1. 

2. To be wanton or dissipated; to act lewdly or 
immodestly. 

3. To intrigue. ( Nuttall .) 

B. Transitive: 

*1. Ordinary Language : 

1. Lit.: To inclose or shut up, as in a chamber. 

“ To make the vermine flee downo into the lowest parts 
and there to chamber or angle themselves.”— Turberville: 
Booke of Venerie, p. 195, 

2. Fig.: To shut up, to confine. 

“Critias manaced and thretened hym, onelesse he 
ehambred his tongue in season.”— Udall: Apoph. of Eras¬ 
mus, p. 10. 

II. Ordnance: To provide or construct with a 
chamber for the reception of the powder. 

“Itwill be expensive to chambei allthe field-guns in the 
service.”— London Daily News, Nov. 20, 1876. 

*cham-ber-dek-in, s. [Etym. doubtful.] (See 
extract.) 

“ Chamberdekins are Irish Beggars, which by the stat¬ 
ute of 1 Henry V., c. 8, were by a certain time within the 
same statute limited to avoyd 
this land.”— Les Termes de la 
Ley, f. 51. 

gham-bered, a. [Eng. 
chamber; -ed.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Inclosed 
or shut up, as in a chamber. 

“ The best blood chamber’d in 
his bosom.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., i. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. Conchol.: Divided into Chambered Shell of 

compartments or sections Nautilus. 

by walls or partitions. 

. . one of those chambered shells to which is given 
the name of Pearly Nautilus.”— Holmes: Autoc. of Break¬ 
fast Table, p. 38. 

2. Ordnance: Provided or constructed with a 
lhamber for the powder. 

“Three 12-pounder guns on the chambered principle are 
now in course of trial.”— London Daily Nexcs, Nov. 20, 1876. 

*gham -ber-er, *gham-ber-ere, *gham-brere, 

s. [Eng. chamber; -er.] 

1. A male or female attendant in a chamber; a 
valet or lady's maid. 

“Abram hadde another sone Ismael that he gat upon 
Agar his chambrere.” — Maundeville, p. 102. 

2. A dissipated person; one who indulges in lewd 
or loose speech or actions. 

“I have not those soft parts of conversation, 

That chamberers have.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 3. 

3. A man of intrigue. 

♦gbam -ber-ihg, a. & s. [Chambeb, s.] 

A. Asadj.: Indulging in lewd or loose speech or 
actions; lewd, dissipated. 

B. As subst.: 

1. Lewd, wanton, or dissipated behavior. 

2. Intrigue. 

gbam’-ber-lain, *gham-ber-ling, *gbam-ber- 
lein, *gbam'-ber-lin, *gbam-er-lane, *gbaum- 
ber-lein, *cbaum-ber-ling, s. [O. Fr. chambre- 
lene, chambrelein, chambrelin; Ital. earner lingo; 
Ger. Tcdmmerling ,* Sp. camarlengo Port, carrier - 
lengo , from Low Lat. camarlingus , camarlengus> 
from Lat. camera =a chamber.] 



I. Ordinary Language: 


1 Generally * 

(i) A person who has the charge of attending to 
the private chambers of a house. 

“ His chamberleyn hym broghte . . . a peyre hose of 

say.”— Robert of Gloucester, p. 390. 

“Hise princis and hise chamburleyns.”—Wycliff e (Pur¬ 
vey) : 1 Kings xxiv. 12. 


(2) A chamber attendant. . 

2. Spec.: An officer or person in charge of the 
private arrangements of a nobleman or monarch. 

“ Of this castell was castellaine 
Elda the kinges chamberlaine. 

Gower: C. A., 1. 184. 


II. Technically • 

1. Of a corporation or public office: A receiver of 
rents and revenues. 

“ Erastus, the chamberlain of the city, saluteth you.”— 
Romans xvi. 23. 


2. Court: 

(1) Lord Great Chamberlain of England is the 
sixth officer of the crown; a considerable part of 
bis function is at a coronation; to him belongs the 
provision of everything in the House of Lords ; he 
disposes of the sword of state; under him are the 
gentleman usher of the black rod, yeomen ushers, 
and doorkeepers. He has also the supervision and 
licensing of all theaters and plays. 

(2) Lord chamberlain of the household has the 
oversight of all officers belonging to the king’s 
chambers, except the precinct of the bed-chamber. 

gham-ber-lain-ship, s. [Eng. chamberlain; 
•ship.'] The office or dignity of a chamberlain. 

*gham -ber-lin, s. [Chamberlain.] 

gbam -ber§, s. pi. [Chamber, s.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Apartments, lodgings. 

2. Law: 

(1) The private rooms of the judges. 

(2) The office of a barrister in the Inns of Courts, 
England. 

Cham -ber-tin, s. [From Chambertin, a village 
in the department of the C6te-d’Or, France.] A 
superior kind of Burgundy wine. 

“We will try a bottle of the Chambertin to-day, Vin¬ 
cent.”— Sir E. L. Bulwer ■ Pelham, ch. xxviii. 

*chamb'-let, v. [Camlet, s.] To variegate, or 
mark with streaks. 



*cham-blet-ed, a. [Camlet, Camelot.] Varie¬ 
gated, varied. 

“ Some have the veins more 
varied and chambleted; as 
oak, whereof wainscot is 
made.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

Cham-branle, s. 

French.] 

Arch.: An ornamental 
bordering on the sides and 
tops of doors, windows, 
and fire-places. This orna¬ 
ment is generally taken Chambranle to Door at 
from the architrave of the S t. John’s, Devizes, 
order of the building. In 

window frames the sill is also ornamental, forming 
a fourth side. The top of a three-sided chambranle 
is called the transverse, and the sides ascendants. 

Cham'-bray, s. [Altered from Cambray in 
Flanders (?) [Cambric.] Or from the De Cham- 
bray family, one of the oldest in Normandy (?).] 
Fabric: A kind of gingham; plain colors, linen 
finish, ladies’ dress-goods. 

♦gbam-bre, s. [Chamber.] 

“ The chambres and the stables weren wyde.” 

Chaucer: The Prologue, 1. 28. 


gbam -brel, s. [Gambrel.] 

Farriery: The joint or bending of the hind legs 
of a horse; the gambrel. 

*gbam-brl-er, s. [Eng. chamber; -ier—-er.] A 
chamberlain. 

“ Never Asian cavaliers 
Could boast they had such chambriers." 

Cotton: Burlesque upon Burlesque, p. 270. 

pha -meck, s. [Native Guianian word (?).] A 
monkey (Ateles subpentadactylus) , found in Guiana. 

cba-me’-le-on, *cba-mse'-le-on, *cha-mse- 
le-o, s. [Lat. chamceleon, from Gr. chamailedn= a 
dwarf lion; from chamai— on the ground, hence, 
small, dwarf, and leon= a lion.] 

I. Ordinary Language ( chiefly of the form cha¬ 
meleon) : 

1. Literally: 

(1) The animal known to naturalists as ChamcB- 
leo africanus. Owing to the rete mucosum contain¬ 
ing two kinds of coloring matter, the animal 
frequently changes color to the eye.of the observer, 
a property which has rendered it an object of 
curiosity in all ages. It was anciently fabled to 
live on air. It has but five cervical vertebrae. The 
hind as well as fore toes are five; trunk mounted 
high on the legs, forming an exception to the 
majority of reptiles; lungs, very large; tongue 
cylindrical, extensile, and retractile, terminating 
in a dilated and tubular tip covered with a glutin¬ 
ous secretion, by means of which the animal 
catches its food of insects, flies, &c. Reproduction 
by means of eggs. 

“As the. chameleon, which is known 
To have no colors of his own.”— Prior. 

(2) Any other species of the same family. 

2. Fig.: A politician or other public man who 
shows great facility in changing or pretending to 
change his sentiments, thus suiting his color to 
his place. 


II. Technically: 

1. ZoOl. [chiefly of the form chameeleo): A genus 
of Saurian reptiles, with feet and tail organized for 
climbing trees. They live on flies and insects. 
They spend their lives in trees, and are found 
widely distributed in Africa, East Indies, Madagas¬ 
car, South of Spain, &c. [Chamjsleo.] 

2. Astron. (of the form chameeleon): A constel¬ 
lation near the south pole, established by Bayer. 

3. Bot.: A term used chiefly in the two following 
designations of plants: Black chamceleon: Cardo- 
patum corymbosum; White chamceleon: Carlina 
gummifera. 

Chameleon-like, a. Like a chameleon. 

“These animals also escape detection by a very extraor¬ 
dinary, chameleon-like power of changing their color.”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. i., p. 7. 

chameleon mineral, s. 

Chem.: K 0 MNO 4 . A name given to potassium 
manganate, from the change of color it undergoes 
during its conversion into permanganate. Obtained 
by fusing MNO 2 black oxide of manganese with 
potash, and a little nitrate of potash. Its solution 
in water is green, and gradually changes into blue, 
purple, and red. It is sold as Condy’s fluid ; it is a 
valuable disinfecting agent; a small quantity of 
the red fluid diluted with water and placed in a 
soup-plate will keep a sick-room perfectly whole¬ 
some. 

Cha-me'-le-on-Ize, V. t. [Eng. chameleon; -ize.J 
To change into various colors. (Bailey.) 

*cham-ell, s. [Camel.] 

“ Chamell, best. Camelus.” — Prompt. Parv, 

*cham'-e-lot, s. [Camlet,] 

“And wav’d upon h.k@ water Chamelot.” 

F. Q., IV. xi. 4#. 

1. To cut a furrow argufter in, as in a column; to 
groove, to channel, toTOitel 

2. To bevel off; to cut or grind the edge of any¬ 
thing originally right-angled. 

gbam'-fer, *gbam-fret, s. [O. Fr. chamfrein, 
chanfrain .] The arris of anything originally right- 
angled cut aslope or level, so that the plane it then 
forms is inclined less than a right angle to the other 
planes which it intersects. If it is not carried the 
whole extent of the piece, it is returned and then is 
said to be stop-chanifered. If the arris be taken off 
more on one side 'Wi«;ji r ,the other, it is said to be 
splayed or beveled. 

gham-fered, *gham’-fred, pa. par. or a. [Cham¬ 

fer, v .] 

1. Lit.: Grooved, splayed, beveled. 

2. Fig.: Wrinkled, furrowed with wrinkles. 

“Comes the breme Winter with chamfred browes, 

Full of wrinckles and frostie furrowes.” 

Spenser: Shepherd’s Calendar, ii. 

gbam-fer-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Chamfer, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In sense* 
corresponding to those of the verb; 

C. As subst.: The act of cutting down or beveling 
the edge of anything originally right-angled; a 
chamfer or bevel. 


ebamfering-bit, s. A boring-tool with a conical 
cutter adapted to chamfer the edge of a hole to 
enable it to receive the head of a screw. [Bit.] 
chamfering-tool, s. 

Saddlery: A tool for paring down the thickness 
of a leathern strap near the edge, making a cham¬ 
fer. It is called thinning the edge, and is sometimes 
preliminary to sewing and at other times to fitting 
the edge into its place in 
the harness. 

*gham'-fer-y, *gbam'- 
fer-^e, adv. [Eng. cham¬ 
fer; -y.] Channel-wise, in 
grooves. 

“With rent rooks cham- 
ferye sharded.” 

Stanyhurst: Virg. A£neid,v iii. 

*gham’-frain, *gham’- 
fron, *gbamp'-frain, s. 

[O. Fr. chanfrain; Fr. 
chanfrein; from Celt.cam, 
camm= crooked, and Lat. 
frons— forehead, front, or 
frenum = a bridle. 

( Mahn .)] 

Ancient Armor: The 
frontlet of a barded or armed horse usually hav¬ 
ing a spike between the eyes, 
gbam'-fred, a. [Chamfered.] 

*gham -fret, s. [Chamfer, s.] 



Chamfrain (Hy. VHI.). 
(From Meyrick’s Ancient 
Armor.) 


Carpentry: 

1. A groove or furrow. 

2. A bend produced by cutting off the edge of a 
right angle. 




b6il bov- pout jowl; cat, cell, chorus, gbin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. pb = fc 

-cian, -tian = sb»n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = sbus. -ble, -die, &c. = bpl, del. 





cnamfret 


820 


champing 


gham'-fret, v. t. [Chamfbet, s.] To chamfer or 
bevel off. 

*' Embraser. To skue or ohamfret off the jaumbes of a 
Score, or window.”— Cotgrave. 

fham'-fret-ing, pr. par. & s. [Chamfket, v.] 

A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive: 

Building : 

.1. The act of beveling or splaying the edge of a 
right angle, &c. 

“ Embrasure. The skuing, splaying or chamfretting of a 
doore or window.”— Cotgrave. 

2. The splay of a window, &c. 

Qham’-fron, s. [Chamfeain.J 

“. . . his gallant war-horse . . . with a chamfron 
** plaited head-piece upon his head.”— Scott; Ivanhoe, 
oh. ii. 


Cham'-i-jin, a. [Prom Cham— Ham, the son of 
Noah, and Eng. suff. -ian. 1 Pertaining to Ham. 
Used of the oasis, now called Siwah, in the Libyan 
desert, in which the temple of Jupiter Ammon, vis¬ 
ited by Alexander the Great, was situated. 

“ There in a silent shade of laurel brown 
Apart the Chamian Oracle divine.” 

Tennyson: Early Sonnets, iv. 
Cham'-I-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. chama (q. v.), and 
tern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl. (& Palceont.: A family of Conchiferous Mol- 
lusks, section Siphonida. They have thick inequi- 
valve shells, attached by a valve to rocks or other 
foreign bodies. The huge teeth are two in one 
valve and one in the other, the adductor impres¬ 
sions large, the pallial line simple. Only recent 
genus Chama (q. v.) ; fossil, Diceras, &c. 

cham-is-so-a, s. [Named after Aldelbert Yon 
Chamisso, a distinguished poet, naturalist and 
traveler who died at Berlin in 1838.] 

Bot.: A genus of tropical plants of the order Am- 
aranthaceee, with alternate leaves and flowers in 
axillary or terminal spikes or globular heads. 

9 ham'-l{in-rie, s. [From O. Fr. chamellan=a 
chamberlain.] [Chalmeelane.] 

*cham’-let, s. [Camlet, Camelot.] 

“To make a chamlet, draw five Hues, waved overthwart, 
if your diapering consist of a double line.”— Peacham: 
On Drawing. 


*cham-lothe, *cham-let, s. [Camlet.] Came¬ 
lot or camlet. 

“ Of chamlothe of sylk to be ane velicotte, and ane vas- 
quine, xvii elle and half.”— Chalmers: Mary, i. 207. 



cham-ock, s. [Cahmock.] 

Cham’-ois (ois as wa), s. [Fr. chamois; Ital. 
camoscio, camozza; Sp . camuza, gamuza; from O. 
Ger. gamz; Ger. gemze; Sp. gamo—a fallow-buck.] 

1. ZoOl.: An antelope, Rupicapra tragus, formerly 
called Antilope Rupicapra. It is the only antelope 
found wild m Eu¬ 
rope, and in phys¬ 
ical character it is 
somewhat aber¬ 
rant, approaching 
the sheep and 
goats. It is about 
three feet three 
inches high, with 
two parallel horns 
six or seven inches 
long, and no beard. 

It is densely clothed 
with hair. It is 
found on high 
mountain ranges, 
specially on the 
Alps, the Pyrenees, 
the Carpathian 
mountains, and 
those of Greece, Chamois, 

besides which it is 

believed to exist also on those of the Taurus and of 
the Caucasus. 


“These are the beasts which ye shall eat; the ox, the 
sheep, . . . the wild ox, and the chamois.” — Deut. xiv. 
4, 5. 

2. Comm. ( Shammy, Chamois-leather): The name 
indicates that this leather is made from the skin 
of the Chamois (Rupicapra tragus ), but the skins 
of sheep, goats, deer, calves, and the split hides of 
other animals, are used for making this kind of 
leather; the superior kinds of which are called 
chamois, and the inferior, wash-leather. The skins 
are unhaired in a lime-vat, and scraped on a beam 
in the ordinary way. The lime is removed in a bath 
by lactic or acetic acid, and the skins are then 
frizzed. This process consists in rubbing the skins 
with pumice or the blunt end of a round knife, 
until the grain is removed, the skin softened, and 
reduced to an even thickness throughout. The 
skins are then pressed to expel water, fulled by 
wooden hammers, spread, treated with oil—fish-oil 


being preferable—rolled up and again fulled, to 
distribute the oil throughout the bundle. They are 
then taken out, unfolded, dried, re-oiled, and again 
rolled and fulled. These processes are repeated 
till the effect is fully accomplished, heat being 
applied during the latter portion, by means of sus¬ 
pending the skins in a store-room. Superfluous oil 
is removed by a short steeping in a dilute alkaline 
lye; the skins are then wrung, dried, suppled by 
stretching, and polished by rolling, 
chamois-leather, s. [Chamois, 2.] 
Cham'-oi§-Ite (oi as wa), s* [From Chamoison, 
where it occurs; and Eng. suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 
Min.: A hydrated silicate of alumina and pro¬ 
toxide of iron, occurring as a compact or oOlitic 
iron ore at Chamoison, near Saint Maurice, in the 
Valois. 

Cham -o-mlle, s. [Camomile,] 
cham-or'-chis, s. [Gr. chamai=on tha ground, 
and Eng., &c., orchis (q. v.).] 

Bot.: A pretty little Alpine plant, constituting a 
genus of the order Orchidacese. 

fhamp, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. champayer champeyer, 
champoyer=to graze in fields; Fr. champ—a. field, 
from Lat. campus (Mahn). But Prof. Skeat says it 
is of Scand. origin. Cf. Sw. dial. Jcdmsa= to chew 
with difficulty, to champ ; Icel. kiapta— to chatter, 
to move the jaws; kiapti= a jaw, allied to Gr. 
gamphai=the jaws; Sans, jamtha— a jaw, a tooth.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To bite with repeated actions of the teeth, 
especially cf u horse biting at a curb or bit. 

(a) Liter illy: 

“ The fiend reply’d not, overcome with rage; 

But, like a proud steed, rein’d, went haughty on, 
Champing his iron curb.” Milton: P. L., iv. 859. 
f(6) Fig.: To be impatient. 

“ Fit retribution! Gaul may champ the bit 
And foam in fetters; but is Earth more free?” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, III. xix. 

2. To devour greedily and roughly. 

“ A tobacco pipe happened to break in my mouth, and 
the pieces left such a delicious roughness on my tongue, 
that I champed up the remaining part.”— Spectator. 

3. To chop, to mash, to cut fine. 

*4. To mince, to cut fine 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To perform the action of biting fre¬ 
quently. 

*2. Fig.: To fret, to fume. 

“ They began to repent of that they had done, and 
irefully to champ upon the bit they had taken into their 
mouths.”— Hooker. 

9hamp(l), s. [Champ, v.] The act of biting with 
frequent action of the teeth. 

Champ (2), * 9 hampe, s. [Fr. champ; Ital. campo, 
from Lat. campus= a field.] 

1. Her.: The field or ground of a shield. 

“ The champe of the feld was goules.”— Lydgate. 

2. Arch.: The field or ground on which carving is 
raised. 

3. Tapestry: The area or field on which figures in 
tapestry are raised. 

*4. Illuminating: The space left in old MSS. for 
illuminated capitals or vignettes. 

5. A mire. {Scotch.) 

9 hamp (3), s. [From champa (pron. chiimpa), 
the East Indian name of the tree which furnishes 
the wood.] 

Bot.: The wood of Michelia excelsa. 

9ham'-pac, 9ham-pak, s. [Sansc. and Beng. 
champaka .] 

Bot.: A beautiful East Indian tree, of the natural 
order Magnoliacese. It is sacred to Vishnu, and the 
Hindoo women adorn 
their dark hair with its 
highly fragrant orange- 
colored flowers. The Bud¬ 
dhists also regard it as 
sacred. The wood of 
Michelia Rheedii, prob¬ 
ably only a variety of M. 
champaca , is used at 
Bombay for the construc¬ 
tion of furniture, &c. 

“ The maid of India bless’d 
agaiu to hold 

In her full hair the chain, 
pac’s leaves of gold.” 

Moore: L. R.; The Veiled 
Prophet. 

Cham-pagne', *cham-pane , cham-paign’ (l) 
(pagne and paign as pan) , s. [From Champagne, 
in France, where it was originally made.] A kind of 
brisk, sparkling wine. Champagnes are divided 
into four categories: Sparkling Granot, Ordinary 
Sparkling, Half Sparkling, and Tisane de Cham¬ 
pagne, or they may be classed as still, sparkling, 



Champac. 

1. Stamen. 2. Fruit. 


and semi-sparkling. They are either sweet or dry, 
according to the extent to which fermentation has 
been carried. In the manufacture of Champagne 
black grapes of the first quality are usually em¬ 
ployed. The breakage of the bottles in these 
sparkling wines amounts frequently t 9 thirty per 
cent. Much of the Champagne sold is spurious, 
being manufactured from a cheap white wine 
sweetened with sugar, and colored. Sometimes, it 
consists entirely of wine made from gooseberries 
or rhubarb sweetened, and charged with carbonic- 
acid gas. As in aH other products of the grape, 
California has taken a pre-eminent position, so in 
regard to the manufacture of effervescent wines, the 
California article being pronounced by unpreju¬ 
diced judges fuHy equal to the best French product. 
“ As is the wit it gives, the gay Champaign.” 

Thomson: The Seasons; Autumn. 

Cham -paign (2) (paign as pan), *9ham-pain 
(1), s. & a. [O. Fr. champaigne , campaigne .] 
[Campaign.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Flat, open country. 

“ . . . the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign 
over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh ¥”— Deut, 
xi. 30. 

2. A field. 

“ His bounding helmet on the champaign rung. 
Achilles’ plume is stain’d with dust and gore.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvi., 1. 959-60. 

B. As adj.: Flat, open. 

“ The champaign head 
Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides 
Access denied.” Milton: P. L., iv. 134. 

Chain -pain (2), s. [Campaign.] 

Her.: A mark of dishonor in the coat of arms of 
one who has killed a prisoner of war after he has 
asked for quarter. 

champain-line, s. 

Arch.: A conjunction of straight lines, formerly 
called indentations, the sides of which are paraHel 
and similar to each other. 

9 ham -pan, s. [Apparently from their being flat 
and open, as champaign country.] 

Comm.: A small, flat-bottomed vessel with one 
sail, used in China and Japan. 

Champed (1) , pa. par. or a. [Champ, u.] 
Champed (2), a. [Champ (2), s.] Having raised 
figures; embossed, diapered. 

“ I saw all claith of gold men might deuise 
—Satine figures champit with flouris and bewis." 

Palace of Honor, i. 46. 

qham'-per, s. [Eng. champ; -er.] One who 
champs or bites greedily and violently. 

“ Damsels, whether dignified or distinguished under 
some or all of the following denominations, to wit, trash* 
eaters, oatmeal-chewers, pip e-champers.”—Spectator, No. 
431. 

qham -per-tor, s. [0. Fr. champerteur—one who 
shares in fields or field-rents.] [Champeety.] 

Law: One who moves suits, or causes them to be 
moved, either by his own or other’s procurement, 
and pursues, at his proper cost, to have part of the 
land in contest, or part of the gains. {Cowel.) 

* 9 ham’-per-tous, a. [Eng. champert{y); -oms.] 
Divided, shared. 

“This champertous combination hath gone about by 
mere shows of proof.”— Bp. Hall: Works, x. 372. {Davies.) 

9 ham'-per-ty. qham'-par-tle, s. [Norm. Fr. 

champart, from Low Lat. campus partitus: campus 
=a field; partitus= divided; partior—to divide.] 
Law: An agreement on the part of a stranger 
having otherwise no interest in the cause to main¬ 
tain any man in his suit, upon condition to have 
partof the thingwhen it is recovered. [Champaet.] 
Cham-pignon (pignon as pin'-yong), s. [Fr., 
from champ; Lat. campus—& field. In Ital. cam- 
pignuolo .] 

Bot.: A species of mushrooms {Agaricus Oreades). 
The Champignon grows in fairy rings, generally of 
a few feet only in diameter. It luxuriates most in 
a sandy soil. The pileus when moist is of a dull 
fawn color; when dry, creamy white. Stem tough 
with a viHous bark; gills broad, cream-colored, free 
from any attachment to the stem, and very distant. 
It is excellent as a fricassee, or stewed like common 
mushrooms. {Treas. of Bot.) 

“He viler friends with doubtful mushrooms treats, 
Secure for you, himself champignons eats.” 

Bowles: Juvenal, sat. v. 

champignon-rail, s. 

Railroad Engineering: A rail having a rounded 
upper surface. 

Champ'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Champ, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“No rude sound shall reach thine ear, 

Armor’s clang, or war-steed champing." 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, i. 31. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





chance 


champion 


821 


C. As subst.: The act of biting with frequent or 
violent action of the teeth. 

§ham -pi-on (2), *§ham pi-oun, * 9 ham-py-on, 
♦cam py-on, *9haun-pi-oun, s. & a. [O. Fr. 

champion, campion: Ital. camoione; Sp. campeon; 
Port, campeao; O. H. Ger. champhio, kampjo; Ger. 
kampe, from Low Lat. campio= a gladiator; from 
campus=a field, a place of battle.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A fighter, « warrior, a boxer. 

c ‘ Champyon or campyon. Campio, athleta, pugil .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“A champioun is in the place 
That hath iwrought me sorwe.” 

Gamelyn, 203. 

2. One who engages in a duel or battle on behalf 
of another. 

“’Tis therefore sober and good men are sad 
For England’s glory, seeing it wax pale 
And sickly, while her champions wear their hearts 
So loose to private duty, that no brain . . . 

Can dream them trusty.” Cowpen Task, v. 511. 

“ What checks the fiery 60 ul of James? 

Why sits that champion of the dames 
Inactive on his steed?” 

Scott; Marmion, vi. 20. 

3. A stout-hearted warrior; a noble knight. 

“ The meeting of these champions proud 
Seemed like the bursting thunder-cloud.” 

Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 5. 

4. One who is the acknowledged superior in any 
exercise. 

5. A strong supporter or defender of anything. 

*11. Old English Law: One who maintained a 

cause by wager of battle. When a tenant in a writ 
of right plead the general issue, i. e., that he had 
more right to hold than the demandant to recover, 
and offered to prove it by the body of his champion, 
the demandant had the option of refusing or accept¬ 
ing the proposal. If he did the latter, then the 
tenant’s champion being produced threw down his 
gage or glove, which his opponent’s champion took 
up. A piece of ground, sixty feet square, was then 
inclosed with lists. Within it the champions, if 
brave enough, fought till the stars appeared; and 
if the champion of the tenant held his own till that 
time, he gained the victory for his employer or 
friend, while if vanquished, the land for which he 
contended was lost. Sometimes the fight was ter¬ 
minated prematurely by one of the champions 
proving “ recreant,” and pronouncing what Black- 
stone calls “ the horrible word 1 craven.’” The man 
who did so was believed to be permanently dis¬ 
graced, and was never in future put on a jury, or 
even allowed to appear as a witness in a court of 
law. 

“ In our common law, champion is taken no less for him 
that trieth the combat in his own case, than for him that 
fighteth in the case of another.”— Cowel. 

B. As adj.: Holding the place or position of a 
champion ; the acknowledged superior in anything. 

“ The emperor’s wish to check the tyranny of the pre¬ 
fects and tax-gatherers was strongly marked in the case 
of the champion fighting-cock.”— Sharpe: History of 
Egypt, ch. xi. 

H Champion of the King, or Queen, or of the 
Kealm: An ancient officer who, at the coronation of 
English kings, while the king was at dinner, rode 
armed cap-d-pi6 into Westminster Hall, and with a 
proclamation made by a herald threw down his 
gauntlet and challenged any who disputed the king’s 
right to the throne to single combat. _ His fei, was a 
gilt cup, with a cover, filled with wine. The cere¬ 
mony has been discontinued. 

If For the difference between champion and com¬ 
batant see Combatant. 

9 ham -pi-on, v. t. [Champion, s.] 

*1. To challenge, as to a combat. 

“ The seed of Banquo kings ! 

Rather than so, come, Fate, into tne list, 

And champion me to th’ utterance.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 1. 

2. To fight for or defend as a champion ; to sup¬ 
port, protect, or defend. 

9 ham -pi-oned, pa. par. or a. [Champion, v.] 
Furnished with or defended by a champion. 

“ Championed or unchampioned, thou diest by the 
stake or fagot.”— Scott: Ivanhoe, ch. xxxix. 

f 9 hanT-pi-on-ess, s. [Eng. champion; -ess.] A 
female champion. 

“ Not she, the championess of old, 

In Spenser’s magic tale enrolled.” 

Scott: Marmion, Introd. to canto v. 

9ham-pi-on'-I-A. s • [Named after Lieut.-Col. 
Champion, killed at the battle of Inkerman.] 

Hot.: A genus of plants belonging to the cyrtan- 
dreous division of Gesneracero, characterized as 
having the seeds without albumen, and the fruit 


wholly free. The only species is from Ceylon. 
Calyx hairy, and cut into five equal linear-subulate 
lobes; corolla white, glabrous, and rotate, with a 
very short tube and four-parted limb. Stamens 
four, equal; ovary one-celled; style filiform. 

9 ham'-pi-on-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cham¬ 
pion, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db partic. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of defending or fighting for 
as a champion. 

* 9 ham'-pi- 6 n-Ize, v. i. [Eng. champion; -ize.] 
To contest for mastery, to champion. 

“With reed-like lance, and with a blunted blade. 

To championize under a tented shade.” 

Sylvester: Du Bartas. 

9 ham'-pI- 6 n-sMp, s. [Eng. champion; -ship.] 

1. The act of championing; the state of being a 
champion for another. 

2. The position or state of being the acknowledged 
superior in any exercise or pursuit; superiority. 


*9ham-pi-oun, s. [Champion.] 

“ Thanne seyde Gamelyn to the champioun.’' 

Chaucer: The Cokes Tale of Gamelyn, 238. 

*9ham'-p6e, v. t. [Shampoo.] 

“ Horses are much refreshed by champoeing.” — Southey: 
Quart. Rev., xii. 200. 


chan-ar’-9ll-lite, s. [From Chanarcill(o), in 
Chili, where it is found, and suff. -ite {Min.) 
(q. v.).] 

Min.: A silver-white shining arsenio-antimonial 
ore from Chanarcillo, disseminated through calcite. 
It is a variety of Dyscrasite (q. v.). Composition: 
Antimony, 19’6-21’4; arsenic, 23’8-22’3; silver, 53’6- 
53’3; iron, 3’0. {Dana.) 


9han9e, *9hean9e, *9heaun9e, *9haun9e, 
*9hans, *9haunse, s., a. & adv. [O. Fr. cheance, 
from cheoir=to fall; Ital. cadenza, from Low Lat. 
cadentia =a chance, from cado =to fall.] 


A. As substantive: 


1. An accident, a casual occurrence or event. 

“. . . it was a chance that happened to us.”—1 Sam. 
vi. 9. 


“ To say a thing is a chance or casualty, as it relates to 
second causes, is not profaneness, but a great truth . . .” 
— South. 


2. Fortune; the cause or origin of fortuitous 
events. 

“ May hope, when everlasting Fate shall yield 
To fickle Chance, and Chaos judge the strife.” 

Milton: P. L., ii. 

3. The act of fortune, the course of events. 

“ . . . the art of catching the tone of any society 
into which chance might throw him.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xii. 

4. The quality of being without any defined or 
recognized cause; fortuity. 

“ Chance is but a mere name, and really nothing in it¬ 
self; a conception of our minds, and only a compendious 
way of speaking, whereby we would express, that such 
effects as are commonly attributed to chance, were verily 
produced by their true and proper causes, but without 
their design to produce them.”— Bentley. 

5. The event, success, or result of things. 

“ Turne we our steeds; that both in equall tilt 

May meete againe, and each take happy chaunce." 

Spenser: F. Q., III. viii. 18. 

6 . An unlucky event; misfortune, ill-luck. 

“ You were us’d 

To say extremity was the trier of spirits, 

That common chances common men could bear.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 1. 

7. The possibility or probability of any occur¬ 
rence. 

“ Thus he taught the game of hazard, 

Thus displayed it and explained it, 

Running through its various chances.” 

Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, xvi. 

8 . An opportunity offered. 

IT The last chance: The last remaining hope. 

The main chance: The principal or most impor¬ 
tant opportunity offered to one. 

To take care of or mind the main chance: To 
watch one’s best opportunity to look after one’s self, 
or one’s own interests, before those of others. 

H (1) After pointing out the heathenish character 
of the three words chance, fortune, and fate, Crabb 
thus distinguishes between them: “In this ordi¬ 
nary sense chance is the generic, fortune and fate 
are specific terms: chance applies to all things 
personal or otherwise; fortune and fate are mostly 
said of that which is personal. Chance neither 
forms orders or designs; neither knowledge or in¬ 
tention is attributed to it; its events are uncertain 
and variable: fortune forms plans and designs, but 
without choice; we attribute to it an intention 
without discernment; it is said to be blind: fate 


b<m, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
*cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


forms plans and chains of causes; intention, knowl¬ 
edge, and power are attributed to it; its views are 
fixed, its results decisive. A person goes as chance 
directs him when he has no express object to deter¬ 
mine his choice one way or other; his fortune favors 
him, if without any expectation he gets the thing 
he wishes ; his fate wills it,. if he reaches the desired 
point contrary to what he intended. Men’s success 
in their undertakings depends oftener on chance 
than on the ability; we are ever ready to ascribe to 
ourselves what we owe to our good fortune; it is the 
fate of some men to fail in every thing they under¬ 
take.” * ... 

(2) Chance and probability are thus discrimi¬ 
nated : ‘‘ These terms are both employed in forming 
an estimate of future events; but the chance is 
either for cr against; the probability is always for 
a thing; a chance is but a degree of probability. ’ 

(3) The following are stated to be the differences 
between chance and hazard: “Both these terms 
are employed to mark the course of future events, 
which is not discernible by the human eye. With 
the Deity there is neither chance nor hazard; His 
plans are the result of omniscience, but the designs 
and actions of men are all dependant on chance or 
hazard. Chance may be favorable or unfavorable, 
more commonly the former; hazard is always un¬ 
favorable ; it is properly a species of chance. There 
is a chance either of gaining or losing: there is a 
hazard of losing.” 

(4) The following are the differences between 
accident and chance: “. . . Accident and chance 
may be used indifferently in the colloquial expres¬ 
sion to happen by chance or by accident; but the 
word accident is used only in respect to particular 
events, as it was pure accident: but chance is em- 
ployed to denote a hidden senseless cause of things 
as opposed to a positive intelligent cause.” {Crabb: 
Eng. Synon.) 

B. As adj.: Happening accidentally; casual, acci¬ 
dental, fortuitous. 

“ Now should they part, malicious tongues would say. 
They met like chance companions on the way.” 

Dryden. 

*C. As adv.: Perchance, accidentally, fortui¬ 
tously, unexpectedly. 

“ If chance by lowly contemplation led, 

Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate.” 

Gray: Elegy. 

If Compounds of obvious meaning: Chance-comer , 
chance-gift, chance-hit, chance-met, chance-poised, 
chance-sown. 

chance-medley, *chaud-medley, s. & a. 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Chance, luck, a haphazard result. 

“ Wherefore they are no twain, but one flesh; this is 

true in the general right of marriage, but not in the 
chance-medley of every particular match.”— Milton: Te- 

trachordon. 

2. Law: The casual slaughter of a man, not alto¬ 
gether without the fault of the slayer, when ignor¬ 
ance or negligence is joined with the chance; as if 
a man lop trees by a highway-side, by which many 
usually travel, and cast down a bough, not giving 
warning to take heed thereof, by which bough one 
passing by is slain : in this case he offends, because 
he gave no warning, that the party might have 
taken heed to himself.. 

“ But the self-defense, which we are now speaking of, is 
that whereby a man may protect himself from an assault, 
or the like, in the course of a sudden brawl or quarrel, by 
killing him who assaults him. And this is what the law 
expresses by the word chance-medley, or (as some rather 
choose to write it), chaud-medley, the former of which in 
its etymology signifies a casual affray, the latter an affray 
in the heat of blood or passion ; both of them of pretty 
much the same import.”— Blackstone: Commentaries, b. 
iv., c. 14. 

B. As adj.: Depending on chance or fortune. 

“ And, artless as thou art, whom thou wilt choose ; 

Though much depends on what thy choice shall be, 

Is all chance-medley, and unknown to me.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium. 

9 han 9 e, *9 haun 9 e, * 9 hauns e , v.i.&t. 

[Change, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Of things: To happen, to fall out, to befall, to 
occur accidentally. 

"... natural selection can do nothing until favora¬ 
ble variation chance to occur.”— Darwin: Origin of Species 
(ed. 1859), ch. vi., p. 177. 

If It is frequently used impersonally. 

“ It chanced that the glad tidings arrived at Whitehall 
ou the day to which the Parliament stood prorogued.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Of persons: 

(1) To happen, to do anything accidentally, cas¬ 
ually, or without premeditation(followed by a verb). 
“ As Diane hunted on a day, 

She chaunst to come where Cupid lay.” 

Spenser: Epigrams, ii. 

”... chancing to mention the famous verses which 
the Emperor Adrian spoke on his death-bed, . . .”— 
Pope: Letter to Steele (1712). 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




chanceable 


822 


chang 


(2) To meet or fall in with; to find or hit upon 
(foil owed by a preposition). 

“He chanced upon divers of the Turks’ victuallers, whom 
he easily took.”— Knolles: History of the Turks. 

B. Transitive: 

*1. To befall, to happen to. 

“It hath not chaunced me to see it.”— Lambarde. 

2. To risk, to venture upon ( colloquial). 

IT To chance on: To fall in with, to happen on. 

“ By what strange accident, I chanced on this letter.”— 
Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, v. 1. 

How chance: How chances it, how comes it. 

“ How chance you went not?”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, 

v. 5. 

H For the difference between to chance and to 
happen see Happen. 

*ghan'ge-g,-ble, a. [Eng. chance; -able.] 

1. Capable of happening by chance, depending on 
chance. 

“ And he hath not appointed vs, an vncertaine and 
chanceable conflict . . .”— Caluine: Foure Godlye Ser¬ 
mons, Ser. 2. 

2. Happening by chance, accidental, casual. 

“ The trial thereof was cut off by the chanceable coming 
thither of the king of Iberia.”— Sidney. 

ghanged, pa. par. or a. [Chance, v.] 

ghan-gql, *ghaun-sel, *gh.aun-gel, *ghawn- 

Bylle, s. & a. [O. Fr. chancel, canciel= an inclosure, 
especially one defended by lattice-work, from Low 
Lat. ca?iceliMs=lattice-work. [Cancel.] 

A. As subst.: The east end of a church, in which 
the altar is placed. It was formerly, and is even 
now in places, divided from the body of the church 
by a screen or lattice-work, and is raised by steps 
above the level of the body of the church. 

“ Chauncel, Cancellus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

chancel-casement, s. The window in a chancel. 

“Upon the chancel-casement, and upon that grave of 

mine.” Tennyson: New Year's Eve. 

chancel-screen, s. 

Eccles. Arch.: [Rood-screen.] 

chancel-table, s. The communion table placed 
within the chancel of a church. 

tghange-less, a. [Eng. chance; less.] Having 
no chance or prospect of success; unavailing, hope¬ 
less. 

“Then may come the equally chanceless struggle on 
the barricades.”— Pall Mall Gazette, Sept. 27, 1870, p. 2. 

ghan -gel-lor, *ghaun-gel-er, *ghaun sel-er, 
•ghaun-sel-ere, s. [In A. S. cancelere (Bosworth); 
Icel. kanzellari; Sw. kansler; Dan. cantsler: Dut. 
kanselier; Ger. kanzler; Fr. chancelier; O. Fr. 
chancelier, canceller; Sp. canciller, cancellario; 
Port, chancelier, cancellario; Ital. cancelliere. 
From Low Lat. cancellarius= originally an officer 
having charge of records which stood near the lat¬ 
tice-work, or bar, which fenced off the seat of the 

i ’udge or judges from the rest of the court. Class, 
jat. cancelli— an inclosure of wood, a railing, lat¬ 
tice, &c.; pi. of cancellus= a grating; dimin. of 
cancer= a crab. 

I. In ancient times: Originally (in the Roman Em¬ 
pire) : A petty officer stationed at the fence of bars 
or lattice-work in a law-court, to introduce such 
functionaries as were entitled to pass inside. The 
Emperor Carinus, the immediate predecessor of 
Diocletian, gave great offense by making such a 
cancellarius prefect in Rome. When the eastern em¬ 
pire was founded the office with its powers greatly 
augmented was continued. 

II. In modern times: 

1. From the Romans, the title and office passed to 
the church, and therefore every bishop of the 
Catholic church has, to this day, his chancellor, the 
principal judge of his consistory. When the modem 
kingdoms of Europe were established upon the 
ruins of the empire, almost every state preserved its 
chancellor, with different jurisdictions and digni¬ 
ties, according to their different constitutions. In 
all he seems to have had a supervision of all 
charters, letters, and such other public instruments 
of the crown, as were authenticated in the most 
solemn manner; and when seals came into use, he 
had the custody of the public seal. An officer bear¬ 
ing this title is to be found in most countries of 
Europe, and is generally invested with extensive 
authority. The title and office of chancellor came 
to us from England. Many of our state constitu¬ 
tions provide for the appointment of this officer, 
who is by them, and by the laws of the several 
states, invested with power as they provide. His 
principal duty is to preside over a court of chan¬ 
cery.— Bouvier. 

2. The Lord Chancellor of England: Originally he 
was the king’s chief secretary, to whom petitions 
were referred, whence he was called referendarius. 


This title subsequently gave place to chancellor, 
which first occurs, according to Selden, in English 
history about A. D. 920. Being generally an eccle¬ 
siastic, he became keeper of the king’s conscience. 
Having to express the sovereign’s views in cases 
appealed to him from the Courts of Law, he grad¬ 
ually acquired a great legal standing himself, and 
finally developed into the potent personage now 
denominated the Lord Chancellor, or more fully the 
Lord High Chancellor. He is now the highest 
judicial functionary in the kingdom: he is keeper 
of the great seal; he presides in the House of Lords, 
of which he is prolocutor; he is a cabinet minister 
and privy councillor; presides in what was the 
Court or Chancery (once spelled chancelry), but is 
now the Chancery Division of the Supreme Court; 
appoints all justices of the peace throughout the 
kingdom; is the general guardian of ail infants, 
idiots, and lunatics; visitor of the hospitals and 
colleges of royal foundation; and patron of all 
livings under twenty marks in value. He goes out 
with the ministry of which he is a member. 

3. Chancellor of the Exchequer of England: Prop¬ 
erly, the under-treasurer of the Exchequer, the 
head treasurership being held, not by an individual, 
but by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. 
The Chancellor has, however, a very powerful voice 
in connection with the Exchequer. He must be in 
the House of Commons, and may be its leader, and 
also Prime Minister. 

4. In Universities: The titular head of a univer¬ 
sity. Tfi office is only honorary. Under him is a 
Vice-Chancellor, who is the actual working head. 

5. The Chancellor of the German Empire: Is an 
officer, the extent of whose power and influence has 
never been (to outside understanding, at least) 
exactly defined. In modern Germany since the 
unification of the German Empire the office has 
been made illustrious by its association with the 
name of Bismarck, the first to hold that position 
under the new regime. In general terms it may be 
stated that the German Chancellor is an executive 
officer of very great powers, being at once the ad¬ 
viser and prime minister of the Emperor. He com¬ 
bines the functions Of one of our department 
secretaries with those of the promoter and origi¬ 
nator of political policy. 

ghan’-gel-lor-ship, s. [Eng. chancellor; -ship.] 
The office or position of chancellor. 

*ghan -gel-lor-^, s. [Eng. chancellor; -y.] The 
office of a chancellor. (The Life of Beckst, 452.) 
(Herbert Coleridge.) 

ghan-ger-y, *ghan'-ger-Ie, *ghan'-ger-ye, 
♦ghan -gel-er-Ie, *ghaun-gel-ler-ie, s. & a. [O. 

Fr. chancellerie, chancelrie—” a chancery court, 
the chancery, seale office, or court of every parlia¬ 
ment” (Cotgrave); from Low Lat. cancellaria= a 
place where records are kept, a record-office of a 
chancellor, from cancellarius—a chancellor.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The English Court of Chancery was the highest 
court of judicature next to the House of Lords. 
The Lord Chancellor presided in this court, having 
under him the Lords Justices and Vice-Chancellors, 
who act for him in separate courts, and the Master 
of the Rolls, who had the keeping of all the rolls 
and records of the Court of Chancery, and also pre¬ 
sided in a court of his own. The Court of Chancery 
was a court of equity. Under the Judicature Act of 
1873 the powers and jurisdiction of the Court of 
Chancery were transferred to the High Court of 
Justice, and it now exists as the chancery division 
of that court. 

“. . . one of the ablest and ’most incorrupt judges 
that ever sat in chancery.” — Burnet: Own Time, an. 1698. 

2. In the United States, a court having equity 
jurisdiction. American courts of equity are, in 
some instances, distinct from those of law; in 
others, the same tribunals exercise the jurisdiction 
both of courts of law and equity, though their 
forms of proceeding are different in their two 
capacities. The Supreme Court of the United 
States, and the Circuit Courts, are invested with 
general equity powers, and act either as courts of 
law or equity. 

B. As Adj.: (See the compounds.) 

If Obvious compounds: Chancery-court; chan¬ 
cery-suit. 

chancery-bar, s. The lawyers practicing in the 
Court of Chancery. 

“. . . his urbanity, which won the hearts of the 
youngest lawyers of the Chancery Bar, . . .” —Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxv. 

ghang’-lng, *ghafing'-Ifig, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Chance, v.] 

A. & B. As pr.par. rf- particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of happening casually or 
fortuitously. 


qhan-cre (ere as ker), s. [Fr.] [Cankeb, 
Cancer.] 

Med.: An ulcer, usually arising from a venereal 
sore _ connected with syphilis. There are three 
species recognized among physicians: (1) the hard, 
or true Huntenan, (syphilitic) chancre; (2) the soft, 
or chancroid (q. v.), a purely local affection; and 
(3) the mixed chancre, or one in which the charac¬ 
teristics are doubtful, and do not positively indicate 
whether it is the result of true syphilis or of syphi¬ 
loid. 

qhan'-erdid, s. A term used by some medical 
writers on venereal diseases (notably Bumstead) to 
specify or describe a venereal ulcer which confines 
its effects entirely to the part affected, and is not 
followed by constitutional infection. It is sup¬ 
posed to be the manifestation of a mild form of 
syphilis, in which the poison is too attenuated to 
reproduce itself throughout the entire system. 

ghan -crous, a. [Fr. chancreux, from chancre.] 
Having the qualities, or being of the nature of a 
chancre; ulcerous ; having chancres, 
ghan'-qy, a. [Eng. chanc(e); -y.] (Scotch.) 

1. Lucky to see or meet; foreboding good luck. 

“ . . . but there was aye a word o’ her no being that 
chancy.” — Scott: Antiquary, ch. xl. 

2 . Fortunate, happy. 

“ Desyre to be chancy and fortunate, 

As vthir princis quhiikis mare happy bene.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 425. 25. 

3. Favorable, prospering. 

“And to the chancy windis ane mylk quhite.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 71. 22. 

qhan-de-lier', *qhan-de-lar, *can-del-ere, s. 

[O. Fr. chandelier =(1) a chandler; (2) a candle¬ 
stick, from Low Lat. candelarius=chandleT, from 
candela — a candle. Chandelier is a doublet of 
chandler (q. v.). (Skeat.)] 

I. Ord. Lang.: An apparatus for holding candles. 
It is furnished with several branches. 

“ . . . large tasteless lamps and tawdry chandeliers, 
evidently true cockneys, and only taking the air by way 
of change.”— Disraeli: Coningsby, b. iv., ch. ix. 

*11. Fort.: A movable parapet, or frame-work of 
wood, on which fascines are laid to protect pioneers 
while working in the trenches, 
chandelier-tree, s. 

Bot.: A kind of Pandanus (P. candelabrum), the 
dichotomous branches of which have a certain 
resemblance to a chandelier. It grows in Guinea 
and in St. Thomas. 

ghand -ler, *candelere, chan-ler, s. [A doub¬ 
let of chandelier (q. v.).] 

1. One whose business it is to make or sell 
candles. 

“ Candelere. Candelarius.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ But whether black or lighter dyes are worn, 

The chandler 1 s basket on his shoulder born, 

With tallow spots thy coat.” Gay. 

2. A retail dealer generally. [Corn-chandler, 
Ship-chandler.] 

“ . . . for some years with her husband, kept a little 
chandler’s or grocer’s shop, for their subsistence . . .” 
— Newton: Life of Milton. 

3. A chandelier, a candlestick. (Scotch.) 

“ Have you any pots or pans, 

Or any broken chandlers'!” 

Ramsay: Poems. 

chandler-chafts, chanler-chefts, s. pi. Lan. 

tern-jaws. (Skinner.) 

chandler-chefted, chanler-chafted, a. Lan¬ 
tern-jawed ; having chops like a chandler or candle¬ 
stick. 

“ Bot the thing that anger’d me warst awa was, to be sae 
sair gnidg’d by a chanler-chafted auld rank carlen.”— 
Journal from London, p. 4. 

*ghand'-ler-ly, a. [Eng. chandler; -ly.] Like 
a chandler; in a petty way. 

“ To be sconced our head money, our twopences in their 
chandlerly shopbook of Easter.” — Milton .- Of Ref. in Eng., 
B. 2. 

ghand'-ler-jr, s. [Eng. chandler; -y,] 

1 . Articles sold by a chandler. 

2. The shop or warehouse of a chandler; a store¬ 
room. 

ghan'-doo, s. [Native word.] An extract of opium 
prepared in China for smoking. 

*chan-el, *chan-elle, s. [Canal.] 
ghan -frin, s. [Chamfrain.] The forepart of the 
head of a horse, which extends from under the ears, 
along the interval between the eyebrows, down to 
his nose. (Farrier’s Dictionary.) 

qhang, s. [Apparently an onomatopoeic word.] 
Reiterated noise. (Jamieson.) 

“ -Gin I live as lang 

As nae to fear the chirming chang 
Of gosses grave, &c.” Skinner: Misc. Poet. 


fate, fat, fare, fimidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rfiie, full; try Syrian, se, cb - e; ey = a. qu = kw' 





change 


823 


changeable 


ghange, *ghangen, *ghaungen, *ghonge, 
"ghaungy, *ghawnge, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. changier, 
changer, canger; Fr. changer; Sp. & Port, cambiar; 
Ital. cambiare, from Lat. cambio— to exchange, to 
barter.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To put, place, take, or substitute one thing 
instead of another; to excharlge. 

“ And gan to chaungy her wede.” 

Amis and Amiloun, 1433. 

“ He that cannot look into his own estate, hath need 
choose well whom he employeth, and change them often.” 
— Bacon• Essays. 

IT Generally with for before the thing taken in 
exchange. 

“ T wolde chaunge myn for his.” 

Wright: Lyric Poems, p. 39. 

2. To cause to pass from one state to another. 

“He chaungid the watur into wyne.” 

- Songs and Carols, p, 54. 

3. Followed by for: To quit one state for another, 
to exchange one state for another. 

. “ Persons grown up in the belief of any religion, can¬ 
not change that for another, without applying their 
understanding duly to consider and compare both.”— 
South. 

4. Followed by ivith: To give and take recipro¬ 
cally ; make an exchange with. 

“ To secure thy content, look upon those thousands, 
with whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change thy 
fortune and condition.”— Taylor: Rule of Living Holy. 

5. To alter, make a thing different to what it was. 

“I wylle never the more chaunge my mood.” 

Coventry Myst., p. 37. 

“ Suddenly changing their tone, they began to boast 
and to bluster.” 

Lonfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standish, vii. 

6 . To alter the nature, will, or disposition of. 

“ I would she were in heaven, so she could 

Intreat some power to change this currish Jew.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1. 


without altering its kind; it is altered without 
destroying its identity, and it is varied without 
destroying the similarity.” 

(2) He thus discriminates between to change, to 
exchange, to barter , and to substitute: “The idea 
of putting one thing in the place of another is com¬ 
mon to all these terms, which varies in the manner 
and the object. Change is the generic, the rest are 
specific terms: whatever is exchanged, bartered, or 
substituted, is changed ; but not vice versa. Change 
is applied in general to things of the same kind, or 
of different kinds; exchange to articles of property 
or possession: barter to all articles of merchandise; 
substitute to all matters of service and office. Things 
rather than persons are the proper objects for 
changing and exchanging, although whatever one 
has a control over may De changed or exchanged; 
a king may change his ministers; governments 
exchange prisoners of war. Things only are the 
proper objects for barter; but, to the shame of 
humanity, there are to be found people who will 
barter their countrymen , and even their relatives, for 
a paltry trinket. Substituting may either have per¬ 
sons or things for an object; one man may be sub- 
stitued for another, or one word substituted for 
another. The act of changing or substituting re¬ 
quires but one person for an agent; that of exchang¬ 
ing and bartering requires two: a person changes 
his things or substitutes one for another; but one 
person exchanges or barters with another. Change 
is used likewise intransitively, the others 1 always 
transitively; things change of themselves, but per¬ 
sons always exchange, barter, or substitute things 
... In the figurative application these terms 
bear the same analogy to each other. A person 
changes his opinions; but a proneness to such 
changes evinces a want of firmness in the character. 
The good king at his death exchanges a temporal for 
an eternal crown. The mercenary trader barters 
his conscience for paltry pelf. Men of dogmatical 
tempers substitute assertion for proof, and abuse 
for argument.” ( Crabb : Eng. Synon.) 
change, s. & a. [Change, u.] 

A. As substantive: 


7. To give a different denomination or kind of 
money for. 

“A shopkeeper might be able to change a guinea, or a 
moidore, when a customer comes or a crown’s worth of 
goods.” —Sw ift. 

8. To substitute one garment or dress for another. 

If To change about: 

1. To change sides. 

2. To be changeable or fickle. 

To change a horse, or to change hand: To turn or 
bear the horse’s head from one hand to the other, 
from the left to the right, or from the right to the 
left. ( Farrier's Dictionary.) 

To change arms: 

Mil.: To shift the rifle from one shoulder to the 
other. 

To change color: To grow pale, or blush; to betray 
by a change in the countenance a consciousness of 
guilt or demerit; to feel ashamed. 

To change foot, or step: 

1. Literally: . 

Mil.: To alter the position of the feet in march¬ 
ing. 

*2. Fig.: To change sides on a question. 

To change hands: To become the property of 
another. 

To change one's tune: To alter one s manner of 
speech, or habit of life; to lower one’s pretensions. 

To change owners: The same as to change hands. 

To change round: To alter; to change sides. 

To change sides: To forsake one’s party, or side, 
and join another. 

To change the mizzen: 

Naut.: To bring the mizzen-yard over the other 
side of the mast. 

B. Intransitive : 

1. To be altered; to undergo change. 

“Ha chaungeth fram water into blod.” 

Florice and Blaunch., 305. 


2. To become altered in appearance. 

“Tho chaungen gan here colour in here face.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1639. 

3. To pass from one state or phase to another. 

“I am weary of this moon; would he would change." 

Shakesp.: Mid. Night’s Dream, v. 1. 


“. . . when in a nascent or changing state.” — Todd 

and Bowman •' Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. ii., p. 61. 

4 . To take or substitute one garment for another. 
5 To turn sour or acid, to become tainted, 
if (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between to change, 
to alter and to vary: “We change & thing by putting 
another in its place; we alter a thing by making it 
different from what it was before ; we vary it by 
altering it in different manners and at different 
times. We change our clothes whenever we put on 
others; the tailor alters the clothes which are found 
not to At, and ho varies the fashion of making them 
whenever he makes new A- thing is changed 


I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

(1) The act of altering or changing; a substitu¬ 
tion of one thing for another. 

“Nothing can cure this part of ill-breeding, but change 
and variety of company, and that of persons above us.”— 
Locke. 

(2) The act of passing from one state or phase to 
another; alteration, mutation, vicissitude. 

“Hear how Timotheus’ various lays surprise, 

And bid alternate passions fall and rise; 

While at each change, the son of Lybian Jove 
Now burns with glory, and then melts with love.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 376. 

(3) The state or quality of being altered. 

“ Since I saw you last, 

There is a change upon you.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 6. 

(4) That which is substituted for another. 

“ He took with him . . . ten changes of raiment.”— 

2 Kings v. 5. 

(5) An alteration in the order or succession of a 

series. [II. 3, 4.] . . 

( 6 ) The act or process of giving and receiving 
things in exchange. 

(7) That which is given in exchange for anything 
of a higher or lower denomination. (A shortened 
form of exchange, q. v.) 

“Wood buys up our old halfpence, and from thence the 
present want of change arises; . . .’’—Swift. 

( 8 ) The balance of money paid beyond the price 
of goods purchased, and therefore returned to the 
purchaser. 

(9) A succession of events. 

“O wond’rous changes of a fatal scene, 

Still varying to the last!” Dryden. 

*2. Figuratively: _ 

(1) Death; the moment of exchanging life for 
death, spoken of as “ the great change.” 

( 2 ) Novelty, variety. 

“Perhaps you would like a kidney instead of a devil? 
It will be a little change." — Disraeli: Henrietta Temple, 
bk. vi., ch. xx. 

II. Technically: 

1. Comm.: A place where merchants and others 
meet to transact business. (Properly a curtailed 
form of exchange, q. v.) 

“He found that he could not go on Change without be¬ 
ing followed round the piazza by goldsmiths, . . .” 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

2. Hunting: Applied to a stag, whose scent has 
been crossed by chance by hounds in pursuit of 
another, and who is pursued in his turn. 

(i) The word used as the short for change of key 
or modulation. Changes are of three kinds: the 
Diatonic, the Chromatic, and the Enharmonic 
changes. 


bfiil, boy; pout, jdwl; cat, gell, chorus, 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


(2) An alteration or permutation in the order in 
which a set of bells is rung; alternate or varied 
peals rung on bells. 

“Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing, and 
five bells one hundred and twenty.”— Holder: Elements of 

Speech. 

4. Math.: The permutations, alterations, or varia¬ 
tions which any number of things may undergo, or 
are capable of in respect of position, order, &c. 

5. Astron.: The phases through which the moon 

passes. 

“ Take seeds or roots, and set some of them immedi¬ 
ately after the change, and others of the same kind imme¬ 
diately after the full.”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

6. An inn or ale-house. [Change-house.] 

H Change of voice: 

Music: [Larynx.] {Stainer & Barrett.) 

7. Physiol.: The menopause—which generally 
takes place in women from the age of 40 to that of 
50—usually spoken of as the “ change of life.” 

IT To ring the changes: 

1 . Lit.: To ring a set of bells in varied peals. 
[II. 3.] 

f2. Figuratively: 

(1) To play upon words by slight changes in order 
or meaning. 

“Easy it may be to contrive new postures, and ring 
other changes upon the same bells.”— Norris. 

1? Crabb thus distinguishes between change, vari¬ 
ation, and vicissitude: “ Change consists simply in 

ceasing to be the same ; variation consists in being 
different at different times ; vicissitude in being 
alternately different and the same. All created 
thing's are liable to change; old things pass, away, 
all things become new; the humors of men, like the 
elements, are exposed to perpetual variations; 
human affairs, like the seasons, are subject to fre 
quent vicissitudes." {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

Change-house, s. An inn, an ale-house. 

“ When the Lowlanders want to drink a cheerupping 
cup, they go to the public house called the change-house, 

. . .” — Smollett: H. Clinker. 

change-keeper, s. One who keeps an ale-house, 
or a petty inn. 

“ That nobody went into the house but the three 
brothers,—and Nelson the change-keeper and the depo¬ 
nent himself.”— Trials of Sons of Rob Roy, p. 130. 

change-pump, s. A pump introduced by the 
successors of Boulton and Watt in connection with 
the boilers of sea-going vessels, in order to keep a 
continual change in the body of water, removing 
the super-salted water and substituting sea water. 
The change-pump has been superseded by the blow- 
off cock, which, being turned at intervals, allows a 
portion of the super-salted water to escape over¬ 
board. External condensation and fresh-water 
boiler-supply are now the mode, 
change-wheel, s. 

Mach.: Change-wheels, having varying numbers 
of cogs at the same pitch, are used to connect the 
main arbor of the lathe with the feed-screw, so as to 
vary the relative rates of rotation and consequently 
the pitch of the screw to be cut. The first applica¬ 
tion of change-wheels to a lathe is supposed to have 
been in a fusee-cutting lathe, described in a work, 
1741. The change-wheels are intermediate, and jour¬ 
naled in a bracket, which permits them to be 
brought into engagement with the rotative and feed 
wheels respectively. [Screw-cutting Lathe, 
Engine-lathe.] (Knight.) 

ghange-a-bil'-i-ty, *ghaunge-a-ble-te,s. [Eng. 

changeable ; -ity.] The quality of being changeable 
or subject to change ; changeableness. 

“ Repenting whanne it berith chaungeablete, may not be 
in God.”— Wycliffe: 1 Kings xv. 11. 

ghange-a-ble, * ghaunge-a-ble, a. [Eng. 

change; -able.) 

1. Capable of being changed. 

“The changeable suits of apparel, and the mantles, and 
the wimples, and the crisping-pins, . . .”— Isa. iii. 22. 

2. Liable to change, fickle, inconstant. 

“This worldis life that chaungeable es.” 

Hampole, 1,473. 

*3. Having the quality of exhibiting different 
appearances. 

“ Now the taylor make thy doublet of changeable taffata; 
for thy mind is a very opal.”— Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, ii. 4. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between changeable, 
mutable, variable, inconstant, fickle, and versatile: 
“ Changeable is said of persons or things ; mutable 
is said of things only : human beings are changeable, 
human affairs are mutable. Changeable respects 
the sentiments and opinions of the mind ; variable, 
the state of the feelings ; inconstant, the affections ; 
fickle, the inclinations and attachments; versatile, 
the application of the talents. A changeable person 
rejects what he has once embraced in order to take 
up something new; a variable person likes and 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgl. 





changeableness 


824 


channeling-machine 


dislikes alternately the same thing; an inconstant 
person likes nothing long; a fickle person likes 
many things successively or at the same time; a 
versatile person has a talent for whatever he likes. 
. . . Changeable, variable, inconstant, and fickle, 
as applied to persons, are taken in the bad sense; 
but versatility is a natural gift, which may be em¬ 
ployed advantageously.” ( Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

IT Changeable chant: [Chant.] 

Changeable gauge-truck: A means of adjusting 
wheels to different gauges of tracks by making the 
wheels adjustable on the axis. {Knight.) 

ghange - 9 .-ble-D.ess, ghaunge -a-ble-nesse, s. 
[Eng. changeable : -ness.] 

1. Liability to change. 

“His fift head was lyke a leopardes head of many colors, 
full of fycklenesse, and chaungeablenesse.’’ — Bale: Image, 
pt. ii. 

2 . Inconstancy, fickleness. 

ghange adv. [En g. changeable; -y.] In 

a changeable manner; inconsistently, 
ghanged, pa. par. or a. [Change, v.] 
ghange'-ful, *ghange'-full, a. [Eng. change; 
■ful{l). 1 

1. Full of, or liable to, change. 

“ So shall he strive, in changeful hue, 

Field, feast, and combat, to renew.” 

Scott: Marmion, Introd. to canto v. 

2. Fickle, changeable. 

“He is very changeful and abrupt.” — C. Bronte:. Jane 
Eyre, ch. xiii. 

ghange-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. changeful; -ly.\ In 
a changeful manner; uncertainly, inconsistently. 
{Dr. Allen.) 

ghange’-ful-ness, s. [Eng. changeful; - 7 iess.] 
The quality of being changeful; inconsistency, in¬ 
constancy, fickleness. {Boswell.) 
ghan-gel, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Bot.: The herb Bugloss (q. v.). {Wright.) 
ghange-less, *ghange'-les, a. [Eng. change, 
and less.] Free from change, unchanging. 

“Then shall my hand, as changeless as my mind, 
From your glad eyes a kindly welcome find.” 

Buckinghamshire: A Letter from Sea. 

ghange-ling, *ghaung-ling, s. & a. [Eng. 
change, and dimin. suff. -ling.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: Anything substituted for another. 

“ I folded the writ up in the form of the other, 

Subscrib’d it, gave the impression, plac’d it safely, 
The changeling never known.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 2. 

2. Spec.: A child substituted, or left in exchange, 
for another. 

“ And her base elfin breed there for thee left: 

Such men do changelings call, so chang’d by fairies’ 
theft.” Spenser: Fairy Queen. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. The fairies being popularly supposed to steal 
beautiful children, and leave in their places ugly 
and stupid ones, the word soon passed into the 
meaning of a fool, an idiot, or simpleton. 

2. One who wavers or frequently changes his 
purpose; a waverer or fickle person. 

*B . As Adjective: ■ 

1. Changed, substituted. 

“ I do but beg a little changeling boy.” 

Shakesp.: Mid. N. Dream, ii. 2. 

2. Fickle, wavering, changeable, and inconstant 
of purpose. 

“ Nay, some are so studiously changeling. . . they 
esteem an opinion as a diurnal, after a day or two scarce 
worth the keeping.” — Boyle: Works, vol. i., p. 35. 
tghang'-er, *ghaung-er, s. [Eng. chang{e); -er.] 

1. Generally: 

(1) One who changes or alters anything. 

“ Changer of all things, yet immutable, 

Before and after all, the first and last.” 

Giles Fletcher: Christ’s Triumph, ii. 40. 

(2) One who is given to change; a fickle, incon¬ 
stant person. 

“ Meddle not with them that are given to change [in 
the margin, changers].”—Proverbs xxiv. 21. 

2. Spec.: One whose business is to change or dis¬ 
count money; a money-changer. 

“ He turnede upsidoun the boordis of chaungeris .”— 
Wycliffe: St. Matthew, xxi. 12. 
ghang-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Change, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act or process of substituting or giving one 
thing in exchange for another. 

“Now this was the manner in former time in Israel 
concerning redeeming and concerning changing, for to 
confirm all things, . . .”—Ruth iv. 7. 


2. The act of passing from one state to another; 
alteration, change. 

changing notes, s. pi. 

Music: Passing notes or discords which occur on 
the accented parts of a bar. {Stainer & Barrett.) 

*changing-piece, s. One who is fickle or change¬ 
able. 

“ Go give that changing-piece." 

Shakesp.: Tit. Andron., i. 2. 

*chank, s. [Chancre.] {Nares.) 

“An angel-like water of a marvellous virtue against 
blearedness of the eyes, chunks, and burning with fire.”— 
Lupton: Thousand Notable Things. 

ChankS, s. pi. [Ceylonese (?), from Sansc. 
cankha.] [Conch.] The same as Chank-shells 
(q. v.). 

Chank-shells, s. pi. A name given in the East 
Indies to certain varieties of the shell Voluta 
gravis, fished up by divers in the Gulf of Manaar, 
on the N. W. coast of Ceylon. There are two kinds, 

f >ayel and patty, one red and the other white; the 
atter is of little value. These shells are imported 
into India, where they are sawn into rings of vari¬ 
ous sizes, and worn on the arms, legs, fingers, and 
toes by the Hindoos. A third species, opening to 
the right, is (as in most spiral shells) rare, and very 
highly valued. The demand for these shells, caused 
by the religious rites of the Hindoos, was so great 
that 60,000 rix-dollars ($21,600) per annum were 
received by the Government for the right of fishing 
for them. Now the fishery is open and free to all. 

“ The natives, in addition to fishing for chank shells 
in the sea, dig them up in large quantities from the 
soil on the adjacent shores.”— Tennent: Ceylon, pt. i. 
ch. i. 


ghan'-na, s. [It. canna; Lat. channe, chane, 
from Gr. channe. chane—& sea-fish, so called from 
its wide mouth: chaino= to yawn, to gape.] 

Ichthy.: The Seranus cabrilla of Cuvier, a Euro¬ 
pean fish, resembling the Sea-perch. 

ghan-nel, *ghan-el, *ghan-elle, s. & a. [O. Fr. 
canel, chenal, from Lat. c an a h.s=h o 11 o w. Channel 
and canal are doublets.] [Canal.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The hollow bed of a stream of water, espe¬ 
cially the deepest part, where the main current 
flows. 


“ Ganel or chanelle. Canalis.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ The sandbanks and the shallows of the Zuyder Zee 
form one of the worst channels in the world, . . .”— 
London Tunes, Nov. 11, 1876. 

(2) A narrow arm of the sea or strait running 
between two portions of land. 

“As if a channel should be called a sea.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., ii. 2. 

(3) A gutter ; a kennel. [Kennel.] 

“ Gif thair be ony persoun that has ony biggit land, sic 
as cellaris, under the yeird, and the passage of thame 
furth farther than four fute, stoppand the channel and 
calsay.”— Balfour: Pract., pp. 387-8. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A hollow or cavity formed lengthwise. 

“ Complaint and hot desires, the lover’s hell, 

And scalding tears, that wore a channel where they 
fell.” Dry den: Fables. 

(2) The means or medium by which anything is 
conveyed or transmitted; an instrument or means 
of communication. 

“You seem to think the channel of a pamphlet more 
respectable and better suited to the dignity of your cause, 
than that of a newspaper.”— Letters of Junius. 

(31 The course, line, or direction taken by a thing. 

(4) The arteries or veins, as the channels through 
which the blood passes. 



II. Technically: 

1. Archit.: A gutter or furrow in a pillar: but the 
channel in an Ionic capital is that part which lies 
rather hollow 

under the abacus, 
and open .upon 
the echinus. 

1[ Channel of 
the larmier: A 
channel cut 
underneath a 
s o fii t, coping- 
stone, &c., to pre¬ 
vent the rain 
which drips from 
it passing to the 
walls of the 
building. 

Channel of the 
volute: The spi¬ 
ral channel or sinking on its face. 

2. Anatomy: 

(1) The neck or channel-bone. 

“ Cleave him to the channel.” — Marlowe: Tamberl., i. 3. 


Ionic Column. 

1. Abacus. 2. Channels. 3. Echinus. 


(2) The windpipe. {Wright.) 

3. Veterinary: The hollow between the two nether 
jaw-bones of the horse where the tongue is lodged. 

4. Shipbuilding: 

(1) A flat ledge of wood or iron projecting out¬ 
ward from the ship’s side, for spreading the shrouds 
or standing rigging at each side of the masts, and 
protecting the chain-plates. The channels are at 
the level of the deck-beams. [Chain-wale.] 

(2) The rope-track in a tackle-block. 

5. Boot-making: The cut in the sole of a boot to 
hold the thread and allow the stitches to sink 
below the surface of the sole. {Knight.) 

6 . Masonry: A long groove cut in a stone on a 
line where it is to be split. 

7. Mining: An air conduit or pipe, to conduct air 
into a mine. 

8 . Founding: A trough to conduct melted metal 
to the pig-bed or mold. {Knight.) 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

channel-bill, s. 

Ornith.: A cuckoo, Scythrops Novae. Hollandice. 
It is found, as its scientific name implies, in Aus¬ 
tralia. 

channel-board, s. The same as Channel, A., 
11.4(1). 

channel-bolt, s. 

Naut.: A long bolt which passes through all the 
planks and connects the channel to the side. 

*channel-bone, s. The coUar-bone. [Canal- 
bone.] 

“ The dart fell through his channel-bone." 

Chapman: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvii. 

channel-iron, s. 

1. A form of angle-iron having a web with two 
flanges extending only on one side of the web. 

2. Building: A brace or hook to support the gut¬ 
tering. 

channel-leaved, a. 

Bot.: Having leaves so folded together as to form 
a channel. 

channel-plates, s. pi. 

Naut.: [Chain-plates.] 
channel-stone, channel-stane, s. 

1. The curb-stone of a path. 

2. The name given to the stone used in the game 
of curling. 

channel-wales, s.pl. 

Naut.: Strakes worked between the gun-deck and 
the upper-deck ports of large ships. Also the out¬ 
side plank which receives the bolts of the chain- 
plates. The wall-plank extends fore and aft to 
support the channels. *■ 

ghan-nel, v. t. [Channel, s.] 

1. Lit.: To cut or wear into channels. 

“ No more shall trenching war channel her fields.” 

Shakesp.-. Hen. IV., Pt. I., i. 1. 

2. Fig.: To make tracks over ; to cause to appear 
worn and hollowed; to run in streams over. 

“ Oh, sorrowful and sad! the streaming tears 
Channel her cheeks—a Niobe appears!” 

Cowper: Truth, 174. 

ghan-neled, ghan-nglled, pa. par. or a. 
[Channel, v.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: Worn into channels. 

“ The body of this column is perpetually channelled, 
like a thick plaited gown.”— Wotton: Architecture. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: Grooved, fluted, voluted. 

“Sometimes likewise, but rarely channeled." — Reliquiae 

Wottoniance, p. 24. 

2. Bot.: The equivalent of the Latin caniculatus , 
an epithet applied to a stem, leaf, or petiole which 
is hollowed above with a deep longitudinal groove 
and convex beneath. 

ghan -ngl-ing, ghan’-nel-ling, pr. par., a.&s . 

[Channel, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: * 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of cutting or wearing into a channel. 

2. A channel or gutter at the side of the road; a 
kennel. 

II. Arch.: Perpendicular channels, or cavities, 
cut along the shaft of a column or pilaster. 

channeling-machine, s. 

1. Boot-making: A machine for cutting the chan¬ 
nels in boot-soles, to allow the thread to bury itself 
in the leather and be protected from immediate 
wear. It consists of a knife, which makes an 
oblique cut in the sole to a gauged depth and regu¬ 
lated as to distance from the sole-edge by a guide. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, te, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw! 












channeling-tool 

2. Stone-working: A machine having a series of 
jumpers or chisels which make a groove across the 
face of a block in the quarry, or detached. It has 
a gang of cutters operated by direct-acting steam- 
cylinder. The cutters have direct motion from the 
piston. The valve is reversed at the blow of the 
cutters; or, in case of no blow being given, it is 
reversed before the cylinder-bottom is touched by 
the piston. The cutter-bar is adjustable on the 
cylinder-bar, to suit the depth of groove-cut. 
The whole mechanism is mounted on vertically 
adjustable rollers, and the feed-device is operated 
from the cross-head. 


channeling-tool, s. A tool used for cutting a 
channel near the edge of a piece of leather, so as to 
hide the sewing. Used in making round work, such 
as running reins, whips; also sinking grooves in 
shoe-soles, to hide the stitching. The cutter is 
adjustable on the shank, for penetration, and the 
guide at the end to gauge the distance of the chan¬ 
nel from the edge of the leather. 

♦Qhan'-nel-llze, v. t. [Eng . channel;-ize.] To 
hold or carry as in a channel. 

“Hisvaines and nerues that channellize his blood.”— 
Davies: Holy Roode, p. 20. 

9 han'-nel-ly, a. [Channel, s., A. I., 1 (4).] 
Gravelly ; full of gravel. 

“The soil being light, sandy, and chanelly, is much 
overrun with broom.”— Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 91. 
9 han-nel§, s.pl. [Chain-wales.] 

9 han'-ner, s. [Channel, s., A.,1.1 (4).] Gravel. 
(Often channers, synon. with channel.) 

9 han -ner, v. i. [Gael. cawm-aw=grumbling, dis¬ 
content.] To fret, to grumble, to be discontented. 

“ What sights, man, what frights, man, 

Are pedlars doom’d to thole, 

Ay channerin ’ and daunerin’ 

In eager search for cole !” 

A. Wilson: Poems , 1790, p. 235. 

9 han’-ner-y, a. [Channelly.] Gravelly. 

Chan -soh, s. [Fr. chanson, canson; Sp. can- 
cion; Ital. canzone; from Lat. cantio— a song, 
cano- to sing.] A song, a ballad. 

“. . . little chansons or love-verses.”— Beam.es> 

Comp. Gram. Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i. (1872), ch. iii., 

p. 222. 

chansons de geste, s. pi. The romances of the 
middle ages, sung or recited by wandering min¬ 
strels. Their number in French is very large ; in 
English they are not so numerous, and most ot 
them are translations of a French original. 

Chan-son-net te, s. [Fr., a dimin. of chanson^ a 
song.] A little song or ballad. 

Chant ( 1 ), v. t. & i. [Cant and chant were origi¬ 
nally the same word. ( Trench: On Study of Words, 
157.)] [Cant.] 

A. Transitive; 

*1. Ordinary Language: 

1 . To sing; to utter in a melodious voice. 

“ The swan who chants a doleful hymn to his own 
death.”— Shakesp.: King John, v. 7. 

2. To enchant. 

“ He had chantid me. 

Chaucer: Wife of Bath , Prol. 57o. 

3 . To celebrate in song. 

“ The poets chant it in the theaters, the shepherds in the 
mountains.”— Bramhall. 

II. Technically: 

1 . To sing in chants, as in a cathedral service. 

2. To intone a church service. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. Ord. Lang.: To sing, make melody. 

“ That chant to the sound of the viol, and invent to 
themselves instruments of music. — Amos vi. 5. ^ 

“ Or nymph or goddess, chanting to the loom. 

3 Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xl., 300. 

II. Technically: 

1. Music: To sing in chants. 

“ Hence, if our manly sport offend ! 

With pious fools go chant and pray. 

1 Scott: The Chase, 12. 

2 Hunt.: To go in full cry, said of hounds. 
tChant (2), v. t. [Probably of the same origin as 
chant (1), v., and connected with cant (q. y.).J io 
sell horses fraudulently by concealing their faults, 
or making them up. [Chanteb, s.] 

“. . . was here this morning chanting horses with 
'em."”— Thackeray: Virginians, ch. x. 

Chant, s. [Fr. chant; Lat. cantus.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Lit.: A song, a melody. 

“ A pleasant grove, 

With chant of tuneful birds resoundmg loud. 

Milton: Paradise Regained, u. 289. 


825 

2. Fig.: Twang. [Cant.] 

II. Church Music: A species of melody used in 
cathedrals and churches, between an air and a 
recitative, to which the psalms of the day, the can¬ 
ticles, &c., are sung. [Gregorian.] 

“ I have now taken notice of every musical part of our 
cathedral service, except that of the unaccompanied 
chant used in the verses and responses.”— Mason: Essay 
on Church Music, p. 154. 

Changeable Chant: A single or double chant 
which can be sung either in the major or minor 
mod© without other alteration than the substitu- 
tion of the minor third and sixth of the scale for 
those of the corresponding major. (Stainer & Bar¬ 
rett.) 

ChaiL-tant' (tant as tang), s. [Fr., pr. par. of 
chanter^ to sing, from Lat. canto. ] Instrumental 
music performed in a smooth, melodious and sing¬ 
ing style. 

Chan -ta-relle, s. [From Mod. Lat. cantharellus, 
in the words Agaricus cantharellus, the old scien¬ 
tific name of the plant.] 

Bot.: A fungoid, Cantharellus cibarius. 


Chant’-ed, pa. par. or a. [Chant, v.] 

Chante-pleure , *chante-plure, s. [Fr. chante- 
pleure—an outlet for water in a wall, a gullyhole or 
waterspout. Possibly derived from chante etpleure, 
with reference to the change from gay to grave 
sounds made by running water; or from the face¬ 
tiously-faced gargoyles in old churches, which in a 
jocose age might be said to be merry at one time, 
but to weep if a storm made water flow freely from 
them.] , „ 

1. Ord. Lang.: The burden of a song, m which the 
singer sings merrily and weeps successively. 

“The chanteplure 

Now to synge and sodaynely to wepe.” 

Lydgate: Book of Troy, n. 2. 

2. Arch.: An outlet made in the wall of a building 
which stands near a running stream, in order to let 
the water that overflows pass freely in and out ot 
the place. 

9 hant'-er (1), * 9 hant-or, * 9 han-teor, * 9 han- 

tour s. & a. [O. Fr. chanteor, chantur; Sp. &. Port. 
cantador; Ital. cantatore, from Lat. cantator - a 
singer; canto—to sing.) 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A singer, a musician, a minstrel. 

“ In his tyme was Linus of Thebe in Egipt, the grete 
chantour.”—Trevisa, ii. 349. 


For whom my chanter sings, and goblet flows 
With wine unmix’d, an honor due to age.’ 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, xiii., 10, 11. 

*2. An enchanter, a magician. 

“ An chanteor Edwyne adde of Spayne wyth hym tho.’ 

Robert of Gloucester, p. 243. 

3. A member of a choir, a chorister. 

“ I haue gotten (sayth he) ye great chaunter, and a, good 
quere man to answere hym.”— Bale: English I otanes, 
pt. ii. 

*4, The priest of a chapel or chantry. 

“ A certain revenue sufficient for a chanter to one 
chapel.”— Aubrey: Berkshire, iii. 24. 

II. Technically: 

1. Church Music: The cantor or chief singer of the 
choir; the precentor. [Cantor.] 

“ He ordered many of them to be sung by the rector 
chori or chantor, and the quier or quoir alternately. 
Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 183. 

2. The drone of a bagpipe. 

“ See the proud pipers on the bow, 

And mark the gaudy streamers flow 
From their loud chanters down, and sweep 
The furrowed bosom of the deep.’ .. 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, ii. 16. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to chanting or the pre¬ 
centor of a choir. _ 

“The chanter chorister is to begin ‘De Sancta Maria,’ 
& c ."—Gregory: On the Child-Bishop, Posthuma, p. 115. 

9hant -er (2), s. [Chant (2), v.] A fraudulent 
dealer in horses. 

9han-ter-elle’, s. [Fr.] 

1. The" first or highest string upon instruments 

played with a bow. The E string of the violin, and 
the A of the viola and violoncello. qi nivPr 

2. The highest string of a guitar or lute. ( Stainer 

<jk Barrett.) 

*9hant-er-ess, s. [Chantress.] 

*9han'-ter-Ie, *cliaun-ter-ye, s. [Chantry.] 

1. A chantry (q. v.). . 

“ And run into London, unto Seint Pouls, 

And seken him a chantene for soules. 

Chaucer: Prologue, v. 512. 


chaos 

2. Incantation, enchantment. 

“How that lady bryght 
To a warm was dyght 
Thorugh kraft of chaunterye. 

Lybeaus Disconus , 2,056. 

*9hant'-er-ship, s. [Eng. chanter; -ship.'] The 
office or position of a chanter. 

“ Chancellorships, treasurerships, chanter ships.”— 
Blackstone: Comment., i. 392. 

9han-ti-cleer, *chant-y-clear, *9haun-te- 
Cleer, s. [Fr. chant= a song; chanter=to sing ; and 
clair= clear: hence, the clear or shrill singer, ine 
name of the cock in the famous beast epic or tne 
middle ages called Reineke Fuchs. ( Trench. ) J 

1 . Ord. Lang.: A cock. 

“ A shepherd sitting on a bank 
Like chanty-clear he crowed crank 
And pip’d full merrily.” 

Drayton, Eel. 4. 

“ Where Chanticleer amidst his harem sleeps 
In unsuspecting pomp.”— Cowper: Task, iv. 447. 

2. Ichthy.: A name given to theDragonet (Frith 

of Forth). w 

“ Callionymus Lyra, Dragonet; Chanticleer, or Gowdie.” 
—Neill: List of Fishes, p. 4. 

9hant-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Chant, v .] 

A. Aspr.par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As adjective: Singing. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: . . 

(1) The act or art of singing, especially in cathe¬ 
dral music. „ , , , , . 

f(2) The act or business of fraudulent dealing m 
horses; horse-coping. {Slang.) 

2. Hunting: The voice of hounds in full cry. 
9hant'-late, s. [Fr. chanlate, chanlatte, from 

champ=a side, and latte=a lath.] , , 

Carp.: A piece of wood fastened near the ends ot 
the rafters, and projecting beyond the wall, to sup¬ 
port two or three rows of tiles, so placed as to hin¬ 
der the rain-water from trickling down the sides of 
the walls. 

t9hant -ress, *9hant'-er-ess, *9haunt’-ress, s. 

[O. Fr. chanteresse, fem. of chanteur—a singer.] 

1. Lit.: A female singer. 

“ If she is delighted with the chants, Honeyman is 
delighted with the chantress.”—Thackeray: Newcomes, 
i. 217. 

2. Fig.: Applied to a bird, a songstress. 

“ Sweet bird, that shunn’st the noise of folly, 

Most musical, most melancholy! 

Thee, chantress of the woods among, 

I woo to hear thy even-song.” 

Milton: II Penseroso . 

9hant -rf , *9han-ter-ie, *9haun-ter-ye, s. & a. 
[O.Fr. chanterie, from chanter; Lat. canto=to sing.] 

A. As substantive: 

1 . A church or chapel endowed for the mainten¬ 
ance of one or more priests, for the purpose of sing¬ 
ing daily masses for the souls of the endowers, and 
such others as they may appoint. 

*2. An endowment for the performance ot masses 
for the soul of the donor, or others. 

B. Js adj.: Of or belonging to a chantry; sup¬ 
ported by an endowment. 

chantry-priest, s. A priest employed at a 
chantry to sing masses for the speedy delivery of 
the “ pious founder’s ” soul from purgatory. 

“ . . . he added ten pounds a year to the salary of the 
chantry priest of ‘our lady chapel.’ ”—J. H. Jesse: Mem¬ 
oirs of King Richard III., oh. vi. 

cha- 0 l'- 0 -gy, s. [Gr. chaos = chaos; logos = a 
discourse t lego — to tell.] A treatise on chaos. 
( Crabb.) 

cha'- 6 -man- 9 ^, s. [From Gr. chaos— (1) chaos, 

(2) infinite space, (3) infinite time, (4) by Paracel¬ 
sus, the atmosphere, and mawfeta=divination.] 
Divination by means of the atmosphere. 

cha -os, s. [Gr. cfc.uo 8 =empty space, yawning 
wide: chaino=to gape, to yawn ; Lat. chaos.] 

1. Literally: 

*1. A yawning, empty space. 

“And look what other thing soever besides cometh 
within the chaos of this monster’s mouth, . . ."—Hol¬ 
land: Plutarch’s Morals, p. 975. 

“ Betweene us and you there is fixed a great chaos.”— 
Luke xvi. 26 (1582). 

2. The mass of matter in confusion, before it was 
divided by the creation and arranged according to 
its proper classes and elements ; the state of crea- 

mtilo cfill “without form and void.” 


its uxuyci --- --. - ; 

tion while still without form and void. 

“ That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed 
In the beginning how the heavens and earth 
Rose out of chaos.” Milton: P. L., i. 10. 


si = c s St be s h i 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 







chaos-flood 


826 


chaperon 


II. Figuratively: 

1 . Confusion. 

“ It was, he said, a chaos, such as he had read of in the 
oook of Genesis.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. A confused, mixed mass, without order or reg¬ 
ularity. 

“ . . .a chaos of bogs, thickets, and precipices, . . .” 
V Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

tchaos-flood, s. A deluge of disorder and con¬ 
fusion. ( Carlyle: Sart. Resart., p. 164.) 

fchaos-founded, a. Founded or formed in con¬ 
fusion. 

“ Come, Anah! quit this chaos-founded prison.” 

Byron: Heaven and Earth, pt. i., § 8. 

cha-ot'-ic, *cha-ot'-ick, a. [Chaos.] 

1. Lit.: In a state of chaos ; like chaos. 

“ When the terraqueous globe was in a chaotic state 
. . .”— Derham. 

2. Fig.: In a state of confusion and disorder. 

“ These craggy regions, these chaotic wilds.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

fCha-Ot'-Ic-sA, a. [Eng. chaotic; -al.] Chaotic. 

fcha-ot'-lc-al-ly, adv. [Eng. chaotical; -ly. ] In 
a chaotic or wildly confused manner. , 

“ . . . where kings and beggars, and angels and de¬ 
mons, and stars and street-sweepings, were chaotically 
whirled, in which only children could take interest.”— 
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. iv. 

9 hap (1), *chap-pen, *chop-pen, v. t. & i. 

[Essentially the same as Chop (q. v.).] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To cause to crack or open in chinks and slits. 

“ Neither summer’s blaze can scorch, nor winter’s blast 
chap her fair face.”— Lilly: Endymion, i. 1. 

2. To strike. 

3. To bruise, to beat, to break. 

“ With chapped kail butter’d fu’ weel.” 

Herd.: Coll., ii. 79. 

IF To chap hands: To strike or join hands. 

“ Syn Lindy has wi’ Bydby chapped hands, 

They’s hae their gear again at your command.” 

Ross: Helenore (first ed.), p. 120. 

To chap out: To call out by a tap on a pane of the 
window. 

“ Chappin out is the phrase used in many parts of Scot¬ 
land to denote the slight tirl on the lozen, or tap at the 
window, given by the nocturnal wooer to his mistress.”— 
Blackw. Mag. (1818), p. 631. 

II. Intransitive: 

+1. To crack, to open in chinks or slits. 

2. To strike. 

If To chap at a door: To knock, to rap. 

“ The doors were closed, and put to; 

The lady chapped, and made undo.” 

Sir Egeir, p. 31. 

To chap yont: To get out of the way, equivalent 
to chop about, as applied to the shifting of the wind. 

“ Sae chap ye yont, ye filthy dud. 

An’ crib some docker’s chuckie brood.” 

Tarras: Poems; To My Auld Hat, p. 38. 

$hap (2), *chappe, chaup, v. [Cheap, v. Chop 

1 . To barter, to exchange. 

“. . . to chappe; Mercari, nundinari, negociari.” — 
Cathol. Anglicum. 

2. To fix upon any person or thing by selection ; a 
term frequently used, especially among children, 
when one wishes to prevent another from claiming 
what he has chosen. Hence the phrase, “ Chap ye, 
chuse ye.” 

“ Chaup out as mony younkers frae the glen, 

As ilka horn and hoof of yours may ken.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 124. 

3. Suddenly to embrace a proposal made in order 
to a bargain ; to hold one at the terms mentioned. 

“ And belly-flaught o’er the bed lap she. 

And claucht Hab wi’ might and main: 

‘ Hech, husto !’ quo’ Habbie, ‘I chaps ye; 

1 thocht whare your tantrums wad en’.’ ” 

Jamieson: Popular Ball., i. 299. 

4. Applied to the striking of a clock. 

“. . . it had, as his guide assured him, just ‘chappit 
eight upon the Tron.’ ’’—-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xxxvi. 

§hap (1), Qhaup, s. [Chap (1), u.] 

1. A chink, a cleft. 

“W’hat moisture the heat of the summer sucks out of 
the earth, it is repaid in the rains of the next winter; 
and what chaps are made in it are filled up again.”— 
Burnet: Theory of the Earth. 

2. A stroke, a blow. 

“ The town-sutor like Lowrie lap 
Three fit at ilka stend: 

He did na miss theba’ a chap.” 

Skinner: Misc. Poet,; Christmas Baling, p. 126. 


A tap or rap. 

“Lie still, ye skrae, 

There’s Water-Kelpie’s chap.” 

Border Minstrelsy, iii. 863. 

$hap (2), 9 hop, s. [A corruption of the Northern 
chaft, or chaff—the jaws, from Icel. kjaptr (pt 
pron. as p#).] [Chaft, Chops.] The jaw. It is 
seldom used in the singular, except by anatomists. 

“ The nether chap in the male skeleton is half an inch 
broader than in the female.”— Grew: Musceum. 

“Then, world, thou hast a pair of chaps, no more; 

And throw between them all the food thou hast.” 

Shakesp.: Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 6. 

9 hap (3), s. [A curtailed form of chapman (q.v.).] 

*1. A buyer; a customer. 

2. A shop. 

“Truth followed Vanity and bled him, 

When he was in the Taylor’s chap.” 

Many’s Truth’s Travels, Pennecuik, p. 94. 

3. A rate, an established price. {Scotch.) 

4. A colloquial term for a person ; a fellow. 

“ . . . telling twenty daily lees to a wheen idle chaps 
and queans, . . .”— Scott• Bride of Lammermoor, ch. 
xxvi. 

IF Chap and choice: Great variety. 

Chap-book, s. A small book or tract formerly 
carried about for sale by chdpmen (q. v.). 

9 hap-ar-ral, s. [Sp., from chaparra,chaparro— 
an evergreen oak of Iberian origin; an abbreviation 
of Basque achaparra, from ctcha, citza, for aitza— a 
rock, a stone; abarra= an evergreen oak. {Mahn.)] 

1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks. 

2. Thick bramble-bushes entangled with thorny 
shrubs in clumps. 

“ Among the characteristic forms of vegetation [in the 
prairie botanical region of North America] are the Mi- 
moseee, especially the genus Prosopis, which forms by itself 
the feature in the landscape known as ‘mesquit,’ while 
associated with other thorny shrubs, it constitutes the 
chaparals.” — Thome: Botany (transl. by Bennett) ed. 1879, 
pp. 448, 449. 

chaparral-herb ’ \ s " A bird common in chapar¬ 
rals or thickets in the southern portions of the 
United States. It is a species of cuckoo (Geococcyx 
Californianus). Called also ground-cuckoo, and 
road-runner. 

9 hape, s. [Fr. chape= a cope, a cover, a sheath.] 

1. The catch or piece by which an object is at¬ 
tached—to a belt, for instance; as the piece of 
leather known specifically as the frog, to which a 
bayonet-scabbard is attached, and which slides on 
the belt; or a piece used to fasten the buckle to a 
strap or other piece of leather. 

“This is Monsieur Parolles, that had the whole theory 
of the war in the knot of his scarf, and the practice in the 
chape of his dagger.”— Shakesp.: All’s Well that Ends Well, 
iv. 3. 

“Chape of a schethe. Spirula.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. A plate on the back of a buckle, or the bar of a 
buckle, by which it is attached to a belt. 

3. The hook of a scabbard. 

4. The plate at the point of a scabbard; the tip. 

5. The tip of a fox’s tail. 

*9hape, v. t. [Chape, s.] To provide with a chape 
or sheath. 

“ Here knyfes were ichaped not with bras.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 366. 

9 hap-eau (eau as 6 ), s. [Fr. chapeau; O. Fr. 
chapel; Ital. cappello= a hat, from Lat. caput= a 
head.] 

Ord. Lang.: A hat, or covering for the head. 

“On his hedde a chapeau Monta bin with a rich coro- 
nall, the fold of the chapeau was lined with crimsen 
satten.”— Grafton: Henry VIII., an. 6. 

2. Her.: A cap of state, borne by a duke. 

Chapeau bras, s. [Contract, from Fr. chapeau 
de bras— hat for the arm.] A cap or hat which can 
be flattened and carried under the arm. 

* 9 haped, pa. par. or a. [Chape, u.] Furnished 
with a sheath or chape. 

9hap -el, *9hap-ele, *9hap-elle, *schap-elle, 

s. [O. Fr. chapele, capele; Fr .chapelle; Port, cap- 
ella; Sp. capillaj Ital. cappella; all from Low 
Lat. capella=a. chapel; originally a sanctuary in 
which the cappa or cope of St. Martin was pre¬ 
served ; then any sanctuary; from Low Lat. cappa 
=a cope. ( Skeat .)] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A subordinate or lesser church or place of wor¬ 
ship. 

“Upon that mountayne is the chapelle of Helye.” 

Maundeville, p. 62. 

“If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, 
chapels had been churches, . . . ”— Shakesp.: Merchant 
of Venice, i. 2. 


2. A recess in the aisle of a church used for public 
worship, and generally devoted to the name of some 
saint. [Lady-chapel.] 

3. A place of worship, not necessarily connected 
with a church ; a private church. 

4. A place of worship in England used by dissent¬ 
ers from the Established Church of England; a 
meeting-house, a conventicle. 

II. Printing: 

*1. A printing-office, a printer’s workshop; said to 
derive the name from Caxton’s first printing-press 
having been set up in the almonry of Westminster 
Abbey. [Caxton.] This, however, is very doubt¬ 
ful. 

2. An association or meeting of the journeymen in 
a printing-office for settling disputes as to prices of 
work, maintaining discipline, &c. It is presided 
over hy a father, who is elected periodically. 

“The club of a printing-house always has been termed 
a chapel.”- — Hugh Miller: Schools and Schoolmasters, p. 
341. 

IF To hold a chapel: To meet together for set¬ 
tling disputed questions and maintaining order in a 
printing-office. 

9hape'-less, a. [Mid. Eng. chape; - lessJ 
Wanting or without a chape. 

“ An old rusty sword, with a broken hilt, and chapeless, 
with two broken points.”— Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, 
iii. 2. 

9hape -let, 9hap'-let, 9ha -pel-let, s. [Fr; 

chapelet .] 

1. [Chaplet.] 

2. Saddlery: A pair of stirrup leathers, with stir¬ 
rups, joined at the top and made fast to the frame¬ 
work of the saddle, after they have been adjusted 
to the convenience of the rider. 

3. Mil.: A piece of flat iron with three tenons or 
ends of timber, which is fixed to the end of a can¬ 
non. 

4. Hydraulic Engineering: 

(1) A dredging or water-raising machine, consist¬ 
ing of a chain provided with scoops or scuttles, or 
with pallets traversing in a trough ; the chain mov¬ 
ing over rollers or wheels, of which the upper one 
is driven by power, and the lower one is vertically 
adjustable so as to regulate the position of the 
scoops or pallets, to bring them against the mud to 
be lifted, or to submerge them in the water to be 
raised. [Chain-pump, Deedging-machine.] 

(2) A French name for the chain-pump in which 
the cushions or buttons which occur at intervals on 
the chain are compared to the beads of the rosary- 
Hence also known as paternoster pumps. 

*9hapeleyne, s. [Chaplain.] 

“ Chapeleyne. Capellanus.”— Prompt. Parv. 

*9hap-el-lage (age as ig), s. [Eng. chapeli 
-age.] The precincts of a chapel. 

“ He lighted at the Chapellage, 

He held him close and still; 

And he whistled thrice for his little foot-page, 
His name was English Will.” 

Scott: The Eve of St. John. 

*9hap-el-le.n-y, *9hap-el-?i-ny, s. [Fr. chapel- 
lenie; Ital. cappellania; Sp. & Port, capellania, 
from Low Lat. capellania.] [Chaplain.] A chapel 
within the precincts of or subject to another 
church. 

“ A chapellany is usually said to be that which does not 
subsist of itself, but is built and founded within some 
other church, and is dependent thereon.”— Ayliffe.- Parer- 
gon. 

9ha-pel-let, s. [Chapelet.] 

9hap -el-ling, pr. par., a. & s. [Chappel, u.J 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. Assubst.: The act of causing a ship to come 
round in a light breeze, when she is close-hauled, 
without bracing the head-yards. 

9hap-el-0 -ni-?m, s. [Eng .chapel; -onian.] 

Printing: A workman in a printing-office who has 
paid a certain fine on admittance. ( Crabb .) 

9hap -91-ry, s. [O. Fr. capelerie, chapele, capele 
=a chapel.1 The jurisdiction or limits of a chapel. 

Chap -er-on, fchap'-er-onne, s. [Fr. chaperon; 
Sp. capiron; Ital. capperone.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A hood or cap, especially one worn by knights. 

“ The executioner stands by,—his head and face covered 
with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to 
look through.”— Howell: Epistolce Howelliance, i. 42. 

*2. An ornamental hood or cap, worn by Knights 
of th<» Garter when in full dress. 

“ I o il! omit the honorable habiliments, as robes of 
state, parliament robes, chaperons, and caps of state.”— 
Camden. 

*3. A device placed on the foreheads of horses 
drawing a hearse, especially at stately and pomp¬ 
ous funerals. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




chaperon 


827 


chapter 


f4. A gentleman who escorted and protected a 
young lady m public. 

5. A married lady who takes charge in public of 
one unmarried. 


“Portly chaperones with strings of smartly dressed 
girls.”— Miss Austen: The Watsons, p. 316. 

6 . A female guide; a show-woman. 

“This sum was soon collected, and quietly inserted in 
the pocket of our chaperon , who then conducted us up the 
passage into a small back room, . . .”— JBulwer: Pel¬ 
ham, ch. 1. 

II. Tech.: The end of the bit that joins to the 
branch just by the banquet; applied to scatch 
mouths, and all others except cannon mouths. 
( Crabb .) 

phap-er-on, phap'-er-one, v. t. [Chaperon, s.] 
To escort or protect a young lady. 

“A widow lady, . . . wishes for a situation . . . 
Could chaperone young ladies.”— London Times, Nov. 18. 
1878. 

phap -er-on-age (age as Ig), s. [Eng. chaperon, 
and suff. -age.] The act of acting as chaperon, or 
protector of a young lady in public. 

“ Beautiful, and possessing every accomplishment which, 
renders beauty valuable, under the unrivaled chaperonage 
of the countess, they had played their popular parts with¬ 
out a single blunder.”— Disraeli: The Young Duke, bk. i., 
ch. ii. 

Chap -er-oned, pa. par. or a. [Chaperon, v .] 

phap -er-on-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Chaperon, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As suhst.: The act of escorting and protecting 
a lady in public, or of acting as a chaperon. 

“Had I the uncontrolled chaperoning of ari intelligent 
sight-seer.”— London Morning Star, Oct. 4, 1866. 

phap-er-on -net, s. [Chapournet.] 

Her.: A kind of small hood. 

phap -fal-lpn, phap-faln, a. [Eng. chap (2), s., 
and fallen.! 

*1. Lit.: Having the mouth or mouth-piece fallen 
or let down. 

“ A chapfaln beaver loosely hanging by 
The cloven helm.” Dryden: Juvenal, x. 

2. Fit).: Having the mouth sunk; down-cast, 
crestfallen. 

“. . . quite chapfallen.” — Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 1. 


*9hap-fare, s. [Chaefaee.] 

Chaph, s. [Probably corrupted Arabic. Cf. Arab. 
fca/=a fabulous mountain, supposed to surround 
the world and bind the horizon on all sides. Cf. 
also fca/=the palm of the hand, and khafik—trem¬ 
bling palpitating, . . . the horizon.] 

Astron.: A star, called also Beta Cassiopeia. 

*§hap'-in, s. [Fr. chopine .] [Chopin, s.] A 
chopin, a quart. 

“ Gin he likes drink, ’twad alter soon the case, 

And drunken chapins bluther a’ his face.” 

Shirref: Poems, p. 42. 

T[ To talc a chapin: A circumlocution commonly 
used to express an attachment to intoxicating 
liquor. 

tphap’-ine, s. [Chiopine.] 

" Take my chapines off.”— Massinger: Renegado, i. 2. 

phap-It , pa. par. [O. Fr. eschapper.] Escaped. 

♦phap’-I-ter, *9hap-i-tre, *9hap-i-ture, 
*9heap-i-tre, s. [Chapter, Capital.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A chapter or section of a book. 

“ The heed lettres of the chapitres of this firste book.’ 
~Trevisa, ii. 77. 

2. A chapter of the clergy. 

“ At the next chap itre.”—P. Plowman's Crede, 649. 


II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: The capital or upper part of a pillar. 

“ The height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits, and 
the chapiter upon it was brass: and the height of the 
chapiter three cubits; and the wreathen work, and pome- 
tjranates upon the chapiter round about, all of brass 
. . . ”—2 Kings xxv. 17. 

2. Eng. Laic: A summary in writing of such mat¬ 
ters as are inquired of or presented before justices 
in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their 
sessions; called more commonly articles, and deliv¬ 
ered orally or in writing by the justice to the 
inquest. {Jacobs.') 

* 9 hap-It-le, s. [O. Fr. chapitel; Sp. & Port. 
chapitel; Ital. capitello, from Low Lat. capitellum, 
Lat. capitulum, a dimin. of caput— a head.J LCapi- 
tle, Capital.] 

1. A chapter of clergy. 


“ Consistorie and chapitle.” 

P. Plowman, 2,009. 


2. A chapter of a book, a section. 

“We habbeth yspeke ine the chapitle of uices.” 

Ayenbite, p. 220. 

tphap-i-trpd, a. [Eng. chapiter=chapter ; suff. 
-ah] Of, or pertaining to, a chapter; capitular. 

“ The chapitral [revenues] are in the course of reduc¬ 
tion to about £55,000.”— Brougham: Brit. Const., ch. xviii. 

phap-lain, *9hape-lein, ‘phape-leyn, *9hape- 
leyne, *9hapyl-layne, *9hap-layne, s. [O. Fr. 

capelan, chapelain; Sp. capellan; Port, capellao; 
ltal. capellano; Ger. kapelan, from Low Lat. cap- 
ellanus, from capella= a chapel.] 

1. A clergyman who performs divine service 
[originally in a chapel]. 

“ Chaplaynez to the chapeles chosen the gate.” 

Sir Gawaine, 930. 

2. A clergyman officially attached to the senate 
and the house of representatives. 

3. A clergyman who has the spiritual charge of a 
family, or a university, college, or school, perform¬ 
ing divine service privately; a confessor. 

4. The spiritual adviser of a regiment of soldiers, 
or any similar organized body of individuals. 

IT Chaplains of the Pope: The Pope’s auditors or 
judges at the Vatican. 

phap'-laln-pjf, s. [Eng. chaplain; -cy.) Thq 
position or office of a chaplain. 

“The chaplaincy was refused to me, and given to Dr. 
Lambert.”— Swift: Letters. 

*9hap'-lain-ry, s. [Eng. chaplain; -ry.] The 
same as Chaplainship (q. v.). {Pen. Cycl.) 

phap'-lain-shlp, s. [Eng. chaplain; -ship.) 

1. The office or position of a chaplain; chaplaincy. 
{Milton.) 

2. The revenues of a chapel. 

phap-less, a. [Eng. chap, s., and Zess.] Prop¬ 
erly, jawless: hence, without flesh; fleshless. 

“ Now chapless, and knocked about the muzzard with a 
sexton'j spade.”— Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 1. 

phap'-let (1), s. & v. t. [Fr. chapelet.) 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A wreath or garland worn round the head. 

“ Then playfully the chaplet wild 

She wreathed in her dark locks, and smiled.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, ii. 9. 

“Now, too, a chaplet might be wreathed 
Of buds o’er which the moon has breathed.” 

Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Light of the Harem. 

(2) A string of beads used by Roman Catholics in 
keeping count of their prayers; a rosary. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A number of things strung together. 

“. . . certain male toads take the chaplets of eggs 
from the females and wind them round their own 
thighs.”— Darwin: Descent of Man (1871), pt. i., ch. vi., 
vol. i., p. 210. 

(2) A tuft of feathers on a peacock’s tail. 

II. Technically: 

1. Arch.: A molding carved into beads, olives, 
and the like. It is the same as the baguette with 
ornaments added. [Baguette.] 

2. Horsemanship: [Chapelet.] 

3. Her.: A garland or head-band of leaves borne 
in coats of arms, in token of great military prowess 
and success. 

B. As verb transitive: To deck with a chaplet, or 
with a garland of flowers. {R. Browning.) 

phap-let (2),s. [Eng. chapel, and dim. suff. -et.) 
A little chapel or shrine. {Hammond.) 

phap-let-ed, a. & pa. par. [Eng. chaplet (1), 
s., v. t.; -ed.) Garlanded, filleted. 

“ His forehead chapleted green with wreathy hop.”— 
Browning: Flight of the Duchess. 

*9hap-lin-ar-y, s. [Chaplainry.] 

“ Prebendaries and chaplinaries." — Heylin: Hist. 
Presbyt., p. 297. 

9hap -llng, s. [Etym. unknown. Jamieson sug¬ 
gests O. Sw. kaeppla— to gag.] See extract. 

“ For preventing mischiefs that may arise, concerts 
and engagements that may be made & entered into by 
such of the Council as are merchants among themselves, 
or such of the Council as are craftsmen among them¬ 
selves, for influencing or carrying all or any part of an 
election out of the regular way, known by the name of 
Chapling, whereby numbers are not at liberty to proceed 
according to their consciences, but according to the 
opinion of a majority, were it never so wrong, . . .”— 
Sett: Burgh of Dunf., 1724. 

*9hap’-man, *9heap-man, *9hep-man, *chap- 
mon, s. [A. S. cedpman; O. Fr. kapmon, kopmon; 
O. H. Ger. choufman; O. Icel. kaupmadhr: Sw. 
kQpman; Dan. kjObmand; A. S. ceapian— to buy.] 

1. One who buys and sells; a merchant, a dealer. 


2. A peddler, a hawker. {Scotch.) _ * 

Chapman's drouth: A proverbial expression for 
hunger. {Scotch.) 

phap-our-net, s. [Fr. chaperon; -et.) 

Her.: A chaperonnet or little hood, borne in a coat 
of arms to signify that the chief is divided by a bow¬ 
shaped line. 

phapped, * 9 happyd 
{Eng.), 9 happit {Scotch),pa. 
par. or a. [Chap (1), v.) 

“My legys thay fold, my fyngers 
ar ohappyd.” 

Towneley Myst., p. 98. 

“. . . the rabblement hooted, 
and clapped their chapped 
hands.”— Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, 
i. 2. 

phap’-pie, s. [Dimin. of 
chap (3) (q. v.).] 

1. A little fellow. {Galt.) 

2. A modern term of familiarity in use among 
those peculiarly indigenous products of our soil, 
“ the dudes.” 

phap’-pin, s. [Chapin.] 

“ Growl when your chappin bottle’s empty.” 

Hector Macneill: Poems, p. 89. 

phap'-pifig, pr. par., a. & s. [Chap (1),u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In sense* 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of cleaving or striking. 

chapping-stick, chappin-stick, s. Any instru¬ 
ment for striking with. 

“ ‘ My man, said he; but ye’re no nice o’ your chapping- 
sticks!’ " — Perils of Man, ii. 38. 

phap’-p]f, a. [Eng. chap, s.; -py.) Full of chaps 
or chinks. 

“Whose chappy knuckles we have often yearned to 
amputate.”— Lamb: Elia, Newspapers. 

*phap-pyt-tyl, *phap-y-tle, s. [Chapitle.] 

phaps, s. [Chap (2), s.] A jaw; the mouth. 

1. Of a beast. 

“ So on the downs we see 
A hasten’d hare from greedy greyhound go, 

And past all hope his chaps to frustrate so.” 

Sidney. 

2. Of a man (used contemptuously). 

“Open your mouth; you cannot tell who’s your friend} 
open your chaps again.”— Shakesp.: Tempest, ii. 2. 

phapt, pa. par. or a. [Chap (1), r.] Full of crack* 

or sores. 

“They squeezed the juice, and cooling ointment mad* 
Which on their sunburnt cheeks and their chapt skins 
they laid. Dryden: Flower and Leaf, 420. 

phap -ter, *chap-itre, *chap-tire, s. [O. Fr. 

chapitre, capitle; Ital. capitolo; Sp. & Port, capu 
tulo, from Lat. capitulum, dimin. of caput— a head.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

(1) Lit.: A division or section of a book. 

“ XV chapitres nedful to the knowleche of the ylond of 
Britayne.”— Trevisa, i. 29. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A portion, a division. 

“ Oli. Where lies your text? 

Vio. In Orsino’s bosom. 

Oli. In his bosom 1 In what chapter of his bosom?” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, i, 6. 

*(2) A lot, a share. 

“Necessity is a hard chapter." — Bailey: Erasmus, p. 209. 

*(3) A point, a subject. 

“There are some chapters on which we shall not agree.** 
— Walpole.- Letters, iii. 150. 

II, Technically: 

1. Eccles.: A congregation, synod, or council of 
the clergy of a cathedral or collegiate church, pre¬ 
sided over by the dean. 

“Norwich was the capital of a large and fruitful prov¬ 
ince. It was the residence of a bishop and of a chapter.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. 

2. A meeting or council of an organized body or 
society. 

3. A branch of an organized society. 

“ On a mission from a chap ter of his order.”— Robertson: 
America, iii. 101. 

*4. A place where delinquents were punished. 
{Ayliffe.) 

“ And he wold fecche a feined mandement, 

And sompne hem to the chapitre bothe two, 

And pill the man, and let the wench go.” 

Chaucer: The Freres Tale, v. 6,943. 

5. A decretal epistle. {Ayliffe.) 

* 6 . Arch.: A capital of a column. 

“The chapters seem to be a mixture between that 
[Ionick] and the Dorick order.”— Potter: Antiq. of Greeoe, 
bk. i., ch. viii. 



Chapournet. 


b6il bov- pout jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = L 
-cia’n, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bpl, del. 









































character 


chapter-house 

7 . Free Masonry: The name given to an organized 
society of Royal Arch Masons. 

If (1) Three chapters: 

Ch.Hist.: Three paragraphs, passages or chap¬ 
ters in the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon in 
which Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia; Theodoret, 
bishop of Cyprus; and Ibas, bishop of Edessa, were 
acquitted of theological error. At the recommenda¬ 
tion of Theodore of Caesarea, the Emperor Justinian 
was persuaded to have these expunged with the 
view of bringing back certain persons to the Church: 
and, in A. D. 553, the fifth general Council, that of 
Constantinople, declared the chapters pernicious, 
but the Western bishops were in favor of them, and 
the beneficial results promised from their excision 
never actually followed. 

(2) To the end of the chapter: Throughout, to the 
very end. 

“Money does all things ; for it gives and it takes away, 
it makes honest men and knaves, fools and philosophers ; 
and so forward, mutatis mutandis, to the end of the chap¬ 
ter.” — L’ Estrange. 

(3) The chapter of accidents: Chance. 

“ The chapter of accidents has more power over the best 
regulated mind than all the chapters in the Bible.”— 
Marryat: Jacob Faithful, ch. xxxiii. 

chapter-house, *chapytre-house, s. The place 
in which a chapter or meeting of the clergy is held. 

“ . . . the little Chapel of S Thomas would make a 
very convenient chapter-house or synod-hall.”— London 
Times, November 6, 1875 (advt.). 

If Other obvious compounds are chapter-clerk, 
chapter-lands. 

<jhap’-ter, v. t. [Chapter, s.] 

1- Lit.: To divide into chapters. 

“ This general tradition of Langton’s chaptering the 
Bible.”— Fuller: Worthies, Canterbury, i. 628. 

2. Fig.: To take to task; to bring to book. 

“He more than once arraigns him for the inconstancy 
of his judgment and chapters even his own Aratus on the 
same head, shewing by many examples, produced from 
their actions, how many miseries that had both occa¬ 
sioned to the Grecians.”— Dryden: Character of Polybius. 

9 hap'-ter-g,l, a. [Eng. chapter; -ah] Of or per¬ 
taining to a chapter. 

9 hap-ter-ly, *Qhap-tour-ly, adv. [Eng. chap¬ 
ter ; -ly.~] In manner of or according to the rules 
of a chapter. A presbytery is said to be chapterly 
met or convened, when all the members are present. 

“On the 16th of January, 1554-5, he held a chaptour of 
heralds, chaptourly convened, in the abbey of Holyrood- 
house, . . — Chalmers: Lindsay, i. 38. 

Qhap'-trel, s. [Eng. chapter, and dim. suff. -eZ.] 

Arch.: The capital of a pier or pilaster which 
receives an arch. It varies in the different orders; 
sometimes the whole of the. entablature serves as 
the chaptrel to an arch. It is also called an impost 
(q. v.). 

“Let the keystone break without the arch, so much as 
you project over the jaums with the chaptrels.” — Moxon. 

* 9 hap'-W 9 m-an, s. [A fern, form of chapman 
(q. v.).] A female dealer. 

“But is there hope, Sir, 

He has got me a good chapwoman.” 

Massinger. The Renegado, iii. 2. 

$har (1), s. [Ir. & Gael. cear= red, blood-colored; 
cear, ceara= blood, so called from its red belly; for 
which reason it is also called in Wei. torgoch, tor- 
{/oc/w'ad=rod-bellied. ( Mahn .)] 

Ichthyology: 

1. The common American brook-trout, Salmo font- 
inalis. 

2. A species of fish (Salmo salvelinus) found in 

England. 

♦char (2), s, [Perhaps Mid. Eng. char—car, cart.] 
A certain quantity of lead; perhaps a cartload. 

“ For ane char of leid, that is to say, xxiiii fotinellis, 
iiii d.”— Balfour: Pract., p. 87. 

*char (31, *chaar, *chare, *charre, s. [Cab, 
Chabiot.] 

“He took six hundryd chosun charys.” — Wycliffe: Exod. 
xiv. 7. 

“ Chare. Currus, quadriga.” — Prompt. Parv. 

$har (4), (jhar, * 9 hare, *§hewre, *$hearr, 

* 9 her, s. [A. S. cierr, cyrr=a turn, a space, a pe¬ 
riod: curran= to turn ; Dut. keer; O. H. Ger. ch4r; 
M. H. Ger. k&r= a turning; O. H. Ger. cMran ; M, 
H. Ger. keren; Ger. kehren—to turn about.] 

*1. A turn ; an occasion. 

“Asemuchele luue ase thou hauest somme mon sume 
therre.” — Ancren Riwle, p. 408. 

2. A turn of work ; a job. 

“Urinethe wolde my don a char.” 

Polit. Songs, p. 34L 

“ [She] harvest done, to char work did aspire; 

Meat, drink, and two-pence, were her daily hire.” 

Dryden: Theocritus; Idyll, iii. 


828 

*cha.r-folk, *chair-folke, *chare-folke, s. Per¬ 
sons hired to do charing work 
“ . . . who, instead of their own servants, use chair• 
folke in their houses.”— Fuller: Worthies , Kent , i. 181. 
( Davies .) 

Char-woman, s. A woman hired to do odd jobs, 
or for a single day. 

“ Get three or four charwomen to attend you constantly 
in the kitchen, whom you pay only with the broken meat, 
a few coals, and all the cinders.”— Swift. 

§har (1), v. t. [According to Skeat, simply a 
special use of char (2), v. Mahn compares Ir. caor 
=a brand, a flame, a spark of fire; Arm. gOr= 
smothered heat; gOre, gwiri=to warm; Ir. gor— 
heat; goraim= to heat, to burn.] To reduce to car¬ 
bon by the application of heat; to bum slightly; 
to reduce to charcoal. 

“His profession being to make chemical medicines in 
quantity obliges him to keep great and constant fires, and 
did put him upon a way of charring sea-coal, wherein it is 
in about three hours or less, witho t pots or vessels, brought 
to charcoal; of which, having, for curiosity’s sake, made 
him take out some pieces and cool them in my presence, I 
found them upon breaking to appear well charred.” — 
Boyle: Works, ii. 141. 

Char-oven, s. A furnace for carbonizing turf. 
<jhar (2), 9 har, v. i. & t. [Chab (4), s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: To work at odd jobs. 

2. Tech.: To hew or dress stone. 

B. Trans.: To do any work- 

“That char is charred.” — Old Proverb, in Wright. 
*char (3), v. t. & i. [A. S. cerran, cyrran =to 
turn; O. H. Ger. cMran, cMrran; M. H. Ger. 
keren; O. Fris. Mra.~\ [Chare, u.] 

1. Trans.: To turn, to cause to give way. 

“ He metis him thare, and charris him with ane chak.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 142, 5. 

2. Intrans.: To turn aside. 

“ Lyke as ane bull dois rummesing and rare, 

Quhen he escapis hurt one the altare, 

And charris by the axe with his neck wycht 
Gif one theforhede the dynt hittis notricht.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 46,15. 

Cha’r-a, s. [Lat.; a name of a plant mentioned 
by Ceesar, the root of which was used by the Roman 
soldiers for food.] 

1. Bot.: A genus of Algals, the typical one of the 
order Characeee. The species are found in ponds. 
The axis is coated with tubes, and a large quantity 
of calcareous matter is deposited upon them. The 
branches are given off in whorls. Chara vulgaris , 
Common or Stinking Chara or Stonewort, is a 
native of Europe, and a perennial, as also is C. 
hispida, the Prickly Stonewort. 

2. Palceont.: The nucules, known to Palaeontol¬ 
ogists under the name of Gyrogonites, are found 
for the first time in the fresh-water beds of the 
Jurassic (Oolitic) formations. They are the 
minute spiral seed-vessels, or sporangia of these 
plants. 

9 har-«l-banc (c silent), s. [Fr.=car with seats.] 
A pleasure van. 

char-a'- 9 e-£e, s. pi. [Lat. char(a), and fem. pi. 
suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: A small natural order of acrogens consist¬ 
ing of two or, at the most, three genera. The 
species are all aquatic, and are found in almost all 
parts of the world, but most commonly in temperate 
countries. They are monoecious and dioecious, the 
two kinds of fruit being often seated close to each 
other. The male fruit is globose, brick-red, with the 
surface divided into eight equal ascse, consisting of 
tubes radiating from a common center. They emit 
a smell resembling that of sulphuretted hydrogen. 

fchar-a’Hjeous, a. [Mod. Lat. charace(oe), and 
Eng. suff. -otts.] 

Bot.: Of or belonging to the Characere. 
Cha-rA-9i’-ni-dse, . - pi. [From Mod. Lat. chara- 
cinus (q. v.), and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ichth .: A family of physostomatous fishes, inter¬ 
media e between the Cyprinidee and the Salmonidse. 
The ovaries have continuous oviducts, and the air- 
bladder divided into two portions. They inhabit 
tropical riv-rs. 

cha-ra-ci-nus, s. [From Gr. charax, genit. cha- 
rakos=a stake, a sea-fish, perhaps the rud, and Lat. 
suff. -inus.~] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, the typical one of the 
family Characinidse (q. v.). 

*char'-act, *char’-ect, *car-act, s [O. Fr. 
caracte, a curtailed form of character (q. v.).] 

1. A character, a sign or letter. 

“ Thorugh caractes that Chist wroot.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 7,600. 

2. A book, science, or learning. 

“ Rede his caracte in the wise 
As she him taught.” Gower, ii. 247. 

“ Even so may Angelo, 

In all his dressings, cliaracts, titles, forms, 

Be an arch-villain.” 

Shakesp.: Meas. for Meas., v. 1. 


char'-ac-ter, *car-ac-ter, *car-ec-ter, s. [Lat. 

charactered, sign or engraved mark; Gr. character , 
from charasso= to engrave.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A stamp, mark, or sign, engraved or stamped. 

“ He shal make alle . . . for tQ haue a caracter in 

the right honde.”— Wycliffe: Apoc., xiii. 16. 

2. A letter used in writing or printing. 

‘‘ It were much to be wished, that there were throughout 
the world but one sort of character for each letter.”— 
Holder: Elements of Speech. 

“In 1521 the first Greek characters appeared, in a book 
printed at Cambridge.'’— Hallam: Hist. Lit. Middle Ages, 
ch. 5. 

3. A style of handwriting; writing. 

“ I found the letter thrown in at the casement of my 
closet. You know the character to be your brother’s.”— 
Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 2. 

*4. A cipher. 

“ He hath given my lord a character, and will oblige 
my lord to correspond with him.”— Pepys: Diary, July 15, 
1664. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. Applied to the sign of the cross made upon the 
forehead of a child in baptism. 

“. . . signed with the character of Christ in bap- 
tisme, . . .”— Briskett: Civil Life, p. 175. 

*2. A representation or description of any one as 
to his personal qualities. 

“ Each drew fair characters, yet none 
Of these they feigned excels their own.” 

Denham: On Mr. Abraham Cowley, 87. 

3. An unfavorable description or account of the 
natural qualities of a thing or place. 

“ This subterraneous passage is much mended, since 
Seneca gave so bad a character of it.”— Addison: On Italy. 

4. A distinguishing mark, feature, or trait of any¬ 
thing; a characteristic. 

“ The truest characters of Ignorance 
Are Vanity, and Pride, and Arrogance.” 

Butler: Remains. 

5. The personal qualities or attributes of a per¬ 
son ; the moral and mental constitution. 

“ He was a man of parts and courage ; but his moral 
character did not stand high.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. v. 

6 . The quality or nature of anything. 

“ The method of experiment here pursued, though not 
of the simplest character, is still within your grasp.”— 
Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), viii. 14, p. 208. 

7. A position, rank, post, or capacity. 

“ . . . they were sure of a market for such a slave as 
Joseph, and in that degraded and miserable character he 
arrived in Egypt.”— Milman. Hist, of Jews (3d ed.), bk. 
ii., vol. i., p. 50. 

8 . A person or actor in a story, play, &c.; a per¬ 
sonage. 

“ Mr. Booth satisfies those sagacious people who, having 
seen a character of Shakespeare performed in a certain 
manner, are intolerant of any attempt to diversify it and 
are sensitively jealous of modern thought.”— London 
Daily Telegraph, May 5, 1881. 

9. A person noted for any eminent quality. 

10. A person noted for any peculiarity of manner, 
habits, or disposition. ( Colloquial.) 

“He’s a character, and I’ll humor him.”— Goldsmithi 
She Stoops, ii. 1. 

11. A part appropriated to anyone in a play. 

“ Those who have followed Mr. Booth through his vari¬ 
ous and varied characters know what a good actor he is 
and how earnest a student.”— London Daily Telegraph, 
May 5, 1881. 

12. An estimate of the personal qualities of a 
person; reputation, fame, report. 

13. A certificate as to behavior, competency, &c., 
given by an employer to an employe when leaving 
him. 

“LadySpratt . . . had taken a discharged servant 
of Mrs. Leslie’s without applying for the character.”— 
Lytton: My Novel, bk. viii., ch. v. 

IT In character: Appropriate, in keeping with 
other things. 

“ Read it; is it not quite in character.” — Disraeli: Viv¬ 
ian Grey, bk. ii., ch. 9. 

Out of character: Inappropriate, incongruous. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: Witnesses to the good character of a 
prisoner may be called, but they must not go into 
details. Witnesses to his evil reputation may be 
called to counterbalance their testimony, and when 
there has been a previous conviction it may be, and 
generally is, brought forward before sentence is 
passed. (Wharton.) 

2. Nat. Science: A short definition expressing the 
essential marks by which an animal, a plant, or a 
mineral is distinguished from the others which 
most nearly resemble it. 


fite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub, cure, \inite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



character 


829 


charcoal-cooler 


. 3. Music: A general name for the signs employed 
in music, such as brace, bind, bar, sharp, fiat, 
n ‘*r U / 1 !, . e I\_ s * :ave ’ (Stainer & Barrett.) 

"L i L^ ra 11 thu s distinguishes between character 
aad letter: Character is to letter as the genus to 
tne species: every letter is a character; but every 
character is not a letter. Character is any printed 
mark that serves to designate something ; a letter 
is a species of character which is the constituted 
part of a word. Short-hand and hieroglyphics con¬ 
sist of characters , but not of letters. Character is 
employed figuratively, but letter is not. A grateful 

E erson has the favors which are conferred upon 
lm written in indelible characters upon his 
heart.” 

(2) He thus discriminates between character and 
reputation : “ Character lies in the man ; it is the 
mark of what he is ; it shows itself upon all occa¬ 
sions ; reputation depends upon others; it is what 
they think of him. A character is given particu¬ 
larly : a reputation is formed generally. Individ¬ 
uals give a character of another from personal 
knowledge: public opinion constitute the reputa¬ 
tion. ' Character has always some foundation ; it is 
a positive description of something: reputation has 
more of conjecture in it; its source is hearsay. It is 
ossible for a man to have a fair reputation who 
as not in reality a good character: although men 
of really good character are not likely to have a 
bad reputation.” {Or abb: Eng. Synon.) 

char’-ac-ter, fcha-rac'-ter, v. t. [Charac¬ 
ter, s.] 

I. Literally: 

1 . To stamp, to engrave, to cut. 

“ 0 Rosalind ! these trees shall be my books, 

And in their barks my thoughts I’ll character.” 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 2. 

2. To distinguish by particular marks or traits, 
«co characterize. 

*3. To describe, to give an account of. 

“ Thuanus thus charactereth the Conwaldenses.”— Ful¬ 
ler: Holy War, bk. iii. 

II. Fig.: To stamp, to impress on the mind, 
heart, &c. 

“Who art the table wherein all my thoughts 
Are visibly character’d and engraved.” 

Shakesp.: Two Qent., ii. 7. 

IT The accent was originally on the penultimate, 
char-ac-tered, pci. par. or a. [Character, v.] 
I. Lit.: Marked, stamped, cut. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Deeply impressed. 

“ The laws of marriage character’d in gold 
Upon the blanched tablets of her heart.” 

Tennyson: Isabel, ii. 19. 

2. Distinguished by particular marks or traits. 

char-ac-ter’-Ic-al, *char-ac-ter-Ic-all, a. 

[En g. character; -ical.) Indicative of character. 

“Neither ought the observing of these signes to be 
mixed with charactericall practices .”—Speculum Mundi, 

p. 345. 

*char s. [Fr. caractSrisme, from 

Gr. characterismos—a characterizing; charakter= a 
stamp, a mark, a character; charasso=to stamp, to 
engrave.] The distinction of character. 

“ The characterism of an honest man: He looks not to 
what he might do, but what he should.”— Bp. Hall: Char¬ 
acters, p. 13. 

char-ac-ter-Is -tic, *char-ac-ter-Is -tick, 
char-ac-ter-Is'-tl-cal, a. & s. [Fr. caracUristique, 
from Gr. charakteristikos — characteristic, from 
charakter—a stamp, a mark, a character.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ord.Lang.: Serving to constitute the character 
of a person; marking the peculiar qualities of a 
person; suitable, appropriate. 

“ . . . I have not ventured to prefix that character- 
istical distinction.”— Woodward: On Fossils. 

“. . . he ascribed, with characteristic impudence, 

. . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. Music: A term used of music when it is 
designed as the expression of some special senti- 
ment or circumstance. {Grove.) 

B. Assubst.: A distinctive trait or feature of 
anything; one of the component parts of a man s 
character. 

“This vast invention exerts himself in Homer in a 
manner superior to that of any poet; it is the great and 
peculiar characteristic which distinguishes him from all 
others. ’ ’— Pope. 

H Characteristic of a logarithm: 

Math.: The same as the index or exponent. 
[Index.] 

II Characteristic letter or character: 

Grammar: The letter which determines the 
declonsion of a noun or the conjugation of a verb. 


char-ac-ter-Is -tl-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. charac¬ 
ter istical; -ly. 1 In a characteristic manner, in a 
manner suited to the character; suitably, appro¬ 
priately. 

“The title of wise men seems to have been anciently 
the peculiar addition of prophets, and used characteris¬ 
tically.” — Spenser: Vanity of Vulg. Prophecies, p. 36. 

fchar-ac-ter-Is -tl-cal-ness, s. [Eng. charac- 
teristical; -ness.] The quality of being character¬ 
istic, or peculiar to a character. 

char-ac-ter-I-za’-tion, s. [Eng. characterize); 
-ation .] The act of characterizing. 

char'-ac-ter-Ize, char-ac-ter-I§e, v. t. [Eng. 

character; -ize .] 

*1. Lit.: To engrave, to imprint, to stamp. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To impress deeply upon the mind, heart, &c. 

“ They may be called anticipations, prenotions, or 
sentiments characterized and engraven in the soul.”— 
Hale: Origin of Mankind. 

3. To give a character, account, or description of. 

“ It is some commendation, that we have avoided pub¬ 
licly to characterize any person, without long experience.” 
— Swift. 

*3. To designate, point out, or specially refer to. 

“. . . under the name of Tamerlane, he intended to 
characterize King William, and Lewis the Fourteenth 
under Bajazet.”— Johnson: Life of Rowe. 

4. To mark with a distinguishing character or 
quality; to distinguish. 

“European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian 
faces are characterized.” — Arbuthnot; On the Effects of Air 
on Human Bodies. 

char -ac-ter-Ized, char-ac-ter-I§ed, pa. par. 
& a. [Characterize, v .] 

char-ac-ter-Iz'-er, s. [Eng. characteriz(e); -er .] 
One who characterizes. 

“If we may credit the divine characterizer of our 
times.”— Berkeley: Alciphron, Dial. 7, § 20. 

char’-ac-ter-Iz-Iiig, char’-ac-ter-I§-Ihg, pr. 
par., a. & s. [Characterize, i\j 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

*1. The act of engraving or imprinting. 

2. The act of marking with any distinguishing 
quality or character. 

char'-ac-ter-less, a. [Eng. character; -less.] 

1. Having no definite character or peculiar 
features. 

2. Without a character, unrecorded. 

“ And mighty states characterless are grated 
To dusty nothing.” 

Shakesp.: Troil. & Ores., iii. 2. 

tchar-ac-ter-less-ne§s. s. [Eng. characterless; 
-ness. ] The quality of being characterless, or with¬ 
out characteristic marks or qualities. 

“ Re-introducing the characterlessness of the Greek 
tragedy with a chorus ” — Coleridge: Table Talk. 

character-monger, s. One who deals in charac¬ 
ters ; a scandal-monger. 

char-ac-ter-jf, *char'-ac-ter-Ie, s. [Eng. 

character; -?/.] 

1. The act or process of expressing in characters, 
or distinguishing marks. 

“. , drawing out the true lineaments of every 

virtue and vice, so lively, that who saw the medals might 
know the face: which art they significantly termed char- 
actery.” — Bp. Hall: Virtues and Vices. 

2. That which is expressed; a mark, an impres¬ 
sion. 

“ All the charactery of my sad brows.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, ii. 1. 

Cha~rade , s. [Fr. charade, the origin of which 
is unknown. Skeat suggests Sp. charrada= a speech 
or action of a clown.] A kind of riddle based upon 
a word of two or more syllables, the key to which is 
given by descriptions of each of the component 
syllables. 

“ An enigma, which consists in disguising the truth by 
an ambiguous or obscure expression, is certainly superior 
to a rebus or charade, which only puzzles you with letters 
and syllables.”— Graves: Recollections of Shenstone, p. 99. 

char-a-drl-I-dae, char-a-drl'-a-d®, s. pi. 
[From Lat. charadrius, and fem.pl. adj. suff. -idee.) 

Ornith.: The Plovers, a family of wading birds, 
tribe Pressirostres. They have long, slender legs, 
with the toes united by a small membrane, the 
hinder one very small and elevated, or wanting. 
Genera: Charadrius (Plover), Vanellus (Lapwing], 
G1 areola (Pratincole), Himantopus (Longshank), 
Haematopus (Oyster-catcher), and G2dicnemus 
(Thick-knee). 


char-a-drl'-nee, s. pi. [From Lat. charadrius 
(q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -ince.] 

Ornith. : The typical sub-family of the Chara- 
driidse. It contains the Plovers proper, and the 
Lapwings. 

char-a-dri-us, s. [Lat., fromGr. charadrios=a 
lapwing or a curlew.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, plovers, belonging to 
the order Grallatores (Waders). They feed on 
worms and molluscous animals. The eggs of the 
Lapwing are considered a great delicacy, and are 
frequently to be seen in shops, where they are sold 
as plover’s eggs. [Plover.J 
Char-ae'-as, s. [From Gr. char is= grace, beauty, 
and aia, the same as gaia, poetic for ge— the earth.] 
Entom.: A genus of moths, family Noctuidse. 
Char ocas graminis is the Antler-moth (q. v.),C'. ces- 
•pitis , the Hedge-moth, C. lutulenta, the Earred 
'Feathered Rustic, and C. cethiops, the Black-rustic. 

char-a-le§, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. char {a), and 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -ales.) 

Bot.: According to Thom6 and others, an alliance 
of flowerless plants containing only the single order 
Characese, which, however, Lindley merges in his 
Algal alliance. 

Char-bon, s. [Carbon.] 

Farriery : A little black spot in the cavity of the 
corner teeth of a horse about seven or eight years 
old. 

*char'-bon-cle, s. [Carbuncle.] 

“Arubye and a charboncle.” — Maundeville, p. 239. 

*char-buc-le, *char-buk-ill, s. [Carbuncle.] 

1. A carbuncle. 

“ Cbosin charbukill, cheif floure, and cedir tre. 

Doug.: Virgil, 3, 10. 

2. An ulcer. 

“Tlie Kinkhost, the Charbucle, and worms in the 
cheiks.” Polwart: Flyting, p. 13. 

9har-coal, *9har-cole, *9har-coll, *9har- 
kole, s. & a. [Eng. char, v., and coal= that which 
is turned to coal or carbon.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ord. Lang.: The same as II. 1. 

II. Technically: 

1. An impure variety of carbon, prepared from 
vegetable substances or bones. 

(1) Wood charcoal consists of wood burned with 
but little access of air. Billets of wood are built 
into a heap, which is covered with earth or sand. 
The heap is fired at openings left near the bottom 
of the pile, and the gases escape at small openings 
above. For making fine charcoal, such as that of 
willow, used in the manufacture of gunpowder, the 
wood is burned in iron cylinders, or rather retorts, 
in which a process of destructive distillation re¬ 
moves the volatile hydrocarbons, pyroligneous acid, 
&c. By this more perfect means the process is 
accurately regulated. Charcoal is used in the arts 
as—a fuel; a polishing powder; a table on which 

ieces of metal are secured in position to be sol- 
ered by the blowpipe ; a filtering material; a defe¬ 
cator and decolorizer of solutions and water; an 
absorbent of gases and aqueous vapors; a noncon¬ 
ducting packing in ice-houses, safes, and refrigera¬ 
tors ; an ingredient in gunpowder and fire-works; 
in the galvanic battery and the electric light. 

(2) Animal Charcoal: Used largely in sugar¬ 
refining, and as a disinfectant and filtering medium, 
is prepared by calcining bones in closed vessels. 
These are either retorts, similar to those in which 
coal is distilled for the production of illuminating 
gas, or they are earthenware pots piled up in kilns 
and fired. Charges of fifty pounds of bones to a 
pot will require, say, sixteen hours of firing. The 
bones are then ground between fluted rollers, the 
dust removed, and the granulated material used 
for charging the filters of the sugar refiner. The 
material is used for removing color, feculencies, and 
fermenting ingredients from the syrup. [Bone- 
black furnace.] {Knight.) 

“ Charcole (or charkole, P), Carbo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ Seacoal lasts longer than, charcoal; and charcoal of 
roots, being coaled into gseat pieces, lasts longer than 
ordinary charcoal,” — Bacon: Natural History. 

2. A name for the finest tin-plates, so called from 
being manufactured with charcoal fires. 

B. As Adjective: (See the compounds.) 
charcoal-blacks, s. pi. Various black pigments 

essentially composed of charcoal, the latter formed 
by burning ivory, bones, vine twigs, &c. 

charcoal-burner, s. A man employed in attend¬ 
ing to the manufacture of charcoal. 

“ That evening [August 2, 1100] he [William Rufus] was 
found dead by some charcoal-burners." — C. H. Pearson- 
The Early and Middle Ages of England, ch. xxv. 

charcoal-cooler, s. A wire cylinder in which 
animal charcoal is agitated and cooled, after 
revivifying, while a current of air carries off the 
noxious gases. {Knight.) 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian — shaft* -tion, -sion = shun: 


9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion. -sion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 





charcoal-filter 


830 


charge 


Charcoal-filter, s. A filter charged with ordi¬ 
nary or animal charcoal for domestic use, or with 
animal charcoal for use in the sugar-house or 
refinery. (Knight.) 

charcoal-furnace, s. A furnace for producing 
charcoal by the dry distillation of wood, and for 
the collection of the tar and pyroligneous acid 
resulting therefrom, (Knight.) 

charcoal-point, s. A pencil of carbon prepared 
for use in the electric-light apparatus. (Knight.) 

§hard (1) s. [Fr. carde; Ital. carda; Lat. 
carduus—& thistle.] 

Botany: 

1. The leaves of the artichoke plants (Cynara 
scolymus), bound in straw during the autumn and 
winter, till they become blanched, and lose part of 
their bitterness. 

2. (See extract.) 

“ Chards of beet, are plants of white beet transplanted, 
producing great tops, which, in the midst, have a large, 
white, thick, downy, and cotton-like main shoot, which is 
the true chard.” — Mortimer. 

Chard-beet, s. A plant, Beta cycla. It is culti¬ 
vated for the strong succulent ribs of the leaves, 
which are boiled and eaten on the continent like 
asparagus. 

§har-dln'-l-a, s. [Named after the celebrated 
traveler Sir John Chardin, who was born in Paris in 
1643, and died near London in 1713.] 

Bot.: A genus of Composite plants, consisting of 
a single species, Chardinia xeranthemoides, a pretty 
little annual herb, found in Asia Minor. The 
flowers are silvery, nearly half an inch across, and 
owe their beauty to the shining, chaffy, lance- 
shapea pappus scales which crown the cylindrical 
striate achenes. 

$harge, *chargen, *§hargyn, v. t. & i. [Fr. 

charger; Sp. car gar; Port, carregar; Ital. caricare,' 
from Low Lat. carico= to transport in a wagon or 
car, from carrus— a car.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

*(1) To lay a load or burden upon ; to load. 

“ The folk of the contree taken camayles, dromedaries, 
and other bestes . . . and chargen hem.”— Maundeville, 

p. 301. 

(2) To fill anything with its proper complement 
or quantity. [II. 5.] 

2. Figuratively : 

(1) To lay upon a person as a duty or obligation. 
“Or was the merchant charged to bring 
The homeless birds a nest?” 

Cowper: A Tale, June, 1793. 

(a) With an infinitive following, or that , intro¬ 
ducing the duty or obligation imposed. 

“ Moses the servant of the Lord charged you to love the 
Lord your God . . .”— Josh. xxii. 5. 

(b) With the prep. with. 

“ What you have charged me with, that I have done.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3. 

f(2) To command, to bid, to enjoin. 

“ Why dost thou turn thy face? I charge thee answer 
To what I shall inquire.” Dryden 

f(3) To entrust, to commission. 

*(4) To load, to fill, to burden. 

“ A fault in the ordinary method of education, is the 
charging of children’s memories with rules and pre¬ 
cepts.” — Locke. 

(5) To impute; to refer to as a cause or source 
(fol Lowed by to or on). 

“ No more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime. 

On native sloth, and negligence of time.” 

Dryden: Persius, sat. iii. 

(6) To set down to the account of a person; to 

debit to. , , , 

(a) With to or against, before the person charged. 

(b) With with before the thing charged. 

“ It transpired that he had been charging the Stores 
with amounts in excess of those he had actually paid for 
the carriage of parcels.”— London Daily Telegraph , Nov. 
S2, 1881. 

(c) With at before the price charged. 

(7) To demand a price. 

“ For oysterB bred upon the salt sea-shore, 

Packed in a barrel, they will charge no more.” 

Cowper: To Mrs. Newton. 

(8) To accuse. 

”... 1 am so far from charging you as guilty in 
this matter, that I can sincerely say, I believe the exhorta¬ 
tion wholly needless.”— Wake: Preparation for Death. 
*(a) With o/before the matter charged. 

(f>) With with. 

“And his angels he charged with folly.”— Job iv. 18. 

*(9) To challenge; to call upon. 

“ Thou canst not, cardinal, devise a name 
So slight, unworthy, and ridiculous, 

To charge me to an answer as the pope.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 1. 


(10) To impose or lay on as a tax or duty. 

“ And for chef charyte, we chargeden vs seluen 

In amendyng of this men, we maden oure celles.” 

Piers Ploughman: Crede. 

*(11) To put to expense. 

“ Coming also not to charge, but to enrich them . . .” 
— South: Sermons, iii. 31L 

*(12) To place in a position for fighting. 

“He rode up and down, gallantly mounted, and 
charged and discharged his lance.”— Knolles: History of 
the Turks. 

(13) To rush down upon; to fall on; to attack. 

“With his prepared sword he charges home 
My unprovided body, lanc’d my arm.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 1. 

IT Used also of a rush or attack in games, as to 
charge one or more players at football. 

*(14) To take a thing to heart; to grieve over. 

“Charge it bot a lytill.”— Hampole: Treatises, p. 33. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(1) To give instructions to a jury, generally the 
grand jury, as to the legal points of the case about 
to be brought before them. 

(2) To indict. 

2. Eccles.: To deliver an address to a body of 
clergy. [Charge, s., II. 2.] _ 

3. Elect.: To accumulate in an electrified body a 
certain quantity of electricity capable of being 
again discharged. 

4. Her.: To place upon an escutcheon, &c. Seldom 
used except in the pa. par. [Charged.1 

5. Artill., &c.: To load a gun, &c., with its proper 
charge. 

v “. . . I therefore fired a four-pounder charged with 

grape shot, wide of them.”— Cook: Voyages, vol. i., bk. ii., 
ch. 2. 

B. Reflexive: To impose or take upon one’s self as 
a duty, obligation, or responsibility. 

“. . . he charged himself with all the sea risk of such 
vessels as carried corn to Home in winter.”— Arbuthnot: 
On Coins. 

C. Intransitive: 

1. To make an attack or onset on; to gallop wildly. 
Also as in A., 1.13. 

“ From a strictly practical point of view, the sight of a 
mob of hard-riding strangers charging across their [the 
farmers’] fields and breaking through their fences is 
anything but pleasing .”—London Times, February 14, 1881: 
Hunting and its Prospects. 

*2. To take a thing to heart as a burden or grief. 

“ Chargyn, or gretely sett a thynge to herte.”— Prompt. 
Parv. 

“ Esau chargide litil that he hadde seld the right of the 
firste gendrid child.”— Wycliffe: Genesis xxv. 84. (Purvey.) 

3. To make a charge, or demand, a price for any¬ 
thing. 

$harge, *§haarg, s. & a. [O. Fr. charge , carge; 
Sp. & Port, carga; Ital. carica, from the verb.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A load, a burden. 

(1) Of material things: 

“The mares retornen . . . with hire charges of gold.” 
— Maundeville, p. 302. 

(2) Of immaterial things: 

“ He putte vppon them charges of many manere works.” 
— Trevisa, ii. 317. 

2. An office, duty, or obligation. 

“‘Ah ! but (said th’ Ape) the charge is wondrous great, 
To feed mens souls, and hath an heavie threat.’ ” 

Spenser: Mother Hubberd’s Tale. 

3. Care, custody, responsibility, or management. 
(Often followed by of or over.) 

“. . . much impress’d 

Himself, as conscious of his awful charge .” 

Cowper: Task, bk. iL 

*4. Anxiety, care, concern. 

“ Thei give no charge of aveer ne of richesse.”— Maun¬ 
deville, p. 292. 

5. The object of one’s care or attention. 

“More had he said, but fearful of her stay, 

The starry guardian drove his charge away.” 

Dryden. 

6. A command, commission, or injunction. 

“He gaf him charge that they ne suffre nought at large 
His wife to go.” Gower, i. 193. 

7. Expense, cost. 

“They would be at the Charge of raising Monuments to 
the Memory of those good Men, whom their Fathers had 
slain . . .”— Tillotson, vol. i., Ser. x xii . 

Tf Commonly used in the plural, and in the phrase, 
“ To be at charges.” 

“. . . you see what huge charges she hath bene at, 
this last yeare, in sending of men.”— Spenser: State of 
Ireland. 


8. A burden upon property; a tax, a rent, &c. 
(Sometimes in the plural.) 

9. The price demanded, cost. 

“. . . I may make the gospel of Christ without 
charge, that I abuse not my power in the gospel.”—1 Cor. 
ix. 18. 

10. An accusation, subject of censure. 

“ . . . laying to their charge the pride, the avarice, 
the luxury, the ignorance, the superstition, of popish 
times.”— Swift. i 

11. Responsibility, account, liability. 

“ The secret mischiefs that I sent abroach, 

I lay unto the grievous charge of others.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 3. 

12. An attack, onset. [II. 8 (1).] 

“The English and Dutch were thrice repulsed with 
great slaughter, and returned thrice to the charge."— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

13. As much as anything will contain ; the proper 
complement. [II. 8. (3).] 

“ To adjust the fragrant charge of a short tube, 

That fumes beneath his nose; . . .” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. v. 

*14. Weight, importance. 

“ The letter . . . was full of charge." — Shakesp.: 
Rom. ifc Jul., v. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(1) The address from a judge to a grand jury, in 
which he instructs them as to the legal points likely 
to arise in the cases about to be brought before 
them. 

(2) An indictment, an accusation. 

“For, by the old law of England, two witnesses are 
necessary to establish a charge of treason.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

2. Eccles.: An address from a bishop to his dio¬ 
cesan clergy, or of an archdeacon to the clergy of 
his archdeaconry. 

“ The bishop has recommended this author in his charge 
to the clergy.”— Dryden. 

“ During his charge the archdeacon expressed satisfac¬ 
tion at the appointment of a Royal Commission to inquire 
into the relations of Church and State.”— London Daily 
Telegraph, May 10, 1881. 

3. Her.: Whatever occupies the field in an es¬ 
cutcheon. Charges are either proper or common. 
Proper charges are so called because they peculiarly 
belong to the art of heraldry; they are also called 
ordinaries, because they are m ordinary use in all 
coats of arms; honorable charges, because coat 
armor is much honored thereby, being the gifts of 
sovereigns, as the Cross, Pale, &c. Common charges 
are such as are composed of things natural and 
artificial, and so named because they are common 
to other arts and sciences as well as to this. 

“ The charge is that which is born upon the color, ex¬ 
cept it be a coat divided only by partition.”— Peacham. 

4. Farriery: A preparation, or a sort of ointment, 
of the consistence of a thick decoction, which is 
applied to the shoulder-splaits, inflammations, and 
sprains of horses. 

“ A charge is of a middle nature, between an ointment 
and a plaister, or between a plaister and a cataplasm.”— 

Farrier’s Dictionary. 

5. Veter.: An external remedy applied to the body 
of a horse or other beast. 

6. Comm.: A charge of lead contains thirty-six 
pigs, each pig containing six stone, less by two 
pounds. 

7. Elec.: Of a Leyden jar or other electric battery. 
An accumulation of electricity within it, which 
may, when the proper means are used, be again 
discharged. 

8. Military: 

(l) An attack or onset of troops, especially of 
cavalry. 

Also in games, Charge, v.. A., 1.13. 

To sound a charge: To give the signal by sound 
of trumpet for a charge. 

" Our author seems to sound a charge, and begins like 
the clangor of a trumpet.”— Dryden. 

*(2) The position in which a weapon is held for 
the purpose of attack. 

“ Their neighing coursers daring of the spur, 

Their armed staves in charge, their beavers down.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., iv. L 

(3) The quantity of powder, &c., put into a gun 
for the purpose of firing it. The service-charge for 
smooth-bored guns may be one-third to a quarter 
the weight of projectiles. For hot-shot and ricochet 
firing _ these charges are reduced. Rifled guns, 
avoiding windage, require a smaller charge than 
smooth-bores. The service-charge of the Armstrong 
gun is one-eighth the weight of the projectile. In 
the navy three charges are used: distant, full, and 
reduced. 


file, f&t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here s carnal, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s 6 n; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, te, ce = e; ey = a, qu = kw. 



charge-house 

*4. A military post or command. 

“I’ll procure this fat rogue a charge of foot.”— 
Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

*(5) A body of troops under one’s command. 

9. Mining: A quantity of powder or other explos¬ 
ive substance used in blasting. 

10. Metall., Gas Manufacture, c fee.; The body of 
ore, metal, fuel, or other matter introduced into a 


831 

$har£'-er, *9harge'-our, *cha-ri-our, s. [Eng. 

chargee); -er.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: One who charges. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mil.: A war-horse; a horse ridden in action or 
on parade. 

there were few chargers in the camp which 


charity 


ore, metal, fuel, or other matter introduced into a “ . • • there were few chargers in the camp which 

furnace at one time, for one heat, or one run, as the had not been taken from the plough. . ae y. „ , 

__ 1 _ Ena., ch. V. 


case may be. 

U To give in charge: 

1. To commit to the charge or care of another. 

*2. To have anything committed to one’s charge 
or care. 

3. To hand over to the custody of a policeman for 
any offense. 

To take in charge: 

1. To take under one’s care or responsibility. 

2. To arrest, take into custody. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
charge-house, s. 

*1. A school-house. 


§har'-i-ot, v. t. & i. [CHARibT, s.] 

1. Trans.: To convey in a chariot. 

“ An angel all in flames ascended, 

As in a fiery column charioting 
His godlike presence.” 

Milton: Samson Agomstes. 

2. Intrans.: To ride, to drive, to pass along (lit. <& 

“With what a cheerly face the golden sun chariots 
thorow the rounding skie?”— Feltham, pt. i., res. 48. 

tfjhar'-I-ot-ed, *§har'-I-ot-ted, pa. par. or a. 
[Chariot, v.] Seated or driven in a chariot. 


Eng., ch. v. 

*2. Comm.: A large dish, capable of bearing a 
great weight. 

“ Grett swannes fulle swythe in silveryne chargeours.” 

Morte Arthure, 185. 

3. Mining: A spiral instrument for charging hori¬ 
zontal blast-holes. . -* --, „. l-O- - 

4. Sport: A device for dropping into the bore of a ^ four-wheeled pleasure-carriage, having two seats 
fowling-piece from a shot-belt or pouch a gauged covered by a calash top. 

ouantitv of shot. By forcing down the plunger the s. [Eng. char- 

iot; -eer=e r.] 


quantity of shot. By forcing down the plunger the 
communication with the pouch is closed, and the 
charge is allowed to pass to the tube, which con¬ 
ducts it to the gun. The pis.ton head is adjust- 


“ Boadicea standing loftily charioted.” 

Tennyson: Boadicea, ill. 70. 

§har'-i“ 0 -tee, s. [Eng. chariot; dim. suff. -ee.] 


' . . ducts It TO me gun. pisiuu umu ID uujuo.- 

n 1 - ,V-?!i hool 'Ji 0 1 able, to vary the capacity of the charge-chamber. 

2. Military Stores: A building or room m which \ , . , 
the proper charges are made up into cartridges, &c. s . [Eng . charge; . ship .] The 

Charge-Sheet, s. quality or state of being in charge; responsibility. 

Police: A paper kept at a police station on which 


l UttOb . il pdJJol ll v Clt Q [I WiloC o ICl nou Wll »» nivu 

are daily entered the names of the persons brought 
to the station in custody, the offense imputed, and 
the name of the accuser. 


[Fr.=charged, the pa. par. of 
[Fr., charged with the 


9 harg-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Charge, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses cor¬ 
responding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The performing of any of the actions 
described under the verb. 

§harg -ing, s. 

Football: The act of rushing forward to seize the 


Char-ge', pa. par 
charger=to charge.] 

charge d’affaires, s. 

management of affairs.] . --- - 

Diplomatic: A minister or representative of a ball or tackle a player, 
country at a less important foreign court, inferior charging-order, s. An order from a judge bind 
to an ambassador, to whom is intrusted all matters • • ’ * J 

of diplomacy. Also the officer to whom the charge 
of an embassy is intrusted during the temporary 
absence of the ambassador or minister-plenipoten¬ 
tiary. 


§harge'-a~ble, a. [Eng. charge, and able.] 

1. Of persons or things : 

*(1) Involving expense ; expensive, costly. 

(2-) Liable or responsible for a payment. 

2. Of persons: 

( 1 ) Liable to be charged or accused; open to a 
charge (with with before the thing charged./. 

“Your papers would be chargeable with something 
worse than indelicacy; they would be immoral.” Spec- 
tator. 


ingTthe'stocks or funds of a judgment debtor with 
the judgment debt. ( Wharton.) 

char-I-an’-thus, s. [From Gr. charieis=beanti- 
ful, and anthos= a blossom, a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of Malastomace® from the West 
Indies. Erect shrubs, with opposite, stalked, five- 
nerved leaves, generally entire. Flowers purple; 
fruit a globose berry depressed in the center, with 
four cells and numerous seeds. 
char-I-eis, s. [Gr. c/iarieis=pleasant or pleas- 

in §of.: A genus of Composite plants, consisting of 
a single species from the Cape of Good Hope. 
Charieis heterophylla is an annual, with stem erect, 

. • , -l 1 • 1 1 1.1 onn • -A ATTTOrC VDl 


iror. striated, and hairy ; leaves stalkless ; flowers yellow 

*( 2 ) Liable to be called upon for an account of a j n the center and violet at the circumference, 
trust. char'-I-l^, *char-e-lf, adv. [Eng. chary ; -ly.] 

“But the former governors that had been before me , a c h ar v manner; cautiously, warily, 
were chargeable unto the people, . . P-Nehem., v. 15. ln “ “^ngss, g ^Eng. chary . , ness .] The quality 

(i) 0 fipaTeof being brought as a charge ; imput- of being chary ; caution, wariness nicety. 

rbsioSer ° r UP0U bef ° rethe PerSOn ° r thing that^’ay not sXlhe ct 


(2) To lie charged as a debt; to be set to ones 
account. (Followed by to.) 

t§harge’-?.-ble-ness,s. [Eng. chargeable; -ness.] 
The quality of being chargeable; expense. 

the mischiefs that grew from the delays, the 


Shakesp. : Merry Wives, ii. 1. 

§har -Ing, 9 har-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Char, v.] 
A. & B. Aspr.par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act or occupation of doing odd 


, . . me misumoia tuoi, gio yt i - - v. 

chargeableness , and the irregularities in the proceedings ,* obs# 

,w WMteiock: Memoirs, an. 1651. char -i-6t, *9har-y-ot, *9har-y-ott, *9har- 

otte, * 9 har-’ett, * 9 har-ret, s. & a. [O. Fr. chariot . 


of law . . .”— Whitelock: Memoirs, an. 1651 
, * ? harge-?t-blf, adv. [Eng. chargeabl(e); -y.] 
In a chargeable manner; at great expense, expen¬ 
sively. 

“By reason whereof we be most notably charged with 
masses, sufferings and other alms deeds, for his benefits 
to us most chargeably exhibit.”— Strype: Records, No. 30. 
Abbot of York to Wolsey. 

*9harge -ant, *charge-aunt, a. [Fr. pnpar. 


from chart a car. ] 
[Car,] 

A. As substan¬ 
tive : 

* 1 . A war-car in 
which armed men 


of charger.] Involving trouble or’expense; difficult, rode to battle 


dangerous. 

“ That chargeaunt chace.”— Sir Gawaine, 1,604. 

9harged, pa.par. & a. [Charge, v.] 

* 9 harge -ful, a. [Eng. charge; -ful(l).] Involv¬ 
ing expense; expensive, costly. 

“ Here’s the note 

How much your chain weighs to the utmost carat, 

The fineness of the gold, the chargeful fashion. 

Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, v. 1. 

9harge’-less, a. [Eng .charge; -less.] 

1 . Not involving trouble or expense ; inexpensive, 
ckeap• 

“How easie and chargeless a thing it is to keep silk¬ 
worms .”—Marginal note in The Silk-worms (1599). 

2. Uncharged, unloaded. 

*9harge -OU 3 , *9ha-ri-OUS, a. [Eng. charge, and 
suff. -ous.] 

1. Heavy, hard to bear. 

“ Heuy is the ston and charious."—Wycliffe: Prov. 
xxvii. 3. 

2. Causing expense; expensive. 

“ I was chargeous to no man.”— Wycliffe: 2 Cor.x i. 9. 



They were fre¬ 
quently armed 
with scythes, 
hooks, and other 
offensive appli¬ 
ances. 

2. A car of state. 

“The grettest 
lordes ryden about 
this charyot .”— 

Maundeville, p. 241. 

*3. A wagon, a 
cart. 

“Charottez chokke- 
fulle charegyde 
with golde .”—Morte 
Arthure, 1,552. 

4. A sort of light coach, four-wheeled, with only 
bEtok sGats. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

Obvious compounds : Chariot-race, chariot-wheel. 

chariot-man, s. A charioteer. 

“. . . he said to his chariot-man, Turn thine hand 

. . .”—2 Chron. xviii. 33. 


Egyptian War-chariot (from 
Thebes). 


I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: A driver of a chariot. 

“ On a heap 

Chariot and charioteer lay overturn’d.” 

Milton: P. L., VI. 

2. Fig.: The sun. 

“ Long ere the charioteer of day had run 
His morning course, . . 

Cowper: Progress of Error. 

II. Astron.: The constellation Auriga. 

9har -I-6t-eer, v. i. [Charioteer, s.] To drive 
a chariot, to act as a charioteer. 

“ To charioteer with wings on high.”— Southey: Ode to 
Astronomy. (Davies.) 

t9har'-i-ot-eer-Ing, a. & s. [Charioteer, v.] 

A. As adj. : Driving a chariot. 

B. As subst.: The act of driving a chariot. 
li ' 9 har -l-ous, a. [Chargeous.] 

* 9 har -I§m, s. [Gr. charismata, gift.] 

Eccles.: A supernatural gift or power bestowed 
upon the early Christians, such as the pentecostial 
gift of tongues, ability to heal diseases miracu¬ 
lously, &c. 

9ha.r - 1 t- 9 .-ble, a. [Eng. charit(y), and-a&Ze.] 

I. Of persons: 

1. Full of love to one’s fellow-men; benevolent, 
kind. 

2. Kind or liberal to the poor. 

II. Of thoughts or actions: 

1. Pertaining to charity or liberality ; founded or 
supported by charity. 

“ Be not too narrow, husbandmen! but fling 
From the full sheaf, with charitable stealth, 

The liberal handful.” Thomson: Autumn. 

2. Dictated by kindness, favorable, merciful, free 
from censoriousness. _ 

Lav:: Bequests and gifts to charitable institu¬ 
tions or for charitable purposes must be used in 
strict conformity with the expressed terms of the 
instrument of conveyance. Property of charitable 
institutions is usually exempt from taxation in all 
the states, although in some of them the institu¬ 
tions must be founded by legislative charter to 
secure this exemption. The government of private 
charities is usually in the hands of a superintendent 
and board of directors, elected by patrons; and 
that of public charities in the hands of a board ot 
commissioners (usually called visitors) and super¬ 
intendent appointed by the governor of the state or 
executive of the municipality to which the charity 
belongs. In rare cases these officials are elected by 
the people. 

9har -It-9-ble-ness, s. [Eng. charitable; -ness.] 
The quality of being charitable ; benevolence, kind¬ 
ness, liberality. 

9har -It-9-bly, adv. [Eng. charitabl(e); -y.] 

1 . In a charitable manner; with good will and 
love to others. 

2. Liberally. 

3. From dictates of kindness. 

“’Tis best sometimes your censure to restrain, 

And charitably let the dull be vain.” 

Pope: Essay on Criticism, 597. 

9har -I-ty, *9har-i-te, *9har-y-te, *9her-it-e, 

s. & a. [O. Fr. chariteit, cariteit; Fr. charitf; Sp. 
caridad; Port, caridade; Ital. carita; from Lat. 
eartfas=dearness, love; from carus—dear.] 

A. As substantive: 

1 . Love toward our fellow-men; the chief of the 
Christian graces. 

“Whether we name thee Charity or Love, 

Chief grace below, and all in all above.” 

Cowper: Charity. 


bdil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, 

-cian, -tian = sh^u- -tion, -sion = shun; -Won, 


bench; go, Jem; thin, this; 

-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 









charivari 


832 


charmingness 


IT The Greek word agape , in 1 Cor. xiii. (“ Faith, 
Hope, Charity: these three; but the greatest of 
these is Charity'") rendered charity in the Author¬ 
ized Version, is translated love in the Revised Ver¬ 
sion. 

2. Liberality, benevolence toward the poor. 

“ . . . revenues sacred to piety and charity—Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

3. Goodwill; a disposition to look kindly or char¬ 
itably upon the actions or defaults of others. 

“In reverend Oerimon there well appears, 

The worth that learned charity aye wears.” 

Shakesp .: Pericles, Prince of Tyre, v. 3. 

4. Any act of kindness or benevolence. 

“Against the charities of domestic life.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iv. 

*5. That which is given in benevolence to the 
poor; alms. 

“The ant did well to reprove the grasshopper for her 
slothfulness; but she did ill then to refuse her a charity 
in her distress .”—Sir R. VEstrange. 

6. Any money or other endowment left for char¬ 
itable purposes. 

“ The chairman said he had . . . some experience of 

the working of the charities of the country .”—London 
Daily Telegraph, May 12, 1881. 

7. A building or institution founded for charit¬ 
able purposes. 

“ The boys who are put out apprentices from public 
Charities are generally bound for more than the usual 
number of years, . . .”— Smith: Wealth of Nations,bk. i., 
ch. x., pt. ii. 

B. As adj. (of children): Maintained or supported 
in a charitable institution. 

“ An awful tribunal of youth and innocence, . . . 
like the ten thousand red-cheeked eftarif {/-children in St. 
Paul’s.”— Thackeray: Book of Snobs, ch. ii. 

V Obvious compounds: Charity-boy, charity- 
schpol. 

V Charity Commissioners: 

Law, &c.: Commissioners appointed to secure 
the proper administration of charitable trusts. 
Charity, Sisters of: See Sisters. 

Char-l-var -i, s. [Fr. charivari; O. Fr. cari- 
bari, chalivari, calivaly, chalivali, from Low Lat. 
charivarium, charavaritum, charavaria, &c. In 
Ger. krawall .] 

1. A serenade of discordant or rough music, 
kettles, drums, and horns, used originally to annoy 
widows who married a second time at an advanced 
age, but also on other occasions when the perform¬ 
ers desired to annoy or insult any one. In the rural 
districts of this country, this rough kind of sere¬ 
nade is common at any marriage; and is generally 
rather a token of good feeling than of any desire 
to insult either bride or groom. 

2. As synonymous with ridicule and satire, it has 
been taken as the name of certain comic journals, 
e.g., the Paris Charivari; the London Punch has, as 
a second title, The London Charivari. 

*chark (1), v. t. [An abbreviation of charcoal, the 
word being probably supposed to be charkcoal.] 
[Char.] To reduce to a cinder, to char. 

ghark (2), *gharke, ghirk, *ghyrkyn, v. i. 
[A.S. cearcian =to creak, to gnash.] [Chirk.] 

1. To make a creaking or grating noise. 

“There is no dore, whiche may charke 
Wher of an eye shulde vnshet, &c.” 

Conf. Amantis, iv. 79. 

2. To be habitually complaining, to be constantly 
in a querulous humor. 

*gh.ark, s. [Chark (1), u.] A cinder, charcoal. 

“ . . . I contrived to burn some wood here, as I had 
seen done in England, under turf, till it became chark, or 
dry coal .”—De Foe: Robinson Crusoe. 

ghar-ka’-na, s. [Bengalee.] 

Fabrics: A checked Dacca muslin, 
ghark'-ar, s. [Chark (2),v. From the noise 
made by the insect.] A cricket. 

*ghark-Ing, s [Chark, v.] The act or process 
of reducing to charcoal; charring. 

ghar -la-tjm, s. [Fr. charlatan, from Ital. ciarla- 
tano, ciaratano= a mountebank, from ciarlare —to 
prattle; ciarla= a prattling.] A quack, a mounte¬ 
bank ; an assuming, empty pretender to knowledge 
or skill. 

tchar'-lg,-tg,n-er-y, s. [Charlatanry.] 
Char-lii-tan-Ic, a. [Eng. charlatan; -ic.] Of 
or pertaining to a charlatan; like a charlatan, 
quackish. (Sir F. Brydges.) 

ghar-lgL-tan-l~cgil, a. [Eng . char lat anic; -ah] 
Charlatanic, quackish. 

“A cowardly soldier and a charlatanical doctor are the 
principal subjects of comedy.”— Cowley. 

Char-le.-tan-i-ca.l-ly, adv. [Eng. charlatan¬ 
ical; -ly.] In a charlatanic or quackish way; like 
a charlatan. (Johnson.) 


ghar'-l?i-t 9 ,n-i§m, s. [Eng. charlatan; -ism.'] The 
practices of a charlatan; trickery, cheating, quack¬ 
ery, false pretense. 

Char-la-tan-ry, *char-la-tan-er-y, s. [Fr. 

char lat anerie, from charlatan .] The act of deceiv¬ 
ing by false pretenses; wheedling. 

“Endearments addressed to the exterior of women by 
the charlatanei'y of the world.”— W. Montague. 

charle, s. & a. [Carl.] 
charle-hemp, s. [Carl-hemp.] 

Qharleg, prop. n. [Lat. Carolus .] A well-known 
proper name. 

Charles’s scepter, s. 

Bot.: A personated plant, Pedicularia sceptrum 
carolinum. (Treas. of Bot.) 

Charles’s-wain, *Charle-wane, Charle-wan, 
Charle-wayne, s. [From Charles (Charlemagne), 
and wain— wagon.] 

Astron.: A constellation in the northern hemi¬ 
sphere, the cluster of seven stars called the Dipper, 
or the Great Bear. 

ghar'-ley-horse, s. A term used by baseball 
players for a stillness of the limbs from overex¬ 
ercise. 

ghar-lock, car -lock, *chad-lock, s. [A. S. 

cerlic. The meaning of the first syllable is un¬ 
known ; the last means leek.] 

Bot.: Sinapis arvensis,' a small cruciferous plant 
with yellow flowers, commonly called Wild Mus¬ 
tard. It is very common and troublesome in corn¬ 
fields. 

“ Carlok, herbe. Eruca.” — Prompt. Parv. 
Char’- 16 tte, s. [Fr. charlotte, with the same 
meaning.] A dish made of apple-marmalade, cov¬ 
ered with crumbs of toasted bread. 

charlotte-russe, s. [Fr. charlotte; russe— Rus¬ 
sian.] 

Cookery: A dish composed of custard or whipped 
syllabub inclosed in a kind of sponge-cake. (Thack¬ 
eray.) 

gharl-w<?od -i-a, s. [In honor of C. Charlwood, 
F.L.S., an enthusiastic English botanist (Paxton).'] 
Bot.: A genus of liliaceous plants, of which four 
or live species are known. The type of the genus is 
Charlwoodia congesta, an Australian species of ele¬ 
gant habit, with elongate nervosely-striate leaves, 
and crowded many-flowered panicles. 

gharm, *gharme, s. [0. Fr. charme, from Lat. 
carmen— a song, a charm.] 

1. A spell, an enchantment, whether of words, 
philters, or figures. 

“ With the charmes that she saide, 

A fire down fro the sky alight.” 

Gower: C. A., ii. 263. 

*2. A song, a melody. 

“ Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, 
With charm of earliest birds.” 

Milton: P. L., ii. 642. 

3. Anything worn for a supposed efficacy in pre¬ 
serving the wearer from hurt, bodily or spiritual; a 
phylactery. 

V Hence the term is often applied to trinkets 
worn as ornaments on a watch-chain. 

4. That which attracts or pleases ; a quality which 
has an irresistible power to please or fascinate. 

“ By every charm that smiles upon her face.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

“ Not undelightful are the simplest charms 
Found by the glassy door of mountain farms.” 

Wordsworth: Evening Walk. 

If In this sense often in plural, especially when 
used of female beauty. 

If (1) For the difference between charm and 
grace, see Grace. 

(2) For that between charm and pleasure, see 
Pleasure. 

(3) With regard to that between charms and 
attractions, the latter draw, the former fascinate or 
captivate. 

gharm, *gharme, v. t. & i. [Fr. charmer, from 
Lat. carmino= to make verses; Low Lat.=to en¬ 
chant; carmen=( 1) a song, (2) an enchantment.] 

1. Transitive: 

*1. To utter or cause to utter a melodious sound; 
to tune. 

“Here we our slender pypes may safely charme.” 

Spenser: Shepherd’s Calendar , x. 

2. To enchant; place under the influence of a 
spell. 

“Will charm us both to sleep.” 

Tennyson: Vivien, 181. 

3. To make powerful or safe by enchantment or 
magic; to protect against evil. (Only in the pa. 
par.) 

“ ‘ Yea, but’ (quoth she), * he beares a charmed shield, 

And eke enchaunted armes that none can perce.” 

Spenser: F. Q., I. iv. 60. 


4. To overpower or subdue by some secret or 
supernatural power. 

“ Charm act with air and agony with words.” 

• Shakesp.: Much Adp, v. 1. 

“ Music the fiercest grief can charm.” 

Pope: Ode on St. Cecilia’s Day, 118. 

5. To fascinate the mind or the affections; to 
allure, captivate, or bewitch. 

“ Her English tones, sentiments, and tastes had charmed 
many who were disgusted by his Dutch accent and Dutch 
habits.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

6. To remove by a fascinating influence. 

If To charm away: To remove by charms. 

II. Intransitive: 

1. To make use of charms. 

“. . . the deaf adder that stoppeth her ear; which 

will not hearken to the voice of charmers, charming never 
so wisely .”—Psalm Iviii. 4, 6. 

2. To act as a charm; to be fascinating; to please 
highly. 

“Charm by accepting, by submitting sway.” 

Pope: Epistle, ii. 263. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between to charm, to 
enchant, to fascinate, to enrapture and to captivate: 
“ To charm expresses a less powerful effect than to 
enchant; a charm is simply a magical verse used 
by magicians and sorcerers: incantation or enchant¬ 
ment is the use not only of verses but of any myste¬ 
rious ceremonies, to produce a given effect. To 
charm and enchant in this sense denote an opera¬ 
tion by means of words or motions; to fascinate 
denotes an operation by means of the eyes or tongue. 

. . . Charms and enchantments are performed by 
persons; fascinations are performed by animals; 
the former have always some supposed good in 
view; the latter have always a mischievous tend¬ 
ency. . . . To charm, enchant and fascinate, are 

taken in the improper sense to denote moral as well 
as natural operations; enrapture and captivate 
have a moral application only. . . . When 

applied to the same objects charm, enchant and 
enrapture rise in sense. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

gharmed, pa. par. or a. [Charm, v.] 

1. Enchanted; under the influence of or protected 
by supernatural power. 

“. . . the holy chrisme, which he calleth charmed 
oyle .”—Sir T. More: Works, p. 377. 

2. Fascinated, highly pleased. 

gharm'-er, s. [En g. charm;-er.] 

1. One who makes use of charms or enchant¬ 
ments. 

“There shall not be found among you. . . an en¬ 
chanter, or a witch, or a charmer, . . .”— Deut. xviii. 
10, 11. 

2. One who fascinates or highly pleases the affec¬ 
tions or the senses. 

“ My charmer is not mine alone; my sweets, 

And she that sweetens all my bitters too.” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iii. 

*3. A kind of fashionable dance. 

“ I don’t believe there was a man of ’em but could dance 
a charmer.’’ — Farquhar: The Inconstant, i. 2. 

gharm-er-ess, s. [Eng. charmer; fem. suff. -ess.] 
A female charmer; a witch, an enchantress. 

“ Charmeressis, 

And old witches, and sorceressis.” 

Chaucer: House of Fame, iii. 171. 

tgharm'-ful, a. [Eng. charm; ful(l).] Full o* 
charms or charming qualities; charming. 

“In treacherous haste he’s sent for to the king, 

And with him bid his charmful lyro to bring.” 

Cowley: Davideis. 

gharm -Ing, *gharm-> ug, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Charm, t\] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“. . . to select generation after generation the more 
beautiful and charming woman.”— Darwin: Descent of 
Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. v., p. 170. 

C. As substantive: 

*1. The act of enchanting or placing under spell, 
a charm. 

“ He made eft his charmyng.” 

Alisaunder, 404. 

2. The act of fascinating or pleasing highly. 

If For the difference between charming and 
delightful, see Delightful. 

gharm -Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. charming; -ly.] In 
a charming manner. 

“It [the question] was—‘Whether the ladies of Buenos 
Ayres were not the handsomest in the world.’ I replied, 
like a renegade, ‘ Charmingly so.’ ” — Darwin- Voyage 
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii. ,p. 147. 0 

gharm-Ing-ness, s. [Eng. charming; -ness.] 
The quality of being charming or fascinating. 

“We aro nothing put out of countenance either by the 
beauteous gayety of the colors, or by the charmingness of 
the musical voices.”— Plutarch: Morals, v. 4. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s 6 n; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





charmless 


833 


chartist 


9 harm-less, a. [Eng. charm; -less.] Devoid of 
charms or pleasing qualities. 

_ “ Saw my mistress, Opley Butter’s wife, who is grown a 
little charmless.” — Swift: Journal to Stella, Sept. 10, 1710. 

t§har'-nel (1), *char-nelle, s. & a. [O. Fr. 

camel; Fr. charnel, a.=carnal; O. Fr. camel, char- 
nier, s.—a cemetery, from Lat. carnalis= carnal, 
from caro (genit. carnis) ;= flesh, the body.] [Cae- 
NAL.] 

A. Assubst.: A burial-place, a cemetery. 

“The charnelle of the Innocentes, where here bones 
lyghen.”— Maundeville, p. 71. 

“ But seek some charnel, when, at full, 

The moon gilds skeleton and skull.’’ 

Scott: Rokeby, ii. 18. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Containing the bodies of dead persons. 

“ Such are those thick and gloomy shadows damp, 

Oft found in charnel vaults and sepulchers.” 

Milton: Comus, 471. 

f2. Of or pertaining to a tomb. 

“ By charnel lichens overgrown.” 

E. B. Browning: Poems, ii. 28. 

U Also in compounds like the following: 

tcharnel-cell, s. A tomb. 

“ Yet, ere they left that charnel-cell, 

The Island Lord bade sad farewell.” 

Scott: The Lord, of the Isles, iii. 32. 
Charnel-house, s. A place where the bones of 
the dead are deposited. 

*char-nel (2), fchar-nell, s. [Fr. charnibre.) 

1. A hinge. 

2. The crest of a helmet. ( HaMiwell .) 

“ The charnel of his helmet.”— James: Darnley, ch. 10. 
§har -nl-c5, s. [Sp. charneca= a species of tur¬ 
pentine-tree ( Warburton ): but Stevens asserts that 
there is a village near Lisbon called Charneca, 
whence the name.] A kind of fine, sweet Spanish 
wine. 

“ And’s soon I’d undertake to follow her. 

Where no old charnico is, nor no anchovies.” 

Beaum. & Fletch.: Wit without Money, ii. 

Qharn-ley, s. [A corruption of Charnwood. ] 
Charnley forest stone. A stone found only in 
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, England. It is 
a good substitute for Turkey oil-stone, and is much 
in request by joiners for giving a fine edge to tools. 
( Weale.) 

Char -on, s. [A poetic form of Gr. charopos = 
fierce or bright-eyed; from chairo = to rejoice, and 
vs, genit. opos= the face.] 

1. Myth.: The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office 
was to conduct the souls of the dead across the 
Styx, to the judgment-seats of iEacus, Rliadaman- 
thus, and Minos—the judges of the infernal regions. 

2. Colloquial: A ferryman. 

Qhar’-pie, s. [Fr. charpie, s., from charpi, char- 
pie, pa. par. of O. Fr. charpir, carpir; Lat. carpo= 
to pluck; O. Fr. carpie; Ital. & Low Lat. carpia.) 

Surg.: Lint or scraped linen used in dressing 
wounds. 

tchar’-qui (qui as ke), s. [A South American 
name.] Pieces of beef cut into long strips and 
dried in the sun. The word has become corrupted 
into jerked beef, under which title it is best known. 

“ When it was dark we made a fire beneath a little arbor 
of bamboos, fried our charqui (or dried slips of beef), 
took our mate, and were quite comfortable.”— Darwin: 
Voyage round the World, 1870, ch. xii., p. 257. 
gharred, pa. par. or a. [Chab (1), v .] 

§har -ring (1 ), pr. par., a. & s. [Chab (1), v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of reducing to charcoal. 

*[ Charring of coal: Converting coal into coke. 
(Weale.) 

9har -ring (2),pr.par.or a. [Chab (2), v.) 
charring-chisel, s. Abroad nigging-chisel, used 
in charring or hewing stone. 

t9har -ry, a. [Eng. char; -ry .] Pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, charcoal; burned, as charcoal. 
(Smart.) 

9hart, *9harte, s. [Fr. charte- charter; Lat. 
charta; Gr. chartes— a leaf of paper.] [Caed, 
Chabtee.] 

1. A representation of a portion of the earth s sur¬ 
face projected on a plane. The term is commonly 
restricted to those intended for navigators use, on 
vyhich merely the outlines of coasts, islands, etc., 
are represented. 

“ . . . astronomical instruments, geographical charts, 
and compasses.”— Arbuthnot. 

2. A sheet exhibiting a statement of facts in tabu¬ 

lar form, so arranged that any particular may be 
readily referred to. _ 


*3. A charter, a written deed. 

“ In old charts we find the words Angli and Anglici, con¬ 
tradistinguished to Franci, Ac.”— Brady: Introduction to 
the Old English History, Gloss, p. 11 (1684). 

*4. The mariner’s compass. 

“The discovery of the chart is but of late standing.”— 
Gentlemen Instructed, p. 412. (Davies.) 

Globular chart: A chart constructed on a globu¬ 
lar projection. [Pkojection.] 

Mercator's chart: A chart on the projection of 
Mercator (q. v.). 

Plane chart: A representation of some part of the 
superficies of the earth, in which the spherical 
form is disregarded, the meridians drawn parallel, 
the parallels of latitude at equal distances, and the 
degrees of latitude and longitude equal. 

Selenographical chart: A chart representing the 
surface of the moon. 

Topographical chart: A chart of a particular 
place, or of a small part of the earth. 

fchart, v. t. [Chaet, s.] 

1. Lit.: To lay down in a chart or map ; to map. 
“If the moon’s surface were isographically charted.” — 

Proctor: Rough Ways made Smooth, p. 97. 

2. Fig.: To describe, delineate, picture. 

“Which charts us all in its coarse blacks or whites.” 

Tennyson: Walking to the Mail. 

char -ta, s. [Lat., from Gr. chartes — a leaf 
of paper.] ' [Magna Ohakta.] 

Law: 

1. The material on which documents are written, 
paper. 

2. A charter or writing by which a grant is made. 
fchar-ta'-9e-ous, a. [Lat. chartaceus = of or 

pertaining to paper; charta= a leaf of paper.] Re¬ 
sembling paper or parchment; of the nature of 
paper. 

“Salmasius . . . is preparing chartaceous jackets to 

invest you all.”— Milton: Second Defense. 

char-ta-graph'-lc, a. [Caetogeaphic.] 
char'-tal, s. [Lat. chartula, dimin. of charta .] 
A little roll or piece of paper; few leaves of paper. 

“It seemeth for fear that any of their railing pam¬ 
phlets should perish, being many of them but triobolar 
chartals, they have taken upon them to make a register.” 
— Bishop Bancroft. Dangerous Positions, p. 48 (1593). 

9harte, s. [Fr., from Lat. charta.') The consti¬ 
tution or fundamental law of the French monarchy, 
as it was established at the restoration of the 
Bourbons in the person of Louis XVIII. in 1814. 

char -tel, s. [Chaetal, Caetel.] 

“ Either for chartel or for warrant." 

Butler: Hudibras, I. i. 21. 

9har'-ter ( 1 ), *car-tre, *char-tir, *char-tre, 
*char-tere, s. & a. [O. Fr. chartre, cartre; from 
Lat. chartula; dimin. of charta.) 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: A deed or instrument executed 
between man and man. 

2. Fig.: A privilege, right, immunity. 

“ For he was Freedom’s champion, one of those, 

The few in number, who had not o’erstept 
The charter to chastise which she bestows.” _ 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, iii. 57. 

II. Naut. <& Comm.: An agreement in writing 
concerning the hire of a vessel and the freight, con¬ 
taining the name and burden of the vessel, the 
names of the owner, master and freighter, and 
every other particular as to rate of freight, duration 
of voyage, time of loading and unloading, &c. It is 
more generally called a charter-party (q. v.). 

V Blank charter: The same as Carte-blanche 
(q. v.). 

“ Our substitutes at home shall have blank charters .” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 4. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

Charter-bond, s. A charter-party. 

“ He would forfeit his charter-bond.” — Marryat: Mids. 
Easy, p. 172. 

charter-land, s. 

Old Law: Land held by charter. It is called also 
book-land (q. v.). 
charter-master, s. 

Mining ,* 

1. A man undertaking the management of a 

colliery. . , . 

2. One who raises coal or iron by the ton. (A ut- 
tall.) 

charter-party, s. 

Naut. <& Comm.: An agreement entered into for 
the hire of a ship for a certain voyage and purpose. 
The same as Chaetee, II. (q. v.) 


btfil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cia'n, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, 

’53 


9 har-ter (2), s. [The first part of the French 
word Chartreux—a. Carthusian monk, from Char¬ 
treuse, a village in the department of Is&re, France.] 
[Caethusian.] 

charter-house, charterhouse, s. [A corruption 

of Fr. chartreux.) 

1. A convent of Carthusian monks. 

2. A public high school or college in London 
founded and endowed by Thomas Sutton on what 
was formerly a convent of Carthusian monks. 

9 har'-ter, v. t. [Chaetee, s.] 

1. To grant a charter to ; to establish by charter. 

2. To hire or let out a ship under a charter-party. 

9har’-ter-age (age as Ig), s. [Eng. charter; 

-age.) The custom, or practice, of chartering ves¬ 
sels. 

“ So in the slave-trade, so in charterage." — W. Taylor, 
in Robber cC s Mem. of Taylor, ii. 146 (1806). 

9har -tered, pa. par. or a. [Chaetee, v.) 

I. Literally: 

1. Established by charter; enjoying certain priv¬ 
ileges and rights under a charter. 

“Hence charter’d boroughs are such public plagues.” 

Oowper: The Task, bk. iv. 

2. Hired or let out under a charter-party. 

If A chartered ship: A ship hired or freighted. 

II. Fig.: Privileged, licensed. 

“ Go on, until this land revokes 
The old and chartered Lie.” 

Longfellow: To William E. Channing. 

9har'-ter-er, s. [Eng. charter; -er.) One who 
hires a ship under a charter-party. 

“They were received on board by Captain Darke, of the 
firm of Temperley, Carter, and Darke, the charterers 
. . .”—London Daily News. 

9har'-ter-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Chaetee, «.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of granting a charter; or of 
hiring or letting out a ship, under a charter-party. 

9har-ter-lst, s. [En g. charter;-ist.) An advo¬ 
cate of chartism ; a chartist. 

9hart-er-less, a. [Eng. charter; -less.] Hav 
ing no charter; unchartered. 

“. . . A charterless and unendowed university, minus 

professors, fees, or degrees . . — London Daily Tele¬ 
graph. 

tfjhart'-Ing, s. [Chaet, v.) The act or process of 
laying down on a chart or map. 

“The effectiveness of well-devised processes of charting 
has been hitherto overlooked.”— Proctor: Rough Ways 
made Smooth, p. 97. 

9 bart -i§m, s. [Eng. cftarf= charter ; suff. -ism.) 
The principles or political views of the Chartists as 
set forth in the People's Charter. 

“ Chartism means the bitter discontent grown fierce and 
mad.”— Carlyle: Chartism, ch. 1. 

9 hart -1st, s. [Eng. chart= charter; suff. -ist.] 
A name given to a political party in England whose 
views were embodied in a document called the 
People's Charter. The chief points were, universal 
suffrage, vote by ballot, annual parliaments, pay¬ 
ment of members, equal electoral divisions, and 
the abolition of property qualification for mem¬ 
bers. These principles were set out in a bill 
prepared in 1838. The party became divided in the 
following year, the extreme members advocating 
the employment of force for the attainment of their 
object. These were known as Physical Force Chart¬ 
ists. They perpetrated great outrages at Birming¬ 
ham on July 15, 1839, and at Newport in Monmouth, 
on November 4 of the same year. Inspired by the 
proclamation of a republic in France early in 1848, 
they agreed to assemble on April 10 of that year 
to the number of 200,000 men, and march in proces¬ 
sion to Parliament, to present a petition alleged to 
be signed by six millions of persons. Under the 
direction of the first Duke of Wellington, the Bank of 
England, the Postofiice, and other public buildings 
were in consequence temporarily fortified, while 
troops supported by artillery held the bridges. 
About 200,000 civilians were sworn in as special con¬ 
stables, among them being Mr. W E Gladstone 
and Louis Napoleon, afterward the Emperor Napo¬ 
leon III. The petition was permitted to be deliv¬ 
ered, and was found to> have only two millions of 
signatures, many of them forged. The procession 
was forbidden, its suppression being facilitated by 
the suggestive fact that only about 20,000 had 
actually put in an appearance at the place of ren¬ 
dezvous. The rise of the Chartists was in large 
measure produced by distress, and with rising 
wages and cheapening food, the movement died 
away. Some of the most important points of the 
Charter, and notably household suffrage and vote 
by ballot, have been accepted by the legislature and 
are the law of the land. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





chartless 


834 


chasing-tools 


ghart’-less, a. [Eng. chart; 4ess.] 

1. Lit.: Without a chart or map by which to 
direct one’s course; not set down on charts. 

2. Fig. : Without a guide; wandering helplessly. 
ghart-og'-rg,ph-er, s. [Eng. chart; Gr. grapho 

=to write, draw.] One who draws up or constructs 
charts. 

1 ' Speculative chartographers across the Channel.”— 
London Daily Telegraph. 

ghart-6-graph -I-cgl, a. [Eng. chartograph(er); 
•iced.] Of or pertaining to chartography. 

“ It begins with an useful description of ahartographical 
methods.”— Sat. Review. 

ghart-og'-raph-y, s. [Cabtogeaphy.] The art 
or science of constructing charts. 

ghart'-o-man-gy, s. [Gr. chartes= a piece of 
paper, and manteia = prophecy.] Divination by 
writing on paper. 

ghart-om’-e-ter, s. [Eng. chart; Lat. charta, 
and Gr. metron=& measure.] An instrument for 
measuring distances on charts and maps. 

*ghar-t6ur, s. [Derived from the French char- 
trier.] A place for holding writings. 

ghar-treu§e, s. [Fr., a Carthusian monastery, 
esp. La Grande Chartreuse , the celebrated monas¬ 
tery near Grenoble.] A kind of liquor manufact¬ 
ured by the Carthusians, to whom alone the secret 
of its composition is known. 

ghar-trefix’ (x silent), s. [Fr.] [Caethtjsian.] 

A. Carthusian monk. 

“ K. Hen. What was that Hopkins? 

Surv. Sir, a Chartreux friar, 

His confessor . . .” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., i. 2. 

ghart'-u-lg.r-y, s. [Caetulaey.] 

“. . . Heming, the learned sub-prior of that monas¬ 
tery, who compiled a chartulary of its possessions and 
privileges.”— Warton: Hist, of Kiddington, p. 26. 

ghar'-jf, *ghar-igh, a. [A. S. cearig=bti± of care, 
sad, from cearu, caru= care.l [Caee.] 

*1. Full of sorrow or trouble; sad. 

“ Turrtle leadeth charigh lif.” 

Ormulum, 1,274. 

2. Wary, cautious, frugal, careful. 

“ The chariest maid is prodigal enough, 

If she unmask her beauty to the moon.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, i. 3. 

gha.8-g.-ble, *ghage'-g.-ble, a. [Eng. chas(e); 
>able.-\ Capable of or fit for being chased or hunted. 
“ Bestes which ben chaceable." — Gower, ii. 169. 
chas-bol, *ches-bol, *ches-bowe, *ches-bolle, 
8. [A corruption of Fr. ciboule; Ital. cipollo; Lat. 
cepula, dim. of cepa= an onion.] A poppy. 

“ Aid Tarquine gef nay ansuer to the messanger, bot 
tuike his staf, and syne past throcht his gardin, and 
quhar that he gat ony chasbollis that greu hie, he straik 
the heidis fra them vitht his staf, and did no thyng to 
the litil chasbollis.” — Compl. Scotland, p. 146. 

chase (1), *ghagen, *chasen, *chaci, v.t.&i. 

[Fr .chasser; O. Fr. cacier, chacier, cacher ; Sp. 
cazar; Port, cagar; Ital. cacciare, from Lat. captio, 
capto— to take, to catch. Chase is thus essentially 
the same word as catch (q. v.).] 

A. Transitive : 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. To pursue with a view to catching; to hunt. 

“ Tristrem on huntings ... An hert chaci bigan.” 

Tristrem, iii. 41. 

2. To drive away; to pursue after an enemy. 

“ The Comaynz chaced him out of the contree.” 

Maundeville, p. 37. 

*3. To put to flight. 

”... the sound of a shaken leaf shall chase them; 
and they shall flee, as fleeing from a sword . . .”— Lev. 
xxvi. 36. 

4. To follow fast after; to succeed. 

“To the pale-green sea-groves straight and high 
Chasing each other merrily.” 

Tennyson: Merman, 2. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To follow up or pursue a subject. 

“ Schortly this matiere forth to chace.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,217. 

*2. To follow after a thing as desirable; to strive 
after. 

3. To cause to depart or move forward; to drive. 
“ Thus chased by their brother’s endless malice from 

prince to prince, and from place to place. . .”— Knolles: 
History of the Turks. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. To hunt, to pursue with a view to catching. 

“ I chase with my houndis that be huntyng.” 

Reliquiae Antiques, i. 152. 


*2. To hurry, to hasten. 

“To a justes in Jerusalem He chaced awey faste.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 11,472. 

f3. To pursue, as after an enemy. 

“‘Horse! horse!’ the Douglas cried, ‘and chaser’” 
Scott: Marmion, vi. 15. 

ghase (2), v. t. [A contracted form of enchase 
(q. v.).] To enrich or beautify metals by ornament¬ 
ing them with figures or patterns in bas-relief; to 
emboss. 

ghase (1), *ghage, *ghas, s. & a. [Fr. chasse; 
O. Fr. chace; Sp. & Port, caza; Ital. caccia.~\ 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The act or custom of hunting wild animals. 

“ To make his hunting and his chace.” — Gower, i. 53. 

“The unwonted chase each nour employs. 

Yet shares he not the hunter’s joys.” 

Byron: The Giaour. 

(2) The act of pursuing after an enemy; pursuit. 

“The chas is left for thilke day.” 

Gower, i. 248. 

*(3) That which is hunted or pursued; the object 
of pursuit. 

“Rich. Nay, Warwick, single out some other chase; 

For I myself will hunt this wolf to death.” 

Skakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., ii. 4. 

(4) Fitness for hunting. 

“Frequent the forests, thy chaste will obey. 

And only make the beasts of chase my prey.” 

Dry den: Palamon and Arcite, iii. 246. 

2. Law: The act of acquiring possession of ani¬ 
mals ferae naturae, i. e., in a wild state, by force, 
cunning or address. The hunter acquires a right to 
such animals by possession, and they become his 
property. No one, however, has a right to enter on 
the lands of another for the purpose of hunting 
without the owner’s consent, or to molest game ani¬ 
mals during the close season. 

3. Figuratively : 

f(l) The act of pursuing eagerly after anything; 
an earnest effort after or pursuit of. 

“Yet this mad chase of fame, by few pursued, 

Has drawn destruction on the multitude.” 

Dryden: Juvenal. 

*(2) That which is sought eagerly after. 

II. Technically: 

1. An open hunting-ground or preserve for game, 
which is private property. It differs from a park in 
not being inclosed and in being of greater extent, 
and from a forest in being of less extent and en¬ 
dowed with fewer liberties. Every forest is a chase, 
but every chase is not a forest. (Eng.) 

“ The mere for his net, and the land for his game, 

The chase for the wild, and the park for the tame.” 

Scott: Rokeby, iii. 30. 

*2. A term at tennis, signifying the spot where a 
ball falls, beyond which a player has to drive his 
ball to gain a point or chase. 

“T. I have two chases. I. Sir, the last is no chase, but a 
loss. T. Sir, how is it a loss? I. Because you did strike 
it at the second bound.”— Woedrophe: French and English 
Grammar, p. 234 (1624). 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

chase-gun, s. 

Ord.: A gun mounted at the bow to fire at a ves¬ 
sel being chased. It is fired from a chase-port. 

chase-port, s. 

Naut.: A port-hole at the bow of a vessel, from 
which the chase-guns are fired. 

ghase (1), s. [A variant of case (q. v.).] 

1. Printing: A rectangular iron frame which 
receives the matter from a galley, and in which it 
is arranged in columns or pages, and locked up in 
order for printing. Rules (if necessary) and furni¬ 
ture for spacing the pages are placed between the 
pages, and all locked firmly in the chase by wedges 
called quoins. The furniture consists of slips of 
wood or metal, half an inch in thickness, and of 
any required length. Those at the head, foot, and 
side are called head-sticks, foot-sticks, side-sticks. 
Those between the pages are called gutters. Gut¬ 
enberg used screws to lock up his form in the chase. 
Quoins came later. 

2. Ordnance: The portion of a gun forward of the 
trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. In modem 
guns, the swell is suppressea, and the chase extends 
to the muzzle. 

3. Masonry: A groove cut in the face of a wall. 

4. Shipbuilding: A kind of joint by which an 
overlap-joint gradually becomes a flush-joint, as at 
the hooding-end of clinker-built boats. A gradually 
deepening rabbet is taken out of each edge at the 
lands, so that the projection of each strake beyond 
the next below it gradually diminishes, and they 
fit flush with each other into the rabbets of the 
stem and stern post. 


5. Engin., die.: A groove, trench, or passage of a 
given width and depth to fit an object which trav¬ 
erses or fits therein: as— 

(1) The chase or curved water-way, or breast in 
which a breast-wheel or scoop-wheel rotates. The 
sides of the chase fit as nearly as possible to the 
wheel, to prevent waste of water. 

(2) The trench made by spades or machines for 
the reception of drain-tile. (Knight.) 

chase-mortise, s. 

Carp.: A method of fixing the ends of a transverse 
piece of wood into two holes or mortises in two 
joists, beams or other timber unyieldingly fixed in 
position. One end of the transverse piece being 
mortised into the one fixed timber, the other end is 
partly rotated around this as a center till it be fitted 
into a long groove cut for it in the other beam. 
This is the method by which ceilings are mortised 
into bridging joists. 

ghased (1), *ghaged, pa. par. or a. [Chase! 
(!),*>.] T 

ghased (2),pa. par. or a. [Chase (2). v.] 
ghas-er (1), s. [Chase (1), v.; - er .] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

(1) One who chases, hunts, or pursues. 

“ A stranger to respect or fear. 

In peace a chaser of the deer.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, vi. 4. 

(2) A horse trained specially for hunting or 
steeple-chasing. [Steeple-chasee.] 

“ They will certainly have to do more at this meeting 
than the chasers.” — London Daily News. 

2. Naut.: A gun at the bow or stern of a ship, used 
for firing when in chase. 

ghas'-er (2), s. [Chase (2), v .] 

I. Ord. Lang.: One who practices the art of 
chasing. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mach.: A tool for cutting threads in the hand- 
lathe ; sometimes called a comb, from its having a 
row of projecting teeth. It is made of steel, and the 
teeth filed by hand or by a cutting hub. It is first 
forged in blank. The teeth are then filed or made 
by a hub (q. v.). The latter is a steel mandrel 
rotated on the centers of a lathe and having a sec¬ 
tion of screw-thread cut upon it. The thread is 
notched in places, so as to make cutting edges. 
Chasing by the graver may be merely engraving in 
lines, but is usually in the form of relief; parts of 
the metal being cut away, leaving protuberant por¬ 
tions of ornate form, and which are further beauti¬ 
fied by graver-lines, frosting, milling, &c. The 
sand-bag supports the work while being chased by 
the graver. (Knight .) 

2. Metal.: One of the edge-wheels which revolves 
in a trough, to grind substances to powder. [Chil¬ 
ian mill ; Moetae-mill ; Oil-mill.] Also used in 
grinding ore for puddling-furnaces, &c. (Knight.) 

ghas -er (3), s. [Perhaps from chase (1), v.] A 
ram that has only one testicle. 

*gha§’-I-ble, s. [Chasuble.] 

ghas-Ing (l),pr. par., a. & s. [Chase (1), i>.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of hunting or pursuing; 
chase. 

ghas'-Ing (2 ),pr. par., a. & s. [Chase (2), v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Of or pertaining to the art of a chaser. 
(See the compounds below.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act or art of a chaser. 

“ The art of chasing was much practiced among the 
Greeks.”— Knight. 

2. The pattern chased on any metal. 

“ You would not suppose that he referred to the dial- 
plate in front and the chasing of the case behind.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), ch. v., p. 100. 

chasing-chisel, s. A punch used in enchasing. 
The mallet by which it is driven is the chasing- 
hammer, and the operation is performed on a stake. 
[Chasee.] (Knight.) 

chasing-hammer, s. The mallet of the chaser 
in the operation of enchasing by embossing by 
punches. (Knight.) 

chasing-lathe, s. A screw-cutting lathe. So 
called from the name of the tool wherewith screws 
were cut by hand in the old form of lathe, be¬ 
fore the slide-rest and feed-screw were invented. 
(Knight.) 

chasing-tools, s. pi. Those used by the chaser 
in the operation of embossing by punches. The 
work is laid on a chasing-stake or cushion, and the 
punch struck by hammer or mallet. The chasing- 
tools are of various kinds, with flat, rounded faces 


fate, fat, fare, gmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, ciir, rfile, fill; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



chasm 


835 


chastity 


and curved edges, so as to follow a pattern. Other ghaste, *ghast, a. [O. Fr. chaste, caste; Sp., 
tools have faces ornamented with designs in cameo Port., & Ital. casto, from Lat. castus-chaste , prop- 
or intaglio, which are conferred upon the metal by erly the participle of candeo.] 

I. Of persons (mode of life, cfcc .): 


the action of the punch and hammer. {Knight.) 

Cha§m, s. [Lat. chasma, from Gr. chasma—a 
enlf, from chaino— to gape.] [Chasma.] 

1. Lit.: A deep opening in the earth; an abyss, a 
yawning gulf. 

“Round his gray head the wild curlew 
In many a fearless circle flew. 

O’er chasms he passed . . .” 

Scott: The Lord of the Isles, v. 6. 

2. Fig.: A gap, a void, an empty space. 

(а) In material things: 

“ Great numbers of recruits were sent to fill the chasms 
which pestilence had made in the English ranks.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

(б) In immaterial things: 

“ Such, whose supine felicity but makes 
In story chasms, in epochas mistakes.” 

Dryden: Astrcea Redux, 108. 

If For the distinction between chasm, breach, 
break, and gap, see Bkeach. 

Cha§'-ma, s. [The same as chasm (q. v.). Trench 
says it was long in the language before it became 
anglicized as chasm .] A chasm. 

“Observe how handsomely and naturally that hideous 
and unprofitable chasma betwixt the predictions in the 
eleventh chapter of Daniel and the twelfth is in this way 
filled up.”— More: Mystery of Iniquity, bk. ii., ch. 10, § 8. 

chas'-me, s. [Gr. chasma=a gaping.] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles of the family Scara- 
bseidse. 

cha§med (med as md), a. [Eng. chasm; -ed.] 
Full of chasms or gaps. 

“ Fast by yon chasmed hill that frowns, 

Cleft by an elemental shock.” 

Essays by a Society of Gentlemen at Exeter (1796), p. 542. 

Cha§-m6 -de§, s. [Gr. chasmddes= yawning, given 
to yawning; chaino=to yawn.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the family 
Biennia®. They resemble the Blenny, but have the 
head crested and more prolonged, the dorsal fin the 
whole length of the body, and united to the caudal. 
{Craig.) 

cha^mo'-dl-gi, s. [Gr. chasmodes—g aping, yawn- 

111 Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, belong¬ 
ing to the section Lamellicornes, and the sub-section 
Xylophili. Swainson ranks them with his Rutilinee 
or Metallic beetles. Chasmodia viridis is about an 
inch long, and of a deep blue-green, with the basal 


1. Pure from all unlawful sexual intercourse; 
virtuous. 

“When, as chaste Dian, here thou deign’st to rove.” 

Byron: Hours of Idleness ; Nisus and Euryalus. 

2. True to the marriage-bed. 

“To lede chast lyf and clene.” 

Life of Beket, 154. 

II. Of language: 

1. Pure, free from obscenity. 

“ Among words which signify the same principal ideas, 
some are clean and decent, others unclean; some chaste, 
others obscene.”— Watts: Logic. 

2. Free from any mixture of barbarous phrases; 
pure, uncorrupt; unaffected. 


ghaste’-ness, *ghast'-ness, s. [Eng. chas J 
-ness.] The quality of being chaste; chastii. 
purity, refinement. 

1. Of life, manners, <&c.: 

“ Stand not upon thy strength, though it surpass; 

Nor thy fore-proved chastness stand thou on. 

Sir J. Davies: Wit's Pilgrimage, q. 3. 

2. Of language: 

“He [Sacheverel] wrote without either chasteness ol 
style or liveliness of expression.”— Bishop Burnet: History 
of his own Time. 

ghast'-gn-ing, *ghaste-nfnge, pr.par.,a. &s. 

[Chasten, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ Some feel the rod, 

And own, like us, the father’s chastening hand.’ 

Rowe. 

C. As subst.: The act of chastising, correcting, or 


eloquence, ‘the Book “f^^mmon 8 Prly^’’’punishing; chastisement, correction, humiliation. 
Hist. Eng., ch. x. 


t! Chaste brethren and sisters: 

Ch. Hist. : An appellation given to themselves by 
the members of a sect which flourished in the 12th 
century, and was more generally known by the name 
of Apostolici (q. v.). 

chaste-eyed, a. Free from unchaste or lascivi¬ 
ous looks. 

“ The oak-crown’d sisters, and their chaste-ey'd queen.” 

Collins: Ode on the Passions. 

chaste-tree, s. 

Bot.: The same as Agnus Castus (q. v.). 

*ghaste, *ghast, *ghastie, *ghasty, v. t. [O. 

Fr. castier, chastier, Sp. & Port, castigai , Ital. ,,,, sayis tnair ue sum quuu ue» 
castigare; Lat . castigo, from ca«flts=chaste, pure, aeluis for the kingdome of heauen, quhairbie he declaris 


“ Beholde happie is the man whom God punisheth; 
therefore despise not thou the chastenynge of the 
Almighty.”— Job v. 17. {Rich.) 

*ghast-hed, s. [Mid. Eng. chast— chaste; hed- 
hood.] A state of chastity ; chasteness, virtue. 

“ For to don him chasthed forgeten.” 

Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,022. 

*ghas'-tie-ment, s. [Middle Eng. chastie = 
chastise; suff. -ment.] Chastisement, correction. 

“ Thurh swuch chastiement.”—Ancren Riwle, p. 72. 
ghas'-ti-fy, v. t. [Lat. castifico=to make chaste 
or pure : casfws=chaste ;facio (pass, fio) =to make.] 
To make chaste ; and/iff., to emasculate. 

“ He sayis thair be sum quha hes chastifeit thame 


joints of the an tenure pitchy red, and the club chaste;-ly.] 
black. It is found in Brazil. - T - - - 1 - - 

chas-mop-ter-us, s. [Gr. chasma=gap, pteron 

~ inform: A genus of beetles belonging to the 
family Scarabseidte. 

chafm-jf, a. [Eng. chasm; -y.] Full of chasms. 

{Carlyle.) 

*ghass ( 1 ), s. [Chess.] 

*chass (2), s. [Case.] Case, condition. 


and ago= to make.] [Chasten.] 

1. To make or keep chaste. 

“ Odyr wymmen by her to chaste.”—Octavian, 218. 

2. To chastise, to punish, to correct. 

“ Harlottez with his hendelayk he hoped to chast.” 

Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 860. 

*ghas'-ted, pa. par. or a. [Chast, v .] 

“ ‘ Ah, chasted bed of mine,’ said she.” 

Sidney: Arcadia, bk. ii., p. 160. 

♦ghaste'-ling, S. [Dimin. from chaste .] A 
eunuch. 

“It [Mat. xix.] entreateth of threo kinds of chaste - 
lings.” — Bacon: Contents of Matthew’s Gospel. {Trench: 
On some def. in our Eng. Diet., p. 20.) 

ghaste-ly, *ghast’-l?, *ghast-liche, adv. [Eng. 


of grape. 

ghass e-pot {t silent), s■ [French; from the 
name of the inventor.] The breech-loading center- 
fire needle-gun of the French service. It was 
designed as an improvement on the Prussian needle- 


In a chaste manner; virtuously, purely. 

“He ssel him loki chastliche”—Ayenbite , p. 225. 

“ You should not pass here; no, though it were as virtu¬ 
ous to lie as to live chastely — Shakesp.. Coriolanus , v. 2. 
2. Without violation of decent ceremony* 

“ Howsoe’er my cause goes, see my body 
(Upon my knees I ask it) buried chastely 

Beaumont <& Fletcher: Knight of Malta . 

ghas'-tgn, *ghas-tien, v. t. [O. Fr. castier, 

’ ' ’ ‘ Lat. 

pure, 


abao-131 « r French 1 A sort chastier; Sp. & Port, castigar; Ital. castigare; 
Qhasse las (pron. Silas ), • L •] cas££< 70 =tomakechasteorpure,fromcas£ws=i 

and ago—to make.] [Chaste, Chastise.] 

1. To correct with corporal punishment. 

“ Chasten thy son while there is hope, and let not thy 


soul spare for his crying.”— Proverbs xix. 18. 

2. To correct, subdue, or mortify the mind or 


that thay astrict tham seluis to perpetual continencie 
and chastitie.” —Nicol Burne, F. 65, b. 

9has-tI§’-A-ble, a. [Eng. chastis(e); -able.'] 
Capable or deserving of being chastised. 

ghas-ti§e', * 9 has-ty-zyn, *ghas-ty-sen, v. t. 
[Chasten.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To correct with corporal punishment. 

2. To correct, subdue, or mortify the mind, heart, 
or feelings. 

“ Ten years are spent, since first he undertook 
This cause of Rome, and chastised with arms 
Our enemies’ pride ...” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, i. 1. 

3. To reduce to order or obedience; to repress, to 
awe, to punish. 

“ Then with surprise, surprise chastis’d by fears, 

How art thou chang’d !’’ 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xvi., 1. 196-7. 

“ . . . the courts of justice were not strong enough, 
whatever might be their temper, to chastise such aggres¬ 
sions . . .”— Hallam: Constitutional History of Eng¬ 

land, ch. i. 

*11. Fig. : To abridge. 

“Both these rooms were chastised of their length 
toward the west, . . — Craufurd: Univ. Edin., p. 152. 

For the difference between to chasten and to 
chastise , see Chasten. 
ghas-tl§’ed, pa. par. & a. [Chastise, v.] 
ghas’-tl§e-ment, s. [Eng. chastise; -ment.\ 

1. The act of chastising or correcting. 

“ . . . for I Bpeak not with your children which have 
not known, and which have not seen the chastisement ol 
the Lord your God, . . .”— Deut. xi. 2. 

2. Correction, punishment, discipline. 

“ And for this, oh King! is sent 
On thee a double chastisement.” 

Byron: Siege and Conquest of Alhama. 
ghas-ti'-§er, s. [Eng. chastis{e); -er.] One who 
chastises, corrects, or punishes. 

“ They have grown in strength, and by their strength 


gun, to which it was opposed in the Franco-Prussian 2.1 
war of 1871. A paper cartridge is employed in the Heart. 

„ lm as originally constructed in 1867, but m 1869 M. “ But observation tends to chasten the emotions and 
Fhassenot atented an improved arrangement, to check those structural efforts of the intellect which 
embracing a cartridge-retractor for use with a cen- have emotion for their bas o.”-Tyndall: Frag, of Science 
tral-fire metallic cartridge ; the construction olthe (3d ed.), n. 31. 

gun is, however, essentially the same. {Knight,) 3 . To make pure or free from faults; to purity, to 
ghass'-efir, s. [Fr.=a hunter, from chasser^to expurgate. ^ between to chast 

*1 1 t,™ernrlmnbmaii and to chastise: “ Chasten has most regard to the 

’ 1 , f > • )A . goon end^chastise to the means; the former is an act of iuoj giuwu m u, 

“The daring Chasseur lost two of his best ^horses so the Deity, the latter a human action. God chastens now begin to despise their chastisers.’’—Sir E. Sandys. 
after, and never perfectly recovered . . - bcou: ine faitbful peop i e to cleanse them from their state of Religion. 

Chase . . ,, transgressions, parents chastise their children to chas-tl'-sing, *Qhas-tys-ynge, pr. par., a. & s, 

2. One of a select body of infantry in the French e * t the repetition of faults.” (Crabb: Eng. 9 v y y 6 > p c , 

service, designed for particularly light and rapid Synon _) 

“riTourier or outrider attendant upon persons of ghas’-t^ned, pa.par. or o. [Chasten, v.] 

rank and wealth, equipped with plume and sword 1. Lit.: Punished, chastised, corrected, 
fn militara style 2. Fig.: Softened down, subdued; formed or 

“ The great chasseur who had announced her arrival.” made according to the very strictest rules. _ 

. n ' I,llng - anVspIrkling^ as ^^ewefan^te' ^dTersity prese?ved rl Rs *ChaStyte, S. [O. Fr. chctsteit; Sp. castidad; Ital. 
ghas'sls (Fr. pron. sha-se ). s. [Fr.] charms from g the rare a’nd chastened beauty in which it castita ; from Lat. cas(i(o. 9 =chastity, from castus- 

1. Ordnance.- The base frame on which a barbette was mo a e led.”—G. J. Whyte Melville: The Gladiator, pure, clean.] . 

or caseinate gun is run in and out of battery. ch vii l. Of persons: Purity of body and mind; freedom 

2. Automobiles: The framework and mechanism or pWaat.-nSj. , rEn£r chasten; -er.] One who from unlawful sexual intercourse. 

' “SfM gVTt ch^teos, corrects, or puaishes. "«««>»>«■ 


[Chastise, v.] 

A. & B. As pr.par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of correcting or punishing; 
chastisement. 

ghas *chastete, *chastite, *chastetee. 


axles, springs, - - _ . ,. . . 

fact the entire machine with the exception of the body or 
light structure fitted with seats for passengers or canning 
space for merchandise. 


‘ And be alone on earth, as I am now, 

Before the Chastener humbly let me bow. . _ 
Byron: Childe Harold, u. 


‘ ’Tis chastity, my brother ; chastity : 

She that has that is clad in complete steel.” 

Milton: Comus. 


bdil boy- pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, |;ein; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph-£ 

1 ’ -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, del. 


-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, 






cliastliche 


836 


chatterer 


2. Of language: 

(1) Freedom from obscenity. 

“ There is not chastity enough in language, 

Without offense to utter them.” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado, iv. 1. 

(2) Purity; freedom from any intermixture of 
barbarous or affected expressions. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between chastity and 
continence: ‘ * These two terms are equally employed 
in relation to the pleasures of sense: both are vir¬ 
tues, but sufficiently distinct in their characteris¬ 
tics. Chastity prescribes rules for the indulgence 
of these pleasures ; continence altogether interdicts 
their use. Chastity extends its views to whatever 
may bear the smallest relation to the object which 
it proposes to regulate; it controls the thoughts, 
words, looks, attitudes, food, dress, company, and 
in short the whole mode of living: continence sim¬ 
ply confines itself to the privation of the pleasures 
themselves: it is possible, therefore, to be chaste 
without being continent , and continent without be¬ 
ing chaste. Chastity is suited to all times, ages, and 
conditions; continence belongs only to a state of 
celibacy.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

*ghast'-liche, adv. [Chastely.] 
ghas'-\i-ble, *ghes-i-bille, *ghes-u-ble, *ghes- 
i-ble, *ghes-i-pil, *ghes-y-pylle, s. [Fr. chasuble; 
Port, casule; Sp. casulla; M. H. Ger .kasugele; O. 
Fr. casule, from Low Lat. casula= a hooded gar¬ 
ment, diinin. of casa= a house, a cottage.] 

Eccles.: A vestment worn by a priest over his alb 
while celebrating mass. 

“ Chesypylle. (Chesible P.) Casula.” — Prompt. Parv. 
*gha§'-i,ile, s. [Chesil.] A chasuble. 

“ Plucking the chasule from Ms back.”— Fuller: Ch. 
Hist., iv., ii. 6. {Davies.) 

chat, v. i. & t. [A contracted form of chatter 

(q.v.).^ 

A. Intrans.: To talk easily and familiarly; to 
prattle, to gossip. 

“The outposts of the two armies chatted and messed 
together.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

*B. Trans.: To talk of. 

“Into a rapture lets her baby cry, 

While she chats him . . . ” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 1. 

Tf For the difference between to chat and to chat¬ 
ter, see Chatter. 

ghat (1), s. [Chat (1), v.] 

1. Easy familiar talk, gossip, prattle. 

“If you deny to dance, let’s hold more chat." 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 2. 

t2. The proper words to use; the state or facts of 
a case. (Slang.) 

“ That’s the chat, as I take it.”— Trollope: Orley Farm, 

ch. vi. 

3. That which chatters; a chattering bird. 

(1) As an independent word: (See the subjoined 
compound term.) 

H The yellow-breasted chat (Icteria viridis): A 
bird of the family Muscicapidee, and the sub-family 
Vireonin®. It is a familiar domestic species, about 
seven inches long, which scolds every one who 
intrudes upon its haunts. 

(2) In compos.: As the Stone-chat (Saxicola rubi- 
cola), the Whin-chat (S. rubetra). 

*chat-mate, s. A companion, one who chats or 
talks familiarly with another. 

“The toothlesse trotte her nurse . . . was her only 
chat-mate and chambermaide.”— Nashe: Lenten Stuff. 
(Davies.) 

ghat (2), *ghatt, s. & a. [Chit, s.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A twig, a small piece of brushwood or of a 
branch. 

2. Of the forms chat and chatt (pi.): Various 
fruits viz: 

(1) The keys of the ash-tree. 

(2) The fruit of the sycamore (Acer pseudoplat- 
anus). 

(3) The cones of the fir-tree. 

(4) The catkins of various trees. 

*3. A gallows. (Slang.) 

II. (PI.) Mining: The central portion or stratum 
of a mass of ore in the process of washing. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

chat-potatoes, s. pi. Small potatoes given as 
food to pigs. 

chat-roller, s. 

Mining: An ore-crushing machine, consisting of 
a pair of cast-iron rollers, for grinding roasted 
ore. 


*chat-cha-teil, s. [0. Fr. (?), from Fr. chat=a 
cat . . . the engine described below.] For defi¬ 
nition see example. 

“. . . and the basket-work covering (the vinea or 

testudo of the ancients, and the gattus or chatchateil of 
the middle ages) under which those who pushed the bat¬ 
tering-engines were protected from the enemy.”— Hallam: 
Europe during Middle Ages, ch. iii., pt. i. 

qha-teau (pron. shat-5), pi. chateaux (pron. 
shat'-o§), s. [Fr. chateau, from Lat. castellum. J 

1. A castle. 

2. A residence in the country. 

IT Chateaux in the air, or Chateaux en Espagne— 
Castles in the air. [Castle, II.] 

“ Dear architect of fine chateaux in air.” 

Cowper: To William Hazley, Esq., 1793. 

Chat -el-ain, chat-el-aine, s. [Fr. cli&telain .] 
An ornament worn by a lady at her waist, having 
short chains attached for a watch, keys, trinkets, 
&c. 

phat-el-et (et as a), s. [Fr. chatelet; O. Fr. 
chastelet, dim. of cliastel; Fr. chdteau=a castle.] 

1. Gen.: A little castle. 

2. Spec.: The common jail and city court-house 
in the city of Paris. 

*qhat'-el-lan-^, s. [Fr. chatellenie.] [Castel- 
lany.] The lordship or jurisdiction of a governor 
of a castle. 

“ Here are about twenty towns and forts of great im¬ 
portance, with their chatellanies and dependencies.”— 
Dryden. 

Qhat'-ham (h silent), s. & a. [A market-town 
and parliamentary borough situated on the Med¬ 
way in Kent, England.] 

A. As subst.: The town mentioned in the ety¬ 
mology. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to Chatham. 

chatham-chest, s. A fund for the support of 
disabled and superannuated British navy seamen. 
It was originally a voluntary contribution from the 
monthly wages of the acting seamen, but soon set¬ 
tled into a compulsory payment. It was first estab¬ 
lished in the reign of Elizabeth, and was removed 
to Greenwich in 1803. The monthly payment from 
the wages of the seamen was abolished, and the 
expense is now borne by the public purse. 

Chatham-light, s. A flash-light used for mili¬ 
tary purposes, obtained by blowing a mixture of 
powdered resin and magnesium through a spirit 
flame. 

ghat'-ham-Ite (h silent), s. [From Chatham, a 
town in Connecticut, where it is found, and suff. 
-ite (Min.).] 

Min.: A niccoliferous variety of smaltite. 
*gha'-ton, *chat'-ton, s. [Fr. chaton=“ The 
beazill, collet, head, or broadest part of a ring, &c., 
wherein the stone is set.” (Cot.)] 

“A peril sett; four small diamantis sett in ane pece. A 
chaton without a stane.”— Inventories, A. 1578, p. 265. 

Cha-toy'-ant (t silent), a. & s. [Fr. chatoyant, 
pr. par. of cliatoyer, from chat—a cat.] 

A. As adjective: 

Min.: Having a changeable, undulating luster or 
color, like that of a cat’s eye in the dark. (Dana.) 

B. As substantive : 

Min.: A hard stone, such as the cat's-eye (q. v.), 
which, when cut and polished, presents on its sur¬ 
face and in the interior, an undulating or wavy 
light. 

Cha-toy'-ment, s. [Fr. chatoiement, from cha- 
toyer .] 

Min.: The quality of being changeable or undu¬ 
lating in luster or color; changeableness of color. 

ghats, s. pi. [Chat (2), s.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Small potatoes used for feeding 
pigs. 

2. Min.: A term applied to the second stratum of 
a mass of ore; small heaps of ore. (Nuttall.) 

chat'-t<lh, s. [Hindust. chhdtd, chhdti, chhatr, 
chhatri, chatr — an umbrella.] An umbrella. 
(Anglo-Indian.) 

*ghat-ta-tion, s. [Eng. chat; -ation .] Chat, 
gossip. 

“Our chattation no disagreeable sauce.”— Mad. D’Ar- 
blay: Diary, vi. 219. 

ghat-ted, pa. par. [Chat, «.] 
ghat'-tel, *ghat-tle, *ghat-el, *cat-al, 
♦cat -el, s. [Essentially the same word as cattle, 
but much more modern than it.] [Cattle.] 

I. Literally: 

fl. Sing.: Property, money. 

“ Sum womman which kadde spendid al Mr cat el into 
lecMs.”— Wycliffe: Luke viii. 43. 


2. PI.: Any kind of movable property. 

“ Look to my chattels and my movables.” 

Shakesp. : Hen. V., ii. 8. 

II. Fig.: Any appliance or appurtenance. 

“ Thus compass’d about with the goods 
And chattels of leisure and ease.” 

Cowper: On Gratitude. 

TT (1) Chattels are either real or personal: the 
former being such as pertain not to the person 
immediately, but to something by way of a depend¬ 
ency ; the latter pertaining immediately to the 
person of a man. 

(2) For the difference between chattels and goods, 
see Goods. 

chattel-interests, s.pl. 

Law: Anon-freehold. Anything held by a ten¬ 
ure which is not that of freehold property. They 
are of five kinds : (1) An estate for years ; (2) One 
from year to year; (3) One at will; (4) One by 
elegit, and (5) One by sufferance. ( Wharton.) 

chattel-mortgage, s. 

Law: A conveyance of chattels as a pledge for 
the payment of a debt. The particular branch of 
the money lender’s trade dealing with such instru¬ 
ments has become so extensive that in most states 
special laws to regulate it have been enacted. 

ghat'-ter, *ghateren, *gheateren, *ghiter, 
*ghateryn, *ghatre, v. i. & t. [An onomatopoeic 
word. Cf. Dut. Tcivelteren—to warble, to chatter; 
Dan. koiddre=to chirp; Sw. koittra.] [Chat.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To make an inharmonious noise like a magpie, 
jay, starling, &c. 

“ Chateryn. Garrio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“The stare wyl chatre.” — Lydgate: Minor Poems, p. 150. 

Z. To make a noise by the collision of the teeth. 
“ That evermore Ms teeth they chatter, 

Chatter, chatter, chatter still!” 

Wordsworth: Goody Blake and Harry Gill. 

3. To talk idly and thoughtlessly; to jabber, to 
prattle. 

“ She dances, runs without an aim, 

She chatters in her ecstasy.” 

Wordsworth: Mother’s Return. 

tB. Trans.: To utter as one who chatters. 

“ Your birds of knowledge, that in dusky air 

Chatter futurity.” Dryden. 

V Crabb thus distinguishes between to babble, to 
chatter, to chat, to prattle, and to prate: “All 
these terms mark a superfluous or improper use of 
speech: babble and chatter are onomatopoeias 
drawn from the noise or action of speaking; bab¬ 
bling denotes rapidity of speech which renders it 
unintelligible ; hence the term is applied to all who 
make use of many words to no purpose; chatter is 
an imitation of the noise of speech, properly applied 
to magpies, or parrots, and figuratively to a corre¬ 
sponding vicious mode of speech in human beings; 
the vice of babbling is most commonly attached to 
men,, that of chattering to women . . . Chatter¬ 
ing is harmless if not respectable. . . . Chat¬ 
tering is the practice of adults; prattling and 
prating, that of children, the one innocently, the 
other impertinently.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

ghat'-ter, s. [Chatter, v .] 

1. An inharmonious noise like that of a magpie, 
monkey, &c. 

“ And wit h much twitter and much chatter 
Began to agitate the matter.” 

Cowper: Pairing-time Anticipated. 

2. The noise occasioned by collision of the teeth- 

3. Idle, thoughtless talk. . 

“ Your words are but idle and empty chatter; 

Ideas are eternally joined to matter!” 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend, vi. 

Chatter-basket, s. A child’s rattle. 

chatter-box, s. An incessant talker; one who 
talks idly and thoughtlessly. 

Chatter-pie, s. The magpie. 

*ghat-ter-a-tion, s. [Eng. chatter; suff. -ation.] 
(Colloquial.) 

1. The act of chattering; idle, thoughtless talk, 
( Wilberforce.) 

2. An inclination to or habit of chattering. 

ghat'-tered, pret. & pa. par. ofv. [Chatter, v.] 

ghat'-ter-er, s. [Eng. chatter; -er.) 

I. Ord. Lang.: One who chatters; an idle, empty 
talker. 

II. Ornithology: 

1. The English name for the birds ranked under 
Bombycilla or Ampelis. Ampelis or Bombycilla 
garrula is the Bohemian Chatterer. [Ampelis.] 

“ A very beautiful bird . . . known by the name of 
Chatterer." — Cook: Voyage, vol. i., bk. iv., ch. 11. 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, s 6 n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr?, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



chatterestre 837 

?'• ^he name of the whole family Ampelidee, to chauve (pron. shov), a. [Haave, a.] 

tvrhcal subdamilv' Anmfdfrfm an<l specially to tho 1. A term denoting that color in black cattle when 
typical sub family Ampelin®. whit0 hair is pretty equally mixed with black hair. 

*$nat-ter-es-tre, *9liat-er-es-tre, s. [ Eng. 2. Also applied to a swarthy person when pale. 

tererf 7 "’ Mld "’ Eng ’ fem " SUff ‘’ 6S<re ‘^ A female chat- ghau'-vln-i§m (au as o), s. [Fr., from Nicolas 

„ a . Chauvin, a brave soldier of the French Republic 

bite nu 8tille, chaterestre. an d of the First Empire. His name became a syno- 

„ „ Owl and Light., 555. nym for a passionate admirer of Napoleon, and the 

*9hat -ter-ing, *ghat'-er-ihg, pr. par., a. & s. word Chauvinism was formed to signify the almost 
[Chatter, v.) idolatrous respect entertained by many for the First 

! A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: In senses Emperor, and generally any feeling of exaggerated 

corresoonding to those of the verb. devotion, especially of patriotism. A vaudeville, 

I r% 7 , , m, , _ La Coquctrde Tricolore^ in which there was a char- 

C. As subst.: The act or habit of talking idly and acter named Chauvin, with a song that became 

thoughtlessly; chatter. immensely popular, fixed the word in the French 

“ The ape and monkey such a chattering keep.” language.] Exaggeratedpatriotism, jingoism (q.v.). 

Drayton: Noah’s Flood * C havel, *chaule, *chefle, V. i. [Chayel, S.] To 
§nat ter ist, s. [Eng. chatter ,* -is£.] A chat- use the jaw much in talking; to chatter. ( Stapyl - 
ter or.^ ton: Juvenal, x. 231.) 

* 9 hat'-ter-y, s. [Eng. chatter; -y.) Chat, gossip, *chavel, *chavyl, *chaul, *chawl, *choul, 
light conversation. *chol, *cheafle, *chevel, *chel, s. [A. S. ceafl; 

Qhat'-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Chat, v.] Ger. bevel.) [Jowl.J A jaw. (Ywaine & Gawaine, 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the , . . . , . . , . 

verb.) *chavel-bone, *chavyl-bone, chawl-bone, s. 

0. As subst.: The act of talking lightly and famil- A , ,, T „ 

iarly * chat. With this chavyUoone I seal sle the. — Covent . Myst., 

♦chat-ton, s. [From Fr. chaton —a catkin.] The „ ,,, „ „ rr ,r T .-,, T , T i 

inflorescence of various species of Salix or Willow. Chattering talk. ’ 

7 hole flOWer iS Called 3 chatton ’ “ Mid ‘charting and mid chatere.” 

kitekin, or catteken. -Lute. _ . y 0 wl and Nightingale, 283. 

9hat -ty, a. [Eng. chat; -y.) Given to light talk; phave'-ling (2), shave’-lin, s. [Flem. schave- 
taikative. lingua, plane ; pi. schavelingen= shavings.] A tool, 

$hat-tjf, s. [An East Indian word, perhaps from especially employed by Cartwrights and coach- 
Tamil.] A porous earthen water-pot, used in India makers, for smoothing hollow or circular wood; a 
in refrigerating. spokeshave. 

Chat -WQOd, s. [Eng. chat (2), s., and wood.) J‘ F ° r . the wrangusa; takin of his swerdis, * striking 
n j » ’ . • , . ' ’ ’ J tharof m an chavelmg. — Aberd. Reg., A. D. 1548, v. 20. 

bmall wood for burning; twigs. w _ w 

(Jhau’-9er-I§m, s. [From the name of Chaucer, §hav -en-der, 9 hev-cn, s. [Cheven.] 
the first great English poet, born in London in the Ichthy.: The same as the Chub (q. v.). 

year 1328, and where it is supposed he also died in “ These are a choice bait for the chub, or chavender, or 

the year 1400. His best-known work is the “ Canter- indeed any great fish.”— Walton: Angler. 
bury Tales” written about 1374; and suff. -ism.) A Qbav-I-ca, s. [A South Sea Island word.] 
phrase or idiom used in Chaucer. l, , . z, , i -r.- 

tt rm- ~ , ,, ,, , Box.: A genus of plants, order Piperacese (Fepper- 

‘T he many Chaucensms used . . . are thought by worts ), and family Piperid®. Chavica chaba, pepu- 
tlm ignorant to be blemishes. —Fuller: Worthies, London, and sylvatica are used in India as substitutes 

' . . , - , , , for black pepper. So also is C. oflicmarum in trop- 

Chaud-mel-le (chaud as shod), s. [Fr. chaude, ical America. The female spikes of C. roxburghii, 
fem. of chaud — hot, mel6e (from O. Fr. mesl6e) — a when dried, constitute the long pepper of commerce, 
fray.] [Chance-medley.] The bark of C. majuscula is a rubefacient. The 

Law: Killing a person m an affray, without pre- leaves of C. betle and siriboa are chewed by the 
meditation, and m the heat of passion. Malays with lime and slices of the nut of Areca 

* 9 haud-pee 9 e, s. [Fr. chaudpisse.) Gonorrhea, oleracea (the Penang palm). 

9 hauf -fer, s. [Fr. chauffoir = a stove, from t9ha'W, v. t. & i. [Essentially the same as chew 
chauffer=toheat.') A small table-furnace. It may (q.v.).] 
be of iron or of a black-lead crucible, fitted with Transitive: 

air-holes and a grate j, Tit.: To chew roughly; to champ. 

A 7 ^^S^pri e 'uviAmnhilist r a reman or s o er ‘] “ The trampling steed, with gold and purple trapped, 
An expert automobihst. Chawing the foaming bit, there fiercely stood.” 

Qhau-mon-telle’ (ghau as sho), S. [Fr.] A Lord Surrey. 

variety of pear. u - * ^ratwely: 

♦chaun, «. i. [A. S. geonian; Eng. yawn. Cf. L To meditate over; to ruminate. 

Gr. chaino—to yawn ; O. H. Ger. ginon; Ger. gahnen.) “ retourning ’ fra^ht with fowls despight 

To open, to yawn. . And chawing vengeaunce iy _ 29 _ 

ghaun -ter, s. [Chanter.] 2 . To fret; to gnaw, to wear away. 

Music: The highest part, of the bagpipe from •• I am God Tybris, wattry hewit and haw, 
which the chant or melody is produced as opposed Quhilk, as thou seis, with mony iawp and iaw 

to the drones, which can speak only to a single Bettis thir brayis, chawing the bankis doun.” 

note. {Grove: Diet, of Music.) Doug.: Virgil, 241, 60. 

Chaus, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A species of cat 3. To provoke; to vex. 

{Felis chaus) round in Africa. 1[ To chaw one's own maw: To chew the cud, to 

ghaus-se (pron. sh5 -sa), s. [Fr. chauss6={lit.) ruminate, to meditate, 
shod.] But inwardly he chawed his owne maw 

1. Her.: In blazonry de- At neighbors’ welth, that made him ever sad.” 

notes a section in base: the /'\Spenser: F. Q., I. iv. 30. 
line by which it is formed |B. Intrans.: To chew roughly or loudly, to champ, 

proceeding from the ex- chaw-bacon, s. A boor, a rustic, 

tremity of the base, ana I" " 11 "c i 1 I . .. , 

ascending to the side of the I I chaw-stick, s. 

escutcheon, which it meets I I Dot.: A plant, Gouania domingensis. 

ab 2? For h t?; f The P level of the \ 1 ♦chaw-tooth, s. A grinder. 

field, the plain ground. V 1 * 9 haw, s. [Dan. kiceve; Scand. fca/=the jaw.] 

Chau-tau’-qua, s. [From [Chaw, v. Chap, s.] The chap, the under-jaw of 

a county in West New York, NT an animal. 

noted for its beautiful lake, ”... his chawes also readie for weakenesse to hang 

which is one of the most ele- t hausse. or hill, to be composed and set straight.”— Holland: Sue- 

vated sheets of navigable . tonius, p. 84. 

noted schooYi^NewYoJk 1 A® this 6 felfghtftil su°r£ * 5 Mw dr6n, * 5 haW-dr6n , [CL Ger kal- 

mer resort a popular seat of learning has been dawnen=guts, bowels; Wei. coluddyn -a gut, dim. 
established. Lectures are delivered all through the of coludd= bowelsi; Low Lat. calMwa-an intestine.] 
summer months by the most eminent divines, [Chaldron.] Intestines, entrails, 
scientists, and scholars in the country. The Chau- “Add thereto a tyger’s chawdron, 

tauquan Literary Circles have become a great For the ingredients ' d ^eth iv. 1. 

educational agency. _____ ' J " _'_ 

bdil boy- pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia’n, -t’ian = shan- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, 


cheapener 


9hawt, a. [? Chawed.] Intoxicated. (Scotch.) 

“ He was sae chawt.” 

Whistle Binkie (Scotch Songs), ii. 123. 

Chay (1), s. [Sp. chaya .] 

Comm.: The root of the plant Oldenlandia umbel- 
lata , used for giving the beautiful red color of the 
Madras cottons. It grows on the Coromandel coast 
in India. 


chay (2), s. 
of chaise. 


[Chaise.] A vulgar pronunciation 


“There’s Mr. Sneak keeps my sister a chay.” — Foote: 
Mayor of Garratt, i. 1. 

chaya-root, choy-root, shaya-root, s. [The 

same as Chay (1), s.] 

f9hea'-dle, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A euphorbi- 
aceous plant, Mercurialis perennis, the Dog’s Mer¬ 
cury. 

cheadle-dock, s. The Ragwort, Senecio Jacobcea » 

9heap, *9hep, *9hepe, *9heep, s., a. & adv. 
[A. S. ceap= price, ceapian— to cheapen, to buy; 
Dut. koop= a bargain; Icel. kaup =a bargain, 
kaupa= to buy; Sw. kbp—a bargain ; kbpa—to buy ; 
Dan. kibb, kibbe; Goth. kaupon=to traffic; O. H. 
Ger. coufou; M. H. Ger. koufen; Ger. kaufen=to 
buy, kauf= a purchase. The word was originally a 
substantive, and was never used as an adjective in 
the earlier periods. ( Skeat.) ] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A price, value. 

“Hire cheap wes the wrse.”— Layamon, i. 17. 

“ Chep. Precium.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*2. A market. In this sense the word survives in 
many local names, as Eastcheap, Cheapside. 

IF It is generally found in the compound phrases 
— Good cheap (an irritation of the French bon 
march£)=great plenty, very cheap; better cheap, 
great cheap , dirt-cheap. The phrase dog-cheap= 
good cheap, the former word being catachrestically 
transposed. 

“Tricolorinus maketh the corn good chepe orders.”— 
Gower, ii. 168. 

“To gret chep is holden at litel pris.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,104. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Possible to be had or purchased at a low price. 

“ Where there are a great many sellers to a few buyers, 

there the thing to be sold will be cheap.” — Locke. 

2. Of little value; common, worthless. 

“ . . . human life was held almost as cheap as in the 
worst governed provinces of Italy, . . .”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

IF To be cheap of it: To deserve all that one has 
received of affront or punishment. 

C. As adv.: Cheaply; at a low rate or price; 
easily. 

”... winning cheap the high repute, 

Which he through hazard huge must earn.” 

Milton: P. L., bk. ii. 

cheap-jack, cheap-john, s. A traveling hawker, 
a vender of cheap or worthless articles. 

“ A sort of political cheap-jack.” — G. Eliot: Middle, 
march, ch. vi. 

*9h<5ap, *9hepe, *9heape, v. [Cheap, s., Cheap, 
en, v.] To bargain for, to buy. 

“ I cheape, I demaunde the price of a thyng that I wolde 
bye.”— Palsgrave. 

9heap -cn, *9hep-en, *9hep-ien, *9hep-yn, v.t. 

[A. S. ceapian— to buy, to traffic.] [Cheap.] 

*1. To bid or bargain for anything ; to- try to buy. 

2. To beat down the price or value; to depreciate 
(lit. &fig.). 

“ Each female eye the glittering links employ. 

They turn, review, and cheapen, every toy.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xv., 1. 497-8. 

IF Crabb thus distinguishes between to buy, to 
purchase , to bargain, and to cheapen: “ Buy and 
purchase have a strong resemblance to each other. 
Doth in sense and application, but the latter is a 
term of more refinement than the former. . . . 
Buying implies simply the exchange of one’s money 
for a commodity; bargaining and cheapening have 
likewise respect to the price; to bargain is to make 
a specific agreement as to the price; to cheapen is 
not only to lower the price asked, but to deal in 
such things as are cheap.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

9heap -ened, *9heap'-ned, pa. par. & a. 
[Cheapen, r.] 

9heap'-en-er, *9heap'-ner, s. [Eng. cheapen; 
-er.) One who bargains for or higgles about the 
price of anything; one who depreciates. 

“ . . . when she cannot shew pecuniary merit, why 
should she think her cheapener obliged to purchase?”— 
Johnson: Rambler, No. 75. (Rich.) 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = fc 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$l. 










check 


cheapening 


838 


gheap -en-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cheapen, «.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (Seethe 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of beating down the price 
or value of anything; bargaining, higgling. 

“. . . it is only after a long series of cheapenings 
that a purchase can be effected.”— Brydone: Tour in Sicily 
and Malta. 


♦gheap-er, fghep-er, s. [Eng. cheap; -er.] A 
dealer, a seller. 

“So many chepers, so few biers.”— Skelton: Manner of 
the World, 105. 

♦gheap-fare, *chef-fare, s. [Chaffee.] 

“ The vifte manere is ine cheapfare.’’ — Ayeifbite, p. 36. 

♦gheap -liig, *ghep-ing, *ghep-ynge, s. [A. S. 

ceapung =business, trade, traffic, commerce.] 

1. The act of bargaining or buying. 

“ Chepynge or barganynge. Licitacio, stipulacio .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

2. A market. 

“At chireche and at chepyng." — Old Eng. Miscell. (eft. 
Morris), p. 189. 

♦cheaping-booth, *chepinngbothe, s. A stall 
or booth in a market. ( Ormulum , 15,572.) 

♦cheaping-town, *chepeing toun, s. 4 market- 
town. (Amis & Amiloun, 1700.) 

gheap’-ly, adv. [Eng. cheap; -ly.] At a low 
price or rate; with little expenditure. 

“ By this I see 

So great a day as this is cheaply bought.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 7. 

gheap-ness, s. [Eng. cheap; -ness.] Lowness 
of price. 

“Ancient statutes incite merchant-strangers to bring 
in commodities, having for end cheapness.” — Bacon. 

♦ghear, s. [Cheek.] 

gheat, *ghete, *gheten, *ghetyn, v. t. & i. 

[Cheat, s.] , 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To confiscate. 

“ Chetyn. Conflscor, flsco.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. To defraud, to deceive, to impose upon. 

“There are people who find that the most effectual way 
to cheat the people is always to pretend to infallible 
cures.”— Tillotson. 

1] With of before the thing of which one is de¬ 
frauded. 

“We are merely cheated of our lives by drunkards.” 

Shakesp.: The Tempest, i. 1. 

|3. To beguile. 

“ She comes ! ’tis but a passing sight, 

Yet serves to cheat his weary night.” 

Scott: Rokeby, i. 29. 

To cheat the gallows: To prevent the due execu¬ 
tion of the law in the case of a person sentenced to 
be hanged, as by the suicide of the convict; to escape 
punishment in a case meriting the death penalty. 

“The greatest thief that ever cheated the gallows.” — 
Dickens. 


B. Intrans.: To defraud, to act as a cheat. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between to cheat, to 
defraud, and to trick: “The idea of deception 
which is common to these terms, varies in degree 
and circumstance. One cheats by a gross falsehood; 
one defrauds by a settled plan; one tricks by a sud¬ 
den invention.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 


gheat ( 1 ), *ghete, s. 

(q. v.).] 

*1. An escheat. 


[A contraction of escheat 


“Chete for the lorde. Caducum, confiscarium, fisca .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“The kynge seide ... I lese many chetes.” — P. 
Plowman, iv. 175 (ed. Skeat). 

2. A fraud, a deception, a trick, an act of impo¬ 
sition. 


“ Empiric politicians use deceit, 

Hide what they give, and cure but by a cheat.” 

Dryden: To Clarendon, 68. 

3. One who cheats; a trickster, a swindler. 

“Like that notorious cheat, vast sums I give, 

Only that you may keep me while I live.”— Dryden. 
♦gheat (2),s. [Chat (2),s.] The gallows. (Slang.) 
“To the cheat, for thither will you go now.”— Fielding: 
Jonathan Wild, bk. iv., ch. 2. 

♦gheat (3), s. [From Norman Fr. chet6; Fr. 
ackef<5=purchased, bought. (Mahn.)] Wheat, or 
bread made from it. [Chess.] 

♦cheat-bread, s. A kind of bread made of the 
finest wheat; but, according to some, bread of the 
second quality. 

“Without French wines, cheat-bread, or quails.” 

Com. of Eastward Hoe. 


cheat (4), s. [Chess (2), s.] 

dot.: An American name for Darnel, or for Bro- 
mus secalinus. Also called chess (q. v.). 

cheat (5), pi. cheats, s. [Chit.] The sweet¬ 
bread. 

tgheat'-a-ble, a. [Eng. cheat; - able .] Liable 
to be cheated; capable of being defrauded. 

gheat-g,-ble-ness, s. [Eng. cheatable; -ness.] 
The quality of being cheatable; capability of being 
cheated. 

“Not faith, but folly, an easy cheatableness of heart 
. . . ”— Hammond: Works, iv. 554. 

gheat'-ed, pa. par. or a. [Cheat, v.] 
♦gheat'-ee, s. [Eng. cheat; -ee.] One who is 
cheated, a dupe. 

“ No dwellers are but cheaters and cheateez.” — Albu- 
mazar, i. 1. 

gheat-er (1), s. [Eng. cheat; -er.] One who 
cheats or defrauds. 

“ I play’d the cheater for thy father’s hand.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, v. 1. 

gheat'-er (2), s. [A contraction of escheator 
(q. v.).] 

“ Fal. He’s no swaggerer, hostess; a tame cheater, he.” 
— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., ii. 4. 

*gheat'-er-^, *gheat-rie, *gheat-ry, s. & a. 
[Eng. cheater; suff. -y.] 

A. As subst.: The act or habit of cheating or 
defrauding. 

“ In every science there is some cheatry.” 

Satchels: Hist. Name of Scot., p. 39. 

B. As adj.: Cheating, fraudulent. 

“ . . . warrants and poindings and apprizings, and 
a’ that cheatry craft.”— Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxv. 

gheat-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cheat, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) * 

C. As subst.: The act of defrauding or imposing 
upon. 

gheat -lng-ly, adv. [Eng . cheating; -ly.] In a 
cheating manner, fraudulently. 

ghe-bac-co, che-bec, s. & a. [From Chebacco, 
the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts, 
where such vessels were built.] 

chebacco-boat, s. 

Naut.: A peculiar kind of boat used in the New¬ 
foundland fisheries; also given the name of pink- 
stern (q. v.). 
che-beck', s. 

Zoblogy: An American bird (Empidonax min¬ 
imus), so called from its note. It is the smallest 
of the American fly-catchers. 

gheck, *ghecke, v. t. & i. [Check, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To put a sudden restraint on ; to cause to stop. 

2. To restrain, so as to allow to move or progress 
less rapidly. 

3. To repress, to curb, to restrain. 

4. To reprove, to chide. 

5. To go through and place marks against names 
or items in a list, account, &c. 

6. To ascertain or insure the correctness or 
authenticity of anything by comparing it with 
others. 

“ . . . but we have scanty means of checking and con¬ 
fronting it with other accounts.”— Lewis: Cred. Early 
Roman Hist. (1855), ch. xiii., pt. 1, § 2, vol. ii., p. 363. 

II. Technically: 

fl. Chess : To make a move by which any one of the 
adversary’s pieces, but especially the king, is put in 
check. 

“ Remove, confine, check, leave, or take, 

Dispose, depose, undo, or make, 

Pawn, rook, knight, queen, or king.”— Wither. 

2. Bookkeeping, &c.: To compare with an original 
or counterpart in order to secure accuracy and cor¬ 
rectness. 

3. Nautical: 

(1) To check a brace: To slacken or ease off a 
brace which is found to be too stiffly extended, or 
when the wind is drawing aft. 

(2) To check a cable: To stopper it. 

(3) To check a bowline: To slacken it when the 
wind becomes large or free. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. To make a stop or pause (followed by at). 

“The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, 
either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any 
vigorous undertaking ever after.”— Locke. 


*2. To clash, to interfere. 

“If love check with business, it troubleth men’s for¬ 
tunes.” — Bacon. 

*3. To cause a feeling of restraint or repression; 
to act as a restraint. 

“ I’ll avoid his presence ; 

It checks too strong upon me.”— Dryden. 

II. Falconry: To stop, to hover over the game; 
to change the game while in pursuit, especially for 
an inferior kind. 

“. . . like the haggard, check at every feather 

That comes before his eye.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 1. 

IT (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between to check, 
to curb, and to control: “To check is to throw 
obstacles in the way to impede the course ; to curb 
is to bear down by the direct exercise of force, to pre¬ 
vent from action; to control is to direct and turn 
the course: the actions of men are checked; their 
feelings are curbed; their actions or feelings are 
controlled. External means are employed in check¬ 
ing or controlling; external or internal means are 
employed in curbing; men check and control others ; 
they curb themselves or others ; young people ought 
always to be checked whenever they discover a too 
forward temper in the presence of their superiors or 
elders; it is necessary to curb those who are of an 
impetuous temper, and to keep youth under control, 
unless they have within themselves the restrictive 
power of judgment to curb their passions and con¬ 
trol their inordinate appetites.” 

(2) He thus discriminates between to check, to 
chide, to reprimand, to reprove, and to rebuke: 
“ The idea of expressing one’s disapprobation of a 
person’s conduct is common to all these terms. A 
person is checked that he may not continue to do 
what is offensive; he is chidden for what he has 
done that he may not repeat it; impertinent and 
forward people require to be checked, that they may 
not become intolerable; thoughtless people are 
chidden when they give hurtful proofs of their care¬ 
lessness. People are checked by actions and looks 
as well as by words; they are chidden by words 
only: a timid person is easily checked ... the 
young are perpetually falling into irregularities 
which require to be chidden. To chide marks a 
stronger degree of displeasure than reprimand, and 
reprimand than reprove or rebuke . . . Chiding 
and reprimanding are employed for offenses against 
the individual, and in cases where the greatest dis¬ 
parity exists in the station of the parties: a child is 
chid by his parent; a servant is reprimanded by his 
master. Reproving and rebuking have less to do 
with the relation or station of the parties than with 
the nature of the offense ; wisdom, age, and experi¬ 
ence or a spiritual mission give authority to reprove 
or rebuke those whose conduct has violated any law 
human or divine 

(3) The difference between to check and to stop is 
thus stated: “To check is to cause to move slowly ; 
to stop is to cause not to move at all: the growth of 
a plant is checked when it does not grow so fast as 
usual; its growth is stopped when it ceases alto- 

f ether to grow : the water of a river is stopped by a 
am; the rapidity of its course is checked by the 
intervention of rocks and sands. When applied to 
persons, to check is always contrary to the will of 
the sufferer; but to stop is often a matter of indif¬ 
ference, if not directly serviceable: one is checked 
in his career of success by some untoward event; 
one is stopped on a journey by the meeting of a 
friend.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

gheck, *ghek, gheque, *ghecque, s. & a. [O. Fr. 
eschec— a check at chess, from Pers. s7wfk=king.] 
[Checkmate, Chess.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In the same sense as II. 1. 

2. The act of suddenly stopping anything in its 
course. 

3. That which causes anything to stop. 

4. The act of restraining, curbing, or repressing; 
restraint, repression. 

5. That which restrains, curbs, or represses. 

6. A reproof, a slight, a rebuke or rebuff. 

*7. A dislike, a sudden disgust, causing one to 
suddenly pause in the pursuit of anything. 

“ Say I should wed her, would not my wise subjects 
Take check, and think it strange? perhaps revolt?” 

Dryden: Don Sebastian, ii. L 

8. A stop, an interruption. 

9. Anything by comparison with which the cor¬ 
rectness or authenticity of a document, statement, 
&c., maybe ascertained (generally with on or upon). 

10. A pass, consisting of either a ticket or a piece 
of metal, duly stamped, entitling a person who 
wishes to leave a theater or other place of amuse¬ 
ment for a time to return without having to pay 
again. 

II. Technically : 

1. Chess: The result of a movement by which the 
adversary’s king is placed in such a position that if 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, -what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




839 


the check-string.” — Coleman: Man of Business, iii. 

check-taker, s. A person whose duty it is to 
give out and receive checks or passes in a theater, 
[Check, s., 1.10.] 

[For cheek-tooth (q.v.).] A 


check-action 

it were any other piece it could be taken. [Check- 
MATE.J 1 he king is, in such cases, said to be in 
check, and notice of the effect of the move is given 
by calling out Check! 

, Banking (of the forms f check, cheque, *checque): 

A draft, an order for the payment of money drawn 
on a banker and payable at sight. 

3 . Fabric: A pattern produced by crossing stripes 
m the warp and the weft. The stripes may be of 
v a rying c ° 1 ors, or varying thickness, or both. 

4. An East-Indian screen or sun-shade made of 
narrow strips of bamboo, four to six feet long, with 

dX n s e of 1 apartments Ild hU “ g bef ° re d °° rS ° r win " check-valve, s. A valve __ 

5. A card, plate, or tag in duplicate, used to idem the feed-wale/ 116 b ° Uer ’ t0 the r6tUm ° f 

tify articles placed promiscuously with others. w 

. ghecked, pa. par. or a. [Check, v.] 

1. Stopped, restrained, repressed. 

2. Formed in chequer-patterns. 

“Under her well-starched checked turban.”— Stowe: 
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, ch. iv. 

tgheck’-er, tghequ-er (qu as k) , v. t. [Check, r.] 
I. Literally: 

1. To variegate, diversify, or ornament with a 


checkspail 


check-string, s. A cord by which the occupant checkering-file, s. A compound file, consisting 
of a carriage signals the driver. of two files riveted together, and whose edges pro- 

“Driving at such a rate that . . . it was time to pull ject unequally, so thatone acts as a spacer in check- 


&c. 

*check-tooth, 

grinder. 

“ The grinders or cheekteeth.” - 
1,498. 


Lamasius: On Painting, 
placed between the 


6. Music :A padded post on the back end of a 
pianoforte key, used to catch the head of the ham¬ 
mer in its descent and prevent rebounding, which 
might cause it again to strike the string. It is a 
feature of the grand action. 

*7. Falconry: 

(1) Base game, such as rooks, crows, &c. 

“If she has killed a check and fed thereon.” 

Gent. Recreation, p. 27. (Wares.) 

(2) The forsaking of the proper game by a hawk pattern of little squares like a chess-board. 


to follow other birds that cross its flight. 

. “ The free haggard 

(Which is that woman, that hath wing, and knows it 
Spirit and plume), will make an hundred checks, 

To shew her freedom.” 

Beaum. <£• Flet.: Tamer Tamed. 

IT Frequently used with at and on. 

“And with her eagerness, the quarry miss’d, 

Straight flies at check, and, clips it down the wind.” 

Vryden. 

8. Hunting : A failure of the scent. 

9. War: A reverse, a slight defeat. 

10. Card Playing: The celluloid or ivory disks 


2. To variegate, to diversify in any way, 

“ The grey-ey’d morn smiles on the frowning night, 
Check’ring the eastern clouds with streaks of light.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 3. 
II. Fig.: To diversify with various events, scenes, 
or qualities (generally found in the pa. par.). 

“ Happy the man, who sees a God employed 
In all the good and ill that chequer life !” 

Cowper: Task, ii. 162. 

gheck'-er ( 1 ), s. [Eng. check; -er.~\ He who, or 
that which checks. 

“Not as a checker, reprover, or despiser, of other men’s 


used in gaming houses to represent money gambled translations.”— Coverdale.- Lewis’ History of the Transla¬ 
tor. At the beginning of the game each player buys t* ons of the Bible into English, p. 95. 
a quantity of these from the keeper of the house, 


who redeems them at the same value from whoever 
may possess them. [Chips.] 

III. Special phrase: 

Passed in his checks : Said of one dead, the figure 
being borrowed from the gambler, who passes in 
his checks for redemption at the end of the game. 

B. Asadj.: Checkered, diapered, variegated. 

“ A large check napkin folded about his neck.”— Scott: 

Black Dwarf, ch. i. 

check-action, s. [Pianoforte.] ( Stainer & 

Barrett.) By action in a pianoforte is meant the 
keys, hammers, and clampers, and check-action was 
one in which a projection called a key-check was 
fixed on the end of the key to catch the end of the 
hammer as it fell, and prevent it from rising. 

check-bar, s. 

Music : A bar which limits the backward play of 
the jacks. [Piano-movement.] 

check-book, s. [Cheque-book.] 

check-bridge, s. 

Steam-engine : The fire-bridge of a steam-boiler 
furnace; so called as it was supposed to check the 
too great freedom of draught which was carrying 
off the heat. 

check-hook, s. 

1. Mach. : A device in hoisting and lowering ap¬ 
paratus, designed to stop the motion of the wheel 
over which the rope runs, if the machinery become 
unmanageable. On the pulley are hooks which fly 
out by the centrifugal force when the speed becomes pattern. 


gheck'-er ( 2 ), *ghek-ker, *ghek'-ere, *ghek’- 
yr, *ghequ'-er (qu as k), s. & a. [O. Fr. eschequier 
= a chess-board, eschec= check (at chess).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A chess-board. 

“ Chekyr. Scaccarium.” — Prompt. Pare. 

*2 The game of chess. 

“Pleyynge at tables other atte chekere.”—Robert of 
Gloucester, p. 192. 

3. Work executed in alternate or diaper pat¬ 
terns, like a chess-board. 

*4. The exchequer. 

“ Lawes of the chekere.”—Robert of Brunne, p. 312. 

II. Masonry : The stones in the facings of walls, 
which have all their thin joints continued in 
straight lines without interruption or breaking 
joints. Walls built in this manner are of the very 
worst description; particularly when the joints are 
made horizontal and vertical. ( Gwilt.) 

B. As Adj.: (See the compounds.) 

checker-berry, s. 

Botany: 

1. The Partridge-berry, Mitchella repens. 

2. The common Winter-green, Gaultheria. 

checker-board, s. A board on which to play 
the game of checkers ; a draughts-board. 

checker-work, chequer-work, s. 

1. Lit.: Work executed in diaper or checker 


•excessive, and engage stop-pins which arrest the 
rotation of the pulley and the descent of the cage. 

2. Saddlery : A hook on a gig-saddle for the at¬ 
tachment of a bearing-rein. 

check-line, s. 

Saddlery : The line which branches off from the 
principal rein. [Check-rein.] 
check-lock, s. A lock so applied to the door as 
to check or hold the bolts. The bolts of the check- 
lock do not themselves hold the door, but are the 
means of detaining the bolts which do- 
check-nut, s. A secondary nut, screwing down 
upon the former to secure it; a jam-nut, lock-nut, 
or pinching-nut. 
check-rein, s. 

, Saddlery: The branch rein which connects the 
driving-rein of one horse to the bit of the other. In 
double lines, the left rein passes to the near side 
bit-ring of the near horse, and a check-line proceeds 
from the said left rein to the near bit-ring of the off 
l- r,_T.o-ir, nacepG Hirpatlvto the 


“ Nets of checker-work .”—1 Kings vii. 17. 

2. Fig.: Anything varied, diversified, or chequ¬ 
ered in its character. 

“ How strange a chequer-work of Providence is man.”— 
De Foe: Robinson Crusoe. 

tgheck -ered, ghequ'-ered (qu as k), po. par. 
or a. [Checker, v.] 

I. Lit.: Variegated or diversified in pattern like 
a chess-board. 

“ A purple flower sprung up, checkered with white.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, st. 194. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Diversified or varied in its nature; said of one’s 
life, career, future, &c. 

2. Variegated or diversified in any way. 

“ Close hid his Castle ’mid embowering trees, 

That half shut out the beams of Phoebus bright, 

And made a kind of checker’d day and night.” 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 7. 

3. Crossed with good and bad fortune [perhaps 


horse. The right driving-rein passes direct^’to the f ’ the notion of black (unlucky) and white 
off bit-ring of the off horse, and has a check-rein Q uckv) da 

which connects with __the off bit-ring of the_ near „ . ; ny other eyent of his chequered ii fe .”_ 

Macaulay- Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

[Checker, v.] 


horse. The horses of the Egyptian chariots had 
check-reins. 

Check-rein Hook: [Check-hook.] 


gheck-er-Iiig, pr. par. or a. 


working the "small of gun-stocks, &c. [Double 
File.] 

*gheck -er-man, s. [Eng. checker, and man.] 
One who checks or checkmates, (fig.) cuts short or 
cuts off, any one. 

“ For Death hath been a checkerman 
Not many years agoe ; 

And he is such a one as can 
Bestow his checking so.” 

Death’s Dance, an Old Ballad. (A 'ares.) 

gheck-er§, ghequ'-er§, s. [Checker (2), s.] A 
well-known game on a checker-board. 

“ The checquers, at this time a common sign, of a public 
house, was originally intended, I should suppose, for a 
kind of draught-board, called tables, and shewed that 
there that game might be played.”— Brand: Popular 
Antiq. 

*gheck -ful, *ghek'-ful, a. [Eng. check; ful(l).] 
Reproachful. 

“ One of the bishoppes ministers . . . gaue Jesus a 
blow vpon the cheke, and such a chekful rebuke as was fit 
for suche a byshop.”— Udall: John, c. 18. 

gheck'-mg, pr. par., a. & s. [Check, v.] 

A. & B. -4s pr. par. & particip. adj.: (In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of repressing, restraining, 
or reproving; check. 

checking-lines, s.pl. 

Naut.: These are rove through thimbles at the 
eyes of the top-mast and top-gallant rigging, ona 
end bent to f he lift and brace, the other into the 
top. They are used to haul them into the mast¬ 
head, instead of sending them aloft. (Smyth.) 

*gheck-la-ton, *gheke-lat-oun, s. [Ciclat- 

OUN.] 

1. The same as Ciclatoun (q. v.). 

2. A kind of gilt leather. 

“ In a Jacket, quilted richly rare 
Upon checklaton, he was straungely dight.” 

Spenser: F. Q., VI. vii. 43. 

fgheck -less, a. [Eng. check; -tess.] Unchecked, 
unrestrained, uncontrolled. 

“ The hollow murmur of the checkless winds 
Shall groan again.” 

Marston: Trag. of the Malcontent. 

gheck -mate (1), s. [A corruption of the Pers. 
shah mdt= the king [is] dead. In Fr. ichec et mat; 
Ger. schackmatt.] 

1. Literally: 

Chess: The result of a movement such as is 
described in Check, II. 1, when it is impossible for 
the king to escape the danger, either by moving 
himself, or by interposing another piece between 
himself and the attacking piece. It ends the game. 
It is frequently contracted to mate. 

2. Fig.: A complete defeat, discomfiture. 

“. . . on their return to office in 1832 and 1835, was 
resolved never to make another move unless it were a 
checkmate.”—Disraeli: Coningsby, ch. v. 

gheck'-mate (2), s. [Probably for cheekmate, 
i. e., one who is intimate enough to lie cheek to 
cheek.] A close companion on terms of great 
friendship and equality. 

“ Take upon themselves to be arrogant superiors and 
presumptuous checkmates.” — Bscon: David’s Harp. 

gheck'-mate, v. t. [Checkmate (1), s.] 

1. Lit.: To make a move at chess so as to place 
the adversary’s king in checkmate. 

2. Fig.: To defeat utterly, to discomfit. 

“ Our days be datyd 
To be checkmated 
With drawttys of death.” 

Skelton: Poems, p. 258. 

gheck-mat-ed, pa. par. or a. [Checkmate, «.] 

gheck -mat-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [ Check¬ 
mate, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of placing in checkmate. 

2. Fig.: The act of defeating utterly. 

gheck-roll, s. [Eng. check, and roll.] A roll, or 

book, containing the names of such as are attend¬ 
ants on, and in pay of, great personages, as their 
household servants. 

“Not daring to extend this law further than to the 
king’s servants in checkroll, . . . ”— Bacon: Henry VII, 

ghecks, s. [Check.] The same as Check, s., A. 

n .,3 (q. v.). 

gheck -spail, s. [From Scotch cheek = cheek, 
and spel. spie(=play.] A box on the ear, a blow on 
the cheek. 


boil boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph - f. 
~cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = hgl, del. 






cheer 


checkspring 


840 


g heck'-sprlng, s. [Eng. check, and spring.'] 

Music: A small spring added for the assistance 
of any weakness in the return of action in the mecli- 
anism of an organ. 

(Stainer db Barrett.) 

fgheckt, ghecked, pa. 
par. or a. [Check, v.] 
gheck-y, ghequ'-y(qu 
as k), s. [Eng. check; -y.] 

Her.: A field or armorial 
bearing divided into pat¬ 
terns of small squares of 
different tinctures, made 
to represent a chess-board. 

(Jhed'-dar, Qhed'-der, 
s. & a. [A village in Somer¬ 
set, near the Mendip Hills, England.] 

A. As subst.: See etymology. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or made at the place 
named in the etymology. 

Cheddar-cheese, Chedder-cheese, s. A kind 

of rich cheese made at Cheddar. 

♦Cheddar-letter, s. A letter consisting of several 
paragraphs, each the contribution of a different 
person. The name is taken from the Cheddar- 
cheese manufacture, in which all the dairies con¬ 
tributed their share of fresh cream. 

“Though I wrote the other day the first paragraph of 
that Cheddar-letter, which is preparing for you.”— Boling- 
broke to Swift: Corresp., 1726, vol. ii., p. 691. 

Cheddar-pink, Chedder-pink, s. 

Bot.: A kind of pink. Diantlius ccesius ; so named 
from its place of growth. 

. gheek, *gheoke, *gheke, *ghoke, s. & a. [A. S. 
cedce; Dut. fcaafc=the jaw, the cheek; Sw. fcefc=the 
jaw, kdk— the cheek; O. H. Ger. kouwe; it is closely 
related to jaw (formerly spelt chaw), from A. S. 
ce6wan—to chew.] [Chew, Jaw.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) The side of the face below the eye. 

“ Orl. What were his marks? 

Bos. A lean cheek which you have not . . 

Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 2. 

*(2) A jaw-bone, a cheek-bone. 

“ With the cheke of an asse . . . Y dide hem awey.” 
— Wy cliffe : Judges xv. 16 (Purvey). 

(3) The post of a gate. 

“ Oft with the ram the porte is schaik and duschyt, 
Doun bet yet chekis, and bandis all to fruschyt.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 55, 27. 

2. Fig.: Insolence, impudence. ( Slang.) Prob¬ 
ably from the cheek in such cases being without a 
blush. 

“She wondered at his cheek." — C. Reade: Cloister and 
Eearth, ch. xlviii. « 

II. Technically: 

1. Mach.: One of the corresponding sideplates or 
parts of a frame or machine; more frequently used 
m the plural, as— 

(1) The side-pieces of a gun-carriage on which the 
trunnions immediately rest; also called brackets. 

(2) The shears or bed-bars of a lathe on which the 
puppets rest. 

(3) The standards or supports, arranged in pairs, 
of such machines as the Stanhope or copper-plate 
printing-press, the rolling-mill, and many varieties 
of presses. _ 

(4) The sides of an embrasure. 

(5) The jaws of a vise. 

(6) The sides of a pillow-block which hold the 
boxing. 

(7) The miter-sill of a lock-gate. 

(8) An indent cut in a wall into which a pipe or 
other article is fitted. 

2. Carpentry: 

(1) The side-pieces of a window-frame. 

(2) The solid part of a timber on the side of the 
mortise. 

3. Founding: The middle part of a three-part 
flask. 

4. Saddlery: The branches of a bridle-bit. 

5. Nautical: 

(1) Pieces of compass-timber on the ship’s bows 
for the security of the beak-head or knee of the 
head, whence the term head-knee; also called cheek- 
knees. 

(2) The pieces of timber fitted on each side of a 
mast, from beneath the hounds and its uppermost 

end. 

(3) The circular pieces on the aft-side of the car- 
rick-bitts. 

(4) The faces or projecting parts on each side of 
the masts, formed to sustain the trestle-trees upon 
which the frame of the top, together with the top¬ 
mast, immediately rest. [Hounds, Trestle-tp.ee 
bitts.] 



6. Mining: ( Cheeks of a lode) : The sides of the 
rock which inclose the mineral vein. The hanging 
cheek of a lode is the rock on the upper side of it- 
Same as Walls (of a lode) (q. v.). ( Weale .) 

IF Cheek by jowl, cheek by jole: 

Lit.: Cheek by cheek; hence, in the closest prox¬ 
imity. 

“ The cobler, smith, and botcher, that have so often sate 
snoring cheek by jowl with your signory.”— Beaum. and 
FI.: Martial Maid. 

Cheek for chow : Cheek by jowl. 

Cheeks and ears: A fantastic name for a kind of 
head-dress, of temporary fashion. 

“ Fr. O then thou can’st tell how to help me to cheeks 
and ears. 

L. Yes, mistress, very well. 

FI. S. Cheeks and, ears ! why, mistress Prances, want you 
cheeks and ears ? methinks you have very fair ones.”— 
London Prod., iv. 3, Suppl. to Sh., ii. 511. ( Nares .) 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

cheek-band, s. 

Saddlery: The same as Cheek-strap (q. v.). 

*cheek-blade, s. The cheek-bone. 

“ Some hungry tykes falls by the ears. 

Prom others cheekblades coll ops tears.” 

Cleland: Poems, p. 77. 

cheek-block, s. 

Naut.: A block, one side of which is formed by a 
cheek-piece secured to an object which forms the 
other side, as in the cheek-blocks near the ends of 
the yards for the sheets of the square sails. [Boom- 
iron.] 

cheek-bone, *chekebane, *chekebon, *cheke- 
boon, s. The cheek-bone. The term is popular 
rather than anatomical. The osseous prominences 
of the cheeks are formed by the anterior inferior 
parts of the malar bones. 

“ I cut the tumor, and felt the slug; it lay partly under 
the os jugale, or cheekbone.” — Wiseman. 

cheek-distending, s. Blustering. 

“ Dire is the frequent curse, and its twin sound. 

The cheek-distending oath. . . .” 

Cowper: The Task, bk. iv. 

cheek-knee, s. 

Naut. : The same as Cheek, A. II. 5 (1). 

*cheek-lap, chekelap, s. A cheek-bone. 

“ A foundun cheekboon, that is the cheeklap of an asse.” 
— Wycliffe; Judges xv. 15. 

cheek-piece, s. A piece of the helmet protect¬ 
ing the cheeks. 

cheek-pouches, s. pi. Pouches in the cheeks of 
Cynopithecinee, and some other monkeys of. the Old 
World. The American monkeys are destitute of 
them. 

fcheek-rose, s. A fresh color as of a rose in the 
cheeks. 

“Hail, virgin, if you be; as those cheek-roses 
Proclaim you are no less!” 

Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, i. 6. 

cheek-straps, s. pi. 

Saddlery : Straps passing down each side of the 
horse’s head and connected to the bit-rings. 

tcheek-tooth, s. The hinder tooth or tusk. 

“ He hath the cheek teeth of a great lion.”— Joel i. 6. 

gheeked (Eng.), gheekit (Scotch), a. [Eng. 
cheek; -ed.] 

1. Having a cheek or cheeks (lit. &fig.) ; generally 
in composition, as rosy-cheeked, pale-cheeked. 

“She giesthe herd a pickle nits, 

An’ twa red cheekit apples.” 

Bums: Halloween, 2L 

2. Brought near to or placed against the cheek. 

“You’ll find your little officer— 

Standing at some poor sutler’s tent 
With his pike cheek’d, . . .’’ 

Cotton: Epist. 

gheek'-y, a. [Eng. cheek ; -y.] Impudent. (Slang.) 
[Cheek, s., A., 1.2.] 

gheep, v. i. [Apparently from the sound it indi¬ 
cates.] [Chirp.] To chirp. 

“ He cheeps like some bewilder’d chicken, 

Scar’d frae its minnie and the cleckin.” 

Burns: Epistle to William Creech. 

ghee-ping, ghei’-plng,pr.par.& a. [Cheep, v .] 
(Scotch.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of chirping. 

gheer, *ghere, *gheren, *gheryn, v. t. & i. 
[Cheer, s.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To make glad, to rejoice. 

“ I chere, I make gladde.”— Palsgrave. 


2. To make cheerful or less gloomy. 

“ That you with music, I with light, 

Might beautify and cheer the night. 

Cowp er: Nightingale and Qlounoorm. 

3. To inspirit, to encourage. 

“ Both Whigs and Tories had, with few exceptions, been 
alarmed by the prospect of a French invasion, and cheered 
by the news of the victory of the Boyne.”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

4. To comfort,, to console. 

“I hear it in the opening year— 

I listen, and it cheers me 1 ong.” 

Longfellow: Woods in Winter. 

*5. To address, to accost. 

" And as to purpose now and then it fell 

She chered her, with, how, sister, what chere?” 

Wyat: Of the Mean and Sure Estate, to John Points. 

*6. To cure of a wound or sickness. 

“Achilles thurgh chaunce was cherit of his wond.” 

Destruction of Troy, 10,416. 

7. To applaud with cheers; to encourage with 
applause. 

“ One fellow really cheered him.”— Disraeli: Coningsby, 
bk. i., ch. v. 

8. To urge on, to incite. 

“The dogs (oft cheer’d in vain) desert the prey.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xviii., 1. 675. 

II. Reflexively : To encourage one’s self; to take 
courage. 

“ Achilles for the chop cherit hym not litle.” 

Destruction of Troy, 8,643. 

III. Intransitive: 

*1. To become glad or cheerful. 

“Cheryn, or make good chere. Hillaro, exhillaro, letU 
fico." — Prompt. Parv. 

IF Frequently with up. 

“At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up; 

My hopes revive, and gladness dawns within me.” 

A. Philips. 

*2. To be in any frame of mind; to be disposed. 
“How cheer’st thou, Jessica.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iii. 5. 

3. To utter a cheer of acclamation. 

“And e’en the ranks of Tuscany 
Could scarce forbear to cheer.’’ 

Macaulay: Horatius, xl. 

IF Crabb thus distinguishes between to cheer, to 
encourage, and to comfort: “. . . To cheer and 
comfort have both regard to the spirits, but the 
latter differs in degree and manner: to cheer 
expresses more than to comfort; the former signi¬ 
fying to produce a lively sentiment, the latter to 
lessen or remove a painful one; we are cheered in 
the moments of despondency, whether from real 
or imaginary causes; we are comforted in the hour 
of distress. Cheering is mostly effected by the 
discourse of others: comforting is effected by the 
actions, as well as the words, of others. Nothing 
tends more to cheer the drooping soul than endear¬ 
ing expressions of tenderness from those we love; 
the most effectual means of comforting the poor 
and afflicted, is by relieving their wants/’ (Crabb: 
Eng. Synon.) 

gheer, *gheare, *gheere, *ghere, *gher, 
*ghiere, s. [O. Fr. chere, chiere; Ital. cera; Sp. & 
Port, car a, from lowLat. car a—a. face; Gr. kara= 
the head; Sansc. ciras= the head.] 

*1. The face, the countenance. 

“ Cheere. Vultus." — Prompt. Parv. 

“ The lady is rody in the chere." 

Alisaunder, 1. 798. 

*2. The expression of the face. 

“ His cher ful oft con chaunge.” 

Sir Gawaine, 711. 

“ Pale at the sudden sight, she changed her cheer." 

Dryden: Ovid; Metamorphoses viii. 

*3. A state of feeling or spirits. , 

“ Then were they all of good cheer, and they also took 
some meat.”— Acts xxvii. 36. 

4. A joyful or cheerful state of mind; gaiety, 
alacrity. 

“ I have not that alacrity of spirit, 

Nor cneer of mind, that I was wont to have.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., v. 3. 

“ His voice had lost its ring, the cheer was out of it.”— 
G. Macdonald: Paul Faber, vol. iii., ch. 3, p. 38. 

*5. An invitation to gaiety. 

“ You do not give the cheer, the feast is sold 
That is not often vouched, while ’tis a making, 

’Tis given with welcome.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4. 

6. An entertainment; things provided calculated 
to raise the spirits or increase gaiety. 

“ Greet cheere made oure ost us everichon.” 

Chauncer: C. T., 749. 

“. . . were just sitting down to their Christmas 

cheer, . . .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



















cheer 


841 


cheese-room 


7. Encouragement or applause expressed loudly 
with the voice. [Hurrah.] 

“ The Long Serpent was she christened, 

’Mid the roar of cheer on cheer.” 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; 

Saga of King Olaf, xiii. 

*§heer, *§heere, * 9 here, a. [Fr. cher, fem. 
ch&re, from Lat. cams.] Dear, valued. 

“A most cheere hynde, and a most kindeli hert calf."— 
Wycliffe: Proverbs, v. 19. 

9 heered, pa. par. & a. [Cheer, v.] 

§heer'-er, s. [Eng. cheer; -er.] 

1. Gen.: He whoor that which cheers or gladdens. 

“Prime cheerer, light, 

Of all material beings first and best.” 

Thomson: Summer. 

2. Spec.: Brandy and water, a tumbler of toddy, 
or anything similar. 

“ . . . and another cheerer, as Dinmont termed it in 
his country phrase, of brandy and water.”— Scott: Guy 
Mannering, ch. xxiv. 

9 heer-ful, * gheare'-ful, * 9 heere-ful, 
* 9 heere'-full, a. [Eng. cheer; -ful{l).] 

I. Subjectively: 

1. Of the mind or spirits: Gay, full of life. 

“ The next morning she found him cheerful and reso¬ 
lute.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. Of the looks, &c.: Having an appearance of 
gaiety; expressing or denoting cheerfulness; aris¬ 
ing from pleasure or joy. 

“ A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance . . .” 
— Prov. xv. 13. 

II. Objec.: Inspiring cheerfulness; cheering, glad¬ 
dening. 

"The cheerful psaltery bring along. 

And harp with pleasant string.” 

Milton: Trans.; Ps. lxxxi. 

IT (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between cheerful , 
merry, sprightly , and gay: “ Cheerful marks an un¬ 
ruffled flow of spirits,’ with mirth there is more of 
tumult and noise ; with sprightliness there is more 
buoyancy; gaiety comprehends mirth and indul¬ 
gence. A cheerful person smiles; the merry person 
laughs ; the sprightly person dances ; the gay person 
takes his pleasure. . . . Cheerfulness is an hab¬ 
itual state of the mind; mirth is an occasional 
elevation of the spirits; sprightliness lies in the 
temperature and flow of the blood; gaiety depends 
altogether on external circumstances. . . . . 

Sprightliness and mirth are seldom employed but in 
the proper sense as respects persons ; but cheerful 
and gay are extended to different objects; as a 
cheerful prospect, a cheerful room, gay attire, a gay 
scene, gay colors, &c. 

(2) For the difference between cheerful and glad 
see Glad. 

9 heer’-ful-lf, * 9 hear -ful-ljf, adv. [Eng. cheer¬ 
ful; -ly.] In a cheerful manner; with gaiety or 
liveliness ; readily or with alacrity. 

“Men of rank and ability . . . while they decline 
the jurisdiction of dark cabal on their actions and their 
fortunes, will, for both, chearfully put themselves upon 
their country.”— Burke: On the Cause of the Present Dis - 
oontents. 

9 heer'-ful-ness, * 9 here -ful-nesse, s. [Eng. 
cheerful; -ness.] The quality of being cheerful or 
in good spirits. 

“ But, when he ended, there was in his face 
Such easy cheerfulness, a look so mild.” 

Wordsworth: Excursions, bk. i. 

9 heer -I-ly * 9 her-e lie, adv. [Eng. cheery; -ly.] 
With good will; heartily. 

“ They cherelie chaunt, and rymes at random fling, 

The fruitful 1 spawne of their ranke fantasies.” 

Spenser: The Tears of the Muses; Terpsichore. 

If Now used chiefly by sailors. 

“Come, cheerily, boys, about our business.” 

Beaum. & FI.: Lit. Fr. Lawyer. 

t 9 heer'-I-ness, s. [Eng. cheery; -ness.] The 
quality of being cheery or cheerful; cheerfulness. 

“It was borne with a smiling patience, a hopeful 
cheeriness of spirit.”—Miss Mitford: Our Village, i. 113. 

9 heer'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cheer, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip adj.: (In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb.) 

“ To the firm sanction of thy fate attend ! 

An exile thou, nor cheering face of friend.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. iv., 1. 639-40. 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of comforting, gladdening, or consol- 

m f.’ The act of applauding with cheers ; a cheer. 

“ Deafening applause and cheering greeted this senti¬ 
ment .”—London Standard. 


*3. A rural feast or merry-making. 

“ Feasts which they called barley-feasts, wherein they 
did sacrifice for or with their barley, and so be the feast- 
ings, meetings, and cheerings called in our barley-harvests 
at this day.”— Withals: Dictionarie, ed. 1608, p. 84. (Fares. ) 

■fajheer’-ing-ljf, adv. [Eng. cheering; -ly.] In a 
cheering or encouraging manner. 

“ Abroad, how cheeringly the sunshine lay 
Upon the open lawns.” 

Wordsworth: Prelude, vi. 

9heer-ish-ness, s. [Eng. cheer; -ish; -ness.] 
Cheerfulness, cheeriness. 

“ There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned 
and set off with cheerishness.” — Milton: Doct. and Dis. of 
Divorce. 

9heer'-less, a. [Eng. cheer; -less.] Unattended 
with any joy, comfort, or cheerfulness; dull, 
gloomy, dispiriting. 

“ He saw Menalcas come with heavy pace, 

Wet were his eyes, and cheerless was his face.” 

Dryden: On the Death of Amyntas, 10, 11. 

9heer’-less-ness, s. [Eng. cheerless; -ness.] The 
state or quality of being cheerless, gloomy, or dis¬ 
piriting. 

Cheer'-li-ness, s. [Eng. cheerly; -ness.] Cheerful¬ 
ness. 

“A cheerliness did with her hopes arise.” 

Daniel: Civil Wars. viii. 66. 

* 9 heer-l$f, *chear'-ly, a. & adv. [Eng. cheer; 
-ly.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Cheering, enlivening, cheerful. 

“ Hurdles to weave, and cheerly shelters raise. 

Thy vacant hours require.” 

Dyer: The Fleece, i. 

2. Free from gloom or despondency, gay. 

B. As adverb: 

1. Cheerfully, merrily. 

“ Hear a song that echoes cheerly 
From the river winding clearly.” 

Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott. 

2. Cheerily, with alacrity, briskly. 

“ Fetch me his head that having bless’d mine eye 
With that revenge, I may the cheerlyer die.” 

Beaumont: Psyche, 8, 802. 

9heer-y, a. [Eng. cheer; -y.] 

1. Subjectively: Full of spirits, gay, cheerful. 

“. . . he seemed for a while after to be a little 
cheery.” — Bunyan: Pilgrim's Progress, pt. ii. 

2. Objectively: Cheering, inspiriting. 

“ Come, let us hie, and quaff a cheery bowl; 

Let cyder new wash sorrow from thy soul.” 

Gay. Pastorals. 

9hee§e, *che§e, s. & a. [A. S. c6se, cyse; O. Sax. 
kese, kiesi; Dut. kaas; Ger. kdse; M. H. Ger. kaese; 
O. H.Ger. chasi; Sp. queso; Ital. cacio, casio, from 
Lat. caseus; Gael, caise; Ir. cais; Wei. caws; Corn. 
kes; Armor, caus; Basque gazta, gaztaya, gasna. 
{Mahn , cfcc.)] 

A. As substantive : 

1. The curd or caseine of milk, with variable 
quantities of butter and common salt, pressed into 
molds and ripened by keeping. The various kinds 
of cheese differ chiefly in the mode of manufacture, 
the amount of fat which they contain, and in the 
flavor, which is due partly to the food, and partly 
to the breed of the animal. In this country, and in 
England, cheese is made from the milk of the cow, 
but on the continent of Europe it is made from 
goat’s milk and ewe s milk, while in Arabia it is 
prepared from the milk of the camel and the mare. 
There are three kinds of cheese, viz., whole-milk, 
skim-milk, and cream-cheese. Whole-milk cheese 
is made from unskimmed milk and contains from 20 
to 40 per cent, of fat or cream, and 30 to 50 per cent, 
of caseine. Skim-milk cheese is poor in fat, con¬ 
taining from 1 to 4 per cent. Cream-cheese contains 
from 60 to 70 per cent. 

Authorities differ as to the dietetic value of 
cheese, some affirming that it is very indigestible, 
while others assert that it assists digestion. Its 
digestibilily, however, varies with its age, its tex¬ 
ture, and its composition, and it is possible that it 
may produce different effects on different persons. 
Cream-cheese is more digestible than any other 
kind of cheese, owing to its containing less caseine. 

Cheese is rarely adulterated. To suit the public 
taste it is frequently colored with annatto, or some 
other vegetable color, and so long as the coloring 
matter is not injurious, it cannot bo considered an 
adulteration. 

2. (Sing, cheese, or more frequently pi. cheeses): 
The fruit of two species of Mallow—(1) Malva syl- 
vestris, and (2) M. rotundifolia. 

j[ To make a cheese: To make a low courtesy. 

“Sh6 and her sister both made these cheeses in compli¬ 
ment to the new-comer, and with much stately agility.”— 
Thackeray. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 


cheese-board, s. The cover of the cheese-vat. 
cheese-bowl, *che-bole, *chesse-bolle, 
*chese-bolle, s. Two species of Poppy—(l) Pap- 

aver somniferum, (2) P. Rhceas. 

cheese-cake, *chese-cake, s. A sweet confec¬ 
tion, made of soft curds, sugar, and butter. 

“The difference between a gentleman that should 
make cheese-cakes, and raise paste, and a lady that reads 
Locke, and understands the mathematics.”— Spectator, 
No. 242. 

IT Cheese-cake grass: A provincial name for Bird’s- 
foot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus. 

cheese-cement, s. A kind of glue, particularly 
serviceable in joining broken china, wood that is 
exposed to wet, painter’s panels, boards, &c. 
cheese-cutter, s. 

1. A device used in cheese-making for breaking 
the curd into small pieces that the whey may more 
readily exude. {Knight.) 

2. A curved slice for cutting cheese. 

3. A boy’s cap with a long curved peak. {Slang.) 
*cheese-fat, *cheese-fatte, *chese-fatte, s. 

[Cheese-vat.J 

“ Chesefatte. Casearium, fiscina.” — Prompt. Parv.” 

cheese-fly, s. 

Entom.: A small black insect, Piophila casei. It 
is of the family Muscidae. [Cheese-hopper.] 
cheese-hake, s. A frame for drying cheeses 
when newly made. [Hake.] 
cheese-hoop, s. An open-ended cylinder, made 
usually of wood, in which curds are pressed, to 
expel the whey and acquire a form, 
cheese-hopper, s. 

1. The larva of the cheese-fly, 

Piophila casei (q. v.). It feeds 
on cheese. The term hopper is 
added because of the long 
bounds is makes, the process 
being that the animal contracts 
itself into a hoop and then sud¬ 
denly straightens itself again. 

The perfect insect is the cheese- 
fly (q.v.). {Dallas.) 

2. A name sometimes given to Cheese-hopper, 
the perfect insect of Piophila 

casei by those who know the connection between 
it and the larva. 

Cheese-knife, s. A large spatula, used in dairies 
to break down the curd. 

cheese-lep, *chese-lep, *cheslep, s. A bag in 

which rennet for cheese is kept. 

“ A Cheslep; lactis.” — Cathol. Angltcum. 

cheese-mite, s. 

Entom.: Acarus domesticus , a minute wingless 
spider, found abundantly in old cheese, the powder 
of which consists entirely of them, 
with their eggs and excrements. 

The body is soft, oval, and of a 
whitish color, furnished with long 
feathery hairs. 

cheese-monger, s. One who 
deals in cheese, 
cheese-mold, s. 

1. Blue mold of cheese. 

2. Bot.: A hyphomycetous fun¬ 
gal, Aspergillus glaucus. 

cheese-paring, cheeseparing, Cheese-mite, 
s. & a. 

A. As subst.: A paring or thin rind of cheese. 

“ . . . like a man made after supper of a cheese¬ 
paring . . . ”— Shakesp..- Henry IV., iii. 2. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Paring or cutting off the rind of cheese. 

2. Fig.: Niggardly, mean, miserly. 

“During many years of a cheeseparing administra¬ 
tion.”— London Standard. 

cheese-press, s. The press in which the curds 
are pressed in the manufacture of cheese, 
cheese-rack, s. The same as Cheese-hake (q. v.). 

“ My kirnstaff now stands gizzen’d at the door, 

My cheese-rack toom that ne’er was toom before.” 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 3. 

cheese-rennet, cheese-renning, cheese-run¬ 
ning, s. 

Bot.: A name applied to a plant, Ladies’ Bed- 
straw, Galium verum, in allusion to its property of 
coagulating milk, for which purpose it was actuaHy 
formerly used. [Rennet.] 
cheese-room (1), s. A room where cheeses are 
kept. 

cheese-room (2), s. [Etymol. unknown.] 

Bot.: A common provincial name for the Horse- 
mushroom, Agaricus arvensis, which grows in large 
rings, often many yards in diameter. It is known 




bflil boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 





cheese-shelf 


842 


cheiropterous 


from the true mushroom by its large size, paler 
gills, generally thick rings, which are double at the 
base, but especially by their turning yellow when 
bruised. It is largely used as an article of food, 
and when properly dressed, and eaten in moderate 
quantities, with plenty of bread to insure mastica¬ 
tion, is excellent. ( Treas . of Bot ., die.) 

cheese-shelf, s. One constructed for holding 
cheeses during the process of ripening. Ingenuity 
has been exercised in saving the time in turning the 
cheeses singly day by day, by inverting the whole 
shelf with its row of cheeses. [Cheese-turner.] 

*cheese-toaster, s. A ludicrous name for a 
sword. 

“I’ll drive my cheese-toaster through his body.” — Thack¬ 
eray: Virginians, ch. x. 

cheese-turner, s. A shelf capable of being in¬ 
verted, so as to turn over the cheeses laid upon it— 
a daily duty during the progress of the ripening of 
the cheese. 

cheese-vat, *cheese-fatte, *ches-fatt, s. The 

vat or frame in which the curds are confined while 
being pressed into cheese. 

“ His sense occasions the careless rustic to judge the sun 
no bigger than a cheesevat.” — Olanville. 

9 hee§ -^, a. [Eng. chees(e); -y.] Having the 
nature or form of cheese. 

‘ ‘ Acids mixed with them precipitate a tophaceous chalky 
matter, but not a cheesy substance.”— Arbuthnot: On Ali¬ 
ments. 

t§heet, v. i. [Formedfrom the sound.] To emit a 
chirrup, as a bird. 

qheet, interj. [From Fr. chat=a cat(?).] A call 
addressed to a cat when one wishes her to 
approach. Generally reduplicated cheet, cheet. 

9hee-tah, chee-ta, fche-tuh, s. [Hindust. 
chitd, cognate with chitla= spotted, and chhit= a 
spot; Mahratta chxta; Sansc. tshitrakci= the 
cheetah.] [Chetah.] 

$hef, s. [Fr.=chief.] A title frequently applied 
to a head or professional cook. 

chef d’orchestre, s. [Fr.] ( 1 ) The leader; ( 2 ) 
conductor of an orchestra. (Stainer <& Barrett.) 

chef-dceuvre (pron. sha-dovr; pi. chefs- 
d'oeuvre), s. [Fr., lit. a chief or masterpiece of 
work.] A masterpiece; a work of superior excel¬ 
lence m art, literature, &c. 

*chef-froun, *shaf-froun, *saf-er- 5 n, s. [Fr. 
chaperon=& hood, a French hood for a woman: 
also any hood, bonnet, or letice cap. (Cotgrave.)J 
A kind of ornamental head-dress for ladies. 


§heg'-oe, Qhig'-oe, s. [Sp. chico = small.] A 
small black flea (Pulexpenetrans), peculiar to 
South America and the West Indies. The female 
burrows in and under the skin, and there deposits 
its eggs, causing great irritation and resulting in 
painful ulcers. 

*§helf-tyme, s. [0. Scotch c7iei/= chief, and tyme 
=time.] The time of one’s being chief, one’s reign, 
a reign. 

chel-lan-the-se, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cheilanth(es), 
and fern. pi. suff. -ece.] 

Bot.: A section of polypodiaceous ferns, in which 
the sori are punctiform at the apices of the veins, 
and covered by indusia. Type, Cheilanthes. 

chel-lan-thes, s. [From Gr. cheilos =a lip, and 
anthos=& flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of polypodiaceous ferns, the typical 
one of the group Cheilanthese. The species, which 
are numerous, 
are spread over 
the tropical 
and temperate 
regions of the 
Old and New 
Worlds. They 
are for the 
most part 
dwarf plants, 
inhabiting dry 
rocky situa¬ 
tions. The dis- 
tinguishing 
features of the 
genus consist 
in its produc- 
ing small 
punctiform 
sori at the ends 
of the veins 
close to the 
margin of the 
frond, the mar¬ 
gin itself be- 



Cheilanthes. 


1. Cheilanthes argentea (portion of un¬ 
derside of frond.) 

2. Cheilanthes farinosa (ditto fertile 
segment enlarged). 

coming membranaceous and bent over them to form 
the indusia, which are either linear and continuous, 
or take t) e shape of roundish lobes. 

chel-lo-dac-tyl-us, s. [Gr. cheilos=a lip; dak- 
tylos=a finger.] 


Ichthy.: A genus of ovate-bodied fishes belong¬ 
ing to the family Chcetonidce. They have small 
mouths and dorsal fins, with numerous spiny rays. 

chel-lo-dip -ter-us, s. [Gr. cheilos= a lip; dip- 
teros= douhle-finned, from dis=twice, and pteron= a 
wing, a fin.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of Acanthopterygious fishes, 
belonging to the Percidse or Perch family. Most of 
the species inhabit the Indian seas, 
chel-log -na-thu, s. [Chilognatha.] 
*cheI-los'-$yph-us, s. [Gr. cheilos-a lip, a 
brink, an edge, and skyphos—a cup.] 

Bot.: A genus of Jungermannicse (Hepaticse), 
founded upon Jungermannia polyanthus (Linn.), 
which is not infrequent in wet places. {Griff. & 
Henfrey.) 

*cheI- 16 -Stom'-a-t$,, s. [Gr. cheilos = a lip, an 
edge, and stoma= a mouth.] 

1. Zodl.: A sub-order of Infundibulate (Marine) 
Polyzoa, having the orifice of the cell filled with a 
thin membranous or calcareous plate, with a curved 
mouth, furnished with a movable lip. It is divided 
into two sections: (1) Articulata, containing the 
families Salicornariadae and Cellulariadee, and (2) 
the Inarticulate, containing numerous families. 
[Inarticulata.] 

2. Palceont.: Representatives of the Cheilostomata 
seem to have come into existence as early as the 
Silurian times, but most of the species found have 
been Cretaceous or Tertiary. 

*cheI-lo-stom -3,-tous, a. [Gr. cheilos=a lip, 
and stoma— a mouth.] Of the nature of or belong¬ 
ing to the Cheilostomata (q. v.). 

“ The ovicell is a structure especially characteristic of 
the cheilostomatous polyzoa.”— Nicholson: Palceont. (2d 
ed.), ii. 418. 

§heim, v. t. [Probably a corruption of Eng. chine 
(q. v.). To divide equally, especially in cutting 
down the backbone of an animal. 

9heip, (Jhepe, s. [Cheip, v.] A chirping, squeak¬ 
ing, or creaking. 

9heip (1), 9heep, 9 hepe, v. i. [From the sound.] 
1. To peep, to chirp, as young birds in the nest. 

* 2. To squeak with a shrill and feeble voice. 

“. . . the maxim of the Douglasses, that it was 

* better to hear the lark sing, than the mouse cheep,’ was 
adopted by every border chief.”—Border Minstrelsy, 
Pref. lxxvi. 

3. To mutter (applied metaphorically to man). 

“ Thair wyfis hes maistery, 

That thay dar nawayis cheip.’’ 

Bannatjne: Poems, p. 179, st. 7. 

4. To creak. In this sense shoes are said to cheip 
when they retain the music of the last. A door is 
also said to cheip when the sound occasioned by its 
motion grates the ear. 

*9heip (2), v. t. [Cheap, v.] To buyjor sell. 
9heip, s. [Cheep, s.] 

9heip’-er, s. {Cheip (1), v.; - er .] 

1. Zodl.: The Cricket, an insect so named from 
the noise it makes. 

2. Bot.: The Bog-iris, so called because children 
make a shrill noise with its leaves. 

9 heip -ing, pr.par., a. &s. [Cheeping.] 
cheir, s. [From Gr. cheir— the hand.] 

Wild cheir: The Wallflower, Cheir anthus cheiri. 
cheir-g,-can'-thus, s. [From Gr. cheir=the hand, 
and akantha= a thorn, a prickle.] 

Palceont.: A genus of ganoid fishes founded by 
Agassiz for species from the Old Red Sandstone of 
Gowrie in Forfarshire, Scotland, and of the Orkney 
Islands. 

che'ir-an-ther-u, s. [Gr. cheir=a hand; Lat. 
anthera= an anther, from Gr. ant her os = bl( >o m in g. ] 
Bot.: A genus of Pittosporaceae, containing an 
Australian undershrub with erect stems and nar¬ 
rowly linear acute leaves ; peduncles terminal, with 
small blue corymbose flowers ; calyx of five sepals; 
petals and stamens five each; fruit dry, two-celled. 

cheir-an'-thus, s. [Gr. cheir= the hand, and 
anthos= a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of cruciferous flowers, of which 
Cheir anthus cheiri, the Wallflower, is well known. 
In its wild state the flowers are always single and 
of a bright yellow color, but the cultivated plants 

E roduce a wide variety of tints. The Wallflower is 
y some supposed to be the Viola of the Latin poets. 
[Wallflower.] 

chel- rog'-no-my, s. The same as Chirognomy 
(q. v.). 

*chei'r-o-gal’-e-us, s. [Gr. cheir=the hand, and 
galeos= a young weasel or kitten.] 

Zobl.: A genus of Quadrumana belonging to the 
Lemuridse (q. v.). 

cheir-ol -ep-Is, s. [Gr. cheir=the hand, and 
lepis= a scale.] 


Palceont.: A genus of fossil fishes found in the 
Old Red Sandstone of Morayshire, Scotland, and the 
Orkney Islands. {Miller: Old Red Sandstone, ch. 
iv.) It is doubtfully referred to the Lepedosteidse. 
It is akin to Palseoniscus. 

cheir-ol -o-gy, s. [Gr. cheir = the hand, and 
logos=a discourse, a treatise.] A treatise on the 
language of the hands; also a mode of conversing 
with manual signs practiced by the deaf and dumb. 

cheir-om'-^-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat . cheir - 
omys (q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of mammals, order Quadrumana, 
tribe or section Strepsirhina. 

*che!r -0-mys, s. [Gr. cheir =a hand, and mus= 
a rat.] 

Zobl.: The genus containing the Aye-aye, a singu¬ 
lar animal inhabiting Madagascar. It is the Aye- 
aye Squirrel of Pennant. Swainson classed it 
among the Rodentia or Glires; it is now placed 
near the Lemurs. It is Cheiromys madagascarien- 
sis, formerly called Sciurus madagascariensis. Its 
large and fiat ears resemble those of a bat, while its 
habits approach those of the squirrels. It is of a 
musk-brown color mixed with black and ash-gray; 
tail black. 

chel-r& nec -te§, s. [Gr. cheir— the hand; necho 
— to swim.] 

1. Ichthy.: The Frog-fish, the name given by Cu¬ 
vier to a genus of Acantheropterygian fishes, com¬ 
prising some of those fishes popularly known under 
the name of Anglers. They are most grotesquely 
and hideously shaped, having the pectoral fins sup¬ 
ported like short feet on peduncles, by means of 
which they can creep over mud or sand when left 
dry by the receding tide. [Angler.] 

2. Zobl.: A name given by Illiger to a genus of 
marsupial animals, the opossums, in which the 
hinder legs are webbed. [Didelphid^:.] 

Chel-ron - 6 -my, s. [Gr. cheir— the hand; nomos 
= a law, a regulation.] The management of the 
hands with appropriate movements and gestures in 
speaking. 

“Cheironomy or tlie decorous and expressive movement 
of the hands being especially practiced.”— Grote: Hist. 
Greece, ch. xxix. 

chel-ro-pleiir -l-a, s. [Gr. cheir=hand; pleura 
= a rib.] 

Bot.: A synonym of Anapansia, applied to A. 
vespertilio, and A. bicuspis, two ferns which are, 
remarkable in bearing fronds of a form resembling 
bats’-wings. 

*cheir -o-ped§, *cheir-op-od-a, s. pi. [From 

Gr. cheir = tee hand, and pous, genit. poclos= a foot.] 

Zodl.: Ogilby’s name for the mammals possessed 
of hands, a]l,of which he brings together, dividing 
them again into Bimana (two-handed, including 
man); Quadrumana (four-handed, including mon¬ 
keys) ;. Pedimana (foot-handed, including the le¬ 
murs, cebidge, the cheiromys, and the didelphidte). 
His views have not been adopted by other zoolo¬ 
gists. 

cheir-op-o-dlst, s. [Chiropodist.] 

fcheir-op'-ter, s. [Cheiroptera.] A mammal 
belonging to the order Cheiroptera (q. v.). 

cheir-op-ter-gi, s. pi. [Gr. cheir= the hand; 
pteron= a wing.] 

1. Zodl.: The name of a natural order or tribe of 
mammiferous animals, having thefingers elongated 
for the expansion of membranes which act as wings. 
It contains the 
bats. They are 
widely spread 
over the globe. 

Generally speak¬ 
ing they remain in 
concealment dur¬ 
ing the day in 
hollow trees, cav¬ 
erns, ruins, &c., 
and flit forth at 
dusk to seek their 
prey, which con¬ 
sists principally 
of flies. The gen¬ 
era and speciesare 
numerous. The 
Cheiroptera are . 

divided primarily Cheiropter. 

into Frugivorous 

Bats and. Insectivorous Bats, the first tribe contain¬ 
ing only one family, Pteropidse (the Fox-bats, or 
Roussettes), and the second three, viz., Vespertili- 
onidae or Typical Bats, the Rhinolophid® or Horse¬ 
shoe Bats, and Phyllostomidse, Vampire Bats or 
Vampires. 

2. Palceont.: Bats have been found as early as 
the Eocene. 

Chelr-op'-ter-ous, a. [ Eng. cheiropter{a) ; 
-ous.~\ Of or belonging to the cheiroptera ; having 
elongated fingers or toes for the expansion of mem¬ 
branes which act as wings. 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
qr. wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, as, oe = e; ey - a. qu = kw' 








cheirospora 


843 


chelydra 


Clie'ir os por-3, s. [Gr. cheir— the hand; spora 
—a seed.] 

Bot.: A genus of Melanconiei (Coniomycetous 
Fungi), growing upon the twigs of the beech. The 
heads are formed of chains of spores, like a Pencil- 
lium. (Griff. <& Henfrey.) 

cheir-o-ste'-mon, s. [Gr. cheir— hand; stemon— 
a stamen, bo called from the hand-like form of the 
anthers.] 

Bot.: A genus of Sterculiads, of which Cheiroste- 
mon platanoides, the Hand-flower tree, or Mac- 
palxochitlquahuitl of the Mexicans, is the sole 
species. It is a tree growing thirty or more feet in 
height, and having plane-like leaves of a deep green 
color on the upper surface, but colored underneath 
with a rust-colored scurf composed of star-like 
hairs ; each leaf being about six inches long by five 
broad, deeply indented at the base, and divided at 
the margin into from three to seven blunt-rounded 
lobes. The flowers are two inches long, by as much 
broad, with a leathery rusty-red, cup-shaped calyx; 
stamens bright-red. united for about one-third of 
their length, and then separated into five curved 
claw-like rays, bearing some slight resemblance to 
the human hand. Forests of the tree exist near the 
city of Guatemala. ( Treas of Bot.) 

Che'ir-6-Sty -lis, s. [Gr. cheir=the hand; stylos 
= a style.] 

Bot.: A genus of terrestrial orchids, consisting of 
little plants, with the habit of Ansectochilus, to 
which it is nearly allied. It has the three sepals 
united into a short tube, from the front of which 
hangs down a lip divided into narrow lobes. 

cheir-6-ther-I-um, s. [Gr. cheir = the hand; 
therion— a wild beast.] 

Palceont.: A name given to an animal whose foot¬ 
prints, resembling those of a hand, are found im¬ 
pressed on New Red Sandstone on the European 
Continent and in England. It is considered by Pro¬ 
fessor Owen to have been a large Batrachian reptile, 
for which he proposes the name Labyrinthodon, 
from the peculiar labyrinthian structure of its 
teeth. [Labyrinthodon.] 

che'ir-iir -l-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cheirurus 
(q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Palceont.: A family of Trilobites. The head shield 
is well developed, and there are eleven, ten, or 
twelve body rings. 

cheir-iir'-us, s. [From Gr. cheir = a hand, and 
oura— a tail.] 

Palceont.: A genus of Trilobites, the typical one of 
the family Cheirurid®. It is found in the Silurian. 

chek-mak, s. [Turkish.] 

Fabrics: A Turkish fabric of silk and gold 
thread, mixed with cotton. 

Che-lg,, chele, s. [Gr. chele=a claw.] 

1. Sing. (Of the form chele) (Owen): One of the 
bifid claws of the Crustacea, Scorpions, &c. 
[Chely.] 

2. PI. Chelae: The modified fourth pair of 
thoracic limbs in lobsters and their allies; the 
modified mandibles in scorpions. (Huxley.) 

3. Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the Sal- 
monidse, sub-family Cyprin®. The mouth is very 
small, and opens vertically; anal fin long. 

che'-late, a. [Gr. chele= a claw.] Having the 
form or appearance of a claw; possessed of claws. 

“ The foremost two pairs [legs] are terminated by 
double claws, arranged so as to form a pincer, whence 
they are said to be chelate.”—Huxley: Crayfish, p. 20. 

*che-laun-dre, s. [Chalandrie.] 

“ Than isblisful many sithe, 

The chelaundre, and the papyngay.” 

• Bomaunt of the Rose. 

♦chele (1), s. [Chill.] 

“ Her is chele and hete.” 

Old Eng. Miscell. (ed. Morris), p. 73. 

chel-e-ryth-rine, s. [From Mod. Lat. chel- 
(idonium); Gr. erythros=red, and Eng. suff. -ine 
(Chem.) (q. v.).] A substance obtained in the form 
of a gray powder from the plants Ghelidonium 
majus and Glaucium luteum, which powerfully 
excites sneezing. Under the action of acids it takes 
a fine orange color, and forms neutral salts, which 
act as narcotics when taken in small doses. 

chel-eu -tite, s. [From Gr. cheleutos= netted, 
plaited, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.).] 

Min.: A variety of Smaltine (q. v.). (Brit. Mus. 
Cat.) 

Chel-I?-er- 3 , chel-Ig-er-es, s. [Gr. chele- a 
claw ; keras= a horn.] A name given by Latreille to 
two appendages on the heads of spiders and scor¬ 
pions, which he considers as representing the 
mesial antennae of the Decapod Crustaceans, con¬ 
verted in these Arachnidans into organs for the 
seizure of food. 

chel-ich’-nus (ch guttural), s. [From Gr. chele 
=a horse’s hoof, a bird’s talons, a wolf’s claws, &c., 
and ichnos= a footstep.] 


Palceont.: A temporary and provisional genus, 
formed for the reception of certain footprints like 
those made by chelonians. Chelichnus Duncani 
Sir William Jardine) is the name given to certain 
ootprints in the Permian rocks of Annandale, Scot¬ 
land. It is doubtful if they were really made by 
chelonians, and when it is discovered what animal 
really produced them, the term Chelichnus will be 
superseded, as Cheirotherium was by Labyrinth¬ 
odon. (See these words.) 

*chel-id’-er-ect, s. [O. Fr. chelydre= u a most 
venomous and stinking snake, or serpent; rough- 
scaled, broad-headed, and of a dark, tawny 
color.” ( Cotgrave .)] A kind of serpent; a basi¬ 
lisk. [Chelidre.] 

“ Thair was the Yiper, and th’ Aspect, 

With the serpent Cheliderect, 

Quhois stink is felt afar.” 

Burel: Pilg., Watson’s Coll., ii. 21. 
chell-don ( 1 ), s. [Celandine.] 
chell-don (2), s. [Gr. cheliddn= a swallow . . . 
a hollow above the bend of the elbow (so called 
from being like the fork in a swallow’s tail).] The 
hollow at the flexure of the arm. 

chel-I-don’-Ic, a. [En g. chelidon; -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to or derived from chelidon, 1 . 
chelidonic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 7 H 4 D 5 . A tribasic acid, which occurs 
combined with lime in Chelidonium majus. It crys¬ 
tallizes in colorless needles, soluble in water. 

chel-Id'-on-Ine, s. [From Mod. Lat. cheli- 
don(ium) (q. v.), and Eng., &c. suff. -ine (q. v.).] 
Chem.: A bitter principle extracted from Cheli¬ 
donium majus and Glaucium luteum. It consists of 
40 atoms of carbon, 20 of hydrogen, 6 of oxygen, and 
3 of nitrogen. When pure it forms colorless scales 
of a bitter taste. 

chel-I-do-nl-um, s. [Celandine.] 

Bot.: Celandine, a genus of plants of the order 
Papaverace®. The Greater Celandine is a glaucous 
hairy annual plant, with pinnately-lobed leaves, 
small yellow flowers in a loose umbel, and a fruit 
consisting of a long pod, containing a number of 
seeds with a small crest on them. It is full of a 
yellow juice, which is of an acrid poisonous nature, 
and has been used in certain diseases of the eye, 
and as a caustic to destroy warts, &c. Chelidonium 
majus is found in the North of Europe, in Siberia, 
and in Western Asia as far as Persia. Its juice is a 
virulent acrid poison. 

tchel-i-don-Ize, v. i. [Gr. chelidonizo=( 1) to 
twitter like a swallow, ( 2 ) see def., from chelidon.'] 
Gr. antiq.: To sing the swallow-song, i. e., the 
song welcoming the return of the swallows, which 
was done by the Rhodian boys in the month of 
Boedromion, the act being made a pretext for beg¬ 
ging. (Stainer <& Barrett.) 
chel-i-d6n-l-zlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cheli- 

DONIZE.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As subst.: To sing the “ swallow-song.” 
chel-i-dre, s. [O. Fr. chelydre; Lat. chelydrus; 
Gr. chely dros= an amphibious serpent, from chelys 
=a tortoise, and hydor=water.] A serpent. 

“ Chelidre her yafe her adders skin.” 

Grower: C. A., ii. 266. 

chel-id-ri-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. chelydr(us ), 
and fern. pi. suff. -idee.] 

ZoGl.: The Crocodile Tortoises, a family of 
Chelonians, in which the tail is long, and the head 
not retractile. Order, Chelonides. 

Chel'-I-fer, s. [Gr. chele= a claw; Lat. fero=to 
bear.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Arachnidans, Spiders, which 
have the appearance of small scorpions without 
the tail. 

Chel I-fer -i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. chelifer 
(q. v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of the class Arachnida, order 
Adelarthrosmata. For their form see Chelieer. 
They are sometimes found among old books, and 
when disturbed run forward, backward, sideward, 
or in any direction which they please. They some¬ 
times attack the common fly. 

Che-lif'-er-ous, a. .[Chelifer.] Furnished with 
chelae or cheliform appendages. 

“One of the short cheliferous legs.”— Dana: Crustacea 
pt. i., 626. j 

IT Cheliferous Slaters: 

Z06I.: The name given to the Cursorial Isopod 
Crustaceans of the genus Tanais. 

chel’-I-form, a. [Gr. chele = a claw; Lat. forma 
= a form, an appearance.] Having the form or 
appearance of a claw; claw-shaped. 

Che-lingue, s. [A Tamul (?) word.] The same ae 
Masulamanche. 

Chel'-I-nd-tus, s. [Gr. chelys—a tortoise, and 
notos= the back.] 


ZoOl.: A genus of Mollusca, belonging to the 
Haliotid®, or Ear-shells ; the animal is cheliform: 
shell ear-shaped, thin, fragile, imperforate, and 
without a pillar, and entirely concealed in the back 
of the animal. 

chel’-mon, s. [Gr. chelmbn (Hesychus), from 
chelon=a fish with a long snout.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes in which the mouth is 
prolonged into a slender snout or tube; family, 
Chwtodontid®. Chelmon rostratus, a species found 
in the seas of China, is kept by the people of that 
country in basins, that they may witness it project¬ 
ing drops of water at flies hung above them on 
strings; their aim in such cases is remarkably 
exact. 

§helm§'-ford-Ite, s. [From Chelmsford in Mas¬ 
sachusetts, where it occurs; and suff. -ite (Min.) 
(q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Wernerit-e (q. v.). The crystals 
are of a gray-greenish or reddish shade. (Dana.) 

che-lo-din- 3 , «• [Gr. chelys—a tortoise; and 
eidos=form, appearance.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of the Emydw, or River Tortoises, 
in which the neck is remarkably long. Order, 
Chelonides. 

che- 16 -ne, s. [Gr. chelone= a tortoise.] 

1. Z 06 I.: A genus of turtles, including the tor¬ 
toise, often written Chelonia. Thus, the common 
green turtle is called by some naturalists Chelone 
midas, and by others Chelonia midas. 

2. Bot.: A small genus of linariads, closely allied 
to the Pentstemon. The corolla has a. broad-keeled 
upper lip and scarcely open mouth, giving it some 
resemblance to the head of a tortoise or turtle, to 
which it owes its scientific appellation, and the 
popular name of turtle-head given it in this country. 
The best-known species is Chelone obliqua, a peren¬ 
nial with creeping roots and flowers in terminal 
spikes, with corollas mostly of a rosy-purple color. 

chel-d'-ne-ae, s. pi . [From Gr. chelone— a tor¬ 
toise [Chelone], and Lat. pi. suff. -ece.] 

Bot.: A tribe of Scrophulariaceous plants, type 
Chelone (q. v.). 

che-lo’-ni- 3 , s. [G. chelone= a tortoise.] 

Zodlogy: 

1. A genus of reptiles, the typical one of the fam¬ 
ily Cheloniid®. It contains the turtles proper. 
Chelonia midas is the Green Turtle, C. imbricata 
the Hawk’s-bill Turtle, and C. caretta the Logger- 
head Turtle. [Chelone.] 

2. In Prof. Owen’s classification, the 12th order of 
the class Reptilia, or Reptiles. It includes the Tor¬ 
toise, Turtle, &c. 

che-ld-ni-3n, a.&s. [Chelonia.] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to the Chelonia. 

B. As subst.: One of the order of Chelonia. 

“. . . in the thorax of birds and chelonians . . .” 
— Given: Anatomy of Vertebrates, ch. iii., p. 44. 

che-lo-ni-i-dae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cheloni(a), 
and fem. pi. suff. -idee.] 

1. Z 06 I.: The Sea-turtles, a family of the order 
Chelonia (q. v.). They are all marine. 

2. Palceont.: The Cheloniid® appear at least as 
early as the Portland Stone in the Upper Jurassic 
beds. They are abundant in the Eocene. 

che-lb-nlte, s. [Gr. chelone=a tortoise, and 
Eng. suff. -ite (q. v.).] A name given to certain 
species of fossil Echini of the genus Cidaris. 

chel-6-no-ba-tra-chi-3, s. pi. [From Gr. che- 
ldne= a tortoise, and batrachos=a frog.] 

ZoGl.! A name sometimes given to the amphibian 
order of Anoura, which contains the frogs and toads. 

*che'-iy, s. .[Lat. chela; Gr. chele—a claw.] The 
claw of a lobster. [Chela.] 

“ It happeneth often, I confess, that a lobster hath the 
chely or great claw, of one side longer than the other.”— 
Brown. 

che-ly'-de-a, s. [From Gr. chelus= a tortoise.] 
Z 06 I.: A genus of turtles, family Emydidee, 
Chelydea serpentina is the Alligator Tortoise of this 
country. 

Chel-y -dl-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. chelys (q. v.), 
and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

ZoGl.: A family of Chelonians. They resemble the 
Trionycidee, but have a carapace sufficiently large 
to allow the head and neck to be retracted within 
it. Of the five toes, three or four are furnished with 
claws, whereas in the Trionycid® only three are 
thus armed. 

chel-y -dra, s. [From Lat. chelydrus; Gr. chely- 
dros=a fetid snake, living in water, from chelys= a 
tortoise ; and hydor= water.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of Chelonians; family Trionycid®. 
Chelydra serpentina is the Snapping Turtle. It is 
sometimes called the Trionyx ferox. It is found in 
•abundance in this country, it destroys many young 
alligators, and occasionally bites pieces of flesh 
from the bodies of any bathers at whom it has an 
opportunity of snapping. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = sh3n. -tion, -siou = shun; 


Chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




chelys 


844 


chemolysis 


Che-IfS, s. [Lat. chelys; Gr. chelys—& tortoise.] 

1. Music: 

(1) The lyre of Mercury, supposed to have been 
formed by strings stretched across a tortoiseshell. 

(2) In the 16th and 17th centuries a bass-viol and 
division-viol were each called chelys. (Stainer <& 
Barrett.) 

2. ZoOl.: A genus of turtles, the typical one of the 
family Chelydidae (q. v.)._ They live in the ponds 
and rivers of warm countries, feeding on fish. 

*che-mer, s. [Chimere.] 

chem'-lc, *chym'-Ick, a. & s. [InFr. chimique; 
Sp., Port., and ltal. chimico; from Gr . chymikos.) 
[Chemistey, I. 1 (2).] 

A. As adj.: Chemical. 

B. As subst.: A chemist, an alchemist. 

“. . . these chymicks, seeking to turn lead into gold, 

turn away all their own silver.”—Brewer: Lingua, iv. 1. 

chem-Ic-ul, chym'-ic-ul, a.&s. [Eng. chemic ; 

•ah] 

A. As adj.: Of or belonging to chemistry, as 
chemical action; resulting from the forces investi- 

f ;ated by chemistry, as chemical changes ; designed 
or such investigation, as the Chemical Society. 

B. 4s subst. (pi. chemicals ): 

1 . Substances having a definite chemical composi¬ 
tion, as crystallized cupric sulphate, CUSO 4 . 5 H 2 O. 
2. Chemical reagents. 

IT Chemical affinity: [Affinity.] 

Chemical analysis: [Analysis.] 

Chemical apparatus: Apparatus designed for 
chemical purposes, such as a blowpipe, retorts, test 
tubes, reagents, &c. 

Chemical attraction: The same as Chemical affin¬ 
ity (q. v.). 

Chemical combination: The combination of chem¬ 
ical substances into a compound different from any 
of the constituents, and having a definite percent¬ 
age composition, and mostly having their vapor 
densities the halves of their molecular weights. 
When such union takes place heat is generally 
evolved. The constituents of a chemical compound 
cannot be separated by mechanical means. [Com¬ 
bination.] 

Chemical deposits: 

Geol.: Deposits, like carbonate of lime, thrown 
down from water by chemical action. They are 
distinguished from mechanical deposits precipi¬ 
tated by mechanical means. ( Lyell.) 

Chemical equivalents: The relative proportions 
in which chemical substances will replace one 
another, according to their atomicity (q. v.); thus 
one atom of oxygen, a dyad element, is the chemi¬ 
cal equivalent of two atoms of hydrogen, a monad 
element. 

Chemical formulae: The formulae or symbolic ex¬ 
pressions which indicate the chemical constituents 
of a body, as NaCl indicates that chloride of sodium 
contains one atom of chlorine and one atom of 
sodium. 

Chemical furnace: A small furnace for laboratory 
uses. 

Chemical nomenclature: In naming various chem¬ 
ical substances the professors of the science have 
always had due regard to the constituent elements 
of the candidate for a title. W T e append a list of the 
chemical names of a few common substances: 

COMMON NAMES. CHEMICAL NAMES. 

Aqua Fortis.Nitric Acid. 

Aqua Regia.Nitro-Muriatic Acid. 

Blue Vitriol.Sulphate of Copper. 

Cream of Tartar.Bitartrate Potassium. 

Calomel.Sub-Chloride of Mercury. 

Chalk.Carbonate of Calcium. 

Salt of Tartar.Carbonate of Potassa. 

Caustic Potassa.Hydrate Potassium. 

Chloroform.Chloride of Formyle. 

Common Salt.Chloride of Sodium. 

Copperas, or Green Vitriol. .Sulphate of Iron. 

Corrosive Sublimate.Bi-Chloride of Mercury. 

Dry Alum.Sulphate Aluminum and Po¬ 

tassium. 

Epsom Salts.Sulphate of Magnesia. 

Ethiops Mineral.Black Sulphide of Mercury. 

Fire Damp.Light Carburetted Hydro¬ 

gen. 

Galena.Sulphide of Lead. 

Glauber’s Salt.Sulphate of Sodium. 

Glucose.Grape Sugar. 

Goulard Water.Basic Acetate of Lead. 

Iron Pyrites.Bi-Sulphide Iron. 

Jeweler’s Putty.Oxide of Tin. 

King’s Yellow.Sulphide of Arsenic. 

Laughing Gas.Protoxide of Nitrogen. 

Lime.Oxide of Calcium. 

Lunar Caustic.Nitrate of Silver. 

Mosaic Gold.Bi-Sulphide of Tin. 

Muriate of Lime.Chloride of Calcium. 

Niter of Saltpeter.Nitrate of Potash. 

Oil of Vitriol.Sulphuric Acid. 

Potash.Oxide of Potassium. 

Realger.Sulphide of Arsenic. 

Red Lead.Oxide of Lead. 


Rust of Iron.Oxide of Iron. 

Solammoniac.Muriate of Ammonia. 

Slacked Lime.Hydrate Calcium. 

Soda.Oxide of Sodium. 

Spirits of Hartshorn.Aqua Ammonia. 

Spirit of Salt.Hydro-Chloric or Muriatio 

Acid. 

Stucco, or Plaster of Paris. .Sulphate of Lime. 

Sugar of Lead.Acetate of Lead. 

Verdigris.Basic Acetate of Copper. 

Vermilion.Sulphide of Mercury. 

Vinegar.Acetic Acid (Diluted). 

Volatile Alkali.Ammonia. 

Water.Oxide of Hydrogen. 

White Precipitate.Ammoniated Mercury. 

White Vitriol..Sulphate of Zinc. 


Chemical notation: [Notation.] 

Chemical printing: (See the compound.) 

Chemical printing-telegraph: An apparatus for 
printing symbols upon prepared paper by means of 
electro-chemical action ; as, for instance, by an iron 
stylus on paper prepared with a solution of yellow 
cyanide of potassium. 

Chemical reagents: Pure chemicals used for test¬ 
ing. 

Chemical works: Manufactories where chemical 
processes are carried out on a large scale. 

chem'-l-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. chemical; -ly.) By 
a chemical process ; opposed to mechanically, &c. 

“ . . . the sun’s rays had become so tempered by dis¬ 
tance and by waste as to be chemically fit for the decom¬ 
position necessary to vegetable life.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science (3ded.), vii., 162-3. 

chem’-ick-ing, s. [O. Eng. chemick; - ing .] 

Bleaching: The process of steeping goods in a 
dilute solution of chloride of lime in stone vats, the 
liquor being continuously pumped up and straining 
through the goods until the action is complete. 
This precedes the souring which sets free the chlor¬ 
ine. [Bucking-kier.] 

chem-i-glyph-ic, a. [From Gr. chemeia=chem- 
istry, andglypho—to engrave.] Engraved by means 
of a galvanic battery. 

9he-mi'§e (1), s. [Fr.; ltal. camicia; Sp. & Port. 
camisa, from Low Lat. camisia— a shirt; from Arab. 
gamls= a shirt. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A shift or undergarment worn by 
females. 

2. Fortif.: A wall for lining a bastion or ditch. 

Bot.: Convolvulus, or Calystegia sepium. 

*Che-m!§'e, (2), *chemys, *chymes, s. [0. Fr. 
chesmez=the principal house on an estate.] A chief 
dwelling, as the manor-house of a landed proprietor 
or the palace of a prince. 

“The chemise or priucipall messuage sould not be 
devidit nor gevin in name of dowrie or tierce to the 
woman, . . — Balfour: Pract., p. 109. 

Chem-I-§ette', s. [Fr., dim. of chemise (q. v.).] 
An under garment worn by females over the che¬ 
mise. 

chem -1st, *chym'-ist, s. [A shortened form of 
alchemist (q. v.). In Sw. kemist; Dut. chemist; Fr. 
chimiste; Sp. chimista.'] 

*1. An alchemist. 

“ I have observed generally of chymists and the sophists, 
as of several other men more palpably mad, that their 
thoughts are carried much to astrology.”— H. More: A 
Brief Discourse of Enthusiasm, sect. 45. ( Trench .) 

2. One versed in the science of chemistry. 

There are different kinds of chemists, as a 
pharmaceutical chemist, an agricultural chemist, 
an analytical chemist, a scientific chemist, &c. 

*chem-is'-tic-al, a. [Eng. chemist; -ical.] Relat¬ 
ing to chemistry. {Burton.) 

chem-Is-try, tchym -ls-try, s. [En g. chemist; 
-ry. In Sw. kemi; Ger. chemie; Fr. chimie , chymie ; 
Sp. chimia, chimica; Port, chimica, chymica; ltal. 
chimica; Sp.& Port . alquimia, from Arab, al-kimia 
=alchemy. Hist. See also Alchemy.] The science 
which investigates the several elements of which 
bodies, whether organic or inorganic, are composed, 
and the laws which regulate the combination of 
these elements and the reactions of chemical com¬ 
pounds on each other. 

1. History: 

(1) The unknown period: Claims to have been the 
originators of chemistry have been put in on behalf 
of the Egyptians and the Chinese, but details are 
wanting. The blow-pipe was known to the former 
people. But their claim to have been the instruct¬ 
ors of the Greeks in chemistry is founded on the 
alleged derivation of the word chem.eia =chemistry, 
from Chemia — Egypt. Chemeia, however, is a 
mediaeval Greek word, of which there is an older 
classical form, with a quite different etymology. 

(2) The Greek period (that mainly of Pharmacy) : 
That modern chemistry sprung from alchemy, and 
alchemy came to Europe through the Arabs, are 
well ascertained facts.. But though in the word 
al-kimia, al is the Arabic article, kirnia is not from 


a root in Arabic or in any cognate language, but is 
from the Greek. In the latter tongue there are 
chemeia and chemeutike, from which the English 
spelling chemistry comes; chemeia is from Suidas, 
doubtfully dated by Liddell and Scott, A. D. 1100. 
An earlier form of chemeutike was chymeutike, fem. 
of chymeutikos= easily mixing. There is also chy- 
r/ufce=chemistry, from chymikos—ol or concerning 
juices, this again being from chyma=that which is 
poured out, a liquid. From the latter group of 
words the English spellings chymistrv, chymist , 
chymical, &c., come. The first stage in the develop¬ 
ment of chemistry seems then to have been con¬ 
ducted by the Greeks, who gave prominent.attention 
to investigating the properties of plant juices for 
medicinal purposes. This would now be called 
pharmacy, though some of the more recondite 
researches might lay the foundation of organic 
chemistry. 

(3) The Arabian and Mediaeval periods (those of 
Alchemy): When the Arabs adopted the Greek 
word chemeia or its analogue, and prefixed to it 
their article at=the, their inquiries took a new 
form, and were mainly those to which the term 
Alchemy is still applied. Suidas himself had de¬ 
fined chemeia as “ the making of silver and gold.” 
The Moors introduced alchemy into Spain about 
A. D. 1150. For its further history see Alchemy. 

(4) The modern period (that of Chemistry 
properly so called): As astronomy developed from 
astrology, so chemistry came forth from alchemy. 
The transition was gradual, but a considerable part 
of it was effected in the 15th century, though strag¬ 
gling alchemists flourished till the 18th. 

Among the discoveries which have made chemis¬ 
try what it now is, the following may be mentioned: 
Boyle, who published his “ Sceptical Chemist ” in 
1669, introduced the use of chemical reagents or 
tests. In 1674 Mayow, of Oxford, perceived that 
respiration produced the same effect on atmos¬ 
pheric air as combustion did. In 1756 Dr. Black 
proved that an aeriform body (carbon dioxide) ex¬ 
isted in carbonate of lime, thus distinguishing it 
from quicklime. About 1765 Mr. Cavendish brought 
to notice hydrogen gas. On August 1, 1774, Dr. 
Priestley discovered oxj'gen, and in the latter year 
Cavendish made known the constituent elements of 
water. In 1774 Scheele discovered chlorine, and in 
1785 Berthollet pointed out the use which might be 
made of it in bleaching; the same year also he de¬ 
scribed the elements of ammonia. In 1797 Vanque- 
lin discovered chromium. In 1803Dalton introduced 
his atomic theory. In November, 1807, Sir Humph¬ 
rey Davy intimated the existence of potassium and 
sodium. Klaproth during his life, which ended in 
1871, analyzed nearly 200 minerals. The synthesis 
of urea by the molecular transformation of ammo¬ 
nium cyanate, by Wohler in 1828, also the discovery 
of the synthesis of cyanogen and alcohol, &c., 
showed that organic compounds could be formed 
without the aid of plants or animals. The discov¬ 
eries of Wurtz, Berthelot, Kolbe, Baeyer, &c.; the 
researches of Williamson on ethers, Hoffmann on 
compound ammonias, Frankland on organic radi¬ 
cals Kekule on the benzene series, Bunsen’s spectro¬ 
scopic researches, leading to the discovery of the 
elements casium and rubidium, followed by the 
discovery of thallium by Crookes, &c., and the syn¬ 
thesis of alizarin and indigo, may be mentioned to 
give some idea of the rapid progress of chemistry 
in recent years. (Consult Watt’s Die. Chem. and 
the papers of the American, English, German, and 
French Chemical Societies.) 

2. Modern divisions of chemistry: It is divided 
into inorganic and organic chemistry, the former 
comprising the chemistry of inorganic bodies, and 
the latter of hydrocarbons and the compounds 
derived from them. Another classification is into 
pure or theoretical, analytical, and applied or prac¬ 
tical chemistry. The latter may be sub-divided 
according to the arts or occupations which it is 
designed to benefit, as agricultural chemistry, &c. 

chem'-I-type, s. [Eng. chemi{c), and type (q.v.).J 

Engraving: A somewhat general term which in¬ 
cludes a number of relief processes by which a 
drawing or impression from an engraved plate is 
obtained in relief, so as to be printed on an ordi¬ 
nary printing-press. 

*chem-ne, s. [Chimney.] 

chem-nit-zl-a, s. [Named after Chemnitz, a 
distinguished conchologist of Nuremberg, who pub¬ 
lished a work on shells in seven volumes between 
A. D. 1780 and 1795.] 

Zool.: A genus of gasteropodous mollusks, family 
Pyramidellidse. The shell, which is slender, is 
many-whorled with a simple aperture closed by a 
horny subspiral operculum. The animal has a very 
short head, with a long proboscis. Recent species 
thirty-two; fossil 240, from the Silurian period 
onward. {Woodward, ed. Tate.) 

che-mol-y-sis, s. [Eng. chem{ic), and Gr. lysis 
= a loosing.] The decomposition of organic sub¬ 
stances by the use of chemical agents solely. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
ar, wore, WQlf, work, who, s 6 n; mute, cub, cure, 'unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, os = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 

















































chemosis 


845 


cherry 


Che-md'-sis, s. [Gr. chemdsis= inflammation of 
the eyes; cheme= a yawning, a gaping; chaind= to 

gape.] 

Med.: An affection in which the conjunctiva, the 
membrane which lines the posterior surface of the 
eyelids, is continued over the forepart of the globe 
of the eye. Frequently lymph or blood is effused 
with the cellular substance connecting it with the 
eyeball, and so causes it to be elevated or projected 
toward the eyelids, giving it the appearance of a 
gap or aperture along the middle of the eye. The 
swollen conjunctiva sometimes overlaps the cornea 
altogether, and there is usually more or less puru¬ 
lent discharge, with severe pain, headache, and 
feverishness. 

chem-os-mo -sis, s. ["Eng. chem(ical), and Gr. 
osmosis — osmose.] Chemical action operating 
through an intervening membrane, such as parch¬ 
ment, paper, &c. 

chem-os-mot'-ic. a. Of or pertaining to chem- 
osmosis. 

Chem-o-tax’-ls, s» [Eng. c hem(ical), and Gr. 
tasso (genit. taxis= to arrange.] The property of 
cellular attraction and repulsion displayed by the 
proteid constituents of the protoplasms of various 
species of bacteria, and by various proteids, towards 
chemical substances of various kinds. 

chem-ot'-Ic, a. [Gr. c7iemosfs=inflammation 
of the eyes,] Pertaining to or of the nature of 
chemosis. 

Qhe-mung , a. [Named from Chemung River.] 
A name given to the third period of the Devonian 
age in America. 

Chen-e-vix-ite, s. [Named after its discoverer, 
and Eng. suff. -ite ( Min.).] 

Min.: A massive, compact, dark-green mineral, 
found in quartz rocks in small compact masses. 
Hardness, 4;5 ; specific gravity, 3’93. Composition: 
Arsenic _acid, 32'20-33'5; phosphoric acid, 0-2'30; 
sesquioxide of iron, 25T0-27’5 ; oxide of copper, 22'5- 
3T70; lime, 0-0'34; water, 8'66-12. (Dana.) 

Cheng, s. [Chinese.] The Chinese organ, which 
consists of a series of tubes having free reeds. It is 
held in the hand and blown by the mouth. The in¬ 
troduction of this instrument into Europe led to 
the invention of the accordion and harmonium. 
(Stainer & Barrett.) 

chc-nil'le, s. A a. [Fr. chenille = (1) a cater¬ 
pillar, ( 2 ) fine velvet twist.] 

A. As subst.: A round fabric or trimming, made 
by uniting with two or more sets of warps, either by 
weaving or twisting, a fine filling or weft, which is 
allowed to project beyond the warps. This filling 
is cut at its outer edges, and the fabric is then 
twisted, assuming a cylindrical shape with weft 
projecting radially from the central line of warps. 

B. As adj.: (In compounds, as Chenille-carpet, 
Chenille-machine.) 

che-n5-cop -ro-llte, s. [Gr. chen= a goose, and 
Eng. coprolite (q. v.).] 

Min.: Dana’s name for an impure iron-sinter, also 
called goose-dung ore. [Ganomatite.J 

chen -o-pod, s. [Chenopodium.] 

1. Sing.: A book-name for a plant of the genus 
Chenopodium, or of the order Chenopodiace®. 

2. PL (Chenopods): The English equivalent of the 
Mod. Lat. term Chenopodiace® (q. v.). 

chen-6-pod-a'-le§, chen-6-pod-i-a -les, s. pi. 
[From Mod. Lat. chenopodium (q. v.), and fern. pi. 
adj. suff. -ales.] 

Bot.: An alliance of hypogynous exogens. Lind- 
ley includes under it the orders Nyctaginace®, 
Phytolaccace®, Amarantace®, and Chenopodiace® 
(q. v.). 

chen-o-pod-I-a'-ge-ae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cheno- 
podi(um) : Lat. fern. pi. suff. -ace®.] 

Bot.: The Goosefoot family, a natural order 
of monochlamydeous dicotyledons, characterizing 
Lindley’s Chenopodal alliance. The species are 
inconspicuous herbs or undershrubs, found in 
waste places in all parts of the world, but abound¬ 
ing in extra-tropical regions. Some are used as 
potherbs, as spinach ( Spinacia oleracea), orach 
(Atriplex hortensis ), beet (Beta vulgaris ), &c. The 
mangold-wurzel is a variety of beet used for the 
food of cattle. In 1866 there were 74 genera and 533 
species known. 

chen-o-pod'-i-um, s. [Gr. chen— a goose \pous, 
genit. podos=a foot.] 

Bot.: Goosefoot, a genus of annual and perennial 
herbs, the typical one of the order Chenopodiace®, 
Chenopods, and chiefly remarkable for the weedy 
character of the species composing it. Perianth 
five-parted; stamens five; styles two, crowning the 
ovary, which contains a single round, flattened 
seed. The common Goosefoot is found everywhere. 



It has triangular leaves, covered with a whitish 
mealiness, and numerous small flowers in terminal 
clusters. C. atriplicis is a tail-branched annual, 
growing four to 
five feet high. C. 

Quinoa, a native 
of the Pacific 
slopes of the 
Andes, is largely 
cultivated in 
Chili and Peru 
for the sake of its 
seeds, which are 
extensively used 
as an article of 
food. They are 
prepared either 
by boiling like 
rice, or are roast¬ 
ed like coffee, 
boiled in water, 
and strained. 

This brown-col¬ 
or e d broth is 
called carapul- 
gue, and is a fa¬ 
vorite. C. Bonus-Henricus is used as a potherb. 

C. Vulvaria or olidum, an evil-smelling plant, is 
employed as an antispasmodic and emmenagogue. 


Chenopodium. 

1. Spray with flowers. 2. Details of 
flower. 


chep, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A piece of timber 
forming the sole of a turn-rest plow. 

§heque (que as k), s. [Check.] 

9lieq -uer (u silent), v. [Checker, u.] 

1. To variegate, to diversify (lit. dtfig.). 

*2. To pay, as into the exchequer; to treasure up 
(lit. d: fig.). 


“ Nature chequers up all gifts of grace.”— Davies: Wittes 
Pilgrim., p. 32. (Davies.) 

§heq'-uer (u silent), s. A a. [Checker, s.] 
gheq'-uered (u silent), pa. par. or a. [Check¬ 
ered.] 

Chequered daffodil: Fritillaria meleagris. 
Chequered lily: The same as Chequered daffodil 

(q. v.). 

Chequered tulip: The same as Chequered daffodil 
(q. v.). 

9heq'-uers (wsilent), s. [Checkers.] 

9 he -quin, s. [Sequin.] 

“ Full of chequins and Turkey gold.”— Howell-. Letters, 
I. iv. 88. 


*cher-ice, *cher-iche, v. t. [Cherish.] 

Cher-If, cher-iff, sher'-Iff, sher-riffe,s. [Arab. 
sherif=(a.) noble, holy; (s.) a prince; from schar- 
afa = to be eminent.] A high-priest- among the 
Mohammedans ; the prince of Mecca. 

*cher-i-feire, s. [Cherry-fair.] 

Cher-I-moy -er, s. [Fr. cherimolier, from cheri- 
moles , the Peruvian name of the fruit.] 

1. The fruit of the Anona Cherimolia, most valued 
in Peru and other parts of South America. 

2. The tree from which it is derived. It is about 
twelve feet high, with oval pointed leaves, and 
greenish-white fragrant flowers. 

*<?her -Is-an9e, *cher'-is-aunee, s. [0. Fr. cher- 
isant, pr. par. of cherir= to cherish.] The act of 
cherishing; the state of being cherished. 

“I ne knew no cherisaunce.”—Romaunt of Rose. 

9her'-Ish, *9her-ice, *9her-iche, *9her-isch, 
*cher-ry, *9her-ych, *9her-yce, v. t. [O. Fr. 

cherir, pr. par. cherisant; Fr. chirir, pr. par. chfr- 
issant; O. Fr. A Fr. cher = dear; Lat. earns.] 
[Caress.] 

1. Of persons: To hold dear, to treat with affec¬ 
tion. 

2. Of thoughts , feelings, principles, <&c.: To in¬ 
dulge, to encourage, to foster, to promote. 

“Magistrates have always thought themselves con¬ 
cerned to cherish religion.”— Tillotson. 

H (1) For the difference between to cherish and 
to foster, see Foster, v. 

(2) For that between to cherish and to nourish, 
see Nourish. 

9her'-ished, *9her-ysshed, pa. par. A a. [Cher¬ 
ish, v.] 

9her'-ish-er, s. [Eng. cherish; -er.] One who 
cherishes, encourages, or supports. 

“ He that comforts my wife is the cherisher of my flesh 
and blood.”— Shakesp.: Alts Well, i. 3. 

9her -Ish-Ing, *9her-is-shinge, *cher-schyng, 
*cher-synge, pr. par., a. & s. [Cherish, v.] 

A. A B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of encouraging, fostering, 
or supporting. 

- Chersynge (cherschyng H., cherisshinge P.). Focio 
nutricio." — Prompt. Parts. 


tcher'-ish-mg-ly, adv. [Eng. cherishing, -cy.] 
In a cherishing, affectionate, or encouraging man¬ 
ner. 

* 9 her'-ish-inent, s. [Eng. cherish; -ment.] En¬ 
couragement, support; cherishing. 

“That with rich bountie, and deare cherishment 
Supports the praise of noble PoSsie.” 

Spenser: Teares of Muses. 

* 9 her'-i-stone, s. [Cherry-stone.] 

*cher-i-tre, s. [Cherry-tree.] 

* 9 herk, s. [Chark (2), v.} 

* 9 herl, s. [Churl.] 

Cher-le'-ri-a, s. [Named in honor of John Henry 
Cherler, who assisted the botanist J. Bauhinia in 
his history of plants.] 

Bot.: A genus of small smooth-tufted, mos 3 -like 
plants of the order Caryophyllace®. Cherleria. sedo- 
ides or Arenaria Cherleria is a plant densely tufted, 
with petals none or minute. It is found on lofty 
mountains, flowering from June to August. It is 
quite common on the Alps and the Pyrenees. 

* 9 herl-hed, s. [Mid. Eng. cherl= churl, -hed= 
-nood.J The quality or state of being churlish, 
churlishness. ( Wy cliffe.) 

* 9 her-liche, * 9 her-lish, * 9 her-liscli, * 9 her- 
lyche, a. [Churlish.] 

* 9 her -lich-ly, * 9 her-lysche-ly, adv. [Mid. 
Eng. cherliche, cherlysche=chuiiish; -ly.] Churl¬ 
ishly. 

“ Cherlichly, K. Cherlyschely, H. Churleishly, P. P.us- 
ticalis.” — Prompt. Pare. 

*gher-lish, * 9 her-lyelie, a. [Churlish.] 
cher -mes, s. [Ar. A Pers. karmas, kermes, from 
Sansc. krimidja= engendered by a worm.] The same 
as Keejdes (q. v.). 

*cherne, s. [Churn.] 

che-ro-a, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A Chinese por¬ 
celain clay. (Nuttall.) 

gher'-Q-kine, s. [From Cherokee County, in 
Georgia, where it is found.] 

Min.: A milk-white or pinkish-white mineral, a 
variety of Pyromorphite. 

Cher-oot, sher-oot', *. [Etymol. unknown.] A 
kind of cigar, originally brought from Manilla in 
the Philippine Islands. It was formerly much 
prized for its delicacy of flavor. Both ends are cut 
off square, so that either may be lighted. In this 
respect it differs from an ordinary cigar, one end 
of which is pointed. 

“ Amusing himself, with his pipe and cheroots, 

The whole afternoon, at the Goat-in-Boots.” 

Barham: Ingoldsby Legends; Look at the Clock. 

cher-5-pot -a-mus, s. [Chceeopotamus.] 
cher -ris, chur-ras, s. [Nepaulese.] 

Bot.: An Indian name for the resinous exudation 
of the Hemp, Cannabis sativa. 

* 9 her-ri-let, s. [Cherrylet.] A little cherry. 
9 her'-ry,* 9 lier'-rle, * 9 her -y, * 9 her -Ie, 9 hlr - 
ry, * 9 hlr -y, chir -i, s. & a. [A corruption of Mid. 
Eng. cheris or chiris, the s being mistaken for the 
sign of the plural; A. S. cirse, cyrse=a. cherry ; ciris- 
bedm, cirse-treow, cyrse-treoio = a cherry-tree; Sw. 
kers(bdr ) ; Dan. kirse (baer); Dut. kers (kleurig); 
N. H. Ger. kirsche; M. H. Ger. kirse; 0. H. Ger. 
kirsa; Fr. & O. Fr. cerise; Proy. serisia; Sp. cepeza ; 
Port .cereja; Ital. ciriegia; Lat. cerasus; Gr. kera- 
sion = a cherry, kerasos, kerasea= the cherry-tree, 
from Cerasus (now Keresoun ) , in Pontus, from which 
Lucullus i3 said to have first brought cherries to 
Italy about 68 B. C. So says Pliny, but as the cherry 
grew wild in Greece, it is more probable that the 
town was called from the tree rather than vice 
versa.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language, Bot. <& Hort.: 

1 . The name given to various species of the genus 
Pranus and sub-genus Cerasus, especiaHy to certain 
trees which grow wild in America and various other 
portions of the Northern temperate zone. (1 > 
Prunus cerasus, called also Cerasus vulgaris, (2) P. 
Avium, the Gean Cherry, called also the SmaH 
Cherry, and (3) Prunus Padus, the Bird Cherry or 
Bird’s Cherry, caHed also the Cluster Cherry and 
the Fowl Cherry. Bentham and Sir Joseph Hooker 
consider Nos. 1 and 2 mere varieties or sub-species 
and not really distinct. From these came the cul¬ 
tivated garden cherry. [Cerasus.] Other species 
are the Bastard Cherry (Cerasus Pseudo-cerasus), 
the Choke Cherry (C.virginiana), Ac. [Choke, Ac.] 

2 . The drupe or stone-fruit of the cherry-tree. It 
is a superior one-ceHed, one-seeded, indehiscent 
fruit, having a fleshy or pulpy sarcocarp, a hard 
endocarp, and a pericarp. 

3. The name given to various trees with resem¬ 
blance often superficial to the cherry-tree. Spec.: 
The Barbadoes Cherry (Malpighia glabra), the 


Mil, bfiy'; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = £. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, Ac. = hel, d?L 




846 


chessoun 


cherry-bay 


Hottentot Cherry ( Casine Maurocenia ), the native 
cherry of Australia (1) Exocarpus cupressiformis, 
(2) Nelitris ingens. 

4. A number of cordials composed of cherry-juice 
and spirits sweetened and diluted. 

II. Metal.: A spherical bar, used specially in run¬ 
ning out the cavities of bullet-molds. 

B. As adjective : Resembling a cherry in color. 

“ A cherry lip, a passing pleasing tongue.” 

Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 1. 

If Obvious compound: Cherry-colored. 
cherry-bay, s. [Laurel.] 

Cherry-bob, s. Two cherries, having the stalks 
united, used by children as earrings and in games, 
cherry-bounce, s. Cherry-brandy and sugar. 
“Burnt brandy very good I hold, 

To keep in heat and force out cold; 

And if you choose to drink it raw 
Mix sugar which it down will draw; 

When men together these do flounce, 

They call the liquor cherry-bounce.” 

Poor Robin, 1740. ( Nares.) 

. cherry-brandy, s. A favorite cordial, prepared 
by steeping freshly-gathered Morello cherries in 
brandy for one or two months, and then sweetening 
with powdered sugar or sugar-candy, 
cherry-cheeked, a. Rosy-cheeked, ruddy, 
cherry-crab, s. 

Bot.: A variety of the Siberian crab, Pyrus 
Malus baccata. 

*cherry-fair, *cherifeire, *chyrye feire, s. A 
fair for the sale of cherries and other fruit. 

“Thisworlde ys but a chyrye feire.” — Lydgate: Minor 
Poems, p. 231. 

cherry-gum, s. [Cerasin.] 
cherry-laurel, s. 

Bot.: An evergreen shrub, Cerasus Laurocerasus, 
common in nurseries. The leaves have a flavor 
resembling that of bitter almonds. 

cherry-pepper, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Capsicum cerasiforme, so named 
from the appearance of the fruit, 
cherry-pie, s. 

1. Ord.Lang.: A pie containing cherries. 

2. Bot.: A name given to two plants from the 
smell of the flowers: (1) Heliotropiumperuvianum, 
(2) Epilobium hirsutum. 

*cherry-pit, s. A child’s play, in which they 
throw cherry-stones into a small hole. 

“I [Lord Falkland] see all parents labor to fix opinions 
into tbeir children before they come to an age fit to judge 
of any greater doubts than what may happen at span- 
counter or cherry-pit. . .”— Hammond: Works, vol. ii., 
p. 679. 

cherry-rum, s. Rum in which cherries have 
been steeped. 

cherry-stone, s. The hard endocarp of the 
drupe or fruit of the cherry-tree. 

cherry-stoner, s. A domestic implement for 
stoning cherries. It works by introducing a forked 
prong, which pinches the cherry-stone out of the 
pulp. 

cherry-tree, s. [Cherry, 1 .] 
cherry-wine, s. A sweet wine made from 
cherries; a liquor, also called Maraschino, pre¬ 
pared from cherries in Italy and Dalmatia. [Mar- 

, ASCHINO.] 

cherry-wood, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Viburnum Opulus. 

*§her'-r^, v. t. [Cherry, s.] To redden, to 
color or paint. 

“ Her cheek she cherries.” 

Sylvester: The Decay, 122. (Davies.) 

*gher-ry-let, *cher-e-lette, s. [Eng. cherry; 
dim. suff. -let.) A little cherry. 

“Two smelling, swelling, bashful cherelettes.” 

Herrick: Appendix, p. 434. (Davies.) 

cher -so-nese, s. [Gr. chersonesos, from chersos 
=land, and nesos— an island; Fr. Chersonese .] A 
peninsula; a tract of land almost surrounded by 
the sea, but joined to the continent by a narrow 
neck or isthmus. Examples, the Cimbric Cherso¬ 
nese, now called Jutland, and the Tayric Cherso¬ 
nese, now the Crimea. 

cher’-si-ans, cher-sl’-te§, s. pi. [From Gr. 
chersinos = pertaining to land tortoises (Pliny): 
chersos— dry land, and suff. -ans or -ites.\ 

ZoOl.: A name given to the division of the Chelo- 
nia containing-the Land Tortoises, 
ghert, s. [Ir. ceirt7ie=stone.] * 

Min.: A name often applied to Homstone and to 
any impure flinty rock, including the jaspers. 
(Dana.) 

gher’-ty, a. [Eng. chert; -y.] Like chert; flinty. 


gher'-ub, s. [Heb. kertib, or kerubim. It is 
sometimes written in the plural, improperly, cher- 
ubims.] A celestial spirit which, in the hierarchy, 
is placed next in order to the seraphim. All the 
several descriptions which the Scripture gives us 
of cherubim differ from one another, as they are 
described in the shapes of men, eagles, oxen, lions, 
and in a composition of all these figures put 
together. The hieroglyphical representations in 
the embroidery upon the curtains of the tabernacle 
were called by Moses (Exod. xxvi. 1) cherubim of 
cunning work. (Calmet.) 

“ I have heard it said, 

The seraphs love most— cherubim know most— 

And this should be a cherub —since he loves not.” _ 

Byron: Cain, i. 1. 

Cherub-guarded, a. Guarded by cherubim. 

“ The cherub-guarded walls of Eden, . . .” 

Byron: Cain, ii. 2. 

cherub-hydra, s. 

“ A Cherub-hydra round us dost thou gape, 

And mold to every taste thy dear delusive shape.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, i. 65. 

gher-fi-bic, *gher-fi’-bick, *gher-u -bic-ah a. 
[Eng. cherub; -ic, -ical ,] Of or pertaining to cher¬ 
ubs ; angelic. 

Cherubical hymn: 

Eccles.: The ter sanctus or trisagion in the service 
of the Holy Communion; “ Holy, holy, holy,” &c. 
(Stainer & Barrett.) 
gher -u-bim, s.pl. [Cherub.] 

*gher-u-bfm -ic, a. [Eng. cherubim; -ic.] Cheru¬ 
bic, angelic. 

“ With cherubimic smiles and placid brows.” 

Wolcot: Pet . Pindar , p. 6. (Davies.) 
*gher-u-bin, a. & s. [Cherub.] 

A. As adj.: Cherubic, angelic. 

“ Hath in her more destruction than thy sword, 

For all her cherubin look.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, iv. 3. 

B. As subst.: A cherub. 

“Whose face is paradise, but fenc’d from sin; 

For God in either eye has plac’d a cherubin.” ' 
Dry den: To the Duchess of Ormond. 

1[ To be in the cherubins: To be in the clouds, to 
have no reality. 

“Soch quidificall trifles, that were al in the cherubins.” 
— Udall: Apoph. of Erasmus, p. 139. (Davies.) 

*cher '-vell, s. [A corruption of Fr. chbvrefeuille; 
Lat. caprifolium, from capra= a goat, and folium— 
a leaf.] 

Bot.: A plant, Lonicera Periclymenum. 

“ Caprifolium ... is chervell or gootes leaves.”— Crete 
Herball. (Britt. & Holland.) 

gher'-vil, s. [A, S. cerfille, ccerfille, cyrfille; O. H. 
Ger. kervela, kervila; M. H. Ger. kervele; Ger. ker- 
bel; Fr. cerfeuil; Sp. cerafolio; Ital. cerfoglio; 
Dut. kervel, all from Lat. cerefolium, cheerephyllum, 
from Gr. chairephyllon; chairo=to rejoice, and 
phyllon= a leaf: so named from the agreeable odor 
of the leaves.] [Chh:rophyllum.] 

Bot.: A garden potherb, Chcerophyllum sativum, 
called also Anthriscus Cerefolium. [Anthriscus.] 
C. temulum or temulentum is one to three feet high, 
with the nodes purple-spotted, the leaves doubly 
pinnate. It flowers in June and July. 

Coiv-weed Chervil: [Cow-weed.] 

Great Chervil: Myrrhis odorata. 

Hemlock Chervil: Torilis Anthriscus, so called 
from the stem being spotted like hemlock. 

Mock Chervil: (1) Anthriscus sylvestris (Turner), 
(2) Scandix Pecten (Gerarde). 

Needle Chervil: Scandix Pecten. 

Parsnip Chervil: Chcerophyllum bulbosum or An¬ 
thriscus bulbosus. 

Bough Chervil: Torilis Anthriscus. 

Sweet Chervil: Myrrhis odorata. 

Wild Chervil: (1) Scandix pecten (Lyte), (2) 
Anthriscus sylvestris (Britt, dt Holland). 

ghes'-lip, s. [Etym. doubtful. Mahn suggests a 
corruption of Fr. chatepeleuse= a weevil, a wood¬ 
louse.] 

Entom.: A small insect, a species of wood-louse, 
found under stones, &c. 

ghess (1), *ghes, *ghesse, s. & a. [A corruption 
of checks, from O. Fr. eschecs, eschacs= chess, pi. of 
eschec, eschac^ check, lit. = a king ; Ital. scacco; Sp. 
jaque,xaque; Port, xaque; Ger. schach; Icel. shdk: 
Dan. skak; Sw. schack; Dut. schaak. (Skeat.) J 
[Check, s.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. The game described in II. 

“Medethmanye kueades ate ohes other ate tables.”— 
Ayenbite, p. 62. 

*2. A chess-board. 

“His tables, his ohes he bare.”— Tristram, ii. 10. 

3. The quarter or any smaller division of an 
apple, pear, &c., cut regularly into pieces; the chess 
or lith of an orange. 


II. Tech.: The game of chess is of very great 
antiquity. Until recently it was thought to have 
been invented in China or India, but that idea has 
been recently shaken by the discovery at Sakkara, 
in Egypt, of a wall painting showing two chess¬ 
players belonging to the Government of King Teta 
of the sixth dynasty. Prof. Brugsch puts Teta at 
3300 B. C., or 5,200 years ago. In India it has been 
from time immemorial known as chaturanga, i. e., 
the four angas, or members of an army, viz., ele¬ 
phants, horses, chariots, and foot-soldiers. This 
was by the Persians corrupted into chatrang } and 
by the Arabs into shatrang. By them it was intro¬ 
duced into Spain in the eighth century, and from 
thence it found its way into France, and was known 
in England before the Norman conquest. From the 
Arabic shatrang came the still further corrupted 
forms scacchi, 6checs, and chess. In the modern 
European arrangement the idea of elephants, 
horses, chariots, and foot-soldiers has been aban- 
doned, and, in their places, have been substituted 
a king, queen, knights, bishops, castles or rooks, 
and pawns, forming six distinct classes of pieces. 
[See these words.] The name rook is the Hindu 
rat’h =an armed chariot; Pers. rokh; the pawns are 
the foot-soldiers, Hindu peon— an attendant. The 
game is played on a board divided into sixty-four 
squares, colored alternately black and white. Each 
player has sixteen pieces, viz., a king, a queen, two 
bishops, two knights, two castles or rooks, and eight 
pawns. The manner of moving each piece is regu¬ 
lated by rule, and the object of each player is to 
checkmate the other. [Checkmate.] 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

IT Obvious compounds: Chess-game (Carlyle), 
chess-player, chess.table, chess-tournament. 

chess-board, s. The board or table on which 
chess is played. (For description see Chess, A. II.) 


chess-man, *chest-man, s. One of the “ men” 

or pieces used in the game of 
chess. 

chess-rook, s. 

1. Chess: A rook or castle 
these ivords). 

2. Her.: A 
arms. 

chess-tree, s. 

Naut.: A piece of oak fastened 
on the top-side of the vessel, for 
securing the main-tack to, or 


bearing in coats of 



Chess-rook. 


hauling home the clue of the main-sail. 


ghess (2),s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Pers. khas= 
bad, evil; a weed, a thorn, &c. (Mahn.)] 

Bot.: The name of a species of grass (Bromus 
scalinus ), commonly found growing in American 
wheat fields. Its seeds have the appearance of 
oats, and are sometimes ground with the wheat, 
deteriorating the quality of the flour produced. It 
is also called improperly cheat. [Cheat (3), s.] 
chess’ apple, s. 

Bot.: The fruit of Pyrus Aria. 


ghess (3), s. [Fr. chassis.] A flooring board of a 
military bridge. The chesses lie upon the balks, 
which are longitudinal timbers resting upon the 
batteaux or pontons. J(Knight.) 

ghes-sart, ghes -sel, s. [Eng. cheese, and suff. 
-art, -el.] The perforated wooden mold or vat in 
which cheese is pressed. 

ches'-ses, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A plant, the 
peony (Pceonia officinalis). 
ches’-sex, s. [Fr. chassis.] 

Mil.: The boards used for the flooring of a tem¬ 
porary military bridge. [Chess (3),s. 2.] 
*ghess-ner, s. [Eng. chess; - er .] A chess-player. 

“ Yonder’s my game, which, like a politic chessner, 

I must not seeme to see.” 

Middl.: Game at Chess, iv. 

*ghes-s6m, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Ger. kies; 
M. H. Ger. fci's=gravel; Mid. Eng. chessil; A. S. 
ceosel. Latham thinks the word is an adj., mean¬ 
ing loose or friable.] [Chisel (2), s.] Mellow, 
friable earth. 

“ The tender chessom and mellow earth is the best, being 
mere mold, between the two extremes of clay and sand 
. . .”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 

*ches-soun, V. t. [From Norm. Fr. achesouner 
=to accuse.] To subject to blame, to accuse. 

“ He is sa ful of justice, richt and ressoun, 

I lufe Mm not in ocht that will me chessoun.” 

Priests of Peblis: Pink. S. P. Repr., i. 89. 
*ches-soun, *ches-owne, s. [Prom Norm. Fr. 
acheson, achaysson= accusation, reason, occasion, 
cause, hurt. (Kelham.)] Blame, accusation, ex¬ 
ception. 

“ If that ye think richt, or yit ressoun, 

To that I can, nor na man, have chessoun.” 

Priests of Peblis: S. P. Repr., i. 7. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cuh, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw„ 






























chevalier 


Chessy 


847 


Qhes sy, s. & a. [The name of a village near 
Lyons, France.] 

A. As subst.: (See the etymology.) 

B. .4s adj.: Pertaining to or produced at Chessy. 

Chessy-copper, s. 

Min.: The same as Azurite (q. v.), occurring in 
splendid crystallizations at Chessy, whence it is 
also called Chessylite. 

ghes'-sy-llte, s. [Chessy, and suff. -lite [Min.) 
(q. v.).] 

Min.: The same as Chessy-copper (q. v.). 

ghest ( 1 ), *gheste ( 1 ), *ghiste, *kiste, *ghist, 
*kist, *kyst, s. & a. [A. S. cyste; Sw .kist.a; Dan. 
kiste, from Lat. cista; Gr. kiste— a box, a chest.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A large box of wood or other material. 

*2. A coffin. 


“ He is now deed an nayled in his chest.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,905. 


*3. The ark. 


“ Hatz thou [noe] closed thy kyst with clay alle aboute?” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 346. 
*4. A receptacle of any kind, such as a basket. 
“Minerva nurs’d him, and the infant laid, 

Within a chest of twining osiers made.” 

Addison: The Story of Coronis. 

II. Technically: 


. !• Anat.: The thorax, the part of the body 
inclosed by the ribs and breast-bone. 

2. Comm.: The quantity of any commodity con¬ 
tained in a case. 

3. A box or receptacle for money, the public 
treasury. 

“ And all the princes and all the people rejoiced, and 
brought in, and cast into the chest, until they had made 
an end.”—2 Chron. x x i v. 10. 

IT Chest-ef-drawers: 

Furniture: A movable wooden frame containing 
drawers. 

* Chest of viols: 

Music: A concert or set of viols formerly in use. 
A chest of viols, with a harpsichord or organ, with 
an occasional hautboy or flageolet, formed an 
ordinary orchestra in the early part of the 17th 
century. [Stainer & Barrett.) 

B. As adj.: (Seethe compounds.) 

chest-bellows, s. The piston bellows, 
chest-foundering, s. 

Farriery: A disease in horses. It comes near to 
a pleurisy, or peripneumony, in a human body. 


Chest-lOCk, s. A mortise-lock, inserted vertically 
into the body of a chest or box, the plate, which 
frequently has two staples, being let into the under 
sides of the lid. The bolt has a horizontal move¬ 
ment. 

chest-protector, s. A covering for the chest, 
made of chamois, flannel, hare-skin, or other 
material, and worn by persons affected with pul¬ 
monary complaints. 


chest-rope, s. 

Naut.: A long boat-rope or warp. 

chest-saw, s. A species of hand-saw without a 
back. 

chest-trap, s. Boxes or traps for catching pole¬ 
cats or other vermin. 

*chest-WOrm, s. Perhaps Angina pectoris. 

**. . . gnawings of chest-worms — Ward: Sermons , 
p. 60. (Davies.) 

*chest (2), *cheste (2), *cheast, s. [A. S.eeasf.] 
A quarreling, a dispute. 

“ The sinne of contumelie, or strif, and cheste .”— 
Chaucer: Parson’s Tale. 

*ghest, v. t. [Chest (1), s.] 

1. To deposit in a chest or box of any kind. 

2. To put into a coffin. 

“ Hp [Joseph] dieth and is chested.”-Gen. 1. 26, heading. 

ghes'-ted, pa.par. & a. [Chest (1), s.] 

1. As pa. par.: Placed or deposited in a chest. 

2. As adj.: Having a chest; used only in such 
compounds as broad-chested , narrow-chested. 

“. . . his father was a very proper man, broad- 

shouldered and chested , • ■ .”— Fuller: Worthies, Rut¬ 

landshire. 

ghest'-er (1), s. [Lat. castra—a camp.] [Castor.] 

1. As an independent word: The name given to a 
circular fortification in some parts of Scotland. 

“ There are several circular fortifications, called Chesters, 
which bear evident marks of great antiquity. They are 
all similar to each other, and much about the same size ; 
being nearly 40 or 50 yards diameter.”— Kilsyth: Stirl. 
Statist. Acc., xviii. 292. 


2. As a suffix: It is found forming part of the 
names of many towns among English-speaking peo¬ 
ple, as Manchester, Towcester, &c.; and points to 
the fact of these places having been named from the 
old English towns once the sites of Roman encamp¬ 
ments. 

*chest'-er (2), s. [Eng. chest, v.; -er.] An 
embalmer of a dead body. 

“ Chester of a deade corps, or he that doth the offyce. 
Pollinctor.” — Huloet. 

ghes-ter-field, s. [Named after Lord Chester¬ 
field.] A sort of loose coat. 

ches'-ter-llte, s. [From Chester Co., Pennsyl¬ 
vania, where it occurs ; suff. -lite [Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Orthoclase, occurring in white 
crystals, smooth, but feebly lustrous, implanted on 
dolomite. Specific gravity, 2’531. [Dana.) 

*ghest'-lng, s. [Chest, v. & s.] The act or pro¬ 
cess of filling dead bodies with spices in order to 
preserve them ; embalming. 

“ . . . the leading and chesting was preparing, not 
lacking anything . . . ”— Strype.- Memoirs, Hen. VIII., 
an. 1535. 

ghest-nut (st as s), *ghes’-nut, *chesten, 
*chesteine, *chestayn, *chestayne, *chastein, 
*chestan, *chestain, *chas-teyn, *castany,*kes- 
teyn, s. & a. [Properly two words. See 1. O. Fr. 
cliasteigne, castenge: Sp. castana; Port, castanha; 
Ital. castagna; O. H. Ger. kestinna, kest.ina; M. H. 
Ger. kestene, chestinne; Fr. chataigne, from Lat. 
castanea; Gr. kastanon— a chestnut, from kastana, 
a city in Pontus, Asia Minor, where the tree grew 
in abundance, and whence it was introduced into 
Europe.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Of the forms chesten, chesteine, &c.: A chest¬ 
nut-tree. 

“ Grete forestes of chesteynes.” — Maundeville, p. 307. 

*2. As a compound: The fruit of 1. [II. 2.] 

3. Of all forms: The same as II. 

4. A color: a deep, reddish-brown color. 

“ . . . your chestnut was ever the only color.”— 
Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 4. 

5. Of the form chestnut only: A horse of a chest¬ 
nut color. 

II. Botany: 

1. The common name for Castanea. [Castanea, 
Chestnut-tree.] 

2. The fruit of the Chestnut-tree. Those of Cas¬ 
tanea vesca, the Spanish chestnut, are edible. 

“Of the trouth the chestain tres bryng forth the soft 
ewete chestnut out of the sharp prickyng and hard huske.” 
— Golden Poke, c. 9. 

Earth chestnut: Bunium flexuosum. 

III. As an exclamation: 

Slang; When an individual persists in repeating 
stale witticisms, and hoary and decrepit anecdotes, 
the interjection “ Chestnuts 1 ” is used to remind 
him of the fact that the audience consider him a 
bore. One authority derives the usage from the 
similarity between the staleness of chestnuts ex¬ 
posed by street venders and the staleness of an 
oft-told tale. Another account is that a certain 
produce dealer in an Eastern town, when he wished 
to get rid of a troublesome, talkative, traveling 
salesman, would pretend to be very busy getting 
together. a large consignment of this particular 
commodity, and going to the elevator shaft in his 
store, would ring the signal bell of the elevator, 
and yell out “ Chestnuts 1 ” to an imaginary person 
above. The travelers spread the story, and the use 
of the word in that connection became general in 
this country. 

B. As adj.: Of a deep and rich reddish-brown 
color. 

“ And the rings of chestnut hair 
Curl’d half down his neck so bare.” 

Byron: Parisina, 16. 

Chestnut-brown, a. Brown, with the peculiar 
red tint of the chestnut. 

chestnut-oak, s. 

Botany: 

1. Quercus castanea. 

2. The timber of the sessile-fruited English oak, 
Quercus sessiliflora. 

chestnut-tree, s. 

1. Castanea vesca. The wood of this, the Sweet 
or Spanish Chestnut, is sometimes used in house 
carpentry. 

2. JEsculus hippocastanum, the Horse-chestnut, 
furnishes a white wood, much used for brush-backs. 
The inner bark, when infused in boiling water, pro¬ 
duces a yellow fluid, which possesses the remarkable 
power of fluorescence, that is, it throws back from 


its first surface a set of rays of high refrangibility, 
and of a blue color, while the ordinary rays are 
duly transmitted. [Ure.) [Fluorescence.] [Cas¬ 
tanea.] 

Ches-ton, s. [Mid. Eng. chesten—& chestnut, 
so called from its resemblance to a chestnut.] A 
species of plum. 

*ghes'-well, s. [Mid. Eng. ches — cheese, and 
well.) A cheese-vat. 

If He is gone out of the cheswell that he was made 
in : A reflection upon persons who perk above their 
birth and station. [Kelly, p. 141.) 

Qhe'-tah, s. [Cheetah.] The hunting-leopard 
[Telis jubata) of Southern Asia and Africa. The 
body-color is a pale fawn, which runs into white 
below. The back and sides are spotted with black. 
It is inferior in size to the leopard proper, not being 
more than 32 inches high. A slight mane extends 
along its back, and the tail is long and curled. The 
chetah is susceptible of a high degree of domestica¬ 
tion, and is trained in India and Persia to hunt 
antelopes. 

ghet'-tlk, *tjet’-tek, s. [Javanese.] 

1. The poison from the t-ree described under 
No. 2. 

2. A tree, Strychnos Tieute, the Upas Tieute. Its 
poison is more virulent than that of the genuine 
TJpas, Antiaris toxicaria , with which it must not be 
confounded. The Javanese use the Tieute to poison 
their arrows. 

ghet -wert, s. [Russian.] 

Comm.: A measure of grain, equal to 0’7218 of an 
imperial quarter, or nearly six Winchester bushels. 

*Chev -a-chie, s. [O. Fr. chevachie, chevaucMe, 
chevaulchie, from chevaucher, chevachier, cheval- 
chier= to ride; cheval= a horse; Low Lat. cheval- 
«hia .] An expedition on horseback. 

“He had been sometime in chevachie, 

In Flaundres, in Artois, and in Picardie.” 

Chaucer: C. T., Prol., p. 65. 

ghe-val’ [pi. chevaux; pron. she-vo),s. [Fr. 

cheval— a horse.] [Cavalry, Cavalcade.] Prop¬ 
erly a horse; hence, a frame or framework of any 
kind. 

cheval-de-frise (generally in the plural, che- 
vaux-de-frise), s. [Fr. cheval = a horse; frise— 
Friesic.J A b a r 
traversed by rows 
of pointed stakes, 
and used to bar¬ 
ricade an ap¬ 
proach or close a 
breach. Called a 
Friesland horse 
because first used 
at the siege o f 
Gron i n g e n , i n 

that province, in Cheval-de-frise. 

1658. In German 
it is described as “ a Spanish horseman ” [ein-Span- 
ischer Reiter). 

“The obstructions of chain, boom, and chevaux-de- 
frise.” — W. Irving. 

cheval-glass, s. A looking-glass of such size 
and so mounted as to exhibit tnefull figure. 

“ Superb dresses hanging on the cheval-glasses.” — Dick¬ 
ens: Nicholas Nickleby, ch. 10. 

*cheval-trap, s. 

Mil.: The same as Caltrop (q. v.). 

ghe-vale-ment, s. [Fr.] 

Arch.: A sort of prop made of one or two pieces 
of timber, with a head laid buttress-fashion on a 
rest. It serves to support jambs, &c. 

*Che-val'-er, v. [Fr.] In the manege, applied 
to a horse when, in passing upon a trot or walk, his 
off fore-leg crosses the near fore-leg every second 
motion. 

ghev-a-let, s. [Fr.] 

1. Mil. : A temporary or movable bridge. 

“ Chevalets, boats, Spanish and English pontoons.”— 
Wellington: Despatch, vii. 414. 

2. Music: The bridge of a stringed instrument. 
[Stainer <& Barrett.) 

phev'-a-lier, *ghev-a lere, s. [Fr., fromc/ievaZ 

=a horse.] [Cavalier.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Literally: 

(1) A knight, a mounted warrior. 

(2) A member of certain orders of knighthood. 

*2. Fig.: A noble, gallant man. 

II. Her.: A horseman armed at all points. 

IT The Chevalier was a name particularly applied 
to the younger Pretender to the English throne, 
Charles Edward Stuart. 

IT Chevalier d 1 Industrie: One who lives on his 
wits. 




bfiil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sham -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 




chevaster 


848 


chiaroscuro 


Che-vas-ter, ehe-ves'-tre, s. [Fr. chivitre; 
O. Fr. chevestre= a bandage.] 

Surg.: A double roller applied to the head. 
*9he-vaun'§e, s. [O. Fr. chevance , from Low 
Lat. chevancia.) [Achievance.] An achievement. 
“ Full ofte make a great chevaunce.” 

Gower: C. A., ii. 273. 

*9heve, *§heeve, v. i. & t. [Ch Fr, chevir, from 
chef= the head.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To succeed, to fare. 

“ Evel mot he cheeve.”—Chaucer: C. T., 13,153. 

2. To happen, to occur, to come to pass. 

“ For no chaunce that may aheue, chaunge your wille.” 
— Destr. of Troy, 708. 

3. To attain, to succeed in reaching or attain¬ 
ing to. 

“ Then Achilles cheuyt to land.”— Destr. of Troy, 5,972. 

4. To attach one’s self, to join. 

“ Grete was that linage and many to them cheued .”— 
Bob. of Brunne, p. 323. 

B. Transitive: 

1. To happen to, to befall. 

s ‘Of chivalry ard chaunce that cheuyt hym before.”— 
Destr. of Troy, 517. 

2. To achieve. 

“ I cheve, I bring to an ende.”— Palsgrave. 

3. To reach, to attain to. 

“ The chayere a-bowune cheuede they neuer.”— Morte 
Arthure, 3,329. 

(jhev'-en, *$hev-in, *9heu-yn, s. [O. Fr. chev- 
esne, chevanne, from chef= a head; Lat. caput. So 
named from the size of its head.] A chub. 

“ The fishes of this lake were trouts, pikes, chevins, and 
tenches.”— Sir T. Browne: Tracts, p. 99. 

*chev'-er-el, chev'-er-il, s. & a. [O. Fr. chev- 
rel, chevral; Fr. chevreau—a. kid, dimin. of cMvre; 
Lat. capra= a goat.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A species of fine soft leather, made of 
kidskin. 

2. Fig.; A soft, yielding nature or disposition. 

‘‘0, here’s a wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch 

narrow to an ell broad.”— Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 4. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Made of kidskin. 

2. Fig.: Yielding, pliant. 

“A sentence is but a cheveril glove to a good wit: how 
quickly the wrong side may be turned outward 1”— 
Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 1. 

Chev-er il-ize, v. t. [Eng. cheveril, and suff. 
- ize .] To make as soft and pliable as kidskin. 

“I appeal unto your own, though never so much 
cheverilized, consciences, my good calumniators ...” 
— Mounlagu: App. to Coes., p. 23. 

qhe-vet, s. [Fr., from Lat. caput.\ 

Arch.: A variety of the apse, almost exclusively 
confined to French Gothic churches. 

Ohe-vllle', s. [Fr.] A peg for a violin, guitar, 
lute, &c. ( Stainer dk Barrett.) 

Qhev'-Il§, s. pi. [Fr. cheville.] 

Naut.: Small pieces of timber in the inside of a 
ship to which the ropes called sheets or tacks are 
fastened. 

*chev-in, s. [Cheven.] 

*che-vlng, *che'-wf hg, pr.par., a.&s. [Cheve, 

u.] 

A. &B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: Success, fortune. 

chev'-l-ot, s. [From the name of a border moun¬ 
tain range in Scotland—the Cheviot hills.] 

1. A variety of mountain sheep, named from the 
Cheviot hills, where they abound. 

2. A kind of coarse woolen cloth used principally 
for men’s clothing. 

*9hev-i-san9e, *9hev-i-saunce (1), *9hev-e- 
samje, *9hev-e-saun9e, *9hev-i-ssaun9e, *9hev- 
y-saun9e {Eng.), *9hew-y-san9e, *chew-y-sans 
(Scotch), s, [O. Fr. chevisance, chevissance, from 
chevir= to manage, achieve.] 

I. Ordinary Language; 

1. An achievement, a deed. 

“ ‘Perdy, not so,’ (saide shoe) ‘for shameful thing 
Yt were t’ abandon noble chevisaunce.’ ” 

Spenser: F. Q., HI. xi. 24. 

2. A plan, a project, an intent. 

“ Chevesaunce. Procidentia.” — Prompt. Parv. 

3. A bargain, traffic; hence profit, gain, booty. 
‘‘Eschaunges and chevysaunces, with swieh chaffare I 

dele.” — Langland: P. Plowman, 2,969. 


II. Law: 

1 . A making of a contract. 

2. An unlawful agreement or contract. ( Bouvier .) 

Qhev'-i-saun 9 e (2), s. [A corruption of O. Fr. 

cherisaunce=comfort, heartsease.] The wallflower, 
Cheiranthus cheiri. 

*phev’-i-saun-9er, *chev-e-saun-9er, s. [Mid. 

Eng. chevisaunce; -er.] A usurer, an extor-tioner. 

“If any false chevesauncers or extortioning usurers 
dwell within their ward.”— Howell: Londonopolis, 392. 

*che-vise, *che-vese, *0116-763-811611, *che- 
vys-tyn, *che-vyscli-en, *clie-veys (Eng.), 
*che-wyss (Scotch), v. [O. Fr. chevir, pr. par. 
chevissant .] 

1. To procure, to provide, to supply. 

“ Chevy sty n or purveyn (chevyschen H., cheuesshen P.). 
Provideo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2 . To take care of, to save. 

“ Eschewes to some castelle, and chewyse your selfene.” 

Morte Arthure, 1,750. 

Qhev-re'tte, s. [Fr.] 

1. Ordnance: A machine for 
raising heavy guns on to their 
carriages. 

2 . A. thin kind of leather, 
used in the manufacture of 
gloves. 

Chev'-ron (1), chev-er-on, 
s. [Fr. In Sp. cabrion, cavir- 
on, from Lat. capriolus=a sup- Chevron, 

port of timber.] 

1. Her.: A bent bar, rafter-shaped, in heraldry. 
A chevron is, according to some, a third, and, ac¬ 
cording to others, a fifth of the field. A chevronel 
is half a chev¬ 
ron, and the 
couple close the 
fourth of the 
shield. 

IT A chevron 
couped is that 
which does not 
reach the sides 
of the escutch¬ 
eon. Arch with Chevron Molding. 

A chevron in 

chief is one which rises to the top of the shield. 

2. Mil.: The distinguishing mark on the coat- 
sleeves of non-commissioned officers. 

3. Arch.: A zigzag molding, characteristic of 
Norman architecture. 

4. A frame or pattern, chevron-shaped. 

“ The masquers were placed in a great concave shell, 
like mother of pearl; the top thereof was stuck with 
a cheveron of lights, . . . ”— B. Jonson: Masques at 
Court. 

chevron bones, s. pi. Arched bones branching 
from the vertebral column. 

chevron-work, s. 

Arch.: Zigzag molding. 

phev'-ron (2), s. [Prob. from Fr. chevreau— a 
kid.] A glove. 

Qhev -roned, ohev'-er-oned, a. [Eng. chevron; 
-ed.~\ Worked with a pattern chevron-wise ; having 
zigzag ornaments. 

“ Their bases were of watchet cloth of silver, cheveroned 
all over with lace.”— B. Jonson: Masques at Court. 

ghev’-ron-el, s. [Eng. chevron, and dim. suff. 
-el.) 

Her.: A half chevron, a small 
chevron. 

Chev-ron'-ne, a. [Fr., from 
chevron .] 

Her.: Applied to a shield laid 
out in several partitions chevron- 
wise ; chevroned. 

Qhev-ro-tain’, *chev-ro-tin, s. 

[O. Fr. chevrot=a. little goat, roe ; 
dimin. of chbvre = goat; Lat. 
capra .] 

Zodlogy: 

1. Sing.: The Napu, Tragulus Javanicus. It is 
related to the deer, but without horns. It is a 
native of Java. Some other species are Indian. 

“ To this we may add the chevrotin, or little Guinea 
deer, which is the least of cloven-footed quadrupeds.”— 
Goldsmith: Hist, of Earth, vol. iii., ch. 3. 

2. PI.: A name for the ruminant genus Tragulus 
and for the family Tragulidee, of which it is the 
type. 

Qhev-rot -er, v. [Fr.] 

Music: To skip, quiver, to sing with uncertain 
tone, after the manner of goats. Alla vibrato. 
(Stainer & Barrett.) 


«jhew (ewasfl), *9liewexi, *9heowen, * 9 hyewe. 

*9hiewe, v. t. & i. [A. S. cedwan; O. H. Ger. chiu - 
wan, chiivan; M. H. Ger. kiuwen; Dut. Jcaauwen. It 
is essentially the same word as Chaw (q. v.).] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To masticate, to grind with the teeth. 

“ The vales 

Descending gently, where the lowing herd 
Chews verdurous pasture.” A. Phillips. 

IT To chew the cud: 

11 Lit.: To ruminate. [Cud.] 

2) Fig.; To ruminate mentally. 

“I believe, however, that I shall for some time con¬ 
tinue to chew the cud of reflection upon many observations 
which this original discharged.”— Smollett Humphry 
Clinker. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To ruminate, to meditate on in the heart. 

‘‘He chews revenge, abjuring his offense.”— Prior. 

f2. To digest mentally. 

“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, 
and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some 
books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but 
not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, with 
attention. ”— Bacon. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Lit.: To masticate, to grind with the teeth. 

“. . . I am the veriest varlet that ever chewed with a 

tooth.”— Shakesp.: Henry IV., ii. 2. 

II. Fig.: To ruminate mentally, to meditate (gen¬ 
erally with on or upon before the subject). 

“Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this.” _ 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, i. 2. 

9hew (ew as u), s. [Chew, v.] That which is 
chewed in the mouth; a mouthful; a small piece. 
(Vulgar.) 

9hewed (ew as ii), pa. par. or a. [Chew, v.] 

*9hew'-et (ew as ii), s. [From chew, and suff. 
-et.) [Chuet.] A kind of pie made of various 
articles chopped up and mixed together. 

“ A kind of dainty chewet or minced pie.”— Florio: Ital. 
Diet, in V. Frilingotti. 

9hew'-lng, *9hew-ynge (ew as ii), pr. par., a. 
& s. [Chew, v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of masticating; mastication. 

“ By chewing, solid aliment is divided into small parts; 
in a human body, there is no other instrument to perform 
this action but the teeth. By the action of chewing, the 
spittle and mucus are squeezed from the glands, and 
mixed with the aliment; which action, if it be long con¬ 
tinued, will turn the aliment into a sort of chyle.”— 
Arbuthnot: On the Nature and Choice of Aliments. 

chewing-ball, s. 

Veterinary : A ball composed of several sorts of 
drugs, given to horses to restore a lost appetite. 

Che-wink, s. [From the note of the bird.] The 
ground-robin, common in this country. 

chewing-gum, s. [Gum ( 2 ), 4 , H ( 1 )]. 

*9hew-y-san9e, *chew-y-sans,s. [Chevisance.] 

9 heyn'-i-fl, s. [Named after Mr. and Mrs. George 
Cheyne, of Cape Riche.] 

Bot.: A handsome-flowered genus of the Myrtle 
family, consisting of a single species, a native of the 
Swan River territory. It is a shrub, with fine heath¬ 
like leaves arranged in four rows, and bears hand¬ 
some scarlet flowers. 

chl -an, a. [Lat. C7mss=pertaining to Chios, an 
island in the ASgean Sea.] Of or pertaining to 
Chios. 

chian-earth, s. A dense, compact kind of earth, 
found in Chios, and used anciently as an astringent 
and cosmetic. 

chian-turpentine, s. A kind of turpentine im¬ 
ported from Chios, produced by the Pistacia tere- 
binthus. 

chl-lir'-g,, a. [Ital.] Clear, distinct, pure, e. g 
chiara voce, clear voice; chiara quarta, a perfect 
fourth. ( Stainer dk Barrett.) 

chi-gir-9,-men'-te, adv. [Ital.] Clearly, purely, 
distinctly. ( Stainer <& Barrett.) 

chl-ar-ez-za, con, phrase. [Ital.] With bright¬ 
ness, clearness. ( Stainer c6 Barrett .) 

fchl-ar-os-cfir'-ist, s. [Eng. chiarooscur(o); -ist.) 
One noted for his skill in drawing in chiaroscuro. 

“ This is more or less the case with all chiaroscurists." — 
Buskin: Mod. Painters, vol. iv., pt. v., ch. 3, § 20. 

chi-ar-os-cfl'-ro, chi-ar-o-os-cfi’-ro, s. [Ital. 

chiaro — light, oscuro — dark.] [ Claib-obscure, 
Clare-obscuee.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rille, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





Chevronel. 









chiasma 


849 


chickweed 


1 . Fine Arts: 

(1) The distribution of the lighter and darker 
shades m a painting or engraving. 

an other part of his book he awards to Germany 
the honor of having first practiced the art of engraving 
In ohiaroscuro.” — Ottley: Hist. ofEngrav., ch. i. 

(2) A drawing made in two colors, black and 
white. 

2. Printing : A system of printing by successive 
blocks of wood which carry respectively the out¬ 
lines, lighter and darker shades, &c. It was prac¬ 
ticed m Germany and Italy in the fifteenth and 
sixteenth centuries. 

chl-as -me., s. [Gr. chiasma= the mark of Greek 
chi or cross.] 

Aiiat.: The central body of nervous matter formed 
by the junction and decussation of the optic nerves. 

. “ • • • f° r . these reasons the physiology of the chiasma 
is invested with uncommon interest.”— R. Mayne: Todd’s 
Cyclop, of Anat. and Physiol.; Optic Nerve. 

Chl-as'-mo-don, s. [Gr. kiasma = the Greek 
chi or cross, and odons, odontos, a tooth.] A genus 
of voracious fishes, of which the black swallower 
( C. niger) is the only species. 

chl-as'-to-llte, s. [Gr. chiastos—crossed, marked 
with the Greek letter chi, from chiazo— to cross, and 
suit, -lite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Andalusite (q. v.). 

cbl-as'-tre, s. [Gr. chiazo = to mark with a 
chi or cross.] 

Surg.: A bandage for the temporal artery shaped 
thus, X, like the letter chi. 

chl-az-o-sper -mum, s. [Gr. chiazd= to mark 
with a cross; sperma= a seed.] 

Bot.: A genus consisting of a single annual plant 
from temperate Asia, forming a connecting link 
between the orders Papaveracese and Fumariacese. 
The seeds are somewhat four-sided, each side being 
marked with a cross-shaped elevation. 

*9hib-bel, *§hib'-bol, s. [Fr. ciboule; Port. 
cebola; Sp. cebolla; Ital. cipolla, from Low Lat. 
cepula, cepola, dim. of Lat. cepa, ccepe— an onion.] 
A small kind of onion, a chive. 

“ Ye eating rascals, 

Whose gods are beef and brewis, whose brave angers 

Do execution upon these, and chibbals.” 

Beaum. A Fletch. • Bonduca. 

(jM'-bou, s. & a. [Contracted from cachibou 

(q. v.).] 

Chibou resin: A resin derived from a terebintha- 
ceous plant, Bursera gummifera. 

9 hlbouque (ouque as ok), s. [A French spelling 
of a Turkish word.] A Turkish smoking-pipe. 

“ The long chibouque’s dissolving cloud supply. 
While dance the Almas to wild minstrelsy.” 

Byron: The Corsair , ii. 2. 

9hi-ce, 9 hi-cha, s. [Sp.] 

1 . The name given in Brazil to a species of Stercu- 
lia, the seeds of which are eaten. They are about 
the size of a pigeon’s egg, and have an agreeable 
taste. 

2. A red coloring matter, extracted from the 
Bignonia chica. It is used by some tribes of North 
American Indians to stain the skin. It is extracted 
by boiling the leaves in water, decanting the decoc¬ 
tion, and allowing it to settle and cool, when a red 
matter falls down, which is formed into cakes and 
dried. It is the Sterculia chicha. It is called also 
Carajuru. 

3. A fermented liquor or beer, made of maize, &c., 
by the natives of South America. 

4. The name of a dance popular among the Span¬ 
iards and the South American settlers descended 
from them. It is said to have been introduced by 
the Moors, and to have been the origin of the fan¬ 
dango, which some writers declare to be the chica 
under a more decent form. It is of a similar char¬ 
acter with the dance of the Angrismene performed 
at the festivals of Venus, and still popular among 
the modern Greeks. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

Chi-cane', s. [Fr. chicaner, a word of doubtful 
origin. Skeat gives Brachet’s suggestion that it 
represents a form zicanum= Mod. Gr. tzykanion, a 
word of Byzantine origin, and Pers. changdn=a 
club or bat used in the game of polo. It would thus 
originally mean disputes in games. Diez suggests 
O. Fr. chic, from Lat. ciccum=ot little worth.] The 
making use of mean, petty subterfuges in order to 
draw away attention from the real merits of a case, 
or to prolong a contest. Artifices, stratagems in 
general. 

tchl-ca ne, v. i. [Chicane, s.] To make use of 
mean, petty subterfuges or cavils. 

u Many who choose to chicane 

Burke: On Econom. Reform. 

fChl-ca'-ner, s. [En g. chican(e);-er.] One who 
makes use of petty subterfuges or cavils; a caviler, 
a sophister. 

“ This is the way to distinguish the two most different 
tilings I know, a logical chicaner from a man of reason.” 
— Locke. 


chi-ca'-ner-y, s. [Fr. chicanerie, from chicaner.] 
Mean or petty subterfuges or cavils; sophistry. 
(Arbuthnot.) 

Chl-ca'-nlng, pr. par., a.&s. [Chicane, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: Chicanery. 

"... were I given to chicaning as you call my being 
stopt by faults of grammar that disturb the sense . . .” 
— Locke: Second Reply to the Bp. of Worcester. 

5hi§lie (1), s. [O. Fr. chiche; Ital. cece ; Lat. 
cicer— a chick-pea.] 

Bot.: The chick-pea, the vetch, Lathyrus Cicera. 

“ Her either chiche is sowen in this moone.” 

Palladius, iv. 9. 

*9hi9he (2), 9hy§lie, s. &a. [From Lat. ciccurn 
=little, worthless.] [Chicane, Chinche.] 

A. As subst.: A mean, niggardly person. 

“ The gentyl cheuentayn is no chyche.” 

Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Pearl, 604. 

B. As adj.: Mean, niggardly, miserly. 

9 hich-ling, chick-ling, 9 lch'-llng, s. [Eng. 
chiche (l),s., and dim. suff. -ling.] 
chichling-vetch, s. 

Bot.: A leguminous plant, Lathyrus sativa. 

9 hichm, 9ls-ma'-tg,n, s. [Arabic.] A seed of a 
leguminous plant, Cassia Absits, used by the Egyp¬ 
tians as a remedy in ophthalmia. ( Lindley , &c.) 

9 hick (1), *9hyk’-kyn (1), v. i. [Etym. doubt¬ 
ful. Perhaps from Eng. chick—chicken or chit. Cf. 
Prov. Ger. kiichen; Scotch keek — to peep out 
(Latham), or A. S. cwic= living (Mahn).] To sprout, 
to germinate as seed in the ground. 

“ Chykkyn, as corne or spyryn, or sprowtyn, Pulilo.” — 
Prompt. Parv. 

9 hick (2), * 9 hyk’-kyn (2), v. i. [Eng. chick= 
chicken.] To make a noise like a chicken, to peep. 

“Chykkyn as hennys byrdys. Pipio, pu.lu.lo.” —Prompt. 
Parv. 

9 hick (1), 9 hick - 9 n, * 9 hike, * 9 hek-en, * 9 hek- 
on, *9hek-yn, s. [A.S. cycen,cicen; L.Ger . kiken, 
kiiken; Dut. kuiken, kieken; Ger. kiichlein.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The young of the domestic fowl. 

“ While it is a chick, and hath no spurs, nor cannot hurt, 
nor hath seen the motion, yet he readily practiceth it.”— 
Sir M. Hale. 

2. The young of any bird. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. A young person, a child. 

“ He is the fendes chike.” — Seven Sages, 2,159. 

2. An infant, a young or helpless person. (Collo¬ 
quial.) 

*3. A term of endearment. 

“ My Ariel, chick, 

This is thy charge.” 

Shakesp.; Tempest, v. 1. 

IT To count your chickens before they are hatched 
(Hudibras); To anticipate profits before they 
come. One of iEsop’s fables describes a market- 
woman saying she would get so much for her eggs, 
with the money she would buy a goose; with her 
goose she would buy a cow, and so on. In her 
excitement she kicked over her basket and all her 
eggs were broken. Hence the sound advice of the 
proverb: “ Don’t count your chickens before they 
are hatched.” 

chick-pea, s. [A corruption of chich and pea.] 
[Chiche (1 ), s.] 

Bot.: A dwarf pea, Cicer arietinum, cultivated in 
the south of Europe, and used for food like lentils. 

9hick(2),s. [Chinese.] 

Comm.: A commercial name for the inspissated 
juice of the poppy. (Craig.) 

9hlck'-A-bid-dy, s. [A made-up word.] 

1. A chicken. 

2. A trivial term of endearment applied to chil¬ 
dren. 

9hick-a-dee’, s. [An onomatopoeic word, imitat¬ 
ing the note of the bird.] 

Ornith.: The Black-cap Titmouse, Parus atrica- 
pillus, a native of this country. 

9hIck-A-ree', s. [From the sound made by the 
animal.] 

Zo6l.: The American Red Squirrel, Sciurus hud- 
sonius. 

Chlck-a-saw, s. & a. [A North American Indian 
word.] 

A. As substantive. 

Etlmol.: A tribe of North American Indians for¬ 
merly inhabiting the northern part of Alabama and 
Mississippi, but now confined to the Indian Terri¬ 
tory. 


B. As adj.: (See the compound.) 

Chickasaw plum: Cerasus chicasa. 

9 hlck'-en,s. & a. [Chick (1), a] 

A. As subst.: The same as Chick (q. v,). 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

IT Obvious compound: Chicken-coop. 

Chicken-raising apparatus: An incubator (q. v.). 

No chicken: Not young; no child. 

“She’s no chicken.” — Swift. 

chicken-breasted, s. Having a narrow breast, a 
malformation, usually the concomitant of some 
spinal disease. 

chicken-cholera, s. The name of a contageous 
disease of chickens, resembling in symptoms chol¬ 
era asiaticus in man. 
chicken-feed, s. 

1. Food for chickens, usually small grain. 

2. A contemptuous name given to small coins in 
this country. 

chicken-grape, s. 

Bot.: The Heart-leaved Vine, Vitis cor difolia 
an American species, with green or amber-colored 
berries. It is also known as the Winter Grape. 

chicken-hazard, s. A game at cards. 

“Billiards, short whist, chicken-hazard, and punting.” 
— Barham: Ingoldsby Legends, p. 415. 

*chicken-heart, s. A chicken-hearted person. 

“Why, you chicken-heart.” — Scott: Tom Cringle’s Log, 
ch. xii. 

chicken-hearted, a. As timid as a chicken, 
fearful, cowardly. 

“ . . . allow him a stout and valiant conductor; be¬ 
cause he was himself so chicken-hearted a man.”— Bunyan: 
Pilgrim’s Progress, pt. ii. 

chicken-meat, *chekyn-mete, *chikne-mete, 
s. 

Bot.: (1) Stellaria media; (2) The Endive, Cich- 
orium Endivia. 

*chicken-pecked, a. Under the rule of a girl, 
as hen-pecked under that of a woman. 

“To be chicken-pecked is a new persecution.”— Bur. 
goyne: The Heiress, iii. 1. (Davies.) 

chicken-pox, s. 

Path.: The common name for Varicella, a con. 
tagious and infectious disease which in some 
respects resembles modified small-pox, and is char¬ 
acterized by a specific eruption, which breaks out 
over the whole body, and runs a definite course in 
about eight or ten days. The disease appears to be 
the result of a specific poison which, after a period 
of latency or incubation, develops into one of more 
or less feverishness. This lasts for two or three 
days, when an eruption of pimples appears, at first 
on the body, then on the face and head, the fever 
subsiding as the rash appears. These pimples soon 
fill up with lymph, and become vesicles which in 
their turn, two or three days later, shrivel up and 
fall off in the form of crusts or scabs, seldom, how¬ 
ever, becoming purulent or pitting as in the erup¬ 
tion of small-pox. Chicken-pox appears to have 
obtained its name partly from the pulse or pea-like 
(Fr. chiche) character of the rash in the first in¬ 
stance, and partly from the mild nature of the 
complaint as compared with small-pox. Swine-pox, 
bastard-pox, hives, horn-pox, pearl or stone-pox, are 
the names popularly given to this disease, accord¬ 
ing to the character of the eruption, which varies 
somewhat in different cases. Adults seldom suffer 
from chicken-pox. 

chick'-et, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A fastening. 

“ . . . the green shutters and chickets [of the Escu- 
rial] are offensive.”— Ford in Ogilvie. 

9 hick'-lmg, s. [Eng. chick, and dim. suff. -ling.] 
A little chicken. 

chickling-vetch, s. [Chichling.] 

chlck-ras'-sl-e, s. [A Mod. Lat. form of the 

Bengalee name.] 

Bot.: A lofty Indian tree, belonging to the order 
Cedrelacese. The wood is close-grained, light in 
color, and elegantly veined. It is in much request 
among cabinet-makers, by whom it is called Chit¬ 
tagong wood. The bark of Chickrassia tubularis is 
astringent, but not bitter. (Treas. of Bot.) 

9 hlck'-weed, s. [Eng. chick, and weed.] 
[Chiche.] 

1. Bot. • A plant, Stellaria media, the seeds of 
which are a favorite food of small birds. 

2. Comm.: A commercial name for the dyeing 
lichen, Rocella fuciformis. (Craig.) 

Bastard Chickweed: Sibthorpia europcea. (Britt. 
& Holland.) 

Chickweed Winter-green: Trientalis europcea. 

Ivy Chickweed: Veronica hederifolia. (Britt. <£ 
Holland.) 

Mouse-ear Chickweed: A general book-name for 
the species of Cerastium, especially C. triviale. 
(Britt. & Holland.) 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion - shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

54 



chiefly 


chicoraceous 

Sea Chickweed: Honkeneya peploides. (Britt. <& 
Holland.) 

Water Chickweed: Montia fontana; also some¬ 
times applied to Malachum aquaticum and Calli- 
triche verna. (Treas. of Bot.) 

ghlc-O-ra’-ge-OUS, a. [Eng. chicor(y) ; -aceous.] 
Of the nature of, or haying the qualities of chicory. 

“ Diuretics evacuate the salt serum; as all acid diuretics, 
and the testaceous and bitter chicoraceous plants.”— Sir 
J. Floyer. 

$Mc -o-rjf, *ghIc'-co-ry, s. [O. Fr. chicorSe , 
cichor6e= succorie (Cotgrave) ; Fr. chicorie, from 
Lat. cichorium; Gr. kichorion ; MeAbra=succory.] 
[Succory.] 

Bot. (& Comm. : The root of the Cichorium intybus. 
Wild Succory or Chicory. The plant is cultivated 
in various parts 
of Europe and 
America, grow¬ 
ing well in a 
gravelly and 
chalky soil. The 
roots were for- 
merly used me¬ 
dicinally, pos¬ 
sessing properties 
resembling those 
of the Dandelion. 

The root roasted 
has been em¬ 
ployed as a sub¬ 
stitute for coffee 
for more than a 
century. It is 
now used exten¬ 
sively as a mixt¬ 
ure with genuine coffee. Its presence is easily 
detected, by the microscope, and by the brown color 
which is immediately produced when a few 
rains are thrown into cold water. Chicory root is 
eated in iron cylinders, which are kept revolving 
as in the roasting of coffee. Usually about two 
pounds of lard are added to every hundred-weight 
of the kiln-dried root during the roasting process, 
Sometimes butter is used. By this a iuster and 
color resembling that of coffee is imparted to it. 
When roasted the chicory; is ground to powder and 
mixed with the.coffee. As in the case of many other 
adulterants, chicory itself is sometimes adulterated, 
the adulterants being roasted pulse, damaged wheat, 
parsnips, carrots, logwood and mahogany dust, 
burnt sugar, dog-biscuit, and even baked livers of 
horses and bullocks. Venetian red and ruddle are 
used to color it. ( TJre , <&c.) 

phi ’-cot (t silent), s. [Fr.] The seed of a plant, 
Moringa pterygosperma. 
ghid, pret. & pa. par. of v. [Chide.] 
ghid-den, pa. par. or a. [Chide.] 
ghlde, *ghyde, *gln’-den, *ghydyn (pt. t. *chode, 
chid; pa. par. *chid, chidden, *chidde), v. t. & i. 
[A. S. cidan (pt. t. cidde). Skeat suggests a con¬ 
nection with A. S. cwedhan— to speak.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To find fault with, to reprove, to blame, to cor¬ 
rect with words. 

( 1 ) Of human beings: 

‘‘Their mother did also chide them for so doing, but 
still the boys went on.”— Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress, 
pt. ii. 

(2) Fig. (Of the loud, clamorous noise of animals) : 

“ He heard the baffled dogs in vain 
Rave through the hollow pass amain, 

Chiding the rocks that yelled again.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 8. 

*2. To drive with reproof, to cause to move by 
chiding. 

“ Find him, my lord of Warwick; chide him hither.” 

Shakesp.-. Henry IV., Pt. II., iv. 4. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. To quarrel, to dispute, to contend in words. 

“ Chydyn, or flytyn. Contendo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ My lorde ne louez for to chyde.” 

Earl. Eng. Allit. Poems; Pearl, 403. 

2. To blame, find fault, scold (with the preps. 
hoith, against, at). 

“What chiden ye agens me.”— Wycliffe.- Exod. xvii. 2. 

“ He will not always chide . . .”— Ps. ciii. 9. 

“And the people chode with Moses.”— Numb. xx. 3. 
(Transl. 1578.) 

|3. To make a loud, clamoring noise. [A. (2)] 

“ My duty, 

As doth a rock against the chiding flood.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

IT For the difference between to chide, to check, to 
reprimand, to reprove and to rebuke, see Check, v. 


850 

ghlde, s. [A. S. cid.] 

1. Contention, contest. 

2. Aloud noise. [Chide, v., A. 1 (2), B. 3.] 

“ Nor the chide of streams, 

And hum of bees, . . .” 

Thomson: Autumn. 

ghl’-der, *ghy-dar, s. [Eng. chide; - er .] 

*1. One who quarrels or disputes; a quarrelsome 
person. 

“ Chydar. Intentor, litigator.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“I love no chiders, sir. Biondello, let’s away.” 

Shakesp.: Tam. of Shrew, L 2. 

2 . One who rebukes or reproves. 

*ghld’-er-esse, s. [Eng. chider; fern. suff. -esse= 
-ess.] A quarrelsome, fault-finding woman. 

“ If one be full of wantonnesse, 

Another is a chideresse.” 

Itomaunt of the Bose, 150. 

*ghld-es-ter, s. [Eng. chide, and Mid. Eng. 
fern. suff. -ster.] A feminine form of chider. 

“ A chidester or a wastour of thy good.” 

Chauoer: C. T., 9,409. 

ghid’-In g, *ghld’-lnge, *ghyd-yng, ghyd-ynge, 
pr. par., a. & s. [Chide, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive : 

*1. Contention, quarrel. 

“ Chydynge. Contencio, litigacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. A finding fault, reproof. 

“ . . . spite of all my chidings, 

My weakness and my fear.” 

Cowper: Trans, from Quion. 

ghid-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. chiding; - ly .] In a 
chiding or reproving manner. (Huloet.) 

ghief, *ghef, *gheffe, *gheefe, *ghefe, a., s. & 
adv. [O. Fr. chef, chief = the head, from Lat. 
caput; Sp. scefe; Ital. capo.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. The principal; the first; the head or highest in 
authority. 

(1) Of persons: 

“ I schal mak him my chef stiward.” 

William of Palerne, 3,840. 

(2) Of things: 

“Then toun that was the chef cyte of the lasse Asye.”— 
Robert of Gloucester, p. 395. 

2. The most important; deserving of the greatest 
respect, opinion, or attention. 

“. . . my chief care 
Is to come fairly off from the great debts.” 

Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, i. 1. 

*3. Exceeding, extraordinary, very intimate or 
close. 

“ A froward man soweth strife, and a whisperer sepa- 
rateth chief friends.”— Proverbs xvi. 28. 

IT Formerly the word was used in the comparative 
and superlative degrees. 

“He sometimes denied admission to the chiefest officers 
of the army.”— Clarendon. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between chief, princi¬ 
pal, and main: “Chief respects order and rank; 
principal has regard to importance and respecta¬ 
bility; main to degree or quantity. We speak of 
a chief clerk, a commander in chief; the chief 
person in a city; but the principal people in a city; 
the principal circumstances in a narrative, and the 
main object.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

B. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. The top, the highest part, the head. 

“ Opon the chefe of hur cholle 
A padok prykette on a polle.” 

Anturs of Arthur, ix. 

2. The head or leader of any number of persons, 
as of an army, a political or social union, &c. 

3. A prime mover or actor; the principal agent. 

“ I was the chief that raised him to the crown, 

And I’ll be chief to bring him down again.” 

Shakesp.; Henry VI., Pt. III., iii. 8. 

II. Technically: 

1. Old Law: 

(1) Used as a translation of the Latin caput. 
Persons who held their land by personal service 
direct from the king were called tenants in chief, in 
Latin, in capite, in French, en chef. 

“. . . license of alienation to be made of lands 
holden in chief.” — Bacon. 

(2) Applied loosely to the holding of any estate 
direct from any person. 


2. Heraldry: . , 

(1) As the head is the chief part of the man, so 
the head or principal part of the escutcheon is 
called the chief, or chief point. 

It contains the upper third of the 
field, and is determined, by one 
line, either drawn straight, or 
crenelle, or indented. Sometimes 
one chief is borne upon another, 
which is called surmounting, and 
is usually expressed by a line 
drawn across the uppermost part 
of the chief. When a chief is 
charged with anything it is said Chief. 

to be on chief, but when a thing 

is borne on the top of the escutcheon it is said to 

be borne in chief. 

“The chief is so called of the French word chef, the 
head or upper part: this possesses the upper third part of 
the escutcheon.”— Peacham: On Drawing. 

( 2 ) The chief of an ordinary is a fess removed to 
the upper part of a coat. 

IT In chief: 

1. Law: [II. 1.] 

2. Her.: [II. 2.J 

3. First, before all. Used in such compounds as 
commander-in-chief, general-in-chief. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between chief, leader, 
chieftain, and head: “ Chief respects precedency in 
civil matters; leader regards the direction of enter¬ 
prises ; chieftain is [or rather was once] employed 
for the superior in military rank; and head for the 
superior in general concerns. Among savages the 
chief of every tribe is a despotic prince within his 
own district. Factions and parties in a state, . .. 
must have their leaders. . . . Robbers have their 
chieftains, who plan and direct everything, having 
an unlimited power over the band. The heads of 
families were, in the primitive ages, the chiefs, who 
in conjunction regulated the affairs of state. Chiefs 
ought to have superiority of birth combined with 
talents for ruling; leaders. and chieftains require a 
bold and enterprising spirit; heads should have 
talents for directing.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

to. As adv.: Chiefly, especially. 

“Then, issuing cheerful, to thy sport repair, 

Chief, should the western breezes curling play.” 

Thomson: Spring. 

Chief-Baron, or Lord Chief-Baron, s. 

Law: The title formerly given to the chief or pre¬ 
siding judge of the Court of Exchequer, in England. 

Chief-Justice, s. 

Law: 

1. The title given to the chief or presiding judge 
in the United States Court of Appeals in Washing¬ 
ton, D. C. The flrst Chief-Justice of the United 
States was John Jay, of New York. 

2. The chief or presiding judge of a court. 

3. Now, the title given to the presiding judge of 
the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court of 
Justice of England. The full title is Lord Chief- 
Justice of England. The first wearer of the title 
was Lord Chief-Justice Cockburn. 

Chief-Justiceship, s. 

Law: The rank or office of a chief-justice. 

chief-point, s. 

Her.: The uppermost part of the escutcheon; it 
is threefold — dexter, middle, and sinister. [Chief, 
B., II. 2.] 

Chief-rents, s. The same as Quit-rents. 

*ghief -age, *ghev’-age (age as ig), s. [O. Fr. 
chevage, from chef, chiefs head: Low Lat. cheva- 
gium, chavagium, from caput— head.] A poll-tax 
or tribute by the head. 

*ghief'-d6m, s. [Eng. chief, and suff. -dom.] 
The state or position of being chief; sovereignty. 
(Spenser.) 

*ghief’-er-jf, s. [Eng. chief; -ery .] A body or 
number of chiefs. 

“He together with the chief ery, or greatest men of 
Ulster.”— Holland: Camden, ii. 123. 

tghief’-less, a. [Eng. chief; -Zess.] Without a 
head or leader, having no chief. 

“ Fruit, foliage, crag, wood, cornfield, mountain, vine, 
And chiefless castles breathing stem farewells.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, iii. 6. 

*ghief’-let, s. [Eng. chief, and dim. suff. -let.'] 
A petty chief. 

“ The chief or chieflet . . . came out and exchanged 
a few words.”— Palsgrave; Arabia, i. 22. 

ghief'-ly, adv. [Eng. chief; -ly.] 

tl. Especially, pre-eminently. 

“Any man who will consider the nature of an epic 
poem, what actions it describes, and what persons they 
are chiefly whom it informs, will find it a work full of 
difficulty.”— Dryden. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot , 1 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, cs = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 







chiefness 


851 


child 


2. For the most part, principally. 

** Those parts of the kingdom, where the number and 
estates of the dissenters chiefly lay.”— Swift. 

If For the difference between chiefly and espe¬ 
cially , see Especially. 

*ghief-ness, *ghief-nesse, s. [Eng. chief; 
-ness.] Superiority. 

*ghief'-rie, s. [Eng. chief; suff. -rie^-ry.] A 
small rent paid to the lord in chief. 

“They shall be well able to live upon those lands, to 
yield her majesty reasonable chiefrie, . . .’’—Spenser: 
Ireland. 

ghiefi-tain. *gheve-tain, * gheven-tein, 
*gheuen-teyn, *ghif-teyn, *gheve-teyn, s. [O. 

Fr. chevetaine, chief taine, chefetaine; Fr. capi- 
taine, from Low Lat. capitaneus=a captain; O. 
Fr. chef , chief; Lat. caput—a head. Chieftain and 
captain are thus doublets.] 

1. Gen.: A head man, a leader, a general, a chief. 
“ A stif man and a stern that was the kinges stiward and 

cheueteyn.” — Will, of Palerne, 3,378. 

2. Spec.: The head of a clan. 

“A chieftain to the Highlands bound 
Cries, ‘Boatman, do not tarry!’ ” 
i Campbell. Lord Ullin’s Daughter. 

TT For the difference between chieftain and chief, 
see Chief 

tghief'-t&in-gjf, s. [Eng. chieftain; -cy.] The 
rank or position of a chieftain, chieftainship. 

*ghief-tain-ry, s. [Eng. chieftain; -ry.] Chief¬ 
taincy, chieftainship. (Johnson.) 

ghief'-tain-ship, s. [Eng. chieftain; -ship.'] The 
rank, position, or office of a chieftain ; sovereignty; 
leadership. (Smollett.) 

*ghief-ty, *ghiefe'-tf, s. [Eng. chief; -ty.] 
Chieftainship, headship, supremacy. 

“ Two cannot have the principality and chiefety in our 
love.”— Gataker: Marriage Duties. {Latham.) 

i ghield, ghiel, e. [Child.] (Scotch.) 

1. A young fell ow. 

“ These are the very chields that galloped off at Glads- 
Jhuir, . , Waverley, ch. Ixix. 

2, A servant. (Pitscottie.) 

*Chier, *cheir, v. t. TA. S. sc6ran= to shear, to 
shave, to gnaw, to cut off.] To cut, to wound. 

chi -er, s. [Mod. Lat. cheiri, in the specific botan¬ 
ical name of the wallflower.] 

Wildchier: The wallflower (Cheiranthus chieri), 
*ghiere, s. [Cheer.] 

“ This housbond with glad chiere in good wise 
Answerd and sayde, as I schal you devyse.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 11,777. 
Chi-e'-§a, s. [Ital.] Church. 

H Sonata di Chiesa: A sacred sonata. (Stainer <& 
Barrett.) 

*ghiev’-ange, s. [O. Fr. chevance, the same as 
chevisance, from chevir= to accomplish.] [Chevi- 
sance.] An unlawful bargain, in which money was 
extorted. 

“There were good laws against . . . unlawful chiev- 

ances and exchanges, which is bastard usury.”— Bacon. 

*ghieve, *ghive, v. t. & i. [Cheve.] 
ghiff'-ghaff, s. [Imitated from the sound of its 
note.] A species of bird, Sylvia rufa. It is called 
also by the book-name of the Melodious Willow- 
warbler. 

ghif'-fon (Fr. pron. she-fon'), s. A thin gauzy 
material, or a bow or other personal adornment 
made of it. 

ghif-fon-nier’, ghif-fon-iere’, s. [Fr. from 

chiffon=a rag, from chiffe=poor stuff.] 

1 . A rag-picker ; one who picks up rags and other 

refuse. . , . . . , 

2. A place m which rags, &c., are kept. 

3. A piece of movable furniture serving as a side¬ 
board. 

3. A high, narrow bureau. 

ghlg’-ger, 8 . A common name in the United 
States for the harvest-bug (q. v.). 

Qhig-non (pron. chen'-yong), s. [Fr. chignon= 
( 1 ) the back of the neck, ( 2 ) back hair, see def.; 
cognate with chainon = the link of a chain. 
(Littrb.)] The back hair of ladies; a protuberance 
of artificial hair on the hinder part of the head, 
worn by ladies about A. I). 1866 to 1875. 
ghigre, ghi-goe, s. [Fr. chigue; from Sp. chico 

=small.] . . . 

Entom.: A name given to a species of apterous 
insects of the flea kind, Pulex penetrans, which 
takes its name from its penetrating the skin and 
breeding there, unless speedily taken out. It is a 
source of great annoyance to its victims. It is 
common in the warmer parts of this country. 


gMk'-sa, s. [The native East Indian name.] 
Comm.: The name of a fragrant powder composed 
of sandal-wood, &c. (Nuttall.) 

ghil'-blain, *ghlld-blain, *ghlld-blane, s. 
[Eng. chill, and blain (q. v.).] A blain or sore on 
the hands or feet produced by cold, especially if the 
parts were previously much heated. There are three 
types of the disease. In the first or mildest, there 
are redness and swellings, with much heat and 
itching. In the second the affected part becomes 
greatly swelled, and of a red or blue, or even of a 
purple, hue. In the third, or severest type, vesicles 
rise on the swollen skin, which become sores, dis¬ 
charging irritating matter. The disease affects 
young people more frequently than adults, and girls 
oftener than boys. A cure of mild chilblains may 
sometimes be effected if they be rubbed with snow 
or ice-water, and finally immersed in it till the pain 
and itching cease. This should be repeated several 
times a day, the affected parts being dried and 
inclosed in leather casings. 

“ I remembered the cure of childblanes when I was a boy 
(which may be called the children’s gout), by burning at 
the fire.”— Sir W. Temple. 

fghU’-blam, v. t. [Chilblain, s.] To affect 
with chilblains; to raise chilblains upon, 
ghlld, *cild, *childe, *chylde (Eng.) (pl.*cildru, 
*childre, *childir, *chyldere, *childire, children), 
ghiel (Scotch), s. & a. [A. S. did (pi. did and 
cildare). Matzner and Mann compare Goth, kilthei 
=a womb, in-kiltho—with child. Skeat refers to 
Dut. and Ger. kind= a child.] 

A. As substantive: 

I, Ordinary Language; 

1. Literally: 

(1) A descendant in the first degree, whether male 
or female; a son or daughter. 

(2) Extended to more remote descendants. 

“ Thus saith the Lord, Behold, a child shall be born unto 
the house of David, . . .”—1 Kings xiii. 2. 

(3) Applied, in the plural, especially in Scripture, 
to all the members of a race. 

“ . the children of Reuben, and the children of 

Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh, built there an altar 
by Jordan.”— Josh. xxii. 10. 

(4) A young girl. (Obsolete, except in provincial 
England.) 

“ Mercy on’s, a barne; a very pretty barne! A boy or a 
child, I wonder?”— Shakesp. ■ Winter’s Tale, iii. 3. 

(5) A young person generally, irrespective of any 
relationship or connection. 

“ . . . and his flesh came again like unto the flesh of 
a little child, and he was clean.”—2 Kings v. 14. 

t(6) [CHILDE.] 

“And every childe ware of leaves grene 
A fresh chapelet.” 

Chaucer. Flower and Leaf. 
*(7) A servant, a page. (Scotch.) 

(8) A fellow, a person, irrespective of age. (Scotch.) 

“They’re fools that slav’ry like, and may be free; 

The chiels may a’ knit up themselves for me.” 

Ramsay. Poems, ii. ll. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Relig.: Child of God. 

(a) One owned by God as His child. 

“ Ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus.” 
— Gal. iii. 26. 

(b) A baptized Christian. 

“ In Baptism, wherein I was made a member of Christ, 
the child of God . . .”— Church Catechism. 

(c) One who exhibits the character of a child; 
applied to— 

(1) One who is weak in knowledge. (Isaiah iii. 

12. 1 Cor. xiv. 20.) _ . 

(ii) One who is young in grace. (1 John n.13.) 

(iii) One who is humble, docile, and obedient as a 

child. (Matt, xviii. 3, 4.) , . 

(2) One who in manners or disposition exhibits 
the characteristics of a very young person; one who 
is innocent or ignorant as a child. 

(3) Used as a term of endearment, or affection. 

“ . ... Children, how hard is it for them that trust in 
riches to enter into the kingdom of God !”— Mark x. 24. 
f (4) The result, product, or effect of anything. 

“ . . . this noble passion, 

Child of integrity, hath from my soul 
Wip’d the black scruples.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3. 

1[ The plural was originally did or cildru, and 
afterward childer, childir, childre, &c. The later 
addition of the plural suff. - (e) n consequently makes 
the modern children really a double plural. 

“ Fyue childir he had.”— Langtoft, p. 19. 

IT The word occurs frequently in Scripture, in 
phrases with little more meaning than persons or 
people attached or belonging to some specified 
class; as, children of the /ZesA=those whose affec¬ 
tions are set on the world; children of the promise= 


b 6 il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


those to whose ancestors the promise had been 
made; children of wra(/i=those liable to the wrath 
of God; children of disobedience— disobedient per¬ 
sons, &c. 

H To be with child: 

I. Lit.: To be pregnant. 

“ Therhuyle thet hi is mid childe.” — Ayenbite, p. 224. 

*2. Fig.: To be very anxious for anything. 

“I sent my boy, who, like myself, is with child to Eee 
any strange thing.”— Pepys: Diary, May 14, 1660. 

From a child: From infancy. 

“ He that delicately bringeth up his servant from a 
child shall have him become his son at the length.”— 
Prov. xxix. 21. 

II. Laiv: Under seven a child is supposed to be 
incapable of committing felony. Between seven 
and fourteen it is held to be doliincapax, i. e., inca¬ 
pable of crime, while above fourteen it is doli capax, 
i. e. capable of crime. If, however, anything atro¬ 
cious be done with obvious malice by a child, it may 
be held that malitia supplet cetatem, malice supplies 
[the want of] age. The age at which a child can be 
sworn as a witness depends on the education it has 
received and its apparent comprehension of the 
nature and obligation of an oath. 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

child-bearing, *child-beringe, a. & s. 

A. Asadj.: Bearing or bringing forth children. 

B. As substantive: 

1. The act of bearing children. 

“ To thee, 

Pains only in child-bearing were foretold.” 

Milton P L.. x. 

2. The quality of being able to bear children. 

“The timorous and irresolute Sylvia has demurred till 
she is past child-bearing.” — Addison. 

3. The period of gestation. 

“The period of child-bearing in women, which is 280 
days, is usually spoken of by the ancient writers as con¬ 
sisting of ten months.”— Lewis: Astronomy of the Ancients 
(ed. 1862), ch. l.,g 4, p. 21. 

IT The child-bearing period in healthy women is 
usually coincident with the menstrual period; or iD 
temperate climates from 14 to 45-50. 

child-crowing, s. 

Med.: The name popularly given to an affection 
of the larynx, of which the most remarkable feat¬ 
ure is a peculiar crowing or hissing sound caused 
by the breath being drawn with more or less violence 
into the windpipe in the effort to remove some 
impediment, which is usually of a spasmodic char¬ 
acter, existing in that organ. The disease is pecul¬ 
iar to childhood, and is caused by reflected irritation 
from worms, teething, and other disorders upon the 
muscles of the larynx, through the recurrent laryn¬ 
geal and pneumogastric nerves. The symptoms, 
which are those of impending suffocation, are mo^t 
alarming and must be relieved instantly, but the 
attack is seldom fatal. Child-crowing, technically 
called laryngismus stridulus (q. v.),is also known 
as f alse-croup, from its resemblance m some respects 
to that disease. True croup is, however, quite a 
distinct affection, and a much more formidable one. 

“ There is a sort of bastard croup. . . . Spasmodic 
croup is the most common of its names. . . . My late 
colleague, Dr Ley, in a volume upon this curious disorder 
. . . adopts from Dr. Mason Good the appellation of 
Laringysmus stridulus. Dr. Gooch called it child-crowing , 
a homespun term which I much prefer, . . .”— Watson: 

Principles and Practice of Physic, lect. xlvi. 

child’s-play, s. A trifling, insignificant contest 
or operation ; a trifle. 

“ No child’s-play was it—nor is it! Till two in the after¬ 
noon the massacring, the breaking and the burning has 
not ended . . .”— Carlyle: French Revolution, pt. ii., 

bk. vi., ch. vii. 

child-stealing, a. & s. 

Law: The stealing of a child from its parents or 
guardians. It is severely punishable. 

child-wife, s. [Childwife.] 
ghild, *childen, *childi, *chyldyn, v. L & I, 

[Child, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To give birth to a child; to bring forth. 

“ Sche childide her firste born sone.”— Wycliffe: Luke ii. 7. 

2. Fig.: To produce, to send forth. 

“An hundred plants beside, e’en in his sight, 
Childed an hundred nymphs.” 

Fairfax: Trans, of Tasso, xviii. 26. 

B. Intrans.: To give birth to a child. 

“ Chyldyn, or brypgyn furthe chylde. Pario.”—Prompt. 
Parv. 

“Whan that sche had childed.”—Maundeville, p. 133. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &o. = bel, del. 






child-bed 


852 


chiliophyllum 


$hlld -bed, * 9 hlld -bedde, * 9 bll -bed, s. & a. 
[Eng. child, and bed .] 

A. As subst.: The state of a woman in labor, or 
bringing forth a child. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the bringing forth of 
children. 

“. . . with immodest hatred, 

The child-bed privilege denied, which ’longs 
To women of all fashion.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, iii. 2. 
$hlld -birth, s. [Eng. child, and birth .] The act 
®f bearing children; labor, travail; the time of 
bringing forth. 

tghllde, *chyld, s. [Child, s.] The same word 
as child, but specially applied to the scions of 
knightly families before their being admitted to the 
degree of knighthood. 

“ Chyld Waweyn, Lotys sone, thulke tyme was 
Bot of tuelf yer, & the Pope of Rome bytake was 
To Norys thoru the kyng Arture, & thulke tyme rygt, 
The pope hym tok armes, <5c ys owe honde made him 
knygt.” Robert of Gloucester. 

S One of Byron’s principal poems is entitled 
hilde Harold.” 

9 hll'-der, s.pl. [Child.] Children. (Obsolete, 
sxcept in provincial dialects.) 

* 9 hil-der-Ing, * 9 hir-der-Inge, s. [Mid. Eng. 
ohilder, pi. of child; suff.-mgr.] Childbirth, child¬ 
bearing. 

“ A1 thurh hire childeringe.” 

Religious Songs, p. 65. 

<J!hil-der-mas-day, s. [Mid. Eng. c7ttZder=chil¬ 
dren,-mas= mass, and day; A. S. cildamcesse-dceg.] 
fl. Eccles.: The festival of Holy Innocents’ Day, 
December 28, held in commemoration of the murder 
of the Innocents by Herod at Bethlehem. [Inno¬ 
cents.] 

*2. The day of the week throughout the year cor¬ 
responding to that on which Holy Innocents’ Day 
fell; considered unlucky by superstitious persons. 

“. . . the day when. Childermas day fell, . . .”— 
Carew. 

9 hlld -hpod, * 9 hlld-had, * 9 bild-bade, * 9 hilde- 
hod, * 9 hild-hede, s. [A. S. cildhdd , from cild= 
child; -Aad.=-hood.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The time during which we are children; the 
period from birth till puberty. 

“ Their love in early infancy began 
And rose as childhood ripened into man.” 

Dryden: Palamon and Arcite, i. 361. 

2. The state of being children; childishness. 

“Lord Arundell of Wardour, an old man fast sinking 
into second childhood." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

II. Figuratively: Tho beginning, early time. 

“ Doth she not think me an old murderer, 

Now I have stain’d the childhood of our joy.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 8. 
* 9 hlld-lng, * 9 hlld'-yng, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Child, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Childbearing, fruitful. 

1. Lit.: Of women. 

“ Many a childing mother then 
And new-born baby died.” Southey. 

2. Fig.: Applied to things in nature. 

“ The spring, the summer. 

The childing autumn, angry winter, change.” 

Shakesp.: Mids. Night’s Dream, ii. 2. 

Childing Cudweed: Filago germanica. {Britt. <& 
Holland.) 

Childing Pinlc: Dianthus prolifer. 

Childing Sweet William. The same as Childing 
Pink. 

9 hlld'-ish, *ehlld’-lsche, a. [A. S. cildisc .] 

I. Literally: 

1. Having the characteristics or nature of a child; 
simple, innocent. 

. . should find something engaging in the childish 
innocence of the Prince of Wales, . . ."—Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

2. Of, pertaining to, or befitting a child. 

“ He will not blush, that has a father’s heart, 

To take in childish plays a childish part.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium, 548. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. Young, simple, or ignorant as a child; inex¬ 
perienced. 

“ When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as 
a child, I thought as a child, but when I became a man I 
put away childish things.”—1 Cor. xiii. 11. 

2. (With an idea of contempt): Puerile, trifling. 

“ They have spoil’d the walls with childish sentences, 
that consist often in a jingle of words.”— Addison: On 

Italy. 


IT Crabb thus distinguishes between childish and 
infantine: “ What children do is frequently simple 
or foolish ; what infants do is commonly pretty and 
engaging; therefore childish is taken in the bad and 
infantine in the good sense. Childish manners are 
very offensive to those who have ceased, according 
to their years, to be children ; the infantine actions 
of some children evince a simplicity of character.” 
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

phlld'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. childish; -ly.] In a 
childish or puerile manner; like a child. 

* 9 hlld'-lsh-mlnd-ed, a. [En g. childish; minded.] 
Childish in disposition ; simple, innocent. 

* 9 hlld-rsh-mlnd'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. childish- 
minded; -ness .] Childishness in character or dis¬ 
position; simplicity. 

“I have somewhat of the French: I lovebirds, as the 
king does ; and have some childishmindedness wherein we 
shall consent.”— Bacon. 

9 hlld-ish-ness, s. [Eng .childish; -ness.] 

1. In a good sense: The state of being a child; 
simplicity of manners or disposition; innocence, 
harmlessness. 

“ He cares not for your weeping. Speak thou, boy; 

Perhapg thy childishness will move him more 

Than can our reasons.” Shakes p.: Coriol., v. 3. 

2. In a bad or at least contemptuous sense: Puer¬ 
ility ; weakness of intellect. 

“ His cowardice, his childishness, his pedantry, . . . 
made him an object of derision.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. i. 

* 9 hlld-klnd, s. [Eng. child, and kind— kin.] 
Children collectively. 

“All mankind, womankind and childkind . . . play 
the fool.”— Carlyle: Life of Sterling, pt. ii., ch. vi. 

9 hlld-less, * 9 hild-laes, * 9 hild-les, a. [Eng. 
child; -less.) Without children; without offspring. 

“Quane ic childles of werlde fare.” 

Genesis and Exodus, 930. 

9 hlld’-less-ness, s. [Eng. childless; -ness.'] The 
state of being childless, or without offspring. (E. 
Everett.) 

* 9 hlld'-ll, * 9 hlld-ly, * 9 hilde-ly, a. & adv. 
[A. S. cildlic .] [Childlike.] 

A. As adj.: Childlike. 

“In childly wyse on her [he] gan to smyle.” 

Lidgate: Fall of Princes, ii. 22. 

B. As adv.: In a childlike manner, like a child. 

“ Then she smiled around right childly." 

Mrs. Browning: Lady Geraldine’s Courtship. 

9 hlld-llke, a. [A. S. cildlic, from ct7<f=child, 
and itc=dike.] 

1. Of Persons: Resembling a child in disposition 
or manners ; simple, innocent, dutiful, meek. 

“Such was thy wisdom, Newton, child-like sage! 
Sagacious reader of the works of God.” 

Cowper: Task, iii. 252. 

2. Of things: 

(1) In a good sense: Becoming or befitting a child; 
innocent, harmless, dutiful. 

(2) In a bad or contemptuous sense: Puerile, fool¬ 
ish, trifling. 

IT Usually childlike is used in a good sense, child¬ 
ish in a bad sense. 

* 9 hlld-ness, s. [Eng. child; -ness.] The man¬ 
ners or actions natural to a child; childishness. 

“ My parasite, my soldier, statesman, all: 

He makes a July’s day short as December, 

And, with his varying childness, cures in me 
Thoughts that would thick my blood.” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 

9hH’-dren, s.pi. [Child, s.] 

Children of Israel, s. 

I. Literally: The Jews. 

II. Botany: 

1 . A small garden species of Campanula, so called 
from the profusion of its flowers. 

2. A garden species of Aster, with very numerous 
small flowers. 

9 hil'-dren-ite, s. [Named after the mineralogist, 
Mr. Children, of the British Museum.] 

Min.: An orthorhombic, translucent mineral, of 
a yellowish-white to brownish-black color. Hard¬ 
ness, 4'5-5; specific gravity, 3T8-3'24. Luster 
vitreous, inclining to resinous. Composition: Phos¬ 
phoric acid, 28’92 ; alumina, 14.44; protoxide of iron, 
30‘68 ; protoxide of manganese, 9 - 07 ; magnesia, 0T4; 
water, 16'98. It is found widely spread over the 
United States, Devonshire and Cornwall, England. 
(Dana.) 

* 9 hir-dren-less, * 9 hyl-dren-les, a. [Eng. 
children, and -less.] Chidless. 

“ If th’ one be riche and chyldrenles; though at the 
grounde of stryfe, 

Procede of hym, set thou in foote, and pleade his 
cause for lyfe.” 

Drant: Trans, of Horace, sat. 5. (Nares.) 


9hlld -ship, s. [Eng. child; -ship.] Relation¬ 
ship as a child. 

“ God’s actual choice and our potential childship .”— 
Adams: Works, iii. 101. 

9 hlld -wife, s. [Eng. child, and wife.) 

1. A wife who is still almost a child in years. (In 
this sense rather a compound than a single word.) 
*2. A wife who has borne a child. 

“ But the law selfe doth openly discharge and deliver 
this holy childwife from the bane of the law . . . ”— 
. Paraphrase of Erasmus, 1548. (Nares.) 

*9hlld'-wit, *9lilld'-wlte, s. [Eng. child, and 
Mid. Eng. wite= a fine.] 

Old Law: A fine imposed on a bondwoman to 
whom an illegitimate child is born. 
phile-Ite, s. [From Chili, and suff. -ite (Min.) 

(q. v.). 0 ... 

Min.: A variety of Volborthite occurring in the 
silver mine of Mina Grande, in Chili. It has a dark- 
brown or brownish-black color, and has been 
observed only in an earthy state,^ looking much like 
a ferruginous clay or earth. It is easily soluble in 
nitric acid. (Dana.) 

phll-e-nlte, s. [From Chili, and suff.-en; -ite 
(Min.).] 

Min.: An amorphous, granular mineral, of a 
silver-white color, containing silver 86 . 2 ; bismuth, 
13'8. (Dana.) 

cMl'-I-ad, s. [Gr. chilias, genit. chiliados=the 
number one thousand.] 

1. A thousand, or a collection of a thousand (of 
separate things); especially, a period of a thousand 
years. 

“ We make cycles and periods of years, as decads, cen¬ 
turies, chiliads, for the use of computation in history.”— 

Holder. 

2. (PI.) Math.: A name given to logarithms, 
because they were at first divided into thousands. 

fcMl -I-<l-gon, s. [Gr. chiliag6nos=\vith a_thou¬ 
sand angles ; from chilias—a thousand, and gonia= 
an angle.] A plane figure of a thousand sides and 
angles. 

“He brings forward, as a great discovery, the equality 
of the angles of a chiliagon to 1996 right angles.”— Ilal- 
lam: Literature of Middle Ages, pt. iv., ch. 3. 

f chll-I-u-hed-ron, * chIl- 1 -u-ed-ron (pi. 
-hedra, -edra), s. [Gr. chilias=a thousand, and 
hedra= a seat, a side.] A plane figure contained by 
a thousand sides. 

“ In a man who speaks of a chiliaedron, or a body of a 
thousand sides, the idea of the figure may be very con¬ 
fused, though that of the number be very distinct.”— 
Locke. 

(Jhll'-I-un, a. & s. [From Eng., &c., Chili , and 
suff. -an.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to Chili. 

B. As subst. : A native of Chili. 

T[ Chilian mill: A mill of a primitive kind, used 
in Chili for grinding oleaginous seeds between 
stones put in rotation horizontally and vertically. 
It is essentially the same as that used by the Phoe¬ 
nicians, centuries before the Christian era, for 
mashing olives. For a fuller description of the mill 
see Knight’s Dictionary of Mechanics. 

*chll'-l-an-l§m, *chir-I-un-i§me, s. [Gr. chil- 
ias= a thousand; suff. -ism.] The doctrine of the 
millennium. 

“Dyed in the opinion of Chili anisine.” — Pagitt: Heresi- 
ography, p. 291. 

Chll-I-arch, s. [Gr. chiliarchos, from chilias= 
a thousand, and archo=to lead, to command.] The 
general or commander of a thousand men. 

*cliir-I-arch-y, s. [Chiliarch.] A regiment or 
body of men to the number of a thousand. 

“The chiliarchies also, or regiments, as I may so call 
them, of the Lamb, being summed up in this number.”— 
More: Mystery of Godliness, p. 195. 

cMl -I-a§m, s. [Gr. chiliasmos, from chilias=a 
thousand.] The doctrine of the millennium, or 
reign of Christ upon earth for a thousand years 
(Rev. xx.). [Millennium.] 

chll'-l-ast, s. [Gr. chiliastes, from chilias—a 
thousand.] A millenarian ; one who believes in the 
doctrine of a literal millennium ; one who believes 
in the personal reign of Christ in bodily form upon 
earth during that period. [Millenarian.] 

“ To reign with Christ a 1,000 years before the ending of 
the world, was the old error of the chiliasts." — Pagitt. 
Heresiography, p. 20. 

chlLI-as'-tlc, chll-i-as-tlc-al, a. [Eng. chil- 
iast; -ic; -ical .] Relating or pertaining to the 
chiliasts. 

“As soon as the obstruction offered by the chiliastio 
errors disappeared.”— J. A. Alexander. 

chi l-I- 6 -phyi -lum, s. [Gr. chilias—& thousand, 
and phyllon=a leaf.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants with yellow 
flowers. They are natives of Mexico. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, 


fall, father; we, wet, here, 
son; mute, cub, cure, unite. 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 


sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




chill 


853 


chilopodiform 


$M11, *$hll, *ghele, s. & a. [A. S. cyle, c6le= 

f reat cold, chilliness, from c6lan= to cool, c(5Z=cool; 
)ut. kill=a chill, kitten—to chill, koel= cool; Sw. 
fcj/to==to chill, kulen, kylig—chiU, cool; Lat. gelu— 
frost.] [Cool, Chele.] 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) The state of being moderately cold; chilliness. 
(2) A sudden sensation of coolness, generally ac¬ 
companied with shivering; a sudden check to the 
circulation of heat. 

2. Fig.: A sudden check to warmth of manner or 
feeling; a discouragement. 

II. Technically: 

1. Painting: A dullness or dimness in a painting; 
also called blooming. 

“What artists call ‘chill' is no doubt an effect of this 
description.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3ded.), vii. 146. 

2. Iron Manuf. : A piece of iron introduced into a 
mold so as to rapidly cool the surface of molten 
iron which comes in contact therewith. Cast- 
iron, like steel, is hardened by rapid cooling, and 
softened by the prolongation of the cooling process. 
The extreme in the former direction gives chilled 
iron the hardness of hardened steel; the extreme in 
the direction of softness is obtained by prolonging 
the heat, abstracting the carbon from the cast-iron, 
reducing it to a nearly pure crystalline iron. [Mal¬ 
leable Iron.] 

The chilled cast-iron plowshare has a hard 
under-surface, and the top wears away, leaving a 
comparatively thin edge of hardened metal. This 
resembles the natural provisions in the teeth of 
rabbits, squirrels, and other rodents, whereby the 
enamel remains in advance of the softer portion of 
the tooth, keeping a sharp edge. {Knight.) 

3. Pathology: A colloquial name given in this 
country to the cold stage of ague (q. v.). Sometimes 
when excessively severe it is called “ congestive 
chill,” and is not infrequently fatal. 

B. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Subjec.: Having a sensation of coolness; some¬ 
what cold. 

2. Objec.: Moderately cold; causing a sensation 
of coolness, generally accompanied with shivering; 
chilly. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Subjec.: Cold and reserved in manners, temper, 
or feeling; distant, formal. 

“ But he is chill to praise or blame.” 

Tennyson: The Two Voices. 

2. Objec. : Causing a discouragement to or check¬ 
ing warmth of feeling or manners ; depressing, dis¬ 
couraging ; distant, formal. 

‘‘Downward and ever downward, and deeper in age’s 
chill valley. ” 

Longfellow: Children of Lord's Supper. 
Crabb thus distinguishes between chill and 
cold: “ Chill expresses less than cold, that is to 
say, it expresses a degree of cold. The weather is 
often chilly in summer ; but it is cold in winter. We 
speak of taking the chill off water when the cold is 
in part removed; and of a. chill running through the 
frame when the cold begins to penetrate the frame 
that is in a state of warmth.” {Crabb: Eng.Synon.) 
chill-cold, a. Very cold. 

“ A chill-cold bloud . . . fleetes through my veines.” 
Davies: Muse’s Sacr., p. 49. ( Davies .) 

chill-hardening, s. A mode of tempering steel¬ 
cutting instruments, by exposing the red-hot metal 
to a blast of cold air. 

Chill, * 5 hyl-lyn, v. t. & i. [Chill, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To make cold or chilly; to strike with a chill. 
“ . . . when a body is said to be chilled . . .”— 

Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), viii. 2. p. 178. 

■[(2) To blast with cold. 

“ . . . by snows immod’rate chill’d.” 

Blackmore. 

2. Fig.: To check warmth of feeling or manners ; 
to discourage, to depress; to damp the spirits. 

“As an icy touch had chill’d its heart.” 

Hemans: A Tale of the Secret Tribunal. 

II. Iron Manuf To cause the surface of molten 
iron to cool suddenly by the introduction or a piece 
of cold iron, so as to increase the hardness. 
[Chill, s., B. 2.] 
tB. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To become cold, to shiver. 

“ Chyllyn for colde. Frigucio.”—Prompt. Parv. 

“ Ready to chill for cold .”—Homilies against Excess of 
Apparel. _ 


2. Fig.: To become cold, distant, or formal in 
manners or feeling; to be discouraged, disheart¬ 
ened or downcast. 

“A1 chaunged her chore and chylled at the hert.” 

Allit. Poems: Patience, 367. 

§hilled, pa. par. & a. [Chill, v .] 

A. As pa. par: (See the verb.) 

B. As adjective: 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Chill, cold. 

“ He said, and Priam’s aged joints with chilled fear did 
shake.” Chapman. (Rich.) 

2. Technically: 

(1) Iron Manuf.: Made of iron which has been 
hardened by chilling. Chilled castings are used 
for axle-boxes, iron wheel-hubs, rolls for iron-roll¬ 
ing mills, plowshares, and mold-boards, stamp- 
heads, heavy hammers, and anvils for some kinds of 
work, and in many other instances. {Knight.) 

(2) Painting: Dimmed, clouded; affected with 
blooming. 

chilled-sliot, s. 

Military: Shot formerly made of very rapidly 
cooled or chilled cast-iron, which thus acquired a 
hardness of nearly equal efficiency with steel for 
penetrating iron plates, and yet produced at a very 
much less cost. Chilled cast-iron shot break up on 
passing through the plates, and the fragments are 
very destructive on crowded decks. Chilled steel 
projectiles are now used on naval vessels for pene¬ 
trating armor of an enemy, and are made so hard 
that the same shell has been more than once fired 
through iron armor without injury to itself. 

Chll-li, s. [Sp. chili, chile.) 

1 . Sing.: The name of the American Red-pepper. 

2. PI.: The pods or fruit of the Capsicum (q. v.). 
Spec., the dried ripe pod of Capsicum fastigiatum. 

‘‘Chillies . . . form the basis of Cayenne pepper 
and curry powder.”— Waterston: Cyclopaedia of Commerce. 

Chilli or Chili Vinegar: Vinegar flavored with 
Capsicum pods. 

(jhil'-li-ness, s. [Eng. chilly; -ness.] 

I. Literally: 

1 . The quality or state of being chilly. 

“The chilliness of their waters.”— Locke: Education, 
pt. ii. 

2. Coolness; a moderate degree of cold. 

II. Fig.: A sensation of discouragement or de¬ 
pression. 

(jhil'-lmg, *<jhyl-lynge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Chill, v .] 

A. & B. -4s pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

(1) The act of cooling or making chill {lit. dk fig.). 

*{2) The act or state of shivering. 

“ Chyllynge of tethe or other lyke. Frigidor.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

2. - Iron Manuf.: The process of chill-hardening. 
[Chill, s., II. 2.] 

Chil-ling hg,m, s. [A proper name, see A.] 

A. -4s substantive: 

Geog.: A parish in Northumberland, on the river 
Till, about four and a half miles south of Wooler, 
England. 

B. As adj.: In any way pertaining to or connected 
with the parish described under A. 

Chillingham bulls, Chillingham cattle, s.pl. 
Certain bulls, or rather cattle of both sexes, pre¬ 
served in a semi-wild state in Chillingham Park, 
England. They are pure white, except the muzzle, 
which is black, and the horns, which are tipped 
with black. The white color on the body, however, 
is artificially produced, the owner causing all 
spotted calves to be killed. They are now generally 
believed to be the descendants of the mountain 
bull or Urus which were wild in Gaul at the time of 
Caesar's invasion, and the stock whence modern 
breeds of domestic English cattlehave been derived. 
Some writers have thought them descended from 
ordinary cattle which have become wild, and others 
have made them a distinct species, Bos Scoticus. 
Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins considers them the last 
surviving representatives of the gigantic Urus of 
the Pleistocene period, reduced in size and modified 
in every respect by their small range and their 
contact with man. (Q. J. Geol. Soc., vol. xxn. (1866), 
pt. i., p. 398.) 

§Mir-y, a. & adv. [Eng. chill; -y .] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Feeling a sensation of coldness or chilliness. 

“Sir Charles, I’m as chilly as a bottle of port in a hard 
frost.”— Colman the younger: The Poor Gentleman, iv. 1. 


2. Causing a sensation of coldness or chilliness. 

“ A chilly sweat bedews 
My shudd’ring limbs.” Philips. 

II. Fig.: Cold in manners, distant, cool. 
tB. As adv.: In a chill or cool manner {lit. dk fig.) 
chl-lo-car'-pus, s. [Gr. cheilos=a lip, and kar- 
pos— a fruit.] 

Bot.: An imperfectly known genus of climbing 
plants, natives of Java, having a salver-shapea 
corolla, capitate stigma, and capsular fruit. The 
genus is referred to the Apocynacese. {Treas. of 
Bot.) 

chil-o-chlo'-g,, s. [Gr. chilos= fodder, and chloe 
or chloa— young grass.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants of the order Gramine®, 
allied to Phleum and Phalaris. 

chi 16 -di-g,, s. [Gr. cheilos= a lip, and odous— a 
tooth.] 

Bot.: A genus of Labiate, consisting of a single 
species from New Holland. It is a branched gla¬ 
brous or slightly pubescent shrub. In habit and 
structure the genus is very near Prostanthera, dif¬ 
fering only in having no appendages to the anther 
cell. {Treas. of Bot.) 

chl’-lo-don, s. [Gr. cheilos= a lip, and odous, 
genit. odontos= a tooth.] 

_ Zobl.: A genus of Infusoria, of the family Trache- 
lina, having the body covered with cilia; mouth 
with teeth arranged in the form of a tube; fore part 
of the head produced into a broad membranous or 
ear-like lip. The cilia form longitudinal rows. 
{Griff, dk Henfrey.) 

chl-lS-glot'-tis, s. [Gr. cheilos = a lip, and 
glossa or glotta=& tongue.] 

Bot.: A small genus of terrestrial Australasian 
orchids, bearing radical leaves in pairs, and soli¬ 
tary paleate reddish flowers. 

Chi-log-nath-I-form, a. [Eng. chilognatli, and 
form.] 

Entom.: A term applied to the larv® of those 
coleopterous insects which are herbivorous, elon- 
ated, and sub-cylindrical, and resemble the genus 
ula. 

^chl'-ldg-naths {Eng.), chi-log-na-thg,, chi- 
log-na'-theg {Mod. Lat.), s. pi. [Gr. cheilos= a 
lip, and gnathos=a jaw.] 

1. Entom.: An order of the Myriapoda, or Centi¬ 
pedes, distinguished by having the two mandibles 
and the tongue so united as to form a large lower 
lip ; antennas short with six or seven joints, body 
convexly cylindrical, legs short and slender. The 
segments of the body, from the fourth, fifth, or 
sixth from the head, have each of them two pair 
of legs. It contains the Millepedes and Galley- 
worms. At least seventy species are known. Th© 
order is also called Diplopoda. They are found 
beneath the bark of trees and in humid places, 
and feed both upon animal and vegetable produc¬ 
tions. 

2. Palceont.: The order began, as far as is known, 
in the Carboniferous period. 

fchl-lo -ma, s. [Gr. cheiloma=a lip, rim, or edge. 

{Septuagint.)] 

Zobl.: The upper lip of a mammal when it is 
turned and continued uninterruptedly from the 
nostril. Example, the camel. 

chi-lom- 6 -nas, s. [Gr. cheilos=a lip, and monos 
=single, solitary.] 

Zobl .: A genus of Infusoria, of the family Mona- 
dina, possessing no tail or eye-spot; mouth oblique 
or lateral, and surmounted by a lip ; either anterior 
cilia *r one or two (?) very delicate nagelliform fila¬ 
ments present. {Griff, dk Henfrey.) 

Chi-16-ni-an, Chl-lon-1c, a. [From Lat. 
Chil{o), and Eng. suff. -ian, -ic.] Relating to Chile, 
one of the seven sages of Greece. {Smart in Wor¬ 
cester.) 

chil-op- 6 -da {Lat.), chil'-o-pods {Eng.), e, 
[Gr. chilias—a thousand, and pous, genit. podos=s 
foot.] 

1 . Entom.: An order of Myriapoda or Centipedes, 
the genera of which have elongated antennae, with 
fourteen to forty or more joints, a depressed body 
covered with coriaceous plates, and legs of variable 
length. Each segment of the body has a single pair 
of legs. The order contains the Centipedes proper 
as distinguished from Millepedes, &c. It is some¬ 
times called also Syngnatha. Nearly 100 species 
are known. They all run fast, are carnivorous, and 
nocturnal. They are principally found beneath 
stones, the bark of trees, and in loose, humid earth. 

2. Palceont.: No species of the order have yefc 
been found fossil. 

chil- 6 -pod-I-form, a. [Eng. chilopod, -i- con¬ 
nective, and form.] 

Entom.: A term applied to the larv® of Coleop¬ 
terous insects which are subhexapod, with a long, 
linear, depressed body, and bear a resemblance t® 
the genus Scolopodendra. {Kirby dk Spence: En¬ 
tomology, III. xxix. p. 166.) 


bdil b<Sy‘ pout j< 5 wl; cat, (jell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, [his; sin, ag; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-cian, -tian shg.ii- -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dpL 




chilopodimorphous 


854 


chimney 


tchll-o-pod-I-mor'-phous, a. [Eng. chilopod; -i- 
connective; Gr. morphe= form; Eng. suff. -ous.] 
Eesembling chilopods in form. 

“ Those [larvae] of the Gyronectima being the most 
perfect chilopodimorphous of the whole.”— Kirby <& Spence: 
Entomology, III. xxix., p. 166. 

chi-lop-sis, s. [Gr. cheilos=& lip, ops, genit. 
opsis= face, appearance.] 

Bot.: A genus of Bignoniaceae, consisting of a 
6 ingle species of erect branching shrubs from 
Mexico. It has long linear entire alternate leaves, 
and beautiful flowers in terminal, dense, spicate 
racemes. (Treas. of Bot.) 

QhH-tern, s. & a. [A proper name, see A.] 

A. As substantive: 

Geog.: The name of certain beech-clad hills in 
Buckinghamshire, England, formerly infested by 
robbers. To keep these in check, a functionary 
was appointed who was called Steward of the Chil- 
tern Hundreds (q. v.). 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to, or in any way con¬ 
nected with, the hills described under A. 

Chiltern hundreds, s. A hilly district in Buck¬ 
inghamshire, belonging to the Crown of England. 
The office of Steward of this district, although the 
duties have long ceased to be more than nominal, 
is still retained for a special purpose. No Member 
of Parliament is allowed to resign his seat, and if 
he wishes to vacate it he can only do so by accept¬ 
ing some office of profit under the Crown. The 
Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds is therefore 
applied for by any member desiring to retire, and 
its acceptance necessarily vacates his seat. 

Chi-mse'-ra, s. [Lat. chimcera; Gr. chimaira— 
( 1 ) a she-goat, ( 2 ) a fire-spouting monster with a 
lion’s head, a serpent’s tail, and a goat’s body, 
killed by Bellerophon.] [Chimera.] 

1. Myth.: [Chimera.] 

2. Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, the type of the 
family Chimeeridse, having the tail ending in a 
slender thread, the head pointed, and spirade 
single. Chimcera monstrosa is sometimes called 
the Sea-monster, and sometimes the King of the 
Herrings. It is a native of the Northern Seas, from 
which it straggles, following shoals of herrings as 
they move from the deep sea toward the shore. 
[Chim^rid.®.] 

chl-mser -I-dse, s.pl. [Lat. chimcer(a); fern. pi. 
suff. - idee .] 

1. Ichthy.: A family of cartilaginous fishes, dis¬ 
tinguished by the head being furnished with ap¬ 
pendages, and the tail terminating in a point. It 
contains two species, Chimsora and Callorhynchus. 

2. Palceont.: The Chimseridae begin with the 
Devonian rocks. 

chl'-mser-fud, a. & s. [Lat. chimcera; and Gr. 
ei< 2 os=form, appearance.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to, or resembling the 
Chimeeridee. 

B. Assubst.: A fish belonging to the family Chi- 
moeridffi, or akin to Chimsera. 

“ In the Mesozoic and Kainozoic deposits, the remains 
of Chimceroids are not extremely rare, but they consist 
only of the jaws and teeth, along with fin-spines or 
ichthyodorulites.”— Nicholson: Palceont., ii. 155. 

Chl-m&ph'~ll-a, s. [Gr. cheima = winter, and 
philed= to love; from the leaves retaining their 
green color during winter.] . 

Bot.: A small genus of Pyrolacese, natives of 
Europe, Siberia, and North America. The plants, 
called Winter-greens in this country, have woody 
subterraneous shoots, and a short stem with a tuft 
of thick, shining, evergreen leaves, oblong, wedge- 
shaped, or lanceolate. The pedicles are one- 
flowered, bearing handsome bell-shaped, white 
flowers, tinged with purplish-red, and very sweet- 
scented. Chimaphila umbellata is a most active 
diuretic. C. maculata is used in strangury and 
nephritis. 

chl-mar-rhis, s. [Gr. cheimarros— a torrent; 
from the plant growing on the banks of torrents.] 
Bot.: Riverwood, a genus of white-wooded Amer¬ 
ican trees, belonging to the order Rubiacese. The 
wood is used for beams and rafters. 

chlm-bo-raz -Ite, s. [From Chimborazo, where 
it is found, and Eng. suff. -ite (!».).] 

Min.: The same as Aragonite (q. v.). 
ghime (1), *ghimbe, *ghymbe, *ghymme, s. [A 
corruption of chimbale or chymbale, a dialectic form 
of O. Fr. cimbale or cymbale= a cymbal; Lat. cym- 
balum: Gr. kymbalon. Thus the true meaning is—a 
cymbal, and the true form chimb or chymb (Skeat); 
Dut. kime= a tolling of a bell, kimen— to chime; Sw. 
kimma, kimba.) 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

*1. A cymbal. 

“ As a chymbe or a brasen belle.” 

Cursor Mundi, 12,193. 


2. The harmonic or consonant sound of several 
instruments or bells. [B. I.] 

flf. Figuratively: 

1. Harmonized sounds of any instrument of music. 

“ The Minstrel waked his harp—three times 
Arose the well-known martial chimes. 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, ii. 7. 

2. Any sound in harmony or accord. 

“ A happy chime of many dancing feet.” 

Hemans: Pauline. 

3. A correspondence in sound or proportion. 

“ Life and time 

Ring all their joys in one dull chime." 

Scott: The Bridal of Triermain, iii. 2. 

B. Technically: 

1. Music: 

(1) A number of bells attuned to each other in 
diatonic succession. A peal consists of three or 
more bells in harmonic succession, which may be 
rung successively or simultaneously, but will not 
admit of a tune being played upon them. Thus a set 
embracing the eight notes of the common scale will 
constitute a chime, while a set upon the first, third, 
fifth, and eighth of the scale would be a peal. The 
smallest number of bells that can be said to consti¬ 
tute a chime is five, but the number may be increased 
indefinitely. The usual number is at least nine, 
which number embraces the eight notes of the 
natural scale, with the addition of a flat seventh. 
Apparatus for ringing chimes is said to have been 
first made at Alost, in East Flanders (Belgium), in 
1487. Pottheff, the chime-player of Amsterdam, in 
the latter part of the eighteenth century, played 
pianoforte music with facility. Each key required 
a force equal to two pounds’ weight. 

(2) An arrangement of bells and strikers in an 
organ or musical box, operated in harmony with 
the reeds, pipes, or tongues, as the case may be. 

2. Coopering: The rim of a cask or tub, formed by 
the ends of the staves which project beyond the 
heads. [Chimb.] 

TT Altar-chime: A set of three small bells mounted 
in a stand for ringing by hand, used in the Roman 
Catholic church service. 

chime-barrel, s. 

Horol.: A prolongation of the rim of a striking- 
wheel, which is furnished with pins, like the barrel 
of a musical-box, the pin lifting the tails of the 
hammers, which are set on one axis and strike their 
respective bells when set in motion. 

chime-bell, *chymbe belle, s. A bell or set of 
bells harmonized. 

“His chymbe belle he doth rynge.”— Alisaunder, 1,852. 

ghime, *ghi-men, *ghy-myn, *ghimbe, v. i. & t. 

[Chime (1), s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To sound in harmony or accord; to give out a 
sound in harmony, as bells, they meanwhile remain¬ 
ing unmoved. It is opposed to ringing, in which the 
bell is raised, i. e., swung round. ( Stainer & Bar¬ 
rett.) 

2. To cause bells to ring in harmony or accord. 

“ Chymyn or chenken wythe bellys. Tintillo.” — Prompt. 
Pare. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To correspond or accord in rotation or pro¬ 
portion. 

“Father and son, husband and wife, and such other 
correlative terms, do belong one to another; and, through 
custom, do readily chime, and answer one another, in 
people’s memories.”— Locke. 

2. To agree, suit, or accord with. 

“ Any sect, whose reasonings, interpretations, and lan¬ 
guage, I have been used to, will, of course, make all chime 
that way ... ”— Locke. 

3. To join or fall in with in accord; to join or in¬ 
terfere in a conversation; often followed by in 
with. 

“ He not only sat quietly and heard his father railed at, 
but often chimed in with the discourse.”— Arbuthnot: 
History of John Bull. 

*4. To make jingling rhymes. 

*5. To clatter, to chatter. 

“The sely tonge may wel rynge and chimbe 
Of wreechednes that passed is ful yoore.” 

Chaucer: C. T„, 3,894. 

f6. To give utterance to any harmonious sounds^ 
“ Before the song of those who chime for ever 
After the chiming of the eternal spheres. 

Longfellow: Dante’? Purgatorio, xxx.-xxxi. 

B. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To play a tune on bells, either by machinery or 
by hand, by means of hammers, or swinging the 
clappers, the bell remaining unmoved. It is opposed 
to ringing, in which the bells are raised, that is, 
swung round. ( Stainer & Barrett.) 

2. To cause to sound in harmony. 


*11. Fig. : To utter harmoniously. 

“ Let simple Wordsworth chime his childish verse. 

And brother Coleridge lull the babe at nurse.” 

Byron • English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

ghimed, pa. par. or a. [Chime, v.] 
ghim'-er, s. [Eng. chim(e); -er.] One who or that 
which chimes. 

chl-mer -a. chl-mser'-a, s. [Lat. chimcera; Gr. 
chimaira.} [Chimera.] 

1. Myth.: A fabulous fire-breathing monster with a 
lion’s bead, serpent’s tail, and goat’s middle, killed 
by Bellerophon. According to Hesiod, it was the 
daughter of Typhaon and Echidria, with the heads 
of a lion, goat, and serpent. 

2. Ord. Lang. (Fig.): Any vain and idle fancy; a 
foolish and unreal creature of the imagination. 

“Thou, whose whole existence hitherto was a chimera 
and scenic show, at length becomest a reality.”— Carlyle: 
French Revolution, pt. i., bk. i., ch. iv. 

ghim-er e, *chym-er, *chym-our, s. [O. Fr. 
chamarre; Fr. cimarre, simarre; Ital. zimarra; 
Sp. chamarra, from zamarro—a shepherd’s coat 
made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, from Arab, sam- 
mUr— the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. 
(Mahn.)} 

1. Eccles.: (For definition see extract.) 

“ The chimere [is] the upper robe, to which the lawn 
sleeves are generally sewed; which before and after the 
reformation, till Queen Elizabeth’s time, was always of 
scarlet silk; but Bishop Hooper scrupling first at the robe 
itself, and then at the color of it, as too light and gay for 
the episcopal gravity, it was changed for a chimere of 
black satin.”— Wheatley: On the Comm. Prayer, ii. § 4. 

*2. Ord. Lang. : A light gown of any kind. 

“ His chymers wer of chamalet purpure broun.” 

Henrysone: Evergreen, i. 186. 

chl-mer'-Ic, chl-mer'-I-cal, a. [Eng. chimer(a), 
and suff. - ical .] Imaginary, fanciful, having no 
reality or ground; existing solely in the imagina¬ 
tion. 

chLmer -i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. chimerical; - ly .] 
In a fanciful manner; vainly, fantastically. (John¬ 
son.) 

chl-mer-in’-a, s. [Lat. chimer(a) ; andneut.pl* 
suff. - ina .] 

Ornith. : A genus of birds, belonging to the Alcadae, 
or Awks, and remarkable for a compressed, horn¬ 
like protuberance above the nostrils. 

*chl'-mer-lze, v. i. [Eng. chimer (a); -ize.) To 
raise, create, or entertain chimeras or foolish,, 
groundless fancies. 

“ What are all these but sophistical dreams and chi. 
merizing ideas of shallow imaginative scholars?”— TransL 
of Boccalini (1626), p. 226. 

ghim'-Ifig, pr.par., a. & s. [Chime, v.} 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. A s substantive : 

I. Literally: 

1. The act or practice of playing chimes. 

2. The act of sounding harmonically ; a chime. 

II. Fig. : A joining or falling in with in accord, 
ghlm-mlng, s. [Etymol. doubtful, but probably 

from Dut. him. See Chimb.] 

Metal. : The operation of agitating ore in a keeve, 
or tub, by means of a stirrer, the keeve being in¬ 
clined at an angle of 45°. The ore and water being 
placed in the tub, the whole mass is violently stirred 
until it all partakes of the gyration, when the stirring 
is stopped and the heavier particles first reach the 
bottom. The different strata of particles are then 
sorted according to quality. [Keeve.] 
ghlm'-ney, *ghem-ne, *ghim-ne, *ghem-i-ney, 
*ghymp-ne, *ghym-ney, *ghym-en-ee, *ghym- 
en-eye, *schim-nay, s. & a. [Fr. cheminie; Sp. 
chimenea; Ital. cammino; Ger. kamin, from Gr. 
kaminos; Lat. caminus^n furnace.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A furnace, a grate. 

“ And his feet [were] like to latoun as in a brennyngG 
chymeney.” — Wycliffe: Rev. i. 15. 

*2. A fire-place, a stove, a hearth. 

“ A schimnay of charcole to chaufen the knyghte.” 

Anturs of Arthur, xxxv. 

3. The flue, vent, or passage through which the 
smoke escapes from the fire into the open air. 

L A tube of glass placed over the flame of a lamp 
to increase the draught, improve the combustion, 
and protect the flame. 

5. The portion of the flue standing above the roof. 
[Chimney-shaft. ] 

II. In mining: A rich spot in a lode or vein. 

III. Hist. : Down to the thirteenth century, the 
people seem to have been generally destitute of 
chimneys. The open hole for the emission of smoke 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, eamgl, her,^ there;^ pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 

or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





855 


china-ink 


chimney-arch 


is referred to in Herodotus, viii. 137: “Now it 
happened, that the snn was shining down the cliim- 
n ®y ipto the room where they were; . . . the boy, 
who had a knife in his hand, made a mark with it 
Tu UI ir-Jj, e sun shine on the floor of the room.” In 
the Middle Ages people made fires in their house in 
a hole or pit in the center of the floor, under an 
* orm 6d in the roof; and when the family 
lay down for the night—for it can hardly be said 
that they went to bed—the hole was closed by a 
cover of wood. The laws of the feudal ages (couvre- 
f eu of the French; curfew-bell of the English) 
ordered that such fires should be extinguished at a 
certain time in the evening. William I. introduced 
this law into England in 1068, and fixed the igniteg- 
iwmat seven in the evening. The law was abolished 
by Henry I. in 1100. Chimneys, in the modern sense, 
were not common before the reign of Elizabeth. 
Thus Harrison, in his Description of England (ed. 
Furnivall), i. 338, says: “ Now have we manie chim- 
nies ; and yet our tenderlings complaine of rheumes, 
catarrhs, and poses [colds in the head]; then had 
we none but reredosses [open hearths]; and our 
heads did never ake.” A tax, called Chimney-money 
(q. v.), was imposed on each hearth or stove in a 
house in the reign of Charles II., and was abolished 
m the reign of William and Mary. 

The following are the names of the various parts 
of the chimney: The opening into the room is the 
fireplace. The floor of the fireplace is the hearth. 
The paved portion in front of the hearth is the slab. 
At the back of the fireplace is the fire-back. The 
flaring sides of the fireplace are the covings. The 
vertical sides of the opening, a part of the wall of 
the apartment, are the jambs. The chimney-piece 
is the ornamental dressing around the jambs and 
mantel. The entablature resting on the latter is 
the mantel. The mantel-shelf, or mantel-piece, 
rests thereupon. The whole hollow space from the 
fireplace to the top of the wall is the funnel, or 
chimneyhood. The contracting portion of the fun¬ 
nel is the gathering. The narrowest part is the 
throat. The throat is closed (at times) by a damper. 
Above this is the flue. The wall above the mantel 
against the flue is the breast. The chimney above 
the roof is the shaft. This is sometimes surmounted 
by a chimney-pot, and that frequently by a hood, 
vane, or cowl. A cluster of chimneys is a stack. A 
chimney-board closes the fireplace in summer. A 
ciper-tunnel is a false chimney placed on a house 
as an ornament or to balance things. {Knight.) 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

chimney-arch, s. An arch turned over the fire¬ 
place. 

chimney-board, s. A piece of board used to 
close up the fireplace. 

chimney-cap, s. 

1. An abacus or cornice forming a crowning termi¬ 
nation for a chimney. 

2. A device to render more certain the expulsion 
of smoke, by presenting the exit aperture to lee¬ 
ward, or by a rotatory device. [Cowl.] 

chimney-cheeks, s. pi. The jambs of a chimney- 
piece. 

chimney-collar, s. A device to prevent the leak¬ 
age of rain around a chimney-stack where it pro¬ 
trudes through a roof. The slates or shingles lie 
upon the slanting plates, and upright plates lie 
closely against the bricks. 

chimney-flue, s. [Chimney, 3.] 

chimney-hook, s. A hook suspended in a chim¬ 
ney from which to hang pots over the fire. 

chimney-jack, s. A rotating chimney-head; a 
kind of revolving cowl. 

chimney-jambs, s. pi. The jambs of a fireplace. 
[Jamb.] 

*chimney-money, s. 

History of England: A tax paid for each chimney 
in a house. It was imposed by Act 14, Chas. II., c. 2, 
which enacted that every hearth and stove of every 
dwelling-house, “ except such as pay not to church 
and poor, should pay two shillings per annum at 
Michaelmas and Lady-day.” The tax was abolished 
in the reign of William and Mary. It was also 
called Hearth-money. 

chimney-nook, s. The corner of the fireplace; 
the fireside. 

chimney-piece, s. The ornamental frame round 
a fireplace, consisting of jambs and mantel. 

chimney-plant, s. 

Bot.: Campanula pyramidalis. 

chimney-pot, s. 

1. Lit.: A tube of pottery or sheet-metal, used to 
carry up a flue above the chimney-shaft. They are 
sometimes ornamental, and made to agree in design 
with the character of the building. 

Chimney-shaft, s. The portion of the chimney 
carried up above the roof. 


chimney-swallow, s. 

Ornith.: A species of swallow, Hirundo rustica, 
so called from its selecting chimneys, outhouses, 
ruins, &c., as the favorite sites for its nests. The 
forehead and throat are of a reddish-brown. 

“ The martin arrives in this country a little later than 
the chimney-swallow.” — It. Laishly: Popular History of 
British Eggs. 

chimney-sweep, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A man whose occupation it is to 
clean the flues of chimneys of the accumulated 
soot. 

2. Bot.: {pi. Chimney-sweeps) : The same as Chim¬ 
ney-sweeper, II. 2. 

chimney-sweeper, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A chimney-sweep. 

“To look like her, are chimney-sweepers black.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, iv. 3. 

2. A machine for sweeping chimneys. It was in¬ 
vented in England by Smart, 1805, to supersede the 
climbing boys, who wer.e so cruelly treated. A brush 
of rattan is fixed on the end of a rod which consists 
of jointed sections of cane. 

*2. Fig.: Used proverbially for any one of a 
mean occupation. 

“ Golden lads and girls all must, 

As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

II. Technically: 

Botany: 

1. The heads of Plantago lanceolata. {Britt, dt 
Holland.) 

2. Lazula campestris. {Britt. & Holland.) 
Chimney-sweeper’s Cancer: 

Med.: A disease, also called Soot-wart, or Cancer 
scroti- 

chimney-top, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: The top of a chimney; a chimney- 
cap or cowl, a chimney-pot. 

“ Many a time and oft 

Have you climb’d up to walls and battlements, 

To towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops.” 

Shakesp. : Julius Ccesar, i. 1. 

2. Music: In organ building, a metallic mouth- 
pipe whose otherwise closed upper end has an open 
tube of small dimension, which allows a part of the 
air to escape and has the effect of sharping the 
note. [Mouth-pipe.] 

chimney-valve, s. A device of Benj. Franklin 
for withdrawing the foul air from an apartment by 
means of the upward draft in the chimney. In its 
simplest form it consists merely of a metallic frame 
fitted in an aperture in the chimney and having a 
suspended flap opening inwardly to the chimney 
which allows a current to pass in that direction, 
but shuts off a down-draft into the room. 

chl-mo-nan’-thus, s. [Gr. cheimon— winter, and 
anthos=a. flower; in reference to its early flower¬ 
ing.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the Caly- 
canthus family, and consisting of a single species, 
the Japan Allspice, Chimonanthus fragrans, well 
known in gardens for its early flowering and the 
sweet scent of its blossoms. It was introduced 
from China in 1766. It is a much-branched shrub, 
and is generally treated as a wall-plant in gardens. 
The flowers are sessile, about an inch in diameter, 
made up of a large number of pale yellow, waxy 
petals arranged in several rows. They appear in 
mild winters about Christmas, and last for a long 
time. 

9 him-pan’-zee, * 9 him-pan'-se, s. [Fr. chim- 
panz6, cliimpansi , chimpanzee; Ger. schimpanse.'] 
Zool.: A name formerly applied to more than one 
of the larger man-shaped apes, but properly belong¬ 
ing to the Troglodytes niger, a native of the equa¬ 
torial parts of Western Africa. Its associate in the 
enus Troglodytes is the gorilla. The face is nearly 
airless, the skin a dirty yellow ochre, teeth beauti¬ 
fully white, hair black and long. In the chimpan¬ 
zee the arms are longer than the hind limbs, and 
when the animal is erect they reach below the knee. 
They are not, however, proportionately so long as 
in the gibbons and orangs. Its height is about five 
feet. The look is very much that of a very old 
child. In habits it is gentle and amiable, and 
easily makes friends. Little is known of the habits 
of the adults in their natural state. [Orang.] 
qhin, * 9 hmne, * 9 hyn, * 9 hj?nne, s. & a. [A. S. 
cin; Dut. kin — the chin; Icel. kinn; Dan. & Sw. 
kind = the cheek; Goth, /amts=the cheeks; O. H. 
Ger. chinni; M. H. Ger. kinne; Ger. kinn; Lat .genu, 
all=the cheek; Gr. genus; Sansc. kanu = the jaw.] 
A. As subst.: The lower portion of the face below 
the under lip. 

“All naked up unto the chinne.” 

Gower: C. A., i. 276. 


btfil, b<5y; pout, jdwl; cat, $ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion =* shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious. 


B. As adj. : (See the compounds.) 

chin-cloth, s. The same as Chin-clout (q. v.). 

“A cap which they fasten with a very broad chin-cloth.” 
— Misson: Travels in Eng., p. 90. 

*chin-clout, s. A cloth or muffler formerly worn 
round the chin by women. 

“And from the chin-clout to the lowly slipper 
In Heliconian streams his praise shall dip her.” 

John Taylor: Works (1630), p. 11L 

tchin-deep, adv. Very deep, almost over¬ 
whelmed. 

“To fancy himself chin-deep in riches.”— Lamb: Essays 
of Elia, Ser. ii.. No. 10. 

chin-scab, s. A disease in sheep. 

chin-strap, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A strap of a cap or hat passing 
under the chin. 

2. Saddlery: A strap connecting the throat-strap 
and nose-band of a halter. 

♦chin-welk, s. A disease, also called Mentagra 
(q. v.). 

“ It is associated with the disease called chin-welk, or 
mentagra, Sycosis contagioso.” — Rev. H. Macmillan. 

Qhl'-na, s. & a. [The name of a country in the 
extreme east of Asia, constituting one of the largest 
empires in the world. Excluding its dependent 
islands, it extends from lat. 20° to 41°, or even to 46° 
N. lat., and from 98°, or even 85° to 98° E. long.; be¬ 
ing thus from 1,400 to 2,000 miles long, by 900 to 
1,300 broad, with an area of about 1,534,953 square 
miles, or with its dependencies, 3,924,627 square 
miles. Its population is about 500,000,000. China is 
divided into twenty provinces, and six tributary 
provinces. Pekin is the capital. The principal 
cities are Shanghai, Canton, Ningpo, Amoy, Foo- 
chow-foo, Tien-sin, Swatow, Formosa, Chefoo, 
Han-Kow, Nan-Chwang, Chin-Kiang, and Kin- 
Kiang. The chief rivers are the Hoang-ho, or Yel¬ 
low river, the Tarrin, Brahmapootra, Amoor.Yang- 
tse-Kiang (the largest in Asia), the Hei-ho, Pei-ho, 
Han-Kiang and Si-Kiang. The mountains include 
the Tangun-Ouler, the Dauriun, Inshan-Garjan, 
Shan-ali, Altai, Thian-shan, Pe-ling, Shen-se, Kan-se. 
Nan-ling and Himalaya ranges. The principal 
islands are, Formosa, Hai-nan, the Chusan Archi¬ 
pelago and the Loo-choo group. China is the most 
ancient organized nation on the globe. Her history 
dates back 2,500 years B. C. Her modes and habits 
of life are not much given to change. 

A. As substantive: 

1. As a proper name: The country referred to in 
the etymology. 

2. A fine variety of pottery, now known as porce¬ 
lain, originally introduced from the country whose 
name it bore for some centuries. The term porce¬ 
lain is Portuguese. [Porcelain.] 

“ Spleen, vapors, or small-pox, above them all, 

And mistress of herself, tho’ china fall.” 

Pope: Mor. Ess., ii. 268. 

3. Articles made of a finer species of earthenware 
in imitation of the genuine china. 

“ After supper, carry your plate and china together in 
the same basket.”— Swift. 

“. . . those stately shops flaming with red brick, 
and gay with shawls and china, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvi. 

B. As adj.: Made of china-ware or porcelain. 

“. . . to give an effect at a distance very much like 
that produced by the perspective of a china plate.”— 
Theodore Hook: Gilbert Gurney, vol. ii., ch. v. 

china aster, s. 

Bot.: A species of the Asteracese (q. v.); Calliste- 
phus chinensis, also called Callistemma hortense. 

china-bark, s. 

Bot.: The bark of Buena liexandra, formerly used 
as a febrifuge, but of little value. It grows in the 
hotter parts of South America. 

china-blue Style, s. A mode of calico-printing 
in which indigo-blues are printed on the cloth and 
fixed by baths of salts of iron and of alkali. 

china-clay, s. A fine potter’s clay, extensively 
used in the manufacture of china. It is also called 
kaolin (q. v.). 

china-crape, s. A very fine and beautiful kind 
of silk crape. {Nuttall.) 

china-glaze, s. A preparation for painting blue 
fret. Ten parts of it are of glass, twenty-nine lead, 
three or more of blue calx. {Ogilvie.) 

china-grass, s. 

Bot.: The fiber of BOhmeria nivea , the Bheea or 
Ramee. 

China-grass cloth: 

Fabric: A fine fabric made from the fiber of an 
Indian nettle, the Rheea or Ramee. 

china-ink, s. [Indian Ink.] 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = L 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, deL 




chink 


china-orange ' 


856 


China-orange, s. The name of a small sweet 
orange, Citrus aurantium, originally brought from 
“Thin a. 

china-pink, s. 

Bot.: Dianthus chinensis, a perennial flowering 
Tariety of pink. 

china-root, s. 

Med .; The tuberous rhizome of a plant, Smilax 
China , formerly used for the same purposes as 
sarsaparilla now is. 
china-rose, s. 

Botany and Horticulture: 

1. A garden name given to several varieties of rose. 
Derived from Rosa indica and R. semperflorens, 
natives of China. 

2. A beautiful flowering plant of the mallow kind, 
Hibiscus rosa sinensis, very common in gardens in 
China and the East Indies. 

China-shop, s. A shop for the sale of chinaware. 

A bull in a china-shop: Strength and violence 
exerted in a wrong place. 

“Well! now they are all away, let ns frisk at our ease 
and have at everything like the bull in the china-shop." — 
Thackeray: Book of Snobs, ch. xviii. 

China-stone, s. Pe-tunt-se of the Chinese. A 
semi-decomposed talcose granite, used for glazing 
fine pottery. (Weale.) 

China-tree, s. Probably Melia Azedarach, which 
is cultivated in this country. (Britten.) 

“ Level the landscape grew, and along the shores of the 
river, 

Shaded by china-trees, in the midst of luxuriant gar¬ 
dens.” Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. ii. 2. 

China-ware, s. Articles made of china, porcelain. 
[China, A. 2, 3.J 

Chl'-na-man, s. [Eng. China, and wan.] A nativo 
of China. 

Chinaman’s-hat, s. The name given by collect¬ 
ors to the shell of a mollusk, Calyptrcea sinensis. 

ghlnc’-u-pln, s. [Fr.] 

Bot.: The Dwarf Chestnut, Castanea pumila, a 
native of South America, but growing wild in the 
Southern States as far north as Maryland, 
ghliich, s. [Sp.=a bug, from Lat. cimex.~\ 
Entomology: 

1. The bed-bug, Cimex lectularius. [Bug, A. I. 2 

( 2 ).] 

2. A pestilent insect of the bug family, of unpleas¬ 
ant odor, and very destructive to potatoes, grain, 
&c., called chintz, cldnch-bug, and chink-bug. 

chinch-bug, s. [Chinch, 2.] 

*ghinche, *chynche, adj. & subs. [Chiohe, 
Chynchyn.] 

A. As adj. : Niggardly, mean. 

“He was large and nouth chinche." — Eavelok, 2,941. 

B. As subst. : A miserly, mean person. (See quo¬ 
tation from Prompt. Parv. under the following 
word.) 

*ghlngh'-er, *ghynch-are, *chynchyr,s. [Mid. 
Eng. chynch(yn); -er.] A miserly, niggardly fellow. 

“Chynchyr or chynchare (chynche, H. P.). Perparous.’’ 
—Prompt. Parv. 

ghlngh-er-Ie, *chinch-er-ye, *chynch-er-ie, 
♦chyn-cer-y, s. [Mid. Eng. chinche; suff. -rie=-ry.] 
Niggardliness, meanness. 

“By cause of his skarsete and chyncherie.” 

Chaucer: Tale of Nelibeus, p. 182. 

ghln-ghir-lu. s. [Perhaps Sp. chinchilla, a dim. 
of chinche=& bug. (Malm.)) 

1. ZoOl.: A small rodent, a native of Chili, Eriomys 
laniger } the typical genus of the order Chinchillidee. 
Its fur is very soft, and is used for muffs, tippets, &c. 

2. Comm. : The fur of the animal described in 1. 

3. Fabric: A heavy cloth for women’s winter 
cloaking, with a long-napped surface rolled into 
little tufts in imitation of chinchilla fur. 

ghln-ghlT-li-dae, s. pi. [From Eng. chinchill(a), 
and Lat fern. pi. suff. -idee.] 

1. ZoOl.: A family of small rodents, natives of 
Chili. They grow to about the size of a rabbit. 
Genera, Chinchilla, Lagotis, &c. 

2. Palceont. : Genera of the family are found from 
the Pliocene, if not even from the Miocene onward. 

ghin-ghin, s. [A Chilian word.] 

Bot.: A plant, Poly gala thesioides, which is said 
to have a powerfully diuretic root. ( Lindley.) 

ghln'-ghon, s. [A native word.] A gummy or 
glutinous matter, much used as a glue or varnish 
in China and Japan, and supposed to be the pro¬ 
duce of Plocaria tenax, a sea-weed. 
chin’-cho»e, s. [Chynchone.] 
ghln’-cough (Eng.), kink-cough (Scotch) 
(cough as kof), s. [A corruption of chinkcough. 
Cf. Scotch kink=to labor for breath in a severe fit 
of coughing. (Jamieson.) ( Skeat .)] 


Med.: The whooping-cough (q. v.). 

“ 1 have observed a chincough, complicated with an in¬ 
termitting fever .”—Sir J. Floyer: Preternatural State of 
the Animal Humors. 

ghine (1), *ghyne (1), s. [0. Fr. eschine; Fr. 
{.chine; Sp. esquena; Ital. schiena=tho spine,from 
0. H. Ger. skind— a needle, a prick; Ger. schiene— 
a splint. Skeat suggests a connection with Lat. 
spina= ( 1 ) a thorn, ( 2 ) the spine.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The back-bone or spine of any animal. 

“ The hollow vein that to the neck extends 
Along the chine, his eager javelin rends.” 

Pope: Homeds Iliad, xiii. 693. 

2. Part of an animal, consisting of the back-bone 
with the parts adjoining, cut for cooking. 

II. Naut.: That part of a waterway left above the 
deck. 

ghine (2),*ghene, *ghyne (2),s. [A. S. cinu=a 
cleft, a crack, from cinan= to split, to chap; Dut. 
keen; 0. Dut. kene= a cleft, a rift.] [Chink.] 

*1 A rift, a chink, a gap. 

“ There was somtyme in the myddel of Home a greet 
chene in the erthe.”— Trevisa, i. 233. 

2. A narrow, precipitous ravine. 

“ . . . the huge precipice of Black Gang Chine ."— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

ghine (3) s. [Chimb.] The end of a barrel; the 
portion of the staves of a barrel which projects 
beyond the head. 

chine-hoop, s. The hoop on the end of staves, or 
on the chine. (Nuttall.) 

ghine, *ghinen, *ghynen, v. i. & t. [A. S. 
clnan, cinean; O. S. kinan; 0. H. Ger. chinan; 
Goth, keinan .] [Chine (2), s.] 

I. Intrans.: To gape open, to open in a chink. 

II. Trans.: 

1 . To cleave, to cut, to cause to break. 

“ Thothat doth her hert chon." — Arthur & Merlin, 7,763. 

2 . To cut through or in pieces like a chine. 

“ He that in his line did chine the long ribbed Apen- 
nine.” Dryden: Persius, i. 

ghi'-ne, s. [Fr.] 

Fabric : 

1. A lady’s dress goods made with printed or dyed 
cotton or silk warps, afterward woven. A mottled 
effect is produced. 

2. A fabric in which a mixture of colors is pro¬ 
duced by a double thread formed of two smaller 
threads of different colors twisted together. 

♦ghlned, a. [Eng. chin(e) ( 1 ), s.; -ed.] Having 
a back-bone; back-boned (lit. <& fig.). Usually in 
composition, as in the example. 

“. . . These be they, these steel-cliined rascals.”—• 
Beaum & Fletcher: Scornful Lady. 

ghlne’-ing, a. [Chine (3), s.] Pertaining to the 
chine or chimb of a cask. 

chineing-machine, s. 

Coopering: A. machine to chamfer the ends of 
staves on the inner surface, and form the chine. 

Qhl-ne§e’, a. & s. [Fr. Chinois. Properly as a 
noun singular, with a regular plural originally of 
Chineses, but now taken from the sound as a plural. 
Cf. cherry.'] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to China in any way. 

B. As substantive : 

1 . A native of China. 

2. The language of China. 

Chinese architecture. The architecture of 
China had its rise from Indian art introduced with 
the worship of Buddha. But diversities of treat¬ 
ment soon appeared, and instead of the Indian 
dagoba arose a tower-like construction of many 
stories, growing gradually smaller toward the top, 
and with each stage distinctly marked, and covered 
with many-colored curved roofs, to which bells were 
attached. These edifices were, for the most part, 
octagonal, and were constructed for religious pur¬ 
poses. Chinese structures have nothing durable 
about, them, wood forming an essential element 
in their construction. They are more remarkable 
for their elegance and slender proportions than for 
size. The roofs are. especially characteristic, the 
most striking peculiarities being that they are 
always curved, and have figures on them in high 
relief, as well as at the corners, from which hang 
bells, and that they are decorated with fantastic 
embellishments, such as dragons, &c. The Chinese 
do not possess the art of arching large spaces, and 
consequently numerous columns are introduced for 
the support of the ceilings and roofs; these are 
of wood, sometimes carved, but always painted. 

(Rosengarten , dtc.) 

Chinese-balance, s. A form of the steelyard 
having four points of suspension, and as many 
quadrated sides to the weight-arm of the lever. 
[Steely abd.] 


Chinese-blue, s. A mixture of ultramarine, or 
of cobalt blue, with flake white. ( Weale.) 

Chinese capstan, s. A differential hoisting or 
hauling device, having a vertical axis, and therein 
only differing from the differential windlass (q. v.). 
Chinese-cherry, s. 

Bot.: Cerasus chinensis. 

Chinese-crab, s. 

Bot.: (1) The fruit of a tree, Pyrus spectabilis , 
( 2 ) the tree itself. 

Chinese-fire, s. A pyrotechnic composition, con¬ 
sisting of gunpowder, 16; niter, 8 ; charcoal, 3; sul¬ 
phur, 3; cast-iron borings (small), 10. 

Chinese-glue, s. A superior glue and varnish, 
obtained from a species of algae, which abounds on 
the shores of China. When once dried it resists the 
action of water, and is used by the Chinese to fill 
up the lozenge-shaped interstices in the network of 
bamboos of which their windows are frequently 
constructed, as well as to strengthen and varnish 
the paper of their lanterns. (Ogilvie.) 
Chinese-grass, s. 

Bot.: [China-gkass.] 

Chinese indigo, s. A plant, Isatis indigotica. 
Chinese lantern, s.- [Lantern.] 

Chinese pavilion, s. [So called from the usual 
shape.] 

Music: A pole with several transverse brass 
plates of some crescent or fantastic form, generally 
terminating at top with a conical pavilion or hat. 
On all these parts are hung small bells, which the 
performer causes to jingle by shaking the instru¬ 
ment held vertically up and down. It is used only 
in military bands, and more for show than use. 
(Victor de Pontigny, in Grove's Diet. Mus.) 

Chinese pitcher-plant, s. A pitcher plant, ne¬ 
penthes phyllamphora. 

Chinese stones, s. pi. Certain stones consisting 
chiefly of silicate of alumina altered by heat so as 
to adapt the material to be used in making gro¬ 
tesque statuary. 

Chinese swallows’ nests, s.pl. These curious 
productions, which sell at such a high price in 
China, though they have no special points of recom¬ 
mendation beyond many other gelatinous ingredi¬ 
ents in soups, were formerly supposed to be made 
of some species of the rose-spored Alg®, as Sphcero- 
coccus lichenoides; but this is now ascertained to 
be a mistake, and it is known that they are formed 
of a secretion from the mouth of the bird itself. 
(Treas. of Bot.) 

Chinese-tree, s. 

Bot.: Pceonia Montan. 

Chinese-varnish, s. Rhus vernicifera. 
Chinese-wax, s. A secretion from a tree grown 
in China. [Cebyl Cerotate.] 

Chinese-white, s. White oxide of zinc. 

Chinese windlass 
in which the cord win 
and on to the other, the amount of absolute lift 
being governed by the difference in the diameters 
of the respective portions. It is a good contrivance 
in the respect that great power may be attained 
without making the axle so small as to be too weak 
for its work. [Dieferential Windlass.] 
Chinese-yellow, s. A very bright sulphuret of 
arsenic, formerly brought from China. ( Weale.) 

*ghln’-gll-y, *ghln-giy, a. [Shingly.] { 

*ghln’-gle, *ghyn-gyl, *ghyn-gle, s. [Shingle.} 
ghlnk (1), s. [Formed by the addition of k as a 
dimin. from Mid. Eng. chine (q. v.).] 

1. Ord Lang.: A narrow cleft or crevice; a small 
longitudinal opening; a slit. 

“ And where, secure as mouse iu exmk, 

She might repose, or sit and think.” 

Cowper: The Retired Cat. 

2. Mining: A joint in a vein, through which air or 
water flows. (Weale.) 

ghink ( 2 ), s. [An onomatopoeic word. Cf. jingle.] 

I. Lit.: A slight jingling sound as of metal struck 
gently. 

“ Even in dreams to the chink of the cince, 

This huckster put down war !” 

Tennyson: Maud, ix. 3. 

II. Figuratively: 

1 . Money, cash. 

“All for what? To get at the chink, to chouse us of 
cash.”— Mad. D’Arblay: Cecilia, bk. ix., ch. i. 

*2. A chuckle. 

" The boys around him were in chinks of laughter.”— 
Mrs. Gaskell: Cranford, ch. ix. (Davies.) 

*3. The sound of the grasshopper. 

“Half-a-dozen grasshoppers make the field ring with 
their importunate chink." — Burke: French Rev., p. 68. 


, s. A differential windlass, 
ids off one part of the barrel 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mate, cub, ciire, unite, cilr, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, 03 = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 





chink 


857 


chipmunk 


$hlnli (1), v. t. & i. [Chink (1), s.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To cause to open in cracks or slits. 

“The surface, which is the skin of that great body, is 
^hopped, and chinked with drought, and burnt up with 
heat.” — Seasonable Serm., p. 16. 

2. To fill up chinks or cracks. 

II. Intrans.: To open in chinks or cracks; to 
split, to crack. 

$hlnk (2), v. t. & i. [Chink (2), s.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To cause pieces of metal, coin, &c., to emit a 
Jingling sound, by causing them to knock together; 
to jingle. 

2. To shake so as to cause a jingling sound. 

“He chinks his purse, and takes his seat of state.” 

Pope. Dunciad, ii. 198. 

II. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To emit a jingling sound, as of pieces of 
metal, coins, &c., gently struck together. 

*2. Fig.: To chuckle. 

“He chinked and crowed with laughing delight.”— Mrs. 
Oaskell: Ruth , ch. xviii. 

* 9 hink (3), v. t. [Chynchyn.] 

9 hin'-ka, s. [A native word.] The single cable 
suspension bridge of the East Indies, upon which 
traverses a seat in the shape of an ox-yoke. 

9 hink'-a-pln, s. [Chincapin.] 

9hinked, a. [Eng. chink (1), s.; -ed.] 

Bot.: An epithet for the bark of trees which crack 
from decay. 

*9hink'-er, s. [Eng. chink (2), v.; -er.] Money, 
coin. 


“Let us see your chinkers.” — Taylor: Philip Van Artev., 
U. iii. 1. 

9hink -Ing, pr. par. & s. [Chink (1), v.] 

A. As pr. par. (See the verb.) 

B. Assubst.: The art of filling up chinks or cracks. 

chinking-and-daubing, s. The process of filling 

with chips and clay the chinks or interstices between 
the logs of houses. ( Ogilvie .) 

9 hink'-W 0 rt, s. [Eng. chink (1), s., and wort=an 
herb.] 

Bot.: The popular name in some districts for the 
different species of Opegrapha and their allies, 
which grow on the trunks of trees. These lichens 
are also sometimes called Letter-lichens, or Script¬ 
ure-worts. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

9hink-y, a. [Eng. chink (1), s.; -y.] Full of 
chinks or narrow clefts ; gaping, fissured. 


in the time of Queen Anne, long before cotton prints 
became cheap. The name, being highly respect¬ 
able, has since been applied to goods lacking the 
graceful and artistic character of the genuine 
article. The chintzes of the Coromandel coast 
were celebrated in the time of Marco Polo, thir¬ 
teenth century. They are mentioned also by 
Odoardo Barbosa, a Portuguese, who visited India 
soon after the passage of the Cape of Good Hope 
by Vasco da Gama: “Great quantities of cotton 
cloths admirably painted, also some white and 
some striped, held in the highest estimation.” 

“ Let a charming chintz, and Brussels lace, 

Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face.” 

Pope: Moral Essays, i. 248. 

chi-6-coc-ca, s. [Gr. chion= snow; kokkos —a 
berry.] 

Bot.: The Snow-berry, a genus of the Cinchona- 
ceous family, consisting of small shrubs, with a 
funnel-shaped, yellowish corolla, concealing the five 
stamens, which are provided with hairs. Ovary 
two-celled, with two inverted ovules. Fruit a berry 
with two seeds. The root of Chiococca anguifuga, 
a trailing herb, and that of C. densifolia , a woody 
bush, are held by the people of Brazil to be a rem¬ 
edy for snake-bite. 

ChI-6-dec-ton, s. [Gr. chidn= snow, and dektos— 
received, acceptable.] 

Bot.: A genus of Lichens (tribe Graphidei), of 
which one species, Chiodecton myrticola, has been 
found in Ireland; and its var. sarniense in the 
Channel Islands. (Griff. <&Henfrey.) 

chl’-o-llte, s. [Gr. chion= snow; lithos= a stone.] 

Min.: A tetragonal, snow-white mineral, with a 
somewhat resinous luster, found in the Ilmen 
mountains near Miask. Composition: Fluorine, 
58'0; aluminum, 18’6; sodium, 23'4. Hardness, 4'0. 
Specific gravity, 2'72-2'898. (Dana.) 

Chi-&-nan'-thiis, s. [Gr. chion— snow; anthos= 
a flower, in allusion to the color of the flower.] 

Bot.: The Snowdrop-tree of this country, or the 
Snow-flower, as the name implies, belongs to a 
genus of Oleacese, and is distinguished by its decid¬ 
uous leaves, and the long, narrow, ribbon-like seg¬ 
ments of the corolla. The fruit is a drupe like that 
of the olive. Chionanthus virginica is a deciduous 
shrub, or small tree, with large smooth leaves like 
those of a Magnolia, and bearing flowers in ter¬ 
minal panicles. It blossoms in June, and is highly 
ornamental. 

chl-o-ne, s. [Gr. c7iioneos=white as snow; chion 
=snow, in allusion to the color of the cymes of 
white flowers.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, consisting of a single 
species, Chione glabra, a native of Tortoise Island. 


“But plaister thou the chinky hives with clay.” 

Dry den: Virgil; Georgic, iv. 63. 

9 hinned, a. [Eng. chin; -ed.] Having a chin; 
used principally in compounds, as broad-chinned, 
short-chinned , &c. 

(Jhi'-no, in compos. [From Eng., &c., Chin(a), 
and o connective.] Pertaining to or connected with 
China. 

Chino-Japanese region: 

Bot.: A botanical region, including the Chinese 
lowlands and the Japanese archipelago. Many trees 
and shrubs are native, not a few like the Camellia 
evergreen. (Thom6.) 

9hln'-(5i-dlne, s. [Eng., &c., chin(ine) =quinine 
(q. v.) ; Gr. eidos= an appearance, and Eng. suff. 
-ine (Chem.).] 

Chem.: C 20 HJ 4 N 2 O 2 = Quinoldine = Amorphous 
quinine. A resinous mass contained in refuse of 
the quinine liquids. It is insoluble in water, solu¬ 
ble in alcohol and ether, also in dilute acids. It 
has powerful antiperiodic and febrifuge properties. 

chin-O-lIne, s. [From Eng. quin(ine); Lat. 
oleum= oil: and Eng. suff. -ine (Chem.).] 

Chem.: C 9 H 7 N. A tertiary monamine formed by 
the distillation of quinine, cinchonine, strychnine, 
&c., with a concentrated solution of potash. It is 
a colorless oily basic liquid, boiling at 235°. It is 
slightly soluble in water, and dissolves in alcohol 
and ether. 

9hlnse, v. t. [Probably from chink (1), v.] 

Naut To stop a seam temporarily by crowding 
in oakum with a knife or chisel. A slight calking. 

9 hln'-slng, pr. par. or a. [Chinse.] 

chinsing-iron, s. 

Naut.: A calker’s edge-tool or chisel for chinsing 

seams. 

9 hlntz, * 9 hlnts, s. [Hindu. chhint= spotted cot¬ 
ton cloth; chhintd=a spot ; chhintnd=to sprinkle. 
The simpler forms are chhlt— chintz, a spot; chhitkl 
=a small spot, a speck; chhitnd= to scatter, to 
sprinkle; Mod. But. sits; Ger zitz. (Skeat .)] A 
cotton cloth gaily printed with designs of flowers, 
&c., in five or six different colors. It was a favorite 


chl-O'-ne-a, s. [Gr. c/u<meos=white as snow; 
cAio«=snow.] 

Entom.: A small dipterous insect belonging to 
the sub-family Panorpinee, found in Sweden in win¬ 
ter among snow and ice. Head brownish-yellow, 
legs very long and thick. It is wingless. 

chl-on-Id-I-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. chionis 
(q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ornith.: A family of Rasorial birds. [Chionis.] 

chl-o -nis, s. [Gr. chioneos —white as snow.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the Colum- 
bidee or Pigeon family, or better made the type of a 
distinct family. [Chionidid.e.] Chionis alba is the 
White Sheath-bill. It frequents the shores of Aus¬ 
tralia and New Zealand. 

chI-b-noph -il-3,, s. [Gr. chion- snow; phileo= 
to love.] 

Bot.: A genus of Scrophulariacece, nearly allied 
to Pentstemon, but differing from that genus in its 
five-toothed (not five-cleft) calyx, as well as in 
habit. Chionophila Jamesii, the only known spe¬ 
cies, found in the Rocky Mountains near the. snow 
limit, is a small unbranched herb about two inches 
high, with a few smooth linear leaves which are 
enveloped near the base by a number of membra¬ 
naceous scales. 

chl-o-ny-phe, s. [Gr. c/iiow=snow; phyo=to 
grow (?).] 

Bot.: A genus of Mucorini (hypbomycetous 
Fungi) found growing upon melting snow. Chio- 
nyphe Carteri, Berk., is a curious fungus, which is 
supposed to be the cause of that formidable disease, 
the Fungus-foot of India. It has, however, been 
doubted whether it is really the cause, or only a 
secondary growth on the truffle-like nodules com¬ 
posed principally of stearine which are character¬ 
istic of the disease. 

*9hI-op'-pIne, s. [Sp. chapin; Port, chapini; 
Ital. scappino: O. Fr. escaping & sock.] [Chopine.] 
A kind of high shoe or patten, worn formerly by 
ladies, to raise them above the dirt. 

“ The woman was a giantess, and yet walked always in 
chioppines.” — Cowley. 


Chl-OS, s. & a. [Gr. Chios, chios.] 

A. As substantive: 

Geog.: An island, now more generally called Scio, 
in the Grecian Archipelago. 

B. As adj.: (See the compound.) 

Chios turpentine, s. The resinous exudation 
from the Pistacia terebinthus, growing in Syria. 
(Weale.) 

9hlp ( 2 ), *9hlppe, *9hype, *9hyppe, s. & a. 
[Chip, v.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) A small piece of wood or stone detached by 
means of a cutting instrument. 

4 ‘ Chyppe. Quisquilie, assula” — Prompt. Parv . 

*(2) A small slice or paring of bread. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A small piece or fragment, however caused. 

“ To be so tickled, they would change their state 

And situation with those dancing chips." 

Shakesp._ Sonnets, 128. 

(2) A portion of an original stock. 

If A chip of the old block: A child identical in 
character with his parent; a true child. 

“ Well dost thou now appear to be a chip of the old 
block." — Milton. Apol.for Smectym. 

*(3) Used contemptuously for anything dried up 
or withered, or of little value. 

(4) A small disk of ivory or celluloid sometimes 
bearing figures engraven on them, and of different 
colors, used to represent money in a gambling game. 

II. Technically: 

1. Naut.: A piece of wood of the shape of a quad¬ 
rant, of 6 inches radius, and 34 inch thick, placed on 
the end of a log-line. The chip is loaded at the cir¬ 
cular edge so as to float upright, about two-third 3 
being immersed in water. The knotted, log-line is 
wound on a reel, and the chip or log being thrown 
overboard catches in the water and remains about 
stationary there, while the cord unwinds as the 
vessel proceeds. The number of knots passing the 
seaman’s hand while the sand in the half-minute 
glass is running out, indicates the number of knots 
or nautical miles per hour of the vessel’s speed. 
[Log.] 

2. Hat Manuf.: A kind of straw plait, Hie leaves 
of Thrinax argentea, a Cuban palm, prepared for 
hats, <fcc. Also a kind of wood, split into thin slips 
for the same purpose. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

chip-ax, s. A small, single-handed ax used in 

chipping or listing a block or scantling to a shape 
approximating that to which it is to be dressed. 

chip-bonnet, s. A bonnet made of fancy straw 
plait, or palm leaves, or of chip. [Chip, B. 2.] 

chip-hat, A hat made of chip. [Chip, B. 2.] 

“ The ladies wear jackets and petticoats of brown linen, 
with chip-hats . . .”— Smollett: Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker. 

chip-plaiting, chip-platting, s. Straw pre¬ 
pared and twisted for bonnets and hats. 

9hip, *9hip-pen, *9hyp, *9hyp-pen, v. t. & L 

[A. S. cippian= to cut; Ger. kippen.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To cut small pieces off; to reduce by cutting 
away a little at a time. 

“ Then he chipped and smoothed the planking." 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn. 

The Musician's Tale , xiii. 

2. To break through: said of a young bird break¬ 
ing its way out of the egg. 

*3. To slice or cut bread. 

“ He would have chipped bread well.”— Shakesp.: Henry 
IV., Pt. II., ii. 4. 

*11. Fig.: To make the preparations necessary 
for flight. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To break or fly off in small pieces.! 

*2. To break forth from a shell or calix. 

“ The rois knoppis, tetand furth thare hede, 

Gan chyp, and kyth thare vernal lippis red.” 

Doug: Virgil, 401, 19. 

3 . To ferment as ale in the vat. (Scotch.) 

* 9 hip'-er, s. [Cf. O. Fr. chepier = a gaoler. 

(Jamieson.)] A snare, a trap. 

“Discharges all the slaying of wilde-fowle in other 
menis boundis with gunnis, chiperis or other ingynes, 
. . . ”—Acts Cha. I. (ed. 1814), vol. v., 269. 

9hip'-munk, 9hlp-muck, 9hlp’-muk, s. [Prob¬ 
ably from the voice of the animals.] 

ZoOl.: A small animal much like a squirrel of the 
genus Tamias, known as the striped squirrel. The 
common species of this country is the Tamias 
Lysteri. 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph-L 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 





chipped 


858 


chiropodist 


^hipped, pa. par. or a. [Chip, v.] 

9 hlp -per, s. & a. [Cheep, a.] 

A. As subst.: A chirper. 

B. As adj.: Lively, active, cheerful. 

9hlp -per, v. i. [Cheep, o.] To chirrup, to chirp. 
(Provinc. Eng.) 

9hlp-per§, s.pl. [Chip, v.] 

Minina: Women who dress the best, or “bing 
ore,” in lead mines. ( Weale.) 

9hlp'-plhg (1), *9hyp'-p^hge, pr.par., a. & s. 
[Chip, a.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The operation or process of cutting away small 
pieces from wood, stone, &c. 

“ The chipping, and hewing, and squaring of the several 
stones.”— Sanderson: Serm. (1640), ii. 174. 

2. The act of flying or breaking off in chips or 
small pieces. 

3. A small fragment chipped off; a chip. 

“ Chyppynge of ledyr, or clothe, or other lyke. Succidia, 
presigmen." — Prompt. Parv. 

“ They dung their land with the chippings of a sort of 
soft stone.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

chipping-chisel, s. A cold chisel with a slightly 
convex face, and an angle of about 80°; used in 
removing a scale of iron, hardened by contact with 
the damp mold in casting. The removal is a prepa¬ 
ration for finishing with the file or other tool, the 
chilled iron being very destructive of files. 
*Chipping-knife, s. A bread-knife. 

“A chipping-knife to chip bread with, culter panarius.** 
— Withals, 1608, p. 178. 

chipping-machine, s. A planing-machine for 
cutting dye-woods into chips. [Bark-cutting 
Machine.] (Knight.) 
chipping-piece, s. 

Founding: 

1. An elevated cast (or forged) surface, affording 
surplus metal for reduction by the tools. 

2. The projecting piece of iron cast on the face of 
a piece of iron framing, where it is intended to be 
fitted against another. (Knight.) 

t9hlp'-pmg (2), pr. par. or a. [Cheep, a.] 
chipping-bird, s. 

Ornith.: A small American sparrow, Zonotrichia 
socialis. It is also called chippy. 
chipping-squirrel, s. 

ZoOl.: The Chipmunk (q. v.). 

9hlp'-py, s. The same as Chipping-bird (q. v.). 
9 hiq-uan - 9 er-y, s. [Chicanery.] 

“To use any chiqaancery or pettifoggery.”— Backet: 
Life of Williams, ii. 151. (Davies.) 

9hir'-9.-g6n, s. [Gr. cheir— the hand, and ago= 
to lead, to guide.] A writing-machine for the blind; 
a cecograph. 

chir-ag-ra, s. [Lat. chiragra; Gr. cheiragra, 
from cheir—the hand, and agra—a seizure.] 

Med.: Gout in the joints of the fingers. [Gout.] 
chiir-ag’-rl-cal, a. [Mod. Lat. chiragra; and 
Eng. suff. - ical.] 

1. Pertaining to or of the nature of gout in the 
joints of the fingers. 

2. Suffering from or affected with chiragra. 

“ Chiragrical persons do suffer in the finger as well as in 
the rest, and sometimes first of all.”— Browne: Vulgar 
Errors. 

chi-ra-tu, chi-ree-ta, chl-ret'-tu, chir-ay-I- 
tgi, s. pi. [Hindi (?).] 

Pliarm.: Chiretta, the stems of Agathotes chirayta 
or Ophelia chirata, a plant belonging to the order 
Gentianacea?, growing in the northern parts of India. 
The stems are smooth, pale brown, and about the 
size of a goose-quill, with numerous small flowers 
and parts of the root attached; the stems have a 
yellow pith. It contains a bitter substance, and is 
used as a stomachic tonic. 

*9hlr9h, ^ghirghe, s. [Church.] 
chlr’-i-ta, s. [From the vernacular name of one 
of the species.] 

Bot.: A small genus of Gesnerace®, natives of 
tropical Asia. They are herbaceous plants, with a 
short stock or a simple leafy stem, the leaves oppo¬ 
site, and the flowers solitary or umbellate, on axil¬ 
lary or radical peduncles. Th^y are perennial, and 
have large red or purple flowers. They are natives 
of Nepaul. 

chir’-I-dse, s. pi. [From chirus, the typical genus, 
and Lat. fern. pi. suff. -idee.] 

Ichthy.: A family of Acanthopterygious fishes, 
with compressed perch-like bodies, having several 
lateral lines formed of a series of pores on the sides. 
It consists of a single genus Chirus, tribe Blen- 
nides. (Craig.) 


9hirk, *9hyrk-yn, v. i. [Cf. Chark and Chirp. 
Ger. zirken, schirken.] 

1. To chirp. 

“ Chyrkyn. Sibilo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Chirkith as a sparwe.” Chaucer: C. T., 7,386. 

2. To make a grating noise; to grate. 

“ The doors will chirk, the bands will cheep.” 

Jamieson: Popular Ball., ii. 338. 

9 hlrk, a. [Chirk, a.] Lively, active. [ U. 8.] 
* 9 hirk'-Ing, *9hirk-yng, *9hyrk-ynge, pr.par., 
a. & s. [Chirk, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: Chirping; a harsh, grating noise. 
chir- 6 - 9 en'-trus, s. [Gr. cheir—a hand, and 
kentron= a spine, a point.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the Clu- 
pin®, or Herrings, so named from the large pecto¬ 
ral fin being furnished with a lanceolet process. 
(Craig.) 

chir- 5 -ceph-al-us, che'ir-o^eph'-al-us, s. 

Gr. cheir=the hand, and lcephale=the head.] 

ZoOl.: An old genus of Entomostracans. Cheiro- 
cephalus diaphanus is the same as Branchipus 
diaphanus and B. stagnalis. [Branchipus.] 
chir-od -ot-a, s. [Gr. cheirodotos=givetxby hand: 
cheir , genit. cheiros=the hand, and dotos, as a.— 
granted, ass.=a gift; didomi= to give.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Echinodermata, closely allied to 
Synapta. Chirodota violacea possesses curious 
wheel like calcareous plates in the skin. 

Cbl-rog-nd-my, s. [Gr. cheir—a hand, and 
£rwome=under 8 tanding.] The science of declaring 
the characters, aptitudes, and mental conditions of 
persons by an examination of the formation of their 
hands. [Chiromancy.] 

chir-o-graph (pi. chirographs, chirographa), 

s. [ Gv.'cheir=a hand, and grapho=to write.] 

Old Eng. Law: 

1. An indenture made in evidence of title to land, 
&c. When these were less prolix than now the part 
and counterpart were written on the same sheet of 
parchment, separated by a longitudinal vacant 
space. In that space was then written a word, or 
even the whole alphabet, and then a wavy line was 
cut through it from top to bottom, so as to put part 
of the word or alphabet on the copy of the deed 
handed 1 to the one party and the rest on that given 
to the other. The word cirographum or cyro- 
graphum being the most commonly introduced to 
be cut across, _ the term chirographa= hand-writ¬ 
ings, was applied to them. The Canonists called 
them syngrapha. (Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., 
ch. 20 .) 

2. A fine indented on the same principle. 

“ The Foot, Chirograph, or Indentures of the Fine.”— 
Blackstone: Comment., ii., Appendix iv., 15. 

clur og -raph-er, s. [Eng. chirograph; -er.) 
One who professes or exercises the art of engross¬ 
ing ; an ancient officer in the English Court of Com¬ 
mon Pleas who engrossed fines. 

ch'ir-o-graph’-Ic, ch'ir- 6 -graph-i-cal, a. 
[Eng. chirograph; -ic, -ical.] Pertaining to chirog- 
raphy. (Smart.) 

chlr-og'-ruph-Ist, s. [Eng. chirograph; -ist.] 

1. A chirographer. 

2. One who tells fortunes by examining the lines 
of the hand, a chiromancer. 

“ Let the physiognomists examine his features ; let the 
chirographists behold his palm . . .”— Arbuthnot. On 

Pope. 

chir-og’-raph-y, s. [Eng. chirograph; -y.] 

1. The art of writing or engrossing. 

2. A piece of writing or engrossing done by hand. 
(Smart.) 

chir- 6 -gym-nast, chir- 6 -gym-naste, s. [Gr. 
cheir=the hand, and gymnasteon= a place of exer¬ 
cise.) A finger-trainer. A contrivance for strength¬ 
ening the fingers, consisting of a cross-bar, from 
which are suspended rings attached to springs. 
The term is also applied to any apparatus designed 
for a like object. (Stainer db Barrett.) 

chir-S log'-I-cal, a. [En g. chirolog(y); -ical.] 
Eelating or pertaining to chirology. 

ch'ir-ol'-o-glst, s. [Eng . chirolog(y):-ist.] One 
who communicates ideas by signs made with the 
hands and fingers. 

chir-ol’- 6 -gy, *che'ir-ol'- 6 -gjr, s. [Gr. cheir= 
the hand, and logos= a discourse, a speech.] The 
art or practice of communicating ideas by the 
motions of the hands or fingers. 

“ Cheirology is interpretation by the transient motions 
of the fingers.”— Dalgarno: Deaf and Dumb Man’s Tutor 
(Ox. 1680), Introd. 

chir-ol’-o-phls, s. [Gr. cheir- the hand, and 
lophos= a crest.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes of the family Blennid®, 
having anguilliform bodies and crested heads. 


*Ch‘ir-om-U-ch3f, s. [Gr. cheir= the hand, and 
mache= a battle.] A hand-to-hand fight. 

“Things came to dreadful chiromachies.” — Gauden: 
Tears of the Church, p. 544. 

chir -o-man-9er, s. [Gr. cheir = the hand, and 
manteia= prophecy, divination.] One who pretends 
to foretell events, or to tell fortunes by an inspec¬ 
tion of the lines on a person’s hand. 

“ The middle sort, who have not much to spare, 

To chiromancers’ cheaper art employ.” 

Dryden: Juvenal, vi. 

chir'-o-man-gy, s. [Gr. cheiromanteia : from 
cheir— the hand, and manteia= prophecy, divina¬ 
tion.] The pretended art of foretelling events, or of 
divining fortunes, by an inspection of the lines of a 
person’s hand; palmistry. 

“ Other signs [of melancholy] there are taken from 
physiognomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy.’’ — Burton: Anat¬ 
omy of Melancholy, p. 58. 

ch'ir-om-an-Ist, ch'ir-o-man'-tlst, s. [Gr. 
cheiromantis : from cheir = the hand, and mantis=a 
prophet, a diviner.] A chiromancer. 

chir-o-man'-tlc, chir-o-man'-tl-cal, a. [Gr. 
cheir=the hand, and maJtfifcos=pertaining to a 
prophet or diviner.] Eelating or pertaining to 
chiromancy or palmistry. (Browne.) 

chir-6-nec -te§, s. [Gr. cheir— the hand, and 
nektes= a swimmer.] 

1. Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, the type of the family 
Chironectid®. 

2. ZoOl.: A genus of Didelphid® (Opossums). 
chir-6-nec'-ti-dae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. chironectes ; 

and Lat. fem. pi. suff. -idee.] 

Ichthy. : The Frog-fishers, a family of cheliform 
fishes, of which Chironectes is the typical genus. 

chir-on'-I-a, s. [From the fabulous monster 
Chiron, and Lat. neut. pi. suff. - ia .] 

Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Gentianace®, and consisting of herbs or small 
shrubs with narrow-ribbed leaves, a corolla with a 
short tube, and a five-cleft bell-shaped limb, with 
a desiduous segment Several kinds are in culti¬ 
vation. They have for the most part pretty pink 
flowers. They are natives of the Cape or Good 
Hope. 

chir-o-nom'-ic, a. [Eng. chironom(y ) ; -ic.] 
Eelating or pertaining to chironomy. (Melmoth.) 

chir-on-6-mus, s. [Gr. cheironomos= moving 
the hands regularly and significantly gesticulating 
as in a pantomine: clieir=the hand, and nomos= as 
a., pastoral, rural; as s., a law, regulation.] 

Entom. : A genus of Dipterous insects, belonging 
to the family Notacantha. There are about eighty 
species. The angler’s bait, known as the Blood¬ 
worm, is the larva of Chironomus plumosus. 

chir-on’-o-my, s. [Gr. cheironomia= movement 
of the hands, gesticulation; from cheir=the hand, 
and ndmos — a rule, regulation.] 

*1. Gesticulation by the use of the hands. 

2. Directions given by movements of the hand, 
especially to a chorus. In the early church of the 
West such a system was much in vogue ; and some 
have maintained that the signs of sounds, as then 
written, were merely pictorial representations of 
the movement of the hand. (Stainer db Barrett.) 

Ch'ir-6-pet-a-lum, s. [Gr. cheir = a hand, and 
petalon= a leaf.] 

Bot. : A genus of Euphorbiace® allied to Croton, 
but differing in the stamens being united into a 
column not free, and also to Ditaxis, which, how¬ 
ever, has ten stamens in two tiers, instead of five in 
one tier. (Treas. of Bot.) 

chir-o-plast, s. [Gr. cheiroplastos= molded or 
formed by hand: cheir= the hand; plasso=to mold, 
to form.] An instrument, or hand-director, as its 
name indicates, for training and exercising the 
hands, for giving them facility and command in 
playing music. It was invented by Professor John 
Bernard Logier, a native of Germany, then living 
in London, who died about 1852. Patented about 
1812. It consists of the position-frame, to keep the 
hands from wandering; the finger-guides, two mov¬ 
able brass frames each having five divisions; and 
the wrist-guide, to preserve the proper position of 
the wrist. The position-frame consisted of two 
arallel rails extending from one extremity of the 
eys to the other, and fastened to the pianoforte. 
This frame served as a line upon which the finger- 
guides traveled; these guides were two movable 
brass frames, with five divisions for the fingers, and 
to each guide was attached a brass wire with a 
regulator, called the wrist-guide, by which the 
position of the wrist was preserved from inclina¬ 
tion outward. (Stainer db Barrett.) 

Chl-rop-od-ist, s. [Gr. cheir=the hand; penis, 
genit. podos=the foot; Eng. suff. -isf.] One who 
treats or is skilled in diseases of the hands and feet, 
especially one who removes corns from them. 

chl-rop'-te-ra. s. [Cheiroptera.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, •what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mhte, cub, eiire, unite, cur, rfile, full; trf, Syrian, ge, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw* 




chitine 


chirosophist 


859 


Cbir-os'-o-phlst, s. [Gr. cheir=the hand; and 
sophistes— clever, skillful.] One skilled in the pre¬ 
tended art of fortune-telling by chiromancy or 
palmistry; a chiromancer. 

chir-o -te§, s. [Gr. cheir= the hand, and Ota, 
nom. pi. of ous= an ear.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of Saurians, resembling the Chal- 
cides in their verticillated scales and the Amphis- 
bsena in the obtuse form of their head; but dis¬ 
tinguished from the first by the want of posterior 
feet, and. from the last by their possession of 
anterior limbs. There is only one known species, a 
native of Mexico, Chirotes canaliculatus (Cuvier.) 
It is about the thickness of a man’s little finger, and 
from eight to ten inches long. Body flesh-colored, 
and covered with demi-rings on back and belly, 
alternating on the sides ; eye very minute. 

§hirp, *ghirp'-en, *ghurpe, v. i. [Ger. zirpen, 
tschirpen, schirpen. (Mahn ). A variation of chirk 
(q. v.). ( Skeati) To make a short sharp noise, as 
many small birds. . 

“ How cheerfully do these little birds chirp , and sing.” 
— Bishop Hall: Occasional Meditations, 36. 

ghirp, s. [Chirp (1 ), m] The short, sharp sound 
made by small birds. 

“ The one has a joyous, easy, laughing note, the other a 
loud harsh chirp.” — White: Natural History of Selbourne, 

let. 16. 

ghirp’-er, s. [Eng. chirp; -er.] One that chirps. 
Applied especially to one of the warblers. 

“ The chirper . . . begins his notes in the middle 
of March, and continues them through the spring and 
summer till the end of August.”— White. Natural History 
of Selbourne, let. 16. 

ghirp-ing (1), *$h^rp'-^nge, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Chirp (1 ), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ I noticed that each time the horse put its foot on the 
fine siliceous sand, a gentle chirping noise was produced.” 
— Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. ii., p. 26. 

C. As subst.: The act of making a noise such as 
that made by small birds. 

“Chyrpynge, or claterynge (chirkinge or chateringe, 
P.) of byrdys. Garritus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ . . . the chirping of a wren.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., pt. IX., iii. 2. 

ghlr'-ping (2 ),pr.par. & a. [Chirp (2), v.] 

‘‘JackT . . . has so far transgressed the Fannian 
law, which allows a chirping-cap to satiat not to surfet, to 
mirth not to madness.”— Howell: Familiar Letters. 

ghirp-ing-ljr, adv. [Eng. chirping; -ly.] In a 
chirping or cheerful manner; cheerily. 

*Chirre, v. i. [A. S. ceorian= to murmur; Dut. 
korren= to coo; O. H. Ger, kerren; M. H. Ger. ker- 
ren, kirren; Ger. kerren; Lat. garrio.] To coo, as 
a dove ; to make the noise of any bird. 

“ You do affect as timorously as swans, 

(Cold as the brook they swim in) who do bill 
With tardy modesty, and chirring plead 
Their constant resolutions.” 

Glapthorne: Argains and Parthenia. 

♦chir'-rmg, pr. par. or a. [Chirre, u.] Shrill¬ 
sounding. 

“ But that there was in place to stir 
His spleen, the chirring grasshopper.” 

Herrick: Poems. 

ghir-rup, v. t. & i. [An extension of chirp (q. v.).] 

*A. Trans.: To cheer by singing: to animate. 

B. Intrans.: To chirp. 

ghirt, s. [From chirt, v. (q. v.)] A squeeze. 

*ghlrt, v. t. & i. [Etym. unknown.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To squeeze, to press out. 

“I saw that cruell feynd eik thare, but dout, 

Thare lymmes rife and eit, as he war wod, 

The youstir tharfra chirtand and blak blud.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 89, 83. 

2. To squirt or send out suddenly. 

B. Intransitive: 

Fig.: To act in a griping manner, as, in making a 
bargain ; also, to squeeze or practice extortion. 

ghir-ting, pr. par. & a. [Chirt, v.) 

1[ A chirting fellow: A covetous wretch; an 
extortioner. 

chir -fl, s. [Nepaulese.] An antelope, Pantho- 
lops Hodgsonii. It is from Thibet and the Him¬ 
alayas. 

*ch'ir~ur'-geon, s. [Fr. chirurgien; Sp .cirujano; 
Ital. chirurgo; Port, cirurgiao; Lat. chirurgus, 
from Gr. cheirourgos—worleing or operating with 
the hand: cheir= the hand, ergo= to work, ergon-a 
work. Now superseded by surgeon (q. v.).J A 
surgeon; one whose profession is to heal diseases 
by manual operations and external applications. 


*ckir-ur -ge8n-ly, adv. [Eng. chirurgeon; -ly.) 
In the manner of a surgeon. 

“Seb. Very well 
Ant. And most chirurgeonly .” 

Shakesp.: The Tempest, ii, 1. 

*chir-ur -ger-y, s. [Fr. chirurgie; Lat. chirur - 
gia, from Gr. cheirourgia—a working by hand, 
surgery: cheir—the hand, erqon=work. Now super¬ 
seded by surgery (q. v.).] The art or profession of 
a chirurgeon; surgery. (Sidney.) 

*chir-Qr'-gic, chi'r-ur'-gi-cal, a. [Fr. chirur- 
gique; Lat. chirurgicus, from Gr. cheir our gikos— 
pertaining to surgeons or surgery.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: Relating to manual operations of 
any kind; manual. 

“ The chirurgical or manual part doth refer to the mak¬ 
ing instruments, and exercising particular experiments.” 
—Bishop Wilkins. 

II. Technically: 

1. Pertaining to the art or profession of chirur¬ 
geon; surgical. 

“ Wholly devoted to medicine. 

With lectures on chirurgical lore.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, vi. 

2. Possessing qualities useful or applicable to 
surgery. 

Chir'-us, s. [From Gr. cheir= the hand.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, the typical one of the 
family Chiridee (q. v.). The head is crested, as in 
Blennius; the ventral fins are distinct, with five 
rays; the body is elongated and furnished with 
ciliated scales; and the teeth are small and conical. 
Some of the species have appendages over the eyes. 
All are natives of the seas about Kamskatka. 

ghi§'-gl ( 1 ), *ghy-sel (1), *ghe-syll, s. [O. Fr. 
cisel; Fr. ciseau; Port .sizel; Sp. eincel, from Low 
Lat. cisellus, cizellus, sciselum— a chisel.] 

1. An edged tool for cutting wood, iron, or stone. 
It is operated by striking its upper end with a ham¬ 
mer or mallet, or by pressure. 

*[ Some of the “ celts ” found in Europe in pre¬ 
historic times may have been used as chisels. 
Chisels were known also to the ancient Egyptians. 
The form of the chisel used in carpentry is familiar: 
one used in turnery has the cutting edge in the 
middle of the thickness: one used in metallurgy 
has the upper part flat for receiving the blow of the 
hammer, and the lower part in the form of a wedge 
for penetrating iron plates or bars. 

2. By metonomy, used for the art of a sculptor. 

“. . . embellished by the pencil of Yerrio and the 

chisel of Gibbons.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

IT There are numerous varieties of chisels, 
peculiarly adapted to the requirements of various 
trades, as, for instance, calking-chisel, chipping- 
chisel, &c., which will be found in their places. 

chisel-draft, s. 

Masonry: In squaring the end of a stone block, 
one edge is chisel-dressed to a straight edge and 
forms a base for the determination of the other 
sides. 

If Chisel in Marteline: A boasting-chisel used by 
marble-workers. It is furnished with steel points 
at the end. [Marteline.] 

*ghi§ -el ( 2 ), *ghes-el, *ghes-ylle, *ghys-el ( 2 ), 
s. [A. S. cisil, ceosel, cesel; O. H. Ger. chisil; Sw. & 
Dan. kisel .] Gravel, shingle. 

“ Chysel, or grauel. Acerua (arena, P.) sabulum 
Prompt. Parv. 

ghi§'-gl, v. t. [Fr. ciseler.] Chisel (1), s.] 

1. Lit.: To cut, grave, or pare away stone, &c., 
with a chisel. 

2. Fig.: To cheat, to defraud. (Slang.) 
ghi§'-gled, pa. par. or a. [Chisel, v.] 

I. Lit.: Cut or graven with a chisel. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Frequently applied to the features, as formed 
by nature. 

“ With chiseled features calm and cold.” 

Tennyson: A Character, 30. 

2. Cheated, defrauded. (Slang.) 
chiseled-work, s. The operation of a chisel on a 

stone; the work thus produced. 
ghi§'-el-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Chisel, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The art or process of cutting or graving 
stone; sculpture. 

2. Fig.: Cheating, fraud. (Slang.) 
tghi§'-el-man-ship, s. [Eng. chisel, man, and 

•ship.) The art of one skilled in sculpture. 

“ That species of ornamental flourish which, . . . 

when done with a chisel should be called chiselmanship 
— Ruskin: Stones of Venice, vol. i., ch. i., § 43. 


chi§ -leu, fchis-lev, s. Heb, kislev; Gr. Chas- 
eleu. Cf. Mac. i. 54. Probably from a Persian root.] 
Jewish Calendar: The third month of the civil and 
the ninth of the Jewish ecclesiastical year. The 
name was not adopted till after the captivity, and 
does not occur in the canonical Scriptures. Chisleu 
commences with the new moon of December. The 
Feast of the Dedication of the Temple began on 
the 25th of Chisleu, and continued for eight days. 
1 Mac. iv. 59; John x. 22. [Dedication.] 

ghi§’-ley, a. [Mid. Eng. chisel (2), s.; - y .] Con¬ 
taining, or of the nature of, gravel; gravelly. (Far¬ 
mer's Encyclopaedia.) 

chi§-m 6 -branch-i-a’-te,, s. [Gr. chisme=a slit; 
branchia= gills of a fish.] 

Zo6l.: A name given by Blainville to the second 
order of his class Paracephalophora, comprehend¬ 
ing such species as have their branchim commu¬ 
nicating from behind by a large slit or cavity. 
(Craig.) 

Chi§-mop’-ne- 8 e, s. pi. [Gr. chisme= a slit -,pneo 
=to breathe, to respire.] 

Ichthy.: A tribe of cartilaginous fishes, compre¬ 
hending those whose branchiae are without oper- 
cula, but are covered by a membrane pierced by an 
opening on each side of the neck. (Craig.) 

ghit (1). *ghitte, s. [A. S. cidh—a germ, a sprig, 
a sprout. ( Skeat .)] 

1. Ordinary Language : 

*1. A sprouting or shoot of a plant. 

*2. The young of any animal. 

“There hadde diches the yrchoun, and nurshede out 
little chittes.” — Wycliffe: Isaiah xxxiv. 15. 

3. A child, an infant, a babe. 

“ While yet thou wast a grov’ling puling chit. 

Thy bones not fashion’d, and thy joints not knit.” 

Cowper: Expostulation. 

*4. An excrescence on the body, as a wart; a 
freckle. 

II. Technically: 

*1. Malting: The shoot of a corn from the end of 
the grain. 

“ Barley, couched four days, will begin to show the chit 
or sprit at the root-end.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

2. Carp.: A small frow used in cleaving lathes, 
ghit, v. i. [Chit, s.] To sprout, shoot, or germ. 

in ate. 

“ I have known barley chit in seven hours after it had 
been thrown forth.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

chit-ar-ro-ne, s. [Ital. 
chitarrone , augmentative 
of chitarra .] 

Music: A theorbo or 
double-necked lute of 
great length, with wire 
strings and two sets of 
tuning pegs, the lower set 
having twelve and the 
higher eight strings at¬ 
tached, the unusual ex¬ 
tension in length afford¬ 
ing greater development 
to the bass of the instru¬ 
ment. It was employed 
in Italy in the 16th cen¬ 
tury. (Mr. A. J. Hopkins, 
in Grove's Diet. Music.) 

ghit'-ghat, s. & a. [A 
reduplicated form from 
chat (q. v.).] Chitarrone. 

A. As subst.: Trifling talk, chatting. 

“ If Ralph had learning added to the common chit-chat 
of the town, he would have been a disputant upon all 
topics that ever were considered by men of his own 
genius.”— Tatler, No. 197. 

B. As adj.: Given up to, or intended for, easy 
familiar talk or chat. 

“I am a member of a female society, who call ourselves 
the chitchat club.”— Spectator. 

*ghit'-er, *ghyt-eryn, v. i. [Chatter, Chitter.] 
*ghit'-er-ing, *ghit'-er-yng, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Chattering.] 

A.&B. Aspr.par. &particip. adj.: (See theverb.) 

C. As subst.: Chattering, noise of birds. 

“ Fals dyuynyng bi chiteryng of birddis.”— Wyclife: 
Numb. xxiv. 1. (Purvey.) 

*ghit'-fage, a. [Chittyeace.] 

chi-tine, s. [From chit(on) (q. v.), and suff. 

-ine (Chem.).~\ 

Chem.: C 9 H 15 NOB. The horny substance which 
gives firmness to the tegumentary system and other 
parts of the Crustacea, arachnida and insects; 
probably also the carapace of the rotatoria consists 
of it. It is left when the above structures are 
exhausted successively with alcohol, ether, water, 
acetic acid, and alkalies, retaining the original 



hdil b« 5 y- pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
■»cian, -tian = sham -tion, sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = sbus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 







chitinous 


860 


chlamydotherium 


form of the texture. It is dissolved by concentrated 
mineral acids without the production of color. It 
is not dissolved by solution of potash, even when 
boiling; neither does it give the characteristic 
reactions with Millon’s or Schultze’s tests. It con¬ 
tains nitrogen. {Griff. & Henfrey.) 

chl'-tin-ous, a. [Eng. chitin(e); -ows.] Of the 
nature of chitine. 

Chi-ton, s. [Gr. chiton—( 1) an under garment, 
( 2 ) a coat of mail.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A robe. 

2. ZoOl.: A genus of Mollusca, the shells of which 
are boat-shaped, and consist of a series of symmet¬ 
rical plates, folding over each other, and implanted 
in the mantle or zone of the animal. It is the 
typical genus of the family Chitonid® or Chitons. 
The species occur in all climates. More than 200 
recent species are known, and thirty-seven fossil, 
the latter from the Silurian period onward. 

“The Chiton attaches itself to the rock by a muscular 
sucker or foot, which, extending ventrally along its entire 
length, resembles that of the slug or snail and enables 
it to crawl.”— Miller: Old Red Sandstone, ch. xii. 

Chl-ton-el-lus, s. [From chiton (q. v.), and Lat. 
dim. suff. -ellus.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Cyclobranchia, in which the 
foody is larvwform; the plates are small and de¬ 
tached, the mantle is naked, and the seeds have 
punctures resembling spiracles. Ten recent species 
are known, and one fossil, the latter from the Car¬ 
boniferous rocks of Scotland. 

Chl-t5-nl-a, s. [Gr. chitdn= a coat of mail, the 
seeds being covered with arillus, and Lat. neut. pi. 
suff. -ia.) 

Bot.: A. genus of West Indian shrubs of the fam¬ 
ily Melastomace®, some species of which in this 
country serve as ornamental stove-plants. They 
form shrubs or small trees, and have opposite, 
ovate, acute, five-nerved leaves, and terminal pan¬ 
icles, with three-flowered branches. They are 
natives of Mexico. 

Chl-ton'-I-dae, s. pi. [From chiton (q. v.), and 
Lat. fern. pi. suff. -idee.] 

ZoOl.: A family of Gasteropods, affording the 
only known instance of a protecting shell formed of 
many portions or, as they have been sometimes but 
incorrectly termed, valves, often in contact and 
overlapping each other, but never truly articulated. 
The species are numerous and widely spread. The 
iossil species are rare. 

Chit'-tg,-gong, s. [A district in the southeast of 
Bengal.] The. name of a fowl originally brought* 
from the district mentioned in the etymology. 

Chittagong-wood, s. The timber of several 
Indian trees, especially of Cedrela Toona and Chick- 
rassia tabularis. 

ghit'-ter, v. i. [Chatter, a.] 

1. To chirp in a tremulous or shivering manner. 

“ The tethered sparowe cald X am; 

In swete and pleasant spring, 

X greatly doe delight, for then 
I chitter, chirp, and sing.” 

Kendall: Flowers of Epigrams. (Fares.) 

2. To shiver, to tremble. {Scotch.) 

‘■‘Wharewilt thou cow’r thy chittering wing.” 

Burns: A Winter Night. 

3. To chatter. Used of the teeth striking against 
each other, as by cold. 

ghlt-ter-llng, *§h^t'-ter-llng, s. [Probably 
connected with chit ( 1 ), s. (q. v.), and dim. suff. 
•ling.'] 

1. (Generally in pi.) .* The smaller intestines of 
swine, &c., cooked for food by frying. 

“A gut or chitterling hanged in the 6moke.”— Baret. 

*2. A ruff or frill to a shirt (so called because 
when ironed out it resembles the small entrails). 

*3. A little child. 

Qhlv'-^Ll-ric, a. [Fr. chevaleresque; Ital. caval- 
laresco.] [Chivalry.] Chivalrous. 

“. . . his mind, naturally of a chivalrie and warlike 
bent, . . .”—Major Porter: Knights of Malta, ch. i. 

tllriv'-sd-rous, *qhiv-ale-rous, a. [O. Fr. chev- 

alereux; Sp. caballeroso .] [Chivalry.] 

1. Pertaining or relating to chivalry. 

"And noble minds of yore allied were 
In brave pursuit of chivalrous enterprise.” 

Spenser: Fairy Queen. 

2. High-spirited, gallant, noble. 

"... his chivalrous spirit would not suffer him to 
decline a risk . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

?Mv'-?il-rous-ly, adv. [Eng. chivalrous; - ly .] 
In a chivalrous, gallant manner. 

chiv'- 9 . 1 -ry, *ohev-al-rye, *ghev-al-ree, 
•qhiv-al-rie, *<?hyv-al-rie, *chyu-al-rye, s. [O. 

Fr .chevalerie; Sp. caballeria; Ital. & Port, caval- 
leria. The same word as Cavalry (q. v.).] 


I. Ordinary Language : 

*1. The deeds or exploits of a knight; valor in 
arms. 

“ There hadde he don gret chyvalrie.” 

Romaunt of Rose, 1,207. 

*2. The dignity of knighthood. 

“ There be now, for martial encouragement, some de¬ 
grees and orders of chivalry . . .”— Bacon: Essays. 

3. The system, practices, or usages of knighthood 
generally. 

“ The faith which knights to knighthood bore. 

And whate’er else to chivalry belongs.” 

Dry den: Palamon and Arcite, i. 100. 

4. A body or number of knights collectively. 
[Cavalry.] 

“ He was imade kyng of Fraunce by assent of alle the 
chyualrie.”—Treviso i, i. 283. 

*5. Warfare, arms. 

“ As one unfitt therefore; that all might see 
He had not trayned bene in chevalree.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iiL 46. 

*6. An army, generally including foot-soldiers as 
well as cavalry, the former apparently being con¬ 
sidered not worth mentioning. 

“ Pliicol, the prince of his chyualrye.’’ — Wyclitfe: Gene¬ 
sis xxi. 33. 

*7. An exploit, a deed of arms, an adventure. 

“ They four doing acts more dangerous, though less 
famous, because they were but private chivalries.” — 
Sidney. 

8. Nobleness and gallantry of spirit; a high spirit. 

“ Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright 
The lamps shone o’er fair women and brave men.” 

Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, iii. 21. 

II. Technically: 

1. Hist.: The rise of chivalry has been placed by 
some as late as the crusades, but at that time it was 
in an advanced stage of development. From the 
9th to the 12th century, a “ miles,” that is, one bear¬ 
ing a designation which in classical times meant 
simply a soldier, and in the medieeval period a 
knight, was one who held land in fee from a supe¬ 
rior, and was in consequence bound to render him 
military service.. When a young man who was heir 
to these responsibilities came of age enough to for¬ 
mally pledge himself to discharge them honorably, 
a ceremony of investiture took place. The Church, 
as was natural and right, sought to add solemnity 
to the interesting event, and made the investiture of 
a youthful knight an imposing religious ceremony, 
holding up, moreover, before him a high moral and 
religious ideal to which he was exhorted to aspire. 
Mercy to vanquished foes and purity in the youth¬ 
ful knight’s relations to women were earnestly 
pressed upon him; and there was undoubtedly more 
of both than if the Christian Church had not inter¬ 
fered. Yet wi thal the ages of chivalry were marked 
to a frightful extent by cruelty and impurity. 
While the Church counseled and poet§ celebrated 
the religious and moral elevation of the true knight, 
that individual himself manifested little of either; 
his principles and his practice were wonderfully 
different. Chivalry declined and fell with the feudal 
system, of which it was a normal growth. The in¬ 
stitution of the military orders, the Knights Tem¬ 
plars. the Knights of St. John, and the Teutonic 
Knights, was an interesting development of chiv¬ 
alry. To a certain extent also it has a place in the 
present, its ceremonies being retained in the crea¬ 
tion of modern knights, though some of them are 
all but meaningless. But whatever in the days of 
its vigor it effected in making society braver, more 
compassionate, and more pure, created for it a title 
to gratitude which should never pass away. 

*2. Law: A tenure of land by knight’s service; 
also called tenancy in chief, or in capite. [Chief, B., 
II. 1.] 

“ Servitium militare, of the French chevalier; a tenure 
of land by knight’s service. There is no land but is 
holden mediately or immediately of the crown, by some 
service or other; and therefore are all our freeholds, that 
are to us and our heirs, called feuda, fees, as proceeding 
from the benefit of the king. As the king gave to the 
nobles large possessions for this or that rent and service, 
so they parceled out their lands, so received for rents 
and services, as they thought good: and those services 
are by Littleton divided into chivalry and socage. The 
one is martial and military; the other clownish and rus- 
tic. Chivalry, therefore, is a tenure of service, whereby 
the tenant is bound to perform some noble or military 
office unto his lord: and is of two sorts; either regal, that 
is, such as may hold only the king; or such as may also hold 
of a common person as well as of the king. That which may 
hold only of the king, is properly called sergeantry; and is 
again divided into grand or petit, i. e., great or small. 
Chivalry that may hold of a common person, as well as of 
the king, is called scutagium.”— Cowel. 

IT Tenure in Chivalry : Tenure on condition of 
rendering knight’s service. [II. 2.] 

Court of Chivalry: A court formerly held be¬ 
fore the Lord High Constable and Earl Marshal of 
England, having cognizance of contracts and other 
matters relating to deeds of arms. ( Blackstone, 
bk. iii., ch. v.) 


*chiv-an, s. [Etymol. unknown.] Occurring only 
in the phrase to play the chivan=ti> run away pre¬ 
cipitately. ( Nares.) 

“ Go play the chivan, the stranger then said.” 

Robin Hood and Cousin Scarlett , 

ghlve (l),s. [Shive.] A chip. 

“ If any chive, chip or dust skip into the eye ... it 
will incarnate upon the tunicle.”— Barrough: Method of 
Physic, 1624. (Nares.) 

9 hive (2), s. (Generally used in the plural.) [Fr, 
cive, from Lat. cepa, ccepa, ccepe= an onion.] 

*1. Bot.: A name formerly given to the filaments 
of flowers. 

“The prolific seed contained in the chives or apices of 
the stamina.”— Ray: Wisdom of God. 

2. Hortic.: A small species of onion, Allium 
Schoenoprasum, which grows in tufts. The bulbs 
have the odor of garlic, and are used in soups and 
stews, but to a very little extent. 

chive-garlic, s. A name sometimes given to the 
chive or cive (Allium Schoenoprasum). [Chive (2).] 
*ghiv-el, *chy-vel, s. [Etym. doubtful. Strat- 
mann suggests Prov, Eng. chivel— a slit or rent.] 
To shake, to tremble. 

u Hise chekes • • . chyveled for elde.” 

Lang land: JP. Plowman , 2,855. 

ghlv'-et, s. [A dimin. of chive (2), s. (q. v.)] 
(For definition see extract.) 

‘‘Chivets are the small parts at the Hoots of Plants, by 
which they are propagated.”— Miller: Gardeneds Diet. 

chlv'-l-a-tlte, s. [Named from Chiviat(o) , in 
Peru, where it is found, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.) 
(q.v.).j 

Min.: A mineral of a lead-gray color, with metal¬ 
lic luster, and resembling bismuth-glance. Com¬ 
position : Sulphur, 17*76 ; bismuth, 62*96 ; lead, 16*72; 
copper, 2*56. Specific gravity, 6*920. (Dana.) 

ghlv'-y, v. t. [a corruption of chevy chase.] To 
chase. (Slang.) 

“I’ve been a chivied and a chivied fust by one on you and 
nixtby another on you.”— Dickens: Bleak House, ch. xlvi. 

chlse-na’-ge-se, s. pi. [Gr. chlaina—a cloak, 
from the flowers being furnished with an involucre; 
and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: A small family consisting of only four gen¬ 
era, of one or two species each, all from the island 
of Madagascar, and as yet but very imperfectly 
known. They are trees or shrubs with the habit, 
alternate leaves, stipules, and terminal inflores¬ 
cence of some Sterculiace®, of which they have also 
the free petals, monadelphous stamens, and anthers. 
Included by Lindley in his Geranial alliance, 
chlse’-ni-us, s. [Gr. chlaina—a cloak.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, of ele¬ 
gant forms, and generally of green hues. The legs 
and antenn® of many of the species are of a pale- 
yellow color, as also the outer margin of the elytra. 

chlam-I-do'-don, s. [Gr. chlamys— a cloak, and 
odous, genit. odontos=a tooth.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Infusoria, of the family Euplota. 
Furnished with cilia and a cylinder of teeth, but 
neither styles nor hooks. (Griff. & Henfrey.) 

chlam-yd-an-thiis, s. [Gr. chlamys—a cloak, 
and anthos= a flower.] 

Bot.: A name now applied to a section of the 
genus Thymehea, in which the tubular calyx remains 
attached after withering, and _ incloses the nut. 
The plants embraced in this section are low woody- 
stemmed bushes, chiefly natives of the Mediterra¬ 
nean regions. 

chlam-yd -e-ous, a. [Gr. chlamys, genit. chlamy- 
dos=a cloak; - eous .] 

Bot.: Pertaining to the floral envelope of a plant. 
chl<i,m-yd'-er-{l, s. [Gr. chlamys = a cloak, and 
dere— the neck.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, family Sturnid® (q.v.). 
Chlamydera maculata is the spotted Bower-bird of 
Australia. [Bower-bird.] 
chlam-jfd-o-sau'-rus, s. [Gr. chlamys, genit. 
chlamydos=a cloak, and sauros—a lizard.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Saurians, founded on a specimen, 
Chlamydosaurus Kingii, found in Careening Bay, 
Port Nelson, Australia, in 1820. In color it is yellow¬ 
ish-brown, variegated with black. Head depressed 
with the sides erect, leaving a blunt ridge on the 
upper part wherein the eyes are placed. Toes long, 
compressed, scaly, and very unequal; claws hooked 
and horn-colored; neck covered with small scales, 
and furnished with a large plaited frilly rising from 
each ear. Each frill has four plaits which converge 
on the under part of the chin, and fold it up on the 
side, and a fifth where the two are united in lower 
part of the neck. Length, 22V& inches. 

chlam ^-do the -ri- um, s. [ Gr. chlamys = a 
cloak, and therion= a wild animal.] 

Palceont.: A mammal of the order Edentata, found 
in late Pliocene or Post-tertiary deposits of South 
America. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p 8 t, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s&n; mute, cub, ciire, \mite, cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




chlamyphorus 


861 


chlorhydroquinones 


ehlam-$fph'-6-rus (Mod. Lat.), chlam'-^-phore 

(Eng.), s._[Gr. chlamys=a cloak, and phoros=bcar- 
ing, phero— to bear.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of mammals of the order Edentata, 
consisting of a single species, Chlamyphorus trun- 
catus. It resembles the Mole in some respects, and 
in others the Beaver or Sloth. Its length is 514 
inches. The body is covered with a shell of a con¬ 
sistence somewhat more dense and inflexible than 
sole-leather, of an equal thickness, and consisting 
of a series of plates of a square, rhomboidal, or 
cubical form, each row containing fifteen to twenty- 
two plates. The superior semicircular margin of 
the truncated surface, together with the lateral 
margins of the shell, are beautifully fringed with 
silky hair. 



chlam-ys, s. [Gr. chlamys= a cloak, from the 
scabrous covering of the body.] 

*1. Mil.: A military 
cloak or mantle, worn 
especially by horsemen. 

2. Entom.: A genus of 
coleopterous insects, be¬ 
longing to the sub-tribe 
Cyclica, and the family 
Chrysomelidfe. 

chle-na-ge-se, s. pi. 

[GhlJ3NACE^.] 

chli-dan'-thus, s. [Gr. 

chlide=soitness, delicacy, 
and antlios—a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of South 
American amaryllids, 
having truncated bulbs, 
linear-lorate leaves, 
sheathing at the base de¬ 
veloped after the flowers, 
and a scape (one and a 
half foot nigh) support¬ 
ing an umbel of a few 
large fragrant flowers. 

ChlO-an'-the§, s. [Gr.=budding, sprouting.] 

Bot.: A genus of Yerbenacese from extra-tropical 
New Holland, consisting of undershrubs thickly 
covered with opposite or ternate, sessile, linear, and 
revolute leaves, and having solitary axillary flowers 
with short peduncles. 

chlo-an -tMte, s. [Gr. chloanthes = budding, 
sprouting, from its reticulations, and Eng. suff. -ite 
(Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Smeltite (q. v.), occurring at 
Chatham, Connecticut, in mica siate. (Dana.) 


Chlamys (from Apollo 
Belvedere in Vatican). 


chlo-a§'-ma, s. [From Gr. chloazo= to be pale 
green: c&Zoos=pale green.] 

Med.: A discoloration of the human skin which 
occurs in greenish or yellowish-brown patches, and 
for the most part on those portions of the body 
which are covered by clothing. This affection is 
due to a fungus or confervoid, Microspora furfur. 
There is another manifestation of a similar affec¬ 
tion upon the faces and bodies of pregnant women 
which has been ascribed to circulatory impedi¬ 
ments due to the mechanical obstruction of the 
enlarged uterus. 

chlo-e'-I-a» s. [Gr. chloe— the young shoots of 
grass, &c.] 

ZoQl.: A genus of Annelids, belonging to the order 
Dorsibranchiata, in which the head is furnished 
with five tentacula, and the branchiae resemble a 
tripinnate leaf. 

Chlor -gi, s. [Gr. chloros= green.] 

Bot.: An annual herbaceous plant, well marked 
among Gentianacese by its eight-cleft flowers and 
eight stamens. Chlora perfoliata, called Yellow- 
wort, is a singularly erect, slender plant, about a 
foot high, with but few root-leaves. The whole 
plant is perfectly smooth and of a decided glaucous 
hue. The flowers, which are rather large, and of a 
delicate clear yellow, expand only during the sun¬ 
shine, like the genus Erythreea, to which Chlora is 
allied. The whole plant is intensely bitter, and 
may be employed with advantage as a tonic ; it also 
dyes yellow. It is of tolerably common occurrence 
in chalky pastures, especially near the sea. It is 
often found on limestone. (Treas. of Bot.) 
chl'dr-aq’-et-ate, s. [Eng. chloracet(ic); -ate.] 
Chem.: A salt of chloracetic acid, 
chlbr-gi-qet - 1 c, s. [From Eng., &c., chlor(ine), 
and acetic (q. v.).] Acetic acid, in which hydrogen 
has been replaced by chlorine, 
chloracetic acid, s. 


Chemistry * 

Monochloracetic acid, CH 2 C1.C00H, is obtained 
by the action of chlorine on boiling glacial acetic 
acid. It boils at 186°, and solidifies at 64 . Soluble 
in water, and is gradually decomposed when the 
aqueous solution is boiled. Heated with K.HO it is 
converted into potassium glycollate, K.G 2 H 3 U 3 . 

Dichloracetic acid, CHCl 2 COOH, is formed by the 
action of chlorine on monochloracetic acid, it boils 
at 105°. 


Trichloracetic acid, CClsCOOH, is obtained by 
the action of excess of chlorine on glacial acetic 
acid in direct sunlight, or by oxidation of chloral 
hydrate with chromic acid or with nitric acid ; also 
synthetically by the action of Cl and ILO on C 2 CI 4 
carbon dichloride. It is a colorless acid deliques¬ 
cent substance. Nascent hydrogen reduces it to 
acetic acid. Boiled with excess of ammonia it 
yields ammonia carbonate and chloroform. By 
PCI 5 it is converted into trichloracetyl chloride, 

cci 3 -co-ci. 

Chlbr'-{J,-$et-one, s. [Eng. chlor(ine); and ace¬ 
tone.] 

Chem.: Acetone in which the atoms of hydrogen 
have been replaced by those of chlorine. Monochlor- 
acetone, CH 3 'CO - CH 2 Cl is prepared by the action 
of hypochlorous acid” on acetone. It is a colorless 
liquid, boiling at 119°. 
chlbr -8e-?i, s. [Gr. chloros= green.] 

Bot.: An extensive genus of terrestrial orchids, 
exclusively found in the southern districts of South 
America. Their roots are coarse, fascicled, glutin¬ 
ous fibers. The leaves are all radical. The scape 
is clothed with thin herbaceous sheaths. The flowers 
grow in spikes or racemes in.the manner of the 
Green Orchis, are greenish, whitish, or yellow, occa¬ 
sionally marked by deep brown specks. Some 
thirty or forty species are known, none of which are 
in cultivation. (Treas. of Bot.) It is thought in 
Chili that Chlorcea disoides promotes the flow of 
milk. 

Chlor-al, s. [From Eng., &c ., chlor(ine); -al.] 
Chem. ; C 2 HC1 3 0 orCCl 3 .CO - H=trichloraldehyde. 
Chloral is a colorless, odorous, oily liquid, boiling 
at 94°. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. 
Specific gravity 1’502. It is obtained by passing 
chlorine gas through absolute alcohol. By the 
action of caustic potash it is decomposed into 
chloroform and formate of potassium. It changes 
on keeping into a solid white modification, recon¬ 
verted into a liquid by heat. With water it forms 
a crystalline compound called hydrate of chloral, 
CCl 3 .HC(OH) 2 . It is used to adulterate beer, 
chloral hydrate, s. 

Pharm. .( Chloral Hydras): A white crystalline 
substance, forming a neutral aqueous solution if 
free from HC1. Its solution in chloroform, when 
shaken up with sulphuric acid, remains colorless if 
nooilyimpurities are present; 100 grains of hydrate 
of chloral dissolved in an ounce of distilled water 
and mixed with thirty grains of slaked lime should 
yield, when carefully distilled, not less than seventy 
grains of chloroform. Chloral is used in medicine 
in the form of a syrup. It produces sleep, but only 
acts as an anodyne during sleep, the pain returning 
as soon as the patient wakes. It is used to quiet 
the agitation of delirium tremens, acute mania, 
and severe chorea ; also to relax muscular spasms 
in tetanus and strychnia poisoning; also as a hyp¬ 
notic in cases where opium is inadmissible. It 
checks nocturnal restlessness and sweating of 
phthisis, and gives relief in some cases of asthma 
and pertussis. But a full dose of chloral often gives 
rise to dangerous symptoms of cardiac depression, 
followed by giddiness, sickness, delirium, a weak 
and irregular pulse, pallor, coldness of the extremi¬ 
ties, lividity, syncope, and death. The habitual use 
of this drug is followed by profound melancholy 
and enfeeblement of will, and muscular lassitude 
and suicidal insanity. It was discovered by Dr. O. 
Liebreich. 

Chlbr ’-a-nil, s. [Eng. chlor(ine), and anil(ine).] 
Chem.: C 6 CI 4 O 0 . Tetraclilqroquinone. It is formed 
by the action of hydrochloric acid and chlorate of 
potassium, on aniline, phenol, isatin, &c. . It crys¬ 
tallizes in golden-yellow laminee, which are insoluble 
in water, soluble in hot alcohol and ether; it sub¬ 
limes at 150°, and is converted by PCI 5 into perch- 
loro-benzene, CbCIb- The potassium salt of chlor- 
anilic acid, C 6 C 1 2 0 2 ( 0 K) 2 , is formed by dissolving 
chloranil in strong potash ; it crystallizes in dark- 
red needles, sparingly soluble in water. 
chlbr-a-nil'-Ic, a. [Eng. chloranil; and-ic.] 
chloranilic acid, s. 

Chem.: Chloranilic acid, dichlor-dioxy-quinone, 
C 6 C1 2 (0H) 2 0 2 , is formed by decomposing the potas¬ 
sium salt ty acids. It forms reddish crystalline 
scales. 

chlor-an'-i-llne, s. [Eng. chlor(ine), and ani¬ 
line (q. v.).] [Aniline.] 

Chem.: By the action of chlorine on aniline, 
monochloraniline, CgHiClCNH^, dichloraniline, 
C 6 H 3 Cl 2 -NH 2 , and trichloraniline, C 6 H 2 C1 3 -NH 2 , are 
obtained. (Watts: Diet. Chem.) 

chlor-an-tha’-Qe-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
chloranthus (q. v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. 

Bot. : A small family of Dicotyledons, with flowers 
of a very simple structure, allied to those of l iper- 
aceae and Saururaceae. They are trees, shrubs, or 


b<5il, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; 


qhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-tion, -§ion — zhun. -tious, -cious, 


rarely herbs, with opposite leaves connected by 
sheathing stipules. The minute flowers are in 
simple or branched terminal spikes, often articu¬ 
late as in Gnetum. 

chlor- an -thus, s. [Gr. chldros= green, and am- 
thos=& flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, the type of the order 
Chloranthace®, the only floral envelope of which is 
a very small calyx, consisting of one scale adhering 
to the side of the ovary. The apparently single 
stamen, which is the most remarkable part of its 
structure, consists of three, the central one of which 
has a perfect two-celled anther, and the other two, 
one on each side of it, have only half an anther, so 
that they are only one-celled, or the two lateral half¬ 
anthers may be deficient, leaving a single perfect 
stamen. They are attached to the side of the ovary 
immediately above the calyx. They are natives of 
Japan and China, where they are called Chu-haru 
(Treas. of Bot., <&c.) 

chlor-an-thjf, s. [Chloeanthus.] 

Bot.: The tendency in brightly colored petals 
when decaying to become green. (Thom4.) 

chlor-ap'-gi-tite, s. [Eng. chlor(ine), and apar 
tite (q. v.) .J 

Min.: A variety of Apatite (q. v.), in which the 
proportion of chlorine is excessive. 

chlor-ar -gyr-Ite, s. [Gr. chloros=green ; argy - 
ros=silver; and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.).] 

Min.: A mineral consisting of silver and chlorine. 
(Brit. Mus. Cat.) 

chlor-as'-ter, s. [Gr. chloros=green, and aster 
=a star.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Infusoria, of the family Mona- 
dina, having a single mouth (?) terminal, a single 
frontal eye-spot, no tail, and the middle of the body 
with radiate warty processes. (Griff. <& Henfrey.) 

chlor-as'-tro-lite, s. [Gr. chloros=g reen, osier 
or astron= a star, and Eng. suff. -lite (Min,), from 
lithos=a stone.] 

Min.: A light bluish-green mineral, found on the 
banks of Lake Superior, in small rounded pebbles. 
It receives a fine polish. Hardness, 5'5-6; specific 
gravity, 3 - 180. 

cblbr’-ate, s. [In Fr. chlorate, from Eng.,&c., 
clilor(ine), and suff. -ate (Chem.) (q. v.).] [Chlokio 
Acid.] 

Chlorate of potassium: 

1. Chem.: KCIO 3 . Obtained by passing a current 
of chlorine gas through a mixture of carbonate of 
potassium and slaked lime, KoC0 3 -|-6Ca(OH) 2 +6Cl 2 
— 2 KClOri+ 5 CaCl 2 +CaCO 3 + 0 lI 2 O. The carbonate 
of calcium is removed by filtration, and on evapo¬ 
rating the solution the potassium chlorate separates 
out in colorless transparent anhydrous six-sided 
plates; water dissolves only 3'3 parts of the salt 
at 0°C. It is insoluble in alcohol. When heated, 
potassium chlorate is decomposed thus 2KC10 3 = 
KC 104 -rKCl+ 0 2 ; on increasing the heat the potas¬ 
sium perchlorate is decomposed—KCIO 4 = KC1+ 
20 2 . [Cbtloeic Acid.] 

2. Pharm. (Potassce Chloras): It is given in the 
form of Trochisci Potassce Cliloratis (Chlorate of 
Potassium Lozenges). Chlorate of potassium acts 
as a refrigerant and diuretic ; it exerts a powerful 
action upon the mucous membranes when used as 
a gargle in cases of severe tonsilitis, &c. It is the 
best remedy for salivation whether produced by 
mercurial agency or from use of other drugs. In 
such cases it should be freely taken into the system 
both in solution and by use in lieu of salt on the 
food. 

chlbr-e’-?,, s. [Chloecea.] 

chlor-eth-ane, s. [Eng., &c., chlor (ine); ethane.] 
Chem.: C 2 H 5 C1. [Chloeic Ethee.] 
chlor-eth-ene, s. [Eng.,&c .,chlor(ine); ethene.% 
Chem.: Q 2 H 3 CI. A gas liquifying at 18°. It has 
an alliaceous odor. 

chlor-et'-ic, s. [Eng. chlorit(e); -ic .] Resem¬ 
bling or containing chlorite. 

fchlor'-hy-dric, a. [From Eng. chlor(ine), and 
hydro, in compos., from Gr. liydor = water.] 
[Chloeide.] 

chlorhydric acid, s. [Chloeide.] 
chlor'-hy-drin§, s. pi. [Eng., &c., chlorhydr(ic ), 
and (glycer)in(e).] 

Chem.: Ethers produced by the action of chlorine 
on glycerine - monachlorhydrin C 3 H 5 ( 0 H) 2 C 1 . di- 
chlorhydrin C 3 H 5 (OHiCl 2 . By the action of PCI 5 
on glycerine, trichlorhydrin C 3 H 5 CI 3 has been ob¬ 
tained. Ethers of glycerine end in in. [Dichloe- 
hydein.] 

chlbr-hy-dr&-qulii'- 6 ne§, s. pi. [Eng., &c., 

chlor(ine); hydroquinones .] 

Chem.: Substitution compounds of hydroquinone, 
OTT 

C 6 H 4 <oH’ tlle occupying the position in 

the benzene ring, 1-4. They are obtained by the 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?3. 








chloric 


862 


chlorisoma 


reduction of the corresponding chloroquinones 
with sulphurous acid. C6H 2 Cl2(OH) 2 melts at 158°; 
C 6 HC1 3 (0H) 2 at 134°; and C 6 Cl 4 (OH) 2 at 200°. 

chlor'-ic, a. [Eng. chlor (ine); -ic.] Pertaining 
to or containing chlorine. 


chloric, acid, s. 

Chem.: HC10 3 . A monobasic acid obtained by 
decomposing barium chlorate, Ba(C10 3 ) 2 , by dilute 
sulphuric acid, and decanting the clear liquid. It 
oxidizes organic matter rapidly. When boiled it 

f ives off 0 2 and Cl 2 , and perchloric acid is formed. 

t forms salts called chlorates; they are soluble, 
and give no precipitate with AgN0 3 . Potassium 
chlorate explodes when triturated with sulphur or 
phosphorus in a mortar. It is used in the manu¬ 
facture of fireworks, percussion caps, and lucifer 
matches. Chlorates when heated on charcoal defla¬ 
grate. When heated strongly they give off oxygen 
and are converted into chlorides which give a white 
precipitate with argentic nitrate. Heated with 
strong IT>S0 4 they give off C1 2 0 4 with explosive vio¬ 
lence. Hydrochloric acid liberates euchlorine, an 
explosive mixture of chlorine and chlorine tetrox- 
ide; it is a powerful oxidizing agent, used to 
destroy organic matter. 

chloric ether, s. 

1. Chem.: C 2 H S C1, or CH3.CH0CI. Ethyl chloride, 
Chlorethane, also called Hydrochloric ether, a 
monatomic haloid ether formed by substitution of 
an atom of chlorine for an atom of hydrogen in the 
hydrocarbon ethane by the direct action of chlorine. 
It also can be prepared by the union of hydrochloric 
acid with ethene, C 2 H 4 , and by distilling at a gentle 
heat alcohol saturated with dry hydrochloric acid 
gas It is a thin, colorless, volatile liquid, boiling 
at 12'5°. By the action of hot aqueous caustic 
potash, it is resolved into ethyl alcohol and potas¬ 
sium chloride; with alcoholic potash it forms 
ethylic ether, C 2 H s ‘O.C 2 H 5 . Heated with soda-lime, 
it yields ethene, C 2 H 4 . 

2. Pharm.. The so-called chloric ether, used in 
medicine, is only a solution of one fluid ounce of 
chloroform in nineteen fluid ounces of rectified 
spirit of wine It is given as a narcotic and anti- 
spasmodic, and is a valuable sedative in neuralgia. 

tchlo'-ri-date, v. t. [Eng. chlorid(e), and verbal 
suff. -ate.] To treat or prepare with a chloride. 

chlor'-ide, s. [Eng. chlor (ic), and suff. -ide 
(q. v.).] 

Chem.: A compound of chlorine with an element, 
or radical. Hydrogen chloride, H.Cl—Hydrochloric 
acid = Chlorhydric acid = Muriatic acid. Hydro¬ 
chloric acid is a colorless gas. It is very soluble in 
water; 450 volumes dissolve at 15°. It fumes 
strongly in damp air. It is formed by the action of 
diffused daylight on a mixture of H and Cl, also by 
the action of strong sulphuric acid on sodium 
chloride; it can be collected over mercury; it is 
condensed into a colorless liquid by a pressure of 40 
atmospheres at 10° C. Specific gravity, T27. Its 
solution in water (commonly called hydrochloric 
acid) is easily obtained by distilling common salt 
NaCl with sulphuric acid. Muriatic acid is an im¬ 
pure solution of HC1, containing iron, arsenic, 
organic matter, and sulphuric acid. It is obtained 
in large quantities in the preparation of sodium 
carbonate. The hydrogen in hydrochloric acid can 
be replaced by metals, forming metallic chlorides 
(see the different metals). Soluble chlorides are 
detected by their giving a white precipitate with 
silver nitrate which is insoluble in nitric acid 
but soluble in ammonia. Chlorides, heated with 
strong H 2 S0 4 and Mn0 2 give off chlorine. 

Chloride of antimony solution: 

Pharm.: Antimonii Chloridi Liquor. A heavy 
yellowish-red liquid. Specific gravity, 1'47. It con¬ 
sists of terchloride of antimony, Sb01 3 , dissolved in 
hydrochloric acid; on the addition of water it gives 
a precipitate of oxychloride, SbOCl; this, treated 
with sodium carbonate, is converted into' the oxide 
Sb 2 0 3 . [Antimony.] Chloride of antimony is a 
powerful caustic and escharotic, and is applied to 
cancerous growths and poisonous wounds. The 
oxide of antimony, mixed with twice its weight of 
calcium phosphate, is a substitute for “James’ 
powder.” It is given when the diaphoretic and 
slightly alterative effects of antimony are required 
in a mild form. 

Chloride of nitrogen: 

' Chem.: NC1 3 . An oily explosive liquid, specific 
gravity 1'65, obtained by the action of excess of 
chlorine on ammonium chloride solution; also by 
suspending a piece of ammonium chloride in a solu¬ 
tion of hypochlorous acid, NH 4 C1+3HC10=HC1-|- 
NCl 3 -f3H90. This dangerous substance is decom¬ 
posed violently by gentle heat, or by contact with 
fat, <fcc. By some chemists it is thought to contain 
hydrogen. It is ammonia NH 3 in which the H is 
replaced by Cl. 

Chloride of sodium: 

1. Chem.: NaCl, sodium chloride or common salt. 
[Sodium.] 


2. Pharm.: Sodii Chloridum. It occurs in trans¬ 
parent cubes or in small white grains. It is soluble 
in three parts of cold water, and its solubility 
increases very slightly with rise of temperature; it 
is partly precipitated by HC1. It is nearly insoluble 
in alcohol, and fuses at 776°, and at higher temper¬ 
atures volatilizes. It is a necessary article of food, 
and occurs in the blood and other animal fluids; 
a deficiency causes disease. Chloride of sodium 
in large doses acts as an emetic, purgative, and 
anthelmintic; in milder doses it is a slight stimu¬ 
lant and alterative. Externally it is applied as a 
stimulant and rubefacient. Sponging with . salt 
water is good for rheumatism and joint affections. 

Chloride of zinc solution: 

Pharm.: Liquor Zinci Chloridi. A solution of 
chloride of zinc, ZnCl 2 , which applied externally 
acts as an irritant and astringent; when mixed into 
a paste with gypsum it is applied as a powerful 
escharotic to malignant ulcers. A solution of chlor¬ 
ide of zinc, specific gravity 2, is used as a deodorizer 
and disinfectant under the name of “ Sir W. Bur¬ 
nett’s solution.” Jonas Hutchinson has propounded 
the use of a solution of chloride of zinc in cases of 
gonorrhoea and in various specific diseases the origin 
and continuance of which are dependent upon the 
presence of bacilli. 

Chlor-ld-lC, a. [Eng. chlorid(e); -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to or containing chloride. 

Chlor’-id-ize, v. t. [Eng. chlorid(e); -ize.] The 
same as Chdobioate (q. v.). 

chlor-Im-et-ry, chlor-om-et-ry, s. [Eng. 
chlorine Gr. metron= a measure.] The method of 
determining the amount of chlorine in a sample 
of bleaching powder. 

“He [Gay-Lussac] now prescribes as the preferable 
plan of chlorometry, to pour very slowly from a graduated 
glass tube a standard solution of the chloride, to be 
tested upon a determinate quantity of arsenious acid dis¬ 
solved in muriatic acid, till the whole arsenious be con¬ 
verted into the arsenic acids.”— Ure. Dictionary of Arts, 
Manufactures and Mines. 

chlor-in-a-ted, a. Impregnated with chlorine. 

chlorinated lime, s. 

Pharm.: Calx Chlorata. A mixture of calcium 
hypochlorite, Ca(C10) 2 , with calcium chloride, 
CaCl 2 . A whitish powder is obtained by passing 
chlorine gas over loosely-spread-out hydrate of 
calcium. Its solution ( Liquor Calcis Chlorates ) is 
formed by adding one pound of the solid to 160 fluid 
ounces of distilled water. It is used as a disinfect¬ 
ant and in the preparation of chloroform. 

chlor-in-a-tion, s. [Eng. chlorin(e); -ation.] 
A process for the extraction of gold by exposure 
of the auriferous material to chlorine gas. First 
introduced by Plattner. The following conditions 
are necessary: (1) The gold must be in a metallic 
state. (2) There must be no other substance in the 
charge which would combine with free chlorine. 
(3) The chlorine must have no impurities which 
would dissolve other metals or bases. (4) No reac¬ 
tion must be induced which would cause precipita¬ 
tion of the gold before the termination of the 
process. The process with quartz and free gold 
does not involve roasting, but the latter process is 
necessary with ores containing sulphurets and 
arseniurets. In the chlorination process, the ore is 
sifted into a wooden vat lined with pitch, and hav¬ 
ing a false bottom, beneath which the gas is admit¬ 
ted. The top is luted on and the gas admitted, 
when the gas begins to escape at a hole of observa¬ 
tion in the lid, it is the signal that the air is ejected 
and the hole is then closed. The gas is continually 
passed into the mass for (say) eighteen hours, 
according to the coarseness of the gold ; the cover 
is removed and water introduced, and the solution 
drawn off into the precipitation vat. The gold is 
precipitated by sulphate of iron, the supernatant 
liquor decanted. The sediment is a brown powder 
which is filtered upon paper dried in an iron or 
porcelain vessel, smelted to a metallic regulus in 
clay crucibles, a little borax, salt, and nitrate of 
potash being used as fluxes. 

chlor-in-dln, s. [Chlokisatyde.] 

Chlor -Ine, s. [Ger. chlor; Fr. chlorie , from Gr. 
chloros = pale-green, light-green, greenish-yellow, 
and Eng. suff. -ine (Chem..).] 

1. Chem.: A monatomic element. Symbol Cl. 
Atomic weight, 35’5. Discovered by Scheele in 1774. 
It was thought by Berthollet to contain oxygen, 
and was called by him oxyrnuriatic acid. It was 
found to be an element by Davy in 1810. Chlorine 
is a yellow-green incombustible gas. It has a 
powerful irritating smell, and attacks violently the 
mucous membranes and the lungs. It is very solu¬ 
ble in water, acts strongly on metals, and is best 
collected by displacement. Specific gravity, 2'47. 
At the pressure of five atmospheres it is condensed 
into a heavy yellow liquid. It is obtained by heat¬ 
ing common salt, sodium chloride, with sulphuric 
acid and black oxide of manganese. It combines 
with hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid, with an 


explosion in direct sunlight or when fire is applied 
to a mixture of the two gases, but slowly in diffused 
daylight. A solution of it in water is graduaHy 
converted in the sunlight into HC1 with liberation 
of oxygen. A lighted candle burns in Cl with a 
smoky flame. Phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, and 
turpentine take fire in chlorine. Chlorine destroys 
animal and vegetable matter; and forms addition 
and substitution compounds with organic com¬ 
pounds ; an aqueous solution of it has powerful 
bleaching properties. It is also a powerful disin¬ 
fectant. It occurs in nature in the form of metallic 
chlorides. Three oxides of chlorine are known 
C1 2 0; C1 2 0 3 ; C1 2 0 4 . 

2. Pharm.: Chlorine is used in pharmacy as 
Liquor Chlori , a solution of chlorine in water; and 
as Vapor Chlori , inhalation of chlorine. Free 
chlorine gas acts as a powerful stimulant or irri¬ 
tant, according to its state of dilution ; it is used in 
cases of chronic bronchitis and phthisis. A diluted 
solution is used as a gargle for ulcerated tonsils; 
and as a lotion to foul ulcers, end in some skin dis¬ 
eases. 

chlorine monoxide, s. 

Chem.: C1 2 0. A colorless gas obtained by the 
action of chlorine on cooled precipitated mercuric 
oxide; it can be condensed to a red liquid, which 
explodes on elevation of temperature. It has 
powerful bleaching properties. It dissolves in 
water and forms hypochlorous acid ; this acid forms 
salts called hypochlorites. These salts can also be 
obtained by passing chlorine gas into cold solu¬ 
tions of alkalies, or alkaline carbonates, or over 
hydrates of calcium, &c. Bleaching-powder is thus 
prepared. 

chlorine tetroxide, s. 

Chem.: C1 2 0 4 , a dark yellow explosive gas, which 
can be condensed to a red liquid. It is obtained by 
the action of strong sulphuric acid on chlorate of 
potassium, It is absorbed by caustic potash solu¬ 
tion, forming a chlorate and a chlorite. 

chlorine trioxide, chlorous oxide, chlorous 
anhydride, s. 

Chem.: C1 2 0 3 , a greenish-yellow gas. obtained by 
heating a mixture of potassium chlorate, nitric 
acid, and arsenic trioxide. Itcan be condensed into 
a very explosive liquid; the gas explodes at 50°, and 
is decomposed by sunlight. It is soluble in water, 
forming a crystalline hydrate which is gradually 
converted into chlorous acid. 

chlor'-in ize, v.t. [Eng. chlorin(e); -ize.] To 
treat or prepare with chlorine. 

chlor-in-ized, pa. par. or a. [Chlokinize.] 
*Chlor'-l-6-dIne, s. [Eng . chlor(ine) iodine .] 
Chem.: A compound of chlorine and iodine, as 
iodine chloride, 101. [Iodine.] 

Chlbr-is, s. [Gr. chloris— a bird with a greenish 
belly, from chloros= green.] 

Bot.: A genus of grasses, the typical one of the 
tribe Chloridese, distinguished chiefly by the spikes 
of inflorescence being in finger-like fascicles, rarely 
two, or only one. Flowers polygamous; glumes 
two, containing from two to six florets; lower flow¬ 
ers one to three, hermaphrodite ; stamens three, and 
styles two. Sixty-two species are described in 
Steudel’s “ Synopsis,” and these are mostly natives 
of warm, dry countries. Chloris radiata is a pretty 
annual grass, frequently cultivated in greenhouses 
for the sake of its ornamental and curious appear¬ 
ance. 

chlbr-Is-at'-ic, a. [Eng. chlorisat(in); -ic.] Per¬ 
taining to chlorisatin (q. v.). 
chlorisatic acid, s. 

Chem.: CsHeCINO.y The potassium salt of this 
acid is obtained by mixing solutions of caustic 
potash and chlorisatin. It crystallizes in yellow 
needles, which are decomposed by hydrochloric acid 
with precipitation of chlorisatin. 

chlor-is'-a-tln, s. [Eng. chlor(ine) , and isatin.] 
[Isatin.] 

Chem.: CsA 4 ClN0 2 . Obtained by passing chlorine 
into tepid water in which isatin, or powdered in¬ 
digo, is suspended. It is purified by crystallization 
from alcohol. It crystallizes in orange prisms, hav¬ 
ing., a disagreeable odor. 

Chlor-Is’-gL-tyde, s. [Eng., &c., chlor(ine); isa- 
tyde (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A white or yellowish powder, deposited 
on cooling when chlorisatin has been dissolved, 
with heat, in hydrosulphuret of ammonia. It is 
sparingly soluble in water, and by heat is resolved 
into chlorisatin water, a new compound appear¬ 
ing as a violet-colored powder, and termed Chlorin- 
din. 

chlbr-1-so-m.iji,, s. [Gr. chloros = green, and 
soma= a body.] 

Ornith.: A sub-genus of the Myotherince, or Ant- 
thrushes, separated by Swainson from the Pitta of 
Temminck. (Craig.) 


fate, fat, fare, g-midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




chlorite 


chlor’-ite, s. [Gr. chloritis=a. grass-greenstone, 
from chloros= green, and Eng., &c., suff. -ite (Min.) 
(q.v.).j 

1. Mineralogy: 

(1) The same as Rafidolite (q. v.). 

(2) The same as Penninite (q. v.). 

(3) The same as Cllnochlore (q. y.). 

Ferruginous Chlorite: 

Min.: The same as Delessite (q. v.). 

2. Chem. (PI.): Salts of chlorous acid. They can 
be obtained by passing chlorine trioxide into alka¬ 
line solutions; also by the action of CI 2 O 4 on bases. 
They are mostly soluble in water. Chlorites of lead 
and silver are insoluble, and are obtained by double 
decomposition. 


chlorite schist, s. 

Ceol.: A green slaty rock, in which chlorite is 
abundant in foliated plates, usually blended with 
minute grains of quartz or sometimes with felspar 
or mica. It is often associated with or even gradu¬ 
ates into gneiss and clay-slate. (Lyell.) 
chlorite slate, s. 

Geol.: The same as chlorite schist, or if there is 
any difference, then in the slates the laminations 
are finer. 


chlorite spar, s. [In Ger. chloritspath .] 

Min.: An old name for Chloritoid (q. v.). 

chlor-It'-Ic, a. [Eng. chlorit(e); -ic.~] Pertain¬ 
ing to or containing chlorite. 

chloritic sand, s. 

' Geol.: Sand colored by an admixture of the 
simple mineral glauconite. 

chloritic series, s. 

Geol.: A name sometimes given to the Greensand 
beds, but the mineral is glauconite. 

chlor'-lt-did, s. [Eng. chlorite , and Gr. eidos— 
appearance.] 

Min.: A monoclinic or triclinic chlorite-like 
mineral, of a dark-gray, greenish-gray to black 
color. It is brittle, and has a double refraction. 
Hardness, 5 - 5-6 ; specific gravity, 3*5-3‘6. 

Chlor -6, in compos. [Gr. chlor os=green.) 

1. Nat. Science: In composition frequently used 
as a prefix to scientific words, and indicating a 
bright grass-green color. 

2. Chem.: Compounds in which chlorine has 
replaced some other element, as hydrogen, with¬ 
out altering the constitution of the compound, as 
chloro-benzene, C 6 H 5 CI. The 0 is often omitted, and 
chlor is used. 

chloro-argentotype, s. 

Photog.: A photographic agent prepared by 
moistening a sheet of paper with a solution of 
common salt, and then dipping it in a bath of 
nitrate of silver. Taking out a thin film of the 
latter substance it becomes extremely sensitive to 
light. 

chloro-benzene, s. 

Chem.: Monochlor-benzene or phenyl chloride, 
CgHsCl. It is prepared by the action of chlorine on 
benzene, or of PCI 5 on phenol. It boils at 132°. 
(Consult Watts: Diet. Chem.) 

chloro-calcite, s. 

Min.: Calcite with chlorine in its composition. 
(Brit. Mus. Cat.) 

chloro-naphthalene, s. 

Chem.: Monochlornaphthalene, C 10 H 7 CI, dichlo- 
ronaphthalene CioH 6 Cl 2 , &c. The chloronaph- 
thalenes are obtained by boiling the chlorides of 
naphthalene with alcoholic potash, which removes 
HC1. These, when subjected to the action of chlor¬ 
ine, form addition products, and by again boiling 
these with alcoholic potash it removes more HC1, 
and a more highly chlorinated substitution com¬ 
pound is obtained. 


chloro-phenol, s. 

Chem.: Phenol C 6 H 5 (OH), in which hydrogen has 
been replaced by chlorine, as Monochlorophenol 
CgH^CHOH). Dichlorophenol C 6 HjCl 2 (OH), and 
Trichlorophenol Ce^ChfiOH) are obtained by ac¬ 
tion of chlorine on phenol. Pentachlorphenol or 
perchlorphenol, CfiClr, (Oil), crystallizes in long 
colorless needles soluble in alcohol and in ether. It 
melts at 187° Concentrated nitric acid converts it 

into tetrachlorquinone CgCh < q > • When distilled 
with PC1 5 it yields C 6 C1 6 hexa-chlor benzene. 


chloro-picrin, s. 

Chem.: A compound formed by distilling picric 
acid with chloride of lime and water. Chloro- 
picrin, Nitro-trichlor-methane, Nitro-chloroform 
C(N0 2 )C1 3 . Also obtained by distilling chloral 
with strong nitric acid ; also by distilling a mixture 
of methyl alcohol and sulphuric acid over a mixture 
of sodium chloride and potassium nitrate. It is an 
oily liquid, boiling at 112°. It is reduced to methyl- 
amine CH 3 - H 2 -N by the action of iron filings and 


863 


acetic acid. Chloro-picrin heated with alcoholic 
ammonia is converted into guanidine hydrochloride 
CHsNrj’HCl. When heated with sodium ethylate 
it is converted into ethylic ortliocarbonate 
C(0-C 2 H 5 ) 4 . 

chloro-quinones, s. pi. 

Chem.: Substances formed by the action of chlor¬ 
ine on quinone, CeH 4 <Q> ; monochloroquinone, 

C 6 H 3 CIO 2 . Dichloroquinone, CeHpC^Oo, is formed 
by action of hypochlorous anhydride, CEO, on ben¬ 
zene ; and by heating trichlorophenol, C 6 H 2 Cl 3 (OH), 
with nitric acid, it forms large yellow prisms, melt¬ 
ing at 120°. Trichloroquinone, C 6 HC 1 3 02 , is ob¬ 
tained by the action of chromyl chloride, CrO^Cl 2 , 
on benzene, CfjHf,. It crystallizes in large laminae, 
melting at 166°. Totrachloroquinone, C 6 CI 4 O 2 . 
[Chlor anil.] 

chloro-toluene, s. 

Chem.: Chlorotoluene, or Tolyl Chloride, 
C6H 4 C1'CH 3 , occurs in three modifications. Para- 
chlortoluene, 1-4, is formed by the action of chlorine 
on toluene at ordinary temperatures; it is a liquid, 
boiling at 160°. By oxidation with chromic acid 
mixture it yields parachlorbenzoic acid. When 
chlorine acts on boiling toluene, benzyl chloride, 
CeHs'CHoCl, is formed. (See Watts: Diet. Chem.) 

chlbr-o-ben-zo'-lc, a. [Eng. chlor(ine), and 
benzoic.) 

chlorobenzoic acid, s. 

Chem.: CVj H 4 d ‘ C O' O IT. Benzoic acid in which 
hydrogen is replaced by chlorine. 

chl'dr-o-chrom'-lc, a. [Prom Eng. chloro, and 
chromic .] Having chromium and chlorine in its 
composition. 

chlorochromic acid, s. 

Chem.: CrC> 2 Cl 2 . Dioxychloride of chromium, 
chromyl chloride, obtained by the action of sul¬ 
phuric acid on a dry mixture of potassium dichro¬ 
mate and chloride of sodium. A heavy red liquid, 
giving off red vapors. Specific gravity. P71j boil¬ 
ing at 118°, decomposed by water into chromic and 
hydrochloric acids. Slowly passed through a glass 
tube heated to low redness it deposits rhombo- 
hedral, dark-green, hard crystals of sesquioxide of 
chromium. 

chlbr-6-chro-us, s. [Gr. c/iioros=pale-green; 
chroia, chros— skin.] Having a green skin. 

chlor-o-coc'-cum, s. [Gr. e7ii!oros=pale-green, 
and kokkos—& kernel.] 

Bot.: A genus of Algals, order Palmellaceae. 
Chlorococcum vulgare consists of extremely minute 
cells, multiplying into twos and fours, with no gel¬ 
atinous substratum and no zoospores. It often 
covers pieces of unpainted timber and the trunks of 
old trees, 300 millions of individuals on a square 
inch. (Griff. & Henfrey.) 

chlor -o-form (Eng.), chlbr-6-for -mum (Mod. 
Lat.), s. [Eng., &c., chlor(ine), and form(ic), from 
Lat. formica=&n ant.] 

1. Chem.: CHC1 3 , trichloromethane, methenyl 
chloride, terchloride of formyl. Chloroform is 
formed by the action of the sun’s rays on a mixture 
of chlorine and marsh gas; also by the action of 
caustic potash on chloral or chloracetic acid, or by 
the action of nascent hydrogen on tetrachloride of 
carbon. It is prepared on alarge scale by distilling 
water and alcohol with bleaching-powder. Chloro¬ 
form is a colorless, mobile, heavy, ethereal liquid. 
Specific gravity, 1*5. It boils at 62°; its vapor 
density is four times that of air: it is nearly insolu¬ 
ble in water, but dissolves readily in alcohol. _ It 
has a sweet taste. It dissolves caoutchouc, resins, 
fats, alkaloids, &c. It should not be exposed to the 
light,_ as it. may decompose, hydrochloric acid and 
chlorine being set free. 

2. Pharm.: Chloroform is used in medicine, dis¬ 
solved in alcohol, under the name of chloric ether, 
as a stimulant. Chloroform taken internally acts 
as a narcotic, sedative, and antispasmodic, and is 
given in cases of asthma, colic, and cholera, also for 
neuralgia. Linimentum Chloroformi, equal parts of 
chloroform and camphor liniment, is used exter¬ 
nally to allay pain and irritation in neuralgia and 
itching. 

3. Surgery <& Midwifery: The vapor of chloroform, 
when inhaled for some time, produces a temporary 
insensibility to pain. Inhaled in small doses it pro¬ 
duces pleasurable inebriation, followed by drowsi¬ 
ness ; in larger doses it causes loss of voluntary 
motion, suspension of mental faculties, with slight 
contraction of the muscles and rigidity of the 
limbs; then if the inhalation is continued a com¬ 
plete relaxation of the voluntary muscles takes 
place, but if carried too far it causes dangerous 
symptoms of apncea or of syncope, and the patient 
must be restored by artificial respiration. Chloro¬ 
form should not be administered to persons su- 
fering from cerebral disease or organic cardiac 
affection. Dr. Simpson, of Edinburgh, in 1847, began 


chlorophenusic 

to employ the vapor as a means of producing anaes¬ 
thesia or insensibility, partial or complete, in 
certain surgical operations and painful diseases, 
as well as in ordinary obstetric practice. Its use 
in the latter class of cases, unless in extreme 
instances, is to be reprobated. 

chlor-o-form-I-za'-tion, s. [Eng. chloroform; 
-ization .] 

Surg.: The aggregate of anaesthetic phenomena 
resulting from the inhalation of chloroform. (Ogil- 

vie.) 

chlor-o-go'-ni-um, s. [Gr. chlor os =pale-green, 
and gonia—BTL angle.] 

Zool.: A genus of the infusorial family Astasiaea 
of Ehrenberg. . It consists of a red eye-spot, a tail, 
and two anterior filaments. Chlorogonium euchlo 
rum is found in enormous numbers in pools and 
puddles, sometimes as many as 10,000 being in a 
single drop. (Griff, dt Henfrey.) 

chlbr-6-mer-g.n, s. [Gr. chloros — green, and 
melas, neut. meian,=black.] 

Min.: The same as Cronstedtite (q. v.). 

chlbr-om’-et-er, s. [Eng. chlor(ide) ; Gr metron 
=a measure.] An instrument for testing the decol¬ 
orizing or bleaching powers of samples of chloride 
of lime. Ure’s process consists in adding liquor of 
ammonia of a known strength, tinged with litmus, 
to a solution of a given weight of the chloride under 
examination until the whole of the chlorine is neu¬ 
tralized, which is known by the color being de¬ 
stroyed. From the quantity of ammonia consumed 
the strength of the sample is estimated. 

chlbr-o-me-thane, s. [Eng. chloro; meth(yl); 

-ane .] 

Chem.: CH 3 CI. A colorless, odorous gas,obtained 
when equal volumes of marsh gas CH 4 and Cl are 
exposed to reflected sunlight, or by heating a 
mixture of NaCl t wood spirit, and sulphuric acid. 
Exposed to sunlight with excess of chlorine, it i 3 
converted into CH 2 CI 2 , then CHC1 3 , and finally into 
CCI4. 

chlor-om -et-ry, s. [Chlorimetry.] 

chlor'-o-mys, s. [Gr. chloros=green-, and mys= 
a mouse.] [Agowty.] 

chlor'-o-p<il, s. [Gr. chloros — green, and Eng. 
opal (q. v.).] 

Min.: A compact massive mineral, with an opal¬ 
like appearance; color greenish-yellow to pistachio- 
green. Hardness, 2*5-4*5 ; specific gravity, 1'727-1'870. 
It occurs in Saxony, Hungary, &c. Composition: 
Silica, 46; sesquioxide of iron, 33; alumina, 1; mag¬ 
nesia, 2 ; water, 18. (Dana.) 

chlor-o-phse'-Ite, chlor-o-pha'-glte, s. [Gr. 
chloros = green \phaios = brown, and Eng. suff. -ite 
(Min.).) 

Min.: A chlorite-like mineral from the Western 
Isles of Scotland. Hardness, 1*5-2 ; specific gravity, 
2 * 02 ; color, dark or olive-green, changing to dark- 
brown on exposure. 

Chlor-o-phane, s. [Gr. chloros = green, and 
phaino= to appear.] 

Min.: A variety of Fluorite (q. v.), affording a 
green phosphorescent light, sometimes called pyro- 
emerald. It is found in Connecticut with topaz in 
gneiss. 

chlbr-o-phan'-er-Ite, s. [Gr. chloros — green; 
phaino=to appear, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).J 
Min.: A greenish variety of Glauconite (q. v.). 

chlor-o-phe-nes'-ic, a. [Eng. chloro; phen(ol), 
and suff. -esic (Chem.).] 

Chem.: Composed of phenol and chlorine, 
chlorophenesic acid, s. 

Chem.: Dichlorophenol, C 6 H 4 CI 2 O, is a volatile 
oil, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether, 
obtained by the dry distillation of dichlorosalicylic 
acid. 

chlbr-o-phen-i'-slc, a. [Eng. chloro; phen(ol), 
and suff. - isic .] 

Chem.: Composed of phenol and chlorine, 
chlorophenisic acid, s. 

Chem.: Trichlorophenol, C 6 H 3 CI 3 O, obtained by 
the action of chlorine on phenol. It crystallizes in 
colorless silky needles, which have a strong odor, 
and are slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol 
and ether. 

chlor-6-phen-u’-sic, a. [Eng. chloro; phen(ol\ 
and suff. -usic (Chem.).] 

Chem.: Composed of phenol and chlorine, 
chlorophenusic acid, s. 

Chem.: The same as pentachlorophenoL 
C 6 HCI 5 O, obtained by the action of an excess or 
chlorine on an alcoholic solution of trichloro¬ 
phenol. 

IT The letters a, e, i, o, u are used to distinguish 
the compounds formed by replacing respectively 
1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 atoms of H in phenol CeHsO by the 
same number of monatomic elements or monatomic 
radicals. See also the nitrophenols. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = sh&n. -tion, 


<jell, chorus, $hin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
: zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f 
shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





chlorophyll 

chlor- 6 -phf 11, chlor'-o-phyile, s. & a. [Gr. 

chloros= green, and phyllon = a leaf; Fr. chloro- 
phylle .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Bot. Physiol.: The name given to the green¬ 
coloring matter of plants. Its nature is still doubt¬ 
ful. It is ordinarily stated that it exists under the 
form of globules or granules, and occasionally as an 
amorphous granular substance. It presents itself 
in the form of distinct corpuscles in the cells of the 
flowering plants generally. 

"The color of plants, especially the green color, is pro¬ 
duced by the presence of chlorophyll, which maybe consid¬ 
ered a vital secretion.”— Lindley: Introduction to Botany, 
bk. i., sect. 7, § 83. 

2. Animal Physiol.: Chlorophyll exists in Hydra 
vividis, the Green Fresh-water Polype, one of the 
Coelenterata, and in Stentor, an infusorian animal¬ 
cule. ( Nicholson.) 

B. Asadj.: Colored by chlorophyll; composed of 
chlorophyll. 

Chlorophyll bodies, s. pi. Particles of proto¬ 
plasm of definite form colored green by chlorophyll. 
( Thom6 .) 

chlbr-o-phyl-la'-fe-ous, a. [Eng. chlorophyll; 
•aceous .] Of the nature or character of chlorophyll; 
containing chlorophyll. 

“The affinities exhibited by many chlorophyllaceous and 
colorless Thalophytes.”— Nature, Feb. 26, 1880, p. 291. 

fchlor- 6 -phyl'-li-pm, a. [Eng. chlorophyll: 
-ian.) Pertaining to, or containing chlorophyll. 

“ Chlorophyllian cells.”— Allman, in Ogilvie. 
chlor - 6 - phyl’ - llte, s. [Gr. chloros = green, 
phyllon=a leaf, and Eng. suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 
Mineralogy: 

1. The same as Iolite (q. v.). 

2. A variety of Fahlunite (q. v.), from Unity, 
Maine. 

chlor- 6 -pic'-rln, s. [Eng., &c., chloro; and 
pier in.] 

Chem.: CNO 2 CI 3 is obtained by distilling picric 
acid with potassium chlorate and hydrochloric 
acid. It is an oily odorous liquid. Specific grav¬ 
ity, P665. It boils at 115°. 

chlbr- 6 -pro-te -ic, a. [Eng. chlorine, andproteic 
(q. v.).] Compounded of chlorine and proteine. 
chloroproteic acid, s. 

Chem.: A name given to the white flocks which are 
deposited when chlorine is passed through a solu¬ 
tion containing proteine=C‘ t0 H3i.K5O 12 . 

Chlor-op-sis, s. [Gr. chloros=green, and opsis— 
face, appearance.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the Meru- 
lidte or Thrushes. The bill is long and hooked. 

chlor-Q-pyg'-i-a, s. [Gr. chloros = green, and 
P 2 /ge=the rump, the tail.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the Merop- 
idee or Bee-eaters. They are natives of Madagascar. 

chlbr- 6 -rhod -ic, a. [Gr. chloros — green, and 
rhodon= a rose.] 
chlororhodic acid, s. 

Chem.: An acid obtained from pus. It crystal¬ 
lizes in fine needles, is soluble in water and alcohol, 
but not in ether. Chlorine water in dilute solutions 
of chlororhodic acid gives a rose-red color, 
chlor-o-sls, s. [Gr. chldros=green.] 

1 . Bot.: One of the most formidable diseases to 
which plants are liable, and often admitting of no 
remedy. It consists in a pallid condition of the 
plant, in which the tissues are weak and unable to 
contend against severe changes, and the cells are 
more or less destitute of chlorophyll. It is distinct 
from blanching, because it may exist in plants 
exposed to direct light on a soufh border, but is 
often produced or aggravated by cold ungenial 
weather and bad drainage. The most promising 
remedy is watering them with a very weak solution 
of sulphate of iron. Many forms of the disease 
exist, of which those of clover, onions, cucumbers, 
and melons are best known. 

2. Med.: An affection in which the skin of the 
body, and especially that of the face, assumes a 

eculiar greenish cast, and hence is popularly 
nown as green-sickness (q. v.). The condition is 
closely allied to anaemia, and menstrual disturb¬ 
ances of variable nature, sometimes assuming the 
form of amenorrhoea and again that of menor¬ 
rhagia, and is due to deficiency of the coloring 
matter of the blood. Chlorosis occurs chiefly 
among young and delicate women who lead seden¬ 
tary lives under unwholesome conditions. 

“ But the mau without sin, the Moravian rabbi, 

Has perfectly cured the chlorosis of Tabby.” 

Anstey: Bath Guide. 

chlbr- 6 -sper -me-se, s. pi. [Gr. chloros= green, 
and sperma=a seed.] 

Bot.: One of the three great divisions of Algae 
characterized by the green color of the spores. The 


864 

spores of most members of this great division, when 
they are first liberated, are endowed with active 
motion, which is produced by long, thorny-like 
appendages and by short ciliae. [Cilia.] Such 
spores are called, from their resemblance to Infu¬ 
soria, ZoOsperms (q. v.). The green powdery or 
gelatinous productions so common upon damp 
walls or rocks; the curious microscopic few-celled 
productions wnich abound in our pools or infest 
other Algae; the green floating masses which form a 
scum upon our pools, or the shrubby tufts of the 
same color in running streams or on sea-rock, &c., 
are so many members of the division. 

chlbr-o-sphser'-a, s. [Gr. chloros—green, and 
sphaira=a ball, a sphere.] 

Bot.: A genus of Unicellular Algae, probably 
related to CEdogonieas (Rabenhorst places it among 
the Palmellaceae), of which one species, Chloro- 
spheera Oliveri, is known, consisting of a single 
globular cell about ^ inch in diameter densely 
filled with green contents, sometimes exhibiting a 
radiate appearance. 

chlbr-6-spm-el, s. [Gr. chloros=green, and 
Eng. spinel (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Spinel (q. v.), of a grass-green 
color, due to the presence of copper. Also called 
Magnesia-iron Spinel. Specific gravity, 3’591-3'594. 

chlbr-6s -t6m-a, s. [Gr. chloros=green, and 
stoma= a mouth.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of Mollusca belonging to the 
family Trocliidae. Shell deeply umbellicated almost 
to the top of the spire; inner lip forming a semi¬ 
margin to the umbilicus; outer angulated at the 
base ; aperture remarkably oblique. 

chlor-ot'-ic, *chlbr-ot'-Ick, a. [Fr. chlorotique, 
from chlorosis (q. v.).] Affected with or relating to 
chlorosis. 

“The ecstasies of sedentary and chlorotic nuns.”— 
Battle. 

Chlbr-o-tyl'-I-um, s. [Gr. chloros=green, and 
tyle= a swelling, a knob.] 

Bot.: A genus of Confervoid Algee belonging to 
the family Chsetophoraceae. Filaments jointed, 
repeatedly dichotomous, parallel; joints of two 
kinds, some elongate and colorless, and others 
swollen, abbreviate, and with green endochromes. 
{Griff. & Henfrey.) 

chlor -ous, a. [Eng. chlor{ine ); -oits.]' 

Chem.: Pertaining to chlorine. 

chlorous acid, s. 

Chem.: HCIO^. An acid obtained by condensing 
chlorous oxide in water or by action of dilute sul¬ 
phuric acid on a metallic chlorite. Its solution is 
a greenish-yellow liquid, having strong bleaching 
property; its salts are called chlorites. 
chlorous oxide, s. [Chlorine.] 
chlorous pole, s. 

t Elect.: A term applied on a certain electrical 
hypothesis to the negative pole of a galvanic bat¬ 
tery, because of its exhibiting the same attraction 
as chlorine. On the same hypothesis the positive 
one is called the zincous or zincoid pole. 

Chlbr-ox’-y-lon, s. [Gr. chlor os=green, and 
xylon= wood.] 

Bot. : A genus of Cedrelace®, generically dis¬ 
tinguished by its fruit having only three cells, and 
splitting into three parts instead of five. The Satin- 
wood tree of India, Chloroxylon Sivietenia, forms a 
fine tree fifty or sixty feet in height. It is a native 
of Ceylon and the Coromandel coast. It furnishes 
a handsome light-colored hard wood/with a satin¬ 
like luster, and sometimes beautifully mottled or 
curled, bearing some resemblance to boxwood, but 
rather deeper in color. It is used for articles of 
turnery, for the backs of brushes, and as veneering 
for cabinet-work. 

*chlor -u-ret, s. [Eng. chlor{ine), and suff. -uret 
{Chem.).] 

Chem.: A compound of chlorine; a name formerly 
given to what is now termed chloride. 

§hoak, v. t. & i. [Choke.] 

§hoaked, a. [Choak.] 

Printing • A term applied to the press, when, for 
want of proper washing, the ink gets into the hol¬ 
low of the face of the type. 
cho-an-Ite, s. [Gr. choane= a funnel.] 
Palceont.: A genus of fossil Zoophytes, placed 
between Alcyonium and "Ventriculites. They have 
a central cavity at the upper part, and outer surface 
not reticulated. Skeleton generally funnel-shaped. 
Qhock, s. & adv. [A mere variant of choke (q. v.).] 
A. As substantive: 

1. Shipbuilding: 

(1) A block, preferably wedge-shaped, driven 
behind the props of a cradle to prevent it from 
slipping on the ways before the ship is ready to 
launch. 


chceropotamus 

(2) A piece of timber framed into the heads and 
heels of ships’ timbers at their junctions to act as a 
lap to the joint, and make up the deficiency at the 
inner angle, as in the stem-piece and the main-piece 
of the head; in the dead wood, &c. 

2. Navigation: A wedge used to secure anything 
with, or for anything to rest upon. The. long-boat 
rests upon two large chocks when it is stowed. 
(Weale.) 

3. Cooperage • A wedge-shaped block placed 
beneath and against the bilge of a cask to keep the 
latter from rolling. 

4. Carriage-building • A piece of wood by which 
the wheel of a carriage is prevented from moving 
forward or backward. 

5. Loose pieces of wood or stone placed in or upon 
any machine to add to its weight and steadiness; as 
stones placed in a mangle, weights laid on a harrow, 
roller, &c. 

B. As adv. • Quite, full. 

“ I drew a shaft, 

ChocJc to the steel.” 

Taylor; Philip Van Art., II. iii. L 

IT Chock and block, chock-a-block: 

1. Naut. dt Min.: A term signifying closely- 
wedged. 

2. Fig.: Choke-full. 

chock-full, a. [Choke-full.] 

§hock, v. t. & i. [Chock, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To fasten or stop with a wedge. 

*2. To heap up (?). 

“ And in the tavern in his cups doth roar, 
Chocking his crowns.” 

Drayton: Agincourt, p. 79. (Latham.) 

B. Intrans.: To fill up; to fit into exactly. 

“ The woodwork thereof . . . exactly chocketh into 
the joints again.”— Fuller; Worthies, i. 149. 

$hoc'-o-l3,te, s. & a. [Sp.&Port., fromMexican 
cacuatl= cacao.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. The nut of the cacao-tree. [Cacao.] 

2. A paste or cake made from the roasted kernels 
of the Theobroma cacao. 

U The roasted and crushed seeds of the cacao-nut 
tree are ground between two horizontal millstones, 
which are kept at a temperature of about 200° F., 
by means of a steam-jacket. The nibs pass down 
from the hopper into the shoe, which is shaken by 
a damsel on the spindle of the runner so as to dis¬ 
charge the nibs into the eye which leads them to the 
space between the stones. The heat and friction 
liberates the oil, which is one-third of the weight, 
and the cacao issues as a paste from the spout and 
is conducted to a second and similar mill where the 
stones are similarly heated but are closer set, so 
as to still farther reduce the paste. . It is discharged 
from the second grinding in a liquid condition and 
is collected in a pan, where it hardens into a cake. 
To enable it to form an emulsion with water, 
it receives additional substances. Sugar, honey, 
molasses, gum, starch, flour, rice, and arrowroot 
are adapted for this purpose. Spices and flavoring 
extracts are added for some markets. 

3. The drink made by dissolving chocolate in 
boiling water and milk or cream. 

B. As adj.: Composed of, relating to, or of the 
color of chocolate. 

*chocolate-house, s. A house of entertainment 
where chocolate was prepared and sold. 

chocolate-mill, s. A mill in which the roasted 
and crushed seeds of the cocoa plant are ground be¬ 
tween two horizontal millstones kept at a tempera¬ 
ture of about 200° Fahr. This liberates the oil, 
which is about one-third of the weight, leaving the 
cocoa to issue as a paste from the spout in the 
machine. 

chocolate-nut, s. The nut of the cacao-tree. 
[Chocolate, s.] 

chocolate-root, s. The root of a plant, Geum 

canadense. 

chocolate-tree, s. The tree, Theobroma cacao, 
from the seeds of which chocolate is made. 

chod'-nef-flte, s. [Named after the discoverer, 
Herr Chodnef, and suff. -ite (Mm.).) 

Min.: A mineral much resembling Chiolite, found 
in the Ilmen Mountains at Miask. Composition: 
Fluorine, 56'4; aluminum, 16 - 3; sodium, 27'3. Spe¬ 
cific gravity, 2'62-2'77. 

choer-a-do'-di-p,, s. [Ch^radodia.] 

___ chcer-o-pot -51-mus, chser-o-pot'-g,-mus, cher- 
o-p6t'-p,-mus, s. [Gr. choiros= a pig, and potamos 
=a river.] 

Palceont.: An extinct genus of the order Pachy- 
dermata, or thick-skinned Mammalia, considered 
as forming a link between the Anoplotherium and 
the Peccary. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rtile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




choice 


865 


choke-plum 


fhdnje, *Qh(ns, *9h()ise, * 9 hoys. a. & a. [O. Fr. choir (pron. kwiir), quire, *queer, *queere, 
f/tois, from Fr. choisir— to choose; Fr. choix.] *queir, s. & a. [Fr. chceur; Sp. & Ital. coro; Lat. 

A. As substantive: chorus=a band of singers; Gr. choros= a dance in a 

1. The act of choosing or determining between *ihg, a band of singers.3 [Ohoeus, Quibb.] 


.”— Macaulay: Hist. 


two or more things proposed. 

“His choice was soon made 
Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. The power of choosing between two or more 
things; power of election or preference. 

“Love is not in our choice, but in our fate.” 

Dry den: Palamon and Arcite, i. 828. 
“Choice befits not thy condition, 
Acquiescence suits thee best.” 

Cowper: Walking with God, No. 2. 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: A number of singers. [II. 1.] 

“ Had vanish’d from his prospects and desires; 

Not by translation to the heavenly choir.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

II. Technically: 

1. Eccles. : The organized body of singers in 
church services. 

TT In ceremonial Christian religions, and more 
*3. Care or discrimination in choosing; judgment, particularly in the ordering of services in the to*clog. 
skill. ' Church of England, the minor canons, choral vicars, „ 

and choristers, or other singers taken collectively, ' ‘ 
are spoken of as the choir. The choral body in the 
latter church is usually divided into two sets of 
voices, the one sitting on the north and the other 
on the south side of the chancel, and are known by 
the respective titles of Cantoris and Decani, from 
their nearness to the Cantor (or Precentor) and to 
the Decanus (or Dean). In most cathedrals and col- 


chok-band, s. The small strip of leather by 
which a bridle is fastened around the jaws of a 
horse. 

§hoke, *§heke, * 9 hoak, v. t. & i. [A. S. aceocan 
=to suffocate ( Somner ); Icel. kolca— to gulp; kok— 
the gullet.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To suffocate, to strangle, to destroy by 
stopping the passage of the breath. • 

“The herd ran violently downs steep place into the 
lake and were choked.”—Luke viii. 33. 


II. Figuratively: 

1. To obstruct or stop up any passage, to block, 


“ . . . I imagine they were collected with judgment 
and choice.” — Bacon: Apoph. 

4. A number of things proposed or offered for 
selection or discrimination. 


“A braver choice of dauntless spirits 
Did never float upon the swelling tide.” 

Shakesp.: King John, ii. 1. 

5. The thing chosen or elected; selection, prefer- legiate 'chapels, 

ence ' the Decani side 

“Oh! hearken, stranger, to my voice! is held to be the 

This desert mansion is my choice!” side of honor 

Campbell: O'Connor’s Child, v. the bes t voices 

6 . That which would be chosen or preferred; the are placed there, 
best part of anything; the best. 


, . . in the choice of our sepulchers bury thy dead 
.”— Gen. xxiii. 6. 


TT A matter of choice: One in which there is free¬ 
dom of choice or election as tc the course to be 
pursued or preferred. 

“ This was indeed scarcely matter of choice . . 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

To make choice of: To choose; to select one from 
two or more things offered. 

“ Wisdom of what herself approves makes choice, 

Nor is led captive by the common voice. ” 

Denham: Of Prudence, 11. 

B. As adjective: 

I. Of things: 

1. Worthy of being chosen cr preferred; of i e g; a (- e chapel set apart for the performance of the 


and all the 
“ verses ” or soli 
parts, if not 
otherwise direct¬ 
ed, are sung by 
that side, which 
is also consid¬ 
ered the “ first 
choir]' ( coro 
primo) in eight- 
part music. 
(Stainer <& Bar¬ 
rett.) 

2. Fed. Archit.: 
The part of the 
building in a ca¬ 
thedral or col- 



Ground-plan of Choir of a 
Cathedral. 


superior merit; excellent, select. 

“ He was a man of a choice spirit, only he was always 
kept very low, . . .”— Butty anThe Pilgrim’s Progress, 

pt. ii. 

*2, Carefully chosen or selected; fit, appropriate. 

II. Of persons: Careful or discriminating in 
choosing or preserving; difficult to please; chary, 
frugal. 

“ He that is choice of his time, will also be choice of his 
company, and choice of his actions.”— Taylor: Holy Living. 

IT For the difference between choice and option, 
see Option. 

♦choice-drawn, a. Selected with especial care. 

« For who is he, whose chin is but enrich’d 
With one appearing hair, that will not follow 
These cull’d and choice-drawn cavaliers of France?” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iii. (Chorus.) 

*§hdl§e'-ful, * 5 hoi 5 e'-full, a. [Eng. choice; 

-ful(l).j 

1. Making frequent choices; unstable m prefer¬ 
ence ; changeable. 

“ His choiceful sense with every change doth flit.” 

Spenser . 

2. Offering a choice; varied. 

“ Heer’s choicefull plenty .’’—Sylvester: The Colonies, 

p. 681. 

§h 6 iQe'-less, a. [Eng. choice; -less.] Not 
having the right or power of choosing; not free. 

«Neither the weight of the matter of which the 
cylinder is made, nor the round voluble form of it, are 
any more imputable to that dead choiceless creature, than 
the first motion of it . . .’’—Hammond. 

tgh£>i 9 e'-ly, * 9 h< 5 i 9 e'-llch, * 9 hdis-li, * 9 h<Jis- 
1 f,adv. [Eng. choice; -ly.\ 

1 . By choice; of free choice or will. 

“ To seche a childe that choisly chees 
In maydenes blode to blome,” 

Legends of Holy Rood (ed. Morris), p. 218. 

2. Finely, excellently, in a choice manner. 

“ It is certain it is choicely good.”— Walton: Angler. 

3. Carefully; with care used in the choice. 

“ To Ireland will you lead a band of men, 

Collected choicely, from each county some.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., iii. 1. 

9 h 6 i 9 e'-ness, s. [Eng. choice; -ness.] 

1 . The quality of being worthy of being chosen; 
excellence, superiority. 

“ Carry into the shade such ariculas, seedlings, or 
plants, as are for their choiceness reserved in pots. ’— 
Evelyn: Calendarium hortense. 

2, Carefulness, nicety, preciseness. 


ordinary daily service. The choir is generally situ¬ 
ated at the eastern end of the building, and is fre¬ 
quently inclosed by a screen, upon which the 
organ is placed. ( Stainer & Barrett.) 

“ . . . with the crown on his head, returned public 
thanks to God in the choir . . .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xvi. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

IT Obvious compound: Choir-boy. 

choir-man, s. An adult male member of a choir. 
(Stainer Barrett.) 

choir-organ, s. 

Music: One of the three aggregated organs which 
are combined in an organ of large power. The 
other two are the great-organ and the swell. The 
great organ has its large pipes in front and its 
bank of keys occupies the middle position ; it con¬ 
tains the most important and powerful stops. The 
choir- organ has its key-board below that of the 
great-organ, and contains stops of a light character 
and solo stops. The swell has its bank of keys the 
highest of the three, and has louver boards which 
may be opened and shut by means of a pedal, so as 
to produce crescendo and diminuendo effects. 

choir-screen, s. 

Arch.: An ornamental open screen of wood or 
stone, dividing the choir or chancel from the nave, 
but not obstructing sight or sound. 

choir-service, s. The part of the church service 
sung by the choir. 

“ That part of our choir-service called the motet or 
anthem.”— Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 183. 

choir-stall, s. A seat or stall in the choir. 
[Stall.] 

ch6Ir-om -y-9e§, s. [From Gr. choiros= a young — 
swine, a pig, and mykes— a mushroom.] 

Bot.: A genus of Tuberacei (Ascomycetous 


“ . . . the sandhills near the sea threatened to choke 
the channel . . .”— London Times. 

IT Frequently with the adverb up. 

“ Then Commerce brought into the public walk 

The busy merchant; the big warehouse built; 

Kais’d the strong crane; chok’d up the loaded street.” 

Thomson: Autumn. 

2. To stifle; to hinder or check the growth or 
spread of anything; to overpower, to suppress, to 
destroy. 

“And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprang up 
with it, and choked it.”— Luke viii. 7. 

“ Confess thee freely of thy sin: 

For to deny each article with oath 

Cannot remove nor choke the strong conception 

That I do groan withal.” Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. 

|3. To irritate or offend, so as almost to prevent 
the use of words. 

“ I was choked at this word.”— Swift. 

*4. To vanquish in argument or by a statement. 

“ What, have I choked you with an argosy?” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, ii. L 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: To be suffocated, strangled, or stifled. 

“Who eates with too much speed may hap to choak." — 

Heywood: Dialogues, p. 323. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To be hindered or checked. 

“ The words choked in his throat .”—Sir W. Scott. 

f2. To be irritated or offended exceedingly. 

TT For the difference between to choke and to suffo¬ 
cate, see Suffocate. 

choke-berry, s. A species of pear-tree, Pyrus 

arbutifolia. 

choke-bore, a. 

Gun-making: A kind of breech-loading gun, in 
which the diameter of the bore becomes gradually 
smaller from the breech to the muzzle; the effect 
being to keep the shot more compactly together to 
prevent its spreading on leaving the muzzle of the 
gun, and thus to cause it to travel a greater dis¬ 
tance. 

choke-cherry, s. 

1. Bot.: A species of cherry, Cerasus hyemalis, or 
borealis, so called from the astringent nature of 
the fruit. 

2. Min.: Choke-damp (q. v.). 

choke-damp, s. The name given by miners to 
the fire-damp resulting from an explosion of gas in 
mines. [Caebonic Acid.] The following diagram 
is illustrative of the combustion of fire-damp, or 
carburetted hydrogen, of which the product is 
choke-damp, called also after-damp and black- 
damp : 

Before Elementary 

Combustion. Mixture. 

Wght. Atoms. Wght. 



Products of 
Combustion. 
Wght. 

22 carbonic acid. 
9 steam. 

9 steam. 


144 atmospheric 
air 


162 

choke-full, 


112 112 uncombined nit 


152 152 choke-damp. 

*choak-full, *chokke-fulle, adv. 


Fungi), characterized by a definite base, even com- p ub re pi e tion or overflowing; completely full, 
mon integument, clavate asm, and spherical spo- 1 


ridia. 

Chdir-6-pot-a-mus, s. [From Gr. choiros = a 
. . . pig, and potamos=a river.] 

Zo6l.: A genus of Suidee found in Africa. Choiro- 
potamus africanus is the Bosch-Vark. 

9hoised, pa.par. & a. [En g. choise; -edf] Chosen, 
picked. 

“ Choised seede to be picked and trimly well fide.” 
Tusser, p. 133. 

chok, s. [Icel. kok^the gullet.] The throat, the 
gullet. 


We filled the skins choak-full.” — Bruce. Travels, i,". 
549. 

choke-pear, *choak-pear, s. 

1. Bot.: A kind of pear with a rough, astringent 
taste, and therefore swallowed with difficulty. 

2. Ord. Lang. (Fig.): A sarcasm by which one is 
put to silence. 

“After your goodly and vain-glorious banquet, 

I’ll give you a choak-pear.” 

Webster: White Devil. 

choke-plum, s. A species of plum, of a nature 
and quality similar to the choke-pear. 


Mil, 

-cian, 


bdy’ pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-t'ian = Shan- *tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, deL 

55 



























866 


cholesterine 


choke-strap 


choke-strap, s. 

Saddlery: A strap passing from the lower portion 
of the collar to the belly-band, to keep the collar in 
place when descending a hill or backing. 

♦choke-weed, s. 

Bot.: A name proposed by Turner for Orobanche, 
“ because it destroyeth and choketh the herbes that 
it tyeth and claspeth wyth his roote.” ( Britt. db 
Holland.) 

♦choke-wort, *choak-wort, s. 

Bot.: A plant, perhaps a species of Spurge. 

“ The name of choak-wort is to it assigned, 
Because it stops the venom of the mind.” 

Taylor: The Water Poet. (Nares.) 

?hdke, s. [A shortened form of artichoke (q. v.).] 
The filamentous or capillary part of the artichoke. 

, ghoke'-dar, s. [Hind, chauki-d&r— a watchman, 
from c7iawfct=watch, custom-house, &c., and Per. 
dar^possessing, master. (Mahn.)] 

1. A watchman. 

2. A custom-house officer. 

♦ghoke-llng, a. [Chuckling.] 

“Double me this burden, chokeling in his throat, 

For the Tapstere should here of his merry note.” 

Chaucer: Tale of Beryn. 

ghok'-er, s. [Eng. chok(e ) ; -er.] 

I. Lit.: One who, or that which, chokes. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. A statement or argument which cannot be 
answered. (Slang.) 

2. A necktie. (Slang.) 

“ There’s Mr. Brown, who . . . wears rings and white 
chokers.” — Thackeray: Newcomes, i. 66. 

♦ghok'-er-inge, s. [Etymol. doubtful.] Chat¬ 
tering, chatter. 

“Mid chokeringe mid stevne hose.” 

Owl and Nightingale, 504. 

ghok'-Ing, *§hoak-ing,pr.par.,o. &s. [Choke, 

v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: 

1. Lit.: Causing suffocation or stifling. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Stifling. 

“ From choaking weeds to rid the soil.” 

Gay: Fables, i. 24. 

(2) Indistinct and interrupted, as the utterance 
of one undergoing suffocation. 

C. As substantive: 


1. The act of suffocating or stifling. 

2. The state of being suffocated or stifled, 
♦chokke-fulle, adv. [Choke-full.] 


tghok -y, *ghok-ey, *§hoak'-j?, a. [Eng.cTiofc(e); 
-y.] 

1. Having the power or tendency to choke ; suffo¬ 
cating, stifling. 

“Having nothing course or choaky therein.”— Fuller: 
Worthies; Warwick (ii. 402). 


2. Inclined to choke. 


“The allusion to his mother made Tom feel rather 
ohokey." — Hughes: Tom Brown’s Sch»oldays, I. iv. 

Chol-ae -mi-3, s. [From Gr. chole = bile, and 
Aaima=blood.] 

Med.: A condition in which the bile is present in 
the circulation. [Jaundice.] 
chol-se-pus, chol-ce -pus, s. [Gr. cholopous= 
lame-footed: c7ioZos=lame, and pows=foot.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of edentata, comprehending the 
two-toed sloths. The name was given by Illiger. 

chol'-a-gogue, s. [Fr. cholagogue; Gr. chola- 
gogos 1 from chole = the bile, and agogos — leading, 
drawing; ago = to lead, to draw.] 

Pharm.: Cholagogues are purgative or cathartic 
medicines, as calomel, aloes, &c., which act upon 
the liver and cause flow of bile into the intestines. 
They are supposed to act by emptying the gall¬ 
bladder. [Cathabtics.] 

Chol-ate, s. [Gr. chole= the bile, and Eng. suff. 
•ate (Chem .).] 

Chem.: A salt composed of a cholic acid and a 
base. 

chol’-e-ate, s. [Eng. chole(ic); •ate.'] 

Chem.: A salt formed of choleic acid with a base, 
cho-led-o-chiis, s. [Gr. chole—bile, anddoc7ie= 
... a receptacle.] 

Anal.: The tube formed by the union of the 
hepatic and cystic ducts. (Owen.) 

chol-ed-og-raph-y, s. [Gr. chole=the bile; 
graphe—a description; grapho—to write.] 

Med.: A description of and treatise on bile. 
Chol-e-dol-6-gy, s. [Gr. c7ioZe=the bile, and 
logos—a discourse.] 

Med.: A treatise or discourse on bile and the 
biliary organs. 


chol'-e-lc, a. [Gr. chole— bile, and Eng. adj. 
suff. -ic.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, bile, 
choleic acid, s. 

Chem.: An acid obtained from bile, C 76 H66N 2 0 22 . 

Chol-e-pyr’-rhin, s. [From Gr. c7toZe=bile, and 
pi/?-r7i.os=l)ame-colored, from «?/r=fire.] The same 
as Bilirubin (q. v.), the chief of the bile pigments. 

chol-er ( 1 ), s. [Lat. cholera, from Gr. cTioZe—the 
bile.] 

I. Lit.: The bile. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. That humor which, when in excess, was sup¬ 
posed to cause irascibility of temper. 

“It engenders choler, planteth anger.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1. 

2. Anger, rage. 

“ My choler is ended.”— Shakesp.: Love’s Lab. Lost, ii. 1. 

ghol'-er ( 2 ), ghol'-ler, ghul’-ler, ghurl, s. 

[Chaul, Chavel.] A double chin. 

Chol -er-a, s. & a. [In Dut. cholera; Fr. cholira; 
Lat. cholera— ( 1 ) the gall bile, ( 2 ) the jaundice; 
from Gr. cholera, cholerd=the cholera, from chole 
=bile; or less probably from cholera— the gutter of 
a roof down which rain is discharged.] 

A. As substantive: 

Med.: One of two or three diseases more or less 
akin to each other. They are: 

1. Pseudo Cholera or Cholera Morbus: A severe 
form of diarrhoea, somewhat resembling but quite 
distinct from Asiatic Cholera. [2.] It occurs usu¬ 
ally during the summer months, and is due for the 
most part to deleterious food or drink taken into 
the body exciting the purging, vomiting, and cramps 
which characterize the complaint. Various reme¬ 
dies have been proposed for cholera, and while 
some of them are efficacious in cases of the pseudo¬ 
cholera described above, no Teliance can be placed 
upon them in cases of genuine Asiatic or sporadic 
cholera. The formulae of some of these compounds 
have been widely published, especially at times 
when this country has been threatened with an 
epidemic of the scourge. One of the best known of 
these prescriptions is the “New York Sun” Cholera 
Mixture. This famous remedy for bowel complaints 
is composed of equal parts of tincture of opium, 
tincture of rhubarb, tincture of cayenne, essence 
of peppermint and spirits of camphor, mixed well 
together. The dose is 15-30 drops in water every 
15-20 minutes. Children fed on artificial food often 
succumb to this disease; adults rarely. The child¬ 
ish disease is called Cholera infantum. 

2. Asiatic or Malignant Cholera: A malignant 
disease due to a specific poison which, when 
received into the human body through the air, 
water, or in some other way, gives rise to the most 
alarming symptoms and very frequently proves 
fatal to life. An attack of cholera is generally 
marked by three stages, though those often succeed 
each other so rapidly as not to be easily defined. 
There is first a premonitory diarrhoea stage, in 
which the stools soon become very copious, watery, 
and rice-colored; there is also occasional vomiting, 
with severe cramps in the abdomen and legs, and 
great muscular weakness. This condition is suc¬ 
ceeded, and often within a remarkably short period, 
by the second stage, which is one of collapse, and is 
called the algid or cold stage. This is character¬ 
ized by intense prostration, suppression of urine, 
great thirst, feebleness of circulation and respira¬ 
tion, with coldness and blueness of the skin, iciness 
of the breath, and loss of voice. Should death not 
take place at this the most fatal period, the sufferer 
will then pass into the third or reaction stage of the 
disease. This, though very frequently marked by a 
high state of fever,with a tendency to congestion of 
internal organs, as the brain, lungs, kidneys, &c., is 
a much more hopeful stage than that w'hich has 
preceded it, and the chances of recovery are very 
much increased. Asiatic Cholera is so called from 
having had its home, so to speak, in the East, and 
more especially in India, for centuries, though there 
is little doubt that under other names it had been 
previously epidemic in various portions of the 
world. The nature of the disease was not recognized 
until the outbreak of 1831 occurred. Similar epi¬ 
demics in 1848-49,1853-54,1865-66, and in 1892-94 have 
increased our knowledge of the mode of propaga¬ 
tion of choleraic poison, and proven that strict atten¬ 
tion to the laws of sanitation will do much if not all 
to prevent it finding that habitat which appears 
necessary for its development into epidemic activity. 
The quarantine regulations adopted in New York 
during 1892-93, and the energetic measures pursued 
by the health officers, notable among them being 
Dr. Jenkins, have indisputably settled the fact that 
the disoase can be stamped out, as an epidemic, by 
proper attention to isolation and sanitation. As to 
other methods of prevention propounded during 
that epidemic, advocated by Dr. Lee and others, 
and consisting of inoculation or irrigation of the 


intestinal tract, etc., medical opinion is much 
divided, the various methods each having warm 
partisans. Several experiments were made, among 
them one by a newspaper man, which seemed to be 
a fair test, and to demonstrate that the body can 
be fortified against the scourge. But until more 
extended knowledge shall have accrued, the judg¬ 
ment of the more conservative medical men will be 
reserved. This is but natural when we remember 
thatour knowledge of the disease is yet very limited, 
and within the past sixty years opinions have under¬ 
gone most radical changes many times, without 
apparently arriving nearer the truth than before. _ 

it Spasmodic Cholera is another name for Asiatic 
Cholera. 

“ The malady known by the name of spasmodic cholera 
, . . had been known in India from the remotest 
periods, and had at times committed fearful ravages. Its 
effects, however, were in general restricted to particular 
seasons and localities, and were not so extensively diffused 
as to attract notice or excite alarm. In the middle of 1817, 
however, the disease assumed a new form, and became 
a widely spread and fatal epidemic. It made its first 
appearance in the Eastern districts of Bengal in May 
and June of that year, and after extending itself gradually 
along the north bank of the Ganges, through Tirhut to 
Ghazipur, it crossed the river, and passing through Rewa, 
fell with peculiar virulence upon the center division of 
the grand army, in the first week of November . . . 
During the week of its greatest malignity it was ascer¬ 
tained that seven hundred and sixty-four fighting men 
and eight thousand followers perished.”— Mill: Hist. 
India, Continuation by H. H. Wilson, viii. 253. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to cholera; designed for 
use in cholera, &c., as Cholera poison, cholera mixt¬ 
ure. 

cholera asphyxia, s. Also called Asiatic chol¬ 
era, the more malignant form of cholera. 

cholera-fly, s. A peculiar fly, the excretions of 
which swallowed were in one case followed, prob¬ 
ably accidentally, by cholera. (Knox in Lancet , 
vol. ii. (1853), p. 479.) 

cholera-mixture, s. [See Cholera, .A. 1 .] 

cholera-pill, s. A pill containing one grain each 
of camphor, cayenne, and opium. 

chol-Sr-a’-Ic, a. [Eng. cholera; -ic.] Pertain¬ 
ing to, producing or produced by cholera, as, “ chol¬ 
eraic poison,” “ choleraic discharges.” 

chol'-er-Ic, *chol’-er-ick, a. [Fr. choUrique, 
from Lat. cholericus; Gr. cholerikos, from chole= 
the bile.] 

1. Of persons: 

fl) Full of choler; passionate, irascible. 

(2) Angry, enraged. 

2. Of the disposition, temper, die.: Inclined to 
passion; hot. 

H The choleric or bilious temperament is charac¬ 
terized by black hair often curling, black or hazel 
eyes, and dark yet often ruddy complexion, a hairy 
skin, and a strong full pulse. It is the strong tem¬ 
perament of the melanous or swarthy variety of 
mankind. 

*3. Of things, words, die.: 

ill Offensive; calculated to cause passion or rage. 

(2) Full of passion; angry; caused by passion. 

“ There came in choleric haste toward me aoout seven or 
eight knights.” —Sir P. Sidney. 

chol'-er-ic-l^, adv. [Eng. choleric; -ly.] In a 
choleric or passionate manner. (Richardson.) 

♦chol'-er-ic-ness, *chol'-er-Ick-ness, s. [Eng. 
choleric; -ness.] The quality of being choleric; 
irascibility, passionateness. 

“Subject to like passions for covetousness, contentious¬ 
ness, and cholerickness.” — Bishop Gauden: Anti-Baal 
Berith, p. 128 (1661). 

chol’-er-Ine, s. [Eng. choler(a), and suff. -ine 
(q. v.).] 

Medical: 

1. The precursory symptoms of cholera. 

2. The first stage of epidemic cholera, in which 
individual cases are not usually marked by the 
severity apparent later, when the epidemic is prev¬ 
alent. 

Chol’-er-bid, a. [Gr. choldra, cholerd= cholera - ,' 
and eidos=appearance.] Resembling, but milder 
than, cholera, as choleroid discharges. 

chol-es'-ter-ate, s. [Eng. cholester(ic); -ate 
(Chem.).] 

Chem.: A salt of cholesteric acid. 

chol-es'-ter-Ic, a. [Fr. cholesterique .] Pertain¬ 
ing to or obtained from cholesterine. 

cholesteric acid, s. 

Chem.: An acid formed by treating cholesterine 
with nitric acid. It is in yellowish-white crystals, 
slightly soluble in water, but abundantly so in boil¬ 
ing alcohol. 

chol-es-ter-Ine, chol-es'-ter-in, s. & a. [Fr. 

cholesterine, from Gr. chole=the bile, and stear— 
fat.] 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



cholesterine 


867 


chondrus 


A. As substantive: 

Chem.: C 20 H 44 O=C 2 bH 43 (OH). A monatomic aro¬ 
matic alcohol, which occurs in small quantities in 
the bile, brain and nerves. It forms the chief part 
of biliary calculi, obtained by boiling these in alco¬ 
hol. It crystallizes in colorless plates, which melt 
at 137° and sublime at 200°. It exists naturally in 
most animal liquids in a state of solution; also in 
many animal solids, as in the blood, the bile, the 
meconium, the brain and spinal cord. As an ab¬ 
normal product it occurs in the crystalline form in 
the bile, biliary calculi, various dropsical effusions, 
the contents of cysts, pus, old tubercles, malig- 
nant tumors, the excrements, and expectoration of Good Hope 
phthisis. In the vegetable kingdom it occurs in chon-des'-t 
peas, beans, almonds, many seeds, &c. Cholesterine 
is insoluble in water and solution of potash, even 
when boiling; but soluble in ether and boiling 
alcohol, crystallizing on cooling. It is most easily 
procured from gall-stones (of which it is the chief 
constituent), by finely powdering them, then boil- 
the powder in alcohol, and filtering when 


Qhom-e’-ll-a, s. [Named in honor of Dr. J. B. 
Chomel, physician to Louis XV.] 

Bot.: A genus of native shrubs, belonging to the 
order Cinchonace®. 


hot, when the^chojesterine will deposition cooling -stoma. ?nd family Lernceopoda 


in pearly scales. The crystals thus obtained are 
usually thicker than the natural plates. It is very 
sparingly soluble in cold alcohol, and not at all in 
water. 

B. As adj.: (Seethe compound.) 

cholesterine infiltration. 

Med.: A form of degeneration which occurs for 
the most part in the liver, spleen, and heart, and 
which is characterized by the development of infil¬ 
tration into these organs of a certain peculiar fatty 
or lardaceous matter, said by some to be of the 
nature of cholesterine, by others to be of a starchy 
or albuminous character. The terms lardaceous, 
albuminoid, and amyloid are used to express the 
same conditions. 

chol-es-tro, in compos, as a prefix. [From Eng., 
&c., cholest{e)r{ine), with o connective.] 

Chem.: Having cholesterine as the less abundant 
chemical substance in its composition. 

chol-es'-tro-phane, s. [From Eng., &c., cholestro 
(q. v.); and GcT.phaino=to make to appear.] 

Chem.: C 5 H 6 N 2 O 3 . A dimethyl-parabanic acid, 
obtained by the oxidation of caffeine, and by digest¬ 
ing silver parabanate with methyl-iodide. 

Chol-e-va, s. [From Gr. choleyo —to become 
lame.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleoptera, family Silphidae. 
choT-Lamb, chol-I-am'-bic, s. [Fr. choliam- 


cho-mo-ro, s. [Javanese.] 

Bot.: Podocarpus cupressina, a taxaceous plant, 
one of the best timber trees of Java. 

chd'-na, s. [Gr. chone=& funnel, from the shape 
of the flowers.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Ericaceae, and consisting of a single small shrub 
with blood-red flowers. It is a native of the Cape 

te§, s. [From Gr. chondros—g rain, 
and 7iestos=glad, rejoicing (?).] 

Ornith.: The Larkfinch, a genus of finches placed 
next to Emberiza by Swainson. [Craig.) 

chon-dra-can'-thus, s. [Gr. chondros=cartilage , ' 
and akantha= a spine.] 

Zobl.: A genus of Crustacea of the order Sipho- 

Chondracan¬ 
thus Zei is found upon the gills of Zeus (the 
Common Dory). The body is covered with short 
reflexed spines. 

chon-arar-sen-Ite, chon-dro-ar -sen-Ite, s. 
[Ger. kondroarsenit; so named from its similarity 
to Chondrodite (q. v.), while differing from it in 
being an arsenate.] 

Min.: A yellowish mineral, found in the Paisberg 
mines, Wormland. It is an arsenate of manganese. 
It is translucent and brittle. 

Chon-dri-a, s. [Gr. chondros=cartilage , from 
the cartilaginous structure.] 

Bot.: A genus of marine Algee, belonging to the 
tribe Floridece. 

chon-dril-la, s. [From Lat. chondrilla , chon- 
dr illon; Gr. ctiondrille=& plant which exudes a 
gum; chondros^ grain, cartilage, a small, roundish 
mass.] 

Bot.: A genus of composite plants, nearly allied 
to the lettuce (Lactuca). It has the achenes rough, 
and furnished at the base with five small scales. 
The plants are herbs, natives of South Europe, the 
East, and Siberia. The flowers are yellow and 
solitary. About twenty species are known. A gum 
like lactuca,rium is obtained in Lemnos from Chon¬ 
drilla juncea. 

chon’-drlne, chon'-drin, s. [Gr. chondros= 
cartilage, and Eng. suff. -in, -me.] 

Chem.: A variety of gelatine obtained from the 
cartilage of the ribs and joints. It is less soluble 


bique, from Lat. choliambus; Gr. choliambos, from j n boiling water, and is precipitated from its solu- 


c/h 5 Zos=lame, and iambos=an iambus.] 

Poet.: A verse having an iambus in the fifth foot, 
and a spondee in the sixth or last. 

chol'-Ic, a. [Gr. chole=the bile, and Eng. suff. 
-ic.] Pertaining to, or obtained from bile. 

cholic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 24 H 4 QO 5 . Obtained by boiling the resi- 


tion by acetic acid, alum, and by acetate of lead. 
Its chemical formula is doubtful; it contains nearly 
fifteen per cent, of nitrogen. 

“ Chondrine is a substance in many respects similar to 
gelatine. It is obtained in a state of solution, by boiling 
water, from the permanent cartilages and from the cor¬ 
nea; also from the temporary cartilage prior to ossifica¬ 
tion; it gelatinizes on cooling, and when dry assumes the 


nous mass precipitated by ether from an alcoholic appearance of glue. It differs from gelatinein not being 

solution of bile, with a dilute solution of potash for - u- *- 5 - —- 

several hours, and decomposing the potassium salt 
by HC1. Cholic acid crystallizes in tetrahedra. It 
gives a purple-violet color with sugar and sulphuric 
acid. 

chol’-in. chol-Ine, s. [Gr. chole—the bile; -in; 
or -ins.] A substance (C 6 H 15 NO a ) found in the bile, 
and in the extracts of the suprarenals of various 
animals. 

chol-in-ate, s. [ Cholin(ic); and suff. -ate 


^Chem ! .-'A term for a combination of cholinic acid gulus of Mr. Coy, is'found in Lower Silurian rocks, 
with a salifiable base. 

ChOl-In -Ic, a. [Gr. chole -the bile.] Pertaining 


precipitated by tannin, and in yielding precipitates to 
acetic acid, alum, acetate of lead, and the protosulphate 
of iron, which do not disturb a solution of gelatine.’"— 
Todd<& Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. i., pp. 42-3. 

chon-drl-te§, s. [Mod. Lat. chondrus (q. v.), 
and Gr., &c., suff. -ites (q. v.).] 

Palceont.: A temporary genus of plants, alliance 
Algales. It consists of plants somewhat resembling 
the sea-weeds of the recent genus Chondrus. Chon¬ 
drites verisimilis is found in the Upper Silurian 
formation. An alleged fucoid, Chondrites acutan- 


to bile or obtained from it. 

cholinic acid, s. 


chon-dro-den-drum, s. [Gr. chondros=gram, 
cartilage, and dendron=a tree.] 

Bot.: A genus of climbing shrubs, belonging to 
. the Menispermace®. Chondrodendrum convolvula- 

mc acid, s. ceum is called by the Peruvians the Wild Grape, 

Chem.: A distinct substance obtained by digest- on account of the form of the fruits, and their acid 
ing bilin with dilute hydrochloric acid. It is insolu- and not unpleasant flavor. The bark is esteemed as 
ble in water. a febrifuge. 

chol-o-chrome, s. [Gr. chole or c7wdos=bile, and chon'-dro-dite, s. [Gr. chondros=a grain, from 
chroma = color.] The coloring matter of bile, the granular structure; and Eng. suff. -ite {Min.) 


The coloring matter of bile. 

[Bilirubin.] 

chol-ce-pus, s. [CholjEpus.] 
chol-di'-dic, a. [Gr. choloeides=like bile, from 
chole= the bile, and eidos= appearance, form; and 
Eng. suff. -ic.] Pertaining to bile, 
choloidic acid, s. 


Min.: An orthorhombic whitish or pale-yellowish 
mineral, sometimes red, apple-green, or black. It 
was first discovered in New Jersey by Dr. Bruce. 

chon-dro-glos -sus, s. [Gr. c 7 iow.drc>s=cartilage, 
and gldssa=the tongue.] . 

Anat.: An epithet applied to a fasciculus of mus- 


Chem.: C 24 H 3 BO 4 . A white amorphous acid, C ular fiber, extending from the lesser corner of the 

obtained by boiling glycocholic or tarrocholic acid hyoid bone to the tongue, and forming a part of the 
with concentrated sulphuric acid. hyo-glossus. {Craig.) 

chol-o-phce-In, s. [Gr. cholos=hile, and phaios chon-dro-gra-da, s. pi. [From Gr. chondros= 
=brown.] The same as Bilirubin (q. v.). # . gristle, cartilage, and Lat. gradus=a step, 

Cho’-lum, s. [Hindustani.] from gradior=to go.] , 

I ^S„S Ue ‘a Radiata 

gllivated in India and some other parts oi the the 


surface of this disk has cirri. There are cells in it 
which, on being filled with air, aid the animal in 
rising to the surface of the water. All are marine. 
Genera Porpita, Velella, &c. 

chon-drog-ra-phy, s. [Gr. chondros= . . . 
gristle, cartilage, and graphe — a delineation, a 
description.] A treatise on cartilages. ( Dunghson.) 

Chon-droid, a. [Gr. chondros^ cartilage, and 
eidos=form, appearance.] Resembling or of the 
nature of cartilage. 

chon-drol-6-gy, s. [Fr. chondrologie, from Gr. 
chondros= grain, cartilage, and logos— a speech, a 
discourse. ] 

Med.: A discourse or treatise on the nature of 
cartilages. ( Brande .) 

chon-drom'-e-ter, s. [Gr. chondros= grain, and 
metron= a measure.] A steelyard or balance for 
weighing grain. {Francis.) 

chon-drop-ter-yg'-I-cin, a. & s. [Gr. chondros= 
a cartilage, and pteryx, genit. pterygos= a fin, in 
allusion to the gristly nature of the fins.] 

A. As adj.: Characterized by cartilaginous fin3 
and skeleton. 

B. As substantive: 

Ichthy. : One of the Chondropterygii. 
chon-drop-ter-yg'-i-I, s* pi. [Fr. chondropter- 
ygien: Gr. cftoiuZros=cartilage, and pterygion=a. 
little wing, a fin, dim. of pteryx^ a wing.] The 
name given by Cuvier to one of the great sections 
into which the class Pisces or fishes are divided. 
It includes all those species, the bones ami fin 
spines of which are cartilaginous, or formed ot 
gristle, such as the Sturgeon, Shark, Ray, Lamprey, 
&c. The same as Cartilaginei. 

chon-dr o-se-pi-a, s. [Gr. chondros=carti\age, 
and Lat.. sepia (q. v.) = an allied genus.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Cephalopods, in which the 
whole margin of the sac is bordered with fins, as in 
Sepia, but the shell is horny, as in Loligo. 

chon-dro-sper -mfim, s. [Gr. chondros— carti¬ 
lage, and sperma= a seed.] 

Bot. : A genus of climbing evergreen shrubs, 
natives of India. The yellow flowers and climbing 
stems, together with the erect ovules, have caused 
this genus to be referred to the Jasminace® (Jas¬ 
mines), but the whole structure of the flower seems 
to unite it more closely to the Oleace®. 

chon-dros'-te-a, s. id. [From Gr. chondros= 

. . . gristle, cartilage, and ostea, pi. of osteon=& 

bone.] . _ , 

Ichthy. d- Palceont. : The name given by Professor 
Muller to a sub-order of ganoid fishes, in which the 
vertebral column consists only of a simple and soft 
chorda dorsalis, in place of being divided into 
separate vertebra?. The dermal covering of these 
fishes, consists of large, bony plates. The tail 13 
heterocercal. The sub-order is sometimes called 
Loricata. It contains the families Cephalaspideei, 
Acipenserid®, and Spatularid® (q. v.). The second 
and third contain recent species, the first only 
fossil. 

chon-dros-te -i-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. chon- 
drosteus (q. v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

1. Ichthy.: In some classifications a family of 
fishes, sub-order Placoganoidei. It is synonymous 
with the Sturionid®, the latter being made compre¬ 
hensive enough to include both the Sturgeons 
proper (Acipenserid®), and the Paddle-fishes (Spat- 
ularidffi), but excluding the Cephalaspid®. [Chon- 
drostea.] 

2. Palceont. : It is not known prior to the Eocene 
of the London Clay, where a sturgeon, Acipenser 
toliapicus, is found. 

chon-dros-te-o-sau'-rus, s. [From Mod. Lat. 
chondrostea (q. v.), and Gr. sauros= a lizard.] 
Palceont. : A genus of deinosaurian reptiles found 
in cretaceous rocks in this country and England. 
Some species must have been sixty or seventy feet 
long. 

chon-dros -te-us, s. [Chondrostea.] 

Ichthy. d Palceont.: A genus of fishes, the typical 
one of the family Chondrosteid® and the sub-order 
Chondrostea (q. v.). It is found in the Lias. 

tchon'-dro-tome, s. [Gr. chondros = cartilage, 
and tome= a cutting, temno= to cut.l 
Surg.: A knife specially adapted to dissecting 
cartilage. 

chon-drot-6-my, s. [Gr. c7io«.<Jros=cartilage, 
and tome= a cutting, temnd= to cut.] 

Anaf.: The dissecting of cartilage, 
chon -driis, s. [Gr. chondros= grain, cartilage, 
mucilage.] 

Bot.: A genus of Cryptonemiace® (Florideous 
Alg«), composed of cartilaginous sea-weeds, with 
flat dichotomously-divided fronds, the cellular 
structure of which exhibits three layers—a central 
of longitudinal filaments, an intermediate of small 
roundish cells, and an outer of vertical colored and 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, ?ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; 


Qhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cions. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 






chonemorpha 


868 


chop 


beaded rows of cells, the whole imbedded in a tough 
inter-cellular matrix. Chondrus crispus becomes 
horny when dry, and is the Irish Moss or Carrageen 
of the shops. 

Chon-e-mor -phu, s. [Gr. chone= a funnel, and 
morphe—tovm, appearance, in reference to the form 
of the corolla.] 

Bot.: A genus of erect or twining Indian shrubs, 
belonging to the order Apocynaceee, closely allied to 
Echites, from which it differs in the funnel-shaped 
cor.olla. The flowers are showy, yellow or white. 
The root and leaves of Chonemorpha malabarica, 
a plant of Malabar, are used medicinally by the 
natives. {Treas. of Bot., <&c.) 

Chon-e'-tes, s. [Gr. chone, contracted from 
choane— a melting-pot, . . . a funnel.] 

Palceont.: A genus of brachiopod mollusks, fam¬ 
ily Productidse. The shell is concavo-convex, with 
the hinge-line straight. The ventral valve is con¬ 
vex, and the dorsal one concave. All are fossil. In 
1875 Tate estimated the known species at forty- 
seven, all from the Silurian and the Carboniferous 
rocks. 

chon-l-crlte, s. [Gr. clwneia = a fusion, and 
lvritos= a test; its fusibility distinguishing it from 
some allied species.] 

Min.: A massive, crystalline, granular, or com¬ 
pact mineral from Elba and Finland. It is of a 
whitish color, sometimes with yellowish or grayish 
spots. It is a lime pyrosclerite. Hardness, 2'5—3; 
specific gravity, 2’91. {Dana.) 

*choop, *choops, s. [A. S. heope, hiope — a hip, 
the fruit of the dog-rose.] [Hip, Choups.] The 
fruit of Rosa canina. {Parts of Eng. <& Scotland.) 

choop-rose, s. Rosa canina. 

choop-tree, s. The same as Choop-rose (q. v.). 

choo'-pa, s. [A Malacca word.] The Malacca 
name of a fruit, that of Pierardia dulcis, a sapin- 
daceous tree. 

§h 6 ose, *§heese, *§hese, *§heose, *$h33s, 

*§huse, v. t. & i. {pt. t. *chese, *ches, * die as, *chure 
*chus, chose; pa. par. *coren , *icoren, chosen.) 
[A. S. ceosan, ciosan: O. Sax- kiosan, keosan; O. 
Fris. kiasa; O. H. Ger. chiosan, chiusan; Goth. 
kiusan; O. Icel. kjosa; Sw. keza; Dut. kiezen; Ger. 
kiesen.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. To take by preference one out of several things 
offered; to select. 

“ Of harrnes two the lease is for to cheese.” 

Chaucer: Troilus, ii. 470. 

2. To accept when offered; not to reject. 

*3. To take, to adopt, to apply one’s self to. 

“ William, his way to Scotland dies.” 

Lang toft, p. 146. 

4. To elect, to wish; to prefer a certain course. 

“ Let us choose to us judgment; let us know among our¬ 
selves what is good.”— Job. xxxiv. 4. 

*5. To obtain. 

“ Such strengthe he him tho cries 
That prince of al the world he wes." 

Castle of Love, p. 1,317, 

II. Technically: 

1. Scrip.: To adopt or select for a special purpose 
or position. [Chosen.] 

“He chose David also his servant.”— Psalm lxxviii. 70. 

2. Theol.: To elect for eternal happiness. 

B. Intransitive: 

1: To make one’s choice; to select, elect, or prefer. 

“Thou may haf thi wille if thou to love chese." — Lang• 
toft, p. 116. 

2, To have the power or freedom of choice (gener¬ 
ally with a negative, and.meaning that the person 
spoken of has no alternative) - 

“Knaves abroad, 

Who having by their own importunate suit 
Convinced or supplied them, they cannot choose 
But they must blab.” Shakesp.; Othello, iv. 1. 

H' To choose: By or of choice. 

“ Be a lord to choose." — Farquhar; Twin Rivals, ii. 2. 

If ( 1 ) Crabb thus distinguishes between to choose 
and to prefer: “To choose is to prefer as the genus 
to the species; we always choose in preferring, but 
we do not always prefer in choosing . To choose is 
to take one thing instead of another; to prefer is 
to take one thing before or rather than another. 
We sometimes choose from the bare necessity of 
choosing', but we never prefer without making a 
positive and voluntary choice. When we choose 
from a specific motive, the acts of choosing and 
preferring differ in the nature of the motive. The 
former is absolute t the latter relative. We choose a 
thing for what it is, or what we esteem it to be of 
itself; we prefer a thing for what it has, or what 
we suppose it has, superior to another. , . . We 


calculate and pause in choosing ; we decide in pre- 
ferring; the judgment determines in making the 
choice; the will determines in giving the preference. 
.... A wise prince is careful in the choice of his 
ministers; but a weak prince has mostly favorites 
whom he prefers .” 

(2) He thus discriminates between to choose, to 
pick, and to select: “ Choose is as in the former case 
the generic; the others are specific terms: pick 
and select are expressly different modes of choosing. 
We always choose when we pick and select; but we 
do not always pick and select when we choose. To 
choose may be applied to two or more things; to 
pick and select can be used only for several things. 
.... To choose does not always spring from any 
particular design or preference; to pick and select 
signify to choose with care.” 

t§h5o§e -a-ble, a. [Eng. choose; -able.] Fit or 
proper to be chosen. 

t§h 6 o§e’-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. chooseable; -ness.] 
The quality of being chooseable. 

“The true source of the nobleness and chooseableness 
of all things.”— Buskin; Mod. Painters, vol. iv., pt. v., ch. 
xvii. 

9 hoo§'-er, s. [Eng. choose; -er.] One who 
chooses, or has the power or privilege of choosing. 

“ In all things to deal with other men, as if I might be 
my own chooser.” — Hammond. Practical Catechism. 

9 hdo§-Ifig, pr. par., a. & s. [A. S. ceosung=a 
choosing.] [Choose.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of making a choice or selec¬ 
tion ; a choice. 

“I’ll bring you enow 
Of dames for our choosing.” 

Latham; Translation of Frithjofs Saga. 

* 9 hoo§ -ing-ly, adv. [Eng. choosing; -ly. ] By 
way of free choice; voluntarily. 

“If our spirits can serve God, choosingly and greedily 
out of pure conscience of our duty, it is the better in 
itself, and more safe to us.”— Taylor: Hsly Living, p. 230. 

9 hop ( 1 ), *choppe, *chop-pen (pa par. *choppit, 
chopt, chopped), v.t.dbi. [O. Dut. koppen=to cut 
off ; Dut. kappen= to chop, to mince; Sw. kappa,— to 
cut; Ger. happen— to cut, to poll, to lop; Dan. 
kapper—to chop.] [Chap, u.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To cut in pieces. 

“ Thei choppen alle the body in smale peces.”— Maunde- 
ville, p. 20L 

2. To cut with a sharp stroke ; to sever (generally 
with the adverb off). 

“ . . . within these three days his head’s to be 
chopped off.”— Shakesp.; Measure for Measure, i. 2. 

H Sometimes with away. 

“ He is a traitor; let him to the Tower, 

And chop away that factious pate of his.” 

Shakesp.; Henry VI., Pt. II., vi. L 

*3. To chap. 

“I remember the cow’s dugs, that her pretty chopt 
hands had milked.”— Shakesp..- As You Like It, ii. 4. 

fll. Figuratively: 

*1. To divide minutely. 

“By dividing of them into chapters and verses, they 
are so chopped and minced, and stand so broken and 
divided, that the common people take the verses usually 
for different aphorisms. ’’^Locke. 

f 2 . To devour eagerly and quickly. (Followed by 
up.) 

“ Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his breakfast, 
which the fox presently chopped up.” — L’Estrange. 

B. Intransitive: 

+ 1 . Lit.: To make a sharp, sudden stroke. 

“He choppit to Achilles with a chere felle.” 

Destruction of Troy , 7,269. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To interrupt by suddenly joining in a conver¬ 
sation (with in). 

“ He that cometh lately out of Fraunce will talk French 
English, and never blush at the matter. Another choppes 
in with English Italianated.”— Wilson -. Art of Rhetoric, 
b. iii. (1553). 

2. To catch at. 

“ Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the shadow, 
and loses the substance.”— VEstrange. 

IT To chop in: To interrupt. [B. II. 1.] 

To chop out; To break out with, to give vent to 
suddenly. 

“ Why Strato, where art thou? 

Thou wilt chop out with them unseasonably.” 

Beaum. & Flet.; Maid’s Tragedy, iv. 2. 


To chop upon: To chance on. 

“ . . . what my condition would have been if I had 
chopped upon them.”— De Foe; Robinson Crusoe, p. 156. 

Chop (2), v. t. & i. [A mere variant of cheapen or 
chap (q. v.).] 

*A. Transitive: 

1. To purchase, to barter. 

2. To exchange; to substitute one thing for 
another; to change (generally in combination with 
change). 

“Every hour your form 

Is chopped and changed, like wind before a storm.” 

Dryden: Hind and Panther, ii. 57. 

3. To bandy, to wrangle with. [To chop logic.] 

B. Intransitive: t 

1. Literally: 

*1. To bargain for. 

“ To have her husband in another country, 

Within a month after she is married, 

Chopping for rotten raisins.” 

Beaumont d? Fletcher; The Captain. 

2. To make an exchange. {Slang.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To change about frequently; to veer. (Said of 
the wind.) 

*2. To wrangle, to altercate. 

“ Let not the counsel at the bar chop with the judge, 
. . .”— Bacon. 

IT To chop logic: To wrangle pedantically with 
logical terms; to bandy logic about. 

“ A man must not presume to use his reason, unless he 
has studied the catogories, and can chop logic by mode 
and figure.”— Smollett; Expedition of Humphry Clinker. 

chop (1), s. [Chop (1), u.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of striking; a stroke. 

“Achilles with a chop chaunset to sle Philles.” 

Destruction of Troy, 7,701. 

*2. A piece cut off; a chip. 

3. A piece of meat; chopped off; as, a pork chop, 
a mutton chop. There are two kinds of mutton 
chops, named respectively a chump-chop and a loin- 
chop (q. v.). 

*4. A chap, a crack or cleft. 

“Water will make wood to swell; as we see in the filling 
of the chops of bowls, by laying them in water.”— Bacon. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. An attack, an onset. 

“ Believe them at the first chop, whatsoever they 3ay,”— 
Tyndale: Workes, i. 241. 

2. A piece, a part, a share. 

“ Sir William Oapel compounded for sixteen hundred 
pounds; yet Empson would have cut another chop out of 
him if the king had not died.”— Bacon. 

*[[ At the first chop: At once. 

“ They might not at the first chop be brought to hia 
speche.”— Udall: Apophth. of Erasmus, p. 199. 

chop-hammer, s. 

Metal: A cutting-hammer. 

chop-house (l),s. An inn or place of entertain¬ 
ment where dressed meat is provided; a restaurant. 

“I lost my place at the chop-house, where every man 
eats in public a mess of broth, or chop of meat, in 
silence.”— Spectator. 

9hop(2),s. [Chap, s.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

I. A jaw of an animal. 

“So soon as my chops begin to walk, yours must bs 
walking too, for company.”— VEstrange. 

*2. The mouth of a man. (Said in contempt.) 

“ He ne’er shook hands, nor bid farewel to him, 

Till he unseam’d him from the nave to th’ chops." 

Shakesp.; Macbeth, i. 2. 

II. Fig.: The mouth of a river or a channel. 

“ At the time of the Rump, 

When old Admiral Trump 
With his broom swept the chops of the Channel.” 

Song in The Merry Monarch, 

B. Technically ; 

Carp.: The movable wooden vise-jaw of a car. 
penter’s or cabinet-maker’s bench. 

chop-fallen, a. Downcast, dispirited, disheart¬ 
ened. 

“ Though strong persuasion hung upon thy lip 
Alas! how chop-fallen now!” 

R. Blair; The Grave. 

9 hop (3), s. [Chop (2), v .] 

1. A bargain, an exchange. [Slang.) 

“ The Duke . . . drew on the king hardly to make a 
chop with those demesnes.”— Haeket; Life of Williams, L 
187. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey - a ««— imr 


qu = 2 ¥, 



chordariaceae 


chop-cherry 

9 

JL A sudden change, vicissitude (usually with 
change.) 

41 ‘There be odd chops and changes in this here world, 
observed Coble.”— Marryat: Snarleyyow , vol. 

♦chop-Cheiry, s. (Peele : Old Wives Tale , 1595.) 
{Halhwell.) A game in which children tried to 
catch with their teeth cherries hung by a thread, 
♦chop-church, s. 

1. One who exchanges livings. 

2. An exchange of livings. 

♦chop-loge, s. [Chop-logic.] 

•If he heare you thus play choploge . . ."—Vdall: 
Roister Doister, iii. 2. 

♦chop-logic, *chop-logike, s. 

1. One who bandies about logic; a pedantic wran¬ 
gler in logical terms. 

“How now! how now, chop-logic! What is this?’’ 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iii. 5. 

2. Argument. 

“Your chop-logike hath no great subtilty.”— Greene: 
Thieves Falling Out. (Davies.) 

♦ghop (4), *chope, *choip, s. [Shop.] A shop, 
ghop (5), s. [Chinese.] 

1. A brand, a quality. 

2. A permit, a clearance. 

If Chop of tea: A number of boxes of the same 
make and quality of leaf. 

First chop: First rate ; in the first rank. 

“You must be first chop in heaven.”— G. Eliot: Middle- 
march, ch. xiii. 

Grand chop: A ship’s port clearance, 
chop-boat, s. A lighter used in transporting 
merchandise to and from vessels. 

Chop-house (2), s. A custom-house; an office 
where clearance dues are levied, 
ghop -in, ghop'-pln, *ghop-yn, s. [Chapin.] 

1. A French liquid measure, containing nearly a 
pint. 

“ My landlord, who is a pert smart man, brought up a 
ohoppin of white wine. . . . ”— Howell: Letters, i. vi. 38. 

2. A term used in Scotland for a quart of wine 
measure. 

ghop -ness, s. [Chop (l),n.] A kind of spade. 
(Maunder.) 

ghopped, ghopt, *ghoppit, pa. par. & a. [Chop 

<!),«•] 

ghop-per (1), s. [Eng. chop (1), v.; -er.] 

I. Ord. Lang. : One who, or that which chops. 

“ Chopper. Truncator, ueltrix.” — Huloet. 

II. Technically: 

1. An instrument for cleaving; a cleaver. 

2. Agric. : An implement for thinning out plants 
in drills. It is used in this country for cotton 
plants; in England for turnips. Cotton-seed is 
drilled in and comes up in a row; the cotton-chop¬ 
per straddles the row and chops wide gaps, leaving 
the plants in hills. These are thinned out by 
hand. 

tghop'-per (2), s. [Eng. chop (2),v.; -er.] One 
who bargains or trucks. [Horse-courser.] 

♦ghop -pin, s. [Chopin.] 

ghop’-ping (1 ),pr.par., a. & s. [Chop (l),n.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Choppy, rough, with short quick 
waves. 

“ When strong winds act against these flowings, a chop¬ 
ping sea is produced, which, in foggy weather, is danger¬ 
ous to small craft.”— Admiral Smythe: The Mediterranean. 

C. As subst. : The act of cutting. 
ChOpping-blOCk, s. A block or stump of wood 

<on which anything is placed which is to be chopped. 

chopping-knife, *choppynge-knyfe, s. A knife 
■designed for chopping meat, vegetables, truit, &c., 
upon a board, block, or in a bowl. Used on a 
■domestic scale for cutting meat for mince, hash, 
sausage, &c. 

“ Choppynge knyfe. Ansorium.”—Huloet. 

ghop-ping (2), pr.par., a. & s. [Chop (2), v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

*C. As substantive: 

1. The act of bargaining or purchasing. 

“ The chopping of bargains, when a man buys, not to 
hold, but to sell again, grindeth upon the seller and the 
buyer. ’ ’— Bacon» 

2. Altercation, bandying of terms. 

ghop-ping (3), a. [Etym. unknown; perhaps 
greedy or hearty, from Chop (IE v., A. II. 2.] An 
epithet frequently applied to chddren, and appar¬ 
ently meaning hearty, lusty, stout. 

“Both Jack Freeman and Ned Wild, 

Would own the fair and chopping child. 

Fenton. 


869 

ghop’-pjf (1), a. [ Chop (1), v. -y.] Rough, with 
short, quick waves. 

“There is sure to be a short choppy sea upon them.”— 
Macgregor: Voyage Alone, p. 76. 

ghop’-py (2), a. [Eng. chop-chap; -y.] Full of 
cracks, chappy, chapped. (Shakesp.) 
ghops, s. pi. [Chap (2), s.] 
ghop'-sticks, s. pi. [Eng. chop, and stick.1 A 
pair of small sticks of wood, ivory, &c., used by the 
Chinese for the same purposes as our knife and 
fork. 

ghopt, pa. par. or a. [Chop (1), n.] 
chopt-eggs, s. 

Bot.: Linaria vulgaris. (Britt. & Holland.) 
♦ghop-yn, s. [Chopin.] 

“ Sextarie is as a chopyn of Pariys.”— Wyeliffe; 3 Kings 
vii. 26. (Gloss.) 

chor-a'-gic, a. [Gr. choragikos, choregikos — 
pertaining or dedicated to a choragus (q. v.).] Per¬ 
taining or dedicated to a choragus. 

choragic monument, s. 

Gr. Antiq.: A monument erected in honor of the 
choragus, who gained the prize by the exhibition of 
the best musical or theatrical entertainment at the 
festivals of Bacchus. The prize was usually a tri¬ 
pod. The remains of two very fine monuments of 
this sort are still to be seen at Athens. (Gwilt.) 

chor-a'-gus, cho-re-gus, s. [Lat. choragus, 
from Gr. choragos, chore.gos= the leader of a chorus: 
choros=a chorus; ago=to lead, to direct.] 

1. Gr. Antiq.: The leader or director of the chorus 
in the Greek theatrical performances; also, one 
who defrayed the cost of the chorus. 

*2. Fig.: A leader, a conductor. 

“ . . . the mind the only choragus of the entertain¬ 

ment.”— Warburton: On Prodigies, p. 93. 

3. Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera, one of the 
Anthribid® of Sharpe’s Catalogue, a family consist¬ 
ing of genera by most writers merged in the Curcu- 
lionidse. 

chor'-al, s. & a. [Fr .choral; Lat. choralis=per- 
taining to a chorus; Gr. choros; Lat. chorus=a 
chorus.] 

A. As substantive: 

Music.: A psalm or hymn tune sung in unison. 
(Often written chorale.) 

B. As adjective: 

1. Of or pertaining to a chorus, choir, or concert. 

“. . . tunings, intermix’d with voice 

Choral or unison . . .” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. vii. 

2. Sung by a choir, harmonized. 

“ That it is given her thence in age to hear 
Reverberations, and a choral song.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ix. 
*3. Singing in a choir, or in harmony. 

“ And choral seraphs sing the second day.”— Amhurst. 
choral music, s. Vocal music in parts, as op¬ 
posed to instrumental. (Stainer <& Barrett.) 

choral service, s. A service of song; a service is 
said to be partly choral, when only canticles, hymns, 
&c., are sung; wholly choral, when, in addition to 
these, the versicles, responses, &c., are sung. 
(Stainer <& Barrett.) 
choral vicar, s. A lay vicar (q. v.). 
tchor-Jtl-Ist, s. [Eng. choral: -is#.] A member 
of or a singer in a choir. (Gent. Mag.) 
chor'-al-ly, adv. [Eng. choral; -ly .] 

1. In a style to be sung by a choir; in harmony 

“ . . . a modern composer would judge ill if he chose 

to set the same words chorally.'’ — Mason: Essay on Church 
Music, p. 116. 

2. In manner of a chorus. 

“Marseillese sing their wild ‘To Arms’ in chorus; 
which now all men, all women and children have learnt, 
and sing chorally, in theaters, boulevards, streets; and 
the heart burns in every bosom.”— Carlyle: French Revol., 
pt. iii., bk. i., ch. i. 

Chord, s. [Fr. corde; Lat. chorda; Gr. chorde= 
an intestine of which strings were made. Chord 
and cord are essentially the. same word. _ When the 
primitive meaning of a string of a musical instru¬ 
ment is preserved, the original h is retained ; when 
a rope or string is meant it is dropped.] [Cord.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A string of a musical instrument. 

“ Who mov’d 

Their stops and chords, was seen ; his volant touch 
Instinct thro’ all proportions, low and high, 

Fled and pursu’d transverse the resonant fugue.” 

Milton. P. L., xi. 560. 

(2) A combination of musical sounds, consonant 
or dissonant. [II., 2.] 


2. Figuratively : A combination, 

“ Is but passionate appealing, 

A prophetic whisper stealing 
O’er the chords of our existence.” 

Longfellow: Epimetheus. 

II. Technically: 

1. Math.: A straight line Joining the extremities 
of an arc of a circle. 

“ . . . because troops passing between any two part* 
move on the chord of an arc . . .”— MacDougall: 

Modem Warfare as Influenced by Modem Artillery, ch. vi. 

2. Music: The simultaneous occurrence of several 
musical sounds, and producing harmony, such as 
the common chord, the chord of the sixth, of the 
dominant, of the diminished seventh, of the ninth 
(q. v.). (Parry, in Grove's Diet, of Music.) 

chord (pa. par. chorded), v. t. [Chord, s.] 

To furnish with strings or chords ; to string. 

“ What passion cannot music raise and quell? 
When Jubal struck the chorded shell, 

His list’ning brethren stood around.” Dryden. 

chor'-dg, (pi. chordae), s. [Lat. chorda .] 
[Chord.] 

1. Anat.: Any chord or chord-like structure. 
[Chorda Dorsalis.] 

2. Bot.: A genus of Laminariacese (Fucoid Algse), 
with fronds of a peculiar, simple, cylindrical form. 
Two species, Chorda filum and C.lomentaria, are 
found between tide-marks on British coasts. The 
former grows from one to twenty or even forty feet 
long, with the greatest diameter at half its length, 
of 1-4 to 1-2”. The chord-like frond is tubular, but 
has at intervals thin diaphragms, formed by inter¬ 
woven transparent filaments. 

3. Music: [Chord-music.] 

chorda characteristica, s. with a. 

Music : A chord of the seventh, in which a leading 
note appears. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

chorda dorsalis, s. with a. 

Anat. : The embryonic representative of the 
spinal column of the Vertebrata; the permanent 
spinal column of the Cartilaginous fishes. It some¬ 
times forms a spindle-shaped, transparent, gelatin¬ 
ous-looking cord, with the broadest part near the 
tail; at others it is cylindrical or conical, rounded 
anteriorly and tapering posteriorly. It usually 
consists of an outer comparatively thick and firm 
structureless membrane, forming a sheath, and of 
pale nucleated cells, which fill the sheath. In some 
instances, however, its structure is fibrous, and 
that of the sheath fibro-membranous. The cells 
are mostly angular or polyhedral, and closely 
crowded. The Chorda Dorsalis is called also the 
Notochord, which is from two Greek roots, whereas 
Chorda Dorsalis is Latin. 

“ . . . the permanent chorda dorsalis or rudimentary 
spinal column of the early embryo.”— Todd & Bowman ; 
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. iv., p. 89. 

chorda tympani, s. 

Anat. : A small branch connected with the seventh 
or facial nerve. 

chor-dse, s. pi. [PI. of Lat. chorda (q. v.).] 
chordae essentiales, s.pl. with a. 

Music : The tonic and its third and fifth; the key- 
chord. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

chordae tendineae, s.pl. with a. 

Anat. : Strong fine tendons closing the valves of 
the heart. 

“ . . . by union with the chordae tendineae.” — Todd dt 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. vii., p. 165. 
chordae vocales, s.pl. with a. 

Anat. : The vocal cords (q. v.). 

“ . . . the thyro-hyoid and crico-thyroid membranes 
and the chordce vocales.” — Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. i., ch. iii., p. 72. 

chordae Willisii, s.pl. 

Anat. : Several bands crossing the superior lon¬ 
gitudinal sinus of the brain obliquely at its inferior 
angle. (Quain.) 

fchor’-dal, a. [Eng. chord; -a?.] Of the nature 
of, or pertaining to, a chord. 

clior dar'-I-a, s. [From Gr. chordarion, dimim 
of chorde= a string, a chord.] 

Bot. : A genus of Chordariacew (Fucoid Algae), 
remarkable for the solidity of the cellular texture 
of the filiform fronds. The so-called spores at¬ 
tached to the horizontal filaments are oOsporanges, 
and discharge zoOspores when mature. Tricho- 
sporanges have not yet been observed. Chordaria 
ftagelliformis. Mull., is common on rocks and stones 
between tide-marks. 

chor-dar-I-a'-ge-ae, s.pl. [Mod. Lat. chordaria 
(q. v.), and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. - acece .] 

Bot. : A family of Fucoid Algse. Olive-colored sea¬ 
weeds, with a gelatinous or cartilaginous, branch¬ 
ing frond, composed of vertical and horizontal 


b<nl b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, hengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph —f. 
-clan, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 




chordaulodion 


870 


chorography 


filaments interlaced together, the oOsporanges 
and trichosporanges attached to the filaments form¬ 
ing the superficial layers of frond. 

chor-dau-16 -dl-on, s. [From Gr. chorde= a 
string of gut, the string or chord of a lyre, and 
aulodos=singing to the flute. 1 
Music: A self-acting musical instrument, invented 
by Kauffmann, of Dresden, in 1812. (Stainer <& 
Barrett.) 

chord'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Chord, v.] 
chor’-dee, s. [From Lat. chorda.) A contraction 
of the mucous membrane of the urethra and the 
subjacent tissue of that canal, induced by inflamma¬ 
tion, the effect of which is to cause an oedematous 
condition and a longitudinal contraction. The 
spongius corpiosum remaining normal, the conse¬ 
quence is that when from any irritation a state of 
congestion or erection is induced the patient suffers 
intense pain from the tendency to stretch the 
shortened urethra. The trouble is peculiar to 
males and is due to venereal disease. 

chord’-ing, pr. par. & s. [Chord, v.] 

A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. Assubst.: The act of setting in accord; the 
state of being accordant. 

“What should we think of a man who should set a 
whole orchestra of instruments upon playing together 
without the least provision or forethought as to their 
chording, and then howl and tear his hair at the result?” 
— Mrs. H. B. Stowe: Little Foxes, p. 3. 

Chor-dom’-e-ter, s. [Gr. chorde= a chord, and 
metron=& measure.] A gauge for measuring the 
thickness of strings. ( Stainer & Barrett.) 

§hbre, s. [Char, Chare (1), s.] A little job, a 
turn of work. Usually in the plural chores, the 
r egular daily light tasks required about a dwelling- 
house or farm. 

chor-e'-fi, s. [Lat. chorea; Gr. choreia = a 
dance.] [Chords.] 

Med.: More fully Chorea Sancti Viti, St. Vitus’ 
Dance, a disorder of the nervous system character¬ 
ized by a peculiar convulsive and irregular action 
of the voluntary muscles, especially those of the 
face and extremities. The name is derived from 
St. Vitus who is said to have had the power of cur¬ 
ing persons afflicted with that disease. [St. Vitus’ 
Dance.] 

cho-re-graph'-Ic, *cho-re-graph'-I-cal, a. 
[Eng. choregraph(y); -ic,-ical.~\ Pertaining orrelat- 
ingto choregraphy. 

cho-reg’-raph-y, s. [Gr. choreia= a dance, and 
grapho=to write or discourse about.] [Chorog* 
raphy (2),s.] The art of representing dancing by 
signs, as singing is by notes. (Craig.) 

fcho-re-gy, s. [Gr. choregia—ihe office of a 
choregus.] The office or duties of a choragus or 
choregus (q. v.) 

“ As a rich young man, also, choregy and trierarchy 
became incumbent upon him.”— Grote: Hist. Greece, V., 
ch. lv. 

cho-re'-Ic, a. [Lat. chorea (q. v.);-ic.] Of the 
nature of or pertaining to chorea, or St. Vitus’ 
dance; convulsive. 

“ It began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left 
angle of the mouth and left arm.”— Ferrier ■ Functions of 
the Brain, p. 201. 

chor-e-pls'-co-pfil, a. [Formed from chorepis- 
copus( q. v.), on the analogy of episcopal , from 
episcopus.) Of or pertaining to a suffragan or 
local bishop. 

“. . . the Yalentinian heresy, episcopal and chor- 
episcopal power, and some emergent difficulties concern¬ 
ing them.”— Fell: Life of Hammond, § 1. 

chor-e-pls -co-pus, s. [Lat., from Gr. chor- 
episkopos=a local bishop, from chora— a place, a 
district, and episkopos= a bishop.] [Bishop.] 
Eccles.: A local or suffragan bishop, whose epis¬ 
copal jurisdiction is limited to certain districts. 
Cho-re'-tls, s. [Gr. chdretes= rustic.] 

Bot.: A genus of Mexican and Texan Amaryllida- 
ce». The perianth has a long, slender, nearly 
straight tube, a reflexed limb of long narrow seg¬ 
ments, and a large rotate coronel lacerated at the 
margin, the long filaments being spreading-con- 
nivent. Choretis glauca is a beautiful species, with 
black-coated bulbs, erect glaucous leaves, and 
three or four sessile flowers. C. galvestonensis is 
a smaller-flowered species from Texas. (Treats, of 
Bot.) 

cho-re-trum,s. [Gr. cAo? - e(es=rustic.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Sandaiworts. The flowers have both pistils and 
stamens. The species are natives of New Holland, 
and are shrubs resembling our broom. 

tcho-re’-us, cho-ree’, s. [Lat. choreus, chorius; 
Gr. choreios— pertaining to a chorus or choir; 
choros—a dance, a choir; O. Fr. choree.) 


Prosody: 

1. A foot of two syllables, the first long and the 
second short; more generally called a trochee (q. v.). 

2. A foot of three short syllables, a tribach (q. v.). 
tchor'-I-fimb, chor-I-am'-bus, s. [Lat. chori- 

ambus; Gr. choriambos, from choreios—& trochee, 
and iambos= an iambus (q. v.).] 

Pros.: A foot consisting of four syllables, of 
which the first and fourth are long, and the second 
and third short, thus combining the trochee and the 
iambus. 

“. . . if you had asked him what ‘ religio ’ was, he 
would have replied at once that it was a choriambus.” — 
Hannay: Singleton Fontenoy, bk. i. ch. 1. 

chor-I-am-blc, a. & s. [Lat. choriambicus; Gr. 
choriambikos— pertaining to a choriambus (q. v.). 

A. As ad].: Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
choriambus. 

B. Assubst: A choriambus. 

tchor'-Ic, a. [Gr. chorikos = pertaining to a 
choir or chorus: choros= a chorus.] Of or pertain¬ 
ing to a chorus ; fitted for or sung by a chorus. 

“A choric ode.” — Coleridge. 

Cho-ri-n£-mus, s. [Gr. chorion= skin, leather, 
and aema^thread.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the sub¬ 
family Centronotin®, and family Zeid®. 

chor'-i-on, s. [Gr. c/ioriow=skra, leather; Lat. 
corium.] 

1. Anat.: The outer membrane which envelops 
the foetus in the womb. 

“ They are seen to form a close pall over the surface of 
the chorion .”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. 
14, p. 140. 

2. Bot.: The external membrane of the seeds of 
plants. 

chbr-i-pet-a-lum, s. [Gr. choris= apart, and 
petalon= a leaf petal.] 

Bot..: A genus of scandent shrubs or trees of the 
Ardisiad order, distinguished among its allies by 
the petals being four and free, not united, as well as 
by its racemed flowers. The flowers are small, 
white or yellowish, borne in littl axillary racemes: 
the berries, when ripe, are scarle in color. Chori- 
petalum undulatum , a native of the temperate 
regions of the Himalayas, grows to a height of 60 
feet. 

Cho-rls'-i-a, s. [Named in honor of J. L. Choris, 
the artist who accompanied Kotzebue round the 
world.] 

Bot.: A genus of small prickly-stemmed trees of 
the Sterculiad family, peculiar to South America. 
The flowers are large, rose-colored, 1-3 in number, 
and composed of a bell-shaped 3-5 lobed calyx; 5 
narrow petals, covered with silky hairs; a double 
stamina! tube, the outer bearing the barren, the 
inner the fertile stamens. The tough bark of Chorisia 
crispiflora is used in Brazil for making cordage; 
and the white cottony hairs of the seeds of C. 
speciosa are used by the Brazilians for stuffing pil¬ 
lows and cushions. The species are widely spread 
in Asia, Africa, and America. (Treas. of Bot.) 

cho -ri-sis, s. [Gr. chdrisis= a separating: choris 
=apart, separately.] 

Bot.: (See extract.) 

“Sometimes the parts of a flower are increased in num¬ 
ber by the growth of additional parts, or by the splitting 
of organs during their development . . . This chorisis 
consists in the formation of two parts out of one, the sep¬ 
arated parts being either placed one in front of the other 
by transverse chorisis, or side by side by collateral chori* 
sis.” — Balfour: Botany, p. 196. 

cho-ris -ma, s. [Gr. chorismos= a separation, a 
parting.] 

Bot.: A name formerly given to a genus of plants 
consisting of a single species, Chorisma repens , a 
little plant belonging to the Composites, and a 
native of the sandy sea-shore of China. It is nearly 
related to the Sow-thistles. It has been called 
Chorisis repens , and is now transferred to the genus 
Ixeris (q. v.). (Treas. of Bot.) 

Chor-I-spbr'-a, s. [Gr. cko?-is=separately, and 
spora—a seed; in allusion to the seeds being in¬ 
closed separately in the pods.] 

Bot.: A genus of annual plants, natives of Siberia 
and the Altai, with purple, white, or yellow flowers. 
They belong to the Crucifera. (Treas. of Bot.) 
chor’-Ist, s. [Fr. choriste .] A chorister. 

“ Behold the great chorist of the angelical quire.”— Par- 
theneia Sacra, p. 150 (1633). 

chor’-is-ter, *choir-is-ter, *quer-is-ter, *quir- 
is-ter, *queer-es-ter, s. [Either from Fr. chor¬ 
ist (e), with Eng. suff. -er, or from choir with suff. 
-ster. ] 

I. Literally: 

1 . One who sings in a choir. 

“Sometimes there are on the cathedral foundation 
minor canons, and always precentors, lay vicars, and 
choristers.” — A. Fonblanque, jun.. How We Are Governed, 
let. 10. 


2. The leader of a choir. 

[3. A singer generally. 

II. Fig.: Applied to birds. 

“ Of airy choristers a numerous train 
Attend his wondrous progress.” 

j Oryden: Threnodia Augustalis, 366. 

Chor-Is'-te§, s. [Gr. c/ioris?cs=separating: choris 
=apart, separately.] , , , ,. 

Bot.: A genus of much-branched shrubs, natives 
of Mexico, belonging to the Cinchonace® (Cincho- 
nads). 

■[chbr-Is’-tlc, a. [Eng. chorist; - ic .] Of or per¬ 
taining to a choir; choral. (Crabb .)' 

chbr-Is-to-phyl-lous, a. [From Gr. choristos— 
separated; and phyllon=a leaf.] 

Bot.: Separate leaved; having separate leaves. 

Cho-rls'-to-pod, s. [From Gr. choristos= sepa. 
rated, andpows, genit. podos-=a foot.] 

Zool.: A crustacean, with the. feet separated. 

“We recognize three groups of the choristopods.”— 
Dana: Crustacea, pt. i., p. 11. 

cho-rl-sty'-lis, s. [Gr. c/i.om= apart, and stylos 
=a style.] .... 

Bot.: A genus of plants, natives of South Africa, 
belonging to the Escalloniace®. It consists of a 
single species, a shrub with panicles of. small green 
flowers. The fruit is a capsule twisting into two 
pieces to liberate the many seeds it contains. 

ch8-rI-za'-tion, s. [Gr. chorizo— to separate; 
cAoris=apart, separate.] 

Bot.: The separation of a layer from the inner 
side of a petal, either presenting a peculiar form, 
or resembling the part from which it is derived. 
(Balfour.) Also called unlining by Lindley and 
deduplication by Henfrey. [Chorosis.] 

Ch 6 -rl-z 8 n’-te§, s. pi. [Gr. non. masc. pi. of the 
pr. par. of chorizo= to separate.] A name applied 
to those critics who deny the identity of the authors 
of the Iliad and the Odyssey. 

“The chorizontes, so called because they separate the 
authorship of the Iliad from that of the Odyssey.”— 
Gladstone: Juventus Mundi, ch. i. 

Chorl, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The angle at the 
junction of the blade of a penknife with the square 
shank which forms the joint. 

chbr-6-bate, chbr-ob'-a-te§, s. [Gr. chora= a 
place; and bates=traversing, baino— to go.] The 
Greek level. [Level.] 

chor-o-graph, s. [Gr. chora—a district, a place, 
andgrrqpftb=to write, to describe.] An instrument 
contrived by Professor Wallace, of Edinburgh, “ To 
determine the position of a station, having given 
the three angles made by it to three other stations 
in the same plane whose positions are known.” 

Chor-og'-raph-er, s. [Gr. chorographos= de¬ 
scribing countries; chora=a country, a place; 
grapho= to write, to describe, and Eng. suff. -er.] 

1 . One who describes or plans particular districts 
or countries. 

"... the others should indeed be termed topograph¬ 
ers or chorographers . . .”— Fielding: Joseph Andrews. 

2. A geographical antiquarian or critic who, in 
the comparison of modern with ancient geography, 
investigates the locality of places mentioned in the 
older writers, and discusses the question of names 
for which the site, and sites for which the name, is 
uncertain. 

“Places unknown better harped at in Camden and other 
chorographers .”— Milton: Hist. Eng., bk. iv. 

chor-6-graphM-cgl, a. [Eng. chorograph(y); 
■deal.) Pertaining to chorography; descriptive of 
particular regions or countries. 

“I have added a chorographical description of this ter¬ 
restrial Paradise.”— Raleigh: History of the World. 

chor-o-graph’-i-cgl-ly, adv. [Eng. choro¬ 
graphical; - ly .] In a chorographical manner; 
according to the rules and principles of chorog¬ 
raphy. 

“ I may perhaps be found fault withal, because I do not 
chorographically place the funeral monuments in this my 
book.”— Weever: Anc. Fun. Mon. Great Britain, Ireland, 
and Islands adjacent. 

ch8r-8g'-rfiph-y (1), s. [Fr. chorographie ; Lat. 
chorographia , from Gr. chorographia—a descrip¬ 
tion of countries or regions; chora—a district, a 
region; graphia=an account, from grapho= to 
write; to describe.] The science or practice of 
describing various countries or regions, or of laying 
down their limits and boundaries on maps. It is 
thus distinguished from, and has a wider meaning 
than, topography, which deals with the description 
and history of single places. 

“ I think there might be good use made of it for chorog¬ 
raphy .”— Wotton: Reliq. Wotton., p. 300. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, finite, ciir, rfile, full; try, Syrian. se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



chorography 


871 


chouse 


Chor-og -rgph-y (2), s. [Gr. choros= a dance: 
graphic/,—& description, grapho=to write, describe.] 
A description of or treatise on dancing. [ Choreg- 
raphy.] 

“A Treatis of Chorography or the Art of Dancing 
Country Dances after a new character, . , —From the 
French ofM. Feuillet. ... By John Essex (1710). 

chor -did, a. & s. [Gr. choroeides [ chiton ] = the 
grape-colored coating of the eye; chorion — skin, 
leather, and eidos=form, appearance.] 

A. As adjective: 

Anat.: Resembling the chorion; an epithet ap¬ 
plied to several membranes, especially to the plexus 
and web of the pia mater , and to the inner tunic of 
the eye. 

“The choroid coat of the eye.’*— Todd & Bowman: Phys¬ 
iol. Anat., vol. i., ch. ii., p. 60. 

I “ The choroid arteries which supply the choroid plexus.” 
<—Ibid., ch. x., p. 293. 

B. As substantive: 

Anat.: The vascular, as opposed to the specially 
nervous, portion of the retina. 

“ The optic nerve penetrates the sclerotic. . . . The 
choroid is thick, and colored by a deep-brown pigment.”— 
Owen: Anatomy of Vertebrates. 

choroid coat, s. 

Anat.: A vascular membrane, black on the inner 
side, lining the sclerotic portion of the eyeball. 

choroid membrane, s. 

Anat.: A thin membrane which extends from the 
entrance of the optic nerve to near the anterior 
margin of the sclerotica, where, thickening, it be¬ 
comes the ciliary body, and is continued into the 

iris. 

choroid plexus, s. 

Anat.: A congeries of blood-vessels upon the lat 
eral ventricle of the brain. (Often in the plural 
plexuses.) 

“In the lateral and fourth ventricles it [the spinal 
membrane] forms projecting processes or folds, somewhat 
fringed, highly vascular, and invested by epithelium 
derived from the membrane which lines the ventricles. 
These processes are called the choroid plexuses.” — Todd <& 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i. ch. x., p. 254. 

Chor- 6 i'-dal, a. [Eng. choroid; -al.] The same as 
Choroid, a. (q. v.). 

choroidal fold, s. 

Anat.: A fold appearing to inclose the lens of the 
eye, but so as to leave an aperture or depression 
below. ( Quain .) 
choroidal fissure, s. 

Anat.: The same as choroidal fold ( q. v.). 
(Quain.) 

Chbr- 6 i'-dl-tis, s. [From Gr. choroeides , for 
chorioeides [Choroid], and suff. itis, denoting in¬ 
flammation.] 

Med.: Inflammation of one of the investing tissues 
of the eyeball, called the choroid. This highly vas- 
eular and pigmentary membrane is seldom the seat 
of inflammation, but when it does occur it is char¬ 
acterized by pain in and around the eye, intolerance 
of light, tearfulness, displacement of the pupil, 
and, as the disease proceeds, the cornea and the 
whole eyeball swell and protrude. Hectic and 
emaciation are the common accompaniments of the 
latter condition, and the digestion throughout is 
very much impaired. Chronic choroiditis is marked 
by a very peculiar alteration and variation which 
takes place in the color of the eye, and which has 
been called by Desmarres choroide tigr6e. 

cho-ro log -I-cal, a. [Eng. chorolog(y); -ical.'] 
Of or pertaining to chorology. 

“ Chorological difficulties.”— Lingard: Hist. Anglo-Sax. 
Church, vol. i., p. 349. 

cho-rol-o-gjf, s. [Gr. chore—a district, county; 
logos=a discourse, lego=to tell, to describe.] 

1 . The science or act of describing localities; 
chorography. 

2. The geographical and topographical distribu¬ 
tion of animal and vegetable species. 

“The answer . , . would represent its distribution 
or chorology.” — Huxley: Crayfish, p. 46. 

tchor-om'-et-ry, s. [From Gr. chora- a place 
... a country; o connective, and metron = a 
measure.] The art of surveying a country. (Nut- 
tall.) 

Chor- 6 §-is, s. [From Gr. chbrizo— to separate.] 

Bot.: Deduplication, the division of an organ 
into a pair or cluster. It may be produced in two 
ways, the first, called collateral chorosis, takes 
place when an organ is replaced by two or more 
situated on the same plane, and in which case the 
organs stand side by side as in tetradynamous 
stamens; and vertical chorosis, when the organs 
produced stand one before the other, as in the 
“ crown,” or two-lobed appendage, inside the blade 
of the petals of Silene. [Chorization.] 


ch'6r-6-ze -mg, s. [Gr. choros — a dance, and 
zema— a drink ; said to have been so named by its 
discoverer, M. Labillardi&re, in allusion to the joy¬ 
ful feelings of the party which he accompanied in 
the exploration of Western Australia, on meeting 
with a supply of water, in the vicinity of which he 
discovered the plant.] 

Bot.: A genus of pretty bushes, natives of West¬ 
ern Australia, belonging to the pea-flowered Legu- 
minosse. The plants are often to be met with in 
greenhouses, more than a dozen species being in 
cultivation, of which the most beautiful are Choro- 
zema Henclimanni, with long terminal leafy 
racemes of a beautiful red color; C. spectabile, a 
twiner of great beauty, producing long drooping 
racemes of orange-colored flowers, which appear 
in the winter months; C. cordatum, a plant very 
common in gardens: the flowers, in loose racemes, 
are red, the standard spotted with yellow at the 
base; and C. Dicksoni, a handsome plant with 
larger flowers than the others: there are upward of 
twenty species known. 

chor -ton, s. [Ger.] 

Music: The ancient ecclesiastical pitch in Ger¬ 
many. It was supposed to be higher than that 
employed for secular music by about a tone. The 
terms Kammerton and Chorton were used to signify 
the difference between a high and a low pitch for 
the same denominated sound. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

chor'-us, s. [Lat., from Gr. choros=& dance in a 
circle, accompanied with song; a chorus.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

(1) In the same sense as II. 1. 

“ The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a 
chorus of singers; afterward one actor was introduced.”— 
Dryden. 

(2) A number of persons singing in concert. 

“My melancholy voice the chorus join’d.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii. 

(3) A concerted piece of music, sung by a number 
of singers together. 

(4) The verses of a song, &c., in which an audi¬ 
ence or company joins the singer. 

“Each boatman, bending to his oar, 

With measured sweep the burthen bore, 

In such wild cadence, as the breeze 
Makes through December’s leafless trees. 

The chorus first could Allan know.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, ii. 18. 

' 2. Figuratively: 

(1) A unanimous and loudly-expressed declara¬ 
tion of opinions or sentiments. 

*(2) An interpreter of events; one who explains. 

“ Ophe. You are a good Chorus, my Lord. 

Ham. I could interpret between you and your love: if 
I could see the puppets dallying.” 

Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Gr. Drama: The chorus was probably origi¬ 
nally a company of dancers in a ring. In later times 
a choric performance implied the singing or musical 
recitation of a poetical composition, accompanied 
by appropriate dancing and gesticulation. As 
choral performances were especially cultivated in 
all the Dorian states, and particularly in Sparta, 
the Dorian dialect came to be regarded as the ap¬ 
propriate dialect for such compositions. Arion, a 
contemporary of Periander, first gave the chorus a 
regular choral form. It consisted of about fifty 
men or youths, who danced round the altar of Di¬ 
onysus. From these cyclic choruses was developed 
the Attic tragedy. [Tragedy.] The exact number 
of the chorus in the times of the earlier tragic poets 
is uncertain; from Sophocles onward the regular 
number was fifteen. It was arranged in a quad¬ 
rangular form, and entered the theater by a passage 
to the right of the spectators in three lines. To 
guide them in their evolutions lines were marked 
upon the boards of the orchestra. The functions 
of the chorus in the Greek tragedy were very im¬ 
portant. It acted the part (1) of a dispassionate 
and right-minded spectator, inculcating the lessons 
of morality and resignation to the will of heaven, 
as taught in the piece being acted; and ( 2 )_ of a 
guide to explain events supposed to happen in the 
intervals between the acts and scenes. In comedy 
the number of the chorus was twenty-four, consist¬ 
ing half of males and naif of females. 

2. Music: (1), (2), & (3). The same as I. 1, (2), 
(3), & (4). 

(4) The name given to the mixture and compound 
stops in an organ. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

*3. Astron.: An attendant or encircling group of 
planets. • 

“ Every fixed starts incircled with a chorus of planets.” 
— Ray: Creation, p. 18. 

fchdr'-us, v. t. [Chords, a] To|join in, as in a 
chorus ; to utter in concert. 

“ To this lamentation, which one or two of the assists 
ants chorused with deep groan, our hero thought it 
unnecessary to make any reply.”— Scott: Waverley, ch. 
xxxvi. 


gho§e, s. [Ital. & Sp. cosa; Port, cousa- a thing 
suit, or cause, from Lat. causa.) 

Law: A thing, a chattel, a piece of property; the 
subject-matter of an action. 

“ Chose is used in divers senses, of which the four fol¬ 
lowing are the most important: (1) Chose local, a thing 
annexed to a place, as a mill, &c. (2) Chose transitory, 

that which is movable, and may be taken away, or carried 
from place to place. (3) Chose in action, otherwise called 
chose in suspense, a thing of which a man has not the 
possession or actual enjoyment, but has a right to demand 
it by action or other proceeding. . . . (4) Choses in 

possession, where a person has not only the right to enjoy, 
but also the actual enjoyment of a thing.”— Wharton: 
Law Lexicon. 

§h 6 §e, pret. & pa. par. of v. [as pa. par. now 
obsolete, its place being taken by chosen (q. v.).} 
[Choose.] 

“ Our sovereign here above the rest might stand, 

And here be chose again to rule the land.” 

Dryden. 

ghog-gn, *gho§e, pa. par. & a. [Choose.] 

A. As pa. par.: (See the verb.) 

“And he said, Neither hath the Lord chosen this.”— 
1 Sam. xvi. 8. 

B. As adj.: Selected, picked out. Used — 

1. Generally: 

“With some few bands of chosen soldiers.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VI., Pt. III., iii. 3. 

2. Specially: [Choose, II. 1, 2.] 

“But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an 
holy nation, a peculiar people . . . ”—1 Pet. ii. 9. 

*gho§'-ling, s. [Mid. Eng. clios— choose, and dim. 
suff. -ling.) One chosen, or elect. 

“Quen he to pin him selfen did 
For his choslinges on rod-tre.” 

Cursor Mundi, 1608. 

gh 6 u’-gn, s. & a. [Either from the prime mover, 
a smith called Chouan, or from Fr. chouan, chouant, 
a contraction of chat-huant—a screech-owl, because, 
at first, the body consisted of robbers, smugglers- 
and outlaws, or because they acted chiefly at night. 
(Mahn.)) 

A. As subst.: One of a band of royalist insurgents, 
chiefly brigands, who lived near the river Loire, 
during the French revolution. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the body of men 
described in A. 

chough (pron. ghufif), *ghoghe, *ghoughe, 
*kowe, s. [A. S. ceo; Dut. kaauw= a chough; Dan. 
kaa= a jackdaw; Sw. kaja. The name is derived 
from the cawing of the bird. (Skeat.)) 

Ornith.: A bird, Fregilus araculus, belonging to 
the Fregilinse, the second sub-family of the Crows. 
It is generally called the Cornish Chough. The 
bill is long and gently curved, and the nostrils 
are low down in the upper mandible, and hidden 
by a dense tuft of bristles. The color is black. It 
is found plentifully in the rocky parts of the coasts 
of the Atlantic. 

“The cough, the sea-mew, the loquacious crow.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. v., 1. 86. 

* 9 houl, *ghoule, *ghowle, *ghow. s. [Chol, 

Jowl.] 

1 . The jaw. 

“In puir auld Scotland’s Parliament they a’ sate the- 
gither, cheek by choul, . . .”— Scott: Bob Roy, ch. xiv. 

2 . The crop of a bird. 

“ The choule or crop adhering unto the lower side of the 
bill, and so descending by the throat, is a bag or sachel.” 
— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

ghoul’-try, s. [Hindustani.] A Hindoo cara¬ 
vanserai or inn, a covered public building for the 
accommodation of travelers. 

t 9 h. 6 u.se, *ghi-auze, v. t. [Turk. Chaus (Hack- 
luyt), chiaus (Massinger) = an interpreter. In 1609 
a chaus, or interpreter, attached to the Turkish 
embassy in London, perpetrated a fraud to the 
extent of $20,000, then deemed a great sum, on the 
Turkish and Persian merchants in the English 
metropolis. The public were so impressed by the 
circumstance that they began to use the expression 
to chiaous, to chause, or to chouse for cheating, as 
the chaus, or interpreter, had done. (Ben Jonson: 
The Alchemist (ed. Gifford), i. 1.). The verb is now 
nearly obsolete, except among schoolboys. (Trench : 
English Past and Present, pp. 62, 63.)] To trick, to 
swindle, to cheat. 

“. . . our barber on the place is chiauz’d, a very 
pigeon, a younger brother.” — Gayton: Notes on Don 
Quixote, iv. 18. 

“ From London they came, silly people to chouse .” 

Swift. 

IT With of before the name of the thing of which 
one is defrauded. 

“When geese and pullen are seduc’d, 

And sows of sucking pigs are chous’d.” 

Hudibras. 


b6il, bby; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph — f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, dgl. 




chouse 


872 


Christ 


Qhouse, * 9 hi-aus, s. [Chouse, v.] 

*1. A Turkish messenger. 

“ . . . all at once a period waa put to his ambitious 
projects by one of the Chiauses, or messengers of the 
palace, who, snatching up a carbine, shot him dead.”— 
Oent. Mag., 1755, p. 87. 

2. A swindler. 

“ What do you think of me, 

That I am a chiaus ? 

Face. What’s that ? 

Dap. The Turk was here 
As one should say, Doe you think I am a Turk ?— 

Face. Come, noble Doctor, pray thee let’s prevail— 
You deal now with a noble gentleman, 

One that will thank you richly, and he is no chiaus.” 

Ben Jonson: Alchemist, i. 1. 

+3. A trick, a swindle, a fraud. 

*4. A silly gull; one easily cheated. 

“ A sottish chouse,. 

Who, when a thief has robb’d his house, 

Applies himself to cunning men.” 

Hudibras, pt. ii., c. 3. 

t 9 housed, pa. par. or a. [Chouse, v.] 
9 hbus'-Ing, pr. par. & a. [Chouse, v.] 
9 h.du.s-Me, s. [Probably from chouse, v.] A 
knave. ( Jamieson .) 

9 hout, s. [Mahratta cAcuodf7ia=fourth.] A fourth 
part of the clear revenue. 

The Mahratta chout: The fourth part of the 
revenue. This was exacted by the Mahrattas from 
all the Indian districts which they conquered. 

“ . . . agreed to purchase deliverance from their in¬ 
cursions [those of the Mahrattasl by the payment of even 
the chout, or fourth part of the revenues of the Deccanee 
province . . .”— Mill: Hist. Brit. India, ii. 440. 

*chbw (1), s. [Chew, s.] A mouthful, especially 
of tobacco. 

“ He took aff his bannet and spat in his chow, 

He dightit his gab and he pried her mow,” 

Ballad, Muirland Willie. 

9 I 1 OW (2), s. [Probably Dan. kolle=a bat orclub.] 

1. A wooden ball used in a game played with 
clubs. (Scotch.) 

2. The game itself. 

9 hdw- 9 hdw, a. & s. [Chinese.] 

A. As adj.: Consisting of a mixture of several 
kinds of ingredients ; mixed. 

B. As subst.: Mixed pickles, prepared with mus¬ 
tard or other condiment. 

chow-chow-chop, s. The last lighter containing 
a miscellaneous cargo of small packages sent off to 
a ship. 

ghow’-der, s. [Sp. chode= a paste made of milk, 
eggs, sugar, and flour.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A kind of stew made of fish, pork, biscuits, &c. 

2. A seller of fish. ( Provincial.) 

3. The same as Chowder-beer (q.v.). 

“ My head sings and simmers like a pot of chowder .”— 
Smollett: L. Greaves, ch. xvii. (Davies.) 

II. Med.: An antiscorbutic used in some of the 
North Atlantic naval stations. ( Crabb.) 

chowder-beer, s. A kind of beer made from 
spruce boiled in water, with which molasses is 
mixed. 

9 how"-der, v. t. [Chowder, s.] To make into a 
chowder. 

9 howl, s. [Chavel, Chol, Chool.] 

9 hbwl, chool, v. i. [From chowl, s. (q. v.)] To 
distort the mouth. (Scotch.) 

9 howp, v. i. [Chop, v.] (Scotch.) 

* 9 howre, v. i. [Etymology unknown.] To show 
signs of crossness of temper; to be peevish. 

9 how'-ry, s. [Hindust., Mahratta, &c., chawari= 
a fly-flap.] A brush or instrument used in the East 
Indies to keep off flies. 

t 9 hbw§, s. pi. [From Fr. c7wnt=coal(?)] A 
smaller kind of coal much used in forges. (Scotch.) 
(Stat. Acc.) 

9 how'-tle, 9 hut-tle, v. t. [A freq. formation 
from chow (q. v.).] To chew feebly. 

chre-m^L-tls -tic, a. [Gr. chrematistikos, from 
chremata=money.] Pertaining to the acquisition 
of wealth. 

“ I am not the least versed in the chrematistic art.”— 
Fielding: Amelia, bk. ix., ch. v. 

chre-ma-tls'-tics, s. [Gr. chrematistike [techne] 
=[the art] of money-making, traffic ; chrematizo— to 
traffic, chremata= money.] The science of wealth, 
now superseded by the term Political Economy. 

chre-o-tech'-nlcs, s. [Gr. chreios=useful, need¬ 
ful ; techne= an art, a science.] The science of the 
useful arts, such as agriculture, commerce, manu¬ 
factures. 


chres-to-math’-Ic, a. [Eng. chrestomath(y) ; 
-ic.\ Learning or teaching good and useful things. 

“Part of the course of studies in his chrestomathio 
school.”— Southey: Doctor, ch. ccxxviii. 

chres-tom-a-thy, s. [Gr. chrestomatheia =the 
learning of things useful or good: chrestos=good ; 
matheia=leaming, manthano=to learn.] A collec¬ 
tion of select readings, &c., for use in learning a 
language; as a Greek chrestomathy. 

chret’-I-en, s. [Fr.] A variety of pear; the bon 
Chretien. (Nuttall.) 
tchrl-sls, s. [Gr. chryso$=go\d.] 

Entom.: The “ golden wasp,” a genus of Hymen- 
opterous insects. [Chrysis.] 
chrl§m, chrisme, *cry§me, *cri§me, *krys- 
ome, s. [O. Fr. cresme, chresme; Lat. chrisma: 
Gr. chrisma=oil, ointment, from chrio— to anoint.] 
[Chrisom, Creme.] 

Ecclesiastical: 

1. ( Greek and Latin Churches): The consecrated 
oil used by the bishop in the administration of bap¬ 
tism, confirmation, and extreme unction. 

“ Crysome for a yong chylde, cresmaux.” — Palsgrave. 
“Be corownde kynge, with krysome enoynthede.”— 
Morte Arthure, 3,435. 

*2. (Church of England): [The same as Chrisom 

“Chrisme was the holy oil with which heretofore all 
infants were anointed. This was made by the bishops, 
and, by a constitution of Archbishop Peacham, was to be 
renewed once a year.”— Burn: Ecclesiastical Law. 

christ-mal, a. [Low Lat. chrismalis, from 
chrisma .] Of the nature of, or pertaining to, 
chrism; consecrated. 

“ Having thus conjured and prayed, he falls upon sing¬ 
ing the praises of this chrismal oil.”— Brevint: Saul and 
Sam. at Endor, p. 316. 

*chrl§-m5, -tion, s. [Low Lat. chrismatio, from 
chrisma.'] The act or practice of applying the 
chrism. 

“ The case is evident that chrismation, or cross-signing 
with ointment, was used in baptism; and it is evident 
that this chrismation was it which S. Gregory permitted 
to the presbyters.”— Jeremy Taylor: Episcopacy Asserted, 
p. 197. 

chri§'-ma-tlte, chrls'-ma-tlne, s. [Gr. chrisma 
=ointment; and suff. -ite or -ine (Min.) (q. v.)_.l 
Min.: A mineral of a butter-like or semi-fluid 
consistency, found at Wottin, in Saxony. It becomes 
soft at 55°-60° C. Color greenish to wax-yellow; 
slightly translucent It melts at a very low temper¬ 
ature to an oil which is dark-red by transmitted 
light, and apple-green by reflected. It burns with a 
flame, without smell. Specific gravity, below 1. 
Composition: Carbon. 78'512; hydrogen, 19‘191; 
oxygen, 2'297. (Dana.) 

chrlg'-ma-tor-jf, *crys-ma-tor-y, *cris-ma- 

tor-ie, s. [Low Lat. chrismatorium , from chrisma.] 

1. A vessel in which the chrism was kept. 

“A crysmatory; crysmale (crismatorium A.)” — Cathol. 
Anglicum (ed. Herrtage). 

“ The word is sometimes translated lenticula, a chris- 
matory, or cruet, or vessel to contain oil ; sometimes orbis, 
a spherical body encompassing others.”— Smith: Old Age, 
p. 215. 

2. A recess resembling a piscina, near the spot 
where the font originally stood, to contain the 
chrism. (Gwilt.) 

fchrls-S-chlo-rls, s. [Gr. chrusos—gold ; chloros 
—green.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of Rodents, consisting of a single 
species, Chrisochloris capensis, a kind of mole, the 
fur of which reflects the most brilliant hues of green 
and gold. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. 
[Chrysochloris .] 

*chris'-om, *crysome, *crysme, s. [Chrism, 
Creme.] 

1. Eccles.: 

(1) Originally: A white cloth, anointed with 
chrism, which m the ancient Church was put upon 
children by the priest at the time of their baptismj 
It was afterward carefully preserved as a memorial 
and emblem of innocence. 

(2) After: The white dress put upon a child newly 
christened, with which it was also shrouded if it 
died within a month after its baptism. 

2. A child which died within the month, also 
called a chrism-child. 

“When the convulsions were but few, the number of 
chrisoms and infants was greater.” — Graunt: Bills of 
Mortality. 

*chrisom-child, *crysmechild, chrism-child, 

s. [Chrisom, 2.] 

“Ther the crysmechild for sunnes sore schal drede.”— 
Old Eng. Miscell. (ed. Morris), p. 90. 

chris-oph'-yl-us, s. [Gr. chrusos=go\d; phylon 
=a kind, a tribe.] 

Entom.: A genus of Dipterous insects, belonging 
to the family Tanystoma. (Craig.) 


Christ, s. [Lat. Christus; Gr. christos= anointed, 
and chrio —to anoint.] 

The Anointed One: The appellation given to 
Our Lord as His official title, and corresponding to 
the Hebrew Messiah (q. v.). 

“And He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? 
And Peter answereth and saith unto Him, Thou art the 
Christ.”—Mark viii. 29. 

1[ Used in the plural to signify persons who would 
pretend to be the true Christ. 

“ For false Christs and false prophets shall rise, . . .” 

—Mark xiii. 22. 

][ The two names, Jesus Christ, are not analogous 
to a modern Christian name and surname; in 
reality the great Being so designated had but one 
personal appellation—Jesus: Christ being super- 
added at a later period to designate His office, 
function, or mission. Jesus, Gr. Iesous, is the 
equivalent of the Heb. Yehoshua, i. e., Joshua, 
meaning Jehovah-Savior, Deliverer, or Helper. 
[Jesus.] It was borne by the military leader in the 
wars of Canaan (Josh, i.-xxiv., actually called Jesus 
in the authorized version of Actsvii.45, and Heb. iv. 
8), by Jesus surnamed Justus, a fellow-laborer with 
Paul (Col. iv. 11), and by about a dozen of other 
persons figuring in the pages of Josephus; in fact 
the name seems to have been not uncommon among 
the Jews. But we learn from St. Matthew that in 
this particular case the appellation was given pre¬ 
vious to birth by Divine authority. “ . . . thou 
shalt call his name Jesus, for he shaH save his 
people from their sins.” The year [Christian Era], 
the month, and the day [Christmas], when the 
child Jesus was born are matters of more or less 
uncertainty, not having been recorded. with pre¬ 
cision at the time. The salient features, however, 
of the life thus begun were narrated by four evan¬ 
gelists [Evangelists], who are believed by the 
immense majority of Christians to have written 
with infallible accuracy and trustworthiness under 
the guidance or inspiration of the Spirit of God. 
[Inspiration.] 

The circumstances heralding or attendant upon 
the birth of John, afterward the Baptist, and the 
miraculous conception and nativity of Jesus, the 
last-named event at Bethlehem, are told at length 
by St. Luke (Luke i.-ii.); while St. Matthew relates 
the visit of the Magi, the slaughter of the infants 
at Bethlehem, and the flight of the holy family to 
Egypt (Matt. ii.). 

These occurrences took place while Augustus, the 
second Roman Emperor, was upon the throne (Luke 

ii. 1). Thirty years later, under the reign of Tibe¬ 
rius, John, now grown to full manhood, appeared 
in the wilderness of Judea, as an ascetic and 
preacher of repentance, the necessity of which he 
urged on the ground that the kingdom of heaven 
was at hand. Those who confessed their sins he 
baptized in the river Jordan, and thus a new relig¬ 
ious community arose, separated to a certain 
extent from the ordinary professors of Judaism 
(Matt. iii. 1-10, Luke iii. 1-14). Some suspected 
that he might be the “Christ” or “Messiah”_of 
ancient prophecy, but he disclaimed the honor, in¬ 
dicating that he was but the forerunner of another 
who should baptize with the Holy Ghost and with 
fire, that is, as with fire. (Matt. iii. 11,12; Luke iii. 
16; John i. 20-23.) 

Meanwhile Jesus, now about thirty years of age, 
had come forth from the obscurity in which he had 
hitherto resided at Nazareth. (Luke ii. 51, iii. 23.1 
Having sought and obtained baptism from John, 
with Divine recognition as the Son of God, and 
having overcome temptation in the wilderness, He 
without further delay addressed Himself to His 
life-work in the world. (Matt. iii. 13-17, iv. 1-11; 
Luke iii. 21, 22, iv. 1-14.) He claimed to be the 
Messiah spoken of by holy men of old (Dan. ix. 25, 
26, &c.L nay more, to be, in one sense, the subordi¬ 
nate (John x. 29), and in another the equal of His 
Heavenly Father (v. 30). His ministry, while not 
ignoring repentance (Luke xiii. 3-5), was one chiefly 
of faith (John iii. 14-19) and love (John xiii. 34; 
Matt. v. 43-46). Twelve apostles (Matt. x. 1-6), and 
afterward seventy other disciples, were chosen to 
aid him in his ministry (Luke x. 1, &c.), the former 
baptizing converts as they arose (John iv. 2). John 
the Baptist saw his own reputation pale. away 
under the greater glory of his Divine successor, but 
never allowed this to evoke jealousy within his 
breast (Matt. iii. 11; Luke iii. 15 ; John i. 15, 27, 29, 

iii. 28-31), and when his faithfulness in reproving 
sin, even in high places, led to his suffering a 
martyr’s death (Matt. xiv. 3-12), his baptized fol¬ 
lowers, either at once or gradually, transferred 
themselves to Jesus (John i. 35-37 ; Acts xix. 1-5). 

The latter holy teacher thus left alone, continued 
His ministry, it is believed, for about three years in 
all, chiefly at Capernaum and other places near the 
Lake of Galilee (Matt. iv. 13 : Luke vii. 1), as well as 
in other places of that province (Luke vii. 11, &c.; 
Matt. xvi. 13),in Perea beyond Jordan (Matt, xix 
1 ; Mark x. 1; Luke viii. 37), in Samaria (John iv. 1- 
42), beyond the Holy Land in Phenicia (Mark vii 
24), and chiefly on occasions of the great festivals, 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pit. 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw 



Christ-cross 


873 


Christian 


at Jerusalem, which necessitated His visiting other 
parts of Judea (Matt. xx. 29; John ii. 23, vii. 1 , 2 , 
10). He supported His claims to be the Messiah by 
miracles of knowledge, i. e., prophecies (Matt. xx. 
19. &c.; Luke xix. 41-44) and miracles of power, such 
as healing the sick (Matt. ix. 35 , <fcc.), nay, even 
raising the dead (Mark v. 22-43; Luke viii. 41-56; 
John xi. 1-44). 

The chief priests and other dignitaries who held 
sway in the Jewish synagogues, were stirred up 
nearly to madness by jealousy of His success, and 
eagerly accepted the offer of an unworthy apostle, 
Judas Iscariot ( i . e., apparently of Kerioth in Judea) 
to betray his Lord. A manufactured charge of 
blasphemy led to the condemnation of Jesus by His 
deadly foe, the high priest, but as the power of life 
.and death now rested not with the Jewish author¬ 
ities, but with the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate, 
a charge of disaffection to the imperial government 
was manufactured, as it was felt that the heathen 
Roman would not attach any weight to the alleged 
blasphemy. The procurator had discernment to 
see clearly that what he was required to do was to 
sanction a judicial murder, and for some time 
refused to become partner in the Jewish ruler’s 
guilt. But as the cry, “Crucify him,” “crucify 
him,” continued to rise from the multitude, he 
resolved to avoid unpopularity at the expense of 
moral principle, and gave sentence that it should 
be as the Jews required. The crucifixion therefore 
took place (Matt, xxvii.; Mark xv.; Luke xxiii.; 
John xix.). Friday was the day when the nefarious 
deed was done, and three days later, or early on 
Sunday morning, news was brought to the Apostles, 
and the Church generally, by certain women of 
their company who had visited the sepulchre, that 
a resurrection had taken place (Matt, xxviii ; Mark 
xvi.; Luke xxiv.; John xx., xxi.). At a subsequent 
interview with their risen Lord He gave the Apos¬ 
tles and their successors a commission to make 
disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name 
of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy 
Ghost (Matt, xxviii. 19 t &c.); and about forty days 
after the crucifixion fie led them out as far as 
Bethany and lifted up His hands and blessed them. 
“ And it came to pass, while He blessed them, He 
wasparted from them, and carried up into heaven” 
(Luke xxiv. 5Q. 51.). He had predicted His cruel 
death. His resurrection on the third day (Matt. xx. 
19), and His ascension (John xx. 17), and had inti¬ 
mated that at a future period He would again return 
to the earth in glory (Matt. xxvi. 64, &c.). For the 
leading dates connected with the life of Christ, see 
Christian Era ; for more details regarding the 
doctrines, and for the subsequent history of the 
Christian Church, see Christianity. 

Christ: Personal appearance : In the days of 
Christ it was a custom of the Roman governors of 
Judea to keep the government of Rome well in¬ 
formed on all important events. One of the letters 
sent to the Senate of Rome by Publius Lentulus in 
the days of Tiberius Caesar is said to have been 
largely concerned about Jesus Christ the new 
Prophet of Truth. The letter is very interesting on 
account of the description it gives of the personal 
appearance of Jesus Christ. It runs thus: 

‘ConscriptFathers: There appeared in these our 
days a man of great virtue, named Jesus Christ, 
who is now living among us. Of the Gentiles he 
is accepted as a Prophet of Truth; but his own 
disciples call him the Son of God. He raiseth the 
dead and cureth all manner of diseases. _ A man of 
stature somewhat tall and comely, with a very 
reverend countenance, such as beholders may both 
love and fear. His hair is of the color of a filbert 
fully ripe, plain to the ears, whence downward it is 
more orient of color, somewhat curled and waved 
about his shoulders. In the midst of his head is a 
seam or partition of his hair, after the manner ot 
the Nazarites. His forehead is smooth and deli¬ 
cate, his face without spot or wrinkle, beautiful 
with a comely red; his nose and mouth exactly 
formed; his beard thick, the color of his hair, not 
of any great length, but forked; his look innocent; 
his eyes gray, clear and quick ; in reproving, terrible ; 
in administering, courteous; in speaking, very 
modest and wise; in proportion of body, well 
shaped. None have ever seen him laugh, but many 
have seen him weep; a man for his singular beauty 
surpassing the children of men.’ 

Christ-cross, *criss-cross, _ *crist-cross, s. 
Mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or 

stamped on certain objects. 

1 . As the sign of twelve o clock. 


was placed at the beginning of it, or according to 
others, because it was frequently from superstitious 
ideas written or printed in the form of a cross. 

“ From infant conning of the Christ-cross-row 
Or puzzling through a primer, line by line.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii. 

Christ’s-eye, s. 

Hot.: A plant, Inula Oculus Chrisii. 

Christ’s-hair, s. 

Bot.: Scolopendrium vulgare . 

Christ’s-herb, s. 

Bot.: Helleborus niger. 

Christ’s-ladder, *Christis-leddere, s. 

Botany: 

Erythrcea Centaurium. Prior suggests that it 
was originally called Christ's-gall or Christis schale 
=Christ’s-cup, which being mistaken for Christi 
scala gave rise to the latter popular name. 

Christ’s-thorn, s. 

Bot.: Paliurus aculeatus , a plant so called from 
its being believed by many to be the plant from 
which the crown of thorns was made which was 
placed on the head of our Savior. It is a common 
plant in Palestine, andbeingvery pliable, is capable 
of being woven into any shape. The fruit has a 
singular appearance, resembling a head with a 
broad-brimmed hat. The spines are long and sharp, 
the flower rose-shaped. 

Christ’s-wort, *Christes-wurte, s. 

Bot.: Helleborus niger ; also called Christmas-rose 

(fl- v.j, 

“Christes wurte flowreth al bytimes about Christmas.”— 
Lyte, p. 851. 

Christ-tide, s. [Eng. Christ, and tide (q. v.).] 
Christmas; the season of Christmas. 

“ Let Christ-tide be thy fast.” 

Cartwright; The Ordinary, 1651. 

chrlst-a-delph'-l-an§, s. pi. [Gr. Christos = 
Christ, and adelphoi = brethren.] A sect of Chris¬ 
tians calling themselves the brethren of Christ, and 
as such claiming to take their origin from the 
Apostles themselves. [Thomasite.] 

*christ’-al, *christ’-e.ll, a. & s. [Crystal.] 

“ And in his waters, which your mirror make, 
Behold your faces as the christall bright.” 

Spenser; Epithalamion. 

♦Christ -dom, s. [Eng. Christ; suff. -doni.] The 
rule of Christ; Christendom. 

“ Slaves without the liberty in Christdom." — Mrs. 
Browning Cry of the Children. 

christ'-en, *crlst’-?n (t silent), v. t. & i. [A. S. 
cristnian=to make a Christian ; cristen— a Christ¬ 
ian ; O. F. chrestienner .] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To receive into the Christian Church by bap¬ 
tism, at which a Christian name is given to the child 
baptized. 

IT The term is limited by some to the portion of 
the church service at which the reception into the 
church is made. Thus a child may be baptized 
privately, but the ceremony of receiving into the 
church or christening is done publicly in a conse¬ 
crated building. 

”... children might be christened, if such were the 
wish of their parents, . . — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. ix. 

*2. To christianize; to convert to Christianity. 

“ I am most certain this is the first example in England 
since it was first christened.”—Jeremy Taylor: Discourse 
on Extempore Prayer. 

C. To name, to denominate; to give a name to. 

“ Where such evils as these reign, christen the thing 
what you will, it can be no better than a mock millenium.” 
— Burnet. 

4. To use for the first time. (Often said of a cup.) 

B. Intrans To be competent to administer the 
rite of baptism. 

“ This should not exempt them . . . nay. though 
they should christen and receive the sacrament therein.” 
—Ay life- Parergon, 456. 

chrlst’-en-dom, *crlst'-<?n-d&m, *crist-in- 
dom, *cryst-yn-dame, *crist-ene-dom (t silent), 

<■ [A. S .cristendom, cristenandom.] 

*1. Baptism, from the idea, formerly almost uni- 


Ab LULfcj olp,LI UI tVVCiyu 1 ■ Dcl {J blolilj llUlil tllu lUDai luiniuiij _ 

Fall to vour business soundly; the fescue of the dial versally entertained, that the administration of 
is upon the christ-cross of noon.”— The Puritan, iv. 2. baptism made a man a Christian. 

(Hares.) “Sothli me ben togedere biried with him be Christen- 

2. Probably the Alpha and Omega, or beginning dom. [Vulg. per baptismum.]”— Wj/oZfire: Bom. vi. 4. 


and end. 

“ Christ*s cross is the crlst-cross of all our happiness. 
Quarles: Emblems. (Hares ..) 

Christ-cross-row, criss-cross-row, s. The al¬ 
phabet ; so called according to some because a cross 


*2. Christianity, the Christian religion. 

“ Er Seint Austyn to Engelonde broughte cristendom .” 
— St. Dunstan, 50. 

*3. The name received at baptism; a Christian 
name; hence, any appellation or name. 


bdil boy; pout, Jowl; cat, (jell, chorus, 9hin, 

-cia’n, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-§ion = zhfin. -tious, -cious, 


4. That portion of the world in which Christianity 
is the recognized or prevailing religion, or which is 
governed in accordance with Christian doctrines, 
as opposed to heathen or Mohammedan countries. 

“ Like a tench? by the mass, there is ne’er a king in 
Christendom could be better bit than I.”— Shakesp. • Henry 
IV., ii. 1. 

5. The members of the Christian Church; the 
whole body of Christians collectively. 

“ The destruction of Jerusalem is the only subject now 
remaining for an epic poem ; a subject which, like Mil¬ 
ton’s Fall of Man, should interest all Christendom, as the 
Homeric War of Troy interested all Greece.”— Coleridge: 
Table Talk. 

♦chris’-ten-§r (t silent), s. [Eng. christen; -er.] 
The priest who performs the ceremony of baptism. 
(Latimer.) 

chrls’-ten-ihg (t silent), pr. particip., a. & 8. 
[Christen.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As particip. adj.: Pertaining to, or connected 
with, the ceremony of christening. 

“ My thoughts no christening dinners crost, 

No children cry’d for butter’d toast.” 

T. Warton: Progr. of Discontent. 

C. As subst.: The act or ceremony of admitting 
into the Christian Church, or of naming generally. 

“ The success of the launch was most complete, and the 
christening of the ship ... was followed by hearty 
cheering.”— London Times, December 2, 1875. 

♦Chris’-ten-tee, s. [Christianity.] Christ¬ 
endom. 

“Some publiqueofficers of Christentee.” — Udall; Apoph. 
of Erasmus, p. 118. 

♦Chrlst’-hood, s. [Eng. Christ; -hood.~\ The 
state or condition of being the Christ. ( Chester 
Plays, ii. 33.) 

Christ’-I-an, *chist-en, *cryst-yne, crist-ene, 

s. & a. [A. S. cristen', O. Sax. kristin; O. Fris. 
kristen; 0. Icel. kristiun; Sw. kristen; Da. christen; 
O. Fr. Christian , christien ; Fr. chrHien, all from Lat, 
christianus; Gr. christianos, from cArisfos=Christ. 
Trench draws attention to the fact that we never in 
the New Testament find the word applied to the 
followers of Jesus, except by their adversaries, and 
that it was not introduced till thepreachingof Paul 
to theGentilesof Antioch, andothercauses, showed 
that the disciples of the Crucified One indicated by 
their devout Master aimed at making their religion 
that of the entire world. The application of the 
name Christian showed that the faith so designated 
was perceived to be not a Jewish sect, but a religion 
freed from nationality or from locality, that it 
might better discharge its mission to the world. 
( Trench: On the Study of Words, pp. 99,100.)] 

A. As substantive: 

1 . One who believes or professes the religion of 
Christ; a follower of Christ. 

“ This Makometh was a cristene.”—Langland: P. Plow¬ 
man, 10,418. 

“ The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." 
— Acts xi. 26. 

2 . One who is born in a Christian country or of 
Christian parents. 

3. Plural • 

(1) A name assumed by a denomination in this 
country, to express their alleged renunciation of all 
sectarianism. They are rather numerous. They 
have no creed, nor authority in matters of doctrine, 
but leave to each individual the interpretation of 
Scripture, and the determination thereby of his 
belief. They may be regarded as a sect of Baptists. 

(2) In the British Registrar-General’slistsforl881 
of religious denominations having certified places 
of worship in England and Wales, the two following 
occur—(a) Christians owning no name but the Lord 
Jesus; and ( b ) Christians who object to be other¬ 
wise designated. 

B. As adjective: 

1 . Believing in or professing the religion of Christ. 

*■ Cristene men ogen ben so fagen.”— Genesis and Exodus. 

“. . . the most Christian barbarian who had perpe¬ 
trated on Christians outrages of which his infidel allies 
would have been ashamed.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi, 

2. Pertaining to Christ or his religion. 

3. Pertaining to the Church of Christ; ecclesias* 
tical. 

“ In briefly recounting the various species of ecclesias¬ 
tical courts, or, as they are often styled, Courts Christian, 
I will begin with the lowest.”— Blackstone: Commentaries. 

4. Civilized. 

If The most Christian king, a title bestowed by 
Pope Gregory the Great upon Charles Martel, and 
retained by subsequent French kings, as the great 
supporters of the Church. 

“ William declared aloud at his table before many per¬ 
sons that he would make the most Christian King repent 
the outrage, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




Christian 


874 


Christmas 


Christian architecture, s. The introduction 

of Christianity naturally had its effect on the style 
of architecture adopted for religious buildings. 
The Roman Early Christian style appeared first in 
basilicas and circular churches. The former were, 
doubtless, originally built on the model of the 
Roman basilicas [Basilicas], but the requirements 
of the new religion soon necessitated various 
modifications in the original plan. The Christian 
basilicas were constructed generally with three 
aisles: the central one broader than the others, the 
left or north being reserved for males and the right 
or south for females. Sometimes we find five aisles. 
The building terminated in a semi-circular apse. 
The decorations consisted of paintings and mosaics, 
used mainly in the apse. The pillars were generally 
of the Corinthian order. [Corinthian.] Symbols 
were largely introduced. These were the cross, the 
monogram of Christ, a lamb or a dove, as typifying 
the Holy Spirit, and a fish, used as a symbol of 
Christ from the letters of the Greek word ichthys= 
a fish, forming the initials of the titles of our Lord, 
lesous Christos, Theou huios, sdter =Jesus Christ, the 
Son of God, the Savior The roofing was of beams 
with flat paneling, frequently gilt. The altar stood 
at the east end in front of the apse. The space 
round the altar was railed off and called the 
sanctuary. Adjoining the entrance was generally 
a narrow space called the Narthex. [Narthex.] 
In the middle of a portico in front of the building 
was a bowl for washing the hands. [Cantharus.] 
A crypt was constructed under the altar for the 
reception of the bones of the patron-saint. 

Christian Endeavor, Young People’s Society of, 
s. A non-sectarian evangelical organization of 
young people connected with various evangelical 
churches throughout the world, having for its motto 
" For Christ and the Church.” The first society was 
formed February 2d, 1881, in the Williston Church, 
Portland, Me., by Rev. Francis E. Clark. In Novem¬ 
ber, 1896, the organization had increased to 47,009 
societies, with a membership of 2,800,000, chiefly in 
the United States and Canada, and in Australia, 
Great Britain, China, India, Japan, and in all mis¬ 
sionary lands. The general organization or United 
Society is simply a bureau of information for all the 
societies, each local society managing its own 
affairs in its own way. It is controlled by a board 
of trustees, representing the great evangelical 
churches, who meet quarterly. 


Christian courts, s.pl. 

Law: The same as Ecclesiastical Courts. 

Christian era, s. 

Chron.: The era or epoch introduced by the birth 
of Christ. It was calculated back about the year 
532, by a monk, Dionysius Exiguus (the latter word, 
meaning little, being assumed either because his 
stature was diminutive or because _ he modestly 
believed his mental powers small, which they were 
not). It is thought that he fixed the advent too 
late by four years, and that consequently Jesus was 
born, if the contradiction in terms can be per¬ 
mitted, in B. C. 4. Mr. J. W. Bosanquet considers 
that it was in B. C. 3. On these views the year 1894 
of the Christian era is really 1897 or 1898. The 
Christian era is sometimes called the Dionysian 
era. 

Christian name, s. The name given to a child 
on its admission into the Christian Church at bap¬ 
tism, as distinguished from the surname or family 
name. 

Christian period, s. 

Archceol.: The period from the introduction of 
Christianity till now. It varies in different coun¬ 
tries. 


Christian Science, s. A religious system discov¬ 
ered and founded by Rev. Mary Baker Eddy, of Bos¬ 
ton, in 1866. The growth of the denomination has 
been rapid and in 1905 there are about 850 organized 
societies or churches in America and Europe. The 
extract below, written by Mr. Edward A. Kimball, 
one of its adherents, will give some idea of its claims 


and tenets: . 

Christian Science is the explication of Truth or the Sci¬ 
ence of Being, reducing to human apprehension and 
demonstration the Divine Nature andLaw, manifested in 
the annihilation of sin, sickness and death. 

Christian Science is Christ Science, or “God with us,” 
and involves the ultimate of all reason, revelation and 
inspiration. This church is built upon the spiritual 
interpretation of the Scriptures. 

In Christian Science God is revealed and demonstrated 
as omnipresent, omnipotent and omniscient Spirit; as 
infinite Life, Intelligence, Love and Substance. _ It 
reveals God-created and God-governed man as His like¬ 
ness, having dominion over evil. This at-one-ment of 
man with God, Jesus demonstrated. Christian Science 
unites true science and true Christianity, basing its 
Scientific character on demonstrable truth. ^ In theology 
it includes the worship of one infinite individual God. It 
acknowledges the divinity and Messiaship of Christ. It 
accepts the Bible as containing the inspired word of God, 
and holds to every essential belief of true Christianity. 


It differs from all other phases of Christianity by claim¬ 
ing that the efficacy of its theology heals sickness as 
well as sin according to the command and example of 
Jesus. 

In verification of this it is claimed that hundreds of 
thousands of instances of disease pronounced incurable 
have been healed thereby. The only text book of Christ¬ 
ian Science, is “Science and Health, With Key to the 
Scriptures,” by Rev. Mary Baker Eddy. 

Christian Scientist, s. A believer in the doc¬ 
trines outlined under Christian Science. Supra. 

Chrls'-tl-jm, v. t. [Christen.] To convert to 
Christianity; to baptize. 

J ‘ You allege the practice of all churches christianed to 
the contrary.”— Falke: Against Allen (1686), p. 262. 

*ChrIs’-ti-g,n-I§m, s. [Fr. christianisme; Lat 
christianismus, from Gr. cliristianismos = the pro¬ 
fession of Christianity.] 

1. Christianity; the profession of the Christian 
religion. 

“ Herein the worst of kings professing christianism have 
by far exceeded him.”— Milton: Eikonoclastes, ch. i. 

2. Christendom; the nations professing Christi¬ 
anity. 

chrlst’-i-an-Ite (1), s. [Named after Prince 
Frederick Christian of Denmark, who explored 
Vesuvius in company with the discoverers Monticelli 
and Covelli, with suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Anorthite occurring at Mount 
Vesuvius in isolated blocks among the old lavas; 
also in the Faroe Islands and Java. 

chrlst'-l-<in-lte (2), s. [Named after Christian 
VIII. of Denmark, with Eng. suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

Mineralogy: 

1. The same as Anorthite (q. v.). 

2. Christianite of Descloizeaux: The same as 
Phillipsite (q. v.)\ 

Chris-tl-an-I-tf, *cris-ti-en-te, *crys-ty- 
an-te, *cris tan-te, s. [O. Fr. crestientet, cres- 
tiente: Fr. chr6tient6, from Lat. christianitas .] 

1 . Christendom; the professors of the Christian 
religion. 

“ Ther was never no better in crystyante ’—Nugce Poet- 
icce, p. 67. 

2. The Christian religion; the doctrines and pre¬ 
cepts taught by Christ. 

“What make ye of your Christianities, and Chivalries, 
and Reformations, and MarseilleBe Hymns, and Reigns of 
Terror?”— Carlyle: Sartor Besartus, bk. iii., ch. iii. 

If To take a comprehensive view of Christianity, 
attention should be given to ( 1 ) its doctrines, ( 2 ) its 
government and discipline, and (3) its history from 
the time that it was introduced into the world until 
now. 

(1) The Doctrines of Christianity: Though the pro¬ 
fessors of Christianity have separated into many 
sects, as have the Mohammedans, the Brahmanists, 
and others, yet all but a small minority are really 
at one with respect to certain great fundamental 
doctrines. Christians believe in a Supreme Being— 
the one living and true God. The immense majority 
hold that it is not inconsistent with monotheism to 
accept the tenet that in the Divine Unity there is a 
Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, to 
all of whom worship of the highest kind can be 
paid. Jesus Christ is identified by them with the 
second person of the Godhead, and is held to be at 
once God and Man. As God He existed from eternal 
ages, and was not first brought into being when 
born at Bethlehem. They consider that He was 
miraculously conceived by the Hoi y Ghost, and that 
His mother remained the Virgin Mary after having 
brought Him into the world. The reason why He 
came to this earth is held to have been that He had 
been commissioned by His Eternal Father to under¬ 
take a mission of mercy to the earth. Another 
tenet of their faith represents man as having been 
created innocent, but to have fallen, and now to be 
guilty and in need of a Savior. Christ is believed 
to have been that Divine Savior. His life on earth 
is regarded as having been perfect, so that He con¬ 
stitutes the exemplar for all mankind. His death is 
held to have been an atonement for sins not His 
own, and to have been so important that to it all 
Jewish ceremonies and symbols and all Messianic 
prophecy, as with a finger, pointed. Faith in His 
Divine mission and work, and specially on the effi¬ 
cacy of His death, are insisted on to put sinners in 
possession of the benefits purchased by their Re¬ 
deemer’s death. _ The historic facts of His resurrec¬ 
tion and ascension are pointed to as evidences of 
the sanction and acceptance of His work by His 
Heavenly Father, and implicit trust is expressed iu 
His coming again agreeably to His promise to earth, 
and in His ultimately becoming the Judge of the 
world. At the final assize it is believed that those 
whose good deeds show that they have believed in 
Him, shall be rewarded by eternal felicity, while 
everlasting misery shall be in store for those who 
have been faithless and wicked. The acceptance 
of this creed by man in his fallen state, is-held to be 


impossible without Divine assistance; and it is con¬ 
sidered that the Holy Ghost, if solicited, will giva 
the requisite spiritual power to produce faith in 
the most unbelieving heart. The Scriptures of the 
Old and New Testaments are regarded as possessing 
inspiration in a sense in which no other book has it, 
and as being, therefore, in the highest degree fitted 
to enlighten inquiring minds as to religious duty. 

(2) The government and discipline of Christianity : 
[For these see Church Government.] 

(3) The history of Christianity: [For this see 
Church History.] 

chrIs-ti-e,n-i-za-tion, chris-ti-e,n-I-§a'-tion, 

s. [Eng. christianiz(e); -ation.) The act of con¬ 
verting to Christianity. 

Chris-ti-an-l2e, chris -ti-an-i§e, v.t.&i. [Fr, 

christianiser; Low Lat. christianizo, from Gr. 
christianizo— to make Christian, christianos—Chiia 
tian.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To make Christian, to convert to Christianity. 

*2. To adapt to Christianity or Christian doc¬ 
trines. 

“ The principles of Platonic philosophy, as it is now 
christianized.”—Dry den. 

*B. Intrans.: To become Christian. 

“Prester John . . . doth in some sort devoutly 

christianize.” — Sylvester: Colonies, 379. (Davies.) 

chris'-ti-an-Ized, chris -tLan-i§ed, pa. par. 
or a. [Christianize.] 

Chris'-ti-an-Iz-Ing, chr!s-ti-an-I§Ang, pa. 
par.,a.&s. [Christianize.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

. C. Assubst.: The act or process of making Chris¬ 
tian ; Christianization. 

Chris -ti-^n-like, a. [En g. Christian; -like.) 

1. Of things: Befitting a Christian. 

“. . . avoids them with great discretion, or under¬ 
takes them with a most Christian-like fear.” — Shakesp.: 
Much Ado, ii. 3. 

2. Of persons; Like a Christian. 

“ Although the duke was enemy to him, 

Yet he, most christianlike, laments his death.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., iii. 2. 

*ChrIs-tI-an-ly, *eris-ten-ly, adv. & a. [Eng. 
Christian; Mid. Eng. Cristen; and suff. -ly.) 

A. As adv.: Like a Christian; in a manner befit¬ 
ting a Christian. 

“This child Maurice was sith then emperour 
Imsad by the pope and lyved cristenly.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 6,541. 

B. As adj.: Christianlike; befitting a Christian. 

“ Father he hight and he was in the parish; a christianly 

plainness 

Clothed from his head to his feet the old man of sev¬ 
enty winters.” 

Longfellow: The Children of the Lord’s Supper. 

*ChrIs'-tI-g,n-ness, s. [Eng. Christian; -ness.) 
The quality of being Christianlike or in accordance 
with Christian teaching. 

“ . . . and in like manner to judge the christianness 
of an action by the law of natural reason, , . . 

Hammond Of Conscience, § 26. 

*chrIs-ti~an-og'-raph-y, s. [Gr. christianos= a 
Christian, grapheia = a description, grapho — to 
describe. ] An account and description of Christian 
countries and sects. 

“ In my christianography you may see divers liturgies.” 

•— Pagitt: Heresiography, p. 64. 

*Chris-tIc-o-list, s. [Lat Christicola; from 
Christus = Christ, and colo= to worship.] A wor¬ 
shiper of Christ 

*ChrIs-tIde, s. [Eng. Christmas), and tide 
(q. v.).] Christmas-tide. 

“ It [ivy] flowereth not till July, and the berries are not 
ripe till Christide.” — Culpeper: Eng. Physic., p. 120. 

chris-tls-o'-ni-Sl, s. [Named after Sir Robert 
Christison, Bart., M. D., &c.. Professor of Materia 
Medica in the University of Edinburgh.] 

Bot. : A genus of parasitic plants, containing ten 
or twelve species, and belonging to the order Oro- 
banchacece. They are natives of India. 

Christ’-less, a. [Eng. Christ; -less.) Having 
no faith in Christ; without the spirit of Christ; 
unchristian. 

“And a million horrible echoes brake 

From the red-ribbed hollow behind the wood, 

And thundered up into heaven the Christless code 
That must have life for a blow.” 

Tennyson: Maud, xxii. L 

Christ’-mas (t silent), *cristmes, *cristea- 
messe, *crystenmas, *chrystmas, *criste- 
masse, s. & a. [A. S. Crists Christ; mcesse=mas3. 
festival.] 


fate, fat, fare, jjmidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wQlf, wort, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, \inite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, a, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 




Christmas-box 


875 


chromatype 


A. As substantive: 

, ’’lf e . s tiv a l of the Nativity of Christ, observed 
by the Christian Church yearly on the 25th of Decem¬ 
ber. 

IT Augustine considered the festivals,Good Friday, 
.Caster Sunday, Ascension Day, and Whitsuntide, 
as VC? onl y festivals which had an Apostolic origin 
and the sanction of a general council. Christmas 
he deemed to be of later origin and lesser authority. 
When the first efforts were made to fix the period 
of the year when the advent took place, there were, 
as we learn from Clement of Alexandria, advocates 
for the 20th of May and for the 20th or 21st of April. 
The Oriental Christians generally were of opinion 
that both the birth and baptism of Jesus took place 
on the 6th of January. Julian I., bishop of Rome from 
A. D. 337-352, contended for the 25th of December, a 
view to which the Eastern Church ultimately came 
round, while the Church of the West adopted from 
their brethren in the East the view that the bap¬ 
tism was on the 6th of January. When the festival 
was at length placed in December, it afforded a 
substitute to the various nations who had observed 
a festival of rejoicing that the shortest day of the 
year had passed, besides spanning over the great 
interval between Whitsuntide of one year and Good 
Friday of the next. Coming to the Roman Chris¬ 
tian converts, in lieu of the saturnalia, to which they 
had been accustomed while yet they were heathens, 
its purity became sullied almost at the first by 
revelry which had crept into it from this source. 
Similarly the Yule log, the mistletoe, &c., among 
English speaking peoples, are relics of Druidism. 

2. The season of Christmas, i. e., from Christmas- 
eve to Old Christmas-day, or Twelfth-night, Janu¬ 
ary 6th. 

“ Ine zuyche festes ase at Crlstesmesse.”—Ayenbite of 
Jnwyt, p. 213. 

B. Asadj.: Pertaining to or In use at Christmas. 

“ Here was a consent, 

(Knowing aforehand of our merriment) 

To dash it like a Christmas comedy.” 

Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 2. 

Christmas-box, s. 

*1. A little box in which presents were collected 
at Christmas. 

“ When time comes round, a Christmas-box they bear, 
And one day makes them rich for all the year.” 

Gaij: Trivia. 

2. A present given at Christmas. 

Christmas-card, s. An ornamented card, hav¬ 
ing on it a few words of Christmas greeting to the 
friend to whom it is sent. Not much known prior 
to the decade 1870-1880. 

Christmas carol, s. A song of praise sung at 
Christmas. 

Christmas-day, s. [Chkistmas, 1.] 

Christmas-eve, s. The eve of Christmas-day; 
the night of December 24th. 

Christmas-flower, s. 

Botanv: 

1. Helleborus niger. [Christmas-rose. J 

2. Eranthis hyemalis. 

*Christmas-herb, s. 

Bot.: Helleborus niger. (Lyte .) 

Christmas-music, s. 


JKLUSbO . 

1. Cantatas, the words of which are suitable to 
Christmas. 

2. Music played by waits. [Waits.] (Stainer <& 
Barrett.) 

Christmas-rose, s. 

Bot.: A plant , Helleborus niger , order Ranuncu- 
lacea?, so called from its flowering at Christmas; 
also called Christmas-flower (q. v.). 

christmas-tale, s. A tale, generally fiction, told 
at Christmas. It would originally be done at the 
family gathering around the Yule log, but is now 
done better in the Christmas numbers of the several 
popular periodicals. 

Christmas-tide, s. The season of Christmas. 

Christmas-tree. ?. A small tree, generally a 
young evergreen, on the branches of which presents 
for children are hung at Christmas. 


tchris-to-log'-i-cal, a. [Eng. christolog(y); 

- ical.1 Of or pertaining to Christology. 

tchrls-tol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. Christos=Christ ; logos 
—a discourse, lego= to tell, to discourse.] A dis¬ 
course concerning Christ, or the doctrines ot the 
Christian Church. 

“The reader will find in this author an eminent excel¬ 
lence in that part of divinity which I make bold to call 
Christology, in displaying the great mystery of goodness, 
God the Son manifested in human flesh. — Trench: On the 
Study of Words, p. 132. 

Chris-to-lyte, s. [Gr. Christos=Christ, and lyo 
=to lose.] One of a sect of Christians m the sixth 
century, who held that, when Christ descended into 
hell He left both His body and soul there, and rose 
with His Divine nature alone. (Ogilme.) _ 


ChrIS-toph'-g.n-^, s. [Gr. C7wfsfos=Christ, and 
phaino=to bring to light, to make to appear.] An 
appearance of Christ, used especially of His several 
appearances to His disciples between His resurrec¬ 
tion and His ascension. 

“ The order in which he enumerates his christophanies.” 
— Strauss: Life of Jesus; Trans. (1846), § 138. 

Chrlst’-O-phlte, s. [From St. Christophe mine 
at Breitenbrunn, where it is found; and suff. -ite 
(Min.) (a, v.).] 

Min.: A brilliant black blende, a variety of Sphal¬ 
erite or Blende (q. v.). Specific gravity, 3 , 91-3'923. 

chro-as'-ta-§e§, s. pi. [Gr. chroa or chroia— 
color, and astakos=a crab.] A variety of semi¬ 
transparent gems, comprehending all those of var¬ 
iable colors, when viewed in different lights. 

chro’-msi-scope, s. [Gr. chroma—color ; skopeo 
=to view, to examine.] An instrument to exhibit 
the three optical effects of colors: (1) The refrac¬ 
tion of prisms and lenses; (2) The transmission of 
light through transparent media; (3) The reflection 
of speculums. 

chro-mate, s. [Chromium.] 

Chromate of iron: 

Min.: The same as Chromite (q. v.). 

Chromate of lead: 

1. Cliem.: PbCrOp AleadsaHof chromic acid. 
[Chromium.] 

2. Min.: The same as Crocoite (q. v.). 

3. Dyeing, &c.: The various chromates of lead 
are used to give yellow and red colors. 

Chromate of lead and copper: 

Min.: The same as Vauque unite (q. v.). 

Chromate of potassium :' 

Chem., <&c.: The potassium salt of chromic acid, 
much used, as is the bichromate, in calico-printing, 
and for making pigments. Soluble chromates are 
detected by giving a yeUow precipitate with plum¬ 
bic acetate, a crimson red precipitate with argentic 
nitrate. 

chro-mat’-ic, ^chro-mat'-Ick, a. [Fr. chro- 

matique ; Lat. chromaticus, from Gr. chrOmatikos— 
suited for color; chrdma=color.] 

1. Relating to color, or colors ; colored. 

“ These actions often display themselves in chromatic 
phenomena of greatsplendor.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 
3d ed., vi. 116. 

2. Pertaining to a scale of semitones in music; 
including notes not belonging to a diatonic scale. 
[Chromatic Scale.] 

chromatic aberration, s. 

Optics: (See extract.) 

“In the refracting telescopes . . . the different re- 
frangibility of the different colored rays presents an 
obstacle to the extension of their power beyond very mod¬ 
erate limits. The focus of a lens being shorter as its 
refractive index is greater, it follows, that one and the 
same lens refracts violet rays to a focus nearer to its sur¬ 
face than red. ... If the paper be held in the focus 
for mean rays, or between the vertices of the red and 
violet cones, these will then form a distinct image, being 
collected in a point: but the extreme, and all the other 
intermediate rays, will be diffused over circles of sensible 
magnitude, and form colored borders, rendering the im¬ 
age indistinct and hazy. This deviation of the several 
colored rays from one focus is called chromatic aberra¬ 
tion.”—Encyclopaedia Metropolitana ; Light. 

chromatic chord, s. 

Music: A chord which contains a note or notes 
foreign to diatonic progression. (Stainer & Bar¬ 
rett.) 

chromatic harmony, s. 

Music: Harmony made up of chromatic chords. 
(Stainer <& Barrett.) 

chromatic interval, s. 

Music: An interval which is augmented or dimin¬ 
ished. (Stainer <& Barrett.) 

chromatic modulation, s. 

Music: Modulation in which, by means of chro¬ 
matic harmony, there is a passing into an extreme 
key. (Stainer db Barrett.) 

chromatic printing, s. The art of printing in 
colors. [Chromo-type.] (For a description of the 
process, see Knight: Diet, of Practical Mechanics , 
i. 544.) 

chromatic scale, s. 

Music: A scale which proceeds by semitones. 

chromatic thermometer, s. When the edge of 
a rectangular plate of glass is applied to a piece of 
heated metal, or other substance having a tempera¬ 
ture different from that of the glass, and exposed 
to a beam of polarized light, colored fringes are 
developed. As the different tints depend on the 
different temperatures of the glass (which is sup¬ 
posed to be known), and that of the object to which 
it is applied, the color of the central fringe affords 
a means of inferring approximately the temperature 
of the substance. (Knight.) 


chromatic type.s. Type made in parts, which 
are inked of various colors and separately im¬ 
pressed, so as to unite into a variegated whole. 
*chr6-mat'-I-cali a. [Chromatic.] 
chro-mat -l-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. chromatical ,* 
•ly.) In a chromatic manner. 

chro-mat'-Icjf, s. [Eng. chromatic , with sign of 
plural in Gr. chromatika. ] (See extract.) 

“ The science which examines and explains the vari¬ 
ous properties of the colors of light and of natural 
bodies, and which forms a principal branch of optics, has 
been properly denominated chromatics, from the Greek 
word chroma, which signifies color.”— Bees: Cyclopcedia; 
Color. 

chro-ma-tld -i-um, s. [Gr. chroma, genit. chro- 
matos= color; eidos=appearance.] The coloring 
matter of plants. 

chro-ma-tin, s. TGr. chroma=color.1 The 
tingible portion of the protoplasm, forming a deli¬ 
cate plexus of fibrils permeating the achromatin of 
a typical cell in process of division. 

chro’-ma-tI§m, s. [Gr. chrOmatismos— a coloring, 
a dyeing.] 

Bot.: The same as Chromism (q. v.). 
chrom-a-to-dys-ops -i-a, s. [Gr. chroma , chro- 
matos= color; dt/s=bad, and ops=the eye.] 

Med.: The saine as Chromatopseudopsia (q. v.). 
ehro-xna-tog'-raph-y, s. [Gr. chroma= color; 
graphe=& writing, a treatise, grapho= to write, to 
describe.] A discourse or treatise on chromatics. 

chro-ma-tol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. chroma= color; 
logos=a discourse.] A treatise on colors. (Field.) 

chrom-a-to-met-a-bleps -i-a, s. [Gr. chroma, 
chromatos=color, and metablepo= to look from one 
place to another.] 

Med.: The same as Chromatopseudopsia (q. v.). 
chr5-ma-tom -e-ter , s. [Gr. chrdma=color, and 
metron=a measure.] A scale for measuring the 
degrees of colors. 

chro-mat'-o-phores, s. pi. [Gr. chroma , chro- 
matos=coloT, and phoreo=to bear.] 

ZoOl.: Little sacs with pigment granules in the 
integument of cuttle-fishes and other animals. 
These pigment cells being movable enable some 
animals to vary their colors under the influence of 
excitement or other causes. (Nicholson.) 

ehrom-a-to-pseu-dop’-si-a, s. [ Gr. chroma, 
chrbmatos— color, andpseudo in compos.=false, &c.] 
Med.: A term used synonymously with chromato- 
dysopsia and chromato-metablepsia to signify a 
defect in the power of distinguishing different 
colors. [Color-blindness.] 
chro'-ma-trope, chro-mo-trope, s. [ Gr. 
chroma=coloT ; trope—& turning, trepo— to turn, to 
twist.] An arrangement in a magic-lantern similar 
in its effect to the kaleidoscope. _ The pictures are 
produced by brilliant designs being painted upon 
two circular glasses, and the glasses being made to 
rotate in different directions. An endless variety of 
changes in the pattern are caused by turning the 
wheel, sometimes slowly, then quickly, backward 
and forward. (Knight.) 

chro'-ma-type, s. & a. [Gr. chrdma=color; typos 
<=type.] 

A. As substantive: 

Photography: 

(1) A process iu which the chromic acid is deoxi¬ 
dized. There are several modes of getting photo¬ 
graphs by the chromic salts, preferably the bichro¬ 
mate of potash. The process in itself is simple. 
Suppose a landscape in colors is desired. In the 
camera is placed a sensitive plate which will absorb 
only the yellow rays of light coming from the sub¬ 
ject. No matter how minute the quantity, the yel¬ 
low in each of the different colors will affect the 
plate in due proportion. This plate is then exposed 
and is replaced by another so sensitized that it will 
only take the red rays in the various colors; then 
another affected only by the blue rays is exposed. 
In this way the exact proportions of yellow, red and 
blue, the combinations of which will produce any 
color, are obtained. Half-tone printing blocks are 
made from these negatives, and the completion 
of the work is merely a matter of printing. The 
yellow is printed first j then the red, and finally the 
blue completes the picture, reproduced in exactly 
the same colors, with all the shadings, as in nature. 
It is a mechanical method of making color blocks 
by which the primary colors are so delicately 
divided that the combinations reproduce all the 
shadings, thus making effects in three printings 
that formerly required from ten to twenty impres¬ 
sions. The.eye of man is not so exact in analyzing 
the compositions of colors as the sensitive plates 
which have recently been discovered. 

(2) A photographic picture in the natural colors 
produced by the chromatype process. 

B. As adj.: Of or pertaining to the process 
described under A; executed by that process. 


b«5il hoy: pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cia’n, -tian = sham, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 






chronicle 


chromchiorite 

chrom'-chlor-ite, s. [Gr. chroma= color; and 
Eng. chlorite .] 

Min.: A reddish-violet micaceous mineral from 
Texas; a variety of Penninite (q. v.). {Dana.) 

chrome, s. & a. [Cheomium.] 
chrome-alum, s. 

Chem.: K 2 S04‘Cr 2 (S04)3 , 24H 2 0- It is a crystalliz- 
able purple double salt of sulphate of chromium 
and sulphates of potassium, sodium or ammonium, 
having the formula of common alum, the alumina 
being replaced by sesquioxide of chromium. 

chrome-color, s. Properly, any color prepared 
from the salts of chromium, but generally applied 
to any color which, when dry, is of a soft powdery 
consistence, and may be mixed with oil without 
grinding. (Ogilvie.) 

chrome-green, s. A pigment of a beautiful 
dark-green color, prepared from the oxide of chro¬ 
mium. 

chrome-iron, chromiron, s. 

Min.. FeO,Cro 03 - , the ore from which chromium 
is obtained. [Chromium.] 

chrome-ochre, s. 

Min.. A clayey material, containing some oxide 
of chrome. It is of a bright-green shade of color. 
Composition, Silica, 57*CM34"0; alumina, 22'5-30‘00; 
oxide of chromium, 2'00-10'5; sesquioxide of iron, 
Q‘00-3.5; water, O’OO-ITO ( Dana .) 

chrome-orange, s. A pigment of a dark-orange 
color, prepared from the subchromate of lead. 

chrome-red, s. A pigment of a beautiful red 
color; a basic red chromate. 

chrome-yellow s. A yellow pigment prepared 
of lead chromate. It is of various shades, from 
deep orange to pale yellow. [Cheomium.] 

chro-meid-o-scope, s. [Gr. chrdma=coloT ; 
e£dos=form, appearance; skopeo— to see.] The 
same as Debuscope (q. v.)- 

ehro’-mic, a. [Eng. chrom(e), -ic.\ Pertaining 
to chrome, or prepared from it. 

chromic acid, s. 

Chem.: Chromium trioxide, C1O3+H9O, a sub¬ 
stance obtained from chromium, much used by 
dyers and calico-printers for dyeing orange or red 
colors. It may be prepared by adding gradually 
from 120 to 180 parts, by volume, of pure concen¬ 
trated sulphuric acid to 100 parts of a cold satu¬ 
rated solution of bichromate of potash. The 
crystals of the trioxide separate as the solution 
cools. The mother liquor should be poured off, and 
the crystals dried upon a tile ; they may be purified 
by recrystallization from solution in water. With 
excess of sulphuric acid, chromic acid is a valuable 
reagent for dissolving the intercellular substance of 
plants; it is also much used in organic chemistry 
as a powerful oxidizing agent. Chromic acid is 
readily decomposed by organic matter, as dust, &c., 
and must therefore be preserved in a well stoppered 
bottle. Its aqueous solution, which should be of a 
pale-yellow color, is used for hardening and pre¬ 
serving nervous and muscular tissues, <fcc. It 
should be prepared when required. Chromic acid, 
HoCrOi, only exists in solution. It dyes wool and 
silk yellow, but will not dye cotton. Chromic acid 
boiled in wine dyes wool a clear brown color, if no 
coloring matter, acted upon by the acid, has been 
added to the wine 

chromic iron, chromic iron ore, s. 

Min.: The same as Cheomite (q. v.). 

chromic mica, s. 

Min.: The same as Fuschite (q. v.). 

Chrom’-i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. chromis 
(q. v ), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.) 

Ichthy : A family of Pharyngognathous fishes. 
They have fleshy lips, and the lateral line inter¬ 
rupted They are found mostly in fresh water in 
the hotter parts of the world, though one species is 
in the Mediterranean. [Chromis.] 

chro-mi-om'-e-ter, s. [Gr. chroma= color, and 
metron= a measure.] An instrument for determin¬ 
ing the purity of water by its colorlessness. It 
consists of a glass tube of about a yard in length, 
closed at the end by a cork, and resting upon a 
white dish of porcelain. A green tinge is produced 
by minute algae, a white opacity often by fungoid 
growths; iron salts are indicated by a peculiar 
ochry color. 

chrom -ir-on, s. [Chrome-iron.] 

Chr5 -mis, s. [Gr chroma— color.] 

Ichthy. A genus of fishes belonging to the 
Chcetodons: sub-family, Labrinse. 

chrom -i§m, s. [Gr. chroma=color, and Eng. 
euff. -ism.) 

Bot.: An abnormal coloring of plants. It is 
called also Chromatism. 


876 


chro -mite, s. [Eng. chrome , and suff. -ite 
{Min.).) 

Min.: An isometric mineral of a submetallic 
luster; color between iron-black and brownish- 
black, streak brown; opaque, and brittle. It is 
widely distributed in America, Asia Minor, &c. 
Hardness, 5 - 5 ; specific gravity, 4 - 321. Composition: 
Protoxide of iron, 18'0-38'95 ; magnesia, 0’0-18T3; 
oxide of chromium, 39‘51-63'38; alumina, 0 - 0-19'84; 
silica, 0'0-10'60. {Dana.) 

chro'-mi-um, s. [Gr. Chroma—color.) 

Min. : A metallic tetrad element discovered by 
Vauquelin in 1797 ; symbol, Cr.; atomic weight, 52*2 : 
specific gravity, 6. The chief ore of this metal 
is chrome-iron, Fe0Cr203, found in the Shetland 
Islands, and a lead chromate PbCr04. The metal is 
obtained by the action of sodium vapor on red-hot 
chromium trichloride. It forms hard gray cubic 
crystals, infusible, insoluble in concentrated acids. 
Chromium forms with oxygen the following oxides: 
CrO, Cr 2 C>3, C^Ch, CtOs- All compounds of chro¬ 
mium are prepared from the chromates. Chrome- 
iron ore is fused with carbonate of potassium and 
chalk, and the fused mass is treated with water, 
and a soluble yellow chromate of potassium, 
K 2 CrOi, is obtained; it crystallizes in yellow rhom¬ 
bic anhydrous crystals, isomorphous with potas¬ 
sium sulphate; it dissolves in 2 parts of water at 
16° ; its solution is of a strong yellow color, even 
when dilute. Chromium dichromate, or bichromate 
of potassium, K 2 Cr 2 C>7, is obtained by adding sul¬ 
phuric acid to the chromate; it crystallizes red 
triclinic crystals ; it is used for making pigments. 
It dissolves in 10 parts of water at 16° Lead chro¬ 
mate, PbCrCh, a fine yellow precipitate, is obtained 
by adding a soluble lead salt to a solution of potas¬ 
sium chromate; it is called chrome-yellow. By 
heating it with saltpeter it is converted into a basic 
red chromate, called orange-chrome or chrome- 
orange. Chromium trioxide CrOj is formed by add¬ 
ing excess of H2SO4 to potassium chromate; it 
forms soluble red needle crystals, which are reduced 
by organic matter to sesquioxide of chromium. By 
heating to redness potassium dichromate it is con¬ 
verted into neutral chromate and sesquioxide of 
chromium, Cr 2 03, which is a beautiful green 
powder, giving a green color to glass and porcelain ; 
it is nearly insoluble in acids. The pigment used to 

roduce a pink color on earthenware is made by 

eating to redness a mixture of thirty parts of per¬ 
oxide of tin, ten of chalk, and one of potassium 
chromate; the product is powdered, and washed 
with hydrochloric acid. The hydrated oxide can 
be obtained as a green precipitate by adding am¬ 
monia to one of its salts. Chromic chloride Cr 2 Cl6 
and chromic sulphate Cr 2 (S04)3 are obtained by 
dissolving the hydrated oxide in the acid. The salts 
of chromium sesquioxide exist in green and in violet- 
red modifications. Potassium dichromate is easily 
reduced by boiling it with hydrochloric acid and 
alcohol to chromium sesquichloride and chloride 
potassium. When sulphuric acid is used, chrome- 
alum, a double sulphate of chromium and potas¬ 
sium, is obtained, which has a deep violet tint. 
Chromium monoxide chromous oxide, CrO, absorbs 
oxygen rapidly; it is only known in the form of 
hydrate Cr(OH) 2 - Chromium dichloride, CrCl 2 , is 
a powerful deoxidizer. Chromium salts are easily 
detected by giving in both the inner and outer blow¬ 
pipe-flame green beads with borax, by forming a 
yellow soluble salt when fused with an alkali, 
which is converted into a green solution by reduc¬ 
ing agents. Ammonia gives a green precipitate 
with the sesqui-salts. Potash and soda hydrates 
give a precipitate of Cr 2 (OH)6, soluble in excess, 
re-precipitated on .boiling. Ammonium sulphide 
precipitates the hydrated green sesquioxide of 
chromium Cr 2 (OH)6. Chromium can be detected 
in the presence of the other metals of this group, by 
fusing the precipitate with KNO3, or platinum-foil, 
treating the fused mass with water, filtering, acidi¬ 
fying with acetic acid, and adding plumbic acetate, 
which precipitates yellow plumbic chromate. 

chro-mo (1), in compos. [Gr. chroma—color.) 

chromo-lithograph, s. A lithograph printed in 
colors. 

chromo-lithographer, s. A printer of chromo 
lithographs. 

Chromo-lithography, s. The art of printing 
chromo-lithographs. 

(1) Hist. : Color-printing was first used in Europe 
in illuminating missals and making playing-cards, 
but it was not successful till it was combined with 
lithography, invented between A. D. 1796 and 1800 
by Alois Senefelder of Prague. 

(2) Present, Process: An outline-drawing is first 
traced, tben various stones are taken, one for each 
color, to which the drawing is transferred. Tben 
the artist puts in the colors, with soap, of the tints 
required Next the slab is put upon the press and 
carefully damped with a sponge, after which the 
oil color is applied with a leathern roller; the parts 


of the slab which contain no drawing, being wets, 
resist the ink, while the drawing itself, being oily, 
repels the water while retaining the color 
chromo-scylograph, s. A colored picture pro¬ 
duced by a succession of wooden blocks, each bear¬ 
ing its separate color. [Chromatic Printing ] 
chro'-mo (2), s. [See def.] A contraction of 
chromo-lithograph, first made by Mr. L. Prang, of 
Boston, Mass, 
chromo-type, s. 

1. Printing • A sheet printed in colors. The 
modes are various, but the usual plan is to prepare 
a block for each color, or a form for each color, and 
to place the paper upon each in succession, the 
exact place being preserved at each impression by 
means of register pins or a similar device. [Chro¬ 
matic Printing ; Chromo-lithography.] 

2. A photographic picture produced in the nat¬ 
ural colors. This was long sought by Niepce de 
St. Victor, and he announced his success even with 
yellow, but no way has been discovered of fixing 
these heliochromic pictures. 

chrom'-o-gen, s. [Gr. chroma=color, and gen* 
nao— to produce.] 

Chem.: The compound which requires only the 
presence of a salt-forming group to convert it into 
a dye-stuff. [Chromophobe.] 
chro-mo-gen'-ic, a. [Eng. chromogen; -ic .) 

1. Pertaining to chromogen. 

2. Color-producing. 

chromogenic-bacteria, s. Bacteria that pro¬ 
duce color or pigment. 

chro-mo-graph, s. [Gr. chroma= color, and 
grapho= to write.] An instrument used for obtain¬ 
ing several copies of written matter. A substance 
is prepared by heating gelatine and water with glyc¬ 
erine, and then adding any insoluble white powder 
to make it firm. It is poured while hot into a shal¬ 
low tin, and it sets on cooling into a firm mass. It 
is used as follows: The letter, &c., is written on 
paper, and a solution of aniline dye is used instead 
of ink. This is then pressed on the slightly damped 
surface of the chromograph. On removing the paper 
the ink has been transferred to the surface, and by 
pressing sheets of paper on it, many copies of the 
original writing can be obtained. Common forms 
of chromographs have been formed by using glue 
and molasses, &c. 

chro-mo-lep'-tls, s. [Gr. chroma= color; leptos 
=small.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, belonging to the sub¬ 
family Serraninee, and family Percidro, or Perches. 
The body is usually covered with colored spots. 

chro-mo-lith’-ic, a. [Gr. chroma= color, and 
lithos= a stone.] (See extract.) 

“An impression of a drawing on stone, printed at Paris 
in colors, by the process termed chromolithic.” — Proceed, 
of Soc. of Antiquaries, i. 22 (1844). {Davies.) 

chro -mo-phore, s. [Gr. chroma=color ; phoreo 
=to bear, to produce.] 

Chem.: The body whose presence in conjunction 
with a salt-forming group determines the possession 
of tinctorial power. N0 2 is the chromophore of 
nitraniline and nitrophenol, and nitrobenzene is 
their chromogen. ( Watts: Diet. Chem.; Dye-Stuffs, 
vol. viii., pt. i., p. 696.) 

chrb-mo-pho-tog'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. chroma = 
color, and Eng. photography.) The art of produc¬ 
ing colored photographs. 

chro-mo-sphere, s. [Eflg. chromo (1); sphere 
(q. v.).] The gaseous envelope of the sun, through 
which the light of the photosphere passes. 

If Stellar chromosphere. The gaseous envelope 
supposed to exist round each star. 

chro-mo-spher’-ic, a. [ Eng. chromospher{e); 
•ic.) Of or pertaining to a chromosphere. 

chro'-mous, a. [Eng. chrom{e), and suff ous.) 
Of the nature of or pertaining to chrome. [Chro¬ 
mium.] 

chromous chloride, s. 

Chem.: CrCl 2 , a white powder obtained by heating 
chromic chloride in a stream of hydrogen. 

Chro-mule, s. [Gr. chrdma= color; hyle=matter 
as a principle of being.] Any other coloring matter 
than {arreen ; the coloring matter of petals. {Brown.) 

chron-ic, *chron'-I-cal, a. [Fr, chronique; 
Lat. chronicus: Gr. chronikos = pertaining to time, 
chronos= time. ] 

1. Ord. Lang. . Relating or pertaining to time. 

2. Pathol.. Applied to diseases of long duration, 
in opposition to acute (q, v.) 

“ . cases which hold an equivocal rank, which art 

neither decidedly acute nor plainly chronic.” — Watson: 
Principles and Practice of Physic, lect. viii. 

chron-i-cle, *cron-i-cle, *cron-y-kylle, t 

[Formed as a dimin. from Mid Eng. cronique 
or cronike, used by Gower; from O Fr cronique, 


fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




chronicle 


877 


chronology 


pi. croniques — chronicles, annals; from Low Lat. 
chronica=d catalogue; from Gr. chronica= annals, 
neut. pi. of e/trOTu'A:os=pertaining to time; chronos= 
time. ( Skeat .) 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A register or history of events in regular order 
of time,, a diary, annals. It differs from a history 
proper in that the events are set down in order of 
succession barely and simply without any attempt 
at connection, coloring, or philosophic treatment. 

/' Old men, for the most part, are like old chronicles, that 
give you dull, but true accounts of times past, and are 
worth knowing only on that score.”— Pope: Thoughts on 
Various Subjects. 

(2) A history; a narrative of events (generally in 
the plural). 

“ If from the field I shall return once more 
To kiss these lips, I will appear in blood; 

I and my sword will earn our chronicle” 

Shakesp. • Antony and Cleopatra , iii. 11. 

2. Fig.: Anything which conveys or suggests the 
course of events in history. 

“Every moldering stone is a chronicle.” — Irving. 

II. Scripture Canon {PI.): A name applied to 
two books of the Canonical Old Testament, which 
immediately follow 1 and 2 Kings. In the Hebrew 
Bible they form but a single composition, entitled 
Dibre JfcM/anwm=words of days, i. e., diaries or 
journals. The Septuagint translators were the first 
to divide the one volume into two, which they called 
Paraleipomenon proton and Paraleipomenon deu- 
teron= the first and the second of things left over, 
i. e., passed by or omitted by the writers of the 
books of Samuel and Kings. In the Vulgate, 
Wycliffe, and the earlier printed versions, they 
are termed 1 and 2 Paralipomenon (q. v.). Jerome 
called the undivided book Chronicon, and the Vul¬ 
gate Chronica or Chronicorum liber [Chronicon], 
irom the former of which two appellations we derive 
the name Chronicles. To a certain extent the 
Chronicles are supplementary to the books of Sam¬ 
uel and Kings, but in part they also travel over the 
same ground, the books of Kings, however, regard¬ 
ing events from the prophetic standpoint, while the 
Chronicles do so from the Levitical point of view. 
The traditionary opinion, both among Jews and 
Christians, regards Ezra as having been the author 
or compiler of the books of Chronicles. If so, then 
a later hand must have added ch. iii. 19-24, where 
the descendants of Zerubbabel are enumerated 
apparently to the third generation. If, on the con¬ 
trary, that passage was penned by the writer of the 
other parts of the book, then the composition of 
the volume itself must be brought down to b. c. 330, 
if not to 300—nay, there have been advocates for 
even a lower date, viz., 270 or 260. At even the earli¬ 
est of these dates the Jewish commonwealth con¬ 
sisted chiefly of the two tribes of Judah and 
Benjamin, the ten tribes not having returned from 
captivity. In the books of Chronicles, conse¬ 
quently, the former kingdom of Israel holds but 
slight prominence, while that of Judah, to which the 
writer was passionately attached and of which to a 
certain extent he was the apologist, is treated at 
length. He shows that Judah was prosperous 
when it followed Jehovah, and fell into misery and 
decay whenever it rejected Him as its king. 

The writer of the books of Chronicles seems to 
copy or allude to Genesis, Exodus,. Numbers, 
Joshua, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, Ezra, 
and Nehemian; between xi. 3-24 of the last-named 
of these books and 1 Chron. ix. 2-34 there is a strik¬ 
ing parallelism.' . . 

Some of the numbers in Chronicles differ from 
those in Kings, possibly from errors of . copyists, 
figures in the very nature of things being much 
more liable than words to undergo alteration. 
Where Kings and Chronicles differ in this respect, 
the numbers in the former books are to be pre¬ 
ferred. 

chron'-I-cle, *cron-i-cle, *cron-y-cal, v. t. 
[Chronicle, s.] To record in a chronicle or in 
history; to register. 

“In Rome thys geste cronycald ys.” 

Sir Eglamour , 1,339. 

chron’-i-cled, pa. par. or a. [Chronicle, v.\ 

chron'-i-cler, *cron-y-clere, s. [Eng. chron¬ 
icle); -er.] A writer of a chronicle or history; a 
historian. 

“ Cronyclere. Cronicus, historicus.”—Prompt. Parv. 

*chron'-l-cler, *cron-I-cler, v. i. [Chron¬ 
icler, s] To chronicle, to relate in history. 

“Out of an anonymal . croniclering manuscript.” — 
Fuller: Worthies; Lincoln, ii. 9. 

chron’-I-cling, pr.par., a. & s. [Chronicle, a.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 

verb.) 

C 4s subst.: The act of recording in a chronicle 
or a history ; the writing of a history or chronicle. 


tchron-l-cllst, *cron -l-clist, s. [Eng. chron- 
icl{e); -ist.J A chronicler. (Skelton.) 

chron-I-c6n, s. [Gr. chronicon, neut. of chroni- 
kos= concerning time; c hronos =tim e. ] 

Literature, Ch. Hist., <&c.: A chronicle, as Chron¬ 
icon Alexandrinum, the Alexandrian Chronicle; 
Chronicon Pctschale, the Paschal Chronicle. 

chron-i que, *cron-i que (que ask), *cron- 
yke, s. [0. Fr. cronique.] [Chronicle.] A chron¬ 
icle ; a record of events. 

“The best chronique that can be nor; compiled of their 
late changes, . . .”— L. Addison: West Barbary. 

chron’-6-gram, s. [Fr. chronogramme, from Gr. 
chronos = time; gramma = a writing, grapho = to 
write.] An inscription in which a certain date is 
included and expressed in numeral letters. (See an 
example under the following word.) 

chron-6-gram-mat-ic, chron-6-gram-mat'- 
l-cal, a. [Fr. chronogrammatique, from chrono¬ 
gramme.'] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a 
chronogram. 

chron-6-gram-mat’-I-cal-If, adv. [Eng. 
chronogrammatical; -ly.] In a manner of a chron¬ 
ogram. 

“These elegies and epitaphs are printed in several 
formes, some like pillars, some circular, some chrono- 
grammatically.” — Wood: Athence Oxonienses, ii. 111. 

cliron-o-gram'-ma-tist, s. [Eng. chronogram- 
mat (ic) ; -ist.] A writer of chronograms. 

“ There are foreign universities, where, as you praise a 
man in England for being an excellent philosopher, or 
poet, it is an ordinary character to be a great chronogram- 
matist.” — Addison. 

chron'-o-graph, s. [Fr. chronographe, from Gr. 
c/tronos=time; graphe =a writing, grapho — to 
write.] 

*1. A chronogram. 

2. A time indicator. Astronomical intervals are 
noted by pressing a key which makes one dot or 
puncture on a traveling strip of paper and another 
at the end of the observation. Such a time-paper 
becomes a record. The racer’s chronograph is one 
which deposits ink-spots on a traveling paper at 
the start and arrival of the horses. (See Chronom¬ 
eter and Chronoscope.) 

chronograph watch, s. A kind of stop-watch 
especially made to enable trained nurses to take 
accurately the pulse of their patients. The moment 
the pulse has been taken, the large sweep second¬ 
hand can be instantly stopped by a slight pressure 
upon the stem of the watch. 

“The properly equipped, trained nurse, whether at the 
seat of war, wearing the badge of the Red Cross, or wait¬ 
ing upon the afflicted at home, carries a chronograph 
watch.” — New York Sun, Aug. 28, 1898. 

fchron-og’-ra-pher, s. [Eng. chronograph(y); 
-er.] A writer of chronography; a chronologer. 

“ Dionysius compares them with the Greek chronogra- 
phers.”—Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. iii., 
§ 11, vol. i., p. 91. 

chron-og'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. chronographia, from 
chronos = time ; graphe = a writing, grapho = to 
write.] An account or description of past time; a 
history. 

chron-ol'-5-ger, s. [Gr .chronologos, from chronos 
=time, logos=a.ii account, leao= to tell.] One who 
devotes himself to, or is skilled in the chronology 
of history. 

“ . . . that is to say 300 years before the foundation 
of Naxos, which is fixed by the ancient chronologers at 
136 B. C.”— Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. 
viii., § 2, vol. i., p. 275. 

chron-6-log-Ic, *chron-6-log-Ick, a. [Fr. 

chronologique; Gr. chronologikos = pertaining to 
chronology (q. v.).] Chronological. 

“ May chronologic spouts 
Contain no cypher legible !” 

T. Warton: Epist. from T. Heame. 

chron-o-log'-ic-al, a. [En g. chronologic; -al.] 

1. Pertaining to chronology; containing an ac¬ 
count of events in the order of time. 

“ . . . the chronological account of some times and 

things past, . . .”— Hale: Origin of Mankind. 

2. Arranged according to order of time. 

“ They are not arranged in logical or in chronological 
order.”— Loyidon Times. 

chron-6-log'-i-c?Q-ly, adv. [Eng. chronological; 
•ly.] In a chronological manner; according to 
chronology or the succession of time. 

chron-ol'-d-gist, s. [Fr. chronologiste; Gr. 
chronologos.] The same as Chronologer (q.v.). 

“ According to these ohronologists, the prophecy of the 
Rabin, that the world should last but six thousand years, 
has been long disproved.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

chron-oP-6-gy, s. [Fr. chronologie; Gr. chron- 
ologia= computation of time, chronology: chronos= 
time; logos= a discourse.] The science of comput¬ 


ing and adjusting dates and periods of time by 
divisions and periods, and of assigning to events 
their proper dates. 

“, . . the system, or many systems, of chronology 

framed out of the Egyptian monuments, . . .”— Milman: 
Hist, of Jews (3d ed.), Pref., vol. i., p. xxix. 

“ . . . by a mere random assertion, and without any 
accurate knowledge of the chronology.” — Lewis: Cred. 
Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. ii., § 19, vol. ii., p. 94. 

If The following are the leading systems of chron¬ 
ology existing among the several nations of the 
world. Want of space forbids that the list should 
be exhaustive: 

1. Chinese and Japanese Chronology: In these 
calculation is made by cycles of sixty years, each 
year of the cycle separately named. 

2. Hindoo Chronology : 

(1) Historical : No system is universal in India or 
exclusive. Two of the chief are the era of Saliva- 
hana (A. D. 77), and that of Yicramaditya (B. C. 57). 

(2) Astronomical: The Hindoos have four ages 
[Yooga]. We are now in the Kali Yooga, beginning 
3101 B. C. 

3. Egyptian Chronology : 

(1) Historical: Julius Africanus and Eusebius 
have preserved some fragments of a work by Man- 
etho, an Egyptian priest, who lived in the time of 
Ptolemy Lagus, in the third century B. C. In these 
fragments the successive rulers of Egypt, from the 
very first to nearly the time of Alexander the Great 
in the fourth century B. C., are arranged in thirty 
or thirty-one dynasties. Increasing importance has 
been given to his work, as it has been found that 
one after another of his statements, once unsup¬ 
ported, have been confirmed by the hieroglyphics of 
the monuments. A long period is, of course, requi¬ 
site for so many dynasties. Lane, Stuart Poole, and 
others largely reduce this by making certain of the 
first seventeen dynasties contemporaneous, while 
Bunsen, Lepsius, and their followers make them 
successive, and contend for a lengthened chronology. 

(2) Astronomical : The Egyptians, moreover, cal¬ 
culated by a tropical cycle of 1,500, and a Sothic 
cycle of 1,460 Julian years. [Cycle.] 

4. Greek Chronology : In the time of Herodotus, 
and subsequently in that of Thucydides, the Greeks 
had no chronology spanning wide intervals of time. 
It was not till B. C. 194 that Eratosthenes, the 
“ father” of Greek chronology, began to count by 
Olympiads, the first of which was dated from what 
we now should call B. C. 776. He was followed by 
Apollodorus, B. C. 115, Censorinus A. D. 238, &c. 
There were other Greek methods of computation 
than by Olympiads; thus the era of the Seleucidee 
was B. C. 324. 

5. Roman Chronology : The method of Roman 
reckoning was by the consulships, which, of course, 
could give no indication of time unless their order 
was carefully preserved, and even then was clumsy. 
A much simpler and better plan was by calculating 
years from the building of the city. ThisVarro, 
whom the moderns follow, placed in what would 
now be called B. C. 753, while Cato preferred 752. It 
does not materially diminish the value of this date 
that Rome would seem to have come into existence 
earlier than that year. It is enough for chronology 
that the date to be reckoned from is a fixed one. 

6. Jeivish Chronoloay : Up till the 15th century 
the Jews followed the era of the Seleucidse [4]. 
Since then they have dated from the creation of 
the world, which they fix 3760 years and three 
months before the commencement of the Christian 
era. 

7. Mohammedan Chronology : Dates are counted 
from the Hegira, i. e., the time of Mohammed’s 
flight from Mecca to Medina, 16th or 15th July, 

A. D. 622. 

8. Christian Chronology : Since the 6th century 
dates have begun to be reckoned from the birth of 
Christ [Christian Era], though the system did 
not become universal in Europe till many centuries 
subsequently. The chief disadvantage of this 
method is that it requires a counting backward as 
well as forward; its advantage is that it evades 
dating the creation of man and of the earth, though, 
of course, investigations have been made as to how 
many years B. C. these events, formerly believed to 
have occurred almost at the same time, took place. 
Hales brought together 120 opinions on the subject, 
the extremes varying by 3,268 years, while it has 
been affirmed that even 300 diverse views on the 
subject exist. One great reason of the discrepancy 
is that the Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the Greek 
Pentateuchs all differ as to certain numbers in 
Genesis v. and elsewhere, so that Archbishop 
Ussher, following the Hebrew, makes the creation 

B. C. 4004, while Hales, preferring the Septuagint 
Greek, fixes the date at 5,411. 

9. Scientific Chronology : Wherever the occur¬ 
rence of an eclipse of the sun or moon has been 
noted by an ancient or other historian in the annals 
of any year, which he accurately notes, astronomy 
will ultimately fix that eclipse withunerring exact¬ 
itude to the day, hour, minute, and second. The 


b6il, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




chronometer 


878 


chrysimenia 


only uncertainty at present is that the value of cer¬ 
tain tables, called Hansen’s, by which the moon’s 
motion is computed, has excited differences of 
opinion. Geology has proved finally and irrevers¬ 
ibly that the world was in existence many millions 
of years before man came upon the scene, and that 
the two events must not be confounded by chronol- 
ogists. Occurrences marking the several stages in 
the earth’s past history, it has hitherto dated by 

g eological periods, or subdivisions of them, not by 
istoric time. It is only now beginning cautiously 
to feel its way to date in years a few events of the 
Post-Pliocene, or at furthest, of the Newer Pliocene 
periods. 1 Glacial period.] The first appearance 
of man (a very recent geological event) it carries 
back further than history has as yet ventured to do. 
[Antiquity op Man, Paleolithic, &c.] 
chron-om’-e-ter, s. [Fr. chronomhtre, from Gr. 
chronos— time, and metron=a measure.] 

1. Horol.: An instrument for the exact measure¬ 
ment of time. This general meaning would include 
clocks, watches of all kinds, clepsydras, and some 
other devices, such as hourglasses and the gradu¬ 
ated candles of the famous King Alfred. The term 
is, however, applied in a restricted sense to those 
having adjustments and compensations for the fluc¬ 
tuations of temperature. Chronometers are known 
as ship’s and pocket. The rating of chronometers 
is usually conducted at government observatories. 
The instruments are sent from the different watch¬ 
makers and received at stated periods. They 
remain the greater part of a year, their rates being 
noted daily by two persons. The best receive prizes 
and are purchased for the navy; others receive cer¬ 
tificates of excellence; others are unrewarded. On 
their arrival in January, they are left to the ordi¬ 
nary atmospheric temperature for some months; 
their rates are taken under these conditions. The 
apartment is then heated to a tropical temperature, 
and the rate taken. They are then placed for a 
certain period in trays over the stove, and the rate 
taken. They are then placed.in a refrigerating 
chamber cooled by a freezing mixture, and the rate 
taken under this artificial arctic temperature. 
Their capacity to stand these variations constitutes 
their value, and their actual range of exposure may 
bo estimated at 180°: from the 4- 120° of Aden and 
Fernando Po to the — 60° of the Arctic regions when 
frozen in the pack of ice and watching through the 
long, long night. 

2. Music: An instrument to indicate musical time ; 
a metronome. 

“ An instrument under the . . . name chronometer 
is also used by musicians for the accurate measurement of 
time. Two sorts have been invented for different pur¬ 
poses. The first supplies the motion of the conductor, 
and regularly beats time. . . . The second is used by 
tuners of instruments to measure the velocity of beats.”— 
Encyclopcedia Metropolitana. 

chronometer-escapement, s. An escapement 
invented by Berthoud, and improved by Harrison, 
Arnold, Earnshaw, and Dent. It is the most per¬ 
fect, delicate, and satisfactory in its operation of 
all the escapements. It is also kept more carefully, 
at least in marine chronometers, as the gimbal-joint 
hanging enables it to maintain a constant position 
relatively to the horizon, and it is carefully guarded 
from jars. 

chron-o-met'-ric, chron-o-met'-ri-cal, a. [Fr. 

chronomitrique.] Pertaining to a measurer or the 
measurement of time; pertaining to, or measured 
by, a chronometer. 

“ . . . to carry a chain of chronometrical measure¬ 
ments round the World.” — Darwin: Voyage round the 
World (ed. 1870), ch. i. 1. 

chronometric-governor, s. A device by which 
a time-measurer set to work at a prescribed and 
equable rate is made to regulate the motion of 
an engine. Invented by Wood, and improved by 
Siemen. 

chron-om'-et-r^, s. [Fr. chronomitrie.] The art 
or science of the division and measurement of time. 
(Maunder.) 

chron-o-scope, s. [Gr. chronos= time; skopeo— 
to see, to examine.] 

1. An instrument invented by Prof. Wheatstone 
in 1840, to ascertain the velocity of projectiles by 
measuring small intervals of time. Two wire tar¬ 
gets are placed, one about twenty yards from the 
gun, and the second about the same distance farther 
on. These are connected by a fine insulated wire 
with the instrument, which is about 400 yards in 
the rear of the ordnance. The instrument is ad¬ 
justed on a plan similar to an electro-ballistic 
machine. When the shot is fired it cuts the wire 
in the first target, and then in like manner cuts the 
wire in the second target, the instant each wire is 
severed being recorded by the instrument. The 
interval of time occupied by the ball in passing 
from one target to the other furnishes the data for 
obtaining the initial velocity of the shot. 

2. An instrument to measure the duration of 
luminous impressions upon the retina. ( Nichol.) 

3. A metronome. (Craig.) 


chr5-6-coc -ca-ge-se, s. pi. [Gr. chros, Ep. & 
Ion. genit. chroos= color; kolckos= a kernel, and 
Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: An order of Algals containing those which 
bear the Lichen fungi. (Bossiter.) 

Chro-6-lep’-6id, a. [From Gr. chros— color; 
lepis= a scale; eidos= form, appearance.] 

Bot.: Made up of small yellow scales. (B. Brown , 
1874.) 

chro-o-lep'-us, s. [Gr. chrds= color, and lepis= 
a rind, husk, shell.] 

Bot.: A generic name applied to certain byssoid 
structures found on rocks, bark of trees, &c. 
Chrodlepu$ aureum is composed of rigid opaque, 
ultimately brittle filaments, forming soft cushions 
of a yellowish color; C. Jolithus, odoratum, licheni- 
cola are of orange or fulvous color. Another series 
of species, C. ebenea, &c., are black. These plants 
have been regarded sometimes as Fungi and some¬ 
times as Algae. Rabenhorst describes eleven species. 
The genus forms the type of the family ChroOlepidae. 
Reproduction by biciliated zoOspores. (Griffith <& 
Henfrey.) 

chrys'-a-lid (pi. chrys-al'-I-de§), s. & a. [Fr. 

chrysalide; Lat. chrysallis; Gr. chrysallis= the 
gold-colored sheath of some butterflies, a chrysalis, 
from c/ir 2 /sos=gold.] • 

*A. As subst.: [Chrysalis.] 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or resembling a chrys¬ 
alis. 


chrys-al-i-di-na, s. [Eng. chrysalid', and Lat. 
neut. pi. adj. suff. - ina .] 

ZoOl.: A TextularianForaminixer, with a triserial 
arrangement of chambers and with large pores, and 
sometimes tubes, opening from chamber to cham¬ 
ber. Chrysalidina gradata is from the Cretaceous 
strata of France. A dimorphous form, which is 
uniserial in its old state, lives in the Indian Ocean 
and Panama Bay. (Griffith & Henfrey.) 


chrys-a-lis, (pi. chr$fs'-aT-i-de§), s. [Chrys¬ 
alid.] 

1. Nat. Hist.: The last stage through which a 
lepidopterous insect passes before becoming a per¬ 
fect insect. It is 

also called Pupa 
(q. v.). In this 
stage the insect is 
inactive, takes no 
food, and is in¬ 
closed in a trans¬ 
parent case, often 
of a metallic lus¬ 
ter, and composed 
of a fiber spun by 
the larva. 

2. Fig.: Applied 
to the state of 
man while in this 
world: the soul 
inclosed in the 
body being com¬ 
pared to the per¬ 
fect insect inclos¬ 
ed in its case. 

“This dull chrys¬ 
alis 

Cracks into shining A Vanessa Io. B Danais Crysippus. 
wings, and hope 0 Iphias Glaucippi. D Callidryas 
ere death.” eubule. E Adolias aconthea. 

Tennyson: St. Simeon 
Stylites. 



Chrysalides. 


chrys-am-ic, a. [Gr. chrysos= gold; Eng. am- 
contr. for ammonia ,’ and suff. -ic.\ 

IT These various chemical terms compounded 
with chrys- owe their derivation from Gr. chrysos = 
gold, to the fact of their golden or rich yellow 
color. 


chrysamic acid, s. 

Chem.: Tetranitro-chrysazin, or tetranitrodioxy- 
anthraquinone, . Ci4H 2 (N0 2 )i(0H) 2 0 2 . An acid 
obtained by heating aloes with strong nitric acid. 
It crystallizes in golden yellow scales. It is slightly 
soluble in water, and has a bitter taste ; its potas¬ 
sium salt resembles purpurate of ammonia. It is 
converted by chloride of lime into chloro-picrin. 
With ammonia it forms chrysammate of ammonia, 
consisting of black adamantine crystals ; with pot¬ 
ash, a beautiful carmine-red powder called chrysam¬ 
mate of potash. 

chrys -am-ide, s. [Gr. chrysos=g old, and Eng. 
amide ( q. v.).] 

Chem.: The same as tetra-amido-chrysazin, 
CuH 2 (NH 2 ) 4 (0H) 2 0 2 . It is obtained by the action 
of reducing agents on chrysamic acid. Chrysamide 
forms indigo-blue needle crystals having a metallic 
copper luster. 

chrys-am-mate, s. [Gr. chrysos=gold\ amm-, 
contr. for ammonia; and suff. -ate (Chem.).] 

Chem.: A salt of chrysamic acid. 


Chrysammate of ammonia (Chem.): [Chrys Astio 
Acid.] , • 

Chrysammate of potash (Chem.): [Chrysamic 
Acid.] 

chrys-a-nis'-Ic, a. [Gr. chrysos=go\d, and Eng; 
anisic ( q. v.).] . . . 

Chem.: Of golden hue, and having anisic acid in 
its composition. 


chrysanisic acid, s. 

Chem.: Dinitro-paramidobenzoic acid. CeH^ 
(N0 2 )2(NH 2 )C0-0H. It is prepared by heating 
dinitro-anisic acid with aqueous ammonia. It 
crystallizes in yellow needles, which melt at 259°. 
It is a strong monobasic acid. 

chrys-an'-the-mum, s. [Gr. c7u-ysos=gold, and 
anthemon—a flower.] 

Bot.: A genus of herbaceous or slightly shrubby 
plants, belonging to the corymbiferous group of 
the order Com¬ 
posites. The fam¬ 
ily is represented 
in this country 
by the well- 
known Ox-eye 
Daisy, Chrysan¬ 
themum lev.can- 
themum , and the 
Corn Marigold, 

C. Segetum, be¬ 
sides which many 
varieties have 
been introduced 
from other coun¬ 
tries and are cul¬ 
tivated here. C. 

Sinense is the 
lant commonly 
nown as the 
Chrysanthemum, 
and so much 
r i z e d for its 
owering in No¬ 
vember and December. 

chrys'-a~or, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold; aor = a 
sword.] 

Zocil.: A name given by De Montfort to a genus 
of Belemnities. 



of the disk. 


chrys-a'-o-ra, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold; aor — a 
sword.] 

Zodl.: A genus of Meduste belonging to the family 
Pelagidfe. 

chrys'-3,-zln, s. [Gr. chrysos^ gold; az(ite), and 
suff. -in.] 

Chem.: A chemical compound which crystallizes, 
in red needles, melting at 191°. 

chrys-el-e-phan’-tine, a. [Gr. chrysos=go\d: 
elephantinos= made of ivory, elephas= an elephant.] 
Made partly of gold and partly of ivory. 

“ . . . a Doric edifice in which the celebrated chrys-. 
elephantine statue of the god by Phidias was placed about 
B. C. 433.”— Mr. Newton, of British Museum: On Discov- . 
eries at Olympia, in Times, Feb. 1, 1876. 

chrsfs'-ene, s. [Gr. chrysos=go\d.] 

C 6 H 4 -CH 

Chem.:\ || or CisHi 2 , an aromatic hydro- 

CjoHb—CH 

carbon, CigHj 2 . It is obtained along with benzene 
by heating diphenyl in a sealed tube with hydro¬ 
gen. Also obtained in the distillation of tar, pitch- 
&c. Chrysene is insoluble in alcohol and ether 
but crystallizes from boiling oil or turpentine. It 
is a golden yellow color when pure. 

chry'-§e-one, s. [Gr. chryseos=golden.] 

Chem.: An orange-colored substance,Si 4 H 4 C> 3 .(?) 
It is obtained by digesting calcium silicide with 
strong hydrochloric acid. It is insoluble in water, 
alcohol, and in nearly all solvents. Exposed to 
sunshine it becomes lighter in color, gives off hydro, 
gen, and is converted into leukone, or silico-formic 
acid, H-SiO-OH. 

chrys-i-di-dse, chrys'-i-de§, s. pi. [From 
chrysis, the typical genus, and Lat. fem. pi. adj. 
suff. -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of Hymenopterous insects, dis¬ 
tinguished by being furnished with a tubuliferous 
ovipositor. They are all parasitic, and colored with 
the richest metallic hues. 


chrys-l-me-ni-a, s. [Gr. chrysos=gold, and 
meno= to remain (?) ] 

Bot.: A genus of Saurenciaceee (Florideous Algae) . 
Chrysimenia clayellosa is a rare seaweed, three to 
twelve inches high, forming a feathery frond com¬ 
posed of a branched, tubular, long, not constricted 
or chambered, cellular structure, filled with a 
watery juice. The spores are angular, and are con¬ 
tained in dense tufts, in ceramidia borne on the 
sides of the branchlets. The tetraspores are tri¬ 
partite and immersed in the branchlets. (Griffith 
<& Henfrey.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try. Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 











chrysin 


879 


chrysopia 


Chrjrs-In, s. [Gr. chrysos= gold, and Eng. suff. 
■m {Chem.).] 

Chem.: A substance obtained from the buds of 
species of Populus (Poplars). Chrysin when pure 
forms bright yellow shining plates, which melt and 
sublime at 275°. Ferric chloride gives a violet 
color with an alcoholic solution of chrysin; it is 
insoluble in water. It forms a yellow solution with 
alkalies ; on boiling this solution it is decomposed 
into phoroglucin, acetic and benzoic acids, and 
methyl-phenyl ketone. 

chrys-ip'-ter-g, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold, and 
pteron=a wing, a tin.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of oval-bodied fishes, belonging 
to the family Chsetodontidee. They have large pec¬ 
toral fins. 

chrys'-Is, s. [Gr. c7&r?/sos=gold.] 

Entom.: The Golden Wasp, or Ruby-tail fly, a 
genus of Hymenoptera. They are magnificently 
colored with metallic hues. They are parasitic, 
depositing their eggs in the nests of the solitary 
Mason-bees or other Hymenoptera, on the larvae 
of which their larvae live. Chrysis ignita has the 
head, thorax, and legs of a rich blue or green, and 
the abdomen copper colored. It is constantly in 
motion. It may be seen in summer on sunny walls 
poking into holes in quest of the nest of other 
hymenopterous insects, of which its larvae may make 
a prey. 

chrys-6-bac-tron, s. [Gr. chrysos= gold, and 
baktron—SL staff, a stick.] 

Bot.: A genus of liliaceous plants from the Auck¬ 
land and Campbell Islands, New Zealand. They 
have linear leaves, and racemose flowers (occasion¬ 
ally dioecious) of a bright yellow color. 

chrys-o-bal-gn-a'-ge-se, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. 
chrysobalan(us) =the type, and Lat. fem. pi. adj. 
suff. -acem.] 

Bot.: An order of dicotyledons, closely allied to 
Rosace®, and containing about twelve genera. 
They are all trees or shrubs with alternate stipulate 
leaves, and several of them produce edible fruits. 
They are classed by Lindley in his “ Rosal Alli¬ 
ance” between Calycanthace® and Fabace®. 

chrys-6-bal-g-nus, s. [Gr. c/in/sos=gold, and 
balanos—an acorn, in reference to the yellow fruit 
of some species.] 

Bot.: A genus of trees, the typical one of the order 
Chrysobalanace®, with simple leaves, and racemes 
or panicles of insignificant flowers. The fruit of 
Chrysobalanus Icaco, the cocoa-plum, is eaten in 
the West Indies, as is another species, C. luteus, in 
Sierra Leone. 

chrjfs’-o-ber-jfl, s. [Lat. chrysoberyllus, from 
Gr. chrysos= gold, and beryllos= a beryl.] A green, 
greenish-white, or yellowish-green orthorhombic 
mineral, of which there are two varieties: (1) Or¬ 
dinary Chrysoberyl, and (2) Alexandrite (q. v.). 

chrys-6-chlor -g, chrys-o-chlore , s. [Fr .chrys- 
ochlore , from Gr. chrysos= gold, andcWoros=green.] 
Entom. : A genus of Dipterous insects, belonging 
to the family Notacanth®. They are of a beautiful 
golden-green color. The larvae live in cow-dung. 

chrf s-6-chlbr-is, s. [Gr. cft>-ysos=gold, and 
chl6ros=green.] 

Zobl.: A genus of Talpid® (Moles), the fur of 
which reflects most brilliant hues of green and gold. 
Chrysochloris aureus , or aurea, is the Golden Mole 
• of Africa. [Chrisochloris.] 

chrys-6-chro -us, a. [Gr. chrysos=g old, and 
chros, Ep. & Ion. chro6s= the skin.] 

Bot. • Having a yellow skin. 

chrys-d-col'-la, *chrys-o-cholle, s. [Gr. chrys- 
okolla—gold solder; from chrysos=gold, and kolla 
=glue.] 

Mineralogy: 

1. A name of borax. 

2. A silicate of protoxide of copper of a fine 
emerald-green color, apparently produced from the 
decomposition of copper ores, which it usually ac¬ 
companies. It derives its name from the weak 
resinous luster, and the peculiar transparency of 
the fractured edges. {Page.) 

“Much Chrysocholle and also silver fire.”— Sylvester: 
Magnificence, 601. {Davies.) 

chrys-o-co -mg, s. [Gr. chrysos=gold, and kome 
=hair.] 

Bot.: A genus of South African shrubs or under- 
shrubs of the composite family, nearly allied to 
Linosyris, from which it differs m the hairs of its 
pappus being in a single series. About fifteen spe- 
cies are enumerated. The leaves in most cases are 
linear in form and entire. The yellow nearly spher¬ 
ical flower-heads are about the size of a pea, and 
single on the ends of the branches. Chrysocoma 
aurea is in cultivation, and is said to be a very 
common species about Cape Town. Its leaves are 
linear, and about half an inch long. ( Treas. of Bot.) 

btfll, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chori 
-clan, -tian = shgn. -tion, -sion = shui 


chrys-oc’-or-yne, s. [Gr. cfm/sos=gold, and 
koryne— a club.] 

Bot.: A curious genus of small annual Australian 
plants, belonging to the eomposite family. They 
are branched from the base, and seldom exceed 
three inches in height. The leaves are small, 
linear, and covered with loose white wool; but the 
most marked feature in the plants is the arrange¬ 
ment of the flower-heads. These are disposed in 
short yellow club-shaped spikes, and each flower- 
head is almost hidden by a yellow bract and con¬ 
tains but two florets. Five species are known; they 
are chiefly found in the western and southern parts 
of Australia. 

chrys-od-6-mus, s. [Gr. chrysos= gold, and 
domos= a house, a building.] 

Zool.: A genus of Mollusca, the shells of which 
are large, and of a beautiful orange color. The 
basal channel is comparatively short, and the body 
whorl ventricose. Family, Muricid®. It is now 
reduced to a sub-genus of Fusus. 

chrys-6-gas -ter, s. [Gr. chrysos—gold, and 
gaster—a stomach.] 

Entom.: A genus of Dipterous insects, belonging 
to the family Syrphid®. Chrysogaster splendens has 
the head and thorax green and the abdomen purple- 
black, the sides greenish, the antennae yellow. It 
is half an inch long. 

chrys'-o-£en, s. [Gr. chrysos=gold, and gennao 
= to produce.] 

Chem.: An orange-colored hydrocarbon, con¬ 
tained in crude anthracene. It melts at ,290°, and is 
soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. Traces of 
this substance give a yellow color to colorless aro¬ 
matic hydrocarbons. 

clirjfs-og-raph-y, s. [Gr. chrysographia, from 
chrysos = gold ; graphe — a writing, grapho = to 
write.] 

1. The art of writing or illuminating in letters of 
gold. 

2. A letter or othei* writing executed in letters of 
gold. 

chrys'-6i-dine, s. [Gr. c/ir?/sos=gold; eidos= 
like, and Eng. suff. -ine (Chem .).] 

Chem.: Metadiamidazobenzene, C 12 H 12 N 4 or 

C 6 H 5 —NNCfiHg (NII 2 ) 2 . The hydrochloride "is sold 
commercially as chrysoidine. It is an orange-yellow 
coloring matter. Chysoidine is prepared by mixing 
a one per cent, solution of a diazobenzene salt with 
a ten per cent, solution of metadiamidabenzene; 
the resulting blood-red precipitate is dissolved in 
boiling water, the solution is cooled to 50°, and pre¬ 
cipitated with ammonia, and then crystallized 
from alcohol of 30 per cent., then from boiling 
water. Chrysoidine forms golden needles, soluble 
in alcohol, melting at 117°. It is a base from mono¬ 
acid salts which dissolve in water forming a yellow 
solution, which is turned crimson by excess of acid. 
By the action of tin and hydrochloric acid it is re¬ 
solved into aniline C 6 H 5 NH 2 and triamidobenzene, 
0 6 H 3 (NHo) 3 . 

chrys-6-lep -tic, a. [Gr. chrysos=gold, and lepis 
=a scale.] Resembling golden scales. 

chrysoleptic gcid, s. 

Chem.: An acid obtained in beautiful golden- 
yellow scales from the mother liquid and washings 
of chrysamic acid. It has been discovered to be the 
same as picric acid. [Carbazotic Acid.] 

chrys-o-llte, s. [Fr. chrysolithe; Lat. cruso- 
lithus; Gr. ckrysolithos, from chrysos=gold, and 
lithos=a stone.] 

Mineralogy: 

1. A green-colored orthorhombic mineral of a 
vitreous luster, transparent or translucent. Hard¬ 
ness, 6-7; specific gravity, 3'33-3’5. Composition: 
Silica, 31 - 63-44 - 67 ; protoxide of iron, 6‘0-29‘71; proto¬ 
oxide of manganese, 0-1’81; magnesia, 32'40-50'49. It 
is generally divided into two classes: (1) Precious: 
Of a pale yellowish-green color and transparent, 
so as to be fit for jewelry. This is found in the 
Levant. (2) Common: Dark yellowish-green to 
olive, or bottle-glass green ; common in basalt and 
lavas, at times in large masses, having a rectangu¬ 
lar outline. The chrysolithus of Pliny was prob¬ 
ably our topaz, and his topaz our chrysolite. It 
frequently changes color, becoming brownish or 
reddish-brown through the oxidation of the iron. 
Under the action of carbonated waters, the iron is 
carried off instead of being peroxidized, and also 
some of the magnesia is removed at the same time ; 
and thus may come serpentine and picrosmine, 
which often retain the crystalline form of chryso¬ 
lite. 

2. The same as Zircon (q. v.). 

3. The same as Topaz (q. v.). 

4. A variety of Tourmaline, also called Brazilian 
Emerald or Peridot of Brazil. It is green and 
transparent. 

5. The same as Apatite (q. v.). 

Iron chrysolite: 

Min.: The same as Fayalite (q. v.). 

s, 9M11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

l; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


Iron manganese chrysolite: 

Min.: A mineral near Fayalite, but containing 
besides protoxide of iron, some protoxide of man¬ 
ganese and lime and a little magnesia, thus 
approaching hyalosiderite. Composition : Silica, 
29T6; alumina, 1’56; protoxide of iron, 55 - 87 ; proto- 
oxide of manganese, 8 - 47; magnesia, 3’23; lime, 
2'29. It occurs in a gneissoid rock consisting partly 
of augite and garnet at Tunaberg, in Sweden. 
Titaniferous chrysolite: 

Min.: A massive reddish-brown mineral from 
the talcose schist of Pfunders, in the Tyrol, having 
some resemblance to boltonite; specific gravity, 
3’25. It contains 3'5 to 5‘3 of titanic acid, with 6 
per cent, of protoxide of iron. 

Chrjfs-ol'-o-gjf, s. [Gr. cftn/sos=gold, money, 
and logos= a discourse.] A discourse or treatise on 
wealth. {Brande.) 

chrjfs-ol-o-phus, s. [Gr. chrysos=g old, and 
lophos= a crest. I 

Ornith.: The Walking Tyrants, a genus of birds 
belonging to the Tyrant Shrikes. Family, Laniad®. 
They are natives of Brazil. 

Chrys-ol -6-pus, s. [Gr. chrysos-gold, and lopos 
=a piece, a slice.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleopterous insects, belong¬ 
ing to the family Rhyncophora. 

Chrys-6 -mg, s. [Gr. chrysos=gold, and soma= 
a body.] 

Bot.: A genus of North American plants of the 
Composite family, considered by the authors of the 
“ Flora of North America ” to be the same as that 
of the Golden Rod (Solidago). The species are 
perennial plants, with alternate lance-shaped 
entire or serrated leaves, sometimes furnished with 
pellucid dots; and they bear terminal corymbs of 
yellow flower-heads, each of which contains from 
six to eight florets, one to three of them being strap¬ 
shaped. 

*chrys-6-mag'-net, s. [Gr. chri/sos=g old, and 
Eng. magnet (q. v.).j The load-stone. 

chrys-om'-el-g, s. [Gr. chrysos=gold, and melos 
= alimb.l 

Entom.: A genus of Coleopterous insects, the 
typical one of the family Chrysomelid® (q. v.). 

c.hrys 6 mel-I-dae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. chrysomel 
(a ); and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idce.\ 

Entom.: A family of Coleopterous insects, tribe 
Cyclia. They have ovate, convex bodies; tarsi 
four-jointed; antenn® not clavate ; larv® generally 
naked. They live on the leaves of plants. These 
insects are often very brilliantly colored green, 
purple, blue, brown. <fcc., a commixture of colors. 

Chrys'-o-phane, s. [Gr. chrysos - gold, and 
phaino— to appear.] 

Min.: A variety of Seybertite, occurring in red¬ 
dish-brown to copper-red brittle foliated masses. 
Specific gravity 3T48. 

chrys-6-phan -Ic, a. [Gr. chrysos=g old; phaino 
=to appear; suff. -ic.\ Appearing like or resembling 
gold in color. 

chrysophanic acid, s. 

Chem.: Parietic acid, rheic acid. A modifica¬ 
tion of the substance dioxymethylanthraquinone 
Ci5H 10 O4=ChH 5-CH3(OH)2O2. Chysophanic acid 
occurs in the lichen Parmelia parietina , in senna 
leaves, and in rhubarb root, and is extracted by 
ether. It forms golden yellow prismatic crystals, 
which melt at 162°, and is reduced by zinc-dust to 
methyl-anthracene. It dissolves in alkalies, form¬ 
ing a red solution. 

*chrjrs-oph'-Il-Ite, s. [Gr. chrysos— gold, and 
philos=& lover.] A lover of gold. (Lamb.) 

chrys-oph -or-g, s. [Gr. chrysos= gold; phoros 
^bearing; phero= to bear.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleopterous insects, belong¬ 
ing to the family Lamellicornes. The species are 
of most beautiful golden and green colors. 

chrys’-o-phrys, s. [ Gr. chrysos = gold, and 
ophrys= the brow.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the family 
Chwtodontid®, having bodies attenuated at each 
end. 

chrys'-o-phyll, s. [From Gr. chrysos=gold, and 
pliyllon= aleaf I] A golden coloring matter found in 
leaves. ( Bossiter.) 

chrys-o-phjfl'-lum, s. [Gr. chrysos=gald, and 
phyllon=aleai-, in allusion to the golden color on 
the under side of the leaves.] 

Bot.: A genus of Sapotace®, consisting of trees 
with milky juice, alternate leaves with numerous 
transverse closely-aggregated ribs, and golden hairs 
on the under surface. The fruit of Chrysophyllum 
Cainito is in the West Indies esteemed a delicacy 
under the name of the Star-apple. 

chr^S-6 -pi-g, s. [Gr. chrysos= gold, and opos— 
juice.] 

Bot.: A genus of beautiful trees, natives of Mada¬ 
gascar. When the bark is cut they emit a yellow 
juice. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, eifist. ph = f. 

-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgl, del. 



chrysoprase 


880 


chuckling 


chrys -o-pra§e, *cr^s -6-pa§e, *cris -o-page, s. 
[Fr. chrysoprase; Gr. chrysoprasos, from chrysos 
=gold, and prason=& leek, from the color.] 
Mineralogy: 

1. An apple-green variety of chalcedony, the color 
due to the presence of oxide of nickel. 

2. A variety of beryl, of a pale yellowish-green 
color. 

“The crysopase the tenthe is tyght.”— E. E. Allit. 
Poems; Pearl, 1012. 

chrysoprase earth, s. 

Min.: A variety of Pimelite (q. v.). 


chrys-op'-rgi-sus, s. [Lat.] [Chkysopkase.] 
The tenth of the precious stones with which the 
walls of the New Jerusalem were to be adorned 
(Rev. xxi. 20, A. V.). Probably the Chrysoprase 
(q. v.), as it is rendered in the Revised Version. 

chrys'-ops, s. [Gr. chrysos—gold, and ops=the 
face.] 

Entom.: A genus of Dipterous insects, belonging 
to the family Tabanidse. They are known as cleg- 
flies or gad-flies. They are all blood-suckers, and 
are exceedingly troublesome to cattle and horses in 
summer. 

Chrys-op'-SlS, s. [Gr. chry sos=gold; and opsis= 
a face, appearance.] 

Bot.: A genus of annual or perennial North 
American plants of the Composite family, the 
greater portion of the species having all their parts 
covered with villous or silky hairs. Chrysopsis 
villosa, a plant with oblong hairy leaves about an 
inch and a half long, and numerous yellow flower- 
heads, half an inch in diameter, is said to be one of 
the commonest plants on the prairies of the Sas- 
katchawan. G. graminifolia extends southward to 
Mexico; its leaves are clad with beautiful close- 
pressed silvery hairs. 


chrys-op'-ter-is, s. [Gr. chrysos=go\d, and 
pteris= a kind of fern.] 

Bot.: A synonym of Phlebodium, a genus of ferns, 
which includes Linnaeus's Polypodium aureum, 
the specific appellation seeming to have suggested 
this generic name. 


chrsfs-op -ter-yx, s. [Gr. chrysos—gold, and 
pteryx=& wing.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the sub¬ 
family Ampelinse, or Typical Chatterers, and family 
Ampelidse, or Chatterers. 

ChryS-op -tll-us , s. [Gr. chrysos—gold, andptilon 
=a wing or plume.] , 

Ornith.: A genus of birds belonging to the sub¬ 
family Picinae and family Picidee, or Woodpeckers. 
They are natives of tropical America. 


chrys’-o-quin-5ne, s. [Eng. chrys{ene), and 
quinone.] 

Chem.: CirHioOo. It is obtained by the action of 
chromic acid on chrysene dissolved in acetic acid. 
It crystallizes in red needles, melting at 235°. It 
dissolves in a solution of sodium disulphite and the 
concentrated solution deposits colorless crystals 
which are decomposed by water with liberation of 
chrysoquinone. The reactions of chrysoquinone re¬ 
semble those of phenanthrenequinone. It yields 
when heated with soda-lime a hydrocarbon CigH^. 

chrys-or'-rhd-e, s. [Gr. chrysos= gold ; and rhoe 
=a stream, a flowing, rlieo =to flow.] 

Bot..: A genus of Chamcelauceacese, consisting of 
a rigid shrub from the Swan river, with narrow 
terete leaves and terminal corymbs of a bright-yel¬ 
low flower. 

*chrfs-S-sperm, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold, and 
sperma— a seed.] A means of creating gold. ( B . 
Jonson: Alchemist.) 

chrys-6-sple-ni-um, s. [Gr. c7wwsos=:gold, and 
splene — the spleen; in reference to its supposed 
efficacy in diseases of the spleen.] 

Bot.: Golden Saxifrage. A small genus of unim¬ 
portant herbaceous plants, belonging to the Saxi- 
fragaceEe, among which they are discriminated by 
their one-celled seed-vessel, and by being destitute 
of petals. 


chrys-os'-tach-ys, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold, and 
stachys= an ear or spike of com.] 

Bot.: A genus of climbing shrubs, belonging to 
the order Combretacese. They are natives of 

Brazil. 

chrys-o-tlle, s. [Gr. chrysos= gold, and tilos— 
fine hair.] 

Min.: A delicately fibrous variety of Serpentine. 
Color, greenish-white, green, olive-green, yellow, 
and brownish. Specific gravity, 2’219. It often con¬ 
stitutes seams in Serpentine. It includes most of 
the silky amianthus of serpentine rocks. The orig¬ 
inal chrysotile was from Reichenstein. {Dana.) 

chrys-O'-tis, s. [Gr. chrysos=g old, and ous, 
genit. otos— an ear,] 

Ornith.: A genus of American parrots, having the 
face and ears yellow. 


Chrys-o-tox -um, s. [Gr. chrysos - gold, and toxon 
=an arrow, a shaft.] 

Entom.: A genus of Dipterous insects, 
chry 3-0 '-tus, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold, and ous, 
genit. ofos=an ear.] 

Entom.: A genus of Dipterous insects, belonging 
to the family Tanystoma. 

chrys-o-type, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold, and typos 
=an impression.] 

Photography: 

1. A process discovered by Sir John Herschel, in 
which a sheet of paper is saturated with a solution 
of ammonio-citrate of iron dried in the dark. Ex¬ 
posed in a camera or printing-frame, the faint 
picture is developed by brushing over with a neu¬ 
tral solution of chloride of gold, washed in water 
repeatedly, fixed by a weak solution of iodide of 
potassium and then finally washed and dried. 
( Knight.) 

2. A picture obtained by the process described in 1. 
chrys-ox-f-lon, s. [Gr. chrysos = gold, and 

xylon—wood.] 

Bot.: The name of a South Bolivian tree, now 
referred to Howardia (q. v.). It derived its name 
from the yellow color of its wood. 

chrys-tal'-lo-type, s. [Eng. chrystal = crystal, 
and type. 1 

Phot.: A name given to a kind of picture on a 
translucent material; an opalotype. 

chrys-iir-us, s. [Gr. chrysos=g old, and oura= 
a tail.] 

Bot.: A genus of grasses belonging to the tribe 
Festucese. Only one species is described, Chrysurus 
cynosuroides, which is the Lamarckia aurea of 
some authors. This handsome dwarf-habited an¬ 
nual grass is a native of the south of Europe and 
north of Africa, and is occasionally cultivated in 
botanical gardens, where it makes a pretty appear¬ 
ance during the summer months. {Treas. of Bot.) 

chtho-nian, a. [Gr. chthonios = earthly.] 
Belonging to the earth. 

“The terrestial Earth-mother and her chthonian and 
telluric daughter.”— R. Brown; Great Dionysiao Myth, 
i. 290. 

ghub, *ghubbe, s. & a. [Cf. Dan. kobbe =a seal; 
Sw. kubb=a block, a log. {Slceat.)] , 

A. As substantive: 

Ichthy.: A river fish, Leuciscus cephalus, belonging 
to the genus Leuciscus and family Cyprinidee. It is 
a coarse-fleshed fish, full of bones, very timid, and 
frequenting the deepest holes of rivers. It is also 
called a cheven or chevin. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
*chub-cheeked, a. Having chubby or fat cheeks. 

chub-faced, a. Having a chubby or fat face. 
{Marston: Antonio's Revenge, iv. 2.) 

ghubbed, a. [Eng. chub; -ed .] Chubby, chub¬ 
faced. 

“Young Skinker . . . a. Chubb ed unlucky boy.”— H. 
Brooke; Fool of Quality, i. 22. (Davies.) 

ghub’-bed-ness, s. [Eng. chubbed; -ness.] The 
quality or state of being chubby or chub-faced. 

ghiib'-by, a. [Eng. chub; -y.] Fat and plump 
like a chub, especially said of the face. 

ghiick (1) , *ghuk, v. i. & t. [A variant of cluck 
(q. v.).] 

I. Intransitive: 

1. To cluck or make a noise like a hen when call¬ 
ing her chickens together. 

“ He chukkith when he hath a corn i-founde, 

And to him rennen than his wifes alle.” 

Chaucer: Nonne Prestes Tale, v. 16,668. 

2. To laugh in a suppressed or convulsive manner, 
to chuckle. 

“But, bold-fac’d Satyr, strain not over high, 

But laugh and chuck at meaner gullery. 

Marston: Satires, ii. 

II. Trans.: To call, as a hen her chickens. 

“ Then crowing clapped his wings, th’ appointed call, 
To chuck his wives together in the hall.” 

Dry den: Cock and Fox, 430. 

ghiick (2), *ghock, v. t. [Fr. choquer =to give a 
shock to; Dut. schokken — to jolt, to shake; schok 
=a shock, a jolt.] [Chock, Shock.] 

1. To strike gently under the chin. 

2. To throw with force, to fling. 

“As if her hand had chucked a shilling.” 

Combe: Dr. Syntax, ii. 1. 

chuck'-lt-luck, s. A common name in the United 
States for various kinds of games of chance; usually 
played with dice. 

^chuck-farthing, s. & a. 

I. As subst.: An old game in which money was 
thrown so as to fall into a hole prepared for the 
purpose. It is alluded to in “ The Woman turned 
Bully,” A. D. 1675. {Halliwell.) 

“He lost his money at chuck-farthing, shuffle-cap, and 
all-fours.”— Arbuthnot: Hist, of John Bull. 


II. As adj.: Trifling, pitiful. 

“ .... at was together about some pitiful chuck- 
farthing thing or other.”— Richardson: Clarissa, iv., 340. 

chuck-hole, s. A deep hole in a wagon rut, deep 
enough to be likely to “chuck” one out of the 
wagon. 

chuck-steak, s. Beefsteak cut from between the 
neck and the shoulder of the beef. 


tghiick (3), v. t. [Chuck (3), s.] 

Mech.: To place or hold in a chuck in turning, 
ghiick (1), s. [A variant of chicken.] 

1. The voice or call of a hen, the sound by which 
fowls are called together to be fed. 

“ He made the chuck four or five times, that people use to 
make to chickens when they call them.”— Sir W. Temple. 

*2. A term of endearment. 

“How dost thou, chuck?” — Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. i. 

*3. Any slight noise. 

ghiick (2), s. [Chuck (2 ), v.J 

1. A slight tap or blow under the chin. 

2. A throw. 



ghiick (3), s. [Probably connected with chuck 

(2), s.] 

1. Mech.: An appendage to a lathe. Being 
screwed on to the nose of the mandrel, it is made to 
grasp the work to be turned. 

There are several varieties, such 
as the eccentric chuck, which is 
designed for changing the center 
of the work ; the elliptic or oval; 
the geometric, &c. [Nose- 
engine.] 

2. Naut.: A warping chuck is 
one in which hawsers or ropes 
run. Friction rollers prevent 
the wearing of the rope. It is 
used on the rail or other por¬ 
tion of a ship’s side. 

chuck-lathe, s. A lathe in 
which the work is held by a 
socket or grasping device at¬ 
tached to the revolving mandrel 
of the head-stock. It is used for 
turning short work, such as 
cups, spools, balls, and a great 
variety of ornamental and use¬ 
ful articles. 

chuck-will’s widow, s. 

Ornith-: A species of Goatsucker, Caprimulgus 
carolinensis, or whip-poor-will, a native of the 
Southern States. The name is an attempt to repro¬ 
duce the note of the bird. 



“It wanted but a few minutes of midnight, when sud¬ 
denly the clear and distinct voice of the chuck-will’s widow 
rose up from a pomegranate tree in the garden below the 
window where I was sitting, and only a few yards from 
me. It was exactly as if a human being had spoken the 
words, ‘chuck—will’s-widow.’ ” — Gosse: Romance of Natural 
History, p. 174. 

ghuck '-et, s. [From the voice of the birdj A 
name given to the Blackbird in the Island of Hoy, 
Orkney. 

“In winter—it has only a squeaking voice, like the word 
chuck, chuck, several times repeated, whence the Hoy 
name.”— Low: Fauna Oread., p. 68. 

ghuck -le (le as gl), (l),v.t.& i. [A frequent 
form from chuck (1) v. ( Mahn): probably more im- * 
mediately related to choke {Skeat).] 

*A. Transitive: 

1. To call together as a hen her chickens. 

“ . . . if these birds are within distance, here’s that 
will chuckle ’em together.”— Dryden. 

2. To fondle. 


“. . . he must chuckle you, and moan you.”— Dryden: 

Spanish Friar. 


B. Intrans.: To laugh convulsively or in a sup¬ 
pressed and broken manner. 

*ghuck’-le (2), v. t. [A frequent form from chuck 
(2), v. (q. v.)] To throw together, to mix up. 

“ She chuckles together a whole covy of essences and 
perfumes.”— Gentleman Instructed, p. 117. 

ghuck'-le, s. [Chuckle (1), v.] A short con¬ 
vulsive or suppressed laugh. 


*chuckle-chin, s. A double-chin. 

“ The dewlaps from his chuckle-chin 
That had with gorging pampered been.” 

T. D’Urfey: Athenian Jilt. (Davies.) 

tchuckle-head, s. A thick-headed fellow, a 
numskull. 

“ Is he not much handsomer and better built than that 
chuckle-head.” — Smollett: Roderick Random, ch. iii. 

ghuck-ling, pr. par., a. & s. [Chuckle, i\] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of making a chuckling 
noise; a chuckle. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camgl, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, cure, pnite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey - a. qu = kw! 







chud 


881 


church 


*Chud, v. t. [Cud.] To champ, to bite. 

“ When she rides, the horse chuds his bit so cheerfully, 
<38 if he wished his burthen might grow to his back.”—• 
Stafford' Niobe Dissolv’d into a Nilus, p. 119. 

9h.ud -d.er, s. [Hind, chudur, a corruption of 
*hadur=a. sheet.] In India, a sheet made of silk, 
muslin, or cambric, thrown over the head of Mussul¬ 
man and some Hindoo women, and reaching to the 
ground. When they go into the street they generally 
wrap themselves in it, as they do also when going 
to sleep. ( Herklots & Jaffur Shurreef.) 

<?hud -reme, cud'-reme, s, [Ir. cudthrom= a 
weight, a load.] An ancient designation of what is 
called a stone weight. 

“ * . . cum antiqua mensura farine ibi apposita, 
triginta Caseos quorum quilibet facit Chudreme, et octo 
male de Braseo, et Derchede male, et Chedher male.”— 
Chart. Sti. Andr. Crawfurd ’1 Officers of State, p. 431. 

*chfi-et, s [Chewet.] A kind of forcemeat. 

“ As for chuets, which are likewise minced meat, instead 
of butter and fat, it were good to moisten them partly 
with cream, or almond or pistacho milk.”— Bacon. Nat¬ 
ural Hist. 

9huff, *9huffe, a. & s. [Etym. doubtful; Cf. chub 
and Welsh cyff= a stock, a stump.] [Choffe.] 

A. As adj. Fat-faced, with fat or puffed out 
cheeks. 

“ Chuffe; bouffe.” — Palsgrave. 

B. As subst.: A dull, stupid, thick-headed fellow. 
“ That saw a butcher, a butcherly chuffe indeede . . .” 

— Sidney: Arcadia, p. 196. 

*chuff-headed, a. Thick-headed, chuck-headed. 
“ A great chuff-headed Priest that stood by, spake, . . 

— Fox: Martyrs, vol. iii., p. 745. 

*9huf-fer, s. [Eng. chuff; -er.] A chuff, a clown. 
“Herkyns now what shalle befalle 
Of this fals chuff er here.” 

Towneley: Myst., p. 216. 

9huf-fie, a. [Eng. chuff; -ie=-y .] Fat-faced; 
having a double chin, 
chuffie-cheeks, s. pi. or sing. 

1. Lit. (PI.): Full cheeks. 

2. Fig. (By metonomy): A ludicrous designation 
for a full-faced child. 

9huff'-l-ly, adv. [Eng. chuffy; -ly.] Inachuffy 
manner; roughly, surlily, clownishly. 

9huff-i-ness, s. [Eng. chuffy; -ness.] The 
quality of being chuffy; roughness, rudeness, clown¬ 
ishness. 

“In spite of the chufflness of his appearance .”—Miss 
Edgworth: Absentee, ch. xvi. (Davies.) 

*9huf-fing, S. [Eng. chuff; -ing.~\ Rudeness, 
clownishness. 

“ That wass chufflnng and falls.”— Ormulum, 12,173. 
chuf-fjf, *chuf-fie, a. [Eng. chuff; -y-] 

1. Fat-faced. ( Mainwaring.) 

2. Rough, rude, clownish, 

chuffy-bricks, s. Bricks which are puffed out 
by the escape of rarefied air or steam during burn¬ 
ing. 

*9hiik (l),s. [A. S. cedce=the cheek.] A disease, 
mentioned in Roull’s “ Cursing,” MS., aHeoting the 
cheek or jaw. 

“ The chukis, that haldis the chaftis fra chowing, 
Golkgaliter at the hairt growing.” 

Oloss. Complaint of Scotl., p. 331. 

*9huk (2), s. & V. [Chuck (1).] 

Chuk (3), s. [Etym. doubtful.] The name given 
in Scotland to an Isopodous Crustacean, Asellus 
marinus. (Sibbdld.) 

t9hull, *9hul'-len, v. t. [Cf. Ger. kollern, kul- 
lem.] To deceive, to cheat, to drive about. 

“ Now Cristene men ben chullid, now with popis, and 
now with bishopis.”— Wycliffe: Select Works, ii. 280. 

ch um , s. [A corruption either of comrade (q. v.), 
or of chamber-fellow (q. v.).] One who lives in the 
same room with another; a comrade in college or 
university. 

“His chum was certainly the thief.”— Fielding: Tom 
Jones, bk. viii., ch. ii. 

9 hum, v. t. & i. [Chum, s.] 

*1. Trans.: To place or appoint a person to 
occupy the same room with another. 

“ Yo’j’ 11 be chummed on somebody to-morrow. Dickens: 

Pickwick, ii. 83. 

II. Intrans.: To occupy the same room with 
another. 

9hu-ma r, s. [Anglo-Indian, from Hindust. chu- 
mdr, chamdr .] A worker in leather; a shoemaker, 
a cobbler.] 

chum-bel-lf, chum'-be-lee, s. [Hind., &c., 
chambeli; Mahratta chumelee.] Any species of 
Indian Jasmine. Spec., Jasminum grandijlorum. 


The flowers are strung on threads and worn in neck¬ 
laces or entwined in the hair of native women. 
(Lindley, die.) 

t 9 hum -mage (age as ig), s. [Eng. chum; -age.) 
The act of chumming with another; also as adj. in 
such a phrase as “ a chummage ticket.” (Dickens.) 

9 hump, s. [Icel. kumpr— a log, a block, and 
kubba— to chop.] 

(1) A short, thick, heavy piece of wood, smaller 
than a block. 

“ When one is battered, they can quickly, of a chump of 
wood, accommodate themselves with another.”— Moxon. 

(2) Slang term, signifying a stupid fellow, a fool¬ 
ish man who lets his opportunities pass unim¬ 
proved. 

chump-chop, s■ A chop cut from the chump-end 
of the loin. 

chump-end, s. The thick end; usually applied to 
a loin of mutton. 

“Shaped as if they had been unskilfully cut off the 
chump-end of something.”— Dickens. Great Expectations, 
ch. x. 

* 9 hump -ish, a. [Eng. chump; -ish .] Boorish, 
clownish, rough. 

“With chumpish looks, hard words and secret sighs.”— 
Sidney: Arcadia, p. 391. 

t 9 hum'-ship, s. [Eng. chum and ship.] The 
state or condition of being a chum with another; 
closo intimacy. (De Quincey.) 

9 hun, s. [Chun, v.] A term applied to the 
sprouts or germs of barley, in the process of making 
malt; also to the shoots of potatoes, when they 
begin to spring in the heap. 

9 hun, v. t. [Mceso-Goth. keinan— to sprout, to 
germinate. 

IT To chun potatoes: To prevent vegetation in 
turning them ; to nip off the shoots which break out 
from what are called the eyes. 

9hff-nam’, s. [Anglo-Indian; Hind, chdnd .] 
Lime or anything made of it, as stucco, &c. The 
Madras chunam, made of calcined shells, is con¬ 
sidered the best. 

“The walls and columns are covered with chunam, pre¬ 
pared from calcined shells, which in whiteness and polish 
rivals the purity of marble .”—Sir E. Tennent. Ceylon, ii. 
203. 

9 hun-CO - 51 , s. [Peruvian atbol de chunchu, the 
name of one of the species.] 

Bot■: A genus of trees belonging to the order 
Combretaceae. They are natives of Peru. 

9 hunk, s. [Probably a variant of chump (q. v.).] 
A short thick lump of anything. 

9 huh-kjf, a. [Eng. chunk; -y.] Thick and short, 
chumpy. 

“ . . . a tough and chunky body, broad and deep, like 

a Normandy mare’s, . . .”—London Daily News. 

9 hff-pat-ty, s. [Anglo-Ind., from Hind, chu- 
patee .] An unleavened cake made of flour, water, 
and salt. 

“ Tea, and beer . . . and plenty of hot chupatties.” 
W. H. Bussell, in Ogilvie. 

9hfl-pras-see', s. [Hind, chuprasee, chaprdsl, 
from chupras, chaprds=a badge. Anglo-Indian.] 
One wearing an official badge, generally a broad 
and conspicuous belt passing over one shoulder and 
around the side opposite to it. A chuprassee in 
India somewhat resembles a beadle here, at other 
times he acts as a police officer. 

“ . . . sneaking into camp, he will drag a chuprassee 

out of the rowtitent » . —London Daily Telegraphy 
December 5, 1865. 

9hur9h, *9hir9he, *9hyr9he, *9her9he, 
* 9 hur 9 he (Eng.), kirk, *kirke, *kyrke (Mid.Eng. 

Scotch), s. & a. [Gr. kyriakon= pertaining to the 
Lord, from kyrios = the'Lord; A. S. circe, cirice, 
cyrce; O. Sax. kirika; O. H. Ger. chirikka; M. H. 
Ger. kirche; Ger. kirclie; Dut. kerk; Dan. kirker; 
Sw. kyrka; Icel. kirkja. It is believed that the 
word kyriake originally passed over from the Greeks 
to the Goths, the first Teutonic tribe converted to 
Christianity. From the Goths it diffused itself over 
the other Teutonic tribes, ultimately reaching the 
Saxons, and through them becoming introduced 
into the English tongue. Walafrid Strabo, who 
wrote about A. D. 840, gave this explanation of the 
origin of the word “ kyreh.” (Trench: On the Study 
of Words, pp. 67, 68 .)] 

A. As substantive: 

* 1 . Originally used in a wide sense for a Christian 
church, a Jewish synagogue, or a heathen temple. 

“ And lo the veil of the church was torn in two parts 
from the’ top downwards.”— Matt, xxvii. 61. (Sir John 
Cheke.) 

“ To all the gods devoutly she did offer frankincense, 
But most above them all the church of Jesus she did 
cense.” Golding: Ovid’s Metamorphoses, bk. xi. 


2. A building set apart ana consecrated for 
Christian worship. 

“ Chireche is holi Godes hus and is cleped in 

boc kiriaki i. dominicalis.”— O. Eng. Homilies (ed. Mor¬ 
ris), ii. 23. 

“ It comprehends the whole church, viz., the nave, or 
body of the church, together with the chancel, which is 
even included under the word church.” — Ayliffe. Parer- 
gon. 

3. A body of Christian believers, worshiping 
together in one place, under the same minister, and 
with the same form of worship. 

“ They ordained them elders in every church.”—Acts 
xiv. 23. 

4. The whole body of Christians collectively. 

“It is certainly lawful not to worship images, not to 
pray to Angels, or Saints, or the blessed Virgin; other¬ 
wise the primitive church would not have forborn these 
practices for three hundred years, as is acknowledged by 
those of the church of Borne,”— Tillotson (3d ed. 1722), 
vol. i., ser. ix. 

“ The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of 
faithful men, in the which the pure Word of God is 
preached.”— Book of Common Prayer, Art. xix. 

5. A distinct section or division of Christians or¬ 
ganized for worship under a certain form. Thus we 
speak of the Roman Catholic, the Presbyterian, the 
Greek, the Latin Churches, &c. 

6 . The religious influence exercised by Christians 
in the aggregate; ecclesiastical authority or influ¬ 
ence, as distinguished from the civil power. 

“ The same criminal may be absolved by the church and 
condemned by the state; absolved or pardoned by the 
state, yet censured by the church.”—Leslie. 

IT Church of England: The foregoing designation 
is used in two senses: first, a general one signifying 
the Church regarded as continuous, which, from 
the first triumph of Christianity till now, has been 
that of the English people, and secondly, in a more 
specific sense, the Protestant Church now estab¬ 
lished in England as distinguished from the Church 
of Rome. 

The Saxons were gradually converted by Augustin 
and his companions sent from Rome for the pur¬ 
pose, and by the early part of the 7th century, the 
seven kingdoms of the heptarchy were all nominally 
Christian. In England, as elsewhere, the centuries 
between the 7th and the 13th were marked by the 
growth and ultimate domination of the Papacy, 
and in 1213, King John, to the disgust of his sub¬ 
jects, surrendered his crown to the Roman legate. 
But the submission was never complete, and certain 
Parliamentary measures in the 14th century, 
designed to protect the civil power against the 
encroachments of the Church, look as if they had 
been proposed at a much later period. In the 
same century, Wycliffe on the one hand, and 
Chaucer and the author of “Piers Plowman ” on 
the other, inflicted heavy blows upon the Church’s 
reputation. Thoroughly alarmed in the 15th 
century for its supremacy, it became increasingly 
cruel in its treatment of “ heretics,” and in the 16th 
the Reformation came. In 1531 the royal suprem¬ 
acy, which was intended to supersede the papal 
one, was imposed on the clergy by Henry VIII., and 
was made use of to produce other changes. In the 
same year Coverdale’s Bible was appointed to be 
read in the churches. In 1549 the first book of 
Common Prayer was published, and permission 
given to the clergy to marry. In the reign of 
Edward VI., A. D. 1547 to 1553. more sweeping 
measures of reform were carried out unde! the 
auspices of foreign rather than English Protestant 
leaders, but these were completely swept away in 
the great reaction in favor of Roman Catholicism 
which arose when Mary came to the throne. The 
work of reformation was resumed under Queen 
Elizabeth, and in 1563 the thirty-nine articles 
became, as they still continue to be, the authorita¬ 
tive statement of the Church’s creed. Two parties 
subsequently came into antagonism in the Church; 
the Puritans, who wished to constitute it on a 
basis like that of the churches of Geneva and of 
Scotland; and an Alglican party, who were 
reluctant to break so completely with the past. A 
conference, held from 14th to 16th January, 1604, at 
Hampton Court, between the leaders on each side, 
failed to effect their reconciliation, and they went 
their separate ways. In 1611 was published the 
version of the Bible which is now called the author¬ 
ized one, that which maintains its place at present, 
notwithstanding the issue of the revised version. 
The disputes between .the Puritans and the Angli¬ 
cans continued during the remainder of the reign 
of Elizabeth, and during those of James I. and 
Charles I. During the Civil War, which com¬ 
menced in 1640, it was a great object with the 
Parliamentary party to obtain assistance from the 
Scotch, who had preceded them in rebellion by 
three years, having risen in 1637 against an effort to 
force upon them a liturgy which they abhorred. An 
ecclesiastical, as well as a political, union was pro¬ 
posed by the Scotch, who were then, as now, Pres¬ 
byterian ; and in 1644, the Book of Common Prayer 


fodil tody* pout, jowl; cat, fell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph — f. 
-cian, -t’ian = she-n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 

56 




church-ale 


882 


church-history 


■was suppressed and the directory of public worship Church of Rome was complete, the alliance between church-government, s. The regulation and 
/?• -f Westminster Assembly of divines the nobility and the Protestant preachers which ordering or spiritual matters, or those pertaining 
substituted in its room. A reaction against the new had effected the triumph, showed symptoms of dis- to the discipline and work of the Church. 

arrane'emcnts was nnf inner in anciim ___i _ 1 _ .■ a " i. _ •_ j „ „ . ^ .. 


arrangements was not long in arising, and with the solving, and a large section of the former viewed 
a episcopacy was restored. In with distrust, and even active hostility, what they 

166^, the Act of Uniformity was passed, which com- regarded as the too democratic measures which 
pelted about <2,000 clergymen, mostly Presbyterian Knox aimed at carrying out. But one inestimable 
in sentiment, to resign their livings, and laid the boon was gained ere they parted, the universal estab- 
foundation of modern Nonconformity. The Act is lishmentof parish schools. 

s iu - ln * orce '. I he effort of James II.,in violation The semi-republican constitution of the Church, 
?r t? ^oTonation ? a . > ijudo the reformation in which became more marked after the office of super- 
the Rnglish Church, injured not it but himself, and intendent had been swept away, and the second 


Four leading views are at present entertained 
regarding church government. The first three agree 
that the rudiments of a scheme of church govern¬ 
ment are laid down in the New Testament. They 
differ, however, as to what that scheme is, much 
the greater number believing it to be episcopacy , 
though one large minority are in favor of presby- 
terianism, and another in favor of congregation- 

anv^ubseQueidfsovereinn^The^Tan" 0 ?'^! 1 ' 6 par f °l kook of discipline published (the latter event in which has mit alarge'm'nilber ofadvoca tes' is'fhat 
sovereign. The evangelistic zeal 9 f 15/8), created jealousy in the minds of regents and no scheme of government was laid down in the New 

The «thawoke^the 8 rfcb £ Sovere ^ four or five generations of Stuart Testament, a|pHcabfe to Ill times and places, bul 

tne lbth century, awoke the Church to new life, kings put forth long and determined efforts to that the church has the power of adapting its gov- 
W rYi?k no ^ P^ ss awa .y eve . n when the •followers transform Presbyterian into Episcopal government, ernment to the special circumstances in which it 
of the two great preachers just named ceased to The project cost the lives and liberties of far more find“!tselfatanyparticular “me 
belong to the English Church. The evangelical people than the short sham Reformation struggle ^ iseir at, any panicuiar nine, 
party, still the most numerous in the Establish- had done, and ended at last in failure. The Revo- Church-history, s. Thehistory of any Church, 

ment, is, m large measure, the fruit of 18th cen- lution settlement of 1690, re-established Presbyteri- b ^f - f 

tury revival effort. In the 19th, the movement has anism, and the General Assembly which had been <- ' Church history naturally divides itself into 
been in other directions. With 1833, just after the interrupted for nearly forty years began again to f? ur periods: (1) From the advent of Christ to the 
passing of the first Reform Bill, the first of a series sit and has done so annually from tfiat time till H m , e of Constantine; (2) From Constantine to 
of » Tracts for the Times ” came forth, and ninety, now. Prior Mohammed, or by the arrangement of Mosheim and 

m all, were issued within the next eight years. Act of Security was uassed dpsmned to ureserve °fbers, to Charlemagne; (3) Prom Mohammed, or 
The ritualistic party, at a later date, carried on the the Scotch national cLrch from being ove?thrown alternatively from Charlemagne to the Reforma- 
work which the tractarians had begun. In 1860 the by southern votes. . n ’ W From the Reformation to the present 

Essays and Reviews, and in 1862 a work by Bishop In 1712 an Act of Parliament re-introduced ^ lr S e \ • ,, 

patronage which had been swept away. The opera- loa 

tion of this enactment was one main cause of three 


Colenso on the Pentateuch, gave prominence to the 
opposite pole of thought, being what theologians 


call strongly rationalistic. Church Congresses, 
bringing the representatives of these three parties 
face to face, softened their antagonisms, and fear 
of common danger renders them more united than 
they otherwise would be. 

In the English Church, at present, there are two 
archbishops and twenty-nine bishops, both of the 
former and twenty-four of the latter having seats 
in the House of Lords; subordinate to these are 
thirty deans, eighty-two archdeacons, 613 rural 
deans, and about 13,500 beneficed clergy, the whole 
clerical staff of all grades being about 23,000. In¬ 
cluding infants, it is believed to have above 13,000,- 
000 adherents in England and Wales. Previous to 
1871, the English Church and the Established 
Church of Ireland constituted but a single body, 
called the United Church of England and Ireland. 
It is powerful also in the Colonies, and by means of 
its two great societies, the Propagation and the 
Church Missionary Societies, acts powerfully on 
nearly every part of the heathen world. 

Church of Ireland, Irish Church: A popular name 
sometimes given, prior to 1871, to what was not an 
independent denomination, but was an integral 
part of the United Church of England and Ireland. 
It constituted the Established Church of the two 
countries. When on 1st January, 1871, the Act of 
Parliament, disestablishing and disendowing the 
portion of the United Church which was in Ireland, 
took effect, those affected by the measure, rejecting 
the name proposed by the Government for the new 
organization, adopted that of the Irish Church or 
the Church of Ireland. It comprehends within its 
pale about one-eighth of the Irish people. 

Church of Scotland: The original Scottish Church 
seems to have been that of the Culdees, then in 
mediaeval times the Roman Catholic Church was, to 
a certain extent, the national church in Scotland, 
not merely as having within its pale at least by pro¬ 
fession all the people, but as maintaining its inde¬ 
pendence of its powerful southern neighbor. The 
church resisted the claims to supremacy over it put 
forth at one time by the Archbishop of York, at 
another by the Archbishop of Canterbury; and, in 
1176, in self-defense cast itself into the arms of the 
Roman Pontiff. When the sixteenth century opened, 
the royal power in Scotland was weak and was jeal¬ 
ous of, and in conflict with, a very powerful no¬ 
bility. When the Reformation struggle began, the 
Crown remained adherent to the old faitb, while 
the nobility tended to adopt the new. From the war 
of independence, Scotland had considered it good 
policy to guard against any aggression on the part 


From the advent of Jesus Christ (four 
years earlier than commonly expressed, or what is 


secessions: that of the Secession, pre-eminently so 
called, in 1733; the Relief in 1752 ; and, the greatest 
of all, that which created the Free Church in 1843. 

The Church of Scotland claims about half the 
people as at least its nominal adherents. Besides 
the “ General Assembly,” it had in 1881 sixteen syn- 


known as 4 B. C.), to the Conversion to Christianity 
of the Emperor Constantine, A. D. 312, or to his 
establishment of that faith as the state religion, in 
or before A. D. 321: This period may be naturally 
divided into three sub-periods, (1) The ministry of 
Jesus; (2) That of His apostles; and (3) That of 


ods, eighty-four presbyteries, 1,500 churches, includ- theChristian fathers after the last of the apostles 
ing mission-rooms, and 1,660 ministers and proba- n mhofiV.’c 


tioners engaged in ministerial work. It has missions 
in India, Africa, and elsewhere. In 1874 the Patron¬ 
age Act of 1712 was repealed, and each congregation 
now elects its own pastor. Its chief rivals in Scot¬ 
land are the Free Church and the United Presby¬ 
terians, the latter resulting from a union of the old 
Secession and Relief Churches. 

Church of Rome: For this see Roman Catholic 
Church. 

IT Church and mice: A game of children said to be 
the same with the Soiv in the Kirk (q. v.). 

Church in rotundo: 

Arch.: A church which, like the Pantheon, is 
quite circular. 

B. Asadj.: In anyway pertaining or connected 
with the church. 

IT Obvious compounds: Church-aisle, church-bell, 
church-clock, church-goer, church-member. 

church-ale, s. A feast in commemoration of 
the dedication of a church. 

church-attire, s. The dress or vestments worn 
by those who officiate in public worship. 


The spiritual jurisdiction 
i Church; ecclesiastical 


interment 

services over the corpse are held in a church. 

church-discipline, s. The discipline and order 
appointed by the Church. 

church-going, *chirche-gong, 

s. & a. 


of England by a close alliance with France, and 
when the Reformation began there were actually 

French troops in Scotland. On these the Crown 2 A burial at "which nrevious to th- 

rested to resist the religious movement which had - A buriai at Previous to th. 

been begun, but the Protestant “ Lords of the Con¬ 
gregation,” who had taken up arms to defend their 
cause, applied for aid to Queen Elizabeth, who sent 
troops to aid them in expelling the French. By a 
treaty signed on the 7th July, 1560, it was stipulated 
that both the French and the English troops should 
withdraw from Scotland. On the 24th August, of 
the same year, the Scottish Parliament abolished 
the papal jurisdiction, prohibited the celebration 
of the mass, and rescinded all the laws made in 
favor of Roman Catholicism. The reformers 
adopted what is now called Presbyterian Church 
government, though certain superintendents were 
appointed, with the sanction of John Knox, the 
great Scottish reformer, whose offices after a time 
were swept away. [Church Government, Presby¬ 
terianism.] The first General Assembly was held 
on 20th December, 1560. When the victory over the 


The first sub-period has been already treated of. 
[Christ.] Immediately after the ascension means 
were taken to fill up by election the vacancy left in 
the apostolic college by the apostasy and death of 
Judas (Acts i. 15-26) ^he descent of the Holy 
Spirit, which had been promised by Christ (John 
xiv. 16,17, and xvi. 7-14, &c.), took place soon after¬ 
ward on the day of Pentecost, accompanied by the 
gift of tongues (Actsii.), and then the apostles were 
qualified to go forth and carry into effect the 
Savior’s last charge to make disciples of all nations. 
Under the preaching of Peter and the other 
apostles, thousands were converted and baptized, 
and such a spirit of love prevailed among the con¬ 
verts that a Christian socialism sprang up, but ere 
long it produced an Ananias and Sapphira, and we 
hear of it no more (Acts iv. 32-37, v. 1-11). 

The same jealousy which had prompted the 
Jewish rulers to seek the death of our Lord, led to 
the persecution of His followers, and Stephen, 
stoned to death for alleged blasphemy, was the 
first of the great army of Christian martyrs. A 
scattering of the Christians took place, which 
resulted in the founding of other churches, the 
chief of which was at Antioch in Syria, where the 
disciples of Jesus for the first time received the 
name of Christians (Acts xi.26.) [Christian.] 
Previous to this, Peter, moved by a vision, had 
Born within the pale of the begun to preach to the Gentiles (Acts xi. 1-18), and 
not long afterward Saul of Tarsus, once a bitter 
persecutor of the Christians but now a convert, 
was sent out as colleague to Barnabas, on a mis¬ 
sionary journey chiefly through Asia Minor, and 
ultimately became the splendidly successful apostle 
of the Gentiles (Acts xiii. 2, &c.). No complete co¬ 
alescence ever took place between the Jewish and 
the Gentile elements in the early church. The 
Jews, with a few honorable exceptions, imbued with 
caste pride, attempted to impose a Judaic yoke on 
their Gentile brethren, and not ultimately succeed¬ 
ing, many of them in the second century withdrew 
from the church catholic, and formed the two sects 
of the Nazarenes and the Ebionites, the former of 
which retained, while the latter rejected, belief in 

__J| _ _ _ the divinity of Christ. While Jerusalem stood the 

1. Burial in a consecrated ground, and with relig- P nc onverted Jewslostim opportunity of persecut- 

—- 6 ’ “ mg Christianity, but their influence was to a large 

extent swept away by the partial destruction of 
Jerusalem byTitus in 70 A.D., and its total destruc¬ 
tion after the revolt of Barchochab in the second 
century. Before the first of these events had taken 
place, persecution on the part of the heathen 
Romans had begun, and it continued at intervals 
during the whole of the first period. The Roman 
persecutions are generally called ten; but if only 
those which were universal be reckoned, they were 
fewer than that number^ while if those which were 
local be taken also into account, they were more. 
After the last and severest of these—called Diocle¬ 
tian’s persecution, though its real instigator was 
liis son-in-law Galerius—a convert of high rank, 
Constantine, was obtained, who became emperor in 
A. D. 312, and in 321 or earlier established Chris¬ 
tianity as the State religion. 

Period 2. From the Conversion of Constantine or 
his establishment of Christianity as the state religion 
to the rise of Mohammed: While all along there 


church-authority, s. 

of the authorities of 
authority. 

*church-begot, a 

church. 

church-bench, s. 

*1. A seat in the porch of a church. 

2. A seat in a church. 

“ Let us go sit here upon the church-bench till two, and 
then all to bed.”— Shakesp.: Much Ado, iii. 3. 

church-bred, a. Brought up according to the 
principles and doctrine of the Church. 

church-bug, s. [From being often found in 
churches.] 

Entom.: A common name for a species of wood¬ 
louse, Oniscus asellus, belonging to the order Iso- 
poda. 

church-burial, s. [Eng.] 


chyrchegong, 


A. As subst.: The act or practice of attending 
Divine service in a church. 


“ A sory chyrchegong yt was to the Kyng of France.”— 
Rob. of Glouc., 380. 

*B. As adjective: 

1. Calling to Divine service. 

“But the sound of the church-going bell 
These valleys and rocks never heard.” 

Cowper: Verses, supposed to be writt. by Alex. Selkirk. 

2. Habitually attending Divine service; regular in 
attendance at church. 


fate, fat, 
or, wore 


fare, amidst, 
WQlf, work, 


what, 

who, 


fall, 

son; 


father; we, wet, here, 
mute, cub. cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rffle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, 

qu 


pot, 
> kw. 









church-judicatories 883 

had been a general agreement as to Christian “ It was anciently customary for men and -women of the 
doctrine the several tenets had not been exactly first quality, ecclesiastics and others, who were lovers of 
denned, but when controversy regarding any one of church-music, to be admitted into this corporation [of 
them arose, it was for the first time precisely stated, parish clerks].”— Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, ii. 396. 
S?iiS^ es l*j 1 i- W l ie ^ le 1 r our Lord was equal with the church-owl, s. 


Father, and truly and absolutely Divine, or whether, 
as Anus alleged, he was but the first of created 
beings, was settled by the Council of Nice in 325 in 
favor of the former view, and though a long strug¬ 
gle between the Trinitarians and the Arians took 


churlish 

9hur<;h , -mg,iL-lIke, a. [Eng. churchman; like.] 
Like, or as befits, a churchman. 

9hur9h -mim-ly, a. [Eng. churchman; - ly .] 
Like a churchman, churchmanlike. 

9hur9h'-man-shlp, s. [Eng. churchman; -ship.] 
The state or quality of being a churchman, or of 
belonging to the Established Church of any coun¬ 
try. ( Eclec. Rev.) 

9hur9h’-shlp, s. [Eng. church; -ship.] The 


Zobl.: The common Barn-owl. 
church-service, s. 

1. The form of Divine service used in churches. 

2. A book of the service used in Divine worship in 

place, and though sometimes one and sometimes the Church of England and the Protestant and - > - 

the other party prevailed the church ultimatelv K °formed Episcopal churches, containing, m addi- institution or establishment as a church; the state 
settled into belief in the Three-One God TAeian- tlOD to tho Book of Common Prayer, the lessons of being a church. 
ism.] Other doctrines were settled by the decision appointed for the different days throughout the - 

of councils. (For these see Council.) The fall of year - 

the Western empire in the fifth century almost dis- ♦church-town, *cherch-toun, s. [A. S. cyric- 
solved the civil power in Italy and elsewhere, but tun.'] A cemetery or churchyard, 
the church was equal to the crisis, and was ulti- “Other holi stedes, cherchtounes , other hous of reli- 
mately enabled to convert the barbarous nations to gioun.” —Ayenbite oflnwyt, p. 41. 

an faith. In those ages of political con- church-warden, *churchewardeyne, *kyrke- 

w-is notfulfv recon^Htntprf^rf^u^Q^b 6 * f° C1 ^ y wardeyn, s. One of two Episcopalian parochial 
hecamo u • 1S 7 !§i t V 1 n y officers chosen annually at the Easter vestries, 

_fjkYL c 3Piu„.. _. a) .^ 1U ;. < l lkc< ,' an ! knaB 'Y m GO the on0 [ 5 y f] le minister and one by the parishioners. 

Their duties are to protect the building of the 


—--„_._J the 

worship of images was introduced into the church. 


“ The Jews were his own also by right of churchship, as 
selected and inclosed by God, . . .”— South: Sermon on 
John i. 11. 

9hur9h -wort, *9hIr9he'-wort, s. [Eng. church; 

and suff. wort (q. v.).] 

Rot.: Mentha Pulegium (Britten & Holland). 
t9hur9h’-y, a. [Eng. church; -y .] Pertaining 
to, or connected with, the church; devoted to 
church-work or church matters. ( Colloquial .) 

9hurl, *churle, *charle, *cherl, *cherle. 


In A. D. 569 or 5(0 Mohammed was horn, and when church and its appurtenances, to superintend the cheorl, cherelle, *chirl, *chorle, s. & n. [A. S. 
he sought for religious light, his mind revolted ceremonies of divine worship, and the proper distri- 
from the Arab and all other idolatry. He was bution of alms, Ac.; to form and execute parochial 
®jpP9, S0< f ?. ° f ae doctrines of the Trinity, and of regulations, and generally to act as the legal repre- 
tne bonship ot Christ, against which his religion sentatives of the parish. They were anciently called 
may be considered as a reaction. [Mohammedan- Church-reeves. 

ISM.1 This second period may be made to end with 


the first preaching of Mohammed about A. D. 611, or 
with the Mohammedan era—the Hegira, 15th July, 
622—preferably the former. Orit might be made to 
terminate with Charlemagne’s donation to the Pa¬ 
pacy, or with the separation between the Eastern 
and the Western Churches, for which see Period 3. 

Period 3. From the rise of Mohammedanism to 
the Reformation under Luther, the latter event dat¬ 
ing from A. D. 1517: While the Greeks, indulging 
their natural subtilty, took the lead in hair-split¬ 
ting definitions of doctrine, the imperial Romans 
were more practically engaged in building up a 
world-embracing ecclesiastical power in lieu of the 
secular empire which they had lost, and from the 
seventh to the thirteenth century the growth of the 
Papacy was continuous. In 756 Pepin, having 
defeated Astulphus, King of the Lombards, com¬ 
pelled him to give to the church and the republic 
the exarchate of Ravenna and the Pentapolis. In 
774 Charlemagne confirmed this cession and en¬ 
larged the territory given, thus laying the founda¬ 
tion of the Pope’s temporal power. [Papacy.] In 
the eighth century a schism took place between the 
Patriarchs of _ Constantinople and Rome, and the 
separation which still exists between the Eastern 
and Western Churches began. During the early 
part of this third period the Eastern Church was 
sorely trampled down by the Mohammedans, and 
during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the 
Western one came into the conflict in hope of recov¬ 
ering the holy sepulcher, but the Christian success 
was only temporary. [Ckusades.J During the four- 


A path or way leading to or 


Church-reeves. 

church-way, s. 
round a church. 

“ Now it is the time of night, 

That the graves, all gaping wide, 

Every one lets forth his sprite. 

In the church-way paths to glide.” 

Shakesp.: Mids. Night’s Dream, v. 2. 

church-work, *chircheweorke, s. 

I. Lit.: Work on or in connection with the build¬ 
ing, repair, &c., of churches. 

“Delehit wreeche mon other to brugge other to chirche- 
weorke."—Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), p. 31. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Work on or in connection with the church, 
and the promotion of religion. 

*2. Work carried out slowly. 

“This siege was church-work: and therefore went on 
slowly.”— Fuller: Holy War, p. 111. 

church-yard, s. An inclosed piece of ground 
adjoining a church, formerly consecrated for the 
burial of the dead ; a cemetery. [Burial-ground.] 

church-yard beetle, s. Blaps mortisaga. 
[Blaps.] 

*9hur9h'-d6m, s. [Eng. church; -dom.] The in¬ 
stitution, government, or authority of a church. 

“ Whatsoever church pretendeth to a new beginning, 
pretendeth at the same time to a new churchdom . . .” 
— Pearson: On the Creed, art. 9. 

9hur9h'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Church.] 

A. & B. As pr.par. <£• particip. adj.: (See the verb.) 
C. Assubst.: The act of performing the. service 


teenth century the Papacy was declining, during the return of thanks fo? delivery in 

Uofiftocfl, it ivnQ attorrmtino- tn rmt down evi- appomteu ror tne return oi tnanas ror uenvery m 


the fifteenth it was attempting to put down evi 
dently imminent revolt by cruel persecution, and in 
the sixteerth the crisis of its fate came. 

Period 4. From the commencement of the Refor¬ 
mation under Luther, A. D. 1517, to the present time: 
For details see Reformation, Protestantism, 
Roman Catholicism, &c. Suffice it here to say 


childbirth. 

“ . . . a practice inconsistent with the very name of 

the office, which is called the churching of women. . . .” 
— Wheatley: Rational Illustration of the Book of Common 
Prayer. 

t9hur9h'-I§m, s. [Eng. church: -ism.] A strong 


that the Reformation struggle continued in one partiality for, or attachment to the forms and prin- 
form or other during nearly the whole of the six- ciples of a church. (Chr. Obs.) 

teenth and seventeenth centuries. During the eight- 9hur9h-Ite, s. [Named after its discoverer, 

eenth all the churches which had been engaged in p ro f. A. H. Church, and suff. -ite {Min.) (<j. v.).] 
that arduous struggle slept, till rudely aw akened Min.: A mineral discovered in 1865, in copper 
by the French revolution of 1789, while the nine- m ines in Cornwall, England, as a coating one-six¬ 
teenth century has been mainly a reaction against teenth of an inch thick on quartz and argillaceous 
the irreligion of that revolution and the cruelties schist. Hardness, 3. Specific gravity, 3'14. Luster, 
of the reign of terror. The Bible and the Tract vitreous ; color, pale smoke-gray, tinged with flesh- 
Societies, as well as the great religious missionary re( j < jt j s transparent or translucent and doubly 
organizations, sprang into life while that revolu- refracting. Composition: Phosphoric acid, 28 - 48; 
tion was working itself out, and have constituted protoxide of cerium, 5P87; lime, 5'42; water, 14 - 93. 


this century to a certain extent an era of missions. 
[Missions.] 

church-judicatories, s. pi. Ecclesiastical 
courts, especially applied to those of the Presby¬ 
terian churches. 

church-like, a. Fitted for church, or to a min¬ 
ister. 

“ Nor wear the diadem upon his head, 

Whose church-like humors fit not for a crown. 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., l. 1. 


{Dana.) 

9hur9h’-less, a. [Eng. church; -less.] Destitute 
of a church. 

“ Whence I conclude it . . never but a churchless 
village .”—Fuller ■ Worthies, ii. 19. 

*9hur9b -let, s. [Eng. church, and dim. suff. -let.] p r0 mpt. Parv. 


ceorl; O. Fris. tzerl; G. H. Ger. charal; M. H. Ger. 
kerl; Dut. karel, kerel; Dan. & Sw. karl; Ger. kerl.] 
[Carl.] 

A. As substantive : 

*1. A low-born-person ; a servant, a serf; a tenant- 
at-will of free condition, who held lands of the 
thanes on payment of rates and services. 

“ May no cherl chartre make, ne his catell selle 
Withouten leve of his lord.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 6,831. 

*2. A countryman, a farmer or farm laborer. 

“ Carle or chorle. Rusticus.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ . . . the relation in which the followers of William 
the Conqueror stood to the Saxon churls.” . . . ”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi. 

3. A rough, surly, or clownish fellow. 

“ . . . and that he was still a prisoner in the handt 
of rude churls, . . .” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

*4. A miserly, niggardly person ; a niggard. 

“The vile person shall be no more called liberal, nor 
the churl said to be bountiful .”—Isaiah xxxii. 6. 

B. As adj.: Churlish, rough, rude, selfish, 
churl-hemp, *churle hempe, s. 

Bot.: The female, supposed by the old writers 
to be the male, plant of hemp, Cannabis sativa. 
[Carl-hemp.] 

churl’s cress, s. [From the Ger.] 

Bot.: Lepidium campestre, or an allied species 
{Lyte.) Order, Cruciferee. 

churl’s head, s. [So called from its rough hairj 
involucres.] 

Bot.: Centaurea nigra. Order, Composites, 
churl’s mustard, s. 

Bot.: A plant doubtfully identified. It may be 
Thlaspi arvense, Iberis amara, or the Churl’s cress 
(q. v.). (Britten & Holland.) 
churl’s treacle, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Allium sativum. 

*9hurl, *9hurle, v. t. [Churl, s.] To act like a 
churl to, to grudge. 

“You need not, says he, churle me in a piece of meat.” 
— Aubrey: Miscell., p. 82. (Davies.) 

*9hurr-hood, *cherl-hed, *chirle-hede, s. 

■[Mid. Eng. cherl, c/wrie=churl ; hed, hede= hood.] 

1. The state of being a churl or servant; service. 
“Holi forsothe cherlhed to hym silf alone profiteth.”— 

Wycliffe: Pref. Epistle, p. 64. 

2. Churlishness. 

“He is . . . of curteis fair specke, ne any thyng ig 
mengd of cherlhed in his faire speche.”— Wycliffe: Isaiah, 
Prol., p. 224. 

9hurl’-Ish, *char-lyche,* char-lysche, *cher- 
liche, *cher-lysshe, *cher-lisch, *chere-lyche, 
*cher-lish, a. [A. S. ceorlic, ceorlisc .] 

*1. Of, or pertaining to, the country or farming; 
rustic. 

“ Cherlyche or charlysche ( churlisshe, P.). Rusticalis.” 


A little church. 

“ L’ttie churclilets and scattered conventicles.”— Oau - 
den Tears of the Church, p. 32. (Davies. ) 

9 hur 9 h'-ly, a. [Eng. church; -ly.] Relating 
to the church, ecclesiastical. 

Divers grave points also hath he handled of churchly 


church-militant, s. [Lat. »tfZ«ans=fighting, 

serving as a soldier; wiilcs ==a soldier.J Tne Cnurcii —--- — r -— . 

of Christ on earth, the members of which are still matters.”— Gay: Shepherd’s Week, Proeme. (Davies.) 
jBghting against the world, the flesh, and the devil. ghu^h'-man, s. [Eng. church; man.] 

/.tiuroVi modes <! nl. 1. A clergyman or ecclesiastic. , , 

church modes, s.p 2. An adherent and supporter of the Church of 

Music: The modes used in Gregona - . Government. 

[Gregorian, Mode.] “. . . gratitude to the King for having brought in 

c'hnrr'h music S Sacred music, such as is used so many churchmen and turned out so many schismatics.” 
CUUlLU-inuaiv, . — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 


in church-services. 


“ Cherliche trauel aboute a tree schewith the fruyt 
therof.”— Wycliffe: Eccles. xxvii. 7. {Purvey.) 

2. Of persons: 

(1) Rude, surly, boorish. 

“ Ful foule and cherlysshe semede she.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 177 
*(2) Miserly, selfish, niggardly. 

*3. Of things: 

(1) Rough, rude, merciless, hard. 

(2) Unmanageable, unyielding. 

“ Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansion tread. 
And force a churlish Boil for scanty bread.” 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 

(3) Vexatious, obstructive. 


noTit iowl 1 cat, pell, chorus, 9hin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph —t 
-San -t’ian = shi. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b<?l, dpi. 





churlishly 


884 


chymify 


ghurl'-Ish-l^, adv. [Eng. churlish; -ly.] In a 
churlish manner; roughly, rudely, selfishly. 

“How churlishly I chid Lueetta hence.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 2. 

ghurl -Ish-ness, s [Eng. churlish; -ness.] The 
state or quality of being churlish ; roughness, rude¬ 
ness, boorishness, selfishness. 

“Take from them covetousness, churlishness, pride and 
impatience.”— Bp. Taylor: Holy Living {Prayers). 

ghiirl'-y, a. [Eng. churl; -y.] Churlish, rough, 
rude. 

‘ And well nigh split upon the threatning rock, 

With many a boisterous brush and churly knock.” 

Quarles Feast for Worms (1620), § 2. 

*ghurm, *ghyrme, v. t. & i. [Churm, s.] 

A. Trans.: To sing in a low tone, to hum; to sing. 

“ Let me rather, on the heathy hill, 

Far frae the busy world, whereon ne’er stood 
A cottage, walk, an’ churm my Lallan lays.” 

Davidson. Seasons, p. 55. 

B. Intrans.: To grumble, or emit a humming 
sound. 


“ A cuckoo-clock chicks at one side of the chimney- 
place, and the curate, smoking his pipe in an antique 
elbow-chair, churms at the other .”—Sir A. Wylie, i. 209. 

♦ghurme, *chirm, *chirme, *chyrme, s. [A. S. 

cirm, cyrm.] [Chirm.] A confused noise, a buzzing. 

“ He was conveyed to the tower, with the churme of a 
thousand taunts and reproaches.”— Bacon. 


ghurn, *cherne, *chirne, *cliyrne, *kyrne, 
*scharne (Eng.), kirn (Scotch), s [A. S. ceren, 
cyrn, cceren (Somner); O. Icel. kirna! O. Sw. kerna ; 
Sw. kcirna; Dan. kierne.] 

1. Ord. Lang : A vessel in which milk or creajn is 
agitated or beaten in order to effect the separation 
of the serous parts from the rest; a vessel in which 
butter is made. 

"Chyme, vesselle. Cimbia, oumbia.’ — Prompt. Parv 
“ Her aukward fist did ne’er employ the churn." 

Gay: Pastorals. 



2. Porcelain • The block or chuck on a porcelain 
turner’s lathe, on 
which the thrown 
and baked arti¬ 
cles are turned 
by thin iron tools 
to give truth and 
smoothness to 
circular articles, 
churn-dasher, 
s. The moving 
agent in a churn, 
rotary or recipro¬ 
cating, by which 
the milk or cream 
is agitated, 
churn - drill, 

s. A large drill „ . „ 

used by miners. bection of Churn. 

It is several feet 

long, and has a chisel-point at each end. 


churn-owl, s. 

Ornitli. • A local name for a bird, the Night-jar or 
Goatsucker, Caprimulgus europceus. 

Churn-power, s. A motor for driving chums or 
churn-dashers to agitate the milk or cream. Ani¬ 
mals, such as dogs, sheep, or goats, are employed in 
treadmills or slatted platforms on endless belts. 
The power of descending weights, springs, wind or 
water driven wheels, &c., are used. 


churn-staff, *scharnestafe, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: The staff or implement employed 
in the operation of churning. 

2. Bot.. A plant, Euphorbia helioscopia. 
ghurn, *cherne, *chirne, *chyrne (Eng.), 

kirn (Scotch), v. t. & i. [A. S . cernan (Somner); 
O. Icel. kirna; Sw. karna, tjarna; Dan. kierne; 
Dut. Icemen; Ger. kernen.) 


A. Transitive: 

fl. Generally : 

(1) To agitate or shake violently; to champ, to 
chaw. 

(2) To mix or work up together. 

2. Spec.: To agitate milk or cream in a chum for 
the purpose of making butter. 

B. Intrans.: To perform the operation of churn¬ 
ing. 

ghurned, pa. par. & a. [Churn.] 

ghurn’-ihg, pr. par., a. & s. [Churn, «.] 

A. & B. Aspr.par.dtparticip.adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As substantive : 

1. The act or process of agitating or beating milk 
or cream in a chum for the purpose of making 
butter. 

“The churning of milk bringeth forth butter.”— Prov. 
xxx. 33. 


2. The quantity of butter made at one operation. 


*ghurr, *churl, *chirle, v. i. [Chikre.] To 

coo, to murmur. 

“The churlin moor-cock woes his valentine, 
Couring coyish to his sidelin tread.” 

Davidson: Seasons, p. 9. 

chur'-rus, s. [Hindust. churus.~] 

Comm.: The resinous exudation of the leaves and 
flowers of Indian Hemp, Cannabis indicct (q. v.). It 
is used by the natives of India as an intoxicating 
drug. According to Jaffur Shurreef, a man covers 
himself with a blanket and runs through a field of 
hemp early in the morning; the dew and gum of 
the plant naturally adhering to it are first scraped 
off and the blanket afterward washed and wrung. 
Both products are boiled together and an electuary 
formed. The smoking of five grains of it will pro¬ 
duce intoxication. 

ghurr-worm, s. [A. S. cerran—to turn, and 
Eng. worm.] 

Entom.: An insect that turns about nimbly; 
called also a fan-cricket. (Skinner.) (Phillips.) 
It is the mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa vulgaris). 
*ghfi§e, v. t. & i. [Choose.] 

ghfi§ -Ite, s [Cf. Gr. chous, contr. of choos = 
earth heaped up . . . alluvial earth, with suff. 
-ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Olivine. Dana considers that 
it has been derived from chrysolite, the common 
variety of what he makes the same as Olivine. 
Chusite is from Limburg, in Brisgau. (Dana, &c.) 
ghffte, s. [Fr. chute—& fall.] [Shoot, s.] 

Mecli. : An inclined trough. On a moderate scale 
it forms a leader, or feeder for materials or blanks, 
to machines. On a large scale it leads water from 
a penstock to a water-wheel, or an inclined plane 
down which logs are passed from a higher level to 
a lower one. These are sometimes in mountainous 
countries for land transportation, and sometimes 
are the links of a slack-water system, as on the 
Ottawa; called slides. 

ghut-nee, ghut-ney, s. [Mahratta, &c., chut- 
nee, chutni .] 

Cookery: An acid and highly pungent seasoning, 
an Indian condiment generally composed partly of 
sweet fruits, as mangoes and raisins, with acids, 
such as lemon-juice and sour herbs, to which are 
added also spices and cayenne pepper, 
chyd'-or-us, s. [From Gr. 7M/do?'=water.] 

Zo6l. • A genus of Entomcstraca, of the order Cla- 
docera, and family Lynceid®. They are nearly 
spherical,; beak very long and sharp, curved down¬ 
ward ana forward; inferior antenn® very short. 
(Griff. <& PTenfrey.) 

ch^-la -geoiis, a. [Eng. chyl(e); -aceous.] Per¬ 
taining to, or consisting of, chyle (q. v.). 

“When the spirits of the chyle have half fermented the 
chylaceous mass, it has the state of drink not ripened by 
fermentation.”— Floyer; On the Humors. 

chy-la -que-ous, a. [Eng. chyl(e), and aqueous.] 
Consisting of, or containing, chyle much diluted 
with water: said of a liquid which forms the cir¬ 
culating fluid of some inferior animals. 

chylaqueous canals, s.pl. 

Zodl.: A canal system designed for the reception 
of the Chylaqueous fluid (q. v.). 

chylaqueous fluid, s. 

Zobl.: A fluid consisting, as its name imports, 
partly of water and partly of chyle. The former 
derived from the exterior, and the latter a product 
of digestion. It is found in the body cavity of 
many invertebrated animals, such as Annelids, 
Echinoderms, and Rotifers. (Nicholson.) 

*ghyld, s. & v. [Child.] 

*ghyld-mg, pr. par. & a. [Childing.] 
chyle, *chy"-lus, s._ [Fr. chyle; Mod. Lat. chylus; 
Gr. chylos— juice; cheo= to pour out.] 

Anat.: The fluid of the lacteal yessels; lymph, 
colored by a finely granular matter, named by Mr. 
Gulliver the molecular base. Chyle coagulates into 
a jelly shortly after being withdrawn from its 
appropriate vessel. There are in chyle, as in lymph, 
many small globular bodies called capsicles. Chyle 
also has in it more albumen than lymph possesses. 
It is very rich in alkalies combined partly with 
albumin, partly with lactic and sebacic acids ; the 
chlorides of sodium and potassium are found in 
large quantity. It differs from blood by the want 
of red corpuscles, as also by possessing a smaller 
proportion of albumen and less of the basis for 
formation of fibrin. 

"Chylus in the stomach . . .”— Bacon: Nat. Hist., 
cent, ix., § 837. (Trench.) 

chy-li-fac-tion, s. [Eng. chyle; Lat. chylus, 
and Eng. faction, Lat./acto=to make.] 

Physiol.: The act or process of the formation of 
chyle in animal bodies from food. 

“ Drinking excessively during the time of chylifaction, 
stops perspiration.”— Arbuthnot: On Aliments. 


Chy-ll-fac -tive, a. [Eng. chyle, and factive 
(q. v.).] Having the power or property of forming 
chyle; chylifactory. 

“Whether this be-not effected by some way of corrosion, 
rather than any proper digestion, chylifactive mutation, 
or alimental conversion.”— Browne • Vulgar Errors. 

chy-ll-fac-tor-y, *chl-li-fac -tor-y, a. [Eng. 

chyle; Lat- facio=to make; Eng. suff. - ory.\ The 
same as Chylifactive (q. v.) 

“We should rather rely upon a chylifactory menstruum, 
or digestive preparation drawn from species or indi¬ 
viduals, whose stomachs peculiarly dissolve lapideous 
bodies.”— Sir T. Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

chy-lif-er-ous, a. [Mod. Fr. chylifbre; Lat. 
chylus; Gr. chylos, and Lat. fero—to bear, to pro¬ 
duce.] Forming or producing chyle ; changing into 
chyle; chylific. 

“Purges clear and empty the lower part of thechylif- 
erous tubes.”— Cheyne: Essay on Regimen, p. 6. 

chyliferous vessels, s. pi. Vessels bearing 
chyle, that is, constructed to afford passage of 
chyle. 

“ The chyliferous vessels probably have the same office 
for the intestinal tissues as the lymphatics^ in other 
parts.”— Todd & Bowman Physiol. Anat. vol. ii. (1856), 

p. 288. 

chy-lif-Ic, a. [Eng. chyle; Lat. chylus, and 
facio— to make.] Chylifactive. The term is ap¬ 
plied to one of the stomachs when a plurality of 
them exist, as, for instance, in insects. 

chy-lif-i-ca-tion, *chi-lif-i-ca -tion, s. [Eng. 
chyle, Lat. ch§lvts= chyle, and facio= to make.] 
Chylifaction ; the act or process of making chyle. 

“Nor will we affirm that iron is indigested in the 
stomach of the ostrich; but we suspect this effect to pro¬ 
ceed from any liquid reduction, or tendence to chyliflca- 
tion, by the power of natural heat.”— Browne ■ Vulgar 
Errors. 

chy-lif-I-ca -tor-y, chl-li-fac -tor-y, a. [Eng. 
chyle; Lat. chylus, and facio— to make.] Cliylifac- 
tive, chylific 

chy-liz-u, s. [Gr. c7ij/7 izd=to extract or form 
into juice ; chylos= juice.] 

Entom.: A genus of dipterous insects, belonging 
to the tribe Muscid®. 

♦chylle, s. [Etym. doubtful.] An unidentified 
plant. 

“ Chylle, herbe. Cilium vel psillium.” — Prompt. Parv. 

chyl-o-cla'-di-a, s. [Lat- chylus= chyle; Gr. 
klados= a young branch, a shoot.] 

Bot.: A genus of Laurenciace® (Florideous Algeq), 
with fronds of small size, composed of a branched, 
cylindrical, and tubular structure, cut off into 
chambers within by diaphragms at intervals, and 
filled with a watery juice. 

chyl-6-po-et-Ic, chyl-6-poi-et-ic, a. [Gr. 
chylopoieb=to make into juice from chylos= juice, 
chyle, and poieo— to make.] 

Physiol.: Having the power or the office of form¬ 
ing chyle. 

“ . . . between the kidneys and the chylopoietic vis¬ 
cera, . . .”— Owen. Anatomy of Vertebrates. 

chyl-ous, a. [Fr. chyleux.] Consisting of, or 
of the nature of, chyle. 

“ . . . during a residence of ten years in Barbadoes 
he saw at least a dozen well-marked examples of chylous 
urine in negroes.”— Watson. Lectures on the Principles 
and Practice of Physic, lect. viii. 

chyme, s. [Fr. chyme; Lat. chymus; Gr. chymos 
=juice, from c7ieo=to pour out.] 

Physiol.: A semifluid or pulpy matter into which 
food is converted after it has been for some time in 
the stomach and mixed with gastric secretions. It 
passes into the duodenum from the stomach, and 
yields chyle by admixture with the biliary secre¬ 
tion. 

chyme-mass, s. 

Zobl.: The central semifluid sarcode in the inte¬ 
rior of an infusorian. (Nicholson.) 

♦chyme, v. t. [Chyme, s.] To extract by chemi¬ 
cal processes. (Lit. & fig.) 

“What antidote against the terror of conscience can 
be chymed from gold.”— Adams: Works, i. 153. (Davies.) 

chym -ic, a. & s. [Chemic.] 

“ . . . an art now utterly lost, or perchance kept up 

by a few chymics." — Wotton. 

chym-if-i-ca'-tion, s. [Fr. chymification, Lat. 
chymus, and facio= to make.] The act or process 
of forming into chyme. 

“The transformation of food into tissue involves mas¬ 
tication, deglutition, chymification, , ”—Herbert 

Spencer: Data of Biology, § 25. 

chjfm'-I-f led, pa. par. or a. [Chymify.] 

Chym-I-fy, v. t. [Fr. chymifier, Lat. chymus, 
and facio (pass. fio)=to make.] To form into chyme. 
(Quar. Rev.) 


ate, at, fare, amidst, what, ail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu - kw 













cichoraceae 


chymist 

ch^m-1st, s. [Chemist.] 

“ Operations of chymistry fall short of vital force; no 
chymist can make milk or blood of grass.”— Arbuthnot: 
On Aliments. 

cltfm'-Is-try, s. [Chemistry.] 

“Sometimes she flies like an industrious bee, 

And robs the flowers by Nature’s chymistry .” 

Dryden, Art of Poetry, Ode o. 2. 

Chym-o-car -pus, s. [Gr. ck?/mos=juice, and 
karpos=fruit.] 

Bot. :* A genus of scandent herbs belonging to the 
Tropaeolacese. The sessile three-lobed, three-celled 
ovary grows into a three-lobed, sweet, fleshy, edible 
berry, which remains attached to the front of the 
persistent calyx. This black juice berry, which is 
not unlike, in appearance and flavor, to the Zante 
or currant grape, is the most remarkable peculiarity 
of the genus, which was founded on Chymocarpus 
pentaphyllus. {Treas. of Bot.) 

Chym'-ous, a. [Eng. chym{e) ; suff.-ous.] Per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, chyme. 

chy-om e-ter, s. [Gr. cheo =to pour out, and 
me<ron=measure.] An instrument for measuring 
liquids. 

Ch^t-ri’-dl-um, s. [Gr. chytridion = dimin. of 
chytros=a pot, a pitcher.] 

Bot.: A genus of Unicellar Alg®, consisting of 
minute, globose, or pyriform, usually colorless cells, 
operculate at the summit, with a root-like base, 
attached tg Confervoid or allied plants, and pene¬ 
trating their cell-walls. Zoospores very numerous, 
globular, with a single very long cilium. {Griff. 
Henfrey.) 

IT For other words in chy- not found here, see 
under chi-. 

gi-bar-l-ous, a. [Lat. ci 6 ariws=pertaining to 
food; cibus = food.] Pertaining to or useful for 
food, edible. 

9 l-ba'-tion, s. [Fr. cibation, from Lat. cibus= 
food.] 

Phys.: A term for the taking of food; also an 
alchemical term of various signification having 
reference to that act. 

gib -bols, gib'-81, *gib-oule, s. [Fr. ciboule; 
Sp. cebolla, from Low Lat. cepula, cepola, dim. of 
cepa, ccepe= an onion.] A small variety of onion, 
Allium Ascalonicum. 

“ Ciboules, or scallions, are a kind of degenerate onions.” 
— Mortimer. 

jl-bor-I-um, s. [Lat. ciborium ; Gr. kibdrion= 
a drinking-cup made of the seed-vessel of the Egyp¬ 
tian bean. In Low Lat. also an arched chamber 
supported by four columns. In Ital. ciborio i Fr. 
ciborre; Sp. cimborio.] 

1. Arch.: An insulated erection open on each side, 
with arches, and having a dome of ogee form, like 
the bowl of a reversed cup, carried or supported by 
four columns, the whole covering the altar It is 
now called a baldacchino (q v.). The earliest 
known instance of a ciborium appears to have been 
one in the church of St. George at Thessalonica, 
supposed to have been in use about A. D. 325. 



instead of on a paten, when many communicants 
are present. 

3. Conch.: The glossy impression on the inside of 
valves, to which the muscles of the animals have 
been attached. 

gl-bo'-ti-um, s. [Gr. kibbtion= a little chest, from 
the form of the indusium.] 

Botany; 

1 . A genus of Polypodiaceous ferns. [Agnus 

SCYTHICUS, BAROMETZ.] 

2. A noble tree-fern from New Holland. ( McNicoll.) 

gi-ca-da, s. [Lat. cicada; Fr. cigale; Ital. 

cigala. ] [Cicala.] • 

Entom.. A genus of homopterous insects, tribe 
Cicadari®, sub-tribe Stridulantia, or it may be made 
a family Cicadiid®. They have three ocelli or simple 
eyes, with the short antennae in front. The tarsi 
are three-jointed. The male has a drum or musical 
apparatus placed in a cavity on each side of the ab¬ 
domen, and concealed by scale-like plates. A mus¬ 
cle pul ls the drum in and again lets it out with the 
effect of producing a sharp continuous sound. Fa¬ 
miliar in the warmer parts of this country, the south 
of Europe, in India, in Bermuda, the West Indies, 
&c. The Greeks, who considered the cicadas happy 
in having “ voiceless wives,” called the animal 
tettix. The obser/ation that the female cicadas do 
not emit the sharp continuous sound described is 
accurate. The Grasshopper and Cicada, though 
popularly believed the same, are not even of the 
same order. The former belongs to the Orthoptera, 
the latter to the Homoptera. The former possesses 
mandibles, while the latter has a suctorial appara¬ 
tus instead. The antennae of the former are very 
long, and those of, the latter very short. The 
former emits its voice by night, the latter in the 


885 

brightest sunshine. Many other differences between 
the two exist. One American species of Cicada, 
C. Septendecim, appears only once in seventeen 
years, hence, it is popularly known as the seven¬ 
teen-year locust. It is no more akin to the locust 
than to the grasshopper. 

gic-a-dar-i-a, glc-a-dar -i-ss, s.pl. [From Lat. 
cicada, and the neut. or the fern. pi. of Lat. suff. 
-arius.] 

Entom.: A tribe of the sub-order Homoptera. 
The tarsi are three-jointed, the antennae minute, 
and usually terminated by a bristle, and the wings 
with many nervures or cells. , It contains the fami¬ 
lies Cercopidae or Cicadellina, Membracidae or 
Membracina, Fulgoridae, and Cicadiidae (q. v.). 
gic-a-del’-la, gi-ca-del-ll-na, s. [A dimin. 

formation from Lat. cicada= a grasshopper.] 
Entom.: A family of homopterous insects, better 
called Cercopidae (q. v.). The name was given 
because they resemble typical Cicadas, but are 
much smaller. 

gic-a-dl-dse, ci-ca-dl'-i-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. 
cicada (q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee, with or 
without i connective.] 

Entom.: The family of insects of which the cicada 
is the type. The species, which are large insects 
with broad heads and breasts, are from the warmer 
parts of the world. Swainson made the family 
comprehensive enough to include the frog-hoppers 
as well as the cicadas proper, calling the latter 
Cicadin® (Singing Cicadas), and the former Cer- 
copin® (Hopping Cicadas), but Cercopin® are now 
raised to the family Cercopidae (q. v.). 

fci-ca’-la, s. [Ital. cigala.'] [Cicada.] Either 
a cicada or a grasshopper. 

“At eve a dry cicala sung.” 

TennysonMariana in the South. 
gic'-a-trige, s. [Cicatrix.] 
gi-cat’-ric-le, gi-cat'-ri-cple, *gic-a-tric'-u- 
la, s. [Fr. cicatricule, from Lat. cicatricula, 
dimin. of cicatrix= a scar.] The germinating or 
foecal point in the embryo of a seed, or the yolk of 
an egg. {Craig.) The opaque spot on the surface 
of a fecundated yelk or yolk. 

ci-cat-ri-co§e, a. [From Lat. cicatrix (genit. 
cicatricis) (q. v.), and Eng. suff. -ose.] 

Bot.: Marked with scars, cicatrisate. 

*glc -a-trlne, a. [Lat. cicatr{ix ), and Eng. suff. 
-■ine .] Scarring, wounding. 

“Thy aloe cicatrine tongue.”— Dekker: Satiromastix. 

gl-cat'-ri-sate, a. [From Lat. cicatrix (genit. 
cicatricis) (q. v.), and Eng. suff. -ate.] 

Bot.: The same as Cicatricose (q. v.). 
gic-g,-tri'-sive, a. [Lat. cicatrix (genit. cica¬ 
tricis)—& scar.] Proper or useful to induce a cica¬ 
trix. 

gic’-a-trix, glc'-atrige (pi. gic-a-trig-e§),«. 
[Lat. cicatrix (genit. cicatricis)—a. scar.] 

1. Ord. Lang. & Med.: 

(1) A scar or mark remaining after a wound. 

*(2) Any mark or impression resembling the scar 
of a wound. 

“ Lean out upon a rush. 

The cicatrice and capable impressure 
Thy palm some moments keeps.” 

Shakesp. As You Like It, iii. 5. 

2. Bot.: A scar formed by the separation of one 
part from another. 

gIc- 9 .-trIz -ant, a. & s. [Fr. cicatrisant, pr. par. 
of cicatriser= to scar; Lat. cicatrix= a scar.] 

A. As adj.: Healing or tending to heal a wound, 
or to induce a cicatrix. 

B. As substantive : 

Med.: Any medicine or preparation proper or 
useful to induce a cicatrix, or heal a wound. 

fgic-a-trlz-a-tion, s. [Eng. cicatrix , and suff. 
-at ion.] 

1. The act or process of inducing a cicatrix, or 
healing a wound. 

“A vein bursted, or corroded, in the lungs, is looked 
upon to be for the most part incurable, because of the 
motion and coughing of the lungs tearing-the gap wider, 
and hindering the conglutination and cicatrization of the 
vein.”— Harvey. 

2. The state of being cicatrized. 

“The first stage of healing, or the discharge of matter, 
is called digestion; the second, or the filling up with 
flesh, incarnation; and the last, or skinning over, cica¬ 
trization.” — Sharpe: Surgery. 

glc'-?l-tr!ze, v. t. & i. [Fr. cicatri&er. from Lat. 
cicatrix—a scar.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To apply or administer medicines or prepara¬ 
tions calculated to induce a cicatrix. 

2. To heal or induce the skin over a wound. 

“We incarned, and in a few days cicatrized it with a 
smooth cicatrix.”— Wiseman; On Tumors. 


II. Intrans.: To become healed or cicatrized, to 
become covered with skin, 
gic'-a-trized, pa. par. or a. [Cicatrize.] 
gic -a-trlz-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cicatrize.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or process of healing a 
wound by inducing a cicatrix; the state of becom¬ 
ing cicatrized. 

“ . . . the cicatrizing of these being for the most part 
the work of the surgeon.”— Wiseman. 

gIc -a-tro§e, a. [Lat. cicatricosus, from cicatrix 
— a scar.] Full of scars or cicatrized wounds; 
scarry. {Craig.) 

gic -eg,, s. [A name of unknown meaning {Lou¬ 
don) ; said to be a man’s name {Paxton) ; but may 
it not be from Gr. kiki= the castor-oil berry, to 
which the cicca is akin?] 

1. Bot.: A genus of Euphorbiace®, species of 
which have three to five cells, while three is in most 
of the order the unvarying number. It consists of 
small trees or shrubs found in the warmer part9 
of the world. 

2. Med.: The leaves of Cicca disticha and race- 
mosa are sudorific, and used against syphilis. The 
root is violently purgative. Its succulent fruit, 
and that of C. racemosa, is subacid, cooling, and 
wholesome, while the seeds are cathartic. 

gic'-cus, s. [Lat.] 

Entom.: A genus of homopterous insects, of the 
family Cercopidae. 

Qig'-el-y, s. [Lat. seseli, seselis; Gr. seseli, ses- 
elis.] [Seseli.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A proper name. 

2. Bot.: The ordinary name for the genus Myrrhis. 
IT Fool's cicely: JEthusa Cynapium. 

Rough cicely : Torilis Antliriscus. 

Sweet Cicely: 

1. Myrrhis odorata. 

“ The smell of Sweet Cicely attracts bees, and the insides 
of empty hives are often rubbed with it.”— Loudon: Ency¬ 
clopedia of Gardening, § 4,723. 

2. A name for Osmorrhiza, a genus of UmbelliferBB. 
Wild cicely: Anthriscus sylvestris. 
gi-gen'-di-a, s. [Etym. doubtful. Hooker and 

Arnott suggest Gr. kikinnos— a curled loci, a ring¬ 
let, on account of the slender entangled stems and 
branches.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Gentianaceee, sub¬ 
order Gentianeae. It consists of small annual 
branched herbs. C. filiformis is by some botanists 
called Exacum filiforme. 

gi -ger, s. [Lat. cicer = a chick-pea, perhaps 
from Gr. kikys= force or strength, from its nutritive 
qualities. Possibly the Roman family of Cicero, 
which produced the world-renowned orator, derived 
their name from cicer, either, as Plutarch says, 
because one of the family had a flat excrescence 
like a chick-pea on his nose, or, as Pliny asserts, 
because the first of the name successfully cultivated 
vetches.] 

Bot. : A genus of leguminous plants, sub-order 
Papilionace®, tribe Vicie®. Cicer arietinum, the 
Chick-pea, is a native of Egypt and the Levant. It 
is cultivated in the south of Europe, in India, and 
elsewhere. It bears pale solitary violet flowers. A 
fiek in full bloom, and glistening with dew, is a 
bea tiful spectacle, but an acid which it contains 
des oys the boot-leather of any one who, walking 
over it, treads it down. Anglo-Indians call the 
seeds, gram. They are used in India for feeding 
horses. 

gig-er-o-ne (or as ghich-er-o '-ne), s. [Lat. 
Cicero, the Roman orator; so called from the talka¬ 
tiveness of guides.] A guide ; one who explains the 
curiosities and interesting features of a place to 
strangers. 

“ He had not proceeded many steps from the monument 
before he beckoned to our cicerone.” — Shenstone. 

gl-ger-o -m-gn, a. & s. [From Cicero.] 

A. As adj.: Resembling the style of Cicero; an 
easy, flowing style. 

B. As subst,: An imitator of the style of Cicero. 
{Hallam.) 

gi-ger-6 -ni-gn-i§m, s. [Eng .Ciceronian; -ism.] 
An imitation of or resemblance to the style of 
Cicero. 

“ Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Ox¬ 
ford.”— Sidney. 

*gich -ling, s. [Chickling.] 
gich-or-a'-ge-se, s. pi. [Lat. cichorium; Gr. 
kichorion,kichore=snccoTy, chicory; Lat- fem.pl. 
adj. suff. -acece.] 

Bot.: A sub-order of Composite plants distin¬ 
guished by their corollas being slit. The name was 
given by Jussieu. Lindley, following Decandolle, 
called it Liguliflor® in his Vegetable Kingdom, 


b6il, boy; pout, jdwl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel. del. 



cichoraceous 


886 


cigar-steamer 


though in his Natural System of Botany he had 
retained the name Cichoracese. The corolla, as 
stated before, is ligulate, or strap-shaped; the 
seeds, which are erect, have no albumen, and the 
stem has milky juice. [Cichorium, Ligulifloru.] 

gich-&r-a'-ge-OUS, adj. [Latin cichor(ium); 
-aceous.] Of the nature of or possessing the quali¬ 
ties and properties of chicory or succory. 

“ Diuretics evacuate the salt serum; as all acid diuretics, 
and the testaceous aud bitter cichoraceous plants.”— 
Floyer. 

gich-br'-i-um, s. [Fr. cichorie. Name, written 
cliichoreion, according to Pliny, of Egyptian origin.] 

Bot.: Succory or chicory, a genus of Composite 
plants. Cichorium Intybus, distinguished by hav¬ 
ing the lower leaves runcinate and the heads 
usually in pairs, is the origin of the cultivated 
chicory. It is found wild in Europe, in North 
Africa, in Siberia, and the Northwest ot India. The 
roots are boiled and eaten, or they are dried and 
used as coffee. (Dr. Joseph Hooker , <&c.) C. En¬ 
divia is the common Endive. It is extensively 
cultivated in Europe, into which it was introduced 
from its native country India, iu many parts of 
which it is called Kasnee. Properly speaking, 
Succory consists of the blanched leaves of Cichorium 
Intybus and Endive those of C. Endivia. C. Endivia, 
or Endive, is a wholesome salad, possessing bitter 
and anodyne qualities. 


gich’-or-y, 
(q. v.).] 

Bot.: The 
[Chicory.] 


s. [Fr. cichorie , from Lat. cichorium 
Chicorium Intybus or Wild Succory. 


*gich'-pea, *cich-pease, s. [Chick-pea.] 

“ A kind of small pulse, called a Cichpease .”— Touch¬ 
stone of Complexions, Pref. (Davies.) 

gi-gin-de-la, s. [Lat. cicindela= a glow-worm, 
from candela= a candle. This is not the cicindela 
of modern entomologists. See def.] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, the 
typical one of the family Cicindelidse. They have 
very prominent eyes. They are of predatory habits, 
and are sometimes called Tiger-beetles. They are 
the most highly organized of all the Coleoptera. 
They can fly as well as run, and all their move¬ 
ments are agile. They are remarkable for the 
beauty of their colors. The best known is Cicindela 
campestris , which is above half an inch in length, 
the anterior and posterior margins of the thorax, 
the basal joints of the antennae of a rich copper 
color, the rest of the thorax green, the elytra green, 
each with six cream-colored spots; the under side 
of the body glossy bluish-green. The larvae may be 
found in cylindrical burrows from six inches to a 
foot in depth, at the mouth of which they lurk for 
their prey, and the perfect insect in sandy spots 
during the summer months. 

gi-gin-del-i-dse, s. pi. [Lat. cicindela, and fem. 
Ph suff. -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of carnivorous Coleoptera, sec¬ 
tion Adephaga, sub-section Geodephaga. 


gi-gin-ob-ul-us, s. & a. [Gr. kikinnos = a 
curled lock, a ringlet, and obolos= an old Greek 
coin worth in our money about three cents 1 r OBO- 
I/U9.] 

cincinobulus fruit, s. 

Bot.: A peculiar reproductive body in certain 
Fungals. It is more commonly called a cyst. 
( Thom6.) 

gl-gin-iir’-us, s. [Gr. kikinnos= curled hair, and 
oura=a tail.] 

Ornithology: 

1. The long spiral filaments of the extremity of 
the tail. ( McNiccoll.) 

2. A genus of birds belonging to the Paradisadse, 
or Birds of Paradise. 

gi-gis-be-igm, s. [Ital. cicisbe(o), and Eng. suff. 
-ism.'] The conduct of a cicisbeo; the practice of 
dangling after married women. [Usually applied 
to a single gallant addicted to this conduct, and 
generally in a spiteful and contemptuous sense, 
especially by marriageable single women whose 
■charms he ignores. ] 

gi-gis-be-O, s. [Ital. In Fr. cicisbie, sigisbie.] 

1. Lit.: A term applied in Italy to a professed 
admirer of a married woman; a dangler about 
women. 

+2. Fig.: A knot of ribbon attached to a sword- 
hilt, gun, &c. 


*gic'-l9-t6un, *glc-la-tun, *sic-la-toun, s. [O. 

Fr. ciglaton; Sp. ciclaton .] 

1. A sort of stuff, made sometimes of silk, some¬ 
times of cloth of gold embroidered. 

“Ther was mony gonfanoun, 

Of gold, sendel and siolatoun.” 

Alisaunder, 1,963. 

2. A cloak or garment made of such material. 


gi-co -ni-9 (Latin), *9i-con-ie, *gy-con-ye 
(Eng.),s. [Lat. cieonia— a stork.] [Stork.] 
Ornithology : 

1. A stork, a member of the 
family Ciconiid®. 

“ The eomer foul that is clepid 
cyconye.” — Wycliffe ■ Jeremiah 
viii. 7. 

2. A genus of Wading 
Birds, the typical one of the 
sub-family Ciconiinse. It be¬ 
longs to the family Ardeidae 
(Herons). The species have 
long conical bills, long legs, 
with the three toes, which 
point forward, united by a 
membrane as far as the first 
joint, the hinder toe on the 
same level. The wings are 
of moderate length, the 
third, fourth and fifth quills largest, the second 
a little shorter, and the first a little shorter still. 
[Stork.] 

*91-06 -111-9,11, a. [Lat. ciconi(a), and Eng. adj. 
suff. -an.] Consisting of or pertaining to storks. 

“ But when his evening wheels o’erhung the main, 
Then conquest crown’d the fierce Ciconian train.” 

Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. ix., 1. 67, 68. 

gi-co-ni-i-dae, s. pi. [Lat. ciconia, and fem. 
pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ornith.: A family of Wading Birds, containing 
the Storks, &c. More generally, however, it is 
reduced to a sub-family. [CicOniina:.] 

gi-CO-ni-i'-nae, s. pi. [Lat. ciconia, and fem. pi. 
suff. -ince.] 

Ornith.: A sub-family of Wading Birds, family 
Ardeidae. [Ciconia.] 
tgic'-o-ry, s. [Chicory.] 

IT Wild cicory: Cichorium Intybus. 

*gic-ii-rate, v. t. [Lat. cicuratus, pa. par. of 
cicuro= to tame; cicwr=tame, gentle.] To tame, to 
soften the character of. 

*glc-y-ra'-tion, s. [Cicurate - .] The act of 
taming or softening in character. 

“This holds not only in domestic and mansuete birds, 
for then it might be the effect of cicuration or institu¬ 
tion; but in the wild.”— Bay. On the Creation. 

91 -CU -ta (Lat.), * 9 l-cute ( Eng.),s. [Lat . cicuta 
= the hemlock given as poison; Sp., Port., & Ital. 
cicuta; Prov. ciguda;- Fr. cigue .] * 

1. Bot.: The Water-hemlock, or Cowbane. A 
genus of plants, order Umbelliferae. It has com¬ 
pound umbels with many rays; few or no bracts, 
but many small bracteoles. The flowers are white, 
the fruit orbicular, or broadly ovoid, with solitary 
vittse in the interstices of the ridges. The leaves 
are pinnate or decompound. Cicuta maculata, 
which has doubly serrate lanceolate leaflets, is a 
tall plant of three or four feet high, found hy road¬ 
sides or the .margins of lakes in this country. It is 
a deadly poison. It may be the koneion (Hemlock) 
of the Greeks, which Socrates and others con¬ 
demned to death were required to drink. It is 
used in medicine as a narcotic and sedative, being 
employed more especially in neuralgia and kindred 
affections. 

2. The name for a shepherd’s pipe made of the 
hollow stalks of hemlock. (Buchanan.) 

glc -q-tine, s. [Lat. cicuta, and Eng. suff. -ine 
(Chem.).] 

Chem.: An alkaloid supposed to exist in Water- 
hemlock, Cicuta virosa. 
gid, s. [Arab. seid=lord.] 

1. An Arabian name for a chief or commander; 
applied specially in Spanish literature to RuyDiaz, 
Count of Bivar, the celebrated champion of Chris¬ 
tianity in the eleventh century. 

“ The helmet was down o’er the face of the dead, 

But his steed went proud, by a warrior led, 

For he knew that the Cid was there.” 

Hemans: The Cid’s Funeral Procession. 

2. The name of a Spanish epic poem, celebrating 
the exploits of Ruy Diaz. 

gi-dsir'-I-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. cidaris (q. v.), 
and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zobl.: A family of radiated animals, containing 
what are termed Sea-eggs. The body is subglobose, 
and covered with long spines. 

gld -^ir-Is, s. [Lat., a turban or miter; Gr. kid- 
aros, kitaris = a cap of state worn by the Persian 
kings; Heb. kether= a Persian diadem, Esther i. 11 , 
ii. 17, vi. 8 ; kathar= to surround.] 

1. Jew. Antiq.: A name given to the miter of the 
Jewish high-priests. 

2. Zoblogy: 

(1) A genus of Echini of hemispherical form, so 
called from their supposed resemblance to this cap 


of state. Also known as sea-urchins, sea-hedge¬ 
hogs, &c. They abound on the coasts of the North 
Atlantic. 

(2) A genus of the Senectinse or Snake-shells. 
They are pearlaceous, turbinate, generally smooth, 
with a round, not oblique aperture. 

3. Palceont.: Cidaris ranges from the Trias to 
recent times. 

*gid -{ir-ite, s. [Eng. cidar(is), and suff. -ite.] 
Palceont.: A fossil specimen of the genus Cidaris; 
a fossil resembling Cidaris. The genus Cidaris 
occurs in the secondary strata. C. florigemma is 
a characteristic fossil of the Coral rag. 

gi-der, *gy-der, *gy-ser, *sy-dir, *si-dir, s. & 
a. [Lat. sicera; Gr. sikera, from Heb. shekar= 
strong drink; Fr. cidre; Sp. sidra; Port, cidra.] 

A. Ms substantive: 

* 1 . Strong drink ; liquor made of the juice of any 
fruit pressed. 

“ He schal not drynke wyn and sydir.” — Wycliffe: 
Luke i. 16. 

“ . , , a kind of cider made of a fruit of that coun¬ 
try . . .”— Bacon. 

2. A liquor made from the juice of apples ex¬ 
pressed and fermented. 

“ A flask of cider from his father’s vats 
Prime, which I knew; and so we sat and eat.” 

Tennyson: Audley Court. 

IT To make good cider the apples should be quite 
ripe, as the amount of sugar in ripe apples is IPO, 
in unripe apples 4‘9, in over-ripe apples 7’95. The 
fermentation should proceed slowly. The strongest 
cider contains, in 100 volumes, 9'87 volumes of alco¬ 
hol of 92 per cent., the weakest 5’21 volumes. 

B. Ms adj.: Productive of cider; producing cider. 
“ Worcester, the queen of the cider land, had but eight 

thousand.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii. . 

cider-brandy, s. A kind of brandy distilled 
from cider; an English name for the peculiarly 
American product, Apple-brandy. 

Cider-mill, s. A mill in which apples are ground 
into pulp for the purpose of making cider. 

cider-press, s. A press in which the juice is 
expressed from the apples after they have been 
ground into pulp. 

cider-vinegar, s. Vinegar made by the fermen¬ 
tation of cider. 

gid -er-age (age as Ig), s. [Etym. doubtful.] 
Bot.: A plant, Polygonum Ilydropiper. 

*gi-der-ist, s. [Eng. cider; -ist.] One who 
makes cider. 

“When the ciderists have taken care for the best fruit, 
and ordered them after the best manner they could, yet 
hath their cider generally proved pale, sharp and ill 
tasted.”— Mortimer. 

tgi -der-kin, s. [Eng. cider; dimin. suff. -kin 
(q. v.).] An inferior kind of cider made by adding 
water to the crushed mass of apples remaining after 
the juice has been pressed out in the manufacture 
of cider. 

ci-devant (pron. ge -dev-on), a. or adv. [Fr.= 
hitherto, formerly ; from Lat. hicce= here, and de ab 
ante=down or of from before.] Former, previous. 

gi-er ge, *cerge, *serge, s. [Fr., from Lat. cereus 
=waxen, cera=wax.] A wax candle used in the 
worship of the Roman Catholic Church. 

“That beren in heven her ciergis clere.” 

The Romaunt of the Rose, 6,250. 
91 -gar , *se-gar, s. & a. [Fr. cigare; Sp. cigarro; 
originally a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba. 

A. As subst. :■ A small roll of tobacco permeable 
to the air and used for smoking. 

“The fermented leaves being next stripped of their 
middle ribs by the hands of children, are sorted anew, 
and the large ones are set apart for making cigars.” — Ure: 
Diet, of Arts, &c. 

B. Ms adj.: (See the compounds.) 

If Obvious compounds: Cigar-box, cigar-holder, 
<&c. 

Cigar-bundler, s. A machine for placing cigars 
in bundles that they may be tied together. It con¬ 
sists of a clamping-press having jaws of such shape 
and capacity as the size of the cigar and the num¬ 
ber desired in a bundle may warrant. 

cigar-lighter, s. A device for lighting cigars. 
It usually consists of a little gas-jet suspended by 
an elastic tube. 

cigar-machine, s. A machine for making fillers 
of cigars and wrapping them. 

Cigar-press, s. A press having a motion in two 
directions, one to compress the cigars in their rows, 
and the other to press them vertically. 

Cigar-steamer, s. A peculiar form of craft, 
shaped like a spindle, and constructed by Winans, 
of Baltimore. The first was built in Baltimore— 
length 635 feet, diameter 16 feet; the second in 



Ciconia. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f&ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e;’ ey = a. qu = kw! 




cigarette 


887 


?l’. ^ > . e ^ er ®J rar £ length TO feet, diameter 9 feet; the cil-I-a'-tg,, s. pi. [Lat. cili(um)—an eyelash, and 

third mHavre-length72 feet, diameter 9 feet; the n eut. pi. adt suff.-afa.l 

fppf T I! ri S f U ^^ i 25 *’ fee V diameter 16 Zobl.: An order of Infusoria, having cilia growing 
tha™;drn Q 1 if°Lk e ,r er °, T? brst wa f placed around on the margins of certain organs. These cilia are 
honooth i vess ®lj the second had a propeller vibratile, and are designed either for locomotion or 
' the third is fitted for trying to aid the animal in obtaining its appropriate food. 
« ln 7 aru ? us Positions; and the fourth has Genera, Vorticella, Vaginicola, &c. 

a propeller at each end. „’ ,,, J . fb, rT , 

<>1 fr-or-ot'+o o r» a* • £ -p i , C*1 l 3<t6, Oil I 3* tiGd, a. L^at. ctli\U7H) — 8.n 

Rmafl mnro oil o lmin * of Fr - cigare.] A eyelash, and Eng. suff.-ate, -ated.) Furnished with 

small cigar, more generally, a small quantity of fine cilia or fine hair. Used— 


tobacco rolled in paper and used for smoking 

“We shall celebrate our reconciliation in a cigarette.” 
— Black: Princess of Thule, ch. x. 

cigarette-filler, s. A little implement for intro¬ 
ducing the finely-cut tobacco into the paper 
envelope. It has two forms: a tube and a wrapper. 
{Knight.) 

cigarette-machine, s. A machine used in the 
production of cigarettes. Adorno’s cigarette-ma¬ 
chine uses an endless roll of paper. It cuts, wraps, 
and folds the paper around a regulated quantity or 
tobacco, which is supplied at one end of the ma¬ 
chine, while the finished cigarettes emerge at the 
other end. (Knight.) 

§ll -er-y, s. [From ciliary (q. v.), from the 
resemblance to the hair of the eyelid or eyelashes.] 

Arch.: The drapery or foliage carved on the 
heads of columns, in Moorish or Spanish archi¬ 
tecture. 

§11-1-9,, s.pl. [Lat. nom. pi. of cilium= an eye¬ 
lash.] 

1. Anat.: Hair-like processes of extreme delicacy 
of structure and minuteness of size. They are from 

to of an inch in length. They are arranged 
in rows, and are affixed by their bases to the epithe¬ 
lium which covers the surface on which they play. 
(Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. 2, 

p. 61.) 

2. Bot.: Long hairs, like eyelashes, situated upon 
the margins of leaves, &c. 

3. Zobl.: Hair-like filaments, which project frqm 
animal membranes, and are endowed with quick 
vibratile motion, as in the infusoria, polypi and 
sponges. 

§ll’-I ar-y, a. [Fr. ciliaire, from Lat, cilium— an 
eyelash.] 

1. Anat.: Belonging to the eyelashes. 

2. ZoOl. & Bot.: Pertaining to the cilia in plants 
and animals. 

ciliary arteries, s. pi. 

Anat.: The arteries supplying various parts of 


1. Bot.: Of a leaf with parallel filaments or 
bristles, resembling fine hairs. 

2. Anat.: Of a surface covered with filaments. 

“ But a ciliated surface is not affected at all in its move¬ 
ments.”— Todd & Bowman. Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. ii., 
p. 63. 

3. Zo6l.: Provided with vibratile cilia. (Otven.) 

§Il-I-a-to, in compos. [Mod. Lat. ciliat(us), 

with o connective.] Having cilia. 

ciliato-dentate, a. 

Bot.: Having teeth, and those ciliated. 

ciliato-serrate, a. 

Bot.: Having serrations, each of which termi¬ 
nates in a hair. 

§Il -i§e, s. [Fr. cilice; Lat. cilicium— a hair¬ 
cloth, probably so called from Cilicia, whence they 
principally came.] Hair-cloth. 

“ We have heard so much of monks . . . with their 
shaven crowns, hair cilices, and vows of poverty.”— 
Carlyle: Past and Present, bk. ii., c. 1. 

*§l-li'-§I-OUS, a. [Eng. cilice .] A garment of 
camel’s hair, that is, made of some texture of that 
hair. 

“A coarse garment, a cilicious or sackcloth habit.”— 
Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

§Il-l-el -l 9 , s. [Lat. cili(a) = fine hair, and 
dimin. suff. -ella.) 

Entom.: A fringe. ( McNicoll.) 

§Il-I-If-er-se, s. pi. [Lat. cilia—eyelashes; i 
connective, and/ero=to bear.] 

Zobl.: De Blainville’s name for a section of his 
Microzoaria, now called Infusoria. 

§Il-l-l-form, a. [Lat. cilia=hne hair, and forma 
= form.] Having the form of cilia, very fine or 
slender. Especially applied to the teeth of certain 
fishes, as of the perch, when very numerous and all 
equally fine. 

§n-I-o-brach-I-a -t9,, s. pi. [Lat. cilia=eye- 


the eye with blood. They are divisible into three lashes, and brachiata, pi. of brachiatus=having 
sots, the short, the long, and the anterior ciliary bran ° hes J[ ke arms.] . 

Q . ’ • , n . 1 Zobl.: The class of Polypes m which the arms are 

arteries, yyuain.) provided with vibratile cilia. ( Oiven .) The same 

Ciliary body, s. That part of the choroid coat of as Bryozoa (q. v.). 
the eye which includes the ciliary muscle and the „ „ a . ~ . r t l 

ciliary processes. §il-i-o-brach a. [Lat. ciha=fine hair; 

ciliary ganglion, s. The same as the ophthal- brachium —the arm, and Eng. adj. suff. -ate.) 
ic or lenticular ganglion. ( Quain.) Physiol.: Having the arms furnished with cilia, 

as m Polyzoa. 


mic or lenticular ganglion 

ciliary ligament, s. 

Anat.: The circular portion dividing the choroid 
membrane from the iris, and adhering to the scle¬ 
rotic coat. [Choroid.] 

ciliary motion, s. A motion of cilia or any part 
of any organism possessing them. In animals they 
move like a field of grain agitated by the wind. 
Ciliary motion exists in man in various parts, as for 


§il-i-o-gra -d9, §il-I-o-gra -di, s. pi. [Cilio- 

GRADE.] 

Zobl.: A tribe of Acalephans or Sea-nettles, com¬ 
prehending such species as swim by means of cilia. 
The name was first given by Do Blainville. The 
tribe contains the genera Beroe, Cydippe, &c. 

§iP-I-6-grade, a. & s. [Fr. ciliograde, from Lat. 


instance on the mucous membrane of the nasal cilia =fine hair, and gradior =to step.] 
cavities, on the inner surface of the lachrymal sac ^ As adj.: Having the power of motion by means 
and canal, on the membrane of the larynx, trachea, of the cilia ag tbe Medusas (q. v.). 
and bronchial tubes. (Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. 


Anat., vol. i., ch. 2, p. 64.) 

“ The terms vibratory motion and ciliary motion have 
been employed to express the appearance produced by 
the moving cilia; the latter is here preferred, but it is 
used to express the whole phenomenon, as well as the mere 
motion of the cilia.”— Dr. Sharpe, in Todd’s Cyclopcedia of 
Anat. and Physiol. 

ciliary muscle, s. 


B. As subst.: An animal belonging to the order 
Ciliograda (Owen, &c.), synonymous with Cteno- 
phora, an order of Actmozoa (Nicholson). [Cten- 

OPHOEA.] 

clll, s. [Sill.] 

Arch.: The timber or stone at the foot of a door, 
IT Ground-cills are the timbers on the ground 


Anat : A muscle attached to the choroid of the which support the posts and superstructure of a 

timber building. The name of cill is also given to 
the bottom pieces which support quarter and truss 


eye 

ciliary nerves, s. pi. 

Anat.: Two or three nerves situated at the inner 
side of the optic nerve. Their full appellation is 
Long ciliary nerves. (Quain.) 

ciliary processes, s. pi. 


[Lat. cilium—an eyelash, 


partitions. (Gwilt.) 

§ 11 - 10 , §Il-16-§Is, s. 

and suff. -osis (Med.).] 

Med.: A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid. 
9 IIIS, s. pi. [Cill.] A naval term applied to 


Anat.: White folds at the margin ed the uvea m h( * rizopta i pieccs of timber to ports or scuttles, 
the eye, and proceeding from it to the crystalline Generaby pronounced by sailors sell, as port-sell. 

ciliary processes, or rather the ligaments, observed iV-m*. 8. [Gr. kyma=a wave.] [CtmA.] 

in the inside of the sclerotic tunicles of the eye, do serve Arch.: A molding, taking its name from its cqn- 
instead of a muscle, bythe contraction, to alter the figure tour resembling that of a wave, being hollow in its 
of the eye.”— Ray ■ On the Creation. upper part, and swelling below- Of this molding 

oiiiarw „ nT , p „ there are two sorts, the cima (or cyma) recta, just 

Ciliary zone, 6. which the described, and the cima reversa, wherein the upper 

Anat.: A term for the appearance which the gwolls an( j tbe lower is hollow. By the work- 

pigment between the ciliary p ?? c p s ®2 s le fl ^® . a t imen these are called ogees (q. v.). (Gwilt.) 
StZS** 9lm -ar, s. [Chimeke, Simak.] __ • 


Cimmerian 

*§im-bal (1), s. [Ital. ciambella .] A kind of 
confectionery or cake. 

*§im-bal (2), *§lm -bale, s. [Cymbal.] 
§lm-bex, s. [Cf. Gr. kimbix— a miser.] 

Entom.: A genus of hymenopterous insects, fam¬ 
ily Tenthredinidse. Cimbex Griffinii is about an 
inch long. It is reddish-brown, with a yellow abdo¬ 
men. 

§lm-bl-a, s. [Gr. kymbion—( 1) a small cup, (2) 
see def., dimin. of kymbe= the hollow of a vessel.] 
Arch.: A fillet string, list, or cornice. 
(?Im'-brI- 9 ,n, a. & s. [Lat. Cimbria.) 

A. As adj.: Cimbric; pertaining to Cimbria. 

“The event commonly called the ‘ Cimbrian Deluge’ 

is supposed to have happened about three centuries 
before the Christian era.”— Lyell• Principles of Geology, 
ch. xxi. 

B. As subst.: A native of Cimbria. 

Qlm’-brlc, a. & s. [Lat. Cimbricus .] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient 
tribe inhabiting Northern Germany, and the Cher¬ 
sonese now called Jutland. 

“ On helm and harness rings the Saxon hammer, 
Through Cimbric forest roars the Norseman’s song.” 

Longfellow: The Arsenal at Springfield. 

B. As subst.: One of the tribe of the Cimbri; a 
Cimbrian. 

*§im- el -1-arch, s. [Lat. cimeliarcha; Gr. 
cheimeliarches=a treasurer: cheimelion—a treas¬ 
ury, and archos= a leader, a chief.] 

1. Eccles.: A superintendent or keeper of plate 
and other valuable things belonging to a church. 

2. Arch.: A name given to the apartment where 
the plate and vestments are kept in churches. 
(Givilt.) 

§I -mex, s. [Lat. cimex (genit. cimicis) = a bug.] 
*1. Ord. Lang.: A bug. 

2. Entom.: A genus of hemipterous insects, the 
typical one of the family Cimicidse. Cimex lectu- 
larius is the Bed-bug. [Bug.] There are analogous 
species parasitic on pigeons, swallows, and bats. 

§Im-I§ -Ic, a. [Lat. cimex (genit. cimicis) = a 
bug.] Of or pertaining to the cimex or bug. 
cimicic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 15 H 0 SO 2 , a yellow crystallizable acid, 
having a rancid odor, extracted by alcohol and 
ether from a kind of bug (Rhaphigaster puncti- 
pennis). 

qlm-I'-fl-dse, s. pi. [Lat. cimex (genit. cimicis), 
and pi. adj. suff. -idoe. 1 

Entom.: A family of hemipterous insects, of which 
Cimex is the type. It is of the tribe Geocores (Land- 
bugs). They have a short rostrum consisting of two 
or three joints only, depressed bodies, and, with 
the exception of the typical genus Cimex, wings. 
British genera, Cimex, Aneurus, Aradus, Agramma, 
Tingis, and Dictyonota. 

§im-Ig-I-fu -ga, s. [Lat. cimex (genit. cimicis) — 
a bug, and fugo= to drive away. So named because 
in Siberia one of the species is used to drive away 
bugs and similar insects.] 

Bot.: A genus of perennial herbs, with racemes of 
whitish flowers, and drastic poisonous roots. Order, 
Ranunculacese. One of the best-known species, is 
Cimicifuga feetida, the ‘ Stinking Snake-root,” or 
Bug-wort. It is found in the Carpathian Mountains, 
in Siberia, and on the northwest coast of America. 
C. serpentaria, formerly called Actcea racemosa, is 
the Black Snake-root of this country, supposed to 
be an antidote to the venom of serpents. 

§Im'-I-<jme, a. [Lat. cimex (genit. cimicis), and 
Eng. suff. -ine.] Smelling of bugs. 

qlm'-I-ter, *§im'-e-ter, scym'-l-tar, *scym'-I- 
ter, s. [Fr. cimeterre; Sp. & Port, cimetarro ; Ital. 
scimitarra, from Biscayan cimetarra—with a sharp 
edge; or corrupted from Per . schimschir (Malm).) 
A short curved sword with a convex edge, used by 
the Persians and Turks. 

“ Our armors now may rust, our idle scymiters 
Hang by our sides for ornament, not use.” 

Dry den: Don Sebastian, i. 2. 

Qim-mer'-i-9, s. [Lat. Cimmerius .] The country 
or district inhabited by the Cimmerians. 

“ The dusky nation of Cimmeria dwells.” 

Pope. Homer’s Odyssey, xi. 16. 

Qim-mer -I-an, a. [Lat. Cimmerius, from Gr. 
kimmerios .] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to the Cimerii, a fabulous race 
stated by Homer to have lived “ beyond the ocean 
stream,” and in later ages said to have lived in very 
ancient times in the Tauric Chersonese (now called 
the Crimea), in a state of perpetual darkness. 

2. Fig : Without any light; intensely and pro¬ 
foundly dark. 

“ Let Cimmerian darkness be my only habitation.” 

Sidney: Arcadia, bk. 3. 


U61I, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-dan, -tian = sban. -tion, 


§ell, chorus, 
-sion = shun; 


§hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bcl, del. 






cimolite 


888 


v 


cincture 


glm -ol-Ite, Sc [Fr. cimolite , from Gr. kimolia— 
Cimolian earth, from Kimolos, Lat. Cimolus, an 
island of the Cyclades, distinguished for its chalky 
soil, now Cimoli or Argentiera.] 

Min.: A light gray, white, or reddish silicate of 
alumina, occurring sometimes massive, or of a slaty 
texture. It is very soft. Specific gravity, 2T8-2‘30. 
Composition: Silica, 62'30-65-93; alumina, 20'97- 
24‘23; sesquioxide of iron, 0-1'25; water, 9‘31-12‘34. 
It occurs at Argentiera; also at Nagpore, Central 
India, and in some parts of Russia. {Dana.) The 
Nagpore specimens have been called also Hunterite 
(q. v ). 

gl-mol-or-nis, s. [Gr. kimolia— Cimolian earth 
[Cimolite], and ornis=a bird.] 

Palceont.; A fossil natatorial bird found in the 
Cretaceous rocks of Europe. It is supposed to have 
been allied to the Albatross. 

gineh, s. [Sp. cincho.J 

1. A strap used for fastening the loop at the end 
of the girth of a Spanish saddle to the loop on the 
saddle. 

2. A sure grip or hold- (Colloq.) 

3. A game of cards similar to pedro. 

gjngh, v. t [Cinch, s ] To fasten a cinch. 

gln-Cho -na, s. [Said to have been named in 

honor of the Countess de Chinchon, vice-queen of 
Peru, who was 
cured of a fever, 
in 1638. by the use 
of this remedy.] 

1. Bot A genus 
of trees found ex¬ 
clusively on the 
Andes in Peru, 
and adjacent 
countries, and 
recently intro¬ 
duced into India, 
producing a 
medicinal bark 
of great value 
known as Peru¬ 
vian bark, Jes¬ 
uit’s bark, &c. 

The Jesuits in¬ 
troduced it into 
Europe. There 
are many species 1. Plant. 2. Bud. 3. Flower. 4. Fruit, 
of the genus. 

2. Med.: The bark procured from the Cinchona- 
trees. 

cinchona bark, s. 

Pharm.. The barks of several species of Cincho- 
nace® are used in medicine, or for the extraction of 
the alkaloids, quinine, cinchonine, &c., which they 
contain The following are the most important: 
Chinchonce flava Cortex, Yellow Chinchona Bark, 
which occurs as quills covered with a brown epi¬ 
dermis, mottled with whitish yellow lichens, and 
also in flat cinnamon-colored pieces. They break 
with a fibrous fracture and the escape of a powder. 
Yellow bark is rich in quinine, and 100 grains should 
yield not less than two grains of alkaloid. It is 
derived from C. Calisaya, which grows in the 
peculiar cloudy regions of the Andes. C. pallidce 
Cortex, Pale Chinchona Bark, from C. condaminea. 
It occurs always in quills, covered with crustaceous 
lichens. Its fracture is short and not fibrous. It 
contains chiefly cinchonine. Two hundred grains 
of the bark yield about one grain of alkaloid. C. 
rubrce Cortex, Red Cinchona Bark. The bark of 
C. succirubra. This species appears to thrive in 
India. It occurs in flattened, rough-fibrous, dark- 
brown red pieces, which are covered with a brown- 
red epidermis. It breaks with a red fibrous 
fracture. It contains about equal quantities of 
cinchonine and quinine, and 100 grains of the pow¬ 
dered bark should yield not less than one and one- 
half grains of alkaloid. The yellow bark is used in 
the form of decoction, extract, infusion, and tinc¬ 
ture. The pale bark is contained in Tinctura Cin¬ 
chonas Composita and in Mixtura Ferri Aromatica. 
The cinchona barks contain, besides the alkaloids, 
also certain acidshaving astringent properties, and 
are valuable as tonics in cases of great debility. 
(Garrod’s Mat. Medica.) For properties of the 
alkaloids see Quinine and Cinchonine. Cinchona 
barks rich in quinine generally contain much lime, 
and their solutions are precipitated by sodium sul¬ 
phate. Cinchona barks are examined as follows: 
100 grains of the yellow bark are reduced to powder, 
and are thoroughly exhausted by boiling, macera¬ 
tion, and percolation, with water acidulated with 
hydrochloric acid. The coloring matter is precipi¬ 
tated from the liquid by adding plumbic acetate, the 
solution being kept acid. It is then filtered, and to 
the filtrate caustic potash is added till the precipi¬ 
tate first formed by it is redissolved. This solution 
is then shaken with successive quantities of ether, 
till a drop of the ether evaporated to dryness leaves 
no residue. The ether solutions are then evapo¬ 
rated to dryness, and the residue of alkaloids is 


weighed. In testing the pale and red barks use 
chloroform instead of ether. When a bark contain¬ 
ing quinine or cinchonine is heated in a test-tube a 
characteristic red vapor is given off, condensing to 
a carmine red liquid. It is also called Jesuit’s bark 
and Peruvian bark, 
cinchona bases, s. pi. 

Chem.: Alkaloids contained in Cinchona bark. 
These can be separated from each other by adding 
ether, which dissolves the quinine and amorphous 
alkaloid, evaporating and dissolving in proof 
spirit acidulated with one-twentieth of sulphuric 
acid, and adding alcoholic iodine, which precipi¬ 
tates the quinine as iodo-sulphate, which is dried 
at 100°. One part equals 0’565 of quinine. To the 
liquid sulphurous acid is added, neutralized with 
caustic soda, and the alcohol expelled by evaporat¬ 
ing on a water bath ; on adding excess of soda the 
amorphous alkaloid is precipitated. The part 
insoluble in ether is dissolved in 40 parts of water 
and a little sulphuric acid, the solution being 
faintly alkaline. A solution of Rochelle salt 
KNaC 4 H 404 is then added, and it is allowed to 
stand for twelve hours. The cinchonidine is precip¬ 
itated as tartarate, which is dried at 100 °, and one 
part represents 0’804 of cinchonidine. To the filtrate 
iodide of potassium is added, which precipitates 
quinidine as hydroidide. One part dried at 100° 
equals 0’718 of quinidine. To the filtrate caustic 
soda is added, which precipitates the cinchonine, 
which is dried at 100°. (See Watts: Diet, of Chem.) 

gln-chon-a'-ge-se, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cinchon(a), 
and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece.) 

Bot.: A large order of plants belonging to an alli¬ 
ance called after it, Cinchonales. The calyx, which 
is simple, is superior, as is the corolla, which is 
tubular and of regular form. The stamens, which 
are definite in number, arise from the corolla all on 
the same line and alternate with its segments; the 
anthers are straight, bursting longitudinally. The 
ovary is inferior, usually two-celled, with few or 
many seeds; the fruit splitting into two cocci, or 
indehiscent and dry, or succulent. The leaves, 
which are simple, are opposite or verticillate, with 
interpetiolar stipules; this last character distin¬ 
guishing them from the Galiace®, to which they are 
much akin. Lindley divides it into two tribes: 
Coffece, in which the ovary have only one or two 
seeds in each cell, and Cinchonece, in which it is 
many-seeded. (See these words.) In 1845, Lindley 
enumerated 269 genera, and estimated the known 
species at 2,500. They are so abundant in tropical 
countries as to constitute about one twenty-seventh 
part of the flowering plants. Some are trees, others 
shrubs, and yet others herbaceous plants. Many 
are most valuable tonics, febrifuges, emetics, and 
purgatives. [Cinchona.] A few are poisonous. 
Some have eatable fruits, and others are used in 
making beverages, dyeing, &c. 

gln-cho-na’-geous, a. [Eng. cinchon(a), and 
suff. - aceous .] 

Bot.: Of, or pertaining to, Cinchona, 
gln-cho'-nads, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cinchona, and 
Eng., &c„ suff. -ads.) 

Bot.: The English rendering or equivalent of the 
term Cinchonace® (q v.). 

gin-cho'-ngl, a. [Mod. Lat. cinchona, and Eng. 
suff. -a.Z.1 

Bot.: Pertaining to the alliance Cinchonales, as 
the Cinchonal alliance. 

gIn-cho-na'-le§, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cinchona, and 
Class. Lat. pi. suff. -ales.) 

Bot-: An alliance of epigynous exogens, with 
dichlamydeous monopetalous flowers, and a minute 
embryo lying in a large quantity of albumen. Lind¬ 
ley includes under it the following orders: Vac- 
ciniace®, Columelliace®, Cinchonace®, Caprifoli- 
ace®, and Galiace® (q. v.). 

gln’-chon-ate, s. [Eng. cinchon(a), and suff. -ate 
(Chem.) (q. v ) ] 

Chem.: A salt of cinchonic acid, 
gin-cho-ne-ae, s pi. [Mod. Lat. cinchona, and 
Class. Lat. pi. suff - ece .] 

Bot.: A tribe of Cinchonace® (q. v.). It contains 
the families Hamelid®, Isertid®, Hedyotid®, Cin- 
chonid®, and Gardenid® (q. v.). 
gln-cho -ni- 9 . s. The same as Cinchonine. 
gin-chon-ic, a. [Eng. cinchon(a), and suff. -ic.) 
Of, or derived from, Cinchona (q. v.). 
cinchonic acid, s. 

Chem.: C 11 IL 4 O 9 . An acid formed by treating cin- 
chomeronic acid with sodium amalgam CnHcNoOfi-f- 
6 H+ 3 Il 20 = 2 NH 3 4 ‘Ci]Hi 409 . It forms deliquescent 
white crystals. 

gin-chon -I-glne, s. [Eng., &c. cinchonic, and 
suff. -ine; or Mod. Lat. cinchona; Gr.eifcdn.=figure, 
image, resemblance (?), and Eng. suff. -ine.) 

Chem.: C 20 H 24 N 2 O. An alkaloid obtained by heat¬ 
ing acid sulphate of cinchonidine for several hours 


to ISO". The base is liberated by caustic =oda, and 
taken up by absolute ether; it forms a slightly yel¬ 
low viscous mass, which melts at 50°. It gives no 
color with chlorine and ammonia. The hydrochlo¬ 
rate gives a white precipitate with hypochlorite of 
sodium which distinguishes it from cinchonine, and 
cinchonidine, which give no precipitate. It forms 
crystalline salts. It turns the plane of polarization 
feebly toward the right. (Watts: Diet, of Chem.) 

gln-Chon’-I-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cinchona, and 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.) 

Bot.: A family of plants, tribe Cinchone®. 

gin-Chon’-I-dlne, s. [Mod. Lat. cinchona, and 
Gr. eidos= form, appearance.] 

Chem.: C 20 H 24 N 2 O. An organic alkaloid found in 
Peruvian bark. It crystallizes from alcohol in 
anhydrous needles, gives no fluorescence when pure, 
and no green coloration with chlorine and ammonia. 
It differs from cinchonine by its turning the plan© 
of polarization powerfully toward the left. 

gln'-chon-In, gln’-chon-Ine, s. [ Eng. cin- 
chon(a) ; suff. -in, -ine (Chem.).) 

Chem.: C 20 H 24 N 2 O—cinchonia, an organic alka¬ 
loid contained with quinine in Peruvian bark, 
especially in Cinchona condaminea. It is separated 
from quinine by its sulphate being more soluble. 
Cinchonine crystallizes in small transparent four¬ 
sided prisms. It is slightly soluble in water, but 
dissolves easily in hot alcohol. It melts at 165°. It 
is a powerful base, and forms crystalline salts with 
acids. It turns the plane of polarization power¬ 
fully toward the right. 

gln-cho-nln'-Ic, a. [Eng. cinchonin; -ic.) 

cinchoninic acid, s. 

Chem.. C 20 H 14 N 9 O 4 . A dibasic acid obtained by 
the oxidation of cinchonine by nitric acid. Specific 
gravity, l - 4. It is a white crystalline substance sol¬ 
uble in water; when treated with nitric acid it is 
converted into quinolic and cinchomeronic acids. 

gin-Chon-I§m, s. [Eng. cinchon(a), and suff. 
-ism.) 

Pathol.: The disturbed condition of the body 
caused by overdoses of cinchona. 

“The condition here called cinchonism is marked by 
the occurrence of giddiness, deafness, and a sense of buz¬ 
zing . . in the ears.”— Watson- Lectures on the 
Principles and Practice of Physic, lect. 86. 

gm-chov’-9-tme, s. [Mod. Lat. cinch(ona); 
ovat(a), and suff. -ine. The Cinchona ovate being 
the white quinquina of Condamine, a species of the 
Cinchona genus.] 

Chem.: Aricine, C 23 H 26 M 2 O 4 , occurs with Cusco- 
nine in Cusco Cinchona bark, which gives off brown 
vapors when heated. Aricine crystallizes in white 
prisms, which melt at 188°. 
gln-gln'-nus, s. [Lat.=a curl.] 

Bot.: A cyme developed in a curled manner, 
gln-clld'-o-tus, s. [Gr. kingklis=a lattice, and 
odous, genit. odontos— a tooth.] 

Bot.: A genus of Mosses, found floating in 
streams. Tribe, Evaginulati. The name is derived 
from the manner in which the cili® of the peristome 
are united in net-like parcels. Cinclidotus fontina- 
loides grows in tufts on the margin of lakes and 
rivers, or on stones in the channel of streams. 

gln’-cll-nse, s. pi. [Gr. kingklos— a sort of water- 
bird, a wagtail or ousel.] 

Ornith.: The Dippers, a sub-family of denti- 
rostral birds, belonging to the family Merulid® or 
Turdid®. ( Ogilvie.) 

gin-ells (pi- gln-cll'-de§), s. [Gr. kingklis= a 
lattice.] 

Animal Physiol.: One of the openings in the 
bodies of sea-anemones, probably serving to dis¬ 
charge the thread-cells or cnid®. 

gln-cl 6 -s 6 -m 9 , s. [Gr. kingklis= a lattice, and 
soma= the body.] 

Ornith.: A genus of birds, closely allied to the 
Shrikes. They are natives of Australia and the 
East Indies. 

gin'-clus, s. [Gr. kingklos=a wagtail or ousel.] 
Ornith.: A genus of Formicarin® or Myotlierin® 
(Ant-thrushes), belonging to the family Merulid® 
or Turdid® (Blackbirds or Thrushes). They have 
a very straight slender bill, with a notched lip; 
wings rounded, of moderate length; a very short 
even tail, and large exceedingly strong feet 
gmc -ture, s. [Lat. cintura=a girdle, from 
cingo=to gird; Ital. & Sp. cintura; Prov. Centura; 
Fr. cemtwre.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. . A belt, a girdle; something worn round 
the body, to fasten or confine the dress. 

“ Such is her sovereign mien: her dress 
(A vest, with woolen cincture tied).” 

Wordsworth. The White Doe of Rylstone, c. vii. 





Cinchona. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




cincture 


889 


cinnamic 


*2. Fig.: An inclosure, a ring-fence. 

''Fhe court and prison being within the cincture of one 
wall.”— Bacon: Henry VII. 

II. Arch.: The ring, list, or fillet at the top and 
bottom of a column, which divides the shaft of the 
column from its capital and base. ( Gwilt .) 

tglhc-tiire, v. t. [Cincture, s.J To surround, 
as with a girdle ; to gird, to encircle. 

“ On high the palms their graceful foliage spread, 
Cinctured with, roses the magnolia towers.” 

Hemans: Modern Greece. 

giiic'-tured, a. [Cincture, u.] Having a cinc¬ 
ture or girdle; girded. 

gln'-der, *gyn-dir, *gyn-dyr, *syn-der, *syn- 

dyr, s. & a. [A. S. sinder, synder; Icel. sindr; Sw. 
sinder= slag, dross ; Dut. sintels= cinders ; Dan. sin¬ 
der, sinner— a spark of ignited iron; Ger . sinter= 
dross of iron, scale ; Icel. sindra= to glow, to throw 
out sparks. Not from Fr. cendre , which is from 
Lat. cinis (genit. cineris) =ashes.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

I. Literally: 

(1} The residue of coal after combustion, in which 
fire is extinct. 

"Syndyr of the smythys fyre. Casuma.” — Prompt. Parv. 
(2) A small piece of coal which has ceased to 
flame, but still retains heat. 

*2. Fig.: Applied to the ashes of the dead- 

“ Beauty, truth, and rarity, 

Grace in all simplicity, 

Here inclosed in cinders lie.” 

Shakesp.: The Passionate Pilgrim; Threnos. 

II. Metallurgy: 

1. The slags or dross produced in the processes of 
iron manufacture. 

2. Scales consisting of oxidized particles thrown 
off from metal undergoing the forging process. 

3. (Pi.) Coke. {Percy in Weale.) 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

cinder-bed, s. 

Geol.: A bed of oyster shells, of the species Ostrea 
distorta, found in the Middle Purbeck series, so 
named from its loose structure. Its thickness is 
about twelve feet. 

cinder-dust, s. 

Metal.: Slag from a refining furnace. 

cinder-fall, s. 

Metal.: The inclined plane on which the melted 
slag from a blast-furnace descends. 

cinder-flue, s. 

Metal.: The cinder from the re-heating furnace. 

cinder-frame, s. 

Engin.: A framework of wire, &c., in a chimney, 
or in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to prevent 
the escape of cinders. 

cinder-hole, s. 

Metal.: The front plate of the hearth of a German 
refinery-forge. 

cinder-hook, s. 

Metal.: A hook for drawing off slag, 
cinder-notch, s. 

Metal.: A notch in the upper part of a dam of 
a blast-furnace through which the melted slag 
escapes. 

cinder-path, s. A pathway composed of, or 
covered with, cinders for the purpose of keeping it 
dry for foot-races. 

cinder-sifter, s. A perforated shovel or sieve for 
sifting cinders. 

Cinder-tip, s. A heap of cinders ; a place where 
cinders are tipped or shot. 

cinder-tubs, s.pl. 

Metal.: A trench of iron constructed for the recep¬ 
tion of the metal slag after the latter has flowed 
from a blast-furnace over the cinder-fall. 

* 9 m'-der-ous, *gin'-drous, a. [Eng. cinder; 
-ous.] Resembling, or composed of, cinders. 

“Or of a certain sharp and cindrous humor.” 

Sylvester: The Magnificence, 436. 

tgin-der-y, a. [Eng. cinder; -y.] Pertaining to, 
or resembling, cinders ; consisting of cinders. 

gln-e-fac-tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. cinefactio, 
from cims=ashes, and factio—a making, facio— to 
make.] The act or process of reducing to ashes, 
cineration. ^ w 

cin-e-mat'-ic, gin-e-mat-I-cal, kin-e-mat -Ic, 
kin-e-mat'-i-cal, a. [Gr. kinema, genit. kinematos 
= a movement, a moving: kineo — to move; Eng. 
suff. -ic, -ical.] Pertaining to movement or cine¬ 
matics. _ 


cinematic curve, s. A curve or combination 
of motions, produced by machinery, so called to 
distinguish it from mathematical curves. 

gin-e-mat -ics, kin-e-mat-ics,s. [Cinematic.] 
The science which treats of motions apart from their 
causes ; the comparison and relation of motion. 

gln-e-mat-o-graph, s. A device similar to the 
vitascope (q. v.). 

gin-en-chy-ma, s. [From Gr. kineo = to set in 
motion; ewgfc7i2/ma=infusion ; en=in, andc/ieO=to 
pour ] 

Bot. Physiol.: A kind of tissue consisting of irregu¬ 
larly branching and anastomosing vessels. They are 
largest in plants having milky juice, and smallest 
in those which have transparent juice. It is called 
also Laticiferous Tissue (q. v.). 

gin-en-chy -ma-tous, a. [Eng. cinenchyma; 
t connective ; and suff. -ows. J Pertaining to, or com¬ 
posed of, cinenchyma; laticiferous. 

gm-er-a -geoiis, a. [Lat. cineraceus, from cinis 
—ashes.] Like ashes, ash-colored, ash-like. 

gin-er-ar-i-dt s. [Lat. cinerarius, from cinis= 
ashes. The genus is so called from the ash-colored 
down covering the surfaces of the leaves.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants akin to Senecio, or accord¬ 
ing to Sir Joseph Hooker, ranked under it as a 
sub-genus. There are endless varieties produced by 
seed. They are all of various shades of red or blue, 
with or without white markings. 

gin-er-a-ry, a. [Lat. cine rarius =p e r t a in in g to 
ashes ; cmis=ashes.] Pertaining to, or containing, 
ashes. 

cinerary urn, s. An urn or vessel used by the 
ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead; a se¬ 
pulchral urn. 

gin'-er-as, s. [Lat. mus=ashes.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Barnacles allied to Lepas, or 
forming part of that genus, and belonging to the 
Cirripeda. {Craig.) 

*gin-er-a'-tion, s. [Fr. cineration, from Lat. 
cinis (genit. cineris) =ashes.] 

Old Chem.: The act or process of reducing to 
ashes, incineration. 

gin-er'-e-ous, a. [Lat. cinereus , from cinis 
(genit. cineris)= ashes.] Ash-like; of the color of 
ashes; ashy-gray.] 

“The hair is red at the tips, cinereous beneath.”— Pen¬ 
nant. 

gin-er-es -gent, a. [Lat. cinerescens, pr. par. of 
cineresco= to turn to ashes.] 

Physical Science: Becoming gray, approaching 
to a gray color. 

gin-er-i'-tious, a. [Lat. cineritius, cinericius, 
from cinis (genit. cineris) =ashes.] Having the 
form, state, quality, or color of ashes; cinereous. 

“ Broken and burnt rocks, ruins of buildings, and 
cineritious earth.”— Delany: Revelation Examined with 
Candor, ii. 226. 

Cineritious substance of the nervous system: 

Anat.: A gray substance constituting with a 
white one the chief material of the nervous system. 
In the brain it is called also the cortical substance, 
while the white is denominated the medullary 
one. 

gin-e -tl-ca, s. [Gr. kinetikos = pertaining to 
motion, from kined=to move.] 

Med.: Diseases affecting the muscles, and char¬ 
acterized by irregular action of the muscles, or 
muscular fibers, commonly denominated spasm. 
The third order in the class Neurotica of Good. 
Also agents that affect the voluntary or involuntary 
motions. {Dunglison.) 

(Jin-ga-le §e, a. & s. [Fr. cingalais .] 

A. As adj.: Of or belonging to Ceylon. 

B. As subst.: A native or inhabitant of Ceylon, 
giii -gle, s. [Lat. cingulum.'] [Surcingle.] 

1. A girdle worn by sailors. 

2. A girth for a horse. 

gln -gu-lum, s. [Lat. = a girdle, from cingo— to 
gird, to surround.] 

1. Med.: A cincture, a girdle. The part of the 

body situate below the ribs, to which the girdle is 
applied; the waist. {Dunglison.) , . 

2. Zodl.: The neck of a tooth, or that constriction 
which separates the crown from the fang. The 
term is also used for the transverse series of long 
bands in tbe armor of the Armadillo, &c. {Craig.) 

gin-l-flon’-I-dEe, s.pl. [Lat. ciniflo (genit. cini- 
flonis), and fern. pi. suff. -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of Arachnida. 

*gm’-I-fy, *gin'-e-fy, v. t. [Lat. cfwis=ashes, 
and facio (pass, flo) =to make.] To reduce to ashes, 
to incinerate. 


1)611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, 


gln'-na.s- [Gr. kaio= to heat.] 

Bot.: A genus of American grasses, allied to 
Agrostis; order, Graminaceee. So called from its 
heating qualities. 

gin'-na-bar, s. & a. [Fr. cinabre; Ital. cinabro; 
Sp. & Port, cinabrio; Ger. zinnober, from Lat. cin¬ 
nabar is ; Gr. kinnabaris, from Pers. qinbar; Hind- 
shangarf .] 

A. As substantive : 

1. Min.: A rhombohedral mineral, generally of 
adamantine luster, though in friable varieties dull. 
Colors: Cochineal red, brownish red, and lead 
gray, streak scarlet. A native mercuric sulphide, 
HgS. It has refraction and circular polarization. 
There are two varieties: 

( 1 ) Ordinary cinnabar, crystallized, massive or 
earthy. 

_ (2) Hepatic cinnabar. An impure cinnabar of a 
liver-brown color and submetallic luster. {Dana.) 
Cinnabar is found in Spam, in Austria, in China 
and Japan, in California, in Peru, &c. 

2. Comm.: Red sulphuret of mercury used as a 
pigment; vermilion. It is prepared artificially by 
triturating mercury and sulphur together, and 
heating the black sulphide HgS until it sublimes. 

3. Bot. <&Med.: The red resinous juice of a tree, 
Calamus rotang, a native of the East Indies, form¬ 
erly called Dragon’s blood, and used as an as¬ 
tringent. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Consisting more or less of the substance de¬ 
scribed under A. 

2. Bot., <&c.: Colored like it; scarlet with a slight 
mixture of orange. 

cinnabar moth, s. Callimorpha Jacobece. 
cm-na-bar-ic, a. [Eng. cinnabar; -ic.'] Per¬ 
taining to, or consisting of, cinnabar; cinnabarine. 

gm'-na-bar-me, a. [Fr. cinabarin.] Pertaining 
to or containing cinnabar. 

gin na-mate, s. [Eng. cinnam{ie), and suff. 
-ate {Chem.) (q. v.).] [Cinnamic Acid.] 
gin -na-mein, s. [Eng. cinnam{on) , and suff. 
-ine {Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: C 7 H 7 C 9 H 7 O 0 . Benzyl cinnamate occurs 
in Peru and Tolu balsams, the produce of species 
of Myroxylum growing in South America. Also 
prepared by heating sodium cinnamate with benzyl 
chloride. 

gin-na-mene, s. [Eng. cinnam{on), and suff. 
-ene {Chem.).] 

Chem.: CgHgor C 6 H 5 -CH=CH 2 . Styrolene, styrol, 
cinnamol, ethenyl-benzene, phenyl-ethylene. An 
aromatic hydrocarbon, obtained by distilling cin¬ 
namic acid with baryta ; also by passing the vapor 
of xylene or a mixture of benzene vapor and ethene 
through a red-hot tube; also by distilling liquid 
storax and carbonate of sodium with water; syn¬ 
thetically by heating acetylene C 2 H 2 in a glass tube 
over mercury to the softening point of the glass, 
four mols. of acetylene being condensed into one 
mol. of cinnamene. Cinnamene is a colorless oil. 
Specific gravity, 0’924. It boils at 145°. When 
heated to 200 ° in a sealed tube it is converted into a 
white transparent refractive solid called metacin- 
namene or inetastyrolene, which when distilled 
yields liquid cinnamene. By the action of hydriodic 
acid cinnamene is chiefly converted into octane, 
CsHig. When cinnamene is agitated with a concen¬ 
trated solution of iodine in potassium iodide, and 
the liquid is then diluted with water, crystals of 
iodide of cinnamene separate out. When cinna¬ 
mene is oxidized with an alkaline solution of potas¬ 
sium permanganate, it yields benzoic and carbonic 
acids. 

gln-nam-ic, a. [Eng. c ihnam{on), and suff. -ic.] 
Of or pertaining to cinnamon; derived from cin¬ 
namon. 

cinnamic acid, s. 

Chem.: Phenyl acrylic acid. Cinnamomic acid, 
C 9 H 8 O 2 ° r C 6 H 5 -CH=CH-CO , OH. A monatomic 
aromatic acid, obtained by the oxidation of cinna¬ 
mon oil; it occurs in Peru and Tolu balsams. It 
unites directly with hypoclorous acid, HCIO, form¬ 
ing ( J fjHp-G II Cl-C II (O if j - ( 1 0' O H, phenyl-chlorlactic 
acid. It can be extracted by boiling these resins 
with milk of lime and filtering while hot, and de¬ 
composing the calcium cinnamate with hydro¬ 
chloric acid. It has been formed by heating* ben¬ 
zoic aldehyde in close vessels with acetyl chloride. 
It forms small crystals, which melt at 129°, and boil 
at 293°. Fused with potash, it yields potassium 
salts of benzoic and acetic acids, with evolution of 
hydrogen. It is slightly soluble in water and sol¬ 
uble iu alcohol. It forms salts called cinnamates. 
cinnamic aldehyde, s. 

Chem.: C 9 H 7 OH. An aromatic aldehyde, found 
in the volatile oils of cinnamon and cassia, which 
are obtained from the genus Cinnamomum, order 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




cinnamide 


890 


cipher 


Laurace®. The aldehyde is separated as a crys¬ 
talline compound with acid potassium sulphite. It 
is a colorless oil, boiling at 248°, which readily 
oxidizes into cinnamic acid. When heated with 
nitric acid it yields benzoic acid and benzoyl hy¬ 
dride, CbHs’CO'H. By the action of chromic acid it 
is converted into benzoic and acetic acids. 

gin -na-mide, s. [Eng. cinn{amon), or cinna- 
( my l ), and amide A 

Chem.: CgHvO’HVN. A white crystalline sub¬ 
stance, melting at 141’5°. It is obtained by treating 
cinnamyl chloride with concentrated aqueous am¬ 
monia, washing with water, and recrystallizing 
from boiling water. 

gin-na-mo-den -dron, s. [Gr. kinnamon, kina- 
mon= cinnamon, and dendron= a tree.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, doubtfully referred by 
Lindley to the order Pittosporace®. Cinnamoden- 
dron axillare, a Brazilian tree, is aromatic. Its 
bark, which is a tonic and antiscorbutic, is pre¬ 
scribed in low fevers, and is made into gargles used 
when the tonsils are feeble. 

gin-na-mo’-mic, a. [Eng. cinnamon; Lat. cin- 
namomum; and Eng. suff. -t'c.] Pertaining to 
cinnamon, cinnamic, 
cinnamomic acid, s. [Cinnamic.] 
gin-na nio -mum, s. [Gr. kinnamomon, kina- 
momon= cinnamon.] 

1. Bot.: A genus of plants, order Laurace®. They 
have hermaphrodite flowers, with the abortive sta¬ 
mens apparently perfect with four-celled anthers. 
The leaves, 
which are 
three-rib bed, 
or triple-rib¬ 
bed, are ever¬ 
green, often 
approaching 
each other in 
pairs Another 
product of the 
genus Cinna- 
m o m u m is 
Cassia-b ark 
(q. v.). Cinna - 
momum Culi- 
lawan yields 
Culil aw a n 
bark. Cinna¬ 
mon proper is 
from Cinna- 
rnomum zey- 
lani c u m. C. 
nitidum has 
similar properties, that of Santa F 6 from Nectandra 
cinnamomoides, and that of the Isle of France from 
Oreodaphne cupularis. All are of the Laurel order. 
[Cinnamon, Cassia.] 

2. Palceont.: Two species of Cinnamomum are 
said to exist in the Miocene. 

9 in'-n<i-mon, s. & a. [Gr. kinnamon , kinnamo- 
tnon; Lat. cinnamomum, cinnamum, from a Phoe- 
nic. word equivalent to Heb. qinnamon , construct, 
state qinneman.] 

A. As subst.: An aromatic substance consisting 
of the bark of a tree or trees. [Cinnamomum, Cin¬ 
namon Bark.] The Phoenicians, the Arabs, or both, 
imported the genmneycinnamon into Palestine re¬ 
motely from Ceylon or the Eastern Archipelago, 
but probably from some mercantile port much 
nearer at hand. It is represented, however, as 
growing in at least one Jewish garden (Song of Sol¬ 
omon, iv. 14), unless, indeed, the whole description 
be figurative. It was one of the ingredients in the 
holy anointing oil, which Moses was commanded to 
make for the anointing of the tabernacle and its 
furniture (Exod. xxx. 22-29). It was used also for 
the perfume of beds (Prov. vii. 17). It is mentioned 
as an article of merchandise also in the mystic 
Babylon (Rev. xviii. 13). 

Wild cinnamon: The genus Cinnamodendron 
(q. v.). 

B. As adj. : Bright brown, mixed with yellow and 

red. 

cinnamon bark, s. 

Pharm.: Cinnamomi Cortex. The inner bark of 
shoots from the truncated stocks of Cinnamomum 
zeylanicum, order Laurace®. It is imported from 
Ceylon. It occurs in closely rolled, brittle, bright- 
brown quills having an aromatic odor and warm 
astringent taste It is used to prepare Aqua cinna¬ 
momi, Tinctura cinnamomi , and Pulvis cinnamomi 
compositus , compound cinnamon powder. Cinna¬ 
mon is a stimulant, aromatic, carminative, and is 
useful in cases of diarrhcea. 
cinnamon oil, s. 

Pharm.: Cinnamomi oleum. An essential oil dis¬ 
tilled from cinnamon bark. It is of a bright yellow 
color, which gradually darkens. It consists chiefly 
of cinnamic aldehyde (q. v.). When exposed to 
the air, it gradually absorbs oxygen and forms a 
resin and cinnamic acid. 



Cinnamomum. 


cinnamon root, *cinnamom roote, s. 

Bot.: The book-name given by Gerard to Inula 
Cony z a. 

cinnamon sedge, s. 

Bot.: An endogenous plant, Acorus calamus. 

cinnamon-stone, s. 

Min.: A mineral of cinnamon-red color, a variety 
of garnet. The finest specimens are brought from 
Ceylon. Dana considers it a sub-variety of Garnet, 
ranking it under his Lime-alumina Garnet, or Gros- 
sularite (q. v.). 

cinnamon water, s. Aqua cinnamomi, a medic¬ 
inal drink prepared by distilling twenty ounces of 
cinnamon with two gallons of water till one gallon 
boils over. 

gin-na-mon -I-trile , s. [Eng. cinnamo{n), and 
nitril .] 

Chem.: C 9 H 7 "N. A substance, boiling at 255°, 
soluble in alcohol. It is obtained by the action or 
PCI 5 on cinnamide. 

gin -nu-myl, gin'-nu-mule, s. [Eng. cinnamon; 
Gr. kinnamon= cinnamon, and hyle— . . . matter.] 
Chem.: C 9 H 7 O'. An aromatic monatomic radical, 
cinnamyl chloride, s. 

Chem.: C 9 H 7 OCI. Obtained by the action of 
pentachloride of phosphorus, PCI 5 , on cinnamic 
acid. It is a heavy oil, boiling at 262°. Heated 
with cinnamate of sodium, it yields cinnamic 
anhydride. 

cinnamyl hydride, s. 

Chem.: C 9 H 7 OH. [Cinnamic Aldehyde.] 
gin'-nyl, s. & a. [Gr. kinnamon, and hyle= matter 
as a principle of being.] 

Chem.: C 9 H 9 '. A monatomic aromatic hydro¬ 
carbon radical. 

cinnyl cinnamate, s. 

Chem.: Styracin, C9H9C9H7O2. It is contained in 
liquid storax, which exudes from Styrax calamita, 
a shrub growing in Asia Minor. Distilled with 
potash it yields cinnyl alcohol and cinnamic acid, 
gin-nyl-ic, a. [Eng, cinnyl; -ic. ] 
cinnylic alcohol, s. 

Chem.: C 9 H 9 OH. Cinnyl hydrate, cinnamic 
alcohol, styryl alcohol, styrone. A monatomic 
aromatic alcohol, obtained by heating cinnyl cin¬ 
namate with caustic alkalies. It crystallizes in 
soft silky needles, melts at 35°, and is soluble in 
water. By oxidizing agents it is converted into cin¬ 
namic aldehyde and cinnamic acid. 

gin-njfr-I-dse, s. pi. [Lat. cinnyris, the type, 
and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Ornith.: The Sun-birds, a family of birds, some 
of which have remarkably brilliant plumage. The 
family is placed by Swainson between the Meli- 
phagid®, or Honeysuckers, and the Trochilid®, or 
Humming-birds. {Craig.) 
gin'-n^r-is, s. [Lat. cinnaris.] 

Ornith.: The Sun-bird, a genus of birds, the typical 
one of the family Cinnyrid®. 

ginque, *gink, *sink, s. & a. [Fr. cinq: O. Fr. 
cinque; Ital. cinque; Prov. cine; Sp. & Port, cinco, 
from Lat. quinque=txve>.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: The number five, specially on dice 
or in cards. 

2. Music {PI. cinques) : The name given by change- 
ringers to changes on eleven bells, probably from 
the fact that five pairs of bells change places in 
order of ringing in each successive change. {Troyle, 
in Grove's Diet. Music.) 

*Cinque and sice: A phrase probably meaning 
fearless, desperate. {Davies.) 

“[Mastiffs] for their carelessness of life, setting all at 
cinque and sice.’’ — Dr. Caius, in English Garner, iii. 253. 

B. As adj.: The fifth, 
cinque-cento, s. & a. [Ital.] 

A. As substantive: 

Arch.: Literally 500, but used as a contraction for 
1,500, the century in which the revival of ancient 
architecture took place in Italy. The term is applied 
to distinguish the style of architecture which then 
arose in that country. In France the style, as intro¬ 
duced there, is called Style Francais premier and 
Renaissance; and in England, the Revival and Eliza¬ 
bethan. {Gwilt.) 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or constructed in the 
style described in A. 

“What is given the student as next to Raphael’s work? 
Cinque-cento ornament generally.”— Ruskin. 

cinque-foil, *cynk-foly, s. [O. Fr. cinque=&ve, 
and foil; Fr. feuille; Lat./oZwm=leaf.] 

1. Botany: 

(1) The common name of plants of the genus 
Potentilla, order Rosace®, also called Five-finger, 
from the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers or 
the hand. 


(2) Onobrachis sativa. 

2. Arch.: An ornament used in the Middle 
Pointed style of architecture. It consists of five 
cuspidated divisions or 
curved pendants inscribed 
in a pointed arch, or in a 
circular ring, applied to 
windows and panels. The 
cinque-foil, when inscribed 
in a circle, forms a rosette 
of five equal leaves, hav¬ 
ing an open space in the 
middle, the leaves being 
formed by the open spaces, 
and not by the solids or 
cusps. 

3. Her.: This plant, as a 
charge, answers to the five 
senses of man, and denotes 
that the bearer conquers 
his affections and appetites. 



Cinque-foil. 


{Crabb.) 

1[ March cinque-foil: A modern book-name for a 
plant, Comarum palustre. 
fcinque-foiled, a. [Eng. cinque-foil; -ed.] 

Arch.: Furnished with cinque-foils. 


*cinque-outposts, s. pi. The five senses. 

“ I was fallen soundly asleep: the cinque-outposts were 
shut up closer than usual.”—A Winter Dream, 1,649 ( Harl. 
Miscel., vii. 203). {Davies.) 

cinque-pace, s. A kind of dance (called also 
Galliard ), the steps of which were regulated by the 
number five. Also translated five-paces. Sir John 
Davies thus describes it: 


“ Five was the number of the music’s feet, 

Which still the dance did with jive paces meet.” 

cinque-port, *sink-pors, s. 

1. (Of the form cinque-port ): A kind of fishing- 
net having five entrances. 

2. {PI.): Ports, as the latter half of the desig¬ 
nation implies, “five” in number, and deemed the 
five most important ports on the southern coast of 
England, facing France. At first there were really 
only five, viz., Dover, Sandwich, Romney, Hastings, 
and Hythe. Two have since been added, viz., Win- 
chelsea and Rye, and the “ Cinque ’ ’-ports at present 
number seven. 


*3. A representative of one of the Cinque-ports. 

“A canopy borne by four of the Cinque-ports; under it, 
the queen in her robe . . .”— Shakesp.: Henry VIII., 
iv. 1. 


*cinque-posts, *cinq-posts, s. pi. The same as 
Cinque-outposts (q. v.). 

“ My cinq-posts (my five outward senses) had been trebly 
loekt up.”— Howell: Pari, of Beasts, p. 32. 

♦cinque-spotted, a. Having five spots. 

gin -tre, s. [Fr.] 

Arch.: The same as center or centering (q.v.). 

91-on, s. The soft palate, or uvula. {Anatomy.) 

gi-on-is -te§, s. [Gr. kionistes— a small pillar.} 
A genus of Hydroid Polypes belonging to the fam¬ 
ily Podocorynid®. 

gi-on-o-tome, s. [Gr. kion, genit. kionos={l) a 
pillar, ( 2 ) the uvula; and tome=a cutting, temno= 
to cut.] 

Surg.r An instrument for excising a portion of 
the uvula. 

91 -6n-us, s. [ Gr. kion—a. pillar, ... a 
wart (?).] 

Entom.: A genus of coleopterous insects, tribe 
Rhyncophora, family Curculionid®. They have a 
long curved rostrum inserted in a groove beneath 
the thorax, which is small. The elytra are nearly 
spherical, furnished with velvety tufts. Many 
species are known. Cionus verbasci, of a deep ash 
color with other parts buff, gray, or yellow, is 
nearly globular. It is found on Scrophularia, Ver- 
bascum, and other plants. 

gl -pher, *zi-fer, gy-pher, s. [O. Fr. cifre; Fr. 
chiffre, from Low Lat. cj/ra=nothing, from Arab. 
sifr= a cipher {Skeat); Sp. & Port, cifra; Ital. 
cifra, cifera; Ger. ziffer.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

I. In the same sense as B. 1. 

*2. A character of any kind used in writing or 
in printing. 

*3. {Inpi.): Shorthand. 

“ His speeches were much heeded, and taken by diver* 
in ciphers." — Hacket: Life of Williams, i. 82. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A person of no worth or moment. 

“ If the people be somewhat in the election, you cannot 
make them nulls or ciphers in the privation or transla¬ 
tion.”— Bacon. 

*2. Worthlessness, sham, unreality. 

“ Mine were the very cipher of a function.” 

Shakesp. ■ Measure for Measure, ii. 2. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf. work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 












cipher-key 


circle 


891 


B. Technically • 

1. Math.: A mark or character (0) ■which of itself 
osscsses no value, but when placed after anynum- 
er increases its value tenfold. In decimal frac¬ 
tions the placing of a cipher before a number 
decreases its value in the same proportion. 

" The cipher of itself implies a privation of value: but 
when disposed with other characters on the left of it, in 
the common arithmetic, it serves to augment each of 
their values by ten; and in decimal arithmetic, to lessen 
the value of each ligure to the right of it, in the same 
proportion.”— Chambers. 

2. Engraving: A combination or interweaving of 
two or more letters, especially the initials of a 
name; a monogram. 

3. Corresp.: A secret or occult code or alphabet 
used in carrying on correspondence between two 
parties when it is important that the contents 
should be unintelligible to any third person into 
whose hands it might accidentally come, and who 
did not possess the key. 

“ This paper was signed in cipher by the seven chiefs of 
the conspiracy . . .”— Macaulay.■ Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 

*4. Astrol.: An occult sign or figure. 

“With that he circles draws, and squares, 

With ciphers, astral characters.” 

Butler Hudibras, ii. 3. 

5. Music: The sounding of a note on an organ or 
wind instrument, by an escape of wind through it, 
without that note having been touched by the 
player. 

cipher-key, s. A key which enables the holder 
to read writings in cipher, 
gl -pher, v. i. & t. [Cipher, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: To practice arithmetic; to work 
out sums. 

“ We have long drawn our supply of roofing-slates from 
such quarries; school-boys ciphered on these slates, . . .”— 
Tyndall. Frag, of Science (3d ed.), xiv. 409. 

2. Music: Used of an organ or harmonium, when 
through some defect the wind escapes and sounds 
through any note without that note having been 
touched by the player. 

B. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To write in cipher or secret characters. 

“ His father engaged him when he was very young to 
write all his letters to England in cipher.” — Bp. Burnet. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To designate, to characterize, to depict. 

“ The face of either ciphered either’s heart.” 

Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece, 1,396. 

(2) To decipher, to interpret. 

“ To cipher what m writ in learned books.” 

Shakesp.; Rape of Lucrece, 811. 

gl'-pher-hpod, s. [Eng. cipher; -hood.\ The 
quality or state of being only a cipher; nothing¬ 
ness. 

“Therefore God to confute him, and bring him to his 
native cipherhood, threatened to bring a sword against 
him.”— Godwin: Works, vol. v., fol. 443. (Rich.) 

gi-pher-ing, pr. par., a. & s, [Cipher, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 


IT The following passage refers to its transpar¬ 
ency. ( Nares .) 

“A cypres, not a bosom, t 

Hides my poor heart.” 

Shakesp. • Twelfth Night, iii. 1. 
glr'-cg., prep. [Lat. = about.] Used to denote an 
approximation in a date. It is generally contracted 
to c. 

glr-ca-da, s. [Lat. circus.'] 

Old Eccles. Law: A tribute anciently paid to the 
bishop or archdeacon for visiting the churches. 

( Tomlin: Law Dictionary.) 

glr-gae ’-a, s. [Lat. Circceus= pertaining to Circe , 
a fabulous enchantress, in reference to the fruit 
which, being covered with little hooks, lays hold of 
the clothes of passengers, as Circe is said to have 
done by her enchantments.] 

Botany ; 

1 . Sing.: A genus of plants, order Onagrace®. 
Calyx-tube ovoid, with a two-parted limb. Petals 
obcordate, stamens two, ovary 1-2 celled, style 
filiform, stigma capitate two-leaved. Fruit ovoid 
or pyriform, 1-2 celled, indehiscent, covered with 
hooked bristles. Slender erect herbs. 

2. PI.: A tribe of Onagrace®, of which Circ®a is 
the type. [Circa:a.] 

gir-ca -e-tus, s. [Gr. kirkos= a falcon that moves 
round in a circle, and aetos= an eagle.] 

Ornith.: A genus of the Aquilin®, or Eagles, be¬ 
longing to the family Falconid®. Circaetus cheela 
is common in Lower Bengal, where it frequents the 
margins of tanks to feed upon the frogs which there 
abound at certain seasons of the year. 

glr -car, s. [Mahratta, Hind., &c., surkar— the 
government.] ( Anglo-Indian .) 

Geog. (PI. Circars): The name formerly given to 
the Northern Circars, five districts in the Madras 
presidency. They were Chicacole, Rajahmunduy, 
Ellore, Condapilly, and Guntoor. The Northern 
Circars were obtained by the French in 1753, and 
were taken by Clive in 1759. (For other meanings 
of Circar see Sirkar.) 

<JIr-cas-sl-an, a. & s. [Eng. Circassi(a); -an.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to Circassia. 

B. Assubst.: A native of Circassia, 
glr-cas-sl-enne, s. [Fr.] A light kind of cash- 

mere. (Knight.) 

<JIr'-ge, s. [The mythic daughter of Helios (the 
Sun) and Perseis, who lived in the islandof ASa and 
was reputed to possess powers of enchantment, by 
means of which she first charmed her victims, and 
then changed them into beasts.] 

1. Mythol.: The fabulous creature described in 
the etymology. 

“ Will give thee back to day and Circe’s shores. 

There, pious, on my cold remains attend.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xi., 1. 86, 87. 

2. Zodl.: A genus of mollusks, family Cyprinid®. 
The shell is suborbicular and compressed; it is 
thick, and is often sculptured with diverging stri®. 
The hinge teeth are 3-3, the lateral ones obscure, 
the pallial line entire. It ranges from eight to fifty 
fathoms. There are forty recent species. 

3. Astron.: An asteroid, the thirty-fourth found. 
It was discovered by Chacornac, on the 6 th of April, 
1855. 


C. As substantive : 

1. Elementary arithmetic; the act or science of 
doing sums. 

2. The act or art of writing in cipher. 
glp'-6-lin, gl-po-llne, gl-po-li -no, s. [Ital. 

cipollino — a small onion; Lat. cepola — a small 
onion, a chive, dimin. of cepa= an onion.] 

Min.: An Italian marble, a variety of calcite, 
containing a slight admixture of quartz and oxide 
of iron. Its color is white with pale greenish shad¬ 
ings, and is so called because its veins, like those 
of onions, consist of different strata, one lying upon 
another. It does not stand the weather well. 

glp -per, s. & a. [Cf. A. S. cipe=an onion.] A 
term occurring only in the subjoined compound, 
cipper-nut, s. Buniumflexuosum. 
glp -pus, s. [Lat. cippus= a stake, a post.] 

Arch.: A small low column, sometimes without 
a base or capital, and most frequently bearing an 
inscription. Among the ancients the cippus was 
used for various purposes; when placed on a road 
it indicated the distance of places; on other occa- 
'sions, cippi were employed as memorials of remark¬ 
able events, as landmarks, and for bearing sepul¬ 
chral epitaphs. (Gwilt.) 

*gi-pres, *gy-pres, *gy-press, *gy-prus, s. 
[Cyprus, Crape.] A thin, transparent stuff, sup¬ 
posed to resemble modern crape- Both black and 
white were made, but the black was most common, 
and was used as now for mourning. 

“ Lawn as white as driven snow, ; 

Cypres black as e’er was crow.’ 

Shakesp.: Winter 1 s Tale, iv. 3. 


tgir-ge'-gUE a. [Lat. circceus.] Pertaining to 
Circe; magic, noxious. 

gir-ge -l-dse, gir-ge -a-dse, s. pi. [Lat. Circe, 
and fem. pi. suff. -idee, -ados.] 

ZoOl.: A division of naked-eyed Medus®, order 
Gymnophthalmata. There is only one genup, Circe 
(q. v.). 

glr-gel -11-um, s. [From Lat. circellus= a small 
ring'-] . _ 

Zobl.: A genus of Coleopterous insects, iamily, 
Lamellicornes. 

*glr-gen-sl-al, fglr-gen -si-an, a, [Lat. circen- 
sis= pertaining to the circus: ludi circenses= the 
games in the Circus Maximus at Rome.] Pertain¬ 
ing to the Circus Maximus, or to the games practiced 
in the Roman Amphitheater. 

gir-gi -nse, s. pi. [From Gr. kirkos= a kind of 
falcon which flies in wheels or circles. Probably 
Accipiter Nisus, the Sparrow-hawk. This is not the 
Circus of modern ornithologists.] ... 

Ornith.: A sub-family of Falconid®, containing 
the Harriers. [Circus.] 

gir -gln-g.1, a. [Fr. circinal; Lat. circinus; Gr. 

kirkinos= a circle.] , „ , ,, , 

Bot.: An epithet applied to leaves of plants rolled 
up in a spiral manner downward, the tip being in 
the center; used in reference to foliation or leafing, 
as in ferns. (Gray.) 

*gir -gln-ate, v. t. [Lat. circinatus, pa. par. of 
circino=to make round; Gr. Jcirkinos=a circle.] To 
form into a circle, to make a circle round, to encircle, 
to encompass. 


b<Sil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, 

-clan, -tlart — rhan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 

-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


glr'-gin-ate, a. [Lat, circinatus, pa. par. of 
circino= to make round.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Round, in a circle; encircled. 

2. Bot.: The same as Circinal (q. v.). 

“The manner in which the young leaves are arranged 
within the leaf-bud is called foliation or vernation . . . 
The vernation w . of the ferns and cycads is circin- 
ate. 11 —Lindley • Introd. Bot., b. i., sect. 2, § 1. 

*glr-gin-a-tion, s. [Lat. circinatio, from cir¬ 
cinus = a circle, a pair of compasses.] An orbicular 
motion, a turning round, a measuring with the 
compasses. (Bailey.) 

glr -gi-nus, s. [Lat.=a circle, a pair of com¬ 
passes.] 

Astron.: The Compasses, a constellation near 
the South Pole, lying between Norma and Musca 
Australis. 

gir'-cle, *ger-cle, *ser-cle, s. [A. S. circol, 
circul; Fr. & Prov. cercle, sercle; Sp. & Port, circulo, 
from Lat. circulus, dimin. of circus—a circle; Gr. 
kirkos= a circle, a ring.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. In the same sense as B. 1. 

2. A ring, a round figure or mark. 

“ And eft with water which she kept 
She made a sercle about him thries.” 

Gower, ii. 264. 

3. A round body, a globe, orb, or sphere. 

“ It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth.”— 
Isaiah xi. 22. 

*4. A ring, a circlet. 

“A golden cercle in the nosethirlis of a sow.”— Wycliffe: 
Prov. xi. 22. 

*5. A coronet or band worn round the helmet. 

“ He carfe awaye with myght and mayne 
The circle that sat uppon his crown.” 

Soudan of Babylon, 1182. 

6 . A compass, a circuit, an inclosure. 

“ A great magician obscured in the circle of the forest.’ 1 
— Shakesp.: As You Like It, v. 4. 

7. A district, a territory. 

U *Circles of the Holy Roman Empire: Such 
provinces ana principalities as had a right to be 
present at the diets. They were ten in number. 

8 . A number of persons standing or seated in a 
ring, 

“. . . announced to the splendid circle assembled 

round the font . . .”— Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. 

9. An assembly generally. 

10. Any series ending as it begins, and perpetually 
repeated; a cycle, a succession. 

“ There be fruit trees in hot countries, which have blos¬ 
soms and young fruit, and young fruit and ripe fruit, 
almost all the year, succeeding one another; but this 
circle of ripening cannot be but in succulent plants and 
hot countries.”— Bacon. 

11. Figuratively: 

1. A sphere of acquaintance; a class or division of 
society. 

“In private society he [Mr. Canning] was amiable and 
attractive, though, except for a very few years of his early 
youth, he rarely frequented the circles of fashion . . . ” 
— Brougham. 

*2. Circumlocution ; indirectness of language. 

“ Has he given the lye 
In circle, or oblique, or semicircle.” 

Fletcher: Queen of Corinth. 

B. Technically: 

1. Geometry: 

(1) A plane figure defined by a curved line called 
its circumference, every point in which is equally 
distant from a certain point within the circle, 
called its center. [Center.] A straight line drawn 
from the center or a circle to its circumference is 
called a radius, and a straight line drawn through 
the center and terminated both ways by the circum¬ 
ference is called the diameter of a circle. The space 
inclosed within the circumference is called the area 
of the circle The circumference of a circle is to its 
diameter as about 22 to 7 or 3’142857-f- to 1 , involving 
in its computation a circulating decimal. For the 
quadrature of the circle see Quadrature. 

*(2) The curved line defining such figure; the cir¬ 
cumference. 

2. Logic: An inconclusive and deceptive line of 
argument, in which two or more statements are 
brought forward to prove each other, i. e., the first 
proposition is assumed as proved by that which fol¬ 
lows it, and the second again is assumed from that 
which precedes it. _ 

3. Astron.: As instrument of observation, the 
limb of which is graduated to 360° and forms a com¬ 
plete circle. There are several kinds: a mural 
circle, one affixed to a wall; a transit circle, one 
fitted with a telescope on an axis, and mounted in 
the plane of the meridian; a reflecting circle, one 

sin, a§; expect. Xenophon, eifist. ph = f. 

-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 



circle-iron 


892 


circuiteer 


working by reflection, as a sextant; a repeating 
circle, one repeating the angle several times contin¬ 
uously along the limb. (See these words, and also 
Altitude, Azimuth, Circumferentor. ) 

4. Archceol.: The name given to one of the mega- 
lithic remains, as at Stonehenge, Avebury, and 
other places in England. ( Gwilt .) 

5. Vehicles: The fifth wheel of a carriage. 

IT (1) Circle of altitude: 

. Astron.: A circle parallel to the horizon, having 
its pole in the zenith. 

(2) Circle of curvature: That circle the curvature 
of which is equal to that of any curve at a certain 
point. Called also the Circle of equi-curvature. 

. (3) Circles of declination: Great circles intersect¬ 
ing each other in the poles of the world. 

(4) Circles of excursion: Circles parallel to the 
ecliptic, and at such a distance from it (usually 10°), 
as that the excursions of the planets toward the 
poles of the ecliptic may be within them. 

(5) Circle of illumination: A circle passing 
through the center of a planet perpendicular to a 
line drawn from the sun to the respective body. 
This is supposed to separate the illumined part 
from the unillumined, which it does nearly. 

(6) Circles of latitude: 

(а) Astron.: A great circle perpendicular to the 
plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. 

( б ) Spherical projection: A small circle of the 
sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. 

(7) Circles of longitude: Lesser circles parallel 
to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it, 

( 8 ) Circle of perpetual apparition: One of the 
lesser circles parallel to the equator, described by 
any point of the sphere touching the northern point 
of the horizon, and carried about with the diurnal 
motion. All the stars within this circle never set. 

(9) Circle of perpetual occultation: A lesser circle 
parallel to the equator,and containing all those stars 
which never appear in our hemisphere. The stars 
situated between the circles of perpetual appari¬ 
tion and perpetual occultation alternately rise and 
set at certain times. 

(10) Circle of the sphere: A circle upon the sur¬ 
face of the sphere, called a great circle when its 
plane passes through the center of the sphere; in 
all other cases a small circle. 

_ A great circle of a sphere is one whose center coin¬ 
cides with that of the sphere, and which therefore 
divides the sphere into two equal parts. 

(11) Circle of Willis: An anastomosis between the 
primary trunks of the arteries of the brain, to equal¬ 
ize and carry on the circulation of blood in the 
brain when an obstruction to one of the main trunks 
occurs. It incloses a space somewhat of an oval 
figure, within which are found the optic nerves, 
the tuber cinereum, the infundibulum, the corpora 
mammillaria, and the interpeduncular space. 

(12) Astronomical Circle: 

Astron. Instrum.: The name given to anyone of 
the instruments designed to be used for measuring 
angles of altitude or zenith distance. [Mural 
Circle, Transit Circle, Altitude, and Azimuth 
Instrument. 

(13) Diurnal Circles: Supposed to be described 
by the several stars and other points in the heavens 
in their apparent diurnal rotation round the earth. 

(14) Horary Circles {Dialing): The lines on dials 
which show the hours. 

(15) Polar Circles: Immovable circles, parallel to 
the equator, and at a distance from the poles equal 
to the greatest declination of the ecliptic. 

(16) Reflecting Circle: [Sextant.] 

(17) Repeating Circle: [Repeating.] 

(18) Transit Circle: [Transit.] 

1[ Crabb brings into comparison the words a cir¬ 
cle , a sphere , an orb, and a globe. Without advert¬ 
ing further to his views, it may be simply added 
that a circle, mathematically viewed, is a plane 
figure ; while a sphere, an orb, and a globe are solids. 
It is, we think, from arbitrary usage and not for a 
deeper reason that we speak of the circle of one’s 
friends, and the sphere of one’s activity. [Globe.] 

circle-iron, s. 

1. A hollow punch for cutting planchets, wads, 
wafers, and circular blanks. 

2. A fifth wheel of a carriage. 

circle-like, *cerclelyk, a. Like or resembling 
f. circle: round, circular. 

“ Cerclelyk shappe is most perfite figure.” 

Occleve: De Reg. Princ., 5,107. 

(jlr'-cle, * 9 er-clen, *ser-kle, v. t. & i. [Fr. cir- 
siller; Lat. circulo, from circulus—e. circle.] 

*A. Transitive: 

1. To move or revolve round anything; to encircle. 

“ So cerolith it the welle aboute,” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 1,619. 

2. To surround, to inclose, to encompass as with 
a circle. 

“You heavy people, circle me about.” 

Shalcesp.: Titus Andronicus, iii. 1. 


B. Intransitive: 
t I. Literally: 

*1. To move round or in a circle. 

“ Guards as he turns, and circles as he wheels.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, viii. 410. 

|2. To form a circle round, to encircle, to sur¬ 
round. 

“. . . peers who circled round the King.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 24. 

f3. To revolve {of time, the seasons, dkc.). 

“ Now the circling years disclose 
The day predestin’d to reward his woes.” 

Pope: Odyssey. 

fll. Fig.: To spread, to be passed round. 

“ Thy name shall circle round the gaping throng.” 

Byron. 

F To circle in: To confine, to keep together. 

“We term those things dry which have a consistence 
within themselves, and which, to enjoy a determinate 
figure, do not require the stop or hindrance of another 
body to limit and circle them in.’’ — Digby: On Bodies. 

9 ir -cled, pa. par. or a. [Circle, u.] 

A. As pa.par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

“ Or modest Dian, circled with the nymphs.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Ft. III., iv. 8. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Having the form of a circle, round. 

“ O, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon, 

That monthly changes in her circled orb.” 

Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, ii. 2. 

2 . Encircled, surrounded with a circlet, coronet, 
&c. 

*9irc’-ler, s. [Eng. circl(e ) ; -e?\] 

1. Lit.: One who goes or moves round in a circle. 

“ Neptune circler of the earth.” 

Chapman: Homer’s Iliad, xiii. 

2. Fig.: A poor or inferior poet; either from his 
strolling about as a wandering minstrel, or for the 
same reason as their name was given to the Cyclic 
poets. [Cyclic.] 

“ Nor so begin, as did that circler late, 

I sing a noble war, and Priam’s fate.” 

B. Jonson.- Art of Poetry. 

9 irc’-let, s. [Eng. circ{le ) ; dim. suff. -Zef.] 

fl. A little circle or ring, as of gold, jewels, etc. 

“ He placed the golden circlet on, 

Paused—kissed her hand—and then was gone.” 

Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. 19. 

*2. A round body, an orb. 

“ Fairest of stars . . . that crown'st the smiling morn 

With thy bright circlet.” Milton: P. L., v. 169. 

9 irc -lmg, pr. par. or a. [Circle, t\] 

A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding to those 
of the verb. 

B. As adj.: Having the form of a circle ; circular, 
encircling, surrounding. 

“ Whose towering front the circling realm commands.” 

Cowper: Translations of the Latin Poems of Milton, 
Elegy I. To Charles Deodati. 

9 ir’-co- 9 ele, s. [Sirsocele.] 

* 9 ir-cuat, a. [Lat. circuitus.] Encircled, sur¬ 
rounded. 

“ Ffor the quhilk soume the said vmquhill Schir Wil- 
liame laide in plegeto the said Robert ane garnissing cir- 
cuat about with perllis, rubeis and diamontis, pertening 
to our souerane lordis darrest mother.”—Acts Ja VI, 
1581 (ed. 1814), p. 279. 

* 9 lr'-cue, ,v. t. [Lat. circueo or circumeo=to go 
round; circum= around, about; eo = to go.] To 
make a circuit of, to visit. 

11 He then vysyted and circued his lande in ministryng 
iustyces to all person.”— Fabyan, i. 34. 

9 irc'-uit, * 9 yrc'-ute, s. [Fr. & Prov. circuit; 
Ital., Sp. c% Port, circuito, from Lat. circuitus, from 
circueo or circumeo— to go around, from cir cum— 
around, and eo=to go.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of revolving or moving round any¬ 
thing. 

"... carried along with him in his periodical circ¬ 
uit round the sun.”— Watts: On the Mind. 

2. The place inclosed in a circle ; an inclosure. 

“ A woody mountain, whose high top was plain, 

A circuit wide inclosed.” Milton: P. L., viii. 304. 

3. Space, extent, circumference. 

“ This towne is grete in cyrcute and of small defence.” 
— Berners: Froissart, ii. 52. 

*4. That which encircles anything; a ring, a 
crown. 

“Until the golden circuit on my head 

Do calm the fury of this mad-brain’d flaw.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., iii. 1. 


b The act of visiting certain places for the pur 
pose of inspection. [B. I. ( 1 ).] 

“ He insisted that Portland should make a circuit for 
the purpose of inspecting some of the superb fortresses 
of the French Netherlands.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. 
xxiii. 

*11, Fig.: Circumlocution. 

“. . . (as by long circuit of deduction it may be that 
even all truth out of any truth may be concluded,) 

, . .”— Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. ii., ch. i., § 2. 

B. Technically: 

1. Law: 

(1) The periodical visitation of the judges of the 
higher courts—both state and national—for the 
purpose of hearing causes coming under their juris¬ 
diction. The judges holding these courts are called 
circuit judges. 

(2) The district or part of the country thus vis¬ 
ited by the judges. 

*(3) A longer course of proceedings than is actu¬ 
ally necessary for the recovery of anything sued for, 

2. Path. : The period or course of a disease. ( Dun * 
glison.) 

3. Elect. : A continuous electrical communication 
between the poles of a battery. In telegraphy the 
wires and instruments forming the road for the 
passage of the current. At its extremities are the 
terminals, where it joins the instrument. A metallic 
circuit is when a return wire is used instead of the 
earth. A short circuit is one having as little resist¬ 
ance as possible, nothing but the apparatus and 
the wire used to connect it with the battery. To 
short circuit a battennj is to connect its poles by a 
wire. A local circuit includes only the apparatus 
in the office. 

U Voltaic or Galvanic Circuit or Circle: A con¬ 
tinuous electrical communication between the two 
poles of a battery; an arrangement of voltaic ele¬ 
ments, or couples, with proper conductors, by which 
a continuous current of electricity is established. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between a circuit, a 
tour, and a round : “ A circuit is made for a specific 
end of a serious kind; a tour is always made for 
pleasure; a round, like a circuit, is employed in 
matters of business, but of a more familiar and 
ordinary kind. A judge goes his circuit at particu¬ 
lar periods of time; gentlemen . . . make a 
tour; tradesmen have certain rounds which they 
take on certain days.” {Crabb: Eng.Synon.) 

circuit-breaker, s. 

Telegraphy : An instrument which periodically 
interrupt an electric current. 

circuit-closer, s. 

Telegraphy: A device by which an electrical cir¬ 
cuit is closed; usually a key, as the telegraph key. 
In fire-alarms and many automatic telegraphs it 
consists of a plain metallic disk, with insulated 
spaces on the rim or edge. 

circuit-court, s. 

Law : A court (common to most of the states of . 
this country and to the national government) to 
which the justices sitting make stated visits for the 
purpose of administering their functions. The 
powers of the court vary in the different common¬ 
wealths and the jurisdiction of each is a matter of 
state regulation varying largely in results. The 
national circuit-court has an equity as well as a 
criminal side. The United States is divided into 
nine circuits, each one apportioned to two circuit 
judges, who, with the United States Supreme court 
judge for that circuit, constitute a circuit court of 
appeals. 

circuit-judge, s. 

Law : The justice or judge of a circuit-court. 

* 9 irc -uit, v. i. & t. [Circuit, s.] 

A. Intrans.: To move in a circle, to revolve, to 
pass round. 

“The cordial cup . , . quick circuiting.” — J, 

Philips. 

B. Trans. : To go or travel round, to visit period¬ 
ically for purposes of inspection. 

“ Geryon, having circuited the air.”— I. Warton. 

* 9 lrc-uilDeer', v. i. [Circuiteer, s.] To go on 
circuit. 

* 9 irc-uit-eer', * 9 ir-cuit-er, s, ' Eng. circuit; 

-eer; -er.] 

1. Ord. Lang. : One who travels or goes round 
on a circle or circuit. 

“ Like your fellow circuiteer the sun, you travel the 
round of the earth, and behold all the iniquities under the 
heavens.”— Pope. ^ 

2. Law : One who goes on circuit. 

“Here we drop our circuiteer; which character lasted 
till his lordship was made Solicitor-General.”— North: 
Life of Lord Guilford, i. 92. {Davies.) 


f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. ' qu' = kw' 




circuiteering 

*9lrc-uit-eer -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cibctjit- 

EEB, V.] 

A Aspr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Going round on circuit. 

“ The big-wigg’d circuiteering Judges.” 

Colman• Poet. Vagaries, p. 125. 

C. As subst.: The act or practice of going on 
circuit. 

1 Now to return to his lordshiD, and his circuiteering .” 
—■ North • Life of Lord Guilford, i., 261. 

9irC-U-i'-tion, s. [Lat. circuitio, circumitio, 
from ci/cumeo— to go round: CMxw»i=round, eo— 
to go.] 

!• Lit.: The act of going round or compassing. 

2. Fig.: Circumlocution, indirectness, or vague¬ 
ness of language. 

<Jir-cu -lt-ous, o. [Low Lat. circuitosus. from 
circuitus=a. going round J Having the quality of 
moving or going round in a circuit; indirect, round¬ 
about. (Burke.) 

(Jir-cu’-it-ous-Ty, adv. [Eng. circuitous, -ly .] 
In a circuitous or indirect manner, in a circuit. 

“He seeks circuitously to reach him through the peo¬ 
ple.”— Trench: Miracles, No. xx. 

9 ir-cu-it-y, * 9 ir-cu-i-te, s. [Lat. circuitus.] 
[Ciecuit.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of moving or going round in a circle. 

2. A tendency to assume a circular form or state; 
the state of being circular. 

“The characteristic property of running water is prog¬ 
ress, of stagnant is circuity." — Whateley- Observations on 
Modern Gardening, p. 67. 

3. Compass, extent, circuit. 

“A dominion of muche more large and ample circuitee 
then the same whiche he was Horde of before.”— Udall: 
Apoph. of Erasmus, p. 220. 

II. Fig.: Circumlocution, a beating about the 
bush. 

“Very clear it is, the prophecy, without all circuity, 
noting, naming, and in a manner pointing to it.”— An - 
drewes: Sermons, i. 157. 

*B. Law (circuity of action): The taking a longer 
course than requisite in proceeding to recover any¬ 
thing sued for. (Wharton.) 

♦circ-u-la-ble, a. [Eng. circul(ate); -able.'] 
That may be circulated; capable of being circu¬ 
lated. 

“Bills of exchange, therefore, put in circulation the 
fixed property of nations. They render the houses and 
streets of Hamburgh, the acres and forests along Susque- 
hannah, circulable in London or Amsterdam.”— Taylor. 
Annual Review, i. 387. 

Circ'-u-T<ir, a. & s. [Fr. circulaire; Prov. circu- 
ar; Lat. circularis, from circulus= a little circle.] 

A. 4s adjective : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

(1) Of or pertaining to a circle; of the shape of a 
circle. 

*(2) Revolving, moving in a circle, successive, 
recurring. 

“From whence the innumerable race of things 
By circular successive order springs.” 

Roscommon. 

(3) Cyclic; pertaining to or connected with a 
cycle of events. 

i ‘ Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered 
to history, how could the Homans have had Dido?”— 
Dennis. 

*2. Fig.: Perfect, complete. 

“ In"this, sister. 

Your wisdom is not circular.” 

Massinger. Emperor of the East, iii. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Comm. <& Diplomacy: Addressed in identical 
terms to a circle or number of persons. [Cieculab- 

LETTEB.] . 

2. Logic: Returning to the same point; arguing 
in a circle ; inclusive, incomplete. 

“One of Oartes’s first principles of reasoning, after he 
had doubted of every thing, seems to be too circular to 
safely build upon; for he is for proving the being of God 
from tlie truth of our faculties, and the truth of our 
faculties from the being of a God.”— Baker: Reflections 
on Learning, 

B. As subst.: A letter or communication addressed 
in identical terms to a circle or number of persons. 

“The Government loudly proclaims to Europe reforms 
for Poland. It informs the various courts of them by 
diplomatic circulars, . . — Edwards: Polish Captivity, 
vol. ii., ch. i. 

circular-arc, s. Any part of the circumference 
of a circle. _ 


893 


circular-bolt, s. A machine employed by the 
lace-manufacturers in Nottingham in making net. 
(Knight.) 

circular buildings, s.pl. 

Arch.: Such as are built on a circular plan. 
When the interior is also circular, the building is 
called a rotunda. ( Gwilt.) 

circular canon, s. 

Music: A canon closing in the key one semitone 
above that in which it commences. Twelve repe¬ 
titions of it would take it through all the known 
keys. ( Stainer & Barrett.) 

circular crystals, s. pi. This term has been 
applied to the flattened group of radiating, crys¬ 
talline needles formed by many salts and other 
crystalline substances. (Micrographic Diet.) 

circular file, s. A circular saw or serrated disk, 
adapted to run on a spindle or mandril, and used in 
cutting the teeth of cogwheels. (Knight.) 
circular head, s. 

Arch.: The arch or bow of a door or window, 
circular instruments, s. pi. Astronomical, 
nautical, or surveying instruments, which are grad¬ 
uated to 360°, that is, around the whole circle. 
(Knight.) 

circular iron-clad, s. 

Naut.: An iron-clad war vessel of circular form. 
The original suggestion of such a type of vessel was 
made by Mr. E. J. Reed, formerly constructer of the 
British navy, but the first actually built was by 
direction of the Russian Admiral Popoff, and it was 
called in consequence a Popoifka. 
circular-letter, s. 

1. Banking : A letter of credit addressed to several 
bankers in other countries in favor of a certain per¬ 
son named therein. 

“ It never was known that circular letters. 

By humble companions were sent to their betters.” 

Swift to Sheridan. 

2. Comm. <& Diplomacy: A circular, 
circular lines, s. pi. 

Math.: Lines of sines, tangents, secants, &c. 
circular-loom, s. A loom in which a shuttle 
moves in a circular race, and continuously in one 
direction, through warps arranged in a circle. 
(Knight.) 

circular-micrometer, s. An annular form of 
the micrometer first suggested by Boscovich in 1740, 
and afterward revived by Olbers in 1798. (Knight.) 

circular muscle or circular fibers (of San¬ 
torini). 

Anat.: A series of circular involuntary muscular 
fibers wholly surrounding the membranous portion 
of the urethra. 

circular-note, s. The same as Circular-letter 
(q. v.). 

circular numbers, s. pi. 

Arith.: Those numbers all the powers of which 
terminate in the same digits as the numbers them¬ 
selves. Thus all the powers of 5 terminate in 5. 

circular parts, s. pi. Five parts of a right- 
angled or a quadrantal spherical triangle; they 
are the legs, the complement of the hypothenuse, 
and the complements of the two oblique angles. 
(Craig.) 

circular polarization, s. 

Phys.: In the undulatory theory of light a sup¬ 
posed circular rotation of the particles of ether in 
certain media, when a pencil of plane polarized 
light is allowed to pass through these media. 
(Craig.) 

circular roofs, s. pi. 

Aren.: Such as have the horizontal sections cir¬ 
cular. 

circular-sailing, s. 

Naut.: The act or system of sailing on the arc of 
a great circle, 
circular-saw, s. [Saw.] 

circular-shears, s. A shears for sheet-metal, 
consisting of two circular blades on parallel pins, 
circular-shuttle box-loom, s. A loom having a 
box with a number of shuttles, and having means 
for actuating it so as to bring any one of the 
shuttles into operation as required by the pattern. 

circular sinus, s. 

Anat.: A ring-like sinus placed superficially 
round the pituitary body in the dura mater of the 
brain, forming a communication between the two 
cavernous sinuses. It is also called a Coronary 
sinus. 

circular or cylindro-cylindric work, s. 

Arch.: A term applied to any work which is 
formed by the intersection of two cylinders whose 


circulating - decimal 

axes are not in the same direction. The line formed 
by the intersection of the surfaces is termed, 
by mathematicians, a line of double curvature 
(Gwilt.) 

glr-cu-lar’-i-tj?, s. [Low Lat. circularitas, from 
circularise round, from circulus—a circle.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The quality or state of being circular. 

* 2 . That which is circular. 

“ The heavens have no diversity or difference, but * 
simplicity of parts, and equiformity in motion, continu¬ 
ally succeeding each other; so that, from what point 
soever we compute, the account will be common unto the 
whole circularity .”— Brown. 

*11 Logic: Reasoning in a circle; incomplete or 
inconclusive reasoning. 

9 lrc'-ti-lar-ly, adv. [Eng .circular; - ly .] 

1= In form of a circle. 

2. With a circular or revolving motion. 

3. By circular reasoning; indirectly, in a circle. 

“To argue circularly.” — Baxter: Inf. Bapt., p. 35. 

*9irc'-U-lar-ness, s. [Eng. circular; -ness.] The 
quality of being circular, roundness, circularity. 

“ In forme ... it doth pretend to some circular- 
ness." — Fuller: Worthies: Warwick, ii. 402. 

9irc'-u-lar-y, a. [Eng. circular; -?/.] Circular, 
ending in itself, inconclusive. 

“ Which rule must serve for the better understanding 
of that, which Damascene hath, touching cross, and circ- 
ulary speeches, wherein there are attributed to God such 
things as belong to manhood, and to man such as prop¬ 
erly concern the duty of Christ Jesus.”— Hooker: Eccl. 
Pol., v., § 53. 

9 irc -u-late, v. i. & t. [Lat. circulatus , pa. par, 
of circulo— to move in a circle.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Lit.: To move m a circle, to revolve, to move 
round and return to the same point. 

2. Fig.: To spread about, to move from place to 
lace, or from person to person, or from hand to 
and. 

“ As the mints of calumny are perpetually at work, a 
great number of curious inventions, issued oub from time 
to time, grow current among the party, aRd circulate 
through the whole kingdom.”— Addison. 

II. Technically: 

1. Metal.: To chase, to beat out. 

2. Anat.: To traverse the arteries and veins of the 
body. [Ciechlation.] 

B. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) To cause to move from place to place, to put 
into circulation. 

“ In the Civil War the money spent on both sides waa 
circulated at home.”— Swift. 

*(2) To travel or move round. 

“ May I not conclude for certain that this man hath 
been in the moon, where his head hath been intoxicated 
with circulating the earth.”— Bishop Croft, 1685. 

2. Fig .: To spread abroad, to disseminate. 

“ This pointed sentence was fast circulated through 
town and country, and was soon the watchword of the 
whole Tory party.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

♦II. Metal.: To beat out, to chase. 

IT For the difference between to circulate and to 
spread, see Speead, v. 

t 9 irc'-fi-late, s. [Ciectjlate, v.] 

Arith.: A circulating decimal is sometimes so 
called. (Buchanan.) 

9 irc'-y-la-ting, pr.par., a. & s. [Cibculate, r.] 

A. Aspr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adjective: 

1. Ord. Lang.: Moving in a circle, returning to 
itself, revolving. 

2. Finance: Current, passing from hand to hand, 
constituting currency. 

C. As subst.: The act of passing or the state of 
being passed from hand to hand or from person to 
person; circulation. 

circulating-decimal, s. A decimal which can¬ 
not be expressed with perfect exactness in figures, 
and when to approximate to accuracy the decimal 
is taken to many places, it is found that the same 
series of figures is repeated again and again ad in¬ 
finitum. The figures thus repeated are called the 
period of the circulating decimal. Thus § of 1 are 
•22 2222 , &c.,of which the period is 2 ; and 4 of 1= 
•142857 142857 142857, &c>, of which the period is 
142857. 

“ A circulating decimal that goes on repeating itself for 
ever." —London Times, Sept. 9, 1864. 


bdil bdy; pout, jtfwl; cat, 5ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-cian, -tian = sham. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deh 







circumambulate 


circulating 


894 


circulating library, s. A library, the books 
contained in which are circulated by loan among 
the subscribers,. Since books have become so won¬ 
derfully cheap, the use of such libraries has 
decreased, and their number has correspondingly 
fallen off. 

circulating medium, s. The medium of ex¬ 
changes or of sale and purchase, whether it be 
gold, silver, paper, or any other article. The term, 
which is used by all economical writers as synony¬ 
mous with currency, came into common use in the 
last decade of the eighteenth century. [Medium.] 

“ Circulating medium is more comprehensive than the 
term money, as it is the method of exchanges, or pur¬ 
chases, and sales, whether it be gold or silver coin, or any 
other article.”— Wharton: Law Lexicon. 

circulating-pump, s. The cold-water pump, by 
which condensation water is drawn from the sea, 
river, or well, and driven through the casing of a 
surface condenser. 

9 irC-U-la'-tion, s. [Fr. circulation; Lat. circu¬ 
lation from circulatus, pa. par. of circulo= to move 
in a circle; circulus=a circle.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1 . Motion in a circle, or in such a course that the 
moving body returns to the place whence it started ; 
especially used of the circulation of the blood. [B. 

1 (2) Jc 

2. The act or process of spreading or causing to 
pass from hand to hand or from person to person. 
[B.3/1 

3. The state of being circulated or passed from 
person to person or from hand to hand. [B. 3.] 

4. The extent to which anything is circulated. 

“To increase the circulation of money, at least in bank¬ 
notes.”— Bp. Burnet. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. A series, a succession. 

“ . . . thou seest fit to deny us the blessing cf peace 
and to keep us in a circulation of miseries.”— King 
Charles. 

*2. A reciprocal interchange of meaning. 

“ The true doctrines of astronomy appear to have had 
some popular circulation."—Whewell. 

3. The act or process of disseminating or spread¬ 
ing abroad. 

B. Technically : 

1. Anat., Animal Physiol ., Ac.: A movement 
of the blood throughout the human body. (For 
details see ( 2 ).) 

( 1 ) Hist.: The Spanish physician and theologian, 
Michael Servetus, whose end was so tragic, gained 
in 1553 some glimmering perception of the lesser or 
pulmonary circulation of the blood. Csesalpinus in 
1569 made a further advance toward the truth, but 
it was reserved for the immortal Harvey actually to 
make the great discovery, which he approached in 
1615 and published with many details in 1628. 

(2) Physiol.: The propelling force in the circula¬ 
tion of the blood is that of the heart, which is a hol¬ 
low muscular organ placed in the center of the san¬ 
guiferous system. The blood is driven by the heart 
into the aorta, and then circulated through the 
body by a set of vessels called arteries, which 
ramify into smaller and smaller tubes. [Arteries.] 
On reaching the extremities of the arteries it is 
driven through excessively line tubes, called, from 
their hair-like tenuity,capillaries. These, constitut¬ 
ing the connecting channels between the arteries 
and the veins, afford it a passage into the latter 
vessels, by which it is conducted back to the heart. 
The heart is divided internally into four cavities, 
two at its base called auricles, and two at its body 
and apex called ventricles. The right is the 
venous side of the heart; it receives into its auricle 
the venous blood from every part of the body by the 
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary vein. 
In passing from the arteries to the veins, the blood 
had lost its red color and acquired a dark hue; it is 
therefore discharged by the right auricle into the 
right ventricle, and thence transmitted along the 
pulmonary artery and its branches to the capil¬ 
laries of the lungs, to bo again brought in contact 
with the oxygen of the air. Returning to the left 
auricle, it is immediately discharged into the left 
ventricle, thence to the aorta, to be propelled 
through the body as before. The current of the 
blood through the body in general is called the 
greater or systemic circulation; that to and from 
the lungs the lesser or pulmonary circulation. 
( Quain , Ac.) There is a circulation either of blood 
or of a fluid analogous to it in the inferior animals. 
(For an example see that under No. 2.) 

2. Veg. Physiol.: The circulation of plants is not 
closely analogous to that in animals. Formerly it 
was believed that there was an ascending current 
of sap in spring, and a descending one in autumn. 
It is now found that both an ascending and a de¬ 
scending current coexist, and when need arises 
these are supplemented by horizontal currents pass¬ 


ing between the tissues. The ascending current 
enters the leaves, where it is submitted to certain 
influences which fit it for the nutrition of the plant. 
The descending carries it thence in an elaborated 
condition back to the root. ( Thom6, Brown , Ac.) 
[Cyclosis, Rotation, &c.] 

“The nutrient fluid, however formed, is distributed 
throughout the textures of the plant, or animal, by vital 
or physical forces, or by the junction of both; and the 
function, by which this is effected, is called Circulation. 
In plants this function is very simple and is formed with¬ 
out the agency of a propelling organ; but in the greatest 
number of animals, such an organ, l a heart,’ is the main 
instrument in the distribution of the blood. In animals, 
then, there is a true circulation, the fluid setting out from 
and returning to the same place. But in plants, the fluid 
is found to circulate or rotate, withiu the interior of cells, 
as in Chara and Vallisneria, the fluid of the cell not com¬ 
municating with that of the adjacent ones; or to pass 
up from the spongioles in an ascending current and to 
descend in another set of vessels. But in many simple 
animals, some entozoa for example, and polygastrica, 
there is no good evidence of the existence of any circu¬ 
lation at all, their textures imbibing the fluid in which 
they live.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., 
introd., pp. 23, 24. 

3. Finance: Currency, circulating coin, notes, 
&c. In its early stages commerce was carried on 
by a direct exchange of articles which were recip¬ 
rocally wanted, and in this form it is usually called 
“barter” or sometimes “exchange.” An inter¬ 
mediate merchandise was then introduced, called 
“money,” and transactions in which money is used 
are not called “barter” but “sales.” . ..A 
transaction in which any commodity or service is 
exchanged for money, instead of an equivalent, has 
been called Ademi-exchange. And the conveniences 
of this method of conducting commerce so greatly 
preponderate over those of direct exchange or bar¬ 
ter, that commerce is now almost entirely resolved 
into these demi-exchanges or sales. And this is the 
proper meaning of the word circulation. Barter or 
exchange is where two services of any kind are 
exchanged directly. Sale or demi-exchange, or cir¬ 
culation, is when any service is exchanged for some 
intermediate merchandise, which will enable its 
owner to obtain some service in exchange for it at 
some future time. ( Macleod: Diet, of Pol. Econ.) 

“ The weekly issue increased to sixty thousand pounds, 
to eighty thousand, to a hundred thousand, and at length 
to a hundred and twenty thousand. Yet even this issue, 
though great, not only beyond precedent, but beyond 
hope, was scanty when compared with the demands of the 
nation. Nor did all the newly-stamped silver pass into 
circulation.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 

If Circulation of a newspaper, journal, or maga¬ 
zine : The number of copies of each issue printed 
and sold. 

(Jirc’-u-la-tlve, a. [Formed by analogy from 
Lat. circulatus, pa. par. of circulo.] Circulating; 
causing or contributing to cause circulation. 

“The movements impressed upon it by the circulative 
powers.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. iii., 
p. 76. 

Circulative animals: 

Zobl.: The name given by Oken to the Mollusca. 
§Trc -Il-la-t 6 r, s. [Lat. circulator—a mounte¬ 
bank, a charlatan.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: One who circulates or puts into circula¬ 
tion. 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) A mountebank, a juggler, a jester. 

“ A race of Circulators, Tumblers and Taylers in the 
Church.”— Gauden: Tears of the Church, p. 200. 

(2) A cheat, an impostor. ( Gaule: Magastro- 
mancer.) 

(3) One who ^ that which circulates or causes 
circulation. 

II. Math.: A circulating decimal. 
*$Irc-u-la-tbr-I-Ous, a. [Lat. circulatorius, 

from circulor= to go in a circle.] Traveling from 
house to house or from town to town ; itinerant. 

“Jesus did never make use of such unaccountable 
methods or instruments, as magical enchanters, divi- 
nators, circulatorious jugglers, and such emissaries of the 
devil, or self-seeking impostors are wont to use.”— Barrow: 
Serm., ii. 20. 

giro -ff-la-tor-y, a. & s. [Fr. circulatoire, from 
Lat. circulatorius= pertaining to jugglers, mounte¬ 
banks, &c.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Circular; circulating, as a circulatory letter. 

2. Like a mountebank or quack; wandering, cir¬ 
culatorious. 

“Borde’s circulatory peregrinations in the quality of a 
quack doctor.”— Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 76. 

II. Physiol.: Producing or pertaining to the circ¬ 
ulation of the blood. 

“The circulatory system is far les3 complex.”—S. P. 
Woodward: Mollusca, ed. Tate (1875), p- 358. 


B. As substantive: 

Physics: A vessel in which the steam which rises 
from another vessel on the fire is collected, and 
having been cooled in another vessel attached to 
the upper portion, is returned to the first vessel. 

* 9 lrc-Ule, v. i. [Circle, s.] To move or go in a 
circle; to revolve. 

“ To each point of itself so far as’t circuleth.” 

H. More: Song of the Soul, bk. iii. c. 1. 

*$!rc-u-lihg, s. [Circule, v.] A going round 
in a circle, a revolution. 

“And when it lighteth on advantages, 

Its circulings grow sensible.” 

H. More: Song of the Soul, bk. iii., c. 1. 

*9irc'-u-llze, v. t. [Lat. circul{us) — a circle, an 
Eng. suff. -ize. J To encircle. 

“ Mother of pearle their sides shal circulize.” 

Davies: An Extasie, p. 93. 

§Irc’-ti-lus, s. [Lat.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: A little ring, a circle. 

II. Technically: 

1. Anat.: Applied to any round or annular part 
of the body, as circulus oculi, the orb of the eye. 
{Craig.) 

*2. Physics: Applied to an iron instrument, for¬ 
merly used for dividing circular portions of glass. 
{Mayne.) 

*3. Surg.: A name for several circular instruments 
used by the older surgeons. {Mayne.) 

4. Glass-making: A tool for cutting off the necks 
of glassware. 

9 ir -Cum, prep. [Lat.=around, round, about.] 
A preposition used as a prefix in many words of 
Latin origin. 

*9ir-cum-ad-ja -9ent, a. [Lat. circwm=round, 
about, and Eng. adjacent (q. v.).] Lying near or 
about, surrounding. 

*9ir-cum-ag-ger-a-tion, s. [Lat. circum = 
around, about; aggeratio — a heaping up, from 
aggero=to heap up ; ad= to, and gero— to carry, to 
bear.] A heaping round about. {Phillips.) 

9lr-cum-ag -i-tate, v. t. [Lat. circum= around, 
and agito— to agitate, freq. of ago— to drive.] To 
agitate on all sides, to drive or beat round. 

“ God hath . . . given to every one of his appointed 
officers a portion of the fiery matter to circumagitate 
and roll.”— Jeremy Taylor: Sermons, iii. 177. 

*9ir-cum-ag-I-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. circum= about, 
around; agitatio=a. driving.] The act of driving 
or beating about; a motion in every direction. 

“. . . the cold air rushing in caused a visible cir- 
cumagitation of a white snowy substance.”— Gregory: 
Economy of Mature, i. 139. 

*9ir-cum-am'-bage, s. [Lat. circum=Tound, 
about; ambage= a going round about, a winding, 
indirectness.] Indirectness, a beating about the 
bush. 

“. The affected slights, the female circumambages, if I 
may be allowed the words.”— Richardson: Sir C. Grand 7, 
son, iii. 165. 

*9lr-cum-am-bag-Ing, a. [Eng. circumam - 
bag{e); -ing.~\ Speaking indirectly or not to the 
point, beating about the bush. 

“If I know anything of this circumambaging sex.”— 
Mrs. Barbauld: Life of Richardson, iv. 341. 

*9lr-cum-am-ba-gl-oiis, a. [Eng. circumam « 
bag(e); -ious .] Indirect, beating about the bush, 
not keeping to the point. 

“ At times disposed to be circumambagious in my man¬ 
ner of narration.”— Southey: The Doctor, ch. xl. 

9ir-cum-am -bl-en-9y, s. [Lat. circum= about, 
around; ambtens= moving, going round, pr. par. of 
ambio=to move or go round.] The act of moving 
round or encompassing. 

“Ice receiveth its figure according unto the surface it 
concreteth, or the circumambiency which conformeth it.” 
— Brown. 

cir-cum-am bi-ent, a. [Lat. circum—about, 
around, and ambiens=moriug or going round.] 
Surrounding, encompassing. 

“ . . . that gleams-in from the circumambient Eter¬ 
nity, and colors with its own hues our little islet of 
Time.”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. iii. 

9lr-cum-am’-bn-late, v. i. & t. [Lat. circum- 
ambulo, from circum = around, and ambulo=to 
walk.] 

A. Intrans.: To walk or go round about. 

B. Transitive: 

1. Lit.: To walk round. 

2. Fig.: To go all round, to search thoroughly. 

“Why should he circumambulate the vocabulary for 

another couplet, . . . ?”— Seward: Letters, i. 345. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, w8rk, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



circumflection 


circumambulating 


895 


glr-cum-am -bp-la-ting, pr. par. & s. [Cib- 
cttm ambulate.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As substantive : 

1. Lit.: The act of walking round, circumambu- 
lation. 

2. Fig.: The act of going round about instead of 
directly to the point; a beating about the bush. 

glr-cum-am-bu-la -tion, s. [Lat. circum — 
around; ambulatio=& walking, from ambulo — to 
walk.] The act of walking all round. 

*9ir-cum- am -bu-la-tor, s. [Eng. circumambu¬ 
late) ; -or.] One who circumambulates or travels 
round. 

“He was determined to obtain the palm of being the 
first circumambulator of the earth.”— Jefferson: Works. 

Ii 151. 

*clr-cum-am'-bu-la-t 6 r-$r, a. [Eng. circumam¬ 
bulator; -y.] Walking round or about, perambu¬ 
lating. 

“My privileges are an ubiquitary, circumambulatory 

■ . immunity over all the privy lodgings.”— Carew: 
Ceelum Brit., p. 215. (1640.) 

tglr-cum-ben -di-bus, s. [Lat. circum— around, 
about; and Eng. bend , put in an imaginary ablative 
plural.] A roundabout or indirect way. 

“A knave is a fool in circumbendibus.” — Coleridge: Table 
Talk. 

♦gir-ciim-blnd', v.t. [Lat. ctYcwm=round, about, 
and Eng. bind.] To bind round. 

“ The fringe that circumbinds it . . .” 

Herrick: Hesperides, p. 96. 

♦glr-Cum-gel-li-O-ne^, s. pi. [Low Lat. cir- 
cumcellio = a wandering about from cell to cell, 
from Lat. circum = about, around, and cella = a 
cell.] 

Church History: 

1 . The name given to a sect of the Donatists in 
Africa during the fourth century, from their habit 
of roving from house to house plundering. They 
went about in predatory gangs, consisting chiefly of 
rustics, pretending to reform public manners and 
redress grievances. They manumitted slaves with¬ 
out the consent of their masters, forgave debts, &c. 
In their zeal for martyrdom they courted death by 
insulting the Pagans at their festivals, and de¬ 
stroyed themselves in various ways. 

2. Vagabond monks, censured by Cassian under 
the name of Sarabaitee'for roving from place to 
place. Probably the name was transferred to them 
from the Donatist fanatics. (Smith & Cheetham: 
Diet, of Christian Antiquities.) 

“They look like the old circumcelliones, a company of 
vagrant hypocrites.”— Gauden: Hieraepistes, p. 98. 

3. A vagrant. ( Cockeram.) 

*gir-cum-gep -ted, a. [Lat. circum = around, 
about; and septus, pa. par. of sepio= to hedge in, to 
inclose.] Surrounded. 

“ So that here we stand like shepe in a folde, circumcep- 
ted and compassed . • .”— Hall: Richard Ill., an. 3. 

*gir-cum-gl de, *gir-cum-srde, v. t. [Lat. cir- 
cumcido= to cut round, from ci>citm=around, about, 
and coedo=to cut.] The older form of circumcise 
(q. v.). 

*gir -cum-gi§e, s. [Lat. circumcisus, pa. par. of 
circumcido .] Circumcision. 

9 ir-cum-gl§e, *glr-cum-slse, v. t. fLat. cir- 
eumcisus, pa. par. of circumcido, from circum— 
round, and ccedo= to cut; Fr. circoncire; Ital. cir- 
concidere; Sp. circuncidar, circuncisar.] 

1. Lit.: To cut oil the prepuce or foreskin of 
males ; also to perform an analogous operation on 
females. 

“Your knauebarnys ye circumsise." —- Cursor Mundi, 
2,668. 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) Script.: To render spiritual and holy by, as it 
were, cutting away the sins. 

“ And the Lord thy God will circumcise thine heart, and 
the heart of thy seed.”— Deut. xxx. 6. 

(2) To curtail, to cut down. 

gir-cum-glged, *glr-cuin-slsed, *glr'-cuin- 
sys-ede, pa. par., a. & s. [Cibcumcise.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <£ particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“ I took by the throat the circumcised dog.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2. 

C. As subst.: Applied, and generally in contempt 
or derision, to the Jewish race. 

«, , aiming to strengthen their routed party by a 

reinforcement from the circumcised." — Swift: Examiner. 

glr'-cum-gl-ger, s. [Lat. circumcisor, from cir¬ 
cumcido.] He who performs circumcision._ 


9ir -cum- 9 l-§Ihg, pr. par & s. [Ciecumcise.] 

A. As present participle: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: Circumcision, 
glr-cum-gl’-sion, *gir-cum-cis-iun, *gyr- 

cum-sy-cyon, *syr-cum-sy-cyon, s. [Lat. cir- 
cumcisio; Fr. & Sp. cir concision; Ital. circoncis- 
ione .] 

I. Lit.: The act or rite of cutting off the prepuce 
or foreskin in males, also an analogous operation 
on females ; a rite practiced not only by the Jews in 
ancient times, but by the Egyptian^, Idumeans, 
Ammonites, Moabites, andlshmaelitesiof the desert. 
The Jews practice circumcision only on males ; the 
Arabs, Egyptians, and Persians circumcise both 
sexes. 

“Cyrcumsycyon. Circumsicio." —Prompt. Parv. 

II. Fig. (Script.): 


1. The act of spiritual purification by the cutting 
away, as it were, of the sins 
of the flesh. 

“Jesus Christ was a minister 
of the circumcision for the truth 
of God, . . .”— Rom., xv. 8. 

.2. The Jews, as a circum¬ 
cised people, in contradis¬ 
tinction to Christians as un¬ 
circumcised. 

“ Where there is neither Greek 
nor Jew, circumcision nor uncir¬ 
cumcision.”— Col. iii. 2. 

glr-cum-giss -lie, a. [Lat. 



circumcisus—cut around, and 
suff. -ilis, in Eng. -ile.] 

Bot.: A method of dehis¬ 
cence occurring in a very few 1. Anagallis. 2. Jeffer- 
fruits. It occurs by a trans- sonia. 

verse circular separation. 

This is complete in the genus Anagallis, while in 
Jeffersonia it takes place only half way round the 
fruit. (Lindley.) 

*gir-cum-clfide, v. t. [Lat. circum — round 
about, and claudo= to shut.] To shut in. 

glr-Cum-Clu-Sion, s. [Lat. circumclusio, from 
circumcludo — to shut in all round: circum = 
about, around, and claudo= to shut.] The act of 
shutting in or inclosing on all sides. 

*9ir-cum-cur-sa'-tion, s. [Lat. circumcurso — 
to run round, or about: circum—around, about; 
cur so—to run, frequentat. from curro— to run.] 

1. Lit.: The act of running about. 

2. Fig.: Rambling, undecided language. 


Circumcissile Dehis¬ 
cence. 


“ The address of Felicissimus and Fortunatus to Pope 
Cornelius was but a factious circumcursation of desperate 
wretches.”— Barrow: Serm. i., p. 252. 

glr'-cum-duge, v. t. [Lat. circumduco, from 
circum= around, and duco= to lead.] 

1. Lit.: To draw or lead round. 

2. Fig.: To annul, to circumduct. 

“ I must circumduce the term.”— W. Scott, in Webster. 


gir-cum-duct, v. t. [Lat. circumductus, pa. par. 
of circumduco, from circum— around, and duco— to 
lead.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: To lead about, to lead astray. 


II. Technically: 

*1. Law: To cancel, to nullify, to annul; to con¬ 
travene. 


“ Acts of judicature may be canceled and circumducted 
by the will and direction of the judge' . . .”— Ayliffe: 
Parergon. 

2. Physiol.: (See extract.) 

“A limb is circumducted when it is made to describe a 
conical surface by rotation round an imaginary axis.”— 
Huxley: Physiology, p. 174. 

*clr-curn-duc -tlle, a. [Lat. circumductus=led 
around, pa. par. of circumduco, and suff. -ilis, in 
Eng. -tie.] Capable of being led about. (Nuttall.) 

gir-cum-duc-tion, s. [Lat. circumductio, from 
circumduco=to lead about.] 

*1. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. : A leading about, or astray. 

2. Fig. : A leading astray mentally, a circumlocu¬ 
tion. 

“ By long circumduction perhaps any truth may be de¬ 
rived from any other truth.”— Hooker. 

II. Technically: 

Anat. : For definition see first extract. 

“When these motions [flexion, extension, abduction, 
abduction, and movement in the intermediate directions] 
are performed rapidly, one after the other, one contin¬ 
uous motion appears in which the discal extremity of the 
bone describes a circle indicating the base of a cone 
whose apex is the articular extremity moving in the joint; 
this motion is called circumduction .”— Todd & Bowman: 
Phys. Anat., vol. i., ch. vi., pp. 135, 136. 

"... and without any circumduction of the limb.” 
— Ibid., p. 145. 


*gir-cum-er-ra -tion, s. [From Lat. circumerro 
=to wander round, and Eng. suff. -ation.] The act 
of wandering about. (Nuttall.) 

*glr'-cum-fer, v.t. [Lat. circumfero, from cir' 
cwm=arouncL, and/ero=to bear.] To lead or carry 
round (lit. & fig.). 

“In philosophy the contemplations of man do either 
penetrate unto God, or are circumferred to nature, or ar« 
reflected and converted to himself.”— Bacon, i. 93. 

9 lr-ciim -fer-eng e, s. [Fr. cir conference; Sp. 
circumferencia, from Lat. circumferentia = a cir¬ 
cumference, circuit, or compass: circum— around 
and/ero=to bear, to lead.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In the same sense as II. 

2. The periphery or line which bounds, includes, 
or surrounds anything. 

“This be thy just circumference, O world !” 

Milton: P. L., vii. 280. 

3. The external portion or surface of a spherical 
body. 

“The bubble, being looked on by the light of the 
clouds reflected from it, seemed red at its apparent cir¬ 
cumference. If the clouds were viewed through it, the 
color at its circumference would be blue.”— Newton: Optics. 

4. The space contained within any including line. 

“He first inclosed for lists a level ground 
The whole circumference a mile around.” 

Dryden: Palamon and Arcite, ii. 441. 

*5. A circle, a sphere. 

“ His pond’rous shield, large and round, 

Behind him cast; the broad circumference 
Hung on his shoulders like the moon.” 

Milton: P. L., i. 285. 

II. Math.: The curved line which encompasses 
and contains a circle, and of which every point is 
equally distant from a certain point within the 
circle, called the center. [Center.] 

*§Tr-cum'-fer-$nge, v. t. [Circumference, s.] 
To include in a circle or circular space. 

“ Nor is the vigor of this great body included only in 
itself, or circumferenced by its surface . . .”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors. 

♦glr-cum'-fer-gnged, a. [Eng. circumferenc(e); 
-ed .] Confined, circumscribed. 

“ As . . . his circumferenced nature required.”— 
Wright: Passions of Mind, bk. v., § 4. 

♦gir-cum-fer-ent, a. [Lat. circumferens, pr, 
par. of circumfero= to lead round: circum =around, 
and fero= to lead, to bear.] Surrounding, encir¬ 
cling. 

glr-cum-fer-en-tial, *gir-cum-fer-en'-gial, a. 

[Lat. circumferentialis.] 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a cir¬ 
cumference ; circuitous, circular. 

“ Now bees, as may be clearly seen by examining the 
edge of a growing comb, do make a rough, circumferential 
wall or rim all round the comb.”— Darwin: Origin oj 
Species (ed. 1859), ch. vii., p. 230. 

*2. Fig.: Circuitous, indirect. 

“ He preferred death in a direct line before a circum¬ 
ferential passage thereunto.”— Fuller: Worthies, iii. 406. 

glr-cum-fer-en’-tor, s. [Lat. circumferens , pr. 
par. of circumfero= to lead about.] 

1. Surv.: An instrument used by surveyors for 
taking horizontal angles and bearings. It consists 
of a horizontal bar of brass with sights at its ends, 
and in the middle a circular brass box containing 
a compass divided into 360 degrees, kept in a hor¬ 
izontal position by the aid of two spirit-levels set 
at right angles. The whole is supported on a 
tripod. 

“ About two years before Robert Stephenson’s death a 
workman of Washington village found in a collection of 
old stores a circumferentor, or mining compass. It was 
unusually large—even for a circumferentor made forty 
years ago.”— Jeaffreson: Life of Robert Stephenson, i. 48. 

2. Vehicles, dbc.: A tire measurer, a tire circle. 

*gir -cum-flant, a. [Lat. circum= around ; flans 

=blowing, pr. par. of flo=to blow.] Blowing about 
or around. 

“ Overcome by the circumflant air.”— Evelyn. 

♦gir'-Cum-flect, v. t. [Lat. circumflecto, from 
circum = around, and flecto = to bend.] [Circum¬ 
flex.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: To bend round. 

2. Gram.: To mark with a circumflex, 

gxr-cum-flec’-ted, pa. par. or a. [Ciecumflect.J 

♦glr-cum-flec'-tion, s. [Lat. circum = around ; 
flexio— a bending, from flecto— to bend.] A bending 
about or around. 

“By the circumflections of Nature.” — Feltham: Re¬ 
solves, 33. 


bdil, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, 
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion. 


gell, chorus, ghin, bengh; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
= zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
shiis. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, dgL 






circumflex 


896 


circumnavigator 


9lr-cum-flex, s.&a. [Fr. ci,„onflexe; Sp . cir- 
eumjtexo, from Lat. c.ircumftexus — a bending round, 
from circumflect.o=to bend round: circum—around, 
and flecto— to bend.] 

A. As substantive: 

*1. Ord. Lang.: A going round or about, a circle. 
II. Technically : 

1. Acoustics: A tone of the voice comprising both 
a rise and fall on the same syllable. 

2. Gram.: A mark or accent used to denote the 
rise and fall of the voice on the same syllable formed 
by the contraction of two syllables. The mark,which 
in Greek has two forms (~) or (”), and in Latin 
and modern languages is written thus ( a ), is formed 
by the union of the acute (') and grave (') accents. 

“The circumflex keeps the voice in a middle tone, and 
therefore in the Latin is compounded of both the other.’’ 
— Holder. 

B. As adjective: 

Anat.: The term circumflex adj. is repeatedly 
used. There are an anterior and a posterior circum¬ 
flex artery of the arm, a deep circumflex iliac artery, 
and external and internal circumflex arteries of 
the thigh. Two circumflex veins also join the axil¬ 
lary vein ; there is also a circumflex iliac vein, and 
a circumflex nerve, the last-named being in the 
shoulder. ( Quain: Anat.) The term circumflex 
may be also applied to the muscle called circum- 
flexus or tensor palati. 

9 ir -cum-flex, v. t. [Circumflex, s.] To mark 
with a circumflex. 

9ir -cum-flexed, pa. par. or a. [Circumflex, u.] 
+1. Ord. Lang.: Bent over. 

“ The letter chi drawn across them with the top circum- 
llexed.” — Newman: Eccles. Miracles, p. 136. 

2., Gram.: Marked with a circumflex accent. 
t9ir-cum-flex’-ion (flexion as flec-shon), s. 
[Lat. circumflexio=a bending, from circumflexus, 
pa. par. of circumflecto—to bend, to twist about.] 

1. The act of bending or twisting into a bent 
form. 

2. The act of winding or turning about. 
9ir-cum-flex -us, s. [Lat.] 

Anat.: A muscle of the palate. The term is also 
applied to such arteries as wind round bones or 
joints. (Craig.) 

9ir-cum -flfl-9n9e, s. [Circumfluent.] A flow¬ 
ing round about or inclosing with a fluid. 

9ir-cum’-flfl-9nt, a. [Lat. circumjluens, pr. 
par. of circumfluo=to flow round or about, from 
circ«m=round, and fluo=to flow.] Flowing round 
or inclosing with water. 

t9lr-cum’-flfl-0us, a. [Lat. circumfluus , from 
circumfluo=to flow round.] Flowing round, cir¬ 
cumfluent. 

“Homer places the sea within the shield of Achilles, 
but makes the circumfluous ocean run along the outward 
rim, II. xviii. 483, 607.”— Lewis. Astron. of the Ancients 
(ed. 1862), ch. i., note 12, p. 5. 

91r-cum-f6r-a -ne- 9 .il, * 9ir-cum-for-a'-ne- 

OUS, a. [Lat. circumforaneus— frequenting mar¬ 
kets; circitm=round ; forum— a market-place; also, 
as a noun=a mountebank or charlatan.] Going 
about from door to door, wandering, vagrant. 

“ Those circumforaneous wits whom every nation calls 
by the name of that dish of meat which it likes best.”— 
Addison: Spectator, No. 47. 

9ir-cum-ful'-gent, a. [Lat. circumfulgens, from 
circum= around, about; fulgeo=to shine.] Shining 
around or about. 

9lr-cum-fu -§a, s. [Lat. neut. pi. of circumfusus 
=poured around.] 

Med.: The designation given by Hall6 to the first 
class of subjects that belong to hygiene, as atmos¬ 
phere, climate, residence, &c.; in short, everything 
which acts constantly on man externally and 
internally. 

9ir -cum-fu§e, v.t. [Lat. circumfusus, pa. par. 
of circumfundo—to pour round: circwm=around, 
and fundo=to pour.] 

1. Lit.: To pour or spread round. 

“ This nymph the god Cephisus had abused, 

With all his winding waters circumfused.” 

Addison: Transformation of Echo. 

2. Fig. : To set round on every side, as water. 

“ His army circumfused on every side.” 

Milton: P. L., vi. 778. 

9lr -cum-fu§ed, pa.par. or a. [Circumfuse.] 
9lr-cum-fu'-§ile, a. [Lat. circum — around, 
about, and /im'Zis=capable of being poured ; fusus 
= poured; fundo = to pour.] Capable of being 
poured or spread round anything. 

" Artist divine, whose skillful hands infold 
The victim’s horn with circumfusile gold.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, iii. 64L 


9 ir-cum-fu -sion, s. [Lat. circumfusio=a pour¬ 
ing round, from circumfundo=to pour round.] The 
act of pouring or spreading round; the state of 
being spread round. 

“ The natural suit was of daily creation and circum- 
fusion.”—Swift Tale of a Tub. 

* 9 ir-Cum-geS-ta'-tion, s. [Low Lat. circumges- 
tatio, from Lat. circumgesto =to carry round: circum 
=around; gesto — to carry.] The act of carrying 
about. 

“ Such are these: the invocation of saints; circumgesta- 
tion of the eucharist to be adored, . . .”—Jeremy 

Taylor: Dissuasive from Popery, i. § 11. 

9 ir-cum’-gy-rate, v. t. [Lat. circum- around, 
and gyro— to turn around; gyros, from Gr. gyros— 
a circle, a wheeling about.] To roll round, to cause 
to encircle or encompass. 

“The soul about itself circumgyrates 
Her various forms.” 

Dr. H. More: Song of the Soul, i. 2, 43. 

* 9 ir-cum-gy-ra'-ti- 6 , s. [Lat.] 

Med.: The same as Vertigo (q. v.). ( Dunglison.) 
9 lr-cum-gy-ra’-tion, s. [Ciecumgyrate.] The 
act of turning or wheeling round; motion in a 
circle. 

9 ir-cum-gy'-ra-tor-y, a. [Eng. circumgy- 
rat(e) ; -ory.] Moving round, revolving. 

“During his circumgyratory movements.”— E. A. Poe: 
Hans Pfaal, i. 5. 

* 9 ir-cum-gyre, v. i. & t. [Circumgyrate.] 

A. Intrans.: To turn or twist about, to meander. 
“A sweet river . . . after twenty miles circumgyr * 

ing.”—Sir T. Herbert. Travels. 

B. Trans.: To encircle, to surround. 

“Gold wreathes tircumgyrying the temples of their 
heads.”— Stubbes: Anat. of Abuses, p. 67. 

9 ir-cum-In-ces-sion (cession, as 9 esh'-un), s. 
[Lat. circum = around; incessus = a walking or 
going in; incedo— to go in, to enter: in=in, and 
cedo= to go.] 

Theol.: The reciprocal existence in each other of 
the three persons of the Trinity. * 

* 9 ir-Cum-i'-tion, s. [Lat. circumitio, from cir- 
cumeo= to go round: c?rcwm= around, about, and 
eo=to go.] The act of going round. 

9 ir-cum-ja'- 9 en 9 e, * 9 ir-cum-ja'- 9 en- 9 y, s. 
[Lat. circumjacens= lying round: circu.m=around, 
and jaceo= to lie.] 

1. The state or quality of being circumjacent, or 
of bordering on all round. 

2. The parts which lie round or border on any¬ 
thing. 

“The mouth, and the whole circumjacencies of the 
mouth, composed the strongest feature in Wordsworth’s 
face . . . ”— De Quincey. Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., 

p. 144. 

3. A neighborhood, a neighboring district. 

“ All the mongrel curs of the circumjacencies.” — Rich¬ 
ardson: Clarissa, iv. 16. 

t 9 ir-cum-ja'- 9 $nt, a. [Lat. circumjacens, pr. 
par. of circumjaceo= to lie. round, from circum= 
around, and jaceo= to lie.] 

1. Lit.: Lying round, surrounding on every side. 
“ Either the snow above, already lying in drifts, or the 

blinding snow-storms driving into his eyes, must have 
misled him as to the nature of the circumjacent ground 
. . .”— De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 19. 

2. Fig.: Surrounding. 

“ The circumjacent waking actions are omitted.”— 
Carlyle. Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. 11. 

* 9 ir-cuin -jo-vi al, s. & a. [Lat. circum — 
around, about; jovem, acc. case of Jupiter.] 

A. As subst.: A moon or satellite of the planet 
Jupiter. 

“This is well known among the circumjovials for 
instance, that they have all a slow and gradual progress, 
first toward one, then back again to the other pole of 
Jupiter.”— Derham: Astro-Theology, bk. iv., ch. iii. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to, or revolving round, 
Jupiter. 

* 9 ir-cum-ll-ga’-tion, s. [Lat. circumligc= to 
bind or wrap round, from circum= around, and ligo 
=to bind.] 

1. The act of binding or wrapping round. 

2. That with which anything is bound or wrapped 
round; a bond, a bandage. 

* 9 ir-Cum-lIg-a-tiir’- 9 , s. [Lat. circum— around, 
and ligatura=a binding, from ligo— to bind.] 

Med.: Paraphimosis, or strangulation of the 
glans penis. (Dunglison j) 

* 9 ir-cum-llt-tor- 91 , a. [Lat. circum— around; 
littoralis= pertaining to the shore; littus= shore.] 
Bordering on or adjoining the shore. 


* 9 ir-cum'-l 0 -cute, v. i. [Lat. circumlocutus, pa, 
par. of circumloquor, from circum= around, about, 
and loquor= to speak.] To speak by way of circum¬ 
locution. 

9 ir-cum-l 6 -cu -tion, s. [Circumlocute.] 

1. Periphrasis; the use of roundabout and indi¬ 
rect language, a beating about the bush instead of 
stating at once plainly and clearly one’s meaning. 

“ . . . a letter in which, without allegory or circum¬ 
locution, she complained that her lover had left her a 
daughter to support, . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. xvi. 

2. Indirect or roundabout language. 

“ These people are not to be dealt withal, but by a train 
of mystery and circumlocution.” — L’Estrange. 

t9ir-Cum-l6-CU'-tion-9l, a. [Eng. circumlocu¬ 
tion; -al. ] Pertaining to or attended with circum¬ 
locutions, roundabout, periphrastic. 

“ To have his heart broken on the circumlocutional 
wheel.”— Dickens: Letters, ii. 270. 

*Cir-Cum-lo-Cu -tion-ar-y, a. [Eng. circumlo¬ 
cution, -ary.\ Circumlocutional, periphrastic. 

“ The officials set to work in regular circumlocutionary 
order.”— Chambers’ Journal, p. 106 (1867). 

t 9 ir-Cum-l 6 ~Cu'-tion-ist, s. [Eng. circumlocu¬ 
tion; -ist.] One given to circumlocution, or beat¬ 
ing about the bush. 

t 9 ir-cum-l 6 c'-u-t 6 r-y, a. [Formed as if from 
Lat. circumlocutorius, from circumloquor. Cf. in¬ 
terlocutory.'] Relating to circumlocution ; circum¬ 
locutional, periphrastic. 

“ This circumlocutory manner of indicating the house.” 
— Strauss: Life, of Jesus (Trans. 1846), § 120. 

9 lr-cum-mer-l'-dl- 9 n, a. [Lat. circum= around, 
about, and Eng. meridian (q. v.).] Situated at or 
near the meridian. (C. Wilkes.) 

* 9 ir-Cum.-mor'-t 9 l, a. [Lat. circum — round 
about; Eng. mortal (q.v.).] Applied to that which, 
being itself immortal, is surrounded or inclosed by 
something else which is mortal; as the soul is in¬ 
closed in the body. 

“ When hence thy circummortal partis gone.” 

Herrick: Hesperides , p. 179. 

* 9 lr- cum-mii red, a. [Lat. circwm=around, and 
Eng. mured, from Lat. murus= a wall.] Surrounded 
or built round with a wall; walled round. 

“ Isab. He hath a garden circummured with brick.” 

Shakes}). • Measure for Measure, iv. 1, 

* 9 ir-cum-na'-t 9 nt, a. [Lat. circum = around, 
about, and natans= swimming, pr. par. of no=to- 
swim.] Swimming or floating round; encircling as 
a fluid. 

9 ir-cum-nav'-i-g 9 -ble, a. [Lat. circum= 
around, and Eng. navigable (q.v.).] That may be 
circumnavigated or sailed round. 

“. . . rendering the whole terraqueous globe circum- 

navigable.’’ — Ray: On the Creation. 

9 lr-cum-nav’- 1 -gate, v. t. [Lat. circum= around, 
about, and Eng. navigate (q. v.).] To sail com¬ 
pletely round. [Circumnavigator.] 

“His ship, called the Victory, was the first that circum¬ 
navigated the globe.”— Cook: Introd. to Second Voyage, 
vol. iii. 

9 ir-cum-nav'-I-ga-ted, pa. par. or a. [Circum¬ 
navigate.] 

9 ir-cum-nav'-I-ga-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cir¬ 
cumnavigate.] 

A. & B, As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (Seethe 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of sailing round, circum¬ 
navigation. 

9 ir - cum-nav-i-ga'-tion, s. [Lat. circum— 
around, about, and Eng. navigation (q, v.).] 

1. Lit.: The act of sailing round. 

*2. Fig.: The act of exploring thoroughly. 

“His plan is original; and it is as full of geniu„ as it 
is of humanity. It was a voyage of discovery, a circum¬ 
navigation of charity.”— Burke: Speech at Bristol. 

9 lr-cum-nav'-I-ga-tor, s. [Lat. circum = around, 
about, and Eng. navigator (q.v.).] One who sails 
round the globe. 

IT The first European known to have circumnavi¬ 
gated the globe was Magellan or Magalhaens, a 
Portuguese, who accomplished the feat in A. D. 1519. 
From him the Straits of Magellan derive their name. 
Following is a list of subsequent circumnaviga¬ 
tors, with dates of accomplishment: Grijalva (Span¬ 
iard), 1537; Alvaradi (Spaniard), 1537; Mendana 
(Spaniard), 1567 ; Sir Francis Drake (first British), 
1577-80; Cavendish (British), first voyage, 1586-88; 
Le Maire (Dutch), 1615-17; Cuiros (Spaniard), 1625; 
Tasman (Dutch), 1642;Cowley (British), 1683: Dam- 
pier (British), 1689; Cooke (British). 1708; Clipper- 
ton (British), 1719; Roggewein (Dutch), 1721-23; 
Anson ( afterward lord) (British), 1740-44; Byron 
(British), 1764-66; Wallis (British), 1766-68; Carteret 


f&te, fat, fare, 9midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



clrcumnutate 


897 


circumspective 


(British), 1766-69; Bougainville (French), 1766-69; 
James Cook (British), 1768-71; on his death the 
voyage was continued by King (British), 1779; Port- 
i1788; King and Fitzroy (British), 
1826-36; Belcher (British), 1836-42; Wilkes (Ameri¬ 
can) , 1838-42. 


tQir-cum-nu -tate , v. i. [Lat. circum = about, 
around ; nuto —to nod, to move.] To move in a cir¬ 
cular manner, to revolve. 


“ Even the stems of seedlings before they have broken 
through the ground, as well as their buried radicles, civ- 
cumnutate.”—Darwin: Movements of Plants (1880 ), p. 3. 

tQir-cum-ny-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. circum — about, 
around ; nutatio — a nodding, a moving.] The act 
or habit of moving in a circular manner. 


“ The most widely prevalent movement [of plants] is 
essentially of the same nature as that of the stem of a 
climbing plant, which bends successively to all points of 
the compass so that the tip revolves. This movement has 
been called by Sachs ‘ revolving nutation;’ but we have 
found it much more convenient to use the terms circum- 
nutation and circumnutate.” — Darwin. Movements of 
Plants (1880), p. 1. 

,*$Ir-cum-oe-s6-pliag'-e-3,l, a. [Lat. circum = 
around, resophagus =the gullet; and Eng. suff. -al.] 
Around the gullet, as the circumoesophageal nerve- 
commissures found in the Crustacese. 


t§ir-Cum-or'- 3 Ll, a. [Lat. circum = around, 
about; os (genit. oris ) = the mouth.] Around or 
about the mouth. 

“Tl>e circumoral nerve of Echinus surrounds the oesoph¬ 
agus near the moi*h.”— Huxley: Anat. Inv. Animals, ch. 

lx., p. 577. 

*$ir'-cum-pass, Njir-com-passe, v. t. [Lat. 
circum= around, about, and Eng. pass (q. v.).] To 
pass or travel round, to compass. 

“ It hath pleased the Almighty to suffer me to circum- 
passe the whole globe.”— Cavendish- Letter (Sept. 9, 1588), 
quoted in Beveridge’s Hist. India, vol. i., bk. i., ch. 9. 

*§lr'-cum-plex, v. t. [Lat. circum = around, 
about; and plexus, pa. par. of plecto = to fold, to 
entwine.] To enfold, to entwine. 

“My metamorphos’d skin shall circumplex that flesh.” 

Quarles. Div. Fancies, No. 40. 

*§ir-cum-plex'-ion, s. [Lat. circum = around, 
about; plexus=an enfolding or entwining; plecto— 
to fold.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of twining one thing round another. 

2. That which is folded or wrapped round another. 

“It was after his fall, that he [man] made himself 

his fig-leaf circumplexion.” — Feltham■ Resolves, p. 52. 
(Latham.) 

II. Fig.; A complication or entanglement. 

“I wot not what circumplexions and environments.”— 
Holland: Plutarch, p. 827. (Rich.) 

*§ir-Cum-pli--ca-tion, s. [Lat. circumplicatio= 
a twining round, from circumplico— to twine round, 
to wrap: circum— around, and plico=to fold.] 

1 . The act of wrapping or folding in all round. 

2. The state or condition of being wrapped in all 
round. 

§ir-cum-p 6 -lar, a. [Lat. circum = around, 
about, and Eng. polar (q. v.).] A term applied by 
English astronomers to stars so near the North Pole 
that in our latitude they do not at any portion of 
their course dip below the horizon. 

“There is another star remarkable for its brilliancy, 
which is in this country circumpolar, called Capeila 
. . . It goes very near the horizon when lowest in the 
North and almost over our heads when highest in the 
South.”— Prof. Airy: Popular Astronomy, 6th ed., pp. 6, 7. 

*§ir'-cum-p5§e, v. t, [Lat, circumpositos, pa. 
par, of circumpono — to place round.] To place 
round, or in a circle. 

t<jir-cum-p& gl'-tion, s. [Lat- circum— around, 
about, and Eng. position (q. v.).] 

1. The act of placing anything in a circle. 

“Now is your season for circumposition, by tiles or 
baskets of earth.”— Evelyn: Calendarium Hortense. 

2. The state or condition of being placed circu¬ 
larly. 

§lr-cum-press -ure, s. Surrounding pressure. 

*§lr-Cum-pul'-sion, s. [Lat. circum= around; 
pulsio= a driving, a thrusting. pello=to drive, to 
thrust.] The thrusting forward of bodies, which 
are moved by those that lie about them. ( Phill ips.) 

*$!r-cum-qua'-que (qua-que as kwa-que), s. 
[In Lat. an adv.=on every side.] A circumlocu¬ 
tion, a beating about the bush. 

“ With diuers circumquaques and devises.”— Harring¬ 
ton. Ariosto. 

*§Ir-cum-ra/-§ion, s. [Lat. circumrasio , from 
circumrasuSy pa. par. of circumrado=to pare or 
shave round: circutn~ around, and rado— to shave.J 
The act of paring or shaving all round. ( Bailey .) 


*9ir-cftm-r6’-ta-ry, *$Ir-cum-r6-ta -to-ry, a. 

[Lat. cM-cwTO=around, and Eng. rotary , rotatory 
(q. v.).] Turning, wheeling, or whirling round. 

“ A great many tunes, by a variety of circumrotatory 
flourishes, put one in mind of a lark’s descent to the 
ground.”— Shenstone. 

$ir-Cunvro'-tate, v. t. & i. [Lat. circum- 
around, about; Eng. rotate (q. v.).] To revolve or 
rotate about. 

9ir-cum-ro-ta-tion, s. [Lat. circumrotatio, 
from circumrotor— to whirl or wheel round: circum 
= around, and roto= to turn or whirl round like a 
wheel; rota=a wheel.] 

1. The act of turning or whirling round like a 
wheel, a revolution or circumgyration. 

“He reckoned upon the way 17,024 circumrotations of 
the wheel.”— Gregory; Posthuma (1650), p. 317. 

2. The state or condition of being whirled round. 

3. A single revolution of a rotatory body. 

*9ir -cum-sail, v. t. [A hybrid word, from Lat. 
circum^ around, and Eng. sail.] To sail round, to 
circumnavigate. 

“ But moderns, ye of whom ai;e some 
Have circumsailed the earth ” 

Warner: Albion’s England, bk. xi., ch. lxiii. (Rich.) 
9ir-cum-scls’-slle, a. [Lat. circwm=around; 
scissilis=easi\y cut or rent, from scissus, pa. par. of 
scindo— to cut, to tear, to rend.] 

Bot. : Dehiscing or opening by a transverse, cir¬ 
cular opening round the sides of a pod, etc. 

t^r-cum-scri'-ba-ble, a. [Eng. circumscrib(e) ; 
-able.] Admitting of circumscription. 

9ir cum-scribe’, v. t. [Lat. circumscribo, from 
circum— around, and scribo— to write.] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

*1. To write or engrave around. 

“ The verge of the marble is also lined with brass, and 
tbereon is circumscribed this epitaph.”— Ashmole: Antiq¬ 
uities of Berkshire, i. 180. 

2. To draw or describe round. [B.] 

II. Fig.: To limit, to define by bounds. 

“ . . . his authority, though great, was circumscribed 
by ancient and noble laws . . .”— Macaulay Hist. 
Eng., ch. iv. • 

B. Geom.: To describe a figure round another. 
[Circumscribed.] 

If ( 1 ) Crabb thus distinguishes between to circum¬ 
scribe and to inclose : “The extent of any place is 
drawn out to the eye by a circumscription ; its extent 
is limited to a given point by an inclosure. A garden 
is circumscribed by any ditch, line, or posts that 
serve as its boundaries; it is inclosed by wall or 
fence.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon .) 

(2) For the distinction between circumscribe, 
bound, limit, confine, and restrict, see Bound. 

9ir-cum-scrlbed', pa. par. or a. [Circum¬ 
scribe.] 

A. As pa. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit. : Written or drawn round. 

2. Fig. : Limited, defined within certain bounds. 
II. Geom.: [Circumscribed Figure.] 

“A rectilineal figure is said to be described about a 
circle when each side of the circumscribed figure touches 
the circumference of the circle.”— Euclid, bk. iv., def. 4. 

circumscribed figure, s . 

Geom. : A figure drawn about another figure so as 
to touch it on every side, 
circumscribed hyperbola, s. 

Geom. : One of Newton’s hyperbolas of the second 
order, which cuts its asymptote, and contains the 
part cut off within itself. (Buchanan.) 

9lr-cum-scrl'-ber, s. [Eng. circumscrib(e ); -erf] 
One who or that which circumscribes. 

9ir-cum-scri'-bifig 1 pr. par. or a. [Circum¬ 
scribe.] 

*9ir'-cum-script, a. [Lat. circumscriptus , pa. 
par. of circumscribo.] Limited, circumscribed. 

“ A visible and circumscript body.” 

Fox- Martyrs, ii. 859 . 

9lr-cum-scrlp’-tl-ble, a. [Eng. circumscript; 
-ible.] That may be circumscribed or limited by 
bounds, circumscribable. 

“ He that sits on high, and never sleeps, 

Nor in one place is circumscript ible.” 

Marlowe. Tamburlame, Ft. II., ii. 2 . 

9ir-cum-scrip' tioil, s. [Lat. circumscriptio, 
from circum= around, about, and scriptio— a writ¬ 
ing; scribo=to write.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

*1. The act of writing or inscribing round any¬ 
thing. 


*2. An inscription written round anything. 

“The circumscription of a grave-stone.”— Ashmolt 
Berkshire, i. 42. 

3. The act of determining the form, magnitude, 
and limits of any body. 

“ In the circumscription of many leaves, flowers, fruits, 
and seeds, nature affects a regular figure.”— Ray. On the 
Creation. 

*4. That which circumscribes or defines the form, 
magnitude, &c., of any body. 

II. Figuratively: 

L The act of circumscribing, limiting, or restrain¬ 
ing. 

“ A circumscription of the powers of the consuls.”— 
Lewis Cred. Early Roman Hist., ch. xiii., § 54. 

*2. The state or condition of being circumscribed, 
limited, or restrained. 

“ I would not my unhoused free condition 
Put into circumscription and confine.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, i. 2. 

B. Bot.: The outline or boundary of an organ, the 
figure represented by the margin of a body. 

“The extremity of the blade which is next the stem is 
called its base, the opposite extremity its apex, and the 
line representing its two edges, the margin or circum- 
scripfion.” — Lindley; Introd. to Bot., bk. i., ch. 2. 

9 lr-cum-scrip’-tlve, a. [Lat. circumscriptus, 
pa. par. of circumscribo , and Eng. suff. -ive.] 

1. Circumscribing, inclosing, or limiting. 

2. Capable of being defined or marker! out. 

glr-cum-scrip'-tive-ljf, adv. [Eng. circum¬ 
scriptive; -ly.] In a limited or circumscribed 
manner. 

9 lr'-cum-script-ly, adv. [Eng. circumscript; 
-ly.] Circumscriptively, in a limited sense or 
extent. 

“Words taken circumscriptly.” — Milton: On Bivorce. 
* 9 ir-cum-scrlve’, v. t. [Formed from Lat. cir¬ 
cumscribo, compared with O. Fr. escrivre, from Lat. 
scribo—to write.] To circumscribe. 

* 9 ir-cum-seat'-ed, a. [Lat. circum — around, 
about, and Eng. seated (q. v.).] Seated round or 
about. 

“ Where president and all, with one accord, 

Are circumseated at an empty board.” 

Clifton- The Group. (Latham.) 

* 9 ir’-cum-sept, v. t. [Lat. circum = around, 
about; septus, pa. par. of sepio= to hedge in, to 
inclose, from sepe=a hedge.] To hedge in, to sur¬ 
round or inclose. 

*9ir-cum-spa’-9ious, a. [Lat. circum^ around, 
about, and Eng. spacious (q. v.).] Extending 
widely, very spacious. 

“When Cato the severe 
Entered the circumspacious theater.” 

Herrick Hesperides, p. 323. (Davies.) 

* 9 ir-cum-span'-gle, v.t. [Lat. circMm=around, 
about, and Eng. spangle (q. v.).] To surround as 
with spangles. 

“ To circumspangle this my spacious sphere.” 

Herrick. Hesperides, p. 286. (Davies.) 

9lr -cum-spe9t, *9ir'-cum-specte, a. & s. [Lat. 

circumspectus, pa. par. of circumspicio = to look 
round, from circum= around, and spicio= to look.] 

A. As adj.: Cautious, wary; having a careful 
attention to things on all sides. 

“ Be wise and circumspect.” Shakespeare. 
*B. Assubst.: The state of being wary or cautious; 
circumspection. 

“ He shall dwell in suche a circumspecte.” — Fabyan: 
Chron., pt. vii., p. 551. 

If For the difference between circumspect and 
cautious, see Cautious. 

*9ir'-cum-spect, v. t. [Circumspect, v.] To 
note or examine with care and caution. 

“To circumspect and note daily all defaults.’— New- 
court ; Repertorium Londin., p. 233. 

9lr-cum-spec'-tion, s. [Lat circumspectio=a 
looking around: circum= around, about, spectio=a. 
looking; spicio = to look.] Wariness, caution; 
a careful and general attention to all matters 
around. 

“ With sly circumspection.” — MiltonP. L., iv. 
*9ir-cum-spec'-tious, a. [Eng. circumspect, and 
suff. -ows.] Circumspect; wary ; cautious. 

“Punishments . . . which were usually rather mild 
and circumspectious than precipitate and cruel.”— Advert 
tisement from Parnassus, p. 42. (Ord. MS.) (Latham.) 

9ir-cum-sp ec -tlve , a. [Eng. circumspect, and 
suff. -ive.] Circumspect, cautious, careful. 

“ With circumspective eyes.”— Pope. 


b6il b6v* pout jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph -1 

-cian. -tian = shgm. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion. -gion = zhun. -tious. -cious. -sious = shiis. -ble, -die. &c. = b«l, del. 


57 




circumvection 


circumspectively 


898 


glr-cum-spec -tlve-ljf, *glr-cum-spec -tlve- 

Ile, adv. [Eng. circumspective; -ly.] In a circum¬ 
spect manner; cautiously; warily; circumspectly. 

“ I have learned that the body of Christ is in the sacra¬ 
ment, but not locallie nor circumspectivelie, but after an 
unspeakable maner unknowne to man.”— Fox: Martyrs; A 
Dispute about the Sacraments, anno 1549. 

9 lr -cum-spect-ly, adv. [Eng. circumspect; -ly .] 
In a circumspect manner; with watchfulness every 
way; with attention to guard against surprise or 
danger; cautiously, warily. 

“ See then that ye walk circumspectly, not as fools but 
as wise.”— Ephes. v. 15. 

f$ir -cum-spect-ness, s. [Eng. circumspect; 
-ness.] The quality of being circumspect; wariness, 
vigilance, circumspection. 

“ Travel forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at 
home are nursed in security.”— Wotton. 

*gir-cum-spic , -'u-ous, a. [Formed with Lat. 
adv. circum, on the analogy of conspicuous, per¬ 
spicuous, <fcc.] Seeing all round. 

“ How can man think to act his ill unseen, when God 
shall, like the air, be circumspicuous round about him?” 
— Feltham: Resolves. ( Rich.) 

glr-cum-stg.nge, *glr'-cum-staunge, s. [Fr. 

dr Constance; Sp. & Port, circunstancia; Ital. cir- 
constanzia, from Lat. circumstantia, neut. pi. of 
circumstans, pr. par. of circumsto= to stand round; 
circum= around, and sto= to stand.] 

I. Literally: 

1. That which stands round or is attached to 
another. 

*(1) Of material things: An adjunct, an acces¬ 
sary. 

“ The hollow orb of moving circumstance 
Roll’d round by one fix’d law.” 

Tennyson; The Palace of Art. 

(2) Of immaterial things: Any matter or fact 
attending on or connected with another; an attend¬ 
ant state of things. 

“ That it is a known rule amongst all divines, that no 
certain argument can be drawn from the circumstances of 
a parable, but only from the main scope and intention of 
it.”— Tillotson (3d ed., 1722), vol. i. Ser. xix. 

IT Hence the phrases: 

In (or under ) the circumstances: Taking into 
consideration all matters connected with that in 
question ; all things being considered. 

According to circumstances: In a manner vary¬ 
ing according to or dependent on attendant mat¬ 
ters. 

2. A fact, an event, a particular incident or 
detail. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Worldly condition as respects wealth or pov¬ 
erty. (Now only used in the plural.) 

“ ... by the storms of circumstance unshaken, 

And subject neither to eclipse nor wane.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. 

2. With excessive attention to details. 

“ And therefore, without circumstance, to the point.”— 
Massinger: The Picture. 

[3. Details, minutiae. 

”... they are too full of circumstances and details.” 
— Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. i. 

§ 15, vol. ii., p. 66. 

If (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between a circum¬ 
stance and & situation: “ Circumstance is to situa¬ 
tion as a part to a whole; many circumstances 
constitute a situation; a situation is an aggregate of 
circumstances. A person is said to be in circum¬ 
stances of affluence who has an abundance of every¬ 
thing essential for his comfort; he is in an easy 
situation when nothing exists to create uneasiness. 
Circumstance respects that which externally affects 
us; situation is employed both for the outward cir¬ 
cumstances and the inward feelings. The success 
of any undertaking depends greatly on the circum¬ 
stances under which it is begun • the particular 
situation of a person’s mind will give a cast to his 
words or actions. Circumstances are critical, a 
situation is dangerous.” 

(2) He thus discriminates between circumstance, 
incident, and fact: ‘‘‘‘Circumstance is a general 
term ; incident and fact are species of circumstances. 
Incident is what happens ; fact is what is done; 
circumstance is not only what happens and is done, 
but whatever is or belongs to a thing. To every¬ 
thing are annexed circumstances either of time, 
place, age, color or other collateral appendages 
which change its nature. Everything that moves 
and operates is exposed to incidents, effects are 
produced, results follow and changes are brought 
about; these are incidents: whatever moves and 
operates does, and what it produces is done or is a 
fact. . . . Circumstance is as often employed 

with regard to the operations as the properties of 
things, in which case it is most analogous to inci¬ 
dent and fact: it may then be employed for the 
whole affair, or any part of it, whatever that can 


be distinctly considered. Incidents and facts either 
are circumstances, or have circumstances belonging 
to them. . , , Circumstance comprehends in its 
signification whatever may be said or thought of 
any thing; incident carries with it the idea of 
whatever may befall or be said to befall any thing; 
fact includes in it nothing but what really is or is 
done. A narrative therefore may contain many 
circumstances and incidents without any fact , when 
what is related is either fictitious or not positively 
known to have happened: it is necessary for a 
novel or play to contain much incident, but no 
facts, in order to render it interesting; history 
should contain nothing but facts, authenticity is 
its chief merit.” {Crabb: Eng.Synon.) 

gir-cum-stange, v. t. [Circumstance, s.] To 
place in a certain situation or position relatively to 
other things. 

“I must be circumstanced.” — Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 4. 

gir-cum-stanged, a. [En g. circumstanc{e) ; -ed.] 

1. Situated or conditioned relatively to other 
things. 

‘‘And in two countries very differently circumstanced, 
individuals of the same species, having slightly differ¬ 
ent constitutions or structure, . . .”— Darwin: Origin 
of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 38. 

2. In a condition as regards wealth or poverty, 
glr'-cum-stant, a. & s. [Lat. circumstans, pr. 

par. of circumsto= to stand round, to surround: 
circum= around, and sto=to stand.] 

A. AsAdj.: Placed or being around, surround¬ 
ing. 

“ Its beams fly to visit the remotest parts of the world, 
and it gives motion to ali circumstant bodies.”— Digby. 
On the Soul. 

B. As subst.: One who stands by; a bystander. 

“When these circumstants shall but live to see . . .” 

Herrick: Hesperides, p. 82. {Davies.) 

♦gir-cum-stan'-tiable (tiable as shable), a. 

[Eng. circumstantiate); -able.] Capable of being 
circumstantiated. {Bp. Taylor .) 

gir-cum-stan-tial (tial as shal), a. & s. [Fr. 
circonstanciel ; Lat. circumstantialis — pertaining 
to circumstances.] , 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Ofthings: 

(1) Dependent on circumstances ; accidental. 

“Would you learn at full 
How passion rose thro’ circumstantial grades 
Beyond all grades developed.” 

Tennyson: The Gardener’s Daughter. 

(2) Incidental, accidental, not essential. 

(3) Full of small circumstances or minutiae; 
particular, precise, minute. 

“ The whole account, from the first appearance of Siccius 
in the popular assembly, to the trial of the consuls, is 
given with circumstantial minuteness.” — Lewis: Cred. 
Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. iii., § 43, vol. ii., 
p. 190. 

*(4) Full of pomp or show. 

. . and leave all the circumstantial part and pomp 
of life . . .”— Pope: Letter to H. Cromwell (1710). 

*2. Of persons: With an excessive attention to 
small events and details; precise, punctilious. 

II. Law: Inferred from circumstances deduced 
indirectly, not by direct proof. 

Circumstantial evidence: Evidence obtained from 
circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend 
facts of a particular nature, from which arises pre¬ 
sumption ; any evidence not direct and positive. A 
light, i.e., a slight presumption, has no weight or 
validity. A presumption of any kind is relied on 
only till the contrary has been proved. Still a 
probable presumption has considerable weight, and 
a violent one, that is one in which those circum¬ 
stances appear which necessarily attend the fact, 
is in many cases held equal to full proof. {Black, 
stone, bk. iii., ch. 23.) 

“ . . . what is popularly known as circumstantial 
evidence. No doubt, circumstantial evidence, when per¬ 
fect, is the highest of all evidence.”— London Times. 

1[ Crabb thus distinguishes between circumstan¬ 
tial, particular, and minute: “ Circumstantial 
expresses less than particular, and that less than 
minute. A circumstantial account contains all lead¬ 
ing events ; a particular account includes every 
event and movement however trivial; a minute 
account omits nothing as to person, time, place, 
figure, form, and every other trivial circumstance 
connected with the events. A narrative may be cir¬ 
cumstantial, particular, or minute; an inquiry, 
investigation, or description may be particular or 
minute , a detail may be minute. An event or occur¬ 
rence may be particular, a circumstance or partic¬ 
ular may be minute. We may be generally satisfied 
with a circumstantial account of ordinary events ; 
but whatever interests the feelings cannot be 
detailed with too much particularity or minute¬ 
ness.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 


B. As subst.: Anything incidental or not essential 
to the main subject (generally in the plural). 

“ Who would not prefer religion that differs from our 
own in the circumstantial, before one that differs from it 
inessentials?”— Addison: Freeholder. (Latham.) 

“Let me add another hint concerning the apparatus 
and circumstantials of your play.”— Pope: To A. Hill 
(1738). 

glr-cum-stan-tial’-I-ty (tial as shi-al), s. 

[Eng. circumstantial; -ity.] 

*1. The quality or state of being circumstantial 
or dependent on circumstances. 

2 . Minuteness, extreme attention to details. 

glr-cum-stan-tial-ly (tial as shal), adv. [Eng. 
circumstantial; -ly.'] 

*1. According to circumstances; in a manner 
dependent on circumstances. 

“ Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only cir¬ 
cumstantially different.”— Glanville: Scepsis. 

2. With extreme minuteness and attention to 
details; minutely. 

“ Lucian agrees with Homer in every point circum¬ 
stantially.” — Broome. 

cir-cum-stan -tiate (tiate as shl-ate), v. t. 

[Formed from circumstance (q. v.), with verb. suff. 
-ate.] 

*1. To place in particular circumstances, state, or 
condition. 

“ A number . . . the best circumstantiated are for 
the succession of Hanover.”— Swift. 

2. To prove by circumstances, to enter into details 
concerning. 

“ Neither will time permit to circumstantiate these 
particulars, which I have only touched in the general.”— 
State Trials: Marquis of Argyle (1661). 

*gir-cum-stan-tiate (tiate as shl-ate), a. 

[Circumstantiate, v.] Circumstantial, attended 
with circumstances. 

“ The distinct, .particular, circumstantiate repentance 
of a whole life . . .”— Jeremy Taylor: Rule and Exer¬ 
cises of Holy Dying, p. 64. 

*gir'-cum-stant-ly, adv. [Eng. circumstant; 
-ly.] Circumstantially, exactly ; in a circumstantial 
manner. 

“ A gentleman bareheaded and set on knees, with a 
knife properly prepared to that use, also with certain 
gestures, cuttes asunder certaine parts of the wild heart, 
in a certain order very circumstantly .”— Chaloner: Prayse 
of Foie (1577). {Richardson.) 

♦glr-cum-stlp-a-ted, a. [Lat. circum= about, 
around; stipatus — attended.] Attended or sur¬ 
rounded. 

“ He was . . . circumstipated with his guards.”^ 

North: Examen., p. 223. {Davies.) 

glr-cum-ter-ra'-ne-ous, a. [Lat. circum = 
around; fe , rraneus=pertaining to the earth; terras 
earth.] Situate or dwelling around the earth. 
{Halliwell.) 

9 ir cum-un'-dti-late, v. t. [Lat. circum— 
around; undulatus =pertaining to waves ; unda= 
wave.] To surround or flow round as the waves of 
the sea. 

“ A trout-stream circumundulated the grounds.”— Theo¬ 
dore Hook: Gilbert Gurney. 

glr-cum-val’-late, v. t. [Lat. circumvallatus, 
pa. par. of circumvallo=to surround with a ram¬ 
part: circum— around; vallo =to wall; vallum= 
rampart.] To surround or inclose with a rampart 
or fortifications. 

gir-cum-val'-late, a. [Circumvallate, v.] 
Surrounded or inclosed with a rampart or similar 
formation. 

If Anat.: Circumvallate or calyciform papillae of 
the tongue. 

“ Circumvallate or Calyciform papillas. A kind of 
papillae found on the tongue. They consist of a central 
flattened projection of the mucous membrane of a cir¬ 
cular figure, and from one-twentieth to one-twelfth of an 
inch wide, surrounded by a tumic ring of about the same 
elevation, but less diameter, from which it is separated 
by a narrow circular fissure with, it is said, a few mucous 
ducts opening at the bottom.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. 
Anat., vol. i., ch. 15, § 457. 

glr-cum-val-la'-tion, s. [Circumvallate.] 

1. The act of throwing up fortifications round any 
besieged place. 

“ The circumvallation is supposed to be continued for 
ten years.”— Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. 
xii., pt. v., § 78, vol. ii., p. 309. 

2. The fortifications thrown up round a besieged 
place. 

“ But between him and the lines of circumvallation lay 
the army of Luxemburg . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. xix. 

glr-cum-vec’-tion, s. [Lat. circumvectio = a 
carrying round or about, from circum = around, 
about; veho=to carry.] 

1. The act of carrying round or about. 

2. The state or condition of being carried round. 


ate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



circumvene 


899 


cirrigerous 


*Qlr-cum-vene', *9lr-ciim-veen s v. t, [Ft cot 

eonvenir; Lat. circumvenio .] 

1. Lit. : To environ. 

Thus war the enemyis sa eircumvenit in the middis 
of Komanis, that nane of thame had eschapit . . — 

Bellend.: T. Liv., P.348. 

2. Fig.: To circumvent. 

Qir-cum-vent’, v. t. [Lat. circumvenio = to 
encompass, to deceive, from circum= around, and 
venio= to come. Compare our slang phrase “ tu get 
round” a person.] 

*1. Lit.: To go round. 

2. Fig.: To deceive, to delude, to cheat, to get the 
best of, to gain an advantage over by arts or 
trickery. 

“ Fearing to be circumvented by his cruel brethren.”— 
Knolles: Hist, of Turks. 

§Ir-cum-vent-ed, pa.par, [Circumvent.] 
*§ir-cum-v ent -er, s. [Eng. circumvent; -er.] 
One who circumvents, deceives, or gains an advan¬ 
tage over another. 

9 lr-cum-vent'-Ing. pr. par., a. & s. [Circum¬ 
vent.] 

A. & B. Aspr.par. &partic.adj.: (Seethe verb.) 
“ The secretary would not easily give way to any circum¬ 
venting and unfair dealings with him .’’—Camden (1600). 
. C. As subst.: The act of deceiving, deluding, or 
imposing upon; circumvention. 

(Jir-cum-ven'-tion, s. [ Lat. circumventions 
deceiving; circumvenio — to deceive: circum — 
around, about; venio= to come.] 

IL The act of deceiving, deluding, or gaining an 
advantage over by the use of arts and trickery. 

“ They stuff their prisons, but with men committed 
rather by circumvention than any just cause.”— Milton . 
Hist. Eng. 

*2. Information (?). 

“ Whatever hath been thought on in this state, 

That could be brought to bodily act, ere Rome 
Had circumvention.” Shakesp.: Coriolanus, i. 2. 

$ir-cum-vent'-ive, a. [Eng. circumvent; suff. 
•iveiq.v.).] Deceiving by arts or trickery; delud¬ 
ing, imposing upon, gaining an advantage of. 

t§lr-cum-vent'-6r, s. [Latin = a deceiver, a 
cheat; circumvenio^ to deceive, to cheat.] 

I. Ord. Lana.: One who circumvents, deceives, 
deludes, or takes advantage of another by arts or 
trickery. 

“ . . . the most false and corrupt traitor, deceiver, 
and circumventor against your Majesty’s royal person, 
and the imperial crown of this realm.” — Burnett; 
Records; Attainder of Cromwell. 

II. Civil Eng.: A surveying instrument, having a 
compass-box at top, for taking angles. {Knight.) 
Also called a Circumferentor. 

*§Ir-cum-ver-sion, s. [Lat. circumversio= a 
turning round or about; cmnm=around, about; 
versions turning; verto — to turn.] The act of 
turning around or about. 

‘‘For these are the ascensions of divers circles—the cir- 
eumversions and turnings about.”— Holland: Plutarch. 

*9ir-cum-vest’, v. t. [Lat. circumvestio, from 
circumn around, and vestio=to clothe; vestis= a 
garment.] To invest or cover round as with a gar¬ 
ment. 

“Who on this base the earth did’st firmly found, 

And mad’st the deep to circumvest it round.” 

Wotton. 

9ir-Cum'-VOl-ant, a. [Lat. circumvolans, pr. 
par. of circumvolo= to fly round.] Flying around. 

clr-cum-vol-a'-tion, s. [Lat. circumvolatio, 
from circumvolon to fly round; circum — around, 
and volon to fly.] The act of flying round or about. 

clr-cum-vol-u -tion, s. [Lat. circumn around, 
volution^, turning, volvo= to turn.] 

*A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act-of rolling or turning about. 

“ Stable without circumvolution.” — More. Song of the 

Gaul, III., ii. 36. 

2. The state of being rolled or turned round. 

3. Any thing rolled or turned round another. 
“Consider the obliquity or closeness of these circumvo¬ 
lutions, the nearer they are, the higher may be the instru- 
ment.”— Wilkins. 

til. Fig.: A winding about; artifice, circumlocu¬ 
tion. 

“He had neither time nor temper for sentimental 
circumvolutions.”—Disraeli: Coningsby, bk. vi., ch. ii. 

B. Technically ‘ 

1. Anat.: One of the sinuous elevations on the 
surface of the brain in the higher animals. 

2. Arch.: The turns in the spiral of the Ionic 
capital, which are usually three. {Gwilt.) 


9lr-cum-volve, v. t. & i, [Lat- circumvolvo, 
irom circumn around, and volvo= to roll.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To roll round or about; to revolve round. 

“So that whene’er we circumvolve our eyes.”— Herrick: 

On Fletcher’s Plays. 

2. To move round or about; to revolve round. 

" . . . to ascribe each sphere an intelligence to cir¬ 
cumvolve it, were unphilosophical.”— Glanville: Scepsis. 

II. Intrans.: To roll or turn round; to revolve. 

“ And slowly circumvolves the laboring wheel below.” 

Darwin: Loves of the Plants. 
9ir-cuni-volved, pa.par. or a. [Circumvolve.] 
9lr-cum-volv’-ing, pr. par. or a. [Circum¬ 
volve.] 

“This coast is safeguarded from sand and stealth by a 
defensive wall, so high as hinders the affrighting sight 
of a circumvolving wilderness.”— Sir T. Herbert: Travels, 
p. 169. 

cir -cus ( 1 ), s. [Lat. circus; Gr. kirlcos=s circle, 
ring, circus; Ital. and Sp. circo; Fr. cirque. ] 
[Circle.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. An inclosed space of a round or oval form, in 
which sports and games and various feats of horse¬ 
manship are exhibited. 

*2. An inclosure of whatever kind. 

“The narrow circus of my dungeon wall.” 

Byron: Lament of Tasso. 



Plan of a Roman Circus. 


3. The performers or troupe in a circus. 

Tl In ancient architecture the circus was a 
straight, long, narrow building, whose length to its 
breadth was generally as five to one. It was divided 
down the center 

CUB7RP 

,» f> g a 

IT 


by an orna¬ 
mented barrier 
called thespina, 
andwasusedby 
the Romans for 
the exhibition 
of public spec¬ 
tacles. Several 
existed at 
Rome, whereof the most celebrated was the Circus 
Maximus. The spectacles of the circus were called 
the Circensian Games . . . {Gwilt.) The circus 
was used not only for horse and chariot races, but 
wrestling, the csBstus, and other athletic games. It 
was noted for being the haunt of fortune-tellers. 

If The term circus has, in this country, by long 
usage, been modified to apply to the traveling 
hippodromes (usually with a menagerie or zoologi¬ 
cal collection attached) which go up and down 
throughout our territory. Indeed, so generally 
applied is this term to caravans of the nature above 
cited that the word, in American usage, is restricted 
to that meaning. 


II. Med.: A circular bandage. {Dunglison.) 

cir'-cus (2), s. [In Gr. kirkos= a hawk, from its 
flying in circles.] 

Ornith.: The Harrier, a genus of birds belonging 
to the family Falconidse, and constituting the typi¬ 
cal genus of the sub-family Circinse. The bill is 
moderate, the nostrils sub-oval, the tarsi elongated, 
the toes generally short, the third quill of the wings 
the longest, the sides of the head with a circle of 
feathers like the capital disk of the owls. 

9irl, s. [Ital. cirlo, from zirlare; Sp. chirlar=to 
twitter Cf. Lat. zinzilulo=to chirp.] Etymologic¬ 
ally it means a twitterer. It is not, however, used 
as an independent word, but only as the first 
element in the subjoined compound. 

cirl-bunting, s. 

Ornith. : A species of bunting, the Emberiza 
cirlus. 

“ The Ctrl Bunting is generally found on the coast, and 
does not appear to go far inland . . . It is much more 
shy than the Yellow Bunting. The nest is usually placed 
higher above the ground than that of the Yellow Bunting. 
French Yellow Hammer, and Blackthroated Yellow Ham¬ 
mer, are the provincial names which have been applied to 
it ... In the northern counties the Ctrl Bunting is very 
rare . . . The Ctrl Bunting is most numerous in the 
southern parts of the European continent.”— Yarrell- 
British Birds. 


*9lr'-6-grille, s. [Lat. chcerogrillus , from Gr. 
choirogryllos=s porcupine or hedgehog.] A porcu¬ 
pine. 

“A camel, an hare, and a cirogrille , that is, a beeste ful 
of prickis, and is more than an irchoun.”— Wycliffe; Deut. 
xiv. 7. {Purvey.) 

*9irque (que as k), s. [Fr. cirque .] [Circus.] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. A circus, or circular erection. 

“ Scarce images of life, one here, one there, 

Lay vast and edgeways ; like a dismal cirque 
Of Druid stones.” Keats: Hyperion, i. 

2. A circle. 


II. Geol.: An encircling cliff. {Scrope.) 


txSIl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian — sh9.11. -tion, -sion = shun; 


9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


cirque-couchant, a. Lying or couching in a 
circle. 

9lr-ra'-ted, a. [Lat. cirrus = a curl.] Curled. 
{Woodward: Fossil Shells.) 

9lr-rha'-gr9, s. [Lat. cirrus = a curl, and Gr. 
agra=a seizure.] 

Med.: Plica, a disease endemic in Poland, Lithu¬ 
ania, and other parts of Northern Europe, so called 
on account of its being characterized by interlacing, 
twisting, and agglutination or matting of the hair. 
{Dunglison.) 1 

9lr-rha’-tu-lus, s. [Lat. cirrus=a curl, a tendril, 
and Gr. tulos= a knot or calosity.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Annelides, in which the bron¬ 
chus consist of very long filaments, and in which a 
series of long filaments are situated round the nape. 
{Craig.) 

9ir'-rhl-grade, s. [Lat. cirrus— a curl; gradior 
=to walk, move about.] 

Nat. Hist.: Having the power of motion by the 
cirri, or hair-like appendages. 

9ir-rhi-mu-rge'-na, s. [Gr. kirrhos=yellow, and 

muraina= an eel.] 

Ichthy.: A yellow eel. {McNicoll.) 

9ir-rhis'-Sm-us, s. [Lat. cirrus=a curl; Gr. 
soma= a body.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, in which the sides of 
the body are furnished with cirriform processes. 

9ir-rhi'-te§, s. [Lat. cirrus= a curl.] A genus of 
fishes belonging to the Percidse, or Perches, with 
broad, oval, compressed bodies; pectoral fins, large 
round; the ventrals behind the pectoral, and the 
anal and dorsal spines very strong. 

gir-rho-bran-chi-a'-ta, s. pi. [Lat. cirrus=a 
curl, and Mod. Lat. branchiata, from Gr. branghion 
=a fin, a gill.] 

Z 06 L : A group of Gasteropodous Mollusks, com¬ 
prehending but one family, the Dentaliid®. 

9ir-rhce-a, s. [Lat. cirrus= a curl; neut. pi. adj. 
suff. -asa.] 

Bot.: A genus of Orchidaceae. {McNicoll.) 

9ir-rhce -dl-a, s. [Gr. Hrrfioeides=having a yel¬ 
low appearance: kirrhos = yellow; eidos = form, 
appearance.] 

9lr'-rho-pode, s. [Lat. cirrus—a curl, and Gr, 

poMS=genit. podos= a foot.] 

Zobl.: The same as Cirriped (q. v.). 

9ir-rho-nos'-us, s. [Gr. fcirrftos=yellow, and 

nosos—a disease.] 

Med.: A disease of the foetus in which there is a 
yellow coloration of the serous membrane. {Dung¬ 
lison.) 

9ir '-rbose, a. [Mod. Lat. cirrosus, from Class. 
Lat. cirrus=a curl.] The same as Cirrhous (q. v.). 

9lr-rb6’-sis, s. [Gr. fctYrhos=yellow, and med. 
suff. -osis (q. v.).] A yellow coloring matter, some¬ 
times secreted in the tissues, owing to a morbid 
process. {Dunglison.) 

cirrhosis hepatis, s. A disease of the liver, in 
which it becomes smaller and firmer, commonly 
called “ hob-nailed ” or “ gin-drinker’s ” liver. 

Cirrhosis of the Lung A disease of the lungs. 
{Dunglison.) 

9ir-rhot -ic, a. [Formed on analogy of other 
words from cirrhosis (q. v.).] Affected with, or 
having the character of cirrhosis. 

9lr-rhous, 9ir'-rhose, a. [Lat. cirrus= a curl, 
a tendril.] 

Bot.: Terminated by a spiral or flexuose, filiform 
appendage ; as the leaf of Gloriosa superba. This 
is due to an elongation of a costa. 

9ir-rl-bar-bl ’-nae , s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cirribarbus , 
and fern. pi. adj. suff. -ince. ] 

Ichthy.: A sub-family of Blennid®, distinguished 
by the lower jaw being larger than the upper 
{Craig.) 

9ir-rl-bar -bus, s. [Lat. cirrus = a curl, and 
barba=a beard.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the family 
Blennidae, having the head and mouth furnished 
with numerous cirri. It constitutes the typical one 
of the sub-family Cirribarbinre. 

9ir-rif-er-ous, 9ir-rhIf'-er-ous,a. [Lat. cirrus 

= a curl, and/ero=to bear.] 

Bot.: Bearing cirri, tendrils, or claspers. 

9lr'-ri-form, 9ir’-rM-form, a. [Lat. cirrus=a 
curl, and forma= a form.] Having the form of a 
tendril. 

9ir-rlg'-er-0us, a. [Lat. cirrus= a curl, and gero 
=to bear, to carry.] 

1. Ord Lang.; Having the hair curly. 

2. Bot., Zobl., <&c.: Having cirri or hair-like ap¬ 
pendages. 

sin. a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, d$L 









eirrigrade 

91r -rl-gra.de, a. & s. [From Lat. cirrus=a curl, 
and gradior= to go.] 

A. Asadj.: Moving by cirri. (Owen.) 

B. As subst.: An animal moving by cirri. (Owen.) 

glr-ri-pec'-tiis, s. [Lat. cirrus= a curl, andpec- 

tus=a breast.] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes belonging to the family 
Blennidse, furnished with a semicircle of filaments 
round the nape. 

glr'-ri-ped, gir’-rl-pede, s. [Lat. cirrus=a curl 
andpes (genit. pedis) = a foot.] 

Zobl.: An animal of the sub-class Cirripedia 
(q. v.). 

“ . . . now we come to a most important diversity in 
the metamorphosis, or rather, to follow Professor Owen, 
in the metagenesis, of the young cirripede.” — Owen: Led. 
on Comp. Anat., lect. xii. 

gir-rip-ed-a, gir-rhlp -ed-a, gir-ri-ped-i-a, 
glr-rhi-ped -i-a, glr-rhopod- a, s. [Lat. cirrus 
—a curl, and pes (genit. pedis); Gr. pous=a foot.] 

1. Z 06 I.: A sub-class of Crustacea, unlike as the 
Barnacles and Acorn-shells ranked under the Cir- 
ripeda may appear to an edible crab or a lobster. 
For a long time indeed zoologists could not agree 
where to put the barnacles and acorn-shells till a 
discoveryof their metamorphosis settled, oratleast 
helped to settle, their true situation. On the 23d 
April, 1826, Mr. V. Thompson, while crossing the 
ferry at the little town of Passage, 7% miles E. S.E. 
of Cork, Ireland, caught by means of a small mus¬ 
lin towing-net, numerous specimens of a small 
translucent animal about one-tenth of an inch long, 
which seemed a new species. Others of the same 
kind were collected on May 1st, 1826, and placed in 
a glass with salt water. On the 8th, two lost their 
power of locomotion and their eyes, and became 
acorn-shells (balani), as did the rest within a few 
days. In a paper read by Mr. Thompson before the 
Royal Society on March 5th, 1835, he proved that 
the Lepades (barnacles proper) underwent an analo¬ 
gous transformation. He considered that these facts 
proved the acorn-shells and barnacles to be Crus¬ 
taceans. So also, either before or afterward, did 
M. Straus Durcklieim, and Dr. J. Martin Saint Ange. 
The degradation of a change which converts a free 
and eyed animal into one fixed and eyeless has since 
been called Retrograde Development. The charac¬ 
teristics of the adult cirripedia are these: Adult 
attached inclosed in an integumentary sac, within 
which a many-valved shell is typically developed; 
antennee modified for adhesion ; abdomen free and 
rudimentary; thoracic segments usually carrying 
six pairs of forked ciliated limbs. Sexes generally 
united. The standard work on this sub-class is 
that by Darwin. He divides it into three orders: 
(1) Thoracica, including the sessile families Ba- 
lanidse, Verrucidee, and the pedunculated Lepa- 
didfe ; (2) Abdominalia; (3) Apoda. The cirripeds 
exist in nearly all seas. [Barnacle.] 

2. Pdlceont. : Only the Thoracica have been found 
fossil. As far as yet known the Lepadidse began in 
the Upper Silurian; Turrilepas, a genus ranked 
with the Balanidee, but which may be Verrucidse, in 
the Lias ; an un¬ 
equivocal speci¬ 
men of the Ver- 
rucidse in the 
Chalk, and un¬ 
doubted Balan- 
idee in the Eo¬ 
cene and the 
Tertiaries. Pol- 
licipes occurs in 
the Rheetic and 
Stonesfield 
Slate. 

gir-ro-cu- 
m u -1 u s , s. 

[From Lat. cir- 
rus= a curl, and 
cumulus — a 
heap.] 

Meteor.: A 
kind of cloud, in Cirrocumulus Cloud, 

the main resem¬ 
bling a cumulus, but in certain respects like a cirrus 
too. It consists of a connected system or series of 
small roundish clouds placed in order or contact. 
It resembles the scales of a mackerel. The name 
was first given by Mr. Luke Howard. 

gir'-ro-llte, s. [In Ger. kirrolith, from Gr. kirros 
=pale yellow, and Eng. suff. -ite (Min.) (q. y.).] 

Min.: A mineral consisting of phosphoric acid, 
41T7; alumina, 20T ; lime, 32 - 9; water, 5'3=100. It 
occurs in an iron mine at Westana in Scania, the 
southern part of Sweden. (Dana.) 

glr'-rose, a. [Cibrhous.] 

gir-ros'-tom-I, s. pi. [Lat. cirrus=a curl; Gr. 
stoma—a mouth.] 

Ichthy. : Another name for the Pharyngobranchii 
(q. v.). 


900 

glr-ro-stra-tus, s. [From Lat cirrus—a curl, 
and stratus = anything strewed, a bed cover for 
instance.] 

Meteor.: A 
kind of cloud 
blending the 
c h a r a c teris- 
tics of the 
stratus and of 
the cumulus, 
the former 
predom inat- 
ing. It con¬ 
sists of a hor- 
izontal or 
slightly in¬ 
clined sheet 
of cloud, with 
the circumfer¬ 
ence, which is 
upward, be¬ 
coming grad¬ 
ually attenu¬ 
ated, while its 
lower part is 
undulated or 
concave. Groups or patches of cirrostratus are 
sometimes scattered over the sky near the horizon. 
The name cirro-stratus was first given by Mr. Luke 
Howard. 

gir -rous, a. [Cirkhous.] 
glr-rus, glr'-rhus (pi. gir’-rl, gir-rhi), s. 
[Lat. cirrus= a curl, a tendril.] 

I. Of both forms : 

1. Bot.: The thread-like tendrils or filaments by 
which certain climbing plants attach themselves to 
trees, stones, &c.; one of the fulcra or props of 
plants. (Craig, Buchanan.) A cirrus may be on a 
corolla, a peduncle, a leaf, or a petiole. Examples, 
the corolla of Strophanthus, the peduncle of Smilax 
horrida, the leaf of Gloriosa superba, or the petiole 
of the pea. (Bindley ) 

2. Zodl.: A slenderj fringe-like appendage in some 
inferior animals, which aids in locomotion. (Car¬ 
penter.) 

3. Ichthy.: The soft filaments attached to the 
jaws of certain fishes. (Craig.) ' 

II. Only of the form cirrus: 

1. Palceont.: A genus of fossil spiral shells. The 
shell is discoidal and has a large umbilicus; the 
upper surface bears a row of spines, which in the 
neighborhood of the aperture are tubular and have 
their ends perforated. One genus ranges from the 
Devonian to the Jurassic. (Nicholson.) 

2. Meteorol.: A form of cloud, composed of thin 
filaments, the union of which resembles sometimes 
a brush, sometimes small patches of woolly hair, 
and again slender network. The cirrus is the 
feathery or streak-like cloudlet which is highest of 
all in the heavens. 

gir'-sl-um, s. [Gr. kirsos= a swelled vein.] 

Bot.: A genus of Composite, supposed to have 
healing qualities. 

gir-go-gele, s. [Gr. kirsos= a swelled vein, and 
kele— a tumor.] 

Med.: The varicose dilatation of the spermatic 
vein. (Dunglison.) 

gir-so-I-de§, a. [Fr. kirsos— a swelled vein, and 
eidos=resemblance.] 

Med.: Varicose or resembling a varix. A term 
once applied to the upper part of the brain, as well 
as to the spermatic vessels. (Dunglison.) 

girs-om'-pha-lus, s. [Fr. cirsomphale, from Gr 
kirsos= a swelled vein, and oinphalos= the navel.] 
Med.: A varicose dilatation of the veins surround¬ 
ing the navel. ( Dunglison .) 

girs-oph-thal’-ml-a, s. [Gr. kirsos— a swelled 
vein, and ophthalmos= the eye.] 

Med.: A swelled or varicose state of the vessels of 
the eye. 

girs-o-tome, s. [Gr. kirsos^ a swelled vein; 
tome= a cutting; temno= to cut,.] 

Surg.: An instrument used in the extirpation of a 
varix or varicose vein. (Knight.) 

girs-ot -oin-y, s. [Gr. kirsos= a swelled vein, and 
tome=a cutting.] 

Surg.: Any operation for the removal of varices 
by incision. (Dunglison.) 

gls (1), in compos. [Lat.=on this side.] For 
definition see etymology, 
cis-equatorial, s. On this side the equator. 

Bot. Geog.: The cis-equatorial region of South 
America constitutes a distinct botanical province. 
(Thome.) 

91s (2), .s. [Gr. 7a‘s=the corn-weevil.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleopterous insects, the 
typical one of the family Cissidse. inhabitants of 
the fungi growing on trees. Tribe, Xylophagi. 
(Craig.) 


cist 

gis-al -plne, a. Lat cisalpinus, from cis=on 
this side, and Alpinus—Alpine, from A Ipes—tho 
Alps.] South of the Alps; as regards Rome, the 
hither side of the Alps; the opposite to Trans¬ 
alpine. 

IT The Cisalpine republic was formed by the 
French in May, 1797. In 1802 its name was altered 
to the Italian republic, and in March, 1805, it be¬ 
came the kingdom of Italy, but by no means the 
ancestor of the kingdom of Italy now existing. 

tgis-at-lan'-tic, a. [Formed on analogy of Cis¬ 
alpine, from Lat. cis=on this side, and Eng. Atlan¬ 
tic.'} On this side of the Atlantic. 

giS'-CO, s. [Etym. unknown.] 

Ichthy.: A name given to several species of her¬ 
ring found in the great freshwater lakes of North 
America. 

gls'-leu, s. [Chislett.] 

Jewish Months: The same as Chisleu (q. v.). 

91s'-lie, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Eng. Cicely.} 

IT Silken Cislie: Vincetoxicum officinale. (Ger¬ 
ard.) 

cis-ma-tan', s. The seed of the plant cassia 
absus, growing in Arabia. It is regarded as the best 
remedy for Egyptian ophthalmia, and large quanti¬ 
ties are imported into Cairo. 

tgls-mon'-tane, a. [Lat. cis= on this side of; 
montanuA= pertaining to the mountains; mons— a 
mountain.] On this side of the mountains. 

Cis'-pq-dane, a. [Lat. cis= on this side, and 
Padanus= pertaining to the Padus=the river Po.] 
On the south side of the Po; as regards Rome, on 
the hither side of the Po. 

IT The Cispadane and Transpadane republics were 
two republics situated on opposite sides of the Po. 
They were merged in the Cisalpine republic in 
October, 1797. (Haydn, <&c.) 

glss-am'-pel-os, s. [Gr. kissos= ivy, and ampe- 
los= a vine, froth the plants being like ivy in the 
green rambling branches, and like the vine in hav¬ 
ing the fruit in racemes.] 

Bot.: A genus of climbing shrubs. Order, Meni- 
spermacese. It grows in almost every mountainous 
part of the Cape of Good Hope. The root is used 
as an emetic and cathartic by the Boers. (Dungli¬ 
son db Craig.) Cissampelos ovalifolia is used in 
Brazil; C. Pareira, and C. Caapeba in the West 
Indies, and C. Mauritania in Madagascar, as tonics 
and diuretics. C. glaberrima and C. ebracteata are 
prescribed in Brazil against serpent-bites. The 
root of Cissampelos obtecta, an Indian species, 
yields an intoxicating spirit. (Lindley.) 

gls -si-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. cis (2) (q. v.), 
and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.} 

Entom.: A family of Coleoptera. 

gis-sin-urn, s. [Gr. kission, from kissos= ivy.] 
Med.: A name given to a plaster of ivy used in 
wounds of the nerves or tendons. 

gls-sl-te§, s. [Gr. k£ssos=ivy.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleopterous insects, belong¬ 
ing to the section Heteromera, and the tribe Tra* 
chelides. 

giss -did, s. [Gr. kissoeides—like ivy, from kissos 
=ivy, and eidos= appearance, form.] 

Geom.: A peculiar curve used by Diodes in 
solving certain difficult problems in geometry. 

giss-did -al, a. [Eng. cissoid; -al.} Pertaining 
to or of the nature of a cissoid. 
glss-o-pus, s. [Gr. kissos=ivy, andpous=afoot.] 
Ornith.: Cuvier’s name for a genus of Shrikes, 
considered by Swainson as identical with the sub¬ 
genus Pitylus, which name should take its place. 

gis -sus, s. [Gr. kissos= ivy.] 

Bot.: A genus of vine-bearing plants, belonging 
to the order Ampelideee. It is closely akin to Vitis, 
the Vine genus. The leaves of Cissus cor data and 

C. setosa are said to possess acrid properties. They 
are deemed useful in bringing indolent tumors to 
suppuration. The berries of the latter species are 
also acrid. Both the leaves and the fruit of C. 
tinctoria abound in a green coloring matter, which 
on exposure becomes blue; it is used by the Brazil¬ 
ian Indians as a dye for cotton fabrics. (Lindley.) 

gist, s. [Fr. ciste; Lat. cista, from Gr. kiste= a 
box, a chest.] 

1. Arch. <& Sculp.: A chest or basket. A term used 
to denominate the mystic baskets used in proces¬ 
sions connected with the Eleusinian mysteries. It 
was originally formed of wickerwork, and when 
afterward made of metal, the form and texture 
were preserved in imitation of the original material. 
When sculptured on ancient monuments it indicates 
some connection with the mysteries of Ceres and 
Bacchus. (Gwilt.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or. wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw.. 




Cirrostratus Cloud. 















cistaceae 


901 


cite 


2. Antiquities: 

(1) In C eltic or Druidical buildings, the chamber 
°1 laterally recumbent blocks of stone. 
(Givilt.) [Cyst.] 

*(2) A boxlike excavation. 

‘ These oval pits or cists were about four feet long; 
they were neatly cut into the chalk, and were with the 
skeletons covered with a pyramid of stones and flints.”— 
Archeologict, xx. 340. 

ta -9 e_se i s - ph [Gr. fct'sfos=the Cistus or 
Rock-rose, and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -acece.) 

Bot.: Rock-roses, an order of plants, the typical 
one of the alliance Cistales. It consists of shrubs 
or herbaceous plants, often with viscid branches. 
The leaves are entire, opposite or alternate, feather- 
veined, or more rarely fan-veined. The flowers, 
which are very fugacious, are generally in unilat¬ 
eral racemes; their color is white, yellow, or red; 
sepals 3-5, persistent unequal, petals five, rarely 
three, stamens hypogynous distinct, definite or 
indefinite in number; ovary one or many-celled, 
with the style and stigma both simple. Fruit cap¬ 
sular, 3-5 or ten-valved, one-celled, with parietal 
placentae, or imperfectly five or ten-celled. They 
are found chiefly in the South of Europe and the 
North of Africa. Known genera in 1845, seven; 
species, 185. For their qualities see Cochlosper- 
mum and Ladanum. 

$is-ta -le§, s. pi. [From cistus , and Lat. fern, pi, 
adj. suff. -ales. ] 

Bot.: An alliance of plants, placed by Lindley 
under his Hypogynous Exogens. He includes 
under it the Cistaceae, Brassicaceae, Resedaceae, and 
Capparidaceae, though it is hard to believe that 
Brassicaceae is not entitled to rank as the type of 
an alliance. 


§ist'-ed, a. [Cist, s.] Inclosed in a cist or bag. 

(jis-te -la, Qis-tel'-la, s. [Lat. cistella— a little 
chest, dimin. of cista= a chest.] 

1 . Entom. {Of the form Cistela): A genus of cole¬ 
opterous insects, the typical one of the tribe 
Cistelides. Sub-section, Stenelytra. Cistela ceram- 
boides is found on flowers; C. sulphurea is confined 
to the sea-coast. 

2. Bot. {Of the form Cistella): A capsular shield 
of some lichens. [ClSTULA.] 

§ls-tel -i-de§, s. pi. [Lat. cistela .] 

Entom.: A tribe of coleopterous insects, of which 
Cistela is the type. Section Heteromera, sub-sec¬ 
tion Stenelytra. 


(Jls-ter'-cian (cian as shan)$ts. & a. [Low Lat. 
Cistercium; Fr. Cisteaux, Citeaux, a convent situ¬ 
ated near Dijon, in France.] 

A. As substantive: 

Ch. Hist.: A monastic order in connection with 
the Roman Catholic Church. In the year 1098, 
Robert, abbot of Molesme, in Burgundy, having lost 
hope of inducing the monks, whose chief he was, 
to live up to the rule prescribed by St. Benedict, 
retired with twenty associates to Citeaux [see 
etym.] and founded there a congregation which 
afterward developed into the order of the Cister¬ 
cians. It went through the ordinary cycle of such 
monastic institutions, 
i.e., at first its members 
were poor and really holy ; 
then the fame of their 
sanctity spreading 
through Europe, branches 
of the order were estab¬ 
lished in many places. To 
aid men so deserving, 
large contributions were 
given by pious men and 
women, and before the 
twelfth century had run 
its course, the Cistercian 
communities were 
wealthy. With the growth 
of this wealth, the grad¬ 
ual relaxation of the 
strict Benedictine rules 
took place, till finally the 
Cistercians lost their high 
reputation and sank to 



Cistercian Monk. 


reputation auu ocinn. w/ . 

the level of the order against which their secession 
had been a protest, and to that of the monastic 
order generaRy. During the time that the order 
was rising in importance, it enjoyed the advocacy 
of the celebrated St. Bernard, of Clairvaux, who is 
regarded as its second parent and founder, so that 
It is sometimes called the Bemardine order, or the 
order of St. Bernard. Between them and the 
Cluniacensians there was considerable ammosi y,. 
and even public controversy. {Mosheim: Church 
Hist., cent, xi., xii.) 

; B. As adj.: Pertaining to or connected with the 
*rder of monks described in A. 

cis’-tern, *§is'-terne, *sis'-terne, s. & a. [Lat. 
cisterna; O. Fr. cisteme; Fr. citerne.) _ 


A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. An artificial receptacle or reservoir for the 
storage of water. 

“From some of these eisterns Caesar’s troops were sup¬ 
plied . . — Sharpe: Hist. Egypt , ch. x. 

“There is the cisteme where Josephe was cast in of his 
brethren.”— Maundeville, p. 106. 

2. A natural reservoir or place where the drain¬ 
age of a watershed collects. 

“In the wide cisterns of the lakes confin’d.” 

Sir R. Blackmore. 

3. A metal or slate vessel for the storage of water 
or other liquid. 

“ A cistern containing a hundred and twenty gallons of 
punch was emptied to his Majesty’s health . . .”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

tTThe following list of capacities of cisterns applies 
to cisterns of circular construction and indicates 
the amount of contents for each ten inches of 
depth. Hence to find the total contents of a cistern 
of given diameter multiply the contents for that 
diameter given here by the quotient of the depth 
-s- 10 inches. For each ten inches of depth a cis¬ 
tern 25 feet in diameter contains 3,059 gallons; 20 
feet, 1,958 gallons; 15 feet, 1,101 gallons; 14 feet, 
950 gallons; 13 feet, 827 gallons; 12 feet, 705 gallons ; 
11 feet, 592 gallons; 10 feet, 489 gallons ; 9 feet, 396 
gallons; 8 feet, 313 gallons; 7 feet, 239 gallons; 6>4 
feet, 206 gallons; 6 feet, 176 gallons; 5 feet, 122 gal¬ 
lons ; 4)4 feet, 99 gallons; 3 feet, 44 gallons. 

II. Technically: 

1 . Mining: A tank in a deep mine-shaft, set upon 
a scarcement; it serves to receive the water of the 
pump below, and supply water to the pump above. 
The usual length for a setof mining-pumps is twenty- 
five to thirty fathoms. At such intervals cisterns 
are placed. 

2. Steam-engine: The vessel inclosing the con¬ 
denser of a condensing steam-engine, and contain¬ 
ing the injection water. 

3. Glass Manuf.: The receptacle into which glass 
is ladled from the pots _to be poured on the table 
in making plate glass, or in casting glass. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

cistern-barometer, s. 

Meteor. Instrum.: A barometer having the tube 
immersed below in a cistern of mercury. 

Cistern-filter, s. A cistern having a permanent 
chamber, which has filtering material intervening 
between the supply and discharge. 

cistern-pump, s. A small pump, lift, or force 
f<u' pumping water from the moderate depth of a 
cistern. 

Qis-ter'-na, s. [Lat.] A term applied to various 
parts of the body which serve as reservoirs for dif¬ 
ferent fluids. The fourth ventricle of the brain has 
been so caRed. ( Dunglison.) 

$Is-t 6 -gas'-ter, s. [Gr. kis=thecorn-weevff, and 
gaster= the belly, from its inflated abdomen.] 
Entom.: A genus of dipterous insects. They be¬ 
long to the family Muscidee and sub-tribe Athericera. 

9 is'-to-lith, s. [Lat. cista— a basket, and Gr. 
lithos=a stone.] 

Bot.: An agglomeration of raphides suspended in 
a sac by a tube, as in Ficus elastica. (Stormonth.) 

§is’-tome {Eng.), ^is-to'-ma {Mod. Lat.), s. [Gr. 
kiste=a small box or chest, and stoma= a mouth.] 
Bot.: A funnel-shaped prolongation of the cuticle 
into the openings of the stomata. It is caRed also 
the Ostiole. 

9 is-top'-ter-Is, §ys-top’-ter-is, s. [Gr. kistos= 
a bladder, and pteris= a fern.] 

Bot.: A species of fern, so caRed from the mdu- 
sium being shaped like a bladder. 

(jls-tu'-da, s. [From Lat. cista= a box, and tes - 
fwdo=tortoise (?).] 

ZoOl.: The Box Terrapins, a genus of the Emydre 
or River Turtles in which the two divisions of the 
carapace, or dorsal sheR, are movable on the same 
axis, and can be so closed as entirely to conceal the 
inclosed animal. 

§Is'-tu-la, s. [Dimin. of Lat. cista= a box.] 

1 . Zodl.: A sub-genus of MoRusks, genus Cyclos¬ 
toma. About seventy species are known from the 
West Indies and tropical America. 

2. Bot.: A cell-shaped shield found m some lich¬ 
ens. [Cistella.] 

$is'-tus, s. [Lat. cistus; Gr.kistos—a rock-rose.] 
Bot.: The Rock-rose, a genus of elugant shrubs, 
with beautiful large red or white flowers, resem- 
bling a wild rose. Order, Cistaceae. It has an 
imperfectly five or ten-celled capsule, a character 
distinguishing it from the Helianthemum, of Eng- 
land, which has but three cefls. The species aro 
fine showy shrubs with gafiy colored but fugaceous 


flowers. Loudon ted. 1880) etitunerates twenty- 
seven species as cultivated. The resinous balsamic 
substance called ladanum is obtained from Cistus 
creticus, ledon and ladaniferus. [Ladanum.] The 
latter two are sometimes caRed Gum Cisti. 

Cist'-vaen, s. [Wei. cistfaen = a British monu¬ 
ment consisting of four fiat stones placed at right 
angles with a fifth on the top.] 

Antiq.: Stone receptacles found in ancient bar¬ 
rows, containing the bones of persons interred there. 

git, s. [A contracted form of citizen (q. v.).] An 
inhabitant of a city, a townsman, a cockney. Used 
in disparagement or contempt. 

“ Bernard, thou art a cit." — Pope: Satires, iii. 89. 

§It -a-ble, a. [Eng. cit{e); -able.) Capable of 
being cited. {Gent. Magazine.) 

*5l-ta'-§ion, s. [Citation.] 

9it -a-del, s. [Fr. citadelle; Ital. cittadella, 
dimin. of citta= a city; Dan. citadel; Ger. citadelle ," 
M. Sp. ciudadela, dimin. of ciudad=a city.] A 
castle or fortified place in a city, intended for the 
storage of arms, &c., and as a last point of defense. 

tjU-tgl, s. [Eng. cit{e); -al.) 

1. A summons to appear before a superior or a 
judge, a citation. 

2. A reproof or impeachment. 

3. A quotation, a recital. 

“He made a blushing cital of himself. 

And chid his truant youth.” 

Sliakesp.: Hen. IV., Ft. v. 2. 

5l-ta'-tion, *9i-ta'-9ion, *9l-ta'-9ioun, s. [Fr. 

citation; ltal. citazione; Lat. citatio, from cito—to 
summon to appear.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A summons. [II. 1 .] 

2. A quotation of the words of another; the 
bringing forward another as authority for a state¬ 
ment. 

“The letter-writer cannot read these citations without 
blushing, after the charge he hath advanced.”— Bishop 

Atterbury. 

*3. An enumeration, mention or recital. 

“ . . . there remains a citation of such as may pro 

duce it in any country.”— Harvey: On Consumption. 

II. Laic: 

1 . The act of summoning or citing a person to 
appear before a judge, especiaRy of an ecclesiastical 
court. 

“The ecclesiastical courts proceed according to the 
course of the Civil and Canon Laws, by citation, libel, 
Ac.”— Jacob: Law Diet. 

2 . The official summons or notice to appear served 
on any person. 

“That in the londe citaoioun non nere 
Thurf bulle of the pope of Rome.” 

Life of Beket, 615. 

3. A reference to decided cases or books of 
authority to prove a point in law. 

9l-ta’-tor, s. [Lat.] One who gives citations of 
cases in point. 

91-ta-tor-y, a. [Lat. Citafor«ts=summoning or 
pertaining to a summons ; cito= to cite, to summon 
to appear.] Pertaining to, in the form, or of the 
nature of, a citation. 

, letters citatory affixed on the doors of Roches¬ 
ter Cathedral, three miles off, were torn down and burned.” 

— Milman: Hist. Lat. Christianity, bk. xii., ch. vii. 

9 lte, v. t. [Fr. citer; Sp. & Port, citar; ItaL 
citare; Lat. cito , intens. form of cieo = to put in 
motion, to excite ] 

*1. To caR upon authoritatively, to enjoin to sum¬ 
mon or urge to an action. 

“I speak to you, Sir Thuri"); 

For Valentine, I need not cite him to it.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Ver., ii. 4, 

2. To summon officiaRy to appear in a court. 

“ He held a late court, to which 
She oft was cited by them, but appear’d not.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., iv. i 

3. To quote, to adduce as an authority. 

“ The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.” 

Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice, i. 3. 

"... looked and spoke as if when citing a section 
he was making a discovery.” — Lord Brougham: Hist,, 
Sketches; Sir V. Gibbs. 

4. To bring forward or adduce as an example. 

*5. To enumerate, to recount. 

“ We cite our faults.” 

Shakesp.: Two Gent, of Ver., iv. i 

* 6 . To argue, prove, or evidence. 

“Aged honor cites a virtuous youth.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, i. 3. 

IT (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between to cite 
and fo quote: “To cite is employed for persons or ' 
things ; to quote for things only: authors are cited, 


b5il boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell> chorus, 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


9hin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; 
~tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, £;c. = bel, d?L 







cited 


£02 


citrn 


assages from their works are quoted; we cite only 

y authority; we quote for general purposes of con¬ 
venience. Historians ought to cite their authority 
in order tc strengthen their evidence and inspire 
confidence; controversialists must quote the objec¬ 
tionable passages in those works which* they wish 
to confute; it is prudent to cite no one whose au¬ 
thority is questionable; it is superfluous to quote 
anything that can be easily perused in the original.” 

(2) He thus discriminates between to cite and to 
summon: “The idea of calling a person author¬ 
itatively to appear, is common to these terms. Cite 
is used in a general sense, summon in a particular 
and technical sense: a person may be cited to 
appear before his superior; he is summoned to ap¬ 
pear before a court: the station of the individual 
gives authority to the act of citing; the law itself 
gives authority to that of summoning. When cite 
is used in a legal sense, it is mostly employed for 
witnesses, and summon for every occasion: a person 
is cited to give evidence, he is summoned to answer 
a charge.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

$It'-ed, pa. par. or a. [Cite.] 

“ Forthwith the cited dead, 

Of all past ages, to the general doom 

Shall hasten.” Milton: P. L., iii. 327. 

*§I-tee‘, s. [Eng. cit(e); -ee.) A person cited or 
summoned to appear before a judge. 

91 -ter, s. [Eng. cit (e); -er.) 

1 . One who cites or summons another to appear 
before a court. 

2. One who cites or quotes; a quoter. 

“ I must desire the citer henceforward to inform us of 
his editions too.”— Atterbury. 

9 lt'-ess, s. [Eng. cit, andfem. suff.-css.] A female 
cit or townswoman. (The word is peculiar to 
Dryden.) 

“ Cits and citesses raise a joyful strain; 

’Tis a good omen to begin a reign.” 

Dryden: Prol. to Albion and Albanius. 

9 lth'-?i-r?l, s. [Lat., from 
Gr. kithara— a harp.] [Cit¬ 
tern.] 

1. Music: A musical instru¬ 
ment resembling the harp. 

2. Zodl.: A genus of mollusks, 
family Conidse (Cones). About 
fifty species were discovered 
by Mr. Cuming in the Philip¬ 
pine Islands. (S. P. Wood¬ 
ward.) 

9 ith-?tr-ex'-^l-iim, s. [Gr. 
kithara=a lyre, and xylon= 
wood.] 

Bot.: The Fiddle-wood, a 
genus of West Indian trees and 
shrubs. Order, Verbenacese. 

The term fiddle-wood naturally 
suggests that it is used in the 
manufacture of violins, which 
is not the case, as it is a cor¬ 
ruption of the French word j?dele=faithful, this 
complimentary word having been applied because 
the wood, which is very hard, is trustworthy for 
carpentry or for building purposes. 

9 lth-g,r-I'-nus, s. [Mod. Lat. citharinus, from 
Class. Lat. cithara (q. v.).] 

Ichthy.: A genus of Salmonidse containing species 
found in the Nile. 

qlth'-ar-ist, s. [Lat. citharista = a harper; 
vithara= a harp.] A harp. 

“ The Psaltry, the Citholis, the soft Citharist, 

The Croude, and the monycordis, the gythornis gay.” 

Houlate, iii. 10. 

9 ith-ar-is'-tic, a. [Gr. kitharistikos — pertain¬ 
ing to the lyre or harp; kithara=a lyre or harp.] 
Relating to or adapted from the cithara. 

9 it -I- 9 i§m, * 9 lt'-y- 9 f§m, s. [Eng. cit or city , 
and -cism.) The manners of a citizen or townsman. 

“Although no bred courtling, yet a most particular 
man, of goodly havings—reformed and transformed 
from his original aityoism." — B.Jonson: Cynthia's Revels. 

9 ft -fed, a. [Eng. city; -ed.) Belonging to or 
containing a city or cities; resembling a city. 

“ From villages replete with ragg’d and sweating clowns 
And from the loathsome air of smoky citied towns.” 

Drayton: Polyolbion, Song xiil. 

9 ft'-f-grade, a. & s. [Fr. citigrade, from Lat. 
citus = swift; gradus = a step, from gradior — to 
walk.] 

A. As adj. : Swiftly moving. 

B. As substantive : 

ZoOl. (pi.): A tribe of the Arachnidans or Spiders, 
so named for their nimbleness. 

“ A spider which was about three-tenths of an inch in 
length, and which in its general appearance resembled a 
Citigrade.” — Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), 
ch. viii., p. 160. 



Cithara. 


*9it'-In-er, *9yt-ten-ere, s. [Fr. citoyen-a 
citizen, and Eng. suff. -er.] A person bred in a city 
a cockney, a citizen. 

“ Heo civis, acyttenere.” — Wright: Vocab., p. 211. 

“ Oure souerane lord—disponis to ane reuerend father 
in God Petir bischope of Dunkeld, and to the citineris of 
the towne of Dunkeld, the privilege and liberties grantit 
to the bischoppis of Dunkeld and citineris thairof of 
befoir, . . . —Acts Ja. VI., 1606 (ed. 1814), p. 313. 

9l'-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cite.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of summoning to appear 
before a judge or court. 

9lt'-I-zen, *9it-e-sein, *9it-i-zein, *9it-e-sain, 
*9it-e-zein, *9it-e-seyn, s. & a. [O. Fr. citeain, 
citaain , citeein; Fr. citoyen; Ital. cittadino, from 
citta=a city ; Sp. ciudctdano, from ciudad= a city.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. A member of a state or community, an inhab¬ 
itant of any state or place. 

TT The “ civis Romanus,” or Roman citizen, had 
various and high privileges over foreigners. (Acts 
zvi. 37-38; xxii. 25-29.) [Civis.] 

2. A freeman of a state or city (opposed to a 
foreigner or a slave). [Freeman.] 

“ All inhabitants within these walls are not properly 
citizens, but only such as are called freemen.”— Raleigh: 
History of the World. 

“ All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
United States and of the state wherein they reside.”— 
Constitution of the United States, Art. xiv., Sec. 1. 

3. An inhabitant of a city or town (opposed to one 
living in the country or engaged in agriculture). 

4. A tradesman. 

“ When he speaks not like a citizen 
You find him like a soldier.” 

Shakesp.: Coriol., iii. 8. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to, consisting, or having 
the qualities of, a citizen or citizens. 

“ So sick I am not, yet I am not well; 

But not so citizen a wanton, as 
To seem to die ere sick.” 

Shakespt: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

citizen-soldier, s. A volunteer; one who is at 
the same time a citizen and a soldier. 

9it'-i-zen-ess, s. [Eng. citizen; fern. suff. -ess.] 
A female citizen. (Booth.) 

*9it’-l-zen-Ize, v. t. [Eng. citizen; -ize .] To 
make into a citizen; to admit to the rights and 
privileges of a citizen. 

“Talleyrand was citizenized in Pennsylvania.”— T. Pick¬ 
ering. 

*9it'-I-zen-ry, s. [Eng. citizen; -ry .] The body 
of citizens collectively, the townspeople. 

“ He sided with the magistracy, not with the citizenry.” 
— Taylor: Survey of German Poetry, i. 186. (Davies.) 

9lt A-zen-shlp, s. [Eng. citizen; -ship.) 

1 . State, condition, or quality of a citizen; the 
state of being vested with the rights and privileges 
of a citizen. 

“Admission to citizenship will expose them at court.”— 
Palfrey. 

2. English Polit. Econ.: The freedom of a city. 
It was obtained by descent from a citizen, by being 
apprenticed to one, or by purchase; it might and 
may still be conferred by vote on distinguished per¬ 
sons. [Freedom.] 

*9lt-ole, *9it-hill, *9ithole, *9ytole, s. [O.Sp. 

cifola=cithern.] 

Music: A musical instrument, perhaps a dulcimer. 
“ A citole in hire right hand hadde sche, 

And on hir heed, ful semely on to see.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 1,961-2. 

9 lt-rg,-Con'-lc, a. [Eng. citr(ic), and aconitic 
(q. v.).] Derived from the genera citrus and aco- 
mtum. 

citraconic acid, s. ( 

Chem.: Pwocitric acid C 5 H 6 O 4 or 

. k-CO.OH 

A diatomic bibasic acid, isomeric with itaconic 
and mesaconic acids obtained by distilling citric 
acid; water is first given off at. about 175% vapors of 
acetone and CO, then the residue consists of aconi¬ 
tic acid ; on continuing the distillation CO 2 is given 
off and itaconic acid is formed; afterward water 
is given off, and an oily mass is left in the retort, 
consisting of citraconic anhydride, which, when 
exposed to the air, absorbs moisture and crystal¬ 
lizes into citraconic acid, which melts at 80°. It 
unites readily with bromine, forming dibrompyro- 
tartaric acid P.GLBrjOb . By the action of sodium 
amalgam, a solution of citraconic acid is converted 


CH 3 

k-CO.OH 


into pyrotartaric acid C5HSO4. When citraconic 
acid is subjected to electrolysis, it gives off 2CO2 
and 2 H, and yields allylene CH3— 0 =CH. By the 
action of hypochlorous acid HCIO, citraconic acid 
is converted into chlorocitramalic acid C5H7CIO5. 

qlVru-mal'Ac, a. [Eng. citric , and malic.) 
Having the citric and malic acids in its composi¬ 
tion. 


citramalic acid, s. 

Chem. : C 5 H 8 05. A dibasic acid obtained by the 
action of zinc on an aqueous solution of chlorocit¬ 
ramalic acid. 

9it -rk-nilde, s. [Eng. citr(ic), and amide (q.v.).] 

Chem.: N3(C 6 H § 04)'”H 6 . A crystalline com¬ 
pound, slightly soluble in water. _ Obtained by the 
action of alcoholic ammonia on citric ethers. 

9i-tr9.-tar-ta.r Ac, a. [Eng. citric and tartaric.) 
citratartaric acid, s. 

Chem.: C 5 HfiC>6, a syrupy, deliquescent, dibasic 
acid obtained by heating chlorocitramalic acid in 
a sealed tube, with water, acetpne CH3.CO.CH3, 
hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide being also 
formed. 

91-trate, s. [From citr(ic); -ate (Chem.) (q. v.).] 
[Citric Acid.] Citrate of calcium occurs in onions 
and in potatoes, citrate of potassium in artichokes 
and in potatoes. 

9lt-re-9.il, a. [Lat. citre(um)—a citron, and 
Eng. adj. suff. -an.] The same as Citrine (q. v.). 

qlt’-rene, s. [Eng. citr(ic), and suff. -ene.) 

Chem.: C10H16. An aromatic hydrocarbon, boil¬ 
ing at 168 °. It is obtained from the rind of Citrus 
Limonum. 

9I -tre-ous, a. [Lat. citreu$= pertaining to the 
citron.) Lemon-colored, citrinous. 

qlt'-rlc, a. [Fr. citrique; Lat. citrus—the citron- 
tree.] 

Chem.: Of or pertaining to an acid obtained from 
the juice of the lemon and other fruits. 


citric acid, s. 


H 2 C-CO.OH 

1 . Chem.: CeHgOj or HOC—CO.OH A tetra- 
H2-C-CO.OH. 

tomic tribasic acid, which is found in the juice 
of lemons, also in gooseberries, currants, &c. It is 
obtained by allowing the juice to undergo an incip¬ 
ient fermentation, }j , filtering and neutralizing by 
means of powdered chalk, after which milk of lime, 
the insoluble calcium citrate, is precipitated, and 
is then decomposed by dilute sulphuric acid. It 
forms white crystals, soluble in water, and has an 
acid taste. It is used in dyeing and in calico-print¬ 
ing, and in the preparation of effervescent summer 
beverages. Citric acid fused with potash is decom¬ 
posed into oxalic and acetic acids, thus CrHoO? + 
6,0 = C2H2O4 + 2 (CH 3 .CO.OH). Citric acid forms 
ethers. Citric acid has been formed synthetically 
from glycerin CH 2 OH.CHOH.CH 2 OH, by convert¬ 
ing it into symmetrically formulated dichlorhydrin, 
CH2CI.CHOH.CH2CI by oxidizing this into dichlor- 
acetone CH2Cl.CO.CH2d, which forms with strong 
hydrocyanic acid an addition compound, cyano- 
dichloracetone, which by the action of HG 1 and H9O 
CH2CI.C-CH2CI 

is converted into A =dichloracetonic 


HO CO.OH 


acid. This is neutralized by Na2C0 3 , and heated 
with two mols. of KCN cyanide of potassium, which 
replaces the 2 C 1 by 2 CN, forming sodium dicyano- 
acetonate; the solution is then saturated with HC 1 
and heated in a water bath, and the citric acid pre¬ 
cipitated by milk of lime as calcium citrate. Citric 
acid forms three series of salts with the alkalies, 
called citrates. It gives no precipitate with potas¬ 
sium acetate. Citrates of calcium, lead, and silver 
are insoluble. Citric acid, added to a solution in 
excess, prevents the precipitation of ferric oxide 
and of alumina by ammonia. 

2 . Pharm. : Citric acid acts as a refrigerant, and 
allays thirst and irritation of the skin. Citrate of 
ammonium increases the secretions. Citrate of iron 
and ammonia is found in thin transparent deep-red 
scales, soluble in water, but almost insoluble in rec¬ 
tified spirit. It acts as a tonic, and is not astringent, 
and is given to restore the blood to a healthy con¬ 
dition. Citrate of iron and quinine is found in 

f reenish-yellow deliquescent scales, soluble in water. 

t combines the therapeutic properties of iron and 
of quinine. Citrate of potassium, a white deli¬ 
quescent powder, acts as a diuretic. 

qit'-rll, s. & a. [From Lat. citrus (q. v.).] A term 
signifying yellow, citron-colored. It occurs only in 
the subjoined compound. 


citril finch, s. A finch, Fringilla citrinella, found 
in Italy, where it is prized for its song. It must not 
be confounded with the Yellow Hammer, Emberiza 
citrinella, though both have a yellow breast. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, tail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, w<?lf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; tr?, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 








citrination 


303 


civil 


9 it-rln-a' tion, *9lt-rin-a-9ioun, s. [Low Lat. 

citrinatio .] A process by which anything takes the 
color of a lemon or orange, the state so induced, 
yellowness. Originally a term used in alchemy, but 
still used m medicine. 


glt -rus, s. [Lat. citrus; Gr. kitros.] 

Bot.: A genus of trees, the typical one of the order 
Aurantiaceee. The leaves, which theoretically are 
compound, are reduced to a single leaflet, jointed 
to a leaf-like petiole. The stamens are numerous, 
and irregularly grouped into several parcels; the 
fruit, a hesperidium, has a leathery rind formed 
of the epicarp and mesocarp, which can easily be 
separated from the pulp below. The endocarp 
sends prolongations inward, forming triangular 
a , divisions, in which pulpy cells are developed, so as 

Itesemblmg a citron or lemon; lemon- to surround the seeds which are attached to the 
colored, of a greenish-yellow color. inner angle. The appropriate seat of the genus is 


“ Our silver citrination, 

Our cementing and fermentation.’’ 

Chaucer: C. T., 16,284. 

9it'-rlne, *9tt -r?n, *9yt’-ryne, a . & s. [Fr. 
2 itrin; Lat. citrinus , from citrus == the citron-tree.] 


“His nose was heigh, his eyen were cytryne .” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,169. 

B. As substantive : 

1. Ord. Lang.: A greenish-yellow or lemon color. 

2. Min.: A yellow pellucid variety of quarts. 

“ A species of crystal of an extremely pure, clear, and 
fine texture, generally free from flaws and blemishes. It 
is ever found in a long and slender column, irregularly 
hexangular, and terminated by an hexangular pyramid. 
It is from one to four or five inches in length. This stone 
is very plentiful in the West Indies. Our jewelers have 
learned to call it citrine; and cut stones for rings out of 
it, which are mistaken for topazes.”— Hill: On Fossils. 

citrine-lake. s. A pigment prepared from the 
quercitron bark. It is a brown pink, which is 
durable and dries well. (Weale.) 

citrine ointment, s. 

Med.: A mercurial ointment, composed of four 
parts of mercury, twelve of nitric acid, fifteen of 
prepared lead, and thirty-two of olive-oil. 

9i-trl -nous, a. [From Mod. Lat. citrinus= citron- 
colored or yellow.] Lemon-colored, citreous. 

9it -ron, s. & a. [Fr. citron; Low Lat. citro, 
from Gr. kitron; Lat. citreum (malum)—a citron or 
lemon; citrus=the lemon-tree.] 

A. As substantive: 

Botany: 

1. The citron-tree (q. v.). 

2. The fruit of the citron-tree, resembling a lemon, 
but less acid in taste. It is a native of Asia. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to, derived from, or hav¬ 
ing the qualities of the citron. 

citron-shadow, s. A shadow cast by a citron- 
tree. 

“ The fragrant, glistening deeps, and clove 
The citron-shadows in the blue.” 

Tennyson: Recollections of the Arabian Nights. 

citron-tree, s. 

Botany: 

1. The tree, Citrus medica, which produces the 
citron. It has short and stiff branches, oblong 
toothed leaves, flowers purple externally, and fruit 
generally large, warted, and furrowed, having a 
protuberance at the apex, with a very thick spongy 
adherent rind and a subacid pulp. The Romans 
brought it from Media, where, however, it is not 
now, if it ever was, indigenous. It is at present cul¬ 
tivated in gardens in the warmer parts of both 
hemispheres. It furnishes oil of citron and oil of 
cedra. 

2. A genus of plants of which the lemons, citrons, 
and oranges are species. Order, Aurantiaceee. 
(Craig.) 

Fingered citron: A citron with a remote resem¬ 
blance to the human fingers. It constitutes the 
genus Sarcodactylis. 

citron-water, s. A water distilled from the 
rinds of citrons. 

9l-tr6-nel'-la, s. [Mod. Lat. dimin. of Eng., &c., 
citron (q. v.).] 

Bot.: A species of grass, Andropogon citratum. 
It yields an essential oil used in perfumery. It is 
cultivated in Ceylon. 

9 l-tron'-el- 161 , s. [From Mod. Lat. citronella 
(q. v.), and Class. Lat. oleum=oil .] 

Chem.: CioHigO, boiling point220°. Itis isomeric 
with camphor, and is the chief constituent of oil of 
citronella. Citronellol unites with bromine, form¬ 
ing a dibromide CioHjgBroO, which when heated 
splits up into water hydrobromic acid HBr and 
cymene ('ioHi-i- 

9l'-tron-worts, s. pi. [Eng. citron; -worts.] 
[Woet, suff.l . , _. ,, 

Bot.: The English name given by Lindley to the 
order Aurantiaceee. 

9lt’-rul, 9it'-rule, s. [Fr. citrouille-a pumpkin; 
Ital. citruilo , cetruilo= a cucumber; Low Lat. cit- 
reolus, from citreum=a citron.] 

Bot.: The water-melon or pumpkin, so named 
from its yellow color. 

9lt-rul'-lus, s. [A dimin. from Lat. citrus, so 
named from the color of the fruit when cut.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order 
Cucurbitaceee. Citrullus colocynthis furnishes the 
drug Colocynth (q. v.). 



Cittern. (17th 
Century.) 


believed to be the inferior ranges of hills in Nepaul 
and the sub-Himalayas, from which it may extend 
also into China. How many species are distinct is 
doubtful. There are various distinct forms in the 

g enus Citrus, whether species or varieties, viz., the 
itron, already mentioned, the Orange (Citrus 
Aurantium) , the Lemon (C. Limonum ), the Lime 
(C. Limetta), the Shaddock (C. decumana). Other 
varieties or sub-varieties are the Seville or Bitter 
Orange, sometimes called the 
Bigarade (C. Bigaradia) , the Ber¬ 
gamot (C. Bergamia ), the Man¬ 
darin Orange (C. nobilis), &c. 

[Beegamot, Citeon, Oeange.] 

9 it'-ryl, s. [Eng. citr(ic), and 
suff. -yl (Chem.) (q. v.).] 

Chem.: A name given to the 
triatomic radical (C 6 H 5 O 4 ) con¬ 
tained in citric acid. The symbol 
Ci'" is often used to express 
this radical, as in Citric acid, 

Ci'”(OH) 3 . 

9 lt'-tern, * 9 ith-ern, *git- 
tern, s■ [The n is excrescent, the 
word being derived from A. S. 
cytere; Ger. cither, zitter; Lat. 
cithara; Gr. kithara=a lyre or 
harp; Ital. chitarra, citara; Prov. 
cithara, cidra; Sp. citara, gui- 
tarra .] [Geitae.] A musical 
instrument, resembling a guitar, but strung with 
wire instead of gut. 

“ For grant the most barbers can play on the cittern.” 

B. Jonson: Vision of Delight. 

cittern-head, s. A blockhead; a dunce, so 
called from the cittern usually having a head gro¬ 
tesquely carved at the extremity of the neck and 
finger-board. 

*9i-tur, * 9 y-tyr, s. [Lat. citrus .] A citron. 

“ Cytyr tre. Citrus.”—-Prompt. Parv. 

“ Now plaunted I scions of citur tree.” 

Palladius, viii. 8. 

9 it'-y, * 9 ete, * 9 ite, * 9 itee,* 9 itie, * 9 itty, *syte, 
* 9 yte, s. & a. [O. Fr. cite; Fr. cit£= a town; Ital. 
citta; Sp. ciudad, from Lat. citatem, an abbrevi¬ 
ated form of civitatem, acc. of civitas= a city, 
a state, from civis= a citizen.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: A large town or collection of 
houses; a community. 

2. Spec.: In this country, any town incorporated 
and governed by a mayor and corporation. In 
England, a large town corporate, which is the see of 
a bishop and contains a cathedral church. 

3. The inhabitants of a town collectively. 

“ The whole city came out to meet Jesus.”— Matt. viii. 84. 
“What is the city but the people? 

Truly the people are the city ” 

Shakespeare. 

B. As adj.: Of or pertaining to a town or city. 

“ In thee no wanton ears, to win with words, 

Nor lurking toys, which city life affords.” 

Lodge: Pleasant History of Glaucus, &c. (1610.) 

H Obvious compounds: City-born, city-dame, city- 
gate, city-life, city-woman, dtc. 

city-article, s. In newspapers the editorial 
summary of and remarks on the financial and com¬ 
mercial events and transactions of each day. 

city-avens, s. A book-name for Geum urbanum, 
of which it is simply a translation. 

city-council, s. The legislative body of a city, 
usually consisting of the mayor, a board of aider- 
men and common councilmen. 

city-court, s. The municipal court of a city. 
A court presided over by a city magistrate ; a police 
court. 

City-editor, s. The editor of that part of a news¬ 
paper containing the city-articles. 

city-hall, s. A building in which the municipal 
offices of a city are usually located and in which 
the city-council meets, 
city-ward, s. 

1. A subdivision of a city set apart for purposes of 
forming a district of representation by an alderman 
or councilman; an election-district of a munici¬ 
pality. 


*2. A watchman of a city. 

“ Marry, sir, the city-ward, the park-ward, every way; 
old Windsor way, and every way but the town way.”— 
Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 1. 

City-ward, adv. In the direction of the city. 

9lv'-er-$f, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 

Arch.: A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceil¬ 
ing. (Knight.) 

9lve§, s. pi. [Fr. cive, from Lat. cepa, ccepa, 
ccepe=an onion.] [Chives.] 

9lv -et ( 1 ), s. [Fr. civette; Ital. zibetto= civet, or 
a civet-cat; Gr. zapetion, from Per. zabdd—civet; 
At. zubad and zabbdd—the froth of milk or water, 
civet.] 

1. Comm.: A resinous substance, of an odor like 
musk, obtained from several species of carnivorous 
animals of the genus Viverra, especially the civet, 
or civet-cat The substance is secreted in a pouch, 
near the anus of the animal. It is used for a per¬ 
fume. 

“ This substance approaches in smell to musk and 
ambergris; it has a pale yellow color, a somewhat acrid 
taste, a consistence like that of honey, and a very strong 
aromatic odor. It is the product of two small quadru¬ 
peds of the genus Viverra, of which one inhabits Asia, 
the other Africa. They are reared with tenderness, espe¬ 
cially in Abyssinia. The civet is contained in a sac situ¬ 
ated between the anus and the parts of generation in 
each sex. . . . According to M. Boutron-Chalard, it 
contains a volatile oil, to which it owes its smell; some 
free ammonia, resin, fat, extractiform matter, and mucus. 
It affords by calcination an ash, in which there is some 
carbonate and sulphate of potash, phosphate of lime, 
and oxide of iron.”— Ure: Diet, of Arts, Manufactures, and 
Mines. 

2. ZoOl.: The same as Civet-cat (q. v.). Viverra 
civetta, an animal of the family Viverridae, of which 
it is the type. It is found in North Africa. It 
climbs trees with facility. Its food consists of small 
mammals, reptiles, and birds, as well as roots and 
fruits. It is sometimes kept in the region which it 
inhabits for the sake of the perfume which it fur¬ 
nishes. There is an allied species, Viverra Basse, 
in Java. 

civet-cat, s. 

1 . Literally: 

ZoOl.: The animal that produces civet. 

*2. Fig.: A bescented dandy, a fop. 

“ So does Flatt’ry mine; 

And all your courtly Civet-cats can vent, 

Perfume to you, to me is Excrement.” 

Pope: Epilogue to the Satires, Dial. ii. 182-4. 

9lv'-et (2),s. [Etym. unknown.] In old cookery, 
a dish prepared with venison, chicken, &c. 

9l'-vet (3), s. [Fr. cive, civette .] [Chive.] A plant, 
Allium Schcenoprasum. 

9 iv -et, v. t. [Civet (1), s.] To scent with civet, 

9lv’-et-ed, pa. par. or a. [Civet, v .] 

“ Civeted fellows, smelt ere they are seen.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium, 830. 

9iv -ic, *clv -lck, 9lv'-Ic-3,l, a. [Fr. civique; 
Ital. civico; Lat. eu«cws=pertaining to a citizen; 
civis= a citizen.] Pertaining to a city, or to its 
inhabitants, government, or customs. 

“At civic revel, pomp, and game.” 

Tennyson: Death of Wellington. 

“ In the civic acceptation of the word I am a merchants 
. . .”— Theodore Hook: Gilbert Gurney, vol. iii., ch. ii. 

civic-crown, s. 

1. Bom. Ant.: A crown or garland of oak-leaves 
and acorns, given as a mark of public approbation 
to any soldier who had in battle 

saved the life of a comrade. It 
was considered more honor¬ 
able among the ancient Ro¬ 
mans than any other crown. 

“ Behind, Home’s genius waits 
with civic-crowns, 

And the great father of his 
country owns.” 

Pope- Temple of Fame, 242. : 

2. Arch.: A garland of oak- ^ 
leaves and acorns often used as 
an architectural ornament. 

( Gwilt.) 

9IV-II, *9lV-Ile, *clv'-m, a. 

S Fr. & Sp. civil; Ital. civile, 
rom Lat. cimlis=pertaining to 
a citizen.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1 . Of or pertaining to a city or state, or the mem¬ 
bers and inhabitants thereof collectively. 

“ God gave them laws of civil regimen, . . 
Hooker: Eccles. Polity, bk. iii., § 11. 

2. Pertaining to any individual member of a com¬ 
munity or city. 

“ . . . either out of your natural, or out of your civil 
power.”— Jeremy Taylor, 



Civic-crown. 


citizen; civis= 


b<Sil, b< 5 y; pout, 
-cian, -tian = shau. 


Jdwl; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph — f. 

-§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 


-tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 












civil-architecture 

3. Pertaining to persons or actions relating to 
private life, as distinguished from those connected 
with war. 

“ Fair shine his arms in history enroll’d ; 

Whilst humbler lyres his civil worth proclaim.” 

Shenstone. 

4. Pertaining to matters or persons connected 
with secular matters, as distinguished from eccle¬ 
siastical. 

‘‘Unto whom the chief government of all estates of 
this realm, whether they be ecclesiastical or civil, doth 
appertain.” —Articles of Religion, art. 37. 

*5. The same as Civic (q. v.). 

“With civile crownis.” 

Douglas- Virgil, bk. vi. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Having the manners or habits of a member of 
a civilized community; civilized, not rude. 

“ That wise and civil Homan . . .”— Milton: Areopag. 

2. Courteous, affable, obliging in manners or 
speech. 

3. Courteous, not coarse or rude (applied to 
speech or actions). 

*4. Sober, grave, serious. 

“ A civil habit 
Oft covers a good man.” 

Beaum. and Flet.: Beggars Bush, 

*5. Subdued, calm, quiet. 

“ Once I sat upon a promontory, 

And heard a mermaid on a dolphin’s back 
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath 
That the rude sea grew civil at her song.” 

Shakesp.: Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. L 
B. Technically: 

1. Mil.: Intestine; applied to a war waged be¬ 
tween citizens of the same country, and not with 
foreigners. [Civil War.] 

“ Prosper this realm, keep it from civil broils.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., i. 1. 

2. Polit.: Connected with, or pertaining to, the 
internal or domestic government of a state. [Civil 
List, Civil Service.] 

Law: 

(1) Pertaining to an action in a private suit, as 
distinguished from a criminal trial. 

(2) Not natural, but only so far as relates to the 
rights or privileges of any person as a citizen. 

“In case any estate be granted to a man for his life 
generally, it may determine by his civil death; as if he 
enter into a monastery, whereby he is dead in law." —Sir 
W. Blackstc le. 

(3) (See extract.) 

“ Civil law is defined to be that law which every particu¬ 
lar nation, commonwealth, or community, has established 
peculiarly for itself . . . now more properly distin¬ 
guished by the name of municipal law, the term civil law 
being chiefly applied to that which the old Homans 
used.”— Wharton. 

(1) Crabb thus distinguishes between civil and 
polite: “ These two epithets are employed to denote 
different modes of acting in social intercourse: 
polite expresses more than civil; it is possible to be 
civil without being polite; politeness supposes civil¬ 
ity and something in addition. Civility is confined 
to no rank, age, condition, or country ; all have an 
opportunity with equal propriety of being civil, but 
not so with politeness, that requires a certain degree 
of equality, at least the equality of education; it 
would be contradictory for masters and servants, 
rich and poor, learned and, unlearned, to be polite 
to each other. . . . Civility is rather a negative 
than a positive quality, implying simply the absence 
of rudeness. Politeness requires positive and pecul¬ 
iar properties of the head and heart, natural and 
acquired. . . . The term civil may be applied 
figuratively, but politeness is a characteristic of 
seal persons only." 

(2) He thus distinguishes between civil, obliging, 
4 nd complaisant: “ Civil is more general than 
obliging; one is always civil when one is obliging, 
but one is not always obliging when one is civil; 
complaisance is more than either, it refines upon 
both; it is a branch of politeness (v. Civil, polite). 
Civil, regards the manner as well as the. action, 
obliging respects the action, complaisant includes 
all the circumstances of the action ; to be civil is to 
please by any word or action; to be obliging is to 
perform some actual service ;to be complaisant is to 
do that service in the time and manner that is most 
suitable and agreeable; civility requires no effort; 
to be obliging always costs the agent some trouble; 
complaisance requires attention and observation ; a 
person is civil in fiis reply, obliging in lending assist- 
ance ; complaisant in his attentions to his friends. 
One is habitually civil; obliging from disposition; 
complaisant from education and disposition; it is 
necessary to be civil without being free, to be oblig¬ 
ing without being officious, to be comp la isant with¬ 
out being affected.” ( Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

civil-architecture, s. The branch of architect¬ 
ure which is employed in the construction of build¬ 
ings for the purposes of civil life, such as private 
houses, warehouses, churches. &c., in distinction 
from military and naval architecture. 


904 

IT For the different orders of architecture, see 
Order. See also Column, Corinthian. Doric, 
Ionic, &c. 

civil death, s. [Civil, B. 3 . (2).] 
civil-engineer, s. One who follows the art or 
science of civil-engineering. 

civil-engineering, s. The science or art of con¬ 
structing machinery for manufacturing purposes, 
constructions, and excavations, for general transit, 
as canals, docks, railroads, &c. It is so called in 
contradistinction to military engineering, which is 
confined to war. Other branches of engineering are 
mechanical engineering and sanitary engineering 
(q. v.). 

*civil gown, s. The dress of a citizen or civilian. 

civil law, s. The law of a state, city, or coun¬ 
try ; appropriately the Roman law comprised in the 
Institutes, Code, and Digest of Justinian, and the 
Novel Constitutions. ( Blaclcstone .) [Roman Law.] 
civil list, s. 

1. In the United States: 

*1. A list of the entire expenses of the civil gov¬ 
ernment. 

2. The revenue appropriated to support the civil 
government. 

3. The officers of the civil government who are 
paid from the public treasury. 

II. In England: The three meanings given above 
have become more limited in their extent till now 
they are confined to the list of expenses, the rev¬ 
enues and the dependents of the crown instead of 
the country. 

IT Originally it embraced the list of expenses of 
the crown, what now would be called the civil ser¬ 
vice, the army, the navy—everything. 

civil remedy, s. 

Law: That given to a person injured by action, as 
opposed to criminal prosecution. 

civil servant, s. A non-military servant of the 
government. 

civil service, s. 

1. That branch of the public service which includes 
the non-military servants of the government. 

2. The body of civil servants collectively. 

civil-service estimates, s. Include the National 
expenses for Public Works ; Salaries; Law ; Educa¬ 
tion, Science and Art; Consular Service, Pensions 
and miscellaneous items. 

civil-service examination, s. [See civil-service 
reform [infra) for definition and application of this 
term.] 

civil-service reform, s. The appointment of a 
vast number of public servants devolving entirely 
upon the President of the United States and being 
subject to no regulation other than his will, had 
become a source of danger to the continuance of 
Republican institutions in this country. To meet 
such a condition of affairs and to render the petty 
office holder independent of party affiliations for 
tenure of his office, the people of the country 
demanded a reform in the method of supplying the 
numerous petty positions to be filled by government 
appointees. .In accordance with this demand an 
arrangement was made whereby candidates for 
government positions are subject to competitive 
examinations, and the fittest, candidate (irrespect¬ 
ive of party affiliation) is supposed to receive the 
appointment to the position to be filled, and to 
remain in such position during good behavior. In 
theory at least this plan divorces politics from the 
civil service. 

civil State, s. The entire body of the laity or 
citizens, as distinct from the military, ecclesiastical, 
and maritime. [Craig.) 

civil suit, s. 

Law: A suit for a private claim or injury. 
*civil-suited, a. Modestly, not gaudily arrayed. 

“Thus, night, oft see me in thy pale career. 

Till civil-suited morn appear.” 

Milton: II Penseroso, 121. 

civil war, s. A war between citizens of the same 
country. 

H The passage of the Rubicon by Julius Caesar, 
which commenced the civil war between him and 
Pompey, took place in January, 49 B. C. The bat¬ 
tle of Pharsalia, which decided its issue, was on 
August 9, 48 B. C. The assassination of Julius 
Caesar, which led to the immediately succeeding 
civil war, was on March 15, 44 B. C., and the sea- 
fight of Actium, which finally decided its issue, on 
September 2, 31 B. C. 

In England, the first battle of St. Albans, the ear¬ 
liest in the wars of the Roses, was in A. D. 1455. That 
civil war may be supposed to have extended to the 
battle of Bosworth, August 22,1485, and the accession 
of Henry VII., in whom the Houses of Lancaster and 
York, the antagonists in the late strife, were united. 
The first battle in the civil war which produced the 


civilization 

Commonwealth and the Cromwellian Protectorate 
was that of Edgehill, October 23, 1642; that of 
Naseby, which decided the issue, was on June 14, 
1645, though the struggle cannot be said to have 
finally terminated earlier than the. accession of 
Charles II., who was proclaimed king on May 8, 

In this country, the capture of Fort Sumter, at 
Charleston, in South Carolina, by the Secessionists, 
the first military operation in the American civil 
war, was on April 13, 1861. The surrender of Gen¬ 
eral Lee to General Grant, on April 9,1865, and that 
of General Kirby Smith, commandant of Galveston, 
on June 5 of the same year, were its final scenes. 

civil year, s. The legal year, or annual account 
of time which a government appoints to be used in 
its own dominions, as distinguished from the solar 
year, measured by the revolution of certain of to-- 
heavenly bodies. ( Whewell.) 

Ci-vil'-i-an, s. & a. [Civil.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who is engaged in the put 
suits of civil life, as distinguished from one whosf 
profession is war. 

2. Law: 

(1) A student of the civil law at a university or 
college. 

“He changed his commoner’s gown for that of a civil¬ 
ian.” — Graves: Recollections of Shenstone. 

(2) A professor of Roman law and general equity. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to civil life, engaged in 
civil pursuits. 

“ A fourth of the men had been previously passed by 
army or civilian surgeons.”— London Times. 

§iv'-il-ist, s. [Eng. civil; -ist.] A civilian. ' 

“ If as a religionist he entered into society, it was for a 
reason different from that for which, as a civilist, he 
invented a commonwealth.”— Warburton : All. of Ch. and 
State (1st edit.), p. 34. 

5iv-il'-i-ty, * 9 iv-yl-i-te, s. [O. Fr. civilite; Sp. 
civilidad; Port, civilidade; Ital. civilita, from Lat. 
civilitas— the state or condition of a citizen ; civis— 
a citizen. 

*1. The position, rank, or condition of a citizen; 
citizenship. 

“I with moche summe gat this ciuylite.” — Wycliffei 
Deeds, xxii. 28. 

*2. A state of society in which the duties and 
privileges of citizens are duly recognized; civiliza¬ 
tion. 

“ Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism to 
civility, and fallen again to ruin.”— Davies: On Ireland. 

*3. A civil office; one pertaining to a civilized 
state. 

“ If there were nothing in marriage but mere civility, 
the magistrate might be meet to be employed in this ser¬ 
vice.”— Bp. Hall: Cases of Conscience, iv. 8. 

4. Politeness, courtesy, good breeding, and man¬ 
ners toward others. 

5. [PL): Acts of politeness and courtesy; the 
rules and practice of polite society. 

“Love taught him shame; and shame, with love at 
strife, 

Soon taught the sweet civilities of life.” 

Dry den: Cymon and Iphigenia, 133-4. 

IT For the difference between benefit, favor, kind¬ 
ness, and civility, see Benefit. 

tglv -i-li-za-ble, a. [Eng. civiliz[e); -able.] 
Capable of being civilized. [Chambers.) 

§Iv-Il-I-za’-tion, s. [Fr. civilisation.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act or process of civilizing. 

TT Not used in Johnson’s time in the sense in 
which we now employ it. The only meaning 
assigned to it in the edition of his dictionary 
published in 1773, the last which received his cor¬ 
rections, is the legal definition given below. [II.] 

“It had the most salutary consequences in assisting 
that general growth at refinement and the progression of 
civilization.” — T. Warton. 

2. The state of being civilized ; refinement. 

“ . . occupied with taming the wild earth, and per. 

forming the functions of pioneers of civilization . . .” 
—Sir G. C. Lewis: On the Influence of Authority in Matters 
of Opinion, ch. iii. 

IT Civilization consists in what may be broadly 
called culture in a nation; and a nation may be 
considered as civilized when a large proportion of 
those belonging to it have their intellectual and 
moral faculties and all their higher nature in large 
measure developed and becoming increasingly so 
with the advance of years. Before this can take 
place, a considerable amount of material prosper¬ 
ity must have been achieved, between which and 
the culture already described there are continual 
action and reaction. 

At present barbarism, semi-civilization, and civil¬ 
ization are seen contemporaneously existing in the 
world, and the question suggests itself, How has 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se. ce = e: ey = a. qu = kw. 



civilize 


905 


cladodei 


this phenomenon been produced? In solving it, 
inquiry needs to be made as to the original state of 
man. Individuals can move backward as well as 
forward in culture, and it is axiomatic that those 
aggregations of individuals called nations or races 
can do the same. The mass of men in this country 
believe Scripture to have decided that the present 
population of the earth has sprung from Noah’s 
family, and that he and his household were far 
removed from barbarism. The contrary view that 
the original state of man was a barbarous one, an 
opinion generally held by the old Romans, has of 
late been revived, and has been embraced bv many 
Darwinians and others. 

Regarding progression in material prosperity, 
certain stages tend to occur: ( 1 ) a barbarous one, 
in which one feeds on roots, fruits, and fishes, when 
these last can be caught without effort ; ( 2 ) the 
state of a hunter; (3) that of the shepherd, in which, 
jto; avoid the uncertainty of the result in hunting, 
wild animals are domesticated; (4) the agricultural 
state, and (5) that of manufactures and commerce. 
Regarding mental advance, M. Auguste Comte, in 
publications issued between 1830 and 1854, main¬ 
tained that nations necessarily passed through a 
theological, a metaphysical, and a positive or 
scientific stage. Littrd in France (1845), and Buckle 
in England (1857-1861), ably and earnestly supported 
the same view. 

*11. Law: A law, act of justice, or judgment, 
which renders a criminal process civil; which is 
performed by turning an information into an in¬ 
quest, or the contrary. (Harris.) 

II For the difference between civilization and 
cultivation , see Cultivation. 

9 iv'-il-Ize, v. t. & i. [Fr civiliser; Sp. & Port. 
civilizar; Ital. civilizzare , from Lat. ciuiiis=civil.] 

A. Transitive: 


I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . To reclaim a barbarous nation to a state of 
civilization; to instruct in the arts of civilized so¬ 
ciety, obedience to laws, and the duties of citizens. 
“ Ye blest that fato which did his arms dispose, 

Her land to civilize as to subdue.” Dryden. 


* 2 . To allow as lawful in a civilized community. 

“ Ignominious note of civilizing adultery.”— Mil tun: 
Doctrine of Divorce. 

3 . To make courteous or polite. 

All the arts of civilizing others render thee [Bentley] 
rude and intractable; courts have taught thee ill man¬ 
ners, and polite conversation has finished thee a pedant.” 
—Swift: Battle of the Books. 

* 11 . Law: To render a criminal process civil by 
turning an information into an inquest, or the con¬ 
trary. 

*B. Intrans.: To behave with decency or self- 
respect. 

‘•I civilize, lest that I seem obscene.”— Sylvester: The 
Laws, p. 1100. (Davies.) 

91V -il-ized, pa. par. or a. [Civilize.] 

“ Such sale of conscience and duty in open market is not 
reconcilable with the present state of civilized society.”— 
John Quincey. 

$iv -il-i-zer, s. [Eng., civiliz(e) ; -er\] 

1. One who civilizes or reclaims a barbarous 
nation to a state of civilization. 

“He was, moreover, • • . conceived under the light 
of a civilizer .”— Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. 
viii., § 4, vol. i., p. 2S6. 

2 . That which reclaims from savageness. 

9iv'-Il-I-zing, pr. par., a. & s. [Civilize.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of reclaiming from a bar¬ 
barous state, civilization. 

9iv'-il-ly, adv. [Eng. civil; -ly,'] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1 . In a manner relating to the government; rights 
or duties of citizens. 

2. Politically, legally. . ... ... 

* 3 . In a civilized manner; as a civilized being. 

4. In a courteous and polite manner, courteously 

polite. „ _ . 

“He . . . ask’d them, civilly, to stay. — Prior. 

* 5 . Quietly, soberly, not gaudily. 

“ The chambers were handsome and cheerful, and fur* 
nished civilly.”— Bacon: New Atalantis. 


II. Law: 

1. Politically; in the eye of the law, not naturally; 
as far as regards the rights and privileges of a 

CltU !?civilly defunct before naturally dead.”— Fuller. 

|2. By way of a civil action, not criminally. 

“That accusation, which is public, is either civilly com¬ 
menced for the private satisfaction of the party injured; 
or else criminally, that is, for some public punishment. 
—Ayliffe. _ 


*9lv'-I§m, s. [Fr. ctmsmet Lat. cims=a citizen.] 
A position or state of citizenship. 

“ Those who had refused certificates of civism.” — Dyer: 
Hist, of Modern Europe, vol. iv., bk. vii., ch. v, 

*9iz-ar, v t. [Cizars.] To clip or trim with 
cizars. 

9lz'-ar§, s. [Scissors.] 

“ An operation of art, produced by a pair of cizars .”— 
Swift: Tale of a Tub, <&c (ed. 1705), p. 293. 

9ize, s. [Size.] 

“ If no motion can alter bodies, that is, reduce them to 
some other cize or figure, then there is none of itself to 
give them the cize and figure which they have.”— Grew: 
Cosmologia. 

Cl, as initial letters, an abbreviation and a symbol. 
Chem.: The non-metallic haloid element chlorine. 


clab-ber, s. [Fr. clabar — mud, mire.] Milk 
which has turned so as to become curdled. It is 
called also Bonny-clabber. 

clach-an (ch guttural), s, [Gael.=a village or 
hamlet in which a parish church is situated, from 
clach, pi. clachan= a stone, so called because said 
to have been Druidical places of worship, composed 
of a circle of stones raised on end. ( Mahn .)] A 
small village or hamlet round a church. 

"The Clachan yil! had made me canty.” 

Burns: Death and Dr. Hornbook. 


clack, *clak, *clake, v. i. & t. [O. Fr. clacquer; 

Fr. claquer; O. Icel. klaka= to cry out, to make a 
noise; Dut. klakken = to clack, to crack ; Ger. 
krachen— to crash, to crack.] [Crack.] 

A. Intransitive: 


1. To make a sharp, sudden noise; to click or 
clink ; to rattle, to clatter 

" Thi bile is stif and scharp and hoked, 
Tharmid thee clackes oft and longe.” 

Owl and Nightingale, 8L 
“ It clack’d and cackled louder.” 

Tennyson: The Goose. 


2 . To snap with the fingers. 

*3. To discourse on, to clatter about. 


“ Of the secunde course now wylle I clake.” 

Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 54, 


B. Transitive: 


I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: To cause to emit a sudden sharp noise, to 
knock together, to clink. 

*2. Fig.: To chatter, to prattle, to utter thought¬ 
lessly. 

“ Unweighed custom makes them clack out anything.” 
—Felt ham: Resolves. 


*11. Commerce: (See extract.) 

“ To clack wool is to eut off the sheep’s mark, which 
makes it weigh lighter . . .”— Jacob: Law Diet. 

Clack, *Clakke, s., a. & adv. [Fr. claque =a clap; 
M. H. Ger. klac—a crack. Cf. Welsh clec— a crack, 
a gossip; cieca=to clack, to gossip; Dut. klak— a 
crack.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Anything which makes a sharp, sudden 
noise; the noise itself. 

*2. Figuratively: 

(1) The tongue. 

“You set each gossip’s clack a-going.”— Smart. 

( 2 ) Chatter, idle and incessant talk. 

“But still his tongue ran on. 

And with its everlasting clack. 

Set all men’s ears upon the rack.” 

Butler: Hudibraa. 


II. Machinery : 

1. The clapper of a mill. [Clapper.] 

“ Clappe or clakke of a mille. Tarantara batillus. 
Prompt. Parv. 


“ Tongue like a clacke.’—Sophister, 1639 

2. A ball-valve connected with the boiler of a 
ocomotive. [Ball-valve.] 

3 . A kind of small windmill set on the top of a 

>ole to turn and clap on a board for the purpose of 
rightening away birds.. , 

4. A device in grain-mills for ringing a bell when 
nore grain is required to feed the hopper. 
Knight.) 

B. As adj : (See the compounds ) 

Ac the minute. 


“ If that had fallen in clack.”—North: Examen , p. 635. 
(Davies.) 

clack-box, s. 


ff) a< A ball-valve chamber attached to the boilerof 
a locomotive to prevent the efflux of water in the 
feed-pipe. „ , . , 

(2) The chamber of a clack-valve (Knight.) 


♦clack-dish, s. A basin or dish with a movable 
lid, by moving which a clacking noise was made by 
beggars for the purpose of attracting attention. It 
was also called a clap-dish. 

“ Luxsio. Who ? not the duke ? yes, your beggar of fifty 
and his use was, to put a dneat in her clack-dish . . — 

Shakesp.: Meas. for Meas., iii. 2. 

clack-door, s. 

Mach.: The aperture through which the clack is 
fixed or removed. (Knight.) 
clack-goose, claick-goose, s. 

ZoOl.: [Barnacle-goose.] [Claik (2),s.] 
clack-mill, s. The same as Clack, s., II. 3 
clack-seats, s. pi. 

Mach.: Two recesses in each pump of a locomo¬ 
tive engine. They are designed for the clocks to fit 
into. ( Weale.) 
clack-valve, s. 

Mach.: A valve hinged to one edge, opened by the 
passing current, and clacking back on its seat by 
gravity. (Knight.) 
clack’-er, s. [Eng. clack; -er.] 

1. One who or that which clacks. 

2. The clack or clapper of a mill. 

3. A rattle to frighten away birds. 

*clack'-et, s. [Fr. claquet .] A clacker to frighten 

birds. ( Cotgrave .) 

clack-ing, pr. par., a & s. [Clack, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of making or causing a sharp, 
sudden noise, clack. 

*2. Fig.: Chattering, gossiping, idle and incessant 
talk. 

** Anything rather than to weary the world with hlr 
foolish clacking.” — Bp. Hall: Hon. of the Marr. Clergy, § 19. 

clad, *cladde, v. t. & pa. pan [Clothe.] 

*A. As verb of the form clad: To clothe. 

** Shall I clad me like a countr maid 1 ”— Greene 

James IV., iii. 3. 

B. As pa. par. or particip. adj.: Clothed, dressed, 
covered, invested. 

*clad’-der, s. [Etymol. unknown.] Some term 
of disparagement, the exact meaning of which is 
unknown. 

“ Two Inns of Court men.—Yes, what then?—Known 
cladders 

Through all the town.— Claddersf —Yes, catholic 
lovers, 

From country madams to your glover’s wife 

Or laundress. City Match. (Nares.) 

clad-cn-chy’-ma, s. [Gr. kladion—a twig, and 
enchyma— an infusion.] 

Bot.: Tissue composed of branching cells, as in 
some hairs. ( Ogilvie.) 

cla'-di -um, s. [From Gr. kladion, dimin. of 
klados= a twig, a branch.] 

Bot.: Twig-rusli, a genus of plants, order Cyper- 
aceee. The spikelets are one or two-flowered, the 
glumes 5-6, imbricated, the lower ones empty and 
smaller. 

cla'-dl-us, s. [Gr. kladion, dimin. of klados=a 
branch.] 

Entom.: A genus of Hymenopterous insects, fam¬ 
ily Tenthredinidse. They have nine-jointed anten¬ 
nas about as long as the body, and with one side of 
them pectinate in the males. 

clad-o-car'-pi, s. pi. [From Gr. klados = a 
branch, and karpos= fruit.] 

Bot.: A section of mosses in which the fruit 
grows from the extremity of short lateral branchlets, 
instead of being truly lateral. Examples, Sphag¬ 
num, Fissidens, &c. 

clad-o-car -pous, a. [Gr. klados= a twig, and 
fcarpos=fruit.] 

Bot.: Applied to certain cryptogamic plants, 
whose fruit is not truly lateral, but terminates in 
short lateral branchlets. (Ogilvie.) 

cla-do - 9 er-a, s. [From Gr. klados= a branch, 
and keras= a horn.] 

ZoOl.: An order of Crustacea, sub-class Entomos- 
traca, section Branchiopoda. There are two pairs 
of antennae, the larger pair of some considerable 
size, and branched (see etym.). These are used for 
swimming. The head is distinct. The body is 
inclosed within a bivalve carapace. Daphniapulex 
is an example of the order. [Daphnia.] None have 
been found fossil. 

cla-do -de-I, s. pi. [Gr. kladddes= having many 
branches: klados=a branch, and eidos=iovm, ap¬ 
pearance.] 

Bot.: A series of Lichens, Family Lichenaceae. It 
is divided into Baeomycei, Cladoniei, and Stereo- 
caules (q. v.). 


btfil, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 
-cia’n. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


gbin, bench; go, £em; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = L 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. del. 






cladodium 


906 


cla-do -di-um, s. [From Gr. kladodes= having 
many branches ; klados= a branch, andeidos=form, 
appearance.] 

Bot.: The name given by Yon Martius to a kind 
of branch resembling a leaf both in its form and its 
coloring. A familiar example is the Butcher’s- 
broom (Ruscus aculeatus), in which it is cladodia 
and not leaves from the median line of which rise 
the small flowers. [Butcher’s-broom.J 

cla-do'-dus, s. [From Gr. klados= a branch, and 
odous=tooth.] 

Palceont.: An obscure genus of fossil placoid 
fishes founded by Agassiz. Teeth belonging to it are 
found in the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks. 
They are shaped like a central cone, with smaller 
secondary ones. The structure is called Hybodont 
(q. v.). ( Nicholson.) 

cla-do dys-tro -phl-g,, s. [From Gr. klados= 
a branch ; dys, implying something bad ; and stro- 
phos= a turning.] 

Bot.: A morbid affection to which oaks and other 
trees are liable when old and imperfectly nourished. 
It causes the tops to wither earlier than the inferior 
branches. 

cla do'-ni-u, s. [Gr. kladbn , dimin. of klados= a 
branch.] 

Bot.: A genus of Lichenaceee, family Lecideidae. 
The thallus is foliaceous or crust-like, the first 
globose or button-shaped, produced at the extrem¬ 
ity of a cup-shaped process often scarlet in hue. 
Cladonia rangiferina is the Reindeer “ Moss,” 
which would more accurately have been called the 
Reindeer Lichen. [Reindeer.] C. pyxidata has 
been prescribed in whooping-cough. C. sanguined, 
a native of Brazil, is there rubbed down with sugar 
and water and prescribed in the aphthae of infants. 

cla-don-ic, a. [From Mod. Lat. cladonia, and 
Eng. suff. -ic.] 

cladonic acid, s. 

Chem.: CjsHisOt, an acid obtained from Cladonia 
rangifera. It melts at 175°, and yields by dry dis¬ 
tillation beta orcin. It is isomeric with usnic acid. 

cla-do-ni-e-I, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. kladonia 
(q. v.), and mas. pi. suff. -ei.\ 

Bot.: A tribe of Lichens, belonging to the series 
Cladodei. 

Cla-doph'-or-U, s. [From Gr. klados= a branch, 
and phoros— a bearing. Named from the branched 
habits of the attached filaments.] 

Bot.: A genus of Confervoid Algae. Cladophora 
glomerata and crispata, if really distinct, are two 
species making long skein-like green expanses of 
connected filaments frequently seen in fresh or 
brackish water, while C. rupestris, Icetevirens, &c., 
marine forms, are often seen in masses on the sea¬ 
shore. {Griff. & Henfrey.) 

clad-bp-to’-sis, s. [From Gr. klados=a branch, 
and ptosis=t ailing.] 

Bot.: A morbid affection of oaks, willows, and 
other trees, causing dead branches to snap off with 
a cup-shaped scar of very regular form. 

Cla-do-spbr-I-um, s. [From Gr. klados= a branch, 
and spom=seed.] 

Botany: A genus of fungals, order Hyphomyce- 
tes; sub-order, Dematiei. It contains molds with 
naked spores. C.herbarum is found here and abroad 
in fruit as olive-patches interspersed with green. It 
is found on decaying substances. The round black 
spots often seen on apple-trees, pear-trees, and 
hawthorns, are produced by C. dendriticum. C. 
depressum grows on living leaves of Angelica, C. 
brachormium on those of Fumitory, and there are 
other species. 

*claff, s. [Cleave.] Cleft, or part of a tree 
where the branches separate. 

“ There, in the claff 

O’ branchy oak, far frae the tread o’ man, 

The ring-dove has her nest, unsocial bird!” 

Thomson: Seasons, p. 43. 

claf-fie, a. & s. [Cleave.] 

1. As adj.: Disordered: as claffie hair , disheveled 
hair; perhaps as having one lock or tuft separated 
from another. 

2. As subst.: A slattern, a slut. 

clag, s. [A. S. clceg=clay.] [Clog.] 

*1. A clot or lump of dirt. 

2. An encumbrance on an estate. 

“ An’ handed down frae sire to son, 

But elag or claim, for ages past.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 544. 

3. A charge, a reproach. 

“ He was a man without a clag.’’ 

Ritson: S. Songs, i. 271. 

clag, v. t. & i. [Clog.] 

I. Transitive: 

1. To form into clots or lumps, to stick or adhere 
as dirt. 


*2. To load or clog with mud or dirt! 

“ The gown and hoiss in clay that claggit was, 

The hud heklyt, and maid him for to pass.” 

Wallace: vi. 452, MS. 

II. Intrans.: To stick or adhere. 

fclag -gy, a. [Eng. clag; -y.] Sticky, adhesive, 
forming into clots or lumps. 

claik (1), s. [Clock, v.\ 

1. Lit.: The noise made by a hen. 

2. Fig.: An idle or false report. 

“ And sure, if that’s nae sae, the country’s fu’ 

Wi’ lees, and claiks, about young Ket and you.” 

Morison: Poems, p. 187. 

claik (2), clack, *clak, s. [Etym. doubtful, per¬ 
haps the same as clack { 1), s.] A bird, the Bernicle- 
goose. 

“ Restis now to speik of the geis generit of the see namit 
clakis.” — Bellend: Descr. Alb., c. 14. 

claik-goose, s. [Bernicle-goose.] {Holland: 
Camden, ii. 48.) 

Claik'-rie, s. [Scotch claik= Eng. clack, and suff. 
-rie=-ry.\ Tattling, gossiping. 

claim, *clame, *clayme, *cleymen, v. i. & t. 

[O. Fr. clamer, claimer, cleimer— to call or cry out; 
Ital. clamare; Port, clamar, from Lat. clamo .] 

A. Intransitive: 

*1. To cry aloud. 

“ Upon the, lady, I clayme for helpe.”— Palsgrave. 

2. To demand as a right or as a due; to call for 
anything authoritatively; to assert a claim. 

“ We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one 
claims, came by his authority, . . .”— Locke. 

B. Transitive: 

*1. To call, to name. 

2. To demand as a right or as a due, to require 
authoritatively. 

“We clayme this our heritage.”— Langtoft, p. 185. 

“Claiming respect, yet waving state, 

That marks the daughters of the great.” 

Scott; Rokeby, v. 25. 

3. To seek for, not as a right or as a due, but as 
promised or assured. 

“I claim the promise of her heavenly picture.” 

Shakespeare. 

1[ Crabb thus distinguishes between to ask or ask 
for, to claim, and to demand. “ Ask, in the sense of 
beg, is confined to the expression of wishes upon the 
part of the asker without involving any obligation 
on the part of the person asked; all granted in this 
case is voluntary or complied with as a favor: but 
ask for, in the sense here taken, is involuntary, and 
springs from the forms and distinctions of society 
. . . To ask for denotes simply the expressed wish 
to have what is considered as due; to claim is to 
assert a right or to make it known ; to demand is to 
insist on having without the liberty of a refusal 
. . . Asking for supposes a right not question¬ 
able ; claim supposes a right hitherto unacknowl¬ 
edged; demand supposes either a disputed right 
[not always] or the absence of all right, and the 
simple determination to have.” {Crabb: Eng. 
By non.) 

claim, *clame, *cleyme, s. [O. Fr. claim; Low 
Lat. clameum, from Lat. cZamo=tocall or cry out.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. A cry, an appeal for help. 

“No man answered to my clame.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. x. 11. 

2. A demand for anything as one’s due or right. 

(1) Absolutely. 

“ Chalaunge or cleyme. Vendicacio.’/ — Prompt. Paw. 

(2) With the prep, to before the thing claimed. 

“. . . had as good a claim to royalty, as these.”— 
Locke. 

(3) With the prep, upon or on before the name of 
any person from whom anything is claimed. 

“ . . . submitting to a master who hath no immediate 
claim upon him, rather than to another who hath already 
revived several claims upon him.”— Swift. 

3. That which is claimed; as a miner’s claim. 

II. Law: The challenge of a title or right to any¬ 
thing in the possession of another. 

“A demand of anything that is in the possession of 
another, or at the least out of his own; as claim by char¬ 
ter, claim by descent.”— Cowel. 

Y To lay claim to (or for), to make claim to: To 
claim, to assert one’s claim or right to. 

If For the difference between claim and pretension 
see Pretension. 

For the difference between claim and right see 
Right. 

claim'-u-ble, a. [Eng. claim; -able.] Capable of 
being, or liable to be, claimed. 


clam 

claim -ant, s. & a. [O. Fr. clamant, pr. par. of 
clamer= to claim.] 

A. As subst.: One who claims or demands; one 
who asserts his right or title to anything in the pos¬ 
session of another. 

“Among those claimants three stood preeminent, . . .” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

Especially applied to a person who, asserting 
himself to be Sir Roger Tichborne, who was believed 
to have been lost at sea in 1854, claimed the English 
title and estates, of the annual value of from $150,000 
to $250,000, but who was nonsuited on 6 th March, 
1872, and on 28th February, 1874, after a trial lasting 
188 days, was sentenced for perjury to fourteen years’ 
imprisonment with hard labor. 

fB. As adj.: Claiming or demanding anything in 
the possession of another. 

claimed, pa. par. or a. [Claim, u.] 

tclaim’-er, s. [Eng. claim; -er.] One who 
claims or demands ; a claimant. 

“ . . . an agreement was made, and the value of the 

ground paid to the claimer.” — Sir W. Temple: Introduc¬ 
tion to the History of England, p. 296. 

claim’-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Claim, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. 06 particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. -4s subst.: The act of laying claim to, or de¬ 
manding anything. 

fclaim -less, a. [Eng. claim; -Zess.] Devoid of 
a claim or title to anything. 

*clair, *claire, a. [Clear.] 

claire-cole, clear-cole, t. [Fr. clair = clear; 
coZZe=glue, size.] 

1. Painting: A preparation of size, put over any 
absorbent surface to prevent the absorption of the 
paint. 

2. Gilding: A coat of size laid on to receive the 
gold-leaf. 

Clair, v. t. [Cl^jAr.] To beat, to maltreat. 

“Yell, knave, acknowledge thy offence, 

Or I grow crabbed, and so clair thee.” 

Polwart: Watson’s Coll., iii. 3. 

*clair-shacli, *clair-sho, *clair-shoe, *clare- 
schaw, *cler-schew, s. [Gael, clar.seach.] A kind 
of harp. 

“They delight much in music, but chiefly in harpes and 
clairshoes of their owne fashion. The strings of the 
clairshoes are made of brasse wire, and the strings of the 
harps, of sinews.”— Monipennie: Scot. Chron., pp. 5, 6. 

clair-voy-an§e , s. [Fr.] [Clairvoyant.] A 
faculty of power claimed to be possessed by some 
persons while under the influence of mesmerism. 
By it the clairvoyant claims to be able to see men¬ 
tally things concealed from sight, to see and describe 
things happening at a distance, and to discover 
things hidden from sight. 

clair-voy-ant {mas.), clair-vdy-ante (fern.), 
a. & s. [Fr. clair= clear; voyant= seeing ; pr. par. 
of voir= to see.] 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to clairvoyance; 
claiming to be possessed of second sight. 

B. As subst.: One who is possessed of, or claims to 
possess, the faculty of clairvoyance. 

“ * Well—stay—let me see,’ said Mr. Snell, like a docile 
clairvoyante, who would really not make a mistake if she 
could help it.”— Silas Marner, ch. viii. 

claise, claes, clase, s. [Clothes.] 

claith'-ing, pr. par. & s. [Clothing.] 

Clam (1), v. t. & i. [A. S. clcemian; Icel. kleima 
= to smear; O. H. Ger. kleimjan, chleimen— to de 
file.] 

A. Trans.: To smear, defile, or clog with any 
clammy substance. 

“He . . . made clay of the spittyng and clammyde 
cley on his eyen.”— Wycliffe: Select Works, ii. 93. 

B. Intrans.: To be sticky or clammy ; to stick, to 
adhere. 

“ A chilling sweat, a damp of jealousy, 

Hangs on my brows, and clams upon my limbs.” 

Dry den: Amphitryon. 

clam (2), v. i. &t. [Clem.] 

A. Intrans.: To starve, to be famished, to pine 
away. 

B. Trans.: To starve. 

clam (3), v. t. & i. [Fr. clamer; Lat. clamo = to 
cry out, to make a noise.] [Clamor.] 

A. Trans.: To cause a loud clang or crash. 

B. Intrans.; To give out a loud noise or crash. 

clam ( 4 ), Claum, v.i. [Glaum, v.] To grope or 
grasp ineffectually. 

“I had not—lain long in that posture, when I felt, as I 
thought, a hand claming over the bed-clothes . . .”— 
The Steam-boat, p. 301. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wqlf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try’, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a.. qu = kw". 



clam 


907 


♦clam, pret. of v. [Ciimb.] 

“Hit clam vche a clyffe cubites fyftene.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 405. 
♦clam, *claum, a. [Dan. klam; Ger. Mamm.] 

1. Lit.: Clammy, sticky. 

“ Clam or cleymous. Glutinosus, viscosus.” — Prompt. 
Parti. 

2. Fig.: Ensnaring, enslaving. 

“In vile and clam coveitise of men.”— Wucliffe. Select 
Works, iii. 29. 

Clam (1), s. [Dan. Mam; Ger. Mamin.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A sticky or glutinous lump. 
t2. Clamminess. 

“ The clam of death.”— Carlyle.- French Rev., pt. i., bk. 

oh. 5. 


II. BricMmaking: A kind of rough brick-kiln. 
Clam (2), s. & a. [An abbreviation of Eng. clamp 

a , the name being given from the tenacity with 
ich the animals cling to the rocks.] 

A As substantive: 


1. Carpentry: 

fl) A vise, a clamp. 

(2) A pair of pincers used by shipbuilders. 

2. Zo6l.: The popular name of a bivalvular edible 
mollusk, the species best known in this country 
being the long clam {Mya arenaria), the round 
clam ( Venus mercenaria), and the sea or hen clam 
(Spisula solidissima) . [Clam-shell.] 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to the shell described 
under the subjoined compound. 

Clam-bake, s. An out-of-door junketing at which 
the principal object aimed at by the participators 
is the enjoyment deiived from the baking and eat¬ 
ing of clams. Clam-bakes are held in aid of both 
social and political interests. 

clam-chowder, s. A popular American dish of 
food, variously prepared in different places, but 
uniformly having clams as the principal ingredient. 

clam-shell, s. The English name of the bivalve 
shells belonging to the molluscous genus Tridacna, 
and specially of the Tridacna gigas. The species 
just named sometimes measure two feet across, and 
a pair of valves which weigh upward of 500 lbs. are 
used as a receptacle for “ holy water ” in the church 
of St. Sulpice, Paris. The animal weighs twenty or 
more pounds, and is eatable. ( Woodivard, cfee.) 

Clam (3), s. [An abbreviation of clamor (q. v.).] 
Bell-ringing: A loud crash caused by ringing all 
the bells at once. 

*clam’-an§e, s. [Low Latin clamantia.] The 
urgency of any case; either— 

(1) As having a powerful plea of necessity; or 

(2) As being so aggravated as to clamor, call, or 
cry for vengeance, with tacit reference to Gon. iv. 

“Philip for he suld haf grantise 
Mad Richard a quite clamance.” 

Langtoft, p. 186. 

clam'-bnt, a. [Claimant.] Crying or begging 
earnestly, clamoring. 

“Instant o’er his shivering thought 
Comes winter unprovided, and a train 
Of clamant children dear.” 

Thomson; Autumn, ver. 349. 

clam-a'-tion, s. [Lat. clamatio, from clamo—to 
cry out.] The act of crying aloud, a cry. 

“Their iterated clamations.” — Sir T. Browne. 

Clam-a-tor-es, s. pi. [Lat. clamaiores, pi. of 
clamator= a bawler, a noisy declaimed] 

Ornith.: A name sometimes given to a sub-order 
of rasorial birds, called also Gallinacei (q. v.). 

♦clambe, pret. of v. [Climb.] 

“Scho clambe up to the walle one night:’ —Perceval, 

1,223. 

clam’-ber, *clam-er, *clameryn, *clam-mer, 

v. i. & t. [Icel. Mamba—to clamp, to pinch to¬ 
gether ; Ger. klammern=to clamp, to clasp; Dan. 
klamre=to grasp, to grip firmly. (Skeat.) J 
A. Intransitive: 


I. Literally: 

1. To climb up any steep or difficult place with 
hands and feet. 

2. To creep, to grow by clinging. 

“ 4.nd the creeping mosses and clambering weeds.” 

Tennyson; The Dying Swan, 3. 


*11. Fig.: To rise up precipitously. 

“As alle the clamberande clyffes hade clatered on 
hepes .”—Sir Oawaine, 1,721. 

B. Trans.: To climb or creep over with difficulty, 
or with one’s hands and feet. 

“ The kitchen malkin pins 
Her richest lockram ’bout her reechy neck, 
Clamb'ring the walls to eye him.” . 

Shakesp.: Comol., u. 1. 


fclam -ber, s. [Clamber, v.] The act of clam¬ 
bering or climbing. 

clam -bered, clam-bred, pa. par. or a. [Clam¬ 
ber, v.] 

“ Among the castel camelez clambred so thik.” 

Sir Gawaine, 801. 

clam'-ber-er, s. [Eng .clamber, -er.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who clambers or climbs. 

*2. Bot.: A book-name for a plant. 

(1) Sing.: The Traveler’s Joy, Clematis Vitalba. 
The same as Climber. (Parkinson.) 

(2) PI.: A name for Creepers in general. (Par¬ 
kinson. ) 


“Upright Clamberers, or Virgin’s bower, is also a kinde 
of Clematis.”— Gerard; Herball (ed. 1633), p. 888. 

clamb-i-das, s. pi [From Mod. Lat. clambus 
(q. v.), andfem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of Coleoptera, sub-order Pen- 
tamera. 


clamb'-us, s. [From Gr. Wambos=mutilated.] 
Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera, the typical one 
of the family Clambidee. (Sharpe.) 

♦clame, s. [O. Fr. claim , clam.] [Claim.] A cry. 


“ I knockt, but no man aunswred me by name; 

I cald, but no man answredto my clame.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IV. x. 11. 

♦clame, v. i. [Claim.] 

1. To cry out, to call, to name. 

“Nor all, that else through all the world is named 
To all the heathen gods, might like to this be clamed.” 

Spenser. F. Q., IV. x. 30. 

2. To claim. 


♦clamed, pa. par. or h. [Claimed.] 
clamehewit, claw-my-hewit, s. [Etym. doubt¬ 
ful. Jamieson suggests claw my hewit=clavf my 
head.] 

1. A stroke, a drubbing. 

2. A misfortune. 

♦clam'-ent, a. [Fr. clamant; Lat. clamans, pr. 
par. of clamo= to cry out.] 

1. Lit.: Crying aloud. 

2. Fig.: Aggravated, calling for vengeance. 

“ . .if we had done nothing amiss- at least noth¬ 
ing of that hateful nature, and horrid heinousness as 
indispensably—calls for a clear and continued testimony 
against the clament wickedness thereof.”— M’Ward: Con- 
tendings, is. 2. 

clam-jam'-phrie, clan-jam-frie, s. [Jamieson 
suggests clam-gentry , a term applied to the pil¬ 
grims who wore clam or scallop-shells in their 
caps.] 

1. A term used to denote low worthless people, or 
those who are viewed in this light. (Scotch.) 

2. Frequently used to denote the purse-proud 
vulgar, who affect airs of state to those whom they 
consider as now far below themselves in rank, 
viewing them as mere canaille; although not in¬ 
cluding the idea of moral turpitude. (Scotch.) In 
this sense it conveys nearly the same idea with Eng. 
trumpery, when contemptuously applied to persons. 

3. Clamjamfry is used in Teviotdale, Scotland, in 
the sense of trumpery. 

4. Nonsensical talk. ( West of Fife.) 

♦clammed, pa. par. [Clam (1), v.] 

The sprigs were all daubed with lime, and the birds 
clammed and taken.”— L’Estrange. 

fclam’-mi-ly. adv. [Eng. clammy; -ly.] In a 
clammy, sticky manner. 

clam'-mi-ness, s. [Eng. clammy; -ness.] . The 
quality or state of being clammy or sticky; viscos¬ 
ity, stickiness, tenacity. ( Moxon .) 
clam'-ming (1), a.&s. [Clam (1),s.] 

A. As adj. : Clammy, sticky, adhesive, clogging. 

B. As subst.: The act of sticking to, or of render¬ 
ing clammy or sticky. 

clam'-ming (2), s. [Clam (3), u.] 

Bell-ringing: The act of ringing a peal of bells all 
at once. 

“ Clamming is when each concord strikes together, 
which being done true, the eight will strike but as four 
bells, and make a melodious harmony.”— School of Recrea¬ 
tion, 1684. 

clam'-ming (3), a. [An abbreviation of clamping 
(?).] Designed for clamping (?). 

clamming-machine, s. A machine in which an 
engraved and hardened die or intaglio is madeto 
rotate in contact with a soft steel “mill ” so as to 
deliver upon the former a cameo impression. 

♦clam'-mish, a. [Eng. clam; -ish.] Rather 
clammy or sticky. 

♦clam'-mish-ness, s. [Eng. clammish; -ness.] 
The quality or state of being clammish; clammi¬ 
ness. 

Clam'-my, a. [A. S. cldm= clay, a plaster; -y.] 

1. Sticky, viscous, tenacious, adhesive. 

“ Bodies clammy and cleaving 1 , have an appetite, at once, 
to follow another body, and to hold to themselves.”— 
Bacon. 


bdil b<5y* pout, jowl; cat, $ell, cborus, §bin, bench; go, gem; tbin, this; 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zbun. -tious, -cious, 


clamorousness 

2. Said of the perspiration or of a vapor. Thick 
and heavy. 

“Cold sweat, in clammy drops his limbs o’erspread.”— 
Dryden. 

clam’-or, s. [O. Fr. clamur, clamor, from Lat, 
clamor=& crying out; clamo= to cry out.] 

I. Literally: 

1. An outcry.; aloud and continuous shouting or 
calling out. 

“ Revoke thy doom, 

Or while I can vent clamor from my throat. 

I’ll tell thee, thou do’st evil.” 

Shakesp.: Lear, LI. 

2. Any loud and continuous noise, a noise, an up¬ 
roar. 

“ Here the loud Arno’s boist’rous clamors cease.” 

Addison. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. A continued and loud expression of dissatisfac- 
tion or discontent; a popular outcry. 

“ The consequence was, as might have been expected, a 
violent clamor . . .”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

*2. A report, talk. 

“ Thus the coman clamor is.”— Gower, i. 21. 

H For the difference between clamor and noise , 
see Noise. 

clam -or, v. t. & i. [Clamor, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

fl. To utter loudly and earnestly. 

“ Clamored their piteous prayer incessantly, . . . 

‘Give us, O Lord, this day our daily bread!’ ” 
Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; The Poet’s Tale ( The 
Merry Birds of Killingworth). 

♦2. To address or salute with loud cries or noise. 
*3. To stun with any loud noise. 

“ Let them not come in multitudes, or in a tribunitious 
manner; for that is to clamor counsels, not to inform 
them.”— Bacon: Essays. 

II. Bell-ringing: To pull all the bells of a peal at 
once, so as to cause a general clang or crash. Also 
called firing. [Clam.] 

“ When bells are at the height, in order to cease them, 
the repetition of the strokes becomes much quicker than 
before; this is called clamoring them.”— Bp. Warburton. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To cry out loudly and earnestly, to beg, to pray 
for. 

“And being lost perhaps, and wand’ring wide. 

Might be supposed to clamor for a guide.” 

Cowper: Needless Alarm. 

2. To be noisy or clamorous. 

“The crowd which filled the court laughed and clam¬ 
ored.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 

II. Fig.: To seek or beg for importunately. 

“It was painful to hear member after member talking 
wild nonsense about his own losses, and clamoring for an 
estate, . . .”— Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

Clam'-or-er, s. [Eng. clamor; -er. ] One who 
clamors. ( Archbishop Hart.) 

clam'-or-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Clamor, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of calling or crying out; a 
clamor. 

clam'-or-ous, a. [Low Lat. clamorosus; O. Fr. 
clamoreux, from Lat. clamor= a calling out; clamo 
=to call or cry out.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Calling or crying out loudly; vociferating, noisy, 
“Untaught to fear or fly, he hears the sounds 

Of shouting hunters and of clamorous hounds.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xxi. 680. 

2. Causing or accompanied by a noise. 

“ He kissed her lips 

With such a clamorous ’smack, that at the parting 
All the church echoed.” 

Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. 

II. T-G,: Demanding or claiming anything earn¬ 
estly and noisily. 

“The law grown clamorous, though silent long, 
Arraigns him—charges him with every wrong.” 

Cowper: Truth, 261. 

*" For the difference between clamorous and loud, 
see Loud. 

clam'-or-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. clamorous; -ly.] 
In a clamorous or noisy manner; loudly, noisily. 

(Browne.) 

clam -or-ous-ness, s. [Eng. clamorous; -?iess.] 
The state or quality of being clamorous or noisy; 
loud talking or clamor. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. pb = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL. 






clamp 


908 


clanking 


Clamp (1), s. [Dut. Tclamp; Ger. klampe; Sw. 
klamp—a clamp, a cleat; Dut. klampa; Dan. klampe 
=to clamp, to fasten tightly; Icel. kU)rnbr= a vise; 
Dan. klemme; Sw. klamma ,* Ger. klemmen - - to 
pinch, to squeeze.] 

1. Carp.: A piece of wood joined to another as an 
addition of strength. 

2. Brick-making: A quantity of bricks laid up for 
burning, a space being left between each brick for 
the fire to ascend. 

“ To burn a clamp of brick of sixteen thousand, they 
allow seven ton of coals.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

3. Mining: A pile of ore laid for roasting. 

4. Joinery: 

(1) A frame with two tightening screws to hold 
two portions of an article temporarily together. 

(2) A back batten indented or attached crosswise 
to unite several boards and keep them from warp¬ 
ing. It is called also a key. 

5. Shipbuilding: The internal planking of a ship 
under the shelf on which the deck-beams rest. In 
ships of war, the clamp is the planking above the 
ports, while that below them is called the spirket- 
mg. 

6. Ordnance : One of the hinged plates over the 
trunnions of a gun, usually called cap-squares. 

7. Mach.: One of a pair of movable cheeks of lead 
or copper covering the jaws of a vise so as to enable 
it to grasp anything without bruising it. 

8. Saddlery : [Sewing-clamp, Stitching-clamp.] 
clamp-irons, s. pi. Irons fastened at the ends of 

fires to prevent the fuel from falling. 

clamp-kiln, s. A kiln built of sods for burning 
lime. 

clamp-nails, s. pi. Large-headed stout nails 
used to fasten the clamps in ships. 

clamp-screw, s. A joiner’s implement, on the 
bench or to be attached to the work, for holding 
work to a table, or two pieces together. 

clamp-shoes, s. pi. Heavy shoes worn by la¬ 
borers for rough work. ( Nuttall.) 

clamp (2), s. [Clump.] A heavy footstep or 

tread. 

“ Wi’ waefu’ tackets i’ the soals 
O’ broggs, whilk on my body tramp, 

And wound like death at ilka clamp?” 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 68-9. 

Clamp, v. t. [Clamp, s.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To unite, fasten, or join together by means of a 
clamp. 

2. To strengthen a piece of board by fixing a 
piece to the ends across the grain. 

3. To patch, to make or mend in a clumsy 
manner. 

*11. Fig.: Industriously to patch up accusations. 
If To clamp up: The same as Clamper, v. (q. v.) 
clamp -er, s. [Eng. clamp; -er.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A clamp. 

2. An iron instrument with points or prongs fixed 
to the boots to enable a person to walk on ice. It 
is sometimes called an ice-creeper. 

3. A piece, properly of some metallic substance, 
with which a vessel is mended; also, that which is 
thus patched up. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. Used as to arguments formerly answered. 

“ They bring to Christ’s grave, or such a meeting as this, 
a number of old clampers, pat [patched?] and clouted 
arguments, . . — Bruce: Lectures, dfcc., pp. 27-8. 

2. A patched up handle for crimination. 

“ No we he supposed he had done with his adversaryes 
for ever: but his adversaryes were restless, and so found 
out a newe clamper uppon this occasion.”— Mem. of Dr. 
Spottiswood, p. 61. 

*clamp-er, *clamp-ar, v. i. [Clamper, s.] 

1. Lit.: To patch, to make or mend in a clumsy 
manner; to put together clumsily. ( Ascham .) 
[Clamp Up.] 

2. Fig. : To patch up false accusations. 

“Sr. James Areskin allso perceavinge he prevayled 
nothinge by clamperinge with the bishopp of Clogher, he 
desyred to be reconciled to the bishopp.”— Mem. of Dr. 
Spottisicood, p. 71. 

*clamp'-er-ing, *clamp-ring, pr. par. & s. 
[Clamper, v.) 

A. As pr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As subst.: Recrimination, abuse. 

“. . . their own divisions, of which his clampring 
had been a principal nurs.”— Sidney: Arcadia, bk. v. 
clamp'-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Clamp, d.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb). 

C. As subst.: The act or process of fastening or 
uniting by means of a clamp. 


clam-po-nier, s. [Fr. clamponnier .] Along, 
loose-jointed horse. (Niittall.) 

clam§, s. [Clam.] 

1. A kind of pincers or forceps used to pull up 
weeds, <fcc. 

2. A sort of strong pincers used by shipwrights for 
drawing large nails. 

3. Pincers of iron used for castrating horses, 
bulls, &c. 

4. A kind of vise, generally made of wood, used by 
artificers of different classes for holding anything 
fast. 

5. The instrument, resembling a forceps, em¬ 
ployed in weighing gold. 

“ The brightest gold that e’er I saw 
Was grippit in the clams.” 

Shirrefs: Poems, p. 360. 

clan, *clach-in (ch guttural), *clahynnhe, s. 

[Gael, clann =offspring, descendants; Ir. eland, 
cZarm=children, a clan.] 

1. A tribe or number of families, bearing the 
same surname, claiming to be descended from the 
same ancestor, and united under a chieftain repre¬ 
senting that ancestor. The clan system is essen¬ 
tially the same as that existing among the Arabs, 
the Tartars, and tribes similarly situated. The 
clan system was said to have sprung up in Scotland 
about 1008, while Malcolm II. was reigning, but it 
may have been of greater antiquity. In the Act 20 
Geo. II. c. 43, passed in 1747, the legal authority of 
the chiefs over their followers was abolished as a 
punishment for the part which the former had 
taken in the insurrection which ended in 1745 at 
Culloden. While the clans flourished they were 
divided into two, the clans of the borders and those 
of the highlands. 

*2. Any number of persons united in a common 
cause. 

“ They around the flag 
Of each his faction, in their several clans, 

Swarm populous, unnumbered.” 

Milton: P. L., ii. 901. 

*3. A body or sect of persons, a clique (used in 
contempt). 

“ Each bumpkin of the clan, 

Instead of paying what he owes, 

Will cheat him if he can.” 

Cowper: The Yearly Distress. 

tclan, v. t. [Clan, s.] To join or band together 
for a common purpose. ( Marvel: Rehearsal Trans- 
prosed .) 

*clan'-cu-lar, a. [Lat. clancularius .] Clandes¬ 
tine, secret, obscure. 

“Let us withdraw all supplies from our lusts, and not 
by any secret reserved affection give them clancular aids 
to maintain their rebellion. ”— Decay of Piety. 

*clan -cu-lar-ly, adv. [Eng. clancular; -Zt/.]In 
a clandestine or secret manner. 

“Judgments should not be administered clancularly, 
in dark corners, . . .’’—Barrow: Serm., ii. xx. 

clan-des-tl'-na, s. [Lat., fem. of clandestinus— 
secret, hidden.] 

1. Bot.: A genus of plants, order Orobanchaceee. 

2. Chem.: A crystalline substance extracted by 
ether from the flowers of Clandestina rectiflora, a 
plant growing in the lower Pyrenees. It is insol¬ 
uble in water and dilute acids, but is soluble in 
alcohol and in ether. 

clan-des-tlne, a. [Fr. clandestin; Lat. clan- 
destinus= clandestine, secret; which Skeat sug¬ 
gests is for clam-dies-tinus=hidden from daylight: 
clam= secretly.] Secret, hidden, private, under¬ 
hand ; kept back from public view or knowledge for 
a bad purpose. 

Tf Crabb thus distinguishes between clandestine 
and secret: “ Clandestine expresses more than 
secret. To do a thing clandestinely is to elude ob¬ 
servation ; to do a thing secretly is to do it without 
the knowledge of any one: what is clandestine is 
unallowed, which is not necessarily the case with 
what is secret. With the clandestine must be a mix¬ 
ture of art; with secrecy, caution and management 
are requisite : a clandestine marriage is effected by 
a studied plan to escape notice ; a secret marriage 
is conducted by the forbearance of all communica¬ 
tion.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

clan-des-tine-ly, adv. [Eng. clandestine; -ly.~\ 
In a clandestine manner, secretly, privately, not 
openly. 

Clan-des-tlne-ness, s. [En g. clandestine;-ness. 
The quality of being clandestine ; secrecy, privacy, 
concealment. 

*clan-des-tin'-i-ty, s. [Lat. c!ande,s'fmws=clan¬ 
destine.] Clandestineness, secrecy, concealment. 

“ Clandestinity and disparity do not void a marriage, but 
only make the proof more difficult.”— Bp. Stillingfleet • 
Miscell. Speech in 1682, p. 87. 

Clang, v. t. &_i. [Lat. clango= to make a loud 
noise; Gr. klange=a clang or loud noise; klazo— to 
clash, to clang, to make a loud noise.] 


A. Trans.: To strike together so as to cause a 
clang or sharp ringing sound. 

“ The fierce Curetes . . . trod tumultuous 

Their mystic dance, and clanged their sounding arms.” 

Prior: First Hymn of Callimachus. 

B. Intrans.: To emit a sharp ringing sound, 
clang, s. [Clang, v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A sharp, clear ringing noise, as of 
two pieces of metal struck sharply together. 

“ The vale with loud applauses rang, 

The Ladies’ Rock sent back the clang.” 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, v. 24. 

2. Music: 

(1) Timbre, quality of tone. 

(2) The peculiar singing noise or din produced by 

the clash of metals or the blast of loud wind instru¬ 
ments. ( Stainer & Barrett.) , 

cl&iig,pret.ofv. [Cling.] 
clang'-ing, pr.par., a. &s. [Clang, n.] 

A. & B As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: A sharp ringing noise, a clang. 

“ And sitting muffled in dark leaves, you hear 

The windy clanging of the minster clock. - ’ 

Tennyson: The Gardener’s Daughter. 

clang'-or, s. [Fr. clangeur; Lat. clangor = a 
noise.] A sharp ringing sound, a clang. 

“ As the lengthened clangors die, 

Slowly opes the iron door !” 

Scott: Frederick and Alice. 

fclang -or, v. i. [Clangor,®.] To clang. 

“At Paris all steeples are clangoring.” — Carlyle: French 
Rev., pt. iii., bk. i., ch. 4. 

tclang’-or-ous, a. [Low Lat. clanqorosus, from 
clangor = a noise.] Causing a sharp ringing noise, 
clanging. 

“ The clangorous hammer is the tongue, 

This way, that way, beaten and swung.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, ii. 

fclang -or-ous-ly, adv. [Eng .clangorous; -ly.~j 
In a clangorous or clanging manner. 

*Clang'-Ous, a. [Fr. clangeux.'] Causing a clang, 
clangorous. 

“We do not observe the cranes, and birds of long necks, 
have any musical, but harsh and clangous throats.”— 
Brown. 

clang-R-la, s. [Adimin. subst. from Lat. clango 
=to clang, to resound.] 

Ornith.: A genus of natatorial birds, family Anat- 
idse. It contains the Golden-eyes. The most typical 
one of these, the Common Golden-eye, or Garrot, is 
called by Yarrell Fuligula clangula. C. albeola is 
the Spirit Duck of the fur regions of North America. 

Clank, s. [Dut. klank= a ringing sound.] 

1. A sharp ringing sound, as of two pieces of metal 
struck together. 

2. A sharp blow that causes a noise. 

“Some ramm’d their noddles wi’ a clank.'’ 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 280. 

3. A catch, a hasty hold taken of any object 
clank, v. t. & i. [Clang, u.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To strike together so as to cause a clank or 
sharp ringing noise. 

“ . . . officers and their staffs in full uniform, clank¬ 

ing their spurs . . .”— W. H. Russell: Crimean War, 
ch. vi. 

*2. To give a sharp stroke. 

“ He clanked Piercy ower the head 
A deep wound and a Bair.” 

Minstrelsy: Border, iii. 20, & p. 21. 
*3. To throw so as to cause a loud noise. 

“ Loosing a little Hebrew Bible from his belt and 
clanking it down on the board . . .”— Melvill: MS., 
p. 97. 

*4. Reflexively: To seat one’s self hastily, and 
rather noisily. 

“ Lat’s clank oursel’ ayont the fire.” 

Tarras: Poems, p. 130. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To give out a sharp or clanking noise; to sound 
with a clank. 

*2. To sit down in a hurried and noisy way. 

“And forthwith then they a’ down clank.” 

The Har’st Rig, st. 16. 

IT To clank down: 

(1) Trans.: To throw down with a shrill, sharp 
noise. (Scotch.) (Melwll.) 

(2) Intrans.: To sit down in a hurried and noisy 
way. 

clank’-lng, pr. par., a. & s. [Clank, «.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of causing a clank; a clank. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, cur. rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



clankless 


tclank -less, a. [Eng. clank; -less.] Without a 
uank; not causing a clanking noise. 

“ Lo, the spell now works around thee, 

And the clankless chain hath bound thee.** 

Byron: Manfred, i. 1. 

Clan, -nish, a. [Eng. clan; -ish.] United closely 
ogether as the members of a clan ; of or pertaining 
? a c , . n > according to the system or principles of 
xansnip. 

41 The internal organization of Mery is essentially clan- 
■ish.”—London Daily News, August 26, 1881. 

Clan-msh-lf, ado. [Eng. clannish; -ly. ] In a 
clannish manner; after the manner of a clan. 

clan'-nish-ness, s. [En g. clannish; -ness.] The 
Quail ty of being clannish, or united closely toge ther; 
a disposition to unite as members of a clan. 

clan'-shlp, s. [Eng. clan; -ship.'] The system or 
state of clans ; the state of being united together as 
a clan. ( Pennant .) 

clan§'-man, s. [Eng. clan, and man.] One of a 
clan or family. ( Edin. Rev.) 

clap (1), *clappe, *clappyn, v. t. & i. [Icel. 
klappa= to pat, to clap the hands ; Sw. klappa; 
Ger. & Dut. kla/ppen; Dan. klappe; 0. H. Ger. 
chlafon; M II. Ger. klaffen—to clap, to strike to¬ 
gether.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To strike, to hit. 

“ Who thrust him in the hollows of his arm, 

And clapt him on the hands and on the cheeks 
Like one that loved him.” Tennyson: Dora. 

2. To strike quickly and sharply together, so as to 
cause a sharp noise. 

“ And shining soars, and claps her wings above.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. ii., 1. 122. 

3. To strike the hands together. 

(1) In applause, expressive of admiration, pleas¬ 
ure, or approval. 

“ 0 clap your hands, all ye people . . .”— Psalm xlvii. L 

*(2) In contempt, derision, or disgust. 

‘‘All that pass by clap their hands at thee . . .”— 
Lam. ii. 15. 

*(3) In confirmation of a bargain. [Clap Up.] 

“ To clap hands and a bargain.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., v. 2. 

4. To push or shut with violence. 

*(1) Absolutely: 

“ The angry muse thus sings thee forth, 
AndcZaps the gate behind thee.” 

Cowper: On a Mischievous Bull 

(2) With the adverb to: 

“Hostess, clap to the doors.” 

Shakesp..- Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

5. To apply one thing to another hastily or vio- 
.ently, but without any noise necessarily resulting 
from the collision. 

“ If you leave some space empty for the air, then clap 
your hand upon the mouth of the vessel, . . .”— Ray: 
On the Creation. 

6. To place or put hastily or with force. 

“Francis, laughing, clapt his hand 
On Everard’s shoulder, with ‘ I hold by him.’ " 

Tennyson: The Epic. 

7. To place, to fix, to add. 

“ Razor-makers generally clap a small bar of Venice 
steel between two small bars of Flemish steel.”— Moxon: 
Mechanical Exercises. 

8. To press down. (Scotch.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To applaud. 

“ This hand hath made him proud with clapping him.” 

Shakesp.: Rich. II., v. 5. 

2. To add, to apply. 

“ By having their minds yet in their perfect freedom 
and indifferency, they pursue truth the better, having no 
bias yet clapped on to mislead them.”-— Locke. 

*3. To utter hastily. 

“All that thou herest thou shalt telle 
And clappe it out as doth a belle.” 

Gower: C. A., ii. 282. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

*1. To make a loud noise. 

“ I clappe, I make noyse, as the clapper of a my 11.”— 
Palsgrave. 

*2. To knock loudly. 

“This sompnourclapped at the widowes gate.* 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,163. 

3. To applaud by striking the hands together. 

*4. To hit. 

“A’ would have clapped i’ the clout at twelve score.”— 
8hakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., iii. 2. 


90S 


f5. To move quickly, to close with a noise or 
bang. 

“ Every door flew open 

T’ admit my entrance, and then clapt behind me, 

To bar my going back.” Dryden. 

6. To lie flat or close. 

“ A sheep was observed—to be affected with braxy. The 
wool was not clapped, but the eye was languid.”— Prize 
Essays, Highl. Soc. Scot., iii. 420. 

7. To couch, to lie down ; generally applied to a 
hare in regard to its form or seat, and conveying 
the idea of the purpose of concealment. 

8. To stop, to halt. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To chatter, to talk idly and incessantly. 

“Jangelyng is whan a man spekith to moche beforn 
folk and clappith as a mille.”— Chaucer: Parson’s Tale. 

2 . To move briskly or nimbly; to enter upon a 
thing with alacrity or briskness. 

“ Come, a song. 

Shall we clap into ‘t roundly, without saying we are 
hoarse.” Shakesp.: As You Like It, v. 3. 

II To clap hands: 

1. Lit.: [Clap (1), v., A. I. 3.] 

*2. Fig.: To applaud in any way. 

To clap the head: To commend; rather as imply¬ 
ing the idea of flattery. (Scotch.) 

To clap hold of: To seize hastily and violently. 

To clap on: To place on or add hastily. 

“ Clap on more sails.”— Shakesp.: Merry Wives, ii. 2. 

To clap to: 

1. Lit.: [Clap (1), v., A. I. 4.] 

*2. Fig.: To enter upon or approach anything 
with alacrity and briskness. [Clap (1), v., B. II. 2.] 

*To clap up : 

I. Transitive: 

1. To confirm a bargain; to complete a treaty or 
agreement hastily. 

“There is no way but to clap up a marriage in hugger- 
mugger.”— Ford: ’Tis Pity, iii. 1. 

2. To shut up or imprison hastily. 

II. Intrans.: To enter into an agreement or 
arrangement. (Ford.) 

clap (2), v. t. [Clap (2), s.] To infect with a 
venereal disease, as with gonorrhoea. 

clap-doctor, s. One who professes to cure 
venereal diseases ; a quack. 

“He was the first clap-doctor that I meet with in his¬ 
tory, and a greater man in his age than our celebrated 
Dr. Wall.”— Tatler, No. 260. 

clap (1), *clappe, *klap, s. [0. Icel. klapp; O. 
H. Ger. klaph; M. H. Ger. klapf; Sw. & Dan. Map.] 
[Clap, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A blow, a stroke. 

“ He fel down at that clap.” 

Hartshome: Metrical Tales, p. 322. 

][ Hence the phrases, at a clap, at one clap, in a 
clap= in an instant, at once. 

“Lear. What, fifty of my followers at a clap, 

Within a fortnight.” 

Shakesp.: King Lear, L 4. 

2. A sudden and loud noise, a crash, a bang. 

“Clappe or grete dynne; strepitus, clangor.” — Prompt. 

Parv. 

3. A crash or sudden explosion of thunder. 

4. Applause shown by the striking of the hands 
sharply together.. 

5. Anything which gives out a sharp noise. [B. 1.] 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. A sudden misfortune or calamity. 

“Many grete mishappes, many hard trauaile, 

Haf comen vs hard clappes, whan thei gan vs assaile.” 

Robert de Brunne, p. 175. 

*2. Any sudden act or motion. 

“Joyneus to mourn with wailful] plaints the deadly 
wound, 

Which fatall clap hath made.” 

Bryskett: Mourning Muse of Theatylis. 

3. Chatter, gossip, idle and incessant talk. 

“ Stynt thi clappe.” — Chaucer: C. T., 3,146. 

B. Technically: 

*1. Machinery: 

(1) The clapper of a mill. 

“Clappe or clakke of a mylle. Tarantara, batillus.” — 
Promp t. Parv. 

“ The heapet happens ebbing still, 

And still the clap plays clatter.” 

Burns: Address to the Unco Guid. 

*(2) A flat instrument of iron resembling a box 
with a tongue and handle used for making procla¬ 
mation through a town instead of a drum or hand¬ 
bell. 


clapper 

IT Clap and happer: The symbols of investiture in 
the property of a mill. , 

“His sasine is null, bearing only the symbol of the 
tradition of earth and stone, whereas a mill is distinctum 
tenementum, and requires delivery of the clap and 
happer.” — Fountainhall, i. 432. 

2. Falconry: The nether part of the beak of a 
hawk. 

3. Farriery: A disease in horses, affecting the 
sinews of the leg. 

clap-board, clapboard, s. 

1. A piece of board, of which one edge is thicker 
than the other, used for covering the outsides of 
houses. 

2. A stave for a cask. 

“Clapboard is a board cut in order to make casks or 
vessels; which shall contain three feet and two inches at 
least in length; and for every six ton of beer exported, 
the same cask, or as good, or two hundred of clapboards, 
is to be imported.”— Jacob: Law Diet. 

clapboard-gage, s. 

Carp.: A device used in putting on the weather¬ 
boarding of a house so as to leave a uniform width 
of face to the weather. The gage takes its set from 
the lower edge of the board last nailed on, and has 
a stop for the lower edge of the board next above. 

clap-board, clapboard, v. t. [Clap-boaed, s.] 
To line externally with clap-boards. 

clap-bread, *clapbread, *clapat-bread, s. 

Oatmeal cake clapped or beaten thin and hard. 

“ The great rack of clapbread hung overhead.”— Mrs 
Gaskell: Sylvia’s Lovers, ch. iv. (Davies.) 

clap-dish, s. 

1. Lit.: A wooden bowl or dish formerly carried 
by beggars in general, and originally by lepers; a 
clack-dish (q. v.). 

2. Fig.: A woman’s mouth. (Greene.) 

TT To clap a dish at the wrong door: To apply in 
the wrong quarter. 

“ He claps his dish at the wrong man’s door.” — Ray. 

Clap-net, clapnet, s. A kind of net for catching 
birds, constructed so as to clap or fold together 
quickly and closely. 

Clap-sill, s. 

Hydr. Engin.: The sill or bottom part of the 
frame on which lock-gates shut; a miter-sill; a 
lock-sill. 

clap-trap, s. & a. 

1. As substantive: 

*1. Lit.: A device used for applause or clapping 
in theaters. 

2. Fig.: Sham or deceitful language used to catch 
and please the ear, and gain applause ; humbug; a 
trap to catch clapping. 

“He indulged them with an endless succession of clap¬ 
traps.” — Brougham: Hist. Sketches. (Sheridan.) 

II. As adjective: 

1. Sham, false, deceptive, unreal. 

2. Courting popularity by the use of clap-trap. 

“ But then you are free from the temptation to attempt 
the unworthy arts of the clap-trap mob-orator.”— Reore* 
ations of a Country Parson, ch. i. 

clap (2), s. [O. Fr. clapoir .] A venereal disease: 
gonorrhoea. 

clap-er, s. [Clapper.] 

clapped, pret. ofv., pa. par. or a. [Clap.v.J 

clap-per (1), *claper (1), *clapyr, *cleper, •. 

[Eng. clap; -er.J 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

fl. One who claps or applauds by clapping, 

*2. A clap-dish or clack-dish. 

“ Coppe and claper he bare 
As he a mesel ware.”— Tristrem, iii. 80. 

*3. The knocker of a door. 

4. A clack or apparatus to frighten birds. 

“A clapper clapping in a garth. 

To scare the birds from fruit.” 

Tennyson: Princess, ii. 268. 

*11. Fig.: A woman’s tongue. 

B. Technically: 

1. Millwork: The clack which strikes the mill- 
hopper. 

“The tonges . . . thet byeth ase the cleper of the 
melle, thet he may him naght hyealde stille.”— Ayen. 
bite, p. 58. 

2. Hor.: The tongue of a bell. 

“ Clapyr of a bell. Batillus." — Prompt. Parv. 

“The belle . . . whiche hath no clapper for to chime.” 

Gower: C. A., ii. 13. 

3. Mach,: A clack-valve. 

4. Brick-making: A piece of board to pat bricks 
to correct any warping when partially dried in 
removing from the floor to the hack. 

*5. Eccles.: A wooden rattle used to summon to 
prayers on the three last days of Holy Week, at 
which time it was customary for the church bells 
to remain silent. 


b< 511 , bdy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, choru3, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f. 
-cian -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del- 




clarinet 


clapper-dudgeon 


910 


*clapper-dudgeon,s. A beggar. ( Brome.) 

*clap-per (2),*claper (2), s. [O. Fr. clapier= 
a heap of stones; Low Lat. claperius, claperium .] 
A rabbit warren. 

“Connies there were also playenge, 

That comyn out of her clapers.” 

Romaunt of the Rose, 1401. 

clap-per-claw, v. t. [Eng. clapper, a frequent, 
form from clap and claiv.] 

1. To scratch, to fight. 

“ He will clapper-claw thee tightly, bully.”— Shakesp., 
Merry Wives, ii. 3. 

“And scratch and clapper-claw and fight.”— Smart; 
Madam and the Magpie. 

2. To abuse, to scold, to revile. 

“ Now they are clapperclawing one another j I’ll go look 
on.”— Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, v. 4. 

clap -ping, *clap'-pyng, *clap'-pynge, pr. 
par.,a.&s. [Clap (1), u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of striking quickly and sharply, 
so as to produce a sharp sudden noise. 

“ Clappynge, or clynkynge of a belle. Tintillacio .”— 
Prompt. Pare. 

*2. Fig.: Chatter, jangling, empty and incessant 

talk. 

“People . . . ay ful of clappyng." 

Chaucer: C. T., 8,875. 

3. Clapping the prayer-books, or stamping the feet 
in the Roman Catholic Church on Good Friday, is 
designed to signify the abandonment of our Lord 
by Flis disciples. This is done when twelve of the 
thirteen candles are put out. The noise comes from 
within the choir. 

*clap -pit, a. [Clap (1), v. ] Flabby, 
♦clapschall, s. [ Apparently corrupted from 
Tcnapskall=a head-piece (q. v.).] A head-piece of a 
helmet. 

“Ane clapschall & bonat tharof.”— Aberd. Reg. (1538), 

1. 16. 

cla.pt, pa. par. or a. [Clap (1), v.] 

“ The corps is clapt in cloddes of clace.”— Kendall: Epi- 
gramines (1577). (Halliwell. ) 

Claque (que as k), s. [Fr. claque—a smack with 
the hand ... a body of persons hired to ap¬ 
plaud.] 

1. A body of hired applause-makers, openly em¬ 
ployed in France and sometimes secretly resorted 
to in England. M. Sauton, in 1820, established in 
Paris an office to insure the success of dramatic 
plays. He was the first to organize the Parisian 
Claque. The manager sends an order to his office 
sometimes for as many as 500 claqueurs. 

“ The claque is divided into several ranks; rieurs, pleu- 
reurs, chatouilleurs, bisseurs, and so forth. These officers 
distributed in several parts of the theater, laugh, weep, 
gossip with their neighbors, cry encore, &c., under the 
direction of a f ugle-man whose business it is to study the 
work produced, and after consultation with the author, 
the performers, and the stage-manager, to direct and reg¬ 
ulate the reception of certain portions of the entertain¬ 
ment.”— Stainer <£■ Barrett. 

2. The system of hired applauders. 

claque bois, s. A number of small wooden bars 
graduated in size so as to sound as a kind of liar- 
monicon when they are struck by a hammer. 
(Rossiter.) 

cla'-quer (quer as ker), s. [Fr. claqueur.\ A 
person hired to applaud. 

Clar-a-bel’-lci, s. [Ital.] An organ stop con¬ 
sisting of open wood pipes, invented by Bishop. It 
is of a soft and sweet quality of tone. ( Stainer di 
Barrett.) 

*clarche-pipe, s. Some kind of a musical instru¬ 
ment. 

“ Viols and Virginals were heir,— 

The Seistar and the Sumphion, 

With Clarclie Pipe and Clarion.” 

Watson: Coll., ii. 6. 

*clare, a. & adv. [Cleae.] 

“ May be reducit, and alterit Clare agane; 

Ane mysbeleue thou fosteris al in vane.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 341, 4. 

Clare constat, s. [Lat. clare= plainly, clearly, 
nd constat=it is ev'dent or established.] 

Scotch Law: A deed executed bv a subject supe¬ 
rior for the purpose of completing the title of his 
vassal’s heir tc the lands held by the deceased 
vassal. ( Ogilvie.) 

clare-obscure, s. [Chiaeoscueo.] 

“ As masters in the clare-obscure 
With various light your eyes allure, 

A flaming yellow here they spread, 

Draw off in blue, or charge in red-. 

Yet from these colors, oddly mix’d, 

Your sight upon the whole is fix’d.” Prior. 

clare-meth-en, clar-math-an, s. [Scotch, &c., 
s:Jare=clear, and meith=a mark.] According to the 
saw of claremethen, any person who claims stolen 


cattle or goods is required to appear at certain 
places particularly appointed for this purpose, and 
prove his right to the same. 

clar -enpe, s. [Probably from some Duke of 
Clarence, that title having been occasionally borne 
by members of the British Royal family from the 
fourteenth centi jy onward. Clarence is = Lat. 
Clarensis, adj. from the original Eng. title Earl of 
Clare.] 

Vehicles: A four-wheeled carriage with a single 
seat inside and a driver’s seat. 

clar-en-$efix, clar'-en-§I-efix ( x silent), s. 
[N amed after the Duke of Clarence, whose herald 
was appointed to this office by his brother, 
Henry V.] 

Her.: The title of the second king-at-arms, rank¬ 
ing next to Garter king-at-arms. His duties com¬ 
prise the arrangement and marshaling of the 
funerals of all baronets, knights, and esquires south 
of the river Trent. He was formerly called Surroy 
(southern king) as opposed to Norroy, the north¬ 
ern king-at-arms. 

“ All the fantastic pomp of heraldry was there, Claren- 
cieux and Norroy, Portcullis and Rouge Dragon, the 
trumpets, the banners, the grotesque coats embroidered 
with lions and lilies.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x. 

Clare, s. [For etym. see def.] 

Church History: 

1. Sing.: A nun belonging to the order of St. 
Clare [2]. 

2. PI.: A sisterhood founded by St. Clare and St. 
Francis d’Assissi in Italy about 1212. Pope Urban, 
in the same century, modified their original title, 
on which account they were sometimes called 
Urbanists. They wore sometimes called Poor 
Clares. Blanch, queen of Navarre, wife of the Earl 
of Lancaster, brought them to England about 1293. 
After this they acquired the additional name of 
Minoresses, as the house without Aldgate in which 
they were settled that of the Minories. 

clar'-et ; s. & a. [Fr. clairet, from clair; Lat. 
clarus= clear; Ital. claretto .] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A name originally given to wines of a 
light-red color, but now applied in'England to the 
red wines imported from France, chiefly from Bor¬ 
deaux. These wines vary in composition according 
to the locality, season, and age, but the produce of 
each vineyard usually retains its own peculiar 
characteristics. The most esteemed are those pro¬ 
duced at the vineyards of Lafitte, Latour, Chateau 
Margaux, and others. Many of the clarets formerly 
sold in this country were nothing more than the urn 
ordinaire used by the French peasants and working 
classes,_ but since the development of the California 
grape industry, as good domestic claret can be 
obtained in this country as anywhere. A genuine 
claret should contain from 16 to 20 per cent, of 
proof-spirit. Fictitious clarets were sometimes pre¬ 
pared by mixing a rough cider with a cheap French 
wine, and coloring with cochineal, logwood, elder¬ 
berry, hollyhock, indigo, litmus, red cabbage, beet¬ 
root, or ros-aniline. To detect these coloring matters 
a red wine has been artificially prepared. Make a 
jelly by dissolving five grammes of gelatine in 100 
cubic centimeters of warm water, and pour it into 
a square flat mold. From this cake of jelly cubes 
about three-quarters of an inch square are cut with 
a sharp wet knife, and are immersed in the wine; 
they are taken out after twenty-four to forty-eight 
hours, washed slightly, and sections cut in order to 
see how far the coloring matter has penetrated. If 
the wine is pure, the color will be confined to the 
edges of the slice, or will not have penetrated more 
than one-eighth of an inch. The coloring matters 
mentioned above permeate rapidly, and color the 
jelly. For other adulterations of wine, &c., see 
Blyth's Manual of Practical Chemistry. 

“. . . hangings on the walls, and claret in the cel¬ 
lars.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

2. Fig.: Blood. (Slang.) 

“ If you spill one drop of his claret .” 

Barham: Ingoldsby'Legends: Merchant of Venice. 

B. As adj.: Of the color of claret wine. 

claret-cup, s. A beverage composed of iced 

claret, brandy and slices of lemon, borage, &c. 

claret-jug, s. A fancy silver or glass decanter 
for holding claret. 

elar'-I-bel, s. [Lat. clarus— clear, and bellus= 
fine.] [Clababella.] A word occurring in the fol¬ 
lowing compound. 

Claribel-flute, s. An organ stop of similar con¬ 
struction to the clarabella, but generally of 4-ft. 
pitch. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

Clar -l-chord, s. [Fr. claricorde, from Lat. clarus 
=clear, and chorda=a chord.] A stringed instru¬ 
ment of mediaeval times, by some writers supposed 
to be identical with the clavichord, the precursor 
of the spinet, harpsichord and pianoforte. (Stainer 
<& Barrett.) 


*clar-I-fac-tion, s. [Lat. cZcmts=clear, an<3 
facio= to make.] The same as Clarification (q. v.). 

clar-l-fl-ca'-tion, s. [Fr. clarification; Lat. 
clarification a making clear or bright: clarus— 
clear, bright; facio= to make.] The act c r nrocess 
of making any liquor clear and bright by neding it 
from visible impurities by chemicalor other means. 
It differs from purification in that a liquid, though 
bright and clear to the sight, may still contain a 
large amount of impure and injurious substances. 
The clarifiers most frequently employed are albu¬ 
men, gelatine, acids, salts, blood, lime, plaster-of- 
Paris, alum, heat, or alcohol. 

“. . . to know the means of accelerating clarification, 
we must know the causes of clarification — Bacon . 

clar -l-fled, pa. par. or a. [Clabify.] 
clar-I-fl-er, s. [Eng. clarify; -er.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which clarifies 01 
makes bright and clear. 

2. Sugar Manufacture : A vessel in which the pro¬ 
cess of clarification is carried on in sugar-works, 
&c. [Claeifxcation.] 

“ The juice flows from the mill through a wooden gut¬ 
ter lined with lead, and being conducted into the sugar- 
house, is received in a set of large pans or caldrons called 
clarifiers. On estates which make, on an average, during 
crop time, from fifteen to twenty hogsheads of sugar a 
week, three clarifiers of from 300 to 400 gallons capacity 
each are sufficient. . . . Each clarifier is hung over a 
separate fire, the flue being furnished with a damper for 
checking the combustion or extinguishing it altogether.” 
— Ure: Diet, of Arts, Manufactures and Mines; Sugar. 

clar-I-fy, *clar-e-fye, *clar-i-fie, clar-y-fye, 
*clar-y-fy, v. t. & i. [O. F. clarifier; Sp. & Port. 
clarificar; Ital. chiarificare, from Lat. clarifico 
=to make clear or bright, to glorify, to ennoble: 
clarus= bright, clear, noble; facio (pass, fio)—to 
make.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To make a liquid clear and bright by freeing it 
from visible impurities; to defecate. 

“ . . . after the extract has been strained, boiled, and 
clarified, the treacle is separated from the sugar . . .” 
— Ure: Diet, of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. 

*2. To purify, free from ill vapors. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To make bright, to illumine, to free from dark* 
neks or obscurity. 

“ Of his mercye to clarefye the lihte 
Chace away our cloudy ignoraunce.” 

Lydgate: Minor Poems, p. 139. 

2. To glorify, to make glorious or renowned. 

“ Fadir, clarifie thiname.”— Wycliffe: St. John, xii. 23. 

3. To make clear or intelligible, to declare clearly, 
“ A word to you I wold claryfy.” — Towneley Myst., p. 67. 

4. To enlighten. 

“ It claryfyeth the herte, and charyte makys cowthe.”— 
Coventry Myst., p. 103. 

5. To adorn, to ornament, to deck out. 

“ To clarifien his hous.”— Wycliffe: Esdras, viii. 28. 

*B. Intransitive: 

1. To become bright or clear, as a liquid under 
clarification 

“Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, 
his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the 
discoursing with another, . . .”— Bacon: Essays. 

2. To clear up, to grow clear or bright. 

clar ’-I-fy-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Clabify, u.] 

A.&B. As pr. par. dt partic. adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or process of freeing from 
visible impurities; defecation; clarification. 

*clar'-I-gate, v. i. [Lat. clarigo, from clarus.] 
To proclaim war against an enemy with certain 
religious ceremonies. (Holland.) 

*clar-Ine, s. [Fr. clarine; Sp. clarin; Ital. 
chiarina, from Lat. clarus= clear.] A trumpet, a 
clarion. 

“ Clarine, trumpeth. Lituus sistrum.’’ — Prompt. Parv. 
clar'-l-net, clar-i-on-et', s. [Fr. clarinette; 
Ital. clarinetto, a dimin. of clarion (q. v.).] 

Music: A musical instrument akin to the clarion. 
It was modified from the ancient shawm, its first 
maker being John Christopher Denner, of Leipsic, 
who produced it after A. D. 1690. It has since been 
much improved. It consists essentially of a mouth- 



Clarinet. 


piece furnished with a single beating reed, a cylin¬ 
drical tube ending in a bell, and provided with 
eighteen openings in the side, half of which are 
closed by the fingers and half by the keys. (Stainer 
<& Barrett, also Grove.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, 
©r, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ss, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 




clarino 


911 


clasping 


clar-i'-no, s. [Ital.] 

1. A clarion. 

2. An organ-stop, consisting of reed pipes of four 
feet pitch. 

clar’-I-on, *clar-i-oun, *clar-y-oun, ♦clar¬ 
y-one, s.& a. [O. Ft. clarion, claron; Fr. clairon, 
from Low Lat. clario— a clarion, from clarus = 
clear.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Music: A kind of trumpet, the sound of which 
is very loud and clear, the tube being narrower than 
in the common trumpet. 

“Claryn wythe a claryone. Clango.” — Prompt. Parv. 

2. Her.: A bearing, so called from a supposed 
resemblance to the old-fashioned clarion. 

B. As adj.: In the manner of a clarion; loud, 
shrill, clear. 

“ Fame, with clarion blast and wings unfurled.” 

Scott: The Vision of Don Roderick, ver. 62. 

♦clar’-I-on-er, *clar’-l-on-ere, *clar-en-ere, s. 
[Eng. clarion; -er.] One who performs on a clarion; 
a trumpeter. 


clar’-f, s. [Fr. sclaree; Ital. schiarea; Port. 
esclarea; Low Lat. sclarea, sclaregia.] 

Bot.: The name given to certain menthaceous 
plants of the genus Salvia. Salvia Sclarea is the 
Common Clary. It is a native of Italy, Syria, 
Bithynia, &c., and is cultivated in gardens in this 
country. S. pratensis is the Meadow Clary, and S. 
Verbenaca, the Wild Clary, or Vervain Clary. 

“ Plants that have circled leaves do all abound with 
moisture. The weakest kind of curling is roughness, as 
in clary and burr.” — Bacon: Natural History 
clary-water, s. A cordial preparation com¬ 
pounded of brandy, sugar, clary-flowers, and cinna¬ 
mon, with a little ambergris. It is used in cases of 
weak digestion. 

Clash, v. i. & t. [An imitative word, a variant of 
clack (q. v.) {Skeat) ; Ger. klatschen, klitschen; 
Dut. kletsen; Dan. klatske, kladske ; Pol. klaskdc. j 
A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally : 

1. To make a loud noise by striking against some¬ 
thing. 

f2. To come into collision with another body. 


“Claryowre, or clarenere ( clarionere, K. H. P.). Liticen, 
bellicrepa.” — Prompt. Parv. 

clar-l-on-et’, s. [Clarinet.] 

*clar -I-on ynge, s. [As if part, from Eng. v. i. 
to clarion .] The act of blowing or sounding on a 
clarion; trumpeting. 

“In light and blodeshedynges, 

Ys used gladly clarionynyes.” 

Chaucer: Hous of Fame, iii. 152. 

♦clar-ls’-on ous, a. [Lat. clarisonus = clear, 
sounding: clarus= clear; sono— to sound.] Having 
a clear sound. {Ash.) 

clar -Ite, s. [From the proper name Clar{a ), and 
suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).J 

Min.: A dimorphous modification of enargite 
found in a bed of heavy spar in the Clara mine, near 
Schapback, in the Baden Black Forest. It is of a 
dark, lead-gray color. Hardness, 3'5. Specific grav¬ 
ity, 4’46. Its composition is 3CnoS.As2S5. ( Watts : 
Diet. Chem., 3d Supt., pt. i., p. 519.) 

♦clar’-I-tude, s. [Lat. claritudo, from clarus — 
dear, bright,.] A brightness or clearness. 

“ Amongst those claritudes which gild the skies.” 

Beaumont: Psyche, vii. 57. 

♦clar'-l-tjf, *clar-e-tee, *clar-i-te, *clar-te, 
♦cler-te, *cleer-te, s. [Fr. clarti; Lat. claritas, 
from clarus= clear, bright.] 

1. Brightness, clearness, or splendor, brilliancy. 

“A light by abundant clarity invisible, an understand¬ 
ing which itself can only comprehend.”— Sir Walter 
Raleigh. 

2. Clearness, plainness. 

3. Glory. 

“ Y wol that thei be there that y am that thei see my 
clarite which thou hast youun me.” — Wycliffe: Select 
Works, i. 405. 

Clark, v. t. [Clerk, s.] To work at as a clerk, to 
Write ; to hand over to a clerk to write down. 

“ Or strutted in a bank and clarkit 
My cash account.” 

Bums: The Vision. 

*clar-re, *clar-ry, s. Wine mixed with honey 
and spices. [Claret.] 

“ He takith a sop in fyn clarre.” —Romaunt of the Rose, 

8,717. 

clar-shech, s. [Clareschaw.] 


“ Those few that should happen to clash, might rebound 
after the collision.”— Bentley. 

f3. To make a loud clashing noise. 

“ Seize the loud, vociferous bells, and 
Clashing, clanging, to the pavement 
Hurl them from their windy tower!” 

Longfellow: Gold. Leg.; Prologue. 

4. To throw dirt. {Scotch.) 

If To clash up: To cause one object to stick to 
another by means of mortar or anything similar. 
It generally implies the idea of projection on the 
part of the object adhering. {Scotch.) {Jamieson.) 

II. Figuratively : 

1. To act in opposition or in a contrary direction; 
to interfere, to come into collision (generally fol¬ 
lowed by the prep. with). 

“The multiplicity of the laws hindered their execu¬ 
tion; rival courts clashed; . . .” — C. H. Pearson: The 
Early and Middle Ages of England, ch. xxxiii. 

2. To chatter, to gossip, to tell talas. {Scotch.) 

“ I will not stay to clash and quibble, 

About your nignayes, I’ll not nibble. 

Cleland: Poems, p. 98. 

H The prep, with is frequently added. 

“ But laigh my qualities I bring, 

To stand up clashing with a thing, 

A creeping thing, the like of thee.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 477. 

B. Trans.: To cause anything to give out a loud 
noise by striking it violently against another. 

“ High o’er the chief they clashed their arms in air. 
And, leaning from the clouds, expect the war.” 

Pope Homer; Iliad xi. 59. 

clash ( 1 ), s. [Clash, v.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A loud noise caused by the violent collision of 
two bodies. 

“The clash of arms and voice of men we hear.” 

Denham: Destruction of Troy, 289. 

2. A quantity of any soft or moist substance 
thrown at an object. 

“Poor old Mr. Kilfuddy—got such a clash of glar on 
the side of his face, that his eye was almost extin¬ 
guished.” —Annals of the Parish, p. 12. 

3. A dash, the act of throwing a soft or moist 
body. 

4. A blow. 


“And berries from the wood provide, 

And play my clarshech by thy side.” 

Campbell: O’Connor’s Child, viii. 

Clart, s. [From dart, v. (q. v.)] Tenacious, 
sticky dirt, mire ; anything that defiles. (Often in 
pi. clarts.) 

Clart, v. t. [Etym. doubtful. Mahn compares 
Arm. fcaZar=dirt; kalara= to dirt.] To daub or 
bespatter with mud, dirt, &c. 

“ Three essences clarted upon some fourth essence, or 
glewed together one to another.”— Annotations upon Bp. 
Rust’s Disc, of Truth (1683), p. 237. 


clar-ted, pa.pa?-, or a. [Clart, v.] 
clar'-ty, a. [Eng . clart; -y.) 

1. Muddy, as of a road or field, making one dirty. 

{Scotch and North of England.) ,. 

2. Dirty, daubed, or bespattered with dirt muddy, 

filthy. 

« Thay maun be buskit up lyk brydis; 

Thair heidis heisit with sickin saillis; 

With clarty silk about thair taillis.” 

Maitland: Poems, p. 185. 


clir'—? ♦clar—yH, V. i* [Lat. clarus clear, 
ght shrill ] To m’ake a clear, shrill noise. 

Claryn wythe a claryone. Clango.” — Prompt. Parv. 
The crane that goeth before—if aught be to be 
yded, gives warning thereof by clarying. —A. Gold- 
: Tr. of Solinus (1587), ch. xiv. 


II. Figuratively: 

1. Opposition or contradiction as between diverg¬ 
ing or opposite views or different interests. 

“In the very next line he reconciles the fathers and 
scripture, and shews there is no clash betwixt them.”— 
Atterbury. 

2. Idle stories, gossip, evil speaking. 

“There’s nae doubt o’ that, though there are many idle 
clashes about the way and manner.”— Scott: Guy Manner - 
ing, ch. xii. 

*3. A blow or punishment. 

Clash (2), claisch, s. [Gael. claisich= a furrow, 
a trench.] A cavity of considerable extent in the 
acclivity of a hill. 

clash’-er, s. [Eng. clash (1); -er.) 

1. Lit.: One who causes a clash or loud noise 

2. Fig.: A tale-bearer, a gossip, a tattler. 

clash'-lng, pr. par., a. & s. [Clash, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb.) 

“This experiment will enable you to figure to your 
mind a pair of clashing atoms.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science 
(3d ed.), iv. 81. 

C. As substantive: 

I Literally .* 

1." The act of striking anything with violence 
against another, so as to cause a loud noise. 


b6il, b<5y; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 

-cian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; 


$hin, bench; go, &em; thin, tbis; 
-tion, -gion = zbun. -tious, -cious, 


2. A loud noise caused by the striking of one body 
against another; a clash. 

♦II. Fig.: Contention, dispute, contradiction. 

“ Good Lord ! what fiery clashings we have had lately for 
a cap and a surplice!” — Howell: Lett. iv. 29. 

Clash'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. clashing, - ly .] In a 
manner such as to cause a clashing, 
clasp, *claspe, *clesp, s. & a. [Clasp, v .] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

I. A flattened catch or hook used for holding 
together the ends or parts of anything, as the 
covers of a book, the edges of a cloak, &c. 

“ . . . and, shutting the clasps with the utmost com 
posure, left us quite astonished . . .”—Goldsmith 

Vicar of Wakefield, ch. xv. 

*2. A grappling-iron, a grapnel. 

“Claspe orgrapelynge yron, to close shippes togyther. 
Harpa, Harpex.” — Hulcet. 

3. Spinning: A device consisting of two horizontal 
beams, the upper one pressed upon the lower, oi 
lifted for drawing out the thread of cotton or wool 

II. Fig.: A close embrace, a hug, a grasp. 

“ To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, L l 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

clasp-hook, s. 

1. A pair of hooks moving upon the same pivots, 
and forming mousings for each other. 

2. A pair of tongs the jaws of which overlap each 
other. 

clasp-knife, s. A large pocket-knife, the blade 
of which shuts into the hollow portion of the 
handle. 

Clasp-lock, s. A lock which fastens with a clasp 
or spring. 

Clasp-nail, s. A square-bodied sharp-wrought 
nail, the head of which has two pointed spurs 
intended to sink into the wood. 

clasp, *claspen, *clapsen, v. t. & i. [An ex¬ 
tension of clap, clip, or clup —to embrace.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To fasten or shut, as with a clasp or 
buckle. 

“ I claspe or grapyll fast togyther.”— Palsgrave. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To inclose, to embrace or grasp. 

“ They clasped his neck, they kissed his cheeks.” 

Longfellow: The Slave’s Dream. 

*2. To span, to inclose between the extended arms 
or hands. 

“ Occasion turaeth the handle of the bottle first to be 
received; and after the belly, which is hard to clasp.”— 

Bacon. 

+B. Intrans.: To cling. 

“ Direct 

The clasping ivy where to climb.'’ 

Milton: P. L., ix. 216. 

H Crabb thus distinguishes between to clasp, to 
hug, and to embrace: “All these terms are em¬ 
ployed to express the act of inclosing another in 
one’s arms: clasp marks the action when it is per¬ 
formed with the warmth of true affection; hug is a 
ludicrous sort of clasping, which is the consequence 
of ignorance or extravagant feeling; embrace is 
simply a mode of ordinary salutation. ... In 
the continental parts of Europe, embracing between 
males as well as females is universal on meeting 
after a long absence, or taking leave for a length of 
time.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 
clasped, pa. par. or a. [Clasp, v.] 
clasp’-er, s. [Eng. clasp; -er.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which clasps oi 
embraces anything. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: The tendril of a creeping plant, by which 
it clings to other things and Supports itself. 

“ The tendrils or claspers of plants.” — Ray. 

2. Ichthy.. <&c.: A long arm with which various 
kinds of fishes, &c., seize on and hold their prey, &c. 

“ The males of Plagiostomous fishes (sharks, rays) and 
of Chimseroid fishes are provided with claspers which 
serve to retain the female.” — Darwin: Descent of Man 
(1871), pt. ii., ch. xii., vol. ii., p. L 

clasp -ered, a. [Eng. clasper; -ed.] Furnished 
or provided with tendrils, 
clasp-Ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Clasp, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of fastening with a clasp; 
the act of embracing; an embrace. 

“ Your untimely claspings with your child.” 

Shakesp.: Pericles, i. L 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 




clasping-root 


91 ? 


classify 


ciasping-root, s. 

Bot.: A secondary root springing laterally from 
the stem or from the primary root. Example, Ivy. 

Clasps, s. pi. [Etym. doubtful.] An inflamma¬ 
tion of the_ termination of the sublingual gland, 
which furnishes the saliva; a disease of horses, 
generally occasioned by eating bearded forage. 

class, s. & a. [Fr. & Ital. classe; Sp. clase, from 
Eat. classis= a number of people, a fleet.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A number of persons ranked together as being 
distinguished by the same characteristics, or com¬ 
ing under the same natural conditions and circum¬ 
stances. 

“Segrais has distinguished the readers of poetry, 
according to their capacity of judging, into three 
classes.”—Dry den. 

2. A number of persons temporarily classed 
together for the purpose of instruction, or as the 
result of examination. [Glass-man.] 

3. A variety; a kind or description. 

“ She had lost one class of energies, and had not yet 
acquired another.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 

II. Technically: 

1. Roman Archceol.: Any one of six divisions of 
the people made by Tullius Servius, about B. C. 573. 

2. Eccles.: The same as Classis (q. v.). 

3. Math. Geom.: The class of a curve is the num¬ 
ber of tangents which can be drawn to it from any 
point. Thus, if five tangents can be drawn to the 
curve, it is said to be of the fifth class. 

4. Zobl. & Bot.: See Classification. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between class , order, 
rank, and degree: “ Class is more general than 
order ; degree is more specific than rank. Class and 
order are said of the persons who are distinguished; 
rank and degree of the distinction itself; men 
belong to a certain class or order: they hold a cer¬ 
tain rank, they are of a certain degree. Among the 
Romans all the citizens were distinctly divided 
into classes according to their property; but in the 
modern constitution of society classes are distin¬ 
guished from each other on general, moral, or civil 
grounds; there are reputable or disreputable 
classes; the laboring class, the class of merchants, 
mechanics, &c. Order has a more particular signif¬ 
ication ; it is founded upon some positive civil 
privilege or distinction; the general orders are 
divided into higher, lower, or middle. . . . 
[Though we say the lower orders or classes, yet the 
expression the upper classes and the middle classes 
is the common one, and the term orders is rarely 
used of them.] Rank distinguishes one individual 
from another; it is peculiarly applied to the 
nobility and the gentry, although every man in the 
community holds a certain rank in relation to those 
who are above or below him. Degree, like rank, is 
applicable to the individual; but only in particular 
cases; literary and scientific degrees are conferred 
upon superior merit in different departments of 
science. There are likewise degrees in the same 
rank, whence we speak of men of high and low 
degree .” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

class-fellow, s. One who is for the time a mem¬ 
ber of the same class or group united for purposes 
of instruction. 

class-man, s. A term in use at Oxford Univer¬ 
sity, England, for one who is placed by the 
examiners in an honor class, as opposed to pass¬ 
men, who are not classified at all. 

class-mate, s. A class-fellow. 

“He was always among the leaders of his class-mates." 
— Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1873, vol. xiii., p. 183. 

class, v. t. & i. [Class, s. In Fr. classer .] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To arrange in a class; to group according to 
different characteristics or natural distinctions. 

“X considered that, by the classing and methodizing 
such passages, I might instruct the reader.”— Arbuthnot: 
On Coins. 

2. To form into or place in a class, or number of 
persons temporarily associated for purposes of 
instruction. 

3. To assign a certain standing or position to, 
after examination. 

*B. Intrans.: To be grouped or arranged in a 
class; to fall naturally into a certain division or 
group. 

Crabb thus distinguishes between to class, to 
arrange, and to range: “ The general qualities and 
attributes of things are to be considered in classing; 
their fitness to stand by each other must be consid¬ 
ered in arranging; their capacity for forming a 
line is the only thing to be attended to in ranging. 
Classification serves the purposes of science; ar¬ 
rangement those of decoration and ornament; 
ranging those of general convenience: men are 


classed into different bodies according to some 
certain standard of property, power, education, 
occupation, &c.; furniture is arranged in a room 
according as it answers either in color, shade, con¬ 
venience of situation, &c.; men are ranged in order 
whenever they make a procession . . . When 
applied to spiritual objects, arrangement is the 
ordinary operation of the mind,. requiring only 
methodical habits: classification is a branch of 
philosophy which is not attainable by art'only; it 
requires a mind peculiarly methodical by nature, 
that is capable of distinguishing things by their 
generic and specific differences; not separating 
things that are alike; nor blending things that are 
different: books are classed in a catalogue according 
to their contents; they are arranged in a shop 
according to their size or price; they are ranged in 
a counter for convenience.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

classed, pa. par. or a. [Class, u.] 

fclass’-i-ble, a. [Eng. class; -able.] Capable 
of being classed or assigned to a certain group or 
division. {Eclect. Rev.) 

class-Ic, a. & s. [Fr. classique; Ital. classico; 
Lat. classicus= belonging to a classis or division of 
the Roman people, and especially to the first divis¬ 
ion. The Roman citizens were divided into several 
classes, a man of the highest of all being emphat¬ 
ically called classicus, that is, of the class pre-emi¬ 
nently so designated—the highest in the scale. 
{Trench: On the Study of Words, pp. 196-7.)] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. Literally: 

(1) Of or belonging to the first class or rank, 
standard; superior in authority or dignity. 

“Give, as thy last memorial to the age, 

One classic drama, and reform the stage.” 

Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

(2) Of or belonging to the ancient Greeks and 
Romans, specially of their authors and writers, but 
also of their localities. 

“Though throned midst Latium’s classic plains 
Th’ Eternal City’s towers and fanes.” 

Hemans: The Widow of Crescentius. 

2. Fig.: Pure, chaste, refined. • 

II. Eccles.: Of or pertaining to the order and 
rules of the Presbyterian Church. 

B. As substantive: 

1. {Generally used in the pi.) Greek and Latin 
literature or authors. 

2. A writer of modern times of acknowledged 
excellence and authority. 

“ His political tracts well deserve to be studied for their 
literary merit, and fully entitle him to a place among 
English classics.” — Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

3. One learned in the literature of Greece and 
Rome. 

classic orders, s.pl. 

Arch.: An epithet applied to the styles of archi¬ 
tecture introduced by the ancient Greeks and 
Romans. These are Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. 

class'-ic-gl, a - [Eng. classic; - al .] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Literally: 

1. Of or pertaining to a classis or division of a 
people or things ; classificatory. 

2. Of or pertaining to the literature of the ancient 
Greeks and Romans; classic. 

“A very slender provision of classical learning.”— 
Brougham: Hist. Sketohes. (Sheridan.) 

3. According to or founded on the classic authors; 
pure, refined. 

II. Figuratively: Of standard and acknowledged 
authority. 

“ From this standard the value of the Koman weights 
and coins are deduced; in the settling of which I have 
followed Mr. Greaves, who may be justly reckoned a class¬ 
ical author on this subject.”— Arbuthnot: On Coins. 

B. Eccles.: Of or pertaining to a classis. 

“ The Independents had no disposition to enforce the 
ordinances touching classical, provincial, and national 
synods.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii. 

class-Ic-gl-Ism, s. [Eng. classical; -ism.] A 
classical style, idiom, or expression; a classicism. 

fclass'-Ic-al-Ist, s. [En g. classical; -ist.] 

Art.: One devoted to classicalism; one who 
scrupulously adheres to the canons of classic art. 
{Ruskin.) 

class-i-cal'-l-ty, s. [En g. classical; -ity.] 

1. The quality of being classical; classicalness. 

2. Classical knowledge. 

“. . . appeared to have no other object for his pres¬ 
ent visit than thus to make a display of this scrap of 
classicality which he had just acquired . . .”— Foreign 
Quarterly Review, No. 1. 


class’-Ic-al-ljf, adv. [Eng. classical; - ly.] 

*1. According to classes, by way of classes. 

“ If they were not classically arranged.”— Ker. 
f2. In a classical manner; according to or in the 
manner of the classic authors. 

class'-I-cal-ness, s. [Eng. classical; -ness.] The 
quality of being classical. 
tclass'-i-§i§m, s. [En g. classic; -ism.] 

1. A classical idiom, expression, or style. 

2. An affectation of or preference for classical 
authors or idioms. 

“ Catholicism, classicism, sentimentalism, cannibalism, 
all isms that make up man in France, are rushing and 
roaring in that gulf.”— Carlyle: French Revolution , pt. 
iii., bk. v., ch. i. 

class-I-flst, s. [Eng. classic; -ist.] One skilled 
or learned in the classics. ( Hallam.) 

class’-i-fi-g,-ble, a. [Eng. classify; -able.] Capa¬ 
ble of being classed or arranged according to 
classes. 


“ These changes are classifiable as the original sensa¬ 
tions are.”— J. S. Mill: System of Logic, i. 295. 

class-if-Ic, a. [Lat. classis—& class, and facio 
(pass, fio) =to make.] 

1. Consisting of or constituting a class or division. 

2. Relating to classification. 

class lf-i-ca'-tion, s. [Formed on analogy from 

classify (q. v.).] 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of bringing into or ar¬ 
ranging in classes or orders. 

“In the classification of the citizens, the great legis¬ 
lators of antiquity made the greatest display of their 
powers.”— Burke. 


2. Nat. Science: Animals, plants and minerals 
are carefully classified by naturalists. Though the 
use of the term classification may seem to imply 
that these are placed in classes only, yet these are 
only one of the numerous designations of the several 
categories in which they are placed. Linnaeus 
arranged all natural objects in the earth under the 
head Imperium Naturae (the Empire of Nature). 
He divided it into Regnum animate (the Animal 
Kingdom), Regnum vegetabile (the Vegetable King¬ 
dom), and Regnum lapideum (the Stony or Mineral 
Kingdom). Each is next divided by him into 
Classes (Classes), Or dines (Orders), Genera and 
Species, what are now called varieties being occa¬ 
sionally discriminated. His categories, larger or 
smaller, were consequently seven: Empire, King¬ 
dom, Class, Order, Genus, Species, Variety. The 
expression Empire of Nature is now rarely used, 
though it is tacitly assumed. Subordinate to it is 
Kingdom, then Sub-kingdom, Class follows next, 
then in some cases Sub-class, then Order, occasion' 
ally Sub-order or Tribe, and, if necessary, Sub-tribe; 
then Family, Sub-family, Genus; if necessary, Sub¬ 
genus, then Species, and finally Variety or Sub¬ 
species, and if need be Races and Sub-varieties. 
Synonymous terms, such as group, section, sub¬ 
section, <fec., are sometimes used in lieu of some of 
those given above. In our terminology zoological 
families are generally made to end in idee, and 
sub-families in ince, and in botany alliances end in 
ales and orders as a rule in acece. Uniformity in 
such terminology is very desirable. The classifica¬ 
tion of animals has been brought more nearly to 
perfection than that of plants. 

IT For the difference between natural and arti¬ 
ficial systems of classification, see System. For 
particular systems, now obsolete, which have re¬ 
ceived names, see Binary and Quinary. As bear¬ 
ing on present views of the philosophy of classifi¬ 
cation, see also Darwinism, Species, &c. 

In classifying animals or plants, care must be 
taken to distinguish between analogy and affinity 
(see these words). It is only when there is affinity 
between two species, two genera, &c., that they 
should be put together. A linear classification is 
not conformable to nature. For the binomial 
method of naming objects of natural science, see 
N OMENCLATURE. 

class-Lfi-ca’-tor-y, a. [Formed by analogy 
from Eng. classification (q. v.).] Pertaining to 
classification. 


“ . . . but to inquire what is the value of the differ¬ 
ences between them under a classificatory point of view.” 
— Darwin: Descent of Man (1871), pt. i., ch. vii., vol. i„ 
p. 214. 

class-I-fied, pa. par. or a. [Classify.] 

class-I-fl-er, s. [Eng. classify; -er.\ One who 
classes, or arranges things in classes or divisions. 

“ If man had not been his own classifier, he would never 
have thought of founding a separate order for his own 
reception.”— Darwin: Descent of Man (1871), pt. i ch vi 
vol. i., p. 191. 

class’-I-fy, v. t. [Lat. classis= a class, and facio 
(pass, fio) i=to make.] 

1. To distribute in classes or divisions. 

2. To arrange according to a system. 


late, fat, fare, umidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
*»r, wore, wqlf, w5rk, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se. ce = e; ey = a. ’ qu = kw\ 




clava 


classifying 


913 


Class -i-fy-Ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Classify.^ 

A. & B. -4 s pr. par. dt particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or process of arranging in 
classes or according to a system ; classification. 

class -Ifig, pr. par., a. & s. [Class, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj. : (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of arranging in classes or 
divisions, classifying. 

“ It may be true that our conscious inferences involve 
acts of classing. But it does not, therefore, follow that our 
conscious acts of classing involve inferences.”— J. S. Mill: 
System of Logic, i. 174. 

class-Is (pi. clas -se§), s. [Lat.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: A class, order, or body. [Class.] 

“ He had declared his opinion of that classis of men, 
and did all he could to hinder their growth.”— Lord Clar¬ 
endon. 


2. Eccles.: A body or convocation having judicial 
authority in certain churches. 

“Give to your rough gown, wherever they meet it, 
whether in pulpit, classis, or provincial synod, the prece¬ 
dency and the pre-eminence of deceiving.”— Miltons 
Observations on the Articles of Peace between the Earl of 
Ormond amd the Irish. 

clas-tic, a. [Gr. fclosfos=broken.] 
clastic rocks, s. pi. Clastic or fragmental rocks 
are divided by Naumann into psephitic, psammitic 
and pelitic. They are composed of materials de¬ 
rived from the waste of various rocks. Sandstones 
and grits differ from breccias and conglomerates 
merely in the size of the fragments of which they 
are composed, and therefore should be included 
among the clastic rocks. ( Rutley: Study of Bocks.) 
clat$h, v. t (Scotch.) 

1. To daub with lime. 

2. To close with an adhesive substance. 

3. To finish any piece of workmanship in a care¬ 
less and hurried way, without regard to the rules of 
art. 

clat 9 h, s. [Clatch, u.] 

1. Anything thrown for the purpose of daubing; 
as “ a clatch of lime,” as much as is thrown from 
the trowel on a wall. (Scotch.) 

2. Any piece of mechanical work done in a care¬ 
less way. Thus an ill-built house is said to be “ a 
mere clatch." 

3. Mire raked together into heaps. 

4. A dirty woman ; a drab. 

clath-rar -1-$, s. [Lat. clathri (pl.) = a trellis or 
grating, especially to the cages of animals; Gr. 
klethra, pi. of klethron— a bolt or bar for closing a 
door: kleid—to shut, and Lat. fem. sing. suff. -aria.) 

Palceont.: Originally proposed by Brongniart for 
a group of plants from the coal measures, now in¬ 
cluded in Sigillaria, afterward applied by Mantell to 
some Cycadean stems which he found in the Weal- 
den beds of Tilgate Forest. From the alternating 
large and small scars on the stem they are believed 
to be allied to the genus Cycas. Nothing is known 
with certainty as to their foliage and fruit, though 
leaves and single nuts have been found in rocks of 
the same age which may belong to them. Eight 
species are known from beds of secondary age. 

clath'-rate, a. [Lat. clathri, clatra = bars, lat¬ 
tice ; Gr. klethra. ] 

Bot. t£r ZoOl.: Presenting the appearance of lat¬ 
tice-work. 

clath-ro- 5 ^S -tls, s. [Gr. klethra, pi.—lattice- 
work, and kystis=a bladder.] 

Bot.: A genus of Palmellaceous Algae. The plants 
occur in immense abundance in fresh-water ponds, 
which they make appear grass-green. 

clath-rfi-por s. [Gr. fclefftm=lattice-work; 
and poros- ... a passage, a pore.] , 

Palceont.: A polyzoOn from the Upper bilunan 
and Devonian rocks. 

clath-rop -ter-Is, s. [Gr. klethra pl.=lattice- 
work, and pteris— a fern.] 

Palceont . .* A genus of fossil ferns. Clathropteris 
meniscioides is found in Mesozoic rocks in Scania. 

clatt'-er, *clat-er, v. i.&t. [Dut. klateren- to 
rattle, to clatter; klater=& rattling, a clatter. A 
frequent form of clack (Skeat ).] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Lit.: To emit a rattling noise, as when two 
bodies are struck together; to rattle. 

“The arroes in the caas 

Of the goodesse elatren faste and rynge.” _ 

B Chaucer: C. T., 2,360. 


« An hundred dogs bayed deep and strong, 
Clattered an hundred steeds along.’ 

Scott: The Lady of the Lake, 


i. 3. 


A. Figuratively: 

1. To chatter, to talk idly and noisily, 

“That none of ye clatter ne calle.” —Towneley Myst., 
p. 216. 

“ Here is a great deal of good matter 
Dost for lack of telling ; 

Now, siker, I see thou do’st but clatter." 

Spenser. 

* *2. To blab, to let out a secret. 

“Councel owghtto be kept and not to b eolatrid.” 

“ Children ben ay clatringe as thou knowest.” 

MS. Digby, 41, f. 9. ( Halliwell .) 

B. Transitive: 

I. Lit.: To knock two bodies together so as to 
cause a loud rattling noise. 

“ When all the bees are gone to settle, 

You clatter still your brazen kettle.” Swift. 
*11. Figuratively: 

1. To dispute, to argue noisily. 

2. To blab, to let out secrets, 
clatter-banes, s.pl. Two pieces of bone or slate 

placed between the first and second, or second and 
third fingers, which are made to produce a sharp or 
clattering noise, similar to that produced by casta¬ 
nets. 

clatt -er, *clat'-er, s. [Clattek, v.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A loud and sharp rattling noise, arising from 
the striking together or collision of two bodies 
sharply. 

“ I can so cloyne and clatter." 

Bale: Nature, 1562. ( Halliwell .) 

2. Any loud or tumultuous noise. 

“There thou shouldst be ; 

By this great clatter, one of greatest note 
Seems bruited.” Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 7. 

II. Fig.: Chattering, loud and empty talk. 

“ As good that thou had 
Halden stille thy clater.” 

Towneley Myst., p. 190. 

clfitter-traps, s. pi. The jaws. 

*clatt -ered, pa. par. or a. [Clatter, v.] Struck 
so as to give out a loud rattling noise. 

clat-ter-er, *clat-ter-ar, s. [Eng. clatter; 
-er.] A chatterer, a noisy or empty talker. 

“Holye-water swyngers, and even-song clatterers, with 
other hypocrites.”— Bale: Yet a Course, &c., fol. 88, b. 

clat -ter-Ifig, pr.par., a. & s. [Clatter, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. 6b particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: A rattling noise, a clatter. 

“All that night was heard an unwonted clattering of 
weapons, and of men running to and fro.”— Knolles: His¬ 
tory. 

*2. Fig.: Chatter; empty, noisy talk. 

“All those airy speculations, which bettered not men’s 
manners, were only a noise and clattering of words.”— 
Decay of Christian Piety. 

clat-ter-Ing-ly, adv. [Eng. clattering; -ly.] 
In a clattering, noisy manner. 

clat -tern, s. [Clatter, v.] A tattler, a bab¬ 
bler. 

“ That clattern Madge, my titty, tells sic flaws. 
Whene’er our Meg her cankart humor gaws.” 

Ramsay: Poems, ii. 117. 

clat'-tl-lf, adv. [Scotch clatty; -ly.] Dirtily, 
filthily. 

clat -tl-ness, s. [Scotch clatty; -ness.] Dirty, 
filthiness. 

claucht, pret. of v. [Claw.] 

1. Snatched, laid hold of eagerly and suddenly. 

“ With speedy fute so swiftly rinnis sche, 

By past the hors renk, and furth can fle 
Before him in the feild wyth grete disdene, 

And claucht anone the coursere by the rene.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 390, 33. 

2. (Formed from the pret.) To lay hold of forcibly 
and suddenly. 

claucht, claught, s. [Claucht, v.] A catch or 
seizure of anything in a sudden and forcible way. 

“ My een grew blind, the lad I cou’d na see; 

But ane I kent na took a claught of me, 

And fuish me out, and laid me down to dreep.” 

Ross: Helenore, p. 42. 

clau -dent, a. [Lat. claudens, pr. par. of claudo 
=to shut.] Shutting up or in ; inclosing, drawing 
together. 

claudent muscles, s.pl. 

Anat.: Certain muscles which shut or draw 
together the eyelids. 

C12.U -det-Ite, s. [Named after F. Claudet.] 
Min.: A mineral consisting of arsenious acid 
found at the San Domingo mines in Portugal. It 
occurs in thin planes like selenite, and is of pearly 
luster. (Dana.) 


b<5il boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, shin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cia’n -tian = she,n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion. -§ion = zhun. -tious, -clous, 

’53 


clau -dl-c^nt, a. [Lat. claudicans, pr. par. of 
claudico=to limp; claudus=lame.] Halt, limping, 
lame. 

*clau-di-cate, v. i. [Lat. claudico= to limp, to 
halt; claudus = halt, lame.] To limp, to halt. 
(Bailey.) 

clau-dl-ca-tion, s. [Lat. claudicatio, from 
claudico=to halt, to limp.] The act or habit of 
halting or limping. (Steele.) 

claught, pret. ofv. [Claw, v.] Snatched at, laid 
hold of. 

“ The carline claught her by the rump, 

And left poor Maggie scarce a stump.” 

Burns: Tam O’Shanter. 

claught, s. [Claught, v.] A clutch or snatch; a 
catching hold of. 

clause, *clawse, s. [Fr. clause; O. Icel. klausa; 
Low Lat. clausa; Lat. clausula, from claudo=to 
shut, to inclose.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. In the same sense as II. 

2. A separate and distinct portion of any docu¬ 
ment, as of an Act of Congress, an agreement, &c.; a 
particular stipulation, article, or paragraph. 

“If that clause could be carried.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 
ch. x. 

*3 A conclusion, a finish, a close. 

*4. An inference or conclusion. 

“ Do not extort thy reasons from this clause." 

Shakesp..- Twelfth Night, iii. 1. 

II. Gram.: A complete sentence; a subdivision 
of a fuller sentence; so much of a sentence as con¬ 
tains a subject and predicate, and can be construed 
together. 

“ Constrewe ich clause with the culorum.” 

Richard Redeles, 1. 

clau -§Ike, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The foot-rot, a 
disease in sheep. (Nuttall.) 

clau-sll'-l-g,, s. [Dimin. of Lat. clausum—a. 
closed place. So named from the clausilium or 
movable shell plate by which the aperture of the 
shell is closed.] 

Z 06 I.: A genus of mollusks, family Helicidae 
(Land-snails). The shell, wnich is fusiform, is 
reversed, so as to be sinis- 
tral instead of dextral; 
the aperture is elliptical 
or pyriform. The animal 
has a short obtuse foot; 
the upper tentacles are 
short, the lower ones very Clausilia. 

small. Recent, 386 spe¬ 
cies, from Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America; 
fossil, 20 species, one of the latter, if indeed it be 
correctly identified, from the coal measures, the 
rest from the Eocene onward. (Woodward: Mol- 
lusca, ed. Tate.) 

Claus'-thal-Ite, s. [From Clausthal, in the 
Hartz Mountains, where it is found.] 

Min.: An isometric mineral of lead-gray or bluish 
color and metallic luster, and with cubical cleav¬ 
age. Composition: Selenium, 27’59-31’42; lead63’9'2- 
71’81; cobalt 0-3T4; iron, 0-0'45. Found in Ger¬ 
many, Spain, &c. (Dana.) 

claus'-trjil, *claus -ter-g.l, a. [Fr. ciaustral; 
Low Lat. claustralis, from Lat. claustrum=a clois¬ 
ter, claudo— to shut up, to inclose.] 

1. Of or pertaining to a cloister or religious house. 

“ Ciaustral priors are such as preside over monasteries, 

next to the abbot or chief governor in such religious 
houses.”— Ayliffe. 

2. Living in a cloister or religious house. 

“This might better be verified of clausteral monks and 
nuns.”— Fulke: Apology (1586), p. 19. 

clau§’-u-l?tr, a. [Lat. clausula= a clause; claudo 
=to shut.] Containing or consisting of clauses. 
(Smart.) 

*clau§ -ule, *clau§’-ul, s. [Lat. clausula, from 
clausus, pa. par. of claudo— to shut, to inclose.] A 
clause or short sentence. 

“ . . . the myddil clausul, closed betwixe these now 
reperied clausules, was seid to Peter and of Petres per- 
soon.”— Bp. Pecock: Repressor, ch. iv. 

clau§ -lire, s. [Lat. clausura, from claudo= to 
shut up.] [Closure.] 

1. The act of shutting up or confining. 

“In some monasteries the severity of the clausure is 
hard to be borne.”— Geddes. 

2. The state of being shut up or confined; co nfin e, 
ment. 

3. An inclosure. 

4. A case or vessel used for holding relics, &c.; a 
shrine. 

cla -vgi, s. [Lat.= (l) a knotty branch or stick, a 
cudgel, (2) a graft, a scion.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Hydroid Polypes, the typical 
one of the family Clavidse (q. v.) 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious — slius. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, del. 






clavagella 


914 


claw-wrench 


[From Lat. clava— a club; 
eecorm eleni£rit doubtful.! 

Zodl.: A genus of Mollusks, family Gastrochrenid®. 
file shell is oblong,, the two valves flat, the left one 
cemented to the side of the long tubular burrow in 
which the animal is found. Six recent species are 
known, from the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and 
the Australian seas, and fourteen fossil, the latter 
from the Upper Greensand onward. 

Cla-var -l-a, s. [From Lat. clava= ... a 
club, in allusion to the form of the plant, and fem. 
adj. suff. -aria. ] 

Bot.: A genus of Hymenomycetous Fungi. Cla- 
varia coralloides contains a sweet sugary matter 
believed to be mannite. 

cl^-var’-i-el, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. clavaria 
(q. v.), and masc. pi. adj. suff. -iei.] 

Bot.: A division of Hymenomycetous Fungi, grow¬ 
ing vertically, having a superior hymenium which 
extends to the very apex, and is distributed equally 
on all sides. They grow on the ground among 
leaves, or on rotten wood or herbaceous stems. 
(Berkeley.) 

clav ate, cla-va -ted, a. [Lat. clavatus = 
. . . furnished with points or prickles, but by 
naturalists used to mean club-shaped.] 

1. Knobbed; set with knobs. 

“ These appear plainly to have been clavated spikes of 
some kind of echinus ovarius.”— Woodward: On Fossils. 

2. Club-shaped; linear at the base, but growing 
gradually thicker toward the end. (Owen.) 

“ In Thalictrum the filament ... is thickest at the 
upper end, or clavate.” — Lindley: Introd. to Bot., bk. i., 
ch. ii., sect. 4, § 8. 

“ Various names have been given to the diflerent forms 
of hairs ; they are clavate or club-shaped, gradually ex¬ 
panding from the base to their apex. . . .’’—Balfour: 
Botany, § 68. 

cla-vatel-la, s. [Lat. fem. dimin. of clavatus.] 
[Clavate.] 

Zodl.: A family of Hydroid Polypes the typical 
one of the family Clava tellid® (q. v.). 

cla-va-tel-ll-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. clava- 
tella (q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of Hydroid Polypes. [Clava- 
tella.] 

cla-va-tl, s. pi. [Lat. clavati, masc. pi. of cla¬ 
vatus .] [Clavate.] 

Bot.: A family of Hymenomycetous Fungi, having 
the receptacles generally club-shaped. 

♦clave (1 ),pret. ofv. [Cleave (1), v.] 
clave (2 ),pret. ofv. [Cleave (2), v.] 
clave, s. [Cleave (1), u.] The handle or that 
part of a pair of scales by which they are held up 
during the process of weighing anything. 

clav -e- 9 ln, s. [Fr.; Ital. clavicembalo, from 
Lat. clavis= a key, and cymbalum—a cymbal.] 
Music: 

1. A harpsichord. 

2. The keys by means of which the carilloneur 
plays upon the bells. 

clav -e-§In.-Ist, s. [Eng. clavecin; -ist .] A per¬ 
former or player on the clavecin. (Browning: Ring 
and Book, pt. i., 1. 1,209.) 
clavel, s. [Clew.] 

cla-vel-I-na, clav-el-li'-na, s. [From Lat. 
clavulus= a small nail . . . a small swelling ; or 
from clavula=a scion, a graft.] 

Zodl.: A genus of tunicated mollusks, the typical 
one of the family Clavelinid®. 

cla-ve-11-nl-dae, clav-el-ll'-nl-dse, s. pi. 
[From Mod. Lat. clavellina (q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. 
suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of Molluscoids, tunicated mol¬ 
lusks. It contains the Social Ascidians. They are 
very transparent. 

clav-el-la-ted, a. [Low Lat. clavellatus, from 
clavella , dim. of clava= a billet or log of wood.] 
Made with burnt tartar ; a chemical term. (Cham¬ 
bers.) 

clavellated ashes, s.pl. Potash and pearl-ash, 
so termed from the billets or little clubs from which 
they are obtained by burning. (Ogilvie.) 

*clav-er (1), s. [Clover.] 

“ With claver and clereworte clede even© over.” 

Morte Arthur e, 3,241. 
cla'-ver (2), s. [Claver (1),v.] 

1. Noisy, idle talk ; chatter. 

“ Delighted with their various claver, 

While wealth made all his wits to waver.” 

Ramsay: Poems; The Parrot, ii. 617. 

2. A tale-bearer, a tattler. 

If Often in the plural (clavers). 

Cla'-ver (1), v. i. [A variant of clatter (q. v.).] 
To chatter, to talk foolishly. 

“ There’s saxpence t’ ye to buy half a mutchkin instead 
of clavering about thae auld-world stories.”— Scott: Guy 
Mannering, ch. xxii. 


♦cla’-ver (2), v. i. [Dut. klaveren; Dan. klavre. 
Cf. O. Icel. klifra= to climb.] To climb, to clamber. 
“ Two kynges ware clymbande and claverande one 
heghe.” Morte Arthure f 3,325. 

cla'-ver-er, s. [Eng. claver; -er.] One who 
talks idly. (Scotch.) 

cla'-ver-lng, pr.par., a. & s. [Claver (1), «.] 
Chattering, gossiping, talkative. 

“ A long-tongued clavering wife.” — Scott: Old Mor - 
tality. 

♦clave -stock, s. [Eng. clave—cleave, and stock 
(q. v.).] A chopper or instrument for cleaving wood. 

“A clavestock and rabetstock carpenters craue.”— Tusser, 
p. 38. 

clav-i-a-tffr', s. [Ger.] 

Music: 

1. The key-board of an organ or pianoforte. 

2. Fingering. (Stainer & Barrett.) 
clav-I- 9 eps, s. [Lat. clava— club; caput — a 

head.] 

Bot.: A genus of Ascomycetous Fungi, also called 
Cordiceps (q. v.). Claviceps purpurea is the Ergot 
of grasses. An ascomycetous fungus is one which 
has its fruit in small asci or hyaline sacs. 

clav -I-chord, clav -i-cord, s. [Fr. clavicorde: 
Ital. clavicordio, from Lat. clavis = a key, and 
chorda=a chord.] 

Music: A key eel and stringed instrument, not now 
in use, being superseded by the pianoforte; a clari- 
chord. [Clarichord.] 

“Its form is that of a small pianoforte: it has no quills, 
jacks, or hammers. The strings are all muffled . . . 
and the tone is produced by little brass wedges, placed at 
the ends of the keys, which, when pulled down, press 
against the middle of the strings, acting as a bridge to 
each. . . . We had in 1772 the extreme pleasure of 
hearing the incomparable Emanuel Bach touch his 
favorite clavicord at Hamburg.”— Rees: Cyclopaedia. 

Clav'-I-cle, s. [Lat. clavicula, dimin. of clavis= 
a key.] 

Anat.: The collar-bone. It extends transversely 
outward, with an inclination backward from the 
summit of the sternum to the acromion process of 
the scapula. It connects the upper limb with the 
trunk. The corresponding bone in birds is the one 
popularly called the Merrythought. 

“ The scapula and clavicle are the media through which 
the bones of the arm are united to the trunk.” —Todd & 
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. vi., p. 147. 

“ In those animals that employ the anterior extremity 
only as an instrument of progressive motion there is no 
clavicle: hence this bone is absent from the skeletons of 
Pachydermata, Huminantia, Solipeda, and the motions 
of the shoulder are only such ns may be required for the 
flexion and extension of the limb.”— Ibid. 

clav’-l-corn§, clav-i-cor-nes, s.pZ. [FromLat. 
clava=. . . a club, andcorrm=a horn.] 

Entom.: The name given by Latreille to a sub¬ 
section of the section Pentamera. The antennae are 
thickened at the end, or club-shaped. There have 
been included under it the families Scydmeenid®, 
Histeridee, Silphid®, Scaphidid®, Nitidulid®, Der- 
mestid®, and Byrrhid® (q. v.). 

cla-viC’-Tj-l^tr, a. [From Lat. clavicul(a) — the 
collar-bone, and Eng. suff. -ar.) 

Anat.: Pertaining to the clavicle; as the clavicu¬ 
lar artery. 

“ The posterior (clavicular) nerves pass downward and 
outward over the outer third of the clavicle.”— N. Ward, 
in Todd’s Cyclopaedia of Anat. and Physiol. 

♦clav'-I-cyle, s. [Lat. clavicula, dimin. either 
from clavis= a key, or clavus= a club.] 

Conchol.: The upper portion of a spiral sheH. 
clav-I- 9 ^-lin , -der, s. [Lat. clavis- a key; Eng. 
cylinder .] 

Music: 

1. An instrument in the form of tubes or cylinders 
of glass, invented by Chladni. 

2. An instrument made of plates of glass of grad¬ 
uated lengths, the tone of which was produced by 
hammers set in motion by a key-board. (Stainer <£ 
Barrett.) 

clav-I-9^m-b9.1, s. [Lat. clavis = a key, and 
Eng. cymbal .] 

Music: An instrument described by Pr®torius in 
the sixteenth century. It resembled a prostrate 
harp, or a great piano without legs. Its compass 
was four octaves, with nineteen notes in each 
octave. (Knight.) 

Clav-I- 9 y-ther'-i-um, s. [Lat. clavis = a key, 
and cithara= a lute.] 

Music: An upright musical instrument used in 
the sixteenth century. It is believed to have been 
akin to the harpsichord. ( Stainer <& Barrett.) 

cla'-vi-dae, s. pi. [Lat. clava (q. v.), and fem. 
pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zodl.: A family of Hydroid Polypes, containing 
species which have the polypes claviform or fusi¬ 
form with scattered tentacula. (Griffith & Hen 
frey.) [Clava.] 


Clav'-I-er, s. [Fr. clavier.] 

Music: The key-board of an organ, harmonium, 
or pianoforte. 

claV-i-form, s. [Lat. clava= a club; forma= 
form.] Club-shaped, clavate. 

♦clav-I-ger (1), s. [Lat. clavis= a key; gero— tc 
carry.] One who carries the keys of any place; a 
warder. 

“ The prince of that bottomless pit, whereof they were 
the clavigers, held their bridles while they rode in pro¬ 
cession.”— Christian Religion’s Appeal to the Bar of Reason, 
p. 58. 

*Clav-I-ger (2), s. [Lat. clava= a club; gero— 
to carry.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who carries a club; a club- 
fcearer. 

2. Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera, family Psela- 
phid®. 

Clav-ig'-er-ous, a. [Lat. clava= a stick, a club, 
and gero= to carry.] 

Nat. Science: Club-bearing, 
clav-i-glls-san’-do, s. [Ital.] 

Music: An instrument with a key-board, invented 
by C. \7. Le Jeune, which is intended to combine- 
the properties of the violin and small organ—of the 
violin in obtaining a slide or portamento, and the 
organ in the capability of imitating the tones of 
various wind instruments. (Stainer & Barrett.) 

clav -I-ole, s. [Lat. clavis—a key, and Eng. viol; 
Ital. viola.] 

Music: A finger-keyed viol. (Knight.) 

clav-I-palps (Eng.), clav-l-pal-pl (Lat.),s.pl. 

t Lat. clava— . . . a club, and palpi, pi. of Mod. 
jat. palpus=a feeler.] 

Entom.: Latreille’s name for a family of coleop¬ 
terous insects, which have the terminal joint of the 
palpi large. The antenn® constitute a perfoliate 
club. Genera Erotylus, Phalacrus, &c. 

♦clav-o-let, s. [A dimin. formed from Lat. clava 
= a club.] 

Entom.: The club-shaped end of the antenn® of 
beetles. 

Clav-u-la, s. [Lat. dimin. of clava= a club.] 

Bot.: The receptacle of certain fungi. 

Clav'-us, s. [Lat. = a nail.] The disease pro¬ 
duced in grains of rye, &c., when they change to a 
brown or blackish color by the action of the early 
state of the parasitical fungus -Cordiceps (or Clavi¬ 
ceps) purpurea. [Ergot.] (Ogilvie.) 

clav'-y, clav'-el, s. [Fr. claveau=the center- 
piece of an arch.] A mantel-piece. 

claw, *clawe, *clauwe, *clau, *cle, *clee, 
♦clowe, *klee, s. [A. S. clawu (pi. clawe ), cld, cled> 
cled; O. H. Ger . chlawa, chlOa; M. H. Ger. kid; O. 
S. klawa; O. Fris. klewe; Dut. klaauw; Dan. klo; 
Sw. klo; Ger. klaue, cogn. with cleave (q. v.).] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The sharp-hooked nail of a bird or beast. 

“ Claw or cle of a beste. Ungula.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ . . . bis hairs were grown like eagles’ feathers, and- 
his nails like birds’ claws.” — Dan. iv. 33. 

2. The whole foot of any animal furnished with. 
sharp nails; the pincers or holders of a crab, lob¬ 
ster, &c. 

“ Alle beestis that hav the clee dyuydid.” — Wydiffer 
Lev it. xi. 3. 

“He over him did hold his cruell clawes, 

Threatning with greedy gripe to doe him dye.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. vii. 27. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Anything resembling the claw of a bird or beast 
[Claw-hammer.] 

2. The hand (used in contempt). 

3. A grasp or clutch. 

“ What’s justice to a man, or laws, 

That never comes within their claws? 9 * 

Butler: Hudibras, pt. ii., c. iv. 

B. Bot.: The narrow part of a petal which takes 
the place of the foot-stalk of a leaf, of which it is a 
modification. 

claw-bar, s. A lever or crowbar with a bent 
bifurcated claw for drawing spikes, 
claw-hammer, s. 

1. Carpentry: 

(1) A hammer with a bent and split peen to draw 
nails. 

(2) A little split tool for drawing tacks. 

2. Nautical, <&c.: 

(1) The bent and bifurcated end of a crowbar. 

(2) A bent hook on the end of a hoisting chain ; »- 
grapnel for suspending tackle. 

3. Locksmithing: A spur or talon projecting from 
a bolt or tumbler. 

claw-wrench, s. A wrench having a loose- 
pivoted jaw which binds of itself. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kwl 



claw 


915 


clay 


Claw, *clawen, *clawe (pa. tense *clew, *clev:e, 
clawed), v.U & i. [A. S. clawian; O. H. Ger. 
klawjan; Dut. klaauwen; Dan. kibe.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

I. To tear or scratch with the claws or nails. 

“ He [the cat] wol greven as alle, 

Cracchen us or clawen us.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 306. 

*2. To scratch, to tickle, 

“ Right as a man is esed for to feele 
For ach of hed to clawen hym on his heele.” 

Chaucer: Troilus, iv. 699. 

11 Prince: Look, whether the withered elder hath not 
his^poll claw’d like a parrot.”— Shakesp..- Hen. IV., Pt. II., 

*3. To inflict corporal punishment on. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To pull away or off, to get rid of, to tear away. 

“I am afraid we shall not easily claw off that name.”— 
South. 

*2. To flatter, to curry favor with. [Clawback.] 
“ Rich men they claw, soothe up and flatter, 

The poor they contemn and despise.”— Holland. 

*3. To canvass strictly, to examine thoroughly, to 
pull to pieces. 

“ They for their own opinions stand fast, 

Only to have them clawed and canvast.” 

Butler: Hudibras, pt. ii., c. ii. 
f4. To grasp, to seize. 

“For Age with stealing steps 
Hath claw’d me with his crutch.” 

Old Ballad in Lord Surrey's Poems. 

B. Intransitive: 

*1. Lit.: To grasp at, as though trying to seize 
with the claws; to clutch at. 

II. Fig.: To clutch at, to grasp after. 

IT Claw me and Pll claw thee: Help or stand by 
me and I will stand by thee. 

*To claw away: To rail at, to abuse, to blame. 

"You thank the place where you found money; but the 
jade Fortune is to be clawed away for ’t, if you should 
lose it.”— VEstrange. 

To claw favor: To curry favor. {Scott.) 

To claw off: 

*1. Ord. Lang.: To revile, to blame, to rail at. 

“Mr. Baxter takes great pains to unite the classical 
and congregational brethren, but claws off the episcopal 
party as a set of Cassandrian priests.”— Bp. Nicolson: To 
Mr. Yates. 

2. Naut.: To turn and beat to windward to avoid 
drifting on a lee shore, 
t To claw one’s back: 

1. To flatter or court one ; to curry favor with any 
one. 

2. To promote one’s interests. (Foss.) 

To claw upon: To flatter, to court. 

To claw up one’s mittens: To give one the finish¬ 
ing stroke. (Scott.) 

♦claw -back, ♦claw-backe, s. & a. [Eng. claw; 
back. ] 

A. As subst.: A flatterer, a sycophant. 

" And I had clawbackes even at court full rife, 

Which sought by outrage golden gaines to winne.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 73. 

B. As adj.: Flattering, wheedling. 

“Like a clawback parasite.’ - — Bp. Hall: Sat., vi. 1. 
♦claw -back, v. t. [Clawback, s.] To flatter. 
( Warner.) 

clawed, pa. par. & a. [Claw, v.] 

A. As pa. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Bearing or furnished with claws. 

" Among quadrupeds, of all the clawed, the lion is the 
strongest.”— Orew: Cosmologia. 

claw-er, s. [Eng. claw; -er.] 

1. One who claws. 

*2. A flatterer. 

"The scopes of all such clawers."—Davies: Muse’s 
Teares, p. 9. {Davies). 

claw'-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Claw, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj. In senses 
corresponding to tnose of the verb. 

C. As subst.: The act of tearing or scratching 
with the claws ; the act of flattering or wheedling; 
flattery. 

clawing-off, s. 

Naut.: The act or process of beating to windward 
to avoid drifting on a lee shore. 

♦claw-ing-ly, adv. [En g. clawing; ■ly .] In a 
flattering or parasitical manner 
claw -ker, s. [Etym* doubtful.] 
Knitting-machine ' A feed-pawl or hand for a 
ratchet. 


ClaW -less, a. [Eng. claw; -less.] Devoid of or 
Unprovided with claws. 

♦clawre, s. [Claw, s.] A claw. 

“ With ful grymme clawres, that were croked and kene.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1696. 

Claw'-slck, a. [Eng. claw, and sick.] Suffering 
from clawsickness, or foot-rot. 

claw’-slck-ness, s. [Eng. clawsick; -ness.] The 
foot-rot, a disease in cattle and sheep. 

clay, *clai, *clei, *cley, s. & a. [A. S. clceg; 
O. Fris. klai; Dan. kloeg, kleg; Ger. & Dut. klei. 
Cogn. with clog and cleave.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Any earth which possesses sufficient duc¬ 
tility, when kneaded up with water, to be fashioned 
like paste by the hand or by the potter’s lathe. 
(Lyell.) Clays when burned acquire a siliceous 
hardness, as in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and 
earthenware. Clays which form infusible bricks 
are called Fire-clays. 

“Clays are earths firmly coherent, weighty and com¬ 
pact, stiff, viscid, and ductile to a great degree while 
moist; smooth to the touch, not easily breaking between 
the fingers, nor readily diffusible in water; and when 
mixed, not readily subsiding from it.”— Hill: On Fossils. 


2. Figuratively: 

Poetry: 

(1) Earth in general; the terrestrial element. 

“Why should our clay 
Over our spirits so much sway ?”— Donne. 

(2) The human body dead ; a corpse. 

“And, without sorrow, will this ground receive 
That venerable clay.’’ 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 

(3) The human body alive ; human nature. 

“So man and man should be; 

But clay and clay differs in dignity.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Min.: Clay is composed of hydrous silicate of 
aluminum, usually with a mechanical admixture 
of sand, iron oxides, and other substances. In the 
earlier mineralogies clay figured under that simple 
name as a mineral genus with many species under 
it, or as a species with many varieties. Thus in the 
second edition of Phillips’ “ Mineralogy ” eighteen 
minerals figure as kinds of clay. In the fourth 
edition (1837)—that by Robert Allan, F.R.S.E.,&c. 
—these are reduced to thirteen, viz: (1) Slate-clay 
or shale, (2) Adhesive Slate, (3) Polishing Slate, 
(4) Lithomarge. (5) Fuller’s Earth, (6) Tripoli, (7) 
Bole, (8) Lemman Earth, (9) Cimolite, (10) Mount¬ 
ain Meal, (11) Black Chalk, (12) Pipe-clay, and (13) 
Potter’s Clay. In Dana, clay of different kinds 
figures simply as a synonym of various minerals. 
A great many minerals have more or less of alumina 
in their composition; its presence may often be 
detected by the peculiar smell which the mineral 
emits when breathedupon. The color of clay chiefly 
depends upon its containing the iron in a ferrous 
or a ferric state. Some of the dark-colored oolitic 
clays contain large quantities of a bituminous 
matter; these clays give off a most offensive odor 
when burnt into bricks. 

2. Chem.: Clay is principally hydrous silicate of 
aluminum, AloOa^SiOo^HgO. The purest clay is 
called Kaolin (q. v.). Clays generally contain much 
free silica, also calcium carbonate, calcium sul¬ 
phate, oxide of iron, magnesium carbonate, and 
small quantities of alkaline salts, phosphates, and 
iron pyrites. Fire-clay is more ref ractqry the greater 
the percentage of alumina which it contains in 
proportion to the fluxes (alkalies, alkaline earths, 
and ferrous oxide), and the smaller the quantity of 
the silica in proportion to the silicate of aluminum. 
Clay possesses the property of absorbing ammonia 
and organic matter, &c., from liquid sewage applied 
to its surface, and thus not only promotes the 
growth of agricultural crops, but also purifies 
water percolating slowly through it. (For analysis 
of Fire-clay, see Watts’ Diet, of Chem., 2d Supt., 
p. 335.) 

3. Geol. <& Palceont. : Clay is simply mud produced 
by the wearing down of rocks. If a stream bring 
down sediment into still water, the heavier bowlders 
fall first, the pebbles next, then gravel, after which 
little remains but fine silt, which makes the water 
look turbid for a time, but gradually settles down 
at the bottom, and becomes mud or clay. Clay sus¬ 
pended in water is precipitated by the addition 
of sea-water. Sterry Hunt made experiments on 
the water of the Mississippi, (Chem. News, xxx., 
p, 97.) Hence the deposits of mud formed at the 
entrance of the river intothe.Gulf of Mexico. When 
hardened into a thinly laminated rock, and per¬ 
haps colored black by carbonaceous matter, it 
becomes shale. A form of it called Fire-clay exists 
in the coal measures just beneath each seam of 
coal; it constituted the vegetable soil in which the 
ancient forest, the remains of which have been 
transformed into coal, grew. While sandstone is, 


as a rule, too porous to retain fossils uninjured, 
clay, shale, or anything equivalent does so admira¬ 
bly, and a palaeontologist should give particular 
attention to every finely laminated stratum which 
he may see in any series of rocks which he proposes 
to examine. 

B. As adj.: Composed of or pertaining to clay. 

♦clay-brained, *clay-brayned, a. Stupid, 

idiot. 

“Why, thou clay-brayned guts.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., Ii. 4. 

clay-built, a. Constructed of or with clay. 

(Darwin.) 

clay-clot, *clei-clot, s. A clot or lump of clay. 
“Nu lidh the clei-clot al so the ston.”— Reliq. Antiq., 
p. 73. 

♦clay-cold, a. Cold and lifeless as a lump of 
clay. 

“ His clay-cold limbs.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, xviii. 369. 

♦clay-daubed, *clai-daubed, a. Daubed or 
smeared over with tempered clay. 

“ In that cofer that watz clay-daubed.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 492. 

Clay-ground, s. Ground or land of a clayey 
nature, clay-land. 

"The king cast them in the clay-ground.’’—\ Kings vii. 46;. 

clay-iron ore, s. The same as Clav-ikonstonel 
(q-v.). 

clay-ironstone, s’.- 

1. Min. & Geol.: A mineral or rock occurring gen¬ 
erally in the form of bands or nodules in the car¬ 
boniferous series of beds. It consists of carbonate 
of iron mechanically mingled with earthy matter, 
the metallic carbonate having been produced by 
the action of decaying vegetable matter on any 

E rotoxide of iron in solution with which it may 
i ve been brought in contact. (Lyell.) Occurs 
principally in the coal measures. 

2. Palceont.: Nodules of clay-ironstone often in¬ 
close shells, encrinites, ferns, and other organisms. 

Clay-kiln, s. A kiln or stove for burning clayv 

clay-land, clay-soil, s. Ground or land, cojco- 
posed to a great extent of clay. 

clay-loam, s. Clay mixed with sand, chalk, smfii 
organic matter. It is generally very fertile. 

clay-marl, s. Marl with the argillaceous ele¬ 
ment abnormally abundant in it. It is generally 
white and chalky; marl is a mixture of clay and 
chalk. 

clay-mill s. 

Brick-making . A pug-mill; a mill for mixing and 
tempering clay. 

Clay-pipe, s. A tobacco pipe made of clay, 
burnt. 

clay -pit, s. A pit whence clay is dug. 

“ ’Twas found in a clay-pit.” — Woodward: On Fossils. 

clay-process, s. A process by which clay is sub¬ 
stituted for plaster in making stereotype molds. 
The face of the type is forced into the clay by press¬ 
ure (Knight.) 

clay-pulverizer, s. A machine for grinding dry 
clay to render it more homogeneous previous to 
pugging. (Knight.) 

clay-screening, a. Screening or designed to 
screen clay. 

Clay-screening machine: A machine for sifting 
pulverized clay, so as to prepare jt for some of the 
finer ceramic manufactures. (Knight.) 

clay-slate, s. 

1. Geol.: A rock, called also Argillaceous Schist. 
It is often exceedingly fissile, cleaving in directions 
across the planes of stratification. Its colors vary 
from greenish or bluish-gray to a leaden hue. It is 
composed of indurated clay which has been sub¬ 
jected to great pressure. Sometimes particles of 
mica impart to it a shining and silky luster. The 
yellow cubical mineral of metallic luster often 
scattered through it is iron pyrites. A great part 
of it is metamorphic, but some is fossiliferous. 

2. Comm.: It is the common roofing slate, for 
which its fissile character renders it well adapted. 
It is used also for school-boys’ slates. Good slates 
should not imbibe water, if they do so, they will 
soon be decomposed by the weather, 
clay-stone, s. & a. 

A. As substantive : 

Geol.: A felstone of granular texture, and' not 
containing any imbedded crystals. It is of igneous 
origin. It varies much in color, being flesh-tinted, 
brown, brownish-yellow, green, &c. Formerly, 
specimens of it were often designated, compact fel¬ 
spar. It constitutes the paste, matrix, or basis of 
the subjoined porphyry. 


btfil. b<5y: pout, jowl: cat, gell, chorus, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 


ghin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; 

-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = L 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. de- 




916 


cleaner 


clay 

B. As adj.: Having clay-stone, &c., as its basis. 

Clay-stone porphyry: 

Geol.: An igneous rock consisting of clay-stone 
with imbedded crystals. 

clay, v. t. [Clay, s.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: To cover or dress with clay. 

11 This manuring lasts fifty years; then the ground must 
be clayed again.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

2. Sugar-making: To perform the operation of 
claying (q. v.). 

clay -band, s. & a. [Eng. clay, and band.'] 

A. As substantive: 

Mining: A stratum or band with clay in its com¬ 
position. Used chiefly in the compound which fol¬ 
lows. 

B. As adj.: Composed of such a rock. 

clayband ironstone, s. 

Mining: An earthy variety of Chalybite, consti¬ 
tuting one of the most common ores of iron. 

clayed, pa. par. or a. [Clay, v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: Covered or dressed with clay. 

2. Sugar-making: Purified by means of water per¬ 
colating through a layer of clay spread over the 
surface. [Claying.] 

“Syrup intended for forming clayed sugar must be 
somewhat more concentrated in the treacle; and run off 
into a copper cooler, capable of receiving three or four 
successive skippings. . . . Clayed sugars are sorted 
into different shades of color according to the part of 
the cone from which they were cut. The clayed sugar of 
Cuba is called Havannah sugar. . . . Clayed sugar can 

only be made from the ripest cane-juice; for that which 
contains much gluten would be apt to get too much burnt 
by the ordinary process of boiling, to bear the claying 
operation.”— Ure: Diet, of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; 
Sugar. 

1 *clay'-en, *cleien, *cleyene, a. [Mid. Eng. clei, 
tley='Eng. clay; Mid. Eng. adj. ending -en.] Com¬ 
posed of or built with clay. 

“These that dwellen fin] cleyene housis.”— Wycliffe: 
Job iv. 19. 

Claye§, s. [Fr. claie=a hurdle.] 

Fort.: Wattles made with stakes interwoven with 
osiers to cover lodgments; hurdles to form blinds 
for working parties. When rein£i*rced with earth 
they become gabions. {Knight.) 

clay -ey, *cley-i, *cley-ye, a. [Eng. clay; -y.] 

1. Consisting of or of the nature of clay. 

“ The kyng yetide hem in the cleyye erthe.”— Wycliffe: 
3 Kings xii. 14. 

2. Bedaubed with clay. {Carlyle.) 

clay -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Clay, v .] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive : 

I. Ord. Lang. The act of covering or dressing 
land with clay. 

II. Technically: 

1. Sugar-making: An operation by which sugar is 
purified. 

“The claying now begins; which consists in applying 
to the smoothed surface of the sugar at the base of the 
cone a plaster of argillaceous earth, or tolerably tenacious 
loam, in a pasty state. The water diffused among the 
clay escapes from it by slow infiltration, and descending 
with like slowness through the body of the sugar, carries 
along with it the residuary viscid syrup, which is more 
soluble than the granulated particles. Whenever the 
first magma of clay has become dry it is replaced by a 
second, and this, occasionally, in its turn by a third, 
fhereby the sugar cone gets tolerably white and clean.”— 
Ore: Diet, of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines; Sugar. 

2. Mining: The act of lining the blast-hole with 
clay to prevent the explosive becoming damp. 

claying-bar, s. 

Mining: A cylindrical bar for driving tenacious 
clay into the crevices of a blast-hole to prevent per¬ 
colation of water on the charge. 

claying-house, s. 

Supar-making: A house for the operation of 
claying. 

“ The cones remain twenty days in the claying-house be¬ 
fore the sugar is taken out of them.”— Ure: Diet, of Arts, 
Manufactures, and Mines; Sugar. 

clay'-Ish, a. [Eng. clay; -ish.] Of the nature 
of clay ; containing an admixture of clay. 

“Small beer proves an unwholesome drink; perhaps, 
by being brewed with a thick, muddish, and olayish water, 
which the brewers covet.”— Harvey: On Consumption. 

Clay'-Ite,s. [From the Hon. J. R. Clay, United 
States Minister at Peru, and suff. -ite {Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A mineral from Peru, occurring crystal¬ 
lized and as a crust on quartz, a sulpharsenite of 
copper with sulphantimonites of copper and lead. 
Luster, metallic. Hardness, 2’5. Melts before the 
blowpipe. 


Clay -more, *glay'-more, s. [Gael . claidheamh 
mor=& great sword, a broadsword. Cf.Wel. cleddyf, 
cleddeu; Lat. gladius= a sword.] 

1. A Scottish broadsword: a two-handled sword 
used by the Scotch Highlanders. 

2. A basket-hilted broadsword. {Knight.) 

3. By metonymy: A soldier armed with a broad¬ 
sword. 

“ His army was rapidly swollen to near double the num¬ 
ber of claymores that Dundee had commanded.”— Ma¬ 
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

clay-to'-ni-fi, s. [Named after John Clayton, 
who collected plants in Virginia. 1 
Bot.: A genus of plants, order Portulacace® 
(Purslanes). Claytonia verfoliata, a North Ameri¬ 
can species, is anti-scorbutic. The tuberous roots 
of C. tuberosa are eaten in Siberia. 

clay -weed, s. [Named from the partiality of 
the plant to clay soils.] 

Bot.: A composite plant, Tussilago Farfara. 

*cle, *clea, *clee, s. [Claw.] 

Cleagh -lng, a. [Etym. doubtful.] A term occur¬ 
ring only in the subjoined compound. 

cleaching-net, s. A hand net with hoop and 
pole. {Knight.) 

dead, deed, s. [Clothe.] Dress. 

“That canty knap, tho’ in its brawest dead, 

Goups infant proud abeeif'the decent mead.” 

Tarras: Poems, p. 4. 

clead'-Ing, s. [A Scotch pron. of clothing.] 
[Clothing .J 

I. Ord. Lang.: Dress, clothing. 

“ . . . what’s in either face or cleading, 

Of painted things.” 

Ramsay. Poems, i. 30. 

II. Technically: 

1. Mach.: The outer covering or jacket of the 
cylinder of a steam-engine, or of the boiler of a 
locomotive; a timber casing inclosing the boiler 
and firebox of a locomotive ; the casing of hair-felt 
wrapped round steam-pipes to prevent the radia¬ 
tion of heat. It is called also logging. 

2. Building. Eng., <&c.: Any kind of plank-cover¬ 
ing, such as the slating-boards of a roof, the boards 
of a floor, the plank-lining of a pit-shaft, the plank¬ 
ing of a copper-dam, &c. ( Ogilvie.) 

3. Mining: The boarding which lines a shaft or 
tunnel. 

dean, *clene, *clane, *cleane, a. & adv. [A. S. 
cldne, clene; Wei. glain, glan; Ir. & Gael, glan, all 
=clear, bright; G. H. Ger. chleini; M. H. Ger. 
kleine; Ger. fciem=small, fine, excellent.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

1 Literally: 

(1) Free from dirt or any filth. 

“ Heo wesse her fet al clene.’’ 

Rob. ofGlouc., p. 435. 

“ They make clean the outside of the cup and of the 
platter, but within they are full of extortion and excess.” 
— Matt, xxiii. 25. 

(2) Free from any injurious ingredient or admix¬ 
ture ; pure, undefiled. 

“ His maydenes broughtehire clene water.” 

Rob. of Glouc., p. 435. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Free from any defect or fault. 

“ Yet thy waist is strait and clean 
As Cupid’s shaft, or Hermes’ rod.”— Waller. 

(2) Free from any moral stain or pollution, pure, 
guiltless. 

“What is man, that he should be clean l” — Job xv. 14. 

TT Frequently with the prep. of. 

“ Of ure sunne make us clene.’’ — Old Eng. Homilies (ed. 
Morris), p. 63. 

t(3) Applied even to inanimate things. 

“ . . . yea, the heavens are not clean in his sight.”— 
Job xv. 15. 

(4) Free from any contagious or loathsome 
disease. 

“And Jesus put forth his hand, and touched him, say¬ 
ing, I will; be thou clean.” — Matt. viii. 3. 

(5) Free from any mismanagement, bungling, or 
awkwardness; dexterous, clever. 

*(6) Fair, noble, excellent. 

“ With the clennest cumpanye that euer king ladde.” 

Will, of Palerne, 1,609. 

t(7) Complete, perfect, total. 

“ Thou shalt make clean riddance of the corners . . .” 
— Levit. xxiii. 22. 

II. Technically: 

1. Printing: Free from corrections or altera¬ 
tions, as a clean proof. 

2. Mosaic Law: 

(1) Allowed to be eaten, not defiling. 

“ Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, 
the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean 
by two, the male and his female.”— Gen. vii. 2. 


(2) Free from any ceremonial defilement. 

3. Whale and Seal-fishing: Having no fish or oil; 
empty; as, a ship returned clean. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between clean, 
cleanly, and pure: “ Clean expresses a freedom 
from dirt or soil; cleanly tho disposition or habit 
of being clean. A person who keeps himself clean 
is cleanly; a cleanly servant takes care to keep 
other things clean. Clean is employed in the proper 
sense only; pure mostly in the moral sense: the 
hands should bo clean; the heart should be pure : 
it is the first requisite of good writing that it 
should be clean; it is of the first importance for 
the morals of youth to be kept pure." {Crabb: 
Eng. Synon.) 

B. As adverb: 

1. Completely, entirely, without limitation or 
reservation. 

“He was clene out of him selfe away.”— Gower, i. 207. 

“ The earth is utterly broken down, the earth is clean 
dissolved, . . . ”— Isaiah xxiv. 19. 

2. Adroitly, dexterously, cleanly. 

“ Pope came off clean with Homer; but they say, 
Broome went before, and kindly swept the way.’ 

Henley. 

IT To make a clean breast of: 

1. To make a full and ingenuous confession. 

“ She had something Jay heavy on her heart, which she 
wished, as the emissary expressed it— to make a clean 
breast of, before she died, or lost possession of her 
senses.”— Scott: St. Ronan, ch. xxxviii. 

2 To toll one’s mind roundly. 

“ To speak truth, X’m wearying to male a clean breast 
wi’ him, and to tell him o’ his unnaturality to his own 
dochter.”— The Entail, iii. 101. 

*clean-fingered, a. Free from crime or guilt; 
clean-handed. 

Clean-gone, a. An English colloquialism, indi¬ 
cating an entire abandonment to love, or to some 
other cause. 

*clean-handed, a. 

1. Law: Having clean hands in the sense de¬ 
scribed under Clean Hands, 1 Law. 

2. Ord. Lang.: Free from crime, guiltless. 

clean hands, s. pi. 

1. Law: A maxim of equity is: “ He who comes 
into equity must come with clean hands.” This 
rule must be understood to refer to willful miscon 
duct in regard to the matter in litigation, and not 
to any misconduct, however gross, which is uncon¬ 
nected witb the matter in litigation, and with 
which the opposite party in the cause has no con¬ 
cern. {Snell: Principles of Equity .) 

2. Fig.: Tho state of not having put the hands to 
any criminal use; purity of action and conduct as 
distinguished from purity of heart. 

“ Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord? or who 
shall stand in His holy place? He that hath clean hands 
and a pure heart.”— Psalm xxiv. 3, 4. 

clean-hearted, a. Free from moral pollution in 
the heart, pure. 

Clean-proof, s. Print.: A proof containing few 
faults. 

clean-shanked, a. The same as Clean-limbed 
( q. v.). 

clean-shaped, a. Well-shaped, well-propor¬ 
tioned. 

*clean-timbered, a. Elegantly or neatly built; 
having a neat or well-shaped figure. 

“ I think Hector was not so clean-timber’d; his leg is 
too big for Hector.”— Shakesp.: Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 2. 

clean, s. [Clean, a.] The secundines of a cow. 

clean, v. t. [Clean, o.] To free from dirt or filth, 
to purify ; to clear of anything offensive, injurious, 
or extraneous; to cleanse. 

H To cleanout: To exhaust of pecuniary resources. 
{Slang.) 

Cleaned, pr. par. & a. [Clean, v.] 

clean’-er, s. [Eng. clean; -er .] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. One who cleans anything. 

2. An instrument or apparatus used for cleaning 
anything. 

II. Technically: 

1. Leather Manufacture: A currier’s straight two- 
handled knife with a blade two inches broad. 

2. Founding: A slicker, a tool used for smoothing 
surfaces in sand-molding. 

3. Carding: The smaller of a pair of small card 
cylinders, called urchins, arranged round periph¬ 
ery of a card-drum. The larger of the two, called 
the worker, takes the fiber from the card-drum and 
delivers it to the cleaver, which returns it to the 
card-drum. 


fate, fat, Fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, finite, efir, rfile, full; trjh Syrian. C3, ce = e; ey = a. qu = Tsxt 



cleaning 


917 


clear 


clean -litg, pr. par., a. & s. [Clean, v.] 

A. &B. 4s pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of cleansing or freeing from filth or 
dirt, or any offensive, injurious, or extraneous 
matter. 

2. The extraneous matter from which anything is 
freed or cleansed; the results of the act or process 
of cleaning. 

3. The after-birth of a cow. 

cleaning-machine, s. 

Silk Manufacture: A machine in which silk thread 
is carried from bobbins over a glass or iron guide- 
rod, and then drawn through a brush in order to 
detach from it any particles of dust or dirt which 
it may contain. 

tclean -ish, a. [Eng. clean; -ish.] Rather clean. 

“ A coverlid upon it with a cleanish look.”— Richardson: 
Clarissa, vi. 303. 

clean -li-1^, adv. [Eng. cleanly; -ly.] In a 
cleanly manner. 

clean -ll-ness, s. [Eng. cleanly ; -ness.] 

1. The state of being free from dirt or any offen¬ 
sive or extraneous matter. 

*2. Neatness in person or dress. 

“Cleanliness is next to godliness.” 

John Wesley. 

clean-ljf, *clen-ly, *clan-ly, *clen-liche, 
*clen-li, *clene-liche, *clan-liche, a. & adv. 
IA. S. clcenlic.] 

A. As adjective : 

I. Literally: 

1. Free from dirt or filth or any offensive or 
extraneous matter; pure, clean. 

“ While his lov’d partner, boastful of her hoard. 
Displays her cleanly platter on the board.” 

Goldsmith: The Traveler. 

“He zayth thet hi ssolle habbe clenliche clothinge.” 

Ayenbite, p. 216. 

2. Ofpersons: 

(1) Habitually neat in person and dress; clean, 

tidy. 

(2) Neat and skillful. 

“ . . Wherein is he good, but to taste sack and drink 

it? wherein neat and cleanly, but to carve a capon and 
eat it?”— Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

3. Cleaning, cleansing; having the property or 
power of cleaning or freeing from dirt or extraneous 
matter. 

“ In our fantastic climes, the fair 
With cleanly powder dry their hair.”— Prior. 
*11. Figuratively: 

1. Innocent, pure, free from any moral pollution. 
“ . . . more sweetly relishing and cleanly joys, . . .” 

— Glanville. 

2. - Adroit, clever, dexterous, artful. 

“ W’e can secure ourselves a retreat by some cleanly eva¬ 
sion .”—V Estrange: Fables. 

•ff For the difference between cleanly and clean 
see Clean. 

B. As adverb: 

1. In a clean manner, so as to be clean or free 
from dirt, neatly. 

“Thai cladde horn clenly.” —Destruct. of Troy, 774. 
f2. Completely, entirely. 

“So clanliche ouercome never I was .”—Seyn Julian, 105. 
*3. Uprightly, innocently. 

“If I do grow great, I’ll leave sack and live cleanly, as 
a nobleman should.”— Shakesp ..* Henry IV., Pt. I., v. 4. 

clean'-ness, *claen nesse, *clan-nes, *clan- 
nesse, *clen-nesse, *klen-nesse, s. [A. S. clcen- 
nes.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The state of being clean ; freedom from dirt or 
any offensive, injurious, or extraneous matter. 

“ A Clennes; honestas, mundicia, puritas, sinceritas .”— 
Cathol. Anglicum (ed. Herrtage). 

|2. The state of being free from any contagious 
or loathsome disease. 

-j-II. Figuratively: 

1. Purity of life, innocence, freedom from moral 
stain or pollution. 

“ After the elennesse of myn hondis he shall yelde to 
me.”— Wycliffe: Psalm xvii. 21. 

2. Exactness, neatness, freedom from awkward¬ 
ness or error. 

“ He minded only the clearness of his satire, and the 
cleanness of expression.” — Dryden: Juvenal. 

clean-§a-ble, clean-§l-ble, *clennes-sa- 
bylle, a. [Eng. cleans(e) ; -able.] Capable of being 
cleansed or purified (lit. <& fig ). 

“ Clennessabylle: expiabilis, purgabilis.” Cathol. An¬ 
glicum (ed. Herrtage). 


cleanse, *clan§e, *clanBi, *clense, *clenBen, 
♦clensyn, v. t. [A. S. clcensian.] 

I. Literally: 

1. To clean, to free from dirt or any offensive or 
extraneous matter by washing, rubbing, sifting, &c. 

“ Clensyn, Cribrare.” — Prompt. Parv. 

" Thou blind Pharisee, cleanse first that which is within 
the cup and platter, . . .”— Matt, xxiii.26. 

2. To free from any injurious or adulterating 
admixture, to purify. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To free from guilt or moral pollution or stain. 

“ Babes bloody handes may not beclensd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. ii. 

*2. To sanctify, to free from taint of defilement. 
[Clean, a., II. 2.] 

“ God dede Moyses this bodeword on, 

Clense this foie wel this to daiges.” 

Genesis and Exod., 8,453. 

“ . . . What God hath cleansed, that call not thou 

common.”— Acts x. 15. 

*3. To free from any contagious or loathsome dis¬ 
ease. 

"Clense ye meselis.”— Wycliffe: Matt. x. 8. 

4. To purge or clear the body of noxious humors. 

“ And, with some sweet oblivious antidote, 

Cleanse the stuff’d bosom of that perilous stuff.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 3. 

*5. To acquit. 

*6. To do away guilt, to atone for, to purge. 

“ Not all her od’rous tears can cleanse her crime, 

Her plant alone deforms the happy clime.” 

Dryden: Cinyras and Myrrha. 

cleansed, pa. par. or a. [Cleanse.] 

clean -§er, s. [Eng cleans(e); -er.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which cleanses. 

“His comb was the cleanser of his head.”— Gayton; 

Notes on Don Quixote, iv. 5. 

2. Med.: A medicine which has the power of purg 
ing any foul or noxious humors ; a purgative 

“If there happens an imposthume, honey, and even 
honey of roses, taken inwardly, is a good cleanser.” — 
Arbuthnot. 

clean -§lng, *clen -§Ing, *clen-§j?nge, pr.par., 
a. & s. [Cleanse.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The act of freeing from dirt or any offen¬ 
sive or extraneous matter. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) The act of freeing from any contagious or 
loathsome disease. 

(2) The state of being freed from any contagious 
or loathsome disease. 

“This shall be the law of the leper in the day of his 
cleansing . . .”— Lev. xiv. 1. 

(3) The act or process of freeing from moral pol¬ 
lution or stain. 

*(4) The act of acquitting of a charge; an ac¬ 
quittal. 

II. Coivkeeping: The parturition of the secun- 
dines of a cow. 


II. Figuratively: 

1. Bright, handsome. 

“ A1 hire clere color comsed for to fade.” 

William of Palerne, 679. 

2. Cheerful, serene; unclouded with passion or 
care. 

“ But soon his clear aspect 
Return’d, and gracious purpose thus renew’d.” 

Milton: Paradise Lost, viii. 333. 

*3. Showy, pretty, fine. 

“Him that is clothed with cleer clothing.”— Wycliffe: 
St. James ii. 3. 

4. Manifest, apparent, not dark or hidden. 

“ The pleasure of right reasoning is still the greater, 
by how much the consequences are more clear . . .”— 
T. Burnet: Theory of the Earth. 

5. Evident, indisputable, plain, undeniable. 

“Remained . . . to our almighty foe 
Clear victory, to our part loss and rout.” 

Milton: P. L., ii. 770. 

6. Distinct, perspicuous, ’free from uncertainty or 
indistinctness, easily apprehended. 

“ We pretend to give a clear account how thunder and 
lightning is produced.”— Sir W. Temple. 

7. Prompt to understand, sharp-witted, acute. 

“Clere of wytt and vndyrstondynge. Perspicax.”— 

Prompt. Parv. 

8. Far-seeing, acute. 

9. Free from guilt or blame, innocent, guiltless, 
free from responsibility. 

“ Sauue me and mak cler for mi soule destourbed is.” 

Life of Jesus, 671. 

If Sometimes with the prep. from. 

“I am clear from the blood of this woman.”— Susanna. 

10. Free from distress, oppression, or any burden, 
“ The cruel corp’ral whisper’d in my ear, 

Five pounds, if rightly tipt, would set me clear.’’ 

Gay. 

11. Free from defect or blemish. 

12. Free from deduction, abatement, or encum¬ 
brance; net, in full. 

“ I often wish’d that I had clear, 

For life, six hundred pounds a year.”— Swift. 

13. Free, open; without impediment or obstacle, 
unimpeded. 

“ . . . any military exploit more serious than that of 
putting down a riot or of keeping a street clear for a pro¬ 
cession.”- -Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. 

14. Open, free, with no object intervening or 
impeding; as, to have six inches clear between 
two things. [Clear, s. Clearance.] 

15. Free from debt. 

16. Determined, resolute. (Scotch.) 

17. Safe, or away from, free. 

“ . . . on the instant they got clear of our ship.”— 
Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 6. 

“They had drawn themselves level with the Thames 
eight at Waldens Wharf and were clear of them at the 
Grass Wharf.”— London Daily Telegraph, March 4, 1881. 

*18. Unprepossessed, impartial. 

“Leucippe, of whom one look, in a clear judgment, 
would have been more acceptable than all her kindness 
so prodigally bestowed.”— Sidney. 

*19. Complete, total. 

*20. Undetected. 


cleansing-vat, s. 

Brewing: A vessel in which the fermentation of 
beer is concluded, the yeast running out of the 
bung-hole, and being kept full by supply from a 
stone-vat. (Knight.) 


clear, *cleer, *clere, *cler, *clier, *clyre, a., 

adv. & s. [O. Fr. clair, cleir, cler, from Lat. clarus 
=bright, clear.] 


A. As adjective: 

I. Literally: 

1. Bright, luminous, free from opaqueness or 
cloudiness. 


“ On which the winged boy in colors cleare 
Depeincted was, . . .” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. xi. 7. 


(1) Of the weather : Serene, unclouded, bright. 
“The day was clere, the sonne hote.” 

Gower, ii. 253. 


“ Clere as wedur ys, bryghte. Clarus, serenus.”—Prompt. 
Parv. 

(2) Of sound: Distinct, plain; easily and dis¬ 
tinctly audible. 

“Hark! the numbers soft and clear 
Gently steal upon the ear.” 

Pope: Ode on St. Cecilia’s Day. 

2. Pure, unmixed, free from impurities, pellucid. 

“Clere watur or other licour .’’—Prompt. Parv. 

IT Sometimes with the prep. of. 

“The air is clearer of gross and damp exhalations.”— 
Temple. 


“A clear theft passed for a virtue.”— Gentleman In¬ 
structed, p. 75. (Davies.) 

*B. As adverb: 

1. Literally: 

*1. Brightly, clearly. 

“ In the sune that schines clere.”—Cursor Mundi, 291, 

2. Audibly, clearly. 

“ He cried high and cleer.” — Merlin, I. ii. 261. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Clearly, plainly. 

“ Now clear I understand 

What oft my steadiest thoughts have searched in vain.” 

Milton: P. L., xii. 876. 

2. Completely, quite. 

“ He put his mouth to her ear, and, under pretext of a 
whisper, bit it clear off.”— L’Estrange. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between clear, lucid, 
bright, and vivid: “These epithets mark a grada¬ 
tion in their sense; the idea of light is common to 
them, but clear expresses less than lucid, lucid than 
bright, and bright than vivid. A mere freedom from 
stain or dullness constitutes clearness, the return of 
light and consequent removal of darkness consti¬ 
tutes lucidity : brightness supposes a certain 
strength of light; vividness a freshness combined 
with the strength, and even a degree of brilliancy. 
. . . These epithets may with equal propriety be 
applied to color as well as to light: a clear color is 
unmixed with any other; a bright color has some¬ 
thing striking and strong in it; a vivid color 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, 


Cell, chorus, chin, bench; 
-sion = shun; -tion, -§ion 


go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; 
; zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = 


expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 





clear-cake 

flomething lively and fresh in it. . . . In their 
moral application they preserve a similar distinc¬ 
tion : a conscience is said to be clear when it is free 
•from every spot or stain; a deranged understanding 
may have lucid intervals; a bright intellect throws 
iight on everything around it; a vivid imagination 

f lows with every image that nature presents.” 
Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

17 Obvious compounds, Clear-cut, clear-toned, 
•clear-voiced, &c. 

*clear-cake, s. A thin cake or wafer. 

“ I used, to call Mm the clear-cake: fat, fair, sweet, and 
seen through in a moment.”— Walpole: To Mann, ii. 153. 
{Davies.) 

Clear-cole, s. [Clair-cole.] 
clear-cut, a. Having delicate and distinctly 
defined outlines. 

“ A cold and clear-cut face.”— Tennyson. 
Clear-dangling, a. Dangling clearly. 
Clear-eye, s. Two menthaceous plants, (1) Salvia 
Sclarea, and (2) S. Verbenaca. [Clary.] 

II Wild clear-eye: Salvia Verbenaca. 
clear-foundation, s. & a. See the subjoined com¬ 
pound. 

Clear-foundation lace: A light, fine, transparent, 
white thread, hand-made lace. It has a diamond¬ 
shaped mesh, formed by two threads plaited to a 
perpendicular line. It is called also Lisle lace, 
from being manufactured, among other places, in 
the French city or town of that name. 

clear-headed, a. Having a clear mind or un¬ 
derstanding. 

Clear-pointed, a. Having bright points. 

“ Eyes not down-dropt nor over bright, but fed 
With the clear-pointed flame of chastity.” 

Tennyson: Isabel, i. 18. 

clear-seeing, a. Having a clear, sharp sight 
(lit. & fig.). 

clear-shining, a. Shining brightly. 

“ Not separated with the racking clouds, 

But sever’d in a pale clear-shining sky.” 

Shakesp..- Hen. VI., Pt. III., ii. 1. 
clear-sighted, a. Provident, discerning, having 
an acute and far-seeing mind. 

“ Clear-sighted reason wisdom’s judgment leads.” 

Denham: Prudence, 10. 

Clear-sightedness, a. The quality of being 
clear-sighted; foresight, providence. 

clear-starch, V. t. To stiffen with starch, and 
afterward clear by beating with the hands. 

‘‘A tailor’s widow, who washes, and can clearstarch his 
hands.”— Addison. 

clear-starched, pa. par. or a. [Clear-starch.] 
clear-starcher, s. One whose occupation or 
business it is to clear-starch articles of dress. 

“A clear-starcher and sempstress.”— Tatler, No. 11. 
clear-starching, pr. par., a. & s. [Clear¬ 
starch.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <Sb particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or process of stiffening with 
starch. 

Clear-Stemmed, a. Having bright stems or 
trunks. 

“ Often, where clear-stemm’d platans guard 
The outlet.” 

Tennyson: Becol. of the Arabian Nights. 

clear-story, clere-story, s. 

Arch.: The upper vertical divisions of the nave, 
choir, and transepts of a church. It is clear above 
the roof of the aisles, whence it may have taken its 
name; but some have derived its name from the 
clair or light admitted through its tier of windows. 
Nearly ali the cathedrals and large churches have 



Clear-story (Westminster Abbey). 


clear-stories, either as tiers of arcades, or as win¬ 
dows over the triforia. There is no triforium in the 

1 >riory church of Bath, but a series of large and 
ofty windows constitute the clear-story. 


918 


clear-stuff, s. 

Timber traffic: Boards free from knots, wane, 
wind-shakes, ring-hearts, dote, and sap. (Knight.) 

Clear-walled, a. Having bright-shining walls. 

‘‘Or in a clear-wall’d city on the sea.” 

Tennyson: The Palace of Art. 

clear, *clere, *cleryn, v. t. & i. [Lat. clareo- to 
become bright or clear; claro= to make bright or 
clear; M. H. Ger. klaren (in trans.),fcicere»(trans.); 
Sw. klara; Dan. klare; Sp. clarear .] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To make clear or bright; to free from any 
opaqueness or dullness; to brighten. 

‘‘He sweeps the skies, and clears the cloudy North.” 

Dryden. 

(2) To free from any mixture or extraneous mat¬ 
ter ; to classify, to cleanse. 

(3) To free any place or thing from any encum¬ 
brance, embarrassment or impediment; to empty. 

“Safe to the ships, he wisely clear’d the way.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. x., 1. 573. 

, (4) To remove, to get rid of, any encumbrance or 
impediment. 

“A statue lies Md in a block of marble j and the art of 
the statuary only clears away the superfluous matter, and 
removes the rubbish.”— Addison: Spectator. 

(5) To free from anything which obstructs the 
sound or sight. 

“ Captain Cook has compared it to a man clearing his 
throat, but certainly no European ever cleared his throat 
with so many hoarse, guttural, and clicking sounds.”— 
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. x., p. 206. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To free from obscurity or doubt; to make 
plain or clear, to elucidate. 

“Cleryn or make clere a thynge that ys vnknowe. 
Clarifico, manifesto." — Prompt. Parv. 

“When, in the knot of the play, no other way is left for 
the discovery, then let a god descend and clear the busi¬ 
ness to the audience.”— Dryden. 

(2) _ To free from imputation o.f crime or guilt; to 
vindicate, to acquit, to justify. 

“I clere one that was thought faulty in a matter.”— 
Palsgrave. 

“ Somerset was much cleared by the death of those who 
were executed to make him appear faulty.” —Sir John 
Hayward. 

IT With the prep, from before the charge or crime 
imputed. 

“ I am sure he will clear me from partiality.”— Dryden: 
Fables. (Pref.) 

(3) To purge of a crime, to cleanse from guilt. 

“ . . . forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, 
and that will by no means clear the guilty . . . ”— 
Exod. xxxiv. 7. 

(4) To brighten or sharpen the intellect or under¬ 
standing ; to sharpen. 

(5) To gain without deduction or abatement, to 
net, to realize. 

“ The profit which she cleared on the cargo, . . . ”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

(6) To quit, to satisfy a debt or charge. 

“But this one mighty sum has clear’d the debt.” 

Dryden: Epistle to the Duchess of York, 23. 

(7) To leap or pass over or by without touching. 

II. Technically: [C. 1, 2, 3,10.] 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Lit.: To become bright or clear; to brighten 
up. 

“Cleryn or wex bryghte as wedur. Sereno, clareo .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*2. Fig.: To be freed from encumbrances or em¬ 
barrassment. 

“He that clears at once, will relapse; for, finding him- 
self out of straits, he will revert to his customs; but he 
that cleareth by degrees, induceth a habit of frugality, 
and gaineth as well upon his mind as upon his estate.”— 
Bacon: Essays. 

C. In special phrases and compounds: 

1. To clear a check: 

Comm.: To pass it through the clearing-house for 
payment by the bank on which it is drawn. 

2. To clear a ship: 

Comm.: (See extract.) 

“The act of clearing a vessel and her cargo consists in 
entering at the custom-house all particulars relating to 
her so far as these may be required upon arrival at, or 
previously to departing from, any port; as well in the 
payment, by the parties concerned, of such duties as may 
be exigible upon her cargo, &c.”— Young: Nautical Dic¬ 
tionary; Clearance. 

3. To clear a ship for action; to clear for action: 

Naut.: To clear the deck, &c., of all unnecessary 

articles or encumbrances and to prepare for an 
engagement. 


clearing 

To clear away: To remove the remains of a meal, 
the dishes, &c. 

“Smallbones, who had been duly apprized of the whole 
plan, asked his master, as he cleared away, whether he 
should keep the red-herring for the next day.”— Marry at; 
Snarleyyow, vol. ii., ch. xiv. 

5. To clear contempt in chancery: 

*Law: To pay the costs which the plaintiff had 
incurred in prosecuting one. This was required 
when the defendant had been adjudged to be in 
contempt of court. (Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., 
ch. 27.) 

6. To clear lyes: 

Soap-making: To separate the soapy jelly from 
the spent lye. (Weale.) 

7. To clear off, v. t. & i.; 

! 1) Transitive: 

a) Lit.: To remove; to clear away. 
b) Fig.: To pay off; to satisfy a debt or charge. 
2) Intrans.: To remove one’s self; to depart. 
(Slang.) 

8. To clear out, v. t. & i.: 

(1) Trans.: To empty; to free from internal en¬ 
cumbrance. 

(2) Intrans.: To depart; to make off. (Slang.) 

9. To clear the deads: 

Mining: To clear a shaft or drift. (Weale.) 

10. To clear the land. 

Naut.: To gain such a distance from shore as to 
be out of danger of driving on to the land. 

11. To clear up, v. t. & i.; 

(1) Transitive: 

(a) Lit.: To clear away, to make tidy after a 
meal, &c. 

(b) Fig.: To elucidate; to make clear and plain. 
“ By mystical terms and ambiguous phrases, he darkens 
what he should clear up." — Boyle. 

(2) Intransitive: 

Of the weather: To become bright and clear. 
“Advise him to stay ’till the weather clears up, for you 
are afraid there will be rain.”— Swift: Advice to Servants; 
Directions to the Broom. 

clear, s. [Clear, a.) 

Building: The full distance between any two 
bodies where no object intervenes, or between their 
nearest surfaces. 

clear'-age (ageaslg),s. [Eng. clear; -age.) 

1. Ord. Lang.: The act of clearing or removing 
anything; a clearance. 

2. Tech.: [Clearance.] 
clear'-g,H 5 e, s. [Clear, v.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of clearing away or removing anything, 
*2. Clear or net profit. 

3. A clear, free, and unimpeded space between 
two things [II. 2], 

II. Technically: 

1. Commerce: 

(1) The act of clearing a ship at the Custom¬ 
house. [Clear, v., C. 2.] 

(2) A certificate that a ship has been cleared at 
the Custom-house. 

2. Machines: The distance between the piston and 
the cylinder-head in a steam-engine when the pis¬ 
ton is at the end of its stroke, 
cleare, s. [Clear, a.] 

Sugar-making: The filtered fluid of coarse sugar 
decolorized by bone-black, 
cleared, pa. par. or a. [Clear, v.] 
clear'-er, s. [Eng. clear; -er.) 

I. Ord. Lang.: One who or that which clears or 
brightens; a brightener. 

“Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding 
. . .”— Addison. 

II. Technically: 

1. Naut.: A tool on which the hemp for sail- 
maker’s twine is finished. 

2. Weaving: A rapidly revolving roller in the 
scribbling machine, laid alongside the “ worker.” 

clearer-bar, s. A bar in a horse hayfork, which 
throws the hay out from the teeth when the rake is 
lifted. , 

Clear-ing, pr. par., a & s. [Clear, v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj,: (In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The act of making clear. 

(2) A piece or tract of land cleared of wood and 
prepared for cultivation. (Colonial.) 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) The act or process of freeing from guilt oi 
blame. 

“What carefulness is wrought in you, yea, what clear¬ 
ing of yourselves, yea, what indignation.”—2 Cor. vii, 1L 
(2) The act or process of making plain or evident, 
explanation, elucidation. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; vnt, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, plt^ sire, sir, marine; go p6t 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, efir, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




















919 


cleave 


clearing-beck 


II. Technically: 

1. Banking , dfrc.: The adjustment of the payment 
due to or from each banker on checks held by him 
on other bankers, or held by others on him. Also, 
in the case of railways, the adjustment of the sums 
to be paid to or by each company in respect of 
through traffic on or from other lines. 

2 . Comm,.: The act or process of clearing a ship 
at the Custom house. 

3. Silk-manufacture: The process of removing 
irregularities from silk filaments before spinning, 
by passing them beneath a scraper, or between steel 
rollers. 

4. Calico-printing: The act of washing the dye 
solution from the unmordaunted portion of the 
cloth in the “ madder style ” of printing. 

5. Machines: The amount of play between the 
meshing-teeth of cog-wheels, to avoid a jamb. 
(Knight.) 

clearing-beck, s. 

Dyeing: A vat in which cottons printed with cer¬ 
tain colors are scoured with soap and water. 

clearing-house, s. 

Comm.: An establishment where the process of 
clearing is carried on. [See illustration.] 

In the old days before the American clearing-houses 
were established, Bank No. I sent a runner to Bank No. 2 
•with the check to get it cashed; and if No. 2 had a check 
on No. 1, it sent its runner over; and so on all through all 
the banks. But now each morning the clearing-house 
clerks of a bank report at the clearing-house, and make 
out a list of all the checks payable to that bank by or 
through other banks; then the clearing-house people take 
these lists and compare them. They find, for instance, 
that Bank A owes B $1,000 and C $500; that B owes A $500 
and C $1,000, and that O owes A $500 and B $500. Com¬ 
paring these, we see that A owes B $500 clear of what B 
owes A, and that A and C stand off; that B owes nothing 
to A, and owes $500 to C; and that C owes nothing to A, 
and is owed $500 by B. That is, that A owes B $500, and B 
owes C $500. Then if A pays O $500, $4,000 of mutual 
debts is settled for $500. When this settlement is worked 
out, the clearing-house clerks report back to their banks, 
and before 1 o’clock sums of money are sent from each 
bank to the clearing-house in settlement of balances, and 
the checks drawn on each bank are returned to it, to be 
charged against the different individual depositors. Of 
course, in the clearing-house there are many times the 
number of banks we use in our illustration, and the op¬ 
erations are much more complicated, but the principle is 
the same. The London clearing-house for bankers was 
instituted in 1775. By its means bankers obtained a settle¬ 
ment of all bills or checks due for collection between one 
another, a check on the Bank of England being received 
or paid in settlement of all differences of account.— 
Oaskell. 

clearing-nut, s. The nut of Strychnos potato¬ 
rum, which is used in India for clearing water from 
sediment. The natives prefer pond or river water 
to clear well water, but purify what they take by 
rubbing the inside of the unglazed earthen vessel 
for a minute or two with the seed of the clearing- 
nut. The impurities in a short time fall to the 
bottom, and tl^e water becomes clear. 

clearing-pan, s. 

Sugar-manufact. ; The same as Clarifier. 

clearing-screw, s. 

Weapons: A screw in some fire-arms, at right 
angles to the nipple, and affording a communica¬ 
tion with the chamber. 

clearing-stone, s. 

Curriery : The fine stone on which a currier’s 
knife receives its final whetting. 

clear'-ly, *cler-li, *clere-li, *cler-liche, 
*clere-liche, *cler-ly, *clyer-lyclie, *clyer- 
liche, adv. [Eng. clear; -ly; Mid. Eng. cler, clere, 
,&c. ; and liche, li= Eng. -ly ] 

I. Lit.: Brightly, luminously. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Plainly, without impediment or hindrance. 

2. Plainly, evidently, in a manner free from doubt, 
obscurity, or perplexity. 

“ . . . then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote 

out of thy brother’s eye.”— Matt. vii. 6. 

3. With acuteness or discernment; in a manner 
free from embarrassment or entanglement. 

“. . . he that divideth too much, will never come 
out of it clearly .”— Bacon: Essays. 


4. Audibly, plainly. 

‘‘The sownde was herde into the citee clerly. —Merlin, 
I. ii. 207. 

*5. Without deduction or abatement. 

*6. Honestly, unreservedly, openly, without eva¬ 
sion or reservation. 

“He ssel zigge his zennes clyerliche and nakedliche ’’ 


4T Crabb thus distinguishes between clearly and 
distinctly: ‘‘ That is seen clearly of which one has 
a clear view independent of anything else , that is 
seen distinctly which is seen so as to distinguish it 
from other objects. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) _ 


clear'-ness, *cler-nesse, *clere-nesse, *cler- 
nes, *cleer-ness, s. [Eng. clear; -ness.] 

I. Literally: r! , 

1. The quality of being clear or bright; bright¬ 
ness. 

“ Thei upon the walles of the town saugh the clernesse 
of the light half a myle longe.”— Merlin, I. ii. 210. 

“It may be, percolation doth not only cause clearness 
and splendor, bat sweetness of savor.”— Bagon: Nat. Hist. 

2. A luster or splendor. 

“ Love, more clear than yourself, with the clearness, 
lays a night of sorrow upon me.”— Sidney. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Distinctness, plainness, freedom from obscurity 
or doubt. 

“ i . . it is of the utmost importance in science to 
aim at perfect clearness in the description of all that 
comes, or seems to come, within the range of the intel¬ 
lect.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), x. 253. 

*2. Uprightness, straightforwardness, plain deal¬ 
ing, sincerity. 

“. . . clearness of dealing, . . .”— Bacon. 

*3. A freedom from blame or imputation. 

4. Distinctness of tone, audibility. 

5. Of the weather: Brightness, serenity, freedom 
from clouds. 

“ Clerenesse of wedyr. Serenitas.” — Prompt. Parv. 

*6. Glory, honor. 

“I take not clernesse of men.”— Wycliffe-. John, v. 41. 

*7. Beauty, handsomeness. 

“In the denies of his concubines and curious wedez.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1,353. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between clearness and 
perspicuity: “ Clearness respects our ideas, and 
springs from the distinction of the things them¬ 
selves that are discussed; perspicuity respects the 
mode of expressing the ideas, and springs from the 
good_ qualities of style. . . - Clearness of intel¬ 
lect is a natural gift; perspicuity is an acquired 
art; although intimately connected with each 
other, yet it is possible to have clearness without 
perspicuity, and perspicuity without clearness .” 
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

clear-stor-I-Al. clere-stor'-i-al, a. [Eng. 

clearstory, and suff. - al .] Of, or pertaining to, or 
of the nature of, a clear-story. 

clear -weed, s. [Eng. clear, and weed.) An 
American name for Pilea pumila, an urticaceous 
plant. 

cleat, s. [From Provinc. Eng. cleat=& piece 
of iron worn on the shoes by country people 
(Mahn). [Clamp.] Cf. also Dut. kloet= a boat¬ 
hook, a pole; A. S. clate= a bur, a cloth-bur; Dut. 
klis and Ger. klette= a bur.] 

1. Carp.: A strip of wood secured to another one 
to strengthen it, as a batten placed transversely on 
the back of several boards which are jointed or 
matched together. 

2. Naut: A belaying-piece consisting of a bar 
with two arms fastened to a post or stanchion by a 
bolt passing through its stem. 

cleat, v. t. [Cleat, s.] To fasten or strengthen 
with a cleat. 

cleav'-a-ble, a. [Eng. clean(e);-able.) Capa¬ 
ble of being cleft or divided. 

“ In the one case it is the molecules arranging them¬ 
selves according to organic laws which produce a clear¬ 
able structure, . . .”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d 
ed.), xiv. 408. 

Cleav -age (age as 1£), s. & a. [Eng. cleav(e), 
and suff. -age.) 

A. As substantive: 

1. Crystallography: 

(1) The act of cleaving or splitting a crystal in a 
certain direction in which it is easy to do so ; the 
state of being so cleft. This line of easy fissure, as 
a rule, is parallel to one or more of the faces of the 
crystal. Cleavage tends to reduce a mineral to the 
form of its primary or primitive crystal. _ 

(2) The line along which such splitting takes 
place. 

“ In building up crystals these little atomic bricks often 
arrange themselves into layers which are perfectly parallel 
to each other, and which can be separated by mechanical 
means; this is called the cleavage of the crystal.”— Tyn¬ 
dall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), xiv. 407. 

“ For the sake of completeness I may say that many 
crystals cleave with unequal facility in different direc¬ 
tions: heavy spar presents an example of this kind of 
cleavage.” — Ibid. 

(ij^Tlmact or capability of cleaving certain slaty 
rocks into an indefinite number of thin laminae, 
parallel to each other but not parallel to the planes 
of stratification ( Lyell ),’ the state of being so 
cleft. 


iXJil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, 
-ciaa, -tian = shgui. -tion, -sion = shun; 


§hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


(2) The cleft or fissure which is thus produced 
Cleavage is divided into laminar fission, or FXaggy 
Cleavage, coincident with bedding planes, and 
Slaty Cleavage, deviating from the direction of 
the bedding planes. Slaty cleavage is a fissile 
structure in certain slaty or other rocks distinct 
from both stratification and joints, though in 
some cases liable to be mistaken for one or other 
of these. It most frequently occurs in clay-slate, 
or other argillaceous rock, next in frequency to 
which it is found in gneiss t mica-schist, hypogene- 
limestone, <fcc. Murchison, m his “ Siluria,” shows 
that slaty cleavage exists in the Silurian and other 
older rocks, and in those of Devonian age. It 
is not uncommon in the carboniferous rocks 
of Ireland, hut less so in that formation gen¬ 
erally. Slaty cleavage, or slaty texture, has been 
superinduced hy the rock having been subjected to 
great pressure, which also affects any fossils which 
the rock may contain, squeezing and distorting 
them to a considerable extent. Flaggy cleavage 
has been produced by the regular deposition of thin 
layers of sediment one upon another. Slaty cleavage 
is seldom met with in rocks of eruptive origin, except 
in beds of volcanic ash, and occasionally in some of 
the older lavas. A structure, called Foliation, 
resembling laminar fission, is found in altered sed. 
imentary rocks. It is due to the segregation of any 
one mineral component of the rock along a more or 
less regular plane, and thus differentiating the rock 
into a series of alternating layers of different min¬ 
eral composition. (Lyell, Murchison, Butley: On 
Rocks, etc.) 

B. As adjective: 

Crystallog.: Along which a mineral may be easily 
cleft. 

cleavage-planes, s. pi. 

Crystallog.: Planes along which a mineral may ba 
most easily cleft 

cleave (1), *cleve (1), *clive. *clivyn, *clyve 

(pa. t. cleaved, *clave, *cleve; pa. par. cleaved, 
*cleved), v. i. [A. S . clifian, cleofian; O. S. klibdn: 
Dut. kleven; Sw. klibba sig= to stick to ; Dan. klcebe ; 
O. H. Ger. chleben; Ger. kleben. Cf. Icel. klifa— to 
climb. (Skeat.)) 

I. Lit.: To stick, to adhere, to hold fast. 

“ Y shal make thi tunge for to cleue to the roof of th\ 
mouth.”— Wycliffe: Ezech. iii. 26. 

“Cliuyn to K. cleve to P. Adhereo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“For as the girdle cleaveth to the loins of a man. . . .* 
Jer. xiii. 11. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To be attached closely in love or friendship, to 
be devoted to. 

“He schal clyue to his wyf.”— Wycliffe: Ephes. v. 31. 

*2. To adhere closely to, to remain fixed fast in 
the mind or heart. 

“ The memorie is zuo cleuiynde ine him.” 

Ayenbite, p. 107. 

*3. To unite in fitness, to agree, to suit, to be con. 
sonant. 

“New honors come upon him, 

Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mold, 

But with the aid of use.” Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 3. 

*4. To accompany, to attend or follow. 

“Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of 
Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave 
unto thee.”— Deut. xxviii. 60. 

For the difference between to cleave and to stick, 
see Stick. 

cleave (2), *cleve (2), *clefe (pa. t. * clave,*clove, 
*clef, *clefe, *cleaved, *cleved, *clcef, *claf, cleft; 
pa. par. *cloven, cleft),v. t. & i. [A. S. cleofan (pa. t. 
cledf; pa. par. clofen); O. S. klioban; O. H. Ger. 
chlioban; Ger. klieben; Sw. klyfva; Dut. kloven; 
Icel. kljufa; Dan. kldve. There is no connection 
whatever between this and the preceding word.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To split asunder with violence, to cut through, 
to divide forcibly. 

“ To Tolomew with sweord he smot, 

Atwo cleved his scheld.” Alisaunder, 2,230. 

2. To part in any way, to divide, to separate, to 
open. 

3. To force one’s way through. 

“ Now, plac’d in order on their banks, they sweep 
The sea’s smooth face, and cleave the hoary deep.” 

Pope.- Homer's Odyssey, bk. ix., 1. 115-6. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To part asunder, to divide or open. 

“Mony clustered clowde clef alle in clowtez.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 367. 

2. To separate, as the parts of cohering bodies; to 
suffer division; to split. 

“Laying the knife at right angles to its former posi¬ 
tion, the crystal cleaves again . . ."—Tyndall: Frag, of 

Science (3d ed.), xiv. 407. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





cleaved 


920 


clematitin 


cleaved {\),pret. ofv. &pa. par. or a. [Cleave 2 
(1), v.] 

♦cleaved (2), pa. par. or a. [Cleave (2). v.] 
cleave-land-Ite, s. [Named after Dr. P. Cleave- 
land, the mineralogist.] 

Min.: A variety of Albite, classed by Dana as 
lamellar albite. It is found at Chesterfield, in 
Massachusetts. 


Cleav'-Sr, *clev-er, s. [Eng. cleav{e); -er.] 

I. Ord. Lang. {Of the form cleaver): One who 
cleaves or cuts anything asunder. 

II. Technically: 

1. A butcher’s instrument for cutting up the bodies 
of animals. 

2. Bot. ( Now always of the form Cleavers; for¬ 
merly also clever): A plant, Galium Aparine, 
called cleavers, or formerly “ clever,” from its habit 
of cleaving to objects with which it is brought in 
contact. It is called also Goose-grass. The leaves 
are 6-8 in a whorl, hispid, their margins and mid¬ 
rib near the angles of the stem very rough, with 
reflexed prickles; the flowers are white; the bristles 
of the fruit are hooked. It is a long, weak, strag¬ 
gling plant, which is often seen in hedges, and more 
rarely in corn-fields, &c. It flowers in June and 
July. 

*cleave'-some, a. [Eng. cleave (2), v., suff. -some 
(q. v.).] Apt for cleaving, dividing easily. 

cleav -Ifig (l), *clev-ing (1), pr. par., a. & s. 
[Cleave (1),a.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ Thy son’s blood cleaving to my blade.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., i. 3. 
C. Assubst.: The act or state of adhering closely; 
close union or attachment. 

cleav -ing (2), *clev-ing (2), pr. par., a. & s. 
[Cleave (2), a.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of rending asunder; th e act of splitting 
or separating. 

2. The division in the human body from the os 
pubis downward. 

cleaving-knife, s. 

Coopering: A “ frow,” a tool used for riving jug¬ 
gles into staves and clapboards. 

cleaving-saw, s. A pit-saw, a 
rip-saw, as distinguished from a 
cross-cut saw. 

cle -qhe (1),s. [Fr. clichi, croix 
cUchde, from Lat. clavis= a key.] 

Her.: A kind of cross, charged 
with a similar cross of the same 
figure, but of the color of the 
field. 

♦cleche (2), s. [Clutch.] A 
claw, a talon. 

Awaitie uorte worpen upon ou his 
cleches — Ancren Riwle, p. 174. 

♦cleche, v. t. & i. [Clutch.] 

“ Sir Gawan bi the coler clechis the knyghte.” 

Anturs of Arthur, st. 48. 

deck (1), *clek, v. i. [O. Icel. klekja; Sw. 
klacka; Dan. kldkke.] [Clock, v.] To hatch, to 
bear, to bring forth. 

cleck'-er, s, [O. Eng. deck, and suff. -er.] A 
hatcher. 

cleck’-ifig {Eng.), cleck -In, pr. par., a. & s. 
[Cleck, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & adj.: Hatching. 

C . As substantive : 

1. Lit. {Of the form cleckin): A brood of chickens. 

2. Fig.: A family of children, 
cleckin-time, s. 

1. Lit.: The time of hatching. 

2. Fig.: The time of birth, as used of man. 
Cledge.s. [A. S. clceg— clay.] [Clay.] 

Mining: The upper of two beds of Fuller’s Earth. 

These beds are of the Lower Greensand age. 

cledg'-y, a. [Eng. cledg(e) ; -y.] Consisting or 
of the nature of cledge; stiff, tenacious. 

deed, cleede, s. [From deed, v. (q. v.)] 
Clothes. {Burns.) 
deed, v. t. [Clothe.] 

_ (1) Lit.: To clothe. {Scotch.) (Used of the put¬ 
ting on of garments or of armor.) 

“ O, leeze me on my spinning wheel, 

O, leeze me on my rock and reel; 

Frae tap to tae that deeds me bien, 

And haps me fiel and warm at e’en!” 

Burns: Bess and her Spinning Wheel. 



Cleche. 


2. Figuratively: 

(1) To clothe. (Applied to foliage.) 

“ Simmer rains bring simmer flow’rs, 

And leaves to deed the birken bow’rs.” 

Fergusson: Poems, ii. 40. 

(2) To seek protection from. {Spalding.) 

cleek, v. t.&i. [Clutch.] 

1. To seize, to snatch. 

2. To link arms. 

“ The piper loud and louder blew, 

The dancers quick and quicker flew; 

They reel’d, they set, they cross’d, they deekit. 

Till ilka carlin swat and reekit.” 

Burns: Tam O’Shanter. 

cleek-It, pa. par. [Cleek, a.] 

♦cleepe, v. t. & i. [Clepe.] 

“ The Miser threw him selfe, as an Offall, 

Streight at his foot in base humilitee, 

And deeped him his liege, to hold of him in fee.” 

Spenser: F. Q., II. iii. 8. 

cleep-ie, cleep-y, s. [Clap, Clip.] 

1. A severe blow; properly including the idea of 
the contusion caused by such a blow, or by a fall. 

2. A stroke on the head. 

♦deere-eie, s. [Cleak-eye.] 

♦dees, s. [Mid. Eng. cZee=claw.l The two por¬ 
tions of the hoof in a cloven-footed animal. {Nut- 
tall.) 

clef, s. [Fr. clef, from Lat. clavis; Gr. klais, kleis 
=a key.] 

Music: A character placed at the beginning of a 
stave, to show the elevation of that particular 
stave in the general claviary or system, and to 
determine the names of the notes according to their 
positions on the stave. There are three clefs: the 
G clef, generally known as the treble clef, which is 
placed on the second line of the treble stave; the C 
clef, which is used either as the alto, tenor, or 
(rarely) soprano clef, according to its position on 
the 3d, 4th, or 1st line of the stave; and the F clef, 
which is either bass or barytone (rare) clef, accord¬ 
ing to its position on the 4th or 3d line of tne stave. 

Cleft, pret. of. v., pa. par., a. & s. [Originally the 
same word as Cleft (q. v.). ( Trench: On the Study 
of Words, p. 157.)] [Cleave.] 

A. As pret. of verb: (See the verb.) 

B. & C. As pa. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ Down his deft side while fresh the blood distils.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. x., 1. 596. 

D. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. An opening or space caused by the forcible 
separation of jjarts; a split, a crack, a fissure. 

“ But now the clear bright moon her zenith gains, 
And, rimy without speck, extend the plains : 

The deepest deft the mountain’s front displays.” 

Wordsworth: Evening Walk. 

*2. A piece split off from the main body. 

*3. Any part which is cloven or divided, especially 
the hoof. 

“ . . . every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth 
the deft into two claws, . . — Deut. xiv. 6, 


cleik, clek, s. [Cleik, v.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

f 11 An iron hook. 

(2) A hold of any object. 

2. Fig.: The arm. 

II. Farriery {pi.): A cramp in the legs, to which 
horses are subject. 

Cleik'-f, a. Ready to take the advantage, in¬ 
clined to circumvent. 

clei-6-phane, s. [From Gr. kleis=a key; o 
connective, and phaino— to make to appear.] 

Min.: A pure white variety of Blende found in 
Franklin, N. J. {Dana.) 

clels-td-car'-pl, s. pi. [From Gr. kleistos=that 
can be shut or closed, and karpos=irait {lit.) = 
closed, fruited, inoperculate.l 

Bot.: A sub-tribe of True Mosses, in which the 
roundish theca ruptures the calyptra laterally 
without raising it up as a cap, and in which there 
is no operculum. They are called also Phascaceae 
(q. v.). 

cleis-tog -en-ous, a. [From Gr. fcleisfos=shut; 
gennao— to endanger, and Eng. suff. -ous.] 

Bot.: A term applied to conspicuous flowers of a 
particular kind found on the same plant as others 
which are large and conspicuously colored. The 
small flowers are self-fertilized at an early period, 
while in most cases the conspicuously-colored 
flowers are barren; in others they are fertile, but 
have no more seeds than the flowers of apparently 
humbler type. Examples, various species of Im- 
patiens. 

clelth’-rul, a. [From Gr. kleithron= a bolt or 
bar for bolting a door, from kleio— to shut, with 
Eng. suff. -al.] 

Arch.: Pertaining to a covered Greek temple or 
cleithros (q. v.). 

clelth’-ros, s. [From Gr. kleithron .] [Cleith- 
bal.] 

Architecture : 

1. Gen.: An inclosed place. 

2. Spec.: A Greek temple, the roof of which in¬ 
closes it completely. ( Weale.) 

♦clem, v. t. &i. [Ger. klemmen— to pinch; O. H. 
Ger. chlemman; Icel. klemma .] [Clam.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To starve, to famish, to cause to die of hunger. 

“What will he clem me and my followers? Ask him 

an’ he will clem me.”— B. Jonson: Poetaster. 

2. To stop a hole by compressing it, or by means 
of lime, clay, &c. 

B. Intrans.: To starve, to perish from hunger. 

“ Hard is the choice, when the valiant must eat their 
arms, or clem.” — B. Jonson: Every Man Out of His Humor. 

cle-mat-e-se, s. pi. [Lat. clematis (q. v.), and 
fern. pi. adj. suff. -ece.l 

Bot.: A tribe of Ranunculaceee, consisting of 
species with a valvate or induplicate calyx. Type, 
Clematis. 

clem’-g,-tis, s. [Lat. clematis; Gr. klematis={ 1) 
brush-wood, faggot-wood, (2) various plants with 
long, lithe branches^spec, the clematis (see def.). 


10 lutu mu tiano, • • • —Aiv. u. iuug, utile uiciiiuiies. spec, tuts clematis aer.;^ 

II. Farriery: A disease in horses; a crack or and the periwinkle. Dimin. from fclema=(l) a short 


split on the bend of the pastern. 

Cleft-fOOted, a. Cloven-footed. 

cleft-graft, v. t. To ingraft by the process 
called cleft-grafting (q. v.). 

“ Filberts may be cleft-grafted on the common nut.”— 
Mortimer: Husbandry. 

cleft-grafting, s. A method of ingrafting by 
cleaving the stock of a 
tree and inserting in the 
cleft a scion or branch. 

Cleg, s. [Probably con¬ 
tracted from Gael, creith- 
leog=a gad-fly. {Scotch.) 

Entomology .' 

1. A gad-fly—any of the 
Tabanidee. 

2. A horse-fly — any of 
the CEstridse. 

cleg-stung, a. Stung 
by the gad-fly. 

clei-d6-mas-told, a. 

[From Gr. kleis, genit. 
kleidos= a key, but here 
used for the clavicle (col¬ 
lar bone), and Eng. mastoid (q. v.).] 

Anat.: A name sometimes given to one constitu¬ 
ent of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle, when this is 



Cleft-grafting. 

1. Bud. 2. Stock (of Bose 
and Vine). 


twig broken off, a slip, a cutting, (2) a vine twig, 
which the clematis resembles in its trailing habit; 
klcto= to break.] 

Bot.: Traveler’s Joy, or Virgin’s Bower, a genus 
of plants, order Ranunculacete, tribe Clemateae. 
Sepals, 4-6; petals, none; stamens and styles many; 
achenes terminated by a long, generally feathery 
awn. The species are numerous. Clematis Vitalba, 
the Common Traveler’s Joy or Virgin’s Bower, is a 
climbing plant with pinnate leaflets, twining peti¬ 
oles and greenish-white flowers. It occurs wild in 
the middle and south of England. C. Gouriana and 

C. Wightiana are not uncommon in India, on the 
Western Ghauts, in the Deccan, &c., and there are 
other Indian species. On the continent of Europe, 

C. erecta and C&flammula are used by beggars to 
produce artificial ulcers on their limbs, while in 
America, according to Geyer, the root of a clematis 
is employed by the North American Indians as a 
stimulant to horses whifch fall down at their races. 
The scraped end of the root is held to the nostrils of 
the fallen animal, which begins to tremble, and 
then rising is conducted to water to refresh itself. 
Various species of clematis are found in English 
gardens and greenhouses, 
clematis-camphor, s. 

Chem.: When the young branches of Clematis 
flammula, &c.., are distilled with water, an acid 


considered to be double instead of single. The pangont liquid is obtained, which reddens the skin ; 


other is called the sterno-mastoid muscle. {Quain.) 
cleik, v. t. [Clutch.] 

IT To cleik the cunyie : To lay hold on the money. 

"... and wanting to cleik the cunyie (that is, to 
hook the siller) . . .”— Scott: Waverley, ch. xviii. 


when kept in closed vessels it deposits white scales 
and flocks of clematis-camphor. 

clem-a-tl’-tln, s. [Mod. Lat. clematit{is), and 
Eng., &c., suff. -in.'] 

Chem.: CgHioCV A bitter substance obtained 
from the root of Aristolochia Clematitis. 


fate., fat, 
or, wore, 


fare, 

wolf, 


amidst, 

work, 


what, 

who. 


mil, 

s6n; 


father; we, wet, here, 
mute, cub, cure, unite, 


camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, 
cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, os = e; 


marine; 
ey = a. 


go, pot„ 

qu = kw. 









clematitis 

clem-a-tl’-tls, s. [Lat. clematis (q. v.), and suff. 
•itts.j A plant, Aristolochia Clematitis. 

clem -en-cf, *clem-$n$e, s. [Fr. climence; Sp. 
clemencia; ital. clemenza, from Lat. clementia- 


921 

digitate, with 3-7 lanceolate leaflets. The greater 
number of the species are from the hotter parts of 
America, a few are from Arabia, Persia, India, Aus- 

_ _ ___tralia, &c. The species have a pungent taste like 

mildness, gentleness; cJemews=mild7gentle”] mustard. 

/I '_* t- •, ,. ... cle-o -me-8e, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. cleome (q. v.), 

(1) Mildness of temper and disposition; gentle- and fern. pi. adj. suff.-ece.] 

” Bot.: A tribe of plants, order Capparidaceee, 

characterized by having capsular fruit. Typical 


clergy 


ness, kindness, compassion, humanity. 

“It was not the clemency of an ostentatious man, or 
of a sentimental man, or of an easy-tempered man.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. it. 

(2) Mercy, a willingness to forgive, a pardon. 

“ It was even suspected that he sent some persons 
to the gibbet solely because they had applied for the 
royal clemency through channels independent of him.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

f2. Of the elements: Mildness, softness. 

“ Then in the clemency of upward air.”— Dryden. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between clemency, 
lenity , and mercy: “ Clemency and lenity are em¬ 
ployed only toward offenders; mercy toward all 
who are in trouble, whether from their own fault or 
any other cause. Clemency lies in the disposition; 
lenity and mercy in the act; the former as respects 
superiors in general, the latter in regard to those 
who are invested with civil power: a monarch dis¬ 
plays his clemency by showing mercy; a master 
lenity by not inflicting punishment where it is 


genus, Cleome (q. v.). 

cle-O'-niis, s. [From Gr. kleos= . . . fame, 
glory, and onos— ... a wood-louse; a kind of 
wingless locust (?).] 

Entom.: A genus of beetles, family Curculionidee 
(Weevils). The species have their black body hid¬ 
den by a clothing of ash-colored or other scales, so 
distributed as often to form clouded markings or 
even to allow the dark background to peer through. 
More than 100 species are known, from Europe, Asia 
and Africa. 

*clepe, *clepen, *clepenn, *cleope, *cleopien, 
*Clipien, v. t. & i. [A. S. cleopian, clypian, clipian.j 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To call, to address, to summon to one’s side or 
aid. 

I shal inwardly clepe the Lord.”— Wycliffe: Psalm 


and cleped it Ysaac.”— 


deserving. Clemency is arbitrary on the part of xvii. 4. 
the dispenser, flowing from his will independent of o Tn call tonamo 
the object on whom it is bestowed; lenity and mercy ’ ’ ' 

are discretionary, they always have regard to the _ b , e ward with child , 
object and the nature of the offense, or misfor- Genesis and Exodus, 1,197. 
tunes: lenity therefore often serves the purposes of • h e clepeth a calf, cauf; half, hauf; neighbor, 

discipline, and mercy those of justice by forgivness, vocatur, nebor; neigh, abbreviated, ne . . .” Shakesp.: 
instead of punishment; but clemency [sometimes] Love s Labor’s Lost, v. 1. 


defeats its end by forbearing to punish where it is 
needful.” {Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

Clem'-ent, a. [Lat. clemens= mild, gentle.] 

1. Of persons: Mild, gentle, forgiving, compas¬ 
sionate. 

|2. Of the elements: Mild, soft. 

Clem-en-tine, a.&s. [From the proper name 
Clement, which is derived from Lat. clemens (genit. 
dementis) calm, soft, gentle. See def.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to Clement of Rome 
(Clemens Romanus), one of the five apostolic 
fathers; to Clement of Alexandria (Clemens Alex- 
andrinus); to one of the fourteen Clements who 
filled the Popedom ; or to any other person of the 
same name. 

“The Clementine Constitutions, or decrees of Clement 
V., were in like manner authenticated in 1317 by his suc¬ 
cessor, John XX.”— Blackstone: Comment., introd., § 3. 

B. As substantive: 

I. Bibliography: 

1. PI. (The Clementines): Certain Christian com¬ 
positions long attributed to the apostolic father, 

Clement of Rome, but now held to have been com¬ 
posed after his death, probably by one of the 
Ebionite sect. 

2. A collection of decretals and constitutions of 
Pope Clement V., published in A. D. 1308. They 
were regarded as the seventh book of Decretals 
(q. v.). (See also Canon Law.) 

II. Ch. Hist.: The followers of Clement VII., who 
was held by most of the French, the Scotch, &c., to 
have been legitimately elected to succeed Pope 
Gregory XI., while the Italians, the English, &c., 
deemed/ him an antipope, and held that the holy 
father legitimately elected was .Drban VI. This 

schism began in A. D. 1378, and ended in 1409._ The „ - -. - 

scandal which it caused weakened the prestige of clepid. —Uychffe: Ephes. iv. 1 


the Papacy, and helped the church a certain dis_ 
tance forward toward the Reformation. [Schism.] 
*clem'-ent-ly, adv. [En g. clement; -lu.'] In a 
clement or forgiving manner, kindly, mildly, 
clench, s. & v. [Clinch.] 

clench-bolts, s. pi. Bolts whose pointed ends 
are clenched after passing through the wood, some¬ 
times over a washer or ring. {Knight.) 
.clench-nails, s. pi. Nails whose pointed ends 
are clenched after passing through the wood, 
clenched, pa. par. or a. [Clinched.] 
clench -er, s. [Clinches.] 
clench -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Clinching. j 
cle-O-dbr’-Ai «• [From Gr. Kleib, Kleo=‘ Clio, one 
of the Muses, and dorea- a gift, a present.] 

Zobl.: A genus of Pteropodous Mollusks, family 
- - bas representatives m most seas. 


Knownrecent species, twelve; fossil, four, the latter and fem. pi. adj. suff.-idee.] . 

from the Miocene onward. ( Woodward, ed. Tate.) Z o6l.: A family of Annelids, order Suctoria. It 

^^e S par C t?o 0 “h?flowe5 to ^ ^ of the 

four, Petals ^ Yonl’Ilamen^ Fruit a Tod S freshwatTcreep on aquatic plants, and feed upon 
™uvse S eds X often o°nl long stelk f Leaves mostly Lymnem and other water-snails. 


clep-sy -drg., s. [Lat. clepsydra; Gr. klepsydra, 
from klepto=to steal, and fy/dor=water.] 

1. Hor.: An ancient contrivance for the measure¬ 
ment of time by the gradual discharge of water 
from a graduated vessel through 

a small opening; a water-clock. 

It was in use among the Egyp¬ 
tians, the Chaldeans, the 
Greeks, and the Romans. 

IT In the cut A is a vessel 
holding water; B a cork, float¬ 
ing short leg of syphon; c a 
syphon suspended by silk cord 
over wheel d ; e a balance 
weight; f a graduated scale; G 
a reservoir into which water 
drops ; H a closed valve through 
which, when opened and the 
apparatus turned base upward, 
the water from G is re-emptied 
into A. 

2. Chem.: A chemical vessel. 

*3. Zodl.: An obsolete name 

for a Molluscous genus, now 
called Aspergillum (q. v.). (See 
also Watering-pot Shell.) 



Clepsydra. 


3. With a sentence as the object: To cry out. 

“ Tha cleopede Hengest, ‘Nimetheoure sexes.’” 

Layamon, ii. 214. 

II. Fig.: To call to any vocation or state of life. 
“In the clepinge in which ye ben clepid." — Wycliffe, 
Ephes. iv. 1. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To call to, to address a prayer or summons to. 

“ He clepes to his chamberlayn.”— Sir Gawaine, 1,310. 

2. To tattle, to chatter, to prattle. 

*clep-er, *clep-ere, s. [Mid. Eng. clepe; -er.] 
One who calls or summons, a summon er, an invoker. 
“ Ne be ther cleper of deuels.”— Wycliffe: Deut. xviii. 11. 

clepht, klepht, s. [Gr. kleptes =a thief.] A 
Greek robber or brigand. 

“The Roman poet (he says) conceived that the poor 
Sabines were covered with gold, aFauriel observes that 
the bards of modern Greece conceive of their clephts.” 
Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (185S), ch. vi., § 5, vol. i., 

p. 218. 

*clep'-Ing, *clep-inge, *cleop-inge, *clep- 
enge, pr. par., a. & s. [Clepe.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of calling or summoning; a call, a 
summons. 

“ Neuere nane thinge that come to his cleopinge." 

Layamon, ii. 3. 

2. A prayer. 

“ After clepenge and ascinge.”— O. Eng. Homilies, ii. 11. 

3. A vocation, a state of life. 

“ That ye walke worthily in the clepinge in which ye ben 


*cleppe, s. [Clap (1), s.] 

1. Lit.: The clapper of a mill. 

“ The two cheoken beoth the two grinstones, the tunge 
is the cleppe.”—Ancren Riwle, p. 70. 

2. Fig.: Chatter, noise. 

“ Kuthen heo neuere astunten hore cleppe.”—Ancren 
Riwle, p. 72. 

*cleppe, *Clep -pyn, v. t. [Clap.] To clink or 
tinkle. 

11 Cleppyn or clynchyn (clippyn or clynkyn, P.). Tinnio.’’ 
— Prompt. Parv. 

clep -sl-ne, s. [From Gr. &Zepsinoos=beguiling 
the mind; klepto, fut. klepso= to steal, and noos= 

ml Zo6l.: A genus of Annelids, the typical one of the 
family Clepsinidse. 

clep-si-ni-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. clepsine, 


many seeds, often 

bdll, boy; pout, Jdwl; cat, §ell, chorus, 9 hin, 
-cian. -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 


clep-to-ma -nl-?,, klep-t6-ma -nl-a, s. [Fr. 

cleptomanie: Gr. klepto= to steal, and mania= 
madness.] A form of moral insanity distinguished 
by an irresistible propensity to stealing or pilfer¬ 
ing. 

*clep -yng, *clep-pynge, s. [Clap.] The tink¬ 
ling of a bell. 

“Clepyng K. cleppynge or clynkynge of a bell H. cl ink¬ 
in ge P. Tintillacio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

clere -stor-y, s. [Clear-story.] 

*clere-worte, s. [Mid. Eng. clere— clear, and 
ivorte=wort .] 

Bot.: A plant. 

“ With claver and clereworte clede evene over.” 

Morte Arthure, 3,241. 

*cler'-ge-al, a. [O. Prov.Fr. elerjeed; Low Lat. 
clericalis, from Lat. clericus .] Clergical, clerkly, 
scholarly. 

“ Oure termes ben so clergeal and queynte.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 12,679. 

*cler'-gesse, s. [O. Fr. fem. of clerc.'] A learned' 
and scholarly woman. 

“ Morgue le fee, hir suster, that was so grete a clergesse.” 

Merlin. I. ii. 374. 

*cler’-gi-C3.1, a. [Eng. clerg{y); -icah] Of or 
pertaining to the clergy; clerical. 

“Constantine might have done more justly to have 
punished those clergical faults which he could not con¬ 
ceal, . . .’’—Milton: Animad. Rem. Def. 

*cler'-gl-fy, v. t. [Eng. clergy; Lat. facio (pass. 
fio)— to make.] To make into a clergyman; to con¬ 
vert to one’s clerical ideas or principles. 

*cler-gl-&n, *cler-geon, *cler-gioun, s. [O. 
Fr. clerjon, clergeon; Fr. clergon; Sp. clerizon; 
Lat. clericus .] [Clergy.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A young priest, a student, a pupil. 

“ He hadde a clergeon of yonge age.” 

Gower, i. 266. 

2. Applied as a term of contempt to a priest. 

“ Thei suld haf venged him of suilk a clergioun [t\ e, 
a’Becket].” —Robert (le Brunne, p. 131. 

II. Fig.: A brood of young birds. 

“The earth . . . sendeth forth her clergions, 

To mount and flye vp to the ayre.” 

Surrey: Restless Lover. 

cler -gy, *cler'-gle (Eng.), cler'-gjf, *clar-gi& 

{Scotch), s. & a. [In Sw .klereci; Ger. klerisei; Fr. 
clerg6=the clergy, c(e?-/;?e=instruction; Norm. Fr. 
cktrc/!e=science, literature {Kelham); Prov. clercia; 
Sp. clerecia; Port, clerezia, clerecia; Ital. chier- 
iccia; Low Lat. clericia; Lat. clerici (pi.); Gr. 
{klerikoi) (pi.), all from Gr. {kleros) = { 1) a lot, (2> 
that which is assigned by lot, an allotment of land, 
(3) eccl. the clergy. [Clerical.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Learning. 

“To grit clargie I can not count nor clame.” —Priest 
Pebles. {Jamieson.) 

“ Was not Aristotle, for all his clergy, 

For a woman wrapt in love so marvelously, 

That all his cunning he had soon forgotten.” 

Hawes: The Pastime of Pleasure. 

*2. A learned profession. 

“ Also that many of the said landlords put their second 
sons to learn some clergy, or some craft, whereby they 
may live honestly.” —State Papers: State of Ireland (1616), 
vol. ii., p. 30. 

3. The entire body of the Christian ministry, as 
opposed to laity ; the name having originally been 
given, it is likely, in consequence of the incumbents 


bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-gion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$L 


















clergy 


922 


clerodendrum 


of the priestly office being chosen by lot, as in the 
jsase of the disciple Matthias thus chosen to succeed 
Judas. Or it may have arisen from the fact that a 
portion of the property of the church was allotted 
for their support. 

II. Technically: 

1. Theology : 

(1) The chief New Testament passages to which 
the word clergy is ultimately traceable back are 
|two. One is 1 Pet. v. 3, where the elders are ex¬ 
horted not to be lords over God’s ‘ 1 heritage ’ ’ (Auth. 
Vers.), or lording it over the “charge allotted to 
you” (Revised Vers.). The words in the Greek are 
ton kleron, the genit. pi. of kleroi, the same word 
which is used by the Greek ecclesiastical writers for 
clergy. In the passage in St. Peter it obviously 
means the whole body of believers in any particular 
congregation, or in the church collectively viewed 
as “ God’s heritage,” or as a pastor’s charge. The 
Word “God ” in the Authorized Version was, as its 
being spelled in italics shows, inserted by King 
James’ translators ; it is not in the original. In the 
•second passage, Acts i. 15-26, the word kleros is used 
of the apostolate from which Judas fell, and to 
which Matthias was elected (versus 17, 25), and the 
plural kleroi, of the lots cast to decide his election 
(v. 26). 

(2) The verse in St. Peter [No. (1)] doubtless 
alludes to a multitude of Old Testament passages 
in which the Israelites are described as the inher¬ 
itance or heritage of God (Deut. xxxii. 9, Psalms 
xxviii. 9, lxxviii. 71, Jer. x. 16, Joel ii. 17, &c., &c.); 
as also is the country of Canaan (1 Sam. xxvi. 19, 2 
Sam. xxi. 3, Psalm lxviii. 9, &c., &c.).‘ The word in 
these and various other passages is kleronomia, a 
derivative of kleros. Its primary etymological 
.meaning is lot (see etym.), and it is used with tacit 
reference to the distribution to the several tribes of 
their respective possessions by lots (Num. xxvi. 
52-56, Joshua xiv. 1-3, xv. 1, xvi. 1, &c., &c.) When 
the distribution took place, the Levites received no 
territory as a heritage, God being their inheritance 
(Num. xviii. 20, Deut. x. 9, xviii. 1, 2), as was also 
the priesthood of some of them (Joshua xviii. 7) ; 
the sacrifices of Jehovah made by fire (Joshua xiii. 
14), and tithes (Num. xviii. 21-24, Deut. xiv. 28, 29). 
Reciprocally God claimed them as his special serv¬ 
ants, taking them in lieu of the first-born devoted 
to him when the Egyptian first-born were slain 
(Exod. xiii. 11,12,13,15, Num. iii. 12, 45, vii. 11-22). 
He said of them “The Levites shall be mine.” An 
analogy being drawn between the special position 
of the Levites and that of the Christian ministry as 
alike ordained to spiritual functions, the word 
kleroi, used originally by St. Peter of all church 
members, became limited to their spiritual chiefs. 

2. Church History: 

(1) In the Early Church: St. Paul accepted 
scarcely anything from those to whom he ministered 
(Acts xx. 33, 34, and 2 Cor. xi. 9), his general prac¬ 
tice being to support himself by tent-making (Acts 
xviii. 3), but he let it be understood that as a rule 
those who preached the gospel should live of the 
gospel (1 Cor. ix. 13,14). This support enabled the 
pastors of the several churches at a very early period 
of Christianity to withdraw from secular occupa¬ 
tions and give their whole time to their sacred call¬ 
ing. 

t in mediaeval times: Century by century almost 
e time of the Reformation, or atleast till about 
1300 A. D., the power and influence of the clergy 
went on to increase. As every instance of notorious 
vice on the part of one discharging sacred functions 
weakens the order to which he belongs, while every 
case of conspicuous virtue increases it, the clergy 
never could have obtained the influence which they 
did unless at least a vast section of their number 
had been really spiritual men. They had other 
advantages of no mean kind. The only educated 
class [Benefit of Clergy] ; members of an inter¬ 
national society existing wherever Christianity had 
rooted itself; the sole administrators of the sacra¬ 
ments, and in confraternity with a chief believed 
to have the keys of the kingdom of heaven, the 
clergy had every opportunity of rising to transcend¬ 
ent power over the imagination, the consciences, 
and ultimately the earthly possessions of men. 
Availing themselves of these advantages they actu¬ 
ally rose to a pitch of authority which perhaps no 
other priesthood except that of the Indian Brah¬ 
mans ever rivaled. Their rule was for a time an 
advantage to Europe. It was knowledge ruling 
over ignorance, at least partial refinement holding 
in control lawless violence ; a ladder by which the 
humblest could climb to great heights of society, 
while outside the church genius of humble birth was 
prevented from rising, being held down by the 
weight of feudal chains. But not even a sacred 
order of men are to be trusted with nearly absolute 
power, and at length the pretensions of the clergy 
converted most civil governments into their thinly 
disguised foes. [Guelphs, Ghibellines, &c.] 
Means were taken to abridge their power, each new 
scheme being, as Blackstone shows, ingeniously 
evaded, and finally their tyranny and rapacity, 


rather than their doctrinal views, excited a great 5. One who has charge of an office or department, 
part of Europe against them, and brought on the subject to a higher authority as a board, corpora- 
great revolt against their domination known as the tion, &c.; a secretary, as, the clerk of the House of 
Reformation. During the mediaeval period the Representatives or Senate; clerks of the various 
monastic orders were looked upon as belonging to courts, &c. 

the clergy. Abbots, priors, monks, &c., were known 6. In England a parish officer, a layman, whose 
as the regular clergy; and bishops, deans, priests, business used to be to lead the responses in the 
&c., as the secular clergy. church services and to perform other duties con- 

(3) Post-reformation times: The civil governments nected with the parish; a parish clerk, 
on one hand, and the lay members of the several 
churches on the other, gained back from the clergy, 
in countries where the Reformation was successful, 
a great part of what they had lost during times of 


greater ignorance. For details see Reformation, 
Royal Supremacy, &c. 

3. Eng. Law: [Clergyman.] 

B. Asadj.: (See the subjoined compound.) 
Clergy-house, s. (Eng.) A house set apart for 
the clergy of a parish, either to live in or to meet 
and consult about parish matters. 

Cler'-gy-a-ble, a. [Eng . clergy; -able.'] 

English Law: With regard to which the benefit 
of clergy may be pleaded, as a clergyable offense. 
( Blackstone .) 

*cler’-gy-{il-ly, adv. [Mid. Eng. clergeal; -ly.] 
Skillfully, artfully. 

“Olarett and creetle clergyally rennene with condetties 
fulle curious.”— Morte Arthure, 200. 

cler'-gy-man, s. [En g. clergy; -man.'] 

1. Ord. Lang.: An ordained minister of the Chris¬ 
tian Church. [Clergy, I. 3.] 

2. English Law: A clergyman of the Church of 
England is exempt from the duty of serving upon 
juries; he cannot be arrested when officiating at 
divine worship ; he cannot engage in any trade, or 
without the sanction of the bishop cultivate more 
than eighty acres of land ; he cannot hold munici¬ 
pal offices, or be a member of the House of Com¬ 
mons ; and cannot be called to the Bar. 

“The Low Church clergymen were a minority, and not a 
large minority, of their profession . . .”— Macaulays 
Hist. Eng., ch. xi. 

cler'Jc, *cler’-Ick, a. & s. [From Lat. clericus; 
Gr. klerikos—( 1) of or for an inheritance, (2) 
belonging to the clergy.] 

A. As aaj.: The same as Clerical (q. v.). 

B. As subst.: A clergyman or clerk. 
cler'-I-cal, a. [Eng. cleric; -al.] 

1. Relating to the clergy; as, a clerical man, a 
man in orders. 

2. Relating to a clerk, copyist, or writer; as a 
clerical error. 

Cler’-I-cal-I§m, s. [Eng. clerical; -ism.] The 
advocacy of clerical claims, often of an extravagant 
character. 

“ . . . the Government is allowing itself to be so in¬ 
fluenced by clericalism . . .”— London Daily Telegraph. 

cler-I-cal-Ist, s. & a. [Eng. clerical; -ist.] 

A. As subst.: One who supports clericalism. 

B. As adj.: Supporting or holding the views of 
clericalism. 

fcler-I-cal'-I-tf, s. [Eng. clerical; -itu.] An 
obtrusive or excessive display of the peculiarities 
of a clergyman ; clericalism. 

“ The very concentrated essence, the focus, of clerical- 
ity.” — Fraser’s Magazine, 1877; Art. Clericality. 

Cler'-i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. clerus (q. v.), 
and fern. pi. adj. sufh -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of Coleoptera, section Malaco- 
dermi. They have pectinate or clavate antennae. 
cler'-I-sy, s. [Lat . clericia.) [Clergy.] 

1. The aggregate body of educated men. 

“ The artist, the scholar, and in general the elerisy, 
wins its way up into these places.”— Emerson: Essays, 
Ser. II., No. 4. 

2. The clergy, as distinguished from the laity, 
clerk,*clarc, *clarke, *clserk,*clerek,*clerke, 

♦cleark, *klerek, *klerk, s. [A. S. clerc= a priest, 
from Lat. clericus; Gr. klerikos = belonging to the 
clergy; Icel. klerkr; O. Fr. clerc .] [Clergy.] 

1. A priest, a clergyman, an ecclesiastic; one in 
holy orders, specially a secular priest in contradis¬ 
tinction to a regular one or to a monk. 

T[ In England the clergy were first called clerks, 
because the judges were chosen after the Norman 
custom, from the clerical ranks. 

“Hi belongeth more to klerekes than to leawede.”— 
Ayenbite, p. 42. 

*2. A scholar; an educated or learned person; a 
man of letters. 

“ Clerc he was God ynow.”— Robert of Gloucester, p. 266. 

3. A student, a pupil. 

4. One employed to keep records and accounts ; a 
writer, an amanuensis, an assistant in an office or 
business; a salesman or saleswoman in a shop or 
store. 


“God save the king !—Will no man say Amen? 

Am I both priest and clerk ? well then, Amen.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., iv. 1. 

clerk-ale, *clarkes-ale, s. A feast for the ben¬ 
efit of the parish-clerk. 

“ Clerk-ale occurs in Aubrey’s manuscript History of 
Wiltshire. ‘ In the Easter holidays was the clarkes-ale for 
his private benefit and the solace of the neighborhood.’ ”— 
Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 129. 

*Clerk-playis, s. pi. Properly, those theatrical 
represen tations, the subjects of which were bor¬ 
rowed from Scripture. 

“ All burrowstownis, everilk man yow prayis 
To maik bainfyris, fairseis, and clerk-play is.” 

Maitland: Poems, p. 284. 

clerk, *clark, v. i. [Clerk, s.] 

1. To act as a clerk or amanuensis to another. 

2. To compose. 

“Twa lines o’ Davie Lindsay wad ding a’ he ever 
clerkit.” — Rob Roy, ii. 159. 

♦clerk-hood, *clerk-hode, s. [Eng. clerk; 
-hood.] The condition or position of a clerk. 

“ The clerkhode in which they weren before.”— Pecock: 
Repressor. 

*clerk'-less, a. [En g. clerk; -less.] Uneducated, 
untaught, ignorant. 

“Like the Turk, whose military janisaries and bashaws 
rule all in their clerkless and cruel way.”— Waterhouse: 
Apol. for Learn., 1653, p. 40. 

Clerk -like, a. & adv. [Eng. clerk; -like.] 

A. As adj.: Scholarly, educated. 

“As you are certainly a gentleman; thereto 
Clerk-like experienced, which no less adorns 
Our gentry, than our parents’ noble names.” 

Shakesp.. Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 

B. As adv.: In a clerkly manner; cleverly. 

*clerk'-ll-ness, s. [Eng. clerkly; -ness.] The 
quality or state of being clerkly or scholarly. 

clerk'-lf, *clerke-ly, a. & adv. [Eng. clerk; 
‘ly-] 

A. As adjective; 

1. Like a clerk; educated, scholarly. 

“Host. Thou art clerkly, thou art clerkly, Sir John. 
Was there a wise woman with thee?”— Shakesp.: Merry 
Wives of Windsor, iv. 6. 

2. Pertaining to a clerk or to writing. 

“ The king praised his clerkly skill.”— Scott. 

B. As adv.: In a clever, scholarly manner. 

“ Clerkely. Clericaliter.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ Sil. I thank you, gentle servant: ’tis very clerkly 
done.” Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, ii. 1. 

clerk -ship, *clercsipe, *claerscipe, s. [Eng, 

clerk; -ship.] 

*1. The body of the clergy. 

“ Tha setton hes . . . aerchebiscopes that clcercsij- 
torihten.”— Layamon , i. 435. 

*2. Scholarship, learning, education. 

3. The office or position of a clerk. 

f4. The state or condition of being in holy orde^A 
“ . . . and reading was no longer a competent p^oof 
of clerkship or be¬ 
ing in holy or¬ 
ders.”— B lack- 
stone: Comment., 
bk. iv., ch. 28. 

cler-6-den’- 
drum, cler-o- 
den-dron, S. 

[From Gr. kle¬ 
ros = lot, and 
den dr on — a 
tree, referring 
to the uncer¬ 
tain medicinal 
properties o f 
the genus.] 

Bot.: A genus 
of Verbenaceee, 
having a cam- 
panulate and 
inflated five- 



Clerodendrum. 


toothed or five-lobed calyx, a corolla with a slender 
tube, and a nearly regular five-lobed corolla with 
four exserted stamens. The species, which are 
numerous and beautiful, grow wild in India, China, 
All the clerks whom he could employ were too few to Japan, Madagascar, Tropical Africa, Mexico, &c. 
take down the names of the recruits.”— Macaulay: Hist. The properties of the species are somewhat astrin- 
Eng., ch. v. gent. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, sbn; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; tif, Syrian. “ -- —-—’ 


ce = e; ey = a. 


qu = kw. 






cleromancy 


923 


click 


cler o man-fjf, s. [Fr. clSromancie, from Gr. 
■kleros= a lot, and manfeia.=prophecy, divination; 
marUeuomai=to prophesy; mantis= a prophet.] A 
method of divination by the casting; of dice or little 
bones, and observing the numbers turned up. 
(Crabb.) 

cler-on’-o-my, s. [Gr. kleros= a lot, an inherit¬ 
ance ; nome= a distribution, a share.] A heritage, 
inheritance, or patrimony. 

Cler-iis, s. [Gr. kleros=a. mischievous insect in 
beehives.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera, the typical one 
of the family Cleridae (q. v.). The larva of Clerus 
apiorus feeds on the larvae of the hive bee, to which 
it is very destructive. The perfect insect, which is 
hairy, is blue, with red elytra, the latter with three 
blue fasciae. The larva of a similar species, C. 
alvearius, feeds on that of the mason-bee. 
*cler-y-fy, *cler-i-fy, v. t. [Clarify.] 

“A word to you I wold clerify .”— Towneley Mysteries. 
p. 67. 

cles'-tlnes, s. pi. [From Gr. klestos, kleistos— 
that can be shut or closed.] 

Bot.: Cells containing raphides. 
clet, *clett, *cleyt, s. [Eng. cleft.'] A rock or 
•cliff in the sea, broken off from the adjoining rocks 
on the shore. (Brand.) 

♦clete, *clyte, *clote, s. [Cleat.] A wedge. 

“ Clyte or clote or vegge (clete or wegge K.). Cuneus .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*clethe, v. t. [Clothe.] 

“ Cletlie: induere, operire, vestire, &c.”— Cathol. Angli• 

cum. 

“ Comeliclie y wol the nou dethe.”—Lyric Poems, p. 87. 
Cleth'-rg,, s. [From Gr. klethra— the alder, which 
these plants somewhat resemble in their leaves.] 
Bot.: A genus of plants, order Ericaceae, family 
Andromedidae. The species, which have generally 
white flowers, are fine ornamental shrubs, from two 
to ten feet high. 

♦cleth-yng, pr. par., a. & s. [Clothing.] 

A. & B. As pr. pgr. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ Clethyng: vestiens, amicens, induens et cetera .”— 
Cathol. Anglicum. 

C. Assubst.: Dress, clothing. 

'“A Clethynge: amictus, vestitus, vestis, vestimentum .”— 
Cathol. Anglicum. 

clefich ( ch guttural), cleugh, s. [Clough.] 

1. A precipice, a rugged ascent. 

“ A clench thar was, quharoff a strenth thai maid 
With thuortour treis, bauldly thar abaid.” 

Wallace, iv., 539. MS. 

2. A ravine, a straight hollow between precipitous 
banks, or a hollow descent on the side of a hill. 

U It occasionally occurs as equivalent to glen. 

“ Then all theyonkers bad him yield, 

Or doun the glen to gang; 

Sum cryd the couard suld be kield, 

Sum doun the cleuch they thrang.’’ 

Evergreen, ii. 184, st. 18. 

cleve (1). clif, Clive, s. [Cliff.] In composition 
denotes the place to be situated on or near a hill, 
fcleve pink, s. [Cliff-pink ] 

Cleve (2), s. [A. S. cleofa.] A cell, a small 
chamber or cottage. 

“Hwat is that lith in vre cleue?” — Havelok, 596. 

*clev-er, *clev-ere, s. [Cleaver.] 

“A Clevere: Fissor .”— Cathol. Anglicum. 
clev -er, a. [The etymology is doubtful. Mahn 
suggests A S. gleaw=wise, skillful; O. H. Ger. glaiv, 
glao; Low Ger. glau; Goth, glaggous. Wedgwood 
thinks the word was “probably derived from the 
notion of seizing, as Latin rapidus from rapio; 
Scotch gleg=qxxick. of perception, clever, quick in 
motion, expeditious, from Gaelic glac=to seize, to 
catch. The Scotch has also cleik, clek, cleuck, cluke, 
clook (identical with English clutch)= a hook, a 
hold, claw, or talon; to clek or cleik= do catch, 
snatch, and hence cleik, cZettch=lively,agile,clever, 
dexterous, light-fingered. One is said to be cleuch 
of his fingers who lifts a thing so cleverly that by¬ 
standers do not observe it. (Jamieson.) Now the 
Old English had a form cliver=a claw or clutch, 
exactly corresponding to the Scotch cleik, clink. 
Hence the Old English to clever, Dutch klaveren, 
klevern= to claw one’s self up, climb, scramble; and 
bence also he believes is formed the adjective clever 
in the sense of snatching 1 , catching, in the same way 
as the Scotch cleik, cleuch, above mentioned. Dut. 
kleverig =sticky; Low Ger Jclevisk, klefsk; klefske 
finger= thievish fingers, to which everythingsticks. 
But the most probable derivation is that it is a 
modification of Mid. Eng. deliver^ nimble, active.] 

Dexterous, skillful, expert; possessing skill and 

talent (of persons). . 

« _ _ y e t no country in Europe contained a greater 

number of clever and selfish politicians. Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

bdil, boy; pout, 

-cian, -tian = shg.n. 


2. Showing skill and talent, skillful, ingenious (of 
things). 

“It was the cleverer mockery of the two .”—Sir R. 
V Estrange. 

*3. Neatly made, well shaped, handsome, well 
proportioned. 

“. . . the girl was a tight clever wench as any was.” 

— Arbuthnot. 

*4. Fit, apt, proper, suitable. 

5. In this country colloquially in the sense of 
“ good nature,” while in England it means “ handy,” 
“ skillful.” The American term “ smart ” is almost 
an equivalent for the English word '* clever.” 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between clever, skill¬ 
ful,expert, dexterous, and adroit: “ Clever and skill¬ 
ful are qualities of the mind; expert ^dexterous, and 
adroit refer to modes of physical action. Cleverness 
regards in general the readiness to comprehend; 
skill the maturity of the judgment; expertness a 
facility in the use of things; dexterity a mechanical 
facility in the performance of any work ; adroitness 
the suitable movements of the body. A person is 
clever at drawing who shows a taste for it, and 
executes it well without much instruction; he is 
skillful in drawing if he understands it both in 
theory and practice; he is expert in the use of the 
bow if he can use it with expedition and effect; he 
is dexterous at any game when he goes through the 
maneuvers with celerity and an unerring hand; he 
is adroit if by a quick, sudden, and well-directed 
movement of his body, he effects the object he has 
in view. . - . Cleverness is rather a natural gift; 
skill is cleverness improved by practice and ex¬ 
tended knowledge; expertness is the effect of long 
practice ; dexterity arises from habit combined with 
agility; adroitness is a species of dexterity arising 
from a natural agility.” (Crabb: Eng.Synon.) 

♦cle'-ver, s. [Cleavee, s.] 

♦clever grass, s. 

Bot.: Galium Aparine. It is not a grass but a 
monopetalous exogen. 

*clev’-er, v. i. [Dut. klaveren, kleveren.] To 
climb, to clamber. 

“ For sothe it is, that, on her tolter quhele 
Every wight cleveritli to his stage.” 

King’s Quair, i. 9. 

♦clev-er-al'-i-ty, s. [Formed on a supposed 
analogy of Latin words, from clever .] Cleverness. 

“ [He] . . . had not a spark of cleverality in him.”— 
C. Bronte. (Ogilvie.) 

tclev’-er-ish, a. [Eng. clever; •ish .] Rather 
clever or ingenious. 

clev -er-1^, adv. [Eng. clever; -ly.] 

1. Lit.: In a clever manner; dexterously, ingeni¬ 
ously, skillfully. 

“ And sometimes catch them with a snap, 

As cleverly as th’ ablest trap.” 

Butler: Hudibras, ii. 1. 

2. Fig.: Rather easily. (Slang.) 

“ . . . the latter got the best of it, and won cleverly 
by a neck . . .”—London Daily Telegraph. 

Clev'-er-ness, s. [Eng. ctever;-ness.] The quality 
of being clever or talented; skill, ingenuity, dex¬ 
terity. 

“. . . with all his cleverness, he was deficient in 

common sense . . .”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

*clev-er-ous, *cleverus, a. [Eng. clever; -ous, 
-ns.] Handy, dexterous, clever. 

“ The bissart (buzzard) bissy but rebuik 
Scho was so cleverus of her cluik, 

His legs he might not longer bruik, 

Scho held them at ane hint.” 

Dunbar, in Jamieson 

♦clevk, s. [Cloak.] A cloak, a mantle. 

“ That Henrj Chene—sail—pay ... to Johne Rob- 
ertsone twa clevkkis price xiij s. iiij d.”— Act. Dom. Cone., 
A. 1492, p. 282. 

clev-y, clev-is, s. [Cleave, v.] A draught-iron 
for a plow; a piece of iron bent to the form of an 
ox-bow, having the ends bored to receive a pin. 

♦clew (1), clfie, *clewe, *clowe, *klewe (ew 
as fi), s. [A. S. cliwe — a ball of thread; Dut. 
kluwen; O. H. Ger. chliuwa, chliuwi; M. H. Ger. 
kluwen.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A ball of thread, twine, or yarn; thread wound 
upon a bottom. 

“ Their he shuld fynd in certeyn a clew of yern.” 

Nugce Poeticce, p. 8. 

(2) Thread, twine, or yarn. 

“ They see small clews draw vastest weights along, 

Not in their bulk but in their order strong.” 

Dvyden. 

2. Fig.: (From a ball of thread or twine being 
used as a guide to point the way out of a labyrinth): 
A guide, direction, a clue. 


jowl; cat, gell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


II. Naut.: The lower corner of a square sail, and 
the after corner of a fore-and-aft sail, reaching 
down to the earing where the tackles and sheets are 
fastened. 

clew-garnet, clue-garnet, s. 

Naut.: Tackle attached to the clew of a lower 
square sail, to haul it up to the yard in furling. 

“ The Lee clue-garnet and the bunt-lines fly.” — Falconer. 
Shipwreck, ii. 309. 

IT Clew-garnet-block: 

Naut. : A block with a single sheave, and strapped 
with two eyes, which are lashed together above the 
yard. (Knight.) 

clew-lines, s. pi. 

Naut. : Ropes for hauling up the clews of an upper 
square sail, (Knight.) 

♦clew (2) (ew as fi), s. [Cliff, Cleve.] A cliff. 

“ Plesant schadow ouer the dews.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 18, 15. 

♦clew (3) (ew as fi), s. [Claw.] 

“ Out of quiet hirnes the rout vpstertis 
Of thay birdis, with bir and mony ane bray, 

And in thare crukit clewis grippis the pray. 

Doug.: Virgil, 75, 30 

clew (1), clue (ew as fi), v. t. [Clew, s„ Clue.] 
*1. Ord. Lang. : To direct by a clew or clue, to 
point out. 

“ Direct and clew me out the way to happiness.” 

Beaum. & Flet.- Women Pleas'd 

2. Naut. (To clew the sails): To raise them to the 
yard in order to be furled; which is done by a rope 
fastened to the clew of a sail, called the clew-garnet, 
(Harris.) 

♦clew (2), v. i. [Cleave.] 

♦clew (3), v. t. [Claw.] 

Clewed (ew as ff), pa. par. or a. [Clew, v.] 
Clew -lng (ew as 11), pr.. par., a. & s. [Clew, v.J 
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip, adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As subst. : The act of raising the sails to the 
yard for the purpose of being furled. 

*cley(l),s. [Clay.] 

♦cley (2), s. [Claw.] 

♦cleyme, s. & v. [Claim.] 

cley-staffe, *cleyke-staffe, s. [Prob from Mid, 
Eng. cley— claw, ana staff, from the curved shape of 
the top.] A bishop’s crozier. 

“ Cleystaffe (cleyke staffe, iv. H. P.). Cambusca ( Cambuca 
0. F.).”— Prompt. Parv. 

cll-au -thus, s. [From Gr. kleos= . . . glory, 
and anihos^a blossom, so named on account of 
their glorious appearance.] 

Bot. : A genus of papilionaceous plants, sub- 
tribe Galegese. They are very elegant plants, grow 
ing in Australia, New Zealand, the Philippine 
Islands, &c. The flowers are crimson, scarlet, 
flesh-colored, &c. 

clib'-ber, club’-ber, s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamie¬ 
son suggests a connection with cliff, cleave .] A 
wooden saddle, a pack-saddle, 

“They carry their victual in straw creels called cassies, 
fixed over straw flets on the horses’ backs with a clubber 
and straw ropes.”— P. Wick: Statist. Acc., x. 23. 

Cli'-<?h@, s. [Fr. cliche, from clicher= to stereo¬ 
type, cogn. with O. Fr. cliquer= to clap.] 

1. Stereotyping: 

(1) The cast formed by plunging a die into molten 
metal. 

(2) A mode of obtaining an impression from a die 
or high relief, or from a form of type, by striking 
the cold die with a sudden blow upon a body of 
metal which is just becoming solid. (Knight.) 

(3) A copy, taken in copper, by the electrotype 
process, of a woodcut or form of type. [Electro¬ 
type.] 

2. Photog. : A negative picture. 

cliche-casting, s. The act or process of form¬ 
ing a stereotype mold. 

Cli<?h-y, s. & a. [For etym. see def.] 

A. As substantive: 

Geog.: Clichy, more fully Clichy-la-Garonne, a 
commune and village of France, four and a half 
miles N. W. of Paris. 

B. As adj. : Made at Clichy, or in any way per¬ 
taining to it. 

Clichy-white, s. A pure white-lead manufact¬ 
ured at Clichy. 

click, v. i. & t. [An imitative word formed from 
clack (Slceat) ; Dut. kliken ; Fr. cliquer .] 

A. Intrans.: To make or cause a slight sharp 
noise, to tick. 

“The solemn death-watch click'd the hour she died; 

And shrilling crickets in the chimney cried.’— Gay. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon. e?ist. ph = L 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, d?L 






click 


924 


climacter 


B. Transitive: 

1. To snap, to make a noise by striking together 
gently. 

"Jove . . . at the stroke 
Click’d all his marble thumbs.” 

Ben Jonson: Sejanus, ii. 2. 

2. To cause to make a slight sharp sound. 

“When merry milkmaids click the latch.” 

Tennyson: Song; The Owl, i. 2. 

*3. To snatch. 

“He . . . the chalice from the altar clicks.” — Ward: 
Eng. Reform., iv., p. 397. (Davies.) 

click, s. & a. [Click, v.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang.: A slight sharp sound, a tick. 

“ The click of [billiard] balls.”— C. Bronte: Jane Eyre, 
ch. xxi. 

II. Technically: 

1. Philol.: A method of articulation in use by 
natives of Southern Africa, produced by suddenly 
withdrawing the end or some other portion of the 
tongue from the part of the mouth with which it is 
in contact, a sharp clicking sound being produced. 
They number four, and are termed cerebral, palatal, 
dental, and lateral clicks, the latter being the noise 
sometimes used in urging a horse forward. 

2. Machinery: 

(1) The detent of a ratchet-wheel falling into the 
spaces between the cogs as the wheel revolves in 
one direction, and preventing any backward move¬ 
ment. In larger machines, such as the capstan, it 
is called a pawl. 

(2) A catch for a lock or bolt, a latch. 

3. Wrestling: A peculiar movement by which 
one of the wrestlers sharply knocks his adversary’s 
foot off the ground. 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 

click-beetle, s. 

Entom.: Any beetle belonging to the family 
Elaterid®. The hinder portion of the prasternum 
terminates in a point, which the insect can at will 
fit into a cavity of the breast with the effect of 
enabling it, if lying on the back, to leap up with a 
slightly clicking sound. It is from the latter pecul¬ 
iarity that the name click-beetles is derived. 

click-clack, sulst. Uninterrupted loquacity. 
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.) 

Click-pulley, s. A pulley with a spring click 
acting as a detent to restrain the sheave from run¬ 
ning back. 

click-wheel, s. A ratchet-wheel, one whose cogs 
are radial on one face and inclined on the other, 
so as to give a square face to the end of the click, 
pawl, ratchet, or detent, designed to prevent the 
back movement of the wheel. (Knight.) 

Click'-er, s. [Eng. click; -er.] 

*1. Ord. Lang.: A tout; one who stood at the 
door to invite passers by to enter a shop. 

2. Bootmaking: One who cuts out the leather in 
the proper sizes and shapes for the various parts of 
the boot for which they are intended. 

3. Printing: A compositor at the head of a com¬ 
panionship, who has charge of a work or works 
while being put in type. A part of his duty is to 
distribute the copy among the other compositors. 

click -et, *clek-ett, *clik-et, *clyk-et, *clyk- 
ett, s. [O. Fr. cliquet, from cliquer=to clap.] 

I. Literally: 

*1. Tho knocker of a door; anything used to 
knock with at a door. 

“ He smytethe on the gardyn gate with a clyket of sylver 
that he holdethe in his hond.”— Maundeville, p. 210. 

*2. A key of a door. 

“Clykett. Clitorium, clavicula.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ A clyket hit cleght clos hym byhynde.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 857. 

*3. The trigger of an engine. 

“ He gert draw the cleket.” 

Barbour: Bruce, xvii. 674. 

*4. A rattle, a clap-dish (q. v.). 

5. The latch of a door. 

*11. Fig.: The tongue. (Cotgrave.) 

*click-et, *clik-et, v. t. [Clicket, s.] To latch, 
lock, or bolt a door. 

“The dore closed, keyed and cliketted.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 3,734. 

click'-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Click, v.] 

A. As pr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adj.: Causing or emitting a small sharp 
sound; ticking. 

“. . . I distinctly hoard a clicking noise, similar to 

that produced by a toothed wheel passing under a spring 
catch.”— Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. 
ii., p. 34. 


C. As substantive • 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act of causing or emitting a small sharp 
sound or tick. 

2. A tick, a small sharp sound, a click. 

“ While conversation, an exhausted stock 
Grows drowsy as the clicking of a clock.” 

Cowper: Hope, 104. 

II. Technically : 

1. Bootmaking: The art or process of cutting out 
leather in suitable shapes and sizes, for the various 
parts of the boot. 

2. Printing: A term applied to the mode of get¬ 
ting out work by the formation of a companionship, 
or selected number of men, who are appointed to 
go on with a certain work or works. (Ruse <& 
Straker: Printing and its Accessories.) 

cli-dem'-I-p,, s. [Named after Klidemi, an 
ancient Greek botanist.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Melastomace®. 
Their native country is tropical America. Several 
are cultivated in greenhouses. The fruit may be 
eaten. 

*clI -en-$ 3 ?, s. [Eng. clien(t); -cy.] The state or 
position of a client; clientship. 

cli -pnt, s. [Fr. client; Ital. & Sp.cliente; Lat. 
cliens for cluens (pr. par. of cluo) = to hear; Gr. 
klud.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. In the same sense as II. 

*2. Any dependent; a person under the protection 
and patronage of another. 

“ Whom that love hath under cure 
As he is blinde him self, right so 
He maketh his client blinde also.” 

Gower, i., 284. 

3. One who applies to a lawyer for advice in mat¬ 
ters of law, or who commits his case to the care and 
management of an attorney for prosecution in a 
court of justice. 

“ There is due from the judge to the advocate some 
commendation, where causes are well handled; for that 
upholds in the client the reputation of his counsel.”— 
Bacon: Essays. * 

4. The term is now loosely applied to any person 
who intrusts the care and management of his busi¬ 
ness to any professional or business man, or for 
whom such business man acts in any way. 

II. Roman Antiq.: One who, being of a lower 
class, placed himself under the protection of some 
person of distinction and authority, who in respect 
to the client was called the patron. The client had 
to contribute to the marriage portion of his patron’s 
daughter, if the patron were poor; and to his 
ransom or that of his children, if taken prisoners. 
He paid the costs and damages of any suit which 
the patron lost, and bore a part in the expenses 
incurred in discharging public duties or filling pub¬ 
lic offices. The patron was the legal adviser of the 
client; he was also his guardian and protector, and 
that of his children, and he defended his interests 
whenever wronged. Neither could give testimony 
against or accuse, or even give his vote against, the 
other. 

“His clients and tribes-men offered to pay his fine, but 
before the day of the trial he went into voluntary exile.” 
— Lewis: Cred. Early Roman Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. V., 
§77, vol. ii., p 308. 

cli -pnt-age (age as ig), s. [Eng. client; -age.] 

1. A body or number of clients. 

2. The system of patron and client, 
cli-en-tp.1, a. [Eng .client; -ah] 

1. Relating to clients, or the system of clientage. 

“In order to continue the cliental bond, and not to 

break up an old and strong confederacy and thereby dis¬ 
perse the tribe.”— Burke: Abridg. Eng. Hist., ii. 7. 

2. Devoted to or used by clients. 

“I sat down in the cliental chair.”— Dickens, in Ogilvie. 

3. Dependent. 

*cH'-ent-ed, a. [Eng. client; -eel.] Supplied 
with clients. 

“ . . . the worst conditioned and least cliented peti- 
voguers . . . ”— Carew: Survey of Cornwall. 

*cli'-en-tel-age (age as ig), s. [Eng. clientel(e) ; 
-age.'] A body or number of clients or dependents. 
(Sismondi.) 

tcll-en-tele’, s. [Fr. clientele; Lat . clientela.] 

1. The condition or position of a client; client- 
ship. 

“ There’s Varus holds good quarters with him; 

And, under the pretense of clientele, 

Will be admitted.— ”Ben Jonson. 

2. A number or body of clients. 

*3. Patronage. 

“Those whose clientele you undertake.”— Hacket: Life 
of Williams, i. 213. 


*cir-pnt-ess, s. [Eng. client; -ess.] A female" 
client. (Middleton.) 

cH-pnt-ship, s. [Eng. client; -ship.] The po 
sition or condition of a client; the state or po¬ 
sition of being under the protection of a patron. 
(Dryden.) 

cliff (1), *clif, *cleve, *clive, *clyffe, *clyve. 
*klyfe, s. [A. S. clif, cleof; Icel., O. S.,& Dut. klifr 
Dan. & Ger. klippe; Sw. klippa; A. S. cleof an* 
clifan=to cleave.] [Cleave, Cleft.] 

Literally: 

1. A steep, precipitous rock. 

“ Hit clam vche a clyffe cubites fyftene.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Pearl, 158. 

“ Waving his hat, the shepherd, in the vale, 

Directs his winding dog the cliffs to scale.” 

Wordsworth: Evening Walks. 

*2. A shore, especially if rocky and precipitous. 
“’Oon is in the west clif [littore] of litel Bretayne.” — 
Trevisa, i. 65. 

*3. A reef, a line of rocks in the sea. 

“ With waghe or winde or dynt of clife.”—Cursor Mundi r 
1,855. 

*4. A cleft, a fissure, an opening. 

“ They made them clyffes in the mountaynes.”— Cover- 
dale: Judges vi. 2. 

cliff-limestone, s. 

Geology: A series of limestone strata found in 
Ohio and farther west, presenting bluffs along the- 
rivers and valleys ; formerly supposed to be of one 
formation, now known to be partly Silurian and' 
partly Devonian. (Dana.) 
cliff-pink, s. 

Bot.: A plant, Dianthus ccesius. 
cllf-for’-tl-g,, s. I Named after George Cliffort, a 
Dutch gentleman who was a lover of plants and a 
patron of Linnaeus.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Sanguisorbace®. 
They are bushes growing in South Africa. Cliffor- 
tia pulchella is very pretty; the rest have little 
beauty. The leaves of C. ilicifolia are used by the 
Boers as an expectorant in coughs. 

clif-for-ti-a-pe-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. clif- 
fortia (q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. - acece .] 

Bot.: An order of plants in the system of Von 
Martius, including Sanguisorbace® and Rosace®, 
and making Cliffortia, which has no petals, the' 
type, in place of the highly organized and petalif- 
erous Rosa. 

tcliff -f, *cleff-ie, a. [Eng. cliff; -y .] Rocky, 
precipitous, full of cliffs, craggy. 

♦clift, *clifte, s. [Cleft.] 

1. A slit or crack, a rift. 

“. . . I will put thee in a Clift of the rock . . .”— 

Exod. xxxiii. 22. 

“The nib, slit, or clift in a pen.”— Nomenclator (1585). 

( Halliwell .) 

“Clyff, clyft, or ryfte. Scissura, rima.” — Prompt. Parv 

2. A cliff. 

“Whiles sad Celeno, sitting on a clifte, 

A song of bale and bitter sorrow 6ings.” 

Spe::ser: F. Q., II. vii. 23. 

*3. The fork of the body, the ] art where the thighs- 
part. 

“Doun his hond he launche ,h to the clefte.” 

■ ihaucer: C. T., 7,727. 

4. A spot of ground. (Scotch ) 

*clift, v. t. [Cleft.] To cleave, to split, to rend. 

clift-ed, a. [Clift, s.] Broken, cleft. 

“ And cling, as if with claws they did enforce, 

Their hold, thro’ clifted stones, stretching and star¬ 
ing.” Congreve: Mourning Bride, i. 3. 

*clift -f, a. [Eng. clift; -y.] 

“The rocks below widen considerably, and their clifty 
sides are fringed with weed.”— Penant. 

cli-i-dse, s. pi. [From Lat., &c., Clio (q. .), and 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Zo6l.: A small family of pte ropodous mollusks, 
section Gymnosomata. There is no shell. The 
animals have a fusiform bodj , a head with tenta¬ 
cles, a small distinct foot, and an oxtistho-branchi¬ 
ate heart. Type, Clio (q. v.). | CLiONma:.J 

*clik-et, s. [Clicket.] 

cli-mac-ter, s. [Gr. klimakter—(\) the round 
of a ladder, (2) a climacteric (q„ v.).] The same ac 
Climacteric (q. v.). 

“Elder times, settling their disputes upon climacterc, 
differ from one another.”— Browne: Vulgar Errors. 

cli-mac-ter, v. t. [Climacter, s.] To bring 
to the climacteric. 

“ Death might have taken such, her end defend. 

Until the time she had been climacter’d.” 

Drayton: Elegies, 1,249. (Latham.) 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camcd, ier, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rille, full; trjf, Syrian, se, ce = c; ey = a. qu = kw. 



climacterian 


925 


climber 


•cli mac-tSr’-I-^n, s. [Eng. climacter; - ian .] 
One fond of a climax. 

•Ve shall find him on many occasions a great climac¬ 
terian. —North: Examen, p. 23. (Davies.) 

cll-mac -ter-Ic,*cli-mac'-ter-ick, a.&s. [Eng.. 

&c ., climacter; -ic.] 

A. As adj. : Critical, dangerous; pertaining to 
the great climacteric [B.], or to any one of lesser 
peril. 

B. ,^4s : One of certain periods of a man’s 

life in which his constitution is said to undergo 
great changes, involving him in danger till they 
are, over. They are multiples of 7 or of 9, as 
35, 49 &c. The most perilous of these, called by 
way of eminence the grand climacteric, is his 63d 
year—for 9 X 7 = 63. The 7th year of life is also 
■dangerous. The grand climacteric of life is said to 
have been recognized by Hippocrates. 

Climacteric disease: 

Med.: A disease affecting both men and women, 
but more obvious in the former. It may be looked 
for about the 63d year of age, but varies in the time 
of its coming according to the constitution of the 
individual, the limits being in the one direction 50, 
and in the other 75. Its most common predisposing 
cause is mental anxiety or suffering. The expres¬ 
sion of the countenance alters for the worse, the 
pulse becomes accelerated, the flesh wastes away 
without obvious cause; there are sleepless nights, 
and wandering pains flit through the head and 
chest, and sleep is either deficient or brings little 
refreshment. After a time recovery as a rule takes 
place, but the countenance never recovers its former 
aspect, or the constitution its vigor. 

clI-mac-ter'-I-C 3 ,l, a. [Eng. climacteric; -ah] 
The same as climacteric (q. v.). 

“ One of these, an elderly man, who confessed to having 
passed the grand climacterical year (9 multiplied into 7) 
of 63, though he did not say precisely by how many years 
. . .”— De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 147. 

*cll-mac'-ter-y, s. [Eng. climacter; -?/.] The 
working up to a climax. 

“ He is an artist at disposition and climactery." — North: 
Examen, p. 478. (Davies.) 

tclI'-mgi-t?Ll, a. [Eng. climat(e); -ah] Pertain¬ 
ing to or dependent on climatic changes. 

“ . . . the sixteen years selected appear to complete 
two climatal cycles.”— Ansted: The Channel Islands, p. 133. 

Cll-ma-tar -chic, a. [Gr. klima , genit. klimatos 
= a climate; archo=to rule, to govern.] Presiding 
over or regulating the climates. 

cll-mate, *cli-mat, *cly-mat, *cly-mate, s. 
[Gr. klima; klino— to cause to bend or slant. (1) 
The inclination or slope of ground ; (2) a slope im¬ 
agined by the ancients of the globe from the equator 
to the poles ; (3) a zone or a parallel of latitude, the 
space between these parallels of latitude held to be 
synonymous with a climate.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. In the Greek sense: 

“ Climate , a portion of the earth contained between two 
circles parallel to the equator.”— Phillips: The New World 
of Words. 

“ The superficialtee of the Erthe is departed in 7 par¬ 
ties, for the 7 Planetes; and the parties ben clept cly- 
mates." — Maundeville, p. 186. 

2. In a sense intermediate between the Greek one 
and that presently in use: A country, a region. 

“ The climate of Gaul [Galliarum plagam] is inclosed 
on every side with fences that environ it naturally.”— 
Holland: Reminiscences, p. 47. 

3. In the same sense as II. 

II. Meteorology: 

(1) Present climate of the several parts of the 
world: The most potent causes regulating climate 
are latitude on the one hand, and elevation above 
the sea level upon the other, the former cause pro¬ 
ducing perpetual snow and ice around the N orth and 
South Poles, and the latter acting with similar 
effect on the summits of such mountain chains as 
the Himalayas or the Andes. Were these the sole 
causes, lines of equal temperature, or, as they are 
technically called. Isothermallines, would coincide 
with circles of latitude; instead of doing this, how¬ 
ever, they are parallel neither to the equator nor to 
each other. [Isothermal.] In addition to the 
two above-mentioned causes, must be reckoned 
also the position and direction of the several con¬ 
tinents and islands, the position and depth of the 
seas, and the direction of currents.and winds, the 
normal type of climate, that existingoncontinents, 
is called excessive; in it a great difference exists 
between the temperature of summer and that of 
winter, as well as between that of the night and 
that of the day. Asia and North Amencaare the best 
existing examples of excessive climates. In Great 
Britain an east wind, blowing in winter over the 
frozen steppes of Russia, is cold and dry; a south 
wind in summer coming over the continent or 
Europe, if even remotely from the Sahara, is hot 


and dry, while a southwest wind, bringing heat, 
moisture, “ depressions ” innumerable, and in some 
cases even spent cyclones from the warm surface of 
the Atlantic, is the parent of heat, rain, and storm. 

(2) Past climate of the several countries of the 
world: There is distinct geological evidence that 
the climate of the world has oscillated in time past, 
being, in Europe and North America at least, higher 
at one time and at another lower than now. During 
the carboniferous period the vegetation and the 
animal life too were so uniform from the Artie zone 
to the equator, that the temperature must have 
varied little in different latitudes, and little also 
between summer and winter. The temperature of 
the Permian is doubtful; during a portion of it 
there may have been a glacial period. The stony 
corals of the oOlite naturally suggest a tropical or all 
but tropical climate. The temperature of the eocene 
was high. It slowly fell, however, during the mio- 
cene and the older pliocene, till in the upper plio¬ 
cene it was for a time absolutely glacial. Since 
that comparatively recent geological event, it has 
risen to what we have it now. Sir Charles Lyell 
considered that bygone changes were probably pro¬ 
duced by different distributions of land and water 
over the globe, a glacial period coming when a 
great deal of land, and that high land, was round 
the poles, and one of great heat when most of 
the land was round the equator. Mr. Croll, on the 
contrary, following in a direction in which Sir John 
Herschellled the way, believes that minute altera¬ 
tions on the ellipticity of the earth’s orbit will pro¬ 
duce oscillation of temperature in one direction for 
10,500 years, and then in the other for the same 
lengthened period of time. [Glacial Period.] 

“ . . . the inordinately great change of climate, on 

the prodigious lapse of time, all included within this 
same glacial period.”— Dancin: Origin of Species (ed. 
1859), ch. ix., p. 294. 

cH-mg,te, v. i. [Climate, s.] To inhabit, to 
dwell. 

“ Leon. The blessed gods 
Purge all infection from our air, whilst you 
Do climate here!” Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, v. 1. 

cll-mat’-Ic, clI-mat'-I-C 3 ,l, a. [En g.climat(e); 
-ic, -ical. J Pertaining to a climate, dependent on 
or limited to a climate. 

“ In the extreme north of the island, the peninsula of 
Jaffna and the vast plains of Neura-kalawa, and the 
Wanny form a third climatic division.”— Sir J. E. 
Tennent: Ceylon, pt. i., ch. ii. 

cll-ma-tlg'-I-tf, s. [Eng. climatic; -ity.] The 
act or process of climatizing. 

cll-ma-tion, s. [Eng. clim(atize); -ation.) Ac¬ 
climatization. ( Hortic. Eegist .) 

cH’-mg,-tIze, v. t. & i. [Eng. climat(e); -ize.] 

A. Trans.: The same as to acclimatize (q. v.). 

B. Intrans.: To become acclimatized or accus¬ 
tomed to a new climate. 

cll-m^i-to-graph'-i-cal, a. [Eng. climato- 
graph(y); -ical.] Pertaining to or connected with 
climatography. 

cli-ma-tog -ra-phy, s. [Gr. klima, genit. kli¬ 
matos—& climate; and grapheme, writing, a dis¬ 
course, from graphd=to write.] A description of 
or treatise on climates. 

tclI-ma-t6-log'-i-C3,l, a. [Eng. climatolog(y); 

-ical. ] Of, or pertaining to, climatology. 

“This . . . group . . . embraces populations actually 
affiliated to each other, rather than populations exhibit¬ 
ing the common effects of common social or climatological 
condition.”— Latham: Varieties of Man. 

cll-ma-tol'-o-gist, s. [Eng. climatology) ; -ist.] 
One who makes a study of and is skilled in clima- 
tology. 

Cli-m?l-tor-6-gy, s. [In Fr. climatologie, from 
Eng., &c., climat(e); o connective, and Gr. logos— 
... a discourse.] The science which describes 
the climates of the several countries of the world 
now and in bygone times, and attempts to trace the 
phenomena observed to their causes. (For details 
see Climate.) ( Brande.) 

*cli'-mg,-tiire, s. [Fr. climature.] The same as 
Climate (q. v.). 

“ Such harbingers preceding still the fates, 

Have heaven and earth together demonstrated 
Unto our climatures and countrymen.” 

Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 1. 

Cll-max, s. [Lat. climax, from Gr. k\imax= a 
ladder, a staircase, from klind= to bend, to slope, to 
incline.] 

1. Literally: . 

Rhetoric: Gradation, ascent; a figure in which 
the sense rises gradually step by step in a series of 
images, each exceeding its predecessor in force or 
dignity. 

“ Some radiant Richmond every age has grac’d, 

Still rising in a climax, till the last, 

Surpassing all, is not to be surpast.”— Granville. 


2. Fig.: The highest or greatest point, the ex¬ 
treme. 

“But we have not as yet touched on the climax of the 
difficulty.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. viL, 
p. 238. 

*cllmb ( b silent), s. [Climb, v.] 

1. An ascent: the act of climbing or ascending. 
(Sat. Review, Feb. 17, 1883, p. 209.) 

2. The place climbed or ascended. 

climb (6 silent), *clembe, *climme, *clymyn, 
♦clymbe, *clym, *clyme, *clemben, *climben 
(pa. t. *clam, *clumbe, *clamb, *clemde, *clomb, 
*cloumb, climbed; pa. par. *clomben, *cloumben, 
*clumben, Hclumben, *iclemde, climbed), v. i. & t. 
[A. S. climban (pa. t. clamb; pi. clumbon), clym- 
mian; O. H. Ger. chlimban: M. H. Ger. klimmen; 
Dut. klimmen .] [Clamber.] 

A. Intransitive; 

I. Literally: 

1. To ascend by means of the hands and feet, to 
clamber up, to mount with difficulty (generally 
with adv. up). 

“ Sche clambe up to the walle one night.” 

Perceval, 1,223. 

2. To creep up or ascend by means of tendrils, or 
by twining the stalk or leaves round any support. 

(Said of plants.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To ascend or rise to a higher point in any way; 
to mount. 

*" Where entrance up from Eden easiest climbs, 
Cherubic watch . . . ”— Milton: P. L., bk. xi. 

*2. To reach to, to attain. 

“Bowinghis head against the steepy mount 
To climb his happiness.”— Shakesp.: Timon, i. 1. 

B. Trans.: To ascend by means of the hands and 
feet, to mount. 

“ The screaming peacock chased in hot pursuit. 

And climbed the garden trellises for fruit.” 
Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; The Student’s Tale; 
The Falcon of Ser Federigo. 

][ Crabb thus distinguishes between to arise or 
rise, to mount, to ascend, to climb, and to scale: 
“ The idea of going upward is common to all these 
terms ; arise is used only in the sense of simply get¬ 
ting up, but rise is employed [either in that sense 
or] to express a continued motion upward: a per¬ 
son arises [or rises ] from his seat or bed; a bird 
rises in the air, the silver [quicksilver] of the 
barometer rises: the threefirstTfarst three] of these 
terms convey a gradation in their sense; to arise 
or rise denotes a motion to a less elevated height than 
to mount, and to mount that which is less elevated 
than ascend: a person rises from his seat, mounts a 
hill, and ascends a mountain. Arise and rise are 
intransitive only; the rest are likewise transitive 
. . . Climb and scale express a species of rising; 
to climb is to rise step by step by clinging to a cer¬ 
tain body; to scale is to rise by an escalade or 
species of ladder employed in mounting the walls 
of fortified towns; trees and mountains are climbed; 
walls are scaled." (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

fcllmb'-gt-ble (b silent), a. [Eng. climb; -able.] 
Capable of being climbed or ascended. 

climbed (b silent), pa. par. or a. [Climb, v.] 

climb-er, *clym-are (b silent), s. [Mid. Eng. 
clime =Eng. climb; Mid. Eng. suff. -are=Eng. -er.) 

I. Ord. Lang.: One who climbs, or ascends by 
means of his hands and feet. 

“ Clymare. Scansor.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“Lowliness is young ambition’s ladder, 

Whereto the climber upward turns his face.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, ii. L 

II. Technically: 

1. Botany: 

(1) Gen.: A plant which ascends by creeping 
along some support; a creeper. 

“ . . . greatly circumscribed in their walks by 
climbers of a most luxuriant growth, . . .”— Cook: 
Voyages, vol. i., bk. ii., ch. vi. (Rich.) 

(2) Spec.: Clematis Vitalba. 

2 . Ornith.: Climbers or Scansores, the name 
given to the third division of the Insessores, or 
Perching Birds, which includes all those birds who 
possess the peculiarity of climbing. Most of them 
have their toes arranged in pairs, or two opposed 
to two. 

3. Telegraphy: A boot provided with spurs, by 
means of which a person is enabled to climb tele¬ 
graph-poles for purposes of repairs to the poles, 
wires, or insulators ; a climbing-iron. 

4. Railroad Engineering: A driving wheel of a 
locomotive, having a positive grip, as by cogs or 
pinchers, upon a rail or rack in ascending or 
descending grades. (Knight.) 

*cllmb -er (b silent), v. i. [A modification of 
clamber (q. v.).] To climb, to clamber. 

“ In scaling the youngest to pluck off his beck, 

Beware how ye climber for breaking your neck.” 

Tusser, ch. xlvi., st. 28. 


b«5il boy- pout jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem, thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f, 
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$I, d$L 





climbing 


926 


clinical 


ellmb -Ing ( b silent), *clym-ynge, pr. par., a. 
As. [Climb, u.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb): e. g., The 
climbing perch. 

C. Assubst.: The act of ascending or mounting 
by means of the hands and feet. 

“ Clymynge. Scansio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“ As the climbing of a sandy way is to the feet of the 
aged, so is a wife full of words to a quiet man.”— 
Ecclesiaticus, xxv. 20. 

*Climbing-boy, s. A chimney-sweeper’s boy who 
used to be sent up chimneys to sweep them. 

climbing fumitory, s. A plant, Corydalis clavi- 
culata. 

climbing-iron, s. [Climber, s., II. 3.] 
climbing-palms, s. pi. A name given to palms 
of the genus Desmoncus. 

climbing-perch, s. 

Ichthy.: Anabas scandens. An Indian species of 
perch which quits the water and makes its way for 
considerable distances over the land. It is even 
said to climb trees, whence its specific name. 
[Anabas.] 

climbing-plants, s.pl. 

Bot.: Plants which climb by tendrils or any simi¬ 
lar appliances terminating at the stem. There are 
also leaf-climbers which do so by means of their 
sensitive leaves. 

Clime, s. [Lat. clima.] The same as Climate 
(q. v.). (Chiefly poetical.) 

“ Yet if thy light, fair Freedom, rested there, 

How rich in charms were that romantic clime." 

Hemans: Modern Greece. 

*Clin -?i-men, s. [Lat., from Gr. klind= to bend, 
to bow.] An inclination or disposition, a bias. 

‘‘And long before the appropriation [of words to new 
meanings] is fixed and petrified, as it were, into the 
acknowledged vocabulary of the language, an insensible 
clinamen (to borrow a Lucretian word) prepares the way 
for it.”— The Opium Eater’s Letters to a Young Man Whose 
Education Has Been Neglected. 

Cll-nan -thl-um, s. [Mod. Lat., from Gr. kline 
=a couch, a sofa, a bier, and anthos= a flower.] 

Bot.: A receptacle which is not fleshy, and when 
it is surrounded by an involucre. Example, the 
Compositce. 

clinch, *clenche, *clenehyn, *clynehe, v. t. & 

i. [Dut. klinken=(l) to sound, (2) to rivet; klink= 
a blow, a rivet; Sw. klinka (v.)=to rivet, (sd a 
latch; O. H. Ger. chlankjan, chlenken; M. H. Ger. 
Menken— to knot together, to unite; M. H. Ger. 
klinke= a bar, a bolt (Skeat). Cf. O. Fr. clenche, Fr. 
clinches a latch.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) To rivet, to fasten firmly; to make or hold 
fast by bending or folding together [II.J. 

“ Clenchyn. Retundo, repando.” — Prompt.. Parv. 
‘‘Thou hast hit the nail on the head, and I will give thee 
six pots for’t, though I ne’er clinch shoe again.”— Beaum. 
dt Fletch.: Martial Maid. 

*(2) To grasp firmly and strongly. 

“Is harpe he gan clenche.” 

Geste of Kyng Horn, 1,498. 

(3) To fix or set firmly together, especially of the 
teeth or the fingers. 

“ At times he beats his heaving breast 
With clenched and convulsive fingers.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv. 

2. Fig.: To settle, to determine, to make conclu¬ 
sive, to confirm or establish. 

“ A sententious, epigrammatic form of delivering 
opinions has a certain effect of clenching a subject.”— De 
Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 232. 

II. Technically: 

1. Naut.: To slightly calk the seams round the 
ports with oakum in anticipation of foul weather. 
(Knight.) 

2. Mech.: To turn over the pointed end of a nail 
so as to prevent its retraction. 

*B. Intransitive: 

1. To take a firm grasp of, to settle on anything. 
“The savages held out a stick on which the birds 

clinched, and were immediately tied by a small string.”— 
Trans, of Buffon: Hist, of Birds, vi. 166. 

2. To lie or be fixed closely together. 

“Toes that clinch together signe [men] covetous and 
.uxurious.”— Gaule: Mag-Astro-Mancer, p. 186. 

3. To make a pun. 

4. To limp, to halt, to walk lame. 

“ Thetothir part lamed clynschis, and makis hir byde, 
In loupis thrawin, and lynkis of hir hyde.” 

Doug: Virgil, 137. 1. 


clinch, clench, s. [Clinch, v.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The act or process of securing or holding 
fast anything; that which serves to secure or hold 
fast. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) A word used in an ambiguous or double mean¬ 
ing; a pun, a duplicity of meaning with an identity 
of expression. 

“ Here one poor word an hundred clenches makes, 

And ductile Dulness new meanders takes.” 

Pope: Dunciad, bk. i., 63, 64. 

(2) A halt. (Scotch.) 

II. Technically: 

1. Naut.: A mode of fastening large ropes, con¬ 
sisting of a half-hitch with the end stopped back 
to its part by seizings. The outer end of a hawser 
is bent by a clinch to the leaf of the anchor. 

2. Mech.: The turning over and beating back the 
pointed end of a nail after it has passed through 
any material, so as to prevent its retraction. 

clinch-built, a. Built by what is called Clinch¬ 
er-work (q. v.). 

*clinch-fist, s. A miser, a niggardly fellow. 

Clinch-joint, s. The kind of joint made by 
clincher-work (q. v.). 

Clinch-ring, s. A lap-ring, or open ring in which 
the parts on the sides of the opening overlap each 
other. (Knight.) 

cllnghed, clenched, pa. par. or a. [Clinch, v.] 

clinph-er, clenph-er, s. [Eng . clinch, clench; 
-er.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A man whose business it is to clinch or rivet. 

2. That which serves to secure or hold fast any¬ 
thing; a cramp, a holdfast. 

“ The wimbles for the work Calypso found ; 

With those he pierced ’em, and with clinchers bound.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, v. 318. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A conclusive argument or statement; one which 
decides or ends a dispute or controversy. 

*2. A punster. 

B. Mech.: A tool for clinching nails. 

clincher-built, clinker-built, a. [Clincher- 
work.] 

clincher-work, s. 

1. Lap-jointed work, a mode of building in which 
the lower edge of each plank overlaps the next one 
below it, like the weather-boarding of a house; the 
shingles or slates of a roof. Clincher-work is used 
on boats of a lighter description, as the galley, gig, 
cutter, &c. 

2. A mode of uniting the iron plates of vessels, 
tanks, or boilers, in which the edges are lapped, and 
secured by one row of rivets. It is distinguished 
from carvel-build in the respect that in the latter 
the edges of the plates are brought together and 
the joint covered by an interior lap or welt, to 
which the plates are secured by two rows of rivets, 
one to each plate. 

cllnoh -Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Clinch, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

“Advanc’d the bird of Jove: auspicious sight! 

A milk-white fowl his clinching talons bore, 

With care domestic pamper’d at the floor.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. xv., 179-181. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: The act or process of securing or making 
fast by a clinch. 

2. Fig.: The act of deciding or ending a contro¬ 
versy or dispute by a conclusive statement or 
argument. 

II. Naut.: Slightly calking the seams round the 
ports with oakum, in anticipation of foul weather. 

clinching-iron, s. 

1. Mech.: A clincher. 

2. Naut.: A calking-iron. 

*cllne, *clyne, *clynyn, v. i. [O. Fr. cliner; 
Lat. clino= to bend, to turn.] To bend, to bow, to 
incline. 

“ Clynyn or declynyn. Declino.” — Prompt. Parv. 
“Withalle mekenes I dyne to this acorde.”— Coventry 
Myst., p. 114. 

cling, *clinge, *clyng, *clynge, *clyngyn (pa. 
t. *clang, *clonge, clung; pa. par. *clongen. *clungen, 
*clunge, *clungyn, clung), v. i. & t. [A. S. clinaan 
(pa. t. clang’, pa. par. clungen)= to become stiff, to 
wither away, to adhere; Dan. Mynge=to adhere, to 
cluster.] 


A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

*1. To wither away, to dry up, to fade or waste 
away. 

“ Whan thou clomsest for cold 
Or clyngest for dr ye.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 9,010. 

“ I clyng, I cluche, I croke, I couwe.” 

Early Eng. Poems, p. 149. 

*2. To shrink in consequence of heat; a term 
applied to vessels made with staves, when the staves 
separate from each other. 

“ Some make covers like barrels, with iron-hoops around 
them: These covers cling, as we say, with the summer’s 
drought, then they drive the hoops straight, which makes 
them tight again.”— Maxwell: Beemaster, p. 20. 

3. To adhere closely, to hang upon by twining 
round or embracing. 

“The broil long doubtful stood; 

As two spent swimmers that do cling together, 

And choak their art.” Shakesp ..- Macbeth, i. Z 

*4. To rush in violently, to attack or fall upon. 

“ Sir Olegis clynges in and clekes another.” 

Morte Arthure, 1,864 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To adhere closely to, to be devoted to. 

" Most popular consul he is grown methinks: 

How the rout cling to him!” 

Ben Jonson: Catiline, iii. 1. 

2. To be tenacious of; to rosign with the greatest, 
unwillingness and regret; to hold fast to. 

“The word is death! And what hath life for thee, 

That thou shouldst cling to it thus?” 

Hemans: Vespers of Palermo, i. 1. 

IT Generally followed by the prep, to, but some¬ 
times by upon. 

“ With fervent love, and with a face of grief 
Unutterably helpless, and a look 
That seemed to cling upon me, she inquir’d.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i. 

*B. Transitive: 

1. To cause to wither or pine away, to dry up. 

“If thou speak’st false, 

Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive 
Till famine cling thee.”— Shakesp. 

2. To cause to adhere closely, to twine round or 
closely. 

“I clung my legs as close to his side as I could.”— Swift. 

3. To embrace. 

cling (1), s. [Cling, v.] The diarrhoea in sheep. 

“ Ovis, morbo, the cling dicto, correpta, faeces liquidas- 
nigras ejecit, et confestim extenuata, morte occumbit.”— 
Dr. Walker: Essays on Nat. Hist., p. 625. 

*Cling(2),s. [Dan. klynge = a bunch, a cluster.] 

1. A bunch, a cluster. 

“The cling of big-swoln grapes.” 

Fletcher: Purple Island, c. i. 

2. An embrace. 

“ Those closer clings of love, where I pertaked 
Strong hopes of bliss.” Fletcher. (Narde.) 

cllng -er, s. [Eng. cling; -er.] One who, or that 
which, clings or adheres closely (lit. & fig.). 

cllng’-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cling, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (Seethe- 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or state of adhering 
closely to. 

Cling -ms-n-lte, s. [Named in 1849 after the Hon. 
T. L. Clingman, Member of Congress for North 
Carolina.] 

Min.: The same as Margarite (q. v.). 

cling’-stone, s. [Eng. cling; stone.'] 

Hortic.: A variety of peach in which the pulp 
adheres closely to the stone of the fruit. 

cllng’-y, a. [En g. cling ;-y.] Inclined to cling, 
adhesive. 

Clln'-ICj a. & s. [From Gr. klinikos=oi or for a 
bed; kline=a bed.] 

A. As adjective: 

Med.: Pertaining to a bed, and especially to a sick¬ 
bed. It is used chiefly in connection with instruc¬ 
tion communicated to medical students at the 
sick-beds of the hospital or other patients, but the 
more common word is clinical (q. v.). 

B. As substantive: 

I. Ch.Hist.: A. clinical convert (q. v.). 

II. Medical: 

1. A person confined to bed by sickness. 

2. The examination of a patient confined to a 
sick-bed conducted by a professor in presence of his 
students, and for their instruction. [Clinique.] 

clln -lc-g.1, a. [Eng. clinic; -ah] The same as 
Clinic. 


ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



clinical 


927 


cliosophic 


clinical convert, s. 

Ch. Hist.: A convert baptized on his sick-bed, if 
not even on his death-bed. 

clinical thermometer, s. 

Sufg.: A thermometer with a long bulb on a bent 
arm. The straight portion only is attached to the 
mdex-plate, which has a range from 80° to 120°. 
The method of using it is to insert the bulb in the 
armpit or in the mouth. The clinometer is self¬ 
registering, and is graduated to fifths of degrees. 

clin'-Ic-al _ l^, adv. [Eng. clinical; -ly .] In a 
clinical manner; by the bedside. 

clink (1), *clenk, *clinke, *clinken, v.i. & t. 
[Dut. klinken= to sound, to tinkle, to ring; Dan. 
klinge= to jingle; Sw. klinga— to ring, to clink; 
Icel. klingja= to ring.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

I. To give out a short sharp tinkling sound, as 
when two metallic bodies are struck lightly to- 
gether. 

*2. To beat smartly. 

“Theis geauntez . . . with clubbez of clone stele 
clenkked in helmes.”— Morte Arthure, 2,113. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. (Of sounds): To jingle, to sound. 

“ Smooth, soothing sounds, and sweet alternate rime, 
Clinking, like change of bells, in tingle tangle chime.” 

Cowper: An Ode; Secundum Artem, ver. 2. 

2. To perform a manual operation with alertness. 

B. Trans.: To cause to give out a short sharp 
tinkling sound. 

“ I schal clinken you so mery a belle 
That I seal waken al this compagnie.” 

Chaucer: C. T. , 11,407. 

T To clink on: To clap on. 

To clink up: To seize any object quickly and 
forcibly. 

clink (2), *clynk, v. i. & t. [Clinch.] 

A. Intrans.: To fasten, to clinch. 

“For to clynk and for to dryfe.” 

Towneley Myst.,(p. 219. 

B. Transitive: 

1. To unite two pieces of metal by hammering. 

If This may belong to Clink (1). v. 

2. To clasp. 

“ She coft f rae this wild tinkler core, 

For new, a trencher clinkit." 

Tarras: Poems, p. 93. 

3. Used improperly, as signifying to mend, patch, 
or join ; in reference to dress. 

clink, s. [Clink (1), v.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A sharp sound, as of two metallic bodies struck 
together. 

“I heard the clink and fall of swords.” 

Shakesp.: Othello, ii. 3. 

*2. A chink, a key-hole. [Clinket.] 

“ Tho’ creeping close, behind the wicket’s clink, 
Privily he peeped out thro’ a chink.” 

Spenser: Shepherd's Calendar. 


II. Figuratively: 

*1. The jingle or assonance of rimes. 

*2. A pun, a play upon words. 

*3. A gossiping woman, a tale-bearer. 

4. A smart stroke or blow. 

5. Money, from its sound when two pieces are 
Btruck together. [Chink, s.] 

cllnk - 9 ,nt, a. [Clinquant.] 

cllnk-er, *clinc-ar, *klinc-ard, s. & a. [Dut. 
& Ger. klinker; Dan. klinke, from the ringing sound 
given out when two pieces are struck together.] 


A. As substantive: 

*1. A kind of Dutch white sun-baked brick. 


“That goodly aqueduct so curiously wharfed with 
klincard brick, which likewise paves the streets.” Eve¬ 
lyn: Journal, i. 24 (original MS. at Wotton). 

a, ' ' curiously wharfed with clincars (a kind of 
white sunbaked brick) and of which material the spacious 
streets on either side are paved.”— Ibid. (Bray s ed. of 
1850.) 

2. Bricks run together into a mass by excessive 
heat in the kiln. 


“Burrs and clinkers are such bricks as have been vio¬ 
lently burnt, or masses of several bricks run together 
in the clamp or kiln.”— Gwilt: Ency. of Arch., g 1,824. 

3. Scoria, or vitrified matter ejected from a vol¬ 
cano ; the refuse of a furnace. . 

4. The scale of oxide formed in forging iron. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 
clinker-bar, s. A bar fixed across the top of the 

ash-pit to support the slice used for cleaning the 
interstices of the bars. 


clinker-built, o. [Clincher-built.] 

“ The lugger pulled eighteen oars, was clinker-built and 
very swift, even with a full cargo.”— Marryat: Snarleyyow, 
vol. ii., ch. xiii. 

clinker-work, s. [Clu^cher-work.] 

*cllnk -er, v. t. [Clinker, s.] To burn, to dry 
to a cinder. 

cllnk'-ered, pa. par. or a. [Clinkee, v.] 

1. Burnt to a cinder. 

2. Studded with nails. 

Clink-et, s. [Eng. clink, and dimin. suff. -et.] A 
keyhole. (Phillips.) 
cllnk -ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Clink, v.) 

A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adjective:' 

1. Lit.: Causing a clink or ringing sound. 

2. Fig.: Capital, very fine, excellent. (Slang.) 

C. As subst.: The act of causing or emitting a 
clinking noise. 

“Five years ! a long lease for the clinking of pewter.”— 
Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. I., ii. 4. 

clink-stone, s. [Eng. clink; stone. In Ger. 
klingstein .] 

Geol.: A compact rock, called also Phonolite or 
Phonolyte, both terms implying that it rings like 
iron when struck with a hammer or anything simi¬ 
lar. Its color is grayish-blue, its fracture rough, its 
composition mostly felspar. It is distinguished by 
its lower specific gravity from gray basalt, into 
which it often passes. The base consists of zeolite 
with orthoclase, in which are frequently imbedded 
crystals of glassy feldspar. 

cli-no-chlbre, s. [Gr. kline= a couch, a bed, 
from klino= to make to bend, and chlorbs= pale- 
green . . . greenish-yellow.] 

Min.: According to Dana, partly the same as 
Ripidolite and partly the same as Corundophilite, 
but the British Museum Catalogue makes it distinct 
from the former of these, and constitutes it the 
species of which the latter is a variety. 

clIn'-o-cla§e, clln-o-cla'-site, s. [Gr. kline= a 
bed, from klino=to make to bend; klao, fut. klaso= 
to break ; referring to the fact that the basal cleav¬ 
age is oblique to the sides of the prism.] 

Min.: A monoclinic green subtranslucent mineral, 
with a hardness of 2'5-3, and a specific gravity of 
4T9-4'36. The luster is pearly on the face of the 
crystal, and on the rest is vitreous to resinous. 
Composition: Arsenic acid, 30’2; oxide of copper, 
62'7; water, 7 - l=100. It is widely distributed in 
Europe. (Dana.) 

cll-no-dl-ag'-on-ed, s. & a. [Gr. klino= to bend, 
to incline, and Eng. diagonal (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

Crystallog.: A diagonal or lateral axis in mono¬ 
clinic crystals, forming an oblique angle with the 
vertical axis. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to or in the same line as 
the clinodiagonal. 

cll-no-ed’-rlte, s. [In Ger. clinoedrit; Gr. kline 
==a bed, and hedra= a seat, a base.] 

Min.: The same as Tetrahedrite (q. v.). 
cll-no-graph -ic , a. [Gr. klino=to bend, to in¬ 
cline; f/rafhu'fcos=pertaining to writing; grapho— 
to write.] Pertaining to a mode of projection in 
drawing in which the rays are assumed to fall 
obliquely on the plane of projection. 

cll-ndid, a. [Gr. kline=a bed, and eidos—iorm, 
shape.] 

Anat.: Bearing a remote resemblance in form to 
a bed. 

Clinoid processes or (more fully) the posterior 
clinoid processes. 

Anat.: The angles of a lamella, called the dorsum 
sellce, behind the pituitary fossa. (Quain.) 

cll-nom'-et-er, s. [Gr. kline= a bed, and metron 
= a measure.] 

1. Math. Instru.: An instrument used in determin¬ 
ing the slope of cuttings and embankments. It has 
a quadrant graduated to degrees, and fixed at the 
end of a long bar which is laid down the slope ; an ■ 
index turns upon tho center of the quadrant, to 
which a spirit-level is attached. The level being 
set horizontally, the angle will be indicated on the 
quadrant as the latter partakes of the motion of 
fhe rod. It is called also a batter-level. (Knight.) 

2. Carp.: A carpenter’s tool for leveling up sills 
and other horizontal framing timbers. (Knight.) 

cll-no-met-rlc, cli-no-met'-rl-cal, a. [Gr. 
kline= a bed, and metron—a measure, with Eng. 
suff. -ic, -ical .] 

1. Pertaining to the measurement of crystals, 
which have oblique angles between the axes. (Phil- 

Ul 2. Ascertained by the clinometer, or in any other 
way pertaining to it. (Phillips.) 


cll-nom -et-rjf, s. [Clinometer. ] The act or 
operation of measuring the dip of geological strata, 
(Brande.) 

ClTn6-pIn'-3,-c6Id, s. [Gr. klino= to incline, and* 
eillos= appearance.] 

Crystallography: A term applied to the two planes- 
in the monoclinic system which lie parallel to the- 
vertical and to the clino-di agonal axes. 

clI-n6-pod'-I-um, s. [Gr. klinopodion, from 
klino= to make to bend, and pous, genit. podos— 
foot; the flower presenting a remote resemblance 
to the castor of a bedpost.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Labiatee. The 
wild basil was formerly called Clinopodium vul- 
gare, now the name given to it is Calamintha 
Clinopodium. [Basil, Calamintha.] 

*clin-quant (quant as kant), a. & s. [Fr.] 

A. As adj.: Shining, resplendent, overlaid with- 
tinsel or finery. 

“ To-day, the French, 

All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods, 

Shone down the English . . .” 

Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., i. I. 

B. As substantive: 

1. Tinsel, gaudy finery. 

2. A meretricious alloy, also called yellow-copper 
or Dutch gold. 

cli-no-rhom'-bic, a. [Gr. klino = to incline, 
and Eng. rhombic .] Having the qualities of a 
prism, inclined obliquely to a rhombic base. 

Clint, *klynt, s. [Icel. klettr— a rock; Sw. & 
Dan. klint .] A hard or flinty rock ; any pretty large 
stone of a hard kind; a rough coarse stone first 
thrown off in curling; dints, the shelves at the side 
of a river. 

“ So on rockes and klyntes they runne and dryve.”— MS. 
in Halliwell, p. 497. 

clln-to -ne-ae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. clin- 
ton(ia), and pi. fern. adj. suff. -ece.l 
Bot.: A tribe of Lobeliads, type Clintonia (q. v.). 
clin-to’-nl-ij,, s. [Named after De Witt Clinton, a 
member of the United States Senate, who was born 
in 1769 and died in 1828. He was a promoter of the 
roject for connecting Lake Erie and the Atlantic 
y a canal, and was moreover a scientific man.] 

Bot.: A small genus of Lobeliads. There is no 
tube in the corolla, and the seed-vessel is very- 
elongated. 

Clin -ton-Ite, s. [Named after De Witt Clinton 
[Clintonia], with suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] 

Min.: A variety of Seybertite (q. v.), occurring in 
reddish-brown or copper-colored foliated masses at 
Amityville, Suffolk Co., N. Y. It is called also- 
Holmite and Chrysophane (q. v.). 

*cllnt-jf, *cljfnt-jf, a. [Eng. clint;-y.\ Rocky 
stony. 

“ On raggit rolkis of hard harsk quhyn stane, 

With frosyn frontis cald clynty clewis schane.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 200, 45. 

Cll -O, s. [Lat. Clio; Gr. kleio, from kleos= . . , 
glory.] 

1. Classical Archaeology: 

(1) One of the Muses, originally the Proclaimer„ 
afterward the Muse of Epic poetry and history. 

(2) A sea-nymph, sister of Beroe. 

2. ZoOl.: The typical genus of the family Cliidse, 
formerly called Clionid® (q. v.). Named after the 
sea nymph and not the Muse, [l (2).] Four recent 
species are known in the Arctic and Antarctic seas, 
in Norway and in India. Clio borealis is found in 
immense abundance in the Arctic, and C. australis 
in the Antarctic seas. They constitute a large part 
of the food of the whales. Eschricht estimated the 
microscopic pedunculated discs in its head at 
360,000. Pallas caHed the genus clione. 

3. Astron.: An asteroid, the eighty-fourth found. 
It was discovered by the astronomer Luther on 
August 25,1865. 

Cli-0I1'-{L, s. [From Lat. Clio (q. v.) (?).] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Sponges, the typical one of the 
family Clionid® (q. v.). The species inhabit 
branching cavities in shells, the hardest of which 
their spiculw enable them to bore. 

Cll-on'-I-dae, s. pi. _ [From Mod. Lat. Clio (?) 
(q. v.), and fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

1. Zoblogy: 

*(1) Formerly a family of pteropodous moHusks, 
having Clio (caHed by PaUas Clione) for its type. 
Now it is caHed Cliidse, to prevent its being con¬ 
founded with No. (2) (q. v.). 

(2) A famUy of Sponges, typical genus Cliona 
(q. v.). 

2. Palceont.: Burrows like those of the Clionidee 
are found from the Silurian onward, but it is not 
completely proved that they were made by repre¬ 
sentatives of this famUy. 

cll-o-so ph-ic, a. [Gr. kleid=Clio, and sophos= 
clever, skillful.] Pertaining to a literary society. 
(Ogilvie.) 


bdil, bdy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 

-cian, -tian = sh?m. -tion, -sion = shun; 


9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 



928 


elite 


clip 


clip (1), ♦clippen, v. t. & i. [Icel. & Sw. klippa; 
Dan. klip'pe, all = to clip, to cut short.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

<1) Gen.: To cut with a pair of shears or scissors. 
“ Till on the pyre I place thee; till I rear 
The grassy mound, and clip my sacred hair.” 

Pope.- Homer’s Iliad, bk. xxiii., 1., 5,556. 
(2) Spec.: To shear sheep. 

“Laban was goon to the sheep that shulden b eclippid.” 
— Wycliffe: Genesis xxxi. 19. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) To curtail, to cut short. 

“Even in London they clip their words after one man¬ 
ner about the court, another in the city, and a third in 
the suburbs.”— Swift. 

t(2) To move rapidly. 

II. Law: To debase or diminish coin by paring 
the edges. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Lit.: To fly swiftly, to scud along. 

“We clip more swift than eagles.” 

Quarles: Emblems, i. 13. 

&. Fig.: To move swiftly. 

“The wings of vengeance clip as fast.” 

Quarles: Emblems, iii. 12. 

'll To clip any one's wings: To put a check on any 
one’s aspirations or ambition. 

“ Then let him, that my love shall blame, 

Or clip Love’s wings, or quench love’s flame.” 

Sir J. Suckling. 

clip (2), *clippe, *cluppen, v. t. & i. [A. S. 

tlyppan.j 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To embrace, to clasp in one’s arms. 

“ The quen hire dipt and keste.” 

William of Palerne, 3,205. 

“ . . . then embraces his son-in-law; then again wor¬ 
ries he his daughter, with clipping her . . .”— Shakesp.: 
Winter’s Tale, v. 2. 

2. To encircle, to surround. 

“ A snake her forehead clips.” Tennyson. 

3. To draw up close or tight, to hold tightly or 
firmly. 

“ Withouten mast, other myke, other myry bawelyne, 
Kable other capstan to clyppe to her ankrez.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 418. 

II. Fig.: To shut in, to inclose, to confine. 

“ Where is he living, dipt in with the sea, 

Who calls me pupil ? ” 

Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. I., iii. L 

B. Intrans.: To embrace, to fondle. 

“ Heo clupten, heo custen.” 

Layamon, ii. 365. 

clip (1), s. [Clip (1), v.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of cutting or shearing. 

2. That which is cut off or shorn ; a shearing. 

*3. A sheep newly shorn. 

“ Quod scho, My clip, my unspaynd lam, 

With mither’s milk yet in your gam.” 

Evergreen, ii. 20, st. 6. 

II. Fig.: A slight blow. (Slang.) 

Clip (2), s. [Clip (2), v.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. An embrace, a folding in the arms. 

2. Anything which holds or fastens two things 
together; a spring holder for letters, papers, &c. 

II. Technically: 

1. An instrument by which pots are raised by the 
ears. [Pot-clip, Kilp.J 

“ May be your pot may need my clips.” — Ramsay: Scotch 
Proverbs, p. 52. 

2. Farming: 

(1) The whole amount of wool shorn in one sea¬ 
son ; a shearing. 

(2) An instrument for pulling thistles out of 
standing corn. 

*3. Old Warfare: Grappling irons, used in a sea- 
fight, for keeping two vessels close together. 

“ Athir othir festynyt with clyppys keyn.” 

Wallace, x. 855. (M. S.) 

4. Machinery: 

(1) An embracing strap to connect parts together. 
Thus the clips of an axle connect it and the springs. 

(2) An iron strap on a double or single tree with a 
loop, by which either is connected to a plow- 
clevis, the trees to each other, or the traces to'the 
single-tree. 

(3) A projecting flange on the upper surface of a 
horse-shoe, which partially embraces the wall of 
the hoof. 


5. Fishing: Hooks for catching hold of fish. 

“ Among the rocks, long iron hooks, here called clips, 
are used for catching the fish.”— P. Edenkeillie: Moray. 
Statist. Acc., vii. 557. 

clip-plate, s. 

Carriages: The axle-band of a wheel. 

*clip-houss, s. [Eng. clip (2), v., and houss=a 
house.] A house in which false money was to be 
condemned and clipped, that it might be no longer 
current. 

♦cllppe, v. t. [Clip, v.] 

“To clippe: tondere, tonsitare.” — Cathol. Anglicum. 

Clipped, dipt, pa. par. or a. [Clip, v.] 

Clip-per (l) *clip-pere, *clyp-pare, clip- 
part, s. [Icel. klippari; Sw. klippare; Dan .klip- 
per.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

I. Gen.: One who or that which clips. 

|2. Specially: 

(1) One who shears sheep. 

“He shal be lad ... as a lomb bifor the clippere.” 
— Wycliffe: Isaiah liii. 7. 

(2) A barber; one who shaves or cuts the hair. 

“Clyppare. Tonsor, tonsatrix.” — Prompt. Parv. 

(3) One who clips coin. 

“ Of clippers of roungers, of suilk takes he questis.”— 
Langtoft, p. 238. 

“. . . the king himself will be a clipper.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. V., iv. 1. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Something excellent or unusually good in its 
way. 

2. (Of the form clippart): A chatterer; a talkative 
woman. 

B. Technically: 

1. Farriery: A machine for clipping horses. 

2. Naut.: A fast sailer, formerly chiefly applied 
to the sharp-built, raking schooners of America, and 
latterly to Australian passenger-ships. Larger 
vessels now built after their model are termed clip¬ 
per-built. They are low in the water and rakish. 

clipper-built, a. [Clipper (1), s., B. 2.] 

clip-ping (1), *clyp-pynge, pr. par. a. & s. 
[Clip (l),t\] 

A. Aspr.par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Lit.: Cutting, shearing, or paring. 

2. Fig.: Excellent, unusually good. (Slang.) 

“ City of London drew away a bit, and a clipping race 
followed, • . —London Daily Telegraph . 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of shearing, shaving, or cutting. 

“ Clyppynge. Tonsura.” — Prompt. Parv. 

“. . . and there is clipping of frocks and gowns, 
upper clothes and under, great and small; such a clipping 
and sewing, as might have been dispensed with.”— Car¬ 
lyle: French Revolution, pt. ii., bk. iv., ch. iii. 

2. The act or practice of debasing coin by clip¬ 
ping the edges. 

“ For the practice of clipp ing, pernicious as it was, did 
not excite in the common mind a detestation resembling 
that with which men regard murder, arson, robbery, even 
theft.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. * 

3. A piece dipt off, a shaving. 

II. Law: 

1. Roman Law: Clipping or defacing the coin of 
the realm was made treason by the J ulian law. 

2. Eng. Law: By the statute 5 Eliz. c. 11, clip¬ 
ping, marking, rounding, or filing the coin was 
made high treason. ( Blackstone , bk. iv., ch. 6.) 

*clipping-house, *clippynge-howse, s. A bar¬ 
ber's shop. 

“ A clippynge-howse: tonsorium, tonstrina." — Cathol. 
Anglicum. 

clipping-shears, s. pi. Shears for clipping 
horses. 

. clipping-time, *clippingtime, s. 

1. Lit.: The time of shearing. 

“ Laban ferde to nimen kep 
In clippingtime to hise sep.” 

Genesis and Exodus, 1,739. 

2. Fig.: The nick of time. 

“ I wad liked weel, just to hao come in at the clipping, 
time, andgi’enhim a lounder wi‘ my pike-staff . . .”— 
Scott: Antiquary, ch. 21. 

clipping-tree, s. Connected with shearing, 
sheltering shearers. 

“ Beneath that large old oak, which near their door 
Stood,—and from the enormous breadth of shade 
Chosen for the shearers covert from the sun, 

Then in our rustic dialect was called 

The ‘Clipping Tree,’ a name which yet it bears.” 

Wordsworth: Michael. 


♦clip-ping (2), *clup-pinge, *clup-punge, pr. 

par., a. & s. [Clip (2), v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See th« 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of embracing. 

2. An embrace. 

“ With clipping and kessing thei kaught here leue.”— 
William of Palerne, 1,053. 

II. Fig.: An inclosure, a space inclosed. 

Cllp'-per§, s. [Clipper.] A barber’s tool for 
clipping nair short; a clipping shears. 

♦clips, (1), *clippys, *clyppes, *clyppyce, 
♦clypse, *clyppus, s. [Eclipse.] An eclipse. 

“ Clyppyce (clypse K. P.) of the sonne or moyne, 
Eclipsis.” — Prompt. Pai~v. 

“ Hit is but the clyppus of the sune.” 

Anturs of Arthure, st. 8. 

Clips (2), s. pi. [Clip (1), s.] Shears. 

“ For her forbears were brought in ships 
Frae yont the Tweed ! 

A bonnier flesh ne’er cross’d the clips 
Than Mailie dead.” 

Burns: Poor Mailie’s Elegy. 

♦clips! v. Z. [Clips (1), «.] To suffer an eclipse- 

“ The sonne is maid obscure til vs quhen it clips, 
. . .” — Compl. Scot., p. 87. 

♦cllp-sjf, *Clip-si, a. [Eng. clips; -i=-y.'] Dark, 
obscure, hidden, as though eclipsed. 

“ Now [love] is faire and now obscure, 

Now bright, now clipsi of manere.” 

Rom. of Rose, 5,351. 

clique (pron. clek), s. [Fr.l A number of per¬ 
sons (generally few) associated for some question¬ 
able purpose; a party, a set, a coterie. 

“ The buyers of pictures and the dealers in them are 
now, however, so large a body that no A cademical clique 
could exclude from notice works of real power .”—London 
Times. 

cliqu-ish (pron. Clek'-Ish), a. (Eng. cliqu(e) ; 
•ish .] Pertaining to or characteristic of a clique. 

fcliqu-ish-ness (pron. clek Tsh-ness), s. [Eng. 
cliquish; -ness.] The quality or state of being 
cliquish. 

cliqu-ism (pron. clek’-I§m), s. (Eng. cliqu(e); 
-ism.] The habit or tendency to form cliques or 
parties; party spirit. 

“. . . that it was penetrated and permeated by a 

narrow spirit of coterieism and cliquism . . .”— Mr. 
Cartwright s Parliamentary Speech reported in London 
Times. 

cllsh'-clash, v. i. [A reduplicated form of clash 
(q. v.).] A word used to express the noise caused 
by the violent striking together of swords. 

“ The weapons clish-clash.” 

Mirror for Magistrates, p. 481. 

cllsh'-clash, s. [Clishclash, u.] Idle talk, 
chatter. 

cllsh'-ma-clav-er, s. [Clavek.] Idle conversa. 
tion. 

“ What farther clishmaclaver might been said, 

What bloody wars, if Sprites had blood to shed.” 

Burns: The Bridge of Ayr. 

ClI-§I-6-phj?r-lum, s- [Gr. klisia=a place for 
lying down, a hut; klino=to make to bend, and 
phyllon= leaf.] 

Palceont.: A genus of fossil corals, family 
Cyathophyllidse. It is found in the Carboniferous 
rocks. 

clls-ten-ter-a'-tu, s. [Gr. kleistos= that can be 
shut, andenfera=the intestines.] 

ZoOl.: An order of Brachiopoda, sometimes called 
Articulata, but the latter term was long in use for the 
Annulose sub-kingdom of animals, and is therefore 
ambiguous. The valves of the hinge are united by 
teeth along the hinge-line; the lobes of the mantle 
are not completely free, and the intestine ends 
blindly. It includes the families Terebratulidee, 
Rhynconellidee,Thecidiidee, Spiriferidse, Pentamer- 
idse, Strophomenidae, and Productidae. The last 
four have no living representatives. 

♦clitgh, *clicche, v. t. [The same as clutch 
(q. v.).] To seize, to grasp, to catch. 

“ If any of them be athirst, he hath an earthen pot 
wherewith to clitch up water out of the running river.”— 
Holland: Xenophon’s Cryopcedia, p. 4. ( Trench: On Some 

Def. in our Eng. Diet., p. 14.) 

elite, elites, cllthes, cllth-er-en, s. [Cf. A. S. 

cZi/e=agremony, a bur.] 

1. Of the forms elite, clithes, and clitheren; Gal¬ 
ium Aparine. 

2. Of the forms elite, elites, and clithes: The 
Burdock (Arctium Lappa). 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fS.ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
■or, wore, wolf work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw! 



clitellum 


929 


clock 


Clj-tel-lum, s. [From Lat. clitella, pl.=a pack- 
eaddle, a pannier.] 

ZoOl.: The thicker part of the cylindrical body in 
an earth-worm. It is called also the saddle. 

“ The second accessory organ is that thickened part of 
an earth-worm which is situated between the thirtieth and 
the fortieth segments; it is called the clitellum, and when 
two earth-worms are disturbed the adhering clitella are 
the last parts to give way.”— Owen: Invertebrate Animals, 
lect. zii. 

cll-tor'-I-g., 8. [From Gr. kleitoris=the Clitoris, 
which the flowers of the plant were supposed some¬ 
what to resemble.] [Clitoris.] 

Bot.: A large genus of papilionaceous plants, 
tribe Phaseole®, sub-tribe Clitorie®. It consists of 
climbing plants with blue, purple, scarlet, pink, or 
white flowers. Clitoria Ternatea comes, as its name 
imports, from Ternate, one of the Molucca Islands. 
It has blue flowers. Its root is emetic. 

cll-tbr'-I-e-se, s.pl. [From Mod. Lat. clitoria, 
and fern. pi. adj. suff. -ece.l 
Bot.: A sub-tribe of Phaseole®, type Clitoria 
(q. v.). 

Cll'-tSr-Is, s. [Gr. kleitoris, perhaps from kleiO 
=to inclose.] 

Anat.: A small elongated body concealed between 
the labia of the female organ of generation, the 
center of the sensory nerves of the external repro¬ 
ductive organs and the seat of sexual sensations in 
the female. 

♦clit’-ter, v. i. [A variant of clatter (q. v.).] To 
make a noise like Harness, &c. ( Palsgrave .) 

Cllt-ter-clat -ter, s. [A reduplication of clatter 
(q. v.).] Chatter, idletalk. 

“ One continued clitterclatter." — Swift. 

♦Clive, v.i. [Icel. kllfa— to climb; Sw. klifva: 
Dan. klyve; A. S. clifan— to stick, to adhere.] 
[Cleave.] To climb up, to ascend. 

“Zeue stapes huerby by clifth an hegh.”— Ayenbite, 
p. 132. 

*cllv-er, a. [A. S. clyfer (?).] Sharp, keen(?). 
“On the clothede the neddre is cof, and te devel Oliver 
on sinnes.”— Bestiary, 220. 

♦cliv'-er, s. [A. S. clifer .] A claw, a talon. 

“ Ich habbe bile stif and stronge, 

And gode clivers scharp and longe.” 

Owl and Nightingale, 269. 
cll’-verg, s. [Cleavers.] 

H Evergreen cliver: Rubia peregrina. 
cllveg, s. [Clive, Cleave.] A hook with a 
spring to prevent its unfastening. 

Cllv-l-g,, cllv -e-g., s. [Named after the Duchess 
of Northumberland.] 

Bot.: A beautiful genus of African Amaryllids, 
with orange-yellow or reddish-yellow flowers. 

cUv-T-ng., s. [Mod. Lat., apparently from Class. 
Lat. clivus= a hill, but why so called is not obvious. 
Agassiz says Olivia (nom. prop.).] 

Entom.: A genus of insects, family Carabid®, sub¬ 
family Scaritin®. They have the anterior tibi® 
dentated, which enables them to burrow. They 
live under stones on the margins of rivers and other 
damp places. 

♦cllv’-Ing, a. [Mid. Eng. c7t«e=cliff.] Sloping, 
inclining. 

cllv'-I-t]f, 8. [Lat. clivu8=a hill.] [Declivity.] 
An inclination, whether ascending or descending; 
a gradient. 

*clo'-$l, s. [Gael. cZo=raw cloth.] Coarse woolen 
cloth. 

“A sort of coarse woolen cloth ealled cloa, or caddoes, 
the manufacture of their wives, made into short jackets 
and trowsers, is the common dress of the men.”— Stat. 
Acc., xvi. 160. 

clo-a -c^. (pi. clo-a'-gae), s. [Lat.] 

*1. Ordinary Language: 

1. A sewer, an underground drain or conduit. 

U The Roman Cloaca Maxima (the greatest or 
main sewer) is said to have been constructed, or at 
least commenced, under the auspices of King Tar- 
quinius Priscus, about B. C. 5881 It is still used m 
the drainage of Rome. 

2. A privy, a house of office. 

II. Technically: 

1. Anat.: A part of the intestine in which the 
intestinal, ovarian, and urinary outlets terminate. 
This structure exists in birds, m reptiles, in the 
amphibia, and in the mammalian order Monotre- 
mata. In the rotifera also the perivisceral cavity 
terminates in a dilatation or cloaca, which forms 
the common outlet for the digestive, generative, 
and water-vascular systems. There is a cloaca also 
in insects, and one also in tunicated mollusks. Ine 
latter is sometimes called the atrial chamber. _ 

In the embryonic development of man there is a 
period during which a cloaca, like that of tne 
inferior animals, exists. „ . 

2. Pathol.: The opening, in cases of mortification, 
of the bones leading to the inclosed dead bone. 


Clo-a'-Cgl, a. [Lat. cZoocalis=pertaining to a 
cloaca.'] Pertaining to or of the nature of a cloaca. 

“ . . . the excreta are voided through a cloacal pas¬ 
sage . . .”— Darwin: Descent of Man (1871), pt. i., ch. i., 
vol. i., p. 16. 

cloak, fcloke, s. [O. Fr. clogue, cloke, clocke; 
from Low Lat. cloca={T) a bell, (2) a horseman’s 
cloak.] 

1. Lit. : A loose wide outer garment worn over the 
other clothes; a mantle. 

“ Then give him, for a soldier meet, 

A soldier’s cloak for winding-sheet.” 

Scott: Rokeby, vi. 83. 

2. Fig.: A disguise, a blind, a cover; anything 
used as a means of concealing one’s tHoughts or 
plans. 

“ Not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness.” 
—1 Peter ii. 16. 

If Crabb, after showing that cloak, mask, blind, 
and veil, when used figuratively, are all employed in 
a bad sense, thus discriminates between them: 
“ The cloak , as the external garment, is the most 
convenient of all coverings for entirely keeping con¬ 
cealed what we do not wish to be seen; a good out¬ 
ward deportment serves as a cloak to conceal a bad 
character. A mask only hides the face; a mask 
therefore serves to conceal only as much as words 
and looks can effect. A blind is intended to shut 
out the light and prevent observation; whatever, 
therefore, conceals the real truth, and prevents 
suspicion by a false exterior, is a blind. A veil pre¬ 
vents a person from seeing as well as being seen; 
whatever, therefore, obscures the mental sight acts 
as a veil to the mind’s eye.” ( Crabb : Eng. Synon .) 

♦cloak-bag, s. A bag in which cloaks and other 
clothes were carried; a portmanteau, a traveling- 
bag. 

cloak-pins, s.pl. 

1. Large pins used to fasten a cloak. 

2. The pegs affixed to a rail, on which to hang up 
cloaks, coats, &c. 

“ A huge pair of stag’s antlers, which . . . served 
what we vulgarly call cloak-pins.” — Scott: Monastery, ch. 
xiii. 

cloak-room, s. A room or office at places of 
public resort, as a railway station, &c., where 
cloaks, small parcels, &c., can be left in charge for 
a time. 

cloak, fcloke, v. t. [Cloak, v. ] 

1. Lit. : To cover or dress with a cloak. 

2. Fig. : To hide, to conceal, to cover over. 

“ She by creation was, till she did fall; 

Thenceforth 6he sought for helps to cloke her crime 
withall.” Spenser: F. Q., II., vii. 45. 

*cloak-age (ageaslg),s. [Eng. cloak; -age.] 
The act of covering with a cloak. ( Worcester.) 
cloaked,pa. par. or a. [Cloak, v.] 
cloak -ed-ly, *clok-yd-ly, adv. [Eng. cloaked; 
-ly.] In a concealed or underhand manner; secretly, 
not openly; as a blind or cover. 

“ Clokydly withowt thei obey very mych, 

And inwerdly the most mayster wer no brych.” 

Songs and Carols, p. 66. 

“ The French ambassador came to declare, first how the 
emperor . . . did cloakedly begin war.”— K. Edward 
VI. Journal: Burnet’s Hist. Ref., ii. 

fcloak-er, s. [Eng. cloak; -er.] One who cloaks 
or conceals. 

cloak -Ifig, fclok-ing, pr. par., a. &s. [Cloak, 

d.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

♦I. Literally: 

1. The act of covering or dressing with a cloak. 

2. A rough woolen material adapted for making 
cloaks. 

II. Fig.: The act of hiding or concealing. 

“Such men had need to take heed of their dissem- 
blings and clokings.” — Strype: Records, No. 86, Epistle by 
Mr. Latimer. {Rich.) 

♦clob-bed, *clob-bet, a. [Clubbed.] Club-like. 

“ Grete clobbet staves.”— Chaucer: C. T., 15,383. 
fclob -ber, s. [Gael. clabar= filth, dirt.] A kind 
of coarse paste composed of flour and pulverized 
cinders, used by cobblers to conceal cracks or 
breaks in the leather of cobbled shoes. 
Clob'-ber-er, s. [Eng. clobber; -er.] 
fl. A cobbler who makes use of clobber to conceal 
defects in his work. „ , 

♦2. A cobbler or patcher, whether of clothes or 
boots. 

♦clooh’-ard, s. [Fr. clocher, from cloche= a 
clock.] A clock-tower, a belfry. 

« King Edward the Third built, in the little sanctuary, 
a clochard of stone and timber • • .” Weever: Fun. 
Mon., p. 491. 


cloph -Ar-et, s. [Gael, cloichran , from cloich=& 
stone, and perhaps rann— a song.] The Stone- 
chatter, Motacilla rubicola (Linn.). 

u The curlew or whaap, and clocharet are summer 
birds.”— P. Caputh: Perths. Statist. Acc., ix. 490. 

♦cloche, *clouche, *clowche, ♦cloke, *kloke, s. 

[Clutch, s.] A claw, a talon. 

“ He [the cat] wol . . . cracchen us or clawen us, 
And in hise douches holde.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 306. 

*cloch'-er, *clok-erre, s. [O. Fr. clochier, 
clokier; Fr. clocher; Low Lat. clocarium, from 
cloca= a clock.] A belfry, a clock-tower. 

“ Clokerre ( clocher P.) or belfray. Campanile.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 

clock (1), *cloke, *clok, *clokke, s. & a. [A. S. 

clucga; Icel. klukka, klocka; Sw. klocka; Dan. 
klokke; Wei. cloch; Fr. cloche: Dut. klok; Ger. 
glocke; Ir. clog: all=a clock, a bell. The origin of 
the word is doubtful, but it ls 'probably connected 
with clack (q. v.).] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

(1) In the same sense as II. 

“When the clock stroke twelf.”— Towneley Myst., p. 115. 

“ The clock has strucken twelve upon the bell.” 

Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, i. 2. 

♦(2) A watch, especially one which strikes the 
hours. 

♦(3) The striking or strokes of a clock. 

“I told the clocks and watch’d the wasting light.” 

Dryden. 

*(4) The clock of a stocking: Flowers or figured 
work about the ankle, probably because used orig¬ 
inally of bell-shaped ornaments. 

“His stockings with silver clocks were ravished from 
him.”— Swift. 

(5) The balloon-like fruit of the Dandelion, Leon- 
todon Taraxacum. Named from the practice of 
children, who playfully blow away the feathery 
globe to ascertain “ what o’clock it is.” 

♦2. Fig.: A guide, a monitor. 

“ His equal had awaked them; and his honor, 

Clock to itself, knew the true minute, when 
Exception bid him speak, and, at this time, 

His tongue obey’d his hand . . .” 

Shakesp. : All’s Well that Ends Well, i. 2. 

If O'clock=ot the clock, is used as equivalent to 
by the clock; as, what o'clock is it?=what time is it 
by the clock? 

“ What is’t o'clock J Upon the stroke of four.”— Shakesp.: 
Richard III., iii. 2. 

II. Technically: 

1. Horol.: An instrument differing from a watch 
in not being adapted to be carried on the person, 
and having a motive weight or spring, a train of 
gearing, index hands, and figured dial, and a pulsa- 
tive device to determine the rate at which the 
mechanism shall move. 

(1) Hist.: The dial was an early invention for 
keeping time. [Dial.] The clepsydra followed 
next. [Clepsydra.] One of these latter instru¬ 
ments, that of Plato, B. C. 372, was made to sound 
upon organ-pipes the hour of the night when the 
dial could not be seen. Wheel-work set in motion 
by springs and weights was known in the time of 
Archimedes, 287-212 B. C., and applied to mechan¬ 
ical engines and toys. Two other appliances were 
needful to make a clock, viz., to join the wheels to 
a pointer which traversed the dial, and to contrive 
a mode of regulating the speed of the going-works. 
When these features were united to complete the 
mechanism of a clock is not known. About A. D. 
1000 Ebu Junis, of the Saracenic University of Cor¬ 
dova, in Spain, had a pendulum clock, to which it 
is thought that Gerbert, a student at that seat of 
learning, and afterward Pope Sylvester II., added 
the escapement. In A. D. 1288 a clock was placed 
in the palace yard, London, and shortly after that 
date they began to be supplied to cathedrals, 
churches, palaces, town halls, &c., till at length 
they became numerous everywhere. 

(2) Kinds of clocks now in use : 

(a) A church clock is called in the trade a tower 
clock; its external appearance is familiar to every¬ 
one. 

(6) A chiming clock, sometimes called a musical 
clock, is one in which the hours or fractions are 
marked by a carillon. These instruments were first 
made in Germany as early as A. D. 1580. 

(c) A regulator is a watchmaker’s clock of supe¬ 
rior quality for regulating time-pieces. 

(d) An astronomical clock is one which has a com- 

ensating pendulum, and is otherwise of marked 

igh quality; it is used in determining time when 

astronomical observations are being taken. 

(e) An electric clock is one whose movements arc 
regulated by electro-magnetic devices. 

2. Astron.: [1. Horol.] 

3. Elect.: [1 Horol.] 

B. As adjective: (See the compounds.) 


1)611, b6y; p6ut, J6wl; cat, $ell, chorus, 

-cian, -tlan = sh$.n. -tion. -sion = shun; 


$hin, bench; go, &em; thin, this; 

-tion, -gion = zhiin. -tious, -cious. 


sin, ag; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph=t 

-sious = shus. -ble, -die, Ac. = bel, deL 


59 



clock-alarm 


930 


clog 


clock-alarm, s. 

Horol.: A device in a clock, which is capable of 
such arrangement that when a certain hour is 
reached a repetitive alarm shall be struck upon a 
bell, (j Knight.) 

clock-calm, s. 

Naut.: A perfect calm. 

clock-case, s. The frame or case in which the 
works of a clock are contained. 

tclock-finger, s. The hand of a clock. 

clock-maker, s. One whose business or profes¬ 
sion it is to make and repair clocks and watches. 

clock-movement, s. & a. 

1 As substantive : 

Horol.: The movement of a clock. 

2. As adjective: (See the compound.) 

IT Clock-movement hammer: The striker of a clock 
which sounds the hour upon the bell or gong. 

clock-pillar, s. 

Horol.: One of the posts which connect, and at 
the same time hold at the precise distance apart, 
the plates of a clock-movement. 

clock-setter, s. He who regulates or sets the 
time for clocks. 

“Old time the clock-setter, that bald sexton time.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 1. 

clock-spring, s. 

Horol.: A coiled steel spring in the going-barrel 
or the striking-barrel of a clock-wheel. 

clock-stars, s. pi. A name for the nautical stars 
which, from their positions having been accurately 
ascertained, are used for determining time. 

♦clock-stocking, s. A stocking embroidered 
with figured work about the ankle. [Clock (1), s., 

A., I. (4)] 

clock tower, s. A tower especially designed to 
hold a clock, with its quarter and half-hour bells. 

clock-watch, s. A watch adapted to strike the 
hours and quarters, similarly to a clock, as distin¬ 
guished from a repeater, which strikes the time 
only when urged to do so, as, for instance, by push¬ 
ing in the stem. 

clock-work, s. 

I. Literally: 

1. The works or movements by which a clock is 
set in motion and regulated. 

2. Any works or machinery of a nature similar to 
those of a clock. 

“You look like a puppet moved by clock-work." — Ar- 
buthnot. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Any delicate machinery. 

2. Used to convey the idea of perfect regularity 
and punctuality. 

“The nicest constitutions of government are often like 
the finest pieces of clock-work, . . . ” — Pope: Thoughts 
on Various Subjects. 

If Clock-work lamp: 

Lighting: A lamp in which a clock-work mechan¬ 
ism pumps up a continuous supply of oil to the 
wick. Mechanism has even been used to light the 
lamp at a prearranged time. 

Clock (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A beetle. 

“ The Brize, the black-armed clock." 

H. More: Life of the Soul, i. 41. 

clock (1), v. t. [From clock (1), s. (q. v.)] To 
strike in a particular way. 

If To clock a bell: 

Music: An objectionable method of ringing or 
chiming a bell by attaching a rope to the clapper 
and swinging it to and fro till it touches the side of 
the bell, the latter being allowed to remain station¬ 
ary. Many valuable bells have thus been cracked. 

clock (2), *clocke, *clok, ♦clo'kkyn, *cloyke, 

v. i. & t. [A. S. cloccan (?),’ Dut. klokken; Dan. 
klukke; Ger. glucken; Lat . glocioi] [Cluck.] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To call as a hen, to cluck. 

“ Clokkyn as hennys K. clocke P. Crispio, frigulo .”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

*2. To hatch eggs. 

*B. Trans.: To call as a hen her chickens. 

“ So long doth the great brood-hen clock her chickens, 
as she takes them to be her’s.”— Ld. Northampton-. Pro¬ 
ceed. against Garnet, Ft. 4. b. 

*clock-er, s. [Eng. clock, v.; -er.] A hen sitting 
on eggs. 

“ Crib some docker’s chuckie brood.” 

Tarras: Poems. 

clock -lJ-ddw, clok-ie-doo, s. [Etymol. doubt¬ 
ful.] The pearl oyst r, found in rivers. 


clock'-ifig, pr.par., a. & s. [Clock, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of calling as a hen her 
chickens; the noise of a hen wnen calling her 
chickens, 
clocking-hen, s. 

1. Lit. : A hen sitting on eggs. 

2. Fig.: Used to indicate a woman past the time 
of child-bearing. 

clocking-time, clecking-time, s. The time or 
period of hatching. 

“ As soon’s the clockin’-time is by, 

An’ the wee pouts begun to cry.” 

Burns: Epistle to J. Bankine. 

clock’-led-dle, s. [Eng. clock; and Scotch led- 
cKe=lady.] Local name for the Lady-bird. 

fclock’-less, a. [Eng. clock; -less.] Without a 
clock. 

“Clockless so just to measure time’s partition.” 

Sylvester: Du Bartas, 1st wk., 3d day, 879. 

clod, *clodde, s. [A later form of clot (q. v.). 
(Sfceaf.)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A lump or clot of earth or clay; as much earth 
or clay as coheres into one mass. 

“ The earth that casteth up from the plow a great clod 
is not as good as that which casteth up a smaller clod." — 
Bacon. 

“The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, . . ." 
— Job xxi. 33. 

2. A lump or mass of metal. 

"... two massy clods of iron and brass.” 

Milton: P. L., xi. 565. 

3. A mass of anything formed into a single lump. 

"... swallows congealed in clods of a slimy sub¬ 
stance . . . ”— Carew. 


4. The ground, the turf. 


“ Byzantians boast, that on the clod, 

Where once their sultan’s horse has trod. 

Grows neither grass, nor shrub nor tree.” 

Swift. 

5. A clot of blood. 

6. A clew or ball of yarn. 

7. A kind of flat loaf, made of coarse wheaten 
flour, and sometimes of the flower of pease. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Anything vile, base, or earthy, as opposed to 
spiritual. 

“ The spirit of man, 

Which God inspir’d, cannot together perish 
With this corporeal clod.” Milton: P. L., 786. 

2. A clodhopper, a blockhead, a thick-skulled fel¬ 
low. 

“The vulgar! a scarce animated clod. 

Ne’er pleas’d with aught above ’em.” 

Dryden. 


B. Butchering: The part of the neck-piece of an 
ox nearest the shoulder. 


fclod-breaker, s. One whose business it is to 
break up the clods on a field. 

“ The old miserly clod-breaker . . .”— Scott: Bob Boy, 
ch. ix. 


Clod-crusher, s. An implement for crushing 
large clods after plowing, 
clod, *clodde, *clotte, v. i. & t. [Clod, s.] 

A. Intrans.: To form or gather into clods or 
lumps; to coagulate, to clot. 

“ Let us go find the body, and from the stream, 

With lavers pure, and cleansing herbs, wash off 
The clodded gore.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes, 1728. 

B. Transitive: 

*1. To cover with clods or lumps of earth. 

“ Clodde hem large, as wel thai may be wise.” 

Palladius, bk. xii., 1. 8. 

♦2. To break up the clods or lumps of clay in a 
field by rolling. 

“ To clodde or clotte land. Occo.” — Huloet. 


3. To pelt with clods. 

+4. To throw violently, to hurl. 

“ I clodded him like a stane ower the craigis.”— Scott. 
Guy Mannering, ch. xi. 

Clod'-ded, pa. par. or a. [Clod, u.] Gathered 
or formed into clods or lumps; coagulated. 

“Black and clodded together.”— Burroughs: Physic, 
1624. ( Halliwell.) 

♦clod’-der, *clod-dre, s. [Clod.] A clot or 
lump. 

“ In cloddres of blod his her was clunge.” 

Legends of Holy Bood, p. 142. 

♦clod -der, v. i. [Clod.] To coagulate. 

. . it might not clodder and congeal together.”— 
Hall: Works, iv. 500. (Davies.) 


Clod’-di-ness, s. [Eng. cloddy; -ness.\ The 
state or quality of being cloddy, 
clod -ding, pr.para. & s. [Clod, a.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. db particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of forming or gathering into dots or 
clods. 

2. The act or process of breaking clods in plowed 
land by rolling. 

*clodding-mall, *cloddynge-malle, s, A mal¬ 
let or beetle for breaking up clods. 

“A cloddynge betyll or malle. Occa, Oooatonum 
Huloet. 

tclod’-dlsh, a. [Eng. clod; -ish.] Boorish, dolt¬ 
ish, coarse, clumsy. 

“ He began to wonder where Mr. Melton got his boots 
from, and glanced at his own, which, though made in St. 
James’ street, seemed to him to have a cloddish air.”—• 
Disraeli: Coningsby, bk. iii., ch. V. 

Clod'-d^, a. [Eng. clod; -y .] 
fl. Lit.: Full of clods or lumps: consisting 
wholly or largely of clods. 

*2. Fig.: Earthy, mean, base, worthless. 

“The glorious sun, 

Turning with splendor of his precious eye 
The meager cloddy earth to glittering gold.” 

Shakesp.: K. John, iii. L 

clod’-hop-per, s. [Eng. clod, and hopper (q. v.).] 
A clownish, boorish fellow; an awkward rustic, a 
boor. 

clod'-hop-plng, s. [Eng. clod, and hopping (q. 
v.).] Clumsy, loutish. 

“A clodhopping messenger.” — C. Bronte: Jane Eyre , 
ch. xx. 

clod-mell, s. [Eng. clod, and meM=mallet.] A 
large mallet for breaking the clods of the field, 
especially on clayey ground, before harrowing it. 
[ Clodding-mall.] 

Clod -pate, s. [Eng. clod, and pate (q. v.).] 

1. A stupid, thick-headed fellow, a dolt, a block¬ 
head. 

2. A thickhead. 

“ . . . more logic than I expected from your clod- 
pate.” — Smollett: L. Greaves, ch. viii. (Davies.) 

clod'-pa-ted, a. [Eng. clod, and pated (q. v.).] 
Stupid, thick-headed, doltish, blockhead. 

"My clodpated relations spoiled the greatest genius in 
the world, when they bred me a mechanic.” — Arbuthnot. 

Clod-poll, s. [Eng. clod, and poll (q. v.).] A 
thick-headed fellow, a blockhead, a clodpate. 

“ This letter being so excellently ignorant, he will find 
that it comes from a clodpoll.” — Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, 
iii. 4. 

Clof-flng, s. [Corrupted from clove-tongue (?).] 
Some species of Helleborus. [Clove-tongue.] 
clog, ♦clogge, v. t. & i. [Clog, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To encumber or hamper with a weight; to load, 
especially with anything sticky or clogging; 

if he were opened, and you find so much blood 
in his liver as will clog the foot of a flea, . . Shakesp.: 

Twelfth Night, iii. 2. 

“ The wings of birds were dogged with ice and snow.” 

Dryden. 

2. To choke up so as to hinder free passage. 

3. To load or encumber in any way; to hinder or 
obstruct. 

“His majesty’s ships were over-pestered and clogged 
with great ordnance, whereof there is superfluity.” — 
Baleigh. 

4. To form clots or lumps upon. 

“And carnage clogs their hands, and darkness fills 
their eyes.” Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xvii., 1. 449. 
*5. To weight, to weigh down, to balance. 

*6. To put on clogs, to furnish with clogs. 

II. Fig.: To hinder, to obstruct or impede, tc 
hamper. 

“. . . as who would say, You’ll rue the time 
That clogs me with this answer.” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 6. 

*B. Intransitive: 

1. To be obstructed or hindered by anything 
adhering or sticking. 

“In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw will 
begin to clog.” — Sharp: Surgery. 

2. To coalesce, to form into a clod or clot; to 
become clotted or lumpy. 

“Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds dog 
not together.” — Evelyn. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between to clog, to 
load, and to encumber: “ Clog is figuratively em- 
ployed for whatever impedes the motion or action 
of a thing, drawn from the familiar object which is 


ate,* fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kwi 




931 


close 


clog 


ased to impede the motion of animals; load is nsed 
for whatever occasions an excess of weight or 
materials. A wheel is clogged, or a machine is 
clogged: a lire may be loaded with coals, or a pic¬ 
ture with coloring. . . . Clog and encumber have 
the common signification. of interrupting or troub¬ 
ling by means of something irrelevant. Whatever 
is clogged has scarcely the liberty of moving at all; 
whatever is encumbered moves and acts but with 
difficulty.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

clog> *clogge, s. & a. [Scotch clag; A. S. clceg— 
clay ; Dan. klceg, kleg=(s.) clay, loam; (a.) loamy.] 
(_Clay.j 

A. As substantive : 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) A trunk of a tree, a block, a log of wood. 

“Clogge. Truncus.”—Prompt. Parv. 

“His luddokys thai lowke like walkmylne clogges.” 

Towneley Myst., p. 313. 

(2) A load, a weight, an obstruction or impedi¬ 
ment. 

*(3) A wooden almanac. 

2. Fig.: Any moral obstruction, impediment, or 
embarrassment. 

"Percy. The grand conspirator, abbot of Westminster, 
With clog of conscience, and sour melancholy.” 

Shakesp..- Richard II., v. 6 . 

“Thus, conscience freed from every clog, 
Mahometans eat up the hog.” 

Cowper: The Love of the World Reproved. 

II. Technically: 

1. A wooden shoe. 

2. The cone of Pinus Pinea. (Gerard.) 

B. Asadj.: (See the compounds.) 

♦clog-almanac, s. A kind of almanac or calen¬ 
dar made by cutting notches or marks o'_ a clog or 
block of wood, brass, or bone. 

clog-dance, s. A dance in which the performer 
wears clogs in order to produce a loud accompani- 
men t to the music. 


clog-dancer, s. One who performs clog-dances. 

clog-hornpipe, s. A hornpipe performed by a 
clog-dancer. 

*clog-dog-do, s. [ Eng. clog and dog. ] An 
encumbrance, a clog. 

“ A wife is a scurvy clogdogdo.” — B. Jonson: Silent 
Woman, iv. 1. 

clogged, pa. par. or a. [Clog, v .] 

clog -gi-ness, s. [Eng. cloggy; -ness.] The state 
or quality of being cloggy or clogged. 

clog -ging, pr. par., a. & s. [Clog, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of obstructing or encumbering. 

2. Anything which clogs. 

“ But truth doth clear, unweave, and simplify, 

All ascititious cloggings.” 

More: Song of the Soul, ii. iii. 25. 

Clog gy, a. [Eng. clog; -y .] Clogging; having 
the power or quality of cloggmg. 

“ By additaments of some such nature, some grosser 
and cloggy parts are retained . . .”— Boyle.- History of 
Firmness. 

*clois (1), s. [Close, *.] A close, an alley. 

*ClOis (2), s. [Ger. kloss= a ball.] A crown. 

“ Of gold also the clois, or double croun, 

Set full of precious stonys enuiroun.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 33, 43. 

Cldis -ter, s. [O. Fr. cloistre; Fr. cloitre; from 
Lat. claustrum=(\) an inclosure; (2) a cloister; 
from clausus, pa. par. of claudo= to shut.] 


I. Literally: 

1 .Ecclcs.: A place of religious seclusion; an 
establishment for monks or nuns; a place of retire¬ 
ment from the world. 

“ Gif me than of thy good to make our cloyster.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 7,681. 

“A convent rose at Clerkenwell on the site of the 
ancient cloister of Saint John.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 


ch. vi. 

2. Arch.: The square space attached to a regular 
monastery or large church, with a peristyle or 
ambulatory round, and usually with a range of 
buildings over it. The cloister is perhaps ex vi 
termini, the central square shut in or closed by 
the surrounding buildings. Cloisters are usually 
square on the plan, having a plain wall on one side, 
a series of windows between the piers or columns 
on the opposite side, and arched over with a vaulted 
or ribbed ceiling. It mostly forms part of the 
passage of communication from the church to the 
chapter-house, refectory, and other parts of the 
establishment. In England nearly all the cathe¬ 
drals, and most of the collegiate churches and 


abbeys, were provided with cloisters. On the conti¬ 
nent they are commonly appended to large monas¬ 
teries, and are often decorated with paintings and 
contain tombs. ( Gwilt .) 

“ Prince Henry. Here it reigns forever ! 

The peace of God, that passeth understanding, 

Reigns in these cloisters and these corridors.” 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv. 

*11. Fig.: Any place in which one is shut up, 
specially the womb. 

“As he brak not Maries cloister whanne that she was 
maad with childe.”— Wycliffe: Select Works, i. 318. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between a cloister, a 
convent, and a monastery: “The proper idea of 
cloister is that of seclusion; the proper idea of con¬ 
vent is that of community; the proper idea of a 
monastery is that of solitude. One is shut up in a 
cloister, put into a convent, and retires to a monas¬ 
tery." (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

*clOister-garth, s. [Eng. cloister, and Mid. Eng. 
grarfk=garden.] The court of a religious house 
with the arcades attached. 

cl6is-ter, v. t. [Cloister, s.] 

1. Lit. : To shut up in a cloister or religious 
house; to shut up in seclusion from the world. 

“ And cloister thee in some religious house; 

Our holy lives must win a new world’s crown.” 

Shakesp.: Richard II., v. 1. 

2. Fig.: To withdraw or shut up from the world. 

*cl6is'-ter-g,l, *cldis'-tral, a. [Eng. cloister; -al.) 

[Claustral.] Pertaining to a cloister; living in 
or confined to a cloister. 

“ Upon this ground many cloisteral men, of great learn¬ 
ing and devotion, prefer contemplation before action.”— 
Walton: Angler. 

clois'-tered, pa. par. or a. [Cloister.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Shut up or confined in a cloister; living in 
religious retirement from the world. 

“ Cold as the image sculptured fair, 

(Form of some sainted patroness,) 

Which blister’d maids combine to dress.” 

Scott: The Lord of the Isles, i. 7. 

*2. Pertaining to or frequenting cloisters. 

“ Then be thou jocund: Ere the bat hath flown 
His cloister’d flight . . .” 

Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 2. 

II. Arch.: Built with peristyles and corridors; 
furnished with cloisters. 

“ The Greeks and Romans had commonly two cloistered 
open courts, . . .”— Wotton: Architecture. 

cldis-ter-er, *cloys'-ter-er, *cloys-trer, s. 

[Eng. cloister; -er.) One who lives in a cloister or 
in religious retirement from the world; a recluse. 

“ But that I shal as acloystrer dye.” 

Lydgate: Daunce, 243. 

“ Learn, then, heavy-headed cloisterer; unable to man¬ 
age these mysteries of state.”— Sir J. Haywood: Answ. to 
Doleman, ch. v. 

cldls'-ter-lng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cloister, v.) 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C As subst.: The act of shutting up in a cloister 
or secluding from the world; the] act or state of 
living in a cloister. 

*cl6is'-ter-less, *cloys-ter-les, a. [Eng. clois¬ 
ter; -less.) Without a cloister; deprived of or away 
from his cloister. 

“A monk when he is cloysterles.” 

Chaucer: C. T.; Prologue, 179. 

Cldis-tress, s. [Eng. cloister; -ess.l A woman 
who has devoted herself to religious seclusion from 
the world. 

“ Shall not behold her face at ample view ; 

But, like a cloistress, she will veiled walk.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, i. 1. 

Clon’-lc, a. [In Fr. clonique; Low Lat. clonicus, 
from Gr. klonos= any violent confused motion, the 
throng of battle, spec, the battle-rout . . . (Med.) 
a tumult in the bowels.] 

Med.: Any tumultuary inordinate interrupted 
motion within the bodily frame. It is used specially 
of the epileptic and convulsive motions. Dr. Cul¬ 
len and his followers applied the term clonic con¬ 
vulsions to what he deemed spasms characterized 
by involuntary alternate motions of contraction 
and relaxation such as may be seen in hysteria, and 
tonic convulsions to those characterized by con¬ 
tractions not quickly succeeded by alternate relax¬ 
ations. Of this class the chief example is tetanus. 
This terminology is now abandoned. 

“In the other form of spasm, the contractions of the 
affected muscles take place repeatedly, forcibly and in 
quick succession; and the relaxation, of course, is as sud¬ 
den and frequent. This has been named clonic spasm.”— 
Watson. Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic, 
lect. xxxii. 


*Cloom, v. t. [Clam.] To smear over or stop up 
with any viscid or tenacious substance. 

“ Rear the hive enough to let them in, and doom up the 
skirts, all but the door.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 

cloot, elute, s. [Cleave.] A divided or cloven 
hoof. (Scott.) 

IT Cloot and cloot: Every one, every bit. 

*clooth, s. [Cloth.] 

*Cloot-Ie, s. [En g. cloot; -ie=y.) An old name 
for the devil. (Scotch.) 

“O thou I whatever title suit thee, 

Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie.” 

Burns: Address to the Deil. 

clort, s. [Clart.] 

1. Any miry or soft substance, especially that 
which is adhesive and contaminating. 

"Clort, a lump of soft clay, mire, leaven, any thing that 
sticks to and defiles what it is thrown upon.”— Gl. Surv. 

Nairn. 

2. The thick bannocks baked for the use of the 
peasantry. 

Clort -jr, a. [Clartt.] Dirty, filthy. 

clo§e, *closen, *closyn, v. t. & i. [O. Fr. clos, 

£ a. par. of O. Fr. clore= to inclose, to shut in ; from 
at. clausus, pa. par. of claudo=to shut, to shut in; 
0. H. Ger . sliuzan, sliozan; M. H. Ger. sliezen; Ger, 
schliessen— to close.] 

A. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To shut, to stop up an opening. 

“ When I shall myn eyen close.” — Gower, ii. 114. 

“He roll’d it on the cave, and clos’d the gate.” 

Pope: Homer’s Odyssey, bk. ix., 401. 

2. To inclose, encompass, surround, shut in. 

“ But now thou dost thyself immure and close 
In some one corner of a feeble heart.’ 

Geo. Herbert, 

K Frequently with the prep. in. 

“Thei closed hym in on alle partyes.”— Merlin, I. ii. 195. 

3. To join or unite parts together, to consolidate* 
(With prep, up.) 

'‘There being no winter yet to close up and unite its 
parts, and restore the earth to its former compactness.”— 
T. Burnet: Theory of the Earth. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To guard, to protect, by encompassing. 

*2. To contain, to include. 

“ The bible in which the lawe is closed.” 

Gower, ii. 90. 

3. To finish, to end, to bring to a conclusion, to 
consummate. 

4. To agree or settle on ; to conclude : as, to close 
a bargain. 

“He took the fine when Richard was deposed, 

And high and low with happy Harry closed.” 

Dryden. 

*5. To include, to endow with. 

“ Every one 

According to the gift which bounteous nature 
Hath in him clos’d.” Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 1. 

6. To bring a matter to an end. 

“When it became clear that this artifice was employed 
for the purpose of causing delay, the returning officer 
took on himself the responsibility of closing the books.” 
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 

B. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To shut, to unite or coalesce, to come together, 
as the parts of a fracture or wound. 

“Tho she made his woundes close.” 

Gower, ii. 266. 

“ In plants, you may try the force of imagination upon 
the lighter motions, as upon their closing and opening.” 
— Bacon. 

2. To terminate, to end, to come to a conclusion, 
to conclude. 

“ That great day closed in peace; and the restored wan¬ 
derer reposed safe in the palace of his ancestors.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i. 

"... and the innings closed . . . for 224, . , .” 
—London Daily Telegraph. 

3. To come to terms, to enter into an agreement. 
II. Fig.: To join in a hand-to-hand fight, to 
grapple with. 

“ In yonder shout the voice of conflict roared; 

The shadowy hosts are closing on the plain— 

Now, God and St. Iago strike, for the good cause of 
Spain!” 

Scott: The Vision of Don Roderick, ver. 20. 

C. In special phrases: 

1. To close in with: The same as To close with 
(q. v.). 

“ These governors bent all (heir thoughts and applica¬ 
tions to close in with the people.”— Swift. 


bdil boy- pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = sh&n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-sious = shiis. -ble, -die. &c. = bfl, deL 






close 


932 


close 


2. To close on or upon: 

(1) To shut over, to inclose. 

“ They, and all that appertained to them, went down 
alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them.”— 
Numb. xvi. 88. 


(2) To agree or come to terms upon certain 
points. 

(3) To grapple with, to close with, to join in a 
hand-to-hand fight. 

3. To close out: To exclude. 

“Closyn owte or schettyn owt. Excludo.” — Prompt. 
Parv. 


4. To close up: 

11) Transitive: 

(a) Lit.: To shut up gaps; to unite or join parts 
separated. 

“ The armourers accomplishing the knights, 

With busy hammers closing rivets up.” 

Shakesp.: Hen. V., iv. chorus. 

(b) Figuratively: 

(i) To do away with, to remove. 

*(ii) To add. 

“ Still closing up truth to truth.”— Milton: Areopag. 


(2) Intrans.: To move closer to the next person. 
“When they were a quarter of a mile from home the 
three placed closed up, and Springtide won . . .”— Lon¬ 
don Daily Telegraph. 

5. To close with: 

(1) To come to terms or agree with another. 

“ Intire cowardice makes thee wrong this virtuous gen¬ 
tlewoman, to close with, us.”— Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., 
ii. 4. 

(2) To agree to or accept terms proposed, to ac¬ 
cede to. 

*13) To agree or assent to. 

* (4) To unite, to coalesce. x 

“This spirit, poured upon iron, lets go the water; the 
acid spirit is more attracted by the fixed body, and lets 
go the water, to close with the fixed body.”— Sir I. Newton: 
Op tics. 

(5) To grapple with, to engage in a hand-to-hand 
fight, to join battle. 

“ If I can close with him, I care not for his thrust.”— 
Shakesp.: Hen. IV., Pt. II., ii. 1. 

6. To close with the land: 

Naut.: To come near to the land. 

*[ Crabb thus distinguishes between to close and 
to shut: “ Close is to shut, frequently as the means 
to the end. To close signifies simply to put together; 
to shut signifies to put together so close that no 
opening is left. The eyes are shut by closing the 
eyelids; the mouth is shut by closing the lips. The 
idea of bringing near or joining is prominent in the 
signification of close; that of fastening or prevent¬ 
ing admittance in the word shut. By the figure of 
metonymy, close may be often substituted for shut; 
as we may speak of closing the eyes or the mouth; 
closing a book or a door in the sense of shutting: 
but they are, notwithstanding, very distinct. Many 
things are closed which are not to be shut, and are 
shut which cannot be closed. Nothing can be closet^ 
but what consists of more than one part; nothing 
can be shut but what has or is supposed to have a 
cavity. A wound is closed, but cannot be shut; a 
window or a box is shut, but not closed. When both 
are applied to hollow bodies, close implies a stop¬ 
ping up of the whole, shut an occasional stoppage 
at the entrance. What is closed remains closed; 
what is shut may be opened. A hole in a road, or a 
passage through any place is closed; a gate, a win¬ 
dow, or a door, is shut.” 

(2) He thus discriminates between to close, to fin¬ 
ish, and to conclude: “To close is to bring to an 
end; to finish is to make an end: we close a thing 
by ceasing to have anything more to do with it; we 
finish it by really having no more to do with it. We 
close an account with a person with whom we mean 
to have no farther transactions; we finish the busi¬ 
ness which we have begun. It is sometimes neces¬ 
sary to close without finishing, but we cannot finish 
without closing. The want of time will compel a 
person to close his letter before he has finished say¬ 
ing all he wishes. . . . Close and finish are em¬ 
ployed generally, and in the ordinary transactions 
of life; the former in speaking of times, seasons, 
periods, &c., the latter with regard to occupations 
and pursuits; conclusion is used particularly on 
moral and intellectual operations. A reign, an en¬ 
tertainment, an age, a year, may have its close; a 
drawing, an exercise, a piece of work, may be fin¬ 
ished; a discourse, a story, an affair, a negotiation, 
may be concluded.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

(3) .For the difference between to close and to end, 
see Ede. 

close (1), *clos, *cloos, *closse, s. [O. Fr. clos.] 

[Close, v.] 

1. Ordinary Language: 

(1) An inclosure, an inclosed place. 

“ Cloos or yerde. Clausura.”—Prompt. Parv. 

“That na man hwnt, schut, nor sla dere nor rais in 
wtheris closis nor parkis,. . .”— Pari. Ja. III. A. 1474; 
Acts Ed. 1814, p. 107. 


(2) A cloister. Spaces adjacent to a Cathedral 
known as the Cathedral close. 

“Studied divinity under his own eye in the close of 
Salisbury.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xi. 

(3) A boundary or circuit, a circumference. 

“ Cloos or boundys of a place. Ceptum, ambitus.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

(4) A small field inclosed. 

“ I have a tree, which grows here in my close.” 

Shakesp.: Timon of Athens, v. 2. 

(5) A court-yard beside a farm-house in which 
cattle are fed, and where straw, &c., is deposited. 

(6) a narrow passage or street, an alley. 

“ The ridge of this hill forms a continued and very 
magnificent street. From its sides, lanes and alleys, which 
are here called wynds and closes, extend like slanting 
ribs.”— Arnot: Hist. Edin., p. 233. 


II. Law: 

(1) A field or piece of land parted off from other 
land by a hedge or similar fence. 

(2) The interest which one may have in a piece of 
ground, even though it is not actually inclosed. 
( Bouvier) 

IT Breach of close. 

Law: Trespass on another man’s land. 

clo§e ( 2 ),*clos, *cloos, *closse, s. [Close, v.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) The manner of shutting. 

“The doors of plank were; their close exquisite, 

Kept with a double key.” Chapman. 

* (2) The act of joining or uniting, a union. 

“By the holy close of lips. 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, v. L 

(3) The act of grappling together, a grapple, a 
struggle. 

“Both fill’d with dust, but starting up, the third close 
they had made, 

Had not Achilles’ self stood up. 

Chapman: Homer’s Tliad. 

2. Figuratively: 

41) The time of shutting or closing. 

(2) An end, conclusion, or termination. 

* (3) A pause, rest, or cessation. • 

“ At every close she made, the attending throng 
Replied, and bore the burden of the song.” 

Dryden: Flower and Leaf, 197. 

II. Music: 

(1) The end of a passage, marked by a double bar 
across the stave. 

(2) A cadence. 

close, *clos, *cl008, *closse, a. & adv. [Close, r.] 

A. As adjective: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Closed, shut fast. 

“Wyth yghen open and mouth ful clos.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Pearl, 188. 

(2) Inclosed, shut up, confined. 

“ When my moder was with child 
And I lay in her wombe clos." 

Gower, ii. 94. 

(3) Having no vent or opening. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) Narrow, confined, shut in. 

(2) Compact, secret, not to be seen through. 

“ Nor could his acts too close a vizard wear, 

To ’scape their eyes whom guilt hath taught to fear.” 

Dryden. 

(3) Solid, dense, compact. 

(4) Joined closely together, almost in contact; 
neighboring; with little or no intervening distance, 
space, or quantity. 

(o) Of time: 

“Where’er my name I find, 

Some dire misfortune follows close behind.” 

Pope: Eloisa to Abelard. 

(b) Of situation: 

“Now sit we close about this taper here.” 

Shakesp.: Julius Ccesar, iv. 3. 
“Plant the spring crocuses close to a wall.”— Mortimer. 

(c) Of numbers: Nearly equal, evenly balanced: 
as, a close division. 

(d) Of nature or quality: Even, doubtful: as, a 
close vote at an election. 


“ This was the best race of the day, there being a very 
close contest for the first prize .”—London Daily Telegraph. 

(e) Of quantity or length: Short, fine, as to cut 
the hair or grass close. 

II To cut anything very close (fig.): To allow 
barely sufficient time or amount of anything for 
any act. 

(5) Hand-to hand, at close quarters. 

“. . . almost all the wounds had been given in close 
fighting by the sword or the bayonet.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xix. 


(6) Intimate, familiar: as x close friends. 

*(7) Viscous, tenacious, sticky, adhesive. 

“ This oil, which nourishes the lamp, is supposed to b* 
of so close and tenacious a substance, that it may slowly 
evaporate.”— Bp. Wilkins. 

(8) Concise, compressed, to the point, without 
excess or digressions, as close reasoning. 

(9) Closely resembling, nearly alike, very similar. 

(10) Attentive, specially directed to any matter; 
free from wandering. 

(11) Keeping close or strictly to a rule or stand¬ 
ard ; following strictly an example or original: as, a 
close translation or copy. 

(12) To the point, apt, fit. 

(13) Accurate, careful, precise, minute. 

“ It might have been remarked by a close observer.”— 
Sir W. Scott. 

(14) Confined, without ventilation, oppressive, 
stifling. (Applied to the atmosphere of a room, &c.) 

(15) Secluded, closely guarded. 

(16) Restricted to a few, not open to all: as, a 
close borough. 

(13) Reserved, protected, restricted: as, a close 
time for fishing, &c. 

“. . . it was agreed to apply for the use of a gun¬ 
boat to protect the river during the annual close time.”— 
London Daily Telegraph. 

(18) Retired, solitary, away from society. 

“ He kept himself close because of SauL”— Chron. xii. 1. 

(19) Secret, hidden, concealed. 

“And a man lie with her carnally, and it be hid from 
the eyes of her husband, and be kept close, . . .”— 
Numb. v. 13. 


f(20) Trusty, trustworthy, uncommunicative, ret¬ 
icent, secret, reserved. 

“ But he, his own affections’ counsellor, 

Is to himself—I will not say, how true— 

But to himself so secret and so close. 

So far f vm sounding and discovery.” 

Shakesp.: Rom. and Jul., i. L 

*(21) Having the appearance of concealing some¬ 
thing suspicious. 

“ That close aspect of his 
Does shew the mood of a much troubled breast.” 

Shakesp.: King John, iv. 2. 
(22) Close-fisted, parsimonious, near. 

II. Technically: 

1. Her.: Applied to a bird represented with the 
wings folded closely to the body. 

2. Phonetics: Applied to a vowel pronounced with 
a diminished opening of the lips. 

u Crabb thus distinguishes between the adjec¬ 
tives close and compact: “Proximity is expressed 
by both these terms, the former in a general and the 
latter in a restricted sense. Two bodies may be 
close to each other, but a body is compact with re¬ 
gard to itself. Contact is not essential to consti¬ 
tute closeness; but a perfect adhesion of all the 

E arts of a body is essential to produce compactness. 

lines are close to each other that are separated but 
by a small space: things are rolled together in a 
compact form that are brought within the smaUest 
possible space.” (Crabb: Eng. Sy non.) 

B. As adverb: 

I. Literally: 

1. Near, close to, in proximity to. 

“ Behind her Death 

Close following pace for pace, not mounted yet 
On his purple horse.” Milton: P. L., x. 588. 

2. Tightly, securely. 

“ We suppose this bag to be tied close about, toward the 
window.”— Bp. Wilkins. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. In an exact manner; closely following an orig¬ 
inal, or a rule or standard. 

*2, Secretly, closely, securely. 

“Openliche nought so cloos.” — Trevisa, i. 241, 

3. Constantly, always, by a slight transition from 
the use of the term in English: as, “ Do you ay get 
a present when you gang to see your auntie? ” “ Aye, 
close.” (Scotch.) 

IT To keep close to a point: Not to wander from 
the matter or subject in question. 

II Crabb thus distinguishes between close, near, 
and nigh: “ Close is more definite than near; ho uses 
stand close to each other which are almost joined; 
men stand close when they touch each other; per¬ 
sons are near each other when they can converse 
together. Near and nigh, which are but variations 
of each other in etymology, admit of little or no 
difference in their use; the former, however, is' the 
most general. People live near each other who are 
in the same street; they live close to each other 
when their houses are adjoining. Close is annexed 
as an adjective; near is employed only as an adverb 
or preposition. We speak of close ranks or close 
lines; but not near ranks or near lines.” (Crabb: 
Eng. Synon.) 

'[Obvious compounds: Close-barred, close-clasped, 
close-folded, close-pent, close-ranged, close-woven. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, cam?l, her,^ there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,, 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian. 33, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



933 


closet 


close-banded 


close-banded, a. In close order or array; 

thickly ranged. 

“ Nor in the house, with chamber ambushes 
Close-banded, durst attack me.” 

Milton: Samson Agonistes. 

close-bodied, a. Made to fit the body closely 
and exactly ; sitting close to the body. 

“ If «ny clergy shall appear in any close-bodied coat, 
they shall be suspended.”— Ayliffe- Parergon. 

close borough, s. A borough for which the right 
of returning a member to Parliament was practi¬ 
cally in the hands of one person. 

close bundle, s. 

■Boh; A fibro-vascular bundle containing no cam¬ 
bium. It is opposed to an open bundle in which 
cambium is contained. ( Thomd .) 

close-butt, s. 

Shipbuilding: A fayed or rabbeted joint where 
the parts are so closely fitted or driven as to 
dispense with calking. (Knight.) 

close-buttoned, a. Buttoned up tightly. 

“ I turn’d once more, close-button*d, to the storm.” 

Tennyson: Edwin Norris. 

close-clipped, a. Clipped or cut close. 

“ Of close-clipp’d foliage green and tall.” 

Wordsworth: The White Doe of Rylstone, iv. 

Close communion, s. & a. [Baptists.] 

♦close-compacted, a. In close order or array; 
in compact order. 

“ The close-compacted legions urg’d their way.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xiii., 1. 188-9. 

close corporation, s. One which fills up its own 
vacancies, the election of the members not being 
open to the public. 

♦close-couched, a. Lying secret or in ambush ; 
concealed. (Milton.) 

close-curtained, a. With curtains drawn close 
round; secluded, retired. 

“ The litter of close-curtain’d sleep.” 

Milton: Comus. 

close-fights, s. [Close-quarters.] 

close-fisted, a. Niggardly, mean, parsimonious. 

“ Ibycus is a carking, griping, close-fisted fellow.”— Bp. 
Berkley: Maxims cone. Patriots. 

close-fitting, a. Uniting closely or intimately: 
closely connected. 

“Let it be borne in mind how infinitely complex and 
close-fitting are the mutual relations of all organic beings 
to each other.”— Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. 

iv., p. 80. 

close-grained, a. Having a close grain; solid. 

“ To the observer on the summit of Blanc, the blue is as 
uniform and coherent as if it formed the surface of the 
most close-grained solid.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d 
ed.), vii. 152. 

close-handed, a. Niggardly, miserly, close- 
fisted. 


close-pack, s. 

Naut.: The ice-floes so jammed together that bor¬ 
ing becomes impossible, and further efforts in the 
meantime are rendered useless. [Pack.] 

close-play, s. 

Music: A method of fingering in lute-playing by 
which no fingers are removed from the instrument 
excepting those which it is unavoidable to with¬ 
draw. It is called also covert play. (Barley, Lute 
Book; in Stainer <& Barrett.) 

close-quarters, s.pl. 

1. Literally: 

Naut.: Certain strong bulkheads or barriers of 
wood, also called close-fights, formerly stretching 
across a merchant-ship in several places. They 
were used for retreat and shelter when a ship was 
boarded by an adversary, and were therefore fitted 
with loopholes. Powder-chests were also fixed upon 
the deck, containing missiles which might be fired 
from the close-quarters upon the boarders. The 
old slave-ships were thus fitted, in case of the 
negroes rising, and flat-headed nails were cast along 
the deck to prevent them walking with bare feet. 
In the navy the term is used to describe the position 
of two or more ships in action, with yard-arm and 
yard-arm touching. 

2. Fig.: Very close proximity, hand-to-hand. 

close-reefed, a. 

Naut.: The last reefs of the topsails, or other 
sails set, being taken in. 

close-rolls, s. pi. [Close-writs.] 

Close sciences, s. [Sciences is a corruption of 
sciney, which in turn is the word damascena, the 
old specific name of the plant, greatly altered.] A 
plant, Hesperis matronalis. (Gerard.) 

close-set, closeset, a. Set closely together. 

“. . . but some, from the more ancient secondary 
deposits,'show, behind a few teeth of the above prehensile 
character, a close-set row of small lancet-shaped teeth 
. . .”— Owen: Anat. of Vertebrates. 

close-sight, s. 

Artillery: The notch in the base-ring of a cannon, 
the back-sight. 

close-stool, s. & a’. 

1. As subst. : A night-stool, a chamber utensil. 

2. As adj. : Of or belonging to a night-stool. 

close-string, s. 

Arch.: A staircase in dog-legged stairs without 
an open newel. 

close-time, s. Certain months of the year dur¬ 
ing which it is illegal to kill game, take fish, &c. 
[Close, a., I., 2 (17).] 

“ Catching perch in close-time out of a punt.”— Kings¬ 
ley: Ravenshoe, ch. Ixiv. 

close-tongued, a. Reticent, silent. 

“With close-tongued treason . .” 

Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece. 


“ Galba was very close-handed: I have not read much of 
his liberalities.”-— Arbuthnot: On Coins. 

close-handedness, s. The quality of being 
close-handed; niggardliness, parsimoniousness. 

“ For the Grecians let Constantinople be a witness, 
where by a close-handedness in an instant war, the in¬ 
habitants confounded their empire and themselves.”— 
Archdn. Holy day: Against Disloyalty (1661), p. 28. 

close-harbor, s. 

Naut.: One gained by labor from the element, 
formed by encircling a portion of water with walls 
and quays, except at the entrance, or by excavating 
the land adjacent to the sea or river, and then let¬ 
ting in the water. (Smyth.) 


close-wall, s. 

Building: An inclosing wall. 

ClO§ed, pa. par. or a. [Close, «.] 

closed-behind, s. 

Veterinary: An imperfection in the hind-quarters 
of a horse. 

closed ducts, s. pi. 

Bot..: Ducts like spnal vessels, except that they 
cannot be unrolled. 

Closed-up, a. Completed closed. 

“ Tremblest thou, Dreamer? O love and grief! 

Ye have storms that shake e’en the closed-up leaf!” 

Hemans: The Dreamer. 


close harmony, s. 

Music: Harmony produced by drawing the parts 
which form it closely together. 

close-hauled, a. 

Naut.: The general arrangement or trim of a 
ship’s sails when she endeavors to progress in the 
nearest direction possible to the wind. In this 
manner of sailing the keel of square-rigged vessels 
commonlj 7 makes an angle -of six points with the 
line of the wind; but cutters, luggers, and other 
vore-and-aft rigged vessels will sail even nearer. 
This point of sailing is synonymous with on a taut 
bowline and on a wind. (Smyth.) 

Close-hooded, a. Having the hood drawn close 
over the face. 

“ Of dewy sunshine showering down between 
The one close-hooded, had the attractive grace. 

Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; The Student s 
Tale (The Falcon of Ser Federigo). 

close-latticed, a. With lattice shut close. 

close-matter, s. Print : Solidly set type, with 
few break-lines and no leads. 

ijfill, boy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, cLcru 
-cian, -tiau = shan. -tioiu -sion = shui 


close'-lf, adv. [En g. close; -ly.\ 

I. Lit.: In a close manner, tightly, securely. 
“Putting the mixture into a crucible closely luted.”— 

Boyle. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. With little or no space intervening, nearly, in 
close proximity. 

“Follow Fluellen closely at the heels.” 

Shakesp.: Henry V., iv. 7. 

2. Without deviation; following strictly an orig¬ 
inal. 

“X hope I have translated closely enough, . . .”— 
Dry den. 

3. Attentively, carefully, minutely. 

*4. With secrecy or concealment, slyly, not openly. 
“ A Spaniard, riding on the bay, sent some closely into 
the village, in the dark of the night.”— Carew: Survey of 
Cornwall. 

*clos-en, v. t. [Close.] To make closer. 

“ His friends closen the tie by claiming relationship to 
him.”— Brit. Quart. Review. ( Ogilvie .) 

s, shin, bench; go, £em; thin, this; 

.; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious. 


close’-ness, s. [Eng. close; -ness.] 

I. Lit.: The state, condition, or quality of being 
close or closed. 

“ In drums, the closeness round about that preserveth 
the sound, maketh the noise come forth of the drum-hole 
more loud than if you should strike upon the like skin 
extended in the open air.”— Bacon; Nat. Hist. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Narrowness, straightness. 

2. Oppressiveness; the state of being close or 
without ventilation. 

“ A gas-burner alight all night in a bedroom is apt to 
produce a certain closeness of atmosphere.” — Cassell’s 
Technical Educator, pt. ii., p. 291. 

3. Compactness, density, solidity; as in such an 
expression as closeness of texture. 

4. Retirement, seclusion from society, solitude. 

5. Secrecy, privacy, reticence. 

*6. Strictness. 

*7. Parsimony, niggardliness, covetousness, stin¬ 
giness. 

“Irus judged, that while he could keep his poverty a 
secret, he should not feel it j he improved this thought 
into an affectation of closeness and covetousness.”— Addi¬ 
son: Spectator. 

8. Nearness, close proximity or resemblance. 

“. . . the number, intricacy, and closeness of its 

threads.”— Todd A- Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. iii., 
p. 78. 

9. Connection, coherence. 

10. A close adherence to a rule, standard, or orig¬ 
inal literalness, as the closeness of a translation or 
paraphrase. 

11. Conciseness, keeping close to the point: as 
closeness of reasoning. 

clo§ -er, *clos-ere, *clos-ser, *clous-our, s. 

[Eng. close; -er.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. One who closes or concludes; a finisher, a ter¬ 
minator. 

2. The act of closing or shutting, closure, ending. 

“ All materis now ar to tak ane peaceable closer.”—Acts 

Cha. I. (ed. 1814), v. 334. 

*3. That which holds two things together; a clasp, 
a case. 

“ Closere of bokys or other lyke. Clausura, coopterium.” 
— Prompt. Parv. 

♦4. An inclosure. 


“ Sith I may not this closer kepe.” 

Rom. of Rose, 4,068. 


“Quhrine and plene 

About thare clousouris brayis with mony ane rare.” 

Do-ug.: Virgil, 14, 50. 


II. Technically: 

1. Building: (See extract.) 

“Closer [is] the last stone in the horizontal length of a 
wall which is of less dimensions than the rest to close the 
row. Closers in brickwork, are pieces of bricks (or bats), 
less or greater than half a brick, that are used to close in 
the end of a course of brickwork. In English as well as- 
Flemish bond, the length of a brick being but nine inches 
and its width four inches and a half, in order that the 
vertical joints may be broken at the end of the first 
stretcher, a quarter brick (or bat) must be interposed to 
preserve the continuity of the bond: this is called a 
queen-closer. A similar preservation of the bond may be 
obtained by preserving a three-quarter bat at the angle 
in the stretching course; this is called a king-closer .”— 
Gwilt: Encyclop. of Arch.; Glossary. 

2. Bootmaking: One who closes or sews up the 
seams in the sides of boots. 


clos-er, comp, of a. & adv. [Close.] 

“ . . . as the burners are closer together than usual, 
and range over many square miles of country.”— Ansted: 
Hungary and Transylvania, p. 134. 

clos-est, super, of a. [Close, a.] 

clo§-et, s. [O. Fr. closet; dimin. of clos —an in¬ 
closure, a close; pa. par. of O. Fr. clore; Lat. claudo 
—to shut.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A small room for privacy and retirement; a 
private apartment. 

“Three or four times the Earl laid the ensigns of his 
office on the table of the royal closet, . . . ”— Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 

2. A place for private prayer and devout medita¬ 
tion. 

“When thou prayest enter into thy closet.’' — Matt. 
vi. 6. 

3. A small room, recess, or compartment, used as 
a repository for curiosities, works of art, &e. 

“ He furnishes her closet first, and fills 
The crowded shelves with rarities of shells.” 

Dryden: Fables: 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del. 







cloth 


closet-sin 


934 


4. A water-closet; a privy; a house of office. 

*5. A sewer. 

"He drew mony closettis, condittis, and sinkis fra the 
tight of the toun to the low partis thairof, to purge the 
samin of all corrupcioun aud filth.”— Bellenden: T. Liv., 
V- TO- 

6. A night-chair. 

II. Fig. : Anything which incloses or includes. 

' Within the closet of her covert brest.” 

Spenser: F. Q., Y. v. 44. 

B. Technically: 

Her. : The half of the ordinary called a bar. 
♦closet-sin, s. Private, secret sins, such as are 
committed in secret, and not openly. 

“ There are stage-sins, and there are closet-sins.” — Bp. 
Hall: Contemplations, bk. iv. 

clo§-et, v. t. [Closet, s.] 

*1. To shut up, inclose, or conceal in a closet. 

“ The heat 

Of thy great love once spread, as in an urn 

Doth closet up itself.” Herbert. 

2. To admit or receive into a private room for 
consultation. 

“ About this time began the project for closeting, where 
the principal gentlemen of the kingdom were privately 
catechised by his Majesty.”— Swift. 

clo§'-et-ed, pa. par. or a. [Closet, v.] 
clo§'-et-lng, pr. par., a. & s. [Closet, v.} 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or practice of receiving per¬ 
sons in a private room for consultation. 

“ That month he employed assiduously, by Petre’s ad¬ 
vice, in what was called closeting.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., 

ch. vii. 

closh, s. [Fr. clocher= to limp; Lat. cloppus, 
from Gr. chdlopous=lame in the foot: cAdZos^lame, 
and pows=the foot.] A disease in the feet of cattle, 
commonly called/ownder (q. v.). 

*cl6§-l-er, s. [Fr. closure.} The act of inclos¬ 
ing ; an inclosure. 

“ For want of partition, closier, and such.” 

Tusser (ed. Herrtage), p. 2. 
clof-Ing, pr.par. a. & s. [Close.] 

A. & B. As pr.par., & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of shutting^ finishing, or completing. 

2. The state of being finished or terminated; the 
close. 

“ But at the closing in of night, then most 
This dwelling charms me.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi. 

closing-hammer, s. 

Iron-working: A hammer used by boilermakers 
and iron shipbuilders for closing the seams of iron 
plates. 

clos-ter-l-um, s. [Gr. klosterion=a clue.] 

Bot. : A genus of Confervoid Algae, order Desmidi- 
acese. The cells are single, elongated, attenuated 
toward each end, entire, mostly curved lineately or 
arcuate ; junction of the segments marked by a pale 
transverse band. Rabenhorst describes fifty-two 
species, with numerous varieties. They are so com¬ 
mon that scarcely a drop can be taken from the bot¬ 
tom of a pool of clear water without specimens of 
them being contained in it. They are interesting to 
the microscopist. 

clos'-tres, s. pi. [Fr. cloitres, pi. of cloitre, from 
Lat. claustrum (pi. claustra, clostra)=a fastening, 
a lock, a bar, a bolt.] 

Bot. : The name given by Dutrochet to the fusi¬ 
form cells or fibers generally called Prosenchyma. 

clo§ -lire, s. [Fr., from Lat. clausura=a shut¬ 
ting; clausus=shut, pa. par. of claudo— to shut.]" 
♦A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of closing or shutting. 

“The chink was carefully closed up; upon which closure 
there appeared not any change.”— Boyle: Spring of the 
Air. 

“ A closure and contraction of the lips.”— Nature, p. 245 
(1881). 

2. That within which anything is inclosed or shut; 
an in closure. 

“ . . . though I feel thou art, 

Within the gentle closure of my breast.” 

Shakesp.: Sonnets, 48. 

3. That by which anything is closed or shut; a 
seal, a clasp. 

4. An inclosure; an inclosed place. 

“ Brekith the hedge of the closure.” — Chaucer: Parson’s 
Tale. 


II. Figuratively: 

* 1 . A conclusion, an end. 

“ . . . make a mutual closure of our house.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., v. 8. 

*2. An agreement, a bargain, a settlement. 

3. The act of bringing any business to a close; 
completion. 

*4. A game of some kind. 

“ The game of closing.” — Booke of Sundry Instruments, 
1576. {Halliwell.) 

B. Parliamentary Rules: The power in certain 
circumstances of terminating a debate in a legis¬ 
lative body, although there are members anxious to 
carry it on for an indefinite period. The British 
House of Commons is the model on which all similar 
deliberative assemblies have been formed; yet 
sooner or later everyone of these finds it impossible 
to carry on the business brought before it unless it 
assumes the power of deciding when a debate has 
lasted long enough, and should terminate. Many 
years went by, and still the good sense and modera¬ 
tion of the successively defeated minorities in the 
British House of Commons rendered it unnecessary 
to take any steps for the curtailment of superfluous 
debate. Not till nearly four-fifths of the nineteenth 
century had run its course, was any serious desire 
felt on either side of the House to alter this happy 
state of things. Shortly before that time, however, 
the device of obstructing simply for obstruction’s 
sake, began to be cultivated as an art, and was 
brought in a brief period to high perfection. Day 
by day time was intentionally wasted by small 
minorities of the house, and oftener than once 
when the members wished to go home, a section of 
the Irish representatives forced upon them ‘ ‘ an all- 
night sitting.” In these circumstances Hon. W. E. 
Gladstone, then Prime Minister, took steps to grap¬ 
ple with the difficulty, and commenced the parlia¬ 
mentary session of 1882 with new rules for the 
conduct of business, which he believed would pre¬ 
serve the rights both of majorities and minorities, 
while materially diminishing obstruction. The first 
rule gave permission to the Speaker, or to the 
Chairman of a Committee of the whole house, to 
close debate and go on to vote on a question if, 
when a motion to that effect was carried by a ma¬ 
jority, its supporters appeared to amount to 200, or, 
in the event of the minority being less than 40, to 
amount to more than 100. The proposed system 
was at first called the cloture [Cloture], but was 
afterward exchanged for its equivalent, closure.. 

In the Congress of the United States the practice 
has been to allow unlimited debate, and it is for this 
reason that we have so many instances of obstruc¬ 
tionary tactics being resorted to by a minority to 
delay the passage of a measure. These tactics have 
been given the general name of “filibustering,” and 
include almost every expedient known to parlia¬ 
mentary tacticians, not even omitting serious 
breaches of decorum. The rule of closure as 
adopted by the British Parliament may prove a 
welcome addition to Congressional rules of order, 
as many instances are on record where tardy legisla¬ 
tion due to failure to effect closure has operated 
disastrously on the interests of the country, in no 
instance, probably, to. a greater degree than in the 
one referred to in the illustration infra: 

“ It is feared that closure cannot be brought about, as 
the custom of the Senate is to allow full debate, and 
especially so on the question of the repeal of the Sherman 
Silver Bill.”— Chicago Tribune, Sept. 25, 1893. 

Clot (1), *clate, *clotte, s. [The earlier spelling 
of clod (q. v.). A. S. cldte= a burdock, a bur; Dut. 
kluit, klout=a clod, a lump; Icel. kldt=a ball, a 
knob; Sw. klot=a bowl, a globe; Ger. kloss— a clot, 
a clod.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Gen.: A coagulated mass of earth, &c.; a lump, 
a clod, a ball. 

“ Ase a clot of eorthe.”— Ancren Biwle, p. 172. 

“Unwholesome fogs hang perpetually over the lake, 
and the stagnant surface is broken by clots of asphaltus, 
which are constantly bubbling up from the billows.”— 
Milman: Hist, of the Jews, bk. i. (3d. ed.), vol. i. p. 17. 

2. Specially: 

(1) A semi-dried lump of blood. 

“ The opening itself was stopt with a clot of grumous 
blood.”— Wiseman: Surgery. 

(2) A small coagulated lump, as of curdled milk. 

“ The white of an egg, with spirit of wine, doth bake 

the egg into clots, as if it began to poch.”— Bacon. 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. A hill, a mount. 

“ On the hyl of Syon that semly clot.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Pearl, 788. 

2. A dull, thick-skulled fellow; a clodhopper. 

“ The crafty impositions 
Of subtile clerks, feats of fine understanding 
To abuse clots and clowns with.” 

B. Jonson: Magnetic Lady. 


clot (2), clote, s. [A. S. cldte .] 

Bot.: Three plants, viz., (1) the Burdock ( Arctium 
Lappa), (2) the Yellow Water-lily (Nuphar lutea), 
and (3) Colt’s-foot Tussilago Farfara). 

clot-bur, clod-bur, s. 

Bot.: Two plants, (1) Arctium Lappa, (2) Xan 
thium Strumarium. 

IT Great Clote-bur: The Burdock ( Arctium 
Lappa). 

*clote-lefe, s. The leaf of the Burdock (?). 

♦clot, v. i. & t. [Clot, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Literally: 

1. To form into clots or clods; to concrete; to 
become lumpy. 

“Huge unwieldy bones, lasting remains 
Of that gigantic race; which, as he breaks 
The clotted glebe, the plowman haply finds.” 

Philips: Cider, i. 

2. To coagulate, to form into coagulated masses. 

“ Here mangled limbs, here brains and gore, 

Lie clotted.” Philips: Blenheim. 

II. Fig.: To become gross or corrupt. 

B. Transitive: 

1. To cause to coagulate; to make into clots. 

2. To cover with clots. 

♦clote, *cloote, *klote, s. [A. S. cldte.} The 
same as Clot-bur (q. v.). 

“Cloote and breeze shal stye on the auters of hem.”— 
Wycliffe: Hosea x. 18. {Purvey.) 

♦clot-er, *cloderyn, *cloteryn, v. i [O. Dut. 

klottern .] To become clotted, to coagulate. 

“ Cloteryn, as blode or other lyke K. {cloderyn P.) 
Coagulo.” — Prompt. Parv. 

♦clot -ered, *clothred, *clot-tered, pa. par. or 
a. [Cloter, v .] Clotted. 

“The clotered blood for eny lechecraft corrumpith.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2747. 

cloth, *clath, *clathe, ♦cloath, ♦clothe, s.& a. 

[A. S. clddh; Dut. kleed: Icel. klcedhi: Dan. & Sw. 
tclcede; Ger. kleid. Cf. Irish clud—a clout.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) Any fabric woven for dress or covering, of 
fibrous material, whether animal or vegetable. 

“In frokkes of fyn cloth.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1742 

(2) A piece or pieces of such fabric applied to 
some particular use. 

♦(a) A sail. 

“ Gederen to the gyde ropes, the grete cloth falles.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Patience, 105. 

( b) A covering for a table; a table-cloth. 

“Hi leide bord and spradde cloth.”—Life of Becket, 691. 

(c) A canopy of state. 

“ The king stood up under his cloth of state, . . . 

Sir John Hayward. 

(ci) The canvas on which a picture is painted. 

“Who fears a sentence, or an old man’s saw, 

Shall by a painted cloth be kept in awe.” 

Shakesp: Lucrece, 2^1, 

(e) PI.: The coverings of a bed; bed-clothes. 

“ Gazing on her midnight foes, 

She turn’d each way her frighted head, 

Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes.” Prior. 

(3) Clothing, dress, apparel (obsolete except in 
the plural). (Clothes.] 

“Thi cloth bi which thou were hilid failide not for eld- 
nesse.”— Wycliffe: Deut, viii. 4. {Purvey.) 

“I’ll ne’er distrust my God for cloth and bread, 

While lilies flourish, and the raven’s fed.” 

Quarles. 

2. Figuratively: 

(1) The clerical profession. 

“ Strong appeals were made to the priesthood. Would 
they tamely permit so gross an insult to be offered to 
their cloth t” — Macaulay. 

(2) The clergy. 

(3) The members of any profession. 

II. Technically: 

1. Textile Fabrics: 

(1) Hist.: For the rise and"progress of cloth man¬ 
ufactures, see Calico, Cotton, Silk, and Woolen. 

(2) Present state: For the processes used in the 
manufacture of cloth, see Weaving. After cloth 
has been woven it is subjected to the following 
operations: braying or scouring, burling, milling 
or fulling, dressing, shearing, pressing, hot-pressing, 
boiling, steaming, picking, fine-drawing, marking, 
baling, and packing. Some of these processes may 
be omitted, but in all cases a large number of them 
require to be employed. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th6re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go pot 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, ynite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e;' ey = a. ’ qu’=kw! 






cloth-binding 


935 


clothless 


Naut.: The cloths in a sail are the breadths of 
the canvas in its whole width. 

3. English Law; 

IT Court of Green Cloth, or Board of Green Cloth; 
[Mabshalsea Coubt.] 

B. As adj.; (See the compounds.) 

Obvious compound: Cloth-making. 

cloth-binding, s. 

Book-binding : The art of binding books in cloth. 
The material may be calico, embossed silk, or any¬ 
thing similar, often with gold or silver-foil orna¬ 
mentation. 

cloth-creaser, s. 

Fabrics : An appliance clamped to a table or sew¬ 
ing-machine, and provided with a bevel-edged 
wheel, under which the fabric is drawn that it may 
be indented with a crease. ( Knight .) 

Cloth-cutting, a. Cutting or designed to cut 
anything. 

Cloth-cutting machine: 

Fabrics : A machine for cutting cloth into strips 
or into shapes for making garments. Various 
devices have been adopted, specially knives mounted 
on a reciprocal platen, or a knife reciprocating 
vertically on a constant part, like a scroll-saw, a 
band-saw, a rotary cutter, &c. {Knight.) 


cioth-raml.shing, a. 

Cloth-varnishing machine : A machine for varnish¬ 
ing or enameling cloth. 

cloth-wheel, s. 

1. A grinding or polishing wheel, consisting of 
heavy cloth, sometimes felted, charged with an 
abrading or polishing material, such as pumice- 
stone, chalk, rotten-stone, crocus, putty-powder, 
rouge, &c. 

2. A form of feed-movement in sewing-machines. 
It consists of a serrated-faced wheel protruding 
upward through the cloth-plate, and possessed of 
an intermittent motion. 

cloth-worker, s. One engaged in the manufact¬ 
ure of cloth. 

*cloth-yard, s. A measure for cloth, differing 
slightly from the modern yard. 

Cloth-yard shaft : An arrow a cloth-yard in length. 

clothe, *clathen, *cloathe, *clede, *clethe, 
♦clothe,*clothin, *klethe {Eng.),* deed, *cleith, 
♦claith ( Scotch ) {pa. ten. clothed, *cladde, *clade, 
t clad, *cled, *clede, *clothide; pa.par. clothed,-{clad, 
*cladde, *cled, *clothede , *cledde), v. t. &i. [A. S. 
cladhian; Dut. kleeden ; Icel. klaidha ; Dan. kloe.de ; 
Sw. klada ; Ger. kleiden.'] 

A. Transitive: 


Cloth-dressing, s. The art or business of dress¬ 
ing cloth. 

Cloth-dressing machine: 

Fabrics: A machine in which the nap of woolen 
cloth is raised by teasels. It is the same as a 
teaseling-machine and a gigging-machvne (q. v.). 

cloth-drying, a. 

Cloth-drying machine: 

Fabrics: A machine with heated rollers, over 
which cloth is passed to drive off the moisture 
acquired in dyeing, washing, &c. 

Cloth-finishing, a. Finishing or designed to 
finish. 

Cloth-finishing machine: 

Fabrics: A machine for teaseling and shearing 
cloth, raising the nap and bringing it to an even 
length. {Knight.) 

Cloth-folding, a. Folding or designed to fold. 

Cloth-folding machine : 

Fabrics: A machine in which wide goods are 
folded lengthwise, ironed, and pressed ready for 
baling. {Knight.) 

cloth-hall, s. A hall in someof the great English 
centers of the cloth trade, where manufacturers and 
buyers meet for the transaction of business. 

cloth-lapper, s. One who folds cloth. 


I. Literally: 

1. Immediately, to cover as with a cloth; to put 
clothes upon, to invest with raiment, to dress, to 
adorn or deck out with clothes. 

“He clothide Joseph with a stoole of bijs.”— Wycliffe: 
Genesis xli. 42. 

2. Mediately, as of wealth or prosperity, to pro¬ 
vide with clothes. 

*3. To put on, to wear. 

“He did of all hisknyghtly clothings and cladde mourn- 
yng clothes.”— Reltq. Antiq., i. 191. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To cover or invest as with clothes; to endow 
to endue. 

(1) With material things: 

“ Thou hast clothed me with skin and flesh . . .”— 
Job x. 11. 

“ And birds and lambs again be gay, 

And blossoms clothe the hawthorn spray?” 

Scott: Marmion; Introduction to Canto 1. 

(2) With immaterial things: 

“His enemys I shal clothe with shonshipe.”— Wycliffe: 
Psalm cxxxi. 18. 

*2. To put on, to wear as clothing. 

“ He clothide cursing as a cloth.”— Wycliffe: Psalm cix. 
18. ( Purvey .) 


cloth-measuring, «. Measuring or designed to 
measure. 

Cloth-measuring machine: A machine by which 
fabrics, made in great lengths, are measured off in 
pieces of convenient length for sale. They are called 
in consequence piece-goods. 

cloth-paper, s. A coarse kind of paper used in 
pressing and finishing woolen cloths. 

Cloth-plate, s. The plate in a sewing-machine 
on which the work rests, through which the needle 
passes, and beneath which, as the case may be, is 
the looper or the lower spool or shuttle. {Knight.) 

cloth-press, s. A hydrostatic press in which 
woolen cloths are subjected to pressure. 

cloth-prover, s. A magnifying glass used in 
numbering the threads of weft in a given space of 
cloth. {Ogilvie.) 


3. Of language, style, <&c.: To give an outward 
appearance to, to present to view, to dress up. 

“ Let both use the clearest language in which they can 
clothe their thoughts.”— Watts: Improvement of the Mind. 

B. Reflexively: 

1. Lit. : To put clothes on one’s self, to dress one’s 
self. 

“ Hy clothen hem with grys and ermyne.”— Alisaunder, 
4,986. 

2. Fig.: To take upon one’s self, to assume, as a 
dress. 

"Clotheth you mid Godes armes.”— Ayenbite, p. 265. 

*c. Intransitive : 

1. To be provided with clothes. 

“ The tresor of the benefice, wherof the power shulden 
clothe.” — Gower, i. 14. 


cloth-shearer, s. One who shears or trims cloth, 
and frees it from superfluous nap. 

Cloth-shearing, a. Shearing or designed to shear. 

Cloth-shearing machine : A machine for cutting to 
an even length the filaments of wool drawn out in 
the process of teaseling. {Knight.) 

cloth-smoothing, a. Smoothing or designed to 

Cloth-smoothing machine : A device for smoothing 
and ironing cloth in the piece. 

Cloth-sponger, e. A device for dampening cloth 
previous to ironing it. 

cloth-stretcher, s. A device in which cloth is 
drawn through a series of frictional stretching bars, 
and passed over spreading rollers so as to equalize 
the inequalities on its surface, and enable it to be 
firmly and smoothly wound on the winding roll. 

^ Cloth-tearing machine: A. machine consisting of 
a fluted roller and knife-edges, the latter both 
pushing the cloth into the flutes and tearing it to 
pieces as it proceeds. 

Cloth-teaseler, s. A machine for raising the nap 
of cloth. [Teaseling-machine.J_ 


2. To wear clothes. 

“ Care no more to clothe and eat.” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2» 

clothed, *cloathed, *clothede, *clothide, pa. 

par. or a. [Clothe.] 

I. Ordinary Language : Dressed, arrayed, appar¬ 
eled. 

“ . . . stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, 
clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands.”— 
Rev. vii. 9. 

II. Naut..: A mast is said to be clothed when the 
sail reaches so low down to the gratings of the 
hatches that no wind can blow below the sail. 

clothe§, *cloaths, *clothis, *clathen, *clathes, 
♦close, ♦cloisse, *cloysse {Eng.), claes, claise, 
claithes ( Scotch ) {th silent), s. pi. [Cloth.] 

1. Covering or dress for the human body ; apparel, 
attire, garments. 

“ . . . too bulky to be concealed in the clothes of a 
single messenger, • • •”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv 

2. Coverings for a bed; bed-clothes. 

Clothes-basket, s. A large wicker basket for 
holding or carrying clothes, but especially linen. 


b<5il hoy; pout, jowl; cat, sell, chorus, 
-clan, -tian = shg,n. -tion, -sion = shun; 


Shin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious„ __ 


clothes-brush, s. A brush for freeing clothea 
from dust, dirt, &c. 

clothes-dryer, s. A frame on which clothes are 
suspended to dry. 

clothes-horse, s. An apparatus which stands 
on legs and has cross bars on which linen is hung 


“We keep no horse but a clothes-horse.”—Dickens: 
Sketches by Boz. 


clothes-line, «. A rope or wire suspended be¬ 
tween two posts or other supports, on which clotnes 
are hung out to dry. . ... „ 

Clothes-line hook : A holdfast or bracket with a 
spool on which the line runs and is stretched. _ 
Clothes-line reel: A cylinder or axle on which a 
clothes-line is wound, and usually journaled in a 
protected bracket, or under a pent-root, secured 
against a building or tree. 

fclothes-man, s. A man who deals in clothes ( 
especially in old ones, 
clothes-moth, s. 

Entom.: A popular name 
given to several species of 
moths of the genus Tinea, the 
larvse of which are very de¬ 
structive to cloth, feathers, ciothes-mothv 



clothes-peg, s. A wooden 
peg used to fasten clothes when hung on a clothea 
line. 


clothes-pin, s. The same as Clothes-peg (q.v.)< 
clothes-press, s. 

1. A receptacle for clothes. . 

2. A press in which crape, shawls, and similar 
clothes, or articles of dress, are flattened and 
creased. 

clothes-pressing, s. The art or operation of 
subjecting clothes to pressure by a hydrostatic or 
other press. 


clothes-sprinkler, s. A receptacle for water 
with perforations, through which a fine shower of 
water is thrown upon clothes so as to damp them 
previously to their being ironed. 

clothes-stick, s. A rod by which clothes are* 1 
turned, loosened, or lifted while in the wash-boii4*> 

clothes-tongs, s. A grasping tool for removing 
hot clothes from a boiler in washing or dyeing. 

clothes-wringer, s. A frame having a pair of 
elastic rollers through which clothes are passed 
to squeeze out the water. 

cl5’-thi-er, s. [Eng. clothe; -er.] 

1. A manufacturer of cloth, a clothmaker. 

2. One who deals in cloth or clothing. 

“ I tell thee, Jack Cade the clothier means to dress th« 
commonwealth, and turn it, and set a new nap upon it.”— 
Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. II., iv. 2. 

3. One who prepares or finishes cloth. 

cloHhlng, *clath-ing, *cleth-ing, *cleth- 

inge, *cleth-yng, *cloath-ing, *cloth-yng, pr. 

par., a. & s. [Clothe, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. &particip. adj.: In senses 
corresponding to those of the verb. 

C. As substantive : 


I. Ordinary Language: 

I. The act of covering or investing With a dress. 

“ For clothing me in these grave ornaments.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., v. 1. 

*2. The art or science of making cloth. 

“. . . that they might be beneficial to his subjects 
by instructing them in the art of cloathing, . . — Ray. 
Three Discourses, ch. v. ( Latham. ) 

IT Clothing of the bolsters: 

Naut.: The laying severa' thicknesses of wont 
canvas well tarred over them. [Bolsteb.] 

3. Clothes, dress, apparel. 

“ In por clotliyng the chyld was wond.” 

Songs and Carols, p. 42. 

"... blue and purple is their clothing: they are ail 
the work of cunning men.”— Jer. x. 9. 

II. Technically: 

1. Steam Engine, die.: A covering of asbestos, felt, 
or other non-condncting material, on the outside of 
a boiler or steam-chamber, to prevent radiation of 
heat. J.t is called also cleading and lagging (q. v.). 

2. Carding-machine: Bands of leather studded 
with teeth of wire, which engage the fiber. 

♦cloth'-less, *cloth-les, a [Eng. cloth; -less.] 
Destitute of or without clothes. 

“Seint Poul, in famyne and in thurst, and colde, and 
clothles.” — Chaucer: Parson’s Tale, p. 289. 


sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f 
^sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel* 





cloud 


clotho 


936 


Cld'-thO, Cld'-thO, s. [Lat. clotho ; Gr. klotho= 
spinster.] [1.] 

1. Class Mythol. (Clotho): One of the three Fates 
or Destinies who are renresented bv the ancient 
classical writers as 
spinning the thread 
of life. Clotho held 
the distaff, Lachesis 
spun the thread of 
life, A tropos cut 
the thread when 
the man was to die. 

2. Zool. (clotho) : 

A genus of Snakes, 
tribe Viperina,fam¬ 
ily Viperidse. Clotho 
arietans is the Puff- 
adder of the Cape of 
Good Hope. 

3. Astron. : An as¬ 
teroid. the ninety- 
seventh found. It 
was discovered by 
Tempel on Feb. 17, 

1868. 

*clot-poll,* clot- 
pole, s. [Clodpoll. 

1. A thick-skulled, stupid fellow, a blockhead. 

“ Ther. I will see you banged, like clotpoles , ere I come 
any more to your tents . . . ”— Shakesp .; Troilus and 
Cressida, 11, 1. 

2. Applied to a head, in contempt. 

Gui. Where’s my brother? 
il haw? sent Cloten’s clotpoll down the stream. ” 

Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

clot'-ted, pa. par. or a. [Clot, v.] 
clotted cream, clouted cream, s. Cream con¬ 
sisting of clots on the surface of new milk when 
the latter is warmed. 

*cl)5t'-ter, v. i. [Clotek.] To coagulate, to clot, 
too gather or form into clots or lumps. 

*cl(5t'-tered, pa. par. or a. [Clotter.] Clotted, 
Coagulated. 

“ He dragg’d the trembling sire, 

Slidd’ring thro’ clottered blood and holy mire.” 

Dryden: Virgil's AEneul, ii, 749. 
ClSt’-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Clot, il] 

+A. & B. As pr» par. & particip. adj. : (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

*1. Ordinary Language : 

1. The act or process of coagulating or forming 
into clots or lumps. 

2. The act or process of breaking up clods in 
plowed land. 

II. Technically : 

1. Husband.: Hard and clotted wool in the sheep. 
-2. Metal.: The sintering or semi-fusion of ores 
during roasting. 

clotting-mall, *clottyng-malle, s. A mallet 
or beetle for breaking up clods. 

“A c lottyng malle ; occatorium .”— Cathol. Anglicum. 
cl?t'-ty, a. [Eng. clot; y.] Full of clods or clots; 
full of small coagulated masses or concretions. 

“Mixed with thick, clotty, bluish streaks.”— Harvey: 
cn Consumption. 

clo'-tiire, s. [Fr.] The same as closure (q. v.). 
*cl6u9h, v. t. [Clutch.] 
cloud, *cloude, *clowd, *clowde, *clod, *cloyd, 
*kloude, *clud, s. [A. S. clihd— a round mass, a 
mass of rock. Cognate with clod and clot (q. v.).] 
A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Lit. : In the same sense as in B. 2. 

“ When clouds are seen, wise men put on their cloaks.” 

Shakesp.; Richard III., 11. 3. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. A mass or volume of smoke or dust resembling 
a cloud and obscuring the sight. 

2. The dusky veins or markings in marble, 
precious stones, &c. 

3. Anything which causes temporary darkness 
■or obscures the sight. 

“I Ignite the lamp; the tube for a moment seems 
empty ; but suddenly the beam darts through a luminous 
(white cloud, which has banished the preceding darkness.” 
—Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3ded.), x, 258. 

-4. Any temporary depression or obscurity. 

“Yes, we shall meet! and haply smile at last 
On all the clouds and conflicts of the past.” 

Hemans: The Abencerrage. 





6. A kind of light woolen shawl worn by ladies. 

IT In the clouds : Applied to one soaring in flights 
of fancy and imagination far above terrestrial 
things; building castles in the air. 

Under a cloud; In temporary disgrace or mis¬ 
fortune. 

“Gentlemen that are under a cloud. ’ Fielding : 
Amelia, bk. v., ch. 4. 

B. Technically : 

1. Botany : Cloudberry (Rubus chamcemorus). 

2. Meteorology ; 

(1) Composition of clouds; A cloud is a mass of 
vapor condensed into minute drops or vesicles, and 
differing from fog chiefly in this respect, that fogs 
occupy the lower while clouds float in the upper 
regions of the atmosphere. Both derive their 
origin from vapors which rise from the sea, from 
fresh water, or from the moist earth. 

(2) Different kinds of clouds: In 1803, Mr. Luke 
Howard divided clouds into four principal kinds, 
the Cirrus, the Cumulus, the Stratus and the Nim¬ 
bus. Two of these are frequently combined: hence 
he added to the former list of clouds the three fol¬ 
lowing: Cirro-cumulus, Cirro-stratus, and Cumu- 
lo-stratus. The Cirrus is a small fibrous or wisp¬ 
like cloud, composed of what are popularly called 
“ Mares’-tails,” so high in the heavens that they are 
probably frozen. Their appearance in numbers 
often precedes a change of weather. The Cumulus, 
resembling great mountains of wool, is not so high. 
Several large ones are often seen on a summer 
morning. If these diminish during the day, the 
probability is in favor of fine weather, but if they 
multiply, and become surmounted by Cirri, the in¬ 
dication is of approaching storm. Cumuli in winter 
are not so frequent or well marked. The Stratus is 
a large and continuous sheet of dark cloud, seeming 
to rest on the horizon at sunset, and often vanish¬ 
ing at sunrise. The Stratus is frequent in autumn 
and rare in spring. The foregoing three all melt 
into one to form the fourth, viz., the Nimbus, or 
rain-cloud. Its appearance is familiar to all. The 
Cirro-cumulous is, as its name imports, a combina¬ 
tion of the Cumulus and the Cirrus. It consists of 
a series of small round masses. The sky covered 
with them is popularly known as a “'Mackerel ” sky. 
It is best seen in warm and dry summer weather. 
In the Cirro-stratus the Cirri have descended from 
their airy height and become horizontal. The 
aspect is like that of shoals of fish. The Cumulo- 
stratus is like a cumulus flattened at the top and 
overhanging its base. Its tendency is to spread, 
settle down into a nimbus, and ultimately disap¬ 
pear in rain. 

(3) Height of clouds in the sky ; The mean height 
of clouds in winter is from 1,300 to 1,500 yards, and 
in summer 3,300 to 4,400. M. D’Abbadie observed a 
cloud in Ethiopia only 230 yards above the ground; 
and when Gay Lussac ascended in a balloon to a 
height of 7,650 yards, there were cirri overhead 
apparently at a much greater elevation. 

(4) Theories of the formation and suspension of 
clouds : According to Hutton,while the temperature 
of a stratum of air saturated with moisture dimin¬ 
ishes in an arithmetical progression, the capacity 
of retaining the moisture in the form of invisible 
vapor diminishes in a geometrical one: hence,when 
the temperature of a saturated stratum of air falls, 
the formerly invisible vapor takes the aspect of a 
cloud. There are various opinions as to why it 
floats. Halley and Saussure considered that each 
vesicle of water in the sky was hollow, and that 
consequently it floated like a balloon; a more 
modern view is that the vesicles are carried up¬ 
ward by ascending currents of air. Clouds also 
which appear stationary are really descending 
Slowly; but their lower part being dissipated by 
more heated strata of air, and their upper parts in¬ 
creased by fresh condensation, their descent is dis¬ 
guised so that they appear stationary. (Canot, &c.) 

(5) Electricity of clouds : As a rule the clouds are 
all electrified, some positively and others nega¬ 
tively; in some there is more,in'others less, of ten¬ 
sion. 

11 Compounds of obvious signification: Cloud- 
break, cloud-covered, cloud-dispelling, cloud-fenced, 
cloud-girt. 

cloud-ascending, a. So high as to reach 
almost to the clouds. 

“Like tall cedars mounted on 
Cloud-ascending Lebanon.” 

Sandys : Ps. xeil. 

*cloud-bom, a. Born of a cloud. 

“Like cloud-born centaurs, from the mountain’s 
height.”— Dryden: Virgil's AEneid, vli. 933. 


“Nor ask why clouds of sorrow shade my brow.” 

Cowper: Disappointment. 

5. A diffused or widely-spread body; a great 
•number or multitude. 

“. . . among a cloud of witnesses, . . — Atter- 

bury. 


cloud-built, a. 

1. Lit.; Built up or consisting of clouds. 

2. Fig.: Visionary, imaginary, chimerical. 

“And so vanished my cloud-built palace.”— Goldsmith. 
cloud-burst, s. A sudden downpour of rain. 


cloud-capt, cloud-capped, a. 

1. Lit.: Capped or topped with clouds; reaching 
to the clouds. 

“The bolts that spare the mountain’s side, 

His cloud-capt eminence divide, 

And spread the ruin round.” 

Cowper ; Trans, of Horace, bk. ii., ode x. 

2. Fig.: Dreaming as one in cloud-land. 

“. . . in the highest enthusiasm, amid volumes of 
tobacco-smoke ; triumphant, cloud-capt without and with¬ 
in, the assembly broke up, each to his thoughtful pillow.” 
— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. 3. 

cloud-compeller, s. [A translation of Homer’s 
nephelegereta=cloud.-driyeT, an epithet applied to 
Jupiter.] 

“. . . the Cloud-compeller, overcome, 

Assents to fate, . . . ” 

Pope-. Homer'8 Iliad, bk. xvi., 1. 556-7. 
cloud-compelling, a. Having power over the 
clouds to gather or disperse them. 

*‘Th’ undaunted guard of cloud-compelling Jove.” 

Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. i,, 1. 517. 
Cloud-drift, s. floating cloudy vapor; broken 
clouds, cloud-rack. 

cloud-eclipsed, a. Eclipsed or hidden by 
clouds. 

“Why her two suns were cloud-eclipsed so. 

Nor why her fair cheeks over-washed with wo.” 

Shakesp ..- Rape of Lucrece, 1,224. 
Cloud-king, s. A being who had supreme power 
over the clouds and the weather. 

“ One of these is termed the Water-King, another the 
Fire-King, and a third the Cloud-King." — Scott: The Erl- 
King. (From the German of Goethe.) 

*cloud-kissing, a. Situated so high as almost 
to reach the clouds; very lofty. 

“Threatening cloud-kissing Ilion with annoy.” 

Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece , 1,370. 
cloud-land, s. Dreamland; an imaginary lo¬ 
cality conjured up in the mind, and dissipated as 
easily and quickly as a vapor. 

“. . . he firmly believed that in yonder cloud-land 

matters could be so arranged, without trespass on the 
miraculous, that the stream which threatened him and 
his flock, should be caused to shrink within its proper 
bounds.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.) ii. 33. 
cloud-piercing, a. Reaching into the clouds, 
cloud-rack, s. The same as Cloud-drift (q. v.). 
cloud-ring, s. (See extract.) 

“ It is at some distance, from about 5° to 20°, from the 
Equator that hurricanes are occasionally felt in their 
violence. They originate in or near those hot and 
densely-clouded spaces, sometimes spoken of as the cloud¬ 
ring, where aggregated aqueous vapor is at times col¬ 
lected into heavy rain (partly with vivid electrical action), 
and a comparative vacuum is suddenly caused, toward 
which air rushes from on all sides .”—Lord Ashburton: 
Address to the Geographical Society, 1862. 

cloud-rocked, ci. Rocked in the clouds by the 
passing storm. (Moore.) 

cloud-topt, a. Cloud-capt; topped or capped 
with clouds. 

“Modred, whose magic song 
Made huge Plinlimmon bow his cloud-topt head.” 

Gray: The Bard. 

cloud-touching, a. Rising so high as to touch 
the clouds. 

“ Cloud-touching mountains stedfast stand.” 

Sandys : Fs. p. 101. 

cloud-wrapt, a. 

1. Lit.: Enveloped in clouds. 

2. Fig.: Wrapt up in idle dreams and fancies; 
abstracted. 

cloud, v. t. & i. [Cloud, .s.] 

A. Transitive : 

I. Lit. : To cover, obscure, or overspread with 
clouds. 

“ The moon being clouded presently is missed. 

But little stars may hide them when they list.” 

Shakesp. : Rape of Lucrece, 1.007. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. To mark with veins; to variegate with colors 
or shades in a manner resembling clouds. 

“The clouded olive’s easy grain.’’—Pope. 

2. To overspread as with a cloud, to darken, to 
make gloomy or sad. 

“What sullen fury clouds his scornful brow? ”— Pope. 

3. To make less bright or sharp; to dull in intel¬ 
lect. 

“So spake he, clouded with his own conceit.” 

Tennyson : Mort d'Arthur. 

•{-4. To obscure so as partially to hide, or make 
less evident and plain. 

“ If men would not exhale vapore to cloud and darken 
the clearest truths, no man could miss his way to heaven 
for want of light .”—Decay of Piety. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, 

<or, wore, wplf, w5rk, who sdn; mute, cub, cure unite, cffr, rflle, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; ey = a. qu-ky. 





cloudage 


937 


clove 


S' jhr° w into the background, to surpass. 

*6. To defame, to sully the reputation of, to libel. 
“ I would be not a stander-by to hear 
My sovereign mistress clouded so.” 

Shakesp.; Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 
*B. Intrans.: To grow cloudy or dull, to be ob¬ 
scured. (Lit. & fig.) 


2. Vehicles: An iron shield or plate, placed on a 
piece of timber in a carriage, as, for instance, on an 
axle-tree, to take the rubbing and keep the wood 


f3. Overcast in look, gloomy, sullen, sad. 

“ Clear up, fair queen, that cloudy countenance.” 

Shakesp.: Titus Andron., i. 2. 

" ntin8 “ TtSK"'T ot,Uorcom,tothe s rou 0 dwith 

considerable force. 


fcloud -age (age as Ig), s. [Eng. cloud; -age.] Times. 
cloudy S ° f ciou< * s ’ state °* being clouded or *clOudy stars, s. pi. 

cloud -ber-rjr, s. [Eng .cloud; berry.] 


clearness or distinctness, confused. 

“. . . and his cloudy utterances were studied more 
devoutly than those of the Priestess of Delphi.”— London 


clout (2), 8. [O. Fr. clouet, dimin. of clou ; 

clou= a nail: Lat. claims.] The same as Clout-: 
(q- v.). 

clout-nail, s. 


Fr. 

NAIL 


Astron.: Nebulee. ... ..... . , . 

t. . rv. i . , ,, 1. A large-headed nail worn m the soles of coarse 

• a u /t. t. . ... Clough (1), s. [Etym. unknown.] An allowance hnr>t« 6 

tr s^>““ r 'Kr rl,,spa “ besorito “ totto ,lle - 

latter well flavored when fresh. The plant grows weight when sold by retail. tree of carriages. . 

in turfy Alpine bogs. cloueh (2) ^cloe ♦clowe doff s TIceL clod r Cl6ut *Clowtyn, *Cl0Ughte, v. t. [A. S. clutian.] 

‘‘In some parts of the highlands of Scotland the fruit = Sl C10e * CIOwe * cloa . s ‘ Ucel. Clofi [CLOUT (1),S.J 

[of the cloudberry ] are also called roebuck-berries or _ *1, Literally: 

knot-berries, and they are perhaps the most grateful and I. Ordinary Language: - m , . . 

useful kind of fruit gathered by the Scotch highlanders. ■< » -«•«* - ■ ,xo paum, ot 

On the sides and near the bases of the mountains it may 
be collected for several months in succession.”— Loudon: 

Encyclup. of Gardening, p. 945. 

cloud-ed, pa. par. or a. [Cloud, v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: (See the verb.) 

2. Bot.: Having its colors unequally blended 
together. 

cloud’-i-ly, adv. [Eng. cloudy; -ly.] 

*1. Lit.: In a cloudy manner; overspread with 
clouds. 

2. Fig.: Darkly, obscurely. 


1. A cliff. 

2. A ravine, a narrow valley. 

“ Into a grisly clough thai and that maiden yode.” 

Tristrem, ii. 69. 

“ A clough, or clowgh, is a kind of breach or valley down 
a slope from the side of a hill.”— Verstegan: Restitution 
of Decayed Intelligence, ch. ix. 

II. Drainage: A sluice used in returning water 
to a channel after depositing its sediment on the 
flooded land. 

“ Clowes, getties, gutters, gooltes, and other fortresses.” 
—Act, 33 Henry VIII., c. 83. 

“Some had rather have good discipline delivered ^ 

plainly, by way of precepts, than cloudily enwrapped in Otocttonum, gurgustium. cat not. Anglicum. 

clough-arches, s. pi. Crooked arches by which 
the water is conveyed from the upper pond into the 


allegories.”— Spenser: State of Ireland. 

cloud -i-ness, s. [Eng. cloudy; - ness .] 


. to mend roughly with a piece of cloth, 
leather, or other material. 

“ Clowtyn. Sarcio.” — Prompt. Parv. 

■‘The herd sat than cloughtand his schon.” 

William of Paleme, 12. 

2. To cover with a cloth. 

“Milk some unhappy ewe, 

Whose clouted leg her hurt doth shew.” 

Spenser: Shep. Calendar, March. 

3. To tip or plate with iron, as the axle-tree of s. 
wagon, a plowshare, &c., to prevent excessive 
wearing. 

“ Strong axle-treed cart that is clouted and shod.” 

Tusser, p. 36. 

II. Figuratively: 

*1. To join roughly or clumsily together. 

“ Many sentences of one meaning clouted up together.” 


I. Lit.: The state or condition of being cloudy or c i OU gh; also called puddle-holes. 
obscured with clouds; a cloudy appearance. 


chamber of the.lock of a canal on drawing up the —Ascham. 

2. To strike, to beat, to box (especially on the ear). 


“In two or three cases, however, a faint cloudiness 
showed itself within the tube.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science 
(3d ed.), x. 249. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Gloominess, sullenness. 

“ That you have such a February face, 

So full of frost, of storm, and cloudiness f ” 

Shakesp.: Much Ado, v. 4. 

2. Dullness, want of brightness. 

“ . . . he affirmed, that upon keeping it longer, the 
stone would lose more of its cloudiness." — Boyle. 

+3. Dullness of intellect. 

ft. Want of clearness or distinctness (applied to 
language or style). 

Cloud -Iilg, pr. par., a. & s. [Cloud, v.] 

A. & B. Aspr.ptar. <& adj.: (See the verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. An appearance given to silks and ribbons in the 
process of dyeing. 

2. A diversity of colors in a yam, recurring at 
regular intervals. 

cloud'-less, a. [Eng. cloud; -(ess.] 

1. Unclouded, free from or unobscured by clouds; 
bright, clear. 

“ Bright was the sun, the sky a cloudless blue.” 

Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. 

2. Clear, transparent, colorless. 

“. . . actions might have been ascribed to pure 

cloudless vapor.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Scienoe (3d ed.), 
x. 249. 

fcloud-less-ljf, adv. [Eng. cloudless; -ly.] In 
a cloudless manner or state. 

cloud-less-ness, s. [En g. cloudless; -ness.] The 
quality, state, or condition of being cloudless or 
free from clouds. 

■fcloud-let, s. [Eng. cloud, and dimin. suff. -let.] 
A little cloud. 

“ Eve’s first star through fleecy cloudlet peeping.” 

Coleridge. 

cloud'-jf, *cloud'-i, ♦clowd-jf, a. [Eng. cloud; 
•V-] 

I. Literally: 

1. Consisting or formed of clouds. 

“ Back from their cloudy realm it flies, 

To float in light through softer skies.” 

Hemans: Caswallon’s Triumph. 

2. Overspread or obscured with clouds; clouded. 

“ Clowdy or fulle of clowdys. Nubidus." Prompt. Parv. 

it is the return of its motion from the clouds 


clour, v. t. [Cloub, s.] 

1. To strike violently. 

“ Blyth to win aff sae wi’ hale banes, 

Tho’ mony had clowPd pows.” 

Ramsay: Poems, i. 260. 

2. To cause a tumor. 

3. To cause a dimple. 

Clour, s. [Icel. klor— a scratch.] A wound, 


(Slang.) 

“The queen of Spain took off one of her chopines and 
clouted Olivarez about the noddle with it.”— Howell. 
clout-ed (1), pa. par. or a. [Clotted.] 
clout-ed (2), *clowt-yd, pa. par . or a. 
[Clout,v.] 

1. Patched, cobbled, mended. 

'‘Clowtyd as clothys. Sartus, repeciatus. Clowtyd as 


stroke, a dint; the scar made by a blow; a cicatrix; shoone or other thyngys of ledyr. Pictaciatus." — Prompt. 
a drubbing, a defeat. Parv. 

O, deil a bit—my head can stand a guy clour —nae 


thanks to them, though, and mony to you.”— Scott: Guy 
Mannering, ch. xxiii. 

cloured, pa. par. & a. [Clouk, v.] 

clout, *cloute, *clut, *clowt, *clowtt, s. [A. S. 

chit, from Wei. clwt; Cornish clut=a piece, a patch; 
Ir. & Gael. clud= a clout, a patch; Manx clooid= 
a clout. ( Skeat .)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A piece of cloth or rag used to patch up any 
cloth or article of dress; a rag. 

“ If I were mad, I should forget my son; 

Or madly think a babe of clouts were he." 

Shakesp.: King John, iii. 4. 

*2. Swaddling-clothes. 

“ Ye sail fynd a chyldethar bounden 
In a creke, wit cloutes wounden.” 

Metrical Homilies, p. 64. 

f3. A patch upon a shoe, an article of dress, <fcc. 

“ A clowte of ledder: pictaciuncula, pictacium, repe- 
ciumf’—Cathol. Anglicum. 

*4. A dish-cloth. 

“ Scar. O my brave emperor, this is fought indeed ! 
Had we done so at first, we had driven them home 
With clouts about their heads.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., iv. 7. 

5. An iron plate placed on an axle-tree or a plow¬ 
share to prevent excessive wearing. 

“ Two plows and a plow chein, ij culters, iij shares 
With ground cloutes and side cloutes, for soile that so 
tares.” Tusser (ed. Heritage), p. 36. 

II. Figuratively : 

*1. Shreds, small fragments. 

“ Clouen alle in lyttel cloutes the clyffez aywhere.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 966. 

2. A blow, especially on the ear. (Slang.) 

“ Be my trewthe thou getyst a clowte." 

Coventry Myst., p. 139. 


“ The dull swain, 

Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon.” 

Milton: Comus, 635. 
*2. Dressed poorly or beggarly. 

“ Bothe bihynde and eke biforne, 

Clouted was she beggarly.” 

Rom. of Rose, 222. 

clout-ed (3), a. [Eng. clout (2),s. ;-ed.] Studded 
with nails. 

clouted shoes, s. pi. Shoes the soles of which 
are studded with clout nails. 

♦clout-er, *cldwt'-er, s. [Eng. clout; -er.J A 
patcher, a cobbler, a mender of clothes, &c. 

“ Clowter or cobelere. Sartorius, rebroceator. Clowter 
of clothys. Sartorius , sartor , sartrix.” — Prompt. Parv. 

♦clout -er-ly, a. [Eng. clouter; -ly.] 

1. Lit.: Awkward, clumsy—as though mended by 
a botcher or patcher of clothes, &c. 

“The single wheel plow is a very clouterly sort.”— 
Mortimer: Husbandry. 

2. Fig.: Clumsy, awkward, ill-composed, rough. 
“Let ns observe Spenser with all his rusty, obsolete 

words ; with all his rough-hewn, clowterlyve rses ; yet take 
him throughout, and we shall find in him a graceful and 
poetic majesty.”— Phillips: Theatrum Poeticum, pref. 
(1676). 

cS5ut'-Ing, *clowt-inge, *clowt-ynge, pr. par., 

a.&s. [Clout,!;.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act of patching or mending with 
a clout. 

“ Clowtinge of clothys. Sartura. Clowtynge or coblynge. 
Rebroccacio. Clowtynge of shone. K. Pictacio." — Prompt. 
Parv. 

2. Fig.: The act of striking or beating; a clout, 
a blow. 

♦clove, pret. ofv. [Cleave.] 

“ Gyon’s angry blade so fierce did play 
On th’ other’s helmet, which as Titan shone, 

That quite it clove his plumed crest in tway.” 

Spenser: F. Q., IL vi. 31. 

clove (1), s. [Dan. kloof; Icel. klofi.] [Clough.] 


B. Technically: 

. . . -- . *1. Archery: The center or bull’s-eye of the butt 

which prevents the earth’s temperature on a cloudy night at w i 1 j c ) 1 arc hers shot, so called from having been 
from falling so low.” — Tyndall: Frag, of Science (od ed.) # nr jg j nfl H y made of a piece of white cloth. , .. # 

I- 8 - “Dead!—he would have clappd i’ the clout at twelve A cleft, a ravine, a gap, a chine 

II. Figuratively score; and carried you a forehand shaft a fourteen and “ Queue was I somwile 

1 Variegated or marked with veins resembling a fourteen and a half, that it would have done a man’s heart 

cloud ” good to see.”— Shakesp.: Henry IV., in. A 

2 Dull; wanting brightness, luster, or trans- If Nares thinks thatthis meaning belongs to Clout 

parency. (2),s., and is derived from the bull s-eye having 

“ I saw a cloudy diamond.”— Boyle. been marked with a nail or stud. _ 

sin, 


Gretter than Dame Gaynour, of garson, and golde— 
Of castellis, of contreyes, of craggis, of clowes . 

SirGawan and Sir Gal., i. 12. 

If Clove of a mill : That which separates what are 
called the bridge-heads of the mill. [Cloff.] 


f. 


b(Sil boy 1 pout jowl; cat, §ell, chorus, $hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph 
k cian, -tian = sh?in. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del. 







clove 


938 


clownish 


♦clove (2), *cloue, s. [Claw.] 

1. A claw. 

“ Walkis on fute, his body wymplit in 
Ane felloun bustuous and grete lyoun skyn, 

Terribil and roach with lockerand tatty haris, 

The quhite tuskis, the hede, and clouys thare is.” 

Doug.: Virgil, 232, 3. 

2. (PI.) Carp.: An instrument of wood which 
closes like a vise. It is used by carpenters for hold¬ 
ing their saws firm while they sharpen them. 
Perhaps this may be from some other clove. 

clove-hitch, s. 

Naut.: Two half-hitches. The first half-hitch 
gives the rope a turn round an object, passes the 
end of the rope round its standing part, and then 
through the bight. A repetition of the process with 
the slipping of the end of the rope to its standing 
part makes the clove-hitch, 
clove-hook, s. 

Naut.: An iron two-part hook, the jaws over¬ 
lapping, used in bending chain-sheets to the clews 
of sails, &c. 

cl5ve (3) (Eng.), clow, Clowe (Scotch), s. & a. 
[Sp. Clavo— a nail, a clove, from Lat. clivus; Fr. 
c?OM=a nail. So called from the resemblance of a 
clove to a nail.] 

A. As substantive: 

1. Of implements: A long spike or nail. 

2. Of plants: 

(1) The dried aromatic flower-buds of Cary- 
ophyllus aromaticus. [Clove-tree.] 

(2) The clove gillyflower. (Scotch.) 

IT Oil of Cloves: An essential oil obtained by dis¬ 
tilling with water the buds of the clove, Cary- 
ophyllus aromaticus. It is a mixture of eugenic 
acid, C 10 H 12 O 2 , and a hydrocarbon, C 10 H 16 isomeric 
with oil of turpentine. [Caryophyllum.] It is a 
common remedy for toothache. 

B. As adj.: Consisting of, resembling, or in any 
way pertaining to the clove or cloves. 

clove-bark, s. The bark of Cinnamomum Culila- 
wan. 

clove cassia, s. The bark of Dicypellium Cary- 
ophyllatum. (Lindley.) 

clove-gillyflower, *clow-gelofer, clove July 
flower, s. [The name clove is given it on account 
of its aromatic smell.] 

Bot.: Any of the varieties of Dianthus Caryophyl- 
lus which have an aromatic smell, double flowers, 
and uniform coloring. It is called also the clove- 
pink (q. v.). 

clove-nutmeg, s. The fruit of Agathophyllum 
aromaticum. It is from Madagascar. (Lindley.) 

Clove-pink, s. The same as Clove-gilliflower 
( q. v.). 

Clove-tongue, s. Helleborus niger. Skinner 
thinks the word properly cloven-tongue. 

clove-tree, s. 

Bot.: A tree, Caryophyllus aromaticus, belonging 
to the order Myrtacete. It is an evergreen, fifteen 
to thirty feet high, with elliptic leaves and purplish 
corymbose flowers. It furnishes the cloves of com¬ 
merce. [Clove, 3.] It grows in the Molluccas, in 
Amboyna, and in the Antilles. 

clove (4), s. [A. S. clufe— a spike of com, a clove 
of garlic.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: One of the laminae of a head of 
rarlic. 

II. Hortic.: The name given by gardeners to new 
bulbs developing in the axils of the scales of older 
ones, at the expense of which they grow, with the 
effect of ultimately destroying them. 

clov'-en (1),pa.par. [Cleave (1), v .] 

‘‘In no other form, humanly speaking, would they have 
struck 60 deep into the mind and heart of man, or cloven 
to it with such inseverable tenacity.”— Milman: Hist of 
Jews, 3d ed., pref., p. xiii. 

fclov-en (2), pa. par. or a. [Cleave (2), u.] 

cloven-footed, a. 

1. Of mammals: Having the hoof divided in the 
center. This structure exists in the Ruminantia. 

“"Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and 
cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.”— 
Lev. xi. 3. 

*2. Of birds: Having the feet without webs. 

“Great variety of water-fowl, both whole and cloven¬ 
footed, frequent the waters.”— Ray: On the Creation. 

3. Of Satan: Having, according to popular 
assumption, the feet cloven like those of a rumi¬ 
nant. 

“The cloven-footed fiend is banish’d from us.”— Dry den. 

cloven-hoof, s. Such a divided hoof as is pos¬ 
sessed by the ruminant animals. It being of old 
assumed that Satan has a cloven hoof, the expres¬ 
sion “to show the cloven hoof” means to permit 
diabolical intentions to become visible. 


Cloven-hoofed, a . The same as Cloven-footed, 

in the senses 1 & 3. 

“There are the bisulcous or cloven-hoofed; as camels 
and beavers.”— Brownes Vulgar Errors. 

clo-ver, *claver, *clovere, s. [A. S. cldefer, 
clcefre; Dut. klaver; Sw. klOfver; Dan. kldver; O. 
H. Ger. chlfo; Ger. klee. Probably from A. S. 
cle6fan =to cleave, from the shape of the leaf.] 

I. Ordinary Language : 

1. A trefoil, especially if used for fodder. [Tri¬ 
folium.] 

2. The name given to various plants more or less 
resembling the common trefoils. 

II. Technically: 

1. Agric.: Of the several kinds grown, the com¬ 
mon red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a biennial, 
and may be sown with barley, oats, or other grain 
sufficiently advanced in growth not to be suffocated 
by it. In the second year it gives a full crop. 

The white, called also Dutch clover, is a peren¬ 
nial, and is sown with various grasses when it is 
intended as permanent pasture for sheep. French 
clover (Trifolium incar natum) is ripened early; it 
is only an annual. Rye-grass in small quantity is 
often sown along with clover. A crop of clover, if 
mown and carried away as hay, so impoverishes 
the land that it should not be repeated for some 
years, but if it is eaten off the land by sheep fed on 
oil-cake it is generally grown every four years. 
[Rotation of Crops.] 

2. Chem.: The addition of lime and gypsum to 
the soil greatly promotes the growth of clover. 
The ash of clover contains 24’9 potash, 3’0 soda, 12'2 
magnesia, 34’9 lime, 7’35 phosphoric acid, 3’7 sul¬ 
phuric acid, 1'3 silica, 1’5 peroxide of iron, ll’l 
chloride of sodium. The dried plants yield 10.53 
per cent, of ash. Clovers contain about 80 per cent, 
of ^water. 

III, In special phrases: 

1. To live in clover: To live luxuriously. 

“Well, Laureat, was the night in clover spent?” 

Ozell. 

2. To go from, clover to rye-grass: To exchange 
better for worse (applied to second marriages). 

If Alsike Clover. [Sw. Alsike kldver, from Alsike, 
about ten miles south of Upsala, in Sweden, where 
it grows.] The commercial name of Trifolium 
hybridum. 

Bird's-foot Clover: Lotus corniculatus. [Bird’s- 
foot Trefoil.] 

Bokhara Clover: Melilotus vulgaris. It was 
much recommended a few years ago as a forage 
plant. 

Broad Clover: 

Agric.: Trifolium pratense. 

Crimson Clover: 

Agric.: Trifolium incarnatum. 

Dutch Clover: 

Agric.: Trifolium repens, when cultivated. 

Perennial Clover: Trifolium medium. It is called 
also Cow-grass. 

Purple Clover: The same as Red clover (q. v.). 

Red Clover: Trifolium pratense. 

White Clover: Trifolium repens. 

Yellow Clover: (1) Medicago lupulina, (2) Trifo¬ 
lium procumbens, and (3) Trifolium minus. 

If For Cow-clover, and a multitude of similar com¬ 
pounds, see the word prefixed to clover. 

If Obvious compounds: Clover-blossoms, clover- 
field, clover-flower, clover-hay. 

clover-grass, s. 

Agric.: Trifolium pratense. 

Clover-hill, s. A hill covered with clover. 

“ And thick with white bells the clover-hill swell 
High over the full-toned sea . . .” 

Tennyson: The Sea-fairies. 

clover-huller, s. 

Agric. Mach.: A machine for liberating clover- 
seed from the hulls. 

clover-seed, s. & a. 

A. As subst.: The seed of clover. 

B. As adj.: (See the subjoined compound.) 

Clover-seed harvester: 

Agric.: A machine, called a header, for harvest¬ 
ing clover-seed. It has a row of fingers between 
which the stalks of the clover pass, while the heads 
remaining above are torn off and scooped into the 
box of the machine. 

clover-sick, a. An epithet applied to land in 
poor condition from over-cropping with clover. 

clover-thrasher, s. 

Agric. Mach.: A machine in which clover, hay, or 
the after-math which is cut for the seed alone, is 
thrashed, and the seed hulled and cleaned. 

clover-weevil, s. 

Entom.: A kind of weevil feeding on the seeds of 
clover, &c. 


Clo ’-vered, a. [En g. clover;-ed.'] Covered with 
or full of clover. 

“ Flocks thick nibbling thro’ the clover d vale.” 

Thomson: SeasonSummer. 

clove§, s. pi. [Clove (3).] 

1. In the same sense as the singular. 

2. A kind of liqueur strongly flavored with cloves. 

clove -wort, s. [Eng. clove (3), and suff. wort 
(q. v.).] 

1. Sing.: Two plants, viz., (1) Geum urbanum, (2) 
Ranunculus acris. 

2. PI.: One of the English names given by Lind¬ 
ley to the family Caryophyllacese, of which the 
Clove-gilly flower is by some reckoned the type. The 
other name is Silenads (q. v.). 

ClOV-6-rub -rIn, s. [From Eng., &c., clove, and 
Lat. ruber , adj. (genit. rwhri)=red.] 

Chem.: A resinous body produced by the action of 
sulphuric acid on oil of cloves. 

*clOWg, s. [Eng. clog.] A small bar of wood, 
fixed to the door-post, in the middle, by a screw- 
nail, round which it moves, so that either end of it 
may be turned round over the edge of the door to 
keep it close; a door button. 

Cl<5wn, s. [Icel. klunni=& clumsy,boorish fellow; 
North Friesic kldnne— a clown; Sw. dialect klunn— 
a log; kluns—(l) a hard knob, (2) a clumsy fellow; 
Dan. klunt=a log, a blockhead. Probably con¬ 
nected with clump (q. v.). (Skeat.)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A rustic, a countryman (without any idea of 
contempt or depreciation). 

“The Somersetshire clorcns, with their scythes and the 
butt-ends of their muskets, faced the royal horse like old 
soldiers.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v. 

2. A clumsy, awkward lout. 

“ The clowns, a boist’rous, rude, ungovern’d crew. 

With furious haste to the loud summons flew.” 

Dryden: Virgil; JEneid vii. 724. 

II. Fig.: A coarse, rough, ill-bred person. 

“ A country squire, represented with no other vice but 
that of being a clown, and having the provincial accent.” 
— Swift. 

B. Technically: 

1. Theat.: A buffoon or fool in a play; a mimic, a 
jester. The clown in our pantomimes, circuses and 
“ Humpty-Dumpty shows,” is the direct successor 
of the licensed jester or mimic of the middle ages. 

2. Bot.: Butterwort (q. v.), a herb. (Scotch.) 

clown’s all-heal, s. [The name was bestowed 
upon the plant by Gerard, on account of “ a clown¬ 
ish answer ” which he received from “ a very poore 
man,” who had cut his leg to the bone, and healed 
it with this plant. Gerard offered “ to heale the 
same for charitie, which he refused, saying that I 
could not heale it so well as himselfe.”— Gerard: 
Herball., 852; Britten & Holland .] Amenthaceous 
plant, Stachys palustris. It is sometimes caHed 
also Woundwort. 

clown’s lungwort, s. (1) Verbascum Thapsus, 
(2) Lathrcea squamaria. 

clown’s mustard, s. Iberis amara. 

clown’s treacle, s. Garlic (Allium sativum). 

*cldwn, v. i. [Clown, s.] To act the part of a 
clown, or buffoon. 

“ Beshrew me, he dozens it properly indeed.”— Ben Jon- 
son: Every Man out of his Humor. 

*clown'-age (ageaslg), s. [En g. clown;-age.] 
The behavior or actions of a clown. 

“ And he to serve me thus ! ingratitude, 

Beyond the coarseness yet of any clownage 
Shewn to a lady !” 

B. Jonson: Tale of a Tub. 

clown-er-y, s. [Eng. clown; -ery .] 

1. The state or position of a clown ; poverty. 

“’Twere as good I were reduced to clownery." — Ford: 

Perkin Warbeck, I. ii. 

2. The behavior of a clown; roughness, awkward¬ 
ness, coarseness. 

“ That’s a court indeed, 

Not mix’d with clowneries us’d in common houses.” 

Chapman: Bussy D’ Aznbois. 

*cldwn’-i-fy, *cldwn’-i-fle, v. t. [Eng. clown: 
Lat. facio (pass, fio) =to make.] To make dull or 
clownish. 

“I wish you would not so clownifie your wit.”— Breton. 
Courtier and Countryman, p. 7. (Davies.) 

fclowu'-Ish, a. [Eng. clown; -ish .] 

I. Lit.: Pertaining to, or inhabited by, rustics; 
rural, rustic. 

“ I come not to eat with ye, and to surfeit 
In these poor clownish pleasures.” 

Beaum. & Fletch.: The Prophetess. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw 




clownishly 


939 


club 


II. Figuratively : 

1. Coarse, awkward, rough. 

“ with his clownish hands their tender wings 
He brasheth oft.” Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 23. 

ungainly, awkward in manners: un¬ 
couth ; ill-bred, rough, uneducated. 

* Those clownish squires who with difficulty managed to 
spell out Dyer’s Letter over their ale.”— Macaulay: Hist. 
Eng., ch. xxiv. 

fclown'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. clownish; -ly.] In a 
clownish manner roughly, coarsely, awkwardly. 

tclown-lsh-ness, s. [Eng. clownish; -ness .] The 
Quality of being clownish; roughness, coarseness, 
ill-breeding. 

*clown-ist, s. [Eng. clown; -ist.] An actor of 
clowns parts. 

“ • • • humorists, clownists, satirists.”— Middleton: 

Mayor of Quinborouyh, v. 1. 

cloy, v. t. [O. Fr. cloyer= to cloy, to choke up; a 
by-form of clouer- to nail up, to fasten; 0. Fr. clo, 
elou=a nail; Lat. clavus.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

*1. To stop a vent or hole by nailing up, or by 
inserting a nail or plug ; to spike a gun. 

“If the dependants thought the castle was to be aban¬ 
doned they should poison the water, and cloy the great 
ordnance, that it might not afterward stand the Turks 
in stead.”— Knolles: 801. D. (Latham.) 

*2. To pierce or wound with any sharp weapon. 

“With his cruell tuske him deadly cloyd.” 

Spenser: F. Q., III. vi. 48. 

3. To fill or choke up. 

“ The Duke’s purpose was to have cloyed the harbor 
by sinking ships.”— Speed. 

4. To surfeit, to fill to loathing, to glut. 

“ Or cloy the hungry edge of appetite, 

By bare imagination of a feast?” 

Shakesp.: King Richard II., i. 8. 

II. Fig.: To surfeit the mind or desire. 

“ He sometimes cloys his readers instead of satisfying 
them.”— Dry den. 

*B. Farriery: To prick a horse in shoeing. 
[Accloy.] 

H For the difference between cloy and to satisfy, 
see Satisfy. 

cldyed, pa. par. or a. [Cloy, v.] 

*cloy'-er, s. [Eng. cloy; -er.] A sharper; one 
who intruded on the profits of younger sharpers by 
claiming a share. 

“Then there’s a cloyer or snap that dogs any new brother 
in that trade and snaps—will have half in any booty.”— 
Roaring Girl, vi. 113. (Nares.) 

cloy’-ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cloy, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 


2. One of the four suits at cards, representing a 
trefoil or clover-leaf. 

H The name is a translation of the Span. bastos= 
cudgels or clubs, which is the Spanish name for the 
suit. The figure by which the clubs are denoted on 
a card is a trefoil: the Fr. name being trbfle=( 1) 
trefoil, (2) a club (at cards). Cf. Dan. kU)ver=(l) 
clover, (2) a club (atcards); Dut. klaver- (1) clover, 
trefoil, (2) a club (at cards). ( Skeat .) 

3. A round, solid mass; a knot, used of a fashion 
of dressing the hair. 

4. An association or number of persons combined 
for the promotion of some common object, whether 
political, social or otherwise. The use of the word 
in this sense probably comes from the preceding 
one, as meaning a knot or gathering of men. 
Another definition, interesting at all events, is sug¬ 
gested by Carlyle in the extract given below. 

IT The earliest London club of any celebrity was 
established about the beginning of the 17th century, 
at the Mermaid Tavern, Friday street. Among its 
members were Shakespeare, Sir Walter Raleigh, 
Beaumont, Fletcher, and Selden. Ben Jonson fig¬ 
ured at another club, which met at the Devil 
Tavern, near Temple Bar. Of other clubs, the lit¬ 
erary one, established in the year 1764, had among 
its members Johnson, Boswell, Burke and Gold¬ 
smith. 

Toward the close of the 18th century, the French 
political clubs gained world-wide notoriety from the 
active part which they took in the first French 
revolution. The most celebrated was the Jacobin 
Club, founded at Versailles in 1789, and called orig¬ 
inally the Breton Club. This and other political 
French clubs were abolished on September 4, 1797. 
They were revived in 1848, but were suppressed 
again in 1849 and 1850. 

“Bodies of Men uniting themselves by a Sacred Vow, 
‘ Geliibde; ’—which word and thing have passed over to us 
in a singularly dwindled condition: ■ Club ’ we now call 
it; and the vow, if sacred, does not aim very high.”— Car¬ 
lyle: Fred. Great, bk. ii., ch. 6. 

5. An association or society of a number of per¬ 
sons for the purpose of providing such of its mem¬ 
bers as may require it with a temporary residence 
or resort in a house maintained and reserved for the 
sole use of such members. 

6. _ The house in which such an association or 
society of persons meet. [Club-house.] 

t_7. The scot, subscription, or share of expense 
paid or payable by each member of such an associ¬ 
ation or society. 

“ A fuddling couple sold ale; their humor was to drink 
drunk, upon their own liquor; they laid down their club, 
and this they called forcing a trade.”— VEstrange. 

8. An association or society of baseball players. 

*11. Figuratively : 

1. A combination, a union. 

“ He’s bound to vouch them for his own, 

Tho’ got b’ implicit generation, 

And general club of all the nation.” 

Hudibras. 


the cable is cut and the sails trimmed: this is never 
had recourse to but in perilous situations, and when 
it is expected that the ship would otherwise miss 
stays. 

Club-headed, a. Having a thick club-shaped 
head. 

“ Small clubheaded antennae.”— Derham. 

club-house, s. The house provided by a clubfoi 
the accommodation of its members, in which they 
can meet, dine, and lodge temporarily. 

Club-law, s. 

1. The rule of force, the law of arms ; government 
by force. 

2. The rules and regulations by which a club is 
regulated. 

3. A term in use in certain card-games. 

club-man, clubman, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. One who wields a club. 


“ Alcides, surnam’d Hercules, 

The only clubman of his time.” 

Tray, of Soliman and Perseda, 

2. A member of a club. 

II. Eng. Polit. Hist. (pi. clubmen). Various asso¬ 
ciations of persons in the South and West of Eng¬ 
land who professed to restrain the excesses of the 
royal and parliamentary forces during the civil 
war of 1642-1649. Though nominally neutral they 
inclined to the king. 


club-moss, clubmoss, s. [So called because 
it is mossy-looking. It is not, however, a genuine 
moss.] 

1. Sing.: The 
ordinary Eng¬ 
lish name for 
genus Lyco¬ 
podium (q. v.), 
and especially 
for Lycopo¬ 
dium clavatum. 

Lycopodium 
is sometimes 
called also 
Snake-moss. 

2. PI. ( club- 
mosses): The 
name given by 
Lindley to the 
order Lycopo- 
diaceae (q. v.). 

club-room, 
s. A room or 
apartment in 
which a club or 
society meets. 

“These ladies resolved to give the pictures of their 
deceased husbands to the clubroom.” — Addison: Spectator, 
No. 561. 



1. Spores. 2. Bract with Capsules. 


club-rush, s. 


C. As substantive: 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of surfeiting or filling to loathing. 

*2. The act of pricking a horse in shoeing. 

“He never shod horse but he cloyedXx.ra,.” —Bacon. 

♦II. Fig. : Cheating, sharping. 

“ By padding, cloying, milling, filching, nabbing, Ac.” 
—Poor Robin, 1739. 

cloy-less, a. [Eng. cloy; -less.'] Incapable of 
c’oying the appetite. 

“ Epicurean cooks 

Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.” 

Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleopatra, ii. L 

*Cldy'-ment, s. [Eng. cloy; -ment.] The act of 
surfeiting or glutting; the state of being surfeited; 
satiety. 

“ That suffers surfeit, cloyment, and revolt.” 

Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, ii. 4. 

♦Clo^ne, v. [Etym. unknown.] To rob, to pilfer. 

*cloyn-er, s. [Eng. cloyn{e); -er.] A thief, a 
cheat, a sharper. 

♦clbyn -ing, s. [Cloyne, v.] Cheating. 

“Such texts as agree not with the cloynings of your 
conjurors.”— Bale: Select Works, p. 170. (Davies.) 

*cloy -some, a. [Eng. cloy, suff. -some (q. v.).] 
Cloying, surfeiting. 

club, *clobb, *clobbe, *clubbe, s. [Icel. klubba, 
klumba; Sw. klubba; Dan. klub= a club - klump= a 
clump, a lump.] 

I. Literally: 

1. A heavy staff or stick, now generally of wood, 
thicker at one end than the other, and fitted to be 
carried in the hand and used as a weapon of 
defense if need be. 

“ But make you ready your stiff bats and clubs, 

Rome and her rats are at the point of battle.” 

Shakespeare. 


2. A clown, a rustic. 

“Homely and playn Clubbes of the countree.”— Udall: 
Apoph. of Erasmus, p. 289. 

IT Shepherd's Club: 

Bot.: Verbascum Thapsus. 

club-compasses, s. pi. A pair of compasses 
with a bullet or cone, or one leg to set in a 
hole. 

club-fist, s. 

1. Lit.: A large, heavy fist. 

*2. Fig.: A coarse, rough, brutal fellow, 
club-fisted, a. 

1. Lit.: Having a large, heavy fist. 

2. Fig.: Rough, awkward. 

Club-foot, s. 

1. A short, deformed foot; some form of Talipes. 

IT In 1831 Dr. Stromeyer cured a gentleman of 

this defect by dividing the tendons of the contracted 
muscles with a very thin knife. 

“ There are three principal forms of distortion to which 
the foot is congenitally subject: 1. When the foot is 
turned inwards. ... 2. When it is turned outwards. 
... 3. When the patient can only put the toes on the 
ground. Almost all the varieties of club-foot may be re¬ 
ferred to one of these species.”— A. T. S. Dodd: Abnormal 
Conditions of thS Foot, in Todd’s Cyclopaedia of Anatomy 
and Physiology. 

2. A person so deformed. 

club-footed, a. Having a club-foot. 

club-grass, s. 

1. A general name for the genus Scirpus. 

2. A genus of grasses, Corynephorus, closely akin 
to, if indeed it be distinct from, Aira. 

club-haul, v. t. 

Naut.: To tack a ship by letting go the lee- 
anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails, which 
brings her head to wind, and as soon as she pays off, 


1. Typha latifolia. 

2. The ordinary English name for the genus Sere- 
pus (q. v.), and specially tor Scirpus lacusiris. 

club-shaped, a. 

Bot.: Gradually thickening upward from a very 
taper base; clavate, claviform. 

Clubshaped (clavatus or claviformis), thickening gradu 
ally upward from a very taper base, as the appendages of 
the flower of Schwenkia, or the style of Campanula and- 
Michauxia.”— Lindley: Introduction to Botany, bk. iii.. 
Terms. 

Club-weed, clubbe-weed, s. Centaurea nigre,. 

club, v. t. & i. [Club, s.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Transitive: 

fl. To beat with a club or staff. 

“ The rumor soon got abroad that the Bishop had been 
clubbed to death in his own shrubbery.”— London Daily 
Telegraph. 

f2. To gather together into a clump. 

“ Plants like the thistle, with inconspicuous flowerets, 
club them up together into a splendid cone of color in 
order to allure the passing insect.”— London Daily Tele 
graph. 

3. To make into or use as a club; as, to club a 
musket— to seize it by the muzzle so as to make use 
of it for offense as a club. 

*4. To contribute or put together for a common 
object; to combine. 

“Wasthere a Chief but melted at the Sight? 

A common Soldier, but who clubb’d his Mite?” 

Pope: Miscellanies; A Prologue, 5-8, 

II. Intransitive: 

1. To join or combine with others for the promo¬ 
tion of some common object; to form a club os 
association. 

“ Clubbing together in committees and councils.”— 
De Foe: Mem. of Cavalier. 


bbil, b6y; pout, jowl; cat, fell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin^ this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph — 
-dan, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, det. 









clunch 


clubbability 


940 


2. To contribute or pay an equal or proportionate 
share of a common charge, reckoning, or expense. 

“ The owl, the raven, and the bat, 

Clubb’d for a feather to his hat.” Swift. 

*3. To be joined or combined generally for any 
common end. 

“ Let sugar, wine, and cream together club, 

To make that gentle viand, syllabub.” King. 

B. Technically: 

1. Naut.: To drift down a current with the anchor 
out. 

2. Milit.: To cause a number of men to fall into 
confusion by giving a wrong order, either from 
carelessness or inexperience. 

“To bring a line of half a hundred through a thorn 
jungle without clubbing them hopelessly.”— Trevelyan: 
Til e Competition Wallah, lett. c. 

tclub-bu~bir-I-ty, s. [Eng. clubbable; -ity.] 
The quality of being clubbable. 

At that stage of clubbability the Parisian has not, it 
may be presumed, yet arrived.”— London Daily Telegraph. 

club'-b<i-ble, a. [Eng. club; -able.] Having 
such qualities as are calculated to fit any person 
to become a member of a club. 

“To be a clubbable man is not, as we were saying the 
other day, necessarily to be possessed ^f all the social 
virtues.”— London Daily News. 

clubbed, *clobbed, *clubbyd, pa. par. or a. 

[Club, v.] 

I. Literally: 

*1. Made or formed of the shape of a club; club- 
like, used as a club. 

“When I bete my knaves. 

She bringeth me the grete clobbed staves.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 13,904. 
t2. Handled or used as a club. 

“With clubbed musquet and push of pike.”— De Foe.- 
Mem. of Cavalier, p. 129. 

3. Clenched, as the fist. 

*11. Fig.: Rough, coarse, wild. 

“ Clubbyd or boistows. Rudis.” — Prompt. Parv. 

club-ber, s. [Eng. club; -er. ] 

1. A frequenter of clubs; a member of a club, 
party, or association. 

2. One of a number meeting or joining in a party; 
an associate. 

Club'-bing, pr. par., a. & s. [Club, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

1. The act or practice of combining or forfning 
clubs for some common object. 

2. The act of contributing an equal or proportion¬ 
ate share toward a common charge, reckoning, or 
expense. 

*3. A joining or putting together for any purpose. 
“No such clubbing of brains could be reasonably sus¬ 
pected.”— Toland: Life of Harrington, p. 16. 

XI. Technically: 

1. Bot.: A diseaso in plants of the Brassica tribe, 
in which the lower part of the stem becomes swollen 
and misshapen, owing to the attacks of larvae. 

2. Naut.: The state of drifting down a current 
with an anchor out. 

♦club'-blsh, a. [Eng. club; -ish.] 

1. Lit.: Club-like; shaped or formed like a club. 

2. Fig.: Rough, boorish, clownish. 

“The highest trees be soonest blowen downe: 

Ten kings do die before one clubbish clowne.” 

Mir. for Mag., p. 231. 

*club’-blsh-ly, adv. [Eng. clubbish; -ly.] 
Roughly, coarsely, churlishly. 

club’-bist, s. [Eng. chti>; -isf.] A clubber. 

“The difference between the clubbists and the old 
adherents to the monarchy of this country is hardly 
worth a scuffle.”— Burke: On a Regicide Peace. 

"The rising man of business and conventional clubbist.” 
—Athenaeum, Feb. 11, 1882. 

Club-book, s. [Eng. club , and dimin. suff. -ock.] 
The Spotted Blenny, a fish; Blennius gunnellus, 

Linn. 

“ Spotted blenny, or clubbock, Gadus Gunnellus.” — Glas¬ 
gow, Statist. Acc., V. 637. 

fclub'-b^, a. [Eng. club; - 2 /.] Frequenting clubs. 
“Thus it is that, in the present generation, has been 
created a type peculiar thereunto—-the club-man. He is 
all of the club, clubby. He is full of club-matters, club 
gossip. He dabbles in club intrigues, belongs to certain 
club cliques, and takes part in club quarrels.”— Sala: 
Twice Round the Clock, p. 226. 

*club'-Ster, s. [Eng. club; -ster.] A frequenter 
of clubs, a boon companion. 

“He was no clubster listed among good fellows.”— 
North: Life of Lord Guilford, i. 146. ( Davies.) 


♦clucche, v. & s. [Clutch.] 

“To clucche or to claw.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 11,743. 

cluck, v. i. & t. [Clock.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. To utter the cry of a hen to her chickens. 

“ Ducklings, though hatched by a hen, if she brings 
them to a river, in they go, though the hen clucks and 
calls to keep them out.”— Ray: Wisdom of God Manifested 
in the Works of the Creation. 

2. To utter a sharp clicking sound by the sudden 
withdrawal of the tip of the tongue from a portion 
of the mouth with which it is in contact, as is done 
when urging a horse forward. 

B. Trans.: To call as a hen does her chickens. 

“Thou hast never in thy life 
Shew’d thy dear mother any courtesy; 

When she, (poor hen!) fond of no second brood, 

Has cluck? d thee to the wars, . . .” 

Shakesp. ■ Coriolanus, v. 3. 

cluck-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Cluck, v. Clock¬ 
ing.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.. (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of clocking or calling, as a 
hen her chickens. 

clucking-hen, s. A clocking-hen. 

♦clud, s. [Cloud.] 

“ Throw al the cluddis and the skies broun.” 

Douglas: Virgil, 274, 2. 

♦elude, *cloud, s. [A. S. cliZd =a rock, a hill.] 
A cliff, a rock, a precipice. 

“Wes tha elude swidhe neh.” — Layamon, i. 81. 
*clud-y, *clud-igh, a. [Mid. Eng. clud(e); -y.] 
Rocky, hilly. 

“I cludigh lanndess munntess.”— Ormulum, 2,734. 
clfie, s. [Clew.] 

•‘The size of the cranium affords a good clue to deter¬ 
mine the absolute size of the brain.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. vi., p. 138. 

“ Speak, is’t so ? 

If it be not, you have wound a gbodly clue.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, i. 3. 

clue-garnet, s. [Clew-gaknet.] 
clue-line, s. [Clew-line.] 
clfie, v. t. [Clew, v.] 

IT In full clue: At full extent, fully spread. 
“Spreading their disabled sailes in the full clue." — 
Nashe: Lenten Stuffe. 

clfie’-less, a. [Eng. clue; -less.] Withoutaclue 
or guide. 

♦clum, *clumme, interj. [An onomatopoetic 
word Cf. Mum.] Hist, silence, hush. 

“ Now, pater noster, clum, quod Nicholay, 

And clum quod Jon, and clum quod Alisoun.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 3,638. 

♦clum, *clumb, pret. of v. [Climb.] 

“ High, high had Phoebus clum the lift, 

And reach’d his northern tour.” 

A. Scott: Poems, p. 64. 

♦clum, v. t. [Clump.] To handle roughly. 
Clum’-ber, s. [From the Duke of Newcastle’s 
estate at Clumber, England, where they were bred.] 
A kind of spaniel of a red and white color, and 
having a large broad head. 

Clump, s. [Dut. klomp =a lump, a clog; Dan. 
klump =a clump, a lump; Icel. klumba, klubba=a 
club; Ger. klump=a lump, a clod. A doublet of 
club. ( Skeat .)] 

A. Ordinary Language : 

I. Literally: 

1. A shapeless mass of wood or other matter. 

“ Exactly like a small clump of beef.” — Mrs. Carter: 
Letters, iii. 21. 

2. A group or cluster of trees. 

"... literally I could not see a single Scotch fir 
except the old planted clumps.” — Ibid., Origin of Species 
(ed. 1859), ch. iii., p. 72. 

II. Fig.: A lazy lout. 

B. Mining: The compressed clay of coal strata. 

clump-block, s. 

Naut.: A block made thicker than an ordinary 
one. 

Clump-boot, s. A heavy boot for rough wear, as 
by navvies, sportsmen, &c. 

clump-sole, s. A thick double sole. 

Clump (1), v. i. [Clamp.] To tramp, to walk 
about heavily. 

clump (2), v. t. [Clump, s.] To put a clump- 
sole, or double sole, on a shoe or boot; usually in 
pa. par. clumped. 


clump-§r, v. t. [Clump, s.] To form or gather 
into lumps or clumps ; to collect, to clod. (More.) 

** Vapors which now themselves consort 
In several parts, and closely do conspire 
Clumper*d in balls of clouds.” 

More: Song of the Soul; Infin. of Worlds. 

*clump -er, s. [Clump, s.] A large lump or 
piece; clogs. 

clumps, s. [Clump, s.] A thick-headed fellow, 
a blockhead, a numskull. (Grose.) 

♦cliimp'-y, a. & s. [Eng. clump; -y.] 

A. As adjective: 

1. Lit. : In clumps. 

"... among the clumpy bays.”— Leigh Hunt: Foliage, 
p. 6. (Davies.) 

2. Fig. : Heavy, lumpy, clumsy. 

B. As subst.: An awkward numskull. 

*clum§, *clum§e, a. [Icel. klumsa.] Clumsy, 
dull, stupid. 

“How clums and cold the vulgar wight would be.” 

II. More: Cupid’s Conflict, st. 6L (Davies.) 

♦clumsed, *clumsid, ♦clomsed, pa. par. or a. 
[Clumsen.] Benumbed, numbed. 

*clum'-§en, *Clomsen, v. i. [Icel. klumsa, klumsi 
=to become rigid.] [Clumsy.] To be benumbed. 

“Whan thow clomsest for cold.” 

Langland: P. Plowman, 9,010. 

Clum-§I-iy, adv. [Eng. clumsy ; -ly.] Inaclumsy 
manner; awkwardly, roughly. 

“He dared not deceive them grossly, clumsily, openly, 
impudently • — Lord Brougham,: Historical Sketches\ 

Mr. Wilkes. 

clum'-§I-ness, s. [Eng. clumsy; -ness.] The 
quality of being clumsy; awkwardness, roughness, 
ungainliness. 

** My letters are generally charged as double at the post* 
office, from their inveterate clumsiness of foldure.”— 
Lamb: Letter to Barton. 

♦clums-Ing, *clome-syng, pr. par., a. & s. 

[Clumsen.] 

A. & B. As pr. par & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. Assubst.: The act of benumbing; the state of 
being benumbed. 

“To flytte and folde, to kepe hire from clomesyng.” 

E. Eng. Poems, p. 123. 

clum -§^, a. [A corruption of Mid. Eng. clumsed 
= benumbed.] [Clumsen, Clumsed.] 

I. Lit. : Stiff or benumbed with cold. 

“ . . . Returned into the camp so clumsy and frozen 
[et ita torpentes gelu ] as scarcely they felt the joy of their 
victory.”— Holland: Livy, p. 425. 

II. Figuratively : 

1. Of persons: Awkward, ungainly, unhandy; 
without dexterity or grace. 

“Now all unwelcome at his gates 
The clumsy swains alight.” 

Cowper: The Yearly Distress. 

2. Of things: 

(1) Of material things: Shapeless, awkward, ill- 
made. 

“These spirits, indeed, seemed clumsy creations, com¬ 
pared with those with which my own researches had made 
me familiar.”— Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3d ed.), xiv., 430. 

(2) Of immaterial things, as language, style, (&c.: 
Ill-constructed, without art or finish, rough, rude. 

“ Their sovereign nostrum is a clumsy joke 
On pangs enforced with God’s severest stroke.” 

Cowper: Retirement, 313. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between awkward 
and clumsy : “These epithets denote what is con¬ 
trary to rule and order in form or manner. Awk¬ 
ward respects outward deportment, clumsy the 
shape or make of the object; a person has an 
awkward gait, is clumsy in his whole person. Awk¬ 
wardness is the consequence of bad education; 
clumsiness is mostly a natural defect. . . . They 
may be both employed, figuratively in the same 
sense and sometimes in relation to the same 
objects; when speaking of awkward contrivances 
or clumsy contrivances, the latter expresses the 
idea more strongly than the former.” (Crabb: Eng. 
Synon.) 

♦clunch, v. t. [Clench, Clinch.] 

“ His fist is cluncht with the habit of disputing.”— 
Earle: Microcosmographie. 

Clunch, s. & a. [From the verb clench or clinch 
(q. v.).J 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ord. Lang. : An awkward lout. 

II. Mining and Building : 

1. The lower and harder beds of chalk belonging 
to the upper cretaceous formation. They are 
occasionally used for budding purposes in the 
inside of cathedrals or in other places where they 
are not exposed to rough usage. 

2. A colloquial name used by colliers for a bed ol 
fire-clay occurring under a coal seam. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 



chinch-fist 


941 


clutch 


B. As adjective: 

1. Consisting of or derived from clunch TAl. 

2. Stumpy, thickset. 


“ Sll e,is fat and Clunch and heavy.”— Mad. VArblav 
Diary, m. 397. (Davies.) 


♦clunch-fist, s. A miserly, niggardly person. 

clunch-lime, s. A kind of lime in repute for 
water-works. 


Clung, pret. & pa. par. of v. [Cling.] 

A. As pret.: (Sec the verb.) 

B. As pa. par. <£ particip. adj.: Wasted away, 
•shriveled, shrunk, emaciated. 

♦clung, v. t. & i. [Cling.] 

A. Trans.: To join together, to unite, to stick 
together. 

”... thronged together, as if they had been clunged 
• • •”— Holland: Translation of Ammianus Marcellinus. 

*>. 423. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To cling, to adhere to. 

2. To wither away, to dry up, to shrink away. 

“ Thai war 8a clungun dri and tome.”— Cursor Mundi 
4681. 

clung, *clungen, *clungun, *clungyn, *klung- 

en, pa. par. or a. [Clung, v.] 

1. Gen.: Shriveled, wasted away, shrunk. 

4t Pale and clungen was his chek, 

His skin was klungen to the bane.” 

^ Metrical Homilies , p. 88. 

2. Spec. (Of the stomach): Empty. (Used of one 
who has fasted long.) 

♦clung'-Ing, pr. par. or a. [Clung, v.] Cling¬ 
ing, adhering. 

“ Globes entire 

Of crudled smoke, and heavy dunging mists.” 

Dr. H. More■ Song of the Soul; Infinity of Worlds. 

Clfi -ni-ac, a. & s. [Lat. cluniacensis.J 

A. As adj.: Of or pertaining to Cluny, a com¬ 
mune and town of France, in the department of 
the Saone-et-Loire, 200 miles S.S.E. of Paris, and 
-seat of the monastery described under B. 

B. Assubst.: A monk belonging to the monastery 
founded at Cluny, or the order which subsequently 
•developed from it. In 910, Guillaume (William) I.. 
Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Auvergne, ancl 
Bern or Berno, Abbot of Gigniac, under his auspices, 
founded in Cluny, then a mere village, an abbey of 
Benedictine monks. In the 10th century, Odo, a 
French nobleman, being made Abbot of Cluny about 
■927, rendered the discipline of the monastery more 
strict. Many other monasteries followed the ex¬ 
ample, and the Cluniacensians became celebrated 
through Europe, and soon acquired great wealth 
and power. In the 11th century they founded a 
■community or congregation, separate from that of 
the ordinary Benedictines. In the 12th century 
they were corrupted by the wealth they had 
acquired, and their discipline became greatly 

About 1077 or 1078, William, Earl of Warren, son- 
in-law of the Conqueror, brought Cluniac monks 
iuto England, and erected for them a house at 
Lewes, in Sussex. In 1525, Cardinal Wolsey dis¬ 
solved four houses of Cluniacs. The monastery at 
Cluny itself was three times plundered by the 
Huguenots, and during the French revolution of 
1789 it was almost entirely destroyed. 

Clfini-A-gen'-sI-ans, s. pi. [Lat. cluniacenses, 
pi.] [Cluniac.] The same as Cluniacs. [Clu- 

VIAC, S.] 

Clunk, s. [From the sound.] A noise such as is 
made when a cork is extracted from a bottle. 

clunk, v. i. [From clunk, s. (q. v.)] To emit a 
hollow and interrupted sound, like that made by a 
•cork suddenly extracted from the neck of a bottle. 

♦clunk -er, s. [Perhaps the same as clinker 
(q-v.).] 

1. A tumor, a bump. 

" He has a danker on his croun, 

Like half an errack’s egg—and yon 
Undoubtedly is Duncan Drone.” 

Piper of Peebles, p. 18. 

2. PI. ( Clunkers): Dirt hardened in clods so as to 
make a pavement unequal. 

♦clunt -er, v. i. [? Clunch.] To clod or coagu¬ 
late; to become lumpy. 

clh -pe-A, s. [Lat.=a small river fish supposed 
by some to be the lamprey (Petromyzonfluviatilis) .] 

Ichthy.: A genus of fishes, the typical one of the 
family Clupeidra (q. v.). The maxillaries are arched 
in front, and divided into three pieces; the inter- 
maxillaries narrow and short; the upper jaw entire; 
the teeth minute or wanting; the body compressed 
and covered with large scales. Yarrell enumerated 
five species, viz., Clupea pilchardus (the Pilchard, 
or Gipsey Herring) ; C. harengus (the Herring); C. 
Leachii (Leach’s Herring); C. sprattus (the Sprat, 
Garvie Herring, or Garvie), and C. alba ( the White¬ 
bait), but there is reason to believe that the last 
so-called species is only the young of the herring. 


Clfi-pe -I-dse, s. pi. t Lat. clupea (q. v.), and fern, 
pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

1. Ichthy.: The norring tribe, a family of fishes 
belonging to Cuvier’s order Malacopterygii Abdomi- 
nales. Now they are placed under the order Teleos- 
tei, and the sub : order Malacopteri. The dorsal fin 
is single ; there is no adipose fin ; the upper jaw is 
composed of the intermaxillary bones in the middle 
and the maxillaries at the sides, and the body is 
covered with scales. The following genera are 
represented in the North Atlantic—Clupea, Alosa, 
and Engraulis (q. v.). 

2. Palceont.: The family appears to have had 
representatives as early as the chalk. [Clupeoid.] 

Clfi -pe-did, s. [Lat. clupea (q. v.), and Gr. 
eidos= . . . form, appearance.] 

Palceont.: Any fossil fish bearing a close resem¬ 
blance in character to a modern Clupea. 

“ The Clupeoids seem also to be represented by allied 
forms at this comparatively early period.”— Nicholson: 
Palceont. (ed. 1879), ii. 126. 

♦cluse, v. t. [Close.] 

“ Heo dused in ther withinnen alle heore wintunnen.” 

Layamon, iii. 233. 

♦cluse, s. [Clouse, Clow.] A sluice, a weir. 

“ As me dedh water et ter mulne cluse.’’—Ancren Riwle. 
p. 72. ’ 

Clfi -§I-A, s. [Named after Carolus Clusius 
(Charles de la Cluse), who was born at Antwerp on 
February 18,1526, became one of the greatest botan¬ 
ists of the sixteenth century, and died, professor of 
botany at Leyden, on April 4,1609.J 

Pot.: Balsam-tree, a genus of plants, the typical 
one of the order Clusiaceee (Guttifers), and the tribe 
Clusiese. The flowers are usually polygamous, calxy 
consisting of four imbricate permanent sepals, 
colored, the outer pair smallest, often bracteate 
at the base. Petals 4-6, deciduous; stamens in the 
male flowers many and free, in the female ones few, 
sterile, and connected, all glutinous; stigmas 5-12, 
radiately peltate, glutinous; ovary surrounded by 
a staminiferous ring; capsule fleshy, 5-12 celled. 
The species are trees or shrubs, often parasitic. 
Clusia rosea is a beautiful tree growing on rocks; its 
fruit divides into eight portions, with scarlet seeds 
like those of the pomegranate. C. alba is an elegant 
tree of great thickness of trunk, yet, strange to say, 
parasitic upon other trees. 

“ Parasites advance their pride 
Against the power that bred them.” 

C. flava resembles the former one. These plants 
found their way from the gardens of this country to 
the greenhouses of England. Endlicher thinks that 
Hog-gum is produced by C. flava. A resin “wept” 
by the disk and stamens of C. insignis is rubbed 
down with the butter of the chocolate-nut and used 
by Brazilian women to alleviate the pain of sore 
breasts. 

clfi-§I-a'-ge-ae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. clusia, andfem. 
pi. adj. suff. -acece.] 

Pot.: An order of plants, the type of the alliance 
Guttiferales, that term implying that they secrete 
“guttee,” i. e., drops of resin. Lindley calls the 
Clusiaceee themselves Guttifers. They have coria¬ 
ceous leaves, which are simple, opposite, and with¬ 
out stipules, the midrib being generally prominent, 
and parallel veins at times running conspicuously 
to the margin. The flowers are symmetrical, with 
equilateral petals, adnate, beakless anthers, soli¬ 
tary, or few seeds and sessile radiating stigmas. 
The order consists of trees often parasitical. They 
are found in the tropics, their metropolis being 
South America; a few are from Madagascar or 
from the Continent of Africa. Many secrete an acrid 
purgative yellow gum-resin. The gamboge of com¬ 
merce is furnished by Garcinia, which is a Guttifer. 
The order contains four tribes: Clusieae, Moro- 
nobeee, Garciniese, and Calophyllese. Lindley enu¬ 
merated thirty genera, and estimated the known 
species at 150. 

Clfi'-§I-e,d, a. & s. [Mod. Lat. clusia (q. v.), and 
suff. -ad.] 

A. As adj.: Pertaining to the genus Clusia or the 
order Clusiaceee. 

B. As subst.: A plant belonging to one or another 
of these. 

clfi'-§l-e-ae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. clusia, andfem. pi. 
adj. suff. - ece .] 

Pot.: The typical tribe of the order Clusiaceee 
(q. v.). 

♦clus-somed, *clus-sumed, a. [Clumsed.] Be¬ 
numbed. 

clus -ter, *clos-ter, *clus-tre, *clus-tyr, s. 

[A. S. clyster, cluster; Icel. klastr — a tangle, a 
bunch; Dan. & Sw. klase= a cluster.] 

I. Lit.: A number of things of the same kind 
growing together, a bunch. 

“Clustyr of grapys (closter P.) Botrus, racemus.”— 
Prompt. Parv. 

“ A Cluster of nuttis: complustrum.” — Cathol. Anglicum. 

“ And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two 
cluster's of raisins . . . ’—1 Sam. xxx. 12. 


II. Figuratively: 


1. A number of similar things situated or lying 
in close proximity. 

“ This cluster of rocks is situated in 0’58 north latitude 
and 29'15 west longitude.”— Darwin: Voyage round the 
World (ed. 1870), ch. i., p. 8. 


♦2. A number of persons collected together; a 
crowd, a mob. 

“How! Was it we? We loved him; but, like beasts. 
And cowardly nobles, gave way to your clusters. 
Who did hoot him out o’ the city.” 

Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 6. 

IT Clusters of Stars: 

Astron.: Examples, the Pleiades, the Hyades, the 
Crab-cluster, the Dumb-bell Cluster, &c. (Ros¬ 
si ter.) 


♦cluster-grape, s. (For definition see example.) 

“ The small black grape is by some called the currant, 
or cluster-grape, which I reckon the forwardest of the 
black sort.”— Mortimer: Husbandry. 


clus'-ter, v. i. & t. [Cluster, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 


1. Lit.: To grow in clusters or bunches. 

“ Great father Bacchus, to my song repair, 

For clustering grapes are thy peculiar care.” 

Dryden: Virgil; Georgic ii. 6. 

2. Fig.: To gather together in clusters or com¬ 
panies, to congregate. 

“ As from some rocky cleft the shepherd sees, 
Clustering in heaps on heaps, the driving bees.” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. ii., 1. 111-12. 
B. Trans.: To gather or collect together into 
close proximity. 

“ These most resembling cluster’d stars, 

Those the long milky way.” 

Cowper: On the Queen’s Visit to London, March 17, 1789. 


♦cluster-fist, s. A niggard, a miserly fellow. 
Clus'-tered, pa. par. or a. [Cluster, v.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: (See the verb.) 

“ Mony clustered clowde clef alle in clowtez.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 267. 

2. Pot.: Collected in parcels each of which has a 
roundish figure, as the flowers of Cuscuta, Adoxa, 
Trientalis, &c. (Lindley.) Called also coacervate, 
conglomerate, or aggregate. 


clustered arch, s. 

Arch.: Several arched ribs springing from one 
buttress. It exists in the Gothic order of archi¬ 
tecture. 

clustered column, s. 

Arch.: A pier which consists ol; several columns 
or shafts clustered together. 

clus'-ter-lng, pr. par., a. & s. [Cluster, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act or state of forming into or 
of growing in clusters. 

clus -ter-ing-1^, adv. [Eng. clustering; -ly.'] In 
clusters ; in the shape of clusters. 

♦clus'-ter-ous, *clus-ter-us, a. [Eng. cluster; 
-cuts.] Clustering, thronging. 

“. . . thee clusterus heerdflock.”— Stanyhurst: Vir 
gil’s JEneid, i. 190. 

tclus'-ter-f, *clus'-ter-ie, a. [Eng. cluster; 
-?/.] Full of or growing in clusters; resembling 
clusters. 

“Grappu. Grapie, clusterie, full of clusters of grapes.* - 

—Cotgrave 

clutgh, * clucche, ♦ cluchche, * cluche, 
♦douche, *cloche, *cleche, *cliche (pa. ten. 
*claht, *clauchte, *clachte , clutched; pa. par. 
*claucht, *claht, clutched), v. t. & i. [A. S. gelceccan 
= to catch, to seize (pa. ten. gelcehte; pa. par. 
gelceht).] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To seize, to grip, to hold tightly, to grasp, tc 
hold in the hand. 

" His cues cachchez to close and cluchches his hommes," 
E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1,541. 

“ Is this a dagger I see before me, 

The handle tow’rd my hand? Come, let me dutch thee. J - 
Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. L 

*2. To clench. 

“ Not that I have the power to dutch my hand, 

When his fair angels would salute my palm.” 

Shakesp.: King John, ii. 2. 

B. Intrans. (with prep, at): To snatch or grasp, 
clutgh, * douche, ♦clowche, *cloke, s. 

[Clutch, v.] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

1. A snatch, a grip, a grasp. 

‘His cloak hangs on his shoulders much like a fid¬ 
dler’s; and he feares to touch the sides on’t, or give it a 
wispe under his arme, for feare his dirty dutch should 
grease it.”— Characters: about 1661, 12mo. 


boil, b<5y; pout, Jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 

-dan, -tian = she.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del 




clutched 


942 


cnestis 


2. The hands of a man; the paws or talons of an 
animal (generally in the plural). 

“ * Fear not!—by Heaven, he shakes as much 
As partridge in the falcon’s clutch 1’ ” 

• Scott: Rokeby, vi. 6. 

IT To fall into or be in the clutches of: To be in a 
person's power, or at his mercy. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. A grasp, an effort after, an attempt to gain. 

“ . . . an expiring clutch at 'popularity, on the part 
of a Minister, . . .”— Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., 
ch, 3. 

*2. A miser, a niggard. 

B. Mach.: A coupling for shafting, used in trans¬ 
mitting motion. There are various kinds, as the 
cone-clutch, the disk-clutch, &c. 

clutghed, pa. par. & a. [Clutch, v.] 
♦clutgh'-flst, s. [Eng. clutch, and fist.'] A nig¬ 
gardly person; lit., a clench-fist, 
clutgh'-ing.pr. par., a. & s. [Clutch, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of seizing violently in the 
clutches. 

clu -thal-Ite, s. [From Lat. Clota= the Clyde, 
near the valley of which the mineral was found, 
and Gr. lithos— a stone.] 

Min.: A variety of Analcime (q. v.), called by 
Dana analcite. It is a flesh-red mineral occurring 
in fragile vitreous crystals, in amygdaloid, at the 
Kilpatrick Hills in Scotland. 

clut’-ter, s. [0. Sw. kluttra— to quarrel; Wei. 
cluder=a heap, a pile.] [Clatteb.] 

1. A confused noise; bustle or confusion; clatter. 
“Notwithstanding all the clutter these men have made 

to introduce this unbelief of witches.”— Relation of the 
Trial of Ann Foster (1674), p. 6. 

2. A cluster, a bunch, a lump, a litter. 

“ He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown 
pots, pans, and spits.”— L’Estrange. 
tclut-ter, v. t. & i. [Cluttek, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To heap or crowd together; to heap together 
in confusion. 

“ If I have not spoken of your Majesty encomiastically, 
your Majesty will be pleased to ascribe it to the law of a 
history, which clutters not praises together upon the first 
mention of a name, but rather disperses them, and weaves 
them, throughout the whole narration.”— L. Bacon to K. 
J. I. Sir T. Matthews’ Lett. (1660), p. 32. 

*2. To clot or coagulate. 

+B. Intrans.: To make a confused noise or bustle. 

“ It clutter’d here, it chuckled there.” 

Tennyson: The Ooose. 

clut'-tered, pa. par. or a. [Clutter, v.] 
clut'-ter-Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Clutter, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of causing a bustle or confusion; dis¬ 
order. 

2. The act of clotting or coagulating. 
*clut'-ter-ment, s. [Eng. clutter; -ment.] Noise, 

turmoil. 

“ Far from the rustling clutterments of the tumultu¬ 
ous and confused world.”— Urquhart: Rabelais, bk. iii., 
ch. xiii. ( Davies.) 

Cluy"-tI-iJ., s. [Named by Boerhaave after Augier 
or Outgers Cluyt, a Dutchman, who was professor 
of botany at Leyden, and who published a botanical 
work in A. D. 1634.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Euphorbiace®, 
tribe Phyllanthe®. The species, which are of little 
interest, are chiefly from the Cape of Good Hope 
and other parts of Africa. The capsules of Cluytia 
collina, a native of the East Indies, are poisonous. 

♦cly, v. t. [Etym. unknown. Perhaps connected 
with clee— claw (q. v.).] To take, to steal. (Slang.) 

“ Let’s cly off our peck.”— Brome: Jovial Crew, ii. 
♦Clyde, s. [A. S. clitha.] A plaster (?). 

“Ther mony clyuy as Clyde hit cleght togeder.” 

E. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1,692. 

Cl? -men-e, s. [Lat. Clymene; Gr. Klymene, 
from iflymenos= pertaining to the god of the nether 
world, klymenos= famous or infamous.] 

1. Class. Mythol.: Various mythic personages: 
one was the mother of Atlas, Phaethon,&c.; another 
was a Nereid. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the 104th found. It was 
discovered by Watson on September 13,1868. 

cly-me'-ni-a,, s. [ Clymene , a nymph in mythol., 
and Lat. pi. adj. suff. -ia-] 

Palceont.: A genus of Mollusks, family Nautilid®. 
The shell is discoidal, the septa simple or slightly 


lobed, the siphuncle internal. Forty-five species 
have been found, ranging from the Silurian to the 
Mountain Limestone. ( Woodward, ed. Tate.) 

clymenia limestone. 

*Geol.: An obsolete name for Upper Devonian 
Limestone. The species of the genus most com¬ 
monly found in it is Clymenia linearis. (Murchi¬ 
son.) 

clymenia rock. 

*Geol.: The same as Clymenia Limestone 
( q. v.). 

"... the Clymenia rock of England (or the Kxa- 
menzel-stein of the Rhine).”— Murchison: Siluria, ch. xiv. 

Cl?p -e-as-ter, s. [Lat. clypeus— a shield; Gr. 
aster =a star.] 

ZoOl.: A genus of Echinoderms, the typical one 
of the family Clypeastrid® (q. v.). 

cl?p -e-as -trl-dae, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
clypeaster, and fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

1. ZoOl.: A family of Echinoderms, order Echi- 
nida. They have a discoid form, with the shell 
thick, covered with tubercles, whence arise hair¬ 
like spines. The anus opens at the lower surface a 
little behind the mouth. 

2. Palceont.: The family are known from the 
Cretaceous period till now. 

cl?p'-e-g/te, a. [Mod. Lat. clypeatus, from Class. 
Lat. clypeus, properly clipeus.] [Clypeus.] 

Bot.: Shield-shaped, of the form of an ancient 
buckler, scutate. 

cl?p’-e-i-form, a. [Lat. clypeus (properly clip- 
eus) = a shield, and/orma=form.] 

Entom. <& Zobl.: Shield-shaped. Used of the large 
prothorax in beetles, or the carapace of the King- 
crab. 

“ The genus Receptaculites includes a clypeiform 
species.”— Dana: Zoophytes, p. 700. 

cl?p -e-us, tcli -pe-us, s. [Lat. = a round brazen 
shield.] 

1. O. Law, Her.,&c.: 

t(l) Lit.: A shield. 

“ In the account of the Roman military system which 
Livy introduces on the occasion of the Latin war, he states 
that the Romans originally used clypei, of round bucklers 
similar to those of the Greeks.”— Lewis: Cred. Early 
Roman Hist. (1865), ch. xiii., pt. ii., §21, vol. ii., p. 432. 

*(2) Fig.: A person of a noble family. 

2. Entom.: The part of the upper surface of an 
insect’s head which joins the labrum. Kirby called 
it the nasus (nose). 

“ In the Scorpion-flies there is ... a proboscis 
formed in front by the elongated clypeus and labrum.”— 
Huxley: Anat. Inv. Animals, ch. vii., p. 425. 

3. Palceont.: A genus of Echinoidea, family 
Echinobrissid®, common in the Oolite. Example, 
Clypeus sinuatus. 

tf Clypeus Sobieski (the shield of Sobieski, the 
individual thus honored being John Sobieski III., 
King of Poland): 

Astron.: The name given by Hevelius to a small 
constellation beside Aquila. 

clyre, klyre (yr as'ir), s. [Dut. klier=a gland, 
a kernel, scurf.] (Scotch.) 

1. Literally: 

(1) Sing.: A gland. 

(2) PI.: Diseased glands in cattle. 

2. Fig.: In the subjoined phrase. 

To leave no klyresin one f s breast: To go to the 
bottom of any quarrel or grudge. 

clyred (yr as l'r), a. [From Scotch clyre, and 
Eng. suff. -ed.] Having tumors in the flesh. 

cl?§'-nn-an, a. [Clysmic.] The same as 
Clysmic (q. v.). 

Cl?§ -mlc, a. [From Gr. klysma= a liquid used 
for washing out; a clyster.] Used in or suited for 
washing or cleansing. 

Clys -ter, s. & a. [Lat. clyster; Gr. klyster.] 

A. As substantive: 

Med.: An enema, such as tepid water or gruel, 
introduced into the rectum to produce evacuation 
of its contents during obstinate constipation, or 
other injections designed to make the bowels retain 
their contents in diarrhoea, for supplying nourish¬ 
ment when the teeth are closed in tetanus, or for 
various other purposes. Too frequently employed 
clysters weaken the system in place of giving it aid. 

B. As adj.: Pertaining to a clyster; used in 
administering a clyster. 

clyster-pipe, clister-pipe, s. 

1. Lit.: A tube or pipe used for injections; the 
nozzle of an enema syringe. 

♦2. Fig.: A contemptuous name for an apothecary. 

“ A proud, starch’d, . . . sycophantizing, clister- 

pipe.”—Life of A. Wood, May 3,1661. (Davies.) 

clyster-syringe, s. A syringe for administering 
medicines upward. 


*Cl?s -ter-Ize, v. t. & i. [Fr. clyst&riser; Lat, 
clysterizo, from Gr. klysterizo, klyster, klyster ion=a- 
clyster.] To apply a clyster to. 

Cl?S'-ter-wI§e, adv. [Eng. clyster, and wise.] 
In manner of or by way of a clyster. 

“ Clysterwise immitted into the intestines .”—Oreenhill • 
Art of Embalming, p. 273. 


Clyth -ra, s. [From Gr. kleithron = a bolt or 
bar (?).] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera (Beetles), family 
Chrysomelid®. The body is cylindrical; the anten¬ 
nae are short, with some joints serrated; the head 
almost hidden by the thorax; the first pair of legs 
in the males often larger than the two pairs behind 
them. The larvae drag about a coriaceous tube in 
which they live. The Clythr® are found on trees 
and shrubs. Clythra quadripunctata is the most 
common. It has ocher-colored elytra, with four 
black spots, and is nearly half an inch in length. 

C. tridentata is blue-green, with pale-yellow elytra, 
and is slightly smaller than the last. Swainson and 
Shuckard made Clythra the type of a family, 
Clythrid® (q. v.). 

*clyth'-rl-dae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. clythra, and 
fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 

Entom.: A family of Tetramerous Beetles, akin 
to Chrysomelid®, in which it is now merged. 
[Clythra.] 

Ciy-tie, s. [Lat. Clytie.] 

1. Class. Mythol.: A daughter of Oceanus, s 
water-nymph in love with Apollo; meeting with no 
return, she was changed into a sunflower, which 
traditionally still turns to the sun, following him 
through his daily course. 

2. Astron.: An asteroid, the seventy-third found. 
It was discovered by Tuttle, on April 7, 1862. 


clyt-rie, s. [Cloitter, Clutter.] Filth, off¬ 
scourings. 


clytrie-maid, s. A female servant employed in 
carrying off filth or refuse. 

“ From a Flesh-market close-head a clytrie-maid came.” 

O. Wilson: Coll, of Songs, p. 65. 

Cl?'-tus, s. [From Gr. klytos— heard, heard of, 
glorious.] 

Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera (Beetles), family 
Cerambycid®. The body is elongate and cylin¬ 
drical, the thorax globular or cylindrical, antenn® 
shorter than the body and filiform. Clytus mysticus 
and C. Arietis are common in gardens and woods. 
The former has the elytra reddish-brown at the 
base with three bent fasci® about the middle, and 
a white patch at the apex; the latter has the- 
thorax yellow before and behind, the scutellum 
yellow, and four bands of the same color on the- 
elytra. 

♦clyve, v. t.-& i. [Cleave.] 

T[ For words in Cly- not found here, see under Cli-. 


C. M. An abbreviation for centimeter or centi¬ 
meters. 


C. M. In Scotch universities for Chirurgi® Magis- 
ter (Master of Surgery). 

C. M. G. Companion of the Order of St. Michael 
and St. George. 

cnem-Id-6-stach’-fs (or cn as n), s. [Gr. 

knemis, knemidos=a greave, a legging, . . . the 
spoke of a wheel, and stachys=an ear of corn.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, sometimes called Micro- 
stachys, order Euphorbiace®, tribe Hippomane®. 
Cnemidostachys chamcelea is used in India in syphi¬ 
lis. 



cnem-I-or -nls (or cn as n), s. [Gr. knemis= a 
greave, a legging, and ornis= a bird.] 

Palceont.: A genus of fossil birds, apparently of 
the family Anatid®, and the 
sub-family Anserin®. It is 
a connecting link between 
the Geese and the Cursorial 
families, the latter of which 
it resembles in its powerful 
legs and its rudimentary 
wings. It is believed to be 
of Post-Tertiary age, and is ~ . . „ , 

found in New Zealand. Cnemiornis Calcitrans 


cne-or -e-se (or cn as n), s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. 
cneorum (q. v.), and fem. pi. adj. suff. -ece.] 

Bot.: A tribe of plants placed doubtfully under 
Rutace®. 


cne-or-urn (or cn as n), s. [Gr. kneoron= a 
plant like the oiive.] 

Bot.: Widow-wail, a genus of plants, the typical 
one of the tribe Cneore® (q. v.). They have sepals 
larger than and inclosing the petals, which are three 
or four in number, as are the stamens ; a 3-4 lobed 
ovary, each cell with two ovules. They are low 
yellowish evergreen shrubs. 

cnes -tis (or cn as n), s. [From Gr. knestis — a 
knife for scraping an etching, from knao= to scrape, 
to scratch, in allusion to the prickly capsules.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Connarace®. The 
species are ornamental shrubs. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th§re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot 

or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e;' ey = a. ' qu = kwi 



cnicus 


943 


coadapted 


cni cus (or cn as n), s. [Lat. cnicus; Gr. knekos 
= tarthamus t motor his.] 

. A genus of Composite plants. The pappus 

is in three rows, the outer horny and short, that 
immediately within it with ten long bristles, and the 
innermost of all with ten short bristles. Formerly 
the Flume-thistles were placed within it; the 
bpear Flume-thistle being called Cnicus lanceolatus , 
the Creeping Plume-thistle C. arvensis , the Marsh 
Flume-thistle C. palustris , and the Dwarf Plume- 
thistle C. acaulis. Now these are removed to the 
genus Carduus (q. v.). C. Benedictus is a genuine 
Cnicus. It was formerly used as a febrifuge, but is 
now considered a tonic and diaphoretic rather than 
an active febrifuge. It is a native of the Levant 
■and Persia. 


cnl'-gin (or cn as n), s. [From Lat. cnic(us), and 
Eng. suff. -in.] 

Chem.: A bitter substance obtained from Cnicus 
'(or Centauria) benedictus, order Composite. Cnicin 
is nearly insoluble in cold water, readily soluble in 
alcohol. It crystallizes in white silky needles, which 
dissolve in strong sulphuric acid, forming a blood- 
red solution. It is called also Centaurin. 
cnl'-dse (or cn as n), s. pi. [Gr. knide= a nettle.] 
ZoOl.: Certain thread-cells, called also Nemato- 
cysts, which exist in connection with the integu¬ 
ments of the Coelenterata, and impart to them the 
power of inflicting a sting like that of the nettle. 

cnl -di-um (or cn as n), s. [From Gr. Knidios= 
(1) Cnidian, from Cnidos, (2) a shrub, probably the 
Orache.] 

Bot.: A genus of plants, order Umbelliferse. 
cnI-d 6 -SC 0 -lus (or cn as n), s. [From Gr. knide 
—a nettle, and skolos= a thorn, a prickle.] 

Bot.: A genus of Euphorbiaceous plants, tribe 
•Crotonese. _ Cnidoscolus quinquelobus (Jatropha 
urens of Linnseus) has hairs which sting severely. 
The juice of its seeds and branches is diuretic. The 
Toot of C. herbaceus is used as a substitute for 
bread in the same way as mandioc in Mexico, 
cnop -wort (or cn as n), s. [Eng. knop; -wort.] 
Bot.: The Ball-weed ( Archceologia, vol. xxx., p. 
405). Centaurea nigra. (Britten & Holland.) 

CO, cog, col, com, con, cor, pref. [From Lat. 
cum; Gr. arun=with.] Co is a short form for con, 
signifying together, witB, in conjunction ; Col, the 
form assumed by the prefix before words beginning 
with the letter c; Com, the form assumed by the 
prefix when followed by b, f, m, or p; Con, when the 
following letter is c, d, g, j, n, q, s, t, or v, and some¬ 
times before/; Cor, when the following letter is r. 
Co, as initial letters, abbreviation and symbol. 

1. Chem.: The metallic element cobalt. 

2. Comm.: An abbreviation for Company (q. v.). 
*C0, s. [Ca.] A chough, crow, or jackdaw. 
CO-3,-<jer -vate, v. t. [Lat. coacervatus, pa. par. 

t>f coacervo, from co for con, and acervo= to heap up ; 
acervus= a heap.] To heap or pile up, to accumulate. 

“ Safely stored up, and coacervated to preserve them.”— 
Howell, bk. i,, Letter 23. 

co-a-ger'-vate, a. [Lat. coacervatus.] 

*1. Ord.Lang.: Raised into a pile, heaped up, or 
accumulated. 

“The collocation of the spirits in bodies, whether the 
spirits be coacervate or diffused.”— Bacon: Natural His¬ 
tory. 

2. Bot.: Clustered. 


caretta, which seems, in some respects, to have 
resembled a modem coach. It is generally believed 
that the first one used in England was introduced 
by the Earl of Arundel in 1580. They did not become 
common till about 1605. In the first half of this 
century, the greater part of the passenger traffic of 
the more settled portions of this country was con¬ 
veyed by. coaches, and the coaching system had 
been carried to a very high state of perfection when 
it was superseded by railways. 

2. Naut. (also written couch): A sort of chamber 
or apartment in a large ship of war, just before the 
great cabin. The floor of it is formed by the aft- 
most part of the quarter-deck, and the roof of it by 
the poop ; it is generally the habitation of the flag- 
captain. (Smyth: Sailor's Word-book.) 

“ The commanders came on board and the council sat 
in the coach.” — Pepys. 

3. Bowing: A person who instructs a crew during 
training. 

IT For hackney, mail, and stage coaches, see these 
words. 

B. As adj.: (See the compounds.) 

If Obvious compounds: Coach-builder, coach-hire, 
coach-house, coach-maker, and *coach-ivright. 

coach-box, s. The seat on which the driver of a 
coach sits. 

coach-currier, s. A tradesman who supplies the 
leather fittings for coaches. 

coach-dog, s. A species of dog of a Dalmatian 
breed, kept to run in attendance on carriages. It is 
generally white, specked or spotted with black, 
coach-fellow, s. 

1. Lit.: A horse yoked in the same carriage with 
another. 

“ Their charriot horse, as they coach-fellows were, 

Fed by them.” Chapman: Iliad, x. 

2. Fig.: A person intimately connected with 
another, a comrade, a mate. 

“ . . . I have grated upon my good friends for three 
reprieves for you and your coach-fellow Nym . . .”— 
Shakesp.: Merry Wives, ii. 2. 

coach-horse, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

I. Lit.: A horse used principally for drawing a 
coach. 

*2. Fig.: A coarse, rough, boorish fellow. 

“’Tis the swaggering coach-horse Anaides, that draws 
with him there.”— B. Jonson: Cynthia’s Revels. 

II. Naut.: The crew of the state-barge; usually 
fifteen selected men, to support the captain in any 
daring exploits. (Smyth: Sailor's Word-book.) 

coach-master, s. A proprietor of coaches and 
carriages ; one who lets coaches for hire. 

coach-trimmer, s. One who prepares the lace 
and other trimmings for carriages. 

coach-whip, s. 

1. Ord. Lang.: A whip used by the driver of a 
coach. 

2. Naut.: The pendant. (Smith.) 

3. Zodl.: A name given among the Southern 
negroes to the common black snake, Coluber con¬ 
strictor, an allusion to its fabled habit of coiling 
around its victims and lashing them with its tail. 

fcoach-whipping, s. A whipping or flogging 
with a coach-whip. 

coagh, v. t. & i. [Coach, s.] 


co-ag-er-va -tion, s. [Lat. coacervatio, from 
coacervatus, pa. par. of coacervo .] The act of heap¬ 
ing up; the state of being heaped together or 
accumulated. 

“ The fixing of it is the equal spreading of the tangible 
parts, and the close coacervation of them.”— Bacon: 
Natural History. 

coagh, s. & a. [O. Fr. coche; Ital. cocchio; from 
Lat. conchula, dim. of concha= a mussel-shell, a 
vessel; Gr. kongke=a. mussel, a cockle; Sansc. 
cankho; Ger. kutsche=coach.] 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. Literally: 

(1) In the same sense as II. 1. 

(2) A railway passenger car; sometimes applied 
to railway baggage and freight cars. 

2. Fig.: A special tutor engaged to assist m pre¬ 
paring students for examinations. 

“Warham was studying for India with a Wancester 
.coach."—G. Eliot: Deronda, ch. vi. (Davies.) 


II. Technically: 

1. Vehicles: A large, close, four-wheeled vehicle, 
generally constructed to carry lour passengers only 
in tho inside, and about twelve outside; used for 
purposes of state, for pleasure, or for traveling. 

H Italy, France. Spain, and Germany all claim the 
honor of having invented coaches. A bout 1282, the 
■Queen of Charles .of Anjou entered Naples in a 


A. Transitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

*1. Literally: 

(1) To convey or carry in a coach. 

‘ The needy poet sticks to all he meets, 

Coach’d, carted, trod upon, now loose, now fast, 
And carry’d off in some dog’s tail at last.” 

Pope: Dunciad, iii. 291. 

(2) To yoke or drive together, as horses in a 
coach. 

“For wit ye maybe coach’d together.”— Jonson: Every 
Woman in her Humor, 1609. 

2. Figuratively: 

*(1) To teach, to inculcate. 

“ Affecting genteel fashions, coaching it to all quar¬ 
ters.”— Waterhouse: Apol. for Learning, 1653, p. 157. 

( 2 ) To prepare for an examination; to act as a 
coach to. 

“ I coached him before he got his scholarship.”— G. 
Eliot: Dan. Deronda, ch. xxxvii. (Davies.) 

II. Rowing: To act as a coach to during the 
training of a crew. 

B. Intransitive: 

1. Ordinary Language: 

fl. Lit.: To ride in a coach. 

2. Fig.: To study or read with a coach. 

II. Rowing: To act as a coach. 

“ On the return journey Mr. . . . coached from the 
saddle.”—London Daily Telegraph. 


bflil boy; pout, jowl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, ^ gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = shg.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


Cdagh'-ee, s. A coachman. (Slang.) 

coagh’-ful, s. [Eng. coach; -ful.] Enough to fill 
a coach. 

“ Under the first are comprehended all those who are 
carried down in coachfuls to Westminster Hall.”— Addi¬ 
son: Spectator, No. 21. 

coagh -fiil-ngss, s. [Eng. coachful; -ness.] An 
abundance of coaches. 

“ Past coachfulness and present coachlessness.”— Dick¬ 
ens: Uncommercial Traveler, ii. 

coagh’-ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Coach, v.] 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

B. As adjective : 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to the carriage of persons or 
goods in coaches. 

2. Fig.: Acting as a tutor, instructing. 

C. As substantive: 

1. Lit.: The act or business of carrying goods, 
&c., in coaches. 

2. Fig.: The act of preparing for an examination. 

coagh-less-ness, s. [Eng. coachless; -ness.] Ab¬ 
sence or want of coaches. (See extract under ccach- 
fulness.) 

coagh-let, s. [Eng. coach, and dim. suff. -let.] 
A little coach. 

“ In my little coachlet I could breathe freer.”— Carlyle: 
French Revolution, pt. iii., bk. i., ch. viii. 

coagh -man, s. [Eng. coach, and man.] One 
whose trade or profession it is to drive a coach. 

coagh-man-shlp, s. [Eng. coachman; -ship.] 
The craft or skill of a coachman; skill in driving 
coaches. 

“ His skill in coachmanship, or driving chaise.” 

Cowper: Tirocinium, 291. 

*CO-act', *co-act-it, a. [Lat. coactus.] [Coact, 
v.] Forced, constrained. 

“I think my Lordes exposition coact, in that he will ad¬ 
mit none to haue broght forth the bread and wine, but 
Melchisedec allone.”— Ressoning betuix Crosraguell and 
J. Knox, F. iiij, a. 

*co-act (1), v. t. [Lat. coacto =to force, intens. 
of cogo (sup. coactum) = to drive together, to force; 
contracted from co=con, and ago = to drive.] To 
drive, to force together, to compel. 

“In conclusion, both garrisons and the inhabitants 
. . . were coacted to render the city.”— Hale. 

*CO-act' (2), v. i. [Pref. co=con=with, together; 
and Eng. act (q. v.).] To act together or in con¬ 
cert ; to unite. 

“But, if I tell how these two did coa.ct, 

Shall I not lie in publishing a truth?” 

Shakesp.: Troilus, v. 2. 

*co-act-ed, a. [Coact (1), v.] Forced, con¬ 
strained. 

co-ac'-tion, s. [Lat. coactio*=( 1) a driving 
together, (2) a compelling; coacto =to compel, to 
force.] [Coact.] 

1. Compulsion, force. 

“Feede the flock of Christ, as much as in you lyeth; 
not taking care thereof by coaction, but willingly.”— 
Bishop Wootton: Christian Nanuell, D. ii., 1576. 

2. A bringing or joining together. 

“ . . . forbidding all men fyrmely to make any law 

of coaction or of separation, . . .”— Bale.- Acts of Eng¬ 

lish Votaries, i. 16 (1560). 

co-ac -tive (1), a. [Lat. coactus, pa. par. of 
cogo=(T) to drive together, (2) to compel.] Having 
a restraining or impelling power; compulsory, 
restrictive. 

“The Levitical priests, in the old law, never arrogated 
unto themselves any temporal or coactive power.”— Ra¬ 
leigh. 

*c6-ac'-tlve (2), a. [Pref.co=con=with, together, 
and Eng. active (q. v.).] Acting together or in union. 
“With what’s unreal thou coactive art, 

And fellow’st nothing . . .” 

Shakesp.: Winter’s Tale, i. 2. 

CO-ac’-tlve-ljf, adv. [Eng. coactive (1) ; -ly.] 
In a coactive manner, by compulsion or restriction. 
(Bp. Bramhall.) 

co-ac-tiv'-i-tjf, s. [Eng. coactiv(e) (2); -ity.] A 
working or acting together; unity of action. 

“ . . . that vital sympathy and coactivity, that trans¬ 
mits objects in their exact circumstances to the common 
percipient.”— More: Philosophical Writings; Preface. 

co-ad-ap-ta-tion, s. [Pref. co=con=with, to¬ 
gether, and Eng. adaptation (q. v.).] Mutual adap¬ 
tation or suitability. 

“ . . . to acquire that perfection of structure and co¬ 
adaptation which most justly excites our admiration.”— 
Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859); Introd., p. 3. 

c6-<j,-dap-ted, a. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. adap¬ 
ted (q. v.).] Adapted to one another; mutually 
adapted or suited. (Owen.) 

Bin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f. 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d?l. 





coadherent 

*c 6 - 9 ,d-her -ent, a. & s. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. 
adherent (q. v.).] 

A. As adj.: Clinging together, adhering, adherent. 

B. As substantive: • 

1. Ord. Lang.: An adherent, a supporter. 

2. Shipbuilding: The fayed piece called bilge- 
keel. (Smyth.) 

tc 6 - 9 .d-ja'-§en<je, s. [Pref. co, and Eng. adja- 
cence (q. v.).] The quality or state of being coad- 
jacent; nearness, closeness of things to each other. 

“ By similarity, by contrast, by coadjacence in space.” 
—Pop. Encycl. (Ogilvie.) 

tc 6 - 3 .d-ja'- 9 ent, a. [Pref. co, and Eng. adjacent 
(q. v.).] Mutually adjacent, close to each other. 

tc 6 -ad-jy.-ment, s. [Pref. co = con; Lat. adju- 
mentum, for adjuvimentum =help ; adjuvo—to help, 
to aid.] Mutual help or assistance. 

CO-ud'-just, v. t. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. adjust 
(q. v.).] To adjust by mutual adaptation, 
co-ud-jiis -ted, pa. par. or a. [Coadjust.] 

coad-just-ment, s. [Eng. coadjust; -ment.] 
The act or process of coadjusting; the state of 
being mutually adjusted or adapted. 

cd-ad-jd'-tant, a. & s. [Pref. co=con, and Lat. 
adjutans— helping, assisting.] 

A. As adj.: Co-operating, assisting. 

“ Thracius coadjutant, and the roar 
Of fierce Euroclydon.” Philips. 

B. As subst.: An assistant, a co-operator. 

“Oates or some of his coadjutants." — North: Examen, 

p. 198. 

*c 6 -ad'-jfi-ta-tor, s. [Pref. co — con, and Lat. 
adjutator—a helper.] An assistant, a coadjutor. 

“I do purpose to act as a coadjutator to the law.”— 
Smollett: Lancelot Greaves, ch. ii. 

*c 6 - 9 ,d-jd’-tI 6 g, a. [Pref. co=con, and Lat. ad¬ 
juto— to help.] Mutually assisting or aiding; co¬ 
operating. 

“ Those higher hills to -view, fair Love that stand, 

Her ooadjuting springs with much content behold.” 

Drayton: Polyolbion, iii. 

co-ad-jfi -tlve, a. [Pref. co=con; Lat. adjuto— 
to help ; Eng. suif. -we.] Co-operating; rendering 
mutual aid. 

“ There is no mischief we fall into but that we ourselves 
are at least a coadjuiive cause.”— Feltham: Resolves. 

co-ud-jfi'-tor, s. [Lat., from co—con, and adjuto 
=to help, to aid.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. An assistant or helper; a co-operator. 

“ . . . my predecessors the poets, or their seconds or 

coadjutors the critics .”—Dry den. 

2. One authorized, empowered, or appointed to 
perform the duties of another. 

II. Eccles. (Soman Catholic Ch.): The assistant 
of a bishop or other prelate, who from ageor infirm¬ 
ity is not able fully to do his own duty. 

“A bishop that is unprofitable to his diocese ought to 
be deposed, and no coadjutor assigned him.”— Ayliffe. 

If Crabb thus distinguishes between a coadjutor 
and an assitant: “ A coadjutor is more noble than 
an assistant: the latter is mostly in a subordinate 
station, but the former is an equal; the latter per¬ 
forms menial offices in the minor concerns of life, 
and a subordinate part at all times; the former 
labors conjointly in some concern of common inter¬ 
est and great importance.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 
coad-jfi-tor-ship, s. [Eng. coadjutor; -ship.] 
*1. Ord. Lang.: Co-operation; joint assistance. 
“I would have tried to fix a day, to meet you at Sir R. 

W-’s, with his permission and your coadjutorship .”— 

Pope; To Fortescue, lettr. 34. 

2. Eccles. (Roman Catholic Ch.): The position, 
state, or rank of an assistant to a bishop or other 
prelate. 

c5-ad-jfi'-trlx, co-ad-jfi’-tress, s. [Lat. co= 
con; adjutrix= a female helper.] A female assist¬ 
ant. 

“Bolingbroke and his coadjutrix insinuated that the 
treasurer was biased in favor of the dissenters.”— 
Smollett: Hist. Eng., bk. i., ch. ii., § 40. (Latham.) 

co-ad-jfi-van-gy, s. [Coadjuvant.] Mutual 
or concurrent help ; co-operation; contribution of 
help. (Browne.) 

co-ad'-jvl-vimt, s. &a. [Pref. co=con, and Lat. 
adjuvans, pr. par. of adjuvo=to help.] 

A. As substantive: 

Mtd.: An ingredient in a prescription designed to 
aid or co-operate with another. 

B. As adj.: Assisting, helping, co-operating, 
co-ad'-nate, fco-ad'-u-nate, a. [Lat. coadu- 

natus (pa. par. of coaduno); from co = con, and 
aduno= to unite.] [Adunation.] 


944 


Bot.: United at the base, soldered together. The 
same as Connate (q. v.). 

IT Linnoeus, in his attempt at a natural system of 
botanical classification, had an order Coadunatee. 
which he made to include the Anona, the Magnolia, 
Thea, &c. 

co-ad-R-na’-tion, fco-ad-u-nl-tion, s. [Pref. 

co-con, and Eng. adunation (q. v.).] A bringing 
together of different things so as to form one body; 
union, consistency. 

“ Bodies seem to have an intrinsic principle of, or cor¬ 
ruption from, the coadunition of particles endued with 
contrary qualities.”— Hale: Origin of Mankind. 

co- 9 ,d-ven-ture (ture as tsher), s. [Coad- 
VENTURE, v. i.\ An adventure in which two or more 
take a share; a joint risk or venture. 

*co-ad-ven'-ture (ture as tsher), v. i. [Coad- 
VENture, s.] To share in a venture or speculation. 

“ The prince holdeth it no disparagement to coadven¬ 
ture and put in his stake with the merchant.''— Hotvell: 
Foreign Travel, vii. 

co-ad-ven'-tu-rer (or turer as tsher-er), 

s. [Eng . coadventur(e); -er .] A fellow-adventurer; 
one who partakes in the same risk or venture. 

“ There is a worthy captain in this town, who was 
coadventurer in that expedition.”— Howell: Lett., ii. 61. 

co-ae -val, a. [Coeval.] 

CO-Rf-foF-est, v. t. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. 
afforest (q. v.).] To convert ground into forest, and 
add it to ground already afforested. 

“Henry Fitz-Empresse (viz., the second) did coafforest 
much land, . . .”— Howell: Lett., iv. 16. 

CO-a'-gen-Q f, s. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. agency 
(q. v.).] Joint agency ; an acting in common or in 
partnership. 

“ Acting as a coagency with unresisted grief.”— De 
Quincey: Autobiog. Sketches, i. 22. (Davies.) 

CO-a'-gent, s. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. agent 
(q. v.).] An associate; one co-operating with an¬ 
other in any act or work. 

“ . . . this coagent of your mischiefs.’ 

Beaum. tH Flet.: Knight of Malta. 

*CO-ag -I-tate, v. t. [Pref. co=con=with, to¬ 
gether, and Eng. agitate (q. v.).] To shake, move, 
or agitate together. 

*c6-ag-ment', v. t. [Lat. coagmento= to join or 
cement together; from co—con, and agmen= a col¬ 
lected multitude moving forward, ago— to drive.] 
To collect or heap together. 

*co-ag-men-ta’-tion, s. [ Lat. coagmentatio, 
from coaamento= to join or cement together.] The 
act of collecting or heaping together; combination, 
conjunction. 

*c 6 -ag-ment-ed, pa. par. & a. [Coagment.] 

CO-ag-ul-a-bil'-I-ty, s. [Eng. coagulable; -ity.] 
The quality of being coagulable, or capable of being 
coagulated. 

tc 6 -a.g -u-l 9 .-ble, a. [Eng. coagul(ate); -able.] 
•Capable of being coagulated or concreted. 

“ An effusion of coagulable material.”— Todd & Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. iii., p. 79. 

CO-ag’-R-lant, s. [Lat. coagulans, pr. par. of 
coagulo=to coagulate, to concrete.] A substance 
which coagulates or produces coagulation. (Bun- 
glison.) 

co-ag'-u-late, v. t. & i. [Lat. coagulo, from 
coagulum=a means of coagulation, from cogo (sup. 
coactum)—to drive together; It. cogulare, quag- 
liare, and cagliare; Sp. coagular; Fr. coaguler 
and cailler .] 

A. Transitive: 

1. To curd, to clot; to change into a curd-like 
state. 

“The mineral acids have the power of coagulating 
albumen.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., 
introd., p. 36. 

*2. To crystallize. (Ogilvie.) 

B. Intransitive: 

1. To congeal, to thicken, to become clotted or 
curded. 

“If the dark rays were absorbed in a high degree by the 
humors of the eye, the albumen of the humors might 
coagulate along the line of the rays.”— Tyndall: Frag, of 
Science, 3d ed., viii., 9, p. 194. 

*2. To become crystallized. 

“ Spirit of wine commixed with milk, a third part spirit 
of wine, and two parts milk, c oagulateth little, tint 
mingleth; and the spirit swims not above.”— Bacon. 

*CO-ag’-u-late, a. [Lat. coagulatus, pa. par. of 
coagulo.] The same as Coagulated (q. v.). 

co-ag'-R-la-ted, pa. par. & a. [Coagulate.] 
Congealed, concreted, curded. 


coak 

co-ag -u-la-tlng, pr. par., a. & s. [Coagulate, 

v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. cfc particip. adj.: (See the 
verb.) 

“ So perfect is the coagulating power of rennet, that not 
a particle of caseine in milk submitted to its action will 
remain uncoagulated."—Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. i., ch. i., p. 39. 

C. As subst.: The act or process of congealing, 
clotting, or curding; the state of becoming coagu¬ 
lated. 

CO-ag-R-la-tion, s. [Lat. coagulatio, from coag¬ 
ulo— to coagulate.] 

1. The act or process of being coagulated, or of 
changing from a liquid to a curd-like semi-solid 
state, produced without evaporation and without 
crystallization. It differs from congestion in not 
being attended by a fall of temperature in the sub¬ 
stance coagulated. 

IT Coagulation of the blood: 

Anat. <& Physiol.: When blood is drawn and 
allowed to stand it emits a “ halitus ” or exhala¬ 
tion, which has a faint smell. _ In three or four 
minutes a film overspreads the liquid, commencing 
at the circumference and gradually spreading to 
the center. Two or three minutes later the lower 
part of the blood, in contact with the vessel, be¬ 
comes solidified, and then the whole mass, only 
about eight or nine minutes being needful for the 
whole process from first to last. In about fifteen 
or twenty minutes a thin serum begins to exude 
from it, and goes on to do so for two or throe days. 
(Quain.) 

“Acetic acid, which will not precipitate albumen, 
causes the coagulation of caseine.”— Todd <4? Bowman: 
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. i., p. 39. 

“Fibrine is distinguished from the other proximate 
principles by its remarkable property of spontaneous 
coagulation." — Ibid., p. 87. 

*2. The process of becoming crystallized; crystal¬ 
lization. 

3. A concretion; a body or substance formed by 
coagulating. 

“ As the substance of coagulations is not merely saline, 
nothing dissolves them but what penetrates and relaxes at 
the same time.”— Arbuthnot: On Aliments. 

fco-ag-U-la-tlve, a. [Lat. coagulat(us), pa. 
par. of coagulo=to coagulate ; Eng. suff. -ive.] Hav¬ 
ing the power or quality of coagulating; causing 
coagulation or concretion ; coagulating. 

“ To manifestthe coagulative power, we have sometimes 
in a minute arrested the fluidity of new milk, and turned 
it into a curdled substance, . . .”— Boyle. 

co-ag'-R-la-tor, s. [Eng. coagulat(e); -o?-.] 
That which coagulates or has the power or quality 
of coagulating. 

“Coagulators of the humors are those things which 
expel the most fluid parts, . . .”— Arbuthnot. 

CO-ag -R-la-tor-y, a. [Eng. coagulat(e); - ory .] 
Causing coagulation; coagulative. 

“ Coagulatory effects.”— Boyle. 

co-ag -y-lum, s. [Lat.] 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. A coagulated or concreted mass, as curd, &c. 

“From the clarified juices of cauliflower, asparagus, 

mangel-wurzel or turnips, a coagulum is formed, which 
cannot be distinguished from the coagulated albumen 
of serum or the egg.”— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., 
vol. i., ch. i., p. 40. 

2. Any substance or preparation which coagulates 
or causes coagulation ; a coagulant. 

II. Med.&Chem.: A blood-clot. Substances con¬ 
taining albumen, as the white of egg, are coagu¬ 
lated by heating. 

co-aid', s. [Pref. co—con, and Eng. aid (q. v.).] 
An assistant, one who joins in any act, a co-operator. 

“ Paris, Deiphobus, Agenor, join 
(Coaids and captains of the Trojan line).” 

Pope: Homer’s Iliad, bk. xiii. 

CO-ai -ta, s. [Quata.] The French name for the 
Quata, a South American monkey, Ateles paniscus, 
very common in the woods of Surinam and Brazil. 

coak, s. [Cole.] 

1. Carpentry: 

(1) A projection of the nature of a tenon from the 
genera] face of a scarfed timber. It occupies a re¬ 
cess or mortise in the counterpart face of the other 
timber. It is called also a tabling, and the mortise 
a sunk-coak. 

(2) A joggle or dowel by which pieces are united 
to prevent them slipping past each other, or 
fasten them together. 

2. Mach.: The hole guarded by metal in a sheave 
through which the pin goes. 

3. Naut.: A small perforated triangular bit of 
brass inserted into the middle of the shiver (now 
called sheave) of a block, to keep it from splitting 
and galling by the pin whereon it turns. Called 
also bush, cock, or cogg, and dowel. (Smyth.) 

coak, v. t. To join with a coak. 


fate, fat, fare, (imidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, 
01 , wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rfile, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 





coaking 


945 


coal-hole 


coak 

by means 


Ing, s. [Coak.u.I Uniting pieces of spar !lL£9?L e °° d i fo 7 r ,?i sin fL steam quickly, or (2) 
“vujs of tabular projections, formed by catting smokeless coal, suited for the steam-navy. Accord- 
away the solid of one piece into a hollow, so as to t 9 . ttie decomposition of the vegetable matter, 
make a projection in the other fit in correctly; the 5 the r ® su “ ln 8 combinations of carbon and 
butts, th* pieces from dr a win cr asunder. hydrogen, fossil fuel is more or less bituminous 


butts, the pieces from drawing asunder. 

C6&1, *coale, *col, *cole, *coole, *coylle,*coill, 
•coyle, *coll (sing.), *colis, *colys ( pi.), s. & a. 
[A. S. col; O. H. Ger. chol, cholo; M. H. Ger. kol; 
Ger. kohle ; Dut. kool ; Sw. kol ; Dan. kul ; L. Ger. 
kaal.) 

A. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

1. The word originally signified what was after¬ 
ward known as charcoal, as “ coals of fire," “ fire of 
coals,” &c., in the English Bible, and as “cole- 
wood,” “ colliers’ lane,” &c., in the country. 

“Sharp arrows of the mighty, with coats of juniper.”— 
Ps. czx. I. 

2. In the same sense as II. 1. 

IT Pit-coal (Germ. S£einfcohl=stone-coal) (Speed, 
Wallis, &c.); Sea-coal (Shakesp .); Ship-coal (old 
charters) ; Carbo maris, Carbo fossilis, &c., used as 
distinctive terms. 

II To blow a coal: To fan a quarrel. 

“I do believe 

You are mine enemy, and make my challenge 
You shall not be my judge: for it is you 
Have blown this coal betwixt my lord and me; 

Which God’s dew quench!” 

Shakesp..- Ben. VIII., ii. 4. 

(1) Precious coals! An exclamation of surprise. 
(Nares.) 

“Let me see how the day goes (hee pulls his watch out): 
precious coales, the time is at hand . . .”—Returns 
from Parnassus (1606). 

(2) To haul over the coals: To reprove for some 
act, usually one which the reproved knew better 
than to commit, or could by him have been avoided. 

(3) To carry coals: To put up with insults, to sub¬ 
mit to any degradation. The origin of the phrase 
is this: tnat in every family the scullions, the turn¬ 
spits, the carriers of wood and coals were esteemed 
the very lowest of menials. The latter in particu¬ 
lar were the drudges of all the rest. (Nares.) 

“Gregory, o’ my word, we’ll not carry coals." — Shakesp.: 
Rom. & Jul., i. 1. 

(4) To carry coals to Newcastle: To do anything 
superfluous or unnecessary. 

IL Technically : 

1 Min.: A carbonaceous mineral substance, 
black, shiny or dull, easily broken, often splintery, 
inflammable, and used for fuel. It is composed of 
carbon (75 per cent.), hydrogen, oxygen, and some 
nitrogen, with siliceous and other earthy impurities 
(ash). It consists of compressed and chemically 
altered vegetable matter, chiefly extinct kinds of 
lycopodiaceous trees. As the successive 
growths rCoAL-MEASUEEs] accumulated their 
stems, leaves, and spores, hydrogen and oxygen 
wl“ evolved with some of the carbon. The relative 
proportion of carbon in the mass was increased, 
the woody fiber reduced in volume to one-ninth, or 
even one fifteenth, of its original bulk, and the 
mass became black, shiny hydrocarbons, with im¬ 
bedded charcoal (“ mother-coal ”). 
sition of trees lying exposed to the air, or dull DiacK 
hydrocarbons, resulting from the consolidation of 
decomposed vegetable pulp, like soft peat. . 

IT Dana divides what may be called the species, 
_ j v.him m innrol ('op 1 into th© following 


ing Coal, (4) Mon-cakmg 7 , , , 7 '. 

(Parrot Coal), ( 6 ) Torbanite, (7) Brown CoalL (Lig- 
nite), ( 8 ) EartW Brown Coal, (9) Mineral Charcoal. 
The first variety has only 3-46 per cent, of bitumin¬ 
ous matter, the second has none, and the rest vary 

in this respect. ... . 

2 . Geol.: Geologically coal occurs as a stratified 
rock, interbedded with clays, iron-stones, sand¬ 
stones, and limestones, in what are termed coal- 
measures. The best coals belong to the Carbonifer¬ 
ous series of the Palseozoic system; but much coal 
of later (Neozoic) ages is found in various parts of 
the world, though, in that case, either mixed with 
or passing into lignite, a far less valuable fossil fuel, 
because little of the hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen 
has been eliminated by chemical change, and thus 
as much as 30 per cent, of water remains in lignite, 
while good coal has seldom more than 5 per cent. 
When latteral pressure has come into operation on 
the coal-measures. more hydrogen (with some car- 
u nn \ has been drivsn off* and the coal metamor 
pholed into anthracite, which has 90 per cent of 
carbon. Some coals have become merely anthra¬ 
citic Other coals have had very much carbon 

(“mother-coal”) in them orl ^“ a , U JVh ft ?i 9 either 
conditions producing “Steam-coal, that is, either 


when burnt. 

A mass of coal when broken splits in three direc¬ 
tions: (1) Along the planes of bedding, commonly 
presenting dull black surfaces which soil the fingers. 
(2) Vertically across the stratification; the broken 
surfaces are Bright and smooth, and do not soil the 
fingers; the direction along which these joints run 
is known as the “ face” of the coal. (3) A third set 
of planes at right angles to both of the other sets, 
and less perfect, so that the fracture here is more 
irregular; this direction is called the “ end ” of the 
coal. Thus it yields blocks more or less regular in 
shape, and roughly resembling cubes or dies. (Hux¬ 
ley : Physiography, ch. xiv., p. 238, 3d ed.) 

B . As adj. : Consisting of coal; in any way per- 
taiumg or relating to coal. (See the compounds.) 

IT Compounds of obvious signification: Coal- 
barge, coal-fire, coal-mine, coal-sack , coal-shed. 

coal-backer, s. A man employed to carry coals 
from a ship to the wagons. (Mayhew.) 

♦coal-basket, s, A basket or scuttle for carrying 
coals. 

coal-basin, s. 

Geol.: A basin-shaped depression with coal-beds 
deposited in it. It has been almost always pro¬ 
duced by subsidence of the strata previous to the 
deposition of the coal- 
coal-bed, s. 

Geol. : A bed of coal. 

coal-black, *cole-blacke ♦cole-blak, a. 

1. Ord. Lang. : As black as coal; jet-black. 

“He hadde a here’s skin cole-black for old.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2,144. 

2. Bot. : Black a little verging upon blue, 
coal-boring bit, s. A bit with an entering point 

and a series of cutting edges of steps of increasing 
radius. (Knight.) 

♦coal-box, s. A box for carrying coals to the fire; 
a coal-scuttle. 

“Leave a pail of dirty water, a coal-box, a bottle, broom, 
and such other unsightly things.”— Swift. 

COal-brand, s. A name for smut in wheat, 
coal-brass, s. 

Mining : A popular name given to the iron pyrites 
found in the coal-measures. It contains no brass, 
but only sulphur and iron. [Ikon Pyeites.] 
coal-breaker, s. A machine for crushing lump- 
coal as taken from the mine. Also adapted to 
cleanse and assort it. (Knight.) 

coal-breaking, u. & a. (See the compound 
term.) 

IT Coal-breaking jack: 

Mining: A jack or wooden wedge used for break¬ 
ing down coal. Jacks are inserted in a small recess 
in the seam, a few feet of tubing are used to connect 
this with an adjacent pump, and great pressure 
being obtained by means of a lever, the coal is 
brought down in quantities. (Knight.) 
coal-bunker, s. 

Naut.: The closed room around the boiler and 
engine-room of a steam vessel for keeping the fuel. 
(Knight.) 

coal-car, s. A freight-car designed specially for 
coal; a coal-truck or coal-wagon, 
coal-cart, s. A cart used in conveying coals. 

coal-chute, s. A spout by which coal in bunk¬ 
ers or elevated boxes is loaded into carts or cars. 
(Knight.) 

coal-crimp, 8. A factor or middleman who sells 
ship-loads or coals on commission to wholesale 
dealers. 

coal-cutting, s. & a. (See the compound term.) 
Coal-cutting machine: A machine for undercut¬ 
ting coal seams in the mine or at the bank. 

coal-drop's. A broad, shallow inclined trough, 
down which coals are discharged into the hold of a 
vessel. (Ogilvie.) 

coal-dumping, s. The act of loading coal or 
other vessels from a cart. The cart is made to 
. descend by a rail so as to enter the vessel, when it 
is of course easy to discharge its contents into the 
hold. (Knight.) 

coal-dust, 8. Small fine coal, the siftings of 
coal. 

“It has been attempted ... to make the coal-dust 
into bricks which can bear carriage.” — Ansted: Short Trip 
in Hungary and Transylvania, p. 194. 

coal-elevator, s. A storehouse for coals, fur¬ 
nished with machinery for expeditiously loading 
and unloading carts, wagons, or cars of coal. 


coal-eyed,«. Black-eyed, 
coal-field, a. 

1. Ord. Lang. : A bed of coal. 

2. Ord. Lang. <6 Geol.: A district where coal 
abounds, or which is worked for coal; a number of 
coal mines worked. 

American Coal Fields: First coal-fields worked in 
America were the bituminous fields at Brighthope, 
Chesterfield Co., Va., near Richmond, discovered in 
1750. This coal was used at Westham, on the James 
river, to make shot and shell during the War of In¬ 
dependence. The first use of anthracite coal was in 
1768-69. First used for smithing purposes in 1790 
First used to burn in a common grate in 1808. First 
successful use of anthracite coal for the smelting 
of iron was in 1839^> at the Pioneer Furnace, at 
Pottsville, Pa. It had been tried on the Lehigh in 
1826, but was unsuccessful. The great shaft of the 
Philadelphia and Reading Iron Company has been 
sunk to a depth of 1,569 feet from the surface to the 
grea-t mammoth coal vein which attains a thickness 
of 25 feet, in that distance passing through no less 
than fifteen coal seams, of which six are workable 
and have an average thickness together of 64 feet. 
Even then there are a number of coal-seams under¬ 
lying these. 

Coal Fields of the World: United States, 200,266 
square miles; Continental Europe, 34,000 square 
miles; Great Britain, 6,195 square miles; British. 
America, 2,200 square miles, 
coal-fish, s. 

Ichthy.: A species of Gadus or Cod, a native of 
the Baltic, Northern and Mediterranean Seas. It is 
a coarse fish, deriving its name from the dusky pig¬ 
ment which tinges the skin, and which soils the 
fingers like moist coals. (Baird.) 

“ The coalflsh is most decidedly a northern fish, but be¬ 
ing a hardy species is not without a considerable range 
to the southward. It was the only fish found by Lord 
Mulgrave on the shores of Spitzbergen. . . . This fish 
has more provincial names than any other species, some 
of which only refer to it when of a peculiar size. Among 
the Scoth islands the coalflsh is called sillock, piltock, 
cooth or kuth, harbin, cudden, sethe, sey, and gray-lord. 
In Edinburgh and about the Forth, the young are called 
podleys ; at Newcastle the fry are called coalsey (? coalzie), 
and when twelve inches long poodlers.”— Yarrell: British 
Fishes. 

coal-fitter, s. A middleman who acts as agent 
in the sale of coal between the owner of a pit and 
the shipper. 

coal-formation, s. 

1. Geol.: The same as the Caebonifeeous Foeka- 
TION (q. v.). 

2. The same as the Coal-measuees. 
coal-gas, s. A mixture of gases produced by the 

destructive distillation of coal at regulated temper¬ 
atures. It is used in lighting streets, houses, &c., 
and for cooking and heating purposes. Coal-gas is 
colorless and has a disagreeable smell. It is puri¬ 
fied from H 2 S by ferric hydrate, which is moistened 
with FeSO* and H 2 SO 4 to remove ammonia. The 
carbon disulphide can be removed by passing it 
through an iron tube filled with iron turnings and 
heated to redness. Coal-gas consists of a mixture 
of hydrogen, 40 to 50 per cent., carbon-monoxide 
about 5 per cent., marsh gas (CH 4 ) about 40 per 
cent., which contribute nothing to the illuminat¬ 
ing power of the gas ; it depends upon the presence 
of heavy hydro-carbons, principally C 2 H 4 ethene, 
ordinary gas containing about 4 per cent., and 
cannel gas about 8 per cent. Coal-gas also contains 
small quantities of acetylene, butylene, &c., a»d 
aromatic hydro-carbons, as benzene, &c. The per¬ 
centage of nitrogen is very variable. When gas is 
burnt a large quantity of water is formed, hence, if 
a gas stove is used to dry a room there must be suf¬ 
ficient ventilation to carry off the aqueous vapor. 
The sulphur in coal-gas is converted into sulphuric 
acid when burnt, which greatly damages books, 
furniture, &c. The escape of coal-gas from pipes 
into the soil is very injurious to the roots of trees 
and shrubs. The admixture of a very small quan¬ 
tity of air greatly impairs the illuminating power 
of coal-gas. Three causes are capable of decreasing 
the luminosity of flames, viz.: ( 1 ) withdrawal of 
heat; (2) dilution; and (3) oxidation of luminous 
material. 

coal-gum, s. The dust of coal, 
coal-head, s. 

Ornith.: The Cole-tit, or Cole-titmouse, Parus 
ater; also called Coal-mouse (q. v.). 

coal-heaver, s. A porter employed to carry coal, 
and especially to discharge it from ships. 

“ I went to the Jerusalem Coffee House . . . I there 
saw my captain, who looked as much like a captain as he 
did like a coal-heaver.” — Theodore Hook: Gilbert Gurney. 
tcoal-hod, s. A scuttle to hold coals, 
coal-hole, s. A hole or cellar where coals and 
Cinders are placed. 

“ . . . the types were flung into the coalhole, and 

covered with cinders.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 


1)611, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, 
-cian -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; 

60 


chin bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph = f. 
-tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = bd, del- 






946 


coalesce 


coal-hood 

coal-hood, coally-hood, coal-hoodie, s. 

Ornithology: 

1. A name given to the Bullfinch, Pyrrhula vul¬ 
garis, from his coal-black hood or cap. 

2. The Black-headed Bunting, Emberiza schceni- 
c lus. 

coal-house, s. A house in which coals are stored. 
“Bonner’s conscience made his palace a coal-house, and 
A dungeon.”— Junius: Sin Stigmatized, p. 812. 

coal-man, s. A miner or a dealer in coal, 
coal-measure, s. 

1. Ord. Lang. (Sing.): The measure used in ascer¬ 
taining the quantity of coal. 

2. Geol. (PI.): Strata of coal with the attendant 
rocks. If the great Carboniferous formation be 
separated into three divisions, these, in the descend¬ 
ing order, are ( 1 ) the Coal-measures, (2) the Mill¬ 
stone-grit, and (3) the Mountain or Carboniferous 
Limestone. If by the omission of the Millstone- 
grit they be reduced to two, then the Coal-measures 
constitute, with the Mountain Limestone already 
mentioned, the whole Carboniferous formation. 

coal-merchant, s. One who trades in coal, 
coal-meter, s. An official appointed to measure 
coal. 

coal-miner, s. One who works in a coal-mine; a 
collier. 

coal-mining, a. & s. 

A. As adj.: Adapted for or occupied in mining. 

B. Assubst.: The act or process of mining for 
coals. 

Mining: Coal-beds usually lie at a slight slope, 
and, when reached from the surface by shafts, are 
dug out together with sufficient of the upper and 
under strata to allow of vertical room for the 
miner. At the foot of the pit long galleries (boards) 
are cut to the extent of the property, then cross 
alleries (narrows), marking out square spaces or 
istricts (panels). These are dug away, and the 
coal picked out and removed; the solid intervals, 
gradually reduced to walls and pillars, are ulti¬ 
mately removed, wooden props supporting the 
roof until it is allowed to fall in. This is called the 
“ pillar and stall,” or “board and pillar,” working, 
and was invented in the beginning of this century. 
Formerly the coal was removed from the sides of 
intersecting galleries at the beginning of the mine, 
on the “rise end” of the seam; and great pillars 
were left behind comprising nearly sixty per cent, 
of the coal. Sometimes the hewing is begun at the 
“ rise end ” of the “ winning,” in a gallery all along 
the edge or face of the coal-seam, which is then cut 
gradually away, and the roof of the hollow behind 
is partly supported by stones and timber for road¬ 
ways, and partly allowed to fall in. This is the 
“long-way,” or “long-wall,” plan. The methods 
and terms vary in different coal-fields. Ventilation 
is secured by a second shaft (engine-pit or upcast- 
pit), and by longitudinal divisions (brattices), 
making double currents, in shafts and galleries; 
by stoppings and trapdoors regulating the direc¬ 
tion of the draught, and by other appliances. Mines 
are termed “ fiery ” when carburetted-hydrogen gas 
issues from the coal. This is frequently continuous; 
sometimes, when reservoirs are opened, sudden, 
and then, if the miner has a naked light instead of 
a Davy or safety lamp, the usual accidents take 
place. 

coal-mouse, colemouse, s. 

Ornith.: A small species of titmouse, with a 
black head; the Cole-tit (Parus ater ). 

coal-naphtha, s. An oily liquid obtained by 
the distillation of coal-tar. It is sold as benzole 
(q. v.). It is purified by agitating with caustic soda 
to extract the phenol and cresols; then rectified, 
by which it is separated into a heavy oil contain¬ 
ing much naphthalene, and a liquid which is 
purified by agitation with sulphuric acid and 
redistilled. By fractional distillation it yields first 
a mixture of benzene and carbon disulphide, and 
•olefines, &c., at 80° chiefly benzene CelL, about 113° 
-toluene, at 142° xylene, and at 170° impure cumene. 

coal-oil, s. A common name in this country for 
kerosene. 

coal-passer, s. One who passes on or supplies 
■«oal to the furnace of a steam-engine, 
coal-pipe, s. 

1 . The carbonized bark of a fossil plant. 

2. Mining: 

(1) The cylindrical cast of a tree formed of solid 
-Sandstone, its mass increasing gradually toward 
the base, and with no branches left to support it in 
its position. When cohesion of the external layer, 
which alone holds it up, is overcome by the force of 
gravity, the “ coal-pipe” falls perpendicularly or 
■obliquely, often crushing unhappy miners at work 
below. (Lyell.) 

“ These fossil stumps are not uncommon in the roofs of 
'the coal-seams. In some places they are known to the 
miners as ‘coal-pipes.’ ” — Dawson: Earth and Man. 

(2.) A very thin seam of coal. 


coal-pit, s. 

1. A coal-mine; a pit sunk in the earth- for the 
purpose of digging out coals. [Coal-mining.] 

“ A leaf of the polypody kind, found in the sinking of a 
coal-pity — Woodward. 

2. A place where charcoal is manufactured. 

coal-plants, s.pl. 

Geol.: Plants, the remains of which are found in 
the strata of the coal-formation, and from the 
stems, leaves, roots, &c., of which coal itself has 
been produced. Brongniart has figured upward of 
300 species. They are often in a state of high preser* 
vation, exhibiting the most delicate nervures of 
the leaves, and cortical markings of the stems. 

Of the most common coal plant-remains, Stig- 
maria was conjectured by Prof. Brongniart and 
Sir William Logan to have a relation to Sigillaria, 
and Mr. Binney proved it to be the roots of that 
plant by finding the two in actual continuity. Mr. 
Richard Brown, of Nova Scotia, also saw a proba¬ 
ble Sigillaria 
with Stigmaria 
roots. What Sig¬ 
illaria itself is 
has been a mat¬ 
ter of dispute. 

Brongniart, GOp- 
pert, and Unger 
consider it as 
probably a cy- 
cad. Principal 
Dawson, of 
Montreal, thinks 
that this may be 
its affinity, o r 
that it may be a 
connecting link 
between the 
G y m n o s perms 
and the higher 
Acrogens. M r . 

William Car- 
ruthers, F. R. S 
the contrary, considers it one of the Lycopodiacese, 
and consequently an Acrogen. He places Calamites 
under the Equisetaceee, and thinks that Asterophyi- 
lites, Annularia, and Sphenophyllum are the leaves 
of three species. Akin to it is the genus Volkman- 
nia. It is generally agreed that Lepidodendron 
should be placed under the Lycopodiaceee. Among 
the plants of undisputed affinity are ferns of various 

g enera: Sphenopteris, Pecopteris, Neuropteris, 
yclopteris, &c., but with the fructification as a 
rule destroyed. There are also genuine Conifers in 
the Coal-measures which probably grew upon the 
hills while the plants previously described had 
their habitat on the plains. 

coal-rake, *cole-rake, *colrake, s. An instru¬ 
ment used for raking out the ashes of a furnace. 
“Colrake: trulla, verriculum." — Cathol. Anglicum. 
coal-screen, s. A sifter for coal. (Knight.) 
coal-scuttle, s. A box or utensil for holding 
coals for present use. 

Coal-scuttle bonnet: A bonnet so called from its 
resembling a coal-scuttle in shape. 

“ Glancing from the depths of her coal-scuttle bonnet 
. . .”— Dickens: Nich. Nickleby, ch. xxiii. 

coal-shaft, s. The shaft forming the entrance to 
a coal-mine. [Shaft.] 

coal-ship, s. A ship employed in carrying coal; 
a collier. 

“ The pirate never spends his shot upon coal-ships, but 
lets fly at the rich merchant.”— Junius: Sin Stigm., p. 389. 
coal-slack, s. Dust or grime of coal; fine coal, 
coal-smut, s. The same as Coal-slack (q. v.). 
coal-stalk, s. 

1. A name given to the vegetable impressions found 
on stones in coal-mines. (Scotch.) 

“ Those impressions abound in coal countries; and are, 
in many places, not improperly known by the name of 
Coal-stalk.” — Ure: Hist. Rutherglen, p. 302. 

2. Extended, in its application, to the effects of 
recent vegetation. 

coal-tar, s. Tar produced in the destructive dis¬ 
tillation of bituminous coal. It is a thick, sticky, 
dark-colored substance, and is used in the manu¬ 
facture of printer’s ink, for asphalt pavements, 
coating ships, &c. The composition of coal-tar 
varies according to the temperature at which the 
coal is distilled, tne higher the temperature the 
larger being the yield of solid bodies. Coal-tar 
when distilled first gives off gas, then water con¬ 
taining ammoniacal salts, then a brown light oil 
which, when purified,is called coal-naphtha (q. v.) ; 
at higher temperatures a yellow, heavy, foetid oil 
called dead-oil (q. v.), or creasote oil, then naph¬ 
thalene (q. v.) ; afterward the black residue in the 
retort solidifies on cooling and forms pitch, which 
is used to form asphalt, and a black varnish to pro¬ 
tect iron from rust. If the distillation is continued 


the pitch yields a yellow substance like butter, con¬ 
taining anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, <fcc.; 
afterward, at red heat, a bright orange powder, 
consisting chiefly of pyrene CigHio and chrysene 
CigHj 9 ; the residue forms a hard, porous coke.. 

Coal-tar colors: Dyes prepared from aniline 
(q. v.), naphthalene, phenol (q. v.), and other com¬ 
pounds contained in coal-tar. 
coal-tit, s. 

Ornith.: A species of titmouse (Parus ater), also 
called coal-head and coal-mouse (q. v.). 

coal-tongs, s. pi. A pair of tongs for grasping 
coal in lumps. 

coal-trimmer, s. One who is employed to trim 
and stow the coal for the fires of marine steam- 
engines. 

coal-under-candlestick, s. A Christmas game 
mentioned in the “ Declaration of Popish Impost¬ 
ures,” 1603. (Nares.) 

coal-viewer, s. An overseer or superintendent 
of a coal-mine. 

coal-washer, s. A machine in which coal which 
has been broken and assorted is finally washed. 
(Knight.) 

coal-whipper, s. One who raises coal out of 
the hold of a ship. 

“Here were colliers by the score and score with the 
coal-whipper s.” — Dickens. 

coal-whipping, s. The act or occupation of 
raising coals from the holds of ships. 

coal-working, s. A place where coal is worked; 
a coal-mine, a colliery. 

“At last we reached the coal-workings.” — Ansted: Short 
Trip in Holland and Transylvania, p. 124. 

coal-works, s. A colliery, with the necessary 
machinery appertaining to it. 

“There is a vast treasure in the old English, from 
whence authors may draw constant supplies; as our officers 
make their surest remits from the coal-works and the 
mines.”— Felton. 

coal-yard,! s. An inclosuve set apart for the 
deposit or sale of coal. 

coal, v. t. & i. [Coal, s.] 

A. Transitive: 

*1. To bum, char, or reduce to charcoal. 

** In fetching [the wood] when it is coaled — Carew : 
Survey of Scotland. 

2. To supply with coal. 

"A steam-vessel is said to be coaled when she has re. 
ceived on board the necessary fuel for any voyage.”— 
Young: Nautical Diet. 

*3. To write, mark, or delineate with charcoal. 

“Marvailing, he coaled out rhimes upon the wall, near 
to the picture.”— Camden. 

B. Intrans.: To take in a supply of coals. 

“A good pier has lately been built, alongside of 
which vessels may lie and coal with great facility.”— 
Macdonald: British Columbia and Vancouver’s Island, 
p. 360. 

*coal'-er-y, s. [Eng. coal; -ery.~\ A coal-pit, a 
coal-mine: now superseded by colliery (q. v.). 

“Two fine stalactites were found hanging from a black 
stone, at a deserted vault in Benwell coalery.” — Wood¬ 
ward. 

co-iji-les'qe, v. i. & t. [Lat. coalesco— to grow 
together, to coalesce, to unite: co=con; alesco 
(incept, of alo)— to nourish.] 

A. Intransitive: 

I. Lit.: To grow together; to unite in masses or 
groups spontaneously. 

“ When vapors are raised, they hinder not the trans¬ 
parency of the air, being divided into parts too small to 
cause any reflection in their superficies; but when they 
begin to coalesce, and constitute globules, those globules 
become of a convenient size to reflect some colors.”— 
Newton. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. To combine, to join, to agree. 

“ Mathematics and physics have been long accustomed 
to coalesce.”— Tyndall : Frag, of Science, 3d ed., vol. vi., 
p. 110. 

2. To join a party, to become one of a party. 

“ He had Imagined that, as soon as he chose to coalesce 
with those to whom he had recently been opposed, all his 
followers would imitate his example. ”— Macaulay : Hist. 
Eng., ch. xvi. 

3. To unite in society in a more general sense; to 
become incorporated with. 

“The Jews were incapable of coalescing with other 
nations.”— Campbell. 

*B. Trans.: 'To cause to unite or join. 

IT Crabb thus distinguishes between to add, to 
join, to unite, and to coalesce: “We add by putting 
a part to any body so as to form a whole; we join 
by attaching two whole bodies to each other; we 



fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, effr, rfile, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kw. 








coalesced 


947 


coarseness 


unite by putting two bodies to or into one another, 
so that they become one body; things coalesce when 
their parts mingle together so as to form one sub¬ 
stance^ . . . Adding is opposed to subtracting 
or diminishing; joining to separating, uniting to 
dividing, and coalescing to falling asunder.” 

( Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

co-$-les'<?ed, pa. par. or a. [Coalesce, v.] 

CO-g,-les -§en$e, *■ [Lat. coalescens, pr. par. of 
coalesco= to coalesce, to unite.] The act or pro¬ 
cess of coalescing or combining ; union, concretion, 
combination. 

“ Like that of salts with lemon juice, 

Which does not yet like that produce 
A friendly coalescence." 

Cowper.■ Friendship. 

*c6-3,-les'-§en-§y, s. [Eng. coalescence ; -y.] The 
same as Coalescence (q. v.). 

“ By a happy diffusion and holy coalescency .”•—■ Gauden ; 
Tears of the Church, p. 34. (Davies.) 

tcd-li-les'-gent, a. & s. [Lat. coalescens, pr. par. 
of coalesco= to coalesce, to unite.] 

A. As adj. : Growing together, uniting, combin¬ 
ing, coalescing. 

“ The human and divine nature of Christ being coales- 
cent into one person.”— Annot. on Glanville’s Lux Orient., 
1682, p. 159. 

B. As subst. : One who or that which coalesces. 

c6-a.-les'-$Ing, pr. par., a. & s. [Coalesce.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. cfc particip. adj. : (See the 
verb.) 

C. As subst.: The act of combining or growing 
together; coalescence. 

coal -Ing, pr.par., a. & s. [Coal, v.] 

A. & B. As pr. par. dt particip. adj.: (See the 
verb). 

C. As substantive: 

1. The act of supplying or providing with coals. 

2. The act of taking in a supply of coals. 

♦coalise, v. i. [Coalesce.] 

“ . . . will lead coalised armies.”— Carlyle: Fr. Rev., 
pt. ii., bk. ii., ch. 5. 

♦co -al-ite, v. i. & t. [Lat. coalitum, sup. of 
coalesco= to coalesce, to unite.] 

A. Intrans.: To unite, to coalesce. 

“ Let the friends of liberty lay aside the groundless 
distinctions which are employed to amuse and betray 
them; let them continue to coalite." — Bolingbroke: On 
Parties, Let. 19. 

B. Trans.: To unite, to cause to coalesce. 

“ Time has by degrees in all other places and periods 
blended and coalited the conquered with the conquerors.” 
— Burke: To Sir H. Langrishe. 

CO- 3 ,l-I -tion, s. [Fr. coalition; Low Lat. coalitio, 
from coalitum, sup. of coalesco— to coalesce, to 
unite.] , 

1. Ord. Lang. : A union or coalescing of separate 
bodies into one body or mass. 


coal'-sey, s. [Probably a dimin. from coal.] The 
fry of the coal-fish. (See example under coal-fish.) 

coal'-#, a. [Eng. coal; -y.] 

1. Of or pertaining to coal, of the nature of or 
resembling coal. 

2. Full of or discolored by coal; black. 

“ Or rocky Avon, or of sedgy Lee, 

Or coaly Tyne, or ancient hallowed Dee.” 

Milton: Vacation Exeroise. 

coam -ing§, s.pl. [Combings.] 

Naut.: Certain raised work, rather higher than 
the decks, about the edges of the hatch-openings of 
a ship, to prevent the water on deck from running 
down. (Smyth.) 

“. . . I threw my legs over the coamings . . .”— 
London Daily Telegraph. 

co an nex , v. t. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. annex 
(q. v.).] To annex with or attach to something 
else. 

*c 6 -ap-pear , v. i. [Pref. CO = con, and Eng. 
appear (q. v.).] To appear at the same time with. 

“ Heaven’s scornful flames and][thine can never co¬ 
appear.” — Quarles: Emblems. 

♦co-ap-pre-hend', v. t. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. 
apprehend (q. v.).] To apprehend with another, to 
comprehend. * 

“ They assumed the shapes of animals common unto all 
eyes, and by their conjunctions and compositions were 
able to communicate their conceptions unto any that 
coapprehended the syntaxis of their nature.”— Browne: 
Vulgar Errors, bk. v., p. 263. 

*CO-apt', v. t. [Lat. coapto— to fit.] To adapt, 
to make fit or suitable. 

co-ap-ta -tion, s. [Lat. coaptatio, from coapto 
=to fit or join together; from co=con, and apto= to 
adapt, to fit; aptus=fit.] 

1. Ord. Lang.: The adaptation or adjustment of 
parts to each other. 

“ The same method makes both prose and verse beauti¬ 
ful, which consists in the judicious coaptation and rang¬ 
ing of the words.”— Broome. 

2. Anat.: A form of angular movement, in which, 
as in the movement of the patella on the femur, the 
articular surface of one bone travels over that of 
another so as to bring different parts of the surface 
successively into contact in the manner of a wheel 
rolling on the ground, this movement being usually 
accompanied by a certain amount of gliding. 

co-ap-ta-tor, s. [Lat.] 

Surgery: An apparatus for fitting together the 
ends of a fractured bone, and holding them in posi¬ 
tion while the bony junction is proceeding. 

co-arct , v. t. [Lat. coarcto; from co=con, and 
arcto=to draw or press close together; from arctus 
=narrow, strait; arceo= to shut up, to inclose.] 

1. To confine, to inclose in a narrow compass; to 
contract, to restrain. 

2. To constrain, to restrain, to confine. 

“If a man coarcts himself to the extremity of an act, 
he must blame and impute it to himself, that he has thus 
coarcted or straitened himself so i&T."—Ayliffe. 


“ The world’s a mass of heterogeneous consistencies, 
and every part thereof a coalition of distinguishable 
varieties.”— Granville. 

2. Polit.: A combination for temporary purposes 
of persons, parties, or states having different inter¬ 
ests. 

“. . . the only effect of a coalition between them 
must have been that one of them would have become the 
tool of the other.”— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 

3. French Law: An unlawful agreement among 
several persons not to do a thing except upon some 
conditions agreed upon. The most usual coalitions 
are: 

(1) Those which take place among master work¬ 
men to reduce, diminish, or fix at a low rate the 
wages of journeymen and other workmen. 

(2) Those among workmen or journeymen not to 
work except at a certain price. The offense is pun¬ 
ishable by fine and imprisonment. In this country 
these combinations of employers and employes 
have been unmolested until a recent decision of the 
United States court seemed to fix upon them the 
stigma of conspiracy and unlawfulness. 

CO-al-I-tion-er, s. [Eng. coalition; -er.] The 
same as coalitionist (q. v.). (Byron.) 

co-hl-i-tion-lst, s. [Eng. coalition; -ist.] One 
who promotes or joins a coalition. 

fcoal'-less, a. [Eng. coal; -less.] Wanting or 
destitute of coal. 

*c6-«il“ll6cl', pa. par. or a. [Coally, v.] 

*CO-al-ly', v. t. [Pref. co=con, and Eng. ally, v. 
(q. v.)] To join or associate together. 

“ Such civil society can never secretly or honorably act 
with a total disregard to that coallied religion.”— War- 
burton: Divine Leg.; Dedic. 

*CO-Stl-ir, s. [Pref. co=con; ally, s. (q. v.)] An 
ally, a co-operator, an assistant. 


♦co-arc -tate, v. t. [Coaectate, a.] The same 
as Coaect (q. v.). 

“ They coarctate the breast, and astringe the belly.”— 
Venner: Via Recta ad Vitam Longam, p. 132. 

co-arc-ta te, *c5-arc ta -ted, a. [Lat. coarc- 
tatus, pa. par. of coarcto .] [Coaect.] 

I. Ord. Lang.: Pressed together; straitened, con¬ 
fined, shut in. 

II. Technically: 

1. Bot.: Contracted, drawn closely together. 

2. Entom.: A term used in the following com¬ 
pound. 

Coarctate Metamorphosis: 

Entom.: Such metamorphosis as occurs in the 
Diptera, in which the larva sheds its last skin be¬ 
fore the growing legs and wings have impressed 
their forms upon it, and the exuvium constitutes 
an egg-shaped horny case, upon which there is not 
the least indication of the parts of the perfect 
insect. (Owen.) 

♦co-arc-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. coarctatio, from coarcto 
=to restrain, to confine: co=con, and arctus=aa.T- 
row, strait; arceo= to restrain.] 

I. Literally: 

1. The act of confining, contracting, or restrain¬ 
ing within a narrow space. 

2. The state or condition of being confined or 

3. The act of contracting, straitening, or narrow¬ 
ing ; that which contracts, straitens, or narrows. 

II. Fig.: A restraint or restriction of liberty. 

“ Election is opposed not only to coaction, but also to 
coarctation, or determination to one.” Bramhall. 

*co-arc -ted, pa. par. or a. [ Coaect.] 

CO -arc-tiire, s. [From Lat. coareto= to press 
together.] The neck of a plant. 


bdil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, $ell, chorus, §hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; 
-cian, -tian = sh^in. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, 


coarse, *course, ♦cowrse, a. [Etymology doubt* 
ful. Probably it is a contraction for in course— in 
an ordinary manner; hence, ordinary, common.] 
[Cotjbse.] 

I. Literally: 

1. Unrefined, impure, containing impurities or 
baser parts. 

“ I feel 

Of what coarse metal ye are molded.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

2. Large in size or texture ; composed of large or 
rough particles ; not fine or soft. 

“In cloth is to be considered wool, the matter of it, 
whether it be coarse or fine.”— Scott: Essay on Drapery, 
p. 5. (1635.) 

II. Figuratively: 

1. Of persons: 

(1) Rude, rough, uncivil, unpolished in manners. 

“ Oh why were farmers made so coarse, 

Or clergy made so fine?” 

Cowper: The Yearly Distress. 

(2) Inexpert, inexperienced; uninstructed in art 
or learning. 

“ Practical rules may be useful to such as are remote 
from advice, and to coarse practitioners, which they are 
obliged to make use of.”— Arbuthnot. 

2. Of language, manners, &c.: Gross, inelegant, 
rude, unpolished, unfinished. 

“. . . the libels on William’s person and govern¬ 
ment were decidedly leBS coarse and rancorous during the 
latter half of his reign than during the earlier half.”— 
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. 

3. Of things generally: 

(1) Gross, rough, unrefined. 

“ ’Tis not the coarser tye of human law 
That binds their peace.” 

Thomson: Spring. 

(2) Mean, disagreeable; not delicate. 

“ From this coarse mixture of terrestrial parts. 

Desire and fear by turns possess their hearts.” 

Dryden: Virgil’s JEneid. 

IT (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between coarse, 
rough and rude: “These epithets are equally ap¬ 
plied to what is not polished by art. In the proper 
sense coarse refers to the composition and materials 
of bodies, as coarse bread, coarse meat, coarse cloth; 
rough respects the surface of bodies, as rough wood 
and rough skin; rude respects the make or fashion 
of things, as a rude bark, a rude utensil. Coarse is 
opposed to fine, rough to smooth, rude to polished. 
In the figurative application they are distinguished 
in a similar manner: coarse language is used by 
persons of naturally coarse feeling; rough language 
by those whose tempers are naturally or occasion¬ 
ally rough; rude language by those who are ignor¬ 
ant of any better.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) 

(2) For the difference between coarse and gross, 
see Gboss. 
coarse-grained, a. 

1. Lit.: Having a coarse grain, as wood. 

2. Fig.: Wanting in refinement, rude; coarse in 
disposition. 

coarse-haired, a. Having coarse hair. 

“ . . . long-haired and coarse-haired animals are apt 
to have, as is asserted, long or many horns . . .”— Dar¬ 
win: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 12. 

coarse-metal, s. 

Metal.: A brittle non-crystalline, more or less 
granular vesicular bronze-colored regulus, which 
contains about 33 per cent, of metallic copper. It 
is obtained by fusing the calcined copper pyrites 
with slag. Composition: Copper, 33‘7; iron, 33'6; 
nickel, cobalt and manganese, 1 * 0 ; tin, 0’7; arsenic, 
0‘3; sulphur, 29’2, and slag mechanically mixed, IT. 
coarse-stuff, s. 

Plastering: The first coat of inside plaster-work, 
coarse-1#, adv. [Eng. coarse; - ly .] 

1. Lit.: In a coarse manner; not finely or deli¬ 
cately. 

2. Fig.: Roughly, rudely, inelegantly, without 
refinement or delicacy, grossly. 

“ There is a gentleman, that serves the count, 
Reports but coarsely of her.” 

Shakesp.: All’s Well, iii. 6. 

coarse-mlnd'-ed, a. [Eng. coarse , and minded.] 
Having a coarse, low, unrefined mind. 

“. . . coarseminded and ignorant men . . .”— 

Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. 

tcoars -en, v. t. [Eng. coarse, and verbal suff. 
-en (q. v.).j To make coarse or wanting in delicacy 
or refinement. (Graham.) 
tcoars'-ened, pa. par. or a. [Coabsen, t>.] 
coarse -ness, s. [Eng. coarse; -n ess.] 

I. Lit.: The state or quality of being coarse or 
unrefined; impurity, baseness. 

“First know the materials whereof the glass is made; 
then consider what the reason is of the coarseness or dear¬ 
ness.”— Bacon: Essays. 

sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e$ist. ph = £ 
-sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. 





coarticulation 


coat-armor 


948 


II. Figuratively: 

1. Roughness, rudeness, indelicacy of manners. 
“Already there appears a poverty of conception, a 

coarseness and vulgarity in all the proceedings of the 
assembly, and of all their instructors.”— Burke: French 
Revolution. 

2. Grossness, indelicacy of language; want of 
refinement or polish. 

“ Friends (pardon the coarseness of the illustration), as 
dogs in couples, should be of the same size.”— VEstrange. 

3. Roughness, meanness of dress or food, 
co-ar-tlc-u-la'-tion, s. [Pref. co=con, and ar¬ 
ticulation (q. v.).] 

Anat.: The uniting or articulation of bones to 
form a joint. 

co-as-ses-sor, s. [Pref. co-can, and Eng, assessor 
(q. v.).] A joint assessor. 

tco-jis-su me, V. t. [Pref. co—con, and Eng. 
assume (q. v.).l To assume at the same time, 
jointly or together with others. 

“Was it not enough to assume our nature, and the 
properties belonging to that nature, and the actions aris¬ 
ing from those properties, but thou must coassume the 
weakness of nature, of properties, of actions?”— Walsall: 
Life and Death of Christ (1616), B. 6. b. 

coast (1), *coist, *cost, *coste, *coost, s. [0. Fr. 
coste: Fr. cafe—a rib, a shore; Lat. costa—& rib, a 
side.] 

*1. A side. 

(а) Of a person: 

“ AJle the cost of the knyghte he keruys doune clene.” 

Anturs of Arthur, st. 47. 

( б ) Of a thing or place: 

“ At the coost forsothe of the tabernacle that biholdith 
to the north.”— Wycliffe: Exod. xxxvi. 26. 

*2. Applied more loosely to the trunk of the body. 
“ In mannys forme, from his coist to his croun.” 

Doug.: Virg., 322, 6. 

]3. A rib of meat. 

“ Take a coast of lamb and parboil it.”— True Gentle¬ 
woman’s Delight (1676). ( Nares .) 

*4. The frontier, limit, or border of a country. 
"... the goings out of that coast were at the sea; 
this shall be your south coast.”—Josh. xv. 4. 

“Til that the see the londes coste.” — Gower, iii. 296. 

5. That part of the border or limit of a country 
which is washed by the sea; the shore. 

“ vj dayes rydythe he by the cost of the feyer see.” 

Torrent of Port., 121. 
*6. A district, a country, a region. 

“ Faste thay passede ouer al the weys, they knew ful wel 
the cost.” Sir Ferumbras, 1652. 

“The Jews . . . raised persecution against Paul 
and Barnabas, and expelled them out of their coasts.” — 
Acts xiii. 60. 

IT The coast is clear: The road is free, the danger 
is over. 

“ Going out, and seeing that the coast was clear, Zel- 
mane dismissed Musidorus.”— Sir P. Sidney. 

H Compounds of obvious signification; Coast¬ 
fishing, coast-line, coast-navigation. 

coast-action, s. The action or influence of the 
sea on the coasts. 

“. . . the beds which were then accumulated will 
have been destroyed by being upraised and brought 
within the limits of the coast-action.” — Darwin: Origin of 
Species (ed. 1859), ch. ix., p. 292. 

coast-guard, s. A body of police for watching 
the sea from the coast, chiefly to prevent smuggling. 
(English.) 

coast-ice, s. A mass of ice which becomes sepa¬ 
rated from a coast, and which assumes the shape 
of broken glaciers, or ice fields. It possesses great 
transporting power. 

coast-road, s. A road following the line of the 
coast. 

coast-sediment, s. Sediment left on a coast, 
coast-trade, coasting-trade, s. Trade carried 
on in coasting vessels. 

coast-waiter, s. A Custom-house superintend¬ 
ent of the landing and shipping of goods coastwise. 
(English.) 

coast-warning, s. Synonymous with Storm- 
signal (q,v.). 

coast (2), s. [A contraction of ale-cost (q. v.).] 
A plant, Tanacetum Balsamita. ( Lawson's Country 
Housewife's Carden, 1637.) ( Britten db Holland.) 

c5ast, *coste, *costey, v. i. & t. [O. Fr. costeer , 
costoier, costier; It. costeggiare.) [Coast, s.] 

A. Intransitive: 

1. Literally: 

*1. To adjoin, to lie near or alongside. 

2. To sail along the coast of any country; to sail 
within soundings of land. 

"... coasting upon the Sonth-Sea, . . .”— Spenser: 
Present State of Ireland. 


3. To sail or trade from port to port of the same 
country. 

4. To slide on a sled or snow shoes down any 
inclined plane, such as a hill or toboggan slide. 
(Local U. S.) 

*11. Figuratively: 

1. To approach, to draw near to, to accost. 

“ Anon she hears them chaunt it lustily, 

And all in haste she coasteth to the cry.” 

Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 870. 

2. To approach in meaning, to resemble, to accord, 
to agree. 

“The whiche nigh coostieth to Ebrew.”— Wycliffe: 
1 Kings, Prol. 

B. Transitive: 

I. Literally: 

*1. To draw near to, to approach, to accost. 

“Rises the sunne and ful clere costez the clowdes of the 
welkyn.” Sir Gawaine, 1696. 

“Who are these that coast us?”— Beaum. & Fletch.: 
Maid of the Mill, i. 1. 

*2. To lie close or adjacent, to border on. 

3. To sail or move along the coast; to follow the 
coast-line (lit. & fig.).) 

“We’ll e’en turn fairly home and coast the other side.” 
—Beaum. & Fletch.: The Pilgrim. 

“ Our laws, that did a boundless ocean seem, 

Were coasted all, and fathom’d all by him.” 
DrydLen: Absalom and Achitophel, pt. ii., 1019-20. 

IT With the indefinite pronoun it. 

“ The greatest entertainment we found in coasting it, 
were the several prospects of woods, vineyards, meadows, 
and corn-fields which lie on the borders of it.”— Addison: 
On Italy. 

*4. To carry or conduct along a shore or coast. 

“ The Indians coasted me along the shore.”— Hakluyt. 

*5. To set or place in a certain position, or facing 
a certain quarter or point. 

“ That the trees be coasted as they stood before.”— Bacon: 
Nat. Hist., § 47L 

*6. To flank or take in flank. 

“William Douglas still coasted the Englishmen, doing 
them what damage he might.”— Holinshed: Chronicles, 
iii. 352. 

♦II. Fig. : To go cautiously along; to feel. 

“ The king in this perceives him, how he coasts, 

And hedges, his own way.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

♦coast-ed, *coostid, a. [Coast, s.] Situated, 
bordering. 

“Gomorre and the nygh coost id cities.”— Wycliffe: 
Jude i. 

coast-er, s. (Eng. coast; -er.) 

1. One who or that which sails along the coast. 

(1) Of persons: 

“In our small skiff we must not launch too far ; 

We here but coasters, not discov’rers are.” 

Dryden. 

(2) Of ships: Vessels employed in the coasting 
trade, to go from port to port of the same country. 

“ Much of the richest merchandise which reached Lon¬ 
don was imported in coasters from Antwerp.”— Froude: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 

2. An inhabitant of the sea-coast. 

“ Sir, if you had been present, you never saw nor heard 
any, or Englishman, or other coaster, or riverman or 
islander, use more malicious inventions, . . .”—The 
Passenger of Benvenuto, 1612. (Nares.) 

3. (Coast, v. t., A. 1.4.) 

coast’-Ing, *costeiyng, pr. particip,, a. & s. 
[Coast, v.) 

A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.) 

“ Tho gan I walke thorough the mede . . 

The ryver syde costeiyng.” 

Romaunt of Rose, 132. 

B. As adjective: 

1. Lit.: Pertaining to the coast, or a trade carried 
on in coasters; sailing from port to port of the 
same country. 

*2. Fig. : Accosting, conciliatory. 

“ O, these encounterers, so glib of tongue, 

That give a coasting welcome ere it comes.” 

Shakesp.: Troilus and Cressida, iv. 6. 

C. As substantive: 

I. Ordinary Language: 

Literally : 

(1) The act of sailing along or following the 
coast. 

(2) The act of pursuing a coasting-trade. 

(3) (Coast, v. t., A. I. 4.) 

♦II. Gardening : (See extract.) 

“Coasting, upon the transplanting of a tree, is when 
the same side of the tree is plac’d to the south-east, Ac., 
as formerly grew that way, where it stood before.”— 
Phillips. 


coasting-pilot, s. A pilot who has become suf¬ 
ficiently acquainted with the nature of any particu¬ 
lar coast to conduct a ship or fleet from one part of 
it to another, but only within his limits. (Smyth: 
Sailor's Word-book.) 

coasting-trade, s. [Coast-trade.] 

coasting-vessel, s. A vessel employed in the 
coasting-trade, a coaster. 

Coast’-wISjje, adv. [Eng. coast, and wise.] Along 
or by way of the coast. (Hall.) 

coat (1), *coote, *cote, *cotte, *cott, *kote, s. 
[O. Fr. cote; Fr. cotte, from Low Lat. cota= a gar¬ 
ment, a tunic, cottus=a tunic; M. H. Ger. kutte, 
kotte; O. H. Ger. choz, chozzo=& coarse mantle; 
Ger. kutte= a cowl; Ital. cotta; Sp. & Port. cota. 
Cognate with A. S. c6te=a cot or cottage, the orig¬ 
inal sense being covering. (Skeat.)] 

A. Ordinary Language: 

I. Literally: 

I. An outer garment worn by men— 

*(a) Composed of any material, as of skins, of 
rings of steel, &c. 

“ The Lord God made to Adam and his wijf lether cootis 
(oootis of skynnys, Purvey).” — Wycliffe: Genesis iii. 2L 

“ He was armed with a coat of mail, . . . ”—1 Sam. 
xvi. 5. 

(b) Now only of cloth or similar material. 

*2. A petticoat, the dress of a small boy or of a 
woman. 

“ A friend’s younger son, a child in coats, was not easily 
brought to his book.”— Locke. 

II. Figuratively: 

1. The hair or fur of any beast; the natural ex¬ 
ternal covering of an animal. 

“You have given us milk 
In luscious streams, and lent us your own coat 
Against the winter’s cold.” Thomson: Spring. 

2. Any integument, tunic, or covering; a layer of 
any substance covering and protecting another, as 
the coats or skins of the eye. 

3. The habit or dress of any particular profession: 
the profession itself. (Compare the modem use or 
cloth in such expressions as in the examples.) 

“ Men of his coat should be minding their pray’rs, 

And not among ladies to give themselves airs.” 

Swift. 

If A redcoat: A British soldier. 

“. . . agreeing in scarcely anything else, were dis¬ 
posed to agree in aversion to the redcoats.” — Macaulay: 
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii. 

B. Technically: 

1. Her.: [Coat-armor.] 

“ Of England’s coat one-half is cut away.” 

Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. I., i. L 

2. Anat.: The membranous covering of any part 
of the body, as the coats of the eye, of the arteries, 
nerves, &c. 

“ The eye is defended by four coats or skins.”— Peacham. 

3. Naut.: A piece of tarred canvas, put about 
the masts at the partners, the rudder-casing, and 
also round the pumps, where they go through the 
upper deck, in order to prevent water passing down. 

4. Building: A layer of plaster or paint. 

*5. Games: [Coat-card.] 

“ Some may be coats, as in the cards.”— B. Jonson: New 
Inn. 

*6. Military: 

(1) Lit.: A coat of mail, a defensive covering for 
the upper part of the body, composed of rings of 
steel interwoven. 

(2) Fig.: Any defensive covering. 

“ The Poet seized it, and exclaimed, 

‘It is the sword of a good knight, 

Though homespun was his coat-of-maiV ” 
Longfellow: Tales of a Wayside Inn; Interlude. 

Tf To cut one's coat according to one's cloth: To 
regulate one’s expenses by one’s income, to live 
according to one’s means. 

To pick a hole in one's coat: To find fault with, to 
find or point out a weak place. 

To turn one’s coat: To change sides. 

coat-armor, *cote-armure, *coote armour, 
♦coote armure, s. 

I. Ordinary Language: 

♦1. A coat of mail, armor. 

“ Cote armure. Baltheus.”—Prompt. Parv. 

♦2. A loose vestment worn by knights over their 
armor; it was frequently of the richest material, 
and was embroidered with their armorial bearings. 

“His coofe armour was of cloth of Tars.” 

Chaucer: C. T., 2162. 

II. Her.: So called because it was embroidered 
upon the surcoat of the wearer. It is now used for 
the escutcheon or shield of arms wheresoever rep¬ 
resented. (See Glossary of Heraldry.) 

“ And painted with a livelier red 
The Landlord’s coat-of-arms again.” 

Longfellow: The Wayside Inn. 


fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, pot, 
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s&n; mate, cub, cure, unite, cfir, rfile, fill; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a. qu = kWw 


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